polistes instabilis , a type of paper wasp , is a neotropical , eusocial wasp ( family vespidae ) that can be found in tropical and subtropical areas such as central america and south america .

it can be easily identified with its characteristic yellow , brown , and reddish markings , and it builds nests made from chewing plant fibers and making them into paper .

colonies are usually initiated in the spring after the foundresses have emerged from the winter .

either one or a few queens found each colony by laying eggs , which develop into workers .

although there are no morphological differences between queens and workers , queens can be identified easily by their dominant interactions with workers .

while queens are responsible for laying eggs , workers are responsible for gathering materials for the nest , tending to the young , and foraging for food .

this species tends to feed on nectar as well as arthropods such as caterpillars .

polistes instabilis

the queen is not a pacemaker in the small - colony wasps polistes instabilis and p . dominulus
nest defense by the social wasps , polistes exclamans and polistes instabilis ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) against the parasitoid , elasmus polistis ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : eulophidae ) .
nest defense by the social wasps , polistes exclamans and polistes instabilis ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) against the parasitoid , elasmus polistis ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : eulophidae ) .
nest defense by the social wasps , polistes exclamans and polistes instabilis ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) against the parasitoid , elasmus polistis ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : eulophidae ) . [ 1984 ]
p . snelleni is in the genus polistes , with the subgenus polistella , a paraphyletic subgenus . p . snelleni is most closely related to polistes stigma bernadii . it is also closely related to polistes japonicus . p . snelleni has been studied alongside polistes chinensis , and polistes biglumis for comparison in worker - worker conflict , which are two other paper wasps .
o ' donnell s . ( 1998 ) effects of experimental forager removals on division of labor in the primitively eusocial wasp polistes instabilis ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) , behaviour 135 , 174 - 193 .
hughes , c . r . & j . e . strassmann . 1988 . age is more important than size in determining dominance among workers in the primitively eusocial wasp , polistes instabilis . behaviour 107 : 1 - 14 .
hughes , c . r . and strassmann , j . e . 1988 . age is more important than size in determining dominance among workers in the primitively eusocial wasp , polistes instabilis . behaviour 107 : 1 - 14 .
gillaspy , j . e . , “management of polistes wasps for caterpillar predation , ” southeast . entomol .
pardi , p . 1948 . dominance order in polistes wasps . physiological zoology 21 : 1 - 13 .
* jha , s . , * casey - ford , r . g . , pedersen , j . s . , platt , t . g . , cervo , r . , queller , d . c . , strassmann , j . e . 2006 . the queen is not a pacemaker in the small colony wasps polistes instabilis and polistes dominulus . animal behaviour 71 : 1197 - 1203 .
polistes japonicus is a member of the tribe polistini within the paper wasp subfamily , polistinae . they are in the subgenus polistella within polistes . a close relative within this subgenus is p . snelleni . they are primitively eusocial wasps .
two species of elasmus ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) are newly recognized in south korea : elasmus japonicus ashmead and elasmus polistis burks . they were reared from the nests of polistes ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) : e . japonicus from polistes rothneyi koreanus and e . polistis from polistes snelleni and p . rothneyi koreanus . both species are biparental and usually have more females than males .
lutz , g . g . * , strassmann , j . e . and hughes , c . r . 1984 . nest defense by the social wasps , polistes exclamans and p . instabilis ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) against the parasitoid elasmus polistis ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : eulophidae ) . entomological news , 95 : 47 - 50 .
cervo , r . , stemmer , c . , castle , w . * , queller , d . c . , and strassmann , j . e . 2004 . social parasitism of polistes dominulus by polistes nimphus ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) . insectes sociaux 51 : 101 - 108 .
strassmann , j . e . 1989 . group colony foundation in polistes annularis ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . psyche 96 : 223 - 236 .
. . . typically , plant - pollinator interactions are recognized as mutualistic relationships . flower visitors , however , can potentially play multiple roles . the floral nectar in croton suberosus has been proposed to operate as a reward for predators , especially the wasp polistes instabilis ( vespidae ) , which kills herbivorous insects , while the plant has been thought to be mainly wind - pollinated . in this s . . .
strassmann , j . e . 1991 . costs and benefits of colony aggregations in the social wasp polistes annularis . behavioral ecology 2 : 204 - 209 .
strassmann , j . e . 1981 . parasitoids , predators and group size in the paper wasp , polistes exclamans . ecology 62 : 1225 - 1233 .
strassmann , j . e . 1979 . honey caches help female paper wasps ( polistes annularis ) survive texas winters . science 204 : 207 - 209 .
strassmann , j . e . & d . c . meyer . 1983 . gerontocracy in the social wasp polistes exclamans . animal behavior 31 : 431 - 438 .
pickering , j . 1980 sex ratio , social behaviour and ecology in polistes , pachysomoides and plasmodium ph . d . thesis , harvard university , cambridge , massachusetts .
liebert ae , johnson rn , switz gt , starks pt . triploid females and diploid males : underreported phenomena in polistes wasps ? insect soc 51 : 205 - 211
strassmann , j . e . 1985 . worker mortality and the evolution of castes in the social wasp , polistes exclamans . insectes sociaux 32 : 275 - 285 .
strassmann , j . e . 1981 . wasp reproduction and kin selection : reproductive competition and dominance hierarchies among polistes annularis foundresses . florida entomologist 64 : 74 - 88 .
west - eberhard , m . j . 1986 . dominance relations in polistes canadensis ( l . ) , a tropical social wasp . monitore zoologico italiano 20 : 263–281 .
given the inconclusiveness of previous studies , we report tests of the predictions of the novel - function and split - function hypotheses in the tropical primitively eusocial wasp polistes canadensis .
one wasp species with a dominance hierarchy determined by age is the liostenogaster flavolineata or hairy faced hover wasp , as it is more commonly known . once the female queen dies , the reign is then transferred to the next oldest female . size is not a factor for these wasps in determining a replacement for the previous queen . it’s a pattern of dominance hierarchy also applied to other kinds of wasps like the polistes instabilis and polistes exclamans . this disciplined dominance is a positive behavior for the wasp colony since there isn’t much competition for dominance involving the female wasps . most wasps only leave their nest to seek better positions in another nest .
polistes japonicus is a eusocial paper wasp found in japan . it was first described by henri louis frédéric de saussure in 1858 . it is closely related to polistes formosanus . this species lives in small colonies with few workers and a foundress queen . nests of these wasps are sometimes used as a traditional medicine in korea , china , and japan .
strassmann , j . e . 1981 . evolutionary implications of early male and satellite nest production in polistes exclamans colony cycles . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 8 : 55 - 64 .
strassmann , j . e . 1981 . wasp reproduction and kin selection : reproductive competition and dominance hierarchies among polistes annularis foundresses . the florida entomologist 64 : 74 - 88 .
gould , w . p . and jeanne , r . l . , “polistes wasps ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) as control agent for lepidopterous cabbage pests , ” environ . entomol .
hughes , c . r . and strassmann , j . e . 1988 . foundress mortality after worker emergence in social wasps ( polistes ) . ethology 79 : 265 - 280 .
strassmann , j . e . and meyer , d . c . * . 1983 . gerontocracy in the social wasp , polistes exclamans . animal behaviour 31 : 431 - 438 .
. . . we used the mean area of the two largest oocytes as an index of ovary development [ keeping , 2000 ; markiewicz and o ' donnell , 2001 ; keeping , 2002 ; foster et al . , 2004 ] . body size affects dominance status in many polistes species [ pardi , 1946 ; turillazzi and pardi , 1977 ; tannure - nascimento et al . , 2005 ] . although hughes and strassmann [ 1988 ] did not find body size to be an indicator of dominance in polistes instabilis workers , body size could still influence and / or confound relationships between mb volume and behavior in our study [ mares et al . , 2005 ] . . . .
strassmann , j . e . 1985 . relatedness of workers to brood in the social wasp , polistes exclamans ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . zeitschrift für tierpsychologie 69 : 141 - 148 .
strassmann , j . e . 1983 . nest fidelity and group size among foundress of polistes annularis ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . journal of the kansas entomological society 56 : 621 - 634 .
theraulaz g . , gervet j . , semenoff s . ( 1991 ) social regulation of forage activities in polistes dominilus christ : a systemic approach to behavioral organization , behaviour 116 , 292 - 320 .
strassmann , j . e . 1989 . early termination of brood rearing in the social wasp , polistes annularis : ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . journal of the kansas entomological society 62 : 353 - 362 .
sullivan , j . d . * and strassmann , j . e . 1984 . physical variability among nest foundresses in the polygynous social wasp polistes annularis . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 15 : 249 - 256 .
t . ulmifolia produces flowers and fruits all year round ( montano et al . , 2011 ) . in mexico , a reproductive peak occurs during the summer ( torres - hernández et al . , 2000 ) . this species has extrafloral nectaries which are frequently visited by ants ( camponotus planatus , c . atriceps , conomyrma sp . , crematogaster crinosa , forelius sp . , pseudomyrmex sp . ) , wasps ( polistes instabilis and polybia occidentalis ) and honeybees ( apis mellifera ) which forage looking for the nectar produced ( cuautle and rico - gray , 2003 ) .
lester , l . j . , and r . k . selander .
genetic relatedness and the social organization of polistes colonies .
