dasypeltis scabra , known as the common egg eater , egg-eating snake or rhombic egg eater , is a species of nonvenomous snake endemic to africa .

dasypeltis scabra

coluber scaber linnaeus 1758 : 223 dasypeltis scabra — wagler 1830 : 178 anodon typus smith 1828 : 2 tropidonotus scaber — schlegel 1837 : 328 rachiodon scaber — duméril , bibron & duméril 1854 : 491 dasypeltis scabra — günther 1858 dasypeltis scaber var . breviceps peters 1864 : 645 dasypeltis scaber var . capensis peters 1864 : 644 dasypeltis scaber var . mossambicus peters 1864 : 644 rachiodon scaber — bocage 1866 : 49 dasypeltis lineolata peters 1878 : 206 dasypeltis lineolata — fischer 1884 : 48 dasypeltis scabra var . b — boulenger 1894 : 356 dasypeltis scabra — auerbach 1987 : 191 dasypeltis scabra — boycott 1992 dasypeltis scabra — trape & roux - estève 1995 : 42 dasypeltis scabra — schleich , kästle & kabisch 1996 : 490 dasypeltis scabra — trape & mané 2004 : 23 dasypeltis scabra — largen & spawls 2010 : 490 dasypeltis cf . scabra — böhme et al . 2011 : 58 dasypeltis scabra saeizadi — hoser 2013 dasypeltis scabra — wallach et al . 2014 : 211 dasypeltis scabra — bates & broadley 2018 : 15 dasypeltis scabra — spawls et al . 2018 : 516 dasypeltis scabra loveridgei mertens 1954 dasypeltis loveridgei — göthel 2015 dasypeltis loveridgei — bates & broadley 2018 :
dasypeltis scabra var . atra sternfeld 1912 dasypeltis atra — broadley 1998 dasypeltis atra — largen & spawls 2010 : 494 dasypeltis atra — wallach et al . 2014 : 209 dasypeltis lineolata peters 1878 : 206 dasypeltis palmarum — fischer 1884a : 12 ( not leach ) dasypeltis scabra var . f — boulenger 1894 : 356 ( part ) dasypeltis scabra var . f — angel 1925 : 34 dasypeltis palmarum ? stejneger 1894 : 733 ( not leach ) dasypeltis scabra — boulenger 1896 : 553 ( not linnaeus ) dasypeltis scabra — sternfeld 1908 : 240 , 332 dasypeltis scabra — roux 1910 : 99 dasypeltis scabra — boulenger 1909 : 303 dasypeltis scabra — peracca 1909 : 173 dasypeltis scabra — boulenger 1911 : 5 & 1912 : 332 dasypeltis scabra — loveridge 1916 : 79 ( part ) dasypeltis scabra — lönnberg 1922 : 7 ( part ) dasypeltis scabra — loveridge 1929 : 28 ( part ) dasypeltis scabra — parker 1932 : 220 dasypeltis scabra — loveridge 1936a : 34 ( part ) dasypeltis scabra — mertens 1938 : 8 dasypeltis scabra — gans 1959 : 141 ( part ) dasypeltis scabra — spwals 1978 : 10 dasypeltis scabra — largen & rasmussen 1993 : 340 ( part ) dasypeltis scabra — flemming & bates 1999 : 423 dasypeltis scabra — wagner & böhme 2007 : 136 dasypeltis scabra var . atra — sternfeld 1912 : 272 dasypeltis scabra var . atra — gans 1961 : 73 dasypeltis scabra var . palmarum — angel 1925 : 34 ( not leach ) dasypeltis scaber — loveridge 1929 : 28 ( part ) ( not linnaeus ) dasypeltis scaber — parker 1932 : 220 dasypeltis scaber — loveridge 1936a : 34 ( part ) dasypeltis scaber — loveridge 1936b : 256 dasypeltis scaber — uthmöller 1937 : 113 ( part ) dasypeltis scaber scaber — bogert 1940 : 85 ( part ) ( not linnaeus ) dasypeltis scaber palmarum — loveridge 1942 : 285 ( not leach ) dasypeltis scaber palmarum — loveridge 1946 : 106 . dasypeltis scabra palmarum — loveridge 1955 : 11 ( not leach ) dasypeltis scaber ater — laurent 1956 : 261 dasypeltis scaber ater — curry - lindahl 1956 : 47 dasypeltis scaber ater — hinkel 1986 : 25 dasypeltis scabra atra — de witte 1962 : 139 dasypeltis scabra atra — bourgeois 1968 : 284 dasypeltis atra — gans 1964 : 279 dasypeltis atra — gans 1971 : 461 dasypeltis atra — gans 1974 : 47 dasypeltis atra — laurent , 1965 : 14 dasypeltis atra — pitman 1974 : 119 dasypeltis atra — hinkel & fischer 1988 : 16 dasypeltis atra — hinkel & fischer 1990 : 137 dasypeltis scaber var . lineolata — trape & mané 2006 : 53 ( in error ) dasypeltis atra — bates & broadley 2018 : 30 dasypeltis atra — spawls et al . 2018 : 514
common egg - eating snake , dasypeltis scabra , with an egg in its throat .
the effects of body temperature and mass on the postprandial metabolic responses of the african egg - eating snakes dasypeltis scabra and dasypeltis inornata .
the effects of body temperature and mass on the postprandial metabolic responses of the african egg - eating snakes dasypeltis scabra and dasypeltis . . . - pubmed - ncbi
dasypeltis scabra ( common egg - eater , rhombic egg - eater ) , gauteng [ a . coetzer © , from sarca virtual museum ]
bardulla , f . 1986 . breeding results : dasypeltis scabra . litteratura serpentium 6 ( 3 ) : 117 - 118 - get paper here
hermann , r . 1994 . dasypeltis scabra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . sauria 16 suppl . : 289 - 296 - get paper here
bardulla , f . 1984 . breeding results : dasypeltis scabra . litteratura serpentium 4 ( 3 / 4 ) 120 - 121 - get paper here
kulmus , h . 1987 . zu haltung und nachzucht von dasypeltis scabra . litteratura serpentium 7 ( 3 ) : 143 - 144 - get paper here
dasypeltis scabra ( common egg - eater , rhombic egg - eater ) , limpopo , south africa . [ g . tomsett © , from sarca virtual museum ]
kulmus , h . 1986 . literature : zu haltung und nachzucht von dasypeltis scabra . litteratura serpentium 6 ( 3 ) : 123 - 124 - get paper here
broadley , d . g . 1958 . snakes of southern rhodesia . 5 . the egg - eater ( dasypeltis scabra ) . african wildlife 12 : 29 - 32 .
broadley , d . g . 1958 . snakes of southern rhodesia . 5 . the egg - eater ( dasypeltis scabra ) . afr . wild life 12 : 29 - 32
wagner , philipp and christian schneider . 2014 . dasypeltis scabra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) gewöhnliche afrikanische eierschlange , rhombic egg eater . sauria 36 ( 3 ) : 1 - 2
haagner , g . v . 1987 . life history note : dasypeltis scabra : reproduction . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 33 ) : 36 - 36 - get paper here
a sequence of a montane egg - eating snake , dasypeltis atra consuming a quail egg .
geniez , p . and guillod , m . 2003 . status and new records of dasypeltis scabra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , in morocco . herpetozoa 16 ( 1 / 2 ) : 88 - 91 .
geniez , philippe and michael guillod 2003 . status and new records of dasypeltis scabra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , in morocco . herpetozoa 16 ( 1 / 2 ) : 88 - 91 - get paper here
gruber , u . & hellmann , v . 1984 . ein neuer fund der afrikanischen eierschlange , dasypeltis scabra ( linnaeus 1758 ) in südwestmarokko . spixiana 7 ( 3 ) : 323 - 326 - get paper here
justification : dasypeltis scabra is listed as least concern in view of its wide distributed , tolerance of a wide range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
hughes , b . 1997 . dasypeltis scabra and lamprophis fuliginosus - two pan - african snakes in the horn of africa : a tribute to don broadley . african journal of herpetology 46 ( 2 ) : 68 - 77 - get paper here
dasypeltis scabra is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a wide range of habitats , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category , if at all .
jones , z . s . 1996 . captive maintenance and breeding of rhombic egg - eating snakes ( dasypeltis scabra ) . advances in herpetoculture . ed . by strimple , p . d . international herpetological symposium , inc . special publication no . 1
lopez , t . j . ; maxson , l . r . ; dowling , h . g . 1993 . phylogenetic relationships of the african egg - eating snake dasypeltis scabra . amphibia - reptilia 14 ( 3 ) : 223 - 236 - get paper here
holotype : nhr ( formerly mafr ) , female ( mus . drottn ) , lost fide andersson ( 1899 : 5 ) and gans ( 1959 : 87 ) . holotype : zmb 9224 [ dasypeltis lineolata peters 1878 ] holotype : zmb 3886 [ dasypeltis scaber var . breviceps peters 1864 ] syntypes : zmb , unlocated [ dasypeltis scaber var . capensis peters 1864 ] syntypes : zmb 1856 - 8 [ dasypeltis scaber var . mossambicus peters 1864 ] holotype : smf 46642 [ loveridgei ]
dasypeltis abyssina ( a . m . c . duméril , bibron & a . h . a . duméril , 1854 )
bates , michael f . & ian t . little 2013 . predation on the eggs of ground - nesting birds by dasypeltis scabra ( linnaeus , 1758 ) in the moist highland grasslands of south africa . african journal of herpetology 62 ( 2 ) : 125 - 134 - get paper here
i am pretty sure this girl ( ? ) is actually dasypeltis medici , which is less commonly imported but does occur in tanzania .
