a true toad is any member of the family bufonidae , in the order anura ( frogs and toads ) .

this is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as " toads " , although some may be called frogs ( such as harlequin frogs ) .

the bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera , bufo being the most widespread and well known .

true toad

of the order anura , and especially a member of the family bufonidae . the true toads (
the western leopard toad is also known as the anther toad and the cape toad .
this article compares true frogs and true toads and makes generalizations for the most common characteristics of frogs and toads . there are several exceptions because there is a vast variety of frog and toad species , each with different characteristics .
frogs and toads are amphibians belonging to the order anura and taxonomy does not make a distinction between the two . true frogs belong to the family ranidae and members of the family bufonidae are called true toads .
2 . also called true toad . a toad of the family bufonidae , having relatively short hind legs and warty skin . compare frog 1 ( def . 2 ) .
the toads in this family are known as the
true
toads . all other frogs that are called toads are not really toads . they may have a toad ' s body shape or have numerous warts , but they are not true toads . one of the features true toads have that no other type of frog has is a bidder ' s organ . a bidder ' s organ is a female body part that is found inside a male toad . this organ does not appear to do anything in a healthy male toad . it does , however , help to tell a true toad apart from all other species of frogs that exist on earth .
true toads have no teeth or breastbone . some people think that if you touch a toad you will get warts . that is not true . most species in this family are dull in color and live on the land . they range in size from one inch to eight inches in length .
most toads are live in streams but the some of the others are arboreal which means live on the trees . [ 7 ] the male of true toads call all at onece which means they choruses , then the female true toads hear and follow the group of male true toads . for example , the houston toad , when the female true toads lay their eggs and the male toads are clinging to the female true toads ' back to get ready lay their eggs . the femal true toads lay about the hundred of eggs in a long string . [ 8 ] the true toads lay the long strings of eggs in streams , most toads leave their eggs after they laid but , some true toads leave their eggs above the water . oviparity is the most common and also the viviparity are well known in toads . [ 9 ] for example , golden toad , in april , large numbers of males golden toad wit for the females comes and then the male golden toad fight against each other to mate their short season , which they burrows their eggs . about 228 eggs they laid and burrows them , after two months , they would hatched out of the ground . [ 10 ]
species : b . alvarius ( colorado river toad , sonoran desert toad ) , b . marinus ( cane toad )
true toads are widespread and occur natively on every continent except australia and antarctica , inhabiting a variety of environments , from arid areas to rainforest .
the genus bufo is the largest true toad genus , containing over 200 species . eighteen species and several subspecies occur in the united states and canada . two species occur in west virginia .
cane toad , giant american toad , marine toad .
bbc . urltoken ( accessed on april 12 , 2005 ) .
frogs and toads are amphibians , although they come from different families . the true frog comes from the ranidae family . the true toad comes from the bufonidae family . both types of animals have many subspecies . these subspecies can be found all over the world on every continent . the only continent frogs and toads don’t inhabit is antarctica .
( land - dwelling ) toad that is natively found throughout central and south america . the marine toad is one of the world ' s true toads and is often used to eradicate pests from sugar - cane ( hence its name ) .
true toads , harlequin frogs , and relatives : bufonidae .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
the most noticeable feature of true toads is their warty skin , especially the huge
wart
on the back of the head . the big
wart
is called a paratoid ( pair - rah - toyd ) gland and makes a white , liquid poison that looks like milk . not all true toads have paratoid glands , but the glands are usually very noticeable in the toads that do have them . the pair of paratoid glands on the american toad , for example , looks like large , flat water balloons that extend from behind the eye to the front of the back . some species of frogs that are not true toads also have paratoid glands , so just seeing a paratoid gland is not enough to identify a frog as a true toad .
true toads , harlequin frogs , and relatives : bufonidae .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
true toads are the rough skinned ,
warty ,
squat - boddied , short - legged amphibians that most people think of when they hear the word
toad .
there are 25 genera and approximately 300 species worldwide . examples of true toads occur worldwide except new guinea , polynesia , australia , madagascar , and antarctica . characteristics of bufonids are the existence of parotoid glands which exude toxins , but the lack of maxillary teeth .
from a distance , frogs and toads look the same . they have short , ridged bodies , a wide head , two hind legs and two front arms . however , if you look closer you’ll notice there are distinct differences to tell the two species apart . true frogs have moist and smooth skin . the true toad’s skin is dry and rough , with warts covering its body . toads do not have any teeth , while the frog has teeth in the upper jaw . the toad also has shorter hind legs in comparison to the frog . also , a frog’s eyes stick out farther than the toad’s .
american toad - anaxyrus americanus the american toad is found is sometimes called the hop toad . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
oak toad - anaxyrus quercicus the oak toad is the smallest toad in north america . source : savannah river ecology lab intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
colorado river toad - incilius alvarius the colorado river toad is also known as the sonoran desert toad . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
many true toads mate during wet times of the year , often in the spring rainy season . in many species , a heavy rain will bring hundreds of males to ponds , streams , or newly filled pools of water where they begin calling . toads often mate in the small pools that are only filled with water part of the year . these pools do not contain fish , which might eat the toads and / or their young . the typical male true toad has a balloonlike bit of flesh on its throat that inflates and deflates . this flesh , called a vocal sac , allows the toad to call . the males of most other types of frogs also have vocal sacs . most of the true toads call with a steady trill . the american toad , for example , has a beautiful , long trill that lasts several seconds . others , like the brown tree toad , have voices that are more like squawks than trills .
cane toad - rhinella marina the cane toad is a lage toad and can be as much as 9 inches in length . source : usgs intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
true toads are generally warty in appearance and have a pair of parotoid glands on the back of their heads . these glands contain a poison that the toads excrete when stressed . the poison in the glands contains a number of toxins causing different effects . some , like the cane toad bufo marinus , are more toxic than others . one of the toxins of true toads , known as bufotoxin , can cause psychoactive effects . the toxin of some toads , such as the colorado river toad bufo alvaris , has been used recreationally for the effects of the bufotoxin , by either their skin secretions or eating boiled toads .
true toads also come in many different sizes . the roraima bush toad , which lives in south america , grows to only 0 . 8 inches ( 2 centimeters ) long from the tip of the snout to the end of the rump , while the marine toad can reach 9 inches ( 23 centimeters ) in length . the rococo or cururu toad , can grow even larger , sometimes reaching nearly 10 inches ( 25 . 4 centimeters ) long .
while the only family exclusively given the common name
toad
is bufonidae , many species from other families are also called
toads ,
including members of the families bombinatoridae , discoglossidae , pelobatidae , rhinophrynidae , scaphiopodidae , and some species from the microhylidae family . on the other hand , species within the true toad ( bufonidae ) genus atelopus are referred to as
harlequin frogs .
cane toad - rhinella marina the cane toad is also known as the giant marine toad . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no cannatella ' s plump toad - osornophryne talipes the cannatella ' s plump toad is found in colombia and ecuador . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
bufonidae is a family of anura known as toads and are the only family of frogs exclusively known as toads . true toads comprise a number of genera , with bufo being the most widespread and known . only the genus atelopus are commonly known as frogs .
confusing toad - incilius perplexus the confusing toad is found in mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the u . s . fish and wildlife service lists three u . s . species as being endangered and one as threatened . the endangered species are the wyoming toad , which was described above , the houston toad , and the arroyo or southwestern toad . the threatened species is the puerto rican crested toad .
toads found in the southern appalachians are : eastern spadefoot , a relatively smooth skinned toad that uses the hard spades on the hind feet to dig burrows in sand or loose dirt ; american toad , a prodigious insect eater ; common toad ( also known as woodhouse ' s toad ) ; and fowler ' s toad ( a subspecies of woodhouse ' s toad ) that is found through most of the united states . the following are all pictures of american toads and toadlets :
true toads are family of amphibians containing over 350 species and are distinguished from amphibians commonly known as toads , by their lack of teeth and generally warty skin . many species can release toxins from their skin as a deterrent to predators that might otherwise try to eat them .
family bufonidae ( true toad s ) paleocene ( 65 . 5 million–55 . 8 million years ago ) to present ; 5 to 8 presacral vertebrae ; pectoral girdle arciferal or partly or even completely firmisternal ; intercalary cartilages and omosternum absent ; bidder’s organ present ; maxillary teeth present or absent ; aquatic larvae , direct development , or live birth ( nectophrynoides …
braun’s toad - amietophrynus brauni braun ' s toad is found in tanzania . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
colorado river toad - incilius alvarius the colorado river toad is mostly nocturnal . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
houston toad - anaxyrus houstonensis the houston toad is found in southeastern texas . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
malcolm’s ethiopia toad - altiphrynoides malcolmi malcolm’s ethiopia toad is found in ethiopia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
there is no scientific distinction between frogs and toads , according to the university of michigan museum of zoology . frog and toads both belong to the anura order , but are found in different families .
true toads
make up the bufonidae family , which includes 580 species .
abra malaga toad - nannophryne corynetes the abra malaga toad is found in peru . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
black toad - anaxyrus exsul the black toad does not have a vocal sac . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no black torrent toad - ghatophryne ornata the black torrent toad is found in india . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
chimalapa toad - incilius tutelarius the chimalapa toad is found in guatemala and mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
cuban spotted toad - peltophryne taladai the cuban spotted toad is found in cuba . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
hainan flathead toad - parapelophryne scalpta the hainan flathead toad is found in china . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
herveo plump toad - osornophryne percrassa the herveo plump toad is found in colombia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
natterjack toad - epidalea calamita the natterjack toad is said to be the loudest amphibian in europe . source : bbc intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no nigerian toad - bufo perreti the nigerian toad is found in nigeria . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes noellert’s toad - duttaphrynus noellerti noellert’s toad is found in sri lanka . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes oak toad - anaxyrus quercicus the oak toad is found in the southeastern united states . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
spiny slender toad - ansonia spinulifer the spiny slender toad is threatened by deforestation . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
true toads usually call in choruses , which means that the males of a species group together and call all at once . the females hear the calls and follow them to the males . they mate when the male grasps the female from behind and holds on near her front legs , while the female lays her eggs in the water . in some species , like the houston toad , the male may have to cling to the female ' s back for several hours before the female is ready to lay her eggs . malcolm ' s ethiopian toad mates differently than other true toads . instead of the piggyback position that other toads and the vast majority of frogs use , the male and female of this species mate belly to belly .
blanford ' s toad is found in djibouti , eritrea , ethiopia , and somalia .
common toad - bufo bufo the common toad can live to be 40 years old . source : bbc intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
