mayriella is an indo-australian genus of ants in the subfamily myrmicinae .

colonies in this genus are very small , typically consisting of 50 - 100 individuals .

mayriella

richness of mayriella species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of mayriella species or for valid names only see mayriella species .
the following species and subspecies belong to the genus mayriella . see also invalid species . for a list of species with synonyms and distribution information see checklist of mayriella species .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see mayriella occidua for further details
tree of life web project . 2004 . mayriella . version 04 october 2004 ( temporary ) .
mayriella in myrmicinae , crematogastrini : ward , brady , fisher & schultz , 2015 pdf : 17 .
* kugler , c . 1998 stings of some ants of lordomyrma and mayriella . insecta mundi 11 ( 3 - 4 ) : 193 - 199 .
this is the only species of mayriella known from western australia , and extends the range of this genus in australia westward by nearly 2 , 000km . morphologically this species is most similar to mayriella abstinens , a species found along the queensland and new south wales coasts ( shattuck and barnett , 2007 ) and not mayriella ebbei , the species which occurs in the adelaide region and is geographically closest to m . occidua . the only known specimen of this species was collected during a survey in an area with pines .
the sting apparatus and pygidium are described for eight of 20 lordomyrma species and one of five mayriella species . the apparatus of l . epinotalis is distinctly different from that of other lordomyrma species . comparisons with other genera suggest affinities of species of lordomyrma to species of cyphoidris and lachnomyrmex , while mayriella abstinens forel shares unusual features with those of proatta butteli .
the sting apparatus and pygidium are described for eight of 20 lordomyrma species and one of five mayriella species . the apparatus of l . epinotalis is distinctly different from that of other lordomyrma species . comparisons with other genera suggest affinities of species of lordomyrma to species of cyphoidris and lachnomyrmex , while mayriella abstinens forel shares unusual features with those of proatta butteli .
mayriella occidua can be separated from other australian species of mayriella by the presence of a cylindrical or slightly barrel - shaped postpetiole which lacks lateral expansions when viewed dorsally , the well developed and distinct sculpturing in the posterior sections of the antennal scrobes and in having the dorsum of the petiole with distinct dorsal and posterior faces which are separated by an obtuse angle . it is most similar to mayriella abstinens but can be separated from it by the shape of the petiolar node ( the node lacks distinct dorsal and posterior faces in m . abstinens ) .
mayriella contains five described species ( all in australia ) and several undescribed species , ranging from nepal , south - east asia , papua new guinea to australia ( shattuck 1999 ) . one australian species , mayriella abstinens has become established in new zealand . it was first collected in this country by r . w . taylor in grey lynn , auckland , in 1957 . more specimens were collected in auckland in 1959 and 1960 ( taylor 1961 ) , but the species was not collected again ( in auckland ) until 1981 . several more recent collections , in and near auckland , indicate continued establishment ( harris & berry 2001 ) .
shattuck , s . o . & barnett , n . j . , 2007 , revision of the ant genus mayriella . , advances in ant systematics ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : homage to e . o . wilson - 50 years of contributions . ( memoirs of the american entomological institute 80 ) , pp . 437 - 458
mayriella in myrmicinae , meranoplini : emery , 1914e : 41 ; forel , 1917 pdf : 244 ; wheeler , 1922 : 663 ; emery , 1924f pdf : 223 ; wheeler , 1934a pdf : 176 ; wheeler , 1935a pdf : 6 ( in key ) ; wheeler , 1935e pdf : 151 ; all subsequent authors to the following .
shattuck , s . o . & barnett , n . j . , 2007 , revision of the ant genus mayriella . , advances in ant systematics ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : homage to e . o . wilson - 50 years of contributions . ( memoirs of the american entomological institute 80 ) , pp . 437 - 458 : 440 , ( download )
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emery , 1924f pdf : 223 ( diagnosis , catalogue ) ; wheeler , 1935e pdf : 154 ( all species key ) ; taylor & brown , 1985 : 65 ( australia catalogue ) ; taylor , 1987a pdf : 37 ( australia , new zealand checklist ) ; dlussky & radchenko , 1990 : 124 ( all species key ) ; bolton , 1995a pdf : 1050 ( census ) ; bolton , 1995b : 249 ( catalogue ) ; kugler , c . 1997 : 193 ( sting structure ) ; shattuck , 1999 : 140 ( australia synopsis ) ; shattuck & barnett , 2007 : 440 ( all species revision , key ) .
worker forages along the floor of a eucalyptus woodland . diamond creek , victoria , australia .
dlussky , g . m . & radchenko , a . g . , 1990 , [ the ants ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) of vietnam . subfamily pseudomyrmicinae . subfamily myrmicinae ( tribes calyptomyrmecini , meranoplini , cataulacini ) . ] , [ news of faunistics and systematics . ] , kiev : naukova dumka , pp . 119 - 125 : 123 , ( download )
eguchi , k . , viet , b . t . & yamane , s . , 2011 , generic synopsis of the formicidae of vietnam ( insecta : hymenoptera ) , part i - myrmicinae and pseudomyrmicinae . , zootaxa 2878 , pp . 1 - 61 : 18 - 19 , ( download )
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the antennae are 10 - segmented with a two - segmented club . the upper surface of the head has a pair of deep grooves that contain the antennae when at rest . the eyes are elongate and the lower section narrows into a point ( shattuck 1999 ) .
length about 1 . 5 mm ; propodeal teeth ( paired ) blunt ; colour of body reddish - brown with yellow antennae and legs .
rarely encountered . impacts not known , but considered unlikely to be a pest .
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singer , f . , hagen , j . and kugler , c . 2003 response to critic of teaching statistical thinking in introductory biology . journal of college science teaching . 23 : 20 - 21 .
* kugler , c , hagen , j . , and singer , f . 2003 . teaching statistical thinking in introductory biology . journal of college science teaching . 32 ( 7 ) : 434 - 439 .
* kugler , c . 2002 darwin ' s theory , mendel ' s laws : labels and the teaching of evolution . the american biology teacher . 64 ( 5 ) : 341 - 351 .
* kugler , c . 1994 revision of the ant genus rogeria ( hym . formicidae ) with descriptions of the sting apparatus . journal of hymenoptera research . 3 : 17 - 89 .
kugler , c . ( editor ) 1994 new approaches to biology teaching . proceedings of the virginia association for biological education march 25 - 26 , 1994 , printed by radford university , radford , va , 65 pp .
kugler , c . 1994 skeletal anatomy and the science of paleontology . in kugler , c . ( ed . ) new approaches to biology teaching . proceedings of the virginia association for biological education march 25 - 26 , 1994 , radford university , radford , va , 65 pp .
* kugler , c . 1992 stings of ants of the leptanillinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . psyche 99 ( 1 ) : 103 - 115 .
* kugler , c . 1991 stings of the ants of the tribe ectatommini ( formicidae : ponerinae ) . insecta mundi 5 ( 3 - 4 ) : 152 - 166 .
kugler , c . 1990 the sting apparatus and phylogeny of the ants . pp . 315 - 316 in veeresh , g . k . , b . mallik , and c . a . viraktamath , ( eds . ) proceedings of the 11th international congress - iussi ( international union for the study of social insects ) . oxford and ibh publishing , new delhi . 765 pp .
kugler , c . ( contributing author ) in stroup , d . j . and c . b . carpenter ( eds . ) 1989 teaching and assessing critical thinking in the natural sciences : a critical thinking network in science . in l . w . crow ( ed . ) enhancing critical thinking in the sciences . society for college science teachers pp . 29 - 34 .
* kugler , c . 1986 stings of ants of the tribe pheidologetini ( myrmicinae ) . insecta mundi 1 ( 4 ) : 221 - 230 .
* kugler , c . 1984 ecology of the ant pogonomyrmex mayri : foraging and competition . biotropica 16 : 227 - 234 .
