archips mortuanus , the dusky-back leaf roller , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in eastern north america , where it has been recorded from maine , michigan and new york .

the length of the forewings is 7 – 9 mm .

the forewing pattern of the males consists of at least one ( and usually two ) semi-rectangular pale tan patches on the costa .

adults are on wing from june to july in one generation per year .

the larvae feed on the leaves of prunus virginiana , populus balsamifera , populus tremuloides , cicuta , alnus , malus , spiraea , salix ( including salix bebbiana ) and crataegus species .

the larvae have a green body and a yellowish brown head .

they reach a length of 14 – 22 m when full-grown .

the species overwinters as an egg .

archips mortuanus

sex pheromone specificity as a reproductive isolating mechanism among the sibling species archips argyrospilus and archips mortuanus and other sympatric tortricine moths ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .
sex pheromone specificity as a reproductive isolating mechanism among the sibling species archips argyrospilus and archips mortuanus and other sympatric tortricine moths ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .
sex pheromone specificity as a reproductive isolating mechanism among the sibling species archips argyrospilus and archips mortuanus and other sympatric tortricine moths ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . [ 1977 ]
sex pheromone specificity as a reproductive isolating mechanism among the sibling species archips argyrospilus and a . mortuanus and other sympatric tortricine moths ( lepidoptera : tortricidae )
archips mortuana completes one generation per year . adults are present in june and july . this species has the same basic life history information as archips argyrospila .
asynchronous budbreak in taxodium distichum l . richard ( baldcypress ) as a mode of resistance against archips goyerana kruse ( baldcypress leafroller )
archips mortuana is part of the archips argyrospila species complex , and it was once hypothesized to simply be a dark form of a . argyrospila ( powell 1964 ) . chapman and lienk ( 1971 ) demonstrated that the sex pheromone for a . mortuana is different from a . argyrospila , providing evidence that the two are indeed separate species .
archips mortuana is found in the eastern half north america . there are also individuals recorded from utah and california , but chapman and lienk ( 1971 ) doubt the accuracy of these records .
laboratory and field tests were conducted with female sex pheromone extracts in 11 species of tortricids . these included grapholitha molesta ( busck ) , hedia nubiferana haworth , carpocapsa pomonella ( l . ) , paralobcsia viteana ( clemens ) , ancylis comptana fragariae ( walsh & riley ) , of the subfamily olethreutinae , and argyrotaenia velutinana ( walker ) a . quadrifaciana fernald , archips argyrospilus ( walker ) , a . mortuanus kearfott , choristoneura rosaceana ( harris ) , and pandcmis limitata ( robinson ) of the tortricinae . a slight male response to pheromone extracts of females in other species suggested similar but not identical pheromone structures . field tests showed male specificity in all species with the exception of some attractancy of archips mortuanus males to argyrotaenia velutinana female extracts . negative male stimulation was recorded in the field and laboratory with strawberry leaf roller , ancylis c . fragariae female extract . histological studies on the female pheromoneproducing glands revealed significant development of glandular epithelium between the eighth and ninth abdominal segments with all species except strawberry leaf roller moths .
the male forewing pattern is similar to that of archips argyrospila , with at least one , and usually two , semi - rectangular pale tan patches on the costa . these costal patches are greatly reduced in the female , with the remaining pattern resembling the male or reduced to a patternless rusty gray . males have a forewing costal fold .
despite sharing three pheromone components , a . goyerana and a . argyrospilus derived from populations in louisiana and california , respectively , are apparently not cross - attractive ( goyer et al . 1995 ) . one likely cause for the absence of cross - attraction is a disparity in the e / z 11 - 14 : oac ratio produced by these two species . we observed a ratio of 1–2 : 100 in a . goyerana females , whereas the ratios produced by a . argyrospilus sampled in british columbia were found to be 64 : 100 and 67 : 100 ( roelofs et al . 1974 , deland et al . 1993 ) . in addition , maximal attraction of a . argyrospilus is reported to occur at 43 : 100 and 67 : 100 in british columbia and new york , respectively , and ratios below 12 : 100 were unattractive in new york ( roelofs et al . 1974 , cardé et al . 1977 ) . in trapping trial 2 , lures with an e / z 11 - 14 : oac ratio of 5 : 100 were significantly less attractive than lures with the a . goyerana female - produced ratio of 1 . 5 : 100 , implying that the elevation of ratios of e / z 11 - 14 : oac above those produced by females reduced attraction of this species . the pheromone composition of a . argyrospilus in the sympatric zone with a . goyerana in louisiana has not been investigated , and there is considerable regional variation in the pheromone of a . argyrospilus ( cardé et al . 1977 , kruse and sperling 2001 ) . however , if pheromone production and response of louisiana a . argyrospilus resembles that of the new york or british columbia populations , then this disparity in the e / z 11 - 14 : oac ratio could reduce or prevent cross attraction and provide a mechanism of reproductive isolation between sympatric populations of a . argyrospilus and a . goyerana . this hypothesis should be tested directly . disparity in e / z 11 - 14 : oac ratios was proposed as a reproductive isolation mechanism between sympatric a . argyrospilus and archips mortuanus kearfoot in new york , as the latter species produced and was maximally attracted to lower ratios of e / z 11 - 14 : oac ( cardé et al . 1977 ) .
the baldcypress leafroller , archips goyerana kruse ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , is a specialist on taxodium distichum ( l . ) richard and has caused serious defoliation in swamps of southeastern louisiana , accelerating decline of baldcypress forests concurrently suffering from nutrient depletion , prolonged flooding , and saltwater intrusion . we investigated the composition of the sex pheromone of this species . coupled gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection ( gc - ead ) analyses indicated that male antennae were sensitive to four compounds [ ( z ) - 11 - tetradecenyl acetate ( z 11 - 14 : oac ) , ( e ) - 11 - tetradecenyl acetate ( e 11 - 14 : oac ) , ( z ) - 9 - tetradecenyl acetate ( z 9 - 14 : oac ) , and ( z ) - 11 - tetradecen - 1 - ol ( z 11 - 14 : oh ) ] present in female abdominal tip extracts in an approximately 100 : 1 . 5 : 0 . 6 : 10 ratio . in trapping trials performed in a cypress–tupelo swamp in southeastern louisiana , moths were attracted to blends of these four components presented in approximately the female - produced ratios . elimination of z 11 - 14 : oh had no impact on moth response , whereas elimination of any of the three acetates strongly reduced or eliminated attraction . a blend in which the e 11 : z 11 ratio of 14 : oac was 5 : 100 was much less attractive than the same blend with the female produced ratio of 1 . 5 : 100 . a . goyerana is closely related to the sympatric species archips argyrospilus ( walker ) with which it was previously synonymous . our data revealed differences between the pheromone composition of a . goyerana and that reported for a . argyrospilus , which could account for the apparent absence of cross - attraction between these species . we conclude that a lure containing a 100 : 1 . 5 : 0 . 6 ratio of z11 - 14 : oac , e 11 - 14 : oac , and z 9 - 14 : oac has the potential to be used in traps to detect and measure a . goyerana populations and thereby monitor an important biotic factor contributing to the loss of coastal baldcypress forests .
larvae are 14 - 22 mm in length . early to mid - instars are dark green dorsally and ligher green laterally ; this color difference is reduced in the last instar . pinacula are pale and contrast with the dark green dorsal coloration . the head is yellowish brown and may be unmarked or have dark - brown to black mottling . the prothoracic shield is greenish brown with variable degrees of posterior shading .
females lay eggs in masses of approximately 60 - 80 individual eggs . eggs overwinter and first instar larvae hatch the following spring . larvae feed primarily on leaves and pupation occurs within the final larval feeding site .
chapman and lienk ( 1971 ) consider apple and hawthorn to be the primary larval hosts in the northeastern u . s . other host plants are listed here .
chapman , p . j . and s . e . lienk . 1971 . tortricid fauna of apple in new york ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) ; including an account of apple ' s occurrence in the state , especially as a naturalized plant . spec . publ . geneva , ny : new york state agricultural experiment station . 122 pp .
freeman , t . n . 1958 . the archipinae of north america ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . the canadian entomologist supplement 7 ( vol . 90 ) : 1 - 89 .
powell , j . a . 1964 . biological and taxonomic studies on tortricine moths , with reference to the species in california . university of california publications in entomology . vol . 32 . 317 pp .
tortricids of agricultural importance by todd m . gilligan and marc e . epstein interactive keys developed in lucid 3 . 5 . last updated august 2014 .
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2 corresponding author , e - mail : briansullivan @ fs . fed . us .
brian t . sullivan , jeremy d . allison , richard a . goyer , william p . shepherd ; sex pheromone of the baldcypress leafroller ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , journal of economic entomology , volume 108 , issue 1 , 1 february 2015 , pages 166–172 , urltoken
a . goyerana was initially identified as the fruittree leafroller , a . argyrospilus ( walker ) , whose range includes southern louisiana but is known to use conifers as hosts only incidentally ( meeker and goyer 1994 ) . the two species are nearly indistinguishable morphologically ( kruse 2000 ) . a study in which live females of each species were used as trap lures demonstrated that a . goyerana from louisiana and a . argyrospilus from california were not cross - attractive and therefore differed in the composition of their sex pheromone ( goyer et al . 1995 ) . subsequently , a phylogenetic analysis of the a . argyrospilus species complex using cytochrome c oxidase subunit i haplotypes indicated that a . goyerana was monophyletic and that its sequence divergence from the rest of the complex was much greater than sequence divergence within the species ( kruse and sperling 2001 ) . these data along with evidence of differing host preferences and suitabilities precipitated publication of a formal description of a . goyerana as distinct from its sympatric sibling a . argyrospilus ( kruse 2000 ) .
the purpose of this study was to determine the composition of the sex pheromone of a . goyerana and devise a lure for use in detection and population monitoring of this species . we used coupled gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection ( gc - ead ) analysis of male antennae to isolate olfactory stimulants present in female pheromone gland extracts ; these compounds were then identified and evaluated in differing combinations for their attractiveness to males in field trapping trials .
during the first 2 wk of may 2013 and 2014 , pupae of a . goyerana were collected from low foliage of baldcypress growing along the banks of blind river ( 30 . 10 n ; 90 . 75 w ) within maurepas swamp wildlife management area and the shoreline of lake palourde ( 29 . 69 n , 91 . 11 w ) , both in southern louisiana . pupae were sexed by the morphology of the genital opening and then were housed individually in capped , vented plastic vials with a piece of moistened kimwipe ( kimberly clarke , roswell , ga ) . female vials were placed into an incubator with a photoperiod of 12 : 12 ( l : d ) h and coinciding 24° / 21°c temperature cycle . for isolation of pheromone , abdominal tips were removed from adult females and extracted passively by steeping at room temperature for 15–30 min in a 100 - µl capacity conical vial containing 8–15 µl redistilled hexane per gland . extractions occurred 2–3 d following eclosion and between the second and third hours of scotophase . extracts were transferred to a clean vial and combined with an additional 10 µl of hexane rinsate from the extraction vial . vials contained extracts of 2–6 females each , and were stored in a freezer at −60–−80°c . initially male pupae were held in a refrigerator ( ∼4°c for < 3 wk ) to delay eclosion until female extractions were completed . afterwards , male pupae and emerged adults were maintained either in the incubator under the above conditions or kept on a bench - top exposed to an open window .
gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ( gc - ms ) and gc - ead analyses were performed with both a semi - polar phase hp - innowax ( agilent j & w , santa clara , ca ; 60 m in length × 0 . 25 mm i . d . × 0 . 25 µm film ) and a non - polar phase db - 5ms ( agilent j & w , 30 m in length × 0 . 25 mm i . d . × 0 . 25 µm film ) column . the hp - innowax temperature program was 100°c for 1 min , then increased 6°c / min to 170°c and held for 6 min , then 5°c / min to 240°c and held for 10 min . the db - 5ms temperature program was 100°c for 1 min , and then 5°c / min to 250°c and held for 5 min . approximately one female equivalent of extract was placed into a conical - tipped vial and concentrated passively to 2–3 µl prior to injection into the gc operating in splitless mode . gc - ead analyses were performed using apparatus and methods described previously ( asaro et al . 2004 ) . antennal preparations consisted of a single antenna severed at both ends of the flagellum and mounted between two saline - filled ag / agcl 2 electrodes . the gc effluent was split 1 : 1 between the ead and a flame - ionization detector ( fid ) . male moths used in gc - ead analyses had eclosed in the previous four days .
peaks in fid and total ion chromatogram traces were identified by comparing mass spectra and retention times to those of identified standards ( from bedoukian , danbury , ct ) . proportions among candidate pheromone components in extracts were calculated from peak integration area ratios of 82 amu single - ion chromatograms . these single ion chromatogram integration area ratios were adjusted with correction factors calculated by injecting standards in known proportions .
candidate pheromone components [ ( z ) - 11 - tetradecenyl acetate ( z 11 - 14 : oac ) , ( e ) - 11 - tetradecenyl acetate ( e 11 - 14 : oac ) , ( z ) - 9 - tetradecenyl acetate ( z 9 - 14 : oac ) , and ( z ) - 11 - tetradecen - 1 - ol ( z 11 - 14 : oh ) ] used to construct field lures were ≥95 % pure according to the manufacturer’s ( bedoukian ) certificates of analysis . each contained < 1 % of any of the other compounds as a contaminant except for z 11 - 14 : oac , which contained 5 % e 11 - 14 : oac , and e 11 - 14 : oac , which contained 1 . 5 % z 11 - 14 : oac . contaminants other than these produced weak or no ead responses . preparative gc purification of the bedoukian - supplied z 11 - 14 : oac was performed to reduce its e : z ratio ( 5 : 100 ) to allow bioassay of lures with e 11 - 14 : oac at and below its female - produced proportion to the z isomer ( 1 . 5 : 100 ) . the preparative gc was a hewlett - packard 5890 modified similarly as in nojima et al . ( 2008 ) . we injected 1 . 5 µl of a 20 % ( by volume ) solution of bedoukian z 11 - 14 : oac in hexane into this gc fitted with a megabore capillary column ( hp - innowax , 30 m in length × 0 . 53 mm i . d . × 1 µm film thickness ) and operating in splitless mode with the temperature program given above for the 0 . 25 mm i . d . hp - innowax column . effluent eluting at the retention time of z 11 - 14 : oac was collected onto a dry ice - chilled , 20 cm length of deactivated 0 . 53 mm i . d . capillary column , and then extracted with 100 µl of hexane . accumulated extracts from multiple gc runs were combined and evaporated under nitrogen to 2 ml . the e : z ratio in this concentrate was less than 1 : 1000 , as determined by gc , and the absolute concentration of z 11 - 14 : oac in hexane was estimated by analyzing an aliquot injected with a known quantity of z 9 - 14 : oac as an internal standard . because of the small amounts of purified z 11 - 14 : oac generated by preparative gc , this material was used only in trapping trial 2 .
diamond - type sticky traps ( contech inc . , victoria , british columbia ; part no . 100000178 ; deployed with bottom corners folded upward ) were attached to low - hanging branches of baldcypress ( or immediately adjacent branches of other trees ) present along the shoreline of blind river . these baldcypress were in clusters of three or more trees and nearly all had evidence of a . goyerana damage . traps were in a single line following the river , positioned 1–2 m above the water surface , and spaced 30–100 m apart . groups of consecutive traps equal in number to the treatments were considered complete blocks with treatments assigned randomly to traps within each block . eight to nine complete blocks were deployed at one time and left in the field 5–7 d before trap recovery . trap positions were re - used in successive tests . lures consisted of red rubber septa ( unextracted ) to which 100 µl of hexane solution of candidate pheromone components were added . final proportions of components used in lures were confirmed by gc - ms analysis . the solvent was allowed to evaporate completely prior to packaging of lures in foil bags for transport into the field . lures were deployed within 2 d of preparation and inserted into the traps so that they rested against the inside bottom edge of the diamond ; they were secured in place by the trap adhesive alone . trapped moths were identified by size and wing scale pattern .
trial 1 compared moth attraction to a four component blend of gc - ead - identified candidate pheromone components ( z 11 - 14 : oac , e 11 - 14 : oac , z 9 - 14 : oac , and z 11 - 14 : oh ) either complete or with components removed . for this test , we utilized unpurified z 11 - 14 : oac ( which contained 5 % of the e isomer ) as the only source of both e and z 11 - 14 : oac because this e : z ratio somewhat exceeded that identified in female extracts ( i . e . , 5 : 100 vs 1 . 5 : 100 ) . the remaining two candidate components ( z 9 - 14 : oac and z11 - 14 : oh ) were included in quantities that approximated their female - produced ratios to the predominant component z 11 - 14 : oac ( i . e . , 0 . 6 : 10 : 100 ) . the quantities of each component added per lure were : 83 µg z 11 - 14 : oac , 4 µg e 11 - 14 : oac ( as contaminant ) , 0 . 51 µg z 9 - 14 : oac , and 8 . 5 µg z 11 - 14 : oh . the combinations tested were 1 ) z 11 - 14 : oac , e 11 - 14 : oac , z 9 - 14 : oac , and z 11 - 14 : oh , 2 ) blend 1 less z 11 - 14 : oh , 3 ) blend 1 less z 9 - 14 : oac , and 4 ) blend 1 less z 11 - 14 : oac and e 11 - 14 : oac . the test was executed 30 april–7 may 2014 .
trial 2 tested the activity of e 11 - 14 : oac within the four component blend . combinations tested were 1 ) purified z 11 - 14 : oac ( with < 0 . 1 % of the e isomer ) , z 9 - 14 : oac , and z 11 - 14 : oh in approximately the female - produced ratios ( 100 : 0 . 6 : 10 ) , 2 ) blend 1 plus e 11 - 14 : oac at the female - produced e : z ratio ( i . e . , 1 . 5 : 100 ; 0 . 70 µg e - isomer per lure ) , and 3 ) blend 1 with unpurified z 11 - 14 : oac ( e : z ratio 5 : 100 ; 1 . 8 µg e - isomer per lure ) substituted for the purified material . the other quantities per lure were : 47 µg z 11 - 14 : oac , 0 . 30 µg z 9 - 14 : oac , and 5 . 2 µg z 11 - 14 : oh . the test was executed 7–15 may 2014 .
trial 3 tested the activity of z 11 - 14 : oac ( the predominant component ) within the candidate pheromone blend . z 11 - 14 : oh was eliminated from all lures as it failed to show activity in trial 1 . as in trial 1 , we utilized unpurified z 11 - 14 : oac ( containing 5 % of the e isomer ) as the only source of the e - isomer in lure combinations that included the z - isomer . the combinations tested were 1 ) z 11 - 14 : oac ( 83 µg / lure ) , e 11 - 14 : oac ( as contaminant ; 4 µg per lure ) , and z 9 - 14 : oac ( 0 . 5 µg / lure ) , 2 ) e 11 - 14 : oac ( 4 µg / lure ) and z 9 - 14 : oac ( 0 . 5 µg / lure ) , and 3 ) blend 1 but with z 9 - 14 : oac at 1 . 7 µg per lure . treatment 3 was intended to test whether increasing the quantity of z 9 - 14 : oac to approximately match the e 11 - 14 : oac to z 9 - 14 : oac ratio produced by females ( i . e . , a change from 5 : 0 . 6 to 5 : 2 ) might increase attraction to lures with the unnatural 5 : 100 e / z ratio of the purchased z 11 - 14 : oac stock . the test was executed 15–20 may 2014 .
for all experiments catches of male moths were log - transformed as this normalized the residuals as determined by examination of residuals plots . trials 2 and 3 were analyzed by analysis of variance ( anova ; proc glm , sas 9 . 3 , cary , nc ) with model factors treatment and block , and then all pairwise comparisons were performed with a tukey test ( α = 0 . 05 ) . two treatments in trial 1 trapped no moths , and therefore these two treatments were dropped from the analysis and the anova run as above to contrast the two treatments that did trap moths . this anova provided estimated ses that were then used for tests of whether catches by each of the two moth - catching treatments differed significantly from zero ( estimate statement , sas 9 . 3 ) with bonferroni adjustment for experiment - wise error ( i . e . , p - values for t - tests were multiplied by six ) . a significant difference from zero was assumed to indicate a significant difference in catches from the zero - catching treatments ( i . e . , the zero - catch treatments were assumed to have a variance of zero ) .
extracts of abdominal tips of a . goyerana females contained four compounds ( i . e . , fid peaks ) that in gc - ead analyses elicited responses in multiple antennal preparations ( i . e . , in more than 5 of the 13 trials in which male antennae were exposed to a female extract ) . no other ead deflections were both visibly greater than background noise levels and occurred more than twice at the same retention time . the recurring ead deflections corresponded to fid peaks that were identified by mass spectral and retention time matches on two differing gc columns as z 11 - 14 : oac , e 11 - 14 : oac , z 9 - 14 : oac , and z 11 - 14 : oh ( fig . 1 ) . olfactory sensitivity to these compounds was confirmed by means of gc - ead analysis of a synthetic mixture of these four compounds in roughly equal concentrations , and we observed ead deflections for all four synthetic compounds in at least three different antennal preparations . the ead deflection voltage produced by the alcohol was conspicuously less than that produced by the acetates .
composite gc - ead trace of runs with three different antennal preparations of male a . goyerana . the analyzed sample was a single insect equivalent of pooled hexane extract of female abdominal tips . fid peaks are labelled that consistently coincided with electrophysiological responses in male antennae . the average ratio among components z 11 - 14 : oac , e 11 - 14 : oac , z 9 - 14 : oac , and z 11 - 14 : oh detected in female abdominal tips was 100 : 1 . 5 : 0 . 6 : 10 .
gc - ms analysis of four different samples composed each of 3 - 6 female abdominal tip extracts indicated a mean ratio among components z 11 - 14 : oac , e 11 - 14 : oac , z 9 - 14 : oac , and z 11 - 14 : oh of 100 : 1 . 5 ( 1 . 1–1 . 9 ) : 0 . 6 ( 0 . 3–0 . 7 ) : 10 ( 4–17 ) .
no females were trapped in any trial . in trial 1 , traps containing the blend of z 11 - , e 11 - , and z 9 - 14 : oac , with or without z 11 - 14 : oh , trapped a mean of approximately three males each , whereas lures that lacked z 9 - 14 : oac or both z 11 - and e 11 - 14 : oac trapped no moths ( fig . 2 ) . the anova with the zero - catching treatments dropped - out did not indicate a significant difference caused by removal of z 11 - 14 : oh from the four component blend ( f = 0 . 07 ; df = 1 , 8 ; p = 0 . 79 ) , whereas removal of z 9 - 14 : oac or both z 11 - and e 11 - 14 : oac significantly reduced attraction ( for both , t = 3 . 53 ; p = 0 . 046 after bonferroni correction ) . in trial 2 , there was a significant treatment effect ( f = 22 . 2 ; df = 2 , 16 ; p < 0 . 001 ) . traps with the four component lure containing the female - produced e 11 : z 11 ratio ( 1 . 5 : 100 ) of 14 : oac captured an average of approximately 11 moths , which was significantly more than traps with a somewhat higher ratio ( 5 : 100 ) or with e 11 - 14 : oac absent ( fig . 3 ) . these latter two treatments did not differ significantly . in trial 3 , there was also a significant treatment effect ( f = 84 . 5 ; df = 2 , 14 ; p < 0 . 001 ) . removal of z 11 - 14 : oac from the trio of z 11 - , e 11 - , and z 9 - 14 : oac ( ratio of 100 : 5 : 0 . 6 ; mean ∼17 moths per trap ) significantly reduced attraction , whereas decreasing the e 11 : z 9 ratio of 14 : oac from 5 : 0 . 6 to 5 : 2 did not significantly alter attraction ( fig . 4 ) .
captures of male a . goyerana in adhesive traps baited with four female - produced , ead - positive compounds presented either as a complete blend or with components removed . the mass proportion among compounds in the lure ( a red rubber septum ) is indicated in each column with 100 representing 83 µg . the ratios of minor components to the major component z 11 - 14oac were identical to those produced by females except for e 11 - 14 : oac , which was included in its proportion as contaminant in our commercially obtained supply of z 11 - 14oac . treatment means associated with the same letter did not differ significantly ( see text for test description ; α = 0 . 05 ) .
captures of male a . goyerana in adhesive traps baited uniformly with three female - produced , ead - positive compounds and with a fourth , e 11 - 14 : oac , either absent or present in one of two different proportions to the major component z 11 - 14 : oac . the mass ratios among compounds in each lure are indicated in each column with 100 representing 48 µg . the e / z 11 - 14 : oac ratio of 1 . 5 : 100 of the middle treatment represents the ratio produced by female moths , whereas 5 : 100 of the right - hand treatment was the ratio in our unpurified supply of commercially obtained z 11 - 14 : oac . the z 11 - 14oac supply for the two left - hand treatments had been purified by preparative gc to remove the e - isomer . the ratios of both z 9 - 14 : oac and z 11 - 14 : oh to z 11 - 14 : oac approximated those produced by females . treatment means associated with the same letter did not differ significantly ( tukey test , log transformed data ; α = 0 . 05 ) .
captures of male a . goyerana in adhesive traps baited with differing combinations of three female - produced , ead - positive compounds . z 11 - 14 : 0h was eliminated from lure combinations in this test because of its apparent lack of activity in trapping trial 1 ( fig . 2 ) . the left - hand treatment included minor component z 9 - 14 : oac in its female - produced proportion to the major component z 11 - 14 : oac , whereas the right - hand treatment included z 9 - 14 : oac in its female - produced ratio to e 11 - 14 : oac . the middle treatment tested removal of the major component z 11 - 14 : oac from the three component blend . treatment means associated with the same letter did not differ significantly ( tukey test , log transformed data ; α = 0 . 05 ) .
our data indicate that a . goyerana females produce a pheromone consisting of at least three components , z11 - 14 : oac , e11 - 14 : oac , and z9 - 14 : oac , in the approximate proportion of 100 : 1 . 5 : 0 . 6 . elimination of any of the three components from lures significantly reduced male attraction . a . goyerana was first discovered in louisiana baldcypress forests in 1983 ( goyer and lenhard 1988 ) and initially was considered to be a host variant of a . argyrospilus ( goyer et al . 1990 ) , a species that has been observed only rarely on conifers . phylogenetic analyses have confirmed that these two species are very closely related ( kruse and sperling 2001 ) . extracts of female abdominal tips of a . argyrospilus contain the three pheromone components identified in a . goyerana , and all three compounds have been shown to influence attraction of a . argyrospilus males ( madsen et al . 1973 , roelofs et al . 1974 , cardé et al . 1977 , deland et al . 1993 ) . we found a fourth compound , z 11 - 14 : oh , in abdominal tip extracts of a . goyerana females that produced electrophysiological responses in male antennae but did not alter behavioral responses to the three - component blend . z 11 - 14 : oh has likewise been identified in extracts of a . argyrospilus females and found to either enhance or reduce catches of males by attractive blends , and this response may vary geographically ( roelofs et al . 1974 , deland et al . 1993 ) .
the appearance of a . goyerana and its population outbreak during the 1980s and 1990s are likely a consequence of the weakening of defenses of baldcypress stressed by the more prolonged , extensive , and severe flooding of wetland forests of southern louisiana during the past century ( souther and shaffer 2000 , johnson et al . 2007 ) . this flooding is due to land subsidence , sea level rise , and human activities ( construction of levees , canals , and highway impoundments ) that have changed the hydrology of these forests ( goyer and chambers 1996 ) . furthermore , human - caused hydrological isolation of these forests from nutrient - rich mississippi river sediments and resulting nutrient depletion is likely an additional stressing factor ( effler and goyer 2006 , effler et al . 2006 ) . thus , the presence of a . goyerana , a species that was not noted prior to 1983 , appears to be both a symptom and a causative factor of the general decline of wetland forests of louisiana . pheromone traps have been successfully used for monitoring population levels of and predicting outbreaks by tortricid forest pests ( grant 1991 , daterman et al . 2004 , nealis et al . 2010 ) . traps using the pheromone of a . goyerana may likewise be efficacious for monitoring population levels and potential range expansion of this insect , particularly when damage is below detectable levels and in areas that are difficult to access . baldcypress frequently occur mixed with other species , and this can impede aerial surveys of defoliation caused by this insect . baited traps may thus become valuable tools for detecting , evaluating , and monitoring an important factor in the decline of baldcypress forests .
we wish to thank matt cloud and joanne barrett for technical assistance with this project . wood johnson ( u . s . forest service–forest health protection [ usfs - fhp ] ) provided assistance in sexing moth pupae . dr . cavell brownie provided assistance with statistical analysis and reviewed the manuscript . wood johnson and jim meeker , usfs - fhp , provided useful comments on the original manuscript .
the effects of submergence and light on two age classes of baldcypress ( taxodium distichum ( l . ) richard ) seedlings
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allopsontus is a genus of the family machilidae which belongs to the insect order archaeognatha ( jumping bristletails ) .

certain species in this genus have been found as high as 5 kilometres above sea level on the himalayas .

allopsontus

table 3 . nucleotide compositions of petrobiellus bannaensis ( pb ) , allopsontus halawuensis ( aha ) and allopsontus helanensis ( ahe ) .
a new species of the genus allopsontus silv . ( microcoryphia , machilidae ) from northwestern china
new species of the bristletail genus allopsontus silv . ( thysanura , machilidae ) from southeastern kazakhstan
nucleotide compositions of petrobiellus bannaensis ( pb ) , allopsontus . . . | download scientific diagram
a new species of the genus allopsontus silv . ( microcoryphia , machilidae ) from northwestern china | springerlink
new species of the bristletail genus allopsontus silv . ( thysanura , machilidae ) from southeastern kazakhstan
new species of the bristletail genus allopsontus silv . ( microcoryphia , machilidae ) from southeastern kazakhstan and abkhazia
new species of the bristletail genus allopsontus silv . ( thysanura , machilidae ) from southeastern kazakhstan [ 2014 ]
a new species of the bristletail genus allopsontus silv . ( thysanura , machilidae ) from southeastern k . . .
new species of the bristletail genus allopsontus silv . ( microcoryphia , machilidae ) from southeastern kazakhstan and abkhazia | springerlink
four new species ( trigoniophthalmus lermontovi sp . n . , t . borgustani sp . n . , allopsontus borgustani sp . n . , silvestrichilis caucasica sp . n . ) and the new subgenus anisoptinus subgen . n . of the genus allopsontus are described from the caucasus ; three new species ( allopsontus tekelensis sp . n . , a . verae sp . n . , a . saryozeki sp . n . ) are described from southeastern kazakhstan . a key to the 16 . . . [ show full abstract ]
four new species ( trigoniophthalmus lermontovi sp . n . , t . borgustani sp . n . , allopsontus borgustani sp . n . , silvestrichilis caucasica sp . n . ) and the new subgenus anisoptinus subgen . n . of the genus allopsontus are described from the caucasus ; three new species ( allopsontus tekelensis sp . n . , a . verae sp . n . , a . saryozeki sp . n . ) are described from southeastern kazakhstan . a key to the 16 described species of the genus silvestrichilis is given .
a new bristletail species , allopsontus asiaticus sp . n . , is described from southeastern kazakhstan . it is most similar to a . europaeus kaplin , 1983 described from the southern coast of the crimea .
a new bristletail species , allopsontus ( allopsontinus ) kabaki sp . n . , is described from northwestern china . this species is most similar to a . caucasicus kaplin , 1990 known from the caucasus ( armenia ) .
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hallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
original russian text © v . g . kaplin , 2016 , published in zoologicheskii zhurnal , 2016 , vol . 95 , no . 1 , pp . 120–124 .
kaplin , v . g . , “on the bristletail family machilidae ( thysanura ) from the caucasus , ” zool . zh .
silv . ( thysanura , machilidae ) of the world fauna , ” zool . zh .
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new species of the bristletail family machilidae ( insecta , microcoryphia ) from the caucasus and sout . . .
a survey of the distribution and phylogenetic relationships of the silvestrichilis group of genera a . . .
new species of the bristletail families ateluridae and lepismatidae ( zygentoma ) from abkhazia and ad . . .
four new species of the bristletail families ateluridae ( atelura abkhazica sp . n . and nipponatelurina caucasica sp . n . ) and lepismatidae ( lepisma xylophila sp . n . and l . adygei sp . n . ) are described . atelura abkhazica sp . n . differs from the other species of the genus atelura in a smaller size , smaller number of ovipositor divisions , in the presence of apical sensory cones on the male . . . [ show full abstract ]
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the mitochondrial genome of caenis sp . ( ephemeroptera : caenidae ) and the phylogeny of ephemeroptera in pterygota
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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
original russian text © v . g . kaplin , 2017 , published in zoologicheskii zhurnal , 2017 , vol . 96 , no . 6 , pp . 641—650 .
wygodzinsky , p . , “results of the zoological explorations of dr . z . kaszab in mongolia . 202 . thysanura and microcoryphia ( insecta ) , ” american museum novitates
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this order of wingless insects consists of about 350 known species . . . .
is a genus of jumping bristletails ( family machilidae ) . many of . . .
the jumping bristletails can be found throughout the world . their name . . .


megachile pluto , also known as wallace 's giant bee , is a very large indonesian resin bee .

it is considered the largest living bee species .

it was believed to be extinct until rediscovery in 1981 .

megachile pluto

megachile pluto is the largest bee in . . . - bee guardian foundation | facebook
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megachile pluto is only known from three islands of the north moluccas in indonesia : bacan , halmahera and tidore ( messer 1984 ) .
alfred russel wallace ' s megachile pluto . . . the largest bee in the world ( thanks oxford natural history museum ! ) urltoken
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megachile pluto described by b . smith , 1869 is the largest bee species in the world . it occurs in indonesia and builds its nest inside active termite nests .
laura russo on twitter :
alfred russel wallace ' s megachile pluto . . . the largest bee in the world ( thanks oxford natural history museum ! ) …
wow , there’s something wrong with my brain…i knew about megachile pluto…i even wrote a post about it ! i must have been tired when i wrote this . thanks for pointing out my mistake !
megachile species have no lobe ( arolia ) between their claws , thus are unable to climb smooth walls or glass .
megachile pluto is the biggest bee in the world . it is a very large indonesian resin bee . the females can grow as big as 39mm long with a wingspan of 63mm . males are smaller . they grow to about 23mm long .
the female megachile pluto , shown here in this drawing by dr h friese ( 1911 ) , is covered with velvety black fur but she has a band of white fur on the front part of her abdomen . she has enormous jaws for collecting resin .
the largest megachilid , as well as the largest known bee , is megachile pluto ( wallace’s giant bee ) . that bee , found in indonesia’s north moluccas , measures to 39 mm in females , ~ 23 mm in males . it was rediscovered by adam messer in 1981 on halmahera island .
taxonomic treasures . a centipede collected during darwin’s voyage in a rum bottle ! a specimen pinned before the formation of the uk . the world’s largest bee megachile pluto discovered by wallace in indonesia . a madagascan cockroach which can hiss for attracting the opposite sex , to win fights or warn off predators
in 1859 a massive bee was found in the jungles of indonesia by the famous naturalist , alfred russel wallace . no further trace was found of it for 120 years and it was believed to be extinct . then amazingly , wallaces long - lost bee was rediscovered . this was megachile pluto , the worlds largest bee .
bees range in size from tiny stingless bee species whose workers are less than 2 millimetres ( 0 . 08 in ) long , to megachile pluto , the largest species of leafcutter bee , whose females can attain a length of 39 millimetres ( 1 . 54 in ) . the most common bees in the northern hemisphere are the halictidae , or sweat bees , but they are small and often mistaken for wasps or flies . vertebrate predators of bees include birds such as bee - eaters ; insect predators include beewolves and dragonflies .
justification : the species is assessed as vulnerable due to its restricted range and the degradation of habitats within that range ( due to mining and to the impacts of invasive plant species ) . very little is known about the details of its distribution and habitat requirements . although available information suggests that m . pluto is generally rare and might be restricted to primary lowland forests of the northern moluccas , it might be able to survive in other habitats as well as long as nesting sites and host plants are present . further research is required to enable conservation action of this iconic bee species .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
although no concrete information is available of threats directly acting on this bee , the habitat of the recorded range is being degraded by disturbance and invasive plant species . the most significant threats are likely to be the anthropogenic loss and degradation of habitat ( primary lowland forests ) , nesting sites and host plants , through mining and quarrying .
no conservation actions have been taken for this species . it is recommended to conserve suitable habitats , nesting sites ( nests of the termite microcerotermes amboinensis ) within primary lowland forests and the host plants of this species for resin ( dipterocarp tree anisoptera thurifera ) and pollen collection . further research is required to establish the current status of the species throughout its range and to identify the existing threats .
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it is also called a wallace’s giant bee because it was first discover by alfred russel wallace in 1858 in indonesia . then it was thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1981 by adam c . messer in the islands of bacan , indonesia
these giant bees built its nest inside an active termite nests . that was why they were thought to be extinct but in fact they were sharing a home with the termites .
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john ascher , connal eardley , terry griswold , gabriel melo , andrew polaszek , michael ruggiero , paul williams , ken walker , and natapot warrit . additional credits noted at : urltoken ; = apoidea _ species
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in english , explain why you ' re giving this rating . your review must discuss the beer ' s attributes ( look , smell , taste , feel ) and your overall impression in order to indicate that you have legitimately tried the beer . nonconstructive reviews may be removed without notice and action may be taken on your account .
well executed beer here . good complexity on the nose with spice , cinammon and honey . mead - like in many respects . palate is surprisingly light for a 10 % er ; mild honey , more exotic spices , some sweetness , and a touch of heat from the alcohol . subtle , almost , but good balance . good value too .
pours a cloudy , hellish red with very lacklustre head , just a ring of bubbles sitting around the edge , no real lace either . looks heavy , but very bland .
smells curious . very malty with a big sticky caramel and honey aroma . touches of some capsicaian and other vegetative notes and a touch of green apple as well . fermented honey gives a slight brown bread edge ; it ' s sweet enough and quite boozey . curious , but i ' m not in love with it .
taste is very hot and rich to the max . burnt toffee flavours develop a hot brandy booziness on the mid with a malt liquor richness but a decent hint of brown sugar that helps add nuance to the sweetness . finishes with a slightly bitter vegetative note with an unfortunate compost edge . not very clean , a bit dour and almost drab , really . overall , the biggest issue here is that despite its strength , it ' s not that flavoursome . it just doesn ' t have a lot of complexity , just richness and strength . admittedly this is a bit old , but i would expect at 10 % and no necessity for hops that it would hold up better than this .
quite watery and thin on the feel , really surprising for the abv and a bit of a shame . this i did not expect .
yeah , too strong for everyday drinking and not a huge amount of flavour on the palate to like . a disappointment from bridge road ; i ' ve drunk better beer and better mead .
thought i ' d missed out on trying this one , and then , bang ! , @ laituegonflable surprises me with a bottle . cheers !
pours a pleasant reddish amber colour , with flashes of true ruby when held to light . head is almost non - existent , just a few soapy bubbles around the rim . looks pretty flat . colour is nice enough , but the lack of head is disappointing .
nose is dark and robust , with a good port - like twang . actually a hint of madeira . quite sweet , but with this robust darkness as well , and a slight acetone or boozy note . interesting , but not particularly captivating .
taste is in some senses rather thin , the feel in particular . the sweetness rather abandons it here , leaving just the dark aged character on the back with the port - like booziness . some honey notes on the back , but the characters , not the sweetness . not great , but with some interest .
an interesting brew , but not necessarily one i enjoyed that much . too thin on the palate , and the characters it does have seem out of balance . still very pleased to have tried it , however .
nose shows lots of honey with hints of gum tree blossom and some underlying soft alcohol and grainy malt . definitely centred towards the honey rather than the malt .
very bold boozy flavours , still quite a lot of sweet honey mixing with cinnamon before the alcohol and mild hops bitterness roll though , blasting everything else . definitely one fore sipping .
mouthfeel is light but velvety smooth ( thanks to the alcohol ? ) . very low carbonation .
i think i ' d like more malt , it seems to drop short after the initial burst of honey .
look : 3 . 5 | smell : 4 | taste : 4 | feel : 3 . 5 | overall : 3 . 5
a - pours a very dark copper with only a thin whisp of head that falls very quickly .
t - much the same as the aroma with both honey and christmas pudding qualities .
d - my first braggot . interesting . worth trying & thanks to bridge road brewing something like this but i probably won ' t be buying another .
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28 december 2014 © mark colvin citation : colvin , m . ( 2014 ) . entomological collections - their historic importance and relevance in the 21st century [ online ] . available from urltoken [ accessed july 9 , 2018 ] .
this article provides information on the relevance of entomological collections and collecting . it also reviews recent literature and provides the reader with a perspective on the reasoning behind the responsible collecting of specimens and the formation of a collection , and provides examples of the use of such specimens .
due to the care of past curators , we can ( for example ) still handle specimens actually from linnaeus ' s personal cabinets , as well as others collected and prepared by later giants in the history of biology , raffles , darwin and wallace among them . ownership of these collections in trust carries an obligation to maintain them in good state and to make them accessible to enquirers and research workers at home and abroad .
the invertebrate link ( jccbi ) code is applicable to all terrestrial and freshwater invertebrates in the uk - not just insects . the code , out of necessity , defines certain activities that should be avoided or restricted but it equally emphasises the need to collect invertebrates in order to gain valuable information , much of which can aid conservation . there are currently 36 member organisations , including the leading conservation charities , entomological societies and statutory agencies , represented on the committee ( invertebrate link ( jccbi ) , 2002 ) .
entomological collections , indeed any collection of natural history specimens , are libraries of natural objects such as insects , mammals , birds , plants and fungi . such items are collected and preserved because they form a rich foundation upon which to study the natural world by , for example , providing the basis for identification of organisms , mapping their distribution and providing the means for facilitating research led conservation . by storing the physical object and not only an image or description of the natural organism , natural history collections aim to maximize the possibilities for new scientific discoveries ( dincă et al . , 2011 ; pittino , 2006 ) .
within biodiversity research , taxonomists and evolutionary biologists are the traditional users of natural history collections . but the result of their work is only one part of these collections ' value . for environmental research , agriculture , genomics , climate studies , epidemiology , ecological niche modeling for conservation , public health , and many other areas of research , collections have become indispensible and several such studies are considered later in this article . crucially , collections will continue to answer questions that are unrelated to the reasons for their original establishment ( ownes and duin , 2008 ; society for the preservation of natural history collections , 2010 ) .
natural history collections worldwide house an estimated 3 billion preserved specimens together with their collective data . this represents an immense knowledge base of global biodiversity ( ownes and duin , 2008 ) .
museum specimens , particularly well - represented taxa such as butterflies and beetles , can provide us with data for investigating the effects of climate change , habitat modification and loss due to anthropogenic activity and the resulting distributional changes over time , often spanning many decades . although many historic specimens housed in museums and private collections will be unsuitable for molecular research ( due to their age , methods of preparation or preservation ) there are still many that can provide scientists with valuable data .
in norfolk the swallowtail butterfly is a strong flyer and adults are frequently seen outside of their fen habitat . there is no way of knowing whether the wicken race was as mobile as the norfolk race , but selection pressures against emigration must have been high , since there was no other suitable breeding habitat within 160 km . if one assumes that the two populations originated from a single east anglian stock , then it is probable that differences arose after the wicken population became isolated . it is tempting to believe that the reduced size of the habitat available to the butterfly at wicken led to selection against mobility and that this resulted in changes in body shape ( dempster et al . , 1976 ) .
more recently , it has become possible to extract nucleic acids from dry insects , in order to undertake dna analysis and associated studies , without causing external morphological damage ( gilbert et al . , 2007 ) ; an important consideration with extremely rare or ' type ' specimens - the specimen ( s ) on which the description and scientific name of a new species is formally based .
population genetics considers changes in the distribution and genetic makeup of a population as it is subject to the four main evolutionary processes of natural selection , genetic drift ( the change in allele frequencies ) , mutation and gene flow ( the transfer of genes between populations ) .
by sampling genetic material from specimens of the adonis blue butterfly , p . bellargus over 100 years old , and then comparing the results with samples taken from the same site and from other extant populations 200 generations later , harper et al . ( 2006 ) were able to show that dramatic changes in gene frequencies have occurred over time , which is indicative of substantial genetic drift , extinction or recolonisation ( slatkin , 1977 ) . this serves to reinforce the enormous potential of museum specimens in well - represented taxa , such as butterflies , for examining the effects of population change spanning many decades .
collections are therefore extremely useful when studying evolutionary change and anthropogenic influences over a long period of time , as they provide genetic material from historic populations against which contemporary information can be considered ( ownes and duin , 2008 ; anon , 2013 ) .
collections are not only potential sources of information related to pests of agriculture and forestry , but also for vectors of veterinary and human diseases . collections also house many potential natural enemies , parasitoids and predators of pests , which are accessible to researchers for study . most parasitoid species have , in fact , been described by taxonomists using material residing in our natural history collections . collections can also be used to help predict pest distribution from the reconstruction of invasion history , to forecast areas where crop damage or vector - borne human disease may occur , to enable research into insecticide resistance , and to develop taxonomic keys for farmers that allow them to identify pest species more easily ( ownes and duin , 2008 ; hartley et al . , 2006 ) .
most species distribution models are founded on the concept of a species niche - the environmental conditions that define the range in which a species can exist . these models can define the relationship between the presence of a species and a set of environmental factors . such relationships can then be extrapolated to other locations based on the suitability of habitat and geographic range .
in the case of prominent arthropod - borne diseases , models can help by mapping the anticipated global range of vectors and consequently the potential areas of disease expectancy . specimens from collections can be used to add species distribution to these models as they are analysed . other application areas include the prediction of the impact of climate and environmental change on the distribution of organisms , and long - term conservation planning . modeling has become an increasingly important tool for ecologists , environmental managers and planners ( clark labs , 2014 ; ownes and duin , 2008 ; sinclair et al . , 2010 ) .
uncovering cryptic biodiversity is essential for understanding evolutionary processes and patterns of ecosystem functioning , as well as for nature conservation . european butterflies are arguably the best - studied group of invertebrates in the world . the discovery , some twenty years ago , of a cryptic species within the wood white , leptidea sinapis , was a significant event and , since then , these butterflies have become a model to study speciation . cryptic species are not separable based on their external morphology but can often be distinguished by dissection of the male and / or female genitalia . in addition , genetic data also supports species level separation .
in the 1940s williams investigated the identity of the irish wood white leptidea sinapis . from looking at subtle differences between voucher specimens , he came to the conclusion that irish examples were distinct from those found on mainland britain and , as such , proposed that the irish butterfly should be given the status of subspecies , which he named juvernica .
more recent investigations of museum specimens by spanish and russian lepidopterists ( dincă and colleagues ) have thrown further light on the identity and distributions of the wood whites across europe , using techniques based on chromosome counts and dna analysis . their conclusions are that reali is not in fact a single species but is itself made up of two distinct species - now named reali and juvernica . they are separate entities from sinapis . therefore , with the benefit of access to museum specimens , what was previously thought to be a single species of wood white is , in fact , three species - sinapis , reali and juvernica ( dincă et al . , 2011 ; sachanowicz et al . , 2011 ; butterfly ireland , 2014 ) .
increasingly , we are seeing taxonomies being based on , or strongly supported by , dna sequencing research . whilst this is primarily a laboratory - based discipline , traditional museum specimens play an important supporting function . if taxonomy is to be based on molecular data , then the identity of the organism from which the data is derived is of fundamental importance . the storage of ' voucher ' specimens ( see sidebar ) is therefore essential for the future study and revision of taxonomies ( godfrey , 2011 ) . this is of particular importance with ' type ' specimens .
a ' voucher specimen ' is any specimen , usually but not always a preserved example , that serves as a basis of study and is retained as to verify and validate the associated data e . g . where , when and who caught it . ' specimen ' may mean the whole organism or a part thereof e . g . part of a plant . vouchers are usually placed in a publicly accessible collection although , even if they are not , they remain vouchers ( animal ethics infolink , 2014 ) .
maculinea arion , the large blue , is a habitat specialist , like the rest of the genus maculinea and many other members of the tribe polyommatini ( the blues ) . ugelvig et al . ( 2011 ) describe the use of microsatellite markers in order to suggest that m . arion is less sensitive to genetic erosion via population bottlenecks than previously thought , and that managing clusters of high quality habitat may be key for their long - term conservation .
growing concerns about declines in both managed and wild bee colonies , and the associated loss of pollination services , has increased the urgency to identify the underlying causes . by sampling pollen loads on the bodies of voucher specimens that were collected between 1870 and 1950 - prior to the onset of agricultural intensification in the netherlands - scheper et al . ( 2014 ) were able to evaluate the historic pollen choices of wild bees and how their populations had changed during the twentieth century . their research enabled them to show that the fate of the bees , in part , was often linked to that of their preferred , and declining , wild plants they depended on .
natural history collections are used for monitoring changes in our natural environment by analysing levels of contamination in a particular territory or region . they serve as an archive of anthropogenic impact on nature and are key components of environmental impact assessments e . g . for landscape planning . conventional collections can be used for environmental monitoring but for a systematic monitoring programme an environmental specimen bank ( an archive of representative samples which are collected at regular intervals and in an identical manner ) provides a more appropriate platform for study ( ownes and duin , 2008 ) .
one of our only truly endemic insects , the lesser dung beetle psammoporus insularis ( pittino , 2006 ) was only recently described as a species new to science . pittino examined over 602 specimens from most of the major european collections . however , this new species was only discovered from specimens held in the national museum wales , cardiff in their british beetle collection , some of which were collected over 100 years ago . this beetle still survives today , and is widespread in britain with a primarily northwestern distribution where it lives on sandy riverbanks and river shingle ( pittino , 2006 ) .
a prime example of the relevance of vouchers is stated in mann and barclay ( 2009 ) . in this instance , over - recording of the beetle c . biguttatus had occurred due to the confusion between this rare species and a colour variety of a more widespread one . the authors examined voucher specimens in numerous collections ( public and private ) , as well as the associated paper archives , and from this resolved the identification problem and reassessed its distribution and conservation status .
the vouchers and data that researchers accumulate over the course of their lives will have scientific value long into the future . i am sure when williams collected wood whites in the 1940s he would not have thought his specimens would be used for taxonomic and conservation research in the 21st century . what would have happened if williams had only drawn or photographed his white butterfly ?
my thanks to darren mann , peter eeles , phil everitt , sally - ann spence and guy padfield for subject contributions and editorial comments . images marked oumnh are the copyright of oxford university museum of natural history .
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johnson , k . g . , brooks , s . j . , fenberg , p . b . , glover , a . g . , james , k . e . , lister , a . m . , michel , e . , spencer , m . , todd , j . a . , valsami - jones , e . , young , j . r . and stewart , j . r . ( 2011 ) climate change and biosphere response : unlocking the collections vault . bioscience . 61 ( 2 ) , pp . 147 - 153 .
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times more probable under bee 30 20 10 6 4 2 . 5 1 . 25 1 1 . 25 2 . 5 4 6 10 20 30 times more probable under spoon ( words not in the model )
times more probable under bee 30 20 10 6 4 2 . 5 1 . 25 1 1 . 25 2 . 5 4 6 10 20 30 times more probable under screwdriver ( words not in the model )
this english naturalist was one of the fathers of modern science . from 1848 to 1852 he explored and collected in the amazon river basin , only to lose almost his entire collection and most of his notes when his ship went up in flames and then sank on his return voyage . wallace and his comrades were finally rescued after ten days at sea in badly leaking lifeboats . despite this , wallace still managed to publish articles , books and a map which won him acclaim from the royal geographical society .
. while in the moluccas in 1858 wallace wrote an essay about the development of new species which would ensure his place in history . wallace is credited , along with charles darwin , for discovering the theory of evolution by natural selection .
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in 2013 , 100 years after his death , we celebrate the life of alfred russel wallace ( 1823 - 1913 ) , one of the greatest victorian naturalists , travellers and collectors , a scientific and social thinker , early bio - geographer and ecologist , co - founder with charles darwin , of the theory of evolution through natural selection .
as part of the wallace correspondence project ( wcp ) . recently , the wcp has launched a new searchable open access on - line database entitled ‘ wallace letters on - line ‘ . staff and volunteers in the hec have put in many hours of work in order to add our own holdings of letters and correspondance to this exciting project .
a letter from a . r . wallace to e . b . poulton , a former curator of the hope entomological collections .
wallace was largely self - educated . he developed an interest in natural history when young , and , like darwin , became a keen beetle - collector . fourteen years younger than darwin , and from a less wealthy background , wallace always had to earn a living while developing his scientific ideas . the victorians were fascinated by the mystery behind the development of species and the anonymous publication in 1844 of ‘vestiges of the origin of creation’ ( actually written by robert chambers ) caused a sensation . wallace determined to resolve the species question himself , and travelled to south america with henry walter bates to collect specimens and theorise about species , inspired by earlier travellers such as humboldt , edwards and darwin himself .
wallace spent four and a half years in amazonia before returning to england ( losing most of his precious collections and notes in a ship’s fire on the way home ) and had already published some scientific articles before publishing two short books , ‘a narrative of travels on the amazon and rio negro’ and ‘palm trees of the amazon and their uses’ , but he realised he needed to continue collecting if he was to achieve his aim .
wallace chose as his new collecting ground , the indonesian region . before leaving england , wallace happened to meet darwin briefly at the british museum . while darwin continued his painstaking work on barnacles and other researches , wallace arrived in singapore in 1854 and spent eight and a half years travelling an estimated 14 , 000 miles throughout the region , as described in his much republished book ‘the malay archipelago’ .
it was here that wallace wrote his illuminating essay ‘on the law which has regulated the introduction of new species’ ( known as the ‘sarawak law’ paper ) in 1855 . this was followed in february 1858 by wallace’s most famous paper ‘on the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type’ which did lead darwin to publish on the origin of species the following year .
wallace was suffering from malarial fever when the idea crystallised in his mind . between bouts of fever , he wrote out his theory in a few days , and sent it to darwin ( whom he knew would be sympathetic to his ideas ) , hoping for advice on whether and how to publish it .
a key for both darwin and wallace in formulating their theories of natural selection was recollection of malthus’s essay on population . of course , when darwin received wallace’s letter , he was presented with a dilemma . he had been working on his theory for twenty years , and here was an outline of that theory , written by a relative unknown , far away in the tropics . darwin sought advice from
( later sir joseph hooker ) , who decided that it would be fairest to publish some extracts of darwin’s earlier writings together with wallace’s paper , at the next meeting of the linnean society . it happened that an emergency meeting was being called and the papers were added to the agenda and read on 1 july 1858 , with neither author present ( wallace was still in the malay archipelago and darwin’s son charles had just died ) .
darwin was relieved when he found that far from resenting his treatment , wallace felt honoured for their ideas to be associated . in fact , when writing about natural selection , wallace chose the term ‘darwinism’ and defended ‘darwinism’ with vigour , both in england and abroad , describing himself as a ‘darwinian’ . both darwin and wallace recognised that their theory ( which they both acknowledged had been arrived at independently ) had anticipators and were fully aware of the importance of recognising the contributions of others . they remained correspondents , consulting each other on various topics and wallace was one of the pall - bearers at darwin’s funeral .
wallace was a believer in inspiration and said ‘all my best ideas have come to me suddenly’ . modest to a fault , he was happy to receive ( among many other honours heaped on him ) the royal society’s ‘darwin’ medal , and described as ‘outrageous’ attempts to put him on same level as darwin .
, the painstaking and patient student , seeking ever the full demonstration of the truth that he had discovered , rather than to achieve immediate personal fame . ” .
wallace felt himself more suited to fieldwork ( he was meticulous with his labels and had always recognised the importance of noting the location where each specimen had been found ) and was glad that darwin had been able to provide the vital detailed proofs and analysis for their controversial ideas .
although they did not agree on everything ( and sometimes had to agree to disagree ) , darwin and wallace shared mutual respect and friendship , and believed ardently in the spirit of co - operation , which their relationship personified .
a species of oil beetle , meloe mediterraneus , which was previously thought to be extinct in the uk , has been rediscovered as part of the on - going oil beetle conservation project being run by buglife .
the beetles were found at bolt head , a national trust site in south devon by a local naturalist who was carrying out a study for the oil beetle conservation project . the discovery was confirmed by darren mann who is a specialist in british oil beetles . it is the first record for this species in over 100 years and the first ever for southwest england . it is currently the only site that this species has been found at but it is hoped that with further survey work more populations can be found in other areas of the county .
prior to its rediscovery , the mediterranean oil beetle was only known to have ever existed in the east of the country - in essex and kent . the beetle was last sighted in kent in 1906 and was thought to be extinct in the uk until rediscovered this year .
one reason for meloe mediterraneus remaining undiscovered was that the specimens were mistaken for the similar looking rugged oil beetle , meloe rugosus ( previously blogged about by us here ) . the adult mediterranean oil beetle is slightly larger than the rugged oil beetle , and has a larger thorax . the rugged oil beetle also has a crease down the centre of the thorax that is absent in the mediterranean oil beetle .
the triungulins ( larvae ) are possibly even more distinctive , with those of meloe mediterraneus being entirely orange whilst those of meloe rugosus have an obvious dark head .
we recently had an enquiry asking for advice on how to fix an entomological display specimen and after some discussion , it was decided that it would be best if the specimen be bought into the collection to be professionally repaired . the specimen was that of a scarab beetle ,
( rhinoceros or atlas beetle ) a relatively large species found in south - east asia .
as specimen repair is something that we have to undertake on almost a daily basis and one of the seemingly more baffling aspects of our job ( not many people get to say that they glue insects back together for a living after all ) we thought it might be interesting to show something of the hands on side of our work . we undertake repairs on a whole variety of dried insects and arachnids , many of which are of historical value . damage can occur either through pest or mechanical action or from initial poor specimen preparation .


hellinsia pan is a moth of the pterophoridae family that can be found in the u.s. states of california and arizona .

the wingspan is 17 – 24 millimetres ( 0.67 – 0.94 in ) .

the head , body and legs white .

the forewings are white with gray brown irroration .

there is a black costal dash over the base of the cleft and is usually separated from the discal area by a clear white subcostal line .

there is a small spot before the cleft .

the fringes are contrastingly dark but with extensive white areas .

the hindwings are whitish to light gray .

adults have been recorded in march , april and may .

hellinsia pan

hellinsia pan is a moth of the pterophoridae family that can be found in california and arizona . the wingspan is . the head , body and legs white . the forewings are white with gray - brown irroration . there is a black costal dash over the base of the cleft and is usually separated
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plume moths are easily recognized by their characteristic
t
- shaped resting posture and the lobed or divided wings of most species . while the family pterophoridae is easily identified , species determinations are more challenging , often requiring dissection and preparation of genitalia slides . there are currently 162 described species known from north america north of the mexican border . known species are listed below with links to photographs or additional information . synonyms are available in a world catalogue ( gielis 2003 ) . larval food plants are known for 76 of the described nearctic species (
pterophoridae , or plume moths as they are commonly known , occur worldwide and have about 1000 species described . they are known as plume moths because many , but not all , species have deep indentations in the wings with fringes comprised of very long scales or modified setae . larvae or caterpillars often have long setae with various modifications such as clubbed , spatula - like , forked , and many other forms . these setae also secrete a sticky fluid that may be a protective mechanism . the larvae feed on a wide variety of host plants , although many in the united states feed on the family asteraceae , or sunflower family . the family is divided into 4 subfamilies : agdistinae , ochyroticinae , deuterocopinae , and pterophorinae . the pterophorinae is the largest subfamily with 66 genera and 850 species worldwide .
this document consists of a listing of species in the adult pinned collection of the moth family pterophoridae at the national museum of natural history ( nmnh ) or the united states national museum ( usnm ) . genera without specimens in this collection are indicated . the classification is based on the world catalogue by [ gielis , c . 2003 . pterophoroidea & alucitoidea in : world catalogue of insects 4 . stenstrup , denmark , apollo books ] . the species names are spelled as by the author ( s ) in the original descriptions .
for further information , questions or requests to borrow material , please contact either alma solis ( alma . solis @ urltoken ) or ben proshek ( proshekb @ urltoken ) .
postplatyptilia aestuosa meyrick , 1916 ( platyptilia ) postplatyptilia akerbergsi gielis , 1991 ( postplatyptilia ) postplatyptilia alexisi gielis , 1991 ( postplatyptilia ) postplatyptilia antillae gielis , 2003 ( postplatyptilia ) postplatyptilia biobioica gielis , 1991 ( postplatyptilia ) postplatyptilia boletus gielis , 2006 ( postplatyptilia ) postplatyptilia camptosphena meyrick , 1931 ( platyptilia ) postplatyptilia carchi gielis , 2003 ( postplatyptilia ) postplatyptilia caribica gielis , 2006 ( postplatyptilia ) postplatyptilia corticus gielis , 2006 ( postplatyptilia ) postplatyptilia eelkoi gielis , 1991 ( postplatyptilia ) postplatyptilia flinti gielis , 1991 ( postplatyptilia ) postplatyptilia fuscicornis zeller , 1877 ( platyptilia ) postplatyptilia huigraica b . landry & gielis , 1992 ( postplatyptilia ) postplatyptilia parana gielis , 1996 ( postplatyptilia ) postplatyptilia saeva meyrick , 1930 ( postplatyptilia )
lioptilodes albistriolatus zeller , 1871 ( mimeseoptilus ) lioptilodes antarcticus o . staudinger , 1899 ( mimaesoptilus ) lioptilodes neuquenicus gielis , 1991 ( lioptilodes ) lioptilodes testaceus blanchard , 1852 ( pterophorus )
exelastis atomosa walsingham , 1885 ( aciptilia ) exelastis crepuscularis meyrick , 1909 ( pterophorus ) exelastis dowi matthews & b . landry , 2008 ( exelastis ) exelastis montischristi walsingham , 1897 ( pterophorus ) exelastis pumilio zeller , 1873 ( mimeseoptilus ) exelastis rhynchosiae dyar , 1898 ( pterophorus )
geina buscki mcdunnough , 1933 ( pterophorus ) geina didacty la linnaeus , 1758 ( phalaenae alucita ) geina ontario mcdunnough , 1927 ( pterophorus ) geina periscelidactyla fitch , 1854 ( pterophorus ) geina sheppardi b . landry , 1989 ( geina ) geina tenuidactylus fitch , 1854 ( pterophorus )
pterophorus albidus zeller , 1852 ( aciptilus ) pterophorus candidalis walker , 1864 ( aciptilus ) pterophorus denticulata yano , 1963 ( aciptilia ) pterophorus furcatalis walker , 1864 ( aciptilus ) pterophorus innotatalis walker , 1864 ( pterophorus ) pterophorus ischnodactyla treitschke , 1833 ( alucita ) pterophorus lacteipennis walker , 1864 ( aciptilus ) pterophorus melanopoda t . b . fletcher , 1907 ( alucita ) pterophorus niveodactyla pagenstecher , 1900 ( aciptilia ) pterophorus pentadactyla linnaeus , 1758 ( phalaena alucita ) pterophorus rhyparias meyrick , 1907 ( alucita )