the anolis carolinensis series is a clade or subgroup of closely related mid-sized trunk crown anoles within the genus anolis .

a total of thirteen species have been recorded , a few examples are listed below .

this subgroup was recognized in 2012 .

anolis carolinensis anole series

the anoles of the carolinensis series . specimen counts are based on a survey of the big five anole collections . click to enlarge .
inferring evolutionary responses of anolis carolinensis introduced into the ogasawara archipelago us . . .
anole annals | your source for the latest on anolis lizards . | page 4
gratz r . unpub ms thesis , univ of notre dame , in ; 1972 . a statistical analysis of variation of scutellation in anolis carolinensis carolinensis voigt .
file s1 . results of the bayesian phylogenetic analysis of anolis carolinensis and a . porcatus mtdna sequences .
* here i use the term “ carolinensis anoles” and “ carolinensis series” synonymously . while not a formal taxonomic rank , supraspecfic rankes have a long history among anolis biologists , which is discussed in more detail in lizards in an evolutionary tree . the carolinensis series is made up of two clades , also termed “subgroups , ” the carolinensis and isolepis subgroups . due to the lack of specimens , most of my work and interest has been shaped by the carolinensis subgroup though i hope that this will eventually change .
anolis carolinensis , the southeastern us native green anole , is slightly smaller and more delicate in build , with a longer and more slender head and snout . anolis carolinensis is capable of impressive color change from bright green to brown to nearly black , but is still recognizable as distinct from anolis sagrei .
file s2 . results of the maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of anolis carolinensis and a . porcatus mtdna sequences .
gordon r . e . 1956 . the biology and biodemography of anolis carolinensis carolinensis voigt . unpublished ph . d . dissertation . tulane university , new orleans la .
some aspects of tail regeneration in the lizard , anolis carolinensis . i . a description based on histology and autoradiography
the green anole ( anolis carolinensis ) is also known as the carolina anole . often , it will simply hest be referred to as a “chameleon” in the pet trade , but it is not a true chameleon .
guadeloupean anole ( anolis marmoratus ) feeding on the back of a lesser antillean iguana . photo courtesy jérôme guerlotté .
the non - native brown anole , anolis sagrei . photo courtesy of us national park service . photographer : anne st . charles
brown p . r . and a . c . echternacht . 1991 . interspecific behavioral interaction of adult male anolis carolinensis ( sauria : iguanidae ) : a preliminary field study . anolis newsletter iv : 21 - 30 .
( top ) a recycle themed community workshop resulted in this amazing anole artwork , designed to spur the recognition and conservation of utila’s endemic bica anole – anolis ( norops ) bicaorum ( photographed bottom ) .
parmley d . 2002 . northernmost record of the brown anole ( anolis sagrei ) in georgia . georgia journal of science 4 : 191 .
excoffier l , lischer he . arlequin suite ver 3 . 5 : a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows .
anolis barbouri is shown as an outlier in a pca . the flattened claws of this ground - dwelling anole are illustrated in black to the right .
anolis fairchildi habitat on cay sal island . photo by r . graham reynolds .
a . carolinensis genome annotation version 2 . 2 . 1 in comparison with previous annotations .
wade j , echternacht a , mccracken g . copeia 1983 : 523–529 ; 1983 . genetic variation and similarity in anolis carolinensis ( sauria : iguanidae ) . pp . 523–529 .
campbell t . s . 1996 . northern range expansion of the brown anole anolis sagre in florida and georgia . herp . review 27 : 155 - 157 .
birke , l . l . , a . m . cespedes , e . r . schachner , and s . p . lailvaux . 2017 . cystic calculus in a laboratory - housed green anole ( anolis carolinensis ) . comparative medicine 67 : 112–115 .
is occurs only in southern florida . other common names it is known by are american chameleon , carolina anole , red - throated anole , and tree lion
goodman rm , echternacht ac , hall jc , deng ld , welch jn . influence of geography and climate on patterns of cell size and body size in the lizard anolis carolinensis .
anolis fairchildi from cay sal island , bahamas . photo by r . graham reynolds .
campbell t . s . 1999 . consequences of the cuban brown anole invasion : it ' s not easy being green . anolis newsletter v : 12 - 21 .
campbell t . s . 2000 . analyses of the effects of an exotic lizard ( anolis sagrei ) on a native lizard ( anolis carolinensis ) in florida , using islands as experimental units . unpublished ph . d . dissertation , university of tennessee , knoxville , tn .
pair wise f st between each green anole population per gene calculated in dnasp .
4 . 2 . factors restricting the expansion of the range of introduced a . carolinensis on okinawa island
the green anole inhabits a large range including almost every gulf coast state , up through virginia , and as far inward as tennessee and oklahoma . the northern green anole
male brown anole biting on a purpose - built force plate . photo by tess driessens
go to the anole annals calendar site on zazzle . com , use this code :
r . d . bartlett and patricia p . bartlett , anoles , basilisks , and water dragons ( complete pet owner ' s manuals ) , barron ' s educational series , 1997 .
blook sucking sand flies present on anolis bicaorum ; a species endemic to utila island , honduras .
genus anolis belongs to the new world lizard family polychrotidae and encompasses more than 300 species of diurnal , arboreal to semi - arboreal primarily insectivorous lizards ( frank and ramus 1995 ) . the genus is native to the islands of the caribbean and mainland south and central america , with only the green anole ( anolis carolinensis ) occurring as a temperate north american native ( schwartz and henderson 1991 ) .
i have recently become interested in the carolinensis series ( for reasons discussed below ) and have set out to better understand their biology . this post is meant to introduce readers to the diversity of carolinensis anoles and to put out a call for additional information that may be out there . while i have searched the wires for literature on these species , the community may know of hidden gems that have otherwise eluded me .
