the christmas boobook ( ninox natalis ) , also known more specifically as the christmas island hawk-owl , is a species of owl in the family strigidae .

closely related to the hawk owls of southeast asia and australia .

n. natalis was first classified at species level by j.j.lister in 1888 .

it was not until 1998 however that dna testing confirmed its status as a separate species from other owls .

christmas boobook

christmas boobook ( ninox natalis ) is a species of bird in the strigidae family .
the piercing yellow eyes of the christmas island boobook . ( image credit : kevin bartram )
the christmas island hawk owl is a small to medium - sized owl with no ear - tufts . it is also known as the christmas boobook .
the christmas boobook is a reddish coloured owl and is closely related to the hawk owls of south - east asia and australia .
the christmas boobook ( ninox natalis ) , also known as the christmas island hawk - owl , is a species of owl in the strigidae family . it is endemic to c… | pinteres…
the christmas boobook ( ninox natalis ) , also known as the christmas island hawk - owl , is a species of owl in the strigidae family . it is endemic to christmas island . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland . it is threatened by habitat loss .
distribution : the christmas island hawk - owl is restricted to christmas island , a 135 square kilometre australian territory in the indian ocean , 360 kilometres south of java .
the boobook is found in many habitats from forest to desert in parts of australia and southern new guinea .
habitat : they inhabit the tropical rainforest , monsoon forest and scrub of christmas island .
on october 1st 1958 , the christmas island boobook was added to the australian owl list . found only on the island which is famous for its red crabs that number in the millions , the christmas island boobook is unique to this area . the colour of this boobook appears to be a rich reddy brown . they occupy the rain forest and coastal fringes of the island and rely on a diet of large insects , reptiles and amphibians . the owl is not often seen or photographed due to locality .
important bird areas factsheet : christmas island ( to australia ) ( birdlife international , 2016a ) .
the smallest species southern boobook has slight variations in plumage across its sub - species . ( image credit : matt wright )
) not until 1998 was the christmas island hawk - owl considered a separate species from other owls .
the southern boobook is the smallest and most common owl in australia . like other owl species , the southern boobook is nocturnal . they are often observed perched on an open branch or tree - top , emitting a distinctive ' boo - book ' or ' mo - poke ' .
open 10 : 00 - 4 : 00 daily inc public holidays ( closed christmas day ) raptor . . .
it is estimated that there are 562 ±105 occupied hawk - owl territories on christmas island ( hill & lill 1998a ) .
birdlife international ( 2016a ) . important bird areas factsheet : christmas island ( to australia ) . available from : urltoken .
the christmas island hawk - owl had previously been considered as a subspecies of n . squamipila ( norman et al . 1998 ) .
allow for 21 days delivery ( except in the lead up to christmas – any prints need to be ordered by 14th december ) .
generally categorised together with the southern boobook , the tasmanian and norfolk island owls are genetically related to the new zealand boobook ( aka morepork ) . morepork eyes are a much brighter yellow than southern boobooks with a much more spotted appearance . recently , it has been discovered that tasmanian populations travel to mainland australia during spring with sightings in victoria .
the national recovery plan for the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis ( hill 2004b ) has been developed to guide threat abatement strategies .
hill , f . a . r . ( 1997b ) . the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis recovery plan . birds australia , melbourne .
the species only occurs on christmas island and the population is estimated to be around 1000 owls , with 560 breeding pairs . ( credit richard hill .
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from our smallest species the southern boobook , standing at 25 cm tall to our largest , the powerful owl at 65 cm , owls can be found in various habitats from wet rain forests to open woodlands .
gibson - hill , c . a . ( 1947 ) . notes on the birds of christmas island . bulletin of the raffles museum . 18 : 87 - 165 .
vulnerable . previously considered not globally threatened . cites i . widespread but confined to small , isolated christmas i , where the only strigid . radio - tracking and . . .
description : resembles a small , red - brown boobook owl . the breast is whitish and finely barred rufous , while the tail is dark brown with 10 rufous bands . bill is yellowish - grey and the eyes are yellow .
hill , r . & young , j . ( 1995 ) . searching for nests of the christmas island hawk owl ninox squamipila natalis . unpublished report to australian nature conservation agency .
on 5 july 2016 , australia post released its latest stamp issue , owls : guardians of the night . featuring naturalistic illustrations by adelaide - based wildlife artist christopher pope , the issue depicts four of these magnificent birds of prey on double - definitive - sized $ 1 stamps : sooty owl ( tyto tenebricosa ) , rufous owl ( ninox rufa ) , eastern grass owl ( tyto longimembris ) and southern boobook ( ninox boobook lurida ) . each owl is pictured within its natural habitat .
this photograph of our resident boobook owl is is available in two sizes : a4 ( 21cm x 30cm ) or poster ( 50cm x 75cm ) . it is printed on kodak professional endura paper with a lustre ( gloss / matte ) appearance .
