the tatra chamois ( rupicapra rupicapra tatrica ; slovak : kamzík vrchovský tatranský ; polish : kozica tatrzańska ) is a subspecies of the chamois of the rupicapra genus .

tatra chamois live in the tatra mountains in slovakia and poland .

tatra chamois

the count of tatra chamois is organized since 1954 , and together with the slovaks since 1957 . chamois is a symbol of both polish and slovak tatra national park .
first molecular characterization of sarcocystis tenella in tatra chamois ( rupicapra rupicapra tatrica ) in poland .
rutting behaviour of tatra chamois recorded on 6 . 11 . 2013 in belianske tatras ( slovakia )
first molecular characterization of sarcocystis tenella in tatra chamois ( rupicapra rupicapra tatrica ) in poland . - pubmed - ncbi
on friday , naturalists from the tatra national park and the sister park in slovakia summarised the autumn chamois counting campaign .
jurdíková n ( 2000 ) the decline of the tatra chamois . caprinae newsletter of the iucn / ssc caprinae specialist group , december 2000 : 4–6
the highest point in the tatra mountains with access by labeled trails is rysy .
jurdíková , n . 2000 . the decline of the tatra chamois . caprinae : newsletter of the iucn / ssc caprinae specialist group , december edition .
bačkor p , urban p ( 2009 ) the tatra chamois in the national park nízke tatry mts . folia venat 38–39 : 47–64 ( in slovak with english summary )
record numbers of chamois have been recorded in the tatra mountains for several years . in 2012 , their numbers in the highest polish mountains exceeded a thousand animals . the largest decline in the tatra chamois population occurred at the turn of the century - only 300 chamois were counted in the whole tatras . the rapid increase in population of these animals occurred in 2007 , and in 2012 their number exceeded one thousand .
the naturalist pointed out that one of the most dangerous threats to the chamois would be an animal disease such as blindness , which occurs in alpine chamois .
tatra chamois in love
with less than 300 individuals left in the wild , the tatra chamois ( rupicapra rupicapra tatrica ) is listed as
critically endangered
by the iucn and protected by law in poland and slovakia , occuring solely within two national parks . control of sheep grazing in tatra national park led to an increase in population numbers , but more recently numbers have again declined . none knows whether the rapid population decline is due to predation , human impact or climate change . however , there are strong reasons to believe that poaching by legal hunters and some other issues like inbreeding depression might be the actual cause of the chamois decline . like the other chamois ( sub ) species , tatra chamois mate in autumn , and more specifically in november . despite what the calendar might say , often winter has already arrived to the cold tatra mountains by then and chamois must then endure extremely harsh conditions , while nature already demands them energies for their ultimate performance .
and coco , your little chamois is just a sweetie ! another fine little mammal .
tatra chamois lives in all parts of the tatras : west tatras ( slovakia and poland ) and eastern tatras , which consist of the high tatras ( slovakia and poland ) and the belianske tratras ( slovakia ) , all protected by national parks in both countries . as of 2006 the slovak tatra national park was home to 371 chamois , of which 72 were lambs , and the polish tatra national park was home to 117 chamois , of which 27 were lambs . as of 2010 a population recovered to 841 chamois , of which 74 were lambs , 699 ( 57 lambs ) in slovakia and 142 ( 17 lambs ) in poland , which is near to population peak of year 1964 , when more than 900 chamois were sighted in tatras .
anniversary of the tatra national park declaration . štrbské pleso , 18–19 december 2008 , pp . 105–126 . (
yes , jennifer i love that chamois ! also coco’s–she captured its bee - utiful coat .
autumn chamois counting in the tatra showed that the population of these rare animals declines . naturalists counted 1345 chamois , including 124 young . in the autumn of last year , a record number of 1 , 389 goats were counted . according to the naturalists , slight decline is a natural thing .
mortality of common frog ( rana temporaria linnaeus , 1758 ) on migration corridors in the tatra nation . . .
in poland , apart from the tatra the chamois also live in the sudetes , but it is an alpine species brought to the mountains by the czechs in the early twentieth century . a small flock of chamois crossed the border to poland in the 1970s and settled on the slopes of śnieżnik . ( pap )
( linné , 1785 ) in der hohen tatra . zoologické listy 21 : 115–132 ( in german with english summary )
multi - scale interactions between disturbances and ecological and socioeconomical changes – case study high tatra mts . ( slovakia )
zemanová b , hájková p , bryja j , zima j jr , hájková a , zima j ( 2011 ) development of multiplex microsatellite sets for noninvasive population genetic study of the endangered tatra chamois . folia zool 60 : 70–80
the most notable mammals are the tatra chamois , marmot , snow vole , brown bear , wolf , eurasian lynx , red deer , roe deer , and wild boar . notable fish include the brown trout and alpine bullhead .
in this beautiful capture by rado gadoczi , we see a lone tatra chamois above the clouds in the high tatras . the high tatras or high tatra mountains , are a mountain range along the border of northern slovakia in the prešov region , and southern poland in the lesser poland voivodeship . the 15 highest peaks are all over 2500 m ( 8200 ft ) .
until the eighties of the 20th century , 10 chamois subspecies for the whole species range were described , belonging to one species - rupicapra rupicapra . more detailed study of the chamois origin , structure and behaviour has lead to the recognition of two different species – southern chamois ( rupicapra pyrenaica ) with three subspecies distributed in southwest europe and northern chamois ( rupicapra rupicapra ) including seven subspecies distributed in the rest of the species range .
the chamois ( rupicapra rupicapra ) , is a goat - antelope species native to mountains in europe . the tatra chamois are a subspecies and considered critically endangered . their habitat is protected by national parks in both countries . their population hit a low of 160 in the year 2000 , but their numbers have since increased to almost 1100 in 2012 .
the tatras chamois lives in the tatra mountains in slovakia and poland and unknown to many , in the low tatras in the slovakian hunting area , which is controlled by the state forest and is located in the north - east of slovakia .
koreň m , radúch j , chovancová b , šturcel m , kováč j , gašinec i , ksiažek j , vančura v , hummel m , ondruš s ( 2001 ) action plan for tatra chamois for years 2001–2005 . tatranská lomnica . (
