formica pallidefulva is a species of ant found in north america .

it is a red to dark brown ant with a shiny body and varies in shade across its range .

colonies of this ant are found in a variety of habitats where they excavate underground nests with galleries and chambers .

in some parts of its range , the nests may be raided by slave-making ants , most notably formica pergandei and polyergus montivagus .

formica pallidefulva

tracy barbaro set
image of formica pallidefulva
as an exemplar on
formica pallidefulva latreille , 1802
.
formica pallidefulva , side view of a worker ( click image to enlarge ) .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see formica pallidefulva for further details
formica pallidefulva , full face view of a worker ( click image to enlarge ) .
formica pallidefulva , side view of an alate queen ( click image to enlarge ) .
formica ( neoformica ) pallidefulva subsp . schaufussi var . incerta : wheeler , 1913 b
comments : the formica pallidefulva group was revised by trager et al . ( 2007 ) .
formica pallidefulva . the hairs on the chin you ' re seeing might be the maxillary palp .
this taxon is not in use as it is currently considered to be a junior synonym of formica pallidefulva .
trager m d ( 2006 ) . revision of the nearctic endemic formica pallidefulva group… gbif secretariat . checklist dataset
senior synonym of formica succinea : creighton , 1950a pdf : 550 ; of formica nitidiventris , formica schaufussi : trager , macgown & trager , 2007 : 624 .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by eol group on flickr from formica pallidefulva latreille , 1802 to their own page .
[ first available use of formica pallidefulva schaufussi incerta emery , 1893k pdf : 655 ; unavailable name . ] .
seemingly a member of the pallidefulva group , although not f . pallidefulva itself , who is wholly light orange brown .
although formica pallidefulva typically nest in the soil , i have also found their nests in rotting wood on the ground .
genus formica - wood ants , mound ants , & field ants - bugguide . net
eldridge , j . 1985 . arboreal orientation and the use of light in the ant formica - pallidefulva . journal of the kansas entomological society , 58 , 182 - 182 .
i have noticed with my formica pallidefulva queen ( who had her first nanitic today ) that some of her pupae have cocoons and some don ' t . i believe this was also mentioned in chuck ' s formica pallidefulva journal on antfarm . yuku . com . why is that ? are they evolving away from cocoons or something ? here they are :
becomes more furtive and opportunistic in its honeydew gathering , as described below for f . pallidefulva
delicata . formica pallidefulva subsp . delicata cole , 1938c : 369 ( w . q . ) u . s . a . junior synonym of nitidiventris : creighton , 1950a : 551 .
trager et al . ( 2007 ) - formica pallidefulva subsp . fuscata emery , 1893 . [ lectotype examined . ] “beatty pa . no . 314 . lectotype formica pallidefulva fuscata a . f . 1968 . synonymy , under nitidiventris , by creighton , 1950 : 551 . a variety of other types , many designated under subspecies names , are also listed by trager et al .
succinea . formica pallidefulva var . succinea wheeler , w . m . 1904f : 369 ( diagnosis in key ) ( w . ) u . s . a . wheeler , w . m . 1913f : 551 ( q . m . ) . junior synonym of pallidefulva : creighton , 1950a : 550 .
mine all have pupated with no cocoon . your formica pallidefulva queen looks alot darker than mine . i would really like to see that worker yours is about to eclose after a day or two , to compare to mine .
larynx wrote : mine all have pupated with no cocoon . your formica pallidefulva queen looks alot darker than mine . i would really like to see that worker yours is about to eclose after a day or two , to compare to mine .
& tschinkel , w . 2004 . nest architecture of the ant formica pallidefulva : structure , costs and rules of excavation . insectes sociaux , 51 , 30 - 36 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00040 - 003 - 0703 - 3 .
the formica pallidefulva group was recently revised taxonomically . see this article for all the gory details : urltoken . anyway , your ant is f . pallidefulva , itself , which contrary to popular opinion , comes in a variety of colors , ranging from quite dark brown to bright coppery yellow . the pattern in the picture is the most common in the northern part of the geographic distribution .
king , j . r . & trager , j . c . 2007 . natural history of the slave making ant , polyergus lucidus , sensu lato in northern florida and its three formica pallidefulva group hosts . journal of insect science , 7 , 42 .
formica ( neoformica ) pallidefulva subsp . incerta : buren , 1944 [ first available use of incerta ] syntype workers , district of columbia , iv - 13 - 1886 ( mcsn ) [ examined . five workers on three pins labeled paratypes by a . francoeur ]
talbot , mary ( 1948 ) .
a comparison of two ants of the genus formica
. ecology 29 ( 3 ) : 316–325 . jstor 1930991 .
unlike in other species of this group , worker pupae most often lack cocoons in f . pallidefulva . wheeler ( 1904 ) first noted this contrast between f . pallidefulva and f . incerta in connecticut , and it was also later noted by talbot ( 1948 ) in michigan . this difference holds true in numerous colonies of the two species sampled in missouri by j . trager . in some colonies of f . pallidefulva , male pupae may also lack cocoons , but queen pupae nearly always are enclosed in cocoons .
schaufussi . formica schaufussi mayr , 1866a : 493 , fig . 6 ( w . ) u . s . a . mayr , 1886d : 427 ( q . m . ) . combination in f . ( neoformica ) : wheeler , w . m . 1913f : 552 . subspecies of pallidefulva : emery , 1893i : 654 ; wheeler , w . m . 1908g : 408 . revived status as species : creighton , 1950a : 551 . junior synonym of pallidefulva : trager , macgown & trager , 2007 : 625 .
queens . worker pupae are typically enclosed in a light tan cocoon and sexual pupae have darker tan cocoons . this is in contrast to the frequently naked worker pupae of f . pallidefulva
trager , j . c . , macgown , j . a . & trager , m . d . , 2007 , revision of the nearctic endemic formica pallidefulva group . , advances in ant systematics ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : homage to e . o . wilson - 50 years of contributions . ( memoirs of the american entomological institute 80 ) , pp . 610 - 636