3 . 2 . prediction of suitable areas for a . carolinensis on okinawa island according to those of native populations
percent contribution and permutation importance of each environmental variable for prediction based on a . carolinensis presence data from north america
with all this discussion of the green anole’s genome , it seems like a good time to remind everyone of how anolis carolinesis came to be the model organism that it is today . the simple answer , of course , is that a . carolinensis is the only species of anole endemic to the continental united states . as such , its always been the anole species most accessible to the broadest range of researchers . the deeper answer – and the focus of this post – concerns how a . carolinesis happened to become the continental united states’s only native anole in the first place .
i would greatly appreciate ideas , hypotheses , or general thoughts regarding either the carolinensis series or skull elongation among anoles . at the end of this week , i embark on a trip to study a . brunneus on crooked island , bahamas . stay tuned for updates from the field with new ideas and observations .
barbour , t . 1932 . on a new anolis from western mexico . copeia 1932 : 11–12 .
cochran p . a . 1989 . anolis sagre behavior . herp . rev . 20 : 70 .
prediction of suitable areas for a . carolinensis by maxent , according to the presence data for north america . lighter and darker areas indicate areas of high or low suitability , respectively . points indicate the presence data for a . carolinensis
anole annals is written and edited by scientists who study anolis lizards . our goal is to disseminate new scientific research , natural history anecdotes , and a wide range of other anole - related information . to find posts on a particular topic , type a key word into the search box .
nicholson k . e . , . paterson a . v , and p . m . richards . 2000 . anolis sagrei ( brown anole ) cannibalism . herpetological review 31 : 173 - 174 .
wade j . sculpting reproductive circuits : relationships among hormones , morphology and behavior in anole lizards .
wilson ma , echternacht ac . geographic variation in the critical thermal minimum of the green anole ,
a small sample of anole dewlap diversity . image from nicholson et al . ( 2007 ) .
table s3 . pairwise genetic differentiation between populations across the native range of anolis carolinensis calculated using the standard fixation index , f st , and the fixation index corrected for multiple hits using the jukes–cantor distance model , n st .
a male anolis bicaorum encountered in - situ with numerous ectoparasitic sand flies ( lutzomyia ) on its body .
“as in a new jean de la fontaine fable “ l’iguane et l’anolis “ , this intrepid anole ( anolis marmoratus marmoratus ) on guadeloupe had just hunted a fly on the back of this lesser antillean iguana ( iguana delicatissima ) ( top ) and rids it of small insects on the snout ( bottom ) . ”
on most green anole , the eyes are surrounded by a thin turquoise border . the green anole is normally bright green , but it can change its color to brownish - green or dark brown in seconds .
it’s june . it’s orchid flowering season in grand cayman . and with nods to # anole march madness and # mammalmadness it’s the opening round of the 2018 anole world cup . # anolegooaaaaallll ! ! ! !
i wanted to share this photo , since in it is the first anole recorded , an anolis strahmi , which seems to be displaying at a nearby bird ( ovenbird , placed at extreme right of the frame ) .
pownall me , isaacs hv ( 2010 ) fgf signalling in vertebrate development . colloquium series on developmental biology . san rafael ( ca ) : morgan and claypool life sciences . 75p . doi : 10 . 4199 / c00011ed1v01y201004deb002 .
the male anole performs a series of visual displays to establish dominance and territory . to show dominance , it will bob its head up and down , do
pushups
and flare its dewlap . if it is threatened , it will also stretch out its throat , puff out its body , and turn sideways towards the threat .
fig . 1 : figures illustrating cuban origins of a . carolinensis from our 2005 paper in molecular ecology . green shading indicates the range and phylogenetic position of a . carolinensis , blue shading indicates cuban populations related to a . carolinensis . the arrows indicate possible dispersals from cuba , some of which are supported by phylogenies ( including the dispersal from cuba to the continental united states indicated by the bold arrow ) .
i don ' t have a comment i have a question . what does it mean when your anole is black
positive correlation between observed copulation rates and the average ratio of damage of the rpm for 28 species of anole .
phylogeny of “carolinensis clade” green anoles from reynolds et al . 2018 , with a . fairchildi highlighted in green and shown in the inset photo
a number of other anolis lizard species not native to the united states ( e . g . , the knight anole a . equestris , bark anole a . distichus , and others ) now occur in florida , most notably around miami ( rocus and mazzotti 1996 ) . these lizards can be difficult for untrained individuals to recognize as distinct from anolis sagrei , particularly a . distichus which looks quite similar but does not grow as large and is more strictly arboreal in habit .
anolis sagrei is native to cuba , the bahamas , and nearby islands . six distinct subspecies have been identified , including the principal subspecies of cuba ( anolis sagrei sagrei ) and the bahamas ( a . sagrei ordinatus ) ( schwartz and henderson 1991 ) . the range of the brown anole in the eastern united states includes all of peninsular florida ( srel ) .
the brown anole anolis sagrei is small , semi - arboreal (
trunk - ground
) lizard with relatively long toes and reduced toe pad surfaces ( relative to congeners ) , well suited for running and jumping ( williams 1983 ) .
i don ' t have a comment i have a question . what does it mean when your anole is black rozalynn
was described by voight in 1832 . besides the united states , the green anole is native to the bahamas , cuba , and mexico . there are other variations of anoles in the united states , including the brown anole , but the green anole is the only anole species regarded as native here . it is thought the green anole was introduced into the united states , but it was a very , very long time ago . they have also been introduced to hawaii , belize , anguilla , cayman islands , guam ; northern mariana islands , palau , spain , and parts of japan .
thom sanger is an assistant professor at loyola university in chicago . his lab specializes on understanding the developmental bases of anolis lizard diversity .
while in the field conducting ‘anole patrol’ ( visual encounter surveys ) at kanahau utila research & conservation facility on utila island , honduras , we often encounter individuals of anolis ( norops ) bicaorum tolerating ectoparasitism by sand flies ( lutzomyia ) . regretfully , we have yet to extensively research into anole ectoparasitic / host relationships , though a quick online search brings up a surprising pool of prior literature .
anole annals welcomes posts on new anole literature . our goal is to try to keep the anole community up - to - date with regard to new publications , but we need help ! so , if you’d like to try your hand at some science communication ( or need something to list as a broader impact ) , please consider writing a post summarizing or discussing a recent paper .
thorpe rs . analysis of color spectra in comparative evolutionary studies : molecular phylogeny and habitat adaptation in the st . vincent anole (
pacara s , rummel j , roughgarden j ( 1983 ) a technique for enclosing anolis lizard populations under field conditions . j herpetol 17 : 94–97
anolis rpm muscle cross - section . the darkened area in the middle of the muscle shows white blood cell infiltration , which indicates damaged tissue .
campbell t . s and g . gerber . 1996 . natural history : anolis sagre : saurophagy . herp . rev . 27 : 106 .
