the mosor rock lizard ( archaeolacerta mosorensis ) is a species of lizard in the lacertidae family .

it is found in bosnia and herzegovina , croatia , serbia , and montenegro .

its natural habitats are boreal forests , temperate forests , temperate shrubland , and rocky areas .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

mosor rock lizard

zool . mosor rock lizard [ dinarolacerta mosorensis , syn . : archaeolacerta mosorensis , lacerta mosorensis ]
the mosor rock lizard is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
evaluation of the population status and habitat of the mosor rock lizard ( dinarolacerta mosorensis ) on mt . prekornica
e : mosor rock lizard . g : mosoreidechse , prokletije - gebirgseidechse serbian : prokletijski gušter croatian : mosorska gušterica
evaluation of the population status and habitat of the mosor rock lizard ( dinarolacerta mosorensis ) on mt . prekornica - urltoken
zool . iberian rock lizard [ iberolacerta monticola , syn . : lacerta monticola ]
zool . bermuda rock lizard [ plestiodon longirostris , syn . : eumeces longirostris ]
zool . anatolian rock lizard [ lacerta anatoloica , syn . : l . danfordi ]
zool . bedriaga ' s rock lizard [ archaeolacerta bedriagae , syn . : lacerta bedriagae ]
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wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
mosor rock lizard
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the project team conducted field work on mt . prekornica during july in order to determine population parameters , habitat selection of the mosor rock lizard and potential threats to this species .
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - mosor rock lizard facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
the juvenile mosor rock lizard is similar to the adult , but with a blue or greenish tail . hatchlings typically have a bright blue - green tail ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
langerwerf , b . 1983 . notes on the mosor rock lizard , lacerta mosorensis kolombatovic 1886 , and its reproduction in captivity . british herpetological society bulletin ( 6 ) : 20 - 22
field examination of the croatian karst revealed a whole biocenosis of specialised rock - dwelling species in the same habitat . they are relict , range - restricted and have fragmented populations , for example the dalmatian wall lizard ( dalmatolacerta oxycephala ) , mosor rock lizard ( dinarolacerta mosorensis ) and isolated subspecies of the garden dormouse ( eliomys quercinus ssp . dalmaticus ) .
the diurnal mosor rock lizard ( dinarolacerta mosorensis ) is extremely well adapted to its mountainous habitat , with its distinctly flattened head and body enabling it to squeeze into small crevices between rocks ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
like most reptiles , the female mosor rock lizard tends to mature quicker than the male . this species reaches sexual maturity at three years , and both the male and female live for around nine years ( 3 ) .
facts summary : the mosor rock lizard ( lacerta mosorensis ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
reptiles
and found in the following area ( s ) : bosnia and herzegovina , croatia , montenegro .
the mosor rock lizard was once collected for the pet trade , although this now occurs on a much smaller scale . its dinaric mountain habitat is under threat due to logging , although parts of it are protected ( 1 ) .
the mosor rock lizard is endemic to bosnia and herzegovina , croatia and montenegro . there may be separate populations in albania ; however , further surveys are required ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .
the mosor rock lizard is heliothermic , meaning it is only active in the warmest part of the day , when it will search for its prey in crevices between rocks . this species is insectivorous , feeding on a range of insect species ( 3 ) .
research , conservation and promotion of the endemic balkan rock lizards ( dinarolacerta spp . ) in montenegro
the crevice - dwelling mosor rock lizard inhabits the humid , open , rocky , karst areas of the dinaric mountains . it is restricted to altitudes between 450 and 1 , 900 metres where there is vegetation cover and many shaded areas ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
the mosor rock lizard is listed on annex iii of the bern convention ( 9 ) and is protected by national legislation in some countries in its range . it is present in a number of protected areas , such as the national parks durmitor and lovecen in montenegro ( 1 ) ( 6 ) .
the mating season for this species is between may and june . the mosor rock lizard lays between four and eight eggs in july . the embryos are already partially developed , with the eggs hatching in august after a 26 day incubation period ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 8 ) .
zool . western green lizard [ lacerta bilineata , syn . : lacerta viridis bilineata ]
zool . green - bellied lizard [ lacerta chlorogaster , syn . : darevskia chlorogaster ]
zool . danford ' s lizard [ lacerta anatoloica , syn . : l . danfordi ]
kolorov , n . t . , ljubisavljević , k . , polović , l . , džukić , g . and kalezić , m . l . ( 2010 ) the body size , age structure and growth pattern of the endemic balkan mosor rock lizard . acta zoologica academiae scientiarum hungricae , 56 ( 1 ) : 55 - 71 .
ljubisavljević , k . l . and ivanović , a . ( 2008 ) sexual differences in size and shape of the mosor rock lizard [ dinarolacerta mosorensis ( kolombatovic , 1886 ) ] ( squamata lacertidae ) : a case study of the lovcen mountain population ( montenegro ) . archives of biological sciences , 60 ( 2 ) : 279 - 288 .
ljubisavljević , k . , polović , l . , kolorov , n . t . , dzukić , g . and kalezić , m . ( 2007 ) female life - history characteristics of the mosor rock lizard , dinarolacerta mosorensis ( kolombatovic , 1886 ) from montenegro ( squamata : lacertidae ) . journal of natural history , 41 : 2979 - 2993 .
the flattened scales on the underside of the mosor rock lizard are orange - yellow , while the back is covered in dark spots , and the sides are much darker . the colour and pattern is similar in males and females , with the male’s spots and colouration being slightly more intense . the male and female are similar in size ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
zool . rainbow lizard [ agama agama , syn . : a . colonorum , a . picticauda , lacerta agama ]
zool . red - headed ( rock ) agama [ agama agama , syn . : a . colonorum , a . picticauda , lacerta agama ]
this species’ habitat experiences a diverse range of climatic conditions , with long , cold winters , humid autumns and springs , and very hot , dry summers . temperatures may drop as low as 3 degrees centigrade at night and rise to 25 degrees in the day . the habitat of the mosor rock lizard is very moist due to high rainfall at most times of the year ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) .
ljubisavljevic , katarina ; oscar arribas , georg duki & salvador carranza 2007 . genetic and morphological differentiation of mosor rock lizards , dinarolacerta mosorensis ( kolombatović , 1886 ) , with the description of a new species from the prokletije mountain massif ( montenegro ) ( squamata : lacertidae ) . zootaxa 1613 : 1–22 - get paper here
zool . rock iguana [ varanus exanthematicus , syn . : v . ( polydaedalus ) exanthematicus , v . exanthematicus ocellatus , v . ocellatus , lacerta exanthematicus ]
zool . medium lizard [ lacerta media , syn . : l . media media , l . trilineata , l . viridis media ]
ljubisavljević , k . , arribas , o . , dðukić , g . and carranza , s . ( 2007 ) genetic and morphological differentiation of mosor rock lizards , dinarolacerta mosorensis ( kolombatovic , 1886 ) , with the description of new species from the prokletije mountain massif ( montenegro ) ( squamata : lacertidae ) . zootaxa , 1613 : 1 - 22 .
zool . levant green lizard [ lacerta media , syn . : l . media media , l . trilineata , l . viridis media ]
zool . rock leguaan / leguan [ varanus exanthematicus , syn . : v . ( polydaedalus ) exanthematicus , v . exanthematicus ocellatus , v . ocellatus , lacerta exanthematicus ]
zool . three - lined lizard [ lacerta media , syn . : l . media media , l . trilineata , l . viridis media ]
zool . variegated lizard [ varanus varius , syn . : v . ( varanus ) varius , v . belli , lacerta varia , tupinambis variegatus ]
zool . indian monitor lizard [ varanus bengalensis , syn . : v . punctatus , v . taraguira , lacerta argus , monitor gemmatus , tupinambis bengalensis ]
zool . lace monitor lizard [ varanus varius , syn . : v . ( varanus ) varius , v . belli , lacerta varia , tupinambis variegatus ]
zool . bengal monitor ( lizard ) [ varanus bengalensis , syn . : v . punctatus , v . taraguira , lacerta argus , monitor gemmatus , tupinambis bengalensis ]
bischoff , w . 1984 . lacerta mosorensis - mosor - eidechse . in : böhme , w . ( ed . ) , handbuch der reptilien und amphibien europas , band 2 / i . , echsen ii ( lacerta ) . aula - verlag wiesbaden , pp . 290 - 300
zool . nile monitor lizard [ varanus niloticus , syn . : lacerta monitor , l . nilotica , monitor elegans senegalensis , m . niloticus , m . pulcher , tupinambis elegans , t . stellatus ]
zool . african small - grain lizard [ varanus niloticus , syn . : lacerta monitor , l . nilotica , monitor elegans senegalensis , m . niloticus , m . pulcher , tupinambis elegans , t . stellatus ]
ljubisavljević , k . , l . polović , v . iković , s . vuksanović & t . d . vukov 2017 . habitat use of endemic balkan rock lizards ( dinarolacerta spp . ) . salamandra 53 ( 2 ) : 279 - 284 - get paper here
maganik mt is bounded by the very steep canyon of mrtvica river to the north , which is one of the most impressive landscapes in montenegro . during the second half of june 2016 , we conducted a population study of the mosor lizard in this area . in addition to determining the population parameters of this species , we also gathered data on the distribution of other representatives of the herpetofauna . during the fieldwork we became convinced that , for now , mrtvica river canyon really is one of the few “landscapes of untouched nature” in montenegro , considering that we have not recorded anthropogenic impacts on reptile habitats .
arnold , e . n . , arribas , o . and carranza , s . ( 2007 ) systematics of the palearctic and oriental lizard tribe lacertini ( squamata : lacertidae : lacertidae ) with descriptions of eight new genera . zootaxa , 1430 : 1 - 86 .
arnold , e . n . ; arribas , o . & carranza , s . 2007 . systematics of the palaearctic and oriental lizard tribe lacertini ( squamata : lacertidae : lacertinae ) , with descriptions of eight new genera . zootaxa 1430 : 1 - 86 - get paper here
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the isolated eastern subpopulation in montenegro has been proposed as a separate species ( ljubisavljevic et al . 2007 ) .
justification : listed as vulnerable because its area of occupancy is less than 2 , 000 km² , its distribution is severely fragmented , and the extent and quality of its habitat are declining .
this species is found in the southwestern dinaric mountain range of southern coastal croatia , southern bosnia - herzegovina and montenegro . it may be present in northern albania but further surveys are needed to confirm this . it occurs from 450 to 1 , 900 m asl .
it is largely found in humid , rocky , montane areas of exposed karst . the species inhabits open woodland and sites with a rich vegetation cover . the females lay a single clutch of four to eight eggs .
it is threatened by the loss of suitable habitat due to logging , including within protected areas . collection of animals for the pet - trade was a threat in the past . it is likely that some small - scale illegal trade continues .
it is listed on annex iii of the bern convention and is protected by national legislation in some range countries . it is present in a number of protected areas .
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diurnal active during the day . dorsal relating to the back or top side of an animal . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . incubation the act of incubating eggs , that is , keeping them warm so that development is possible . insectivorous insect - eating . karst formation an area of irregular limestone in which erosion has produced fissures , sinkholes , underground streams , and caverns .
dragičević , p . ( 2009 ) lonely planet montenegro . lonely planet , london .
gorman , g . ( 2008 ) central and eastern european wildlife . bradt travel guides , connecticut .
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lacerta mosorensis kolombatovic 1886 lacerta mosorensis — werner 1904 : 257 lacerta mosorensis — engelmann et al 1993 archaeolacerta mosorensis — arribas 1999 lacerta mosorensis — petrov et al . 2006 dinarolacerta mosorensis — arnold et al . 2007 dinarolacerta mosorensis — ljubisavljevi et al . 2007 lacerta ( dinarolacerta ) mosorensis — sindaco & jeremčenko 2008
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
type species : lacerta mosorensis kolombatovic , 1886 is the type species of the genus dinarolacerta arnold et al . 2007 . distribution : not in albania ; the albanian population ( petrov 2006 ) has been redescribed as d . montenegrina ljubisavljevic et al . 2007 ( mizsei et al . 2017 ) .
arribas , o . j . 1999 . phylogeny and relationships of the mountain lizards of europe and near east ( archaeolacerta mertens , 1921 , sensu lato ) and their relationships among the eurasian lacertid radiation . russ . j . herpetol . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 - 22 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1910 . remarks on prof . l . von mehely ' s recent contribution to the knowledge of the lizards allied to lacerta muralis . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 5 : 247 - 256 - get paper here
engelmann , w . e . et al . 1993 . lurche und kriechtiere europas . neumann verlag ( radebeul , germany ) , 440 pp .
kolombatovic , j . 1886 . imenik kraljesnjaka dalmacije . ii . dio : dvozivci , gmazovi i ribe . god . izvj . velike realke u splitu 1885 / 86 ( split ) : 1 - 20
kwet , a . 2010 . reptilien und amphibien europas . kosmos - verlag , stuttgart , 252 pp .
kwet , axel & benny trapp 2014 . liste der reptilien europas . draco 15 ( 60 ) : 72 - 79 - get paper here
mauruschat , i . ; rykena , s . & eikhorst , w . 1990 . untersuchungen zur fortpflanzung von lacerta mosorensis kolombatovic 1886 . salamandra 26 ( 2 - 3 ) : 116 - 131 - get paper here
méhely , lajos von 1909 . materialien zu einer systematik und phylogenie der muralis - ähnlichen lacerten . annales historico - naturales musei nationalis hungarici , budapest , 7 ( 2 ) : 409 - 621 - get paper here
pérez i de lanuza g , font e 2016 . the evolution of colour pattern complexity : selection for conspicuousness favours contrasting within - body colour combinations in lizards . j evol biol . doi : 10 . 1111 / jeb . 12835 - get paper here
petrov , boyan p . 2006 . lacerta mosorensis kolombatovic , 1886 new to the herpetofauna of albania . herpetozoa 19 ( 1 / 2 ) : 92 - 93 . - get paper here
podnar , martina ; branka bruvo mađarić and werner mayer 2013 . non - concordant phylogeographical patterns of three widely codistributed endemic western balkans lacertid lizards ( reptilia , lacertidae ) shaped by specific habitat requirements and different responses to pleistocene climatic oscillations . journal of zoological systematics and evolutionary research , doi : 10 . 1111 / jzs . 12056 - get paper here
schreiber , e . 1891 . ueber die typischen exemplare von lacerta mosorensis kolomb . mit 1 tafel . annal . k . k . naturh . hofm . wien 7 ( 3 ) : 235 - 240 - get paper here
sindaco , r . & jeremcenko , v . k . 2008 . the reptiles of the western palearctic . edizioni belvedere , latina ( italy ) , 579 pp . - get paper here
steindachner , franz 1892 . ueber die typischen exemplare von lacerta mosorensis kolomb . ( 1886 ) ( = lacerta koritana tom . , 1889 ) . annalen des k . k . historischen hofmuseums wien 8 : 235 - 240
trutnau , l . 1975 . europaische amphibien und reptilien . belser verlag , stuttgart 212 pp .
werner , f . 1904 . zur kenntnis der lacerta danfordi gthr . und der oxycephalen eidechsen ueberhaupt . zool . anz . 27 : 254 - 259 - get paper here
wiedemann , m . 1910 . die mossoreidechse ( lacerta mosoriensis kolombatovic = lacerta koritana tomasini ) . blätter für aquarien und terrarienkunde 21 : 495 - 497 [ reprinted in die eidechse 3 ( 6 ) : 20 - 22 ] - get paper here
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the distribution range of algyroides fitzingeri is restricted to corsica and sardinia . in particular on corsica , the species was supposed to be rare but it is more likely that it just has been frequently overlooked – due to its small size and its secretive behaviour . it prefers rather humid habitats with dense vegetation . within its distribution area , this species cannot be confused with other species . its closest relative is algyroides marchi in spain .
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educational and awareness raising campaigns will be run through lectures and presentations in local schools and at faculty of mathematics and natural sciences – department for biology in podgorica , internet presentation , press , radio and tv interviews .
also , we are going to organize the round table with representatives of environmental decision makers and to establish connections with regional ngos , to build up future partnership in developing conservation strategies for these lizards .
read about the latest progress of this project in the reports and article below .
read more about the activities undertaken and findings of this project in the final report below .
habitat of dinarolacerta montenegrina , a stenoendemic species of the prokletije mountain massif , montenegro .
as a poorly known species endemic to the western balkans , the balkan snow vole ( dinaromys bogdanovi ) is in the focus of a continuous research and educational activities of the association biom . its goal is to better understand the balkan snow vole biology in order to evaluate its current conservation status in croatia and propose adequate conservation measures .
this species may be declining in parts of its range as a result of competition with the european snow vole . within a project initiated in 2010 with the faculty of science , university of zagreb and zagreb zoo , biom has been working on the conservation of the karst biodiversity through the research of this rare species . due to the large knowledge gaps the balkan snow vole has a data deficient ( dd ) status in the red book of croatian mammals , while globally the iucn red list of threatened species™ lists it as vulnerable ( vu ) .
captivity research in zagreb zoo and extensive field visits provided more knowledge on the ecology and distribution of the balkan snow vole , which is a prerequisite for effective conservation action . the project included educational presentations and panels for students in zagreb and split , hikers and local communities that increased their awareness on conservation concerns and promoted biodiversity of the croatian karst .
ongoing and fast habitat fragmentation in the balkan snow vole core area highly increases the probability of its local extinctions . this fragmentation follows the fast infrastructure growth that needs to be mitigated by the appropriate environmental conservation actions . without them , local extinctions and additional fragmentation of this species range ( and possibly other ecologically similar species ) will most probably occur in the next several years .
following croatia’s accession some of the important nature conservation documents have changed . the annexes of the habitats directive ( directive 92 / 43 / eec ) were amended to add new species and habitats , amongst which is the balkan snow vole .


machimia rhaphiducha is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by turner in 1946 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .

the wingspan is about 28 mm .

the forewings are whitish with slender blackish streaks and a short streak from the base of the costa , another in the cell and several very slender streaks between the veins to the costa and termen .

the hindwings are grey-whitish .

machimia rhaphiducha

this is the place for rhaphiducha definition . you find here rhaphiducha meaning , synonyms of rhaphiducha and images for rhaphiducha copyright 2017 © urltoken
machimia rhaphiducha , n . sp . ( ραϕιδουφα , needle - streaked . )
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word rhaphiducha . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word rhaphiducha and , of course , rhaphiducha synonyms and on the right images related to the word rhaphiducha .
machimia rhaphiducha turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , tweed hds
machimia clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 211 ; ts : machimia tentoriferella clemens
machimia guerneella joannis , 1914 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 83 : 210 ; tl : yokohama
machimia serva meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 375 ; tl : victoria , birchip
machimia pyrocalyx meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : brazil , santa catharina
machimia rogifera meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 184 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
machimia sejunctella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 621 ; tl : ega
machimia ochrophanes turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371
machimia intaminata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 544 ; tl : brazil , ouro reto , minas geraes
machimia morata meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 697 ; tl : argentina , parana
machimia cruda meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 311 ; tl : colombia , alto de las ances , 7250ft
machimia eothina meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 376 ; tl : french guiana , nouveau chantier , r . maroni
machimia perianthes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : french guiana , st . laurient , r . maroni
machimia neuroscia meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 231 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
machimia trunca meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 232 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
machimia conspersa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 106 ; tl : victoria , macedon
machimia cyphopleura turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 112 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda
machimia homopolia turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 116 ; tl : new south wales , adaminaby
machimia metagypsa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : w . australia , albany
machimia albula turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , injune ; carnarvon rge
machimia dystheata turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , cape york
machimia trigama ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . a , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 952 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
machimia tentoriferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . 5 , f . 26 - 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
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cryptolechia caduca walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft
cryptolechia chorrera busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 29 ; tl : la chorrera , panama
depressaria desertorum berg , 1875 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 49 ( 4 ) : 239 ; tl : rio negro
cryptolechia dolopis walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
cryptolechia ignicolor busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 27 ; tl : cabima , panama
cryptolechia illuminella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 28 ; tl : panama , trinidad river
cryptolechia notella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 30 ; tl : trinidad river , panama
cryptolechia peperita walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : guatemala , baja vera paz , san gerónimo
pyrograpta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 278
nova scotia , wisconsin - virginia , iowa , ontario . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on betula , fraxinus , ulmus , acer , quercus , tilia americana , juglans cinerea , prunus , fagus , sorbus , carya , populus balsamifera , castanea dentata , corylys , pyrus , syringa vulgaris , cornus canadensis hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86
cryptolechia trigama meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 476 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , texas
hoplitica miltosparsa turner , 1914 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 39 ( 3 ) : 560 ; tl : new south wales , ebor scrub
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae
lépidoptères recueillis par m . j . de guerne au cours de son voyage en extrême - orient
ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgeführt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera
walsingham , 1912 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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turner , 1917 . studies in australian lepidoptera . transactions of the royal society of south australia 41 : 57–120 [ 92 ] . holotype anic ♂ , port darwin , nt .
common , in nielsen , edwards , & rangsi , 1996 , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , 4 : i - xiv , 1 - 529 & cd - rom [ 87 ] .
philobota cnecopis , n . sp . ( κνηκωπις , pale - yellow ) .
♂ , 16 mm . head pale - yellow . palpi pale - yellow , anterior surface of terminal joint fuscous . antennae dark grey ; ciliations in male 1 . thorax purple fuscous , a very small posterior pale - ochreous spot . abdomen grey , apices of segments and tuft pale - ochreous . legs pale - ochreous ; anterior pair fuscous . forewings rather narrow , not dilated , costa moderately arched , apex round - pointed , termen obliquely rounded ; pale - yellow with purple - fuscous markings ; a small basal fascia ; a moderate fascia from 4 / 5 costa to 4 / 5 dorsum ; a small terminal fascia suffusedly connected with preceding on costa and dorsum ; cilia whitish - yellow . hindwings grey ; cilia whitish - yellow .
hab . - northern territory : port darwin ; one specimen , received from mr . s . f . hill .
turner , 1944 [ oecophorinae ] . revision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . xi . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 69 : 49–61 [ 57 ] . holotype qm ♂ , injune , qld .
beccaloni , g . w . , scoble , m . j . , robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( editors ) . 2003 . the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . world wide web electronic publication .
coesyra lambda , n . sp . ( λαμβδα , a letter of the greek alphabet . )
queensland : injune in december ; talwood in november ( w . b . barnard ) ; three specimens . type in queensland museum .
turner , 1944 . revision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . xi . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 69 : 49–61 [ 52 ] . holotype qm ♂ , toowoomba , qld .
13 - 14 mm . head white . palpi short , reaching middle of face , terminal joint one - fourth ; white . antennae grey ; ciliations in male 2 . thorax with anterior half white , posterior half fuscous . abdomen grey . legs grey ; anterior pair fuscous . forewings narrow , costa slightly arched , apex pointed , termen very oblique ; white with fuscous markings ; a narrow basal fascia ; rather narrow oblique fasciae , first at two - fifths , second from three - fourths costa to tornus ; a terminal line ; cilia fuscous , interrupted· above . and below middle by white bars . hindwings and cilia grey . to follow m . encrita low . , which besides other differences has much narrower hindwings .
turner , 1946 [ oecophorinae ] . revision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . xiii . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 70 : 93–120 [ 117 ] . holotype qm ♂ , burleigh heads , qld .
queensland : tweed hds . ( burleigh ) in september ( w . b . bamard ) ; two specimens . type in queensland museum .
turner , 1944 . revision of the australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . xii . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 69 : 253–273 [ 269 ] . holotype anic ♂ , injune , qld .
♂ . 16 mm . head pale yellow . palpi with terminal joint two - thirds , outer surface of second joint grey towards base . antennae fuscous ; ciliations of male very short ( one - fourth ) . thorax fuscous . abdomen grey ; tuft ochreous tinged . legs pale ochreous ; anterior pair fuscous . forewings suboval , costa moderately arched , apex rounded , termen obliquely rounded ; yellow ; a pale fuscous costal streak from base to middle ; a purple - fuscous terminal band , sharply defined by a line from three - fourths costa to three - fourths dorsum ; cilia grey . hindwings and
cilia grey . resembles p . acrotropa , but differs in the short antennal ciliations , the longer terminal joint of palpi ( in acrotropa one - half ) , and differently shaped terminal band of forewings .
turner , 1947 [ oecophorinae ] . revision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . xiv . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 72 : 143–158 [ 154 ] . syntype ( s ) anic 5♂♀ , stanthorpe , qld .
♂♀ . 14 - 16 mm . head and thorax whitish - ochreous with a few blackish scales . palpi whitish - ochreous with blackish irroration more pronounced on . terminal joint . antennae whitish - ochreous annulated with blackish ; in male slightly serrate and minutely ciliated . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs ochreous - whitish ; all tarsi and middle tibiae with dark fuscous rings ; anterior pair mostly dark fuscous . forewings with costa nearly straight , except at base and , apex , apex rounded ; 7 to costa ; whitish - ochreous sparsely irrorated , especially towards margins , with large blackish scales ; a small basal blackish fascia , moderate blackish discal spots at one - fourth and middle ; cilia whitish - ochreous with a few blackish points . hindwings grey - whitish ; cilia whitish .
queensland : stanthorpe in october and november ; five specimens taken at granite rocks .
turner , 1940 [ oecophorinae ] . revision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . ix . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 65 : 421–446 [ 430 ] [ sic ] . holotype anic ♂ , toowoomba , qld .
edge fuscous . abdomen grey . legs whitish ; anterior pair and tarsi fuscous with whitish rings . forewings narrow , costa gently
and termen ; cilia white , apices and an ante median line fuscous . hindwings and
queensland : toowoomba in november ; one specimen received from mr . w . b . barnard .
♂ - act , black mountain , canberra , 4 . jun . 1965 , i . f . b . common leg . ( anic ) . [ amo ] .
♀ - act , black mountain , canberra , 4 . jun . 1965 , i . f . b . common leg . ( anic ) . [ amo ] .
walker , 1869 . characters of undescribed lepidoptera heterocera . london : e . w . janson 112 pp . [ 85 ] . holotype nmv ♂ , unknown .
walk . turner , 1912 : on some types of lepidoptera in the national museum , melbourne , memoirs of the national museum , melbourne , 4 , 16 - 22 [ 19 ] .
hyponomeuta ? viduata . mas . - schistaceo - cinerea , antennis subserratis , abdomine alas posticas longe superante fasciculo apicali minimo , pedibus longis gracillimis , alis anticis longis angustis apice rotundatis vitta subcostali angusta abbreviata puncto exteriore guttisque duabus discoidalibus longis nigris margine exteriore perobliquo .
- slaty cinereous , shining . antennae minutely serrated . abdomen extending much beyond the hind wings ; apical tuft very small . legs long , very slender ; spurs long , slender . wings long . fore wings narrow , rounded at the tips ; a narrow black subcostal stripe , which extends from the base to rather beyond half the length ; a black point beyond half the length of the stripe and nearer to the interior border than to the costa ; two elongate black dots on the disk a little beyond the end of the stripe , one behind the other ; exterior border rounded , extremely oblique . length of the body
5 ½ lines [ 11 . 6 mm ] ; of the wings 17 lines [ 36 mm ] .
? viduata is a good species which may be provisionally referred to the genus xylorycta . besides the type there are three examples in the national museum , all imperfect and without palpi . ( localities : melbourne and kewell , vic . ) ( turner , 1912 ) .
viduata ( hyponomeuta ) ♂ , genitalia . black mountain light trap , 1 june 1960 , collected by i . f . b . common , anic slide no . 1452 , dissected by d . adamski . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .
viduata ( hyponomeuta ) ♂ , aedeagus . black mountain light trap , 1 june 1960 , collected by i . f . b . common , anic slide no . 1452 , dissected by d . adamski . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .
viduata ( hyponomeuta ) ♀ , genitalia . black mountain light trap , 9 june 1967 , collected by i . f . b . common , anic slide no . 1451 , dissected by d . adamski . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .
the evidence of the male genitalia suggests this species belongs in the same group as scieropepla meyrick . in particular the ‘toothed’ aedeagus resembles s . polyxesta ; and the claspers , uncus and gnathos and saccus share superficial similarities with s . trinervis .
male genitalia also resemble those of procometis hylonoma . genetic analysis will be necessary to properly place this species .


caryophyllia is a genus of solitary corals in the family caryophylliidae .

members of this genus are azooxanthellate ( do not contain symbiotic algae ) and are found in the north atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea at depths down to 2,670 metres ( 8,760 ft ) .

caryophyllia

variety caryophyllia smithii var . castanea gosse , 1860 accepted as caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) smithii stokes & broderip , 1828
variety caryophyllia smithii var . clara gosse , 1860 accepted as caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) smithii stokes & broderip , 1828
variety caryophyllia smithii var . esmeralda gosse , 1860 accepted as caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) smithii stokes & broderip , 1828
» species caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) elongata cairns in cairns & keller , 1993 accepted as caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) crosnieri cairns & zibrowius , 1997 ( junior homonym of c . clavus var . elongata duncan , 1873 )
caryophyllia inornata is very similar and co - occurs in some locations . young specimens of caryophyllia smithii are usually six - rayed and may be virtually indistinguishable from caryophyllia inornata ( manuel , 1983 ) .
devonshire cup coral , caryophyllia smithii at strome narrows , loch carron , scotland .
caryophyllia smithii var clavus can be found at > 1000 m depth ( manuel , 1988 ) .
monophyletic origin of the caryophyllia ( scleractinia ; caryophylliidae ) , with description of six new species .
a revision of the japanese ahermatypic corals around the coastal region with guide to identification , v . genera caryophyllia and premocyathus .
caryophyllia inornata is very similar to caryophyllia smithii , with which it is easily confused . the coral is described by zibrowius ( 1980 ) . manuel ( 1983 ) provides a description of this species but suggested that more information on the description and distribution of this species was required .
manuel ( 1988 ) states that the devonshire cup coral has two forms ; a shallow water form ( caryophyllia smithii var . smithii ) that can be found in waters up to 100 m deep and a deep water form ( caryophyllia smithii var . clavus ) that is found in water > 50 - 1000 m deep . the shape of the corallum is distinctly different between the two forms , the deep water form being smaller with a narrow base , but the two forms are otherwise similar in general structure ( manuel , 1988 ) . caryophyllia inornata is very similar and co - occurs in some locations . young specimens of caryophyllia smithii are usually six - rayed and may be virtually indistinguishable from caryophyllia inornata ( manuel , 1983 ) .
diagnosis . –corallum soitary , attached or free : if attached , corallum cylindrical , trochoid , or ceratoid ; if free , corallum usually cornute . calice circular , elliptical , or compressed ; thecal edge spines present on species having compressed coralla . septal symmetry variable , but hexameral symmetry with four cycles of septa most common ( cairns , 1991 ) . one crown of pali present before penultimate or rarely the antipenultimate cycle of septa . columella fascicular , composed of several twisted laths . exclusively azooxanthellate and common in deep water . there are two subgenus within the caryophyllia : 1 ) caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) lamarck , 1816 ; and 2 ) caryophyllia ( acanthocyathus ) milne edward & haime , 1848
gregory , p . 2008 . caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) smithii devonshire cup coral . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
peckett , f . 2007 . caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) inornata southern cup coral . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
similar species : this cup - coral looks most like a jewel anemone , corynactis viridis , when alive . it could easily be mistaken for a small devonshire cup - coral , caryophyllia smithii .
similar species : if growing in clusters caryophyllia smithii may possibly be confused with hoplangia durotrix , however the latter is rare in the british isles and c . smithii is much larger and different in structure .
( of caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) clavus scacchi , 1835 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) pseudoturbinolia michelin , 1841 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
tendal , o . s . & nielsen , c . , 1997 . the devonshire cup - coral ( caryophyllia smithii ) - new to the danish fauna flora og fauna , 103 , 7 - 9 .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . caryophyllia inornata duncan , 1878 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
wilson , j . b . , 1975 . the distribution of the coral caryophyllia smithii s . & b . on the scottish continental shelf . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 55 , 611 - 625 .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . caryophyllia smithii stokes & broderip , 1828 . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
blastotrochus nutri x ( usnm 97553 ) – a and b calicular and lateral view respectively ; truncatoflabellum sp . ( mnhn uncatalogued , concalis stn . dw2934 ) c , d , e , and f calicular , oblique , lateral , and basal scar view respectively ; caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) abrupta ( mnhn - scl . 2009 - 0067 ) g and h calicular and lateral view respectively . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
bell , j . j . & turner , j . r . , 2000 . factors influencing the density and morphometrics of the cup coral caryophyllia smithii in lough hyne . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 80 , 437 - 441 .
cutaway diagram of a species of caryophyllia illustrating the basic morphological features of an attached , solitary scleractinian ( modified from cairns 1994 ) . small circular photos are from different scleractinian species and are intended to illustrate basic morphological characters used in the taxonomy of the group .
manuel ( 1988 ) states that the devonshire cup coral has two forms ; a shallow water form ( caryophyllia smithii var . smithii ) that can be found in waters up to 100 m deep and a deep water form ( caryophyllia smithii var . clavus ) that is found in water > 50 - 1000 m deep . the shape of the corallum is distinctly different between the two forms , the deep water form being smaller with a narrow base , but the two forms are otherwise similar in general structure ( manuel , 1988 ) .
pseudocyathoceras avis ( usnm 46962 , holotype ) a and b calicular and lateral view respectively ; caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) quadragenaria ( usnm uncatalogued , prfo , new caledonia ) c and d calicular and oblique view respectively ; premocyathus dentiformis ( mnhn uncatalogued , ebisco stn . dw2573 ) e and f calicular and oblique view respectively ; caryophyllia ( acanthocyathus ) gra yi ( mnhn uncatalogued , ebisco stn . dw2559 ) g and h calicular and lateral view respectively ; dasmosmilia lyman i ( usnm 82997 ) i and j calicular and lateral ( aggregation ) view respectively ; aulocyathus juvenescens ( mnhn uncatalogued , lifou 2000 stn . dw37 ) k , l , and m calicular , lateral , and oblique view respectively . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
wilson , j . b . , 1976 . attachment of the coral caryophyllia smithii s . & b . to tubes of the polychaete ditrupa arietina ( müller ) and other substrates . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 56 , 291 - 303 .
wilson , j . b . , 1976 . attachment of the coral caryophyllia smithii s . & b . to tubes of the polychaete ditrupa arietina ( muller ) and other substrates . journal of the marine biological association of the u . k . 56 : 291 - 303 .
kitahara , m . v . , s . d . cairns , and d . j . miller . 2010 . monophyletic origin of caryophyllia ( scleractinia , caryophylliidae ) , with descriptions of six new species . systematics and biodiversity , 8 ( 1 ) : 91 - 118 , 118 figs . [ details ]
tranter , p . r . g . , nicholson , d . n . & kinchington , d . , 1982 . a description of spawning and post - gastrula development of the cool temperate coral , caryophyllia smithi . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 62 , 845 - 854 .
hiscock , k . & howlett , r . 1976 . the ecology of caryophyllia smithii stokes & broderip on south - western coasts of the british isles . in underwater research ( ed . e . a . drew , j . n . lythgoe & j . d . woods ) , pp . 319 - 344 . london : academic press .
vaughanella concinna ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . dw2070 ) a and b calicular and lateral view respectively ; caryophyllia ( caryophyllia ) diomedeae ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . dw2086 ) c and d calicular and lateral view respectively ; crispatotrochus rubescens ( usnm uncatalogued , bathus 3 stn . cp833 ) e and f calicular and lateral view respectively ; desmophyllum dianthus ( usnm uncatalogued , halipro 1 stn . cp877 ) g and h calicular and lateral view respectively ; dactylotrochus cervicorni s ( usnm uncatalogued , smib 10 stn . dw208 ) i and j calicular and lateral view respectively ; javania insigni s ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . dw2023 ) k and l calicular and lateral view respectively . scale bars represent 5 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
( of caryophyllia clavus var . elongata duncan , 1873 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caryophyllia clavus var . exserta duncan , 1873 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caryophyllia clavus var . epithecata duncan , 1873 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caryophyllia smithii var . castanea gosse , 1860 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caryophyllia smithii var . esmeralda gosse , 1860 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
a solitary cup coral , typically taller than broad , up to 18 mm tall and 12 mm across . can occur in small clusters of individuals . the cup of its exoskeleton is circular or slightly elliptical . the skeleton may be tinted with green or brown around the rim . the polyp is probably plain coloured ( lacking the zig - zag patterning seen in caryophyllia smithii ) usually brown but may be white or red .
it is found on hard bits in sandy areas , mud between boulders etc . ( wilson , 1975 ) . the upper limit of caryophyllia smithii var clavus is determined by water turbulence as this form is susceptible to dislodgement due to its narrow base . however , free living forms are often found on the seabed as a result of such breakage ( manuel , 1988 ) . generally smaller size with increased sedimentation although taller height to escape smothering ( bell & turner , 2000 ) .
a and b caryophyllia ralphae ( mnhn - scl . 2009 - 0077 , a lateral view and b pedicel section ) : green and red arrows indicating costae and monocyclic base respectively c and d rhizosmilia robusta ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . dw2114 c pedicel section and d lateral view ) : red and green arrows indicating polycyclic base and costae respectively e astroides calycularis ( usnm 78767 , colony view ) : blue arrows indicating coenosteum f dendrophyllia ijimai ( usnm uncatalogued , bathus 4 stn . dw933 , lateral colony view ) : yellow arrow indicating the axial polyp g sphenotrochus hancocki ( mnhn uncatalogued , ebisco stn . dw2617 , oblique view ) : green arrows indicating costae h trochocyathus hastatus ( mnhn uncatalogued , ebisco stn . dw2497 , oblique view ) : white arrow indicating costal spines i truncatoflabellum vigintifarium ( mnhn uncatalogued , ebisco stn . dw2578 , oblique view ) : white arrow indicating lateral edge spines j idiotrochus emarciatus ( mnhn uncatalogued , ebisco stn . dw2632 , lateral view ) : white arrow indicating lateral edge spines ( fish tail ) k tropidocyathus lessoni ( mnhn uncatalogued , musorstom 8 stn . dw1105 , lateral view ) : white arrow indicating alate edge crests l caryophyllia unicristata ( mnhn - scl . 2009 - 0094 , oblique view ) : white arrow indicating very sinuous lateral crest m stephanocyathus weberianus ( mnhn uncatalogued , musorstom 5 stn . dw313 , lateral view ) : white and green arrows indicating tubercles and costae respectively ; scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm .
redescribed is an ahermatypic coral fauna from the middle miocene ( badenian ) deposits ( nn5 and nn6 zones ) exposed in the korytnica basin on the southern slopes of the holy cross mountains , central poland . the fauna contains 14 species representing 12 genera and subgenera ( of 14 species , 6 are new records in the korytnica clays ) . using data obtained from observations of recent corals , ecological requirements of the following genera from the korytnica clays have been presented : stephanophyllia , caryophyllia , acanthocyathus , tethocyathus , paracyathus , polycyathus , ceratotrochus , ceratotrochus ( edwardsotrochus ) , peponocyat ! jus , flabellum , balanophyllia and dendrophyllia . a possibility of redeposition of coral fauna in some localities is discussed . ahermatypic fauna from some other sites is interpreted as autochthonic , and a deep sublittoral zone is suggested as the life environment of these corals .
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
( of anthophyllum schweigger , 1819 ) schweigger , a . f . , 1819 . beobachtungen auf naturhistorischen reisen . anatomisch - physiologische untersuchungen über corallen . reimer , berlin . 188 pp . , 8 plates , available online at urltoken [ details ]
cairns , s . d . , hoeksema , b . w . , and j . van der land , 2001 . scleractinia , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 109 - 110 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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cairns , s . d . , baron - szabo , r . , a . f . budd , b . lathuiliere , e . roniewicz , j . stolarski , and k . g . johnson , 2010 . corallosphere , available online at urltoken [ details ]
cairns , s . d . ; gershwin , l . ; brook , f . j . ; pugh , p . ; dawson , e . w . ; ocaña o . v . ; vervoort , w . ; williams , g . ; watson , j . e . ; opresko , d . m . ; schuchert , p . ; hine , p . m . ; gordon , d . p . ; campbell , h . j . ; wright , a . j . ; sánchez , j . a . ; fautin , d . g . ( 2009 ) . phylum cnidaria : corals , medusae , hydroids , myxozoans . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 59 - 101 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
cairns , s . d . ( 2000 ) . a revision of the shallow - water azooxanthellate scleractinia of the western atlantic . studies on the fauna of curacao and other caribbean islands . 125 : 1 - 235 . [ details ]
cairns , s . d . , 1994 . scleractinia of the temperate north pacific . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 557 : 150 pp . , 42 plates , 3 figs . [ details ]
( of cyathina ehrenberg , 1834 ) cairns , s . d . , baron - szabo , r . , a . f . budd , b . lathuiliere , e . roniewicz , j . stolarski , and k . g . johnson , 2010 . corallosphere , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of anthophyllum schweigger , 1819 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
costello , m . j . ; emblow , c . ; white , r . ( ed . ) . ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 . muséum national d ' histoire naturelle : paris , france . isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0 . 463 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
( of turbinolia borealis fleming , 1828 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of paracyathus taxilianus gosse , 1860 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of paracyathus thulensis gosse , 1860 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of paracyathus pteropus gosse , 1860 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of paracyathus humilis duncan , 1878 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
zibrowius , h . ( 1980 ) . les scléractiniaires de la méditerranée et de l ' atlantique nord - oriental . mémoires de l ' institut océanographique , monaco , 11 . musée océanographique de monaco : monaco . 3 volumes , including bibliography and taxonomic index pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of coenocyathus dohrni döderlein , 1913 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of paracyathus inornatus dunca , 1878 ) cairns , s . d . ( 2009 ) . on line appendix : phylogenetic list of the 711 valid recent azooxanthellate scleractinian species with their junior synonyms and depth ranges , 28 pp . in : cold - water corals : the biology and geology of deep - sea coral habitats . cambridge university press , cambridge . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
a solitary hard coral , up to 2 . 5 cm in diameter , very rarely occurring in clusters of two to four . the polyp has less than 80 translucent tentacles with small but distinct terminal knobs . the calcified cup - shaped skeleton ( corallum ) has smooth - edged projecting septa and is usually broader than high . colour is very variable ranging from white , pink , orange , red to green . the disc usually has a contrasting zigzag ring pattern around the mouth .
found from shetland , north eastern england , the south west , wales , ireland and north western scotland .
sublittoral on rocks or shell and artificial structures to a depth of at least 200 m . can sometimes be found on the shore in shaded places and deep pools .
up to 2 . 5 cm in diameter and height with less than 80 slender tapered translucent tentacles and each with a prominent spherical swelling at the terminal end .
bell , j . j . , 2002 . morphological responses of a cup coral to environmental gradients . sarsia , 87 , 319 - 330 .
fish , j . d . & fish , s . , 1996 . a student ' s guide to the seashore . cambridge : cambridge university press .
gibson , r . , hextall , b . & rogers , a . , 2001 . photographic guide to the sea and seashore life of britain and north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
hayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .
hayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . ed . , 1999 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . cd - rom edition . ulster museum and the marine conservation society , belfast and ross - on - wye . , belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication no . 280 . ]
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
manuel , r . l . , 1983 . the anthozoa of the british isles - a colour guide , 2nd edn . ross - on - wye : marine conservation society .
manuel , r . l . , 1988 . british anthozoa . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 18 . ]
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the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
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hayward & ryland , 1995b , hayward et al . , 1996 , gibson et al . , 2001 , howson & picton , 1997 , howson & picton , 1999 , manuel , 1988 , manuel , 1983 ,
) that is found in water > 50 - 1000 m deep . the shape of the corallum is distinctly different between the two forms , the deep water form being smaller with a narrow base , but the two forms are otherwise similar in general structure ( manuel , 1988 ) .
growth rate up to 4 mm in first year ( bell , 2002 ) , then up to 2 mm in subsequent years ( hiscock & howlett , 1976 ) .
manuel , 1983 , bell , 2002 , hiscock & howlett , 1976 , bell , 2002 , gibson et al . , 2001 , manuel , 1983 , fish & fish , 1996 , bell & turner , 2000 ,
abundant around south west europe and the mediterranean and also found in denmark ( hayward & ryland , 1995b ; tendal & nielsen , 1997 ) .
hayward & ryland , 1995b , hayward et al . , 1996 , gibson et al . , 2001 , howson & picton , 1999 , manuel , 1988 , manuel , 1983 , hiscock & howlett , 1976 , tendal & nielsen , 1997 , wilson , 1975 , fish & fish , 1996 ,
in a laboratory , sperm and ova were produced over a two week period in february for several years ( hiscock & howlett , 1976 ) . bell ( 2002 ) reported a reproductive season between january and march in lough hyne , ireland and settlement between march and june .
biotic ( biological traits information catalogue ) by marlin ( marine life information network ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available at urltoken . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . based on a work at urltoken .
recorded from lough hyne , county cork ; ardnoe point , sound of jura ; great cumbrae ; skomer ; lundy ; the north coast of devon and bardsey island north west wales .
characteristic of rocks in sheltered places out of light , such as fissures , overhangs and caves from 0 - 30 m in depth .
smaller . typically taller than broad and up to 18 mm tall and 12 mm across .
jncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken
moore , j . , 2002 . an atlas of marine biodiversity action plan species and habitats and species of conservation concern in wales , 2nd edn . report to the countryside council for wales , ccw contract science report no . 509 .
zibrowius , h . , 1980 . les scleractiniaires de la mediterranee et de l ' atlantique nord oriental . memoires de l ' institut oceanograhique , monaco . 11 , 391 pp .
, with a finely granulate surface , arranged in four or five cycles with about 6 - 10 in each of the first two , which are nearly equal in size .
consisting of a series of twisted ribbons , occasionally thickened to form blunt , rod - like structures . costae well - developed towards the upper
: tentacles up to 80 in number , long in full extension , with prominent terminal knobs .
, forming a tall cylinder . colour variable , translucent : brown , red , orange , pink , white or vivid emerald green , often different on various regions , usually with a zig - zag ring of contrasting , more opaque colour around the mouth . tentacles transparent with colour confined to warts , terminal knobs usually white or brown .
frequently occurs on the shore in shaded places and deep pools around lwst but is generally more common sublittorally , down to about 100 m depending on local conditions . var .
is vulnerable to breakage . detached specimens of this form are frequently found living free on the bottom as a consequence of such breakage .
common and locally abundant on all western coasts of the british isles as far north as shetland and orkney with occasional records from the north sea on the east coast of scotland . abundant around south - west europe and in the mediterranean .
sorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .
description : this species is a solitary stony coral ( although it may occasionally grow on old dead corals ) . the corallum is cup - shaped , very dense in texture , up to 25mm in diameter . the polyps are translucent , with spherical knobs at the ends of the tentacles . the colour is very variable ; white , orange , pink , red , green , brown , etc . , usually with a contrasting zig - zag ring around the mouth . specimens from deep water ( c . 50m + ) may be wedge - shaped with narrow bases , attached to rocks or lying free on the bottom .
habitat : lives on rocks , stones , shells , etc . , from the lower shore to 100m or more .
distribution : common on west coasts of the british isles north to orkney , occasional in the north sea on the east coast of scotland ; southwest europe and the mediterranean .
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
description : this cup - coral is similar to the common devonshire cup - coral but much rarer in britain and ireland . it is smaller , typically 5 - 7mm in diameter , but taller in proportion to its diameter . the skeleton is distinguished by septa which extend outside the line of the corallum at the top . these septa are easily seen in contracted living individuals . the living polyps are translucent white in colour , with short knobbed tentacles .
habitat : usually found on vertical or overhanging rockfaces , often in small groups . may also occur in small caves where it is out of the light .
distribution : rare in britain and ireland , with recent records from lundy island in the bristol channel , skomer island in pembrokeshire , lough hyne in sw ireland , rathlin island in ne ireland and ardnoe point in the sound of jura , sw scotland . elsewhere it is a frequent species in the azores and occurs along the atlantic coasts of france , spain and portugal and the mediterranean sea .
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the 120 presently recognized genera and seven subgenera of the azooxanthellate scleractinia are keyed using gross morphological characters of the corallum . all genera are illustrated with calicular and side views of coralla . all termes used in the key are defined in an illustrated glossary . a table of all species - level keys , both comprehensive and faunistic , is provided covering the last 40 years .
the ready identification of azooxanthellate scleractinia ( determined herein by depth of occurrence and previously published observations ) to the genus and species levels has been hampered by a lack of a comprehensive key to the genera as well as a lack of species level keys . for instance , the last comprehensive set of keys to the genera was published by
almost 70 years ago , and relied in part on microstructural characters that were both hard to observe ( requiring thin sectioning ) and interpret . since then the number of recent azooxanthellate genera and species has almost doubled , and new observations on apozooxanthellate species ( species that have facultative symbiosis with zooxanthellae ) are also available . furthermore , what keys exist to the species level of various taxa or geographic regions are scattered throughout the literature and of variable quality (
) . in this table , tabular keys are included , as they provide as much if not more information than a conventional dichotomous key . as result of the application of molecular data ( e . g . fukami et al . 2008 ,
) , the higher taxonomic ranks of the order scleractinia were shown to be polyphyletic . as such , a key to this taxonomic rank seems premature . thus , it is the purpose of this paper to provide a single , comprehensive , illustrated key to the presently recognized 120 azooxanthellate scleractinian genera and 7 additional subgenera . we constructed the key using gross morphological characteristics of the corallum , which , when used in conjunction with the glossary and illustrations , we hope will provide a guide to the proper genus identification . but one must keep in mind that this key , as most , will not necessarily supply a definitive identification of the genus , as its use depends on the interpretation of the characters as well as the variation of that character state . we have used many of the dichotomies published by
, but avoided the microstructural characters , and updated the taxa . whereas microstructure is undoubtedly a valuable set of characters to define genera , in most cases it is not necessary to identify the genera . among the 120 extant azooxanthellate scleractinian genera , 74 are illustrated with its type species ( ~ 61 % ) . within the remaining 46 genera , 20 ( ~ 16 , 6 % ) have an extinct species as type , represented by a fossil coral . for them and the remaining 26 genera , the illustrated species present very well the most important morphological characters of their respective genus .
previously published keys to azooxanthellate taxa , divided as comprehensive keys to all taxa with in a monophyletic taxon , and partial ( faunistic ) keys of species . taxa listed alphabetically by taxon name . tabular keys ( t ) are included .
squires and keyes ( 1967 : 13 ) ; tracey et al . ( 2012 )
some genera are keyed two or even three times because of the variation within those genera regarding the characters used in the key . in theory , all variations of that genus will be correctly keyed . although most couplets are dichotomous , some are polychotomous , such as the columella or colony shape , which allows the reader to clearly see the multiple states of a particular character .
although it would be desirable to follow the generic key with keys to all of the approximately 720 azooxanthellate species , it is a simple fact that not many species level keys have been published . those that have been published in the last 35 years are listed in
, separated as to whether they are keys to all of the taxa within a monophyletic taxon ( comprehensive ) or to a more limited fauna of a region ( faunistic ) . keys made before 1970 were found to be , in general , not up to date and are thus not included . it should be noted that fully one - third of the genera ( 40 ) are monotypic , and thus do not require a key following a correct genus identification , and another 22 genera have but two species . finally , although they do not include keys , the treatises of
include diagnoses of all genera , including those represented only by extinct species , and thus provide a rich source of taxonomic information .
other sources of useful taxonomic information include a list of all extant recent scleractinian species as of 1999 ( cairns et al . 1999 ) , which also includes a rough indication of their geographic range . the azooxanthellate component of this list is kept up to date as an on - line resource ( urltoken ) , which now includes junior synonyms and depth ranges of the species , and authors of the genera . a list of the 120 azooxanthellate genera , their authorship , and bathymetric ranges was also published in roberts et al . ( 2009 : table 2 . 7 )
geographic ranges within brackets in the key are not meant to be considered as distinguishing characters , but simply informational , which may nonetheless hint at an incorrect identification . abbreviations : ant . = antarctic or subantarctic , atl . = atlantic , ip = indo pacific , iwp = indo - west pacific , pac . = pacific , subant = subantarctic ; cosmopolitan implies occurrence in all three oceans as well as subantarctic and / or antarctic . museums and institutions acronyms : am = australian museum ( sydney ) ; au = auckland university museum ( auckland ) ; csiro = commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation ( hobart ) ; jcu = james cook university ( townsville ) ; mnhn = muséum national d’histoire naturelle ( paris ) ; sbmnh = santa barbara natural history museum ( santa barbara ) ; sio = scripps institute of oceanography ( san diego ) ; nzoi = new zealand oceanographic institution ( now the national institute of water and atmospheric research ) ( wellington ) ; usnm = united states national museum ( now the national museum of natural history , smithsonian ) ( washington , d . c . ) ; ypm = yale peabody museum ( new heaven ) .
useful sources for more information about definitions of terms used in the glossary include : wells ( 1956 ) , and cairns ( 1981 , 1989 , 1994 ) .
we wish to thank anna maria addamo for showing us the need for writing such a paper , and helmut zibrowius for supplying images of the genus cladangia . mvk is also thankful to philippe bouchet , bertrand richer de forges , and mnhn and ird - nouméa staff and collaborators for their great effort in collecting and preserving deep - water scleractinians used to illustrate many genera in the present study . mvk is supported by the são paulo research foundation ( fapesp ) .
apozooxanthellate : species that have facultative symbiotic relationships with unicellular photosynthetic dinoflagellates ( symbiodinium spp . ) .
azooxanthellate : species that do not have symbiotic relationships with unicellular photosynthetic dinoflagellates ( symbiodinium spp . ) .
) . the base usually expands basally as a thin layer facilitating adhesion to the substrate .
: the process of asexual reproduction that adds new mouths ( or polyps ) to a corallum , often resulting in a colony .
heteropsammia cochle a a ( usnm 97652 ) and b ( usnm 73772 ) : calicular and lateral view respectively ; anomocora gigas ( mnhn uncatalogued , terrasses stn . cp3091 ) c and d calicular and lateral view respectively ; eguchipsammia fistula ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . 2024 ) e and f calicular and colony view respectively ; lophelia pertus a ( usnm 1071877 ) g and h calicular and colony view respectively ; dichopsammia granulos a ( usnm 15847 , holotype ) i and j calicular and colony view respectively ; solenosmilia variabili s ( usnm 47426 ) k and l distal branch and colony view respectively . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm ; green = 50 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
madracis asperula a ( sem , usnm 99068 ) and b ( usnm 99056 ) : calicular and colony view respectively ; cladopsammia sp . ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . 2023 ) c and d calicular and colony view respectively ; dendrophyllia alcocki ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . 2135 ) e and f calicular and colony view respectively ; enallopsammia rostrata ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . dw 2056 ) g and h calicular and colony ( calicular and acalicular side ) view respectively ; tubastraea coccine a ( usnm 46973 ) i calicular view ; tubastraea diaphana ( usnm 83677 ) j colony view ; goniocorella dumos a ( usnm 47505 ) k and l calicular and colony view respectively . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm ; green = 50 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
an axial structure of diverse shape and composition that projects from the center of a calice . if in the shape of a single lamella ( called
labyrinthocyathus limatulus ( usnm uncatalogued , bathus 4 stn . dw 936 ) a and b calicular and lateral view respectively ; oxysmilia corrugata ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . dw2125 ) c and d calicular and lateral view respectively ; monohedotrochus circularis ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . dw2124 ) e and f calicular and lateral view respectively ; lochmaeotrochus oculeus ( usnm uncatalogued , musorstom 6 stn . dw394 ) g and h calicular and “aggregation” view respectively ; paracyathus sp . ( mnhn uncatalogued , ebisco stn . dw2555 ) i and j calicular and lateral view respectively ; trochocyathus efateensis ( usnm uncatalogued , bathus 4 stn . dw818 ) k and l calicular and lateral view respectively . scale bars represent 5 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
trochopsammia infundibulum ( usnm 46722 ) a and b calicular and lateral view respectively ; pourtalopsammia togat a ( usnm 91792 ) c and d calicular and lateral view respectively ; bathypsammia tintinnabulum ( usnm 14569 ) e and f calicular and lateral view respectively ; endopsammia philippensi s ( usnm 83006 ) g and h calicular and lateral view respectively ; leptopsammia stokesian a ( usnm 78603 ) i and j calicular and lateral view respectively ; stenocyathus vermiformi s ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . ? ) k and l calicular and lateral view respectively . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
turbinolia stephensoni ( usnm 80014 ) a ( sem ) and b ( sem ) : calicular and oblique view respectively ; balanophyllia ( eupsammia ) carinata ( mnhn uncatalogued , chalcal stn . d22 ) c and d calicular and lateral view respectively ; foveolocyathus parkeri ( mnhn uncatalogued , musorstom 5 stn . 280 ) e and f calicular and lateral view respectively ; paraconotrochus zeidler i ( usnm 85677 , paratype ) g and h calicular and lateral view respectively ; trematotrochus corbicula ( usnm 46477 ) i ( sem ) and j ( sem ) : calicular and lateral view respectively ; endocyathopora laticostat a ( usnm 81894 ) k ( sem ) and l ( sem ) : calicular and lateral view respectively . scale bars : red = 0 . 25 mm ; blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm ; green = 50 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
cyathotrochus pileus ( usnm uncatalogued , bathus 3 stn . cp833 ) a and b calicular and lateral view respectively ; heterocyathus aequicostatus ( usnm uncatalogued , bathus 4 stn . dw933 ) c , d , and e calicular , lateral , and base view respectively ; heteropsammia cochlea ( usnm uncatalogued , bathus 3 stn . dw894 ) f , g , and h calicular , lateral , and base view respectively ; placotrochus laevi s ( usnm 81989 ) i and j calicular and lateral view respectively ; falcatoflabellum raoulensi s ( mnhn uncatalogued , ebisco stn . dw2603 ) k , l , and m calicular , lateral , and oblique view respectively ; placotrochides scaphul a ( mnhn uncatalogued , chalcal stn . dw75 ) n and o calicular and oblique view respectively . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
: the aragonitic calcium carbonate skeleton of a scleractinian coral . if the coral has only one mouth ( or calice ) , it is termed
pourtalosmilia anthophyllite s a ( usnm 1174947 ) and b ( usnm 117494 ) : calicular and colony view respectively ; confluphyllia juncta ( usnm 97316 , paratype ) c and d calicular and colony view respectively ; coenosmilia arbuscula ( usnm 97312 ) e and f calicular and colony view respectively ; sympodangia albatrossi ( usnm 97308 , holotype ) g ( sem ) and h calicular and colony view respectively ; madrepora oculata ( mnhn uncatalogued , halipro 2 stn . bt104 ) i and j calicular and colony view respectively ; cladocora debilis k ( usnm 10452 , sem ) and l ( usnm 62351 ) : calicular and colony view respectively . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm ; green = 50 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
rhizotrochus typus ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . dw2024 ) a and b calicular and lateral view respectively ; polymyces wellsi c ( mnhn uncatalogued , ebisco stn . dw2618 ) and d ( mnhn uncatalogued , new caledonia ) : calicular and lateral view respectively ; monomyces pygmaea ( usnm 48561 ) e and f calicular and lateral view respectively ; stolarskicyathus pocilliformis ( mnhn uncatalogued , ebisco stn . dw2573 ) g , h , and i calicular , oblique , and lateral view respectively ; gardineria hawaiiensis ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . dw2086 ) j and k calicular and lateral view respectively ; concentrotheca laevigat a ( usnm 80748 ) l and m calicular and oblique view respectively . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
ericiocyathus echinatus ( usnm 97169 , holotype ) a and b calicular and lateral view respectively ; anthemiphyllia patera costata ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . 2066 ) c and d calicular and lateral view respectively ; stephanocyathus ( stephanocyathus ) regius ( usnm uncatalogued , bathus 3 stn . 858 ) e and f calicular and lateral view respectively ; stephanocyathus ( acinocyathus ) spinig er ( usnm uncatalogued , bathus 3 stn . cp877 ) g and h calicular and lateral view respectively ; stephanocyathus ( odontocyathus ) coronat us ( usnm uncatalogued , bathus 4 stn . cp950 ) i and j calicular and lateral view respectively ; trochocyathus ( aplocyathus ) brevispina ( mnhn uncatalogued , musorstom 8 stn . dw960 ) k , l , and m calicular , oblique , and lateral view respectively . scale bars represent 5 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
) , which separate the polyp from the lower part of the corallum that it no longer occupies .
: a mode of intratentacular budding in which two polyps ( or calices ) develop within the common tentacular ring ( e . g . ,
: the external thecal edges of a solitary coral , those associated with the principal septa , sometimes bears a low thin crest , or a series of hollow spines . if the crest is limited to the basal portion of the corallum and project outward in the shape of a fish tail , they may be called spurs
a indeterminate caryophylliina ( lateral view of live specimen , roatan , honduras ~ 200 m deep ) : green arrow indicating the edge zone b javania sp . ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . ch 2115 , broken pedicel section ) : blue arrow indicating tectura layers c leptoseris gardineri ( jcu uncatalogued , australia , septal detail [ sem ] ) : yellow arrow indicating meniane d letepsammia franki ( mnhn uncatalogued , musorstom 6 stn . cp464 , oblique view ) : blue arrow indicating marginal shelf e balanophyllia carinata ( mnhn uncatalogued , chalcal stn . d22 , calicular view ) : green diagram indicating a complete septal system arranged in a pourtalès plan configuration f fungiacyathus sp . ( mnhn uncatalogued , biocal stn . cp17 , oblique view ) : synapticular plates highlighted in green g and h truncatoflabellum candeanun ( csiro uncatalogued , ss102005 stn . 170 - 086 , lateral views ) g anthocyathus and h anthocaulus i and j bourneotrochus stellulatus ( mnhn uncatalogued , musorstom 4 stn . dw162 , lateral views ) i anthocyathus and j a specimen undergoing transverse division . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm .
ceratotrochus magnaghii ( usnm 48780 ) a and b calicular and lateral view respectively ; tethocyathus virgatus ( usnm uncatalogued , smib 10 stn . dw205 ) c and d calicular and lateral view respectively ; guynia annulata ( mnhn uncatalogued , biogeocal stn . dw253 ) e , f and g calicular , lateral , and oblique view respectively ; conotrochus funicolumna ( usnm uncatalogued , bathus 4 stn . cp967 ) h and i calicular and lateral view respectively ; balanophyllia ( balanophyllia ) laysanensis ( mnhn uncatalogued , musorstom 6 stn . dw407 ) j and k calicular and lateral view respectively ; thecopsammia sociali s ( usnm 61828 ) l and m calicular and lateral view respectively . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
calicular and oblique view respectively . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
deltocyathoides orientalis ( mnhn uncatalogued , bathus 3 stn . dw829 ) a , b and c calicular , lateral , and base view respectively ; leptopenus discu s ( sio co - 1271 ) d ( sem ) and e ( sem ) : oblique views respectively ; stephanophyllia complicata ( usnm uncatalogued , new caledonia ) f , g , and h calicular , lateral , and base view respectively ; letepsammia formosissim a ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . dw2032 ) i , j , and k calicular , lateral , and base view respectively ; rhombopsammia niphada ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . dw2069 ) l , m , and n calicular , lateral , and base view respectively ; deltocyathus rotulus ( mnhn - scl . 2008 - 0004 ) o , p , and q calicular , lateral , and base view respectively . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .
: a single - mouthed corallum , i . e . , a solitary form
: arrangement of septa within a calice in which the septa are independent and all aligned with the center of the calice . ( see pourtalès plan )
) : small flattened lobes on the axial septal edge of various cycles , always one per septum , and not part of the septum to which it is attached but ontogenetically different . groups of pali occurring on the same cycle of septa and thus stand at the same distance from the center of the calice are called
: the stem - like region of a solitary coral just above the base and below the calicular surface .
colangia immersa ( usnm 73917 ) a and b calicular and colony view respectively ; culicia stellat a ( mnhn uncatalogued , new caledonia ) c and d calicular and stolon connection view respectively ; oulangia bradleyi ( usnm 92371 ) e and f calicular and lateral view respectively ; astrangia danae ( usnm 78507 , sem ) g calicular view ; astrangia poculata ( usnm 80350 , neotype ) g and h and colony view respectively ; cladangia exust a ( ypm 1359 , syntype ? ) i and j calicular and colony view respectively ; rhizosmilia sagamiensis ( usnm uncatalogued , norfolk 2 stn . 2124 ) k and l calicular and lateral view respectively . scale bars : blue = 1 mm ; white = 5 mm . bold face indicates type species for the genus .