the cream-coloured giant squirrel ( ratufa affinis ) is a large tree squirrel in the genus ratufa found in brunei , indonesia , malaysia , and thailand .

it is probably extinct in singapore , as no recent sightings have been made .

reported sightings in vietnam in 1984 are considered to be dubious .

cream - coloured giant squirrel

the 3rd photo does not show a sub - species of ratufa affinis ( cream - coloured giant squirrel ) but the other giant squirrel species in malaysia , ratufa bicolor ( black giant squirrel ) .
michаel frаnkis added the english common name
cream - coloured giant squirrel
to
ratufa affinis ( raffles , 1821 )
.
the home range size of cream - coloured giant squirrels has not been reported , however , there are typically 11 individuals found per km2 .
at present , very little is known about the mating systems of cream - coloured giant squirrels . the only studies presently available are in reference to captive individuals from closely related black giant squirrels (
at this time , there is no data regarding the lifespan of cream - coloured giant squirrels . however , the maximum captive lifespan has been estimated for other members of their genus . indian giant squirrels (
information on the pale giant squirrel is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
raz the squirrel ( ep . 6 ) baby squirrel sound - cries for mom and learns to walk
although human use of this species appears to be limited , cream - colored giant squirrels are hunted and eaten by native people .
cream - coloured giant squirrels face predation from a variety of predators including cats , snakes , raptors and humans . because they are arboreal , their main threats are birds , such as crested serpent eagles (
“unlike other tree squirrels , the cream - coloured giant squirrel does not sit upright with its tail arched over its back while feeding ; instead , it balances itself with its hind feet on a branch so that its hands are free to control its food . in this position the axis of the squirrel’s body is held at right angles to the support , with its head and forequarters on one side of the branch , and the tail as a counterweight on the other side ( source : wikipedia ) . i don’t have a photo of the cream coloured giant squirrel exhibiting this behavior . however , i do have a photo of a plantain squirrel feeding this way , see picture 7 ( above ) .
, or rodents . they are characterised by enlarged incisors which are used for gnawing and long bushy tails . flying squirrels have membranes attached to their limbs that are used for gliding through the air . tree and ground squirrels do not have this extra piece of skin . singapore is home to many species of squirrels , with the plantain squirrel being the most common . but several are in danger of becoming extinct in singapore , namely , the cream - coloured giant squirrel , shrew - faced ground squirrel , red giant flying squirrel and red - cheeked flying squirrel . these four are listed as
critically endangered
in
cream - coloured giant squirrels find the majority of their food in tree tops , where they spend most of their time . these animals primarily consume plant parts such as leaves , fruit , bark and seeds ; however , they also consume insects .
( francis , 2008 ; hayssen , 2008 ; ng , et al . , 2011 ;
giant squirrel ( ratufa affinis )
, 2013 )
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - pale giant squirrel ( ratufa affinis )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - pale giant squirrel ( ratufa affinis )
title =
arkive species - pale giant squirrel ( ratufa affinis )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
at this time , little information is known regarding the parental investment of cream - coloured giant squirrels . both sexes participate in the construction of a large , round twig nest in the canopy , where young are born and raised . these nests are very large , similar in size to eagle aeries . in captivity , female black giant squirrels (
cream - coloured giant squirrels are arboreal . they spend their lives in the treetops of tropical forests and only go to ground level to reach trees that are not accessible from the canopy , or to escape predators . these animals are often observed residing within the middle of the tree canopy in lowland and hill forests with tall trees , they are not often found in agricultural areas . southeast asia , the habitat region of cream - coloured giant squirrels , is covered in tropical rainforests with a variety of plant life including shrubs , flowering plants , a wide variety of
[ 8 ] encyclopedia of life , plantain squirrel - callosciurus notatus . url :
seeds play a larger role in their diet during periods of mast fruiting , when large amounts of seeds are produced and deposited . while eating , cream - coloured giant squirrels allow their tail to hang down , using it as a counterbalance , this leaves their hands free for manipulating food .
( curran and leighton , 2000 ; nakagawa , et al . , 2005 ;
giant squirrel ( ratufa affinis )
, 2013 ; saiful and nordin , 2004 )
cream - coloured giant squirrels are a food source for larger predators , such as birds of prey . their role in the seed dispersal of mast - fruiting trees like dipterocarps has been studied , however , fruit is not their preferred food source and is only consumed when other food is lacking .
the cream - coloured giant squirrel is one of the largest squirrels in the world . it can grow up to 38cm long and its tail can be up to 44cm in length . it weighs around 1kg . it was first described from singapore in 1821 by sir stamford raffles , who reported that it was abundant in the woods . in fact , this squirrel was so common that it was captured for food or for sale as pets up to the late 1960s .
[ 9 ] iucn red list , callosciurus notatus ( plantain squirrel ) . url :
royal society searrp . 2013 .
giant squirrel ( ratufa affinis )
( on - line ) . stability of altered forest ecosystems . accessed february 18 , 2013 at urltoken .
aparajita , d . , s . goyal . 1996 . comparison of forest structure and use by the indian giant squirrel ( ratufa indica ) in two riverine forests of central india .
) have a staggering 84 - day gestation period . the lactation period for black giant squirrels has been reported at 35 days versus the 63 - day period reported for grizzled giant squirrels . cream - coloured giant squirrels have been noted to have litters that include 3 offspring . captive black giant squirrels weigh between 75 and 77 grams at birth and first emerge from their nest 33 days after birth . in general , this genus has short gestation and lactation rates , relative to their size . members of this genus typically only produce 2 litters per year , although they may be reproductively active throughout the year .
large tree squirrel with orange - brown to pale buff upperparts , buffy to white underparts .
furthermore , one can see their brightly coloured orange belly , in contrast with the duller colours of their back .
in general , squirrels mark their territory by scratching and removing bark from tree branches and marking these areas with urine . both male and female cream - coloured giant squirrels have been noted scent marking by dragging their anogenital region across territory areas . during territorial scent marking , the animals release a very small amount of urine , as opposed to the scent marking performed by females in estrus , which involves a larger release of urine . cream - coloured giant squirrels produce a variety of vocalizations including a staccato mating call , harsh chatter , which can be heard for several meters and is likely used territorially and a much softer “hgip…hgip” call , whose function is unknown .
plantain squirrel distribution . yellow : native , purple : introduced . adapted from iucn red list [ 9 ] .
currently , cream - coloured giant squirrels are classified as ‘near threatened’ by the iucn , with a decreasing trend in the global population . the largest factor behind these population declines appears to be loss of habitat throughout their range due to human related activities . studies of protected forest sites in borneo show that areas under protection show a higher rate of forest loss than those outside of the boundary . removal of large trees is especially detrimental , as they are used by this species for nesting and feeding .
this article is part of project sciuridae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each squirrel , including made - up species .
cream - coloured giant squirrels are solitary . social interaction usually only occurs during mating season , during which time , they are seen only in pairs . they are arboreal and spend the vast majority of their time in the forest canopy , using the dense foliage as protection from predators . when threatened they bristle their fur and make loud calls . these animals are diurnal ; they are active after dawn and return to their nests before dusk . their nests usually have a globular shape and are found in the crown of tall trees .
justification : pale giant squirrel is listed as near threatened because this species is probably in significant decline ( but probably at a rate of less than 30 % over ten years ) , because of widespread habitat loss and hunting through much of its range , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable under criterion a2c .
through the protection of the nature reserves , it is hoped that the habitats of the remaining squirrels and other wildlife in singapore can be preserved , thereby ensuring their survival . in addition , the trading of wildlife is strictly regulated . in particular , there is a heavy penalty for the smuggling of animals listed in the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) , of which singapore is a signatory . the cream - coloured giant squirrel is listed as a protected species in cites , which means that anyone caught smuggling it is liable to be prosecuted in court and fined a maximum of s $ 50 , 000 for each animal and / or jailed for up to two years .
oriental giant squirrels are cat - sized tree squirrels from the genus ratufa in the subfamily ratufinae . they are a distinctive element of the fauna of south and southeast asia .
the head to body length of this squirrel can reach 38cm and the tail can reach 44cm . this squirrel can weigh up to 1 . 5kg . it is mainly arboreal and feeds on forest seeds , leaves and barks . its range extends from southern thailand , malay peninsular to borneo ( source : ecologyasia . com ) .
“in picture 6 ( above ) , it shows the typical sitting or resting position of this squirrel , with its tail hanging down ( source : animal diversity web ) .
type specimens are crucial for species description and subsequent identification . this is especially true for a species such as the plantain squirrel , which was described more than two centuries ago !
) . their defense behaviors include bristling their fur and darting for cover , while calling loudly . indigenous people often use the squirrel as a food source , hunting with shotguns and blowpipes .
“in picture 5 ( above ) , it shows how flexible the body can be , with the squirrel either sniffing or scratching its back , but i am not sure what this behavior is .
“history has it that sir stamford raffles was the first person to discover and document the original pale form in 1822 in singapore ( source : ecologyasia . com ) . i am sure he had the same reaction as me when he saw it for the first time . picture 2 ( above ) shows the original painting of this squirrel during that era and it belongs to natural history drawings , the complete william farquhar collection . unfortunately , this once common squirrel has gone extinct in singapore .
was first described from singapore in 1821 . the singapore population tends to be darker coloured than those in johor , malaysia . it was reported by stamford raffles as being ' abundant in the woods ' . this species is probably already extinct in singapore for it has not been seen there since 1995 .
the red giant flying squirrel can measure up to 46cm in length and its tail can grow up to 50cm long . it lives in the forest , nesting in holes in tall trees and surviving on a diet of fruits , leaves and shoots . it is a nocturnal animal and usually moves about in pairs . it is also an arboreal species and travels from tree to tree by gliding through the air . the body is mostly reddish - brown except for some black on the nose , ears , feet and tail .
[ 12 ] oshida , t . , yasuda , m . , endo , h . , hussein , n . a . and masuda , r . ( 2001 ) . molecular phylogeny of five squirrel species of the genus callosciurus ( mammalia , rodentia ) inferred from cytochrome b gene sequences ,
the red - cheeked flying squirrel is very small , with a body length of up to 18 . 4cm excluding the tail , which can grow up to 16 . 6cm . like other flying squirrels , it is a nocturnal animal . it lives in the forest and nests in small holes on the trunk of tall trees . it has a round head and a blunt snout , and its tail is long and feather - like . the upper parts of its body are dark grey - brown with rust - coloured markings , while its underparts are white with orange tinges . the base of its tail is distinctly orange and its cheeks are orange - brown on grey .
the shrew - faced ground squirrel , as its name suggests , lives on the forest floor , where it feeds on earthworms and insects such as ants , termites and beetles . typical of ground squirrels , this secretive and solitary animal is active during the day . it has a long and pointed snout like the tree shrew ( another type of mammal ) and much smaller incisor teeth than other species of squirrels . the upper parts of its body are dark brown but its underparts are white or buff . it is a medium - sized squirrel with a body length of up to 23cm and a tail length of up to 17cm .
“picture 3 ( above ) shows the subspecies which has predominantly dark upper parts and pale underparts , with orange patches on its cheeks and front legs . this photo which clearly shows the sheer size and whole length of this squirrel , was taken by mr loo hin chong at penang botanical gardens a few years ago .
“in picture 4 ( above ) , the squirrel is posing with its body twisted backwards . we can clearly see the top side of the bushy tail which is much darker than other parts of the body , except the muzzle . the side profile of the head shows its flat forehead that tapers sharply near the nose .
) . newly introduced captive mates often begin building twig nests shortly after being housed together . wild born captive pairs displayed distinct mating behaviors such as scent marking , chasing and grooming . males inspect the female’s genitals before engaging in pre - copulatory chases after which , the males attempt to mount , if permitted , mating lasts about 1 to 3 seconds . the specific mating systems of this species are not known , however , most squirrel species engage in a polygynous mating system , although some species engage in a polygynandrous system as well .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
duckworth , j . w . & giman , b , han , k .
this species is widespread throughout its range in southern thailand , peninsular malaysia , singapore , sumatra and borneo . it occurs up to 1 , 500 m
this is a closed canopy species that is never seen on ground , and is dependent on tall , wet evergreen forests ( giman pers . comm . ) . this species can tolerate plantations and secondary forest ( giman pers . comm ) . this is an arboreal species ( saiful and nordin 2004 ) . it has been suggested that one of the reasons for low densities of this species in malaysian tropical rain forest is competition from the great variety of other arboreal vertebrates ( such as birds , and especially primates ) for food , especially fruits and leaves , which are among the food items preferred by squirrels ( saiful and nordin 2004 ) . in sabah it was recorded in pristine forest ( sreekar et al . 2010 ) and in lowland dipterocarp forest in west peninsular malaysia ( ruppert et al . 2014 ) . surveys in west kalimantan found the species in peat swamp forest , freshwater swamp forest and alluvial bench forest ( marshall et al . 2014 ) .
this species is threatened by logging and hunting in forest fragments , it is probably sensitive to even selective logging ( giman pers . comm ) . in one review it was found that two out of three monitored populations of this species decreased in density after logging ( meijaard and sheil 2008 ) . deforestation rates in insular southeast asia between 2000 - 2010 showed that the largest losses were in peat swamp forests followed by lowland evergreen forests ( miettinen et al . 2011 ) . annual habitat loss rates on the malay peninsula , and in sumatra and borneo varied between 0 . 9 % to 2 . 7 % between 2000 and 2010 ( miettinen et al . 2011 ) . loss of dense , closed canopy forest between 0 and 1 , 500 m asl on borneo totalled 63 % between 1973 and 2010 , indicating loss annual rates of 1 . 7 % ( gaveau et al . 2014 ) . hunting for this sizeable species would likely increase rates of decline in most places which hunters can access ( e . meijaard pers . comm ) .
this species occurs in many protected areas ( han and giman pers comm . ) . it is protected in sarawak and malaysia ( giman and han pers . comm . ) , as well as probably in thailand ( giman pers . comm . ) . it also protected by cites appendix ii ( han and giman pers . comm . ) . saiful and nordin ( 2004 ) state the need for further comparative study on this species ' abundance , density and distribution and its relationship to forest structure or habitat quality , spatially and temporally , in hill dipterocarp forest of malaysia .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
your web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .
your list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .
note : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .
the e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .
the e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .
i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .
this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
add tags for
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference
.
you may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
worldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more ››
don ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .
classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
nhpa / photoshot holdings ltd 29 - 31 saffron hill london ec1n 8sw united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6003 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 20 7421 6006 sales @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
) are present throughout southeast asia , specifically peninsular malaysia , indonesia and thailand , as well as the islands of borneo , singapore and sumatra . however , there is growing evidence that their range is shrinking due to logging and habitat destruction , especially in borneo . forest acreage is decreasing at a substantial rate , even in areas that are considered protected . populations are also decreasing in density .
( duckworth , et al . , 2008 ; meijaard and sheil , 2008 )
and other fruiting plants , like strangler figs . these regions have typical wet and dry seasons .
( hayssen , 2008 ; tacutu , et al . , 2013 ; willis , 1980 )
breeding season these animals may reproduce year - round , although they typically only produce 2 litters per year .
) wash , defend , move their young and repair and improve their nest . due to their short gestation and lactation lengths , as well as their potentially year - round breeding , these animals have been described as using minimal but constant effort for breeding .
( becker , et al . , 1985 ; francis , 2008 ; mcconkey and chivers , 2004 )
jessica branson ( author ) , northern michigan university , leila siciliano martina ( author ) , animal diversity web staff , john bruggink ( editor ) , northern michigan university .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
found in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
offspring are all produced in a single group ( litter , clutch , etc . ) , after which the parent usually dies . semelparous organisms often only live through a single season / year ( or other periodic change in conditions ) but may live for many seasons . in both cases reproduction occurs as a single investment of energy in offspring , with no future chance for investment in reproduction .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
becker , p . , m . leighton , j . payne . 1985 . why tropical squirrels carry seeds out of source crowns .
curran , l . , m . leighton . 2000 . vertebrate responses to spatiotemporal variation in seed production of mast - fruiting dipterocarpaceae .
duckworth , j . , e . meijaard , b . giman , k . han . 2008 .
ratufa affinis
( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species . accessed april 01 , 2013 at urltoken .
hayssen , v . 2008 . reproductive effort in squirrels : ecological , phylogenetic , allometric , and latitudinal patterns .
mcconkey , k . , d . chivers . 2004 . low mammal and hornbill abundance in the forests of barito ulu , central kalimantan , indonesia .
meijaard , e . , d . sheil . 2008 . the persistence and conservation of borneo ' s mammals in lowland rain forests managed for timber : observations , overviews and opportunities .
nakagawa , m . , y . takeuchi , t . kenta , t . nakashizuka . 2005 . predispersal seed predation by insects vs . vertebrates in six dipterocarp species in sarawak , malaysia .
saiful , a . , m . nordin . 2004 . diversity and density of diurnal squirrels in a primary hill dipterocarp forest , malaysia .
sherman , p . , l . wauters . 2001 . squirrels . pp . 598 - 608 in d macdonald , s norris , eds .
tacutu , r . , t . craig , a . budovsky , d . wuttke , g . lehmann , d . taranukha , j . costa , v . fraifeld , j . de magalhaes . 2013 .
an age : the animal aging and longevity database
( on - line ) . human aging genomics resources : integrated databases and tools for the biology and genetics of aging . accessed september 22 , 2013 at urltoken .
to cite this page : branson , j . and l . siciliano martina 2013 .
ratufa affinis
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this species is widespread throughout its range in southern thailand , peninsular malaysia , singapore , sumatra and borneo .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
valkojättiorava
to
ratufa affinis ( raffles , 1821 )
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
the leopard cat is a small , carnivorous mammal that looks like a domestic cat with a leopard - like coat . it is widely . . .
the sunda slow loris ( scientific name : nycticebus coucang ) is a small monkey - like primate found in singapore and other . . .
bats belong to an order of mammals known as chiroptera , a term that comes from the greek words cheiro ( “hand” ) and ptera . . .
the sunda pangolin ( scientific name : manis javanica ) is a scaly anteater that is found in singapore and various other . . .
the raffles’ banded langur ( presbytis femoralis femoralis ) is black - and - white monkey native to singapore . however , it . . .
the dugong is a large marine mammal that belongs to the same mammalian order as manatees . the species in this order , . . .
a chengal pasir tree near halton road in changi was felled by dtz debenham tie leung property management services ( dtz ) . . .
mousedeer form the tragulidae family of small , even - toed ungulates in the mammalia order artiodactyla . other artiodactyl . . .
with origins stretching back to 1921 when the singapore natural history society was formed , the nature society ( singapore ) . . .
the red - whiskered bulbul ( pycnonotus jocosus ) is recognisable by its black upright crest and red patches on its cheeks . . .
the white - bellied sea eagle ( haliaeetus leucogaster ) is reputed to be singapore’s largest common raptor or bird of prey , . . .
mangroves are a group of shrub and tree species that live along shores , rivers and estuaries in the tropics and subtropics . . . .
the rafflesia is one of the world’s largest flowers and belongs to the family rafflesiaceae . the plant family rafflesiaceae . . .
the white - rumped shama ( copsychus malabaricus ) is a slender , predominantly black bird that has become one of the most . . .
flamingo lily ( anthurium andraeanum ) is a tropical flower popular for its beauty . it belongs to the family araceae . . . .
the blue - throated bee - eater ( merops viridis ) is a bird with blue , green and brown plumage . it is one of two bee - eater . . .
the black - naped tern ( sterna sumatrana ) is a slender white bird found in rocky islets near the singapore coast . it was . . .
it is a diurnal animal , meaning it is active during the day . it lives and forages in the upper storeys of tall tropical forests and seldom comes to the ground . its diet consists mainly of fruits and other plant matter , supplemented by a small amount of insects . the upper parts of its body are dark brown , while the underparts are creamy in colour .
besides singapore , this species can be found in peninsular malaysia , sumatra ( indonesia ) , borneo and thailand . those found in singapore tend to have darker upper coats than those in johor , malaysia . in singapore , they are likely to be restricted to the bukit timah and central catchment nature reserves , though they have not been seen since 1995 . it is believed that there are less than ten individuals remaining in the wild .
this species occurs in singapore , peninsular malaysia , sumatra ( indonesia ) , borneo and thailand . it used to be common in the changi jungle in singapore in the early 1900s . however , it is now rarely seen and has been sighted only in the bukit timah nature reserve in 1985 , 1989 , 2004 and 2007 .
this species is found in various parts of asia , including singapore , peninsular malaysia , sumatra and java ( indonesia ) , borneo , thailand , myanmar , india , pakistan , nepal and china . it was considered common in singapore in the earlier part of the 20th century . however , it has not been seen here for over 20 years , prompting fears that it may already be extinct . the last two sightings were in 1982 and 1986 , in the bukit timah and central catchment nature reserves , respectively .
this species is native to singapore , peninsular malaysia , sumatra ( indonesia ) , borneo , thailand , myanmar , vietnam and laos . in singapore , it has only been found in the bukit timah nature reserve , which is where it was first discovered in october 1996 .
the biggest threat in recent years has been habitat loss . as a result of rapid urbanisation , the size of forests in singapore has shrunk significantly . although it is not certain how many of these endangered squirrels are left in the wild , it is believed that the population size has reached a dangerously low level . extremely small populations are not sustainable in the long run as there are too few left to breed or increased inbreeding leads to higher risks of disease and deformity .
convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora . ( n . d . ) .
rajan , t . ( 2007 , may 23 ) . tommy koh ' s green mission : save 2 species .
the information in this article is valid as at 2009 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources . it is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject . please contact the library for further reading materials on the topic .
“in picture 1 , we can clearly see the pale creamy colour covering the entire length of the species ratufa afinis afinis , with tinge of orange hues on the flanks , shoulders , limbs and crown . another interesting feature is the underside of the bushy tail , which clearly shows the central bony structure . we can also quickly see that the tail is much longer than its body . the eyes are relatively large but the ears are small and round .
“in conclusion , it was pure delight in observing and photographing this huge elegant creature . ”
bats roosting in my porch : 25 . the bats have more or less gone
it has been more than a year since i hung a bag of red chillies . . .
jeremiah loei’s video clip shows the female black tipped archduke ( lexias dirtea merguia ) feeding on . . .
a family of smooth otters ( lutrogale perspicillata ) was frolicking in the water at sungei serangoon . . .
have you ever wonder what happens to butterflies when it is raining heavily ? being delicate . . .
on 4th october 2014 , there was , as always , a dominant male common fruit bat ( cynopterus . . .
“an estuarine crocodile ( crocodylus porosus ) was observed at sungei buloh wetland reserve on 7th december . . .
i thought for a moment they are back in singapore . i have only see it once in frasers hill some years ago…
dear slow , thank you for that interesting insight . maybe that specimen in the former raffles biodiversity museum was gotten that way . cheers .
this diurnal animal frequents the upper storeys of mature forest . its natural diet consists mainly of fruit and other vegetable matter and insects .
in singapore , restricted to the central catchment nature reserve where it was last sighted in 1995 . this species occurs in the malay peninsula , sumatra and borneo .
the apparent low number of individuals , two at the last sighting , makes it vulnerable to poaching and diseases , as well as inbreeding .
baker , n . & lim , k . 2008 . wild animals of singapore . singapore : draco publishing and distribution pte ltd . 180pp
davison , g . w . h . , ng , p . k . l . & ho , h . c ( eds . ) . 2008 . the singapore red data book ( 2nd edition ) . singapore : nature society ( singapore ) . 285pp
supported client browser : ie6 + , firefox 1 . 05 + , chrome 12 + , opera 7 . 52 + , netscape 7 . 1 +
this article is part of project mammalia , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each mammal , including made - up species .
this article is part of project rodentia , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each rodent , including made - up species .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
in prehistoric times this lineage was more widespread . for example , animals very similar to
gee , carole t . ; sander , p . martin ; petzelberger , bianka e . m . ( 2003 ) .
a miocene rodent nut cache in coastal dunes of the lower rhine embayment , germany
. palaeontology 46 ( 6 ) : 1133–1149 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 0031 - 0239 . 2003 . 00337 . x .
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
click here to go to the home page and find out more . | click here to join .
birdforum is the net ' s largest birding community , dedicated to wild birds and birding , and is absolutely free ! you are most welcome to register for an account , which allows you to take part in lively discussions in the forum , post your pictures in the gallery and more .
< - - - - - - - - for optimal viewing of this webpage , please expand your browser window until this line remains unbroken . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - >
they have tails as long as their bodies as well as distinctive black and white stripes on their sides .
plantain squirrels adapting well in singapore ( clementi woods park ) . tail flicks can be seen from 2 : 20s onwards .
catch a video of african ground squirrels mobbing a cape cobra on youtube ! ( 0 : 41s onwards ) .
preys to top predators ( snakes , raptors , etc . ) in the ecosystem and potentially sustain their population , which are often most severely impacted by habitat loss
phylogenetic studies of plantain squirrels remain unexplored , although other species in the genus have been studied .
. the study was conducted using nuclear dna ( c - myc and rag1 , ~ 4500 bp ) and lineage tree was constructed using parsimony , likelihood and bayesian analyses .
phylogeny of group callosciurini , involving c . erythraeus & c . prevostii [ 11 ] .
. tree construction was conducted using parsimony , neighbour - joining and likelihood analyses . this study provided greater support for the hypothesis that callosciurus species are separated into mainland and sundaland units .
[ 1 ] tan , h . t . w . , chou , l . m . , yeo , d . c . j . and ng , p . k . l . ( 2010 ) .
[ 2 ] tamura , n . and yong , h . s . ( 1993 ) . vocalizations in response to predators in three species of malaysian callosciurus ( sciuridae ) ,
[ 3 ] thorington , r . w . , koprowski , j . l . , steele , m . a . and whatton , j . f . ( 2012 ) .
[ 10 ] hoffmann , r . s . , anderson , c . g . , thorington , r . w . j . , heaney , l . r . ( 1993 ) . family sciuridae . in : wilson , d . e . , reeder , d . m . ( eds . ) , mammal species of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington , dc , pp . 419–465 .
[ 11 ] steppan , s . j . , storz , b . l . and hoffmann , r . s . ( 2004 ) . nuclear dna phylogeny of the squirrels ( mammalia : rodentia ) and the evolution of arboreality from c - myc and rag1 ,
contributions to urltoken are licensed under a creative commons attribution share - alike 3 . 0 license . portions not contributed by visitors are copyright 2018 tangient llc tes : the largest network of teachers in the world


echiostoma barbatum , the threadfin dragonfish , is a species of barbeled dragonfish and is the only known species in its genus .

it is widespread through tropical to temperate waters in all oceans in mid to deep waters up to 2,000 metres ( 6,600 ft ) .

this species grows to a length of 36.8 centimetres ( 14.5 in ) sl .

like many fish that live in the mesopelagic zone the threadfin dragonfish uses bioluminescenct organs to attract prey .

echiostoma barbatum

echiostoma barbatum lowe 1843 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1843 ( 11 ) : 88 . type locality : off madeira .
harold , a . 2015 . echiostoma barbatum . the iucn red list of threatened species 2015 : e . t18256560a21909324 . urltoken downloaded on 12 june 2017 .
echiostoma barbatum is a circumglobal species occurring 30–4 , 200 m depth ( gibbs 1984 , mundy 2005 ) . in the northeastern atlantic ocean , e . barbatum ranges from portugal to about 45°n ( gibbs 1984 , gibbs and barnett 1990 ) .
a freshly collected male threadfin dragonfish , echiostoma barbatum , from off southern queensland , june 2017 . source : rob zugaro / museums victoria . license : all rights reserved
somiya , h . 1979 . ' yellow lens ' eyes and luminous organs of echiostoma barbatum ( stomiatoidei , melanostomiatidae ) . japanese journal of ichthyology 25 ( 4 ) : 269 - 272 .
kreuger , w . h . & gibbs , r . h . 1966 . growth changes and sexual dimorphism in the stomiatoid fish echiostoma barbatum . copeia 1966 ( 1 ) : 43 - 49 .
krueger , w . h . ; gibbs , r . h . jr . 1966 . growth changes and sexual dimorphism in the stomiatoid fish echiostoma barbatum . copeia ( 1 ) : pp . 43 - 49 .
researchers have since concluded that these , along with another species called hyperchoristus tanneri , are all synonyms of echiostoma barbatum - they are all based on specimens that are now regarded as echiostoma barbatum . some of this confusion has arisen because of the variable structure of e . barbatum’s barbel . hyperchoristus tanneri was described by theodore nicholas gill in 1883 based on a specimen caught by , and named after , a captain tanner . he writes , “a black fish with formidable teeth , which was so lively when brought to the surface that it twisted itself round in its attempt to bite the commander of the vessel , captain tanner” .
within the order stomiiformes , echiostoma barbatum was initially placed within the family melanostomiidae - the ‘scaleless dragonfishes’ . after a revision of the order ( fink , 1985 ) this was downgraded to the subfamily melanostominae within the family stomiidae . e . barbatum is easily distinguished from its closest relatives within the melanostominae by its pectoral fins which each have 1 very long fin ray distinctly separated from 3 smaller rays , hence its common name , the threadfin dragonfish . other species and subspecies within the genus echiostoma are :
justification : echiostoma barbatum is circumglobally distributed in temperate to tropical waters . there is no use and trade information available for this species . there are no species - specific threats to this species . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .
( of echiostomias barbatum lowe , 1843 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
scientific synonyms and common names echiostoma barbatum lowe , 1843 synonyms : echiostoma barbatum lowe , 1843 , proc . zool . soc . london , 11 : 88 ( madeira ) . holotype : bmnh no . 1917 . 7 . 14 . 82 . echiostoma barbatum : goode & bean , 1879d : 23 günther , 1887 : 206 - 207 , pl . 53b , app . b , pl . 72 ( fig . 43 ) goode & bean , 1895 : 109 , pl . 35 ( fig . 130 ) pappenheim , 1914 : 172 bigelow & welsh , 1925 : 225 parr , 1927b : 53 - 54 , fig . 31 - 33 regan & trewavas , 1930 : 116 - 117 , fig . 112a , pl . 11 ( fig . 2 ) gregory & conrad , 1936 : 26 - 27 beebe & crane , 1939 : 130 - 131 maul , 1948a : 19 - 21 , fig . 6 morrow , 1964 : 480 - 486 , fig . 135 . hyperchoristus tanneri gill , 1884a , proc . u . s . natn . mus . , 6 : 256 ( 40° 26 ' 40
n . , 66° 58 ' 00
w . , 956 fms ) . holotype : usnm no . 33444 . echiostoma ctenobarba parr , 1927b , bull . bingham océanogr . coll . , 3 ( 2 ) : 55 , fig . 5 , 32 - 33 ( 23° 55 ' n . , 77° 09 ' w . , 4000 7000 ft . wire ) . holotype : boc no . 2091 . echiostoma guentheri regan & trewavas , 1930 , danish dana exped . 1920 - 1922 , ( 6 ) : 117 , fig . 112b ( madeira ) . holotype : bmnh . echiostoma tanneri : norman , 1930 : 314 grey , 1955b : 281 - 282 . echiostoma ctenobarba : harvey , 1931 : 67 - 69 . echiostoma calliobarba parr , 1934a , bull . bingham océanogr . coll . , 4 ( 6 ) : 14 , 15 - 16 , fig . 4c ( 37° 47 ' n . , 31° 41 ' w . , 610 930 m ) . holotype : boc no . 3201 . echiostoma ctenobarba ramifer parr , 1934a , bull . bingham océanogr . coll . , 4 ( 6 ) : 14 , 17 - 18 , fig . 4b ( 25° 39 ' n . , 77°18 ' w . , 1050 - 1100 m ) . holotype : boc no . 3202 . common names : none
( of echiostoma calliobarba parr , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of echiostoma ctenobarba parr , 1927 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of echiostoma ctenobarba ctenobarba parr , 1927 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of echiostoma ctenobarba ramifer parr , 1934 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of echiostoma guentheri regan & trewavas , 1930 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of echiostoma tanneri ( gill , 1883 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
echiostoma barbatum is found circumglobally . in the eastern atlantic , it is found from portugal to south africa , except the gulf of guinea . in the western atlantic , it is found from the usa south to argentina ( gibbs and barnett 1990 ) , including the gulf of mexico ( sutton and hopkins 1996 ) and the caribbean sea ( gibbs and barnett 1990 ) . in the north atlantic , it is found off of canada ( scott and scott 1988 ) . it is also found in the indian and pacific oceans ( gibbs and barnett 1190 ) , including the tasman sea off of eastern australia ( brandt 1981 ) , corner rising seamount off of newfoundland ( vinnichenko 1997 ) , guam and the northern mariana islands ( suntsov and domokos 2013 ) and off of northern japan ( balanov et al . 2009 ) . this species is generally found at a depth range of 30 to 4 , 200 m ( mundy 2005 ) .
a large black dragonfish with a long robust body , a short blunt rounded snout , and jaws of equal length armed with fang - like teeth . the short - based dorsal and anal fins are opposite and far back on the body , the pectoral fins are reduced to a single long ray seperated from three short rays inserted just behind the head , and the pelvic fins are low on the body .
a short bioluminescent barbel or tentacle is present beneath the lower jaw and a large triangular luminous organ is positioned behind the eye . a row of photophores ( light organs ) runs along the lower surface between the bases of pectoral and pelvic fins . in life , the photophores emit blue and pinkish light .
off southern queensland , around the southern half of australia to off dampier , western australia . elsewhere the species is widespread in all oceans at tropical to temperate latitudes - at mesopelagic and bathypelagic depths .
dorsal fin 11–16 ; anal fin 13–19 ; caudal fin 18 ; pectoral fin 1 + 3 ; pelvic fin 8 . photophores : ip 7–8 + 2 , pv 25–28 , vav 15–19 ; ov 24–27 , val 14–19 , ac 9–13 .
body depth 10–17 % sl ; head length 14–17 % sl ; eye diameter 14–21 % hl ; 1st pectoral - fin ray sometimes reaching to origin of ventral fins .
snout slightly longer than eye diameter ; jaws nearly as long as head , straight , lower jaw slightly shorter than upper ; large , barbed , fang - like teeth in jaws , some rigid among smaller teeth ; small teeth on vomer , palatines and basibranchials .
chin barbel generally shorter than head , terminating in bulbs and various filaments , varying with age and between sexes ; vertical rows of smaller photophores as well as serial photophores and 2 longitudinal bands of luminous tissue , one along back and one below lateral series ; postorbital light organ behind eye above dorsal margin of upper jaw , an elongated triangle , size varying with age and between sexes .
dorsal and anal fins about equal in size ; dorsal adipose fin absent ; pectoral fins close behind head , 1st ray unattached to others , elongate ; pelvic fins based near ventral profile of body , narrow , short , nearer tail than snout .
blue - black to dark brown in life ; fins slightly paler ; 1st pectoral - fin ray black ; stem of barbel black , terminal bulbs and filaments blue ; photophores emitting blue and pinkish light in life .
this voracious predator feeds on smaller fishes such as myctophids and cyclothone , plus crustaceans such as gnathophausia species . the species has been found in the stomachs of larger fishes , such as swordfish .
females mature at a larger size than males , and may grow to a larger size overall . the maximum standard length is 37 . 0 cm ( sl ; gibbs and barnett 1990 ) . the bioluminescent post - orbital organ is longer in large males than in large females . this suggests that the emitted may be used in courtship .
of no interest to fisheries , although occasionally taken as by - catch in commercial trawls .
the threadfin dragonfish , like many other fishes that live in the oceanic twilight zone , uses its bioluminescence to attract prey and camouflage itself from both predators and prey . the large post - orbital light is sexually dimorphic , and may be involved in species recognition and courtship
gibbs rh , jr . 1984 . melanostomiidae . in : whitehead pjp , bauchot m - l , hureau j - c , nielsen j , tortonese e , editors . fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . paris : unesco . p 341–365 .
gibbs , r . h . jr . 1986 melanostomiidae . p . 236 - 243 . in smith , m . m . & p . c . heemstra ( eds . ) smiths ' sea fishes . mcmillan , south africa .
harold , a . s . 1999 . families gonostomatidae , sternoptychidae , phosichthyidae , astronesthidae , stomiidae , chauliodontidae , melanostomiidae , idiacanthidae , malacosteidae . pp . 1896 - 1917 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes . rome : fao vol . 3 pp . 1397 - 2068 .
hopkins , t . l . , sutton , t . t . & lancraft , t . m . 1996 . the trophic structure and predation impact of a low latitude midwater fish assemblage . progress in oceanography 38 : 205 - 239 .
kenaley , c . p . , harold , a . s . & gomon , m . f . 2008 . family stomiidae . pp . 240 - 254 in gomon . m . f . , bray , d . j . & kuiter , r . h ( eds ) . fishes of australia ' s southern coast . sydney : reed new holland 928 pp .
lowe , r . t . 1843 . notices of fishes newly observed or discovered in madeira during the years 1840 , 1841 and 1842 . proceedings of the zoological society of london 11 : 81 - 95 .
parr , a . e . 1927 . the stomiatoid fishes of the suborder gymnophotodermi ( astronesthidae , melanostomiatidae , idiacanthidae ) with a complete review of the species . ( scientific results of the third oceanographic expedition of the
pawnee
1927 ) . bulletin of the bingham oceanographic collection yale university 3 ( 2 ) : 1–123 .
parr , a . e . 1934 . report on experimental use of a triangular trawl for bathypelagic collecting with an account of the fishes obtained and a revision of the family cetomimidae . bulletin of the bingham oceanographic collection yale university 4 ( 6 ) : 1–59 .
regan , c . t . & e . trewavas . 1930 . the fishes of the families stomiatidae and malacosteidae . danish dana expedition 1920 - 22 in the north atlantic and the gulf of panama 6 : 1–143 , pls . 1–14 .
robertson , e . m . & gomon , m . f . 1994 . families stomiidae , chauliodontidae , astronesthidae , melanostomiidae , malacosteidae , idiacanthidae . pp . 251 - 263 figs 225 - 235 in gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & kuiter , r . h ( eds ) . the fishes of australia ' s south coas t . adelaide : state printer 992 pp . 810 figs
sutton , t . t . & hopkins , t . l . 1996 . trophic ecology of the stomiid ( pisces : stomiidae ) fish assemblage of the eastern gulf of mexico : strategies , selectivity and impact of a top mesopelagic predator group . marine biology 127 ( 2 ) : 179 - 192 .
greek , echieys , eos = a little viper + greek , stoma = mouth ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 30 - 4200 m ( ref . 58302 ) . deep - water ; 48°n - 40°s
eastern atlantic : portugal to south africa except the gulf of guinea . western atlantic : usa south to argentina , including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . northwest atlantic : canada ( ref . 5951 ) . also indian and pacific oceans .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 36 . 8 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4468 )
gibbs , r . h . and m . a . barnett , 1990 . melanostomiidae . p . 308 - 337 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4468 )
) : 2 . 7 - 8 . 5 , mean 4 . 3 ( based on 2795 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 72 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 45 of 100 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
females of this species mature at a larger size than do the males , and appear to reach a larger size overall , demonstrating significant sexual dimorphism . gut content analysis indicates a diet of myctophids , cyclothone acclinidens and gnathophausia ingens ( sutton and hopkins 1996 ) . the maximum standard length is 37 . 0 cm ( sl ; gibbs and barnett 1990 ) .
members of the family stomiidae have been caught as bycatch in the shrimp trawling fishery in india ( pillai et al . 2009 ) . this is not a major threat .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
is a bathypelagic species that is found circumglobally . in the northeastern atlantic , this species occurs from portugal to about 45°n . there are no records from trawl surveys in the region ( bottom or pelagic trawls ) but there are no major threats to
portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) )
there are no records from trawl surveys in the region ( bottom and pelagic ) ( s . kobyliansky and j . gil herrera pers comm . 2013 ) .
group of filaments in small specimens to a slender , tapering end , lacking bulbs and with filaments often along its sides , as well as at the tip .
from about 36° n to 40° s , including gulf of mexico and caribbean ; also , indian and pacific oceans .
. beebe & crane , 1939 : 139 | morrow , 1964 : 484 - 485 .
gill , t . n . 1884a . diagnosis of new genera and species of deep - sea fish - like vertebrates . proc . u . s . natn . mus . , 6 , 1883 [ 1884 ] : 253 - 260 .
goode , g . b . ; bean , t . h . 1879d . a catalogue of the fishes of essex county , massachusetts , including the fauna of massachusetts bay and the contiguous deep waters . bull . essex insr . , salem , 11 : 1 - 38 .
goode , g . b . ; bean , t . h . 1896 . oceanic ichthyology , a treatise on the deep - sea and pelagic fishes of the world , based chiefly upon the collections made by steamers blake , albatross and fish hawk in the northwestern atlantic . smithson . contrib . knowl . , 30 and spec . bull u . s . natn . mus . , 1895 [ 1896 ] and mem . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 1 ( text ) : pp . xxxv + 1 - 553 ; 2 ( atlas ) : pp . xxiii + 1 - 26 , 123 pl . , 417 fig .
gregory , w . k . ; conrad , g . m . 1936 . pictorial phylogenies of deep - sea isospondyli and iniomi . copeia , 1936 : 21 - 36 .
grey , m . 1955b . notes on a collection of bermuda deep - sea fishes . fieldiana , zool . , 37 : pp . 265 - 302 , fig . 45 - 56 .
günther , a . 1887 . report on the deep - sea fishes collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . challenger reports , zool . , 22 : ixv + 268 pp . , 7 fig . , 66 pl .
harvey , e . n . 1931 . stimulation by adrenalin of the luminescence of a deep - sea fish . zoologica , n . y . , 12 ( 6 ) : 67 - 69 .
lowe , r . t . 1843 . notices of fishes newly observed or discovered in madeira during the years 1840 , 1841 and 1842 . proc . zool . soc . lond . , 11 : pp . 81 - 95 .
maul , g . e . 1948a . monografia dos peixes do museu municipal do funchal . ordem isospondyli . bolm . mus . munic . funchal , 3 ( 5 ) : 5 - 41 , 16 fig .
morrow , j . e . 1964b . family stomiatidae in fishes of the western north atlantic . mem . sears found . mar . res . , new haven , 1 ( 4 ) : pp . 290 - 310 .
norman , j . r . 1930 . oceanic fishes and flatfishes collected in 1925 - 1927 . ' discovery ' rep . , 2 : pp . 261 - 370 , 47 fig . , 2 pl .
pappenheim , p . 1914 . die fische der deutschen südpolar expedition 1901 - 1903 . ii . die tiefsee - fische . d . südpolar exp . 1901 - 03 , 15 ( 7 ) : pp . 163 - 200 , 10 fig . , pl . ix - x .
parr , a . e . 1934a . report on experimental use of a triangular trawl for bathypelagic collecting with an account of the fishes obtained and a revision of the family cetomimidae . bull . bingham oceanogr . coll . , 4 ( 6 ) : 59 pp . , 21 fig .
regan , c . t . ; trewavas , e . 1930 . the fishes of the families stomiatidae and malacosteidae . danish dana exped . 1920 - 1922 , ( 6 ) : 1 - 143 , 138 fig . , 14 pl .
parr , a . e . 1927b . the stomiatoid fishes of the suborder gymnophotodermi ( astronesthidae , melanostomiatidae , idiacanthidae ) with a complete review of the species . bull . bingham oceanogr . coll . , 3 ( 2 ) : 1 - 123 , 62 fig .
the first specimen of the threadfin dragonfish to be described was caught close to the shore in a net according to naturalist and reverend richard thomas lowe ( lowe 1843 ) . in his description , lowe mentions the rows of dots along the sides of the fish . these are the photophores used for producing light , but as the fish was dead when lowe examined it , he had no means of deducing their function . he states that the specimen was “uniform dark chocolate - brown” . as can be seen in the photograph of the holotype - this colour has now been completely lost . lowe also speculates that the fish might be related to moray eels which , although wrong , is understandable given its appearance .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
claro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds .
harold , a . s . / carpenter , kent e . , and volker h . niem , eds .
fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol . 3 : batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes , part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae )
moore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
scott , w . b . ; scott , m . g . ( 1988 ) . atlantic fishes of canada . canadian bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences . no . 219 . 731 pp . [ details ]
welshman , d . , s . kohler , j . black and l . van guelpen . 2003 . an atlas of distributions of canadian atlantic fishes . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of hyperchoristus tanneri gill , 1883 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f511ecaf - 3d2a - 479a - a4b1 - 03e77e125a1b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 359803
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
a threadfin dragonfish ' coughed up ' by a blue - eye trevalla ( hyperoglyphe antarctica ) caught by a crew member on the commercial fishing vessel claudarah at a depth around 350 m , taupo seamount , new south wales , 01 june 2012 . the fish was collected by research associate ken graham and brought to the australian museum . it is now registered in the ichthyology collection ( ams i . 46045 - 001 ) .


acochlidium fijiiensis is a species of freshwater gastropod , an aquatic gastropod mollusk within the family acochlidiidae .

acochlidium fijiiensis has no shell .

it lives in two rivers on fiji .

acochlidium fijiiensis

let ' s do some zoology ! - acochlidium fijiiensis …is a species of freshwater . . .
haynes , a . & kenchington , w . ( 1991 ) acochlidium fijiiensis sp . nov . ( gastropoda : opisthobranchia : acochlidiacea ) from fiji . the veliger , 34 ( 2 ) : 166 - 171 .
animalia - mollusca - gastropoda - heterobranchia - euthyneura - panpulmonata - acochlidiacea - hedylopsacea - acochilidae - acochilidum - a . fijiiensis
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
known only from two rivers in fiji , nasekawa river on the island of vanua levu ; and lami river on viti levu . despite searches in other rivers no further populations have been discovered .
locality : lami river , suva , fiji . length : 15 mm approx . photographer : paddy ryan .
from their studies between 1983 and 1988 , haynes and kenchington ( 1991 ) found this species lives under stones and rocks in shallow parts of streams ( 6 - 14 cm deep ) influenced by the tide , but upstream of any sea water . they become reproductively mature in july when their visceral hump expands to accommodate the enlarging eggs .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
hi , i ' m andrew and i’m just a simple zoology student and crustacean researcher from ohio . this blog centers around animal ids so feel free to send me any unknown species ( and its location ) that you have and i will take my best shot at iding it ! i also occasionally post random zoology / animal factoid things . disclamer : none of the pictures are mine unless stated
imae : katharina m . jörger , isabella stöger , yasunori kano , hiroshi fukuda , thomas knebelsberger & michael schrödl