nitidiventris . formica pallidefulva subsp . nitidiventris emery , 1893i : 656 , pl . 22 , figs . 13 , 19 ( w . q . m . ) u . s . a . wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . 1953c : 159 ( l . ) . combination in f . ( neoformica ) : wheeler , w . m . 1913f : 555 . raised to species : francoeur , 1977b : 208 . senior synonym of delicata , fuscata , incerta : creighton , 1950a : 551 . junior synonym of pallidefulva : trager , macgown & trager , 2007 : 625 .
trager et al . ( 2007 ) - nests of f . pallidefulva may be located in bare soil of grassland and forest footpaths , beneath leaf litter , under small diameter ( < 10 cm ) fallen tree limbs , or under bark of a decomposing stump . less often the nest occupies a larger , punky , rotten log , especially during late spring when the sexual brood is being reared . f . pallidefulva is the only species in this group which normally inhabits closed - canopy mesic forests and which commonly nests in rotting wood . in non - wooded settings f . pallidefulva may build a small mound nestled in or beside a grass clump .
in the lawns and gardens of the st . louis mo area , f . pallidefulva is among the native ants most sensitive to subterranean invasion and extermination by the introduced and rapidly spreading invasive ant tetramorium tsushimae ( steiner et al . , in press ) . however , throughout much of the southeast , f . pallidefulva often manages to coexist with low - density solenopsis invicta buren , solenopsis richteri forel , and solenopsis richteri x invicta populations .
wheeler , w . m . 1913i . a revision of the ants of the genus formica ( linné ) mayr . bull . mus . comp . zool . 53 : 379 - 565 ( page 548 , see also )
workers defend these sugar sources from non - nest mates of their own species , from other , smaller ant species and from some parasitoids . however , in areas where there are greater numbers of aggressive mound - building prairie formica
trager , j . c . , j . a . macgown and m . d . trager . 2007 . revision of the nearctic endemic formica pallidefulva group . pages 610 - 636 in snelling , r . r . , b . l . fisher and p . s . ward . advances in ant systematics ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : homage to e . o . wilson - 50 years of contributions . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 80 .
alates occur in the nests in july and august in new england and the northern prairies , and a few weeks earlier in the unglaciated prairie region and southern appalachians . it is worth noting that the maturation of alates of f . pallidefulva
snelling , r . r . and w . f . buren . 1985 . description of a new species of slave - making ant in the formica sanguinea group ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . great lakes entomologist 18 : 69 - 78 .
trager , j . c . , macgown , j . a . & trager , m . d . 2007 . revision of the nearctic endemic formica pallidefulva group ( pp . 610 - 636 ) . in snelling , r . r . , fisher , b . l . & ward , p . s . ( eds ) . advances in ant systematics : homage to e . o . wilson – 50 years of contributions . memoirs of the american entomological institute 80 : 690 pp . pdf
in grasslands , especially those recently burned , northern flickers ( colaptes auratus ) prey heavily on formica species , including f . incerta . this is especially so on sunny , late winter days when workers migrate intranidally toward the surface , seeking warmth .
francoeur , a . 1973 . revision taxonomique des especes nearctiques du group fusca , genre formica ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . memoires de la société entomologique du québec 3 : 1 - 316 . unfortunately , can only viewed in a page by page browser .
nests are in bare soil , or beneath a grass clump , in the latter case often with a small , irregular , conical ( 5 - 15 cm wide , 10 - 20 cm tall ) mound of soil and plant fragments . this is often the first formica
robson , s . k . , traniello , j . f . a . 1998 . resource assessment , recruitment behavior , and organization of cooperative prey retrieval in the ant formica schaufussi ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . journal of insect behavior , vol . 11 : 1 - 22 .
this dataset contains the digitized treatments in plazi based on the original journal article trager , j . c . , macgown , j . a . , trager , m . d . ( 2007 ) : revision of the nearctic endemic formica pallidefulva group . in : snelling , r . r . , fisher , b . l . , ward , p . s . ( eds ) : advances in ant systematics ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : homage to e . o . wilson - 50 years of contributions . memoirs of the american entomological institute 80 : 610 - 636 , url :
nests are in bare soil , or beneath a grass clump , in the latter case often with a small , irregular , conical ( 5 - 15 cm wide , 10 - 20 cm tall ) mound of soil and plant fragments . this is often the first formica species to become abundant on restored native grasslands , conservation reserve program grassland plantings on former farmland and cut - over forests . a healthy population of f . incerta may facilitate colonization by its parasites f . difficilis and f . pergandei , if these occur nearby . it is less abundant than f . pallidefulva in lawns , campuses and parks .
the fusca , pallidefulva & sanguinea groups have been revised , but the taxonomy is still difficult , as differences among the species are subtle , and often the diagnostic characters are not depicted in images posted at bg . the rufa / microgyna & neogagates groups are much in need of revision , so creighton ( 1950 ) must serve for their identification .
myrmecocystus workers are of similar size and coloring to many formica , but may be recognized by their very elongate maxillary palp , and desert habitat . camponotus minor workers are in the size range , but have a flat to gently curved mesosomal profile , i . e . , pro - metanotal profile continuous with propodeal profile rather than
stair - stepped
.
in by two or three weeks , suggesting a possible temporal mechanism for reproductive isolation . flights have not been observed , but several mated queens have been captured walking about in mid to late morning in missouri . in the lab , these recently mated queens are nervous in captivity and often fail to rear their first workers , in contrast to the ready adaptability to captive conditions of f . pallidefulva
formica is the latin word for
ant
, still found in various derivations in the modern languages derived from latin , e . g . , french fourmi , spanish hormiga , portuguese formiga , etc . it was first used by linnaeus for all ants ( i . e . equivalent to formicidae ) . that linnean genus is now divided up onto about 15 subfamilies and almost 300 genera ) .