* kugler , c . and hincapié , m . c 1984 ecology of the ant pogonomyrmex mayri : distribution , abundance , nest structure , and diet . biotropica 15 ( 3 ) : 190 - 198 .
gourley , e . and kugler , c . 1984 - 2003 laboratory exercises in general biology 102 . burgess publishing company , minneapolis ( editions 1 - 7 ) and pearson custom publishing , boston ( editions 8 - 10 ) , 130 pp .
kugler , c . and gourley , e . 1984 - 2003 laboratory exercises in general biology 101 . burgess publishing company , minneapolis ( editions 1 - 7 ) and pearson custom publishing , boston ( editions 8 - 10 ) , 107 pp .
kugler , c . 1983 science , writing and chicken soup , pp . 74 - 83 in working papers on writing and learning . w . self and r . murphy , ( eds . ) , radford univ . press . 90 pp .
* kugler , c . and brown , w . l . jr . 1982 revisionary and other studies on the ant genus ectatomma , including the descriptions of two new species . search : agriculture ithaca , n . y . cornell univ . agr . exp . sta . no 24 , 8 pp .
kugler , c . 1982 apterygota . in synopsis and classification of living organisms . parker , s . ( ed . ) , 2 vol . , mcgraw - hill , new york . pp . 326 - 330 .
gourley , e . , kugler , c . and maloney , m . 1981 laboratory exercises in general biology 113 . burgess publishing company , minneapolis , 51 pp .
* kugler , c . 1980 the sting apparatus in the primitive ants nothomyrmecia and myrmecia . journal of the australian entomological society 19 : 263 - 267 .
* evans , h . e . , brown , w . l . jr . and kugler , c . 1980 . rediscovery of scolebythus madecassus , with a description of the male and of the female sting apparatus ( hymenoptera : scolebythidae ) . psyche 86 : 45 - 51 .
* kugler , c . 1980 odontomachus cornutus rediscovered ( hym . , form . , ponerinae ) . journal of the kansas entomological society 53 : 225 - 229 .
* kugler , c . 1979 alarm and defense : a function for the pygidial glands of the myrmicine ant pheidole biconstricta . annals of the entomological society of america 72 : 532 - 536 .
* kugler , c . 1979 evolution of the myrmicine sting apparatus . evolution 33 : 117 - 130 .
* kugler , c . 1979 further studies of the myrmicine sting apparatus : eutetramorium , oxyopomyrmex , and terataner ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . psyche 85 : 255 - 263 .
* kugler , c . 1979 description of the ergatoid queen of pogonomyrmex mayri with notes on the worker and male ( hym . , formicidae ) . psyche 85 : 169 - 182 .
* kugler , c . 1978 a comparative study of the myrmicine sting apparatus ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . studia entomologica 20 : 413 - 548 .
* kugler , c . 1976 pygidial glands in the myrmicine ants ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . insectes sociaux 25 : 267 - 274 .
* kugler , c . 1975 a new specimen of platythyrea ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) from costa rica . psyche 83 : 216 - 221 .
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and j . wojdak , and principal investigator “teaching by example : integrating a service - learning application into university biology , chemistry , geology , and geography curricula . ”
total funding 2000 - 2003 : $ 120 , 000 plus $ 24 , 000 city match .
purpose : create a plan for saving a natural forest in the center of radford for recreational and educational purposes .
co - director with joel hagen
creating an information network for biology teachers .
co - director with joel hagen
discovering biology : the process of learning , the process of science .
state council for higher education in virginia ( schev ) funds
co - director with joel hagen
national workshop on interdisciplinary approach to biology teaching .
co - director with joel hagen
discovering biology : the process of learning , the process of science .
national science foundation , undergraduate curriculum and course development in engineering , mathematics and the sciences program , 1991 .
kugler , c . 1994 . editor new approaches to biology teaching . proceedings of the virginia association for biological education march 25 - 26 , 1994 , printed by radford university , radford , va , 65 pp .
new approaches to biology teaching
for the virginia association for biological education .
biology in action : new approaches to teaching and learning science ,
national conference at radford university ( joel hagen primary organizer ) , 1993 .
teaching science for critical thinking
workshop retreat for faculty in biology , chemistry and physics at radford university , 1985 .
invited speaker in a symposium on
improving college biology education
western regional meeting of the aaas , oregon state university , 1997 .
presentations and workshops at the
biology in action
conference , radford university , 1996 .
invited workshop leader at
workshop biology
conference at the university of oregon , 1996 .
content and biology courses in the 90s
national association of biology teachers , boston , 1994 .
teaching / developing a new introductory biology course for non - majors biol 111 / 112 :
contemporary issues in biology .
this involves new approaches to teaching biology , historical development of scientific knowledge , science and society , discovery learning , group investigation , analytical reading , critical thinking , and development of communication skills .
attended and gave guest lectures in the pwss 200 peace and world security studies course for three years .
proposed and managed the biology department ' s four year freshman / transfer scholarship awards .
with colleagues in anthropology and english planned and taught an experimental 10 credit hour interdisciplinary course to meet general education requirements in science , social science , and english .
invited participant in the u . s . department of education ( fipse ) funded
critical thinking networks
workshop at
attended the national institute on the relationships among intellectual development , critical thinking , and effective writing across the curriculum at the university of chicago .
this page was last modified on 23 october 2016 , at 22 : 44 .
this page was last modified on 2 april 2013 , at 01 : 15 .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
holotype worker . ci 88 ; hl 0 . 50 ; htl 0 . 27 ; hw 0 . 44 ; ml 0 . 50 ; pw 0 . 32 ; si 61 ; sl 0 . 27 . sculpturing in posterior section of antennal scrobe well developed and distinct . sculpturing on dorsal surface of mesosoma consisting of large , closely spaced pits . propodeal spines short , triangular . dorsal surface of petiole in lateral profile with distinct dorsal and posterior faces which are separated by an obtuse angle , dorsal face much longer than posterior face . lateral margins of postpetiole in dorsal view essentially parallel . dorsum of postpetiole and gaster lacking erect hairs ( excluding row along posterior margin of gastral tergite ) .
holotype worker from western australia , nuyts wilderness ( approx . 35°04 ' s 116°38 ' e ) , walpole , december 2003 ( p . f . van heurck ) ( australian national insect collection , no . 32 - 009464 ) .
holotype , worker , nuyts wilderness , walpole , western australia , australia , van heurck , p . f . , anic32 - 009464 , australian national insect collection .
heterick , b . e . 2009 . a guide to the ants of south - western australia . records of the western australian museum , supplement 76 : 1 - 206 . pdf
shattuck , s . o . 2007 . new species of myrmicine ants from western australia . zootaxa 1661 : 47 - 53 . pdf
this page was last modified on 25 march 2017 , at 13 : 49 .
holotype worker from australia , booroomba rocks , 35 ° 33 ' s 148 ° 59 ' e , australian capital territory , 16 march 1992 , s . o . shattuck , eucalypt woodland ( anic )
; ca . 60 worker and 1 dealate queen paratypes , same data as holotype ( anic , bmnh , mczc ) ( as well as numerous additional larvae and worker pupae and 2 male pupae ) .
( in anic unless otherwise noted ) . australia , act : 5 km sw orroral tracking station ( lowery , b . b . ) ; black mt . , s slope ( lake road ) ( taplin , i . c . ) ; blundells creek rd , 3 . 5 km e piccadilly circus ( lawerence , j . ) ; booroomba rocks , 35 ° 33 ' s 148 ° 59 ' e ( shattuck , s . o . )
; brindabella range ( lowery , b . b . ) ; wombat creek , 6 km ne
; foot of mt . majura ( lowery , b . b . ) ; nr . lees spring , brindabella range ( taylor , r . w . ) ; new south wales : 4 . 5 km wnw
, 35 ° 21 ' s 150 ° 13 ' e ( hill , l . )
; burns bay , lane cove , sydney ( lowery , b . b . ) ;
