platystomos albinus is a species of beetle in the family anthribidae , the fungus weevils .

adults measure 7 to 10 mm ( 0.3 – 0.4 in ) .

the larvae feed on decaying trees , and are associated with the fungus daldinia .

it is present in deciduous forests throughout europe and the near east , including central southern and eastern britain .

the species was described by carl linnaeus in his systema naturae .

platystomos albinus

mccormack , s . & regan , e . ( 2012 ) . platystomos albinus ( linnaeus ) ( anthribidae ) new to ireland . the coleopterist 21 ( 2 ) : 105 .
whilst recording in rock coppice , oliver wadsworth discovered this attractive and rare fungus weevil platystomos albinus , the larvae of which are associated with dead beech and alder wood . it is similar to its close relative platyrhinus resinosus which we see occasionally , and whose larvae develop in cramp balls daldinia concentrica fungi .
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length 7 to 10 mm . there is strong sexual dimorphism with the male having antennae as long as the body , but these are shorter in the female . there may also be variation in colour from grey to fawn and brown . the white markings vary in size and may be reduced or occasionally absent .
the adults are found on fungus infected beech and alder and occasionally on other deciduous trees .
mainly found in the southern half of britain and never common . it is classed as nationally scarce
b
.
rare and local in leicestershire and rutland . the ketton quarry specimens of 11th april 2014 are the first record of this species in vc55 . there were only 5 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015 - all were from ketton quarry .
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blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
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whats wrong with secretary kim 영준이 재능교육 시작했니 ? ( 자기의 일은 스스로 . . . 하지마 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9


crambus daeckellus , daecke 's pyralid moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by haimbach in 1907 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from new jersey .

the habitat consists of pinelands and the species is thought to be endemic to the pine barrens .

crambus daeckellus

species crambus daeckellus - daecke ' s grass - veneer - hodges # 5350 - bugguide . net
one of the largest silver streaked crambus species , but cannot be separated solely on size . see key in forbes ( 1923 ) .
haimbach , f . 1907 : two new species of crambus and a new variety of haematopsis grataria fabricius . entomological news , philadelphia 18 : 44–45 .
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specific epithet in honor of german - born entomologist von adolf erich daecke who collected the first specimens .
very little is known about the biology of this species .
adults are often found a few months after fires , suggesting that the caterpillars and pupae live underground
rare , declining , and poorly known butterflies and moths of forests and woodlands in the eastern united states dale f . schweitzer , marc c . minno , david l . wagner . 2011 . u . s . forest service , forest health technology enterprise team , fhtet - 2011 - 01 . .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
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poole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .
this is one of the most distinctive species of the genus . species name is misspelled daeckeellus in 1994 federal register .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
limited portion of burlington , ocean and probably at least formerly northern atlantic cos . , historically into eastern camden county , new jersey . as far as known this is a new jersey pinelands endemic and it seems unlikely to be found outside of nj . modern occurrences are primarily on two dod lands : ft . dix and adjacent lakehurst naval air station , but there was a collection in 2009 well to the east near warren grove two years after a major ( ca . 17 , 000 acre ) wild fire in the immediate area . the apparent foodplant also occurs in va mountains and this moth should be looked for there .
xerophyllum is common in s . nj , but most stands lack this moth . evidence concerning foodplant and habitat is circumstantial . estimating eos is difficult since it is very unlcear as to why most apparently suitable habitats seem to lack this moth . it is possible that only sites that are part of really vast ( thousands of acres ) habitat complexes can support this species long term . if so then there probably really is only one metapopulation confined to ft . dix and at least temporarily lakehurst naes .
very common , e . g . dozens can be seen by flashlight in half an hour , at known eos so obviously not a .
current distribution and habitat suggest that fire suppression is a serious threat except on dod lands and that species may already have been reduced to a small portion of the pinelands . deer are probably a long term threat by severely browsing floweers or seed heads of xerophylllum including on most dod land .
clearly has declined and may have suffered a range contraction as well . no longer found , at least not readily , in much of the pine barrens .
should persist as long as habitat remains suitable , but this may require very frequent and rather hot fires . standard winter prescribed burns often do not open up areas sufficiently to favor vigorous foodplant growth and the moth has not been found on most such sites .
report any collections / records . look for by walking thorugh xerophyllum areas with a flashlight at dusk or after dark ion & at blacklight in late may - june . collect several specimens - - no exceptions .
( 100 - 1000 square km ( about 40 - 400 square miles ) ) limited portion of burlington , ocean and probably at least formerly northern atlantic cos . , historically into eastern camden county , new jersey . as far as known this is a new jersey pinelands endemic and it seems unlikely to be found outside of nj . modern occurrences are primarily on two dod lands : ft . dix and adjacent lakehurst naval air station , but there was a collection in 2009 well to the east near warren grove two years after a major ( ca . 17 , 000 acre ) wild fire in the immediate area . the apparent foodplant also occurs in va mountains and this moth should be looked for there .
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
must be keyed from forbes ( 1923 ) . any record not based on a collected specimen should be disregarded .
no data . obviously can colonize over short distances , but may do so mainly after fires when otherwise unsuitable areas may become at least marginal habitat .
no published information since forbes ( 1923 ) , which contained nothing regarding habitat or foodplant . nothing is known about the habitat of this moth except what is suggested by schweitzer ( 1989 ) and his subsequent observations on ft . dix , new jersey . very closely associated with xerophyllum in recently burned pitch pine lowlands at all modern sites .
larval foodplant is still unknown , but very likely to be xerophyllum . larva probably lives among the root crown . nothing is known about adult feeding behavior , if any . some other species of the genus use nectar , but this one has not been seen at flowers which are numerous when it flies .
adult specimens seen dated early may to mid june , also reported in september by forbes ( 1923 ) . phenology of larvae not definitely known but larvae certainly would be present in june to early july ( possibly most of year ) and pupae certainly in may and early june ( possibly most of year ) .
work out foodplant and persistence ability better . need to confirm which , if any , stages can be expected to survive fires .
an open pine barrens area with xerophyllum asphodeloides where the species occur , or has recently occurred , where there is potential for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a collection of the moth associated with such habitat . note few experts know this species so be careful about verification .
most of the known modern collections appear to represent a single metapopulation , the only likely exception being the 1988 lakehurst naval air station collections . all other modern collections are from fort dix where the individual patches seem to be mostly small , but there are many patches and all that have been checked have the moth . apparently these moths must move widely over the burned over pitch pine lowlands that support the occurrence . these distances are arbitrary and their implementation would split the fort dix occurrence into two - - which is also done for several other global rarities there . at least one occurrence there is patchy over several square kilometers . therefore these distances are suggested for use if the species ever turns up again elsewhere .
given the extreme rarity of this moth in recent decades it seems unwise to infer occupancy beyond the immediate habitat . however observations at fort dix suggest all patches within several square kilometers are occupied there .
for now , open frequently burned pitch pine lowland with xerophyllum well distributed over at least 500 hectares . may have minor discontinuities such as open xeric uplands or wetter swales . the fires frequency must be at least three per decade and can be annual or more often if the eo is persisting .
any site not meeting a or b specs where this species seems to be persisting .
none actually known , but would be small isolated patches of xerophyllum where a few adults turn up or larger areas that are becoming overgrown due to fire suppression and in which fire management is impractical .
best guesses based on the only three eos documented since 1950 . this speices has had exceptionally poor persistence compared to other rare or endemic moths of the new jersey pine barrens , and both occurrences known extant since 2000 have extrme fire frequencies , which seems to be important .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
forbes , w . t . m . 1923 . the lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states , part i . primitive forms , microlepidoptera , pyraloids , bombyces . mem . 68 . cornell univ . agric . exp . sta . , ithaca ny . 729 pp .
schweitzer , d . f . , m . c . minno , and d . l . wagner . 2011 . rare , declining , and poorly known butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) of forests and woodlands in the eastern united states . usfs forest health technology enterprise team , technology transfer bulletin fhtet - 2011 - 01 . 517 pp .
schweitzer , d . f . 1989 . a review of category 2 insecta in usfws regions 3 , 4 , 5 . prepared for the united states fish and wildlife service .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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coleophora discordella is a moth of the coleophoridae family .

