trichopsocus brincki is a species of psocoptera from trichopsocidae family that can be found in england and wales .

the species are brown coloured .

trichopsocus brincki

the family trichopsocidae contains 9 species in the genus trichopsocus distributed worldwide , but absent from asia . two species are known from north america ; trichopsocus acuminatus , introduced from europe , and t . dalii , introduced from italy , peru , and mexico .
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a small ( c . 2 - 2 . 5mm ) reddish - brown barkfly . scarce in britain .
the main distinguishing feature of this species is the presence of two long , reddish - brown patches on the forewing . this colouring is variable and on some specimens the markings are very pale or absent .
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urltoken
these are medium - sized bark lice ( 2 - 2 . 5 mm , nymphs also 2 - 2 . 5 mm ) with slender bodies . body color is yellow . trichopsocids inhabit leaves on living and dead trees .
nymphs have two abdominal vesicles : one on abdominal segment 6 / 7 , one on 7 / 8 .
delicate - looking slender bark lice , 2 - 2 . 5 mm in length .
monophyly of the family trichopsocidae is supported by the secondary loss of the distal extension of the subgenital plate in the female ( yoshizawa 2002 ) . the morphological variation within this small family is not well known .
johnson , k . p . & e . l . mockford . 2003 . molecular systematics of psocomorpha ( psocoptera ) . systematic entomology 28 : 409 - 40
lienhard , c . and c . n smithers . 2002 . psocoptera ( insecta ) world catalogue and bibliography . muséum d ' histoire naturelle , geneva , switzerland .
mockford , e . l . 1993 . north american psocoptera ( insecta ) . gainesville , florida : sandhill crane press ,
new , t . r . 2005 . psocids , psocoptera ( booklice and barklice ) , 2nd edition : handbooks for the identification of british insects . vol . 1 , part 7 . royal entomological society , london , uk .
smithers , c . n . 1996 . psocoptera . pp . 1 - 80 , 363 - 372 ( index ) in wells a . ( ed . ) zoological catalogue of australia . vol . 26 . psocoptera , phthiraptera , thysanoptera . melbourne : csiro publishing , australia .
yoshizawa , k . 2002 . phylogeny and higher classification of suborder psocomorpha ( insecta : psocodea : ' psocoptera ' ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 136 : 371 - 400 .
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two ectopsocus briggsi on birch bark , 22 november 2016 . photo robert mill .
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there are few certainties in a year of wildlife watching , but one of them is that , at some point in january , i ' ll get fed up of not seeing any insects , and go springtail hunting . well today was that day for 2016 , with the weak winter sunshine enough to tempt me out into the garden . the first insect to hove into view was not a springtail though , but instead a barkfly , a less troublesome relative of the booklice .
website to see if i could figure out what it was . it turned out to be a fairly distinctive species ,
, which according to the website is a scarce species in england and wales .
, with its distinctive dark band . on a nearby bush i found another couple of species , a cute little globular
on the university of roehampton website are a very useful resource for information on these tiny but fascinating insects .
with that my time was up and i headed back inside , pausing briefly to photograph another barkfly that had landed on the back door . the photos are too rubbish to bother showing , but showed enough detail to allow to identify it as the common species
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
what i ' m up to in my studies of entomology and botany in north hampshire , southern england . see my webpage at urltoken
put out a yellow pan trap ( yellow plate containing water and a couple of drops of washing up liquid ) to catch insects in the garden at the beginning of february and this has turned up some insects i had not seen before .
) . this was recorded on february 9th , 16th - 18th and 21st .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
paulo a . v . borges , 1 clara gaspar , 1 luís carlos fonseca crespo , 1 , 2 françois rigal , 3 , 1 pedro cardoso , 4 , 1 fernando pereira , 1 carla rego , 1 isabel r . amorim , 1 catarina melo , 1 carlos aguiar , 5 genage andré , 5 enésima p . mendonça , 1 sérvio ribeiro , 6 , 1 joaquín hortal , 7 , 1 ana m . c . santos , 7 , 1 luís barcelos , 1 henrik enghoff , 8 volker mahnert , 9 margarida t . pita , 10 jordi ribes , 11 arturo baz , 12 antónio b . sousa , 13 virgílio vieira , 1 , 14 jörg wunderlich , 15 , 15 aristeidis parmakelis , 16 , 1 robert j . whittaker , 17 josé alberto quartau , 5 artur r . m . serrano , 5 and kostas a . triantis 16 , 1
4 finnish museum of natural history , university of helsinki , pohjoinen rautatiekatu 13 , p . o . box 17 , 00014 , helsinki , finland
12 dep . de ciencias de la vida . universidad de alcalá , 28871 alcalá de henares , madrid , spain
14 departamento de biologia , universidade dos açores , apartado 1422 , 9501 - 301 , ponta delgada , s . miguel , azores , portugal
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in this contribution we present detailed distribution and abundance data for arthropod species identified during the bala – b iodiversity of a rthropods from the l aurisilva of the a zores ( 1999 - 2004 ) and bala2 projects ( 2010 - 2011 ) from 18 native forest fragments in seven of the nine azorean islands ( all excluding graciosa and corvo islands , which have no native forest left ) .
azores ; terrestrial arthropods ; bala project ; laurissilva forest ; linnean , wallacean and prestonian shortfalls .
in 1999 a group of researchers from the university of the azores and the university of lisbon started a long - term ( 1999 - 2004 ) standardized sampling program to inventory the arthropod biodiversity in native forest remnants of the azores - the bala i project – b iodiversity of a rthropods from the l aurisilva of the a zores ( borges et al . 2000 , borges et al . 2005a , borges et al . 2011 , ribeiro et al . 2005 , gaspar et al . 2008 ) . more recently , this project was extended by researchers from the universities of the azores , athens and oxford , by surveying part of the same native forest plots almost 10 years later - bala ii project ( 2010 - 2011 ) .
during this period , two complete checklists of azorean arthropod fauna were produced ( borges et al . 2005b , borges et al . 2010 ) , which included the distribution of each species per island . in this paper we compile and synthesize the faunistic results of both bala projects , highlighting novel distribution records and presenting not only detailed distribution but also abundance data for each species , adding taxonomical and biogeographical information whenever possible . finally , we provide a general and updated overview on the diversity of the azorean arthropods .
the remote azores archipelago extends for 615 km in the north atlantic ocean ( 37 - 40 °n , 25 - 31 °w ) , 1584 km to the east ( southern europe ) and 2150 km to the west ( northern america ) of the nearest mainland . it comprises nine main islands and some small islets , all of volcanic origin , and is located at the triple junction of the eurasian , african and american tectonic plates . the nine islands are divided into three groups : the western group ( corvo and flores isls . ) , the central group ( faial , pico , graciosa , são jorge and terceira isls . ) , and the eastern group ( são miguel and santa maria isls ) ( fig .
) . the climate is temperate and oceanic , strongly influenced by the ocean and island topography , which together produce high relative atmospheric humidity , above 95 % on average on native forests .
location of the azores and of native forest fragments in the archipelago . codes for forest fragments as in table
) . graciosa and corvo islands were excluded as they no longer present native forest . human settlement in the azores lead to considerable native forest destruction which has left the entire archipelago with little over 2 % of the original forest cover . during the summer ( june to september ) 150 m long and 5 m wide transects were set up in 100 sites from 1999 to 2004 (
project ; 15 native forest fragments ) . along each transect , arthropods from the soil ( mainly epigean ) and herbaceous vegetation were surveyed with pitfall traps , while arthropods from woody plants were sampled using a beating tray . pitfall traps consisted of plastic cups with 4 . 2 cm diameter and 7 . 8 cm height . thirty pitfall traps were set up per transect . half of the traps were filled with a non - attractive ethylene glycol preservative solution ( antifreeze solution ) , and the remaining with a general attractive solution , a modified version of turquin (
main characteristics of the azorean islands ( bold ) and native forest fragments sampled from 1999 to 2011 , including area ( hectares ) , highest point ( altitude in metres ) , distance to the nearest island / fragment ( isolation in kilometres ) and the oldest geological age of emerged substrate ( million years bp ) ( adapted from gaspar et al . 2008 ) .
canopy sampling was conducted during the trapping period , when the vegetation was dry . a 5 m wide square was established every 15 m ( total of 10 squares per transect ) . two woody plant specimens of the most abundant species ( up to three species when available ) were sampled in each square . for each selected plant , a branch was chosen at random and a beating tray placed beneath . the tray consisted of a 1 m wide and 60 cm deep cloth inverted pyramid , with a plastic bag at the vertex . five beatings were made using a stick for each plant individual sampled .
all specimens are deposited in the entomological collection dalberto teixeira pombo at the university of the azores ( portugal ) , under the curation of paulo a . v . borges ( pborges @ urltoken ) .
in this contribution we list the 286 species for which we obtained an identification . the new records for each island are marked with * . for this list two families of coleoptera were not considered since they will be presented elsewhere , staphylinidae ( borges et al . in prep . ) and zopheridae ( borges et al . 2016 ) . for detailed maps on the distribution of these species in azores consult the azores bioportal .
all specimens were assigned a site code composed of several letters and numbers that read as follows ( see suppl . material 1 for complete data ) . detailed metadata is given in suppl . material 2 ) :
iv ) the next letter refers to the sampling technique : p - pitfall , b - canopy beating ; for pitfall samples ( p ) tu – turquin and et – ethylene glycol ; for canopy samples ( b ) the next two letters refer to the plant sampled : ca = calluna vulgaris , cl = clethra arborea , er = erica azorica , fr = frangula azorica , il = ilex perado azorica , ju = juniperus brevifolia , la = laurus azorica , mc = morella faya , ms = myrsine africana , pi = picconia azorica , pt = pittosporum undulatum , va = vaccinium cylindraceum .
for the geographical location of transects within reserves ( utm coordinates ) see suppl . material 3 .
accumulation curves were obtained using the software “ species diversity and richness ” v . 4 .
the ultimate goal of biodiversity assessments is documenting all species inhabiting a region . however , this has often proven impossible to achieve given the unfeasibility of collecting every single species that exists in a study area . this study focuses on the terrestrial arthropod diversity of the azores and encompasses most orders of the phylum
, we excluded 47 % of the archipelago ' s species pool . yet , this study added 10 endemic and at least 16 other species , mostly exotics , to the known azorean arthropod fauna . more will be added soon after the on - going revision of
, in press ) . overall , at least 26 species that occur in native forests were added to the azorean arthropod fauna list . the new 346 taxonomic records provided by this study ( see suppl . material
) . 164 species were found in new islands , with an average of two islands per species . for 82 of those species only one new island was added to their known distribution contrasting with 27 species for which four or more islands were added ( fig .
species richness for the azores archipelago and each island . total currently known species , the number of species surveyed during this study and those that represent new records are presented .
total species and subspecies records for the azores , new species and subspecies records during this study and increment for the most speciose classes and orders . values for all islands are added , so richness may be up to 7 times higher than the archipelago ' s richness ( as 7 islands were surveyed ) . ( * ) the coleoptera families staphylinidae and zopheridae were not considered ( see text ) .
the number of species identified for each of the 18 native forest fragments surveyed is shown in fig .
. the fragment with the highest species diversity is serra de santa bárbara in terceira island ( s = 124 ) , which is also the larger native forest area in the azores . remarkably , one of the smallest fragments , pico alto in santa maria island , is the second most diverse ( s = 121 ) .
bala2 samples only added 4 % of species to the previous bala survey ( fig .
) . interestingly , 59 samples collected in the first two years of survey ( 1999 and 2000 ) provided about 81 % of the total species recorded in this study .
species accumulation curve for the 286 species of arthropods collected in 152 pitfall and beating samples between 1999 and 2011 . the solid line corresponds to the chronological sample sequence and the dotted line is a randomized curve ( 1000 runs ) . samples to the left of the vertical line were collected in bala1 and to the right in bala2 .
a total of 163744 individuals were identified as belonging to the 286 species ( see suppl . material
for the complete list of abundance per species ) . the ten most abundant species ( fig .
) accommodate 56 % of the total number of individuals and include mostly indigenous species ( endemic or native non - endemic ) . the single introduced species is the millipede
) that are mostly soil epigean species , the other seven species live preferentially in the canopies of azorean endemic trees . the moth
the ten most abundant species in the database . end - endemic from azores ; nat - native non - endemic species ; intr - species introduced in the archipelago .
the opilion leiobunum blackwalli ( credit : paulo a . v . borges ) .
the increase in the number of islands from where each species is known and the distribution increase for many species within each island shows the importance of regional standardized surveys , which provided a major improvement in the knowledge of the distribution of arthropod species in the native forests of the azores .
the fact that most diversity was captured during the first two years of the project reflects the importance of sampling a wide geographic range covering all the islands and the maximum number of sites . increasing the number of samples per fragment ( sampling performed in 2004 ) or replicating the sampling at a different time ( 29 sites in 2010 to 2011 ;
project ) had a lesser impact in increasing our knowledge about biodiversity ( fig .
a ) expanding the standardized survey of azorean arthropods to other habitat types , mostly man - modified , an already on - going task for some of the islands ( see e . g . cardoso et al . 2009 , meijer et al . 2011 , cardoso et al . 2013 , florencio et al . 2013 , santos et al . 2010 ) ;
b ) selecting study areas along a comprehensive environmental gradient where an optimal sampling strategy will be applied in order to sample the entire arthropod communities ( all taxa biodiversity inventory - atbi ) . atbis are intensive sampling efforts to identify and record all living species that exist within a given area and simultaneously create a common and standardized biodiversity database ( lawton and gaston 2001 ) ;
c ) finishing the identification of many morphospecies . good progress has been made with staphylinidade ( borges et al . in prep . ) , but other taxa need further effort to reach proper identification ;
d ) increase sampling and update the current list of azorean hymenoptera and diptera , which is clearly incomplete ( borges et al . 2010 ) . the shortage of taxonomists who can adequately identify species ( i . e . the so - called taxonomic impediment ) has prevented advances in the knowledge for many diverse groups in the azores , including these two .
e ) contributing to the validation and updating of the pan - european checklists programs , including fauna europaea ( jong et al . 2014 ) and pesi ( jong et al . 2015 ) allowing a more general evaluation and comparison of species distributions and statuses .
this study advances the knowledge on the unique arthropod biodiversity of the azores , but at the same time highlights the need for further surveys . we strongly believe that the bala project will stimulate further research and conservation actions towards the preservation of azorean biodiversity . furthermore , we hope that all the taxa yet to be identified will entice taxonomist to join us in the endeavour of cataloguing all terrestrial arthropods of the most remote of the macaronesian archipelagos , the azores . the ongoing longterm research projects in azores and the recent creation of the e - repository islandlab will create new opportunities for biodiversity studies in azores .
brief description : detailed data on the occurrences and abundances of the studied species . data on species abundance in each individual sample ( pitfall trap or canopy beating ) for the 152 transects in eighteen protected areas and seven azorean islands .
brief description : utm coordinates ( regions 25s for flores and 26s for all other islands ) , altitude ( meters ) and supporting project of the studied transects in the azores . transect code according to island , reserve and transect number ( see text )
pavb , arms , jq and kat conceived the ideas ; pavb , cg , lc , fr , pc , fp , cr , ira , cm , ca , ga , spr , jh , amcs , abs , jw , jaq , arms and kat obtained samples ; pavb , cg , em and lb prepared the databases ; pavb , lc , pc , he , fi , vm , mtp , jr , ab , abs , rzs , vv , jw , jaq and arms performed taxonomic work and identified species ; pavb led the writing with substantial input from the other authors .
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a list of the terrestrial fauna ( mollusca and arthropoda ) and flora ( bryophyta , pteridophyta and spermatophyta ) from the azores .
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cardoso pedro , aranda silvia c . , lobo jorge m . , dinis francisco , gaspar clara , borges paulo a . v . a spatial scale assessment of habitat effects on arthropod communities of an oceanic island .
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crespo lc , bosmans r , cardoso p , borges pav . on three endemic species of the linyphiid spider genus canariphantes wunderlich , 1992 ( araneae , linyphiidae ) from the azores archipelago .
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turquin m . une biocenose cavernicole originale pour le bugey : le puits de rappe . comptes rendus 96e congresse naturel societes savantes , toulouse 1071 .
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hispanotherium was a genus of rhinoceros of the tribe elasmotheriini endemic to europe and asia during the miocene living from 16 — 7.25 mya existing for approximately 8.75 million years .

hispanotherium

how can i put and write and define hispanotherium in a sentence and how is the word hispanotherium used in a sentence and examples ? 用hispanotherium造句 , 用hispanotherium造句 , 用hispanotherium造句 , hispanotherium meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
des dents inédites de rhinocerotidae de laogou de hezheng ( gansu , chine ) sont décrites et attribuées à hispanotherium matritense . la comparaison des autres élasmothères chinois du miocène moyen avec l’ hispanotherium de laogou et de sites ibériques permet de confirmer les synonymies précédemment proposées pour hispanotherium lintungensis , tesselodon fangxianensis , caementodon tongxinensis et huaqingtherium qiui . la plus grande taille d’ hispanotherium tungurense le différencie spécifiquement d’ h . matritense . la faune de laogou peut être placée en zone mn6 . les paléoenvironnements d’ h . matritense en chine se composent de rivières et de lacs et sont différents de l’environnement ibérique aride . hispanotherium pourrait être originaire du sud - ouest de l’europe et s’être dispersé ultérieurement vers l’est jusqu’en asie .
new rhinocerotid teeth from laogou in hezheng ( gansu , china ) are described and identified as hispanotherium matritense . comparing the other chinese middle miocene elasmotheres with material of h . matritense from iberian localities and laogou , we confirm the synonymy proposed previously for the species hispanotherium lintungensis , tesselodon fangxianensis , caementodon tongxinensis and huaqingtherium qiui . the larger size of hispanotherium tungurense proves that it is a different species from h . matritense . the age of laogou fauna corresponds to mn6 . paleoenvironments of h . matritense in china include rivers and lakes , which are somewhat different from the arid environment in the iberian peninsula . the origin of the hispanotherium lineage may be in southwestern europe . after that , it dispersed eastward to asia .
some of these species exploited the grazing niche .
hispanotherium
,
chilotherium
and
teleoceras
show a clear tendency to hypsodonty , and a grazing feeding adaptation has usually been attributed to them
.
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prehistoric taxonomy | suminia . . . | anomodontia | pinterest | prehistoric and prehistoric animals
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the following articles are merged in scholar . their combined citations are counted only for the first article .
this
cited by
count includes citations to the following articles in scholar . the ones marked
the paleobiology of the extinct venomous shrew beremendia ( soricidae , insectivora , mammalia ) in relation to the geology and paleoenvironment of dmanisi ( early . . .
palaeoecological inferences about dinosaur gregarious behaviour based on the study of tracksites from la rioja area in the cameros basin ( lower cretaceous , sp . . .
j morales , p peláez - campomanes , j abella , p montoya , fj ruiz , . . .
revista española de paleontología , 2013 , vol . 28 , num . 2 , p . 149 - 160
descriptions of wardula bartolii n . sp . ( digenea : mesometridae ) and three newly recorded accidental parasites of boops boops l . ( sparidae ) in the ne atlantic
a pérez - del olmo , di gibson , m fernández , o sanisidro , ja raga , . . .
complete description of the skull and mandible of the giant mustelid eomellivora piveteaui ozansoy , 1965 ( mammalia , carnivora , mustelidae ) , from batallones ( mn . . .
a valenciano , j abella , o sanisidro , a hartstone - rose , . . .
dm alba , r carmona , a bolet , jm robles , i casanovas - vilar , m furió , . . .
cranial remains of cheirogaster bergounioux 1935 ( testudines : testudinidae ) from the late miocene of ecoparc de can mata ( val . . .
j morales , p peláez - campomanes , p pérez , mt alberdi , b azanza , . . .
a new species of carpolestes ( mammalia , plesiadapoidea ) from the late paleocene of southern wyoming : assessing changes in size and shape during the evolutio . . .


celypha rufana , common name lakes marble , is a small moth species of the family tortricidae , long known under the junior synonym c. rosaceana .

celypha rufana

t . officinale is food for the caterpillars of several lepidoptera ( butterflies and moths ) , such as the tortrix moth celypha rufana . see also list of lepidoptera that feed on dandelions .
celypha tiedemanniana ( zeller , 1845 ) = syricoris tiedemanniana ( zeller , 1845 ) = olethreutes tiedemannianus .
celypha lacunana ( denis & schiffermuller , 1775 ) = syricoris lacunana ( [ denis & schiffermuller ] , 1775 ) = olethreutes lacunanus .
pheromone traps using
funemone
lures are commonly used to trap male g . funebrana . alford ( 1978 ) provided trapping data for
funemone
traps operating in england over the course of three years . non - target tortricids attracted to the
funemone
pheromone include : cnephasia stephensiana , cnephasia sp . , celypha rufana , hedya nubiferana , pammene argyrana , pammene fasciana , and grapholita tenebrosana . as the lure is not species - specific , it will also attract other species of grapholita , including grapholita molesta .
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certainly quite a rare species with us . found only by gibbs in bentley woods during 1901 , taraxacum , no rare plant !
an uncommon and local species , this moth inhabits rough ground in wales and the north - west of england .
the adults vary in the intensity of the rufous coloration , but usually have a more or less noticeably reticulated pattern .
may to july is the main flight period , the moths flying during the afternoon and evening .
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there are 1 county records of 1 individuals from 1 different sites . first recorded in 2016 .
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mainly observed in the kempen and in the south of belgium , locally common .
the adults fly from may till july . they are mainly active in the afternoon and early evening . later on they come to light .
belgium , luxembourg , wellin , 11 june 2005 . ( photo © chris steeman )
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blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
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austria , denmark , germany , latvia , lithuania , the netherlands , norway , poland , the soviet union - the european part , finland , sweden , estonia .
regions of the russian federation : european north - west , central european , kaliningrad , karelia , krasnoyarsk , prealtay , of baikal , mid - amur , sredneobskaya , tuva , southern urals .
austria , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , russia , finland , sweden , estonia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
* an asterisk denotes a region for which the species is listed as an migrant or information that requires additional checking .
albania , austria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , greece , denmark , ireland , spain , italy , corsica , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , sardinia , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , gorno - altaisk , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , transbaikalia , western caucasus , kaliningrad , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , nenetsko - novaya zemlya tundra , nizhneobsky , prealtay , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , seaside ( ? ) , the north - yenisei north okhotsk , north urals , the volga - average , average urals , tuva , south west siberian , south ural .
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grapholita funebrana is often referred to as cydia funebrana in older literature . komai ( 1999 ) provides a taxonomic history for the grapholitini .
forewings are grayish brown with indistinct silvery - gray markings on the dorsum and around the poorly - defined ocellus . hindwings are brown . male genitalia are characterized by a thornlike projection off the ventral margin of the valva . female genitalia are characterized by a rounded sterigma , an irregular sclerite in the ductus bursae , and two long , curved , thornlike signa in the corpus bursae .
adults are similar to other species of grapholita , including grapholita molesta and grapholita tenebrosana ; a genitalic dissection may be necessary to confirm species identity , especially if individuals are recovered from sticky traps . in g . molesta , males lack the thornlike projection off the ventral margin of the valva and the female sterigma is laterally elongate with small posterolateral projections . in g . tenebrosana , the male valva is more elongate with the anal angle sharply pronounced and the female sterigma is large with triangular lateral lobes .
late instar larvae are approximately 9 - 12 mm in length with a bright reddish - pink abdomen . the head is dark brown and the prothoracic shield is yellowish brown . the anal shield is light brown with dark mottling . an anal comb is present with 4 - 10 small teeth . early instars are whitish with a black head and prothoracic shield .
larvae may appear similar to those of many other species of grapholita and cydia . cydia pomonella larvae can be separated from g . funebrana by the absence of an anal fork . other species of grapholita cannot be reliably separated from g . funebrana based solely on larval morphology . chen and dorn ( 2009 ) provide a molecular assay to distinguish g . funebrana larvae from similar species using a polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism ( pcr - rflp ) analysis .
grapholita funebrana completes 1 - 3 generations per year ; two generations are most common over most of its range . adults are present from late may to september .
first generation females lay eggs singly on fruitlets . second generation females lay eggs near the base of maturing fruit . larvae tunnel into the fruit and feed inside . last instar larvae bore out of the fruit and overwinter in a cocoon spun on tree bark or in the soil . pupation occurs the following spring . larvae of the second generation cause the most damage to fruits such as plum that mature in mid - to late summer .
grapholita funebrana is one of the most important lepidopteran pests of fruit in europe . larvae can cause significant damage to apricot , cherry , peach , plum , and other prunus species .
a native of europe , grapholita funebrana has spread to most other fruit - growing regions of the palearctic . it is currently present from europe and northern africa across asia minor and central asia to china , korea , and japan .
alford , d . v . 1978 . observations on the specificity of pheromone - baited traps for cydia funebrana ( treitschke ) ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . bulletin of entomological research . 68 : 97 - 103 .
bradley , j . d . , w . g . tremewan and a . smith . 1979 . british tortricoid moths - tortricidae : olethreutinae . the ray society , london , england . 336 pp .
chen , m . h . and s . dorn . 2009 . reliable and efficient discrimination of four internal fruit - feeding cydia and grapholita species ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) by polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism . journal of economic entomology . 102 : 2209 - 2216 .
dickler , e . 1991 . tortricid pests of pome and stone fruits , eurasian species , pp . 435 - 452 . in l . p . s . van der geest and h . h . evenhius [ eds . ] , tortricid pests : their biology , natural enemies , and control . world crop pests , vol . 5 . elsevier , amsterdam .
komai , f . 1999 . a taxonomic review of the genus grapholita and allied genera ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) in the palaearctic region . entomologica scandinavica supplement 55 . 226 pp .
meijerman , l . and s . a . ulenberg . 2000 . arthropods of economic importance : eurasian tortricidae . arthropods of economic importance series . eti / zma .
razowski , j . 2003 . tortricidae of europe , vol . 2 , olethreutinae . frantisek slamka , slovakia . 301 pp .
tortricids of agricultural importance by todd m . gilligan and marc e . epstein interactive keys developed in lucid 3 . 5 . last updated august 2014 .
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the pyralini are a tribe of snout moths . they belong to the subfamily pyralinae , which contains the
typical
snout moths of the old world and some other regions . the genus list presented here is provisional .
they are deemed to represent the lineage around the type species , the meal moth ( pyralis farinalis ) , a somewhat notorious pest of stored cereals and similar goods . like this species , pyralini are usually largish snout moths ; some are boldly colored ( often in bright brown to yellow hues ) by standards of their family .
while the pyralini are a successful radiation even as presently circumscribed , this delimitation is highly provisional . it is very likely that more genera belong here ( unknown
inconsistent that it will be split apart . pending a detailed analysis , the following genera are placed here ( some notable species are also listed ) :
genera have not yet been assigned to a tribe , and in general the subfamily is in need of thorough revision . some genera have explicitly been allied with pyralini genera in the past and might more likely than others be members of the present subfamily :
) . others have placed it in the pyralini , which may well be correct .
, but are today included in the present tribe . while they are not likely to be subfamilies , their actual taxonomic status will be determined by future analyses . the presently - obsolete synonyms of pyralini are :
( 2011 ) : markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms : pyralinae . version of 2011 - mar - 03 . retrieved 2011 - may - 29 .
( 2007 ) : phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the pyraloidea ( lepidoptera ) .
( 1 ) : 1 - 8 [ english with spanish abstract ] . html fulltext
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redirects here . as invalidly established by a . h . haworth in 1811 , this refers to
gold triangle
redirects here . for other uses , see golden triangle .
mm . the adult moths fly from may to july , depending on the location . the supposed species
the caterpillar is injurious to clover hay , and to other hay when mixed with clover . its depredations can be prevented by keeping the hay dry and well ventilated , as the insect preferably breeds in moist or matted material such as is to be found in the lower parts of haystacks , where affected hay becomes filled with webbings of the caterpillars and their excrement , rendering it unfit for feeding . a treatment is to burn the webbed material and to thoroughly clean the affected location .
( 1942 ) : eigenartige geschmacksrichtungen bei kleinschmetterlingsraupen [
strange tastes among micromoth caterpillars
] .
. version of 2009 - apr - 12 . retrieved 2010 - apr - 12 .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 5 / 18 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
scopoli , j . a . 1763 . entomologia carniolica exhibens insecta carnioliæ indigena et distributa in ordines , genera , species , varietates . methodo linnæana . - pp . [ 1 - 35 ] , 1 - 420 , [ 1 ] . vindobonae . ( trattner ) .
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the basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .
gc7by4r sow thistle ( black diamond ) ( traditional cache ) in new york , united states created by k . e . t .
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sow thistle ( sow = pig , not “seeding” ) seems to be the name of these dandelion like flowers . lots around here and elsewhere . i certainly hadn’t paid attention to them before . please byop .
sonchus is a genus of flowering plants in the dandelion tribe within the sunflower family .
most of the species are annual herbs , a few are perennial , and a few are even woody ( subgenus dendrosonchus , restricted to the canary islands ) .
annual herbs in the genus are known as sow thistles ( less commonly hare thistles or hare lettuces ) . the genus is named after the ancient greek for such plants . all are characterized by soft , somewhat irregularly lobed leaves that clasp the stem and , at least initially , form a basal rosette . the stem contains a milky latex . flower heads are yellow and range in size from half to one inch in diameter ; the florets are all of ray type . sow thistles are common roadside plants , and while native to eurasia and tropical africa , they are found almost worldwide in temperate regions .
mature sow thistle stems can range from 30 cm to 2 m ( 1 to 6 feet ) tall , depending upon species and growing conditions . colouration ranges from green to purple in older plants . sow thistles exude a milky latex when any part of the plant is cut or damaged , and it is from this fact that the plants obtained the common name ,
sow thistle
, as they were fed to lactating sows in the belief that milk production would increase . sow thistles are known as
milk thistles
in some regions , although true milk thistles belong to the genus silybum .
sow thistles have been used as fodder , particularly for rabbits , hence the other common names of
hare thistle
or
hare lettuce
. they are also edible to humans as a leaf vegetable ; old leaves and stalks can be bitter but young leaves have a flavor similar to lettuce . going by the name puha or rareke ( raraki ) it is frequently eaten in new zealand as a vegetable , particularly by the native maori . when cooked the flavor is reminiscent of chard .
sonchus tenerrimus and sonchus oleraceus infest many crops in italy , especially in the southern area of the peninsula . they are considered good tasting edible plants and are cooked with spaghetti .
in traditional medicine , the plant has medicinal qualities , having
nearly the same properties as dandelion and chicory .
capitulum can be used as an exact synonym for pseudanthium and flower head ; however its use is generally but not always restricted to the asteraceae family . at least one source defines it as a small flower head . in addition to its botanical use as a term meaning flower head it is also used to mean the top of the sphagnum plant . )
the scientific name sonchus refers to the hollow stem , while oleraceus refers to its good taste . the common name sow thistle refers to its attractiveness to swine , and the similarity of the leaf to younger thistle plants . the common name hare ' s thistle refers to its purported beneficial effects on hare and rabbits .
the cache is a tied in , camoed , “small” pill bottle , that you have to push hard to open and close . please byop and put back as you found it , with double bags and rubber bands ? remember that makes it easier to get the log out of the bottle .
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annual , biennial or perennial herbs . stems erect , hollow . leaves alternate , cauline , undivided or pinnately lobed ; base ± auriculate to sagittate ; margin often spiny - ciliate . phyllaries several - seriate , imbricate ; outer eventually swollen at base . receptacle naked , pitted . florets yellow . achenes flattened , truncate above , ± strongly ribbed ; beak 0 . pappus several - seriate , dimorphic , consisting of setae and fine down - like hairs intermixed .
infest many crops in italy , especially in the southern area of the peninsula . they are considered good tasting edible plants and are cooked with spaghetti .
that clasp the stem and , at least initially , form a basal rosette . the
are all of ray type . sow thistles are common roadside plants , and while native to
sow thistles have been used as fodder , particularly for rabbits , hence the other common names of
hare thistle
or
hare lettuce
. they are also edible to humans as a leaf vegetable ; old leaves and stalks can be bitter but young leaves have a flavour similar to lettuce . going by the name puha or rareke ( raraki ) it is frequently eaten in new zealand as a vegetable , particularly by the native māori . when cooked the flavour is reminiscent of chard .
. however , sow thistles are easily uprooted by hand , and their soft stems present little resistance to slashing or mowing . most
attempts at weed control by herbicidal use , to the neglect of other methods , may have led to a proliferation of this species in some environments .
lectotype designated by n . l . britton et a . brown , ill . fl . n . u . s . ed . 2 . 3 : 316 ( 1913 )
linnaeus , carl von . 1753 . species plantarum 2 : 793 - 795 in latin
for a recent review of woody species , see seung - chul kim et al ( 1996 ) , a common origin for woody sonchus and five related genera in the macaronesian islands : molecular evidence for extensive radiation , proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa , 93 : 7743 - 7748 .
flora of china vol . 20 - 21 page 239 苦苣菜属 ku ju cai shu sonchus linnaeus , sp . pl . 2 : 793 . 1753 .
flora of north america vol . 19 , 20 and 21 page 273 sow - thistle , laiteron , sonchus linnaeus , sp . pl . 2 : 793 . 1753 ; gen . pl . ed . 5 , 347 . 1754 .
white , i . m . ( 1984 ) . tephritid flies ( diptera : tephritidea ) . handbooks for the identification of british insects . 10 pt 5a . royal entomological society of london . pp . 134 pp . isbn 0901546682 .
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s1—additional information of land - use intensity and live - history traits , supplementary literature , analysis of co - variance tables for residual model ( including figures ) and main model ( mangels _ et _ al _ s1 . pdf ) . supplementary material 1 ( pdf 638 kb )
s2—data table of life - history traits and larval habitat of 460 moth species ( mangels _ et _ al _ s2 . csv ) . [ data source : konrad fiedler , pers . obs . and 26 references listed in supplementary literature s1 . 1 . codes for life - history traits given in table s1 . 2 . ] . supplementary material 2 ( csv 24 kb )
s3—data table of abundances of 447 moth species per region and month ( mangels _ et _ al _ s3 . csv ) . supplementary material 3 ( csv 22 kb )
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common dandelion - taraxacum tenejapense a . j . richards - details - encyclopedia of life
dandelions are probably the best known flower . most people consider it a weed , removing it from their lawns as quickly as possible . being a composite , one plant is made up of dozens of flowers , producing a fluff of seeds . there are many different species and subspecies of dandelion . the red - seeded dandelion is found on dry soils , particularly in the dunes of north and south holland and locally on the wadden islands . it grows in soils that are slightly rich in humus , moderately nutrient - poor and containing calcium . the entire plant is edible .
common dandelion is of eurasian origin but has become naturalized throughout the united states . it occurs in all 50 states , almost all canadian provinces , and mexico [ 62 , 126 ] .
more info on this topic . this species can be found in the following regions of the western united states ( according to the bureau of land management classification of physiographic regions of the western united states ) : 1 northern pacific border 2 cascade mountains 3 southern pacific border 4 sierra mountains 5 columbia plateau 6 upper basin and range 7 lower basin and range 8 northern rocky mountains 9 middle rocky mountains 10 wyoming basin 11 southern rocky mountains 12 colorado plateau 13 rocky mountain piedmont 14 great plains 15 black hills uplift 16 upper missouri basin and broken lands
dandelions are common and widespread throughout britain ( 3 ) . the taraxacum aggregate has a wide , circumpolar distribution ( 2 ) .
© missouri botanical garden , 4344 shaw boulevard , st . louis , mo , 63110 usa
more info for the terms : cool - season , forb common dandelion is an introduced , cool - season , perennial forb [ 140 ] . it has a thick taproot up to 6 inches ( 15 . 2 cm ) long [ 135 ] . stems are very short and wholly underground , producing a rosette of leaves at the ground surface . leaves are 2 to 16 inches ( 5 - 40 cm ) long [ 134 ] . the flower heads are solitary at the end of naked , hollow stalks . stalks can reach heights up to 2 feet ( 60 cm ) [ 126 , 135 ] . one head contains from 100 to 300 flowers [ 126 ] . seeds of common dandelion are topped by a parachute of bristles that aid in dissemination [ 55 ] . common dandelion forms vesicular - arbuscular mycorrhizal associations [ 15 , 37 ] .
leontodon taraxacum linnaeus , sp . pl . 2 : 798 . 1753 ; taraxacum officinale var . palustre blytt ; t . sylvanicum r . doll
more info on this topic . this species is known to occur in association with the following cover types ( as classified by the society of american foresters ) : more info for the term : cover common dandelion is found in nearly all saf cover types .
more info on this topic . this species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types ( as classified by küchler 1964 ) : dandelion is found in nearly all kuchler plant associations .
common dandelion is an indicator species in ruderal vegetation types in north dakota , south dakota , and washington [ 51 , 137 ] .
found in a very wide variety of habitats , but tend to thrive best in disturbed sites such as lawns , paths , waste ground , pastures and road verges . some microspecies are found in natural or semi - natural habitats , including fens , sand dunes and chalk grassland ( 3 ) .
hilty , j . editor . 2015 . insect visitors of illinois wildflowers . world wide web electronic publication . illinoiswildflowers . info , version ( 09 / 2015 ) see : abbreviations for insect activities , abbreviations for scientific observers , references for behavioral observations
the nectar or pollen of the flowers primarily attracts long - tongued bees , short - tongued bees , and bee flies . among the bees , are such visitors as bumblebees , honeybees , mason bees , halictid bees , and andrenid bees . the foliage of dandelion is eaten by many kinds of insects , including the caterpillars of several species of moths ( see moth table ) . most of these moths are polyphagous , as their caterpillars will feed on a variety of low - growing plants . in the eastern states and the midwest , only the goldfinch and the english sparrow eat the seeds to any significant extent . while the foliage is somewhat bitter , it is eaten occasionally by various mammalian herbivores , including livestock , rabbits , groundhogs , and deer .
taraxacum officinale ( dandelion ) forb / shrub ) ) is prey of : antilocapra americana lepus townsendii based on studies in : usa : california , cabrillo point ( grassland ) this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
l . d . harris and l . paur , a quantitative food web analysis of a shortgrass community , technical report no . 154 , grassland biome . u . s . international biological program ( 1972 ) , from p . 17 .
more info for the terms : cover , tree late spring burning in the tallgrass prairies of kansas reduced common dandelion cover compared with burning at earlier dates . in shortgrass prairies of western kansas , common dandelion was less affected by dormant season ( fall and winter ) burns than by spring burns [ 20 ] . burning to decrease cover of common dandelion on rangelands should be done in the spring after growth initiation . annual burning in march or november in nebraska resulted in the highest total cover of common dandelion . burning in april decreased cover [ 46 ] . following logging , bulldozing , and slash burning , common dandelion will establish in the open spots [ 14 ] . common dandelion competes with tree seedlings on burned sites . grasses aerially seeded on burns may compete with and displace common dandelion . after 4 to 5 years of grass seeding on sites in montana common dandelion populations eventually decreased [ 14 ] .