mating flights peak late june through early july in the south , a little later at high elevations and latitudes . many or possibly all species in the rufa , microgyna , exsecta & sanguinea groups have dependent colony foundation , effected by mated queens entering a colony of her own species and joining the queen numbers there , or of a fusca , neogagates , pallidefulva group species and usurping the resident queen ( s ) . colonies are nearly always founded by individual queens in these host groups , but some may form small groups , or re - enter a ( probably related ) colony of their own species
this species is widespread , likely due to its ability to nest in a range of habitats .
there is a generally gradual color change - over along a north - south cline . the dividing line between the color morphs seems to be just south of the st . louis , missouri area . both morphs occur at the same localities , sometimes even in a single colony , in the northern ozarks , and generally only the coppery form is found further south .
sexuals are present in the nests as early as april in florida , but not until july in new england and canada . males were observed to gather around the nest entrance around sunset in florida , and males are often lured to lights ( but winged females are not ) throughout the range . in missouri , j . trager observed males , followed by females , flying from the nest , one by one , shortly after sunrise . despite rather frequent capture of males at lights after dusk , the actual mating flight period is in the morning . in eastern missouri , j . trager has over the years caught numerous recently mated females walking about in late morning or early afternoon . dates of these captures occur from 26 june into early july .
this species is a host for the ectoparastic fungus laboulbenia formicarum ( espadaler & santamaria , 2012 ) .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
: trager , macgown & trager , 2007 : 624 . see also : wheeler , w . m . 1913f : 548 .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
trager et al . ( 2007 ) - color , gastral pubescence and shininess like the workers’ , with the usual differences in size . sculpture very faint ; pubescence short and sparse ; pilosity sparse ; wings , when present , clear to amber . mesoscutum lacking the three dark spots characteristic of incerta queens , or these weakly distinct .
trager et al . ( 2007 ) - pubescence sparse ; surface more shining than other species ; rarely concolorous dark brown ( in those colonies with the most uniformly dark workers ) , most commonly in north and rocky mountains with head and gaster black , mesosoma a little lighter to clear yellowish brown ; wings clear to amber ranging in the south and great plains to uniform , to only the head black or head concolorous with the honey - colored mesosoma and gaster .
creighton , w . s . 1950a . the ants of north america . bull . mus . comp . zool . 104 : 1 - 585 ( page 550 , senior synonym of succinea )
emery , c . 1893k . beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen ameisenfauna . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 7 : 633 - 682 ( page 657 , male described )
espadaler , x . , santamaria , s . 2012 . ecto - and endoparasitic fungi on ants from the holarctic region . psyche article id 168478 , 10 pages ( doi : 10 . 1155 / 2012 / 168478 ) .
lebrun , e . g . , p . j . diebold , m . r . orr , and l . e . gilbert . 2015 . widespread chemical detoxification of alkaloid venom by formicine ants . journal of chemical ecology . 41 : 884 - 895 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10886 - 015 - 0625 - 3
latreille , p . a . 1802b . histoire naturelle générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes . tome 3 . familles naturelles des genres . paris : f . dufart , xii + 467 pp . ( page 174 , worker described )
mackay , w . p . and e . mackay . 2002 . the ants of new mexico ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . edwin mellen press , lewiston , ny .
mayr , g . 1866b . diagnosen neuer und wenig gekannter formiciden . verh . k - k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 16 : 885 - 908 ( page 889 , queen described )
tschinkel , w . r . 2015 . the architecture of subterranean ant nests : beauty and mystery underfoot . journal of bioeconomics 17 : 271–291 ( doi 10 . 1007 / s10818 - 015 - 9203 - 6 ) .
wheeler , w . m . 1913a . corrections and additions to
list of type species of the genera and subgenera of formicidae
. ann . n . y . acad . sci . 23 : 77 - 83 ( page 82 , combination in f . ( neoformica ) )
this page was last modified on 16 december 2017 , at 21 : 12 .
this page was last modified on 8 march 2015 , at 02 : 37 .
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where it lives : field ants generally build their nests against trees , under rocks , or in logs .
what it eats : more buffet - style than picky eaters , field ants love sugar like aphid honeydew , soft - bodied insects like caterpillars , and seed husks .
about the size of one and a half pencil erasers , field ants’ long , dexterous legs extend from their thoraxes , and their large black eyes rest right behind their always - moving elbowed antennae . you can reliably tell a field ant if it’s a large ant , yellowish , reddish , black or red with a brown or black rump . many people confuse field ants with carpenter ants , neither of which can hurt you . if you’d like to tell if you have a field ant , once you gently nab the ant in question and check out its thorax , the middle section of the ant where all of the legs attach . if its thorax consists of two lumps , you have a field ant . if it has one big hump , you’re holding a carpenter ant . what a way to impress your friends !
field ants have large eyes because they usually move around during the day and rely on sight more than some other ant species . they use those big eyes to help them see landmarks as they scurry to and from food . like many ant species , field ants love tending aphids and scale insects for their sugary emissions , but they also help disperse plants by toting seeds around the forest , snacking on the husks and discarding the rest . they enjoy wolfing down other insects whenever they get the chance .
