stiassnyiformes is an order of bony fish ( teleostei ) proposed in 2009 .

it includes the mullets ( mugilidae ) , the atheriniformes , the beloniformes , the cyprinodontiformes and some families of the paraphyletic perciformes , including the cichlids .

the new taxon was named by the authors of the first description in honor of the curator of the department of ichthyology at the american museum of natural history melanie stiassny , which suggested in 1993 that the mullet are allied with damselfish and guppies .

the close relationship of these outwardly different groups is based on molecular studies and is not supported by morphological characteristics .

stiassnyiformes

how can i put and write and define stiassnyiformes in a sentence and how is the word stiassnyiformes used in a sentence and examples ? 用stiassnyiformes造句 , 用stiassnyiformes造句 , 用stiassnyiformes造句 , stiassnyiformes meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
she was honored with the creation of the stiassnyiformes in recognition of her contributions to ichthyology and systematics .
while monophyly of the family mugilidae has never seriously been challenged , phylogenetic placement of this enigmatic assemblage has been a long standing problem of systematic ichthyology . in a recent study of basal atherinoid fishes , i suggested a novel alignment for the grey mullets ( = mugilomorpha of stiassny , 1990 ) , as the sister group of the atherinomorph assemblage . my proposal was based primarily on the discovery of a series of derived similarities in the branchial musculature of mugilids and atherinomorphs . but countering this alignment was the presence of derived similarity between the pelvic girdle of mugilids and of that of percomorph fishes . this character conflict is further explored , and additional character systems are incorporated into the study .
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the close relationship of these outwardly different groups based on molecular studies and is not supported by morphological characteristics .
in new eighth edition of dr . richard van der laan’s huge ‘freshwater fish list’ ( free book download ) i found this innovative taxonomy for freshwater fishes : euteleosteomorpha – acanthomorphata – percomorphacea – cichliformes ? is this again some new sphere for cichlids ? to date cichlids were in perciformes ( labroidei ) order .
change in habit , producing change of function , is the main cause of the production of change in living structure . f . wood jones ( 1953 ) trends of life
see : peter c . wainwright , w . leo smith , samantha a . price , kevin l . tang , john s . sparks , lara a . ferry , kristen l . kuhn , ron i . eytan & thomas j . near : the evolution of pharyngognathy : a phylogenetic and functional appraisal of the pharyngeal jaw key innovation in labroid fishes and beyond . syst biol ( 2012 ) urltoken
thank you , now i remember this recent study with new group : ovalentaria , we discussed this yet here : viewtopic . php ? f = 17 & t = 14438 therefore cichliformes are the same group as ovalentaria ?
( fishes with demersal , adhesive eggs ) { = “cichliformes” + mugiliformes + atherinomorpha + gobiesociformes } .
if the family cichlidae would be promoted into an order - cichlidiformes or an underorder , this would result in more levels to be used for groupes imagine the situation where we could have 3 families , 8 or more sub families ( and thus no discussions who is right ) and perhaps even forget about tibes and so on now we only need the biological evidence . somebody willing to frams something ?
i am still sceptical about it . there is no critical character analysis ( see discussion in zootaxa 2946 : „morphological and molecular approaches to the phylogeny of fishes - integration or conflict ? “ ) . to treat the cichlidae not as a part of the perciformes but in their own order cichliformes looks strange ( at least unusual ) . seems that they excluded some species just only they do not fit the expected position in the tree ( „twenty - five . . . taxa were excluded from the final matrix because they had . . . highly variable phylogenetic placement in preliminary analyses , . . . “ ) .
a new higher - level classification of all living organisms . open access . urltoken . . . tation = pdf
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neurothemis terminata is a species of dragonfly in family libellulidae .

neurothemis terminata is a widespread and often common species which can occur in man-made habitats , from peninsular malaysia and japan to the lesser sundas in indonesia .

neurothemis terminata

neurothemis terminata is a common species in borneo . even if one see one , it could be easily mistaken as neurothemis fluctuans
wings of a teneral ( freshly emerged ) male neurothemis terminata terminata ( ris , 1911 ) when teneral , the wing of a male neurothemis terminate is chocolate color with yellow pterostigma . these wings matured into dark red with red pterostigma .
justification : neurothemis terminata is a widespread and often common species which can occur in man - made habitats . assessed as least concern for these reasons .
males of neurothemis species are obvious of their extensively pigmented red - brown wings with very dense reticulation .
easily confused are these 2 species n . fluctuans and n . terminata . both species share the same swamp .
hi jenny , neurothemis terminata , like all other dragonflies eats insects that are smaller than itself , like mosquitoes , flies , moths and other small , usually flying , insects . i dont have your email address and your teacher ' s ( betsy ' s ) profile / blog couldn ' t be accessed from here so i cant give you more details . however just by googling
neurothemis terminata
i am sure you would be able to get more information .