separated from moluccan boobook ninox squamipila following christidis , l . ; boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia . norman , j . a . ; christidis , l . ; westerman , m . ; hill , f . a . r . 1998 . molecular data confirms the species status of the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis . emu 98 : 197 - 208 .
boobook’s breed between august – october normally in a tree cavity . they lay between 2 - 5 eggs which are incubated for 31 - 35 days , the young fledge at about 5 weeks but remain with the parents for a further 2 - 3 months .
at 25–35 centimetres , the southern boobook is the smallest of australia’s owls . it is also one of the most abundant and widely spread ( along with the eastern barn owl ) , although it is not often seen . the southern boobook eats small birds and mammals , and many more invertebrates than any other owl . the lurida is smaller and darker than other subspecies – its head and upper parts dark red - brown and its eyepatches just a little darker . the distinctive x across its face is nevertheless still visible .
department of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2003 ) . christmas island national park - yellow crazy ants . australian government department of the environment & heritage , canberra . available from : urltoken .
the current status of the threatened christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis . australian field ornithology . 30 : 47 - 52 . ( low , b . w . & n . hamilton , 2013 ) .
hill , f . a . richard & lill , alan . 1998 .
density and total population estimates for the threatened christmas island hawk owl ninox natalis
. emu vol . 98 , part 3 .
hill , f . a . richard & lill , alan . 1998 .
diet and roost site characteristics of the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis
. emu vol . 98 , part 3 .
olsen , p . d . , de juana , e . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . christmas boobook ( ninox natalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
hill , f . a . r . & lill , a . ( 1998b ) . diet and roost site characteristics of the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis . emu . 98 : 227 - 223 .
hill , f . a . r . & lill , a . ( 1998a ) . density and total population estimates for the threatened christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis . emu . 98 : 209 - 220 .
hill , f . a . richard & lill , alan . 1998 .
vocalizations of the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis : individual variation in advertisement calls
. emu vol . 98 , part 3 .
the southern boobook ' s nest is normally a tree hollow , which is usually sparsely lined with wood shavings , leaves and small twigs , but may be left bare . the female alone incubates the eggs , but both sexes , and sometimes a second female helper , feed the young .
the total christmas island hawk - owl population has probably decreased by at least 25 % since settlement because approximately 25 % of the forest has been cleared on the island ( hill & lill 1998a ; olsen & stokes 1989 ) .
hill , f . a . r . ( 1996a ) . the christmas island hawk - owl : its distribution , an estimate of density , population size and its conservation status . report to australian nature conservation agency . raou , melbourne .
hill , r . ( 2004b ) . national recovery plan for the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis . commonwealth of australia , canberra . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 18 - aug - 2004 .
hunting & food : the christmas island hawk owl eats mainly insects , usually by snatching them from foliage . they have also been observed hawking for insects around street lights . other prey recorded include juvenile black rats , and small lizards and birds .
we are open all year round 7 days a week apart from the christmas period when we are closed on the 25th of december . please note that we do not accept cheque payment on the gate ( with the exception of school groups ) .
roosts have been located on christmas island by noting where an owl made its last call before dawn , then returning during the day to search for the owl . roosting sites were also found by opportunistically following up distinctive calls ( hill & lill 1998b ) .
norman , j . a . , l . christidis , m . westerman & f . a . r . hill ( 1998 ) . molecular data confirms the species status of the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis . emu . 98 : 197 - 208 .
phillips , d . j . , olsen , p . d . , rentz , d . c . f . & lawrence , j . ( 1991 ) . observations on the diet of the christmas island hawk - owl ninox squamipila natalis . emu . 91 : 250 - 251 .
the southern boobook is the smallest and most common owl in australia . it is identified by its plumage , which is dark chocolate - brown above and rufous - brown below , heavily streaked and spotted with white . the bill is grey with a darker tip , and the feet are grey or yellow . the facial disc is chocolate brown and the eyes are large and yellowish . tasmanian birds are smaller and more heavily spotted with white , while birds of the cape york rainforests are slightly larger and darker . young southern boobooks are almost entirely buff - white below , with conspicuous dark brown facial discs . like other owl species , the southern boobook is nocturnal . birds are often observed perched on an open branch or tree - top .
o ' dowd , d . j . , p . t . green , & p . s . lake ( 1999 ) . status , impact and recommendations for research and management of exotic invasive ants in christmas island national park . centre for analysis and management of biological invasions , monash university .
olsen , p . d . & stokes , t . ( 1989 ) . the state of knowledge of the christmas island hawk - owl ninox squamipila natalis . in : r . g . meyburg and r . d . chancellor , eds . raptors in the modern world . wwgbp , berlin .
this species is confined to christmas island in the indian ocean . this species occupies permanent territories in all forest types on the island , with highest densities in primary forest and lowest in post - mining regrowth . these birds are absent from unregenerated mine sites ( hill 1997b ; hill & lill 1998a ) .
the southern boobook feeds on insects , small mammals and other small animal species . feeding takes place mostly at night but some afternoon and morning activity may occur , especially on dull days . most prey is detected by listening and watching from a suitable tall perch . once detected , flying prey , such as moths and small bats , is seized in mid - air , while ground - dwelling prey is pounced upon .
fjeldså , j . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . cebu boobook ( ninox rumseyi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the southern boobook is the smallest and most widespread owl , with 4 sub - species covering mainland australia . a quintessential sound of the night is the double hoot ( “boo - book” or mo - poke” ) . they have one of the smallest territories of all australian owls and can often see or hear multiple individuals when searching for them . the owl roosts in dense foliage or safely inside a tree hollow . their diet consists of large insects , small mammals and birds .
