opheodrys is a genus of small to medium-sized non-venomous colubrid snakes commonly referred to as green snakes .

in north america the genus consists of two distinct species .

as their common names imply , the rough green snake has keeled dorsal scales , whereas the smooth green snake has smooth dorsal scales .

opheodrys

opheodrys aestivus aestivus ( linnaeus 1766 ) coluber aestivus linnaeus 1766 : 387 herpetodryas aestivus — schlegel 1837 : 151 herpetodryas aestivus — duméril & bibron 1854 : 209 leptophis aestivus — baird & girard 1853 : 106 leptophis majalis baird & girard 1853 : 106 opheodrys aestivus — cope 1860 : 560 cyclophis aestivus — cope 1872 : 40 cyclophis aestivus — cope 1872 : 230 cyclophis aestivus — garman 1884 : 40 phyllophilophis aestivus — garman 1892 : 283 phillophilophis aestivus — hurter 1893 : 256 contia aestivus — boulenger 1894 : 258 opheodrys aestivus majalis — burger 1947 opheodrys aestivus majalis — grobman 1984 opheodrys aestivus conanti grobman 1984 opheodrys aestivus carinatus grobman 1984 opheodrys aestivus — conant & collins 1991 : 189 opheodrys aestivus — liner 1994 : 96 opheodrys aestivus carinatus — crother 2000 : 68 opheodrys aestivus — tennant & bartlett 2000 : 310 opheodrys aestivus majalis — barts 2006 liochlorophis aestivus — mattison 2007 : 126 opheodrys aestivus — wallach et al . 2014 : 506 opheodrys aestivus carinatus grobman , 1984 opheodrys aestivus carinatus — crother et al . 2012
plummer , m . 1985 . demography of green snakes ( opheodrys aestivus ) .
plummer , m . 1990 . high predation on green snakes , opheodrys aestivus .
links with information on and photographs of the rough green snake ( opheodrys aestivus ) .
coluber vernalis harlan 1827 : 361 chlorosoma vernalis — baird & girard 1853 : 108 herpetodrays vernalis — hallowell 1856 : 243 cyclophis vernalis — guunther 1858 : 119 liopeltis vernalis — cope 1860 : 560 chlorosoma vernale — verrill 1863 : 196 cyclophis vernalis — garman 1884 : 39 contia vernalis — boulenger 1894 : 258 eurypholis vernalis — pope 1935 : 281 liopeltis vernalis — burt 1935 opheodrys vernalis — schmidt & necker 1936 : 63 opheodrys vernalis blanchardi grobman 1941 opheodrys vernalis blanchardi — mcclure 1969 opheodrys vernalis blanchardi — van devender & lowe 1977 opheodrys vernalis — stebbins 1985 : 179 opheodrys vernalis blanchardi — tanner 1985 : 637 liochlorophis vernalis — oldham & smith 1991 opheodrys vernalis — conant & collins 1991 : 190 opheodrys vermlis borealis grobman 1992 : 178 liochlorophis vernalis — liner 1994 opheodrys vernalis — crother 2000 liochlorophis vernalis blanchardi — dixon 2000 liochlorophis vernalis — tennant & bartlett 2000 : 308 liochlorophis vernalis — cnah 2010 opheodrys vernalis — crother et al . 2012 opheodrys vernalis — wallach et al . 2014 : 506
plummer , m . 1985 . growth and maturity in green snakes ( opheodrys aestivus ) .
plummer , m . 1997 . population ecology of green snakes ( opheodrys aestivus ) revisited .
plummer , m . 1993 . thermal ecology of arboreal green snakes ( opheodrys aestivus ) .
tinkle , d . 1960 . a population of opheodrys aestivus ( reptilia : squamata ) .
while the opheodrys serthis ' remarks and quick wit are venomous , its fangs are not .
names : rough green snake ( opheodrys aestivus ) , smooth green snake ( opheodrys vernalis ) , grass snake , green whip snake , garden snake , vine snake , keeled green snake .
plummer , m . 1987 . geographic variation in body size of green snakes ( opheodrys aestivus ) .
plummer , m . 1997 . speed and endurance of gravid and nongravid green snakes , opheodrys aestivus .
a rough green snake ( opheodrys aestivus ) along snake road in shawnee national forest in southwest illinios .
plummer , m . 1983 . annual variation in stored lipids and reproduction in green snakes ( opheodrys aestivus ) .
goldsmith , s . 1988 . courtship behavior of the rough green snake , opheodrys aestivus ( colubridae : serpentes ) .
goldsmith , s . 1986 . feeding behavior of an arboreal , insectivorous snake ( opheodrys aestivus ) ( colubridae ) .
plummer , m . 1981 . habitat utilization , diet and movements of a temperate arboreal snake ( opheodrys aestivus ) .
schmidt , thornsten 1996 . die rauhe grasnatter opheodrys aestivus im terrarium . elaphe 4 ( 2 ) : 16 - 21
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opheodrys vernalis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
goldsmith , s . 1984 . aspects of the natural history of the rough green snake , opheodrys aestivus ( colubridae ) .
cooper , w . 2007 . elevated tongue - flicking rate to cricket surface chemicals by the arthropodivorous rough green snake opheodrys aestivus .
palmer , w . , a . braswell . 1976 . communal egg laying and hatchlings of the rough green snake , opheodrys aestivus .
blanchard , tom . 2013 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus ( rough green snake ) . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 275
phillips , john g . 2015 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus ( rough greensnake ) . herpetological review 46 ( 2 ) : 220
williams , avery a . 2016 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus ( rough greensnake ) . herpetological review 47 ( 2 ) : 263
casper , gary s . 1996 . geographic distribution . opheodrys vernalis . herpetological review 27 ( 4 ) : 214 - get paper here
plummer , m . 1990 . nesting movements , nesting behavior , and nest sites of green snakes ( opheodrys aestivus ) revealed by radiotelemetry .
plummer , m . , h . snell . 1988 . nest site selection and water relations of eggs in the snake , opheodrys aestivus .
mccure , e . l . 1969 . a new record of opheodrys vernalis blanchardi in texas . southwestern naturalist 14 ( 1 ) : 129
raimond , corey and thomsen , erik 2016 . geographic distribution : opheodrys vernalis ( smooth greensnake ) herpetological review 47 ( 4 ) : 631
to cite this page : .
opheodrys vernalis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
klesius , yvonne & klesius , thomas 2010 . die raue grasnatter opheodrys aestivus . natur und tier verlag , 64 pp . - get paper here
klueh - mundy , s . 2016 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus ( rough greensnake ) . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 428 .
plummer , m . v . 1997 . population ecology of green snakes ( opheodrys aestivus ) revisited . herpetological monographs 11 : 102 - 123 .
plummer , m . v . 1997 . population ecology of green snakes ( opheodrys aestivus ) revisited . herpetological monographs 11 : 102 - 123 .
conant , roger 1951 . a southward range extension for the keeled green snake , opheodrys aestivus . natural history miscellanea ( 85 ) : 1 - 2
green snakes are north american snakes in the family colubridae . two species are recognized : the rough green snake ( opheodrys aestivus ) and the smooth green snake ( opheodrys vernalis ) . currently no subspecies of either species is recognized ; historically , the two forms of the smooth green snake were considered different .
holt , b . d . & guinane , c . 2018 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus ( rough greensnake ) . herpetological review 49 : 77 .
the smooth green snake ( opheodrys vernalis , sometimes liochlorophis vernalis ) is a non venomous north american colubrid . it is also sometimes called the grass snake .
colvin , robert , jeremy dennison and jake yoes . 2015 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus ( rough greensnake ) . herpetological review 46 ( 4 ) : 575
paulduro , e & krabbe - paulduro , u . 1992 . opheodrys aestivus ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . sauria 14 suppl . : 233–240 - get paper here
paulduro , e . 1980 . die rauhe grasnatter , opheodrys aestivus ( linnaeus 1766 ) . herpetofauna 2 ( 8 ) : 30 - 33 - get paper here
fritts , t . h . 1968 . intrabrood variation in opheodrys vernalis ( harlan ) . herpetologica 24 ( 1 ) : 79 - 82 - get paper here
collins , j . t . 1992 . reply to grobman on variation in opheodrys aestivus . herpetological review 23 ( 1 ) : 15 - 16 - get paper here
wilcoxen , travis e . and chris t . mcallister . 2015 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus ( rough greensnake ) . herpetological review 46 ( 4 ) : 575
hughes , daniel f . and jaclyn m . adams . 2015 . opheodrys vernalis ( smooth greensnake ) nest site selection . herpetological review 46 ( 3 ) : 453
leclere , jeff 1994 . snakes of minnesota : smooth green snake ( opheodrys vernalis ) . newsletter of the minnesota herpetological society 14 ( 3 ) : 10 - 13
