the turkestan lynx ( lynx lynx isabellinus ) is a subspecies of eurasian lynx native to central asia .

it is also known as central asian lynx , tibetan lynx or himalayan lynx .

it is widespread from west in central asia , from south asia to china and mongolia .

there are 27,000 mature individuals in china as of 2013 .

it is proposed for the turkestan lynx to be listed as vulnerable in uzbekistan .

turkestan lynx

for further information about this species , see 12519 _ lynx _ lynx . pdf .
eurasian lynx in the swiss alps . eurasian lynx in its typical habitat , switzerland .
eurasian lynx carrying a freshly killed roe deer . young lynx with a chamois kill .
i waited nearly half a century to glimpse a lynx . my partners , wife elaine du and beijing - based swedish birder jan - erik nilsén , also had never seen a lynx . this is the central asian subspecies of eurasian lynx , also known as himalayan lynx and turkestan lynx . the elevation here is 4550 m ( 14 , 920 ft . ) .
caucasus lynx lynx lynx dinniki occurring in the caucasus mountains , south to turkey , iraq and iran , formerly also in the kopet - dag , turkmenistan .
subspecies : the lynx is represented by 14 subspecies occuring in the northern hemisphere . the subspecies are separated from each other through differences in colour and size . seven of these live in the holarctic - asian region : 1 . caucasian lynx ( lynx l . dinniki ) : caucasia , iran and turkey . 2 . altai lynx ( lynx l . wardi ) : the altai and chacassia ( russia ) . 3 . baikal lynx ( lynx l . koslowi ) : southern siberia to transbaikalia and northern mongolia . 4 . amur lynx ( lynx l . stroganovi ) : the amur - ussuri region and manchuria ( china ) . 5 . jakutian lynx ( lynx l . wrangeli ) : eastern siberia , jakutia to the stanowoi mountains . 6 . oriental lynx ( lynx . orientalis ) : transcaucasus , southern russia and northern iran . 7 . turkestan lynx ( lynx l . isabellina ) : turkmeniya , eastern afghanistan , northern pakistan , northern india , himalaya and xizang ( tibet ) .
lynx mother with its cub at a roe deer kill . eurasian lynx and its cub feeding on a roe deer .
however , more research is needed to clarify the subspecific variation of lynx lynx and the number of subspecies may be further reduced in the future .
the wide ranging eurasian lynx ( lynx lynx ) is the largest of the cats in the lynx genus . due to hunting for their luxurious fur as well as persecution by farmers they have been extirpated from large areas within their range . some of the remaining isolated subpopulations are now severely threatened .
the lynx genus includes four species , two in north america ( bobcat l . rufus in the u . s . and mexico , canada lynx l . canadensis in canada and alaska ) and two in eurasia ( eurasian lynx l . lynx and iberian lynx l . pardinus in spain ) . phyolgenetically the lynx are big cats ( pantherinae ) ; however , they are typical hunters of mid - sized mammals ( hares ) . since the last ice age , the eurasian lynx has become a specialist hunter of small even - toed ungulates and is now about twice as heavy ( 17 - 30 kg ) as its closest relative , the canada lynx ( 10 - 15 kg ) . many subspecies of the eurasian lynx are described of which six are generally recognised . the subspecies found in europe are the northern lynx l . l . lynx ( nominate form , scandinavia ) , carpathian lynx l . l . carpathicus , the highly endangered balkan lynx l . l . balcanicus ( sw balkans ) and the caucasus lynx l . l . dinniki .
the great tit complex ( parus major and allies ) is revised , following päckert et al . ( 2005 ) . as a result , turkestan tit ( parus bokharensis ) is lumped with great tit ( parus major ) , although we retain this unit as a polytypic group , great tit ( turkestan ) ( parus major [ bokharensis group ] ) .
tibetan lynx ( lynx lynx isabellinus ) , 14 july 2016 , yushu prefecture , qinghai , china . sunset . with me at the wheel , my birding partners and i are driving up the kanda mountain road . i look left and see the lynx . it is motionless , looking at us . what luck ! what a stunning sight !
the following organizations are all involved in protecting the eurasian lynx , including re - introduction to areas where the lynx have historically been eradicated due to persecution and the fur trade .
the himalayan lynx in the hindu kush mountain range of the district chitral , pakistan ( fig .
lynx population estimates exist only for few countries in asia . the lynx population in russia has been estimated to number around 22 , 510 animals in 2013 . the lynx estimations in different regions of russia and are based on different methods , but mainly on winter tracking and expert opinions . more accurate censuses are performed in regions with lower lynx densities than in areas where they are abundant . in armenia is thought to be a common species , in azerbaijan and in kyrgyzstan lynx populations are thought to be stable . in iran the lynx is proposed as vulnerable and from iraq since 2011 no more observations exist . in nepal , pakistan and uzbekistan the lynx is thought to be decreasing and in tajikistan it is considered as rare .
this is the first report of fatal outbreak of sarcoptic mange in the himalayan lynx ( lynx lynx isabellinus ) from pakistan . a high sarcoptes mite density was detected ( 1309 mites / cm 2 skin ) , with prevailing larval stages . we considered two hypotheses , which could explain the origin of the outbreak .
the eurasian lynx occurs in a wide variety of environmental and climatic conditions . generally , the eurasian lynx is mainly associated with forested areas which support good ungulate populations and provide enough cover for hunting . the eurasian lynx is found in extended , temperate and boreal forests from the atlantic in western europe to the pacific coast in the russian far east .
most lynx populations in europe are generally stable . however , status and trend varies greatly within the european range ( kaczensky
the lynx populations in asia are not well known and only sparse information available . there is a need for further research on the lynx ecology , status and distribution in asia to increase the knowledge on population trend , threats and conservation needs . additionally , it is important to closely monitor the lynx harvest , where it is permitted , to ensure that the practice remains sustainable .
the status of the eurasian lynx in china and in asia is not well known and trends in many countries are poorly understood due to a lack of data . in china the population is considered to be decreasing . it is not known if lynx still occur in the chinese region of inner mongolia . in 2003 the lynx population in mongolia was estimated to be 10 , 000 .
madge , s . ( 2018 ) . turkestan ground - jay ( podoces panderi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the cat slinks away . the lynx gave us a few seconds of its time–and a memory to last forever . ( craig brelsford )
. 2010 ) . in iraq , except a lynx sighting in 2006 in darbandikhan and the first confirmed record of eurasian lynx in 2011 from the barzan area , there are no recent observations ( barzani 2013 ) . the population in kyrgyzstan is thought to be stable but not very high and classified as near threatened ( sludsky 1978 ) . the lynx is thought to be decreasing in nepal and classified as vulnarable ( jnawali
distribution area of the eurasian lynx ( red = extant , orange = possibly extant , , iucn red list of threatened species 2015 ) .
eurasian lynx are listed as least concern ( lc ) globally and for the european region but as endangered ( en ) for the mediterranean region . currently six subspecies are recognized with the balkan lynx listed as critically endangered ( cr ) , and a further three subspecies under review .
caucasus lynx l . l . dinniki : caucasus mountains south to turkey , iraq and iran , formerly also in the kopet - dag , turkmenistan .
din ju , zimmermann f , ali m , ali shah k , ayub m , khan s , et al . population assessment of himalayan lynx (
in western europe the lynx lost its original habitat through deforestation . at the end of the 19 th century , a lot of western europe was deforested and wild prey species were rare . the eurasian lynx was also persecuted due to livestock predation and bounties were paid for each killed lynx . these factors led to the extinction of the eurasian lynx in many parts of europe and consequently to its reintroduction in several parts of its historic range . presently , the main threats are still habitat loss and poaching , mainly retaliation killing due to livestock predation . however , depending on the region , the main threats vary .
hypothesis ( i ) : the outbreak is ‘genuine’ emergence of an infestation , which is new to the himalayan lynx population . likely sources could be other carnivores sharing habitat with the himalayan lynx , such as wolf , snow leopard , jackal , fox and leopard cat , according to the host - taxon derived hypothesis [
the european lynx population ( excluding russia and belarus ) has been estimated at 9 , 000 - 10 , 000 . in europe , the lynx is divided into ten distinct subpopulations which are : alpine , balkan , baltic , bohemian - bavarian , carpathian , dinaric , jura , karelian , scandinavian and vosges palatinian ( kaczensky
din ju , nawaz ma . status of the himalayan lynx in district chitral , nwfp , pakistan . j anim plant sci . 2010 ; 20 : 17–22 .
in afghanistan the presence of the lynx has been confirmed by camera trap surveys in the wakhan district of badakhshan and in the northern plateau , yakawlang district of bamyan provinces , since 2006 . in armenia the lynx is thought to be a common species , especially in some protected areas but the population trend is unknown . in azerbaijan lynx populations are thought to be stable in the talysh mountains , zangezur ridge and the foothills of the greater caucasus , and in arid and semi - arid landscapes around the mingechaur water reservoir . in bhutan the lynx is thought to occur in the jigme dorji national park and sakteng wildlife sanctuary , however , no concrete evidence exists ( wangchuck
poor management structures , and insufficient law enforcement and the lack of capacity and funding facilitate poaching and lead to higher habitat fragmentation , aggravating the situation of the lynx .
the monotypic group rufous - tailed shrike ( turkestan ) ( lanius isabellinus phoenicuroides ) is elevated to species rank as red - tailed shrike ( lanius phoenicuroides ) , following rasmussen and anderton ( 2005 ) . with the removal of subspecies phoenicuroides from rufous - tailed shrike ( lanius isabellinus ) , the english name for this species is changed to isabelline shrike .
although a large portion of the lynx’s range is in asia , status and trend in many countries are poorly understood due to insufficient data . the following information has been gathered through a questionnaire sent to range country representatives ( see supplementary material ) . in russia the lynx is thought to be stable in some regions and to be decreasing in others ( bersenev
in europe the major threats to the lynx are low acceptance due to conflicts with hunters ( and in northern europe also with livestock farmers ) , persecution , habitat loss and fragmentation mainly due to infrastructure development , poor management structures and accidental mortality . a study from switzerland showed that human - caused mortalities by poaching and traffic accidents were responsible for 70 % of the lynx mortalities in the jura mountains . in reintroduced lynx populations , also reduced genetic diversity and small population sizes are of concern as this could lead to inbreeding depression .
conservation measures are in place to improve the perception of the lynx by local people . better livestock management is promoted and a range of methods to prevent depredation are in place . if livestock is protected and managed carefully , losses through lynx predation can be minimized and human - carnivore conflicts reduced . measures to counteract the conflict with hunters , are still missing . to address this threat , awareness has been increased and participatory processes initiated . for the critically endangered balkan lynx a recovery program was launched in 2006 aiming to stop further decline .
“wild cat ! ” i squeak to my partners , hitting the brakes and reaching for my camera . the lynx posed only a moment , and i got these images . then it trotted away .
the eurasian lynx is an efficient hunter . it can kill prey up to 3 - 4 times its own size . it hunts by stalking and ambushing its prey . it has an excellent sense of hearing and very good eyesight to find its prey . the prey is killed by a targeted bite to the throat and when not disturbed , a lynx will typically feed for several nights on a single ungulate prey .
in europe , it was probably absent from some of the larger islands such as ireland and sicily and from countries with few forests . it was also absent from the iberian peninsula , where the smaller iberian lynx
the eurasian lynx preys mostly on small to medium - sized ungulates such as roe deer , chamois , reindeer and musk deer . all other lynx species take smaller prey , such as lagomorphs . occasionally the eurasian lynx also takes larger ungulates such as red deer , but then mostly young animals . in switzerland roe deer and chamois constitute 88 % of the prey taken by lynx . when ungulates are rare , the eurasian lynx relies on smaller prey such as hares , foxes , marmots , wild boar , birds or domestic animals such as goats , sheep or , in scandinavia , domestic reindeer . in european russia and western siberia , where roe deer are absent , mountain hares and tetraonids are its main prey . hares and birds are important prey also in other central asian regions where habitats are dryer and less forested . in xinjiang , china , the main prey species were roe deer , hare and blue sheep . in tibet the main diet included hare , pika , birds , tibetan antelope , tibetan gazelle , blue sheep and tibetan fox .
in asia the main threats include habitat loss and fragmentation mainly due to livestock farming , infrastructure development , resource extraction and logging activities , and poaching , mainly as retaliatory killing due to livestock depredation or for the fur trade . the conflict between humans and lynx is enhanced where livestock is the primary livelihood source to people . moreover , lynx get accidentally caught in snares set for other animals or get killed by dogs . in russia the lynx is still important for the skin market and the pelt industry . in some asian countries , such as azerbaijan , mongolia and pakistan , prey base depletion due to poaching is considered a major threat too .
on the 26th of march 2016 , a 10 - year - old male himalayan lynx was found by villagers of karimabad , while in a miserable condition , with severe crusted lesions on the lower limbs ( fig .
it is important to carefully monitor the reintroduced populations in europe in regard to their genetic diversity in order to avoid genetic impoverishment . connectivity between small isolated european lynx populations should be enhanced to allow gene flow and prevent inbreeding depression . in italy and austria a reinforcement project has started to address these threats . genetic monitoring is also needed in parts of asia to detect the impact of habitat fragmentation on the genetic diversity of the lynx .
) . although immediately transported by field staff of the snow leopard foundation , to the animal hospital in chitral city , the lynx died before treatment was started . deep skin scrapings were collected and examined following koh clearing [
the eurasian lynx has a very broad distribution . it occurs along forested mountain ranges in southeastern and central europe and from northern and eastern europe through the boreal forests of russia , down into central asia and the tibetan plateau ( kaczensky
in the ukraine the lynx is considered to be decreasing . its population in the carpathian region has been estimated at 350 - 400 and the one in the polysya region in the north of the country at 80 - 100 animals .
listed as least concern given its wide range and stable populations in the north of europe and in large parts of its range in asia ( bao 2010 , bersenev et al . 2011 , kaczensky et al . 2012 , moqanaki et al . 2010 , matyushkin and vaisfeld 2003 ) . a recent assessment of the status of eurasian lynx ( hereafter just lynx ) in europe shows that some isolated subpopulations remain critically endangered or endangered ( kaczensky et al . 2012 ) .
ryser - degiorgis mp , ryser a , bacciarini ln , angst c , gottstein b , janovsky m , et al . notoedric and sarcoptic mange in free - ranging lynx from switzerland . j wildl dis . 2002 ; 38 : 228–32 .
the status of the eurasian lynx varies greatly within its range . in the iucn red list it is considered as least concern . however , some isolated subpopulations in europe are classified as critically endangered or endangered . the eurasian lynx was extirpated from most of western europe and has been reintroduced in several countries such as austria , czech republic , france , germany , italy , slovenia and switzerland . in others it recovered partly due to an increase in small ungulate populations and the reduction of threats .
rasmussen , p . c . , and j . c . anderton . 2005 . birds of south asia . the ripley guide . volume 2 : attributes and status . smithsonian institution and lynx edicions , washington d . c . and barcelona .
in europe it inhabits all climatic zones and occurs from sea level up to the northern tree line . in central asia the eurasian lynx occurs in more open and thinly wooded areas and in steppe habitats . the species probably can be found throughout the northern slopes of the himalayas , and has been reported both from thick scrub woodland and barren , rocky areas above the tree line . on the tibetan plateau it occurs sporadically . the lynx has been recorded up to an elevation of 5 , 500 m .
occurs . lynx have been extirpated from most of western and central europe with the exception of the carpathian mountains . it survived in a small area in the balkans ( greece , macedonia , albania , kosovo and montenegro ) . larger populations persisted in fennoscandia , the baltic states , and european russia . lynx have been released in several countries of europe in an effort to bring back this elusive predator , including in switzerland , slovenia , italy , czech republic , austria , germany and france ( iucn 2007 ) .
. 2014 ) . in turkey , a density of 4 . 2 / 100 km² has been estimated for the ciglikara nature reserve , antalya . however , this high lynx density may be temporarily and may decline with major prey ( hare ) fluctuation ( avgan
this is the first sarcoptes mite infection case report in the himalayan lynx population from pakistan . this is an alarming situation for the conservation of the already threatened population of this species , which demands surveillance for early detection and eventually rescue and treatment of the affected animals .
dos anjos , l . 2009 . family corvidae ( crows ) . pages 494 - 640 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 14 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
boles , w . e . 2006 . family rhipiduridae ( fantails ) . pages 200 - 242 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
] . most households of the community hold small herds composed of one or two cattle and ten to fifteen sheep and goats . during summer domestic animals are taken to alpine pastures for grazing , and are more vulnerable to predation by lynx . sarcoptic mange is widespread amongst small domestic ruminants in pakistan [
in europe , the lynx is divided into ten distinct subpopulations : the alpine , the balkan , the baltic , the bohemian - bavarian , the carpathian , the dinaric , the jura , the karelian , the scandinavian and the vosges palatinian subpopulation . its whole population in europe ( excluding russia and belarus ) has been estimated at 9 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals . the autochthonous populations in north and east europe ( scandinavian , karelian , baltic and carpathian ) number each around 2000 individuals and are thought to be stable or even increasing . all the re - introduced lynx populations number less than 200 or even less than 100 animals , are mostly isolated and classified as critically endangered or endangered . the critically endangered balkan lynx population is thought to be decreasing and only numbers 40 - 50 individuals . also the bohemian - bavarian and the vosges palatinian populations are possibly decreasing and are estimated to number only 50 , respectively 19 animals .
collar , n . j . , and c . robson . 2007 . family timaliidae ( babblers ) . pages 70 - 291 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 12 . lynx edicions , ba
collar , n . j . , and c . robson . 2007 . family timaliidae ( babblers ) . pages 70 - 291 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume 12 . lynx edicions , barcelona .
collar , n . j . , and c . robson . 2007 . family timaliidae ( babblers ) . pages 70 - 291 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , and d . a . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . volume12 . picathartes to tits and chickadees . lynx edicions , barcelona .
i’m writing you from xining , capital of qinghai . elaine and i have been birding qinghai since 26 june ; we have just begun our fifth week in this province . jan - erik joined us for two weeks . on sun . 24 july we dropped our partner off at xining airport . along with goodbyes and thanks , the word “lynx” was on everyone’s lips .
. 2013 , melovski 2012 ) . in the ukraine the lynx is considered to be decreasing ( bashta and dykyy 2013 , shkvyria and shevchenko 2009 ) . its population in the carpathian region has been estimated at 350 - 400 and the one in the polysya region in the north of the country at 80 - 100 animals . detailed status and trend information on european subpopulations can be found on
the eurasian lynx has one of the largest ranges of any cat species . it occurs from the atlantic in western europe through the boreal forests of russia down to central asia and the tibetan plateau to the pacific coast in the east . its stronghold is a broad strip of southern siberian woodland stretching from the ural mountains to the pacific . approximately 75 % of its range is within the russian borders .
in some parts of its asian range , awareness for the species and protection measures were enhanced . in iraq , stakeholders , students , nature enthusiasts and social media were engaged into measures to stop illegal hunting . in afghanistan , public awareness has been raised among local communities , wildlife laws were enforced and the border police and customs office in certain parts of the country have been trained to control fur trade . in china , the patrolling by local police was strengthened and a nature reserve network was established . in iran , a country wide status assessment in 2010 - 2012 was conducted . in pakistan , a project focusing on lynx research and conservation education has been implemented in 2010 and the protected area network has been increased . measures specific for carnivore conservation have been introduced in pakistan which benefit also the lynx .
my settings were off ; i had just photographed a white - browed tit - warbler at close range in bright sunlight . nikon d3s , 600 mm f / 4 , 1 / 20 , f / 10 , iso 640 . “shoot first , adjust later . ” the lynx wasn’t going to wait . photoshop can bail you out , to a point . i did manage to lower my shutter speed while shooting .
2012 , nowell and jackson 1996 , sunquist and sunquist 2002 ) . the lynx ' s stronghold is a broad strip of southern siberian woodland stretching from the ural mountains to the pacific ( matyushkin and vaisfeld 2003 ) . subpopulations in the southeast of its range ( europe and southwest asia ) are generally small and widely separated , whereas the bulk of its historic range from scandinavia through russia and central asia is largely intact .
cohn - haft , m . , and g . a . bravo . 2013 . a new species of herpsilochmus antwren from west of the rio madeira in amazonian brazil . pages 272 - 276 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
as predators , dr . o ' brien said , cats were second only to humans and quickly explored new territories . sea levels were low from 11 million to 6 million years ago , enabling the first modern cats , in paleontologists ' perspective ( saber - tooth tigers are ancient cats ) , to spread from asia into africa , creating the caracal lineage , and into north america , generating the ocelot , lynx and puma lineages .
. few places offer so enticing a combination of stunning scenery and good birding . i took this photo the morning after we saw the lynx near the place where the encounter occurred . near this point one can find white eared pheasant , tibetan partridge , tibetan babax , and tibetan bunting . we found blue sheep on the slopes above . some of the local tibetans told us that snow leopard still roam the area . ( craig brelsford )
. 1997 ) . average home range sizes in switzerland were 90 km² for females and 150 km² for male lynx . male home ranges generally enclose 1 - 2 female territories ( breitenmoser and breitenmoser - würsten 2008 ) . densities are typically 1 - 3 adults per 100 km² , although higher densities of up to 5 / 100 km² have been reported from eastern europe and parts of russia and lower densities of 0 . 3 / 100 km² from scandinavia ( jedrzejewski
cohn - haft , m . , m . a . santos junior , a . m . fernandes , and c . c . ribas . 2013 . a new species of cyanocorax jay from savannas of the central amazon . pages 306 - 310 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
description : long - legged cat weighing up to 40 kg and measuring up to 75 cm over the shoulder . it reaches a total body length of 1 , 30 m , without tail . general colour rufous brown to whitish grey , being whitest in the north and most strongly rufous brown in the southern regions of distribution , the dark spots increasing as you move south . the ears are pointed , with tufts of hairs . the lynx has a beard and a short tail .
zimmer , k . j . , a . whittaker , c . h . sardelli , e . guilherme , and a . aleixo . 2013 . a new species of hemitriccus tody - tyrant from the state of acre , brazil . pages 292 - 296 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
whitney , b . m . , m . cohn - haft , g . a . bravo , f . schunck , and l . f . silveira . 2013 . a new species of herpsilochmus antwren from the aripuanã - machado interfluvium in central amazonian brazil . pages 277 - 281 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
whittaker , a . , a . aleixo , b . m . whitney , b . t . smith , and j . klicka . 2013 . a distinctive new species of gnatcatcher in the polioptila guianensis complex ( aves : polioptilidae ) from western amazonian brazil . pages 301 - 305 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
rodrigues , e . b . , a . aleixo , a . whittaker , and l . n . naka . 2013 . molecular systematics and taxonomic revision of the lineated woodcreeper complex ( lepidocolaptes albolineatus : dendrocolaptidae ) , with description of a new species from southwestern amazonia . pages 248 - 252 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
whitney , b . m . , f . schunck , m . a . rêgo , and l . f . silveira . 2013 . a new species of zimmerius tyrannulet from the upper madeira - tapajós interfluvium in central amazonian brazil : birds don’t always occur where they “should” . pages 286 - 292 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
whitney , b . m . , f . schunck , m . a . rêgo , and l . f . silveira . 2013 . a new species of flycatcher in the tolmomyias assimilis radiation from the lower sucunduri - tapajós interfluvium in central amazonian brazil heralds a new chapter in amazonian biogeography . pages 297 - 300 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
the eurasian lynx is a solitary and territorial animal . it is mostly active at dawn and dusk . home ranges can vary highly between 100 - 1000 km² for males . the home range size varies in response to prey abundance and density , and to the regional population status . in switzerland average home ranges for females were 90 km² and for males 150 km² . in poland’s bialowieza forest home range sizes averaged 248 km² for males and 133 km² for females . male home ranges generally include 1 - 2 female home ranges . scent marks and calls are used for communication purposes .
whitney , b . m . , v . de q . piacentini , f . schunck , a . aleixo , b . r . s . de sousa , l . f . silveira , and m . a . rêgo . 2013 . a name for striolated puffbird west of the rio madeira with revision of the nystalus striolatus ( aves : bucconidae ) complex . pages 240 - 244 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
whitney , b . m . , m . l . isler , g . a . bravo , n . aristizábal , f . schunck , l . f . silveira , and v . de q . piacentini . 2013 . a new species of epinecrophylla antwren from the aripuanã - machado interfluvium in central amazonian brazil with revision of the “stipple - throated antwren” complex . pages 263 - 267 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
status : rare ( category iii ) , decreasing in number and habitat . it is distributed in the tian shan , dzhungar alatau , tarbagatai and saur mountains , as well as in forests and brushy areas in the sub - alpine belts . about 10 specimens live in the almaty reserve . basic limiting factors are reduction of forage and poaching . this cat is pro - tected in two reserves and four preserves . hunting of this lynx has been banned since 1976 . to help ensure the survival of this species , it is necessary to create a reserve in the dzhungar alatau mountains and also to improve protection measures in the existing reserves .
miranda , l . , a . aleixo , b . m . whitney , l . f . silveira , e . guilherme , m . p . d . santos , and m . p . c . schneider . 2013 . molecular systematics and taxonomic revision of the ihering’s antwren complex ( myrmotherula iheringi : thamnophilidae ) , with description of a new species from southwestern amazonia . pages 268 - 271 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
batista , r . , a . aleixo , m . vallinoto , l . azevedo , p . s . de rêgo , l . f . silveira , i . sampaio , and h . schneider . 2013 . molecular systematics and taxonomic revision of the amazonian barred woodcreeper complex ( dendrocolaptes certhia : dendrocolaptidae ) , with description of a new species from the xingu - tocantins interfluve . pages 245 - 247 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
whitney , b . m . , m . l . isler , g . a . bravo , n . aristizábal , f . schunck , l . f . silveira , v . de q . piacentini , m . cohn - haft , and m . a . rêgo . 2013 . a new species of antbird in the hypocnemis cantator complex from the aripuanã - machado interfluvium in central amazonian brazil . pages 282 - 285 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
portes , c . e . b . , a . aleixo , k . j . zimmer , a . whittaker , j . d . weckstein , l . p . gonzaga , c . c . ribas , j . m . bates , and a . c . lees . 2013 . a new species of campylorhamphus ( aves : dendrocolaptidae ) from the tapajós – xingu interfluve in amazonian brazil . pages 258 - 262 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
aleixo , a . , c . e . b . portes , a . whittaker , j . d . weckstein , l . p . gonzaga , k . j . zimmer , c . c . ribas , and j . m . bates . 2013 . molecular systematics and taxonomic revision of the curve - billed scythebill complex ( campylorhamphus procurvoides : dendrocolaptidae ) , with description of a new species from western amazonian brazil . pages 253 - 257 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
females can reproduce the first time at the age of two years , males normally at the age of three years . the mating season is in february to early april with a peak in the second half of march . at this time , lynx are more often also active during the day and tend to call frequently . the gestation period lasts for 68 - 73 days and the births usually take place around end of may and the beginning of june . interbirth interval is generally one year . the recruitment rates are around 0 . 69 . the age of last reproduction observed in the wild was 14 years for females and 16 years for a male . at the age of two months the cubs follow the mother to the kill , females do not bring food to the den . the mother leaves the cubs at the age of around ten months during the next mating period , probably when she is pregnant again . juvenile mortality is 50 % during the first year and 50 % during the second year when they disperse and look for an own home range .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
( von arx et al . 2004 , breitenmoser and breitenmoser - würsten 2008 ) .
breitenmoser , u . , breitenmoser - würsten , c . , lanz , t . , von arx , m . , antonevich , a . , bao , w . & avgan , b .
ali , h . , ali shah , a . , anarbaev , m . , aromov , b . , askerov , e . , dykyy , i . , ghimirey , y . , hameed , s . , ivanov , e . , kabir , m . , khan , m . , khorozyan , i . , moheb , z . , molinari , p . , moqanaki , e . , mousavi , m . , nawaz , d . , nawaz , m . a . , protas , y . , raza , h . , rosen michel , t . , rozhnov , v . , shkvyria , m . , tharchen , l . , ud din , j . & yonunus , m .
. 2012 ) . the autochthonous populations in north and east europe ( scandinavian , karelian , baltic and carpathian ) number each around 2 , 000 individuals . all the re - introduced populations are of small size ( less than 200 or even less than 100 animals ) and are classified as endangered ( alpine , dinaric and jura subpopulation ) or critically endangered ( bohemian - bavarian , vosges - palatinian subpopulation ) ( kaczensky
. 2011 ) , but there is no hard evidence . the only indication for its presence comes from the northwestern district of humla , from the dhorpatan hunting reserve and upper mustand area in the annapurna conservation area in 1996 ( fox 1985 ) . jnawali
. 2011 ) . throughout europe and siberia , it is primarily associated with forested areas which have good ungulate populations and which provide enough cover fur hunting . it inhabits extended , temperate and boreal forests from the atlantic in western europe to the pacific coast in the russian far east ( breitenmoser and breitenmoser - würsten 2008 , schmidt
in europe it can be found in mediterranean forests up to the transition zone of taiga to tundra and lives from sea level up to the tree line ( breitenmoser and breitenmoser - würsten 2008 ) .
home range size varies widely from 100 to over 1 , 000 km² ( breitenmoser and breitenmoser - würsten 2008 ) . home ranges averaged 248 km² for males ( n = 5 ) and 133 km² for females ( n = 5 ) in a radio telemetry study in poland’s bialowieza forest ( schmidt
. 2000 ) . in the saihanwula nature reserve in inner mongolia the density was estimated at 1 . 7 - 2 . 1 / 100 km² by camera trapping and track survey ( bao
an errata version of the original assessment has been published to correct the typo
mmountain hares
which should read
mountain hares
.
breitenmoser , u . , breitenmoser - würsten , c . , lanz , t . , von arx , m . , antonevich , a . , bao , w . & avgan , b . 2015 .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t12519a121707666 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 strict / / en
urltoken
if you have comments , remarks , or any other information you would like to see on the site please send them to webmaster .
© by institute for zoology and gene pool of animals of national academy of scienties of republic of kazakhstan , 1996 . all materials are cited from open information sources and presented herein exclusively for informative purposes in accordance with item 2 , article 19 of
on intellectual property rights and neighbouring rights
law of republic of kazakhstan . all rights reserved to their relevant authors and publishers .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
populations in fennoscandia , the baltic states , and european russia are largely intact and stable . however , populations in europe and southwest asia are generally small and some are fragmented . in central europe a relatively large but isolated population is found in the carpathian mountains . small , partly isolated populations occur in france , switzerland , austria , italy , the balkans and the czech republic .
densities range typically from 1 - 3 adults per 100 km² . in eastern europe and parts of russia , densities up to 5 / 100 km² have been reported , and in scandinavia densities as low as 0 . 3 / 100 km² were detected .
green range maps of the brown bear ( top ) and gray . . .
karl the malagasy civet :
not yet at least
montog . . .
our website uses cookies to improve its performance and enhance your user experience . through cookies , certain personal data is collected and may be stored temporarily . you can change your cookie settings through your browser . more info : privacy policy
two snow leopards have been filmed at a nature reserve in uzbekistan , the first visual evidence of the endangered cats ' presence in the country , russia’s world wildlife fund said thursday .
please confirm your e - mail to continue . confirmation instructions have been sent to
your account has been deleted ! you can restore your account within 30 days by following the link sent to the e - mail address you entered during registration .
the fact of registration and authorization of users on sputnik websites via users’ account or accounts on social networks indicates acceptance of these rules .
users are obliged abide by national and international laws . users are obliged to speak respectfully to the other participants in the discussion , readers and individuals referenced in the posts .
the websites’ administration has the right to delete comments made in languages other than the language of the majority of the websites’ content .
in all language versions of the urltoken websites any comments posted can be edited .
doesn’t follow standard rules of the english language , for example , is typed fully or mostly in capital letters or isn’t broken down into sentences .
the administration has the right to block a user’s access to the page or delete a user’s account without notice if the user is in violation of these rules or if behavior indicating said violation is detected .
an explanation of the actions which were in violation of the rules above and resulted in the lock .
if the moderators deem it possible to restore the account / unlock access , it will be done .
in the case of repeated violations of the rules above resulting in a second block of a user’s account , access cannot be restored .
by aconcagua ( own work ) , gfdl or cc by - sa 3 . 0 , via wikimedia commons
reference : the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 1 . < www . iucnredlist . org >
privacy & cookies : this site uses cookies . by continuing to use this website , you agree to their use . to find out more , including how to control cookies , see here : cookie policy
urltoken no longer supports internet explorer 9 or earlier . please upgrade your browser .
researchers have gained a major insight into the evolution of cats by showing how they migrated to new continents and developed new species as sea levels rose and fell .
about nine million years ago - - two million years after the cat family first appeared in asia - - these successful predators invaded north america by crossing the bering land bridge connecting siberia and alaska , a team of geneticists writes in the journal science today .
later , several american cat lineages returned to asia . with each migration , evolutionary forces morphed the pantherlike patriarch of all cats into a rainbow of species , from ocelots and lynxes to leopards , lions and the lineage that led to the most successful cat of all , even though it has mostly forsaken its predatory heritage : the cat that has induced people to pay for its board and lodging in return for frugal displays of affection .
this new history of the family , felidae , is based on dna analyses of the 37 living species performed by warren e . johnson and stephen j . o ' brien of the national cancer institute and colleagues elsewhere .
before dna , taxonomists had considerable difficulty in classifying the cat family . the fossil record was sparse and many of the skulls lacked distinctiveness . one scheme divided the family into big cats and little cats . then , in 1997 , dr . johnson and dr . o ' brien said they thought most living cats fell into one of eight lineages , based on the genetic element known as mitochondrial dna .
having made further dna analyses , the researchers have drawn a full family tree that assigns every cat species to one of the lineages . they have also integrated their tree , which is based solely on changes in dna , with the fossil record . the fossils , which are securely dated , allow dates to be assigned to each fork in the genetic family tree .
from the new york times . you may opt - out at any time .
you agree to receive occasional updates and special offers for the new york times ' s products and services .
knowing when each species came into existence , the johnson - o ' brien team has been able to reconstruct a series of at least 10 intercontinental migrations by which cats colonized the world . the cheetah , for instance , now found in africa , belongs to a lineage that originated in north america and some three million years ago migrated back across the bering land bridge to asia and then africa .
the leopard lineage appeared around 6 . 5 million years ago in asia . the youngest of the eight lineages , which led to the domestic cat , emerged some 6 . 2 million years ago in asia and africa , either from ancestors that had never left asia or more probably from north american cats that had trekked back . sea levels then rose , confining each cat species to its own continent , but sank again some three million years ago , allowing a second round of cat migrations . chris wozencraft , an authority on the classification of carnivorous mammals , said the new cat family tree generally agreed with one that he had just published in mammal species of the world , a standard reference . dr . wozencraft , a taxonomist at bethel college in indiana , based his classification on fossil and zoological information , as well as on dna data already published by dr . o ' brien ' s laboratory .
cat fossils are very hard to tell apart , because they differ mostly just in size , and the dna data emerging over the last decade has helped bring the field from confusion to consensus , dr . wozencraft said .
we’re interested in your feedback on this page . tell us what you think .
accessibility concerns ? email us at accessibility @ urltoken . we would love to hear from you .
2013 updates and corrections , to accompany the ebird / clements checklist 6 . 8 spreadsheet ( posted 16 august 2013 )
the updates and corrections are grouped into four sections . within each section , items are listed in the order in which they are encountered in the clements checklist 6 . 8 spreadsheet , although we also continue to reference by page number the relevant entry in the last published edition of the clements checklist ( sixth edition , 2007 ) .
we follow christidis and boles ( 2008 ) in recognizing kangaroo island emu ( dromaius baudinianus ) as a species , with range “formerly kangaroo island ( south australia ) . extinct . ”
christidis , l . and w . e . boles . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , melbourne .
in accord with sacc ( proposal 537 ) , primarily following gastañaga - c . et al . ( 2011 ) , subspecies pauxi unicornis koepckeae is elevated to species rank as sira currasow ( pauxi koepckeae ) .
gastañaga - c . , m . , r . macleod , d . m . brooks and b . hennessey . 2011 . distinctive morphology , ecology , and first vocal descriptions of sira curassow ( pauxi [ unicornis ] koepckeae ) : evidence for species rank . ornitologia neotropical 22 : 267 - 279 .
known to birders in recent years as the “puerto montt storm - petrel” , this species was described by harrison et al . ( 2013 ) as pincoya storm - petrel ( oceanites pincoyae ) . note that the validity of this species has not yet been reviewed by sacc . the range of pincoya storm - petrel is : “known only from waters near chiloé island ( reloncavi sound and the chacao channel ) , chile” .
harrison , p . , m . sallaberry , c . p . gaskin , k . a . baird , a . jaramillo , s . m . metz , m . pearman , m . o’keefe , j . dowdall , s . enright , k . fahy , j . gilligan , and g . lillie . 2013 . a new storm - petrel species from chile . auk 130 : 180 - 191 .
changeable hawk - eagle ( nisaetus cirrhatus ) is split into two species , following rasmussen and anderton ( 2005 ) : changeable hawk - eagle ( nisaetus limnaeetus ) , which includes the subspecies limnaeetus , andamanensis , and vanheurni ; and crested hawk - eagle ( nisaetus cirrhatus ) , which includes the subspecies cirrhatus and ceylanensis .
the monotypic group mountain hawk - eagle ( legge’s ) ( nisaetus nipalensis kelaarti ) is elevated to species rank as legge’s hawk - eagle ( nisaetus kelaarti ) , following gjershaug et al . ( 2008 ) and rasmussen and anderton ( 2012 ) .
gjershaug , j . o . , o . h . diserud , p . c . rasmussen , and d . warakagoda . 2008 . an overlooked threatened species of eagle : legge’s hawk eagle nisaetus kelaarti ( aves : accipitiformes ) . zootaxa 1792 : 54 - 66 .


coleotechnites milleri ( lodgepole needleminer ) is a moth of the family gelechiidae .

it is found in the western parts of the united states , as well as canada .

the wingspan is 12 – 15 mm .

the forewings are white , strongly and irregularly suffused with black , especially on the costal and apical areas .

there is a large , poorly defined , black spot on the costa beyond the middle and a smaller one just before the middle .

opposite the former is an even less well defined dorsal black spot and there are four small tufts of raised black scales , one on the middle of the cell , one at the end of the cell and two below these on the fold .

there are also scattered black dots around the apical edge .

the hindwings are whitish fuscous .

the larvae feed on pinus contorta and is considered one of the most destructive defoliators of lodgepole pine forests .

coleotechnites milleri

coleotechnites citriella chambers , 1880 ; rep . ent . u . s . dep . agric . 1879 : 206
recurvaria milleri busck , 1914 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 16 ( 4 ) : 144 ; tl : yosemite national park , california
coleotechnites ponderosae hodges & stevens , 1978 ; j . lep . soc . 32 : 118 ; tl : colorado , boulder
coleotechnites edulicola hodges & stevens , 1978 ; j . lep . soc . 32 : 120 ; tl : 14km n aztec , new mexico
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 7 . 44m ; p . 87 . book review and ordering
eucordylea albicostata freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 217 ; tl : simcoe , ontario
recurvaria obliquistrigella ; kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 152 , pl . 9 , f . 2
larva on juniperus virginiana freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 218
recurvaria alnifructella busck , 1915 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 17 ( 2 ) : 82 ; tl : falls church , virginia
evagora ardas freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 14
gelechia argenti - albella [ = argentialbella ] chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 241 ; tl : texas
eucordylea atrupictella dietz , 1900 ; ent . news 11 ( 2 ) : 350 , pl . 1 , f . 1 ; tl : hazleton , pennsylvania
evagora biopes freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 14
pulivarvaria carbonaria freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 215 ; tl : simcoe , ontario
larva on juniperus sp . freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 216
recurvaria colubrinae busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 810 ; tl : rockport , texas
recurvaria condignella busck , 1929 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 31 ( 1 ) : 13 ; tl : prescott , arizona ; valparaiso , florida
recurvaria coniferella kearfott , 1907 ; can . ent . 39 ( 1 ) : 3 ; tl : ottawa , canada
gelchia cristatella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 241 ; tl : kentucky
larva on pinus edulis hodges & stevens , 1978 , j . lep . soc . 32 : 122
eucordylea elucidella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : san diego , california
recurvaria eryngiella bottimer , 1926 ; j . agr . reasearch 33 : 812 , pl . 2 , f . g ; tl : texas , chambers co . , stowell
evagora florae freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 19
eucordylea gallicola busck , 1915 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 17 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : colorado springs , colorado
recurvaria gibsonella kearfott , 1907 ; can . ent . 39 ( 1 ) : 4 ; tl : new jersey
larva on juniperus communis kearfott , 1907 , can . ent . 39 ( 1 ) : 4
publicalvaria granti freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 212 ; tl : boswell , british columbia
larva on abies grandis freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 212
eucordylea huntella keifer , 1936 ; bull . south calif . acad . sci . 35 : 16 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 13
recurvaria invictella busck , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 7 ) : 316 ; tl : san diego , california
recurvaria juniperella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 157 , pl . 9 , f . 3 , 17 ; tl : caldwell , essex co . , new jersey
larva on juniperus communis kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 157
pulicalvaria laricis freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 214 ; tl : ottawa , ontario
larva on larix laricina freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 215
evagora lewisi freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 15
eucordylea mackiei keifer , 1931 ; pan - pacific ent . 8 ( 2 ) : 61
pulicalvaria macleodi freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 213 ; tl : twin elm , ontario
larva on tsuga canadensis freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 214
pulicalvaria martini freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 209 ; tl : ancaster , ontario
larva on picea abies , p . glauca freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 210
larva on pinus murrayana busck , 1914 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 16 ( 4 ) : 144
recurvaria moreonella heinrich , 1920 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2305 ) : 65 ; tl : cheyenne mtn , colorado
larva on pinus scopulorum heinrich , 1920 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 57 ( 2305 ) : 65
anarsia obliqui - strigella [ = obliquistrigella ] chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 4 ) : 65 ; tl : kentucky
pulicalvaria occidentis freeman , 1965 ; j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 216 ; tl : ta ta creek , british columbia
larva on juniperus scopulorum freeman , 1965 , j . res . lepid . 4 ( 3 ) : 217
hapalosaris petulans meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft ; peru , chosica , 2800ft
larva on picea mariana kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 155 , picea pungens , p . abies , p . mariana , p . rubens [ me3 ] , 40
recurvaria pinella busck , 1906 ; can . ent . 38 ( 6 ) : 212 ; tl : manitou , colorado
larva on pinus ponderosa busck , 1906 , can . ent . 38 ( 6 ) : 212
larva on pinus ponderosa hodges & stevens , 1978 , j . lep . soc . 32 : 120
evagora resinosae freeman , 1961 ; can . ent . 92 ( suppl . 16 ) : 16
recurvaria stanfordia keifer , 1933 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 22 : 354
recurvaria thujaella kearfott , 1903 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 154 , pl . 9 , f . 8 , 21 ; tl : usa
larva on thuja occidentalis kearfott , 1903 , j . n . y . ent . soc . 11 : 154
gelechia variiella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 9 ) : 174
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
zeller , 1873 beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamerikanischen nachtfälter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 2 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 201 - 334 , pl . 3 - 4
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
your browser doesn ' t support javascript or you have disabled javascript . please enable javascript , then refresh this page . javascript is required on this site .
european union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
contributed by robert a . martin on 15 june , 2011 - 11 : 12am last updated 2 april , 2013 - 5 : 56pm
select your preferred way to display the comments and click ' save settings ' to activate your changes .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
lee , s . , r . w . hodges and r . l . brown . 2009 . checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in american north of mexico . zootaxa 2231 : 1 - 39 .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
pohl , g . r . , g . g . anweiler , b . c . schmidt , and n . g . kondla . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . zookeys 38 : 1 - 549 .
the small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .
note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on
trademark notice :
natureserve
, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .
copyright notice : copyright © 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .
natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .
no graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .
all documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided
as is
without warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .
) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .
we parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .
80x5 - 240x3 - 240x4 - 320x1 - 320x2 - 320x3 - 640x1 - 640x2 set display option above . click on images to enlarge .
a variety of organizations and individuals have contributed photographs to calphotos . please follow the usage guidelines provided with each image . use and copyright information , as well as other details about the photo such as the date and the location , are available by clicking on the