synodontis irsacae is a species of upside-down catfish endemic to zambia , the democratic republic of the congo , and tanzania , where it is only known from lake tanganyika .

it was first described by belgian ichthyologist hubert matthes in 1959 , from specimens collected from lake tanganyika at kalundu , in what is now the democratic republic of the congo .

the species name " irsacae " is derived from the abbreviation " i.r.s.a.c. " , or institut pour la recherche scientifique en afrique centrale .

for many years , specimens the species were considered to be juvenile members of s. dhonti , but in 2006 , j.j. wright and l.m. page identified unique characteristics of this species that established that they were a unique species .

synodontis irsacae

how can i put and write and define synodontis irsacae in a sentence and how is the word synodontis irsacae used in a sentence and examples ? 用synodontis irsacae造句 , 用synodontis irsacae造句 , 用synodontis irsacae造句 , synodontis irsacae meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
picture of synodontis irsacae has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase - fao - author : fao permission : some rights reserved
lateral view of synodontis ornatipinnis , illustrating the striking patterns seen in some species of synodontis ; cu 91403 . ©
an explanation as to why synodontis irsacae has often been called s . dhonti in the past . synodontis dhonti ( boulenger 1917 ) was described from a single specimen collected in 1912 . synodontis irsacae ( matthes , 1959 ) was placed in junior synonymy with s . dhonti by matthes in 1962 with specimens of s . irsacae being thought to be juvenile individuals of s . dhonti . wright & page in 2006 put forth that none of these specimens have carried on any ontogenetic changes that would support the idea of s . irsacae being a juvenile form of s . dhonti . mathes also cited a specimen n 1962 as being intermediate between the two species and this fish turned out to actually be a specimen of s . tanganaicae . major differences separating s . irsacae from s . dhonti being the absence of an axillary pore , retaining its spots and a smaller adult size .
an explanation is in order as to why there is some confusion with what has been called synodontis dhonti in the past . synodontis dhonti ( boulenger 1917 ) was described from a single specimen collected in 1912 . synodontis irsacae ( matthes , 1959 ) was placed in junior synonymy with s . dhonti by matthes in 1962 with specimens of s . irsacae being thought to be juvenile individuals of s . dhonti . wright & page in 2006 put forth that none of these specimens have carried on any ontogenetic changes that would support the idea of s . irsacae being a juvenile form of s . dhonti . a major difference between s . dhonti and s . irsacae also being the absence of an axillary pore in s . irsacae . mathes cited a specimen in 1962 as being intermediate between the two species and this fish turned out to actually be a specimen of s . tanganaicae . synodontis dhonti is a very large brown synodontis based on its description . the fish many have kept for years as s . dhonti have neither grown very large or very brown , which suggests they are not what was once thought .

' synodontis irsacae
' is a species of s . dhonti
, but in 2006 , j . j . wright and l . m . page identified unique characteristics of this species that established that they were a unique species .
at one point , identified specimens
synodontis irsacae
was believed to be juvenile individuals of
s . dhonti
and the two were considered to be the same species , but further research has identified differences between the two species and they are once again recognized as distinct from each other .
synodontis dhontiorigin and locale / variety : lake tanganyika , east africa . it is one of the rarer species of synodontis in the lake . size in aquarium : s . more
relative is synodontis dhonti , but only the juveniles of this species have spots and not when adult . more
musschoot , t . , and p . lalèyè . 2008 . designation of a neotype for synodontis schall ( bloch and schneider , 1801 ) and description of two new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . journal of natural history 42 ( 17 - 18 ) : 13031331 .
synodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth .
fossil mochokids , of the genus synodontis , have been found in deposits from eastern and northern africa dating to at least the early miocene ( at least 20 mya ) ( stewart , 2001 ) . interestingly , fragments of pectoral spines of synodontis dating from the early oligocene have been found in oman , an area where mochokids do not exist today ( otero & gayet , 2001 ) . fossil mochokids outside of the genus synodontis are presently unknown .
s . irsacae , which has been considered a synonym of s . dhonti , has been resurrected to species rank . this smaller species ( 190 mm tl , 7 . 5 inches ) has been known as s . dhonti in the hobby and aquarists keeping it have wondered why it never got as large as it was supposed to . now we know…it wasn’t supposed to get any larger .
6a . eyes with free orbital margin ; 17 principal caudal - fin rays ( only 13 in synodontis contracta ) ; tail forked ; 6 to 10 pectoral - fin rays ( usually 8 or 9 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length or doubly branched ( fig . 27a–b ) … synodontis
day , j . j . , and m . wilkinson . 2006 . on the origin of the synodontis catfish species flock from lake tanganyika . biology letters 2 : 548552 .
bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1968 . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . iii . reproduction . hydrobiologia 31 : 193202 .
sanyanga , r . a . 1998 . food composition and selectivity of synodontis zambezensis ( pisces : mochokidae ) in lake kariba , and the ecological implications . hydrobiologia 361 : 8999 .
synodontis dhonti boulenger , 1917 - add this species to your
my cats
page . common name ( s ) none type locality kilewa bay , lake tanganyika , zaire . more
bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965a . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . i . age and growth . hydrobiologia 26 : 8597 .
bishai h . m . and y . b . abu gideiri . 1965b . studies on the biology of genus synodontis at khartoum . ii . food and feeding habits . hydrobiologia 26 : 98113 .
synodontis dhonti is a species of fish in the mochokidae family . it is found in burundi , the democratic republic of the congo , tanzania , and zambia . its natural habitat is freshwater lakes . more
most medium or large community fish . although commonly available as such , not a good species for the small community tank . anything smaller than 3foot / 1 meter long , go for synodontis nigriventris instead .
wright , jj and lm page ( 2006 ) taxonomic revision of lake taganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . florida mus . nat . hist . bull . 46 ( 4 ) : 99 - 154 .
wright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2006 . taxonomic revision of the lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . the bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 46 : 99154 .
wright , j . j . and l . m . page . 2008 . a new species of synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from tributaries of the kasai river in northern angola . copeia 2008 ( 2 ) : 294300 .
this is arguably the most popular and widespread in the hobby of the lake tanganyikan synodontis species . it is—or , better said , was—also one of the most easily recognized of the species . but this has changed due to the presence of…
koblmüller , s . , c . sturmbauer , e . verheyen , a . meyer , and w . salzburger . 2006 . mitochondrial phylogeny and phylogeography of east african squeaker catfishes ( siluriformes : synodontis ) . bmc evolutionary biology 6 : 49 .
synodontis : from the greek syn , meaning together , and odontos , meaning tooth ; in reference to the closely - spaced lower jaw teeth . this specific epithet literally means beautiful ( eu - = beautiful , good ) wing ( pteron = wing ) .
wright , j . j . and l . m . page , 2006 . taxonomic revision of lake tanganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . bull . florida mus . nat hist . 46 ( 4 ) : 99 - 154 . ( ref . 59365 )
friel , j . p . , and j . p . sullivan . 2008 . synodontis woleuensis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) , a new species of catfish from gabon and equatorial guinea , africa . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 312 .
friel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2006 . synodontis acanthoperca , a new species from the ogôoué river system , gabon with comments on spiny ornamentation and sexual dimorphism in mochokid catfishes ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . zootaxa 1125 : 4556 .
de weirdt , d . , e . vreven , and y . fermon . 2008 . synodontis ngouniensis , a new species ( siluriformes : mochikidae ) from ngounié and nyanga basins , gabon and republic of congo . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 2 ) : 121128 .
nine genera and approximately 200 valid species are currently recognized . some fossilized pectoral spines have been attributed to synodontis , but none of them are described as new . phylogenetic relationships among the mochokid genera were investigated by vigliotta ( 2008 ) who found that chiloglanis is possibly a paraphyletic assemblage , that synodontis must include s . membranaceous and s . batensoda ( formerly placed in hemisynodontis and brachysynodontis respectively ) and that the reciprocal monophyly of atopochilus and euchilichthys are questionable at best ; all remaining genera are recovered as valid and monophyletic . the general relationships between mochokid genera are illustrated in the phylogeny below .
so this is the listing of lake tanganyikan synodontis revisions based on the work of wright and page . hopefully i have provided some answers in this discussion , but i know that i have created some questions . there will be more to follow in the months to come—hopefully , more answers than questions .
even more peculiar is the habit of some species of synodontis that are known to swim upside - down . this habit seems to be correlated with feeding while upside - down at the water’s surface ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ) , but upside - down catfishes will rest and swim in the inverted position on a regular basis . chapman et al . ( 1994 ) showed that an upside - down posture near the surface also facilitates respiration in poorly oxygenated water . while the genus synodontis presents the most well - known species with their fascinating behaviors and natural histories , the family is actually much more interesting when taken as a whole .
