acropora hoeksemai is a species of acroporid coral that was first described by dr. carden wallace in 1997 .

found in shallow reefs in a marine environment , it is found at depths of 8 to 20 m ( 26 to 66 ft ) .

it is listed as a vulnerable species on the iucn red list , and has a decreasing population .

it is common , listed on appendix ii of cites , and is found over a large range .

acropora hoeksemai

information on acropora hoeksemai is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
here is my newest addition - acropora hoeksemai . took this picture for growth documentation and for you guys to enjoy .
nick hope added the english common name
hoeksema ' s staghorn coral
to
acropora hoeksemai wallace , 1997
.
acropora bifurcata . indonesia . adjacent colonies of a . bifurcata ( left ) and a . hoeksemai ( right ) . charlie veron .
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oh yeah , that picture looks more like an acropora hoeksemai to me . defiantly shows more irregular corallites at the base vs the new growth on the tips .
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looking for others experience with keeping acropora hoeksemai . just wondering if there was any special care taken with it , as i ' ve read it is a very hard coral to keep .
acropora acuminata . great barrier reef , australia . compact branches . ed lovell .
acropora acuminata . great barrier reef , australia . large colony on a shallow reef flat . ed lovell .
images from bachir of paris france latin name : acropora hoeksemai discovered from / year : wallace , 1997 growth : medium grower degree of difficulty : medium lighting : high / medium ( bulb ) current : high / medium reference : urltoken members please post your experiences & pictures in this thread to this species .
like you , i have never been able to keep a . hoeksemai longer than a few months , which is a shame as they are stunning blues . be interesting to hear if anyone is .
( of acropora ( acropora ) oken , 1815 ) wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
common parasites of colonies in reef aquariums are the acropora - eating flatworm , and
red bugs
( tegastes acroporanus ) .
acropora bifurcata . indonesia . adjacent colonies of a . bifurcata ( right ) and a . cytherea ( left ) . charlie veron .
based on the most recent taxonomic work , there are approximately 120 known species of acropora ( wallace 1999 ; s . d . cairns , in litt . 2009 ) .
acropora species are challenging to keep in a home aquarium . they require bright light , stable temperatures , regular addition of calcium and alkalinity supplements , and clean , turbulent water .
( of acropora ( acropora ) oken , 1815 ) oken , l . 1815 - 1816 . lehrbuch der naturgeschichte . dritter theil , zoologie . erste abteilung , fleischlose thiere : 1 - 841 ( register ) ( 1815 ) ; atlas : i - iv , pls . i - xvii ( 1816 ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the roughly 120 species of staghorn corals ( acropora ) account for a large fraction of the world ' s coral reefs ( iucn 2009 ) . these corals face several major threats :
taxonomic note : taxonomic note : this species was formerly believed to be a synonym of acropora hyacinthus . source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : nemenzo ( 1971 ) .
i think i lost my first awesome bright blue hoeksemai from a large alk swing ( upwards ) , my calcium reactor was offline and i got caught out , went low on alk , and then dosed too much . you live and learn ey . it stripped from the bottom up within a couple of days .
acropora is most common in shallow reef environments with bright light and moderate to high water motion . many small reef fishes live near their colonies and retreat into the thicket of branches if threatened .
china , w . e . ( 1963 ) . opinion 674 : acropora oken , 1815 ( anthozoa , madreporaria ) : validated under the plenary powers . bulletin of zoological nomenclature . 20 : 319 - 330 . [ details ]
wallace cc ( 1997 ) new species and new records of recently described species of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia : astrocoeniina : acroporidae ) from indonesia . zoological journal of the linnean society 120 : 27 - 50 . [ details ]
at first i was going to say that it still looks like a tenuis but there is a lot of space between the coralites however they are not really irregular . it could be an acropora yongei but others might feel different . urltoken
depending on the species and location , acropora species may grow as plates or slender or broad branches . like other corals , acropora corals are colonies of individual polyps , which are about 2 mm across and share tissue and a nerve net . the polyps can withdraw back into the coral in response to movement or disturbance by potential predators , but when undisturbed , they protrude slightly . the polyps typically extend further at night to help capture plankton and organic matter from the water .
boschma h ( 1961 ) acropora oken , 1815 ( anthozoa , madreporaria ) ; proposed validation under the plenary powers . z . n . ( s . ) 1036 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 18 : 334 - 335 . [ details ]
riegl , b . ( 1995 ) . a revision of the hard coral genus acropora oken , 1815 ( scleractinia : astrocoeniina : acroporidae ) in south - east africa . zoological journal of the linnean society 113 : 249 - 288 [ details ]
( of acropora ( eumadrepora ) brook , 1893 ) brook g ( 1893 ) . the genus madrepora . catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum ( natural history ) 1 : 1 - 212 , pls . 1 - 35 . [ details ]
i have an aussie acro that may be hoeksemai , but i don ' t have a positive id on it . i have found it to be relatively easy though , so maybe it is not a proper id . it just glows . . . one of my favourite up and coming pieces . i ' ll take a pic tomorrow , but i just dosed spur2 a few hours ago so it will be pale tomorrow .
reyes - bermudez a . et al . 2009 . differential expression of three galaxin - related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral acropora millepora . bmc evolutionary biology 2009 , 9 : 178 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 178
wallace , c . c . ( 2008 ) . new species and records from the eocene of england and france support early diversification of the coral genus acropora . journal of paleontology . 82 ( 2 ) : 313 - 328 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
symbiodinium , symbiotic algae , live in the corals ' cells and produce energy for the animals through photosynthesis . environmental destruction has led to a dwindling of populations of acropora , along with other coral species . acropora is especially susceptible to bleaching when stressed . bleaching is due to the loss of the coral ' s zooxanthellae , which are a golden - brown color . bleached corals are stark white and may die if new symbiodinium cells cannot be assimilated . common causes of bleaching and coral death include pollution , abnormally warm water temperatures , increased ocean acidification , sedimentation , and eutrophication .
staghorn corals occur in tropical reef environments , down to a depth of 30 meters . the upper depth limit is defined by wave action , whilst the lower limit at which acropora can inhabit is determined by light availability and the amount of suspended sediments . staghorn corals require normal marine salinity ( 4 ) .
wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
wallace , c . c . ; bosellini , f . r . ( 2015 ) . acropora ( scleractinia ) from the oligocene and miocene of europe : species longevity , origination and turnover following the eocene–oligocene transition . journal of systematic palaeontology . 13 ( 6 ) : 447 - 469 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
loading . . . . . . the catalogue is quite large so this will take a few seconds depending on your internet connection . a fast high resolution version of this catalogue and the acropora identification key will be available on disk from the museum of tropical queensland shop . to order follow the link at the top of this page .
( of heteropora ehrenberg , 1834 ) wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
shinzato , c . , shoguchi , e . , kawashima , t . , hamada , m . , hisata , k . , tanaka , m . , fujie , m . , et al . 2011 . using the acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change . nature , advance online publication . doi : 10 . 1038 / nature10249
santodomingo , n . ; wallace , c . c . ; johnson , k . g . ( 2015 ) . fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera acropora and isopora ( scleractinia : acroporidae ) in the neogene of indonesia . zoological journal of the linnean society . 175 , 677 - 763 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
staghorn corals are among the fastest growing corals on reefs , and are excellent reef - builders ( 2 ) . the name acropora literally means a porous stem or branch ( 3 ) , but acropora species express a much greater variety of growth forms than the name suggests . colonies can resemble antlers ( staghorns ) and be up to two meters tall , or can form delicately engineered plates and tables that may be up to three meters across . they can also form bush - like structures , some with short non - dividing branches like the fingers of a hand ( 2 ) . staghorn corals often out - compete all other corals in shallow tropical reefs , however , their speed of growth ( which can be up to 10 to 20 centimetres a year ( 4 ) ) is balanced by the fragility of some of the structures , as they are easily damaged in storms allowing other coral species a chance of growth . with 368 acropora species currently known , and with such an amazing array of shapes , sizes and colours , identifying individual species can be a tricky task ( 2 ) .
