daphnia longispina is a planktonic crustacean of the genus daphnia ( family " daphniidae " ) , a cladoceran freshwater water flea .

it is native to eurasia .

d. longispina is similar in size and sometimes confused with the often sympatric d. pulex ( a very common species ) , but much smaller than d. magna .

d. longispina is found in a wide range of standing freshwater bodies from small , ephemeral rock-pools to large lakes .

daphnia longispina

ecological genetics of norwegian daphnia . ii . distribution of daphnia longispina genotypes in relation to short - wave radiation and water colour
genetic costs of tolerance to metals in daphnia longispina populations historically exposed to a copper mine drainage .
worms - world register of marine species - daphnia longispina ( o . f . müller , 1776 )
life - history consequences of adaptation to pollution .
daphnia longispina clones historically exposed to copper
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genetic costs of tolerance to metals in daphnia longispina populations historically exposed to a copper mine drainage . - pubmed - ncbi
life - history consequences of adaptation to pollution .
daphnia longispina clones historically exposed to copper
. - pubmed - ncbi
at the edge and on the top : molecular identification and ecology of daphnia dentifera and d . longispina in high - altitude asian lakes
daphnia longispina . adult female with three eggs in the brood chamber . this female was isolated from a rock pool in southern finland close to tvärminne .
taylor dj , hebert pd , colbourne jk . phylogenetics and evolution of the daphnia longispina group ( crustacea ) based on 12s rdna sequence and allozyme variation .
list of chinese lakes in which the daphnia longispina complex was studied ( name , geographical position , size and origin , and abbreviation corresponding to fig . 1 ) , number of sequenced daphnia individuals and observed number of haplotypes per lake
kankaala p , eloranta p ( 1987 ) epizooic ciliates ( vorticella sp . ) compete for food with their host daphnia longispina in a small polyhumic lake . oecologia , 73 : 203–206
geographic location of collection sites for the daphnia longispina complex . colour dots : lakes inhabited with the d . longispina complex ; black dots : the d . longispina complex was not detected . an inset graph represents visualization of geographic and altitudinal distribution of lakes . red symbols : lakes inhabited by d . galeata ; green symbols : lakes inhabited by d . dentifera ; purple symbols : coexistence of both taxa . taxon identification is based on 12s mtdna sequence variation ( see fig . 2 ) .
a new central european species of the daphnia curvirostris complex , daphnia hrbaceki sp . nov . ( cladocera , anomopoda , daphniidae )
ventral view of daphnia adult females . on the left , a photograph of daphnia longispina from a rock pool population in southern finland . on the right , a drawing . ( the drawing is reproduced with permission from kästner : lehrbuch der speziellen zoologie , ( more . . . )
nilssen , j . p . , hobæk , a . , petrusek , a . & skage , m . ( 2007 ) restoring daphnia lacustris g . o . sars , 1862 ( crustacea , anomopoda ) : a cryptic species in the daphnia longispina group . hydrobiologia , 594 , 5 – 17 . urltoken
rock pools with daphnia populations on four islands in the tvärminne archipelago in southern finland . these pools are part of a metapopulation of d . magna , d . pulex , and d . longispina . in the background , the baltic sea is visible .
ventral view of daphnia adult females . on the left , a photograph of daphnia longispina from a rock pool population in southern finland . on the right , a drawing . ( the drawing is reproduced with permission from kästner : lehrbuch der speziellen zoologie , band 1 , teil 4 , 1993 © elsevier gmbh , spektrum akademischer verlag , heidelberg ) .
schwenk k . interspecific hybridization in daphnia : distinction and origin of hybrid matrilines .
hudec , i . ( 1981 ) comparative study of daphnia atkinsoni and daphnia ulomskyi ( crustacea , cladocera ) . věstník československé společnosti zoologické , 45 , 172–180 .
ecology , epidemiology , and evolution of parasitism in daphnia 3 - 2 . 2 physiology metabolism and immunity 9 figure 2 . 6 gut of daphnia magna gut dissected
daphnia longispina carrying a resting egg . the ephippium is not yet fully developed . its wall is still transparent , and the two eggs are visible . these eggs are haploid and require fertilization . this female was isolated from a rock pool population ( more . . . )
a taxonomic reevaluation of north american daphnia ( crustacea : cladocera ) . ii . new species in the daphnia pulex group from the south - central united states and mexico
introduction to daphnia biology - ecology , epidemiology , and evolution of parasi . . .
the daphnia of australia : an illustrated fauna . cd - rom . distributed by the author
12s median - joining haplotype networks for the two species of the daphnia longispina complex detected in china : ( a ) d . galeata , ( b ) d . dentifera . colours in the circles represent different regions . adjacent nodes differ by a single point mutation , while red nodes represent unsampled haplotypes .
the daphnia of north america : an illustrated fauna . cd - rom . distributed by the author
number of sequenced daphnia individuals ( n ) , number of haplotypes ( n ) , haplotype diversity ( h ) , nucleotide diversity ( π ) and mean pair - wise difference ( d ) , presented for both genes ( 12s and coi ) and for two species from the analysed chinese populations of the d . longispina complex .
polyphyletic origins of asexuality in daphnia pulex . i . breeding - system variation and levels of clonal diversity
macrogeographic patterns of breeding system diversity in the daphnia pulex group . i . breeding systems of canadian populations
benzie , j . a . h . ( 1988a ) the systematics of australian daphnia ( cladocera : daphniidae ) . electrophoretic analyses of the daphnia carinata complex . hydrobiologia , 166 , 183 – 197 . urltoken
petrusek , a . , hobæk , a . , nilssen , j . p . , skage , m . , černý , m . , brede , n . & schwenk , k . ( 2008 ) a taxonomic reappraisal of the european daphnia longispina complex ( crustacea , cladocera , anomopoda ) . zoologica scripta , 37 , 507 – 519 . urltoken
taylor dj , hebert pd . habitat - dependent hybrid parentage and differential introgression between neighboringly sympatric daphnia species .
ebert d . ecology , epidemiology , and evolution of parasitism in daphnia [ internet ] . bethesda ( md ) : national center for biotechnology information ( us ) ; 2005 . chapter 2 , introduction to daphnia biology .
schierwater b , ender a , schwenk k , spaak p , streit b . the evolutionary ecology of daphnia .
bittner k ( 2001 ) parasitismus bei daphnia im bodensee . phd thesis , university of konstanz , konstanz , germany
sperm of daphnia magna . sperm in d . magna are tailless , rod - shaped , and up to 9 μm in length . other daphnia species have sperm with short pseudopodia ( not shown here ) . sperm is haploid .
bittner k . 2001 . parasitismus bei daphnia im bodensee . phd thesis , university of konstanz , konstanz , germany .
daphnia parasites are most commonly observed after the first peak in population density . however , it is not clear whether parasites influence the population dynamics of daphnia in natural populations . parasites are an attractive ecological force for daphnia population regulation because transmission is often density dependent , and they are found in nearly every daphnia population investigated thus far . experimental epidemiology with various zooplankton parasites has shown that parasites not only suppress host density but also may bring host populations to extinction ( ebert et al . 2000 ) . thus , it seems likely that the dynamics of natural daphnia populations are influenced by parasites as well .
newborn daphnia magna . a parthenogenetic offspring of d . magna within the first 12 hours after release from the brood chamber .
peters rh , de bernardi r . 1987 . daphnia . memorie dell ' istituto italiano di idrobiologia . p . 502 .
colbourne jk , hebert pd . the systematics of north american daphnia ( crustacea : anomopoda ) : a molecular phylogenetic approach .
a critical review of the current taxonomy of the genus daphnia o . f . müller , 1785 ( anomopoda , cladocera )
the long - term consequences of hybridization between the two daphnia species , d . galeata and d . dentifera , in mature habitats
latitudinal patterns in the diversity of two subgenera of the genus daphnia o . f . müller ( crustacea : cladocera : daphniidae )
three clones of daphnia pulex and two clones of daphnia longispina were exposed to toxic microcystis aeruginosa for 21 days in a lifetable experiment . the growth and reproduction of individual daphnids were followed daily to study the long - term effects of toxic microcystis . exposure to microcystis increased mortality , decreased growth , delayed maturation and decreased offspring production , indicating nutritional deficiency and toxic effects . we found variation in life history responses between species and among clones . our results suggest that toxic cyanobacteria may act as a modifying agent in zooplankton communities at both the species and clonal level .
