the wandering whistling duck ( dendrocygna arcuata ) is a species of whistling duck .

they inhabit tropical and subtropical australia , the philippines , borneo , indonesia , papua new guinea and the pacific islands .

wandering whistling duck

wandering whistling duck , dendrocygna arcuata ( protonym , anas arcuata ) , horsfield , 1824 , also known as the diving tree duck , as the diving whistling duck or as the wandering tree duck , as the water whistling duck , whistling teal , or as the whistling tree duck , photographed en route to sepilok nature resort , sabah , malaysian borneo .
wandering whistling duck at singapore botanic gardens . photo credit : see toh yew wai
wandering whistling duck ( dendrocygna arcuata ) at fogg dam , nt , australia . mp4
wandering whistling duck at satay by the bay . photo credit : see toh yew wai
the plumed whistling - duck , dendrocygna eytoni , is the other species of whistling - duck found in australia , and is distinguished by its very prominent flank plumes . the wandering whistling - duck has a lower , more curved posture both swimming and standing than the plumed whistling - duck .
information on the wandering whistling duck is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
wandering whistling duck ( dendrocygna arcuata ) at fogg dam , nt , australia . mp4 - youtube
overall , the appearance of wandering whistling - ducks is dark - brown , whereas the similar plumed whistling - duck is noticeably lighter in colour .
wandering whistling - duck ( dendrocygna ( dendrocygna ) arcuata ) occurrence records from continental australia suitable for species distribution modelling .
lateral view of a wandering whistling - duck in flight ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ fogg dam ca , nt , august 2017 ]
shrill twittering , whistling , especially noisy with almost incessant whistling when flocks are airborne .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - wandering whistling duck ( dendrocygna arcuata )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - wandering whistling duck ( dendrocygna arcuata )
title =
arkive species - wandering whistling duck ( dendrocygna arcuata )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
frontal view of a wandering whistling - duck banking to land ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ fogg dam ca , nt , august 2017 ]
near - dorsal view of a wandering whistling - duck in flight ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ fogg dam ca , nt , august 2017 ]
close - up lateral view of a wandering whistling - duck ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ carrara , gold coast , qld , december 2014 ]
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive photo - adult wandering whistling - duck on water with nearly grown chicks
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive photo - adult wandering whistling - duck on water with nearly grown chicks
title =
arkive photo - adult wandering whistling - duck on water with nearly grown chicks
border =
0
/ > < / a >
lateral view of a wandering whistling - duck at take - off ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ carrara , gold coast , qld , january 2015 ]
close - up lateral view of wandering whistling - ducks in captivity ( photo courtesy of c . hayne )
vanderwal , j . ( 2013 ) . wandering whistling - duck ( dendrocygna ( dendrocygna ) arcuata ) - occurrence records filtered for species distribution modelling . centre for tropical biodiversity & climate change , james cook university . [ data files ] urltoken whistling - duck ( dendrocygna ( dendrocygna ) arcuata ) / occurrences
wandering whistling - ducks are gregarious when not breeding , and form large flocks of up to thousands of individuals . they often flock with plumed whistling - ducks .
the wandering whistling - duck feeds almost entirely on aquatic vegetation and seeds , but also on young grass , the bulbs of rushes and other herbage , insects and other small aquatic animals . wandering whistling - ducks forage in tight flocks , with the birds in front diving , and those behind flying over them .
m . mearns reports spotting a mixed flock of wandering whistling - ducks and plumed whistling - ducks in the floodplain of the mary river , nt , in august 2008 .
wandering whistling - ducks like vegetated river banks and swamps and vegetated shores of lagoons , as well as flooded grassland .
close - up lateral view of two resting wandering whistling - ducks in captivity ( photo courtesy of c . hayne )
like all other geese , ducks and swans , wandering whistling - ducks are vegetarian . they feed on underwater plants .
comparison between pacific black ducks , right , and a wandering whistling - duck , left ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ carrara , gold coast , qld , december 2014 ]
on the water or on the land , the water - whistle duck is a medium - sized duck with a dark body and short , white plumes on flank .
the wandering whistling - duck is a large duck with rich red - brown plumage overall , with a paler face , front of neck and upper breast . there is a dark stripe on the crown of head , nape and back of neck . the bill and legs are dark . there are elongated flank plumes , which are off - white with chestnut edges . in flight , the dark underwings , cinnamon and chestnut underbody , white undertail and trailing dark legs are seen . this species is also known as the whistling tree - duck , water whistling - duck and the red whistler .
the water whistle duck is available for recreational hunting in queensland and the northern territory .
the wandering whistling - duck prefers deep vegetated lagoons and swamps , flooded grasslands , sewerage farms , grain stubbles , pastures , irrigated lands and ricefields . it prefers deeper waters where aquatic plants and insects are plentiful .
pair of wandering whistling - ducks ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ fogg dam nr , nt , august 2013 ]
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive video - spotted whistling - duck - overview
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive video - spotted whistling - duck - overview
title =
arkive video - spotted whistling - duck - overview
border =
0
/ > < / a >
mixed flock of wandering whistling - ducks and plumed whistling - ducks in a tropical floodplain , avoiding a saltwater crocodile ( photo courtesy of m . mearns ) [ mary river , nt , august 2008 ]
the wandering whistling - duck breeds in the northern wet season . the nest is a scrape in the ground out of reach of rising floodwaters , and is hidden in tall grass or shrubbery and lined with grass . wandering whistling ducks are monogamous , and pair - bonds are most likely life - long . not much is known about the incubation of the eggs and brooding of the young .
near - dorsal view of wandering whistling - ducks ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ wynnum wetlands , brisbane , qld , august 2017 ]
dorsal view of a wandering whistling - ducks in flight ( photo courtesy of b . hensen ) [ fogg dam ca , nt , august 2017 ]
lateral view of two wandering whistling - ducks ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ carrara , gold coast , qld , december 2014 ]
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive photo - group of wandering whistling ducks walking through water
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive photo - group of wandering whistling ducks walking through water
title =
arkive photo - group of wandering whistling ducks walking through water
border =
0
/ > < / a >
in january 2016 , j . greaves spotted a pair of wandering whistling - ducks , race
australis
, at the kununurra , wa , sewage treatment works .
. wandering whistling - ducks are found in parts of far - eastern asia ( philippines , malaysia , indonesia , papua new guinea ) and in northern and eastern australia .
this dataset includes observations of wandering whistling - duck ( dendrocygna ( dendrocygna ) arcuata ) that are sourced from the atlas of living australia ( ala ) database . rather than raw observations , these have been filtered such that they are assumed to be suitable for species distribution modelling exercises . the cleaning process included :
wandering whistling - ducks are often found in grain - growing areas where there are permanent artificial waterbodies . their preferred floodplain systems may potentially be threatened by future agricultural , pastoral or urban development .
c . hayne reports that large numbers of wandering whistling - ducks , race
australis
, can be seen regularly in the gwydir wetlands , some 50 km west of moree , nsw .
identification : looks similar to lesser whistling duck but slightly bigger , has pronounced blackish line down centre of nape and hindneck , richer chestnut flanks with very prominent thick black and white markings , black spotted breasts and white vent .
the wandering whistling - duck is a large duck with rich red - brown plumage overall , with a paler face , front of neck and upper breast . there is a dark stripe on the crown of head , nape and back of neck . the bill and legs are dark . there are elongated flank plumes , which are off - white with chestnut edges . in flight , the dark underwings , cinnamon and chestnut underbody , white undertail and trailing dark legs are seen .
wandering whistling - ducks , race
australis
, are found regularly by contributors in wetlands of south - eastern qld , both on the coastal side of the great dividing range and also further inland .
b . hensen reports spotting wandering whistling - ducks , race
australis
, at fogg dam nr , nt , in august 2013 and in august 2017 . we also spotted them there , in august 2014 .