( of acropora ( eumadrepora ) brook , 1893 ) vaughan , t . w . ( 1918 ) . some shallow - water corals from murray island ( australia ) , cocos - keeling island , and fanning island . papers from the department of marine biology of the carnegie institution of washington . 9 ( 213 ) : 49 - 234 , pls . 20 - 93 . [ details ]
ross what test are you getting a colour ? iodate or iodide ? you need iodide and you don ' t want iodate . although having experience it , with iodide depletion the corals look like they are getting sun burnt . the coral uses iodine to form a sunblock against uv rays . my experience is that with alkalinity swings normally you get rtn , rather than stn . stn from the base has been happening to my millies . however since stopping dosing a vodka / vinegar / sugar mix my recession has stopped . coincidence may be , be interesting to see how it develops . coral growth will depend on species of acro , they are not all the same . it depends what corals you have . like you , i have never been able to keep a . hoeksemai longer than a few months , which is a shame as they are stunning blues . be interesting to hear if anyone is .
i don ' t think it ' s any more difficult to keep than other acropora sps . they need lots of light ( mh ) and flow . water quality has to be pristine ( no nitrates , no phosphates , low nutrients ) . run carbon and gfo for that . don ' t overstock your tank with fish . any sps is a crap shoot i find . but it one day and rtn the next . i find my sps love my led ' s . funny that the gsp in my tank doesn ' t ( good ! ) .
i dose lugols daily ( 0 . 5ml ) . i ' m not 100 % on my levels as i ' m not very confident with the kit . one test i seem to get a little colour and the other i can never get any colour from it . i did have a iodine problem , so dose daily now . i did also recentley loose a large bright green cluster acropora , which just striped from under neath the branches . i managed to save two small frags from the 12
x 6
colony . : - < all other corals seem good , good colour and growing , good pe . not rapid growth though .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is common through most of its range . it is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , crown - of - thorns starfish predation , and extensive reduction of coral reef habitat due to a combination of threats . specific population trends are unknown but population reduction can be inferred from declines in habitat quality based on the combined estimates of both destroyed reefs and reefs at the critical stage of degradation within its range ( wilkinson 2004 ) . its threat susceptibility increases the likelihood of being lost within one generation in the future from reefs at a critical stage . therefore , the estimated habitat degradation and loss of 41 % over three generation lengths ( 30 years ) is the best inference of population reduction and meets the threshold for vulnerable under criterion a4ce . it will be important to reassess this species in 10 years time because of predicted threats from climate change and ocean acidification .
this species is found in the central indo - pacific and the solomons . it is found in okinawa ( fenner pers . comm . ) , papau new guinea ( wallace 1999 ) and southeast asia ( richards pers . comm . ) and thailand ( wallace 1999 ) .
this is a common species . it was found at five of six regions in indonesia ( wallace
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
this species occurs in shallow reef environments . it occurs subtidally on outer reefs , reef slopes , or ledges on walls and submerged reefs ( wallace 1999 ) . this species is found from 8 - 20 m .
all corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species’ range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .
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hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
colonies may be over 2 metres across , composed of irregularly fused horizontal branches , with upturned pointed ends except at the colony perimeter . colonies usually have a side attachment . branches are irregularly spaced . radial corallites are uniform , tubular , and neatly aligned along branches .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : wallace ( 1997 , 1999 ) .
© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0
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nice coral . i have tried twice unsuccessfully in two differsnt systems . i have a 3rd one waiting for me for my new system and i am anxious to get it . good luck with this piece . where did you get it ?
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nice ! i have an a . tenuis ( at least that is what i tought ! ) that looks a lot like yours ! what do you think :
thanks . yep , you are correct . it is a very tough acro to keep and if you have to get it shipped than your chances are even lower . i got mine from a lfs but la will have them every now and then . they like really high flow . mine is being blasted with an mp 40
slow grower as well . picked mine up last september and has only put on maybe 1 / 4 inch
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that looks real nice i picked up a pretty nice ( sized ) piece from a guy breaking down his tank last fall . it was fairly bleached , and i just now am starting to get it to finally darken up . it looks like ti wants to be a real similar color to yours . that yellow showing up on the inside of your corallites is interesting .
i bought a colony of this coral , but it started to stn after a week or so . i tried a frag before which also stn ' d from the base , but it then survived . it didnt grow for nearly six months and then when it started to show sign of growth and recovery aefw ' s wiped out all the sps from my tank . when i first got my colony it had the the green ring inside the corrallites too , but they disappeared soon after afterwards . the colony has been fragged to several pieces in my tank and i have lost 2 frags out of 7 so far . i noticed in the past few days the corrallites have gotten back the green ring . . . even though everything else is thriving in my tank , this one is just not surviving . if i can get one of the frags to survive i think long term the frag can grow into a colony . . . but it is a very hard coral to grow . .
the green ring on each coralite is unique to hoek . i have not seen any other solid blue ( both the body and polyps ) with a green ring in the polyps . mine is showing decent growth since i got it a couple of months ago . i also have it in a high flow and mid - tank level . broke two tiny pieces of the tips while figuring out the best spot to put it in and those two tips are now starting to encrust . each is less than half inch .
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looks sweet . i picked up a 2 inch frag at a frag swap last saturday in chicago . i knew it was a hard coral to keep but couldn ' t pass it up for $ 25 . i actually thought about posting a thread on this coral , looking for tips on keeping these alive . mine has not shown any pe as of yet , similar to your pics . do they usually have a fair amount of pe ?
the green ring on each coralite is unique to hoek . i have not seen any other solid blue ( both the body and polyps ) with a green ring in the polyps .
it appears to be mislabeled when you bought it . it did not look like tenuis . i do think you have a hoek as well .
was id on this forum about two months ago ( before growth . . . )
this is showing new growth on my hoek . another growing tip . full shot . three tips are growing .
soon my friend . . . . . it will be worth the wait . the color on it is amazing and i ' m seeing some nice growth tips . i will try and find time to get a decent pic
tough to get a good pic of it . but here ' s one i took last night . the growth tips are unique . they look like a thin tube shooting up out of the branch .
thanks ! but i think it ' s a loripes . here ' s a better pic of it
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wow it ' s a big one ! any close up shots ? . how old is it , i ' m jealous i ' ve tried about 3 different times and i can ' t keep them .
great coral tim . i ' ve had two hoeks die now , very quickly after purchase . not going to bother trying again .
hi bogg its nearly 3 years old grown from a small frag . . lots dont have much luck with them mine has prime location under my 400w lamp also indirect flow helps . hey ross this hobby can be very trying at times esp with sps , maybe try a blue nobilis instead they arent so hard to keep and can go electric blue like my used to look like
hi bob im not that far into zeo yet just starting to get to grips with the very basics first . do you think spur2 will bring the blue right down to the base ?
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classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
charlie ( j . e . n ) veron j . veron @ urltoken urltoken
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posts : 5 , 264 likes received : 1 location : somewhere in eastern indonesia .