first noted will be the non - endemic species synodontis melanostictus , which is sometimes referred to as s . nigromaculatus . the latter fish is a valid species , but it is not found in the lake . s . melanostictus from the vicinity of the lake is not very important hobby wise , and it is rarely imported .
in recent columns i have discussed two recently published studies on the lake tanganyikan synodontis species . both of the works covered were based on mitochondrial dna and indicated the presence of undescribed species . now the standard taxonomists have had their go at these fishes and a revision based on the examination of 312 specimens has recently been published ( wright , j . j . and l . m . page , 2006 . “taxonomic revision of lake tanganyikan synodontis [ siluriformes : mochokidae ] . ” bulletin of the florida museum of natural history , 46 ( 4 ) : 99 - 154 ) . what follows are some notes , of varying length , based on the revision .
ann . mag . nat . hist . ( ser . 8 ) v . 20 ( no . 119 ) - pp367 . wright , jj and lm page ( 2006 ) taxonomic revision of lake taganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . florida mus . nat . hist . bull . 46 ( 4 ) : 99 - 154 .
beyond information gleaned from captive breeding of certain species of synodontis , very little is known about reproduction in mochokids . the best studied mochokids in this regard are most likely nile river synodontis ( including s . membranacea and s . batensoda , previously placed in other genera ) . still , details are limited ; the studies indicate that spawning occurs from july to october , which coincides with the flooding season , and that pairs swim in unison during spawning bouts ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1968 ) . the most interesting and detailed information on mochokid reproduction relates to a species from lake tanganyika , synodontis multipunctatus , which is a brood parasite of mouth brooding cichlids such as simochromis and haplochromis ( sato , 1986 ; wisenden , 1999 ) . adults of this species spawn in the midst of spawning cichlids and the fertilized catfish eggs are taken into the mouth of a cichlid . the catfish eggs hatch first and will eat the host eggs before they leave the host mouth . most amazingly , this species has been able to parasitize mouth brooding cichlids from south america in captivity ( loiselle , 1998 ) .
wright , jj and lm page ( 2006 ) taxonomic revision of lake taganyikan synodontis ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) . florida mus . nat . hist . bull . 46 ( 4 ) : 99 - 154 seegers , l . 2008 the catfishes of africa . a handbook for identification and maintenance . aqualog verlag a . c . s . gmbh , germany . 604 p .
based largely on coloration and pattern some scientists and aquarists have recognized ‘species flocks’ of synodontis . the largest and most visually impressive of these is the lake tanganyika synodontis species flock . the flock consists of at least six species , all endemic to the lake , that show amazingly similar coloration and patterning . recent work suggests that this ‘flock’ is not monophyletic and that the biogeographic scenario is more complicated than a simple radiation after lake formation ( day & wilkinson , 2006 ; koblmuller et al . , 2006 ) . regardless , in this group of species , the nearly constant color pattern consists of a light brown base color and darker brown polka - dots . it is made more impressive by the fins , which have dark brown membranes basally and stark white trailing edges . the cryptic nature of lake tanganyika synodontis has led to an underestimate of the actual number of species present ( wright & page , 2006 ) ; three new species were described and two others were resurrected in that work . there are several other smaller flocks with their own unique patterns and pigmentation outside of the lake , and cryptic species probably exist for these as well .
this is the largest of the endemic species of lake tanganyikan synodontis . in table 2 , wright and page list the maximum length of this fish as 585 mm tl , but on page 147 they make note of poll’s holotype of s . lacustricolus ( 601 mm tl , 23 . 7 inches ) , which is a synonym of this species , which increases the maximum length by a bit .
dorsal view of heads illustrating sexual dimorphism of the opercular spine in synodontis acanthoperca : a . cu 89005 , male holotype , 44 . 1 mm sl ; b . cu 89006 , female paratype , 40 . 4 mm sl . the pectoral spines in both specimens have been removed from the images to make the margins of the head more distinct against the background . scale bar equals 1 mm . ©
little is known about the ecology of most mochokids . what is known pertains mostly to diet and is biased towards species of synodontis . stomach contents from synodontis have included insects , nematodes , crustaceans , mollusks , annelids , seeds , algae , diatoms , fish scales and , incidentally , sand ( bishai & abu gideiri , 1965a ; bishai & abu gideiri , 1965b ; winemiller & kelso - winemiller , 1996 ; sanyanga , 1998 ) . from observations of stomach contents , the diet of most mochokids is probably very similar ; that is , they are omnivores . for some of the larger sucker - mouthed species ( i . e . , atopochilus and euchilichthys ) the stomach contents contain a high proportion of silt , algae and detritus . for these taxa it seems likely that scraping or grazing is the predominant method of feeding .
in addition to being numerous and widespread on the african continent , the mochokidae are actually quite diverse in terms of morphology . mochokids are small to medium sized catfishes , ranging from less than 40 mm sl as an adult in certain species of chiloglanis and microsynodontis , up to a reported 800 mm sl in some species of synodontis . most of the larger species are in the genus synodontis ; still , the majority of those are less than 300 mm sl . the morphology of mochokids is notably diverse aside from size as well ; the size and shape of the mouth and the shape of the body are notable examples . most mochokids exhibit a ventrally directed mouth , with papillose lips and , more often than not , branched mandibular barbels ( e . g . , most synodontis ) . species exhibiting this type of mouth are quite often deep bodied and somewhat triangular in lateral view , their greatest depth being at the base of the dorsal spine . yet others with this same type of mouth tend to be more cylindrical along their entire length ( microsynodontis and few synodontis ) . species of chiloglanis , atopodontus , atopochilus and euchilichthys exhibit a ventrally directed mouth , but it is formed as a sucker - like oral disc , wherein the lower lip is greatly expanded and incorporates the mandibular barbels . here , the body shape tends to be quite cylindrical or depressed and the head is quite often greatly depressed . some mochokids do not possess a ventrally directed mouth . mochokiella paynei , acanthocleithron chapini and members of the genus mochokus have mouths that are only slightly subterminal ; while the mandibular barbels are still branched , the lips are not nearly as fleshy . here , again , the body shape tends to be relatively cylindrical .
the mochokidae are a family of african catfishes known commonly as ‘squeakers’ and ‘upside - down catfishes . ’ these common names refer to some unusual habits of certain members of the large genus synodontis . the name squeaker refers to the fact that , when agitated , many species in the genus are capable of making a squeaking noise by stridulation of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle ( jubb , 1967 ) ; stridulation is also apparent in mochokiella paynei and some species of atopochilus .
the above listings and brief comments will hopefully be somewhat helpful with the identification of the endemic species ( or at least groups ) of synodontis from lake tanganyika . however , i know that at this stage this situation may be problematic . a good case in point is the similar species s . petricola and s . lucipinnis . while these form a “natural group” of sorts based on the white spines of the rayed fins ( most notable on the dorsal and pectoral fins ) , other defining characters are not easy to demonstrate using standard aquarium type photographs ( most typically a good side - view ) . a couple of the differences that are difficult to demonstrate in the manner are :
pigmentation and patterning of mochokid skin is also diverse . mochokids are popular in the pet trade because they have showy colors , sharply contrasting patterns like stripes and polka - dots and , quite often , extravagant fins . as some of the largest and most active mochokids , species of synodontis display an amazing array of patterns and pigmentation that may , in some cases , serve as visual cues to conspecifics . it might also be true that the bright , contrasting coloration found in some species serves as a warning to predators . like many catfishes , some mochokids possess specialized poison glands for delivering offensive chemicals along with a ‘stick’ by the pectoral spine ; anecdotal accounts indicate that these wounds can be very painful . however , field studies that might demonstrate function of these varied patterns have not been done .
all species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . juvenile colouration is quite different from that of the adult . the change begins when the fish reach about 40mm and gradually continues until they pass the 100mm mark .
many mochokid species exhibit obvious sexual dimorphism . for example , many species in the genus chiloglanis show dimorphism of the caudal and anal fins ( roberts , 1989 ; seegers , 1996 ; friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) ; some chiloglanis also display sexual dimorphism of the cleithral process , wherein males possess a greatly enlarged process shielding the flank . in the closely related genus atopochilus , sexual dimorphism of the anal fin is sometimes evident . some mochokids exhibit spiny ornamentation of the skull roof bones , opercular series and pectoral girdle ( friel & vigliotta , 2006 ) . in the case of synodontis acanthoperca , a spine found at the rear of the opercle is , itself , sexually dimorphic . the spines of males are much larger than those of females . this is also true for mochokiella paynei ( personal observation ) , which was previously unknown to possess opercular spines or exhibit sexual dimorphism .
all species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . coloration in alcohol - body lacking spots ; uniformly brown , all barbels brown ; dorsal and pectoral - fin spines brown , filaments dark . all rayed fins uniformly brownish with black patches at base of rayed fins . large axillary pore present ; up to 22 mandibular teeth ; 8 pectoral fin rays ; premaxillary toothpad uninterrupted ; maxillary barbel with narrow basel membrane ; secondary branches on medial mandibular barbel present ; granular papillae present on skin of body . humeral process narrow , elongated , granulous ; possessing distinct ridge on ventral margin ; dorsal margin concave ; terminating in a blunted point .