blahout , 1971 ) as a base for the evaluation of their current abundance in the tatra mountains . in : janiga m , švajda j ( eds ) chamois protection . tanap—tatranská štrba , napant—banská bystrica , ihab—tatranská javorina , pp . 99–182 . (
in the spring after births there will be another chamois counting and we will find out how many animals will have survived the winter and how many new chamois are born . the counting involved 100 slovak and almost 80 polish naturalists .
i don’t usually highlight a particular subspecies , but when it comes to picking a representative for slovakia , my father - in - law’s ancestral home and the source of the yak in my name , i wanted to do it up right . meet the tatra chamois , a subspecies of the regular chamois , which lives only in the tatra mountains of slovakia and poland and numbers fewer than 200 individuals . ( the chamois species in general , rubicapra rubicapra , counts more than 400 , 000 members , but all but one of the subspecies are declining in number . ) the threats to the tatra chamois are poaching , habitat loss , and both interbreeding—with other introduced subspecies—and inbreeding , since there’s not enough genetic diversity in a group of 200 to sustain a healthy population . they live in rocky parts of the mountains , and they nimbly make their way through their days , munching on leaves and grass .
since the greater part of the tatra mountains is within the slovakian borders , chamois counting is carried out simultaneously on both sides of the mountains . polish and slovak naturalists on the north and south side of the mountains simultaneously climb from the lower montane forest zone toward the ridge of the tatras . the teams count and photograph herds of chamois to avoid counting the same animals twice .
blahout 1972 ) —research and protection . in koreň m ( ed ) sixty years of the tatra national park : materials to the conference on the 60
revision of rupicapra genus . i . a statistical re - evaluation of couturier ' s data on the morphometry of six chamois subspecies
2010 a population recovered to 841 chamois , of which 74 were lambs , 699 ( 57 lambs ) in slovakia and 142 ( 17 lambs ) in poland , which is near to population peak of year 1964 , when more than 900 chamois were sighted in tatras .
the number of licenses for this very unique slovakian chamois , is very limited and the best season for hunting them is november – december and only five per year , but the chamois trophy quality is very good and can be expected to be 80 – 100 cic .
hájková a ( 2011 ) neutral genetic variation and structure of chamois populations in slovakia . diploma thesis , charles university in prague . (
anonymous ( ed ) ( 1981 ) current state and prospects of introduced chamois populations in slovakia . dom techniky čsvts , banská bystrica . (
because of concerns of survivability of the chamois in its native range , the chamois was also artificially introduced in the low tatras , situated south of tatras , in 1969 to 1976 . the introduction involved 30 individuals and the current population living in low tatras national park is about 100 .
loison a , jullien j - m , menaut p ( 1999 ) subpopulation structure and dispersal in two populations of chamois . j mammal 80 : 620–632
hurta v ( 2009 ) distribution range and habitat use of alpine chamois in veľká fatra mts . diploma thesis , university of matej bel , banská bystrica . (
martínková n , zemanová b , kranz a , giménez md , hájková p ( 2012 ) chamois introductions to central europe and new zealand . folia zool 61 : 239–245
in this study , sarcocysts from three polish tatra chamois were isolated and identified using morphological and molecular methods for the first time . six cysts were found in the latissimus dorsi muscle and another two in the diaphragm . no sarcocysts were detected in the myocardium , tongue , and esophagus . the isolated cysts were long with rounded ends , 0 . 35 - 0 . 61 mm in length , and 0 . 02 - 0 . 06 mm in width . all the sarcocysts were identified as sarcocystis tenella on the basis of light microscopy and sequencing of cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( cox1 ) and small - subunit rrna ( ssu rrna ) genes . comparative analysis showed a 99 . 23 % identity of the cox1 gene sequences from tatra chamois and sheep sarcocysts , and an even higher degree of sequence identity ( 99 . 88 % ) was documented in the case of the ssu rrna gene . when compared at a haplotype level , all the sheep sequences of cox1 differed from those isolated from tatra chamois . in contrast , one out of the two ssu rrna haplotypes from the sheep isolates was identical with the haplotype from tatra chamois . in conclusion , we showed that cox1 and ssu rrna genes can be used as genetic markers for identification of the s . tenella , with cox1 gene providing better resolution during phylogenetic analyses . however , both genetic population analysis and phylogenetic inference with cox1 and ssu rrna genes demonstrated that they do not constitute good markers for spatial differentiation of s . tenella .
blahout , 1971 ) in tanap . in : janiga m , švajda s ( eds ) chamois protection . tanap—tatranská štrba , napant—banská bystrica , ihab—tatranská javorina , pp . 197–204 .
the tatra mountains are home to many species of animals : 54 tardigrades , 22 turbellarians , 100 rotifers , 22 copepods , 162 spiders , 81 molluscs , 43 mammals , 200 birds , 7 amphibians and 2 reptiles .
the first aim of the thesis is to collect information about marking tree selection by brown bears in tatra national park ( slovakia ) . i will create a predictive model for bear marking trees , based o…
[ more ]
paweł skawiński , former director of the tatra national park , noted that such a small decline of the chamois population is not alarming .
fluctuations in the animal world are natural . there are peak years for the population , and later come the years when that trend reverses . as long as these phenomena are not extreme , there is no cause for alarm . the worst would be a clear drop indicating extreme mortality counted in hundreds of animals
- said skawiński .
1090 chamois have been counted on the slovak side , and 255 on the polish side of the mountains . naturalists have observed that the most numerous herds dwell in the belianske tatras which are entirely on the slovak side .
this year , slovakia got to the round of 16 , where they lost to holland , who went on to beat favorites brazil in the quarterfinals yesterday . coco drew a chamois , too , and here it is .
schaschl h , suchentrunk f , morris dl , ben slimen h , smith s , arnold w ( 2012 ) sex - specific selection for mhc variability in alpine chamois . bmc evol biol 12 : 20 . doi :