the american naturalist 117 . 2 ( 1981 ) : 147 . web .
seppä , p . , queller , d . c . , and strassmann , j . e . 2002 . reproduction in foundress associations of the social wasp , polistes carolina . behavioral ecology13 : 531 - 542 .
hughes , c . r . , beck , m . o . * and strassmann , j . e . 1987 . queen succession in the social wasp , polistes annularis . ethology 76 : 124 - 132 .
strassmann , j . e . and orgren , c . f . 1983 . nest architecture and brood development times in the paper wasp polistes exclamans ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . psyche 90 : 237 - 248 .
vii + 580 pp . and 4 colour plates . provides keys to all the genera and species of new world polistinae . keys are poorly illustrated and in many cases only useful for experts . key to polistes difficult to use because it also includes the numerous central and south american species . separation of females of the widespread , hypervariable p . fuscatus from related species often inaccurate . key to polistes males does not work for most species .
strassmann , j . e . , meyer , c . d . * and matlock , r . l . * . 1984 . behavioral castes in the social wasp polistes exclamans . sociobiology 8 : 211 - 225 .
pickett , kurt m . , james m . carpenter , and ward c . wheeler .
systematics of polistes , with a phylogenetic consideration of hamilton’s haplodiploidy hypothesis .
annales zoologici fennici 43 ( 2006 ) : 390–406 .
arévalo , e . , strassmann , j . e . , and queller , d . c . 1998 conflicts of interest in social insects : male production in two species of polistes . evolution 52 : 797 - 805 .
giannotti , e . & v . l . l machado . 1997 . queen replacement in postemergent colonies of the social wasp , polistes lanio ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) . revista brasileira de entomologia 41 ( 1 ) : 911 .
miyano , s . 1986 . colony development , worker behavior and male production in orphan colonies of a japanese paper wasp , polistes chinensis antennalis ( hymenoptera , vespidae , polistinae ) . researches on population ecology 28 : 347 - 361 .
solís , c . r . and strassmann , j . e . , 1990 . presence of brood affects caste differentiation in the social wasp , polistes exclamans . viereck ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) functional ecology 4 : 531 - 541 .
strassmann , j . e . , queller , d . c . , and hughes , c . r . 1988 . predation and the evolution of sociality in the paper wasp , polistes bellicosus . ecology 69 : 1497 - 1505 .
strassmann , j . e . & r . r . thomas * . 1980 . an analysis of the interrelationships among nest variables in polistes exclamans ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . journal of the kansas entomological society 53 : 770 - 780 .
in both of the if species , which have open nests , queens had greater mb calyx volume dedicated to visual processing than workers ( mb calyx collar + br : mischocyttarus mastigophorus , f 1 , 6 = 6 . 21 , p = 0 . 04 ; polistes instabilis , f 1 , 2 = 26 . 64 , p = 0 . 04 ) . in contrast , sf queens in some species with enclosed nests had decreased brain volume dedicated to visual processing relative to their workers ( agelaia xanthopus , ol : f 1 , 6 = 10 . 12 , p = 0 . 02 ; protopolybia exigua , mb calyx collar + br : f 1 , 7 = 8 . 27 , p = 0 . 02 ) . in both the if species , queens had more brain volume dedicated to olfaction than their nestmates ( m . mastigophorus , al : f 1 , 6 = 7 . 28 , p = 0 . 04 ; p . instabilis , mb calyx lip : f 1 , 2 = 27 . 83 , p = 0 . 03 ) .
hughes , c . r . , queller , d . c . , strassmann , j . e . , and davis , s . k . , 1993 . relatedness and altruism in polistes wasps . behavioral ecology 4 : 128 - 137 .
reeve , h . k . 1991 . polistes . in : ross k . g . & r . w . matthews ( eds . ) . the social biology of wasps . , ithaca ( ny ) : cornell university press . p . 99 - 149 .
strassmann , j . e . , seppä , p . , and queller , d . c . 2000 . absence of within - colony discrimination : foundresses of the social wasp , polistes carolina , do not prefer their own larvae . naturwissenschaften 87 : 266 - 269 .
strassmann , j . e . 1979 . kin selection and the population biology of the social paper wasp polistes exclamans . ph . d . dissertation , university of texas at austin ( co - chairs alan r . templeton , lawrence e . gilbert ) , ann arbor microfilms .
davis , s , strassmann , j . , hughes , c . , pletscher , s . and templeton , a . 1990 . population structure and kinship in polistes ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) : an analysis using ribosomal dna and protein electrophoresis . evolution 44 : 1242 - 1253 .
polistes apachus de saussure , 1857 recognized by gusenleitner j . , zobodat : zoological - botanical database ( vespoidea ) in thecatalogue of life in the catalogue of life partnership : catalogue of life . accessed via urltoken on 2014 - 10 - 15 ; akey c . f . hung , h . c . reed & s . b . vinson ( 1981 ) chromosomes of four species of polistes wasps ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) , caryologia : international journal of cytology , cytosystematics and cytogenetics , 34 : 2 , 225–230 , doi : 10 . 1080 / 00087114 . 1981 . 10796887
cotoneschi , c . scognamiglio , f . , scala , c . , cervo , r . strassmann , j . e . , turillazzi , s . 2007 , larval sex identification in the paper wasp polistes dominulus ( vespidae : hymenoptera ) . insectes sociaux 54 : 132 - 135 .
strassmann , j . e . , barefield , k . , solís , c . r . , hughes , c . r . , and queller , d . c . , 1997 . trinucleotide microsatellite loci for a social wasp , polistes . molecular ecology 6 : 97 - 100 .
strassmann , j . , lee , r . , rojas , r . and baust , j . 1984 . caste and sex differences in cold - hardiness in the social wasps , polistes annularis and p . exclamans ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . insectes sociaux 31 : 291 - 301 .
strassmann , j . e . 1981 . kin selection and satellite nests in polistes exclamans in : natural selection and social behavior : recent research and new theory , pp . 45 - 57 . r . d . alexander and d . w . tinkle ( eds . ) , chiron press .
queller , d . c . and strassmann , j . e . 1987 . selection on group nesting in foundresses of polistes annularis . pp . 333 - 334 . chemistry and biology of social insects , j . eder and h . rembold ( eds . ) verlag j . peperny , munich .
o’donnell [ 15 ] argued that workers of polistes differed in their behavior according to a set of physical and social stimuli , intrinsic ( social and developmental ) or extrinsic ( environmental ) . these behavioral switches are necessary to maintain reasonable levels of food and pulp collection according to the needs of the colony .
queller , d . c . and strassmann , j . e . 1988 . reproductive success and group nesting in the paper wasp polistes annularis . pp . 76 - 96 . in : reproductive success : studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems t . clutton - brock ( ed . ) , chicago .
fanelli , d . , henshaw , m . , cervo , r . , turillazzi , s . , queller , d . c . , strassmann , j . e . 2005 . the social parasite wasp polistes atrimandibularis does not form host races . j . evol . biol . 18 : 1362 - 1367 .
strassmann , j . e . 1996 . selective altruism towards closer over more distant relatives in colonies of the primitively eusocial wasp , polistes . in : natural history and evolution of paper wasps pp . 190 - 201 ( eds . s . turillazzi & m . j . west - eberhard ) oxford university press .
queller , d . c . , peters , j . m . , solís , c . r . & strassmann , j . e . , 1997 . control of reproduction in social insect colonies : individual and collective relatedness preferences in the paper wasp , polistes annularis . behavioral ecology and sociobiology 40 : 3 - 16 .
strassmann , j . e . , queller , d . c . and hughes c . r . 1987 . constraints on independent nesting by polistes foundresses in texas . pp . 379 - 380 . chemistry and biology of social insects , j . eder and h . rembold ( eds . ) verlag j . peperny , munich .
cervo , r . , dapporto , l . , beani , l . , strassmann , j . e . , turillazzi , s . 2008 . on status badges and quality signals in polistes dominulus : body size , facial colour patterns and hierarchical rank . proceedings of the royal society : biological sciences , 275 : 1189 - 1196 .
throughout colony development , the foundress remains the highest - ranked member . workers rarely display dominance behaviors to the foundress . the dominance hierarchy in polistes japonicus is determined not by body size but by worker age , similarly to the related species polistes instabilis . depending on the development of the colony , either young workers or older workers are higher in the dominance hierarchy . in the first - brood period of these wasps , older workers are more likely to be ranked higher in the dominance hierarchy , but the opposite is true in the mixed brood period . the dominance hierarchy promotes efficient foraging during the first - brood period and in the mixed brood period it functions to determine which workers might have a chance to produce offspring of their own . in moving up the dominance hierarchy , it is more common for the younger workers to do this because they are less physically and physiologically damaged as a result of working for a shorter period of time . young workers could also seem more successful as a result of the older workers being uninterested due to their age and the unlikely possibility of them reproducing . rank is important in this species because this social dominance hierarchy functions as a mechanism to select who will supersede the foundress and be able to reproduce .
strassmann , j . , queller , d . , * emerson , j . , * stagi , m . , cervo , c . , turillazzi , s . 2004 . comparing the costs and benefits of grouping with non - relatives in the social amoeba dictyostelium discoideum and the social wasp polistes dominulus . redia 87 : 145 - 148 .
strassmann , j . e . , peters , j . m . , barefield , k . , solís , c . r . , hughes , c . r . , queller , d . c . 1997 . trinucleotide microsatellite loci and increased heterozygosity in cross species applications in the social wasp , polistes . biochemical genetics 35 : 273 - 279 .
strassmann , j . e . , nguyen , j . s . , * arévalo , e . , cervo , r . , zacchi , f . , turillazzi , s . queller , d . c . , 2003 . worker interests and male production in polistes gallicus , a mediterranean social wasp , j . evolutionary biology 16 : 254 - 259 .
strassmann , j . e . , fortunato , a . , cervo , c . , turillazzi , s . , damon , j . m . * , and queller , d . c . 2004 . the cost of queen loss in the social wasp polistes dominulus ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . journal of the kansas entomological society , 77 : 343 - 355 .
our results indicate a relationship between jh and both age - related change in worker behavior and reproductive development of queens in the primitively eusocial wasp polistes canadensis . this finding contradicts the novel - or single - function hypothesis that , influence on behavioral development is a newly evolved role for jh in the highly eusocial hymenoptera by suggesting that both functions may be present in the same species .
high - resolution genetic markers have revolutionized our understanding of vertebrate mating systems , but have so far yielded few comparable surprises about kinship in social insects . here we use microsatellite markers to reveal an unexpected and unique social system in what is probably the best - studied social wasp , polistes dominulus . social insect colonies are nearly always composed of close . . . [ show full abstract ]
cotoneschi , c . , dani , f . r . , cervo , r . scala , c . , strassmann , j . e . , queller , d . c . , turillazzi , s . 2009 . polistes dominulus ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) larvae show different cuticular patterns according to their sex : workers seem not to use this chemical information . chemical senses 34 : 195 - 202
cervo , r . dani , f . r . cotoneschi , c . , * scala , c . , lotti , i . , strassmann , j . e . , queller , d . c . , & turillazzi , s . 2008 . why are larvae of the social parasite wasp polistes sulcifer not removed from the host nest ? behavioral ecology and sociobiology 62 : 1319 - 1331 .
the possibility of diapause in the population of the present study is also suggested by the rarity of building behavior , which correlates with ovarian development in at least some polistes species and other social wasps ( 57 , 58 ) , in the young females of our late - wet - season observation nests . even though the population of adult females is high during this period just before the onset of the dry season , population - wide oviposition rates are low ; and nest - initiation rates are low during november and december ( 59 ) . although jh - mediated physiological diapause has not been demonstrated in tropical wasps a diapause - like state has been observed in females p . instabilis in costa rica ( 60 ) which , like the wasps of our panamanian study population , experience a strong dry season . females of r . marginata in bangalore , india ( 13°n latitude ) undergo a reproductive arrest during relatively cool winter months ( 61 ) , raising the possibility that the presence of idle or “sitter” females in some tropical social wasps ( 16 , 31 , 62 ) could involve a jh - mediated polyphenism .
we present the first data on the molecular basis of behavioural queen / worker caste polyphenisms in a primitively eusocial society . polistes canadensis is an ideal species in which to study castes because it is restricted to the relatively aseasonal tropics where , in contrast to temperate species of polistes , both workers and queens are long - lived ( pickering 1980 ) , caste is not influenced by the time of year that a female emerges ( mead & gabouriaut 1993 ) , and size / nutrition is unlikely to influence caste as queens do not hibernate ( strassmann et al . 1984 ; sullivan & strassmann 1984 ) . we first identified genes that were differentially expressed between pairs of the three behavioural castes within p . canadensis ( young females , y ; workers , w ; and queens , q ) . next , we tested the hypothesis that the developmental gradient of young females to workers and workers to queens involves the gradual change in regulation of the same set of genes by comparing expression patterns of those genes identified as differentially expressed between one caste pair in other caste pairs . lastly , we tested the hypothesis that the genes underlying behavioural castes ( found in polistes ) are conserved in adults of advanced eusocial taxa ( e . g . apis and bombus ) .
the acg cloud forest ecosystem is an ecological island , but it has some linkages to the “mainland” that are highly significant for other ecosystems . not only does its water product flow out across the dry forest to the pacific , creating linear oases as it flows , but dry forest species uses its cold refrigerator to pass the food - free long dry season in the dry forest below . the major caterpillar predator , polistes instabilis , is a very direct example ; this large wasp leaves the wet and green dry forest in the end of the rainy season and parks itself along with thousands of its conspecifics in a hollow tree trunk ( or abandoned house ) to pass the dry season with little or no expenditure of energy . when it returns to the dry forest lowlands at the beginning of the rainy season , it is a major killer of caterpillars , for six months as it builds up its large social colonies . unfortunately , this inter - ecosystem linkage is now being broken by the warming of the volcano tops , allowing army ants ( and other predators ) to move up and become predators on the dormant wasps .
loss of the queen is a crisis for a social insect colony . the process of queen succession could cause increased aggression and work inefficiencies , and the new queen , if the colony can produce one , could be slow to develop mature eggs . we evaluated the cost of queen replacement in polistes dominulus by removing the queen from a set of single - foundress colonies while leaving a control set with . . . [ show full abstract ]
social insects are premier models for studying the evolution of self - organization in animal societies . primitively social species may be informative about the early stages of social evolution and transitions in self - organization . previous worker removal studies in polistes instabilis paper wasps suggested that dominant but non - egglaying workers play an important role in regulating rates of task performance by inducing foraging in subordinates . we extend previous worker removal studies by quantifying changes in individuals’ behavior following removals , and by measuring associations between behavioral change and individuals’ reproductive capacity ( ovary development ) . workers changed their rates of aggressive behaviors more than queens following the dominant worker removals . increases in worker’s rates of aggressive behaviors were correlated with decreases in their foraging rates . changes in individual rates of social aggression were associated with their reproductive capacity : worker females with well - developed ovaries increased their rates of aggression . further changes in rates of aggression after the dominant workers were returned also depended on ovary development . these patterns suggest that task performance and potential fecundity are linked in workers , and that worker interactions play a strong role in regulating task performance . we conclude that worker reproductive competition may have influenced the evolution of colony organization in social insects .
polistes snelleni , the japanese paper wasp , is a common social wasp species in central and northern japan . p . snelleni is also found in northern china , korea , and the russian far east . due to the different climates in these regions , p . snelleni is able to adapt to different temperatures and climatic conditions . p . snelleni is typically found in hilly or submontane areas , so they are classified in the semi - highland category .
the specific features of spatio - temporal organization of the parasitoid - host system in a heterogeneous environment was analyzed . the spatial distribution of ectoparasitoids in different habitat types of their host polistes dominulus ( christ ) ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) was found to be non - uniform . latibulus argiolus ( rossi ) ( hymenoptera , ichneumonidae ) prevailed in the host nests located in shelters , while elasmus schmitti ruschka ( hymenoptera , eulophidae ) prevailed in the nests attached to plants .
. . . in this species , colonies are usually founded after the end of winter ( dry season ) . new foundations are initiated by 1–18 associated females and satellite nests are built nearby ( tannure - nascimento et al 2005 ) . whereas , it has been hypothesized that satellite nests built by polistes are an adaptation that reduce brood loss to parasitoids ( jeanne 1979 , strassmann 1981 ) , there is a possibility that satellite nests function as conflict resolution among nestmate females . . . .
although much can be said about the polistes versicolor , the dominant - subordinate relationship is more prominent in these yellow paper wasps as the position for dominancy is applied when a female has a greater share of food . in retrospect , if the female is able to obtain a greater sum of food she is then able to reach a higher and dominant position . a downside to this particular system in the colony is the competition over resources , which causes aggression especially in any usurping females interested to be the future foundress .
similarly to m . consimilis , in the colonies of m . drewseni , the queens perform most of the ovipositions ( jeanne 1972 ) . this differs from p . lanio , in which oviposition was done exclusively by the queens , confirming the condition of functional monogyny in nests ( giannotti and machado 1999 ) . according to deleurance ( 1950 ) , the presence of empty cells stimulates oviposition in polistes , and the queen , by maintaining the cells full of her own eggs , prevents the workers from ovipositing ( brian 1958 ) .
. . . the absence of significant morphological differences among females is a common feature of independentfoundation species ( jeanne 1986 , keeping 2000 ) . however , differences in body size and / or physiological state can be correlated with the reproductive condition of a female ( fukuda et al 2003 , tannure - nascimento et al 2005 , gobbi et al 2006 , murakami & shima 2006 ) . yet , environmental changes can lead to the production of larger females that are able to survive harsher temperatures and start new colonies later , as observed in polistes wasps in temperate climates ( west - eberhard 1969 , solis & strassmann 1990 , dani 1994 ) . . . .
the colonies of m . consimilis do not exhibit a well—defined temporal polyethism because most of their activities are carried out throughout their entire lifespans . this pattern evidences a behavioral plasticity among the workers similar to that which occurs in colonies of p . versicolor ( zara and balestieri 2000 ) . several studies have shown that independent—founding species have a weak or nonexistent correlation between age and tasks performed by workers ( cameron 1989 ; jeanne 1991a ; giray et al . 2005 ) . this characteristic seems to be beneficial to the survival of mischocyttarus as much as polistes , because both genera include species with small colonies and with independent foundation ( giannotti 1999 ; giannotti and machado 1994 ) .
recent studies report that reproductive and non - reproductive roles of individuals can be associated with body size variation and / or physiological differences in many primitively eusocial wasps . this paper investigates the effects of the season on the body size and reproductive differences in polistes satan . in pre - emergence colonies , inseminated females are significantly larger than subordinates for most of body measurements . season has no effect on the differences related to the body size between inseminated females and uninseminated females from post - emergence colonies . however , most morphometric variables were significantly different between uninseminated females collected in distinct periods of the year . we suggest that seasonal variation may affect uninseminated females directly reflecting a flexible developmental programme in primitively eusocial wasps .
polistes , solenopsis , apis and bombus represent four independent origins of eusociality ( carpenter 1991 ; cameron & mardulyn 2001 ) . given the relatively small number of genes examined in any of these studies ( with the exception of those on apis ) it was surprising to find 9 of the 32 genes identified in this study were also differentially expressed during caste determination across 2–4 of these taxa . these genes are putatively of evolutionary importance in queen and worker behaviours , since they have arisen independently in several eusocial taxa through either conservation or convergence . however , few genes have been examined in more than two species , there is limited evidence for consistency in the direction of caste - associated expression across taxa , and specific gene functions in the different taxa remain undetermined .
similarly , the acceleration by methoprene of task ontogeny in p . occidentalis has been interpreted as support for the novel - function hypothesis ( 15 ) but the implication that jh does not affect reproductive development in that species has not been tested . however , the onset of outside - nest tasks coincides with worker ovary resorption ( 32 ) , suggesting that jh could affect both . although p . occidentalis resembles honey bees in having a well defined age polyethism and large colony size , it resembles polistes and other primitively eusocial genera in not having morphologically distinct castes , with caste likely determined , as in other primitively eusocial swarming species , in the adult stage ( 33 – 35 ) . the role of jh in reproductive caste determination has not been examined in this or any other swarming social wasp .
in r . marginata the age polyethism is strong , but jh application to newly emerged females failed to accelerate the age polyethism even though it accelerated the onset of egg laying in the absence of a queen ( 27 ) . these findings would seem to support the predictions of the novel - function hypothesis , except that the hypothesis assumes an age polyethism to be absent in primitively eusocial species and to be explained in terms of jh when present . neither hypothesis contemplates the possibility of a well defined age polyethism without the mediation of jh , and the possibility remains that jh is involved : the jh titers of r . marginata workers have not been measured , nor was jh applied to nonworker , nonreproductive ( sitter ) females ( see refs . 16 and 31 ) , so it is not known whether , as in bombus and polistes , jh is important for worker behavior to occur .
the resolution of social conflict in colonies may accord with the interests of the most numerous party . in social insect colonies with single once - mated queens , workers are more closely related to the workers ' sons than they are to the queens ' sons . therefore , they should prefer workers to produce males , against the queen ' s interests . workers are capable of producing males as they arise from unfertilized eggs . we found polistes gallicus to have colonies of single , once - mated queens , as determined by microsatellite genotyping of the workers , so worker interests predict worker male production . in colonies lacking queens , workers produced the males , but not in colonies with original queens . thus worker interests were expressed only when the queen was gone . the high fraction of missing queens and early end to the colony cycle relative to climate so early in the season is surprising and may indicate a forceful elimination of the queen .
in wasps with independent foundation , there is no morphological caste differentiation , and the caste of queen or worker is determined mainly by means of aggressive interactions ( gadagkar 1991 ) . the queens , being more aggressive , can ingest more food during trophallaxis ( jeanne 1972 ; röseler 1991 ; spradbery 1991 ) , which may cause them to develop their ovaries ( queller and strassmann 1989 ) . however , the determination of castes can occur during the pre—imaginal phase ( hunt 1991 ; o ' donnell 1998a ) , affecting the larval nutrition and the rate of development of the immatures , and consequently the division of castes ( west - eberhard 1969 ; gadagkar et al . 1991 ; o ' donnell 1998a ) . pre—imaginal determination of caste is evident in swarm— founding species with morphologically distinct castes , including some epiponini and ropalidiini ( jeanne 1991a ) , and also in some species with independent foundation , such as ropalidia marginata ( gadagkar et al . 1991 ) , belonogaster petiolata ( keeping 2002 ) , and other members of polistes ( o ' donnell 1998a ) .
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large social wasps with long legs , usually brown , yellow markings typically less extensive than yellow jackets and hornets ( vespinae ) . build distinctive paper nests attached to a surface by a stalk . no outer covering of cells as in the vespinae .
males have curly antennae and yellow faces ( p . annularis males have red faces just like females ) .
variant with no yellow lines on scutum ( much like red variant of p . aurifer )
early spring to late fall ( in warm areas year - round ) . only workers early in season - - males appear in late summer to fall ( earlier in the south ) . females overwinter , in p . annularis also males .
take nectar and juice from ripe fruit . predatory on other insects ( predominantly caterpillars ) to feed larvae .
semi - social wasps , all females are potential breeders . fertilized queens overwinter in crevices or under bark . in spring they build a nest and the colony builds up over the summer . at first , only workers ( sterile females ) are produced . mature colonies have up to 30 adults . a young queen is the sole survivor of the colony .
not as aggressive as hornets or yellowjackets . often build nests under eaves . may be considered beneficial to gardeners ( feed on herbivorous insects ) .
identification atlas of the vespidae ( hymenoptera , aculeata ) of the northeastern nearctic region matthias buck , stephen a . marshall , and david k . b . cheung . 2008 . biological survey of canada [ canadian journal of arthropod identification ] .
vespidae ( insecta : hymenoptera ) of puerto rico , west indies carpenter j . m . , genaro j . a . 2011 . insecta mundi 0202 : 1 - 35 .
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it is a central american species that occurs only in south texas within the u . s .
the information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .
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contributed by edward l . ruden on 21 march , 2017 - 9 : 26pm
this is an excellent review of various genera of social wasps . a readable copy of this book can be found here : urltoken ; = frontcover & dq ; = social + biology + of + wasps & hl ; = en & sa ; = x & ei ; = upttuuc2bqwf2qxb - 4caba & ved ; = 0cdqq6aewaq # v = onepage & q ; = social % 20biology % 20of % 20wasps & f ; = false a downloadable copy can be found at this link : urltoken
this is a remarakable book featuring many color photos and valuble information on wasps and many other insects as well . it is primarily for a younger audience but it is a great read for anyone interested in insects . here is a link to a readable / downloadable copy : urltoken
by matthias buck , stephen a . marshall , and david k . b . cheung
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the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 5 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
establishes itself in vines and orchards , but can also be found in more urban areas .
, which is the common name for a type of wasp that uses a papery material to construct its nests .
changes continue to be made to the taxonomy and phylogeny , but detailed knowledge of the phylogeny remains relatively rudimentary at this point .
can usually be differentiated by wider yellow bands on its abdomen . the fact that
is about 20 mm . its pronotum is bordered with a yellow stripe , and its mesonotum has two transverse yellow stripes . the anterior stripe is narrow and the posterior stripe is broader . the extent of color differentiation can vary amongst individuals . either brown or yellow can predominate on certain individuals , while other individuals display an equal amount of yellow and brown . there is no recognizable difference in size or appearance between egg - laying queens and her workers .
nests tend to be large , containing about 150 cells . combs of the nest also tend to be large , reaching 15x20 cm . the nests are single - layered and circular or umbrella - shaped .
the nests tend to be supported by longer pedicals than are found in other vespids .
evidence suggests that the species was introduced into california from texas around 1920 . since then ,
, suggesting that the species has spread as far north as it can spread .
the queen generally initiates colonies in the spring . nest construction signals nest initiation . one overwintering female generally begins nest construction . sometimes , a group of cooperative foundresses can work together to initiate a nest . after nest initiation has begun , other fertile females can join the founding female ( s ) .
these cooperating females can help with nest construction and maintenance , but do not always remain in the nest permanently .
nest sites tend to be reused , and females often return to locations near the parental nest site . new nest sites can also be initiated .
additional fertile females often join founding females , which results in the establishment of a dominance hierarchy within the nest . the queen maintains her role as the only egg - laying individual , while the other fertile females are relegated to worker status . they help in nest construction and maintenance .
the dominant queen acts aggressively against females who attempt to lay eggs of their own by eating eggs laid by other females .
. if the dominant queen dies , however , one of the other fertile females can take over her duties to ensure the survival of the nest .
almost always have one female who lays the eggs . studies indicate that a colony is headed by one queen at a time , but that a single colony sees a succession of queens over the colony lifespan . as a result , the average degree of
between workers and their female brood is less than . 5 . this suggests that
, studies reject the evolution of eusociality based on the maintenance of a relatedness greater than . 5 .
nest layover decreases genetic relatedness within the nest . because nest layover is common in
, kin recognition is important . kin recognition occurs by the recognition of cues . studies suggest that the ability to recognize certain cues may exist between sisters of greater genetic relatedness . though evidence has not conclusively shown that this occurs in
. this especially affects new nests with only one foundress , as the queen must therefore leave the nest to find food . this leaves the nest especially vulnerable .
has a variety of undesirable characteristics to humans . it has established itself in some areas of california as the main
species in urban areas . because it also nests in orchards and vineyards , this creates a problem for workers in orchards or vineyards who are often stung .
have been attempted . most commercially available aerosol sprays containing pyrehtrins are effective . in addition , dusting nests with 10 % ddt have shown to be successful . on the other hand , poisons using beef liver and honey have proved unsuccessful .
. its stings can lead to serious allergic reactions in humans . recent studies have used venom specific detection to determine that
venom immunotherapy ( vit ) can sometimes be used to treat allergies to insect stings , specifically in individuals who experience systematic reactions to insect stings .
lester , l . j . , and r . k . selander .
population genetics of haplodiploid insects .
genetics 92 ( 1979 ) : 1329–345
ebeling , walter .
urban entomology .
uc riverside entomology , 2002 . web . < urltoken > .
bohart , r . m . , and r . c . bechtel .
the social wasps of california .
bulletin of the california insect survey 4 . 3 . university of california press , 1958 .
kin recognition in social insects and other animals—a review of recent findings and a consideration of their relevance for the theory of kin selection .
proceedings : animal sciences 94 . 6 ( 1985 ) : 587–621 .
discover life .
database of hymenoptera in america north of mexico .
discover life . , 2009 . web . < urltoken > .
eaton , eric r .
pachysomoides fulvus .
web . < urltoken > .
ameno , s . , k . ameno , c . fuke , t . shinohara , t . kiriu , h . kinoshita , and i . iijiri .
hymenoptera sting anaphylaxis : detection and clinical significance of individual bee and wasp venoms specific ige and igg4 antibodies .
nihon hoigaku zasshi 47 . 3 ( 1993 ) : 207–12 .
golden , d . b . k . ; moffitt , j . ; nicklas , r . a . ; freeman , t . ; graft , d . f . ; reisman , r . e . ; tracy , j . m . ; bernstein , d . ; blessing - moore , j . ; cox , l . ; khan , d . a . ; lang , d . m . ; oppenheimer , j . ; portnoy , j . m . ; randolph , c . ; schuller , d . e . ; spector , s . l . ; tilles , s . a . ; wallace , d . ( april 2011 ) .
stinging insect hypersensitivity : a practice parameter update 2011
. journal of allergy and clinical immunology 127 ( 4 ) : 852–854 . e23 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jaci . 2011 . 01 . 025 .
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p . japonicus has a pronotum with sparse , minor punctures . in males , the anterior margin of the clypeus is rounded . the scutellum disc is slightly convex . the abdomen is yellow with brown and / or black bands . the wings are darkened with a brownish tint . there are no morphological differences between workers and new reproductive females in this species . there is a sexual dimorphism in p . japonicus , with males being larger than females . this is suggested to be a result of local mate competition between the males .
the nests are paper nests , which are generally small , open faced , 1 - tiered nests . these nests can be found in lowland areas , and they usually have 40–80 cells .
although the first described population of p . japonicus was found in japan ( japonicus ,
of japan
) subsequently these wasps have been found to be rare in japan , where researchers have been able to study them in central japan . they have also been found in vietnam , india , china , mongolia , and korea .
the colony is initiated around may , after an over - wintering foundress founds a nest . the workers emerge soon after , often in june and july . after this , males emerge and then new reproductive females emerge in august . these females that appear later in august are non - foragers , and thus are new reproductive females . there are usually around 10 workers , with a maximum of 50 reproductive adults per colony . if a foundress is to disappear or die , the next top - ranked worker will inherit the colony and lay eggs .
' p . japonicus lives in temperate regions , so these wasps do not all survive through the winter . this results in smaller colonies because many do not have a long life span as a result of winter . queen - destined females of p . japonicus have been found to overwinter in wood or human constructions . they have also been found in the walls of the leaf scroll made by the larvae of the banana skipper before pupation . this is a novel overwintering site as this banana pest was introduced into okinawa as recently as 1971 , possibly from vietnam .
the dominance hierarchy is maintained by aggressive encounters in which individuals exhibit dominant behaviors such as mounting , biting or rushing . rushing is when an individual rushes at another and pushes against it with its mandibles . a wasp will approach another more quickly when rushing than when biting . biting is when an individual bites a part of the other wasp with its mandible . rushing is less common than biting . other dominance behaviors that are commonly found in other species that are not observed in this species include dominant worker buzzing its wings , stinging the subordinate and rising above the subordinate on its legs . these aggressive behaviors maintain the social dominance hierarchy and determine the reproduction sequence among workers .
the foundress is the queen who establishes the colony . she will perform tasks inside and outside the nest before the workers emerge , and after that she will rarely perform tasks outside the nest . due to the physically and physiologically demanding foraging done by the foundress in the period before the emergence of males , it is common for foundresses to lose their vigor in the field and become lazy . the foundress exclusively lays the eggs . workers that are socially dominant and high up in the hierarchy are expected to be lazy in order to save energy for future possibility of reproduction . if workers refrain from foraging for food they can obtain better fitness by maintaining their physical and physiological vitality . subordinates forage for food while dominants refrain from foraging in the event of the need to replace the foundress . when the foundress has a high vigor , all workers use cooperative rearing to increase the total number of reproductive progeny and will perform both extranidal and intranidal tasks , or tasks both outside and inside the nest .


bicyclus brakefieldi is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in the democratic republic of the congo .

the species is named after paul brakefield .

bicyclus brakefieldi

bicyclus brakefieldi ( nymphalidae , satyrinae ) , a new species of bicyclus from the congo river basin .
bicyclus brakefieldi ( nymphalidae , satyrinae ) , a new species of bicyclus from the congo river basin . | brattström | tropical lepidoptera research
brattström , o . ( 2012 ) bicyclus brakefieldi ( nymphalidae , satyrinae ) , a new species of bicyclus from the congo river basin . tropical lepidoptera , 22 , 62–65 .
brattström , o . 2012 . bicyclus brakefieldi ( nymphalidae , satyrinae ) , a new species of bicyclus from the congo river basin . tropical lepidoptera , 22 , 62 - 65 .
brattström , o . ( 2012 ) : bicyclus brakefieldi ( nymphalidae , satyrinae ) , a new species of bicyclus from the congo river basin tropical lepidoptera research 22 ( 2 ) : 62 - 65 .
lepidoptera , nymphalidae , bicyclus ignobilis - group , bicyclus ottossoni sp . nov . , bicyclus vandeweghei sp . nov .
bicyclus ephorus weymer , 1892 ; stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79
bicyclus auricruda ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]
bicyclus anynana ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 419 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus vansoni condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1101
bicyclus similis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 902
bicyclus sylvicolus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 788
bicyclus nachtetis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1104
bicyclus maesseni condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1071
bicyclus xeneoides condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 791
bicyclus howarthi condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 908
revision of the bicyclus ignobilis species - group ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : satyrinae ) with descriptions of two new species .
working in the radiating butterflies lab in cambridge i expanded my research on the bicyclus system to the larger subtribe mycalesina .
bicyclus sambulos cyaneus condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 783
bicyclus sambulos unicolor condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1068
bicyclus campina ; [ bow ] : pl . 115 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus campinus carcassoni condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1164
bicyclus matuta idjwiensis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1440
bicyclus sanaos melas condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1442
bicyclus sophrosyne overlaeti condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1103
bicyclus smithi eurypterus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1445
bicyclus ignobilis acutus condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1447
bicyclus xeneas occidentalis condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1108
bicyclus trilophus jacksoni condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 796
bicyclus saussurei angustus condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1073
bicyclus suffusa ituriensis condamin , 1970 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 32 : 1076
= bicyclus denina ; lamas , 2010 , shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 150 ) : ( 197 - 204 )
bicyclus moyses condamin & fox , 1964 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 26 : 629
bicyclus ignobilis eurini condamin & fox , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 1166
bicyclus kenia ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 403 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mandanes ; [ bafr ] , 169 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 404 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus vulgaris ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 406 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus sandace ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 267 , pl . 28 , f . 407 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus ena ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 29 , f . 409 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus buea ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 411 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus golo ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 416 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus safitza ; [ afrl ] ; larsen & vane - wright , 2012 , shilap revta . lepid . 40 ( 157 ) : 85
bicyclus campus ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 421 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus milyas ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423a ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus pavonis ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 272 , pl . 30 , f . 423 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus funebris ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ bk ] : 273 , pl . 30 , f . 424 ; [ afrl ]
revision of the bicyclus ignobilis species - group ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : satyrinae ) with descriptions of two new species . - pubmed - ncbi
bicyclus sophrosyne sophrosyne ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 413 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus smithi smithi ; [ bafr ] , 174 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 415 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus xeneas ; [ afrl ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 117 , f . 6 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ]
bicyclus safitza safitza ; [ bafr ] , 178 ; [ bk ] : 271 , pl . 29 , f . 420 ; [ afrl ]
duplouy , a . & brattström , o . 2017 . wolbachia in the genus bicyclus : a forgotten player . microbial ecology . online early .
condamin , m . ( 1973 ) monographie du genre bicyclus ( lepidoptera satyridae ) . ifan - dakar , dakar , 324 pp . [ in french ]
bicyclus mesogena mesogena ; [ bafr ] , 168 ( text ) ; [ bk ] : 266 , pl . 28 , f . 402 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus rileyi condamin , 1961 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 23 : 792 ; tl : cameroun , bitje - ja
bicyclus jefferyi ; [ bk ] : 268 , pl . 28 , f . 408 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 170 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus istaris ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 412 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 172 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus mollitia ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 173 ; [ bk ] : 269 , pl . 29 , f . 414 ; [ afrl ]
bicyclus saussurei angustus ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 177 ; [ bk ] : 270 , pl . 29 , f . 418 ; [ afrl ]
supported by a wenner - gren foundation post - doc grant i made use of my african experience in paul brakefield ' s lab focussing on pheromone evolution in bicyclus butterflies .
bicyclus taenias ; [ bow ] : pl . 118 , f . 2 ( text only ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ bafr ] , 179 ; [ afrl ]
duplouy , a . & brattström , o . 2018 . wolbachia in the genus bicyclus : a forgotten player . microbial ecology , 75 ( 1 ) , 255 - 263 .
bicyclus anynana - image pack : high resolution photos of the dry and wet season morphs of bicyclus anynana . primarily aimed for scientific presentations , papers and press releases . these images are freely available for non - commercial use . for any other use you must first contact me for approval ! details about the photographs and how to properly acknowledge the photographers are provided in the pack .
a new species of bicyclus is described from the democratic republic of congo . the species belongs to the ignobilis species - group , but has different androconial structure and slightly different wing pattern . genitalia differences are very small as is expected within most bicyclus species - groups . comparison with the other known species in the ignobilis - group and discussion of biogeography of the different species are provided .
condamin , m . ( 1965a ) mises au point et descriptions de nouveaux bicyclus [ lepidoptera satyridae ] . bulletin de l’i . f . a . n , series a , 27 ( 3 ) , 1095–1110 . [ in french ]
condamin , m . & fox , r . m . ( 1963 ) a new subspecies of bicyclus ignobilis [ lepidoptera satyridae ] . bulletin de l’i . f . a . n , series a , 25 ( 4 ) , 1166–1167 .
monteiro , a . & pierce , n . e . ( 2001 ) phylogeny of bicyclus ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) inferred from coi , coii , and ef - 1a gene sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 18 , 264–281 . urltoken
condamin , m . ( 1961 ) mises au point de synonymie et descriptions de nouveaux bicyclus ( lepidoptera satyridae ) . bulletin de l’i . f . a . n , series a , 23 ( 3 ) , 782–799 . [ in french ]
condamin , m . ( 1965b ) mises au point de synonymie et descriptions de nouveaux bicyclus [ lepidoptera satyridae ] . bulletin de l’i . f . a . n , series a , 27 ( 4 ) , 1439–1448 . [ in french ]
condamin , m . ( 1971 ) descriptions de nouveaux bicyclus [ lepidoptera satyridae ] et mises au point de synonymie . bulletin de l’i . f . a . n , series a , 32 ( 4 ) , 1068–1077 . [ in french ; delayed publication of 1970 volume year ]
brattström , o . , aduse - poku , k . , collins , s . c . & brakefield , p . m . 2015 . revision of the bicyclus ignobilis species - group ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : satyrinae ) with descriptions of two new species . zootaxa , 4018 ( 1 ) , 57 - 79 .
brattström , o . , aduse - poku , k . , collins , s . c . & brakefield , p . m . 2015 . revision of the bicyclus ignobilis species - group ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : satyrinae ) with descriptions of two new species . zootaxa , 4018 ( 1 ) , 57 - 79 .
wang , h - l . , brattström , o . , brakefield , p . m . , francke , w . & löfstedt , c . 2014 . identification and biosynthesis of novel male specific esters in the wings of the tropical butterfly , bicyclus martius sanaos . journal of chemical ecology , 40 ( 6 ) , 549 - 559 .
aduse - poku , k . , brakefield , p . m . , wahlberg , n . & brattström , o . 2017 . expanded molecular phylogeny of the genus bicyclus ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) shows the importance of increased sampling for detecting semi - cryptic species and highlights potentials for future studies . systematics and biodiversity , ( 15 ) 2 , 115 - 130 .
aduse - poku , k . , brakefield , p . m . , wahlberg , n . & brattström , o . 2017 . expanded molecular phylogeny of the genus bicyclus ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) shows the importance of increased sampling for detecting semi - cryptic species and highlights potentials for future studies . systematics and biodiversity , 15 ( 2 ) , 115 - 130 .
hedenström , e . , wallin , e . a . , andersson , j . , bång , j . , wang , h - l , löfstedt , c . , brattström , o . & bacquet , p . m . b . 2015 . stereoisomeric analysis of 6 , 10 , 14 - trimethylpentadecan - 2 - ol and the corresponding ketone in wing extracts from african bicyclus butterfly species . journal of chemical ecology , 41 ( 1 ) , 44 - 51 .
the subtribe mycalesina shows an extraordinary complexity of androconia , especially in the african genus bicyclus . mapping these traits across more than two hundred taxa suggests that divergence in androconial number between sister species typically happened through loss . this can be deduced as androconia are often arranged as groups of functional units . the more developed structures , such as hairpencils , appear to be fully reduced almost immediately . less conspicuous units , such as scale patches linked with these hairs , disappear more gradually leaving microscopic evolutionary fossils on the wings that help to reveal the ancestral state .
bacquet , p . m . b . , de jong , m . a . , brattström , o . , wang , h - l . , molleman , f . , heuskin , s . , lognay , g . , löfstedt , c . , brakefield , p . m . , vanderpoorten , a . & nieberding , c . m . 2016 . differentiation in putative male sex pheromone components across and within populations of the african butterfly bicyclus anynana as a potential driver of reproductive isolation . ecology and evolution , 6 ( 17 ) , 6064 - 6084 .
dicothyris karsch , 1893 ; berl . ent . z . 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 203 ; ts : mycalesis sambulos hewitson
w . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo republic , zaire , equatorial guinea . see [ maps ]
hewitsonii nyongensis ( birket - smith , 1960 ) ( mycalesis ) ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 22 : 550
ephorus bergeri condamin , 1965 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 27 : 1099
mycalesis graueri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 256
s . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , fernando póo ( macías nguema i . ) . see [ maps ]
idiomorphus zinebi butler , 1869 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 3 ( 13 ) : 19 , pl . 9 , f . 4 ; tl : gold coast
kenya , e . zaire , uganda ( toro ) . see [ maps ]
mesogena mesogenina grünberg , 1912 ² ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 509
mycalesis sambulos hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 63 - 64 ; tl : gaboon
c . kenya ( highlands ) , loita , mau hills , n . tanzania , n . lake victoria , s . sudan . see [ maps ]
mycalesis ( ? ) kenia rogenhofer , 1891 ; ann . mus . wien 6 ( 3 ) : 462 , pl . 15 , f . 8
senegal - w . kenya , tanzania ( forests ) , uganda , zaire , gabon , angola . see [ maps ]
gambia - angola , uganda , tanzania , w . kenya . see [ maps ]
mycalesis tolosa plötz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 4 - 6 ) : 197 ; tl : abo , aburi und victoria
burundi , rwanda , tanzania , zaire , uganda , w . kenya . see [ maps ]
mycalesis sandace hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 65 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 65 ; tl : fernando po
zululand - swaziland , e . transvaal , rhodesia - kenya , uganda . see [ maps ]
moçambique , rhodesia , zambia , zimbabwe - zaire , e . kenya . see [ maps ]
rhodesia , mozambique , malawi , zambia , s . tanzania , s . zaire ( shaba )
e . tanzania ( usambara mts . - iringa ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis albocincta rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 260 , pl . 21 , f . 33 - 34
mycalesis neustetteri rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 29 - 32
mycalesis matuta karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 228
mycalesis persimilis joicey & talbot , 1921 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 , pl . 13 , f . 38 - 40 ; tl : ruwenzori , western slopes
w . tanzania ( kungwe - mahale mts . ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis ( monotrichtis ) buea strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 109 ; tl : buea ; musake
brunnea ( jackson , 1951 ) ( monotrichtis ) ; proc . r . ent . soc . lond . ( b ) 20 : 97
w . kenya , uganda , e . zaire , s . zaire . see [ maps ]
mycalesis abnormis dudgeon , 1909 ; bull . ent . soc . lond . 1909 : lii
mycalesis fernandina schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : fernando po
smithi poensis condamin , 1963 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 25 : 906
mycalesis technatis hewitson , 1877 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis & idiomorphus ) : [ 66 ] , pl . [ 34 ] , f . 67 ; tl : gaboon
e . nigeria - cameroun , gabon , congo republic . see [ maps ]
mycalesis nobilis aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 269 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 2
mycalesis ignobilis butler , 1870 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1870 ( 1 ) : 124 ; tl : gold coast
mycalesis alboplaga rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 257 , pl . 21 , f . 27 - 28
mycalesis elionas hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 59 ] , pl . [ 31 ] , f . 41 - 42 ; tl : old calabar
mycalesis dekeyseri condamin , 1958 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 20 : 1348
ghana - cameroun , s . zaire ( shaba ) , uganda . see [ maps ]
mycalesis dubia aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 270 , f . 4
zaire , uganda , rwanda , burundi , w . tanzania , kenya ( montane ) . see [ maps ]
burundi , rwanda , e . zaire ( kivu ) , uganda , nw . tanzania , w . kenya ( mt . elgon )
mycalesis saussurei suffusa riley , 1921 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1921 ( 1 - 2 ) : 240 ; tl : nw . rhodesia , solwezi
rhodesia , moçambique , natal , swaziland - ethiopia , s . somalia , kenya , uganda , e . zaire , comoros , socotra . see [ maps ]
mycalesis anynana var . neglecta thurau , 1903 ; berl . ent . z . 48 : 119 [ dry - season ]
kenya - tanzania , zambia , malawi , mozambique , rhodesia , botswana , s . africa , comoro is .
anynana centralis condamin , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 603
mycalesis safitza ab . semicoeca strand , 1910 ; soc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 6 ; tl : usambara
sw . tanzania ( mpanda ) , zambia , malawi , n . rhodesia . see [ maps ]
n . zambia , s . zaire ( shaba ) , s . tanzania , w . tanzania . see [ maps ]
senegal - ethiopia , w . kenya - mozambique , zimbabwe . see [ maps ]
w . africa , cameroun , c . a . r . , n . zaire , sudan , uganda , ethiopia
mycalesis milyas hewitson , 1864 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis v - vi ) : [ 57 ] , pl . [ 30 ] , f . 34 ; tl : white nile
mycalesis pavonis butler , 1876 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 18 : 481 ; tl : abyssinia
funebris orientalis ( ungemach , 1932 ) ( mycalesis ) ; mém . soc . sci . nat . phys . maroc 32 : 50
guinea , sierra leone - gabon , c . zaire ( kasai ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis uniformis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 470 ; tl : makala - beni
mycalesis hyperanthus bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 469 ; tl : makala ; beni - mawambe
nigeria , cameroun - gabon , congo republic , c . zaire . see [ maps ]
mycalesis sciathis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 4 ] ( mycalesis vii - viii ) : [ 62 ] , pl . [ 32 ] , f . 55 - 56 ; tl : old calabar
guinea - nigeria , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba ) . see [ maps ]
mycalesis feae aurivillius , 1910 ; ann . mus . stor . nat . genova ( 3 ) 4 / 44 : 516 ; tl : moca , 1400m
mycalesis analis aurivillius , 1895 ; ent . tidskr . 16 : 113 , f . 1 ; tl : camerun , yaunde
mycalesis mildbraedi gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroons
mycalesis kenia var . inocellata gaede , 1915 ; ent . rundsch . 32 : 50 ; tl : kitumu , s . kenya
mycalesis ( monotrichtis ) hintzi strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110 ; tl : musake
mycalesis campides strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 77 ( suppl . 4 ) : 110
mycalesis owassae schultze , 1914 ; ent . rundsch . 31 ( 9 ) : 49 ; tl : o - wassa , fernando - poo
mycalesis noblemairei janet , 1894 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1894 : cclvi ; tl : french congo , niari
mycalesis langi holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 139 , pl . 10 , f . 10 ( preocc . mycalesis langi de nicéville , 1883 ) ; tl : congo
mycalesis erysichton ehrmann , 1894 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 2 : 77 ; tl : piquinini sess , liberia , west africa
mycalesis eleutheria rebel , 1911 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 : 412 , pl . 14 , f . 7 - 8
mycalesis completa gaede , 1915 ; int . ent . zs . 9 ( 13 ) : 71 ; tl : bezirk jaunde , cameroon
mycalesis chapini holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 140 , pl . 7 , f . 9 ; tl : congo
mycalesis benitonis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 147 ; tl : alen
mycalesis bibundensis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 148 ; tl : w . africa , bibundi in kamerun
mycalesis subignobilis strand , 1913 ; archiv naturg . 79 a ( 7 ) : 149 ; tl : spanish guinea , alen
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
verzeichniss einer von dem herren missionären e . laman und w . sjöholm bei mukinbungu am unteren congo zu sammengebrachten schmetterlings sammlung
zoological results of the swedish expedition to central africa 1921 . insecta 12 . lepidoptera 1
results from the danish expedition to the french cameroons ( 1949 - 1950 ) xxvii . - lepidoptera
on lepidoptera recently collected in british east africa by mr . g . f . scott elliot
description d ' une espèce nouvelle de mycalesis ( lep satyridae ) ( mission p . l . dekeyser et b . holas au libéria , 1948 )
the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson
descriptions of some new species of diurnal lepidoptera , collected by mr . harold cookson , in northern rhodesia , in 1903 and 1904
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
a list of the butterflies collected by mr . william bonny on the journey with mr . stanley from yambuya on the aruwimi river through the great forest of central africa ; with descriptions of nine new species
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
a list of butterflies taken on the march to coomassie by lieutenant alwin s . bell , of the 2nd west - india regiment , between mansu and the river prah , with description of new species
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
notes on some new or rare rhopalocera from eastern africa . revisional notes and descriptions of some new east african rhopalocera .
new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera
insekten von baliburg ( deutch - westafrika ) gesammelt von herrn dr . eugen zintgraff
die insecten der berglandschaft adeli im hinterlande von togo ( westafrika ) . 1 . abtheilung : apterygota , odonata , orthoptera saltatoria , lepidoptera rhopalocera
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera
descriptions of two new species of lepidoptera collected by dr . w . j . ansorge in east africa
a list of the lepidoptera collected by mr . arthur h . neumann , in neumann , a . h . , elephant hungting in east equatorial africa in neumann ,
neue tagfalter - formen aus usambara , gesammelt von herrn prof . dr . j . vosseler
zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach sud - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera
neue rhopaloceren aus ost afrika . ergebnisse der nyassa - see - un kenya - gebirgs - expedition der hermann und elise geb . heckmann - wentzel - stiftung
contribution à l ' étude des lépidoptères d ' abyssinie ( pt . 1 , rhopalocères )
weymer , 1892 exotische lepidopteren vi stettin ent . ztg 53 ( 4 - 6 ) : 79 - 125
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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urltoken
kwaku aduse - poku university museum of zoology , cambridge university , cambridge , uk .
paul m . brakefield university museum of zoology , cambridge university , cambridge , uk .
oskar brattström , kwaku aduse - poku , steve c . collins , paul m . brakefield
aduse - poku , k . , brattström , o . , kodandaramaiah , u . , lees , d . c . , brakefield , p . m . & wahlberg , n . ( 2015 ) systematics and historical biogeography of the old world butterfly subtribe mycalesina ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : satyrinae ) . bmc evolutionary biology , 15 , 167 . urltoken
aurivillius , p . o . c . ( 1893 ) beiträge zur kenntniss der insektenfauna von kamerun . 2 . tagfalter . entomologisk tidskrift , 14 , 257–290 . [ in german ]
bacquet , p . m . b . , brattström , o . , wang , h - l . , allen , c . e . , löfstedt , c . , brakefield , p . m . & nieberding , c . m . ( 2015 ) selection on male sex pheromone composition contributes to butterfly reproductive isolation . proceedings of the royal society b , 282 , 20142734 . urltoken
brakefield , p . m . & frankino , w . a . ( 2009 ) polyphenisms in lepidoptera : multidisciplinary approaches to studies of evolution . in : ananthakrishnan , n . & whitman , d . w . ( eds . ) phenotypic plasticity in insects . mechanisms and consequences . science publishers , inc . , plymouth , pp . 121–152 .
butler , a . g . ( 1870 ) on butterflies recently received by mr . swanzy from west africa . transactions of the entomological society of london , 123–124 .
drummond , a . j . & rambaut , a . ( 2007 ) beast : bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees . bmc evolutionary biology , 7 , 214 . urltoken
hall , t . a . ( 1999 ) bioedit : a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt . nycleic acids symposium , series 41 , 95–98 .
kirby , w . f . ( 1871 ) a synonymic catalogue of diurnal lepidoptera . john van voorst , london , 690 pp . urltoken
larsen , t . b . ( 2005 ) butterflies of west africa . apollo books , stenstrup , 865 pp .
miller , l . d . ( 1970 ) . nomenclature of wing veins and cells . journal of research on the lepidoptera , 8 , 37–48 . [ delayed publication of 1969 volume year ]
reuter , e . r . ( 1896 ) über die palpen der rhopaloceren : ein beitrag zur erkenntnis der verwandtschaftlichen beziehungen unter den tagfaltern . acta societas scientiarum fennica , 22 , 1–577 . [ in german ]
stamatakis , a . ( 2006 ) raxml - vi - hpc : maximum likelihood - based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models . bioinformatics , 22 , 2688–2690 . urltoken
vande weghe , g . ( 2010 ) les papillons du gabon . wildlife conservation society , libreville , 426 pp . [ in french ]
wahlberg , n . & wheat , c . w . ( 2008 ) genomic outposts serve the phylogenomic pioneers : designing novel nuclear markers for genomic dna extractions of lepidoptera . systematic biology , 57 , 231–242 . urltoken
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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brattström o 1 , aduse - poku k 2 , collins sc 3 , brakefield pm 4 .
university museum of zoology , cambridge university , cambridge , uk . ; email : oskar . brattstrom @ gmail . com .
university museum of zoology , cambridge university , cambridge , uk . ; email : kadusepoku @ yahoo . com .
african butterfly research institute , nairobi , kenya . ; email : collinsabri @ gmail . com .
university museum of zoology , cambridge university , cambridge , uk . ; email : unknown .
when absent from the office i can usually be found in the tropics hunting for butterflies , or under classic cars swearing at rusty old bolts and failed mot : s .
my research projects have generally been centred around butterflies , but with a diverse focus on different aspects of biology using butterflies as a study system . fields covered have included behavioural ecology , migratory ecology , life - history evolution , biomonitoring for conservation assessments , pheromone communication and its link to speciation , and taxonomic revisions . recently i have started to move my research into an additional direction , focussing on how developmental bias and phenotypic plasticity influence the speed and direction of evolutionary changes .
van bergen , e . , osbaldeston , d . , kodandaramaiah , u . , brattström , o . , aduse - poku , k . & brakefield , p . m . 2017 . conserved patterns of integrated developmental plasticity in a group of polyphenic tropical butterflies . bmc evolutionary biology , 17 : 59 .
bacquet , p . m . b . , de jong , m . a . ,
. , wang , h - l . , molleman , f . , heuskin , s . , lognay , g . , löfstedt , c . , brakefield , p . m . , vanderpoorten , a . & nieberding , c . m . 2016 . differentiation in putative male sex pheromone components across and within populations of the african butterfly
van velzen , r . , collins , s . c . , brattström , o . , & congdon , t . c . e . 2016 . description of a new cymothoe hübner , 1819 from northern mozambique ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : limenitidinae ) . metamorphosis , 27 : 34 - 41 .
van bergen , e . , barlow , h . , brattström , o . , griffiths , h . , kodandaramaiah , u . , osborne , c . p . & brakefield , p . m . 2016 . the stable isotope ecology of mycalesine butterflies : implications for plant - insect co - evolution . functional ecology , 30 ( 12 ) , 1936 - 1946 .
timmermans , m . j . , lees , d . c . , thompson , m . j . , sáfián , s . & brattström , o . 2016 . mitogenomics of ' old world acraea ' butterflies reveals a highly divergent ' bematistes ' . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 97 , 233 - 241 .
aduse - poku , k . , collins , s . c . , di micco de santo , t . & brakefield , p . m . 2016 . revision of the
species - group ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) with descriptions of four new species and corrected distributional records .
aduse - poku , k . , brattström , o . , kodandaramaiah , u . , lees , d . c . , brakefield , p . m . & wahlberg , n . 2015 . systematics and historical biogeography of the old world butterfly subtribe mycalesina ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : satyrinae ) . bmc evol biol , 15 : 167 .
tropek , r . , lestina , d . , jansta , p . , brattström , o . , espeland , m . & sáfián , sz . 2015 . first reords of hypolycaena anara larsen , 1986 from cameroon ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) . shilap revta . lepid , 43 ( 170 ) , 235 - 239 .
bacquet , p . m . b . * , brattström , o * . , wang , h - l . , allen , c . e . , löfstedt , c . , brakefield , p . m . & nieberding , c . m . 2015 . selection on male sex pheromone composition contributes to butterfly reproductive isolation . proceedings of the royal society b , 282 : 20142734 . ( * co - first authors )
brattström , o . , mey , w . , de vos , r . & brakefield , p . m . 2014 . a century old mistake set right , the identities of mydosama marginata and mydosama pitana pinned down . tropical lepidoptera research , 24 ( 2 ) , 96 - 101 .
oostra , v . , brakefield , p . m . , hiltemann , y . , zwaan , b . j . & brattström , o . 2014 . on the fate of seasonally plastic traits in a rainforest butterfly under relaxed selection . ecology and evolution , 4 ( 13 ) , 2654 - 2667 .
nazari , v . , larsen , t . b . , lees , d . c . , brattström , o . , bouyer , t . , van de poel , g . & hebert , p . d . n . 2011 . phylogenetic systematics of colotis and associated genera ( lepidoptera : pieridae ) : evolutionary and taxonomic implications . journal of systematic evolutionary research , 49 , 204 - 215 .
brattström , o . , åkesson , s . & bensch , s . 2010 . aflp reveals cryptic population structure in european red admirals ( vanessa atalanta ) . ecological entomology , 35 , 248 - 252 .
brattström , o . , bensch , s . , wassenaar , l . i . , hobson , k . a . & åkesson , s . 2010 . understanding migration ecology of european red admirals ( vanessa atalanta ) using stable hydrogen isotopes . ecography , 33 , 720 - 729 .
brattström , o . , wassenaar , l . i . , hobson , k . a . & åkesson , s . 2008 . placing butterflies on the map – testing the regional geographical resolution of three stable isotopes in sweden using a monofagus nymphalid , the peacock ( inachis io ) . ecography , 31 , 490 - 498 .
brattström , o . , kjellén , n . , alerstam , t . & åkesson , s . 2008 . effects of wind and weather on red admiral ( vanessa atalanta ) migration at a coastal site in southern sweden . animal behaviour , 76 , 335 - 344 .
brattström , o . 2007 . ecology of red admiral migration . doctoral thesis , lund university , sweden . ( isbn : 978 - 91 - 7105 - 259 - 9 ) .
brattström , o . 2006 . is there seasonal variation in size and mass of red admirals vanessa atalanta on capri , italy ? ornis svecica . 16 , 69 - 73 .
brattström , o . 2010 . butterflies at sapo national park . report for liberia forestry development authority and ffi international .
brattström , o . 2010 . butterflies of yankari . report for aplori / bauchi state nigeria .
brattström , o . 2009 . butterflies at afi mountains wildlife sanctuary . report for cross river state forestry commission .
brattström , o . 2009 . butterflies in ologbo forest . report for presco plc , nigeria .
brattström , o . 2008 . results from a butterfly survey around bashu , southern okwangwo division of cross river national park , nigeria . report for cross river state forestry commission .
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this page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .
bridging classic taxonomy with modern ecology . not only classifying and describing diveristy , but asking why we have it , and why we sometimes don ' t . . .
courtship , conflicts and co - operations , you name it . when the sexes interact it ' s got to be interesting !
i started my research career at lund university in sweden studying the migration ecology of red admirals .
after a first visit to nigeria in 2005 i was determined to get more african field experience . 2008 was largely spent conducting intensive fieldwork for future projects .
balmer , j . a . , brakefield , p . m . , brattström , o . , van bergen , e . ( in press ) developmental plasticity for male secondary sexual traits in a group of polyphenic tropical butterflies . oikos .
sahoo , r . j . , lohman , d . j . , wahlberg , n . , müller , c . j . , brattström , o . , collins , s . c . , peggie , d . , aduse - poku , k . & kodandaramaiah , u . 2018 . evolution of hypolimnas butterflies ( nymphalidae ) : out - of - africa origin and wolbachia - mediated introgression . accepted for publication in molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 123 , 50 - 58 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2018 . 02 . 001
van bergen , e . , osbaldeston , d . , kodandaramaiah , u . , brattström , o . , aduse - poku , k . & brakefield , p . m . 2017 . conserved patterns of integrated developmental plasticity in a group of polyphenic tropical butterflies . bmc evolutionary biology , 17 : 59 .
sáfián , s . , pyrcz , t . & brattström , o . 2016 . two new species of bebearia hemming , 1960 , as further evience of centre of endemism of butterflies in western nigeria ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : limenitinae ) . zootaxa , 4175 ( 5 ) , 449 - 462 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4175 . 5 . 3
van velzen , r . , collins , s . c . , brattström , o . , & congdon , t . c . e . 2016 . description of a new cymothoe hübner , 1819 from northern mozambique ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : limenitidinae ) . metamorphosis , 27 : 34 - 41 .
aduse - poku , k . , lees , d . c . , brattström , o . , kodandaramaiah , u . , collins , s . c . , wahlberg , n . & brakefield , p . m . 2016 . molecular phylogeny and generic - level taxonomy of the widespread palaeotropical ' heteropsis clade ' ( nymphalidae : satyrinae : mycalesina ) . systematic entomology , 41 ( 4 ) , 717 - 731 . doi : 10 . 1111 / syen . 12183
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with the aim of producing a book and accompanying online material to aid future identification work . on this page i will gradually list new documents and provide updates for new species as they are described . the previous revision of
made by condamin in 1973 ended with a tally of 77 species ( 106 taxa if including subspecies ) . during my work in the field and in museum collections i have identified over 20 new species candidates in need of description . whilst doing the revisions i am also updating the known geographic distributions , which have often been overestimated due to misidentifications .
are known to produce large quantities of sex pheromones used at close range during courtship . recently , similar pheromone systems have been documented in
pheromones , with the most divergent chemical blends being found in young sympatric species pairs . this suggests that these differences have evolved to avoid hybridisation . i am currently focusing on more in depth studies of pheromones and their links to other traits in several species groups of
males of many butterflies have androconia . these specialised wing scales are important in courtship and are therfore prime candidates for understanding the processes of speciation . having traditionally been linked with scent communication , recent studies suggest that they also have additional , as yet unknown roles .
the study of the male genitalia of insects has a long history in taxonomic research . it was noticed early on that these structures often looked remarkably different between species that were otherwise very similar . the traditional view explaining these differences suggested that the male and female genitalia would work as a ' lock & key ' system making hybridisation between similar species physically impossible . modern research has argued that other explanations might be more likely , such as increasing the mating success of individual males in species where the females mate multiple times .
fieldwork is absolutely vital to get fresh pheromone samples and the high quality tissues needed for more demanding modern genetic methods . i have conducted eighteen expeditions to africa to date , taking me to ghana , liberia , kenya , madagascar , nigeria , south africa and uganda .
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