) , which places most of posterior probability under a model of zero past population size changes . across all five green anole populations ,
anolis carolinensis data in the global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) were used as the presence data of native populations ( gbif . org [ link ] ) . spatial filtering processing was performed by selecting one record within a cell of 10 km . this spatial filtering reduced the presence data of gbif to 824 points .
a . carolinensis was introduced to okinawa island more than 25 years ago , yet its distribution remains restricted to its southern region . here , we used a combination genetic and distribution‐modeling techniques to determine whether introduced a . carolinensis has the potential to expand its distribution on okinawa island . this species was likely introduced to okinawa island multiple times and originated in the western part of gulf coast and inland area , usa . the species distribution model reveals that the entirety of okinawa island is suitable for supporting a . carolinensis . therefore , a . carolinensis should have the potential to expand its distribution throughout okinawa island . annual mean temperature and land cover had a great effect on habitat suitability . lower resistance to lower temperatures , reduced preference for closed forests , or both , in introduced populations compared with native populations through a founder effect may restrict the range of expansion of introduced a . carolinensis . further , high precipitation in summer as well as the distributions of predators and competitors may restrict the range expansion of introduced a . carolinensis .
an additional future threat includes the unfortunate establishment and spread of the admirably successful , yet deplorably invasive , anolis sagrei , an adaptable , competitive and ironically ‘loathsome lizard’ previously associated with declines of native herpetofauna ( a species that i am sure requires little introduction on anole annals ! ! ) .
anolis ( norops ) bicaorum is endemic to utila island , honduras ; a small ( 41km sq ) caribbean island part of the isla de la bahia / bay island group . research in 2017 ( funded by the mohammed bin zayed species conservation fund ( mbz ) , resulted in the publication of new information regarding anolis ( norops ) bicaorum distribution , natural history and ecology , as well as the first records of sympatric occurrence with its endemic congener anolis ( norops ) utilensis . the presented results also suggested that both endemic anole species are substantially threatened owing to loss of their core primary habitats .
maxent prediction of suitable areas for a . carolinensis in okinawa island according to the presence data for north america . lighter and darker areas indicate high or low suitability , respectively . points indicate the presence distribution of a . carolinensis . ( a ) prediction using all parameters , ( b ) prediction omitting mean diurnal range and precipitation of warmest quarter
the green anole can be found in the southeastern united states from southern virginia to the florida keys and west to central texas and oklahoma .
by 1980 established brown anole populations existed in all or most of florida ' s large urban centers south of gainsville ( lee 1985 ) .
map of japan , including the ogasawara islands and okinawa island . ( a ) okinawa islands , ( b ) present distribution areas of a . carolinensis in okinawa island , ( c ) the three high‐density areas including five populations of a . carolinensis reported by the naha nature conservation office of the ministry of the environment japan ( 2010 , 2011 )
lee j . c . 1985 . anolis sagrei in florida : phenetics of a colonizing species i . meristic characters . copeia 1985 : 182 - 194 .
toda m ( 2005 ) note on longevity of an introduced green anole in captivity . bull herpetol soc jpn 2005 : 121–122 ( in japanese )
land squarely in one of the most complicated parts of florida’s past , supporting the hypothesis that pleistocene climatic upheaval was a driver of green anole diversity .
malhotra a , thorpe rs . the dynamics of natural selection and vicariance in the dominican anole : patterns of within - island molecular and morphological divergence .
the color change from a bright , vibrant green to a dull , muddy brown is one of the most characteristic qualities of the green anole ( anolis carolinensis ) ( i am aware that some dewlap enthusiasts may take issue with this statement ) . given the dramatic differences between the colors , daisy horr , a junior in the johnson lab at trinity university in san antonio , tx , wondered how social behavior and body temperature may influence body color , and whether these relationships differ between males and females .
shane campbell - staton and colleagues have just published a paper in molecular ecology on the physiological and regulatory basis of variation in cold tolerance across the range of anolis carolinensis . in the same issue , daren card and colleagues have written a very nice , freely available , summary of that article . here’s the abstract from card et al . ’s review :
die epiphysen und paraphysen von anolis carolinensis , anolis roquet - extremus , lacerta viridis und alligator mississippiensis werden von ästen der a . cerebri media und der a . cerebri posterior versorgt . die arterien gehen in kapillarnetze über . kapillarnetze sind bei anolis und lacerta angioarchitektonische besonderheiten , weil in anderen hirnteilen kapillarschlingen verbreitet sind . in den kapillarnetzen konnte die alkalische phosphatase nachgewiesen werden , in den kapillarschlingen nicht . das venöse blut wird über sinusoide und weitlumige venen zu einem venenkranz an den endblasen der epiphysen und paraphysen geleitet und von dort in paarige sinus sagittales longitudinales abgegeben . die venen sind muskelarm aber durch kurze veno - venöse muskelhaltige anastomosen verbunden . pigmentzellen kommen verbreitet vor und können in kapillaren als adventitiazellen erscheinen .
fig . 2 : phylogenetic trees generated from mtdna haplotypes appearing in recent studies by rabosky & glor 2010 ( left panel ) and mahler et al . 2011 ( right panel ) . the phylogeny on the right excludes non - greater antillean species . in each figure , the carolinensis subgroup is in yellow , the isolepis subgroup is in orange and the carolinensis group is in red .
over the years we have published a series of papers supporting the hypothesis that dewlap diversity can be partially explained by selection to increase the probability of detection . however , until this paper , experimental evidence from the field was missing , in part because manipulating dewlaps of live anoles is not trivial . furthermore , even if we were able to successfully manipulate
approach them in a gentle calm manner , don ' t make any sudden moves . rather than approaching them from above , place your hands on each side and cup them , supporting the belly . you can then lightly hold the anole ' s head between your thumb and first finger just enough to keep the jaw from opening . never grab an anole by the tail , as it will separate . be sure to always wash your hands before and after touching your anole ( s ) .
at this point it should be abundantly clear that there is plenty of room for additional work on the origins of a . carolinensis . hopefully it won’t be long before the questions above , and others that remain unanswered , will be revisited with analyses exploiting the new tools provided by the genome of a . carolinensis . there are certainly lots of tissues waiting to be put to good use toward this end !
this is the final of a three - part post on our work on the anoles of cay sal bank , bahamas . in this post , i will visit the brown anoles ( anolis sagrei ) . like many , many places in the caribbean , anolis sagrei occurs across the cay sal bank . this species has the widest range of any caribbean anole , having colonized a huge range of regions from ancestral origins in cuba - from the northern bahamas , throughout the northern caribbean , all the way to the atlantic versant of mesoamerica .
within the anole world i have often informally thought that the number of preserved museum specimens was proportional to our understanding of a species’ natural history . if that statement is true , then it would also be true that our understanding of the carolinensis anoles is strongly biased towards one species , a . carolinensis . but because of its reversal in head shape , this species may be one of the least informative regarding my quest to understand variation in skull shape and sexual dimorphism . after serious effort , i find few studies that have surveyed fundamental ecological , behavioral , or morphological questions for most of the carolinensis species . a recent study of a . maynardi and observations by pat shipman are starting to shed light on the biology of at least one species , but more multidisciplinary and integrative work is still needed .
in areas where this exotic species has become established , it is very often the most abundant reptile species present . anolis sagrei is among the most abundant lizards throughout florida ( srel ) .
anole annals you are 100 % getting a shout out on the show ! very cool to see a genus of reptiles being the focus of an active and engaging blog .