the tatra chamois ( rupicapra rupicapra tatrica ) is a sub - species unique to the tatra mountains of slovakia and neighbouring poland . their numbers declined dramatically in the 1980 - 90s and , in the absence of a definitive explanation , many hunters called for predators to be culled . concerned that drastic action might be taken without justification , the slovak wildlife society together with the trust for conservation volunteers ( tcv ) and national park staff conducted an annual census of the chamois in the low tatras national park in 2001 - 2005 , during which we also analysed the diets of some potential predators in the area . we found no evidence that predation pressure was threatening the population , with numbers having stabilised at around 100 individuals . nevertheless , because there are so few animals , it is vitally important to have reliable information on trend ( whether the population is growing , declining or stable ) . we therefore repeated the 5 - year monitoring programme in 2011 - 2015 , when we found that chamois were flourishing . the alpine areas of the low tatras is a beautiful place to work and the mix of slovak and foreign volunteers assisting us during the two survey periods saw a great deal of wildlife , including wolves and bears .
the tatra mountains have a diverse variety of plant life . they are home to more than 1 , 000 species of vascular plants , about 450 mosses , 200 liverworts , 700 lichens , 900 fungi , and 70 slime moulds . there are five climatic - vegetation belts in the tatras .
chamois lives in all parts of the tatras : west tatras and eastern tatras , which consist of the high tatras ( slovakia and poland ) and the belianske tatras ( slovakia ) , all protected by national parks in both countries . as of
justification : european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) eu 25 regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) the alpine chamois is widespread and has a large population of over 440 , 000 individuals . although it is declining in some parts of its european and global range , the bulk of the population is found in the alps and is relatively secure . consequently it is classed as least concern . however , several chamois subspecies qualify as globally threatened , and require urgent conservation action .
buzan ev , bryja j , zemanová b , kryštufek b ( 2013 ) population genetics of chamois in the contact zone between the alps and the dinaric mountains : uncovering the role of habitat fragmentation and past management . conserv genet 14 : 401–412 . doi :
the behaviour of tatra chamois ( rupicapra rupicapra tatrica ) during the rut was studied in the belianske tatry mts . , slovakia . observations were carried out on a total of 16 days between the 2nd of november and the 12th of december 2013 , during which 35 animal hours were recorded using portable camcorders . the study focused on behavioural patterns of rutting males . a comparison of rut behaviour pattern frequencies between r . r . tatrica and r . r . rupicapra suggests the existence of certain behavioural differences between these subspecies . further studies are needed to confirm the differences and understand their significance .
rossi l , fraquelli c , vesco u , permunian r , sommavilla gm , carmignola g , da pozzo r , meneguz pg ( 2007 ) descriptive epidemiology of a scabies epidemic in chamois in the dolomite alps , italy . eur j wildl res 53 : 131–141 . doi :
alpine chamois inhabit steep , rocky areas in the mountains , utilising a variety of habitats including alpine meadows , open rocky areas , mixed broadleaf woodland , and coniferous woodland ( pedrotti and lovari 1999 ) . they feed on grasses and herbs , and on the leaves of trees ( sägesser and krapp 1986 ) .
although amphibian road mortality is well studied phenomenon , many sections of roads , even in highly protected areas of slovakia remain without attention . the aims of this study were to record weather conditions during the start of spawning migration of common frog ( rana temporaria ) at the site tatranská javorina and to map amphibian migration corridors on selected roads in tatra national . . . [ show full abstract ]
chamois live in small herds that have a specific structure . the leader is always an experienced female with a calf . other females with young , as well as so - called yearlings and two - yearlings also remain in the herd . grown males usually live solitarily or form bachelor groups , joining herds in fall , during mating season .
mona s , crestanello b , bankhead - dronnet s , pecchioli e , ingrosso s , d’amelio s , rossi l , meneguz pg , bertorelle g ( 2008 ) disentangling the effects of recombination , selection , and demography on the genetic variation at a major histocompatibility complex class ii gene in the alpine chamois . mol ecol 17 : 4053–4067 . doi :
šporka f . , štefková e . , bitušík p . , thompson a . r . , agusti - panareda a . , apleby p . g . , grytnes j . a . , kamenik c . , krno i . , lami a . , rose n . & shilland n . e . 2002 . the paleolimnological analysis of sediments from high mountain lake nižné terianske pleso in the high tatra ( slovakia ) . j . paleolimnol .
by the end of the first polish republic and the polish border between the kingdom of hungary in the tatras was not strictly defined . the tatras became an unoccupied borderland . november 20 , 1770 , under the guise of protection against the epidemic of plague in thepodolia , an austrian army entered into polish land and formed a cordon sanitaire , seizing sądecczyzna , spiš and podhale . two years later , the first partition of poland allocated the lands to austria . in 1824 , zakopane good and fish creek valley with morskie okopurchased from the authorities of the austrian hungarian emanuel homolacs . in 1867 formed the austria - hungary and the tatra mountains have become imaginary border between the two states of the monarchy , but the border itself still has not been exactly determined . in 1889 , count władysław zamoyski purchased at auction a good zakopane ( zakopane and the tatra mountains , along with part of morskie oko ) . due to numerous disputes over lands belonging in the late nineteenth century , attempts were made to thedelimitation of the border . they did not bring effect in 1897 , and the case went to an international court that on september 13 , 1902 . determined the exact course of the austria - hungary border in the disputed area .
by the end of the first polish republic and the polish border between the kingdom of hungary in the tatras was not strictly defined . the tatras became an unoccupied borderland . on november 20 , 1770 , under the guise of protection against the epidemic of plague in the podolia , an austrian army entered into polish land and formed a cordon sanitaire , seizing sądecczyzna , spiš and podhale . two years later , the first partition of poland allocated the lands to austria . in 1824 , zakopane good and fish creek valley with morskie oko purchased from the authorities of the austrian hungarian emanuel homolacs . in 1867 formed the austria - hungary and the tatra mountains have become imaginary border between the two states of the monarchy , but the border itself still has not been exactly determined . in 1889 , count władysław zamoyski purchased at auction a good zakopane ( zakopane and the tatra mountains , along with part of morskie oko ) . due to numerous disputes over lands belonging in the late nineteenth century , attempts were made to the delimitation of the border . they did not bring effect in 1897 , and the case went to an international court that on september 13 , 1902 determined the exact course of the austria - hungary border in the disputed area .