“woof woof” . the barking owl inhabits drier woodland and forest type zones , often in edge habitats nearing watercourses such as creeks . its stature much more powerful owl - like than the owls smaller , boobook counterpart . its prey consists of large insects , small to medium sized mammals such as sugar gliders and small roosting birds . the barking owl is common in its northern range ( northern territory and far - north queensland ) but is becoming less common along the eastern and western coasts of australia .
the christmas island rainforest rehabilitation program has been replanting an average of 10 ha / yr of previously cleared and mined land since 1989 ( r . hart cited in hill & lill 1998a ) . as rehabilitated forest gets older and more structurally complex , its value as owl habitat is likely to increase ( once it reaches an age at which potential nest hollows form ) ( hill & lill 1998a ) .
other outlined recovery actions include negotiating with all landowners to ensure protection of primary forests outside the national park ; a review of the christmas island quarantine service ; conducting a community education program ; rainforest rehabilitation of priority minefields , and controlling the abundance and spread of yellow crazy ant . pending control , there is a need to establish a captive population of the hawk - owl with the aim of reintroduction ( deh 2003 ) .
the christmas island hawk - owl is about the size of a common pigeon ( 26 to 29 cm ) but with a barred breast . it has an unmistakeable boo - book call . unlike other raptors , including many owls , there is little difference in size between males and females with females being only slightly larger than the male . the hawk - owl is a small owl weighing approximately 140 to 210 g ( hill & lill 1998b ) .
at wingham wildlife park we have got a single male boobook owl which came to use from a private breeder . whilst he arrived with us as a bird which was supposed to have been reared by his parents , recent attempts to start training him to fly to a glove have shown that there is a fairly good chance that he was in fact reared by hand as he appears to be fairly well imprinted on humans . it is our hope that in the future we may be able to integrate him in a small flying display which currently also has sun conures and laughing kookaburras ( which share his home land of australia ) , being trained for .
voice : the main call is similar to the southern boobook owl , being two hoots , the second being slightly lower in pitch . this call is often repeated many times in just a few minutes . a low
ow - ow - ow
call like the distant barking of a dog is also described . other calls noted for these owls include a shrill , trilling call given by begging young , and a chirring given by the female requesting food from her mate during courtship and nesting . during courtship , the male gives a
por por
call when close to the female . the
kar kar
call is made by the male when delivering food to the female and nestlings .
open 10 : 00 - 4 : 00 daily inc public holidays ( closed christmas day ) raptor domain is a rehabilitation education centre and is the ultimate , interactive wildlife experience . we do not display animals in cages . interaction and viewing of animals only during presentations . venom pit presentation : 10 : 30 45 min this is an amazing look at venom and the creatures that use it . enter if you dare ! ! birds of prey presentations : 11 : 30 and 2 : 30 1hr join us for an inspiring , interactive and educational experience . get up close and personal with some of our beautiful birds of prey . owls , falcons , eagles , kookaburras and much more . put on a glove and have our birds fly to you . or hold our majestic eagle for a photo . fang - tastic reptile presentation 1 : 00pm 45min hold and enjoy an up close and personal experience with some of australia ' s enchanting reptiles . join us for 1 , 2 or all 3 presentations . great photo opportunities , fun for the whole family . pre show order system for food available .
this species is classified as vulnerable because its range is restricted to one very small island , it is estimated to have a small population ( ca . 1000 individuals ) ( garnett
( 2011 ) and it may be susceptible to the effects of introduced taxa . it had previously been listed as critically endangered but was downlisted following episodic control of the yellow crazy ant
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ninox natalis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
ninox squamipila , n . hypogramma , n . hantu and n . forbesi ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as n . squamipila following norman et al . ( 1998 ) , and before then were also lumped with n . natalis as n . squamipila following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
26 - 29 cm . small , rufous - brown hawk - owl . sexes similar , female slightly larger . rufous - brown upperparts . rows of small , white spots on secondary coverts , scapulars and tertials . darker brown barring on remiges and tail . underparts barred rufous and white . underwing rufous - brown on coverts , barred light and dark grey on remiges . yellow legs and feet . white lores , short supercilia and chin . bright yellow iris in small , dark disc . juvenile downier with whitish underside and head .
, second note usually lower in pitch than first . juvenile begging call , high - pitched trill .
blyth , j . , garnett , s . , green , p . , hennicke , j . , james , d . , low , t . , o ' dowd , d . & woinarski , j .
benstead , p . , garnett , s . , mcclellan , r . , taylor , j . , allinson , t , symes , a . , north , a .
in the indian ocean . the species is present throughout the island , with highest densities occurring in primary forest and the lowest in regrowth after mining . the population was estimated at 562±105 pairs in 1995 and c . 1 , 000 individuals in 2004 ( hill & lill 1998 , s . garnett
. it is suspected to have declined in the recent past , although numbers are now thought to be more or less stable , with hill and lills ( 1998 ) estimate still thought to be the most accurate available ( james and mcallan 2014 ) .
‘may be a significant overestimation’ . however , a substantial monitoring program undertaken annually for the period
the population is estimated at c . 1 , 000 mature individuals ( hill and lill 1998 , d . james in litt . 2004 , 2005 , garnett et al . 2011 ) . trend justification : no hard data are available , but a negligible decline or stable trends are suspected because the species appears to adapt fairly well to secondary habitats . control of the ants may have allowed the species ' s population to stabilise ( s . garnett in litt . 2005 ) , although there is no evidence of past declines or fluctuations ( d . james in litt . 2007 ) .
it occupies permanent territories in all habitats on the island to 360 m ( d . james
, although it is absent from mined sites that have not been rehabilitated . the species does however occupy re - established vegetation of over c . 10 years in age on old mining sites ( d . james
. super - colonies of the invasive yellow crazy ant may reduce invertebrate prey availability ( j . woinarski
ongoing forest clearance for phosphate extraction has destroyed 25 % of available habitat . in 2007 , some significant patches of mature secondary forest were cleared for mining ( d . james
, which otherwise inhibits understorey plant growth and the spread of weeds by eating the seeds and seedlings of both native and invasive species ( p . green and d . o ' dowd
2016 ) . the ants also farm scale insects , causing canopy die - back , which in turn promotes weed growth and further alters forest structure ( d . james
the species may also be affected by the pesticide fipronil used for ant control , but this remains unproven . black rats
. 2011 ) . climate change is considered a future threat , with this species having low exposure but high sensitivity ( garnett & franklin 2014 ) .
cites appendix ii . a national park was created in 1980 , and has since been extended to cover more than 60 % of the island ( d . james
. a lease agreement has been established with the mining company which constrains clearance of primary rainforest and in theory requires permits to clear regrowth . a recovery plan has been prepared ( hill 2004 ) . yellow crazy ant
supercolonies are altering forest composition and dynamics and potentially reducing insect populations ( the primary prey of the owl ) . a control programme for
s has been initiated episodically since 2000 ( p . green and d . o ' dowd
. the bait used so far is known to be toxic to invertebrates , including crabs , and although alternatives have been trialled , an effective replacement has not been found ( d . james
. control of the scale bugs that the ants tend for their sugar secretions is proposed , in order to reduce this food supply ( t . low
. control of the ants may have allowed the species ' s population to stabilise ( s . garnett
, although there is no evidence of past declines or fluctuations ( d . james
rehabilitate rainforests in priority areas after the cessation of mining activities . negotiate with all landowners to ensure protection of primary forests outside the national park . form a recovery team and implement the recovery plan . conduct a community education programme . use established methods to monitor the population .
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formerly considered conspecific with n . squamipila ( which see ) , but separable on morphological and plumage details , molecular differences and perhaps voice # r . monotypic .
with brownish - chestnut facial mask , whitish eyebrows , rich rufous - brown upperparts with fine white spots on nape and . . .
typical advertising call a repeated , double - noted hoot with somewhat clucking quality , “klu - . . .
dense rainforest , both tall evergreen and deciduous , on plateau and coastal terraces ; less often in . . .
on the basis of 400 prey items identified from pellets and 41 from the stomachs of seven owls found dead , diet mainly large insects , . . .
little known . extended breeding season , with fledglings reported in apr , may and aug–dec . socially monogamous ; territorial , . . .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
previously published on avocet as av5344 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question . very clear , calm night gps : geohack .
previously published on avocet as av5343 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question . very clear , calm night gps : geohack .
previously published on avocet as av5342 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question . very clear , calm night gps : geohack .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan required , this species had a recovery plan in force at the time the legislation provided for the minister to decide whether or not to have a recovery plan ( 19 / 2 / 2007 ) .
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2009 ) .
. department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :
survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened birds . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 2
( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .
( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ information sheet ] .
the action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .
listed as vulnerable ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
in 1998 , hill and lill ( 1998a ) undertook radio - tracking to determine territory size of individual ' s and the density of the species in different habitat types . this data was used to estimate the total abundance of the species on the island .
in 2011 , low and hamilton ( 2013 ) undertook a call playback survey along the island ' s roads to provide information on the species abundance .
the total number of breeding birds is estimated at 1200 ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . however , some argue that the minimum total population size ( in 1995 ) was less than 1000 mature individuals .
hill and lill ( 1998a ) estimated that the island prior to settlement had a carrying capacity in the order of 740 ±135 owl territories . gibson - hill ( 1947 ) reported that owls were not rare and were widely distributed over the entire island . between 1994 and 1996 hill and lill ( 1998a ) estimated the population at 556 ±101 occupied owl territories in primary rainforest and 6 ±4 occupied owl territories in regrowth vegetation , and a total population size of 562 ±105 occupied territories .
this species is sedentary . a radio - tracking study during the breeding season in may to september indicated that males ranged over areas of 5 . 3 - 13 ha ( n = 5 ) and females 6 - 7 ha ( n = 2 ) , almost entirely within the range of its mate . there is no information on movements at other times of year or dispersal of young ( higgins 1999 ) . hawk - owls rarely stay at one roost site for more than two successive days . they have numerous roost sites which they use only once and a small number which they use a number of times ( hill & lill 1998b ) . studies indicate that the hawk - owl leaves its roost at about sunset and returns to roost at dawn . owls were not seen to change roosts during the day except when they were disturbed . owls normally roost alone or with their mate ( hill & lill 1998b ) .
radio - tracking and territory mapping conducted in 1998 indicated that hawk - owls occupy essentially exclusive territories with an average area of approximately 18 ha .
the standard method for censusing owls is to playback the owls in order to elicit a reply ( hill & lill 1998a ) .
the greatest current threat to the hawk - owl is from the introduced yellow crazy ant anoplolepis gracilipes . these ants may prey directly on nestlings and , by killing the dominant life - form , the red crab gecaroidea natalis , and by encouraging scale insects which in turn cause tree dieback , may alter the whole ecology of the island ( o ' dowd et al . 1999 ) .
after spreading slowly , this pest occupied approximately 15 - 18 % of the island in 1999 ( d . slip pers . comm . , in garnett & crowley 2000 ) and affected some 2500 hectares , 25 % of the total forest area . although aerial baiting between 2001 and 2003 was successful in reducing numbers of crazy ants dramatically ( deh 2003 ) , there are still about 400 ha of infested forest that will need continued management ( d . slip 2003 , pers . comm . ) .
forest clearance , which is no longer permitted , has destroyed 25 % of the species ' habitat ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
there is a small risk of avian disease , for which the exotic java sparrow lonchura oryzivora and tree sparrow passer montanus could act as reservoirs ( hill 1997b ) .
garnett , s . t . & g . m . crowley ( 2000 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2000 . canberra , act : environment australia and birds australia . available from : urltoken .
higgins , p . j . ( ed . ) ( 1999 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . volume four - parrots to dollarbird . melbourne : oxford university press .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .
department of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2006p ) . threat abatement plan for reduction in impacts of tramp ants on biodiversity in australia and its territories . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 10 - aug - 2006 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2016 .
garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson ( 2011 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2010 . csiro publishing . available from : urltoken .
schodde , r . & i . j . mason ( 1997 ) . aves ( columbidae to coracidae ) . in : houston , w . w . k . & a . wells , eds . zoological catologue of australia . 37 . 2 . melbourne : csiro publishing .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
this database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . ninox natalis in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 35 : 49 + 1000 .
size : length 26 - 29cm . wing length 178 - 183mm . tail length about 127mm . weight 130 - 200g .
habits : frequently heard in evening and night . hides in dense thickets or densely foliaged trees in middle canopy during the day .
breeding : little known . breeding season seem to be prolonged , with records in all quarters of the year . nests recorded have been in tree hollows . chicks take about 68 to 77 days from hatching to fledging , and are dependent on their parents for at least 2 . 5 months after that .
original description : lister , jj . 1889 . proceedings of the scientific meetings of the zoological society of london for the year 1888 ( pzs ) : pt . 4 , p . 525 .
könig , claus & weick , friedhelm . 2008 .
owls : a guide to the owls of the world ( second edition )
. yale university press .
könig , weick and becking . 1999 .
owls : a guide to the owls of the world
. yale university press .
mikkola , heimo . 2013 .
owls of the world : a photographic guide ( second edition )
. bloomsbury .
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ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
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distribution maps should be very cautiously looked at . they do not provide with precise location but only give an idea of species global distribution . distribution areas are geopolitical ; as a consequence the whole of a country is selected if a species is only located in one single place . for more precise distribution areas please go to iucn site ( see link above ) .
the similarly plumaged barking owl , n . connivens , is more grey - brown , and has streaks rather than spots on the underparts . the barking owl is also larger , measuring 35 to 45 cm .
southern boobooks are found throughout mainland australia and tasmania , and on some coastal islands . closely related species are found in new zealand , new guinea and indonesia .
southern boobooks are seen in a variety of habitats from dense forest to open desert , including woodlands , rural , heath and urban habitats .
higgins , p . j . ( ed ) 1999 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds , volume 4 ( parrots to dollarbird ) . oxford university press , melbourne .
strahan , r . ( ed ) 1994 . cuckoos , nightbirds and kingfishers of australia . angus and robertson / australian photographic index of australian wildlife , sydney .
hi brenda . yes , as with many owls , they can look a little scary with their big staring eyes . i also find their call to be a very friendly sound . you ' re lucky to have them close to home .
this picture of the adult bobook owl is very scary . but the bird is not at all scary - i have one or maybe more ( ? ) nearby that calls
mo - poke
for hours almost every night . i find it a friendly sound esp . as night time is very quiet here ( no traffic noise ) in the midst of melbourne ' s water catchment forests in warburton vic .
by joining the biggest community of bird lovers in australia , you can help us make a positive impact on the future of our native birdlife . the members of birdlife australia , along with our supporters and partners , have been powerful advocates for native birds and the conservation of their habitats since 1901 .
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in the indian ocean . the species is present throughout the island , with highest densities occurring in primary forest and the lowest in regrowth after mining . the population was estimated at 560100 pairs in 1995 and c . 1 , 000 individuals in 2004 ( hill & lill 1998 , s . garnett
. it is suspected to have declined in the recent past , although numbers are now thought to be more or less stable .
clements , j . f . , t . s . schulenberg , m . j . iliff , d . roberson , t . a . fredericks , b . l . sullivan , and c . l . wood . 2014 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : version 6 . 9 . downloaded from urltoken
2007 ) , although it is absent from mined sites that have not been rehabilitated . the species does however occupy re - established vegetation of over c . 10 years in age on old mining sites ( d . james
blyth , j . , garnett , s . , green , p . , hennicke , j . , james , d . , low , t . & o ' dowd , d .
this species is classified as vulnerable because it has a very small range on one very small island , and it is susceptible to the effects of introduced taxa . it had previously been listed as critically endangered but was downlisted following control of the yellow crazy ant
the population is estimated at c . 1 , 000 individuals ( s . garnett in litt . 2004 , d . james in litt . 2004 , 2005 ) , roughly equivalent to 670 mature individuals .
forest clearance for phosphate extraction has destroyed 25 % of available habitat . in 2007 , some significant patches of mature secondary forest were cleared for mining ( d . james
2007 ) . also in 2007 , a new application to mine a 250 ha area of rainforest ( p . green
which formed super - colonies during the 1990s and spread rapidly to cover about 25 % of the island or c . 3 , 400 ha , but in 2002 it was controlled over about 2 , 900 ha . since then a number of supercolonies have been re - established ( d . james
2007 ) , and in 2006 , the ants were regarded as widespread and patchily common ( t . low
2007 ) . the ants also farm scale insects , causing canopy die - back , which in turn promotes weed growth and further alters forest structure ( d . james
2007 ) . the species may also be affected by the pesticide fipronil used for ant control , but this remains unproven . black rats
. 2011 ) . disease is another potential threat , for which two established exotic sparrows could act as conduits between domestic chickens and wild birds ( d . james
2007 ) . a lease agreement has been established with the mining company which prevents clearance of primary rainforest and in theory requires permits to clear regrowth . however , in reality regrowth is still cleared without permits ( d . james
, yellow crazy ant supercolonies are altering forest composition and dynamics and potentially reducing insect populations ( the primary prey of the hawk - owl ) . a control programme for
s has been successfully initiated since 2000 and has effectively eliminated the ant from 2 , 800 ha of forest ( 95 % of its former extent ) ( p . green and d . o ' dowd
2003 ) . monitoring of the problem continues and hand - baiting measures have been ongoing . aerial baiting commenced in september 2002 and proved to be successful against major colonies ( olsen 2005 ) , eliminating over 98 % of ants ( d . james
2007 ) . the ants remained persistent in 2006 , and perpetual baiting may be the only means of controlling them . the bait used so far is known to be toxic to invertebrates , including crabs , and although alternatives have been trialled , an effective replacement has not been found ( d . james
2007 ) . control of the scale bugs that the ants tend for their sugar secretions has been suggested , in order to reduce this food supply ( t . low
2007 ) . control of the ants may have allowed the species ' s population to stabalize ( s . garnett
2005 ) , although there is no evidence of past declines or fluctuations ( d . james
2007 ) . however ,
pending control of yellow crazy ants , establishment of a captive population of the hawk - owl was recommended ( deh 2003 ) .
( http : / / www . environment . gov . au ) . an action plan has been in place since 2004 .
and establish a precautionary captive breeding population . rehabilitate rainforests in priority areas after the cessation of mining activities . negotiate with all landowners to ensure protection of primary forests outside the national park . form a recovery team and implement the recovery plan . conduct a community education programme . use established methods to monitor the population .
owls , frogmouths and nightjars of australia - david hollands . first published in australia 2008
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epinephelus corallicola , commonly known as the coral grouper , coral rock-cod , or duskyfin grouper , is a coastal-dwelling fish of the western pacific .

the species is commonly found in shallow silty reefs and sometimes in estuarine areas .

