eudalaca sanctahelena is a species of moth of the family hepialidae .

it was described from saint helena , from which its species epithet is derived .

however , research suggests it is not from saint helena , but probably southern africa .

eudalaca sanctahelena

no one has contributed data records for eudalaca sanctahelena yet . learn how to contribute .
eudalaca sanctahelena ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
sanctahelena viette , 1951 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 12 ) 4 : 1281 ; tl : st . helena
eudalaca exul ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
eudalaca vaporalis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
eudalaca isorrhoa ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
eudalaca ammon ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
eudalaca aequifascia ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
eudalaca nomaqua ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
eudalaca amphiarma ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
eudalaca eriogastra ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
eudalaca homoterma ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
eudalaca leucophaea ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
eudalaca crudeni ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
eudalaca aurifuscalis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca infumata ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca rufescens ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca orthocosma ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca minuscula ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca stictigrapha ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca gutterata ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca rivula ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca vindex ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca cretata ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca ibex ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca leucocyma ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca bacotii ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca albistriata ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca semicanus ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca leniflua ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca albiplumis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca hololeuca ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca holophaea ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca troglodytis ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca zernyi ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca limbopunctata ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca crossosema ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
eudalaca ( hepialidae ) ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
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holotype ♂ , antennae missing ( see viette 1951g : 1282 ) , genitalia slide viette 2315♂ , bmnh .
viette p . 1951g . contribution to the study of hepialidae ( 25th note ) . on some new or little known species in the british museum . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 12 ) 4 : 1272—1282 .
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viette p . 1951g . contribution to the study of hepialidae ( 25th note ) . on some new or little known species in the british museum . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 12 ) 4 : 1272–1282 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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nielsen , e . s . , g . s . robinson , d . l . wagner . 2000 . ghost - moths of the world : a global inventory and bibliography of the exoporia ( mnesarchaeoidea and hepialoidea ) ( lepidoptera ) . journal of natural history 34 ( 6 ) : 823 - 878 .
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systematics a general description of the larva of e . rufescens is provided by joubert ( 1975 ) .
south africa synonymised under e . rufescens ( hampson , 1910 ) by janse ( 1942 ) but type appears not to have been examined . external appearance does not conform to illustration of rufescens by janse ( 1942 )
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= ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 837 ( list )
dalaca isorrhoa meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 142 ; tl : transvaal , barberton
aequifascia ( gaede , 1930 ) ( dalaca ) ; gross - schmett . erde 14 : 555
dalaca nomaqua walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 7 : 1560 ; tl : s . africa
dalaca amphiarma meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 350 ; tl : cape province , dunbrody
dalaca eriogastra meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 143 ; tl : natal , willowmore
dalaca homoterma meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 142 ; tl : cape colony , alicdale
leucophaea ( janse , 1919 ) ( dalaca ) ; records albany mus . grahamstown 3 ( 3 ) : 243 ; tl : cape colony
crudeni ( janse , 1942 ) ( dalaca ) ; moths s . afr . 4 ( 1 ) : 12 ; tl : s . africa
aurifuscalis ( janse , 1942 ) ( dalaca ) ; moths s . afr . 4 ( 1 ) : 10 ; tl : port elizabeth
infumata ( janse , 1942 ) ( dalaca ) ; moths s . afr . 4 ( 1 ) : 18 ; tl : zimbabwe
= ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
orthocosma ( janse , 1942 ) ( dalaca ) ; moths s . afr . 4 ( 1 ) : 24 ; tl : cape town
minuscula ( janse , 1942 ) ( dalaca ) ; moths s . afr . 4 ( 1 ) : 22 ; tl : port elizabeth
dalaca stictigrapha hampson , 1910 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1910 ( 2 ) : 507 , pl . 41 , f . 13 ; tl : congo , se . katanga ; ne . rhodesia , serenji
gutterata ( janse , 1942 ) ( dalaca ) ; moths s . afr . 4 ( 1 ) : 15 ; tl : s . africa
rivula ( janse , 1942 ) ( dalaca ) ; moths s . afr . 4 ( 1 ) : 26 ; tl : cape province
vindex ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( gorgopis ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 62 ; tl : cape colony
dalaca cretata distant , 1897 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 211 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
= ; meyrick , 1921 , ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 142 ; [ nhm card ] ; nielsen , robinson & wagner , 2000 , j . nat . hist . 34 : 838 ( list )
dalaca leucocyma hampson , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 159 ; tl : cape colony , deelfontein
gorgopis bacotii quail , 1900 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1900 ( 3 ) : 421 , pl . 5 , f . 1 ; tl : south africa
dalaca albistriata hampson , 1910 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 6 ( 32 ) : 159 ; tl : natal , howick
semicanus ( janse , 1919 ) ( dalaca ) ; records albany mus . grahamstown 3 ( 3 ) : 244 ; tl : natal
leniflua ( janse , 1942 ) ( dalaca ) ; moths s . afr . 4 ( 1 ) : 19 ; tl : salisbury
gorgopis albiplumis warren , 1914 ; ann . s afr . mus . 10 : 506 , pl . 41 , f . 27 ; tl : cape
dalaca holophaea hampson , 1910 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1910 ( 2 ) : 508 , pl . 41 , f . 20 ; tl : congo , se . katanga
troglodytis ( janse , 1919 ) ( dalaca ) ; records albany mus . grahamstown 3 ( 3 ) : 241 ; tl : s . africa
zernyi ( viette , 1950 ) ( dalaca ) ; rev . zool . bot . afr . 42 : 202 ; tl : tanganyika
limbopunctata ( gaede , 1930 ) ( dalaca ) ; gross - schmett . erde 14 : 557 ; tl : cape colony
dalaca crossosema meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 143 ; tl : natal , willowmore
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contribution à l ' étude des hepialidae ( 10ème note ) . hepialidae du congo belge et du territoire du tanganyika
contribution to the study of hepialidae ( 25th note ) . on some new or little known species in the british museum
warren , 1914 descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera in the south african museum ann . s afr . mus . 10 : 467 - 510 , pl . 40 - 41
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eupithecia corroborata is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in russia ( the south siberian mountains and the west siberian plain ) and kazakhstan .

eupithecia corroborata

vad betyder eupithecia ? här finner du 2 definitioner av eupithecia . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av eupithecia själv
eupithecia är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av curtis 1825 . eupithecia ingår i familjen mätare .
eupithecia [ 1 ] er en slægt af sommerfugle som blev beskrevet af curtis i 1825 . eupithecia indgår i familien målere .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
nedenstående er en automatisk oversættelse af artiklen eupithecia fra den svenske wikipedia , udført af gramtrans den 2015 - 10 - 10 08 : 25 : 20 . eventuelle ændringer i den svenske original vil blive fanget igennem regelmæssige genoversættelser . du har mulighed for at redigere oversættelsen til brug i den originale danske wikipedia .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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fissurella costata , common name : the costate keyhole limpet , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fissurellidae , the keyhole limpets .

fissurella costata

variety fissurella costata var . rubra ziegenhorn & thiem , 1925 accepted as fissurella costata lesson , 1831
fissurella alba philippi , 1845 : synonym of fissurella oriens g . b . sowerby i , 1834
fissurella australis philippi , 1845 : synonym of fissurella oriens g . b . sowerby i , 1834
fissurella bella reeve , 1849 : synonym of fissurella latimarginata g . b . sowerby i , 1835
fissurella concinna philippi , 1845 : synonym of fissurella maxima g . b . sowerby i , 1834
fissurella flavida philippi , 1857 : synonym of fissurella oriens g . b . sowerby i , 1834
fissurella galericulum reeve , 1850 : synonym of fissurella latimarginata g . b . sowerby i , 1835
fissurella hondurasensis reeve , 1849 : synonym of fissurella maxima g . b . sowerby i , 1834
fissurella punctatissima pilsbry , 1890 : synonym of fissurella latimarginata g . b . sowerby i , 1835
fissurella solida philippi , 1845 : synonym of fissurella maxima g . b . sowerby i , 1834
fissurella affinis gray in g . b . sowerby i , 1835 : synonym of fissurella peruviana lamarck , 1822
fissurella arenicola rochebrune & mabille , 1885 : synonym of fissurella oriens g . b . sowerby i , 1834
fissurella cheullina ramirez - boehme , 1974 : synonym of fissurella oriens g . b . sowerby i , 1834
fissurella doellojuradoi perez - farfante , 1952 : synonym of fissurella oriens g . b . sowerby i , 1834
fissurella hedeia rochebrune & mabille , 1885 : synonym of fissurella oriens g . b . sowerby i , 1834
fissurella oblonga ramirez - boehme , 1974 : synonym of fissurella oriens g . b . sowerby i , 1834
( of fissurella costata var . rubra ziegenhorn & thiem , 1925 ) mclean j . h . ( 1984 ) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . contributions in science , natural history museum of los angeles county 354 : 1 - 70 . [ 29 october 1984 ] , available online at urltoken [ details ]
fissurella biradiata g . b . sowerby i , 1835 : synonym of fissurella latimarginata g . b . sowerby i , 1835
fissurella fulvescens g . b . sowerby i , 1835 : synonym of fissurella oriens g . b . sowerby i , 1834
fissurella mexicana g . b . sowerby i , 1835 : synonym of fissurella oriens g . b . sowerby i , 1834
fissurella sculpturata turton , 1932 : synonym of diodora levicostata ( e . a . smith , 1914 )
fissurella incii reeve , 1850 : synonym of diodora lineata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 )
fissurella barbadensis ( barbados keyhole limpet ) ( san salvador island , bahamas ) 2 by james st . john
fissurella barbadensis ( barbados keyhole limpet ) ( san salvador island , bahamas ) 1 by james st . john
fissurella fascicularis ( wobbly keyhole limpet ) ( san salvador island , bahamas ) 2 by james st . john
like all other fissurellids , fissurella species are herbivores , using the radula to scrape up algae from the surface of rocks .
fissurella concatenata crosse & p . fischer , 1864 : synonym of cosmetalepas concatenata ( crosse & p . fischer , 1864 )
fissurella lima g . b sowerby ii , 1862 : synonym of diodora lima ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1862 )
synonyms : patella graeca linnaeus , 1758 ; fissurella graeca ( linnaeus , 1758 ) [ in jeffreys ] ; fissurella reticulata ( da costa , 1778 ) ; diodora apertura ( montagu , 1803 ) ; [ f . reticulata , donovan in forbes & hanley ] .
fissurella aequalis g . b . sowerby i , 1835 : synonym of lucapinella aequalis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 )
fissurella lineata g . b . sowerby i , 1835 : synonym of diodora lineata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 )
fissurella melvilli g . b . sowerby iii , 1882 : synonym of medusafissurella melvilli ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1882 )
fissurella ruppelli g . b . sowerby i , 1835 : synonym of diodora rueppellii ( g . b . sowerby i , 1835 )
fissurella variegata g . b . sowerby ii , 1862 : synonym of diodora variegata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1862 )
fissurella fascicularis lamarck , 1822 - interior view of a wobbly keyhole limpet shell , 1 . 5 cm long . anterior at the top and posterior at the bottom .
fissurella barbadensis ( gmelin , 1791 ) - interior view of a barbados keyhole limpet shell , 2 . 25 cm long . anterior at the top and posterior at the bottom .
fissurella barbadensis ( gmelin , 1791 ) - exterior view of a barbados keyhole limpet shell , 2 . 25 cm long . anterior at the top and posterior at the bottom .
( of fissurella chilensis g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) mclean j . h . ( 1984 ) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . contributions in science , natural history museum of los angeles county 354 : 1 - 70 . [ 29 october 1984 ] , available online at urltoken [ details ]
there is a small limpet , to the r of the lowermost topshell . this is possibly the barbados keyhole limpet ( fissurella barbadensis ) as the habitat of this species is similar to that of the topshell .
mclean j . h . ( 1984 ) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . contributions in science , natural history museum of los angeles county 354 : 1 - 70 . ( 29 october 1984 )
jeffreys , j . g . 1862 - 69 . british conchology . vol . 3 ( 1865 ) . london , van voorst . ( as fissurella graeca ; free pdf at urltoken . use slide at base of page to select pp . 265 - 268 . )
forbes , e . & hanley s . 1849 - 53 . a history of the british mollusca and their shells . vol . 2 ( 1849 ) , london , van voorst . ( as fissurella reticulata ; free pdf at urltoken use slide at base of page to select pp . 467 - 472 . )
mclean j . h . ( 1984 ) systematics of fissurella in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . contributions in science , natural history museum of los angeles county 354 : 1 - 70 . [ 29 october 1984 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 34 [ details ]
( of fissurella chilensis g . b . sowerby i , 1835 ) petit , r . e . ( 2009 ) . george brettingham sowerby , i , ii & iii : their conchological publications and molluscan taxa . zootaxa . 2189 : 1–218 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
mclean j . h . ( 1984 ) systematics of < i > fissurella < / i > in the peruvian and magellanic faunal provinces ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . < i > contributions in science , natural history museum of los angeles county < / i > 354 : 1 - 70 . [ 29 october 1984 ]
( of fissurella rudis deshayes , 1830 ) deshayes g . p . ( 1830 - 1832 ) . encyclopédie méthodique ou par ordre de matières . histoire naturelle des vers et mollusques . vol . 2 , part 1 : i - vi , 1 - 256 [ 1 feb 1830 ] ; part 2 : 1 - 144 [ 1 feb . 1830 ] , 145 - 594 [ 29 sept . 1832 ] . vol . 3 : 595 - 1152 [ 29 sept . 1832 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 133 [ details ]
kaup . 3 . —this conclusion is supported by a precisely similar error in thelocality of the mollusc , fissurella javaniciensis , lamarck ( hist . anim . s . vert . , vi . , 1822 , p . 14 ) . this ■was also said to have been collected in javaby leschenault , but , as noted by pilsbry ( man . conch . , xii . , 1890 , p . 188 ) the species does not occur within a thousand miles of java , while mr . hedley recognises it as a common tasmanian mollusc . 108 endeavottr scientific results .
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
tugali chilensis sowerby , g . b . i , 1834 : islas juan fernández , east pacific
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shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks
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depth range based on 2 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 139 - 311 temperature range ( °c ) : 12 . 333 - 21 . 085 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 4 . 967 - 18 . 196 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 427 - 36 . 754 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 983 - 3 . 715 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 372 - 1 . 235 silicate ( umol / l ) : 2 . 115 - 8 . 248 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 139 - 311 temperature range ( °c ) : 12 . 333 - 21 . 085 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 4 . 967 - 18 . 196 salinity ( pps ) : 35 . 427 - 36 . 754 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 983 - 3 . 715 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 372 - 1 . 235 silicate ( umol / l ) : 2 . 115 - 8 . 248 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
the size of the body does not exceed or marginally exceeds that of the shell . the outer radular plate has four cusps . the propodium ( = the anterior end of the foot ) has no tentacles .
water for respiration and excretion is drawn in under the edge of the shell and exits through the
keyhole
at the apex .
the following species are also mentioned by schooner specimen shells . this list may contain synonyms .
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213
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bruguière , jean g . 1789 . encyclopédie méthodique . histoire naturelle des vers . panckoucke , paris . vol . t . 1 : ( 1 ) i - xviii ; 1 - 344 .
bruguière j . g . ( 1789 - 1792 ) . < i > encyclopdie méthodique ou par ordre de matières . histoire naturelle des vers < / i > , volume 1 . pancoucke , paris . pp . 1 - 344 [ june 1789 ] ; 345 - 758 [ 13 feb . 1792 ; dates after evenhuis , 2003 , < i > zootaxa < / i > , 166 : 37 ; < i > zootaxa < / i > , 207 ] ; atlas pl . 1 - 189 [ 1791 ] ; pl . 190 - 286 [ 1797 ] pl . 287 - 390 [ 1798 ] pl . 391 - 488 .
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
sepkoski , j . j . , jr . ( 2002 ) . a compendium of fossil marine animal genera . < em > bulletins of american paleontology . < / em > 363 , 1 - 560 .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .
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content in the dryad digital repository is offered
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by downloading files , you agree to the dryad terms of service . to the extent possible under law , the authors have waived all copyright and related or neighboring rights to this data .
the file is tab - delimited and contains 107 lines and 108 columns . the first line is composed by two tab - keys followed by the numerical ids of the 106 species . the 106 following lines are composed as follows . the first and second columns display the numerical id and the name of the species respectively . the species name can include whitespace characters . the remaining columns are the adjancency matrix values , i . e . 1 / 0 for presence / absence of a link . a link between species i and j means species i is eaten by species j .
same format as chilean - ti . txt . a link between species i and j means that species i is the target of a positive interaction and species j is the source .
adjacency matrix for the negative non - trophic layer . same format as chilean - ti . txt . a link between species i and j means that species i is the target of a negative interaction and species j is the source .
in / out degree for each species in the following order : trophic out , trophic in , positive out , positive in , negative out , negative in .
each line displays the biomass after the extinction of each of the 14 species . first line is the chilean web , next lines are the 500 random networks .
random network keeping the same sequence of in and out degrees as those of the chilean web .
distance matrix between interaction parameters estimated by the probabilistic modeling for the different clusters .
kéfi s , miele v , wieters ea , navarrete sa , berlow el ( 2016 ) how structured is the entangled bank ? the surprisingly simple organization of multiplex ecological networks leads to increased persistence and resilience . plos biology 14 ( 8 ) : e1002527 . urltoken
kéfi s , miele v , wieters ea , navarrete sa , berlow el ( 2016 ) data from : how structured is the entangled bank ? the surprisingly simple organization of multiplex ecological networks leads to increased persistence and resilience .
dryad is a nonprofit repository for data underlying the international scientific and medical literature .
latest build fri , 29 jun 2018 05 : 39 : 03 utc . served by aws - prod
29mm . sal island , on rocks at low tide from baia de parda . 11 / 2015 . ex coll . eddy wilmet .
note the very small white annelid worms ( spiral tube worms ) spirobis sp . just under the limpet . also note that the worms are sinistral ( left handed ) spirals .
free download under cc attribution ( cc by 4 . 0 ) . please credit the artist and rawpixel . com .
west indian topshells ( cittarium pica ) on intertidal rocks at gurnet head , cooper ' s island , st . george ' s parish , bermuda .
we were on a bird - watching trip organised by andrew dobson ( currently president of the audubon society of bermuda ) to the end of cooper ' s island , to look for cahows ( a globally rare bird , endemic to bermuda ) . we didn ' t actually see any , but there was plenty of other interesting natural history . these marine snails are a successful reintroduction of a native species which had previously disappeared from bermuda through over - exploitation for food .
gurnet head marks the beginning ( northeastern end ) of the south shore of bermuda ( much of which actually faces se ) . it lies within ( cooper ' s island nature reserve ) , the conservation part of cooper ' s island national park ) . gurnet head is in area 1 on the map of the nature reserve , at its southernmost point .
- - - - - olson , s . o & hearty , p . j . , 2013 . periodicity of extinction and recolonization of the west indian topshell cittarium pica in the quaternary of bermuda ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) . biological journal of the linnean society 110 , 235–243 .
- - - - - thomas , m . l . h . 2010 . a naturalist ' s field guide to bermuda . bermuda zoological society press . 392 pp . see p . 350 .
huge man - made changes affected all this area during the 20th century , through the construction of a us air base ( kindley ) , a us naval air station , bermuda ' s civil airport , and various installations including a nasa tracking station . since the us forces left the base , a clean - up was carried out after some tricky negotiations . apart from the civil airport and various residual buildings , the bases have now all gone . the lasting effect of all the military works was to make what were once separate islands ( cooper ' s island , st . david ' s island ) into a single landmass . following demolition of all the military installations , the whole area now includes the largest area of undeveloped land on bermuda , the largest area of public parkland ( cooper ' s island national park ) and the largest nature reserve ( cooper ' s island nature reserve ) , the latter being committed to a major nature conservation and restoration programme .
if you would like to use or refer to this image , please attribute .
2 diodora graeca . lengths 16 . 4mm ( about 17 . 5mm before posterior damaged ) & 17 . 5mm . w . anglesey , wales . march 2014 . similar length shells , but right one narrower with larger keyhole aperture . by morddyn
·limpet with ‘keyhole’ aperture in front of forward tilted apex , one third of way from anterior edge of shell .
·littoral and sublittoral on most rocky coasts of britain & ireland , but not north sea or n . e . irish sea .
meaning of scientific name : diodora = woman ' s name , graeca = greek .
vernacular : keyhole limpet ( english ) ; brenigen bendoll ( welsh ) ; sleutelgathoren ( dutch ) ; fissurelle ( french ) .
·limpet with narrow slit aperture in front of backward curving , nearly central , apex .
·on stones from hard bottoms at 20m to 150m deep in scottish waters , south to yorkshire . ( littoral in higher latitudes ) .
sublittorally to 250m on hard substrate where sponges grow , including oyster beds , dead shells and rocks . as apical aperture and exposure of foot reduce resistance to dessication , littoral specimens restricted to permanently moist niches near lws , such as underside of large stable rocks that are not embedded in sediment . prospers where moderate amount of suspended matter in water if able to crawl on rock to avoid smothering ; shell often coated in epizooic growths with adhering detritus 21dg urltoken @ n08 / 1vrq30 . lives in fully marine salinity down to 21 ppt .
water enters mantle cavity from front and both sides , washes over pair of respiratory ctenidia and central anus 20dg urltoken @ n08 / 09yquk , and exits with faeces through apical siphon . detritus and faecal matter too dense to be swept upwards are cleared via main aperture by periodic forcible contraction of shell - muscle to clamp down shell like a sink - plunger . experimentally blocking apical cavity of american sp . diodora aspera produced no observable harm ; flow became inhalent at sides , exhalent at anterior ( voltzow & collins in wylan ) . but passage of faeces over ctenidia makes sanitation problems more likely in the long term .
clings to same spot on rock for long periods and returns after feeding expeditions . foot adheres strongly , but not as well as patellid limpets , so can not survive in such wave - exposed positions as they can . large mantle curtain and parts of head and foot exposed as it moves 22dg urltoken @ n08 / xhk8xe .
feeds on sponges , especially halichondria urltoken and hymeniacidon urltoken , and perhaps some detritus . flesh colours match colours of sponge . a string of mucus with food particles in it is moved through the stomach by the rotary action of a gelatinous rod , the ‘crystalline style’ . style sac part of the stomach can be seen next to the left ctenidium . as faeces are directed away from ctenidia to apical siphon there is less need for compaction of faeces to avoid contamination , so intestine much shorter and less looped than in most patellids 19dg urltoken @ n08 / n3b4ls .
faroe islands to canary islands , eastern mediterranean and aegean . gbif map urltoken . on hard substrate around ireland , isle of man , and south and west coasts of britain from kent to caithness , orkney and shetland . apparently absent from north sea ( beware of washed up fossil diodora ) and n . e . coast of irish sea . u . k . interactive distribution map nbn urltoken
fretter , v . and graham , a . 1962 & 1994 ed . british prosobranch molluscs . london , ray society .
picton , b . e . , morrow , c . c . & van soest , r . w . b . , 2011 . sponges of britain and ireland
voltzow , j . and collins , r . 1995 . flow through mantle cavities revisited : was sanitation the key to fissurellid evolution ? invertebrate biology 114 , number 2 : 145 - 150 . in wylan b . j . 2014 . animal diversity web urltoken
ctenidium = comb - like molluscan gill ; usually an axis with a row of filaments either side .
elws = extreme low water spring tide ( usually near march and september equinoxes ) .
epipodial = ( adj . ) of the epipodium ( collar or circlet running round sides of foot of some gastropods ) .
epipodium = collar or circlet running round sides of foot of some gastropods , often bearing epipodial tentacles .
mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell and forms a cavity for the gill in most marine molluscs .
mlws = mean low water spring tide level ( mean level reached by lowest low tides for a few days every fortnight ; laminaria or coralline zone on rocky coasts ) .
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin , rarely calcareous , used to close shell aperture .
trochophore = spherical or pear - shaped larva that swims with aid of girdle of cilia . stage preceding veliger , passed within gastropod egg in most spp . but free in plankton for patellid limpets , most trochidae and tricolia pullus .
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum ( bilobed flap ) .
very common , but still a neat limpet . yep , i can see where the
key
should be placed . it might also be called a
keyhole
limpet .
family fissurellidae - limpets use their radulae to scrape algae from hard substrates . they typically occupy rock intertidal shorelines .
image from page 143 of
zoological results of the fishing experiments carried on by f . i . s .
endeavour ,
1909 - 14 under h . c . dannevig , commonwealth director of fisheries . volume 1 - 5
( 1911 ) by internet archive book images
title : zoological results of the fishing experiments carried on by f . i . s .
endeavour ,
1909 - 14 under h . c . dannevig , commonwealth director of fisheries . volume 1 - 5
authors : endeavour ( ship ) dannevig , h . c australia . dept . of trade and customs australia . director of fisheries
click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book .
fig . 1 . acanthopegasus lancifer , kaup . fishes . —mc culloch . 109
please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work .
authors : reeve , lovell , 1814 - 1865 sowerby , g . b . ( george brettingham ) , 1812 - 1884 , ill dall , william healey , 1845 - 1927 , former owner . dsi bailer bros . ( firm ) , binder . dsi
publisher : london , longman , brown , green and longmans new york , wiley and putnam [ etc . , etc . ]
authors : mcmurrich , j . playfair ( james playfair ) , 1859 - 1939
410 ] \ ir . j . lycett on fossil s / iells / rom the tabular list of fossils . genus


meroctena staintonii is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by lederer in 1863 .

it is found in indonesia ( ambon island , java , borneo ) , fiji and australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .

the wings are yellow with a broad darker margin .

the forewings are outlined with a comma shaped mark near the middle .

meroctena staintonii

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fabricius j . c . 1794 . entomologia systematica emendata et aucta . secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , adjectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , observationibus . - — 3 ( 2 ) : 1–349 .
the moth of this species has yellow wings , each with a broad darker margin . each forewing has an outline of a comma shaped mark near the middle . the wingspan is about 4 cms .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 02193ae4 - 837d - 461a - ab77 - 0d322169ef0a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 902a296c - 7dc4 - 4536 - 9f6f - 87d1e0ffa56d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : de9f3463 - 6567 - 4aff - adcc - 2e3597260b76
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f36fe648 - e322 - 4c1b - 9681 - a7ff107421e7
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7e82f740 - f90d - 48ca - 8069 - 625b6eda3bcc
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 255164
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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the tetraodontiformes are an order of highly derived ray-finned fish , also called the plectognathi .

sometimes these are classified as a suborder of the order perciformes .

the tetraodontiformes are represented by 10 extant families and at least 349 species overall ; most are marine and dwell in and around tropical coral reefs , but a few species are found in freshwater streams and estuaries .

they have no close relatives , and descend from a line of coral-dwelling species that emerged around 80 million years ago .

tetraodontiformes

page : tree of life tetraodontiformes . triggerfishes , boxfishes , puffers ( fugu ) , molas and allies .
] . however , both studies failed to obtain clear resolution for the basal relationships of tetraodontiformes ( figs .
] . our most striking finding was the two unexpected clades of tetraodontiformes ( tetraodontoidei and triacanthodoidei ) , which were strongly supported . the basal split of the tetraodontiformes was implied by the mitogenomic analyses of yamanoue et al . [
osteology , phylogeny , and higher classification of the fishes of the order plectognathi ( tetraodontiformes ) / james c . tyler
linnaeus , 1758 ( pisces , tetraodontiformes , tetraodontidae ) . bijdr dierkd . 1975 , 45 : 87 - 142 .
the mitochondrial genome of spotted green pufferfish tetraodon nigroviridis ( teleostei : tetraodontiformes ) and divergence time estimation among model organisms in fishes .
the skull of the eocene triodon antiquus ( triodontidae ; tetraodontiformes ) : similar to that of the recent threetooth pufferfish t . macropterus
the mitochondrial genome of spotted green pufferfish tetraodon nigroviridis ( teleostei : tetraodontiformes ) and divergence time estimation among mod . . . - pubmed - ncbi
( teleostei : tetraodontiformes ) and divergence time estimation among model organisms in fishes . genes genet syst . 2006 , 81 : 29 - 39 .
klassen gj : phylogeny and biogeography of the ostraciinae ( tetraodontiformes : ostraciidae ) . bull mar sci . 1995 , 57 : 393 - 411 .
tetraodontiformes ( pufferfishes , triggerfishes , and relatives ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
matsuura k : phylogeny of the superfamily balistoidea ( pisces : tetraodontiformes ) . mem fac fish hokkaido univ . 1979 , 26 : 49 - 169 .
winterbottom r , tyler jc : phylogenetic relationships of aracanin genera of boxfishes ( ostraciidae : tetraodontiformes ) . copeia . 1983 , 1983 : 902 - 917 .
holcroft ni : a molecular analysis of the interrelationships of tetraodontiform fishes ( acanthomorpha : tetraodontiformes ) . mol phylogenet evol . 2005 , 34 : 525 - 544 .
tyler , james c . and nancy holcroft . 2007 . tetraodontiformes . triggerfishes , boxfishes , puffers ( fugu ) , molas and allies . version 19 february 2007 .
holcroft , n . i . 2005 . a molecular analysis of the interrelationships of tetraodontiform fishes ( acanthomorpha : tetraodontiformes ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 34 : 525–544 .
klassen , g . j . 1995 . phylogeny and biogeography of the ostraciinae ( tetraodontiformes : ostraciidae ) . bulletin of marine science 57 ( 2 ) : 393–441 .
holcroft , n . i . 2005 . a molecular analysis of the interrelationships of tetraodontiform fishes ( acanthomorpha : tetraodontiformes ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 34 : 525544 .
klassen , g . j . 1995 . phylogeny and biogeography of the ostraciinae ( tetraodontiformes : ostraciidae ) . bulletin of marine science , 57 ( 2 ) : 393441 .
winterbottom , r . 1974 . the familial phylogeny of the tetraodontiformes ( acanthopterygii : pisces ) as evidenced by their comparative myology . smithsonian contributions to zoology 155 : 1–201 .
tetraodontiformes ( pufferfishes , triggerfishes , and relatives ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
winterbottom , r . 1974 . the familial phylogeny of the tetraodontiformes ( acanthopterygii : pisces ) as evidenced by their comparative myology . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 155 : 1201 .
winterbottom r : the familial phylogeny of the tetraodontiformes ( acanthopterygii : pisces ) as evidenced by their comparative myology . smiths contrib zool . 1974 , 155 : 1 - 201 .
santini , f . & j . c . tyler 2002 . phylogeny and biogeography of the extant species of triplespine fishes ( triacanthidae , tetraodontiformes ) . zoologica scripta 31 : 321–330 .
winterbottom , r . & j . c . tyler . 1983 . phylogenetic relationships of aracanin genera of boxfishes ( ostraciidae : tetraodontiformes ) . copeia 1983 ( 4 ) : 902–917 .
winterbottom , r . and tyler , j . c . 1983 . phylogenetic relationships of aracanin genera of boxfishes ( ostraciidae : tetraodontiformes ) . copeia , 1983 ( 4 ) : 902917 .
matsuura , k . 1979 . phylogeny of the superfamily balistoidea ( pisces : tetraodontiformes ) . memoirs of the faculty of fisheries , hokkaido university 26 ( 1 / 2 ) : 49–169 .
tyler , j . c . 1980 . osteology , phylogeny , and higher classification of the fishes of the order plectognathi ( tetraodontiformes ) . noaa technical report nmfs circular 434 : 1–422 .
tyler jc : osteology , phylogeny , and higher classification of the fishes of the order plectognathi ( tetraodontiformes ) . noaa tech rep nmfs circ . 1980 , 434 : 1 - 422 .
matsuura , k . 1979 . phylogeny of the superfamily balistoidea ( pisces : tetraodontiformes ) . memoirs of the faculty of fisheries , hokkaido university , 26 ( 1 / 2 ) : 49169 .
santini , f . and tyler , j . c . 2002b . phylogeny and biogeography of the extant species of triplespine fishes ( triacanthidae , tetraodontiformes ) . zoologica scripta , 31 : 321330 .
tyler , j . c . 1980 . osteology , phylogeny , and higher classification of the fishes of the order plectognathi ( tetraodontiformes ) . noaa technical report nmfs circular , 434 : 1422 .
britz r , johnson gd : occipito - vertebral fusion in ocean sunfishes ( teleostei : tetraodontiformes : molidae ) and its phylogenetic implications . j morph . 2005 , 266 : 74 - 79 .
osteology , phylogeny , and higher classification of the fishes of the order plectognathi ( tetraodontiformes ) / james c . tyler : tyler , james c : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive
] . to address the questions regarding the phylogenetic relationships of the families and subfamilies of tetraodontiformes , we purposefully chose 11 species in addition to the 14 - tetraodontiform species used by yamanoue et al . [
britz , r . & d . g . johnson . 2005 . occipito - vertebral fusion in ocean sunfishes ( teleostei : tetraodontiformes : molidae ) and its phylogenetic implications . journal of morphology 266 : 74–79 .
holcroft , n . i . 2004 . a molecular test of alternative hypotheses of tetraodontiform ( acanthomorpha : tetraodontiformes ) sister group relationships using data from the rag1 gene . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 : 749–760 .
alfaro me , santini f , brock cd : do reefs drive diversification in marine teleosts ? evidence from the pufferfishes and their allies ( order tetraodontiformes ) . evolution . 2007 , 61 : 2104 - 2126 .
britz , r . and johnson , d . g . 2005 . occipito - vertebral fusion in ocean sunfishes ( teleostei : tetraodontiformes : molidae ) and its phylogenetic implications . journal of morphology , 266 : 7479 .
holcroft , n . i . 2004 . a molecular test of alternative hypotheses of tetraodontiform ( acanthomorpha : tetraodontiformes ) sister group relationships using data from the rag1 gene . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 32 : 749760 .
santini , f . & j . c . tyler . 2002 . phylogeny of the ocean sunfishes ( molidae , tetraodontiformes ) , a highly derived group of teleost fishes . italian journal of zoology 69 : 37–43 .
santini , f . and tyler , j . c . 2002a . phylogeny of the ocean sunfishes ( molidae , tetraodontiformes ) , a highly derived group of teleost fishes . italian journal of zoology , 69 : 3743 .
santini f , tyler jc : a phylogeny of the families of fossil and extant tetraodontiform fishes ( acanthomorpha , tetraodontiformes ) , upper cretaceous to recent . zool j linn soc . 2003 , 139 : 565 - 617 .
hardy gs . 1984 . redescription of the pufferfish torquigener brevipinnis ( regan ) ( tetraodontiformes : tetraodontidae ) , with description of a new species of torquigener from indonesia . pac sci 38 ( 2 ) : 127 - 133 .
yamanoue y , miya m , matsuura k , katoh m , sakai h , nishida m : mitochondrial genomes and phylogeny of the ocean sunfishes ( tetraodontiformes : molidae ) . ichthyol res . 2004 , 51 : 269 - 273 .
alfaro , m . e . , santini , f . & brock c . d . 2007 . do reefs drive diversification in marine teleosts ? evidence from the pufferfishes and their allies ( order tetraodontiformes ) . evolution 61 : 2104–2126 .
tyler , j . c . & n . holcroft . 2007 . tetraodontiformes . triggerfishes , boxfishes , puffers ( fugu ) , molas and allies . version 19 february 2007 . urltoken in the tree of life web project , urltoken .
santini , f . & j . c . tyler . 2003 . a phylogeny of the families of fossil and extant tetraodontiform fishes ( acanthomorpha , tetraodontiformes ) , upper cretaceous to recent . zoological journal of the linnean society 139 : 565–617 .
santini , f . and tyler , j . c . 2003 . a phylogeny of the families of fossil and extant tetraodontiform fishes ( acanthomorpha , tetraodontiformes ) , upper cretaceous to recent . zoological journal of the linnean society , 139 : 565617 .
) . both studies did not obtain clear resolution for basal relationships but only two sister - group relationships ( balistidae + monacanthidae and tetraodontidae + diodontidae ) with confidence . therefore , many phylogenetic questions in the tetraodontiformes , especially their basal relationships , remain unclear .
leis , j . m . 1984 . tetraodontiformes : relationships . in : moser , h . g . , edit . ontogeny and systematics of fishes . american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , special publication . lawrence , kansas : allen press inc . , 459463 .
] , our results indicated monophyly of the tetraodontiformes ( bps = 95–99 % ; pps = 100 % ) , and supported monophyly of all tetraodontiform families and subfamilies with high statistical values ( bps and pps = 100 % ) except for the paraphyletic subfamily tetraodontinae ( fig .
francesco santini , james c . tyler ; a phylogeny of the families of fossil and extant tetraodontiform fishes ( acanthomorpha , tetraodontiformes ) , upper cretaceous to recent , zoological journal of the linnean society , volume 139 , issue 4 , 1 december 2003 , pages 565–617 , urltoken
leis jm : tetraodontiformes : relationships . ontogeny and systematics of fishes . lawrence ks : am . soc . ichthyol . herpetol . edited by : moser hg , richards wj , cohen dm , fahay mp , kendall aw jr , richardson sl . 1984 , 459 - 463 .
leis , j . m . 1984 . tetraodontiformes : relationships , pp . 459 - 463 . in moser , h . g . et al ( eds . ) ontogeny and systematics of fishes . american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , special publication . lawrence , kansas : allen press inc .
tyler , j . c . , mirzaie , m . & a . nazemi . 2006 . new genus and species of basal tetraodontoid puffer fish from the oligocene of iran , related to the zignoichthyidae ( tetraodontiformes ) . bollettino del museo civico di storia naturale di verona 30 : 49 - 58 .
tyler , j . c . , mirzaie , m . , and nazemi , a . 2006 . new genus and species of basal tetraodontoid puffer fish from the oligocene of iran , related to the zignoichthyidae ( tetraodontiformes ) . bollettino del museo civico di storia naturale di verona , 30 : 49 - 58 .
yamanoue , y . , miya , m . , inoue , j . g . , matsuura , k . & nishida , m . 2006 . the mitochondrial genome of spotted green pufferfish tetraodon nigroviridis ( teleostei : tetraodontiformes ) and divergence time estimation among model organisms in fishes . genes and genetic systems 81 : 29–39 .
tetraodontiformes have two separated sexes . fertilization type is external fertilization . when a male slowly pushes a female to the surface , spawning occurs . the eggs can buoy themselves , and are hatching after a few days later . during larvae stage , they are developed with eyes , a swim bladder , and a mouth . [ 6 ]
] . together , these represent all families and subfamilies of the tetraodontiformes , except for the hollardinae . we determined whole mitogenome sequences for these 11 species , aligned them with the published sequences of the other 16 species , including two outgroups ( total of 27 species ) , and conducted partitioned maximum likelihood ( ml ) and bayesian phylogenetic analyses .
= 0 . 037 ) and mitogenomes , it seems likely that their data sets did not comprise suitable gene sequences with adequate taxonomic sampling for recovering a precise phylogeny of the tetraodontiformes . our taxonomic sampling represented all families by at least two species ( except for monotypic triodontidae ) to avoid long - branch attraction . in contrast , the taxonomic sampling of holcroft [
tetraodontiformes are also a very good food source . specifically , family diodontidae and family molidae have been used as food source in the east asia . today , american also eat them . they are solved in market . some species have toxin , and part of them could be seriously dangerous . so you need special license for toxin - species processing . [ 8 ]
clearly , no single analysis provides an unequivocal hypothesis regarding the evolutionary history of the tetraodontiformes . inclusion of even highly incomplete fossil material provides important information about the diversity of most clades , and therefore we use the tree in figure 4b to infer character evolution among tetraodontiforms , as it provides the best balance between inclusion of taxa and degree of resolution of the relationships between the various families .
ty - jour ti - revision of atlantic sharpnose pufferfishes ( tetraodontiformes : tetraodontidae : canthigaster ) , with description of three new species t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 115 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 2002 sp - 32 ep - 50 sn - 0006 - 324x au - moura , r l au - castro , r m c er -
the classification of this order is still in a state of flux . the modern understanding of the relationships between species and higher taxa comes from the study of fossil and living forms performed by francesco santini and james c . tyler . molecular studies by mutsumi nishida , masaki miya , and colleagues suggest that tetraodontiformes are closely related to the lophiiformes , the anglerfishes and allies ; however , this hypothesis needs to be tested with morphological as well as additional molecular data .
this family might be the most famous family in order tetraodontiformes . the representative organism is arothron meleagris ( common name : puffer ) . these organisms have spherical body form . their bodies are inflatable . when they take water into their stomach and discharge , they become bigger and rounder . some species have super serious toxins that can kill even human . toxins are usually put on skins , intestines , and liver . maximum size of these organisms can approach 1m . [ 3 ]
topology of the majority rule consensus tree used to illustrate the new proposal of taxonomic nomenclature for the extant and fossil taxa of the tetraodontiformes . abbreviations for superfamilial nomenclature : pl . , plectocretacicoidea ; triac . , triacanthodoidea ; tr . , triacanthoidea ; mo . , moclaybalistoidea ; bo . , bolcabalistoidea ; bal . , balistoidea ; ost . , ostracioidea ; eop . , eoplectoidea ; tri . , triodontoidea ; tet . , tetraodontoidea ; mol . , moloidea . for subordinal nomenclature : plecto . , plectocretacicoidei .
tetraodontiformes is the name of a taxonomic order of bony , ray - finned fish ( class actinopterygii ) . the group includes a number of unique forms with two basic body types – compressed and spheroid . their scale - structure is also unique with skin that appears like hard plates with retractable spines , or tough leathery skin . and they usually possess a relatively small mouth . the order includes 10 families and approximately 360 species . most species are marine organisms distributed in tropical and subtropical coral reefs . [ 1 ]
there is a clear need for the interrelationships of the families of these evolutionarily intriguing tetraodontiform fishes to be put on a firmer basis . the phylogeny of this group is of special interest now that two species of tetraodontiforms , takifugu rubripes and tetraodon nigroviridis , have been selected as model organisms for the study of the evolution of the vertebrate genome , with full genome sequencing projects scheduled to be completed soon , transforming the tetraodontiformes into an exemplary model group for the study of macroevolutionary phenomena within the metazoa ( santini & stellwag , 2002 ) .
an extremely diverse and specialized group of bony fishes found worldwide in temperate and tropical seas . a few species enter freshwater . the order comprises 412 extant species in the 10 families of living tetraodontiformes : triacanthodidae 23 species in 11 genera , triacanthidae seven species in four genera , balistidae 37 species in 12 genera , monacanthidae 102 species in 27 genera , aracanidae 13 species in six genera , ostraciidae 22 species in five genera , triodontidae monotypic , tetraodontidae 184 species in 27 genera , diodontidae 18 species in seven genera , and molidae five species in three genera ( matsuura 2014 ) .
@ article { bhlpart49239 , title = { revision of atlantic sharpnose pufferfishes ( tetraodontiformes : tetraodontidae : canthigaster ) , with description of three new species } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 115 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { moura , r l and castro , r m c } , year = { 2002 } , pages = { 32 - - 50 } , }
the order tetraodontiformes comprises approximately 350 species of highly derived acanthomorph fishes notable for their exceptional degree of diversity in morphological structure , shape , size , and way of life . they are found in temperate and tropical marine waters worldwide , although a few families are absent in the eastern pacific and the atlantic , and some species are found in the fresh waters of south america , africa , and south - east asia . they are grouped in ten well - defined extant families , each of whose monophyly is unequivocal ; however , questions remain about how some of these families are interrelated . the families and their respective general habitats are as follows :
holcroft ( 2004 ) used data from the nuclear gene rag1 to attempt to test the two primary alternative hypotheses regarding the tetraodontiform sister group ( i . e . , zeiformes vs . acanthuroidei ) . her results directly supported neither hypothesis ; the analysis of the rag1 data recovered a monophyletic tetraodontiformes as sister to an ephippid + drepaneid clade ( the support for this relationship was very weak , however ) . because of a general lack of support within the broad smegmamorph - percomorph clade in which the tetraodontiforms were nested , the results might best be interpreted as rejecting the hypothesis that zeiforms are the tetraodontiform sister group but leaving open the possibility that the tetraodontiforms share a close relationship with caproids and / or with some or all of the acanthuroids .
we herein detail the results of a cladistic analysis of a large data set of 210 morphological characters of 20 extant species of the ten recent families of tetraodontiforms , and of as many of these characters as can be determined in 36 extinct species of the order ( ranging from 95 myr old in the upper cretaceous to 5 myr old in the pliocene ) , using two extant outgroup taxa ( a zeiform and a caproid ) to root the phylogenetic tree and polarize these characters . we provide phylogenies for the extant taxa alone and for all of the extant and fossil taxa together . we then use the phylogenetic hypotheses obtained to make inferences about the patterns of past and present diversity of tetraodontiformes , and the processes that may have played a major role in their evolution .
analysis of features of the ostraciontidae ( boxfishes ) and diodontidae ( porcupinefishes ) families revealed their morphological dualism , also known in combinatorial geometry and crystallography as the dualism of the dirichlet tiling and that of delaunay . if we take bases of spines on the body of diodontidae for the delaunay points ( r , r ) - system , the respective dirichlet tiling will reveal the surface of an ostraciontidae species being divided into polygonal osseous blades . this fact corroborates taxonomic relationship of the ostraciontidae and diodontidae families within the tetraodontiformes order and indicates the principles of purposefulness in nature , which manifest both in mineral and biological structures . in the course of the present research four specimens of diodon holocanthus ( diodontidae ) were studied and characteristics of the dirichlet tiling for the surfaces of their bodies were determined .
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october 1980 .
includes bibliographical references ( p . 403 - 412 ) and index 31
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carroll , r . , 1988 | helfman , g . , b . collette and d . facey , 1997
no parietals , nasals , or infraorbitals , and usually no lower ribs ; posttemporal , if present , simple and fused with pterotic of skull ; hyomandibular and palatine firmly attached with premaxilla ; scales usually modified as spines , shields , or plates ; lateral line present or absent , sometimes multiple ; swim bladder present except in molids ; 16 - 30 vertebrae .
greek aktis = ray , thunderbolt , beam + greek pterygion , diminutive of pteryx = wing , fin . ref . 45335 .
greek , tetra = four + greek , odous = teeth + latin , forma = shape ( ref . 45335 ) .
the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
you can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .
for more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .
cladogram based on santini and tyler , 2003 , as modified for the basal tetraodontoids by tyler et al . , 2006 .
body shape in representatives of the ten extant families of tetraodontiforms . composit of figures from tyler , 1980 , ©
molidae ( ocean sunfishes ) , three well - known pelagic species in oceans worldwide , and perhaps one or two more localized regional taxa confined to southern oceans or austral - asia .
tetraodontiform fishes show great variation in body size : ocean sunfish , mola mola , ( image © ) , can be up to 3 meters long , while the minute leatherjacket , rudarius minutus ( © 2006 nick hobgood ) , only reaches a size of a few centimeters .
the following are synapomorphies for the extant tetraodontiforms and for the fossils of paleocene age or younger ( i . e . , excluding the most basal tetraodontiform clade , the upper cretaceous plectocretacicoidea , a three - family clade that is the sister group of all of the other clades ) :
in recent decades , several workers have surveyed the morphological and molecular systems of tetraodontiforms and have used their resultant relatively large data sets to assess familial relationships and to try to determine the sister group of the order ( see santini and tyler , 2003 , and holcroft , 2004 , 2005 for more details on the following ) .
the first cladistic analysis of tetraodontiform interrelationships was that of winterbottom ( 1974 ) . his analysis was based upon a comprehensive study of the myology ( 75 muscles ) of several representatives of each of the extant families ( with the exception of triodontidae , which contains only a single extant species ; this exception also applies to all other authors’ analyses discussed below ) . he recognized three main clades : triacanthodidae + triacanthidae , as sister to all other extant clades ; the latter comprising the scleroderm clade balistidae + monacanthidae as sister to aracanidae + ostraciidae ; and the gymnodont clade , with triodontidae as sister to ( tetraodontidae + diodontidae ) + molidae .
tyler’s ( 1980 ) phylogenetic hypothesis was based upon the osteology of numerous extant representatives of each of the families and of most of the then known fossil taxa . the evolutionary taxonomic interpretation of tyler was very similar to that of winterbottom , with a clade of balistoids + ostracioids among the scleroderms and the same sequential clade of gymnodonts with triodontids as sister to ( tetraodontids + diodontids ) + molids . tyler’s treatment of the triacanthoids , however , was a combination of primitive and advanced features , with an emphasis on the eocene eoplectidae ( eoplectus ) being the ancestor of the gymnodonts even though it was placed in the triacanthoids because of its numerous plesiomorphic attributes .
the interpretations of both winterbottom ( 1974 ) and tyler ( 1968 , 1980 ) were based upon the then - current assumption that tetraodontiforms were , in some ill - defined way , closely related to acanthuroids , as originally proposed by cope ( 1871 ) and dareste ( 1872 ) . winterbottom ( 1974 ) also stated that some zeiforms might be related to tetraodontiforms . in a study that focused on squamipinnes , mok and shen ( 1983 ) also concluded that acanthuroids ( siganids , zanclids , acanthurids ) were sister to tetraodontiforms , and lauder and liem ( 1983 ) also accepted that view .
rosen ( 1984 ) made a major departure from this accepted wisdom in his comparison of acanthuroids , caproids , zeiforms , and tetraodontiforms . he concluded that there are seven synapomorphies uniting caproids , zeiforms , and tetraodontiforms , and four synapomorphies uniting zeiforms and tetraodontiforms ( see tyler et al . , 2003 for a detailed critical review of these features and interpretation ) . these putative relationships remain controversial because there is evidence that zeiforms are lower acanthomorphs , and perhaps not even percomorphs , whereas caproids are considered to be among the higher percoids ( see holcroft , 2004 ) .
at about the same time of leis’ hypothesis , winterbottom and tyler ( 1983 ) presented a large number of osteological and myological synapomorphies that were based upon a reinterpretation of the data in winterbottom ( 1974 ) and tyler ( 1980 ) and that substantially supported the sister - group relationship of balistoids and ostracioids ( although some errors in coding weakened the support ) . klassen ( 1995 ) gave additional support for the balistoid + ostracioid clade . matsuura ( 1979 ) provided an analysis of numerous osteological features of balistoids that strongly supported the sister - group relationship of balistids and monacanthids and that offered the most extensive phylogenetic hypotheses to date of the generic relationships within both families .
the osteological and other morphological data in the comparative diagnoses of the familial and higher categories in tyler’s ( 1980 ) treatment of tetraodontiforms are essentially a list of contrasting character states differentiating the subgroups of the order . these characters were put into a cladistic format by santini and tyler ( 2002a , b ) to produce hypotheses for the intrafamilial relationships of the extant species of , respectively , triacanthidae and molidae , but they did not attempt to determine the relationships of those two clades with other tetraodontiform lineages .
several recent studies have attempted to use molecular data from both mitochondrial and nuclear genes to resolve some of the uncertainties regarding both tetraodontiform interrelationships and the placement of the order within a larger acanthomorph context . the latter has remained especially elusive to traditional morphological methods for more than 100 years . a number of large - scale molecular studies of teleost or acanthomorph relationships ( chen et al . , 2003 ; miya et al . , 2003 ; dettai and lecointre , 2005 ) have included a limited number of tetraodontiform representatives . the results of these studies are somewhat surprising given previous morphological hypotheses regarding tetraodontiform affinities .
it is clear from the above that much more remains to be discovered and understood about the phylogenetic interrelationships of the ten families of tetraodontiform fishes , and that the interpretation of some of these interrelationships are still in a state of flux . future studies incorporating both fossil and extant taxa and data from both morphology and molecules will likely have the best chance at elucidating the evolutionary history of these bizarre and wonderful fishes .
brainerd , e . l . , slutz , s . s . , hall , e . k . , and phillis , r . w . 2001 . patterns of genome size evolution in tetraodontiform fishes . evolution , 55 ( 11 ) : 23632368 .
chen , w . - j . , bonillo , c . , and lecointre , g . 2003 . repeatability of clades as a criterion of reliability : a case study for molecular phylogeny of acanthomorpha ( teleostei ) with larger number of taxa . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 26 : 262288 .
cope , e . d . 1871 . observations on the systematic relations of the fishes . american naturalist , 5 : 579593 .
dareste , c . 1872 . on the natural affinities of the balistidae . annales and magazine of natural history , ser . 4 , 10 : 6870 .
dettai , a . and lecointre , g . 2005 . further support for the clades obtained by multiple molecular phylogenies in the acanthomorph bush . comptes rendus biologies , 328 : 674689 .
hutchins , j . b . 2002 . description of a new genus and species of minute monacanthid fish from the seychelles and marshall islands . records of the western australian museum , 21 : 213219 .
lauder , g . v . and liem , k . f . 1983 . the evolution and interrelationships of the actinopterygian fishes . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , 150 : 95197 .
matsuura , k . and tyler , j . c . 1994 . triggerfishes & their allies . in : paxton , j . r . and eschmeyer , w . n . , edits . encyclopedia of fishes . san diego , california : academic press , 227231 .
miya , m . , takeshima , h . , endo , h . , ishiguro , n . b . , inoue , j . g . , mukai , t . , satoh , t . p . , yamaguchi , m . , kawaguchi , a . , mabuchi , k . , shirai , s . m . , and nishida , m . 2003 . major patterns of higher teleostean phylogenies : a new perspective based on 100 complete mitochondrial dna sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 26 : 121138 .
mok , h . - k . and shen , s . - c . 1983 . osteology and phylogeny of squamipinnes . taiwan museum special publication series , zoology , 1 : 187 .
nolf , d . and tyler , j . c . 2006 . otolith evidence concerning interrelationships of caproid , zeiform and tetraodontiform fishes . bulletin de linstitut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , biologie , 76 : 147 - 189 .
rosen , d . e . 1984 . zeiforms as primitive plectognath fishes . american museum novitates , 2782 : 138 .
tyler , j . c . 1962 . the pelvis and pelvic fin of plectognath fishes ; a study in reduction . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 114 : 207250 .
tyler , j . c . 1963 . the apparent reduction in the number of precaudal vertebrae in trunkfishes ( ostraciontoidea , plectognathi ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 115 : 153190 .
tyler , j . c . 1968 . a monograph on plectognath fishes of the superfamily triacanthoidea . monographs of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 16 : 1364 .
tyler , j . c . , otoole , b . , and winterbottom , r . 2003 . phylogeny of the genera and families of zeiform fishes , with comments on their relationships with tetraodontiforms and caproids . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 618 : 1110 .
tyler , j . c . and santini , f . 2002 . review and reconstructions of the tetraodontiform fishes from the eocene of monte bolca , italy , with comments on related tertiary taxa . studi e ricerche sui giacimenti terziari di bolca , museo civico di storia naturale di verona , 9 : 47119 .
tyler , j . c . and sorbini , l . 1996 . new superfamily and three new families of tetraodontiform fishes from the upper cretaceous : the earliest and most morphologically primitive plectognaths . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology , 82 : 159 .
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each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
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species share the loss , reduction or fusion of many bony structures in the head and body . fins and their supporting elements are reduced or lost , and vertebrae are reduced in number .
pufferfishes and their allies have small mouths with very unusual dentition . they have modified teeth that may be enlarged or fused into a beak - like structure , or incorporated into the jaw bones . the gill opening is reduced to a small slit near the pectoral - fin base , and most have thick skin , covered in scales that are modified into spines , ossicles or fused bony plates . some groups are poisonous , and the puffers and porcupinefishes are highly inflatable .
brainerd , e . l . , slutz , s . s . , hall , e . k . & phillis , r . w . 2001 . patterns of genome size evolution in tetraodontiform fishes . evolution 55 ( 11 ) : 2363–2368 .
francis , m . p . 1993 . checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean . pac . sci . 47 ( 2 ) : 136 - 170
fraser - brunner , a . 1943 . notes on the plectognath fishes . viii . the classification of the suborder tetraodontoidea , with a synopsis of the genera . annals and magazine of natural history series 11 10 : 1–10 .
gomon , m . f . , d . j , bray & r . h . kuiter . 2006 . fishes of australia ' s southern coast . new hooland publishers , chatswood , australia .
halstead , b . w . , p . s . auerbach & d . r . campbell . 1990 . a colour atlas of dangerous marine animals . wolfe medical publications ltd , w . s . cowell ltd , ipswich , england . 192 p .
hoese , d . f . , d . j . bray , g . r . allen & j . r . paxton . 2006 . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . fishes . abrs & csiro publishing . part 3 , pp . xxi 1473 - 2178 .
hutchins , j . b . 2002 . description of a new genus and species of minute monacanthid fish from the seychelles and marshall islands . records of the western australian museum 21 : 213–219 .
matsuura , k . 2014 . taxonomy and systematics of tetraodontiform fishes : a review focusing primarily on progress in the period from 1980 to 2014 . ichthyological research doi 10 . 1007 / s10228 - 014 - 0444 - 5
matsuura , k . & j . c . tyler . 1994 . triggerfishes & their allies , pp . 227 - 231 . in paxton , j . r . & w . n . eschmeyer ( eds . ) encyclopedia of fishes . san diego , california : academic press .
miya , m . , takeshima , h . , endo , h . , ishiguro , n . b . , inoue , j . g . , mukai , t . , satoh , t . p . , yamaguchi , m . , kawaguchi , a . , mabuchi , k . , shirai , s . m . & nishida , m . 2003 . major patterns of higher teleostean phylogenies : a new perspective based on 100 complete mitochondrial dna sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 26 : 121–138 .
nelson , j . s . 2006 . fishes of the world . john wiley & sons , hokoben , new jersey , 601 p .
nolf , d . & j . c . tyler . 2006 . otolith evidence concerning interrelationships of caproid , zeiform and tetraodontiform fishes . bulletin de l’institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , biologie 76 : 147 - 189 .
rosen , d . e . 1984 . zeiforms as primitive plectognath fishes . american museum novitates 2782 : 1–38 .
tyler , j . c . 1962 . the pelvis and pelvic fin of plectognath fishes ; a study in reduction . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 114 : 207–250 .
tyler , j . c . 1963 . the apparent reduction in the number of precaudal vertebrae in trunkfishes ( ostraciontoidea , plectognathi ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 115 : 153–190 .
tyler , j . c . , o’toole , b . & r . winterbottom . 2003 . phylogeny of the genera and families of zeiform fishes , with comments on their relationships with tetraodontiforms and caproids . smithsonian contributions to zoology 618 : 1–110 .
tyler , j . c . & f . santini . 2002 . review and reconstructions of the tetraodontiform fishes from the eocene of monte bolca , italy , with comments on related tertiary taxa . studi e ricerche sui giacimenti terziari di bolca , museo civico di storia naturale di verona 9 : 47–119 .
tyler , j . c . & l . sorbini . 1996 . new superfamily and three new families of tetraodontiform fishes from the upper cretaceous : the earliest and most morphologically primitive plectognaths . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 82 : 1–59 .
yamanoue , y . , miya , m . , doi , h . , mabuchi , k . , sakai , h . & m . nishida . 2011 . multiple invasions into freshwater by pufferfishes ( teleostei : tetraodontidae ) : a mitogenomic perspective . plos one 6 ( 2 ) : e17410 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0017410
yamanoue , y . , miya , m . , matsuura , k . , katoh , m . , sakai , h . , et al . 2008 . a new perspective on phylogeny and evolution of tetraodontiform fishes ( pisces : acanthopterygii ) based on whole mitochondrial genome sequences : basal ecological diversification ? bmc evolutionary biology 8 : 212 .
yamanoue , y . , miya , m . , matsuura , k . , miyazawa , s . , tsukamoto , n . , et al . 2009 . explosive speciation of takifugu : another use of fugu as a model system for evolutionary biology . molecular biology and evolution 26 : 623–629 .
) , reaches more than 3 metres ( 10 feet ) . they are often strikingly patterned or gaudily coloured . with the exception of the relatively deepwater triacanthodidae and triodontidae , the members of this order are usually found in waters less than about 65 metres ( 200 feet ) in depth and are especially prominent around
) responsible for the numerous annual fatalities in indo - pacific regions is contained in the viscera . the flesh of the poisonous species can be safely eaten only when the freshly caught specimen has been carefully cleaned and washed in the exacting manner of
fugu ( or puffer fish ) chefs in japan . the majority of tetraodontiforms are
, most tetraodontiforms feed on hard - shelled crustaceans , mollusks , and echinoderms . but some with massive , crushing jaws and teeth , such as the
, often feed extensively on such soft - bodied invertebrates as jellyfishes ( medusae ) . some , such as
) specialize in eating spiny sea urchins or even clams and oysters . a few species , especially the long - snouted triacanthodidae , have reduced or even
teeth , some apparently feeding on the scales of other bottom fishes . other species probably feed on soft - bodied invertebrates , probing with the snout into holes in the bottom or into recesses in outcroppings to obtain food unavailable to less - specialized fishes . although many species have specialized feeding habits , the order as a whole can be considered as
most tetraodontiforms swim by the rather unusual method of rapid undulations or complex scullings of the soft dorsal and anal fins ( in the midline of the back and underside , respectively ) ; the powerful caudal fin ( except in the molidae ) is reserved for rapid bursts of speed . the paired pectoral fins ( just behind the gills ) are in an almost constant state of rapid vibration , which gives a delicacy of control to their movements that is unusual even among fishes .
at night , often retiring to holes or crevices in coral or rocky reefs to sleep . when disturbed during the day , as by a potential predator , some species take rapid flight ; others dive into reef crevices . other species avoid the attention of predators by remarkable colorations or patternings that permit them to blend into the
to a bed of sea grass . moreover , one relatively defenseless species , a
, is an excellent mimic in body form and bright coloration of a poisonous puffer .
the tetraodontiforms are distinguished externally by a small gill opening restricted to a relatively short slit on the side of the head and a small mouth , usually equipped with massive teeth . the scales of the body are typically highly modified into overlapping ( in triacanthoids and balistoids ) and even sutured ( in ostracioids ) plates or into sharp , projecting spines ( in tetraodontoids ) ; in some cases , the skin itself may be thickened and hardened by deep layers of connective tissues ( molids ) . there are no anal fin spines , and the dorsal fin spines are either absent or present only in reduced number ( never more than six ) . the pelvic fin , which in the perciforms has one spine and five soft rays , in tetraodontiforms is either absent or reduced to no more than one spine and two small soft rays . the skeleton of tetraodontiforms is notable for a reduced number of bones , a number of the separate bony elements of the generalized perciforms having been lost through the processes of reduction , consolidation , fusion , or failure to develop . the hallmark of the evolution and diversification of the tetraodontiforms in fact has been the reductive tendencies in some parts—such as the number of skeletal elements , the number of fin spines , the size of the mouth and gill openings , and the number of teeth . tetraodontiforms are also characterized by simultaneous elaborative trends in other systems—such as scale and skin development , the inflation apparatus , the size of the teeth and their fusion with jawbones , and poisonous flesh .
the tetraodontiforms are classified as follows , with only the most obvious external differences that distinguish the groups mentioned . this classification largely reflects the work of james c . tyler , richard winterbottom , francesco santini , j . s . nelson , donn e . rosen , and jeffrey leis .
small mouth and gill openings ; reduced dorsal and pelvic fin spines ; no anal fin spines ; skin usually tough or spiny , scales modified as spines , shields , and plates . approximately 360 species .
the most primitive members of the order . deepwater species with a truncated or rounded tail ; deep caudal peduncle ( the region between the end of the anal fin and the front of the tail ) ; nonstreamlined body ; soft dorsal and anal fins of about same length along their bases . 11 genera , about 21 species ; indo - pacific and caribbean .
frontals extending far anterior to the articulation between lateral ethmoid and ethmoid . 3 superfamilies with 4 families , 61 genera , 182 species .
shallow - water derivatives of the spikefishes ; deeply forked caudal fin ; slender caudal peduncle ; body relatively streamlined for rapid swimming ; soft dorsal fin base much longer than anal fin base . 4 genera , 7 species ; indo - pacific , sometimes found in estuaries .
2 or 3 dorsal spines , the 2nd spine serving to lock the 1st in an erected position ; pelvic spine rudimentary or absent . about 43 genera , 142 species ; worldwide .
3 dorsal spines ; 8 outer teeth in each jaw . 11 genera , about 40 species ; worldwide .
2 dorsal spines ; 6 or fewer outer teeth in each jaw . about 32 genera , about 102 species ; worldwide .
no dorsal spines , body encased in a turtlelike cuirass ( carapace ) of sutured platelike scales .
taxonomic characteristics as per superfamily . 14 genera , about 33 species ; marine , tropical . atlantic , pacific , and indian oceans .
4 tooth plates , 2 in each jaw ; skin bearing small erectile spines .
of the pelvic fin apparatus ( completely lost by all other members of suborder ) . body somewhat elongate ; 3 fused teeth in jaws . 1 living species (
body inflatable ; 4 fused teeth in jaws ; no ribs . about 19 genera , over 130 species ; worldwide , marine , several freshwater genera .
2 tooth plates , 1 in each jaw ; the skin bearing huge spines ; caudal fin normal ; spines erectile ( porcupine fishes ) or fixed ( burrfishes ) . 6 genera , 19 species ; worldwide .
2 tooth plates , 1 in each jaw . skin leathery and relatively smooth but often exceptionally thick ; caudal fin highly modified or absent ;
reach enormous size , up to 3 . 3 metres ( 11 feet ) in length and 1 , 900 kg ( 4 , 000 pounds ) in weight . 3 genera , 4 species ; tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide .
order tetraodontiform es ( pufferfishes ) with a beaklike snout , gill opening restricted to a small opening . 9 families , about 357 species . marine , occasionally freshwater , worldwide in tropics and subtropics . eocene to present . class sarcopterygii ( fleshy - finned fishes ) …
fish , any of more than 30 , 000 species of vertebrate animals ( phylum chordata ) found in the fresh and salt waters of the world . living species range from the primitive , jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks , skates , and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes . most fish species are…
perciform , ( order perciformes ) , any member of the largest group of fishes in the world , represented by more than 6 , 000 species placed in about 150 families . perciforms are bony fishes that occur in abundance in both marine and freshwater areas of the world , ranging from shallow freshwater ponds to depths of…
triggerfish , any of about 30 species of shallow - water marine fishes of the family balistidae , found worldwide in tropical seas . triggerfishes are rather deep - bodied , usually colourful fishes with large scales , small mouths , and high - set eyes . their common name refers to the triggering mechanism in the first two of their three dorsal…
puffer , any of about 90 species of fishes of the family tetraodontidae , noted for their ability when disturbed to inflate themselves so greatly with air or water that they become globular in form . puffers are found in warm and temperate regions around the world , primarily…
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although it is remarkably derived , this order of fishes dates from the early eocene epoch or , possibly , the late cretaceous period . there are nine families , including the spikefishes ( triacanthodidae , 11 genera and 21 species ) , the triplespines ( triacanthidae , four genera and seven spp . ) , the boxfishes ( ostraciidae , 11 genera and 37 spp . ) , the filefishes and leatherjackets ( monacanthidae , 25 genera and at least 104 spp . ) , the triggerfishes ( balistidae , 12 genera and at least 37 spp . ) , the threetooth puffer ( triodontidae , one genus and one species ) , the pufferfishes ( tetraodontidae , 26 genera and at least 170 species , with one species that has two subspecies ) , the porcupinefishes ( diodontidae , seven genera and 20 spp . ) , and the molas or ocean sunfishes ( molidae , three genera and four spp . ) .
there is some variability within this order , but all are distinguished by fused teeth within their jaws . spikefishes are compressed , high bodied ( great in depth ) , or elongate ; some have concave foreheads and others elongated , tubelike snouts . the caudal fin is rounded to truncated , and there are 12–18 soft rays in the dorsal fin and 11–16 rays in the anal fin . coloring is orange , yellow , or pink . triplespines are compressed and elongate , with steeply sloping foreheads , narrow caudal peduncles , and forked tails . the first dorsal spine is large . the coloring is silvery , with hints of yellow or pale olive . the boxfishes are indeed boxlike , with bodies covered in bony - like plates . they have large rounded or truncated caudal fins and the ability , in numerous species , to secrete ostracitoxin ( a poison that makes the creature unpalatable ) as an anti - predatation mechanism . some species have horns that protrude from their heads . a few species are brightly colored , but most are dull or cryptic .
filefishes and leatherjackets also vary in shape and appearance . generally , they are compressed and somewhat elongate , and they may have steeply sloped foreheads . others are rhomboid in shape . at least one species , anacanthus barbatus , is long and slender and resembles superficially a pipefish ( sygnathidae ) . the first dorsal spine usually is tall and strong . the caudal fin is truncated or slightly rounded . color patterns vary , ranging from bright colors to cryptic or nondescript shades . triggerfishes are compressed , rhomboid , or slightly elongate , with pelvic fins that are fused into a single spine . the first dorsal spine is capable of locking by using the second spine as a trigger that locks it into place . it is used as an anti - predation mechanism . the eyes can rotate independently of each other . color patterns also vary and may be spectacular and bright or quite dull or cryptic .