tubifex is a cosmopolitan genus of tubificid annelids that inhabits the sediments of lakes , rivers and occasionally sewer lines .

at least 13 species of tubifex have been identified , with the exact number not certain , as the species are not easily distinguishable from each other .

tubifex

forma tubifex tubifex f . grandiseta rodriguez , 1986 accepted as tubifex tubifex tubifex ( müller , 1774 )
variety tubifex tubifex var . heterochaetus černosvitov , 1926 accepted as tubifex tubifex tubifex ( müller , 1774 )
tubifex tubifex . , oligochaeta montana blackfoot river basin . , trout fisheries montana blackfoot river basin .
chromosome - number distribution . histogram showing the chromosome - number distribution in tubifex blanchardi ( black ) and t . tubifex ( gray ) .
marian , m . p . & t . j . pandian , 1984 . culture and harvesting techniques for tubifex tubifex . aquaculture 42 : 303–315 .
identification records of tubifex tubifex without hairs and only bifid dorsal chaetae ( e . g . brinkhurst , 1982 ) refer to t . blanchardi [ details ]
urltoken : freeze dried tubifex worms 1 . 5oz . : pet food : pet supplies
hikari bio - pure freeze dried tubifex worms for pets , 0 . 78 - ounce
this guys a real pro . tubifex is the best food for growth and vigor .
holmquist , c . ( 1983 ) what is tubifex tubifex ( o . f . müller ) ( oligochaeta , tubificidae ) ? zoologica scripta , 12 , 187–201 . urltoken
the afs of β - hch in tubifex were higher than that of α - hch .
their fish , that is , fatten them up for breeding . some pet stores sell tubifex as
smith , linnaea schroeer ,
distribution and abundance of tubifex tubifex in cottonwood creek in the blackfoot river drainage
( 1999 ) . graduate student theses , dissertations , & professional papers . 6745 . urltoken
parasite free tubifex worms and how to grow them by jim e . quarles 04 - 10 - 1999
four species of tubificinae ( oligochaeta : naididae ) , tubifex laxus n . sp . , tubifex gracilentus n . sp . , tubifex conicus he , wang & cui , 2012 , and tubifex tubifex ( müller , 1774 ) are reported from tibet , china . t . laxus n . sp . is distinguished from allied species by relatively wide atria . t . gracilentus n . sp . differs from congeners in extremely thin and long penial sheaths . t . conicus is redefined as a species that lacks spermathecae . t . tubifex as redescribed here has slightly hirsute hair chaetae , cuticle rings around the penes and spermathecae with empty ampullae .
our tubifex are farm bred in ethical conditions by our own breeders . the tubifex are well fed before packing and packed shortly before dispatch to ensure they are as fresh as possible . we are certain you will love our tubifex due to their great nutritional properties , how active they are and the speed of our delivery service .
just the name tubifex sends discus keepers screaming into the night ! and with good reason under the normal conditions .
tubifex , also known as
blackworms
, have long been heralded as either the worst or the best live food to feed your fish . from my own research and experience , i can testify that there is a risk of disease from fresh tubifex . like earthworms ( who eat dirt ) tubifex worms eat whatever material they are raised in .
anoxic survival , growth and reproduction by the freshwater annelid , tubifex sp . , demonstrated using a new simple anoxic chemostat
timm , t . ( 2006 ) a nearctic tubificid varichaetadrilus harmani ( loden ) n . comb . in a dutch wetland , with remarks on tubifex tubifex ( müller ) ( annelida : oligochaeta ) . zootaxa , 1281 , 21–39 .
few setae ; no distinct head ; primarily freshwater or terrestrial . lumbricus , tubifex . more than 3 , 000 species .
here at the northampton reptile centre we understand that only the highest quality most nutritious tubifex are acceptable for use with your amphibians . that is why we have tried and tested many suppliers to find the most active and nutritious tubifex on the market .
our tubifex are an excellent live food for amphibian and fish diets . with a great nutritional content these tubifex are brilliant for creating a varied and complete diet . we send our tubifex in plastic packs filled with fresh water . the whole pack can be poured directly into the aquarium however we would usually suggest straining the contents first with a fine mesh filter or fish net .
anoxic survival , growth and reproduction by the freshwater annelid , tubifex sp . , demonstrated using a new simple anoxic chemostat - sciencedirect
3 . it is concluded that adult tubifex may be considered as an obligate anaerobe or at least able to perform as such .
) which has been in the hobby for about 100 years , and the black tubifex which is a similar species that is darker in color . the amino acid profile of the proteins in tubifex is very good , but the fatty acid profile is pretty bad . therefore , fish fed tubifex grow quickly but don’t show as much color as they do deformities . the black tubifex is hardier , more resistant to desiccation , and less likely to cause disease in fish . before the advent of frozen bloodworms ( not really a worm , i’ll talk about these later ) tubifex were routinely used as food for fish that refused flake food and when people wanted to
bouché , m . - l . , habets , f . , biagianti - risbourg , s . & g . vernet . 2000 . toxic effects and bioaccumulation of cadmium in the aquatic oligochaete tubifex tubifex . ecotoxicology and environmental safety . 46 : 246 - 251 .
feeding dying or decayed tubifex worms can cause gastric disorders in fish . be sure live worms have been cleansed and are alive and healthy .
foods that we feed every week are bloodworm , white worm and daphnia . we often feed approx once a fortnight brine shrimp and tubifex .
in addition to a tolerance of low dissolved oxygen and heavy metals , there are several other water quality indicators that tubifex tubifex could be used evaluate . for example , t . tubifex is one of the more tolerant oligochaete species to temperature , salinity , and both high and low ph ( chapman et al . 1982 ) . these are all important water quality parameters that can be indicative of pollution such as sewage and urban runoff .
aquatic oligochaetes are known for their use as water quality indicators , especially in areas with urban and sewage effluent . in particular , the oligochaete species tubifex tubifex is used as a water quality indicator because of its ability to tolerate low oxygen conditions , the presence of heavy metals , and other environmental conditions . this essay will discuss the tolerance of t . tubifex to specific environmental conditions , why this allows them to be widely used as a water quality indicator , and give examples of how t . tubifex and similar aquatic oligochaetes are being studied and applied as informative water quality indicators .
lucan - bouché , m . - l . , biagianti - risbourg , s . , arsac , f . , & g . vernet . 1999 . an original decontamination process developed by the aquatic oligochaete tubifex tubifex exposed to copper and lead . aquatic toxicology . 45 : 9 - 17 .
what made you want to look up tubifex worm ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
tubifex worms are very sensitive to high temperatures , desiccation and salinity . these are the key factors you must keep in mind when culturing these worms .
2 . the performance of tubifex under anoxia represents direct experimental evidence of a free - living metazoan animal for which anaerobiosis throughout a life cycle is possible .
in fact we are so sure that these tubifex will arrive healthy and exceed your expectations that we offer full guarantee on all of our live food deliveries .
