porcellio laevis ( commonly called the swift woodlouse , or smooth slater in australia ) is a species of woodlouse in the genus porcellio .

it has a cosmopolitan distribution , and has been introduced to australia , including norfolk island and lord howe island .

as the species epithet laevis as well as the vernacular name " swift woodlouse " suggests , the species is capable of quick bursts of speed when provoked .

it occurs under rocks and fallen logs in damp areas , and is otherwise rarely encountered .

porcellio laevis

porcellio laevis latreille
. commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation . november 11 , 2004 .
kento furui added the japanese common name
クマワラジムシ
to
porcellio laevis latreille , 1804
.
the effects of temperature , desiccation , and body mass on the locomotion of the terrestrial isopod , porcellio laevis .
the effects of temperature , desiccation , and body mass on the locomotion of the terrestrial isopod , porcellio laevis . - pubmed - ncbi
a comparative study in porcellio laevis ( lat . ) and armadillidium vulgare ( lat . ) : response to temperature , photoperiod and oxygen concentration .
the smoothly glossy , dark and essentially unpatterned dorsal surface of p . laevis , the sharply triangular telson and long uropods are distinctive among the introduced european porcellio spp .
a comparative study in porcellio laevis ( lat . ) and armadillidium vulgare ( lat . ) : response to temperature , photoperiod and oxygen concentration . - pubmed - ncbi
harding , p . t . ( 2016 ) is porcellio laevis ( latreille ) declining in britain and ireland ? bulletin of the british myriapod & isopod group 29 : 23 - 27 .
some p . laevis i use to collect to feed some newts . this ones i kept for few months and breed succesfully with moist dead leaves and bark .
michael c . quinlan & neil f . hadley ( 1983 ) .
water relations of the terrestrial isopods porcellio laevis and porcellionides pruinosus ( crustacea , oniscoidea )
. journal of comparative physiology b : biochemical , systemic , and environmental physiology 151 ( 2 ) : 155–161 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00689913 .
relationship of body weight , imposed fasting , temperature , light intensity , and oxygen concentration to oxygen consumption in porcellio laevis and armadillidium vulgare has been investigated in a series of laboratory experiments . it was observed that ( 1 ) the metabolic response in the two species to temperature change was a uniform increase of oxygen consumption with increasing temperature from 15 degrees c to 60 degrees c . beyond 30 degrees c , the oxygen consumption in each species fell , and the thermal death point was reached at about 40 degrees c . ( 2 ) the response to decreasing oxygen concentrations was a corresponding decrease in oxygen consumption . armadillidium vulgare was a partial regulator while porcellio laevis was able to conform its internal state to the changing oxygen levels . ( 3 ) in each species there was a decrease in metabolic rate with increasing body weight . ( 4 ) on the basis of their general activity level and oxygen consumption rate , porcellio appeared to be a nocturnal species , while armadillidium had a day active metabolism .
it can be confused with porcellio dilatatus or even the ball - rolling cylisticus convexus .
a large woodlouse ( to 20 mm ) , but differs from other porcellio spp . in having a smooth dorsal surface . in the male the uropods are elongated and ' spear - shaped ' . the combination of two flagella segments and two pairs of pleopodal lungs ( typical of all porcellio spp ) distinguishes it from oniscus asellus .
( of porcellio ragusae dollfus , 1896 ) dollfus , a . ( 1896 ) crustaces isopodes de la sicile . notices faunistiques paris 1 - 6 . [ details ]
( of porcellio eucercus brandt , 1833 ) brandt , j . f . ( 1833 ) conspectus monographiae crustaceorum oniscodorum latreillii . bulletin de la societe imperiale des naturalistes de moscou 4 : 171 - 193 . [ details ]
( of porcellio cinerascens brandt , 1833 ) brandt , j . f . ( 1833 ) conspectus monographiae crustaceorum oniscodorum latreillii . bulletin de la societe imperiale des naturalistes de moscou 4 : 171 - 193 . [ details ]
( of porcellio obtusifrons haswell , 1882 ) haswell w . a . ( 1882 ) . catalogue of the australian stalk - and sessile - eyed crustacea . australian museum , sydney , 326 pp . ; 4pl . ; . [ details ]
( of porcellio bombosus shen , 1949 ) shen , c . j . ( 1949 ) on six new land and freshwater isopod crustacea from yunnan , china . contributions of the institute of zoology , peiping 5 : 49 - 66 . [ details ]
( of porcellio calmani omer - cooper , 1923 ) omer - cooper , j . ( 1923 ) the terrestrial isopoda of mesopotamia and the surrounding districts . journal of the bombay natural history society 29 ( 1 ) : 391 - 402 . [ details ]
( of porcellio obtusifrons haswell , 1882 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio eucercus brandt , 1833 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio cinerascens brandt , 1833 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio bombosus shen , 1949 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio ragusae dollfus , 1896 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio aztecus saussure , 1857 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio cotillae saussure , 1857 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio cubensis saussure , 1857 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio degeeri audouin , 1826 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio dubius brandt , 1833 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio mexicanus saussure , 1857 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio parvicornis richardson , 1902 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio sumichrasti saussure , 1857 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio troschelii schnitzler , 1853 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio chevalieri paulian de félice , 1938 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio calmani omer - cooper , 1923 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio flavipes c . koch , 1847 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio poeyi guérin - méneville , 1837 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio urbicus c . koch , 1844 ) schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of porcellio chevalieri paulian de félice , 1938 ) paulian de felice , l . ( 1938 ) isopodes terrestres des iles du cap - vert rapportes par m . le professeur a . chevalier . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris 10 : 391 - 395 . [ details ]
( of porcellio obtusifrons haswell , 1882 ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of porcellio ragusae dollfus , 1896 ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of porcellio eucercus brandt , 1833 ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of porcellio cinerascens brandt , 1833 ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of porcellio bombosus shen , 1949 ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
it is principally associated with synanthropic habitats , such as old mature gardens , stables or dairy farms . it should be sought within well - rotted compost heaps and dung heaps or under pieces of manure , straw and other debris , wherever some moisture has been retained . typically , it is associated with porcellionides pruinosus and porcellio scaber ( and p . dilatatus at some sites ) .
( of porcellio chevalieri paulian de félice , 1938 ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
( of porcellio calmani omer - cooper , 1923 ) schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
although uncommon , it has been widely recorded across britain and ireland . however , there seem to be very few modern records , and although probably under - recorded it does seem to have undergone a dramtic decline throughout the 20th century ( harding , 2016 ) .
gregory , s . ( 2009 ) woodlice and waterlice ( isopoda : oniscidea & asellota ) in britain and ireland . field studies council / centre for ecology & hydrology .