morphological traits across nine anole species . ( means with standard deviations are shown . svl , snout–vent length ; gg , genioglossus muscle ; and ch , ceratohyoid muscle . )
the green anole lives in habitats with very high humidity . it can be found in swamps , forests , wooded beaches and other areas with trees . it may also be found in parks and yards . the green anole is often found basking in the sun as it clings to trees , shrubs , vines , palm fronds , fence posts and walls .
short break from te annotation to explore the botanic garden’s fabulous greenhouses . even spotted an anole lizard that is helping with pest control # annotate _ 18 @ alexander _ suh urltoken
adult male anolis sagrei reach a snout - to - vent length of more than 6 cm and a weight of 6 - 8 g . females rarely exceed 5 cm and 3 - 4 g .
estrada a . r . and novo rodriguez j . 1986 . subnicho estructural de anolis sagrai en cayo inžs de soto cuba . analisis intra - y extraboblacional . poeyana 320 : 1 - 13 .
in the two clades carolinensis and hendersoni , which occupy trunk crown and grass bush habitats , respectively , males evolved strikingly similar and highly elongate faces when compared with females of the same species or with males or females of other species . shape change in hendersoni arose from modification in early ontogeny of a growth trajectory common to all 50 species examined . shape change in carolinensis included additional changes later in ontogeny that are not seen in any other species .
the first anecdotal suggestions implicating the exotic brown anole in the decline of native green anole populations in florida were published in the 1960s ( collette 1961 , king and krakauer 1966 ) . direct studies of interspecific associatiosns between the two congeners appear much less significant than intraspecific ( within - species ) competitive interactions within these aggressive , territorial animals ( brown and echternacht 1991 ) .
color is variable , ranging from light gray to brown to almost black , commonly with irregular patches or mottled patterns , spots , chevrons and a series of light - colored lines . the tail is somewhat laterally compressed . a prominent identifying feature of this species is the extensible dewlap or throat fan which can be yellow to red - orange in color and is used in territorial and mating displays .
medina , i , jb losos , and dl mahler . 2016 . “evolution of dorsal pattern variation in greater antillean anolis lizards . ” biological journal of the linnean society 120 ( 2 ) : 427–35 .
lee j . c . , clayton d . , eisenstein s . , and i . perez . 1989 . the reproductive cycle of anolis sagrei in southern florida . copeia 1989 : 930 - 937 .
human - mediated range expansion is rapidly forming novel populations of anoles . the ancestry of these new populations typically traces back to a handful of individuals , and with repeated invasions the genetic history can be complex . these scenarios may be common in non - native populations of anolis carolinensis , but what does the genetic history look like in such a system ? in sozos michaelides’ talk at sicb 2018 , he discussed his recently published findings .
anoles are an excellent system for this type of analysis . approximately 400 species exist in the genus anolis , exhibiting extensive variation in a broad range of morphological , ecological and behavioural traits ( losos 2009 ) . many species of anoles are readily observed in the field , and individuals of both sexes perform easily quantified , sex - and species - specific display behaviours . also , the existence of a robust anole phylogeny ( nicholson et al . 2005 ) allows for the investigation of evolutionary relationships between structural and functional traits far more rigorously than is possible within a . carolinensis ( or other single - species model systems ) .
alfoldi j , di palma f , grabherr m , williams c , kong l , et al . the genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals .
alfoldi j , grabherr f , di palma m , williams c , kong l , mauceli e . the genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals .
eckalbar wl , lasku e , infante cr , elsey rm , markov gj , et al . somitogenesis in the anole lizard and alligator reveals evolutionary convergence and divergence in the amniote segmentation clock .
to predict the ecologically suitable area and factors restricting the distribution of a . carolinensis in okinawa island , we used maximum entropy model ( maxent ) ver . 3 . 3 . 3k ( phillips , anderson , & schapire , 2006 ; phillips & dudik , 2008 ) to build a species distribution model of a . carolinensis . maxent was suitable for this purpose because it requires presence‐only data and not absence data . the presence and environmental data used for maxent are described below .
table s2 . diversity statistics for anolis carolinensis populations across the species range . n , number of individuals collected for each populations ; s , the number of segregating sites in each population ; h , the number of haplotypes in each population ; hd , haplotype diversity in each population ; k , the average number of differences in each populationl ; pi , nucleotide diversity in each population ; pijc , nucleotide diversity in each population with jukes cantor correction .
boyer , j . f . f . , and l . swierk . 2017 . rapid body color brightening is associated with exposure to a stressor in an anolis lizard . canadian journal of zoology 95 : 213–219 .
to answer this question , chejanovski performed a tethered intruder experiment with male brown anoles of variable sizes . for each trial , he tied an anole at the end of a pole and presented the anole to a curly - tailed lizard . he then recorded the amount of time for the predator to get within 20 cm of the anole . results from a survival analysis show that smaller lizards were attacked more often and more quickly than larger anoles . according to this experiment , larger body size in brown anoles results in less predation from curly - tailed lizards . however , is body size genetically determined ?
given the mutation rate for the nd2 gene and the calibrations used , we estimated the age of the root of the bi tree to be 9 . 7 myr ( 95 % hpd 6 . 2–13 . 3 ) , while the split between a . porcatus and a . carolinensis was estimated at 6 . 2 myr ( 95 % hpd 4 . 3–8 . 2 ) . these estimates are close to estimates from past molecular phylogenetic studies [ 9 ] , which propose very similar divergence dates for the carolinensis group and subgroup . the t mrca for all of our samples was estimated to be 2 . 1 myr ( 95 % hpd 1 . 3–2 . 9 ) , pointing to a late pliocene - early pleistocene origin for a . carolinensis .
while dominica is relatively small , the mountainous topology results in highly variable environmental conditions across the island with cool mountainous regions and warm coastal regions and thermal vents . the single endemic anole species present on the island , anolis oculatus , exhibits four morphologically distinct ecotypes ( montane , atlantic , north caribbean and south caribbean ) and despite levels of gene flow between these ecotypes are high , adaptive differentiation in this system is maintained .
bonneaud , c . , i . sepil , l . wilfert , and r . calsbeek . 2017 . plasmodium infections in natural populations of anolis sagrei reflect tolerance rather than susceptibility . integrative and comparative biology 57 : 352–361 .
there are reports of un - established populations of green anoles ( a . carolinensis ) in southern spain and the canary islands ( reviewed here ) , as well as a report of cuban knight anoles ( a . equestris ) also on the canary islands .
campbell - staton sc , goodman rm , backstrom n , edwards sv , losos jb , et al . out of florida : mtdna reveals patterns of migration and pleistocene range expansion of the green anole lizard (
kamath , a , and jb losos . 2018 . “estimating encounter rates as the first step of sexual selection in the lizard anolis sagrei . ” proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences 285 ( 1873 ) : 20172244 .
