xenoturbella is a genus of very simple bilaterians up to a few centimeters long .

it contains a small number of marine benthic worm-like species .

the first known species ( xenoturbella bocki ) was discovered in 1915 by sixten bock , but it was only properly described in 1949 by einar westblad .

xenoturbella

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xenoturbella is a genus of small , ciliated marine worms with an . . .
evolution and development of xenoturbella and the acoelomorpha . at university college london on urltoken
deniz martinez added the english common name
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a pastel painting of xenoturbella monstrosa , one of four new species of deep sea worm .
the mitochondrial dna of xenoturbella bocki : genomic architecture and phylogenetic analysis . - pubmed - ncbi
xenoturbella hollandorum , the smallest of the new worm species , is shown on a dime .
specimens of the four new xenoturbella species have a new home in the scripps benthic invertebrate collection .
ultrastructural aspects of the ‘statocyst’ of xenoturbella ( deuterostomia ) cast doubt on its functio . . .
there are neurons in xenoturbella , but they are not organized into higher level networks like ganglia or brains . since it has no proper ovary , xenoturbella simply makes eggs and sperm all over its body anywhere it feels like it . ‘cause hey – why not ? xenoturbella does not need your “rules” .
the epidermal ciliary rootlets of xenoturbella bocki ( xenoturbellida ) revisited : new support for a p . . .
a pastel painting of one of four new species , xenoturbella monstrosa , discovered by researchers . credit : john meszaros
xenoturbella profunda , one of four new species of deep - sea worm that have shed light on how animals evolve .
they include a new large specimen , which is more than 20cm - long , which has been called xenoturbella monstrosa .
nielsen c . 2010 . after all : xenoturbella is an acoelomorph ! . evolution & development 12 : 241–243 [ details ]
. . . if this is the case for xenoturbella , the animal may inhabit the deep sea floor in other locations . although scarce , there have been reports from the norwegian coast , the north sea , and the adriatic sea [ 33 ] , and future deep - sea expeditions may discover new xenoturbella species . why then do we have to study xenoturbella ? . . .
she says the discovery of four new xenoturbella species , while not yet known from western australia , is very significant for science .
a pastel painting illustrates the new worm species xenoturbella profunda , found by researchers in a hydrothermal vent in the gulf of california .
and also xenoturbella churro : named after the sweet , fried spanish pastry , which it resembles - in an admittedly less appetising way .
“ candidatus endoxenoturbella” ( en . do . xe . no . tur . bel′ . la , pref . endo from g . endon , within ; xenoturbella , a marine worm ; endoxenoturbella , inside the worm xenoturbella ) ; small , coccoid bacteria ( 0 . 5 to 1 . 0 μm in diameter ) , members of the class gammaproteobacteria , highly abundant and presumably endemic in the gastrodermis of xenoturbella species .
. . . xenoturbella developmental stages have long remained a mystery . a bivalve trochophore - like larva was found from adult section slides stored in the swedish natural history museum and reported as a brooded xenoturbella larva in 1999 [ 33 ] . however , it is now clear that xenoturbella is not a mollusc , and that it probably feeds on bivalves [ 6 , 22 , 34 , 35 ] . . . .
reisinger , e . ( 1960 ) . was ist xenoturbella ? . zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche zoologie . 164 : 188 - 198 . [ details ]
netic analyses of acoels are strongly affected by a long - branch attraction ( lba ) artefact . when we minimize lba , we find consistent support for a position of both acoelomorphs and xenoturbella within the deuterostomes . the most likely phylogeny links xenoturbella and acoelomorpha in a clade we call xenacoelomorpha .
the scientists also compared the genes that were actually transcribed to make proteins ( as opposed to all the genes simply present in the xenoturbella genome ) to check the evolutionary relatedness of these species to the universe of other animals . this analysis supported earlier studies that found that xenoturbella is a sister group to the acoelomorphs , extremely simple animals that do not even have a body cavity and share xenoturbella ' s habit of making gametes anywhere they feel like it .
two types of endosymbiotic bacteria were identified in the gastrodermis of the marine invertebrate xenoturbella bocki ( xenoturbellida , bilateria ) . while previously described chlamydia - like endosymbionts were rare , gammaproteobacteria distantly related to other endosymbionts and pathogens were abundant . the endosymbionts should be considered when interpreting the poorly understood ecology and evolution of xenoturbella .
other than that , xenoturbella ' s just a sheet of cells with two layers : epidermis , and gastrodermis . the first is for protectin’ , and the second is for digestin’ . what they’re digestin’ is bivalve mollusks , which seems to be their food of choice . xenoturbella was initially mistaken for a shell - less mollusk because they were so contaminated with their food’s dna . how flacid xenoturbella might go about liberating those mollusks from their extensively fortified shells remains a mystery to me .
deep beneath the ocean lie oddities beyond imagining , and among them is xenoturbella , a deflated , crawling , mollusk - eating sack . a pinky - purple one .
the animal , called xenoturbella , is so bizarre that for 60 years researchers could not work out what it was - or where it fitted into the family tree .
xenoturbella has a very simple body plan : it has no brain , no through gut , no excretory system , no organized gonads , or any other defined organs .
the entrance to xenoturbella is small compared to a jellyfish , whose formal entry is famously large . xenoturbella ’s mouth ( and anus ) is a small hole found on its underside . it has no organs other than a gravity - sensing statocyst that works a bit like an inverse bubble level ( i wrote about the awesomeness of statocysts before here ) . since xenoturbella does in fact have a top and a bottom , knowing up from down is probably important enough to warrant a device for measuring it .
. . . but what is xenoturbella bocki ? it constitutes , together with xenoturbella westbladi ( israelsson 1999 ) , the enigmatic xenoturbellida ( bourlat et al . 2006 ) and is a remarkably simple worm , lacking organs other than an anterior statocyst . it is found on deep marine muds off the coasts of scandinavia and scotland . . . .
westblad , e ( 1949 ) xenoturbella bocki n . g . , n . sp . , a peculiar , primitive turbellarian type . arkiv för zoologi 1 : 3 - 29
the animal’s shifting position on the tree of life began when the first species , named xenoturbella bocki , was found off the coast of sweden in 1950 . it was classified as a flatworm , then , in the 1990s as a simplified mollusk . in recent years , xenoturbella has been regarded as either close to vertebrates and echinoderms , or as a more distant relative on its own branch further away . knowing where xenoturbella belongs is important to understand the evolution of organ systems , such as guts , brains and kidneys , in animals .
( of xenoturbella westbladi israelsson , 1999 ) israelsson , o . ( 1999 ) . new light on the enigmatic xenoturbella ( phylum uncertain ) : ontogeny and phylogeny . proceedings of the royal society ( london ) . 266 : 835 - 841 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 835 - 841 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
rouse gw , wilson ng , carvajal ji , vrijenhoek rc ( 2016 ) new deep - sea species of xenoturbella and the position of xenacoelomorpha . nature 530 : 94–97 . doi :
e . westblad ( 1949 ) .
xenoturbella bocki n . g . , n . sp . , a peculiar , primitive turbellarian type
. arkiv för zoologi 1 : 3–29 .
the enigmatic deuterostome xenoturbella does ubiquitously contain exogenous nucleic acids . this has been used in several papers as proof of selective feeding by xenoturbella on nuculid bivalves . however , their feeding biology is unknown and exogenous nucleic acids might not originate from their main nutrient source . i have examined the possible pathways of nutrient uptake . the animals neither . . . [ show full abstract ]
the new species , xenoturbella monstrosa , was found in monterey bay and the gulf of california , and measured 20 - centimeters . it was named for its extraordinary size ( 20 cm ) .
westblad e . ( 1949 ) . xenoturbella bocki n . g . , n . sp . , a peculiar , primitive turbellarian type . arkiv för zoologi 1 : 3 - 29 [ details ]
ultrastructural studies of epidermal locomotory ciliary structures of xenoturbella bocki , i . e . the basal part of the axaneme , the basal body and the ciliary rootlets , have revealed characters supporting the hypothesis of a close relationship between xenoturbella and the acoelomorpha . some of the most prominent of these possibly synapomorphic characters are a cup - shaped structure at the base of . . . [ show full abstract ]
aphiaid : 879660 has been deleted - reason : database artifact , incorrect authority ( tyler , s . ) please replace it by aphiaid : 141972 ( xenoturbella westbladi israelsson , 1999 ) [ new search ]
olle israelsson , graham e budd ( 2005 ) .
eggs and embryos in xenoturbella ( phylum uncertain ) are not ingested prey
. development genes and evolution 215 : 358 - 63 [ 3 ]
the phylogenetic position of xenoturbella bocki has been a matter of controversy since its description in 1949 . we sequenced a second complete mitochondrial genome of this species and performed phylogenetic analyses based on the amino acid sequences of all 13 mitochondrial protein - coding genes and on its gene order . our results confirm the deuterostome relationship of xenoturbella . however , in contrast to a recently published study ( bourlat et al . in nature 444 : 85 - 88 , 2006 ) , our data analysis suggests a more basal branching of xenoturbella within the deuterostomes , rather than a sister - group relationship to the ambulacraria ( hemichordata and echinodermata ) .
rov tiburon dive 610 , october 25 , 2004 . collection of a x . monstrosa specimen ( type ) and images of other xenoturbella in a field of vesicomyids ( mainly archivesica diagonalis in this clip ) .
the largest species , found marauding a clam field near the cold seep , was collected by the colorfully named “slurp system” beautifully demonstrated in this raw exploration footage documenting their discovery , which is worth watching for many other reasons as well . it was dubbed xenoturbella monstrosa , and measured almost 8 inches ( 20 cm ) long . that ' s enormous for a xenoturbella – at least among the species we’ve encountered so far .
lundin , k . ( 1998 ) . the epidermal ciliary rootlets of xenoturbella bocki ( xenoturbellida ) revisited : new support for a possible kinship with the acoelomorpha ( platyhelminthes ) . zoologica scripta , 27 , 263–270 .
. . . and , since xenoturbella apparently lacks any organs that could be used to pry open closed bivalve shells , it is reasonable to assume that they feed on small developmental stages of bivalves ( sperm , eggs , larvae , and juveniles ) , dead bivalves , bivalve mucus , or bivalve feces . a bivalve trochophore - like larva has been reported within adult xenoturbella , supporting this view [ 33 ] . with hopes of obtaining data on the xenoturbella diet , we have performed preliminary experiments using bivalve sperm , eggs , larvae , juveniles , mucus , carcass , and feces ( personal observations and [ 36 ] ) . . . .
a pink flatworm - like animal known by a two species found in waters off sweden has puzzled biologists for nearly six decades . the animal ' s position on the tree of life shifted ever since the first species , named xenoturbella bocki , was found in 1950 . it was classified as a flatworm , then , in the 1990s as a simplified mollusk . in recent years , xenoturbella has been regarded as either close to vertebrates and echinoderms , or as a more distant relative on its own branch further away . knowing where xenoturbella belongs is important to understand the evolution of organ systems , such as guts , brains and kidneys , in animals .
. . . introduction xenoturbella is a taxon comprising merely the two marine species xenoturbella bocki ( westblad 1949 ) and x . westbladi ( israelsson 1999 ) , although the phd thesis by o . israelsson mentions a possible third species from 300 m deep off norway ( israelsson 2000 ) . xenoturbellids are worms with a simple body organization of up to 3 cm length that inhabit soft sediments between 40 and 300 m depth . . . .
surface appearances aside , this genus — xenoturbella — has proved surprisingly difficult to position on the tree of life , ever since the first species , xenoturbella bocki , was discovered in 1950 , according to the study researchers . scientists first classified it as a flatworm , and then , in the 1990s , suggested that it was a type of mollusk that had
degenerated ,
losing its more developed features over time to reach a simpler form . this explanation placed xenoturbella closer to vertebrates and echinoderms — the group of marine life that includes starfish and sea urchins — rather than in an earlier evolutionary location on a more distant branch from these more complex animals .
( of xenoturbella westbladi israelsson , 1999 ) rouse , g . w . ; wilson , n . g . ; carvajal , j . i . ; vrijenhoek , r . c . ( 2016 ) . new deep - sea species of xenoturbella and the position of xenacoelomorpha . nature . 530 ( 7588 ) : 94 - 97 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 95 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
in conclusion , i think it is too early to exclude deuterostome affinity of xenacoelomorpha . curiously , while looking at the pictures of the new large species of xenoturbella , i thought that they looked a bit like enteropneusts ( hemichordata ) . could it be that the ring furrow of xenoturbella , which divides the body into the head and tail region , is homologous to the collar ( or to part of it ) of hemichordata ( deuterostomia : ambulacraria ) ?
the findings have implications for how we understand animal evolution ,
rouse said in a scripps institution of oceanography media release .
by placing xenoturbella properly in the tree of life we can better understand early animal evolution .
westblad e . ( 1949 ) . xenoturbella bocki n . g . , n . sp . , a peculiar , primitive turbellarian type . arkiv för zoologi 1 : 3 - 29 page ( s ) : 47 178 [ details ]
“the findings have implications for how we understand animal evolution , ” said scripps marine biologist greg rouse , the lead author of the study . “by placing xenoturbella properly in the tree of life we can better understand early animal evolution . ”
if you are an upstanding member of xenoturbella , you will also have furrows . one goes around the head - ish portion of your body , and several extend from stem to stern , giving the creatures their latin - american pastry look .
m . noren , u . jondelius ( 1997 ) .
xenoturbella ' s molluscan relatives . .
. nature 390 ( 6655 ) : 31–32 . bibcode : 1997natur . 390 . . . 31n . doi : 10 . 1038 / 36242 .
four new species of xenoturbella have been discovered living in the deep waters of the eastern pacific ocean by a team of scientists from the western australian museum , scripps institution of oceanography , and the monterey bay aquarium & research institute in the united states .
franzen a , afzelius ba ( 1987 ) the ciliated epidermis of xenoturbella bocki ( platyhelminthes , xenoturbellida ) with some phylogenetic considerations . zoologica scripta 16 : 9–17 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 1987 . tb00046 . x
g . w . r . , n . g . w . and r . c . v . collected the specimens . n . g . w . and j . i . c . generated and assembled mitochondrial data for the new xenoturbella species . j . i . c . generated the xenoturbella illumina transcriptome and assembled the data . g . w . r . and j . i . c . performed phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial genomes and transcriptome data . g . w . r . analysed the morphology of xenoturbella spp . for the taxonomic descriptions . g . w . r . drafted the paper with j . i . c . , n . g . w . and r . c . v . all authors commented on the manuscript .
symbiotic bacteria are found in a remarkable number of diverse marine invertebrates ( 11 ) , where they affect both the ecology and the evolution of their hosts . the first indications of intracellular endosymbionts in xenoturbella were published by israelsson ( 17 ) and confirmed by electron microscopy of a xenoturbella spermatid cluster ( fig . 1b ) ; however , our first molecular analyses identified the putative endosymbionts as g ammaproteobacteri a , whereas israelsson ( 17 ) had reported a group of endosymbiotic chlamydiae . the objectives of this study were therefore ( i ) to identify the putative endosymbionts by 16s rrna gene analysis , ( ii ) to localize them inside the host by fluorescence in situ hybridization ( fish ) , and ( iii ) to specifically test for the prevalence of the gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts in xenoturbella .
the description of “ candidatus endoxenoturbella lovénii” [ lo . ve′ . ni . i , n . l . masc . adj . , referring to the sven lovén centre for marine sciences , university of gothenburg ( the union of the kristineberg marine research station and the tjärnö marine biological laboratory ) , to appreciate its importance as a base for research in marine biology and in particular on xenoturbella ] is the same as that of the genus . this species colonizes the gastrodermis of xenoturbella bocki . the basis of its assignment was the 16s rrna gene sequence ( genbank accession number eu400612 ) and hybridization with a 16s rrna - targeted oligonucleotide probe ( 5′ - atagccttcctcagtgat - 3′ ) . the source was the gastrodermis of xenoturbella bocki westblad ; so far , it has not been cultured .
philippe h , brinkmann h , copley rr , moroz ll , nakano h , poustka aj , wallberg a , peterson kj , telford mj ( 2011 ) acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to xenoturbella . nature 470 : 255–258 . doi : 10 . 1038 / nature09676
o . israelsson ( 1999 ) .
new light on the enigmatic xenoturbella ( phylum uncertain ) : ontogeny and phylogeny
. proc . roy . soc . b 266 ( 1421 ) : 835–841 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 1999 . 0713 .
two species of this curious animal have long been known , but in february scientists revealed four new species encountered over the course of 12 years of exploring the eastern pacific ocean . together , these new specimens have helped them to figure out what the heck xenoturbella might be .
rouse , greg w . , nerida g . wilson , jose i . carvajal , and robert c . vrijenhoek .
new deep - sea species of xenoturbella and the position of xenacoelomorpha .
nature 530 , no . 7588 ( 2016 ) : 94 - 97 .
description rouse , g . w . , wilson , n . g . , carvajal , j . i . , and r . c . vrijenhoek , 2016 . new deep - sea species of xenoturbella and the position of xenacoelomorpha . nature 530 : 94 - 97 .
the very simple creature , xenoturbella , has no brain , gills , eyes , or reproductive organs , and only one opening through which food goes in and waste goes out . and although the animal was first described in 1949 , its peculiar biology left scientists baffled for decades .
israelsson , o . ( 1999 ) . new light on the enigmatic xenoturbella ( phylum uncertain ) : ontogeny and phylogeny . proceedings of the royal society ( london ) . 266 : 835 - 841 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
xenoturbella is an enigmatic animal that is merely a ciliated bag with epithelial epidermis and gastrodermis , a subepidermal nerve plexus and a ventral mouth , but without an anus or any distinct organs . it is marine , free living , and up to 4 cm long . its simplicity in organization has led to diverse interpretations during the last 50 years : as an acoelomorph flatworm , a paedomorphic holothurian or enteropneust , or a unique representative of a plesiomorphic phylum . i report here the previously unknown embryology of xenoturbella that unequivocally corroborates a bivalve relationship and thus once and for all dismisses the potential new phylum . the simplicity of the adult xenoturbella is due to neither plesiomorphy nor paedomorphy . it is caused by metamorphosis from a trochophore larva of molluscan type with a defined organ system , including a concentrated nervous system with ganglia , to an adult without any defined organs .
lundin k ( 1998 ) the epidermal ciliary rootlets of xenoturbella bocki ( xenoturbellida ) revisited : new support for a possible kinship with the acoelomorpha ( platyhelminthes ) . zoologica scripta 27 : 263–270 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 1998 . tb00440 . x
. . . however , an important question remains to be better explained : how are the different nss specifically arranged in the members of this clade ? the sister group to all acoelomorphs , the xenoturbellida [ 8 , 9 , 30 ] , is represented by only two nominal species : xenoturbella bocki [ 31 ] and xenoturbella westbladi [ 32 ] ; however , newly identified specimens have been collected from the pacific [ 33 ] . these worms are notably larger than the acoelomorphs ( up to 4 cm in length ) but share with them a relatively simple morphology . . . .
xenoturbella churro , four inches long and named after the fried dessert of similar fluted appearance , is known only from a single specimen collected within 12 inches of an x . monstrosa in the gulf of california . x . profunda , up to about six inches long , was on sediments with bacterial mats and vesicomyid clams near a hydrothermal vent in the gulf of california , as you can see in this footage of the discovery . the video also shows the way in which xenoturbella trundles along the seafloor , although the video has been speeded up to six times normal speed so you can notice it .
raikova , o . i . , reuter , m . , jondelius , u . , & gustafsson , m . k . s . ( 2000 ) . an immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study of the nervous and muscular systems of xenoturbella westbladi ( bilateria inc . sed . ) . zoomorphology , 120 , 107–118 .
israelsson , o . ( 1999 ) . new light on the enigmatic xenoturbella ( phylum uncertain ) : ontogeny and phylogeny . proceedings of the royal society ( london ) . 266 : 835 - 841 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 835 - 841 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
o . israelsson o , g . e . budd g e ( 2006 ) .
eggs and embryos in xenoturbella ( phylum uncertain ) are not ingested prey
. development genes and evolution 215 ( 7 ) : 358–363 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00427 - 005 - 0485 - x . pmid 15818482 .
perseke m , hankeln t , weich b , fritzsch g , stadler pf , israelsson o , bernhard d , schlegel m . ( 2007 )
the mitochondrial dna of xenoturbella bocki : genomic architecture and phylogenetic analysis
. theory biosci . 126 ( 1 ) : 35 - 42 . available on - line at [ 1 ]
s . j . bourlat , c . nielsen , a . e . lockyer , d . timothy , j . littlewood , m . j . telford ( 2003 ) .
xenoturbella is a deuterostome that eats molluscs
. nature 424 ( 6951 ) : 925–928 . doi : 10 . 1038 / nature01851 . pmid 12931184 .
e holotype of xenoturbella churro a er collection and return to the surface from 1722 meters below the surface in the gulf of california , mexico . is is a dorsal view and the animal has been relaxed prior to being preserved , so has lost the muscle tone that gave it a churro - like appearance when on the sea oor
“our results confirm that xenoturbella are closely related to acoels , and that together these are the sister group to both deuterostomes and protostomes ( which include arthropods , molluscs and annelids ) . this means that the basic body features they have were always simple , and not secondarily simplified over time . this helps us interpret how complex features evolve . ”
but new genetic data , with more than 1 , 000 genes sequenced from just one of the new species , disproves that xenoturbella was once complex , according to study lead author greg rouse , a marine biologist with the scripps institution of oceanography , at the university of california at san diego .
our new analysis and that of another paper in the same issue of nature using much more data overturns this idea , and supports the idea that xenoturbella is simple ,
rouse told live science in an email .
sequencing more than 1 , 000 genes of one of the species gave a large amount of data that could be directly compared with other animals ,
he said .
two species of xenoturbella were already known from the waters off sweden , discovered decades ago . but a new paper published in nature in february by scientists at the scripps institution of oceanography at the university of california , the western australian museum , and the monterey bay aquarium and research institute describes four new species , all encountered in the pacific ocean .
“this clearly shows the continued need to keep exploring our oceans , as there are still many exciting discoveries to be made , which can add real value to our understanding of the tree of life , ” dr wilson said . her co - author greg rouse from scripps institution of oceanography predicts many more xenoturbella will be found in the world’s oceans .
modified phylogeny : the xenacoelomorpha represent the fourth phylum of the deuterostomia ( left ) . new deuterostomes , from top to bottom : the nemertodermatid meara stichopi , the acoel symsagitiffera roscofen - sis and xenoturbella bocki ( pictures on right side ) . figures of worms are courtesy of andreas wallberg , pedro martinez and hiroaki nakano ( top to bottom respectively ) .
k . u . kjeldsen , m . obst , h . nakano , p . funch , a . schramm ( 2010 ) .
two types of endosymbiotic bacteria in the enigmatic marine worm xenoturbella bocki
. applied and environmental microbiology 76 ( 8 ) : 2657–2662 . doi : 10 . 1128 / aem . 01092 - 09 . pmc 2849209 . pmid 20139320 .
modified phylogeny : the xenacoelomorpha represent the fourth phylum of the deuterostomia ( left ) . new deuterostomes , from top to bottom : the nemertodermatid meara stichopi , the acoel symsagitiffera roscofen - sis and xenoturbella bocki ( pictures on right side ) . figures of worms are courtesy of andreas wallberg , pedro martinez and hiroaki nakano ( top to bottom respectively ) . [ less ]
in the feb . 4 issue of the journal nature , the researchers describe four newly discovered species living near deep - sea cold seeps , hydrothermal vents , and whale carcasses off the coasts of california and mexico . the new discoveries have allowed the scientists to finally stabilize the placement of the five species , all in the genus xenoturbella , on the animal tree of life .
the 10 - centimeter ( 4 - inch ) long xenoturbella churro , named for its resemblance to the popular fried - dough pastry , is one of four species recently discovered that lie near the base of the evolutionary tree of animals . it was found in a 1 , 700 - meter ( 5 , 577 - foot ) - deep cold seep in the gulf of california .
the inner epithelially organized gastrodermis of the enigmatic simple worms of the genus xenoturbella contains numerous partly phagocytized cells of two kinds , ciliated cells ( pccs ) and muscle cells ( pmcs ) . pccs and pmcs have features of undifferentiated cells and do not derive from differentiated adult cells . homology of phagocytized cells to pulsatile bodies in acoel and nemertodermatid . . . [ show full abstract ]
rouse , g . w . ; wilson , n . g . ; carvajal , j . i . ; vrijenhoek , r . c . ( 2016 ) . new deep - sea species of xenoturbella and the position of xenacoelomorpha . nature . 530 ( 7588 ) : 94 - 97 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 95 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
finding four new species
was a surprise ,
rouse said ,
especially as people regularly visit methane seeps and hydrothermal vents and haven ' t picked them up before .
rouse added in a statement that these new species likely represent just the beginning of unraveling xenoturbella ' s biological mysteries , and that he expects to see more discoveries of these animals around the world in the years to come .
the vesicomyid clam field ( such clams are often found near cold seeps ) they were found in was full of them on discovery . yet when the scientists returned multiple times , they had vanished . when x . monstrosa was found , the clams were making enormous clouds of mucus , leading the authors to speculate they were dying or spawning , although what relationship that might bear to xenoturbella ’s presence is unknown .
western australian museum senior research scientist dr nerida wilson said xenoturbella is a phylum of animals that was previously thought to contain just one species , known only from europe . little was known about it other than it ate molluscs and , in fact , at one point was thought to be a mollusc because it retained molluscan dna in its body . the animal is so obscure it doesn’t yet have a common name .
the
statocyst
in the enigmatic worm xenoturbella is a structure containing motile flagellated cells . it is situated inside the subepidermal membrane complex ( between epidermis and muscular layers ) in the anterior end of the body . the motile cells contain a lipophilic refractile body (
statolith
) , and a series of vesicles from small dense core vesicles presumably formed from the refractile . . . [ show full abstract ]
discovered deep in the gulf of california , 1 , 722 meters ( about 5 , 600 feet ) below the surface , xenoturbella churro is a 10 cm - long ( 4 - inch ) marine worm , one of half a dozen species now known in the genus . it is representative of a group of primitive worm - like animals that are the earliest branch in the family tree of bilaterally symmetrical animals , including insects and humans .
the gammaproteobacterial 16s rrna gene sequence type was detected in a spermatid cluster , four adult worms , and an est library , which all represent independent x . bocki individuals ; fish and tem revealed a tissue - specific localization and a high abundance of the gammaproteobacteria without apparent tissue necrosis . together , these results suggest that the gammaproteobacteria form a stable and specific association with xenoturbella and may be provisionally classified as “ candidatus endoxenoturbella lovénii” ( 24 ) .
xenoturbella is a taxon comprising two marine species . xenoturbellids are worms with a simple body organization of up to 3 cm length that inhabit soft sediments between 40 and 300 m depth . in spite of an enormous interest in placing xenoturbella phylogenetically , little is known about the biology of these animals . the entire nervous system of xenoturbellids is organized as a simple plexus within the epithelium of the epidermis . the plexus consists of neurons and sensory cells that are arranged in a more or less planar reticular pattern , intermingled between the basal parts of various cell types within the epidermis . neurons in the epidermal plexus of xenoturbellids show immunoreactivity in studies with antibodies against serotonin , fmrfamide , and salmfamides 1 and 2 . in addition to neurons the plexus contains numerous sensory cells . the statocyst - like organ , situated at the anterior end of the animals , lies at the border between epidermis and mesoderm .
nakano , h . ; lundin , k . ; bourlat , s . j . ; telford , m . j . ; funch , p . ; nyengaard , j . r . ; obst , m . ; thorndyke , m . c . ( 2013 ) .
xenoturbella bocki exhibits direct development with similarities to acoelomorpha
. nature communications 4 : 1537– . doi : 10 . 1038 / ncomms2556 . pmc 3586728 . pmid 23443565 .
. . . we are fully aware that even if these evolutionary scenarios seem feasible , we cannot exclude the possibility that the xenoturbella ns has been secondarily reduced from that of a more complex ancestor . it would be interesting , though , to have access to more species within this clade ( xenoturbellids ) since , right now , our inferences are based on morphological information derived from only two different species [ 31 , 32 ] . . . .
the team analyzed nearly 1 , 200 of the animal’s genes to conclusively identify them as evolutionarily simple members near the base of the evolutionary tree of bilaterally symmetrical animals , which are distinguished by having matching halves through a line down the center . xenoturbella have only one body opening - the mouth . they have no brain , gills , eyes , kidneys or anus , and now appear to be evolutionarily simple rather than having lost these features over time .
. . . one can ask whether there is really a controversy and whether the controversy emerges from some of the intricacies of analysing molecular data . for example , it has been long demonstrated that the initial placement of xenoturbella within molluscs ( nor en & jondelius 1997 ) was due to food contamination ( bourlat et al . 2003 ) , but this early spurious result led to a series of studies ' supporting ' a molluscan affinity of xenoturbellida using morphology ( israelsson 1997 israelsson , 1999 israelsson & budd 2005 ) that prevented the authors from seeing the fact that they were looking at embryos of their prey – the embryos of xenoturbella are quite different ( nakano et al . 2013 ) . the papers placing xenoturbellida as sister group to deuterostomes using mitochondrial genome data had non - significant support and did not include acoelomorphs – their potential sister group ( perseke et al . 2007 ; bourlat et al . 2009 ) . . . .
( of xenoturbella westbladi israelsson , 1999 ) gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of xenoturbella westbladi israelsson , 1999 ) costello , m . j . ; emblow , c . ; white , r . ( ed . ) . ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 . muséum national d ' histoire naturelle : paris , france . isbn 2 - 85653 - 538 - 0 . 463 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
philippe , h . ; brinkmann , h . ; copley , r . r . ; moroz , l . l . ; nakano , h . ; poustka , a . j . ; wallberg , a . ; peterson , k . j . ; telford , m . j . ( 2011 ) .
acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to xenoturbella
. nature 470 ( 7333 ) : 255–258 . bibcode : 2011natur . 470 . . 255p . doi : 10 . 1038 / nature09676 . pmid 21307940 .
taxonomy this enigmatic animal has once been suggested as a degenerate protobranch bivalve mollusc by israelsson ( 1999 ) but the current view is that this result was induced by contamination from a molluscan prey , and that xenoturbella is related to the deuterostome clade . it is proposed as a monotypic phylum xenoturbellida by bourlat et al . ( 2006 ) . based on the pattern of hox genes and on some published sequence data , nielsen ( 2010 ) provided support for bringing together acoela , nemertodermatida and xenoturbellida in a phylum acoelomorpha . [ details ]
. . . this is an enigmatic phylum composed of three major taxa : acoel flatworms , nemertodermatids , and xenoturbellids . the earliest branching clade within this phylum , the xenoturbellida ( bourlat et al . , 2006 ) was , until recently , only represented by two nominal species : xenoturbella bocki ( westblad , 1949 ) and x . westbladi ( israelsson , 1999 ) , though newly identified specimens have been collected from the pacific ( rouse et al . , 2016 ) . these worms are notably larger than the acoelomorphs ( acoela plus nemertodermatida ) but share a relatively simple morphology with them . . . .
. . . there is a considerable body of research on this species , and almost all knowledge of xenoturbella comes from this animal . a second species , x . westbladi , was reported from the same habitat as x . bocki in 1999 [ 44 ] , but a recent haplotype network analysis using cytochrome c oxidase subunit i ( cox1 ) sequences showed that x . bocki and x . westbladi are a single species and that x . westbladi should be regarded as a junior synonym for the species [ 45 ] . xenoturbellids were then reported from the pacific ocean when four species ( x . . . .
. . . in xenoturbella the animal shows a very simple organisation , with a diffuse nervous system and apart from a statocyst lacks defined organs . since its discovery 50 years ago numerous proposals concerning its phylogenetic position have been put forward [ 57 ] , although recent molecular data argue ( as well as earlier morphological studies ( e . g . , [ 58 ] ) for a position as a stem - group ambulacrarian [ 22 ] , [ 45 ] , [ 59 ] probably closer to hemichordates [ 60 ] . however , other molecular studies do not entirely agree with this interpretation [ 61 ] . . . .
the endosymbionts were also detected in the spermatid clusters ( fig . 1e and 2 ) , which may be indicative of vertical symbiont transmission ( 10 ) . however , there is no tem evidence that the endosymbionts also occur inside the sperm cells ( fig . 1e ) . in xenoturbella , which is hermaphroditic , eggs and spermatids develop within the parenchymal cell layer ( fig . 1a ) and are emptied into the gut via the gastrodermis ( 27 ) . therefore , spermatid clusters likely contain gastrodermal cells that harbor endosymbionts . in the absence of eggs and larvae for further analysis , the question of vertical transmission therefore remains unresolved .
phylogeny of the xenoturbella endosymbionts ( bold ) inferred from bayesian analysis of 16s rrna gene sequences . scale bars , 10 % sequence divergence . ( a ) position of the gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont among members of the class gammaproteobacteria based on 1 , 301 sequence positions between e . coli positions 58 and 1 , 461 . ( b ) position of the chlamydial endosymbiont among members of the class chlamydiae based on 1 , 296 sequence positions between e . coli positions 53 and 1 , 466 . values are neighbor - joining - based bootstrap percentages . § , short sequence added to the tree by the parsimony method . for complete versions of the trees , see fig . s2 in the supplemental material .
. . . xenacoelomorpha is a higher taxon that includes the members of the taxa acoela , nemertodermatida ( these two are often united in the taxon acoelomorpha ) and xenoturbellida . whether one treats acoela , nemertodermatida and xenoturbellida as phyla or considers any of the more inclusive clades , such as acoelomorpha or even xenacoelomorpha as phyla , is irrelevant ( see for example giribet pedersen & pedersen 1988 ; israelsson 1997 israelsson , 1999 nor en & jondelius 1997 ) until a series of molecular analyses suggested that they were deuterostomes ( bourlat et al . 2003bourlat et al . , 2006bourlat et al . , 2009 perseke et al . 2007 ) , a result that , although difficult to fathom morphologically , had been implicitly suggested based on the structural similarity of the epidermis of xenoturbella with that of some hemichordates ( e . g . pedersen & pedersen 1988 ) . . . .
it should be noted , however , that during their life cycle , chlamydiae form metabolically inactive elementary bodies that may be difficult to detect by fish ( 28 ) ; but even if 90 % of the chlamydiae present were elementary bodies , their total number would still be much lower than that of the gammaproteobacteria . israelsson ( 17 ) reported several different intracellular bacterial morphotypes in the gastrodermis of xenoturbella , with cell diameters of 0 . 3 to 1 μm ; these results agree well with our tem analysis of both spermatid clusters and gastrodermal cells ( fig . 1e and f ) . even though the fish analysis does not directly prove the intracellular localization of either gammaproteobacterial or chlamydial endosymbionts , the combined results of tem , fish , and sequence analysis suggest that the different morphotypes represent the reticulate and elementary bodies of the chlamydial cells , as well as the gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts , and thus that both types of endosymbionts occur within the same host cells .
( a ) schematic drawing of the simple body plan of xenoturbella ( redrawn from reference 35 ) . ( b ) cells of the gammaproteobacterial endosymbiont ( red ) detected by probe xenogam441 - cy3 at high magnification ( scale bar , 2 μm ) . ( c ) double hybridization of gammaproteobacterial and chlamydial endosymbionts with probes xenogam441 - cy3 ( red ) and cps - 1353mod - cy5 ( displayed in yellow for better contrast , indicated by the arrow ) ; blue - green structures , autofluorescent tissue recorded in the fluorescein isothiocyanate channel ( scale bar , 5 μm ) . ( d ) fish detection of gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts with probe xenogam441 - cy3 ( red ) in a cross section of an x . bocki specimen . the image is composed of five consecutive image stacks , spanning from the gut ( to the very left ) to the epidermis ( to the very right ) ( magnification , ×400 ; scale bar , 50 μm ) . dense clusters of gammaproteobacterial endosymbionts ( red ) are confined to the gastrodermis ; 4′ , 6 - diamidino - 2 - phenylindole ( dapi ) - stained cell nuclei and mitochondria of x . bocki are displayed in blue ; the green and yellow structures are autofluorescent tissue recorded in the fluorescein isothiocyanate channel . ( e and f ) tem images of bacterial cells in sections of germinal tissue from a spermatid cluster ( e ) and of gastric tissue ( f ) of x . bocki . arrows point to examples of different putative bacterial morphotypes . scale bars , 0 . 5 μm . n , spermatid nucleus ; m , spermatid mitochondrion .
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( cnn ) a new species of deep - sea creature that resembles a discarded purple sock has been identified as an early form of life in a discovery that will help scientists understand how animals have evolved over time .
said previous research had led scientists to believe that the creatures had evolved from more complex organisms .
what we ' ve shown is that , no , they probably always were simple ,
said nerida wilson , a research scientist with the western australian museum .
so our little guys are simple because they are one of the early branches of the tree of life .
the deep sea worm , pictured here on a u . s . dime , sits at the bottom of the evolutionary tree .
the first specimen of the deep - sea flatworm was found in waters off sweden 60 years ago . early research using genetic tests mistakenly identified it as a mollusc and concluded that it had once been a complex creature that had evolved and become simple over time .
but the four new species of the creature identified in the study were found at the bottom of the pacific ocean 12 years ago by wilson and another of the lead researchers , greg rouse , a scientist with the scripps institution of oceanography in the u . s .
wilson said it had been a
serendipitous
chance discovery that came about while they were looking at whale carcasses on the floor of the north pacific ocean off california and mexico using remotely operated vehicles ( rov ) .
she said they had quickly nicknamed it the
purple sock
because it was so difficult to describe the shape of the
really weird
creatures to people who hadn ' t seen them .
that ' s kind of what they remind us of , they just look like when you throw your sock at the end of the day , next to the dirty clothes bin , kind of rumpled and flattened and not very special ,
wilson said .
following that first chance find , it took a team of scientists a decade to collect more samples of the animal and use extensive genetic testing to understand what they are and understand their relationship to other creatures .
the new findings enabled the scientists to conclude that the animal had not started out as a complex creature , but had instead always been very evolutionary simple . it also helped them place it at the base of the family tree .
we ' re always striving to understand how life evolves , it ' s that classic burning question ,
wilson added .
we want to understand ourselves and our place in that diversity .
© 2018 cable news network . turner broadcasting system , inc . all rights reserved . cnn sans ™ & © 2016 cable news network .
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philippe , hervé ; brinkmann , henner ; copley , richard r . ; moroz , leonid l . ; nakano , hiroaki ; poustka , albert j . ; wallberg , andreas ; peterson , kevin j . ; telford , maximilian j .
nature , volume 470 , issue 7333 , pp . 255 - 258 ( 2011 ) . ( nature homepage )
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sequence data have been deposited in genbank ; accession numbers can be found in supplementary tables 3–5 .
this zipped file contains supplementary tables 1 - 5 and a supplementary table guide .
near pinkie’s vent at ~ 1 , 700 m depth , a cold - water seep in the guaymas transform fault , gulf of california , mexico .
rov doc ricketts dive 385 , april 13 , 2012 . the mexican paratype of x . monstrosa is shown initially followed by the holotype of x . churro and then the collection of both specimens .
sediment near a hydrothermal vent at ~ 3 , 700 metres in the pescadero basin , gulf of california , mexico .
rov doc ricketts dive 757 , april 24 , 2015 . the video shows the female paratype of x . profunda gliding over the sediment in an s - pattern amongst polynoid scaleworms , sea anemones and vesicomyid clams . the video is speeded up to x6 times .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : biology letters publisher : london : royal soc . , 2003 - isbn / issn : 0962 - 8452 oclc : 265429584
ergebnisse einer von e . reisinger & o . steinböck mit hilfe des rask - örsted fonds durchgefuhrten reise in grönland 1926 . 2 .
j . t . c . , u . j . , b . c . v . , and a . h . conceived and designed the study . u . j . and a . h . collected several specimens and j . s . iii collected diopisthoporus gymnopharyngeus specimens . j . t . c . and b . c . v . performed molecular work and rna sequencing assembly . j . t . c . assembled the datasets and performed phylogenetic analyses . f . r . conducted bayesian phylogenetic analyses using mrbayes . all authors contributed to writing the manuscript .
sequence data have been deposited in the ncbi sequence read archive under bioproject prjna295688 . data matrices and trees from this study are available from the dryad digital repository ( urltoken ) under doi 10 . 5061 / dryad . 493b7 .
maximum likelihood topology of metazoan relationships inferred from 336 genes from the best - sampled 56 taxa .
astral species tree , constructed from 212 input partial gene trees inferred in raxml version 8 . 0 . 20 .
bayesian inference topology of metazoan relationships inferred on the basis of 212 genes and 78 taxa .
this file contains a supplementary discussion , supplementary tables 1 - 3 and supplementary figures 1 - 22 .
the journal of experimental biology ( journal , magazine , 1930 ) [ worldcat . org ]
the journal of experimental biology / company of biologists . ; society for experimental biology ( great britain ) ; ; london : cambridge university press , 1930 -


symmetrischema escondidella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by landry in 2010 .

it is found on the galapagos islands .

the length of the forewings is 3.6 – 4 mm for males and 3.6-4.5 mm for females .

the forewings are dark brown , with most scales tricoloured except some black scales forming a diagonal patch on the costa to the midline at one-fourth , three dashes increasing in length just above the midline before and after the middle and at four-fifths , and at three-fourths smaller spots at and near the base .

there is also chestnut-brown scaling forming four longitudinal lines .

the hindwings are greyish brown .

symmetrischema escondidella

symmetrischema inexpectatum povolný , 1967 ; acta ent . mus . natn . pragae 37 : 60
symmetrischema escondidella landry , 2010 ; revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 730 , 699 ( list ) ; tl : galapagos , santa cruz , est . cient . charles darwin , el barranco , s 00°44 . 291 ' , w 90° 18 . 107 ' , 22m
symmetrischema capsicivorum povolný , 1973 ; acta ent . bohemoslov . 70 : 209 ; tl : peru , lambayeque
symmetrischema kendallorum blanchard & knudson , 1982 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 84 ( 3 ) : 628 ; tl : texas , nueces co . , north padre island
symmetrischema striatellum ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27
symmetrischema ( gnorimoschemini ) ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27 ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 730 , 699 ( list )
symmetrischema tangolias ; hodges & becker , 1990 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 92 ( 1 ) : 84 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 12 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27
= ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 730
phthorimaea altisona meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 46 ; tl : peru , huancayo , 10650ft
ardeola ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) ; j . linn . soc . lond . ( zool . ) 37 : 280
phthorimaea atrifascis meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 45 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800ft
borsaniella ( köhler , 1939 ) ( gnorimoschema ) ; an . soc . cient . argent . 128 : 370
gnorimoschema capsica bradley & povolný , 1965 ; bull . ent . res . 56 ( 1 ) : 58 ; tl : lesser antilles
gnorimoschema cestrivora clarke , 1950 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 40 : 288 , f . 4 - 4d ; tl : tucuman , argentina
chelaria conifera meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 582 ; tl : ecuador , huigra , 4500ft
gnorimoschema fercularia meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 492 ; tl : texas , fort davis ( 5000ft ) , alpine ( 5000 - 8000ft )
insertum povolný , 1988 ; revta inst . cienc . nat ecol . 1 : 77
larva on physalis virginiana var . spathulaefolia blanchard & knudson , 1982 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 84 ( 3 ) : 630
gnorimoschema lectulifera meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 493 ; tl : texas , fort davis and alpine , 5000ft
phthorimaea loquax meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 45 ; tl : peru , chosica , 2800ft
depressaria pallidochrella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 7 ) : 126 ; tl : kentucky
eucatoptus striatella murtfeldt , 1900 ; can . ent . 32 ( 6 ) : 163
larva on ( berries ) solanum nigrum murtfeldt , 1900 , can . ent . 32 ( 6 ) : 164
peru , new south wales , . . . , california . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges & becker , 1990 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 92 ( 1 ) : 84 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 27
= ; hodges & becker , 1990 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 92 ( 1 ) : 84 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 12 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 28
larva on ( for _ gnorimoschema tuberosella ) solanum tuberosum busck , 1931 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 33 ( 3 ) : 60 , solanum nigrum powell & povolný , 2001 , holarctic lepidoptera 8 ( suppl . 1 ) : 13
gelechia ( teleia ? ) ventralella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 348 , pl . 4 , f . 116
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
the checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .
these documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .
the checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .
a complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hernán vargas , howard l . snell .
nathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .
yves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .
frank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba yánez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andré aptroot .
anne guézou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo díaz , mark gardener .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .
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the “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands” , in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos” , association international sans but lucratif ( “aisbl” ) , has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .
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phyllonorycter sorbicola is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from japan ( the islands of hokkaido and shikoku ) and the russian far east .

the wingspan is 6 – 7 mm .

the larvae feed on sorbus matsumurana , sorbus commixta , sorbus alnifolia , prunus avium , malus pumila and malus asiatica .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the mine is ptychonomous and located on the lower surface of the leaf .

phyllonorycter sorbicola

abnormal sex - ratio in the population of phyllonorycter sorbicola kumata ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) .
abnormal sex - ratio in the population of phyllonorycter sorbicola kumata ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) .
abnormal sex - ratio in the population of phyllonorycter sorbicola kumata ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) . [ 1981 ]
this translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .
fruit tree research station , morioka ( japan ) . morioka branch [ corporate author ]
edited and published by : japanese society of applied entomology and zoology produced and listed by : international academic publishing co . , ltd .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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holotype ♂ , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) ; allotype ♀ , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) ; paratypes 23♂ and 21♀ , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) , coll . jäckh , nhmw , bmnh . in total 46 paratypes in zsm .
holotype ♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 167 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , bmnh , zsm , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , jäckh ( bidingen ) . in total 52 paratypes present in zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide de prins 3835♂ , nmk ; paratypes 63♂ , 83♀ , genitalia slides de prins 3829♂ , 3833♀ , 3834♂ , 3837♂ , 3838♂ , 3839♀ , 3840♀ , 3841♀ , 3842♀ , 3843♂ , 3844♂ , bmnh , mnhg , rmca , usnm , zsm , rbins , dmns , tmsa .
holotype ♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 31♂ and 86♀ , plus 199 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . dimić ; genitalia slides gd1978 , gd1989a ( ♂ ) and gd1964 , gd1982 , gd1987 ( ♀ ) ; 6 paratypes in eihu ; 40 paratypes in zsm .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; allotype ♀ , bmnh ; paratypes 18♂ and 19♀ , bmnh , zma , rnhl , nhmw , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) .
holotype ♂ , nhmw ; paratypes 3♂ and 8♀ , coll . triberti ( verona ) , genitalia slides trb1042♀ , 1046♀ , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) , coll . università di bari .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide trb1345 , coll . triberti ( verona ) ; paratypes 1♂ and 5♀ , genitalia slides trb1192♂ ( zsm 2668♂ ) , trb1342 , trb1340 , trb777 , trb782 , coll . triberti ( verona ) , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide trb1154♂ , coll . klimesch in zsm ; paratypes 1♂ , genitalia slide trb1103♂ , coll . triberti ( verona ) , 1♂ , nr . bm1970 - 26 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 20 specimens ( gender not stated ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) . in total 43 paratypes in zsm ( no holotype ) .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1081 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 20 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , genitalia slides gd1089 , gd1090 , gd1082 , gd1003 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) . 7 paratypes in zsm .
syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , number not stated , mczr , zmhb , nhmw , eihu , zsm , coll . fiori in mcsm , coll . mariani .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1872 , z547 , tlmf ; paratypes 29♂ and 35♀ , genitalia slides bmnh30491 , gd1852 , 1856 , 1863 , trb249 , 1897 , 1898 , 1911 , 1912 , 1916 , 1985 , 2001 , 2002 , 2165 , 2661 , 2684 , 2714 , 2719 , etc . , bmnh , eihu , sehu , tlmf , zmhb , zmuc , zin , zsm .
holotype ♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 63 specimens ( gender not stated ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) ; 2 paratypes in eihu .
holotype ♂ , not dissected , eihu ; allotype ♀ , not dissected , eihu ; paratypes 15♂ and 22♀ , eihu ; 1♂ paratype in zsm .
holotype ♂ , mcsv ; paratypes 65♂ and 87♀ , genitalia slides trb251 , 258 , 1382 , 1920 , 1924 , 1925 , 1927 , 1993 , 2144 , 2332 , 2596–2599 , 2603–2604 , 2609 , 2610 , 2612 , 2683 , 2688–2692 , 2704–2705 , 2712–2713 , 2720 , 3190 , etc . , ncut , sehu , tlmf , zin , zmbh , zmuc , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 149♂ , eihu ; paratypes 26♂ and 32♀ , eihu ; paratypes 1♂ and 1♀ , zsm .
holotype ♂ , not dissected , eihu ; paratypes 16♂ and 15♀ , eihu ; paratypes 2♂ and 1♀ , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 33♂ , eihu ; paratypes 15♂ and 18♀ , eihu ; paratypes 1♂ and 1♀ , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd468 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 36 specimens ( gender not stated ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) , coll . glaser .
holotype ♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 271 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , zsm , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1055♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 555 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) ; 8 paratypes in eihu ; 12 paratypes in zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd924 , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 140 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) . in total 8 paratypes in zsm .
not stated .
in grosser menge
[ in large quantities ] ; 2 syntypes in bmnh ; syntypes 1♂ and 1♀ , genitalia slides grc - 384♂ , grc - 385♀ , eihu ; 1 syntype in zsm .
holotype ♂ , not dissected , eihu ; paratypes 13♂ and 9♀ , eihu ; paratype ♂ , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 95♂ , eihu ; paratypes 13♂ and 9♀ , genitalia slide triberti 3245 , zsm , eihu .
holotype ♂ , not dissected , eihu ; paratypes 9♂ and 10♀ , eihu ; 1♂ , 1♀ , zsm .
8 syntypes ( gender not stated ) , lost ; neotype ♂ , designated by de prins et al . ( 2013 : 219 ) , genitalia slide triberti 3554♂ , zsm .
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in lepidoptera females that produce only female progeny , can be found in wild populations of at least 11 species . the genetic variation is passed on to each generation of female offspring . if genetically abnormal females produce more female offspring than normal females do and mating is random , then populations containing these abnormal females will have a biased population sex ratio . unmated females will increase due to the scarcity of males and so the population as a unit will die out . several possible biological explanations for the persistence of the genetic variation have been proposed . but experiments and observations have not verified those hypotheses . simulations of heuch ' s model ( 1978 ) , however , have shown that the variation persists if the population is distributed , in patches and there is dispersal among patches , even when insects disperse at random . abnormal females tend to persist at both low and high migration rates , but the probability of persistence is higher at high migration rates . it has been suggested that abnormal females in a population are an adaptation , but the results of this investigation show that this explanation , may not be plausible .
bowden , s . r . ( 1987 ) sex - ratio anomaly in an english pierid butterfly .
clarke , c . , p . m . sheppard and v . scali ( 1975 ) all - female broods in the butterfly
clarke , c . g . johnston and b . johnston ( 1983 ) all - female broods in
( l . ) . a re - survey of west fiji after 60 years .
geier , p . w . and d . t . briese ( 1977 ) predominantly female progeny in the light - brown apple moth .
geier , p . w . , d . t . briese and t . lewis ( 1978 ) the light - brown apple moth ,
( walker ) 2 . uneven sex ratios and a condition contributing to them in the field .
heuch , i . ( 1978 ) maintenance of butterfly populations with all - female broods under recurrent extinction and recolonization .
hurst , l . d . ( 1991 ) the incidences and evolution of cytoplasmic male killers .
hurst , l . d . and a . pomiankowski ( 1991 ) causes of sex ratio bias may account for unisexual sterility in hybrids : a new exlanation of haldane ' s rule and related phenomena .
owen , d . f . ( 1965 ) changes in sex ratio in an african butterfly .
owen , d . f . ( 1966 ) predominantly female populations of an african butterfly .
( f . ) ( lep . nymphalidae ) , and notes on the factors causing distortions of the sex ratio in butterflies .
owen , d . f . and d . o . chanter ( 1968 ) population biology of tropical african butterflies . 2 . sex ratio and polymorphism in
owen , d . f . and d . o . chanter ( 1969 ) population biology of tropical african butterflies . sex ratio and genetic variation in
( linn . ) , in the lagos district of west africa , 1910–1912 .
shaw , r . f . ( 1958 ) the theoretical genetics of the sex ratio .
takahashi , f . and y . kuwahara ( 1970 ) studies on sex pheromones of pyralididae . iii . the inheritance of the abnormal sex ratio condition in a strain of the almond moth ,
ishihara , m . res popul ecol ( 1992 ) 34 : 331 . urltoken
citation title :
fossil - calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf - mining moths radiated several million years after their host plants
.
this study was previously identified under the legacy study id s1423 ( status : published ) .
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