so i thought i would try another . i have had this one for 2 months maybe longer . i cut the colony into two peices , and off the mari culture base . one peice was fine , but after a few weeks one of them slowly started to die from the base up , it had good polyp extension and was growing , slowly . the second larger peice i have had eventually had the same problem , but alot slower . i thought it wasnt getting enough light or flow , so i put it in a prime position and over say 5 weeks , it ' s lost about 2 mm at the base and it ' s slowly rising upwards . the peice is growing and has full polyp extension .
k . not 100 % but i think it ' s around 370 / 380 .
ph is good now . 8 . 1 in morning ( no lights on yet ) and 8 . 4 max during the day .
i think its a case of maybe a bad coral sometimes , have you got any tank raised acros that you can monitor more carefully . ?
2 . this coral doesnt base out much ( they naturally concentrate on going vertical , in competition for space with other species ) which can lead to opportunist algae to get in and irritate the base of the coral .
i had to frag the dead base off again last night ( its getting smaller and smaller ! ) . i ' ve got it in a better position for light and flow now . i ' m also going to feed the tank every night and i think i will put my rowaphos back online with the zeo .
ross what test are you getting a colour ? iodate or iodide ? you need iodide and you don ' t want iodate . although having experience it , with iodide depletion the corals look like they are getting sun burnt . the coral uses iodine to form a sunblock against uv rays .
my experience is that with alkalinity swings normally you get rtn , rather than stn .
stn from the base has been happening to my millies . however since stopping dosing a vodka / vinegar / sugar mix my recession has stopped .
coral growth will depend on species of acro , they are not all the same . it depends what corals you have .
i will test again iodine tonight and post the results . i do fnd the whole test abit confusing though .
i had problems with several coral ' s fading away , mostly montiporas . as soon as i started dosing lugols daily they came right back .
yes the first hoek i lost went completley within 3 days . i thought that was rtn ?
the second hoek , the present one , is going from the base up very very slowly .
my purple millepora is growing like crazy , always has , and my blue milliepora the same , great colour and growth .
i cant get any growth or colour from montipora digitata though , other encrusting and plating montiporas are going great though .
i recentley got a blue a . gomezi , still waiting for it to settle in and colour up though .
i ' m having similar problems with a blue millepora , and always wondered if there was an iodine deficiency , i have some lugols but don ' t have an iodine test so am very reluctant to use it very often . is it worth getting the test you think ? i ' ve not heard good things about it .
hi ross , is that milliput that is holding the acro down , any chance the tissue is getting burnt as it goes off . . it can get pretty warm in the middle of a big blob of putty , i ' ve had a few go at the base this way , especially if the coral is already weak , recently i ' ve used super glue gel to glue the acro to a piece of zeolite left it 24 hours and then used putty to fix the zeolite to the rock work . might not be the cause of the problem in your case but the weak coral will not appreciate all that heat , cheers ian j .
i can never get a reading on the test kit . so just dosed , and monitored the corals very carefully . i have been dosing 0 . 5ml daily and still can get a reading . tested again tonight and didnt get any colour change at all from either of the iodate / iodine test ' s .
i ' m not sure what to do really , as i dont think dosing 1ml of lugols daily will do the corals much good ? i tried it the other day and my green star polyps withdrew their polyps instantley , although they came back out after 10 / 15 minutes .
i do 10 % water changes a week . i do run carbon and have an oversized skimmer , i ' m putting the low iodine down to that . although i ' m probabley completley wrong .
yes it is . you could well be right . i had to frag it again tonight , so have glued them ( theres two now ) to a flat limestone frag base .
ross , the whole coral doesn ' t look that well to me . have you checked for red bugs ?
yes , had a look for parasites , cant see anything . to be fair , that ' s a really rough photo . most of the time , the hoek has had good pe , the blue has been washed out though ( maybe lack of food ? ) . and despite the base reccesion it has grown new branches and tips .
tested my iodine last night , cant get it to colour up whatsever . how can i get my iodine level up ? i already dose . 5ml of lugols daily . someone told me that as quick as i put the lugols in , it will get skimmed out . is that correct ?
i wont be trying this one again , unless i can get an aquacultured frag .
hi dave , yes , had a look for parasites , cant see anything . to be fair , that ' s a really rough photo . most of the time , the hoek has had good pe , the blue has been washed out though ( maybe lack of food ? ) . and despite the base reccesion it has grown new branches and tips . tested my iodine last night , cant get it to colour up whatsever . how can i get my iodine level up ? i already dose . 5ml of lugols daily . someone told me that as quick as i put the lugols in , it will get skimmed out . is that correct ? i think i ' m going to loose this coral ( again ) . i wont be trying this one again , unless i can get an aquacultured frag .
have you got any macro algae in the system i . e . refugium ? as this would be a large consumer . if you have a dsb this will convert iodide to iodates .
try upping the dosage to say 1 ml per day , but you need to keep testing to make sure you are not overdosing . i had this keep putting in a lot of lugols and then suddenly after a few weeks you start getting reading on the salifert kit . you should then be able to reduce the dosage . i now only dose once every 1 - 2 weeks .
i don ' t think it does get skimmed out . have you got any macro algae in the system i . e . refugium ? as this would be a large consumer . if you have a dsb this will convert iodide to iodates . try upping the dosage to say 1 ml per day , but you need to keep testing to make sure you are not overdosing . i had this keep putting in a lot of lugols and then suddenly after a few weeks you start getting reading on the salifert kit . you should then be able to reduce the dosage . i now only dose once every 1 - 2 weeks .
i dont have any macro algae in sump . i have that horrble red cotton wool type algae growing in my weir , which i harvest roughly once a month . no deep sand bed either . although my sand bed is quite deep in places in my tank , thanks to my jawfish .
the hoek frag ' s had no die off this morning . maybe it was the fresh milliput damaging them . fingers crossed , but im not confident .
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didn ' t have a good experience with it . . . . . many others on in the sps forum on rc refer to this acro as difficult . try a search there . not saying it isnt possible to keep one healthy . . . . buts its more difficult than most .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ mindy sps fanatic .
my a hoekesmai , maybe ? i posted some photos on zeovit for a better id . it is normally very neon , but i dosed a sniff too much spur2 yesterday . white balance set so actinic lighting doesn ' t
cheat
the colors . growth pattern not yet established . . . it was a funny shaped frag . i have another one that may be the same specie , but different colors . this one is very easy , the other one is the finickiest acro in my tank .
definately looks like it could be . normally i see them in deep royal blue so the colour is throwing me off . . . . but the shape looks like one . maybe just a bit thinner in the branches . . . but that could be flow related . nice one in any case .
ya , it ' s the thinner branches that make me question the id . it is normally much darker ; very blue with teal corallite lips . it is very sensitive to the spur2 and lightens up more than any other acro . it ' s easier to take pics of it when it is light because normally it fluoresces so much it is difficult to focus the camera . i ' ll post a new pic in a week or so when it darkens up if i remember .
the corals in this thread on the zeo forum are a better illustration of the coral that i now have , in terms of coralite grouping , & i don ' t think they really look like yours which is a great looking coral btw . i mounted it about 2
directly in front of a koralia 4 yesterday & within about 2 hours started to get pe . so i don ' t know what it is but it ' s color is bad right now & it was barely showing any p . e prior . . . so i ' m eager to see what will happen in the coming days . i ' ll try to get a pic & post later . i ' ve also just started using spur 2 so far with decent results , fear of an accidental overdose holds back the dosed amount though . urltoken
the corals in this thread on the zeo forum are a better illustration of the coral that i now have , in terms of coralite grouping , & i don ' t think they really look like yours which is a great looking coral btw . i ' ve also just started using spur 2 so far with decent results , fear of an accidental overdose holds back the dosed amount though .
ya , i guess that ' s what i mean by thinner branches . the corallites are more spaced out on mine giving the impression of thinner branches . i ' m not sure it that ' s because of variances within the specie , variances from flow , or a mis - identification . i posted my coral on that zeovit thread . there are some very knowledgeable sps peeps on there so hopefully they can yay or nay the id on mine .
