dipsas pratti or pratt 's snail-eater is a species of arboreal snake of the family dipsadidae .

the species is endemic to northern south america .

dipsas pratti

dipsas pratti , hist . nat . y morfología 2012 | josé rances caicedo portilla - urltoken
dipsas is a genus of nonvenomous new world colubrid snakes in the subfamily xenodontinae .
distribution : dipsas pakaraima is known only from the type locality , mount ayanganna , guyana .
single individuals of two other colubrid species , dipsas variegata and liophis miliari s , were also collected on the plateau .
nota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than dipsas .
dipsas variegata ( a . m . c . duméril , bibron & a . h . a . duméril , 1854 )
dipsas variegata ( a . m . c . duméril , bibron & a . h . a . duméril , 1854 )
species in the genus dipsas are found from southern mexico through central america and south america , as far as argentina and paraguay .
the most recent thorough review of the genus dipsas laurenti 1768 was by peters ( 1960 ) , who recognized 32 species , and divided them into seven species groups based primarily on colour pattern . peters and orejas - miranda ( 1970 ) revised the genus to 28 species . more recently , a new species of dipsas from bolivia was described by reynolds and foster ( 1992 ) . mexican species of dipsas were examined by kofron ( 1982 ) , and costa rican species were reviewed by savage ( 2002 ) .
dipsas pakaraima cannot be assigned to any existing species group because it does not match the characters of any one group . it resembles the catesbyi group in colour pattern , but has three squamation characters in common with d . elegans ( oreas group ) ; long loreal , first pair of chinshields slightly elongate , temporals 2 + 2 / 3 + 3 . some characters of guiana shield species of dipsas are summarised in table 2 .
freiberg ma . 1982 . snakes of south america . hong kong : t . f . h . publications . 189 pp . isbn 0 - 87666 - 912 - 7 . ( genus dipsas , pp . 93 - 94 ) .
laurenti jn . 1768 . specimen medicum , exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatam cum experimentis circa venena et antidota reptilium austriacorum . vienna :
joan . thom . nob . de trattnern
. 214 pp . + plates i - v . ( dipsas , new genus , pp . 89 - 90 ) .
dipsas species are slender , small to medium - sized snakes , often no longer than 60 cm ( 24 in ) , and rarely longer than 100 cm ( 39 in ) . coloration and color pattern may vary , but often consist of black and brown , frequently with alternating rings separated by white .
the new species can be referred to dipsas because it possesses the following suite of characters : head distinct from neck ; mental groove absent ; tertiary temporals present ; four pairs chinshields ; posterior chinshields separated from lower labials by other scales ; maxillary teeth angled inwards ; pterygoids parallel , not diverging posteriorly ; occurring in northern south america ( peters 1960 ) .
diagnosis : amember of the genus dipsas characterised by 15 dorsal scale rows , the mid - dorsal row slightly enlarged ; four pairs of chin - shields , the first pair elongate ; elongate loreal entering orbit ; one preocular ; six upper labials , with only one elongate upper labial posterior to those that enter the orbit ; head narrow anteriorly , increasing in width posteriorly ; eye visible from below .
se describe una nueva especie del género dipsas de las montañas pakaraima de guyana . esta se caracteriza por presentar 15 hileras de escamas dorsales con las escamas de la hilera vertebral ligeramente agrandadas , cuatro pares de escudos geneiales con el primer par elongado , loreal elongado y en contacto con la órbita , una escama preocular , seis labiales superiores y la cabeza angosta en la partie anterior y más ancha posteriormente . no se determino su ubicación de acuerdo a los grupos de especies de peters ( 1960 ) . la nueva especie solo es conocida a 1490 m . s . n . m . en el monte ayanganna , un tepuy del escudo guayanés , en bosque de baja altura , dentro de bromelias o sobre ramas . es el primer informe del género dipsas como miembro de la fauna altotepuyana del escudo guayanés .
dipsas pakaraima can be distinguished from d . catesbyi by its 15 dorsal scale rows ( 13 in d . catesby i ) , six upper labials ( 8 - 9 ) , loreal entering orbit ( not ) ; from d . copei by four pairs of chinshields ( three in d . cope i ) , six upper labials ( 10 - 11 ) , loreal entering orbit ( not ) ; from d . indica and d . pavonina by 15 scale rows ( 13 in d . indica and d . pavonin a ) , six upper labials ( 9 - 11 ) , four pairs of chin - shields ( three ) ; from d . variegata by one pre - ocular ( none in d . variegat a ) , six upper labials ( 7 - 10 ) , four pairs of chinshields ( two or three ) . no other described species of dipsas occurs in the guiana region .
there is considerable variation in scale counts , as is often encountered in dipsas ( peters 1956 , 1960 ) . among the males ventrals range from 178193 , subcaudals 103117 . the longest male has the fewest subcaudals and the second - fewest ventrals , while the shortest male has the most ventrals . the female has 175 ventrals and 98 subcaudals . there was no correlation between svl and number of ventrals , subcaudals , blotches or maxillary teeth among the males ( table 1 ) .
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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ines hladki , a . , ramírez pinilla , m . , renjifo , j . , urbina , n . , schargel , w . & rivas , g .
listed as least concern because of the relatively large extent of occurrence , occurrence in several protected areas , and because the species probably is not declining fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories .
this snake occurs in colombia and venezuela . in colombia it has been recorded in the cordillera central , ( departments of bolívar , medellín , quindio , and tolima ) and from the cordillera oriental ( departments of santander and cesar ) . in venezuela it has been recorded at serranía de perijá , estado zulia . known elevational range extends from 1 , 300 to 2 , 250 m asl . ( moreno - arias et al . 2006 , harvey 2008 , llano - mejia 2010 , barros et al . 2012 ) .
this species is known from only 13 specimens collected in colombia ; nine specimens recently were collected in venezuela ( barros et al . 2012 ) .
it is found in undisturbed cloud forest ( barros et al . 2012 ) .
threats include deforestation for agriculture and illegal crops , and direct killing by people who mistakenly think it is venomous .
it occurs in several protected areas in colombia and likely occurs in the sierra de perijá national park in venezuela . further study of the systematics of this species is needed .
ines hladki , a . , ramírez pinilla , m . , renjifo , j . , urbina , n . , schargel , w . & rivas , g . 2016 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
key words : colubridae , dipsa s , new species , guyana , pakaraima mountains , tepuis .
dipsadine snakes constitute a morphologically unique group of the neotropical colubridae . the members of this group exhibit a number of characters specialised for an arboreal malacophagous life such as lateral compression of the body , reduction or loss of the mental groove and inward angling of the maxillary teeth .
of the 29 species of dipsa s , most occur in central america or andean south america . five species ( d . catesby i , d . cope i , d . indic a , d . pavonina and d . variegat a ) , as well as the dipsadine sibon nebulat a , occur in the guiana region of northeastern south america ( peters 1960 , roze 1966 , peters and orejas - miranda 1970 , chippaux 1986 , starace 1998 , kornacker 1999 ) .
recent collections from mount ayanganna , in the pakaraima mountains of western guyana , included specimens of a new species of dipsa s .
all specimens of the species described herein are in the collections of the royal ontario museum ( rom ) .
holotype : rom 41233 , adult male collected on the northeast plateau of mount ayanganna , guyana , 05º24n , 059º57w , elevation 1490 m , 31 october 2000 , by roland edward .
paratypes : rom 412346 , three adult males and rom 41237 , a female , collected in the vicinity of the type - locality , 2631 october 2000 , by amy lathrop , carter cox and ross macculloch .
description of holotype : rostral as broad as long , visible from above ; internasals wider than long , much smaller than pre - frontals ; prefrontals pentagonal , as wide as long ; frontal bell - shaped , 1 . 3 times as long as wide ; supraoculars 1 ; parietals 1 . 4 times as long as wide ; occipital region with three transverse rows of scales ( fig . 1 , top ) .
nasal partially divided dorsally ; loreal elongate , in contact with nasal , prefrontal , preocular , 2nd , 3rd and 4th labials , enters orbit ; preocular 1 , narrowly in contact with frontal ; suboculars absent ; postoculars 1 ; primary temporal 1 , enters orbit ; secondary temporals 2 ; tertiary temporals 2 ; upper labials 6 , 4th and 5th entering orbit , 6th longest . pupil vertical ( fig . 1 , centre ) .
lower labials 8 , first pair in contact behind mental , 4 pairs in contact with first pair of chin - shields ; 4 pairs of chinshields , the first elongate , crescent - shaped , the second in contact with 4th and 5th labials , the third and fourth separated from labials . ventral headscales with pores scattered across the surface of the scales . mental groove absent ( fig . 1 , bottom ) .
head narrow anteriorly , widest at temporal region , maximum width 55 % of length . maxillary teeth 17 ; palatine teeth 9 ; pterygoid teeth 7 . snoutvent length 435 mm , tail 190 mm .
ventrals 191 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 117 . dorsal scale rows 15 , vertebral scale row slightly enlarged , 1 . 1 times the width of the paravertebral scales at midbody , vertebral scales blunt - tipped . scales without apical pits .
dorsal scale reduction formula 17 3 + 4 ( 6 ) 15 8 ( 189 ) 14 7 + 7 ( 191 ) 1 3 . caudo - dorsal scale reduction formula 6 1 + 2 ( 12 ) 4 1 + 2 ( 76 ) 2 ( 117 ) .
hemipenial morphology : the hemipenis is single , slightly wider at apex , capitate . the everted organ is five subcaudals or 8 mm in length . the demarcation of the capitate region is evident on both the sulcate and asulcate sides , at about the level of the third subcaudal . the capitate region is covered in spines which decrease slightly in size distally . on the sulcate side , the midsection has spinose longitudinal plicae , the spines increasing in size distally . the capitate region has a patch of large spines medially with smaller spines laterally and distally . asulcate midsection with spinose plicae laterally and basally ; capitate region with larger spines medially , decreasing in size distally . basal section plicate , naked but for a few small spinules . the sulcus spermaticus bifurcates near the apex . the intrasulcar surface is smooth . hemipenes and adjacent tissue are white . ( fig . 2 ) .
dorsolateral ground colour light brown anteriorly , darkening posteriorly . a series of 22 pairs of medium brown dorso - lateral blotches , outlined in black , between neck and vent . anteriorly the blotches are each about five scales long middorsally , lengthening to 89 scales dorsolaterally , then tapering to five scales on the first dorsal scale row . posteriorly the blotches become shorter . anteriorly the blotches are separated by one or two lateral scales ; toward midbody this separation diminishes , and the black borders of adjacent blotches are in contact . in the five posteriormost blotches the black borders are reduced laterally , present only middorsally and on the ventrals . this results in a continuous uniform medium brown lateral colouration .
many pairs of blotches are not exactly opposite or symmetrical but rather alternating , creating a pattern of staggered blotches along the back . this asymmetry is caused by a blotch being a different length from its corresponding opposite blotch . in the holotype the blotch pairs change from opposite to alternating to opposite twice along the length of the body ( fig . 3 ) .
within the dorsal blotches the scales appear to have dark tips , the result of overlapping the next posterior scale . however , the lighter - coloured scales outside the blotches do not appear dark - tipped where they overlap the next scale . between the blotches the light brown background creates a middorsal pattern of diamond shapes ( or half - diamond where the blotches are not symmetrical ) ; these diamonds contain small dark brown spots . the dorsal background colour becomes progressively darker posteriorly , converging with the blotch colour .
ventral background colour pale brown , the dorsolateral blotches extending to the mid - ventral point , each covering two or three ventrals . ventrals otherwise immaculate anteriorly , posteriorly with small black patches consisting of several juxtaposed or narrowly separated squarish to half - moon - shaped marks . the ventral dark markings become more intense posteriorly ( fig . 3 ) .
tail with a narrow cream middorsal stripe flanked by narrow black stripes . background colour is dark brown laterally and ventrally , with a few small cream - and - black lateral blotches proximally .
head dark brown dorsally and laterally . lower labials with a narrow white band at lip . chin medium brown with light brown mottling increasing posteriorly . in preservative the colour has changed only slightly .
variation : the male paratypes vary in svl from 381557 mm and in tail length from 158237 mm . the single female has a svl of 375 mm and tail length of 157 mm .
other than the holotype , only one male ( rom 41234 ) has scale row reduction anterior to the anus . this specimen has 178 ventrals and a reduction formula of 15 8 ( 175 ) 14 7 + 7 ( 177 ) 1 3 . in two males and the female , the neck reduction involves rows four and five instead of rows three and four . among the males the caudo - dorsal scale reduction formula is 6 1 + 2 ( 1218 ) 4 1 + 2 ( 5482 ) 2 ( 103117 ) . caudo - dorsal scale row reduction is 1 + 2 in all males , but is 2 + 3 in the female , and occurs closer to the vent . the females caudo - dorsal scale reduction formula is 6 2 + 3 ( 7 ) 4 1 + 2 ( 60 ) 2 98 .
the smallest male has two postoculars , so the primary temporal does not enter the orbit . this male also has the most temporals , 3 + 3 + 3 . the female has fused temporals on both sides , creating a temporal formula of ( left / right ) 1 + 1 + 3 / 1 + 1 + 2 . the female has only three pairs of chinshields and lacks pores on the ventral head scales . one male has a few divided ventral scales , of types 1 and 6 of peters ( 1960 ) .
maxillary teeth are 1620 in males , 15 in the female ( table 1 ) . palatine teeth are 78 in males , five in the female . pterygoid teeth are 79 in males , six in the female .
in the female the blotches are apparent ventrally and laterally , but much less apparent on the upper part of the body , so that the mid - dorsal colouration appears uniformly medium brown ( fig . 3 ) . this specimen has 27 body blotches ; its tail has only a few midventral traces of blotches proximally , and is otherwise immaculate medium brown .
etymology : the specific epithet refers to the pakaraima mountains of western guyana , where the type locality is located . it is used as a noun in apposition .
donnelly , m . a . & c . w . myers . 1991 . herpetological results of the 1990 venezuelan expedition to the summit of cerro guaiquinima , with new tepui reptiles . amer . mus . novit . 3017 : 154 .
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( serpentes : colubridae ) de los tepuyes de la guayana venezolana . publ . asoc . amigos de doñana 6 : 117 .
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[ 1999 ] . contribution to the herpetofauna of the venezuelan guayana i . a data base . scientia guaianae # 8 , caracas . xviii + 270 + 32 p .
huber , o . , g . gharbarran & v . funk . 1995 . vegetation map of guyana . centre for the study of biological diversity , univ . of guyana , georgetown .
kornacker , p . m . 1999 . checklist and key to the snakes of venezuela . pako - verlag , rheinbach . 269 p .
( sauria : teiidae ) from the highlands of guyana . carib . j . sci . 37 : 174181 .
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maguire , b . 1970 . on the flora of the guyana highland . biotropica 2 : 85 - 100 .
myers , c . w . 1997 . preliminary remarks on the summit herpetofauna of auyantepui , eastern venezuela . acta terramaris 10 : 18 .
myers , c . w . & m . a . donnelly . 1996 . a new herpetofauna from cerro yavi , venezuela : first results of the robert g . goelet american museum  terramar expedition to the northwest tepuis . amer . mus . novit . 3172 : 156 .
myers , c . w . & m . a . donnelly . 1997 . a tepui herpetofauna on a granitic mountain ( tamacuari ) in the border - land between venezuela and brazil : report from the phipps tapirapeco expedition . amer . mus . novit . 3213 : 171 .
myers , c . w . & m . a . donnelly . 2001 . herpetofauna of the yutaje - corocoro massif , venezuela : second report from the robert g . goelet american museum terramar expedition to the northwestern tepuis . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 261 : 185 .
peters , j . a . 1960 . the snakes of the subfamily dipsadinae . misc . pub . mus . zool . univ . michigan 114 : 1224 .
peters , j . a . & b . orejas - miranda . 1970 . catalogue of the neotropical squamata . part i . snakes . u . s . nat . mus . bull . 297 : 1347 .
reynolds , r . p . & m . s . foster . 1992 . four new species of frogs and one new species of snake from the chapare region of bolivia , with notes on other species . herpetol . monogr . 6 : 83104 .
roze , j . a . 1958a . los reptiles del auyantepui , venezuela , basandose en las colecciones de las expediciónes de phelps - tate , del american museum of natural history , 1937 - 1938 , y de l a universidad central de venezuela , 1956 . acta biol . venez . 2 : 243270 .
roze , j . a . 1958b . los reptiles de chimanta tepui ( estado bolivar ) venezuela , colectados por la expedición botanica del chicago natural history museum . acta biol . venez . 2 : 299314 .
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universidad de costa rica . escuela de biología , 2060 san josé , costa rica , san pedro , san josé , cr , 2060 , 2511 - 5500 , 2511 - 5550 rbt @ urltoken
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r . alexander pyron , 1 juan m . guayasamin , 2 nicolás peñafiel , 2 lucas bustamante , 2 , 3 and alejandro arteaga 2 , 3
1 department of biological sciences , the george washington university , 2023 g st . nw , washington , d . c . 20052 usa
3 tropical herping , av . eloy alfaro n39 - 202 y josé puerta , ed . montecatini , quito , ecuador
copyright r . alexander pyron , juan m . guayasamin , nicolás peñafiel , lucas bustamante , alejandro arteaga
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thus , the tribe nothopsini does not appear to represent a natural group , despite the putative morphological synapomorphies uniting the taxa listed above ( savitzky 1974 ; ferrarezzi 1994 ; wallach 1995 ; martinez 2011 ) . contrastingly , the strength of the molecular results suggests that these likely represent convergence , at least between nothopsis and xenopholis . this is not surprising , given the massive ecomorphological diversification exhibited by dipsadinae following their adaptive radiation in the neotropics ( cadle 1984a , b , c ) .
work in ecuador was carried out under permit number mae - dnb - cm - 2015 - 0017 . we obtained tissue samples of
( 1 ) , via fieldwork in ecuador . the specimens are deposited at the museo de zoología at the universidad tecnológica indoamérica ( mzuti ; tables
morphometric data for specimens of diaphorolepidini species examined or from literature . codes are : mt = maxillary teeth ; il = infralabials ; sl = supralabials ; po = postoculars ; v = ventrals ; sc = subcaudals ; d1 - 3 = dorsal scale rows at neck , midbody , and vent ; svl = snout - vent length ( mm ) ; tl = tail length ( mm ) . museum codes are given in sabaj - perez ( 2013 ) . includes data from reptiliawebecuador ( torres - carvajal et al . 2014 ) .
4 km . e río baba bridge , 24 km . s santo domingo de los colorados , pichincha , ecuador
colombia , dpto . antioquia , mpio . amalfi , v . da la manguita , fca . la esperanza
ecuador , napo - pastaza , nr . río talin , headwaters of the río bobonaza
ecuador , napo prov . , inecel station , cascada san rafael , río quijos
we isolated total dna from liver tissue or tail tips by proteinase k digestion in lysis buffer , followed by protein precipitation with guanidine thiocyanate solution and final dna precipitation using isopropyl alcohol . we used the following pairs of primers to amplify and sequence four mitochondrial genes ( 12s , 16s , cytb , nd4 ) and one nuclear locus ( cmos ) : snake _ 12s _ f ( 5’ - aaactgggattagataccccactat - 3’ ) , snake _ 12s _ r ( 5’ - gtrcgcttaccwtgttacgact - 3’ ) , snake _ 16s _ f ( 5’ - cgcctgtttaycaaaaacat - 3’ ) , and snake _ 16s _ r ( 5’ - ccggtctgaactcagatcacgt - 3’ ) from kessing et al . ( 1989 ) ; snake _ cytb _ f ( 5’ - gacctgtgatmtgaaaaccaycgttgt - 3’ ) and snake _ cytb _ r ( 5’ - ctttggtttacaagaacaatgcttta - 3’ ) from burbrink et al . ( 2000 ) ; snake _ nd4 _ f ( 5’ - cacctatgactaccaaaagctcatgtagaagc - 3’ ) and snake _ nd4 _ r ( 5’ - cattacttttacttggatttgcacca - 3’ ) from arévalo et al . ( 1994 ) ; and snake _ cmosfs77 ( 5’ - catggactgggatcagttatg - 3’ ) and snake _ cmosrs78 ( 5’ - ccttgggtgtgattttctcacct - 3’ ) from lawson et al . ( 2005 ) .
we set up pcr reactions to a total volume of 25 µl containing mgcl2 2–3 mm , dntps 200 µm , 0 . 2 µm of each primer ( 0 . 8 µm in the case of nd4 ) and 1 . 25 u ( 16s and cytb ) or 0 . 625 u ( nd4 and c - mos ) of taq dna polymerase ( invitrogen ) . thermocycling parameters consisted of an initial three - minute step at 94 °c ; 25 to 30 cycles of 45–60 sec at 94 °c , 45 ( 16s and c - mos ) or 60 ( nd4 and cytb ) sec at 53–60 °c , 1 ( 16s and c - mos ) or 2 ( nd4 and cytb ) min at 72 °c ; and a final extension of 7 min at 72 °c . we used 1 . 5 % agarose gels to visualize the pcr products and qiaquick pcr purification kit ( qiagen ) to remove unincorporated primers and dntps from every pcr reaction before they were sent to macrogen inc . for sequencing .
we combined these new data with the publically available sequences for nothopsis and xenopholis ( vidal et al . 2010 ; grazziotin et al . 2012 ) . we obtained additional sequences of synophis bicolor from the museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo ( mhua 14577 [ museo de herpetología de la universidad de antioquia ] , from colombia : 12s , 16s , cytb , and cmos ) and the university of texas , arlington ( uta - r 55956 from ecuador : cytb and nd4 ) .
) . for available specimens examined in person , in photographs , or in the literature , we recorded svl and tl in mm , and counts of supralabials , infralabials , postoculars , ventrals , and subcaudals . we made cursory notes on the hemipenes of some male specimens when they were visible (
) . overall , there is low support for many backbone nodes , which may reflect inadequate sampling of taxa ( only ~ 250 out of ~ 900 dipsadine species ) or characters ( only two independent loci ) .
phylogeny ( part ) of ~ 245 dipsadine species plus outgroups , based on partitioned , multi - gene bayesian inference analysis of 3 , 462bp of mitochondrial and nuclear dna . support values given are posterior probabilities ≥50 % from 15 million post - burnin generations .
) , though many species in the latter two clades range across both central and south america . several speciose genera in the primarily central american clade are non - monophyletic , including
, which are strongly supported as a monophyletic group . this specimen is from the peruvian amazon and is pictured in
from the brazilian shield . thus , it is possible either that a curatorial or laboratory error occurred at some point , or that there is cryptic genetic diversity in
we seek here to only name clades associated nothopsini that are strongly supported in our molecular phylogeny . above the genus level , nothopsini is not a natural group in any of its recent conformations . we place nothopsis alone in nothopsini cope , 1871 . we resurrect and re - delimit the tribe diaphorolepidini jenner , 1981 to include only diaphorolepis , emmochliophis , and synophis . the genus xenopholis is not strongly supported in any supra - generic group and remains incertae sedis in dipsadinae ( see grazziotin et al . 2012 ) .
) . a number of issues are immediately apparent , and can be addressed with our results . we outline these below .
photographs of some diaphorolepidine species in life : a synophis zaheri mzuti 3353 b synophis zaheri mzuti 3355 c synophis calamitus mzuti 3694 d synophis aff . bicolor mzuti 3529 e synophis lasallei uncat . , and f diaphorolepis wagneri mzuti 3901 .
photographs in preservation of some diaphorolepidine species . upper : synophis bicolor mzuti 4175 , middle : synophis lasallei mzuti 4181 , lower : synophis aff . bicolor mzuti 4180 .
summary of measured diagnostic characters ( external meristic features ) for diaphorolepidine species . these data are a summary of table
( omitting some subcaudal scale counts from apparently truncated tails ) , and can be used to identify ambiguous specimens in the field or collections , and should be updated with new material in the future .
first , the head scalation of diaphorolepis wagneri has not been accurately characterized by most authors ( see bogert 1964 ) . additionally , the holotype of diaphorolepis laevis was incorrectly described with respect to several major characters ( werner 1923 ) . finally , reviewing museum specimens , including most holotypes , reveals that the current species boundaries and diagnoses are oftentimes inaccurate with respect to the observed range of variation in the relevant characters . in particular , the holotype of synophis bicolor does not match many populations typically referred to this species ( bogert 1964 ; hillis 1990 ; sheil and grant 2001 ) .
in the case of diaphorolepis wagneri , the postoculars can range from 1–3 ( rather than 1–2 ) , as illustrated by bogert ( 1964 ) , but not discussed explicitly . werner ( 1901 ) apparently considered the small , lower postocular to be a subocular . occasionally , the middle postocular will not be in contact with the brille , and resembles a temporal , behind the two remaining postoculars . as noted previously , the nasals are never divided , but only creased ( sheil and grant 2001 ) , contrary to reports from some previous authors ( bogert 1964 ; hillis 1990 ) .
in the case of synophis bicolor , the holotype ( mzut 257 ) has 180 ventrals , 136 subcaudals , and 9 infralabials , whereas sampled populations from the andes of ecuador typically have 152–166 ventrals , 96–122 subcaudals , and 10 or 11 infralabials . the locality of the holotype is unknown . sampled populations from the chocó of ecuador match the holotype more closely , with 174–183 ventrals , 129–143 subcaudals , and 9–11 infralabials . the chocóan populations typically occur at low to middle elevations ( ~ 200–300m ) , whereas andean populations occur at higher elevations ( ~ 800–1700m ) . populations from the northern western andes of colombia have 184–193 ventrals , 127–131 subcaudals , and 10–12 infralabials .
) . a full revision of this species complex is pending further molecular and morphological sampling . we refer to the chocóan populations as
( using aff . versus cf . somewhat arbitrarily ) for the remainder of the paper . the
, which is the sister lineage of the ecuadorean andean lineages . the specimen of
photographs of some diaphorolepidine species in life : synophis bicolor uta r - 55956 ( a ) , and synophis cf . bicolor mhua 14577 ( b ) .
finally , we report here on two specimens of synophis aff . calamitus from low to middle elevations on the pacific versant of the andes in sw ecuador . these are diagnosable from the species above based on numerous characters , and we here name them :
map of vouchered localities for synophis lasallei ( yellow circles ) , synophis plectovertebralis ( pink circles ) , synophis calamitus ( teal circles ) , synophis zaheri ( red circles ) , emmochliophis miops ( green triangle ) and emmochliophis fugleri ( blue triangle ) .
photographs in preservation of some diaphorolepidine species . upper : diaphorolepis wagneri mzuti 3901 , center : synophis zaheri mzuti 3355 , lower : synophis calamitus mzuti 3694 .
) , in a narrow band of cloud forest on the pacific versant of the andes .
) , adult male collected a few minutes after the holotype , a few meters away .
named after the preeminent brazilian herpetologist hussam el - dine zaher , for his innumerable contributions to south american herpetology and snake systematics .
synophis zaheri can be differentiated from diaphorolepis by an unmodified vertebral scale row with a single weak keel ( versus a laterally expanded vertebral scale row , bicarinate or smooth ) ; from emmochliophis by the presence of a loreal ( versus absence ) ; from synophis bicolor by having 166–169 ventrals ( versus 174–183 ) and 111–112 subcaudals ( versus 129–143 ) ; from synophis aff . bicolor by having 8 or 9 infralabials ( versus 10 or 11 ) and lighter brown dorsal coloration in life ( versus darker black ) ; from synophis cf . bicolor by having 166–169 ventrals ( versus 184–193 ) , 111–112 subcaudals ( versus 127–131 ) , and 8 or 9 infralabials ( versus 10–12 ) ; from synophis calamitus by having two postoculars ( versus one typically ) and internasals in contact ( versus divided typically ) ; from synophis lasallei by having 166–169 ventrals ( versus 144–165 ) , 19 dorsal scale rows at midbody ( versus 21–23 typically ) , 8 or 9 infralabials ( versus 10 or 11 ) , and by having the anteriormost dorsal scale rows smooth ( versus keeled ) ; and from synophis plectrovertebralis by absence of a nuchal collar ( versus presence ) and two postoculars ( versus one ) .
) , we have prepared updated accounts for the tribe and the other species . hopefully , these will serve as useful descriptive summaries for taxonomic boundaries , species delimitation , and the assignment of new specimens and populations to species - level groups . we focus primarily on the external morphological characters that will be of greatest use for identifying specimens in the field and from preserved collections . in some cases , more detailed information can be found in the original descriptions cited . the tribe name
, for which availability as a published work is ambiguous . we conservatively continue to credit the name to her , rather than treat it as unavailable and re - describe it ourselves .
apparently from the greek diaphoros for “differentiated” and lepis for “scales , ” likely referring to the enlarged vertebral scale row as compared to the rest of the dorsal scales .
a group of relatively small - sized ( < 550mm svl ) dipsadine snakes restricted to the darien of panama and northern andes of south america with fused prefrontals and either an expanded vertebral scale row ( diaphorolepis ) or expanded zygapophyses and neural spines in adults ( emmochliophis and synophis ) .
the tribe name has also been spelled ‘ diaphorolepini ’ by sheehy ( 2012 ) , but diaphorolepidini is the correct spelling based on the suffix – lepis , for which the stem is – lepid + – ini . this is a greatly restricted definition of diaphorolepidini over the original description ( jenner 1981 ) , which included atractus , chersodromus , crisantophis , elapomorphus , enulius , gomesophis , pseudotomodon , ptychophis , and sordellina .
relatively small - sized ( < 550mm svl ) dipsadine snakes restricted to the darien in panama and northern andes of south america , with 16–25 maxillary teeth , 10–13 infralabials , 8 or 9 supralabials , fused prefrontals , internasals in contact , loreal present , 1–3 postoculars , 157–197 ventrals , 84–141 subcaudals , dorsal scales in ( 19–21 ) - 19 - 17 rows , and expanded vertebral scale row with weak to strong double keeling .
this genus was validly described by jan ( 1863 ) , and re - described by werner ( 1897 ) . werner ( 1901 ) later incorrectly deemed jan’s name a nomen nudum , and re - described the genus and type species , designating a neotype . however , this was an error of interpretation , later realized by werner himself ( werner 1929 ) , and neither the re - description or neotype designation have any nomenclatural validity ( see bogert 1964 ) . the lower subcaudal counts for some specimens likely represent truncated tails .
apparently from the latin laevis for “smooth , ” referring to the anterior dorsal scales .
relatively small - sized snake ( 350mm svl ) with 10 infralabials , 8 / 9 supralabials , 2 postoculars , internasals in contact , fused prefrontals , loreal present , nuchal collar apparently present , 16 / 18 maxillary teeth , 157 ventrals , 84 subcaudals , 19 - 19 - 17 dorsal scale rows , vertebral scale row is enlarged , with single keels on lateral dorsal scale rows and double keels on enlarged vertebral scale row weak to absent anteriorly and weak posteriorly . uniformly light - colored venter and dark - colored dorsum in preservative . nothing is known of the hemipenes or vertebrae .
zsm 2708 / 0 , locality given only as “andes of ecuador . ” we revise this by subsequent restriction ( sensu smith 1953 ) to milpé , pichincha province , ecuador ( 0 . 035 , - 78 . 87 ; 1076m ) , the locality of one of the specimens ( mzuti 3322 ) examined here .
most likely after moritz wagner , who collected the holotype ( see bauer 2013 ) , and not johann andreas wagner as suggested by previous authors ( beolens et al . 2011 ) .
the re - description and neotype designation ( nmw 18915 ) of werner ( 1901 ) have no nomenclatural validity ( see bogert 1964 ) .
from the greek emmochlion for “a socket for a bar” and ophis for “snake , ” referring to the unique interlocking vertebrae ( fritts and smith 1969 ) .
both species are known only from the types . the hemipenis of emmochliophis fugleri has been briefly described ( fritts and smith 1969 ) , but prior to modern classifications of the organ ( zaher 1999 ) , and needs to be examined in more detail . the organ is unknown in emmochliophis miops , as the sole known specimen is female ( sheil 1998 ) .
uimnh 78795 , 4 km . e río baba bridge , 24 km . s santo domingo de los colorados , pichincha , ecuador , ~ 600 m .
known only from the type specimen , a male , collected by c . fugler in february 1966 .
none given by boulenger ( 1898 ) ; likely from the greek miops for “myopia , ” in reference the species’ small eyes , given as diagnostic by boulenger .
known only from the type specimen , a female , collected by w . f . h . rosenberg in october 1897 . the type specimen was re - described in great detail by sheil ( 1998 ) .
none given by peracca ( 1896 ) ; presumably from the greek syn - for “with” or “together” and ophis for “snake , ” though the intended meaning of “with snake” is unclear .
relatively small - sized ( ~ 300mm svl ) dipsadine snakes of the andes and chocó of colombia and ecuador , with 16–27 maxillary teeth , 7–11 infralabials , 7–9 supralabials , fused prefrontals , loreal present , 1 or 2 postoculars , 144–184 ventrals , 88–138 subcaudals , dorsal scales in ( 19–21 ) - ( 17–21 ) - ( 17–20 ) rows , neural spine expanded and flattened , laterally expanded zygapophyses , and hemipenes slightly bilobed , semicalyculate , and semicapitate , relatively stout and bulbous , covered in large spines or hooks .
none given by peracca ( 1896 ) ; presumably from the greek bi - color for “two colors , ” referring to the dark dorsum and light venter .
map of vouchered localities for synophis bicolor populations : synophis bicolor sensu stricto ( purple circles ) , western synophis aff . bicolor ( blue circles ) , eastern synophis aff . bicolor ( yellow circles ) , and synophis cf . bicolor ( teal circles ) .
second are the chocóan populations from nw ecuador , and presumably sw colombia ( ~ 200–300m ) . these match the holotype in having 174–183 ventrals , 129–138 subcaudals , 8 supralabials , and typically 9 infralabials , though one specimen from further south ( mzuti 4175 ) has 11 . we revise the type locality of
third are the colombian andean highland populations ( ~ 1400–1500m ; see nicéforo - maria 1970 ) , which differ from the holotype in having 184–193 ventrals ( versus 180 ) , 127–131 subcaudals ( versus 136 ) , and 10–12 infralabials ( versus 9 ) . this group likely represents a third species , synophis cf . bicolor . while we refrain from describing these additional synophis bicolor - group species here based on limited current sampling , the populations described above likely represent at least two ( ecuadorean andean highland and colombian andean highland ) if not three ( e and w ecuadorean and colombian andean highland ) species .
from the latin for “calamity , ” referring to accidents that befell the original collectors ( hillis 1990 ) .
11931 ) from near the type locality was originally mis - identified ( o . torres - carvajal ,
( bmnh 1940 . 2 . 30 . 31 ) is known from río soloya near mindo north of río toachi , but this may have been mis - labeled , or mis - referenced geographically . the specimen of
) . finally , one specimen sequenced here from tambo tanda ( mzuti 3694 ) appears to have aberrantly subdivided head scales , possessing one extra postocular , and 2 extra supralabials and infralabials ( fig .
) , which are misshapen and abnormally small . the badly damaged paratype also appears to have two postoculars on one side ( o . torres - carvajal ,
that one postocular , 7 or 8 supralabials , and 9 infralabials ( along with the divided internasals and smooth anterior dorsal scale - rows ) are generally diagnostic of the species , but with rare individual variation .
mls / cjsp uncat . , from n of albán , cen . cundinamarca dept . , cen . colombia .
after the instituto de la salle , in bogotá ( nicéforo - maria 1950 ) .
smaller ( ~ 300mm svl ) dipsadine snakes of the amazonian versant of the andes of ecuador and colombia , diagnosable by 24 maxillary teeth , 10 or 11 infralabials , 7–9 supralabials , fused prefrontals , internasals in contact , loreal present , 1 or 2 postoculars , nuchal collar absent , 144–165 ventrals , 101–126 subcaudals , dorsal scales in ( 19–23 ) - ( 19–22 ) - ( 17–21 ) strongly keeled rows even on head and neck , venter dark in some populations , neural spines expanded and flattened , and laterally expanded zygapophyses . known from low to high elevations ( ~ 500–2000m ) along the amazonian versant of the andes from central colombia to central ecuador . nothing is known of diet or reproduction .
uvc 11858 , from hacienda san pedro , about 6 km south el queremal , municipio dagua , departamento del valle del cauca , colombia .
from the latin plecto - for “braided” or “woven” and veretbralis for “vertebrae , ” referring to the appearance of the interlocking zygapophyses viewed from above ( sheil and grant 2001 ) .
known only from the holotype and paratype ( apparently juveniles ) , though other material has apparently been collected in colombia , near the type locality ( t . grant and e . meneses - pelayo , pers . comm . ) . the hemipenes have not been examined . a more detailed description of the two specimens is provided by sheil and grant ( 2001 ) .
given our restriction of the name , we also provide the following re - description of the re - delimited nothopsini . note that we have not performed a comparative examination of a large series of preserved material , and these data are summarized from the literature ( dunn and dowling 1957 ; savage 2002 ; kohler 2008 ; mccranie 2011 ) to provide a basis for future revisions .
nothopsis affinis boulenger , 1895 ( holotype bmnh 1946 . 1 . 15 . 62 , “salidero , nw ecuador , 350ft” ) [ subjective junior synonym of nothopsis rugosus fide dunn & dowling 1957 ]
from the greek nothos for “bastard” and opsis for “appearance , ” with cope ( 1871 ) apparently referring to putative mimicry of bothrops atrox .
this taxon has historically been divided up into as many as three species ( see dunn and dowling 1957 ) , though only a single species is currently recognized . there may be cryptic variation or undiscovered diversity within this group . note that the family name was originally spelled nothopidae by cope ( 1871 ) , but – ops – is the correct stem from – opsis , and nothopsidae ( and nothopsini ) is thus the correct spelling , as adopted by later authors .
pyron ra , guayasamin jm , peñafiel n , bustamante l , arteaga a ( 2015 ) systematics of nothopsini ( serpentes , dipsadidae ) , with a new species of synophis from the pacific andean slopes of southwestern ecuador . zookeys 541 : 109–147 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 541 . 6058
estudos sobre ofidios neotropicos . xvii . valor sistemático de varias formas de ophidios neotrópicos .
mitochondrial dna sequence divergence and phylogenetic relationships among eight chromosome races of the sceloporus grammicus complex ( phrynosomatidae ) in central mexico .
an account of the reptiles and batrachians collected by mr . w . f . h . rosenberg in western ecuador .
mitochondrial dna phylogeography of the polytypic north american rat snake ( elaphe obsoleta ) : a critique of the subspecies concept .
molecular systematics of neotropical xenodontine snakes . iii . overview of xenodontine phylogeny and the history of new world snakes .
uma sinopse dos generos e classificao das serpentes ( squamata ) : ii . familia colubridae .
. pontificia universidade catolica de minas gerais belo horizonte , minas gerais , 81–91 .
grazziotin fg , zaher h , murphy rw , scrocchi g , benavides ma , zhang yp , bonatto sl . ( 2012 )
molecular phylogeny of the new world dipsadidae ( serpentes : colubroidea ) : a reappraisal .
a new species of xenodontine colubrid snake of the genus synophis from ecuador and the phylogeny of the genera synophis and emmochliophis .
international commission on zoological nomenclature : ride wdl , international trust for zoological nomenclature , natural history museum ( london england ) & international union of biological sciences , general assembly . ( 1999 )
kessing b , croom h , martin a , mcintosh c , mcmillan wo , palumbi s . ( 1989 )
lanfear r , calcott b , ho syw , guindon s . ( 2012 )
lawson r , slowinski jb , crother bi , burbrink ft . ( 2005 )
phylogeny of the colubroidea ( serpentes ) : new evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes .
frogs of the genus eleutherodactylus in western ecuador . systematics , ecology , and biogeography . special publication .
. msc thesis departamento de zoologia . universidade de sao paulo , sao paulo .
pyron ra , burbrink ft , colli gr , de oca anm , vitt lj , kuczynski ca , wiens jj . ( 2011 )


tridrepana argentistriga is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by warren in 1896 .

it is found in malaysia , singapore , indonesia ( borneo , sulawesi ) , burma and china ( hainan ) .

the wingspan is about 32 mm .

the forewings are yellow , the outer half with pale red-brown suffusion .

there is a dark red-brown line from before the apex to the middle of the inner margin , meeting a vertical line which becomes obsolete at the median .

there is also an irregularly wavy red-brown submarginal line , its upper half edged externally with silvery white .

the hindwings are yellow , with an oblique antemedial line and a fine postmedial line .

there is an oval silvery spot at the lower end of the discocellular , and a fine linear spot at the upper end .

tridrepana argentistriga

how can i put and write and define tridrepana argentistriga in a sentence and how is the word tridrepana argentistriga used in a sentence and examples ? 用tridrepana argentistriga造句 , 用tridrepana argentistriga造句 , 用tridrepana argentistriga造句 , tridrepana argentistriga meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
adults are similar to
tridrepana postica
and
tridrepana argentistriga
, but can be distinguished by the more strongly marked subterminal on the upperside of the forewings , the presence of a dark patch near the base of the underside of the forewing , and the presence of a distinctly clavate frenulum .
host - plants recorded ( sugi , and see below ) are rhus , mangifera ( anacardiaceae ) and bruguiera ( rhizophoraceae ) . pupation is on a loose silk carpet in a partially folded leaf tip or wedge as in tridrepana .
smaller than most congeners , argentistriga is also a paler yellow . the forewing becomes more intensely suffused brown towards the forewing apex , with an obliquely , darker brown line and an arc of silver submarginal lunules within it . the hindwing is marked by a silvered discal dot and the straight fasciae postmedially ( fine ) and antemedially ( broad ) .
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the species is uncommon , with most records from lowland forest except for one from lower montane forest on g . api ( 900m ) and one from 1500m on g . kinabalu .
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hampson , 1893 , illustr . typical specimens lepid . insects . colln . br . mus . , 9 : 68 .
warren , 1922 , gross - schmett . 10 : 471 , syn . n .
the pale ochreous brown wings of argenteola are distinguished by a very narrow discal brown streak on the forewing with fainter antemedial and postmedial bars flanking it in parallel : the veins posterior to these bars are picked out slightly paler . the postmedials are double and the forewings strongly falcate in both sexes . the female is larger than the male but similarly patterned .
all the taxa with synonymy above share strong , black sclerotisation of the valve processes and those of the eighth segment . the aedeagus is expanded into a black ring subapically . however , there is marked variation in the form of these structures throughout the range . the nominal subspecies occurs in sundaland .
oriental tropics to taiwan , the philippines ( ssp . dialitha ) , sulawesi ( ssp . celebensis ) and timor .
most records are from lowland forest , but single specimens were taken at 1200m and 1760m on g . kinabalu .
bell ( ms ) reared the species in india . the larva resembles a bird - dropping . it is anteriorly truncated , a fusiform shape , the suranal process short , triangular , acute . the head is bilobed . the skin has an oily gloss , and the setae are on tubercles on each segment that form part of a transverse tumidity . the colour is greenish black , streaked indistinctly with grey . a1 is dorsally black , and brownish yellow dorsolaterally . most dorsal tubercles are yellow - brown . white patches laterally on a7 extend up dorsally and , as a yellow band , to the anterior of a6 where there is a small , elongate , subdorsal orange red spot on each side . there are a few light yellow markings elsewhere . the larvae are found on the upperside of leaves , stretched along the midrib , but curling round tightly on themselves when alarmed . pupation is in a slight cradle at the edge of a leaf , pulled together with silk . the host - plant recorded by bell was mangifera ( anacardiaceae ) .
this is a larger species than the previous three , with similar , if narrower , more densely fasciated pale orange markings on grey : the grey is darker , and there is a diagnostic broken white bar in the basal orange fasciae of the hindwing .
watson ( 1961 ) described subspecies denotata on clear genitalic differences in both sexes , particularly : incurved valves ; curved aedeagus with reduced apical process and cornuti in vesica ; absence of lateral sclerotisations on the male eighth sternite ; less convolute basal portion to the corpus bursae ; more weakly bilobed margin to the ostium . a sarawak male ( see drapetodes matulata felder ) has genitalia ( figured ) as in typical magnifica , so it is possible that there are two closely related species in borneo . however , material is too limited and the records too widely separated geographically for this to be asserted with confidence . as indicated in the generic account , there are several features of the genitalia atypical of drapetodes .
peninsular malaysia , sumatra , java , n . borneo ; e . borneo ( ssp . denotata ) .
only three bornean specimens are known , the type material ( both sexes ) of denotata from kariorang in e . kalimantan and one specimen of the typical race from 250m in lowland forest in limestone just south of the melinau gorge in sarawak .
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