the wingspan is about 9.5-10.5 mm .

there are blackish patches on the costa at one-fourth , the middle and two-thirds , the last the largest .

at one-fourth there is an oblique row of three dots of raised black scales , the first just below the costa , but included in the blackish costal patch .

within the costa , but included in the second costal spot , is usually a minute and blacker raised dot , and beneath it on the disk and in the fold , raised black dots .

beneath the third costal spot is a pair of raised black dots at end of the cell .

at the tornus there is a black or slightly darkened spot .

all of the raised black dots are margined with a few brown scales .

except for these brown scales , there is an entire absence of brownish tint on the forewings .

the hindwings are pale silvery grey , scarcely or not at all darkening toward the apex .

the larvae feed on the leaves of amelanchier canadensis .

they are pale greenish without markings .

pupation takes place in a silken cocoon between the leaves of the host plant .

pseudotelphusa amelanchierella

pseudotelphusa amelanchierella - urdu meaning and translation of pseudotelphusa amelanchierella , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of pseudotelphusa amelanchierella and more .
pseudotelphusa amelanchierella is a moth of the gelechiidae family . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from ohio .
valter jacinto marked
borboleta noturna / / moth ( pseudotelphusa cf . scalella )
as trusted on the
pseudotelphusa scalella
page .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kirjojäytäjäkoi
to
pseudotelphusa scalella scopoli 1763
.
pseudotelphusa amelanchierella is a moth of the gelechiidae family . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from ohio . the wingspan is about 9 . 5 - 10 . 5 mm . the forewings are grey , rather evenly dusted with bluish white scales and with minute black spots at the base of the costa and at the base of the fold . there are blackish patches on the costa at one - fourth , the middle and two - thirds , the last the largest .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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attributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández
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janse a . j . t . the moths of south africa . vi . gelechiadae — 1958
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .


orophia sordidella is a species of univoltine , xerothermic moth in the family depressariidae .

it was described by hübner in 1796 .

it is found in most of europe , except ireland , great britain , fennoscandia , portugal , the baltic region , poland , ukraine and bulgaria .

the wingspan is 13 – 17 mm .

there is one generation per year with adults on wing from may to early september .

the larvae feed on leguminosae species .

orophia sordidella

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orophia sordidella ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2003 , nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 219 ; [ fe ]
orophia imbutella ; lvovsky , 2003 , nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 219
orophia denisella ; lvovsky , 2003 , nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 219 ; [ fe ]
orophia ferrugella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ spl , # 1424 ] ; lvovsky , 2003 , nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 219 ; [ fe ]
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cryptolechia ammopleura meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 290 ; tl : cape colony , capetown
cryptolechia hadromacha meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 87 ; tl : portuguese e . africa
cryptolechia haemorrhanta meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 4 ) : 105 ; tl : belgian congo , luvua r . , 5700ft
cryptolechia haeresiella wallengren , 1875 ; öfvers . vet . akad . förh . 32 ( 1 ) : 128 ; tl : transvaal
depressaria imbutella christoph , 1888 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 22 ( 3 - 4 ) : 313 ; tl : borshom
cryptolechia languidula meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 101 ; tl : portuguese east africa , rikatla
cryptolechia madagascariensis viette , 1951 ; mém . inst . sci . madagascar ( a ) 5 ( 2 ) : 341
cryptolechia melicoma meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 5 ) : 125
cryptolechia ochroxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 87
cryptolechia pachystoma meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 101 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma
cryptolechia quadripunctella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 104 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy
cryptolechia roseoflavida walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 256 , pl . 12 , f . 25 ; tl : natal
seu , naf , asia minor , dagestan , georgia , azerbaijan . see [ maps ]
cryptolechia taurina meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 477 ; tl : sierra leone , njala
cryptolechia tetrasticta meyrick , 1917 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 1 ) : 6 ; tl : natal ,
durban
cryptolechia thesmophila meyrick , 1930 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 78 ( 2 ) : 318
cryptolechia toulgoetianum viette , 1954 ; mém . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 5 : 29
cryptolechia tranquilla meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 383 ; tl : transvaal , blauwkop
cryptolechia transfuga meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : woodbush village
cryptolechia xanthosarca meyrick , 1917 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 1 ) : 7 ; tl : transvaal , johannesburg
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
check - list of the broad - winged moths ( oecophoridae s . l . ) of russia and adjacent countries
zeller , 1868 lepidopterologische ergebnisse einer reise in oberkärnthen stettin ent . ztg 29 : 121 - 149
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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depressariidae are often treated as a subfamily of oecophoridae , a family which is not monophyletic . it is a cosmopolitan group particularly well represented in the temperate areas ( scoble 1992 : 243 ) . identification : gozmány 1955a , 1958 , hannemann 1953 , 1995 , harper et al . 2002 , jacobs 1949 , 1950 , 1955 , lvovsky 1990 , palm 1973 , 1975 , 1978 , 1989 , toll 1964 , van laar 1961 , 1964 . nomenclature according to fauna europaea . species in belgium : 47 .
agonopterix liturosa ( haworth , 1811 ) = liturella ( hübner , 1796 ) , nec ( [ denis & schiffermüller ] , 1775 ) = hypericella sensu auct . , nec ( hübner , 1816 )
depressaria daucella ( [ denis & schiffermüller ] , 1775 ) = nervosa sensu auct . , nec haworth , 1811
depressaria radiella ( goeze , 1783 ) = heraclei ( retzius , 1783 ) = pastinacella ( duponchel , 1838 ) = heracliana sensu auct . , nec ( linnaeus , 1758 )


the golden snub-nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) is an old world monkey in the colobinae subfamily .

it is endemic to a small area in temperate , mountainous forests of central and southwest china .

they inhabit these mountainous forests of southwestern china at elevations of 1,500-3,400 m above sea level .

the chinese name is sichuan golden hair monkey ( 川金丝猴 ) .

it is also widely referred to as the sichuan snub-nosed monkey .

of the three species of snub-nosed monkeys in china , the golden snub-nosed monkey is the most widely distributed throughout china .

snow occurs frequently within its range and it can withstand colder average temperatures than any other non-human primates .

its diet varies markedly with the seasons , but it is primarily an herbivore with lichens being its main food source .

it is diurnal and largely arboreal , spending some 97 % of its time in the canopy .

there are three subspecies .

population estimates range from 8,000 to 15,000 and it is threatened by habitat loss .

golden snub - nosed monkey

other names : pygathrix ( rhinopithecus ) roxellana , r . roxellanae , golden snub - nosed monkey , golden - haired snub - nosed monkey , sichuan golden snub - nosed monkey , snub - nosed leaf monkey , golden snub - nosed leaf monkey , snow monkey , orange monkey , roxellane ' s monkey , moupin langur ; rhinopithèque de roxellane ; rhinopithèque doré ( french ) ; langur chato ( spanish ) ; trubbnäsapa ( swedish ) ; r . r . hubeiensis : hubei golden snub - nosed monkey ; r . r . roxellana : moupin golden snub - nosed monkey ; r . r . qinlingensis : quinling golden snub - nosed monkey .
there are three subspecies of golden snub - nosed monkeys found only in central and southwest china ; they are moupin golden snub - nosed monkey , hubei golden snub - nosed monkey and qinling golden snub - nosed monkey . all golden snub - nosed monkeys share common characteristics like large canines and a unique skin growth on the corner of their mouth .
home » rhinopithecus roxellana ssp . qinlingensis ( quinling golden snub - nosed monkey )
there are three main mountain species of snub - nosed monkey : the black snub - nosed monkey ; the yunnan snub - nose monkey ; and the sichuan golden snub - nose monkey . there is another species that lives in the lowlands ; the guizhou snub - nose monkey . the pig - tailed snub - nose monkey , guizhou snub - nose monkey , and black snub - nose monkey are endangered .
study site and home range of the two golden snub - nosed monkey herds in qinling mountains .
bbc , science & nature – wildfacts – sichuan golden snub - nosed monkey , urltoken aug 2004 .
china 1963 golden snub - nosed monkey . ( copy , reproduction ) . 3 sheet - 50 pcs .
golden snub - nosed monkeys are thought to live about 20 - 25 years ; in captivity , golden snub - nosed monkeys have lived past 23 years .
figure 2 : study site and home range of the two golden snub - nosed monkey herds in qinling mountains .
rhinopithecus roxellana roxellana or moupin golden snub - nosed monkey : the moupin golden snub - nosed monkey can be distinguished from the other two subspecies by its golden - red fur and brown or black limbs and shoulders . it majorly inhabits in the sichuan basin .
golden snub - nosed monkeys groups , the number of snub - nosed monkey - years , and the number of births that were included in the birth and conception analyses .
china 1963 golden snub - nosed monkey . ( copy , reproduction ) . 3 sheet - 50 pcs . | ebay
social dynamics of the golden snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) : female transfer and one - male unit succession .
the golden , or sichuan , snub - nosed monkey is indigenous to tibet . like the giant panda , very few of these animals exist in the wild . the golden snub - nosed monkey has a small upturned snub nose with exposed nostrils , and lappets at the sides of its mouth . the monkey’s name derives from its nose and its beautiful reddish - golden hair . the golden snub - nosed monkey’s face , throat , legs , and underparts are reddishgold .
a portion of the monkey’s tail and neck are light grey . the remainder of the golden snub - nosed monkey’s neck and tail are golden brown . the monkey’s muzzle is white , and the skin around its eyes is blue .
rhinopithecus roxellana qinlingensis or qinling golden snub - nosed monkey : the qinling golden snub - nosed monkeys inhabit the qinling mountains of shaanxi . they can be distinguished by their bright golden pelage . males of qinling snub - nosed monkeys have smaller head - body length as compared to the other two subspecies .
the golden snub - nosed monkey is intensively hunted for its valuable pelt and for other body parts that are used in traditional medicine . the golden snub - nosed monkey is also hunted for food . in some cases , entire communities have carried out mass round - ups of the monkey .
the golden snub - nosed monkey is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 4 ) . three subspecies are recognised : the hubei golden snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana hubeiensis ) , the quinling golden snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana qinlingensis ) and the moupin golden snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana roxellana ) ; all are classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
whole - genome sequencing of the snub - nosed monkey provides insights into folivory and evolutionary history .
golden snub - nosed monkeys are rare primates and one of the first class - protected animals in china . we were privileged to see these golden monkeys at the golden snub - nosed monkey protection and research center in hubei province’s shennongjia nature reserve .
in captive golden snub - nosed monkeys , as well as assessing the potential for zoonotic transmission .
many new zealanders will recognise the golden snub - nosed monkey from auckland museum’s advertisements for its wildlife photographer of the year exhibition , currently showing until the end of august . it features a baby golden snub - nosed monkey in the quinling mountains , taken by french photographer cyril ruoso .
in addition to deforestation and habitat degradation , the golden snub - nosed monkey remains threatened by hunters , who seek his golden pelt for traditional medicine , fur , and meat .
social dynamics of the golden snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) : female transfer and one - male unit succession . - pubmed - ncbi
the golden snub - nosed monkey is an old world monkey belonging to the colobinae subfamily . this monkey is indigenous to southwestern part of china , having a chinese name as sichuan golden hair monkey . these monkeys are named after the peculiar shape of their nose and bright golden - colored fur . having a well - defined social organization , golden snub - nosed monkeys live in troops as big as 600 and get divided into groups of 60 to 70 during winter .
the golden snub - nosed monkey is categorized as vulnerable in the 2003 iucn red list of threatened species and is listed under appendix i of cites . the monkey is under first class protection in china . in 1991 , the golden snub - nosed monkey population was estimated to number between 10 , 000 and 15 , 000 . the monkey is rarely spotted moving in groups of over 100 anymore .
in captivity , golden snub - nosed monkeys have lived past 23 years of age ( weigl 2005 ) .
the findings of high prevalence of zoonotic e . bieneusi genotypes d and j in golden snub - nosed monkeys suggest that golden snub - nosed monkeys may be the reservoir hosts for human microsporidiosis , and vice versa .
prevalence and its genotype distribution of e . bieneusi in golden snub - nosed monkeys in different zoos in china
china’s cute , golden snub - nosed monkey could teach humans a few things about conflict resolution and peaceful co - existence , say researchers from massey university .
the golden snub - nosed monkey is an omnivore . the monkey’s diet varies according to the season . during warm months , the golden snubnosed monkey feeds primarily on leaves from broad - leaf trees and fir and pine needles . buds , bark , and fruit seeds provide supplementary nutrition . during the winter , however , the monkey switches to a more limited diet of bark and lichen . the golden snub - nosed monkey also occasionally descends to the ground to feed on grasses and wild onions .
the golden snub - nosed monkey is diurnal ( active during the day ) . most of the monkey’s day - to - day activities take place in the trees , but some feeding and social interaction , including play , take place on the ground . the golden snub - nosed monkey is highly vocal . the vocalizations of males are distinctly different from those of females .
the golden snub - nosed monkey is listed on the convention on international trade in endangered species’ ( cites ) appendix i , its listing of most endangered wildlife .
hubei shennongjia provides habitat for numerous rare species such as the endangered golden snub - nosed monkey and the critically endangered chinese giant salamander – the world’s largest amphibian .
massey university biologists have been in china ' s qinling mountains researching the eating habits and vocal patterns of the golden snub - nosed monkey , in the wild and in semi - captivity . it is one of five species of snub - nosed monkey , all of which are endangered .
secondary sex ratio of the gng breeding band and herd of the golden snub - nosed monkeys in qinling mountains .
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wang , y . , jiang , x . , and li , d . 1998 . classification and distribution of the extant subspecies of golden snub - nosed monkey (
rhinopithecus roxellana hubeiensis or hubei golden snub - nosed monkey : the hubei snub - nosed monkey is found in the daba mountains in the west of hubei . they are identified easily with the help of their long tails . their tail is 125 % the length of its head and body combined .
infanticide by adult males has been reported in captive golden snub - nosed monkeys ( zhang et al . 1999a ) .
our study demonstrates a high prevalence of e . bieneusi genotypes d and j in golden snub - nosed monkey kept in zoos in china . as these genotypes are common to humans and animals , golden snub - nosed monkeys may serve as potential reservoir hosts for zoonotic e . bieneusi genotypes .
liu x , stanford cb , yang j , yao h , li y . foods eaten by the sichuan snub - nosed monkey (
male golden snub - nosed monkeys reach sexual maturity at seven years of age . females reach sexual maturity at four to five years of age . the timing of the mating season varies across the monkey’s habitat range . in general , the golden snub - nosed monkey mates between october and december , and gives birth between april and june . the monkey’s gestation period is about seven months . each mother gives birth to one , or , less commonly , to two offspring , per breeding season . the life span of golden snub - nosed monkeys is unknown . the golden snub - nosed monkey is a very alert animal ; if frightened , it will quickly flee through the upper levels of the forest canopy .
it’s a long - term , arduous task to protect endangered animals such as the golden snub - nosed monkey , but china is devoted to protecting its most precious natural resources .
the golden or sichuan snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) is an emblematic species in china , considered as a national treasure of china in the same way as pandas .
golden snub - nosed monkey eats a peach in a cage decorated by lotus lanterns at everland eamusement and animal park in yongin , south of seoul on may 9 , 2008 .
the two male golden snub - nosed monkeys emigrated from their natal herd and established harems in neighboring herd in qinling mountains .
qi , j . f . 1986 . the chinese golden monkey - husbandry and reproduction . in
yu z . a comparative analysis of the reproductive fitness of a captive population of golden snub - nosed monkey . chinese j wildlife . 2011 ; 32 ( 2 ) : 69–72 .
out of the three subspecies , the moupin snub - nosed monkey is the widely found , while the population of the hubei snub - nosed monkey is very low . they live in a limited region in central china , which results in conflicts between bands whenever their territories overlap .
table 1 : secondary sex ratio of the gng breeding band and herd of the golden snub - nosed monkeys in qinling mountains .
gron , k . j . ( 2007 ) primate factsheets : golden snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) . primate info net , wisconsin primate research centre . available at : urltoken
cite this page as : gron kj . 2007 november 20 . primate factsheets : golden snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) conservation . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
cite this page as : gron kj . 2007 november 20 . primate factsheets : golden snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) behavior . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
enterocytozoon bieneusi is the dominant specie of microsporidia which can infect both anthroponotic and zoonotic species . the golden snub - nosed monkey is an endangered primate which can also infect by e . bieneusi . to date , few genetic data on e . bieneusi from golden snub - nosed monkeys has been published . therefore , to clarify the prevalence and genotypes of e . bieneusi in captive golden snub - nosed monkeys is necessary to assess the potential for zoonotic transmission .
golden snub - nosed monkeys are endemic to the temperate forests of china . animalsake tells you more on this rare species of primates .
zhang sy , liang b , wang lx . seasonality of mating and birth in captive sichuan golden monkey (
the golden snub - nosed monkey occupies mixed bamboo , conifer , and deciduous forests from 1 , 500 to 3 , 400 metres ( 5 , 000 to 11 , 000 ft ) in elevation . the monkey may descend to lower elevations in the winter .
unlike its giant panda neighbor , the golden snub - nosed monkey remains classified as endangered by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . until recently , the monkey appeared on the international primatological society’s list of the world’s 25 most endangered primates .
lopata , peg .
the sichuan snub - nosed monkey : china ' s golden treasure .
faces : people , places , and cultures , feb . 2013 , p . 6 + .
kirkpatrick rc , grueter cc . snub - nosed monkeys : multilevel societies across varied environments .
figure 1 : the two male golden snub - nosed monkeys emigrated from their natal herd and established harems in neighboring herd in qinling mountains .
there are three subspecies of golden monkey . the yunnan golden monkey is one of the most threatened species in china . it lives in virgin forests in the mountains southeast of the tibetan plateau . the sichuan golden snub - nose monkey has orange shoulders , a white muzzle and a blue nose . it lives in mixed bamboo , conifer and deciduous forests up to 3 , 150 meters . yunnan snub - nosed monkeys are rarely seen and were thought to be extinct in the 1960s
animal scientists say , too , that the protection of endangered animals such as the golden monkey has profound meaning .
a compliment of the highest order : french naturalist henri milne - edwards is said to have named the golden snub - nosed monkey after the mistress of suleiman the magnificent , a 16th century sultan in the ottoman empire . roxellana - the - mistress is said to have had a snub nose and reddish gold hair . golden snub - nosed monkeys are also known as sichuan golden snub - nosed monkeys .  all in the ( roosevelt ) family :  in 1929 , the oldest son of president theodore roosevelt , theodore roosevelt iii , reportedly collected a “specimen” of the golden snub - nosed monkey during a zoological expedition to southeast asia , which was sponsored by the field museum of natural history in chicago and co - organized by his brother , kermit roosevelt .
the monkey , also known as the sichuan golden monkey for the color of its fur , belongs to a rare species that lives in mountainous areas at a height of up to 15 , 400 feet above sea level . scientists believe there are approximately 10 , 000 sichuan golden monkeys left in the wild . the yunnan golden monkey , a sub - species of the snub - nosed monkey species , is even more endangered , with about 1 , 500 animals left in the wilds of southwestern china and tibet .
cite this page as : gron kj . 2007 november 20 . primate factsheets : golden snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) taxonomy , morphology , & ecology . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
owing to the rapid decline of the population of the golden snub - nosed monkey , the iucn has classified this species as endangered . the chinese government has now exercised stringent laws and formed protective reserves , which has led to a significant rise in the monkey ' s extant population .
almost all systematic research on the golden snub - nosed monkey has taken place in the shennongjia nature reserve and at the baihe nature reserve , in the hubei and sichuan provinces respectively ( kirkpatrick et al . 1999 ) .
wang yx , jiang xl , li dw . 1998 . classification and distribution of the extant subspecies of golden snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus [ rhinopithecus ] roxellana ) . in : jablonski ng , editor . the natural history of the doucs and snub - nosed monkeys . singapore : world sci p 53 - 64 .
impacts of climate change on the distribution of sichuan snub - nosed monkeys ( rhinopithecus roxellana . . .
influence of human activities on the historical and current distribution of sichuan snub - nosed monke . . .
zhang , s . , liang , b . , and wang , l . 1999a . infanticide within captive groups of sichuan golden snub - nosed monkeys (
zhang , s . , ren , b . , and li , b . 1999 . a juvenile sichuan golden monkey (
the golden snub - nosed monkey is most often found in the same places as the giant panda . however , the monkey is better adapted to colder climates and higher altitudes than the panda , and as a result , the golden snub - nosed monkey’s habitat extends far beyond that of the giant panda . the monkey’s population is mainly found on the southeastern edge of the tibetan plateau , in china’s sichuan , yunnan , gansu , shaanxi , and hubei provinces , and in kham , in the gyalmo tsawa rong region , chugar , and in the dense forest of the ngawa dzong ( district ) .
the golden snub - nosed monkey , also known as the sichuan snub - nosed monkey is a very rare species found only in central and southwest china . it can be identified easily by its long golden - brown guard hairs on its back . it has a unique nose that has no protruding nasal bones , giving the species its name . though some biologists believe it helps them in avoiding frostbites , the exact reason for this unique feature is still unknown .
golden snub - nosed monkeys get their name from the fact that they have mostly nostrils and virtually no nose . four of the world’s five species are found in china , and three of them are endangered species . researchers have done considerable work over the years to protect them . cctv reporter went to the hubei golden snub - nosed monkey protection and research center to see how it’s done .
kirkpatrick , r . c . 1998 . ecology and behavior in snub - nosed and douc langurs . in
the sichuan golden snub - nosed monkey , rhinopithecus roxellanae , is an endangered colobine endemic to china . the behavior and biology of this species are little known , and it has rarely been kept in captivity outside china . results from 42 hr of observations of a male - female golden monkey pair provide preliminary information on the vocal behavior of this species in captivity .
was found in 46 . 2 % of golden snub - nosed monkeys examined in six zoos in china . the prevalence was higher than that previously reported for golden snub - nosed monkeys in sichuan ( 3 . 5 % , 1 / 29 ) and shaanxi ( 9 . 5 % , 6 / 63 ) provinces in china [
gee ep . 1952 . possible occurrence of the snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellanae ) in assam . j bombay natl hist soc 51 ( 1 ) : 264 - 5 .
li , b . , chen , c . , ji , w . , and ren , b . 2000 . seasonal home range changes of the sichuan snub - nosed monkey (
the population of golden snub - nosed monkeys is under threat of extinction due to increased habitat loss . only a few survive in protect areas like the foping national natural reserve , shennongjia national geopark , baihe nature reserve and wanglang national natural reserve . any international trade of the golden snub - nosed monkey is considered illegal . many surveys are carried out to keep the population status and the number in check . according to the estimates between 1995 and 2006 , only 10 , 000 individuals of the moupin golden snub - nosed monkey subspecies are left in the region of sichuan . the population of the qinling golden snub - nosed monkeys have been reduced to only around 4000 individuals . hubei golden snub - nosed monkeys are already on the edge of extinction with only 1000 - 2000 individuals remaining in the daba mountains of hubei . golden snub - nosed monkeys are pushed to very high altitudes due to deforestation and loss of habitat . hunting for meat and illegal trade is also one of the major reasons for the dwindling numbers . these monkeys mainly depend on lichens that grow on dead plants for food . dead plants are harvested at an industrial rate , which results in an immense scarcity of food for the golden snub - nosed monkey . again , due to loss of habitat , the territories of different groups begin to overlap and there is a constant struggle for survival between the groups . all the above reasons along with predation are the cause that the numbers of golden snub - nosed monkeys drop at an alarming rate . many scientists speculate that the species may become extinct in the near future .
the natural range of golden snub - nosed monkeys stretches throughout western - central china , namely , in the provinces of sichuan , gansu , hubei and shaanxi . within this area , golden snub - nosed monkeys are generally found in high mountainous , deciduous broadleaved and coniferous forests . during the winter months , they usually move to lower altitudes .
sorry for double posting but i have been doing some research and kumamoto zoo in south - western japan is now the only japanese zoo with golden snub - nosed monkeys .
that said , some ' unknown ' zoo ( s ) in indochina might hold tonkin snub - nosed monkeys .
among golden snub - nosed monkeys – which appear in the classic chinese legend of the monkey king as a seeker of buddhist wisdom – females determine which males join the extended family group . males are polygamous , and are caring , doting fathers .
li bg , liu ah . 1994 . on the sichuan snub - nosed monkey on the northern slope of qinling mountains . monk jpn 386 : 3 - 10 . ( in japanese )
the golden snub - nosed monkey lives in family units consisting of one mature male and numerous females . the male leads and protects the unit , often carrying youngsters . family units gather to form groups of about 60 to 70 monkeys . in the spring , groups of the gold snub - nosed monkey may unite into bands numbering as many as 600 individuals . these large bands disunite and original groups are reformed when cold weather sets in .
furthermore , the golden snub - nosed monkey is a valuable zoo exhibit , and as such there have been reports of poaching of live monkeys for sale to zoos . other threats to the species’ survival include habitat loss due to deforestation and environmental degradation .
li bg , xiong cp , li zj . 1995 . the distribution patterns of sichuan golden monkey and rhesus monkey in shaanxi , china . j pro nat jpn 4 : 125 - 37 . ( in japanese )
the research projects are funded by the shaanxi science academy , in collaboration with the shaanxi institute of zoology and the research centre for the sichuan snub - nosed monkey at northwest university in shaanxi .
according to the iucn red list , the total population of golden snub - nosed monkeys is around 15 , 000 individuals , including estimates of the following subspecies’ populations : moupin golden snub - nosed monkeys - 10 , 000 individuals / 100 groups in sichun ( namely , 6 , 000 in mingshan mountain , 3 , 500 in qionglaishan mountain and 500 - in daxiangling and xiaoxianling mountain ) , 800 animals / 8 groups in gansu and finally , 170 - 200 monkeys / 1 - 2 groups in shaanxi ; quinling golden snub - nosed monkeys - about 3 , 800 - 4 , 000 individuals / 39 troops ; and hubei golden snub - nosed monkeys - around 600 - 1 , 000 animals / 5 - 6 troops . overall , the population of golden snub - nosed monkeys is decreasing today , and the animals are classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list .
the golden snub - nosed monkey inhabits high mountainous forests , reaching elevations of around 3 , 000 metres ( 3 ) , but it may descend to lower altitudes in winter ( 2 ) . it lives in deciduous broadleaved and coniferous forests ( 1 ) .
kirkpatrick rc . 1998 . ecology and behavior in snub - nosed and douc langurs . in : jablonski ng , editor . the natural history of the doucs and snub - nosed monkeys . singapore : world sci p 155 - 90 .
li ym . 2001 . the seasonal diet of the sichuan snub - nosed monkey ( pygathrix roxellana ) in shennongjia nature reserve , china . folia primatol 72 ( 1 ) : 40 - 3 .
holland , jennifer s .
the monkey who went into the cold : the heavy fur of china ' s snub - nosed monkey is a boon in subzero winters . its quirky face could help too .
national geographic , feb . 2011 , p . 126 + .
potential food competitors include the giant panda ( ailuropoda melanoleuca ) and the takin ( budorcas taxicolor ) . in addition , the golden snub - nosed monkey may compete for food with the sympatric stump - tailed macaque ( macaca arctoides ) ( happel & cheek 1987 ) .
golden snub - nosed monkeys do not crop raid and are not an economic liability for people living in proximity to them ( kirkpatrick 1995 ) . this likely reduces persecution of the species .
sorry for double posting but i have been doing some research and kumamoto zoo in south - western japan is now the only japanese zoo with golden snub - nosed monkeys . kumamoto zoo website
golden monkeys are hunted by humans for fur and meat . the fur is sold for medicinal preparations and the meat is sold for food . the illegal trade of golden monkey fur makes insignificant contributions to local economies , however , and the monkey ' s meat provides little protein for local diets .
li ym . 2002 . the seasonal daily travel in a group of sichuan snub - nosed monkey ( pygathrix roxellana ) in shennongjia nature reserve , china . primates 43 ( 4 ) : 271 - 6 .
beijing ( cnn ) - - the snub - nosed monkey is one of china ' s most endangered species , so the recent birth of one at the beijing breeding center for endangered species is welcome news .
adult golden snub - nosed monkeys don’t have many predators due to their arboreal lifestyle . on the ground they are hunted by red dogs , wolves , asiatic golden cat , fox , tiger and weasel . human beings have hunted this monkey since ancient times , for its meat and fur . their body part were once on high demand as they were thought to have medicinal values . young snub - nosed monkeys are often targeted by raptors like the northern goshawk and the golden eagle . when the group senses danger , young monkeys are taken by their mothers to the centre core of the group while the strong males move out to defend the attack . under such circumstances , a male golden snub - nosed monkey can be highly aggressive . it uses its long canines and strong arms to defend its group against predators .
jablonski , n . g . and ruliang , p . 1995 . sexual dimorphism in the snub - nosed langurs ( colobinae :
yan kh , su yj , ren rm . 2006 . social behavioral repertoires and action patterns of sichuan snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) . acta theriol sinic 26 ( 2 ) : 129 - 35 .
sichuan golden snub - nosed monkeys are highly social . they form large troops in summer of as many as 600 individuals . in winter , they split into smaller groups with fewer than 40 members .
the head - to - body length of this monkey is 57 - 76 cm , with a tail length of 51 - 72 cm . average weight of males is 20 kg , while that of females is 12 . 5 kg . while the back of the golden snub - nosed monkey is covered with long silver hair , the upper arms , back , tail , and shoulders are blackish - gray in color . the neck , forehead , and sides of the neck are golden - colored in males . the golden snub - nosed monkey displays prominent differences between males and females , especially the adult and sub - adult monkey . females are usually distinguished from males by the presence of darker tones ( black ) on their forehead and upper parts . infants have a light brown coat that generally looks white in sunlight .
zhang sy , liang b , wang lx . 1999a . infanticide within captive groups of sichuan golden snub - nosed monkeys ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) . folia primatol 70 ( 5 ) : 274 - 6 .
snub - nosed monkeys have a good sense of hearing and smell , but they primarily rely on their vision to understand the surroundings .
. . . a similar pattern of population contraction was identified when we examined data only for the sichuan golden snubnosed monkey ( figure 2b ) . this is consistent with data presented by li et al . ( 2002 ) . in contrast with the eastern boundaries , the northern boundary of the sichuan golden snub - nosed monkeys experienced no obvious change . . . .
yan ce , jiang zg , li cw , zen y , tan nn , xia sz . monitoring the menstrual cycle and pregnancy in the sichuan golden monkey (
li ym . 2004 . the effect of forest clear - cutting on habitat use in sichuan snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) in shennongjia nature reserve , china . primates 45 ( 1 ) : 69 - 72 .
this primate exhibits a rich golden brown to golden red fur with a black and golden patch on the back . the golden snub - nosed monkey is endemic to china , where this animal inhabits coniferous montane forests with sharp temperature fluctuations ( below freezing in winter and up to 25 °c ( 77 °f ) in summer ) . the tail is as long as the body . the pale blue face resembles a trefoil . additionally , mature males of this species exhibit red swellings at the corners of their mouth .
the body length of a male golden snub - nosed monkey ranges from 57 to 76 centimetres ( 19 to 25 inches ) . the monkey’s tail length ranges from 51 to 72 centimetres ( 17 to 24 inches ) . males generally weigh between 15 to 39 kilograms ( 33 to 86 pounds ) , while females weigh between 6 . 5 and 10 kilograms ( 14 to 22 pounds ) .
how to cite this article : huang , z . - p . et al . male dispersal pattern in golden snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) in qinling mountains and its conservation implication . sci . rep . 7 , 46217 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep46217 ( 2017 ) .
, and 30 % vertical climbing ( davison , 1982 ) . arm swinging is used by the golden snub - nosed langur to assist in moving to lower parts of a tree trunk or lower branches ( su
as herbivores , the golden snub - nosed monkeys consume a wide range of food . their diet generally consists of pine needles and young firs , being supplemented by bamboo shoots , leaves , buds and fruits .
petitions were sent to national leaders asking for help , the media picked up the story and college students camped in the monkey’s forest to draw publicity to the monkey’s plight . photos by xi of snub - nosed monkeys were widely circulated . they captured people’s hearts and helped win support for he effort to save the forest .
kirkpatrick , r . c . , 1995 : “the natural history and conservation of the snub - nosed monkeys ( genus rhinopithecus ) . ”
xiang zf , sayers k . reports on seasonality of mating and birth events in wild black - and - white snub - nosed monkeys (
li bg , yang xj . 1994 . recent development in studies of sichuan golden monkey in qinling mountains . chinese prim res cons news 3 ( 2 ) : 4
relationship between the magnitude of mean monthly temperature between the coldest and the hottest month and reproductive events ( conception ) among golden snub - nosed females inhabiting two field sites and 13 zoos / wildlife parks in china .
li bg , zhang p , watanabe k , tan cl . 2002 . does allogrooming serve a hygienic function in the sichuan snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) ? acta zool sinic 48 ( 6 ) : 707 - 15 .
the golden snub - nosed monkey’s inclination to cuddle is not just a projection of human fantasy . snuggling up to each other may have arisen as a survival mechanism to keep warm in minus - 5 degcelsius winter temperatures , and the scientists say hugging has likely evolved into a different function for soothing and placating .
snub - nosed monkeys are sometimes called golden monkeys . jennifer s . holland wrote in national geographic , “the golden snub - nosed monkey is one of five related species - - - remnants of once widespread populations whose ranges were squeezed by climate change after the last ice age . their scientific name , rhinopithecus roxellana , was allegedly inspired by the snub - nosed concubine of a 1500s sultan . about 20 , 000 of the golden variety remain on earth . some 4 , 000 inhabit the in the qin ling mountains of central china , where chinese officials set up the zhouzhi national nature reserve to protect the species . the live both in and out of reserve boundaries , [ source : jennifer s . holland , national geographic , february 2011 ]
outside of china , i believe only zoos in japan and south korea have snub - nosed monkeys on display , and only r . roxallana .
the golden snub - nosed monkey , that is endemic to china , is limited to the provinces of sichuan , shaanxi , gansu , and hubei . wild golden snub - nosed monkeys are highly arboreal and spend most of their lives on trees . inhabiting up to the elevations of around 3 , 000 m , these monkeys prefer temperate regions , living in deciduous - broadleaf trees and a mix of conifers ( evergreen ) and deciduous - broadleaf . it lives between the elevations 1 , 400 to 2 , 800 m in the mixed deciduous - broadleaf forests of the qinling mountains . golden snub - nosed monkeys often keep shifting their home depending on the season , and are found in forests where the snow cover is present up to 6 months in a year .
] . we have also found this genotype in patients from henan province , china ( unpublished data ) . these findings suggest that genotype j may be transmissible from golden snub - nosed monkeys to humans , or vice versa .
the golden snub - nosed monkey’s day is divided into two periods of travel , once in the morning and once in the afternoon , with a siesta at noon involving sedentary feeding , grooming , social bonding , and play . juveniles and infants will form groups of as many as 40 individuals while the adults rest and feed .
chinese myth describes about a monkey warrior named sun wukong . he was born from stone and achieved many super natural powers through taoist practices . he could transform each of his golden hair into a clone of himself , to turn the tables during a battle . due to his physical features like golden hair , small nose , jade face and agility , many believe that the character sun wukong was inspired by the real - life golden snub - nosed monkeys found in sichuan and neighbouring forests .
li bg , chen c , ji wh , ren bp . 2000 . seasonal home range changes of the sichuan snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) in the qinling mountains of china . folia primatol 71 ( 6 ) : 375 - 86 .
one of the primary reasons for these unique adaptations must have been the climate changes and tectonic shifts that occurred when india collided with the continent of asia . the rising of the tibetan plateau caused a rapid drop in temperatures and the primates adapted to survive this change in weather . as a result of this , the golden snub - nosed monkey became endemic to a small region in china and also became the only primates in the world that can survive in such freezing temperatures . the distinctive features like the snub nose and long guard hairs in golden snub - nosed monkeys might also have been the result of this dramatic drop in temperatures .
golden snub - nosed monkeys exhibit significant sexual dimorphism . on average , a male golden snub - nosed monkey weighs about 44 lbs ( 19 . 9 kg ) , with his female counterpart weighing in at only 27 lbs ( 12 . 2 kg ) . likewise , males are longer than females , growing as tall as 26 . 8 in ( 68 . 0 cm ) , whereas females max out at about 20 . 4 in ( 51 . 8 cm ) . weights are thought to fluctuate with the seasons , as well as between populations and habitats .
schaller , r . , 1985 : “china’s golden treasure , ” international wildlife .
lu weimin , director of wuhan endangered species import & export management office , said : “golden snub - nosed monkeys inhabit high mountainous forests , reaching elevations of around 3 , 000 meters . they live in deciduous , broad - leaved and coniferous forests , with leaves , grass , lichens , buds and fruit being their primary food . the life span of a healthy golden monkey is around 20 to 30 years . ”
grüter cc , zinner d . 2004 . nested societies . convergent adaptations of baboons and snub - nosed monkeys ? prim rep 70 : 1 - 98 .
kirkpatrick , r . c . , & grueter , c . c . ( 2010 ) . snub - nosed monkeys : multilevel societies across varied environments .
the golden snub - nosed monkey has long been hunted for use in traditional medicines , with the pelt of the species once thought to prevent rheumatism , as well as for its fur and meat . today , this hunting continues with this exploitation compounded by the ongoing loss of its forest habitat ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
the structure of golden snub - nosed society is up for some debate , although all research suggests that they are highly social primates who find safety in numbers . large group sizes help golden snub - nosed monkeys fend off predators . some scientists note that these monkeys will come together in a three - tiered structure : first , in small groups of 20 to 30 individuals in winter , which then join into larger troops of up to 200 in the summer . in turn , several of these troops will combine to form bands of up to 600 individuals . other research suggests that golden snub - nosed monkeys have a two - tiered structure consisting of the smaller groups , which then come together as one larger troop .
shi , d . c . , li , g . h . , & hu , t . q . ( 1982 ) . preliminary study on the ecology of golden haired monkey .
li bg , li h , zhao dp , zhang y , qi x . 2006 . study on the dominance hierarchy of the sichuan snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) in qinling mountains . acta ther sinic 26 ( 1 ) : 18 - 25 .
qi xiaoguang , wang ming , zhang peng , et al . pattern and influencing factors of huddling behavior in golden snub - nosed monkeys ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) [ j ] . , 2010 , 30 ( 4 ) : 365 - 376 .
hunting has also been called a significant threat to the species ( wang 1998 ) . in some regions however , local residents will only occasionally hunt and eat the monkeys illegally , with monkey meat not being a significant portion of diets ( kirkpatrick 1995 ; li et al . 2002a ) . golden snub - nosed monkeys are also hunted for their fur and trapped by poachers ( kirkpatrick 1995 ; zhang & quan 1996 ) . also , while not the target of such devices , golden snub - nosed monkeys are sometimes killed in wire snares aimed at capturing musk deer ( zhang 1998 ) .
while the golden snub - nosed monkey benefits from protections put in place specifically for the giant panda , she also is the beneficiary of china’s wildlife protection act of 1989 . in addition , a number of conservation areas exist today that provide protection , including the baihe nature reserve , foping nature reserve , shennongjia nature reserve , and wanglang nature reserve .
the name of the species roxellana is inspired by the supposedly snub - nosed courtesan of suleiman the magnificent ( a 16th century sultan of the ottoman empire ) .
li ym . 2007 . terrestriality and tree stratum use in a group of sichuan snub - nosed monkeys . primates 48 ( 3 ) : 197 - 207 .
yi y . 2007 . terrestriality and tree stratum use in a group of sichuan snub - nosed monkeys . primates 48 ( 3 ) : 197 - 207 .
li , y . , stanford , c . b . , and yang , y . 2002 . winter feeding tree choice in sichuan snub - nosed monkeys (
huang z , cui l , scott mb , wang s , xiao w . seasonality of reproduction of wild black - and - white snub - nosed monkeys (
in addition to pelage and body morphology differences , the subspecies are differentiated by differences in their nasal bones , pre - maxillae , and braincases ( wang et al . 1998 ) . r . r . roxellana is characterized by its dull golden - red pelage with black - brown shoulders , and limbs ( wang et al . 1998 ) . r . r . hubeiensis is distinguished by a longer tail than the other subspecies of golden snub - nosed monkey , up to 125 % of the head and body length . of the golden snub - nosed monkeys , it is the palest in pelage ( wang et al . 1998 ) . r . r . qinlingensis is differentiated from the other subspecies by its brilliant golden pelage ( wang et al . 1998 ) .
wang h - p , tan cl , gao y - f , li b - g . 2004 . a takeover of resident male in the sichuan snub - nosed monkey rhinopithecus roxellanae in qinling mountains . acta zool sinica 50 ( 5 ) : 859 - 62 .
zhang , p . , li , b . g . , watanabe , k . , & qi , x . g . ( 2011 ) . sleeping cluster patterns and retiring behavior during winter in a free - ranging band of the sichuan snub - nosed monkey .
male golden snub - nosed monkey matures at the age of seven while the female matures early at the age of five . mating behavior is observed throughout the year but most of the mating occurs between september and november months . females give birth mostly between march and may months of the year . the mating and birth months often shift according to their location and climate change . female golden snub - nosed monkeys have a gestation period of seven months . she gives birth to a single baby , which sleeps and feeds in her arms for the next few days . young baby golden snub - nosed monkeys do not wander away from the mother until they are more than 20 days old . after that , the young is free to socialise and meet members of its group . monkeys strengthen their mutual bonds by grooming and sharing food with each other .
the golden snub - nosed monkeys currently suffer from large - scale hunting for food . the pelt of this animal has a commercial value , while some parts of its body are used in traditional medicine . moreover , whole communities have been known to engage in round - ups of these animals . the golden snub - nosed monkeys are also poached to be sold to zoos . and finally , these primates are threatened by loss of their natural range as a result of deforestation and habitat degradation .
, 2000 ) . golden snub - nosed langurs become sexually mature at the age of 6 years ( qi , 1986 ) . davison ( 1982 ) found that in captivity females mature at 3 or 4 years and males at 4 years old . liang
gao xiang , guo songtao , qi xiaoguang , hu yongle , li baoguo . maternal cradling laterality and neonate nipple preference in the sichuan snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) in qinling mountains [ j ] . , 2010 , 30 ( 2 ) : 133 - 138 .
this endearing primate is found in a number of protected areas , including baihe nature reserve , foping nature reserve , shennongjia nature reserve and wanglang nature reserve ( 1 ) . the golden snub - nosed monkey is also listed on appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) meaning that international trade in this species is prohibited ( 4 ) .
. . . the golden snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) is an asian colobine endemic to china . its discontinuous geographic distribution occurs in the provinces of sichuan , gansu , shaanxi , and hubei ( li , pan & oxnard , 2002 ) . it is listed as endangered by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn , 2014 ) . . . .
kirkpatrick rc . 1995 . the natural history and conservation of the snub - nosed monkeys ( genus rhinopithecus ) . biol conserv 72 ( 3 ) : 363 - 9 .
are the snub nosed monkeys exclusive to chinese territory or are they found in any adjoining countries such as nepal or bhutan . are there other animals found only in china ?
does anyone else remember seeing the golden snub nosed monkeys when they were in dublin zoo . it was in the 80s after they had the giant pandas and koalas , again on some sort of short term loan . it was a long time ago but i remember that they were much bigger than i had imagined and not very golden but amazing nonetheless . does any european or american zoo have any of these or the other snub noses ?
golden monkeys are one of five species of snub - nosed monkey , all of which are endangered . they live in forest - covered mountainous terrain in central china , where their populations have been under threat from deforestation . they typically live in social groups of 100 or more , with females playing an important role in determining group formation , unlike many other primates , dr ji says .
kirkpatrick , r . c . , gu , h . j . , and zhou , x . p . 1999 . a preliminary report on sichuan snub - nosed monkeys (
, 1978 . leaf - eating primates of peninsular malaysia : the siamang and the dusky leaf - monkey . in :
 ecological role golden snub - nosed monkeys may play a role in local food webs , serving as prey for carnivores like goshawks ( accipiter gentilis ) , golden eagles ( aquila chrysaetos ) , wolves ( canis lupus ) , leopards ( panthera pardus ) , and tigers ( panthera tigris amoyensis ) . in addition , as herbivores , they can affect plant growth .
goshawks ( accipiter gentilis ) have been seen attacking a juvenile golden snub - nosed monkey and are predators of the species ( zhang et al . 1999b ) . other potential and actual predators include the red dog ( cuon alpinus ) , wolf ( canis lupus ) , asiatic golden cat ( catopuma temmincki ) , leopard ( panthera pardus ) , fox , zibet ( viverra zibetha ) , tiger ( panthera tigris amoyensis ) , weasel ( martes sp . ) and the golden eagle ( aquila chrysaetos ) ( happel & cheek 1987 ; su et al . 1998 ; hu 1998 cited in li et al . 2002b ; li 2007 ) . a wolf was observed attacking a golden monkey group and fighting an adult male which subsequently died of its injuries ( renmei ren pers . comm . ) .
species . golden snub - nosed langurs will spend 15 . 3 % of the time on the ground , 24 . 3 % in the low stratum of the forest , 28 . 2 % in the middle stratum of the forest , and 32 . 2 % in the
in the wild , the golden snub - nosed monkey is highly arboreal , spending more than 97 % of his time moving through the mid - to - upper canopy by quadrupedal walking , brachiating , leaping , and climbing . researchers note that these monkeys are better described as semi - arboreal when observed in captivity , where travel on the ground includes quadrupedal walking , trotting , and some bipedalism .
golden snub - nosed monkeys are endemic to the snowy mountains and forests of sichuan , hubei , gansu and shaanxi . these forests experience heavy snow fall and the golden snub - nosed monkeys are the only primates found in the region . due to the unforgiving nature of their habitat , the golden snub - nosed monkey changes its diet according to the changes in the climate . they are herbivores and love to feed on berries , fruits , vines during spring and summer . during winter when the food is scarce , the band changes its diet to lichens , bark , twigs and insects . they are arboreal and spend most of the time up in the trees . their strong legs and arms allow them to climb and jump very easily on trees . they can travel up to 3 miles in search of food and can rarely be seen on the ground . adult males can be seen spending more time on the ground than other monkeys of the group .
su d , jablonski ng . 1998 . locomotion and forelimb morphology in snub - nosed monkeys ( colobinae : rhinopithecus ) . am j phys anth ( suppl 26 ) : 213 .
qi hj , liang b , bao wy , jia yc , hama n , czekala nm , harvey nc . the hormone change in the urine of female snub - nosed monkeys .
chinese - born dr weihong ji , based at massey’s institute of natural sciences at albany , has studied the sichuan , or golden , snub - nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) for over 20 years and is supervising two postgraduate research projects to find out more about the impact of habitation loss and eco - tourism on the species . the researchers are investigating their nutrition and changes to their vocal patterns .
li bg , chen fg , luo sf , xie w . 1993 . major categories of vocal behaviour in wild sichuan golden monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) . acta ther sinic 13 ( 3 ) : 181 - 7 .


fungia paumotensis , commonly called plate coral , is a species of stony coral with a single large polyp .

plate coral are commonly kept in marine aquaria .

fungia paumotensis

what type of species is fungia paumotensis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the fungia paumotensis species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of fungia paumotensis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species fungia paumotensis .
how to identify fungia paumotensis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species fungia paumotensis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species fungia paumotensis are marked in green .
fungia paumotensis . philippines . the polyp shape is usually neat and uniform . charlie veron .
fungia paumotensis . philippines . the polyp shape is usually neat and uniform . doug fenner .
where is fungia paumotensis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species fungia paumotensis can be found .
fungia paumotensis . great barrier reef , australia . the typical appearance of a small polyp . charlie veron .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by obis environmental information from fungia paumotensis stutchbury , 1833 to their own page .
description this is an oval fungia , similar to fungia scutaria , but unlike the latter it does not have lobes scattered on the surface . . . .
fungia scutaria . great barrier reef , australia . showing septa with tentacular lobes .
fungia seychellensis . seychelle islands . polyp with fine wavy septa . william kolvoort .
fungia moluccensis . indonesia . septa are usually irregular in shape . neville coleman .
fungia moluccensis . great barrier reef , australia . showing contortions from mud substrate .
fungia scutaria . great barrier reef , australia . detail of septa . charlie veron .
has several mouths in the ridge that runs down the middle of this long fungia .
habitat : found with other fungia species and also on upper reef slopes exposed to strong wave action .
fungia scutaria . great barrier reef , australia . showing the neat arrangement of septa and septal lobes . charlie veron .
, is a parasite that lives exclusively within the mouths of fungia . it is not known why the mouth of the
fungia scutaria . ashmore reef , western australia . violet patches where the polyp has been damaged are common . charlie veron .
fungia moluccensis . great barrier reef , australia . a polyp attached to the substrate in a turbid habitat . ed lovell .
can get up to 39
( 100 cm ) ! they are slightly elongated with a 3 to 1 or 3 to 1 . 5 length to width ratio . this is a deeper water fungia .
stutchbury , s . 1833 . an account of the mode of growth of young corals of the genus fungia . transactions of the linnean society of london 16 : 493 - 497 , pl . 32 . [ details ]
has triangular septal teeth ( long thin bones that run across the top of the fungia ) and are brown or mottled . this species can get up to 11
( 28 cm ) and it is a shallower water dweller .
hoeksema , b . w . 1993 . historical biogeography of fungia ( pleuractis ) spp . ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) , including a new species from the seychelles ) . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 67 : 639 - 654 . [ details ]
global distribution : native e . africa - tuamotu cook islands status : native ; marine , near - shore key features : gp . 01 unattached , oval ( 1 : ±2 ) fungiid coral , to 15cm long . with a single central mouth . septa have small teeth . costa relatively equal with small spines . similar species : see under fungia scutaria
the fungia fungites spends all of it ' s time on the substrate , so this is a mad skill that this common mushroom coral needs ! this lps will spend the beginning of it ' s life on the rockwork but will eventually mature enough that it breaks away and wanders off in search of a meal ! while they are easy to care for , they do grow to about 1 foot across , so a larger tank will be necessary eventually .
the fungia fungites needs to be fed daily or it will starve to death . they do have large mouths , however , abstain from feeding them a side of halibut ! the tan and white mottling and pink outer edge is one of the few colors this coral comes in . they will also come in brown or tan with the outer edging a continuous pinkish purple or sporadic spots of color . growing to 12
diameter and being found only on substrate , they will require
roaming
room since they do like to move around .
polyps are oval , thick , heavy and up to 170 millimetres long . primary septa commence with a tall tentacular lobe and these are distributed at regular intervals from the mouth to the perimeter .
colour : usually brown , blue or yellow , often with bright green , blue or white tentacular lobes .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : veron and pichon ( 1980 ) , hoeksema ( 1989 ) . additional identification guides : randall and myers ( 1983 ) , veron ( 1986 ) , sheppard and sheppard ( 1991 ) , nishihira and veron ( 1995 ) .
© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
hoeksema , b . w . , 1989 . taxonomy , phylogeny and biogeography of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden 254 : 1 - 295 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
gittenberger , a . , reijnen , b . t . & hoeksema , b . w . 2011 . a molecularly based phylogeny reconstruction of mushroom corals ( scleractinia : fungiidae ) with taxonomic consequences and evolutionary implications for life history traits . contributions to zoology 80 : 107 - 132 . , available online at urltoken ; idno = 8002a02 [ details ]
veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
polyps are elongate and up to 250 millimetres long with almost parallel sides . they are thick and heavy and usually have a strong central arch . most primary septa extend from the mouth to the perimeter . costae are fine and straight . there are no attachment scars except on immature specimens .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : veron and pichon ( 1980 ) , hoeksema ( 1989 ) , veron and hodgson ( 1989 ) . additional identification guides : veron ( 1986 ) , sheppard and sheppard ( 1991 ) , nishihira and veron ( 1995 )
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in the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the red sea , central indo - pacific , northwest and eastern australia , southern japan and south china sea , oceanic west pacific , central pacific and hawaii islands .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
this species is found on reef slopes and is a free living adult . it is commonly found from 12 - 20 m , rarely from 9 - 11 m , in the south china sea and gulf of siam ( titlyanov and titlyanova 2002 ) . the depth range is from 1 - 25 m ( hoeksema 1990 ) .
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t . c . lajeunesse , bhagooli , r . , hidaka , m . , devantier , l . , done , t . , schmidt , g . w . , fitt , w . k . , and hoegh - guldberg , o .
closely related symbiodinium spp . differ in relative dominance in coral reef host communities across environmental , latitudinal and biogeographic gradients
t . c . lajeunesse , pettay , d . t . , sampayo , e . m . , phongsuwan , n . , brown , b . , obura , d . o . , hoegh - guldberg , o . , and fitt , w . k .
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polyps are circular to elongate and up to 150 millimetres long . mouths may occur outside the axial furrow . septa are fine , densely packed and usually sinuous . tentacular lobes are inconspicuous or absent .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : hoeksema ( 1993b ) .
polyps are elongate ( up to 25 by 13 cm ) , thick , and heavy , and usually have an elevated central arch ( tentacular lobe ) . the septa are neatly arranged , subequal and have very fine dentations giving the coral a smooth appearance , and the attachment scar is
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cook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = ‘ātiu , mk = ma‘uke , mt = miti‘āro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = takūtea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say
el
but write
r
) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands māori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai‘i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand māori
mccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .
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taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : veron and pichon ( 1980 ) , hoeksema ( 1989 ) . additional identification guides : veron ( 1986 ) , sheppard and sheppard ( 1991 ) , nishihira and veron ( 1995 ) .
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the disk coral is a mover , it looks stationary but watch out . . . it will even climb and flip !
genus are quite hardy creatures that easily move about on the substrate . they are solitary , free - living corals and they use water and current to get where they want to be . they can actually move up to 12
per day ( 30 cm ) . they have also been known to climb slight slopes up to a 30 degree angle , and to right themselves if they get flipped over .
are mostly round , though an occasional specimen will be elongated . they range from saucer - like shapes to dome shapes and can also be dented . other common names they are known by are rough feather coral , common mushroom coral , elongate mushroom coral , distorted mushroom coral , plate coral , disc coral , tongue coral , fungus coral , and chinaman hat coral .
disk corals are awesome animals with the unique beauty and characteristics of the fungiidae family . they come in a wide array of colors that make them an attractive addition to your display . they are most commonly green or purple , but just name the color and the
disk corals have short tapering tentacles , which in the wild retract during the day , coming out only at night . in the aquarium they will generally stay partly extended during the day , though quickly retracting if disturbed . these tentacles are nestled between the blade - like septal teeth that radiate out from the center . when young the
are connected with a stalk to rock work . over time as the coral develops , the stalk gradually weakens and breaks , leaving a central scar . the scar is then gradually overgrown .
have wide slit - like mouths , often housing various parasites . in fact a bivalve gastropod
are so large . but disk corals have been observed eating jellyfish , possibly as a main source of food for them in nature .
the disk coral can be easy to care for if it has have proper lighting and water movement , proper substrate and placement , and regular daily feeding . low to moderate water movement is needed and it likes bright light . this coral sends out feeder tentacles at night . it also excretes a heavy mucus coat in response to rough handling or when coming in contact with other corals . the mucus contains strong toxins that can severely damage other corals that are not in its same family . care must be taken in the placement of this coral to prevent fatal injury to other types of corals .
genus was described by lamarck in 1801 . there are approximately 65 nominal species , around 32 which are true species , with 15 being found around australia . some common names these corals are know for are mushroom coral , plate coral , tongue coral , disc coral , fungus coral , and chinaman hat coral . also some variations on these such as rough feather coral , common mushroom coral , elongate mushroom coral , and distorted mushroom coral . the
genus are found in the western central pacific , in the philippines , papua new guinea , the indo - west pacific , the western indian ocean from gulf of alden to seychelles , and in the northwest pacific in taiwan .
genus inhabit reef slopes on the flat areas between the lagoons and the reef . they are found on rubble or soft bottom in areas that are protected from strong water movement . they are found at depths from 0 to 131 feet ( 0 - 40 m ) , though many are found in much shallower waters to depths of 82 feet ( 25 m ) .
when they get sediment on them , they have the ability to
unbury
themselves in the substrate . they can also right themselves if they are overturned . this is done by filling their tissue with large amount of water , thus becoming more buoyant , and then using the water current as their mode of transportation .
is a free - living creature that is quite mobile . they will travel by inflating their tissue and using current to move . they have saucer to dome shapes that can be dented or elongated . all species of
have wide slit - like mouths , often housing various parasites . they can have one mouth or more mouths with long septa that radiate from the center all the way to the end . some septa start further back and are smaller than the main ones
have short tapering tentacles , which in the wild retract during the day , coming out only at night . in the aquarium they will generally stay partly extended during the day , though quickly retracting if disturbed . these tentacles are nestled between the blade - like septal teeth that radiate out from the center . when young the
the disk coral comes in a wide array of colors that make them an attractive addition to your display . they are most commonly green or purple , but just name the color and the
can grow up to 10
( 25 cm ) . it is , of course elongated with a central arch that runs the same distance from the perimeter , making an elongated rise in the middle .
like . they are smaller , only reaching just under 7
( 17 cm ) .
can be easy to care for if it has have proper lighting and water movement , proper substrate and placement , and regular daily feeding . this coral excretes a heavy mucus coat in response to rough handling or when coming in contact with other corals . the mucus contains strong toxins that can severely damage other corals that are not in its same family . care must be taken in the placement of this coral to prevent fatal injury to other types of corals .
in captivity , these corals need to be fed at least daily . they also need to be fed more often under lower lighting conditions . feeding tentacles are usually visible at night . fungiids also form mucous nets , at that time that you can put small amounts of shredded meat on this net .
typical water changes of 20 % a month , 10 % biweekly , or 5 % weekly are needed . it has been noted that 5 % weekly water changes replenish many of the needed additives and it is ultimately cheaper than purchasing additives for the water . with higher concentrations of coral with calcareous skeletons though , there may be a need put in additional additives to maintain proper levels for good growth .
400 to 430 ppm . if a large poly stony ( lps ) coral does not have enough calcium , it will not grow . ( seachem makes a calcium additive that states 385 as sufficient )
0 , zero . phosphates are the worst of all and all corals hate them .
1200 - 1350 . magnesium makes calcium available , so if your calcium is low , check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium .
a well - feed live rock / reef environment is what is needed for your disk coral , along with some fish for organic matter production . have an open area of soft substrate or a rubble bottom for this animal , and do not put it on rock work .
provide a low to moderate water movement and medium to strong light . place them on a soft substrates or rubble at the bottom of the tank the disk coral does not attach to a surface ( rock , substrate , etc . ) . it is quite capable of movement and may move itself around a tank to find its own favorable position ( as will other fungiids ) . though peaceful with other fungiids , this coral can be semi - aggressive toward other corals . it needs to be placed where it cannot ' walk ' up to corals that are not in the fungiidae family .
low to moderate , but not strong enough to remove the feeding mucous net .
coral is peaceful with pretty much all other genus and species within the faviidae family . however it can be aggressive toward other corals , using their mucous net as a weapon , causing necrosis . with that in mind , place your coral where it cannot
walk
up to another substrate dweller that is not in the fungiidae family .
the large polyp stony ( lps ) corals are male and female and can reproduce both sexually and asexually . in the wild they reproduce sexually by releasing eggs and sperm at the same time , resulting in a fertilized egg which then forms into a free - swimming planula larva . eventually the planula larvae settles onto the substrate , becoming plankters . this then forms a tiny polyp which begins to excrete calcium carbonate and develops into a coral . planula larvae are extremely vulnerable to predation , and very few survive .
genus will also reproduce asexually . daughter colonies / polyps may form and they will form offspring from broken pieces . they have been known to start regenerating on a supposedly dead skeleton if left in the aquarium , producing daughter polyps . they will also bud new daughter polyps off from their edge , or decalcify themselves to regenerate a new offspring .
genus should not be expanded when removing it from the water . make sure to gently shake the coral until the tissue has receded before exposing it to the air . if they are not fed , they will die , since they have carbon requirements .
is very easy to find at pet shops and on line . online they can run about $ 30 . 00 to $ 60 . 00 usd or more depending on size and / or color .
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penestola bufalis , the black penestola moth , is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by guenée in 1854 .

it is found in texas and florida , as well as on the antilles ( cuba , jamaica , puerto rico ) .

it is an accidentally introduced species on the galápagos islands .

the habitat consists of coastal mangrove swamps and shorelines .

the wingspan is about 20 mm .

the forewings are dark brown to brownish-grey with indistinct lines , as well as dense speckling .

the hindwing have a similar colour and lack prominent markings .

adults have been recorded on wing year-round in florida .

penestola bufalis

species penestola bufalis - black penestola moth - hodges # 5179 - bugguide . net
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guenée , m . a . 1854 , deltoïdes et pyralites . - in : boisduval , j . b . a . d . de & m . a . guenée , [ i ] histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptères . 8 ( 8 ) : 245
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the checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .
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the “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands” , in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos” , association international sans but lucratif ( “aisbl” ) , has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .
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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
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saphenista ceteora is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in minas gerais , brazil .

the wingspan is about 10 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is ochreous creamy , but darker at the costa .

the hindwings are brownish .

saphenista ceteora

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