oldham and smith ( 1991 ) demonstrated several significant categorical differences between opheodrys aestivus and o . vernalis , indicative of a long history of divergent evolution , and assigned the latter species to a new genus ( liochlorophis ) , leaving aestivus as the only member of the genus opheodrys . crother et al . ( 2000 ) maintained vernalis in the genus opheodrys whereas walley ( 2003 ) concluded that available evidence supports recognition of the new genus . the latter classification was followed when this species was first assessed , however , subsequently most authorities ( e . g . crother 2012 ) have treated this species under the genus opheodrys and hence this is the name used in this updated assessment .
to cite this page : creange , k . 2011 .
opheodrys aestivus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
holfert , t . 1996 . zur fortpflanzung der rauhen grasnatter opheodrys aestivus ( linnaeus , 1766 ) . sauria 18 ( 4 ) : 19 - 22 - get paper here
tinkle , d . w . 1960 . a population of opheodrys aestivus ( reptilia : squamata ) . copeia 1960 ( 1 ) : 29 - 34 - get paper here
mcallister , chris t . and henry w . robison . 2013 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus aestivus ( northern rough greensnake ) . herpetological review 44 ( 4 ) : 629
casper , g . s . and r . d . rutherford 2016 . geographic distribution : opheodrys vernalis ( smooth greensnake ) . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 428 .
burger , w . leslie 1947 . a taxonomic and statistical study of the keeled green snake , opheodrys aestivus . bulletin of the ecological society of america 28 ( 5 ) : 54
grobman , arnold b . 1984 . scutellation variation in opheodrys aestivus . bulletin of the florida state museum , biological sciences 29 ( 3 ) : 153 - 170 - get paper here
inman , b . j . & miller , b . t . 2017 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus ( rough greensnake ) . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 591 .
plummer , michael v . 1987 . geographic variation in body size of green snakes ( opheodrys aestivus ) . copeia 1987 ( 2 ) : 483 - 485 . - get paper here
plummer , michael v . 1991 . literature : geographic variation in body size of green snakes ( opheodrys aestivus ) . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 4 ) : 94 - get paper here
ferner , matthew c . and john w . ferner 2005 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus ( rough greensnake ) . herpetological review 36 ( 2 ) : 203 . - get paper here
paulduro , jr . , ernst 1981 . literature : die rauhe grasnatter , opheodrys aestivus ( linnaeus 1766 ) . litteratura serpentium 1 ( 5 ) : 205 - 206 - get paper here
steehouder , a . m . 1983 . the rough green snake ( opheodrys aestivus ) in nature and in captivity . litteratura serpentium 3 ( 6 ) : 186 - 192 - get paper here
davis , drew r . and zimmer , myron b . 2017 . geographic distribution : opheodrys vernalis ( smooth greensnake ) herpetological review 48 ( 1 ) : 129 - 130 - get paper here
mifsud , david a . , maegan m . stapleton and scott a . jackson . 2016 . opheodrys vernalis ( smooth greensnake ) reproduction . herpetological review 47 ( 1 ) : 150 - 151
thawley , christopher j . , gail l . mccormick and sean p . graham . 2013 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus ( rough green snake ) . herpetological review 44 ( 3 ) : 477
walley , h . d . and m . v . plummer 2000 . opheodrys aestivus ( linnaeus ) rough green snake . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 718 ) : - get paper here
blahnik , james f . ; cochran , phillip a . 1994 . opheodrys vernalis ( smooth green snake ) . usa : wisconsin . herpetological review 25 ( 2 ) : 77 - get paper here
oldham & smith 1991 . the generic status of the smooth green snake , opheodrys vernalis . bull . maryland herp . soc . 27 ( 4 ) : 201 - 215 ) - get paper here
grobman , a . b . 1992 . metamerism in the snake opheodrys vernalis , with a description of a new subspecies . journal of herpetology 26 ( 2 ) : 175 - 186 - get paper here
worthington , richard d . 1973 . remarks on the distribution of the smooth green snake , opheodrys vernalis blanchardi grobman in texas . southwestern naturalist 18 ( 3 ) : 341 - 357 - get paper here
beck , terrell , ben johnston , andrew f . badje and richard a . staffen . 2015 . geographic distribution : opheodrys vernalis ( smooth greensnake ) . herpetological review 46 ( 1 ) : 62 - 63
livo , lauren j . ; chiszar , david ; smith , hobart m . 1996 . geographic distribution . liochlorophis ( = opheodrys ) vernalis . herpetological review 27 ( 3 ) : 154 - get paper here
robins , c . richard 1952 . variation in the greensnake , opheodrys vernalis ( harlan ) , from the black hills , south dakota . copeia 1952 ( 3 ) : 191 - 192 - get paper here
grobman , arnold b . 1992 . metamerism in the snake opheodrys vernalis , with a description of a new subspecies . journal of herpetology , vol . 26 , no . 2 , pp . 175 - 186
miller , larry l . and suzanne l . miller . 2013 . range extension for the rough green snake ( opheodrys aestivus ) in kansas . collinsorum 2 ( 1 / 2 ) : 12 - get paper here
stuart , bryan l . ; josé rosado , and paul d . brinkman 2014 . albert rogers crandall’s smooth green snake ( opheodrys vernalis ) from north carolina . southeastern naturalist 13 ( 4 ) : n37 - n42
herr , mark w . , sean p . graham , mark goldy - brown and jennie williams . 2013 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus aestivus ( northern rough greensnake ) . herpetological review 44 ( 4 ) : 629
plummer , michael v . & howard l . snell 1991 . literature : nest site selection and water relations of eggs in the snake , opheodrys aestivus . litteratura serpentium 11 ( 5 ) : 116 - get paper here
wyrwich , luke , daniel benboe , james c . godwin and dirk j . stevenson . 2011 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus ( rough greensnake ) . herpetological review 42 ( 3 ) : 395 - get paper here
opheodrys aestivus , commonly known as the rough green snake , is a nonvenomous north americancolubrid . it is sometimes called grass snake or green grass snake , but these names are more commonly applied to the smooth green snake ( opheodrys vernalis ) . the european colubrid called grass snake ( natrix natrix ) is unrelated . the rough green snake is docile , often allowing close approach by humans , and seldom bites . even when bites occur they have no venom and are harmless .
caven , a . j . , salter , j . & geluso , k . 2017 . opheodrys vernalis ( = liochlorophis vernalis ) ( smooth greensnake ) fire mortality and phenology . herpetological review 48 ( 4 ) : 864 - 865
thornton , okla w . , jr ; brown , chuck ; smith , j . r . ; dixon , james r . 1996 . geographic distribution . opheodrys aestivus majalis . herpetological review 27 ( 1 ) : 35 - get paper here
miscellaneous : the skin of the rough green snake turns blue soon after it dies . a cousin of the rough green snake , the smooth green snake ( opheodrys vernalis ) may occur in western north carolina , but no reliable verification exists .
floyd , t . m . , floyd , s . l . , floyd , e . k . & flowers , j . k . 2018 . geographic distribution : opheodrys aestivus ( rough green snake ) . herpetological review 49 : 77 - 78 .
konvalina , j . d . , trauth , s . e . , & plummer , m . v . 2018 . spermatogenesis and testicular cycle in rough greensnakes , opheodrys aestivus , from arkansas . journal of herpetology 52 ( 2 ) : 185–192 - get paper here
grobman , a . b . 1941 . a contribution to the knowledge of variation in opheodrys vernalis ( harlan ) , with the description of a new subspecies . misc . publ . mus . zool . univ . michigan , no . 50 : 1 - 38 - get paper here
the rough green snake ( opheodrys aestivus ) is bright green above and has a yellowish belly , affording it excellent camouflage in green vegetation . it has keeled dorsal scales , which are arranged in 17 rows at midbody . it grows up to 116 cm ( 45 3⁄4 in ) in total length [ 3 ] and is very thin .
nomenclatural history : kennicott ( 1855 ) used chlorosoma vernalis and davis and rice ( 1883 ) used cyclophis vernalis to refer to this species . hurter ( 1911 ) used liopeltis vernalis and schmidt & necker ( 1935 ) used eurypholis vernalis . smith ( 1961 ) used the combination opheodrys vernalis blanchardi grobman , 1941 , but subspecies are no longer recognized in vernalis .
the cephalic muscles in three species of entechinus , two species of opheodrys , and symphimus mayae display patterns of interspecific variation that are largely congruent with patterns of variation previously described for the skulls of these species . this congruence does not stem from direct correlation between the shapes of associated bones and muscles . in these colubrid snakes , most . . . [ show full abstract ]
the rough green snake is quite large compared to its smaller cousin the smooth green snake ( opheodrys vernalis ) and reaches lengths of 3 feet or better on average but rarely exceeding lengths of forty six inches . females tend to have a longer and larger body than the males and both genders are brightly colored dorsally in emerald green with a brilliant yellowish wash along the sides and towards the ventral scales and the belly of the rough greensnake is yellowish white in color .