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latreille , p . a . ( 1802 - 1805 ) . histoire naturelle , générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes : ouvrage faisant suite aux oeuvres de leclerc de buffon , et partie du cours complet d´histoire naturelle rédigé par c . s . sonnini . 14 vols . f . dufart , paris . [ details ]
boyko , c . b ; bruce , n . l . ; hadfield , k . a . ; merrin , k . l . ; ota , y . ; poore , g . c . b . ; taiti , s . ; schotte , m . & wilson , g . d . f . ( eds ) ( 2008 onwards ) . world marine , freshwater and terrestrial isopod crustaceans database .
schotte , m . , b . f . kensley , and s . shilling . ( 1995 - 2017 ) . world list of marine , freshwater and terrestrial crustacea isopoda . national museum of natural history smithsonian institution : washington d . c . , usa [ website archived on 2018 - 01 - 25 ] . [ details ]
schmalfuss , h . ( 2003 ) . world catalog of terrestrial isopods ( isopoda : oniscidea ) . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde . serie a , 654 : 1 - 341 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
taiti , s . ; wynne , j . j . ( 2015 ) . the terrestrial isopoda ( crustacea , oniscidea ) of rapa nui ( easter island ) , with descriptions of two new species . zookeys . 515 : 27 - 49 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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comp biochem physiol a mol integr physiol . 2009 jun ; 153 ( 2 ) : 162 - 6 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cbpa . 2009 . 02 . 005 . epub 2009 feb 10 .
arch int physiol biochim . 1979 oct ; 87 ( 4 ) : 697 - 710 .


limacina rangii is a species of swimming sea snail in the family limacinidae , which belong to the group commonly known as sea butterflies ( thecosomata ) .

limacina rangii is a keystone species of the mesozooplankton of antarctic pelagic ecosystems .

until 2010 this taxon was known only as limacina helicina antarctica or as limacina helicina f. antarctica .

limacina rangii is however now considered to be a separate species from limacina helicina , based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( coi ) gene sequences .

limacina rangii

forma limacina rangii f . rangii ( d ' orbigny , 1834 ) accepted as limacina rangii ( d ' orbigny , 1834 )
forma limacina rangii f . antarctica woodward , 1854 accepted as limacina rangii ( d ' orbigny , 1834 )
subspecies limacina helicina antarctica woodward , 1854 accepted as limacina rangii f . antarctica woodward , 1854 accepted as limacina rangii ( d ' orbigny , 1834 )
limacina cucullata gould , 1852 : synonym of limacina rangii f . antarctica woodward , 1854 : synonym of limacina rangii ( d ' orbigny , 1834 )
forma limacina helicina f . antarctica woodward , 1854 accepted as limacina rangii f . antarctica woodward , 1854 accepted as limacina rangii ( d ' orbigny , 1834 )
( recent ) limacina antarctica woodward , 1854 : : synonym of limacina rangii f . antarctica woodward , 1854 : synonym of limacina rangii ( d ' orbigny , 1834 )
limacina antarctica rangii a . v . m . d . d ' orbigny , 1834
have a fact about limacina rangii ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for limacina rangii ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
fecal pellets of
limacina rangii
has contributed to about 19 % of flux of organic carbon .
worms - world register of marine species - limacina antarctica f . rangii ( d ' orbigny , 1834 )
limacina rangii is a species of swimming sea snail in the family limacinidae , bouchet , p . ( 2014 ) .
fecal pellets of
limacina rangii
and its quantity have been firstly described by manno et al . ( 2010 ) .
limacina rangii
probably affect carbon cycle , resources of phytoplankton and dimethyl sulfide ( emission by phytoplankton ) , that may have impact on the earth ' s climate .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : limacina rangii ( a . v . m . d . d ' orbigny , 1834 ) - id : 2730100009
( recent ) limacina helicina ( phipps , 1774 ) - helicid pteropod . type species .
as pelagic marine gastropods , limacina swim by flapping their parapodia , inspiring the common name sea butterflies .
as pelagic marine gastropods , limacina swim by flapping their parapodia , inspiring the common name sea butterflies .
poles apart : the
bipolar
pteropod species limacina helicina is genetically distinct between the arctic and antarctic oceans .
( recent ) limacina lesueurii ( d ' orbigny , 1836 ) - distribution : north america , western atlantic .
poles apart : the
bipolar
pteropod species limacina helicina is genetically distinct between the arctic and antarctic oceans . - pubmed - ncbi
( recent ) limacina retroversa ( fleming , 1823 ) - retrovert pteropod . distribution : north america , western atlantic , arctic ocean .
dadon , j . r . , 1984b . observaciones sobre dos formas de limacina helicina ( mollusca , pteropoda ) [ obesrevations on two formae of limacina helicina ( mollusca , pteropoda ) physis ( buenos aires ) ( a ) 42 ( 102 ) : 10 , 15 .
( of limacina helicialis lamarck , 1819 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of spiratella limacina blainville , 1824 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
worms ( 2010 ) . limacina antarctica woodward , 1854 . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 01 - 29
this species was at first thought to occur in both the arctic and antarctic zones of the planet , but around 2010 it was discovered that the species found around the south pole are a different species entirely than the ones found at the north , with the scientific name limacina rangii being applied to the ones in antarctica . the ones the player finds in - game are the northern variety .
( recent ) limacina bulimoides ( d ' orbigny , 1836 ) - bulimoid pteropod . distribution : red sea , pacific . length : 1 . 2 mm .
limacina helicina is a species of small swimming predatory sea snail in the family limacinidae , which belong to the group commonly known as sea butterflies ( thecosomata ) .
limacina is a genus of swimming predatory sea snails commonly known as sea butterflies in the family limacinidae . this genus contains some of the world ' s most abundant gastropod species .
