the sulawesi streaked flycatcher ( muscicapa sodhii ) is a small passerine bird in the old world flycatcher family .

it has only been recorded in sulawesi , where it is known to breed .

it appears not to be endangered , being less sensitive to disturbance than many of southeast asia 's forest-dependent birds .

the species was first announced in 1999 but no formal description was included in the report .

its latin name , muscicapa sodhii , was given in honor of navjot sodhi ( 1962-2011 ) , an indian ornithologist and conservationist .

the sulawesi streaked flycatcher looks similar to the grey-streaked flycatcher , which lives part of the year in sulawesi , but breeds in northern asia .

genetically , it is more closely related to the thai population of asian brown flycatcher m. dauurica siamensis .

sulawesi streaked flycatcher

select an image : 1 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher 2 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher 3 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher 4 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher 5 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher 6 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher 7 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher 8 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher > > adult with prey 9 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher > > adult with prey 10 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher > > adult with prey 11 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher > > adult 12 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher > > adult 13 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher > > fledgling 14 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher > > fledgling 15 . sulawesi streaked flycatcher
this is a recording of the song of the sulawesi streaked flycatcher ( muscicapa sodhii ) .
muscicapa sodhii ( sp . nov . ; sulawesi streaked flycatcher ; upper left . . . | download scientific diagram
muscicapa sodhii ( sp . nov . ; sulawesi streaked flycatcher ; upper left and center ) in comparison to m . dauurica williamsoni ( asian brown [ brown - streaked ] flycatcher ; upper right ) , m . s . sibirica ( dark - sided flycatcher ; lower right ) , and m . griseisticta ( gray - streaked flycatcher ; lower left ) .
a new species of muscicapa flycatcher from sulawesi , indonesia . - pubmed - ncbi
figure 1 . muscicapa sodhii ( sp . nov . ; sulawesi streaked flycatcher ; upper left and center ) in comparison to m . dauurica williamsoni ( asian brown [ brown - streaked ] flycatcher ; upper right ) , m . s . sibirica ( dark - sided flycatcher ; lower right ) , and m . griseisticta ( gray - streaked flycatcher ; lower left ) . original painting by teo nam siang .
map of sulawesi showing records of the new species of muscicapa flycatcher and the type locality .
the newly named bird , which is characterized by its short wings and mottled throat looks similar to the migratory gray - streaked flycatcher , which spends the winters in sulawesi , but closer examination reveals the two birds have distinctly different characteristics . its dna also shows that it is remotely related to the gray - streaked flycatcher and has the closest resemblance to the asian brown flycatcher ( m . dauurica siamensis ) in thailand .
it took several years before the sulawesi streaked flycatcher ( muscicapa sodhii ) finally got its name and this has something to do with scientists having to verify whether or not the bird is a new species .
the new species of bird does not need pristine rainforests to survive but it depends on the tall trees in the forest . at the moment , the sulawesi streaked flycatcher is not in danger of extinction but the researchers said that this may change if agriculture builds up in the region .
speckled throat grades into profusely streaked breast , which grades into more uniform brown breast sides and flanks , and less profusely streaked belly , especially center of belly . flanks browner , less distinctly streaked than belly sides , and center of lower belly unmarked white . ground color of entire underparts white . vent unmarked white . feathers of lower tibia white .
c . 12–14 cm ; 12–12·5 g . small , drab grey - brown flycatcher with an indistinct face pattern ( no obvious eyering or marked lores ) , strongly dusky - streaked off - white underparts , . . .
the bird was first seen in a forest in sulawesi , an island in indonesia , in 1997 but it was initially believed to be the migratory species gray - streaked flycatchers , or muscicapa griseisticta .
a full examination of the bird ' s measurements , genetics , plumage and sound revealed that , compared with similar flycatchers , the bird has shorter wings , a more strongly hooked bill and a shorter tail . its plumage also is distinct , as the bird has a plainer face and streaked throat . the new species ' dna shows that it is only distantly related to the gray - streaked flycatcher , and it most closely resembles the thailand population of the asian brown flycatcher ( m . dauurica siamensis ) .
gregory p , maher p ( 2000 ) sulawesi birding trip report . available :
) from the togian islands , sulawesi , indonesia . wilson j orn 120 : 1–9 .
new monotypic species endemic to sulawesi , indonesia . described in harris jbc , rasmussen pc , yong dl , prawiradilaga dm , putra dd , et al . ( 2014 ) a new species of muscicapa flycatcher from sulawesi , indonesia . plos one 9 ( 11 ) : e112657 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0112657
farrow d , robson c ( 2009 ) sulawesi and halmahera . birdquest trip report . available :
hutchinson r ( 2009 ) sulawesi and halmahera , 27 september to 16 october 2009 . available :
hutchinson r ( 2011 ) sulawesi and halmahera , 25 september to 16 october 2011 . available :
kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . sulawesi streaked flycatcher ( muscicapa sodhii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the newly named sulawesi streaked flycatcher ( muscicapa sodhii ) , distinguished by its mottled throat and short wings , was found in the forested lowlands of sulawesi where it had last been observed . the researchers report in plos one that the new species is markedly different from other flycatchers in its plumage ( feathers ) , body structure , song and genetics , proving that it is a new species . because the bird has survived in a region heavily degraded by cacao plantations , the species is not currently at risk of extinction .
citation : harris jbc , rasmussen pc , yong dl , prawiradilaga dm , putra dd , round pd , et al . ( 2014 ) a new species of muscicapa flycatcher from sulawesi , indonesia . plos one 9 ( 11 ) : e112657 . urltoken
the new species found by harris and his collaborators has awaited formal scientific description since 1997 , when the bird was originally spotted in a patchy remnant of forest . at the time , the sulawesi birds were thought to be migratory gray - streaked flycatchers ( muscicapa griseisticta ) .
hawk owl from the highlands of central sulawesi , indonesia ? bull br orn club 131 : 94–102 .
luijendijk tjc ( 1997 ) bird observations in sulawesi & halmahera in july / august 1997 . available :
de boer m ( 2004 ) birdwatching trip report from sulawesi and halmahera , 2–26 august 2004 . available :
indonesia : sulawesi tengah ; palolo district , baku bakulu ( - 1 . 1142 , 119 . 992 )
muscicapa sodhii is superficially similar to the highly migratory , boreal - breeding gray - streaked flycatcher muscicapa griseisticta , which winters in sulawesi ; however , the new species differs strongly from m . griseisticta in several morphological characters , song , and mtdna . based on mtdna , the new species is only distantly related to m . griseisticta , instead being a member of the m . dauurica clade . muscicapa sodhii tends to forage in the forest mid - levels and subcanopy .
after visiting central sulawesi in 2011 and 2012 to search for and study the bird , however , j . berton harris , from the woodrow wilson school of public and international affairs of the princeton university , and colleagues confirmed that the mysterious bird is a new muscicapa flycatcher species .
the species is known by our two specimens , the sightings and photographs of others , and our song recording from baku bakulu , central sulawesi . in 1997 king et al . [ 19 ] observed the flycatcher in a “very patchy remnant of forest” near baku bakulu . during our fieldwork in 2011 and 2012 , the baku bakulu area was a mosaic of mature cacao plantations and small patches of remnant forest trees ( figure 9 ) . this mixed agro - forest landscape abuts mature secondary and primary forest in lore lindu national park . despite the disturbance in the area , we found several forest - dependent species there , including rufous - throated flycatcher ficedula rufigula , sulawesi dwarf kingfisher ceyx fallax , and red - bellied pitta pitta erythrogaster . the flycatcher was seen at all levels in remnant forest trees in the agro - forest landscape .
dickinson ec , schodde r , kullander s , crochet pa , elliott a , et al . ( 2014 ) correcting the “correct” name for the asian brown flycatcher ( aves : passeriformes , muscicapidae ,
hendriks h ( 2012 ) a report on birds seen on a trip to sulawesi from 18 july to 5 august 2012 . available :
following the taxonomy applied to hbw alive , derived from the hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world , this taxon is now lumped within asian brown flycatcher ( muscicapa dauurica ) .
catterall m ( 1997 ) results of the 1996 bird survey of buton island , sulawesi , indonesia : operation wallacea ( unpublished report ) .