all species in the genus synodontis have a hardened head cap that has attached a process ( humeral process ) which is situated behind the gill opening and pointed towards the posterior . the dorsal fin and pectoral fins have a hardened first ray which is serrated . caudal fin is always forked . there is one pair of maxillary barbels , sometimes having membranes and occasionally branched . the two pairs of mandibular barbels are often branched and can have nodes attached . the cone - shaped teeth in the upper jaw are short . s - shaped and movable in the lower jaw . these fish produce audible sounds when disturbed rubbing the base of the pectoral spine against the pectoral girdle . body grayish to cuprous brown , lower body lighter . scattered irregularly - shaped black spots on juvenile specimens , spots becoming slightly smaller in large specimens . maxillary and mandibular barbels white , bases sometimes with scattered dusky pigmentation . iris copper colored . dorsal and pectoral –fin spines dark , terminating in short , light to dusky colored filaments . anterior margin and ventral side of pectoral fin light colored . all rayed fins with black triangles at their base . both lobes of caudal fin black , posterior margin white . axillary pore absent ; mandibular teeth 15 - 29 ; 8 - 9 pectoral - fin rays ; premaxillary toothpad interrupted ; maxillary barbel with distinct basel membrane ; secondary branches on medial mandibular barbels present ; skin of body smooth . adipose fin long well developed , margin convex . humeral process narrow , elongated , granulous , weakly developed ridge on ventral margin , dorsal margin concave , terminating in rounded point .
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mochokid catfishes are currently restricted to the freshwaters of africa , but are nearly ubiquitous in the habitable waters of the continent . a high degree of morphological diversity allows mochokid catfishes to inhabit some of the fastest flowing streams and cataracts to the widest and deepest stretches of the congo river . mochokids also inhabit the massive african rift lakes like tanganyika , victoria and nyasa . the greatest diversity of mochokids almost certainly occurs in the congo river and its numerous tributaries , but they are also found in many of the rivers and lakes of western africa , southern africa , eastern africa and in the nile . like a handful of other catfishes , some mochokids are known to swim in mid - water ; other members of the family are primarily benthic . likewise , some mochokids shoal while others are rather solitary . as a rule they are most active during the night , but they can be found hiding amongst plants , logs and other submerged structure during the day .
lateral view of atopochilus vogti , illustrating typical body shape in sucker - mouthed mochokids ; cu 93752 . ©
vigliotta ( 2008 ) provides several synapomorphies as diagnostic features for the mochokidae including : absense of the ascending process of meckel’s cartilage ; a shortened horizontal process of meckel’s cartilage ; coronomeckalian extremely reduced or even absent ; absence of a coronoid process ; absence of an interhyal ; presence of a pectoral locking foramen ( absence / reversal in most suckermouthed species ) ; seven pelvic - fin rays ; fusion of upper caudal - fin elements ( absence / reversal in atopochilus and euchilichthys ) ; a reduced number of mandibular sensory canal pores ( 3 or fewer ) ; and distinctive , ramified inner and outer mandibular barbels ( absence / reversal in suckermouthed mochokids where these barbels are partially or completely incorporated into an expanded lower lip ) .
1a . lips and barbels modified into oral disc ( fig . 27c ) ; postcleithral process short ( fig . 22c ) ; 5 infraorbitals ( figs . 2c , 4b ) ; pelvic - fin origin at vertical at end of dorsal - fin base . . . 2
1b . lips and barbels not modified into oral disc ; postcleithral process quite long ( fig . 22b ) ; 4 infraorbitals figs . 2b , 4a ) ; pelvic - fin origin beyond end of dorsal - fin base . . . 5
2a . mandibular teeth bunched ( in bouquet ) at midline ( fig . 3d in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) in or spread across mouth opening in one or two discrete rows ( fig . 3e–f in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes without free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory - canal absent ; 4 to 6 dorsalfin rays ( typically 5 ) ; 5 to 7 branchiostegal rays ( typically 5 or 6 ) … chiloglanis
2b . mandibular teeth spread across mouth opening in more than two discrete rows ( fig . 3a–c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; eyes with free orbital margin ; mandibular sensory canal present , with 2 pores on each side ; 6 to 7 dorsal - fin rays ; 7 to 8 branchiostegal rays . . . 3
3a . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip produced by folds of skin ( fig . 4a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows less than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3a in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin emarginate ; gas bladder extremely reduced to two small bulbs ( fig . 5 ) … atopodontus
3b . small anteriorly directed pocket underneath lower lip absent ( fig . 4b in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; width of mandibular tooth rows more than 66 % width of paired premaxillae ( fig . 3b–c in friel and vigliotta , 2008 ) ; caudal fin forked ; gas bladder only modestly reduced ( fig . 3c ) . . . 4
4a . mandibular teeth spatulate and unicuspid ( fig . 10c ) ; large posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; one or only a few pores at sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; fewer than 40 vertebrae … atopochilus
4b . mandibular teeth with lengthwise keel creating trowel shape and sometimes bicuspid from wear ( fig . 10a ) ; small posterior pectoral - spine serrae ; several pores at various sites along the cephalic sensory canals ; more than 40 vertebrae … euchilichthys
5a . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth present ( fig . 10a , c–f ) ; premaxillary teeth differentiated by shape and size front to back ; lips plicate ( with folds at corners of mouth ) . . . 6
5b . s - shaped auxiliary dentary teeth absent ( fig . 10b ) ; premaxillary teeth showing little , if any , differentiation from front to back ; lips papillose , but not plicate ( without folds ) . . . 7
6b . eyes without free orbital margin ; 12 to 14 principal caudal - fin rays ; tail truncate or rounded ; 6 or 7 pectoral - fin rays ( typically 6 ) ; lateral mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) … microsynodontis
7a . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield covered by large ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum bearing spine in males ; rounded , blunt postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening distant ; free orbital margin present ; gill openings open to isthmus ; tips of mandibular teeth spatulate ; medial mandibular barbels with multiple , thick branches at each point along length ( fig . 27b ) ; 8 to 9 pectoral - fin rays ; 17 caudal - fin rays ; more than 40 vertebrae … acanthocliethron
7b . dorsal surface of the head and nuchal shield without ridges and spinous projections ; cleithrum without spine in males ; pointed postcleithral process ; anus and urogenital opening very close ; free orbital margin absent ; gill openings restricted to sides of the head ; tips of mandibular teeth pointed ; medial mandibular barbels with single , gracile branches at each point along length ( fig . 27a ) ; 5 to 7 pectoral - fin rays ; 13 or 15 caudal - fin rays ; fewer than 36 vertebrae . . . 8
chapman , l . j . , l . kaufman , and c . a . chapman . 1994 . why swim upside - down - a comparative study of 2 mochokid catfishes . copeia 1994 : 130135 .
ferraris , c . j . , jr . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1628 .
friel , j . p . and t . r . vigliotta . 2008 . atopodontus adriaensi , a new genus and species of african suckermouth catfish from the ogôoué and nyanga river systems of gabon ( siluriformes mochokidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 1323 .
jubb , r . a . 1967 . freshwater fishes of southern africa . cape town , amsterdam , balkema , 248 pp .
ng , h . h . and r . m . bailey . 2006 . chiloglanis productus , a new species of suckermouth catfish ( siluriformes : mochokidae ) from zambia . occasional papers of the university of michigan museum of zoology 738 : 113 .
otero , o . and m . gayet . 2001 . palaeoichthyofaunas from the lower oligocene and miocene of the arabian plate : palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical implications . palaeogeography palaeoclimatology palaeoecology 165 : 141169 .
roberts , t . r . 1989 . systematic revision and description of new species of suckermouth catfishes ( chiloglanis , mochokidae ) from cameroun . proceedings of the california academy of sciences series 4 , 46 : 151178 .
sato , t . 1986 . a brood parasitic catfish of mouthbrooding cichlid fishes in lake tanganyika . nature 323 : 5859 .
seegers , l . 1996 . the fishes of the lake rukwa drainage . musée royal de lafrique centrale , annales , sciences zoologiques 278 : 1407 .
seegers , l . 2008 . the catfishes of africa . a handbook for identification and maintenance . aqualog verlag , rodgau , germany . 604 pp .
stewart , k . m . 2001 . the freshwater fish of neogene africa ( miocene - pleistocene ) : systematics and biogeography . fish and fisheries ( oxford ) 2 : 177230
vigliotta , t . r . 2008 . a phylogenetic study of the african catfish family mochokidae ( osteichthyes , ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a key to genera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 157 : 73136 .
winemiller , k . o . , and l . c . kelso - winemiller . 1996 . comparative ecology of catfishes of the upper zambezi river floodplain . journal of fish biology 49 : 10431061 .
wisenden , b . d . 1999 . alloparental care in fishes . reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 : 4570 .