because field ants prefer to eat soft - bodied insects like caterpillars and beetle larvae , their predatory tendencies help keep our trees happy . one of the united states’ most dangerous forest pests is the gypsy moth . silk moths with huge appetites , gypsy moths have gobbled up more than 80 million acres of our northeastern forests in the last 40 years . when they scarf down all the leaves in the forest , trees die , causing millions of dollars’ worth of damage . fortunately , field ants love those plump little leaf munchers . they help reduce the damage and spread of gypsy moths by eating every caterpillar they can find .
sometimes their partiality for pudgy little insects lands field ants in unusual situations . many baby beetles ( often called grubs ) fit the mold for a perfect field ant meal . slow , soft and chubby , beetle grubs don’t stand a chance when hungry field ants stumble across them while foraging . to ward off potential beetle slayers , many beetle species , like tortoise beetles , found an inventive solution : poop shields .
it may seem like all fun and games for field ants , frolicking across our forests , lawns and traffic medians , grocery shopping and building their houses . but field ants have a wicked foe prowling those same forests , lawns and traffic medians , combing the grass for field ant nests : amazon ants . amazon ants look a lot like field ants . same size , similar color , same big eyes , similar camel humpy back . amazon ants and field ants look so similar they could sometimes almost pass as the same species , except one major exception : amazon ants have dagger - sharp , sickle - shaped jaws . their jaws are so pointy they can’t take care of their tender babies—any attempt at carrying or feeding could result in a fatal stab wound to their young .
so amazon ants came up with a solution : they raid field ant nests , slashing and smashing adults as they go , snatch up hearty pupae in those jaws , and scurry back to their nests . now , we remember from the ant’s life cycle that baby ants take a lot of food , but once those ants pupate , they don’t eat at all . they just sit there helpless in their nests and wait to turn into adults . by stealing pupae , amazon ants basically snatch up adult workers that require no maintenance from the amazon ants .
once in the slave - raiders’ nest , field ant pupae’s bodies start to pick up the smells in the nest . ants tell one another apart by smell . if a field ant starts to smell like an amazon ant , she’ll start to think of herself as an amazon ant . when she emerges as an adult , she does the tasks to help the colony that she would do in her real mother’s nest : gathering food , building the nest , raising babies , taking care of the queen . she usually has no idea that she’s a slave , helping her enemies to grow so they can raid more field ant nests .
find out more about this species at antweb and see more photos at alex wild ' s photography site .
brandt , m . , gedan , k . b . & garcia , e . a . 2010 . disturbance type affects the distribution of mobile invertebrates in a high salt marsh community . northeastern naturalist , 17 , 103 - 114 . doi : 10 . 1656 / 045 . 017 . 0108 .
lopez , r . & potter , d . 2000 . ant predation on eggs and larvae of the black cutworm ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) and japanese beetle ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae ) in turfgrass . environmental entomology , 29 , 116 - 125 . doi : 10 . 1603 / 0046 - 225x - 29 . 1 . 116 .
milford , e . 1999 . ant communities in flooded and unflooded riparian forest of the middle rio grande . southwestern naturalist , 44 , 278 - 286 .
morton , t . & vencl , f . 1998 . larval beetles form a defense from recycled host - plant chemicals discharged as fecal wastes . journal of chemical ecology , 24 , 765 - 785 . doi : 10 . 1023 / a : 1022382931766 .
moya - ragoza , g . & nault , l . 2000 . obligatory mutualism between dalbulus quinquenotatus ( homoptera : cicadellidae ) and attendant ants . annals of the entomological society of america , 93 , 929 - 940 . doi : 10 . 1603 / 0013 - 8746 ( 2000 ) 093 [ 0929 : ombdqh ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .
ouellette , g . d . , drummond , f . a . , choate , b . & groden , e . 2010 . ant diversity and distribution in acadia national park , maine . environmental entomology , 39 , 1447 - 1456 . doi : 10 . 1603 / en09306 .
sheridan , s . , iversen , k . & itagaki , h . 1996 . the role of chemical senses in seed - carrying behavior by ants : a behavioral , physiological , and morphological study . journal of insect physiology , 42 , 149 - 159 . doi : 10 . 1016 / 0022 - 1910 ( 95 ) 00087 - 9 .
vanek , s . j . & potter , d . a . 2010 . ant - exclusion to promote biological control of soft scales ( hemiptera : coccidae ) on woody landscape plants . environmental entomology , 39 , 1829 - 1837 . doi : 10 . 1603 / en10093 .
vencl , f . , morton , t . , mumma , r . & schultz , j . 1999 . shield defense of a larval tortoise beetle . journal of chemical ecology , 25 , 549 - 566 . doi : 10 . 1023 / a : 1020905920952 .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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i found some of these ants under a piece of bark on the ground and they had these springtails with them .
myrmecos , it looks like a good match , and alex ' s photo was taken in neighboring n . y .
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i notice in my pictures that it seems to have long
hairs
from it ' s
chin
. the eyes are also fairly large .
the development of this web site was supported in part by the national institute of food and agriculture , united states department of agriculture , under project no . mis - 012040 and the usda - ars areawide management of imported fire ant project ( richard l . brown , principal investigator ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
if the larvae don ' t have adequate bedding to anchor their silk , they ' ll often just pupate naked .
if you enjoy my expertise and identifications , please do not put wild populations at risk of disease by releasing pet colonies . we are responsible to give our pets the best care we can manage for the rest of their lives .
i have a nanitic already , i guess you can ' t see it in the picture . it ' s still very light since it eclosed recently , and in going away for a while so my ants will be at home . hopefully i ' ll remember to show you in 11 days .
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mayr , 1866b pdf : 889 ( q . ) ; emery , 1893k pdf : 657 ( m . ) .
, 1886 [ lectotype designated , labelled n . amer . / schauf .
( nhwc ) ] syn . nov .