gravlund , p . et al . 1998 . geographic distribution : dasypeltis atra . herpetological review 29 ( 1 ) : 53 - get paper here
witberg , m . 2011 . dasypeltis ( wagler , 1830 ) inter - species copulation . african herp news ( 53 ) : 45 - 46
i ' ve heard full size scabra can take chicken eggs up to size large but that would be an exceptionally large specimen probably in excess of 1 meter . ( 3 feet + )
göthel , helmut 2015 . die pazifisten unter den schlangen – afrikanische eierschlangen der gattung dasypeltis . draco 16 ( 61 ) : 6 - 21 - get paper here
gans , c . 1959 . a taxonomic revision of the african snake genus dasypeltis ( reptilia : serpentes ) . annales du musée royal du congo belge tervuren 74 : 237 pp .
gans , carl 1959 . a taxonomic revision of the african snake genus dasypeltis ( reptilia : serpentes ) . annales du musée royal du congo belge tervuren 74 : ix + 237 pp .
trape jean - françois and youssouph mané 2006 . le genre dasypeltis wagler ( serpentes : colubridae ) en afrique de l’ouest : description de trois espèces et d’une sous - espèce nouvelles . bull . soc . herp . france 119 : 27 - 56 - get paper here
trape , s . , mediannikov , o . and trape , j . - f . 2012 . when colour patterns reflect phylogeography : new species of dasypeltis ( serpentes : colubridae : boigini ) from west africa . comptes rendus biologies 335 ( 7 ) : 488 - 501 .
. . . this is due to distributional range still being highly uncertain ( iucn , 2012 ) . some data points for dasypeltis fasciata were reassigned to d . confusa based on updated range limits ( trape & mané , 2006 ; trape et al . 2012 ) . . . .
broadley , donald g . and michael f . bates 2009 . new range extensions for dasypeltis atra sternfeld in tanzania ( serpentes : colubridae ) , with a review of the distribution of colour phases . african journal of herpetology 58 ( 1 ) : 50 - 55 . - get paper here
starting at 2 : 45 , you can see the moving x - ray of the egg - eating snake swallowing the egg . continuing through the end of the video , the snake cracks the shell , allows the yolk inside to drain into its stomach , and regurgitates the eggshell . most amazing , young dasypeltis don’t appear to have these hypapophyses – they grow as the snakes get older , which raises questions about what the juveniles eat . even though eggs are nutritious , dasypeltis must feed relatively often for a snake – one that my advisor kept in captivity ate several quail eggs a week .
trape , j . - f . and mané , y . 2006b . le genre dasypeltis wagler ( serpentes : colubridae ) en afrique de l ' ouest : description de trois especes et d ' une sous - espece nouvelles . bulletin of the society of herpetology of france 119 : 27 - 56 .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , however , in places its distribution coincides with protected areas . further research into the taxonomy of dasypeltis species and this snake ' s distribution , population , harvest levels , habitat requirements , and threats to this species should be carried out .
egg - eating snakes ( dasypeltis ) are fascinating , highly specialized colubrids that are featured in almost any book on snakes , due to their bizarre feeding habits . egg - eating snakes feed solely on bird eggs , and can swallow eggs several times the size of their heads . they are also undemanding and easy to keep , as long as you start with established specimens .
it ' s been a while since i looked but there used to be a great site on this genus by a dude in south africa . i can ' t remember the address but i think i googled
dasypeltis care
or something and it came up . check it out . he ' s more than happy to chat with you about these snakes , ime .
anyone here ever keep dasypeltis scabra ? i got my hands on what i was told was a young female . she is currently being kept in a 5 gallon temp tank ( screen top sliding door ) , with some coir substrate , a few hides , heating mat on one side of the cage , and her original container which included a little cup of water that is stapled in place ( neat idea ) . anyone keep these before ? she seems like she might like a good number of branches / vines in the enclosure . any cheap way to do this ? she spent the first few hours trying to force herself through the corners ( i got worried and placed her back into her original container and in their she was content to curl up . . . weird ! ) . but as of today she is coiled up in a hiding place and looks content enough .
so , how do they feed ? you see , despite their small girth , d . scabra can swallow eggs up to four times the diameter of their heads . the small vestiges of their teeth and jaw are covered by a soft mucosal tissue which makes both the ' teeth ' and the jaw slide over the egg without breaking it ( see images a and b ) . once the egg is located behind the snake ' s throat ( see image c ) , the snake uses its muscles to push the egg through the oesophagus .
the author suggests keeping these snakes ( d . scabra in particular ) in a fashion similar to other small colubrids . he maintained them on pine shavings ( i personally would recommend an aspen or newspaper substrate , as i don ' t trust the oils in pine ) in a 38 l aquarium with a screen top . he included a hide box and water bowl . temps were 28 - 30° c in the day , dropping to 25° at night . photoperiod was about 14 hours light , 10 hours dark ( set by a timer ) .
many owners have resorted to force feeding their dasypeltis because the animal seems not to be eating . however , evidence has shown that , like large constrictors , these snakes may go for very long periods ( months ) without eating after a large meal . as long as the snake is behaving normally and does not appear to be in physical distress , force feeding is not advised . when a specimen seems to be
off
its food , offering it eggs approximately monthly is appropriate . if the snake does not eat but continues to drink , is active , and sheds , then it does not need to be force fed .
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geniez , p . , crochet , p - a . , maryan , b . , & broadley , d .
baha el din , s . , largen , m . j . , mateo , j . a . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , powney , g . & lutz , m . l .
there is no population information available . this species is considered extremely rare in egypt .
although essentially a savanna species , this species is found in a wide variety of habitats from semi - desert to clearings in tropical forest . this species feeds on bird eggs . the female may lay two clutches of between six and 25 eggs per year .
in parts of its range , this species is collected for the international pet trade .
there appear to be no major widespread threats to this broad ranging species . however , in some areas , including egypt , this species is threatened by collection for the international pet trade , general persecution , and habitat loss due to agricultural intensification .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , however , in places its distribution coincides with protected areas . further research into the taxonomy , distribution , population , harvest levels , habitat requirements , and threats to this species should be carried out .
geniez , p . , crochet , p - a . , maryan , b . , & broadley , d . 2010 .
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can be identified by its rhombic ( diamond shaped ) markings , v - shaped markings on the neck , a black tongue , a black mouth and its strictly nocturnal lifestyle . this snake has an average length of 0 . 75 m but may reach just under 1 . 2 meters in length .
this egg - eater species is distributed throughout southern africa and is found in any habitat except desert and forest areas .
feeds exclusively on birds eggs which are crushed by bony vertebral projections in the neck area .
this snake species is fed on by other snakes and birds of prey ( including secretary birds and snake eagles ) .
oviparous ( lays eggs ) , lays between 6 and 25 eggs in summer and has been to produce more than one clutch in captivity .
broadley , d . g . 1983 . fitzsimons ' snakes of southern africa . delta books , johannesburg .
marais , j . 2004 . a complete guide to snakes of southern africa . struik publishing , cape town .
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taxonomic notes : this is a taxonomically complex species that has previously been considered to range throughout much of sub - saharan africa . identification of many
records from africa is complicated due to overlapping colour pattern and scale characters among and between recognized species ( m . bates pers . comm . 2013 ) . trape
, although this species ' identity and distribution remain to be fully characterized ( largen and spawls 2010 , m . bates pers . comm . 2013 ) . trape
sensu stricto may be restricted to southern africa . molecular research is currently underway to resolve the identity of
( broadley and bates in litt . ) . the concept as currently applied , following the removal of
, is certainly a species complex and is thought to include at least one undescribed species from eritrea ( largen and spawls 2010 ) , but is followed here pending publication of the revision by broadley and bates ( in litt . ) .
although essentially a savannah species , this species is found in a wide variety of habitats from semi - desert to clearings in tropical forest , although it is absent from closed forest ( spawls et al . 2002 ) . this species feeds on bird eggs . the female may lay two clutches of between six and 25 eggs per year . in yemen , the species has been found on trees , in farms , and in agricultural areas ( s . busais unpubl . data ) .
this species is considered extremely rare in egypt . it is common in yemen ( s . busais pers . comm . february 2012 ) . it is generally very common , but is rarely seen in sub - saharan africa ( branch 1998 ) .
in parts of its range , this species is collected for the international pet trade . it is not traded in the arabian peninsula .
there appear to be no major widespread threats to this wide - ranging species . there are no immediate threats to the arabian population . however , in some areas , including egypt , this species is threatened by collection for the international pet trade , general persecution , and habitat loss due to agricultural intensification .
auerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . gaborone printing works . , botswana .
baha el din , s . m . 2001 . the herpetofauna of egypt : species , communities and assemblages . phd unpublished , university of nottingham school of biological sciences , nottingham , uk .
böhme , w . , rödel , m . - o . , brede , c . and wagner , p . 2011 . the reptiles ( testudines , squamata , crocodylia ) of the forested southeast of the republic of guinea ( guinée forestière ) . bonn zoological bulletin 60 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 .
bons , j . and geniez , p . 1996 . amphibiens et reptiles du maroc ( sahara occidental compris ) , atlas biogéographique . asoc . herpetol . espanola , barcelona .
