mycocepurus goeldii is a species of ant in the genus mycocepurus .

the species is parasitised by a closely related species , mycocepurus castrator .

the two diverged recently , around 37,000 years ago , and evolved in the same geographic region , making the parasite – host pair an example of sympatric speciation .

m. castrator is directly descended from m. goeldii , its host .

such relationships are not uncommon among social parasites , as recognized by emery 's rule .

less common are cases like m. castrator 's , where two species diverge without the benefit of geographic isolation , known as sympatric speciation .

rabeling et al. ( 2014 ) analyzed divergence of mitochondrial versus nuclear dna , finding that the nuclear alleles bore more similarities than the mitochondrial alleles .

this led them to rule out the possibility of recent interbreeding , and conclude that sympatric speciation had occurred .

the two species are believed to have diverged around 37,000 years ago , during the late pleistocene .

mycocepurus goeldii

in rio claro , sao paulo state , brazil mycocepurus goeldii is parasitized by mycocepurus castrator .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see mycocepurus goeldii for further details
senior synonym of mycocepurus gentilis , mycocepurus ogloblini santschi , [ no year ] , mycocepurus ogloblini kusnezov , [ no year ] , mycocepurus schuppi : kempf , 1963b pdf : 420 .
gentilis . mycocepurus goeldii st . gentilis santschi , 1925b : 17 ( w . ) brazil . junior synonym of goeldii : kempf , 1963b : 420 .
schuppi . atta ( mycocepurus ) goeldii var . schuppi forel , 1901d : 301 ( w . ) brazil . combination in mycocepurus : emery , 1924d : 335 . junior synonym of goeldii : kempf , 1963b : 420 .
comparative study of nest architecture and colony structure of the fungus - growing ants , mycocepurus goeldii and m . smithii
comparative study of nest architecture and colony structure of the fungus - growing ants , mycocepurus goeldii and m . smithii .
comparative study of nest architecture and colony structure of the fungus - growing ants , mycocepurus goeldii and m . smithii . - pubmed - ncbi
rabeling & bacci ( 2010 ) - mycocepurus goeldii is a conspicuous , widely distributed species . the natural history of mycocepurus goeldii has been studied near sao paulo city ( luederwaldt , 1918 , 1926 ) and in the manaus region of the amazon basin ( rabeling et al . , 2007b ) .
ogloblini . mycocepurus ogloblini santschi , 1933e : 119 , figs . 12 , 13 ( w . q . ) argentina . junior synonym of goeldii : kempf , 1963b : 420 .
rabeling , c . , verhaagh , m . & engels , w . 2007 . comparative study of nest architecture and colony structure of the fungus - growing ants , mycocepurus goeldii and m . smithii . journal of insect science 7 , article 40 .
luísa antônia campos barros , hilton jeferson alves cardoso de aguiar , cléa dos santos ferreira mariano , jacques hubert charles delabie & silvia das graças pompolo . 2010 . cytogenetic characterization of the lower - attine mycocepurus goeldii ( formicidae : myrmicinae : attini ) . sociobiology 56 ( 1 ) : 57 - 66 . pdf
ogloblini . descolemyrma ogloblini kusnezov , 1951d : 460 , pl . 1 , fig . 1 ( m . ) argentina . [ unresolved junior secondary homonym of ogloblini santschi , above . ] junior synonym of goeldii : kempf , 1963b : 420 .
kempf , w . w . , 1963 , a review of the ant genus mycocepurus forel , 1893 ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , studia entomologica ( n . s . ) 6 , pp . 417 - 432 : 420 - 425 , ( download )
kempf , w . w . 1963b . a review of the ant genus mycocepurus forel , 1893 ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . stud . entomol . 6 : 417 - 432 ( page 420 , senior synonym of gentilis , ogloblini santschi , ogloblini kusnezov , schuppi )
a - d : overview and details of a mycocepurus goeldii nest excavation . ( a ) mature fungus garden in a nest chamber . ( b ) adjacent chambers with fungus garden removed ; a connecting tunnel between them is marked with a stick . ( c ) excavation of two adjacent nests : on the far left side the excavation of a nest system is complete , on the right side it has just begun . ( d ) mycelial strands of an incipient garden hang from the ceiling of a recently constructed chamber . photos by c . rabeling .
the range of habitats occupied by m . goeldii is remarkably diverse and ranges from amazon rainforest , savannahs ( cerrado ) to the fertile south american lowlands ( pampas ) , and secondary habitats disturbed by human activities . it does not occur in elevated sites of the south american cordilleras .
a natural history study of m . goeldii in the amazon basin ( rabeling et al . , 2007b ) showed that some colonies had a single queen , whereas others were occupied by as many as four queens . dissection of eight individuals from three separate colonies revealed that all of them were inseminated and had fully developed ovaries , demonstrating that these colonies were functionally polygynous . a m . goeldii colony studied in 2008 contained a single reproductively active queen , 33 alate queens , 496 workers and no males . during the excavation , males and queens were leaving the maternal colony for their nuptial flight , which started on 7 october .
two nest architectures found in mycocepurus nests . ( a ) tree - like architecture of a m . goeldii nest ( cr 17 ) . eight of the eleven total fungus chambers are depicted in the cross section ; the fungus gardens are not shown . ( b ) necklace architecture of a m smithii nest ( cr 7 ) . the nest consisted of four chambers : the three lowermost ones were filled with a fungus garden , while the deepest chamber contained only a few mycelium strands , characteristic for recently built chambers . the uppermost chamber was abandoned , filled with organic matter from the decaying fungus garden and first rootlets started to grow into the cavity . because workers fill exiting tunnels of chambers with exhausted and / or parasitized fungus gardens with soil , the chamber was no longer connected to the main tunnel . both cross sections are drawn to the same scale . drawings by s . c . cappellari .
ranging approximately from the 40th to the 67th meridian west and from the 2nd to the 31st latitude south , an area covering most of brazil , parts of bolivia , paraguay and northern argentina .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
forel , 1893g : 370 ( footnote ) ( w . ) brazil . forel , 1908c : 353 ( q . m . ) . combination in
forel , a . 1893j . formicides de l ' antille st . vincent , récoltées par mons . h . h . smith . trans . entomol . soc . lond . 1893 : 333 - 418 ( page 370 , ( footnote ) worker described )
forel , a . 1908h . ameisen aus sao paulo ( brasilien ) , paraguay etc . gesammelt von prof . herm . v . ihering , dr . lutz , dr . fiebrig , etc . verh . k - k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 58 : 340 - 418 ( page 353 , queen , male described )
leal , i . r . , p . s . d . silva , and p . s . oliveira . 2011 . natural history and ecological correlates of fungus - growing ants ( formicidae : attini ) in the neotropical cerrado savanna . annals of the entomological society of america . 104 : 901 - 908 . doi : 10 . 1603 / an11067
rabeling , c . and bacci m . 2010 . a new workerless inquiline in the lower attini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , with a discussion of social parasitism in fungus - growing ants . systematic entomology . 35 : 379 - 392 . pdf
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forel , a . , 1893 , formicides de l ' antille st . vincent . récoltées par mons . h . h . smith . , transactions of the entomological society of london 1893 , pp . 333 - 418 : 370 , ( download )
wild , a . l . , 2007 , a catalogue of the ants of paraguay ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . , zootaxa 1622 , pp . 1 - 55 : 34 , ( download )
0 times found in semideciduous seasonal forest , 0 times found in yard in the urban area , 1 times found in grazed 2nd growth forest , 1 times found in park / garden .
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zoologisches institut , universität tübingen , auf der morgenstelle 28 , tübingen , germany . rabeling @ urltoken
pmid : 20331400 pmcid : pmc2999435 doi : 10 . 1673 / 031 . 007 . 4001
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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leptomyrmex niger is a species of ant in the genus leptomyrmex .