, w . m . 1904 [ syntypes examined ] four workers on one pin , bee creek . travis co . tex . xi . 9 . 02 m . c . z . type 5 - 8 8844 var .
, 1938 [ syntypes examined ] 24 workers on 8 pins . ten sleep wy 9 / 31 a . c . cole . synonymy , under
are also quite shiny ) . the mesosoma often lacks either appressed pubescence or erect pilosity , or has relatively few , short , erect macrochaetae ( fig . 6 a ) . pubescence , even on gaster , short and sparse ( fig . 4 a ) . sculpture faint to nearly smooth , best developed ( to the point of slightly weakening the sheen ) in the northeastern part of the range , where the form
. color is highly variable , generally uniform dark brown in canada and new england , the black hills and western mountain areas , and concolorous coppery yellow or weakly bicolored ( gaster a little browner ) in the deep south . various intermediate conditions occur in a broad band of territory from southern missouri and northern arkansas , across the upper south to the foothills of the southern appalachians in georgia and the carolinas , and occasionally elsewhere . the transition area between typical
is a 300 - mile wide band straddling the mason - dixon line . in it , one may occasionally find single - queen colonies containing nearly the full range of color variation . the extreme color forms are weakly distinguished morphometrically , with far northern populations having slightly shorter scapes , but the variation is clinal through the zone of transition ( mean si = 143 . 08 in the south , 140 . 94 in transition zone , 139 . 68 in the north ) .
queen color , gastral pubescence and shininess like the workers , with the usual differences in size . sculpture very faint ; pubescence short and sparse ; pilosity sparse ; wings , when present , clear to amber . mesoscutum lacking the three dark spots characteristic of
male pubescence sparse ; surface more shining than other species ; rarely concolorous dark brown ( in those colonies with the most uniformly dark workers ) , most commonly in north and rocky mountains and clinal transition zone with head and gaster blackish and mesosoma a little lighter to clear yellowish brown ; in south and great plains , concolorous honey - red or with only the head notably darker ; wings clear to amber - colored .
is distinctive for this species in any of its color variants . the difference in si strongly discriminates this species from
( table 1 ) . the setal characteristics , the shininess and globulous gaster of this species were expressly mentioned by latreille ( 1802 ) in his original latin description . among the species in the group ,
is the only one to frequently lack detectable macrochaetae on the pronotum ( 34 of 57 specimens ) and propodeum ( 33 of 57 specimens ) . when mesosomal dorsal pilosity is present in
, the macrochaetae average shorter than in other species and are usually most numerous on the mesonotum rather than on the pronotum or on the propodeum ( table 1 ) . bright - colored southern
this name was coined by latreille from the latin adjectives pallidus plus fulvus meaning pale reddish yellow . this neatly describes the southern , lighter colored variants of this species . northeastern , midwestern and western mountain populations of this species are predominantly of darker , black - coffee - brown coloration , but even in these locations many individuals and colonies are bicolored and some may have coloring closer to that of southern populations .
occurs throughout the eastern united states and southeastern canada , then west across the us great plains to the lower - elevation rocky mountains from wyoming to new mexico .
also has considerable habitat latitude . this ant lives in a variety of native and anthropogenic plant communities and soil types , including dry - mesic to mesic grasslands , woodlands and forests , thickets , lawns , campuses and parks . it is most abundant in mesic , wooded or partially wooded areas , from city parks to closedcanopy forests . in the lower rainfall areas of the great plains , it is uncommon and probably restricted to riparian woodlands ( milford , 1999 ) . in the rocky mountains , it occurs at lower elevations in meadows , mixed mesophytic forests and in parks and suburbs .
may be located in bare soil of grassland and forest footpaths , beneath leaf litter , under small diameter ( < 10 cm ) fallen tree limbs , or under bark of a decomposing stump . less often the nest occupies a larger , punky , rotten log , especially during late spring when the sexual brood is being reared .
is the only species in this group which normally inhabits closed - canopy mesic forests and which commonly nests in rotting wood . in non - wooded settings
with this slavemaker in colonies from long island , southern ontario , central illinois , northern missouri and rocky mountain foothill locales in colorado and new mexico . we have seen specimens that look like this
there , but have not yet been able to confirm this with a nest collection .
in the lawns and gardens of the st . louis , missouri , area ,
( steiner et al . , 2006 ) . however , throughout much of the southeast ,
occasionally , workers and sexuals become covered with a mite ( oplitis sp . ? ) that reduces their energy level and may cause the demise of the colony . in eastern missouri ,
often gathers honeydew beneath hemipteran - infested plants or from their leaf surfaces , but they have not often been observed to gather honeydew directly from the hemipterans . furthermore ,
in connecticut , and it was also later noted by talbot ( 1948 ) in michigan . this difference holds true in numerous colonies of the two species sampled in missouri by j . trager . in some colonies of
, male pupae may also lack cocoons , but queen pupae nearly always are enclosed in cocoons .
1 times found in deciduous forest , 0 times found in pine flatwoods , 0 times found in black oak dunes , 0 times found in mixed flatwoods , 0 times found in oak / hickory forest , black belt prairie , 0 times found in in swamp , 2 times found in mixed hardwood forest , 0 times found in peripheral to cultivated cotton , 0 times found in upland hardwood forest , 0 times found in nest in soil near river , . . .
0 times litter , 1 times stray foragers on trail , 1 times nest , 1 times stray foragers on large rock , 0 times leaf litter , 1 times hardwood trees , 1 times under stone , 1 times foraging on concrete .
0 times pitfall trap , 0 times general collecting , 1 times under rock , 0 times berlese funnel , 0 times under wood , 3 times search , 0 times malaise trap , 2 times hand collecting , 0 times blacklight trap , 0 times lindgren funnel , 0 times d - vac sample , . . .
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to go directly to a known taxon of hymenoptera , enter the name below ( maximum size = 256 characters ) . only scientific names are stored in the database , no common names . the text field is case - sensitive and the spelling must exactly match the database entries unless a wildcard ' % ' is used . regardless of wildcard use , all taxa whose name begin with the search string will be displayed .
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workers - - 4 - 8mm , stretched out , from border of clypeus to tip of abdomen . some are weakly polymorphic .
4 - 8 mm workers have conspicuous ocelli , double row of bristles on flexor ( ventral ) surface of middle and hind tibiae , mesosoma with
bumpy
( stair - stepped ) profile , dorsal surface of propodeal profile as long or longer than the posterior , declivitous face .
antennomere and palp segment counts are typical for aculeata , antennae 12 - segmented ( 13 in males ) , palp formula 6 , 4 .
known as wood ( or forest ) ants , field ants or mound ants , depending on habitat preference and nesting habits of the various species . most prefer non - flooded , open woodlands , openings in temperate forest , or grasslands . a few ( mostly northern ) species are more or less specialists in openings in boreal forests , fens or bogs , riparian areas , and a small number of species can ( but do not always ) live in the full shade of closed canopy deciduous or mixed forests . nests are built in soil or less often in rotten wood on the ground . the nest may be elevated above the surface as a mound constructed of earth and / or plant fragments .
active from the first warm days of spring till frost , but often with an unexplained lull in activity in august . mating flights late june through early august .
predatory with a sweet tooth . attack and kill or scavenge all manner of arthropods and less often earthworms , and avidly seek honeydew and extrafloral nectar , often foraging high in trees to gather these sweets .
lasius are perhaps most similar and found in the same habitats , differing in their inconspicous or missing ocelli , lack of a pair of longitudinal rows of bristles on the flexor ( ventral ) surfaces of the middle and hind tibiae , and by the dorsal surface of the propodeum being shorter than the posterior declivitous face . lasius also differ in their smaller size ( 2 . 5 - 4 ) , small eyes , and reduced palp segmentation of many species .
creighton , w . s . 1950 . the ants of north america . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology of harvard college 104 : 1 - 585 .
field guide to ants of new england ( ellison , et al . , 2012 ) includes all known described and undescribed species of new england usa , but serves well for all of eastern north america , though missing a few species that show up in the southeast or upper mississippi valley .
american insects : a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h . arnett . 2000 . crc press .
contributed by tom murray on 7 may , 2005 - 2 : 55pm additional contributions by cotinis , chuck entz , david ferguson , james c . trager last updated 4 september , 2017 - 2 : 27pm
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this list is based on the work of mary talbot . her collections from the esgr spanned a quarter of a century and yielded 87 species across 4 subfamilies . some changes have been made to bring the taxonomy in her list of ant species ( talbot 1975 ) up to date , primarily following those changes in wheeler et al . ( 1994 ) .
talbot , m . 1975 . a list of the ants of the edwin s . george reserve , livingston county , michigan . great lakes entomol . 8 : 245 - 246 .
wheeler , g . c . , j . wheeler , and p . b . kannowski . 1994 . checklist of the ants of michigan ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . great lakes entomologist 26 : 297 - 310 .
revived from synonymy and raised to species : trager , macgown & trager , 2007 : 621 .
] syntype workers , district of columbia , iv - 13 - 1886 ( mcsn ) [ examined . five workers on three pins labeled paratypes by a . francoeur ]
with a relatively broad head ( mean ci = 86 . 77 ) , sides of head more convex ( fig . 5 c ) and scapes relatively short ( mean si = 132 . 99 ) . head and gaster rich , dark brown ( northeast ) to brownish - yellow with darker tip ( prairie region ) . mesosoma and legs yellowish - brown to light yellowish - brown . mesosoma often a little lighter than head , and both lighter than gaster . specimens in the great plains portion of the range are nearly concolorous brownish yellow except for the darker gastral apex . mesosomal macrochaetae of f . incerta
typically conspicuously shortest on propodeum . erect pilosity on gaster relatively short , straight or only slightly curved , if curved , usually below the mid - point of the length of the macrochaetae . gaster shiny , but its sheen dulled by faint tessellation and medium density pubescence ( fig . 4 c ) composed of pale grayish appressed microchaetae
queen color , gastral pubescence and shininess like the workers , with the usual differences in size . color pattern differing from workers and from that of queens of all other species in that there are three distinct , dark spots on the mesoscutum , one anteromedian and two lateral over the parapsidal sulci
. these may cover most of the mesoscutal area or may be reduced to longitudinal dark elliptical marks . upper portion of head , pronotum , sides of mesothorax , propodeum and gastral dorsum with faint tessellation . wings , when present , clear brownish to clear smoky gray .
male pubescence and pilosity abundant ; mesosomal dorsum dull - punctate ; entire body uniform black or dull blackish brown , legs reddish brown ; wings clear brownish to clear smoky gray . averages smaller than the nearly similar f . dolosa
is distinguished from the other species in the group by a relatively broad head and short scapes ( ci and si , table 1 ) . in the northeast part of its range , more pilose f . incerta
, and most places where they are found together in the field , f . incerta
, due to some faint tessellation on the mesosoma and somewhat longer , denser pubescence on the gastral dorsum of f . incerta
. mesosomal and gastral pilosity is usually much less abundant than in f . dolosa