be careful with spur2 , as it sounds like you already know an overdose is deadly . i don ' t like the dosing instructions for it because the dose changes whether you run an ulns , lns , or higher nutrients . you will also find that some corals are very reactive to it , and some seem to be unaffected . the acro i posted and one of my birdnests are both very reactive to spur2 . wwiw , i dose 2 . 25 ml in my 90 ( plus 15 in sump ) every 3 - 6 weeks depending on coral color and that pushes the limit on those two sensitive corals . i record how much i dose , when , and what the reactions were so that i can adjust / double check my dose each time .
don ' t ever dose spur2 more often than once every 3 weeks even if you see no reaction in the corals as the doses will pile up on eachother if you dose too close in time span . say you dosed 2 ml a week ago , and got no reaction at all , and you dose 2 . 25 ml today you will overdose because it ' s not going to quite be like dosing 4 . 25 ml in one go , but it will be more like dosing 3 . 5 ml in one go or something like that . make sense ?
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like many corals , staghorn corals have a special symbiotic relationship with algae , called zooxanthellae . the zooxanthellae live inside the tissues of the coral and provide the coral with food , which it produces through photosynthesis and therefore requires sunlight . in return , the coral provides the algae with protection and access to sunlight . staghorn corals are reef - building or hermatypic corals , and are incredibly successful at this task for two reasons . firstly , they have light skeletons which allow them to grow quickly and out - compete their neighbouring corals . secondly , the skeleton , or corallite , of a new polyp , is built by specialised ' axial ' corallites . these axial corallites form the tips of branches , and as a result , all the corallites of a colony are closely interconnected and can grow in a coordinated manner ( 2 ) . staghorn corals reproduce sexually or asexually . sexual reproduction occurs via the release of eggs and sperm into the water . most staghorn corals on the great barrier reef sexually reproduce simultaneously , an incredible event that occurs soon after the full moon , from october to december . streams of pinkish eggs are released from corallites on the sides of branches , to be fertilized by sperm released from other polyps at the same time . the water turns milky from all the eggs and sperm released from thousands of colonies . some of the resulting larvae settle quickly on the same reef , whilst others may drift around for months , finally settling on reefs hundreds of kilometers away ( 2 ) . asexual reproduction occurs via fragmentation , when a branch breaks off a colony , reattaches to the substrate and grows ( 3 ) .
staghorn corals can be broadly divided into atlantic and indo - pacific groups , and are generally found between 25˚n and 25˚s . the atlantic group is by far the smaller of the two , being composed of only two extant species and a common hybrid , found along the caribbean coasts of central and south america , south - western gulf of mexico and the bahamian archipelago . the indo - pacific group is distributed across the tropics in suitable habitat all the way from the west coast of central america to the red sea and east africa , with the centre of diversity in the ‘coral triangle’ region of the solomon islands , papua new guinea , indonesia , east timor , philippines and malaysia ( iucn 2009 )
this is the most abundant coral of most reefs in the indo - pacific ( 2 ) , and three species also occur in the western atlantic and caribbean region ( 3 ) .
depth range based on 15349 specimens in 223 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 9050 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 4800 temperature range ( °c ) : 1 . 157 - 29 . 241 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 000 - 38 . 858 salinity ( pps ) : 30 . 220 - 40 . 360 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 938 - 5 . 013 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 020 - 2 . 680 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 523 - 165 . 990 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 4800 temperature range ( °c ) : 1 . 157 - 29 . 241 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 000 - 38 . 858 salinity ( pps ) : 30 . 220 - 40 . 360 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 938 - 5 . 013 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 020 - 2 . 680 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 523 - 165 . 990 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
undisturbed staghorn corals normally form a distinct “staghorn zone” in shallow waters between 5 to 15 m depth , though they also occur in shallower and deeper water ( iucn 2009 ) .
bleaching : many reef - forming corals are very sensitive to high ocean temperatures , which may cause them to expel the symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates on which they depend for survival . the loss of these pigmented symbionts may give the coral a bleached appearance . mass coral bleaching is a recent phenomenon ( dating back to the 1980s ) and is now the main cause of coral mortality and reef deterioration globally ( iucn 2009 ) . coral vulnerability to bleaching varies among species , and staghorn corals are thought to be among the most vulnerable . temperature - induced mass coral bleaching has caused widespread mortality of staghorns and other corals worldwide , including the well - protected great barrier reef in australia ( iucn 2009 ) .
another serious problem faced by these corals is acidification of the oceans as a consequence of the absorption of large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide . because acidification affects the process of calcification , this directly impacts marine animals such as corals and molluscs that have calcareous skeletons or shells . the acidified marine environment results in weakened skeletons and slower growth rates . ( iucn 2009 ) .
disease is another worsening problem for many corals . increasing water temperatures and acidification cause physiological stress , which increases susceptibility to disease . warmer sea temperatures may also present more suitable conditions for the pathogens themselves . the rapid , large - scale loss of staghorn corals in the caribbean is due to an unprecedented rise in coral diseases ( iucn 2009 ) .
climate change introduces a host of other impacts which may act synergistically with bleaching , acidification , and disease to threaten staghorns and other corals . these include sea level rise , changes to ocean circulation patterns , damage from increased storm intensity and frequency , and loss of light from increased river sediment loads . as of 2009 , a third of coral species are currently listed as threatened on the iucn red list ( iucn 2009 ) .
staghorn corals are listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , and therefore trade in this coral should be carefully regulated , and a permit is required to bring the coral , or objects made from them , into the countries that have signed the cites convention ( 1 ) . staghorn corals will also form part of the marine community in many marine protected areas , or in areas where management plans are in place to protect the coral community . in some areas , coral reefs restoration attempts are being undertaken ; in florida keys national marine sanctuary , efforts have been made to reattach coral fragments , or culture and settle coral larvae . both activities have had limited success , and new techniques are being pursued ( 4 ) .
coral reefs are home to a third of all known marine species . about 8 % of the world ' s human population lives within 100 km of a coral reef and tens of millions of these people depend on the productivity of coral reefs for their protein ( iucn 2009 ) . coral reefs shield thousands of kilometres of coastline from wave erosion , and protect lagoons and mangroves , which are vital habitats for diverse commercial and non - commercial species . a number of medically active compounds are derived from corals and associated reef species . the value of coral reefs for ecotourism is enormous . in total , the economic value of coral reefs probably amounts to several hundred billion dollars per year ( iucn 2009 ) .
species are one of the major reef corals responsible for building the immense calcium carbonate substructure that supports the thin living skin of a reef .
species are brown or green , but a few are brightly colored , and those rare corals are prized by aquarists . captive propagation of
is widespread in the reef - keeping community . given the right conditions , many
species grow quickly , and individual colonies can exceed a meter across in the wild . in a well - maintained reef aquarium , finger - sized fragments can grow into medicine ball - sized colonies in one to two years . captive specimens are steadily undergoing changes due to selection which enable them to thrive in the home aquarium . in some cases , fragments of captive specimens are used to repopulate barren reefs in the wild .
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henricus umbrabasana is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in the united states , where it has been recorded from california and south-western washington .