branch , w . , egan , d . and edmonds , j . 2008 . proceedings of the 9th conservation workshop for the fauna of arabia : conservation status of the terrestrial snakes of the arabian peninsula . breeding centre for endangered arabian wildlife .
branch , w . r . 1988 . field guide to the snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . struik / new holland , london .
broadley , d . g . 1991 . the herpetofauna of northern mwinilunga district , northwestern zambia . arnoldia 9 ( 37 ) : 519 - 538 .
broadley , d . g . and howell , k . m . 1991 . a check list of the reptiles of tanzania , with synoptic keys . syntarsus 1 : 1 - 70 .
chirio , l . and lebreton , m . 2007 . atlas des reptiles du cameroun . ird editions , paris .
egan , d . 2007 . snakes of arabia : a field guide to the snakes of the arabian peninsula and its shores . motivate publishing , dubai .
geniez , p . , mateo , j . - a . and bons , j . 2000 . a checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of western sahara ( amphibia , reptilia ) . herpetozoa 13 ( 3 / 4 ) : 149 - 163 .
ineich , i . 2001 . reptiles et amphibians de la république de djibouti . museum nationale d ' histoire naturelle .
pauwels , o . s . g . and vande weghe , j . p . 2008 . reptiles du gabon . smithsonian institute , washington dc .
razzetti , e . and msuya , c . a . 2002 . field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of arusha national park ( tanzania ) . publ . ed . negri istituto , oikos , varese .
rödel , m . - o . , kouadio , k . and mahsberg , d . 1999 . die schlangenfauna des comoé - nationalparks , elfenbeinküste : ergänzungen und ausblick . salamandra 35 ( 3 ) : 165 - 180 .
saleh , m . a . 1997 . amphibians and reptiles of egypt . publication of the national biodiversity unit , cairo .
schleich , h . h . , kästle , w . and kabisch , k . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of north africa . koeltz , koenigstein .
trape , j . - f . and roux - estève , r . 1995 . les serpents du congo : liste commentée et clé de détermination . journal of african zoology 109 ( 1 ) : 31 - 50 .
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, but was resurrected by trape and mané ( 2006 ) based on differences between the holotype and other ethiopian specimens . unfortunately , these authors did not characterize the species ' distribution ; it is understood to be endemic to ethiopia , but its identity and distribution require further clarification , and work to resolve this is currently underway ( broadley and bates in litt . )
this species is endemic to ethiopia , where its range may be somewhat restricted , although its distribution within this country is uncertain due to confusion with other members of the genus .
there is little information available on the habitat requirements of this snake . it is presumed to be oviparous .
there is no information about the abundance of this species . trape and mané ( 2006 ) examined only the holotype in resurrecting this species ; indicating that it was unique among specimens from ethiopia and eritrea that these authors examined .
it is not known if the species occurs in any protected areas . additional research is needed into the distribution , ecology and possible threats to this species , and taxonomic research is underway .
largen , m . and spawls , s . 2010 . the amphibians and reptiles of ethiopia and eritrea . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , germany .
n / e / s democratic republic of the congo ( zaire ) , uganda , kenya , south sudan , ethiopia , n tanzania , rwanda , burundi .
type locality : virgin forest behind boundary mountains on northwest shore of lake tanganyika , democratic republic of the congo . ( ”urwald hinter den randbergen am nordwestufer des tanganyika - sees”
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
named after its color , latin “ater , atra , atrum” = dark or black .
broadley , d . g . & howell , k . m . 1991 . a check list of the reptiles of tanzania , with synoptic keys . syntarsus 1 : 1—70
broadley , d . g . 1998 . the reptilian fauna of the democratic republic of the congo ( congo - kinshasa ) . in : schmidt , k . p . and noble , g . k . , contributions to the herpetology of the belgian congo . . . [ reprint of the 1919 and 1923 papers ] . ssar facsimile reprints in herpetology , 780 pp .
chifundera , k . 1990 . snakes of zaire and their bites . afr . stud . monogr . ( kyoto ) 10 ( 3 ) : 137 - 157 .
göthel , helmut 2015 . erkrankungen und parasiten bei eierschlangen . draco 16 ( 61 ) : 70 - 76 - get paper here
göthel , helmut 2015 . nachzucht von afrikanischen eierschlangen . draco 16 ( 61 ) : 62 - 69 - get paper here
göthel , helmut 2015 . afrikanische eierschlangen im terrarium . draco 16 ( 61 ) : 54 - 61 - get paper here
göthel , helmut 2015 . das fressverhalten afrikanischer eierschlangen . draco 16 ( 61 ) : 28 - 37 - get paper here
göthel , helmut 2015 . die eierschlangenarten afrikas . draco 16 ( 61 ) : 78 - 92 - get paper here
kulmus , h . 1985 . einige anmerkungen zur zucht und haltung von eierschlangen . herpetofauna 7 ( 36 ) : 23 - 34 - get paper here
largen , m . j . ; spawls , s . 2010 . amphibians and reptiles of ethiopia and eritrea . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 694 pp .
largen , m . j . & rasmussen , j . b . 1993 . catalogue of the snakes of ethiopia ( reptilia serpentes ) , including identification keys . tropical zoology 6 : 313 - 434 - get paper here
pitman , c . r . s . 1974 . a guide to the snakes of uganda . codicote , wheldon & wesley , l . , 290 pp .
spawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here
sternfeld , r . 1912 . iv . zoologie ii . lfg . reptilia . in : schubotz . , r . ( ed . ) : wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der deutschen zentral - afrika expedition 1907 - 1908 , unter führung a . friedrichs , herzogs zu mecklenburg . klinkhard und biermann , leipzig : 197 - 279 [ published 1912 , not 1913 , as often cited , see männel & kucharzewski 2017 ] - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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. . . the preliminary list of tanzanian reptile species was derived from spawls et al . ( 2002 ) and menegon et al . ( 2008 ) . this was crossreferenced against field guides and atlases from other regions of africa that share species with tanzania ( southern africa — branch , 1998 ; west africa — trape et al . , 2012a ; trape and mané , 2006a ; cameroon — chirio and lebreton , 2007 ; ethiopia — largen and spawls , 2010 ; somalia — lanza , 1990 ) , and the reptile database ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org ) ( uetz and hošek , 2013 ) was used to identify more recent descriptions . . . .
. . . these four specimens represent range extensions for the species and include the first fully documented records for chad and cameroon . a few d . gansi records for these countries are merely plotted on the maps of trape & mané ( 2006a , b ) , chirio & lebreton ( 2007 ) and trape et al . ( 2012 ) , but voucher specimens and locality details are not indicated . . . .
. . . has a high ventral count of 241 , 60 subcaudals , 23 midbody scale rows , marginally pitted frontal , and weak inter - prefrontal sulcus . the maps of trape & mané ( 2006a , b ) indicate that d . gansi may occur in north - western ghana , but the nearest recorded locality to ghana in trape et al . ( 2012 ) is at fazao near the border with togo . . . .
a cross - sectional survey was conducted from 2011 to 2012 to assess the prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in domestic animal from senegal and to identify the predominant serogroups .
to identify and describe the main causes of acute malaria like fever in bafata , guinea bissau , among under five years old children .
a new egg - eating snake from the southern arabian peninsula ( squamata : serpentes : colubridae : colubrin . . .
a checklist of the snake fauna of guinea , with taxonomic changes in the genera philothamnus and dips . . .
we present here the results of a study of 4 , 906 snakes from guinea belonging to 95 species collected from 2002 to 2013 at 54 localities in all administrative regions of the country . we resurrect dipsadoboa guineensis from the synonymy of d . brevirostris and consider the latter species a junior synonym of d . duchesnei . in addition we resurrrect philothamnus pobeguini and p . belli from the . . . [ show full abstract ]
shark attacks in dakar and the cap vert peninsula , senegal : low incidence despite high occurrence of . . .
the international shark attack file mentions only four unprovoked shark attacks on the coast of west africa during the period 1828 - 2004 , an area where high concentrations of sharks and 17 species potentially dangerous to man have been observed . to investigate if the frequency of shark attacks could be really low and not just under - reported and whether there are potentially sharks that might . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new species of the agama agama group ( squamata : agamidae ) from western kenya , east africa , with co . . .
are you ready to count snakes ? the forecast for the opening weekend of the center for snake conservation fall snake count is for more rain at the csc headquarters . however , despite the rain , we plan on turning up a few gems this weekend and then count many , many snakes next week . follow us on twitter ( @ cscsnaketweet ) or on instagram ( cscsnake ) to see what the csc finds during the snake count as we find them . we have folks registered for the snake count in 47 of the 48 states with snakes ( missing delaware so get there if you can ! ) so this is going to be an amazing snake count !
the snake count is a first step towards understanding the conservation needs of snakes . we need your help to make it successful . we are excited to partner with project noah ( urltoken ) to help collect and manage data . project noah is a great tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere . sign up and download their free smartphone app today . do not worry ; we will still accept data via email , our online webform , or hardcopy if you do not have a smartphone or gps . this count is going to be incredible ! check out the faq page on urltoken to help you have a great snake count . this next week will be a very exciting one here at the csc and i sincerely hope you can share in our excitement !
participants have expressed concern about the collection and potential release of specific geographic locations during the snake count and the effect this may have on snake populations . the csc shares these concerns for many rare , threatened , or endangered species across the world . please see the snake count faq and below for more information about how to protect these sensitive locations .