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157mm or 6 . 2
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
first lay the fish in your hand with its head toward your palm and the tail toward your fingers . hold the dorsal spine between your middle and ring finger so the fish is belly up and you won ' t get stuck ( which by the way , hurts like crazy ! ) . the genital pore is in a small furrow of tissue ( in healthy fish ) and will be obstructed by the pelvic fins . pull down on the tail gently to arch the fishes spine and the pelvic fins will stand and the furrow open to display the genital pore and the anus of the fish . the male has a somewhat ridged genital papillae on which the spermatoduct is on the back side , facing the tail fin . a gravid female will also show an extended papillae but the oviduct is on the ventral side of the papillae ( and may also show a little redness if really gravid ) . a thin or emaciated female will have just two pink pores , the oviduct and the anus .
in lake tanganyika inhabits littoral to benthic zones over shell , sand and mud bottoms .
( 1 ) richard b ( k : 2 ) , who also notes :
added a 5
individual - i am unsure if one is dhonti as although the differ in size by 3
they do appear different fish ( ? )
, ( 2 ) ostafrika - barsche . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all
my cats
data for this species .
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greek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
africa : endemic to lake tanganyika , common and widely distributed in the lake ( ref . 59365 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 59365 )
littoral to benthic zones over shell , sand and mud bottoms , to a maximum depth of 40 m ( ref . 59365 ) . omnivorous , feeding on algae , sponges , ostracods , small crabs , insect larvae and fish eggs ( ref . 94050 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 22 of 100 ) .
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this species was named as a synonym of s . dhonti by mathes ( 1962 ) ( juvenile form ) shortly after his description in 1959 but wright and page ( 2006 ) have declared that s . iracae is a species in its own right as among other differences the latter does not possess an axillary pore , whereas s . dhonti does . it is also a smaller species than s . dhonti . in lake tanganyika it seeks out rocky zones where there are intervening areas of sand . adults seek out greater depths of down to 40m or more . their diet consists of thread algae , sponges , small crabs , insect larvae and fish eggs . aquarium care : treat as per same as all lake tanganyika species .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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anybody familiar with these synos ? i did a little research and all i really found is they can reach lengths of 6
and are from tangyinika . . i can get a hold of a couple wilds at 3
in length just wanted to hear any views on them . . i can also get wild multipunctatus burundi but they get rather large so i ' m going to give them a miss . . and then there ' s some tank bred lucipinnis that i can source as well . . any info or thoughts would be appreciated
don ' t forget . . . . pics for kicks ! 2x pairs wild metriaclima fainzilberi ' makonde ' 1x pair wild labeotropheus fuelleborni ' chidunga ' 1x pair wild metriaclima sp . zebra gold ' lion ' s cove '
yea i have been looking for some wild synos for a while now but not easy to source around here so just seeing if anyone has kept these particularly as i never heard of them before . . i could get tank raised lucipinnis or petricola very easily but wilds is another story
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360mm or 14 . 2
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
( 1 ) julie , ( 2 ) glyde ( k : 3 ) , ( 3 ) toby . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all
my cats
data for this species .
that takes care of the easy part . now to the endemic species , which have a far greater complexity . the new revision recognizes 10 endemic species , with three of them being described as new . in addition , one species that was previously placed in synonymy is resurrected . some situations are clarified by the paper , but others ( from the point of the catfishes in the hobby ) are a little less clear .
this is one of the new species of wright and page . in color pattern it is in all ways identical to s . multipunctatus . it is interesting comparing the coloration sections of the paper on this new species and s . multipunctatus . except for three words ( which change nothing ) and one small punctuation difference , the coloration sections for these two species are identical . where do we go from here ?
there are a number of small physical differences that separate these two species , but many of them can be difficult to work with on living catfishes . there are two features that can be used to differentiate the species and these are usable on living fishes . the first of these is the number of soft rays in pectoral fins . in s . grandiops this number is reported to be consistently seven . in s . multipunctatus it is reported to always be eight .
the other feature for identification is the difference in the size of the eye . s . multipunctatus has a smaller eye size ( noted to be 44 . 9 to 62 percent of the snout length ) . in s . grandiops the eye size is 64 . 2 to 81 percent of the snout length . the snout length is defined as the distance between the very tip of the forward part of the head ( snout ) and the anterior margin of the eye . so basically , s . grandiops has a much larger eye in relation to the snout length . interestingly , the species name grandiops means large ( or big ) eye .
based on some snout length / eye diameter measurements made on photographs , it is clear that this species , which is noted to be common , has been imported into the hobby .
there are also size differences between the two species , but these would only be helpful in the case of having a large s . multipunctatus . the maximum sizes provided for the two species are 280 mm tl ( 11 inches ) for s . multipunctatus and 150 mm tl ( 5 . 9 inches ) s . grandiops .
the description of s . grandiops does bear out my contention that there was hidden diversity in the fish we have historically called s . multipunctatus .
interestingly , in the 312 fish used for the revision only one s . dhonti was identified . this was the large type specimen which was collected in 1912 and measures 395 mm tl ( 15 . 5 in . ) . so , what smaller fish possibly seen in the hobby might look like is anyone’s guess .
this very distinctive species , which reaches a reasonably decent size of 270 mm tl ( 10 . 6 inches ) is more than distinctive enough so that it needs little description—beyond “stunning ! ”
in last month’s column i did a discussion on the spelling of the species name of this fish . i ended up noting that i was going to use the spelling “ tanganyicae ” until further notice . wright and page accept that this is a proper species , but revert to the spelling of the name in the manner of borodin— tanganaicae . so for now i will follow this spelling in that it is part of such a major work .
s . petricola is one of the two so - far - described species in which the dorsal and pectoral spines are colored white ( the other is the new species s . lucipinnis ) and all rayed fins have black roughly triangular markings at their base . s . petricola is one of the smaller species and reaches a length of 135 mm tl ( 5 . 3 inches ) .
this is a new species and its coloration is very much like that of s . petricola , with one main difference . with this species it is noted that there are “lightly colored windows” at the base of the black triangles on the fins . these “windows” are stated to be “most noticeable in dorsal and anal fins . ”
s . lucipinnis is a smaller fish than s . petricola and reaches a maximum size of 100 mm tl ( 3 . 9 inches ) . this fish appears to be , at least in part , the so - called “dwarf petricola ” of the hobby . i will emphasize the “in part” in that the widespread use ( and misuse ) of common names in the hobby can , and does , lead to a lot of confusion . such names on the commercial level are many times bandied around with little rhyme or reason . most often there is no malice involved , but it can nonetheless lead to confusion and make discussions on the various fishes involved somewhat problematic .
note : although the two above species are noted to be the only ones having white spine coloration , various imported fishes over the years do , to my mind , indicate that there may be greater diversity to be discovered in this group .
this is a fairly well - known species that reaches a maximum size of 180 mm tl ( 7 inches ) . notable with this fish is its relatively broad mouth . the dorsal and pectoral spines are dark in coloration , but the pectoral spines are noted to have a “thin , light stripe along anterior margin . ” in younger fish the caudal fin has a white posterior margin , but this becomes duskier with growth .
s . ilebrevis , a new species , bears some resemblance to s . polli . but it does differ in lacking the light stripe on the anterior margin of the pectoral spines . the spotted pattern is noted to consist of “small , regularly shaped , widely spaced black spots . ” this is opposed to the pattern of s . polli which has “large , irregularly shaped black spots . ” the lighter coloration on the caudal fin is noted to be consistently dusky . s . ilebrevis is smaller in size than s . polli and is reported to reach a maximum length of 150 mm tl ( 5 . 9 inches ) .
the shape of the humeral process . these are noted to be quite similar in both species , but some differences are evident on close examination .
belly spots . in s . petricola these are noted to be small and irregularly shaped . s . lucipinnis is stated to have spots of a more regular shape .
axillary pore . herein lies a major diagnostic difference . this opening , located between the lower edge of the humeral process and the base of the pectoral spine , is small but present in s . petricola and lacking in s . lucipinnis . i have yet to see an aquarium - based photo ( and i have looked at many in preparation of this piece ) that shows any indication of this opening , which is not surprising .


the western orphean warbler ( sylvia hortensis ) is a typical warbler of the genus sylvia .

this species occurs in summer around the mediterranean , through western europe and extending into northwest africa .

it is migratory , wintering in sub-saharan africa .

it is a rare vagrant to northern and north-western europe .

western orphean warbler

a new subspecies of western orphean warbler sylvia hortensis and criteria for separating western from eastern orphean warbler s . crassirostris
svensson , l . a new subspecies of western orphean warbler sylvia hortensis and criteria for separating western from eastern orphean warbler s . crassirostris .
1st summer male western orphean warbler , hartlepool , 29th may 2012 , © adrian webb . compare with this autumn dutch western orphean warbler record here .
western orphean warbler ( sylvia hortensis ) is a species of bird in the sylviidae family .
western orphean warbler | birds : - accentors and warblers . | pinterest | westerns and bird
reference svensson , l . 2012 . a new subspecies of western orphean warbler sylvia hortensis and criteria for separating western from eastern orphean warbler s . crassirostris . bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club 132 : 75 - 83 .
an isolated population of western orphean warbler in libya has been described as a new subspecies , and revised criteria for separating the orphean taxa have been published .
the latest sighting details and map for western orphean warbler are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .
1st summer male western orphean warbler , hartlepool , 29th may 2012 , © martyn sidwell . sort of orangey - coloured plain undertail region . see comparison below :
the orphean warbler is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the primary threats to the orphean warbler are habitat loss and deterioration due to agricultural intensification and human disturbance ( 3 ) . as a result , the orphean warbler’s range appears to have contracted and fragmented in recent decades ( 4 ) .
filmed at st . brides , pembrokeshire , with a canon powershot sx50 hs on 16th november 2013 . for vocalizations and distribution maps of both western and eastern orphean warbler see the links below to xeno - canto . urltoken urltoken
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several authorities have been seen by many birders as perhaps a bit ' tardy ' in splitting the western and eastern forms of orphean warbler , in its traditional sense . now , a new paper has set out more discrete differences between the two subtle taxa , perhaps bringing a more universal recognition of the two speciesof western and eastern orphean warbler closer . birdwatch has already accepted the split in its birds of britain : the complete checklist 4th edition , available from the birdwatch bookshop .
the western orphean warbler at hartlepool headland , co durham , on 29 may , initially showed that it can still be a tough id call , despite the firming up of its taxonomic diagnostics . photo : steve young ( www . birdsonfilm . com ) .
europe’s second largest warbler ( 2 ) , the orphean warbler has a moderately long tail and wings , a long , pointed bill and dark grey legs ( 3 ) . the male orphean warbler has a uniformly dark head which fades to much lighter , medium - grey upperparts and wings . the wings may be tinged with brown and the contrasting underparts are largely white , taking on an interesting pinkish flush during the mating season . the orphean warbler also has a black eye ring , although this can be rather tricky to spot against the dark feathers of its head ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
i looked briefly on some of the images of the uk bird and they fitted well with western .
common cuckoo chick ejects eggs of reed warbler out of the nest . david attenboroughs opini
climate change may also be affecting the orphean warbler , based on the decline of populations in some areas of italy where there has been no associated habitat deterioration ( 4 ) .
wild fires also have an adverse effect upon orphean warbler populations in the short term , but surprisingly may have a positive effect in the long term ( over one to four years ) by opening up forested areas and improving the territory for the warbler ( 3 ) .
the best character , described in my forthcoming paper , is the outertail pattern , western having long , narrow white wedges on inner web of r6 [ rectrix 6 ] , eastern broad and shorter . no overlap , so very useful for adults , and works to some 90 % also for 1 st year birds . very simplified : western orphean has richard’s pipit pattern , whereas eastern orphean has blyth’s pipit pattern !
until recently , the western orphean warbler added a special flavour to the south - exposed mountain sides in central valais , and at the beginning of the 20th century there were still suitable habitats in the geneva region . the populations on the northern edge of its range are declining despite rather favourable climatic conditions , leaving only the memory of the slow , thrush - like song of this large warbler .
juvenile orphean warblers are much browner that the females and lack the adult’s dark cap ( 4 ) .
1st s male eastern orphean warbler . eilat , march 2012 . a different looking bird seeming strange mix of old and new flight feathers , especially in the secondaries . are the outer primaries new ?
a mediterranean bird , the orphean warbler’s breeding range extends from spain through to turkey ( 2 ) . it migrates south for winter , to sub - saharan africa and the indian subcontinent ( 2 ) ( 5 ) , with the southernmost records being from northern nigeria ( 4 ) . the orphean warbler is also occasionally sighted in north - west europe , as far north as england ( 2 ) .
the orphean warbler lays four to five eggs , which are a white - blueish , occasionally with darker speckles ( 2 ) . the chicks , which hatch after 12 to 14 days , are fed by both parents until they are able to leave the nest . no - one knows how long the orphean warbler lives for in the wild , but the oldest specimen in captivity reached 14 years ( 3 ) .
1st summer female eastern orphean warbler , eilat , march 2012 . think that’s right ! very lesser whitethroat type head pattern but well - marked undertail coverts ( latter not visible - but it had them ) .
more than 100 host species have been recorded : meadow pipit , dunnock and eurasian reed warbler are the most common hosts in northern europe ; garden warbler , meadow pipit , pied wagtail and european robin in central europe ; brambling and common redstart in finland ; and great reed warbler in hungary . [ 3 ]
presumed hybrid blyth’s reed acrocephalus dumetorum × marsh warbler a . palustris trapped at ngulia , kenya , in december 2009
foraging in shrubs and tree tops , the orphean warbler feeds on insects and other arthropods , such as spiders and ticks . these invertebrates are plucked from branches and leaves , or more rarely found on the ground or snatched out of the air whilst in flight ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . in the autumn months , when insect food sources are decreasing , the orphean warbler takes berries , seeds and sometimes even nectar from flowers ( 3 ) .
adult male eastern orphean warbler , eilat , israel , march 2012 . a fresh , silvery , black and white male with obvious dark centres to undertail coverts . recalling this bird’s tail feathers brought my first comparisons with the hartlepool bird .
there are currently no specific conservation measures in place for the orphean warbler . however , its range does include several national parks , such as cap de creus national park in spain , which offers its habitat some protection ( 4 ) .
warbler with moderately long tail and wing , and a long , pointed bill . male nominate race has blackish . . .
guguk kusunun hilesi ( common cuckoo chick ejects eggs of reed warbler out of the nest . david attenborough ' s opinion )
t . s . sandvicensis ( latham , 1787 ) breeds on the atlantic and mediterranean coasts of europe , and winters off western africa and arabia .
while wintering in africa , the orphean warbler inhabits semi - arid savannah with sparse tree cover and scrubby vegetation ( 3 ) . in india and pakistan it has been recorded in semi - desert , stony country and ravines with sparse vegetation ( 4 ) .
aymí , r . & gargallo , g . ( 2018 ) . western orphean warbler ( sylvia hortensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
svensson ( 2012 ) examined seven specimens taken in north - east libya ( three housed in the natural history museum , tring , and four in the american museum of natural history , new york ) and was able to assign all to western orphean on the basis of their diagnostic tail and near - diagnostic undertail coverts patterning . however , the libyan birds also have a longer bill and paler grey upperparts , so there is a level of intermediateness between the two species trumped by the tail pattern diagnostic of western . the song is very similar to western and as yet no diagnostic differences have been officially noted . the new subspecies
the marginally smaller t . s . acuflavida ( cabot , 1847 ) breeds on atlantic coasts of north america , wintering in the caribbean and further south , and has wandered to western europe .
having seen the bird , i recalled how tricky some old and even recent nw european birds had been to identify as eastern or western . so i have been chewing on the subject . was this a certain id ? a short bill ( as measured at 16 . 5 mm ) and those plain , colourful undertail coverts strongly pointed to western as chris and graeme surmised . but was it watertight ?
thorogood , r . ; davies , n . b . ( 2012 ) .
cuckoos combat socially transmitted defenses of reed warbler hosts with a plumage polymorphism
.
svensson also delimits identification criteria for western and eastern orphean warbler , leaving the tail pattern as diagnostic : eastern , not yet recorded in britain , has notably more extensive white on the inner web of its outer tail feather and short broad tips to the two tail feathers next to this , whereas the outer tail feather has a pointed narrow white wedge on the outer web and a small wedge on the fifth feather next to it . the two species also have different songs and calls and almost always differently - patterned undertail coverts , as well as more subtle difference which are diagnostic in combination .
in europe , the orphean warbler favours open or semi - open woodland with variable bushy cover . this can include marquis with plants such as cork oak ( quercus suber ) ( 3 ) , or orange and olive groves and gardens ( 2 ) . the specific vegetation can be varied , but a few tall trees or bushes ( one to three metres tall ) are an essential component of the habitat ( 4 ) . in europe , this bird is typically found below 800 metres , but in western asia it can be found between 2 , 000 and 3 , 000 metres ( 3 ) .
birds in the park are - - houbara bustard , griffon vulture , egyptian vulture , honey buzzard , laggar falcon , peregrine falcon , kestrel , indian sparrow hawk , scops owl , common cuckoo , european bee - eater , rock partridge , european nightjar , long - billed pipit , orphean warbler , variable wheatear , blue rock thrush , stonechat , and lichtenstein ' s desert finch .