houston toad - anaxyrus houstonensis the houston toad prefers habitats with sandy soil . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
southwestern toad - anaxyrus mexicanus the southwestern toad is found in conifer forests in mexico . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
yala toad - duttaphrynus atukoralei the yala toad is found in sri lanka . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes yosemite toad - anaxyrus canorus the yosemite toad is found in california in the sierra nevada mountains . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
yosemite toad - anaxyrus canorus the yosemite toad hibernates from late september until the spring . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
mertens’ smalltongue toad - werneria mertensiana the mertens’ smalltongue toad is found in cameroon . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes mesilau stream toad - ansonia guibei the mesilau stream toad is found in malaysia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes mindo stubfoot toad - atelopus mindoensis the mindo stubfoot toad is found in ecuador . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes montevideo red - belly toad - melanophryniscus montevidensis the montevideo red - belly toad is found in brazil and uruguay . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes morogoro tree toad - nectophrynoides viviparus the morogoro tree toad is found in tanzania . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes mucubaji stubfoot toad - atelopus mucubajiensis the mucubaji stubfoot toad is found in venezuela . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes muller ' s toad - ansonia muelleri muller ' s toad is found in the philippines . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes napo plump toad - osornophryne antisana the napo plump toad is found in ecuador . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes napo stubfoot toad - atelopus planispina the napo stubfoot toad is found in ecuador . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes natterjack toad - epidalea calamita the natterjack toad is found in southern , western and northern europe . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
huila stubfoot toad - atelopus ebenoides the huila stubfoot toad is found in colombia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes incachaca toad - bufo quechua the incachaca toad is found in bolivia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes kadamaian stream toad - ansonia hanitschi the kadamaian stream toad is found in indonesia and malaysia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes kihansi spray toad - nectophrynoides asperginis the kihansi spray toad was found in tanzania . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes kotagama’s dwarf toad - bufo kotagamai kotagama’s dwarf toad is found in sri lanka . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes koyna toad - xanthophryne koynayensis the koyna toad is found in india . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes long - fingered slender toad - ansonia longidigita the long - fingered slender toad is found in brunei darussalam , indonesia , and malaysia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
true toads have other hidden features , too . they have an odd joint between their lower backbone , or spine , and their hip bones that makes it difficult for the toads to jump well . they can walk or hop short distances , but they cannot leap several feet like some of the other species of frogs . they have only seven bones in their spines instead of the eight that most other frogs have ; they have fewer bones in their front and back feet , and they have shorter toes than other frogs typically have . in addition , the pair of shoulder blades , which are usually separate in other frogs , are fused together in toads into one big shoulder blade that stretches across the whole upper back . their lack of teeth also sets the true toads apart . none of the true toads have teeth on the upper jaw , while almost all other frogs do .
arroyo toad - anaxyrus californicus the arroyo toad is nocturnal . it spends the day underground . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no arroyo toad - anaxyrus californicus the arroyo toad is 2 - 3 inches in length . source : san diego natural history museum intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no azuay stubfoot toad - atelopus bomolochos the azuay stubfoot toad is found in ecuador . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes beddome’s toad - bufo beddomii beddome’s toad is found in india . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes black andean toad - atelopus ignescens the black andean toad was found in the northern andes in ecuador . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
kelaart’s dwarf toad - adenomus kelaartii kelaart ' s dwarf toad is found in sri lanka . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
arizona toad - anaxyrus microscaphus the arizona toad is aound three inches in length . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no arroyo toad - anaxyrus californicus the arroyo toad is found in southern california and baja california , mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
black andean toad - atelopus ignescens the black andean toad was last seen in the wild in 1988 . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no black flathead toad - pelophryne misera the black flathead toad is found in malaysia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
cameroon wolterstorff toad - wolterstorffina parvipalmata the cameroon wolterstorff toad is found in cameroon and nigeria . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
houston toad - anaxyrus houstonensis habitat loss and drought threaten the houston toad . source : texas parks and wildlife intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
spiny slender toad - ansonia spinulifer the spiny slender toad is found in indonesia and malaysiaa . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
western toad - anaxyrus boreas instead of hopping , the western toad usually walks . source : british columbia frogwatch intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
salta toad - rhinella rumbolli the salta toad is found in argentina . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes schmidt ' s stubfoot toad - atelopus pachydermus schmidt ' s stubfoot toad is found in colombia , ecuador and peru . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes small - eared toad - duttaphrynus microtympanum the small - eared toad is found in india . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
stubfoot toad - atelopus nahumae the stubfoot toad is found in colombia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes three - colored harlequin toad - atelopus tricolor the three - colored harlequin toad is found in bolivia and peru . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes toad - mountain harlequin frog - atelopus certus the toad - mountain harlequin frog is found in panama . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes torres red - belly toad - melanophryniscus macrogranulosus the torres red - belly toad is found in brazil . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes tree toad - churamiti maridadi the tree toad is found in tanzania . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes upper amazon stubfoot toad - atelopus seminiferus the upper amazon stubfoot toad is found in peru . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes uzungwe scarp tree toad - nectophrynoides wendyae the uzungwe scarp tree toad is found in tanzania . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes uzungwe toad - bufo uzunguensis the uzungwe toad is found in tanzania . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes venezuela pebble toad - oreophrynella nigra the venezuela pebble toad is found in venezuela . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes veragoa stubfoot toad - atelopus varius the veragoa stubfoot toad is found in costa rica and panama . it is also known as the harlequin frog . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
kelaart’s dwarf toad - adenomus kelaartii kelaart ' s dwarf toad is found in wet tropical forests . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
black torrent toad - ghatophryne ornata the black torrent toad is only a little over an inch in length . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no bleeding toad - leptophryne cruentata the bleeding toad is found in west java , indonesia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
chimalapa toad - incilius tutelarius the chimalapa toad is threatened by habitat loss . source : university of texas at arlington intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
common toad - bufo bufo the common toad is found in africa , europe , and asia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
common toad - bufo bufo the common toad is most active at night . source : amphibian and reptile conservation trust intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
real - time and slow - motion footage of a toad seizing prey with its tongue .
rio pescado stubfoot toad - atelopus balios the rio pescado stubfoot toad is found in ecuador . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes rivera red - belly toad - melanophryniscus devincenzii the rivera red - belly toad is found in argentina and uruguay . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes roraima bush toad - oreophrynella quelchii the roraima bush toad is found in brazil , guyana , and venezuela . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes rose’s mountain toad - capensibufo rosei rose’s mountain toad is found in south africa . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
puerto rican crested toad - peltophryne lemur the puerto rican crested toad gets its name from the crests above its eyes . source : amphibiweb intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no luidan stream toad - ansonia platysoma the luidan stream toad is found in malaysia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes lynch ' s stubfoot toad - atelopus lynchi lynch ' s stubfoot toad is found in ecuador . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
western green toad - anaxyrus debilis western green toads are nocturnal . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no green toad - pseudepidalea viridis the green toad is found across much of europe . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes guajira stubfoot toad - atelopus carrikeri the guajira stubfoot toad is found in colombia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes guanujo stubfoot toad - atelopus guanujo the guanujo stubfoot toad is found in ecuador . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
caucasian toad - bufo verrucosissimus the caucasian toad is found in azerbaijan , georgia , iran , russia , and turkey . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes cayenne stubfoot toad - atelopus flavescens the cayenne stubfoot toad is found in french guiana . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes central coast stubfoot toad - atelopus franciscus the central coast stubfoot toad is found in french guiana . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
black toad - anaxyrus exsul the black toad is 1 . 75 - 3 inches in length . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
cuban high - crested toad - peltophryne gundlachi the cuban high - crested toad is found in cuba . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
cuban long - nosed toad - peltophryne longinasus the cuban long - nosed toad is found in cuba . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
cuban long - nosed toad - peltophryne longinasus the cuban long - nosed toad is found in woods and forests . source : amphibian rescue and conservation project intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no cuban pine toad - peltophryne cataulaciceps the cuban pine toad is found in cuba . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes cuban small - eared toad - peltophryne empusa the cuban small toad is found in cuba . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
woodhouse ' s toad - anaxyrus woodhousii woodhouse ' s toad is found in a variety of habitats . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
amargosa toad - anaxyrus nelsoni the amargosa toad ' s release call is a sharp series of chirps . source : western soundscape archive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no amatola toad - vandijkophrynus amatolicus the amatola toad is found in eastern cape province , south africa . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
red - belly toad - melanophryniscus dorsalis the red - belly toad is found in brazil . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes red - nosed stub - footed toad - atelopus oxyrhynchus the red - nosed stub - footed toad is found in venezuela . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes red - spotted toad - rhinella rubropunctata the red - spotted toad is found in argentina and chile . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
bleeding toad - leptophryne cruentata the bleeding toad gets its name for the blood - red specks on its body . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no brazilian red - belly toad - melanophryniscus cambaraensis the brazilian red - belly toad is found in brazil . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
little mexican toad - anaxyrus kelloggi the little mexican toad is found on the pacific coastal plains of mexico . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
marbled tree toad - pedostibes rugosus the marbled tree toad is found in brunei , indonesia , and malaysia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
western nimba toad - nimbaphrynoides occidentalis the western nimba toad is found in côte d ' ivoire and guinea . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
western toad - anaxyrus boreas the western toad is 3 . 5 - 4 inches in length . source : montana field guide intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
degraaff , r . m . 1991 . the book of the toad : a natural and magical history of toad - human relations . rochester , vt : park street press . isbn 0892812613 .
veragoa stubfoot toad - atelopus varius the male veragoa stubfoot toad does not have a vocal sac . it attracts females with visual displays . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes volcan tacana toad - incilius tacanensis the volcan tacana toad is found in guatemala and mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes warty asian tree toad - pedostibes tuberculosus the warty asian tree toad is found in india . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
dhofar toad - bufo dhufarensis the dhofar toad is found in oman , saudi arabia the united arab emirates , and yemen . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes dodson ' s toad - bufo dodsoni dodson ' s toad is found in djibouti , egypt , eritrea , ethiopia , somalia , and sudan . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes el chape toad - rhinella justinianoi the el chape toad is found in bolivia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes falcon toad - rhinella sternosignata the falcon toad is found in colombia and venezuela . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes four - digit toad - didynamipus sjostedti the four - digit toad is found in cameroon , equatorial guinea and nigeria . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
many true toads are mainly active at night , when they come out of hiding to hunt for food . one of these , the colorado river toad , lives in the deserts of the western united states . it avoids the hot daytime sun by staying underground and comes out at night to search the sand for beetles , snails , and other invertebrates ( in - ver - teh - brehts ) . invertebrates are arthropods and other animals without backbones . a few toads , including the yungas redbelly toad , are active during the day .
braun’s toad - amietophrynus brauni braun ' s toad is found in the leaf - litter on the forest floor . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
amargosa toad - anaxyrus nelsoni the amargosa toad is found in the amargosa river and its tibutaries in southern nevada . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
houston toad - anaxyrus houstonensis the houston toad is 2 - 3 . 5 inches in length . source : bastorop county , texas intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
oak toad - anaxyrus quercicus the oak toad has a yellow stripe down the center of its back . source : florida wildlife extension intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
sonoran green toad - anaxyrus retiformis the sonoran green toad is 1 . 5 - 2 . 3 inches in length . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no southern crested toad - bufo guentheri the southern crested toad is found in the dominican republic and haiti . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes southern round - gland toad - incilius ibarrai the southern round - gland toad is found in guatemala and honduras . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
amatola toad - vandijkophrynus amatolicus the last sighting of a amatola toad was in 2011 . prior to that it hadn ' t been seen since 1998 . source : amphibian specialist group intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no amboli toad - xanthophryne tigerina the amboli toad is found in india . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the arabian toad is found in oman , saudi arabia , the united arab emirates , and yemen .
arizona toad - anaxyrus microscaphus the arizona toad is largely nocturnal . it spends the day burrowed in the ground . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
brongersma ' s toad - pseudepidalea brongersmai brongersma ' s toad is found in algeria , morocco , and western sahara . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
canadian toad - anaxyrus hemiophrys the canadian toad is 2 - 3 . 5 inches in length . source : minnesota department of natural resources intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
southern toad - anaxyrus terrestris the southern toad usually eats small invertebrates , but it will eat anything it can swallow . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
wyoming toad - bufo baxteri the wyoming toad is only found in captivity in mortenson lake national wildlife refuge in wyoming . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
cururu toad - rhinella schneideri the cururu toad is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , paraguay , and uruguay . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
arizona toad - anaxyrus microscaphus the arizona toad is found in nevada , utah , arizona , and new mexico . source : reptiles of arizona intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
puerto rican crested toad - peltophryne lemur the puerto rican crested toad is found in puerto rico and the british virgin islands . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
red - spotted toad - anaxyrus punctatus the red - spotted toad is 1 . 5 - 3 inches in length . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
southern toad - anaxyrus terrestris the southern toad is found in sandy areas , marshes , and mixed hardwood swamps . source : florida wildlife extension intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
oak toad - anaxyrus quercicus the oak toad is found in moist , grassy areas near pine or oak savannahs with sandy soil . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes osgood’s ethiopian toad - spinophrynoides osgoodi osgood’s ethiopian toad is found in ethiopia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes pass stubfoot toad - atelopus senex the pass stubfoot toad is found in costa rica . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes pebas stubfoot toad - atelopus spumarius the pebas stubfoot toad is found in brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , and suriname . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes peru stubfoot toad - atelopus peruensis the peru stubfoot toad is found in peru . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes pirre mountain frog - atelopus glyphus the pirre mountain toad is found in colombia and panama . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes pulo tioman stream toad - ansonia tiomanica the pulo tioman stream toad is found in malaysia . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes rancho grande harlequin frog - atelopus cruciger the rancho grande harlequin toad is found in venezuela . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
in general , true toads are shades of brown , green , and / or gray , which allows these rather slow creatures to blend in with the background . the chirinda toad , for instance , has a light brown back and legs and dark brown sides . when it sits still , it almost disappears against the dead leaves of its habitat . the green toad , which lives in europe , asia , and northern africa , is brown with green blotches , a pattern that blends in with the ground where it lives . a few species , however , have very bright colors . the yungas redbelly toad has a black and sometimes green back , but a bright red belly , and the male golden toad , which is now extinct , or no longer in existence , was vivid orange .
the western leopard toad is found in a very small region in the western cape province in south africa .
ranger ' s toad - amietophrynus rangeri ranger ' s toad is found in lesotho , south africa , and swaziland . source : african amphibians lifedesk intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
colorado river toad .
yahooligans ! animals . urltoken ( accessed on april 12 , 2005 ) .
broadly defined , toad is the common term applied to largely terrestrial members of the amphibian order anura , whose frog - like body generally is characterized by short legs , a stocky body , and a drier , rougher skin than frogs . this division of anurans into toads and frogs is a popular , not a scientific distinction ; it does not represent a formal taxonomic rank . more narrowly defined , the
true toads
are those anurans that belong to the taxonomic family bufonidae .
houston toad - anaxyrus houstonensis efforts are under way to insure the survival of the houston toad in the wild . source : association of zoos and aquariums intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
yosemite toad - anaxyrus canorus the yosemite toad is found in wet mountain meadows , willow thickets , and the borders of forests . source : california herps intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
colorado river toad - incilius alvarius the colorado river toad is found in arizona , new mexico , california , and northern mexico . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
american toad .
enature , national wildlife federation . urltoken ( accessed on april 12 , 2005 ) .
only a few true toads climb and live in trees or spend most of their time in the water . one of the toads that is arboreal ( ar - bor - ee - ul ) , which means that it lives in trees , is the brown tree toad of borneo , sumatra , malaysia , and thailand , which are all in southeastern asia . using the wide pads on the tips of its toes to help it cling to twigs and branches , this toad usually stays in the trees except during mating season , when it enters streams . the aquatic swamp toad , on the other hand , is aquatic ( uh - quot - ik ) , which means that it usually remains in the water . this large toad , which also lives in parts of southeastern asia , has full webbing between its toes to help it swim .
common lowveld toad - amietophrynus poweri the common lowveld toad is found in angola , botswana , namibia , and south africa . source : african amphibians and life desk intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
amargosa toad - anaxyrus nelsoni the amargosa toad is threatened by habitat loss and non - native predators like the bullfrog and the crayfish . source : national public radio intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
amargosa toad - anaxyrus nelsoni the amargosa toad is silent unless it is picked up . it then lets out a release call . source : center for biological diversity intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
oak toad - anaxyrus quercicus the oak toad ' s call is a high pitched peep that sounds like the call of a young chicken . source : herps of nc intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
a few toads , like the roraima bush toad , probably have eggs that turn into toadlets instead of changing into tadpoles first . scientists are not sure about the bush toad , however , because they have never watched an egg hatch .
giant marine toad .
utah ' s hogle zoo . urltoken ( accessed on april 12 , 2005 ) .
true toads , harlequin frogs , and their relatives make their homes for most of the year in a variety of habitats from wet or dry forests to fields , and even some dry deserts . they can survive in very warm , tropical areas , as well as cooler places with snowy winter seasons . they do not live in far northern north america or northern asia , but some exist without problem high on windswept or snow - capped mountains that are up to 16 , 400 feet ( 5 , 000 meters ) above sea level . the vast majority of toads are terrestrial ( te - reh - stree - uhl ) , which means they live on land . examples of terrestrial toads include the american toad , the marine toad , and the houston toad .
on the left picture , geographic distribution map shows that how many true toads are distributed in the world . except some part of continent such as , north part of asia , oceania , and north part of africa , except these part of world , members of the family bufonidae are widely spread out all over the world . [ 11 ] true toads ' main habitats are hot or warm place such as deserts of dry fields , however , they don ' t usually live in the north part of every continent because the low degree with the snowy weather . the largest distributed is asia , especially southeastern asia , such as vietnam , malaysia , laos and cambodia , because these countries are hot and warm also there are no winter exist , so southeastern asia is the best place they can live . [ 12 ]
western toad - anaxyrus boreas the western toad is found from southern alaska south to baja california , mexico and east to the rocky mountains in west - central alberta , canada and south to montana , wyoming , utah , and colorado . it is also known as the boreal toad . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
wyoming toad - bufo baxteri until the 1970s , the wyoming toad was common in the laramie plains in albany county , wyoming . source : u . s . fish and wildlife intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
ate the marine toad , it ' s quite likely that it would lead to near , if not fatal , consequences .
like other amphibians , the marine toad undergoes the incredible transformation from a water - bound tadpole to a ground - dwelling adult in a matter of months . like it ' s adult counterpart , the marine toad tadpoles are also highly toxic to any
western toad - anaxyrus boreas in the spring and the summer , the western toad is usually found at the water ' s edge or basking on partially submerged logs . source : amphibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
fowler ' s toad - anaxyrus fowleri fowler ' s toad is found in most areas of eastern united states from southern new hampshire south to northern florida and west to michigan , eastern oklahoma , and eastern texas . fowler ' s toad is also found in canada on the banks of the erie . source : ampibiaweb intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
cururu toad - rhinella schneideri the cururu toad has glands the excrete poison on the sides of its head and on the back of its legs . source : world association of zoos and aquariums intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
classification : toads are classified in the phylum - chordata , subphylum - vertebrata , class - amphibia , order - anura . the genus that includes more than 300 species is bufo of the family bufonidae . besides bufo , the family includes 25 genera . the giant toad is classified as bufo marinus . the american toad is classified as bufo americanus and the southern toad as bufo terrestris .


assara conicolella is a species of snout moth in the genus assara .

it was described by alexandre constant in 1884 and is known from france , corsica and the iberian peninsula .

the wingspan is 13 – 17 mm .

assara conicolella

assara - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by speidel , w . & segerer , a . nuss , m .
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regions of the russian federation : european north - west , central european , trans - baikal , kaliningrad , karelia , kola , nizhne - amur , seaside , mid - amur , mid - volzhsky , south ural , south yakutia .
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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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asteroceras is an extinct genus of cephalopod belonging to the ammonite subclass .

these fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived during the triassic and jurassic periods ( from 205.6 to 189.6 ma ) .

asteroceras

asteroceras obtusum , 5 . 5 cm , robin hoods bay asteroceras obtusum , 5 . 5 cm , robin hoods bay , keel view
taxonomy not to be confused with the mollusc asteroceras hyatt , 1867 . [ details ]
no one has contributed data records for asteroceras confusum yet . learn how to contribute .
stratigraphical distribution . lower jurassic , sinemurian , asteroceras obtusum zone to late middle jurassic , callovian .
asteroceras fossils may be found in the jurassic marine strata of canada , china , germany , hong kong , hungary , peru , and turkey , in the triassic of united states and at lyme regis in the asteroceras obtusum zone of upper sinemurian age .
asteroceras obtusum seems to be relatively rare , i have only a few specimen in my collection . it´s whorls are thicker than the ones
asteroceras obtusum and promicroceras planicosta lower jurassic , lower lias charmouth , dorset , uk i prepared this specimen in a bowl affect in the matrix . the ammonite has beautiful honey and brown colouration and is very well preserved . the asteroceras measures 3 - 3 / 8 inches across .
asteroceras - ammonites are an extinct group of marine invertebrate animals in the subclass ammonoidea of the class cephalopoda . these molluscs are … | pinteres…
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : asteroceras saltriensis ( c . f . parona , 1896 ) † - id : 6494000052
beautifully presented asteroceras ammonite from the famous jurassic coastline at lyme regis , dorset , uk . the ammonite , which is 194 million years old , is 13 . 5cms in diameter . a striking sculptural piece .
as a rule of thumb , the genera can be distinguished in the following manner : asteroceras – more or less thick whorls with keel aegasteroceras – more or less thick whorls without keel caenisites – thinner whorls with keel , fine deep ribbing , deep keel furrows , more evolute than eparietites , umbilical width between 40 and 50 % eparietites – thinner whorls with very prominent keel , fine shallow ribbing , more involute than caenisites , umbilical width between 22 and 35 % epophioceras – looks more like a gagaticeras or an echioceras , only in this subfamily due to similar suture .
opportunities to find asteroceratinae ammonites in robin hoods bay have become relatively rare ; more often than not , the beds containing these ammonites are covered by sand or rocks in robin hoods bay . larger specimen are particularly rare , but they are there – the picture below was shot on day in march 2012 where a window down to the beds below a boulder field had opened – i was counting 6 large asteroceras in an area of about 20 x 20 m – all of them were eroded like the one pictured . two days later , that window had closed . also remember – this is an sssi exposure , please collect responsibly !
asteroceratinae is a subfamily of ammonites more usually associated with the dorset coast , the beautiful , sometimes large , ammonites in all shades of calcite from deep brown to light yellow come to mind . in yorkshire species like asteroceras or eparietites are less common in such nice a preservation , and i have not seen the beautiful brown & honey colors – greys & blacks are more prevailing in yorkshire coast specimen ; body chambers without inner whorls can be seen quite often on the scars , complete specimen can usually only be found in concretions , which are usually soft enough to prep the ammonites completely with shell – carefully done , it reveals shell details that you rarely see from anywhere else .
all organisms are classified as belonging to a series of nested groups , the smallest unit of which is the species . species are linked together into genera ( singular , genus ) , genera into orders , orders into classes , classes into phyla ( singular , phylum ) , and phyla into kingdoms . sometimes intermediate stages are identified , such as subclasses or superfamilies . an organism is usually given two names , the first of which begins with a capital letter , and is the name of its genus . the second begins with a lower case letter and is the name of the organism ' s species . both of these names should be written in italics , or underlined . higher up the taxonomic ladder plain text is used . an example of this hierarchy , for the ammonite asteroceras obtusum , is shown in fig . 2 . 2 .
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euryalinae gray , 1840 , emended okanishi et al . , 2011 accepted as euryalidae gray , 1840
stöhr , s . ; o’hara , t . & thuy , b . ( eds ) ( 2018 ) . world ophiuroidea database .
rowe , f . w . e & gates , j . ( 1995 ) . echinodermata . in ‘zoological catalogue of australia’ . 33 ( ed a . wells . ) pp xiii + 510 ( csiro australia , melbourne . ) [ details ]
remark type species : astroceras pergamena lyman , 1879 by monotypy ( rowe & gates , 1995 ) . [ details ]
clark , a . m . & courtman - stock , j . ( 1976 ) . the echinoderms of southern africa . publ . no . 766 . british museum ( nat . hist ) , london . 277 pp . [ details ]
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these are just a few examples from our fossil shop , of previous fossils sold . if you require any similar uk fossil specimens , we will endeavour to find these for you . as can be seen , we specialise in british fossils and if you browse our fossil galleries you will see similar fossils for sale . we also intend this fossil gallery to be used as an identification aid for the fossil collector and we will keep adding to this section as fossils are sold online .
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name : asteroces obtusum age : lias , sinémurian location : lyme regis , dorset , uk commentaires : the bloc measures 25x18cm and has a weight of 4300grammes . three nice ammonites are visible .
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the two purposes of modern taxonomy are to provide a working classification for life that allows species to be identified , and to map out the evolutionary relationships of a group of organisms . this kind of mapping process is the study of phylogeny .
all members of a species share many common features . in turn , all species within a genus will have a significant number of shared characters . as the hierarchy develops , the number of shared characters gets fewer , but their importance , especially in terms of early growth , symmetry , and body form tends to
increase . in an ideal example , the taxonomic hierarchy of an organism will define its phylogeny ; that is , will be a map of its evolutionary history . all species within a genus should share a common ancestor . all genera in an order should share a more distant common ancestor . the phylogeny of some groups , for example vertebrates , is well understood . however , in other groups , such as graptolites , establishing the phylogeny of most members of the group is problematic , and their classification is partly an artificial one .
baker , a . n . ( 1980 ) . euryalinid ophiuroidea ( echinodermata ) from australia , new zealand , and the south - west pacific ocean . new zealand journal of zoology . 7 , 11 - 83 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the green shelled asteroceratinae from the old , long closed conersby quarry in scunthorpe , lincolnshire are of course a visual highlight ; when the shell is removed , predominantly white chambers fillings with additional greens / yellows / pinks & browns and dark chamber walls produce a striking contrast , that is highly sought after ( and paid for ) these days… from what i´ve seen , theses so called “scunnies” belong to species that are basically the same as on the yorkshire coast .
aegasteroceras sagittarium , 5 . 5 cm , scunthorpe eparietites impedens , with shell , 7 . 5 cm , scunthorpe , purchased from m . marshall eparietites impedens , shell removed & polished , 12 cm , scunthorpe
of course , some of these species can also be found on the cleveland coast and in the glacial drift at the holderness coast .
from a . blakei and it has the least ribs / whorl of the species .
this is a thicker species of aegasteroceras which has even less of a keel compared to aegastoceras saggittarium .
keel shot here only , the specimen needs a bit of re - prep . it was on my “wants list” before , i “found” it in my drawers while
i have many aegasteroceras saggittarium in my collection , but none of the are very well preserved .
here is a keel shot only to show the almost non - existent keel . there are some more that need re - prepping…
caenisites turneri seems to be very rare from robin hoods bay , this is the only specimen i have found so far , and it is badly crushed in the inner whorls .
side keels and it has deeper ribbing than eparietites . it has deep keel furrows , it´s umbilical width is somewhat variable , i guess there are many intermediates between the genera .
direkt comparison between eparietites impedens ( left ) and caenisites brooki ( right ) , both 3 . 5 cm , robin hoods bay
caenisites cf . brooki , 3 specimen 4 - 5 cm , robin hoods bay , purchased from b . blessed
the 3 ammonites in this specimen seem to be intermediates beween c . brooki and c . turneri –
thicker whorls than c . brooki , a bit more evolute , but the keel rises above the side keels .
the eparietites shown here is a find from july 2013 . it is a beautiful specimen , that is comprised of most of the shelled inner whorls of a larger specimen
shown in the previous post – sadly the outer whorl was mostly eroded . it´s most diagnostic feature is the strong keel that has no real side furrows . i´m particularly fond of this specimen since it has most of it´s shell preserved , and it has such a nice fine structure…
r . schlegelmilch : die ammoniten des süddeutschen lias , gustav fischer verlag , 2 . edition 1992
m . k . howarth : the lower lias of robin hood´s bay , yorkshire , and the work of leslie bairstow , bulletin of the natural history museum geology series vol . 58 / 2 , london 2002
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ammonoid or ammonites are an extinct group of marine animals of the subclass ammonoidea in the class cephalopoda , phylum mollusca . ammonoidea is one of three subclasses of cephalopods , the others being coleoidea ( octopuses , squids , cuttlefishes , extinct belemites ) , and nautiloidea ( nautilus and extinct relatives ) . the ammonoids appeared in the paleozoic about 400 million years ago ( mya ) , flourished during the mesozoic , and became extinct at the close of the cretaceous 65 mya , along with the dinosaurs .
the words
ammonoid
and
ammonite
are both commonly used to refer to any member of subclass ammonoidea . however , in stricter usage , the term
ammonite
is reserved for members of suborder ( or order ) ammonitina . these have also been referred to as the
true ammonites ,
while
ammonite
continues to be used for the entire subclass ammonoidea .
ammonoids ' closest living relative is probably not the modern nautilus , which they outwardly resemble , but rather the subclass coleoidea . their fossil shells usually take the form of planispirals , although there were some helically - spiraled and non - spiraled forms ( known as
heteromorphs
) .
ammonites ' spiral shape gave rise to their name , as their fossilized shells somewhat resemble a tightly - coiled ram ' s horn . plinius the elder ( died 79 c . e . near pompeii ) called fossils of these animals ammonis cornua (
horns of ammon
) because the egyptian god ammon ( amun ) was typically depicted wearing ram ' s horns . [ 1 ] often the name of an ammonite genus ends in ceras , which is greek ( κέρας ) for
horn
( for instance , pleuroceras ) .
ammonoids are excellent index fossils ( fossils used to define and identify geologic periods or faunal stages ) , and it is often possible to link the rock layer in which they are found to specific geological time periods .
from the pierre shale of south dakota . much of the original shell has survived .
the ammonoids seemed to have diverged from the external shelled nautiloid during the paleozoic era , likely from within the bactritoid nautiloids . the ammonoid cephalopods first appeared around 400 mya in the late silurian to early devonian of the paleozoic era . ammonoids became extremely abundant , especially as ammonites during the mesozoic era .
the majority of ammonoid specimens , especially those of the paleozoic era , are preserved only as internal molds ; that it to say , the outer shell ( composed of aragonite ) has been lost through fossilization . it is only in these internal - moldic specimens that the suture lines can be observed ; in life the sutures would have been hidden by the outer shell .
the cretaceous pierre shale formation of the united states and canada is well known for the abundant ammonoid fauna it yields , including baculites , placenticeras , scaphites , hoploscaphites , and jeletzkytes , as well as many uncoiled forms . many of these also have much or all of the original shell , as well as the complete body chamber , still intact . many pierre shale ammonoides , and indeed many ammonoides throughout earth history , are found inside concretions ( sedimentary rock in which a mineral cement fills the spaces between the sediment grains ) .
the ammonoids survived several major extinction events , with often only a few species known to have survived . each time , however , this handful would diversify into a multitude of forms . ammonoid fossils became less abundant during the latter part of the mesozoic , with none surviving into the cenozoic era .
the last surviving lines disappeared along with the dinosaurs 65 million years ago in the cretaceous - tertiary extinction event . that no ammonoids survived the extinction event at the end of the cretaceous , while some nautiloid cousins survived , might be due to differences in ontogeny ( development from an egg ) to maturity ) . if their extinction was due to an meteor strike , plankton around the globe could have been severely diminished , thereby dooming ammonoid reproduction during its planktonic stage .
due to their free - swimming and / or free - floating habits , ammonoids often happened to live directly above seafloor waters so poor in oxygen as to prevent the establishment of animal life on the seafloor . when upon death , the ammonoids fell to this seafloor and were gradually buried in accumulating sediment , bacterial decomposition of these corpses often tipped the delicate balance of local redox conditions sufficiently to lower the local solubility of minerals dissolved in the seawater , notably phosphates and carbonates . the resulting spontaneous concentric precipitation of minerals around a fossil is called a concretion and is responsible for the outstanding preservation of many ammonite fossils .
when ammonites are found in clays , their original mother - of - pearl coating is often preserved . this type of preservation is found in ammonites such as hoplites from the cretaceous gault clay of folkestone in kent , england .
other fossils , such as many found in madagascar and alberta ( canada ) , display iridescence ( hue changes according to the angle from which the surface is viewed , due to multiple reflections from multi - layer , semi - transparent surfaces ) . these iridescent ammonites are often of gem quality ( ammolite ) when polished . in no case would this iridescence have been visible during the animal ' s life ; additional shell layers covered it .
few of the ammonites occurring in the lower and middle part of the jurassic period reach a size exceeding 23 centimeters ( 9 inches ) in diameter . much larger forms are found in the later rocks of the upper part of the jurassic and the lower part of the cretaceous , such as titanites from the portland stone of jurassic of southern england , which is often 53 centimeters ( 2 feet ) in diameter , and parapuzosia seppenradensis of the cretaceous period of germany , which is one of the largest known ammonites , sometimes reaching 2 meters ( 6 . 5 feet ) in diameter .
the largest documented north american ammonite is parapuzosia bradyi from the cretaceous with specimens measuring 137 centimeters ( 4 . 5 feet ) in diameter .
because ammonites and their close relatives are extinct , little is known about their way of life . their soft body parts are practically never preserved in any detail . nonetheless , a lot has been worked out by examining ammonoid shells and by using models of these shells in water tanks .
many ammonoids probably lived in the open water of ancient seas , rather than at the sea bottom . this is suggested by the fact that their fossils are often found in rocks that were laid down under conditions where no bottom - dwelling life is found . many of them ( such as oxynoticeras ) are thought to have been good swimmers with flattened , discus - shaped , streamlined shells , although some ammonoids were less effective swimmers and were likely to have been slow - swimming bottom - dwellers .
ammonites and their kin probably preyed on fishes , crustaceans , and other small creatures ; while they themselves were preyed upon by such marine reptiles , such as mosasaurs . fossilized ammonoids have been found showing teeth marks from such attacks .
the chambered part of the ammonoid shell is called a phragmocone . the phragmocone contains a series of progressively larger chambers , called camerae ( sing . camera ) that are divided by thin walls called septa ( sing . septum ) . only the last and largest chamber , the body chamber , was occupied by the living animal at any given moment . as it grew , it added newer and larger chambers to the open end of the coil .
a thin living tube called a siphuncle passed through the septa , extending from the ammonite ' s body into the empty shell chambers . through a hyperosmotic active transport process , the ammonite emptied water out of these shell chambers . this enabled it to control the buoyancy of the shell and thereby rise or descend in the water column .
a primary difference between ammonites and nautiloids is that the siphuncle of ammonites ( excepting clymeniina ) runs along the ventral periphery of the septa and camerae ( i . e . , the inner surface of the outer axis of the shell ) , while the siphuncle of nautiloids runs more or less through the center of the septa and camerae .
one feature found in shells of the modern nautilus is the variation in the shape and size of the shell according to the gender of the animal , the shell of the male being slightly smaller and wider than that of the female . this sexual dimorphism is thought to be an explanation to the variation in size of certain ammonoid shells of the same species , the larger shell ( called a macroconch ) being female , and the smaller shell ( called a microconch ) being male . this is thought to be because the female required a larger body size for egg production . a good example of this sexual variation is found in bifericeras from the early part of the jurassic period of europe .
it is only in relatively recent years that the sexual variation in the shells of ammonoids has been recognized . the macroconch and microconch of one species were often previously mistaken for two closely related but different species occurring in the same rocks . however , these
pairs
were so consistently found together that it became apparent that they were in fact sexual forms of the same species .
the majority of ammonoids have a shell that is a planispiral flat coil , but some have a shell that is partially uncoiled , partially coiled , and partially straight ( as in australiceras ) , nearly straight ( as in baculites ) , or coiled helically—superficially like that of a large gastropod — ( as in turrilites and bostrychoceras ) . these partially uncoiled and totally uncoiled forms began to diversify mainly during the early part of the cretaceous and are known as heteromorphs .
perhaps the most extreme and bizarre looking example of a heteromorph is nipponites , which appears to be a tangle of irregular whorls lacking any obvious symmetrical coiling . however , upon closer inspection the shell proves to be a three - dimensional network of connected
u
shapes . nipponites occurs in rocks of the upper part of the cretaceous in japan and the usa .
ammonoids vary greatly in the ornamentation of their shells . some may be smooth and relatively featureless , except for growth lines , and resemble that of the modern nautilus . in others , various patterns of spiral ridges and ribs or even spines are shown . this type of ornamentation of the shell is especially evident in the later ammonites of the cretaceous .
like the modern nautilus , many ammonites were probably able to withdraw their body into the living chamber of the shell and developed either a single horny plate or a pair of calcitic plates with which they were able to close the opening of the shell . the opening of the shell is called the aperture . the plates are collectively termed the aptychus or aptychi in the case of a pair of plates , and anaptychus in the case of a single plate . the aptychi were identical and equal in size .
anaptychi are relatively rare as fossils . they are found representing ammonites from the devonian period through those of the cretaceous period .
calcified aptychi only occur in ammonites from the mesozoic era and are normally found detached from the shell and are rarely preserved in place . still , sufficient numbers have been found closing the apertures of fossil ammonite shells as to leave no doubt as to their intended purpose . ( this long - standing and wide - spread interpretation of the function of the aptychus has long been disputed . the latest studies suggest that the anaptychus may have in fact formed part of a special jaw apparatus ) .
large numbers of detached aptychi occur in certain beds of rock ( such as those from the mesozoic in the alps ) . these rocks are usually accumulated at great depths . the modern nautilus lacks any calcitic plate for closing its shell , and only one extinct nautiloid genus is known to have borne anything similar . nautilus does , however , have a leathery head shield ( the hood ) which it uses to cover the opening when it retreats inside .
there are many forms of aptychus , varying in shape and the sculpture of the inner and outer surfaces , but because they are so rarely found in position within the shell of the ammonite it is often unclear to which species of ammonite many aptychi belong . a number of aptychi have been given their own genus and even species names independent of their unknown owners ' genus and species , pending future discovery of verified occurrences within ammonite shells .
the classification of ammonoids is based in part on the ornamentation and structure of the septa comprising their shells ' gas chambers ; by these and other characteristics we can divide subclass ammonoidea into three orders and eight known suborders . while nearly all nautiloids show gently curving sutures , the ammonoid suture line ( the intersection of the septum with the outer shell ) was folded , forming saddles ( or peaks ) and lobes ( or valleys ) .
goniatitic - numerous undivided lobes and saddles ; typically 8 lobes around the conch . this pattern is characteristic of the paleozoic ammonoids .
ceratitic - lobes have subdivided tips , giving them a saw - toothed appearance , and rounded undivided saddles . this suture pattern is characteristic of triassic ammonoids and appears again in the cretaceous
pseudoceratites .
ammonitic - lobes and saddles are much subdivided ( fluted ) ; subdivisions are usually rounded instead of saw - toothed . ammonoids of this type are the most important species from a biostratigraphical point of view . this suture type is characteristic of jurassic and cretaceous ammonoids but extends back all the way to the permian .
the three orders and various suborders of ammonoidea are herein listed from most primitive to more derived .
in medieval times , ammonites were believed to be petrified snakes . they were frequently fitted with carved snake - like heads and sold to pilgrims . a famous example of this links the ammonite fossils common in the jurassic sediments around whitby , north yorkshire , england , with the legend that saint hilda turned a plague of snakes into stone . even today , tourists can buy ammonite fossils with heads carved onto them to make them look more snake - like .
it is said that the original discus used by the ancient greeks in their olympics was in fact a fossilized ammonite ; a number of ammonite generic names include an explicit reference to the discus shape ( e . g . , sphenodiscus ) .
in india , ammonite fossils are identified with the god vishnu and are used in various ceremonies . they are mostly collected in nepal , from the bed of the river gandaki where it cuts through jurassic sediments . these fossils are known as
shaligram shila
[ 1 ] .
↑ pliny the elder . natural history [ 37 . 60 . 167 ] . translated by j . bostock and h . t . riley . london : taylor and francis . in this section ( on precious stones ) , pliny writes ,
hammonis cornu is reckoned among the most sacred gems of æthiopia ; it is of a golden colour , like a ram ' s horn in shape , and ensures prophetic dreams , it is said .
the translators note that hammonis cornu refers to
horn of [ jupiter ] hammon
and
he here alludes to the ammonites of modern geology , an extinct race of molluscous animals that inhabited convoluted shells , and which are commonly known as
snake - stones .
chamot , j . 2003 . deeply buried sediments tell story of sudden mass extinction . national science foundation . retrieved january 20 , 2007 .
larson , n . l . , s . d . jorgensen , r . a . farrar , and p . l . larson . 1997 . ammonites and the other cephalopods of the pierre seaway . geoscience press .
lehmann , u . 1981 . the ammonites : their life and their world . cambridge university press . translated from german by janine lettau .
monks , n . 2006a . a broad brush history of the cephalopoda . the cephalopod page ( urltoken ) . retrieved january 20 , 2007 .
monks , n . 2006b . ammonite maturity , pathology and old age . the cephalopod page ( urltoken ) . retrieved january 20 , 2007 .
walker , c . , and d . ward . 2002 . fossils . london : dorling , kindersley limited .
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ammonites are the extinct relatives of sea creatures such as the modern nautilus from palau .
ammonites lived during the periods of earth history known as the jurassic and cretaceous . together , these represent a time interval of about 140 million years .
the jurassic period began about 201 million years ago , and the cretaceous ended about 66 million years ago . the ammonites became extinct at the end of the cretaceous period , at roughly the same time as the dinosaurs disappeared .
however , we know a lot about them because they are commonly found as fossils , formed when the remains or traces of the animal became buried sediment that later solidified into rock .
an artist ' s impression of a simplified cross - section through a ‘living‘ ammonite .
ammonites were marine animals belonging to the phylum mollusca and the class cephalopoda . they had a coiled external shell similar to that of the modern nautilus . in other living cephalopods , e . g . octopus , squid and cuttlefish , the shells are small and internal , or absent .
the ammonite ' s shell was divided into chambers separated by walls known as septa ( singular septum ) . these strengthened the shell and stopped it from being crushed by the external water pressure . ammonites could probably not withstand depths of more than 100 metres .
the septa had frilled edges : intricate lines , of varying complexity and known as sutures , mark where the septa joined the shell wall .
the ammonite lived in only the last chamber , the body - chamber ; earlier ones were filled with gas or fluid which the ammonite was able to regulate in order to control its buoyancy and movement , much like a submarine .
ammonite suture . the septa of an ammonite had frilled edges : intricate lines , of varying complexity , known as sutures , mark where the septa joined the shell wall .
the most important functions of the ammonite shell were protection and flotation . each complete 360° coil is called a whorl . except for the inner - most whorl , the shell is made up of three layers . the thin innermost and outermost layers are composed of prisms of aragonite ( a form of calcium carbonate ) . the thicker middle layer is nacreous ( mother - of - pearl ) , formed of tiny tabular crystals of aragonite .
in scientific literature , it has been the convention to illustrate ammonites with their body - chambers at the top . this is the opposite of their position in life .
ribs , spines and tubercles ( knobs ) , which frequently adorn the shell , may have strengthened it , but they may also have provided physical protection and camouflage against various predators , including marine reptiles ( such as ichthyosaurs ) , crustaceans , fish and other ammonites . they also helped to regulate buoyancy and stability , as well as being sexual display features .
ammonites probably fed on small plankton , or vegetation growing on the sea floor . they may also have eaten slow - moving animals that lived on the sea bottom , such as foraminifera , ostracods , small crustaceans , young brachiopods , corals and bryozoa , as well as drifting , slow - swimming or dead sea creatures .
as with living animals , ammonites are classified into species and genera whose names must be latin words or words that have been latinised . the proper scientific name of a particular ammonite consists of the name of the species , preceded by the name of the genus to which it belongs , plus the name of the first person to describe it , and the date .
some genera of ammonites had shells that were coiled in more bizarre ways . these are known as heteromorphs , from the greek heteros meaning different and morphe meaning form or shape .
the coiled shell is generally the only part of the ammonite to be preserved as a fossil .
the coiled shell is generally the only part of the ammonite to be preserved as a fossil . as well as being aesthetically pleasing and popular with fossil collectors , they are of particular value to geologists .
the use of ammonites in stratigraphy was pioneered in the 1850s by two germans — friedrich quenstedt of tübingen ( 1809–1889 ) and his one - time pupil , albert oppel of munich ( 1831–1865 ) .
their work was based on the ammonites of the swabian and franconian alb of southern germany — the eastern extension of the jura mountains of france and switzerland , from which the jurassic period takes its name .
the rapidity of ammonite evolution is the single most important reason for their superiority over other fossils for the purposes of correlation . such correlation can be on a worldwide scale .
ammonites can be used to distinguish intervals of geological time of less than 200 000 years duration . in terms of earth history , this is very precise .
rocks ( coloured green ) in britain . the foreshore and cliffs at lyme regis and whitby are famous collecting localities for ammonites and other fossils .
ammonite fossils are traditionally illustrated ' upside down ' with the body chamber shown at the top . however , in life they would have swam the other way up , as shown in the gallery of artist ' s impressions above .
the geologist must be wary of the condition known as homeomorphy . this is when a particular shell form or morphology is repeated , so that unrelated genera or species of different ages are nearly identical in appearance .
ammonites take their name from the egyptian god amun , known to the greeks as zeus ammon .
ammonites take their name from the egyptian god amun , known to the greeks as zeus ammon . this god is depicted on cyrean coins and in sculpture by a head with curling ram ' s horns . many genera of ammonites have names ending in - ceras from the greek word ' keras ' meaning horn .
early works of natural history compared the coiled form of the ammonite with that of a serpent , and ammonites became widely known as snakestones . in order to perpetuate the legend that ammonites were serpents that had been turned into stone , local collectors and dealers in fossils frequently carved heads on them .
the legend is particularly associated with the town of whitby in north yorkshire , the home of the anglo - saxon abbess st hilda ( 614 - 680 ad ) . the town ' s coat - of - arms includes three ' snakestones ' .
used as charms , ammonites were thought to be a protection against serpents , and a cure for baldness and infertility .
part of colour - tinted lithograph cartoon showing an impression of life in the early jurassic seas drawn by henry de la beche ( 1796–1855 ) , the first director of the british geological survey . an ammonite - like creature is shown far right .
ammonites show an enormous range in size from the very small , like the late jurassic nannocardioceras ( in which complete adults are rarely more than 20 millimetres in diameter ) .
this 1 . 95 metres diameter parapuzosia seppenradensis is from the late cretaceous . it was found in germany in 1895 . if complete , this specimen would have had a diameter of about 2 . 55 metres .
many of the fossils in the bgs palaeontology collections are available to view and download as 3d models . click on the caption to view this ammonite as a 3d model or go to the gb3d type fossils website for further information .
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this guidebook provides detailed itineraries of three of the geological field trips related to the 2017 joint meeting of the gsa northeastern and north - central sections in pittsburgh . the first chapter outlines a walking trip of downtown pittsburgh and the escarpment to its south , consisting of seven “pitt stops” investigating geological , archaeological , and historical aspects of the gateway to the west . venturing further afield , the second chapter describes a trip that explores periglacial features as far as the upper youghiogheny river basin in maryland and the laurel highlands of pennsylvania . the third chapter investigates hydrologic aspects of the 1889 johnstown , pennsylvania , flood , largely following the progress of the flood from its point of origin to the city of johnstown .
this volume accompanies an emu school intended to bring contemporary research on mineral reaction kinetics to the attention of young researchers and to put it into the context of recent developments in related disciplines . a selection of topics , methods and concepts , which the contributors deem currently most relevant and instructive , is presented .
new technology has opened vast reserves of
unconventional
natural gas and oil from shales like the marcellus in the appalachian basin , making the united states essentially energy independent for the first time in decades . shale gas had its origins in the oil embargos and energy crises of the 1970s , which led to government research to increase domestic energy supplies . the first large - scale shale gas production was successful on the barnett shale in texas in the late 1990s , followed a few years later by the marcellus shale in pennsylvania . shale gas has changed thinking about fossil energy supplies worldwide , but the development of these resources has been controversial . activists have made claims that hydraulic fracturing may contribute to climate change , threaten groundwater resources , and pose risks to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems , and human health . this volume explores the geology , history , technology , and potential environmental impacts of marcellus shale gas resources .
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content . leptolepis coryphaenoides ( bronn , 1830 ) ; l . normandicanybelin , 1962 ; l . jaegeriagassiz , 1832 ; l . saltviciensissimpson , 1855 ; l . autissiodorensissauvage , 1892 ; l . woodwardinybelin , 1974 ; l . nathorstiwoodward , 1900 ; proleptolepis furcatanybelin , 1974 ; p . elongatanybelin , 1974 ; p . megalopsnybelin , 1974 ; longileptolepis wiedenrothi ( arratia & thies , 2001 ) .
geographical distribution . lower to middle jurassic sediments of : spitsbergen , svenskøja ( svalbard , norway ) ; neudingen , holzmaden , zell , boll ( baden - württemberg , germany ) ; dobbertin , grimmen ( mecklenburg - western pomerania , germany ) ; salzgitter , schandelah , hondelage ( lower saxony , germany ) ; le cain , curcy ( normandie , france ) ; dumbleton , gretton , ilminster ( england , great britain ) ; bergamo ( lombardy , italy ) ; quebrada vaquillas altas , quebrada la carreta ( chile ) ; antarctic peninsula ( antarctica ) ; sao pedro de muel ( portugal ) ( data from wenz 1968 ; nybelin 1974 ; tintori 1977 ; arratia & thies 2001 ; arratia & hikuroa 2010 ; arratia 2015b ; antunes et al . 1981 ; this paper ) .


jilinicaris is an extinct genus of crustacean in the order decapoda , and is the earliest fossil assigned to the stenopodidea , having been found in rocks of late cretaceous age .

jilinicaris

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frederick r . schram ; shen yanbin ; ronald vonk and rodney s . taylor
h . h . hobbs ; joan p . jass and jay v . huner
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full reference : f . r . schram , y . - b . shen , r . vonk and r . s . taylor . 2000 . the first fossil stenopodidean . crustaceana 73 ( 2 ) : 235 - 242
parent taxon : sergestoidea according to c . e . schweitzer et al . 2010
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s . de grave & c . h . j . m . fransen ( 2011 ) .
carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda )
. zoologische mededelingen . 85 ( 9 ) : 195–589 , figs . 1–59 . isbn 978 - 90 - 6519 - 200 - 4 . archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 20 .
sammy de grave ; n . dean pentcheff ; shane t . ahyong ; et al . ( 2009 ) .
wade t . jones , rodney m . feldmann , carrie e . schweitzer , frederick r . schram , rose - anna behr and kristen l . hand ( 2014 ) .
the first paleozoic stenopodidean from the huntley mountain formation ( devonian–carboniferous ) , north - central pennsylvania
. journal of paleontology . 88 ( 6 ) : 1251–1256 . doi : 10 . 1666 / 13 - 059 .
frederick r . shram ; shen yanbin ; ronald vonk & rodney s . taylor ( 2000 ) .
the first fossil stenopodidean
. crustaceana . 73 ( 2 ) : 235–242 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 156854000504183 .
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explore extinct life by paleontologist / author ( i . e . , person ( s ) who named the life form )
explore fantasy life forms shaped by the human mind and experience ( i . e . , fictional creatures & monsters )
the ' cross ' symbol indicates that this life form is globally extinct whereas the ' heart ' symbol indicates that at least one species of this life form still exists today .
images of collectibles ( scans / photos of cards , stickers , etc . ) are available in the detail page