the tree analysis also confirms that plumage characters in muscicapa flycatchers are a poor taxonomic indicator , as the new species turns out to be most closely related to a taxon to which it bears relatively little resemblance because of its extensively streaked breast and larger bill .
tebb g , morris p , los p ( 2008 ) new and interesting bird records from sulawesi and halmahera , indonesia . birdingasia 10 : 67–76 .
sulawesi , where known from extreme ne , c , sw & se of main island , with an unconfirmed record from offshore buton ( butung ) i .
very little known , but adults tending to juveniles have been observed in late sept and early oct in c sulawesi , suggesting that breeding in . . .
whitten t , henderson gs , mustafa m ( 2002 ) the ecology of sulawesi . the ecology of indonesia series , vol . 4 . hong kong : periplus editions .
the researchers also found that the feathers , body structure , songs and genetics of the sulawesi bird are different from those of similar flycatchers indicating that it is indeed a new species .
recording av # 17424 . indonesia : sulawesi tengah ; palolo district , baku bakulu ( - 1 . 1142 , 119 . 992 ) recorded by pamela c . rasmussen and bert harris
the indonesian island of sulawesi , a globally important hotspot of avian endemism , has been relatively poorly studied ornithologically , to the extent that several new bird species from the region have been described to science only recently , and others have been observed and photographed , but never before collected or named to science . one of these is muscicapa sodhii , a new species of flycatcher that has been observed on several occasions since 1997 . harris et al . 2014 collected two specimens in central sulawesi in 2012 , and based on a combination of morphological , vocal and genetic characters , described muscicapa sodii as a new species more than 15 years after the first observations .
the paper ,
a new species of muscicapa flycatcher from sulawesi , indonesia ,
was published online nov . 24 by plos one . co - authors include ding li yong from the australian national university and southeast asian biodiversity society , dewi m . prawiradilaga from the research center for biology - lipi , dadang dwi putra from the celebes bird club in indonesia , philip d . round from mahidol university in bangkok and frank e . rheindt from the national university of singapore .
indrawan m , somadikarta s ( 2004 ) a new species of hawk - owl from the togian islands , gulf of tomini , central sulawesi , indonesia . bull br orn club 124 : 160–171 .
specimens examined of the new species are listed below as the holotype and paratype . specimens of congeneric asian taxa have been examined and measured for comparison as follows ( see acknowledgements for full names of museums ) : muscicapa griseisticta 47 ( 38 fmnh , 4 mzb , 5 ummz ) ; dark - sided flycatcher muscicapa s . sibirica 22 ( 7 fmnh , 15 usnm ) ; m . s . gulmergi 28 ( 5 bmnh , 14 fmnh , 9 ummz ) ; m . s . cacabata 33 ( 22 fmnh , 11 ummz ) ; m . s . rothschildi 26 ( 8 amnh , 10 ummz , 8 usnm ) ; asian brown flycatcher muscicapa d . dauurica 14 ( 14 usnm ; the name muscicapa dauurica is available and has priority over m . latirostris ; [ 21 ] ) ; m . d . umbrosa 1 ( bmnh ) ; m . d . williamsoni 15 ( 11 bmnh , 2 amnh , 2 ypm ) ; m . d . siamensis 11 ( 3 bmnh , 2 usnm , 6 ypm ) ; ashy - breasted flycatcher muscicapa randi 12 [ 1 bmnh , 2 amnh , 9 dmnh ( 4 of these from photographs only ) ] ; sumba brown flycatcher muscicapa segregata 13 ( 9 amnh , 3 zmb , 1 rmnh ) .
sodhi ns , koh lp , prawiradilaga dm , darjono , tinulele i , et al . ( 2005 ) land use and conservation value for forest birds in central sulawesi ( indonesia ) . biol conserv 122 : 547–558 .
a team led by researchers from princeton university , michigan state university and the indonesian institute of sciences have confirmed the discovery of a new bird species more than 15 years after the elusive animal was first seen on the indonesian island of sulawesi .
considering that 98 percent of the world ' s birds have been described , finding a new species is quite rare ,
harris said .
and despite being a globally important avian hotspot , sulawesi has largely gone unstudied by ornithologists .
rheindt fe , verbelen f , putra dd , rahman a , indrawan m ( 2010 ) new biogeographic records in the avifauna of peleng island ( sulawesi , indonesia ) , with taxonomic notes on some endemic taxa . bull br orn club 130 : 181–207 .
the indonesian island of sulawesi and its satellite islands are of great biogeographic interest due to the region ' s complex geography which arose from the collision of several tectonic plates [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] . stemming from this geological history , sulawesi is an important center of avian endemism with 42 species ( about one - sixth of its resident avifauna ) and 14 genera found nowhere else in the world [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] . this level of avifaunal endemism is unmatched globally among comparably sized tropical islands [ 5 ] .
the new species is named in honor of the late professor navjot s . sodhi ( 1962–2011 ) for his monumental contributions to conservation biology and ornithology in southeast asia . dr . sodhi played a leading role in elucidating the effects of habitat disturbance on biodiversity , especially birds , across southeast asia ( e . g . [ 31 ] – [ 36 ] ) . this research provided a fundamental understanding of the ecology of southeast asian forests and critical information required for conservation planning . in addition , dr . sodhi was an outstanding mentor for many students including d . l . y . and j . b . c . h . for whom he was an honours and doctorate supervisor , respectively . the english name recognizes the endemic distribution of the species , with the descriptive term “streaked” to avoid possible confusion with other endemic sulawesi flycatchers .
with funding from the national geographic society , harris and some of his collaborators traveled to central sulawesi in the summers of 2011 and 2012 to continue the search for the mysterious animal . after weeks of camping near the town of baku bakulu , the researchers finally found the bird — in the place it was originally seen — in summer 2012 , observing several of them .
at 1702 h on 21 jun 2012 at baku bakulu , j . b . c . h . found a singing individual of the undescribed flycatcher , sitting inconspicuously at mid - level near a fork of the main trunk of a large tree on a small hill - slope . the bird opened its bill noticeably while singing , and looked around a little , but otherwise sat quite still , making it hard to detect even though it was not hidden by foliage . after making a few recordings , p . c . r . played these quietly back to the flycatcher , which did not exhibit any obvious change in behavior but continued singing until 1707 h . it then flew off and we heard and recorded it singing again until 1722 h in a nearby densely vegetated area , but it did not respond noticeably to playback , nor was it seen again that day . although differences in song before and after playback were not noted in the field , the later recordings ( especially av # 17427–17428 ) made after playback are composed of short strophes , often of a single motif , while in the earlier - made cuts of the same individual most strophes are considerably longer and contain several motifs .
we did not observe breeding during our field work in may–jun , but breeding details have been reported in three birdwatching trip reports . farrow and robson [ 41 ] and hutchinson [ 42 ] observed adult birds attending single juveniles at bantimurung - bulusaraung in early oct , while hutchinson [ 43 ] reported one adult feeding a juvenile adjacent to lore lindu national park near wuasa in late sep . the fact that breeding has only been reported in sep–oct despite multiple records ( n = 17 ) from every month from apr to oct in the lore lindu and bantimurung areas suggests that breeding , at least in central - south sulawesi , may coincide with the start of the monsoon season . in north sulawesi , the species is known to breed in may based on photographs deposited in the oriental birds image database ( urltoken ) of a fledgling documented in may 2009 .
considering that 98 percent of the world ' s birds have been described , finding a new species is quite rare ,
said co - author j . berton c . harris , a postdoctoral fellow at princeton ' s program in science , technology and environmental policy , which is based at princeton ' s woodrow wilson school of public and international affairs .
and despite being a globally important avian hotspot , sulawesi has largely gone unstudied by ornithologists .
a small , drab gray - brown muscicapid flycatcher with indistinct facial patterning , strong dusky streaking below , and short primary projection . differs from muscicapa griseisticta in having the bill longer and more strongly hooked but relatively less broad ; a weaker face pattern , with indistinct pale eyering ( vs . prominent ) , dark spotting on throat ( vs . mostly white throat ) , an ill - defined malar stripe and no pale moustachial stripe ( vs . strong ) ; much shorter and more rounded wing ; shorter undertail coverts ; and shorter , slightly more notched tail . differs from muscicapa sibirica in its longer , deeper , and , in sino - himalayan forms of m . sibirica , broader bill , much weaker head and throat pattern , much clearer streaking below , on a whitish background ( vs . mostly dark background , especially in sino - himalayan forms ) ; much shorter primary projection and first primary ; shorter undertail coverts ; and compared to m . s . sibirica , shorter and less notched tail . differs from all forms of muscicapa dauurica , as well as m . segregata and m . randi , especially in the strongly streaked underparts of m . sodhii . differs additionally from m . dauurica in its shorter primary projection ( longer only than m . d . umbrosa ) and its more strongly hooked and , compared to m . d . dauurica , narrower bill ; from m . randi and m . segregata in its shorter tail , less extensive pale area on lower mandible , and longer undertail coverts , and from m . segregata in its narrower bill and shorter tarsi .
localities , recordists , and catalog number ( if any ) : new species , baku bakulu , sulawesi , p . c . r . / j . b . c . h . , av17423–17428 ; successive strophes from the same individual ; m . ferruginea , nantou , taiwan , s . severinghaus , ml 13910 ; m . randi , hamut , luzon , b . demeulemeester , av 14197 , 14368 ; m . d . cf . siamensis , cambodia , d . farrow , xc 49755 ; m . muttui , kandy , sri lanka , d . warakagoda , av 6672 ; m . griseisticta , russia , b . veprintsev , ml 100139 ; m . s . sibirica , h . ueda ; m . segregata , sumba , j . eaton .
as all three phylogenetic analytical modes yielded identical topologies for strongly supported nodes , their results were easily combined into a single tree topology ( figure 7 ) . the phylogenetic tree shows that the new species from sulawesi is only distantly related to the superficially similar m . griseisticta , with which it co - occurs in the winter ( figure 7 ) . amongst asian muscicapa flycatchers , m . griseisticta is fairly diverged and does not emerge in positions of close affinity with any other species . m . griseisticta and the new species are diverged by 9 . 6–10 . 3 % raw mtdna sequence divergence , which is extremely deep for avian mitochondrial coding dna divergences of members of the same species complex , and can often be found between members of different genera ( see , e . g . ref . [ 24 ] ) .
the holotype is in worn plumage and was not molting , while the paratype was molting but mostly in fresh plumage . differences in color and pattern are striking in direct comparison—the holotype is much browner above , the paratype much grayer . the holotype lacks distinct pale edges to tertials and secondaries , while the paratype has distinct buff edges to all these , narrow on secondaries and broader on tertials . the holotype has indistinct brown streaking from breast to flanks , with a white center of belly and vent ; the throat brown - spotted , most densely on chin and least on lower central throat . the paratype has the same pattern below but the streaks below are bolder , grayer , and broader . the paratype ( unlike the holotype ) was prepared with one wing partially spread , and its primary underwing coverts are heavily dark streaked , looking mostly dark . the undersides of the primaries and secondaries are dark brown ( paler in old feathers ) with broad pale tan edgings , narrowest near tips . both have similar face patterns , but while there is a narrow pale grizzled area over the bill that meets in the center in the holotype , this pale area is interrupted by the bill base in the paratype . the lower face ( below plain auriculars ) is blotchy , in the holotype with no discernible pale submoustachial and darker malar area , while in the paratype there is a moderately marked paler submoustachial and dark malar . mantle feathers when fresh ( as in the paratype ) look uniform / monotone but actually have broad pale edges / tips on both sides then diffuse dark blotches . when worn ( as in the holotype ) the pale edges disappear and the feathers are then dark - tipped . secondary greater coverts are vaguely paler tan - edged in fresh plumage ( as in the paratype ) , not prominently as on secondaries and tertials . in worn plumage ( as in the holotype ) , the wing feathers are much more uniform but the primaries look distinctly darker than the tertials , which wear to medium - pale brown , especially on the lateral webs .
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harris jb 1 , rasmussen pc 2 , yong dl 3 , prawiradilaga dm 4 , putra dd 5 , round pd 6 , rheindt fe 7 .
environment institute and school of earth and environmental sciences , university of adelaide , adelaide , south australia , australia ; woodrow wilson school of public and international affairs , princeton university , princeton , new jersey , united states of america .
michigan state university museum and department of integrative biology , east lansing , michigan , united states of america ; bird group , department of life sciences , natural history museum at tring , tring , herts , united kingdom .
fenner school of environment and society , australian national university , acton , australian capital territory , australia ; south - east asian biodiversity society , singapore , republic of singapore .
division of zoology , research centre for biology , lembaga ilmu pengetahuan indonesia , cibinong - bogor , west java , indonesia .
department of biology , faculty of science , mahidol university , bangkok , thailand .
department of biological sciences , national university of singapore , singapore , republic of singapore .
pmid : 25419968 pmcid : pmc4242539 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0112657
specimens were scored from 1–10 based on 13 plumage traits . see for details .
neighbor - joining phylogram topology with bootstrap values for node support given for neighbor - joining , maximum - parsimony and maximum - likelihood analyses in the same order .
( a ) ventral view ; ( b ) dorsal view ; ( c ) lateral view . the paratype is above and the holotype is below in all photographs .
habitat at the type locality . mature cacao plantation with remnant tall forest trees at baku bakulu ( photo by d . l . y . , 28 jun 2012 ) .
recently described species # r , which forms part of the muscicapa dauurica clade ( containing m . dauurica and m . sibirica ) . monotypic .
song , described as a rather deliberately paced and apparently random amalgam of different notes in . . .
principally found in primary lowland and submontane broadleaf evergreen forests , between 150 m and . . .
not well documented . diet probably entirely insects , including large damselflies and orthopterans , including katydids , while the paratype’s . . .
presumed resident , although elevational dispersal possible and perhaps responsible for records . . .
not yet assessed according to iucn / birdlife international criteria , but has been suggested that species is not of any immediate conservation concern . first definitely . . .
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in past , traditionally treated as an outsize family that also included expanded versions of sylviidae , timaliidae and turdidae ; these three were subsequently split off as three separate families , but still in much expanded form as compared to their current treatment . since publication of hbw , limits of all these families have been dramatically rewritten due to a barrage of occasionally contradictory molecular data . within present family problems remain , particularly due to incomplete taxon sampling , but near - complete screening to species level has now been attempted for at least a handful of genera ( notably oenanthe and saxicola ) , and large elements of consensus have emerged , among them the recognition of four principal lineages , here treated as subfamilies . most notable development involves transfer of many genera from turdidae to present family , including alethe , cichladusa , heteroxenicus , brachypteryx , heinrichia , myophonus , monticola , thamnolaea , myrmecocichla , pogonocichla , swynnertonia , stiphrornis , sheppardia , cossypha , xenocopsychus , irania , luscinia , erithacus , tarsiger , cercotrichas , copsychus , phoenicurus , saxicola and oenanthe . genetic sampling has also revealed extensive paraphyly , with the result that many species have switched genera . some genera have disappeared completely into synonymy ( e . g . erythropygia ) , and others have shrunk to just one or two species ( e . g . luscinia ) , while a few have become substantially larger ( e . g . cercotrichas , oenanthe ) .
sequence of genera and species follows results of recent molecular sampling # r # r # r , although not all species have been screened to date .
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plos one with j . berton c . harris , pamela c . rasmussen , ding li yong , dewi m . prawiradilaga , dadang dwi putra , philip d . round and frank e . rheindt
in its song , the new bird is rather similar to other asian species , producing whistles , chirps and trills , but is slightly more high - pitched and lacks the lower - pitched notes that other species make . co - author pam rasmussen of michigan state university , who runs the global bird sounds website avocet where the bird ' s song is archived , said ,
we were lucky to be able to make the first known recording of this bird singing .
while the new species does not require a pristine rainforest to survive , it does appear to be dependent on tall forest trees spared by farmers .
at this point , the species is not at risk for extinction . however , this could change if agriculture intensifies in this region ,
said rasmussen .
, who is harris ' adviser and was not part of the study , said this research shows why studying biodiversity is so important .
the discovery of this previously unknown bird demonstrates once again how much we have yet to learn about the biodiversity of this planet and , especially , the biodiversity of the tropics ,
said wilcove , professor of ecology and evolutionary biology and public affairs at the wilson school .
birds may well be the most intensively studied class of vertebrates on earth — with millions of birdwatchers looking for them — yet scientists are still discovering new species .
the latin name the team gave the bird pays homage to the late ecologist and ornithologist navjot sodhi , who was harris ' former mentor and a professor at the national university of singapore . several animal species have been named after sodhi , including a snail , a fish and a new genus and species of crab .
the naming of so many species in honor of sodhi shows how important he was to his students and collaborators ,
harris said .
he probably would have been particularly pleased with our bird description , though , because he was an ornithologist , and so few bird species remain to be described .
the project was funded by the national geographic society ( ngs cre 8919 - 11 ) , the loke wan tho memorial foundation and an eipr scholarship at the university of adelaide . lab work for the project was co - funded by a start - up grant from the national university of singapore faculty of science . the research center for biology - lipi supported the field research and provided facilities for laboratory analysis .
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contributed equally to this work with : j . berton c . harris , pamela c . rasmussen
copyright : © 2014 harris et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
data availability : the authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction . all dna sequences are available from genbank ( accession numbers km924371 to km924385 ) .
funding : this project was funded by the national geographic society ( ngs cre 8919 - 11 ; granted to pcr ) , the loke wan tho memorial foundation ( granted to dly ) , and an eipr scholarship at the university of adelaide ( granted to jbch ) . labwork for this project was co - funded by a national university of singapore faculty of science start - up grant to fer ( wbs r - 154 - 000 - 570 - 133 ) . we thank ristek for issuing the national research permits ( for 2011 , 0215 / sip / frp / vi / 2011 ; for 2012 , 183 / sip / frp / sm / vi / 2012 ) and lore lindu national park for permit letters . the research centre for biology - lipi supported dmp and ddp in their field research and provided facilities for laboratory analysis . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
all fieldwork was conducted according to relevant guidelines by the government of the republic of indonesia , the usa , and the republic of singapore . we thank ristek ( indonesia ) for issuing the national research permits ( for 2011 , 0215 / sip / frp / vi / 2011 ; for 2012 , 183 / sip / frp / sm / vi / 2012 ) and lore lindu national park for the local research permission ( simaksi ) . we obtained approval for our fieldwork from michigan state university ' s institutional animal care and use committee ( iacuc ; auf # 05 / 11 - 096 - 00 ) . we obtained the specimens under the relevant indonesian government collecting permits and in the presence of lipi ( = indonesian institute of sciences ) personnel .
we searched for records of the species from the literature , online audio and photographic databases ( xeno - canto , avian vocalizations center , internet bird collection , oriental bird images ) and from trip reports from 1996 to present ( urltoken , urltoken , urltoken , urltoken , and urltoken ) .
measurements taken from each specimen , as condition of the specimen made possible , were ( in mm ; all measurements made by p . c . r . ) : culmen length from skull base , culmen length from distalmost feathers ; bill width at distal edge of nares ; bill depth at distal edge of nares ; longest rictal bristle length ; approximate extent of pale color at base of lower mandible ; length of bill hook ; wing length ( unflattened ) ; wing length ( flattened ) ; primary projection beyond longest secondaries ; shortfalls from folded wingtip of primaries 1–10 , with p1 the outermost primary ; distance between tips of tertial 1 ( the shortest ) and tertial 2 ; distance between tips of tertials 2 and 3 ; distance from feather tip of emargination of p3 ( from outside ) and p4 ; shortfall of outer rectrix compared to longest rectrix ; tail notch depth ; length of tail ( with calipers inserted between central rectrices ) ; distance from longest undertail covert to tail tip ; tarsus length ( to last undivided tarsal scute ) ; and hindclaw length ( from edge of last scute ) . we used a principal components analysis ( prcomp function in r ) [ 22 ] to group taxa based on information from multiple morphological variables . because of the very small sample size for several taxa , especially the new species , we refrained from statistical testing .
plumage of all specimens of the above - listed taxa at the above museums was examined in comparison with photographs of the new species , the specimens of which could not be borrowed from the mzb . for the taxa most similar to the new species in plumage , and the other resident tropical and subtropical taxa , plumage scoring was done on a 10 - point scale for each characteristic , as possible based on condition of the specimen . plumage scoring was done on the new species ( n = 2 ) , m . griseisticta ( n = 15 ) , m . d . umbrosa ( n = 1 ) , m . d . williamsoni ( n = 9 ) , m . randi ( n = 3 ) , and m . segregata ( n = 12 ) . the following plumage characteristics were scored : eyering prominence , from none to prominent ; prominence of pale lores , from not differentiated from surrounds to very prominent ; degree of crown speckling , from none to prominent ; prominence of malar stripe ( the dark stripe on the side of the throat , sensu ref . [ 23 ] ) , from not different than surrounds to very prominent ; upperparts saturation , from cold gray to rufous - brown ; upperparts darkness , from very dark to very pale ; throat color , from pure white to all - brown ; throat spotting or streaking , from none to heavy ; breast color , from pure white to all brown ; breast streaking , from none to heavy ; central belly color , from pure white to pure brown ; vent color , from pure white to pure brown ; prominence of vent markings , from none to heavy ; rump color , from same as mantle to much more rufous ; pale tertial edgings , from none to very prominent ; pale edgings of secondary coverts , from none to very prominent . we analyzed these plumage scores with univariate statistics and in a separate principal components analysis .
the electronic edition of this article conforms to the requirements of the amended international code of zoological nomenclature [ 28 ] , and hence the new name contained herein is available under that code from the electronic edition of this article . this published work and the nomenclatural act it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsid ( life science identifier ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix “ urltoken ” . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 19fe6bdd - 5f9f - 4e16 - bcaa - 6eadf959ddeb . the electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an issn , and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories : pubmed central and lockss .
in comparisons of the new species and 11 other muscicapa taxa we found that the new species has a unique combination of morphological characteristics ( also see diagnosis below ) . the new species has ( 1 ) shorter wings and wingtip extension than all taxa except umbrosa ; ( 2 ) a more strongly hooked bill than all taxa except for m . randi and m . segregata ; ( 3 ) a shorter tail than m . randi , m . segregata , m . s . sibirica , m . griseisticta , and m . d . siamensis ; ( 4 ) shorter undertail coverts than m . d . siamensis , m . griseisticta , and all m . sibirica taxa ; ( 5 ) a longer bill than m . griseisticta , m . d . umbrosa , and all m . sibirica taxa ; ( 6 ) a less extensive pale area on the lower mandible than m . randi , m . segregata , m . d . siamensis , and m . d . williamsoni ; ( 7 ) a narrower bill than m . segregata and m . d . dauurica , but a wider bill than all m . sibirica taxa except the nominate ; ( 8 ) a shorter tarsus than m . segregata ( table 4 ) .
when the morphological variables were combined in a principal components analysis , clusters of individuals from each species - level taxon , including the new species , were clearly separated ( figure 3 ) . the pca suggests that the new species is most similar to the other sedentary taxa and m . d . dauurica in structure . on factor 1 , which is a shape axis that contrasts primary 2 shortfall , undertail coverts shortfall , and amount of pale on lower mandible against wing measures ( table 5 ) , the new species and m . griseisticta are very far apart , despite their superficial similarity in plumage , primarily due to their very different wing shapes . on factor 2 , which is a size axis , to which only primary 2 length is negatively correlated and undertail coverts shortfall is uncorrelated , the new species is distinct from all m . segregata , the lone m . d . umbrosa , and m . randi , but because the new species is larger than those taxa in some variables and smaller in others , this axis is not readily interpretable , especially given small sample sizes . we also note here that muscicapa s . sibirica is distinct in morphology from m . s . cacabata and m . s . gulmergi on both axes .
plumage scoring comparisons with m . d . umbrosa , m . d . williamsoni , m . griseisticta , m . randi , and m . segregata showed that the new species has ( 1 ) stronger crown speckling than all other taxa ; ( 2 ) heavier breast streaking than m . d . umbrosa , m . randi , or m . segregata ; ( 3 ) a much weaker malar than m . griseisticta ; ( 4 ) a less contrasting rump than m . d . williamsoni or m . randi ; ( 5 ) a less prominent eyering than m . williamsoni ; ( 6 ) weaker spotting on secondary coverts than m . d . umbrosa or m . d . williamsoni ; ( 7 ) paler upperparts than m . d . umbrosa ; and ( 8 ) colder brown upperparts than m . d . williamsoni ( table 6 ) . principal components analysis of the plumage scores showed clear separation of the new species , m . griseisticta , and m . d . williamsoni from each other and the other taxa ( figure 4 ) . on factor 1 , which primarily contrasts upperparts color with degree of marking on crown , malar , and breast ( table 7 ) , the new species falls between the less - marked m . segregata and the more strongly marked m . griseisticta . on factor 2 , which primarily contrasts ground color of the breast with prominence of eyering , malar , and breast streaking , the new species is fairly similar to all taxa except m . d . williamsoni , which has a much warmer brown breast .
specimens were scored from 1–10 based on 13 plumage traits . see table 6 for details .
the song of the new species ( urltoken through 17428 ) is similar to those of some of its congeners , but differs in being slightly to much higher - pitched , and mostly within a narrower bandwidth ( c . 6–10 khz ) than other muscicapa species ( figure 5 ; table 8 ) . it consists of thin , very high - pitched whistles , chirps , twitters , glissandos , buzzy notes and trills ( among other note types ) , of highly varied and often complex form , often highly modulated , and with little repetition , although individual elements and motifs are often repeated a few times in quick succession , or a motif may be given again several seconds later within a strophe that otherwise differs strongly . the song can further be described as a rather deliberately - paced apparently random amalgam of different note types in a strophe that lasts from less than a second to several seconds , often separated from other strophes by several seconds but also often with such short inter - strophe intervals as to make definition of strophe length unclear .
measurements confirm that all asian muscicapa species for which song is available ( not including m . striata and m . ruficauda , which have very different songs ) have similar song parameters , albeit based only on one to a few individuals of each species ( table 8 ) . the song of the new species was significantly different from the congeners studied by between 5 ( m . s . sibirica ) and 9 parameters ( m . segregata ) , with the other species having 7–9 statistically significant differences ( table 8 ) .
in a pca of several song parameters , factor 1 scores for individual song notes differ greatly between the new species and m . griseisticta ( figure 6 ; table 9 ) . there was more overlap , in some cases considerable , between song notes of the new species and most of the other taxa , although all the latter are more dissimilar in plumage from the new species than is m . griseisticta . the measurements that best separated the new species and m . griseisticta on pc - i were maximum note frequency , minimum note frequency , and frequency of maximum power , contrasted with several other measurements , note length , number of note repetitions , clarity , note bandwidth , number of harmonics , and note frequency trend ( table 9 ) . although pc 2 and pc 3 both explained an important amount of the variance , loadings on these axes did not separate the new species from the taxon most similar to it in plumage , m . griseisticta .
within our taxon sampling , the new species emerged closest to a sample of m . dauurica siamensis from thailand , with a 4 . 1–4 . 3 % raw mtdna sequence divergence that is more typical of closely related species pairs although well above the level of mitochondrial coding sequence divergence usually encountered within avian biological species [ 24 ] . as the south - east asian breeding m . d . siamensis did not emerge anywhere near nominate m . d . dauurica from russia , our analysis confirms the necessity of on - going efforts to revisit currently recognized species limits within m . dauurica . however , for the purposes of this species description , the tree analysis suggests that both the taxon siamensis and the new species belongs to a clade of tropical and subtropical resident and short - distance migratory muscicapa flycatchers that may have diversified within the south - east asian region .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : 54b169c6 - cd09 - 455c - b80e - 0fb178611bd4
mzb . ornit . 33 . 525 ; adult male , collected 23 jun 2012 . left testis 4×2 . 5 mm , pale tan in color ; no brood patch ; no cloacal protuberance ( plate 1 , figure 8 ) . skull 100 % pneumatized ; no bursa ; no enlarged gape flanges . little fat ; stomach and intestine full of small black items ( saved in alcohol ) . no head , body , wing , or tail molt . collected by the prawiradilaga field party ; prepared by pamela c . rasmussen , field number ll - pcr - 2012 - 010 .
the song of the new species is higher - pitched than that of all similar asian species , and differs from them additionally in its combination of relatively narrow bandwidth , few note repetitions , mostly clear , longer notes , few harmonics , and low similarity between adjacent strophes .
color terms using munsell color ' s [ 29 ] notation are shown in table 10 . bill black , terete , with prominent culmen ridge and fairly strong hook , moderately broad , narrowing evenly toward tip , the distal fifth markedly narrow . proximal third of lower mandible pale , distinctly so and sharply contrasting with black distal two - thirds of lower mandible , the pale extending around the ramal branches . rictal bristles fairly prominent , moderately stiff , black . forehead gray - brown with distinct dark brown centers and pale gray - brown edges , these markings larger on larger feathers of crown , and becoming obscure on feathers of rear crown . nape and hindneck nearly uniform gray - brown . sides of head uniform gray - brown , as nape . lores mixed white and gray - brown , the feathers tipped dark giving a grizzled appearance , extends as narrow band over bill and as narrow ( one feather row ) indistinct eye ring , strongest in front of and below eye , weak above and behind eye . pale lores grade into face below eye and sides of throat , which are indistinctly speckled . chin and throat white , lightly and finely speckled gray - brown . there is no marked moustachial or malar streak ; there is even gradation from pale grizzled lores to speckled throat and uniform gray - brown auriculars .
mantle as nape . feathers of back ( below mantle ) mostly lost during preparation due to shot damage , but same color as mantle . rump and uppertail coverts plain gray - brown , as mantle . primaries plain dark brown , darker than body plumage . tertials paler , especially the outer webs . secondaries as primaries but with very narrow pale edgings .
marginal coverts ( leading wing edge coverts ; [ 30 ] ) mixed dark brown and white . all upperwing coverts dark gray - brown with indistinct , broad pale grayer edges . tail uniform drab dark brown , slightly paler and grayer on proximal outer feathers .
soft part colors ( from freshly dead specimen ) : iris dark brown , narrow orbital ring black ; bill black , basal third of lower mandible pale yellowish - cream ; tarsi brownish - black , toepads grayish - tan , claws black .
body weight 12 . 5 g ; culmen from feathers 10 . 3 mm , wing length ( flattened ) 64 mm , tarsus 12 . 5 mm , tail 44 . 0 mm .
mzb . ornit . 33 . 530 , unsexed adult ( gonads destroyed by pellet ) , collected 25 jun 2012 ( figure 8 ) . no brood patch ; no cloacal protuberance . skull 100 % pneumatized ; no bursa ; no enlarged gape flanges . little fat ; stomach full with several hard , rough , black , 2×2 mm seeds , beetle elytra , and other insect parts ( contents saved in alcohol ) . relatively large tapeworm found in pieces in abdominal cavity saved in alcohol . no head molt but body molt light , and molt present in primaries , secondaries , and rectrices . collected by the prawiradilaga field party ; prepared by pamela c . rasmussen , field number ll - pcr - 2012 - 014 . body weight 12 . 0 g ; culmen from feathers 11 mm , wing length ( flattened ) 62 mm , tarsus 13 . 4 mm , tail 44 . 5 mm .
according to king et al . [ 19 ] , the pair of birds they observed at baku bakulu gave high - pitched calls , which were recorded and played back , eliciting a noticeable response .
though superficially similar in appearance to m . griseisticta , m . sodhii is a well - marked species ( see diagnosis ) that does not show close morphological approach to any other known taxon . in mtdna it differs by at least 4 . 1 % from all congeners , and it is highly distinct morphologically from the taxa that it is most similar to in mtdna . bearing in mind the small sample of singing individuals and that further vocal sampling is needed , m . sodhii also appears to differ in song from its congeners to a similar and in some cases to a stronger extent than the others do from each other . however , even if the available vocal sample proves unrepresentative , morphological and genetic differences clearly indicate species status . we therefore consider that , under any modern species concept , m . sodhii unambiguously fits the definition of a species and that its recognition as such will be non - controversial .


cychreides is a fabled dragon , or serpent , from greek mythology .

it is named after cychreus , the greek demigod who either raised or killed it , depending on the version of the story being told .

cychreides

cychreides was a dragon that plagued the island of salamis until it was driven off by cychreus . cychreides fled to eleusis where it became a companion of demeter .
if you wish to join the crew of the cychreides , please submit a transfer request here .
cychreides - greek myth : a dragon that was raised by a demigod named cychreus , son of poseidon . he raised the serpentine dragon before he became rul… | pinteres…
cychreides ( kykhreides ) a dragon which terrorized the island of salamis . it driven out by the hero cychreus and fled to eleusis where it became an attendant of the goddess demeter .
hi , i ' m cychreides ( previously elichicken2002 ) my brother in real life is zilant i like trading , and sometimes forum on lmad feel free to send me a trade or pm any time , i will respond meaning behind my current name :
cychreides was a dragon which plagued the island of salamis until it was driven away by the hero kykhreus . the monster fled to eleusis where the goddess demeter made it her companion .
hello everyone , please note that this site will be handed over in full to the cychreides rp in the very near future , so by the end of this week all none cychreides related materials will be deleted . this will include character biographies and personal logs , but not the wiki . please ensure you take any information you wish to keep as there will be no backups taken . all information that has been noted above will be removed on the 25th of june 2016 . thank you .
this is my third log entry regarding my work on the hazard operations armour system . an emotional addition , i am truly pleased to announce that my efforts to adapt the field technician portable fabrication buffer to the hazard operations armour . through the efforts of engineering aboard the cychreides , and with…
the cychreides has been paroling the rolor nebula region for several days now . captain mae has been called to deep space nine for command briefing and has taken lieutenant syvian with her . we were to have a quiet few days and i ' m sure that had it been otherwise , doctor selren…
the cychreides is heading back to federation space and starbase 621 , but our tail is up . the mission was a success . the away team under lieutenant commander zus have done a fine job , preserving our timeline and destroying the na ' kuhl time teleporter facility on raveh ii . leaving the raveh system…
following successful field testing in a hostile environment , i was able , with the assistance of engineering , to produce improved working prototypes of the hazard operations uniform . at the request of captain mae , i have also produced division colourations of the suits , for use by the cychreides crew . - replication patterns are…
and it is from the hero [ kykhreus ( cychreus ) ] that the serpent kykhreides ( cychreides ) took its name - - the serpent which , according to hesiod , was fostered by kychreus [ on salamis ] and driven out by eurylokhos ( eurylochus ) because it was damaging the island , and was welcomed to eleusis by demeter and made her attendant .
the drakon kykhreides ( dragon cychreides ) was a giant serpent which terrorised the island of salamis . according to some it was slain by king kykhreus ( cychreus ) . in other accounts the king raised the beast and it was instead driven from the island by the hero eurylokhos ( eurylochus ) . the serpent then swam across the sea to eleusis where it became a familiar of the goddess demeter .
dear friends ! as we ' ve completed the first season of the cychreides rp and moving to the second , we have got ourselves a brand new website as well ! ( thank you brex ! ) urltoken please migrate your character / s to the new website as soon as you can , as we plan to shut down the resurgency site by the end of the week . those who were absent from the rp for some time and will not migrate , will be considered that they ' ve left the rp and their characters and positions will be lost . see you soon and let me know if you need any assistance ! dima
pseudo - apollodorus , bibliotheca 3 . 161 ( trans . aldrich ) ( greek mythographer c2nd a . d . ) :
kykhreus ( cychreus ) had become king [ of the island of salamis ] by killing a serpent which was preying on the island .
strabo , geography 9 . 1 . 9 ( trans . jones ) ( greek geographer c1st b . c . to c1st a . d . ) :
diodorus siculus , library of history 4 . 72 . 4 ( trans . oldfather ) ( greek historian c1st b . c . ) :
kykhreus ( cychreus ) became king of this island [ salamis ] and acquired fame by reason of his slaying a snake of huge size which was destroying the inhabitants of the island .
theoi project © copyright 2000 - 2017 aaron j . atsma , netherlands & new zealand
or serpent that terrorized the island of salamis . there are two versions about how it was defeated . according to apollodorus ,
killed the monster , after which he became the king of the island . strabo
however , states that — according to hesiod — the serpent was reared by cychreus from which it took its name . it was driven out by eurolochus and welcomed to eleusis by
random snippets of my gaming life . feel free to subscribe . i ' m not forcing .
equip : increases your energy regeneration by 5 % and maximum energy by 100 while in cat form .
the fire within leyara enchants this signet . you can feel that she has finally found peace .
use : gain an absorb shield for 30 % of your maximum health for 10 sec . when the shield is consumed or expires , 75 % of the damage absorbed is dealt to nearby enemies , split evenly .
archimonde the defiler , overlord of the legion army and wielder of limitless magics , has destroyed countless worlds across the infinity of the universes .
equip : taking damage has a chance to increase your versatility by 9510 for 14 sec . aggramar ' s fortitude when empowered by the pantheon , your maximum health is increased by 1619543 for 15 sec , and you are healed to full health .
equip : grants the ashamane ' s frenzy ability , which unleashes a flurry of bloody slashes on an enemy target .
the sacrifice of ashamane is remembered to this day . we live by her grace , and her children still tread the forests with us as our closest companions .
she ripped through the demons ' ranks and then disappeared into the trees . she crept along the high branches and dove down upon the legion commanders . she was a terror , a fearsome beast , and she held nothing back , offering no mercy .
takes on the form of a mighty bear to absorb damage and protect allies .
takes on the form of a great cat to deal damage with bleeds and bites .
can take on the form of a powerful moonkin , balancing the power of arcane and nature magic to destroy enemies at a distance .
sharp brambles protect you , absorbing and reflecting up to 7 , 991 damage from each attack . while barkskin is active , the brambles also deal 10 , 894 nature damage to all nearby enemies every 1 sec .
grants a movement ability that varies by shapeshift form : non - shapeshifted fly to an ally ' s position . bear form charge to an enemy , immobilizing them for 4 sec . cat form leap behind an enemy , dazing them for 3 sec . travel form leap forward 20 yds . aquatic form increases swim speed by an additional 150 % for 5 sec .
you gain : ysera ' s gift heals you for 1 . 5 % of your maximum health every 5 sec . if you are at full health , a injured party or raid member will be healed instead . you also learn : rejuvenation healing touch swiftmend
strikes targets within 15 yards in front of you with a violent typhoon , knocking them back and dazing them for 6 sec . usable in all shapeshift forms .
an improved bear form that reduces the cooldown on all melee damage abilities and growl to 1 . 5 sec , causes mangle to hit up to 3 targets , and increases armor by 15 % . lasts 30 sec . you may freely shapeshift in and out of this improved bear form for its duration .
mangle increases the duration of your next ironfur by 2 sec , or the healing of your next frenzied regeneration by 20 % .
while in bear form , thrash also increases your damage dealt to the target , and reduces your damage taken from the target by 2 % per application of thrash .
moonfire is now usable while in cat form , generates 1 combo point , deals damage based on attack power , and costs 30 energy .
you gain : thick hide reduces all damage taken by 6 % . you also learn : mangle ironfur frenzied regeneration
roots the target and all enemies with 15 yards in place for 30 sec . damage may interrupt the effect . usable in all shapeshift forms .
your rip , rake , and thrash abilities deal the same damage as normal , but in 20 % less time .
strikes all nearby enemies with a massive slash , inflicting 578 , 354 physical damage . awards 1 combo point .
casting regrowth or entangling roots causes your next two melee abilities to deal 20 % increased damage for their full duration .
protects a friendly target for 30 sec . any damage taken will consume the ward and heal the target for 470 , 518 over 8 sec .
instantly heals you for 30 % of maximum health . usable in all shapeshift forms .
you gain : thick hide reduces all damage taken by 6 % . you also learn : mangle thrash ironfur frenzied regeneration
shapeshift into the tree of life , increasing healing done by 15 % , increasing armor by 120 % , and granting protection from polymorph effects . functionality of rejuvenation , wild growth , regrowth , and entangling roots is enhanced . lasts 30 sec . you may shapeshift in and out of this form for its duration .
extends the duration of all of your heal over time effects on friendly targets within 60 yards by 6 sec .
lunar and solar empowerments also reduce the cast time of their affected spells by 20 % .
you gain : feline swiftness increases your movement speed by 15 % . you also learn : shred rake rip ferocious bite swipe your energy regeneration is increased by 35 % .
strikes targets within 20 yards in front of you with a violent typhoon , knocking them back and dazing them for 6 sec . usable in all shapeshift forms .
burns the target for 121 , 070 astral damage , and then an additional 534 , 693 damage over 24 sec . stellar flare benefits from starfall ' s stellar empowerment .
gain a blessing of the ancients , activating or swapping between one of the two following beneficial effects : blessing of elune increases astral power generated by solar wrath and lunar strike by 25 % . blessing of an ' she grants 2 astral power every 2 . 6 sec .
increases starfall ' s radius by 30 % , starfall damage by 50 % , and allows you to cast while moving while within starfall ' s radius .
equip : experience gained from killing monsters and completing quests increased by 5 % .
equip : chance when you hit with a harmful spell to grant voidsight , increasing critical strike , haste , and mastery by 1237 and increasing all damage against demons by 0 % for 15 sec .
equip : grants the phoenix ' s flames ability , which hurls destructive fire at all enemies near your target .
. . . not elven weapons . not when they are reforged with magic , and hatred , and a burning need for revenge . no , arthas . felo ' melorn is stronger than ever - as am i . - kael ' thas sunstrider
when the fighting was done , dath ' remar stood painted in demon blood . as night fell , we knew that more battles remained , and yet , with this elf and this blade among us , we held out hope that victory did not lie beyond our grasp .
fireball also applies conflagration to the target , dealing an additional 10 , 992 fire damage over 8 sec . enemies affected by either conflagration or ignite have a 10 % chance to flare up and deal 24 , 729 fire damage to nearby enemies .
causes an explosion around yourself , dealing 64 , 843 fire damage to all enemies within 8 yards , and reducing movement speed by 70 % for 4 sec .
creates 3 copies of you nearby , which cast spells and attack your enemies . lasts 40 sec .
summons a ring of frost for 10 sec at the target location . enemies entering the ring are incapacitated for 10 sec . limit 10 targets .
flamestrike leaves behind a patch of flames which burns enemies within it for 129 , 696 fire damage over 8 sec .
your fireball , pyroblast , and fire blast critical strikes reduce the remaining cooldown on combustion by 1 sec .
( syk - reeds or syk - ry - dees ) was a greek dragon .
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when jonghyun and kibum tried their best to act out
suitcase
for charades and taemin just . . . was not getting it urltoken
yunho and changmin got very emotional during the final mc . changmin told us to hug our loved ones and tell them we love them . you never know if it’s the last time . . . he cried as he spoke , i’m sure jonghyun is in his heart . he asked us to always remember jh .
renyuh hati ya tuhan jonghyun yang tenang ya . . yang tenang . . banyak yang sayang sama kamu , banyak . . . selamat jalan jonghyun ㅠㅠㅠ
and here is jonghyun’s final performance only a couple of days before his death . i hope this beautiful angel finally found peace and is no longer battling the demons in his head . he is an incrediable person and i hope his legacy is never forgotten # ripjonghyun urltoken
' s memorial at hong lim park sang shinee ' s debut song replay while waving lightsticks . they also shouted
you did well , you really did well , jonghyun - ah !
in korean
rest in peace to one of the greatest vocalists in the industry , jonghyun . we thank you for sharing your beautiful gift and talent with the world . it was truly an honor to see you perform at kcon la . urltoken
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there are four types of dragon in greek mythology - - the serpentine dracones , the marine cetea , the fire - breathing chimaera and the she - monster dracaenae .
the four types of dragon - like creatures known to the greeks were the dracones , cetea , chimaera and dracaenae . the first of these occur in both myth and legend - -
legend
meaning the ancients believed such creatures inhabited the far corners of the earth in historical times .
the first type of greek dragon was the dracon whose name was derived from the greek words
drakein
and
derkomai
meaning
to see clearly
or
gaze sharply .
it was essentially just a giant serpent which was sometimes equipped with rows of sharp teeth , deadly poison or multiple heads . in myth the beast usually guarded a sacred spring , grove or golden treasure . our own word
dragon
derives from the creature ' s name .
colchian dracon ( drakon kholkikos ) an unsleeping dragon which guarded the golden fleece in the sacred grove of ares at colchis . the creature was bewitched by medea so that the hero jason could steal its treasure .
demeter ' s dracones a pair of winged dragons which drew the chariot of goddess demeter . she gave them to the hero triptolemos to carry him across the world spreading knowledge of agriculture .
gigantomachian dracon ( drakon gigantomakhios ) a dragon which was cast at the goddess athena during the giant war . she caught it up and threw it into the sky where it formed the constellation draco .
hesperian dracon ( drakon hesperios ) a hundred - headed dragon which guarded the golden apples of the hesperides . it was slain by heracles when he came to fetch the treasure as one of his twelve labors .
hydra a nine headed water - dragon which guarded the springs of lerna . it possessed the power of regeneration , producing two new heads for each that was decapitated . the creature was eventually destroyed by heracles who cauterized its neck stumps with a flaming torch .
ismenian dracon ( drakon ismenios ) a dragon which guarded the sacred spring of ares near thebes . it was slain by the hero cadmus who sowed its teeth in the earth to reap a crop of earth - born warriors .
maeonian dracon ( 1 ) ( drakon maionios ) a dragon which ravaged the kingdom of lydia . it was slain by heracles when he was in the service of queen omphale .
maeonian dracon ( 2 ) ( drakon maionios ) a monstrous dragon which terrorized the kingdom of lydia . it was slain by the giant damasen .
medea ' s dracones two flying dragons born from the blood of the vanquished titans . they were yoked to draw the chariot of the witch medea .
nemean dracon ( drakon nemeios ) a giant dragon or serpent which guarded the sacred groves of zeus at nemea . it was destroyed by the warriors of the seven against thebes after devouring the infant opheltes , son of a local king .
ophiogenean dracon ( drakon ophiogeneikos ) a dragon which guarded the sacred grove of the goddess artemis in mysia . it mated with the maiden halia , producing a son named ophiogeneis , ancestor of the ophiogenes tribe .
pitanian dracon ( drakon pitanios ) a dragon of pitane in aeolia ( asia minor ) which was turned to stone by the gods .
python a monstrous dragon which was set by gaea to guard the oracle of delphi . it was destroyed by the god apollo when he seized the shrine .
rhodian dracones ( drakones rhodioi ) giant serpents and dragons which ravaged the island of rhodes . they were destroyed by the hero phorbas .
thespian dracon ( drakon thespiakos ) a dragon which plagued the boeotian town of thespaie . it was slain by the hero menestratus , who threw himself into the creatures maw wrapped in spiked armour .
trojan dracones ( drakones troiades ) a pair of dragons sent by the god poseidon to destroy laocoon of troy and his sons when he attempted to warn his people of the threat posed by the wooden horse .
the ancients believed the remote , unexplored corners of the earth were inhabited by dracones . these legendary creatures were similar to their mythical counterparts .
ethiopian dracones ( drakones aithiopikoi ) giant serpents which inhabited the land of aethiopia ( that is , sub - saharan africa ) .
indian dracones ( drakones indikoi ) dragons found in the hills and mountains of india . they devoured elephants and were destroyed by indian dragon - slayers with the aid of magic .
phrygian dracones ( drakones phrygioi ) sixty foot tall dragons found in central anatolia . they stood upright on their tails in the air , snaring birds with a magical breath .
the second type of dragon was the cetus or
sea - monster .
the creature usually featured in myths of a sacrificial princess rescued by a hero .
ethiopian cetus ( ketos aithiopios ) a sea - monster sent by poseidon to ravage the land of the aethiopians . the king offered ihis daughter andromeda to it as a sacrifice . but perseus slew the beast and released the princess from her chains .
trojan cetus ( ketos troios ) a sea - monster which plauged the land of the trojans . king laomedon chained his daughter to the rocks as a sacrifice to appease the creature , but she was \ rescued by heracles and the creature slain .
the ancients imagined that cetea or sea - monsters populated the distant oceans of the world .
cetus
was also the greek word for
whale ,
which was regarded as a type of sea - monster .
indian cetea ( ketea indikoi ) fabulous sea - monsters believed to inhabit the indian ocean .
scolopendra ( skolopendra ) a gargantuan sea - monster with hair extending from its nostrils , a flat crayfish - like tail and rows of webbed feet lining each of its flanks .
the third type of dragon was the chimera , a fire - breathing monster whose form was a hybrid of lion , serpent and goat . medieval artists used this creature as the template for the dragon of saint george .
chimera ( khimaira ) a three headed monster , with the foreparts of a lion , the hind - parts of a goat and goat ' s - head rising from its back , and the tail of a headed - serpent .
the fourth type of dragon was the dracaena or
she - dragon ,
a creature with the upper body of a beautiful nymph and the body of a dracon or sea - monster in place of legs . two of these creatures , echidna and ceto , spawned most of the dragons of myth .
campe ( kampe ) a monstrous she - dragon which guarded the prison - gates of tartarus . she had the body of a serpent , a hundred serpent
feet ,
and a scorpion ' s tale . campe was slain by zeus when he rescued the cyclopes and hecatoncheires from their prison .
ceto ( keto ) a monstrous marine goddess with the body of a sea - dragon in place of legs . she spawned echidna , the hesperian dragon and other monsters .
echidna ( ekhidna ) the she - dragon wife of the serpent - gianttyphoeus . echidna spawned most of the dragons and monsters of myth .
echidna argia ( ekhidna argia ) a she - dragon which ravaged the kgindom of argos . it was slain by the hundred - eyed giant argos panoptes .
poene ( poine ) a she - dragon sent by apollo to ravage the kingdom of argos as punishment for the death of his infant son linos . it was slain by the hero coraebus .
scythian dracaena ( drakaina skythia ) the dracaena queen of scythia in north - eastern europe ( now , the ukraine ) . she stole the cattle of geryon which heracles was herding through the region and agreed to return them on condition he mate with her .
scylla ( skylla ) a she - dragon which haunted the straits of messina , snatching and devouring sailors from passing ships . she was a nymph with the tail of a sea - monster in place of legs .
sybaris a she - dragon which haunted a mountain near delphi devouring shepherds and passing travellers . she was pushed off the cliff by the hero eurybarus .
the greek chimaera was a rather un - dragonlike hybrid of lion , goat and serpent . like later dragons it was described as breathing fire .
medieval artists used the greco - roman image of bellerophon and the chimaera as the template for representations of saint george and the dragon . the dragon of st george , however , was depicted as an entirely reptilian creature , although its basic posture and shape echoes the form of its classical predecessor .
1 . bellerophon and the chimaera , roman mosaic from palmyra c3rd a . d . 2 . saint george and the dragon , medieval painting c14th .
the ancient greek poet hesiod in his genealogy of the gods describes how the dragons and monsters of myth were spawned by the immortal dracaenae ceto and echidna .
the roman tragedian seneca catalogues the dragons as he describes the witch medea calling forth their power with a spell .
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urltoken
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hello all , this message is to notify you that i will be on holiday / vacation next week and also a few weeks from now . these dates are : 30 july - 6 august , to france 16 august - 20 august , to estonia i ' ve noticed there is one week between and that means i may be online that week , just not the above mentioned weeks . i hope you all have a nice time yourselves and i will see you later . live long and prosper , lieutenant commander t ' pel miller
hello there , this only applies to members of the ariadne , not the cychredies rp . we will be moving from the nova based site to the all new storp portal urltoken the nova site is generally underutilized and frankly more complex than necessary however until now we didn ' t have a better solution . now , we do ! the new area will be a lot easier and hopefully more inviting to create such as logs , other stories and hopefully even ad hoc events . there ' s a little work that will be needed , but we ' ll work our way over any hurdles . if you have any feedback or queries , please let me know . brex
to all crew members our mission will be to a remote location and simulations show the chances of detection are slim . please remember the temporal prime directive in the upcoming mission all starfleet personnel are strictly forbidden from directly interfering with historical events and are required to maintain the timeline…
our mission on the surface of raveh ii was a success . however there it could have turned real ugly real fast . i think someone needs to have a serious talk with intel . our own intelligence departement is seriously understaffed so i will go easy on them at least . the away…
it has been almost a month since the manek incident . i sit now in the captain ' s ready room an constantly remind myself not to log as the first officer . captain mae received a well deserved promotion to alliance command , coordinating the fleet activities in the alpha quadrant from starbase 621 . …
it has been about a few years now since i first met dimitriy . . . . no , dima . then i went through pon farr back then , he became my mate . it sounds . . . strange when i think about it , but now that we are married , it doesn ' t feel strange anymore . when i was first assigned to…
personal log , i have compiled the replication patterns for mk2 prototype hazard suits . by using existing hazard team blueprints brought back by the u . s . s . voyager , along with upgrades in personal armour technology , i have managed to create a light weight , flexible , and hardy suit of field armor . - data on the…
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elk , the european ( see footnote 5 , vol . ii , p . 289 )


achistrum is an extinct genus of sea cucumber which existed in poland during the triassic period , and the united states during the carboniferous period .

it contains the species achistrum nicholsoni and achistrum ludwigi .

achistrum

john s . hampton ; subgenera of the holothurian genus achistrum . micropaleontology ; 4 ( 1 ) : 75–77 . doi :
full reference : j . s . hampton . 1958 . subgenera of the holothurian genus achistrum . micropaleontology 4 ( 1 ) : 75 - 77
the holothurian genus achistrum is subdivided , on the basis of the terminal loop , into the subgenus achistrum sensu stricto and three new subgenera , spinrum , cancellrum , and aduncrum . their relationships are discussed . . . . achistrum ranges from the carboniferous to the middle jurassic , and the possibility of its occurrence in the cretaceous should not be disregarded , as no complete study concerning the holothuroids of this period has yet been made .
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full reference : f . hodson , b . harris , and l . lawson . 1956 . holothurian spicules from the oxford clay of redcliff , near weymouth ( dorset ) . geological magazine 93 ( 4 ) : 336 - 344
see also deflandre - rigaud 1962 , fletcher 1962 , frizzell and exline 1955 , garbowska and wierzbowski 1967 , gilliland 1992 , górka and luszczewska 1969 , gutschick et al . 1967 , hampton 1958 , henderson et al . 1992 , hodson et al . 1956 , kozur and mostler 1971 , mostler and rahimi - yazd 1976 , reich 1999 , said and barakat 1958 , soodan and whatley 1987 , summerson and campbell 1958 , wernlund 1977 and zawidzka 1971
full reference : h . kozur and h . mostler . 1971 . holothurien - sklerite und conodonten aus der mittel - und obertrias von köveskál ( balatonhochland , ungarn ) . geologisch - paläontologische mitteilungen innsbruck 1 ( 10 ) : 1 - 36
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