life cycle of a cyclic parthenogenetic daphnia . this diagram depicts the sexual and the asexual ( parthenogenetic ) life cycle of a daphnia . during the parthenogenetic cycle , females produce diploid eggs that develop directly into daughters . the same female ( more . . . )
faustová m . , sacherová v . , svensson , j . e . & taylor , d . j . ( 2011 ) radiation of european eubosmina ( cladocera ) from bosmina ( e . ) longispina – concordance of multipopulation molecular data with paleolimnology . limnology & oceanography , 56 , 440 – 450 . urltoken
bengtsson j , ebert d ( 1998 ) distribution and impacts of microparasites on daphnia in a rockpool metapopulation . oecologia , 115 : 213–221
for those daphnia species that have been karyologically investigated , between 20 and 24 chromosomes have been counted ( 2n ) ( zaffagnini 1987 ) .
a critical review of the current taxonomy of the genus daphnia o . f . müller , 1785 ( anomopoda , cladocera ) | kotov | zootaxa
lampert , w . ( 2011 ) daphnia : development of a model organism in ecology and evolution . excellence in ecology , 21 , 1–250 .
in conclusion , we identified individuals from the d . longispina complex sampled from china as descendants of two species , d . galeata and d . dentifera , in between which we observed a clear geographical separation . among the lakes sampled , the maternal lineages of both species coexisted only at a single locality in tibet ( hts ) . our data did not reveal the presence of any cryptic lineages of the d . longispina complex in china . the data also revealed contrasting intraspecific patterns , with indications of recent spatial expansion by d . galeata , multiple haplotypes of which were shared across large distances . in contrast , numerous unique haplotypes of d . dentifera were present , not only for the studied regions but also for individual lakes . our study is a pioneering contribution to understanding the phylo - and biogeography of daphnia in china .
lee va . 1994 . parasitically - induced behavioural changes in zooplankton ( daphnia magna ) . master thesis , university of oxford , oxford , uk .
stirnadel ha , 1994 . the ecology of three daphnia species - their microparasites and epibionts . diploma thesis , university of basel , basel , switzerland .
we examined phylogenetic relationships among daphnia using mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) sequences from the small subunit ribosomal rna ( 12s ) , cytochrome c oxidase subunit i and nuclear dna sequences from the first and second internal transcribed spacer representing 1612 base positions . phylogenetic analyses using several species of the three main daphnia subgenera , ctenodaphnia , hyalodaphnia and daphnia , revealed that the hyalodaphnia are a monophyletic sister group of the daphnia . most hyalodaphnia species occur on one continent , whereas only three are found in north america and europe . endemicity of species is associated with variation in thermal tolerance and habitat differentiation . although many species of the hyalodaphnia are known to hybridize in nature , mtdna divergence is relatively high ca . 9 % ) compared to other hybridizing arthropods ( ca . 3 % ) . reproductive isolation in daphnia seems to evolve significantly slower than genetic isolation . we related these findings to what is known about the ecology and genetics of daphnia in order to better understand the evolutionary diversification of lineages . the relationship of these data to phylogenetic patterns is discussed in the context of speciation processes in daphnia .
hebert , p . d . n . ( 1987 ) genetics of daphnia . memorie dell ' istituto italiano di ldrobiologia , 45 , 439 – 460 .
hudec , i . ( 1991 ) a comparison of populations from the daphnia similis group ( cladocera : daphniidae ) . hydrobiologia , 225 , 9–22 . urltoken
ishikawa , с . ( 1895 ) phyllopod crustacea of japan . daphnia morsei . zoological magazine , tokyo , 7 ( 84 ) , 137 – 142 .
ishikawa , с . ( 1895 ) phyllopod crustacea of japan . daphnia whitmani . zoological magazine , tokyo , 7 ( 85 ) , 147 – 154 .
kiser , r . w . ( 1950 ) a revision of the north american species of the cladoceran genus daphnia . seattle , washington , 65 pp .
cyclomorphosis : seasonal change in phenotype of many plankton species . for example , some daphnia species produce spines to protect themselves against predators during the summer season .
daphnia are also known to migrate toward or away from the banks of ponds or lakes . again , the most likely explanation for this behavior is predator avoidance .
bittner k , ebert d , rothhaupt ko . 1998 . parasitismus bei daphnia im bodensee . dgl / sil tagungsbericht , klagenfurt . p . 685 - 689 .
thus , increased parasite mortality in daphnia populations with fish predators and unfavorable conditions for parasite transmission in larger water bodies may act together to limit the spread of parasites in these daphnia populations . one should keep in mind , however , that daphnia communities in fishless ponds and those in lakes with fish are usually made up of different species . for example , whereas d . magna and d . pulex are more common in fishless water bodies , d . galeata , d . hyalina , and d . cucullata are typically lake - dwelling species . therefore , the question of whether daphnia populations in fishless water bodies have more parasites requires further critical scrutiny .
by analysing two commonly used mitochondrial genes , we explored the distribution and variation of taxa in the d . longispina complex across china using molecular tools for the first time . surprisingly , we found mtdna lineages belonging to only two species of the complex in the 18 studied populations . these species had mostly non - overlapping distributions : d . galeata was the only lineage found in the eastern low - altitude plain , whereas d . dentifera dominated in lakes of the tibetan plateau ( western china ) . this contrasts with previous morphology - based reports ( chiang and du , 1979 ) , which documented widespread presence of d . longispina and its coexistence with d . galeata , as well as d . cucullata in chinese lowland lakes . the first taxon mentioned , d . longispina , could in fact be either a misidentified d . galeata or d . dentifera , and its absence in china is not surprising ( its easternmost confirmed locality so far is in pamir mountains , möst et al . , 2013 ) . however , the absence of d . cucullata in our samples is more intriguing , as the morphology of the species makes misidentification rather unlikely .
hudec , i . ( 1993 ) redescription of daphnia deserti ( gauthier , 1937 ) ( crustacea : daphniiformes : daphniidae ) . hydrobiologia , 264 , 153–158 . urltoken
bengtsson and ebert ( 1998 ) conducted a similar survey with only one sample per pond in a rock pool metapopulation along the swedish east coast near uppsala . in these pools , 24 of 50 ( 48 % ) d . pulex populations and 9 of 25 ( 36 % ) d . longispina populations investigated harbored at least one parasite species . across all ponds , the average microparasite prevalence was 15 . 5 % for d . pulex and 9 . 1 % for d . longispina ( about 30 % and 25 % when only populations with at least one parasite species are considered ) . the infections in the pools were primarily attributable to a single , virulent microsporidium species ( possibly larssonia obtusa ( vidtmann and sokolova 1994 ) ) , which reduced clutch size by 98 % .
brooks , j . l . ( 1957 ) the systematics of north american daphnia . memoirs of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences , 13 , 1 – 180 .
hebert , p . d . n . ( 1973 ) phenotypic variability of lactate dehydrogenase in daphnia magna . journal of experimental zoology , 186 , 33 – 38 . urltoken
hebert , p . d . n . ( 1974 ) ecological differences among genotypes in a natural population of daphnia magna . heredity , 33 , 327 – 337 . urltoken
decaestecker e . 2002 . evolutionary ecology of host - parasite interactions : daphnia and its parasites as a model . phd thesis , katholieke universiteit leuven , leuven , belgium .
ebert d . ecology , epidemiology , and evolution of parasitism in daphnia [ internet ] . bethesda ( md ) : national center for biotechnology information ( us ) ; 2005 .
daphnia cucullata . adult female with one embryo in her brood chamber . this female comes from a laboratory culture of a clone originally isolated from klostersee in southern bavaria , germany .
ishikawa , с . ( 1896 ) phyllopod crustacea of japan . ( viii ) daphnia mitsukuri , n . sp . zoological magazine , tokyo , 8 , 55 – 57 .
paggi , j . c . ( 1999 ) status and phylogenetic relationships of daphnia sarsi daday , 1902 ( crustacea : anomopoda ) . hydrobiologia , 403 , 27 – 37 .
benzie , j . a . h . ( 1988b ) the systematics of australian daphnia ( cladocera : daphniidae ) . multivariate morphometrics . hydrobiologia , 166 , 163 – 182 . urltoken
peters , r . h . & de bernardi , r . ( eds . ) , ( 1987 ) daphnia . memorie dell ' istituto italiano di ldrobiologia , 45 , 1–502 .
stirnadel ha , ebert d ( 1997 ) prevalence , host specificity and impact on host fecundity of microparasites and epibionts in three sympatric daphnia species . j anim ecol , 66 : 212–222
ebert d , hottinger jw , pajunen vi ( 2001 ) temporal and spatial dynamics of parasites in a daphnia metapopulation : which factors explain parasite richness ? . ecology , 82 : 3417–3434
male daphnia magna . a male d . magna from a laboratory population of a clone isolated from a rock pool in southern finland . photo by dita b . vizoso , fribourg university .
