crurifarcimen is a monotypic genus of millipedes containing the single species crurifarcimen vagans .

its common name is wandering leg sausage .

this millipede is endemic to tanzania , where it is known only from the usambara mountains .

it was formally described in 2011 and placed in a newly erected genus of its own .

it was declared one of the world 's top 10 new species of 2012 by arizona state university 's international institute for species exploration .

crurifarcimen

10 . a giant millipede ( crurifarcimen vagans ) – a millipede that’s so big it looks like a sausage .
10 . a giant millipede ( crurifarcimen vagans ) - a millipede that ' s so big it looks like a sausage .
figures 13 – 16 . crurifarcimen vagans n . gen . , n in east african giant millipedes of the tribe pachybolini ( diplopoda , spirobolida , pachybolidae )
figures 20 – 23 . crurifarcimen vagans paratype , left posterior gonopod . 20 in east african giant millipedes of the tribe pachybolini ( diplopoda , spirobolida , pachybolidae )
figures 13 – 16 . crurifarcimen vagans n . gen . , n in east african giant millipedes of the tribe pachybolini ( diplopoda , spirobolida , pachybolidae ) | zenodo
a meaty millipede - the crurifarcimen vaganas from tanzania is 6 . 3 inches long and boasts 56 pairs of legs , making it the world ' s largest milliped… | pinteres…
a millipede the length of a sausage bears the name
wandering leg sausage ,
which also is at the root of its latin name : crurifarcimen vagans . | pinterest
figures 20 – 23 . crurifarcimen vagans paratype , left posterior gonopod . 20 in east african giant millipedes of the tribe pachybolini ( diplopoda , spirobolida , pachybolidae ) | zenodo
figures 24 – 25 . crurifarcimen vagans , paratype , right vulva , sem . 24 : posterior - lateral view , 25 : lateral view . scales 1 mm . op : operculum .
figure 1 . crurifarcimen vagans n . gen . , n . sp . , male paratype from east usambara mts . , amani . length of specimen 16 cm . g . brovad phot .
wandering leg sausage ( crurifarcimen vagans ) : another new species that packs plenty of creep and crawl into its many - legged body - this 5 - inch long ( 16cm ) millipede has 112 legs - crurifarcimen vagans was found chomping on rotten wood in tanzania ' s mountain forests . it is in fact the largest millipede to be found in this biodiversity hot - spot - big enough to wonder why it took scientists so long to trip over it .
etymology : genus name crurifarcimen from the latin words “crus” for leg and “farcimen” meaning sausage ; species epithet vagans from the latin word “vagans” meaning wandering or itinerant ; thus , the full species name means the “wandering leg sausage . ”
figures 26 – 27 . crurifarcimen vagans , early stadia , from female from anami , collected in terrarium . 26 : egg in earthen capsule , 27 : stadium i juvenile in earthen capsule . diameter of earthen capsules ca . 8 mm . g . brovad phot .
figures 11 – 12 . female second pair of legs with one vulva attached , anterior view . 11 : crurifarcimen vagans , 12 : epibolus pulchripes . the arrows point to the distal margin of the lateral extensions of the coxosternum . scales 1 cm . p . pimvichai phot .
table 3 . crurifarcimen vagans , comparison of adults and immatures . entries are horizontal diameters in mm , followed by no . of observed specimens ( in parentheses ) . in each cell , the upper line refers to specimens from the e usambaras , the lower line to the slightly smaller specimens from the w usambaras .
figures 17 – 18 . crurifarcimen vagans n . gen . , n . sp . , paratype , left anterior gonopod coxa and telopodite . 17 : oral view , 18 : mesal view . cx 8 : anterior gonopod coxa , cxt : mesal coxal tooth , tlp 8 : anterior gonopod telopodite . scales 1 mm . sem .
the name of the new genus , crurifarcimen , can be broken down to crus ( foot ) and farcimen ( sausage ) , while the species name vagans translates to
wandering
or
itinerant
, hence the full name ' s meaning ,
the itinerant sausage with feet . this is why the simpler the common name is wandering leg sausage .
scientists were also creative in naming crurifarcimen vagans , a millipede whose name roughly translates to
wandering leg sausage .
it was discovered in the forests of tanzania ' s eastern arc mountains , at elevations of 940 to 1 , 800 meters . the millipede has a thick , sausage - like body , about 1 . 5 cm in diameter , and 56 body segments , each bearing two pairs of legs .
figures 2 – 3 . crurifarcimen vagans n . gen . , n . sp . , male paratypes . 2 : head , collum and anterior legs . g . brovad phot . 3 : body rings 5 – 7 , ventral view , showing coxal lobes on leg - pairs 6 – 7 . n . ioannou phot . scales 1 cm . l : lobes , vii : smooth ’ shelf’ of ventrally fused bodyring seven .
figure 19 . crurifarcimen vagans n . gen . , n . sp . , paratype , semidiagrammatic drawing based on right anterior gonopod macerated with trypsin . bt : ’ bride trachéenne’ ( lighter horizontal stippling indicates a part of the ’ bride trachéenne’ embedded in membrane ) , cx 8 : coxa , st 8 : anterior gonopod sternum ( cut in midline , to the right in the drawing ) , tlp 8 : anterior gonopod telopodite .
figure 84 . known distribution of east african pachybolini , except hadrobolus crassicollis and epibolus pulchripes . dots ( ● ) : crurifarcimen vagans , filled diamonds ( ♦ ) : hyperbolus apicomplexus , open diamonds ( ♢ ) : hyperbolus morogoroensis , filled triangle ( ˔ ) : parabolus dimorphus , inverted open triangle ( ) : parabolus calceus , inverted filled triangle ( ˑ ) : pachybolus tectus , , filled square ( ․ ) : pachybolini indet . based on yahoo maps .
a giant millipede about the length of a sausage bears the common name “wandering leg sausage , ” which also is at the root of its latin name : crurifarcimen vagans . the species is the largest millipede ( 16 cm or about 6 . 3 in ) found in tanzania’s eastern arc mountains , one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots . the new species is about 1 . 5 centimeter ( 0 . 6 inch ) in diameter with 56 segments bearing ambulatory limbs , each with two pairs of legs .
figures 4 – 8 . male legs , sem . 4 : crurifarcimen vagans n . gen . , n . sp . , paratype , tarsus , lateral view . 5 : c . vagans , paratype , tarsus , ventral view . 6 : epibolus pulchripes , tarsus , lateral view . 7 : hadrobolus crassicollis , holotype , ventral - lateral view . 8 : c . vagans , paratype , surface structure of ventral pad . scales 1 mm ( 5 , 7 ) , 0 . 1 mm ( 4 , 6 ) , 0 . 01 mm ( 8 ) .
figures 20 – 23 . crurifarcimen vagans paratype , left posterior gonopod . 20 : anterior view , g . brovad phot . 21 : posterior view , sem , 22 : tip , posterior view , sem , 23 : solenomerite , sem . scales 1 mm ( 20 – 21 ) , 0 . 1 mm ( 22 – 23 ) . art : articulation between intermediate and terminal segment , bas : basal , aboral sclerite , eg : efferent groove , is : intermediate segment , itp : irregular triangular process , no : notch , slm : solenomerite , tr . a . : tracheal apodeme ( hidden in muscle ) .
figures 13 – 16 . crurifarcimen vagans n . gen . , n . sp . paratypes . 13 : everted gonopods in situ , anterior view . 14 : do . , posterior view . 15 : anterior gonopods , anterior view . 16 : do . , posterior view . cx 8 : anterior gonopod coxa , p 9 : posterior gonopod , pr : lateral projection of anterior gonopod telopodite , rea : rectangular elevated area of anterior gonopod telopodite , st 8 : anterior gonopod sternum , st 9 : rounded - triangular sclerite of posterior gonopod sternum , tlp 8 : anterior gonopod telopodite , tr . a . : tracheal apodeme of posterior gonopod . scales 1 cm . g . brovad phot .
the crurifarcimen vagans is a millipede that is made up of usually 56 ringlike abdominal segments , each with two pairs of legs , for a total of usually 112 legs . the largest specimens are about 16 centimetres in length , and they are approximately 14–16 millimetres wide . their bodies are usually light brown , and the head , legs , and other parts are brownish yellow . the millipede lives in rotting wood in mountain forest habitat . although this is thought to be the world ' s largest millipede , it isn ' t . the world ' s largest millipede is the the giant african millipede ( archispirostreptus gigas ) , which can grow much larger , over 38 cm . this millipede is herbivorous , and feed on decomposing vegetation or organic matter mixed with soil .
table 2 . postembryonic development of crurifarcimen vagans based on all examined entire specimens . entries are body ring formulae sensu enghoff et al . ( 1993 ) , i . e . , ( number of podous rings ) + ( number of apodous rings ) + t [ = telson ] . stadium numbers are inferred from counts of rows of ocelli , see further in text . numbers of specimens in each stadium and with each body ring formula are given in ( parentheses ) after the formula . inferred formulae which were not observed , are given in [ square brackets ] . the single stadium i juvenile was not dissected ; it has 6 body rings , a long zone of not fully formed segments , and a telson ; the formula 4 + 2 + t is given in analogy with what is known for other pachybolids ( pelmatojulus spp . , enghoff et al . 1993 ) . the principal pathway of postembryonic development is indicated with bold types .
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the numbers speak for themselves - 1 , 700 , 000 species that are know to science ; as many as 40 , 000 , 000 species waiting for science to catch up with them ; 18 , 225 species newly revealed by scientists back in 2008 ; and as many as 120 , 000 species blinking out of existence , each year , before science has even had a chance to discover them . with many believing us to be in the midst of the sixth great extinction events in the earth ' s history , it ' s little wonder that there ' s a desire to treasure each and every one the newest entries to the biological textbooks .
but some stand out head - and - tentacles above the rest - and the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university ( iise ) have got together with leading biologists to compile this years top - most ten . bizarre , beautiful or just downright weird , let ' s run through two handfuls specially selected from last years most amazing scientific discoveries ; species that remind us that ' preserving biodiversity ' is a whole lot more than just a dry ecological afterthought .
sazima ' s tarantula ( pterinopelma sazimai ) : this is a real beauty - and - the - beast entry from brazil ; a striking iridescent - blue tarantula found wandering the tabletop mountains close the atlantic coast of brazil . sadly , the amazing blue color of this colorful creepy - crawly may put it at risk - exotic pet traders tend to target such brightly colored arachnids .
nepalese autumn poppy ( meconopsis autumnalis ) : there ' s nothing beastly about this elegant new addition to the botanist ' s collection . this graceful yellow - flowered poppy stands tall and proud high up the nepalese mountains . so high , in fact , that it has long evaded identification by botanists , who have under - explored the 10 , 000 - 13 , 000 slopes where meconopsis autumnalis nods its heads .
walking ' cactus ' from the cambrian ( diania cactiformis ) : it may look like a cactus , but you won ' t find this oddity anywhere near the desert . instead , diana cactiformis , a type of velvet worm from 500 million years ago , rippled its tubular legs along the muddy bottom of the cambrian seas . some scientists think that arthropods , like crabs , evolved from velvet worms like these , which appear to have crude segments .
sponge - bob square - pants ( spongiforma squarepantsii ) : who said mycologists aren ' t fun guys ? this bright little yellow - orange fungus struck its discovers as so sponge - like that they had to name - check the king of cartoon sponges - sponge - bob himself - tagging ' squarepantsii ' into its official name . these little sponge blobs are found in the damp humid jungles of sarawak , in malaysia just follow your nose , apparently - this fungus has a distinctly fruity smell .
dive - bombing wasps ( kollasmosoma sentum ) : these wasps may sound scary , but bear in mind that they ' re only 1 / 10th of an inch long . and they ' re intended victims aren ' t us - but ants . for kollasmosoma sentum ants aren ' t food in and of themselves , but cozy snug homes for the next generation of wasps . k sentum performs its aerial maneuvers in order to deliver a deadly payload - tiny eggs that will hatch into larvae and feast upon the hapless ant victim .
night - blooming orchid ( bulbophyllum nocturnum ) : as its name suggests , this orchid avoid the blaring competition among day - time flowers and blossoms , choosing instead to unfurl its petals at night . in fact , it ' s believed to be the only night blooming orchid from 25 , 000 described species . it is found in new guinea , but for how much longer is uncertain - logging threatens much of its natural habitat .
devil ' s worm ( halicephalobus mephisto ) : from the fragile elegance of orchids , to deeply - buried wrigglies - devil ' worms , living examples of the tenacity of life , having penetrated themselves deep into the planet ' s rocky outer layers . these tiny nematode worms were found wriggling at the high pressures and temperatures of a south african gold mine nearly a mile below the surface . and their discovery was a rude one for the worms - they may not have been in contact with the surface for thousands of years .
bonaire banded box jelly ( tamoya ohboya ) : as is often the case , locals knew about this sumptuously colored ( but poisonous ) jellyfish long before scientists got round to documenting them . found near the dutch caribbean island of bonaire . when scientists were giving this swimming jellyfish its official name , they turned to citizen scientists who had reported on it . and so ' ohboya ' it was , after the ' oh boy ' exclamation from being stung by one of its tentacles !
sneezing monkey ( rhinopithecus strykeri ) : finally , hankies at the ready for this one - not because its the end of the list , but because this final top - rated discovery may just shower you , during its trademark sneeze . newly discovered mammals are a rarity , but this one was tracked down by its ' atish - oos ' . local people in the mountainous part of myanmar where rhinopithecus strykeri is found were able to take scientists to it - but only once it started raining . when the heavens open , this member of the gibbon family , starts a - sneezing . then it ' s simply a matter of following your ears to the source !
for several years , excitement has been building over the atlantic presence of manta birostris and manta cf birostris / this is the classification system trying to tell us of a potential new species that is related to genus manta . little progress has been made on this w . atlantic species of oceanic manta ,  but it cant be long before we can confirm new knowledge of parenting and juvenile growth in at least the main species , which seems to live alongside the potential new manta .
the future of the sea ? how the ocean economy can fight plastic pollution .
ocean plastic pollution could triple in a decade without action by the ocean economy . tomra ceo stefan ranstrand responds to the uk governments foresight future of the sea report and explains how container deposit schemes and sensor - based recycling sorting could provide a solution .
look at those modified wings and the bee antennae . but this is no stinger or biter . its a clearwing moth , and you can find similar species near your own location worldwide . its all about the mimic , and its model - in this case a generalised stingless bee . trouble is , you wont find this guy . good luck , but he seems to be almost extinct . one of those many new species that will disappear rapidly , just like many others that have been seen just as we destroy their habitat .
the future is certainly renewable , but are we too late to prevent future centuries problems of global warming - and the rest ! here are some current us solutions to waste and warming for you to enjoy - - - there are some ads in this piece but weve allowed them for one blog only .
need to save money after the spending boom to end them all ? here are 2 sets of opinions on how to pull out the plugs at night  at least .
when dolphins are ' rescued ' in various countries , the car given seems to be ill - considered . we are simply looking at the success rate which is reported to be low , in most places . they could even end up in commercial aquarium shows , but they certainly rarely make it back to the sea .
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enghoff , h . ( 2011 ) . east african giant millipedes of the tribe pachybolini ( diplopoda , spirobolida , pachybolidae ) . zootaxa . 2753 : 1 - 41 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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holds a new record as the largest millipede ( 16 cm ) in one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots , tanzania’s eastern arc mountains . the new genus name seems apt given the fat , sausage - like shape of the millipede’s body which is about 1 . 5 cm in diameter with 56 more or less podous rings ( body segments bearing ambulatory limbs ) – each with two pairs of legs .
is found in eastern and western usambara mountain forests at elevations of 940 to 1800 meters in decaying wood .
enghoff , h . ( 2011 ) . east african giant millipedes of the tribe pachybolini ( diplopoda , spirobolida , pachybolidae ) .
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enghoff , h . ( 2011 ) . east african giant millipedes of the tribe pachybolini ( diplopoda , spirobolida , pachybolidae ) . zootaxa . 2753 : 1 - 41 . page ( s ) : 8 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
it is the most common of our 1400 north american millipede species and at lengths up to 10 cm ( about 4” ) our largest too . description from martinco… | pinterest
enghoff , henrik , 2011 , east african giant millipedes of the tribe pachybolini ( diplopoda , spirobolida , pachybolidae ) , zootaxa 2753 , pp . 1 - 41 : 8 - 16
holotype : 3 tanzania , tanga region , e . usambara mts . , amani 5 °06’s 38 ° 38 ’e , forest clearing at kwankoro road , ca . 1000 m , on the ground , 1 . viii . 1974 , i . b . enghoff & h . enghoff leg . ( zmuc
paratypes from tanzania , tanga region , east usambara mts . , amani 5 °06’s 38 ° 38 ’e : 1 ƥ , 2 juveniles , data as holotype ( zmuc
00100973 - 100974 ) . – 3 3 , 1 juvenile data as holotype , but 2 . – 7 . viii . 1974 ( zmuc
0 0 100982 , 0 0 100983 , 00100975 ) . – 1 ƥ , forest house , secondary rainforest , ca . 1000 m , in rotten wood , 29 . vii . 1974 , i . b . enghoff & h . enghoff leg . ( zmuc
00100979 - 00100980 ) . – 1 3 tanzania , monga , ca . 1000 m , 6 . ii . 1977 , h . enghoff , o . lomholdt , o . martin leg . ( zmuc
paratypes from tanzania , tanga region , west usambara mts . , mazumbai , 4 ° 49 ’s 38 ° 30 ’e : 1 3 , 3 juv . 1600 m , in trunk , 1 . viii . 1980 , m . stoltze & n . scharff leg . ( zmuc
00100997 ) . – 1 3 , 2 ƥƥ , montane forest , 1600– 1800 m , 10 . – 20 . xi . 1995 , c . griswold , n . scharff & d . ubick leg . ( cas
additional material from tanzania , tanga region , east usambara mts . , amani 5 °06’s 38 ° 38 ’e : 3 juv . monga , ca . 1000 m , on the ground , 5 . viii . 1974 , i . b . enghoff & h . enghoff leg . ( zmuc
00100977 ) . – 1 ƥ , 9 juveniles , cultivation in rain forest , ca . 1000 m , on the ground , 26 . vii . 1974 , i . b . enghoff & h . enghoff leg . ( zmuc
00100981 ) . – 2 eggs , 1 small juv . , lab - reared from parents from amani ( zmuc
00100993 ) . – 3 juveniles ca . 1000 m , 24 . i . 1977 , in rotten wood , h . enghoff , o . lomholdt , o . martin leg . ( zmuc
additional material from tanzania , tanga region , east usambara mts : 5 3 , 1 ƥ , muheza + korogwe district , east usambara mts . 4 ° 56 ’ 32 ”s 38 ° 39 ’38 . 5’’e , 940 masl , trapsite 8 plot 59 a , 31 . i . 2001 , frontier tanzania leg . ( zmuc
00101001 ) . – 1 ƥ , 1 juvenile nilo forest reserve 4 ° 54 ’ 16 ’’s , 38 ° 39 ’ 45 ’’e , date ? , frontier tanzania leg . ( zmuc
00101000 ) . – 1 3 , 1 ƥ , 1 subad . ƥ muheza district , magrotto estate , 5 °07 s , 38 ° 45 ’ e , 2000–3000 ft asl , iii . 1981 , s . n . stuart leg . ( vmnh
additional material from tanzania , tanga region , lushoto district , west usambara mts . , mazumbai , 4 ° 49 ’s 38 ° 30 ’e : 16 juveniles 1600 m , in trunk , 1 . viii . 1980 , m . stoltze & n . scharff leg . ( zmuc
additional material from tanzania , tanga region , west usambara mts : 1 3 , 1 subadult 3 , lushoto district , mahezangulu forest reserve 4 ° 57 ' s , 38 ° 31 ' e , rain forest , 3000–3500 ft asl , 14–16 . iii . 1982 , s . n . stuart leg ( vmnh
) . – 5 3 korogwe district , ambangulu estate rain forest , 5 ° 4 ' 51 ’’ s , 38 ° 25 ' 54 ’’ e , 2– 11 . iv . 1980 , s . n . stuart & j . simkin leg . ( vmnh
) . –– 3 3 lushoto district , balangai forest reserve , 4 ° 55 ' 55 ’’ s , 38 ° 37 ' 07’’ e , 11– 13 . iii . 1981 , s . n . stuart leg . ( vmnh
( wandering , itinerant ) . the full species name thus means “the itinerant sausage with feet” , and this species is indeed the most sausagelike millipede i have seen .
description . adults with 56 podous rings ( exceptionally 54 , 55 or 57 ) , no apodous rings . length 14–16 cm . width of specimens from east usambara mts . : 14 . 2–16 . 2 mm ( 3 ) / 14 . 4–16 . 1 mm ( ƥƥ ) . width of specimens from west usambara mts . : 13 . 5–14 . 2 mm ( 3 ) / 14 . 9–15 . 4 ( ƥƥ ) .
colour : overall impression light brown , occasionally darker brown ; head , collum , antennae , legs and telson brownish yellow ; legs occasionally dark caramel ; prozona of body rings yellow , mesozona greyish brown , metazona reddish brown ( fig . 1
. mentum transversely wrinkled . stipites wrinkled parallel to mento - stipital suture , each with 3–5 distal setae . lamellae linguales each with 3–6 setae arranged in a transverse , distal row or group .
) entirely smooth , or with faint short striae along lowermost part of anterior margin , somtimes a weak marginal furrow along lateral parts of anterior margin ; lateral lobes rounded / triangular , not extending as far ventrad as body ring 2 .
body rings two to five / six ventrally concave , hence with distinct ventrolateral
corners
. body rings very smooth , dorsal profile linear .
tergo - pleural
suture visible on pro - and mesozona . prozona with very fine chagrination . mesozona ventrally with fine oblique striae , gradually changing into fine punctation laterally and dorsally . metazona ventrally with fine longitudinal striae , otherwise smooth in 3 , finely punctate to coriaceous in ƥƥ .
pleural
parts of rings with fine oblique striae . sterna transversely striate . ozopores from ring 6 , situated in mesozona , ca . 1 ½ pore diameter in front of metazona . sutures between pro - , meso - and metazona fine but distinct ; horizontal suture sometimes distinct on pro - and mesozona , less so on metazona . posterior margin of body rings with numerous very short longitudinal impressions , giving a crenulate impression ; margin itself straight , however ; no limbus .
telson very shallowly punctate , appearing smooth . preanal ring with slightly concave dorsal profile . anal valves slightly impressed submarginally ; margins hence slightly protruding , liplike . subanal scale broadly triangular .
legs : length of midbody legs 62 % of body diameter in 3 , 51 % of body width in ƥ . coxa dorsally angled ; prefemur basally constricted ; tarsus longer than other podomeres . first and second legs with numerous ( 35–40 ) ventral setae , third and following pairs with much fewer setae , numbers of setae reaching constancy from pair 5 or 6 , each leg with 1 coxal , 1–2 prefemoral , 1–2 femoral , 2 postfemoral , and 2 tibial setae . tarsi in 3 with 2 ventral apical and one dorsal apical seta ( figs 4–5
) , ƥƥ with 2 + 2 ventral and one dorsal apical seta , the basal ventral pair smaller than the others .
male sexual characters . body more shining than in females , due to absence of punctation on metazona . tarsus of all legs from third to last pair with large ventral soft pad occupying entire ventral surface ( figs 4–5
) . coxae of fifth and sixth pair of legs with anterior , rounded lobes , slightly larger on fifth ( fig . 3
) entirely fused ventrally , no trace of a suture . anterior part ventrally clearly delimited as smooth
shelf
, contrasting with sculptured areas posteriorly and laterally . gonopods ( figs 13–23
anterior gonopod sternum concave on oral face , with high , broad , bell - shaped mesal process reaching ca . 3 / 4 the height of the coxae ; right and left halves of process meeting under blunt angle in midline , sometimes forming a midline ridge ; tip of process more or less pointed ; sternum laterally continuing as narrow band around side of gonopod , reaching well along base of coxa on aboral side , articulating with a narrow sclerite at base of telopodite , the
bride trachéenne” of demange ( 1967 ) ( fig . 19
) projecting basad - mesad over tip of sternum , sometimes with an impression delimited by a small vertical ridge just distal of cxt ; oral surface of coxa slightly concave , i . e . , due to rounded lateral ridge occupying ca . half of coxal width ; aboral surface of coxa ( hidden from view in undissected specimens ) broadly swollen mesally , swelling apically connecting with basad - mesad tooth on oral surface . coxae extending to aboral side of gonopod where they appear as narrow lateral bands . telopodites ( figs 14–19
) extending well beyond coxal tips , overall shape ovoid ; in situ meeting in midline ; posterior face of telopodite with rectangular elevated area , the basal - mesal corner of which meets that of opposite telopodite ; opposite corners usually slightly asymmetrical ( one telopodite forming short process fitting into concavity on the other ) ; lateral margin of telopodite with sub - semicircular incision , delimiting a subapical lateral rounded - triangular projection .
) in situ completely hidden within anterior ones , connected by median sternal remnant consisting of mesal membranous region flanked by a pair of rounded - triangular sclerites ( fig . 14
) . gonopods oriented with larger surfaces facing aboral - lateral and oral - mesal , respectively , for simplicity these faces are termed aboral and oral below . each posterior gonopod clearly divisible into four parts :
3 . a smooth , stout , sausagelike intermediate segment delimited against terminal segment by very distinct articulation across lateral margin ( fig . 20
4 . a complicated terminal segment with smoothly convex lateral margin , this margin with longitudinal concavity next to basal articulation against intermediate segment . basal part of terminal segment roughly quadrate in outline , extensively covered by membrane on lateral face . distal part of terminal segment abruptly set off by rectangular notch . aboral face of terminal segment with longitudinal groove parallel to lateral margin ; distalmost part of groove covered by large irregular , ±triangular process ; this process forming part of slightly concave apical - mesal margin of gonopod , corners of concavity blunt , slightly protruding . apical - mesal margin overreached by conspicuous solenomerite emerging from oral face of gonopod , lamellate , longitudinally striate , sinuous , attenuated , ending as curved tip pointing in a mesal - basal direction . efferent groove only visible on terminal segment of gonopod , running along mesal edge of broad basal part , moving to lateral surface and there running subparallel to distal margin of basal part , further along mesal edge of distal part ( where accompanied by narrow , transparent , striate membrane ) and onto solenomerite where it ends as an open furrow near the tip .
) in posterior view sausage - shaped . valves very elongated , slightly curved ( their bases
collected in amani , e usambaras , in 1974 ) . stadia ii - x were collected in the field ( cumulative material from e and
w usambaras , 1970–1995 ) . the stadium numbers can be read by counting rows of ocelli ( ro ) . stadium i has one
row , ii has two etc . ( cf . enghoff et al . 1993 ) .
the eggs are placed individually in spherical earthen capsules manufactured by the female ( fig . 26
( dhaenens & vandenspiegel 2006 ) . the stadium i juveniles ( fig . 27
the body ring formulae of the studied specimens are shown in table 2 . out of 91 specimens , 82 follow the princi -
observed formula preceding an observed one , e . g . , 49 + 5 + t in stadium vii could have resulted from 43 + 6 + t or
, studied by dhaenens & vandenspiegel ( 2006 ) , the numbers of podous rings in each stadium are somewhat smaller , corresponding with the generally lower number of podous rings ( 50–53 ) in adults .
sexes are separable from stadium iv inclusive . the observed adults belong to stadia ix and x . immature specimens were observed belonging to both stadium ix and x . however , several stadium x specimens had the tenth row of ocelli represented only by a single ocellus , sometimes even only on one side of the head . thus , some specimens assigned to stadium ix may in fact belong to stadium x . likewise , the hypothetical stadium xi may be
cryptically
represented in the sample . immatures were consistenly slenderer than adults in the same stadium , see table 3 .
distribution . e and w usambara mts . , from 940 to 1600 – 1800 m altitude ( fig . 84
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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enghoff , henrik ( 2011 ) : east african giant millipedes of the tribe pachybolini ( diplopoda , spirobolida , pachybolidae ) . zootaxa 2753 : 1 - 41 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 276689
etymology . the specific epithet is a latin noun in apposition meaning “ shoe ” and refers to the tip of the posterior gonopod which somewhat resembles a ( rather distorted ) shoe .
holotype 3 kenya , gede , 3 ° 28 ’ s , 39 ° 18 e , 29 . iv . 1981 , cie a 13123 ( nhml ) . – paratypes : 2 3 , 3 ƥƥ , strongly fragmented , kenya , changamwe 4 miles w of mombasa , 4 ° 01 ’ 30 ’’ s , 39 ° 37 ’ 45 ’’ e , 21 – 30 . iii . ( ? ) 1909 , e . a . mearns leg . ( usnm , zmuc ) .
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this millipede is made up of 56 - 58 abdominal segments , each with two pairs of legs , for a total of usually 112 legs . the largest specimens are about 16 centimetres long . they are approximately 14–16 millimetres wide . the body is light brown , sometimes darker , and the head , legs , and other parts are brownish yellow .
the millipede lives in rotting wood in mountain forest habitat . the female builds a nest roughly 8 mm wide out of earth .
this organism is a multi cellular organism as it is an animal and not bacteria also it has eukaryotic cells .
the international institute for species exploration at arizona state university and a committee of scientists from around the world announced their picks for the top 10 new species described in 2011 .
this is the fifth year for the top 10 new species list , released may 23 to coincide with the anniversary of the birth of carolus linnaeus , the swedish botanist who was responsible for the modern system of plant and animal names and classifications .
selected from the hundreds of nominations submitted , the top 10 list celebrates species exploration , biodiversity and the science of taxonomy . this year’s picks represent treasures from around the globe , from the deepest mines in africa to the mountain heights of the himalayas .
“the top 10 is intended to bring attention to the biodiversity crisis and the unsung species explorers and museums who continue a 250 - year tradition of discovering and describing the millions of kinds of plants , animals and microbes with whom we share this planet , ” said quentin wheeler , an entomologist who directs the international institute for species exploration at asu .
members of the international committee who made their selection from more than 200 nominations look for “species that capture our attention because they are unusual or because they have traits that are bizarre , ” said mary liz jameson , an associate professor at wichita state university who chaired the international selection committee . “some of the new species have interesting names ; some highlight what little we really know about our planet , ” she said .
rhinopithecus strykeri , named in honor of jon stryker , president and founder of the arcus foundation , is the first snub - nosed monkey to be reported from myanmar and is believed to be critically endangered . it is distinctive for its mostly black fur and white beard and for sneezing when it rains . since 2000 , the number of mammals discovered each year averages about 36 .
this beautiful yet venomous jellyfish looks like a box kite with colorful , long tails . the species name , tamoya ohboya , was selected by a teacher as part of a citizen science project , assuming that people who are stung exclaim , “oh boy ! ”
measuring about 0 . 5 mm ( . 02 in ) these tiny nematodes were discovered at a depth of 1 . 3 km ( . 8 mi ) in a south african gold mine are the deepest - living terrestrial multicellular organisms on the planet . the name halicephalobus mephisto refers to faust’s legend of the devil because has survived immense underground pressure as well as high temperatures ( 37 degrees c or 98 . 6 degrees f ) . according to its discoverers , carbon dating indicated that the borehole water where this species lives had not been in contact with earth’s atmosphere for the last 4 , 000 to 6 , 000 years .
this rare orchid from papua new guinea flowers around 10 at night and close early the next morning . it was described by scientists from the royal botanic gardens , kew and leiden university , who named it bulbophyllum nocturnum from the latin word meaning “at night . ” it is believed to be the first night - blooming orchid recorded among the more than 25 , 000 known species of orchids .
this new species of parasitic wasp , named kollasmosoma sentum , cruises at just one centimeter ( less than half an inch ) above the ground in madrid , spain , in search of its target : ants . with a target in sight , the teensy wasp attacks from the air like a tiny dive bomber , depositing an egg in less than 1 / 20 of a second .
named spongiforma squarepantsii , after the cartoon character spongebob squarepants , this new fungus smells fruity and looks more like a sponge than a typical mushroom . discovered in forests on the island of borneo in malaysia , its fruiting body can be squeezed like a sponge and bounce back to its normal size and shape .
this vibrant , tall , yellow poppy found in nepal may have gone undescribed because of its high mountain habitat ( 10 , 827 to 13 , 780 feet ) . named meconopsis autumnalis for the autumn season when the plant flowers , there is evidence that the species was collected before but not recognized as new until intrepid botanists miles from human habitation in heavy monsoon rains made the “rediscovery . ”
although this new species looks more like a “walking cactus” than an animal at first glance , diania cactiformis belongs to an extinct group called the armoured lobopodia , which had a wormlike body and multiple pairs of legs . the fossil , discovered in cambrian deposits about 520 million years old in southwestern china it is remarkable for its segmented legs that suggest a common ancestry with arthropods , including insects and spiders .
breathtakingly beautiful , this iridescent hairy blue tarantula is the first new animal species from brazil to be named on the top 10 list . pterinopelma sazimai is not the first or only blue tarantula , but it is spectacular — and from “island” ecosystems on flattop mountains .
for more detailed information about the top 10 species list for 2011 visit urltoken . nominations for the 2013 list ( for species described in 2012 ) may be made online at urltoken species - nomination .
the international institute for species exploration also publishes an annual state of observed species ( sos ) report on human knowledge of earth’s species . the latest report was released january 18 and is available online .
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carl linaeus is the swedish botanist who devloped our system of categorizing organisms , he would be 315 this year . ( photo : an oil painting completed by alexander roslin )
on may 23 , the international institute for species exploration announced its fifth annual top 10 list of newly described or discovered species . over 18 , 000 species were officially described in 2011 . the species that make the list are chosen to highlight species exploration , biodiversity , and the science of taxonomy .
the release of the list coincided with the anniversary of the birth of carl linnaeus , the swedish botanist responsible for the modern system of naming and classifying living organisms . linnaeus would be 315 years old this year . in his lifetime , he knew of about 10 , 000 species . the best estimate of scientists today is that there are close to 12 million living species , of which 2 million have been described since 1758 .
this year ' s list is full of colorful characters . there ' s rhinopithecus strykeri , the sneezing monkey . this primate was brought to the attention of scientists by locals in myanmar while conducting a survey of the country ' s gibbons . hunters told the team about a snub - nosed monkey that could be found by waiting until it rained and then listening for sneezes in the trees . rainwater can drip into the monkey ' s upturned nose , so it tends to sneeze - - or sit with its head between its legs to avoid dripping water .
there ' s the nefarious - sounding halicephalobus mephisto , or devil ' s worm . these tiny ( about 0 . 5 mm ) worms were discovered almost a mile deep in a south african gold mine , living in water that had not been in contact with the earth ' s atmosphere for at least 4 , 000 years . they are the deepest - living terrestrial multicellular organisms on earth .


the smalltooth stingray ( dasyatis rudis ) is an obscure species of stingray in the family dasyatidae , found in the gulf of guinea .

it is known only from a stuffed specimen described by albert günther in 1870 , which has since been lost .

in 1970 , springer and collette assigned a jaw , tail , and two embryos from off sierra leone to this species , but later investigation found that the jaw belonged to a guitarfish , and the tail and embryos to a different species , possibly dasyatis hastata .

smalltooth stingray

diagnosis : a large stingray entirely covered by discrete prickles , but without tubercles ( ref . 81259 ) .
a large , coastal stingray reaching a maximum size of at least 320 cm tl or 200 cm dw ( capapé and desoutter 1990 ) . the specimen recorded off sierra leone was collected from a depth of 30 m ( springer and collete 1971 ) and the holotype was collected from
old calabar
river in nigeria . one female contained four embryos ( springer and collette 1971 ) .
treatment summary stings by marine stingrays are generally associated with significant local pain and physical trauma . treatment is directed at dealing with these problems , as envenoming is not a major issue ( other than any pain - producing effects of the venom ) . initial pain is often responsive to immersion of the stung area in hot ( 45c , not scalding ) water for an hour ( ensure no thermal injury occurs ) . beyond this , analgesia can be provided by an escalating scale , from oral , through parenteral analgesics , to regional anaesthetic nerve block . the wound should be inspected for retained sting fragments and these removed . major bleeding following transection of vessels should be staunched . beware wounds where the sting has penetrated a body cavity , either the abdomen , or the chest . penetrating injuries over the heart can prove lethal . beware early or late haemopericardium . stingray wounds can develop late necrosis and secondary infection . beware tetanus .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 29 september 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 29 september 2016 ) .
eastern central atlantic : nigeria ( old calabar river ) ( günther 1870 ) , record from sierra leone is doubtful ( b . séret pers . obs . 2008 ) .
unknown . this species is known only from the original description and the holotype is probably lost . there have been no further records to date ( b . séret pers . obs . 2008 ) .
there are intensive local marine and riverine fisheries within this species ' range in western africa . its known range is subject to inshore and brackish water artisanal demersal fisheries . its presence in shallow waters presumably makes it accessible to a variety of artisanal fisheries . fishing pressure in inshore and brackish waters is very high and the fisheries are considered over - exploited ( fao 2007 ) . habitat destruction and degradation are also major threats to this species ' habitat , for example , oil pollution is a problem in brackish waters in nigeria ( fao 2007 ) .
none in place . efforts are required to locate the type specimen , as well as further specimens through surveys at the type locality .
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eastern atlantic ocean : nigeria ( old calabar ) , benin , gulf of guinea ( ref . 4438 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 320 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4438 )
a coastal species ( ref . 4438 ) , that would be capable of migrating into freshwaters ( ref . 81259 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) .
exhibit ovoviparity ( aplacental viviparity ) , with embryos feeding initially on yolk , then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus , fat or protein through specialised structures ( ref . 50449 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
capapé , c . and m . desoutter , 1990 . dasyatidae . p . 59 - 63 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4438 )
sometimes taxonomists create new names for groups that already have a name . they may do this because they are unaware of the original name , or they may think the organism before them belongs to a different group when in fact it does not . if two or more names are found to apply to the same group , they are considered synonyms . in most cases , the first name takes priority and is considered to be the valid or accepted name . however , there can be exceptions , and it ' s not always easy to determine which of a series of synonyms should be considered valid or accepted . here we list the synonyms provided to eol by our classification partners . we also include other versions of the name that most likely refer to the same group , for example , misspellings in the literature or different variations of the authorship associated with the name .
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there are around 69 species in this family . most species are found in shallow tropical and subtropical oceans around the world , although some species in africa and south america are found in rivers and lakes .
they have rounded or oval shaped pectoral fins and long , whip - like tails with one or more poisonous barbed spines on the near the base of their tails . they have small mouths , no anal fin , and no caudal fin .
most of the species in this family spend their time partially buried under the sand or mud on the ocean floor . they use their pectoral fins to stir up worms , crustaceans , and mollusks . they are viviparous . that means they give birth to live young .
least concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in the wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .
general : general systemic effects systemic symptoms are uncommon , but nausea , vomiting , hypotension and collapse can occur .
general : other in cases of major mechanical trauma , significant tissue damage can occur and if major vessels are severed , exsanguination can occur . similarly , if the chest or abdomen are punctured , severe , even lethal internal injury can occur . this injury may not be immediately apparent , delayed death being possible .
key diagnostic features immediate severe local pain , lacerated wound after walking in shallow ( usually sandy ) water , rapid local swelling , development of local necrosis / chronic ulceration uncommon , but possible .
general approach to management first priority is relief of pain and staunching bleeding if major vessel transected . thereafter symptomatic care , good wound care .


the wallace 's owlet-nightjar ( aegotheles wallacii ) is a species of bird in the family aegothelidae .

it is found in new guinea .

it is named after alfred russel wallace , a british naturalist , explorer , geographer , and biologist .

wallace ' s owlet - nightjar

wallace ' s owlet - nightjar - aegotheles wallacii wallace ' s owlet - nightjar is found in indonesia and papua new guinea . source : birdlife international intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
wallace ' s owlet - nightjar | taken 8 - 3 - 11 near kiunga , png . th… | flickr
archbold ' s owlet - nightjar - aegotheles archboldi the archbold ' s owlet - nightjar is found in west papua , indonesia and papua new guinea . source : birdlife international intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
long - whiskered owlet - nightjar - aegotheles crinifrons the long - whiskered owlet - nightjar is also known as the moluccan owlet - nightjar . source : birdlife international intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
) . distinctive small owlet - nightjar . nominate form is variable in . . .
australian owlet - nightjar - aegotheles cristatus the australian owlet - nightjar ' s eye do not reflect light at night like the eyes of some other nocturnal birds . source : perth zoo intended audience : students reading level : elementary school teacher section : no
starry owlet - nightjar - aegotheles tatei the starry owlet - nightjar is found in papua new guinea . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
barred owlet - nightjar - aegotheles bennettii the barred owlet - nightjar is found in indonesia and papua new guinea . source : birdlife international intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
feline owlet - nightjar - aegotheles insignis the feline owlet - nightjar is found in indonesia and papua new guinea . source : birdlife international intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
mountain owlet - nightjar - aegotheles albertisi the mountain owlet - nightjar is found in indonesia and papua new guinea . source : birdlife international intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
australian owlet - nightjar - aegotheles cristatus the australian owlet - nightjar is the smallest of the nocturnal birds found in australia . source : birds in backyards intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
threatened in us endangered in us introduced status taken from us fish and wildlife . click on u . s . status icon to go to the u . s . fish and wildlife species profile .
australian owlet - nightjar - aegotheles cristatus the australian owlet - nightjar can range in color from gray to a rusty reddish - brown . source : graeme chapman intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : no
holyoak , d . t . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . wallace ' s owlet - nightjar ( aegotheles wallacii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
g . r . gray , 1859 – new guinea in vogelkop and along s side of central ranges e to karimui ; aru is .
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owlet - nightjars are nocturnal and eat insects . owlet - nightjars usually hunt in the air , but sometimes they will hunt on the ground .
the allied owlet - nightjar is found in indonesia and papua new guinea . source : birdlife international intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
new caledonian owlet - nightjar - aegotheles savesi most of what is known about this species comes from two specimens and one sighting in 1990 . source : birdlife international intended audience : general reading level : high school teacher section : no
the aegothelidae family is made up of the owlet - nightjars . there are 10 species in this family .
taken 8 - 3 - 11 near kiunga , png . this was the final owlet - nightjar of a trip and a lifer for both our guides . it was pitch black and the bird was jumpy , over - stimulated from call playback . quite a few blurry and / or black photos to get this one . great bird !
unlike some of the other members of the caprimulgiformes order , they have tiny bills . their bills are surrounded by bristles . while their bill is small , they can open it really wide ! they have soft plumage that is a mixture of blacks , browns , grays , and white . their plumage looks like the bark of a tree and helps camouflage them during the day . owlet - nightjars have large round eyes and small feet .
probably not closely related to any congener . race gigas has been proposed as a distinct species on basis of its considerably larger size and its montane ( rather than predominantly lowland ) range , but this treatment countered by the fact that manni is of intermediate size and occupies an intermediate altitudinal range ; recent studies show that the three races differ significantly only in size . three subspecies recognized .
diamond , 1969 – n new guinea ( mt menawa , mt turu ) .
little information . double whistle , first note rising , second falling and often with trill , may . . .
forests , mainly hill and lower montane forests ; occasionally enters gardens . occurs from sea - level . . .
no reliable information available ; published accounts of cream - coloured eggs with grey markings most unlikely to be based on those of an . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . apparently a rare , or perhaps elusive , species throughout its range , with small number of specimens from scattered localities . in . . .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population is suspected to be declining slowly , but is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : aegotheles wallacii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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they are found in new guinea and australia . like their name suggests , they look like a cross between owls and nightjars .
status and range is taken from icun redlist . you can click on the iucn status icon to go to the iucn page about a species .
here is a collection of my photographs taken on my many trips to papua new guinea , bougainville and the bismarcks .