dichomeris acrolychna is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1922 .

it is found in brazil ( para ) .

the wingspan is 9-11 mm .

the forewings are rather dark ashy-fuscous , obscurely whitish-speckled .

the stigmata is dark fuscous or ferruginous-brown , the plical somewhat beyond the first discal .

there is a curved dark ferruginous-brown subterminal shade sometimes perceptible .

the hindwings are dark grey .

dichomeris acrolychna

dichomeris acrolychna meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brazil , para
vad betyder dichomeris ? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv
dichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818 . dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .
dichomeris acmodeta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12
dichomeris agorastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris albula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris apicispina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris apludella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris bifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris bomiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris bucinaria ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris consertella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris cuprea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris cuspis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris diffurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris fareasta ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris fuscahopa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris fuscanella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris gansuensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris hodgesi ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris jiangxiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris lativalvata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris lespedezae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris lutilinea ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris manticopodina ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris menglana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris millotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 212
dichomeris minutia ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris mitteri ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris molybdoterma meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 353
dichomeris ningshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris nivalis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris paulianella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 213
dichomeris polygona ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris polypunctata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris qingchengshanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris quadratipalpa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris quadrifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris sexafurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris shenae ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris spicans ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris spuracuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris stasimopa meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 94
dichomeris strictella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris synergastis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris tersa ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris varifurca ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris violacula ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris wuyiensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris yuebana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris yunnanensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 35
dichomeris zymotella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 215
dichomeris fuliginella ( costa , 1836 ) , described as rhinosia fuliginella from italy .
dichomeris junisonensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1082
dichomeris acritopa meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72
dichomeris dolichaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 67
dichomeris loxonoma meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123
dichomeris nyingchiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254
dichomeris fuscahopa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 242
dichomeris fuscusitis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243
dichomeris gansuensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247
dichomeris hodgesi li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 232
dichomeris jiangxiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 244
dichomeris junisonis [ sic ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris yunnanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 254
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dichomeris cuspis park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 19 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris derasella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ fe ]
dichomeris fareasta park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 15 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris lamprostoma ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23 ; [ fe ]
dichomeris mitteri park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 17 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris praevacua ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 :
dichomeris strictella park , 1994 ; insecta koreana 11 : 11 ; tl : gangweon prov . , korea
dichomeris acritopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12
dichomeris adelocentra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris albiscripta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris allantopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris amphichlora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13
dichomeris ampliata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris anisospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris antiloxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris antisticta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris asodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris barymochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris brachygrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris brachyptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris caerulescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris cellaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris centracma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris ceponoma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris charonaea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris chartaria ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris chinganella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris chlanidota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris cinnabarina ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris citharista ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris clarescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris cocta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 17
dichomeris contentella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris corniculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris crepitatrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris deceptella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris deltoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris diacrita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris dicausta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19
dichomeris doxarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris eridantis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris eucomopa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris excoriata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris ferrata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris ferruginosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris frenigera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris fungifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris geochrota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris horoglypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris ignorata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris illicita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris illucescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris imbricata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris immerita ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris indiserta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris intensa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris isoclera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris leptosaris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris leucothicta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris levigata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lissota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris litoxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lupata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris macroxyla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris malachias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris malacodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris melanortha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris melitura ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris mesoglena ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris metatoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris metuens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris microdoxa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 26
dichomeris microsphena meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 166 ; tl : java , buitenzorg
dichomeris oceanis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris olivescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris ostracodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris pelitis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris petalodes ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris planata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris polyaema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris praealbescens ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris procrossa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29
dichomeris pseudometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris ptychosema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris sciodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris semnias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris siranta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31
dichomeris summata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris synclepta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris tephroxesta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris testudinata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris tetraschema ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris thyrsicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris toxolyca ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris traumatias ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris uranopis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris viridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris indigna ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note )
dichomeris ceratomoxantha ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note )
dichomeris adelocentra meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : java , butenzorg
dichomeris albula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan
dichomeris baccata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , teffé
= dichomeris bisignella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16
dichomeris brachygrapha meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 305 ; tl : assam , khasis
dichomeris bucinaria park , 1996 ; tinea 14 ( 4 ) : 230 ; tl : pintung co . , taiwan
dichomeris chalcophaea meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dichomeris fida meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para
dichomeris fusca park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 49 ; tl : taichung co . , taiwan
dichomeris fuscalis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 16 ; tl : taipei co . , taiwan
dichomeris harmonias meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai
dichomeris horiodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , parintins
dichomeris horoglypta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hasimoto , japan
dichomeris ingloria meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , lima
dichomeris leptosaris meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : hokkaido , japan
dichomeris leucothicta meyrick , 1919 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : bombay , dharwar
dichomeris lucrifuga meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : brazil , para
dichomeris lutivittata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dichomeris mesoctenis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 434 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
dichomeris mesoglena meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : coorg , pollibetta
dichomeris metuens meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 201 ; tl : seneng , java
dichomeris ochthophora meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : taihoku , formosa
dichomeris orientis park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 36 ; tl : kaohsiung co . , taiwan
dichomeris praevacua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : china , shanghai
dichomeris quercicola meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : punjab , kangra
dichomeris saturata meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : brazil , obidos
dichomeris sciodora meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : assam , khasis
dichomeris symmetrica park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 20 ; tl : taitung co . , taiwan
dichomeris syndias [ sic , recte syndyas ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris thermodryas meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 621 ; tl : peru , iquitos
dichomeris trilobella park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 42 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan
dichomeris anisospila meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china
dichomeris argentaria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton
dichomeris cotifera meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton
dichomeris cuprea li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : shaanxi
dichomeris exsecta meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 354 ; tl : rhodesia , mazoe
dichomeris ignorata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
dichomeris melanortha meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 510 ; tl : bombay , poona
dichomeris monorbella viette , 1988 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 93 ( 3 - 4 ) : 104
dichomeris squalens meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana
resupina omelko , 1999 ; keys ins . russian far east 5 ( 2 ) : 107 ; ts : dichomeris okadai moriuti
dichomeris tactica meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 152 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft
dichomeris allantopa meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras
dichomeris alogista meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 72 ; tl : hunan , china
dichomeris brachymetra meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 620 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800m
dichomeris brachyptila meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 584 ; tl : upper burma , myitkyina
dichomeris ceponoma meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 151 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft
dichomeris davisi park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 35 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sirin
dichomeris ellipsias meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 114 ; tl : peru , iquitos
dichomeris lushanae park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 22 ; tl : taiwan , taipei co . , sozan
dichomeris moriutii ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 73
dichomeris physocoma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 286 ; tl : sierra leone , mabang
dichomeris procyphodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , parintins
dichomeris rhodophaea meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 73
dichomeris simaoensis ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74
dichomeris stratigera meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , parintins
dichomeris subdentata meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , santarem
dichomeris testudinata meyrick , , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 34 ; tl : guangdong , china
dichomeris thalamopa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 112 ; tl : brail , téffe
dichomeris xanthodeta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : three sisters
dichomeris zonata ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74
dichomeris liui li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 234 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris qinlingensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 235 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris aequata meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 282 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
dichomeris agathopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris anisacuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 231 ; tl : china , jiangxi
dichomeris antizyga meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 303 ; tl : barberton , pretoria
dichomeris aphanopa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris apicispina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris asteropis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma
dichomeris attenta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma
dichomeris bifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 251 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris bodenheimeri ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; [ afromoths ]
dichomeris bomiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : china , xizang
dichomeris cachrydias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
dichomeris decusella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 19 ; [ afromoths ]
dichomeris diffurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 253 ; tl : fujian , china
dichomeris eustacta meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris excepta meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 9 ) : 279 ; tl : nyassaland , mt . mlanje
dichomeris hylurga meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury
dichomeris impigra meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , haenertsburg
dichomeris indiserta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : malay states , kuala lumpur
dichomeris lativalvata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 248 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris manticopodina li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 239 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris menglana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 257 ; tl : yunnan , china
dichomeris ningshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris nivalis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris opsonoma meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 281 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
dichomeris pladarota meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
dichomeris polygona li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 243 ; tl : sichuan , china
dichomeris qingchengshanensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 245 ; tl : sichuan , china
dichomeris quadratipalpa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 238 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris quadrifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 252 ; tl : fujian , china
dichomeris sexafurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 249 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris shenae li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 246 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris spicans li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 247 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris spuracuminata li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 230 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris stromatias meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 23 ; tl : zululand , nkwaleni
dichomeris tersa li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 241 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris varifurca li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 250 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris violacula li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 237 ; tl : gansu , china
dichomeris wuyiensis li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 255 ; tl : jiangxi , china
dichomeris xestobyrsa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : rhodesia , salisbury
dichomeris yuebana li & zheng , 1996 ; shilap revta lepid . 24 ( 95 ) : 236 ; tl : shaanxi , china
dichomeris obscura li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m
dichomeris angustiptera li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m
dichomeris acrogypsa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 168 ; tl : queensland , rosewood
dichomeris aculata ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 147 ( note )
dichomeris ampliata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris cirrhostola turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , adavale
dichomeris deltaspis ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 155 ( note )
dichomeris excoriata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris ferrata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris ferrogra li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : mengla , yunnan , 630m
dichomeris ferruginosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris heteracma meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 622 ; tl : brazil , teffé ; peru , iquitos
dichomeris instans meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 619 ; tl : peru , iquitos ; brazil , teffé
dichomeris lividula park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 57 ; tl : taiwan , hualien co . , pianau - col
dichomeris oleata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 305 ; tl : barberton , three sisters
dichomeris ostracodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 583 ; tl : upper burma , lashio , 3000ft
dichomeris petalodes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 512 ; tl : nilambur , madras , india
dichomeris pleuroleuca turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 169 ; tl : queensland , eidsvold
dichomeris ptychosema meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris rectifascia li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 220 ; tl : kangxian , gansu , 800m
dichomeris simaoensis li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m
dichomeris summata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : khasis
dichomeris varronia busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : kitty , british guiana
dichomeris ventosa meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 304 ; tl : barberton , three sisters
dichomeris zonata li & wang , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 222 ; tl : simao , yunnan , 325m
dichomeris tostella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ]
dichomeris amphicoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 695 ; tl : brazil , santos
dichomeris antisticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 285 ; tl : costa rica , vulkan irazu , 4000ft
dichomeris fluitans meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 284 ; tl : natal , howick
dichomeris litoxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 4 - 5 ) : 123 ; tl : yakovlevka , primorkii krai , russia
dichomeris nessica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : panama , la chorrera
dichomeris taiwana park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 48 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , sunmoon lake , 760m
dichomeris zomias meyrick , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 : 283 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali
dichomeris hirculella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : east river , connecticut
dichomeris clarescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
dichomeris dysorata turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 170 ; tl : new south wales , syndey
dichomeris elegans park , 2001 ; insecta koreana 18 ( 4 ) : 308 ; tl : taiwan , pingtung co . , kenting park , 50m
dichomeris jugata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 97 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris mengdana li & zheng , 1997 ; entomologia sin . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mengda , xunhua , qinghai , 2240m
dichomeris miltophragma meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 115 ; tl : brazil , para , obidos , parintins
dichomeris ptilocompa meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 113 ; tl : brazil , teffé ; peru , jurimaguas
dichomeris substratella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris vadonella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 108 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy
dichomeris xerodes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 100 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
= dichomeris setosella ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 221
dichomeris glenni clarke , 1947 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 49 ( 7 ) : 187 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris aomoriensis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 12
dichomeris ardesiella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova
dichomeris arotrosema walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 95 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
dichomeris asodes meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java
dichomeris erixantha ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 83 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
dichomeris eucomopa meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54 ; tl : telawa , java
dichomeris loxospila ; [ nhm card ] ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 77
dichomeris lypetica walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris crepitatrix meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
dichomeris dignella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 91 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris excavata busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : porto bello , panama
dichomeris hexasticta walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris imbricata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
dichomeris lutea park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 59 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , meifeng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m
dichomeris lutilinea ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 118 ; tl : chuncheon , kangweon prov .
dichomeris metrodes meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 172 ; tl : hambantota , ceylon ; bombay
dichomeris olivescens meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 175 ; tl : kandy and maskeliya , ceylon
dichomeris thalpodes meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , r . napo
dichomeris tristicta busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 17 ; tl : trinidad river , panama
dichomeris melanophylla ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 114 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
dichomeris angulata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 14 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14
dichomeris bulawskii ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 114 ; tl : 27km sw slavjanka , primorskii krai
dichomeris fusca ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 60 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 49
dichomeris linealis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lividula ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 24
dichomeris lushanae ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris lutea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 25
dichomeris ochreata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 102 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 27
dichomeris taiwana ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 135 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 32
dichomeris trilobella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 141 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 33
dichomeris illusio hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 38 ; tl : hastings , florida
dichomeris imitata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : devers , texas
dichomeris angulata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 43 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , leinhauchi forest station , 15km sw puli , 750m
dichomeris aprica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57
dichomeris enoptrias ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 20
dichomeris hoplocrates ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 22
dichomeris issikii ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 23
dichomeris ochreata park & hodges , 1995 ; insecta koreana 12 : 32 ; tl : taiwan , nantou co . , mei - feng , 30km s tayuling , 2200m
dichomeris pyrrhoschista ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30
dichomeris sciritis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 31 ; li & sattler , 2012 , zootaxa 3373 : 57
dichomeris synergastis ponomarenko & park , 1996 ; korean j . appl . ent . 35 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : yong - in , kyunggi prov .
dichomeris viridescens ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 34
dichomeris offula hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 117 , pl . 3 , f . 21 ; tl : ithaca , new york
dichomeris crepida hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 118 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : mcclellanville , south carolina
dichomeris santarosensis hodges , 1985 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 87 ( 2 ) : 456 ; tl : santa rosa national park , guanacaste , costa rica
dichomeris nenia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 40 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : bandera co . , texas
dichomeris hypochloa walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora
dichomeris caia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris laetitia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 22 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris aleatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 91 , pl . 2 , f . 27 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris furia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 93 , pl . 2 , f . 30 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris baxa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 105 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : presidio of monterey , california
dichomeris cinnamicostella ; walsingham , 1911 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 103 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris costalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 18 ; tl : tabogilla i . and porto bello , panama
dichomeris habrochitona walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 26 ; tl : panama , tabernilla
dichomeris quercicola ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 30 ; ponomarenko , 1998 , far east . ent . 67 : 13
dichomeris carycina ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris caryophragma ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris diacnista ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris lypetica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 54 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris tactica ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 60 ( note ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris latescens ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 63 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
dichomeris siren hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : henson creek , oxon hill , maryland
dichomeris vindex hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 9 - 10 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris gleba hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 18 - 20 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
dichomeris legnotoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : largo , pinellas co . , florida
dichomeris mimesis hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 101 , pl . 2 , f . 39 ; tl : salmon , anderson co . , texas
dichomeris simulata hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 104 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : canadian , hemphill co . , texas
dichomeris percnopolis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 93 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , zapote , 2000ft
dichomeris renascens walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 96 , pl . 3 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris xuthostola walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 101 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
dichomeris sylphe hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 58 , pl . 1 , f . 22 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida
dichomeris ardelia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 8 ; tl : archbold biological station , lake placid , florida
dichomeris kimballi hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 71 , pl . 1 , f . 30 ; tl : archbold biological staion , lake placid , florida
dichomeris aglaia hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 85 , pl . 2 , f . 15 ; tl : lake placid , florida , archbold biological station
dichomeris anisacuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 14 ; li , zhen , kendrick & sterling , 2010 , shilap revta lepid . 38 ( 149 ) : 74
dichomeris argigastra walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
dichomeris autometra ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15 ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 )
dichomeris crambaleas ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 18
dichomeris melanota walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova
dichomeris okadai ; [ nhm card ] ; park & hodges , 1995 , insecta koreana 12 : ( 1 - 101 ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 28
dichomeris prensans meyrick , 1922 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1922 : 111 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins , manaos ; peru , iquitos ; british guiana , bartica
dichomeris sciastes walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 90 , pl . 3 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
dichomeris gausapa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : pl . 1 , f . 8 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona
= dichomeris acuminata ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 34
dichomeris solatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 48 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : peña blanca canyon , santa cruz co . arizona
= dichomeris punctidiscella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 56 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 36
dichomeris copa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 92 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : snyder heights 1100 ' , ithaca , new york
dichomeris achne hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 87 , pl . 2 , f . 34 ; tl : parker is . , highlands co . , florida
dichomeris euprepes hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : big black mnts , letcher co . , kentucky
dichomeris carinella walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 20 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris fuscusitis ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21 ; zhao , park , bae & li , 2017 , zootaxa 4273 ( 2 ) : ( 216 - 234 )
dichomeris intensa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : maskeliya and puttalam , ceylon ; cuddapah , 4000ft , n . coorg
dichomeris leucostena walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 94 , pl . 3 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
dichomeris blanchardorum hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 43 , pl . 1 , f . 10 - 11 ; tl : laguna atascosa , cameron co . , texas
dichomeris gnoma hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 106 , pl . 3 , f . 11 ; tl : shingle creek road , keremeos , british columbia , canada
dichomeris mercatrix hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 110 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : mclean bogs reserve , tompkins co . , new york
dichomeris bulawskii ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 16 ; ponomarenko & ueda , 2004 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 55 ( 3 ) : 151 ( note )
dichomeris diva hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 57 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : 1 mi s patagonia , santa cruz co . , arizona
dichomeris fistuca hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 68 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : wedge plantation , mccellanville , charleston co . , south carolina
dichomeris atomogypsa ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 72 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 15
dichomeris alphito hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 88 , pl . 2 , f . 21 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona
dichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 99 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : wedge plantation , mcclellanville , charleston co . , south carolina
dichomeris acrochlora ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 112 ( note ) ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 12
dichomeris sybilla hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 121 , pl . 3 , f . 24 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , arizona
dichomeris evitata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 99 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft
dichomeris harmonias ; [ nhm card ] ; park , 1991 , ann . hist . - nat . mus . hung . 83 : 121 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 21
dichomeris xanthoa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 102 , pl . 3 , f . 2 ; tl : ft . niobrara national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska
dichomeris bolize hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 100 , pl . 2 , f . 37 ; tl : hackberry lake , valentine national wildlife refuge , cherry co . , nebraska
dichomeris isa hodges , 1986 ; moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 103 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : tenkiller lake , 3 mi w blackgum , sequoyah co . , oklahoma


the hammer-headed bat ( hypsignathus monstrosus ) , also known as the big-lipped bat , is a megabat widely distributed in equatorial africa .

this large bat is found in riverine forests , mangroves , swamps , and palm forests at elevations less than 1,800 metres ( 5,900 ft ) .

hammer - headed bat

bradbury , j . 1977 . lek mating behavior in the hammer - headed bat .
hammer headed frui / t bat . loud honking calls from male bats . sounds of heavy insect stridulation .
bradbury , j . w . : lek mating behavior in the hammer - headed bat . z . tierpsychol .
bradbury jw ( 1977 ) lek mating behavior in the hammer - headed bat . z tierpsychol 45 : 225–255 .
hammer headed frui / t bat . loud honking calls from male bats . sounds of heavy insect stridulation . - youtube
bradbury , j . 1977 . lek mating behavior in the hammer - headed bat . zeit . fur tierpsychol , 45 : 225 - 255 .
bradbury , j . w . 1977 . lek mating behaviour in the hammer - headed bat . zeitschrift fur tierpsychologie 45 : 225 - 255 .
bradbury , j . w .
lek mating behavior in the hammer - headed bat .
zeitschrift fur tierpsychologie 45 ( 1977 ) : 225–255 .
an overview of australia ' s grey - headed flying fox ( pteropus poliocephalus ) .
…of the family are the epauletted fruit bat s ( epomophorus ) , in which the male has tufts of pale hair on the shoulders , and the hammer - headed fruit bat ( hypsignathus monstrosus ) , which has a large , blunt muzzle and pendulous lips .
english : cave fruit bat , common nectar - feeding fruit bat , dobson ' s long - tongued dawn bat .
although hammer - headed bats are frugivorous , they are generally not considered to be effective seed distributors as they tend to consume their food in the same area where they find it . figs are often a major component of their diet , and they also are known to forage on bananas , guavas , mangos and other cultivated crops . the hammer - headed bat is considered a crop pest due to its diet of fruit .
however , in light of ongoing deforestation and habitat changes due to climate change , persecution , and hunting , continued monitoring is needed to ensure that the hammer - headed fruit bat remains one of africa’s most iconic and ecologically important species .
the hammer - headed bat ( hypsignathus monstrosus ) , widely distributed in equatorial africa , is one of three species of african fruit bat thought to be asymptomatically infected with the ebola virus ; though scientists do not know if the species is an incidental host or a reservoir of ebolavirus .
english : hill long - tongued fruit bat , greater long - tongued nectar bat .
bat lovers welcome — ( lavia frons ) the yellow - winged bat description . . .
pool of roundleaf bat ( hipposideros sp . ) and horseshoe bat ( rhinolophus sp . )
the duration of copulation in c . sphinx ( 100–300 s ) is much longer than in the indian flying fox p . giganteus ( 30–40 s ) , and the hammer - headed bat h . monstrosus ( 30–60 s ) [ 4 ] , [ 7 ] . the indian flying fox and the hammer - headed bat were studied in the field however , and male - male competition in colonies may reduce copulation time . bats may also shorten copulation time to reduce predation risk in the field , especially if vigilance is reduced during copulation .
the hammer - headed bat is the largest bat in africa with a wingspan between 686 to 970 mm ( 2 . 3 – 3 . 2 feet ) . typically , the males are larger than the females , which makes sense since they need to be able to carry that big head around all day . although , it may be tempting to go up and pet this large , hammer - headed creature , iyou need to realize that this particular bat species is one of the 3 fruit bats in africa that carry the ebola virus , without showing any symptoms . not only are they huge but they can also be deadly !
the iucn red list of threatened species lists the hammer - headed bat as “least concern” due to the species’ widespread distribution and presumed limited threats to its habitat . however , in some parts of its range , hammer - headed fruit bats are threatened by deforestation , particularly the loss of riverine forests , and it is hunted as bushmeat . as it is found in tai national park ( côte d’ivoire ) , and with its range throughout equatorial africa , it is likely found in other protected areas and is thought to be relatively secure .
the little - collared fruit bat ( myonycteris torquata ) and the egyptian fruit bat ( rousettus aegyptiacus ) are the other two species . the species is locally common and is typically found in lowland tropical moist forests , riverine forests , swamp forests , mangroves and palm forests , where it roosts in trees . although colonies up to 25 bats have been observed , the average hammer - headed fruit bat roost is fewer than five bats .
others have suggested that the jersey devil might be ( or be related to ) the hammer headed fruit bat ( hypsignathus monstrosus ) . while there is a striking resemblance to the description of the jersey devil , none are known to exist in the wild in america ( they’re native to africa ) , and the bat in question rarely grows more than eleven inches tall – which is large for a bat , but not near the reported size of the jersey devil .
only the male hammer - headed bat is blessed with such a large head , which they use to create incredibly loud honking noises . the large nose , larynx and lips allow the male bat create sounds that are extremely resonant . the females on the other hand have a head that is about 3 times smaller than their male counterparts . in fact , their head looks more like a regular ol’ fruit bat . it is funny how the males are always the ones that have to go out of their way to try and impress their female friends .
the hammer - headed bat , with wingspans up to 38 inches ( 97 cm ) , is africa’s largest bat . strong sexual dimorphism is observed in the species , as males are significantly larger than females . males have a large head with enlarged rostrum , larynx and lips that allows for the production of loud honking calls ; the appearance of females is similar to most other fruit bats . the species has a “lek” mating system whereby a few hundred males gather into groups ( leks ) to attract female mates .
after a week of playing in the ocean , flying with beautiful coloured birds and risking our lives with a carnivorous caterpillar , i thought we would end with an even more bizarre animal . you just need to take one look at the hammer - headed bat to realize it will be a fun animal to learn more about . i mean , just look at their head ! to catch a glimpse of this megabit , we need to take a quick trip to equatorial africa where will will find them hanging out around rivers , mangrove swamps , and palm forests . now let’s find out why their head is shaped like a hammer .
we’ve sung the praises of the first season of kindred spirits many times , but now famed ghost hunters amy bruni & adam berry are headed back to tlc for a . . .
w . wickler and u . seibt , “field studies on the african fruit bat
chan csm , shek ct . survey on the short - nosed fruit bat (
the yellow - winged bat is a sit - and - wait predator . they perch and listen for prey and if it flies by , the bat launches its attack . this species , while potentially vulnerable to predation , the bat is very alert .
copyright bat conservation international © 2018 . all rights reserved . unless otherwise noted , all images are copyright © merlin d . tuttle and / or © bat conservation international .
spatial and temporal patterns of zaire ebolavirus antibody prevalence in the possible reservoir bat species .
thanks to kate sharma for sharing this . . . - jersey bat group | facebook
evening bat ( nycticeius humeralis ) : colonial . roost in trees or occasionally in buildings .
p . holler and u . schmidt , “olfactory communication in the lesser spear - nosed bat
thomas dw , fenton mb , barclay rmr . social behavior of the little brown bat ,
the hammerhead bat has a life expectancy of up to 30 years ( kulzer , 1990 ) .
balasingh j , koilraj j , kunz tk . tent construction by the short - nosed fruit bat
new world leaf - nosed bats of family phyllostomidae , including frugivores - the great - eating fruit bat ( artibeus lituratus ) ( a ) with seeds in the fur and the little yellow - shouldered bat ( sturnira lilium ) ( b ) , insect eaters - the common big - eared bat ( micronycteris cf . microtis ) ( c ) and the stripe - headed round - eared bat ( tonatia saurophila ) ( d ) , a blood feeder - the white - winged vampire bat ( diaemus youngi ) ( e ) and a nectar feeder - the thomas ' s nectar bat ( hsunycteris thomasi ) ( f ) ; g - i : old world fruit bats of family pteropodidae , including the black flying - fox ( pteropus alecto ) ( g ) , the spectacle flying - fox ( pteropus conspicillatus ) ( h ) and the hammer - headed fruit bat ( hypsignathus monstrosus ) ( i ) . a and b are courtesy of rlm novaes ( oswaldo cruz foundation , brazil ) , c - f are courtesy of a pol ( federal rural university of rio de janeiro , brazil ) , g and h are courtesy of a breed ( animal and plant health agency , addlestone , surrey , united kingdom ) and i is courtesy of jakob fahr ( max planck institute for ornithology , germany ) . photographers are the copyright holders of the images
competition for female attention is quite fierce in the hammer - headed bat population . typically , males will all gather together in a group , which can contain as many as 130 individuals , at this point the female will fly over and assess the entire group of males . she will pick her favourite by landing on a branch next to the lucky winner . i guess it is kind of like picking baseball teams when you were a kid… . . i feel bad for the last bat that never gets picked , but i guess that is life . he will just need to go back and work on getting an even larger nose for next year .
the yellow - winged bat has an extensive range throughout the middle of africa . it is found in
the social organization of the common vampire bat . ii . mating system , genetic structure , and relatedness
in marking , a hanging bat thrust its hips forward and briefly rubbed its anogenital region against the substrate .
the social organization of the common vampire bat . ii . mating system , genetic structure , and relatedness .
mccracken gf , wilkinson gs . bat mating systems . in : crichton eg , krutzsch ph , editors .
english : egyptian fruit bat , arabian rousette , cape rousette , west african rousette ; german : agyptischer flughund .
k . h . esser and u . schmidt , “mother - infant communication in the lesser spear - nosed bat
nathan pt , raghuram h , elangovan v , karuppudurai t , marimuthu g . bat pollination of kapok tree ,
the most significant behavior was described by bradbury in 1977 . hammer - headed bats are one of the few vertebrates that use arenas or leks for mating . males aggregate twice a year in an area and fight for territories . the leks consist of from 25 to 130 males . when the females arrive the males display by making honking calls and flapping their wings . the females choose the males they wish to mate with . seventy - nine percent of the matings are performed by only 6 % of the males in any one breeding season .
the species is hunted for food , and being africa’s largest bat , it is targeted , although because it forms small groups or individuals , it is not the most hunted fruit bat species ( mildenstein et al . 2016 ) .
gray bat ( myotis grisescens ) : colonial . roost in caves year - round . this species is federally endangered .
sluiter , j . w . , van heerdt , p . f . : seasonal habits of the noctule bat (
wilson de 1973 . bat faunas : a trophic comparison . syst zool 22 : 14 - 29 . [ links ]
hoary bat ( lasiurus cinereus ) : solitary . roost in trees , usually in the foliage , but occasionally in cavities .
wilkinson gs . the social organization of the common vampire bat . ii . mating system , genetic structure , and relatedness .
ryan pa , martin l , mackenzie js , kay bh 1997 . investigation of gray - headed flying foxes ( pteropus poliocephalus ) ( megachiroptera : pteropodidae ) and mosquitoes in the ecology of ross river virus in australia . am j trop med hyg 57 : 476 - 482 . [ links ]
washington d . c . bat conservation international 1012 14th street nw , suite 905 washington , d . c . 20005 , usa
wing flicking consisted of one to five rapid to - and - fro movements of a slightly open wing directed at another bat .
during the fly - by behavior , a bat would fly into , out of , or past the mouth of the roost .
g . pfalzer and j . kusch , “structure and variability of bat social calls : implications for specificity and individual recognition , ”
s . m . davidson and g . s . wilkinson , “function of male song in the greater white - lined bat ,
witte ej 1954 . bat rabies in pennsylvania . am j public health nations health 44 : 186 - 187 . [ links ]
poking a bat with a blunt probe elicited a few rbnb and fsfm syllables , but more often the bat sat still without vocalizing . in one instance , a poked bat responded with 33 single humped fm ( shfm ) and 17 short , wrinkled fm ( wfms ) in 30 seconds even though these calls were very rare in the flight room . gently pinching the skin on the leg caused the bat to produce a wide gape together with the long wrinkled fm call type ( see figure 5 ( e ) ) .
is found throughout middle africa . this yellow - winged bat can be seen from gambia to ethiopia and from southern to northern zambia .
the california leaf - nosed bat is the only bat in the united states to have large ears and a nose leaf . it is also one of the most maneuverable in flight . with short , broad wings , it can fly at low speeds using minimal energy .
o ' shea , t . j . : aspects of social organization , behavior and ecology in a kenya population of the bat ,
mayer f , brunner a . non - neutral evolution of the major histocompatibility complex class ii gene drb1 in the sac - winged bat
kupferschmidt k 2013 . link to mers virus underscores bat ' s puzzling threat . science 341 : 948 - 949 . [ links ]
persian trident bat or triaenops afer . many people is you talk to them they have an image of bats being these dull , devil like night creatures which are associated with evil . but look at this bat , golden orange colour . then look at the complexity of the mouth parts with the three features which stick out of the mouth . the bat is cave roosting species in the family of hipposideridae ( old world leaf - nosed bats ) . this bat was trapped in ali baba cave about 4km from arabuko - sokoke forest . .
diet , but this bat may also include the juice and soft pulp of mangos , bananas and guavas . van deusan ( 1968 ) reports
many bat species emit echolocation pulses through their nasal cavities , and the vocal origin of all of their communication sounds is not certain . other species , for example , saccopteryx bilineata , myotis lucifugus , and tadarida brasiliensis are new world bats that , like mustached bats , emit echolocation pulses through the mouth [ 18 – 20 , 23 ] . this allowed us to track both echolocation pulses and calls emitted by an individual . we assigned a call to a particular bat by matching its mouth , head , and body movements to the recorded sounds when only the observed bat was vocalizing and no other sounds were recorded . it was not always possible , however , to match a recorded call to a specific individual , such as when the vocalizing bat was not in the camera’s field of view or when more than one vocalization was emitted simultaneously . we considered a call to be directed to a particular bat if the vocalizing bat turned its head towards that bat when calling . in a minority of cases , the call was not directed toward any particular bat . we scored each vocalization as a 1 and period of silence as 0 .
hartman , c . g . : on the survival of spermatozoa in the female genital tract of the bat . q . rev . biol .
wimsatt , w . a . : further studies on the survival of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract of the bat . anat . rec .
o . p . pearson , m . r . koford , and a . k . pearson , “reproduction of the lump - nosed bat (
koopman kf 1984 . a synopsis of the families of bats , part vii . bat research news 25 : 25 - 29 . [ links ]
> old world fruit bat s ( family pteropodidae ) that roost in large numbers and eat fruit . they are therefore a potential pest and cannot be imported into the united states . like nearly all old world fruit bat s , flying foxes use sight rather than echolocation to navigate . …
what made you want to look up hammerheaded bat ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
in fact , the fruit bat is said to have the best overall vision of all bat species . they use their vision in conjunction with their sense of smell so that they are able to find their food sources . these senses also serve to help them avoid dangerous situations . they are a big type of bat and they are said to be among the most unique of the more than 1 , 200 species that have so far been identified .
d . w . thomas , m . brock fenton , and r . m . r . barclay , “social behavior of the little brown bat ,
gopukumar n , karuppudurai t , nathan pt , sripathi k , arivarignan g , et al . solitary adult males in a polygynous - mating bat (
r . m . r . barclay , m . b . fenton , and d . w . thomas , “social behavior of the little brown bat ,
karuppudurai t , sripathi k , gopukumar n , elangovanc v , arivarign g . transition of nonharem male to harem male status in the short - nosed fruit bat
the number of teeth is variable and ranges from rousettus with a dental formula of ( i2 / 2 c1 / 1 p3 / 3 m2 / 3 ) × 2 = 34 teeth , to nyctimene and paranyctimene having a dental formula of ( i1 / 0 c1 / 1 p3 / 3 m1 / 2 ) × 2 = 24 teeth . the teeth of other species are intermediate in number : 32 , 30 , or 28 teeth in total . the incisors are small , canines are always present , and the cheek teeth ( premolars and molars ) tend to be flat and wide , suitable for crushing soft fruit . tongues are sometimes long and mobile , especially in the nectarivorous species . in fruit eating species the tongue is used to crush food against the transverse ridges of the palate ( roof of the mouth ) . in some species , such as the hammer - headed fruit bat , these ridges are highly developed .
the ears are rounded at the base and the tail is very short . there is a claw on the second finger and this bat has large , flexible thumbs .
gopukumar n , karuppudurai t , nathan pt , sripathi k , arivarignan g , et al . ( 2005 ) solitary adult males in a polygynous - mating bat (
in boxing and poking , typically performed by two males , a bat thrust the digits of the forearm ( folded wings ) at another individual followed by a rapid withdrawal .
p . e . brown , t . w . brown , and a . d . grinnell , “echolocation , development , and vocal communication in the lesser bulldog bat ,
wilkinson gs ( 1985 ) the social organization of the common vampire bat . ii . mating system , genetic structure , and relatedness . behav ecol sociobiol 17 : 123–134 .
sazima i , vogel s , sazima m 1989 . bat pollitation of encholirium glaziovii , a terrestrial bromeliad . plant syst evol 168 : 167 - 179 . [ links ]
. although every effort is made by google to ensure translation accuracy , errors may occur . bat conservation international does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy or reliability of this tool .
austin bat conservation international 500 n capital of tx hwy . , bldg . 1 austin , tx 78746 , usa + 1 ( 512 ) 327 9721 1800 - 538 - bats
there have been no reports of the affect of this bat on humans . however , humans do hunt these animals , as noted under predation , above , so they do provide food .
m . vater , m . kössl , e . foeller , f . coro , e . mora , and i . j . russell , “development of echolocation calls in the mustached bat ,
pourrut x , délicat a , rollin pe , ksiazek tg , gonzalez j - p , leroy em . spatial and temporal patterns of zaire ebolavirus antibody prevalence in the possible reservoir bat species .
unlike other false vampire bats , the yellow - winged bat feeds only on insects and not small vertebrates . it will feed on both soft - and hard - bodied insects . bats may feed on
mccracken gf , wilkinson gs ( 2000 ) bat mating systems . in : crichton eg , krutzsch ph , editors . reproductive biology of bats . san diego : academic press . pp . 321–360 .
pawan jl 1936 . the transmission of paralytic rabies in trinidad by the vampire bat ( desmodus rotundus murinus wagner , 1840 ) . ann trop med parasitol 30 : 101 - 129 . [ links ]
podlutsky aj , khritankov am , ovodov nd , austad sn 2005 . a new field record for bat longevity . j gerontol a biol sci med sci 60 : 1366 - 1368 . [ links ]
simmons nb , seymour kl , habersetzer j , gunnell gf 2008 . primitive early eocene bat from wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation . nature 451 : 818 - 821 . [ links ]
…has been found in the old world fruit bat rousettus aegypticus , which lives in areas throughout sub - saharan africa . scientists suspect that these bats may be responsible for outbreaks of marburg disease . …
silver - haired bat ( lasionycteris noctivagans ) : small colonies . roost under bark and in tree cavities in wooded areas . may occasionally occupy buildings or caves during the winter , though most migrate south .
balasingh , j . , s . suthakar - isaac , and r . subbaraj .
tent roosting by the frugivorous bat cynopterus sphinx in southern india .
current science 65 ( 1993 ) : 418 .
k . h . esser , c . j . condon , n . suga , and j . s . kanwal , “syntax processing by auditory cortical neurons in the fm - fm area of the mustached bat
sugar plum ( uapaka kirkiana ; phyllanthaceae ) with bat tooth marks on fruits husks , zambia . courtesy of jakob fahr ( max planck institute for ornithology , germany ) , the copyright holder of the image .
simon r , holderied mw , koch cu , von helversen o 2011 . floral acoustics : conspicuous echoes of a dish - shaped leaf attract bat pollinators . science 333 : 631 - 633 . [ links ]
springer ms , teeling ec , madsen o , stanhope mj , jong ww 2001 . integrating fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation . proc natl acad sci usa 98 : 6241 - 6246 . [ links ]
simmons nb 1998 . a reappraisal of interfamilial relationships of bats . in th kunz , pa racey , bat biology and conservation , smithsonian institution press , washington dc , p . 3 - 26 . [ links ]
little is known about human impacts on the population of the yellow - winged bat and the population dynamics of the species have not been recorded . it does not appear to be particularly threaten but is likely not very com
rafinesque & # 146 ; s big - eared bat ( corynorhinus rafinesquii ) : colonial . roost in caves , mines , and buildings . unlikely to over - winter in illinois . this species is endangered in illinois .
an analysis of social behaviors and call usage in mustached bats can be useful in addressing the evolutionary expansion of audiovocal communication in the specialized ecological niche of this species . additionally , because of the discrete nature of mustached bat vocalizations , this analysis also provides an excellent opportunity to examine whether the acoustic signal structure in bat calls conforms to the rules of the motivation - structure hypothesis that is presumed to be widely applicable to avian and mammalian vocalizations [ 24 , 30 , 31 ] . therefore , our objective was to investigate patterns of roosting positions and the behavioral context and social function of a variety of call types produced by the mustached bat , pteronotus parnellii .
k . k . ohlemiller , j . s . kanwal , and n . suga , “temporal facilitation for call processing in the fm - fm and cf / cf areas of the auditory cortex of the mustached bat , ”
sazima m , buzato s , sazima i 2003 . dyssochroma viridiflorum ( solanaceae ) , a reproductively bat - dependent , epiphyte from the atlantic rainforest in brazil . annals of botany 92 : 725 - 730 . [ links ]
southeastern bat ( myotis austroriparius ) : colonial . roost mostly in caves , but also mines , tunnels , hollow trees , buildings , culverts , and under bridges where caves are not available . this species is endangered in illinois .
we performed several experimental manipulations to elicit behaviors and vocalizations in order to better understand the relationships between social context , behavior , and vocalization . over a period of several days , we isolated each bat in a small cage and gently poked it with a blunt object to mimic an agonistic interaction . we recorded the behaviors and vocalizations produced by the bat . we also isolated each bat and gently applied a single drop of water to its face to test the animal’s vocal response . on five occasions , we randomly selected three males and three females from the colony and placed them in a cage . after allowing the bats to acclimate , we recorded one minute of behavior and vocalizations to quantify male - female differences .
calls produced by this species include search - phase echolocation calls and some social calls that can be heard by humans . echolocation helps give the bat information on close objects . social calls are associated with aggression , copulation or mother - offspring interactions .
barr ja , smith c , marsh ga , field h , wang l - f 2012 . evidence of bat origin for menangle virus , a zoonotic paramyxovirus first isolated from diseased pigs . j gen virol 93 : 2590 - 2594 . [ links ]
to avoid predation , the hammerhead bat roosts high in forest canopy ( 20 - 30m ) , in groups of up to 25 individuals . during the day , they are inactive and rely on camouflage to hide them from predators ( kulzer , 1990 ) .
o ' shea tj , cryan pm , cunningham aa , fooks ar , hayman dts , luis ad , peel aj , plowright rk , wood jln 2014 . bat flight and zoonotic viruses . emerg infect dis 20 : 741 - 745 . [ links ]
shaw ti , srivastava a , chou wc , liu l , hawkinson a , glenn tc , adams r , schountz t 2012 . transcriptome sequencing and annotation for the jamaican fruit bat ( artibeus jamaicensis ) . plos one 7 : e48472 . [ links ]
simmons nb , geisler jh 1998 . phylogenetic relationships of icaronycteris , archaeonycteris , hassianycteris and palaeochiropteryx to extant bat lineages with comments on the evolution of echolocation and foraging strategies in microchiroptera . b am mus nat hist 235 : 1 - 182 . [ links ]
… has been isolated from the old world fruit bat rousettus aegyptiacus , which lives in areas throughout sub - saharan africa . this species is suspected to serve as a reservoir for the virus and may be responsible for outbreaks of marburg disease in humans . …
simmons nb 1995 . bat relationships and the origin of flight . in pa racey , sm swift , ecology , evolution and behavior of bats , zoological society of london symposia 67 , oxford university press , oxford , p . 27 - 43 . [ links ]
wacharapluesadee s , lumlertdacha b , boongird k , wanghongsa s , chanhome l , rollin p , stockton p , rupprecht ce , ksiazek tg , hemachudha t 2005 . bat nipah virus , thailand . emerg infect dis 11 : 1949 - 1951 . [ links ]
a novel filovirus , provisionally named lloviu virus ( the only virus in the genus cuevovirus ) , was detected during the investigation of bat die - offs in cueva del lloviu in spain in 2002 . lloviu virus is genetically distinct from marburgviruses and ebolaviruses and is the first filovirus detected in europe that was not imported from an endemic area in africa . whereas infections of bats with marburgviruses and ebolaviruses do not appear to be associated with disease in the bats , lloviu virus was detected in a dead schreibers ' s long - fingered bat .