the english name for daphnia , waterflea , originates from the jumping - like behavior they exhibit while swimming . this behavior stems from the beating of the large antennae , which they use to direct themselves through the water . the rapid downbeat produces a quick upward movement , whereas the relatively high density of the animals creates a sinking . motionless daphnia sink rapidly to the ground .
hebert , p . d . n . ( 1995 ) the daphnia of north america . an illustrated fauna . university of guelph , guelph , canada . cd distributed by the author .
benzie , j . a . h . ( 1988c ) the systematics of australian daphnia ( cladocera : daphniidae ) . species description and keys . hydrobiologia , 166 , 95 – 161 . urltoken
brunner du . 1996 . the role of population size , migration , parasites and competition for the genetic population structure of daphnia magna . diploma thesis , university of basel , basel , switzerland .
daphnia magna . adult female with a clutch of freshly laid parthenogenetic eggs in its brood chamber . the female is from a laboratory culture of a clone originating in a pond near oxford , uk .
giessler , s . , e . mader & k . schwenk , 1999 . morphological evolution and genetic di . erentiation in daphnia species complexes . journal of evolutionary biology 12 : 710 - 723 .
johnson , d . s . ( 1952 ) the british species of the genus daphnia ( crustacea , cladocera ) . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 122 , 435 – 462 . urltoken
wagler , e . ( 1936 ) die systematik und geographische verbreitung des genus daphnia o . f . müller mit besonderer berucksichtigung des sudafrikanischen arten . archiv für hydrobiologie , 30 , 505 – 556 .
barea - arco j , perez - martinez c , morales - baquero r ( 2001 ) evidence for mutualistic relationship between an algal epibiont and its host daphnia pulicaria . limno oceanogr , 46 : 871–881
green ( 1957 ) studied parasites and epibionts of cladocera in 67 rock pool populations in the skerry islands of southern finland . these pools were small ( 3 - 4 m in length and up to 0 . 4 m deep ) and fishless . parasite richness declined from d . magna to d . pulex to d . longispina , suggesting that larger daphnia species harbor more parasites . green found that some parasite species lowered host fecundity more than others , and in one case , he observed that ephippial females were overparasitized . the author suggested that certain species of epibionts compete with each other for space on the host and thus exclude each other at the population level .
certain species of daphnia , e . g . , d . magna , can be observed clinging occasionally to plants or other substrate . furthermore , they may browse over the surface substrates to pick up small particles . this behavior is more apparent when food is limited and seems to enrich the diet . the stirring movement of the daphnia brings small particles into suspension , which are then ingested by filter feeding .
havel , j . e . & hebert , p . d . n . ( 1993 ) daphnia lumholtzi in north america : another exotic zooplankter . limnology and oceanography , 38 , 1823 – 1827 . urltoken
paggi , j . c . ( 1996 ) daphnia ( ctenodaphnia ) menucoensis ( anomapoda ; daphniidae ) : a new species from athalassic saline waters in argentina . hydrobiologia , 319 , 137 – 147 . urltoken
fourth , because daphnia populations in lakes may not reach the density levels of pond populations , parasite transmission may be reduced . two factors may account for this situation : a ) lakes are often less nutrient rich ( eutrophic ) than ponds , so that lower rates of primary production may limit the maximum density of zooplankton populations ; and b ) predation by planktivorous fish may influence daphnia density , and thus parasite transmission , negatively .
scanning electron microscopic of an adult male daphnia magna . a male d . magna from a laboratory population of a clone isolated from a rock pool in southern finland . photo by frida ben - ami , basel university .
hebert , p . d . n . ( 1977 ) a revision of the taxonomy of the genus daphnia ( crustacea : daphnidae ) in southeastern australia . australian journal of zoology , 25 , 371 – 398 . urltoken
mergeay , j . , verschuren , d . & de meester , l . ( 2005 ) cryptic invasion and dispersal of an american daphnia in east africa . limnology & oceanography , 50 , 1278 – 1283 . urltoken
ebert d . ecology , epidemiology , and evolution of parasitism in daphnia [ internet ] . bethesda ( md ) : national center for biotechnology information ( us ) ; 2005 . chapter 4 , parasitism in natural populations .
ebert d , zschokke - rohringer cd , carius hj ( 1998 ) within and between population variation for resistance of daphnia magna to the bacterial endoparasite pasteuria ramosa . proc r soc lond b biol sci , 265 : 2127–2134
glagolev , s . m . ( 1986 ) morphology , systematics and geographic distribution of the cladoceran genus daphnia from eurasia . dissertatsia kandidata biologicheskich nauk . iemezh of an sssr , moscow , 226 pp . [ in russian ]
glagolev , s . m . & alonso , m . ( 1990 ) daphnia ( ctenodaphnia ) hispanica sp . nov . , a new daphnid ( cladocera ) from spain . hydrobiologia , 194 , 149 – 162 . urltoken
petrusek , a . ( 2007 ) diversity of european daphnia on different scales : from cryptic species to within - lake differentiation . ph . d . thesis . charles university in prague , faculty of science , 121 pp .
this chapter provides an overview of the biology of waterfleas of the genus daphnia . it describes basic aspects of individual physiology and nutrition , including some remarks about immunity . it summarizes the typical life cycle and development of daphnia . the modes of reproduction and the induction of resting egg production in cyclic and obligate parthenogenetic forms are discussed . finally , population biological aspects , such as behavioral ecology , habitat preferences , population genetics , and population dynamics , are introduced .
alonso , m . ( 1985 ) daphnia ( ctenodaphnia ) mediterranea : a new species of hyperhaline waters , long confused with d . ( c . ) dolichocephala sars , 1895 . hydrobiologia , 128 , 217 – 228 . urltoken
brady , g . s . ( 1898 ) on the british species of entomostraca belonging to daphnia and other allied genera . natural history transactions of northumberland , durham , and newcastle - upon - tyne , 13 , 217 – 248 .
part of the behavioral repertoire of daphnia that is key to diel vertical migration is phototaxis . clones of d . magna vary strongly in their phototactic behavior . phototactic - positive genotypes spend much time in the upper water level , whereas phototactic - negative genotypes spend most of their time close to the bottom sediments . phototactic behavior is also influenced by the presence of fish . if daphnia sense that fish are present in the water , they behave more phototactically negative than they would otherwise .
crease , t . j . , omilian , a . r . , costanzo , k . s . & taylor , d . j . ( 2012 ) transcontinental phylogeography of the daphnia pulex species complex . plos one , 7 , e46620 .
kotov , a . a . & taylor , d . j . ( 2010 ) a new african lineage of the daphnia obtusa group ( cladocera : daphniidae ) disrupts continental vicariance patterns . journal of plankton research , 32 , 937 – 949 . urltoken
with the announcement that the genome sequence of d . pulex will be produced in 2005 , the genetic study of daphnia is about to enter a new phase . with daphnia , one of the first organisms with a well - known ecology will be sequenced , which is a milestone in the field of ecological genetics . other molecular tools have been developed in parallel , not only for d . pulex but also for d . magna ( e . g . , microarrays , expressed sequence tags ( ests ) ) .
kořínek , v . & hebert , p . d . n . ( 1996 ) a new species complex of daphnia ( crustacea , cladocera ) from the pacific northwest of the united states . canadian journal of zoology , 74 , 1379 – 1393 . urltoken
gut of daphnia magna . gut dissected from a female . on the left , the paired intestinal ceca can be seen . the gut ends at the right side . the esophagus cannot be seen in this preparation . the dark material is partially digested gut content .
hebert , p . d . n . , witt , j . d . s . & adamowicz , s . j . ( 2003b ) phylogeographical patterning in daphnia ambigua : regional divergence and intercontinental cohesion . limnology and oceanography , 48 , 261 – 268 . urltoken
studies that investigated more than one daphnia species in a given habitat found that within populations , the larger species were more strongly parasitized than smaller species ( green 1957 ; stirnadel and ebert 1997 ) . because transmission for many parasite species occurs after the host ingests spores with its food ( see chapter 8 , epidemiology , subsection on transmission ) , this relationship may be explained by the considerably larger volume of water that the larger daphnia filters . however , alternative explanations , such as differential susceptibility , may contribute to this pattern as well .
two daphnia magna with contrasting hemolymph color due to haemoglobin ( hb ) . these two adult females were taken from two adjacent rock pool populations in southern finland at a time when one of the pools was low in oxygen ( because of overfertilization ( more . . . )
we describe the occurrence of d . galeata × longispina hybrids in two lakes of western norway . parental species and interspecific hybrids were characterised by both nuclear and mitochondrial molecular markers . in one of the populations , hybrids were shown to dominate the population over several years . a few individuals in both populations were probably not f1 hybrids , but possibly backcrosses or f2 hybrids . most ( possibly all ) f1 hybrids were of d . galeata maternal origin . in addition , interspecific hybrids could be identified based on morphological characters , which were intermediate between the parental species . interspecific hybridisation between these two species is remarkable , since they are distantly related .
development of daphnia embryos . this sequence shows the development of parthenogenetic eggs and embryos raised in a culture dish . the top left picture shows an egg within the first 8 hours after egg laying . the last picture shows an embryo of about 2 ( more . . . )
wound healing in daphnia magna . an injury in the carapace heals within a few hours to days . wound healing involves a melanization reaction that stains the wound dark . here a needle was used to injure the carapace . the squared pattern in the background ( more . . . )
a second well - known behavior of daphnia is diel vertical migration , in which they migrate toward upper levels of the water body during nighttime and then back downward during the early morning and daytime . this behavior probably developed as a predator avoidance strategy . during daylight , the daphnia hide from fish that hunt visually by moving to darker depths , whereas during nighttime , they take advantage of the richer food ( planktonic algae ) in the well - illuminated upper water levels . inverse diel vertical migration has been described as a strategy to escape other predators that migrate themselves .
adamowicz , s . j . , hebert , p . d . n . & marinone , m . c . ( 2004 ) species diversity and endemism in the daphnia of argentina : a genetic investigation . zoological journal of the linnean society , 140 , 171 – 205 . urltoken
benzie , j . a . h . ( 2005 ) the genus daphnia ( including daphniopsis ) ( anomopoda : daphniidae ) . guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world 21 . kenobi productions , ghent & backhuys publishers , leiden , 376 pp .
lehman , n . , pfrender , m . e . , morin , p . a . , crease , t . j . & lynch , m . ( 1995 ) a hierarchical molecular phylogeny within the genus daphnia . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 4 , 395 – 407 .
egg laying by daphnia magna . this series of pictures , taken within a 15 - minute time span , shows the process of placing eggs into the brood chamber . the eggs are initially sausage shaped but quickly resume a nearly spherical shape . the ovaries shrink ( more . . . )
daphnia magna carrying a resting egg . the ephippium is easily recognized by its dark color . it usually contains two eggs , which are haploid and require fertilization . in the central part of the body of this female , the filled , greenish ovaries can be ( more . . . )
it has been proposed that in water bodies without predation , the composition of daphnia species is influenced by size - dependent competition , with larger species out - competing smaller species . there is , however , some debate about the efficiency of size - dependent processes in the absence of predation .
dry rock pool with daphnia magna populations on an island in the tvärminne archipelago in southern finland . the upper photo shows a dry pool in july 2003 . the lower photo shows a close - up of the sediment surface in the pool . the dry sediment has ( more . . . )
daphnia have the usual osmoregulatory problems of freshwater animals , i . e . , too much water and too few solutes . they are able to absorb ions with chloride - absorbing glands . the shell gland ( maxillary gland ; figure 2 . 1 ) may have a role in excretion and / or osmoregulation .
kotov , a . a . & gololobova , m . a . ( 2005 ) types of cladoceran species described by sven ekman in the swedish museum of natural history , with redescription of daphnia cavicervix ekman , 1900 ( daphniidae , anomopoda , cladocera ) . journal of natural history , 39 , 3059 – 3074 . urltoken
kotov , a . a . , ishida , s . & taylor , d . j . ( 2006 ) a new species in the daphnia curvirostris ( crustacea : cladocera ) complex from the eastern palearctic with molecular phylogenetic evidence for the independent origin of neckteeth . journal of plankton research , 28 , 1067 – 1979 . urltoken
there seems to be a difference in the degree of parasitism in water bodies with and without planktivorous fish . the lower parasite richness and prevalence estimates in lakes with fish predation are underscored by the fact that there are fewer literature reports of daphnia parasites from lakes with fish . several factors may work together to explain this fact .
daphnia populations vary strongly in density throughout the growing season . they typically go through pronounced cycles , with densities varying by more than seven orders of magnitude within a single season . a number of studies have refuted the belief that cycles are largely influenced by abiotic conditions ; now it is commonly believed that abiotic conditions play a role only in limiting the growing season , not as a factor shaping the population dynamics during the growing season . in many populations , density peaks are observed two or even three times per year , and it is not uncommon for populations to disappear entirely during unfavorable seasons . although it is difficult to make generalizations about daphnia population dynamics , a few points are apparent .
colbourne , j . k . , wilson , c . c . & hebert , p . d . n . ( 2006 ) the systematics of australian daphnia and daphniopsis ( crustacea : cladocera ) : a shared phylogenetic history transformed by habitat - specific rates of evolution . biological journal of the linnean society , 89 , 469 – 488 . urltoken
glagolev , s . m . ( 1995 ) genus daphnia . in : alekseev , v . r . ( ed . ) , a key - book of the freshwater invertebrates of russia and it vicinity . 2 . crustacea . zoological institute of russian academy of sciences , st . petersburg , pp . 48 – 58 . [ in russian ]
this chapter provides a short introduction to the topic of the book . i define parasites as any small organism closely associated with , and harmful to , a larger organism . i point out which features of parasites make them attractive ecological factors and why the study of parasites may add to our understanding of daphnia biology . i also provide a general outline of the book’s organization .
the two species detected in china had different geographic distributions . daphnia galeata was found in lakes of the eastern plain , in dianchi ( located in southeastern china ) and in hutoushan reservoir ( on the tibetan plateau ) . in contrast , d . dentifera was restricted to the tibetan plateau in western china , coexisting with the former species in hutoushan reservoir ( fig . 1 ) .
following the pioneering work of p . d . n . hebert , the population genetics of daphnia have been intensively studied around the world . this study was facilitated by allozyme electrophoresis ( more recently also microsatellite loci ) , which revealed a fair degree of enzyme polymorphism in many populations and opened the door for many studies on migration and gene flow ( e . g . , population divergence , isolation by distance , f - statistics ) , hybridization ( many daphnia species tend to form hybrids ) , inbreeding ( small pools may be colonized by a few clones that subsequently inbreed ) , and clonal selection ( clone frequency changes across the summer season have been frequently observed ) . it also helped explain phylogenetic relationships among species ( later refined with dna data ) .
green ( 1974 ) conducted a 4 - year longitudinal study of long water at hampton court , uk that included several species of cladocerans but no daphnia . it is not known whether this pond contained planktivorous fish . green observed that some parasite species ( also known to infect daphnia ) had a seasonal abundance pattern . for instance , pasteuria ramosa and spirobacillus cienkowskii were typically found only between april and december . the abundance patterns of other parasite species were not tied to seasons , however , leading green to conclude that the distribution of certain parasites is influenced by the severity of winter and spring temperatures . he did not discuss the role of host density as an explanatory factor . he did observe , however , that several parasite species have negative effects on host survival and fecundity .
petrusek , a . , f . bastiansen , k . schwenk , 2005 . european daphnia species ( eds ) – taxonomic and genetic keys ( build 2006 - 01 - 12 beta ) . cd - rom distributed by the authors . department of ecology and evolution , j . w . goethe - university , frankfurt am main , germany & department of ecology , charles university , prague , czech republic .
the present study was conducted to assess life history effects of adaptation to pollution in daphnia longispina clones historically exposed to an acid mine drainage from an abandoned pyrite mine . four sensitive and resistant clones from reference and impacted populations were exposed to a range of copper exposure levels and their life history and physiological responses in terms of survival , reproduction , respiration and feeding rates compared . the most resistant clone was from 16 to 48 fold more tolerant to copper in terms of lc ( 50 ) and population growth rates than sensitive ones , respectively . the genetic differences between the resistant and sensitive clones were that in the polluted environment individuals of the resistant clone survived 50 % better , reproduced 3 days earlier , grew 20 % better , produced three more offspring per day and had population growth rates 45 % greater . in the unpolluted environment , however , individuals from the resistant clone had the lowest reproduction and somatic growth rates but equivalent population growth rates , than sensitive daphnids . thus , these life history changes did not translate into lower fitness in unpolluted environments in terms of population growth rates . observed higher respiration rates of the most resistant clone support in part the energy cost hypothesis of tolerance , whereas increase feeding , reproduction and growth rates across copper exposure levels may also , indicate that resistant individuals need copper to fulfil they physiological demands thus supporting the metal deficiency hypothesis as well .
the present study was conducted to assess three microevolutionary aspects of adaptation to pollution in daphnia longispina populations historically exposed to an acid mine drainage from an abandoned pyrite mine : pollution mediated effects in acute tolerance to copper ( cu ) and zinc ( zn ) ; pollution - mediated effects on genetic variability of tolerant and physiological traits related to fitness ( feeding rates ) ; and fitness costs of tolerance measured as genetic trade - offs between tolerance and feeding rates under none and low levels of contamination . these objectives were addressed by comparing broad sense heritabilities and genetic correlations using up to 20 distinct clonal lineages randomly obtained from two populations : one located in a water reservoir contaminated by the acid mine drainage , and the other located in a nearby clean water reservoir . results showed that only sensitive and resistant lineages to cu were present in the reference and contaminated site , respectively . for zn , however , both populations had a similar distribution pattern of sensitivities . heritability values for tolerant and feeding traits across metal exposure levels was similar in both populations being in most cases greater than 50 % . fitness costs of tolerance were illustrated by lower feeding rates of the tolerant population compared to the reference one and negative genetic correlations between mean clonal feeding rates and median clonal survival time in control conditions ( no added cu or zn ) . the results obtained thus support the view that tolerance to pollution is ecologically costly .
petrusek , a . , bastiansen , f . & schwenk , k . ( 2005 ) european daphnia species ( eds ) - taxonomic and genetic keys . [ build 2005 - 09 - 07 beta ] . distributed by the authors . department of ecology and evolution , j . w . goethe - university , frankfurt am main , germany & department of ecology , charles university , prague , czechia . cd - rom .
the nervous system is characterized by the cerebral ganglion , which is located close to the gut and near the eye . juvenile and adult daphnia have one large compound eye , whereas embryos show two brownish eye spots that fuse during the last part of the development . the compound eye helps to orient the animal while swimming . a small structure called a naupliar eye is located between the mouth and the compound eye on top of the cerebral ganglion .
this survey of field studies clearly shows that parasites are abundant in natural daphnia populations . it also shows that even under natural conditions , the harmful effect of parasites is usually clearly visible . because field studies cannot address a number of factors , however , i will give , in the following chapter , an overview of experimental approaches that might tackle some of these remaining issues . for me , the key questions emerging from the survey of field studies are :
in this chapter , i summarize what we know about parasite host ranges and host specificity . i outline the ecological , epidemiological , and taxonomic considerations relevant for assessing host ranges and discuss the problems with describing host ranges in field studies , where the investigation of host ranges is hampered by low statistical power , and laboratory studies , where the absence of evidence is not necessarily evidence for absence . i argue that daphnia parasites are generally more specific than thought previously .
finally , it should be noted that literature reports of the same parasite species in different daphnia species or the same parasite species in different localities are often not very trustworthy unless they are combined with detailed taxonomic and / or molecular investigations . because parasites are usually not very rich in morphological characters , it is easy to pool different species into one taxon . it seems likely to me that many currently described parasite species will turn out to be a group of species .
the water quality of daphnia habitats can vary widely . a ph between 6 . 5 and 9 . 5 is acceptable for most species , with the optimum being between 7 . 2 and 8 . 5 . salinity should usually be below 5 % of seawater ( about 1 . 5 grams of sea salt per liter ) , but some species can tolerate much higher salinities , such as . d . magna , which can be found in up to 20 % seawater .
kořínek , v . ( 2005 ) review . benzie , j . a . h . : cladocera : the genus daphnia ( including daphniopsis ) . in : dumont , h . j . f . ( ed . ) , guides to the identification of the macroinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world . vol . 21 . 376 pp . – kenobi prod . ghent & backhuys publ . leiden , 2005 . archiv für hydrobiologie , 163 , 429 – 430 .
flössner d . ( 2005 ) review . john a . h . benzie : vol . 21 : cladocera : the genus daphnia ( including daphniopsis ) . in : dumont , h . j . f . ( ed . ) , guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world . backhuys publ . leiden , 2005 , 376 pp . , 1445 figs . paperbound . isbn 90 - 5732 - 151 - 6 . international review of hydrobiology , 90 , 637 .
smirnov , n . n . ( 2005 ) review . the genus daphnia ( including daphniopsis ) ( anomopoda : daphniidae ) . by j . h . benzie . guides to the identification of the microinvertebrates of the continental waters of the world 21 . coordinating editor h . j . f . dumont . issn 0928 - 2440 . kenobi productions , ghent . backhuys publishers , leiden . 2005 . 376 pp . , 1445 figs . arthropoda selecta , 14 ( 2 ) , 181 – 182 .
to determine the level of sequence diversity within the d . longispina complex in china , haplotype diversity ( h ) , nucleotide diversity ( π ) and mean pair - wise differences ( d ) were calculated per species ( i . e . d . dentifera and d . galeata ) , for the 12s ( 126 individuals ) and the coi ( 84 individuals ) genes , in arlequin v . 3 . 11 ( excoffier et al . , 2005 ) . in addition , we compared nucleotide diversity among d . galeata originating from the following regions : china , japan , north america , siberia and western palaearctic ( schwenk et al . , 2000 ; taylor et al . , 2005 ; petrusek et al . , 2007 ; , 2008a ; gießler and englbrecht , 2009 ; thielsch et al . , 2009 ; zuykova and bochkarev , 2010 ; ishida et al . , 2011 ; hamrová et al . , 2012 ; zuykova et al . , 2013a , b ) . similarly , we compared nucleotide diversity among groups of d . dentifera originating from china , japan and north america ( taylor et al . , 2005 ; ishida et al . , 2011 ) .
many previous studies have shown that multiple species from the d . longispina complex are able to coexist in european lakes , and have frequently been found together with their interspecific hybrids ( e . g . flößner and kraus , 1986 ; keller et al . , 2008 ; petrusek et al . , 2008b ; yin et al . , 2010 ) . this is apparently less frequent for sites in the eastern palaearctic region we have studied . our results agreed with previous reports from japan that d . galeata is prevalent at lower altitudes , whereas d . dentifera is typically distributed at higher altitudes ( ishida et al . , 2011 ) . this pattern is consistent with a general trend of d . galeata being better adapted to warmer habitats ( spaak et al . , 2012 ) . in contrast , colder high mountain lakes are more suitable habitats for d . dentifera , due to differences not only in temperature and trophy , but also in predation pressure ( ishida et al . , 2011 ) . previous studies on this species pair have indeed shown that they each possess unique morphological and ecological features that make them differently susceptible to fish and invertebrate predation ( e . g . duffy et al . , 2004 ) .
danielopol , d . l . ( 2005 ) review . j . a . h . benzie , 2005 . cladocera : the genus daphnia ( including daphniopsis ) . guides ident . microinvertebr . cont . waters world , 21 : i - viii , 1 – 376 , 1444 figs . ( backhuys publishers , leiden ) . paperbound . isbn 90 - 5782 - 151 - 6 . price € 90 . 00 ( approx . us $ 110 . - ) , plus postage and packing . crustaceana , 78 , 1023 .
field studies on parasitism in daphnia and related cladocera can be grouped into two categories : longitudinal studies , which conduct time series - based research on samples taken in regular intervals from the same body of water ; and comparative studies , which use one or a few samples from many bodies of water . here studies are discussed separately within these two groups and are presented in chronological order . only studies based on a large number of samples are included . tables 4 . 1 and 4 . 2 give an overview of all studies discussed here .
the gut is more or less tubular with three parts : the esophagus , the midgut , and the hindgut . there are two small digestive ceca ( diverticula ) that are easily seen in the head section of the midgut ( figures 2 . 1 and 2 . 6 ) . the midgut is lined with an epithelium and bears microvilli . peristaltic contractions of the gut wall pass food through the gut , but a peritrophic membrane contains the food and prevents it from entering the ceca . epithelial cells do not phagocytose particles but absorb molecules . the ph is 6 to 6 . 8 in the anterior part of the midgut and 6 . 6 to 7 . 2 in the posterior part . food is expelled from the hindgut by peristaltic movement but also requires the pressure of more recently acquired food particles . the color of daphnia adapts to the food that is predominant in their diet . daphnia feeding on green algae will be transparent with a tint of green or yellow , whereas those feeding on bacteria will be white or salmon - pink . well - fed animals are more strongly colored than starved animals .
a first step in understanding the role of naturally occurring parasites on the biology of their hosts is to assess their distribution in natural populations . parasite abundance is usually expressed as prevalence ( determined in most field studies as the proportion of adult hosts or adult females that are infected ) . a number of investigations on prevalence patterns of daphnia parasites have been conducted . i will summarize these briefly below , followed by a general discussion . readers who are less interested in the details of these studies may jump directly to the next section ,
generalizations about parasitism in natural populations
.
interestingly , we only found coexistence of both species ( or , more precisely , mitochondrial lineages ) in a single locality , hutoushan reservoir ( hts ) in tibet . this is an artificial ( and thus relatively recently formed ) water body , which provides suitable wintering grounds for cranes grus nigricollis ( m . yin , personal observation ) . birds are believed to be the key vectors for the passive dispersal of dormant eggs of lake daphnia ( e . g . mellors , 1975 ) , and it seems likely that they could introduce dormant daphnia eggs from inland china to this lake ( with which the local d . galeata haplotype is shared ) . if colonization by both species happened shortly after reservoir formation , the establishment of a newly arriving species in the presence of a congeneric competitor might have been more likely than in the case of other tibetan lakes studied . this provided an opportunity for hybridization of both species ( supported by analysis of nuclear microsatellite markers ; m . yin et al . , unpublished data ) . presence of hybrid genotypes is consistent with previous studies that have detected nuclear introgression and hybridization between d . dentifera and d . galeata in both north america and japan ( taylor et al . , 2005 ; ishida et al . , 2011 ) .


procambarus nigrocinctus , the blackbelted crayfish , is a species of crayfish in the family cambaridae .

it is listed as a species of least concern on the iucn red list , because it is known from more than 100 sites across thirteen counties , all in the neches river system , and is common and widespread in a national park .

procambarus nigrocinctus

abstract : we tested the hypotheses that potential egg predators , crayfish procambarus nigrocinctus and dytiscid cybister sp . larvae , would accelerate the timing of hatching and that a larval predator , dragonfly naiad anax junius , would delay hatching in the southern leopard frog ( rana . . .
procambarus ( girardiella ) holifieldi , new species , is a primary burrowing crayfish from a low - lying field in perry county , alabama . it belongs to the hagenianus group in the subgenus girardiella . the new species is morphologically most similar to procambarus (
phenotypic plasticity , such as morphological and behavioral changes in response to predators , is common in larval anurans . less is known about inducible defenses in the embryonic stages of development . we investigated the predation risk imposed by crayfish ( procambarus nigrocinctus ) on southern leopard frog ( rana sphenocephala ) . . .
saenz , d . , j . b . johnson , c . k . adams , and g . h . dayton . 2003 . accelerated hatching of southern leopard frog ( rana sphenocephala ) in response to the presence of a crayfish ( procambarus nigrocinctus ) predator . copeia 2003 ( 3 ) : 646 - 649 .
the lower mississippi alluvial valley ( lmav ) is a species - rich region in north america , but its crayfish community has not been extensively sampled . we investigated the annual life cycle , habitat use , and some morphological characteristics of the vernal crayfish , procambarus viaeviridis ( faxon , 1914 ) , in the dahomey national wildlife refuge , . . .
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livingston , f . , livingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .
has been assessed as least concern . although this species has a fairly restricted range , it is known from a large number of sites over 13 counties in texas . furthermore , it is not impacted upon by any major threat processes . further research is required to determine the abundance of this species , and whether it is being impacted upon by any major threat processes .
this species is known from 100 sites in 13 counties , all in the neches river system , texas ( d . johnson pers . comm . 2009 ) . three days of targeted surveying , produced 43 new sites for this species ( d . johnson pers . comm . 2009 ) . this species has a distribution of approximately 10000 km 2 .
is found in moderately flowing , clear or weak coffee - coloured creeks with sandy and rocky bottoms . one specimen has been found in a pool in a roadside ditch ( hobbs 1990 ) .
this species has been used in scientific assessments using whole individuals from wild populations ( d . johnson pers . comm . 2009 ) .
( 2003 ) believed that this species is common , and hence its population is not be effected by removal of individuals for scientific research . due to the unpolluted nature of this species type location , it is likely that low water quality would be detrimental to this species ( d . johnson pers . comm . 2009 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , part of its range overlaps with a national park . furthermore , this species has been given a natureserve global heritage status rank of g1g2 , and was assigned an american fisheries society status of endangered based on its restricted range ( taylor et al . 2007 , natureserve 2009 ) . further research is required to determine the abundance of this species , and whether it is being impacted upon by any major threat processes .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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this species is known from 100 sites in 13 counties , all in the neches river system , texas ( d . johnson pers . comm . 2009 ) . three days of targeted surveying , produced 43 new sites for this species ( d . johnson pers . comm . 2009 ) . this species has a distribution of approximately 10000 km
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hobbs , h . h . , jr . 1990 . on the crayfishes ( decapoda : cambaridae ) of the neches river basin of eastern texas with the descriptions of three new species . proceedings of the biological society of washington 103 ( 3 ) : 573 - 597 .
the species only lives in a few sites in the neches river basin of eastern texas . this species has been described as common and widespread within its very limited range although this range is only in two counties in texas which gives it an estimated extent of occurrence of < 500 sq . km . at least one subpopulation inhabits a national park although it has not been recorded if there are any conservation measures in place . no threats have been reported for the subpopulations outside of the national park .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
the species only lives in a few sites in the neches river basin of eastern texas ( johnson and johnson , 2008 ) .
the species has been described as common and widespread throughout a national park in eastern texas ( saenz et al . , 2003 ) . hobbs ( 1990 ) commented on the juveniles of this species being far more common in april than in november . however , only about a half dozen or dozen sites ( 4 or 5 only 10 km apart ) in a half dozen counties have been found ( johnson and johnson , 2008 ) .
limited numbers at each known site . the species has been described as common and widespread throughout a davy crockett national forest in eastern texas ( saenz et al . , 2003 ) .
it is common at the davy crockett national forest in eastern texas ( saenz et al . , 2003 ) .
several sites very near airport and development could eliminate populations . no other species specific major threats have been reported for this species and saenz et al . ( 2003 ) believed it common enough to be able to remove individuals from the population for scientific research . due to the unpolluted nature of this species type location it is likely that low water quality would be detrimental to this species .
unless habitat drained or surfaced , the species should be able to hold its own .
( 100 - 250 square km ( about 40 - 100 square miles ) ) the species only lives in a few sites in the neches river basin of eastern texas ( johnson and johnson , 2008 ) .
it occurs in moderately flowing small creeks . found among rocks and accumulated debris .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
separation barriers are based on hydrological discontinuity . additional physical barriers , particularly for secondary and tertiary burrowers , include presence of upland habitat between water connections of a distance greater than 30 m . migration of primary burrowers is generally not hindered by presence of upland habitat unless conditions are very xeric ( dry and desert - like ) ( smith , 2001 ) .
freshwater cave ( troglobitic ) species may occur from near entrances to very deep in cave systems . for cave species , each cave where an observation or collection was recorded ( see minimum eo criteria , above ) constitutes an element occurrence regardless of separation distance unless caves are part of a single hydrological system ( see below ) . occurrences are additionally separated by underground physical barriers to movement . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered to be a single element occurrence when they are less than one km apart . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered separate element occurrences when hydrological connections have not been determined or when separated by a distance of at least one km .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
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johnson , s . k . and n . k . johnson . 2008 . texas crawdads . crawdad club designs : college station , texas . 160 pp .
mclaughlin , p . a . , d . k . camp , m . v . angel , e . l . bousfield , p . brunel , r . c . brusca , d . cadien , a . c . cohen , k . conlan , l . g . eldredge , d . l . felder , j . w . goy , t . haney , b . hann , r . w . heard , e . a . hendrycks , h . h . hobbs iii , j . r . holsinger , b . kensley , d . r . laubitz , s . e . lecroy , r . lemaitre , r . f . maddocks , j . w . martin , p . mikkelsen , e . nelson , w . a . newman , r . m . overstreet , w . j . poly , w . w . price , j . w . reid , a . robertson , d . c . rogers , a . ross , m . schotte , f . schram , c . shih , l . watling , g . d . f . wilson , and d . d . turgeon . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31 : 545 pp .
taylor , c . a . , g . a . schuster , j . e . cooper , r . j . distefano , a . g . eversole , p . hamr , h . h . hobbs iii , h . w . robison , c . e . skelton , and r . f . thoma . 2007 . a reassessment of the conservation status of crayfishes of the united states and canada after 10 + years of increased awareness . fisheries 32 ( 8 ) : 371 - 389 .