described by emery in 1900 , the species is endemic to new guinea .

leptomyrmex niger

this taxon is not in use as it is currently considered to be a junior synonym of leptomyrmex niger .
lugubris . leptomyrmex lugubris wheeler , w . m . 1934c : 110 , fig . 14 ( w . ) new guinea . junior synonym of niger : lucky & ward , 2010 : 40 .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see leptomyrmex flavitarsus for further details
based on barden et al . , 2017 . note only selected leptomyrmex species are included .
tree of life web project . 2004 . leptomyrmex . version 06 september 2004 ( temporary ) .
leptomyrmex in dolichoderinae , dolichoderini : shattuck , 1992c pdf : 106 ; bolton , 1994 : 26 ; bolton , 2003 pdf : 89 .
leptomyrmex in formicinae : mayr , 1862 pdf : 652 ( in key ) [ formicidae ] ; mayr , 1865 pdf : 7 [ formicidae ] .
lucky , a . & ward , p . s . 2010 . taxonomic revision of the ant genus leptomyrmex mayr . zootaxa 2688 : 1 - 67 .
lucky , a . 2011 . molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the spider ants , genus leptomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 59 : 281 - 292 .
shattuck , s . o . 1992c . generic revision of the ant subfamily dolichoderinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . sociobiology 21 : 1 - 181 ( page 114 , combination in leptomyrmex )
leptomyrmex in dolichoderinae : forel , 1878c pdf : 386 [ dolichoderidae ] ; dalla torre , 1893 pdf : 162 ; emery , 1895l pdf : 771 ; wheeler , 1910a pdf : 142 .
wheeler , w . m . 1934c . a second revision of the ants of the genus leptomyrmex mayr . bull . mus . comp . zool . 77 : 69 - 118 ( page 110 , fig . 14 worker described )
leptomyrmex in dolichoderinae , leptomyrmecini : emery , 1913a pdf : 15 [ leptomyrmicini ] ; wheeler , 1915e pdf : 262 [ leptomyrmicii ] ; forel , 1917 pdf : 247 ; wheeler , 1922 : 688 ; all subsequent authors except the above ; then ward , brady , et al . 2010 : 362 .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
this page was last modified on 18 april 2016 , at 22 : 52 .
l . flavitarsus has been recorded in rainforest , including lowland secondary rainforest and montane rain¬forest . nesting habits are unknown .
these conspicuous ants are most often encountered individually or as small groups of 2 or 3 foragers on the surface of the ground any time of the day or night . because of their long legs and thin bodies , they superficially resemble spiders . this is especially true when they are disturbed , as they extend their legs , raise their gasters , and run quickly to escape danger . this has led to their being given the common name
spider ants .
nests are found in soil or in dead wood , either standing or on the ground , and are often at the base of trees . colony sizes average a few hundred workers and a single queen . in all but a handful of species , the queen is wingless and worker - like , differing from workers only in being slightly larger and with an enlarged mesosoma . in a few species the queens are fully winged , as they are in most other ants .
smith , f . 1859a : 136 ( w . ) indonesia ( aru i . ) . lucky & ward , 2010 : 34 ( m . ) . combination in
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
lucky and ward ( 2010 ) – measurements ( n = 10 ) hl 1 . 74–1 . 99 , hw 1 . 18–1 . 45 , mfc 0 . 21–0 . 29 , iod 0 . 66–0 . 90 , sl 3 . 26–3 . 62 , el 0 . 28–0 . 43 , wl 3 . 25–3 . 68 , pw 0 . 89–1 . 04 , dpw 0 . 34–0 . 43 , htl 3 . 68–4 . 19 , htwmin 0 . 12–0 . 14 , htwmax 0 . 18–0 . 23 , ci 0 . 67–0 . 73 , si 2 . 47–3 . 03 , oi 0 . 06–0 . 15 , htc 0 . 55–0 . 71 .
medium sized species ( hw 1 . 18–1 . 45 mm ; wl 3 . 25–3 . 68 mm ) with broad head ( ci 0 . 67–0 . 73 ) , widest anterior to eyes . sides of head convex , genae straight to slightly concave anteriorly . behind the eyes , head gently rounding to flat postocular margin . approximately 15 teeth and denticles interspersed along mastica¬tory margin of mandible . anterior clypeal margin weakly concave . eyes positioned posterior to midline of head , small and round , convex and hairless , not reaching lateral margins of head . antennae not compressed , scapes surpassing posterior margin of head by 3 / 5 their length .
dorsal face of propodeum approximately as long as declivitous face , dorsal face with a slight transverse impression on anterior end . petiolar node thick ( dpw 0 . 34–0 . 43 mm ) , with rounded summit ; anterior face short and perpendicular to base , with shallow median longitudinal groove . posterior face of petiole long , flat and sloping , ventral surface flat , not projecting . gaster broadly elliptical . legs long and slender .
surface distinctly shagreened and shining throughout , subopaque . pubescence long and brownish , distrib¬uted all over the body , but especially prominent on the head , pronotum and gaster . black , bristle - like hairs on clypeus , venter and gaster . body generally dark brown with the tarsi , femoro - tibial joints and antennal funiculus yellow .
the following notes on f . smith type specimens have been provided by barry bolton ( details ) :
two worker syntypes in oxford university museum of natural history . labelled “aru 14” and “aru 45 . ” donisthorpe ( 1932c : 452 ) records only one worker , but both specimens appear to come from the same series , and appear to have originally been mounted on a single card , that was later cut in half . donisthorpe’s referral of this species to camponotus is in error .
roger , j . 1863b . verzeichniss der formiciden - gattungen und arten . berl . entomol . z . 7 ( b beilage : 1 - 65 ( page 4 , combination in camponotus )
smith , f . 1859a . catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by mr . a . r . wallace at the islands of aru and key . [ part ] . j . proc . linn . soc . lond . zool . 3 : 132 - 158 ( page 136 , worker described )
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andre , e . , 1887 , description de quelques fourmis nouvelles ou imparfaitement connues . , revista de entomologia 6 , pp . 280 - 298 : 289 , ( download )
andré , e , 1887 , description de quelques fourmis nouvelles ou imparfaitement connues . , revue d ' entomologie ( caen ) 6 , pp . 280 - 298 : 289 , ( download )
mayr , g . , 1862 , myrmecologische studien . , verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 12 , pp . 649 - 776 : 695 , ( download )
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procambarus franzi , the orange lake cave crayfish , is a species of crayfish in the family cambaridae .

it is endemic to two caves in marion county , florida .

procambarus franzi

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livingston , f . , livingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .
has been assessed as endangered under criterion b1ab ( iii ) . this species is located in two caves , with an approximate extent of occurrence of 59 km
. the type locality is impacted by quarrying activities , and it is inferred that this is resulting in a continuing decline in the groundwater quality . further research is needed to determine the abundance of this species , as well as the impact of quarrying activities , in order for appropriate conservation measures to be put in place .
is known from only two localities in marion county , florida ( hobbs and lee 1976 ) . this species has a distribution of approximately 59 km
in a study conducted by hobbs and lee ( 1976 ) , between 23 and 32 individuals were recorded on two consecutive days from the type locality cave with far fewer ( number not reported ) from the other cave . all known populations are small although when last checked there was a viable population in the last two rooms of the type locality cave ( franz
is found in subterranean waters in two caves . at the type locality , this species is located in a large , irregular shaped room ( 15 m long and 5 m wide ) , where the water levels fluctuate markedly ( hobbs and lee 1976 ) . the water temperature is around 21 - 22
) as a maternity site in the spring , they are not usually present throughout the remainder of the year ( hobbs and lee 1976 ) . as many as 3 , 700 bats have been recorded using this cave ( hobbs and lee 1976 ) . the bats are a major source of nutrients for this species , and nearly all of the crayfish collected
is located on the north side of a quarry ( hobbs and lee 1976 ) . this activity could be causing water quality issues to the groundwater supplying the cave . the limited populations sizes , limited distribution , and fluctuation in water levels are all threats to this species ( k . crandall pers . comm . 2009 ) .
this species has been given a natureserve global heritage status rank of g1 , and has been assigned an american fisheries society status of ' endangered ' based on its restricted range and continuing habitat degradation ( taylor et al . 2007 , natureserve 2009 ) . monitoring of the population trends of this species is needed , along with further research on the main threats . site protection is needed to prevent further degradation of the habitat and loss of important nutrient sources .
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hobbs , h . h . ; lee , d . s . ( 1976 ) . a new troglobitic crayfish ( decapoda , cambaridae ) from peninsular florida . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 89 ( 32 ) : 383 - 391 , 1 figure . [ details ]
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
williams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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hobbs , h . h . , jr . 1989 . an illustrated checklist of the american crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidae , cambaridae , and parastacidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology 480 : 1 - 236 .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
known only from three caves in the vicinity of orange lake , north - central marion county , florida , usa .
only three known sites , all in the vicinity of orange lake , marion county , florida , usa ; these may be interconnected and act as one occurrence .
in a study conducted by hobbs and lee ( 1976 ) , 23 and 32 individuals were recorded on two consecutive days from the type locality cave , with far fewer ( number not reported ) from a second cave . all known populations are small , although when last checked there was a viable population in the last two rooms of the type locality cave ( franz et al . , 1994 ) .
because long - term and quantitative data are minimal or non - existent for most troglobitic crustaceans such as this species , there are no specific criteria by which to define a good element occurrence . in lieu of such measures , an occurrence that is observed persistently across many years , that seems to support a large population based on sightings , and that inhabits a site facing no immediate threats will be considered good .
presumably sensitive to degradation of aquifers ( pollution ) , alteration of detrital flow , and salt intrusion that may accompany excessive water withdrawal or sea level rise . loss of bat colonies may affect the trophic structure of the caves . the type locality is located on the north side of a quarry ( hobbs and lee , 1976 ) . this activity could be causing water quality issues to the groundwater supplying the cave . the small populations sizes , limited distribution , and fluctuation in water levels are all threats to this species .
as a cave species dependent upon detrital flow as well as the quantity and quality of water in the aquifer , it is presumably delicate . this species depends upon the presence of active bat colonies for food , so disturbance of bats could severely affect crayfish .
conduct additional surveys to determine the extent , distribution , connectivity , and statuses of any other occurrences that may exist . for each population , record geographic extent , population demographics and densities , types and levels of threats , and kind and degree of protection if any .
legal protection ( by acquisition and / or perpetual conservation easement ) of at least some occurrences ( especially orange lake cave ) , including substantial buffer areas . consider state and potentially federal listing .
( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) known only from three caves in the vicinity of orange lake , north - central marion county , florida , usa .
most aspects of its biology require study . studies of life history , fecundity , and precise environmental needs would be valuable . determine population responses to disturbances such as pollution of groundwater and alterations in surface water and detrital flow .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
separation barriers are based on hydrological discontinuity . additional physical barriers , particularly for secondary and tertiary burrowers , include presence of upland habitat between water connections of a distance greater than 30 m . migration of primary burrowers is generally not hindered by presence of upland habitat unless conditions are very xeric ( dry and desert - like ) ( smith , 2001 ) .
freshwater cave ( troglobitic ) species may occur from near entrances to very deep in cave systems . for cave species , each cave where an observation or collection was recorded ( see minimum eo criteria , above ) constitutes an element occurrence regardless of separation distance unless caves are part of a single hydrological system ( see below ) . occurrences are additionally separated by underground physical barriers to movement . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered to be a single element occurrence when they are less than one km apart . multiple caves within a single hydrological cave system are considered separate element occurrences when hydrological connections have not been determined or when separated by a distance of at least one km .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
deyrup , m . and r . franz . 1994 . rare and endangered biota of florida , volume iv . invertebrates . university press of florida : gainesville , florida . 798 pp .
franz , r . ( ed . ) 1982 . rare and endangered biota of florida : volume six : invertebrates . university press of florida : gainesville , florida . 131 pp .
franz , r . , j . bauer , and t . morris . 1994 . review of biologically significant caves and their faunas in florida and south georgia . brimleyana 20 : 1 - 109 .
franz , r . , and j . a . bauer . 1983a . cave site report : orange lake cave . unpublished report to florida natural areas inventory .
hobbs , h . h . , jr . and d . s . lee . 1976 . a new troglobitic crayfish ( decapoda , cambaridae ) from peninsular florida . proceedings of the biological society of washington 89 ( 32 ) : 383 - 392 .
taylor , c . a . , g . a . schuster , j . e . cooper , r . j . distefano , a . g . eversole , p . hamr , h . h . hobbs iii , h . w . robison , c . e . skelton , and r . f . thoma . 2007 . a reassessment of the conservation status of crayfishes of the united states and canada after 10 + years of increased awareness . fisheries 32 ( 8 ) : 371 - 389 .
walsh , s . j . 2001 . freshwater macrofauna of florida karst habitats . pages 78 - 88 in e . kuniansky ( ed . ) . u . s . geological survey karst interest group proceedings , st . petersburg , florida , february 13 - 16 , 2001 , usgs water - resources investigations report 01 - 4011 .
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rhinecanthus assasi is a species of fish in the family balistidae , the triggerfishes .

common names include picasso triggerfish and arabian picassofish .

it occurs in the western indian ocean , including the red sea and persian gulf .

rhinecanthus assasi

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assasi triggerfish , small : over 1 - 1 . 5
, red sea
assasi triggerfish , medium : over 1 . 5 - 3 . 5
, red sea
assasi triggerfish , large : over 3 . 5 - 5 . 5
, red sea
assasi triggerfish , x - large : over 5 . 5 - 6 . 5
, red sea
assasi triggerfish , xx - large : over 6 . 5 - 7 . 5
, red sea
citation :
picasso triggerfishes , rhinecanthus assasi ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
citation : haridy m , hasheim m , el - galil ma , sakai h , yanai t ( 2015 ) pathological findings of tenacibaculum maritimus infection in black damselfish , neoglyphieodon melas and picasso triggerfish , rhinecanthus assasi in red sea , egypt . j veterinar sci technol 6 : 214 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2157 - 7579 . 1000214
also known as assasi trigger , arabian picasso triggerfish , red sea picasso triggerfish , picasso triggerfish , picassofish , arabian picassofish , lagoon triggerfish , reef triggerfish .
picasso triggerfish , rhinecanthus assasi and black damselfish neoglyphieodon melas were caught and reared in the indoor aquaria of the national institute of oceanography and fisheries ( niof ) , hurghada , egypt since 2 weeks before onset of outbreak . thirty and thirty –five picasso triggerfish and black damselfish were clinically affected with gross skin lesions . the affected fishes were euthanized for gross and bacteriological examinations .
the assasi triggerfish needs a varied diet of meaty foods including ; squid , krill , clams , small fish and hard shelled shrimp to help wear down their ever growing teeth .
( of rhinecanthus assasia ( forsskål , 1775 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of rhinecanthus assai ( forsskål , 1775 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of balistes assasi forsskål , 1775 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
common name : picasso triggerfish , huma huma trigger , whitebanded triggerfish , painted triggerfish , lagoon triggerfish scientific name : rhinecanthus aculeatus max size : 12 in / 30 cm ph : 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 salinity : 1 . 021 - 1 . 025 temperature : 76°f - 82°f ( 24°c - 28°c )
even though specimen and confines specific , those in the genera balistes , balistoides , pseudobalistes , rhinecanthus , and sufflamen are generally thought of as the most aggressive in the triggerfish family . those in the melichthys , odonus and xanthichthys genera are more suitable community fish candidates , yet all are not trust worthy when it comes to invertebrates as mentioned above .
a 100 gallon or larger aquarium with rocks and caves provides a good habitat . it will rearrange the landscaping and rocks as it wanders in and out of the caves . it vocalizes using a
grunting
sound . the assasi triggerfish are very friendly and make a great pet as well as a great conversation piece .
the assasi triggerfish , also known as the picasso triggerfish , has a wacky , painted appearance . it has a tan body with gradient dark bands running through the eye area and by the base of the tail . also , there are vibrant blue and black stripes on the top of the head , with a yellow stripe from cheek to cheek and highly contrasting yellow eyes .
little is known about the biology of the picasso triggerfish ; however , it is thought to feed on small benthic ( bottom - dwelling ) invertebrates ( 5 ) . it is also likely that the picasso triggerfish exhibits similar breeding behaviour to other species of triggerfish , depositing eggs in the water during a spawning period , which attach to coral until they hatch . the young fish float close to the surface as they develop , usually in among seaweeds and around flotsam ( 3 ) .
the picasso triggerfish is found in the western indian ocean , from the red sea to the gulf of oman and the arabian gulf ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
adults of the picasso triggerfish inhabit sandy and rubble areas of coral reefs , while the juveniles of this species are commonly found on reef flats ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .
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dorsal fin the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish , or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others . pectoral fins in fish , the pair of fins that are found one on each side of the body just behind the gills . they are generally used for balancing and braking . pelvic fins fish , the pair of fins found on the underside of the body . spawn the production or depositing of eggs in water . tubercle a small , rounded , wart - like bump on the skin or on a bone .
randall , j . e . ( 1995 ) coastal fishes of oman . crawford house publishing pty ltd , bathurst , australia .
aiken , k . a . ( 1975 ) chapter 15 : the biology , ecology and bionomics of the triggerfishes , balistidae . in : munro , j . l . ( ed . ) caribbean coral reef fishery resources . international centre for living aquatic resources management , manila , philippines .
fischer , w . and whitehead , p . j . p . ( 1974 ) fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . eastern indian ocean ( fishing area 57 ) and western central pacific ( fishing area 71 ) : volume 1 . food and agricultural organisation of the united nations , rome . available at : urltoken
schultz , k . ( 2004 ) ken schultz’s field guide to saltwater fish . john wiley and sons , inc , hoboken , new jersey .
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inhabits shallow sandy and rubble areas of coral reefs ( ref . 9710 ) . juveniles are commonly found on reef flats ( ref . 9710 ) . feeds on benthic invertebrates ( ref . 30573 ) . caught with artisanal gear , mainly pots ( ref . 30573 ) .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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randall , j . e . ( 1992 ) . red sea reef fishes . immel publishing . [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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carl , h . ( 2003 ) danish fish names . : zoological museum of copenhagen . unpublished .
carpenter , k . e . , f . krupp , d . a . jones and u . zajonz ( 1997 ) living marine resources of kuwait , eastern saudi arabia , bahrain , qatar , and the united arab emirates . : fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . 293p + 17 col . plates . rome , fao .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
fao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
glaesel , h . ( 1997 ) they ' re not just ' samaki ' : towards an understanding of fisher vocabulary on the kenya coast . : aap 51 : 165 - 179 .
lieske , e . and r . myers ( 1994 ) collins pocket guide . coral reef fishes . indo - pacific & caribbean including the red sea . : haper collins publishers , 400 p .
moldzio , s . ( 2011 ) checklist of species from marsa shagra , egypt . : personal communication . provided excel file and photos .
randall , j . e . ( 1986 ) red sea reef fishes . : london , immel publishing . 192 p .
randall , j . e . ( 1992 ) . red sea reef fishes . immel publishing .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
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tissue smears and bacteriological swabs were taken from the skin erosions and ulcers of the natural infection . the swabs were plated into hsu - shotts media prepared in sea water , then incubated for 48h at 25°c . single pure colonies were characterized biochemically . the biochemical tests included catalase , oxidase , nitrate and congo red reduction tests , growth on sea water and sucrose , production of h2s .
necropsy of the affected fishes was performed and gross lesions were reported . the samples including skin lesions , liver and spleen were fixed in 70 % ethanol solution , embedded in paraffin wax and sectioned at 3 - 5 μm . the sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin ( h and e ) , giemsa and gram stains [ 10 ] .
figure 1 : gross lesions of tenacibaculum maritimum infection in picasso trigger fish were skin ulcer ( a ) , enlarged , friable and yellowish liver with rounded border ( a ) and enlarged and congested spleen ( b ) . gross lesions of tenacibaculum maritimum in black damsel fish were irregular deep skin ulcer ( c ) , enlarged , friable and yellowish liver with dark superficial spots ( d ) . abundant serous fluid is seen in the abdominal cavity .
the gross lesions of affected black damselfish were mostly deep circular hemorrhagic ulcers surrounded by white zone of necrosis on the lateral skin and muscles ( figure 1c ) , fin rot and corneal opacity . the main post mortem lesions were congestion of liver and spleen . enlarged , friable and yellowish liver with dark superficial spots ( figure 1d ) and abundant serous fluid is seen in the abdominal cavity .
twenty three putative t . maritimum strains were isolated from ulcers on the tail and lateral sides of the body , liver and spleen of the affected fishes . the biochemical and physiological characteristics of all isolates were similar and allowed the presumed identification of the bacteria as t . maritimum ( table 1 ) .
* according to avendaño - herrera et al . [ 16 , 19 ] and mouriño et al . [ 27 ] .
table 1 : the morphological and biochemical characteristics of isolated t . maritimum ( samples ) compared with standard isolate using conventional biochemical and api20e tests .
figure 3 : histopathological lesions of tenacibaculum maritimum infection in skin of picasso trigger and black damsel fishes . sub - epithelial leukocytic infiltration was seen in skin of picasso trigger fish ( a ) . skin ulcer exhibited scale loss , epithelial necrosis and subcutaneous fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration ( b ) . higher magnification of “b” revealed extensive area of epithelial necrosis ( c ) . higher magnification of “b” revealed focal area of fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration ( d ) .
in conclusion , tenacibaculosis in picasso triggerfishes and black damselfishes was caused by t . maritimum . erosion and ulceration lesions of external surfaces were the most prominent clinical signs . re - production of the disease experimentally and re - isolation of the organism from the skin lesions confirm koch’s postulates . the pathological findings of t . maritimum infection in picasso triggerfishes and black damselfishes in red sea suggested a systemic infection .
toranzo ae , magarinos b , romalde jl ( 2005 ) a review of the main bacterial fish diseases in mariculture systems . j aquaculture246 : 37 - 61 .
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campbell ac , buswell ja ( 1982 ) an investigation into the bacterial aetiology of black patch necrosis ' in dover sole , soleasoleal . j . fish dis 5 : 495 - 508 .
wakabayashi h , hikida m , masumura k ( 1986 ) flexibactermaritimus sp . nov . , a pathogen of marine fish . int j systbacteriol36 : 396 - 398 .
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devesa , s , barja , jl , toranzo , ae ( 1989 ) ulcerative skin and fin lesions in reared turbot , scophthahnusmaximus ( l . ) . j fish dis12 : 323 - 333 .
pazos f , santos y , núñez s , toranzo ae ( 1993 ) increasing occurrence of flexibactermaritimus in the marine aquaculture of spain . fhs / afs newsletter21 : 1 - 2 .
toranzo ae , santos y , bandin i , romalde jl , ledo a , et al . ( 1990 ) five years survey of bacterial fish infections in continental and marine aquaculture in northwest of spain . world aquaculture21 : 91 - 94 .
mcvicar ah , white pg ( 1982 ) the prevention and cure of an infectious disease in cultivated juvenile dover sole , soleasolea ( l ) . aquaculture 26 : 213 - 222 .
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alsina m , blanch ar ( 1993 ) first isolation of flexibactermaritimum from cultivated turbot ( scophthalmusmaximus ) . bull . eur . assoc . fish pathol 13 : 157 - 160 .
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tank size : 90 gallons tempermant : aggressive maximum size : 12
coloration : white , blue , yellow diet : carnivore regions found : indian ocean , red sea reef compatible : no experience level : beginner guarantee : live guarantee available water conditions : 74 - 82° f , sg 1 . 020 - 1 . 027 , ph 7 . 9 - 8 . 5 other names : picasso triggerfish , arabian picassofish
triggerfish are highly resilient animals , and for the most part they ship well and feed from the time they are collected to the time they make it into your home aquarium .
any aquarists , both freshwater and marine alike , first become interested in this hobby by simply deciding one day , for one reason or another ( maybe after seeing a friend’s tank ) that they would like a fish tank in their living room . then , ( hopefully ) some research begins , and at some point during the many trips to the fish store and hours spent reading every article and book available , the new hobbyist decides on what fish he wishes to populate his newly set up tank with . a particular favorite or two may emerge , and if the aquarist is lucky , these are hardy , compatible , easily obtained species .
not your average aquarium denizen for sure . let’s take a look at what makes them so unique .
from an evolutionary standpoint , triggerfish are some of the most advanced fish in the sea . they are heavily armored , intelligent hunter - killers of the reef , and have a set of jaws that can annihilate any hard - shelled invertebrate you care to name they can also destroy just about anything else you care to name , both alive and otherwise , but we’ll get to that shortly .
aside from their unique morphology , the next thing that will grab your attention about a triggerfish is the color . a few species are like living , breathing modern art paintings , and the picasso triggerfish in particular looks like something out of a children’s story , almost too fanciful to be real…but there it is ! a few species are just out and out garish , while some have a more subtle beauty .
plenty ! let’s begin with choosing a suitable tank : the tank you will need to house your triggerfish depends on the species you plan to keep , and what you plan on keeping it with . some triggers always end up alone , or traded back to the fish store , regardless of the extent to which they tolerate tank mates when young , so the aspiring trigger keeper needs to keep this in mind when selecting the species to be kept . others will live out their lives in a community setting with few problems provided enough space is provided , some stocking order rules are honored , and tank mates are chosen with some care . a few will even live in a reef setting . in any case , tall narrow tanks should be avoided , as these are very active animals , and need as much swimming space as can be provided . a hexagonal tank is a very poor choice for a trigger unless it happens to be a very large one .
having said all of this , as long as the aquarist follows a few rules and employs some common sense , tank mates are not hard to come by – there are actually plenty of choices .
among the best tank mates are hinds of the genus cephalopholis , and for all the reasons why , you can simply see my recent article on these wonderful fish .
the larger , hardier angel species do well with triggerfish , as do many wrasse , surgeonfish , and damselfish species , as well as various moray eel species .
remember , careful tank mate selection which takes into account size , including initial relative size and growth rate , and stocking order are 3 things to that must be strongly considered when stocking your mixed species tank . triggers almost without exception should be the final fish added .
speaking of things that should be kept out of the main tank , add your hands and arms to the list ! as much as possible anyway , you should avoid inserting your hands into a tank containing a large triggerfish – they can draw blood , and larger specimens ( though unlikely to be found in your home tank ) can remove fingers . the jaws of these fish are highly effective at what they are designed for , which is dismantling all manner of hardened items found in their environment . always be aware of where your triggerfish is when doing maintenance of your tank , even smaller specimens can deliver a painful and shocking bite .
one thing bears repeating here , and that is the importance of vitamin supplements . the primary reason for this is that feeding a predatory animal of any kind ( be it bird , reptile , or fish ) meat only does not replicate it’s natural diet in full . the predator in question is a consumer of whole animal items . when a trigger consumes a crab in the wild , it not only ingests the meat , but all the blood , organs and other matter other that makes up the animal - not simply meat . feeding a combination of whole food items and vitamin supplements mitigates any problems that my rear their head down the road due to improper nutrition , including but not limited to , poor color .
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natural environment : inhabits shallow sandy and rubble areas on inshore coral reefs . seeks caves or coral branches to hide or rest during evening hours . feeds on urchins , crustaceans , mollusks , smaller fish and tubeworms .
general husbandry : in general , an extremely hardy and pretty looking species , having a upper tan body , white lower half , several blue black bands across the top of the head between the eyes , several dark horizontal stripes near the tail , yellow lips , blue vertical stripe below the eyes , and a tan stripe running from cheek to cheek .
fyi : their common name , triggerfish , comes from their ability to lock and unlock their first dorsal fin . this fin is normally retracted and carried in a groove on the upper body . when frightened , the fish will dart into a crevice or branch of coral and raise this trigger - like fin , securely locking itself into its place of protection .
they should be housed with small pieces of seashells since they like to bite on them or turn them over in the search of prey . better these shells than other aquarium decor . it also helps keep their teeth worn - down , which actually could get too long and pointed and cause them some difficulty in feeding .
in general , triggerfish are like angelfish and surgeonfishes , as they have laterally compressed bodies with small mouths with strong jaws and chisel - like teeth for crushing hard - shelled prey . however , eyes are set back and located high on their large head to avoid damage when feeding on urchins , one of their favorite foods .
preys on sea urchins by squirting water from the mouth under them to overturn , then attacks its meaty underside .
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the picasso triggerfish is a very beautiful fish that truly deserves the popularity it has gained . it is relatively common in the aquarium trade and if your fish store don ' t have it they can get it for you or you can order it online . the picasso triggerfish is very hard to describe in words , so i recommend taking a look at the pictures instead .
the picasso triggerfish is less aggressive than most other triggerfish but that doesn ' t mean that it isn ' t aggressive . it can be kept in community aquariums with other aggressive fish species . it should never be kept with small species as it will likely eat them . only keep one picasso triggerfish in the aquarium .
the picasso triggerfish is not reef save as they will eat most small invertebrates . they will also tip over and damage corals and similar when they roam around the aquarium rearranging and exploring things .
the picasso triggerfish have sharp teeth and might bite if it feels threatened . it is therefore good to take extra care when working in aquariums containing this species .
the picasso triggerfish is like most triggers a hardy species and if it weren ' t for its size and temperament it would be an ideal beginner fish . picasso triggerfish can be recommended to beginners that have a large enough aquarium and don ' t mind the fact that it is aggressive and only can be kept with other large aggressive species .
the picasso triggerfish have a very large native range and can be found in the indian ocean , the pacific ocean and the atlantic . in the atlantic , it can be found along the west coast of africa from senegal to south africa . in the indo pacific ocean they can be found from the east coast of africa to the hawaiian , marquesan , and tuamoto islands . the northern distribution limit is the coast of southern japan and the southern limit is lord howe island .
the picasso triggerfish is a large fish and should not be kept in aquariums smaller than 75 gallon / 300 l and an even bigger aquarium is to be preferred . they become very aggressive in too small aquariums . the aquarium should be decorated so as to provide the picasso triggerfish with plenty of hiding places and plenty of things to explore . arrange live rock in such a way that caves and overhangs are created . this fish will not feel safe and at home if not provided with enough caves . fixate the rocks well as picasso triggerfish like to rearrange things .
this species is best kept in
fish only
and
fowlr
aquariums . it is not suitable for reef aquariums .
the picasso triggerfish prefers a well lit and well circulated aquarium . this species tolerates less than ideal conditions but you should still provide good filtration and try to keep a good and stable water quality .
ideal conditions for the picasso triggerfish is ph 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 , salinity 1 . 021 - 1 . 025 , and temperature 72 - 78ºf ( 22 - 26°c ) .
the picasso triggerfish should be fed a varied diet . many , but not all , specimens accept flake food and pellets . a good diet should consist of a variety of different food sources such as different types of chopped up sea food , frozen food , preparations for omnivorous fish , live food and ( if your picasso triggerfish accepts it ) flake food . they should be fed little but often . feed them at least 2 - 3 times a day .
we have no information about anyone successfully breeding picasso triggerfish in a home aquarium . in the wild , the male picasso trigger protects a territory with several females in it . each female protects its own territory within the males ' territory . during spawning season the females dig a pit in which they spawn . this behavior makes it likely that a very large aquarium is required to breed picasso triggerfish . fry and larvae caught in the wild have proved very hard to raise . sexing picasso triggerfish is possible as males are larger than females of the same age . this method is however not very reliable .
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table 1 : list of reef fish and their preferred feeding mode that share the same habitat like wormsnails .
find this pin and more on i ' d like to be under the sea by jeniadventure .
melissa and the turtle , ponto do ouro , mozambique - only her second dive .
xxx giant humans skeleton - the fallen angels . pinner : this is phony . i see similarities in the foreground skull and the more distant one . the same image was used for each . this has been photo shopped .
colorful tropical fish at the great barrier reef , australia . reminds me of snorkeling in hawaii


xerotricha zujarensis is a species of air-breathing land snail , terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .

this species is endemic to spain .

xerotricha zujarensis

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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
this species , described by ortiz de zárate ( 1950 ) using a single specimen , was classified by this author in a new subgenus of the genus helicella . the taxonomic classification of this species needs to be clarified ( especially the status of the genus ) .
justification : this species is only known from its type locality and from three additional localities , however more research on its actual taxonomy , range etc . is needed , especially as it has not been collected in recent years . it is therefore listed as data deficient ( dd ) .
this species is endemic for the province of grenada , in spain . there are only four records known for this species : the type locality ( ortiz de zárate 1950 ) and three more by alonso ( 1975 ) . later authors were not able to find new living specimens neither in the type locality , nor in the province of granada , including the localities mentioned by alonso ( puente 1994 , ruiz
there are no population data about this species , but a low density of individuals can be inferred due to the great difficulty to find it .
the type locality is a calcareous dolomitic mountain ( monte jabalcón ) , quite different geologically from the surroundings lands , that has experimented several pine reforestations during the second half of the last century . it is also affected by some tourist activities . the three locations cited by alonso ( 1975 ) belong to heavily modified areas , close to agriculture activities , except one in sierra elvira .
the most important action is to carry out more research about the species , specially on its taxonomy , population , distribution and its threat situation , and then to take the relevant actions . it is included in the
conservation and sustainable use of andalusian snails program
promoted by the andalusian regional ministry of environment ( junta de andalucía ) . this species has been classified as data deficient ( dd ) in the red book of spanish invertebrates ( verdú and galante 2006 ) and the red book of andalusian invertebrates ( arrébola and ruiz 2008 ; pp 1308 ) .
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ortiz de zárate y lópez , a . 1950 . observaciones anatómicas y posición sistemática de varios helícidos españoles . iii . - boletín de la real sociedad española de historia natural ( biología ) 48 : 21 - 85 , lám . i - ii [ = 1 - 2 ] . madrid .
shell solid , white with two zones of dark spots on upper side , and fine and irregular riblets , apex dark , 5 convex whorls , last one very well rounded , aperture simple without lip inside , columellar margin slightly reflected covering part of the umbilicus , umbilicus narrow , 1 / 7 - 1 / 8 of shell diameter , 3 / 4 of penultimate whorl visible inside .
open habitats in pine forests , under stones . sexually mature adults were found in october .
references : ortiz de zárate y lópez 1950 : 63 , urltoken ( 2 - 2008 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 577 ( range map ) .
bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
( of castellana hatch , milton & armitage , 1970 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
( of jabalconia ortiz de zárate lópez , 1952 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
( of polytrichia pallary , 1922 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
( of pseudoxerotricha ortiz de zárate , 1950 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
( of xeromicra monterosato , 1892 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
( ortiz de zarate lopez , 1950 ) . accessed through : fauna europaea at
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