paracentrotus lividus is a species of sea urchin in the family parechinidae commonly known as the purple sea urchin .

it is the type species of the genus and occurs in the mediterranean sea and eastern atlantic ocean .

paracentrotus lividus

yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
file : paracentrotus lividus profil . jpg
.
morpho - functional defences of mediterranean sea urchins , paracentrotus lividus and arbacia lixula , a . . .
frédéric ducarme set
file : paracentrotus lividus profil . jpg
as an exemplar on
echinoidea
.
boudouresque cf , verlaque m . ecology of paracentrotus lividus in : lawrence j . m . ( ed . ) ,
frédéric ducarme set
file : paracentrotus lividus profil . jpg
as an exemplar on
echinozoa haeckel , 1895
.
key words : habitat preference . paracentrotus lividus . posidonia oceanica . habitat use . spatial distribution . artificial seagrass canopy . sea urchins
. boudouresque cf , ed . colloque international sur paracentrotus lividus et les oursins comestibles . marseille : gis posidonie . pp . 159–167 .
bay - nouailhat a . , september 2005 , description of paracentrotus lividus , available on line at urltoken consulted on 09 july 2018 .
the genome of paracentrotus lividus is currently being sequenced . genomic tools are available for this species ( cdna and est libraries , macroarrays )
paracentrotus lividus is an incredibly oppommistic generalist , with a very wide range of adaptive responses to environmental conditions . it can do everything and anything . this chapter presents a short overview of the ecology of paracentrotus lividus . paracentrotus lividus is a rather large sea urchin that can reach 7 . 5 cm . in spite of its popular name , the color is highly variable : . . . [ show full abstract ]
co - culture of the sea urchin paracentrotus lividus and the edible mussel mytilus edulis l . on the west coast of scotland , united kingdom
co - culture of the sea urchin paracentrotus lividus and the edible mussel mytilus edulis l . on the west coast of scotland , united kingdom
frédéric ducarme marked
file : sea urchins . jpg
as trusted on the
paracentrotus lividus ( de lamarck , 1816 )
page .
paracentrotus lividus has been chosen as a model in europe for the large number of genomic tools that have been developed during the marine genomics programme .
saggio di fecondazione e saggio di sviluppo embrionale con il riccio di mare paracentrotus lividus ( lamarck ) ( echinodermata : echinoidea ) . quaderni di ecotossicologia
the effect of diet type on growth and fatty - acid composition of sea urchin larvae , i . paracentrotus lividus ( lamarck , 1816 ) ( echinodermata )
frédéric ducarme marked
file : pesca ricci di mare alghero adventurediving . it . jpg
as trusted on the
paracentrotus lividus ( de lamarck , 1816 )
page .
sukhn c . bioaccumulation and depuration in sea urchins paracentrotus lividus ( lebanon ) and heliocidaris erythrogramma ( australia ) . ( new south wales university ( phd theis ) 2010 ) .
yeruham e . possible explanations for paracentrotus lividus ( european purple sea urchin ) population collapse in south - east mediterranean . ( tel aviv university ( msc thesis ) 2013 ) .
paracentrotus lividus larval width and lengths of somatic rods , post - oral arms and antero - lateral arms as a function of ph on day 3 . data are means ± s . d . ; n = 30 .
cite this article as : pinna s , pais a , campus p , sechi n , ceccherelli g ( 2012 ) habitat preferences of the sea urchin paracentrotus lividus . mar ecol prog ser 445 : 173 - 180 . urltoken
investigations into the biology and ecology of paracentrotus lividus ( lmk . ) were carried out during three weeks in july and august 1966 . all collections were made at wied - iz - zurrieq on the south coast of malta .
boudouresque cf , verlaque m . ecology of paracentrotus lividus . in : lawrence j . m . ( ed . ) , edible sea urchins : biology and ecology . elsevier , amsterdam , the netherlands , 2007 ; pp . 243–285 .
the sea urchin paracentrotus lividus is common in the mediterranean in shallow subtidal rocky habitats and in posidonia oceanica beds . the aim of this study is to investigate whether protection has the same effect on the population structure of p . lividus occurring in rocky reef habitats and in p . oceanica beds . these results are important to generate hypotheses about the influence of human harvesting , predatory pressure and migration processes on p . lividus in the two habitats .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . paracentrotus lividus ( lamarck , 1816 ) . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
estructura poblacional del erizo ( paracentrotus lividus ) en dos zonas de intermareal de las costas de galicia ( no de la península ibérica ) con distinto grado de explotación . libro de resúmenes del xv simpósio ibérico de estudos de biologia marinha , funchal
citation : migliaccio o , castellano i , cirino p , romano g , palumbo a ( 2015 ) maternal exposure to cadmium and manganese impairs reproduction and progeny fitness in the sea urchin paracentrotus lividus . plos one 10 ( 6 ) : e0131815 . urltoken
effects of cadmium and manganese on reproductive state and nitric oxide ( no ) production in p . lividus females
citation : ruocco n , costantini s , zupo v , romano g , ianora a , fontana a , et al . ( 2017 ) high - quality rna extraction from the sea urchin paracentrotus lividus embryos . plos one 12 ( 2 ) : e0172171 . urltoken
how to cite this article : yeruham , e . et al . collapse of the echinoid paracentrotus lividus populations in the eastern mediterranean - result of climate change ? sci . rep . 5 , 13479 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep13479 ( 2015 ) .
( of paracentrotus ( strongylocentrotus ) lividus ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) marcopoulou - diacantoni , a . 1967 . la faune des échinides néogènes des pays helléniques . annales géologiques des pays helléniques 18 , 331 - 406 . page ( s ) : 352 [ details ]
citation : prado p , tomas f , pinna s , farina s , roca g , ceccherelli g , et al . ( 2012 ) habitat and scale shape the demographic fate of the keystone sea urchin paracentrotus lividus in mediterranean macrophyte communities . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e35170 . urltoken
representative bioanalyzer agilent electrophoresis runs showed low or high quality of total rna extracted from p . lividus embryos ( fig 1 ) .
rosana ouréns , juan freire , jose a . vilar , luis fernández ; influence of habitat and population density on recruitment and spatial dynamics of the sea urchin paracentrotus lividus : implications for harvest refugia , ices journal of marine science , volume 71 , issue 5 , 1 august 2014 , pages 1064–1072 , urltoken
( of echinus lividus lamarck , 1816 ) fischer , p . ( 1864 ) . note sur les perforations de l ' echinus lividus ( lamk . ) . ann . d . sci . nat . 5ième série zool . tom . i . , 321 - 332 [ details ]
mean ± standard error of the population density ( no . m −2 ) and diameter ( mm ) of p . lividus for each sampled habitat .
pizzolla , p . f 2007 . paracentrotus lividus purple sea urchin . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
the number of p . lividus recruits observed in each studied habitat during the two sampling years is shown . hd = high density , ld = low density .
among the echinoderms , the sea urchin paracentrotus lividus is considered a suitable organism to study the ecotoxicological responses to xenobiotics and the physiological reactions to physical stressors [ 24 – 29 ] . it has also been used to test the effect of marine natural toxins , such as diatom - derived secondary metabolites , which have also apoptotic and anti - cancer activity [ 30 , 31 ] .
size distributions of p . lividus for each sampling ground and depth . dashed lines correspond to low - density areas , and solid lines correspond to sea urchin aggregations .
morpho - functional features potentially involved in defence mechanisms against fish predators ( i . e . attachment tenacity , spine length , and test robustness and thickness ) have been assessed in two mediterranean sea urchins , paracentrotus lividus and arbacia lixula . all four morpho - functional features were significantly and positively related to individual size for both species of sea urchins . . . . [ show full abstract ]
the grazing activity of the sea urchins paracentrotus lividus and arbacia lixula may produce and maintain barren grounds . this study is addressed to analyse the spatial scale of variability ( locations : thousands of meters apart ; sites : hundreds of meters apart ) of the population structure of the two species and of the algal communities they live on , in the dubrovnik area ( croatia ) . sea urchins . . . [ show full abstract ]
this article is based on data obtained during the development of the research projects “métodos de evaluación directa y dinámica poblacional en recursos sedentarios marinos : el caso de la pesquería del erizo paracentrotus lividus en galicia” and “de la dinámica de metapoblaciones a la gestión de ecosistemas : marcadores moleculares , teledetección y modelos de simulación” . both projects were funded by the ministerio español de educación y ciencia and by the european regional development fund ( erdf ) .
effect of the explanatory variables on mean recruit density of p . lividus ( μ ) and on standard deviation of the distribution ( σ ) , according to the fixed structure of the gamlss model .
► we studied the growth of paracentrotus lividus in nw spain by reading growth rings . ► we verified that the natural rings form annually in this species . ► tanaka function , which predicted unlimited growth , obtained the best fit to the data . ► sea urchins located at 4 m depth grew less than the sea urchins located at 8 and 12 m . ► sea urchins older than 4 years had higher growth rates in patches than in non - patchy areas .
paracentrotus lividus larval overall length as a function of time in the different ph treatments at day 2 ( 46 and 52 h post - fertilization ) and day 3 ( 69 h ) . the photographs correspond to the different sampling stages in the extreme ph treatments ph t 7 . 0 and 8 . 1 ( scale bars , 100 μm ) . g , gastrula stage ( length , 100–120 μm ) . data are means ± s . d . ; n = 30 .
distribution of population densities of p . lividus for each sampling ground and depth . dashed lines correspond to low - density areas , and solid lines correspond to sea urchin aggregations . note that the densities are in logarithmic scale .
symmetry index and ratio of post - oral arm ( poa ) to somatic rod ( sr ) lengths in p . lividus in the different ph treatments . data are means ± s . d . ; n = 30 .
values represent mean ± sd . values in bold in the rin column are the average values among the rin values obtained at the different number of p . lividus embryos . n / a indicates samples in which no values are assigned .
this study used multiple methods to identify the response of p . lividus to co 2 - driven ocean acidification at both physiological ( fertilization , growth , survival and calcification ) and molecular ( expression of genes involved in calcification and development ) levels .
after cloning of the full - length cdna of fadsa and fadsc1 , p . lividus transcriptome shotgun assembly was released in ncbi ( urltoken ) and this allowed us to screen other possible fads - like transcripts in p . lividus . thus , we obtained full - length open reading frame ( orf ) sequence of another fads - like sequence from the assembly ( accession no . gczs01077556 ) . since preliminary phylogenetic analysis suggested this fads was closely related to fadsc1 , we termed this desaturase as “fadsc2” .
in conclusion , our results provide for the first time a standard protocol for isolating high - quality rna from sea urchin plutei for high - throughput ngs studies thereby increasing the resources available for a well - established model organism such as p . lividus .
p . lividus is common in the northeast atlantic and the mediterranean sea , mainly in shallow waters down to 20 meter depth . it is considered to be a key herbivore , because of its major role in structuring and controlling macroalgae assemblages , and thus in shaping the benthic seascape 24 , 25 , 26 . the decline of p . lividus populations observed today in the levant is not limited to the israeli coastline : sukhn described a substantial deterioration of the population in southern lebanon ( sidon ) during the last decade 23 .
correlation between rna quality based on absorbance ratios ( a260 / 280 and a260 / 230 ) and rin values by spearman ' s correlation coefficient and evaluation of their statistical difference by t - test , using the five different rna extraction protocols for p . lividus embryos .
s1 table . correlation between rna quality based on absorbance ratios ( a260 / 280 and a260 / 230 ) and rin values by spearman ' s correlation coefficient and evaluation of their statistical difference by t - test , using the five different rna extraction protocols for p . lividus embryos .
we are grateful to d . luquet , l . gilletta and j . - y . carval for sea urchin sampling in the field . we thank t . lepage for providing p . lividus transcript sequences and c . m . moore for advice regarding statistics related to molecular data .
relationship between overall larval length and other morphometric parameters measured in p . lividus on day 3 in the different ph treatments . ( a ) somatic rod length ; ( b ) post - oral arm length ; ( c ) antero - lateral arm length ; ( d ) larval width .
( a ) calcium uptake with time in p . lividus embryos and larvae in the different ph treatments and ( b ) the relationship between calcium incorporation and overall length of larvae . data are means ± s . d . ; n = 3 for calcium uptake and n = 30 for larval overall length .
fold change in ( a ) α - na / katpase and ( b ) β - na / katpase expression in p . lividus in response to decreasing ph from ph t 8 . 1 ( control ) to ph t 7 . 0 . data are means ± s . d . ; n = 3 .
( of echinus ( toxopneustes ) lividus ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) lamarck , j . b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome troisième . paris : deterville / verdière . 612 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 50 [ details ]
fold change in ( a ) fg9 / 16 / 20 , ( b ) msp130 and ( c ) sm30 expression in p . lividus in response to decreasing ph from ph t 8 . 1 ( control ) to ph t 7 . 0 . data are means ± s . d . ; n = 3 .
( of echinus lividus lamarck , 1816 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinidæ , strongylocentrotidæ , parasaleniidæ , echinometridæ . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 157 - 168 [ details ]
( of euryechinus lividus ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinidæ , strongylocentrotidæ , parasaleniidæ , echinometridæ . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 157 - 168 [ details ]
( of strongylocentrotus lividus ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinidæ , strongylocentrotidæ , parasaleniidæ , echinometridæ . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 157 - 168 [ details ]
( of toxopneustes lividus ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinidæ , strongylocentrotidæ , parasaleniidæ , echinometridæ . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 157 - 168 [ details ]
identical sequences are shaded black . all the fads sequence from p . lividus contained typically conserved regions in members of the front - end desaturase family , including three histidine boxes ( hxxxh , hxxhh and qxxhh ) , a putative cytochrome b5 - like region ( marked as a dotted line ) and a heme - binding motif ( hpgg ) .
additive plot for the partial effect of the month on recruitment of p . lividus . the response is centred on 0 , so that values < 0 indicate a recruit density lower than annual average . the solid line is the smoother estimated by the gamlss model using cubic splines ( cs ) , and the dashed lines represent 95 % confidence bands .
( of echinus ( toxopneustes ) lividus ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinidæ , strongylocentrotidæ , parasaleniidæ , echinometridæ . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 157 - 168 [ details ]
in conclusion , it has been demonstrated that p . lividus possess three fatty acyl desaturases with δ5 desaturase ( fadsa ) and δ8 desaturase ( fadsc1 and fadsc2 ) activities . moreover , we have provided evidence confirming that the p . lividus fadsa is involved in the biosynthesis of nmi fa , a role that could not be demonstrated for the fadsc desaturases . our phylogenetic analysis revealed that the repertoire of fads varies among echinoderm classes . fadsa desaturases can be found virtually in all echinodermata classes , whereas other fads - like desaturases have a more restricted distribution . thus , the herein characterised fadsc appears to be a echinoidea - specific enzyme , whereas other echinoderm classes such asteroidea , ophiuroidea and holothuroidea possess an alternative desaturase herein denoted as fadsb .
the results of this study on the effects of cadmium and manganese exposure for 2 and 9 days on p . lividus females and their offspring greatly expanded previous investigations on the impact of toxic metals on adult sea urchins [ 36 , 44 – 46 ] , providing also information on the transmission of the “maternal” stress to the progeny at morphological , biochemical and molecular level .
fold change in ( a ) α - na / katpase , ( b ) β - na / katpase , ( c ) fg9 / 16 / 20 , ( d ) msp130 and ( e ) sm30 expression in p . lividus in response to decreasing ph from ph t 8 . 1 ( control ) to ph t 7 . 0 plotted against virtual age .
examples of representative agilent bioanlyzer electropherograms of p . lividus rna : for trizol , genelute and rnaqueous rna extraction from 5000 embryos extraction ; for rneasy and aurum rna extraction from 2500 embryos ( see also table 1 ) . relative fluorescent unit ( fu ) and seconds of migration ( s ) of rna samples isolated according to the five different extraction methods are reported . rin values are also reported .
the methods used for total rna extractions consistently showed two bands , corresponding to 28s and 18s rrna , with the only exception being the trizol method , that showed degraded rna with several bands . these results were also confirmed by the representative bioanalyzer agilent profiles showing electropherograms with low or high quality of total rna extracted from different numerical amounts of p . lividus embryos along with corresponding rin values ( fig 2 ) .
p . lividus ( lamarck ) were collected from a site in the bay of naples that is not privately - owned or protected in any way , according to italian legislation ( dpr 1639 / 68 , 09 / 19 / 1980 confirmed on 01 / 10 / 2000 ) . field studies did not include endangered or protected species . all experimental procedures on animals were in compliance with the guidelines of the european union ( directive 609 / 86 ) .
( of echinus lividus lamarck , 1816 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the deduced amino acid ( aa ) sequences of p . lividus desaturases fadsa , fadsc1 and fadsc2 were aligned with homologous fads sequences from various species following clustalw algorithm . the phylogenetic tree of deduced aa sequences was constructed using the neighbour - joining method [ 38 ] with confidence in the resulting tree branch topology measured by bootstrapping through 1 , 000 iterations . all the sequencing analyses were carried out using clc main workbench 7 ( clc bio , aarhus , denmark ) .
in conclusion , our finding that cadmium and manganese , at environmentally relevant concentrations ( 10 −6 m and 3 . 6 x 10 −5 m , respectively ) negatively affected both p . lividus females reproductivity and development of their progeny is of considerable ecological relevance , considering that maternal exposure to contaminants can impair reproduction and on a large - scale and long - term can affect recruitment of sea urchin populations habiting areas potentially exposed to contaminants ( e . g . coastal or industrial zone ) .
regarding the bathymetric pattern of recruitment , rogers - bennett et al . ( 1995 ) suggest for strongylocentrotus franciscanus that urchins in shallow habitats are more suitable as canopy providers for juveniles , since they are more sedentary than urchins in deeper habitats . high food availability for echinoids in the shallowest subtidal zone ( kempf , 1962 ; keats et al . , 1984 ; zabala and ballesteros , 1989 ) may also enhance settlement ( hereu et al . , 2004 ) and recruitment of p . lividus in this habitat .
mass spectra of dmox derivatives prepared from desaturation products of the p . lividus fadsa ( δ5 desaturase ) , namely 18 : 1n - 13 ( a ) , 20 : 4 δ5 , 11 , 14 , 17 ( b ) and 20 : 3 δ5 , 11 , 14 ( c ) . mass of 153 in red is the diagnostic mass ion that shows δ5 desaturation and other characteristic mass ions of each product fatty acid are indicated in blue . the corresponding fragmentation patterns are also shown in each panel .
in this study we investigated the effects of cadmium and manganese , at concentrations mimicking polluted sea water , on female sea urchins p . lividus exposed for 2 and 9 days and on their offspring . here , we show that both metals differentially impaired the fertilization process causing modifications in the reproductive state . moreover , we found an abnormal development of the offspring of exposed females associated to a rise in no levels in gonads and changes in the transcription of several genes involved in stress response , skeletogenesis , detoxification , multi drug efflux processes and no production .
one may argue that the origin of the sea urchins ( lab reared specimens ) may affect their survival in the experimental setup during abrupt temperature rises due to the long - term rearing in relatively stable temperature conditions ( with highest temperature of 29 °c ) . however , it may be similarly argued that the temperature range of the reared urchins served as a reliable simulation of the historical conditions experienced by the natural populations of p . lividus in the eastern mediterranean in the past prior to the latest temperature increase during the last decades where it reached the lethal threshold of 30 . 5 °c in mid - summer .
proteins related the fibroblast growth factor ( fg9 / 16 / 20 ) transcripts are involved in pmc migration and skeletal morphology , prefiguring the branching pattern of the skeleton . the inhibition of the production of these transcripts has a dramatic effect on sea urchin biomineralization because it leads to the absence of skeleton ( röttinger et al . , 2008 ) . in the present study , the fold change in gene expression of fg9 / 16 / 20 peaked at 46 h post - fertilization and decreased through 69 h post - fertilization larvae grown at ph t 8 . 1 . röttinger et al . showed that the abundance of fgfa transcripts increased dramatically in mesenchyme gastrula of p . lividus and remained elevated from the onset of gastrulation up to the pluteus stage ( 48 h ) ( röttinger et al . , 2008 ) .
. . . nel mediterraneo , un mare caratterizzato da basse escursioni di marea , quando traer , 1980 ; cuomo et al . , 1982 ; nédélec , 1982 ; kitching and thain , 1983 ; verlaque and nédélec , 1983a , b ; verlaque , 1984verlaque , , 1987azupi frantzis et al . , 1988 ; odile et al . , 1988 ; fernandez , 1989 ; rico , 1989 ; boudouresque et al . , 1993 ; knopffler - péguy and nattero , 1996 ; lemée et al . , 1996 ; aubin , 2004 ) . lo scarso gradimento di p . lividus per alcune specie algali è spesso legato alla presenza di metaboliti tossici o repellenti , come nel caso di c . taxifolia , che produce grosse quantità di terpeni ( guerriero et al . , 1992 ; lemée et al . , 1996 boudouresque and verlaque , 2007 ) . in generale , la scelta del cibo risulta fortemente condizionata dalla relativa abbondanza delle alghe presenti . . . .
echinus ( toxopneustes ) complanatus l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ( subjective junior synonym )
echinus ( toxopneustes ) concavus l . agassiz in l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ( subjective junior synonym )
toxopneustes concavus l . agassiz in l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ( subjective junior synonym )
lamarck , j . b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome troisième . paris : deterville / verdière . 612 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 50 [ details ]
distribution in hollows in pools and crevices in the intertidal zone , also sublittoral to about 30 m depth , on stony ground and . . .
distribution in hollows in pools and crevices in the intertidal zone , also sublittoral to about 30 m depth , on stony ground and burrowing in the lithothamnion gravel ( maerl ) . once common in western ireland , from cork to donegal , now depleted by commercial harvesting ; very rare in devon , cornwall and the islec of scilly , occaional in the channel islannds , rare in western scotland , around skye and the smaller islands nearby [ details ]
kroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database .
( of microcordyla asteriae zirpolo , 1927 ) zirpolo , g . 1927 [ 1926 ] . di una nuova silicospugna del golfo di napoli ( microcordyla asteriae n . g . n . sp . ) . bolletino della società dei naturalisti in napoli ( 2 ) 38 ( 18 ) : 287 - 290 . [ details ]
( of echinus purpureus risso , 1826 ) risso , a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 pp . , 1 map [ 1826 ] ; vol . 2 : vii + 482 pp . , 8 pls [ november 1827 ] ; vol . 3 : xvi + 480 pp . , 14 pls [ september 1827 ] ; vol . 4 : iv + 439 pp . , 12 pls [ november 1826 ] ; vol . 5 : viii + 400 pp . , 10 pls [ november 1827 ] . . 3 ( xvi ) : 1 - 480 , 14 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 277 [ details ]
( of echinus vulgaris blainville , 1825 ) blainville , h . m . d . d . 1825 . oursin , echinus ( actinozoaires . ) . pp . 59 - 98 in dictionnaire des sciences naturelles f . g . levrault , strasbourg & paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 86 [ details ]
( of echinus lithophagus leach in tilloch , 1812 ) leach , w . e . 1812 . [ echinus lithophagus ] . pp . 130 - 152 in tilloch , a . ( ed . ) xxi . proceedings of learned societies . the philosophical magazine : comprehending the various branches of science , the liberal and fine arts , agriculture , manufactures and commerce 39 , 130 - 152 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 151 [ details ]
( of echinus ( toxopneustes ) complanatus l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ) agassiz , l . & desor , p . j . e . 1846 . catalogue raisonné des familles , des genres , et des espèces de la classe des échinodermes . annales des sciences naturelles , troisième série , zoologie 6 , 305 - 374 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 367 [ details ]
( of echinus ( toxopneustes ) concavus l . agassiz in l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ) agassiz , l . & desor , p . j . e . 1846 . catalogue raisonné des familles , des genres , et des espèces de la classe des échinodermes . annales des sciences naturelles , troisième série , zoologie 6 , 305 - 374 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 367 [ details ]
hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinidæ , strongylocentrotidæ , parasaleniidæ , echinometridæ . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 157 - 168 [ details ]
southward , e . c . ; campbell , a . c . ( 2006 ) . [ echinoderms : keys and notes for the identification of british species ] . synopses of the british fauna ( new series ) , 56 . field studies council : shrewsbury , uk . isbn 1 - 85153 - 269 - 2 . 272 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of echinus vulgaris blainville , 1825 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of echinus vulgaris blainville , 1825 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinidæ , strongylocentrotidæ , parasaleniidæ , echinometridæ . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 157 - 168 [ details ]
( of echinus purpureus risso , 1826 ) hansson , h . g . ( 2001 ) . echinodermata , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , . 50 : pp . 336 - 351 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of echinus purpureus risso , 1826 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinidæ , strongylocentrotidæ , parasaleniidæ , echinometridæ . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 157 - 168 [ details ]
( of microcordyla asteriae zirpolo , 1927 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinidæ , strongylocentrotidæ , parasaleniidæ , echinometridæ . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 167 [ details ]
( of microcordyla asteriae zirpolo , 1927 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2002 ) . family stylocordylidae topsent , 1892 . pp . 224 - 226 . in : hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( eds ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of microcordyla asteriae zirpolo , 1927 ) mortensen , t . 1932 . über den angeblichen kieselschwamm microcordyla asteriæ zirpolo . zoologischer anzeiger 97 , 197 . page ( s ) : 197 [ details ]
( of microcordyla asteriae zirpolo , 1927 ) zirpolo , g . ( 1929 ) . note morphologiche e sistematiche su microcordyla asteriae zirpulo . bollettino della società dei naturalisti in napoli . 41 : 15 - 29 . page ( s ) : 15 - 26 ; pl . 1 : figs 1 - 9 , pl . 2 : figs 10 - 16 [ details ]
( of toxocidaris livida ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinidæ , strongylocentrotidæ , parasaleniidæ , echinometridæ . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 157 - 168 [ details ]
( of toxopneustes complanatus l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinidæ , strongylocentrotidæ , parasaleniidæ , echinometridæ . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 157 - 168 [ details ]
( of toxopneustes concavus l . agassiz in l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 3 . camarodonta . ii . echinidæ , strongylocentrotidæ , parasaleniidæ , echinometridæ . 446 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 157 - 168 [ details ]
this sea urchin has a round , flattened test up to 7 cm in diameter . it has long , sharply pointed spines which are dark purple to dark green and has a greenish test .
is found in the channel islands , in a few locations in western scotland and occasionally on the south west coasts of england . it is common on the west coast of ireland and is abundant in areas such as county clare .
the purple sea urchin is found on the lower rocky shore in rock pools and into the shallow sublittoral down to depths of 3 m , but may be found deeper . it can also be found higher up on the middle / upper shore in rockpools e . g . in scotland . it uses its spines and teeth to bore into soft rocks , its burrow providing protection from both wave action and desiccation at low tide . the urchin increases the size of its burrow as it grows . they are also sometimes found in beds of the seagrass
fish , j . d . & fish , s . , 1996 . a student ' s guide to the seashore . cambridge : cambridge university press .
hayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .
hayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
jncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken
mortensen , t . h . , 1927 . handbook of the echinoderms of the british isles . london : humphrey milford , oxford university press .
national biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017
picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken
picton , b . e . , 1993 . a field guide to the shallow - water echinoderms of the british isles . london : immel publishing ltd .
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
( of microcordyla asteriae zirpolo , 1927 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2002 ) . family stylocordylidae topsent , 1892 . pp . 224 - 226 . in : hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( eds ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . 1 ( kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow ) . [ details ] available for editors
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
mediterranean and north - eastern atlantic ocean from the west coast of the british isles to morocco , the azores and canary islands .
the rock sea urchin dwells rock pools or lime rocks , seagrass meadows , corals or sandy bottom in shallow water or rarely down to 30 - 80 m depth .
the rock sea urchin is commercially important seafood unknown to most people in this respect . since its spines do not harm it can also be used in touch pools .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
description : a dark purple , almost black , regular sea urchin found on western coasts of ireland and occasionally elsewhere . the roes of this urchin are edible and are prized as a delicacy in mediterranean countries . the tube - feet are arranged in arcs of 5 - 6 , visible as 5 - 6 pore pairs corresponding with each ambulacral plate . up to 7cm . in diameter .
habitat : often in rock pools in limestone rocks where the animals live in hollows which just fit their bodies . occasionally found in shallow water under rocks and rarely in deeper water to 30m .
distribution : used to be found at a few sites in sw england but now very rare there . still quite common on the west coast of ireland but many good sites have been stripped of this urchin for export to france . also found in a few localities off the west coast of scotland such as tiree .
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
institut de recerca i tecnología agroalimentàries ( irta ) , aquatic ecosystems , tarragona , spain , dept . of biology east carolina university , greenville , north carolina , united states of america
prado p , tomas f , pinna s , farina s , roca g , et al . ( 2012 )
in mediterranean macrophyte communities . plos one 7 ( 7 ) : 10 . 1371 / annotation / 7e978cb1 - df3b - 42f1 - 94d9 - fcc424cf7167 .
copyright : © 2012 prado et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this work was supported by the project ctm2010 - 22273 - c02 awarded by the plan nacional de i + d + i - ministerio de ciencia e innovación ( spain ) and f . t . was funded by the juan de la cierva program . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
the study was conducted within three distinctive regions of the nw mediterranean sea – ne of iberian peninsula ( catalonia ) , majorca island and sardinia island . these represent a regional scale , with regions separated by hundreds of kilometers ( fig . 1 ) . within each region , we selected 4 sites separated by tens of kilometers , which represent a medium scale ( see site coordinates in fig . 1 ) . sites were sampled in two zones that were 50 to 300 m apart and represent the local scale . each zone included areas of seagrass habitat dominated by posidonia oceanica and immediately adjacent rocky macroalgal habitat . the deployment of collectors for settlers , and abundance quadrates for recruits and adults ( see later ) , were conducted at 5 m depth , according to documented maximum sea urchin abundance and herbivory pressure in shallow seagrass and macroalgal habitats [ 33 ] , [ 36 ] – [ 37 ] .
in catalonia : montgó ( mon : 42°6 . 2′n ; 3°10 . 1′e ) , isla pedrosa ( ped : 42°4 . 2′n ; 3°12 . 1′e ) , giverola ( giv : 41°44 . 1′n ; 2°57 . 1′e ) , and fenals ( fen : 41°41 . 3′n ; 2°49 . 6′e ) ; in sardinia : torre bollo ( boll : 40°34 . 1′n ; 8°9 . 5′e ) , bombarde ( bom : 40°34 . 5′n ; 8°15 . 4′e ) , pepino ( pep : 40°32 . 2′n ; 8°19 . 3′e ) , and sperança ( spe : 40°29 . 4′n ; 8°21 . 6′e ) ; and in majorca : còlonia ( col : 39°18 . 5′n ; 2°59 . 2′e ) , estanyol ( est : 39°21 . 2′n ; 2°54 . 6′e ) , st . elm ( tel : 39°34 . 5′n ; 2°20 . 5′e ) , and cala llamp ( lla : 39°31 . 5′n ; 2°23 . 2′e ) .
for each life - stage , the methodology used and the periodicity ( larvae and settlers ) is indicated . note that for larvae and settlers , sampling times are added and not treated as a factor ; for details see the materials and methods section . site abbreviations as in fig . 1 .
values show numbers of larvae ( no . m −3 ) , settlers ( no . collector −1 ) , recruits ( sizes < 3 cm ; ind . m −2 ) , and adult individuals ( sizes > 3 cm ; ind . m −2 ) in rocky macroalgal and seagrass habitats at each spatial scale ( region , site and zone ) . site abbreviations as in fig . 1 .
no relationship was observed between larvae and adults when all regions where included , and the same lack of a relationship occurred for both habitats ( fig . 4 ) . in contrast , there was a strong relationship between larval numbers and the abundance of the next life history stage ( settlers ) in both seagrass and rocky macroalgal habitats ( fig . 4 ) .
significant determination coefficients ( r 2 ) are indicated ( i . e . , p < 0 . 05 ) .
recruit numbers in rocky macroalgal habitats were unrelated to settler abundances , but adult abundance seemed weakly ( although significantly ) associated with recruit abundance ( fig . 4 ) . in contrast , in seagrass beds the number of settlers was a reliable predictor of recruits ' abundance , which was very low in all seagrass meadows surveyed ( fig . 3 ) . despite low recruitment , adult abundances in seagrass habitats were much higher than on nearby rocky macroalgal habitats ( fig . 3 ) , resulting in a clear decoupling between recruit and adult populations in the seagrass habitat ( fig . 4 ) .
sea surface temperature ( sst ) in june was significantly different among regions ( one - way anova : f 2 , 42 = 80 . 54 , p < 0 . 0001 ) . higher values ( in °c , mean ± se ) were registered in majorca ( 23 . 40±0 . 19 ) than in sardinia ( 22 . 35±0 . 25 ) and the catalan coast ( 19 . 65±0 . 20 ) . in addition , the number of weeks with sst ≤18°c during the may–june period also showed significant difference among regions ( one - way anova : f 2 , 42 = 27 . 87 , p < 0 . 0001 ) , with longer periods in catalonia ( 3 . 1±0 . 27 ) than in sardinia ( 1 . 1±0 . 23 ) and majorca ( 0 . 66±0 . 23 ) .
the authors wish to thank francesco mura , giulia mameli and paola uccello in sardinia for indispensable field assistance and guidance . authors are also very grateful to alessandro pezzella for further fieldwork and laboratory assistance in the catalonia region and to jorge terrados , eduardo infantes , nuria marbà and quico medina for logistical support and help in the field at the majorca sites .
conceived and designed the experiments : pp gc jr ta . performed the experiments : pp ft sp sf gr gc . analyzed the data : pp gc ta . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : gc ta jr . wrote the paper : pp ft sp gc jr ta .
maron jl , harrison s , greaves m ( 2001 ) origin of an insect outbreak : escape in space or time from natural enemies ? oecologia 126 : 595–602 .
peterson bj , rose cd , rutten lm , fourqurean jw ( 2002 ) disturbance and recovery following catastrophic grazing : studies of a successional chronosequence in a seagrass bed . oikos 97 : 361–370 .
pace ml , cole jj , carpenter sr , kitchell jf ( 1999 ) trophic cascades revealed in diverse ecosystems . trends in ecology and evolution : 14 : 483–88 .
raimondi pt ( 1990 ) patterns , mechanisms , consequences of variability in settlement and recruitment of an intertidal barnacle . 60 . ( 3 ) : ecological monographs . pp . 283–309 .
cowen rk , sponaugle s ( 2009 ) larval dispersal and marine population connectivity . annual review of marine science 1 : 443–466 .
gaines s , roughgarden j ( 1985 ) larval settlement rate : a leading determinant of structure in an ecological community of the marine intertidal zone . 82 . ( 11 ) : proceedings of the national academy of science . pp . 3707–3711 .
lewin r ( 1986 ) supply - side ecology . science 234 : 25–27 .
marcus nh , boero f ( 1998 ) minireview : the importance of bentho - pelagic coupling and the forgotten role of life cycles in coastal aquatic systems . limnology and oceanography 43 : 763–768 .
hughes tp , baird ah , dinsdale ea , moltschaniwskyj na , pratchett ms , et al . ( 2000 ) supply - side ecology works both ways : the link between benthic adults , fecundity , and larval recruits . ecology 81 : 2241–2249 .
keough mj ( 1984 ) effects of patch size on the abundance of sessile marine invertebrates . ecology 65 ( 2 ) : 423–437 .
kramer dl , chapman mr ( 1999 ) implications of fish home range size and relocation for marine reserve function . environmental biology of fishes 55 ( 1–2 ) : 65–79 .
grosberg rk , levitan dr ( 1992 ) for adults only ? 7 . ( 4 ) : supply - side ecology and the history of larval biology . trends in ecology and evolution . pp . 130–133 .
shanks al , grantham ba , carr mh ( 2003 ) propagule dispersal distance and the size and spacing of marine reserves . ecological applications ( 13 suppl ) . pp . 159–169 .
scheltema rs ( 1986 ) long - distance dispersal by planktonic larvae of shoal - water benthic invertebrates among central pacific islands . 39 . ( 2 ) : bulletin of marine sciences . pp . 241–256 .
scheltema rs ( 1988 ) initial evidence for the transport of teleplanic larvae of benthic invertebrates across the east pacific barrier . 174 . ( 2 ) : biological bulletin . pp . 145–152 .
( forbes , 1852 ) . 30 . ( 6 ) : journal of biogeography . pp . 913–924 .
bailey km , houde ed ( 1989 ) predation on eggs and larvae and the recruitment problem . advances in marine biology 25 : 1–83 .
: coupling of larval abundance and adult distribution . 137 . ( 5–6 ) : marine biology . pp . 783–790 .
cowen rk , paris cb , olson db , fortuna jl ( 2003 ) the role of long distance dispersal versus local retention in replenishing marine populations . gulf and caribbean research 14 : 129–137 .
hughes tp , baird ah , dinsdale ea , moltschaniwskyj na , pratchett ms , et al . ( 1999 ) patterns of recruitment and abundance of corals along the great barrier reef . nature 397 : 59–63 .
mcclanahan tr , saphir sh ( 1990 ) causes and consequences of sea urchin abundance and diversity in kenyan coral reef lagoons . oecologia 83 : 362–370 .
lópez s , turon x , montero e , palacín c , duarte cm , et al . ( 1998 ) larval abundance , recruitment and early mortality in
( echinoidea ) . interannual variability and plankton - benthos coupling . marine ecology progress series 172 : 239–251 .
friedlander am , parrish jd ( 1991 ) habitat characteristics affecting fish assemblages on a hawaiian coral reef . 224 . ( 1 ) : journal of experimental marine biology and ecology . pp . 1–30 .
micheli f , peterson ch ( 1999 ) estuarine vegetated habitats as corridors for predator movements . conservation biology 13 : 869–881 .
. lawrence j m , ed . edible sea urchins : biology and ecology . developments in aquaculture and fisheries science - 32 . , amsterdam : elsevier . pp . 177–216 .
sala e , boudouresque cf , harmelin - vivien m ( 1998 ) fishing , trophic cascades , and the structure of algal assemblages : evaluation of an old but untested paradigm . 82 . ( 3 ) : oikos . pp . 425–439 .
hereu b , zabala m , sala e ( 2008 ) multiple controls of community structure and dynamics in a subtidal marine environment . ecology 89 ( 12 ) : 3423–3435 .
seagrass meadow : importance of epiphytes . marine ecology progress series 287 : 115–125 .
in seagrass beds : implications for trophic interactions . marine ecology progress series 306 : 125–131 .
defoliation confirm the importance of herbivory in temperate seagrass meadows . marine ecology progress series 340 : 63–71 .
) decline near a fish farm : an experimental approach . 52 . ( 5 ) : botanica marina . pp . 449–458 .
in two contrasting habitats in the mediterranean . marine ecology progress series 282 : 173–184 .
prado p , farina s , tomas f , romero j , alcoverro t ( 2008 ) marine protected areas and seagrass availability alter fish herbivory in seagrass ecosystems . marine ecology progress series 371 : 11–21 .
ballesteros e ( 1992 ) els vegetals i la zonació litoral : espècies , comunitats i factors que influeixen en la seva distribució . arxiu secció de ciències institut d ' estudis catalans , sp 101 : 616 .
ballesteros e , zabala m ( 1993 ) el bentos : el marc físic . alcover ja , ballesteros e , fornós jj , eds . història natural de l ' arxipèlag de cabrera . monografies de la societat d ' història natural de balears ( vol 2 ) palma de majorca : csic - ed . pp . 663–685 .
hernandez jc , clemente s , girard d , pérez - ruzafa a , brito a ( 2010 ) effects of temperature on settlement and postsettlement survival in a barrens - forming sea urchin . marine ecology progress series 413 : 69–80 .
bittner m , wagner k ( 1993 ) sea surface temperature of mediterranean sea the world data center for remote sensing of the atmosphere ( wdc - rsat ) . available :
prado p , romero j , alcoverro t ( 2009 ) welcome mats ? 85 . ( 3 ) : the role of seagrass meadow structure in controlling post - recruitment survival in a keystone sea - urchin species . estuarine coastal and shelf science . pp . 472–478 .
underwood t ( 1997 ) experiments in ecology : their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance . cambridge : cambridge university press . 499 p .