it is found from fennoscandia to the iberian peninsula , italy and greece and from ireland to poland .

the wingspan is about 11 – 13 mm .

adults are buff or brown with a white costal streak and some other smaller white streaks .

they are on wing in july in western europe .

the larvae feed on lotus corniculatus , lotus tenuis and lotus uliginosus .

young larvae make a narrow winding corridor with much frass in a broad central line .

in the end , the corridor widens into an oval blotch , usually close to the leaf margin , out of which the first case is made .

the full grown-larva lives in a greyish brown composite leaf case of about 6 mm , attached to the underside of a leaf .

the oldest part of the case is bivalved , laterally compressed , and is at an angle of 70 ° with the anterior part of the case .

the mouth angle is about 40 ° .

full-grown larvae can be found in may .

coleophora discordella

coleophora discordella ( lotus case - bearer ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
coleophora discordella §1 male ; folkestone warren ; 04 / 07 / 2013 ; fw 6 . 0mm © chris lewis
notes : common in rough grassland , downland and woodland clearings and in marshes and other damp places throughout much of the british isles , except the shetland islands . in hampshire and on the isle of wight rather infrequently recorded , with the usual concentration of records in the south - east of the county , probably under - recorded elsewhere . wingspan 11 - 12 . 5 mm . like many of the coleophora , imagines are virtually impossible to identify without recourse to dissection , and the larvae , which live in cases of characteristic form and which can sometimes be found on the foodplant , may be easier to identify by comparison against a reference collection . larva mines leaves of common bird ' s - foot trefoil and greater bird ' s - foot trefoil , living within a movable case .
a fairly common species occurring widely throughout the british isles in a range of habitats where the foodplant is to be found .
the adult is a buff or brown colour with a white costal streak and some other smaller white streaks . it flies mainly in july .
spp . ) , building a pistol - like case from silk and excised pieces of leaf .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
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wide range of habitats including rough grassland , open downland , woodland rides and clearings , also marshes .
larva builds a pistol - like case from silk and excised pieces of leaf .
recorded in 16 ( 23 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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wingspan 11 to 13 mm . the adult is a buff or brown colour with a white costal streak and some other smaller white streaks .
the larva feeds on bird ' s - foot - trefoil ( lotus spp . ) , building a pistol - like case from silk and excised pieces of leaf .
a fairly common species occurring widely throughout the british isles in a range of habitats where the foodplant is to be found . in the butterfly conservation ' s microlepidoptera report 2011 this species was classified as common .
it appears to be uncommon or under recorded in leicestershire and rutland , the ullesthorpe specimen of 15th june 2015 is only the 4th record for vc55 . l & r moth group status = d ( rare or rarely recorded ) .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
ws : 11 - 12 . 5mm ; jul ; common or greater bird ' s - foot trefoil ( lotus corniculatus / uliginosus ) ; common throughout britain .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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notes : found widely in a variety of habitats throughout the uk . the initial mine is like that of a nepticulid . the case is made form excised leaf portions , which are added to the oral end , leading to the ringed appearance ( as shown ) . the larva causes the leaf to have white blotches . identification cannot be made on these alone as similar blotches can be made by early instar larvae of the common blue butterfly ( polyommatus icarus )


the shark bay mouse , djoongari or alice springs mouse ( pseudomys fieldi ) is a species of rodent in the family muridae .

it is found only in australia , restricted to four islands in the shark bay area .

it was once found throughout the western two thirds of australia but it suffered greatly after the arrival of europeans and feral animals .

its range was reduced to coastal sand dunes on bernier island , leaving it severely endangered .

in 2003 the australian wildlife conservancy ( awc ) released some shark bay mice onto faure island in the hope of creating another population .

despite the presence of owls the reintroduction was successful and the population quickly grew to a larger size than that of bernier island , no longer leaving the species on the brink of extinction .

fossil evidence expanded the known range of " pseudomys praeconis " from the shark bay area to areas along the western coast of australia ( archer and baynes 1973 and baynes 1982 cited in baynes 1990 , p. 317 ) , and further inland into the arid zones ( baynes 1984 cited in baynes 1990 , p. 318 ) .

it was realised , as the range was further extended by fossil remains , the remains of pseudomys fieldi represented the easterly bound of the one species ( baynes 1990 , 318 ) .

shark bay mouse

djoongari ( shark bay mouse ) , pseudomys fieldi , recovery plan 1992 - 2001 ( pdf - 122 . 38 kb )
djoongari ( shark bay mouse ) , pseudomys fieldi , recovery plan 1992 - 2001 ( rtf - 446 . 27 kb )
pseudomys praeconis 1 . the shark bay mouse is a mammle that lives in australia . facts about the shark bay mouse 2 . they weigh any were between 30 and 61 grams . 3 . adults grow up to 115 mm in body length , and their tails grow up to 125 mm . 4 . the shark bay mouse is found on bernier island in shark bay . 5 . yes , humans have influenced the ecosystem . 6 . no , they are not trying to restore it . 7 . they live in tall grassey areas . the shark bay mouse the end have a great day they have a warm climate in the summer and the winters are very cold . what is the scienctific name of the shark bay mouse ?
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - shark bay mouse facts
( online ) . accessed
speldewinde , p . c . and morris , k . d . ( 1993 ) shark bay mouse recovery plan annual report no . 2 , december 1993 . an unpublished report to the shark bay mouse recovery team . department of conservation and land management , december 1993 .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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the shark bay mouse , also known as the alice springs mouse , is chubby , neckless rodent with grey , shaggy hair and prominent round ears . its tail is slightly longer than the rest of its body .
wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
shark bay mouse
.
implement community awareness program for shark bay community , especially in relation to dirk hartog island biosecurity .
figure 3 : map of doole island showing release site at release bay , and monitoring sites at release bay , reasonable beach and safe mun bay .
sanders , a . and harold , g . ( 1990 ) . search for the shark bay mouse pseudomys praeconis at shark bay on the western australian mainland . unpublished report to world wildlife fund ( australia ) and department of conservation and land management , western australia .
currently , the shark bay mouse is known only from bernier island in the shark bay region of western australia , and from two translocated populations on faure island and north west island ( 3 ) . translocation attempts on doole island and heirisson prong were unfortunately unsuccessful ( 5 ) .
strategy 3 undertake translocation to heirisson prong ( shark bay mainland ) and monitor population , 1995 - 2001 .
strategy 4 undertake translocation to peron peninsula ( shark bay mainland ) and monitor population , 1997 - 2001 .
re - establishing the species in at least two other sites within its previous distribution on the shark bay mainland .
two self - sustaining populations established on the shark bay mainland by 2001 with some demonstration of population growth at each .
orell , p . and morris , k . d . ( 1991 ) recovery plan for the shark bay mouse ( pseudomys fieldi ) . unpublished report submitted to australian national parks and wildlife service .
robinson , a . c . ( 1983 ) . shark bay mouse . in : r . strahan ( ed ) . complete book of australian mammals , p22 . angus and robertson , sydney .
fauna species profiles - shark bay mouse ( djoongari ) pseudomys fieldi ( waite , 1896 ) ( western australia department of environment and conservation ( wa dec ) , 2010s ) [ information sheet ] .
biodiversity benefits : control programs for introduced predators and competitors will facilitate re - introductions of other threatened fauna in the shark bay area . translocations of the djoongari will become part of the reconstruction of the original mammal fauna on the shark bay mainland .
western australia department of environment and conservation ( wa dec ) ( 2010s ) . fauna species profiles - shark bay mouse ( djoongari ) pseudomys fieldi ( waite , 1896 ) . available from : urltoken .
most actions from the 2000 recovery plan ( morris et al . 2000 ) for the shark bay mouse have been completed . current conservation objectives and management actions include : ( woinarski et al . 2014 ) :
awc protects an established population of shark bay mice on faure island . breeding within this population has been recorded , with several pregnant females being observed . we deliver effective conservation for this species through the eradication of feral herbivores and predators . the shark bay mouse is also one of the candidate species for the mt gibson mammal restoration project .
speldewinde , p . c . ( 1996 ) summary and review of the djoongari , shark bay mouse , ( pseudomys fieldi ) recovery plan actions 1992 - 1996 . unpublished report . department of conservation & land management .
watts , c . h . s . and spencer , l . ( 1978 ) . notes on the reproduction of the shark bay mouse pseudomys praeconis , in captivity . western australian naturalist 14 : 43 - 6 .
these species of mice live in coastal dones that have sandy areas . currently it is heavily populated in the shark bay area of western australia .
lambert , c . , v . power & g . gaikhorst ( 2016 ) . captive breeding of the shark bay mouse pseudomys fieldi to facilitate species recovery in the wild . journal of zoo and aquarium research . 4 ( 3 ) .
morris , k . d . & a . c . robinson ( 1995 ) . shark bay mouse . in : strahan , r , ed . the mammals of australia . page ( s ) 596 - 597 . reed : chatswood .
baynes , a . ( 1990 ) . the mammals of shark bay , western australia . in : research in shark bay : report of the france - australe bicentenary expedition committee . edited by p . f . berry , s . d . bradshaw and b . r . wilson , western australian museum .
morris , k . d . and speldewinde , p . c . ( 1992 ) . recovery of the shark bay mouse ( pseudomys fieldi ) , progress report . an unpublished report to the djoongari recovery team . department of conservation and land management , december 1992 .
the shark bay mouse is omnivorous , with a varied diet consisting of flowers ( likely from the coastal daisy bush ) , leaves and stems from fleshy plant species , as well as fungi , insects and spiders ( morris & robinson 1995 ; wa dec 2010s ) .
the shark bay mouse is found on bernier island in shark bay . there are also said to be translocated populations on doole island of the exmouth gulf and north west island of the montebello islands . it is a robust mouse with a long and shaggy coat that is yellowish - gray in color with lighter underparts . its tail is gray on the top and white underneath . adults reach up to 115 mm in head and body length , and their tails grow up to 125 mm . they can weigh between 30 and 61 grams . the shark bay mouse prefers sand dunes located at cliff bases and coastal sandy areas for its habitat . shark bay mice found on north west island have been seen using scree slopes for shelter . the shark bay mouse is known to dig tunnels and runways in heaps of seagrass piled up on beaches during storms and in the day they use ground nests as refuges . diet consists of green vegetation and flowers , fungi , insects , and spiders . breeding can occur year round , and the females give birth to three to four young mice after a gestation period of 28 days . in captivity , the males help to care for the young , but it is not known if they do so in the wild . the young remain dependent of the mother for 30 days after birth . the lifespan of the shark bay mouse is only about two years . threats to the species are not fully known . loss of their food source due to grazing and competition with other species and predation by introduced species such as cats may be contributing factors .
for the most current information relating to this species and to assist with regulatory considerations , refer to its conservation advice , recovery plan and survey guidelines . for further information on the conservation and recovery of the djoongari ( shark bay mouse ) see lambert et al . ( 2016 ) .
morris , k . d . , speldewinde , p . c . and orell , p . ( 1997 ) djoongari ( shark bay mouse ) recovery plan , 1992 - 2001 second edition . an unpublished draft western australian wildlife management program . department of conservation and land management , 1997 .
morris , k . , speldewinde , p . and orell , p . ( 2000 ) the recovery plan for djoongari or the shark bay mouse ( pseudomys fieldi ) 1992 - 2001 . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , canberra , australia . available at : urltoken
morris , k . , speldewinde , p . and orell , p . ( 2000 ) the recovery plan for djoongari or the shark bay mouse ( pseudomys fieldi ) 1992 - 2001 . department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , canberra , australia . available at : urltoken
baynes , a . ( 1990 ) ‘the mammals of shark bay , western australia’ in research in shark bay ; report of the france - australe bicentenary committee , eds . : berry , p . f . , bradshaw , s . d . and wilson , b . r . ) , pp . 313 - 325 , western australian museum , perth .
pavey , c . ( 2006p ) . threatened species of the northern territory - alice springs mouse pseudomys fieldi . urltoken
the common name djoongari , was adopted as a replacement for shark bay mouse following publication of a recommended list of australian names for australian rodents ( braithwaite , et al . 1995 ) . the use of this nomenclature for native rodents follows a recent trend to use relevant aboriginal names for marsupials in australia .
robinson , a . c . , robinson , j . f . , watts , c . h . s . and baverstock , p . r . ( 1976 ) . the shark bay mouse pseudomys praeconis and other mammals on bernier island , western australia . western australian naturalist 13 : 149 - 55 .
morris , k . , p . speldewinde & p . orell ( 2000 ) . djoongari ( shark bay mouse ) , pseudomys fieldi recovery plan 1992 - 2001 . department of conservation and land management , western australia . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 26 - mar - 2002 .
justification : the djoongari became extinct on mainland australia in the late 1800s and it then became naturally restricted to bernier island , shark bay , western australia . it has been successfully reintroduced ( assisted colonisation ) to north west island , montebello islands ( 1999 ) , and to faure island , shark bay , western australia ( 2002 ) , and now occurs as three subpopulations at three locations . because of the failure of some recent translocations , and the drying climate in shark bay , there are plausible threats to individual islands , and the species could become critically endangered in a very short time period
threatened species of the northern territory - alice springs mouse pseudomys fieldi ( pavey , c . , 2006p ) [ information sheet ] .
several factors are thought to be responsible for the decline of the shark bay mouse on the mainland , such as , predation by feral cats and foxes , habitat changes ( specifically soil compaction and vegetation trampling and grazing ) by introducted hooved herbivores and competition with introduced pests ( nt dlrm 2006 ; wa dec 2010s ) . potential threats to the shark bay mouse in the three island subpopulations include : climate change leading to lower rainfall , predation by feral cats , foxes and black rats and altered fire patterns due to introduced pasture grasses on faure island . the outcome would be severe to catastrophic if the predatory threats were to establish on the islands ( woinarski et al . 2014 ) .
subfossil material suggests that the shark bay mouse did not occur on deep sandy soils on the mainland . it is not recorded from the great sandy desert ( where the desert mouse p . desertor was the medium - sized rodent ) , and is only abundant in cave deposits in the macdonnell ranges , uluru , flinders ranges , shark bay and the nullarbor ( where it occurs in the older levels of deposits because it was largely or entirely replaced by the desert mouse in the late holocene : a . baynes pers . comm . ) . subfossil material has also been recorded from the ripon hills in the range country of the eastern pilbara ( baynes and mcdowell 2010 ) . it is likely that in central australia and the western deserts djoongari occurred on the outwash fans of ranges as these were high productivity areas ( a . baynes pers . comm . ) .
the major threats to the shark bay mouse are unknown . it is believed that several factors are responsible for the disappearance of this species from the mainland . these include : predation by feral cats and foxes ; habitat changes ( specifically soil compaction and vegetation trampling and grazing ) by introduced hooved herbivores ; and competition with introduced pests ( e . g . rabbits ) .
the shark bay mouse is no longer found on mainland australia and has been declared extinct in northern territory and endangered ( presumed extinct ) in south australia . its range in western australia has drastically reduced and the species is restricted to one extant population on bernier island , shark bay . it has been successfully introduced ( assisted collinisation ) to north west island , montebello islands ( 1999 ) , and reintroducted to faure island , shark bay , western australia ( 2002 ) and now occurs as three subpopulations at three locations ( wa dec 2010s ; woinarski et al . 2014 ) . the species current range is bernier ( 41 . 5 km² ) and faure islands ( 48 km² ) ( shark bay ) , and north west island ( montebello ) ( 1 . 2 km² ) , western australia ( woinarski et al . 2014 ) . assisted translocations of the shark bay mouse to heirisson prong and doole island ( exmouth gulf ) failed . it has recently been reintroduced to a mainland island at lorna glen in the eastern murchison of western australia ( 37 animals in 2011 and 51 in 2012 ) and this subpopulation is being monitored . it will likely be reintroduced at mt gibson sanctuary in 2015 ( woinarski et al . 2014 ) . dirk hartog island is also a potential site for reintroduction of the shark bay mouse , following the finalisation of project 1616 which is currently working towards the removal of invasive weeds , feral cats and foxes , goats and sheep and the restoration of habitat . in 1992 it was estimated that there were approximately 6000 - 7000 individuals on bernier island ( morris & speldewinde 1992 cited in woinarski et al . 2014 ) . this species is abundant on faure and north west islands , but no population estimates have been undertaken . numbers would vary with seasonal conditions ( woinarski et al . 2014 ) .
on bernier island , this mouse is found in coastal sandy areas and dune vegetation , and also at lower densities in inland heath ( 3 ) .
when first described , it was thought that this species had a current and historical distribution restricted to shark bay . however , the discovery and examination of sub - fossil evidence indicated that it was once considerably more widespread , occurring throughout south - western western australia and into central australia . the shark bay mouse is now declared extinct in the northern territory and endangered ( presumed extinct ) in south australia . its range in western australia has drastically reduced and the species is now restricted to four offshore islands : faure , bernier , doole and north west , where it is considered to be rare with a limited abundance .
the shark bay mouse is a robust , long - haired rodent often given the nickname ‘shaggy mouse’ for the shaggy fur that covers its body ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the fur is pale yellow - fawn mixed with grey on the back , giving a grizzled appearance , fading into buff on the sides and white below ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the tail is slightly longer than the head and body and is coloured grey on top and white underneath , with a dark tuft of hairs at the tip ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
no subspecies are recognised for pseudomys fieldi . the original shark bay specimen was described as pseudomys praeconis , but research demonstrated that p . praeconis should be synonymised with p . fieldi , described from a single alice springs specimen ( baynes 1990 ) .
the decline of the shark bay mouse is a signal that all is not well in arid land environments . while the ultimate cause has not been established , this species faces a range of pressures that together or alone could be responsible for its demise . these include predation by cats and foxes ; an altered fire regime that results in widespread , if infrequent , fires and grazing by feral and domestic animals .
p . fieldi was first described by waite in 1896 from a specimen collected near alice springs during the horn expedition in 1895 ( watts and aslin 1981 ) . the skull was badly crushed and until recently this was thought to be the only record of the alice springs mouse p . fieldi . however p . fieldi and p . praeconis have been synonymised following many years of examining sub - fossil remains from cave surface deposits at sites from shark bay across to uluru in the northern territory ( baynes 1987b ; baynes 1990 ) . thomas ( 1910 ) described p . ( thetomys ) praeconis on the basis of a specimen collected at herald bight on peron peninsula in shark bay , western australia , in 1858 and a skull collected on bernier island , also in shark bay , in 1906 . mouse specimens collected from the victoria plains near new norcia , western australia , in 1843 were identified by mahoney ( 1969 ) as p . gouldii but have since been re - identified by baynes ( 1990 ) as p . praeconis ( = p . fieldi ) . although p . fieldi has been trapped on bernier island on several occasions since ( watts and aslin 1981 ) , the specimens collected in 1843 ( south west western australia ) , 1858 ( shark bay mainland ) and 1895 ( central australia ) were the last collected on the mainland
before translocations to other locations began in 1993 , the shark bay mouse was amongst the most threatened of all australia’s mammals , being geographically restricted to just one small island , after having become extinct on the mainland . the precise reasons for the decline of this species are unknown , although a number of theories exist . one suggestion is that cats introduced to the mainland by 19th century may have been responsible for the decline and extinction of many native species on the mainland , but particularly rodents . predation by foxes may also have had an impact . another idea is that grazing and trampling by domestic stock brought over by european settlers has contributed to the extinction of australian fauna on the mainland , possibly including the shark bay mouse . likewise , it has been proposed that the rabbit has degraded and competed for fertile habitat , a particularly scarce resource in arid zones of australia , especially in those that experience successive periods of drought . altered fire regimes have also been cited as a possible reason for the decline of native species . sadly , the fact that the shark bay mouse does not construct substantial burrow systems underground , but rather build tunnels in vegetation , means that it is particularly exposed and vulnerable to these threats , more so than many other rodents ( 3 ) .
a small and robust built mouse with shaggy brown or gray hair that fades to its white underbelly hair . the distinction between them and an everyday mouse is their rounded ears and large black eyes . their tail is also longer than its body and head ' s length put together . it is about 10cm long and 45g in weight .
prior to june 1993 , p . fieldi was known to be extant only on bernier island , a 4 200 ha island 50 km west of carnarvon in the shark bay region of western australia . a search for mainland populations was carried out in 1989 with funding from world wide fund for nature , but this failed to detect the presence of the species at selected mainland survey sites in the shark bay area ( sanders and harold 1990 ) . this survey included the herald bight area on peron peninsula where the djoongari was last collected in 1858 . in june 1993 , the djoongari was translocated to doole island in exmouth gulf , and in november 1994 it was translocated to heirisson prong on the shark bay mainland as part of this recovery plan ( see sections 3 . 2 and 3 . 3 ) .
there have been no live records of the alice springs mouse in the northern territory since its was discovered in 1895 . however , it was later found to be the same species as the shark bay mouse . the species is believed to have occurred historically through much of the central and western arid zone . for some time it persisted only on bernier island in western australia , but has recently been introduced to faure island . on islands , it lives in coastal areas , preferring sand dunes at the base of cliffs . it uses runways and short shallow burrows ; and feeds on flowers , foliage , fungi and invertebrates .
the shark bay mouse is a moderately - sized rodent ( body mass 30 - 61 g , average 45 g ) with dark brown , shaggy fur above ( watts & aslin 1981 cited in pavey 2006p ) and pure white fur underneath . it has a fully furred tail which grows to 12 . 5 cm long ( strahan 1998 ) , slightly longer than the head - body ( 8 - 11 . 5 cm ) ( pavey 2006p ) .
shark bay mice are omnivorous , with a varied diet consisting of flowers ( likely from the coastal daisy bush , olearia axillaris ) , leaves and stemsfrom fleshy plant species , as well as fungi , insects and spiders . on bernier island , this species seems to have a preference for coastal fringes that are dominated by spinifex longifolius . here , large heaps of seaweed collect on the shores and allow shark bay mice to form their runways and tunnels . however , animals are not exclusively found in this habitat and also occupy areas on dunes that are dominated by grasses ( triodia ) and / or shrubs ( acacia ) . on faure island , shark bay mice have even been captured on salt pans ( ‘birridas’ ) that contain various species of chenopods . breeding occurs during winter and spring and gestation is approximately 28 days . litter size is three or four and the young are independent at 30 days .
the djoongari ( shark bay mouse ) pseudomys fieldi waite 1896 ( = p . praeconis thomas 1910 ) is a robust , long - haired pseudo - mouse of c . 30 - 50 g in weight ( ride and tyndale - biscoe 1962 ; watts and spencer 1978 ; watts and aslin 1981 ) . the dorsal fur is a mixture of pale yellow - fawn underfur and dark guard hairs , giving a grizzly appearance , and the coat colour grades from a delicate buff shade on the sides to white underneath . the feet are white . the tail is slightly longer than head and body , and is bicoloured grey and white with a dark tuft of hairs at the end ( watts and aslin 1981 ) .
outside of the breeding season , the shark bay mouse does not seem to use burrows as much as other pseudomys species , but rather builds tunnels and runways amongst vegetation , which it uses as daytime refuges . the mice on doole island have been observed using hollows in mangrove trees , as well as sites among rocks for daytime refuges . little is known about the diet of this nocturnal species , although it is believed to comprise flowers , leaves and insects , and individuals have been recorded eating spiders ( 3 ) .
short , j . , turner , b . parker , s . and twiss , j . ( 1994 ) reintroduction of endangered mammals to mainland shark bay : a progress report . in ' reintroduction biology of australia and new zealand fauna ' , ed . m . serena pp 183 - 188 . surrey beatty and sons . sydney .
this profile on the australian biological resources study fauna online web site , describes the alice springs mouse < i > pseudomys fieldi < / i > , its taxonomy , distribution and ecology . a list of references is provided .
the shark bay mouse is known to breed in winter and spring , gestation is approximately 28 days . litter size is three to four and young cling to the dam ' s teats as in many pseudomys ( morris & robinson 1995 ) . young are weaned around 30 days ( wa dec 2010s ) . captive animals breed in their first year ( morris pers . comm cited in woinarski et al . 2014 ) . other pseudomys spp . can live 6 - 8 years in captivity , but longevity in the wild would be less ( woinarski et al . 2014 ) .
the djoongari ( shark bay mouse ) is a long - haired mouse weighing 30 - 50 g . it became extinct on the mainland and from dirk hartog and faure islands by the late 19th century , and the only natural surviving population was on bernier island , in shark bay , western australia . four translocations were undertaken between 1993 - 2002 though two were unsuccessful ( to doole island and heirisson prong ) . in 2011 - 12 , 88 individuals were also released into a fenced and feral predator - free area on the mainland at matuwa ( lorna glen ) . on bernier island , djoongari inhabits coastal dune vegetation dominated by spinifex longifolius ( beach spinifex ) and olearia axillaris ( coast daisy bush ) . on bernier island , this species can breed at any time between may and november . the djoongari has declined primarily because it is highly susceptible to predation by foxes and feral cats . the susceptibility may be partly due to its habit of using above ground nests rather than deep , complex burrow systems common in other pseudomys species ; this same habit also makes the species vulnerable to the physical effects of overgrazing and trampling by domestic and feral stock .
and other arid land mammals by managing fire and feral animals . control cats and foxes , which have had a significant impact on native arid land mammals . establish a patchwork of recently burnt and long unburnt areas , so that there are always patches of suitable habitat . on pastoral properties , ensure a moderate grazing pressure , and periodically spell country from grazing to allow recovery of ground cover plants . excluding cattle from parts of the property will provide habitat for a range of native species , and may allow the recolonisation of the shark bay mouse in areas where this species persists .
thankfully , the shark bay mouse population on bernier island is protected from the threats that have impacted those on the mainland , as this island is part of the bernier and dorre islands nature reserve and lacks any exotic predators . feral goats were eradicated in 1984 , and public access is limited to day visits . nevertheless , this restricted distribution left the species in a highly vulnerable position . thus , a recovery plan was created for the mouse , which involved the translocation of populations to three other exotic predator - free island nature reserves , doole island ( june 1993 ) , north west island ( june 1999 ) , and faure island ( june 2003 ) , and to heirisson prong , shark bay , on the mainland ( november 1994 ) , after intensive feral animal control had been undertaken ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the reintroduced populations have been monitored on an ongoing basis and restocking has occurred where necessary ( 3 ) . however , the populations on doole island and heirisson prong have not persisted . it is believed that predation by varanus lizards prevented the establishment of a viable population at these sites ( 5 ) . to aid the translocation programs , a captive breeding programme was established in 1998 at perth zoo . it is vital that translocated populations become established and self - sustaining if this geographically restricted mouse is to be brought out of the danger zone , but so far these have had mixed success , and the future of this tiny mammal remains uncertain ( 3 ) .
as of today , environmentalists and activists have been trying to spread their population through out the west coast of australia . they are doing this by introducing captive bred mice with the shark bay mice into new islands such as the faure and bernier islands in australia ( as seen in map above . ) so far both have been successful , but the population is still trying to grow .
this species was first described in 1910 and given the name pseudomys praeconis . however , in 1990 it was discovered to be the same species as the alice springs mouse and it was therefore attributed the older species name of the two : pseudomys fieldi .
though it is important to save them of their endangered title , we also don ' t want to generate so many that the population becomes overgrown . if the new populations take off , it would be goods news for the mice , but bad news for nearby residents . too many mice means possible infestations around the homes of shark bay . this is why the populations growing being monitored .
shark bay mice are a rather robust species with a notably long and shaggy coat . their fur is grizzled dark brown above and buff on the sides , and animals have pure white underparts . the species has a bicoloured tail consisting of grey above and white below . adults have a head - body length of 80 - 115 mm and their weight ranges from 30 to 61 g , with an average of 45 g .
climate change is a moderate threat ( shark bay islands ) : lower rainfall is predicted by climate models for south - west and central west coastal areas of western australia including shark bay ( cleugh et al . 2011 ) . predation by feral domestic cats ( felis catus ) , red foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) and black rats ( rattus rattus ) could have severe to catastrophic effects if they establish on island . feral cats and red foxes have caused the extinction of medium - sized mammals on arid australian islands ( burbidge and manly 2002 ) , and black rats are associated with native mammal extinctions on island ( burbidge and manly 2002 ) . altered fire patterns due to introduced pasture grasses on faure island ( unknown effect , ( faure island ) : threat of fire is exacerbated by buffel grass cenchrus ciliaris invasion ( legge et al . 2012 ) .
the shark bay mouse is apparently solitary ( 2 ) , and most information on its reproductive behaviour has come from observations of captive animals ( 3 ) . breeding on bernier island primarily takes place between may and november and gestation lasts around 28 days ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . litters of up to five young have been recorded in captivity , although around three is thought to be more common ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . young are born hairless but are furred by 11 days , although the eyes remain closed for a further four ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . young are weaned by four weeks and obtain full adult size at around 100 days . specimens on bernier island have lived for at least two years ( 3 ) .
this profile , on the nt department of natural resources , environment and the arts web site , describes the extinct alice springs mouse pseudomys fieldi , its conservation status , appearance , distribution , ecology , and threatening processes . a list of relevant references is provided . ( pdf file , 286 kb )
on bernier island , the shark bay mouse inhabits coastal dune vegetation dominated by beach spinifex ( spinifex longifolius ) and coastal daisybush ( olearia axillaris ) ( morris & robinson 2008 cited in woinarski et al . 2014 ) . it occurs in most coastal sandy areas around the island ( morris et al . 2000 ) , and at lower densities in inland triodia / acacia heath ( robinson et al . 1976 cited in woinarski et al . 2014 ) . little is known of the former habitat use on the mainland . on shark bay mainland it was last collected in coastal beach spinifex at herald bight . this species does not appear to use burrows as commonly as most other pseudomys species . they are known to construct tunnels and runways in heaps of seagrass piled up on bernier island beaches during winter storms ( robinson et al . 1976 cited in woinarski et al . 2012 ) and use above ground nests as diurnal refuges . more use of burrows is made during the breeding season ( morris & speldewinde 1992 cited in woinarski et al . 2014 ) . animals translocated to doole island used hollows located in white mangrove ( avicennia marina ) trees above high water level as well as sites among rocks and under triodia for day time refuges ( morris et al . 2000 ) .
ride , w . d . l . and tyndale - biscoe , c . h . ( 1962 ) . mammals . in ride , w . d . l , mees , g . f . , douglas , a . m . , royce , r . d . and tyndale - biscoe , c . h . the results of an expedition to bernier and dorre islands , shark bay , western australia in july , 1959 . fisheries department of western australia fauna bulletin 2 : 54 - 85 .
subfossil material has revealed that the djoongari formerly occurred in subtropical , semi - arid and arid western australia , including dirk hartog and faure islands ( baynes 2008 ) , south australia ( apart from the south - east ) , the arid areas of the northern territory , and as far east as mootwingee national park in new south wales ( baynes 1990 , morris et al . 2000 , burbidge et al . 2009 , alexander baynes pers . comm ) . in western australia , it occurred all along the west coast from north west cape to cape leeuwin ( latter record in archer and baynes 1973 ) . it apparently became extinct on the mainland many decades ago , with the last specimen being collected at alice springs in 1895 . the only other mainland specimen came from peron peninsula , shark bay , in 1858 , where recent searches have failed to locate it ( sanders and harold 1990 ) . it survived only on bernier island , shark bay , western australia . the current range is bernier ( 41 . 5 km² ) and faure islands ( 48 km² ) ( shark bay ) , and north west ( montebello ) ( 1 . 2 km² ) island , western australia . assisted colonisation translocations to heirisson prong and doole island ( exmouth gulf ) failed . it has recently been reintroduced to a mainland island at lorna glen in the eastern murchison of western australia ( 37 animals in 2011 and 51 in 2012 : dec 2012 ) and this subpopulation is being monitored . it will likely be reintroduced to a fenced mainland island at mt gibson sanctuary ( australian wildlife conservancy ) in 2015 .
this initially involved a program to control rabbits , goats , foxes and cats at acceptably low levels ( 1995 - 1997 ) followed by a translocation and monitoring program ( 1997 - 1999 ) . the translocation will only occur after successful control of exotic predators and competitors has been achieved and is part of a program to re - establish the former fauna of these areas . herald bight , the site of the last shark bay mainland record of djoongari will probably be the site for this translocation . this action has not yet commenced due to high feral cat numbers .
this recovery plan , on the australian government ' s department of environment and water resources website , describes the appearance , distribution , habitat , life history and ecology of the alice springs mouse < i > pseudomys fieldi < / i > . it also describes reasons the species is listed as threatened , identified threats , existing conservation measures , and recommended actions to ensure recovery .
endangered ( commonwealth endangered species protection act 1992 ) ; rare or likely to become extinct ( wa wildlife conservation act 1950 ) , vulnerable ( iucn 1994 ) . prior to european settlement , the djoongari occupied most of the south - west quadrant of australia . it became extinct on the mainland by the late 19 th century and until 1993 , was restricted to bernier island , in shark bay , western australia . population size was estimated at c . 6000 - 7000 animals in 1992 . in 1993 , 1994 and 1999 djoongari were translocated to three other sites ; doole island , heirisson prong , and north west island respectively .
the construction of deep , complex burrow systems may be an important factor in the survival of native rodents and this attribute is shared by all extant species on the shark bay mainland ( pseudomys albocinereus , pseudomys hermannsbergensis , rattus tunneyi and notomys alexis ) . it appears that the djoongari does not construct substantial burrow systems but rather builds tunnels and runways amongst vegetation ( robinson 1983 ; watts and aslin 1981 ) and shallow burrows during the breeding season ( speldewinde and morris , 1993 ) . on the mainland , this behaviour would have made it particularly vulnerable to cat and fox predation and the physical effects of stock and rabbit grazing and trampling .
in 1991 a draft recovery plan was prepared for the djoongari ( shark bay mouse ) , pseudomys fieldi ( orell and morris 1991 ) , and a recovery team established to oversee the implementation of the plan . during the first year , changes to the schedule for translocations were considered necessary and the recovery plan was revised in 1997 ( morris , speldewinde and orell , 1997 ) . to enhance the conservation of this extremely restricted native rodent , it was considered that the first translocation should be to another island , rather than to a mainland site . an eight year time frame to implement the recovery actions was also considered too short and this has been extended to 10 years . delays in the reduction of feral cats have delayed the translocation to peron peninsula . a second translocation to heirisson prong was planned for 1999 ( to be run as a phd project ) but was not undertaken due to lack of a suitable student . a translocation to north west island in the montebello island group was undertaken in 1999 . this revised recovery plan reflects these changes with some increase to the budget . information in this plan is accurate at january 2000 .
p . fieldi once had an extensive distribution occupying much of the south - west quadrant of australia ( figure 1 ) . examination of cave surface deposits have indicated that the species once occurred throughout the shark bay region , including dirk hartog island ( baynes 1990 ) , south along the west coast to cape leeuwin ( archer and baynes 1972 ; chapman and kitchener 1977 ) , across the upper gascoyne , northern goldfields and gibson desert of western australia ( baynes 1990 ) , at uluru , northern territory ( baynes 1987b ) , and the nullarbor plain , western and south australia ( baynes 1987a ) . there is no evidence that it occurred in what is now known as the wheatbelt region of western australia .
on bernier island , p . fieldi inhabits coastal dune vegetation dominated by spinifex longifolius and olearia axillaris ( ride and tyndale - biscoe 1962 ; robinson et al . 1976 ) . recent surveys suggest that the species occurs in most coastal sandy areas around the island ( morris et al . unpublished ) . it also occurs at lower densities in inland triodia / acacia heath ( robinson et al . 1976 ) . nothing is known of the preferred habitat on the mainland , though it is likely to have been deep sandy soils supporting spinifex and triodia species . on the shark bay mainland it was last collected in coastal spinifex longifolius at herald bight . translocated animals on doole island also appear to prefer coastal habitats .
translocation of the djoongari to heirisson prong ( figure 2 ) was undertaken in 1994 to establish the first mainland population in 140 years , as well as to help establish the cause of the mainland extinction of the djoongari and the management regimes required for successful mainland translocations . heirisson prong is currently the site of a boodie ( bettongia lesueur ) re - establishment experiment being undertaken by csiro division of wildlife and ecology with support from useless loop community and shark bay salt joint venture ( sbsjv ) ( short et al . , 1994 ) . the coastal habitat is similar to that found on bernier island and rabbit and introduced predator control is currently being implemented as part of the csiro project . csiro has reintroduced threatened species ( western barred bandicoot , greater stick - nest rat ) to this site .
on bernier island , the djoongari inhabits coastal dune vegetation dominated by beach spinifex spinifex longifolius and coastal daisybush olearia axillaris ( ride and tyndale - biscoe 1962 , robinson et al . 1976 , morris and robinson 2008 ) . it occurs in most coastal sandy areas around the island ( morris et al . 2000 ) , and at lower densities in inland triodia / acacia heath ( robinson et al . 1976 ) . little is known of the former habitat use on the mainland . on the shark bay mainland it was last collected in coastal beach spinifex at herald bight . translocated animals on doole island appeared to prefer coastal habitats ( including mangrove hollows ) while they persisted ( morris et al . 2000 ) . there is no clear habitat preference on faure island , as they are found ubiquitously across the island ( kabat et al . 2012 ) .
currently , the only established djoongari population is protected from the above threats on bernier island as this is part of the bernier and dorre islands nature reserve ( class a reserve no 24869 ) . feral goats were eradicated in 1984 and the island is free of exotic predators . public access to bernier island is limited to day visits . due to its restricted occurrence , however , the species is highly vulnerable to extinction and protection of a single population on bernier island is not considered sufficient to ensure long term survival . under this recovery plan , the djoongari has been translocated to two other exotic predator - free island nature reserves , doole island in exmouth gulf ( june 1993 ) , north west island ( june 1999 ) and to heirisson prong , shark bay ( november 1994 ) ( figure 2 ) . none of the translocated populations was considered to be self sustaining at the time of revision of this recovery plan .
the advent of the pastoral industry is closely associated with the date of last collection of specimens of p . fieldi both in central australia and shark bay . a decrease in environmental productivity and loss of nutrients caused by grazing and trampling by domestic stock has been suggested as a mechanism for the extinction of australian fauna ( burbidge and mckenzie 1989 ) and this mechanism may have been involved in the extinction of p . fieldi on the mainland . morton ( 1990 ) suggests that the rabbit has been a major factor in mammal extinctions in the arid zone . both native and exotic mammals in the arid zone depend on pockets of relatively fertile and productive habitat ( for example , around water holes , salt lakes or drainage lines ) to survive droughts . competition and habitat degradation caused by increases in rabbit numbers are exacerbated by successive droughts which eventually leads to the destruction of drought refuges and inevitably to extinctions . altered fire regimes and predation by foxes and feral cats are cited as secondary factors .
recovery plans delineate , justify and schedule management actions necessary to support the recovery of a threatened species or ecological community . the achievement of objectives and the provision of funds is subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the relevant parties , as well as the need to address other priorities . recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views nor the official positions of any individuals or agencies represented on the recovery team . they represent the position of the department of conservation and land management only after approval by the executive director , the national parks and nature conservation authority and minister for the environment . approved recovery plans are subject to modifications as directed by new findings , changes in species ' status and completion of recovery actions .
on bernier island , the djoongari inhabits coastal dune vegetation dominated by beach spinifex and coastal daisy bush but also occurs at lower densities in inland triodia / acacia heath . its preferred habitat on the mainland , especially inland , is not known . reasons for the decline of the djoongari and its extinction on the mainland are also unknown but the process may have begun prior to european settlement due to a subtle climatic change . it is also possible that its habit of using above ground nests rather than deep , complex burrow systems has made the djoongari vulnerable to the physical effects of overgrazing and trampling by domestic and feral stock and to predation by foxes and feral cats , and these may be the primary factors responsible for its decline .
a recovery team comprising members from calm , csiro , useless loop community biosphere project group , inc . and environment australia has been established to coordinate and supervise the following actions :
estimated cost of recovery : 1992 - 1996 : 1991 prices in $ 000 s / year . 1997 - 2001 : 1996 prices in $ 000 s / year . total cost tc = calm plus other agency contributions .
note : the salary component of the funds has been included in the major action of the year although time will be spent on other actions which are current .
in 1992 it was estimated that there were c . 6 000 - 7 000 individuals on bernier island ( morris and speldewinde 1992 ) . this population was estimated by determining abundances at five grid trapping sites using a lincoln index ( seber 1973 ) and extrapolating to the total area believed to be occupied by djoongari . these population estimates should be viewed with caution due to the large errors involved when estimating populations with low capture and recapture rates .
figure 1 : past distribution of pseudomys fieldi based on subfossil remains from cave surface deposits . present distribution is limited to bernier island and three translocated populations on doole island , heirisson prong , and north west island .
djoongari do not appear to use burrows as commonly as most other pseudomys species . they are known to construct tunnels and runways in heaps of seagrass piled up on bernier island beaches during winter storms ( robinson 1983 ) and use above ground nests as diurnal refuges . more use of burrows is made during the breeding season ( morris and speldewinde , 1992 ) . animals translocated to doole island used hollows located above high water level in mangrove ( avicennia marina ) trees as well as sites among rocks and under triodia for daytime refuges .
little is known about the diet of the djoongari . scats collected from four individuals on bernier island contained petals and anthers from flowers , possibly of olearia , leaf fragments of olearia , leaf or stem parts of a fleshy dicot and insect fragments ( robinson et al . 1976 ) . stomach contents from a single specimen collected by ride and tyndale - biscoe ( 1962 ) contained plant material and an insect fragment . they have also been observed eating spiders ( morris , personal observation ) . like many native rodent species they appear to be vegetarian / omnivores .
most information on the reproduction of the djoongari has been obtained from observations of captive animals . watts and spencer ( 1978 ) reported an animal taken from bernier island that mated and produced two litters , one of four and one of three , in captivity ( litters of five have been recorded , speldewinde , pers obs . ) . the oestrus cycle appears to be less than 14 days and the gestation period is about 28 days . the young are born hairless and with ears folded down . at 11 days of age they are well furred and the ears are free but their eyes are still closed . the eyes open after 15 days and by 30 days of age the juveniles are weaned . they are attached to their mother ' s teats for the first 16 days from birth . the upper and lower incisors erupt by day three . by 100 days of age the mice have reached full adult size . the male was observed to share the nesting box with the female and young when the young were four weeks old . he also behaved protectively towards the young when the female was absent . more recently , successful breeding in captivity has been difficult , with djoongari mothers being easily disturbed and cannibalising young . size of the holding pen is probably also important .


coleophora subapicis is a moth of the coleophoridae family .

it is found in the united states , including kentucky .

the larvae feed on the seeds of aster infirmus .

they create a trivalved , tubular silken case .

coleophora subapicis

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