justification : the northern chamois is widespread and has a large population of over 440 , 000 individuals . although it is declining in some parts of its european and global range , the bulk of the population is found in the alps and is relatively secure . consequently it is assessed as least concern . however , several chamois subspecies qualify as globally threatened , and require urgent conservation action . the following subspecies assessments are from the european mammal assessment : r . r . tatrica - listed as critically endangered ( cr ) c2a ( ii ) - has a very small population of less than 200 individuals and there is a projected continuing decline due to the problem of potential interbreeding . [ listed in 2000 as cr c2b ] r . r . cartusiana - listed as vulnerable ( vu ) d1 . is confined to a single mountain , the population is probably < 1 , 000 mature individuals and there is no continuing decline . if the population is found to be larger than this , the status might have to be changed to near threatened .
the northern chamois is widespread and generally increasing . excluding the caucasus population , there are an estimated 440 , 000 individuals in europe , and in some protected areas densities may exceed 20 individuals per hectare ( pedrotti and lovari 1999 , s . lovari pers . comm . 2006 ) . however , with the exception of the alpine subspecies r . r . rupicapra , many subspecies are rare and / or declining : r . r . asiatica : there is very little data on the status of this subspecies , but it is believed to have undergone substantial declines . r . r . balcanica : the total population numbers some thousands of individuals . numbers are believed to be declining in all subpopulations ( shackleton 1997 ) . r . r . carpatica : in 1990 , the total population was estimated to be around 9 , 000 animals ( shackleton 1997 ) . i . coroui ( pers . comm . 2006 ) confirmed that the population of this subspecies in romania is increasing . r . r . cartusiana : the population was estimated at 300 to 400 individuals in the 1970s , and 150 individuals in 1986 - 1987 , but has since increased to c . 2 , 000 individuals ( s . lovari pers . comm . 2006 ) . r . r . caucasica : there is very little data on the status of this subspecies , but it is declining and has virtually disappeared outside protected areas . the total population was estimated in the early 1990s to be c . 15 , 000 chamois , with about half in the western half of the greater caucasus and only ca . 500 in the caucasus minor . of total chamois , an estimated 5 , 000 occur in georgia . numbers of this chamois have decreased drastically over the last 20 years throughout their range , and are still declining . over the last two to three years , the decline has accelerated and numbers are believed to have been reduced by as much as 50 % ( p . weinberg , unpubl . data ) . r . r . rupicapra : this subspecies comprises the bulk of the global northern chamois population , and is widespread and abundant in the alps . the number of individuals culled per year in the swiss alps and jura mountains has increased steadily from c . 4 , 000 individuals in 1950 to c . 17 , 000 individuals in 2000 ( loison et al . 2003 ) . r . r . tatrica : the population was estimated at 220 in 1999 ( jurdíková 2000 ) , and had dropped below 200 by 2002 ( s . lovari pers . comm . 2006 ) . numbers have been declining steadily since the 1960s ( jurdíková 2000 ) .
the species is listed on appendix iii of the bern convention . the subspecies balcanica is listed on annexes ii and iv of the eu habitats and species directive , and subspecies tatrica is listed on annexes ii * and iv . chamois occur in many protected areas . the subspecies cartusiana has been subject to intensive conservation management , including r - eintroductions . detailed conservation recommendations for the species were given in shackleton ( 1997 ) . in general , conservation recommendations that apply to all subspecies include ensuring that any harvest is sustainable ( through research , legislation , and international cooperation ) , reducing poaching ( through legislation , enforcement , education and awareness - raising , and provision of alternative livelihoods where necessary ) , reducing the impacts of human disturbance ( by providing refugia in areas with intense tourism ) , and protecting the genetic integrity of populations ( by avoiding translocations of ' foreign ' subspecies that could hybridise with the local population ) ( shackleton 1997 ) . monitoring of all subspecies is required , especially those that are rare and / or declining . to protect the high tatras subspecies , jurdíková ( 2000 ) recommends reducing illegal hunting ( by closing and guarding parts of the western tatra mountains ) . r . r . rupicapra introduced into slovakia ( e . g . the lower tatras national park ) should be removed as they pose a threat to the wild population of r . r . tatrica ( shackleton 1997 ) .
lepidopteran assemblages in temnosmrečinská dolina valley ( high tatra mts , western carpathians , slovakia ) were investigated . recent data about the occurrence of lepidopteran species are compared with those which were obtained 55 years ago . lepidoptera were monitored at seven sites comprising the subalpine to alpine zone of the valley . fifteen of the originally recorded species were not found , however , the occurrence of six new species was recorded . in total , 61 summer lepidopteran species are known from the temnosmrečinská dolina valley . the comparison of the recent lepidopteran assemblages shows a decline in species richness , abundance and frequency at individual monitoring sites . it seems that the changes are caused by plant community succession in the valley — overgrowth of dwarf pine , transformation of meadow communities to calamagrostigetum and overgrowth of peat - bogs , resulting in loss of food resources for adult lepidoptera .
alpine chamois inhabit steep , rocky areas in the mountains , utilizing a variety of habitats including alpine meadows , open rocky areas , mixed broadleaf woodland , and coniferous woodland ( pedrotti and lovari 1999 ) . this species occupies rocky areas and alpine meadows , and feeds on grasses , herbs , leaves of trees , buds , shoots , and fungi ( sägesser and krapp 1986 ) . females gestate for 170 days , and usually have 1 offspring per pregnancy . females are sexually mature at 2 . 5 years , while males mature 1 - 1 . 5 years later . they live 14 - 22 years . females and young occur in flocks of 5 - 30 animals , while adult males remain solitary .
