paracyphononyx is a genus of spider wasps distributed in the tropics and warmer temperate regions , they differ from other pompilids in that the do not permanently disable the host spider but allow the spider to resume activity after the wasp has laid its egg on the spider while the wasp larve exists as koinobiont ectoparasitoid of the spider .

paracyphononyx

you selected paracyphononyx venans ( kohl , 1894 ) . this is a synonym for :
a spider ( lycoso ? sp . ) ( araneida : lycosidae ) providing a shelter for its predator paracyphononyx ruficrus ( klug , 1834 ) ( hymenoptera : pompilidae )
article : a spider ( lycoso ? sp . ) ( araneida : lycosidae ) providing a shelter for its predator paracyphononyx ruficrus ( klug , 1834 ) ( hymenoptera : pompilidae )
details - a spider ( lycoso ? sp . ) ( araneida : lycosidae ) providing a shelter for its predator paracyphononyx ruficrus ( klug , 1834 ) ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) - biodiversity heritage library
the herein observed wasp species , called paracyphononyx scapulatus , belongs to a well - known group of spider parasites , which after laying their eggs on a paralysed spider , let it recover and continue living fully mobile until the larvae are mature . however , little has been known about this curious behaviour of this wasp species in particular , since previous studies have already showed differences between the separate members of the genus .
ty - jour ti - a spider ( lycoso ? sp . ) ( araneida : lycosidae ) providing a shelter for its predator paracyphononyx ruficrus ( klug , 1834 ) ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) t2 - proceedings of the xiiith congress of arachnology : geneva , 3 - 8 september 1995 / vl - 1 ur - urltoken pb - [ s . n . ] , cy - geveva , switzerland : py - 1996 sp - 185 ep - 188 sn - 0035 - 418x au - el - hennawy , hisham k er -
@ article { bhlpart127639 , title = { a spider ( lycoso ? sp . ) ( araneida : lycosidae ) providing a shelter for its predator paracyphononyx ruficrus ( klug , 1834 ) ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) } , journal = { proceedings of the xiiith congress of arachnology : geneva , 3 - 8 september 1995 / } , volume = { 1 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { geveva , switzerland : [ s . n . ] , 1996 . } , author = { el - hennawy , hisham k } , year = { 1996 } , pages = { 185 - - 188 } , }
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haupt , h . ( m . s . ) die gattungen der pepsinae der erde , zum grössten teil auch mit ihren arten . nova acta leopoldina n . f . , bd 15 1945 , non publié ) : 145 - 429 .
heymons , 1915 . * * * . sitzungsberichte der ges . naturforschenden freund . , berlin . n° 7 : 301 - 308 .
the hymenopterous types of peter cameron in the albany museum , grahamstown , south africa . annal of the cap province museum , grahamstown , 1 : 1 - 14 .
kohl , f . f . 1884 . zur hymenopterenfauna afrika . annalen der k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums , 9 , hft 3 , pompilidae : 306 - 343 , pl . 14 .
kohl , f . f . 1886 . neue pompiliden in den sammlungen des k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums . verhandlungen der . zoologisch . - boanischen gesellschaft in wien , 36 : 307 - 346 . wien .
kohl , f . f . 1888 . neue pompiliden in den sammlungen des k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums . verhandlungen der . zoologisch . - boanischen gesellschaft in wien , 38 : 133 - 156 . wien .
kohl , f . f . 1893 . hymenopteren von herrn dr . fr . stuhlman in ostafrika gesammelt . jahrbericht des hamburg wissenschaf anstalten 10 : 181 - 191 , 1pl . ; pompilidae : 183 - 186 .
kohl , f . f . 1894 . zur hymenopetrenfauna afrikas . ann . k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseum , 9 , hft 3 : 279 - 350 , 5 pl . ; pompilidae : 306 - 319 et 342 - 343 + pl . 2 ( xiv )
kohl , f . f . 1909 . ou 1905 in voeltzkow reise in ostafrica , sphegiden und pompiliden von madagascar , den comoren und ostafrika . ii : 369 - 378 .
kohl , f . f . 1913 . neue pompiliden und sphegieen vom belgischen congogebiete .
iii : 182 - 209 ; pompilidae : 182 - 204 , 47 figs .
lucas , r . 1898 . in stadelmann , h . die hymenopteren ost - afrikas , pompilidae . deusch - ost - afrika , band iv : pompilidae : 57 - 74 .
móczar , l . 1978 . new species and some remarks on the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta biologica szeged . 24 : 115 - 137 .
móczar , l . 1986a . revision of the fulvipes - , ruficornis - and variegata - groups of the genus ceropales latreille ( hym . , ceropalidae ) . acta biol . szeged 32 : 121 - 136 .
móczar , l . 1986b . revision of the genus hemiceropales priesner , 1969 ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 32 : 317 - 342 .
móczar , l . 1987 . revision of the maculata and albicincta groups of the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 33 : 121 - 156 .
móczar , l . 1988 . revision on the subgenus priesnerius móczar ( hymenoptera , ceropalidae ) . linzer biol . beitr . 20 : 119 - 160 .
móczar , l . 1989 . revision of the helvetica group of the genus ceropales . beitr . ent . 39 : 9 - 61 .
móczar , l . 1990 . revision of the subgenus bifidoceropales priesner of the genus ceropales latreille ( hymenoptera : ceropalidae ) . acta zoologica hungarica 36 : 59 - 85 .
pate , v . s . l . 1946 . the generic names of the spider wasps ( psammocharidae olim pompilidae ) and their type species ( hymenoptera , aculeata ) . transactions of the american entomological society , 72 : 65 - 137 .
picker , m . , griffiths , c & weaving , a . 2002 . field guide to insects of south africa . struik publishers , cape town .
pitts , j . p . , wasbauer , m . s . and von dohlen , c . d . ( 2006 ) . preliminary morphological analysis of relationships between the spider wasp subfamilies ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) : revisiting an old problem . zoologica scripta 35 : 1–22 .
radoszkowskij , o . 1881 . hyménoptères d’angola . jornal de sciencias mathematicas , physicas e naturae , ser . 1 , 8 , xxxi : 197 - 221 , lisboa ; pompilidae : 211 - 214 .
radoszkowskij , o . 1888 1889 . revision des armatures copulatrices des mâles de la famille pompilidae . bulletin de la société impériale des naturalistes de moscou , n . s . , 2 : 462 - 493 , 3 pl .
schulthess , a . von 1914 . hymenopteren aus kamerun gesammelt von hern van ropthkirch oberlieutenant der schuztruppe . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift : 283 - 297 , berlin ; pompilidae : 286 - 287 .
schulz , w . a . 1911 . zweihundert alte hymenopteren . zoologische annalen , iv : 1 - 220 , wurzburg . :
smith , f . 1855 . catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museuim . part iii . mutillidae and pompilidae . london : 1 - 206 , 6 pls .
taschenberg , e . 1869 . die pompiliden des museums der universität zu halle . zeitschrift für die gesammten naturwissenschaften halla , 34 : 25 - 75 ; halle .
tommasoini , s . & marini , m . 1984 . catalogo del tipi de museo zoologico dell’ universita di bologna .
tullgren , a . 1904 . on some hymenoptera aculeata from the cameroons . arkiv för zoologi , 1 : 425 - 463 , 4 pls , stockholm .
on new species of fossorial hymenoptera from africa , mostly elidinae . transactions of the entomological society of london , part iv : 720 - 754 ; pompilidae : 744 .