luckett wp 1980 . the use of fetal membrane data in assessing chiropteran phylogeny . in de wilson , al gardner ( eds . ) , proceedings of the fifth international bat research conference , texas tech press , lubbock , p . 245 - 265 . [ links ]
drexler jf , corman vm , wegner t , tateno af , zerbinati rm , gloza - rausch f , seebens a , müller ma , drosten c 2011 . amplification of emerging viruses in a bat colony . emerg infect dis 17 : 449 - 456 . [ links ]
simmons , n . b . , k . l . seymour , j . habersetzer , and g . f . gunnell . 2008 . primitive early eocene bat from wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation . nature 451 : 818 - 821 . retrieved october 18 , 2008 .
when the fruit bat roosts during the day , they do so high up in the trees . this gives them darkness and it also protects them from various predators . they may hide in crevices and other dark spaces as well . they will typically stay close to bodies of water .
in some areas the fruit bat lives very close to humans . therefore it is possible for house cats to get them as well . in fact , some people don’t even know they have bats living in their trees until they end up finding their cat carrying one around with them .
hibernation also may allow not only virus persistence in the bat , but trans - seasonal persistence as well , allowing virus to amplify and re - emerge when conditions are more amenable to transmission , such as seasonally for arthropod - borne viruses , colony formation and movement to maternity caves .
agnelli p , maltagliati g , ducci l , cannicci s 2011 . artificial roosts for bats : education and research . the
be a bat ' s friend
project of the natural history museum of the university of florence . hystrix 22 : 215 - 223 . [ links ]
the yellow - winged bat has a total length of 58–80 mm and a body weight of 28 - 36 g . females tend to be slightly larger than males . the wingspan averages 36 cm . this species pelage is made of long hairs that are typically pearl grey or slaty gray . males may have greenish - yellow fur on the hindparts and on the ventral surfaces . as its name suggests , the bat has wings that are reddish - yellow which is also the color of its other membranes as well as its noseleaf and ears . the membranes are largely hairless although there is some fur on the upper arms . the ears are fairly long and have a spiky tragus . it has an elongated noseleaf with a blunt but pointed tip . although the yellow - winged bat has an advanced interfemoral membrane , it lacks an external tail . the dental formula is
they may have to travel for long distances during certain times of the year in order to find food . they will make the journey back to their roost though before the sun comes up . sometimes such efforts don’t leave the fruit bat much time at all to find lots of food though .
humans that want the fruit from these trees to themselves also don’t want the fruit bats around . however , it is important for humans to realize that the fruit bat helps to create more fruit by dispensing the seeds . when they fly around they will spit them out all over the place .
indiana bat ( myotis sodalis ) : colonial . both sexes roost in caves and mines during winter . during the summer , females form small nursery colonies and roost underneath exfoliating bark of trees . males form small colonies during the summer and may roost in caves . this species is federally endangered .
ithete nl , stoffberg s , corman vm , cottontail vm , richards lr , schoeman mc , drosten c , drexler jf , preiser w 2013 . close relative of human middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in bat , south africa . emerg infect dis 19 : 1697 - 1699 . [ links ]
in total , we recorded rbnb on 118 occasions for 373 syllables and fsfm on 23 occasions for 33 syllables . of 62 recorded fights , 45 included rbnb sounds , 5 had fsfm sounds , 10 had both , and only 2 had neither . twenty - eight percent of the times that a bat was nipped it emitted an rbnb and 6 % of the times it emitted a combination of rbnb and fsfm . we also recorded rbnb 26 other times and fsfm one other time , including some that seemed spontaneous and others that occurred during more common behaviors , such as a bat moving or shifting .
the fruit bat falls into the category of the megabat and sometimes they are called the flying fox in some locations . there are many differences in their size from one location to the next . due to that variation these bats are often mistaken for many different types rather than being identified as the same .
the fruit bat has some sharp teeth that allow it to penetrate the skin of the fruits . they also have very long tongues that unroll when they are feeding . when they aren’t eating the tongue rolls back up . it is tucked away internally around the rib cage rather than remaining in the mouth .
the very long wings of the fruit bat do much more than just allow it to fly . they also allow them to stay warm during roosting . they wrap up in those wings to conserve their body heat . they live in colonies that are very large in size because they feel safer with numbers .
finally , can we confidently link bats with emerging viruses ? no , or not yet , is the qualified answer based on the evidence available . only integrative and organised field and laboratory research , using ecological and epidemiological approaches conducted by bat biologists and medical researchers , will provide a useful and satisfactory solution .
the descending and stretched rippled fm ( drfm and srfm , resp . ) syllables combine cf and fm components , much like the mustached bat’s echolocation pulse , and appear to be used to maintain spacing . there is a striking similarity of structure and function between these calls and echolocation pulses , and they are emitted either to warn or in defiance of an approaching bat . finally , one presumptive call , a short , narrowband noise burst , was shown to be associated with yawning and spitting behavior . therefore , this sound may have been misclassified as a call as it appears to have little or no communicative significance .
following are some examples of viruses of humans and livestock associated with bats and which have been important in many ways , including bringing bats to the attention of the scientific and medical communities . studies of these diseases , their causative agents , the peculiar biology of bats , the relationships of bat viruses to other viruses , the evolution of these viruses , the causes of disease outbreak initiation ( epidemiology ) , the prevention of diseases and the expanded studies of bats for one reason or another likely will provide more information about the bats themselves and , in the long run , help us protect bat populations from further decline .
there are hundreds of known types of fruits that grow on plants and trees that the fruit bat is able to consume . they don’t eat all of the fruit though like so many people believe that they do . instead , they use their teeth to crush into the fruit . then they will consume the nectar .
this is a blog dedicated to studying our little furry creature of the night friends . learn about them , and more on this blog ! ! ( the current header image is a ghost bat ! ) ( the avatar is a golden - crowned flying fox , one of the biggest bats in the world ! )
) . of the 293 fly - bys , the flying bat emitted these calls 177 times ( 60 % ) . we also recorded these calls in 29 of 62 fights . a similar effect was observed for the same two calls during wing flicking , which was often accompanied by a noisy , fixed sinusoidal fm .
pourrut x , souris m , towner js , rollin pe , nichol st , gonzalez j - p , et al . large serological survey showing cocirculation of ebola and marburg viruses in gabonese bat populations , and a high seroprevalence of both viruses in rousettus aegyptiacus ; bmc infect dis ; 2009 . about 15 p .
humans are also predators of the fruit bat . people that realize they have such creatures living in their trees take measures to get rid of them . these bats can get into the attic or other areas of the home as well . usually a professional exterminator is called to remove them and to clean up after them .
old world fruit bat s ) 186 generally large species in 42 fruit - or flower - feeding genera found in the old world tropics and subtropics , including many pacific islands . lack acoustic orientation except rousette bats ( rousettus ) ; ears small ; eyes large , with vision well developed ; generally roost in trees ; …
eastern red bat ( lasiurus borealis ) : solitary . roost in trees in both winter and summer . in winter , they use crevices or hollow trees . in summer , they can be found hanging from the outer limbs of trees . in spring and fall , they sometimes use shrubs or tall weeds as a roosting spot .
blehert ds , hicks ac , behr m , meteyer cu , berlowski - zier bm , buckles el , coleman jt , darling sr , gargas a , niver r , okoniewski jc , rudd rj , stone wb 2009 . bat white - nose syndrome : an emerging fungal pathogen ? science 323 : 227 . [ links ]
with human encroachment on natural areas intensifying , particularly in those with high biological richness ( myers et al . 2000 , ceballos & ehrlich 2006 ) and bats recognised as important reservoirs of zoonotic viruses ( luis et al . 2013 ) , considerable concern and interest have been expended on them . in addition , bats of some species adapt well to disturbed habitats ( jones et al . 2009 ) , so that these vertebrates have quickly become a focus of epidemiologic studies . however , most epidemiologists know bats only from outdated information or know very little or nothing about their biology , ecology and evolution . a similar situation occurs regarding bat biologists , many of whom know little or nothing about diseases ostensibly associated with bats . in an attempt to fill the gaps in knowledge about bats in general , bats as virus hosts and bat diseases , we review many aspects of bat biology , ecology and evolution , which we expect will enlighten medical investigations . in addition , we provide a historical synthesis of disease outbreaks causally linked to bats and which have caused isolated deaths or severe outbreaks of diseases . by linking these aspects , we then attempt to fit together some pieces of this puzzle . we anticipate that this review will stimulate collaborations between bat biologists and medical researchers in field and laboratory investigations concerning both basic and applied research .
wilkinson , g . s . , and g . f . mccracken . 2003 . bats and balls : sexual selection and sperm competition in the chiroptera . pages 128 - 155 in t . h . kunz and m . b . fenton , editors . bat ecology . university of chicago press , chicago , illinois , usa .
since most species of bats consume insects , the fruit bat is one that people are interested in . it is believed that they turned to eating in such a manner in order to help them survive . circumstances could have warranted them deciding to consume a different type of food source in order to compensate for not enough insects being around .
sulkin se , allen r , sims r , singh kv 1966 . studies of arthropod - borne virus infections in chiroptera . iv . immune response of big brown bat ( eptesicus f . fuscus ) maintained at various environmental temperatures to experimental japanese b encephalitis virus infection . am j trop med hyg 15 : 418 - 427 . [ links ]
our analysis raises questions and observations for future studies . why are animal carcass sampling efforts limited to a handful of species ? why were duikers involved and did other animals die as a result of ebov infections ? are carcasses of different species detected at the same rate ? does bat mortality occur ? have dogs or pigs been sources of human infection ?
figure 7 : echolocation and flying behavior in mustached bats . ( a ) a sketch showing the typical posture of roosting bat echolocating to inspect its surroundings . the amplitude envelope ( above ) and spectrogram ( below ) of the echolocation pulse are shown on the right . ( b ) a photograph of a bat ( indicated by the white arrow ) flying by a small cluster of bats roosting in an upside - down pot attached to the ceiling . bats are viewed from below . amplitude envelopes and spectrograms of the calls emitted during this behavior are shown in the two panels on the right . ( c ) a bar graph showing the frequency of occurrence of different call types during a fly - by .
live capture samples were dominated by species from the chiroptera ( bat ) and rodentia ( rodent ) orders , followed by non - human primates and birds . the live capture prevalence of ebov was 2 . 2 % ( 180 / 8 , 050 ) for antibody tests and 0 . 2 % ( 13 / 5 , 309 ) for virus detection (
severe rabies - like disease in humans has led to additional studies of flying - foxes , resulting in a greater understanding of the epidemiology and geographic distribution of australian bat lyssavirus . based on this evidence , fraser et al . ( 1996 ) suggested that bats may play a more important role in the circulation of virus diseases than had been previously realised .
during the “wrestling” behavior , bats briefly held each other with their flexed forearms and / or semiextended wings . biting was identified when one bat clamped its jaws on another firmly , without the instant withdrawal that characterized nipping . in intense cases , nipping , flicking , boxing , wrestling , and biting could be combined during a fight between two or three bats .
flying fox , ( genus pteropus ) , any of about 65 bat species found on tropical islands from madagascar to australia and indonesia and mainland asia . they are the largest bats ; some attain a wingspan of 1 . 5 metres ( 5 feet ) , with a head and body length of about 40 cm ( 16 inches ) . flying foxes are old…
the evolution of bats is not well known . because bat bones are fragile , their fossil record is very incomplete . the oldest fossil bats date back to 50 million years ago ( mya ) and were found at sites in wyoming and germany . these specimens are fully evolved bats . the oldest megachiropteran fossils date to around 35–25 mya in the oligocene of italy .
for example some fruits bats are no more than two inches long . others though are more than 16 inches in length . some of them only weigh an ounce or two and others weigh in at a couple of pounds . the overall wing length of the fruit bat can be more than five feet . these bats have large eyes and they also have excellent vision .
they use both vision and smell to find food . there is one known subspecies though that is believed to rely on echolocation to find their sources of food . with a fruit bat they can either linger in air and eat or they can land and eat it . the larger they are in size though the more difficult it is to consume food without landing first .
b : many of the viruses listed in this table were first isolated from sources other than bats . the bat hosts listed here are those from which these viruses were first obtained or otherwise detected . note that certain of the viral nucleic acid sequences detected have been identified to virus family or to genus , but not to species , thus this is a provisional list ;
zhang h , todd s , tachedjian m , barr ja , luo m , yu m , marsh ga , crameri g , wang l - f 2012 . a novel bat herpesvirus encodes homologues of major histocompatibility complex classes i and ii , c - type lectin and a unique family of immune - related genes . j virol 86 : 8014 - 8030 . [ links ]
females appear to come into estrus twice a year , but it is not synchronized with other females or with any particular season . gestation in the dawn fruit bat has been reported to be 3–4 months ; however , other reports suggest gestation is slightly longer than six months . females become sexually mature by six months , males by one year of age . thought to be polygamous .
there are locations throughout the world where the fruit bat is able to successfully thrive . they tend to live in areas that offer them plenty of food . where you find thick forest regions with lots of fruit trees , you can be confident they are in abundance . most of them live in warmer climates where they can take advantage of various fruits that will grow throughout the year .
we performed several manipulations to both confirm and explore the origin of different call types and the behavioral context in which they were emitted . for example , placement of water drops on a bat ' s nose resulted in immediate spitting and was frequently accompanied by the nnbs call type . in repeating this test with five of the bats , we recorded 113 nnbs sounds and only four other vocalizations .
. the bat mostly lives in woodland and savannah habitats and in elevations of less than 2 , 000 m . it prefers acacia trees and thorn bushes near bodies of water , which it flies around . it prefers to live in areas where the vegetation is well spaced , which allows it to view more of its surroundings . the yellow - winged bat primarily roosts in small trees and shrubs . it can also be found roosting in trees cavities and buildings . it will roost in two separate trees ; a primary and peripheral tree . bats use their primary roost in the morning and again before evening . bats travel between primary and peripheral roost trees , especially on hot days , as they may need shade . these flights are typically short but longer flights have been recorded in midday .
it was antonio carini ( 1911 ) - an italian physician , bacteriologist and professor and director of the pasteur institute of são paulo - who presented findings that rabies of herbivores could be transmitted by bats . however , the first isolation of rabies virus was from a common vampire bat [ desmodus rotundus ( phyllostomidae ) ] in 1931 ( baer 1991 ) . the same conclusion drawn by carini was made by lima ( 1934 ) , also in brazil , and pawan ( 1936 ) , in trinidad ; the latter also made the connection between fruit - eating bats and paralytic rabies ( pawan 1948 ) . these studies truly turned the direction of rabies , virus and bat research forward , but it was not until relatively recently that other viruses and bats themselves came into prominence , as mentioned below .


epitonium jukesianum is a species of very small predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family epitoniidae , the wentletraps .

this snail is known to occur in shallow water in southeastern australia and north island , new zealand .

it is also found along the coasts of tasmania .

epitonium jukesianum

( of epitonium ( hyaloscala ) jukesianum ( forbes , 1852 ) ) maxwell , p . a . ( 2009 ) . cenozoic mollusca . pp 232 - 254 in gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
synonymy : synonyms are scalaria delicatula crosse & fischer , 1864 ; scalaria wellingtonensis kirk , 1880 ; acutiscala ampacta iredale , 1936 ; acutscala fabia iredale , 1936 . verco ( 1906b ) reported that he had examined the types of scalaria delicatula crosse & fischer , 1864 in the british museum , and considered it a synonym of this species . wilson ( 1993 , p . 276 ) illustrated a large specimen of e . jukesianum as epitonium delicatula , but i can see no reason for separating the large specimens as a different species , or for using the name e . delicatula for them .
to antarctic invertebrates to biodiversity heritage library ( 15 publications ) ( from synonym scalaria delicatula crosse & p . fischer , 1864 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 6 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym epitonium delicatulum crosse & p . fischer , 1864 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection
comparison : this is by far the commonest of all the epitoniids found in shell grit on nsw beaches . with its tall , slender form it resembles e . tacitum and e . minorum , but is smaller and the whorls are connected . see also
identification of the nsw species of epitonium
in the introduction to this family .
( of scalaria jukesiana forbes , 1852 ) forbes e . ( 1852 ) . on the mollusca collected by mr . macgillivray during the voyage of the rattlesnake . vol . 2 , appendix v , pp . 360 - 386 , pl . 2 - 3 . in : j . macgillivray , narrative of the voyage of h . m . s . rattlesnake commanded by the late captain o . stanley , r . n . , f . r . s . & c ; during the years 1846 - 1850 . london , t . & w . boone . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 383 , fig . 3 fig . 7 [ details ]
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
grove , s . 2011 . the seashells of tasmania : a comprehensive guide . taroona , australia : taroona publications . [ vi ] , 81 . page ( s ) : 40 [ details ]
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figures a - b : 20 mm , carlton beach , tas ( s ) , coll . s . grove .
typical shell - length 15 mm . lives intertidally to offshore amongst sea - anemones , in moderately sheltered environments . native . occurs in southeastern and southwestern australia ( qld , nsw , tas , vic , sa and wa ) ; also new zealand . in tasmanian waters , this is a widespread species , but seldom common as beached shells .
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respectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .
description : shell slender for genus , variable in height to width ratio ; whorls connected . whorls rounded , with 9 - 28 axial ribs per whorl , usually continuous from whorl to whorl . ribs thick or thin , often rolled back on top , not peaked . interspaces smooth . aperture oval ; outer lip with normal rib externally . umbilicus closed . colour white . operculum corneous .
size : up to 24 mm in length , usually less than 15 mm .
distribution : australia and new zealand . in australia , at least from northern nsw southwards , around southern australia to southwestern wa , including tasmania . the range may be larger , but the boundaries are not known because of the difficulty in distinguishing species at the limits .
habitat : lives buried in sand , associated with sea anemones . mainly known from empty shells washed up on beaches . usually uncommon , but occasionally very common .
remarks : this species is variable in height to width ratio and in the number of ribs per whorl . this variability is demonstrated in fig . 2 , which shows two specimens from the same lot from gunnamatta bay .
the egg masses of this species were described by smith , black & shepherd ( 1989 ) .
the egg mass consists of 50 - 200 small , spherical capsules encrusted with sand grains joined together by a fine spring - like thread forming a tangle . each capsule is between 0 . 6 - 0 . 8 mm in diameter . hatching takes place about 8 days after laying through a break in the capsule membrane through which the veligers emerge
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urltoken
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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