there are 3 species of neurothemis whose males have dark red wings with clear ( hyaline ) areas at the wing tips .
females n . terminata have 2 wing type : the common one have clear wings and the rear one with dark wing .
only 2 male around the drain when i first saw them on 20th january 2007 . no female was seen . neurothemis terminata is a timid species . a slice movement of grasses caused by wind is enough to scare it to fly away to another grass . but they never fly further than a few meters . this close up took many efforts as neurothemis are very timid dragonflies that can be scare easily even by a leave movement cause by wind .
the 3 species are quite similar in appearance and difficult to identify in the field . n . terminata is common on borneo , most of indonesia , the philippines but not commonly found in peninsular malaysia .
hi . my name is jenny and i live in minnesota , usa . i am doing a report on the neurothemis terminata . i am trying to find information on what they eat and how they fit into the food chain . do you have any of this information or know where i can get this information . thank you for your help ! ( my teacher ' s name comes up and she is helping me with the blog . )
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schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2015 . world odonata list . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 10 july 2015 ) .
this is a widespread and often common species occurring from peninsular malaysia and japan to the lesser sundas ( indonesia ) .
this species occurs on lakes , in marshes and in rice fields . it is mainly found in man - made habitats and is absent from well - developed forest .
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a common red dragonflies in sabah . sees often in drains , ditches and ponds .
to identify : identify by the small hyaline area at the tips of wings . the hyaline margins are at 90 degree to the wings axis .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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with a wild motorcycle ride up and around the mountains of squijor philippines i made it to the charming squijor butterfly sanctuary where the knowledgable dante , the owner of the sanctuary showed his array of amazing butterflies , dragonflies , caterpillars and larvae . spotted rested on a garden bed , with extravagant detail in the wings and bursting with colour like a volcano , it was such a pleasure spotting this beauty of a dragonfly .
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we stayed at the hotel and dove with manta ray divers in early december 2017 . the hotel is very
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the whole place centers around the scuba diving operation . probably better to find somewhere else
if you ' re not a diver . the dive operation was generally good , but a little too laid back - schedules weren ' t always clear , and sometimes would change without any notice . sometimes it was hard to tell if this was really because of changing tides / weather or because of the island pace of life . pizza is a surprisingly good option at the restaurant .
a dragonfly - chaser blogs about odonata of borneo and other regions . . .
is one of the common red - winged dragonflies that one sees often in drains , small ditches and ponds .
whose males typically have dark red pigmented wings with some clear ( hyaline ) areas , usually at the tips . the females however usually have clear wings with some darker markings . the common species are quite similar in appearance and are difficult to identify in the field .
is common on borneo , most of indonesia , the philippines and less so in peninsular malaysia .
hi ! ! i hope you will keep this blog going . . it ' s really interesting and fascinating . . . actually , i ' m from k . l and i still got the chance to play with dragonflies as a kid . . although i live really near the city ! ! it ' s too bad that i don ' t see them anymore since i ' m studying in singapore now = ( i haven ' t seen any in sg for four years ! ! well , just wanna say keep up the good work ! ! i ' m currently doing a project on dragonflies ( that ' s how i found your blog . . hehe ) so your blog helped me a lot ! ! thanks ! ! ! ! = )
thanks for your kind comments li jayne . i ' ll sure continue to keep chasing these critters : )
thanks for your help . i am wondering if you know who its predators are . also , how does it protect itself ? jenny
how many boys ( and girls ) have not caught or played with dragonflies and damselflies ? here ' s one who hasn ' t outgrown his fascination and interest in these wonderful insects and still chases them across hills and streams ! but instead of catching them and pulling them apart i now only take their photos . . .
what is a dragonfly ? dragonflies and damselflies are the most recognizable of all insects , so if you don ' t know already , the images on this blog will show you how they look like . and i ' ll just tell you about how they are generally classified without attempting to go into how scientists ( called odonatologists ) separate them into families , genera , species and subspecies . which is just too complicated for even this dragonchaser !
dragonflies and damselflies belong to the order odonata which is further divided into the subfamilies anisoptera (
true
dragonfly ) and zygoptera ( damselflies ) . however when we say
dragonfly
we generally mean any of the odonata which can be either a dragonfly ( anisoptera ) or a damselfly ( zygoptera ) . but if we say
damselfly
we mean only a zygopteran and not anisopteran ! understand ?
wings which are dissimilar , the hindwings broaden near the base to the connecting point to their bodies . they rest with their wings open and held horizontally .
damselflies ( suborder zygoptera ) damselflies are small and delicate - looking , and have eyes that are separated . they rest holding their wings together above the body or held slightly open above . the hindwing of the damselfly is essentially similar to the forewing .
both however have similar life cycles . females lays their eggs in or near water . the larval or immature odonates ( meaning member of the odonata ) are called nymphs or naiads using internal
to breathe , and using extendable jaws ( have you seen the movie alien ? ) to catch other aquatic insects or even tadpoles and fish .
the larvae of large dragonflies may live as long as five years , or two months to three years in smaller species . when the the larva is ready to metamorphose into an adult , it climbs up some emergent plant at night . then the skin splits at a weak spot behind the head and the adult dragonfly crawls out of its old larval skin , waits for the sun to rise , pumps up its wings and flies off to feed on flying insects like mosquitoes and flies . in the adult stage , larger species of dragonfly can live as long as four months .
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more than 275 species of dragonflies and damselflies have been recorded on the huge island of borneo but more are being discovered , some are possibly entirely new to science and some are those that have been recorded elsewhere .
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barbitonia arthritica is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family buccinidae , the true whelks .

there is one subspecies : barbitonia arthritica arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 )

barbitonia arthritica

subspecies barbitonia arthritica lurida ( a . adams , 1863 ) accepted as barbitonia arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) accepted as neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) represented as neptunea arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 )
variety neptunea arthritica var . asamusi nomura & hatai , 1937 accepted as barbitonia arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) accepted as neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) represented as neptunea arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 )
variety neptunea arthritica var . matusima nomura & hatai , 1937 accepted as barbitonia arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) accepted as neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) represented as neptunea arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 )
species neptunea lurida a . adams , 1863 accepted as barbitonia arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) accepted as neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) represented as neptunea arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 )
worms - world register of marine species - barbitonia arthritica lurida ( a . adams , 1863 )
( of barbitonia arthritica arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) ) fraussen , k . ( 2010 ) . buccinidae checklist . pers . com . [ details ]
studies on the toxic substances contained in animals . 1 . locality of the poison of neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica bernardi
barbitonia arthritica lurida ( var . ) adams , a . & l . a . reeve , 1850 : s & east china sea
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : barbitonia arthritica ( a . valenciennes , 1858 ) - id : 1922950010
( of barbitonia arthritica lurida ( a . adams , 1863 ) ) fraussen , k . ( 2010 ) . buccinidae checklist . pers . com . [ details ]
worms - world register of marine species - neptunea arthritica var . matusima nomura & hatai , 1937
asano m ( 1952 ) studies on toxic substances contained in marine animals . i . locality of the poison of neptunea ( barbitonia ) arthritica ( bernardi ) . bull jpn soc sci fish 17 : 283–287
asano m , itoh m ( 1960 ) salivary poison of a marine gastropod , neptunea arthritica ( bernhardi ) and the seasonal varistion of its toxicity . ann ny acad sci 90 : 674–688
to barcode of life ( 18 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) ( from synonym fusus arthriticus valenciennes , 1858 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 15 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym neptunea lurida a . adams , 1863 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym fusus arthriticus valenciennes , 1858 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym barbitonia arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) ) to genbank ( 31 nucleotides ; 19 proteins ) to mnhn molluscs type collection ( 2000 - 6471 ) ( from synonym fusus arthriticus valenciennes , 1858 ) to pesi ( from synonym fusus arthriticus valenciennes , 1858 ) to pesi ( from synonym barbitonia arthritica ( valenciennes , 1858 ) ) to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection
( of chrysodomus ( barbitonia ) dall , 1916 ) dall w . h . ( 1916 ) . prodrome of a revision of the chrysodomoid whelks of the boreal and arctic regions . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 29 : 7 - 8 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 7 [ details ]
( of neptunea arthritica var . asamusi nomura & hatai , 1937 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]
( of neptunea arthritica var . matusima nomura & hatai , 1937 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]
( of neptunea ( barbitonia ) dall , 1916 ) nakano t . , kurihara y . , miyoshi h . & higuchi s . ( 2010 ) . molecular phylogeny of neptunea ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences , with description of a new species . venus . 68 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 137 . [ details ]
neptunea ( barbitonia ) cumingii ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) is one of commercially important edible gastropods in east asian countries such as in korea , japan , china , and russia . this species is especially found in the subtidal zone of the west coasts of korea ( yoo , 1976 ; kwon et al . , 1993 ) . recently , as the standing stock of this species gradually decreased due to extensive reclamation projects and overharvesting , it has been designated as one of the important organisms in need of natural resources management . for the propagation and management of a living natural resources , it is important to understand its population characteristics with regard to spermatogensis and testicular development .