it possibly also occurs in oregon .

the length of the forewings is 7.5 – 9 mm .

the forewings are yellowish white with a well-defined brown to dark-brown basal patch and a black spot in the median fascia .

adults are on wing from may to september in one generation per year .

the larvae feed on the young leaves and shoots of quercus agrifolia , quercus chrysolepis and quercus lobata .

they feed from within a shelter covered in frass and debris .

full-grown larvae are dark maroon with a brown or black head .

pupation takes place within a cocoon which is also covered in frass and debris .

henricus umbrabasana

henricus umbrabasana completes a single generation per year . adults are present from may through september .
henricus umbrabasana is recorded from california and southwestern washington . it likely also occurs in oregon .
henricus umbrabasana completes a single generation in california . adults are present from may through september .
adults of h . umbrabasana are commonly found in lbam sticky traps and may superficially resemble lbam due to staining of the wings .
in california , adult h . umbrabasana are commonly found in epiphyas postvittana pheromone traps . distinguishing between individuals of these two species by wing pattern may be difficult if the forewings are heavily stained from sticky traps . the two species can be separated by the male forewing costal fold : present in e . postvittana , absent in h . umbrabasana .
forewings are yellowish white with a well - defined brown to dark - brown basal patch and a black spot in the median fascia . males lack a forewing costal fold .
mature larvae are dark maroon with a brown or black head and black prothoracic shield .
eggs are laid during the summer or fall and overwinter until the next spring . larvae emerge in march and feed on young leaves and shoots inside a shelter covered in frass and debris . pupation occurs within a cocoon covered in frass and debris .
opler , p . a . 1974 . biology , ecology , and host specificity of microlepidoptera associated with quercus agrifolia ( fagaceae ) . university of california press . vol . 75 . 83 pp .
tortricids of agricultural importance by todd m . gilligan and marc e . epstein interactive keys developed in lucid 3 . 5 . last updated august 2014 .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 19 . 48m ; p . 157 . book review and ordering
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specific epithet from latin meaning
shaded basal area ,
for the forewing
basal sixth . . . brown , with a blueish iridescent hue in certain lights .
described specimens : san diego , california , may 6 ( w . s .
) ; colfax , placer county , california , december ( a . h .
kearfott , w . d . , 1908 . new north american tortriciae and tineina .
new north american tortricidæ and tineina w . d . kearfott . 1908 . journal of the new york entomological society , 16 : 167 - 188 .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
forewing color is primarily yellowish white . all specimens have a well defined brown to dark brown basal patch . many specimens have a brown patch on the dorsum with a dark spot in the median fascia , which is usually not well defined . males lack a forewing costal fold .
larvae are dark maroon with a brown or black head and black prothoracic shield .
eggs laid during the summer or fall overwinter until the next spring . larvae emerge in march and feed on young leaves and shoots inside a shelter covered in frass and debris . pupation occurs within a cocoon covered in frass and debris . adults eclose approximately three weeks after pupation .
larvae have been recorded from several species of live oak , including : california live oak ( quercus agrifolia ) , canyon live oak ( q . chrysolepis ) , and valley oak ( q . lobata ) .
brown , j . w . , g . robinson & j . a . powell . 2008 . food plant database of the leafrollers of the world ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) ( version 1 . 0 . 0 ) . urltoken .
attracted to black light at caspers wilderness park , san juan capistrano , orange county , california , usa . july 6 , 2013 . © ron hemberger


anthrax is a genus of bombyliid flies , commonly known as " bee-flies " due to their resemblance to bees .

most are dull black flies , and are usually small to medium in size , 4 – 20 millimetres ( 0.2 – 0.8 in ) , and many species have striking wing patterns .

anthrax is a very large genus .

while worldwide in distribution , most species are from the palaearctic and afrotropic regions .

the genus includes species parasitic on tiger beetles – an unusual trait among the bee-flies .

a. anthrax larvae parasitize bees .

many north american species parasitize solitary wasps .

the type species is musca morio linnaeus , 1758 , later found to be a misidentification of musca anthrax schrank , 1781 .

anthrax ( fly )