the wandering whistling - duck is found in northern and eastern australia , from the kimberley region , across the north of australia , to south - eastern new south wales . it is vagrant to the south - east and the south - west of the country . this species is also distributed through indonesia , papua new guinea , the philippines and the pacific islands .
the water whistle duck is widely distributed throughout coastal tropical australia , although , vagrants may occur elsewhere . the species prefers deep , permanent tropical lagoons .
j . greaves and h . mouritsen report spotting flocks of wandering whistling - ducks , race
australis
, in various locations of the top end of the nt , e . g . at yellow water billabong , kakadu np , nt .
wandering whistling ducks and their congeners are odd ducks , looking rather like a hybrid between ducks and geese ; having long legs and necks , both sexes have the same plumage , they all have black underwings that are visible in flight , and they have distinctive whistling calls . they typically roost in trees , which gave them their former common name ; tree ducks .
carboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . wandering whistling - duck ( dendrocygna arcuata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
wandering whistling - ducks , race
australis
, were first spotted by us in the township of narrabri , nsw , at narrabri lake , in september 2010 . four birds were seen there again in october 2010 , making it likely that a small group was staying there for a while .
in flight , the water whistle duck adopts a distinctive posture with a depressed neck and trailing legs , a dark belly , chestnut shoulders and a white rump . it has short rounded wings with a slow wing beat .
behaviour / ecology : gregarious . flock with the more common and similar looking lesser whistling ducks . hybrids of the two species have been documented in singapore .
lateral view of a pair of whistling - ducks ( photo courtesy of a . ross - taylor ) [ carrara , gold coast , qld , january 2015 ]
in australia wandering whistling - ducks , race
australis
, are usually found only in the northern parts of the continent , from about the kimberley via the top end of the nt , south of the gulf of carpentaria , all of cape york peninsula and the eastern half of qld . less frequently they are found down the eastern seaboard and also sometimes in inland nsw and qld , down to vic .
plumed whistling - ducks are medium - sized ducks with mostly mid - to dark - brown plumage , with plumes sticking out over the folded wings . throat and plumes are cream - coloured , while the breast is brown , the belly is russet , the mantle , nape of the neck and cap are all dark - brown . the bill , legs and feet are black .
unlike other birds which only need cloacal contact , in waterfowl , the males have a distinct erectile penis . mating often takes place with genitals underwater . lesser whistling ducks prefer a nest site near freshwater with dense vegetation nearby where their chicks can immediately reach the water after hatching . usually in a bed of tall reeds , sometimes in a hollow log , or even an abandoned heron’s nest . they build a shallow cup of grass , on or close to the ground . they may rearrange surrounding vegetation to form a roof with a side - entrance . sometimes they nest in trees . 10 - 12 creamy white eggs are laid . if the nest is closer to the ground , parents will distract predators by faking a broken wing and moving away from the nest . both parents tend the ducklings . sometimes ‘adopt’ stray ducklings . usually tended by both parents until fledging . sometimes large groups of up to 60 ducklings are found with few or no adults .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en
urltoken
medium to large ( 45 cm to 60 cm e . g . raven )
the most obvious movement is the dispersal of flocks when there is rain from dry season refuges beside permanent water to ephemeral inland breeding swamps and coastal sites .
handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 1 . part b .
classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
flpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
has been thought to be closely related to d . bicolor , to which it shows many similarities in morphology and behaviour , and the two have hybridized . form pygmaea is appreciably smaller , but seemingly identical in plumage . three subspecies recognized .
( horsfield , 1824 ) – philippines , s borneo , sumatra , java , sulawesi , moluccas and lesser sundas .
mayr , 1945 – new britain , where possibly extinct ; formerly also fiji .
40–45 cm ; male 741–948 g , female 453–976 g ; wingspan 80–90 cm . lateral undertail - coverts whitish . black dots on sides of breast . similar to
considered comparatively quiet compared to congeners ; most commonly given is multi - syllabic . . .
eminently aquatic , frequenting bodies of relatively deep water with emerging vegetation , showing . . .
) , sedges and other aquatic plants and grasses . obtains most of food by . . .
starts at beginning of wet season . monogamous , probably for life . in single pairs ; nest built with plant matter on ground , frequently among . . .
dispersive ; movements largely determined by variations in water level ; concentrated in permanent . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . has decreased markedly in several areas , but population in australia and new guinea most recently ( late 1990s ) suggested to be . . .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : dendrocygna arcuata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
image : alex vargas , 17 november 2010 ( with permission , for grrlscientist / guardian use only ) [ velociraptorise ] . nikon d5000 , nikkor 300mm f / 2 . 8g ed - if af - s vr 1 / 800s f / 6 . 3 at 420 . 0mm iso200 with a nikon 1 . 4x teleconverter on .
these distinctive traits are the reasons that some authorities place them into their own subfamily , dendrocygninae , within anatidae ( the ducks , geese and swans ) . other authorities disagree , either placing them into their own family , dendrocygnidae , or into a separate tribe , dendrocygnini , within the goose subfamily , anserinae .
however these birds are classified , there are eight species , all of which are placed into one genus , dendrocygna . all species are found in the tropics and subtropics throughout the world .
you are invited to review all of the daily mystery birds by going to their dedicated graphic index page .
if you have bird images , video or audio files that you ' d like to share with a large and ( mostly ) appreciative international audience here at the guardian , feel free to contact me to learn more .
© 2018 guardian news and media limited or its affiliated companies . all rights reserved .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 298 , 568 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .
have you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .
© 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15
aust birds bird names news 1 - 26 habitats key plants glossary plumage nests tips thumbnails gen . info sponsors photos for sale
the overall distribution of this species can be assessed based on sighting reports submitted by birdwatchers to urltoken .
these pages are largely based on our own observations and those of our contributors . the structure of these bird pages is explained here . for more salient facts on any bird species please refer to a field guide .
would you like to contribute photos or sound recordings to this site ? if interested , please click here . credits to contributors are given here .
disclaimer : comments are always welcome . we give no guarantee that the information presented on these pages is always correct or up - to - date . external links are marked as such and we take no responsibility for the contents of external pages . all images on this site are protected by copyright & used by permission of the respective owners . if you wish to reproduce them or any of the material presented on this web site , please contact us : last updated : fri , 6 april 2018 , 20 : 01 - 05 : 00
enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planetâ€™s species and habitats from destruction .
search is restricted to [ [ filters . class | getlabelfor : class _ choices ] ]
automatic vetting based on the ala & apos ; s & apos ; assertions & apos ; whereby observations were assessed as inappropriate for modelling ( ie . & apos ; zero _ coordinates & apos ; , & apos ; invalid scientific name & apos ; ) ;
determining if the observations fell within expert - derived range polygons . these polygons were supplied by birdlife australia to represent , for each species , its core breeding habitat , non - breeding , historic , irruptive , or invasive ranges . records that fall outside these ranges were marked as inappropriate for modelling ; and
human - derived classification of records after previous two assessments . through the edgar project ( urltoken ) , users were able to map all species observations and comment on the suitability of records for distribution modelling . this included records deemed inappropriate by other means .
every 6 months the occurrence record download file is updated to reflect recent vetting by experts . in the data download , sensitive records have been obfuscated by truncating the lat / long to two decimal places . obfuscated records will be indicated in the data file . access to the accurate data will need to be arranged with the original data owners - contact the ala for more information .
the resulting downloadable file of occurrence records reflects which records are suitable for species distribution modelling .
copy and paste a formatted citation or use one of the links to import into a bibliography manager .
[ [ item . name | formatfacet ] ] ( [ [ item . value ] ] )
[ [ item . name | formatfacet ] ] ( [ [ item . value ] ] )
to filter your results by a time period enter a year range between [ [ earliest _ year ] ] and [ [ latest _ year ] ] inclusive . open ranges can be specified by leaving one of the fields blank . please note that adding a time period filter to your search will restrict your search to only those records in research data australia which contain temporal information .
[ [ item . preflabel | totitlecase ] ] ( [ [ item . collectionnum ] ] )
note : adding a location filter will restrict your search to only records that have location information described .
[ [ preresult . response . numfound ] ] result ( s ) found with these filters . hit search
the advanced search popout allows you to build / refine complex queries all in a single tabbed popout . from within the advanced search you can construct boolean searches and apply one or more filter categories to your search .
note that there is no defined order to the tabs in the advanced search and you can apply the filters in any order you choose . where there are multiple options for a filter category e . g . ( subjects ) the options & record counts displayed are based on your query . each time you switch tabs the available filter options and record counts are updated to reflect any changes on the previous tab .
as you build / refine your search in the advanced search popout , you can review the entire search and the number of results which will be returned by selecting the ‘review’ tab . the tab also allows you to modify your search by removing filters .
the query constructor provides a way of searching for records using multiple search term combinations and boolean operators .
the advanced queries created using the query constructor are comprised of rows . each row consists of a field , condition operator and a value . the value tells the search what to look for , the field tells the search where to look , and the condition operator tells the search whether a record should ‘contain’ or ‘exclude’ the value .
multiple search terms entered into a single condition value are treated by the search as being separated by the boolean operator and .
the search terms are treated as case insensitive e . g . ‘rain’ is the same as ‘rain’ .
exact phrases can also be entered into condition values by using quotes
e . g .
ice sheets
the ? symbol can be used to perform a single character wildcard search . e . g . organi ? ations .
the * symbol can be used to perform multiple character wildcard search . e . g . extend *
note : wildcard characters can be applied to single search terms , but not to search phrases .
the query constructor supports the use of the boolean operators ‘and’ & ‘or’ between query rows . the operators are applied at the search level , meaning all query rows are separated by the same boolean value . changing the boolean value between two query rows will change the value between all query rows .
here we will step through constructing an advanced query where we would like to find all the records which contain ‘rain’ in the title , and ‘flood’ and ‘weather’ in the description .
open the advanced search popout and ensure you are on the ‘search terms’ tab . two query rows should be displayed by default .
in the empty value field in the 1st query row enter the search term ‘rain’ .
in the empty value field in the 2nd query row enter the search term ‘flood’ .
in the empty value field in the 3rd query row enter the search term ‘weather’ .
the subject tab allows you to refine your search by selecting subjects which have been used to describe data records . the default subject vocabulary in research data australia , and the one which is used consistently by data providers , is the anzsrc field of research . other supported subject vocabularies are also available and can be selected by using the drop down displayed at the top of the tab ( note that these can take a little while to load ) .
subject vocabularies are displayed as browsable hierarchical trees . subject literals displayed as green links can be clicked to display or hide child subjects .
subjects can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each subject literal . multiple subjects can be selected within a single subject vocabulary and also across vocabularies .
the number of records with a subject will be displayed at the end of each subject literal e . g ‘economics ( 30 ) ’ . note that because the relationships between records and subjects are many to many , the counts displayed with the subjects will not necessarily match the count of records returned by your search . for example you may see 3 subjects all showing a ( 1 ) beside them . this could resolve to a single record containing all 3 of the subjects . where no records exist with a subject value a ( 0 ) will be displayed with the literal .
the data provider tab allows you to limit your search to records published to research data australia by specific providers . the number of records available from providers will be displayed at the end of each provider literal e . g ‘bond university ( 25 ) ’ .
data providers can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each data provider literal .
the access tab allows you to limit your search to records with specific access types . data records in research data australia fall into one of four access types :
data that is accessible and reusable , providing certain conditions are met ( e . g . free registration is required )
data access is limited in some way ( e . g . only available to a particular group of users or at a specific physical location )
the number of records available in each access type will be displayed at the end of the access literal e . g ‘open ( 23 ) ’ .
access types can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each access literal .
open licence : a licence bearing broad permissions that may include a requirement to attribute the source , or share - alike ( or both ) , requiring a derivative work to be licensed on the same or similar terms as the reused material .
non - commercial licence : as for the open licence but also restricting reuse only for non - commercial purposes .
: as for the open licence but also prohibits adaptation of the material , and in the second case also restricts reuse only for non - commercial purposes .
restrictive licence : a licence preventing reuse of material unless certain restrictive conditions are satisfied . note licence restrictions , and contact rights holder for permissions beyond the terms of the licence .
no licence : all rights to reuse , communicate , publish or reproduce the material are reserved , with the exception of specific rights contained within the copyright act 1968 or similar laws . contact the copyright holder for permission to reuse this material .
the number of records available in each licence filter group will be displayed at the end of the licence literal e . g ‘no licence ( 57 ) ’ .
licence groups can be added or removed from your search by using the checkbox displayed with each licence literal .
the time period tab allows you to restrict your search to only records which contain temporal coverage * information which falls within a specific year range . the filter has been implemented as a pair of text fields which allow you to enter a ‘from year and ‘to year’ . the placeholder text shown in the text fields indicates the available temporal range you can search within .
to filter your results by a time period : open the advanced search popout and ensure you are on the ‘time period’ tab . enter a time period range by using the from year and to year fields . click the ‘search’ button to execute the search .
note : where the records in your search contain no temporal information the following message will be displayed on the tab :
search results contain no time period information .
the location tab will allow you to filter your search results to only records that have mappable location information described , which falls within a specified region .
use the map navigation tools on the left hand side of the map until you have the required map view .
release the mouse to finish . if there are records with location information available for your selection a red marker will be displayed for the first 15 records .
note to change or redraw a region simply carry out the above steps again .
research data australia is the data discovery service of the australian national data service ( ands ) . ands is supported by the australian government through the national collaborative research infrastructure strategy program . read more about ands . . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
rarest bird in the world : the cone - billed tanager , the mystery .
atlapetes blancae , 8 years later , still not found . wish or species ?
oriental region , australasia : philippines to australia . philippines , south borneo , sulawesi , java , lesser sundas , moluccas ( indonesian islands ) . north australia and south new guinea . new britain and fiji
prefers deep , permanent lakes , swamps and lagoons , with emergent vegetation . also utilise creeks and rivers and seasonally - flooded grasslands .
feeding flocks are very active ; hindmost birds in feeding flocks ‘leapfrog’ to the front . forage mainly during the day , but also active at night . basically vegetarian . particularly favours water lilies ( nymphaea ) , also sedges , other aquatic plants , and grasses . feed mainly on water , diving up to 3m ( 10ft ) and also dabbling on the surface and stripping seeds from plants along the water’s edge .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern . this species has suffered marked declines locally and is considered extinct in parts of its former range . main threats are loss of suitable habitat owing to agricultural and urban development .
doctype html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
the male has a dark brown crown and nape , a buff colour head with lighter chin and a black bill merging with the crown . the breast is light brown with black spotting , the under - parts are chestnut brown with a white undertail and white extending from the rump into the elongated flank plumes . the back is dark brown with chestnut brown scalloping . the legs and feet are dark grey .
flooded grasslands , irrigated land , deep lagoons , swamps , pastures and rice fields .
the male and female have a similar appearance . the species occurs in dense flocks , whether on land , water or in flight .
bbc natural history unit c / o bbc motion gallery getty images 101 bayham street london nw1 0ag united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 3227 2579 bbc . motiongallerysales @ urltoken urltoken
by clicking the links above , you agree to continue to use this material in accordance with the below terms of use .
arkive videos are protected by copyright and usage is restricted . details of the copyright owners are given at the end of each video . please carefully read the following before downloading this video .


the rice-paddy eel ( pisodonophis boro , also known commonly as the bengal 's snake-eel , the estuary snake eel , or the snake eel ) is an eel in the family ophichthidae ( worm/snake eels ) .

it was described by francis buchanan-hamilton in 1822 , originally in the genus ophisurus .

it is a tropical , marine eel which is known from the indo-west pacific , including somalia , tanzania , south africa , southern india , sri lanka , indonesia , polynesia , australia , bangladesh , cambodia , kenya , madagascar , the philippines , malaysia , mozambique , seychelles , saudi arabia , taiwan , china , thailand , vietnam , and southern yemen .

it is an anadromous species and spawns in freshwater , often in rice paddies during the rainy season , earning it its common name .

males can reach a maximum total length of 100 centimetres , but more commonly reach a tl of 70 cm .

the rice-paddy eel is of minor commercial interest to fisheries ; it is caught in bag nets and marketed fresh .

its diet consists of bony fish and crabs such as uca annulipes ; as a nocturnal creature it forages actively during the night .

due to its widespread , albeit thinly populated distribution , and lack of major threats , the iucn redlist currently lists the rice-paddy eel as least concern .

it notes , however , that the species is subject to agricultural pollution .

rice - paddy eel

currently lists the rice - paddy eel as least concern . it notes , however , that the species is subject to
the rice - paddy eel is of minor commercial interest to fisheries ; it is caught in bag nets and marketed fresh .
the rice paddy eel , identified as monopterus albus , burrows as deep as 1 . 5 m during the dry season to survive dry conditions . however , reports of eel damage have been received from isabela and negros this wet season .
) , also known as the rice eel , rice paddy eel , or swamp eel , is a three - foot long , one - pound fish that is native to central and south america , africa , the indian subcontinent , southeast asia , and east asia ( including japan , korea , and china ) . there are swamp eels in australia , but it ' s not certain that they ' re native there .
to produce long - term solutions , leonardo v . marquez and fe a . dela peña , philrice crop specialists , plan to conduct a study on the management of rice paddy eels .
inhabits lagoons and estuaries ; entering freshwater and paddy fields . mainly marine , and very widespread .
common / local names english : rice - paddy eel bangladesh : bamosh ( বামোশ ) , boro baim ( বোরো বাইম ) , kharu ( খারু ) , hijra ( হিজরা ) , kecho baim ( কেঁচো বাইম ) and nol baim ( নল বাইম ) .
philippine rice research institute ( philrice ) is a government corporate entity attached to the department of agriculture created through executive order 1061 on 5 november 1985 ( as amended ) to help develop high - yielding and cost - reducing technologies so farmers can produce enough rice for all filipinos .
well , wanda , if this thing is indeed a swamp eel as you believe , you sure don ' t want to release it back into the wild . the swamp eel is a
this eel attains a length of about 70 cm and is widely caught as a food fish .
scientists who’ve studied the swamp eel admit that it might not be possible to stop this eel in the long run . it may , indeed , be the “animal equivalent of the kudzu vine . ”
species diversity demands a suitable habitat that supports nursing and nourishing ground as evidenced in the rice - paddy eel , pisodonophis boro hamilton buchanan 1822 , the species exclusively habituates the shallow mangrove mudflats of godavari delta adjoining paddy fields . there were only meager reports on the distribution of the burrowing ricepaddy eels or biology , when jayaram [ 1 ] reported them from sunderban mangroves in the vicinity of bay of bengal , east coast of india and frantisek et al . , [ 2 ] recorded them from the brackish water localities of phan - nga province of south - western and phuket island , thailand .
the swamp eel ' s preferred habitat includes swamps , rice fields , muddy ponds , and canals . this fish doesn ' t migrate to the ocean to spawn , and it isn ' t closely related to american eels or snake - shaped fish native to american water bodies .
[ my thanks to octopd for educating me on the fact that a swamp eel is a protandrous hermaphrodite . ]
such an aquatic ecological niche of the shallow mangrove mudflats subjected to perennial freshwater ( rice fields ) and seawater inflow ( backwaters ) spreading over few km horizontally provide suitable hiding , feeding and breeding grounds in close vicinity is considered the limiting factor in the distribution of the rice - paddy eel , the other mangrove areas do not have such a topography , with typical backwater zone and nearby perennial freshwater inflow ; in other mangrove zones , the freshwater and tidal water usually flows in deeper canals and creeks but do not spread on to the mangrove mud flats , even if the mudflats are inundated , it is only during the high tide and flood times .
science city of muñoz , nueva ecija – rice farmers in this town reported that eels have been burrowing in their fields resulting in irrigation water seepage and affecting nutrient and weed management .
don’t doubt the swamp eel’s ability to invade new territory and reach “extraordinary levels of abundance” ( as some scientists have put it ) . the more you learn about the swamp eel , the more you appreciate that it is not an ordinary fish – not by any stretch of the imagination . it is almost breathtakingly prolific , versatile , and hardy . consider these facts about the swamp eel :
the pertinent point of discussion is about the status of eel fishery earlier to 1851 before the construction of the anicut ( dam ) across the river godavari and when there was no regularized water flow , thanks to sir arthur cotton , the british engineer and architect of godavari anicut that the controlled water release to agriculture ( paddy ) helped in the development of eel fishery . the requirement of specific habitat on species diversity is well established in this context that total extinction of the eel population from the estuarine areas of western delta directly reflected on mangrove degradation during 1980s primarily was due to habitat loss in turn reflecting on the loss of feeding ground . continued efforts to understand the habitat dependency of eels were successful when re - habitation of few numbers of eels started from 2010 onwards that was associated with re - juvenation of mangrove , restoration of freshwater flow and invasion of associated fauna , mangrove leaf fall and its decay makes the soil slushy , a habitat requirement . it is here the mangrove crabs of the genus metapograpsus , sesarma and neoepisesarma contribute in making the soil pervious because of their feeding behaviour of climbing and plucking the young shoots and keeping the vegetation in their burrows , the genus uca , ocypoda , metapograpsus and metaplex were found involved in making burrows and leaf degradation . absence of flora and fauna makes the mudflat relatively impervious ; moreover the crabs served as a direct food to the eels . the estuarine condition supported by nearby freshwater inflow from the rice fields is a primary requirement for rice - paddy eels to complete their life cycle , the more the density of mangroves the greater the eel populations . because of their specific habitat preference , the rice - paddy eels are very much limited in their distribution to a tropical estuarine climate ; diversity of these species demands an estuarine environment for hiding and feeding , flooding freshwaters for breeding , fishery development demands a relatively larger mangrove ecosystem with a surrounding habitat as described above .
found in lagoons and estuaries , entering freshwater and paddy fields ( ref . 30573 ) . common in tidal reaches and nearby upstream areas of coastal rivers ( ref . 12693 ) . lives in holes in the river bottom and bank and actively forages for small fishes at night ( ref . 12693 ) . reported to spawn in rice - paddies during the rainy season ( ref . 12693 ) . caught in bag nets and similar gear . marketed fresh .
the asian swamp eel is a pretty ugly fish , and its impact on native aquatic species in the everglades may be just as unpleasant . usgs photo .
in india , this species burrows into and through the embankments of paddy fields and salt pans near estuaries . the paddy fields are damaged by the burrows allowing salt water to enter and the crops to wither . it prefers a substrate which consist of a good mixture of sand , silt , and clay . it shows a tidal locomotory rhythm . it comes to the surface of the mud at high tide to feed , when some degree of exposure to the overlying water may occur ( ref . 42330 ) .
for additional information , have a look at the final report of csei assessment project 98 - 6 . stay tuned . we’ve certainly not heard the last of the asian swamp eel story .
i ' m not sure about the life span of the asian swamp eel . several of the sources i consulted say 8 to 12 years , but that would certainly vary with local conditions .
habitats : estuaries , rivers and floodplains ( iucn bangladesh , 2000 ) . lagoons and estuaries ; also enters freshwater and paddy fields ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) . found in the sundarbans ( huda et al . , 2003 ) . found in holes in river bottom ( rahman , 2005 ) .
the habitat dependency of the rice - paddy eels , pisodonophis boro is described in this paper with emphasis on natural production . the eels use mangrove mudflats as homing ground for feeding and breeding ; perform anadromous migration during breeding season ; total mangrove dependency of the eels has been confirmed from field observations on eel fishery and mangrove degradation during the period 1981 - 2012 . total loss of mangrove habitat resulted in migration or mortality of the species and recruitment of the fish populations preceded rejuvenation and ramification of mangrove flora and associated fauna . pisodonophis boro needs perennial freshwater inflow for successful reproduction ; thus , the annual breeding cycle is triggered and regulated by the freshwater release from the river dam , and the artisanal fishery is correlated to these events . sexes are separate and females with bilobed ovaries grow larger . the fish is being caught by trap nets and hooks as these have a sediment burrowing behavior and carnivorous food habits . a novel method of estimating eel population by applying mini tab . 16 software and the unique sarima , 1 . 1 . 1 model is highlighted . critical factors influencing / triggering migration of eels from the godavari estuary to the freshwater canals and paddy fields were seasonality , temperature and salinity . smoked eels are delicacies of the entire central delta with a total population of 12 , 00 , 438 ; the proximate composition of the fish was analysed and health problems if any in smoked fish consumers was assessed by documenting health symptoms .
eel population estimation and mangrove production . the total population of rice - paddy eels were estimated for one hectare area by employing ‘hook and trap’ method , maximum numbers were recorded in the month of january coincided with active juvenile recruitment and minimum numbers recorded in the month of november ; the maximum and minimum numbers followed the reproductive behavior , recruitment pattern and fishing mortality . the distribution of eel populations changed from left skewed to symmetric during december to may and became right skewed from june ( figure 2a–2r ) . the juvenile population was found high during december - april and thereafter declined mostly due to their conversion to next sizes and fishing mortality ; active eel migrations started from july onwards resulted in mortality due to fishing . a gradual increase in the sub - adult and adult populations was evident from april onwards that reached minimum in november when recruitment commenced during the last quarter of the month ( figures 7 and 8 ) . it was estimated that the average production of the eels was 0 . 84 / m² during january and 0 . 27 / m² in the month of november . the ‘sarima’ forecast model shown in figures 10 and 11 and table 1 is based on numerical abundance and biomass of eels landed during the period january 2008 to december 20012 , the model predicts future eel fishery for the next 24 months . the model exhibits a cyclical and seasonal pattern with peak landings during august to december and minimal landings in the months of april and may , this was true in all the four years of study ; the model forecasted a similar pattern for the next 48 months . the other pertinent point observed was about sustainability of eel fisheries and the quantities landed ; with minor fluctuations , fish landings were stable throughout . the landings were based on the limited fishing ground and the eel migratory behavior that active migrations commence in july and continued till january , initial landings in the months june - august were mostly due to small sized eels and larger sizes mostly were observed in the months september onwards , reflected on the biomass .
rice - paddy eel landings were recorded from the estuarine and backwaters of bay of bengal during the years 1980 - 2012 and results of frequency of distribution of the eels was given for the years 1999 - 2002 and compared to 2009 ; the frequency of distribution was more or less similar during all the years of study ; data on numerical abundance and biomass estimation of eels were shown for the years 2008 - 2011 . studies pertaining to population dynamics including recruitment , growth , mortality and production of eels from the mangrove mudflats were estimated for the period 2010 - 2012 . the common fishing methods followed for eel fishery were by removing them from their burrowed hideouts by using a shovel , hook or by trapping the eels through bag nets , laid across the estuarine creeks during low tides ( figure 1 ) ; the usual practice followed was that all the eels landed were smoked in dry mangrove wood after sun - cure for five to eight hours . biological data on length – weight relationship , fecundity , gonado ( ovary ) - somatic index and proximate composition of the muscles along with calorific value was estimated and a comparison was made between smoked and fresh eels . eels were subjected to salinity tolerance experiments in the laboratory .
the eel , locally known as igat , palos , or kiwit , is a nocturnal fish that feeds on fishes , crustaceans , and other invertebrates and can be found in rivers , lakes , ponds , marshes , swamps , and drains .
park lovers should also consider this : levee removal and other features of the comprehensive everglades restoration plan ( cerp ) designed to restore natural flow patterns to everglades national park could speed up the eel’s spread to some areas of everglades national park .
: south florida is not the only place in america where the asian swamp eel is established in the wild . hawaii has some , and a small population of swamp eels has survived for at least ten years in an area north of atlanta . ( this latter population was from japanese or korean stock , which apparently accounts for their enhanced ability to survive colder winter temperatures . ) there has apparently been at least one report of a swamp eel population in the northeast , too .
the predictive model of eel population is based on the trend in eel landings for the preceding four years and the succeeding two years , the habitat dependant model predicts biomass and numerical abundance , the predictive values are more or less equal to the actual values ; this is true that the eel fishery is seasonal and quantities landed depend up on extent of mangroves and annual rainfall . this particular model is suitable for such of those fish that live in isolated areas with specific habitat requirements . this model can be applied for estimating fish populations of small estuaries and mangroves or for compound populations of lakes and reservoirs with specific food and reproductive habits of a particular species . linear trend analysis can be applied to diminishing populations in time series of catches in different size groups .
unwelcome non - native species , and if we could wave a magic wand and get rid of it , we ' d certainly waste no time doing it . ( the thought that the swamp eel might eventually become established throughout the temperate u . s . should send chills up the spine of anybody who cares about the indigenous aquatic species that inhabit the invaded waters . ) if you continue to provide a home for this particular specimen , you can expect it to live 8 to 12 years . btw ,
sexing
a swamp eel is tricky business . all swamp eels are born male , but since the species is a protandrous hermaphrodite , males can change into females . the older and bigger a swamp eel is , the more likely that it is a female .
• it is an air breather , which means that it can live in areas that are seasonally dry ( it builds mud burrows ) and can disperse over dry land . a swamp eel reportedly lived in a wet towel for seven months without food or water .
the ‘hook and trap’ method supported by ‘time series” linear and quadratic trend analysis for population estimation is based on the principle that the eel population is closed , composite , representing different ages , their uniform distribution in the area , carnivorous feeding habit with burrowing and hiding behavior and fishing at regular intervals results in a declining trend in population . the larvae are pelagic and only the elvers are recruited into the mangroves , estimation of eel production of mangroves has clearly indicated that the % survival of juveniles is very low , which are subjected to predation by fellow eels , other fish , crabs etc . , and likely chance of these being drifted away during cyclonic storms and flood waters , which are common in the months august - november . symmetry in population growth was observed in the months of may and june when mortality due to fishing was minimal . population growth from the month of august is limited due to active fishing when the eels are harvested during their reproductive migration to the freshwater canals and paddy fields . the total eel population and biomass is related to the extent of suitable mangrove habitat ; the production was high during 1980s and early 1990s when there was no mangrove degradation in the central delta but decreased after 1996 when part of the potential mangrove cover was removed and converted to aquaculture ponds .
sen tk ( 1986 ) description of a new species , pisodonophis , assamensis , a new eel from lower assam with a key to the indian ophichthidae ( family : ophichthidae / genus : pisodonophis ) . bulletin of the zoological survey of india 7 ( 2 - 3 ) : 241 - 244 .
in the present studies , emphasis was laid on the effect of environmental factors , especially season , temperature and salinity on the migratory and reproductive behaviour of the fish ; this species was found as seasonal breeder , breeds during the southwest monsoon , commencing in the month of june and north - east monsoon commencing in october . one of the highlights of the study is developing an ecological model fishery with implicating environmental factors especially the influence of freshwater flow from the 3 . 599 km long sir arthur cotton anicut ( dam , constructed by the british engineer , sir arthur cotton during the years 1847 - ‘51on the river godavari 16º56’0 . 8 . 38”n , 81 º45’08 . 77”e ) , on the diversity of the fish . this migratory eel described in this paper carries an important scientific message on the habitat preference of animal populations , demands shallow and submerged mangrove mud flats having perennial freshwater and seawater influx that regulate their reproductive behaviour . another important scientific message is on specific habitat dependency of animals ; mangrove habitat loss for aquaculture purpose in the western delta ( 16 º19’ 10 . 17” n 81 º 43’ 35 . 58” e to 16 º 22’ 04 . 77” n 81 º 44’ 58 . 26” e towards the east side of the river to 16 º 19’ 59 . 16” n 81 º 42’ 13 . 31” e to 16 º 22’ 22 . 25” n 81 º 40’ 31 . 14 e towards the west side of river ) during the years 1981 - 1984 resulted in total loss of the rice - paddy eel populations from the area .
citation : babu de , ratna mr , lakshmikantamma k , tarun k ( 2017 ) predictive eel population model based on fish habitat dependency and fishing pressure on pisodonophis boro ( hamilton ) in the godavari delta , india . j fisheries livest prod 5 : 224 doi : 10 . 4172 / 2332 - 2608 . 1000224
that is bad news , indeed , for the everglades ecosystem . the swamp eel is a voracious feeder with a generalized diet that includes food critical to the survival of wading birds , fish , and many other native species of the everglades . the results could very well be catastrophic if swamp eels were to become abundant enough .
biologists warn that the asian swamp eel , a non - native species , may turn out to be the animal equivalent of the kudzu vine . here is a fish that seems very capable of dominating the waters of the everglades . it’s poised to do just that , too . unfortunately , it may already be too late to stop it .
like any responsible scientist ( especially one working for a federal agency ) , dr . nico is careful not to extrapolate preliminary research results too far . this is an area of scientific inquiry in which questions abound and answers remain elusive . how is the swamp eel population distributed in south florida ? was there just one initial release / escape into the wild from a single site , or have there been multiple introductions at various places ? how fast is the swamp eel spreading into new areas , and with what impacts on native species ? how many different species are there ? what are the species’ tolerances for salinity , cold , and other parameters ? the list of significant unknowns is very long , indeed .
rice - paddy eel landings of central delta were found dominant in the months of july–january that coincides with the south - west and north - east monsoon seasons , vis - à - vis the breeding season , the eels mainly were caught in the freshwater canals during their backward migration to the estuary . the length - weight relationship has clearly indicated that females grow to larger sizes and males grow only up to 62 cm ; the weight increase observed was gradual up to a body size of ~ 60 cm . afterwards a steep increase was evident ( figure 5 ) . maximum landing of the eels was observed in size ranges 45 - 60 cm of both the sexes ( figure 6 ) , in all the years of study , the size groups 45 - 60 cm dominated , but during the year 2001 , 30 - 45 cm sizes outnumbered all other sizes . during the peak breeding season , most of the eels landed were in the size range 55 - 75 cm , indicating abundance of reproductive females , most of the males fell in the size range 30 - 45 cm . usually , few large size females , > 80 cm were observed in the creeks during the months october - december . during the breeding season , more than 70 % of the eels landed were females with fully ripened or ripening ovaries in advanced stages of vitellogenesis . such eels were observed to ascend the freshwater canals and were usually trapped in the bag nets laid across the estuary , mostly at night times . the few numbers of the eels landed during the months april and may represent those recovered from their burrowed hideouts .
the asian swamp eel has a scaleless , anguilliform body that grows to a meter or less , typically 25 to 40 cm as an adult . as a synbranchidae , it has a tapering tail , blunt snout , and lacks pectoral and pelvic fins . the dorsal , anal , and caudal fins are rudimentary , with the caudal fin often absent . these fins serve to protect the swamp eel against rolling , and assist in sudden turns and stops . its gill membranes are fused , but one v - shaped gill is located beneath the head . such a shape prevents reverse flow . its body and head are dark , with dark olive or brown dorsal coloring and light orange ventral coloring . this coloration camouflages the aquatic predator ; however , some are brightly colored with yellow , black and gold spots . the bristle - like teeth of the m . albus , which are not easily seen , also indicate its carnivorous behavior .
for experiments on biochemical composition , the smoked fish were cut into 2” pieces and after a thorough wash , boiled in a stainless steel container for physical observations on odour and for testing the palatability of the fish . proximate composition of the muscle tissue was analyzed by taking samples from the anterior , middle and posterior regions and averages are presented . dry weight determinations were made at 95 - 105ºc for 24 - 48 h and the dried tissue was taken for proximate analysis . total lipid was estimated by extracting the fat in methanol - chloroform mixture as a solvent in a soxhlet extraction apparatus [ 3 , 4 ] and total protein was estimated by colorimetric determinations of lowry et al . [ 5 ] in a spectrophotometer at 560 nm and the calorific value of fish was determined in a bomb calorimeter . the acid value of the fat was determined by neutralizing the fatty acid with 0 . 1 m koh , [ 6 ] . the degree of un - saturation of the fatty acids was determined as iodine value that the halogen iodine adds across the double bonds of the un - saturated fatty acids [ 6 - 8 ] . muscle tissues of smoked eel were incubated in cornmeal , littman oxgall agar , potato dextrose , rice grain medium , sabouraud dextrose agar , sabouraud broth and nutrient agar media for identification of any fungal moulds [ 9 , 10 ] . 1000 smoked fish consumers were used for sample studies so as to evaluate the probable harmful effects of processed and smoked fish due to histamine ; symptoms of diarrhea , skin and respiratory allergies , nausea and headache were taken as the main criteria . data on smoked mullet ( mugil cephalus ) consumers were simultaneously collected and compared to smoked eel consumers .
it is truly sad to see this tragedy unfold . the potential destruction this fish can cause is almost unimaginable . here in hawaii exotic plant and animal species have decimated the native habitat and caused scores of indigenous species to become extinct . national parks are certainly not exempt from the ravages of alien species . as this fish expands its range not only will it consume resident wildlife , it will set off secondary impacts throughout affected ecosystems that can have unforeseen consequences . climate warming will likely help to carry this eel even further north .
linear and quadratic trend analysis was applied for population estimation by using ‘mini tab 16’ software , thus it was possible to estimate the total populations of eels . the best curves for each size were fitted applying either linear or quadratic models and using mean absolute deviation as a criterion with the projected values of different size populations ( figure 2a - 2r ) . ‘sarima ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ’ model was fitted to estimate the eel population for the succeeding two years . the average fish size of each month with their standard deviation is also computed .
scientists are conducting research that should prove helpful . to get a better handle on the status of current research and control methods i spoke with dr . leo g . nico at the u . s . geological survey’s florida integrated science center . dr . nicxo , a research fishery biologist / ichthyologist with the center’s nonindigenous fishes research program , has been conducting research on the asian swamp eel for about ten years , found some of the first populations in the wild , and has published fairly extensively on the subject . he’s even kept swamp eels at his home to study and photograph them ( as in the act of consuming fingerling bass , for example ) .
the increasing demand for eels indicates their nutritional value and palatability , dried and smoked eels are preferential fish of many and when a comparison was made on the proximate composition of the fresh and smoked fish , major differences were noticed in the protein and lipid composition , that lipid and protein degradation was evident after smoking , this mainly reflects on the processing for smoking , sun curing of the fish for few hours before smoking appears the major causative factor for protein degradation due to autolysis . fat loss observed mainly reflects on the oxidation of fats during heat smoking . the water content is always maintained < 20 % that the possibility of fungal contamination is reduced . high fatty acid content of the fish is a good indication of their nutritional value . the palatability of the eel depends on the unique aroma of these as also observed in the migratory fish tenulosa ilisha , ( unpublished ) both have great demand throughout .
a few years ago while catching crayfish in a creek we also caught what we thought was a salamander . we put it in our fish tank alone with some other small fish and the crayfish , it was approx 6 inches long at that time . now it has grown to approx 2 1 / 2 feet long and eats everthing else in the tank . now that it is bigger and after doing research we have discovered that it is the swamp eel . it looks identical to what you have in this video . a couple of times he got out of the tank and we found him under the couch in the living room . we live in florida southwest of jacksonville . can you give me an idea of what to do with him ( not really sure if it a male or female ? ) . i ' m also wondering how he got in the creek this far north of the everglades ? we don ' t want to put him back in the creek so any ideas would be helpful .