i’m glad you have an interest in herps and birds , and it’s always exciting when you acquire your first pet snake . the snake that you now are caring for , however , does not have a great reputation for being an easy snake to keep . first , you must make sure that you have a secure cage and lid for your snake , as rough green snakes ( opheodrys aestivus ) are so thin that they can easily slither out of narrow spaces .
the derivation of the rough green snake’s scientific name ( opheodrys aestivus ) tells us a great deal about the species . it is a “serpent” ( “ophios” ) that lives in trees ( “drys” ) that is active in the warm months of summer ( “aestivus” ) . other common names for this snake also convey information about the appearance , behavior , and preferred habitats of this snake : “keeled green snake , ” “green whip snake , ” “vine snake , ” and “grass snake . ”
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banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada , draft ( 2004 )
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
flores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
, commonly known as the rough green snake , is found widely throughout the southeastern united states . it is found frequently as far north as southern new jersey and can be found along the east coast into the florida keys . the western range stretches to central oklahoma , texas , and into northern mexico .
rough green snakes are typically found on forest edges near ponds or lakes . although they are arboreal snakes , they forage in dense vegetation along pond and lake shorelines during the day . their nights are spent coiled in the branches of trees . rough green snakes choose perches based on distance from shorelines , height in branches , and thickness of the branch . rough green snakes are most commonly found in deciduous trees , shrubs , hedgerows , and fields .
rough green snakes are small and thin . the dorsal and lateral surfaces are a uniform green , the underbelly , chin and labial scales range from yellowish - green to cream . males and females have no differences in color or pattern , but females are larger in length and mass , while males have a longer tail length . juvenile rough green snakes look like smaller adults , except they are lighter in color . since these snakes are diurnal and tend not to avoid the heat of the day , their peritoneum is black and dense . this is believed to be an adaptation that acts as an ultraviolet radiation shield , keeping these snakes from becoming too hot . females range from 11 to 54 g in mass , with an average of 26 . 7 g , males are from 9 to 27 g , with an average of 16 . 3 g . average lengths are 947 mm in females and 892 mm in males .
embryos are well - developed upon egg laying . this allows for a short incubation period outside of the female , thus shortening the span for predators to eat the defenseless eggs . these eggs usually range from 21 . 4 to 33 . 6 mm long , 9 . 3 to 11 . 1 mm wide , and 1 . 2 to 2 . 4 g . upon hatching , their length averages 128 to 132 mm and weigh 1 . 1 g ( mitchell , 1994 ) . most growth occurs in the first year of life . females grow at a faster pace and reach larger sizes than males . according to plummer ( 1985 ) , the growth of rough green snakes follows the von bertalanffy model , which allows any size snake to be aged relatively accurately . however , this model is more accurate for younger snakes ; error is positively correlated with age .
rough green snakes reproduce sexually with internal fertilization . these snakes are promiscuous , with males leaving almost immediately after copulation ( richmond , 1956 ) . courtship behavior of rough green snakes consists of visual orientation of males towards females , approach , body contact , and body alignment . some motor patterns that are displayed during these stages are dorsal crawling , chin rubbing , tail waving , and head jerking . once aligned with a female , a male begins with tail search copulatory attempts in energetic spurts followed by periods of motionlessness . on average , alignment is accomplished in about 2 : 45 minutes and the copulatory sequences average about 16 : 04 minutes ( goldsmith , 1988 ) .
rough green snakes reach sexual maturity at 21 months in males and 21 to 33 months in females ( plummer , 1985 ) . although they breed every spring , fall matings have been noted ( mitchell , 1994 ) . the gestation period can range from 5 to 12 weeks , depending on temperatures , and they typically lay their eggs during june and july ( plummer , 1990 ) . clutch size is 3 to 12 soft - shelled eggs ( mitchell , 1994 ) . males first breed in the spring of their second year , usually around 21 months . however only half of females participate in breeding during their second spring , while the other half delays an additional 12 months . reproductively mature females can range from 360 to 400 mm snout - vent length , while sexually - mature males average 300 mm ( plummer , 1985 ) .
female rough green snakes nearing oviposition leave their usual arboreal habitat to travel on the ground away from the shoreline . they seek out hollows in dead or living trees , decaying logs , under rocks or under boards in sandy soil . such areas provide sufficient moisture levels for egg - laying . these locations are usually about 30 . 0 m ( + / - 9 . 0 m ) away from the shoreline . after oviposition , females return to the shoreline and resume her arboreal post . females have no further contact with their eggs after hatching ( plummer , 1990 ) .
survival rates are not well known for juvenile rough green snakes . however , adults have low survivorship , which may partly explain why these snakes become sexually mature early and lay rather large clutches annually . the main causes of mortality are environmental factors ( hot , dry conditions ) and predation . this species has an average life expectancy of 5 years , but they can reach up to 8 years .
rough green snakes are arboreal and diurnal . they spend their nights coiled on the far ends of tree branches near the shoreline ( plummer , 1997 ) . although arboreal , they spend time on the ground foraging . they are sedentary and will not bite as a defense , but rather flee into dense vegetation where they are camouflaged ( mitchell , 1994 ) . rough green snakes are active except in the cold winter months , usually december to february , depending on geographic location and temperature ( mitchell , 1994 ) . the cold months are spent in hibernation . rough green snakes are solitary , but there is a possibility that they use communal egg - laying ( palmer & braswell , 1976 ) .
rough green snakes have a home range of roughly 67 m in shore length , while only straying about 3 m away from the shore itself . home ranges vary year to year by about 50 m ( plummer , 1997 ) . they are not territorial .
rough green snakes use their tongue to sense chemical cues . they also have keen eyesight , allowing them to easily spot movement of prey . mating behaviors involve tactile and visual cues .
many animals prey up on these snakes , including larger snakes , birds , domestic cats , and even some spiders ( plummer , 1990 ; mitchell , 1994 ) . their only defense mechanism is camouflage .
rough green snakes are a source of prey for larger snakes , birds , and other small predators . there are a few known parasites that affect rough green snakes . they are infected occasionally with
although not common pets , domestication of these snakes has become increasingly popular because they are easy to care for .
rough green snakes are listed as a species of least concern . due to their apparent population stability , no conservation efforts are planned .
kaelin creange ( author ) , radford university , karen powers ( editor ) , radford university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
the state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced , thus lowering the animal ' s energy requirements . the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state , typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .
referring to something living or located adjacent to a waterbody ( usually , but not always , a river or stream ) .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
brower , a . , m . cranfield . 2001 . cryptosporidium sp . - associated enteritis without gastritis in rough green snakes .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
smooth green snakes are are only native to the nearctic region . they are found from northeastern canada , west to saskatchewan , south through illinois and virginia . there are isolated populations in areas of the western united states as well , including wyoming , new mexico , iowa , missouri , colorado , texas , and northern mexico .