( recent ) limacina trochiformis ( d ' orbigny , 1836 ) - trochiform pteropod . distribution : north america , western atlantic , red sea , pacific . length : 1 mm .
to barcode of life ( 36 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 107 publications ) ( from synonym clio helicina phipps , 1774 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 185 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym limacina helicina helicina ( phipps , 1774 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 29 publications ) ( from synonym spiratella limacina blainville , 1824 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 8 publications ) ( from synonym spiratella helicina ( phipps , 1774 ) ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to clemam ( from synonym clio helicina phipps , 1774 ) to clemam ( from synonym argonauta arctica fabricius o . , 1780 ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym limacina helicialis lamarck , 1819 ) to clemam ( from synonym spiratella limacina blainville , 1824 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 11 nucleotides ; 10 proteins ) to genbank ( 3 nucleotides ; 3 proteins ) ( from synonym limacina helicina helicina ( phipps , 1774 ) ) to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym argonauta arctica fabricius o . , 1780 ) to pesi ( from synonym clio helicina phipps , 1774 ) to pesi ( from synonym limacina helicialis lamarck , 1819 ) to pesi ( from synonym spiratella limacina blainville , 1824 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis
large aggregations of limacina migrating to the surface of the water attract predators such as clione ( family clionidae , suborder gymnosomata ) , baleen whales , various species of salmonids , herring , and seabirds .
manteufel , b . p . , 1937 . contribution to the pteropod mollusc clione limacina phipps . bull . soc . natur . moscou ( biol . ) 46 ( 1 ) : 25 - 33 . [ in russian ]
two large winglike parapodia , derived from foot tissue , propel these invertebrates through the water column to overcome negative buoyancy due to the animal ' s shell . as diel vertical migrators , limacina inhabit deeper waters during the day and travel to the surface at night to feed .
( of limacina cucullata gould , 1852 ) van der spoel s . ( 1967 ) euthecosomata , a group with remarkable developmental stages ( gastropoda , pteropoda ) . gorinchem : noorduijn en zoon . 378 pp . [ 20 november 1967 ] page ( s ) : 41 [ details ]
sea butterflies are part of the clade thecosomata . sea angels , similar to limacina , are in the order gymnosomata . both of these orders are still referred to as
pteropods
. sea butterflies of the order thecosomata have a shell , while sea angels in the order gymnosomata do not .
sea butterflies are part of the clade thecosomata . sea angels , similar to limacina , are in the order gymnosomata . both of these orders are still referred to as
pteropods
. sea butterflies of the order thecosomata have a shell , while sea angels in the order gymnosomata do not .
( recent ) limacina inflata ( d ' orbigny , 1836 ) - planorbid pteropod . distribution : circumglobal , red sea , pacific . length : 1 mm . description : the shell is flatly twisted , resembling the shell of the cephalopod nautilus . - synonym : heliconoides inflata ( d’orbigny , 1836 )
( recent ) limacina inflata ( d ' orbigny , 1836 ) - planorbid pteropod . distribution : circumglobal , red sea , pacific . length : 1 mm . description : the shell is flatly twisted , resembling the shell of the cephalopod nautilus . - synonym : heliconoides inflata ( d’orbigny , 1836 )
( of limacina helicialis lamarck , 1819 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1819 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome sixième , 1re partie . paris : published by the author , vi + 343 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the shells of limacina are well developed , sinistrally coiled , turret - like , and include an operculum . shell size and thickness vary within the genus . at high latitudes , the diameter of the shell does not exceed 15 mm . at lower latitudes , the diameter varies from 1 to 3 mm .
the shells of limacina are well developed , sinistrally coiled , turret - like , and include an operculum . shell size and thickness vary within the genus . at high latitudes , the diameter of the shell does not exceed 15 mm . at lower latitudes , the diameter varies from 1 to 3 mm .
sakthivel , m . , 1967 . a preliminary report on the distribution and relative abundance of euthecosomata with a note on the seasonal variation of limacina species in the indian ocean . in : proc . symp . ' indian ocean ' march 1967 . bull . n . i . s . i . 38 : 700 - 717 , 17 figs .
hunt b . , strugnell j . , bednarsek n . , linse k . , nelson r . j . , pakhomov e . , seibel b . , steinke d . & würzberg l . ( 2010 ) . poles apart : the
bipolar
pteropod species limacina helicina is genetically distinct between the arctic and antarctic oceans . plos one 5 ( 3 ) : e9835 . [ details ]
( of limacina cucullata gould , 1852 ) gould a . ( 1852 ) . mollusca and shells [ in ] : united states exploring expeditions , 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . . philadelphia , c . sherman & son : vol . 12 , xv + 510 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 486 [ details ]
feeding habits of limacina are characterized by actively feeding on planktonic organisms such as bacteria , small crustaceans , gastropod larvae , dinoflagellates and diatoms . these prey items become entangled in a mucosal web ( up to 5 cm wide ) excreted by the animal that is , in turn , eaten along with the prey items . this net also provides positive buoyancy . ciliated posterior footlobes and lateral footlobes move food collected by the mucosal web into the mouth .
feeding habits of limacina are characterized by actively feeding on planktonic organisms such as bacteria , small crustaceans , gastropod larvae , dinoflagellates and diatoms . these prey items become entangled in a mucosal web ( up to 5 cm wide ) excreted by the animal that is , in turn , eaten along with the prey items . this net also provides positive buoyancy . ciliated posterior footlobes and lateral footlobes move food collected by the mucosal web into the mouth .
( of spiratella limacina blainville , 1824 ) defrance j . l . m . ( 1804 - 1845 ) . [ mineralogie et geologie ] in dictionnaire des sciences naturelles dans lequel on traite méthodiquement des diffrents êtres de la nature . ( par plusieurs professeurs du jardin du roi . . . , georges cuvier , ed . ) . paris vol . 1 - 2 [ 1804 ] . vol . 3 - 4 [ 1806 ] . suppl . 1 [ 1816 ] . vol . 5 - 9 [ 1817 ] . vol . 10 - 12 [ 1818 ] . vol . 13 - 15 [ 1819 ] . vol . 16 - 17 [ 1820 ] . vol . 18 - 22 [ 1821 ] . vol . 23 - 25 [ 1822 ] . vol . 26 - 29 [ 1823 ] vol . 30 - 33 [ 1824 ] . vol . 34 - 38 [ 1825 ] . vol . 39 - 44 [ 1826 ] . vol . 45 - 51 [ 1827 ] . vol . 52 - 53 [ 1828 ] . vol . 54 [ 1829 ] . vol . 55 - 57 [ 1828 ] . vol . 58 - 59 [ 1829 ] . vol . 60 [ 1830 ] . vol . 61 [ 1845 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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hunt b 1 , strugnell j , bednarsek n , linse k , nelson rj , pakhomov e , seibel b , steinke d , würzberg l .
department of earth and ocean sciences , university of british columbia , vancouver , british columbia , canada . bhunt @ urltoken
pmid : 20360985 pmcid : pmc2847597 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0009835
s . van der spoel , l . j . newman & k . w . estep
is coiled in one level . the umbilicus is slightly narrow , and there is no
measurements : maximum diameter to 6 . 5 mm , while the smallest diameter is 3 . 5 mm .