1915 . notes and synonymy of the hymenoptera in the collection of the british museum . ii . family psammocharidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , ser . 8 , 16 : 332 - 335 .
turner , r . e . 1918 . notes on fossorial hymenoptera . xxxiii . on new ethiopian species of psammocharidae . annals and magazine of natural history , including zoology , ser . 9 , vol . 1 : 284 - 294 . ser . 9 , vol . 1 : 284 - 294 .
saussure h . de 1892 . in grandidier . histoire physique , politique et naturelle de madagascar . vol . xx , 1ère
wahis , r . 1984 . contribution à la connaissance des ceropales de l’afrique tropicale . ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , ceropalinae ) description d’une espèce nouvelle du zaïre . revue de zoologie africaine , 98 , 3 : 560 - 562 .
wahis , r . 1988 . hyménoptères pompilides de madagascar . . genres ceropales latreille et irenangelus schulz . hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . . revue de zoologie africaine , : 102 : 213 - 221 .
. contribution à la connaissance des hyménoptères pompilides de la turquie ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) .
wahis , r . 1999 . révision des espèces afrotropicales et orientale du genre pygmachus haupt 1930 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pompilinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 37 : 81 - 94 .
wahis , r . 2000 . révision des espèces afrotropicales , indo - orientales et australiennes du genre java pate 1946 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pepsinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 38 : 43 - 76 . .
wahis , r . 2000 . hyménoptères pompilides de madagascar . 2 . genres aporinellus banks , ferreola lepeletier et homonotus dahlbom ( hymenoptera : pompilidae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 39 : 45 - 77 .
wahis , r . 2000 . sur quelques pompilides afrotropicaux . décrits par g . gribodo en 1894 . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 40 : 77 - 81 .
wahis , r . 2003 . sur un genre peu connu de pompilides afrotropicaux kyphopompilus arnold , 1959 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pompilinae ) . notes fauniques de gembloux , n° 49 : 103 - 114 .
. mise à jour du catalogue systématique des hyménoptères pompilides de la région ouesteuropéenne . additions et corrections .
et australiennes du genre java pate 1946 ( hymenoptera : pompilidae , pepsinae ) .
wasbauer , m . s . 1995 . pompilidae . in : p . e . hanson & i . d . gauld ( eds ) the hymenoptera of costa rica ( pp . 522–539 ) . oxford : oxford university press .
( published in struik ' s field guide to insects of south africa ) .
citation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .
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gribodo , giovanni . 1884 . spedizione italiana nell ' africa equatoriale . risultati zoologici . imenotteri . memoria seconda . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova 21 ( = 2a ser . , 1 ) : 277 - 325 , 1 fig .
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
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typically 15 - 24 mm . sexual dimorphism with respect to size and shape is apparently not as marked in this species as it is in other pompilines .
1 . spine pits present on the dorsal subapical portion of the posterior femora .
2 . spines at end of hind tibia are splayed out and are of uneven length and spcaing .
3 .
pocket
in the basioposterior corner of the third discal cell cause by the deflection of the subdiscoidal vein .
- streptaulus complete ( streptaulus : a suture separating the collar of the pronotum from the disc ; it is usually dorsomedially absent in the aporini ) .
- head generally broader at the temples ( head very thin in the aporini ) .
2 : two sms are outlined in red , the first smc is the long cell to the immediate right of the middle ( second ) smc .
this genus is monotypic in the nearctic and its generic characters also serve to identify the one species , p . funereus .
also refer to diagnostic characters that this species lacks in the remarks section below .
probably transcontinental , except the pacific coast ( see krombein et al , 1979 ) . data is lacking in some areas .
this species may be restricted to areas of loose , dry soil or at least that is what records indicate from collected specimens . in ohio they have been found only in the oak openings region in an area of vegetated dunes , atypical for the state :
late summer - early autumn ( mainly july through september ) . rarely recorded before june in the north .
adults frequently visit flowers including the following : asclepias , ceanothus , eupatorium , euphorbia , melilotus , solidago , and daucus .
one generation per year . in the northern half of north america this species is on the wing from early july through september . there does not seem to be a significant differential between the dates of emergence in males and females . females can be found provisioning nests mainly in july and august . this is probably a fossorial species , but its biology is generally little known . they are known to prey upon hogna lenta :
distinctive under the microscope when compared to other nearctic species . however , in the field females are difficult to separate from other all - black pompilini , especially arachnospila and anoplius . males are fairly easy to identify in the field , with good looks , because of their subserrate antennae .
- pygidial bristles on the terminal tergite in females in anoplius , none in arachnospila but both genera lack a strongly compressed last sternite .
also : antennae of males rarely crenulate ( subserrate ) in anoplius and arachnospila .
krombein , k . v . 1979 . pompilidae , pp . 1523 - 1571 . in krombein , k . v . , p . d . hurd , jr . , d . r . smith , and b . d . burks , eds . catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico . vol . 2 apocrita ( aculeata ) . smithsonian inst . press , washington , d . c . ( prey record , state distribution records )
evans , h . e . 1951 . a taxonomic study of the nearctic spider wasps belonging to the tribe pompilini , part iii . trans . amer . entomol . soc . , 77 : 203 - 342 ( description ) .
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the pompilinae are a subfamily of the spider wasp family , pompilidae , the species of which lay their eggs on the paralysed bodies of their prey .
having been attacked , paralysed and implanted with a wasp egg to its belly , a wolf spider carries on with its ordinary life . at least , until it is time for the larva to reach out for its first solid meal at a certain development stage . the present study follows the entire cycle of larval development from the egg laying through the formation of a full - grown wasp .
this is a juvenile wolf spider , parasitised by the wasp p . scapulatus , bearing its egg on its abdomen .
having been attacked , paralysed and implanted with a wasp egg to its belly , a wolf spider carries on with its life fully mobile and active . at least , until it is time for the larva to reach out for its first solid meal at a certain development stage . the present study , conducted by a brazilian team of scientists , led by phd student hebert da silva souza , universidade estadual de campinas , sao paulo , and published in the open - access journal of hymenoptera research , follows the entire cycle of larval development from the egg laying through the formation of a full - grown wasp .
to observe the whole cycle of the wasp larval development , the researchers caught a recently parasitised wolf spider and placed it in a plastic container .
while the larva grew and fed on the abdominal hemolymph , which is the analog to the blood in backboned creatures , its host did not show any peculiarities in its behaviour and even kept its routine being active at night and resting during the day . this is suggested to be attributed to the need of the larva to keep its host safe from predators , such as ants , which could otherwise eat the dead body .
however , ahead of its fifth and last development stage , the larva was seen to double its size and , in the morning , twenty days after the hatching of the egg , it killed its host and fully consumed it within the next forty - eight hours . having left its host , the larva began to search for a place within the container to construct a cocoon , which took it sixteen hours . thirty - two days later , a fully grown female wasp emerged .
in comparison , a relative of the observed spider wasp is known to manipulate its host ' s behaviour , making it to enwrap itself and the larva in a cocoon - like silken structure so that it is protected while feeding . yet , it is not certain whether the observed larva ' s growth in captivity is not the reason why it had not induced similar behaviour .
in conclusion , the authors suggest that further investigation of the interaction between the two species could provide more information about the evolution of this kind of parasitism , which is likely to have developed independently among the wasp groups .
pensoft publishers .
to kill a wolf spider : further observation of a spider wasp larva growing on its host .
sciencedaily . urltoken ( accessed december 5 , 2015 ) .
hebert da silva souza , yuri fanchini messas , fabiana masago , eduardo fernando dos santos , joão vasconcellos - neto .
journal of hymenoptera research , 2015 ; 46 : 165 doi : 10 . 3897 / jhr . 46 . 5833
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322d9966 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32348aaa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3239fe53 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33e4618e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
kroupa a . s . , lohrmann v . , pulawski w . j . & schmid - egger c . ( 2018 ) . hymis : hymenoptera information system ( version jul 2017 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 709f3075 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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haupt , h . 1929 ,
weiterer ausbau meines systems der psammocharidae . mit beischreibung neuer gattungen und arten
, mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin , vol . 15 , pp . 109–197
haupt , h . 1927 ,
monographie der psammocharidae ( pompilidae ) mittel–nord und osteuropas ( conclusion )
, deutsche entomologische zeitschrift , vol . 1927 , pp . 1–367
ashmead , w . h . 1900 ,
classification of the fossorial , predaceous and parasitic wasps , or the superfamily vespoidea . paper no . 2 .
, canadian entomologist , vol . 32 , pp . 185–188
saussure , h . de 1892 ,
histoire naturelle des hyménoptères
, ed . grandidier , a . ( ed . ) , histoire physique , naturelle et politique de madagascar , vol . 20 , pp . 177 - 590 , alfred grandidier , paris
ashmead , w . h . 1902 ,
classification of the fossorial , predaceous and parasitic wasps , or the superfamily vespoidea . paper no . 5 .
, canadian entomologist , vol . 34 , no . 6 , pp . 131–137
šustera , o . 1912 ,
die paläarktischen gattungen der familie psammocharidae ( olim pompilidae , hym . )
, verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien , vol . 62 , pp . 171–213
bradley , j . c . 1944 ,
pompilioides radoszkovsky , pompiliodes ashmead , pompiloides dalla torre , šustera , haupt , gussakovsky , banks and arnold , and some other names ( hymenoptera : pompilidae )
, eos . revista española de entomología , vol . 20 , pp . 93–100
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8054d590 - 5472 - 4868 - 9bad - ceb85b829d2c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8478c17f - be5f - 4f01 - b38f - ed09e9e3070f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 586761
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33e54535 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 4847f69f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 7085ccf2 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
turner , r . e . 1910 ,
additions to our knowledge of the fossorial hymenoptera of australia
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1910 , pp . 253–356
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b6dadb8b - 4d08 - 0a25 - e044 - 00144f3b4a43
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d596eb82 - a37f - 46f8 - 81dc - 639d7f8a6221
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 579613
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this family contains some of the most popular freshwater aquarium fish , such as the species of corydoras .

callichthyidae

palavras - chave : ecologia , riacho , microhabitat , aspidoras fuscoguttatus , callichthyidae .
karyotypic diversity and chromosome evolution in the armored catfishes callichthyinae ( siluriformes , callichthyidae ) .
cytogenetics of two sympatric corydoras species ( pisces , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) of southern brazil .
comparative cytogenetic analysis of three cytotypes of corydoras nattereri ( pisces , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) .
cytogenetic analysis of five species of the subfamily corydoradinae ( teleostei : siluriformes : callichthyidae ) .
lacépede ( siluroidei , callichthyidae ) coexistentes no rio alambari ( botucatu , são paulo ) .
molecular phylogeny of the armored catfish family callichthyidae ( ostariophysi , siluriformes ) . - pubmed - ncbi
remarkable karyotypic homogeneity in a widespread tropical fish species : hoplosternum littorale ( siluriformes , callichthyidae ) .
peixes da família callichthyidae , ordem siluriformes . consulte a fishbase para mais pormenores . ( see also :
( siluriformes : callichthyidae ) from central brazil . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 8 : 359 - 368 .
reis , roberto e . 1998 . callichthyidae . armored catfishes . version 14 may 1998 ( under construction ) .
( siluriformes : callichthyidae ) , a new species from northeastern brazil . copeia , 2000 : 1048 - 1055 .
( siluriformes : callichthyidae ) from the upper rio paraguai system in brazil . copeia , 2001 : 1010 - 1016 .
( siluriformes : callichthyidae ) and implications for the syntopic occurrence with other related catfishes in a neotropical multi - predator swamp .
r . von ihering , 1907 , with descriptions of nine new species from brazil ( pisces , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) .
cytogenetic study in corydoras britskii ( siluriformes : callichthyidae ) , using different chromosomal banding and fluorescence hybridization in situ with rdna probes .
( hancock , 1828 ) ( siluriformes , callichthyidae ) en el bajo llano de venezuela : desarrolo , alimentación y distribución espacial .
fishes of the family callichthyidae , order siluriformes ( catfish ) . see fishbase for more information on this family . ( see also :
extensive chromosomal rearrangements and nuclear dna content changes in the evolution of the armoured catfishes genus corydoras ( pisces , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) .
cytogenetic and dna content studies on armoured catfishes of the genus corydoras ( pisces , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) from the southeast coast of brazil .
hoplosternum littorale ( teleostei , callichthyidae ) from a coastal river basin in brazil - cytogenetic analysis and gene mapping of 5s and 18s rdna .
what made you want to look up callichthyidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
chromosomal variation in the tropical armoured catfish callichthys callichthys ( siluriformes , callichthyidae ) : implications for conservation and ta . . . - pubmed - ncbi
( ostariophysi , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) , with the description of two new genera . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 7 : 299 - 326 .
( siluriformes , callichthyidae ) da ilha da marchantaria , amazonas . [ master ' s thesis ] : inpa / fau , manaus ; 1990 .
( pisces : siluriformes : callichthyidae ) from the rio negro in brazil . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 92 : 10 - 22 .
chromosomal variation in the tropical armoured catfish callichthys callichthys ( siluriformes , callichthyidae ) : implications for conservation and taxonomy in a species complex from a brazilian hotspot .
the fishes of the family callichthyidae are distinguished and easily recognized by having the body almost completely protected by a bony armor composed of two longitudinal series of dermal plates .
ag - nors , major and minor ribosomal genes sites distribution in callichthyidae . the 45s and 5s columns report the number of chromosomes bearing the cistrons and its location .
poissons de la famille des callichthyidae , ordre des siluriformes ( silures , mâchoirons ou poissons chat ) . voir fishbase pour plus d ' information sur cette famille . ( see also :
, a new catfish from the upper rio araguaia basin , brazil ( teleostei : siluriformes : callichthyidae ) . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 115 : 727 - 736 .
r . von ihering , 1907 , with descriptions of nine new species from brazil ( pisces , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) . bijdragen tot de dierkunde , 46 : 107 - 131 .
, a new species of corydoradine catfish from the rio tiquié , upper rio negro basin , brazil ( ostariophysi : siluriformes : callichthyidae ) . neotropical ichthyology , 1 : 83 - 91 .
n . sp . , a plated catfish from espírito santo , brazil ( pisces , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) . bulletin zoologisch museum , universiteit van amsterdam , 7 : 133 - 138 .
nijssen , h . 1970 . revision of the surinam catfishes of the genus corydoras lacépède , 1803 ( pisces , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) . beaufortia , 18 ( 230 ) : 1 - 75 .
reis , r . e . 1993 . filogenia da família callichthyidae ( ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , com uma revisão taxonômica do gênero hoplosternum . ph . d . dissertation , universidade de são paulo .
britto , m . r . & r . e . reis . 2005 . a new scleromystax species ( siluriformes : callichthyidae ) from coastal rivers of southern brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 3 : 481 - 488 . [ links ]
distribution and feeding ecology of the african tilapia oreochromis mossambicus ( teleostei , perciformes , cichlidae ) in suriname ( south america ) with comments on the tilapia - kwikwi ( hoplosternum littorale ) ( teleostei , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) interaction .
callichthyidae is a family of catfishes ( order siluriformes ) , called armored catfishes due to the two rows of bony plates ( or scutes ) running down the length of their bodies . content licensed under creative commons attribution . source : urltoken
gee , j . h . & j . b . graham , 1978 . respiratory and hydrostatic functions of the intestine of the catfishes hoplosternum thoracatum and brochis splendens ( callichthyidae ) . journal of experimental biology , 74 : 1 - 16 .
reis , r . e . 1997 . revision of the neotropical catfish genus hoplosternum ( ostariophysi , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) , with the description of two new genera . ichthyol . explor . freshwaters , 7 ( 4 ) : 299 - 326
britto , m . r . 2003 . phylogeny of the subfamily corydoradinae hoedeman , 1952 ( siluriformes : callichthyidae ) , with a definition of its genera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 153 : 119 - 154 .
reis , r . e . 1997 . revision of the neotropical genus hoplosternum ( ostariophysi : siluriformes : callichthyidae ) with the description of two new genera and three new species . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 7 : 299 - 326 . [ links ]
britto , m . r . 2003 . phylogeny of the subfamily corydoradinae hoedeman , 1952 ( siluriformes : callichthyidae ) , with a definition of its genera . proceedings of the academy of natural science of philadelphia , 153 : 119 - 154 . [ links ]
neotropical monogenoidea 37 . redescription of gyrodactylus superbus ( szidat , 1973 ) comb . n . and description of two new species of gyrodactylus ( gyrodactylidea : gyrodactylidae ) from corydoras paleatus and c . ehrhardti ( teleostei : siluriformes : callichthyidae ) of southern brazil .
gee , j . h . 1976 . buoyancy and aerial respiration : factors influencing theevolution of reduced swim - bladder volume of some central american catfishes ( trichomycteridae , callichthyidae , loricariidae , astroblepidae ) . canadian j . zool . , 54 ( 7 ) : 1030 - 1037 .
reis , roberto e . / reis , roberto e . , sven o . kullander , and carl j . ferraris , jr . , eds . , 2003 : family callichthyidae ( armored catfishes ) . check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . 291 - 309 .
despite little studies about mapping of rdna genes in callichthyidae , the majority of the species share the condition of non - synteny between the 5s rdna and 45s rdna . therefore , this condition of co - localization of ribosomal genes in corydoras carlae seems to represent a marker for this species .
reis , r . e . , 1997 . revision of the neotropical catfish genus hoplosternum ( ostariophysi : siluriformes : callichthyidae ) , with the description of two new genera and three new species . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 7 ( 4 ) : 299 - 326 . ( ref . 26144 )
nijssen , h . & i . j . h . isbrücker , 1976c . the south americanplated catfish genus aspidoras r . von ihering , 1907 , withdescriptions of nine new species from brazil ( pisces , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) . bijdr . dierk . , 46 ( 1 ) : 107 - 131 .
nijssen , h . & i . j . h . isbrücker , 1980a . aspidoras virgulatus n . sp . , a plated catfish from espírito santo , brazil ( pisces , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) . bull . zool . mus . univ . amsterdam , 7 ( 13 ) : 133 - 138 .
britto , m . r . & f . c . t . lima . 2003 . corydoras tukano , a new species of corydoradine catfish from the rio tiquié , upper rio negro basin , brazil ( ostariophysi : siluriformes : callichthyidae ) . neotropical ichthyology , 1 : 83 - 91 . [ links ]
nijssen , h . & i . j . h . isbrücker , 1983a . brochis britskii , a new species of plated catfish from the upper rio paraguai system , brazil ( pisces , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) . bull . zool . mus . univ . amsterdam , 9 ( 20 ) : 177 - 186 .
thus , the current paper presents the first cytogenetic description of corydoras carlae , focusing on karyotype characterization , heterochromatin distribution pattern and location of 5s and 18s rdna sites . besides the new data for the species , this study also reveal for the first time the co - localization of 5s and major rdna in callichthyidae .
tencatt l . f . c . , h . s . vera - alcaraz , m . r . britto & c . s . pavanelli . 2013 . a new corydoras lacépède , 1803 ( siluriformes : callichthyidae ) from the rio são francisco basin , brazil . neotropical ichthyology , 11 : 257 - 264 . [ links ]
rocha rh , baumgärtner l , paiz lm , margarido vp , fernandes ca , gubiani éa ( 2016 ) an uncommon co - localization of rdna 5s with major rdna clusters in callichthyidae ( siluriformes ) : a report case in corydoras carlae nijssen & isbrücker , 1983 . comparative cytogenetics 10 ( 4 ) : 603–613 . doi : 10 . 3897 / compcytogen . v10i4 . 9507
the neotropical family callichthyidae is found in most south american river drainages ( paraná - paraguay , são francisco , atlantic coastal basins in brazil , amazonas , orinoco , maracaibo , magdalena ) , as well as in a few rivers in panama , as shown in red in the figure below . they present highest diversity in the headwaters of the amazonas drainage and those rivers draining the guianan shield .
ferraris , c . j . jr . , 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1 - 628 . reis , r . e . , 1998 . systematics , biogeography , and the fossil record of the callichthyidae : a review of the available data . p . 351 - 362 . in l . r . malabarba , r . e . reis , r . p . vari , z . m . s . lucena and c . a . s . lucena ( eds . ) phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes . porto alegre : edipucrs . reis , r . e . and c . c . kaefer , 2005 . two new species of the neotropical catfish genus lepthoplosternum ( ostariophysi : siluriformes : callichthyidae ) . copeia 2005 ( 4 ) : 724 - 731 .
reis , r . e . 1998 . systematics , biogeography , and the fossil record of the callichthyidae : a review od the available data . pp . 351 - 362 . in : malabarba , l . r . , r . e . reis , r . p . vari , z . m . lucena & c . a . s . lucena ( eds . ) . phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes . porto alegre , edipucrs , 603p .
reis , r . e . 1998 . systematics , biogeography , and the fossil record of the callichthyidae : a review of the available data . pp . 351 - 362 . in l . r . malabarba , r . e . reis r . p . vari , z . m . lucena , and c . a . s . lucena ( eds . ) , phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes . edipucrs , porto alegre . 1 - 603 .
reis , r . e . , 1998 . systematics , biogeography , and the fossil record of the callichthyidae : a review of the available data . p . 351 - 362 . in l . r . malabarba , r . e . reis , r . p . vari , z . m . s . lucena and c . a . s . lucena ( eds . ) phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes . porto alegre : edipucrs . ( ref . 33172 )
callichthyidae is a family of the order siluriformes widely distributed in neotropical region , which has 215 valid species , divided in two subfamilies , callichthyinae with 17 valid species and corydoradinae with 198 valid species ( eschmeyer and fong 2016 ) . corydoras is the most specious and cytogenetically studied genus of corydoradinae , demonstrating different diploid numbers , which may vary from 2n = 40 chromosomes in corydoras nattereri steindachner , 1876 ( oliveira et al . 1990 , 1993 ) to 2n = 134 chromosomes in corydoras aeneus ( gill , 1858 ) ( turner et al . 1992 ) .
ty - jour ti - distribution and feeding ecology of the african tilapia oreochromis mossambicus ( teleostei , perciformes , cichlidae ) in suriname ( south america ) with comments on the tilapia - kwikwi ( hoplosternum littorale ) ( teleostei , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) interaction t2 - instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia ur - urltoken pb - instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia py - 1995 - 01 - 01 au - mol , jan h . au - van der lugt , frank l . kw - competition kw - diet overlap kw - distribution kw - hoplosternum littorale kw - oreochromis mossambicus kw - suriname er -
@ article { bhlpart164411 , title = { distribution and feeding ecology of the african tilapia oreochromis mossambicus ( teleostei , perciformes , cichlidae ) in suriname ( south america ) with comments on the tilapia - kwikwi ( hoplosternum littorale ) ( teleostei , siluriformes , callichthyidae ) interaction } , journal = { instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia } , url = urltoken publisher = { instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia } , author = { mol , jan h . and van der lugt , frank l . } , year = { 1995 - 01 - 01 } , keywords = { competition | diet overlap | distribution | hoplosternum littorale | oreochromis mossambicus | suriname | } , }
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greek , kallis = beautiful + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 ) .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
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unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
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this family has approximately 161 species grouped in eight genera ( about 7 . 1 % of all siluriformes ) . of these species , approximately 130 belong to corydoras , the largest siluriform genus . a complete catalogue of species , a list of original literature and a key to genera of callichthyids are available .
also very interesting are the reproductive habits of the callichthyids . aspidoras , corydoras and brochis share with most siluroids the condition of substrate brooding . eggs are laid on substrates like rocks , logs , or leaves . callichthys , megalechis , lepthoplosternum , hoplosternum and dianema , on the other hand , have the interesting behavior of building floating nests composed of foam and vegetal debris . spawning and caring for the eggs and larvae takes place in these nests ( see burgess , 1987 , 1989 for some photos ) .
fishes in this family vary from small to medium - size . some species of corydoras reach no more than 20 mm , whereas hoplosternum littorale , the largest species , grows up to about 160 mm of standard length .
burgess , w . e . 1987 . corydoras and related catfishes - a completeintroduction . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , 128p .
burgess , w . e . 1989 . an atlas of freshwater and marine catfishes . a preliminary survey of the siluriformes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , 784p .
gosline , w . a . 1940 . a revision of the neotropical catfishes of the familycallichthyidae . stanford ichthyological bulletin , 2 ( 1 ) : 1 - 36 .
howes , g . j . 1983 . the cranial muscles of loricarioid catfishes , their homologies and value as taxonomic characters ( teleostei : siluroidei ) . bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( zoology ) , 45 ( 6 ) 309 - 345 .
iczn ( international commission on zoological nomenclature ) . 1985 . international code of zoological nomenclature . 3 ed . university of california press , berkley and los angeles , california , 338 pp .
nijssen , h . & i . j . h . isbrücker , 1986 . a review of the genus corydoras from peru and ecuador ( pisces , siluriformes , callichtyidae ) . studies onthe neotropical faunal and environment , 21 ( 1 / 2 ) : 1 - 6 .
lundberg , j . g . & j . n . baskin , 1969 . the caudal skeleton of the catfishes , order siluriformes . american museum novitates , 2398 : 1 - 49 .
pinna , m . c . c . 1992 . a new subfamily of trichomycteridae ( teleostei , siluriformes ) , lower loricarioid relationships , and a discussion on the impact of additional taxa for phylogenetic analysis . zoologicaljournal of the linnean society , 106 :
schaefer , s . a . 1988 . homology and evolution of the opercular series in theloricarioid catfishes ( pisces : siluroidei ) . journal of zoology , 214 : 81 - 93 .
schaefer , s . a . 1990 . anatomy and relationships of the scoloplacid catfishes . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 142 : 167 - 210 .
schaefer , s . a . & g . v . lauder , 1986 . historical transformation of functionaldesign : evolutionary morphology of feeding mechanisms in loricarioid catfishes . systematic zoology , 35 ( 4 ) : 489 - 508 .
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greek , hoplon = weapon + greek , sternon = chest ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; demersal ; depth range 1 - ? m ( ref . 11225 ) . subtropical ; 18°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 11°n - 37°s
south america : most cis - andean south american river drainages north of buenos aires , argentina ( ref . 37395 ) . introduced in the usa ( ref . 104645 ) .
maturity : l m 16 . 7 range ? - ? cm max length : 26 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 104645 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 51639 )
inhabits swamps ( ref . 11225 ) . during the rainy season , adults consume a great quantity of chironomids associated with detritus . during the dry season , they feed mostly on terrestrial insects , micro - crustaceans , aquatic diptera , and detritus . absorbs a great quantity of anaerobic bacteria from the substrate ( ref . 27188 ) . first reproduction occurs after one year ( ref . 35381 ) . used to be cultured commercially in guyana ( ref . 7306 ) . cultured in trinidad on a semi - commercial scale ( ref . 11225 ) .
reproduction begins with the rainy season ( december - january ) . the male , at times helped by the female , builds a nest made of a cluster of mucus bubbles and vegetal matter . responding to a nuptial parade , the female lays down her eggs ( 5 , 000 to 20 , 000 , measuring1 . 8 mm in diameter ) which are fertilized by sprinkling sperm previously collected in her mouth . the male guards the eggs during incubation and becomes very aggressive ( ref . 35381 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01950 ( 0 . 01404 - 0 . 02708 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 08 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 4 ; k = 0 . 6 - 1 . 3 ; fec = 5 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 87 , 2 sd range = 0 . 48 - 1 . 61 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 14 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 31 , based on : 1 k , 4 tgen , 1 tmax , 2 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .
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. they are found throughout central and south america . the fish of this family are generally peaceful , scavengers that can be combined ( depending on the size of the species ) with small fish to large south american cichlids . estimates exceeding 200 species have been made . this family is made up of two sub - families : corydoradinae and callichthyinae .
pd : an elongated catfish with straight belly profile . its head is broad and flattened and has small eyes . the body has two sets of plates . the upper has 26 - 29 , while the lower 25 - 28 . the body color is brown to flesh colored with each plate having its own unique color . in reflected light the body has a green to violet sheen , especially if good water conditions are maintained . the back and head are spotted with small black spots . the upper jaw has two pair of barbels - one set is long and points straight out , while the other is shorter and pointing downwards .
, bolivia . often found in brackish rivers that are affected by the tide .
tank : 24
( 61 cm ) or 15 gallons ( 56 l ) is sufficient for fish to 5
( 13 cm ) . the tank should be well - planted with large , robust plants and have a fine gravel substrate for burrowing . provide hiding places with roots , wood , and rocks . like many other catfish , the armored catfish prefers large , shallow tanks .
water : ph 5 . 8 - 8 . 2 ( 7 . 0 ) , 2 - 25 dh ( 10 ) , 66 - 82°f ( 19 - 28°c ) . a 0 . 5 to 1 % addition of salt is welcomed . this can be accomplished by adding 4 to 7 . 5 tsp . of salt for every 10 gallons ( 5 - 10 g salt / 10 l ) .
sb : a nocturnal , calm , peaceful fish that likes to school . recommended for community tanks with fish that are over 2 . 5
( 6 . 4 cm ) in length for it may eat fish smaller than this .
food : live ; fish , insects , worms ; tablets ; plant matter ; vegetables . this catfish should be fed after the tank lights are turned off .
sc : the male is larger , more colorful , and has a thicker first pectoral fin . the front rays of the male ' s pectoral fins are red .
b : keeping the water cool ( 68°f ) may help induce spawning . a bubble nest is built on the underside of plant leaves by the male . 100 - 200 eggs are laid in the nest . the male guards the nest aggressively from all other fish and emits grunting noises . remove other fish from tank . the fry hatch in 4 - 6 days and live on the contents of their egg - sacs for 2 - 3 days . start feeding hard - boiled egg yolk and small live foods . the young are free swimming after 6 - 8 days .
r : this fish often takes atmospheric air from the water surface via the mouth to the intestine . this fish has been known to leave the water and move across land during the dry season . the armored catfish grows slowly . it comes out at dusk to search the bottom for fallen food and often hides during the day . the armored catfish is the only member of the genus
dc : 3 . a hardy fish ideal for community tanks with larger fish .
pd : an elongated , stout species with a flat belly profile . the back is light brown as are the flanks , and the belly is brownish white . the body is marked irregularly with dark brown spots . the rays of the fins are light brown .
near manaus , is seasonally imported . this species has yet to be bred in captivity and reaches 4 . 7
( 12 cm ) in length . this species requires soft , acidic water .
tank : a 30
( 76 cm ) or 25 - 30 gallon ( 98 - 114 l ) tank is sufficient . the tank should have strong filtration that creates little or no current . the tank should have a sand or fine gravel substrate . provide hiding places among rocks , roots , and plants . a cover of floating plants make this species more comfortable .
sb : this mild - mannered , schooling species should be kept in groups exceeding four . an ideal candidate for a community tank containing fish that are not too aggressive . usually nocturnal , although after acclimation , may become day - active .
sc : difficult to distinguish . gravid females are plumper and mature males have more elongated pectoral fins .
b : one male and two to three females should be placed in a spawning tank . the spawning tank should have no water current and a cover of floating plants . condition the fish with
and crustaceans . an increase in water temperature may help initiate spawning . after the male constructs a bubble nest at the surface , he begins courtship . each ripe female lays 200 - 500 yellow eggs . after spawning , the females should be removed . the nest is guarded by the male until the fry hatch . start feeding with
dc : 4 . this peaceful species can live over ten years in a well - maintained tank .
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smallest 21mm , largest 210mm , average 59mm , most commonly 50mm . all sl .
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van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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almeida js 1 , affonso pr , diniz d , carneiro pl , dias al .
1 department of general biology , state university of londrina , londrina , brazil .
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banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes , 2003 : null . checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada .
benton , m . j . ( ed ) . ( 1993 ) . the fossil record 2 . chapman & hall , london , 845 pp .
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version .
ferraris , carl j . , jr . , and mário c . c . de pinna , 1999 : higher - level names for catfishes ( actinopterygii : ostariophysi : siluriformes ) . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , vol . 51 , no . 1 . 1 - 17 .
nelson , joseph s . , 1994 : null . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600 .
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds . , 2004 : common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico , sixth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 29 . ix + 386 .
parker , s . p . ( ed ) . ( 1982 ) . synopsis and classification of living organisms . mcgraw - hill , new york . 2 volumes .
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al . , 1991 : world fishes important to north americans exclusive of species from the continental waters of the united states and canada . american fisheries society special publication , no . 21 . 243 .
shiino , sueo m . , 1976 : list of common names of fishes of the world , those prevailing among english - speaking nations . science report of shima marineland , no . 4 . 262 .
van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . < em > zootaxa . < / em > 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 .
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greek , leptos = thin + greek , hoplon = weapon + greek , sternon = chest , sternum ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 5 . 8 - 7 . 8 ; dh range : ? - 25 . subtropical ; 20°c - 22°c ( ref . 2060 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37395 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00603 ( 0 . 00243 - 0 . 01493 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 33 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
the following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .
bailey , r . m . and d . j . stewart . 1984 . bagrid catfishes from lake tanganyika , with a key and descriptions of new taxa . misc . publ . mus . zool . , univ . michigan 168 : 1 - 41 .
bailey , r . m . , and g . r . smith . 1981 . origin and geography of the fish fauna of the laurentian great lakesbasin . canadian j . fish aquat . sci . 38 : 1539 - 1561 .
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes . 2003 . checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
baron , v . d . , a . a . orlov , and a . s . golubtsov . 1996b . discovery of electric discharges in the african catfish auchenoglanis occidentalis ( siluriformes : bagridae ) . dokl . akad . nauk , 349 ( 4 ) : 565 - 567 . ( in russian )
baron , v . d . , a . a . orlov , and a . s . golubtsov . 1996a . african catfishes . a new group of weakly electric fish . izvestiya ran . ser . biol . , ( 1 ) : 106 - 111 . ( in russian )
baskin , j . n . 1973 . structure and relationships of the trichomycteridae . unpublished ph . d . dissertation , city university of new york , new york . 389 p .
bornbusch , a . h . , and j . g . lundberg . 1989 . a new species of hemisilurus ( siluriformes , siluridae ) from the mekong river , with comments on its relationships and historical biogeography . copeia , 1989 : 434 - 444 .
burgess , w . e . 1989 . an atlas of freshwater and marine catfishes . a preliminary survey of the siluriformes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 784 p , 285 pl .
chen , x . , and j . g . lundberg . 1995 . xiurenbagrus , a new genus of amblycipitid catfishes ( teleostei : siluriformes ) , and phylogenetic relationships among the genera of amblycipitidae . copeia , 1995 ( 4 ) : 780 - 800 .
eschmeyer , w . e . ( ed . ) 1998 . catalog of fishes . california academy of sciences , san francisco .
fao yearbook of fishery statistics 2000a . capture production . vol . 90 / 1 . rome , fao . 2002 . 617p .
fao yearbook of fishery statistics 2000b . aquaculture production . vol . 90 / 2 . rome , fao . 2002 . 178p .
ferraris , c . j . jr . 1988 . the auchenipteridae : putative monophyly and systematics , with a classification of the neotropical doradoid catfishes ( ostariophysi , siluriformes ) . unpublished ph . d . dissertation , city university of new york , new york , xvi + 229 p .
ferraris , c . j . jr . , and r . p . vari . 1999 . the south american catfish genus auchenipterus valenciennes , 1840 ( ostariophysi : siluriformes : auchenipteridae ) : monophyly and relationships , with a revisionary study . zoological journal of the linnean society 126 ( 4 ) : 387 - 450 .
fink , s . v . , and w . l . fink . 1981 . interrelationships of the ostariophysan fishes ( teleostei ) . journal of the linnean society ( zoology ) , 72 ( 4 ) : 297 - 353 .
fink , s . v . , and w . l . fink . 1996 . interrelationships of the ostariophysan fishes ( teleostei ) . pp . 209 - 250 . in m . l . j . stiassny , l . r . parenti and g . d . johnson ( eds . ) . interrelationships of fishes . academic press , san diego .
friel , j . p . 1994 . a phylogenetic study of the neotropical banjo catfishes ( teleostei : siluriformes : aspredinidae . unpublished ph . d thesis , duke university , 256 pp .
fuller , p . l . , l . g . nico , and j . d . williams . 1999 . nonindigenous fishes introduced into inland waters of the united states . american fisheries society , special publication no . 27 . bethesda , md . 613 pp .
grande , l . 1987 . redescription of hypsidoris farsonensis ( teleostei : siluriformes ) , with a reassessment of its phylogenetic relationships . journal of vertebrate paleontology 7 : 24 - 54 .
grande , l . 1994 . studies of paleoenvironments and historical biogeography in the fossil butte and laney members of the green river formation . univ . wyoming contrib . geol . 30 : 15 - 32 .
grande , l . , and j . t . eastman . 1986 . a review of the antarctic ichthyofaunas in light of new fossil discoveries . paleontology , 29 : 113 - 137 .
hardman , m . 2002 . the phylogenetic relationships among extant catfishes , with special reference to ictaluridae ( otophysi : siluriformes ) . unpubl . ph . d dissertation , university of illinois , champaign , illinois . 228 p .
lundberg , j . g . 1993 . african - south american freshwater fish clades and continental drift : problems with a paradigm . pp . 156 - 199 . in p . goldblatt , ( ed . ) biological relationships between africa and south america . yale univ . press , new haven .
lundberg , j . g . 1997 . fishes of the la venta fauna : additional taxa , biotic and paleoenvironmental implications . pp . 67 - 91 . in r . f . kay et al . ( eds . ) vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics : the miocene fauna of la venta colombia . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c .
lundberg , j . g . 1998 . the temporal context for diversification of neotropical fishes . chapter 2 . in l . r . malabarba , r . e . reis , r . p . vari , c . a . s . lucena and z . m . s . lucena ( eds . ) , phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes . edipucrs . porto alegre , brazil .
lundberg , j . g . , a . h . bornbusch , and f . mago - leccia . 1991 . gladioglanis conquistador n . sp . from ecuador , with diagnoses of the subfamily rhamdiinae bleeker ( 1862 ) and pseudopimelodinae n . subf . ( siluriformes : pimelodidae ) . copeia , 1991 ( 1 ) : 190 - 208 .
lundberg , j . g . , f . mago - leccia , and p . nass . 1991 . exallodontus aguana i , a new genus and species of pimelodidae ( teleostei : siluriformes ) from deep river channels of south america and delimitation of the sub - family pimelodinae . proceedings of the biological society washington . 104 ( 4 ) : 840 - 869 .
lundberg , j . g . , m . kottelat , g . r . smith , m . stiassny , and t . gill . 2000 . so many fishes , so little time : an overview of recent ichthyological discoveries in fresh waters . ann . missouri bot . gard . 87 ( 1 ) : 26 - 62 .
lundberg , j . g . , and l . mcdade . 1986 . a redescription of the rare venezuelan catfish brachyrhamdia imitator myers ( siluriformes : pimelodidae ) with phylogenetic evidence for a large intrafamilial lineage . notula naturae , ( 463 ) : 1 - 24 .
lundberg , j . g . , and r . troll . 2001 . freshwater riches of the amazon . natural history magazine , american museum of natural history , 111 ( 7 , for september ) : 36 - 42 .
mckaye , k . r . , and m . k . oliver . 1980 . geometry of a selfish school : defence of cichlid young by bagrid catfish in lake malawi , africa . animal behaviour , 28 : 1287 - 1290 .
mo , t . 1991 . anatomy , relationships and systematics of the bagridae ( teleostei : siluroidei ) with a hypothesis of siluroid phylogeny . theses zoologicae 17 , koeltz scientific books , koenigstein , vii + 216pp . , 63 figs .
montoya - burgos , j . , s . muller , c . weber , and j . pawlowski . 1997 . phylogenetic relationships between hypostominae and ancistrinae ( siluroidei : loricariidae ) : first results from mitochondrial 12s and 16s rrna gene sequences . rev . suisse zool . , 104 ( 1 ) : 185 - 198 .
nelson , j . a . , m . e . whitmer , e . a . johnson , d . wubah , and d . j . stewart . 1999 . wood - eating catfishes of the genus panaque ( eigenmann & eigenmann ) : gut microflora and enzyme activities . j . fish biol . , 54 : 1069 - 1082 .
nelson , j . s . 1994 . fishes of the world , 3rd edition . john wiley & sons , new york .
nelson , joseph s . 1994 . fishes of the world , third edition . xvii + 600
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds . 2004 . common and scientific names of fishes from the united states , canada , and mexico , sixth edition . american fisheries society special publication , no . 29 . ix + 386
norris , s . m . 2002 . a revision of the african electric catfishes , family malapteruridae ( teleostei , siluriformes ) , with erection of a new genus and descriptions of fourteen new species , and an annotated bibliography . ann . mus . r . afr . cent . ser . in 8º , zool . , no . 289 .
patterson , c . 1981 . the development of the north american fish fauna - - problem of historical biogeography . pp . 265 - 281 . in p . l . forey ( ed . ) , the evolving biosphere . cambridge univ . press , cambridge , england .
retzer , m . e . , and l . m . page . 1997 . systematics of the stick catfishes , farlowella ( pisces , loricariidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 147 : 33 - 88 .
roberts , t . r . , and c . j . ferraris , jr . 1998 . review of south asian sisorid catfish genera gagata and nangra , with descriptions of a new genus and five new species . proc . california acad . sci . , 50 ( 14 ) : 315 - 345 .
rodiles hernandez , r . , d . hendrickson , j . g . lundberg , and j . alves gomes . 2000 . a new siluriform family from southern mexico . abstracts , annual meeting of the american society of ichthyologists & herpetologists , la paz , mexico .
royero , r . 1987 . morfologia de la aleta dorsal en los bagres ( teleoste : siluriformes ) , con especial referencia a las familias americanas . unpublished bachelors dissertation , universidad central de venezuela , facultad de ciencias , escuela de biologia , caracas , 232p .
sabaj , m . h . 2002 . taxonomy of the neotropical thorny catfishes ( siluriformes : doradidae ) and revision of genus leptodoras . unpublished ph . d . dissertation . university of illinois , champaign , illinois . 412p .
schaefer s . a . 1990 . anatomy and relationships of the scoloplacid catfishes . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 142 : 167 - 210 .
shiino , sueo m . 1976 . list of common names of fishes of the world , those prevailing among english - speaking nations . science report of shima marineland , no . 4 . 262
spotte , s . 2002 . candiru : life and legend of the bloodsucking catfishes . creative arts books , berkeley .
de pinna , m . c . c . 1992 . a new subfamily of trichomycteridae ( teleostei , siluriformes ) , lower loricarioid relationships and a discussion on the impact of additional taxa for phylogenetic analysis . zool . j . linn . soc . , 106 ( 3 ) : 175 - 229 .
de pinna , m . c . c . 1993 . higher - level phylogeny of siluriformes ( teleostei , ostariophysi ) , with a new classification of the order . unpubl . ph . d dissertation , city univ . of new york , new york . 482 p .
de pinna , m . c . c . 1996 . a phylogenetic analysis of the asian catfish families sisoridae , akysidae , and amblycipitidae , with a hypothesis on the relationships of the neotropical aspredinidae ( teleostei , ostariophysi ) . fieldiana zool . ( n . s . ) , no . 84 : i - iv + 1 - 83 .
de pinna , m . c . c . 1998 . phylogenetic relationships of neotropical siluriformes ( teleostei : ostariophysi ) : historical overview and synthesis of hypotheses . pp . 279 - 330 . in l . r . malabarba , r . e . reis r . p . vari , z . m . lucena , and c . a . s . lucena ( eds . ) , phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes . edipucrs , porto alegre .