1 . adult freshwater oligochaetes , tubifex sp . , incubated in a new simple anoxic chemostat , are able to survive , grow and reproduce under anoxic conditions .
hello , i was browsing through the site in search of information on culturing tubifex and came upon this one . one of the sites that i visited previously mentioned that i have to have the right amount of ammonia within the tubifex pond . it that really necessary ? please let me know . thank you for your attention
these results are compatible with the hypothesis that multiple polyploidization events , possibly enhanced by parthenogenesis , may have driven the evolution of the t . tubifex species complex .
tubifex tubifex , also called the sludge worm , or sewage worm , is a species of tubificid segmented worm that inhabits the sediments of lakes and rivers on several continents . tubifex probably includes several species , but distinguishing between them is difficult because the reproductive organs , commonly used in species identification , are resorbed after mating , and because the external characteristics of the worm vary with changes in salinity . these worms ingest sediments , selectively digest bacteria , and absorb molecules through their body walls .
the weird - looking “sewer creature” spotted in a youtube video is nothing more than a colony of tubifex worms , according to city officials in raleigh , north carolina .
( of lumbricus tubifex müller , 1774 ) timm , . t . ( 2004 ) . oligochaeta checklist for erms2 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
tubifex worms live in sludge from the sewage works but can be bought from retail shops by a measure . this should be kept under running water at all times . if this is not possible then only buy what you can feed in one go , you can buy worm feeders in which you can put the tubifex in your tank .
the genetic divergence is based on the pairwise distance calculation ( using the complete delete option ) for the t . blanchardi and the different t . tubifex clades and lineages .
( of nais tubifex ( müller , 1774 ) ) timm , . t . ( 2004 ) . oligochaeta checklist for erms2 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of saenuris tubifex ( müller , 1774 ) ) timm , . t . ( 2004 ) . oligochaeta checklist for erms2 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
there are two types of tubificid worms ( phylum annelida , order oligochaeta , family tubificidae ) which are raised and sold as fish food . . . . the red tubifex (
budd , g . c . 2005 . tubifex tubifex a sludge - worm . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
i am trying to culture tubifex worm , and am looking for the best condition in which to cultivate them . what sort of media should i use , what type of condition is suitable for culturing tubifex worm , the right temperature , etc etc . . . if anyone have information on this , please let me know . thank you very much . ^ . ^
i ' ve read that as long as the water isn ' t too cold and that the water is in some way aerated , water depth is not an issue with tubifex worms .
which is a misnomer because bloodworms are the larvae of a type of fly . because tubifex feed on anaerobic bacteria they can cause intestinal disorders in fish ( food poisoning , basically ) and septicemia ( which means blood - poisoning ) . predatory cichlids such as oscars can become quite ill after eating tubifex because they eat the worms regardless of whether the worms are live or severely decomposed . cichlids from lake malawi and lake tanganyika crave these worms because they are a rare delicacy in those lakes . the consequence of feeding live tubifex worms to african cichlids is a disease known as
came across some tubifex worms in a tunnel underground and as i was hunched over walking threw the tunnel i happen to notice a
small
colony of tubifex worms seeping out threw a crack in the wall that connects to a sewer . super nasty ! there is a big cross contamination issue in that tunnel cuz sewer is seeping into the water pipe tunnel , it should be fixed so these worms can stop reproducing .
tubifex tubifex is a slender segmented worm that may grow up to 20 cm in length . the number of body segments may number between 34 - 120 and have on each side an upper and lower bundle of chitinous bristles ( setae ) , these are used for burrowing . the worm may appear red in colour owing to the possession of the respiratory pigment haemoglobin . the species is a hermaphrodite , with a complex reproductive system .
the aim of this study was to investigate polyploidy in sympatric tubifex lineages coupling cytogenetics with molecular phylogenetics , and discuss how multiple polyploidyzation events , possibly enhanced by parthenogenesis , might have shaped the evolution of this species complex .
interesting stuff gary , but the problem with tubifex is that they need cool , running water to survive . do you aerate your container or do you just rely on regular water changes ? i know tubifex feed on rotting flesh , i ' ve seen it with my own eyes and they make short work of dead carcasses . if possible , do post the url of the website you mentioned . i ' d like to take a look .
the rest is easy . . i started the culture with ½ lb . of cleaned red tubifex that had been super cleaned with running water . these were then added to the sand bed and left for a starter culture .
karyotype reconstruction on metaphase chromosomes of t . blanchardi and of the t . tubifex lineages of the lambro river . a . the diploid t . blanchardi ( 2n = 50 ) , consisting of 42 meta - and submetacentric chromosomes and 8 acrocentric chromosomes ; b . the triploid tubifex ( lineage 2a , 3n = 75 ) composed of 64 meta submetacentric chromosomes and 11 acrocentric chromosomes ; c . the tetraploid tubifex ( lineage 2b , 4n = 100 ) composed of 87 meta - , submetacentric chromosomes and 13 acrocentric chromosomes , with one large metacentric chromosome marker ( arrowhead ) ; d . the hexaploid tubifex ( lineage 2c , 6n = 150 ) , composed of 128 meta - submetacentric chromosomes and 22 acrocentric chromosomes , with two large metacentric chromosome markers ( arrowheads ) ; e . the tetraploid tubifex ( lineages 3a , 2n = 100 ) composed of 74 meta - or submetacentric and 26 acrocentric chromosomes , with four large metacentric chromosome markers ( arrowheads ) ; f . the tetraploid tubifex ( lineages 3b , 2n = 100 ) composed of 69 meta - or submetacentric chromosomes and 31 acrocentric chromosomes , with four large metacentric chromosome markers ( arrowheads ) . numbers indicate the meta - or submetacentric chromosomes ; underlined numbers indicate acrocentric chromosomes . scale bars are 4 μm in a , 3 μm in b , 2 . 5 μm in d and 2 μm in c , e , and f .
marotta , r . , crottini , a . , prada , v . & ferraguti , m . ( 2009 ) a morphological reappraisal of tubifex blanchardi vejdovský , 1891 ( clitellata : tubificidae ) . acta zoologica , 90 , 179–188 . urltoken
pickavance , j . r . & cook , d . g . ( 1971 ) tubifex newfei n . sp . ( oligochaeta , tubificidae ) with a preliminary reappraisal of the genus . canadian journal of zoology , 49 , 249–254 . urltoken
but it need not be that way ! i will show you in this article how to produce and use parasite free tubifex worms . let ' s clear up one misunderstanding at the start , the meat of the tubifex worm can be parasite free and healthy food . it is not the meat that causes the problem , it is the living conditions under which they live and are collected . more to the point it is the food they subsist on in the wild or normal collecting sites .
holmquist , c . ( 1985 ) a revision of the genera tubifex lamarck , ilyodrilus eisen , and potamothrix vejdovský & mrázek ( oligochaeta , tubificidae ) , with extensions to some connected genera . zoologische jahrbücher , abteilung für systematik , ökologie und geographie der tiere , 112 , 311–366 .