now , the uk bird was a 1 st summer male , so the tail pattern is less clear to use , still indicative enough . in particular the fact that inside the white wedge the dark portion of the inner web reached almost to tip and was undiminished dark there speaks for western . the unmoulted wing in spring in a 1sts ( only long tertials replaced ? ) , this also in favour of western , since 1sts easterns habitually replace some outer primaries and odd other wing - feathers in winter . ”
the orphean warbler’s breeding season lasts from mid - april to july . during this time , a nest is constructed by both sexes ( 3 ) in the fork of a branch or carefully balanced on a branch up to 3 . 5 metres off the ground ( 4 ) . the nest is made from grass and other plant materials , and sometimes also spiders’ webs ( 3 ) , and is lined with finer grasses and hair ( 2 ) .
c . c . bakeri , first described by hartert in 1912 , breeds in western china to the himalayan foothills in northern india , nepal , myanmar , northwestern thailand and southern china . during the winter it is found in assam , east bengal and southeastern asia .
blackbucks are native to india and pakistan , where they were widespread in plains and open woodlands ; western deserts , and northern mountains limited their distribution . today , extensive hunting and habitat destruction have restricted blackbuck to only small , isolated populations in their former native habitat .
yes ! part two of our red letter day meant the drive from spurn to hartlepool to join the ( surprisingly ) sizeable crowd around the bowling green for the orphean warbler . it has been a while… . . last one seen by keen birders was found by mick turton and identified in flight ( no less ! ) in october 1981 on scilly . his key fob is a glass encased photo of that bird – ask to view it if you see him ; ) .
like many i was intrigued to see what characters were marking the bird out as the reported ‘western’ . fortunately it was present on our arrival . there was the expected large greyish and dark - hooded sylvia warbler ( though not really the ‘big impression ‘ some eastern orpheans can give ) , but first thing that really struck me were the very colourful and plain undertail coverts - particularly the colour , a kind of orange - ochre ( or something like that ) , warm and colourful for sure , and clearly very plain looking .
i noticed from tris’ blog that phil woolen got some interesting shots and they included a photo of the spread tail showing the pattern on white in the outer tail feathers . hmm . didn’t look like the tail patterns i had of eastern orphean warblers from israel .
east meets west . 1st s male eastern ( left ) eilat march 2012 , and 1sts male western ( right ) , hartlepool . plumage basically similar , but eastern bird whiter undertail coverts with big dark centres , longer bill and the outermost tail feather has big blobby white tip ( see below ) .
i was initially very cautious as these things have proved really tricky . however the combination of undertail coverts and pattern of outer tail feathers points very strongly to western orphean . measured bill length seems good too ( and as soft feature it seems shorter in appearance ) . with records in recent years of ‘westerns’ in the netherlands in autumn and helgoland in spring , there is clear ‘previous’ . the outer tail feature has been mentioned before in regard to this dutch record as first noted noted by nils ‘advanced bird id’ bible , but has been much clarified with new stuff by lars s .
1st summer male eastern orphean warbler , eilat , march 2012 ( left ) . same bird as in the other comparison shot above . i think it’s another first summer male ; well - worn remiges and rectrices . shame i didn’t get a spread tail shot . have to say the browner washed’ dank’ upperparts don’t really look much different to the hartlepool bird , though the bill looks longer . and on the right the hartlepool bird and chris brown’s beard ( photo chris bell ) . important pattern on outermost tail feather is clearly visible .
female orphean warblers , although similar in appearance to the males , can be distinguished by the paler , dark grey head feathers which fade more gradually into the plumage of the upperparts . the eye ring is also easier to spot , consisting largely of white and grey feathers ( 4 ) .
studies were made of 90 great reed warbler nests in central hungary . there was an
unusually high
frequency of common cuckoo parasitism , with 64 % of the nests parasitised . of the nests targeted by cuckoos , 64 % contained one cuckoo egg , 23 % had two , 10 % had three and 3 % had four common cuckoo eggs . in total , 58 % of the common cuckoo eggs were laid in nests that were multiply parasitised . when laying eggs in nests already parasitised , the female cuckoos removed one egg at random , showing no discrimination between the great reed warbler eggs and those of other cuckoos . [ 19 ]
common cuckoo chicks fledge about 17 - 21 days after hatching , [ 2 ] compared to 12 - 13 days for eurasian reed warblers . [ 33 ] if the hen cuckoo is out - of - phase with a clutch of eurasian reed warbler eggs , she will eat them all so that the hosts are forced to start another brood .
there is the name saxicola torquata sensu lato in the list , but now this species was split for three . in western siberia 25 % of cuckoo ' s eggs ( n = 126 ) was found in the nests of saxicola maura . the names changed according to this information . ( numerov , a . d . order cuculiformes . / / birds of russia and adjacent countries . moscow : nauka . 1993 . p . 212 [ in russian ] ) .
this park was primarily establised to provide refuge to the endangered chiltan wild goat or markhor . in the 1950s it was said to exceed 1 , 200 , but in november 1970 the population was estimated to number about 200 , based on a total count of 107 individuals . at present the total population of the chiltan wild goat is estimated to be about 800 . the suleiman markhor is also present in the northern part of the chiltan range and a few urial still survive on the western slopes between 1 , 500m and 2 , 100m . carnivores include stripped hyaena and red fox .
the oued massa holds water throughout the year and has breeding marbled ducks , a globally threatened species . [ 1 ] [ 4 ] it is the only known moroccan breeding site for the glossy ibis . the two estuaries are important for migrants , especially waders and gulls . european spoonbill and audouin ' s gull winter in the park . other notable breeding bird species are red - necked nightjar , thick - billed lark , tristram ' s warbler ) and moussier ' s redstart . [ 1 ]
the naked , altricial chick hatches after 11 - 13 days . [ 2 ] it methodically evicts all host progeny from host nests . it is a much larger bird than its hosts , and needs to monopolize the food supplied by the parents . the chick will roll the other eggs out of the nest by pushing them with its back over the edge . if the host ' s eggs hatch before the cuckoo ' s , the cuckoo chick will push the other chicks out of the nest in a similar way . at 14 days old , the common cuckoo chick is about three times the size of an adult eurasian reed warbler .
grabado en la frontera entre un pinar de media montaña y un claro con algunos agracejos .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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juan sanabria , jesús laborda , carlos fabregat , eduardo amengual , xavier parra cuenca .
arnau bonan , alberto soria , victor . claes , mattias hofstede , beat . r , fran trabalon , frédéric pelsy , ricardo rodriguez , lmarce , stanislav harvančík , mascarallot , hervé michel , carlos n . g . bocos , josep batlle , josé frade , oriol soler ferrer .
until recently considered conspecific with s . crassirostris ( which see ) . newly described race cyrenaicae based on specimen previously thought to represent crassirostris , but plumage and other characters indicate that it belongs with present species # r . two subspecies recognized .
( j . f . gmelin , 1789 ) – sw & s europe ( iberian peninsula and s france e to s switzerland and italy ) and nw africa ( sw morocco e to nw libya ) ; non - breeding w sahel ( s mauritania and senegal e to niger and chad ) .
song , from leafy cover on top of bush or tree , rarely during song flight , a vigorous and far - . . .
favours various types of open or semi - open woodland with variable bushy cover , e . g . maquis with . . .
mostly arthropods , especially insects and their larvae ; also berries outside breeding season . invertebrate diet includes spiders ( araneae . . .
season mid - apr to jul , in s europe laying mostly second half may ; one brood . monogamous ; territorial . nest built by both sexes , a rather . . .
medium - distance to long - distance migrant ; scarce records of overwintering n of sahara . generally . . .
not globally threatened . rather patchily distributed ; common to very common breeder in optimal habitats , but otherwise rather scarce ; fairly common to locally common in most . . .
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previously considered to incorporate numerous other taxa , including some or all current members of acrocephalidae , locustellidae , phylloscopidae , scotocercidae , macrosphenidae , bernieridae and sometimes cisticolidae . earlier , this assemblage was grouped with timaliidae ( sensu lato ) and turdidae in an outsize muscicapidae .
includes horizorhinus , pseudoalcippe and lioptilus ( all previously placed in timaliidae ) ; sometimes further subdivided , with recognition of e . g . curruca . some recent studies support division into three distinct clades # r ; within this framework retesting and revised analysis have led to new sequence for species 19–30 below # r . in view of uncertainties , herein a broad genus seems more appropriate meantime , pending more complete results .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : sylvia hortensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
well done again chris brown and graeme joynt … . for patience and persistent ringing study . incredible !
hard to capture the plain and colourful undertail coverts due to distance and the bird skulking habits - but you can see them more clearly in this shot taken when the bird was trapped earlier the same morning .
, hartlepool , 29th may 2012 , © phil woolen . ya did good phil ! for future - even at distance it was
so i dug out my photos , read a bit and most helpfully chatted with lars svensson who brought some proper illumination to the subject . read on :
on the left the adult male eastern ( same as in profile photo above ) . n . b . fresh ( adult ) tail feathers . focusing on the outermost ( t6 ) , it has extensively dark inner web apart from big white tip which covers both webs ( kinda big blobby white tip ) .
on the right the hartlepool bird ( martyn sidwell ) . worn juvenile feathers . less well defined pattern than on adults , nevertheless dark on inner web extends further towards tip , so less of a white ‘spot’ and notably much more white running up the inner web of t6 - same area essentially dark on the eastern adult male .
showing the tail pattern from below and those all important undertail coverts . all the eastern orpheans i saw israel had dark centres to the undertail feathering .
so thanks indeed to lars svensson for his most helpful input , to kieren allinson ( what a day ! ) and to chris brown , chris bell , martyn sidwell , richard millington , pim wolf and a special mention to the leaders and staff at the international ringing station in eilat .
international birdwatching and research centre at eilat . the leaders and ringing team were great bunch and i learnt loads . thanks very much indeed to all . pictured here roni v . , christian b . , fabian m . and yothan l … lovely pink t - shirts boys !
only to report that the undertail coverts pattern is far too stressed in most literature… .
indeed , i handled may eastern ow in cyprus and found several with fully white clean unpatterned utc with almost no dark markings ( or concealed lateral feathers ) or indeed no dark markings those markings , this kind of pattern , is visible in many sardinian , garden , subalpine etc … . and is very sylvia peculiar…in eastern ow is typical and most recurrangt but is not unique neither always there
had meant to say my sample size was obviously pretty small blah blah blah more anecdotal than anything . you in the zone as ever ! thanks for commenting
interesting stuff , as usual , martin – i have found myself using the ‘nils’ back in blighty even for common stuff . it’s making me look a lot closer at things , that and your blog of course !
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the bar on the top line indicates during which seasons the species can be observed regularly in switzerland . there can be great seasonal fluctuations of numbers . the middle bar indicates the typical migration seasons of a species . the bottom bar indicates the period during which the species normally breeds . as a rule it spans the period from egg - laying to fledging of the young .
querytime : 0 . 0273 s , querycount : 585 , parsetime : 0 . 5468 s , totaltime : 0 . 5742 s , source : cache
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perseverance and patience brought neil and paul wright , and martin finch , the biggest of prize of all – a british first .
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the common cuckoo ( cuculus canorus ) is a member of the cuckoo order of birds , cuculiformes , which includes the roadrunners , the anis and the coucals .
this species is a widespread summer migrant to europe and asia , and winters in africa . it is a brood parasite , which means it lays eggs in the nests of other bird species , particularly of dunnocks , meadow pipits , and reed warblers . although its eggs are larger than those of its hosts , the eggs in each type of host nest resemble the host ' s eggs . the adult too is a mimic , in its case of the sparrowhawk ; since that species is a predator , the mimicry gives the female time to lay her eggs without being seen to do so .
the species ' binomial name is derived from the latin cuculus ( the cuckoo ) and canorus ( melodious ; from canere , meaning to sing ) . [ 2 ] the cuckoo family gets its common name and genus name by onomatopoeia for the call of the male common cuckoo . [ 3 ] the english word
cuckoo
comes from the old french cucu and it first appears about 1240 in the poem sumer is icumen in -
summer has come in / loudly sing , cuckoo !
in modern english . [ 4 ]
the scientific name is from latin . cuculus is
cuckoo
and canorus ,
melodious
. [ 5 ]
c . c . canorus , the nominate subspecies , was first described by linnaeus in 1758 . it occurs from ireland through scandinavia , northern russia and siberia to japan in the east , and from the pyrenees through turkey , kazakhstan , mongolia , northern china and korea . it winters in africa and south asia .
c . c . bangsi was first described by oberholser in 1919 and breeds in iberia , the balearic islands and north africa , spending the winter in africa .
c . c . subtelephonus , first described by zarudny in 1914 , breeds in central asia from turkestan to southern mongolia . it migrates to southern asia and africa for the winter .
although the common cuckoo ' s global population appears to be declining , it is classified of being of least concern by the international union for conservation of nature . it is estimated that the species numbers between 25 million and 100 million individuals worldwide , with around 12 . 6 million to 25 . 8 million of those birds breeding in europe . [ 1 ] the maximum recorded lifespan of a common cuckoo in the united kingdom is 6 years , 11 months and 2 days . [ 2 ]
the common cuckoo is 32 - 34 centimetres ( 13 - 13 in ) long from bill to tail ( with a tail of 13 - 15 centimetres ( 5 . 1 - 5 . 9 in ) and a wingspan of 55 - 60 centimetres ( 22 - 24 in ) . [ 3 ] the legs are short . [ 7 ] it is greyish with a slender body and long tail and can be mistaken for a falcon in flight , where the wingbeats are regular . during the breeding season , common cuckoos often settle on an open perch with drooped wings and raised tail . [ 7 ] there is a rufous colour morph , which occurs occasionally in adult females but more often in juveniles . [ 3 ]
all adult males are slate - grey ; the grey throat extends well down the bird ' s breast with a sharp demarcation to the barred underparts . [ 8 ] the iris , orbital ring , the base of the bill and feet are yellow . [ 7 ] grey adult females have a pinkish - buff or buff background to the barring and neck sides , and sometimes small rufous spots on the median and greater coverts and the outer webs of the secondary feathers . [ 8 ]
rufous morph adult females have reddish - brown upperparts with dark grey or black bars . the black upperpart bars are narrower than the rufous bars , as opposed to rufous juvenile birds , where the black bars are broader . [ 8 ]
common cuckoos in their first autumn have variable plumage . some have strongly - barred chestnut - brown upperparts , while others are plain grey . rufous - brown birds have heavily barred upperparts with some feathers edged with creamy - white . all have whitish edges to the upper wing - coverts and primaries . the secondaries and greater coverts have chestnut bars or spots . in spring , birds hatched in the previous year may retain some barred secondaries and wing - coverts . [ 8 ] the most obvious identification features of juvenile common cuckoos are the white nape patch and white feather fringes . [ 7 ]
common cuckoos moult twice a year : a partial moult in summer and a complete moult in winter . [ 8 ] males weigh around 130 grams ( 4 . 6 oz ) and females 110 grams ( 3 . 9 oz ) . [ 2 ] the common cuckoo looks very similar to the oriental cuckoo , which is slightly shorter - winged on average . [ 8 ]
a study using stuffed bird models found that small birds are less likely to approach common cuckoos that have barred underparts similar to the eurasian sparrowhawk , a predatory bird . eurasian reed warblers were found more aggressive to cuckoos that looked less hawk - like , meaning that the resemblance to the hawk helps the cuckoo to access the nests of potential hosts . [ 9 ] other small birds , great tits and blue tits , showed alarm and avoided attending feeders on seeing either ( mounted ) sparrowhawks or cuckoos ; this implies that the cuckoo ' s hawklike appearance functions as protective mimicry , whether to reduce attacks by hawks or to make brood parasitism easier . [ 10 ]
hosts attack cuckoos more when they see neighbors mobbing cuckoos . [ 11 ] the existence of the two plumage morphs in females may be due to frequency - dependent selection if this learning applies only to the morph that hosts see neighbors mob . in an experiment with dummy cuckoos of each morph and a sparrowhawk , reed warblers were more likely to attack both cuckoo morphs than the sparrowhawk , and even more likely to mob a certain cuckoo morph when they saw neighbors mobbing that morph , decreasing the reproductive success of that morph and selecting for the less common morph . [ 11 ]
the male ' s song , goo - ko , is usually given from an open perch . during the breeding season the male typically gives this vocalisation with intervals of 1–1 . 5 seconds , in groups of 10–20 with a rest of a few seconds between groups . the female has a loud bubbling call . [ 3 ] the song starts as a descending minor third early in the year in april , and the interval gets wider , through a major third to a fourth as the season progresses , and in june the cuckoo
forgets its tune
and may make other calls such as ascending intervals . also the cuckoo seems to have a form of absolute pitch as it tends to sing in the key of c . [ 12 ] the wings are drooped when calling intensely and when in the vicinity of a potential female , the male often wags its tail from side to side or the body may pivot from side to side . [ 13 ]
essentially a bird of open land , the common cuckoo is a widespread summer migrant to europe and asia , and winters in africa . birds arrive in europe in april and leave in september . [ 7 ]
the common cuckoo has also occurred as a vagrant in countries including barbados , the united states , greenland , the faroe islands , iceland , indonesia , palau , seychelles , taiwan and china . [ 1 ]
