a gleam ( foaled 1949 in kentucky ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse who set a hollywood park racetrack record with five straight stakes races in 1952 .

a gleam

arabian gleam was sired by kyllachy out of the dam gleam of light arabian gleam was foaled on 01 of august in 2004 .
arabian gleam is a 12 year old bay horse . arabian gleam is trained by e j hartley , at doomben and owned by .
snow gleam has a 4 % win percentage and 21 % place percentage . snow gleam ' s last race event was at canterbury .
a gleam is a bright flash of light . if you were lost on a dark , stormy night , you ' d be hugely relieved to see the gleam of a roadside diner ' s sign up ahead .
gleam is just beginning . here are a few todo items . welcome any help !
arabian gleam has a 33 % win percentage and 56 % place percentage . arabian gleam ' s last race event was at fr - deauville .
use the verb gleam when something is shining as if it were wet or glinting with light . your new toothpaste might make your teeth so white that they gleam . you can also describe an emotion that appears briefly as a gleam , like a gleam of hope . and as you hatch a plan to toilet - paper the neighbor ' s yard , mischief might gleam in your eyes .
snow gleam was sired by bureaucracy out of the dam painted blue snow gleam was foaled on 19 of september in 1997 .
snow gleam is a 19 year old grey mare . snow gleam is trained by j d wilson , at telopea downs and owned by j r burton .
gleam has helped us to engage and connect with our site ' s community on a deeper level . we love gleam and the people behind it .
a glimpse or hint ; an indistinct sign of something . the rescue workers preserved a gleam of optimism that they might still survive .
her name was a gleam , and her memory will be honored again on sunday at hollywood park with the 25th running of the a gleam handicap . the a gleam will be part of a program that includes the hollywood gold cup and the swaps stakes , as well as a tribute to laffit pincay . if ever there was a day to stash the remote control and go to the races , this is it .
in effect , before urltoken was even a gleam in zuckerberg’s eye , facebook had already undermined their core business .
using gleam to run a giveaway makes the process a breeze . lots of entry options , an easy to use widget , positive feedback from my readers and a responsive helpful support team , who understand bloggers , makes using gleam the obvious choice for me .
gleam has been excellent as a growth tool for my small business . we ' ve been impressed and happy with how easy gleam was to use and how intuitive campaigns were to run .
the average gleam campaign drives 1 . 2 actions completed for every unique impression .
gleam master and agent servers are memory efficient , consuming about 10 mb memory .
suggests a steady light seen through an obscuring medium or against a dark background .
all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for regal gleam . regal gleam is a mare born in 2012 august 17 by alfred nobel out of darntime
gleam is a high performance and efficient distributed execution system , and also simple , generic , flexible and easy to customize .
regal gleam was lucky ever to make it to the races , as she suffered a tendon injury after putting her left forefoot through her stall door as a weanling .
with gleam , fan - in and fan - out parallel pipes become very easy .
gleam was newly added to the ahdb recommended list for 2018 and is a very high yielding , hard feed winter wheat variety .
arabian gleam career form is 3 wins , seconds , 2 thirds from 9 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .
a dark bay or brown mare , regal gleam was well - developed and had a good body , but her legs were less than ideal , particularly in front as she was tied in below the knee . she had a good shoulder , a deep girth ,
were a gleam in the field against affluent and you , they would have plenty of pace to follow . during her headstrong youth , a gleam was a stone speed freak for ben and jimmy jones , ripping off half - miles in 45 and change in an era when tracks were much deeper than today .
snow gleam career form is 1 wins , 1 seconds , 3 thirds from 24 starts with a lifetime career prize money of $ .
gleam
in on - line medical dictionary , university of newcastle upon tyne , 1997–2005 .
buildings in downtown columbia gleam with broad windows that allow in natural light and shine from the outside .
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as a consequence , a gleam spent much of her early career getting caught in the final furlong . but , like her famous dam , she found maturity midway through her 3 - year - old season .
lees thinks with the introduction of european - bred stallions and mares to the australian landscape , horses with a constitution similar to magic gleam ' s and bomber bill ' s may belong to a bygone era .
“oh beautiful for patriot dream that sees beyond the years , thine alabaster cities gleam undimmed by human tears .
magic gleam won another seven races for max lees , with kris believing the advent of the swimming pool at the newcastle track played a role in his longevity .
we love gleam . what was taking us months and months to achieve in way of increased newsletter subscription we were able to do in days with gleam . great service , great product , just great altogether !
moving towards a more sustainable livestock sector requires a sound , evidence - based diagnostic of the undesired environmental side effects . stakeholders can then identify and assess intervention areas and options . gleam is a key contributor to both processes . the model offers a detailed picture of the ' current ' situation , but also can be used as a scenario assessment tool for different adaptation and mitigation options .
hollywood management had the good sense to change the sequoia handicap to the a gleam in 1978 . since then , fans have been treated to such winners as great lady m . ( dam of lady ' s secret ) , matching , donstop themusic , a . p . assay , and honest lady . last year eddie delahoussaye won his fifth a gleam , aboard irgun ' s angel .
arabian gleam ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 3 - 7 - 1 - 4 .
snow gleam ' s exposed form for its last starts is 0 - 0 - 5 - 3 - 6 .
the a gleam is at seven furlongs , which is a major reason baffert elected to stay here rather than travel to calder for the six - furlong princess rooney stakes on saturday , even though the florida race is a grade 1 and is worth more than three times the triple bend .
“we love our little gleam / strong mark filly . she is an absolute gem and such a power house ! we have never , in all the years that we have raised youngsters , had a better - minded weanling . quick learner , gentle , very friendly and curious , loves everybody and easy to handle . we will definitely breed back to gleam ! we couldn’t ask for a better baby ! ”
gleam has been used in the following projects and case studies , incorporating valuable feedback from experts and from the field .
clinet is an intriguing longshot . she runs well fresh , seems best as a late - running sprinter , and won a race over a synthetic surface early in her career .
arabian gleam’s last race event was at 08 / 08 / 2010 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .
snow gleam’s last race event was at 25 / 08 / 2002 and it has not been nominated for any upcoming race .
you would like to back a winner every two selections ? that’s a 50 per cent win strike . some dream ! but maybe it’s not so crazy . after all , picking two horses a race and making a ‘book’ by savin . . .
gleam really helped us promote speed awareness month 2013 . it allowed our content partners to easily give away web performance services to help make the web faster . i highly recommend using gleam if you need to promote an event or web service .
gleam does not have the common gc problem that plagued other languages . each executor runs in a separated os process . the memory is managed by the os . one machine can host many more executors .
“this will be a day to come together as a community to remember and to honor the victims and the first responders of the 9 / 11 attack , ” according to a flyer on the event .
“we have to thank the first responders , they are the tip of the spear . they are the first ones into a fire or the first policeman that has to face a guy with a gun , ” he said . “we owe them a debt of gratitude . ”
“gleam” in the american heritage dictionary of the english language , 4th edition , boston , mass . : houghton mifflin , 2000 , →isbn .
gleam is built in go , and the user defined computation can be written in go , unix pipe tools , or any streaming programs .
gleam code defines the flow , specifying each dataset ( vertex ) and computation step ( edge ) , and build up a directed acyclic graph ( dag ) . there are multiple ways to execute the dag .
he actually used to pull a bit on the training track . he wasn ' t a kids ' pony but around the stable he was a sprightly old fellow with a nice nature . and i don ' t think he had any days off due to injury .
and a sharply sloping croup . she preferred to come from off the pace in her races and was game and willing in a drive .
mayor robert weger presents willoughby hills firefighter ben robinson a commemorative coin during a ceremony to honor first responders at the second annual unity day .
adamson ' 04 , roger ,
the fading gleam of a golden age : britain ' s battle against piracy in the americas in the early 18th century
( 2004 ) . honors projects . 21 . urltoken
with 3 years of using gleam to build video game community outreach programs , no other suite has provided more value to my campaigns .
ivy cloaks some buildings completely but on many houtouwan houses , beautiful roof tiles still gleam and broken verandas offer majestic views of the stormy sea .
what made you want to look up gleam ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
gleam tries to automatically adjust the required memory size based on data size hints , avoiding the try - and - error manual memory tuning effort .
whether you ' re a student , an educator , or a lifelong learner , urltoken can put you on the path to systematic vocabulary improvement .
the astonishing part about magic gleam ' s career is that the gelding won at least one race in each of the seven seasons he competed on the track . bomber bill didn ' t win at four . as a 10 - year - old magic gleam won first - up at newcastle for max lees , with kris saying :
he was an old freak .
but today’s reality was no more than a gleam in the eye of the suffragists who descended on nashville , tenn . , in july 1920 for the climactic battle of the decades - long struggle to win the vote for women .
not long after he [ magic gleam ] arrived at our place he won two straight at wyong and then went to randwick and won a welter with 61 kilograms and he was seven years old . he was freakish .
idle gleam ( 1973 , by pronto ) is the second dam of grade iii winner middlefork rapids and the third dam of grade iii winner michigan bluff .
a racing rarity , if not a first at santa anita park , occurred when seventh sense captured the fifth race march 12 at the southern california track .
a lot of the european types don ' t seem to cop the racing and work ,
he said .
even the old english horses don ' t have as many starts as horses like magic gleam and bomber bill .
regal gleam produced five foals , of which three started and won . while she produced only one stakes winner , all her daughters had some significance as producers .
the late don scott once wrote that the best form of exotic betting is the trifecta . i think he was right . don said picking a trifecta winning bet was a test of skill rather than a game of chance . . . .
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before the festivities , the day started with what councilman david fiebig described as a solemn ceremony . the american flag was raised and a 21 gun salute given .
this article has a component height of 25 . the sidebar size is long .
magic gleam , owned by the late arthur baxter , an owner - breeder who was respected by one and all in the racing game , kicked off his career by winning a two - year - olds ' race at dubbo in april 1985 .
the dissonance between the soap - bubble gleam of the ideal and the jagged loneliness that lies within is the animating force at the heart of this touchingly multivalent work .
newcastle trainer kris lees fondly recalled old magic gleam this week . lees ' s father , max , took over the training of this gelding in its seventh year .
foaled in kentucky , regal gleam was bred and owned by the bieber - jacobs stable , racing in the colors of patrice jacobs . she was trained by hirsch jacobs
sadler has a sneaking suspicion a bleeding attack may have helped bomber bill prolong his racing career . sadler had not long left flemington to take up a training job in dubai , with bomber bill sent to another aquanita group trainer , russell cameron .
beautiful rich brown and brindle coloring with a dash of white on the face . her horns are starting to roll over into the classic horn set . gleam gave us a hubbells 20 gauge bull calf born on 04 / 29 / 2018 named caught a gleam fhr . take a look at the genetics in this lady , the probability of future standout calves are almost a certainty . you can build an entire program around the genetics of the bull calf she gave us . we can ' t wait to see her future calves unfold . follow on breeding will be ai ' ing to
the beast
for what should prove to be an amazing calf . many thanks to mark and hubbell longhorns for the invaluable friendship and guidance in our longhorn journey .
he bled in a race at caulfield and from memory he was a four - year - old ,
sadler said .
it enabled him to have a good long break . his feet grew out and he has never looked back .
in this article , our senior contributor ( the late and great ) e . j . minnis replied to queries sent in by ppm readers . letter from a reader : i have been a ppm reader for quite a while now and al . . .
we ' ve compared gleam with a couple of varieties on the ahdb recommended list 2018 / 19 and shared some key statistics we think you ' ll be interested in . download the variety sheet for some more in depth information you can carry with you everywhere .
gleam has been pivotal in curating protean ' s initial momentum . when we registered on the site , our email list was sitting at around 200 , with even worse social media numbers . through executing on gleam ' s viral giveaway system , we ' ve grown to over 7 , 000 email subscribers and over 6 , 000 followers across social media .
but like other popular groups such as the 1975 or ' 90s scottish band , geneva , their sound has enough fractures and chips in its gleam to allow for some raw edge .
at the core of each pixar movie is a gleaming , digestible message — often multiple .
“i think it’s a great event and i’m honored , ” said lt . tim serazin .
1966 was a subpar year for the american juvenile filly division , but regal gleam was judged the best of the lot after winning the important frizette stakes and selima stakes late in the season . considering her breeding , her failure to add any more black type after her juvenile season is surprising , but she more than atoned for this with her successes as a broodmare .
gleam has been linked to a farm economic model to quantify the cost - effectiveness of reducing ghg emissions via the use of sexed semen on scottish dairy farms . the results show that using sexed semen can reduce emissions by increasing the amount of lower emission intensity ‘dairy beef’ produced .
travel and participate in honors - only activities paid for by the program . recent examples include : a trip to the gleam art exhibit at olbrich botanical gardens , lectures and cultural experiences at uw - madison , an excursion to the overture center for the arts , volunteering at the second harvest food bank , completing a
city as text
exploration of the capitol square .
in a rare demonstration of purple prose from cuozzo , he declares the restoration “has made the venue gleam with revelatory energy” and a buzzy dining room creates “a cheery thrum that was missing back when david rockefeller and henry kissinger were running the world over $ 40 baked potatoes . ” prime rib is the “superstar , ” there are some gems tucked into the expensive wine list , and while the service is “friendly , ” cuozzo didn’t love the “over - rehearsed history lectures . ”
is used when light shines through something else or is reflected or shines against a dark background .
email notifications are only sent once a day , and only if there are new matching items .
sadler admitted finding those like bomber bill was a bit like finding that needle in the haystack .
royal glint ( 1970 , by round table ; a gelding ) won 21 of his 52 starts , including three grade i races . he died from complications of a leg injury in 1976 .
world bank , fao and other partners collaborated to a flagship report on resilience in the drylands of sub - saharan africa . livestock is the main user of land and a key support for livelihoods in those areas . gleam was used to model the development of livestock under climate constraints , to assess feed balances and to analyse the potential of livestock in drylands to meet the projected demand growth .
github - chrislusf / gleam : fast , efficient , and scalable distributed map / reduce system , dag execution , in memory or on disk , written in pure go , runs standalone or distributedly .
a memorial service has been set for highly respected pinhooker and trainer ricky leppala , 62 , who died nov . 4 at his home in ocala , fl , after a brief battle with cancer .
plan for a tasty mess of a lowcountry boil in the garden at the standard ( 25 cooper square ) in the east village on monday from 10 a . m . to 3 p . m . that’s $ 62 a person . this version includes head - on shrimp , corn , potatoes , and smoked sausage . there’s also a ribs and hushpuppies first course and banana cream pie for dessert . drinks are extra , like the $ 30 buckets of standard brauhaus or $ 8 frozen drinks .
i use gleam to gain thousands of email subscribers each month . but that ' s just the beginning . it ' s my # 1 tool for growing my current full - time gig .
the film is too laden with its own riches , a festival jewel that glares instead of gleams .
their faces adorn montevideo’s football museum , along with a century’s worth of tattered shirts and gleaming trophies .
roxanne is a french bulldog / boston terrier mix who was used for breeding purposes before being rescued .
smerdon was leading a tour group to the kentucky derby and couldn ' t be contacted for this yarn , but the trainer is on record as saying bomber bill
is a pleasure to train
.
gleam was used to test a selection of mitigation options to estimate the marginal costs of reducing ghg emissions in the ruminant livestock sector at global and regional level . marginal abatement cost curves were calculated for each of those options , thus providing insights about abatement responses at different carbon prices . gleam was used as the main analytical tool to assess the various abatement practices and to integrate data on emission reduction potentials and economic variables from different sources . the most promising abatement options were selected based on their effectiveness and feasibility .
whitham will miss affluent ' s race in the a gleam . it ' s harvest time on the whitham farm , near the western kansas town of leoti , and the whitham family has been hard at work for the last week bringing in the wheat . after two years of winter drought and summer dust , an early spring rain gave rise to a bounteous summer crop that has the neighborhood jumping with activity .
one day only , monday december 19 patrons will have a chance to win a mp michael phelps tech suit . if size needed is in stock , suit can be picked up between dec 21 and dec 23 . if size needed is not in stock , a certificate will be issued and the suit ordered .
magic millions guineas fancy intencion faces two interstate float trips in a week as he tries to win a place in the gold coast feature . trainer tony vasil decided on thursday against running the col . . .
a gleam ( usa ) b . f , 1949 { 23 - b } dp = 4 - 0 - 32 - 10 - 0 ( 46 ) di = 0 . 77 cd = - 0 . 04 - 30 starts , 12 wins , 8 places , 7 shows career earnings : $ 251 , 395
she ' s been sound , never broken a bone , so that ' s helped her have a good career ,
she added .
the hard part will be prying her away from ron .
honors students are required to take honors courses and participate in certain extra - curricular activities . several courses designated
honors
are offered each semester according to a two - year rotation . these specially - designed and innovative courses fulfill the foundations of human learning degree requirements . students also participate in one event or activity each semester , such as a cultural event , a campus speaker , concert or film , or a field trip .
during the summer of 1952 , while racing at hollywood park , a gleam raced six times and won five , including the milady handicap by 2 1 / 2 lengths , the hollywood oaks by 2 1 / 2 , the debonair stakes by three , the cinema by 2 1 / 2 and the westerner , at 1 1 / 4 miles , by eight . in case it makes a difference , those last three races were against colts .
sold to dale metz of fhr longhorns in denton tx , thank you ! ! ! beautiful brindle heifer , with a nice twist going in her horns . she is bred to hubbells 20 gauge for a spring 2018 calf .
whenever cindy mcgregor posts new content , you ' ll get an email delivered to your inbox with a link .
scherzinger , given a crafty ride by mike smith in her stakes debut , registered a one - length victory in the $ 200 , 000 santa monica stakes ( gr . ii ) jan . 25 at santa anita park .
the latest in a string of oasis b - sides that liam’s been pulling out on his ongoing solo tour .
be recognized as a “graduate of the honors program” on your diploma and by wearing of honors cords at commencement .
greyhound racing is probably the best system under which a punter in australia can risk - or rather , invest - his hard earned dough . to my way of thinking there is nothing so good as a standout
. . .
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these example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' gleam . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .
the 21 - year - old is the result of a two - year relationship with fellow british musician lisa moorish .
he is the son of karan tiblier of grant and david mcdaniels of huntsville . he is a grissom high graduate .
that ' s not to say magic gleam was , as lees put it ,
treated with kid gloves
, for
he never used to do anything flash on the track but on race day he ' d switch on
.
i’ve spent years trying to beat the tab and bookies and i’ve lost my bank more times than i can remember . there have been a few big wins ; as many as a man with only three fingers could count on . . .
“greatest value ever ! my husband and sons have back problems , some had back surgery . we have found in just a short amount of time , that the spa has given them relief and a morning boost to start the day . ”
it was a terrific run and he then came out in the hilton on the park at flemington and pissed in ,
sadler said .
next time in work , i remember a race at sandown one day when he never beat a horse home . he bruised his heels , the soles of his feet were flat , he bruised them real bad .
on friday night , in the grade 2 , $ 150 , 000 a gleam handicap at hollywood park , pussycat doll will be making just her third start in 14 months , will lug top weight of 124 pounds while conceding as much as 12 pounds to her rivals , and will have to overcome an inside draw , often a detriment going seven furlongs . it will be tempting to try and beat her , but her trainer , bob baffert , warns that she is ready to fire .
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unbeaten multiple gr . 1 winner husson ( arg ) is establishing a very handy stallion record for vinery , scone and had a huge pay day at the rich magic millions meeting in january to add to his growing record as a consistent sire of winners . he is inbred to breed shaper mr . prospector and is proving an excellent foil for northern dancer line mares .
judy the beauty , able to sit off a hot pace duel , swung into action in the stretch and inched away to a clear victory in the $ 147 , 000 rancho bernardo handicap ( gr . iii ) aug . 17 at del mar .
as for the new material , gallagher debuted seven songs . they included titles like “greedy soul” , “paper crown” , “all i need” , “universal gleam” , and “wall of glass” which is purportedly the album’s lead single and should impact radio and streaming services shortly .
ron peura sr . , post commander addressed the attendees , explaining how first responders are seen as the tip of a spear .
animalchange was a research project funded by the european commission’s 7 th framework program , with 23 partners from europe , africa and latin america . its objective was to provide a sound basis for the future of livestock under climate change by improving the models , tools and policies used to address this topic . fao was leader of the component 4 of the project , which focused on regional assessments and supporting policy makers : the regional assessment and policy making support . gleam was used to assess global and regional emissions and mitigation packages .
sadler was referring to bomber bill ' s last - start win in the dc mckay stakes at morphettville a fortnight ago . it was win no . 21 in a 79 - start career which has netted a further 11 placings and $ 1 , 732 , 330 in prizemoney . not many sprinters achieve those stats , while it must be remembered bomber bill has raced in dubai and hong kong .
meanwhile , back on the farm , the filly who would later become champion real delight was foaled in early march , then little hill gail came along in april , with nothing less than a kentucky derby in his future . it was a heady brew - a real dean ' s list of thoroughbred talent - and yet twilight tear ' s filly was anointed as perhaps the queen of them all .
your local dealer will help you select the right hot tub and options and give you a personal quote . contact your dealer today !
this is a phrase we ' ve coined to describe individuals who have built considerable audience & influence on social media channels . we live in a world driven by clicks , follows , likes & comments . it ' s by these metrics of engagement that we measure success .
in fast month ' s p . p . m . we began our 100 great betting ideas series . sixteen ideas were listed . in this second article , we take a look at another 20 betting tips . staking is a key part of any punt . . .
coming off a victory in the noble damsel stakes ( gr . iiit ) in her u . s . debut , george bolton and peter leidel ' s annecdote tops a solid field of 12 older fillies and mares entered in the athenia stakes ( gr . iiit ) .
by the end of his juvenile season magic gleam had raced 13 times for five wins , including two victories at randwick and one at warwick farm . the chestnut would eventually race 132 times for 25 wins , 19 seconds , 19 thirds and $ 537 , 920 in prizemoney .
late in the third period , after the capitals had taken a 4 - 3 lead , phil pritchard polished it until the silver gleamed .
executors are started by agents . they will read inputs from external or previous datasets , process them , and output to a new dataset .
willoughby hills recognized and honored their firefighters , police and dispatchers in a ceremony at the start of the sept . 9 unity day festival .
the real pussycat doll has won twice in her last three starts , all in grade 1 races , and four times in her last six starts . she has become a late - running sprint specialist , with three wins and a second in her last four races going seven furlongs .
despite the 2012 winner , mizdirection , returning to try for a double , a full field of 14 entered the breeders ' cup turf sprint ( gr . it ) nov . 2 . mizdirection , who won last year from post 11 , drew the 12 hole this time around .
his feet were gone when he arrived at my place ,
sadler said .
his feet were woeful when he came over as a three - year - old . it took a long , long time to come right , they were never right when i had him .
julie ' s love , who has plenty of graded stakes experience , gets a slight edge in the sept . 13 noble damsel stakes ( gr . iit ) at belmont park . the $ 200 , 000 race for older fillies and mares is at a mile on the widener course .
the study undertakes biophysical modeling and scenario analysis using gleam , in order to provide a broad perspective of opportunities and the potential achievable goals in terms of productivity gains and emission intensity reduction potential for the beef sector . the scenario analysis uses the outputs of the biophysical analysis combined with information taken from published literature , existing studies and expert knowledge on potential impacts of each intervention on herd performance and production to assess the emission intensity reduction scenarios .
fao is working in zambia and malawi to identify , assess and upscale climate smart agriculture options . gleam was used for the assessment of technical interventions in the livestock sector looking at feed quality , herd and manure management . the model also supported the assessment of climate change impact on feed balances in both countries .
regal gleam ( usa ) br . f , 1964 { 1 - x } dp = 10 - 6 - 22 - 0 - 2 ( 40 ) di = 2 . 08 cd = 0 . 55 - 32 starts , 8 wins , 2 places , 4 shows career earnings : $ 246 , 793
build powerful competitions and sweepstakes for your business or clients . our huge range action combinations , integrations and widget features help you build a wide variety of campaigns .
basically , you need to register the go functions first . it will return a mapper or reducer function id , which we can pass it to the flow .
according to tretinik , they are also trying to expand the tribute to local first responders that share a mutual impact with the city and treat them to lunch .
bomber bill is out to win a second goodwood handicap at morphettville on saturday , following his success in the sprint two years ago . it was the third group 1 of the bay gelding ' s career . he won the australia stakes at five and the karrakatta plate as a two - year - old whirlwind in perth .
now you can execute the binary directly or with
- distributed
option to run in distributed mode . the distributed mode would need a simple setup described later .
fao and the global research alliance on agricultural greenhouse gases are collaborating on a project funded by the climate and clean air coalition focusing on enteric methane emissions in a 3 regions and 13 countries : uruguay and argentina ; ethiopia , uganda , tanzania and kenya ; senegal , niger , mali , burkina faso and benin and bangladesh and sri lanka .
malecek then read the names of every willoughby hills police officer , firefighter and dispatcher . as their names were read , those present were presented a commemorative coin by weger .
sruc , ilri , university of oxford , ap consultants and fao worked together to quantify the ghg mitigation effects of intervening against tsetse and trypanosomosis in african cattle . gleam was used to quantify the change in ghg emissions and production across a range of cattle systems when trypanosomosis is removed . the results indicate that removal of trypanosomosis can reduce the emissions intensity ( i . e . the kg of co 2 - eq per kg of edible protein output ) by between 2 % and 8 % , depending on the production system .
funded by the global environmental facility , the projects aims at capacity development , adoption of better practices and access to new markets and diversification of the livestock sector in ecuador . the project is based on natural resource use efficiency and carbon sequestration . gleam provides the analysis of emission profiles in livestock supply chains and the assessment of options to increase system resilience and productivity .
these plains have a tendency to blow you , and ruffle you , then just bless you the next day with the sun coming out and everybody smiling ,
whitham said .
grade i winner teddy ' s promise attempts to end her racing career successfully with a repeat victory in the santa monica stakes ( gr . ii ) jan 25 at santa anita park .
vista , calif . , march 13 , 2017 – at its hot spring ® experience dealer kickoff held in newport beach , california , hot spring ® spas honored hotspring spas & pool tables 2 with the very first watkins wellness™ award . this new award recognizes a dealer who most embodies the watkins wellness purpose and passion for promoting and living a lifestyle of well - being .
hot spring spas is the world’s leading brand of hot tubs with more than 1 million sold . with a network of more than 700 independent dealers throughout north america and 70 countries around the world , hot spring provides customers with the highest level of quality , innovation , energy efficiency and customer support . hot spring spas are manufactured by watkins wellness , a division of masco corporation , a fortune 500 company whose products include such trusted brands as delta ® faucets , kraftmaid ® cabinets , and behr ® paints . visit urltoken for more information and for dealer locations .
in addition to lunch , unity day included food and beverage sales , mini golf , corn hole matches , music , an ice cream truck , inflatables and a dj provided dance music .
while many attempts have been made to quantify the mitigation potential of single technologies , few systematic studies exists for assessing “best - bet” options in different production system and regions , and their impact on food security . to explore how mitigation could be achieved in practice , gleam was used to develop a modelling effort based on six practical case studies in selected regions and livestock production systems , namely : mixed dairy production in south asia ; commercial pig production in east and southeast asia ; specialized beef production in south america ; small ruminant production in west africa ; mixed dairy production in oecd countries ; mixed dairy production in east africa . the baseline production systems characteristics , ghg emissions and production levels were taken from gleam 1 . 0 , for the 2005 reference year . mitigation options were selected according to their a priori mitigation potential , applicability to the respective regions and systems , anticipated economic feasibility and positive implications on productivity and considering potential trade - offs with other environmental concerns . they interested different stages of the supply chains , including improvements in : feed quality , grazing management , preventive health measures , reproduction and breeding strategies , manure management and energy efficiency .
he couldn ' t get out of his box the next morning , he couldn ' t walk . yet three weeks later he won a listed race up the straight at flemington .
as for the competition , it’s catching up : reserve “has better restaurants , ” and resy , having snagged le bernardin , augustine , and union square cafe , has become a reservations heavyweight .
a new methodology , developed by fao and partners in kenya , identifies for the first time areas within dairy production where productivity can be improved and greenhouse emissions can be curbed ( for example , by changing feed composition or feeding practices , improving the energy efficiency of equipment or the manure management ) and explains how those reductions can be measured and reported . this methodology has been certified by gold standard , an independent body that evaluates climate projects under the un’s clean development mechanism and ensures they deliver genuine emission reductions . gleam supported the assessment of technical options for the development of the methodology .
sauce opened walk - up window les pizza in april , offering thin - crust pizza for an after - hours crowd . since that opening , owner adam elzer and shane covey have rolled out a noho spinoff at sweetwater social which backs onto bleecker . bowery boogie reports a menu of thin - crust personal pizzas salads , and sandwiches . the partners bought sauce from frank prisinzano last year .
trial records pertaining to the pirate captain thomas green contain the following statements :
a pirate is in a perpetual war with every individual , and every state , christian or infidel . pirates properly have no country , but by the nature of their guilt , separate themselves , and renounce on this matter , the benefit of all lawful societies .
pirates had no king , served no master , and did not sail under a universal flag . as a result of these tendencies , maintaining order and solidarity in times of danger proved difficult . during their prime , pirates assumed a predatory status by intimidating merchant vessels . they were ruthless and experienced fighters and generally outnumbered their opponents in strength of men and guns . however , once the british navy was deployed the tables quickly turned . as the hunter became the hunted , the pirates proved no match for the military might of an empire , and in the end this loose conglomeration of ignoble and murderous men doomed themselves to perish .
the environmental impacts of livestock are not restricted to greenhouse gas ( ghg ) emissions . the sector is an important user of natural resources ( land , water ) and contributor to pollution ( nutrients , ecotoxic substances ) . all these pressures have , in turn , an impact on biodiversity which is located at the endpoint of environmental cause - effect relationships . additional modules are currently being developed to expand the scope of gleam to other environmental aspects such as nutrients , water and biodiversity . the biodiversity module uses the detailed information and modelling already available in gleam concerning the contribution of livestock to land use and ghg emissions . these contributions are translated into impacts on habitat and climate change – currently the two most important drivers of global biodiversity loss – and ultimately into impacts on wild species . to do this , internationally recognized methods linking land use and climate change to losses in species richness and abundance were adapted to the context of livestock production . the biodiversity module is in the finalization phase and will provide a first assessment of the global impact of livestock on biodiversity . integration within the gleam framework will allow assessing environmental performance on multiple criteria , revealing possible trade - offs and avoiding , for instance , the adoption of ghg mitigation options that could be harmful to biodiversity . it will also support the assessment of scenarios in the livestock sector to increase productivity while mitigating impact on climate and biodiversity .
roxanne is a french bulldog / boston terrier mix who was used for breeding purposes before being rescued . to get more information about roxanne , call 2nd chance shelter at 256 - 561 - 2411 .
the 2003 version of the a gleam will be headed by the 5 - year - old affluent and the 4 - year - old you , both of them major stakes winners who know how to deal with the challenge of seven furlongs . last winter at santa anita , affluent defeated sightseek in the santa monica handicap , and sightseek has done very little wrong since then . you , on the other hand , was not competitive in the seven - furlong la brea last december , but her victory over carson hollow in the 2002 test stakes going seven furlongs at saratoga is still the stuff of legends .
for the aesthete zebra f - 701 ballpoint stainless steel retractable pen $ 5 , amazon buy now crafted from gleaming stainless steel , the f - 701 looks and feels like a much more expensive pen .
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fiebig , who appreciates the services of the vfw , which he describes as another jewel in the community , thought it was a beautiful day to honor the first responders of the community and throughout the nation .
the new york times explores the rise and plateau of opentable : though it “seats more than 23 million diners a month in 43 , 000 restaurants across the globe , ” “ . . . neither opentable nor its competitors have yet loosened the telephone’s grip on reservations , roughly two - thirds of which are still made by phone , according to yelp , which once partnered with opentable and is now a rival . ”
in collaboration with colorado state university and together with the century and daycent models , gleam was used to assess the global mitigation potential of different management practices of grasslands . the century and daycent models were used to calculate the changes in soil carbon stocks , soil n 2 o emissions , and forage removals by ruminants associated with these practices . three different mitigation practices were assessed : improving grazing management , legume sowing and nitrogen fertilization .
her five stakes wins in 1952 is the co - record for most stakes race wins in a single meet at hollywood park . she defeated males in three of those five wins . died 1976 . ( close )
aron wellman and lee midkiff have grown a fledgling partnership group into the program producing grade i winners such as in lingerie , byrama , capo bastone , and now arkansas derby ( gr . i ) victor danza .
please start to use it and give feedback . help is needed . anything is welcome . small things count : fix documentation , adding a logo , adding docker image , blog about it , share it , etc .
ppm reader kerrin brown has been enjoying success as a “lay” operator on betfair . in this article he relates his personal story , and how he makes money from his operation . the first time i w . . .
to put such a comment in the proper context , this would be like showing up in the yankees clubhouse and hearing joe torre say ,
hey derek , the kid looks good . might be your replacement .
she ' s going to be retired this year whether she ' s winning or losing ,
whitham said .
it would sure be nice to go out with a couple good races , though . but she ' ll be 6 next year , and i think that ' s time for mares to go be broodmares . the more wear and tear they ' ve got , it ' s harder for them to turn into a nice broodmare .
this is part 1 of a two - part exclusive interview with australia ' s greatest professional punter , the late don scott , by ppm ' s brian blackwell . scott discusses his lifestyle , his approach to punting . . .
citation was fallow in ' 49 , nursing a nasty tendon , but his sidekick coaltown was ready to pick up the slack . he ended up going 12 for 15 as champion older horse . as 1949 dawned , champion filly bewitch was embarking on the third year of a hall of fame career that would run for 55 starts , while ponder , wistful , and two lea were taking their places at the top of the 3 - year - old class .
when the world championships are renewed for a third straight year at santa anita park , missing from the lineup will be one of the most dynamic breeders ' cup winners of the past two years - - turf sprint winner mizdirection .
this is a phrase we ' ve coined to describe individuals who have built considerable audience & influence on social media channels . we live in a world driven by clicks , follows , likes & comments . it ' s by these metrics of engagement that we measure success . we only manage quality talent who are among the top social creators in the world , dedicated and passionate individuals who are determined to be professional and accountable while exploring their potential in all areas of media and merchandising .


ochthera is a genus of flies in the family of shore flies .

the genus is distinctive because of the swollen raptorial forelegs .

the larvae are predaceous on midge larvae while the adults feed on midges and mosquitoes .

the genus is found around the world with about 37 species .

the species ochthera chalybescens has been shown to prey on african malaria vectors .

ochthera

ochthera chalybescens is , by all indications , an important predator of african malaria vectors .
ochthera chalybescens on leaf captured mosquito larva ( arrow a ) using sickle - shaped front legs ( arrow b ) .
live , dead and missing mosquitoes of each life stage with and without ochthera chalybescens . numbers in parentheses are standard deviations .
since ochthera chalybescens had been reported to prey on african malaria vectors , the predatory capacity of adults of this species on anopheles gambiae sensu stricto was explored .
full citation : clausen , philip j . 1977 . a revision of the nearctic , neotropical , and palearctic species of the genus ochthera , including one ethiopian species , and one new species from india : a bicentennial revision ( two hundred years of ochthera ) . transactions of the american entomological society 103 ( 3 ) : 451 - 530 ( jstor )
look for ochthera adults from the end of march through the end of october in appropriate habitats . there are thirteen species known for north america , collectively distributed over most of the continent .
this is ochthera schembrii ( = mantispa ) female . the only other similar species ( not recorded in turkey yet ) is pilimana which has yellow bases to the mid and hind tibiae and more extensively darkened tarsi . i love this photo ! tony - - - - - - - - - - tony irwin
mantids ( aka
praying mantises
) are widely acclaimed for having the strongest grip among predatory insects , but many other insects have similar modifications to their front legs that afford them a vise - like purchase on struggling prey . among the more unusual of these are shore flies in the genus ochthera , found over most of north america .
both male and female ochthera use their raptorial ( predatory ) forelegs for catching food , in much the same way that a mantis does . ( of course there are quite a few even smaller empididae that do the same . ) if you catch a live ochthera and put it in a tube with a small chironomid , it will often demonstrate the technique ! as jan points out , the abdomen tip looks female , but also in this genus the males often have a modified fore tarsus , with a sensory pit containing large bristles . ( not all species show this , so it is best to rely on the abdomen shape . ) tony - - - - - - - - - - tony irwin
sources : deonier , d . l . 1972 .
observations on mating , oviposition , and food habits of certain shore flies ( diptera : ephydridae ) ,
ohio j . of sci . 72 ( 1 ) : 22 - 29 . simpson , karl w . 1975 .
biology and immature stages of three species of nearctic ochthera ( diptera : ephydridae ) ,
proc . entomol . soc . wash . 77 ( 1 ) : 129 - 155 . this is an excellent , well - illustrated paper . winkler , isaac . 2011 .
insect of the week - number 57 ,
insect museum , north carolina state university .
ochthera are small , only 4 - 5 millimeters in body length . they are squat and compact , with triangular faces and somewhat protuberant eyes . their most obvious feature is the pair of front legs , with an enlarged coxa ( segment connecting the leg to the thorax ) , greatly enlarged and muscular femur (
upper arm
if you will ) , and curved , blade - like tibia (
forearm
comparison to a person ) . the tarsi (
feet
) are of normal appearance . the forelegs are thus raptorial , meaning heavily modified to sieze prey . spines and tiny teeth on the inside of the femur help anchor the victim between femur and tibia .
mated females lay eggs singly , usually on dead , water - logged , or partly submerged grass stems at the shore or in the shallows . larvae of ochthera are aquatic or semi - aquatic , and likewise predatory ; they feed mostly on midge and mosquito larvae that they coil around like a snake constricting a rat . they have mouthparts that penetrate the exoskeleton of their prey and feed on soft internal tissues . larvae progress through three instars ( an instar is the interval between molts ) , before pupating . the pupal stage is also aquatic , equipped with breathing tubes . the larval stages last an average of 7 - 11 days , the pupal stage about 7 - 10 days . egg to adult thus takes about 16 - 21 days , at least under laboratory rearing conditions .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
manual of nearctic diptera volume 2 varies for each chapter ; edited by j . f . mcalpine , b . v . petersen , g . e . shewell , h . j . teskey , j . r . vockeroth , d . m . wood . 1987 . research branch agriculture canada .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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contributed by john f . carr on 15 october , 2013 - 7 : 18am
proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 86 : 486 - 492 . , 1984
available on amazon . images posted on bugguide which appear in this book : please let me know if i missed any ; i will add .
contributed by edward l . ruden on 4 july , 2017 - 5 : 41pm
all about insects , spiders , and other arthropods , focusing on north america north of mexico .
i was delighted to discover some of these flies recently here in colorado springs , where they favor very shallow , trickling streams with algal mats and other debris they can run around on in search of other small insects .
the flies easily overpower other small insects such as midges , mosquitoes , and leafhoppers that alight on the shore or the surface of the water . they can also unearth midge larvae from the muck along the shore .
watch one of these flies and you will see it periodically
stretch ,
reaching out , flexing , and waving those front legs . this may be a threat display directed at other members of its own species , or a means of recognizing each other and avoiding cannibalism ( simpson , 1975 ) . females may literally lash out at males attempting to mate with them . males attempt to mount females from the rear , jumping on top of them and gripping the female ' s
shoulders
if they are not rebuffed . he sets the mood by rapidly tapping the sides of her abdomen with his hind feet . actual mating can last at least five minutes , at least in one species ( deonier , 1972 ) .
what unexpected burliness on a fly - - interesting stuff . i suppose that mean the ambush bug i ' ve been seeing is similarly strong in the forearms ; they are seriously bulked up !
indeed , ambush bugs can snap their leg segments together with enough force as to be audible .
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identifying individuals down to genus is fairly simple , due to their large raptorial forelegs . identifying down to species level is more complicated though , due to the fact that
was originally a complex of species ( clausen , 1977 ) . this means that colour differences , and genital differences , especially on the males are key in identifying them . the head has no markings , and the tarsi of the front legs are a dark brown or a black colour . in the males , the aedeagus , which is a part of the genitalia that aids in delivering the spermatophore is a smooth scythe shape , while in other species it is shaped otherwise , or spiny ( clausen , 1977 ) . in females , the sixth visible segment of the abdomen , also known as a sternite , is short , broad , and much wider than the second sternite , with the seventh sternite being slightly shorter than the sixth .
is carnivorous in nature . the adults feed on other insects , and the aquatic larvae feed on the larvae of other insects , especially chironimids .
this species is found in the northern hemisphere only , and occurs mainly in the northern united states and throughout most of canada , even into alaska and the yukon territory . it has been found in northern europe as well .
comments are published according to our submission guidelines . the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
predatory capacity of this fly on a . gambiae s . s . was tested at all developmental stages , including the adult stage in the laboratory setting . effects of water depth on its predatory capacity were also examined .
this study revealed that o . chalybescens preyed on mosquitoes at all life stages except eggs . it was able to prey on an average of 9 . 8 to 18 . 8 mosquito larvae in 24 hrs . mosquito larva size and water depth did not affect predatory capacity . however , the predacious fly preyed on significantly more 2 nd - instar larvae than on pupae when larvae and pupae were both available .
despite the long history of malaria control efforts , malaria remains a major threat to human health . since malaria vaccine development is slow , and parasite resistance to anti - malarial drugs is developing rapidly , vector control is considered the most practical method for reducing malaria transmission in developing countries [
] , and the resulting reduction of predators may increase vectors . predators usually have longer life cycles than their prey [
sensu lato ( s . l . ) and found that a predacious fly ,
] . this fly holds its prey between the tibiae and femora of its raptorial forelegs , and it punctures the prey with its labella for consumption . the fly also preys on small winged insects [
s . l . in small temporary habitats than in rice fields because the flies are more abundant in small temporary habitats . since service [
- instar larvae , pupae , and emerging adults in field , the author argued that the flies cause greater mortality toward the end of the mosquito life cycle .
sensu stricto ( s . s . ) was explored at all developmental stages , including the adult stage , under laboratory conditions . although service [
s . l . , younger instar larvae may be difficult to see in the field . this study also determined whether water depth affects predatory capacity of
were collected from temporary pools in the suba district , western kenya , in july , 2006 .
s . s larvae . the larvae were obtained from the colony maintained at the icipe mbita point research and training centre . then predatory activity of
the predatory capacity of o . chalybescens on eggs of a . gambiae s . s . was explored . twenty eggs were added to each of 40 plastic cups ( 200 ml size ) containing 70 ml water ( depth of 2 . 5 cm ) . water was collected from lake victoria and filtered prior to the experiment . a wooden stick ( 2 . 5 cm long and 0 . 7 cm wide ) was also added to each cup . this stick served as a resting site for the fly . an adult fly was introduced into each of 20 cups of the 40 . the other 20 cups without the predacious fly were the control . flies were kept in cages and starved for 24 hrs prior to the experiment . each cup was covered with a screen and randomly placed on a table in an experimental room at icipe . all cups were covered with a piece of black cloth for 12 hrs after dusk ; this reduced the influence of lights in the room . after 24 hrs the remaining eggs in each cup were counted . this procedure was repeated with the other immature stages of a . gambiae s . s . .
] . each 50 ml cup contained 30 ml filtered lake water ( depth of 2 . 5 cm ) . seven cups were prepared for each instar ( 28 cups total : 7 cups × 4 different instars ) . these cups were randomly placed in a cage , and 2 adults of
were released into it . the cage was covered with a piece of black cloth for 12 hrs after dusk . after 24 hrs , each cup was examined for remaining larva . this experiment had 15 replicate cages .
a separate experiment was also designed to examine prey selection of o . chalybescens . one 1 st - instar larva and one 4 th - instar larva were placed in a cup ( 200 ml ) with 70 ml filtered lake water . then an adult fly was introduced into the cup and covered it with a screen . fly activity was observed until either of the two larvae was preyed upon . this procedure was repeated 30 times . this experiment was repeated using one 2 nd - instar larva and one pupa per cup ( 20 replicates ) .
to examine predation on adults , 20 adult females of a . gambiae s . s . were released in each of 20 cages ( 30 × 30 × 30 cm ) . a starved adult of o . chalybescens was then released into each of 10 cages . the other half ten cages , without the predacious fly , served as the control . the cages were randomly placed on a table . all cages were covered with a piece of black cloth for 12 hrs after dusk . after 24 hrs , the live and dead mosquitoes were counted in each cage .
two different water depths were used to evaluate their effects on predatory capacity of o . chalybescens . shallow habitat ( depth of 0 . 5 cm ) was created by adding 15 ml of lake water to each of 40 plastic cups ( 20 ml size ) . twenty 3 rd - instar larvae of a . gambiae s . s . were added to each cup , and an adult fly was introduced into each of 20 cups . the remaining 20 cups , without the predacious fly , served as the control . deep habitat ( depth of 2 . 5 cm ) was created by adding 70 ml of lake water to each of 40 cups . then the same procedure as the above experiments with immature mosquitoes was followed .
the t - test was used to see whether the difference in the number of missing mosquitoes between experimental and control groups was statistically significant . one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) was used to compare numbers of missing mosquitoes among the four immature life stages . the binomial test was used to examine the difference in predation between 1 st - instar and 4 th - instar larvae and between 2 nd - instar larvae and pupae . two - way anova was used to test whether the numbers of missing mosquito larvae were statistically different between the two different water depths . the significance level was 5 % for all tests .
captured anopheline larvae using their front legs both in the laboratory and in the field . in the field , several adults of
) . these predacious flies waited until mosquito larvae swam close to them . when a fly aimed at its prey , it tilted its body and extended its forelegs toward the prey . while aiming a fly shook its tarsi . a fly would sometimes fail to catch a mosquito larva and would chase its prey by flying close to the water surface . adults of
also preyed on anopheline and culicine larvae stranded in the mud of drying habitats . in the laboratory setting , adults of
) . however , for all the other immature stages , the average numbers of missing mosquitoes in cups with the predacious fly were significantly greater than in those without a fly ( t = 40 . 21 for 1
- instar ; t = 8 . 42 for pupae ; df = 2 , and p < 0 . 001 for all tests ) . the average number of missing adult mosquitoes in cages with a predacious fly was also significantly greater than those without ( t = 9 . 97 , df = 2 , p < 0 . 001 ) .
when a fly was given four different instar larvae in a cage , mean numbers of missing larvae were 2 . 7 ( sd = 2 . 6 ) out of 7 for the 1 st - instar , 3 . 0 ( sd = 2 . 0 ) for the 2 nd - instar , 2 . 3 ( sd = 2 . 5 ) for the 3 rd - instar , and 2 . 1 ( sd = 2 . 3 ) for the 4 th - instar . the differences in the mean were statistically insignificant ( f = 0 . 52 ; df = 3 , 56 ; p = 0 . 673 ) . when o . chalybescens was given a choice between 1 st - and 4 th - instar larvae , it preyed on 4 th - instar larva 19 times out of 30 . however , the difference in frequency was statistically insignificant ( χ 2 = 2 . 16 , df = 1 , p = 0 . 142 ) . when a fly was given a choice between 2 nd - instar larvae and pupae , it preyed on 4 th - instar larvae 18 times out of 20 occasions , and the difference was significant ( χ 2 = 14 . 722 , df = 1 , p < 0 . 001 ) .
the mean numbers of missing larvae in deep water and shallow water with the fly were 12 . 2 ( sd = 4 . 9 ) and 13 . 9 ( sd = 4 . 2 ) out of 20 larvae , respectively . only one larva was missing in one out of 20 cups without the fly in both shallow and deep water . two - way anova revealed that water depth was not an important variable ( f = 1 . 47 , p = 0 . 230 ) , but that occurrence of the fly was important ( f = 324 . 31 ; df = 1 , 75 ; p < 0 . 001 ) . the interaction between water depth and occurrence of the fly was statistically insignificant ( f = 1 . 47 ; df = 1 , 75 ; p = 1 . 47 ) .
- instars . these results suggest that cannibalism was inconsequential . it is reasonable to conclude that similar numbers of larvae were cannibalized in cups with predators , and thus that nearly all missing mosquitoes ( an average of 9 . 8 to 18 . 8 per cup ) fell prey to
s . s . except eggs . the results from the experiments on prey choice among the four larval stages suggest that prey size does not affect predatory capacity . younger larvae spent more time near the water surface than did older larvae during the experiments , and this behaviour increases the time they are exposed to the predator . older larvae are able to dive deeper , and diving behaviour is considered a way to avoid predators [
] . however , the larger body size of older larvae may draw more attention from the predator that may offset the shorter time they are exposed near the water surface . thus , both small and large larvae have some advantages and disadvantages in avoiding predation by
although water depth did not affect the fly ' s predatory capacity in our study , the difference in depth was only 2 cm ( 0 . 5 cm vs 2 . 5 cm ) . fourth - instar larvae are able to dive to at least 32 cm [
] , so pools deeper than 2 . 5 cm in the field may be advantageous to larger larvae . the fly would not be able to see mosquito larvae on the bottom of deep habitat .
- instar larvae suggest that the predacious fly has more difficulty capturing pupae than larvae . the quickness or the round shape of pupae may account for this . however , the fly may easily prey on mosquitoes during and immediately after emergence as it is also capable of capturing adult mosquitoes . in general , insects are most vulnerable to predation during emergence , and
on malaria vectors , arguing that the fly preys on only later instar larvae . the same author reported that predacious flies , including
was also seen on the small pools examined in this study . the fly is capable of preying on an average of 9 . 8 to 18 . 8 mosquito larvae and 5 . 0 pupae per day according to this study . although these figures should not be extrapolated to estimate mortality of mosquitoes by predacious flies in the field , they do indicate that predacious flies are partly responsible for the high mortality ( over 90 % ) of immature
] , which may reduce predators by preventing them from completing their life cycles . it has been suggested that
completes its development in a similar time span or even faster in its tropical environment . the time span is short enough for the predacious fly to adapt to the productive habitats of
s . l . occurs , because the fly is able to fly among habitats .
suggest that it is a better candidate for biological control of african malaria vectors than other organisms . although a larvivorous fish ,
s . l . usually breeds . they would have to be introduced into each of many small habitats , which would be time consuming and unrealistic . the fish and crayfish might not be able to complete their life cycles in such small habitats ; rearing and transporting them would not be cost effective .
] and this study , is the importance of protecting predators of malaria vectors . direct application of chemical insecticides to aquatic habitats should be avoided because it leads to a rebound in vector populations by eliminating predators [
s . l . application of chemical insecticides to houses and agricultural fields also requires caution ; insecticides should not be applied more than necessary . chemical insecticides may accumulate in aquatic habitats after being carried by rainwater from houses and soil [
we are grateful to dr . john githure for supporting this study . the icipe mbita point research and training centre kindly provided us mosquitoes and an experimental room . we thank dr . ichiro miyagi for identifying o . chalybescens . this study was supported by the nagasaki university - jica collaborative fund .
all authors participated in the study design , and carried out the field and laboratory experiments . nm conceived the study , performed the statistical analysis , and drafted the manuscript . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .
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south turkey , end may . is it our o . mantis or there existe other possibilities in antalia ? nikita vikhrev attached the following image : [ 49 . 76kb ] nikita vikhrev - zool museum of moscow university
there will be more . . . paul - - - - paul beuk on urltoken
thank you tony ! nikita , very much surprised that it is female . nikita vikhrev - zool museum of moscow university
nikita vikhrev wrote : thank you tony ! nikita , very much surprised that it is female .
however , one type of feeding behavior not previously reported was observed in 0 . mantis . in the first observation of this behavior pattern , the fly repeatedly probed the substrate with its proboscis and , after doing so extensively at one point , it excavated with its fore tibial spines a chironomid larva . the predator held the larva between the tibiae and femora of its raptorial fore legs , punctured it with its labella and began consuming it .
deonier , d . l . - observations on mating , oviposition , and food habits of certain shore flies ( diptera : ephydridae ) - the ohio journal of science . v72 n1 ( january , 1972 ) , 22 - 29 .
i didn ' t look at abdomen , i looked at forelegs . . . but dima explained me what she does with forelegs . . . nikita nikita vikhrev - zool museum of moscow university
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