is on the iucn red list for endangered species as least concern ( lc ) . the green anole has a wide distribution with a large population and a number of subpopulations that are thought to be relatively stable .
majority consensus tree from a phylogenetic analysis conducted in mrbayes3 . 2 on the mitochondrial nadh - 2 region ( n = 299 ) . the four major mitochondrial lineages of anolis carolinensis are indicated at right with labeled brackets . monophyletic groups restricted to mainland north america ( the gulf - atlantic and north carolina lineages ) are indicated by shaded boxes . the posterior probabilities of important nodes are given . a . porcatus is the only outgroup shown , although a . isolepis and a . altitudinalis were also used in the analysis .
like all reptiles , the brown anole is a poikilotherm that relies on external warmth to raise its body temperature and employs behavioral thermoregulatory techniques ( i . e . , basking ) to maintain its body temperature within acceptable limits .
vanhooydonck , b . , a . herrel , j . j . meyers , and d . j . irschick . 2009 . what determines dewlap diversity in anolis lizards ? an among - island comparison . journal of evolutionary biology 22 : 293–305 .
buth et al . ( 1980 ) used electrophoretic comparisons at 35 allozyme loci to estimate genetic differences between texas and georgia populations of a . carolinensis and western cuba populations of a . porcatus . they found small genetic distances separated texas and georgia , a result consistent with our findings .
testosterone has long been though to influence male aggression behaviors . but can this same hormone influence aggressive behaviors in females too ? ellee cook addressed this question in her talk titled “investigating the potential for testosterone to mediate territorial aggression in female anolis lizards . ”
hey @ papa - pepper ! ! green anole . . . . . . . . . . . you know papa - pepper , you looks so kind . really nice . i like your post . keep it up .
this study used green anole samples that were collected at 49 localities across nine u . s . states of florida , georgia , south carolina , north carolina , tennessee , alabama , louisiana , arkansas and texas , reported previously in
natural dietary items of these generalist predators include arthropods , worms and molluscs . cannabalism of adult anolis lizards on their hatchlings is also well documented , and this behavior may be prevalent in a . sagrei ( cochran 1989 , nicholson et al . 2000 ) .
armstead , j . v . , f . ayala - varela , o . torres - carvajal , m . j . ryan , and s . poe . 2017 . systematics and ecology of anolis biporcatus ( squamata : iguanidae ) . salamandra 53 : 285–293 .
the green anole breeds from march to september . the male will establish a territory and patrol it . he will attract females by puffing out his dewlap . he mates with females in his area and aggressively defends his territory from other males .
hasegawa m ( 1994 ) a naturalized lizard in the ogasawara islands — green anole . in : yamada t ( ed ) asahi hyakka : doubutsutati no chikyu , vol 5 . asahi shinbun sha , tokyo , pp 172–174 ( in japanese )
the northern limits of the brown anole in the united states , into central georgia , appear to be temperature related ; cold winters are capable of reducing population densities in the northern portions of their range ( campbell 1996 , parmley 2002 ) .
the effect of urbanization on animals was the topic of many presentations at this year’s sicb meeting . one difference in the abiotic environment of urban areas is that they are often hotter than neighboring natural areas . sarin “putter” tiatragul and colleagues ( josh hall , nathaniel palik , and dan warner ) at auburn university are interested in whether urban environments might influence the nesting ecology and development of anoles . thus , they set to the field to search for nest sites of the puerto rican crested anole ( anolis cristatellus ) .
the green anole eats spiders , flies , crickets , small beetles , moths , butterflies , small slugs , worms , ants and termites . it only notices prey that is moving . it gets most of its water from the dew on plants .
although it is not a true chameleon , the green anole can change colors between brown and green . the one in this post had been brown when i captured it , but switched to green . i have always enjoyed watching them change colors .
these little lizards are quite common and have long been a popular pet . they are both attractive and intriguing to many enthusiasts . many of the males have a strawberry - red dewlap , but some populations from southwest florida , designated the southern green anole
the dewlap is arguably one of most fascinating features of anoles . for me , it is the baffling diversity in dewlap size , coloration , and use —both among and within species— that makes it so interesting . however , understanding the origin and evolution of dewlap diversity in anolis has proven a daunting task ( nicholson et al . 2007 ; vanhooydonck et al . 2009 ) . in an attempt to make ( a little more ) sense of the drivers and constraints of anole dewlap variation , a team of belgian researchers from the university of antwerp , led by evolutionary ecologist tess driessens , decided to look at dewlap diversity in anolis sagrei . they surveyed 17 island populations of a . sagrei across the caribbean and quantified dewlap design ( color , size ) and dewlap display behavior of both males and females .
wardle ( 2002 ) reports that anolis sagrei feeding activity is capable of reducing the numbers and diversity of spiders on which they prey , although cambell ( 2006 ) has suggested that the overall impact of the species on prey populations is probably too small to be considered economically important .
due to the discordance across the mtdna and ndna gene tree topologies demonstrated here , elucidating the branching order of green anole populations in time has proven to be complicated and requires more than a simple interpretation of the mtdna phylogeny . however , there are aspects of
principal components analysis of mitochondrial dna sequences from populations across the range of anolis carolinensis . ( a ) genetic clustering for all samples in the dataset . ( b ) genetic clustering for populations within the gulf coast / inland clade only . the x - axis represents principal component axis 1 , the z - axis corresponds to principal component axis 2 , and the y - axis corresponds to principal component axis 3 . major clades recovered from phylogenetic analyses are labeled above their corresponding clusters in principal component space . each individual is represented by a pin and color coded by geographic region as shown in the figure legend .
tricia plans to incorporate data on sprint speed , bite force as well as investigate thermoregulation strategies in this species . it will also be interesting to see a comparative study between the a . oculatus ecotypes and the introduced puerto rican crested anole , a . cristatellus .
the brown anole has been described as a habitat generalist that generally prefers open vegetation within disturbed sites and urbanized areas . it spends most of its time on the ground or on trees at trunk level up to several feet off the ground ( williams 1969 ) .
the brown anole was first documented in the florida keys in the 1880s . by the 1940s the species had also become established on the florida mainland . lee ( 1985 ) concludes that introduction to peninsular florida in the 1940s occurred on at least six different occasions .
michael sampled 566 individuals , which included 55 species of anoles , all 6 ecomorphs , and another 8 species without any ecomorph designations . his results suggest that perch height and diameter produced differential effects on claw characteristics . performance traits like toepad lamellae number and area were not correlated with claw height and length . michael’s study uncovered only one anole that conformed to previous research : anolis barbouri , the only truly terrestrial species in the data set , possessing flattened claws . intriguingly , twig anoles have the most divergent claws , an inspiring result for future directions !