snake count frequently asked questions : you can review the snake count faqs here : faqs .
snake count contest : herpers are naturally competitive so we added a contest to the spring snake count . in short , each snake species in north america has been assigned a point value ( range is 1 - 50 points ) based on its rarity , detectability , and geographic range . bonus points will be awarded for submission to project noah ( 5 points each ) , new county records ( 10 points each ) , and new state records ( range from 15 - 50 points each ) . prizes will be awarded to the overall highest point total and each highest point total for each snake count region . we will be announce prizes during the snake count which include a personalized center for snake conservation snake hook , gopro hero 3 ( prize pending ) , and other snake related items .
snake count t - shirts : we are selling snake count t - shirts through the csc cafepress online store . get yours today ! urltoken
facebook : we will be posting daily results of the snake count on our facebook page . don’t forget to go to the csc facebook page and “like” us to stay updated .
snake count toolkits : don’t forget to visit the snake count toolkit for datasheets and protocols to use during thesnake count if you are not using the project noah software . snake count tool kit
events : do you want or need to look for snakes with someone else ? there are several events being organized by csc volunteers across the country . if you want to host an event or are interested in having people join you during asnake count , please send us information so we can post it on our event link ( send email to events @ urltoken ) .
prizes : yes , we will be giving away prizes to individuals who count the most snakes during the snake count . we will also be drawing random names from the list of registered participants to give away free csc memberships throughout the week .
need help identifying snakes ? send your photo to us and we will identify the snake for you . email photos to snakeid @ urltoken . if you are using project noah to submit your results , just click on the “help me identify this species” to alert us and project noah’s team of rangers .
official snake names : the csc has adopted an easy to use 9 - letter shorthand code for snakes in north america . you simply use the first three letters of the genus , species , and subspecies to record a snake with no overlap . if the species does not have a subspecies , simply enter xxx at the end of the code to make it nine - letters long . if you don’t know the scientific name of the snakes you observe , you can find the 9 - letter code for each species in the state lists on the snake count website here . please use this code on your datasheets to help simplify and organize your data . if all else fails , just write in what you know and we can figure it out .
reporting results : there are 3 ways you can submit your observations from the snake count .
1 . you can use your smartphone or computer through project noah to submit your data . be sure to enter your spotting into the snakes of the united states mission or snakes of the world mission . if you are worried about giving away your secret location , remember to relocate the pin to the nearest city or other landmark . please note in the comments that you did this so we can get it into our records .
it is baby snake season – yes that is right : baby snake season . what does that really mean ? it means a lot to a herpetologist but it also should mean a lot to all humans .
to a herpetologist , baby snake season means we are about to find a lot more snakes . we understand that the snake population is going to grow and the baby snakes are going to move around a lot and be easier to find . unfortunately it also means we will be finding a lot more road killed snakes which is depressing for someone who loves and appreciates these amazing predators .
to other people , baby snake season should be a season of learning and amazement . it is a time when they can find and observe snakes relatively easily . other times of the year snakes can be almost impossible to find . not during baby snake season though . plus baby snakes are tiny and cute ( i hardly ever say a snake is cute but if i had to admit it i would ) . baby snake season is a perfect time to learn to love and appreciate baby snakes .
september is going to be baby snake month at the center for snake conservation . we are going to bring you lots of baby snakes and tell you about them , where they live , what they eat , and what they become as adults . it is going to be an exciting month so be sure to subscribe to snaketalk or like our facebook page to see them all .
a pair of carpet pythons outside for some sun , exercise , and enrichment . this pair are crowd favorites at our presentations with their color , feel , strength , beauty , and size . these are also out favorites because of their good nature and inquisitive personalities . carpet pythons are from australia and typically range from 5 - 10 feet long depending on the variety .
my run yesterday took me along the south platte river in downtown denver . there are lots of trails and green ways closed to cars that i like to run in order to avoid the cars on the street . this pair of baby gartersnakes were found within 6 feet of each other suggesting that a maintenance vehicle may have hit them at the same time .
this experience saddens me as these little snakes should have had a great chance for survival living in green space along the river . instead they were victim to the rare maintenance vehicle . i do not think a bike or pedestrian killed them because they were both uniformly flat but i could be wrong .
the next 6 - 12 weeks depending on where you live should be full on baby snakes moving far and wide searching for their first meal and a place to spend the winter . in the coming weeks i hope to raise our spirits with photos and storied of live baby snakes . please feel free to share your baby snake encounters with me and the center for snake conservation by emailing them to babysnakes @ snakeconservation . org .
i run . i really enjoy it . running helps me think , reduces stress , and gets me outdoors one days without field work . i try to run where i will find snakes . i also run with my phone to record my path and in case i need to photograph a snake . today’s lunch time run took me along the south platte river and cherry creek in downtown denver . my route today always has a good chance to find a snake and today’s run did not disappoint .
one mile into today’s run , i found this wandering gartersnake crossing my path . while a very common snake , i still welcome finding these gartersnakes in denver . they give me a sense of security that some snakes are capable of surviving in even the most heavily human - impacted areas . very few species of snake can truly be called “urban snakes” and this species is definitely one of them .
today’s snake was also special because a walker stopped while i was photographing it . i was able to tell him a little about the snake and there existence in denver . he even took a picture to share with his friends . conservation through education .
do you run ? please feel free to share your “running snake” photos and stories with me and the center for snake conservation via email at snakestories @ snakeconservation . org . i hope you can enjoy this snake as much as i did even if i can only share its story and photo .
wandering gartersnakes are known to occur at high elevations even up to heights above 13 , 000 feet . this one was found on a family hike to bierstadt lake which is 9 , 416 feet high . amazing little snake .
blogs . yes , i need to starting blogging . as the center for snake conservation continues to grow , i want and really need to record its milestones here for everyone to read , share , and comment on . plus – you deserve to be included in our success ! i will strive to write a daily blog ( maybe even more than one a day ) to inspire us all to promote snake conservation in our lives . with this blog , you will get to know me , the other folks behind the center for snake conservation , what we are doing daily for snakes , our dreams , our wishes , and our plans . i certainly will enjoy this journey with you !
is there a question you are just dying to ask about snakes ? send it to blog @ urltoken and maybe i will pick your question to discuss and enjoy .
here is a quick photo for you to enjoy while i work on new blogs – a very pretty eastern mudsnake taken by jd willson . mudsnakes are amazing predators that eat giant salamanders called amphiumas . they occur in the southeastern united states .
this blog post comes from andrew durso – author of the blog ” life is short , but snakes are long” . you can follow andrew and his blogs here : urltoken
i think we can all agree that amniotic eggs are delicious . they also happen to be one of the best sources of energy out there , and this is at least partially why we , and many other animals , enjoy eating them so much . in addition , they rarely fight back , and they almost never have physical defenses , such as spines , or chemical ones , such as deadly toxins . in fact , on the inside they’re pretty much all lipids ( a group of molecules including fats and cholesterol ) , surrounded by either a leathery ( in monotremes and most reptiles ) or a hard , calcified ( in birds ) shell . i’ve already written about a species of burying beetle that specializes on snake eggs , apparently with great benefit to its fecundity relative to other burying beetles that use carrion . turns out , snakes aren’t above specialized oophagy themselves .
once the egg is in the snake’s esophagus , how does it get cracked open ? snakes have strong digestive juices , but waiting for them to dissolve the shell of an egg would take too long . ok , are you ready ? this is the coolest part :
see those spines ? those are called hypapophyses , which is a fancy term for things that stick off the bottom ( ventral side ) of vertebrae . you’ve got them too – but in egg - eating snakes , they’re modified to be much larger and sharper , the better to pierce eggshells with , my dear . at least , the ones on vertebrae 17 - 38 are , the vertebrae that sit right above the esophagus and thus above egg once it has been swallowed . the esophagus itself is modified as well – it has loose folds , like pockets , into which each of the hypapophyses fits , so that they don’t puncture the esophagus itself . see how it works in the following video , from the bbc’s life in cold blood :
thanks to armata , tony phelps , and the bbc for images and videos .
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check out the amazing new shelving at my nature lab donated to us by lynch material handling and the . . . urltoken 47 minutes ago
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type locality : “indiis” ( fide linnaeus 1758 ; in error ) = cape colony , south africa .
auerbach , r . d . 1987 . the amphibians and reptiles of botswana . mokwepa consultants , botswana , 295 pp .
barnett , linda k . & emms , craig 2005 . common reptiles of the gambia . rare repro , hailsham , east sussex , 24 pp .
bates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .
bauer , a . m . , and branch , w . r . 2003 . the herpetofauna of the richtersveld national park , northern cape province , republic of south africa . herpetological natural history 8 : 111 - 160 [ 2001 ]
bocage , j . v . du b . 1866 . lista dos reptis das possessões portuguezas d ' africa occidental que existem no museu lisboa . jorn . sci . math . phys . nat . lisboa 1 : 37 - 56
böhme , wolfgang , mark - oliver rödel , christian brede & philipp wagner 2011 . the reptiles ( testudines , squamata , crocodylia ) of the forested southeast of the republic guinea ( guinée forestière ) , with a country - wide checklist . bonn zoological bulletin 60 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 - get paper here
boycott , r . c . 1992 . an annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of swaziland . the conservation trust of swaziland - get paper here
branch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .
broadley , d . & blaylock 2013 . the snakes of zimbabwe and botswana . chimaira , frankfurt , 387 pp . [ book review in sauria 35 ( 2 ) : 59 and copeia 2014 : 388 ] - get paper here
broadley , d . g . 1959 . the herpetology of southern rhodesia . part i - - the snakes . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 120 ( 1 ) : 1 - 100 [ reprint 1972 ] - get paper here
broadley , d . g . 1962 . on some reptile collections from the north - western and north - eastern districts of southern rhodesia 1958 - 1961 , with descriptions of four new lizards . occ . pap . nat . mus . south . rhodesia 26 ( b ) : 787 - 843
broadley , d . g . 1991 . the herpetofauna of northern mwinilunga distr . , northw . zambia . arnoldia zimbabwe 9 ( 37 ) : 519 - 538
broadley , d . g . ; doria , c . t . & wigge , j . 2003 . snakes of zambia . an atlas and field guide . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 280 pp . [ review in sauria 26 ( 3 ) : 21 ]
broadley , donald g . and f . p . d . cotterill . 2004 . the reptiles of southeast katanga , an overlooked ' hot spot ' . [ congo ] . african journal of herpetology 53 ( 1 ) : 35 - 61 . - get paper here
cogger , h . g . 1966 . the status of the ‘elapid’ snake tropidechis dunensis de vis . copeia 1966 ( 4 ) : 893 . - get paper here
conradie w , bills r , and branch wr . 2016 . the herpetofauna of the cubango , cuito , and lower cuando river catchments of south - eastern angola . amphibian & reptile conservation 10 ( 2 ) [ special section ] : 6–36 - get paper here
conradie , w . , engelbrecht , h . , herrel , a . , measey , g . j . , nielsen , s . v . , v anhooydonck , b . , & tolley , k . a . 2011 . reptile survey of venetia limpopo nature reserve , limpopo province - south africa . african herp news ( 55 ) : 6 - 12
conradie , werner ; brian reeves , neil brown , & jan a . venter 2016 . herpetofauna of the oviston , commando drift and tsolwana nature reserves in the arid interior of the eastern cape province , south africa indago 32 : 81 - 98 - get paper here


dichomeris pelta is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by hodges in 1986 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from south carolina and florida .

adults have been recorded on wing from january to june and in october and december .

dichomeris pelta

dichomeris pelta hodges , 1986 , n . sp . , mona fascicle 7 . 1
home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » twirler moths and kin ( gelechioidea ) » twirler moths ( gelechiidae ) » dichomeridinae » dichomeris » dichomeris pelta - hodges # 2297 . 1 ( dichomeris pelta )
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
on sheet with uv black light . submitted just to show there was another specimen in florida city .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
the moth photographers group exists as a non - profit , self - help organization for the purpose of aiding nature photographers and others in the identification of moths . the ultimate aim of the organization is to make available on the internet photographs of a high percentage of the moths occuring in north america . there is no charge for membership in the mpg . participants agree to permit their photographs to be used on the mpg website while retaining copyright ownership . participants may also elect to permit their photographs to be used on the eol website . last indexed june 24 , 2011


the salt and pepper catfish ( corydoras habrosus ) is a tropical freshwater fish belonging to the corydoradinae sub-family of the callichthyidae family .

it originates in inland waters in south america , and is found in the upper orinoco river basin in venezuela and colombia .

salt and pepper catfish

if you have a question about keeping salt and pepper catfish ' s then please use our salt and pepper catfish help forum . join 100 ' s of other fish enthusiasts with 1000 ' s of years experience between them .
we would classify salt & pepper corydoras as an easy species to care for .
i only add salt with water changes to replace the salt that is removed .
please check your water type for compatibility with your fish , which can be found on the salt and pepper catfish information box .
just the right balance of corn meal and flour , just the right balance of pepper and salt . yes , this tastes just like the salt and pepper catfish i ' ve had many times in piedmont nc . thanks for the recipe .
no , a colony of neocaridina will be in it . really liked the colors of the salt and pepper tho
1 . combine cornmeal , flour , salt , cayenne pepper , and garlic powder . coat farm - raised catfish with mixture , shaking off excess .
it is a peaceful fish and can be kept in a community aquarium of smaller fish species such as ember tetras . salt and pepper catfish can be fed most sinking foods but may eat flakes .
thread ingredients onto skewers in this order : zucchini , catfish , onion , catfish , tomato and catfish . repeat sequence until skewer is filled .
roughly crush the saltine crackers & add to the bowl with the old bay seasoning , cayenne pepper , salt & pepper & gently fold into the mixture & add the melted butter & gently mix . the stuffing is done .
workers at a mississippi catfish processing plant lay catfish fillets flat before the fillets enter a quick - freeze tunnel . photo courtesy the catfish institute
season both sides of the catfish with salt & pepper & stuff a healthy amount of the stuffing into the inside part of the fillet & wrap the fish around it overlapping slightly on the bottom .
before catfish were produced in ponds , mississippians supplied their kitchens and their fish - fry events by either catching their own catfish in nearby rivers using cane poles , or buying catfish from fishmongers or commercial fishermen . restaurants serving catfish have always been popular in mississippi and require lots of catfish . at times commercial catfish fishermen could not supply enough wild - caught river catfish and pond - raised catfish began to fill the need . over time the consistent quality and quantity of pond - raised catfish produced by farmers was preferred over the commercial fisherman’s wild - caught river catfish .
3 / 4 cup yellow cornmeal 1 / 4 cup all - purpose flour 2 teaspoons salt 1 teaspoon cayenne pepper 1 / 4 teaspoon garlic powder 4 u . s . farm - raised catfish fillets vegetable oil for frying .
dice onion , pepper & garlic very small & cook in saute pan with a little olive oil & pinch of salt until soft . remove from pan & put in bowl .
shane on planet catfish advised me to stay at 1 / 2 the recommended levels when adding salt to tanks containing cory when i asked . hth
a basket of harvested catfish is hauled from a mississippi delta pond to a transport truck container . photo courtesy the catfish institute
aerial view of catfish ponds in humphreys county , the county with the most water acres in catfish production in mississippi — 20 , 600 water acres in 2005 . photo courtesy the catfish institute
the salt and pepper pygmy cory catfish ( corydoras habrosus ) is a very animated , distinctively marked schooling fish that is perfect for the community and planted aquarium . as its name suggests , it has a light tan body covered with black and shiny silver spotting and broken striping . this is a much smaller species than the similarly - named peppered cory catfish ( corydoras paleatus ) , which we also offer .
this is a simple version of a favorite in our house . i don ' t add too much salt while cooking . it ' s better to add salt after then have it too salty ! and this is a lot of pepper , if you don ' t like that kind a kick , just reduce it some .
i would use salt only when you are treating for an illness . it is really unnecessary otherwise .
catfish feed types . upper row shows three types of finely ground , nutritionally complete feed that are fed to newly hatched catfish , called “fry . ” bottom row from left to right : 1 / 8” and 1 / 4” floating catfish feed fed to fingerlings and adult catfish , and sinking catfish feed used during winter months . photo courtesy dr . terrill r . hanson , mississippi state university
meanwhile , in a small bowl , blend oil , za ' atar , reserved 1 tsp lemon zest , salt and pepper . mix into warm grains . to serve , place 1 1 / 2 cups grains on a plate and slide vegetables and catfish off of 1 skewer onto grains . if desired , sprinkle nuts over top . serve immediately .
mississippi state university was the first institution to conduct research on the nutritional requirements of catfish . university researchers determined the correct protein , carbohydrate , energy , vitamin , and amino acid requirements for catfish and developed a well - balanced feed formula for catfish .
the genus corydoras is among the largest catfish groups and currently contains over 150 valid species .
in a small bowl , mix buttermilk , water , salt , and pepper . pour mixture into a flat pan large enough to hold the fillets . spread fish in one layer over bottom of pan , turning to coat each side , and set aside to marinate .
today , most mississippi catfish operations sell all their catfish directly to processing plants and no longer have diverse retail outlets . early processing plants in mississippi include farm fresh , which opened in hollandale in 1978 ( closed in 2002 ) , and delta pride catfish incorporated which opened in indianola in 1980 and is still in operation . in early 2006 delta pride and country select catfish in isola formed consolidated catfish producers llc to handle sales , marketing , and distribution for both companies .
crush a few saltine crackers finely and add cajun seasoning & small pinch of cayenne pepper & mix & sprinkle on the top of the rolled fillets .
back in my non - planted days , i kept albino cories and otos in the full recommended 2 tbsp / 10g . only negative effect was that new otos ( and neon tetras ) tended to die if i got them from a store that didn ' t use salt , unless i used a drip acclimation . later i stopped using salt and found the reverse , a drip acclimation was necessary to ensure survival from a store that used salt . so they may be more sensitive to sudden changes in salinity than the salt itself .
didn ' t have panko crumbs , used grated parmesan instead , and left out the red / cayenne pepper . husband ' s comment ,
excellent
the u . s . catfish industry believes it has a good - tasting product and thinks those who have eaten u . s . farm - raised catfish will rely on the cool label to ensure that they are again buying the u . s . farm - raised catfish product .
in the early 1970s two trade associations for catfish producers were organized with the help of then commissioner of agriculture and commerce jim buck ross . the catfish farmers of america ( cfa ) and the catfish farmers of mississippi worked together to share ideas , solve industry problems , and to present a unified voice when representation of the industry was required .
“this is the favotite way to prepare catfish in the north carolina piedmont . the coating is spicy , making it a nice contrast to the delicate flavor of the catfish . ”
good morning . . . i love you guys and gals that use aquarium salt in your tanks ! i ' m one of the few
oldtimers
that still use standard aquarium salt in my
livebearer
and corydoras tanks . the new aquarists seem like they ' re scared to death of using it on a regular basis , but highly recommend the use if the fish come down with some type of ailment . corys are supposedly
salt sensative
, but all mine are fine . even the older ones i ' ve had for years , do very well with a little in the tank water . i add a teaspoon in every five gallons of my water change water and change a minimum of half the tank water weekly . salt has been used just about since the hobby started to maintain healthy gill function . essentially , the fish have an easier time breathing with a trace of salt in the water . i have a large number of old aquarium reference books and all recommend using salt in the tank water . i use standard aquarium salt , but some of my books recommend either kosher or canning salt . thanks for the post , i don ' t feel so much like the
lone ranger
anymore ! b
arkansas , in 1963 , was the first state to produce farm - raised catfish on a commercial level . mississippi was not far behind when its commercial production began in 1965 . after 1970 , rapid expansion of catfish production in the mississippi delta occurred , and mississippi has led the catfish industry ever since .
season fish with salt and pepper . place fish in oval casserole dish . melt 4 ounces butter in small sauce pan . add wine and remaining ingredients , except the paprika . simmer about 2 minutes . remove from heat and spoon over fish . now sprinkle paprika over fish . bake fish in 375 degree oven for 10 to 12 minutes , or until the fish is done .
the pepper catfish ( corydoras paleatus ) , also known as the peppered cory , or the blue leopard corydoras , is a peaceful catfish , that is one of the most popular corydoras to keep . it is native to uruguay and brazil , though there have been reports of populations in several other south american countries . at this time , its exact range remains uncertain .
the catfish farmers of america addressed the important issue of ways to increase the markets for farm - raised catfish . it was one thing to make telephone calls to sell three to four million pounds of fish as farmers did in the early 1970s , but it was a different challenge to market twenty to fifty million pounds of catfish that was produced in the 1980s . ultimately , the cfa created the catfish institute in 1986 to advertise and market the u . s . farm - raised catfish product .
one early problem the producers faced was catfish feed . catfish producers initially bought feed from many different suppliers , often with disastrous results because feed companies did not know the nutritional requirements for catfish . in one 1973 case when the price of the main catfish feed ingredient , soybean , increased dramatically , feed mills substituted the lower cost cotton seed meal . catfish cannot use the nutrients in cotton seed meal , and failed to grow . producers knew then they could not depend on distant feed mills ; they needed to start a local feed mill to make special feed for raising catfish . in 1976 , ten producers joined with the mississippi federated cooperatives to form producers feed mill in belzoni . belzoni , located in humphreys county , calls itself the catfish capitol of the world and stages its catfish festival every year in april .
other than treating for ich , why would you want to put salt in your cory tank ? i ' ve watched lots of videos of the corydora ' s natural habitat and all of the locales were tannin stained soft river water . imo adding salt is almost the exact opposite of their natural habitat . . . . .
thanks for the advice . im not sure exactly what corys i will get but im happy to know that they will be safe in aquarium salt .
fried catfish is a southern tradition , along with buttermilk hush puppies and buttermilk coleslaw . try these traditional foods together .
a mississippi delta catfish harvest scene . a tractor pulls one end of a seine net to corral catfish toward one end of the pond . photo courtesy dr . terrill r . hanson , mississippi state university
the salt and pepper pygmy cory catfish is a very peaceful schooling fish that is compatible with most nano aquarium animals . it might eat dwarf shrimp fry , but is generally safe to keep with adult dwarf shrimp . it is a classic scavenger and will inhabit and feed at the aquarium floor , which should be comprised of sand or smooth gravel . very coarse substrate can damage its delicate barbells and underbelly . this fish is otherwise very undemanding as it will accept most dry and frozen foods . it is adaptable to most tropical freshwater conditions as long as standard regular maintenance is performed .
the cfa consulted with its members , congressmen , and attorneys to determine what could be done . after months of deliberation two actions were initiated . first , they secured the introduction of a bill in the u . s . congress stating that only channel catfish ( ictalurus punctatus ) , a native north american catfish , could be called “catfish” for marketing purposes in the united states . thus “basa” and “tra” from overseas waters cannot legally be identified as “catfish” in the united states .
make your own za & apos ; atar spice blend : makes 1 / 4 cup . in a small bowl , mix together 2 tbsp sumac , 1 tbsp ground thyme , 1 tbsp ground oregano ( preferably mexican ) , 2 tsp sesame seeds , 1 / 4 tsp kosher salt and 1 / 4 tsp ground black pepper . spice blend can be sealed in an airtight container and shelved for several weeks .
a great evolution in processing occurred in the 1980s when hand filleting of catfish became automated . the result was an enormous increase in the amount of catfish fillets that could be processed in a day . also in the 1980s , service companies began developing special harvesting boats , nets , and gear while other companies developed electric - or tractor - powered paddlewheel aerators . these products were helped by the catfish farmers of america , along with the catfish farmer associations of mississippi , alabama , arkansas , and louisiana which hold an annual fish farming trade show in greenville , mississippi , to sell standard products and to feature new products used to grow catfish .
i wanted to make a gourmet entre with catfish , instead of the regular blackened or fried catfish . i created this recipe & used crabmeat & shrimp in the stuffing & blackeye peas & spices in the wild rice dish .
farm - raised catfish is the largest aquaculture industry in the united states . in 2005 , the u . s . catfish industry produced 600 million pounds of catfish from 165 , 000 pond water acres . the farm - raised catfish industry at $ 450 million in annual production value has the highest economic value of any aquaculture industry in the united states . the next highest valued aquaculture industry in the country is trout , valued at $ 74 million in annual production .
season the catfish on both sides with salt and pepper . place 2 12”x12” heavy - duty foil squares on your work surface . arrange half of the lemon in a line in the center of each piece of foil . divide the butter into two slices , and place on top of the lemon . place the blue catfish on top of the butter and lemon . bring the sides of the foil up around the fish to create a bowl shape . sprinkle the garlic and parsley along the length of each fillet , then add a splash of white wine . seal the foil above the fish , creating a parcel . transfer to a baking sheet and place in the oven . bake until the fish is opaque , about 20 to 25 minutes . using a spatula , transfer the foil parcel onto a plate and serve immediately .
catfish farming practices have changed since the days of the early pioneers . in the 1960s , catfish ponds ranged from twenty to forty acres while today the typical pond has been reduced to ten to fifteen acres because it is easier to manage , feed , and harvest catfish from smaller ponds . catfish harvesting and loading methods have changed as well . in the 1960s farmers entered the drained pond with wash tubs , loaded the tubs with fish , and carried them up the pond embankment . the fish would be weighed on cotton scales and then lifted up and dumped into the back of a hauling truck . today seine nets are used to capture the fish , without draining the ponds , and cranes equipped with scales hoist large nets full of catfish from the pond directly to truck hauling tanks , making the whole process much easier and quicker .
i have read mixed answers on weather or not a normal 1 - 2 tablespoons of salt per 10 gallons is suitable for cory catfish . i like having aquarium salt in my tanks as an extra edge for my fish . treating sick fish is not fun for me . haha . are there any people out there that have actual experience with this . i would really appreciate some info on this matter because i will not throw a fish into water until i know it will survive .
they may seem the waifs and strays of the catfish community , but the dwarf corydoras have a charm all of their own . nathan hill explains more .
this was really good . the catfish turned out nice and crispy . my whole family enjoyed this recipe . i wouldn ' t change the recipe at all .
i personally hate fish of any kind but my boyfriend is a huge fried catfish fan . he said it was the best fried catfish he has ever had ! the trick is after you bread the fish let it rest for 5 to . . .
2 minutes into frying , the batter came off the catfish . maybe an egg in the buttermilk mixture would help . ( i usually use whole milk and egg )
to see these catfish as part of a shoal in a planted tank with driftwood , is to truly appreciate their beautiful appeal .
with the high profile that comes from its record as the largest aquaculture industry in the united states , the catfish industry has had to protect its market . in early 2000 two things happened that would change the course of the u . s . catfish industry . first , catfish producers were receiving the highest price they had ever received for their product , and this high price attracted attention from sellers of potential substitute products . secondly , “basa” and “tra” fish importers , mainly from vietnam , had no luck selling their fish product in the united states under such names as “white roughy” and “river cobbler . ” however , when fish importers began calling their fish “catfish , ” their sales picked up immediately . in a span of eighteen months , vietnamese frozen “basa” and “tra” fillets replaced over 23 percent of the small catfish fillet market previously held by u . s . catfish processors . the cfa protested this misrepresentation of the foreign product to consumers .
once grains have cooked for 20 minutes , set oven to broil on low . place catfish in a small bowl and toss with lemon juice and all but 1 tsp zest . set aside for 10 minutes .
mississippi produced 350 million pounds , or 55 percent , of all u . s . catfish production in 2005 , and mississippians produced this amount in only 100 , 000 pond water acres . since its origin in the 1960s , the catfish industry has grown rapidly and now has an economic impact in the hundreds of millions of dollars in mississippi each year .
wrap brie and pineapple in prosciutto and grill for a melty , gooey snack .
references : lambourne , d . ( ( 1995 ) : corydoras catfish , an aquarist ' s handbook . blandford , london , uk .
fuller , i . a . m . , and h - g . evers , 2005 - verlag a . c . s . gmbh : 1 - 384 identifying corydoradinae catfish .
the investigation found evidence of foreign government subsidies , and the cfa filed an anti - dumping case with the itc . after almost two years of fact - finding and deliberation , the itc ruled in favor of the catfish farmers of america and placed countervailing duties ( tariffs ) on a handful of vietnamese fish importers . this decision was a major victory for u . s . catfish producers because it “raised” the price of imported “basa” and “tra” fish products by 37 percent to 64 percent ; that is , to a price level similar to u . s . farm - raised catfish costs .
odontostilbe kreigi is a similarly marked fish , but has a short temper . i have found it turning on the catfish after a few days , maybe shifting their usually insular and gregarious behaviour towards these new and unwitting shoal members .
tucker , c . s . and hargreaves , j . a . , eds . “industry development , ” in biology and culture of channel catfish , 1 - 14 . amsterdam , the netherlands : elsevier science publishers , 2004 .
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in the early days catfish farmers would spend hours on the telephone making contacts to sell their fish . they sold mainly to restaurants specializing in catfish , but they also sold to individuals wanting 5 , 000 pounds or more for fish fries . winter sales to fish camps were also an important sales outlet . catfish were in demand and were sold to buyers as far away as illinois and iowa . selling the fish also meant transporting them live in live - haul trucks equipped with aerators that provided oxygen to keep the fish alive .
these omnivorous corydoras will accept sinking dried food , such as catfish pellets , and frozen food , such as bloodworm . feeding a varied diet will ensure that the fish are in the healthiest condition .
my husband and i really enjoyed these and even the leftovers were good the next day .
some catfish keepers pine for saddle - snouted scleromystax that snuffle across the substrate and unceremoniously sideswipe each other . others prefer bulging brochis that sit there winking between slapdash bursts to the surface to gulp air .
rarer than other commonly found corydoras catfish , these little characters grow to a maximum of 35mm ; and are best kept in large shoals where they will express behaviours typical of their natural habitat in venezuala .
u . s . department of agriculture , national agricultural statistics service ( nass ) . “catfish processing , ” washington , d . c . , various issues .
u . s . department of agriculture , national agricultural statistics service ( nass ) . “catfish production , ” washington , d . c . , various issues .
are you referring to c . habrosus or c . paleatus ? i am used to hearing the paleatus called salt and pepper locally ( or just peppered ) , but it ' s a very common name for the habrosus as well . darn those common names ! you can keep almost twice as many habrosus since they ' re about half the size of non dwarf corys , and all corys will prefer a higher protein diet than algae wafers . i ' d go with an omnivorous bottom feeder pellet / wafer and supplement with bloodworms for high protein snacks . i ' m not sure how their bioload compares to say , tetras , but i ' ll assume its higher since they always seem to be scavenging and grazing
2 . fill deep pot or 12 - inch skillet half full with vegetable oil . heat to 350°f . add catfish in single layer , and fry until golden brown , about 5 to 6 minutes , depending on size . remove and drain on paper towels .
mississippi had many early pioneers in the farm - raised catfish industry who came from a variety of backgrounds . many of them entered into the catfish industry because they were looking for crop diversification or for profitable alternatives to growing cotton on marginally productive lands , while others entered the business because of the novelty of growing fish in a pond as a crop .
females tend to grow larger , and sexually mature individuals are noticeably broader and deeper - bodied than males .
burgess , w . e . , 1992 . colored atlas of miniature catfish . every species of corydoras , brochis and aspidoras . t . f . h . publications , inc . , usa . 224 p . ( ref . 26041 )
: high - quality flake , pellet and wafer foods as well as frozen foods such as bloodworms and tubifex .
in a large saucepot , add 4 1 / 3 cups water and bring to a boil . add wild rice , reduce heat to a simmer , cover and cook for 5 minutes . then add barley and brown rice and cook for 40 to 45 minutes , until water is evaporated and grains are tender . fluff and set aside .
son gave us a big catfish husband filleted it so that is what is for supper tonight . sounds like a great recipe . hubby will cut it in strips instead of fillets . thank you
heavily grease a pan with butter & add stuffed catfish with folded side down & cook in 350° oven until done ( approximately 20 minutes ) & put under broiler for a minute to brown slightly if needed .
as with so many south american fish , the ideal dwarf cory tank is often thought to be riverine , with fast flowing water and a handful of straggling plants and assorted rocks and wood .
another challenge that was discovered in the mid - 1970s was described as “off - flavor” in catfish , an earthy odor that was a by - product of intensifying fish production . much research has gone into ways to reduce this problem with some success , but it remains an industry challenge . until a solution is found , all catfish going to the processor are taste - tested for off - flavor before being accepted into the processing plant .
shoreline inhabitors , like hastatus and pygmaeus , are often found in regions with quantities of cyperaceans ( sedges ) and grasses in abundance .
i wouldn’t consider anything under 12 of any one species , although in practice i’d be inclined to keep these fish in groups of twenties or thirties . even this would not rival the teeming herds of catfish as seen in the wild .
their favorite live foods tend to be ones that sink , and they will greedily accept blackworms and brine shrimp . and mid or top dwelling food like mosquito larvae or dapnia tend to be ignored by them .
peppered corys breed in the same manner as other corydoras catfish , and will usually breed on their own if kept in large enough groups . while they can be breed in their main tank , for better success rates they should be placed in a breeding tank , with a ratio of two males for every female .
like other corydoras catfish , kept in clean water with regular , small coldwater changes to simulate rainfall ; they may actively breed . fry do best over a thin layer of sand , with microworms being an excellent first food once yolk sacs have been absorbed .
mix 1 / 2 the flour , panko , peppers , and salt on a plate . put 1 / 2 flour plain on another plate . pour milk in small bowl . cut fish filets into 2 oz portions . roll fish in flour , then dunk fish in milk and then roll in flour / panko mixture . the three layers are what makes it crispy . heat oil in pan over high ( may need to turn down if your pan gets to hot ) place fish in pan . turn over after about 2 minutes . cook until fish is just opaque and flakes easily . we serve this with alexia fries , and a salad . number of servings : 4 recipe submitted by sparkpeople user healthytoad .
there are more and c . cochui , c . multimaculatus and c . piragua are equally diminutive , but these are so infrequently seen in the trade that it’s scarcely worth me encouraging real world aquarists to go and seek them out .
tetras also live with them and other corydoras , like c . aeneus and c . septentrionalis , are part of the biotope . wild predators for those foolish enough to venture into the open include hoplias wolf fish and pygocentrus caribe piranha .
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grain salads are fast and fantastic grab - and - go options for lunch or dinner . toss your leftover cooked grains in your favorite homemade vinegar - based dressing . pair with a protein of your choice , add grated veggies and fresh herbs , and top with avocado and toasted nuts and seeds . to get a jump start on the week’s meals , premake three portions of your favorite grain salad recipe using three 1 - liter mason jars . preassemble this cblt ( coconut bacon , romaine lettuce and cherry tomato ) grain salad for lunches or a quick dinner .
this species is sensitive to chemicals in water . a partial water changes ( about 10 % per week ) should be regularly done . you should regularly clean the substrate from leftovers and plant debris . the fish prefers not too high and spacious aquariums with sandy substrate , a lot of roots and branches and effective filtration system .
in the long run , however , global seafood imports and the competition posed to the u . s . catfish industry will not abate . in 2004 , the u . s . congress implemented a new program since the itc’s anti - dumping ruling that targets all seafood products . this cool , or country of origin labeling , legislation has provisions that all seafood retailers in the united states , except in food service establishments , must mark fish and shellfish products as either farm - raised or wild - caught and identified as to the country of origin . in early 2006 it is still unclear how cool will affect the u . s . farm - raised catfish industry , but the industry believes it will give the u . s . consumer additional information upon which to base their decisions when buying seafood .
true to their feline namesakes , many corys are happy to bed down into life domestic , nestling and doing nothing , awaiting their next meal and gradually getting podgy .
agree with other posts . . . corys should be in larger groups and you should have a bigger tank they swim around and mingle with each other all the time
gently shake off excess coating mixture and carefully place into hot oil . fry until golden brown , about 5 minutes on each side . drain on paper towels and serve .
peppered corys will accept a much wider range of frozen food , and they enjoy bloodworms , blackworms , daphnia , brine shrimp and anything else that will sink to the bottom .
they are a very peaceful fish , and even during mating they rarely show aggression to each other . because of this , they can easily be kept with any other peaceful community fish , and they are perfect for most tetras , danios and even some small cichlids .
corydoras spp . are foraging omnivores , and most will accept sinking dried foods as well as small live and frozen varieties such as chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , tubifex , etc .
this species is found in the upper r�o orinoco basin in eastern colombia and western venezuela .
the bronze cory , c . aeneus , is a common species and easy to breed .
origin : venezuela , rio salinas and tributary of rio pao viejo ; colombia , rio casanare .
there are also the eternally cute aspidoras cats which differ from corydoras in head and fin structure . these are becoming increasingly familiar and several species are frequently imported . although not inaccessible , they tend to command a steeper price than their cousins and shoals may be unrealistic for the average hobbyist .
a grill and a sheet pan are all you need to whip up paella for a crowd .
in a 2 gallon resealable plastic bag , combine the cornmeal , flour , and seafood seasoning . add fish to mixture , a few fillets at a time , and tumble gently to coat evenly .
use a ratio of two or more males per female if possible , and when the females are visibly full of eggs perform a large ( 50 - 70 % ) water change with soft , cool water , and increase oxygenation and flow in the tank . repeat this daily until the fish spawn .
ferraris , c . j . , jr . , 2007 - zootaxa 1418 : 1 - 628 checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types .
the majority of records derive from the río apure watershed in southwestern venezuela , where c . habrosus has been collected in the states of portuguesa , cojedes , barinas , guárico , and apure . its distribution in colombia is less clear but it is known with certainty from the río arauca and río casanare , the latter a tributary of the lower río meta , and it makes sense that it should also be found in other left bank orinoco affluents between the meta and apure , which include the ríos cinaruco and capanaparo .
deep fry fillets until golden brown , about 3 minutes . avoid overcrowding so fillets have room to brown properly . fish should be slightly crisp outside , and moist and flaky inside . drain on paper towels .
their taxonomy can be confusing , and numerous undescribed species are also thought to exist . fish of unconfirmed identification entering the aquarium hobby are therefore typically assigned a ‘c’ or ‘cw’ number for purposes of reference and organisation .
agree , groups should be imo six or greater . and yes a larger tank for those the better .
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corydoras paleatus fry grow very quickly and within four or five week the fry will need to be moved to larger accommodation and by the time they are ten weeks old they should be about one inch in body length .
my favoured dwarf cats — pygmaeus ( pictured above ) hastatus and habrosus — are dwarfs by any standard . the largest barely reaches 3 . 5cm / 1 . 4” and all could easily hide in the shadows of tetras .
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peppered corys are omnivores , and feed on crustaceans , plant matter , worms and insects in the wild . this diet should be reproduced as closely as possible in the home aquarium , and this can be accomplished through feeding them a high quality sinking pellet , along with regular feedings of live or frozen food . hikari sinking wafers is one of the best fish foods on the market , and i have used it with great success with my corydoras .
place buttermilk in a 2 - quart baking dish ; place fillets in buttermilk and allow to marinate for 15 minutes .
i basically recommend some shrimp , maybe cpd ' s , chli rasboras . something smaller , and not so much of a schooling fish even though cpd ' s and rasboras school , they are very small . ( cpds so so )
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peaceful and gregarious . should be maintained in a group of at least 4 - 6 individuals , ideally 10 or more .
peak activity for these species is during the twilight hours of dawn and dusk when they actually start to lose some shoaling behaviour — in contrast to other corydoras which enhance theirs at this time — and move higher into the water column to feed .
aluminum foil helps keep food moist , ensures it cooks evenly , keeps leftovers fresh , and makes clean - up easy .
this recipe turns a traditional tuscan side dish into a summery main course with marinated chicken , red onions and fresh baguette .
in a large , zipper - lock food storage bag , mix remaining ingredients by zipping them inside bag and shaking until well blended . remove fillets from buttermilk ; allow excess liquid to drain . pplace fillets in bag and shake gently until completely coated .
c . habrosus apparently displays a preference for lagoons , tributary streams , inundated forest and grassland , and marginal zones , where water flow is not strong . it tends to form aggregations close to submerged vegetation or solid structures such as tree branches or roots .
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trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
the eggs will begin to hatch in around 3 - 5 days , and the newly hatched fry can be fed baby brine shrimp or microworms . they can also be fed infusoria , and the inclusion of java moss will help to provide some infusoria naturally .
in my experience , they’re not really big on eating livebearer fry . they mostly stay near the bottom , and don’t often encounter the fry . but with that being said , fry are never safe around any adult fish and they may still eat some .
they are facultative air breathers and possess a modified , highly vascularised intestine which has evolved to facilitate uptake of atmospheric oxygen and aid survival in oxygen - deprived environments . in the aquarium you’ll occasionally see them rising to the surface to take in gulps of air .
native to the upper río orinoco basin in eastern colombia and western venezuela , where it appears to be restricted to left bank tributaries .
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the second action taken by the cfa was to hire attorneys specializing in anti - dumping cases to investigate whether the imported “basa” and “tra” production was subsidized by the vietnamese government . if so , this would amount to vietnam selling its product in the united states at a price below the “fair market value . ” the catfish farmers of america would then have an anti - dumping case to present to the u . s . department of commerce’s international trade commission ( itc ) . the itc is the federal trade agency that investigates claims of “dumping , ” or the practice of selling a product at a lower price than what it costs to produce it . this dumping occurs when governments subsidize or in some way pay for some of the production costs that producers otherwise would have to pay themselves . the government subsidy gives the company an unfair advantage because the company can sell at a lower price and make more sales and profits than a company that must pay these costs and as a consequence have lower profit margins .
these lack intense colours or the brazen behaviour of their chunkier kin , yet have special appeal . they are the dwarf corydoras — and of the true dwarf cats three are readily available : c . pygmaeus , c . hastatus and c . habrosus ( pictured above ) .
planting should be heavy , if not intense , with a mix of broad leafed and grassy greenery in equal measure . although this may require extra lighting to successfully propagate , the pygmies will prefer this to an open , dimmed aquarium where they may feel exposed and threatened .
these fish tolerate temperatures between 22 - 26°c / 72 - 79°f with 24 or 25°c / 75 - 77°f ) optimal . soft , acidic water should be provided , with a ph value of between 6 . 0 and 7 . 2 ph , and a hardness below 15°dh .
the role of c . hastatus in emulating the markings and swimming behaviour of certain , similarly marked tetras in the wild interests many enthusiasts .
the favourite contender for a tank - suitable commensal is hyphessobrycon elachys ( above ) and many keepers report success with these two species together .
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place skewers on a small baking sheet covered in foil and coated with cooking spray . broil skewers in oven for 13 to 15 minutes .
reis , r . e . , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds ) , 2003 - edipucrs , porto alegre : i - xi + 1 - 729 check list of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . cloffsca .
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farm security and rural investment act of 2002 . text of statutory language as submitted to the u . s . house of representatives and u . s . senate from the committee of the conference , subtitle d - country of origin labeling , sections 281 - 285 , may 1 , 2002 .
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spawning can occur several times between several different pairings of the fish , and after it appears that activity has died down in the tank , the adults should be removed . adult peppered corys will eat both eggs and fry , though generally the eggs tend to be safe for a short while after spawning .
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finally do remember to keep notes because not everything you do will go according to plan and the record you keep may be invaluable at a later date .
peppered corys are a schooling fish , and should be kept in groups of at least five or more at all time . to truly experience their natural behavior , many aquarists recommend keeping them in groups of ten or more , which will both reduce their stress levels , and provide you with impressive displays of schooling .
the stiffened pectoral - fin spines are capable of piercing human skin and a ‘sting’ can be very painful indeed , so care should be exercised when handling them .
shoaling is advantageous to fishes , especially from a predation perspective , and the motto is usually ‘the more the merrier . ’ as well as shoaling among their own kind , c . hastatus will often school alongside one of a few varieties of tetras — and these are sometimes imported alongside each other as by - catch .
this is shoal , quiet , peaceful and friendly species . it is very active . it’s looking for food at the bottom of the aquarium all the time .
they are active omnivores , eating flake , pellet , live and vegetable based foods . while an active scavenger , they do require regular feeding to keep them healthy .
the only other additions i would add to a breeding tank would be either a floating spawning mop , constructed out of synthetic 4ply knitting wool . to make a spawning mop simply take a piece of stiff card about 18 - 20 cm wide and wind the wool around it fifty times . tie off the loops at one end of the card and then cut through the strand at the other , attach a piece of cork to the tied off end and you have a spawning mop . the colour of wool is immaterial but i find that dark green or brown seem to be favoured more than any other colour . once the mop has been soaked it will provide an ideal egg deposit site . java moss and java fern also make good spawning sites ; both plants are hardy and will tolerate being moved from tank to tank as required .
even though they are tiny fish , 5 gallons is a bit small considering how active they are and how they like to be in groups . how about a nerite snail
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however , dwarf cats tend to steer clear of this hedonistic path , clinging to their shoaling roots and behaving as though their enclosed home was no different from their amazonian habitats .
reality , however , involves slow or no moving water , with few rocks , but much in the way of soft , dark substrates , fallen wood , and dense planting .
shoals should be 5 or greater . obviously more is better . thus a 20g footprint and up would be ideal imo . sent from my samsung - sm - g890a using tapatalk
chef and cookbook author allison fishman is all about simple , home - cooked dishes that let fresh , healthy ingredients shine . this cajun - inspired recipe is a prime example !
other fishes occurring in the region and available in the aquarium trade include corydoras delphax , platydoras costatus , baryancistrus beggini , hypancistrus inspector , panaqolus maccus , panaque nigrolineatus , hemigrammus rhodostomus , h . stictus , hyphessobrycon sweglesi , paracheirodon axelrodi , pristella maxillaris , copella nattereri , biotodoma wavrini , heros severus , mesonauta insignis , geophagus abalios , satanoperca daemon and uaru fernandezyepezi .
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incubation is normally 3 - 4 days and once the fry have fully - absorbed their yolk sacs they are able to accept small live foods such as microworm , artemia nauplii , etc .