the alpine chamois is widespread and generally increasing . excluding the caucasus population , there are an estimated 440 , 000 individuals in europe , and in some protected areas densities may exceed 20 individuals per hectare ( pedrotti and lovari 1999 , s . lovari pers . comm . 2006 ) . however , with the exception of the alpine subspecies r . r . rupicapra , many subspecies are rare and / or declining : r . r . asiatica : there is very little data on the status of this subspecies , but it is believed to have undergone substantial declines ( ema workshop 2006 ) . r . r . balcanica : the total population numbers some thousands of individuals . numbers are believed to be declining in all subpopulations ( shackleton 1997 ) . r . r . carpatica : in 1990 , the total population was estimated to be around 9 , 000 animals ( shackleton 1997 ) . r . r . cartusiana : the population was estimated at 300 to 400 individuals in the 1970s , and 150 individuals in 1986 - 1987 , but has since increased to c . 2 , 000 individuals ( s . lovari pers . comm . 2006 ) . r . r . caucasica : there is very little data on the status of this subspecies , but it is declining and has virtually disappeared outside protected areas ( ema workshop 2006 ) . r . r . rupicapra : this subspecies is widespread and abundant in the alps . the number of individuals culled per year in the swiss alps and jura mountains has increased steadily from c . 4 , 000 individuals in 1950 to c . 17 , 000 individuals in 2000 ( loison et al . 2003 ) . r . r . tatrica : the population was estimated at 220 in 1999 ( jurdíková 2000 ) , and had dropped below 200 by 2002 ( s . lovari pers . comm . 2006 ) . numbers have been declining steadily since the 1960s ( jurdíková 2000 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
hilton - taylor , c . & temple , h . ( global mammal assessment team )
this species is widely hunted through its range . in the alps , hunting is generally managed sustainably , but elsewhere it is a threat to the species .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
already during the spring counting in the current year , naturalists observed a decrease in the number of these animals .
the sejm passed the law on higher education and science , the so - called law 2 . 0
dear reader , in line with the resolution of the european parliament and of the council of april 27 , 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data , and repealing directive 95 / 46 / ec ( general data protection regulation ) , we are informing you that we are processing your data . the administrator of the data is foundation of the pap , headquartered in warsaw , 6 / 8 bracka st . , 00 - 502 warsaw . the data in question are the data which are collected while you are using our services , including websites and other functionalities provided by foundation of the pap , mainly recorded in cookie files and other internet identifiers , which are installed on our webpages by us and the trusted partners of pap sa . the collected data are used exclusively for the following purposes : • providing services electronically • uncovering abuse of services • statistical measurements and improvement of the legal basis for processing the data is the provision and improvement of the service , as well as ensuring security , which constitutes the administrator ' s legally justified interest . the data can be provided , at the request of the administrator of the data , to entities belonging to the entities which are entitled to obtain the data on the basis of current legal regulations . the person whom the data concern has a right to access the data , correct and remove them , as well as limit their processing . the person can also withdraw their consent to the processing of personal data . all notifications concerning protection of personal data should please be directed to : fundacja @ urltoken or in writing to : foundation of the pap , 6 / 8 bracka st . , 00 - 502 warsaw , with a note : ' protection of personal data ' . more information about the principles of processing personal data and the user ' s rights can be found in privacy policy . learn more i agree
slovakia’s national soccer team got its start in 1993 , after czechoslovakia split into the czech republic and the slovak republic . ( there was also a slovak national team before world war ii , but after the war it was combined with the czechoslovakian team . i’m reading an article in the new yorker about the eurovision song contest , and it mentions that several of the nations competing in the 2010 contest didn’t exist as independent countries when the contest started in 1956 . that’s true of a couple of the countries in the world cup , too . ) this is the first time the team has qualified for the world cup as slovakia . the team’s nickname is repre , which , according to the guardian , is short for “reprezentacny tim” or “representative team . ” ( that article is really snarky . i think someone got quite bored having to write up profiles of every team . )
great job , both of you ! jennifer , this is one of your stronger drawings . the eye , especially , came out really well . you can feel the depth of the pupil within the eye , contrasting with the white reflections on the surface . i’m not sure how you did that , but it’s a drawing you can really dive right into ! the fur on the face is also very sculptural .
thanks , ted ! i nearly redrew this drawing because i drew it a month or so ago , before i had decided to do the world cup mammals , and it looked weird to me after i’ve been drawing every day since—i mean i might draw it differently if i drew it now . but i’m glad i didn’t since you like it so much !
© 2017 - 2018 lovepoland ltd . all rights reserved . company registered in england and wales with company number 1033527
we ' re not around right now . but you can send us an email and we ' ll get back to you , asap .
this region is approximately 300 km away from budapest and 500 km from vienna airport , but we strongly recommend you to use budapest airport .
we use cookies that we have created on our own and those created by others for analyzing the usage and the visits to our web pages so that we are able to improve our services to the best possible manner . if you continue to navigate on our web pages , we understand that you have accepted our usage of this feature . you may also wish to contact our cookies policy so that you are able to correctly configure your web navigator for using the cookies properly . accept read more
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
info [ @ ] brunodamicis [ dot ] com / p . iva 10314821009 / © 2015 bruno d ' amicis