have grown throughout the southern summer . a young generation is found from may to august and starts
where cold and warmer water mix and for the west wind drift . the present
bé , a . w . h . and gilmer , a . w . , 1977 . a zoogeographic and taxonomic review of euthecosomatous pteropoda . in : a . t . s . , ramsay ( ed ) . oceanic micropalaeontology i . acad . press london : 733 - 808 .
boltovskoy , d . , 1971a . contribución al conocimiento de los pteropódos thecosomados sobre la plataforma continental bonaerense . revista del museo de la plata , ( ns ) 11 ( zoologia 100 ) : 121 - 136 , 1 tab . , 8 figs .
boltovskoy , d . , 1975a . ecological aspects of zooplankton ( foraminifera , pteropoda and chaetognatha ) of the southwestern atlantic ocean . veliger 18 ( 2 ) : 203 - 216 , 3 tabs , 7 figs .
chen , c . , 1966 . calcareous zooplankton in the scotia sea and drake passage . nature 212 ( 5063 ) : 678 - 681 .
chen , c . , 1968b . the distribution of thecosomatous pteropods in relation to the antarctic convergence . antarctic j . u . s . , ( sept . - oct . 1968 ) : 155 - 157 , 6 figs .
chen , c . , 1978 . ecology of thecosomatous pteropods in the scotia sea and adjacent areas , antarctic . bull . malac . r . o . c . 5 : 1 - 22 .
coupin , h . , 1892 . ptéropodes . in : les mollusques , introduction à l ' étude de leur organisation , développement , classification , affinités et principaux types . paris ( g . carré ) : 179 - 192 , figs 243 - 267 .
dadon , j . r . and boltovskoy , d . , 1982 . zooplanktonic recurrent groups ( pteropoda , euphausiacea , chaetognatha ) in the southeastern atlantic ocean . physis secc . , ( a ) 41 ( 100 ) : 63 - 83 .
dadon , j . r . , 1984a . distribution y abundancia de pteropoda thecosomata en el atlantico sudoccidental . physis ( buenos aires ) ( a ) 42 ( 102 ) : 25 - 38 .
dadon , j . r . , 1986 distribucion y abundancia de pteropoda thecosomata ( mollusca , gastropoda ) del mart epicontinenetal argentino y adyacencias junio y julio de 1978 . physis ( buenos aires ) ( a ) 44 ( 106 ) : 43 - 50 .
dadon , j . r . , 1989 . pteropoda euthecosomata del mar epicontinental argentino y adyacencias . thesis univ . buenos aires : 1 - 285 . ( mimiogr . )
dadon , j . r . , 1993 . thecosomata ( gastropoda ) del oceano antartico . comsejo nacional de investigaciones cientificas y tecnicas , instituto antartico argentino , direccion nacional del antartico : 49 - 52
gould , a . a . , 1852 . united states exploring expedition . during the years 1838 , 1839 , 1840 , 1841 , 1842 . under the command of charles wilkes , u . s . n . 12 . boston ( gould and lincoln ) : i - xv , 1 - 510 ( atlas : see gould 1856 ) .
ikeda , t . and hing , f . e . , 1981 . metabolic activity of zooplankton from antarctic ocean . aust . j . mar . freshw . res . 32 ( 6 ) : 921 - 930 .
ikeda , t . , 1989 . are antarctic zooplankton metabolically more cold - adapted than arctic zooplankton ? an intra - generic composition of oxygen consumption rates . j . plankt . res . 11 ( 3 ) : 619 - 624 .
kennett , j . p . , 1979 . recent zoogeography of antarctic plankton microfossils . in : spoel , s . van der and pierrot - bults , a . c . ( eds ) . zoogeography and diversity in plankton . utrecht ( bunge sci . publ . ) : 328 - 355 .
lalli , c . m . , 1974 . shipboard observations on the biology of gymnosomatous pteropods from the south atlantic and antarctic oceans . bull . amer . malac . soc . inc : 69 .
magaldi , n . h . , 1981 . moluscos holoplanktonicos del atlantico sudoccidental , 4 . thecosomados y gimnosomados de la campana del ' hero ' entre puerto despeado y buenos aires . com . soc . malacol . uruguay 5 ( 4 ) : 381 - 388 .
massy , a . l . , 1920 . eupteropoda ( pteropoda thecosomata ) and pterota ( pteropoda gymnosomata ) . british antarctic ( ' terra nova ' ) expedition 1910 , nat . hist . rep . , zoology 2 ( 9 ) . mollusca , 3 : 203 - 232 , 9 figs .
meisenheimer , j . , 1906a . die pteropoden der deutschen südpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 . deutsch . südpol . - exp . 1901 - 1903 , 9 ( zool . ) 1 ( 2 ) : 92 - 153 , pls 5 - 7 .
newman , l . j . , 1990 . holoplanktonic molluscs ( gastropoda ; thecosomata , gymnosomata , and heteropoda ) from the waters of australia and papua new guinea : their taxonomy , distribution and biology . phd thesis univ . qld . australia . 208 pp .
pelseneer , p . , 1888a . report on the pteropoda collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 , 2 . the thecosomata reports on the scientific . results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 ( zool . ) 23 ( 1 ) : 1 - 132 , 2 figs , 2 pls .
pelseneer , p . , 1888b . report on the pteropoda collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 , 3 . anatomy reports on the scientific . results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 ( zool . ) 23 ( 2 ) : 1 - 97 , 1 tab . , 5 figs , 5 pls .
pierrot - bults , a . c . and spoel , s . van der , 1979a . speciation in macrozooplankton . in : spoel , s . van der and pierrot - bults , a . c . ( eds ) . zoogeography and diversity in plankton . utrecht ( bunge sci . publ . ) : 144 - 167 .
preston , h . b . , 1916 . descriptions of eight new species of marine mollusca from the south shetland islands . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 18 ( 105 ) : 269 - 272 , pl . 13 .
rao , t . s . s . , 1979 . zoogeography of the indian ocean . in : spoel , s . van der and pierrot - bults , a . c . ( eds ) . zoogeography and diversity in plankton . utrecht ( bunge sci . publ . ) : 254 - 292 .
tesch , j . j . , 1908 . the pteropoda of the leyden museum . notes leiden mus . 29 : 181 - 203 , pl . 7 .
tesch , j . j . , 1913c . mollusca , pteropoda . in : f . e . schulze . das tierreich . eine zusammenstellung und kennzeichnung der rezenten tierformen 36 . berlin ( friedberger and sohn ) : i - xvi , 1 - 154 , 108 figs .
spoel , s . van der and boltovskoy , d . , 1981 . pteropoda . in : boltovskoy , d . ( ed . ) . atlas del zooplancton del atlantico sudoccidental . publ . inidep argentina : 493 - 512 .