the common cuckoo ' s diet consists of insects , with hairy caterpillars , which are distasteful to many birds , being a specialty of preference . [ 14 ] it also occasionally eats eggs and chicks . [ 15 ]
the common cuckoo is an obligate brood parasite ; it lays its eggs in the nests of other birds . at the appropriate moment , the hen cuckoo flies down to the host ' s nest , pushes one egg out of the nest , lays an egg and flies off . the whole process takes about 10 seconds . a female may visit up to 50 nests during a breeding season . common cuckoos first breed at the age of two years . [ 2 ]
as the common cuckoo evolves to lay eggs that better imitate the host ' s eggs , the host species adapts and is more able to distinguish the cuckoo egg . a study of 248 common cuckoo and host eggs demonstrated that female cuckoos that parasitised common redstart nests laid eggs that matched better than those that targeted dunnocks . spectroscopy was used to model how the host species saw the cuckoo eggs . cuckoos that target dunnock nests lay white , brown - speckled eggs , in contrast to the dunnock ' s own blue eggs . the theory suggests that common redstarts have been parasitised by common cuckoos for longer , and so have evolved to be better than the dunnocks at noticing the cuckoo eggs . [ 18 ]
it was found that nests close to cuckoo perches were most vulnerable : multiple parasitised nests were closest to the vantage points , and unparasitised nests were farthest away . nearly all the nests
in close vicinity
to the vantage points were parasitised . more visible nests were more likely to be selected by the common cuckoos . female cuckoos use their vantage points to watch for potential hosts and find it easier to locate the more visible nests while they are egg - laying . [ 20 ]
the great reed warblers ' responses to the common cuckoo eggs varied : 66 % accepted the egg ( s ) ; 12 % ejected them ; 20 % abandoned the nests entirely ; 2 % buried the eggs . 28 % of the cuckoo eggs were described as
almost perfect
in their mimesis of the host eggs , and the warblers rejected
poorly mimetic
cuckoo eggs more often . the degree of mimicry made it difficult for both the great reed warblers and the observers to tell the eggs apart . [ 19 ]
the egg measures 22 by 16 millimetres ( 0 . 87 in × 0 . 63 in ) and weighs 3 . 2 grams ( 0 . 11 oz ) , of which 7 % is shell . [ 2 ] research has shown that the female common cuckoo is able to keep its egg inside its body for an extra 24 hours before laying it in a host ' s nest . this means the cuckoo chick can hatch before the host ' s chicks do , and it can eject the unhatched eggs from the nest . scientists incubated common cuckoo eggs for 24 hours at the bird ' s body temperature of 40 °c ( 104 °f ) , and examined the embryos , which were found
much more advanced
than those of other species studied . the idea of ' internal incubation ' was first put forward in 1802 and 18th and 19th century egg collectors had reported finding that cuckoo embryos were more advanced than those of the host species . [ 21 ]
complete list of common cuckoo ' s nest - host by aleksander d . numerov ( 2003 ) [ 22 ]
the necessity of eviction behavior is unclear . one hypothesis is that competing with host chicks leads to decreased cuckoo chick weight , which is selective pressure for eviction behavior . an analysis of the amount of food provided to common cuckoo chicks by host parents in the presence and absence of host siblings showed that when competing against host siblings , cuckoo chicks did not receive enough food , showing an inability to compete . [ 29 ] selection pressure for eviction behavior may come from cuckoo chicks lacking the correct visual begging signals , hosts distributing food to all nestlings equally , or host recognition of the parasite . [ 29 ] [ 30 ] another hypothesis is that decreased cuckoo chick weight is not selective pressure for eviction behavior . an analysis of resources provided to cuckoo chick in the presence and absence of host siblings also showed that the weights of cuckoos raised with host chicks were much smaller upon fledging than cuckoos raised alone , but within 12 days cuckoos raised with siblings grew faster than cuckoos raised alone and made up for developmental differences , showing a flexibility that would not necessarily select for eviction behavior . [ 31 ]
species whose broods are parasitised by the common cuckoo have evolved to discriminate against cuckoo eggs but not chicks . [ 32 ] experiments have shown that common cuckoo chicks persuade their host parents to feed them by making a rapid begging call that sounds
remarkably like a whole brood of host chicks .
the researchers suggested that
the cuckoo needs vocal trickery to stimulate adequate care to compensate for the fact that it presents a visual stimulus of just one gape .
[ 30 ] however , a cuckoo chick needs the amount of food of a whole brood of host nestlings , and it struggles to elicit that much from the host parents with only the vocal stimulus . this may reflect a tradeoff - - the cuckoo chick benefits from eviction by receiving all the food provided , but faces a cost in being the only one influencing feeding rate . for this reason , cuckoo chicks exploit host parental care by remaining with the host parent longer than host chicks do , both before and after fledging . [ 30 ]
the common cuckoo ' s behaviour was firstly observed and described by aristotle and the combination of behaviour and anatomical adaptation by edward jenner , who was elected as fellow of the royal society in 1788 for this work rather than for his development of the smallpox vaccine . it was first documented on film in 1922 by edgar chance and oliver g pike , in their film ' the cuckoo ' s secret ' . [ 34 ]
a study in japan found that young common cuckoos probably acquire species - specific feather lice from body - to - body contact with other cuckoos between the time of leaving the nest and returning to the breeding area in spring . a total of 21 nestlings were examined shortly before they left their hosts ' nests and none carried feather lice . however , young birds returning to japan for the first time were found just as likely as older individuals to be lousy . [ 35 ]
the occurrence of common cuckoo in europe is a good surrogate for biodiversity facets including taxonomic diversity and functional diversity in bird communities , and better than the traditional use of top predators as bioindicators . the reason for this is the strong correlation between the cuckoo ' s host species richness and overall bird species richness , due to co - evolutionary relationships . [ 36 ] this may be useful for citizen science . [ 37 ]
aristotle was aware of the old tale that cuckoos turned into hawks in winter . the tale was an explanation for their absence outside the summer season , later accepted by pliny the elder in his natural history . aristotle rejected the claim , observing in his history of animals that cuckoos do not have the predators ' talons or hooked bills . these classical era accounts were known to the early modern english naturalist , william turner . [ 10 ]
in europe , hearing the call of the common cuckoo is regarded as the first harbinger of spring . many local legends and traditions are based on this . in scotland , gowk stones ( cuckoo stones ) sometimes associated with the arrival of the first cuckoo of spring .
gowk
is an old name for the common cuckoo in northern england , [ 42 ] derived from the harsh repeated
gowk
call the bird makes when excited . [ 3 ] the well - known cuckoo clock features a mechanical bird and is fitted with bellows and pipes that imitate the call of the common cuckoo . [ 43 ] cuckoos feature in traditional rhymes , such as '
in april the cuckoo comes , in may she ' ll stay , in june she changes her tune , in july she prepares to fly , come august , go she must ,
' quoted peggy . ' but you haven ' t said it all , ' put in bobby . '
and if the cuckoo stays till september , it ' s as much as the oldest man can remember .
' [ 44 ]
the cuckoo is a fine bird and she sings as she flies , she brings us good tidings , she tells us no lies . she sucks little birds ' eggs to make her voice clear , and never sings cuckoo till the summer draws near [ 45 ]
one of the tales of the wise men of gotham tells how they built a hedge round a tree in order to trap a cuckoo so that it would always be summer . [ 47 ]
welbergen , j . ; davies , n . b . ( 2011 ) .
a parasite in wolf ' s clothing : hawk mimicry reduces mobbing of cuckoos by hosts
.
barrett , m . ( 1897 ) .
the cuckoo ' s notes
.
handbook of the birds of india and pakistan together with those of bangladesh , nepal , bhutan and ceylon . volume 3 . stone curlews to owls
moksnes , arne ; røskaft , eivin ; hagen , lise greger ; honza , marcel ; mørk , cecilie ; olsen , per h . ( 2000 ) .
gibbs , h . l . ; sorenson , m . d . ; marchetti , k . ; brooke , m . d . ; davies , n . b . ; nakamura , h . ( 2000 ) .
genetic evidence for female host - specific races of the common cuckoo
.
numerov , a . d . inter - species and intra - species brood parasitism in birds . voronezh : voronezh university . 2003 . 516 p . [ in russian ] ? ? . ? . ? ? ? ? ? ? . ? ? . 2003 . c . 38 - 40 .
turdus erythrogaster vigors , proc . zool . soc . london , 1831 , p . 171 . ; monticola erythrogastra baker , faun . brit . ind . , 2 , p . 170 . this form is recognized as younger synonym of monticola rufiventris ( jardine and selby ) [ 1 ]
martín - gálvez , d . ; soler , m . ; soler , j . j . ; martín - vivaldi , m . ; palomino , j . j . ( 2005 ) .
food acquisition by common cuckoo chicks in rufous bush robin nests and the advantage of eviction behaviour
.
geltsch , n . ; hauber , m . e . ; anderson , m . g . ; ban , m . ; moskát , c . ( 2012 ) .
competition with a host nestling for parental provisioning imposes recoverable costs on parasitic cuckoo chick ' s growth
.