allendorf fw , leary rf , spruell p , wenburg jk ( 2001 ) the problems with hybrids : setting conservation guidelines . trends ecol evol 16 : 613–622 . doi :
anderson ec , thompson ea ( 2002 ) a model - based method for identifying species hybrids using multilocus genetic data . genetics 160 : 1217–1229
arlettaz r , patthey p , baltic m , leu t , schaub m , palme r , jenni - eiermann s ( 2007 ) spreading free - riding snow sports represent a novel serious threat for wildlife . proc r soc b 274 : 1219–1224 . doi :
linnaeus 1758 ) in slovakia . nat carp xlix : 195 - 204 . (
blahout 1971 ) to the nízke tatry mts ( central slovakia ) . nat conserv 65 : 17–25
bandelt h - j , forster p , röhl a ( 1999 ) median - joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies . mol biol evol 16 : 37–48
belkhir k , borsa p , chikhi l , raufaste n , bonhomme f ( 1996–2004 ) genetix 4 . 05 , logiciel sous windows tm pour la génétique des populations . laboratoire génome , populations , interactions , cnrs umr 5171 , université de montpellier ii , montpellier
benjamini y , hochberg y ( 1995 ) controlling the false discovery rate : a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing . j r stat soc b 57 : 289–300
bryja j , galan m , charbonnel n , cosson j - f ( 2005 ) analysis of major histocompatibility complex class ii gene in water voles using capillary electrophoresis - single stranded conformation polymorphism . mol ecol notes 5 : 173–176 . doi :
čížková d , de bellocq jg , baird sje , piálek j , bryja j ( 2011 ) genetic structure and contrasting selection pattern at two major histocompatibility complex genes in wild house mouse populations . heredity 106 : 727–740 . doi :
corander j , marttinen p , sirén j , tang j ( 2008a ) enhanced bayesian modelling in baps software for learning genetic structures of populations . bmc bioinform 9 : 539 . doi :
corander j , sirén j , arjas e ( 2008b ) bayesian spatial modeling of genetic population structure . comput stat 23 : 111–129 . doi :
douzery e , randi e ( 1997 ) the mitochondrial control region of cervidae : evolutionary patterns and phylogenetic content . mol biol evol 14 : 1154–1166
earl da , vonholdt bm ( 2012 ) structure harvester : a website and program for visualizing structure output and implementing the evanno method . conserv genet resour 4 : 359–361 . doi :
falush d , stephens m , pritchard jk ( 2003 ) inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data : linked loci and correlated allele frequencies . genetics 164 : 1567–1587
forrest jl , wikramanayake e , shrestha r , areendran g , gyeltshen k , maheshwari a , mazumdar s , naidoo r , thapa gj , thapa k ( 2012 ) conservation and climate change : assessing the vulnerability of snow leopard habitat to treeline shift in the himalaya . biol conserv 150 : 129–135 . doi :
frankham r ( 2005 ) genetics and extinction . biol conserv 126 : 131–140 . doi :
frankham r , ballou jd , eldridge mdb , lacy rc , ralls k , dudash mr , fenster cb ( 2011 ) predicting the probability of outbreeding depression . conserv biol 25 : 465–475 . doi :
garner a , rachlow jl , hicks jf ( 2005 ) patterns of genetic diversity and its loss in mammalian populations . conserv biol 19 : 1215–1221 . doi :
garza jc , williamson eg ( 2001 ) detection of reduction in population size using data from microsatellite loci . mol ecol 10 : 305–318 . doi :
goudet j ( 2001 ) fstat , a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices ( version 2 . 9 . 3 ) .
greenwood pj ( 1980 ) mating systems , philopatry and dispersal in birds and mammals . anim behav 28 : 1140–1162 . doi :
hansen mm , olivieri i , waller dm , nielsen ee , the gem working group ( 2012 ) monitoring adaptive genetic responses to environmental change . mol ecol 21 : 1311–1329 . doi :
hedrick pw ( 2013 ) adaptive introgression in animals : examples and comparison to new mutation and standing variation as sources of adaptive variation . mol ecol 22 : 4606–4618 . doi :
jakobsson m , rosenberg na ( 2007 ) clumpp : a cluster matching and permutation program for dealing with label switching and multimodality in analysis of population structure . bioinformatics 23 : 1801–1806 . doi :
keller lf , waller dm ( 2002 ) inbreeding effects in wild populations . trends ecol evol 17 : 230–241 . doi :
milligan bg ( 2003 ) maximum - likelihood estimation of relatedness . genetics 163 : 1153–1167
nielsen ee , bach la , kotlicki p ( 2006 ) hybridlab ( version 1 . 0 ) : a program for generating simulated hybrids from population samples . mol ecol notes 6 : 971–973 . doi :
peakall r , smouse pe ( 2006 ) genalex 6 : genetic analysis in excel . population genetic software for teaching and research . mol ecol notes 6 : 288–295 . doi :
spp . ) inferred from microsatellites . mol phylogenet evol 25 : 524–534 . doi :
piry s , luikart g , cornuet jm ( 1999 ) bottleneck : a computer program for detecting recent reductions in the effective population size using allele frequency data . j hered 90 : 502–503 . doi :
radwan j , biedrzycka a , babik w ( 2010 ) does reduced mhc diversity decrease viability of vertebrate populations ? biol conserv 143 : 537–544 . doi :
raymond m , rousset f ( 1995 ) genepop ( version 1 . 2 ) : population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism . j hered 86 : 248–249
rhymer jm , simberloff d ( 1996 ) extinction by hybridization and introgression . annu rev ecol syst 27 : 83–109 . doi :
spp . ) . population contractions , expansions and hybridizations governed the diversification of the genus . j hered 100 : 47–55 . doi :
rosenberg na ( 2004 ) distruct : a program for the graphical display of population structure . mol ecol notes 4 : 137–138 . doi :
rozas j , sánchez - delbarrio jc , messeguer x , rozas r ( 2003 ) dnasp , dna polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods . bioinformatics 19 : 2496–2497 . doi :
seddon jm , ellegren h ( 2004 ) a temporal analysis shows major histocompatibility complex loci in the scandinavian wolf population are consistent with neutral evolution . proc r soc b 271 : 2283–2291 . doi :
sindičić m , polanc p , gomerčić t , jelenčič m , huber đ , trontelj p , skrbinšek t ( 2013 ) genetic data confirm critical status of the reintroduced dinaric population of eurasian lynx . conserv genet 14 : 1009–1018 . doi :
) population using new single - sample approaches . mol ecol 21 : 862–875 . doi :
spielman d , brook bw , frankham r ( 2004 ) most species are not driven to extinction before genetic factors impact them . proc natl acad sci usa 101 : 15261–15264 . doi :
spurgin lg , richardson ds ( 2010 ) how pathogens drive genetic diversity : mhc , mechanisms and misunderstandings . proc r soc b 277 : 979–988 . doi :
storey jd ( 2002 ) a direct approach to false discovery rates . j r stat soc b 64 : 479–498 . doi :
taberlet p , griffin s , goossens b , questiau s , manceau v , escaravage n , waits lp , bouvet j ( 1996 ) reliable genotyping of samples with very low dna quantities using pcr . nucleic acids res 24 : 3189–3194 . doi :
valière n ( 2002 ) gimlet : a computer program for analysing genetic individual identification data . mol ecol notes 2 : 377–379 . doi :
wang j ( 2007 ) triadic ibd coefficients and applications to estimating pairwise relatedness . genet res ( camb ) 89 : 135–153 . doi :
wang j ( 2011 ) coancestry : a program for simulating , estimating and analysing relatedness and inbreeding coefficients . mol ecol resour 11 : 141–145 . doi :
wang j ( 2014 ) marker - based estimates of relatedness and inbreeding coefficients : an assessment of current methods . j evol biol 27 : 518–530 . doi :
waples rs ( 2006 ) a bias correction for estimates of effective population size based on linkage disequilibrium at unlinked gene loci . conserv genet 7 : 167–184 . doi :
using highly variable genetic markers : a largely untapped resource for applied conservation and evolution . evolut appl 3 : 244–262 . doi :
waples rs , antao t , luikart g ( 2014 ) effects of overlapping generations on linkage disequilibrium estimates of effective population size . genetics 197 : 769 - u603 . doi :
wilson ga , rannala b ( 2003 ) bayesian inference of recent migration rates using multilocus genotypes . genetics 163 : 1177–1191
zemanová b , hájková p , wandeler p , bryja j et al . use of real - time pcr for detection of factors influencing pcr success and genotyping error rates in faecal dna analysis of a mountain ungulate .
travel , hunt and collect memories from the four corners of the earth , with caprinae .
we offer much of our hunts with crossbow , bow , airbow as well as rifle , shotgun , pistol or air gun .
providing high expertise hunting services for different needs requires something different . people who have the perfect blend of experience , knowledge and passion for hunting . all of our people have many years of hunting experience , are international , and have hunted extensively all around the world .
let ' s come together and discuss the perfect hunt for you . . .
we have had dozens of our members hunt with caprinae safaris , owned by riza gozluk and mehmet alkan . we have received nothing but glowing reports about the professionalism , honesty and integrity of these individuals and their company . dennis campbell
after spending the last 30 - years in the hunting industry , both as a professional and a client , i can say that riza and mehmet , of caprinae travel , are world class outfitters , expiditers , booking agents , hunters . i would absolutely recommend them to anyone considering a hunting trip to asia . while us jim shockey
this is the first time in my life that i do not know how to start a message i want to send to you . i really feel my eyes crying of thankfulness for everything you did for me and alejandra , but more specially for me . i have the sense of feeling that it’s like a dream , but such a happy dream . h . cuellar
among many overseas hunts , my recent pakistan hunt was certainly right up there at the top . i purchased an ibex hunt at the sci san francisco banquet and upgraded with the blanford urial . caprinae had every . . .
the month of july has a special meaning for the whole mongolian nation . naadam is a national festival celebrated every year - for centuries - from 11 to 13 july across mongolia that focuses on three t . . .
sign up for caprinae safaris monthly newsletter and get to know more about our latest hunts and much more . . .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
kolenda r 1 , schierack p , zieba f , zwijacz - kozica t , bednarski m .
faculty of natural sciences , brandenburg university of technology cottbus - senftenberg , großenhainer str . 57 , d - 01968 , senftenberg , germany , rkolenda @ b - tu . de .
pmid : 26202841 pmcid : pmc4561999 doi : 10 . 1007 / s00436 - 015 - 4619 - 4
maximum likelihood for dna phylograms of selected sarcocystidae and coccidia . a the cox1 tree was constructed based on an alignment of partial cox1 gene sequences from eight polish sarcocystis tenella isolates and available cox1 gene sequences of related species deposited in the genbank ( a total of 375 sequences ) . b the ssu rrna tree was constructed based on an alignment of nearly complete ssu rrna gene sequences from eight polish s . tenella isolates and available ssu rrna gene sequences of related species deposited in the genbank ( a total 184 sequences ) . the trees were rooted with eimeria spp . the values between the branches represent percent bootstrap value per 1000 replicates . bootstrap values below 50 % are not shown . polish isolates are marked in red . the genbank accession numbers of all sequences used for construction of the trees are given in table
austria , france , germany , italy , liechtenstein , switzerland , slovenia , slovakia .
albania , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , croatia , greece , montenegro , serbia , kosovo , macedonia .
a mountain peak in the făgăraş mountains , romania , with an altitude of 2 , 535 metres ( 8 , 317 ft ) . it is the second highest peak in romania after moldoveanu peak ( 2544m ) .
balmer o . & erhardt a . 2000 . consequences of succession on extensively grazed grasslands for central european butterfly communities : rethinking conservation practices . conserv . biol .
baur b . , cremene c . , groza g . , rakosy l . , schileyko a . a . , baur a . , stoll p . & erhardt a . 2006 . effects of abandonment of subalpine hay meadows on plant and invertebrate diversity in transylvania , romania . biol . conserv .
beneš j . , kuras t . & konvička m . 2000 . assemblages of mountainous day - active lepidoptera in the hrubý jeseník mts . czech republic . biologia
bogss c . l . & murphy d . d . 1997 . community composition in mountain ecosystems : climatic determinants of montane butterfly distribution . glob . ecol . biogeogr . lett .
brčák j . 1952a . biocenologie lepidopter temnosmrečinové doliny ve vysokých tatrách . biol . sb .
brčák j . 1952b . k poznaniu mravcov vysokých tatier . biol . sb .
buszko j . , mikkola k . & nowacki j . 2000 . motyle ( lepidoptera ) tatr polskich . czesc i . vstep , przeglad gatunkow , geneza fauny . wiad . entomol . , supl .
erhardt a . 1985 . diurnal lepidoptera : sensitive indicators of cultivated and abandoned grasslands . j . appl . ecol .
erhardt a . 1995 . ecology and conservation of alpine lepidoptera , pp . 258–276 . in : pullin a . s . ( ed . ) , ecology and conservation of butterflies , chapman and hall , london .
gónzales - megias a . , gómez j . m . & sanchez - pinero f . 2004 . effects of ungulates on epigeal arthropods in sierra nevada national park ( southeast spain ) . biodivers . conserv .
gutiérrez d . 1997 . importance of historical factors on species richness and composition of butterfly assemblages ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) in a northern iberian mountain range . j . biogeogr .


chaca burmensis is a species of angler catfish endemic to myanmar , where it is found in the sittang river and possibly the ayeyarwady drainage .

this species grows to a length of 20.0 cm ( 7.9 inches ) .

chaca burmensis

this species was described from the sittaung river ( brown and ferraris 1988 ) . it has previously been misidentified in earlier literature as c . chaca .
grant ; steven , article no . 90 , www . scotcat . com , the chaca ' s scotcat factsheet no . 77 . nov . 2002 .
there is little information on the biology of this species , but it likely inhabits slower - flowing to still bodies of water ( similar to c . chaca ) .
you can differentiate the difference between chaca burmensis and chaca chaca by the number and the size of the cirri along the inner edge of the lower lip , c . chaca has 14 + and tend to be relatively longer and / or thicker . chaca burmensis usually numbers around 10 or 11 small cirri , and they don’t tend to have them near the corners of the mouth . there seems to be two forms of this species , archipelagic and peninsular . aquarium care : this catfish does not do a lot apart from sitting very still buried in the substrate waiting for its next meal and then engulfing its prey by opening its very large mouth and basically creates a strong vacuum , whereas the unlucky victim is drawn in to the gaping hole ! . it is a very hardy aquarium fish that will do very well on a sand / leaf substrate where it can bury itself with just its head showing and also a landscape of rocks and caves . it is not your average community tank fish so i would choose my tankmates carefully for fear of them getting eaten as they will consume fish half their size . probably any species of the african synodontis would do fine and for the upper layers you would do better with larger shoaling fish such as congo tetras , or larger barbs i . e . tinfoil barbs . this would pre - empt a larger tank to house the larger barbs or characins . if you can make the space , a better idea would be a species tank with 3 to 4 individuals , as they seem to coincide peacefully with one another . diet : a feeding of earthworms and other meaty foods such as feeder fish like young tilapia sp . they are said also to take tablet food when fully acclimatized .
chaca : the name comes from the local name of the fish , which is probably derived from the sound it makes when irritated . specific epithet reflects that this fish comes from burma ( myanmar ) .
the species of the catfish genus chaca are easily identified by their extremely large and severely dorsoventrally depressed head , caudal fin with greatly enlarged procurrent rays , and tuberculate skin , often with fimbriate skin flaps on the head and sometimes on the body . the genus forms the monotypic family chacidae , whose phylogenetic affinities to other catfishes remains unclear despite numerous studies .
because of the sound that this fish makes when out of water ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4833 )
talwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran , 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . volume 2 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam . ( ref . 4833 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 7 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is presently assessed as data deficient do to the lack of information regarding its ecology , distribution , and population trends .
this species is known from the ayeyawaddy , sittaung , and salween river drainages .
the threats to this species are unknown , since there is no information on the biology of this species and therefore the impact of potential threats ( especially those of an anthropogenic nature ) remains unknown .
there is insufficient information on the distribution , biology and potential threats for this species .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
200mm or 7 . 9
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
get or print a qr code for this species profile , or try our beta label creator .
has this page been useful ? please donate to our monthly hosting costs and keep us free for everyone to enjoy ! explore our youtube channel , facebook page or follow us on twitter .
© 1996 - 2018 urltoken , part of the aquatic republic network group of websites . all rights reserved . cite this website . by accessing this site you agree to our terms and conditions of use . our privacy policy .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
this article is a stub . we can not complete the encyclopaedia without your help . you can contribute to the aquarium wiki by expanding this article . dont be shy ! .
this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 02 : 45 .
content is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !


ethmia hodgesella is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it is found in the united states in texas , arizona and california , extending along the two sides of the central cordillera of mexico .

the length of the forewings is 6-7.8 mm .

the pattern of the forewings is divided by a serpentine longitudinal line .

the dorsal area is whitish , invaded by three prominent triangulate dark spurs from the cell with a conspicuous round , dark spot between and below the first two spurs .

the area costad of the line is mostly dark brownish gray .

the ground color of the hindwings is unicolorous pale gray .

ethmia hodgesella

photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
select your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
a systematic monograph of new world ethmiid moths ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) . jerry a . powell . 1973 . smithsonian contributions to zoology 120 : 1 - 312 .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook