the long-tailed shrike or rufous-backed shrike ( lanius schach ) is a member of the bird family laniidae , the shrikes .

they are found widely distributed across asia and there are variations in plumage across the range .

the species ranges across much of asia , both on the mainland and the eastern archipelagos .

the eastern or himalayan subspecies , l. s. tricolor , is sometimes called the black-headed shrike .

although there are considerable differences in plumage among the subspecies , they all have a long and narrow black tail , have a black mask and forehead , rufous rump and flanks and a small white patch on the shoulder .

it is considered to form a superspecies with the grey-backed shrike ( lanius tephronotus ) which breeds on the tibetan plateau .

long - tailed shrike

protection / menaces / status : long - tailed shrike populations are not threatened .
long - tailed shrike in flight at tanah merah . photo credit : francis yap
the long - tailed shrike with its prey , a black - browed reed warbler .
brown shrike is a small shrike . like its relatives , it is long - tailed , and perches quite upright .
information on the long - tailed shrike is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
flight : long - tailed shrike has an undulating flight , but its dash is straight and steady .
long - tailed shrike or rufous - backed shrike ( lanius schach ) is a member of the bird family laniidae , the shrikes .
range : long - tailed shrike breeds from central asian to chinese pacific coast , southern asia and new guinea .
) . medium - sized shrike with long to very long , graduated tail . nominate race has forehead and . . .
the latest sighting details and map for long - tailed shrike are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .
it is a wonder that birds like this long - tailed shrike was able to adapt and nest successfully in our urban parks and add to its diversity .
the brown shrike , lanius cristatus , is a small passerine bird in the shrike family .
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habitat : long - tailed shrike frequents open areas , lightly wooded countries , scrublands and cultivated fields . it may be found up to 3000 metres in china .
khoo s . y . 2011 . observation on the hunting and feeding behaviour of breeding long - tailed shrikes . birding asia 16 . 71 - 74 .
“i returned to the location a few more times , hoping to catch another glimpse for an update of their status . by late january 2010 , the fenced area that was once home to the long - tailed shrikes had been cleared barren ; the wild shrubs were completely removed . some 500 metres away , in another area with partial grassland , a long - tailed shrike could be seen perching on a bare branch in a small tree . i can’t help but wonder whether this could be one of the long - tailed shrikes that i had observed . ”
diet : long - tailed shrike feeds on wide variety of large insects and small mammals , birds , birds’ eggs , fish , lizards , amphibians , crabs , and any small living animal that can be caught . it may occasionally consume fruits .
note : this account is a continuation of an earlier post on the nesting behaviour of the long - tailed shrike link . as with the earlier account , this post has also been compiled from a paper by khoo siew yoong entitled “observations on the hunting and feeding behaviour of breeding long - tailed shrikes lanius schach ” published in birdingasia 2011 , 16 : 71 - 74 . the author thanks lim kim chye for editing the original draft of the paper .
great study on the long - tailed shrike kwong , and you got some excellent photos to go with it . the close - up of the fledgling is fantastic . the photo with the adult feeding the young , both of them with outstretched wings , is beautiful .
so that the shrike can return to the uneaten portions at a later time .
where several species of shrike exist together , competition for territories can be intense .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto long - tailed shrike is very vocal during pair formation . its song is known as melodious , and the bird is able to perform mimicries . its alarm call is raucous and sharp “guerlek - guerlek” , followed by some barks “yaou - yaou” .
long - tailed shrike is highly territorial , defending nesting - site vigorously . it can be very aggressive towards birds of its own species . during courtship period , male pursues rivals and is very quarrelsome and noisy . they are monogamous . breeding season varies , according to the geographical areas .
on 13th december , i was surprised to see a long - tailed shrike flying back to a bush with a brownish bird in its beak . luckily it perched close enough for me to take these shots and document its smart feeding behavior . the prey was a black - browed warbler , acrocephalus bistrigiceps , a migrant that forages inside the reed beds and sages around the ponds . their confiding and active nature is a defense tactic against predators . but these tactics were no match for the long - tailed shrike . my guess is that it have been observing the behavior of the warbler for some time to be able to catch it . or that the warbler was weak and tired after a long journey . a sad end of a long journey for this migrant from east asia .
“after 5 weeks of observation , i’m elated to catch my first ever glimpse of a long - tailed shrike chick . it emerged on the crown of the nesting tree , partially hidden in the foliage when one of its parents delivered food ( below left ) . one day later , a second chick emerged from the nesting tree while the first is on another tree . despite the unfavourable environment with sporadic human activities , the long - tailed shrikes managed to raise their brood of two fluffy chicks !
magpie shrike , marakele national park , south africa . [ photo trevor hardaker © ]
reproduction : long - tailed shrike’s nest is located in tree or in thorny bush . it may be situated at about 3 to 12 metres above the ground . nest is a bulky , deep cup , made with twigs , roots and stems . it is lined with fine grass and rootlets . nest is built by both adults . female lays 4 to 6 eggs . incubation lasts about 13 to 16 days , by female . young fledge about 14 to 19 days after hatching . they remain in parental territory for one or two months more . long - tailed shrike’s nest is often parasitized by cuckoos .
magpie shrike at its nest , sericea , south africa . [ photo warwick tarboton © ]
is split from great grey shrike on the basis of ( mtdna ) nonmonophyly ( olsson et al . 2010 ) . change english name to more appropriate iberian grey shrike ( hbw ) .
very informative , feels like i am there and observing this firsthand . i have found a baby long tailed brown shrike in the parking lot when the gardeners trimmed the trees sorrounding our building , i am feeding it earthworms i found on the soil , hopefully i will be able to raise him w / o any problems .
the long - tailed shrike is an opportunist feeder . it takes insects like grasshoppers , crickets and beetles , lizards , frogs , small birds and small mammals . it is a fearless hunter , taking most of its prey on the ground . it has a reputation of impaling some of its victims on a sharp spine or broken branch here and here .
it was formerly often considered conspecific ( of , or belonging to , the same species ) with the closely - related red - backed shrike , l . collurio , and isabelline shrike , l . isabellinus .
yosef , r . , international shrike working group & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . long - tailed shrike ( lanius schach ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
shrike flycatchers , philentomas , batises and wattle - eyes . helm identification guide . christopher helm , london .
i found a baby long tail brown shrike when the gardeners trimmed the trees here in the philippines and i am trying to raise it , so far i get earthworms found on the soil and gave it to the starling…hopefully he will live .
my home patch at jurong central park has a good mix of open grasslands , flowering scrubs , matured trees and fresh water marshy ponds . these diverse habitats have attracted a good number of both resident and migrant bird species that adapt well in such habitats . one such permanent resident is the long - tailed shrike , lanius schach , that prefers to hunt in the open for lizards , small birds and mammals .
20 - 21 cm . long - tailed forest shrike . black above with white scapular flash , which may be tinged yellow . pale yellow chin , breast , belly , flanks , vent and undertail - coverts . graduated tail with all black central tail feathers and increasing amount of white on outer web from inner to outer tail feathers . young birds show a vermiculated buff and black plumage ( leventis and olmos 2009 ) .
on another occasion a lizard was caught by a shrike and offered to its mate who swallowed it whole ( left ) .
description : long - tailed shrike has dark grey head and mantle , and chestnut back and rump . wings are blackish with small white primary patches , conspicuous in flight . long tail is black and graduated . outer tail feathers are rufous . undertail is greyish . underparts are whitish , with chestnut breast sides and flanks . head is grey with black mask covering forehead , eyes and ear coverts . strong , hooked bill is blackish . eyes are brown . legs and feet are grey . both sexes are similar . juvenile is duller than adult , with streaked body sides .
references 1 . harris , t . & franklin , k . 2010 . shrikes & bush - shrikes – including wood - shrikes , helmet - shrikes , shrike flycatchers , philentomas , batises and wattle - eyes . helm identification guide . christopher helm , london . 2 . khoo , s . y . , 2011 . observations on the hunting and feeding behaviour of breeding long - tailed shrikes lanius schach . birdingasia 16 : 71 - 74 .
behaviour : most of populations are resident , and only northern birds migrate towards more temperate areas after breeding season . long - tailed shrike is often seen alone . it feeds mainly on insects taken on the ground , but it can hawk preys while flying . it may sometimes pirate other birds in order to steal them their preys . it often impales some preys on a sharp point like a thorn . then , it rips the prey with its bill .
connie khoo siew yoong started monitoring the nesting of the long - tailed shrike ( lanius schach ) in mid - 2007 in a suburban area in ipoh , perak , malaysia ( above ) . this area of overgrown grasses with scattered trees attracted other birds as well – lesser coucal ( centropus bengalensis ) , white - breasted waterhen ( amaurornis phoenicurus ) , etc . the area was regularly cleared , but once the vegetation regenerated , these birds always returned .
earlier this month i noticed a pair of long - tailed shrikes , lanius schach , catching centipedes at an open field at the jurong central gardens . in less than one hour it caught ten of these centipedes . when it flew off to a tree near by , i knew it was bringing back food to feed its young .
the shrike’s attempts at capturing a brown - throated sunbird ( anthreptes malacensis ) and a common tailorbird ( orthotomus sutorius ) were however unsuccessful .
with the warbler’s head hanging from a y branch , the shrike was able to pull the feathers off at ease to get to the flesh .
“i had a rare opportunity and pleasure to observe a nesting of our resident long - tailed shrike ( lanius schach ) around mid - august 2009 ( below left ) . a chance sighting of a pair of the birds collecting nesting material provided this opportunity , which proved too tempting to be missed . for two months , repeated visits were made to observe their development . the observations were done discreetly in order not to cause undue stress to the birds and also to prevent unwanted attention to their nest .
the food is mainly insects and small birds and mammals , caught by a sally from a prominent perch . this is a typical shrike hunting technique .
the long - tailed shrike is rare breeding migrant . it inhabits agricultural land and open areas with trees , often in or near villages ( where also seen on migration ) , on plains and in foothills up to 1000 - 1500 m . arrives late in april to mid of may in singles or pairs . breeds in separate pairs at 100 - 150 m one from another . nest is built in a tree ( apricot , poplar , walnut , false acacia , apple tree , elm ) of thin twigs and dry grass lined with softer grass and hair , at 5 to 10 m from the ground . clutch of 4 - 6 eggs are laid late in may to early june . both parents feed juveniles , who fledge early july to late august . lives exclusively on insects , locust in particular . small birds and reptiles make uncommon prey . long - tailed shrike can often be seen sitting on wires and looking out for insects on the ground . autumn migration occurs late in july to early august , last recorded from mid to end of september .
may be split from chinese grey shrike ( svensson et al . 2009 , olsson et al . 2010 , panov et al . 2011 ) ; await improved resolution of this complex
connie khoo siew yoong , during her observations on long - tailed shrikes nesting in a suburban location in ipoh , perak , malaysia , documented instances of the bird catching scaly - breasted munia ( lonchura punctulata ) ( above right ) , baya weaver ( ploceus phillippinus ) , zitting cisticola ( cisticola juncidis ) , yellow - bellied prinia ( prinia flaviventris ) and house ( pacific ) swallow ( hirundo tahitica ) ( above left ) .
“the curious juveniles learned and picked up skills by observing their parents in the field . this will prepare the juveniles with survival skills before they are departed from their parents , at a later stage , to lead their own independent lives . by week nine , the family of long - tailed shrikes could no longer be seen in the area . they must have moved on to explore for a better habitat in their quest for survival .
the prionopidae and malaconotidae are quite closely related to the laniidae , and were formerly included in the shrike family . the cuckoo - shrikes are not closely related to the true shrikes .
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on the 27 th may 2015 during one of my frequent visits to the desa park city outside kuala lumpur , i came across a long - tailed shrike , lanius schach , picking up leeches and centipedes from the open grass patches by the side of the park . it did not occurred to me that they are nesting nearby until two days later when i saw them bravely chasing away house crows , one of the most aggressive birds around . i found their well hidden nest 5 metres up the edges by the side of the park . even the asian koels and a crested goshawk received the same treatment when they got too close to the nest .
in winter , brown shrike is found in secondary forest , often close to human habitation . this species is a rare vagrant to europe , and has been recorded in nova scotia , canada .
are darkish brown . the face is white with the typical shrike black
bandit - mask
through the eye . underparts are yellowish buff , although the hues vary somewhat between the different races .
“after the chicks fledged , this family of shrikes relocated to a nearby area that was wild with overgrown bushes , probably the preferred habitat for the long - tailed shrikes . this area was fenced up and a little further away from the weekend human activities . thus , it was a safer habitat , and the fence was providing additional protection . the fledglings would stay in the shrubs or in the foliage of the trees lining along the road while waiting for food to be delivered ( above ) .
the long - tailed shrike breeds in southern kazakhstan , in north to dzhulek settlement in syrdarya ( possibly to kzyl - orda ) ; chulak - espe ; taraz ; and in tien shan foothills eastward to almaty , where appeared in 1955 . it is regarded as breeding bird to kazalinsk . at suzak obtained july 19 1935 . in recent decades it colonised ile delta ( from 1982 ) and near alakol lake ( 1993 ) ; breeding birds recorded in 1999 at karabuta village . wandering birds have been recorded in kurgaldzhino reserve ( where female shot in may 31 1987 at karazhar village ) , on northern ustyurt ( at beyneu station august 12 1989 ) , and in naurzum reserve ( may 26 2000 ) . june 14 , 2016 observed in victory park ( atyrau ) by ilkka sahi ( finland ) .
they inhabit open habitats , especially steppe and savannah . a few species of shrike are forest dwellers , seldom occurring in open habitats . some species breed in northern latitudes during the summer , then migrate to warmer climes for the winter .
so much details , especially the species of birds that the shrike preyed on . can tell that connie is a very dedicated birder – must have spent much time and effort for the observations . thanks for the detailed observations as well as pictures .
mostly arthropods by number , but small mammals and birds , rarely reptiles , make up the bulk of the northern shrike ' s diet . especially in winter , it is a determined pursuer of small birds and mammals ( cade and atkinson 2002 ) .
identification : adults show variable amount of rich rufous on flanks and vent , have a thick black eyestripe , no supercilium ( differentiating them from brown shrike ) , white throat , slaty grey crown and mantle and black bill , wings and tail . juveniles are duller .
cade , t . j . , and e . c . atkinson . 2002 . northern shrike ( lanius excubitor ) . in the birds of north america , no . 671 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia and american ornithologists’ union .
recounted connie , “normally the shrikes would not come down from the nest to catch the scaly - breasted munias nesting nearby . but they would occasionally fly down to intimidate them . ” according to d . r . wells ( pers . comm . ) , not hunting close to the nest is a fairly well - known predator behaviour of the shrike .
“when first observed , the fledglings’ tails were barely visible ( above left ) . three weeks after the chicks fledged , the feathers on the juveniles had developed and their tails were now almost as long as the adults’ . they continued begging for food when the adults were around . however , they could now fly ( above right ) a longer distance and could be seen in open grassland with the adults ( below right ) .
distribution of magpie shrike in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
the nest was cup - shaped , bulky and loosely constructed at less than 5 m up the tree . bamboo leaves , dried long grass , twigs , bits of plastic string and bag and other man - made materials were used . on 2nd july the female was seen incubating the eggs ( above ) . at shift change the male flew in quietly just after the female flew out . the eggs probably hatched on 16th july , after 14 days of incubation . this compares well with the 13 - 16 days reported by harris & franklin ( 2000 ) .
what happened next showed the intelligence of the shrike . it selected a y branch and carried the dead warbler over before hanging it’s head on the fork . with the carcass secured , it then started pulling out its feathers . using it sharp hooked beak it then tore into the flesh of the warbler before eating it . this is surely one of the smartest predators around . there were other documentations showing them impaling their live prey on to the thorns and spikes of trees and then tearing the flesh off .
lanius schach is the largest and lives in china . we can find subspecies living in other places and showing different colours . lanius schach erythronotus lives in central asia and the indian subcontinent . it is smaller and duller , and with narrower black band on forehead . lanius schach caniceps lives in southern india and sri lanka . it is paler with less rufous above . lanius schach tricolor from himalayan regions has black head , smaller greyish area on back and deep rufous upperparts . lanius schach longicaudatus lives in thailand and has very long tail . in some areas , lanius schach has a melanistic form named lanius schach fuscatus .
“as the nest was hidden from view , the eggs and chicks could not be observed . from the 2nd week of observation , the eggs must have hatched as both parents could be seen frantically delivering food to the nest . the parents’ cautious behaviour when returning to the nest affirmed the presence of chicks . on most occasions , the returning shrike would perch on a nearby tree , observing the surroundings before flying to the nest . on other occasions , the shrike would make a detour ; flying away from the nesting tree before returning , usually via another route . this could probably be a distracting tactic used to lure predators away from the nest . there was one episode of a white - throated kingfisher ( halcyon smyrnensis ) being chased away by one of the shrikes . sometimes , however , the shrikes would fly directly from the open grassland to the nest . the food delivery consisted of mostly crickets . grasshoppers ( above left ) , spiders ( above centre ) , caterpillars and other insects were also part of the menu . disposal of faecal sacs on the crown of another tree further confirmed the existence of chicks ( above right ) .
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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common to uncommon ( harris and franklin 2 , 000 ) , while national population sizes have been estimated at c . 10 , 000 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs and c . 1 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals on migration in china and c . 100 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs in taiwan ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the trend direction for this population is difficult to determine owing to evidence of both regional increases and decreases , perhaps caused by climatic changes and habitat destruction ( harris and franklin 2000 ) .
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any of various plants having pale flowers with dark centres , esp . t . . .
formerly treated as conspecific with l . tephronotus . races of present species form five groups , based mainly on size , tail length and plumage # r . new guinea form stresemanni , appearing fairly distinct in plumage and morphology and geographically remote from others , merits taxonomic study # r . mainland races tend to intergrade ; intermediates between erythronotus and tricolor sometimes referred to as “ nigriceps ” , a name better applied to a “swarm of intergrades” in nc india # r . form kathiawarensis ( s gujarat , in w india ) # r differs little from caniceps and here included within it . other proposed races are formosae ( taiwan ) and hainanus ( hainan ) , both inseparable from nominate , and jaxartensis ( c asian plains ) , not fully separable from erythronotus ; name fuscatus , given to melanistic birds from se china and hainan , has no taxonomic significance . nine subspecies currently recognized .
– c , s & se china ( including hainan ) , taiwan and n vietnam ( tonkin and annam ) .
– nepal and e india e to myanmar , s china ( s xizang , yunnan ) , n laos and n thailand .
ogilvie - grant , 1902 – c , se & s thailand and s laos , possibly also s myanmar ( tenasserim ) .
( mearns , 1905 ) – sulu archipelago ( jolo ) , in s philippines .
mertens , 1923 – e new guinea ( huon peninsula and adjacent hinterland , s slopes of mountains in se ) .
calls harsh , squealing or yapping , described as “scha - scha - scha - schi , schi , schi” and . . .
open country with scrub , light woodland and bushes , mainly in cultivated areas , also steppe and . . .
very opportunistic . wide variety of insects , with preference mostly for larger species and groups , e . g . grasshoppers and crickets ( . . .
laying from end mar to jul , mainly from apr / may , in n & c parts of range ; in s laying recorded in feb , jun–sept and dec in malay . . .
resident , partially migratory and migratory ; some altitudinal movement also occurs . non - breeding . . .
not globally threatened . locally common to uncommon ; rare in extreme nw of range , and possibly extinct in e . g . tajikistan . has large global range , with extent of occurrence . . .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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josep del hoyo , pieter de groot boersma , éric roualet , jeremiusz trzaska , mkennewell , desmond allen , guusvanduin , philip griffin , lucio ' luc ' fazio , daniêl jimenez , ram gopal soni , keith and lynn youngs , stefan behrens , gerarddejong , alok tewari , nick talbot , jean hupperetz , anna motis , keith blomerley , wim ten have , john gregory , djop tabaranza , yoël jimenez , jmperezdeana .
josep del hoyo , ram gopal soni , nick talbot , stuart fisher , éric roualet .
calling from 2 - 3m off the ground from a tree perch . sex not determined . urban park setting ( sengkang riverside park ) near to main road and residential area . individual continued vocalizing for at least 2 - 3 minutes , longer than recorded . rose - ringed parakeet flight call at 18 - 21s ( overlap ) .
mimicing greenshank , swallow , little tern , white - vented myna . . . etc .
id certainty 60 % . species was present , but call sounds quite high - pitched .
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classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : lanius schach . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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it was only on 2 nd june that i saw the parents feeding the chicks very frequently with insects and lots of centipedes . i decided not to draw too much attention to them during this crucial period . when i returned on the 18 th june , the two chicks were very active . to my surprise , they both fledged in the afternoon and were seen resting just outside the nest . i could not believe on the timing .
in the next few days the fledglings were exploring the area near the nest perching on the nearby trees . the feeding continued and i was able to record their diet . they included dragonflies , butterflies , moths , grasshoppers and plenty of centipedes . in fact in a two hour morning , they ate a total of 27 centipedes . i managed to pick up a dead left over centipede on one occasion and found that their sting was still intact , which means that the chicks swallow the centipede alive . the house crows were still around but did not attack the fledglings partly because the parents were keeping watch close by .
i am glad to report that the two fledglings were happily flying around on the 24 th june , almost a month after i first saw the parents picking up the centipedes . this pair had successfully brought up another new generation of shrikes to grace our parks and gardens .
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the nest was inside a 3 meter tree next to a main walkway used frequently by pedestrians . but no one seem to noticed it as it was well hidden inside and camouflaged . i noticed two chicks with feathers in it .
the parents were skittish and watchful . i can see that they feel harassed whenever someone comes close to their nest . i decided to stay a good distance away in order to document their nesting .
centipedes were the main food for the chicks . but bugs and beetles were also given .
their main diet were centipedes , supplement by bugs and beetles . an earlier report by connie khoo also mentioned that centipedes were the chick’s main diet as well . once i saw the parent catching a lizard and smashing it on the ground before bringing back to the nest .
like all parents , they still feed the juveniles while teaching them how to look for food themselves .
both chicks successfully fledged two days later . when i visited the site early this week , i was happy to see both chicks were fully grown and flying around by themselves . one of them were seen trying to pick up food for itself though the parents were still seen feeding them , mostly on the trees and occasionally on the ground .
les oiseaux de thailande par roland eve et anne - marie guigue - times editions - isbn : 9812042008 the handbook of bird identification for europe and the western palearctic by mark beaman , steve madge - c . helm - isbn : 0713639601
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description . it distinguished from east himalayan subspecies tricolor by the absence of black or blackish color on the crown , nape and on the fore - back ; and by lighter tone of rusty color on the rear - back .
птицы казахстана
том 3 .
наука
. алма - ата , 1970 . gavrilov e . i . , gavrilov a . e .
the birds of kazakhstan
. almaty , 2005 . э . и . гаврилов .
фауна и распространение птиц казахстана
. алматы , 1999 .
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study skin of a small sized bird with triangular beak , with body and tail straight and wings folded back against the body .
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it is one of the most important tiger reserves of central india . closed . . .
it is one of the most important tiger reserves of central india . closed wednesday afternoon for visitors
this is a park that is visited less and for that reason alone it is so much better . the world seems to be off to ranthambore - kanha - corbett but this smaller park will have you wanting more . enough game inside and lovely landscapes from cliffs to the river . a birder ' s paradise as well . spend 2 or 3 days . . .
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all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .
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© 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15
ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
. treat as monotypic . cramp & perrins , 1993 ; lefranc & worfolk , 1997
( olsson et al . 2010 , johnsen et al . 2010 , h & m4 , nacc 2017 - b - 8 )
) ( svensson et al . 2009 , olsson et al . 2010 ) .
( king 1997 , hernández et al . 2004 , panov 2011 ) but not by hbw , clements , or h & m4
e mongolia , se russia , ne china and n and c korean pen .
af : namibia , sw angola east to s mozambique and s south africa . also ne , c , sw tanzania and n malawi
sw to se mexico ( jalisco and colima to morelos , wc veracruz and c oaxaca ) .
) is a proposed split from bell ' s vireo ( klicka et al . 2016
( blyth ' s s - b ) is unknown . sound evidence points to certain overlap .
range : found from central asia , western and northeastern indian subcontinent , southern and eastern china , taiwan to southeast asia .
habitat : parks , grasslands and other open habitats with posts and fence - lines as look - out perches .
behaviour / ecology : feeds on insects , lizards , small birds and mammals .
location : suitable habitats like lorong halus , punggol barat , neo tiew lane 2 , tuas south , tanah merah and changi business park .
it has three separate populations - one in kenya and tanzania , another in malawi and northern mozambique and the largest one from angola and zambia to southern africa . here it locally common in zimbabwe , botswana , north - eastern namibia , limpopo province , gauteng and north - west province . it favours open savanna woodland with short grass clumps and bare ground , also occurring in broad - leaved woodland and disturbed areas with acacia tree stands , such as in suburban gardens and town parks .
it mainly eats insects , using a variety of foraging techniques . it often perches in a prominent position , searching for a food item . once it spots something it dives to the ground and catches it . it also gleans prey from leaves and branches , and sometimes searches for them at ground level . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
a facultative cooperative breeder , meaning that the breeding pair or assisted by 1 - 3 helpers who are usually juveniles from the previous brood .
nest construction is handled by both sexes - group members have never been observed assisting them . it basically consists of an untidy cup made of twigs , grass stems and roots , typically placed in the upper branches of an acacia tree .
it lays 2 - 6 eggs , which are incubated solely by the female for about 16 days , the male and group members providing her with food .
the chicks are cared for both parents and group members , leaving the nest after about 15 - 19 days . as it usually lays two clutches per breeding season the fledglings help to rear the next brood .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
gascoigne , a . , maia , h . , olmos , f . , tavares , j . , d ' assis lima , s . & de lima , r .
bird , j . , calvert , r . , ekstrom , j . , peet , n . , shutes , s . , starkey , m . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , wright , l , ashpole , j & westrip , j .
this species qualifies as critically endangered because it is believed to have a very small population with all individuals found in one very small area of primary forest which , although it is not threatened , remains unprotected and might be vulnerable to alteration in the future . it is unclear whether introduced predators are impacting its population .
. since 1994 , there have been regular records from the xufexufe catchment ( christy and clarke 1998 ) , a record of two birds from valverde in the valley of the rio ió grande in the centre of the island ( s . d ' assis lima
in the south - east and a single bird south of formoso pequeno , in the bombaím area . surveys in 2007 and since have recorded birds at ribeira peixe and ana chaves ( f . olmos
. 2010 ) , and the species was recorded at estação sousa ( at c . 1 , 400 m ) in 2008 ( maia and alberto 2009 , leventis and olmos 2009 ) . its population is unknown , but is likely to be tiny given the limited area of suitable habitat . a number of recent sightings have expanded its known range , hence the population may be greater than previously thought ( a . gascoigne
) . anecdotal reports suggest that it has declined in some areas as human disturbance increased ( f . olmos
a number of recent sightings have expanded its known range , hence the population may be greater than previously thought ( a . gascoigne
) . it is therefore possible that its population numbers more than 50 mature individuals , and so is tentatively placed in the range of 50 - 249 mature individuals .
the population is suspected to be declining as a result of ongoing habitat degradation , and possibly also the impacts of introduced predators .
and along watercourses , so the species may have a linear or patchy distribution ( olmos and turshak 2007 , olmos and turshak 2010 ) . its apparent association with watercourses may indicate a preference for open areas in forest , such as gullies and riversides ( olmos and turshak 2010 ) . the breeding season is unknown but may be early in the year , prior to the dry season ( f . olmos
historically , large areas of lowland and mid - altitude forest were cleared for cocoa and coffee plantations . today , land privatisation is leading to an increase in the number of small farms and the clearance of trees . this does not currently affect primary forest but may be a threat in the future . suitable habitat , including that in protected areas , is affected by disturbance through hunting and palm - wine harvesting activities ( olmos and turshak 2010 )
. birds may have declined in the bombaim area as disturbance has increased owing to people harvesting for palm - wine ( f . olmos
. agricultural encroachment in the more accessible areas of obô natural park , such as bom sucesso , was evident in 2008 , and hunting and palm - wine harvesting were widespread , with shelters constructed inside the park ( olmos and turshak 2010 ) .


transtillaspis costipuncta is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in tungurahua province , ecuador .

the wingspan is about 19.5 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is cream , tinged with brownish .

the ground colour is paler in the basal third of the wing and more ochreous in the terminal part .

the hindwings are cream brown , but paler towards the base .

transtillaspis costipuncta

costipuncta razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 140 . tl : ecuador , prov . tungurahua , el tablon . holotype : mzuj . female .
transtillaspis multisetae razowski & pelz , 2003 : nf 24 ( 4 ) : 197 . xoser
hedychnium razowski , 1991 ( transtillaspis ) , shilap revta . lepid . 19 : 139 . tl : venezuela , timotes . holotype : umb . male .
anxia razowski & brown , 2004 ( transtillaspis ) , shilap revta . lepid . 32 : 330 . tl : colombia , bogota , chico . holotype : usnm . female .
chiribogana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , genus 19 : 520 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , chiriboga , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
calderana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , genus 19 : 520 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , crater pululahua , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
cherada razowski & becker , 2001 ( transtillaspis ) , polskie pismo ent . 70 : 111 . tl : brazil , paran , morro de meio . holotype : mnrj . male .
longisetae razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , genus 19 : 524 . tl : ecuador , province bolivar , balzapamba - guaranda old road . holotype : mzuj . male .
pichinchana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , genus 19 : 522 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , crater pululahua , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
quatrocornuta razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , genus 19 : 523 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , crater pululahua , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
saragurana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 13 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . male .
tucumana razowski & brown , 2004 ( transtillaspis ) , shilap revta . lepid . 32 : 329 . tl : argentina , tucuman , ciudad universitaria . holotype : usnm . male .
zonion razowski & becker , 2001 ( transtillaspis ) , polskie pismo ent . 70 : 111 . tl : brazil , ro de janeiro , terespolis . holotype : mnrj . male .
atimeta razowski , 1997 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 40 : 91 tl : peru , dept . puno , 5 km e limbani . holotype : zmuc . male .
multicornuta razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , genus 19 : 521 tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
argentilinea razowski & becker , 2002 ( transtillaspis ) , shilap revta . lepid . 30 : 317 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , indanza . holotype : vbc . male .
golondrinana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , genus 19 : 522 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
hepaticolorana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , genus 19 : 519 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
atheles razowski & wojtusiak , 2011 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 54b : 106 . tl : colombia , western cordillera , tambito forest res . . holotype : mzuj . male .
chilesana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , genus 19 : 521 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , volcan chiles massive , res . forest golondrinas . holotype : mzuj . male .
cinifera razowski & brown , 2004 ( transtillaspis ) , shilap revta . lepid . 32 : 329 . tl : venezuela , merida , 4 km s santo domingo . holotype : usnm . female .
crepera razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 72 . tl : ecuador , napo province , 12 km sse cosanga . holotype : smfl . male .
empheria razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 74 . tl : ecuador , napo province , 10 km sse cosanga . holotype : smfl . male .
galbana razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 73 . tl : ecuador , napo province , 10 km sse cosanga . holotype : smfl . male .
plagifascia razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 66 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , 15 km n ambato . holotype : smfl . male .
papallactana razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 140 . tl : ecuador , prov . napo , papallacta , las termas . holotype : mzuj . male .
parallela razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 97 . tl : peru , prov . cusco , cordillera vilcanota , marcapata . holotype : mzuj . male .
cornutipea razowski , 1997 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 40 : 90 tl : peru , dept . hunaco , 25 km ne hunaco , cordillera carpish pattytrail . holotype : zmuc . male .
cosangana razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 139 . tl : ecuador , prov . napo , cosanga , res . yanayacu . holotype : mzuj . male .
cothurnata razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 71 . tl : ecuador , napo province , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .
lypra razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 68 . tl : ecuador , napo province , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .
mindoana razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 76 . tl : ecuador , pichincha province , 7 km nw mindo , sachatamia . holotype : smfl . male .
nedyma razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 74 . tl : ecuador , napo province , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .
neelys razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 70 . tl : ecuador , napo province , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .
parummaculatum razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 75 . tl : ecuador , napo province , 15 km se cosanga , cocodrilo . holotype : smfl . male .
baea razowski , 1987 ( transtillaspis ) , bull . acad . pol . sci . sr . sci . biol 35 : 79 . tl : colombia , narino , volcn galeras . holotype : usnm . male .
bascanion razowski , 1987 ( transtillaspis ) , bull . acad . pol . sci . sr . sci . biol 35 : 75 . tl : peru , cuzco , machu picchu . holotype : usnm . male .
bebela razowski , 1987 ( transtillaspis ) , bull . acad . pol . sci . sr . sci . biol . 35 : 82 . tl : colombia , bogot , chico . holotype : usnm . male .
brachistocera razowski , 1987 ( transtillaspis ) , bull . acad . pol . sci . sr . sci . biol . 35 : 81 . tl : colombia , bogot , chico . holotype : usnm . male .
brandinojuxta razowski , 1987 ( transtillaspis ) , bull . acad . pol . sci . sr . sci . biol . 35 : 77 . tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca . holotype : usnm . male .
curiosissima razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 15 . tl : ecuador , province loja , via saraguro - loja , zenen alto . holotype : mzuj . male .
emblema razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 69 . tl : ecuador , napo province , 5 km w papallacta , laguna papallacta . holotype : smfl . male .
rioverdensis razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 75 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , 17 km e baos , rio verde . holotype : smfl . male .
setata razowski & wojtusiak , 2013 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 56 : 15 . tl : venezuela , estadio zulia , sierra de perija , villa de rosario . holotype : mzuj . male .
tungurahuana razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 76 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , 17 km e baos , rio verde . holotype : smfl . male .
zenenaltana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 14 . tl : ecuador , province loja , via saraguro - loja , zenen alto . holotype : mzuj . male .
batoidea razowski , 1987 ( transtillaspis ) , bull . acad . pol . sci . sr . sci . biol . 35 : 75 . tl : peru , cuzco , machu picchu . holotype : usnm . male .
blechra razowski , 1987 ( transtillaspis ) , bull . acad . pol . sci . sr . sci . biol . 35 : 79 . tl : colombia , narino , volcn galeras . holotype : usnm . male .
dromadaria razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 15 . tl : ecuador , province loja , sozoranga - utuana , res . el tundo . holotype : mzuj . male .
juxtarmata razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 97 . tl : peru , dept . huanuco , via huanuco - tingo maria , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .
monoloba razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 98 . tl : peru , dept . huanuco , via huanuco - tingo maria , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .
sequax razowski & wojtusiak , 2013 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 56 : 15 . tl : ecuador , dept . huatusco , via morona - santiago , gualaceo lemon . holotype : mzuj . male .
zamorana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 14 . tl : ecuador , province loja , sozoranga - utuana , res . el tundo . holotype : mzuj . male .
stiphra razowski & wojtusiak , 2013 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 56 : 16 . tl : peru , dept . pasco , osacampa , el cedro , yanachaga - chemillen . holotype : mzuj . male .
scyruncus razowski & wojtusiak , 2013 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 56 : 14 . tl : ecuador , prov . morona - santiago , np sangay , via guamota - macas . holotype : mzuj . male .
cholojuxta razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 96 . tl : peru , dept . pasco , oxapampa , el cedro , yanachaga - chemillen n . p . . holotype : mzuj . male .
obvoluta razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 97 . tl : peru , dept . pasco , oxapampa , el cedro , yanachaga - chemillen n . p . . holotype : mzuj . female .
armifera razowski & wojtusiak , 2006 ( transtillaspis ) , shilap revta . lepid . 34 : 47 . tl : venezuela , stan tachira , p . n . batalln , pramo el rosal , via san jos de bolvar . holotype : mzuj . male .
cracens razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 68 . tl : ecuador , loja province , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger stn . . holotype : smfl . male .
ependyma razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 72 . tl : ecuador , loja province , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger stn . . holotype : smfl . male .
juxtonca razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 69 . tl : ecuador , loja province , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger stn . . holotype : smfl . male .
mecosacculus razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 73 . tl : ecuador , loja province , 10 km se loja , p . n . podocarpus , cajanuma ranger stn . . holotype : smfl . male .
alluncus razowski & pelz , 2005 ( transtillaspis ) , acta zool . cracov . 48b : 67 . tl : ecuador , zamora - chinchipe province , 22 km e loja , p . n . podocarpus , san francisco ranger stn . . holotype : smfl . male .
luiscarlosi razowski & pelz , 2003 ( transtillaspis ) , nachrbl . ent . ver . apollo ( n . f . ) 24 : 198 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proao > inapula , crea - domono . holotype : vpc . male .
monoseta razowski & pelz , 2003 ( transtillaspis ) , nachrbl . ent . ver . apollo ( n . f . ) 24 : 197 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proao > inapula , crea - domono . holotype : vpc . male .
multisetae razowski & pelz , 2003 ( transtillaspis ) , nachrbl . ent . ver . apollo ( n . f . ) 24 : 197 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proao > inapula , crea - domono . holotype : vpc . male .
irrorata razowski & pelz , 2003 ( transtillaspis ) , nachrbl . ent . ver . apollo ( n . f . ) 24 : 198 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proao > alshi , 5 km so alshi . holotype : vpc . male .
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tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the mountains of ecuador and remar . . . : ingenta connect
tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the mountains of ecuador and remarks on their geographical distribution . part iv : eastern cordillera
acta zoologica cracoviensia for several years was published as two series : a–vertebrata , and b–invertebrata . from 2012 on it is continued under its former title– without separate series . the journal includes original contributions on systematics , phylogeny , biogeography , ecology and paleontology of terrestrial and fresh - water animals worldwide . all papers are subject to peer reviews . click here to see current issues of this journal .
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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word cothurnata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word cothurnata and , of course , cothurnata synonyms and on the right images related to the word cothurnata .
is a moth in the c * * * * utidae family . it was
this is the place for cothurnata definition . you find here cothurnata meaning , synonyms of cothurnata and images for cothurnata copyright 2017 © urltoken


rapdalus albicolor is a moth in the cossidae family .

it was described by yakovlev in 2006 .

it is found in the philippines ( palawan , luzon ) .

the length of the forewings is 16 – 22 mm .

the forewings are yellowish-white , with dark spots .

the hindwings are white with small dark strokes between the veins .

rapdalus albicolor

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this is a list of tequilas , including some of the many brands of tequila , both current and former . the year production first began is given when known . the consejo regulador del tequila ( tequila regulatory council ) reported 1377 registered domestically bottled brands from 150 producers as of november 2013 . 285 additional brands from 34 producers are bottled internationally . urltoken please support this channel and help me upload more videos . become one of my patreons at urltoken
home address : ul . chkalova , 57 - 81 , barnaul 656049 , russia e - email : cossus _ cossus @ urltoken i was born 30 . 11 . 1974 in barnaul , altaiskij krai , russia in 1974 in a family of medical doctors . since my childhood myinterest has been orientated to animals , especially insecta . i attended primary and secondary school in barnaul and graduated in 1996 at the altai state medical university , studying child psychiatry and neurophysiology . during my studies at university i took part in a great number of expeditions to altai , sayan mountains , kazakhstan andrussian far east . after my degree in medicine , i worked as a child neurophysiologist and as a volunteer of the altai state university ( zoological museum )
abb . 2 . i in the central peru ( janin prov . , shima village , jan . 2001 )
abb . 3 . complex entomology - botany expedition : prof . v . anikin ( coleophoridae ) , dr . d . belkin ( botanist ) , dr . r . yakovlev ( diurna , cossidae ) , dr . elena guskova ( chrysomelidae ) , alexander shalimov ( botanist ) in the russian altai ( kosh - agach distr . , near kuray village ) .
abb . 4 . sw mongolia , dzhungarien gobi , uvkhod - ula mts . , july 2007
abb . 5 . in the tamarix jungle ( s . mongolia , near alag - nuur lake , july 2007 ) .
abb . 7 . yak flies as butterfly ( russia , altai , ukok plateau ) .
abb . 8 . russia , altai , ukok plateau ( border of 4 countries : russia , kazakhstan , china and mongolia ) .
more than 50 new species for fauna of russia and mongolia4 new genera and 7 new species of cossidae , 7 new species and 21 new subspecies of diurna , 1 new species of notodontidae . publication ( as coauthor ) of 2 faunistic monographs about lepidopterofauna of altai - sayan mountains and mongolia .
3 . lakshmia hauensteini yakovlev , 2004 ( north thailand , prov . chiang mai , 450 m , mok fa garden resort , 98âş48â€™ e ; 19âş06â€™ n )
12 . cossus siniaevi yakovlev , 2004 ( china , shaanxi prov , tai bai shan mts . , tsiling mts . , houzhenzi )
19 . paracossus khmer yakovlev , 2004 ( s cambodia , sre klong env . , kirirom )
20 . paracossus microgenitalis yakovlev , 2004 ( s borneo , sabah prov . , trus madi bei , apin apin )
23 . garuda galina yakovlev , 2004 ( china , yunnan prov . ( ne ) , jinsha river , tiger leping gorge )
25 . butaya gracilis yakovlev , 2004 ( china , w yunnan prov . xishuangbanna dai auton . pref . , puwen , 30 km ssw of simao )
26 . trismelasmos robinson yakovlev , 2004 ( philippines , leyte ( s ) , mt . balocaue )
27 . panau borealis yakovlev , 2004 ( china , w - yunnan prov . , xishuangbanna dai auton . pref . , puwen , 30 km ssw simao )
29 . catopta perunovi yakovlev , 2007 ( russia , altai rep . , near ongudai )
30 . catopta saldaitisi yakovlev , 2007 ( s . mongolia , omnogovi aimak , govi altay mts . , gurvan sayhan )
37 . semagystia kamelini yakovlev , 2004 ( s altai , narym mts . )
71 . paracossus rama yakovlev , sp . n . ( tl : n . thailand )
75 . sundacossus gauguini yakovlev , 2008 ( tl : indonesia , sumba isl . )
86 . luzoniella meyi yakovlev sp . n . ( tl : the philippines , luzon )
94 . phragmataecia pacifica yakovlev , 2007 ( tl : russia , dagestan , 5 km e . urma )
96 . stygia nilssoni saldaitis et yakovlev , 2008 ( tl : canary isl . )
4 . cossus cossus dauricus yakovlev , 2007 ( russ . transbaicalien , tschita geb . , nizhnij tsasutchej )
27 . colias mongola ukokana korb et yakovlev , 1999 ( se altai ) = ? c . mongola mongola
5 . meharia yakovlevi saldaitis et ivinskis , 2009 ( sokotra isl . ) ( lepidoptera , cossidae )
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the zeuzerinae are a subfamily of the cossidae family ( carpenter or goat moths ) .
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