in this study , bioaccumulation and elimination of hchs in tubifex , and the distribution of hchs in overlying water and sediment , were studied during a 10 - d experiment . a sensitive method was developed for the determination of hchs in samples based on gas chromatograph ( gc ) equipped with a nickel - 63 electron capture detector ( μecd ) . the limit of detection ( lod ) was 0 . 35 µg / kg for α - hch and 0 . 82 µg / kg for β - hch . tubifex accumulated hchs rapidly , and the curves were approximately m - type . the highest level was reached on the 7th day , with 0 . 34 mg / kg wwt for α - hch and 0 . 87 mg / kg wwt for β - hch in worms . the afs of β - hch in tubifex were higher than those of α - hch . moreover , the existence of tubifex significantly reduced β - hch fluxes from the overlying water to sediment by uptake or degradation and decreased the concentrations of β - hch in the sediment , but it had little influence on α - hch fluxes . moreover , enantioselectivity of α - hch enantiomers was not observed in tubifex , whether in the bioaccumulation or elimination experiments . at the end of the elimination experiment , approximately 80 % and 70 % of α - hch and β - hch were eliminated , and the depuration half - lives were 4 . 43 and 5 . 39 days , respectively .
nearly 3 months ago i bought 5 tablespoons of tubifex worms and have kept them in my fridge with between 1 - 2 inches of water with week / week and half full water changes . i ' ve read they last maybe 2 weeks in the fridge ? ! musta gotten a lucky batch .
hernandez , c . , g . rangel , c . munoz & l . r . tovar , 1984 . development of fish feed using tubifex species as the raw material ( desarrollo de alimento para peces utilizando gusanos de fango como materia prima ) . technol . aliment . 19 ( 1 ) : 9 .
tubifex worms are closely related to red earthworms , but are primarily found in an aquatic or at least a semi - wet habitat . the biggest offender is that the ones collected in nature are carriers of tapeworms . also due to the habitat they are found in they are also transportation for lots of bacterial diseases .
phillips , g . r . & d . r . buhler , 1979 . influences of dieldrin on the growth and body composition of fingerling rainbow trout ( salmo gairdneri ) fed oregon moist pellets or tubificid worms ( tubifex sp . ) . j - fish . res . bd . can . 36 : 77–80 .
would i be correct to assume that these are blackworms ? actually tubifex and blackworms are very different , although they look and behave similar . i don ' t think that the water being too cold would ever be a problem . you are correct that it needs to be well oxygenated . let us know how it goes !
crottini , a . , marotta , r . , barbuto , m . , casiraghi , m . & ferraguti , m . ( 2008 ) the world in a river ? a preliminary analysis of the 16s rdna variability of tubifex species ( clitellata : tubificidae ) from the lambro river . molecular phylogenetics & evolution , 48 , 1189–1203 . urltoken
* * * warning * * * * i just got a tank with whirling disease - 3 dead so far - and it is transmitted by tubifex worms . look up
whirling disease
on google and you will find that it works through these worms . bummer , cuz my livebearers really love them . switching to daphnia . . . .
fish analysis of metaphase chromosomes of t . blanchardi ( a ) and the tubifex lineages of the lambro river with 75 ( b ) , 100 ( c ) and 150 ( d ) chromosomes . the chromosomes are pseudocolored in blue , and the 18s rrna gene hybridization signals are pseudocolored in red ( arrowheads ) . scale bars are 4 μm .
( of lumbricus tubifex müller , 1774 ) müller , o . f . ( 1774 ) . vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium , seu animalium infusoriorum , helminthicorum , et testaecorum , non marinorum , succincta historia . havniæ ( copenhagen ) & lipsiæ ( leipzig ) , heineck & faber . 1 : 1 - 136 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
i ' m amazed you can get the tubifex worms to not just stay alive but multiply by such a simple method , gary . i ' ve always thought without some kind of filtration system , it would be very difficult to keep tubifex alive for more than a week . looks like i was wrong . you should show us some pictures . in the old days , there was a fish shop in the havelock area that was well - known to have very fresh tubifex worms for sale . they do not keep their worms in trays like what most other fish shops do . they keep their worms on the concrete floor along the five - foot way in front of their shop . besides that , they also have a constant flow of water running through the mass of worms . it ' s a terrible waste of water but the flow is slow . the cement keeps the worms cool and the flow of water removes all the scum . it ' s a good way to keep worms alive but i don ' t think they managed to get them to multiply . loh k l
seven indels , 122 variable sites ( 26 . 99 % ) , and the empirical base frequencies πa = 0 . 319 , πc = 0 . 214 , πg = 0 . 207 , and πt = 0 . 258 were identified in the mitochondrial 16s - rrna gene alignment of the screened t . tubifex and t . blanchardi embryos , among which 16 haplotypes were identified .
instead of tubifex , you may want to try raising and feeding grindal worms . they are much easier to raise and less maintenance . i used potting soil and feed them with oat bran . i have 3 or 4 containers , 10 x 20 cm . keep the soil moist , feed once a day or every other day , and maybe restart a culture about once a month or every other month . the culture tend to get a bit funky after about 2 or 3 months . au sul may have his cultures mature enough to supply some starter cultures . they are not not as big as tubifex - only about one cm long , but the fish really go for them all the same , plus you can feed to younger fish without having to chop them up . wes
tubifex worms are threadlike black or red , bottom - dwelling segmented worms found in the sediments of rivers , swamps , streams , and lakes . they are able to survive in heavily polluted waters and have been blamed for many cases of introducing disease into aquaria . among other maladies , they are linked to
whirling disease
in salmon and trout , an affliction sometimes seen in aquarium fish .
i don ' t actually keep goldfish , but i was looking up info on the web about how to keep and culture tubifex worms . i ' m not all that great at using aquarium stuff and knowing aquarium terms . i am hoping to culture tubifex worms for salamander larvae , since i don ' t really know what else to feed them ( the local aquarium store stopped selling blackworms ) . when it comes to the instruction of
only keep them in cycled containers
, i don ' t quite know what that means . i ' m not the most experienced aquarium keeper . when it ' s summer here , i have two aquariums ( each with an axolotl in it ) on chillers to keep the water cool enough for them . does
cycled
mean something like that ?
list of samples ( 31 embryos from 10 cocoons of t . blanchardi and 140 embryos from 70 cocoons of t . tubifex ) used in parallel for cytogenetic and molecular analyses , with reference to the taxon and the number of embryos used for 16s rrna gene sequencing and metaphase preparation , 16s rrna gene haplotype , clade and lineage attribution and number of chromosomes . genbank accession numbers and locality are also provided .
kim , you ' re very lucky to get assess to a variety of live foods . the only live food that most of our lfs in singapore got to offer is tubifex worms , very much different as it was several years back when we can easily buy live bloodworms & daphnia . now , i culture most of my live food & feed my fishes frozen bloodworms & live grindal worms almost exclusively . as for black mosquito larvae , we have to culture them discreetly & use it fast if we really have to do so because of malaria . it ' s really unfortunate that we couldn ' t have white worms , needless to say , the trip to singapore would have killed them , else , it would have been a great food , saves the hassle to make endless trip to lfs for tubifex worms . shi xuan
shrimp aren ' t the only
safe
live food available . experts consider daphnia , aka water fleas , one of the top live food choices . they carry none of the diseases that tubifex do , are an excellent source of nutrition for all fish , and can be raised fairly easily . daphnia are not commonly found at fish stores , but local fish clubs can usually supply you with a starter colony .
been using freeze dried tubifex worms for years . discus , angels , other cichlids all eat it well and seem to thrive on it . also the favorite food of the loaches i have . if it ' s new to your fish , they sometimes have a learning curve . the first few feedings may look like they ' re spitting it out and it ' s going to waste . they get the knack of it pretty quickly .