smooth green snakes are found in moist , grassy areas , usually in prairies , pastures , meadows , marshes , and lake eges . they can also be found in open forested areas . they are most often found on the ground or climbing in low bushes . they also bask on and hide beneath rocks , logs , and other debris .
smooth green snakes are the only snakes in eastern north america that are entirely bright green on their upper surfaces . this coloration camouflages them well in their grassy habitats . the head is slightly wider than the neck and is green above and white below . the belly is white to pale yellow . occasionally smooth green snakes can be brown or tan in coloration . the scales are smooth and total body length ranges from 30 to 66 cm . males are usually smaller than females , but have longer tails . newly hatched smooth green snakes measure 8 . 3 to 16 . 5 cm in length and tend to be less brightly colored than adults , often olive - green or bluish - gray . smooth green snakes are harmless snakes , they are not venomous .
smooth green snakes mate in the spring and late summer . females lay from 3 to 13 cylindrical eggs in shallow burrows , in rotting vegetation , or under logs or rocks . females may share nest sites , each depositing their eggs into a single nest . eggs are laid from june to september and the eggs hatch in august or september . time to hatching varies quite a bit , from 4 to 30 days . this is partly a result of their ability to retain the eggs and incubate them in their body . keeping the eggs inside the female would be beneficial to speed development because females can bask and maintain the warmth of their eggs if they are retained in her body . young smooth green snakes mature in their second year .
breeding season females lay eggs from june to september , the young hatch in august or september .
once a female lays her eggs there is no further parental care of the young , though females may retain their eggs for varying amounts of time - thus warming them to speed development and protecting them from predators and injury .
lifespans in the wild of smooth green snakes are unknown . one captive individual lived for 6 years .
smooth green snakes are active from april through october and are mainly solitary . in winter they hibernate with groups of other snakes , including other snake species . hibernation sites include anthills and abandoned rodent burrows . smooth green snakes are most active during the day , though they may be active mainly in the morning and evening in hot weather .
as other snakes , smooth green snakes rely mainly on their sense of smell , vision , and their detection vibrations to locate prey . they mainly communicate with other snakes by chemical cues and through tactile cues .
. they rely on their bright green color to camouflage them under most circumstances . they are fast and agile and can escape quickly , but will bite and thrash if harassed and can smear attackers with a nasty - smelling fluid .
smooth green snakes influence the populations of their insect prey and serve as a food source for predators .
smooth green snakes help to control populations of insect pests where they are abundant .
smooth green snakes have been declining in numbers and local populations have been wiped out throughout their range . this is mainly the result of habitat destruction and pesticide use . because their diet is mainly insects , they are particularly vulnerable to the effects of insecticides that are widely sprayed in agricultural areas .
smooth green snakes , as with most snakes , don ' t do well in captivity . they fail to eat and do not survive for long .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
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crother , b . i . ( ed . ) . 2012 . standard common and current scientific names for north american amphibians , turtles , reptiles , and crocodilians , seventh edition . herpetological circular 39 : 1 - 92 .
justification : listed as least concern in view of the large and relatively stable extent of occurrence area of occupancy , and number of subpopulations . the species is not threatened in most of its range .
this species occurs widely in the united states and southern canada , with an isolated population in northern mexico . its range extends from nova scotia westward across southern canada to southeastern saskatchewan , south and west to northern new jersey , western maryland , virginia , west virginia , southern ohio , northwestern indiana , illinois , missouri , nebraska , new mexico , chihuahua ( mexico ) , and utah , and highly disjunctly to southeastern texas in the united states ; the distribution is highly discontinuous throughout the western half of the range ( conant and collins 1991 , grobman 1992 , walley 2003 ) .
it is represented by a very large number of occurrences or subpopulations ( walley 2003 ) . the total adult population size is unknown but certainly exceeds 100 , 000 . its extent of occurrence , area of occupancy , number of occurrences or subpopulations , and population size are probably relatively stable or slowly declining ( less than 10 % over 10 years or three generations ) .
the species ' habitats include meadows , grassy marshes , moist grassy fields at forest edges , mountain shrublands , stream borders , bogs , open moist woodland , abandoned farmland , and vacant lots . this snake has been found hibernating in abandoned ant mounds . eggs are laid under rotting wood , underground , or under rocks .
local populations are threatened by habitat loss and degradation resulting from human activities and successional changes , but in general the species is not very threatened .
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neotype , usnm 92473 , male ( c . w . burn , 19 july 1933 ) , designated by grobman , 1984 : 161 .
named after the latin “aestivus” for
summer ,
in obvious reference to the green dorsal color .
allen , morrow j . 1932 . a survey of the amphibians and reptiles of harrison county , mississippi . american museum novitates ( 542 ) : 1 - 20 - get paper here
baird , s . f . and c . girard . 1853 . catalogue of north american reptiles in the museum of the smithsonian institution . part 1 . - serpents . smithsonian inst . , washington , xvi + 172 pp . - get paper here
barts , m . 2006 . herpetologische beobachtungen im us - bundesstaat oklahoma . reptilia ( münster ) 11 ( 61 ) : 43 - 50 - get paper here
bogosian , victor ; eric c . hellgren , and raymond w . moody 2012 . assemblages of amphibians , reptiles , and mammals on an urban military base in oklahoma . southwestern naturalist 57 ( 3 ) : 277 - 284 . - get paper here
burt , charles e . 1935 . further records of the ecology and distribution of amphibians and reptiles in the middle west . american midland naturalist 16 ( 3 ) : 311 - 336 - get paper here
christman , s . p . 1980 . patterns of geographic variation in florida snakes . bulletin of the florida state museum of biological sciences 25 ( 3 ) : 1 ( 157 ? ) - 256 - get paper here
collins , j . t . & collins , s . l . 2009 . a pocket guide to kansas snakes , 2nd ed . great plains nature center , wichita , 69 pp .
collins , j . t . & collins , s . l . 2010 . a pocket guide to kansas snakes , 3rd ed . great plains nature center , wichita , 69 pp .
conant , roger 1938 . the reptiles of ohio . american midland naturalist 20 ( 1 ) : 1 - 200 - get paper here
conant , r . & collins , j . t . 1991 . a field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern / central north america , 3rd ed . houghton mifflin ( boston / new york ) , xx + 450 p .
cope , e . d . 1872 . curious habit of a snake . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 10 : 230 - get paper here
cope , e . d . 1872 . curious habit of a snake . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 1872 : 40 - get paper here
crother , b . i . ( ed . ) 2012 . standard common and current scientific names for north american amphibians , turtles , reptiles , and crocodilians , seventh edition . herpetological circular 39 : 1 - 92
dixon , james r . 2000 . amphibians and reptiles of texas , second edition . texas a & m university press , 421 pp .
dury , r . 1932 . notes on reptiles and amphibians from clifty falls state park , jefferson county , indiana proc . jr . soc . nat . hist . cincinnati 3 ( 2 ) : 23 - 26
elmberg , j . 1980 . herpetological observations 77 - 78 [ in vernon county , wisconsin ] . fältbiologerna umea .
enge , kevin m . 2009 . venomous and non - venomous snakes of florida . publication of the florida fish & wildlife conservation commission . 16 pp .
ernst , c . h . , & barbour , r . w . 1989 . snakes of eastern north america . george mason univ . press , fairfax , va 282 pp .
fitzinger , l . 1843 . systema reptilium , fasciculus primus , amblyglossae . braumüller et seidel , wien : 106 pp . - get paper here