floodplain , 32 ° 21 ' s 150 ° 13 ' e ( hill , l . )
; gerroa , 10 mi s kiama ( lowery , b . b . ) ; kanangra brook and rocky spur , kanangra - boyd natl pk ( hill , l . ) ; kanangra - boyd natl pk ( hill , l . ) ; lane cove , sydney ( lowery , b . b . ) ; riverview college , lane cove , sydney ( lowery , b . b . ) ; tallaganda state forest , captain ' s flat ( lowery , b . b . ) ; tamborine bay , lane cove , sydney ( lowery , b . b . ) ; tamborine bay , sydney ( lowery , b . b . ) ; south australia : belair ( greenslade , p . j . m . ) ; bridgewater ( hutson ) ; bridgewater , englebrook ( greenslade , p . j . m . ) ; christenson park , sevenhill ( lowery , b . b . ) ; maclaren flat ( kirkby , c . a . ) ; mt . lofty , s para ( hutson ) ; sevenhill ( lowery , b . b . ) ; west bay , kangaroo island ( greenslade , p . j . m . ) ; tasmania : eddystone point ( trueman , j . & cranston , p . ) ; victoria : 12 km e warburton ( newton , a . & thayer , m . ) ; arthur ' s seat ( mccrae ) ( brown , w . l . ) ( mczc ) ; mt . buffalo natl pk ( newton , a . & thayer , m . ) ; narbethong ( mcareavy , j . ) ; oberon creek , summit mt . , wilsons prom . ( ettershank , g . ) ; one tree hill , melbourne ( lowery , b . b . ) ; portland ( beauglehole , c . ) ; queenstown , nr . hurstbridge ( lowery , b . b . ) .
this species can be separated from others in this genus by the presence of numerous erect hairs on the gaster . it shares the shape of the outer margins of the postpetiole with
, but differs from this species in the shape of the petiolar node and in having more than four erect hairs on the postpetiole .
sculpturing in posterior section of antennal scrobe well developed and distinct ; sculpturing on dorsal surface of mesosoma consisting of large , closely spaced pits ; propodeal spines relatively long and thin ; dorsal surface of petiole in lateral profile uniformly convex , without distinct dorsal and posterior faces and forming an obtuse angle with the anterior face ; in dorsal view , anterior region of postpetiole expanded relative to posterior region ; dorsum of postpetiole with more than four erect hairs ; dorsum of gaster with numerous erect hairs .
measurements . worker ( n = 10 ) - ci 0 . 90 - 0 . 98 ; hl 0 . 47 - 0 . 58 ; htl 0 . 26 - 0 . 34 ; hw 0 . 43 - 0 . 54 ; ml 0 . 49 - 0 . 64 ; pw 0 . 30 - 0 . 40 ; si 0 . 62 - 0 . 66 ; sl 0 . 27 - 0 . 35 .
and occurs in generally drier sites compared to other species . although widely distributed it shows minimal geographic variation in the characters examined during this study . biologically , this species is found primarily in drier habitats such as sclerophyll woodlands , low scrub , ti - tree scrub and coastal heath and less commonly in wet sclerophyll and rainforests . nests occur in soil in the open or under stones or other objects on the ground , and in rotten wood .
2 times found in wet sclerophyll , 4 times found in eucalypt woodland , 2 times found in coastal heath , 1 times found in dry sclerophyll , 1 times found in wet sclerophyl forest , 2 times found in closed forest , 0 times found in eucalyptus forest , 2 times found in radiata pine plantation , 0 times found in sandstone gully , 0 times found in ti - tree on sandstone ridge , . . .
2 times under stone , 1 times in rotten log , 0 times in soil , 0 times in sand , 0 times in alluvial soil on creek bank , 1 times grass tufts under acacia , 0 times under orck , 0 times traps , 1 times sifted leaf litter , 0 times pocket between granite rocks , 0 times pit fall trap , . . .
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baroni urbani , 1977a pdf : 411 , figs . 1 , 2 ( w . )
india ( shattuck and barnett , 2007 - homage to e . o . wilson ) , china , indonesia , malaysia , philippines , nepal , thailand ,
holotype worker and 7 worker paratypes from nepal , 6 km nw narainghat ( nhmb , bmnh ) ( examined ) .
( in anic unless otherwise noted ) . china , hong kong sar : tai po kau forest , new territories ( winney , r . ) ( bmnh ) ; india , uttar pradesh : lachiwala forest , dehra dun , garwal district ( lobl , i ) ; indonesia , south kalimantan : 17 - 46 km w batulitjin ( brown , w . l . ) ( bmnh , mczc ) ; west java : bogor ( imadate , g . ) ( bmnh ) ; lampung :
, 5 ° 04 ' s 104 ° 03 ' e ( harvey , m . s . )
; malaysia , johor : kota tinggi ( murphy , d . h . ) ; pahang : tanjong bunga ( murphy , d . h . ) ; perak : sungei simei falls , cameron highlands ( jaccoud , t . & marcuard , p . ) ; pulau pinang : george town botanic gardens ( waterfall ) ( taylor , r . w . & barrett , r . a . ) ; sabah : poring hot springs ( burckhardt & loebl ) ( bmnh ) ; sepilok forest reserve , nr . sandakan ( taylor , r . w . ) ; umas umas nr . tawau ( taylor , r . w . ) ; sarawak : kampong segu , 20 mi sw kuching ( taylor , r . w . ) ; semengoh forest reserve , 11 mi sw kuching ( taylor , r . w ) ; nr . miri ( hammond , p . ) ( bmnh ) ; g . mulu natl pk , rgs expd long pala ( bolton , b . ) ( bmnh ) ; gn . mulu natl pk ( hammond , p . & marshall , j . e . ) ( bmnh ) ; selangor : gombak , vic . of univ . of malaya field station , 9 th mile ( murphy , d . h . ) ; ulu gombak forest reserve ( crozier , r . ) ( mczc ) ; ulu gombak , nr . kuala lumpur ( taylor , r . w . ) ; upper gombak valley ( murphy , d . h . ) ( mczc ) ; upper gombak valley , nr . kuala lumpur ( taylor , r . w . ) ; nepal : 6 km nw narainghat ( wittmer , w . & baroni urbani , c . ) ( bmnh ) ; philippines , luzon : mt . makiling , lagunas ( dumont , k . & morse , r . ) ( mczc ) ; singapore : nee soon ( taylor , r . w . ) ; thailand : khao sabap natl pk ( loebl & burckhardt ) ( bmnh ) .
this taxon can be separated from other species in the genus by the presence of well developed sculpturing in the posterior section of the scrobe , the large , closely spaced pits on the mesosomal dorsum , the parallel lateral surfaces of the postpetiole , the strongly angular petiolar node and the relatively long propodeal spines ( length greater than 1 . 5 times the width of their bases ) . it is most similar to
sculpturing in posterior section of antennal scrobe well developed and distinct ; sculpturing on dorsal surface of mesosoma consisting of large , closely spaced pits ; propodeal spines relatively long and thin ; dorsal surface of petiole in lateral profile uniformly convex , without distinct dorsal and posterior faces and forming a sharp angle with the anterior face ; in dorsal view , postpetiole with the anterior and posterior regions approximately the same width ( the region connecting them either flat or weakly convex ) ; postpetiole and gaster lacking erect hairs dorsally .
measurements . worker ( n = 10 ) - ci 0 . 95 - 1 . 01 ; hl 0 . 40 - 0 . 46 ; htl 0 . 20 - 0 . 23 ; hw 0 . 39 - 0 . 45 ; ml 0 . 41 - 0 . 47 ; pw 0 . 28 - 0 . 35 ; si 0 . 49 - 0 . 61 ; sl 0 . 22 - 0 . 25 .
was described by baroni urbani ( 1977 ) from material collected in bhutan and nepal . it is now known to occur much more widely , being found from nepal and india east to hong kong and the philippines and south to borneo and java , indonesia . while this is by far the broadest geographic range of any species in the genus , this species shows minimal geographic variation and there is no suggestion that more than one species is involved . the majority of records are from primary and secondary rainforests where workers have been found foraging in leaf litter or nesting in soil .
was described from vietnam by dlussky and radchenko ( 1990 ) . this species is morphologically similar to
and may be conspecific with it . for further discussion see under that species .
2 times found in rainforest , 3 times found in mature wet forest , 1 times found in tropical rainforest , 0 times found in primary rainforest , 2 times found in secondary rainforest , 0 times found in swamp forest , 1 times found in 2nd growth wet forest , 0 times found in secondary forest , 1 times found in 2
rainforest , 0 times found in forested slope near coast , . . .
5 times ex sifted leaf litter , 3 times litter , 0 times leafmould , berlesate , 0 times leaf mould berlesate , 0 times berlesate , 0 times leafmould berlesate , 0 times leaf mound berlesate , 0 times leaf litter , 0 times thin forest litter , steep slope , 0 times litter on high flood plain over sand , 0 times wet litter , . . .
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insecta mundi , published by the center for systematic entomology , is available online at urltoken . copyright © by kugler .