a female bee - fly anthrax anthrax depositing sand - coated eggs in nest cavities of solitary bees in our back garden . filmed june 30th 2012 . more : urltoken
the black bee - fly , known scientifically as anthrax anthrax , has been found and photographed for the first time in the uk near cambridge by buglife member rob mills .
the spots on the wing indicate it ' s an anthrax fly ( not the kind of poison anthrax ) . they are members of the bee fly family . it ' s a very nice picture also , good macro . urltoken
in august 2016 a new bee - fly was confirmed in britain , when rob mills photographed it in his cambridgeshire garden . it has been given the names black bee - fly or anthracite bee - fly , and its rather alarming scientific name of anthrax anthrax derives from the greek for coal , referring to its colour .
the black bee - fly gets its name purely because anthrax is greek for coal , a recognition of the insect’s coal - like colouration .
yet even though it goes under the ominous scientific name of anthrax anthrax , experts say the black bee - fly can play the important role of a plant pollinator in an age when many valuable insects are vanishing from the country .
the addition of the black bee - fly to the uk fauna brings the total number of bee - fly species in the uk to ten .
in april 2017 rob mills photographed a distinctive insect in his garden . this turned out to be the bee - fly anthrax anthrax , a species never confirmed from britain before . the bee - fly was sitting on a bee hotel in his garden near cambridge , on a log drilled with holes containing solitary bee brood cells .
this bee - fly has been referred to as the black bee - fly , or the anthracite bee - fly , and its rather alarming scientific name of anthrax derives from a greek word for coal . the fly’s body is black , as are its wings apart from a clear zone at the apex and around the hind margin , and it looks very different to our established bee - fly species . unlike the common dark - edged bee - fly seen in gardens in the spring , it does not have a long proboscis , but it does have the characteristic delta - wing pose when at rest .
fly species composition based on generalized mixed yule - coalescent model ( gmyc ) analysis .
mills , r . , and harvey , m . c . 2016 . anthrax anthrax ( schrank ) ( diptera , bombyliidae ) found in britain . dipterists digest 23 : 225–226 ( pdf download )
how often does reproduction occur ? once they emerge , adult anthrax albofasciatus breed continuously throught the summer .
levy lm , baker n , meyer mp , crosland p , hampton j . anthrax meningitis in zimbabwe .
in the 1920s the anthrax bee - fly was reputedly found in leicestershire , but this is likely to have been the result of a mix - up in labelling of specimens taken elsewhere in europe – leicestershire is not the obvious place for a warmth - loving bee - fly to appear in britain .
like several of the bee - fly family , this distinctive species lays its eggs in and around solitary bee nests , and the fly ' s larva takes over the bee nest . the anthrax bee - fly is particularly associated with mason bees ( genus osmia ) and other solitary bees , and on the continent has benefited from the popularity of ' bee hotels ' , even in urban areas .
davies jc . a major epidemic of anthrax in zimbabwe . the experience at the beatrice road infectious diseases hospital , harare .
this is either anthrax pluto or a . stellans . they both have this wing pattern with numerous large , isolated round spots which separates them from other north - eastern anthrax species , but i would need a good lateral or ventral view to separate them .
we evaluated the potential of stable flies , stomoxys calcitrans , and two species of mosquitoes , aedes aegypti and aedes taeniorhynchus , to transmit bacillus anthracis vollum 1b mechanically . after probing on hartley guinea pigs with a bacteremia of ca . 10 ( 8 . 6 ) cfu of b . anthracis per ml of blood , individual or pools of two to four stable flies or mosquitoes were allowed to continue feeding on either uninfected guinea pigs or a / j mice . all three insect species transmitted lethal anthrax infections to both guinea pigs and mice . both stable flies and mosquitoes transmitted anthrax , even when they were held at room temperature for 4 h after exposure to the bacteremic guinea pig before being allowed to continue feeding on the susceptible animals . this study confirms that blood - feeding insects can mechanically transmit anthrax and supports recent anecdotal reports of fly - bite - associated cutaneous human anthrax . the potential for flies to mechanically transmit anthrax suggests that fly control should be considered as part of a program for control of epizootic anthrax .
little sf , knudson gb . comparative efficacy of bacillus anthracis live spore vaccine and protective antigen vaccine against anthrax in the guinea pig .
anthrax is a disease that affects wildlife , livestock and humans , largely in low - and middle - income countries . to date , the disease has largely been studied in arid ecosystems , where outbreaks are commonly reported . fabian leendertz and colleagues study the dynamics of an anthrax - causing bacterium in a rainforest in taï national park , ivory coast , using mammal and fly samples collected over three decades . they find that anthrax is an important cause of mortality in diverse mammalian species , including chimpanzees , monkeys , duikers , mongooses and porcupines . demographic modelling suggests that anthrax will speed up the decline of local chimpanzee populations , potentially leading to their extinction from the region .
racelis , l . 2014 .
anthrax albofasciatus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
, a species of bee fly , can be found from ontario in the nearctic region south through brazil in the neotropical region .
a black bee - fly was reportedly discovered in leicestershire as far back as 1880s but only now has its presence been officially confirmed .
“buglife will welcome reports of this bee - fly , with accompanying photo if possible , so that its spread can be monitored . ”
the larvae of black bee - fly live in the nest cells of mason and leaf - cutter bees , which often use bee hotels .
news of the black bee - fly’s appearance at a bee hotel in a garden near cambridge was released today by the invertebrate charity , buglife .
buglife is appealing for nature lovers to contact them by email - info @ urltoken - if anyone sees a black bee - fly this summer .
to cite this page : racelis , l . 2014 .
anthrax albofasciatus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
this species of bee - fly is found in many parts of europe , including france and germany , and was thought to have been in the uk for some time . the photograph of the black bee - fly , on a bee hotel , is the first positive proof of its presence here .
this file contains results of fly meal analysis with taxonomic assignment at genus level . the file provides the number of sequences per amplicon assigned at genus level .
this file contains results of fly meal analysis with taxonomic assignment at order level . the file provides the number of sequences per amplicon assigned at order level .
anthrax is a globally important animal disease and zoonosis . despite this , our current knowledge of anthrax ecology is largely limited to arid ecosystems , where outbreaks are most commonly reported 1 , 2 , 3 . here we show that the dynamics of an anthrax - causing agent , bacillus cereus biovar anthracis , in a tropical rainforest have severe consequences for local wildlife communities . using data and samples collected over three decades , we show that rainforest anthrax is a persistent and widespread cause of death for a broad range of mammalian hosts . we predict that this pathogen will accelerate the decline and possibly result in the extirpation of local chimpanzee ( pan troglodytes verus ) populations . we present the epidemiology of a cryptic pathogen and show that its presence has important implications for conservation .
the bee - fly’s larvae live in the nest cells of solitary bees , especially mason bees ( osmia ) and leaf - cutter bees ( megachile ) , just the sort of bees which are benefitting from the popularity of bee hotels . there is still much to learn about which bee hosts are most used and the behaviour of the bee - fly .
the black bee - fly is a member of a unique group of flying insects that shoot their eggs into the nests of bees so their young can feast on food meant for rival larvae .
it was laying eggs inside the telephone pole . i couldn ' t find a good match from the pictures in the guide , but there were a few similar species , like the tiger bee fly .
in the last decade or so , the growing popularity of bee hotels in parts of western europe has enabled this bee - fly to become more frequent . now that one anthrax has been seen and photographed in britain , it may yet prove to be among a growing number of insects which are establishing themselves here in response to a warmer climate , helped in this instance by the provision of suitable breeding habitat in urban gardens and elsewhere .
unlike other bee - flies seen in uk gardens during spring , it doesn’t have a long proboscis . it also doesn’t mimic bees in the way that the large bee - fly , bombylius major , does .
is an independent living bee fly that meets others only to mate and reproduce . adults are diurnal . larvae are parasites of wasps . females are known to choose wasp nests in horizontal surfaces , generally in sand , as oviposition sites .
“now one black bee - fly has been seen and photographed in britain , ” said alan stubbs , buglife’s vice - president , “it may prove to be among a growing number of insects which are establishing themselves in response to a warmer climate . ”
alan stubbs , the charity’s vice - president , said : “now , one black bee - fly has been seen and photographed in britain , it may prove to be among a growing number of insects which are establishing themselves in response to a warmer climate .
anthrax is a genus of bombyliid flies , commonly known as
bee - flies
due to their resemblance to bees . most are dull black flies , and are usually small to medium in size , 4–20 millimetres ( 0 . 2–0 . 8 in ) , and many species have striking wing patterns .
actually , from what i ' ve heard , this no longer belongs in the genus anthrax . apparently it ' s xenox now . sorry , i don ' t have a citation to go with that . . . read recently that this species ' larvae are parasitoids on larvae of carpenter bees . have seen one other bombyliid species here in nc also loitering suspiciously around carpenter bee nests .
the main effect of this bee fly species on the ecosystem is that the larvae are parasites of wasp species . the bee flies kill the wasps , and in large numbers , the bee flies could significantly shrink the wasp population . the adults may pollinate flowers , since it is thought they drink the nectar , but researchers are not sure .
a truly spectacular beefly with very long mainly black wings ( up to 12 . 5 mm ) and a villa - type head that is roundish and lacks a long proboscis . until recently it was regarded as questionably british on the basis of two specimens said to have been taken at different localities in leicestershire in 1929 and 1930 . but in 2017 a female was photographed investigating a bee hotel in a garden near cambridge by rob mills . this may represent a case of recent colonisation or perhaps artificial introduction with items such as timbers containing osmia nests . it is widespread on the continent but tends to predominate in hotter climes . the hosts are mason bees of the genus osmia , especially those that nest in walls , cliff faces and timber ( e . g . osmia cornuta ) and i have seen anthrax species ( possibly a . anthrax ) investigating walls in india .
something other than x . tigrinus , i think ; this one has separate spots on the wings , whereas all the images of tigrinus in the guide have continuous black lines along the veins , as in matthew ' s photo my guess is something in anthracinae ( possibly anthrax sp . ) but i looked through all the current images and didn ' t find one close to this ( and didn ' t find any images of other xenox species on the web )
eleven british species ( twelve if you include the single photo - based record of systoechus sulphureus ) of small to medium - sized flies of rather variable appearance . bombylius species are densely furry , long - snouted flies associated with ground - nesting solitary bees . phthiria pulicaria is a small , long - snouted parasitoid of micromoth larvae . the remaining species are broadly - built rather flat flies with a short proboscis and include the mottle - winged thyridanthrax fenestratus ( a parasitoid of a sand - wasps ) , three species of villa ( parasitoids of moth caterpillars ) , anthrax anthrax ( a parasitoid of mason bee larvae ) and hemipenthes velutina ( possibly a hyperparasitoid of ichneumon wasp larvae within caterpillars ) . the standard identification guide is stubbs & drake ( 2001 ) british soldierflies and their allies . benhs . isbn 1899935045 . the norwegian species of villa are covered here : urltoken the dutch species of villa are covered here : urltoken the dutch species of bombylius are covered here : urltoken the dutch species of hemipenthes are covered here : urltoken beeflies are covered by the soldierflies and allies recording scheme which provides extra resources to help you identify these flies : urltoken
so far only one individual bee - fly has been confirmed in 2016 ( there are museum specimens from the 1920s that are labelled as being british but are suspected to have originated from the continent ) . if it does establish itself it could become a familiar sight in gardens . we are keen to monitor its spread , and with help from buglife we are asking people to watch out for it . records , preferably with photos , can be added to irecord , or sent in to buglife ( info @ urltoken ) . may and june are the peak months for it on the continent , but its flight period can extend into august or even september .
undergoes complete metamorphosis , meaning that it has the life stages of egg , larva , pupa , and adult . bee fly larvae are parasites , and survive by feeding on wasps . adults will lay their eggs on or near a wasp nest . the eggs hatch , and the first stage ( called an instar ) larvae crawl around until they find a nearby wasp . they attach to the body of the wasp and start feeding . when the wasps they are feeding on spin cocoons inside their nests , the larvae molt to the second and then third instar stage , where they become less active . they also puncture the outside of the wasp to feed on the fluids inside the body and eventually eat the whole wasp . when the larvae has reach its last larval stage , it goes into hibernation for the winter . the next spring , it becomes a pupae , and then emerges as an adult in the late spring and early summer .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
i just looked back , and i didn ' t get any lateral shots . maybe next time .
this is now called xenox tigrinus . guide page for genus gives a summary ( from nearctica . com ) of the creation of xenox from other genera . author of the genus is neal evenhuis . guide page for species : xenox tigrinus . patrick coin durham , north carolina
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mechanical transmission of bacillus anthracis by stable flies ( stomoxys calcitrans ) and mosquitoes ( aedes aegypti and aedes taeniorhynchus ) .
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full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version . get a printable copy ( pdf file ) of the complete article ( 502k ) , or click on a page image below to browse page by page . links to pubmed are also available for selected references .
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ferris dh , hanson rp , dicke rj , roberts rh . experimental transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus by diptera .
hoch al , gargan tp , 2nd , bailey cl . mechanical transmission of rift valley fever virus by hematophagous diptera .
knudson gb . photoreactivation of ultraviolet - irradiated , plasmid - bearing , and plasmid - free strains of bacillus anthracis .
leise jm , carter ch , friedlander h , freed sw . criteria for the identification of bacillus anthracis .
malek p , kolc j , zak f . die experimentelle anthraxinfektion im lymphographischen bild .
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aligning sequence reads , clone sequences and assembly contigs with bwa - mem . preprint at
new algorithms and methods to estimate maximum - likelihood phylogenies : assessing the performance of phyml 3 . 0
we thank the authorities in côte d’ivoire for long - term support , especially the ministry of the environment and forests , the ministry of research , the directorship of the tnp and the csrs in abidjan ; and national authorities from all other countries for providing permissions for our research ( minfof , minresi , the service de la conservation de la réserve du dja , cameroon , in central african republic ; the ministère des eaux et fôrets , chasse et peche and the ministère de l’education nationale , de l’alphabetisation , de l’enseignement superieur , et de la recherche , the agence nationale des parcs nationaux , gabon ; centre national de la recherche scientifique et technologique , gabon ; direction des eaux , forêts et chasses , senegal ; forestry development authority , liberia ; institut congolais pour la conservation de la nature , democratic republic of the congo ; ministère de l’agriculture de l’elevage et des eaux et forêts , guinea ; instituto da biodiversidade e das áreas protegidas ( ibap ) , guinea - bissau ; ministère de la recherche scientifique , democratic republic of the congo ; ministère de le recherche scientifique et technologique , democratic republic of the congo ; nigeria national park service , nigeria , uganda national council for science and technology , ugandan wildlife authority , uganda ) . we thank the wwf central african republic , t . börding , t . hicks , y . moebius , v . sommer , k . zuberbühler and m . peeters for their logistical support ; the field assistants a . henlin , k . albrechtova and a . lang for the collection of samples in tnp ; and the field assistants from all other sites for their support ; s . becker , t . franz , s . howaldt , a . lander , p . lochau , h . nattermann and a . schneider for the laboratory work ; j . hinzmann , a . nitsche and j . tesch for sequencing ; p . wojciech dabrowski and t . semmler from rki , as well as g . hamilton at glasgow polyomics , for bioinformatic support ; and m . kovacev - wegener for administrative support . we thank the german research council dfg kl 2521 / 1 - 1 and the sonnenfeld - stiftung for funding ; and the max - planck - society and krekeler foundation for funding of the pan african programme .
c . h . , f . z . , a . a . , s . a . , m . a . , g . b . , k . c . , t . d . , p . d . , k . d . , h . e . , p . f . , y . g . y . , a . g . , a . - c . g . , s . mcg . , j . h . , s . j . , j . j . , j . k . , k . la . , j . l . , k . le . , f . l . , v . l . , t . l . , s . ma . , a . m . , s . me . , m . m . , j . v . s . , e . t . and d . w . collected flies , bones and associated field data . necropsies on wildlife that was found dead were performed by f . z . , k . n . , a . b . , e . c . - h . , a . d . , p . f . , s . a . l . , t . l . , s . me . , s . n . , h . d . n . and f . h . l . and laboratory analyses were performed by c . h . , f . z . , k . n . , s . d . , r . g . , k . m . - r . , k . m . , s . me . , h . d . n . , a . s . , u . t . , s . r . k . , l . h . w . , s . c . - s . and f . h . l . the data were analysed by c . h . , f . z . , r . b . , h . k . , r . m . and s . c . - s . and the manuscript was prepared by c . h . , f . z . , r . b . , h . k . , r . m . , j . f . g . , s . c . - s . and f . h . l . the manuscript was revised and approved by all authors . the study was supervised by c . b . , r . m . w . , s . c . - s . and f . h . l .
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maximum clade credibility tree based on chromosomal sequences of bcbva isolates from tnp ( côte d’ivoire , n = 124 ) and grebo ( liberia , n = 2 ) .
this file contains a detailed method section as well as additional tables ( tables s1 - 10 ) and figures ( fig . s1 - 8 ) .
this file contains results that were derived from the analyses of flies caught in tnp analyzed in this study . the file includes results from pcr and culture as well as flymeal analysis results for a selection of flies .
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project noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .
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silverado canyon , orange county , ca . 3 - 28 - 14 . © ron hemberger
insects : their natural history and diversity : with a photographic guide to insects of eastern north america stephen a . marshall . 2006 . firefly books ltd .
is dark in color , with some lighter colored hairs or scales on the sides and end of the body . it is 3 . 5 to 8 . 1 mm in length , with a wingspan of 8 to 18 mm . the wings are mostly clear but have spots in three main groups at the base . their wings make a flat triangle shape when they are sitting .
( kits , et al . , 2008 ; marston , 1963 ; marston , 1964 )
lives in open , dry , and sandy habitats and openings in forests . these habitats also have many different wasps species as well . larvae of these bee flies are parasites on the wasps , and need the wasps to continue their life cycle .
mates in the spring and summer . both the males and females likely mate many times with many different mates throughout their lives . not much else is known about their mating habits .
mates and lays eggs during the spring and summer . a single female can lay up to 2000 eggs , and they lay the eggs in many different wasp nests . once they hatch , the larvae are parasites on the wasps .
breeding season the breeding season is throughout the warm months of the spring and summer .
will mate then lay eggs near or in the nest of a wasp . this provides food for the larvae when they hatch , since they eat the wasps . females also put nutrients in the eggs that the larvae will use to grow before they hatch . after the eggs are laid , the females do not return to give any parental care .
adults likely live for a few weeks during the summer after emerging from pupation .
are bee flies that spend their time alone , meeting with others only to mate . they are active during the day . larvae are parasites of wasps .
there is little information about this , but it is likely that these bee flies use sight , touch , and detect chemicals to communicate with other bee flies , as well as gather information about the environment around them .
larvae are parasites that feed on the bodies of wasps . these wasps are typically species that nest in the sand , such as
. adults likely feed on nectar from flowers , but this is not known for sure .
liane racelis ( author ) , university of michigan biological station , brian scholtens ( editor ) , university of michigan biological station , angela miner ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .
kits , j . , s . marshall , n . evenhuis . 2008 . the bee flies ( diptera : bombyliidae ) of ontario , with a key to the species of eastern canada .
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
this dastardly looking creature with the same name as one of the planet’s most feared bacterial diseases has been discovered in an english garden .
its arrival is causing a buzz among scientists , not so much because of its dreadful sounding scientific name , but the way the insect can become a useful pollinator when so many butterflies and bees are vanishing from the countryside .
war on killer asian hornets : nature lovers urged to help protect ho . . .
sufferers of the bacterial disease are often left with coal - like , black - stained lesions during the critical stage of the illness .
buglife member rob mills photographed the insect which has a black body and black wings , apart from a small clear zone .
climate change and the popularity of bee hotels – garden features put up to encourage pollinator insects – are the likely reasons for the unexpected discovery .
the charity says adult black bee - flies feed on nectar and pollen while the larval stag is parasitic , depending on solitary bees .
buglife’s paul hetherington said : “it is thought that the prevalence of bee hotels creating large concentrations of bee nests is assisting the bee - flies ; however , they are not considered likely to become an invasive pest or create an imbalance in ecology .
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buglife and the soldierflies and allies recording scheme are asking people to look out for this species and would welcome news of any further sightings , with accompanying photo if possible , so that its status can be monitored . records and photos can be added to irecord [ urltoken ] or sent to buglife via info @ urltoken .
for more information see articles on the websites of the soldierflies and allies recording scheme [ urltoken ] and buglife [ urltoken ] .
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occurs in open , dry , and sandy habitats and openings in forests . these habitats allow for the greatest abundance and diversity of aculeate
( kits , et al . , 2008 ; kits , et al . , 2008 ; marston , 1963 ; marston , 1964 )
is dark in color , with some lighter colored hairs or scales on the sides and end of the abdomen . it is 3 . 5 to 8 . 1 mm in length , with a wingspan of 8 to 18 mm . the wings are mostly clear but have spots in three main groups at the base and a distinct spot at the base of cell r4 . this species is most similar to
, but the former has a distinct spot at the base of m1 in addition to the one at r4 , and the latter lacks both of these spots ) . the gonocoxites of the male can also be used for identification . in this species the distal lobes of the gonocoxites are 1 to 1 1 / 2 times longer than wide , and straight or slightly curved on the inner margins .
, along with many other bee flies are parasitoids in development and mature as free - living adults . adults will often oviposit near their host or directly in the nests of their host . the development of a related species ,
, has been well documented by marston ( 1964 ) . eggs emerged over an extended period of time . the first instar larva is very active and crawls around until it finally attaches to the thorax of the host , starting to feed . the larva may move on the host while it continues to feed . the parasitoid larva doesn ' t molt to the second instar until its host spins its cocoon inside the nest . at that point the larva changes form as a part of the usual hypermetamorphosis of this family , and becomes more immobile , after which it feeds continuously through the 2nd and 3rd instars by puncturing the exoskeleton and feeding on internal fluids , gradually consuming the host . the larva usually overwinters as a full grown larva , pupating the next spring inside the host nest , then emerging as an adult .
. development occurs over the period of one year , with adults emerging during the late spring and early summer .
although no detailed study of the mating system of this species has been conducted , it is known that mating takes place in the spring and summer . both the males and females likely mate multiple times with many different mates throughout their lives .
mates and lays eggs during the spring and summer . mating behavior in this species has not been studied in detail , but marston has examined the behavior of
, and found that females deposit numerous eggs ( up to 2000 ) and utilize many different wasp nests , where the wasps serve as host to the larvae .
( and other species in its species group ) generally use wasp nests dug in horizontal surfaces , usually in sandy areas . marston ( 1964 ) noted that kurczewski had observed females ovipositing on the depressed areas of temporary nest closures of
( sphecidae ) , and he obtained pupae from these nests . in other related species , the female has a
perivaginal pouch
that is used as a
soil chamber
. she rubs this against the ground to collect soil so that eggs can pass through before being deposited .
) . this provides a food source for the larvae after hatching , as the larvae feeds on the host as an external parasitoid eventually killing its host . she also likely provides provisioning in her eggs . after the eggs are laid , there is no more parental care .
nothing is known about adult longevity . presumably , adults live for several weeks during the summer , with adult emergence spread over the summer as is seen in
nothing is known about how this species communicates , locates potential mates , or finds oviposition sites . most other diurnal flies will use a combination of tactile , visual and chemical cues , and it is likely
could control populations of these wasps . they probably have little role as pollinators as adults , because they are not known to visit flowers regularly .
opportunities for future study of this species include examining nesting preferences , mating behavior , and sensory perception .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
found in coastal areas between 30 and 40 degrees latitude , in areas with a mediterranean climate . vegetation is dominated by stands of dense , spiny shrubs with tough ( hard or waxy ) evergreen leaves . may be maintained by periodic fire . in south america it includes the scrub ecotone between forest and paramo .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
in deserts low ( less than 30 cm per year ) and unpredictable rainfall results in landscapes dominated by plants and animals adapted to aridity . vegetation is typically sparse , though spectacular blooms may occur following rain . deserts can be cold or warm and daily temperates typically fluctuate . in dune areas vegetation is also sparse and conditions are dry . this is because sand does not hold water well so little is available to plants . in dunes near seas and oceans this is compounded by the influence of salt in the air and soil . salt limits the ability of plants to take up water through their roots .
a period of time when growth or development is suspended in insects and other invertebrates , it can usually only be ended the appropriate environmental stimulus .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
the state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced , thus lowering the animal ' s energy requirements . the act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state , typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
a large change in the shape or structure of an animal that happens as the animal grows . in insects ,
incomplete metamorphosis
is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form , and
complete metamorphosis
is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms . butterflies have complete metamorphosis , grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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