garman , samuel 1884 . the reptiles and batrachians of north america . mem . mus . comp . zool , cambridge ( massachusetts ) , 8 ( 3 ) : xxxiv + 185 pp . [ 1883 ] [ cnah reprint 10 ] - get paper here
glorioso , brad m . ; and j . hardin waddle 2017 . nocturnal arboreality in snakes in the swamplands of the atchafalaya basin of south - central louisiana and big thicket national preserve of southeast texas jnah 2017 ( 1 ) : 11 - 18 - get paper here
green , n . b . , & pauley , t . k . 1987 . amphibians and reptiles in west virginia . univ . of pittsburgh press , pittsburgh , 241 pp .
heimes , p . 2016 . snakes of mexico . chimaira , frankfurt , 572 pp
irwin , kelly j . 2004 . arkansas snake guide . arkansas game & fish commission , little rock , 50 pp .
jensen , john b . ; carlos d . camp , whit gibbons , & matt j . elliott 2008 . amphibians and reptiles of georgia . university of georgia press , 575 pp .
lemos - espinal ja , smith gr 2016 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of coahuila , mexico , with comparison with adjoining states . zookeys 593 : 117 - 137 , doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 593 . 8484 - get paper here
lemos - espinal ja , smith gr , cruz a 2016 . amphibians and reptiles of the state of nuevo león , mexico . zookeys 594 : 123 - 141 , doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 594 . 8289 - get paper here
liner , e . a . 1994 . scientific and common names for the amphibians and reptiles of mexico in english and spanish . herpetological circular 23 : 1 - 113
linné , c . von [ = linnaeus , c . ] 1766 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio duodecima , reformata . laurentii salvii , stockholm , holmiae . 1 - 532 pp . - get paper here
linzey , d . w . , & clifford , m . j . 1981 . snakes of virgina . univ . press of virginia , charlottesville 159 pp .
lönnberg , einar 1894 . notes on reptiles and batrachians collected in florida in 1892 and 1893 . proc . us natl . mus . 17 ( 1003 ) : 317 - 339 - get paper here
mcvay , john david ; bryan carstens 2013 . testing monophyly without well - supported gene trees : evidence from multi - locus nuclear data conflicts with existing taxonomy in the snake tribe thamnophiini . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , volume 68 , issue 3 , september 2013 , pages 425–431 - get paper here
meshaka , jr . , walter e . & joseph t . collins 2009 . a pocket guide to pennsylvania snakes . the commonwealth of pennsylvania , 56 pp . - get paper here
mitchell , j . c . & reay , k . k . 1999 . atlas of amphibians and reptiles in virginia . specialty publication 1 , va dept of game and fisheries , 122 pp . - get paper here
mitchell , j . c . 1994 . the reptiles of virginia . virginia department of game and inland fisheries , ca . 350 pp .
palis , j . g . 2016 . snakes of “snake road” bull . chicago herp . soc . 51 : 1 - get paper here
palmer , w . m . & braswell , a . l . 1995 . reptiles of north carolina . univ . north carolina press
schmidt , t . 2002 . grasnattern . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 78 pp . - get paper here
skubowius , b . 2010 . new jersey – mit „fieldherpern“ und „pineys“ auf der suche nach der nördlichen kiefernnatter ( pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus ) . reptilia ( münster ) 15 ( 84 ) : 52 - 60 - get paper here
smith , hobart m . 1944 . snakes of the hoogstraal expeditions to northern mexico . zoological series of field museum of natural history 29 ( 8 ) : 135 - 152 - get paper here
snyder , richard c . 1945 . notes on the snakes of southeastern alabama . copeia 1945 ( 3 ) : 173 - 174 - get paper here
tennant , a . 2003 . snakes of north america - eastern and central regions , revised edition . lone star books , 605 pp .
terán - juárez , sergio a . , elí garcía padilla , vicente mata - silva , jerry d . johnson and larry david wilson . 2016 . the herpetofauna of tamaulipas , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 43–113 - get paper here
terrell , vanessa c . , jaimie l . klemish , nathan j . engbecht , john a . may , peter j . lannoo , rochelle m . stiles , and michael j . lannoo . 2014 . amphibian and reptile colonization of reclaimed coal spoil grasslands . the journal of north american herpetology 2014 ( 1 ) : 59 - 68 - get paper here
thornton , okla w . , jr . ; smith , jerry r . 1993 . new county records of amphibians and reptiles from west - central texas . herpetological review 24 ( 1 ) : 35 - 36 - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
weller , w . h . 1930 . records of some reptiles and amphibians from chimney rock camp , chimney rock n . c . , and vicinity . proc . jr . soc . nat . hist . cincinnati 1 ( 8 - 9 ) : 51 - 54 [ unnumbered pages ]
werler , john e . & james r . dixon 2000 . texas snakes . university of texas press , 544 pages
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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key characters : fifteen rows of smooth scales at midbody ; divided anal plate .
description : slender green snake up to 85 cm tl with off - white belly . newborn is dark olive - green ; slightly older juvenile is gray - green .
habitat : moist prairie remnants , savannas , bogs , marshes , wet meadows , old fields , and vacant lots .
status : not abundant anywhere in the state . reduced by habitat destruction and widespread use of insecticides that eliminate populations of food organisms .
harlan , r . 1827 . genera of north american reptilia , and a synopsis of the species . journal of the academy of natural sciences philadelphia . 5 ( 2 ) : 317 - 372 .
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the most pungent blossom of the sandswept delta unfortunately smells of rotting meat . ( special thanks hailsmoothie . )
these bells are often hung around lairs at festival time . their loud chiming has become something of a holiday tradition . ( special thanks to viridiansylph ! )
a powerful and focused jet stream . deals wind damage to one target . may only be used by wind dragons .
envelops the enemy in a swirling vortex . has a chance to apply berserk . ( the target has a chance to attack friend or foe . ) may only be used by wind dragons .
a loose - hanging fetish of skulls and pink charms . the feathers are said to have medicinal properties for the wearer if held close to the heart .
a soft - shelled egg that is patterned with swirls . it bounces at every sound , as if it wishes to dance with the activities surrounding it .
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description : rough green snakes are very slender and graceful with beautiful , solid green backs and yellow or white bellies . the scales are keeled ( rough ) . rough green snakes are excellent climbers and spend most of their time above ground . when captured , they never bite and are usually very gentle when held .
habitat / range : they are active primarily during the daytime and are common in areas with dense vegetation surrounding water . because they blend in so well with the vegetation in which they live , rough green snakes are often difficult to find .
reproduction : they breed in the spring or fall and lay 3–12 eggs during the summer . several females may lay eggs in one spot , frequently inside rotting logs . the babies , that hatch in early fall , look like miniature adults , but their color is less vividly green .
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. click on the species names to view details about that species . click on the column headings to sort by that column .
scientific and common names used in this publication follow crother et al . ( 2012 ) . since the publication of johnson ( 2000 ) , several systematic studies have necessitated nomenclatural changes of some missouri species .
frost et al . ( 2006 ) concluded that several geographically widespread genera represented polyphyletic groups . their work necessitated the splitting of several familiar genera and applying new names to the species found in missouri . missouri toads formerly placed in the genus bufo have been reassigned to the genus anaxyrus and true frogs of the genus rana are now placed in the genus lithobates .
two other formerly cosmopolitan genera , eumeces and elaphe , have also undergone revision . brandley et al . ( 2005 ) resurrected the genus plestiodon for the clade containing the north american skinks and utiger et al . ( 2002 ) placed the north american ratsnakes of the genus elaphe into the resurrected genus pantherophis .
a study of the phylogeny of the racers restricted the genus coluber to the new world and also included the coachwhip and whipsnakes of the genus masticophis ( nagy et al . 2004 ) . also , reeder et al . ( 2002 ) concluded from their phylogenetic study that the genus cnemidophorus was not a monophyletic assemblage . they presented evidence that species in north america represent a distinct clade and reassigned all u . s . species to the resurrected genus aspidoscelis .


karllangia arenicola is a species of marine copepod .

it is the type species of the genus karllangia .

the species was described by noodt in 1964 .

karllangia arenicola

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walter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database .
walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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parastenhelia hornelli thompson & a . scott , 1903 [ black sea , sri lanka , antarctic ( livingston island ) ; sand banks with algae ]
parastenhelia pyriformis song et al . , 2003 [ korea ; sandy bottoms ] [ pdf ]
foweya anglica ( norman & t . scott , 1905 ) [ england ; marine ] [ pdf ]
por ( 1986 ) allocated the genera rhizothrix and tryphoema to the family rhizothricidae por , 1986 . with other members of the genus . a key to
currently , 12 species and subspecies are included within rhizothrix . the type species of the genus , rhizothrix curvata , was reported from british coasts .
later , scott ( 1903 ) reported r . minuta ( t . scott , 1903 ) and r . gracilis ( t . scott , 1903 ) from scotland . wilson ( 1932 ) described r . tenella ( wilson , 1932 ) from the atlantic coast of north america , and lang ( 1936 ) reported r . scotti ( lang , 1936 ) from the arctic ocean . since lang’s ( 1948 ) monograph , six species and subspecies have been added : r . reducta noodt , 1952 ; r . reducta noodti galhano , 1970 ; r . pubescens por , 1959 ; r . quadriseta wells , 1967 ; r . spinosa coull , 1971 ; and r . wilsoni bodin , 1979 . most recently , arlt ( 1983 ) reported r . cf . minuta from the baltic sea and discussed the differences observed between his r . cf . minuta and r . minuta
( from : nam & le , 2005 ) .
rhizothrix gracilis ( t . scott , 1903 ) [ north europe ; marine sand ]
rhizothrix minuta ( t . scott , 1903 ) [ north europe ; marine sand ]
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these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
acunto s , maltagliati f , benedetti - cecchi l , lardicci c , cinelli f , cognetti g ( 1995 ) osservazioni sui popolamenti bentonici di un’area interessata da fenomeni di vulcanismo secondario nei pressi dell’isola di panarea ( me ) . in : faranda fm ( ed ) caratterizzazione ambientale marina del sistema eolie e dei bacini limitrofi di cefalù e gioia ( eocumm94 ) . g . lang , genova , pp 251–256
buchanan jb ( 1984 ) sediment analyses . in : holme na , mcintyre ad ( eds ) methods for the study of marine benthos . ( ipb handbook , 16 ) . blackwell scientific publications , london , pp 41–65
clarke kr , warwick rm ( 1994 ) changes in marine communities : an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation . nat environ res counc , uk
coull bc ( 1985 ) long - term variability of estuarine meiobenthos : an 11 year study . mar ecol prog ser 24 : 205–218
dando pr , hughes ja , thiermann f ( 1995 ) preliminary observations on biological communities at shallow hydrothermal vents in the aegean sea . in : parson lm , walker cl , dixon dr ( eds ) hydrothermal vents and processes . geol soc , london , spec publ 87 , pp 303–317
dixon pm ( 1993 ) the bootstrap and the jackknife : describing the precision of ecological indices . in : scheiner sm , gurevitch j ( eds ) design and analysis of ecological experiments . chapman and hall , new york , pp 290–318
fricke h , giere o , stetter k , alfredsson ga , kristjansson jk , stoffers p , svavarsson j ( 1989 ) hydrothermal vent communities at the shallow subpolar mid - atlantic ridge . mar biol 102 : 425–429 .
gabbianelli g , cortecci g , capra a , giacomelli l , pompilio m , rossi pml ( 1996 ) lineamenti geo - vulcanologici ed ambientali dell’area craterica sottomarina di dattilo - lisca bianca ( isola di panarea , arcipelago eoliano ) . in : faranda fm , povero p ( eds ) caratterizzazione ambientale marina del sistema eolie e dei bacini limitrofi di cefalù e gioia ( eocumm95 ) . g . lang , genova , pp 475–484
hicks grf , coull bc ( 1983 ) the ecology of marine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods . oceanogr mar biol annu rev 21 : 67–175
huston m ( 1979 ) a general hypothesis of species diversity . am nat 113 : 81–101
italiano f , nuccio pm ( 1991 ) geochemical investigations of submarine volcanic exhalations to the east of panarea , aeolian islands , italy . j volcanol geothermal res 46 : 125–141
kamenev gm , fadeev vi , selin ni , tarasov vg ( 1993 ) composition and distribution of macro - and meiobenthos around sublittoral hydrothermal vents in the bay of plenty , new zealand . nz j mar freshwater res 27 : 407–418
thiermann f , windoffer r , giere o ( 1994 ) selected meiofauna around shallow water hydrothermal vents off milos ( greece ) : ecological and ultrastructural aspects . vie milieu 44 : 215–226
thiermann f , atoumianaki i , hughes ja , giere o ( 1997 ) benthic fauna of a shallow - water gaseohydrothermal vent area in the aegean sea ( milos , greece ) . mar biol 128 : 149–159
wieser w ( 1959 ) the effect of grain size on the distribution of small invertebrates inhabiting the beaches of pudget sound . limnol oceanogr 4 : 181–194
colangelo m . a . , bertasi f . , dall’olio p . , ceccherelli v . h . ( 2001 ) meiofaunal biodiversity on hydrothermal seepage off panarea ( aeolian islands , tyrrhenian sea ) . in : faranda f . m . , guglielmo l . , spezie g . ( eds ) mediterranean ecosystems . springer , milano


gelechia mediterranea is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in france , spain and greece , as well as on sardinia and crete .

the length of the forewings 5-5.5 mm .

the forewings are blackish-brown .

the hindwings are greyish-brown with brownish scales .

adults are on wing from the end of june to the beginning of september , probably in two generations per year .

the larvae possibly feed on acer species .

gelechia mediterranea

gelechia is a genus of moth in the family gelechiidae . the type species is gelechia rhombella .
gelechia sp . hübner : gelechiidae , lepidoptera ( observations are from graenicher ; this is a gelechiid moth sp . ) asteraceae : rudbeckia hirta sn ( gr ) , solidago juncea sn ( gr )
hauser , e . : vergleichende analyse eines neuen systematischen merkmals im verhalten kopulierender psychiden ( lepidoptera ) : die flügelstellung des männchens . plante , j . : mise au point ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) . huemer , p . : gelechia sestertiella auct . - ein artkomplex ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) . nässig , w . a . : biological observations and taxonomic notes on actias isabellae ( graells ) ( lepidoptera , saturniidae ) . varga , z . & ronkay , l . : taxonomical notes on the genus victrix staudinger , 1879 ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) . ii . the subgenus rasihia kocak , 1989 . thomson , g . : a possible sound priducing structure in maniola butterflies ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) . yasuda , t . & razowski , j . : some japanese genera and species of the tribe euliini ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . new taxa : gelechia mediterranea n . sp . , gelechia dujardini n . sp . , dicanticinta n . gen . , protoptera eremia n . sp . , minutargyrotoza n . gen .
gelechia sp . hübner : gelechiidae , lepidoptera ( observations are from graenicher ; this is a gelechiid moth sp . ) asteraceae : rudbeckia hirta sn ( gr ) , solidago juncea sn ( gr ) insect activities : sn = sucks nectar scientific observers : ( gr ) = s . graenicher
gelechia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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the bioko drill ( mandrillus leucophaeus poensis ) is a subspecies of the endangered drill living on the island of bioko in equatorial guinea .

it is distinguished by a brownish yellow crown with a black tip .

it is otherwise like the mainland drill .

bioko drill

home » mandrillus leucophaeus ssp . poensis ( bioko drill , fernando po drill )
a nice article on the bioko drill . i’d love to visit bioko island . has anyone been ?
on a primate censusing expedition on bioko island , equatorial guinea , i captured on video a wild bioko drill monkey ( mandrillus leucophaeus poensis ) . the sighting lasted about 30 minutes and is said to be one of the few videos ever captured of a wild bioko drill .
original kin . the bioko drill and its mainland counterpart harbor sivs that are clarifying the origin of the aids virus in chimpanzees .
as the bushmeat trade drives the bioko drill monkey toward extinction , some west africans are realizing these animals are worth more in the woods than on the plate .
none of this is good news for the drill , one of the most endangered primates in africa and the biggest animal left on bioko—ever since the forest buffalo was hunted to extinction a century ago . over 13 years , scientists with the bioko biodiversity program at drexel university found more than 4 , 500 drill carcasses for sale in the island’s main city , malabo .
find out more about the drill , the film , our research , and outreach .
as it turned out , the siv from the drills closely matches siv from red - capped mangabeys , one of the two contributors to sivcpz . so an ancestor of this drill could have infected chimpanzees . according to marx ' s analysis , a virus related to the bioko drill ' s siv infected chimpanzees at least 22 , 000 years ago .
since 2011 the drill project has worked on bioko island , equatorial guinea , filming , collecting data and providing protection for the drill . we would like thank everyone past and present who have supported our project and the other conservation projects working towards the same goal . it is our hope that through this site we can provide a resource for people who want to learn about the drill monkey and be inspired to help conserve the world ' s endangered species and biodiversity .
justification : this subspecies was documented as undergoing a decline well exceeding 30 % just during the years 1986 - 2006 , which is well within a time - frame of 30 years ( three generations ) in the past , mainly due to hunting . the bioko drill is now confined to a limited region of bioko , with an extent of occurrence less than 1 , 000 km² .
drills became stranded on bioko at the end of the last ice age , roughly 10 , 000 years ago , when the seas rose and swallowed a land bridge that connected the island to the rest of africa . because of this , many consider bioko’s drills to be their own subspecies , mandrillus leucophaeus poensis . but no matter a drill’s address , island or mainland , it’s endangered .
a drill project camera trap captures images deep in the jungle where one male bioko drill gets too close to another ' s mate . these encounters are mostly harmless and lets others know where they stand in group hierarchy . data like this is used to better understand how drills use their habitat and interact with one another in order to make informed decisions regarding their conservation .
the drill is found in the mainland , subspecies from the cross river in nigeria to the sanaga river in cameroon , whilst the bioko drill ( m . l . poensis ) is found on the southern part of bioko . drills are active during the day and occur in small troops of 15 to 25 animals , composed of a so called male / multifemale group formation . female give birth to a single infant . drills mainly forage on the ground or in the lower levels of the trees , and are generally fruit eaters .
the plan was simple : show equatorial guineans what they’d never seen before , a drill in its natural habitat doing what drills do , to convince them the living animals’ appeal . the problem was that no one on bioko or mainland africa had ever managed to capture a drill on film . well , ok , there has been some footage of drills’ brilliantly colored backsides as the animals hotfooted it into the brush . but you can’t make a film entirely out of monkey tuchus .
77 specimens registered by the international studbook ( 2004 , excl . 150 specimens at drill rehabilitation center , nigeria ) , 272 reported to isis ( 2007 )
as a species , the drill inhabits a total range smaller than the state of west virginia , some 19 , 000 square miles , most of it in cameroon . in nigeria and equatorial guinea , there are so few of the animals left that they went unnoticed by scientists until 1987 . in addition to hunting , habitat destruction and political instability in their host nations contribute to uncertainty for the drill’s future . the lower third of bioko’s 779 square miles is protected forest , but in name only .
but the island’s laws aren’t doing much to save the drill . so honarvar teamed up with conservation biologist and filmmaker justin jay in 2010 to create the drill project . the idea was to try to change peoples’ perceptions of the animals , from what’s for dinner now to what might help put food on the table later .
by bringing the primates into peoples’ homes—alive on the tube , not dead on the dinner plate—the scientists hope to make drill sightings a lot more commonplace for generations to come .
marx and his team collected samples of siv in dead monkeys on bioko , which were killed for bushmeat . the researchers isolated sivs from four different species on the island . one species , the bioko drill ( mandrillus leucophaeus poensis ) , has a mainland counterpart that also harbors siv . the fact that the virus was in both drills and that the island separated from the mainland 12 , 000 years ago provided a precise way to calibrate the molecular clock , and comparisons of the sivs confirmed marx ' s suspicion that the jump into chimpanzees must have occurred much earlier than worobey ' s previous estimates .
the drill ( mandrillus leucophaeus ) as well his sole congener , the mandrill ( m . sphinx ) are large , colourful and highly sexually dimorphic forest - dwelling short tailed monkeys ; males can grow up to twice the size of females . they live in contiguous ranges in the equatorial rain forest zone of west central africa . the drill is one of the most endangered of all african primates .
and they have good reason to—because the one surefire way to see a drill up close is to go to the local market . the bushmeat business thrives on the island , which is part of equatorial guinea , despite its being outlawed .
honarvar first traveled to the island in 2008 to study leatherback sea turtles . but it wasn’t long before she became interested in the drill for its potential as an umbrella species , one whose protections would benefit others within the ecosystem as well .
seeing a drill on bioko island , which lies 20 miles off the cameroon coast , is extremely rare . and it’s not because these 110 - pound , bitey - looking monkeys are easy to miss . they look like a cross between a mandrill and a baboon , with short tails and terrifyingly long teeth . their fang - to - body - size ratio is actually among the largest of all mammals . sightings are uncommon because these primates are extremely wary of humans and prefer to stick to the island’s dense jungle .
did you know ? that the drill is highly threatened and under enormous pressure from hunting as the sweet ' bushmeat ' of this species is an important income for many people in the region ? troups of noisy drills make an easy target for poachers .
in the opening moments of the film , we meet a male drill who’s recently injured his hand in a hunter’s snare . he limps about impotently , unable to defend himself from rival males or compete for mates . it’s a scene you won’t soon forget .
vienna —thousands of years ago , a piece of west africa separated from the mainland and formed the island of bioko . the monkeys that inhabit the island may be crucial to unraveling the puzzling origins of the aids epidemic in humans , according to a study presented here last week at the 18th international aids conference .
hunters use dogs to corral the drills into a single tree , says ecologist shaya honarvar , a research assistant professor at indiana university–purdue university . then the poachers single out the largest animals and shoot them down with shotguns . a 65 - pound drill can fetch up to $ 300—or about three weeks’ salary for the average equatorial guinean .
paul sharp , an evolutionary biologist at the university of edinburgh in the united kingdom who first described the sivs that led to sivcpz , has more confidence that the new findings will hold up to scrutiny .
molecular - clock analyses have suggested that the sivs arose within the last few thousand years ,
he says .
these bioko viruses are clear evidence that the sivs must be much older than that .
it’s too soon to know if the film is having a meaningful impact on what’s for sale at malabo’s markets , but the filmmakers report that many audience members said they no longer had any desire to eat the primate . others said they’d still eat bushmeat , just not drills . that’s not such good news for bioko’s 10 other monkey species , 8 of which are classified as either endangered or vulnerable . but it’s a start .
after six months of tracking these huge primates through the jungle and more than 1 , 000 motionless hours spent huddling in homemade wildlife blinds , honarvar and jay had enough footage to put a short documentary together . you can watch the whole thing here —and i recommend you do . for one thing , it’s gorgeous , in both sight and sound . and for another , this is probably the only chance you’ll get to see what it’s like to tread through the forests of bioko .
skeptics , including virologist preston marx of the tulane national primate research center in covington , louisiana , suspected the leap from monkeys to chimps occurred tens of thousands of years earlier . sivs and sivcpz are found everywhere from east to west africa , and marx reasoned that it
was just not possible
for the viruses to have spread so widely in 500 years . so he came up with a new way to calibrate the molecular clock that relied on bioko ' s known separation date from the mainland , and he recruited worobey to help him analyze the data .
after the film was completed in 2013 , the team got the country’s only television station to air it every two weeks . “i would like to think that most people in equatorial guinea have seen it , ” says jay . but not everyone on bioko has a television set , or even the electricity to power one . and it’s these people who live nearest to the drills . to reach them , honarvar and company visited local villages to give short presentations before screening the film . the response , she says , was overwhelmingly positive , especially when it came to how the drills form family groups to mate and raise young .
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mittermeier , r . a . , rylands , a . b . and wilson d . e . 2013 . handbook of the mammals of the world : volume 3 primates . lynx edicions , barcelona .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
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a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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through research and conservation outreach focused on the use of film , we hope to increase the awareness of these endangered animals and fragile ecosystems thus providing the people of equatorial guinea with the incentive to protect these national resources .
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on february 8 , the year of the monkey will swing in , and in honor of the chinese new year , this weekly series will check in on the monkey business going down across the planet until the fireworks begin blasting over beijing .
“in many places , primates are quite literally being eaten to extinction . ” — russell a . mittermeier , president of conservation international
of course , those drills don’t look like much in the market , with their fur singed off and their limbs splayed and stiff . the magnificent animals just appear as another piece of meat . beef , chicken , fish , and pork are also available on the island—and are cheaper than wild game . but the urban rich prize bushmeat as a status symbol , while the rural poor eat it to subsist .
you see , equatorial guinea , also known as “africa’s kuwait , ” has been making most of its money in recent decades from oil drilling , but those wells are starting to run dry . the country will soon need a new revenue plan , and honarvar says the government has hinted that the plan may include eco - tourism . and what do tourists love ? megafauna .
“drills are so charismatic , ” she says . “they’re one of the largest monkeys in the world . ”
“it was important to bring the animals to the local people in different ways , ” says honarvar , “to show the animals as more than just something on their plates . ”
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scientists have argued about the origin of the aids epidemic since it surfaced in 1981 , but this much is widely accepted today : sometime around 1931 , hiv - 1 , the main virus driving the epidemic , likely entered humans from chimpanzees , which are infected with a related virus called sivcpz . the chimp virus , in turn , is a blend of sivs from two different monkey species .
less clear is when the monkey viruses moved into chimpanzees . last year , one prominent investigator in the origin field , evolutionary biologist michael worobey of the university of arizona in tucson , found evidence that the monkey - to - chimp jump occurred sometime between 1266 and 1685 . worobey and his team used changes in the rna of these sivs to calculate their age . these so - called molecular clocks depend on how they ' re calibrated , however , and not everyone was convinced .
worobey ' s earlier studies did not date the origin of siv itself but suggested that it was
relatively young .
others have argued that the sivs emerged millions of years ago . the new analysis of all four monkey species suggests that , at a minimum , the sivs are 76 , 000 years old—although marx suspects that they evolved far earlier . this longer history of primates harboring the viruses may explain why sivs cause no harm in the african monkeys they infect , marx noted : the hosts have had more time to evolve appropriate immune responses or cellular changes that make them less vulnerable to the viruses . ( recent reports strongly indicate that sivcpz can cause aids in chimpanzees . )
the data are excellent ,
says simon wain - hobson , a virologist at the pasteur institute in paris who has been involved in origin studies since the start of the aids epidemic . but he cautions that the siv on the island may have been introduced recently , upending marx and worobey ' s clock calibration .
the jury is out ,
says wain - hobson , noting that he is not ready to discard the substantial evidence from other molecular - clock analyses that sivcpz is younger .
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i saw a bunch of mammalian videos this week , ranging from the very cute – bao bao’s first snow . . .
are lions better off in fenced reserves than roaming free ? a birder’s report of watching a green mamba encounter . . .
a few recent articles . while the eastern cougar has been declared extinct , animals in the west remain bold ( as . . .
( august 6 , 2008 ) — the world’s population of critically endangered western lowland gorillas recently received a huge boost when . . .
i’ve been contacted by a south african , willem frost , who is finalising the manuscript for a book on the . . .
i returned to tanzania for a second short trip a few in november 2011 , mainly to look for ader’s duiker . . .
some recent articles include a couple on rarely known central african primates : rembrandt’s monkey and bouvier’s red colobus ( piliocolobus . . .
here are three more reports from jason woolgar’s travels zambia & zimbabwe , 2009 : 17 days & 43 species including . . .
one of my coworkers spent 6 months on the beach on the leatherback project . winter of 11 / 12 i think . she said it’s way too expensive if you’re not there working . lots of great mammals . i considered applying myself , but 6 months of volunteering is a bit much for me .
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genetically welsh , spiritually australian , currently in new york city . i ' ve lived and worked in london , canberra , paris and lusaka , and visited about 100 countries .
for air transport , container note 33 or 34 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed .