the roundtail chub , gila robusta , is a cyprinid fish in the gila genus , of southwestern north america .

it is native to the colorado river drainage basin , including the gila river and other tributaries , and in several other rivers .

it is part of the “ robusta complex ” , which includes the gila robusta robusta , g.r. grahami , and g.r. seminuda .

roundtail chub

threatened species status for the headwater chub and roundtail chub distinct population segment ; proposed rule ; withdrawal .
the pahranagat roundtail chub is most similar in appearance to the common roundtail chub ( g . r . robusta ) , which is found in the colorado river and its larger tributaries .
threatened species status for the headwater chub and a distinct population segment of the roundtail chub ; proposed rule ; reopening of the comment period .
carman , s . m . 2006 . colorado river basin chubs roundtail chub gila robusta gila chub gila intermedia headwater chub gila nigra recovery plan . new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe , new mexico .
6 - month extension of final determination for the proposed listing of the headwater chub and distinct population segment of the roundtail chub as threatened species ; proposed rule ; reopening of the comment period .
roundtail chub populations have declined to the point where the fish is being considered as a candidate for the federal endangered species act . but their numbers are just fine in central arizona . in fact , the roundtail chub is thriving on the salt and verde rivers .
the patchy distribution of pahranagat roundtail chub in the pahranagat creek / ditch suggests that this fish requires specific foraging habitat . pahranagat roundtail chub typically congregate in pools below a portion of the river that is typically narrow and has increased water velocity . fallen trees or branches are common to these areas , and increase water turbulence . the distinctive hydraulic conditions that pahranagat roundtail chub occupy probably provide optimum opportunities for encountering food items with minimal energy expenditure . pahranagat roundtail chub generally enter slightly faster water velocities when striking at a food item .
82 - new mexico department of game and fish . 2006 . colorado river basin chubs ( roundtail chub gila robusta , gila chub gila intermedia , headwater chub gila nigra ) recovery plan . nmdgf conservation services division , santa fe , new mexico , usa . urltoken
89 - new mexico department of game and fish . 2006 . colorado river basin chubs ( roundtail chub gila robusta , gila chub gila intermedia , headwater chub gila nigra ) recovery plan . nmdgf conservation services division , santa fe , new mexico , usa . urltoken view document
pahranagat roundtail chub .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
roundtail chubs readily take artificial lures and bait and put up a strong fight . effective lures and bait include : small spinners , spoons , flies , worms and crickets . fishing with ultra - lite tackle and light line is an exciting way to fish for roundtail chub on an arizona river . make sure to check the fishing regulations for special tackle , size limits and bag limits for roundtail chub .
roundtail , gila , and headwater chubs reclassified as a single species , gila robusta .
pahranagat roundtail chub .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
the roundtail chub is a large minnow , native to the high desert rivers and streams of the western us and found nowhere else . roundtail chub have declined due to dewatering and the introduction of exotic predaory fishes . roundtails are known to prey on terrestrial and aquatic insects , mollusks , other invertebrates , fishes , lizards , detritus and algae .
the introduction of non - native fishes to the watershed are primarily responsible for the decline of the pahranagat roundtail chub . streams in the pahranagat valley have been extensively altered to accommodate irrigation . the present restricted habitat of the pahranagat roundtail chub is one of the few stream reaches that has not been lined with concrete . non - native fishes competing with the chub include the convict cichlid , carp , mosquitofish , and the shortfin molly .
brouder , m . j . 2001 . effects of flooding on recruitment of roundtail chub , gila robusta , in a southwestern river . southwestern naturalist 46 : 302 - 310 .
cross , j . n . 1978 . status and ecology of the virgin river roundtail chub , gila robusta seminuda ( osteichthyes : cyprinidae ) . southwestern naturalist 23 : 519 - 28 .
voeltz jb . roundtail chub ( gila robusta ) status survey of the lower colorado river basin . nongame technical report 186 . phoenix : arizona game and fish department ; 2002 . 221 pp .
neve , l . l . 1976 . the life history of the roundtail chub , gila robusta grahami , at fossil creek , arizona . m . s . thesis , northern arizona university .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1985 .
recovery plan for the pahranagat roundtail chub , gila robusta jordani .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . portland .
if you can ' t keep roundtail chub , why bother catching them at all ? adult chubs are feisty and put up quite a fight on the line - a challenge that many anglers love .
arizona statewide conservation agreement for roundtail chub ( gila robusta ) , headwater chub ( gila nigra ) , flannelmouth sucker ( catostomus latipinnis ) , little colorado river sucker ( catostomus spp . [ sic . ] ) , bluehead sucker ( catostomus discobolus ) and zuni bluehead sucker ( catostomus discobolus yarrowi )
the roundtail chub is an elongated fish with flattened , slablike sides and a humped back . the caudal peduncle ( tail base ) is very narrow compared to the height of the fish ' s body . the tail is deeply forked , and the mouth is quite large . roundtail chub are usually a uniform , silvery color on the sides , darker above and lighter below . however , mottled or
piebald
coloration patterns are occasionally encountered in some populations . two other species , the gila and headwater chub , were once considered seperate species but have now been reclassified as populations of roundtail chubs .
, and their utilization in other chub species . molecular ecology notes 2002 ; 2 : 156–158 .
but as southwestern rivers have been altered through the building of dams , water diversions , and many ecological changes , the roundtail chub has declined enough to be considered a candidate for the federal endangered species act .
the pahranagat roundtail chub , gila robusta jordani , also known as the pahranagat bonytail chub , is a medium - sized fish , growing to about 10 in ( 25 cm ) . it has an elongated body with a narrow tail and a deeply cleft caudal fin . its coloring is greenish with black blotches .
bestgen , k . r . 1985 . distribution biology , and status of the roundtail chub , gila robusta , in the gila river basin , new mexico . m . s . thesis , colorado state university .
existing populations should be carefully monitored and protected by eliminating detrimental water and land use and exposure to non - native fishes . research is needed to identify specific aspects of these practices that result in the demise of the roundtail chub . other native species are threatened , endangered , or extirpated from the roundtail chub ' s historic and present range . an ecological approach to habitat management is necessary to protect remaining populations of native fishes . degraded habitat should be reclaimed and enhanced , and roundtail chubs should be reintroduced where chances for success are judged good .
a minimum year round in - stream flow of 1 . 75 cu ft ( 49 . 5 l ) per second is present , at the point where pahranagat ditch starts , to sustain a pahranagat roundtail chub population ;
62 - barrett , paul j . and eugene maughan . 1995 . spatial habitat selection of roundtail chub ( gila robusta ) in two central arizona streams . the southwestern naturalist 40 ( 3 ) : 301 - 307 .
found in moderate - sized , perennial rivers throughout the state . fish occupy pools and eddies , often concentrating in swift swirling water below rapids . fossil creek has a special artificial lure and fly fishing season featuring roundtail chub .
voeltz , j . b . 2002 . roundtail chub ( gila robusta ) status survey of the lower colorado river basin . nongame and endangered wildlife program technical report 186 . arizona game and fish department , phoenix , arizona .
the introduction of non - native fishes into roundtail chub habitat should be curtailed or suspended , especially as regards predatory species such as channel catfish ( ictalurus punctatus ) , flathead catfish ( pylodictis olivaris ) , bass ( micropterus spp . ) and brown trout ( salmo trutta ) * 39 * . parasites of this species have been described by mpoame ( 1982 ) and mpoame and rinne 1983 * 01 * . the roundtail chub and sonora sucker occupy pools in aravaipa creek . they share the same feeding areas and resources * 50 * . the roundtail chub is also the top carnivore in the low desert ecosystem of aravaipa creek , preying on larvae and juveniles of the other fish species when encountered in pools * 50 * .
bezzerides , n . and bestgen , k . r . 2002 . status review of roundtail chub gila robusta , flannelmouth sucker catostomus latipinnis , and bluehead sucker catostomus discobolus in the colorado river basin . colorado state university , fort collins , colorado .
rees , d . e . , ptacek , j . a . and miller , w . j . 2005 . roundtail chub ( gila robusta robusta ) : a technical conservation assessment . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : accessed 18 july 2007 ) .
weedman da , girmendonk al , young kl . status review of gila chub , gila intermedia , in the united states and mexico
utah department of natural resources . rangewide conservation agreement and strategy for roundtail chub ( gila robusta ) , bluehead sucker ( catostomus discobolus ) , and flannelmouth sucker ( catostomus latipinnis ) . publication number 06–18 . salt lake city : utah department of natural resources ; 2006 .
arizona game and fish department . arizona statewide conservation agreement for roundtail chub ( gila robusta ) , headwater chub ( gila nigra ) , flannelmouth sucker ( catostomus latipinnis ) , little colorado river sucker ( catostomus spp . [ sic . ] ) , bluehead sucker ( catostomus discobolus ) and zuni bluehead sucker ( catostomus discobolus yarrowi ) . phoenix : arizona game and fish department ; 2006 . 63 pp .
the roundtail chub is a fish of the high desert streams , often occupying the pools below riffles , rapids , and waterfalls . it prefers warmer water than trout species , so it is often encountered in larger rivers and the lower sections of trout streams in the desert .
news bulletin : service seeks comments on proposal to list headwater and roundtail chubs - new information on the classification of these fishes requires further consideration .
citation : dowling te , anderson cd , marsh pc , rosenberg ms ( 2015 ) population structure in the roundtail chub ( gila robusta complex ) of the gila river basin as determined by microsatellites : evolutionary and conservation implications . plos one 10 ( 10 ) : e0139832 . urltoken
hamman , r . l . 1982 . spawning and culture of humpback chub . progressive fish - culturist 44 : 213 - 216 .
pahranagat roundtail chub forage primarily on drifting invertebrates and secondarily , though infrequently , by pecking at substrate . the species rarely preys on other fish , although a pahranagat roundtail chub was observed to successfully consume a mosquitofish . rates of adult drift feeding vary , with more food consumed in the winter than in summer . the lower food consumption rate during the summer corresponds to a reduced availability of food items during the summer . the summer appears to be a period of austerity for adults , characterized by high metabolic demands due to wanner water temperatures and low food availability .
there is no relationship between feeding rate and relative food item abundance for two size classes of adult pahranagat roundtail chub , although there is a relationship between feeding rate and water temperature for larger adults . large pahranagat round - tail chub may feed more selectively with increasing water temperatures , preferring bigger and energetically more efficient prey items . during winter , retrieval of smaller prey items in cooler water requires the expenditure of less metabolic energy .
johnson jb . evolution after the flood : phylogeography of the desert fish utah chub . evolution 2002 ; 56 : 948–960 . pmid : 12093030
hamman , r . l . 1982 . induced spawning and culture of bonytail chub . progressive fish - culturist 44 : 201 - 203 .
22 - hamman , rl . 1982 . spawning and culture of humpback chub . the progressive fish - cuturist 44 : 213 - 216 .
23 - hamman , rl . 1982 . induced spawning and culture of bonytail chub . progressive fish - culturist 44 : 201 - 203 .
a unique , isolated , lake - dwelling popuilation of roundtail chubs lives in a series of high - altitude lakes in the wind river range of wyoming .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; 12 - month finding on a petition to list a distinct population segment of the roundtail chub ( gila robusta ) in the lower colorado river basin ; proposed rule . federal register 2009 ; 74 ( 128 ) : 32352–32387 .
94 - new mexico department of game and fish . 2013 . conservation efforts in new mexico for roundtail chub , bluehead sucker , and flannelmouth sucker , annual report 2013 . unpublished report submitted to the three species conservation work group . new mexico department of game and fish , santa fe , usa . view document
hamman , r . l . 1981 . hybridization of three species of chub in a hatchery . progressive fish - culturist 43 : 140 - 141 .
pahranagat roundtail chub have been observed spawning at three sites in the pahranagat creek , all approximately 2 . 0 - 2 . 2 mi ( 3 . 2 - 3 . 5 km ) below ash springs . adult pahranagat roundtail chub begin to congregate in mid - january , although spawning generally does not start until late january . peak daytime spawning activity generally occurs during early to mid - february , and although congregations persist through march , spawning usually does not occur after mid - february . in may 1988 spawning congregations appeared on two of the spawning sites , but no spawning activity was observed , and no larvae were produced .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 2009 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; 12 - month finding on a petition to list a distinct population segment of the roundtail chub ( gila robusta ) in the lower colorado river basin . federal register 74 ( 128 ) : 32352 - 32387 .
a pahranagat roundtail chub population as defined in the downlisting criteria inhabits both approximately 75 % of both the crystal spring outflow stream through its confluence during the winter months with the ash springs outflow stream , and approximately 75 % of pahranagat creek / ditch from the beginning of crystal and ash springs outflows to upper pahranagat lake .
during the winter of the study , pahranagat roundtail chub congregate at the confluence of crystal springs and pahranagat creek to forage because ostracods ( seed shrimps ) and other invertebrates are abundant in the cooler water . during the summer , chub congregate in the occasional pockets of cool water created by irrigation runoff from adjacent pastures and forage on food items carded by the runoff . because they reduce their active metabolism during the summer season , they may move into slower to reduce energy expenditures .
17 - hamman , rl . 1981 . hybridization of three species of chub in a hatchery . the progressive fish - culturist 43 : 140 - 141 .
white , j . n . 2005 . habitat improvement , augmentation , and monitoring of roundtail chub ( gila robusta ) in the navajo river , jicarilla apache nation , new mexico . jicarilla national , tribal landowner incentive program grant - 2003 : third quarter report 2005 . jicarilla game and fish department , dulce , new mexico .
the genus gila contains a number of rare species of chubs . the roundtail is one of the largest and most common of the gila species . the other species include :
brouder , mark j . ; rogers , diana d . ; and avenetti , lorraine d . ( 2006 )
observations on the reproductive biology of roundtail chub , gila robusta , in the upper verde river , arizona ,
western north american naturalist : vol . 66 : no . 2 , article 15 . available at : urltoken
positive identification of the two species is possible only on a populational basis , using careful measurements of meristic and morphological characters . the roundtail chub is generally characterized by a relatively slender body , usually 8 - 9 dorsal fin rays , 80 or more scales in the lateral series , and a head length / caudal peduncle depth ratio of 3 . 0 or greater ( rinne 1976 ; bestgen 1985 ) . the gila chub has a chunkier body , usually has 8 dorsal fin peduncle depth ratio of 3 . 0 or less
this species is primarily a carnivorous opportunistic feeder , taking terrestrial and aquatic insects . in the gila drainage subspecies ( g . r . grahami ) , neve ( 1976 ) found that small specimens were mostly herbivorous . greger and deacon ( 1988 ) reported that as size increased , there was a dietary shift from insectivory to herbivory in the virgin roundtail chub
83 - u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2009 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; 12 - month finding on a petition to list a distinct population segment of the roundtail chub ( gila robusta ) in the lower colorado river basin . federal register 74 ( 128 ) : 32352 - 38387 . washington d . c . , usa .
it started out as a normal february ' s day fishing for rudolph hoffman at a large pool on the verde river above clarkdale . until he reeled in a 17 - inch roundtail chub , then another , then another . after cranking in several more sizeable fish , hoffman landed a 19 - inch specimen , setting a new state catch - and - release record for the species .
when disturbed , roundtail chubs have been known to seek cover in deep crevices . they may also congregate near large boulders - - seeking cover in their shadows when disturbed ( barrett and maughan , 1995 )
johnson jb , dowling te , belk mc . neglected taxonomy of rare desert fishes : congruent evidence for two species of leatherside chub . systematic biology 2004 ; 53 : 841–855 . pmid : 15764555
the pahranagat roundtail chub is considered one of the rarest fish in north america . less than 75 adult chubs and , perhaps , 200 yearlings are thought to survive in approximately 7 , 590 ft ( 2 , 300 m ) of an unmodified portion of the pahranagat river downstream from ash springs on burns ranch . fry and juveniles are sometimes found in irrigation ditches , where they usually do not survive .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1989 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of endangered status for the virgin river chub . federal register 54 : 35305 - 35311 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; listing the gila chub as endangered with critical habitat ; proposed rule . federal register 2002 ; 67 ( 154 ) , 51948–51985 .
weedman da , girmendonk al , young kl . status review of gila chub , gila intermedia , in the united states and mexico . nongame technical report 91 . phoenix : arizona game and fish department ; 1996 . 120 pp .
muth , r . t . , haynes , c . m . and carlson , c . a . 1985 . culture of roundtail chubs , gila robusta robusta ( cyprindidae ) , through the larval period . southwestern naturalist 30 : 152 - 154 .
the roundtail chubs of the san juan and gila basins have been regarded as separate subspecies , i . e . , g . r . robusta and g . r . grahami , respectively ; however , demaris ( 1986 ) considers the two as synomymous
in central arizona , though , they ' re doing pretty well . several high - flow years , including a number of flood events in 2008 , have improved the survival rates of the young chub on the sale and verde rivers .
the roundtail chub is steel - gray to olive - green dorsally and white to creamy - white ventrally ( minckley 1973 ) . in breeding males , the paired fin bases and the belly become bright orange - red . in addition , g . robusta almost always has 9 dorsal fin rays , more than 85 scales in the lateral series , and head length / caudal peduncle depth ratio greater than 3 . 3 ( rinne 1979 ) . total lengths greater than 200 mm are commonly attained by adults
roundtail chub occury cool to warm water , mid - elevation streams and rivers where typical adult microhabitat consists of pools up to 2 . 0 meters deep adjacent tp swifter riffles and runs . cover is usually present and consists of large boulders , tree rootwads , submerged large trees and branches , undercut cliff walls , or deep water . smaller chubs generally occupy shallower , low velocity water adjacent to overhead bank cover . sublette et al . ( 1990 ) state that roundtails also inhabit large reservoirs * 58 * .
keeler - foster cl , spies ib , bondu - hawkins v , bentzen p . development of microsatellite markers in bonytail ( gila elegans ) with cross - species amplification in humpback chub ( gila cypha ) . molecular ecology notes 2004 ; 4 : 23–25 .
a self - sustaining pahranagat roundtail chub population ( comprising three or more age - classes , a stable or increasing population size , and documented reproduction and recruitment ) is present in a combined total of approximately 75 % of either 4 . 7 mi ( 6 . 8 km ) of the crystal spring outflow stream through its confluence during the winter months with the ash springs outflow stream , or 6 . 2 ( 10 km ) of pahranagat creek / ditch below the confluence for three complete generations ( or a minimum of 15 consecutive years ) ; and
the pahranagat roundtail chub is endemic to the pahranagat valley in lincoln county , nevada . precise limits of the historic range are not known because the valley waters were extensively altered before the fish was discovered . however , it is known to have occurred in crystal , hiko , and ash springs , and in the pahranagat river . two other endangered fishes are found in the pahranagat valley - white river springfish ( crenichthys baileyi baileyi ) and hiko white river springfish ( c . b . grandis ) . these fishes were historically the most abundant species found in crystal , hiko and ash springs .
native to arizona , the roundtail chub is also considered a sport fish because of its hardy fighting ability and willingness to take many of the same baits and lures used for trout . body is thick and streamlined , dark olive - gray above with silver sides . mouth extends to front of eye . dorsal fin and anal fin usually have 8 to10 rays . large forked tail fin . breeding males develop red or orange coloration on lower half of cheek and bases of paired fins . length : 8 to 18 inches . weight : 4 ounces to over 3 pounds . may reach 8 years of age .
pahranagat roundtail chub eggs are broadcast over gravel substrates and apparently fall into the cracks . convict cichlids and speckled dace have been observed picking at the spawning beds , presumably in search of eggs . larvae reach
swim - up
stage approximately 28 days after eggs are deposited in the gravel bed . it takes 28 - 53 days for all larvae to leave the spawning beds , with peak emigration occurring on the 30th day . larval emigration generally occurs between 6 : 00 p . m . and midnight , with the majority of emigration occurring between 7 : 00 and 8 : 00 p . m .
spawning process similar to that of other chubs . occurs at water temperatures of about 64 degrees , typically in late spring to early summer . each female is escorted by 3 - 5 males , eggs are scattered over the bottom . young chub move to margins of streams to feed and grow .
84 - paroz , y , and d . propst . 2007 . distribution of spikedace , loach minnow , and chub species in the gila river basin , new mexico 1908 – 2007 . new mexico department of game and fish , conservation services division . santa fe , new mexico , usa .
growth is most rapid in the first year . in the upper colorado , larval roundtail chubs , primarily as meso - and metalarvae , occurred in shoreline drift , comprising from 6 - 13 . 1 percent of the total catch ( carter et al . 1986 ) . immature stages have been described by snyder ( 1981 )
3 - vanicek , cd , and rh kramer . 1969 . life history of the colorado squawfish , ptychocheilus lucius , and the colorado chub , gila robusta , in the green river in dinosaur national monument , 1964 - 1966 . transactions of the american fisheries society , 98 : 193 - 208 .
91 - paroz , y , and d . propst . 2007 . distribution of spikedace , loach minnow , and chub species in the gila river basin , new mexico 1988 – 2007 . new mexico department of game and fish , conservation services division . santa fe , new mexico , usa . view document
the roundtail chub inhabits pools and rapids of moderate to large rivers . the species also inhabits large reservoirs . fish > 120mm tl generally seek out deep pools ( mean depth 64 cm ) whereas young chubs ( < 95mm tl ) are frequently associated with more shallow habitats ( mean depth 20 - 32 cm ) ( bestgen 1985 ) * 01 * . all age groups prefer cobble - rubble , sand - cobble , or sand - gravel substrata in association with undercut banks , fallen logs , or other overhead cover ( bestegen 1985 ) * 01 * . eggs are laid in gravel or cobble substrates of pools or moderate velocity runs * 01 * . larval roundtail chubs occurred in shoreline drift * 01 * . roundtail chubs occur in a variety of stream habitats , but adults generally prefer deep pools with proximal overhead cover ( bestgen 1985 ) . these fish feed in such areas , as well as by moving into low - velocity runs and other areas . young fish are typically found in shallower water and are usually associated with some kind of cover . the adhesive eggs are laid in gravel and cobble in pools and in moderate - velocity runs . small , densely populated habitats ( e . g . , tributary streams ) produce slower - growing fish with smaller maximum sizes than mainstream habitats * 39 * .
roundtail chubs occur in a variety of stream habitats , but adults generally prefer deep pools with proximal overhead cover ( bestgen 1985 ) . these fish feed in such areas , as well as by moving into low - velocity runs and other areas . young fish are typically found in shallower water and are usually associated with some kind of cover
vanicek , c . d . and kramer , r . h . 1969 . life history of the colorado squawfish , ptychocheilus lucius , and the colorado chub , gila robusta , in the green river in dinosaur national monument , 1964 - 1966 . transactions of the american fisheries society 98 ( 2 ) : 193 - 208 .
33 - wick , e . j . , d . e . snyder , d . langlosis , and t . lytle . 1979 . colorado squawfish and humpback chub population and habitat monitoring . colorado division of wildlife endangered wildlife investigations job progress report se - 3 - 2 , work plan i , job 1 . 56pp .
26 - wick , e . j . , t . a . lytle , and c . m . haynes . 1981 . colorado squawfish and humpback chub population and habitat monitoring program , 1979 - 80 . colorado division of wildlife endangered wildlife investigations job progress report se - 3 - 3 , work plan i , job 1 . 156pp .
male and female pahranagat roundtail chub are readily distinguishable by their reproductive behavior , which is similar to other cyprinids . the persistent and insistent behavior of a fish in the spawning congregation suggests that it is a male . females are fewer in number and receive substantial attention in the form of male pursuit . when the female is ready to spawn , she swims down to the gravel bottom where she is attended by a group of two to 10 males . the spawning group vibrates violently for three to six seconds . the female generally swims away and is pursued by males until ready to spawn again . it is believed that females only appear on the spawning site when prepared to spawn , which occurs intermittently over several days .
habitat includes rocky runs , rapids , and pools of creeks and small to large rivers ; also large reservoirs in the upper colorado river system ; generally this species prefers cobble - rubble , sand - cobble , or sand - gravel substrate . adults are associated with the largest , most permanent water in streams ( minckley 1981 ) , where a few deep ( greater than 1 meter ) pools with cover ( boulders , woody debris ) are intermixed with riffles , runs , and eddies ( bestgen and propst 1989 , propst 1999 , white 2005 ) . large populations often occur in pools behind irrigation diversions ( barber and minckley 1966 ) . roundtail chubs are less prone to using cover than are gila or headwater chubs , and they typically frequent open areas in the deepest pools and eddies of middle sized to larger streams ( minckley and demarais 2000 ) . eggs are scattered over clean gravel or cobble substrates ( sometimes sand and silt ) of pools or moderate velocity runs generally at least 25 cm deep ( neve 1976 , minckley 1981 , sublette et al . 1990 ) .
fish > 120 mm tl generally seek out deep pools ( mean depth 64 cm ) * 01 * . in a study at fossil creek ( arizona ) adult roundtail chubs were found to inhabit portions of the stream with velocities ranging from 0 to 0 . 96 meters per second ( mps ) , and depths from 0 . 9 to 3 . 1 m . they generally used deep ( > 1 . 8m ) and slow ( < 0 . 10mps ) waters , but sometimes entered shallow and swift - moving waters . they apparently selected small - boulder and gravel substrates , as well as large instream objects . adults in the same study , but found in wet beaver creek selected low velocity areas , but did not use areas with velocities less than 0 . 14 mps . most of these adults selected depths of roughly 2 . 1m . few adults there chose depths notably different than this . there adults selected bedrock and large boulder substrates , as well as instream cover . during the study , wet beaver creek maintained a constant discharge of 0 . 2 cubic meters per second ( barrett and maughan , 1995 ) * 62 * .
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the meat is firm , white and very mild tasting . intermuscular bones or floating bones are present , which can be cut out prior to cooking .
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current address : department of biology , valdosta state university , 1500 n . patterson st . , valdosta , georgia , united states of america
copyright : © 2015 dowling et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited
data availability : all relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files .
funding : this study was supported by the arizona game and fish department , agr 4 / 21 / 04 , urltoken ; us bureau of reclamation , 02fg320070 , urltoken ; u . s . forest service , 43 - 8399 - 2 - 1069 , urltoken . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
permission to undertake field work and collect specimens was obtained under permits from the states of arizona and new mexico , and the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fws federal fish and wildlife service native endangered species recovery permit number te0 - 39716 - 1 ) . specimens were obtained under arizona state university institutional animal care and use committee ( iacuc ) approval 05 - 768r .
sampling of gila and bill williams river drainages encompassed 34 sites in seven sub - basins in arizona and new mexico ( bill williams , agua fria , verde , salt , santa cruz , san pedro , and gila river mainstem– fig 1 ) , representing most known extant and some extirpated populations of these taxa . minckley and demarais [ 21 ] summarized information meristic , morphometric and pigmentation characters of samples from locations examined here and identified them to species ; therefore , we follow their taxonomic designations .
approximate locations are identified by symbols with shape and color indicating species and drainage unit , respectively ( see legends for detailed information ) . locality data are provided in table 1 . reprinted from the fish division drainage map , university of michigan museum of zoology , under a cc by license , with permission from university of michigan museum of zoology , original copyright 1972 .
all sub - basins are within the gila river basin except for the bill williams river , which is a direct tributary to the lower colorado river . taxonomic identity of sampled individuals follows minckley and demarais [ 21 ] . coordinates are provided in utm , elevation is in meters , and the column “n” provides number of individuals analyzed , with the superscript identifying the original source of material .
primers for ten microsatellite loci used here were derived from several sources . six loci (
] . amplifications used gotaq ( promega ) and the buffer supplied , dntps ( 200 mm final concentration of each dntp ) , and ird labeled primers ( 0 . 5 μm final concentration ) . reactions were started with a long denature step ( 95°c , 5 min ) followed by a series of touchdown steps where annealing temperature was decreased 1 c each cycle ( 94°c , 30 sec ; 65–50°c , 30 sec ; 72°c , 30 sec ) to a final temp of 50°c . these same steps were repeated for additional cycles until 25 or 30 total cycles were completed , and the run finished with a long extension step ( 72°c , 7 min ) . products were separated by electrophoresis through 6 . 5 % denaturing gels ( kb
, li - cor biotechnology ) for 90–105 mins at 40 w with a minimum of four ladder lanes ( 50 bp—350 bp size standard , li - cor biotechnology ) included on each gel . fragments were visualized on a li - cor 4300 dna analysis system and analyzed using saga gt ( version 3 . 3 , li - cor biotechnology ) .
deviations from hardy - weinberg equilibrium ( f is ) and multilocus equilibrium were examined using fstat version 2 . 9 . 3 . 2 [ 30 ] . significance level ( 0 . 05 ) for single and multilocus tests was adjusted using the b - y correction [ 31 ] ; adjusted critical values of 0 . 00797 and 0 . 00653 , respectively ) . the unbiased estimate of gene diversity [ 32 ] and allelic richness ( a r —corrected for sample size by rarefaction ) were calculated using fstat and hp - rare [ 33 ] , respectively . basic statistical analyses ( e . g . , anova , kruskal - wallis ) were performed using pasw statistics ( formerly spss ) , release 18 .
to examine distribution of variation among sample populations we also used fstat to generate weir and cockerham [ 34 ] f - statistics . significance of values for f ( ≈ f is ) , θ ( ≈ f st ) , and f ( ≈ f it ) were obtained by jackknifing ( over individuals and all loci ) and bootstrapping ( loci only ) . comparison of the levels of θ among the three species was obtained by bootstrapping across samples ( 2500 permutations ) using the comparison among groups of samples function in fstat . f st was further partitioned by species or drainage using amova with arlequin version 3 . 11 [ 35 ] . sample populations were clustered by neighbor - joining using poptree2 , using corrected f st as the estimate of genetic distance with confidence of nodes assessed by bootstrapping ( 1000 replicates ) [ 36 ] .
we also used bayesian assignment tests to determine whether individuals ( or groups of individuals ) could be sorted into discrete gene pools . assignment of individuals to gene pools was generated using structure version 2 . 2 [ 42 , 43 ] and assignment of groups of individuals to demes was examined using baps 5 . 1 [ 44 ] . for baps 5 . 1 analyses , separate runs were completed for each species , treating each sample location as an
informed prior .
we then combined all sample locations ( over all species ) and repeated the analysis . for all runs , we entered a vector of replicate k values ( 10 replicates per k , from k = 2 to k = n , where n is the number of sample populations ) ; baps 5 . 1 reports the set of estimates with the “best” partition and probability associated with different a priori assumptions .
for structure , the default assumption ( admixture among samples , correlated allele frequencies across loci ) was employed . for each a priori assumed number of populations ( k ) , 10 independent runs of 110 , 000 replicates each ( burn - in = 10 , 000 ) were performed . optimal number of groups ( k ) was determined using the method of evanno et al . [ 45 ] as implemented by the web - based program structure harvester [ 46 ] . the distribution of q values across runs for each k was summarized using clumpp [ 47 ] and the statistic h’ calculated to provide assessment of similarity across replicates ; results were visualized using distruct [ 48 ] .
genetic variation in gila was characterized using 744 individuals from 34 locations and 10 microsatellite loci . genotypes for each individual are provided in s1 table . most samples had complete data , with an average amplification failure rate of 5 . 0 individuals / locus or 0 . 5 % of all samples . locus 300 had the highest failure rate where 15 individuals ( or 2 % of all individuals ) failed to amplify . failed amplifications were scattered across populations , reducing concerns over potential impact of null alleles .
average allelic richness per locus was variable across loci ( s2 table ) , ranging from 1 . 3 to 7 . 4 ( for loci c2 and 227 , respectively ) . average allelic richness per sample ranged from 1 . 7 ( sab ) to 8 . 9 ( nmfks ) , with the majority of lower values reported for g . intermedia and g . nigra ( table 2 ) . populations of g . robusta exhibited higher levels of variation ( a r = 6 . 0 ) than those of g . intermedia and g . nigra ( a r of 4 . 7 and 5 . 0 , respectively ) , with these values significantly different among species ( kruskal - wallis , p = 0 . 006 ) .
“species” follows designations in minckley and demarais [ 21 ] , “n” is sample size , “a r ” is allelic richness averaged across loci , “ # m” is the number of monomorphic loci , and “hwe” provides the number of significant deficiencies / excesses of heterozygotes per locus for each sample .
remaining deviant samples exhibited significant heterozygote deficiencies . most locations exhibited only a slight deficiency of hetezygotes , while deviations for g . intermedia from sab and wak were larger ( overall f is = 0 . 268 , p = 0 . 0096 and overall f is = 0 . 140 , p = 0 . 0015 , respectively ) . samples from these locations yielded smaller numbers of alleles ( a r = 1 . 7 and 3 . 5 , respectively ) . at sab , five loci were monomorphic , while four of five polymorphic loci exhibited a deficiency of heterozygotes that was not statistically significant .
all pairs of polymorphic loci were tested for genotypic linkage disequilibrium within each population , with 21 of 1184 pairwise tests ( 1 . 8 % ) significant after b - y correction , with nearly half of the significant tests coming from two sample populations : roc and turnm ( 4 and 6 significant pairs , respectively ) . turnm was unusual in that eight of the nine polymorphic loci exhibited an excess of heterozygotes , with two of those values significant ( overall f is = - 0 . 274 , p < 0 . 0001 ) , potentially indicating close relatedness among these individuals . locus pairs exhibiting significant disequilibrium were not consistent from sample population to sample population , indicating that loci are assorting independently .
partitioning of genetic variation into within and among population components identified significant population structure . jackknife estimates of total genetic variation ( f ≈ f it ) for each locus ranged from 0 . 211–0 . 407 ( loci 222 and 36 , respectively ) , with a jackknife average f across loci of 0 . 293 ( 95 % confidence interval 0 . 249–0 . 342 ) . the within population component ( f ≈ f is ) was small and not significantly different from 0 ( range - 0 . 083 [ locus c2 ] to 0 . 075 [ locus 36 ] ) , consistent with hardy - weinberg equilibrium results discussed above ( jackknife average f = 0 . 02 , 95 % confidence interval - 0 . 01 to 0 . 048 ) . therefore , the majority of variation was partitioned among populations : θ ( ≈ f st ) ranged from 0 . 227 ( locus 300 ) to 0 . 384 ( locus c2 ) with a significant jackknife average of 0 . 278 ( 95 % confidence interval 0 . 249–0 . 314 ) .
to further examine the role of historical factors and geography , among population variation ( f st ) was partitioned by either taxonomy ( three species ) or river drainage ( seven drainages , fig 1 ) to see how these factors explain the distribution of genetic variation ( calculated as weighted average across loci ) . when taxonomy was used to define partitions , the majority of the variation was found among local population within species ( f sc = 0 . 271 ) instead of among species ( f ct = 0 . 016 ) . a similar result was obtained when samples were partitioned by drainage , with considerably more variation attributable to samples within drainages ( f sc = 0 . 245 ) than among drainages ( f ct = 0 . 052 ) .
when all sample populations from the gila robusta complex were pooled , the spatial correlation between pairwise f st and stream distance was weak and not statistically significant ( r m = 0 . 165 , p = 0 . 109 ; fig 2a ) . however , when sample pairs were binned into distance classes ( fig 3a ) , the mantel correlogram indicated statistically significant standardized mantel coefficient in the first distance class ( r m = 0 . 174 ; p = 0 . 007 ) .
( a ) all species , ( b ) gila robusta , ( c ) gila intermedia , ( d ) gila nigra .
( a ) all species , ( b ) g . robusta ( c ) g . intermedia , and ( d ) g . nigra . distance classes with statistically significant ( α = 0 . 05 ) standardized mantel coefficients are indicated by a filled circle .
analysis of population structure independently for each species provides a different picture . estimates of f st for g . robusta , g . nigra , and g . intermedia were comparable , and not significantly different among species ( f st = 0 . 191 , 0 . 338 , and 0 . 287 , respectively ; p = 0 . 263 ) . however , when samples from the bill williams river drainage ( bol , trt ) were excluded , the average for g . robusta dropped dramatically ( f st = 0 . 071 ) and there were significant differences among the three species ( p = 0 . 009 ) . this is reflected in the neighbor joining network of pairwise f st values ( fig 4 ) , where many samples of g . nigra and g . intermedia exhibited long terminal branches while samples of g . robusta ( except for those from the bill williams drainage ) were shorter . most nodes were not supported by bootstrap analysis with the exception of some pairs of samples in relatively close proximity .
location acronyms are provided in table 1 . red , blue , and black labels and symbols identify samples from g . intermedia , g . nigra , and g . robusta , respectively . numbers on branches reflect the proportion of 1000 bootstrap replicates in which the defined node was found .
for g . intermedia , pairwise f st ranged from 0 . 034–0 . 638 . over all sample locations , the correlation between pairwise f st and stream distance ( r m = 0 . 20 ) was weak and not statistically significant . the mantel correlogram ( fig 3c ) displayed a decreasing trend in the value of r m with increasing stream distance . for g . nigra , pairwise f st ranged from 0 . 066–0 . 702 . although sparse , scatterplot shape ( fig 2d ) resembled the pattern for g . intermedia ( fig 2c ) . the correlation between pairwise f st and stream distance was weak ( r m = 0 . 20 ) over all sample populations and not statistically significant . in the mantel correlogram , the standardized mantel statistic was significant only for the first distance class ( fig 3d ; r m = 0 . 680 , p = 0 . 001 ) .
baps and structure were used to estimate the number of groups encompassed by the 34 samples . baps determined that k = 28 with each identified group represented by single samples except for two , one containing samples efe and ueg from g . intermedia and the other comprised of most g . robusta samples ( ara , blk , leg , wcl , and vdp ) and nmfks from g . nigra . structure was used to characterize assignment probability for all k from 2–34 . there was inconsistency across replicates for more divergent samples ( e . g . , bol and trt ) , as indicated by their consistent assignment to different groups for each value of k and reduced h’ values for these replicates ( fig 5 ) . the method of evanno et al . [ 45 ] indicated k = 20 ( δ k = 16 . 0 ) , and ln likelihood values also reached a plateau at k = 20 , supporting that conclusion [ 42 ] .
“ k ” represents the number of informed priors for that specific group of replicates and “h΄” is the statistic that measures consistency across replicate runs .
evaluation of assignment probability plots from structure is difficult due to variation among replicates and the large number of distinct samples . analyses from k = 20 and k = 28 ( as predicted by structure and baps , respectively , fig 5 ) yielded similar results , with an increase in number of samples that were distinct for the latter k . even at higher k certain sets of geographically proximate locations are consistently grouped together : g . robusta from the verde river ( wcl and vdp ) ; g . nigra from tonto creek ( roc and sprsa ) ; and three separate groups of g . intermedia samples ( efe - ueg from eagle creek , odn - turaz from the san pedro river , and cc - shy from the santa cruz river ) .
results of the present study were consistent with previous molecular genetic studies of the g . robusta complex [ 20 , 22 ] . most of the genetic variation was attributable to differences among local populations within species , with minimal differentiation due to the presence of multiple drainages or species in the analysis . however , our results provided new insight into spatial genetic structure among local populations associated with different stream habitats , with evidence of widespread gene flow among local populations of the mainstem form within the gila river basin , as well as evidence of more recent , maybe even ongoing , gene flow between proximate populations than distant populations within each headwater form .
despite the high level of divergence among populations for mtdna and nuclear sequence data and microsatellites , diagnostic markers were not identified for species . there are a few potential explanations for our inability to identify diagnostic molecular markers . when genetic divergence among subpopulations is large , it is possible that differences among individual subpopulations can obscure differences at deeper hierarchical levels ( e . g . , species , drainages ) , reducing the effectiveness of such markers for identifying these higher categories . for example , hedrick [ 50 ] noted that hypervariable markers like microsatellites are less effective at estimating f st due to high levels of variation within populations . extending this logic further , high levels of divergence among local subpopulations would further reduce the amount of variation available to discriminate among higher order groups ( e . g . , species ) . resolving hierarchy may require a substantially larger data set , with additional markers capable of resolving deeper evolutionary events .
the observed pattern could also reflect how different evolutionary forces have shaped this complex . genetic structure within the gila robusta complex may represent insularization of a historically panmictic population due to natural and artificial habitat fragmentation , with observed patterns of morphological variation due to convergent selection for a common habitat - based morphotype ( e . g . , ciénegas , headwater reaches ) , analogous to convergent selection observed in sticklebacks [ 51 ] . assessment of this hypothesis would require identification of specific genes that are the unit of selection for different habitats as well as additional morphological analyses .


lasius interjectus , or larger yellow ant , is a species of ant belonging to the genus lasius , and was formerly apart of the genus ( now a subgenus ) acanthomyops .

described in 1866 by mayr , the species is native to the united states .

lasius interjectus

duncan brown set
lasius interjectus ( casent0102696 ) profile
as an exemplar on
lasius
.
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see lasius interjectus for further details
caroline kryder set
lasius interjectus ( casent0102696 ) profile
as an exemplar on
acanthomyops interjectus ( mayr , 1866 )
.
lasius interjectus , side view of a worker ( click image to enlarge ) . photo courtesy of urltoken
lasius interjectus , full face view of a worker ( click image to enlarge ) . photo courtesy of urltoken
ellison et al . , ( 2012 ) - all species in the claviger group smell like citronella when disturbed or crushed . lasius interjectus has a sharply pointed petiole like lasius claviger and lasius subglaber , but l . interjectus has many long , erect hairs all over the first segment of its gaster and only on the edges of the other segments of the gaster .
lasius interjectus ranges from southern new england west to idaho , south to wyoming and new mexico , and east into oklahoma , arkansas and georgia .
a small flight of lasius interjectus on june 28th in central nj . time of flight was near 8 : 00 pm and there was no rain the night before .
no one has contributed data records for acanthomyops interjectus yet . learn how to contribute .
combination in lasius ( acanthomyops ) : emery , 1893k pdf : 642 ; wheeler , 1917a pdf : 531 ; in acanthomyops : creighton , 1950a pdf : 430 ; in lasius : ward , 2005 pdf : 13 .
i was finally able to find this colony while alate queens were produced . they are red to red - orange in color much like lasius interjectus . also upon further examination the hairs along the gaster ( abdomen ) occur in rows with slight visible gaps when viewed from the side , and slightly harder from above . true lasius claviger queens tend to be shades of brown or black and only rarely occur as red , and the hairs along the worker ' s gaster would be more scattered in appearance .
ward , p . s . 2005 . a synoptic review of the ants of california ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 936 : 1 - 68 ( page 13 , revived combination in lasius ( acanthomyops ) )
wheeler , w . m . 1917a . the mountain ants of western north america . proc . am . acad . arts sci . 52 : 457 - 569 ( page 531 , combination in lasius ( acanthomyops ) )
emery , c . 1893k . beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen ameisenfauna . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 7 : 633 - 682 ( page 642 , combination in lasius ( acanthomyops ) )
nest guests - ( wing 1968 ) a pointed worker specimen had a single pointed specimen of batrisodes montrosus ( coleoptera : pselaphidae ) associated with it . records of insects associated with interjectus from the literature are : schwarz ( 1890 ) , batrisodes montrosus , b . ferox , and serica vespertina ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) . wickham ( 1900 ) reported on the sifting of an old stump which contained worker ants , adranes lecontei , ceophyllus monilis , ( coleoptera : pselaphidae ) , and limulodes paradoxus ( coleoptera : limulodidae ) . the ant species was determined by wasmann as lasius
interjeotionis
; i believe that it is safe to assume that interjectus was the ant species associated with these guests .
the sexual cycle of interjectus is atypical of the genus in that it nearly blankets the entire year . this is largely because the queens apparently prefer to found their colonies near buildings . the attractiveness of artificial lights may also influence their selection of nesting sites .
talbot ( 1963 ) reported that june 11 was the earliest date on which she had found alates in nests . since she normally arrived at the reserve not much before june 11 , this can only mean that some interjectus nests contained adult alates upon her arrival . evidently adult alates occur in nests in the early spring , and perhaps in the winter .
annual sexual cycle one factor complicating the interpretation of the cycle of interjectus is that it frequently infests houses . the flights from houses come to official attention far more frequently than do normal flights . the samples of this species are thus strongly biased in this respect . most naturally occurring flights take place in june and july , with a few earlier and later . the extreme flight dates are largely determined by conditions in a given locality and year .
talbot ( 1963 ) studied a single colony of interjectus in livingston co . , michigan during a 50 - day period in 1960 . between june 16 and august 25 , this colony , which produced only males that year , launched 22 flights . about 3 weeks of this period were unfavorable for flights ; in a more favorable year the flight period might end earlier . buren ( 1944 ) reported flights for july and early august in iowa .
close analysis of the data indicates that a sizable proportion of the records of workers and alates for march , april , and may are probably from field nests containing adult alates . in this species , it appears that the production of alates begins in the fall or winter of the previous year . once a nest builds up a sufficient number of alates , the existence of the right combination of environmental factors may trigger a flight . this hypothesis would account for the unusually high number of interjectus flights associated with heated buildings during the winter and early spring .
taking june as the starting point of the cycle , the number of nests with alates drops in july , while the number of flying alates rises . flights have generally stopped by september , and by october no more dealate queens can be found . the nests of interjectus may , however , still contain a few sexual individuals . the beginning of winter brings on a number of nuptial flights , usually launched into the basements of heated buildings . these unseasonable flights continue through the winter and well into the spring . the few dealate queens collected during this period arise from these flights .
primarily subterranean , this species can be found nesting under stones or logs and in the soil , or occasionally with a small mound , in a wide variety of habitats .
the hairs of this species are long , those on the ventral surface of the head are often at least 0 . 20 mm in length , and those on the gaster are often at least 0 . 23 mm in length . most of the hairs on the gaster are confined to the posterior edges of each terga . the apex of the petiole is moderately sharp , usually concave or notched . ( mackay and mackay 2002 )
talbot observed 43 nests over a 10 - year period ; her data on this species are far more extensive than on the other 3 species studied . rains provided the stimulus for workers to open up the nest by excavation . flights occurred in the late afternoon , with temperatures between 67° and 80°f , relative humidity between 56 and 99 percent , and without wind . an estimate of the number of alates released during flights was made on several occasions . in 1960 , when only males were produced in one colony studied , an estimated 40 , 000 individuals flew from the nest in 22 flights . in 1958 , an estimated 63 , 600 males and females flew from a nest in 4 flights , and the nest still contained alates . the bulk of these alates , an estimated 55 , 200 , were released during a 2 - hour period on june 17 . as flights from a given nest proceeded , fewer and fewer alates were released . in some nests alates were still left in the nest after the last flight had occurred . she noted that occasional matings took place on leaves and grass stems prior to flights .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
: emery , 1893i : 642 ; wheeler , w . m . 1917a : 531 ; in
: ward , 2005 : 13 . see also : wing , 1968 : 92 ; smith , d . r . 1979 : 1441 .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
wing ( 1968 ) - large , hw at least 1 . 08 mm , most specimens measuring 1 . 20 mm or more ; al at least 1 . 28 mm , most specimens measuring 1 . 50 mm or more . head wide , ci at least 98 , often 100 or more . basal margin of mandible often with 1 or more denticles . antennae slender ; si 75 to 86 , most specimens falling between 78 and 85 . propodeum convex in profile , often strongly so . crest of petiolar scale sharp to moderately sharp , usually narrowly but distinctly emarginate ; sides usually convex . standing body hairs simple to minutely barbulate , long ; those on dorsum of gaster confined to rows along posterior edges of tergites beyond first ; those on gula confined to its posterior 2 / 3 . pubescence on dorsum of gaster dilute , that on upper part of head moderate to dense .
moderately pilose . pubescence on head and appendages moderate to dense , usually moderate to dense on base of gaster , elsewhere on body mostly dilute ; surface of most parts of body shining . antennal scapes with pubescence appressed to suberect . body and appendages yellow to pale brownish yellow .
wing ( 1968 ) - basal margin of mandible usually with 1 or more denticles . head broad , hw almost always 1 . 53 mm or more , ci 102 to 110 , usually 104 or greater . antennae long and slender , penultimate and antepenultimate segments of funiculus at least as long as wide , usually longer than wide . sl almost always over 1 . 08 mm , si 64 - 75 , usually 67 or over . crest of petiolar scale sharp to moderately sharp , usually narrowly but distinctly emarginate ; sides convex . body size moderate , al of most specimens falls between 2 . 35 and 2 . 85 mm . standing body hairs finely barbulate and simple , long , fairly numerous , especially on alitrunk ; those on gula confined to its posterior 1 / 3 to 3 / 4 .
head and appendages moderately to densely pubescent , other parts of body mostly with dilute pubescence . standing hairs on dorsum of gaster confined to posterior edges of tergites beyond first . body color of most specimens light brownish yellow , a few sordid yellowish brown , often with gaster darker than rest of the body .
wing ( 1968 ) - large , hw usually over 1 . 00 mm ; al at least 1 . 50 mm , usually 1 . 60 mm or more . head fairly broad , ci 110 or more . antennae slender , sl 0 . 70 mm or more , si 70 or more . crest of petiolar scale sharp to very sharp , usually distinctly emarginate ; upper sides often straight and converging dorsally . standing body hairs mostly simple , moderately numerous ; many of those at posterior tip of gaster measuring over 0 . 27 mm ; those on gula measuring 0 . 18 mm or more . pubescence on dorsum of gaster dilute to very dilute , that on head and appendages moderate to dense .
antennal scapes with pubescence ranging from appressed to suberect . alitrunk with pubescence variable , central areas of scutum and scutellum largely free of pubescence . color of alitrunk brown , often with a reddish cast ; head and sometimes gaster darker , appendages lighter .
wing ( 1968 ) - type locality : new jersey . location of type : dr . per inge persson , naturhistoriska riksmuseum , stockholm , kindly sent me information about the type , which is in their collection . it is a queen with the following data :
n . yersey , belfrage .
belfrage was a swedish collector who moved to the usa in 1850 . there are no type specimens located in the collections of the naturhistorisches museum in wien .
bolton , b . 1995b . a new general catalogue of the ants of the world . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , 504 pp . ( page 53 , catalogue )
creighton , w . s . 1950a . the ants of north america . bull . mus . comp . zool . 104 : 1 - 585 ( page 430 , combination in acanthomyops )
ellison , a . m . , gotelli , n . j . , farnsworht , e . j . , alpert , g . d . 2012 . a field guide to the ants of new england . yale university press , 256 pp .
emery , c . 1893k . beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen ameisenfauna . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 7 : 633 - 682 ( page 642 , worker described )
mackay , w . p . and e . mackay . 2002 . the ants of new mexico ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . edwin mellen press , lewiston , ny .
mayr , g . 1866b . diagnosen neuer und wenig gekannter formiciden . verh . k - k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 16 : 885 - 908 ( page 888 , pl . 20 , fig . 3 queen described )
smith , d . r . 1979 . superfamily formicoidea . pp . 1323 - 1467 in : krombein , k . v . , hurd , p . d . , smith , d . r . , burks , b . d . ( eds . ) catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico . volume 2 . apocrita ( aculeata ) . washington , d . c . : smithsonian institution press , pp . i - xvi , 1199 - 2209 . ( page 1441 , see also )
wheeler , g . c . ; wheeler , j . 1953c . the ant larvae of the subfamily formicinae . ann . entomol . soc . am . 46 : 126 - 171 ( page 156 , larva described )
wing , m . w . 1968a . taxonomic revision of the nearctic genus acanthomyops ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . mem . cornell univ . agric . exp . stn . 405 : 1 - 173 ( page 93 , male described )
wing , m . w . 1968a . taxonomic revision of the nearctic genus acanthomyops ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . mem . cornell univ . agric . exp . stn . 405 : 1 - 173 ( page 92 , see also )
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mayr , 1866b pdf : 888 , pl . 20 , fig . 3 ( q . )
emery , 1893k pdf : 642 ( w . ) ; wing , 1968a pdf : 93 ( m . ) ; wheeler & wheeler , 1953c pdf : 156 ( l . ) .
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it includes the following genera : antarctodius berge , vader & coleman , 1999 cryptodius moore , 1992 imbrexodius moore , 1992 odius liljeborg , 1865 postodius hirayama , 1983

odiidae

which taxonomic groups does the family odiidae belong to and what are the different odiidae genus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the family odiidae belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different genus .
odiidae is a family of amphipods , sometimes included in the family ochlesidae . it includes the following genera :
which are the most common photographed odiidae genus ? below , you will find the list of genus commonly photographed by underwater photographers .
ariyama , h . ( 2011 ) . six species of the family odiidae ( crustacea : amphipoda ) from japan , with descriptions of a new genus and four new species . bull . natl . mus . nat . sci . , ser . a , suppl . 5 , pp . 1–39 . [ details ]
abstract : a newly recorded species of gammaridean amphipod , cryptodius kelleri ( bruggen , 1907 ) belonging to the family odiidae coleman and barnard , 1991 collected from the east coastal area of korea . cryptodius kelleri ( bruggen ) is characterized by the medially expanded maxillipedal palp article 2 , smooth dorsal pereonites , propodochelate gnathopod 1 , subchelate gnathopod 2 , lacking the posterior process on the basis of pereopods 5 - 7 , dorsal carination of pleonite 3 , posterolateral upturned process of pleonite 3 , and an entire telson . the species is described and fully illustrated in the present study . a key is also provided to the species of genus cryptodius . this is the first record of the family odiidae from korea .
berge , j . ; vader , w . ; coleman , o . ( 1999 ) . a cladistic analysis of the amphipod families ochlesidae and odiidae , with description of a new species and genus . crustaceans and the biodiversity crisis . proceedings of the fourth international crustacean congress , amsterdam , the netherlands , july 20 - 24 , 1998 , volume 1 . brill , leiden . 239 - 265 . [ details ]
horton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fišer , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garcía , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; lörz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; väinölä , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database . odiidae coleman & barnard , 1991 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 101399 on 2018 - 07 - 09
( synonymized with ochlesidae by berge j . , vader w . & coleman o . ( 1999 ) )
bellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
costello , m . j . ; emblow , c . ; white , r . ( ed . ) . ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 . muséum national d ' histoire naturelle : paris , france . isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0 . 463 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
de broyer , c . ; lowry , j . k . ; jazdzewski , k . & robert , h . ( 2007 ) . catalogue of the gammaridean and corophiidean amphipoda ( crustacea ) of the southern ocean , with distribution and ecological data . in : de broyer c . ( ed . ) . census of antarctic marine life : synopsis of the amphipoda of the southern ocean . vol . i . bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , biologie . 77 , suppl . 1 : 1 - 325 . [ details ]
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charles oliver coleman , james k . lowry : revision of the ochlesidae sensu stricto , including five new australian species ( crustacea : amphipoda ) .
print version : org . divers . evol . 6 ( 2 ) : 99 - 101 . 2006 ( abstract only ) electr . suppl . : full article . pdf - format , 2 . 3 mb
species of the ochlesidae sensu stricto are revised . based on new material from inshore and continental - shelf australian marine habitats five new species are described : meraldia birgeri n . sp . , m . madeleinae n . sp . , m . yorki n . sp . , ochlesis caroleoninae n . sp . , and o . morgani n . sp . as these new species show remarkable sexual dimorphism , both sexes are described and fully illustrated . the world species are diagnosed , and a key to all species is provided .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
proceedings of the biological society of washington , vol . 104 , no . 2
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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natural history museum of los angeles county , science series 39 : 1 - 124 .
occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
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