urbanization changes many factors , such as temperature and food availability , that influence body size in animals . last year at sicb , zach chejanovski presented on this topic in brown anoles from miami ( anolis sagrei ) . he found that predator ( curly - tailed lizards ) abundance was highly associated with body size in anoles . as predator abundance increases , anole body size increases . chejanovski , a phd student at the university of rhode island , then formed a new question based on his previous findings : are larger anoles actually predated on less often than smaller anoles ?
site frequency spectra of haplotype alleles for geographic groups of anolis carolinensis . ( a ) all populations collected across the range of the species . ( b ) populations from gulf coast / inland clade identified in phylogenetic analyses . ( c ) populations from florida only . the x - axis of each graph represents the number of individuals that share a given haplotype and the y - axis represents the proportion of variable sites represented by each category . observed spectra are colored blue and the expected distribution of alleles under a model of constant population size is colored translucent red . therefore , areas of overlap between the observed and expected distributions appear purple .
the present data indicate that across species , male anoles generally possess larger dewlaps ( defined by cartilage length ) than females , and males use their dewlaps far more frequently than females ( figure 2 ) . morphology of associated muscles and cartilage is also enhanced in males ( tables 1 and 2 ) . these results are consistent with previous work in laboratory - housed a . carolinensis , in which males extend their dewlaps far more frequently than females and have larger ch fibres and motoneurons that innervate the ch ( o ' bryant & wade 1999 ) . further , within male a . carolinensis , ch fibre size is positively correlated with dewlap extension rate ( neal & wade 2007 ) .
naturally , alberto and i would love to follow up on some of this , but cay sal is a tough place to work . maybe someday we’ll get back there , in the meantime , we can reflect on what a special opportunity we had to visit this anole outpost .
reporting from germany where she was leading a course on transposable elements , jessica stapley — of mainland anole fame — posted this picture to twitter . it appears brown anoles ( a . sagrei ) have set up a new home in one of the greenhouses at berlin’s botanical gardens !
greene , b . t . , d . t . yorks , j . s . parmerlee , r . powell , and r . w . henderson . 2002 . discovery of anolis sagrei in grenada with comments on its potential impact on native anoles . carribean journal of science 38 : 270 - 272 .
i love the green anole . used to see them all the time in georgia . in maryland i haven ' t seen any darn lizards . lol . do you have skinks in your location ? they have smoother skin and some have beautiful vibrant blue tails . they are very fast
for those curious , a recent ‘behavioral oddity’ published in mesoamerican herpetology by brown & arrivillaga ( 2018 ) , reported an example of three individual anolis ( norops ) cusuco sleeping together on a perch ! the individuals were so close that portions of their bodies overlapped ! strange , indeed ; this observation contrasts the typical view of anole sleeping ecology , territoriality and indeed that what is known for this species ( clause & brown , 2017 ) . in over 5 years of visiting cusuco np ( observing countless solitary sleeping a . cusuco ) , imagine the surprise in finding these anoles having a sneaky snuggle ! !
to visualize population differentiation across the range of a . carolinensis , a principal components analysis ( pca ) was conducted using smartpca ( patterson et al . 2006 ) as implemented in eigensoft version 3 . 0 ( price et al . 2006 ) . scores from the first three principal components were plotted using the program r ( r core development team 2010 ) .
community engagement and local acknowledgment of important species is essential for effective conservation . on utila island , researchers at kanahau utila research & conservation facility have been working hard to not only research and document populations of the endemic anolis ( norops ) bicaorum , but also increase community awareness and recognition towards this local lizards conservation plight .
maximum clade credibility tree from a * beast analysis using 1 mtdna and 3 ndna loci showing the inferred branching order and divergence times for five populations of green anoles and their outgroup a . porcatus . within a . carolinensis , percent posterior probabilities and divergence time estimates ( my = million years ) are given to the left and right of each node , respectively .
it is sometimes call the american chameleon because it can change color , but it is not a true chameleon . the green anole changes color because of changes in temperature , humidity , health and mood , not to blend into its background . males have a pink or red throat fan or dewlap .
in a previous post , i introduced some results from our attempts to understand the evolutionary history of anoles on cay sal bank , bahamas ( more results in a future post ) . we found that the only endemic reptile on the bank , anolis fairchildi ( the cay sal anole ) , is a lineage relatively recently derived from western cuban a . porcatus progenitors . ok , fair enough , but what is this creature we list in our checklists and museum collections with the epithet fairchildi ? a comment by james stroud on a previous post of mine suggested that we visit this species directly here on aa , so off we go !
the eggs are typically laid under decaying vegetation on the ground and hatch within 60 - 90 days , as opposed to an approximate 1 - month incubation period for greens anole eggs . hatchlings emerge at about 15 - 18 mm snout - to - vent length beginning in june ( duellman and schwartz 1958 ) .
( a ) anolis carolinensis lizard with a regenerating tail ( distal to arrow ) . ( b - e ) histology of the 10 dpa ( b ) , 15 dpa ( c ) , 20 dpa ( d ) , and 25 dpa ( e ) regenerating tail by gomori ' s trichrome stain , with which connective tissues and collagen stain green - blue , muscle , keratin , and cytoplasm stain red , and nuclei are black . ( f ) immunohistochemistry of myosin heavy chain in a 25 dpa regenerating tail using the my - 32 antibody . e , wound epithelium ; v , blood vessels ; m , muscle ; ct , cartilaginous tissue . composites : b - f . scale bars in black : 200 µm .
another potential influence is predation rate , as use of the colourful dewlaps presumably makes anoles more susceptible to visually oriented predators . yet , the one mainland species ( a . carolinensis ) that presumably encounters the highest predation risk ( as predators are generally more abundant and diverse on mainlands ) displays the highest rate of dewlap use . this pattern suggests indirect support for the pursuit - deterrence hypothesis , which states that signals given by prey when they detect a predator cause the predator to stop its pursuit ( caro 1995 ) , and raises the possibility that the relatively high display rate of a . carolinensis is the result of increased predation risk . this idea is consistent with results from a study comparing populations of a . sagrei in differing predation regimes ( vanhooydonck et al . 2009 ) .
i ' ve been so scared of amphibians and reptiles , i wouldn ' t know if it ' s a phobia or not . i ' m trying to break out of the fears though . a little practice with some harmless amphibians would be helpful , but i ' m not sure we have green anole in my country
a single green anole can easily be housed in a ten gallon aquarium . for 2 to 6 anoles , provide at least a twenty gallon ‘tall ' aquarium , though if you have mostly males you will want to go larger . the substrate can be either carpet or a substrate such as crushed walnut shells ( nature zone litter ) .


lyclene ashleigera is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by holloway in 2001 .

it is found on borneo .

the habitat consists of lowland dipterocarp forests .

the length of the forewings is 7 – 8 mm .

lyclene ashleigera

lyclene ashleigera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 180 , 185 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
lyclene cumseriata bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene labyrintha bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene lineidistincta bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene malayproducta bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene pectena bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene pingera bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene fruhstorferi aurivillius , 1894 ; ent . tidskr . 15 : 172 ; tl : java
lyclene undulata bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene valdenigra bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene venustula bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene biseriata ; [ mob7 ] : 344 , pl . 4 , f . 154 , 169
lyclene circumdata ; [ mob7 ] : 347 , pl . 4 , f . 163 , 168
lyclene cuneigera ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 181 , 184
lyclene peloa ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 204 , 207
lyclene xanthopera ; [ mob7 ] : 345 , pl . 4 , f . 156 , 170
lyclene x - linea bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
lyclene cuneifera ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 4a , 188 , 209
lyclene
synestramena ; [ mob7 ] : 357 , pl . 4 , f . 192 , 195
lyclene ( nudariina ) ; scott , zaspel , chialvo & weller , 2014 , syst . ent . 39 : 288
lyclene asaphes ; dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 , amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 179 ( note )
lyclene cylletona ; dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 , amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 180 ( note )
lyclene arcuata ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40
lyclene congerens ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40
lyclene conjunctana ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40
lyclene dasara ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene goaensis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene hollowai ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene kishidai ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene lutara ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene metamelas ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene nebulosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene nubilalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene toxodes ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene uncalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene undulosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene atrigutta walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 116 ; tl : sarawak
lyclene classeigera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 183 ; tl : sarawak , kuching , semongok
lyclene cuneifera walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 113 ; tl : borneo , sarawak
lyclene distributa walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 113 ; tl : borneo , sarawak
lyclene distributa ; [ mob18 ] , 45 ( note ) ; [ mob7 ] : 356 , pl . 4 , f . 202 , 215
lyclene angulinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 350 , pl . 4 , f . 206 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene apiseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 344 , pl . 4 , f . 153 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene peloa swinhoe , 1904 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 14 ( 84 ) : 420 ; tl : padang , sumatra
lyclene postseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 158 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene radians moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : calcutta
lyclene unguifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 353 , pl . 4 , f . 193 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , 5500ft
lyclene obtusilinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 349 , pl . 4 , f . 174 , 179 ; tl : brunei , 1670m , bukit pagon
lyclene puncakica dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 180 ; tl : sulawesi selat , puncak , 27km w palopo
lyclene acutiseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 161 , 166 ; tl : brunei , pengkalan batu agr . stn
lyclene angulifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 353 , pl . 4 , f . 187 , 210 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene excaviseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 345 , pl . 4 , f . 155 , 165 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene fusciramorum holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 194 , 197 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene multiramorum holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 354 , pl . 4 , f . 191 , 196 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene pseudobunda holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 351 , pl . 4 , f . 171 , 182 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
lyclene areolifera holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 352 , pl . 4 , f . 189 , 211 ; tl : n . borneo , mt . kina balu
lyclene goaensis kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 117 ; tl : india , goa , keri , 90m
lyclene hollowai kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 112 ; tl : india , gurajat , saputara , 970m
lyclene kishidai kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 110 ; tl : india , kerala , chendruni , 70m
lyclene uncalis kirti & gill , 2009 ; acta zool . cracov . 52 b ( 1 - 2 ) : 111 ; tl : india , karnataka , medikeri , 1100m
lyclene obscurilinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 173 , 176 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m
lyclene poring holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 160 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
lyclene diehli dubatolov & bucsek , 2014 ; amurian zool . j . 6 ( 2 ) : 179 ; tl : nort sumatra , sindar raya , 98°57 ' e , 3°09 ' n
lyclene falciseriata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 346 , pl . 4 , f . 159 , 164 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
lyclene kepica dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 285 , f . 6 ; tl : cambodia , kep , 10 . 494°n , 104 . 296°e , 51m
lyclene mesilaulinea holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 349 , pl . 4 , f . 175 , 177 , 270 ; tl : sabah , mt . kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m
lyclene quadrata holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 347 , pl . 4 , f . 162 , 167 ; tl : sabah , poring , 1800ft , e of mt . kinabalu
lyclene pudibunda ; [ mob7 ] : 350 , pl . 4 , f . 172 , 186 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene kosterini dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 284 , f . 5 ; tl : cambodia , kampot , boko hill staion , 1030m , 10°37 ' 37
n 104°01 ' 33
e
lyclene kontumica dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 285 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : vietnam , ngoc linh , kon tum prov , 14°45 ' - 15°15 ' n ; 107°21 ' - 108°20 ' e
lyclene semifascia ; moore , 1882 , lepid . ceylon 2 ( 1 ) : 63 , pl . 103 , f . 7 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene zinchenkoi dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 284 , f . 4 ; tl : thailand , phisanulok , 18km n nakhon , tail vil . , 426m , 17°15 , 7 ' n , ; 100°51 , 4 ' e
lyclene weidenhofferi cerný , 2012 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 121 ; tl : n . thailand , chiang mai , fang , doi ang khang , 1425m , 29°54 ' 10
n , 99°2 ' 28
e
lyclene humilis ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 32 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene linga ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 40 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene radians ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 37 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
lyclene spilosomoides ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene strigipennis ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 43
lyclene dharma ; [ mob7 ] : 344 ( note ) ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 34 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
lyclene calamaria ; [ mob7 ] : 356 , pl . 4 , f . 203 , 214 ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 43 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 40
lyclene obsoleta ; [ mob7 ] : 355 , pl . 4 , f . 190 , 198 ; singh , singh , sharma & joshi , 2013 , proc . natl . acad . sci . india ( b ) 83 ( 1 ) : 34 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 42
, 7 - 8mm . the facies is as in the previous two species . the valves of the male genitalia are similar to those of classeigera except the central angle to the sacculus is absent . the aedeagus vesica bears two cornuti , one a large spine and the other short , broad , apically rounded and scobinate .
2 ( slide 5342 ) , 4 ( slides 5203 , 5424 ) borneo : sabah , danum valley , 5 º 01’n , 117 º 47’e , 14 . ix and 15 . x . 1987 , 100 and 150m ( a . h . kirk - spriggs ) , roadside secondary forest and understorey forest .
7 - 8mm , 8mm . this species has the general characteristics of the cuneifera group , but in the male forewing the areole is basally narrow , broader distally , with m1 distinctly angled centrally rather than evenly curved . this is the smallest and least heavily marked species . the male genitalia have the costal and saccular processes of the valve present and distinct from the central rounded apical part . the aedeagus vesica has a long cornutus that appears to be formed from the fusion of several spines , and there is coarse scobination elsewhere . the female bursa is spined throughout , more coarsely apically , and distinctly expanded basally .
sarawak : gunong mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8
site 20 , mar . - apr . , w . melinau gorge , 150m . 422577 , feg 3 , kerangas , bm arctiid slide 5422 .
3 ( slide 2702 ) , 3 ( slide 2722 ) as holotype ; 12 ( slides 2701 , 2703 ) , 2 ( dissected specimens only ; slides 2720 , 2721 ) general data as holotype but sites 8 , 11 , ( 150m , camp 1 , mulu , mixed dipt . for . ) , 13 ( 500m , camp 2 , mulu , mixed dipt . for . ) , 14 , 15 ( 1000m , camp 2 . 5 , mulu , lower montane forest ) , 25 ( 900m , g . api , lower montane forest ) .
the species has a similar ecological range to cuneifera , but is the commonest of the three in the mulu samples and shows some preference for lowland heath forest and lower montane forest .
miltochrista celidopa meyrick , 1894 , trans . ent . soc . london , 1894 : 3 .
asura calamaria mediopuncta rothschild , 1913 , novit . zool . , 20 : 211 .
the ground colour is typical , if pale , for the genus , though some specimens have a greyish tone to the forewing . however , the only markings on the forewing are a black discal dot and a smaller basal one .
the male genitalia have only the saccular process strong , terminating in a sinuous spine as in peloa but more robust . the aedeagus vesica has a large distal cornutus as well as areas of light scobination . the female also has the bursa ornamented somewhat as in peloa .
the species is infrequent , possibly associated with disturbed forest , having been taken at semongok in the lowlands of sarawak near kuching , in disturbed alluvial forest near g . mulu , at poring at 600m on the east of g . kinabalu and at 1500m by a remnant of primary montane forest , near kundasan golf course in the vicinity of the old mesilau locality .
unpublished frim records note the larva as a leaf defoliator of bougainvillea ( nyctaginaceae ) , but defoliation of higher plants needs confirmation ( see also gardner , 1943 ) .
barsine circumdata walker , 1864 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 31 : 252 .
herrich - schäffer sensu barlow , 1982 : 71 ; see also holloway , 1982 : 212 .
this species and relatives have the forewing markings finer , darker and more clearly defined than in the biseriata complex , with the central fascia spaced equally between the basal and distal groups of streaks , or closer to the former . the marginal spots are more continuous around the distal margin . the genitalic differences with biseriata and allies have already been mentioned . in circumdata the valves are broadest centrally but generally narrow towards a rounded apex with a slight ventral spur . the female has the bursa only lightly scobinate distally to the dense zone of longer spines at the base . holloway ( 1982 ) discussed the relationship of circumdata to strigipennis herrich - schäffer and other taxa . l . acteola swinhoe comb . n . ( thailand ) has female genitalia ( slide 5416 ) consistent with membership of this complex . the whereabouts of the type of strigipennis is unclear ; it does not appear to be in berlin ( w . mey , pers . comm . ) .
borneo , peninsular malaysia ( slide 2869 ; illustrated as strigipennis in barlow ( 1982 ) ) .
the species is infrequent in lowland and lower montane forest , but also occurs ( female specimens ) in coastal localities and areas of disturbed forest .
asura acteola swinhoe , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 65 ) : 501 ; tl : siam , muok - lek
asura intermedia marumo , 1923 ; j . coll . agric . imp . univ . tokyo , 8 ( 2 ) : 138 , pl . 3 , f . 2
india ( manipur , sikkim , tamil nadu , uttaranchal ) , ceylon , java , taiwan , japan . see [ maps ]
asura asaphes hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 451 , pl . 31 , f . 31 ; tl : borneo , sandakan
asura biseriata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 458 , pl . 31 , f . 27 ; tl : borneo , sandakan
asura strigipennis ; barlow , 1982 , intr . moths of south east asia : 71
miltochrisa tibeta clara daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 312 ; tl : likiang
larva on artocarpus incisa moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30
india ( sikkim , assam , arunachal pradesh , nagaland ) , bhutan . see [ maps ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 854
asura creatina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 454 ; [ nhm card ]
nw . himalays , sikkim , assam , nilgiris , sumatra , java . see [ maps ]
miltochrista gilva daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 316 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : n . yunnan , li - kiang
india ( punjab , sikkim , nagas , nilgiris , moulmein ) , burma , java . see [ maps ]
miltochrista ila ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 45
larva on solanum indicum hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 431
nudaria ? marginata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 274 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore
setina nebulosa moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 35 ; tl : darjiling
miltochrista nubilalis hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 115 ; tl : ganjam
asura sp . 3 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : ( part ) 3 , f . 13 , pl . 1 , f . 13
sikkim , assam , arunachal pradesh , himachal pradesh , calcutta . see [ maps ]
ceylon , burma , sikkim , assam , s . india . see [ maps ]
sikkim , assam , china ( chekiang , yunnan ) . see [ maps ]
china ( shanghai , chekiang ) , formosa , sikkim , assam , sumatra ? , java . see [ maps ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 855
asura synestramena hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 429 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; tl : borneo , sandakan
miltochrista tibeta daniel , 1951 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 2 ( 3 - 4 ) : 311 , pl . 1 , f . 17 ; tl : tibet , batang
asura toxodes hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : andamans
= ; [ nhm card ] ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 856
asura sp . 1 ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 3
tricholepis xanthopera hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 233 ; tl : singapore
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
on the lepidopterous fauna of andaman and nicobar group of islands ( india ) . family arctiidae
beiträge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer berücksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . höne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae
beiträge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer berücksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . höne aus diesem gebiet . iv . teil : nachträge
new lithosiinae ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae ) species collected by a . schintlmeister in indonesia
studien over indo - australische lepidoptera . iv . bijdrage tot de kennis der heterocera - fauna der ost - indische kolonien
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 8 . the lepidoptera of heterocera of the nilgiri district
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon
on the lepidoptera of japan and corea , pt ii . heterocera , sect . i
new species of heterocerous lepidoptera of the tribe bombyces , collected by mr . w . b . pryer chiefly in the district of shanghai
descriptions of new genera and species of lepidoptera heterocera collected by rev . j . h . hocking , chiefly in the kangra district , n . w . himalaya
die gross - schmetterlinge des palaearktischen faunengebietes . 2 . die palaearktischen spinner & schwärmer
lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten
natuurlijke historie . achtse afdeeling . lepidoptera door p . c . t . snellen , met eene inleiding door joh . f . snelleman . midden - sumatra
h . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae
catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .