muscina is a genus of flies that belongs to the family muscidae , currently consisting of 27 species .

they are worldwide in distribution and are frequently found in livestock facilities and outside restrooms .

the most common species are m. stabulans ( the most widely studied species ) , m. levida , and m. prolapsa .

muscina flies commonly breed in manure and defecate on food , which has been linked to the spread of some disease and illnesses .

the occurrence of muscina larvae on dead bodies has led to their regular use in forensic investigations , as they may be used to estimate the time of death .

research have shown the prevalence of certain species of muscina flies as vectors of diseases such as poliomyelitis .

muscina

valter jacinto marked
mosca da família muscidae / / false stable fly ( muscina stabulans ) , male
as trusted on the
muscina stabulans
page .
muscina stabulans ( fallen ) is a cosmopolitan species and was caught in very small numbers .
muscina arcuata sp . nov . is described and figured based on the specimens collected from bougainville island , papua new guinea . this is the 8th species of muscina of the world .
efeitos da competição larval intra - específica sobre caracteres biométricos de muscina stabulans ( fal . . .
a case of human intestinal myiasis caused by muscina stabulans ( fallén ) . - pubmed - ncbi
[ rectal myiasis due to fannia canicularis ( linné ) and muscina stabulans ( fallén ) ] .
sex - linked and sexlimited mutation of the fly muscina stabulans ( fall . ) ( muscidae ) .
[ behavior of radial larval propagation of muscina stabulans ( fallén ) ( diptera : muscidae ) under laboratory conditions ] .
sex - linked and sexlimited mutation of the fly muscina stabulans ( fall . ) ( muscidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
cyndy parr changed the thumbnail image of
mosca da família muscidae / / false stable fly ( muscina stabulans ) , male
.
[ behavior of radial larval propagation of muscina stabulans ( fallén ) ( diptera : muscidae ) under laboratory conditions ] . - pubmed - ncbi
agromyza muscina meigen , 1830 . syst . beschr . 6 : 177 dizygomyza ( poemyza ) muscina ( meigen , 1830 ) ; hendel , 1931 . fliegen palaearkt . reg . 6 ( 2 ) : 44 cerodontha ( poemyza ) muscina ( meigen , 1830 ) ; nowakowski , 1967 . polskie pismo ent . 37 : 649 . cerodontha ( poemyza ) muscina ( meigen , 1830 ) ; nowakowski , 1972 . polskie pismo ent . 42 ( 4 ) : 745 cerodontha ( poemyza ) muscina ( meigen , 1830 ) ; spencer , 1972b . handbk ident . br . ins . 10 ( 5g ) : 102 cerodontha ( poemyza ) muscina ( meigen , 1830 ) ; spencer , 1976 . fauna ent . scand . 5 ( 1 ) : 191 - 2 , figs 335 - 6 . cerodontha ( poemyza ) muscina ( meigen , 1830 ) ; spencer , 1990 . host specialization in the world agromyzidae ( diptera ) : 354 , 355 , 356 , 367 , 368 ( fig . 1383 ) , 369 .
some members of this genus have medical and forensic significance , especially the cosmopolitan m . stabulans . rare instances of human myiasis involving muscina spp . have been reported .
the high frequency echolocation call of kerivoula muscina was recorded only recently ( k . p . aplin and k . n . armstrong , unpublished ) . like all other species of kerivoula , the call of k . muscina has relatively low energy and the species is unlikely to be detected unless it passes very close to an acoustic recorder . the call type of k . muscina is also very similar in frequency and structure to that of murina florium , hence unambiguous allocation of a recorded call to one or other of the rarely captured species may not be possible . few recordings of kerivoula / murina were made even in the immediate vicinity of captures of k . muscina .
forensic science , blow flies , lucilia spec . , muscina stabulans , drugs , post mortem interval ( pmi ) , syrhphidae , piophila casei , necrobia rufipes , serratia marcescens
aspöck h . [ rectal myiasis due to fannia canicularis ( linné ) and muscina stabulans ( fallén ) ] . dtsch med wochenschr . 1972 ; aug 1197 : 1174 - 5
three representatives of the muscid genus muscina robineau - desvoidy ( diptera : musicidae ) , muscina levida ( harris ) , muscina prolapsa ( harris ) and muscina stabulans ( fallén ) , are well known for their medical , veterinary and forensic importance . however , data in the literature provide contradictory information for the identification of third instar larvae of these species . this hinders easy species differentiation because it requires the rearing of material to adult stages in order to facilitate reliable identification . third instar larvae of these three muscina species were studied in detail using light and scanning electron microscopy to provide thorough redescriptions of their morphology . existing information concerning third instar morphology , with particular reference to its value for taxonomy and identification , is revised and discussed . emden ' s spiracular distance factor ( sdf ) is considered here as inappropriate for identification purposes in third instar larvae of muscina spp . because its values are not constant ratios but increase during larval maturation and overlap in the examined species . these species were , instead , discriminated here by differences in the spinulation patterns of their abdominal segments .
synder fm . notes and description of muscina and dendrophaonia ( diptera muscidae ) . ann ent sco am 1954 ; 48 : 445 - 52 . back to cited text no . 7
filth and nuisance flies in livestock facilities . biology , prevention and control in stables , barns , poultry houses , piggeries , dairy farms , feedlots , etc . fannia , muscina , ophyra , sarcophaga
the house fly is often confused with the stable fly , stomoxys calcitrans ( linnaeus ) , and the false stable fly , muscina stabulans ( germar ) . all three are in the same family .
filth and nuisance flies in livestock facilities : stables , barns , poultry houses , piggeries , dairy farms , feedlots , etc . : biology , prevention and control . fannia , muscina , ophyra , sarcophaga
defoliart g r , pelton e c ( 1955 ) a case of human intestinal myiasis caused by muscina stabulans ( fallén ) . am j trop med hyg 4 : 953 - 955 . [ links ]
adult muscina stabulans are common in areas where decaying organic matter is present . they are also common inhabitants of houses . larvae feed on a variety of decaying matter , including fungi , fruit , excrement and carrion
shivekar s , senthil k , srinivasan r , sureshbabu l , chand p , shanmugam j , et al . intestinal myiasis caused by muscina stabulans . indian j med microbiol 2008 ; 26 : 83 - 5 .
aspöck h . ( 1972 ) . [ rectal myiasis due to fannia canicularis ( linné ) and muscina stabulans ( fallén ) ] . deutsche medizinische wochenschrift ( 1946 ) , 97 , pp . 1174 - 5 .
aspöck h . [ rectal myiasis due to fannia canicularis ( linné ) and muscina stabulans ( fallén ) ] . dtsch med wochenschr 1972 ; 97 ( 32 ) : 1174 - 5 urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .
the present investigation was conducted to asses the potency of the non - steroidal ecdyson mimic , rh - 5849 , on the different developmental criteria and also on the productivity potentially of one of the medically important pest , muscina stabulans ( fallen ) .
mascarini l m , prado a p do ( 2002 ) thermal constant of an experimental population of muscina stabulans ( fallén 1817 ) ( diptera : muscidae ) in the laboratory . mem inst oswaldo cruz 97 : 281 - 283 . [ links ]
aspöck h :
[ rectal myiasis due to fannia canicularis ( linné ) and muscina stabulans ( fallén ) ] .
deutsche medizinische wochenschrift ( 1946 ) , vol . 97 , no . 32 , 1972 , pp . 1174 - 5 , urltoken accessed july 9 , 2018 .
abahussain , m . ( 2006 ) : effect of the non - steroidal ecdysone agonist , rh - 5849 , as a control agent against the false stable fly , muscina stabulans ( falle ' n ) . pakistan journal of biological sciences 9 ( 3 ) : 530 - 533 , 2006
legner e . f . , olton g . s . activity of parasites from diptera : musca domestica , stomoxys calcitrans , and species of fannia , muscina , and ophyra ii at sites in the eastern hemisphere and pacific area . ann . ent . soc . amer . 1968 . 61 ( 5 ) : 1306 - 14 .
how to cite this article : mohammad abahussain , 2006 . effect of the non - steroidal ecdysone agonist , rh - 5849 , as a control agent against the false stable fly , muscina stabulans ( fallen ) . pakistan journal of biological sciences , 9 : 530 - 533 . doi : 10 . 3923 / pjbs . 2006 . 530 . 533 url : urltoken
according to smith [ 1 ] , musca domestica and muscina spp . are more readily attracted to bodies contaminated with faeces rather than to those not so contaminated . indeed , benecke and lessig [ 46 ] reported child neglect preceding death due to the presence of m . stabulans larvae attracted to faeces . the occurrence of muscidae on a cadaver prior to death is of importance and could happen , not only because the flies were attracted by faeces present on the body but also from infected wounds , because some muscids are known to be involved in cases of secondary myiasis in humans and animals [ 47 ] , e . g . m . domestica , muscina levida , m . prolapsa , m . stabulans and s . nudiseta .
keys and diagnostic descriptions are given for the eggs , three larval stages , and puparia of megaselia scalaris ( loew ) , piophila casei ( l . ) , muscina assimilis ( fallén ) , muscina stabulans ( fallén ) , chrysomya rufifacies ( macquart ) , cochliomyia macellaria ( f . ) , phormia regina ( meigen ) , calliphora vicina ( robineau - desvoidy ) , calliphora livida hall , phaenicia sericata ( meigen ) , phaenicia coeruleiviridis ( macquart ) , and lucilia illustris ( meigen ) . some immature stages of the following are also included : chrysomya chlorophyga putoria ( wiedemann ) , calliphora peruviana ( robineau - desvoidy ) , phaenicia cuprina ( wiedemann ) , phaenicia eximia ( wiedemann ) , and phaenicia ibis ( shannon ) .
posterior spiracles of muscidae third instar larvae of forensic interest : a hydrotaea dentipes ; b h . pilipes ; c h . capensis ; d h . ignava ; e musca domestica ; f stomoxys calcitrans ; g muscina stabulans ; h synthesiomyia nudiseta . scale bar 0 . 1 mm . abbreviations : p peritreme , rs respiratory slit , ss spiracular scar , st spiracular tuft
most capture records come from areas of lowland rainforest to hill forest habitat but there is one record from lower montane rainforest . all species of kerivoula show a strong preference for intact closed forest habitats and a low tolerance for habitat degradation and fragmentation . until shown otherwise , it should be assumed that populations of k . muscina will persist only in relatively intact forest habitat .
muscina stabulans and s . nudiseta grow on the carcass in large numbers and in specific periods . the first occurred only in autumn and winter , and the second only in winter . muscina stabulans had collected on carcass in brazil by freire ( 1923 ) , and therefore it still had not been characterized as being of forensic importance , but in buenos aires , m . stabulans occurs on carcasses is considered of forensic importance in argentina ( centeno et al . 2002 ) . s . nudiseta has already been collected in rio de janeiro , brazil , from human corpses ( oliveira - costa et al . 2001 ) . fannia pusio occurred only in autumn and was collected in campinas ( carvalho & linhares 2001 ) , in all seasons except in autumn .
adult , lateral view . the legs of the false stable fly - all tibia and apical part of mid and hind femora - are red - gold or cinnamon . in a manner similar to the house fly , muscina stabulans may be involved in the mechanical transmission of various pathogenic organisms to humans and animals . as members of the filth fly community , large populations may annoy nearby residents .
during a period of over 10 years 4 cases ( 2 women ; 2 men ) of rectal myiasis were observed after periods of warm weather . the patients had interpreted myiasis as a symptom of infestation with worms . in 3 cases maggots of fannia canicularis ( linnaeus , 1761 ) and in one case maggots of muscina stabulans ( fallén , 1816 ) could be found . the patients had only minor complaints .
muscina stabulans ( fallén , 1817 ) : shinonaga et al . ( 1991 ) [ statut pour la nouvelle - calédonie ] shinonaga , s . , kano , r . & fauran , p . 1991 . muscid flies of new caledonia , with descriptions of new species ( diptera muscidae ) . in : chazeau , j . & tillier , s . [ ed ] zoologia neocaledonica 2 . mémoires du muséum national d’histoire naturelle , 149 : 329 - 334 .
. . . later , some few studies presented descriptions of muscid eggs by using sem , mainly using species of medical ( alencar and leite , 1992 ) or forensic relevance ( cortinhas et al . , 2016 ; grzywacz and pape , 2010 ; mendonç a et al . , 2008 ) . some of these species , as muscina levida ( harris , 1780 ) ( liu and greenberg , 1989 ) , muscina stabulans ( fallén , 1817 ) and synthesiomyia nudiseta ( van der wulp , 1883 ) ( alencar and leite , 1992 ) , that are phylogenetically close to philornis ( haseyama et al . , 2015 ) , show similar hatching pleats . pictures of eggs of m . stabulans , m . levida ( greenberg and kunich , 2002 ) , and s . nudiseta ( alencar and leite , 1992 ) showed hatching pleats that extend outwards from the median area ; similar those observed in p . torquans . . . .
lucilia eximia and chrysomya albiceps started visiting the carcass during the fresh stage . all other species started in the bloated stage , except in the winter , when muscina stabulans appeared during the fresh stage . among the coleoptera species , only euspilotus
group
azureus sp . , gastrisus sp . and o . discicolle started their visits during the bloated stage ; all others were found from the decaying stage on . pheidole sp . remained in the carcasses during all stages .
. . . had been only superficially or inadequately studied and recommended the rearing of larvae for identification purposes . since zumpt ' s ( 1965 ) statement , very little new information concerning the morphology of immature stages of muscina has been provided ( ishijima , 1967 ; skidmore , 1985 ; queiroz & de carvalho , 1987 ; liu & greenberg , 1989 ) . moreover , these more recent data still do not enable species discrimination and often provide contradictory information . . . .
ty - jour t1 - [ rectal myiasis due to fannia canicularis ( linné ) and muscina stabulans ( fallén ) ] . a1 - aspöck , h , py - 1972 / 8 / 11 / pubmed py - 1972 / 8 / 11 / medline py - 1972 / 8 / 11 / entrez sp - 1174 ep - 5 jf - deutsche medizinische wochenschrift ( 1946 ) jo - dtsch . med . wochenschr . vl - 97 is - 32 sn - 0012 - 0472 ur - urltoken l2 - urltoken er -
nothing is known of the feeding ecology or reproductive biology of the species but it is probably similar to other species of kerivoula . its morphology suggests that it is a slow - flying ‘foliage gleaner’ , adapted to foraging in dense vegetation . the only information on roost location comes from discovery of a group of three k . muscina inside a curled banana leaf ( flannery and seri 1990 ) . other species of kerivoula have been observed to roost singly or in small groups in tree hollows , epiphytes or abandoned bird nests .
in conclusion , the non - steroidal ecdysone mimic , rh - 5849 , was found affecting not only the development and metamorphosis but also the reproductive performance of the false stable fly , muscina stabulans . some authors tested the same ecdysonoid against coleopterans , lepidopterans and also dipterans . they concentrated their attention on the ecdysis aiming to explore the role of this ecdysonoid . using our experimental insect , m . stabulans , we should conduct some other studies in future for this purpose , partially or exactly , depending on the facilities and equipment available .
muscina stabulans was caught mostly on baits not exposed to the sunlight . this trend was significant in rural ( χ 2 = 10 . 89 d . f . = 1 ; p = 0 . 001 ) and suburban ( χ 2 = 70 . 22 d . f . = 1 ; p < 0 . 001 ) sites . on the other hand , the urban site did not exhibit significant differences ( χ 2 = 0 . 14 d . f . = 1 ; p = 0 . 711 ) ( fig 3 ) .
a study was conducted to investigate the thermal constant in an experimental population of muscina stabulans ( fallén 1817 ) . a natural population was obtained from a livestock and their f 1 generations were maintained at four constant temperatures ( 16°c , 20°c , 26°c and 31°c ) . the thermal constant was calculated by the hyperbole method using the base temperature , tb = 4 . 4°c and the thermal constant k = 35 . 3 gd . ricker ' s geometric regression , considering tb = 7 . 8°c and k = 28 . 9 gd was also calculated .
intestinal maggots were isolated from a patient , who had reported to the department of general medicine of sri manakula vinayagar medical college , puducherry , in southern india with complaints of abdominal distress , bloating of abdomen and intestinal hurry following a meal . he was diagnosed as a case of intestinal myiasis . maggots obtained from his stool were identified to be muscina stabulans based on characteristic patterns of posterior spiracles . he was treated with purgatives and albendazole . this intestinal myiasis case caused by m . stabulans is reported here because of its rare occurrence and the need to establish a correct diagnosis .
three patterns were observed that species were indicators of post - mortem interval ( pmi ) : i . species found in all seasons , such as lucilia eximia , chrysomya albiceps , gastrisus sp . , euspilotus
group
azureus sp . , pheidole sp . , and camponotus rufipes ; ii . species found in two seasons , such as peckia ( pattonella ) resona and muscina stabulans in autumn and winter ; iii . species found in one season , such as hemilucilia semidiaphana and sarconesia chlorogaster in winter and hemilucilia segmentaria , fannia pusio ( wiedemann , 1830 ) ( diptera , fanniidae ) , and synthesiomyia nudiseta in autumn .
adipocere - like stage . this stage is characterized by hydrolysis of the carcass fatty tissue . the carcass loses its shape completely and becomes a mass of non - decomposed hair , fat , skin , and cartilage . decomposition occurs firstly in the subepitelial fat , which becomes a mass containing parts of the digestive tract . the skin becomes rigid and protects the larvae remaining in the carcass as well as the insects attached underneath the carcass , on the soil . no insect characterizes this stage , but sarconesia chlorogaster ( wiedemann , 1830 ) ( diptera , calliphoridae ) and muscina stabulans ( diptera , muscidae ) were present in winter .
) is a cosmopolitan fly in and around livestock operations , much less frequent in urban areas . it looks very much like a housefly , but is slightly larger ( 8 to 12 mm long ) and bulkier . in countries with a cold winter it appears usually in early spring , before houseflies . in tropical and subtropical regions it is active the whole year through . it feeds on any kind of feces and carcasses . larvae develop in decaying plant or animal materials . the life cycle lasts between 3 and 5 weeks . muscina flies have the disgusting habit of defecating in food , which explains their capacity of acting as vectors of pathogens and contaminants .
the major threat to this species is forest degradation , clearance and conversion to plantations or gardens . a very high proportion of the remaining habitat for this species in papua new guinea is covered by forestry concession leases ( shearman et al . 2009 ) and there is active forestry activity in many parts of its range . despite these developments , there are substantial areas of intact habitat that are either too dissected or steep to be a priority for forestry or plantation projects . should forest loss continue at the present rate , the population of k . muscina is likely to become increasing fragmented , and this should be monitored and taken into account in future reassessments .
neurogenesis in mushroom bodies is studied in 12 species of the higher dipterans . a significant difference in the number of neuroblasts forming mushroom bodies is found . in the majority of species studied , kenyon cells are formed by four solitary neuroblasts . among six calliphorid species , the number of neuroblasts increases up to 10–15 ( mean 12 . 6 ) in each mushroom body in calliphora vicina only . in young pupae of muscina stabulans and m . livida , four polyneuroblastic prolipherative centers occur instead of solitary neuroblasts . these centers disintegrate later into numerous solitary neuroblasts . a hypothesis on the origin of the polyneuroblastic structure of mushroom bodies found in c . vicina and , earlier , in musca domestica , is proposed .
. . . the third instar larva of m . levida was described several times by , respectively , keilin ( 1917 ( as m . assimilis ) , séguy , ( 1985 ) . however , reports concerning m . stabulans larval morphology are the most numerous ( bouché , 1834 ; portchinsky , 1910 ; engel , 1915 ; séguy , 1923 ; zimin , 1948 ; matheson , 1950 ; zumpt , 1965 ; ishijima , 1967 ; skidmore , 1985 ; queiroz & de carvalho , 1987 ; liu & greenberg , 1989 ) . zumpt ( 1965 ) suggested that morphological differences among muscina spp . had been only superficially or inadequately studied and recommended the rearing of larvae for identification purposes . . . .
insect culture : a susceptible strain of muscina stabulans ( fallen ) was used for this study from the permanent culture at the entomology department , faculty of science , cairo university in october 2003 . the culture was maintained at 25±°c and 50 - 60 % rh . adult flies have been confined in wooden cages of 45x45x45 cm and given sugar , water and meat . water was supplied by dipping a piece of cotton , as a wick in a bottle filled with water . the meat was introduced in a petri - dish and changed daily . larvae were supplied with meat and saw dust in the breeding pans covered with muslin fitted with rubber bands . all stages were checked daily . culture was kept and continues according to the method of nassar ( 1989 ) with some modification .
samples of dipteran larvae were collected from live sheep throughout scotland , reared in the laboratory , and identified once adult flies emerged . lucilia sericata was found in 77 % of samples , and other species in 49 % . the most common alternative species were l . caesar , which occurred in 31 % of samples , and protophormia terraenovae , which occurred in 18 % . three other calliphorid species , calliphora vomitoria , c . vicina and l . illustris , and the muscid muscina pabulorum were also found . the proportion of samples containing alternative species was significantly lower in eastern scotland than in western scotland . significantly higher proportions of samples containing alternative species were collected at altitudes of 200m and above ; from sheep of hill breeds ; from rough grazing conditions and moorland ; in the absence of trees ; and in the presence of bracken .
ty - jour t1 - [ demonstration of rectal myiasis in humans ] . a1 - bernhard , k , py - 1987 / 3 / 1 / pubmed py - 1987 / 3 / 1 / medline py - 1987 / 3 / 1 / entrez sp - 59 ep - 61 jf - angewandte parasitologie jo - angew parasitol vl - 28 is - 1 n2 - during a period of over 10 years 4 cases ( 2 women ; 2 men ) of rectal myiasis were observed after periods of warm weather . the patients had interpreted myiasis as a symptom of infestation with worms . in 3 cases maggots of fannia canicularis ( linnaeus , 1761 ) and in one case maggots of muscina stabulans ( fallén , 1816 ) could be found . the patients had only minor complaints . sn - 0003 - 3162 ur - urltoken l2 - urltoken er -
during the post - feeding stage , the larvae of several blow fly species ( with the notable exception of chrysomyinae species ) begin to migrate from the cadaver to pupate in a protected location away from predators ( gomes , godoy & von zuben , 2006 ) . greenberg ( 1990a ) observed that more than 80 % of post - feeding larvae of lucilia sericata and calliphora vicina removed of the cadaver to a distance up to 8 m away . in contrast , only 2 % of phormia regina , 10 % of muscina stabulans , and 16 % of chrysomya rufifacies larvae moved away from the cadaver . however , lewis & benbow ( 2011 ) reported cases of en masse post - feeding dispersal of phormia regina larvae away from swine carcasses in experiments conducted during the summer . this unexpected observation illustrate the need for careful case - by - case analysis before drawing conclusions .
muscina stabulans ( fallén ) is a synanthropic fly commonly found in decomposing animal matter . once food resources are exhausted , larvae will disperse in search for a suitable place to pupariate or for an additional source of food . the behavior of propagation of postfeeding l3 larvae was studied by analyzing the distance of propagation , the depth of pupariation site , the pupal weight and sex ratio using a 50 cm circular arena divided in four quadrants , and filled with a 10 cm thick layer of humid sawdust . the total of 70 . 9 % of the larvae pupariate up to 20 cm away from the arena ' s center , with 41 . 8 % of them from 2 . 1 cm to 4 . 0 cm deep . pupae that did not yield adults were lighter , and were originated by larvae that moved longer away and dug deeper to pupariate in relation to those from which adults emerged .
fermented molasses or sucrose solutions are known to attract several species of filth - breeding flies . to identify the volatile attractants produced in fermenting sucrose solutions with yeast , these solutions were fractionated , and the chemical constituents identified and bioassayed against filth - breeding flies including fannia canicularis ( l . ) , muscina stabulans ( fallén ) , and musca domestica ( l . ) . distillation of a fermented sucrose solution gave an active distillate and an inactive residue . gas chromatographic analysis of the distillate showed the presence of acetaldehyde , ethyl acetate , ethanol , 1 - pro - panol , 2 - methyl - l - propanol , and 3 - methyl - l - butanol . ethanol constituted by far the greatest proportion of compounds present in the distillate . an aqueous solution of ethanol exhibited the same level of attractancy as the distillate , the fermented sucrose solution , and a reconstituted distillate containing all compounds identified . ethanol was thus identified as the sole attractant emanated from fermented carbohydrate solutions that elicited positive responses in pest flies , especially in f . canicularis .
o objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o índice de sinantropia de adultos de espécies de muscidae coletados em valdivia , chile ( 39°48 ' s ; 73°15 ' w ) . moscas adultas foram coletadas mensalmente entre setembro 1996 e agosto 1997 em três locais representado os ambientes urbano , rural e natural . carcaças de rato , vísceras de galinha e vísceras de peixe foram utilizadas como isca . foram coletadas seis espécies de muscidae : psilochaeta chalybea ( wiedemann ) foi a espécie mais abundante nas áreas rural e urbana , sendo considerada hemissinantrópica . a segunda espécie em abundância foi hydrotaea acuta ( stein ) , sendo hemissinantrópica , ocorrendo com mais freqüência no ambiente natural . ophyra ignava ( harris ) foi outra espécie coletada em números relativamente altos , apresentando um comportamento eussinantrópico . as três espécies restantes , musca domestica l . , palpibracus valdiviensis ( couri & pamplona ) , e muscina stabulans ( fallén ) foram capturadas em pequeno número . foram determinados e discutidos os índices de sinantropia , as abundâncias mensais e a eficiência das iscas utilizadas na atração das moscas , bem como a importância médico - sanitária das espécies mais importantes .
insects are known to be useful in estimating the postmortem interval ( pmi ) . here several cases are reported which show that a wide range of applications in medicolegal questions and hygiene together or apart from estimating the pmi can be answered by use of forensic entomology techniques , including close observation of larval development . case 1 describes how blowfly larvae fell from a putrefied corpse , hid , and finally emerged from pupae three months after disinfection and renovation . in case 2 , the entomological state of the decomposed corpse of a heroin user is described . case 3 deals with a single adult protophormia terranovae found in the skull of a partially mummified woman . case 4 reports the finding of serratia marcescens bacteria in red muscina stabulans pupae which were found on a 5 - day - old corpse . in case 5 , blowfly eggs on the corpse of another heroin user are interpreted as an indication of the decedent being laid outside at night after his death in a flat . case 6 deals with the finding of parasarcophaga argyrostoma , which in cologne might be an indicator species which tells if a corpse was lying outside at least for some time .
insects are known to be useful in estimating the post mortem interval ( pmi ) . here several cases are reported which show that a wide range of applications in medico - legal questions and hygiene together or apart from estimating the pmi can be answered by use of forensic entomology techniques including close observation of larval development . case 1 describes how blowfly larvae fell of a putrefied corpse , hid and finally emerged from pupae three month after disinfection and renovation . in case 2 , the entomological state of the decomposed corpse of a heroin user is described . case 3 deals with a single adult protophormia terranovae found in the skull of a partially mummified women , case 4 reports the finding of serratia marcescens bacteria in red muscina stabulans pupae which were found on a 5 - day - old corpse . in case 5 , blowfly eggs on the corpse of another heroin user are interpreted as an indication for the dead being laid outside at night after his death in a flat . case 6 deals with the finding of parasarcophaga argyrostoma which in cologne might be an indicator species which tells if a corpse was lying outside at least for some time .
during the two years sampled , a total of 358 specimens were collected at the three studied sites . muscina stabulans occurred in all samples during both years . during the first year ( may 2005 - april 2006 ) this species showed the highest number in the summer and in early autumn , whereas during the second year ( may 2006 - april 2007 ) the highest abundance was observed in spring and in early summer ( fig 2 ) . the number of specimens captured during the second year was higher than in the first year , but the difference was marginally significant ( wilcoxon test t = 14 ; p = 0 . 049 ) . the correlations between abundance of flies captured and relative humidity and temperature were not significant at urban ( tº : r = 0 . 097 , p > 0 . 01 ; rh : r = - 0 . 467 , p > 0 . 01 ) , suburban ( tº : r = 0 . 468 , p > 0 . 01 ; rh : r = - 0 . 176 , p > 0 . 01 ) and rural sites ( tº : r = 0 . 386 , p > 0 . 01 ; rh : r = - 0 . 420 , p > 0 . 01 ) .
durante todas as estações do ano de 2005 foi conduzido um experimento em uma área do campus da universidade federal de pelotas . o objetivo do estudo foi analisar a decomposição de carcaças de coelho ( oryctolagus cunniculus l . ) pesando 2 , 67 kg em média e descrever como os insetos atuam na decomposição e seu possível uso na medicina - legal . foram coletados 5 . 239 espécimes ; 1 . 827 foram obtidos a partir da criação de imaturos coletados na carcaça . foram identificadas 20 espécies com importância forense . as espécies mais propícias para serem usadas com indicadoras de intervalo post - mortem ( ipm ) são lucilia eximia ( wiedemann , 1819 ) e chrysomya albiceps ( wiedemann , 1819 ) ( diptera , calliphoridae ) por terem sido encontradas em todas as estações de coleta e por serem uma das primeiras espécies a chegar à carcaça . hemilucilia semidiaphana ( rondani , 1850 ) , h . segmentaria ( fabricius , 1805 ) ( diptera , calliphoridae ) , muscina stabulans ( fallén , 1817 ) e synthesiomyia nudiseta ( wulp , 1883 ) ( diptera , muscidae ) são espécies que podem indicar época da morte , pois ocorrem em meses específicos do ano . oxyletrum discicolle ( brullé , 1840 ) ( coleoptera , silphidae ) e dermestes maculatus de geer , 1774 ( coleoptera , desmestidae ) são encontrados em estágios avançados de decomposição .
the non - steroidal ecdysone agonist , rh - 5849 , was assessed as igr against the false stable fly muscina stabulans ( fallen ) . a dose range of 0 . 025 , 0 . 100 , 0 . 400 , 1 . 000 and 4 . 000 μg / insect was topically applied on 1 day old 3rd larval instar and the newly moulted pupae . the larval mortality was increased by increasing rh - 5849 doses . while the pupal and adult mortalities which resulted from treated larvae were increased by decreasing doses . on the other hands , the higher of pupal deformation ( 40 . 3 % ) was obtained due to effect the dose of 1 . 000 μg / larva . although some various deformities of the adult stage , there is no certain trend could be encountered for the adult deformities . no perfect adults could be emerging as affected by rh - 5849 at the dose levels of 4 . 000 and 1 . 000 μg / larva . in case of treated pupae with rh - 549 the percentage of pupal mortalities were increased by increasing the dose levels . such relation could not determine completely for the adult mortalities or even the adult deformities . it is noteworthy to mention that , sex ratio of adults was encountered as two fold males than females after treating the newly moulted pupae with 1 . 000 μg / pupa . some other data of sex ratio indicated the male predominance after treating the larvae with 0 . 025 or 0 . 100 μg / larva . rh - 5849 was severely suppressed the reproductive performance of m . stabulans , particularly at the two higher doses of 1 . 000 and 4 . 000 g / larva or / pupa . also the resulted deformed females were not lay eggs .
advisories are not working correctly for plymouth . the next closest stations are rocky mount , williamston and buckland . begin sprays …
from cotton – july 2 , 2018 , 03 : 12 pm please consider attending a scouting school this summer . we will post as they become …
earworm populations ( known as bollworm in cotton ) were relatively low in our system from 2011 to 2016 . arguably , at …
this week i have noticed damage on many pin oaks ( quercus falcata ) by oak spider mites ( oligonychus bicolor ) . oak …
recent news stories about giant hogweed have raised awareness of this nasty invader . yes , we have giant hogweed in …
when cotton blooms , it’s time to switch sampling and thresholds for plant bugs . this previous article covered management of …
we received a confirmed report of basil downy mildew in north carolina . growers are advised to actively scout for …
corn is susceptible to damage at three stages ( roughly ) : v1 to v6 , v14 to vt and r1 to r4 . …
nc state extension is the largest outreach program at nc state university . based in the college of agriculture and life sciences , we reach millions of north carolina citizens each year through local centers in the state ' s 100 counties and with the eastern band of cherokee indians .
we have several topic based e - mail newsletters that are sent out periodically when we have new information to share . want to see which lists are available ?
integrated pest management ( ipm ) is a sustainable approach to managing pests that combines multiple approaches including prevention , avoidance , pest monitoring and suppression in a manner that minimizes public health , economic , and environmental risk . ipm serves as a framework to provide an effective , comprehensive , low - risk approach to protect people and resources from pests .
ultimately , the goal with an ipm program is to help stakeholders deal with pests—insects , plant diseases , weeds , and more—with methods that reduce risks to public health and the environmental while saving money .
the north carolina extension ipm program serves as a focal point for team building , communication and stakeholder participation in integrated pest management ( ipm ) within the state . program goals include promoting effective and economical management of pests , reducing risks to human health from pests and pest management practices , and minimizing environmental effects through the adoption of ipm on a variety of crops and settings in north carolina . these goals are achieved by the timely delivery of ipm technology and research information to stakeholders in all regions of the state .
leadership of the extension ipm program in north carolina is provided by an ipm coordinator ( designated by the director of the north carolina cooperative extension service ) , an established advisory board , and working groups . dr . danesha seth carley , the current ipm coordinator , accepted the nc ipm coordinator position in 2013 .
the extension ipm coordinator involves faculty and staff from north carolina state university and north carolina a & t state university in ipm activities across the state , communicates program successes , and maintains stakeholder input via the advisory board and the ipm portal , as well as multiple training sessions and meetings .
the advisory board provides advice to the extension ipm coordinator regarding the direction of the ipm program in the state . it is composed of a wide variety of ipm stakeholders , including north carolina state university and north carolina a & t state university faculty , non - governmental agencies , environmentalists , north carolina department of agriculture & consumer services personnel , farmers and agricultural consultants .
the north carolina extension ipm program focuses on delivering ipm content to our stakeholders and community members through a variety of activities . the primary activities include information delivery , pest monitoring and data managment , evaluation and needs assessment tools development , and programs to magnify statewide ipm impacts .
the extension ipm program is a cooperative effort of the usda nifa , north carolina cooperative extension service , north carolina state university , and north carolina a & t state university . it also works in partnership with the southern ipm center , located at north carolina state university in raleigh , and acts to promote ipm in north carolina and the southern united states .
funding for the north carolina extension ipm program is provided by competitive grants from the u . s . department of agriculture’s national institute of food and agriculture ( nifa ) .
nc state university and n . c . a & t state university work in tandem , along with federal , state and local governments , to form a strategic partnership called n . c . cooperative extension , which staffs local offices in all 100 counties and with the eastern band of cherokee indians .
nc state university and n . c . a & t state university are collectively committed to positive action to secure equal opportunity and prohibit discrimination and harassment regardless of race , color , national origin , religion , political beliefs , family and marital status , sex , age , veteran status , sexual identity , sexual orientation , genetic information , or disability .
. although many winged insects are commonly called flies , the name is strictly applicable only to members of diptera . one of the largest
orders , it numbers more than 125 , 000 species that are relatively small , with soft bodies .
although the mouthparts of flies are of the sucking type , individuals show considerable variation in structure . many flies are of great economic importance . some bloodsuckers are serious pests of humans and other
or grubs , are found in many habitats ( e . g . , in any kind of water , in plant tissue and
) . adults feed on plant or animal juices or other insects . diptera fall into three large groups :
cyclorrhapha ( e . g . , flies that breed in vegetable or animal material , both living and dead ) .
flies range in size from midges of little more than 1 mm to robber flies more than 7 cm long . in general , the more - primitive flies ( e . g . , mosquitoes , midges , fungus gnats ) are fragile insects with delicate wings . the more - advanced flies ( e . g . , blow flies , houseflies ) are generally squat , sturdy , and bristly . they are stronger fliers than midges and gnats .
by richard a . pimentel , © 1967 by litton educational publishing , inc . reprinted by permission of van nostrand reinhold company
diptera are abundant throughout the world : in the tropics , in the subarctic , at sea level , and high on mountains . they colonize beaches to low - tide level , but few go into deeper water , and only one or two midges are truly marine ( e . g . , pontomyia natans in the pacific ) . on the other hand , migrating flies have been found far out to sea .
the abundance , worldwide distribution , and habits of flies combine to make them a nuisance to humans . swarms of midges are a common annoyance . sweat flies and face flies gather around the eyes , nose , and mouth and also suck
from wounds and sores . such flies move constantly from one person to the next and in so doing may at times transfer
) can be dangerous because it moves from person to food , drink , garbage , carrion , or feces . by transferring infective organisms from decomposing material or from infected people , houseflies are agents in transmitting
- caused diseases . eye gnats are a nuisance in warm countries . although the larvae are plant feeders , the small active adults feed on physiological secretions , particularly those around the eyes . other flies pierce the skin of
and feed on their blood . mosquitoes , black flies , sand flies , biting midges , and horse flies have evolved mandibles and maxillae that are bladelike , piercing stylets . these piercing organs are developed only in females , which use blood protein in egg production . males do not feed on blood .
) , and certain parasitic flies have developed a hard drill - like labium to replace the soft spongelike one . both males and females have evolved this labium and both feed on blood . a few flies related to the housefly have a spongy proboscis equipped with small teeth for rasping skin around wounds and sores to increase the flow of blood and
. other groups ( e . g . , robber flies ) have developed a piercing
the transmission of disease that occurs through the use of piercing organs such as a proboscis is considered mechanical transmission . disease - causing organisms in the blood can be picked up by a fly inserting its proboscis into an infected person . the disease may then be transmitted to another person when their skin is pierced by the bloodsucking fly , which injects its
into the wound . without the anticoagulant properties of this saliva , bloodsucking would be impossible since the tiny hole drilled by the proboscis would clog with clotted blood . if the mouthparts are contaminated with blood that contains microorganisms , they can be injected , along with the saliva , into another person . this is called
direct transmission of disease and occurs only if the fly , interrupted during a meal , finds a new victim before the microorganisms die . one
in animals throughout tropical africa . these trypanosomes must spend part of their life cycle in the insect before they can infect a vertebrate . this is an example of
. however , it is not known whether the trypanosome was originally a fly parasite that spread to humans and other vertebrates or whether it was a human parasite that became adapted to living in a biting fly .
in human blood . its reproductive cycles cause recurrent bouts of the disease . occasionally sexual forms occur in the victim’s blood . if this form finds its way into a suitable species of bloodsucking
begins , preparing the organism to infect another human bitten by the mosquito host . other diseases known to be cyclically transmitted include
; they feed on young crop plants , retarding growth or killing them . cultivated crops , because they provide pests with an almost unlimited food supply within a small area , can be devastated by uncontrolled population growth of a pest . on the other hand , wild food plants , because they are scattered and mixed with other varieties , do not usually provide so abundant a food supply and thus serve as a check on population growth .
crop , and to the value of the lost oats must be added the cost of control measures necessary to save the remainder . some crops , notably fruit trees and ornamental shrubs , are a financial loss if slightly disfigured by insect attack , though the life of the plant is not endangered . fruit , although edible after attack by mediterranean
, cannot be sold ; a few infested fruits can result in loss of an entire consignment . larvae of
the life cycle of a fly consists of four stages : egg , larva , pupa , and adult . since larval forms , always morphologically distinct from adults , also occupy different habitats , flies in effect live two distinct lives and thus are able to adapt successfully to environmental changes . in some flies ( e . g . , robber flies ) neither the larval nor the adult stage predominates ; the larva feeds actively in soil , and adult flies of both sexes catch other insects in flight . among mosquitoes , black flies , and related bloodsucking flies , the larvae have characteristic structures and live active lives under water ; the complex mating process of the adults is followed ( in the case of females ) by bloodsucking and egg laying .
there are many flies in which one stage is predominant . swarms of adult midges ( chironomidae ) , for example , are
lives just long enough—usually less than a day—to mate and lay eggs . thus , most of the life cycle is occupied under water by the larval stage . the larvae are wormlike in appearance . some are adapted to
as a respiratory pigment . other midge larvae live in silken tubes , either filtering minute organisms from water for food or preying upon larger creatures . some midge larvae have evolved an elaborate
) and certain midge larvae utilize each other’s excreta . larval life as complex as this is not mere preparation for adult life ; rather , the adult stage is a revitalizing and distributory stage for the larval one . the adult stage is of relatively little importance in a few other groups , too .
at the opposite extreme are tsetse flies ( glossina ) and three families of pupipara parasites ( e . g . , hippoboscidae , which feed on the blood of mammals and birds ; both nycteribiidae and streblidae feed only on bat blood ) . in these families a single egg is produced at one time and hatched internally . the larva , retained and nourished in a kind of womb , is expelled when it has matured and immediately forms a pupa . thus , these flies have no independent larval life . since the pupa is immobile , the active life of the fly is passed as an adult . most hippoboscidae and streblidae , and all tsetse flies , have wings and usually migrate to new hosts , but some species of these families , and all nycteribiidae , cannot fly and often are wingless . wingless flies can be identified as flies only after detailed morphological examination .
the majority of flies lay eggs , which hatch into tiny larvae after a few hours or several days . the number of eggs laid by a female varies from 1 to about 250 . however , a number of successive batches may be laid . the
) has laid nearly 2 , 000 eggs in captivity . however , the total is probably fewer than 1 , 000 in the natural state when time and energy are lost looking for suitable places to lay . egg - laying sites , chosen instinctively by the females , are related closely to larval habitats . since many fly larvae feed in soft organic materials , many females have developed telescopic ovipositors , formed from the last three or four abdominal segments . the female uses the ovipositor to press the eggs into a mass of decaying material . blow flies and houseflies push their eggs between the membranes of meat or into any convenient cavity in decaying organic material . the small fruit flies (
) , which lay in rotting fruits and fermenting materials , also have this type of ovipositor ; however , the large fruit flies ( e . g . , mediterranean fruit fly ) , which lay eggs in the rind of growing fruits , have a stiffer ovipositor . elaborate ovipositors found in the robber flies are used to push eggs into the interstices of
, sometimes even into plant tissues , to conceal them and protect them from drying . when hatched , the larvae drop to the ground and burrow under the soil .
fly larvae have one common characteristic : all lack true , jointed , thoracic legs . many fly larvae have “false legs” (
. flies , much more versatile in this respect than caterpillars , can have prolegs around any body segment . prolegs help the larvae crawl through narrow spaces or push through soil .
the evolutionary trend among fly larvae has been toward structural simplification ; thus , generally , larvae of primitive flies are more structured than are larvae of more highly evolved flies , which show greater physiological versatility . larvae of most members of the suborder nematocera ( see below annotated classification ) have a well - developed head , with antennae , palpi , and complex mouthparts similar to those of many adult insects . often they are so structurally adapted to their special way of life that they are unable to adapt to any other . this is especially true among aquatic larvae ( e . g . , mosquitoes ) and perhaps reaches the extreme in mountain midge larvae , which live in rushing torrents and crawl on submerged rocks . their body segments are equipped with clinging processes and suckers .


segestria florentina is the biggest european segestriid spider .

some common names are tube web spider or cellar spider , although neither are exclusive to this species .

segestria florentina

novel insecticidal toxins from the venom of the spider segestria florentina . - pubmed - ncbi
i’m sure it is a segestria florentina . it has the distinctive leg pattern and the green fangs .
segestria florentina is the largest european spider found and the bodies of females can reach lengths of 22mm .
known to scientists as segestria florentina , the green fanged tube is not uncommon in southern england , particularly coastal areas .
experts at the kent wildlife trust have said it is a segestria florentina , also known as the tube web spider .
segestria florentina is one of the largest spiders in europe , with a body that can reach lengths of 2 . 2cm .
> as : ω - segestritoxin - sf1a | sp : p58605 cav2 . 2 channel blocker ( snx - 325 ) from the spider segestria florentina gsciesgkscthsrsmknglccpksrcncrqiqhrhdylgkrkyscrcs
biology of spiders . no . 8 : capture of prey : ‘segestria florentina’ and ‘atypus affinis’
; . urltoken ( accessed 09 jul 2018 )
segestria florentina female showing off her beautiful irridescent green chelicerae ( photo : luis miguel bugallo sánchez , licensed under cc by - sa 2 . 5 es )
wildlife experts have identified it as a segestria florentina - which prey on false widow spiders and have a body which grows up to 2 . 2cm long .
experts at the kent wildlife trust have said it is a segestria florentina , also known as the tube web spider , which is europe ' s largest spider .
the official name for the spider is the segestria florentina . while the pain from a bite can last for hours , their venom has no lasting effect on people .
ms tardivel , 31 , was trying to shoo away a pigeon from her balcony when she looked down and came eye - to - eye with the ominous segestria florentina .
john , who has been bitten by the venomous false widow before , had some knowledge of spiders and identified this from research as the venomous tube web spider or segestria florentina .
the species was identified as a segestria florentina , or tube web spider , a species which eats false widow spiders and is known for its enormous , neon - green fangs .
strikes from the tube web – known by scientists as segestria florentina – are described as feeling like being stabbed and they love to spring their attacks on prey from sinister webs spun in walls .
wildlife experts have identified it as a segestria florentina - which prey on false widow spiders and can grow up to 2 . 2cm long , making it one of the uk ' s largest species .
spotted in shepherds bush , west london ( there seems to be no applicable region in the available options ? ) link this report to the 3 pictures
segestria florentina one
,
segestria florentina two
and
segestria florentina three
in the pictures for this species , as these 3 images are all the large female . living in the wall of the neighbours house , and first spotted about a month or two ago . she seems to be breeding , as there are now at least a dozen of them all in different holes in the wall . she is extremely aggressive , and does not like white light - only appearing in the night time .
tube - web of segestria senoculata ( photo : totodu74 , licensed under cc by - sa 3 . 0 )
segestria pacifica resting in the characteristic pose with six legs forward , two legs back . ( photo : sean mccann )
creepy : wildlife experts have identified the spider ( left ) as a segestria florentina - which prey on false widow spiders and have a body which grows up to 2 . 2cm long . mr field ( right ) jumped back when he saw it
there are plenty of other interesting creatures on the wall too – including the magnificent segestria florentina , a large spider that hides in the crevices and leaps out to catch woodlice ( or fingers of the unwary ! ) when its “trip wires” are triggered .
nice portrait of segestria pacifica showing the eye arrangement and hairy chelicerae . ( photo : kyron basu , licensed under cc by - nd - nc 1 . 0 )
toxic components of the venom of the cellar spider segestria florentina .
sagdiev n . z . , valieva l . a . , korneev a . s . , sadykov a . a . , salikhov s . i . bioorg . khim . 13 : 1013 - 1018 ( 1987 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]
newcomb r . , palma a . , fox j . , gaur s . , lau k . , chung d . , cong r . , bell j . r . , horne b . , nadasdi l . biochemistry 34 : 8341 - 8347 ( 1995 ) . snx - 325 , a novel calcium antagonist from the spider segestria florentina .
rossi , p . ( 1790 ) . fauna etrusca : sistens insecta quae in provinciis florentina et pisana praesertim collegit . liburni 2 , 126 - 140 . - - show included taxa
segestria pacifica . this species is the one member of the family segestriidae that can be found in british columbia , but we’ve never encountered it before . ( photo : sean mccann )
ingram , a . l . , ball , a . d . , parker , a . r . , deparis , o . , boulenguez , j . , & berthier , s . ( 2009 ) . characterization of the green iridescence on the chelicerae of the tube web spider , segestria florentina ( rossi 1790 ) ( araneae , segestriidae ) . journal of arachnology , 37 ( 1 ) , 68 - 71 .
guérin - méneville , f . e . ( 1832 ) . [ description of segestria ruficeps ] . magasin de zoologie 2 ( classe viii ) : pl . 1 - 2 . - - show included taxa
of three british segestria species , only the smallest , s . senoculata , is at all widespread , and s . florentina is scarce with scattered records in southern england . when bristowe wrote the world of spiders the spider was only known to be established in a few southern towns near to the sea , but it has increasingly been found inland as far north as oxford , and it seems to be increasing in numbers and distribution .
an adult female and a male of segestria florentina ( rossi , 1790 ) ( segestriidae ) were found in the centre of the city of belgrade , serbia , during july , 2007 . this is the first record of this species in serbia and also the first record outside the adriatic coast region in the balkan peninsula . the distribution of the species is briefly discussed . the description of the spider and the type and effects of its venom are given .
yes , young florentina . juveniles are often somewhat paler than adults , or at least that ' s what i understand . i ' m not too familar with them myself - i ' ve seen them but not in the uk .
giroti , a . m . & brescovit , a . d . ( 2011 ) . the spider genus segestria latreille , 1804 in south america ( araneae : segestriidae ) . zootaxa 3046 : 59 - 66 . - - show included taxa
s . florentina is restricted to southern britain . the spider is steadily increasing in numbers and distribution ( p . merrett , pers . comm . ) . it is widespread in western europe as far north as denmark , but is not recorded from ireland .
capocasale , r . m . ( 1998 ) . arañas del uruguay , viii . contribución al conocimiento de segestria ruficeps guérin ( araneae , segestriidae ) . comunicaciones zoologicas del museo de historia natural de montevideo 190 : 1 - 12 . - - show included taxa
s . florentina has been recorded from holes in walls and under stones , often near ports and in market towns . it is a large species , the adults with distinctive iridescent green on the chelicerae visible at the entrance to the tubular retreat . adults occur in summer and autumn .
harm , m . ( 1931 ) . beiträge zur kenntnis des baues , der funktion und der entwicklung des akzessorischen kopulationsorgans von segestria bavarica c . l . koch . zeitschrift für morphologie und ökologie der tiere 22 ( 4 ) : 629 - 670 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00446571 - - show included taxa
' segrestria florentina’ lives in a silken retreat from the mouth of which the spider lays down long non - sticky lines radiating out across the tree trunk or brickwork . the spider sits with six legs each resting on the origin of a line . details of the capture of a wasp are shown . ‘atypus affinis’ , the purse web spider , lives enclosed in a camouflaged silken tube which has no opening . details of the extraordinary method of prey capture are revealed .
recently sean and i took a quick trip down to bellingham , washington , to meet up with a friend . while we were wandering around a beachfront park , we encountered this beautiful spider under the loose bark of a tree . i didn’t recognize it , and we didn’t have our field guide with us , so it wasn’t until we got home that we were able to identify it as segestria pacifica – a member of the tube web spider family segestriidae .
bristowe ( 1958 ) describes the web of segestria with its characteristic long straight ' fishing lines ' radiating from the tubular entrance , quite unlike the matted silk of the common amaurobius similis frequently to be seen on walls and fences in houses and gardens . brushing one of the fishing lines very gently with a fine tip of grass should get the owner to dart out of her tube with the speed of lightning , biting fiercely and then once more backing into her tubeâ€”all in the space of about two seconds .
hundreds of spiders have invaded a street in bridgwater , leaving home owners saying they feel like they are in a horror film .
as many as 12 families in wembdon road have had the outside of their homes and gardens infested by tube web spiders with the invaders filling every hole and crack with their distinctive tube - shaped webs .
belinda case , who lives in one of the houses affected , said : “we’ve lived here 15 years and never had anything like it .
“my son , jamie , first noticed them , saying there were two big spiders in the garden , which he’d seen during the day , that didn’t seem to move .
“we went outside that night with a torch and all we could see were hundreds of green eyes looking back at us .
“it was horrible – they were all over the fence and the outside of the house .
belinda’s husband , mark , said they have no idea where or when the creepy crawlies took over their garden , but says it must have been some time over the summer .
he said : “we were doing the fence at the start of the summer and they weren’t there then , and when we came out that night last week with the torch it was covered .
“there were easily 100 of them on our side and the neighbour’s side . ”
the couple contacted the council to see if they could get rid of them , but were told they would have to call out a private exterminator as the spiders are not considered to be a public health issue .
however , mark feels that being left to get rid of the spiders on their own means they can’t be sure the infestation will be gone permanently .
“i don’t see how they can say it’s not a public health issue . apparently , the effects of the bite can last for months , so if they were to bite a small child it could cause serious problems . ”
the spiders , which originally come from the mediterranean , have been found in the uk since the early 1900s and are now fairly common in the south - west .
they are mostly nocturnal and tend not to be seen at all during the day .
steven faulk , an entomologist from buglife , said : “tube web spiders aren’t a dangerous species – they can bite , but only if seriously provoked . we’d like to preserve all spiders where possible , so we’d encourage people to live and let live , and just leave the spiders where they are . ”
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a tube web spider . the first three pairs of legs on this spider face forward . these spiders make a tube shaped web in old walls . at the opening of the tube , six or more lines of silk radiate out in all directions and the spider sits with six of its legs touching the lines of silk . if an insect crosses one of these lines the spider will rush out of the tube , catch the insect and rush back into the tube web where it eats the insect in safety .
this spider is active at night and can be seen at the entrance of its tube web . this spider has green iridescent jaws that reflect the light of a torch if you shine on into a tube web . this species is usually black with some lighter markings on the abdomen .
the female lays eggs in her tube web and will stay until the young have hatched and dispersed . sometimes the female will die and her young will eat her .
this spider is widespread in europe except for the north . it is found in southern britain , mainly around ports .
above : this tube web picture was taken in bristol , a port on the south west coast of england .
above : another picture taken in bristol . these spiders have become quite well established there .
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scarce , but may be abundant at some sites and seems to be increasing .
text based on harvey , p . r . , nellist , d . r . & telfer , m . g . ( eds ) 2002 . provisional atlas of british spiders ( arachnida , araneae ) , volumes 1 & 2 . huntingdon : biological records centre .
bristowe , w . s . ( 1958 ) the world of spiders . collins , london .
payne , r . g . ( 1994 ) two large foreign spiders in southend . essex field club newsletter , 12 : 7 .
in the first living world of the autumn run , chris sperring travels to exeter to find a species hidden within the walls of exeter ' s magnificent cathedral . first found at the cathedral as far back as 1890 , the
chris sperring and peter smithers , professor at the school of biological sciences at plymouth university , go on a quest ( with a surprising array of props ) to find the species concealed amongst the cathedral ' s gothic architecture .
members of the segestriidae family have six eyes rather than eight and their front six legs point forward in contrast to many arachnids which have only the front four legs pointing forward . they spin tubular webs in cracks of walls and hunt using a series of trip wires which when triggered causes the spider to spring out of the hole using its back two legs and bite their prey with their large green jaws .
peter smithers is an entomologist at plymouth university where he has studied spiders for the last 30 years . he was part of the team that produced the atlas of british spiders , a fifteen year project that gathered data on the distribution of the uk spider fauna producing maps for every species . he has also spent many years studying spiders in british caves and the biology of trapdoor spiders in malaysia . working with his colleague paul ramsay ( also at plymouth ) he is currently looking at the biology of wall dwelling spiders in the south west .
he is the chairman of the peninsular invertebrate forum and edits the magazine ‘antenna’ for the royal entomological society .
nature that has had a profound impact on human culture and society across history .
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lipkin a 1 , kozlov s , nosyreva e , blake a , windass jd , grishin e .
laboratory of neuroreceptors and neuroregulators , shemyakin and ovchinnikov institute of bioorganic chemistry , russian academy of sciences , moscow , russia .
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i found this tube web in my kitchen . it was in a corner and had built a little silk cocoon .
i have never seen a live so close up . one thing which puzzles me a little is how light the abdomen is and how much patterning there is on it . the legs are also much lighter than i expected . i wonder if it is a youngish / immature specimen .
also it wasn ' t in a tube , unless it was hunting around for one at the time .
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world spider catalog , version 11 . 0 , website ( version 11 . 0 )
platnick , norman i . 2011 . the world spider catalog , v . 11 . 0 . american museum of natural history . database built by robert j . raven from the files underlying the website at urltoken doi : 10 . 5531 / db . iz . 0001
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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lsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 004309 ]
audouin , v . ( 1826 ) . explication sommaire des planches d ' arachnides de l ' égypte et de la syrie . in :
description de l ' égypte , ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui ont été faites en égypte pendant l ' expédition de l ' armée fran ҫ aise , publié par les ordres de sa majesté l ' empereur napoléon le grand .
. histoire naturelle 1 ( 4 ) : 1 - 339 ( arachnids , pp . 99 - 186 ) . [ for year of publication and authorship see tollitt , 1986 ] - - show included taxa
barbut , j . ( 1781 ) . the genera insectorum of linnaeus ; exemplified by various specimens of english insects ; drawn from nature . london , 371 pp . - - show included taxa
becker , l . ( 1896 ) . les arachnides de belgique . annales du musée royal d ' histoire naturelle de belgique 12 ( 3 ) : 1 - 378 , pl . 1 - 18 . doi : 10 . 5962 / bhl . title . 48721 - - show included taxa
berland , l . ( 1932b ) . les arachnides ( scorpions , araignées , etc . ) . in : encyclopédie entomologique . paris 16 , 1 - 485 . - - show included taxa
blackwall , j . ( 1864a ) . a history of the spiders of great britain and ireland . ray society , london 2 , 175 - 384 . - - show included taxa
brignoli , p . m . ( 1976g ) . ragni d ' italia xxiv . note sulla morfologia dei genitalia interni dei segestriidae e cenni sulle specie italiane . fragmenta entomologica 12 : 19 - 62 . - - show included taxa
bristowe , w . s . ( 1958 ) . the world of spiders . collins , london , xii + 304 pp . - - show included taxa
charitonov , d . e . ( 1956 ) . obzor paukov semeistva dysderidae faunii sssr . uchenye zapiski , molotovskii gosudarstvennyj universitet imeni a . m . gorkogo 10 : 17 - 39 . - - show included taxa
drensky , p . ( 1938a ) . faounata na paiatzite ( araneae ) w beulgaria . ii . podrazred arachnomorphae ; i klon tetrastica ; semeystwa filistatidae ; dysderidae i oonopidae . izvestiya na tsarskite prirodonauchni instituti v sofia 11 : 81 - 106 . - - show included taxa
dufour , l . ( 1824 ) . descriptions et figures de quelques arachnides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , paris 2 : 205 - 211 . - - show included taxa
grismado , c . j . & izquierdo , m . a . ( 2014 ) . dysderoidea . in : roig - juñent , s . , claps , l . e . & j . j . morrone ( eds . ) biodiversidad de artrópodos argentinos , vol . 3 . sociedad entomológica argentina , pp . 151 - 166 . - - show included taxa
hahn , c . w . ( 1831a ) . die arachniden . c . h . zeh ' sche buchhandlung , nürnberg , erster band , pp . 1 - 24 . [ for the correct year of publication see brignoli , 1985b ] - - show included taxa
heimer , s . & nentwig , w . ( 1991 ) . spinnen mitteleuropas : ein bestimmungsbuch . paul parey , berlin , 543 pp . - - show included taxa
holmberg , e . l . ( 1875 ) . descriptions et notices d ' arachnides de la république argentine . periódico zoológico 1 : 283 - 302 . - - show included taxa
kekenbosch , j . ( 1955 ) . notes sur les araignées de la faune de belgique . i . - oonopidae , dysderidae , scytodidae . bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique 31 ( 60 ) : 1 - 12 . - - show included taxa
keyserling , e . ( 1877c ) . amerikanische spinnenarten aus den familien der pholcoidae , scytodoidae und dysderoidae . verhandlungen der kaiserlich - königlichen zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 27 : 205 - 234 . - - show included taxa
koch , c . l . ( 1838 ) . die arachniden . c . h . zeh ' sche buchhandlung , nürnberg , vierter band , pp . 109 - 144 , fünfter band , pp . 1 - 124 . [ for the correct year of publication see brignoli , 1985b ] - - show included taxa
kraus , o . ( 1978 ) . liphistius and the evolution of spider genitalia . symposia of the zoological society of london 42 : 235 - 254 . - - show included taxa
latreille , p . a . ( 1804a ) . histoire naturelle générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes . paris 7 , 144 - 305 . - - show included taxa
latreille , p . a . ( 1806 ) . genera crustaceorum et insectorum . paris , tome 1 , 302 pp . ( araneae , pp 82 - 127 ) . - - show included taxa
le peru , b . ( 2011 ) . the spiders of europe , a synthesis of data : volume 1 atypidae to theridiidae . mémoires de la société linnéenne de lyon 2 : 1 - 522 . - - show included taxa
locket , g . h . & millidge , a . f . ( 1951 ) . british spiders . vol . i . ray society , london , 310 pp . - - show included taxa
lucas , h . ( 1838 ) . arachnides , myriapodes et thysanoures . in : barker - webb , p . & s . berthelot ( eds . ) histoire naturelle des îles canaries . paris 2 ( 2 ) , 19 - 52 , pls . 6 - 7 . - - show included taxa
lucas , h . ( 1846 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux articulés . in : exploration scientifique de l ' algérie pendant les années 1840 , 1841 , 1842 publiée par ordre du gouvernement et avec le concours d ' une commission académique . paris , sciences physiques , zoologie 1 , 89 - 271 . - - show included taxa
mcheidze , t . s . ( 1997 ) . [ spiders of georgia : systematics , ecology , zoogeographic review ] . tbilisi university , 390 pp . ( in georgian ) . [ english version published by otto ( 2014 ) available here ] - - show included taxa
mello - leitão , c . f . de ( 1944b ) . arañas de la provincia de buenos aires . revista del museo de la plata ( n . s . , zool . ) 3 : 311 - 393 . - - show included taxa
moore , s . j . ( 1977 ) . some notes on freeze drying spiders . bulletin of the british arachnological society 4 : 83 - 88 . - - show included taxa
ramírez , m . j . ( 2014 ) . the morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders ( araneae : araneomorphae ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 390 : 1 - 374 . link doi : 10 . 1206 / 821 . 1 - - show included taxa
roberts , m . j . ( 1985 ) . the spiders of great britain and ireland , volume 1 : atypidae to theridiosomatidae . harley books , colchester , england . - - show included taxa
roberts , m . j . ( 1995 ) . collins field guide : spiders of britain & northern europe . harpercollins , london , 383 pp . - - show included taxa
roberts , m . j . ( 1998 ) . spinnengids . tirion , baarn , netherlands , 397 pp . - - show included taxa
schmidt , g . ( 1990b ) . zur spinnenfauna der kanaren , madeiras und der azoren . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde ( a ) 451 : 1 - 46 . - - show included taxa
trotta , a . ( 2005 ) . introduzione al ragni italiani ( arachnida araneae ) . memorie della società entomologica italiana , genova 83 : 3 - 178 . - - show included taxa
walckenaer , c . a . ( 1802 ) . faune parisienne . insectes . ou histoire abrégée des insectes de environs de paris . paris 2 , 187 - 250 . - - show included taxa
walckenaer , c . a . ( 1805 ) . tableau des aranéides ou caractères essentiels des tribus , genres , familles et races que renferme le genre aranea de linné , avec la désignation des espèces comprises dans chacune de ces divisions . paris , 88 pp . - - show included taxa
as external resources , the world spider catalog links here to species pages of other databases . they may contain further information for the given species . the databases , listed as external resources , however , are not managed by world spider catalog and the information given there is not necessarily in agreement with the world spider catalog . all responsibility for such data is with the external database .
nentwig , w . , blick , t . , gloor , d . , hänggi , a . , kropf , c . : spiders of europe . www . araneae . nmbe . ch . version 05 . 2018 . doi : 10 . 24436 / 1
high - affinity blocker of vertebrate cav2 . 2 ( n - type ) channels . also blocks vertebrate cav2 . 1 ( p / q - type ) and cav1 . 2 ( l - type ) channels at very high concentration ( 2 micromolar ) . has no effect on sodium or potassium currents .
calcium channel , voltage - gated ( vertebrate ) : ca v 2 . 2
this is an upper estimate and is derived from a single data point showing that 20 nm toxin causes a 90 % block of currents from cloned cav2 . 2 channels expressed in xenopus oocytes .
priority date ( the priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion . google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed . )
hsp47 : a tissue - specific , transformation - sensitive , collagen - binding heat shock protein of chicken embryo fibroblasts .
cdna cloning of the beta - subunit of the rat gastric h , k - atpase .
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marjan komnenov , macedonian ecological society , blvd . kuzman josifovski — pitu , 28 / 3–7 , 1999
dragan pavi } evi } , institute for nature conservation of serbia , dr . ivana ribara 91 , 11070 novi beograd , repu
{ est lokaliteta du ` jadranske obale , od slovenije preko hrvatske do crne gore .
sli ~ nim mestima . preko dana krije se u tubusu a tek tokom no } i postaje aktivan i lovi plen te tako lako ostaje ne
mo u gradu ve } i { ire u srbiji , trebalo bi upozoriti javnost na sve opasnosti koje ujed ove vrste nosi .
this preliminary study presents the new faunistic data on spiders from the urban area of the city of belgrade . twenty - nine species from 13 families ( scytodidae — 1 , pholcidae — 2 , segestriidae — 2 , dysderidae — 2 , theridiidae — 4 , linyphiidae — 3 , araneidae — 2 , lycosidae — 2 , agelenidae — 1 , amaurobiidae — 4 , miturgidae — 1 , thomisidae — 3 , salticidae — 2 ) have been found at 3 localities . two . . . [ show full abstract ]
atotal of 138 species from 22 families ( scytotidae - 1 , segestriidae - 1 , dysderidae - 3 , theridiidae - 13 , lyniphiidae - 13 , tetragnathidae - 3 , araneidae - 14 , lycosidae - 23 , pisauridae - 1 , agelenidae - 5 , cybaeidae - 2 , dictynidae - 1 , amaurobiidae - 3 , miturgidae - 5 , liocranidae - 1 , zodariidae - 1 , gnaphosidae - 17 , zoridae - 1 , sparassidae - 1 , philodromidae - 7 , thomisidae - 11 , salticidae - 11 ) have been found on šar planina . . . [ show full abstract ]
in total , 191 species from 25 families ( segestriidae - 1 , dysderidae - 3 , nesticidae - 1 , theridiidae - 18 , linyphiidae - 70 , tetragnathidae - 3 , araneidae - 8 , lycosidae - 25 , pisauridae - 1 , agelenidae - 5 , cybaeidae - 1 , dictynidae - 1 , amaurobiidae - 2 , titanoecidae - 1 , eutichuridae - 2 , miturgidae - 2 , liocranidae - 1 , phrurolithidae - 1 , clubionidae - 2 , zodariidae - 1 , gnaphosidae - . . . [ show full abstract ]
new data on jumping spiders in the republic of macedonia with a complete checklist ( araneae : saltici . . .
the arachnological investigations carried out in the republic of macedonia in the last 10 years signifi cantly increased the knowledge on the jumping spiders ( salticidae ) . new data on the distribution of 58 species are presented in the paper , among them 17 species and 3 genera are new for the country . the paper provides also a comprehensive checklist of all hitherto registered salticidae in . . . [ show full abstract ]
komnenov , m . sistematski pregled pauka ( araneae ) bosne i hercegovine . the spider fauna of bosnia & herzegovina is still poorly known . it has never been studied in its entirety , despite contributions by many foreign arachnologists , and remains one of the least explored in the former yugoslavia . a first checklist of spiders of bosnia & herzegovina , comprising 165 species belonging to 27 families . . . [ show full abstract ]
simon matthews of newmarket pest control was called out to a house in park avenue where he discovered more than 30 green fanged tube spiders .
“these spiders do pack a punch and due to the severity of the infestation we want to make residents aware , particularly to help protect children , ” said simon .
“in one house we found 30 plus spiders but more were visible on around eight other properties down the road with the same number of webs on each of them . ”
while not in the tarantula league , the green fanged spider is not a very desirable house guest .
the six - eyed , eight - legged spider has a thick black body up to 2 . 2 centimetres wide and fangs of a luminous green . it makes a silk - lined tubular nest usually above ground in a hole or crevice .
people bitten by them have described the pain as feeling like a deep injection and lasting for several hours .
one of their more gruesome habits is that they eat their mothers after hatching but on the plus side they prey on the more poisonous false widow spider - also found in newmarket earlier this year .
“now these spiders are moving north due to the warmer climate , ” said simon .
“i strongly urge people not to disturb their webs and not to let children near them” .
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an army of 100 green - fanged spiders the size of tablespoons have invaded a young family ' s home .
dan jackson and his three - year - old son ruben are scared to go outside as ' tube web spiders ' have filled every hole and crack in their garden and walls .
the black creatures with shiny green fangs sew distinctive tube - shaped webs inside cracks and holes and wait by the entrance for prey to touch the strands .
now mr jackson , 29 , is worried they may get into his house and harm his son , as their bites can cause a sharp injection - like pain .
the spiders ' bite causes a painful stinging sensation that lasts for hours . pictured is one of the spiders nesting to the outside of mr jackson ' s home
the online trader from southampton said : ' i ' m not scared of spiders but even i ' m freaked out by these ones .
' i first saw one when i went out into my garden and didn ' t think much of it .
do aliens hold the key to why we have sex ? richard dawkins . . .
' drunk ' man mauled to death by white tiger after leaping . . .
' but when it got dark they all came out and there must have been more than 50 of them . '
they are one of the largest spiders in europe and are nocturnal hunters that prey on cockroaches , moths , bees and wasps .
females reach a body length of up to 22mm and males up to 15mm .
mr jackson said : ' my home backs onto woods so i think that must be where they have all come from .
originally from the mediterranean , they can be found as far east as georgia but are also commonly spotted in britain - particularly in the later half of the year .
they have a black or dark brown body , often with a green shine on their fangs . while their bite has no long lasting effects , it is described as feeling similar to a bee sting or injection and the pain can last for several hours .
they are also known as a tube web spider or cellar spider because they create a web in a crack or gap and wait for prey to step into it .
sightings of the spider in britain have in the past been confused with the deadly australian funnel web spider as the two species use a similar hunting technique .
' i saw one that was the size of a tablespoon and i also managed to catch one after i saw it rush across my fence and then jump off onto the ground .
' it was playing dead and my brother said it was only a bit of dirt , but i put a glass over it and moved it a bit and it shot up .
' i let it go and it moved off so quickly it was unbelievable . as i said i ' m not scared of spiders but these made me jump !
' i don ' t really know what i am going to do about them , but i know they bite so i worry about ruben .
' i will have to speak to the council or get and exterminator out . '
sightings of the spiders have been more common in recent weeks as they usually occur from june to november .
tube web spiders are thought to have arrived in britain around a century ago from the mediterranean .
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