biochemical estimations of fresh and smoked fish have revealed marked changes in the protein and lipid profile , a decline in the total protein and fat content was evident in smoked fish ; 5 . 95 % of protein decline and 14 . 4 % lipid degradation was observed after smoking . it was also observed that the protein and lipid decrease was associated with an increase in the water soluble fraction of protein and fatty acid content ( table 2 ) . an increase in the degree of un - saturation of fatty acids was noticed in the smoked fish muscle samples . when the fish muscle was kept in water , a layer of fat was observed floating on the surface , thorough homogenization of the dry fish meat made the water more turbid . no fungal moulds or hyphae were noticed on the skin or muscles of the dry fish even after storage for 60 days in the laboratory kept at temperatures 26 - 35ºc . observations made by sampling on smoked eel consumers of different age groups have indicated no ill health reactions of histamine or other microbes . it was an interesting observation made that symptoms of nausea , vomiting and chronic diarrhea were observed in 28 - 31 % of persons after consumption of smoked mullets , the symptoms were prevalent in people consuming the smoked mullets after 4 or 5 days after smoking ; prevalent in children < 12 years of age .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
a widespread species with no known major widespread threats , it is assessed as least concern .
pisodonophis boro has a very wide distribution in the indo - west pacific region . in india , mainly freshwater , recorded from assam ( including brahmaputra and barak drainages ) and chennai . also recorded from bangladesh , thailand , viet nam , china , indonesia , taiwan , philippines , australia , south africa , madagascar , kenya , yemen , saudi arabia , seychelles and elsewhere .
generally low threats given its widespread range , though it is easily caught in ricefields , and is subject to agricultural pollution .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
from the day we opened the first store in maidenhead , we’ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers .
conger microstoma , ophichthys boro , ophisurus baccidens , o . boro , o . brachysoma , o . caudatus , o . harancha , o . potamophilus , o . schaapii , o . sinensis , pisodonophis assamensis .
widespread through the indo - west pacific ocean region from east and south africa to eastern india , polynesia and sri lanka .
unknown ; however , it is possible that mature females in breeding condition will appear plumper .
specimens up to 100cm ( 39
) have been known , but they are usually smaller ( 70cm / 28” is more typical ) .
euryhaline . it is found in brackish and marine environments , and also in areas flooded with freshwater during the breeding season . requires hard , alkaline water with added salt to sg 1 . 003 - 1 . 005 . ph : 7 . 2 - 8 . 2 , dh : up to 30 degrees .
gordon low 0 . 75mm
sealeco
greenseal epdm rubber pond liner - 2 . 0m x 2 . 0m
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
oops ! it appears that you have disabled your javascript . in order for you to see this page as it is meant to appear , we ask that you please re - enable your javascript !
systematic position phylum : chordata class : actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) order : anguilliformes ( eels ) family : ophichthidae ( snake eels and worm eels ) subfamily : ophichthinae ( snake eels ) genus : pisodonophis species : p . boro
morphology : body elongate , snake - like cylindrical . tubular anterior nostril . lateral line inconspicuous and 171 - 173 vertebrae ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) . body scales - less . no lateral line ( shafi and quddus , 2001 ) . no pelvic fins . dorsal originates about a pectoral fin length behind tip of pectoral fins ( huda et al . , 2003 ) . pectoral rounded .
body color brownish - olive on upper portion and lighter below . minute black spots on body ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) . dorsal fin with a narrow black edge .
fin formula : d . 320 - 400 ; p . 113 ; a . 250 - 270 ( shafi and quddus , 2001 )
maximum lengths : 70 cm ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ; huda et al . , 2003 ) and 42 cm ( shafi and quddus , 2001 ) .
food and feeding : feeds on small fishes at night ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) .
fishery info : caught incidentally to other fishes ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) . abundantly found in areas south to the khulna district of bangladesh ( shafi and quddus , 2001 ) .
references bleeker p ( 1853 ) bijdrage tot de kennis der muraenoïden en symbranchoïden van den indischen archipel . verhandelingen van het bataviaasch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen . 25 ( 5 ) : 1 - 62 + 63 - 75 .
cantor te ( 1849 ) catalogue of malayan fishes . journal and proceedings of the asiatic society of bengal 18 ( 2 ) : i - xii + 983 - 1443 , pls . 1 - 14 .
eydoux jft and souleyet fa ( 1850 ) poissons . pp . 155 - 216 . in : voyage autour du monde exécuté pendant les années 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette la bonite , commandée par m . vaillant . zoologie , vol . 1 ( pt 2 ) . paris . voyage autour du monde exécuté pendant les années 1836 et 1837 sur la corvette la bonite , commandée par m . vaillant . zoologie , 1 ( 2 ) : i - iv , i - xxxix , 1 - 334 , pls . 1 - 10 .
hamilton f ( 1822 ) an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . edinburgh & london . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . : i - vii + 1 - 405 , pls . 1 - 39 .
huda ms , haque me , babul as and shil nc ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) field guide to finfishes of sundarban , aquatic resources division , sundarban , boyra , khulna , bangladesh , p . 56 .
iucn bangladesh ( 2000 ) red book of threatened fishes of bangladesh , iucn - the world conservation union . xii + 116 pp .
mcclelland j ( 1844 ) apodal fishes of bengal . calcutta journal of natural history 5 ( 18 ) : 151 - 226 , pls . 5 - 14 .
rahman aka ( 1989 ) freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 1st edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 43 - 44 .
rahman aka ( 2005 ) freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 2nd edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 58 - 59 .
richardson j ( 1848 ) ichthyology of the voyage of h . m . s . erebus & terror , … in : j . richardson & j . e . gray . the zoology of the voyage of h . h . s . “erebus & terror , ” under the command of captain sir j . c . ross … during … 1839 - 43 . london . ichthyology of the voyage of h . m . s . erebus & terror , … 2 ( 2 ) : i - viii + 1 - 139 , pls . 1 - 60 .
shafi m and quddus mma ( 2001 ) bangladesher matsho shampad ( fisheries of bangladesh ) ( in bengali ) , kabir publication . dhaka , bangladesh . pp . 21 - 22 .
talwar pk and jhingran ag ( 1991 ) inland fishes of india and adjacent countries , vol . 1 , oxford & ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . new delhi - calcutta , pp . 86 - 87 .
shams works in freshwater ecosystems , primarily on fish diversity in terms of their availability , and richness ; he is also interested in aquatic invasive species and their impacts on ecosystem . email : thegalib @ gmail . com . more . . .
this site uses akismet to reduce spam . learn how your comment data is processed .
license . you may use any content ( of this site ) only non - commercial purpose with proper citation under the same license at your own caution . | the contents and opinions expressed herein are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of bdfish . |
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
riisikäärmeankerias
to
pisodonophis boro ( hamilton , 1822 )
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
indo - west pacific : somalia ( ref . 30573 ) and tanzania to natal ( south africa ) , southern india and sri lanka . also widespread elsewhere from the east indian coast through indonesia to polynesia .
100 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3972 ) )
occurs in lowland freshwaters , estuaries and shores ( ref . 3508 ) . caught in bag nets and similar gear . marketed fresh .
olive brown above , lighter below ( ref . 3972 ) . body snake - like , cylindrical , compressed only along extreme tail tip ; anterior nostril tubular , posterior along lower edge of lip ; teeth granular to molariform , multiserial bands on jaws and vomer , but sharper on jaws and more pointed in young individuals ; median fins not continuous posteriorly ; extreme tip of tail stiff and finless ; dorsal fin origin about a pectoral fin length behind tips of pectoral fins ; lateral line inconspicuous ( ref . 4832 ) .
anadromous . fish that ascend rivers to spawn , as salmon and hilsa do . sub - division of diadromous . migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km .
during the rainy season , earning it its common name . it also spends time in lagoons , estuaries and coastal rivers , in which it lives in burrows in the river bottom and bank . males can reach a maximum
hamilton , f . , 1822 [ ref . 2031 ] an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . edinburgh & london . i - vii + 1 - 405 , pls . 1 - 39 .
farmer adriano comilang sr . said eels are becoming pests as they bore near dikes letting the water seep in through these holes , which are connected to the holes in adjacent field .
comilang lamented that for two years , irrigating his field had been less effective as the water collected in his field spills over to the neighboring farm .
“with the holes made by eels , my field gets drained , while my adjacent farm is filled with water , ” he said .
philrice researchers said fields should not be drained nor flooded as water is critical in nutrient uptake of plants and weed control . right amount of water supply ensures good crop establishment , seedling vigor , normal crop growth , development , and yield .
as management strategies , comilang uses electric traps , covers holes , or destroys dikes .
gregorio gaspuz , another farmer , rebuilds dikes in another area or pours molluscides into holes to force the eels out . he also tried continuous irrigation to prevent his field from drying .
however , the two farmers said the practices are tedious as eels burrow and reproduce so fast .
thanks for rating this ! now tell the world how you feel - share this on twitter and on facebook .
make the best use of scientific research and information from our 700 + peer reviewed , open access journals that operates with the help of 50 , 000 + editorial board members and esteemed reviewers and 1000 + scientific associations in medical , clinical , pharmaceutical , engineering , technology and management fields .
copyright : © 2017 babu de , et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
since smoked fish are a preferential diet of a large population , biochemical analysis of the fish including fatty acid composition was evaluated to reveal the nutritive value of fresh and smoked fish , data were collected on fish consumers to establish any harmful effects of consuming the processed smoked fish .
for studies on population recruitment , growth , mortality and production of mangroves , a ‘hook and trap’ method was developed basing on the sedentary burrowing behaviour of the adult eels and swimming and snaky behaviour of the juveniles , for this two types of traps were designed , the first one was baited hooks of different sizes and the second one was basket net trap made of double layered brown nylon mesh cloth of 500 μ containing minced fish and crab meat , laid serially in vertical rows , submerged in the waters at regular intervals of two to three meters . the hooks and the basket traps were used on three successive days at dusk and dawn time , each trial of two hours duration , a total of six trials were attempted in shallow mudflats during the years 2010 - 2012 . to prevent immigration of eels , a polythene sheet with supporting bamboo poles was fixed surrounding 50 × 20 meter ( length × width ) mangrove mudflat area . since , all the eels were removed during the fishing trials , the fishing ground was shifted to the adjacent site for the next trial .
figure 2a : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 5 . 1 - 10 cm .
figure 2b : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 10 . 1 - 15 cm .
figure 2c : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 10 . 1 - 15 cm .
figure 2d : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 20 . 1 - 15 cm
figure 2e : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 25 . 1 - 30 cm .
figure 2f : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 30 . 1 - 35 cm .
figure 2g : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 35 . 1 - 40 cm .
figure 2h : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 35 . 1 - 40 cm .
figure 2i : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 35 . 1 - 40 cm .
figure 2j : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 50 . 1 - 55 cm .
figure 2k : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 55 . 1 - 60 cm .
figure 2l : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 60 . 1 - 65 cm .
figure 2m : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 65 . 1 - 70 cm
figure 2n : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 65 . 1 - 70 cm .
figure 2o : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 65 . 1 - 70 cm .
figure 2p : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 65 . 1 - 70 cm .
figure 2q : pisodonophis boro , population estimation of 85 . 1 - 90 cm .
size at recruitment was found to be 8 - 11 cm when the elvers were settled on the humous mangrove mudflats , indicated by their peak numbers in december and january 2010 and 2011 ( figures 7 and 8 ) . it was observed that the entire juvenile population has reached the maturity stage of 26 - 28 cm by july ( figure 9 ) when they were sexually matured and commenced migration to freshwater canals in the month of july or august . repeated observations made on the fish landings have revealed all spent female or male populations towards the middle and end of january that the migration of reproductive females stopped by then . natural mortality of juvenile population was mainly due to predation by the adult eels , carnivorous fish and the crabs .
figure 9 : pisodonophis boro , growth curve of juvenile eels in one year .
table 1 : pisodonophis boro , numerical abundance and biomass , forecast values of x & y for the years 2012 - 2014 .
talwar and kacker [ 12 ] reported occurrence of these eels from the hoogly estuary from west bengal , india , but no significance was attributed to their fishery possibly due to their scanty availability , similarly frantisek et al . [ 2 ] reported the occurrence of eels from the estuarine regions of phuket island with provision for freshwater inflow . earlier reports fao [ 13 ] and day [ 14 ] indicated the distribution of these eels from east africa , southern india , sri lanka , east indian coast throughout indonesia to polynesia . / p >
part of this work on eels was carried under inco - dc project of the eu and the ugc , new delhi and the first author express their gratitude for financial assistance . thanks are also due to prof . j . l . narasimham , and , professor k . srinivasa rao , dept . of statistics and dr . c . annapurna , and dr . m . srinivasa rao , dept of zoology , andhra university for their help in statistical analysis of the data . special thanks are due to mr . g . l . narayana rao , asst . executive engineer ( retd ) , godavari barrage for his help in giving details of godavari anicut , and mr . p . satyam and his associates from pallam village for his valuable help in population estimation studies . the authors greatly acknowledge the help rendered by prof . t . j . pandian , emeritus professor , madurai kamaraj university , india and dr . max troell , beijer institute , stockhom , sweden for their advises and for editing the manuscript .
jayaram kc ( 1999 ) the freshwater fishes of indian region . narendra publishing house , delhi .
frantisek m , horst t , thairungroj am , maipanich w , laoprasert t ( 2007 ) heliconema longissimum ( ortlepp , 1923 ) ( nematoda : physalopteridae ) from pisodonophis boro ( teleostei : ophichthidae ) in thailand , with remarks on the taxonomy of the proleptinae schulz , 1927 . systematic parasitol66 : 73 - 80 .
bligh eg , dyer wj ( 1959 ) a rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification . can j biochem physiol 33 : 911 - 917 .
buchanan fh ( 1822 ) an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . edinburgh & london .
lowry oh , rosenbrough nj , farr al , randall rj ( 1951 ) protein measurement with follin phenol reagent . j biol chem 193 : 365 - 375 .
plummer dt ( 1988 ) an introduction to practical biochemistry , 3rd ed . tata mc graw hill publishing company ltd , new delhi .
love rm ( 1980 ) the chemical biology of fishes , advances 1968 - 1977 . academic press , london 2 : 943 . 7 .
anon ( 1988 ) fish smoking and drying , in the effect of smoking and drying on the nutritional properties of fish . burt jr ( ed ) elsevier applied science , london and new york 166 . 8 .
pelczar mj , chan ecs , kreig nr ( 1995 ) microbiology , fifth ed . , tata mc graw - hill publishing company limited , new delhi .
godkar pb , godkar dp ( 2005 ) text book of medical laboratory technology , 2nd ed . , bhalani publishing house , mumbai .
de sheppern , de kegelb , adriaensd ( 2007 ) pisodonophis boro ( ophichthide : angui - lliformes ) : specialization for head - first and tail - first burrowing . jmorphol268 : 112 - 126 .
talwarpk , kackerrk ( 1984 ) commercial sea fishes of india . ed . by the director , zoological survey of india : 997 .
fao ( 1984 ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . fischer w , bianchi g ( eds ) , fao fisheries department rome , italy .
day f ( 1994 ) the fishes of india , being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and freshwaters of india , burma and ceylon , vol i & ii fourth indian report .
© 2008 - 2018 omics international - open access publisher . best viewed in mozilla firefox | google chrome | above ie 7 . 0 version
description occurs in lowland freshwaters , estuaries and shores ( ref . 3508 ) . caught in bag nets and similar gear . marketed fresh .