high protein and extreme palatability make omega one tubifex worms an ideal treat for most freshwater species . this cubed product can be moistened and “stuck” to the inside glass of your aquarium for a truly entertaining feeding frenzy ! omega one freeze dried products are produced using the latest in state - of - the - art freeze drying technology . free of any bacteria and parasites , you can be assured of maximum quality and value with this nutritious food .
i have tried several different arrangements to hatch out and grow tubifex worms , the best one for limited space is to build either a plex - glass box or as i did a plywood box and seal it with fiberglass fiber and resin . the one i use is 4ftx4ft square and 12 inches deep . this box is built with an open top . in the bottom of the box i put 4 inches of fine washed sand . the kind used in swimming pool filters .
birtwell , i . k . & arthur , d . r . , 1980 . the ecology of tubificids in the thames estuary with particular reference to tubifex costatus ( claparède ) . in proceedings of the first international symposium on aquatic oligochaete biology , sydney , british colombia , canada , may 1 - 4 , 1979 . aquatic oligochaete biology ( ed . r . o . brinkhurst & d . g . cook ) , pp . 331 - 382 . new york : plenum press
the chromosome number distribution was consistent with the presence of at least six sympatric euploid chromosome complements ( one diploid , one triploid , three tetraploids and one hexaploid ) , as confirmed by a fish assay performed with an homologous 18s rdna probe . all the worms with 2n = 50 chromosomes belonged to an already identified sibling species of t . tubifex , t . blanchardi . the six euploid sets were coherently arranged in the phylogeny , with each lineage grouping specimens with the same chromosome complement .
i have found two kinds of tubifex worms in my area of california in the wild . one kind is often found in areas with muddy bottoms and generally are blackish in color , or at least darker then the true red ones . the red ones i find in sandy areas with some flowing source of water entering the growing site . i find this around local egg producing chicken farms . these are the ones i picked to breed and fed to my fish including my discus and uaru ' s .
i culture tubifex worms in an old 3 foot tank in the back garden . the substrate is a two inch layer of glass marbles , and i feed them on mulm , deterus , fish poo , and the crud from the sponges of my internal filters . once a week i change two gallons of water for fresh rainwater . they do not like the water too warm , but i live in england , so that has not been a problem since the last halfway decent summer we had in 1976 .
i culture mine in an unheated 10 gal tank with an airstones . the california blackworm is more temperature tolerant than tubifex . i learned that when the temperature is above 60 , you can get better rates and was getting population doubling sometimes within 3 ~ 4 days . though in a 10 gallon i only let the population get to appox 3 ~ 4oz and then feed off till i got back to about 1oz . it ' s really pretty easy as long as you change the water bi - weekly at least . pretty much what tran stated . i did however use the whole 10 gallons of space instead of a shallow water culture .
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the creepy clip ( embedded above ) , which shows a camera getting up close and personal with what appears to be a pulsating glob of slime ( or maybe a sewer - dwelling horta ) , drew the attention of city officials after sci - fi blog io9 wrote about the video in a post headlined : “ video footage surfaces of north carolina sewer creatures . ”
the worms live in sewage and pond sediment , a raleigh official news 14 carolina , but the video makes them look unnatural . “they seem to respond to the light from the camera , ” said ed buchan , environmental coordinator at the raleigh public utilities department . “that light is pretty hot . ”
while the worms are a natural part of life in the sewer , buchan said spotting them is still somewhat rare . “i’ve seen a lot of sewer tv before and i’ve never seen them , ” he said . “we were surprised . we didn’t know immediately what it was . ”
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sewer fly / drain fly larvae in your septic and what to do about it .
erséus , c . ; healy , b . m . ( 2001 ) . oligochaeta , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 231 - 234 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
brunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
glasby , c . j . ; read , g . b . ; lee , k . e . ; blakemore , r . j . ; fraser , p . m . ; pinder , a . m . ; erséus , c . ; moser , w . e . ; burreson , e . m . ; govedich , f . r . ; davies , r . w . ; dawson , e . w . ( 2009 ) . phylum annelida : bristleworms , earthworms , leeches , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 312 - 358 . [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
maris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index” . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
habitat normally in calm waters , but can tolerate rough waters . infralittoral of the gulf and estuary [ details ]
urltoken unabridged based on the random house unabridged dictionary , © random house , inc . 2018
collins english dictionary - complete & unabridged 2012 digital edition © william collins sons & co . ltd . 1979 , 1986 © harpercollins publishers 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2012
don’t look now , but there are worms all around you . i’m calling this article worms in the aquarium
because the gsas meeting starts in one hour and i’m going to have to do this off the top of my head .
steve ward works behind the counter at b & d aquarium in west seattle . he’s also one of gsas’s longest - running active members .
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wetzel , m . j . , r . d . kathman , s . v . fend , and k . a . coates . 2013 . classification and checklist of the freshwater oligochaetes occurring in north america north of mexico . world wide web url : urltoken
classification and checklist of the freshwater oligochaetes . . . , website ( version 31 - oct - 07 )
wetzel , m . j . , r . d . kathman , s . v . fend , and k . a . coates . 2007 . classification and checklist of the freshwater oligochaetes occurring in north america north of mexico . world wide web url : urltoken
proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , vol . 117 , no . 4
brinkhurst , ralph o . / brinkhurst , ralph o . , and barrie g . m . jamieson , eds .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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a traditional food for aquarium fishes , fed live , frozen , or freeze dried .
they may be kept alive in fresh water in a refrigerated glass container , with daily water changes over a period of days to lessen the risk of disease .
see :
the san juan worm ,
by daniel gustafson , ph . d . [ 1 ]
urltoken | urltoken | urltoken microcosm™ is a trademark of microcosm , ltd . 823 ferry road | charlotte , vt | usa 05445 | telephone 802 - 425 - 5700 ext . 19
microcosm aquarium explorer is a world - class online resource devoted to the underwater worlds that are home to fishes , corals , aquatic plants and invertebrate life of special interest to aquarium keepers . the mission of microcosm aquarium explorer is to inspire and inform those with an interest in the natural world , with particular emphasis on tropical coral reef and rainforest aquatic ecosystems that are the models for aquarists creating captive microcosms in their home aquaria .
the story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .
take this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .
widely distributed around britain and ireland , but probably under recorded in surveys . reported in the upper forth , humber , thames , tamar and severn estuaries , also on the norfolk coast east of blyford , from mud in the menai strait , and from belfast lough
inhabits cohesive muds in a variety of habitats and is tolerant of oxygen deficiency . it is especially abundant in polluted sediments and marginal habitats not occupied by many other species , e . g . upper estuaries where interstitial salinity is less than 5 psu .
reference to brinkhurst ( 1982 ) and brinkhurst & jamieson ( 1971 ) is recommended .
ovaries in body segment xi and spermatheca ( sac - shaped invagination of body wall for receiving sperm during copulation ) in segment x .
hair setae ( slender and tapering ) and pectinate setae ( double - pointed with a series of fine intermediate teeth between the two points ) are present in the dorsal bundles of bristles .
bifid ( double - pointed ) setae are present in ventral bundles of bristles .
the penis sheaths are short , tub - shaped , thin and covered in wrinkles .
brinkhurst , r . o . & jamieson , b . g . m . , 1971 . aquatic oligochaeta of the world . edinburgh : oliver & boyd .
brinkhurst , r . o . , 1982 . british and other marine and estuarine oligochaetes . cambridge university press , [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 21 ] .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
mba ( marine biological association ) , 1957 . plymouth marine fauna . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom .
national biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
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depuration half - lives were 4 . 43 and 5 . 39 days for α - hch and β - hch respectively .
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( müller , 1774 ) oligochaeta : tubificidae ) in laboratory cultures . hydrobiologia 278 : 1–6 .
astm , 1994 . standard guide for conducting sediment toxicity tests with freshwater invertebrates . designation e 1383–94 . american society for testing and materials , philadelphia .
, a benthic oligochaete as a bioassay organism . in j . c . eaton , p . r . parrish & a . c . hendricks ( eds ) , aquatic toxicology , astm stp 707 , american society for testing and materials : 205–215 .
bailey , r . c . , k . e . day , r . h . norris & t . b . reynoldson , 1995 . macroinvertebrate community structure and sediment bioassay results from nearshore areas of north american great lakes . j . great lakes res . 21 : 42–52 .
brkovic - popovic , i . & m . popovic , 1977 . effects of heavy metals on survival and respiration rate of tubificid worms : part i : effects on survival . envir . pollut . 13 : 65–72 .
cabricenc , r . , 1986 . exercise d ' intercalibration concernant une methode de determination de l ' ecotoxicite a moyen terme des substances chimiques vis - a - vis des daphnies . unpublished ec report . contract w / 63 / 476 ( 214 ) . ref . i . r . c . h . a . d . 8523 . vertile - petit , 20 pp .
casellato , s . & p . negrisolo , 1989 . acute and chronic effects of an anionic surfactant on some freshwater tubificid species . hydrobiologia 180 : 243–252 .
chapman , p . m . , m . o . farrel & r . o . brinkhurst , 1982 . relative tolerances of selected aquatic oligochaetes to individual pollutants and environmental factors . aquat . toxicol . 2 : 47–67 .
lauritsen , d . d . , s . c . mozley & d . s . white , 1985 . distribution of oligochaetes in lake michigan and comments of their use as indices of pollution . j . great lakes res . 11 : 67–76 .
( amphipoda , crustacea ) to metalliferous effluents - identification of toxic components and the importance of interpopulation variation . envir . pollut . 84 : 45–52 .
milbrink , g . , 1983 . an improved environmental index based on the relative abundance of oligochaete species . hydrobiologia 102 : 89–97 .
milbrink , g . , 1987 . biological characterization of sediments by standardized tubificid bioassays . hydrobiologia 155 : 267–275 .
populations under chronic heavy metal stress . ecotoxicol . envir . safety 22 : 24–31 .
poddubnaya , t . l . , 1980 . life cycles of mass species of tubificidae . in r . o . brinkhurst & d . g . cook ( eds ) , aquatic oligochaete biology . plenum press , new york : 175–184 .
reynoldson , t . b . , k . e . day , c . clarke & d . milani , 1994 . the effects of indigenous animals on chronic endpoints in freshwater sediment toxicity tests . envir . toxicol . chem . 13 : 973–977 .
reynoldson , t . b . , k . e . day , r . c . bailey & r . h . norris , 1995 . methods for establishing biologically based sediment guidelines for freshwater quality management using benthic assessment of sediment . aust . j . ecol . 20 : 198–219 .
( enchytraeidae ) . generic report , battele institute . v . projekt nr - r66 238 .
roembke , j . & th . knacker , 1989 . aquatic toxicity test for enchytraeids . hydrobiologia 180 : 235–242 .
straus in chronic bioassays . envir . toxicol . chem . 11 : 1477–1483 .
wiederholm , t . , a . m . wiederholm & g . milbrink , 1987 . bulk sediment bioassay with five species of fresh - water oligochaetes . wat . air soil pollut . 36 : 131–154 .
reynoldson , t . b . , rodriguez , p . & martinez madrid , m . hydrobiologia ( 1996 ) 334 : 199 . urltoken
depth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 3 - 3 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
normally in calm waters , but can tolerate rough waters . infralittoral of the gulf and estuary
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 53 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
- rich tail ends to exploit all available oxygen , and can exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen through their thin skins , in a manner similar to frogs . they can also survive in areas heavily
with organic matter that almost no other species can endure . by forming a protective cyst and lowering its
may also function in the dispersal of the worm . they usually inhabit the bottom sediments of
this paper summarizes the processing of small enchytraeid species for cinematographic documentation and covers the main details of a film on their locomotion , food uptake , anatomy and reproductive biology . this includes copulation , shedding of the cocoon and hatching of the young , characteristic reproductive patterns for all clitellate worms .


the blue jack mackerel ( trachurus picturatus ) is a species of mackerel-like fish in the family carangidae .

their maximum reported length is 60 cm , with a common length of 25 cm .

they are coastal fish found at depths to 370 m off the bay of biscay to south morocco and the western mediterranean .

blue jack mackerel

the results of the study reveal that the blue jack mackerel displays an indeterminate fecundity .
metazoan parasites of blue jack mackerel trachurus picturatus ( perciformes : carangidae ) from portuguese mainland waters .
the fecundity type of the blue jack mackerel in the northeast atlantic was investigated for the first time ; .
metazoan parasites of blue jack mackerel trachurus picturatus ( perciformes : carangidae ) from portuguese mainland waters . - pubmed - ncbi
clean and fry the blue jack mackerel . in a mortar crush the garlic , cumin , pepper and salt and blend with the remaining ingredients to place them in an earthenware dish with the blue jack mackerel . add sufficient water to cover them , season and heat for a while .
fried chicharros ( blue horse mackerel or stickleback ) with a garlic sauce . a traditional dish from the island of pico , in the azores , portugal .
blue jack mackerel , trachurus picturatus , is a carangid fish which constitutes an important commercial resource in the north - east atlantic . its metazoan parasite community from portuguese mainland waters was investigated here for the first time . nine parasite taxa were found , most of which are common parasites of trachurus spp . the parasite community was broadly similar to that of the atlantic horse mackerel , t . trachurus , from the same region , but two digenean species were detected in blue jack mackerel , monascus filiformis and tergestia sp . , which did not occur in horse mackerel from this region . a comparison with the two previous studies of t . picturatus parasite communities shows that continental - shelf regions are characterized by higher prevalences of digenean trematodes and an absence of trypanorhynch cestodes , in contrast with oceanic regions .
is economically important in the madeiran archipelago , and may be experiencing some overfishing . in the face of rising economic value , the annual landings of blue jack mackerel have decreased from 2006 tonnes in 1986 to 653 tonnes in 2005 , a decline of 67 % . additionally , there was shift towards smaller sizes classes in the length frequency distribution of
aleev , y . g . 1956 . the systematic position of the black sea mackerel [ trachurus ] . vop . ikhtiol . , 7 : 174 - 184 , 2 fig .
this contribution intends to verify the type of fecundity regulation of the blue jack mackerel . for this purpose , the oocyte development process was analysed . a total of 158 ovaries were sampled between january 2009 and april 2010 from purse - seiners operating in the madeira island waters , ne atlantic ocean . histological analysis and visual image analysis system were used to study the four main criteria applied for fecundity type determination : ( 1 ) presence of a hiatus between pre - vitellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes ; ( 2 ) number of standing stock of advanced vitellogenic oocytes over the spawning season ; ( 3 ) mean size of standing stock of advanced vitellogenic oocytes over the spawning season ; and ( 4 ) the incidence of atresia over the spawning season . the analysis of the oocytes size frequency distribution showed that no distinct hiatus could be observed between pre - vitellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes during the spawning season . considering the whole spawning period but the last month that was poorly sampled , the number of standing stock of advanced vitellogenic oocytes showed no decrease trend along the spawning season , the mean diameter of cortical alveoli oocytes and of the advanced stock of vitellogenic oocytes did not increase over the spawning season and the relative intensity of atresia was always high throughout this period . these findings suggest the blue jack mackerel displays an indeterminate fecundity .
chicharros are small blue horse mackerel or stickleback ( fish ) . in ribeiras , the town where i lived on the island of pico in the azores , you’ll often see folks hanging out at the end of the dock early in the morning or before sunset , casting out their fishing lines to catch some of these little fish . one line will often bring in multiple fish . it’s quite a site ! unfortunately , we can’t get them that fresh where we live , so we settle for frozen . they’re still super tasty !
female picture by cambraia duarte , p . m . n . ( c ) imagdop
greek , trachys , - eia , - ys = rough + greek , oura = tail ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; benthopelagic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 305 - 370 m ( ref . 56504 ) . subtropical ; 45°n - 41°s , 32°w - 17°e
eastern atlantic : southern bay of biscay to southern morocco including azores , madeira , canary islands , tristan de cunha and gough islands . also known from the western part of the mediterranean sea . reported from mauritania ( ref . 55783 ) . is also reported from the eastern part of mediterranean by several references that may need confirmation - see the list of countries ( nb ) .
maturity : l m 24 . 7 , range 24 - 49 . 5 cm max length : 60 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7097 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3397 )
adults are found at depths ranging from 305 to 368 m in the eastern ionian sea ( ref . 56504 ) . they can be seen up to depth of 370 m ( ref . 4233 ) . they are confined to neritic zones of island shelves , banks and sea mounts ; a schooling species ( ref . 4233 ) . known to migrate between the coast of sahara and the offshore seamounts possibly reaching the cape verde islands ( ref . 26139 ) . they feed mainly on crustaceans ( ref . 4233 ) . eggs are pelagic ( ref . 4233 ) .
smith - vaniz , w . f . , 1986 . carangidae . p . 815 - 844 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 4233 )
) : 9 . 6 - 14 . 1 , mean 13 . 1 ( based on 5 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00802 - 0 . 01137 ) , b = 2 . 96 ( 2 . 93 - 2 . 99 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 42 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( assuming tm = 2 - 4 ) .
prior r = 0 . 51 , 2 sd range = 0 . 27 - 0 . 96 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 67 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 32 , based on : 8 k , 4 tgen , 1 tmax , records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
- like ( maximum height of scales 3 . 6 - 5 . 1 % of sl ) ; in straight
* nobre , a . 1935 . fauna marinha de portugal . 1 . vertebrados ( mamiferos , reptis e peixes ) , porto . : pp . ixxxiv + 1 - 21 ( mamiferos ) ; pp . 1 - 5 ( reptis ) ; pp . 1 - 574 ( peixes ) , pl . 1 - 77 , phot . 1 - 64 .
albuquerque , r . m . 1954 - 1956 . peixes de portugal e ilhas adjacentes . chavas para a sua determinação . port . acta biol . , ser . b , 5 : xvi + 1167 pp . , 445 fig .
bertin , l . ; dollfus , r . ph . 1948 . révision des espèces du genre decapterus ( téléostéens , scombriformes ) . mém . mus . natn hist . nat . , paris . 26 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 - 29 , 6 fig . , 2 pl .
bini , g . 1967 - 1972 . atlante dei pesci delle coste italiane . mondo sommerso , milano , 9 vol : i , 1967 , leptocardi , ciclostomi , selaci , 206 pp . , 66 fig . + 64 col . fig . ii , 1971 , osteitti ( acipenseriformi , clupeiformi , mictofiformi , anguilliformi ) , 300 pp . , 73 col . fig . iii , 1970 , notacantiformi . . . zeiformi , 229 pp . , 34 fig . + 63 col . fig . iv , 1968 , perciformi ( mugiloidei , percoidei ) , 163 pp . , 34 fig . + 49 col . fig . v , 1968 , perciformi ( percoidei ) , 175 pp . , 22 fig . + 56 col . fig . vi , 1968 , perciformi ( trichiuroidei . . . blennioidei ) , 177 pp . , 48 fig + 57 col . fig . vii , 1969 , perciformi ( ofidioidei . . . dactilopteroidei ) , 196 pp . , 57 fig . + 59 col . fig . viii , 1968 , pleuronettiformi , echeniformi , gobioesociformi , tetraodontiformi , lofiformi , 164 pp . , 34 + 63 fig . ix , 1972 , introduzione . parte generale . aggiornamenti . indici . 176 p .
blache , j . ; cadenat , j . ; stauch , a . 1970 . clés de détermination des poissons de mer signalés dans l ' atlantique oriental ( entre le 20e parallèle n . et le l5e parallèle s . ) . faune tropicale , 18 : 479 pp . , 1152 fig .
blanc , m . ; bauchot , m . - l . 1961 . sur quatre genres de carangidae de la côte occidentale d ' afrique : decapterus , caranx , trachurus , suareus . affinités et rapports phylogéniques . bull . mus . hist . nat . , paris , 1960 [ 1961 ] , ( 2 ) 32 ( 6 ) : 484 - 497 , 15 fig .
bonaparte , c . l . 1845 . catalogo metodico dei pesci europei . atti . soc . ital . sci . nat . , pp . 1 - 95 ( also publ . sep . , napoli , 1846 , 97 pp . ) .
bowdich , t . e . 1825 . excursions in madeira and porto santo during the autumn of 1823 , while on his third voyage to africa , london , xii + 1 - 278 , xl pl . + 57 fig . ( 10 n . num . pl . ) + l pl . [ fishes of madeira : 121 - 125 ] .
buen , f . de 1926 . catalogo ictiologico del mediterraneo español y de marruecos , recopilando lo publicado sobre peces de las costas mediterraneas y proximas del atlantico ( mar de españa ) . resultados camp . int . inst . esp . oceanopr . , 2 : pp . 1 - 221 , map .
buen , f . de 1935 . fauna ictiologica . catalogo de los peces ibericos : de la planicie continental , aguas dulces , pelagicos y de los abismos proximos . primera parte . notas resúm . inst . esp . oceanogr . , ser . ii , ( 88 ) : pp . 1 - 89 , pl . i - xx ( fig . 1 - 40 ) . secunda parte . ibid . , ser . ii , ( 89 ) : pp . 91 - 149 , pl . xxiliii ( fig . 40 - 115 ) .
capello , f . de brito 1868b . catalogo dos peixes de portugal que existem no museu de lisboa . jorn . sci . math . phys . nat . , 1 : 233 - 264 , 307 - 313 .
carus , j . v . 1893 . vertebrata . 1 . class . pisces : pp . 498 - 711 , in : prodromus faunae mediterraneae sive descriptio animalium maris mediterranei incolarum quam comparata silva rerum quatenus innotuit adiectis locis et nominibus vulgaribus . . . stuttgart , 1889 - 1893 , 2 : ix + 854 pp .
cocco , a . 1839b . sopra una nuova specie di trachurus . giorn . innominato , messina , 3 ( 7 ) : 56 - 59 .
collette , b . b . : parin , n . v . , 1991 . shallow - water fishes of waltersshoals , madagascar ridge . bull . mar . sci . , 48 ( 1 ) : 1 - 22 .
dieuzeide , r . ; novella , m . ( collab . j . roland ) , 1953 - 1955 . catalogue des poissons des côtes algériennes . bull . stn aquic . pêch . castiglione , i ( n . s . ) , ( 4 ) , 1952 [ 1953 ] : pp . 1 - 135 , 73 fig . n . num . ; ii ( n . s . ) , ( 5 ) , 1953 [ 1954 ] : pp . 1 - 258 , 135 fig . n . num . ; iii ( n . s . ) , ( 6 ) , 1954 [ 1955 ] : pp . 1 - 384 , 202 fig . n . num .
dollfus , r . ph . 1955 . première contribution à l ' établissement d ' un fichier ichthyologique du maroc atlantique de tanger à l ' embouchure de l ' oued dra . trav . inst . scient . chérif . , zool , ( 6 ) : 227 pp . , 1 map .
dollfus , r . ph . 1960 . exposé sommaire des récents progrès dans la connaissance ichthyologique du maroc atlantique . bull . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc , 39 : pp . 91 - 116 , 1 pl .
facciolà , l . 1890 . sul trachurus melanosaurus cocco . naturalista sicil . , 9 : 234241 .
fage , l . 1907 . essai sur la faune des poissons des îles baléares et description de quelques espèces nouvelles . arch . zool . exp . gén . , ( 4 ) 7 : 69 - 93 .
fowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .
furnestin , j . ; dardignac , j . ; maurin , c . ; coupé , a . ; boutière , h . 1958 . données nouvelles sur les poissons du maroc atlantique . revue trav . inst . ( scient . tech . ) pêch . marit . , paris , 22 ( 4 ) : pp . 379 - 493 , 1 pp . errata , 75 fig .
gail , r . 1955 . nouvelles observations sur trachurus picturatus bowdich . rapp . p . - v . réun . commn int . explor . scient . mer , 137 : 57 - 58 , fig . 1 - 2 .
giglioli , e . h . 1880a . elenco dei mammiferi , degli uccelli e dei rettili ittiofagi appartenenti alla fauna italiana , e catalogo degli anfibie dei pesci italiani in catalogo . . . sezione italiana , esposizione intern . di pesca , berlino , 1880 , ( 11 ) : pp . 63 - 117 ( also sep . , fi } enze , 1880 : pp . 18 - 55 ) .
lowe , r . t . 1838 . a synopsis of the fishes of madeira ; with the principal synonyms , portuguese names , and characters of the new genera and species . trans . zool . soc . lond . , 2 ( 3 ) : 173 - 200 .
lozano y rey , l . 1952 . peces fisoclistos , subserie toracicos . mems r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . , ser . : cien . nat . , primate parte , 14 : pp . xv + 1 - 378 , fig . 1 - 20 , pl . i - xxx ; segunda parte , 14 : pp . 379 - 705 , fig . 21 - 31 , pl . xxi - li .
lütken , c . f . 1880b . spolia atlantica . bidrag til kundskab om formforandringer hos fiske under deres vaext og udvikling , saerligt hos nogle af atlanterhavets højsøfiske . k . danske vidensk . selsk . skrift . , ( s ) nat . math . afd . , 12 ( 6 ) : 409 - 613 , 5 pl . , 25 fig .
maul , g . e . 1948b . lista sistemática dos peixes assinalados nos mares de madeira e indice alfabetico . in : a . c . de noronha & a . a . sarmento , vertebrados da madeira , 2e ed . , 2 , peixes : 135 - 181 ( also sep . , 1949 ) .
moreau , e . 1881 - 1891 . histoire naturelle des poissons de la france , paris , i , 1881 : pp . i - vii + 1 - 480 , fig . 1 - 82 ; ii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 572 , fig . 83 - 145 ; iii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 697 , fig . 146 - 220 ; suppl . , 1891 : pp . 1 - 144 , fig . 221 - 227 .
nichols , j . t . 1920c . a key to the species of trachurus . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 42 ( 13 ) : pp . 477 - 481 .
ninni , a . p . 1912 . catalogo dei pesci del mare adriatico , venezia : vii + 271 p .
norman , j . r . 1935d . the carangid fishes of the genus decapterus bleeker . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 10 ) 16 : pp . 252 - 264 , 4 fig .
soljan , t . 1963 . fishes of the adriatic ( ribe jadrana ) . fauna et flora adriatica 1 ( revised and enlarged for the english edition ) , 428 pp . , many unnumbered fig .
steindachner , f . 1868a . ichthyologischer bericht über eine nach spanien und portugal untermommene reise . übersicht der meeresfische an den kusten spanien ' s und portugal ' s . sber . akad . wiss . wien . , 57 ( 1 ) : 351 - 424 , 667 - 738 , 6 pl .
tortonese , e . 1952b . monografia dei carangini viventi nel mediterraneo ( pisces , perciformes ) . annali mus . civ . stor . naf . giacomo doria , 65 : pp . 259 - 324 , 19 fig .
tortonese , e . 1961a . étude comparative des faunes de carangidae ( poissons percoides ) de la méditerranée et de l ' atlantique nord - occidental . rapp . p . - v . réun . commn int . explor . scient . mer méditerr . , 16 ( 2 ) : pp . 357 - 361 .
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herrera , j . , heessen , h . , fernandes , p . , collette , b . & smith - vaniz , w . f .
justification : european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) in the eastern atlantic , t . picturatus is found from the southern bay of biscay to southern morocco including the azores , madeira , canary islands , tristan de cunha and gough islands . it is more abundant in the western mediterranean than in the eastern mediterranean . it is found to depths of 370 m over a variety of substrates . it is a commercially important species , particularly off the iberian peninsula and also at the offshore islands of madeira , the canaries and the azores . there are no indications of population decline , and recent surveys indicate that this species may be increasing in abundance in the western mediterranean and iberian region of the atlantic , as well as in the azores . additionally , t . picturatus is likely found in marine protected areas throughout its range . therefore , t . picturatus is assessed as least concern .
is restricted to the eastern atlantic ocean , where it is found from the southern bay of biscay to southern morocco including the azores , madeira , canary islands , tristan de cunha and gough islands . it is reported from mauritania ( mohamed fall 2005 ) . in the mediterranean sea ,
2005 ) . this species is not known from the black sea ( smith - vaniz 1986 ) . this species is found to depths of at least 370 metres .
albania ; algeria ; croatia ; cyprus ; france ( corsica , france ( mainland ) ) ; gibraltar ; greece ( east aegean is . , greece ( mainland ) , kriti ) ; italy ( italy ( mainland ) , sardegna , sicilia ) ; lebanon ; libya ; malta ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; spain ( baleares , canary is . , spain ( mainland ) , spanish north african territories ) ; syrian arab republic ; tunisia ; turkey
using mitochondrial control region . they found no sign of atlantic - mediterranean division in any of the species , which was attributed to the ability of
off the iberian peninsula . the two species co - exist during their spawning seasons , from november until april with a peak around january - february and were caught in the same haul at depths of 133 metres ( gon
in parts of its range , such as in spain ( j . hererra pers . comm . 2014 ) .
is a commercial species which varies in economic importance by region . it has been reported as the principal species used as bait in the tuna fishery of the azores , where it is reportedly caught with
small purse seines pulled to shore or from small boats . in the azores , this species
accounts for 70 % of bait fish species , and is considered a low - value species . however , it is worth noting that the quantity of small pelagic species , including
this species is uncommon , however populations are stable in turkey ( m . bilecenoglu and c . bizsel pers . comm . 2007 ) . in the western and central mediterranean sea it is common in bottom trawls ( a . di natale and e . massuti pers . comm . 2007 ) , and juveniles are very common in fish aggregating device ( fads ) in western mediterranean ( e . massuti pers . comm . 2007 ) . six - hundred and fourteen
specimens were caught by means of purse seine ( 133 hauls ) around fads , with tl ranging from 3 . 5 to 13 . 5 cm ( deudero 2001 ) .
this is a demersal and pelagic , oceanodromous species . it has been found at depths ranging from 50 m or less to 370 m ( smith - vaniz 1986 ) . it is confined to neritic zones of inland shelves , banks and seamounts . it is known to migrate between the coast of sahara and the offshore seamounts , possibly reaching the cape verde islands . it feeds mainly on crustaceans ( smith - vaniz 1986 ) such as copepods ( deudero 2001 ) . this species is known to spawn off of madeira and the iberian peninsula ( gonçalves
. 2006 ) . in the canary islands spawning season occurred between january and april , peaking in february . length at first maturity was found to be 21 . 20 cm for males and 23 . 05 cm . for females .
is a commercial species . it is an important fishery resource in the macaronesian region . it is the principal species used as bait in the tuna fishery of the azores , accounting for 70 % of bait fish species . here ,
is a commercial species which is mostly caught by bottom trawls in deep water . juveniles are caught by
fish aggregating device ( fads ) . it is taken in deep - water trawl fisheries targeting deep - sea rose shrimp and norway lobster in the western mediterranean at depths of 300 metres ( moranta
, are particularly difficult to assess . aging is difficult ( abaunza 2003 ) . stocks of this species may be characterized by spasmodic recruitment , that is , good recruitment only once in a generation . additionally , t
, like other members of the genus , are likely indeterminate spawners , and therefor total fecundity is unknown . the strength of a year class cannot be confirmed before it is fully recruited to the fishery and has reached the age of 5 years . the only fishery - independent data available is based on triennial egg surveys . for these reasons , recommended total allowable catches are advised to remain conservative ( roel
a minimum length requirement of 15 cm was established by eu in 2007 . however , the size at first maturity of specimens from the canary islands was found to be 23 . 05 cm for females ( jurado - ruzafa and garc
spp . are subject to total allowable catch ( tac ) regulations in the north sea ( stecf advice 2014 ) . a minimum length requirement of 15 cm was established by eu in 2007 . however , the size at first maturity of specimens from the canary islands was found to be 23 . 05 cm for females ( jurado - ruzafa and garc
this species was assessed as least concern in the 2007 mediterranean assessment ( abdul malak et al . 2011 , iucn 2011 ) .
herrera , j . , heessen , h . , fernandes , p . , collette , b . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 2015 .
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the consumption of seafood belonging to the green category is currently considered sustainable and responsible for consumers . the stocks are not considered overfished or declining . nevertheless , we must always choose sustainable sizes and avoid consuming during breeding seasons to keep fish populations healthy , as well as protecting fishery livelihoods .
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hermida m 1 , pereira a 2 , correia at 3 , cruz c 2 , saraiva a 2 .
ciimar - madeira , interdisciplinary centre of marine and environmental research of madeira , edifício madeira tecnopolo , caminho da penteada , 9020 - 105funchal , madeira , portugal .
university of porto , faculty of sciences , biology department , rua do campo alegre , edifício fc4 , 4169 - 007porto , portugal .
ciimar , interdisciplinary centre of marine and environmental research . rua dos bragas289 , 4050 - 123porto , portugal .
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the oocyte development process was studied by histological analysis and image analysis software ; .
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as we’ve mentioned in previous posts , my parents have been visiting with us for a while . it’s been so nice having them around , watching them interact with and really get to know their grandkids . the boys have loved having them around as well . unfortunately their visit will be ending soon and they’ll be heading back to the azores . i think they’ve loved hanging out with us , but i’m sure they’ll be thrilled to walk through the doors of their own home . i’ve always felt that way… vacations are awesome , but there’s something special about getting “home” .
it’s so much harder to get detailed information about cooking over the phone , especially when most of the instructions are “a little bit of this , and a pinch of that” . i took advantage of my mom being here to ask her lots of questions about her cooking and to watch her in the kitchen .
she laughed every time i asked for the little details… like “that cinnamon in your hand… is that about 1 / 4 tsp ? ” . the typical response was “i don’t know , it’s a little” , followed by a chuckle 🙂 she was always happy to help me understand , but i think she still doesn’t get why food bloggers have to be so detailed with their recipes . it’s not the way she learned .
i do think she gets a kick from me wanting to learn all these recipes from back home . she’ll often tell people… “nelson’s made that” , and i see a little pride in her face . that’s pretty sweet !
since our town was a fishing town and we typically had an abundance of fish , these “chicharro” definitely make it to my personal top 5 list of most traditional meals i grew up eating . the fish are fantastic fried and eaten plain… but the sauce… oh the sauce ! ! ! the sauce turns this from a very good meal to a fantastic meal . one thing though , you have to enjoy garlic . if you don’t , you might want to leave off the sauce… it’s got bite !
when we get the smaller ones , i will typically eat them without removing the middle bones . they’re crunchy and delicious ! of course , always be careful with fish bones . this dish is often called “chicharros embogados” or “chicharros com molho cru” . other areas of the azores or even areas of our island will sometimes name these something different or prepare them in a different way . regardless , i think they’re always a treat .
in a wide medium bowl , mix together all the sauce ingredients and set aside .
add the lard to a wide heavy duty pan ( we used our 12 inch cast iron pan ) and heat on medium high .
once the lard is hot , dredge each fish in the flour and carefully place it in the pan . careful , it might splatter a little .
repeat the last step until the pan is full , but be careful to leave a little space between each fish .
let the fish fry on one side until it takes on a nice light golden colour . ( about 6 to 8 minutes per side )
turn over all the fish and let the second side reach the same golden colour . ( turn only once ) .
once both sides of the fish are nicely coloured , remove the fish into the sauce bowl and dip them all until they ' re covered .
serve the fish hot . . . but these are awesome at room temperature as well . enjoy !