this name was coined by emery from the latin adjective incertus meaning uncertain . this seems appropriate to describe emery ' s own and subsequent authors doubts regarding the validity of this species .
this species occurs from new england and the great lakes states west to minnesota , nebraska and low elevation grasslands of colorado ( and new mexico ? ) . it extends south in eastern us to the balds , meadows and old fields of the southern appalachians . f . incerta
is especially abundant in native mesic and dry - mesic grasslands , but also occurs in parks , campuses and lawns , fields and forest clear - cuts . in the northeast , it occurs in heathland and sand barrens , and in the midwest it is characteristic and abundant in prairie remnants , botanically diverse old fields and meadows , and native prairie reconstructions .
species to become abundant on restored native grasslands , conservation reserve program grassland plantings on former farmland and cut - over forests . a healthy population of f . incerta
species in mesic tallgrass prairies from central illinois , nebraska and south to oklahoma and northeast arkansas , and also in balds , meadows and old fields at higher elevations of the southern appalachian mountains . sweepnet samples from all these types of habitats rarely fail to include f . incerta
, and thus insect collections housed at institutions near them may be rife with samples of individuals so captured . in the great lakes region and new england , this species is more associated with sandy soils and pastureland and often nests under rocks . in the northern glaciated prairie region , f . incerta
collections examined from new england states , new jersey , southern ontario , wisconsin and missouri . f . incerta
and in western missouri prairies commonly occurs as a slave of this species , either alone or in mixed populations with f . subsericea
appears to be the primary host of alloparasitic ( dispersing ) queens of f . difficilis emery
workers . indeed , wheeler ( 1904 ) first used the term temporary social parasitism to describe the relationship he elucidated between f . difficilis
this ant often visits extrafloral nectaries of sunflowers , partridge peas and other prairie plants . it also tends aphids and membracids on a variety of plants . f . incerta
. foraging strategy and recruitment to food sources has been well studied in f . incerta
) by robson & traniello ( 1998 , and included references to their earlier work ) . these authors identified their study subject as f . schaufussi
in the articles , but vouchers sent by robson were examined for this revision . these were mostly f . incerta
. this is especially so on sunny , late winter days when workers migrate intranidally toward the surface , seeking warmth .
, as was earlier noted by both wheeler ( 1904 ) and talbot ( 1948 ) .
queen color , gastral pubescence and shininess like the workers , with the usual differences in size . color pattern differing from workers and from that of queens of all other species in that there are three distinct , dark spots on the mesoscutum , one anteromedian and two lateral over the parapsidal sulci . these may cover most of the mesoscutal area or may be reduced to longitudinal dark elliptical marks . upper portion of head , pronotum , sides of mesothorax , propodeum and gastral dorsum with faint tessellation . wings , when present , clear brownish to clear smoky gray .
male pubescence and pilosity abundant ; mesosomal dorsum dull - punctate ; entire body uniform black or dull blackish brown , legs reddish brown ; wings clear brownish to clear smoky gray . averages smaller than the nearly similar f . dolosa and smaller and of more uniform blackish color than males of f . biophilica .
this species occurs from new england and the great lakes states west to minnesota , nebraska and low elevation grasslands of colorado ( and new mexico ? ) . it extends south in eastern us to the balds , meadows and old fields of the southern appalachians . f . incerta is especially abundant in native mesic and dry - mesic grasslands , but also occurs in parks , campuses and lawns , fields and forest clear - cuts . in the northeast , it occurs in heathland and sand barrens , and in the midwest it is characteristic and abundant in prairie remnants , botanically diverse old fields and meadows , and native prairie reconstructions .
f . incerta appears to be the only host of polyergus lucidus lucidus collections examined from new england states , new jersey , southern ontario , wisconsin and missouri . f . incerta is also frequent among the many hosts of f . pergandei and in western missouri prairies commonly occurs as a slave of this species , either alone or in mixed populations with f . subsericea . f . incerta appears to be the primary host of alloparasitic ( dispersing ) queens of f . difficilis emery , the queen of which bears a superficial resemblance to f . incerta workers . indeed , wheeler ( 1904 ) first used the term temporary social parasitism to describe the relationship he elucidated between f . difficilis ( as var . consocians ) and f . incerta in connecticut .
in many areas and excavates underground nests with small entrance holes . its diet includes nectar produced by
meaning
uncertain
and seems particularly apt given the subsequent uncertainty as to the validity of the species and the difficulty in distinguishing this ant from other species living in the same area .
the queen is larger than the workers and can be distinguished from queens of other species by three dark spots on the thorax .
is native to the eastern half of the united states . its range extends from minnesota , nebraska , new england and the
southwards to colorado and possibly new mexico . it is present in sandy and clayey soils and favours old grassland , meadows and heathland but is also found in sparse woodlands , forest rides , prairies , parks , lawns and on roadside verges . in many areas it is the most abundant species of
is excavated below ground and consists of one or more large chambers near the surface from which descend one or several vertical galleries about 1 cm ( 0 . 4 in ) in diameter and up to 110 centimetres ( 43 in ) long . the chambers in which the ants live radiate off these and typically measure 4 by 2 . 5 cm ( 2 by 1 in ) , each having a level floor and domed roof . there is no mound on the surface above the nest but a newly excavated entrance may be surrounded by a halo of ejected soil . the entrance is inconspicuous and up to 2 . 5 cm ( 1 in ) in diameter . occasionally there are two entrances to the nest .


pellasimnia brunneiterma is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family ovulidae .

this species appears to be a cryptic species triad .

pellasimnia brunneiterma

worms - world register of marine species - pellasimnia brunneiterma ( c . n . cate , 1969 )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : pellasimnia brunneiterma ( c . n . cate , 1969 ) - id : 1632100000
citation :
brown - tipped spindle cowries , pellasimnia brunneiterma ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
( of volva brunneiterma c . n . cate , 1969 ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]
( of hiata brunneiterma ( c . n . cate , 1969 ) ) lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]
( of volva brunneiterma c . n . cate , 1969 ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hiata brunneiterma ( c . n . cate , 1969 ) ) cate c . n . ( 1973 ) . a systematic revision of the recent cypraeid family ovulidae . the veliger . 15 ( supplement ) : 1 - 117 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
lorenz f . & fehse d . ( 2009 ) the living ovulidae . a manual of the families of allied cowries : ovulidae , pediculariidae and eocypraeidae . hackenheim : conchbooks . [ details ]
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
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cate , c . n . 1969 ,
two new species of the genus volva roding 1798
, veliger , vol . 11 , no . 4 , pp . 364 - 366
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2661d0d5 - a3e5 - 4623 - b915 - 8e7f5c354907
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f2b5493c - 79f9 - 4ae3 - ac6c - 92dec78054be
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f3728e0f - 8ea1 - 46d9 - b414 - 5a2a0dec82ec
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d2b14cfb - d6af - 45b1 - 9c2b - 91385ee89d61
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 636536
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antaeotricha impactella is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by walker in 1864 .

it is found in brazil ( amazonas ) .

adults are cinereous , the forewings with a few blackish streaks , which form an irregular line extending from the base to nearly three-fourths of the length .

there are three oblique blackish costal streaks , of which the first and the second are much more slender than the third .

there are several diffuse indistinct pale brownish longitudinal streaks and the marginal points are black .

the hindwings are brownish .

antaeotricha impactella

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word incisurella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word incisurella and , of course , incisurella synonyms and on the right images related to the word incisurella .
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