spoel , s . van der and heyman , r . p . , 1983 . a comparative atlas of zooplankton . biological patterns in the oceans . bunge , utrecht ; springer verl . , berlin : 1 - 186 .
spoel , s . van der , boltovskoy , d . and jankivich , s . s . , 1981 . classification y distribucion . in : boltovskoy , d . ( ed . ) . atlas del zooplancton del atlantico sudoccidental . publ . inidep argentina : 512 - 524 .
spoel , s . van der , 1967 . euthecosomata , a group with remarkable developmental stages ( gastropoda , pteropoda ) . j . noorduyn and zn , gorinchem , 375 pp .
spoel , s . van der , 1971b . some problems in infraspecific classification of holoplanktonic animals . zeitschr . zool . syst . evol . 9 ( 2 ) : 107 - 138 .
spoel , s . van der , 1976c . pseudothecosomata , gymnosomata and heteropoda . bohn , scheltema & holkema , utrecht . 484 pp . 246 figs .
spoel , s . van der , 1981a . descripcion de los conchas embrionarias de cavoliniidae . in : boltovskoy , d . ( ed . ) . atlas del zooplancton del atlantico sudoccidental . publ . inidep argentina : 525 - 531 .
spoel , s . van der , 1983a . patterns in plankton distribution and their relation to speciation . the dawn of pelagic biogeography . in : sims , r . w . , price , j . h . and whalley , p . e . s . ( eds ) . evolution , time and space : the emergence of the biosphere . london , acad . press : 291 - 334 .
spoel , s . van der , 1983b . sur la répartition , la variation et la réproduction de quelques mollusques planctoniques ( ptéropodes ) . biomar univ . bruxelles 2 : 79 - 92 .
spoel , s . van der , 1988 . patterns in plankton distribution and their relation to speciation . the dawn of pelagic biogeography . in : r . w . sims , j . h . price and p . e . s . whalley ( eds ) [ s . i . golovania et al ( transl . ) ] . evolution , time and space : the emergence of the biosphere . moskva , progress : 251 - 290 .
woodward , s . p . , 1854 . a manual of the mollusca ; or , a rudimentary treatise of recent and fossil shells . london ( j . weale ) : i - xvi , 1 - 486 , 272 figs , 24 pls .
monterey bay aquarium research institute , moss landing , california 95039 , usa . seibel @ urltoken
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mollusques voyage dans l ' amérique méridionale 5 1 - 48 , 73 - 128 , pls . 1 - 2 , 9 - 13 , 15 - 16 , 56 p . bertrand : paris . [ true date : - - - - - 1834 . ]
mollusca & shells united states exploring expedition 12 xv + 510 pp . gould & lincoln : boston .
( of clio helicina phipps , 1774 ) phipps , c . j . ( 1774 ) . a voyage towards the north pole undertaken by h . m . command 1773 . london . i - viii , 1 - 253 . page ( s ) : 195 [ details ]
distribution greenland , south and north slope of anticosti island , laurentian channel ( bathyal zone ) ( = honguedo strait ) , northern gaspe . . .
distribution greenland , south and north slope of anticosti island , laurentian channel ( bathyal zone ) ( = honguedo strait ) , northern gaspe waters , magdalen islands ( from eastern bradelle valley to the west , as far as cape north , including the cape breton channel ) , prince edward island ( from the northern tip of miscou island , n . b . to cape breton island south of cheticamp , including the northumberland strait and georges bay to the canso strait causeway ) , middle north shore ( from sept - iles to cape whittle including the mingan islands ) , southern gaspe waters ( baie des chaleurs , gaspe bay to american , orphan and bradelle banks ; eastern boundary : eastern bradelle valley ) , lower north shore , laurentian channel ( bathyal zone ) to the northeast of anticosti island ( = jacques cartier strait ) , laurentian channel ( bathyal zone ) ( = esquiman channel ) , lower laurentian channel ( bathyal zone as far as cabot strait : cape north , n . s . , st . paul island to cape ray , nl . ) ; western slope of newfoundland , including the southern part of the strait of belle isle but excluding the upper 50m in the area southwest of newfoundland [ details ]
( of argonauta arctica fabricius o . , 1780 ) fabricius , o . ( 1780 ) . fauna groenlandica : systematice sistens animalia groenlandiae occidentalis hactenus indagata , quod nomen specificium . hafniae et lipsiae : copenhagen , denmark . xvi , 452 , [ 2 ] f . pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 386 - 388 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
rosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of argonauta arctica fabricius o . , 1780 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of spiratella planospira rehder , 1942 ) castellanos , z . j . a . d . ; landoni , n . a . & dadon , j . r . 1993 . catálogo descriptivo de la malacofauna marina magallánica 12 . opistobranchia excepto nudibranchida y pulmonata . comisión de investigaciones científicas , província de buenos aires , la plata . [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
measurements : diameter to 3 . 5 mm , height to 2 . 0 mm .
is not recorded east of new zealand , although samples are known from this area . the
( non souleyet , 1852 ) n . sp . d ' orbigny , 1836 : 176
boas , j . e . v . , 1886a . bidrag til pteropodernes . morfologi of systematik samt til kundskaben om deres geografiske udbredelse - spolia atlantica - vidensk . selsk . skr . ( 6 raekke ) naturv . math . iv ( 1 ) : 1 - 231 .
boltovskoy , d . , 1971b . pteropodos thecosomados del atlantico sudoccidental . malacologia 11 ( 1 ) : 121 - 140 , 1 pl .
boltovskoy , d . , 1974 . study of surface - shell features in thecosomata ( pteropoda : mollusca ) by means of scanning electron microscopy . mar . biol . 27 ( 2 ) : 165 - 172 , 5 figs .
orbigny , a . d ' , 1836 - 1846 . voyage dans l ' amérique méridionale ( le brésil , la république orientale de l ' uruguay , la république argentine , la patagonie , la république du chili , la république de bolivia , la république du pérou ) , exécuté pendant les années 1826 , 1827 , 1828 , 1829 , 1830 , 1831 , 1832 et 1833 , 5 ( 3 ) . mollusques . paris ( bertrand ) .
gray , j . e . , 1850 . catalogue of the mollusca in the collection of the british museum , 2 . pteropoda . london ( british museum , e . newman ) : iv + 45 pp .
hubendick , b . , 1951 . pteropoda , with a new genus . further zoological results of the swedish antarctic expedition 1901 - 1903 , 4 ( 6 ) : 1 - 10 .
magaldi , n . h . , 1974 . moluscos holoplanktonicos del atlantico sudoccidental . i pteropodos euthecosomados colectados por el
atlantis ii
en marzo de 1971 . comunicac . soc . malacol . uruguay 4 ( 27 ) : 1 - 20 .
meisenheimer , j . , 1905c . pteropoda . deutsch . tiefsee exp . 1898 - 1899 ix : 1 - 314 , atlas pl . 1 - 27 map 1 - 9 .
munthe , h . , 1888 . pteropoder i upsala universitets zoologiska museum samlade af kapten g . von schéele . k . svenska vet . - akad . handlingar 14 ( 4 ) 2 ( bihang ) : 1 - 33 , 21 figs .
sakthivel , m . , 1976a . geographical and seasonal distribution of euthecosomata ( pteropoda , gastropoda ) in the indian ocean . meteor forsch . ergebniss d23 : 1 - 22 .
sakthivel , m . , 1977 . further studies of plankton ecosystems in the eastern indian ocean , 8 . seasonal , diurnul and latitudinal variations in abundance of euthecosomata along the 110° meridian . aust . j . mar . freshw . research 28 ( 5 ) : 663 - 671 .
starobogatov , j . i . , 1971 . ordo thecosomata ; ordo gymnosomata ; ordo heteropoda . in : polevoy zool . inst . akad . moscou . opredeliteli planktona ( without page or figure numbers , not bound , mimiographed ) . [ in russsian ]
tanaka , t . , 1971 . pteropoda and heteropoda ( gastropoda , mollusca ) collected in the western pacific ocean in the northern summer 1968 . kaiyo rep . 3 : 27 - 38 .
tesch , j . j . , 1948 . the thecosomatous pteropods , 2 . the indo - pacific . dana report 30 : 1 - 45 , 34 figs , 3 pls .
witek , z . , kittel , w . , czykieta , h . zmijewska , m . i . and presler , e . , 1985 . macrozooplankton in the southern drake passage and in the bransfield strait during biomass - sibex ( december 1983 - january 1984 ) . polish pol . res . 6 ( 1 - 2 ) : 95 - 115 .
depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 1 sample . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 15 - 15 temperature range ( °c ) : - 1 . 436 - - 1 . 436 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 23 . 107 - 23 . 107 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 009 - 34 . 009 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 8 . 053 - 8 . 053 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 508 - 1 . 508 silicate ( umol / l ) : 29 . 429 - 29 . 429 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
depth range based on 6 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 6 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 134 . 5 - 318 temperature range ( °c ) : - 0 . 640 - 1 . 218 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 33 . 620 - 35 . 828 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 259 - 34 . 618 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 991 - 6 . 015 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 2 . 150 - 2 . 385 silicate ( umol / l ) : 77 . 944 - 106 . 493 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 134 . 5 - 318 temperature range ( °c ) : - 0 . 640 - 1 . 218 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 33 . 620 - 35 . 828 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 259 - 34 . 618 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 3 . 991 - 6 . 015 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 2 . 150 - 2 . 385 silicate ( umol / l ) : 77 . 944 - 106 . 493 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
depth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 15 - 15 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
depth range based on 3 specimens in 2 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 3 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 5 . 5 - 1280 temperature range ( °c ) : 1 . 609 - 3 . 839 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 8 . 841 - 17 . 879 salinity ( pps ) : 31 . 883 - 34 . 923 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 6 . 206 - 8 . 082 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 072 - 1 . 258 silicate ( umol / l ) : 11 . 410 - 25 . 014 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 5 . 5 - 1280 temperature range ( °c ) : 1 . 609 - 3 . 839 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 8 . 841 - 17 . 879 salinity ( pps ) : 31 . 883 - 34 . 923 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 6 . 206 - 8 . 082 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 1 . 072 - 1 . 258 silicate ( umol / l ) : 11 . 410 - 25 . 014 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
depth range based on 3 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 3 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 750 - 1100 temperature range ( °c ) : 2 . 612 - 3 . 713 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 41 . 270 - 45 . 133 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 274 - 34 . 436 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 471 - 0 . 559 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 3 . 177 - 3 . 321 silicate ( umol / l ) : 131 . 322 - 158 . 199 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 750 - 1100 temperature range ( °c ) : 2 . 612 - 3 . 713 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 41 . 270 - 45 . 133 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 274 - 34 . 436 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 471 - 0 . 559 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 3 . 177 - 3 . 321 silicate ( umol / l ) : 131 . 322 - 158 . 199 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
depth range based on 28 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 25 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 30 - 3051 temperature range ( °c ) : - 0 . 900 - 9 . 020 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 8 . 754 - 15 . 276 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 737 - 35 . 216 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 6 . 100 - 7 . 761 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 616 - 1 . 085 silicate ( umol / l ) : 4 . 053 - 14 . 060 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 30 - 3051 temperature range ( °c ) : - 0 . 900 - 9 . 020 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 8 . 754 - 15 . 276 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 737 - 35 . 216 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 6 . 100 - 7 . 761 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 616 - 1 . 085 silicate ( umol / l ) : 4 . 053 - 14 . 060 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
depth range based on 3417 specimens in 10 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2594 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 4766 temperature range ( °c ) : - 1 . 901 - 26 . 923 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 007 - 43 . 962 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 929 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 499 - 9 . 319 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 055 - 3 . 251 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 791 - 145 . 708 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 4766 temperature range ( °c ) : - 1 . 901 - 26 . 923 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 007 - 43 . 962 salinity ( pps ) : 18 . 065 - 38 . 929 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 0 . 499 - 9 . 319 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 055 - 3 . 251 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 791 - 145 . 708 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
. this genus contains some of the world ' s most abundant gastropod species .
- bulimoid pteropod . distribution : red sea , pacific . length : 1 . 2 mm .
bosc l . a . g . ( 1817 ) .
cléodore
. nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle 7 : 188 .
woodward s . p . ( 1854 ) . a manual of the mollusca ; or , a rudimentary treatise of recent and fossil shells . 2 : 207 . london .
janssen a . w . ( 2007 ) .
holoplanktonic mollusca ( gastropoda : pterotracheoidea , janthinoidea , thecosomata and gymnosomata ) from the pliocene of pangasinan ( luzon , philippines )
. scripta geologica 137 urltoken
cahuzac b . & janssen a . w . ( 2010 ) .
eocene to miocene holoplanktonic mollusca ( gastropoda ) of the aquitaine basin , southwest france
. scripta geologica 141 : urltoken
janssen a . w . ( 2010 ) .
pteropods ( mollusca , euthecosomata ) from the early eocene of rotterdam ( the netherlands )
. scripta geologica 07 urltoken
vaught , k . c . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne , fl ( usa ) . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp .
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180–213
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description : almost all these names are valid available senior synonyms . a small number may be invalid or non - available names that are in current use or have not yet been identified as such in the compilation of the database . names include both binomial species names and trinomial subspecies names .
notes : as of malacolog 4 . x , subgeneric names are not included in these species group names . in some malacolog 3 . x versions subgeneric names were included .
notes : added as key on web table only . the field currentnameid is used to link currentnames to wasp .
definition : the assembled full current name including generic name , specific name , subspecies name ( for subspecies ) , author , year , and parenthesies .
domain : [ a - z ] . [ a - z ] * text strings representing generic names of mollusks .
notes : currently not used . used in some wasp 3 . x . x versions .
buisness rules : semi - manual , optional . null when taxon is a species .
definition : flag to indicate whether the author and year should be placed in parenthesies when constructing the name author , year string .
notes : parenthesies are applied in accordance with iczn article article 51 . 3 , whenever a trivial epithet is placed in combination with a genus other than its original genus .
notes : added as key during creation of the current name list . used to link currentnames to wasp .
the sea butterfly is a species of marine zooplankton . it only appears in endless ocean : blue world .
this member of the mollusc family has parapodia , special wing - like legs , that it uses to swim while floating .
it is related to the sea angel , but preyed upon by it .
the player can find small groups of sea butterflies inder zoom - mode glows in the north coast of canada area , around coordinates b - 1 sw , c - 1 sw , d - 2 se , d - 3 nw , and b - 4 ne .
these small creatures float about idly in loose groups under their zoom - mode patches . they like being given food .
these creatures are extremely small and somewhat hard to see , so players often have to look carefully to spot them . it is also recommended that the player bring oceana with them when searching for this creature in order to make the zoom - mode spots visible in the first place ,
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a keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance .
alhambra creek is a stream in contra costa county , california in northern california which drains into the carquinez strait in martinez by way of the historical arroyo del hambre .
the american alligator ( alligator mississippiensis ) , sometimes referred to colloquially as a gator or common alligator , is a large crocodilian reptile endemic to the southeastern united states .
antarctic krill ( euphausia superba ) is a species of krill found in the antarctic waters of the southern ocean .
pleuragramma antarcticum , the antarctic silverfish , is a species of cod icefish native to the southern ocean .
an apex predator , also known as an alpha predator , super predator , top predator or top - level predator , is a predator residing at the top of a food chain on which no other creatures predate .
the name army ant ( or legionary ant or marabunta ) is applied to over 200 ant species , in different lineages , due to their aggressive predatory foraging groups , known as
raids
, in which huge numbers of ants forage simultaneously over a certain area .
azorella selago is a species of cushion plant native to the sub - antarctic islands of the southern ocean , including the crozet islands , the possession islands , the heard island and mcdonald islands , the kerguelen islands , and the prince edward islands .
banksia prionotes , commonly known as acorn banksia or orange banksia , is a species of shrub or tree of the genus banksia in the family proteaceae .
the beaver ( genus castor ) is a primarily nocturnal , large , semiaquatic rodent .
beaver dams are dams built by beavers to provide ponds as protection against predators such as coyotes , wolves , and bears , and to provide easy access to food during winter .
bison hunting ( hunting of the american bison , also commonly known as the american buffalo ) was an activity fundamental to the economy and society of the plains indians peoples who inhabited the vast grasslands on the interior plains of north america , prior to the animal ' s near - extinction in the late nineteenth century .
the black caiman ( melanosuchus niger ) is a large crocodilian and , along with the american alligator , is one of the biggest extant members of the family alligatoridae .
before the 1849 california gold rush , american , english and russian fur hunters were drawn to spanish ( and then mexican ) california in a california fur rush , to exploit its enormous fur resources .
the california mussel ( mytilus californianus ) is a large edible mussel , a marine bivalve mollusk in the family mytilidae .
previously known as the carnivore preservation trust , the carolina tiger rescue is a private 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit wildlife sanctuary , as defined by the captive wildlife safety act ( 16 usc 3371 ) , in pittsboro , north carolina .
a cascading failure is a failure in a system of interconnected parts in which the failure of a part can trigger the failure of successive parts .
the cassowaries are ratites ( flightless birds without a keel on their sternum bone ) in the genus casuarius and are native to the tropical forests of new guinea , nearby islands , and northeastern australia .
castanopsis , commonly called chinquapin or chinkapin , is a genus of evergreen trees belonging to the beech family , fagaceae .
clinton is a town in vernon county in the u . s . state of wisconsin .
coextinction and cothreatened refer to the phenomena of the loss or decline of a host species resulting in the loss or endangerment of other species that depend on it , potentially leading to cascading effects across trophic levels .
since declaring independence in 1981 , belize has enacted many environmental protection laws aimed at the preservation of the country ' s natural and cultural heritage , as well as its wealth of natural resources .
conservation - reliant species are animal or plant species that require continuing species - specific wildlife management intervention such as predator control , habitat management and parasite control to survive , even when a self - sustainable recovery in population is achieved .
ctenosaura palearis , commonly known as the guatemalan spiny - tailed iguana , is a species of spiny - tailed iguana endemic to the motagua valley , guatemala .
a cushion plant is a compact , low growing , mat forming plant that is found in alpine , subalpine , arctic , or subarctic environments around the world .
cuvier ' s dwarf caiman ( paleosuchus palpebrosus ) is a small crocodilian from northern and central south america in the alligator family .
dicranopteris linearis is a common species of fern known by many common names , including old world forked fern , uluhe ( hawaiian ) , and dilim ( filipino ) .
the diversity of species and genes in ecological communities affects the functioning of these communities .
ecological extinction is defined as “the reduction of a species to such low abundance that , although it is still present in the community , it no longer interacts significantly with other species . ” ecological extinction stands out because it is the interaction ecology of a species that is important for conservation work .
ecological health is a term that has been used in relation to both human health and the condition of the environment .
an ecological network is a representation of the biotic interactions in an ecosystem , in which species ( nodes ) are connected by pairwise interactions ( links ) .
ecological release occurs when a species is introduced to an environment other than its native habitat , the foreign species will either establish a local population , or die out from the region .
ecological stability can refer to types of stability in a continuum ranging from regeneration via resilience ( returning quickly to a previous state ) , to constancy to persistence .
the ecology of the rocky mountains is diverse due to the effects of a variety of environmental factors .
an ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment ( things like air , water and mineral soil ) , interacting as a system .
an ecosystem engineer is any organism that creates , significantly modifies , maintains or destroys a habitat .
the great barrier reef is the world ' s largest reef system , composed of roughly 3 , 000 individual reefs and 900 islands that stretch for 2 , 600 kilometres ( 1 , 616 mi ) and cover an area of approximately .
eriophorum angustifolium , commonly known as common cottongrass or common cottonsedge , is a species of sedge in the plant genus eriophorum of the family cyperaceae .
ethnoecology is the scientific study of how different groups of people living in different locations understand the ecosystems around them , and their relationships with surrounding environments .
the eurasian beaver or european beaver ( castor fiber ) is a species of beaver which was once widespread in eurasia .
the european spruce bark beetle ( ips typographus ) , is a species of beetle in the weevil subfamily scolytinae , the bark beetles , and is found from europe to asia minor and some parts of africa .
in biology and ecology , extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms ( taxon ) , normally a species .
the extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming .
fear is an emotion induced by a threat perceived by living entities , which causes a change in brain and organ function and ultimately a change in behavior , such as running away , hiding or freezing from traumatic events .
ficus is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees , shrubs , vines , epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family moraceae .
ficus americana , commonly known as the west indian laurel fig , or jamaican cherry fig is a tree in the family moraceae which is native to the caribbean , mexico in the north , through central and south america south to southern brazil . it is an introduced species in florida , usa . the species is variable ; the five recognised subspecies were previously placed in a large number of other species .
ficus aurea , commonly known as the florida strangler fig ( or simply strangler fig ) , golden fig , or higuerón , is a tree in the family moraceae that is native to the u . s . state of florida , the northern and western caribbean , southern mexico and central america south to panama .
ficus burtt - davyi hutch . is a fig species endemic to southern africa , belonging to the mulberry family of moraceae .
ficus citrifolia , also known as the shortleaf fig , giant bearded fig or wild banyantree , is a species of banyan native to southern florida , the caribbean , central america , and northern south america south to paraguay .
ficus maxima is a fig tree which is native to mexico , central america , the caribbean and south america south to paraguay .
ficus pleurocarpa , commonly known as the banana fig , karpe fig or gabi fig , is a fig that is endemic to the wet tropical rainforests of northeastern queensland , australia .
the concept of flagship species is a concept with its genesis in the field of conservation biology .
a food web ( or food cycle ) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation ( usually an image ) of what - eats - what in an ecological community .
forest restoration is defined as “actions to re - instate ecological processes , which accelerate recovery of forest structure , ecological functioning and biodiversity levels towards those typical of climax forest” i . e . the end - stage of natural forest succession .
the fossa ( or ; malagasy ; cryptoprocta ferox ) is a cat - like , carnivorous mammal endemic to madagascar .
in ecology , the term foundation species is used to refer to a species that has a strong role in structuring a community .
fraxinus pennsylvanica ( green ash or red ash ) is a species of ash native to eastern and central north america , from nova scotia west to southeastern alberta and eastern colorado , south to northern florida , and southwest to eastern texas .
the funds for endangered parrots ( fbp ) ( german : fonds für bedrohte papageien ) is a german non - governmental organisation ( ngo ) in the field of species conservation , which supports and operates projects worldwide for endangered parrot species .
gaia philosophy ( named after gaia , greek goddess of the earth ) is a broadly inclusive term for related concepts that living organisms on a planet will affect the nature of their environment in order to make the environment more suitable for life .
the galápagos tortoise or galápagos giant tortoise ( chelonoidis nigra ) is the largest living species of tortoise and the 14th - heaviest living reptile .
the gopher tortoise ( gopherus polyphemus ) is a species of the gopherus genus native to the southeastern united states .
the great barrier reef is the world ' s largest coral reef system composed of over 2 , 900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over over an area of approximately .
the grizzly bear ( ursus arctos ssp . ) is any north american subspecies of brown bear , including the mainland grizzly ( ursus arctos horribilis ) , kodiak bear ( u . a . middendorffi ) , peninsular grizzly ( u . a . gyas ) , and the recently extinct california grizzly ( u . a . californicus† ) schwartz , c . c . , miller , s . d . and haroldson , m . a . ( 2003 ) .
throughout the 18th and 19th centuries , the plains bison and wood bison populations were hunted by nomadic indigenous hunters and white hunters alike .
the holarctic is the terrestrial ecozone that encompasses the majority of habitats found throughout the northern continents of the world .
holistic management ( from ὅλος holos , a greek word meaning all , whole , entire , total ) in agriculture is a systems thinking approach to managing resources that was originally developed by allan savory for reversing desertification .
an indicator species is any biological species that defines a trait or characteristic of the environment .
invasive species of earthworms , specifically from the suborder lumbricina , have migrated and spread through north america .
island ecology is the study of island organisms and their interactions with each other and the environment .
the jaguar , panthera onca , is a big cat , a feline in the panthera genus , and is the only extant panthera species native to the americas .
the janzen–connell hypothesis is a widely accepted explanation for the maintenance of tree species biodiversity in tropical rainforests .
the kickapoo river is a tributary of the wisconsin river in the state of wisconsin , united states .
koyna wildlife sanctuary is a wildlife sanctuary located in satara district of the indian state of maharashtra .
larry bock is an entrepreneur who has aided in starting or financing 40 early stage growth companies , with a combined market value of more than $ 30 billion .
the geomar - helmholtz centre for ocean research kiel ( geomar ) , former leibniz institute of marine sciences ( german : leibniz - institut für meereswissenschaften , ifm - geomar ) , is a research institute in kiel , germany .
liebig ' s law of the minimum , often simply called liebig ' s law or the law of the minimum , is a principle developed in agricultural science by carl sprengel ( 1828 ) and later popularized by justus von liebig .
cyberchase is an american–canadian math , environmental sciences , and meteorology cartoon on pbs kids .
mangrove crabs are crabs that live among mangroves , and may belong to many different species and even families .
the martinez beavers are a family of california golden beavers living in alhambra creek in downtown martinez , california .
the memorandum of understanding on the conservation of migratory sharks is an international instrument for the conservation of migratory species of sharks .
the memphis zoo , located in midtown memphis , tennessee , united states , is home to more than 3 , 500 animals representing over 500 different species .
mine reclamation is the process of restoring land that has been mined to a natural or economically usable state .
mistletoe is the common name for most obligate hemiparasitic plants in the order santalales .
the mountain tapir or woolly tapir ( tapirus pinchaque ) is the second smallest of the five species of tapir , only the recently described tapirus kabomani being smaller , and is the only one to live outside of tropical rainforests in the wild .
mukurthi national park ( mnp ) is a 78 . 46 km² protected area located in the western corner of the nilgiris plateau west of ootacamund hill station in the northwest corner of tamil nadu state in the western ghats mountain range of south india .