fretter ( 1941 ) reported that yellow granular bodies in the cytoplasm of the inner layer’s epithelial cells in baresinum undatum and n . lapillus play an important role in absorption and digestion of residual sperm . chung et al . ( 2005 ) and takahashi et al . ( 1972 ) reported that yellow granular bodies in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle of n . arthritica have a lysosome - like structure . in the present study , yellow granular bodies in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle appeared during the resting phase and the spent stage and we found results similar to those of fretter ( 1941 ) , takahashi et al . ( 1972 ) and chung et al . ( 2005 ) and i came to similar conclusions . it is assumed that granular bodies are involved in resorption of digestion of residual spermatozoa . further study by electron microscope is needed on the granular bodies structure , functions and their fate .
previously there have been some studies on aspects of reproduction of neptunea spp . , including the reproductive cycle ( takahashi et al , 1972 ; takamaru & fuji , 1981 ; fujinaga , 1985 ; kawai et al . , 1994 ) and spawning ( miyawaki , 1953 ; amio , 1963 ; son , 2003 ) of this species , on ecology , including the distribution ( ito & tachizawa , 1981 ; ito , 1982 ) and growth ( macintosh & paul , 1977 ; fujinaga , 1987 ; suzuki et al . , 1996 ) of n . arthritica . and the feeding of n . antigua ( pearce & thorson , 1967 ) . however , little information is avaiable on the ultrastructure of germ cells during spermatogenesis and structural changes in epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle with testicular development of n . ( b . ) cumingii . therefore , the purpose of the present study is to understand ultrastructures of germ cells and spermatogenic stages and the structural changes and the functions in the epithelial cells of the seminal vesicles in relation to the gonadal phases , using cytological and histochemical procedures .
a , section of spermatogonia ( sg ) . note a nucleus with chromatin ( ch ) materials , and several mitochondria ( m ) and golgi apparatus ( g ) in the cytoplasm . b , primary spermatocytes ( psc ) . note synaptonemal complexes in the nucleus during the prophase of meiosis . c , secondary spermatocytes ( ssc ) . note a nucleus with more dense heterochromatin materials . d , spermatids ( st ) . note a nucleus with aggregated chromatin , and many smooth membranes and vaculoes in the cytopasm . e , f , early in the differentiation of the spermatids . note the golgi apparatus ( g ) and acrosomal granule ( ag ) just before the nucleus , and the mitochondria ( m ) and centrosome just behind the nucleus , g , h , acrosome ( ac ) formation and elongated nucleus ( n ) note an elongated acrosome which changed from the acrosomal vesicle , and the elongated nucleus . electron micrographs showing testicular maturation of neptunea ( barbitonia ) cumingii . i , many ripe spermatozoa , note the elongated acrosome ( ac ) and stender head of the spermatozoon toward the germinal epithelium of the testicular lobule . j , cross section of the sperm tail . note the axoneme of the tail flagellum composed of a pair of central microtubules ( cm ) and nine pairs of peripheral microtubules ( pm ) .
( of neptunea lurida a . adams , 1863 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym neptunea lurida a . adams , 1863 ) to encyclopedia of life to pesi
nakano t . , kurihara y . , miyoshi h . & higuchi s . ( 2010 ) . molecular phylogeny of neptunea ( gastropoda : buccinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences , with description of a new species . venus . 68 ( 3 - 4 ) : 121 - 137 . [ details ]
fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]
( of fusus arthriticus valenciennes , 1858 ) valenciennes a . ( 1858 ) note sur une suite intéressante de coquilles rapportées des mers du japon , et de la manche de tartarie , par m . le dr barthe . compte rendu des séances de l ' académie des sciences [ paris ] 46 : 759 - 762 . [ after 19 april 1858 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 761 [ details ]
kantor y . i . & sysoev a . v . 2002 . on the species of molluscs from russian waters described by valenciennes in little known publications in 1858 . ruthenica , 12 ( 2 ) : 119 - 123 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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» species neptunea ( neptunea ) intersculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1899 ) represented as neptunea intersculpta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1899 )
species neptunea regula ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) accepted as pareuthria regulus ( r . b . watson , 1882 )
species neptunea taeniata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as neptunea cumingii crosse , 1862
röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 115 [ details ]
( of chrysodomus ( sulcosipho ) dall , 1916 ) dall w . h . ( 1916 ) . prodrome of a revision of the chrysodomoid whelks of the boreal and arctic regions . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 29 : 7 - 8 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 7 [ details ]
( of costaria golikov , 1977 ) fraussen k . & terryn y . ( 2007 ) . the family buccinidae . genus neptunea . in : a conchological iconography [ directed by guido t . poppe & klaus groh ] . conchbooks , hackenheim . 159 pp . , 154 pls . [ details ]
( of costaria golikov , 1977 ) bouchet p . & warén a . ( 1986 [
1985
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monthly frequency distribution of the shell height of rapana venosa in . . . | download scientific diagram
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fig . 7 . monthly frequency distribution of the shell height of rapana venosa in the west sea of korea .
structure ) . ᄍሉ # ( sh ) ( tw ) ( fig . 6 ) . tw = 0 . 0000626 sh ( r = 0 . 8324 ) ( fig . 7 ) , 38 . 79 - 140 . 62 mm , 2 - 5 2 - 3 ሉ , 6 4 . 11 40 mm . れ㗏⸐ # 80 - 110 mm . 12 50 mm 4 . 8 .
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† corresponding author : sung han kim , faculty of marine applied bioscience , kunsan national university , gunsan 54150 , korea . + 82 - 63 - 469 - 1838 , rk . ca . nasnuk @ 7280w
received 2016 jul 29 ; revised 2016 aug 19 ; accepted 2016 sep 20 .
this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution non - commercial license ( urltoken ) which permits unrestricted non - commercial use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
crosse , 1862 ( buccinidae ) were collected monthly by dredge at the subtidal zone in the vicinity of piung - do , korea , from june 2010 to may 2011 ( fig .
) . 256 neptune whelks ranging from 8 . 1 - 11 . 2 cm in shell height were used for the study . after the neptune whelks were transported alive to the laboratory , shell heights were measured by a vernier caliper , and total weights were weighed using a chemical balance .
for light microscopic examination of histological preparations ( seminal vesicles ) , a total of 210 male individuals were used for histological analysis of the gonads from june 2010 to may 2011 . gonad tissues were removed from shells and preserved in bouin’s fixative for 24h and then washed with running tap water for 24h and then washed with running tap water for 24h . tissues were then dehydrated in alcohol and embedded in paraffin molds . embedded tissues were sectioned at 5 - 7 μm thickness using a rotary microtome . sections were mounted on glass slides , stained with hansen’s hematoxylin - 0 . 5 % eosin , mallory’s triple stain and pas stain , and examined using a light microscope .
for transmission electron microscope observations , a total of 60 male individuals were used for spermatogenesis , excised pieces of the testes were cut into small pieces and fixed immediately in 2 . 5 % paraformaldehyde - glutaraldehyde in 0 . 1 m phosphate buffer solution ( ph 7 . 4 ) for 2 hours at 4°c after prefixation , the specimens were washed several times in the buffer solution and then postfixed in a 1 % osmium tetroxide solution in 0 . 2 m phosphate buffer ( ph 7 . 4 ) for 1 hour at 4°c specimens were then dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol , cleared in propylene oxide and embedded in an epon - araldite mixture . ultrathin sections of epon - embedded specimens were cut with glass knives on a sorvall mt - 2 microtome and lkb ultramicrotome at a thickness of approximately 80 - 100 nm . tissue sections were mounted on collodion - coated copper grids , doubly stained with uranyl acetate followed by lead citrate , and observed with a jem 100 cx - ii 80 - kv ) electron microscope .
male individuals of n . ( b . ) cumingii can be distinguishable easily by existence of the penis , which occurs near the tentacles . the testis is located on the surface of the liver which is located in the posterior spiral visceral mass . with the progression of maturation , the external feature of the testis appears yellowish - brown in colour . if the testis is slightly scratched , milky white sperm readily flow out .
based on germ cell development and morphological characteristics as seen with the electron microscope , spermatogenesis in the testicular lobules can be classified into five stages : ( 1 ) spermatogonial , ( 2 ) primary spermatocyte , ( 3 ) secondary spermatocyte , ( 4 ) spermatid , and ( 5 ) spermatozoon .
spermatogonia are located at the periphery of the spermatogenic follicle , and are about 9 μm in diameter and more or less oval in shape . the spermatogonia contain a large nucleus , and relatively small cytoplasm . the nucleus contains dense and unevenly distributed heterochromatin . the golgi apparatus , several mitochondria and small dense granular materials are distributed in the cytoplasm ( fig .
spermatogonia develop into the primary spermatocytes , which are smaller ( about 7 μm in diameter ) than spermatogonia . their nuclei contain slightly denser heterochromatin materials . synaptonemal complexes in the nucleus appear during the prophase of meiosis . a few mitochondria can be seen tin the cytoplasm of the cell ( fig .
the primary spermatocytes develop into the secondary spermatocytes by way of the first maturation division . secondary spermatocytes are about 6 μm in diameter and their nuclei are coradensed with more dense heterochromatin materials . at this time , a few mitochondria , endoplasmic reticula and small vacuoles are present in the cytoplasm ( fig .
the secondary spermatocytes develop into spermatids through the second maturation division , which have the typical structure of an interphase nucleus with aggregated chromatin . by this time the peripheral parts of the cells have many smooth membrane configurations in the form of flattened vesicles , small mitochondria are elongated ( fig .
early in differentiation , the shape of the condensed nucleus becomes slightly elongate . the golgi apparatus and acrosomal granule , which is located near the nucleus , move to a position just before the nucleus , while the mitochondria and centrosome move to a position just behind the nucleus of the spermatid ( figs .
) . during a later developmental stage of spermiogenesis , the acrosomal vesicle becomes closely applied to the tip of the elongating nucleus . the acrosomal granule in the acrosomal vesicle forms the core of the acrosome ( fig .
) . afterward , the shape of the acrosomal vesicle changes to an elongated acrosome , and then it changes to a cap - shape . the nucleus of the spermatozoon becomes longer , the head of the spermatozoon becomes elongate , and the axial filament enters into the long nucleus of the spermatozoon longitudinally ( fig .
) . at this stage , the centrioles gave rise to the axial filament of the flagellum of the spermatozoon and sperm morphology showed the modified type , as found in internal fertilization species . after acrosome formation is completed , the promonent nuclear canal in the nucleus in present in cross - sections of the sperm head . the sperm head is ca . 5 μm long , including the 0 . 2 μm long acrosome , and its tail is ca . 20 μm long ( fig .
) . the axoneme of the tail flagellum is composed of nine pairs of microtubules at the periphery ( peripheral mictotubules ) and one pair of cental microtbubules ( fig .
a , section of epithelial cells of the inner layer of the seminal vesicle in the resting phase . note the ciliated cuboidal cells ( ccc ) with oval or conical nuclei in the epithelial cells of the inner layer , and the relatively thick fibrous connective tissue in the outer layer . in this phase , granular bodies appeared ; b , section of the epithelial tissue of the seminal vesicle in the early accumulating phase . note small number of spermatozoa in the lumen of the seminal vesicle with ciliate cuboidal cells ( ccc ) . in this phase , it is hard to see granular bodies because of the appearance of several spermatozoa ; c , section of epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle in the active accumulating phase . note the ciliated squamous cells with oval nuclei in the epithelial cells of the inner layer of the epithelium of the vesicles , and the lumen of the seminal vesicle with ciliated squamous cells are full with a number of spematozoa ( sz ) . in this phase , it is hard to see granular bodies because of the appearance of several spermatozoa ; d , section of the epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle in the spent phase . note the undischarged spermatozoa ( uds ) in the lumen of the seminal vesicle with ciliated columnar cells ( clc ) in the inner layer , and the remarkably thick fibrous connective tissue in the outer layer . in this phase , several granular bodies appeared clearly because of small number of undischarged in the lumen of the seminal vesicle .
histological changes in the epithelial cells according to developmental phases of the seminal vesicles based on histological / morphological characteristics of the epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle wall , viz . , the convoluted part of the vas deferens , and the relative amount of spermatozoa accumulated in the lumina of the vesicles , morphological changes of seminal vesicles could be divided into three phases : ( 1 ) s - i phase ( resting ) , ( 2 ) s - ii phase ( early accumulating ) , and ( 3 ) s - iii phase ( active accumulating ) , and ( 4 ) s - iv ( spent ) . these succesive phases show a periodicity . the criteria used in defining the categories are as follows .
the fibrous connective tissues , which comprise the vas deferens , show several thick layers , but are somewhat contracted . the epithelial cells of the inner layer of the seminal vesicle are composed of ciliates cuboidal cells of a single layer , and have oval or conical nuclei which are stained darkly with haematoxylin . at this phase , a few granular bodies appear in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells in the inner layer . in particular , at this phase , a few yellow granular bodies appear in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells in the inner layer of the seminal vesicle ( fig .
) . the resting phase of the seminal vesicle appear during the periods when the developmental stages of the testis are in the recovery and the early active stages .
in the early accumulating phase of the seminal vesicle , the epithelial cells change to cuboidal cells with round nuclei and clear vacuoles in the cytoplasm , but yellow granular bodies begin to disappear ( fig .
) . subsequently , as the sperm masses produced in the testicular lobules , they enter the lumina of the seminal vesicle , the vesicle become milky white gradually . thereafter , with the input of the sperm masses into the vesicles , at this phase , small number of sperm masses are present in the lumen of the vesicle .
in the late accumulating , a number of sperm masses are present in the lumina of the vesicles . the cuboidal cells in the epithelium of the seminal vesicl change into squamous cells ( 10 each squamous cell has an elongate nucleus and the connective tissues in the outer layer of the vesicle become thin ( fig .
) . the active accumululating phase of the seminal vesicle continued during the ripe stage in the testicular lobules . their cells become greater in height ( fig .
) . this phase is found during the period of large number of sperms masses are present in the lumina of the seminal vesicles . at this time , granular bodies disappeared during sperm storage .
in this phase , a number of discharged sperm masses are still present in the seminal vesicles . the ciliated epithelial cells of the inner layer change into columnar cells , which become taller . furthermore , the fibrous connective tissues of the outer layer increase in thickness remarkably . this phase was found during the period of copulation in the testicular lobules . at this phase , a few yellow granular bodies appeared clearly in the cytoplasm of the inne layer of the seminal vesicle ( fig .
this work was supported by a grant from tanhae fisheries resources institute of korea ( 2010 - 2011 ) .
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kawai k , yamaguchi s , ide n , goshima s , nakao s . reproductive cycle and parasites infection in the neptune whelk
kim jh , kim sh . germ cell development during spermatogenesis and taxonomic values of sperm morphology in septifer (
kim jh , park yj , lee ky , choi ms , seo wj , chung ey . germ cell differentiations during spermatogenesis and ultrastructural characteristics of mature sperms in male
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the phylum mollusca , consisting of about 100 , 000 living species , is divided into seven classes . venom glands occur in molluscs belonging to the classes gastropoda and cephalopoda . toxins acquired from the environment , such as paralytic shellfish poisons , are found in certain pelecypoda ( bivalves ) , but also some gastropods have been found to accumulate exogenous toxins . the present article summarizes information on production of venoms in marine molluscs . the field has previously been reviewed a few times : endean ( 1972 ) , baslow ( 1977 ) , halstead and halstead ( 1978 ) . scheuer ( 1973 ) surveyed the chemistry of compounds isolated from marine organism . the systematic relationship of some of the groups discussed are shown in table 1 . the shells of some types of marine gastropods are illustrated in fig . 1
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
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during a tributyltin ( tbt ) - exposure experiment , the ultrastructural features of oogenesis have been examined in tbt - induced imposex females of babylonia areolata and compared with those of the normal female . the results obtained from such experiment demonstrates that b . areolata exhibits a low to moderate intensity of imposex because all vdsi values are never higher than 3 . ultrastructures of germ cell development including oogonia , pre - vitellogenic , early vitellogenic , late vitellogenic and mature oocytes show that oogenesis in imposex female is similar to that of normal females except for the presence of numerous lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of the oocytes and the follicle cells in imposex females , indicating the degeneration of their oocytes . vitellogenesis in b . areolata involves both auto - and heterosynthetic processes that resemble those of the basal gastropods and the pulmonates . in addition , the presence of cortical granules and microvilli are unique structures of this species .
, of the family buccinidae is economically one of the most important marine gastropods for human consumption ( kritsanapuntu et al .
inhabits shallow water between 5 and 20 m depth on sandy and muddy sea bottoms . this region has been reported to have a high contamination of a toxic compound , tributyltin ( tbt ) ( kan - atireklap et al .
) that has been used worldwide as a biocide in antifouling paints for ship and boat hulls . consequently ,
) . imposex has been occurred in more than 160 species in 60 genera of marine gastropods ( defur et al .
) in the tbt - contaminated seawater . however , such filed surveys give no information about imposex development and expression in
; particularly an effect of tbt on a reproduction of this species is still unknown and needs to be clarified .
the effects of tbt on an occurrence of imposex vary depending on species as in some cases , this condition does not impair reproduction ( amor et al .
) , while in some others , it causes the imposex female to have reproductive failure and finally leads to a population decline and even local extinction ( oehlmann et al .
histologically , apart from having the negative effects on oogenesis ( gibbs et al .
) , tbt also induces spermatogenesis in the ovaries of imposex females ( horiguchi et al .
) , information on the effect of tbt on oogenesis in imposex females at the ultrastructural level is limited . in this study , a tbt - exposure experiment is conducted to determine the imposex development and intensity in
have been investigated and compared with those of normal females . for this purpose , an exact process of vitellogenesis in
mature specimens of b . areolata ( size larger than 30 mm in shell length ) used in this study were obtained from the marine laboratory breeding stock at the aquatic animal hatchery and research unit , prince of songkla university , pattani campus . tbt - exposure experiment was performed as 48 h semi - static renewal system in 100 - l aquaria , provided with air filter and natural seawater , and three replicate groups of 70 sexually mature females and 15 males each were exposed to different nominal aqueous concentrations of tbt ( 1 , 10 , 50 , 100 and 500 ng as sn / l ) for 6 - month period . additionally , two control groups were run in parallel ( water only and glacial acetic acid in water ) . stock solutions of tbt were made by dissolving tbt chloride of > 96 % purity ( purchased from aldrich chemical co . ) into glacial acetic acid . the test solutions of tbt used in the experiment were prepared through a serial dilution with a freshly prepared stock solution in seawater . the final carrier solvent concentration was never higher than 0 . 001 % in all treatments ( except control with water only ) . the test was conducted under constant conditions regarding temperature and 12 - h light / 12 - h dark cycles .
water parameters including ph , temperature and salinity were measured once every 2 weeks for each replicate .
thirty females and five males from every exposure group were analyzed at monthly intervals . the animals were narcotized using 7 % mgcl
in distilled water , and the penis length in males and imposex females was measured to the nearest 0 . 1 mm under a stereo - dissecting microscope using ocular meter with eyepiece . the imposex development was classified into six stages based on the scheme proposed by stroben et al . (
) , and the imposex stages of individual females were recorded . in order to determine imposex intensity , the following indices were used : ( 1 ) vas deferens sequence index ( vdsi ) , calculated as the mean value of all imposex stages in a sample and ( 2 ) the average female penis length ( fpl ) of a sample .
according to the criteria classifying the imposex development , every female at the stage 5 ( n = 10 ) obtained from above experiment were collected for electron microscopical studies . their ovaries and those of normal females were removed , cut into small pieces and prefixed in cold ( 4°c ) 2 . 5 % glutaraldehyde in 0 . 1 m phosphate buffer , ph 7 . 4 for 24 h . they were then rinsed for 10 min in 3 changes of buffer and postfixed in 1 % oso 4 in 0 . 1 m phosphate buffer , ph 7 . 4 for 1 h at room temperature . after fixation , the tissue was dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol up to 100 % and with an intermedium step of propylene oxide . the samples were embedded in epon 812 . semi - thin and ultrathin sections were cut with glass knives on a reichert - jung ultracut e ultramicrotome at the department of cell imaging and ultrastructure research , faculty of life sciences , university of vienna , austria . semi - thin sections were stained in 0 . 1 % toluidine blue and observed with a light microscope . ultrathin sections were stained in 2 % uranyl acetate ( 30 min ) and 0 . 5 % lead citrate ( 5 min ) and viewed with a zeiss em 902 .
imposex expressions in prosobranchs are generally described by an evolutionary scheme and classified into six stages ( 1–6 ) , most of which could have multiple types ( a–c ) ( fig .
induced by tbt during the exposure experiment were observed with two types ( a and c ) in stage 1 ; three types ( a , b and c ) in stages 2 and 3 ; and only one type in stages 4 and 5 ( b ) ( fig .
advances continuously from stage 1 that is characterized by a small penis without penis duct behind the right tentacle ( type a ) , and a short proximal vas deferens section beginning at the vaginal opening ( type c ) , to stage 4 that is characterized by a penis with duct and a vas deferens . in contrast to that of lower imposex stages ( 1–4 ) , the vaginal opening of the females at stage 5 was occluded by the proliferating vas deferens tissue ( type b ) .
, whereas no imposex was observed in the control groups . after determining imposex intensity using the mean vdsi , it was shown that the stages of imposex observed ranged from 1 to 4 for the 1 and 50 ng tbt as sn / l , and the vdsi values recorded in females after exposure to these concentrations ranged from 1 . 0 to 1 . 7 and 1 . 0 to 2 . 3 , respectively in all experimental months ( table
) . furthermore , at the 10 , 100 and 500 ng tbt as sn / l , the imposex stages found ranged from 1 to 5 , and the vdsi values recorded in females were in the ranges of 1 . 3–2 . 3 , 1 . 2–2 . 6 and 1 . 2–3 . 0 , respectively ( table
the vas deferens sequence index ( vdsi ) in female b . areolata during the 6 months of exposure to different nominal tbt concentrations
) . comparing the fpl among the treatments , the results clearly showed that in all experimental months , most fpl values recorded for the low and medium tbt concentrations ( 10 , 50 and 100 ng as sn / l ) were below 4 . 00 mm and ranged from 1 . 7 to 3 . 8 , 2 . 7 to 4 . 1 and 2 . 2 to 4 . 1 mm , respectively , whereas the fpl values recorded for the highest concentration ( 500 ng tbt as sn / l ) were in the range of 4 . 22–6 . 05 mm ( table
) and close to those of the mean male penis length ( mpl ) , in which most values were above 4 . 00 mm with the maximum value of 6 . 42 mm ( data not shown ) .
the female penis length ( fpl ) ( mm ) in female b . areolata during the 6 months of exposure to different nominal tbt concentrations
the ovaries of imposex female proceed through various developmental stages of oocytes within each ovarian acinus in a similar way to those of normal females . based on the changes in size and cytoplasmic contents of oocytes , the present study distinguishes five stages of oocyte development in imposex females of b . areolata . although the ultrastructural features of oogenesis in imposex females are generally normal , a notable histopathological disorder is present as documented in the following details :
at the beginning of oogenesis , the primary oogonia ( about 24 . 1 μm in diameter ) divide to form secondary oogonia that enter into their first meiotic division and become primary oocytes ( pre - vitellogenic oocytes ) . at this stage , the oocytes are approximately 50 μm in diameter and are more elongated than the oogonia . early pre - vitellogenic oocytes possess a large , round nucleus ( about 23 μm in diameter ) with scattered heterochromatin and a prominent electron - dense nucleolus . as the oocytes grow larger , the nucleus develops two nucleoli ( fig .