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hobbs , h . h . jr . ( 1990 ) . on the crayfishes ( decapoda : cambaridae ) of the neches river basin of eastern texas with the descriptions of three new species . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 103 ( 3 ) : 573 - 597 . [ details ]
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daniel saenz ; james b . johnson ; cory k . adams ; gage h . dayton
dams and impoundments , both large and small , affect downstream physicochemical characteristics and up - and downstream biotic communities . i tested whether small dams and their impoundments altered downstream crayfish assemblages in northern mississippi . i sampled crayfish and measured physicochemical variables at 4 sites downstream of impoundments ( outlet sites ) and 4 . . .
we present new state records for 3 crayfish species in the tennessee river basin in mississippi , and the first drainage - specific distributional information in the state for a fourth . the species - cambarus girardianus , cambarus rusticiformis , orconectes spinosus , and orconectes wright , - are all known from the tennessee river basin in tennessee , while all but o . . . .
james b . johnson ; daniel saenz ; cory k . adams ; richard n . conner
historic land use changes and subsequent river channelization created deeply incised , unstable stream channels largely devoid of natural cover throughout the yazoo river basin , mississippi , usa . large trash ( e . g . , televisions , toilets , car parts ) dumped in streams provided shelter for some aquatic fauna . to determine whether trash served as a surrogate for natural . . .
tultraviolet - filters ( uv - filters ) and estrogens have attracted increased attention as contaminants of emerging concern ( cecs ) due to their widespread occurrence in the environment . most of these cecs are hydrophobic and have the potential to accumulate in aquatic organisms . to date , co - analysis of uv - filters and estrogens has not been reported due , in part , to the . . .


meliboeus is a genus of beetles in the family buprestidae , the jewel beetles .

they are distributed throughout the palearctic , afrotropical , and oriental ecozones .

as of 2008 , there were 227 species .

meliboeus

praying him of mercy and pity . then said meliboeus ,
he is well
when it is most need .
yet [ besides , further ] had this meliboeus
a . v . prokhorov review of ukrainian species of the genus meliboeus ( coleoptera , buprestidae , agrilinae ) . vestnik zoologii , 45 ( 6 ) : 503 - 511 , 2011 . файл pdf : prokhorov _ review _ ukrainian _ meliboeus . pdf
chaucer , geoffrey .
the canterbury tales e - text | chaucer’s tale of meliboeus
. gradesaver , 8 may 2006 web .
4 .
thy name ,
she says ,
is meliboeus ; that is to say , a man that drinketh honey .
meliboeus , a , um , adj . , melibaean : purpura , lucr . 2 , 500 ; verg . a . 5 , 251 .
virgil’s structural deployment of meliboeus as figure and name confirms the etymology’s relevance . the last line of the eclogues clearly inverts meliboeus’ last words to his goats ( e . 10 . 77 > 1 . 74 ) , so that meliboeus helps the eclogues book come ( dubiously ) full circle . he repeats this role for the georgics , whose end loops to the beginning of the eclogues ( g . 566 > e . 1 . 1 ) . but the georgics ’ end loops to its own beginning as well , and via meliboeus : the opening lines of the georgics mention as subject of interest cura boum , “care of cows” ( g . 1 . 3 ) —aka meliboeus . i then show how amaryllis and her shadows haunt both the end , and , more tenuously , the beginning , of the aeneid . i conclude with reflections on how virgil’s implication of his first three named characters in multiple relationships of reciprocity and inversion is of a piece with his general interest in large - scale ring - structures and loops .
i use this market term pointedly because it plays a key part in the poem’s tragically inverse correlation—meliboeus / tityrus . that meliboeus’ name seems a virgilian innovation ( clausen ad e . 1 . 6 ) presents a prima facie case for onomastic attention . i begin with a puzzle : meliboeus is a goat - herd , but has a name that suggests greek “care for cows” ( ὅτι μέλει αὐτῷ τῶν βοῶν , serv . praem . buc . ) ; by contrast , tityrus is a cow - herd , but echoes a greek word for “ram” ( serv . ibid . ; aelian , v . h . 3 . 40 ; pace ath . deip . 4 . 182d ; sch . ad th . 3 . 2a , p . 117 , 16 wend . ; cf . van sickle 2000 ) . the poem pulls the strings tighter : tityrus tells meliboeus that , while he was together with galatea , he had no cura peculi ( “care for his bucks , ” i . e . cash - cows , peculium < pecus ) . now , however , that tityrus has regained his “care of cash - cows , ” political fortunes are depriving him of meliboeus , “he who cares for cows . ” cura peculi replaces , here , cura boum —a markedly uneven exchange .
meliboeus praetoriae - species dictionary - southern africa - interactions - page 1 : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
the nominal species ancyluris pyrete was established by hübner on the basis of two bibliographical references , the first to papilio pyretus cramer , [ 1777 ] ( uitl . kapellen 2 ( 12 ) : 76 , pl . 144 , figs . a , b ) , the second , to papilio meliboeus fabricius , 1777 . prior to 1958 there existed no means for determining the relative precedence to be accorded to names published in the same year by fabricius and cramer respectively . in 1958 however the commission promulgated its opinion 516 ( opin . int . comm . zool . nom . 19 : 1 - 44 ) , in which , while dealing with this situation in relation to the year 1775 it gave a ruling that precedence be accorded to fabrician names over those published by cramer . the situation in this matter obtaining in relation to the year 1777 is exactly similar to that in 1775 , and accordingly the name papilio meliboeus fabricius is to be treated as having precedence over papilio pyretus cramer published in the same year . by the lectotype - selection made by hemming in 1964 , the nominal species which is the type - species of ancyluris hübner becomes objectively identical with the nominal species ( papilio meliboeus fabricius ) which bears the oldest nomenclatorially available name applicable to the present taxon , these two nominal species having the same specimen as their respective lectotypes .
i have no data regarding meliboeus but the lifecycle is likely to be similar to that of other ancyluris species as follows : the eggs are white and highly sculptured . they are laid singly in fissures on the stems or twigs of the foodplants . egg - laying females tend to settle high up , then walk backwards down the stem , probing with the ovipositor in various places before depositing each egg . the larval foodplants are trees in the families melastomaceae and euphorbiaceae . the larvae are gregarious , living in small groups of mixed instars . they are reported to be cannibalistic .
amaryllis’ name suggests that her relationship to the trees is just as integral to her character as her relationship to tityrus . amaryllis is first named by meliboeus at the end of the poem’s first speech ( e . 1 . 5 ) : “you , tityrus , pliant in shade ( in umbra ) / teach the trees to echo ‘lovely amaryllis . ’” looking to her name , i show that “shade” is not accidental , but essential , to amaryllis : from greek ἀμαρύσσω , “to shimmer , ” ( cf . gow ad th . id . 3 . 1 ) she is the sprinkled or half - light ( cf . aegle , gr . “blinding light” ) that is the complement of shade . shade and light are inversely correlated , but amaryllis represents , in tityrus’ pastoral paradise , their equilibrium point .
lightly had daphnis sate down beneath a whispering ilex , and corydon and thyrsis had driven their flocks together , thyrsis his sheep , corydon his milk - swoln she - goats ; both in the blossom of age , both arcadians , ready to sing and answer verse for verse . hither , while i covered my delicate myrtles from the frost , my he - goat , lord of the flock , had wandered down : and i espy daphnis : seeing me in turn , quick , he cries , come hither , meliboeus ! thy goat and kids are safe ; and , if thou canst take holiday , rest under the shade : hither come the bullocks unherded across the meadows to drink ; here mincius lines his green banks with a fringe of soft rushes , and the swarming bees murmur out of the holy oak .
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“feed , as before , your kine , boys , rear your bulls . ”
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john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 1 . 157
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 1 . 286
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 1 . 538
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john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 2 . 649
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john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 2 . 81
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 3 . 309
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 3 . 337
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 3 . 416
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 3 . 608
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john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 4 . 534
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 4 . 671
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 5 . 706 , 707
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 5 . 733
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 5 . 793
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john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 5 . 871
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john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 6 . 561
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 1 , 6 . 612 , 613
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 2 , 10 . 191
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 2 , 10 . 339 , 340
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 2 , 12 . 237
john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 2 , 12 . 277 , 278
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john conington , commentary on vergil ' s aeneid , volume 2 , 7 . 425
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w . w . how , j . wells , a commentary on herodotus , 5 . 92a
charles simmons , the metamorphoses of ovid , books xiii and xiv , 13 . 324
charles simmons , the metamorphoses of ovid , books xiii and xiv , 14 . 54
i begin with tityrus and amaryllis , singing in the trees . juan luis de la cerda’s 1608 commentary to the georgics ( ad g . 3 . 334 ) uses amaryllis ( e . 1 . 5 ) as a reference - case for the virgilan figure he terms flexus ( mirus ) orationis : “the woods echo amaryllis , amaryllis the woods . ” this “turn of speech” ( a useful term for echo as a textual effect ) points us to later in the poem , where “sad amaryllis” causes “pines , fountains , trees” to bewail ( vocabant ) tityrus ( e . 1 . 36 - 9 ) , and suggests that questions of priority ( who’s singing whom ? ) take a back seat to their mutual co - implication .
in september , prince george will be getting some latin lessons . we hope he will be trained in the art of roman decl… urltoken
@ mbmcmanamon @ rbcaesar yes , this is like sulpicia , who lived under the reign of augustus .
what was i to do ? i had no alcippe , no phyllis to shut in the weanling lambs at home ; and corydon against thyrsis was a brave match . however , i put aside my business for their pleasure . so both began their contest , in alternate verses , since such the muses willed them to remember . these corydon , those thyrsis uttered in his turn .
co . - - nymphs of libethrus , our delight , either grant me such a song as my codrus ' own : his come next to the verses phoebus makes ; or if we cannot all of us attain , this shrill pipe shall hang from your holy pine .
th . - - shepherds of arcady , deck with ivy your rising poet , that codrus may burst his gall with envy ; or , if he praise beyond my need , bind my brows with foxglove , lest an evil tongue harm the hard to be .
co . - - this bristling boar ' s head to thee , maid of delos , and the branching antlers of a long - lived stag little micon offers . if this thy grace abide , all in smooth marble thou shalt stand , the crimson buskin laced round thine ankles .
th . - - a bowl of milk and these cakes , o priapus , yearly is enough for thee to claim ; thou art keeper of a scanty garden . { p . 283 } now we have fashioned thee in marble for the time : but do thou , if lambing - time fill up the flock , be there in gold .
th . - - nay , but may i seem to thee bitterer than herbage of sardinia , rougher than the spiky broom , more worthless than stranded seaweed , if to - day is not longer already to me than a whole year : go home from pasture , for very shame go , my cattle .
co . - - mossed springs and grass softer than sleep , and green arbutus that covers you with thin shade , shielded the midsummer from the flock ; now parching summer is coming , now the buds swell on the tough vine - shoot .
th . - - here is the hearth and resinous billets ; here the fire ever burns high and the doorposts are black with constant soot : here we care as much for the freezing north as the wolf for the flock ' s multitude , or rivers in flood for their banks .
co . - - junipers and shaggy chestnuts tower up : under each tree lie strewn her fallen apples . all now smiles ; but if fair alexis be absent from the hills , thou wilt see even the rivers dry .
th , - - the field is parched , the dying grass thirsts in the distempered air ; the wine - god denies the slopes the vine - tendrils ' shade : at our phyllis ' coming all the woodland will be green , and heaven descend in glad and abundant showers .
co . - - alcides takes most delight in the poplar , iacchus in the vine , fair venus in the myrtle , phoebus in his own bay , tree : phyllis loves hazels : while phyllis loves them neither shall myrtle excel the hazels , nor phoebus ' bay .
th . - - the ash is most beautiful in the forest , the pine in the garden , the poplar by the river , the fir on the mountain heights : but if thou come back yet again to me , o fair lycidas , the forest ash , the garden pine shall yield to thee .
these songs i remember , and how thyrsis strove for victory in vain : henceforth corydon , corydon is ours .
meliboea , ae , f . , = μελίβοια , a maritime town of thessaly , at the foot of mount ossa , the birthplace of philoctetes , now kastri , mel . 2 , 3 ; plin . 4 , 7 , 16 , § 32 ; liv . 36 , 13 , 6 ; 44 , 13 .
— meliboeensis , e , adj . , of or belonging to melibaea , serv . ad verg . a . 5 , 251 .
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the genus ancyluris comprises of 16 beautiful tailed riodinids , all confined to the neotropical region . they are closely related to the genus rhetus , so much so that the females of ancyluris aristodorus and rhetus periander are almost indistinguishable , at least from the uppersides .
males of most ancyluris species have black uppersides with red bands . in females these bands are broader and paler . in jurgensenii the bands on the female are pure white , and in aristodorus and formosissima they are white in both sexes . males of all species have a blue iridescence on the underside of the wings .
this is a lowland and mid - elevation rainforest species found at altitudes between about 200 - 1000m .
the males , and less commonly the females , can be found imbibing moisture from bare soil or sandy riverbanks . they are nearly always encountered singly . both sexes tend to avoid the heat of midday , preferring the cooler conditions of early morning or late afternoon . even then they are more likely to be found in shady areas than in full sunshine .
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1 . chaucer crowns the satire on the romanticists by making the very landlord of the tabard cry out in indignant disgust against the stuff which he had heard recited - - the good host ascribing to sheer ignorance the string of pompous platitudes and prosaic details which chaucer had uttered .
2 . drafty : worthless , vile ; no better than draff or dregs ; from the anglo - saxon ,
drifan
to drive away , expel .
within his house , of which the doors were fast shut . three of his
nose , and in her mouth ; and left her for dead , and went away .
the tears come to thine eyes , let them not fall . and when thou
maketh his bones dry . ' he said eke thus , ' that sorrow in heart
slayth full many a man . ' solomon saith ' that right as moths in
would , right so be it done ; blessed be the name of our lord .
'
sorrow so grievously , that i know not what to do .
let call ,
war , nor parties to support [ take sides ] . but certes , as to the
sound , as soon as is possible .
almost right in the same wise the
warish war ( by peace ) . his neighbours full of envy , his feigned
want no espy nor watch thy body to save . and after that , we
they may as well thy body as thy house defend . but , certes , to
be fresh and new :
and with loud voice they cried .
war ! war !
and give him audience .
lordings ,
quoth he ,
there is full many
tale , and bid him full oft his words abridge . for soothly he that
noyous [ troublesome ] thing . this is to say , as much availeth to
enforce thee not to speak . '
i see well ,
quoth this wise man ,
till the enterprise be at an end . as to changing his counsel , a
measures for the security of his body and of his house . first , she
she might bring this need [ affair , emergency ] unto a good end .
so great joy of her , that wonder was to tell .
ah lady !
quoth
them in exile for evermore .
certes ,
quoth dame prudence ,
this were a cruel sentence , and much against reason . for ye be
passed , when it is not renewed . and as touching that ye say ,
and the power that is given him . and i set case [ if i assume ] ye
ye cast you [ endeavour , devise a way ] to overcome your heart .
ille dolor verbis emoderandus erit .
ovid ,
remedia amoris ,
127 - 131 .
3 . see the conversation between pluto and proserpine , in the merchant ' s tale .
5 . los : reputation ; from the past participle of the anglo - saxon ,
hlisan
to celebrate . compare latin ,
laus .
the question and answer section for the canterbury tales is a great resource to ask questions , find answers , and discuss the novel .
the general prologue appended to the cantubury tales . . this statement is true or false ?
the canterbury tales is the last of geoffrey chaucer ' s works , and he only finished 24 of an initially planned 100 tales . the canterbury tales study guide contains a biography of geoffrey chaucer , literature essays , a complete e - text , quiz questions , major themes , characters , and a full summary and analysis .
the canterbury tales is considered one of the greatest works produced in middle english . the canterbury tales essays are academic essays for citation . these papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of the canterbury tales by geoffrey chaucer .
the canterbury tales e - text contains the full text of the canterbury tales written by geoffrey chaucer .
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type - species : ancyluris pyrete hübner , 1819 . verz . bekannt . schmett . : 23 . [ bhl ]
type - species designation : by subsequent designation by scudder , 1875 . proc . amer . acad . arts sci . , boston 10 ( 2 ) : 112 . [ ( as a junior name of aulestes ) ] [ bhl ]
ancyluris was included within the subfamily lycaenidae : riodininae by ackery et al . , in kristensen ( 1999 ) .
junior name ( s ) : melibaea saunders , 1859 : 96 . meliboea ; stichel , 1930 : 321 .
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blakemore , r . j . cosmopolitan , earthworms - an eco - taxonomic guide to the peregrine species of the world , second ed . ( cd - rom ) vermecology , japan , 2006
csuzdi , cs . ( 2012 ) earthworm species , a searchable database , derived from opuscula zoologica , budapest , 43 ( 1 ) : 97 - 99 . available online at urltoken
terrestrial oligochaeta ( annelida : clitellata ) in north america , including mexico , puerto rico , hawaii , and bermuda . iii
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .