odontobutis potamophila is a species of freshwater sleeper native to china and vietnam .

this species can reach a length of 11.5 cm ( 4.5 in ) in standard length .

odontobutis potamophila

development and validation of single nucleotide polymorphism markers in odontobutis potamophila from transcriptomic sequencing .
you can download standardized annotation of the odontobutis potamophila mitogenomic sequence via the links below .
development and validation of single nucleotide polymorphism markers in odontobutis potamophila from transcriptomic sequencing . - pubmed - ncbi
hou x , zhu f , yin s , zhang l , hu y , wang y , jia y , zhang g , li l . genetic diversity of odontobutis potamophila from different geographic populations inferred from mtdna control region . mitochondrial dna . 2014 ; 25 ( 5 ) : 400–6 .
odontobutis potamophila is widely distributed in river systems of southeast china . twenty - eight microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for this species . number of alleles ranged from 2 to 19 per locus , and the observed and expected heterozygosity were 0 . 161–0 . 967 and 0 . 207–0 . 928 , respectively . no evidence of linkage disequilibrium was detected . the significant departures from hardy–weinberg expectations at three loci suggested the presence of null alleles . these microsatellite loci will be useful for studying population genetic variation . cross - amplification of these microsatellite loci indicated that many are polymorphic in four closely related species of gobioidei .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
justification : the species has been assessed as data deficient due to a lack of information regarding species ' distribution range , population trends , or direct threats to this species .
has an east asia distribution . it is known from the yangzte river basin in china ( iwata and sakai 2002 ) and occurs probably also in nothern viet nam ( kottelat 2001 ) .
it is not known if there are any conservation measures in place or needed .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
zhang hw 1 , yin sw 1 , zhang lj 1 , hou xy 1 , wang yy 1 , zhang gs 1 .
college of life sciences , nanjing normal university , jiangsu key laboratory for biodiversity and biotechnology , nanjing , jiangsu co - innovation center for marine bio - industry technology , lian yungang , china .
this study was supported by the national spark program project ( 2013ga690166 ) , jiangsu province science and technology support program ( be2013441 ) , science and technology achievement transformation fund project of nanjing normal university ( 2013 - 02 ) , and the project foundation of the academic program development of jiangsu higher education institutions ( papd ) .
excoffier l , lischer h ( 2010 ) arlequin suite ver 3 . 5 : a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows . mol ecol resour 10 : 564–567
lalitha s ( 2000 ) primer premier 5 . biotechnol softw internet rep 6 : 270–272
oosterhout cv , hutchinson wf , wills dpm , shipley p ( 2004 ) micro - checker : software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data . mol ecol notes 4 : 535–538
zhu , f . , luo , j . , yin , s . et al . conservation genet resour ( 2014 ) 6 : 601 . urltoken
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 1 / / en
urltoken
( for details about our automatic annotation engine , refer to mitoannotator ) . the image on the right side is a visual representation of the mitogenome created by circos . the innermost circle represents gc % per every 5bp of the mitogenome ; the darker lines are , the higher their gc % are .
copyright © atmosphere and ocean research institute , the university of tokyo , japan .
javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
a total of 143 differentially expressed mirnas and 16 , 540 differentially expressed genes were identified . of these , 8103 mrnas and 75 mirnas were upregulated in testes , and 8437 mrnas and 68 mirnas were upregulated in ovaries . integrated analysis of mirna and mrna expression profiles predicted more than 50 , 000 mirna - mrna interaction sites , and among them 27 , 583 negative mirna - mrna interactions . a number of sex related genes were targeted by sex - biased mirnas . the relationship between 15 sex - biased genes and 15 sex - biased mirnas verified by using qrt - pcr were described . additionally , a number of snps were revealed through the transcriptome data .
the overall results of this study facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying sex determination and differentiation and provide valuable genomic information for selective breeding of the dark sleeper .
] , with fish sex determined either by genetics ( i . e . , genetic sex determination , or gsd ) or by environment ( i . e . , environmental sex determination , or esd ) . however , individuals with gsd can also be influenced by many external variables , primarily temperature—that is , gsd + ee ( environmental effects ) [
] . despite the various forms of sex determination found in fishes , it is theorized that the genes involved have been well preserved throughout time . several molecular factors were reported to be responsible for sex determination in gonochoristic species , such as
] . these studies all detail the large diversity in sex determination . generally speaking , sex determination and differentiation in fishes is a challenge because of the wide variety of species and much has yet to be learned about their molecular mechanisms .
] . it is an important commercial fish species due to its delicious taste and high nutritional value , therefore in recent years the dark sleeper has become a very promising aquaculture species in china . a previous survey on dark sleepers found that the male individual grows substantially larger and at a quicker rate than the female [
] . thus , male individuals have more economic value than females . however , there has been little research addressing genetically selective breeding of the dark sleeper due to the dearth of genomic and transcriptomic resources available and since few of its sequences have been deposited in the ncbi genbank . therefore , it is important to understand the regulatory mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal differentiation in this species and enlarge the public est database . in order to understand these mechanisms in detail at the molecular level and to provide a theoretical basis for selective breeding , the regulatory mechanisms associated with gonadal differences need to be studied at the genomic level .
rna - seq represents an effective means of providing information about gene expression levels , information which has been widely used for analyzing the variety of expressed genes and demonstrating key genes which are expressed at a particular moment . for instance , the use of rna - seq analysis has helped researchers to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying sex determination and differentiation and to identify differentially expressed genes in rainbow trout (
] . these transcriptomic data have provided information on genes in gonads in specific conditions and identified sex - differentially expressed genes .
] by using deep rna - sequencing technology . these studies suggested that mirnas are important for sex differentiation and sexual development . in addition , mirnas are able to target numerous genes , making them a probable regulator in biological processes . thus , gaining insight into mirna - mrna regulatory networks enables a greater understanding of gene expression at the post - transcriptional level [
in this study , an integration analysis was conducted in order to identify target genes of mirnas and characterize their functional roles in gonad tissues of the dark sleeper . these findings provide us with further insight into the regulatory mechanisms associated with sex determination and gonadal differentiation . we used bioinformatics analysis and mirna prediction algorithms in order to find mirna - mrna pairs . real - time pcr was used to validate the differences between testes and ovaries for various differentially expressed genes and mirnas . through this research , we identified a large number of snps that will facilitate genetic research and selective breeding of this species , which have so far been hindered by a lack of genomic data . the findings of this study facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying sex determination and differentiation and provide valuable genomic information for selective breeding of the dark sleeper .
] . all experiments were performed according to the guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals in china . this study was also approved by the ethics committee of experimental animals at nanjing normal university . total rna was extracted using mirneasy kit ( qiagen , usa ) following the manufacturer’s protocol . the total rna quantity and purity were analyzed with bioanalyzer 2100 and rna 6000 nano labchip kit ( agilent , ca , usa ) with rin number > 7 . 0 .
for six cdna library constructions , approximately 5 μg of the total rna per sample was used for the rna sample preparations . the library for sequencing was generated using an illuminatruseq rna sample preparation kit ( illumina , san diego , ca , usa ) . transcriptome sequencing was paired - end sequenced with the illuminahiseq 2500platform , which generated approximately 125 bp paired - end ( pe ) raw reads by lc sciences ( houston , tx , usa ) . the clean reads from the six transcriptomes were obtained from raw data by filtering out adaptor sequences and low - quality reads , then the remaining clean reads were assembled using trinity software for de novo transcriptome assembly without a reference genome . the quality of the assembly was critically assessed by lc sciences before subsequent analysis . all the non - redundant sequences were annotated against the swiss - prot database , non - redundant protein sequences ( nr ) , protein family ( pfam ) , kegg ortholog database ( kegg ) , eukaryotic ortholog groups ( kog ) , and geneontology ( go ) . the expression level of each transcript was measured as the number of clean reads mapped to its sequence . gene expression level was measured by rpkm with rsem 1 . 2 . 3 . we determined the fdr threshold by using deseq . fdr < 0 . 05 and fold change > 2 were used to identify differentially expressed genes .
to identify the small rnas involved in gonad development and sex differentiation , six small rna libraries were generated from the male and female gonad samples using the illuminatruseq small rna preparation kit ( illumina , san diego , ca , usa ) according to illumina’s truseq small rna sample preparation guide . quantity and integrity were evaluated by aligent 2100 bioanalyzer , and then the libraries were sequenced by illumina hiseq2500 50se ( single end ) at the lc - bio ( hangzhou , china ) following instructions for running the instrument . the raw sequences were processed using the illumina pipeline program . after disregarding contaminated reads , including adapter dimers , junk , low complexity , common rna families ( rrna , trna , snrna , snorna ) , and repeats , the clean reads were filtered with the software package acgt101 - mir - v4 . 2 ( lc sciences , houston , texas , usa ) .
the clean sequence reads were mapped with mirbase 21 . 0 , allowing a mismatch of one or two nucleotide bases , to identify known mirnas and novel 3p - and 5p–derived mirnas . the differentially expressed mirnas ( demirnas ) between samples were identified by using a student’s t - test based on the experimental design . in this test , the significance threshold was set at 0 . 05 .
to predict the genes targeted by de mirnas , two computational target prediction algorithms ( targetscan 50 and miranda 3 . 3a ) were used to identify mirna binding sites . finally , the data predicted by targetscan 50 and miranda 3 . 3a were combined and the overlaps were calculated .
in total , 43 mrnas and 16 mirnas were verified by using quantitative real - time pcr ( qrt - pcr ) . for mrna , primers for qrt - pcr are listed in additional file
: table s1 , qrt - pcr method with β - actin as an internal control was used to explore mrna expression levels . qrt - pcr was performed with an sybr green master kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol ( roche , basel , switzerland ) . the experiments were carried out in triplicate with a total volume of 20 μl in an abi steponeplus , containing 10 μl of sybr green master , 4 μl of cdna ( 500 ng ) , and 3 μl of forward and reverse primers ( 2 μmol / l ) . the qrt - pcr was programmed at 95 °c for 10 min , followed by 40 cycles of 95 °c for 15 s , and 55 °c for 1 min . the expression level was calculated by 2
method and subjected to statistical analysis . for mirna quantification , the specific rt primers and stem - loop primers are shown in additional file
: table s2 . u6 was used as an internal control . the selected mirnas were analyzed by quantifying the mirna stem - loop . quantitative real - time pcr ( qrt - pcr ) was performed on abi steponeplus system ( applied biosystems , foster , ca , usa ) using qrt - pcr reagents provided by toyobo . the thermal cycling program was set as follows : denaturation at 95 °c for 30 s ( s ) , and then 40 cycles of amplification including denaturation at 95 °c for 5 s , annealing at 61 °c for 30 s , and extension at 72 °c for 30 s ; after 40 cycles was final extension at 72 °c for 1 min .
very few studies focusing on regulatory mechanisms of sex determination and gonadal differentiation in dark sleepers exist . identifying the expression patterns of mirnas and mrnas in dark sleeper gonads is the first step in elucidating their gonadal development and differentiation . this experiment used mature gonads for the purpose of discovering gender specific genes and their putative regulated mirnas in addition to finding sex - associated molecular markers .
in order to identify mrna expression profiles in dark sleeper testes and ovaries , six cdna libraries representing the testes ( ot a , ot b , ot c ) and ovaries ( oo a , oo b , oo c ) were constructed with total rna and subjected to illumina deep sequencing . in total , 52 , 751 , 768 , 43 , 554 , 254 , and 39 , 713 , 188 reads were obtained from the male libraries ot a , ot b , and ot c , respectively , and 51 , 538 , 466 , 51 , 356 , 850 , and 48 , 215 , 604 reads were obtained from the female libraries oo a , oo b , and oo c , respectively . after quality filtering , approximately 95 . 52 % , 96 . 60 % , and 95 . 27 % reads from testis libraries and 97 . 52 % , 97 . 64 % , 97 . 64 % reads from ovary libraries remained to be qualified for assembling . an overview of the sequencing and assembly results for these six libraries is shown in additional file
all - unigene sequences were searched against swiss - prot , nr , pfam , kegg , kog , and go databases , which returned 19 , 518 ( 44 . 88 % ) , 24 , 291 ( 55 . 85 % ) , 19 , 364 ( 44 . 52 % ) , 13 , 895 ( 31 . 95 % ) , 18 , 624 ( 42 . 82 % ) , and 17 , 358 ( 39 . 91 % ) matches , respectively ( additional file
: figure s2 ) , which showing significant expression difference between male and female . clustering of the samples based on grouped males and females separately . a majority of the main 100 differentially expressed genes are female - biased genes , which were included in zp1 , zp2 and zp3 . among eight male - biased genes , half of them ( fabp2 , slc7a2 , f10 and sun1 ) were annotated ( fig .
heatmap of the differentially expressed genes of gonads . heatmap of the count data of gonads for the differentially expressed genes between male and female individuals ( only the top 100 genes are included ) . please see additional file
gene ontology ( go ) annotation was performed to classify sex - biased genes ( fig .
) . there were 3085 and 5429 degs from males and females , respectively , were assigned to a go category . the most enriched go - terms for male - biased degs included “rna - dependent dna replication” in the biological process category , “integral to membrane” in the molecular function category and “zinc ion binding” and “atp binding” in the cellular component category . as for female - biased degs , the most enriched go - terms at biological process level was “regulation of transcription , dna - dependent” , the most enriched go - terms associated with molecular function were “nucleus” , and the most enriched cellular component were “zinc ion binding” and “atp binding” .
) based on gene ontology ( go ) categorization . go analysis was performed for three main categories : biological process , molecular function , and cellular component . please see additional file
1789 male - biased degs and 2450 female - biased degs were mapped to kegg pathways , respectively . enriched pathways ( fig .
) associated with male - biased degs were axon guidance , ecm - receptor interaction and endocytosis etc . and enriched pathways for female - biased degs were axon guidance , aminoacyl - trna biosynthesis , endocytosis , homologous recombination , adipocytokine signaling pathway , adherens junction etc .
in order to identify mirna differentiation between male and female individuals , we relied on the six small rna libraries representing the testes ( ot a , ot b , ot c ) and ovaries ( oo a , oo b , oo c ) constructed with total rna and subjected to illumina small rna deep sequencing . after discarding junk sequences , 8 . 8 , 8 . 1 , 8 . 7 , 4 . 0 , 4 . 1 , and 5 . 9 million clean reads were generated in ot a , ot b , ot c , oo a , oo b , and oo c samples , respectively ( additional file
compared with groups of ot and oo , 75 mirnas were significantly upregulated in testes , while 68 mirnas were significantly upregulated in ovaries . (
: table s9 ) we found many of the same mirnas that were reported in the previous study , such as mir - 143 , mir - 145 , and mir - 138 , and detected some novel mirnas as well . in the two libraries of differentially expressed mirnas , hierarchical clustering results allowed the six samples to be sorted into two distinct groups ( fig .
heatmap of the differentially expressed mirnas for gonads . heatmap of the count data of gonads for the differentially expressed mirnas between male and female individuals (
in order to determine mirna - mrna functional interactions , de mirnas and their predicted target lists were investigated for cognate mrna targets using acgt101 - corr 1 . 1 . there were 53 , 374 mirna - mrna pairs in the gonad tissue of the dark sleeper . there were 27 , 583 negative mirna - mrna interactions with the involvement of 143 de mirnas and 16 , 540 de mrnas in total . our study described the negative interaction between 15 genes with annotation and 15 mirnas , which were verified by using qrt - pcr ( fig .
mirna - mrna negative correlation network . mirnas and mrnas were validated using real - time pcr . please see additional file
we used real - time qrt - pcr to investigate the relative expression levels of the 16 top mirnas and 43 mrnas related to sex determination and differentiation . the data obtained through rna - seq and qrt - pcr was essentially identical ( table
) . overall , the results of qrt - pcr validated those of rna - seq and offered support for the reliability of the differentially expressed mirnas and genes .
for extended application of the rna - seq data , structural variations were discovered using the assembled transcriptome . a total of 1130 and 1226 snps were identified in males and females , respectively . a / g was the most abundant type in both males and females ( table
forty snps in twenty dark sleepers were subjected to experimental validation . among the 40 primer pairs designed for snp validation , 34 could amplify target sequences . within these amplified sequences , 19 snps were validated , suggesting that approximately 50 % of the predicted snps were indeed true snps . the primers of validated snps are listed in additional file
as a commercial fish , the dark sleeper shows a sex dimorphism growth pattern , in that the male dark sleeper grows faster than the female . artificial breeding and selection of dark sleepers have taken place in recent years . to further facilitate increased production of dark sleepers , the control of their sex is regarded as an important technique . thus , understanding the detailed mechanisms involved in dark sleeper sex determination and development is necessary . this study presents mrna and mirna integrated analyses on the gonad tissue of the dark sleeper . a number of sex specific mirna - mrna pairs and snps were identified . taking insight into mirna - mrna pairs and their corresponding snps can further the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms associated with sex determination and gonadal differentiation in the dark sleeper . this , then , constitutes a genetic breeding basis for this important commercial fish species .
in general , all of the rna transcripts in the cell were included in the transcriptome data . the transcriptome reflects the mrnas and mirnas that are actively expressed under a particular condition . we attempted to acquire the mirna - mrna pairs through the use of de mirnas and de mrnas datasets and mirna - targeting information . in the present study , a total of 53 , 374 mirna - mrna pairs were identified . in most cases , the negative correlation between mirnas and their target mrnas is often considered proof of mirna targeting [
] . in our results , 27 , 583 mirna - mrna interaction sites with negative correlation were predicted with the involvement of 143 de mirnas and 16 , 540 de mrnas , which greatly exceeded our expectations . moreover , this study validated 43 de genes related to sex determination or differentiation and the top 16 de mirnas through the use of real - time pcr analysis .
in this study , compared with groups of ot and oo , 75 mirnas were significantly upregulated in testes , while 68 mirnas were significantly upregulated in ovaries . increasing evidence suggests that mirnas play an important role as regulators of reproduction [
] , and identifying the mirna target genes is an important step for understanding their roles in gene regulatory networks .
our results indicate that the mir - 138 , mir - 145 , mir - 143 , and mir - 133 showed significant increased expression in testes compared with that in ovaries . mir - 138 can regulate the
] . therefore , mir - 138 might be involved in testis development and spermatogenesis . mir - 143 and mir - 145 were proved to be co - transcribed in multipotent murine cardiac progenitors [
was not differentially expressed in the gonad of the dark sleeper , which may be a result of the samples we collected were in relatively late stage . the results of our histologic section indicated that the testes were in iv stage , leading to the production of mature spermatids ( additional file
might play a role in an earlier stage of gonadal development in the dark sleeper . in addition , mir - 143 is critical for the formation of primordial follicles and regulates ovarian development [
] , and showed that it is predominantly expressed in female gonads . however , another ovarian marker ,
, showed that it is expressed similarly in both male and female gonads . a possible reason for this is that
were identified as female - biased genes in our study . the production of connective tissue growth factor can be limited by mir - 133 [
in contrast with the testes , the most abundant expressed mirnas in the ovaries of the dark sleeper were mir - 221 , mir - 153 , mir - 222 , and mir - 139 . both mir - 221 and mir - 222 can maintain the undifferentiated state of mammalian spermatogonia [
are among the predicted targets of mir - 221 and mir - 222 . the
had higher expression in the testes . the expression of estrogen receptors has been shown male - biased in bluehead wrasses [
was found to be much greater in the fetal ovaries from 11 . 5 days postcoitum ( dpc ) onwards . however , it was not detected in the fetal testes during the period studied ( 10 . 5–15 . 5dpc ) [
in teleosts needs to be further studied . the role of mir - 139 in fishes has yet to be studied , but an increasing number of studies have suggested that mir - 139 suppresses the
was highly expressed in both the ovaries and testes of the dark sleeper , but was not shown to be sex - biased .
, all of which showed male - biased expression . our results seem to verify the opinion that the female - specific function of the
pathway in teleost fishes needs to be further studied . mir - 17 - 5p plays an important role in ovarian function in mice [
may both be important factors for testicular differentiation . it is worth noting that in our study ,
were both predicted to be the potential target genes of mir - 17a . mir - 17a in teleost fishes also warrants further study . mir - 153 has been well studied in the context of human cancers , and it has been shown to be markedly down regulated in the cells that undergo emt ( epithelial - mesenchymal transition ) [
] . hence , mir - 153 may have a role in sex determination and differentiation of fish species .
several other genes related to sex determination and differentiation were also identified in this study .
is a type of axonemal dynein , a large motor protein complex which enables the movement of eukaryotic cilia and flagella . research has shown that male infertility or lateralization defects can occur due to a disruption of axonemal dynein function [
] and is regarded as the marker of the testis . in this study , we found
] , in contrast to the findings of our study . there is evidence that
the present study describes the first integrated analysis of mrna and mirna found in gonad tissue of dark sleeper . there were 27 , 583 negative mirna - mrna interactions with the involvement of 143 de mirnas and 16 , 540 de mrnas in total . a significant number of common mrnas and mirnas involved in sex determination and differentiation were obtained by comparing the mrna and mirna expression profiles in the gonad tissue of the dark sleeper . it is a good case for analyzing mrna and mirna co - expression in order to uncover the sex differences between males and females of non - model fish species by using ngst .
ysw zc and zgs conceived this study , and designed and supervised the experiments ; zgs and zc performed the experiments ; zgs and lzc conducted the data analysis and prepared figures and tables . zgs , zc , csq and zgq wrote the manuscript . wqt and zc conducted the snp validation . all of the authors reviewed and approved the manuscript .
all experiments were performed according to the guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals in china . this study was also approved by the ethics committee for experimental animals at nanjing normal university ( permit 91 , no . syxk2015–0028 ) .
springer nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations .
this article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license (
) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver (
) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .
summary of sequence data generated for dark sleeper transcriptome , and quality filtering . ( docx 13 kb )
blast analysis of non - redundant unigenes against public databases . ( docx 12 kb )
differentially expressed genes in the two sexes for gonads of dark sleeper . ( docx 126 kb )
overview of reads for srna - seq from raw data to high quality reads , and quality filtering . ( docx 19 kb )
length distribution of small rna in six mirna libraries . ( docx 109 kb )
list of mirna member in each family in dark sleeper . ( docx 23 kb )
list of know - mirna and novel - mirna of dark sleeper . ( docx 57 kb )
list of differentially expressed mirnas of dark sleeper in testis and ovary . ( docx 34 kb )
all snp detected in gonad tissue of dark sleeper . ( docx 262 kb )
histological section analysis of testis and ovary structure in dark sleeper with hematoxylin and eosin staining . ( docx 1183 kb )
adolfi mc , carreira ac , jesus lw , bogerd j , funes rm , schartl m , sogayar mc , borella mi . molecular cloning and expression analysis of dmrt1 and sox9 during gonad development and male reproductive cycle in the lambari fish . astyanax altiparanae reprod biol endocrinol . 2015 ; 13 : 2 .
ospina - alvarez n , piferrer f . temperature - dependent sex determination in fish revisited : prevalence , a single sex ratio response pattern , and possible effects of climate change . plos one . 2008 ; 3 ( 7 ) : e2837 .
matsuda m , nagahama y , shinomiya a , sato t , matsuda c , kobayashi t , morrey ce , shibata n , asakawa s , shimizu n , et al . dmy is a y - specific dm - domain gene required for male development in the medaka fish . nature . 2002 ; 417 ( 6888 ) : 559–63 .
kamiya t , kai w , tasumi s , oka a , matsunaga t , mizuno n , fujita m , suetake h , suzuki s , hosoya s , et al . a trans - species missense snp in amhr2 is associated with sex determination in the tiger pufferfish ,
yano a , guyomard r , nicol b , jouanno e , quillet e , klopp c , cabau c , bouchez o , fostier a , guiguen y . an immune - related gene evolved into the master sex - determining gene in rainbow trout . oncorhynchus mykiss curr biol . 2012 ; 22 ( 15 ) : 1423–8 .
hattori rs , murai y , oura m , masuda s , majhi sk , sakamoto t , fernandino ji , somoza gm , yokota m , strussmann ca . a y - linked anti - mullerian hormone duplication takes over a critical role in sex determination . proc natl acad sci u s a . 2012 ; 109 ( 8 ) : 2955–9 .
chen s , zhang g , shao c , huang q , liu g , zhang p , song w , an n , chalopin d , volff jn , et al . whole - genome sequence of a flatfish provides insights into zw sex chromosome evolution and adaptation to a benthic lifestyle . nat genet . 2014 ; 46 ( 3 ) : 253–60 .
mei j , gui jf . genetic basis and biotechnological manipulation of sexual dimorphism and sex determination in fish . sci china life sci . 2015 ; 58 ( 2 ) : 124–36 .
salem m , rexroad ce 3rd , wang j , thorgaard gh , yao j . characterization of the rainbow trout transcriptome using sanger and 454 - pyrosequencing approaches . bmc genomics . 2010 ; 11 : 564 .
tao w , yuan j , zhou l , sun l , sun y , yang s , li m , zeng s , huang b , wang d . characterization of gonadal transcriptomes from nile tilapia (
) reveals differentially expressed genes . plos one . 2013 ; 8 ( 5 ) : e63604 .
chen x , mei j , wu j , jing j , ma w , zhang j , dan c , wang w , gui jf . a comprehensive transcriptome provides candidate genes for sex determination / differentiation and ssr / snp markers in yellow catfish . mar biotechnol . 2015 ; 17 ( 2 ) : 190–8 .
lu j , zheng m , zheng j , liu j , liu y , peng l , wang p , zhang x , wang q , luan p , et al . transcriptomic analyses reveal novel genes with sexually dimorphic expression in yellow catfish (
ribas l , pardo bg , fernandez c , alvarez - dios ja , gomez - tato a , quiroga mi , planas jv , sitja - bobadilla a , martinez p , piferrer f . a combined strategy involving sanger and 454 pyrosequencing increases genomic resources to aid in the management of reproduction , disease control and genetic selection in the turbot (
bartel dp . micrornas : genomics , biogenesis , mechanism , and function . cell . 2004 ; 116 ( 2 ) : 281–97 .
bartel dp . micrornas : target recognition and regulatory functions . cell . 2009 ; 136 ( 2 ) : 215–33 .
kloosterman wp , plasterk rh . the diverse functions of micrornas in animal development and disease . dev cell . 2006 ; 11 ( 4 ) : 441–50 .
gong g , sha z , chen s , li c , yan h , chen y , wang t . expression profiling analysis of the microrna response of
jing j , wu j , liu w , xiong s , ma w , zhang j , wang w , gui jf , mei j . sex - biased mirnas in gonad and their potential roles for testis development in yellow catfish . plos one . 2014 ; 9 ( 9 ) : e107946 .
xiao j , zhong h , zhou y , yu f , gao y , luo y , tang z , guo z , guo e , gan x , et al . identification and characterization of micrornas in ovary and testis of nile tilapia (
) by using solexa sequencing technology . plos one . 2014 ; 9 ( 1 ) : e86821 .
micrornas in adult ovary and testis by deep sequencing . gen comp endocrinol . 2014 ; 204 : 181–4 .
liu w , ling s , sun w , liu t , li y , zhong g , zhao d , zhang p , song j , jin x , et al . circulating micrornas correlated with the level of coronary artery calcification in symptomatic patients . sci rep . 2015 ; 5 : 16099 .
fuller - carter pi , carter kw , anderson d , harvey ar , giles km , rodger j . integrated analyses of zebrafish mirna and mrna expression profiles identify mir - 29b and mir - 223 as potential regulators of optic nerve regeneration . bmc genomics . 2015 ; 16 : 591 .
tang z , yang y , wang z , zhao s , mu y , li k . integrated analysis of mirna and mrna paired expression profiling of prenatal skeletal muscle development in three genotype pigs . sci rep . 2015 ; 5 : 15544 .
zhuang x , li z , lin h , gu l , lin q , lu z , tzeng cm . integrated mirna and mrna expression profiling to identify mrna targets of dysregulated mirnas in non - obstructive azoospermia . sci rep . 2015 ; 5 : 7922 .
zhang yt , liu dt , zhu y , chen sx , hong ws . cloning and olfactory expression of progestin receptors in the chinese black sleeper
alshalalfa m . microrna response elements - mediated mirna - mirna interactions in prostate cancer . adv bioinforma . 2012 ; 2012 : 839837 .
murchison ep , stein p , xuan z , pan h , zhang mq , schultz rm , hannon gj . critical roles for dicer in the female germline . genes dev . 2007 ; 21 ( 6 ) : 682–93 .
lei l , jin s , gonzalez g , behringer rr , woodruff tk . the regulatory role of dicer in folliculogenesis in mice . mol cell endocrinol . 2010 ; 315 ( 1–2 ) : 63–73 .
liu y , yang k , sun x , fang p , shi h , xu j , xie m , li m . mir - 138 suppresses airway smooth muscle cell proliferation through the pi3k / akt signaling pathway by targeting pdk1 . exp lung res . 2015 ; 41 ( 7 ) : 363–9 .
ciraolo e , morello f , hobbs rm , wolf f , marone r , iezzi m , lu x , mengozzi g , altruda f , sorba g , et al . essential role of the p110beta subunit of phosphoinositide 3 - oh kinase in male fertility . mol biol cell . 2010 ; 21 ( 5 ) : 704–11 .
wu j , xiong s , jing j , chen x , wang w , gui jf , mei j . comparative transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways between xy and yy testis in yellow catfish . plos one . 2015 ; 10 ( 8 ) : e0134626 .
cordes kr , sheehy nt , white mp , berry ec , morton su , muth an , lee th , miano jm , ivey kn , srivastava d . mir - 145 and mir - 143 regulate smooth muscle cell fate and plasticity . nature . 2009 ; 460 ( 7256 ) : 705–10 .
yang b , guo h , zhang y , chen l , ying d , dong s . microrna - 145 regulates chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by targeting sox9 . plos one . 2011 ; 6 ( 7 ) : e21679 .
berbejillo j , martinez - bengochea a , bedo g , vizziano - cantonnet d . expression of dmrt1 and sox9 during gonadal development in the siberian sturgeon (
) . fish physiol biochem . 2013 ; 39 ( 1 ) : 91–4 .
smith ek , guzman jm , luckenbach ja . molecular cloning , characterization , and sexually dimorphic expression of five major sex differentiation - related genes in a scorpaeniform fish , sablefish (
) . comp biochem physiol b biochem mol biol . 2013 ; 165 ( 2 ) : 125–37 .
zhang j , ji x , zhou d , li y , lin j , liu j , luo h , cui s . mir - 143 is critical for the formation of primordial follicles in mice . front biosci . 2013 ; 18 : 588–97 .
bizuayehu tt , babiak j , norberg b , fernandes jm , johansen sd , babiak i . sex - biased mirna expression in atlantic halibut (
) brain and gonads . sex dev . 2012 ; 6 ( 5 ) : 257–66 .
benayoun ba , dipietromaria a , bazin c , veitia ra . foxl2 : at the crossroads of female sex determination and ovarian function . adv exp med biol . 2009 ; 665 : 207–26 .
guiguen y , fostier a , piferrer f , chang cf . ovarian aromatase and estrogens : a pivotal role for gonadal sex differentiation and sex change in fish . gen comp endocrinol . 2010 ; 165 ( 3 ) : 352–66 .
uhlenhaut nh , jakob s , anlag k , eisenberger t , sekido r , kress j , treier ac , klugmann c , klasen c , holter ni , et al . somatic sex reprogramming of adult ovaries to testes by foxl2 ablation . cell . 2009 ; 139 ( 6 ) : 1130–42 .
boilly b , vercoutter - edouart as , hondermarck h , nurcombe v , le bourhis x . fgf signals for cell proliferation and migration through different pathways . cytokine growth factor rev . 2000 ; 11 ( 4 ) : 295–302 .
devore dl , horvitz hr , stern mj . an fgf receptor signaling pathway is required for the normal cell migrations of the sex myoblasts in c . elegans hermaphrodites . cell 1995 ; 83 ( 4 ) : 611–620 .
nomura r , kamei e , hotta y , konishi m , miyake a , itoh n . fgf16 is essential for pectoral fin bud formation in zebrafish . biochem biophys res commun . 2006 ; 347 ( 1 ) : 340–6 .
whitehead gg , makino s , lien cl , keating mt . fgf20 is essential for initiating zebrafish fin regeneration . science . 2005 ; 310 ( 5756 ) : 1957–60 .
sun yl , zeng s , ye k , yang c , li mh , huang bf , sun ln , zhou ly , wang ds . involvement of fgf9 / 16 / 20 subfamily in female germ cell development of the nile tilapia . oreochromis niloticus fish physiol biochem . 2012 ; 38 ( 5 ) : 1427–39 .
doniach t , hodgkin j . a sex - determining gene , fem - 1 , required for both male and hermaphrodite development in caenorhabditis elegans . dev biol . 1984 ; 106 ( 1 ) : 223–35 .
duisters rf , tijsen aj , schroen b , leenders jj , lentink v , van der made i , herias v , van leeuwen re , schellings mw , barenbrug p , et al . mir - 133 and mir - 30 regulate connective tissue growth factor : implications for a role of micrornas in myocardial matrix remodeling . circ res . 2009 ; 104 ( 2 ) : 170–8 .
song yn , shi ll , liu zq , qiu gf . global analysis of the ovarian microrna transcriptome : implication for mir - 2 and mir - 133 regulation of oocyte meiosis in the chinese mitten crab ,
yang qe , racicot ke , kaucher av , oatley mj , oatley jm . micrornas 221 and 222 regulate the undifferentiated state in mammalian male germ cells . development . 2013 ; 140 ( 2 ) : 280–90 .
liu h , lamm ms , rutherford k , black ma , godwin jr , gemmell nj . large - scale transcriptome sequencing reveals novel expression patterns for key sex - related genes in a sex - changing fish . biol sex differ . 2015 ; 6 : 26 .
ijiri s , kaneko h , kobayashi t , wang ds , sakai f , paul - prasanth b , nakamura m , nagahama y . sexual dimorphic expression of genes in gonads during early differentiation of a teleost fish , the nile tilapia oreochromis niloticus . biol reprod . 2008 ; 78 ( 2 ) : 333–41 .
baron d , houlgatte r , fostier a , guiguen y . expression profiling of candidate genes during ovary - to - testis trans - differentiation in rainbow trout masculinized by androgens . gen comp endocrinol . 2008 ; 156 ( 2 ) : 369–78 .
siggers p , smith l , greenfield a . sexually dimorphic expression of gata - 2 during mouse gonad development . mech dev . 2002 ; 111 ( 1–2 ) : 159–62 .
gu w , li x , wang j . mir - 139 regulates the proliferation and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma through the wnt / tcf - 4 pathway . oncol rep . 2014 ; 31 ( 1 ) : 397–404 .
mi l , li y , zhang q , zhao c , peng y , yang g , zheng x . microrna - 139 - 5p regulates c2c12 cell myogenesis through blocking wnt / beta - catenin signaling pathway . biochem cell biol . 2015 ; 93 ( 1 ) : 8–15 .
kopczynski j , kowalik a , chlopek m , wang zf , gozdz s , lasota j , miettinen m . oncogenic activation of the wnt / beta - catenin signaling pathway in signet ring stromal cell tumor of the ovary . appl immunohistochem mol morphol . 2016 ; 24 ( 5 ) : e28–33 .
jordan bk , mohammed m , ching st , delot e , chen xn , dewing p , swain a , rao pn , elejalde br , vilain e . up - regulation of wnt - 4 signaling and dosage - sensitive sex reversal in humans . am j hum genet . 2001 ; 68 ( 5 ) : 1102–9 .
zhou l , charkraborty t , yu x , wu l , liu g , mohapatra s , wang d , nagahama y . r - spondins are involved in the ovarian differentiation in a teleost , medaka (
zhou l , charkraborty t , zhou q , mohapatra s , nagahama y , zhang y . rspo1 - activated signalling molecules are sufficient to induce ovarian differentiation in xy medaka (
chassot aa , gregoire ep , lavery r , taketo mm , de rooij dg , adams ir , chaboissier mc . rspo1 / beta - catenin signaling pathway regulates oogonia differentiation and entry into meiosis in the mouse fetal ovary . plos one . 2011 ; 6 ( 10 ) : e25641 .
yao hh , matzuk mm , jorgez cj , menke db , page dc , swain a , capel b . follistatin operates downstream of wnt4 in mammalian ovary organogenesis . dev dyn . 2004 ; 230 ( 2 ) : 210–5 .
nicol b , guerin a , fostier a , guiguen y . ovary - predominant wnt4 expression during gonadal differentiation is not conserved in the rainbow trout (
) . mol reprod dev . 2012 ; 79 ( 1 ) : 51–63 .
otsuka m , zheng m , hayashi m , lee jd , yoshino o , lin s , han j . impaired microrna processing causes corpus luteum insufficiency and infertility in mice . j clin invest . 2008 ; 118 ( 5 ) : 1944–54 .
abramov r , fu g , zhang y , peng c . expression and regulation of mir - 17a and mir - 430b in zebrafish ovarian follicles . gen comp endocrinol . 2013 ; 188 : 309–15 .
smith ca , roeszler kn , ohnesorg t , cummins dm , farlie pg , doran tj , sinclair ah . the avian z - linked gene dmrt1 is required for male sex determination in the chicken . nature . 2009 ; 461 ( 7261 ) : 267–71 .
xu q , sun q , zhang j , yu j , chen w , zhang z . downregulation of mir - 153 contributes to epithelial - mesenchymal transition and tumor metastasis in human epithelial cancer . carcinogenesis . 2013 ; 34 ( 3 ) : 539–49 .
niu g , li b , sun l , an c . microrna - 153 inhibits osteosarcoma cells proliferation and invasion by targeting tgf - beta2 . plos one . 2015 ; 10 ( 3 ) : e0119225 .
itman c , mendis s , barakat b , loveland kl . all in the family : tgf - beta family action in testis development . reproduction . 2006 ; 132 ( 2 ) : 233–46 .
rashid s , breckle r , hupe m , geisler s , doerwald n , neesen j . the murine dnali1 gene encodes a flagellar protein that interacts with the cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain 1 . mol reprod dev . 2006 ; 73 ( 6 ) : 784–94 .
fan z , you f , wang l , weng s , wu z , hu j , zou y , tan x , zhang p . gonadal transcriptome analysis of male and female olive flounder ( paralichthys olivaceus ) . biomed res int . 2014 ; 291067
lachke sa , alkuraya fs , kneeland sc , ohn t , aboukhalil a , howell gr , saadi i , cavallesco r , yue y , tsai ac , et al . mutations in the rna granule component tdrd7 cause cataract and glaucoma . science . 2011 ; 331 ( 6024 ) : 1571–6 .
ravi p , jiang j , liew wc , orban l . small - scale transcriptomics reveals differences among gonadal stages in asian seabass (
kojima k , kuramochi - miyagawa s , chuma s , tanaka t , nakatsuji n , kimura t , nakano t . associations between piwi proteins and tdrd1 / mtr - 1 are critical for integrated subcellular localization in murine male germ cells . genes cells . 2009 ; 14 ( 10 ) : 1155–65 .
sun f , liu s , gao x , jiang y , perera d , wang x , li c , sun l , zhang j , kaltenboeck l , et al . male - biased genes in catfish as revealed by rna - seq analysis of the testis transcriptome . plos one . 2013 ; 8 ( 7 ) : e68452 .
rosenkranz d , han ct , roovers ef , zischler h , ketting rf . piwi proteins and pirnas in mammalian oocytes and early embryos : from sample to sequence . genom data . 2015 ; 5 : 309–13 .
hamazaki ts , nagahama y , iuchi i , yamagami k . a glycoprotein from the liver constitutes the inner layer of the egg envelope ( zona pellucida interna ) of the fish . oryzias latipes dev biol . 1989 ; 133 ( 1 ) : 101–10 .
wassarman pm . mammalian fertilization : molecular aspects of gamete adhesion , exocytosis , and fusion . cell . 1999 ; 96 ( 2 ) : 175–83 .
by using this website , you agree to our terms and conditions , privacy statement and cookies policy . manage the cookies we use in the preference centre .


hemipepsis is a genus of large pepsine spider wasps found throughout the tropics .

they are commonly known as tarantula hawks .

hemipepsis wasps are morphologically similar to the related genera pepsis and entypus , but distinguishable by the pattern of wing venation .

in south africa 18 plant species from three plant families , the apocynaceae , orchidaceae , and asparagaceae subfamily scilloideae are pollinated exclusively by hemipepsis wasps .

hemipepsis

bradykinin in hemipepsis ustulata : a novel method for safely milking wasps . - pubmed - ncbi
total ion chromatogram for hemipepsis ustulata venom after trypsinolysis . wasps were restrained in a supine position and agitated to sting parafilm .
it is not easy to separate hemipepsis from pepsis , but i find that hemipepsis are matte black in color , not the iridescent blue - black that their relatives are . hemipepsis also tends to fly earlier in the season than pepsis , especially in the southwest , but both genera can be found together in the fall , hemipepsis being in the second generation in autumn . wing venation is apparently the only sure way to tell the two apart , but most folks understandably don’t want to get that close to such a large , stinging insect to find out which is which .
univ . calif . riverside insect faq - - describes biology of pepsis and hemipepsis as identical , says genera difficult to distinguish ( based on wing venation ) .
hemipepsis are quite similar looking to pepsis and entypus , but distinguishable if clearly resolved images of wing venation are available . for details , see the posts thumbnailed below :
both hemipepsis and pepsis are called
tarantula hawks .
the genera are difficult to distinguish in the field and have very similar life histories . see account for pepsis .
the term “tarantula hawk” applies to more than one species of large wasp . it even applies to more than one genus . here in the united states , the genera pepsis and hemipepsis are the only tarantula hawks , and the largest of our spider wasps in the family pompilidae . hemipepsis ustulata is a common species across much of the western u . s . , one i have encountered in both arizona and colorado .
hemipepsis ustulata ranges from southern california east through nevada to texas , oklahoma , and kansas . it would be well worth it to accumulate more records of this species . more county records are certainly possible , and perhaps state records , too .
the method was tested on three individuals of hemipepsis ustulata - large wasps ( up to 5 cm ) with rust colored wings and iridescent blue bodies . hemipepsis ustulata are ectoparasites that use paralyzed spiders as a food source for their young . these wasps are not aggressive , in general , but their sting has a fierce reputation ( schmidt , 2004 ) causing extreme , but short - lived pain . although they are distributed worldwide , they are particularly well known in the southwest u . s . , where they enjoy the status of being the state insect of new mexico .
shuttleworth , a . & johnson , s . d . 2012 . the hemipepsis wasp - pollination system in south africa : a comparative analysis of trait convergence in a highly specialized plant guild . botanical journal of the linnean society , 168 : 278–299 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8339 . 2012 . 01216 . x
wasp venom characterization is of interest across multiple disciplines such as medicinal chemistry and evolutionary biology . a simple method is described herein to milk wasp venom without undue risks to the researcher . the wasps were immobilized by cooling for safe handling , restrained , and their venom was collected on parafilm . bradykinin from hemipepsis ustulata was identified by lc - ms / ms during method verification .
this form of territoriality is called “landmark defense , ” and it is the strategy of choice in situations where defense of a resource used by females is impractical or impossible . while blooming palo verde trees might seem to be a nectar source for female tarantula hawks ( and they are , for pepsis chrysothemis ) , females of hemipepsis ustulata seem to prefer the flowers of creosote bush , which has a wide and scattered distribution in the landscape .
tarantula hawks in general have interesting behaviors , especially the males . dr . john alcock has studied in - depth the territorial behavior of male hemipepsis ustulata in the superstition mountains near phoenix , arizona . they are among the first insects seen in spring , but as the season wears on they become early risers , taking advantage of the brief window of time when sonoran desert temperatures are not too cool , but not incinerating , either . they are looking for prominent outposts , often palo verde trees atop hills .
females hunt mainly baboon spiders ( theraphosidae ) and rain spiders ( palystes ) , which they paralyse and drag to a pre - excavated burrow , where they lay an egg on the spider . on hatching the larva feeds on the preserved prey item . species of hemipepsis are important specialist pollinators of a diverse assemblage of african plants from satyrium and disa orchids ( orchidaceae ) to milkweeds ( apocynaceae ) and eucomis species ( asparagaceae subfamily scilloideae ) , as well as plants with generalist pollination systems ( apiaceae , vitaceae ) .
gess sk , gess fw 2014 . wasps and bees in southern africa . sanbi biodiversity series 24 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria . 320 pp .
johnson sd . 2005 . specialized pollination by spider - hunting wasps in the african orchid disa sankeyi . plant systematics and evolution 251 : 153–160 .
johnson sd , ellis a , dötterl s . 2007 . specialization for pollination by beetles and wasps : the role of lollipop hairs and fragrance in satyrium microrrhynchum ( orchidaceae ) . american journal of botany 94 : 47–55 .
ollerton j , johnson sd , cranmer l , kellie s . 2003 . the pollination ecology of an assemblage of grassland asclepiads in south africa . annals of botany 92 : 807–834 .
shuttleworth a , johnson sd . 2008 . bimodal pollination by wasps and beetles in the african milkweed xysmalobium undulatum . biotropica 40 : 568–574 .
shuttleworth a , johnson sd . 2009a . a key role for floral scent in a wasp - pollination system in eucomis ( hyacinthaceae ) . annals of botany 103 : 715–725 .
shuttleworth a , johnson sd . 2009b . the importance of scent and nectar filters in a specialized wasp - pollination system . functional ecology 23 : 931–940 .
shuttleworth a , johnson sd . 2009c . specialized pollination in the african milkweed xysmalobium orbiculare : a key role for floral scent in the attraction of spider - hunting wasps . plant systematics and evolution 280 : 37–44 .
shuttleworth a , johnson sd . 2009d . new records of insect pollinators for south african asclepiads ( apocynaceae : asclepiadoideae ) . south african journal of botany 75 : 689–698 .
shuttleworth a , johnson sd . 2009e . palp - faction : an african milkweed dismembers its wasp pollinators . environmental entomology 38 : 741–747 .
steiner ke , whitehead vb , johnson sd . 1994 . floral and pollinator divergence in two sexually deceptive south african orchids . american journal of botany 81 : 185–194 .
photographs © simon van noort ( iziko museums of south africa ) or © francois retief or © duncan butchart or © frédéric durand ( shnao ) .
citation : van noort , s . 2018 . waspweb : hymenoptera of the afrotropical region . url : urltoken ( accessed on < day / month / year > ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
, body length somewhat longer ( and appearing longer yet when taking into account the long legs and antennae ) .
catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico karl v . krombein , paul d . hurd , jr . , david r . smith , and b . d . burks . 1979 . smithsonian institution press .
nearctic wasps of the subfamilies pepsinae and ceropalinae henry k . townes . 1957 . smithsonian institute press ( bulletin 209 ) .
national audubon society field guide to insects and spiders lorus and margery milne . 1980 . knopf .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
all about insects , spiders , and other arthropods , focusing on north america north of mexico .
once a male wasp claims a lookout tree , it vigorously defends it from competing males . most interactions consist of the resident male flying off his perch in a brief foray to chase away the intruder . there is usually only feeble resistance , if any , from the interloper . males that have been displaced from their own territories , however , are more likely to try and displace another male . this takes the form of long , ascending flights in which the wasps spiral around each other as they climb to heights of thirty feet or more . sometimes they escalate to altitudes where they can no longer be observed without binoculars .
these aerial duels are contests of both endurance and speed . the faster and fitter male is thus the one more likely to win .
female wasps cruising past an occupied tree elicit an entirely different response . the resident male gives chase and , if he successfully reaches her , attempts to couple with her in the air and descend to the ground . there , they mate briefly if she is receptive . the male then returns to his perch , which he hopes has not been claimed by another male while he was um , otherwise engaged .
once mated , a female tarantula hawk goes about the business of finding occupied tarantula burrows and baiting the spider into battle aboveground . these burrows are also widely scattered . so , male wasps can’t stake out a tarantula “colony” because there is no such thing , at least not for spiders the size needed by the female wasp .
some of the hunting activities of these wasps may take place at night , or at least at dusk , for i have found females in southeast arizona coming to blacklights at night . i have also found females feeding on oozing sap of desert broom ( baccharis sarothroides ) . here in colorado springs i have seen both genders at a blooming saltcedar tree ( tamarix sp . ) , though the female simply circled the tree and flew off again .
sources : alcock , john . 1984 . “ridgetop rendezvous , ” natural history 93 : 42 - 47 . evans , howard e . 1997 . “spider wasps of colorado ( hymenoptera , pompilidae ) : an annotated checklist , ” great basin naturalist 57 ( 3 ) : 189 - 197 .
hi , aaron : the wasp in your image is clearly in the family sphecidae , not pompilidae . if it was that large , then it can only be sphex tepanecus , which is not uncommon in arizona . . . . but idaho ?
tell us about it and you ' ll be helping the big bug hunt citizen science project .
please book me now for your own events : bugeric247atgmaildotcom . i am happy to be a guest speaker , field trip leader , workshop facilitator , and sign copies of the kaufman guide . thank you .
i now accept donations here . if you like what i am doing , please see the button at the bottom of this sidebar . thank you .
google book search provides previews of several pages of text and plates so that you can judge for yourself the quality of the book .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
western new mexico university , department of chemistry , 1000 w . college ave , silver city , nm 88061 , usa . electronic address : whites7 @ wnmu . edu .
western new mexico university , department of chemistry , 1000 w . college ave , silver city , nm 88061 , usa . electronic address : samuelk @ wnmu . edu .
pmid : 26996494 pmcid : pmc4902793 doi : 10 . 1016 / j . toxicon . 2016 . 03 . 013
a selected ion chromatogram for bradykinin at mass 530 . 79 ( ±0 . 5 ) amu . b . mass spectrum for retention time 15 . 6 min . ( bradykinin ) showing the isotopic envelope for the doubly - charged , parent mh 2 + 2 peak .
a western new mexico university , department of chemistry , 1000 w . college ave , silver city , nm 88061 usa , phone : ( 443 ) - 523 - 2213 , ude . umnw @ 7setihw
b corresponding author , samuel kadavakollu ph . d . , western new mexico university , department of chemistry , 1000 w . college ave , silver city , nm 88061 usa , phone : ( 505 ) - 803 - 4835 , ude . umnw @ kleumas
specimens were collected in grant county , nm in the city of rocks state park and from the campus of the chiricahua desert museum in rodeo , nm . the motor function of the wasps was reduced by placing the cage in a refrigerator at 4 °c . the wasp was checked on every 2 minutes until immobilized and then removed from the refrigerator . at this point , the wasp was handled with tongs and its wings clipped ( the wing venation was preserved for identification purposes ) , an operation which facilitates ease of handling after the wasp reinvigorates . narrow strips of duct tape were used to secure the wasp in a supine position on a suitably - sized tube . the platform was securely taped down to the work surface to avoid the unexpected movement of the stinger during milking . the wasp was ready for milking after 5 - 10 min .
) . at this point , the stinger ( up to 6 mm long ) was easily observed and the parafilm was moved in contact with it . the stinger punctured the parafilm and deposited venom on the top side . the droplets were easily observed and were collected rapidly using a micropipetter and a small amount of water ( 5 - 10 μl ) to help dissolve the venom . after milking , the wasp was immobilized again using the refrigeration protocol . the tape was then carefully removed and the wasp returned to its cage . cut grapes and wet paper towels were provided to sustain the wasps during captivity . this process was repeated for 2 - 4 days before the cumulative effect of the procedure became fatal .
) . a mass range filter from 530 . 77 - 530 . 79 amu was applied to the total ion chromatogram (
) to search for bradykinin ( rppgfspfr ) , resulting in a strong peak at retention time 15 . 6 min . a match for the parent ion ( mh
) as the base peak in the mass spectrum ( the online resource from university of california san francisco , protein prospector , was used to calculate the theoretical value of the bradykinin peak at 530 . 788 amu ) . the doubly - charged state was deduced from the 0 . 5 amu spacing of the envelope .
a selected ion chromatogram for bradykinin at mass 530 . 79 ( ±0 . 5 ) amu .
b . mass spectrum for retention time 15 . 6 min . ( bradykinin ) showing the isotopic envelope for the doubly - charged , parent mh 2 + 2 peak .
this paper presents a novel , effective ( validated by lc - ms / ms ) approach for milking large wasps safely without the need for an agar block receiver . in addition , this method can provide multiple samples from a single individual over time .
this work was supported by funding from nsf grant # ios - 1146875 ( pi : manda clair jost ) and the new mexico idea networks for biomedical research excellence ( nm - inbre ) , nih prime award no . : 2p20gm103451 - 14 . the authors would also like to thank dr . sucharita dutta ( eastern virginia medical school ) , dr . bill toth and the natural sciences department at wnmu . we are grateful to justin lewis , james sanders , and john briggs for assistance in capturing wasp specimens and to diana sanchez and kay lindsey for their assistance in milking wasps .
publisher ' s disclaimer : this is a pdf file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication . as a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript . the manuscript will undergo copyediting , typesetting , and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form . please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content , and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain .
baek jh , lee sh , kim wy , kim mg . an insulin - binding protein from the venom of a solitary wasp
benton aw , morse ra , stewart jd . venom collection from honey bees .
bhagavathula nc , kumar m , krishnappa c . a simple non - invasive technique for venom milking from a solitary wasp
deyrup ld , matthews rw . a simple technique for milking the venom of a small parasitic wasp ,
konno k , palma ms , hitara iy , juliano ma , juliano l , yasuhara t . identification of bradykinins in solitary wasp venoms .
lee sh , baek jh , yoon ka . differential properties of venom peptides and proteins in solitary vs . social hunting wasps .
picolo g , hisada m , moura ab , machado mf , sciani jm , conceicao im , melo rl , oliveira v , lima - landman mt , cury y , kono k , hayashi ma . bradykinin - related peptides in the venom of the solitary wasp
piek t . methods for the collection of venoms . in : piek t , editor .
sahayaraj k , kumar sm , arandh gp . evaluation of milking and electric shock methods for venom collection from hunter reduviids .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
we are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .
museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 15f2a191 - 3e71 - 4e15 - be04 - a97aea5170a2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fca9ce6f - 846e - 41af - b9a8 - 2280d227a91e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 589474
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
the information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .
hover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .


glyphipterix rugata is a species of sedge moth in the genus glyphipterix .

it was described by edward meyrick in 1915 .

it is found in new zealand .

glyphipterix rugata

glyphipterix is a genus of sedge moths . it was described by hübner in 1825 .
the term
rugata
is composed of 6 letters . in alphabetical order , these 6 letters are :
rugata has been found in our term list . if you need a definition or a context on the term , you will find a list of external links below .
the word
rugata
is a word starting by
r
. there are many other words starts
r
and if it is the only letter that you have to solve your game , you can take a look at the list of words starting in r .
landcare research is the custodian of a number of nationally significant biological and resource collections and databases .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6d9bc114 - c981 - 4fec - be34 - fc9fcf67cd2f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a48701b9 - 4bc9 - 4538 - 869b - bf4298f2d589
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6906e5a2 - 25bf - 4840 - 8e1a - 6aeb0f2a6656
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 486817
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
here are some links that can help you understand the meaning of the term . please take into account that each corpus is different . some results may be empty .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018