eupithecia dodoneata , the oak-tree pug , is a moth of the family geometridae .

the species can be found in europe .

the wingspan is 19 – 22 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is usually light grey , sometimes slightly brownish on dusted .

there are several dark grey crosslines are wavy and often in pairs .

the outer cross line near the front edge with a sharp , inward-pointing v .

the midfield is brighter in some specimens and framed by a thin dark band .

the black median stain has an oval shape .

the hind wings are slightly lighter than the forewings and have also several dark designs and a small black middle spot .

the moths flies from may to june depending on the location .

the larvae feed on crataegus and quercus species .

eupithecia dodoneata

oak - tree pug ( eupithecia dodoneata ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
found in deciduous woodland , hedgerows and suburban habitats , this quite small species is locally widespread in england , wales and ireland .
the single generation flies in may and june , and is most regularly encountered at light .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
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recorded in 51 ( 74 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1873 . last recorded in 2018 .
oak - tree pug - east walton 22 - 04 - 11 - gen . det . j wheeler
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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collix inaequata is a moth of the family geometridae .

this moth is endemic in la réunion where it is found in medium altitudes .

a known foodplant of the larvae is badula barthesia , an endemic myrsinaceae .

the larvae are green with some pink colorations .

collix inaequata

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 28 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .


neasham belle ( 1948 – november 1971 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the classic oaks stakes in 1951 .

after winning one minor race as a two-year-old , she was well-beaten in her first two races in 1951 before recording an upset win in the oaks .

she was beaten in her only subsequent race and was retired to stud , where she made little impact as a broodmare .

neasham belle

the independent timeform organisation gave belle of all a rating of 125 . [ 8 ]
weatherby ( 1974 ) .
belle of all
. general stud book . 37 : 126 .
neasham belle ( gb ) b . f , 1948 { 21 - a } dp = 14 - 12 - 16 - 2 - 8 ( 52 ) di = 1 . 89 cd = 0 . 42 - 7 starts , 2 wins , ? places , 1 shows career earnings : £15 , 630
a month after her classic win , belle of all was moved up in distance to contest the oaks over one and a half miles at epsom . the race attracted a crowd estimated at 100 , 000 which included the future queen elizabeth ii . she started joint favourite for the race but apparently failed to stay the distance as she ran third to neasham belle and chinese cracker , finishing six lengths behind the winner . [ 11 ] at royal ascot she returned to one mile for the coronation stakes and won by five lengths from djebellica , a french filly who won the irish oaks on her next appearance . [ 3 ]
in their book , a century of champions , based on the timeform rating system , john randall and tony morris rated belle of all an
average
winner of the 1000 guineas . [ 15 ]
belle of all produced several winners at stud , but none were of top class . the best of her offspring was principal boy who won four races including the news of the world stakes , a valuable ten furlong race at goodwood . her son pendragon never won a race but became a successful national hunt stallion , siring pendil who won the king george vi chase in 1972 and 1973 . [ 3 ] through her daughter alor star , belle of all was the direct female ancestor of the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes winner ela - mana - mou . [ 16 ] belle of all died in november 1971 . [ 17 ]
in july , belle of all was part of the international field which assembled for the inaugural running of the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes , the most valuable race ever run in britain . [ 12 ] [ 13 ] as in the oaks , belle of all failed to show her best form over the mile and a half distance and after being among the early leaders she faded to finish fourteenth of the nineteen runners behind supreme court . [ 14 ]
lost soul features as the ancestress of a host of top class performers , including former multiple oaks winner , alexandrova ( sadler’s wells ) , classic winner and sire hethersett ( sire of harzand’s third dam ) , former top miler and leading sire , derring do ( darius ) , another epsom oaks winner in neasham belle ( nearco ) , champion stakes winners , narrator ( nearco ) and flossy ( spy well ) , gr1 cheveley park stakes heroine , magical romance ( barathea ) , and dual french gr1 winner , indian lodge ( grand lodge ) , to name but a few .
hazy idea was a great grandaughter of netherton maid , runner - up in the 1947 oaks and a sister to neasham belle who went one better for major holliday in the same race four years later . netherton maid proved an influential broodmare for her owners as her daughter bride elect , a queen mary winner , bred the major’s 1962 st leger winner hethersett . he had far less luck at epsom , starting favourite for the derby , but ending up as one of several casualties in a pile - up after halfway ( he had the derby winner larkspur back in sixth at doncaster ) .
bred and owned by the aga khan , harzand is the fifth foal and third stakes winner out of hazariya , by xaar , following listed winner hazarafa , by daylami , and group 3 winner harasiya , by pivotal . hazariya is a granddaughter of hazy idea , by hethersett , a good racemare purchased by the aga khan in 1987 from the holliday family’s famous cleaboy stud . hazy idea , winner of the march stakes and crookham stakes , was inbred 3x3 to netherton maid , by nearco , a stakes - winning full sister to lionel holliday’s epsom oaks winner neasham belle , a granddaughter of cleaboy’s famous foundation mare lost soul , by solario .
noble lassie’s dam , belle sauvage ( big game ) is also the ancestress of the outstanding south african broodmare , lorehana , whose three stakes winners include former dual champion filly arabian lass ( al mufti ) and the latter’s graded winning own brothers , prairie breeze and princely affair .
in the free handicap , a rating of the best british and irish two - year - olds , belle of all was ranked equal with the lowther stakes winner gamble in gold as the best filly , eight pounds below the leading colt big dipper . [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
belle of all was a bay mare bred in ireland by the earl of dunraven . she came from the fourth crop of foals sired by nasrullah , a talented but temperamental racehorse who became a highly successful breeding stallion , especially following his export to the united states in 1950 . he was the british champion sire in 1951 [ 1 ] and the north american champion on five occasions . [ 2 ] belle of all ' s dam , village beauty , was unraced , but proved to be a successful broodmare whose other progeny included the stewards ' cup winner sugar bowl . [ 3 ]
as a yearling , belle of all was sent to the sales at doncaster where she was sold for 8 , 000 guineas to henry thanet tufton ( later lord hothfield ) . the filly was sent into training with norman bertie at his bedford cottage stable at newmarket , suffolk . [ 3 ]
but it’s another broodmare we’re interested in ( for reasons which will become clear ) , the ten - year - old pugnacity , who is described simply as ‘a bay mare’ . she was by the homebred stallion pampered king ; it was major holliday’s policy to give foals names starting with the same letter as their sires . pampered king was out of the oaks runner - up netherton maid , which made him a half - brother to bride elect . netherton maid was herself sister to the 1951 oaks winner neasham belle , the first of major holliday’s three classic winners , and to the champion stakes ( which he won as a maiden ! ) and coronation cup winner narrator who went on to sire night off , that trio all by nearco .
belle of all did not run again until the end of september , when she was sent to newmarket for the cheveley park stakes , britain ' s most prestigious race for two - year - old fillies . [ 6 ] ridden by the champion jockey gordon richards she won at odds of 5 / 4 . [ 7 ]
most of nearco ' s offspring excelled at nine and one half furlongs - he also passed on his high degree of nervous energy as some of them were difficult to train . some of his best colts were : dante ( derby ) , nimbus ( two thousand guineas and derby ) , nasrullah ( coventry s . and champion s . ) , sayajirao ( st leger ) and hafiz ii ( champion s . ) his best fillies were masaka ( english and irish oaks ) , neasham belle ( oaks ) , noory ( irish oaks ) and neolight ( coronation s . ) . some of nearco ' s descendants were ranked among the top 100 u . s . racehorses of the 20th century by the blood - horse : # 2 secretariat , # 9 seattle slew , # 19 bold ruler , # 24 nashua , # 35 ruffian , # 43 northern dancer , # 57 riva ridge , and # 86 fort marcy .
on her three - year - old debut , belle of all was sent straight to newmarket for the 1000 guineas without running in a trial race . ridden again by richards , she started the 4 / 1 favourite in a field of eighteen fillies despite becoming highly agitated in the paddock before the race . [ 3 ] she won by a neck from subtle difference , with bob run two lengths back in second . [ 10 ]
belle of all made her debut at sandown park in may 1950 when she won the national breeders ' produce stakes over five furlongs . the runner - up was the colt royal serenade who went on to win two runnings of the nunthorpe stakes before being exported to the united states where he won the hollywood gold cup in 1953 . [ 4 ] third place went to grey sovereign , who won the richmond stakes at goodwood and went on to be a highly successful breeding stallion . [ 5 ]
winnings : 7 starts : 2 - ? - 1 , £15 , 630 1st the oaks ( gb - g1 ) . 3rd lingfield oaks trial ( gb ) . ( close )
the new zealand thoroughbred industry is one of the most successful in the world . in 2010 - 11 , the industry produced over 4000 foals and exported 1600 horses at an estimated value of $ 150 million . so , what is the secret of new zealand ' s remarkable success as a thoroughbred breeding nation ? learn more ›
welcome to the gallery section of the website . here you can search the historical library for images of horses and participants by entering a key word in the search function eg . sunline . many of these photos have been provided by the new zealand press association and our friends at race images . if you would like to contact us about any of these images please email : office @ urltoken
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star satire is another cressfield resident with an impeccable record . herself a group 1 winner , she has had 4 foals to race , satin shoes and zarzuela are both group 2 winners and group 1 performers .
volksraad ( gb ) b . 1988 sp 2 wins f : 1036 r : 891 w : 599 sw : 61
satirical ( nz ) b . 1990 wnr 2 wins f : 10 r : 8 w : 4 sw : 1
crest of the wave b . or br . 1961 sp 1 win f : 424 r : 291 w : 155 sw : 15
harzand became the fifth winner of the derby for the aga khan after the victories of shergar ( 1981 ) , shahrastani ( 1986 ) , kahyasi ( 1988 ) and sinndar ( 2000 ) . he thus matched the record of his grandfather whose winners were blenheim ( 1930 ) , bahram ( 1935 ) , mahmoud ( 1936 ) , my love ( 1948 ) and tulyar ( 1952 ) . more of the aga khan , and harzand’s family below , but first a few notes on harzand’s sire sea the stars who stands at the aga khan’s gilltown stud .
galileo ( 2001 ) and sea the stars ( 2009 ) were the most recent pair of half - brothers to win the derby and now they have both sired derby winners of their own . galileo has had three derby winners to date ( new approach in 2008 , ruler of the world in 2013 and australia in 2014 ) and between them the sons of urban sea were responsible for half of the latest derby field . harzand was one of three sons of sea the stars in the line - up , while placed horses us army ranger and idaho were among five sired by galileo . the same weekend , another son of urban sea , first - season sire born to sea , sired his first winner in denmark .
the last pair of half - brothers before galileo and sea the stars to sire derby winners were fairy king and galileo’s own sire sadler’s wells . fairy king struck first in 1999 with oath , while sadler’s wells had some near misses before galileo and then high chaparral ( 2002 ) won in consecutive years .
broodmare allegretta ( who featured in this post ) , besides being grandam of galileo and sea the stars , is also the dam of king’s best who was responsible for the 2010 derby winner workforce .
another joint achievement from the two half - brothers is that for the second time in three years galileo and sea the stars were responsible for both epsom classic winners . in 2014 , sea the stars’ first crop daughter taghrooda won the oaks on the eve of australia’s derby victory for galileo , while this year it was galileo who had the oaks winner when minding was successful the day before harzand won the derby .
ironically , the aga khan studs’ influence runs deeper in the pedigree of the prix du jockey club winner almanzor who won the ‘french derby’ twenty - fours after harzand’s success at epsom . even more ironically , almanzor beat the aga khan’s zarak , the first foal of his unbeaten prix de l’arc de triomphe winner zarkava to race . almanzor comes from the family of the aga khan’s prix du jockey club winner darsi and prix de diane winner daryaba , and dariyan , winner of this year’s prix ganay .
unexpectedly perhaps , a common denominator in the immediate pedigrees of both harzand and almanzor is the 2000 guineas winner zafonic . he’s the grandsire of both harzand’s dam ( who’s by the dewhurst stakes winner xaar ) and almanzor’s sire wootton bassett .
the aga khan sold almanzor’s unraced dam darkova ( actually owned by his daughter princess zara ) for €16 , 000 at arqana in december 2011 . harzand’s dam is no longer in the aga khan’s studbook either , having been sold for rather more – €480 , 000 – at goffs in november 2014 when harzand was a yearling .
regular culling maintains the vitality of the aga khan’s broodmare band , as does , on the other side of the coin , occasional integration of stock from other breeding operations . this was how harzand’s great grandam hazy idea became part of the aga khan empire when the hollidays’ cleaboy stud mares were sold . six mares tracing back to hazy idea remain in the latest edition of the aga khan studbook , including hazarista .
the cleaboy stud was the subject of this post last year as champion sprinter muhaarar traces back to the cleaboy mare pugnacity . studmate hazy idea produced the speedy two - year - old hittite glory ( by habitat ) who is best remembered for his 100 / 1 win in the flying childers stakes , though went on to win the middle park stakes as well . that was at odds with hazy idea’s own career as she was principally a stayer . her wins included goodwood’s march stakes over a mile and three quarters , while she was also fourth in the prix royal - oak won by that year’s french champion three - year - old ( jockey club and arc winner ) sassafras .
hethersett suffered ill fortune at stud too as he died aged just seven , though his foals included the 1969 derby winner blakeney …and hazy idea . a product , therefore , of both a grandson and granddaughter of netherton maid , hazy idea is , coincidentally , another example then of exactly the same pattern of 3×3 inbreeding which was discussed in the recent post referred to above on allegretta’s great granddaughter armande , she too by sea the stars .
incidentally , armande was also in action at chantilly on the prix du jockey club card , enduring a nightmare run in the straight before finishing third in the prix de royaumont . she should gain compensation at pattern level in due course .
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mortimer , roger ; onslow , richard ; willett , peter ( 1978 ) . biographical encyclopedia of british flat racing . macdonald and jane’s . isbn 0 - 354 - 08536 - 0 .
. bloodstock breeders ' and horse owners ' association of ireland . 1950 . p . 73
abelson , edward ; tyrrel , john ( 1993 ) . the breedon book of horse racing records . breedon books publishing . isbn 978 - 1 - 873626 - 15 - 3 .
morris , tony ; randall , john ( 1990 ) . horse racing : records , facts , champions ( third edition ) . guinness publishing . isbn 0 - 85112 - 902 - 1 .
morris , tony ; randall , john ( 1999 ) . a century of champions . portway press , . isbn 978 - 1 - 901570 - 15 - 1 .
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please note ! standings are the result of all pccha approved show results . current pccha memberships must be paid and postmarked by march 1st for monies in standings to count towards year end awards . call the pccha office if you are not sure of your membership status , or email : dmcgregor @ pccha . com . the 2014 youth standings begin june 1st , 2013 to may 31st , 2014 as per new ncha rules .
on january 27th , 2013 the pccha board of directors voted to approve 25 % of the mecuria monies won within the pccha year end awards program .
to be pccha approved , the open and non pro 4 year and 5 / 6 year old events must be held within an approved pccha weekend event , be only one go - round and purse cannot exceed ncha restrictions of $ 3 , 000 added money . ( earnings follow the horse in the non pro lae classes . )
a kelly graham trophy will be awarded to the champion horse in each lae division and the rookie of the year at the pccha year end awards banquet .
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in 1884 . in a racing career which lasted from september 1883 until may 1884 she ran six times and won five races . as a two - year - old in 1883 she won her first three races including the
a month later . she was then retired to stud where she became a successful broodmare .
, an even better racemare who won the same two races four years later . spinaway and wheel of fortune were daughters of the oaks winner queen bertha an influential broodmare ,
lord falmouth sent the filly into training with mathew dawson at his heath house stable in newmarket , suffolk .
busybody first appeared at the misleadingly named
first october meeting
, held at newmarket at the end of september . in the five
rous memorial stakes she started the even money favourite in a field of seven runners . ridden by the champion jockey
, she raced just behind the leaders before taking the lead inside the final furlong and winning comfortably by a length from the colt knight errant .
, the season ' s most valuable and prestigious race for two - year - olds . she started the
winner superba being made the even money favourite . archer tracked the front - running royal fern before taking the lead close to the finish and winning by half a length . three lengths back in third place was sir john willoughby ' s unnamed filly by hermit out of adelaide , who was carrying a seven
great challenge stakes over the same course and distance . she was made 7 / 4 favourite in a strong field which included the five - year - old
, busybody produced a strong finish to win by a neck from despair , the first two drawing well clear of tristan in third .
. as in her other races , busybody was held up for a late run but on this occasion she was unable to catch the adelaide filly and finished second , beaten a neck . harvester finished last of the ten runners .
the finish of the 1884 oaks from the illustrated london news . busybody beats superba
before the 1884 flat racing season began , lord falmouth decided to retire from the turf and sell all his horses at a public auction .
as a leading classic fancy , busybody was expected to attract considerable interest , and it was predicted that she would fetch at least £8 , 000 .
trainer john day , before taking over the stable on day ' s death in 1883 .
four days after her appearance in the auction ring , busybody returned to newmarket for the 1 , 000 guineas in which she was again matched against
the adelaide filly
, now officially named queen adelaide . busybody was made favourite at odds of 85 / 40 in a field of six and was ridden by tom cannon . the early pace was slow and busybody pulled hard against cannon ' s attempts to restrain her before the race began in earnest two furlongs from the finish . busybody and queen adelaide quickly went to the front , and after
a pretty race
, the favourite prevailed by half a length , with whitelock finishing third ahead of sandiway ,
. busybody ' s winning time of 1 : 47 . 0 broke the existing race record by three seconds .
trained the filly for her guineas win , but cannon took over her training from then on .
two days later busybody and queen adelaide met for the fourth and final time in the oaks over the same course and distance with busybody starting favourite at the unusual odds of 100 / 105 in a field of nine . the race took place in fine weather and attracted a
large and fashionable
crowd .
after several false starts caused by the misbehaviour of whitelock , the race began and tom cannon tracked the leaders on the favourite before taking the lead on the turn in to the straight . queen adelaide emerged as a threat , but busybody , racing down the centre of the course , drew ahead and opened up a clear lead approaching the final furlong . superba made a strong late challenge but busybody held on in an exciting finish to win by half a length , the pair finishing well clear of queen adelaide in third .
but she never raced again and at the end of the season she was retired to stud .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 20 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
, but was rated the best three - year - old filly of the season in europe . she was then retired to stud , where she had some success as a broodmare .
, a british - bred stallion who was the top - rated two - year - old in europe in 1982 . diesis went on to become a successful breeding stallion , and though based at mill ridge stud in kentucky , he had his greatest successes in europe : his best winners included
diminuendo ' s dam , the american - bred mare cacti , also produced pricket , a filly who finished second in the 1996 epsom oaks .
diminuendo was bought by mohammed bin rashid al maktoum ( always known as
sheikh mohammed
in racing circles ) and was sent to be trained by henry cecil at his warren place stables in newmarket . the filly was ridden in all her major victories by the american jockey steve cauthen .
winner ashayer in third place . despite her success , cecil reportedly felt that the filly was past her best for the season .
, a trial race for the 1000 guineas , over seven furlongs at newmarket on 12 april . she was restrained by cauthen in the early stages and despite making progress in the closing stages she was beaten three quarters of a
respectively . on 28 april , diminuendo started the 6 / 1 second favourite for the 175th running of the 1000 guineas over newmarket ' s rowley mile . in a change of tactics , cauthen sent the filly into the lead from the start , but in the final quarter mile she was overtaken and beaten into third place by
by four lengths from asl , with princess genista five lengths back in third .
winner indian rose . diminuendo turned into the straight before accelerating into the lead approaching the final quarter mile . she drew clear in the closing stages to win by four lengths from sudden love , with the french - trained animatrice in third .
at york in august , only five fillies appeared to oppose diminuendo in the yorkshire oaks . starting the 30 / 100 favourite , she was never in danger of defeat and won impressively by five lengths from sudden love .
on 10 september , diminuendo was matched against colts for the first time in the st leger stakes over fourteen and a half furlongs . ridden by
for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe , for which she was well - fancied despite an unfavourable draw .
organisation gave diminuendo a rating of 126 in 1988 , making her the highest - rated three - year - old filly . in the same year , she was also the top - rated filly of her generation in europe on the official international classification .
, based on the timeform rating system , john randall and tony morris rated diminuendo an
average
winner of the oaks .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 12 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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after finishing second to untold on her racecourse debut at yarmouth racecourse in august 1985 , midway lady recorded her first win when taking a seven furlong maiden race later that month at the same course . she was then moved up to group three class for the may hill stakes at doncaster a month later . she was restrained in the early stages by her veteran jockey lester piggott before taking the lead in the straight and winning by three lengths from tender loving care . the form of her only defeat was boosted on 26 september when untold won the fillies ' mile . [ 1 ]
piggott rode the filly again in the prix marcel boussac at longchamp on october . she started a clear favourite for the group one race at odds of 7 / 10 against fourteen rivals . midway lady was second on the final turn before taking the lead in the straight . she stayed on strongly to win from the outsiders fieldy and riverbride , and although the final winning margin was only a neck , she never appeared likely to be caught . [ 1 ]
with her stamina - rich pedigree midway lady was regarded as a leading fancy for the one and a half mile epsom oaks , [ 5 ] but she began her season in the 1000 guineas over newmarket ' s rowley mile course in may . with piggott having retired ( for the first time ) at the end of 1985 , the filly was ridden by ray cochrane and started at odds of 10 / 1 in a field of fifteen fillies . she won by three quarters of a length from maysoon , with the 6 / 4 favourite sonic lady a short head away in third . after the race , hanbury admitted that he had always considered midway lady to be primarily an oaks filly , but that piggott had insisted that she had the speed to win a guineas . [ 6 ]
on 7 june , midway lady started 15 / 8 favourite for the epsom oaks . ridden again by cochrane , she won by a length from untold with maysoon third . her winning time of 2 : 35 . 60 was more than one and a half seconds faster than that recorded by shahrastani , when beating dancing brave in the derby over the same course and distance three days earlier . [ 7 ] after the oaks , midway lady sustained a leg injury described as inflamed tendon sheath , which did not respond to treatment . in august hanbury announced that the filly would not race again . [ 8 ]
in november 1986 , midway lady was offered for sale at keeneland , and was bought for $ 3 . 3m by representatives of hamdan al maktoum ' s shadwell stud . [ 3 ] she made an immediate impact as a broodmare when her first foal , a filly named umniyatee won two races and finished third in the irish 1000 guineas . [ 9 ] midway lady produced several other winners , most notably eswarah ( sired by unfuwain ) , who emulated her mother by winning the epsom oaks in 2005 . [ 10 ] a more unusual success was the gelding fatehalkhair , who was virtually useless on the flat , but won twenty races under national hunt rules . [ 11 ]
the independent timeform organisation gave midway lady a rating of 120 in 1985 and 126 in 1986 . [ 12 ]
in their book , a century of champions , based on the timeform rating system , john randall and tony morris rated midway lady an
average
winner of the 1000 guineas and oaks . [ 7 ]
midway lady was inbred 3x4 to ribot , meaning that this stallion appears in the fourth generation of her pedigree .
midway lady ' s ancestors were predominantly north american . the unraced alibhai was the only british - bred horse in the first four generations of her pedigree .
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solario stakes ( 1984 ) fillies ' mile ( 1984 ) nell gwyn stakes ( 1985 ) 1 , 000 guineas ( 1985 ) epsom oaks ( 1985 ) st . leger stakes ( 1985 )
, despite failing to reproduce her best form . she was retired at the end of the season and became a successful broodmare . oh so sharp died in 2001 at the age of nineteen .
the leading british miler of 1979 : the chestnut oh so sharp came from his first crop of foals . her dam was the american - bred mare oh so fair , making her a half - sister to roussalka a filly which won the
in the mid - 1970s . she later became a successful broodmare , whose descendants include
oh so sharp was sent into training at henry cecil ' s warren place stables in newmarket , suffolk . she was ridden in all of her races as a three - year - old by the american jockey steve cauthen . lester piggott had ridden oh so sharp during 1984 , his last season as stable jockey at warren place .
favourite and won easily , despite being given a very gentle introduction by her jockey .
took the lead approaching the final furlong and drew clear to win by two lengths at odds of 6 / 4 .
in which she started at odds of 6 / 5 . the contest was then a group three race , but has subsequently been promoted to group one . the filly raced in second place before taking the lead at the start of straight and won by one and a half lengths from the
more than the winner . in the international classification produced by the official handicappers of france , ireland and the united kingdom , oh so sharp was given a rating of 77 , five pounds behind the year ' s highest - rated two - year - old filly
in which she met helen street at level weights and was ridden for the first time by cauthen . she won at odds of 8 / 13 , beating bella colora by a length , with helen street two and a half lengths back in third .
two weeks later , oh so sharp was one of seventeen fillies to contest the 1000 guineas over newmarket ' s rowley mile course . racing on unusually firm ground , oh so sharp was not among the early leaders and appeared to be struggling in the final quarter mile when the race seemed to lie between bella colora and al bahathri . in the closing stages however cauthen produced the favourite with a powerful late run and she caught the leaders in the last stride to win a three - way
from al bahathri and bella colora . the runner - up , owned by sheikh mohammed ' s older brother
in autumn . oh so sharp ' s win gave sheikh mohammed a first win in a british classic and her winning time of 1 : 36 . 85 broke the race record which had stood since 1950 .
. cauthen settled the 6 / 4 favourite behind the leaders and tracked across to the stands side ( furthest away from the inside rail ) to take advantage of a strip of better ground . oh so sharp overtook triptych two furlongs from the finish and quckly went clear , increasing her advantage throughout the closing stages to win by six lengths .
over the same course and distance three days earlier . cecil said he would
do his damnedest
to the keep the pair apart in future races .
at ascot on 27 july . she started 4 / 5 favourites in a field of twelve , with her main rivals in the betting being
winner law society . oh so sharp took the lead early in the straight and got the better of a prolonged struggle with the four - year - old rainbow quest , but was caught in the closing stages and beaten a neck by petoski .
, but oh so sharp was sent off the 2 / 5 favourite . piggott set an unexpectedly slow pace on commanche run before accelerating early in the straight . oh so sharp chased the leader throughout the closing stages , but was never able to draw level and finished second , beaten three quarters of a length .
oh so sharp ended her racing career in the st leger on the 14 september when she was opposed by five colts in the 209th running of the st leger over fourteen and a half furlongs . as she had already won the 1000 guineas and the oaks she was attempting to complete the fillies ' version of the
. oh so sharp moved past lanfranco in the straight but was unable to draw away from the colt and quickly came under renewed pressure from her stable companion and from the outsider phardante . oh so sharp hung to the right in the closing stages before winning by three - quarters of a length and a head from phardante and lanfranco . the racecourse stewards called an inquiry into possible interference caused by the winner but the result was allowed to stand .
cecil admitted that the filly ' s form had been declining and said that
another week and it might have been too late
.
organisation in 1985 , making her the highest - rated three - year - old filly of the year .
in the official international classification for 1985 she was the top rated filly of her generation by a margin of six pounds . in their book
, based on a modified version of the timeform system john randall and tony morris rated oh so sharp a “superior” oaks winner and an
average
winner of the st leger . they placed her twenty - eighth in their list of the best female racehorses trained in britain and ireland in the 20th century .
steve cauthen called her ,
without doubt , the best filly i have ridden .
she was retired from racing at the end of 1985 to become a broodmare at the dalham hall stud . none of her progeny have been as successful on the track as she was , but she has produced winners in rosefinch , who won the
) , sacho ( ire ) ( 1993 , by sadler ' s wells ) and felitza . shaima , sired by
. oh so sharp is dam of savoire vivre who is enjoying some success at stud in tasmania , australia .
mooney , bill and ennor , george . the complete encyclopedia of horse racing carlton books ltd ( 2006 ) isbn 978 - 1 - 84442 - 117 - 6
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 21 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
nearco ( january 24 , 1935 – june 27 , 1957 ) was an italian - bred thoroughbred racehorse described by thoroughbred heritage as
one of the greatest racehorses of the twentieth century
and
one of the most important sires of the century .
he was unbeaten , winning 14 races at distances from 1000m ( 5 furlongs ) to 3000m ( 1 mile 7 furlongs ) , including the derby italiano and grand prix de paris . he was then sold for a record amount and stood stud in england , where he became the patriarch of several of the most dominant sire lines in thoroughbred history .
nearco was bred in italy by federico tesio , who also bred several other champions including the undefeated ribot . his dam was the excellent racemare nogara , who had won the italian 1000 and 2000 guineas and was italian champion filly at ages two and three . in 1934 , tesio wished to breed nogara to the leading english sire fairway , but was unable to obtain a nomination . therefore , tesio chose to breed nogara to fairway ' s full brother , pharos .
nearco stood just over 16 hands ( 64 inches , 163 cm ) and had nearly perfect conformation . he was known for his fiery temperament and explosive turn of foot , traits he passed on to many of his descendants . after retiring to stud , nearco could only be handled by his groom ernie lee .
in 1937 , nearco won all seven of his starts on his way to being named italian champion two - year - old . his races were as follows :
in his 1986 book makers of the modern thoroughbred , peter willett wrote that tesio tried to sell nearco at two , believing that the colt would not have enough stamina to last the classic distances .
in 1938 , nearco again won all seven starts and was named italian champion three - year - old and horse of the year . his races were as follows :
nearco retired undefeated after 14 races . with the political turmoil and the possibility of war caused by benito mussolini aligning italy with nazi germany , federico tesio sold nearco in 1938 to martin h . benson of beech house stud in newmarket , england , for £60 , 000 ( a world record for a sire in those days ; equal to about £3 . 5 million in 2015 ) . the potential importance of nearco ' s progeny was forecast in the provision of a bomb shelter to ensure his survival should london be subject to an air raid .
nearco was one of the top 10 sires in england for 15 years . he was the leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1947 and , depending on the source , either 1948 or 1949 or both . from 482 named foals , he sired 273 winners ( 56 . 6 % ) and 87 stakes winners ( 18 . 0 % ) . his major stakes winners include :
nearco was also the damsire of the french multiple group one winner charlottesville , and damsire of the epsom derby winners arctic prince ( 1948 ) and tulyar ( 1952 ) .
nearco died from cancer on 27 june 1957 , and was buried at beech house stud .
nearco ' s legacy primarily comes from three of his sons , nasrullah , royal charger and nearctic , although several other sons also sired important winners . in all , more than 100 of nearco ' s sons have stood at stud around the world .
nasrullah was the first son of nearco to distinguish himself as a sire , first in england and then in america . nasrullah ' s important sire sons include :
bold ruler , six - time leading sire in the united states , whose descendants include triple crown winners secretariat and seattle slew . more recently , seattle slew has established a successful sire line that has produced several american classic winners including california chrome
royal charger ' s most important son was turn - to , whose most important sire sons were halo and roberto . halo was the sire of dual classic winner sunday silence , who then became the leading sire in japan from 1995 through 2007 . sunday silence is the sire of numerous japanese champions including deep impact , and is the grandsire of the top - rated horse of 2014 just a way .
nearctic is principally known as the sire of northern dancer , who won the kentucky derby and preakness before becoming one of the dominant sires of the late 20th century . northern dancer sired numerable sons who themselves went on to become outstanding sires , principally nijinsky , lyphard , nureyev , storm bird , danzig and sadler ' s wells . the northern dancer sire line accounts for hundreds of major winners from around the world , particularly in europe . his modern descendants include galileo , ouija board , sea the stars , black caviar , frankel and treve .
several of nearco ' s male - line descendants were ranked among the top 100 u . s . racehorses of the 20th century by the blood - horse : # 2 secretariat , # 9 seattle slew , # 10 spectacular bid , # 18 cigar , # 19 bold ruler , # 24 nashua , # 31 sunday silence , # 35 ruffian , # 43 northern dancer , # 57 riva ridge , # 58 slew o ' gold , # 69 noor , # 70 shuvee , # 72 go for wand , # 76 lady ' s secret , # 82 miesque , # 85 lure , # 86 fort marcy , # 90 davona dale , # 95 bayakoa and # 97 foolish pleasure .
other notable male - line descendants were ballymoss , arkle , never say die , royal palace , better loosen up , sir ivor , invasor , and wise dan . sireline descendants of nearco include eight of the first nine horses to earn over $ 10 , 000 , 000 in stakes wins . these horses are deep impact , makybe diva , narita brian , sunline , symboli kris s , t m opera o , viva pataca , and vodka .
according to france galop , from 1985 through to 2010 , every prix de l ' arc de triomphe winner can trace a bloodline back to nearco , through his son nasrullah and / or his grandson northern dancer . including the influence of the daughters from his sire line , it is increasingly rare to find a thoroughbred without some trace of nearco in its pedigree .
fairway and pharos were full brothers by leading sire phalaris out of the great broodmare scapa flow . fairway was the more successful racehorse , whose wins included the st leger and eclipse stakes , and also initially was the more successful sire , leading the sire list in great britain four times . pharos was a solid racehorse , winning multiple stakes races and finishing second in the derby . pharos also proved himself as a sire , leading the british sire list in 1931 . tesio originally wished to breed his mare nogara to fairway , but was unable to obtain a nomination so bred her to pharos instead .
nearco ' s dam nogara was only 15 . 1 hands ( 61 inches , 155 cm ) but became a champion on the racetrack and then an outstanding broodmare . in addition to nearco , she produced seven other winners , including derby italiano winner niccolo dell ' arca , oaks d ' italia winner nervesa , and stakes winners nakamuro , naucide and niccolo d ' arezzo . nogara ' s dam catnip was a
weedy
foal by epsom derby winner spearmint . purchased by tesio at the newmarket sales for just 75 guineas , catnip went on to produce multiple stakes winners and stakes producers .
nearco was inbred 5 x 4 x 4 x 5 to st . simon , meaning st . simon appears twice in the fourth generation and twice again in the fifth generation of his pedigree .
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both harzand ( sea the stars ) and minding ( galileo ) , winners respectively of saturday’s gr1 investec derby and friday’s gr1 investec oaks , have strong pedigree ties to a number of past and present south african sires and broodmares .
the pedigree link uniting the two 2016 epsom classic winners comes via the great broodmare and former arc winner , urban sea ( miswaki ) – dam of both galileo ( sadler’s wells ) and sea the stars ( cape cross ) .
the once beaten harzand , who emulated his sire when he won saturday’s epsom classic , is a grandson of the recently retired cape cross ( green desert ) , whose offspring have enjoyed such notable success at epsom .
winner of the gr1 lockinge stakes , gr2 ( now gr1 ) queen anne stakes and gr2 celebration mile ( under top weight ) , cape cross is a full brother to the highlands farm based sire , great britain . cape cross , sire of epsom classic winners sea the stars , ouija board ( dam of derby winner , australia ) and golden horn , is also from the same family as former leading south african sire , preamble ii ( alycidon ) and sa champions , louis the king ( black minnaloushe ) , national emblem ( national assembly ) , mazarin ( preamble ii ) and roland’s song ( roland gardens ) .
the green desert male line is also responsible for 2016 2000 guineas winner , galileo gold .
harzand gave the once defeated legend , sea the stars , his second epsom classic winner , with taghrooda , a member of her sire’s stellar first crop , having triumphed in the 2014 gr1 investec oaks .
the winner of the 2016 derby is one of two stakes winners for his dam , gr3 athasi stakes winner hazariya , whose sire , xaar ( a full brother to modus vivendi –sire of former equus champion dancewiththedevil ) , is also damsire of this season’s top class australian 2yo filly , yankee rose ( all american ) .
harzand’s second dam is by darshaan ( broodmare sire of epsom derby winners , high chaparral and pour moi ) , and is a direct descendant of one of the stud book’s great mares , lost soul ( solario ) .
interestingly , harzand’s dam , hazariya , is inbred to lost soul’s oaks runner up granddaughter , netherton maid ( nearco ) . darshaan’s name is found in the pedigrees of both minding and harzand , with the former french derby winner responsible for hoity toity – second dam of minding .
she is also the ancestress of welcomed –sire of former south african champion , welcome boy , whose wins included the gr1 sa derby , gr1 cape guineas and gr1 holiday inns .
that mare has also made a further impact in south africa . lost soul is the fourth dam of royal prerogative , a former champion sire in this country and outstanding broodmare sire . she is also the ancestress of promising young sire , golden sword ( high chaparral ) , whose first juvenile crop already includes a number of winners .