epinephelus corallicola

what type of species is epinephelus corallicola ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the epinephelus corallicola species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of epinephelus corallicola species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species epinephelus corallicola .
justification : there is insufficient information to make an informed assessment of epinephelus corallicola .
how to identify epinephelus corallicola marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species epinephelus corallicola . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species epinephelus corallicola are marked in green .
where is epinephelus corallicola found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species epinephelus corallicola can be found .
a coral grouper , epinephelus corallicola , in malaysia . source : will white . license : all rights reserved
nick hope marked the common name
malabar grouper
in an unknown language from
epinephelus corallicola ( valenciennes , 1828 )
as untrusted .
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the greatest threat to epinephelus corallicola is overfishing by the life reef food fish trade and small - scale commercial fishers . global warming may affect coral reef habitat , providing a second level of threat .
no specific conservation measures are in place for epinephelus corallicola , although it occurs within marine protected areas within its range . there are size and bag limits for serranids within the great barrier reef ( northern queensland ) .
serranus corallicola kuhl hasselt 1828 . histoire naturelle des poissons 2 : 336 . type locality : java , indonesia .
general epinephelus corallicola is a reef - associated species common in shallow silty reefs , sometimes in estuarine areas , but also found on clear outer reef slopes . reproduction the ovary was well developed in an examined fish of 30 cm sl .
indo - pacific : east africa south to east london , south africa and east to fiji . recently recorded from tonga ( ref . 53797 ) . it is not known from the red sea , but it does occur in the persian gulf . record from northwestern australia ( ref . 3132 ) is doubtful . it is closely related to , and is often confused with , three other white - spotted species : epinephelus ongus , epinephelus summana , and epinephelus corallicola .
bleeker , p . 1873 . mededeelingen omtrent eene herziening der indisch - archipelagische soorten van epinephelus , lutjanus , dentex en verwante geslachten .
general nothing is known about the population of epinephelus corallicola within its range . fisheries - dependent data less than 1 % of the catch in the pohnpei fishery ( rhodes and tupper 2007 ) . low abundance within marine protected areas in sabah ( cabanban pers . comm . ) .
epinephelus corallicola is a western pacific species that is found in thailand , hong kong , and taiwan to australia ( western australia , northern territory , queensland and new south wales ) , and eastward to the solomon and mariana islands , including indonesia , singapore , philippines , christmas island , micronesia , papua new guinea , and palau . possibly it also occurs in timor . it occurs occasionally in northern new caledonia ( allen in press ) . adults are often misidentified as epinephelus macrospilos .
( of serranus corallicola valenciennes , 1828 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
epinephelus tukula is not a common species where fishing is known to occur , but may be more common in unfished areas . the species is patchy over its range and highly localized . very rare in japan .
( of epinephelus coralicola ( valenciennes , 1828 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
differs from the similar epinephelus howlandi an d e . macrospilos in having more widely spaced spots on a pale greyish - green to brownish background , a longer flatter head profile , and more lateral line scales . with growth , the spots become more numerous and more widely - spaced .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
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a pale bluish - grey to greyish - green rockcod with saddle - like blotches along the back , relatively evenly - spaced dark spots scattered on the body and all fins , and an irregular pattern of paler greyish blotches .
ningaloo reef , western australia , around the tropical north to northern new south wales . elsewhere the species occurs in the tropical , west - central pacific . found in a range of habitats from silty shallow reefs to clear outer reef slopes .
dorsal fin xi , 15 - 17 ; anal fin iii , 8 . head profile long and flat ; body with ctenoid scales except cycloid scales anterodorsally and ventrally ; axillary scales present ; greatest depth of body 2 . 9 - 3 . 2 in sl ; caudal fin rounded ; pelvic fins short , 1 . 8 - 2 . 3 in head length
in parts of its range , the species forms part of the live reef food fish trade . possession and size limits apply in queensland .
allen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . perth : western australian museum 292 pp . 106 pls .
the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers .
perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .
craig , m . t . , sadovy de mitcheson , y . j . & heemstra , p . c . 2011 .
. grahamstown , south africa : nisc ltd 356 pp . , appendix 47 pp .
groupers of the world ( family serranidae , subfamily epinephelinae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of grouper , rockcod , hind , coral grouper and lyretail species known to date
. fao fisheries synopsis no . 125 vol . 16 . rome : fao . pp . 1 - 382
heemstra , p . c . & randall , j . e . 1999 . family serranidae . pp . 2442 - 2548 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes
hutchins , j . b . 2001 . biodiversity of shallow reef fish assemblages in western australia using a rapid censusing technique .
johnson , j . w . & gill , a . c . 2005 . reef and shore fishes of sweers island , gulf of carpentaria . gulf of carpentaria scientific study report . geography monograph series . brisbane : royal geographic society of queensland . pp . 239 - 260
kuhl , h . & hasselt , j . c . van in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1828 .
. paris : levrault vol . 2 xxi , 2 + 490 pp . , pls 9 - 40 .
. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .
larson , h . k . & williams , r . s . 1997 . darwin harbour fishes : a survey and annotated checklist . pp . 339 - 380 in hanley , h . r . , caswell , g . , megirian , d . & larson , h . k . ( eds ) .
the marine flora and fauna of darwin harbour , northern territory , australia . proceedings of the sixth international marine biology workshop
randall , j . e . & heemstra , p . c . 1991 . revision of indo - pacific groupers ( perciformes : serranidae : epinephelinae ) , with descriptions of five new species .
. the iucn red list of threatened species 2008 : e . t132763a3444891 . urltoken downloaded on 09 april 2018 .
wilson , d . t . & mccormick , m . i . 1997 . spatial and temporal validation of settlement - marks in the otoliths of tropical reef fishes .
wilson , d . t . & mccormick , m . i . 1999 . microstructure of settlement - marks in the otoliths of tropical reef fishes .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of serranus altivelioides bleeker , 1849 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
to , w . l . ( 2009 ) . the biology , fishery of groupers ( family : serranidae ) in hong kong and adjacent waters , and implications for management . phd thesis . the university of hong kong . [ details ]
information on the coral grouper is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
classified as data deficient ( dd ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
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team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
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if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 410225eb - a613 - 4755 - be2a - ab5f59f26189
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8b3c2461 - 7310 - 4a8e - b817 - b7984467e431
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 423507
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common in shallow silty reefs , sometimes in estuarine areas . the ovary was well developed in an examined fish of 30 cm sl . solitary or in small groups ( ref 90102 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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the coral grouper is a fairly nondescript member of the family – reasonably common on most of our diving trips , but not so often noticed .
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chaloklum diving , 25 / 29 - 30 moo 7 , chaloklum village , koh phangan , suratthani 84280 . thailand .
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 2 - 65 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical ; 35°n - 35°s , 26°e - 180°e ( ref . 5222 )
maturity : l m ? , range 42 - ? cm max length : 76 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6492 )
occurs in rocky or coral - rich areas of deep lagoons , channels and outer reef slopes ; usually in or near caves ( ref . 089707 ) . juveniles are found in tide pools . feeds on fish and crustaceans ( ref . 6113 ) . in hong kong live fish markets ( ref . 27253 ) . solitary ( ref 90102 ) .
heemstra , p . c . and j . e . randall , 1993 . fao species catalogue . vol . 16 . groupers of the world ( family serranidae , subfamily epinephelinae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper , rockcod , hind , coral grouper and lyretail species known to date . rome : fao . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 16 ) : 382 p . ( ref . 5222 )
) : 24 . 6 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 1234 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00708 - 0 . 01778 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 13 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 ±0 . 5 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 57 of 100 ) .
head profile long and flat ; spots widely spaced , becoming more numerous and widely spaced with growth . dorsal spines : 11 ; dorsal soft rays : 15 to 17 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 . light grayish - green to brown background , a long flatt head profile , an
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broad , g . ( 2003 ) fishes of the philippines . : anvil publishing , inc . , pasi city . 510 pp .
carl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
coppola , s . r . , w . fischer , l . garibaldi , n . scialabba and k . e . carpenter ( 1994 ) speciesdab : global species database for fishery purposes . user ' s manual . : fao computerized information series ( fisheries ) . no . 9 . rome , fao . 103 p .
department of fisheries malaysia ( 2009 ) valid local name of malaysian marine fishes . : department of fisheries malaysia . ministry of agriculture and agro - based industry . 180 p .
fao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .
foale , s . ( 1998 ) what ' s in a name ? an analysis of the west nggela ( solomon islands ) fish taxonomy . : spc traditional marine resource management and knowledge information bulletin no . 9 : 3 - 19 .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
ganaden , s . r . and f . lavapie - gonzales ( 1999 ) common and local names of marine fishes of the philippines . : bureau of fisheries and aquatic resources , philippines . 385 p .
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checklist of marine fishes of the dampier archipelago , western australia j . b . hutchins
three paired black saddles where dorsal fin joins the back , with pale strip below . polygonal brown spots on body and high spiny dorsal fin , similar to e . maculatus ( highfin grouper ) , which lacks paired black saddles on back .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
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it can reach a length of 8 . 5 feet and can weigh as much as 110 kilograms ( 240 pounds ) . although considered harmless , the potato rockcod is inquisitive , and on rare occasions , large individuals may be aggressive .
is a widely distributed indo - pacific species . it can be found in the red sea , pakistan , southern oman , somalia , socotra ( yemen ) , kenya , tanzania , madagascar , mozambique , kwazulu - natal ( south africa ) , some western indian ocean islands ( seychelles , mauritius , réunion ) , west coast of india , sri lanka , east aurora ny ( bishnu arron ) , indonesia ( flores and bali - nusa penida , solomon islands , excluding irian - jaya ) , the northwest australian shelf , great barrier reef , christmas island , coral sea , osprey reef , papua new guinea , taiwan , southern japan , paracel islands , pratas reef , and the east african coast from the red sea south to aliwal shoal 30°s ( south africa .
potato cod , what fish is this , department of fisheries , western australia . accessed on line december 23 , 2007 .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 26 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .