eupithecia grappleri is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in the region of magallanes and antarctica chilena ( esperanza province ) in chile .

the habitat consists of the southern pacific biotic province .

the length of the forewings is about 8.5 mm for males .

the forewings are pale greyish white , with dark brown areas on the costa at the base .

the hindwings are greyish white , with numerous grey and brown scales .

eupithecia grappleri

this is the place for grappleri definition . you find here grappleri meaning , synonyms of grappleri and images for grappleri copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word grappleri . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word grappleri and , of course , grappleri synonyms and on the right images related to the word grappleri .
eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
the eupithecia ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) of chile . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 186 , article 3
eupithecia watson , l . , and dallwitz , m . j . 2003 onwards . british insects : the genera of lepidoptera - geometridae . version : 29th december 2011 description of genus .
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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bulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
if you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .
please consider helping with the running costs of norfolk moths . thank you : - )
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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. ” on his return to spain he found his old regiment about to march fo . . . . . . t imitate that life of mine when i in lonely sadness on the great rock
there to pine ; thou , . . . . . . what thou dost ; touch it not unless thou wouldst lay down thy life as the
of thy rashness . ” the car - rier gave no heed to these words ( and he . . . . . . be with you , and keep in mind what you have promised and sworn under those
that have been already declared to you . ” so saying , he gave rocin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the
of fire . “no , ” said the niece , “there is no reason for showing merc . . . . . . ou , master nicholas , i say let this and ‘amadis of gaul’ be remit - ted the
of fire , and as for all the rest , let them perish with - out further . . . . . . never slept a day under a roof , went to their graves as much maids as the
that bore them . i say , then , that in these and other respects our g . . . . . . ar , hatred nor love , should make them swerve from the path of truth , whose
is history , rival of time , storehouse of deeds , witness for the past . . . . . . ked plough had not dared to rend and pierce the tender bowels of our first
, belonging to a genus that feeds on feathers ; a beetle ( quedius ) and * . . . . . . brating so rapidly as to be scarcely visible , i was reminded of the sphinx
: their movements and habits are indeed in many respects very similar . . . . . . . than any other race of animals . i allude only to the butterflies ; for the
, contrary to what might have been ex - pected from the rankness of the . . . . . . ads . nothing could be more interest - ing than some of the family groups . a
with one or two daughters would often come to our rancho , mounted on . . . . . . manner in which his laws were enforced . one of these was , that no man , on
of being put into the stocks , should carry his knife on a sunday : t . . . . . . ate individual , but likewise used them , as old spain had done before for a
settlement . en - gland claimed her right an seized them . the english - . . . . . . yages of the adventure and beagle , is in lat . 46 degs . 50 ' , in the gulf of
. it is 15 miles long , and in one part 7 broad and descends to the sea . . . . . . an rafael . the posi - tion of the glaciers at this place and in the gulf of
may be put even in a more striking point of view , for they descend to . . . . . . in charge of this same fortress . after we left south america , he paid the
in the usual manner , by being con - quered , taken prisoner , and shot . . .
that 60 don quixote have been already declared to you . ” so sayin . . . . . . ut , as there might be some to be found among them that did not deserve the
copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .
orthoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . the use of sound is generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions . . .
nemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .
organic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and diversity . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .
nemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . to glide on surfaces on a trail of slime , while larger species use muscular waves to crawl , and some swim by dorso - ventral undulations . . .
nemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .
of sensation . tis not solely in poetry and music , we must follow our taste and sentiment , but likewise in philosophy , when i am convincd of any principle , tis only an idea which strikes more strongly upon me . when i give the preference to one set of arguments above another , i do nothing but decide from my feeling concerning the superiority of their influence .
of intemperance within itself , for it goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control a mans appetite by legislation , and makes a crime out of things that are not crimes . a prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our government was founded .
of men , the good and the bad . but the greatest part of mankind float betwixt vice and virtue .
this page was last modified on 27 september 2014 , at 11 : 57 .
this article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .


pseudophilautus stellatus , commonly known as kelaart 's starry shrub frog , is a frog species in the rhacophoridae family which is endemic to sri lanka .

it was thought to be extinct for 156 years until it was rediscovered on november 22 , 2009 from the peak wilderness , central hills of sri lanka .

this species was previously only known by the lost holotype which was described very vaguely by edward frederick kelaart in 1853 .

in 2013 , a neotype was designated .

pseudophilautus stellatus

information on pseudophilautus stellatus is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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lost and found : one of the world’s most elusive amphibian pseudophilautus stellatus ( kelaart 1853 ) rediscovered .
lost and found : one of the world ' s most elusive amphibians , pseudophilautus stellatus ( kelaart 1853 ) rediscovered .
lost and found : one of the world ' s most elusive amphibians , pseudophilautus stellatus ( kelaart 1853 ) rediscovered . - pubmed - ncbi
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amphibian ; biodiversity hotspot ; dilmah shrub frog ; new taxa ; pseudophilautus dilmah .
amphibia , peak wilderness , pseudophilautus hypomelas , rediscovery , sri lanka , sripada .
two new species of shrub frogs ( rhacophoridae : pseudophilautus ) from sri lanka .
rhacophorus ( rhacophorus ) stellatus — ahl , 1931 , das tierreich , 55 : 174 .
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philautus ( kirtixalus ) stellatus — bossuyt and dubois , 2001 , zeylanica , 6 : 16 .
pseudophilautus stellatus — li , che , murphy , zhao , zhao , rao , and zhang , 2009 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 53 : 519 . implied provisional arrangement .
pseudophilautus stellatus is currently classified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , but this species has recently been rediscovered and will therefore need to be re - classified .
l . j . mendis wickramasinghe et al . 2013 . lost and found : one of the world ' s most elusive amphibians , pseudophilautus stellatus ( kelaart 1853 ) rediscovered . zootaxa . 3620 ( 1 ) : 112–128
philautus stellatus — manamendra - arachchi and pethiyagoda , 2005 , raffles bull . zool . , suppl . , 12 : 220 .
meegaskumbura , m . , k . manamendra - arachchi , g . bowatte & s . meegaskumbura ( 2012 ) . rediscovery of pseudophilautus semiruber , a diminutive shrub frog ( rhacophoridae : pseudophilautus ) from sri lanka . zootaxa 3229 : 58–68 .
bossuyt and dubois ( 2001 ) also suggested that since many new sri lankan species of kirtixalus remain to be described , the name pseudophilautus stellatus should be used to describe another species from the nuwara eliya area , with characters matching those of kelaart ' s ( 1853 ) description , and that a neotype be collected . since the holotype cannot be found , manamendra and pethiyagoda ( 2005 ) have instead put forward that pseudophilautus stellatus should be considered a valid , extinct species , and that another name be used for any similar species .
kirtixalus stellatus — yu , rao , zhang , and yang , 2009 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 50 : 578 , by implication .
eight new species of pseudophilautus ( amphibia , anura , rhacophoridae ) from sripada world heritage site ( peak wilderness ) , a local amphibian hotspot in sri lanka .
wickramasinghe , l . j . m . , d . r . vidanapathirana , s . ariyarathne , g . rajeev , a . chanaka , j . pastorini , g . chathuranga & n . wickramasinghe ( 2013b ) . lost and found : one of the world’s most elusive amphibian pseudophilautus stellatus ( kelaart 1853 ) rediscovered . zootaxa 3620 ( 1 ) : 112–128 ; urltoken
this species was described as polypedates stellata by kelaart ( 1853 ) , who diagnosed the genus as having large discs and incomplete webbing . bossuyt anbd dubois ( 2001 ) point out that the combination of characters places this species as a member of the current subfamily rhacophorinae . no known sri lankan polypedates is green , but some sri lankan pseudophilautus and kirtixalus are green or greenish ( bossuyt and dubois 2001 ) . the svl of 57 mm described by kelaart ( 1853 ) is larger than any known sri lankan pseudophilautus , although several sri lankan kirtixalus reach or exceed that size , leading bossuyt and dubois ( 2001 ) to propose that this species is actually a member of the genus kirtixalus .
eight new species of pseudophilautus ( pseudophilautus bambaradeniyai , p . dayawansai , p . jagathgunawardanai , p . karunarathnai , p . newtonjayawardanei , p . puranappu , p . samarakoon , and p . sirilwijesundarai ) were discovered as a result of a survey carried out to study the herpetofaunal diversity with the changes in elevation in the sripada world heritage site ( peak wilderness ) , central hills of sri lanka . detailed descriptions of new species along with colour photographs and line drawings for each species are provided herein . the new species possess unique morphological characters and are well distinguishable from one another that could be easily identified in the field . the conservation status of all species described here , have been considered critically endangered , except for p . newtonjayawardanei , as all the new species are recorded from single locations , and their habitats are under severe threat .
a new species of shrub frog pseudophilautus dilmah is described from the central hills of sri lanka . this unique species is distinguished from all the other congeners from a combination of characters ; snout rounded in lateral aspect , bluntly pointed in dorsal and ventral aspect , canthus rostralis rounded , vomerine teeth , lingual papilla and nuptial pads absent , dermal fringe distinct on inside of fingers iii and iv , small blunt tubercles on metacarpal and ulnar folds , toes basally webbed , interorbital area smooth , upper eyelid prominent tubercles present , anterior and posterior dorsum without horny spinules but tubercles present , upper part of flank weakly granular , supratympanic fold distinct , prominent small calcar present at the distal end of the tibia , throat granular , chest and belly coarsely granular . based on comparison of 16s rrna gene we also show that the species is genetically distinct from other members of pseudophilautus for which gene sequences are available . the high rate of deforestation and anthropogenic activities threaten this population in its natural habitat .
wickramasinghe , l . j . m . , d . r . vidanapathirana , m . d . g . rajeev , s . c . ariyarathne , a . w . a . chanaka , l . l . d . priyantha , i . n . bandara & n . wickramasinghe ( 2013a ) . eight new species of pseudophilautus ( amphibia , anura , rhacophoridae ) from sripada world heritage site ( peak wilderness ) , a local amphibian hotspot in sri lanka . journal of threatened taxa 5 ( 4 ) : 3789–3920 ; urltoken
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
frost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as extinct because it has not been recorded for over 100 years , and extensive searches over the last ten years have failed to locate this species .
this species is known only from the type locality of nuwara eliya ( 06º 57 ' n , 80º 47 ' e ) [ newera - elllia ] , in sri lanka ( manamendra - arachchi and pethiyagoda 2005 ) .
it is known only from the lost holotype . there have been no records since the species was described in 1853 , and it is now believed to be extinct . recent , extensive field surveys of the amphibian fauna of sri lanka , including at the type locality , have failed to rediscover this frog .
the habitat requirements of this species are not known . it presumably bred by direct development .
the threats that resulted in the extinction of this species are not known , although presumably habitat loss was a major factor .
kelum manamendra - arachchi , rohan pethiyagoda , sushil dutta , anslem de silva . 2004 .
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we have kept jott a free peer - reviewed scientific journal to promote conservation . we have not put up a paywall to readers , and we do not charge for publishing . but running a monthly journal costs a lot . while we do have some partners , we still require support to keep the journal alive . if our readers help fund it , our future will be more secure .
copyright ( c ) 2013 l . j . m . wickramasinghe , d . r . vidanapathirana , m . d . g . rajeev , s . c . ariyarathne , a . w . a . chanaka , l . l . d . priyantha , i . n . bandara , n . wickramasinghe
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taxonomic notes : recently rediscovered and affirmed as a distinct taxon by wickramasinghe and colleagues ( zootaxa 3620 : 112 - 128 ) . its status should be changed from extinct to critically endangered .
above bright green , with transverse darker bands , and irregularly spotted white . limbs barred brown and spotted white . beneath pinkish white . body oval . total length about 2 1 / 4 inches . . . this frog , too , changes its green colour into a purplish brown , the transverse bands become brown , but the white spots are always present .
( kelaart 1853 ) .
this species was found in sri lanka , at the type locality of nuwara eliya ( stuart et al . 2008 ) .
has not been recorded since its description ( kelaart 1853 ) despite extensive searches and is presumed extinct . it is believed to have been a direct developer , like other species in the genus
habitat loss is likely to have been the major factor leading to the population decrease and eventual extinction of this species ( stuart et al 2008 ) .
by kelaart ( 1853 ) , who diagnosed the genus as having large discs and incomplete webbing . bossuyt anbd dubois ( 2001 ) point out that the combination of characters places this species as a member of the current subfamily rhacophorinae . no known sri lankan
are green or greenish ( bossuyt and dubois 2001 ) . the svl of 57 mm described by kelaart ( 1853 ) is larger than any known sri lankan
should be used to describe another species from the nuwara eliya area , with characters matching those of kelaart ' s ( 1853 ) description , and that a neotype be collected . since the holotype cannot be found , manamendra and pethiyagoda ( 2005 ) have instead put forward that
should be considered a valid , extinct species , and that another name be used for any similar species .
in 2013 , l . j . mendis wickramasinghe and colleagues announced its rediscovery nearly 160 years later ; these striking individuals were found in inaccessible , high elevation cloud forests in the peak wilderness of sripada world heritage site . despite being found in a protected area , the area is suffering from forest dieback , expanding tea plantations , illegal mining and the expansion of invasive species , so it continued survival is not assured . the study recommends listing the species as
critically endangered
( wickramasinghe et al 2013 ) .
bossuyt , f . , and dubois , a . ( 2001 ) . ' ' a review of the frog genus
gistel , 1848 ( amphibia , anura , ranidae , rhacophorinae ) . ' '
manamendra - arachchi , k . , and pethiyagoda , r . ( 2005 ) . ' ' the sri lankan shrub - frogs of the genus
gistel , 1848 ( ranidae : rhacophorinae ) , with description of 27 new species . ' '
stuart , s . , hoffmann , m . , chanson , j . , cox , n . , berridge , r . , ramani , p . , and young , b . ( eds ) ( 2008 ) .
lynx edicions , iucn , and conservation international , barcelona , spain ; gland , switzerland ; and arlington , virginia , usa .
wickramasinghe , l . j . m . , vidanapathirana , d . r . , airyarathne , s . , rajeev , g . , chanaka , a . , pastorini , j . , chathuranga , g . , and wickramasinghe , n . ( 2013 ) . ' ' lost and found : one of the world ' s most elusive amphibians ,
edited by updated by michelle s . koo , kellie whittaker ( 2013 - 03 - 08 )
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
wickramasinghe lj 1 , vidanapathirana dr , airyarathne s , rajeev g , chanaka a , pastorini j , chathuranga g , wickramasinghe n .
herpetological foundation of sri lanka , 31 / 5 , alwis town , hendala , wattala , sri lanka . boiga2000 @ urltoken
* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .
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hyl . . .
anywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .
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polypedates stellata kelaart , 1853 , prodr . faunae zeylan . , 1 : 194 . holotype : not stated or known to exist ; possibly in bmnh . type locality :
newera - ellia , ceylon
. rendered as
nuwara eliya ( 06 57 n , 80 47 e ) , sri lanka by bossuyt and dubois , 2001 , zeylanica , 6 : 16 .
known only from the type locality ( nuwara eliya ) and from the peak wilderness , sbaragamuwa province , sri lanka .
considered a nomen dubium by boulenger , 1882 , cat . batr . sal . coll . brit . mus . , ed . 2 : 73 ; this taxon was recognized by bossuyt and dubois , 2001 , zeylanica , 6 : 17 , who considered it likely that this name applies to one of the species of kirtixalus in sri lanka , but that application would have to await a neotype designation . manamendra - arachchi and pethiyagoda , 2005 , raffles bull . zool . , suppl . , 12 : 220 - 222 , provided an account and noted this species to be extinct . see map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 141 , who regarded the species as extinct . wickramasinghe , vidanapathirana , airyarathne , rajeev , chanaka , pastorini , chathuranga , and wickramasinghe , 2013 , zootaxa , 3620 : 112 - 128 , reported the species from the peak wilderness , ratnapura district , sabaragamuwa province , sri lanka .
please note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .
for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
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dinal samarasinghe young zoologists’ association department of national zoological gardens dehiwala sri lanka tel : + 94777683523 dinal . salvator @ urltoken
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new & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region
wuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .
[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand
begonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .
chamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .
great - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .
endocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .
aristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .
bagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .
the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .
nipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .
begonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .
[ geology • 2013 ] melt - rich channel observed at the . . .
[ herpetology • 2013 ] lost and found : one of the wo . . .
[ paleomammalogy • 2013 ] mid - pliocene warm - period d . . .
[ conservation • 2013 ] elephants in the dust : the a . . .
on this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
anomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .
the benefits and costs of academic travel . or
there and back again ; again and again
canon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4
plants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .
i ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .
necps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden
this is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .
but this species has recently been rediscovered and will therefore need to be re - classified .
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l . j . mendis wickramasinghe , imesh nuwan bandara , dulan ranga vidanapathirana , kamani h . tennakoon , sameera r . samarakoon , nethu wickramasinghe
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wickramasinghe , l . j . m . , d . r . vidanapathirana & n . wickramasinghe ( 2012b ) . back from the dead : the world’s rarest toad adenomus kandianus rediscovered in sri lanka . zootaxa 3347 : 63–68 .
copyright ( c ) 2015 l . j . mendis wickramasinghe , imesh nuwan bandara , dulan ranga vidanapathirana , kamani h . tennakoon , sameera r . samarakoon , nethu wickramasinghe
l . j . mendis wickramasinghe 1 , dulan ranga vidanapathirana 2 , m . d . gehan rajeev 3 & nethu wickramasinghe 4
was previously known from the type collection of 14 specimens deposited in the natural history museum , london .
in recent explorations however , the species has been rediscovered from the peak wilderness , central hills of sri lanka , with a rediscription of the species from fresh collections .
s . k . dutta , indian institute of science , bengaluru , india .
jott allows unrestricted use of this article in any medium , reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication .
the biodiversity secretariat of the ministry of environment for funding and collaboration , the nagao natural environment foundation for part funding , the department of wildlife conservation for permission granted ( permit no .
wl / 3 / 3 / 354 ) , and the dilmah conservation for funding project activities .
the authors declare no competing interests . funding sources had no role in study design , data collection , results interpretation and manuscript writing .
ljmw was involved in designing the study , conducting the field survey , conducting museum reference work , gathering , and analyzing the data , and compiling the ms . drvp was involved in conducting the field survey , conducting nmsl museum reference work , gathering , analyzing the data , and writing the ms . mdgr was involved in conducting the field survey , conducting nmsl museum reference work , gathering , analyzing the data , and writing the manuscript . nw was involved in field research work and writing of the manuscript .
, is the founder , president of the herpetological foundation of sri lanka , and is the principal investigator in the current project . he has close to two decades of field herpetological ( reptile and amphibian ) experience in sri lanka with a focus on taxonomic identifications , and also providing education and awareness to the general public on venomous snakes in the island . he has contributed his expertise towards national projects on identification of threatened species in sri lanka , and has facilitated the declaration of several protected areas in sri lanka .
a member of the experts committee on herpetofauna in sri lanka , under the national species conservation advisory group ( nscag ) , and in several international bodies including several species survival commission groups of the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn / ssc ) .
is the vice - president , and a founder member of the herpetological foundation of sri lanka , with over 10 years of field herpetological , and birding experience in sri lanka , where he is also a natural history tour leader at the bird and wildlife team . currently working in several projects on herpetology in the country at the hfs .
is working as a medical doctor at general hospital , kanthale . is a naturalist with an interest in writing and photography currently involved in herpetofaunal research at the herpetological foundation sri lanka , involved in field data
member of the young zoologist’s association of sri lanka , and working to conserve the wildlife in the island .
is the projects co - ordinator , at the herpetological foundation of sri lanka , completed the basic degree in chemistry at the university of delhi .
currently a freelance science journalist , contributing to the dissemination of the conservation aspects of herpetofauna to the general public .
the authors wish to acknowledge the biodiversity secretariat of the ministry of environment for funding and for collaborating on the project , mr . r . h . s . s . samarathunga ( secretary - ministry of environment ) , mr . gamini gamage ( additional secretary - policy planning ) , ms . padma abayakoon ( director ) , mr . n . k . g . k . nannawaththa ( additional secretary - natural resources ) , mr . r . a . r . roopasinghe ( aditional secretary - administrations ) , mr . ajith de silva ( former director ) , mrs . dakshini perera , and mrs . hasula wickramasinghe for all the support rendered . to
the director general mr . h . d . rathnayake , and the deputy director mr . s . r . b . dissanayake ( research and training ) for all the suppport . staff of the nallathanniya beat
to mr . anil vithanage ( assistant wildlife ranger ) , and palabaddala wildlife beats . mr . s . chathuranga ariyarathne , mr . a . w . amila chanaka , mr . l . l . dharshana priyantha , mr . gayan chathuranga , mr . saman gamage , mr . chaminda pushpakumara , mr . dilshan maduranga de silva , mr . e . a . thusitha jayanath , mr . lankaputhra wimaladharma , mr . l . p . d . wasantha kumara , mr . jagath krishantha , mr . ruwan chinthaka are thanked for their immense help in the field , and late dr . amith munindradasa fondly remembered for his support and encouragement . the authors wish to acknowledge the contributions of mr . chamara hettiarachchi , in preparing the location illustrations , to mr . charith pubudu lakmal and mr . lalith senanayake for preparing images . the authors wish to thank the directress national museum of sri lanka , mrs . sanuja kasthuriarachchi and staff members ( assistant directress mrs . manori nandasena , mrs . chandrika munasinghe and mrs . manaram de silva ) , are gratefully acknowledged for their assistance in museum reference work . mr . addison wynn , mr . sameera suranjan karunarathna , mr . sanjiv de silva provided valuable literature relevant for this work . we wish to thank dr . channa bambaradeniya and mr . bhathiya kekulandala for their valuable comments . the authors also like to thank their colleagues at herpetological foundation of sri lanka ( hfs ) , for various courtesies .
to mr . asanka abayakoon for the encouragements , to dr . annemarie ohler , and anonymous reviewers whose invaluable comments undoubtedly improved the quality of the paper . finally , thanks are due to our principal sponsors dilmah conservation , for funding project activities .
currently , all the 75 species are endemic to the island ( manamendra - arachchi & pethiyagoda 2005 ; meegaskumbura & manamendra - arachchi 2005 , 2011 ; meegaskumbura et al . 2007 , 2009 ; wickramasinghe et al . 2013a ) .
sri lanka claims to have the highest number of extinct amphibians—19 species ( manamendra - arachchi & pethiyagoda 1998 , 2005 ; manamendra - arachchi & de silva 2004 ; pethiyagoda 2005 ; iucn & menr 2007 ; meegaskumbura et al . 2007 ; stuart et al . 2008 ; manamendra - arachchi
( kelaart 1853 ) ( wickramasinghe et al . 2013b ) were rediscovered from the peak wilderness .
was only known from the syntype series deposited in the natural history museum , london ( bmhh ) . despite extensive field studies carried out over the past decade ( manamendra - arachchi & pethiyagoda 2005 ) in sri lanka this species was reported to be extinct in the scientific literature ( manamendra - arachchi & pethiyagoda 2005 , iucn & menr 2007 ; bain
et al . 2008 ; chanson et al . 2008 ; stuart et al . 2008 ; manamendra - arachchi & meegaskumbura 2012 ) .
. manamendra - arachchi & pethiyagoda ( 2005 ) designated lectotype and para lectotypes from the syntypes of 14 specimens deposited at bmnh , most of which were in poor condition without having much information on external characters .
the peak wilderness sanctuary , in particular , harbors a majority of the endemic and threatened bird species of sri lanka ( ranawana & bambaradeniya 1998 ; wickramasinghe et al . 2007 ) .
the field survey was carried out in the peak wilderness , to assess the diversity of amphibians in an elevation gradient for over two years .
the sampling sites were selected in a random manner considering accessibility and to cover representative habitats in the nature reserve , through an initial reconnaissance survey .
sampling was nocturnal , and photographs of most species were taken in the wild to avoid any confusion of change in colour during captivity .
specimens collected in the field were first fixed in 90 % ethanol for two hours and stored in 70 % ethanol .
sex and maturity were determined by examining secondary sexual characters , or when absent , by examining the gonads through a small lateral incision in to the specimen .
the material referred to is deposited in the natural history museum london ( bmnh ) , and the national museum , sri lanka ( nmsl ) .
three specimens were collected for the current work and are deposited in the nmsl and the girithale national wildlife research and training center ( department of wildlife conservation ( dwc ) ) .
the rediscovered species was compared with all types from sri lanka deposited in the nmsl , and type specimens deposited in the bmnh .
the specimens formerly belonged to the wildlife heritage trust ( wht ) bearing wht numbers and are currently deposited in the nmsl , catalogued under the same numbers .
forty - four external measurements of specimens were taken with a mitutoyo digital vernier calliper to the nearest 0 . 1mm .
terminology of external morphology abbreviated in the text and external measurements for the description section follows wickramasinghe et al . ( 2013a ) .
snout angle ( manamendra - arachchi & pethiyagoda 2005 ) is not considered here due to an influence of preservation artifacts .
geographical coordinates were determined from gps readings ( gamin etrex gista ) with wgs84 ( world geodetic system ) datum at the locality .
deposited in the bmnh collection , of which one specimen had been designated as a lectotype , mature female 20 . 9mm svl ( bmnh 1947 . 2 . 27 . 8 , collector - beddome , locality - ceylon ) by manamendra - arachchi & pethiyagoda ( 2005 ) .
from the remaining 13 paralectotypes 11 were critically examined while the two remaining paralectotypes bmnh 1947 . 2 . 27 . 9 , female specimens ( 19 . 7 svl ) and bmnh 1947 . 2 . 27 . 10 ( 20 . 7mm svl ) collected by w . ferguson , from ceylon were separately listed as ‘others’ ( data not provided ) in the same publication .
since all the 11 paralectotypes considered by manamendra - arachchi & pethiyagoda ( 2005 ) have been completely dried out , and the two specimens collected by w . furguson are in better condition , we have considered only the latter in the present study .
the lectotype and the two paralectotypes we consider here were originally registered in 1876 as lot bmnh 1876 . 3 . 21 . 31 - 33
they were re - registered in 1947 as bmnh 1947 . 2 . 27 . 8 - 10 .
initially these frogs were thought to be new to science , of which only three specimens were collected to ascertain their taxonomic identity .
( appendix 2 ) is precise here we redescribe the species with a report of rediscovery after a span of 137 years for scientific clarity of the species .
nmsl 2013 . 26 . 01 nh , adult female 22 . 4mm svl ( images 1 ; 2a , d ) , dwc 2013 . 01 . 014 , adult female , svl 21 . 1mm ( image 2 b & e ) ; dwc 2013 . 01 . 015 , adult male , svl 16 . 98mm ( images 2c , f ; 3 ) ; sripada ( peak wilderness ) , ratnapura district , sabaragamuwa province , sri lanka ( 06
’ shaped patch centrally projecting towards the vent which are unique markings for this species .
can be distinguished from known congeners by the following combination of characters : body small size ( adult male , svl 16 . 98mm , adult females svl 21 . 1–22 . 4mm ) ; head dorsally and interorbital space convex ; snout lateral acuminate ; canthus rostralis rounded ; internarial space flat ; lingual papilla , fringe on fingers , calcar and nuptial pad absent ; vomerine teeth absent ; snout , interorbital area , side of head , anterior and posterior dorsum , lower and upper flank , throat and chest smooth ; supernumerary tubercles on palm absent ; supernumerary tubercles on foot absent .
small size ( svl 22 . 4 ) , elongate ( svl / hw 2 . 7 ) ; head large ( hl / svl 0 . 4 ) , as wide as long ( hw / hl 0 . 9 ) ; snout acuminate in lateral aspect ( fig . 2a ) , mucronate in dorsal ( fig . 2b ) and pointed in ventral aspects ( fig . 2c ) ( es / dfe 0 . 9 , sn / in 0 . 8 ) , larger than horizontal diameter of eye ( es / ed 1 . 2 ) ; internasal space flat ; canthus rostralis rounded , loreal region concave ; interorbital space convex , larger than upper eyelid ( io / uew 1 . 7 ) , and internasal distance ( in / uew 1 . 2 ) ; distance between front of eyes 3 / 5 th of the distance between back of eyes ( dbe / dfe 1 . 6 ) ; nostrils oval , without flap of skin laterally , closer to tip of snout than to eye ( sn / en 0 . 6 ) ; pupil horizontally elliptical ; tympanum distinct , vertically elliptical ( tyh / tyw 1 . 6 ) , smaller than the eye diameter ( tyh / ed 0 . 4 ) , tympanum - eye distance half of tympanum width ( tad / tyw 0 . 5 ) ; pineal ocellus absent ; vomerine teeth absent , small , few , odontophores oblique and widely separated , between choanae with an angle of 65 0 relative to body axis ; tongue small , tip bifurcate , and lanceolate ; lingual papilla absent , but a few conical tubercles present on tongue .
arm short , thin ( lal / fel 0 . 5 , ual / fel 0 . 4 ) ; forearm shorter than hand length ( lal / hnl 0 . 8 ) , longer than upper arm ( lal / ual 1 . 3 ) ; fingers thin , relative length of fingers i < ii < iv < iii ( fl - 1 / fl - 3 0 . 4 , fl - 2 / fl - 3 0 . 6 , fl - 4 / fl - 3 0 . 8 ) ( table 1 ) ; tips of fingers rounded enlarged , discs present on all fingers , with distinct basal and circum marginal grooves ; lateral dermal fringe absent on all fingers ; webbing feeble , webbing formula i3—3ii3—3 ½ iii2 2 / 3—3 - iv ( fig . 3a ) ; subarticular tubercles prominent , rounded , single , all present , iii2 , and iv2 relatively smaller ; inner palmar tubercle distinct , single , oval , larger than outer palmer tubercle ; outer palmar tubercle distinct , single , oval , smaller than the distal subarticular tubercles ; supernumerary tubercles absent on finger i , a few present on ii , iii , iv , and palm ; prepollex absent ; femur 1 . 5 times longer than fourth toe length ( fel / tl - 4 1 . 5 ) ; foot length longer than thigh ( fol / fel 1 . 4 ) ; toes thin , ( figure 3b ) , relative length of toes i < ii < iii < v < iv ( tl - 1 / tl - 4 0 . 2 , tl - 2 / tl - 4 0 . 3 , tl - 3 / tl - 4 0 . 4 , tl - 5 / tl - 4 0 . 5 ) ; tips of toes rounded , enlarged , discs present on all toes with distinct basal and circum marginal grooves ; webbing formula i2—2 - ii2 + —3iii2—3 - iv3 - —2v ( fig . 3b ) ; dermal fringe absent ; subarticular tubercles prominent , rounded or oval and single , all present iv3 and v2 relatively smaller ; supernumerary tubercles present ; inner metatarsal tubercle oval prominent and large , its length 4 / 5 th s in length of toe i ( iml / tl - 1 0 . 9 ) ; outer metatarsal tubercle present , small ; tarsal fold , tarsal tubercles and calcar absent .
skin on dorsal and lateral snout and between eyes smooth ; upper eyelid smooth ; head smooth laterally , shagreened near the gape of mouth ; dorsum smooth ; thin median dermal ridge on mid dorsum from tip of snout to back of head ; upper and lower part of flank smooth ; supratympanic fold prominent ; upper arm smooth ; forearm and hand smooth ; inner , outer and dorsal thigh smooth ; leg dorsally smooth ; small tubercles present at heel ; tarsus and foot smooth .
dorsum cream colour , a pair of broad bronze longitudinal dorsal bands extends from the back of the eye to the groin , bronze band between the eyes forms a prominent ‘t’ shaped patch centrally projecting towards vent ; laterally bronze band on canthal edge , bronze patch below eye , dark brown band below supratympanic fold ; limbs dorsally cream , forelimb , hind limb , fingers and toes with bronze bands ; ventrally off white with dark brown blotches , throat darker , belly off white , hands , feet , and webbing dark brown ( image 1 ) .
to brown and off white to a yellowish tinge ( image 2a , d ) ; ventral side blotching preserved with a little fading .
dorsally yellowish , a prominent off white vertebral stripe from the tip of the snout to anus , and continuing down the hind limbs symmetrically ( image 3 ) .
in some a mid ventral longitudinal white line from the tip of the chin to anus and another one perpendicular to it runs across the chest leading towards the forelimbs making a prominent cross marking .
the species was found in elevations of 750–1400m in lower montane rain forests ( fig . 1 ) .
commonly observed in bushes of less than 1m high , and preferred grassy habitats with a less canopy cover such as those in disturbed areas .
was identified by its identical resemblance to the material found in the bmnh with its comparable sizes , smooth skin , similar ratios of morphometric measurements , above all by the marking on head ( image 4 a–c ) , and the blotching on ventral side ( image 4 d–f ) which are still preserved in the type material confirming its identity .
apart from which , in some collected material a prominent cross marking was noticed on the ventral side ( image 5a ) as mentioned in variations section ; interestingly this marking was also seen in some type material specimens ( image 5b ) .
also states that all or some of these lines may be absent , which is true for some specimens ( mentioned under variations ) which did not possess these lines .
although the toes of the lectotype specimen is in poor condition on close observation the rudimentary webbing can still be determined ( image 7 ) .
a description of the species along with a distribution was last provided by manamendra - arachchi & dutta in 1996 , which states ; “apart from the syntype specimens , the species has been recorded from 1800m kandy” , however the photograph of a live frog provided , ‘figure 165’ , was erroneous and not a specimen of p . hypomelas , but the ‘figure 164’ of a syntype specimen clearly shows its dried out condition . interestingly , one of the above authors in 2005 stated that p . hypomelas was extinct for the reason that they had never encountered the species from their 10 years of island - wide survey .
although the type locality for the species at the bmnh is mentioned as “ceylon” ( sri lanka ) , the locality of the two specimens provided by w . ferguson in his “reptile fauna of ceylon , letter on a collection sent to the colombo museum” , on page 29 states under point 164 , that they were collected from le vallon estate , nilambe district .
was based on specimens sent by col . beddome and himself . above all , the statements clearly have the mention about specific identity of the ‘type locality’ , in spite of this and without making an effort to searching this species from ‘type locality’ the scientific community had concluded the species to be extinct .
the habitat is under severe anthropogenic activities such as over exploitation of natural resources for tea cultivation , forest fragmentation , use of agrochemicals , soil erosion , inadequately planned constructions and illegal constructions , mini - hydro power plants , forest die back , and discharge of pollutants to the environment .
due to its overall resemblance in morphology to stabilize the taxonomy for this species .
in : stuart , s . n . , m . hoffmann , j . s . chanson , n . a . , cox , r . j . berridge ,
in : stuart , s . n . , m . hoffmann , j . s . chanson , n . a . cox , r . j . berridge , p . ramani & b . e . young ( eds . ) .
biodiversity baseline survey : peak wilderness sanctuary . consultancy services report prepared by green , m . j . b . ( ed . ) , de alwis , s . m . d . a . u . , dayawansa , p . n . , how , r . , singhakumara , b . m . p . , weerakoon , d . and wijesinghe , m . r . ard inc in association with infotech ideas and greentech consultants . sri lanka protected areas management and wildlife conservation project ( pam & wcp / consult / 02 / bdbs ) , department of wildlife conservation , ministry of environment and natural resources , colombo , 1–44pp .
iucn sri lanka and ministry of environment and natural resources sri lanka , 148pp .
notes on the mode of propagation of some ceylonese tree - frogs , with description of two new species .
new insights to the molecular phylogenetics and generic assessment in the rhacophoridae ( amphibia : anura ) based on five nuclear and three mitochondrial genes , with comments on the evolution of reproduction .
taxonomy and conservation status of amphibians in sri lanka , pp . 88–98 . in : weerakoon , d . k . & s . wijesundara ( eds . ) .
a synopsis of the sri lankan bufonidae ( amphibia : anura ) with description of new species .
gistel , 1848 ( ranidae : rhacophorinae ) with description of 27 new species .
manamendra - arachchi , k . & a . de silva ( 2004 ) .
description of eight new species of shrub - frogs ( ranidae : rhacophorinae : philautus ) from sri lanka .
meegaskumbura , m . , k . manamendra - arachchi & r . pethiyagoda ( 2009 ) .
two new species of shrub frogs ( rhacophoridae : philautus ) from the lowlands of sri lanka .
meegaskumbura , m . , k . manamendra - arachchi , c . j . schneider & r . pethiyagoda ( 2007 ) .
species composition , status and feeding ecology of avifauna in high altitude forest of sri lanka .
two new species of lankascincus ( squmamata : scincidae ) from sripada sanctuary ( peak wilderness ) , in sri lanka .
copyright ( c ) 2013 l . j . m . wickramasinghe , d . r . vidanapathirana , m . d . g . rajeev , n . wickramasinghe


stilifer is a genus of small ectoparasitic sea snails that used to belong in the family stiliferidae .

most recent sources consider it part of the family eulimidae , which also belongs to the superfamily eulimoidea .

stilifer

worms - world register of marine species - stilifer barronii a . adams , 1855
worms - world register of marine species - stilifer brychius r . b . watson , 1883
worms - world register of marine species - stilifer linckiae p . sarasin & f . sarasin , 1887
worms - world register of marine species - stilifer curtus ( a . e . verrill , 1882 )
figs 198 - 199 . stilifer astericola , parasitizing heliaster cumingi . fig . . . . | download scientific diagram
scientific synonyms and common names pelseneeria minor koehler & vaney , 1908 pelseneeria stylifera sensu auct . non turton , 1825 stilifer turtoni sensu auct . non broderip , 1832
warén a . ( 1980 ) . revision of the genera thyca , stilifer , scalenostoma , mucronalia and echineulima ( mollusca , prosobranchia , eulimidae ) . zoologica scripta 9 : 187 - 210 [ details ]
figs 198 - 199 . stilifer astericola , parasitizing heliaster cumingi . fig . 198 . male , 3 . 4 mm high . fig . 199 . female ? ca . 4 . 5 mm high .
the type species of the genus microstilifer , stilifer auricula hedley , 1907 is a rather common , but minute , indo - pacific micromollusc that needs a new generic and specific name due to misinterpretation of its identity . the genus hoenselaaria new genus is introduced with its type species hoenselaaria wareni new species . this species occurs nearly all over the tropical indo - pacific but it has been overlooked until now probably due to its extremely small size .
severns , m . ( 2011 ) . shells of the hawaiian islands - the sea shells . conchbooks , hackenheim . 564 pp . [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 3 barcodes ) ( from synonym stylifer linckiae sarasin . ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 16 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) ( from synonym stylifer linckiae sarasin . ) to encyclopedia of life to global biotic interactions ( globi )
warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
adams a . ( 1855 [
1854
] ) . descriptions of thirty - nine new species of shells , from the collection of hugh cuming , esq . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 22 : 130 - 138 , pl . 28 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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angas , g . f . 1877 ,
descriptions of two genera and twenty species of marine shells from new south wales
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1877 , pp . 34 - 40 , pl . 5
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 267e9ffd - 2f50 - 406d - a678 - 35503f259d52
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b42a540e - 9512 - 480f - a621 - f72b41c134ed
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 529897
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( of stilimella kawamurai habe , 1976 ) habe t . ( 1976 ) parasitic gastropods from echinoderms of japan . bulletin of the national science museum [ tokyo ] , ser . a , 2 ( 3 ) : 157 - 171 . [ 22 september 1976 ] page ( s ) : 162 [ details ]
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the lower pliocene gastropods of le pigeon blanc ( loire - atlantique , north west france ) , 2 . caenogastropoda .
albano p . g . , bakker p . a . j . , janssen r . & eschner a . ( 2017 ) . an illustrated catalogue of rudolf sturany’s type specimens in the naturhistorisches museum wien , austria ( nhmw ) : red sea gastropods . zoosystematics and evolution . 93 ( 1 ) : 45 - 94 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
abbott r . t . ( 1974 ) . american seashells . the marine mollusca of the atlantic and pacific coast of north america . ed . 2 . van nostrand , new york . 663 pp . , 24 pls . [ october 1974 ] . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
natural history museum , london ( nhm ) : collections management database system . [ details ]
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the northern tip of mactan island , a little offshore . rocky coast , currents in front in general .
this is a gravel bottom with coralline algae , small corals , here and there a rock . sand patches . the whole very flat .
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the checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .
these documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .
the checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .
a complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hernán vargas , howard l . snell .
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bouchet , p . , & a . warén , 1986 . revision of the norteast atlantic bathyal and abyssal aclididae , eulimidae , epitoniidae ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . bollettino malacologico . supplemento 2 . milano maggio .
seaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .
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california turret spiders ( antrodiaetus riversi ; superfamily atypoidea , family antrodiaetidae ) are medium-sized mygalomorph spiders native to northern california that construct burrows with a cork-like trapdoor made of soil , vegetation and silk .

this spider 's length is 13 to 18 millimetres ( 0.51 to 0.71 in ) long , though females are larger than males .

antrodiaetus riversi

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starrett j , hedin m ( 2007 ) multilocus genealogies reveal multiple cryptic species and biogeographic complexity in the california turret spider antrodiaetus riversi ( mygalomorphae , antrodiaetidae ) . molecular ecology , 16 : 583 - 604 .
detailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the turret spider .
turret spiders are snatch - and - grab predators and their oblivious prey never see it coming .
legs : spiders have four pairs of legs and these are attached to the cephalothorax .
abdomen : contains various organs related to digestion , reproduction , and web - making .
spinnerets : used in the production of spider silk for fashioning webs or catching prey .
note : unlike insects , spiders have both an endoskeleton ( internal ) and exoskeleton ( external ) .
an insect ' s reach is not limited by lines drawn on a map and therefore species may appear in areas , regions and / or states beyond those listed below as they are driven by environmental factors ( such as climate change ) , available food supplies and mating patterns . grayed - out selections below indicate that the subject in question has not been reported in that particular territory . u . s . states and canadian provinces / territories are clickable to their respective bug listings .
the map below showcases ( in red ) the states and territories of north america where the turret spider may be found ( but is not limited to ) . this sort of data can be useful in seeing concentrations of a particular species over the continent as well as revealing possible migratory patterns over a species ' given lifespan . some species are naturally confined by environment , weather , mating habits , food resources and the like while others see widespread expansion across most , or all , of north america .
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here is a better photo that i took later . it is the same burrow .
have you positively ruled out a wolf spider ? i can vaguely make out the eyes , which don ' t look like the eye arrangement of a mygalomorph ( or am i just seeing reflections off the chelicerae ? ) . any chance you can take an image of the spider itself , coaxing it out of the burrow and replacing it once you have a few images ?
i haven ' t positively ruled out anything : - ) . i can say that the opening of the turret was about 12 - 15 mm . there were three in this area , one without the redwood needles , and more down the trail about 10 feet which i didn ' t personally see . i ' ll put up a closer crop of the opening . i can ' t make out anything that looks like eyes except possibly a round shiny spot between the two middle legs . the turrets were on the side of the trail , on the dirt wall coming up from the trail , under a mossy overhang with a tree above . it was a wooded area . we did see a couple of wolf spiders on another trail off a grassy area , one carrying babies . they were much bigger and were more of a light tan color .
it was a reflection off the chelicerae that i was seeing . . . . i suspect this is a juvenile mygalomorph of some kind then . an adult atypoides is not a small spider ! i had a male specimen once , taken by a friend near bend , oregon . males have incredible horn - like processes coming off the jaws , so are easy to recognize . females not so much : - ) detailed images of the actual spider will be necessary for even a family id , and if these ' are ' immature , not sure even that would help . you might consider pitfall trapping right now , for wandering adult male specimens of whatever this is .
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this was on the east ridge trail . by rubbing a thin twig around the edges of its burrow , i was able to
fish
the spider out for a second . they were very common along this portion of the tail on fairly steep trailcuts .
colony of california turret spiders found on the east ridge trail at armstrong redwoods state reserve .
males possess a long , horn - like apophysis on each jaw , terminating in a small , hairy knob .
by godwin , r . l . , opatova , v . , garrison , n . l . , hamilton , c . a . & bond , j . e .
online download available from the amnh publications website here : urltoken . it ' s part of a large compilation of papers . the microhexura section starts on page 64 .
link here : urltoken - large file ( 104 mb ) . this publication covers both the modern thomisidae and philodromidae of california ( at that time lumped together under thomisidae ) .
bulletin of the university of utah 37 ( 10 ) : 1 - 103 . , 1947
transactions of the connecticut academy of arts and sciences 20 : 145 - 160 . , 1915