lypusa is a genus of moths of the lypusidae family , traditionally held to be a monotypic lineage of tineoidea .

however , it may actually belong to the same lineage of gelechioidea as the amphisbatinae ( or amphisbatidae ) .

the genus contains only 2 known species : lypusa maurella lypusa tokari

lypusa

lypusa | lypusa maurella , id - cred : h . elmquist size : 7 mm it… | flickr
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
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it ' s almost difficult to imagine a more nondescript insect than this little moth . but its bland and featureless exterior takes nothing away from the elegant posture at the very tip of this grass leaf .
canon 5dmkii , canon mp - e65 @ 3 . 0x , 1 / 4s , f / 4 . 5 , iso100
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doptera ) with varying family positions . the systematic afﬁnities of this genus , currently
larval , pupal and adult morphology and certain behavioural traits . in total , 193 char -
densely porose larval head , and a modiﬁcation of the pupal abdominal segment 8 . the
history , p . o . box 17 , fi - 00014 university of helsinki , finland .
study was left unchanged ( i . e . the other included taxa were not
7 ; ﬁnd * ; hold 32 000 ; sub 10 ; ﬁnd * ; bsupport ; .
on the ovipositor ( 135 : 0 ) . in addition , the transverse rows of
spines ( 151 : 0 ) unites all the other taxa ( fig . 6 : node 2 ) . this
values are shown above the branches . the black arrow indicates placement of the added taxon ,
) , although it is reversed in some instances ( see e . g .
( fig . 6 : node 7 ) . these are further discussed below .
phyly of which ( fig . 6 : node 8 ) is supported by three homo -
by the shape of the larval seta sd1 on a9 . the hair - like
with small group of setae ( character 164 : 0 ) . the arrow points to the
not all , amphisbatid species : 99 , 107 , 113 and 118 . although
representatives of elachistidae s . l . ( e . g . hypercalliinae ) a
may to july ( zeller , 1852 ; dierl , 1996 ) . in denmark , according
larval stage takes 1 or 2 years . in the catalogue of the lep -
leaf of the plant and tied it into a portable sack . the larvae fed
( fig . 15 ) , present in female ( fig . 16 ) .
tion , not extended to spiracle or l group of setae . l group in all
descriptions ( characters 19 , 114 and 186 ) in kaila ( 2004 ) .
dalla torre , k . w . & von strand , e . ( 1929 ) psychidae .
( ed . by n . kristensen ) , pp . 217–232 . walter de gruyter , berlin .
kaila , l . ( 1999a ) phylogeny and classiﬁcation of the elachistidae s . s .
kaila , l . ( 1999b ) a review of the south american elachistidae s . str .
( ed . by n . kristensen ) , pp . 355–402 . walter de gruyter , berlin .
lvovsky , a . l . ( 2004 ) fauna europaea : amphisbatidae . lepidoptera ,
( esperiana memoir , 4 ) ( ed . by w . mey ) ,
. [ www document ] . url http : / / www . hantsmoths .
narrow stiff scales ( 1 ) ; formed as tuft of lamellate scales ( 2 ) .
ascending ( 0 ) ; straight ( 1 ) ; downward bent ( 2 ) .
: present with at least few setae ( 0 ) ; absent ( 1 ) .
row of scales ( 0 ) ; present as tuft of coremata ( 1 ) .
erally and anteriorly ( 0 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg . 6 ) ; mesially
ﬁg . 7c ) ; present ( 1 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg . 7a , b ) .
ﬁg . 7a , c ) ; present ( 1 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg . 7b ) .
present ( 0 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁgs 6 , 13 ) ; absent ( 1 ) .
: present ( 0 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg . 8 ) ; absent ( 1 ) .
9 ) ; present , t - shaped ( 1 ) ; absent ( 2 ) .
forming a stalk - like suture ( 1 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg .
margin ( 2 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg . 9a ) .
: not ( 0 ) ; yes ( 1 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg . 12 ) .
as cusp - like ( 0 ) ; vestigial or absent ( 1 ) . see kaila ( 1999a ,
absent ( 0 ) ; present ( 1 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁgs 10 , 11 ) .
absent ( 0 ) ; present ( 1 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg . 15 ) .
vein , otherwise as fold ( 0 ) ; present at most as fold ( 1 ) .
( 0 ) ; absent or nearly absent ( 1 ) ; inapplicable ( ? ) .
( 0 ) ; present as fold from base beyond cell ( 1 ) ; absent ( 2 ) .
and female ( 1 ) ; present on female only ( 2 ) . see note on
ﬁg . 17e , f ) ; present ( 1 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg . 17a–
absent ( 0 ) , present ( 1 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg . 17f ) .
absent ( 0 ) ; present ( 1 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg . 17b ) .
absent ( 0 ) ; present ( 1 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg . 17e ) .
tergum 1 ( 2 ) ( see kaila , 2004 : ﬁg . 18 ) .
( 1 ) ; present , surrounding aedeagus ( 2 ) . see kaila ( 1999a ,
: two setae present ( 0 ) ; one seta present ( 1 ) .
pinaculum ( 0 ) ; setae distant , in separate pinacula ( 1 ) .
. . . the portable cases of the larvae in the genus thiotricha ( thiotrichinae ) constitute a unique trait within gelechiidae . according to heikkilä & kaila ( 2010 ) and kaila et al . ( 2011 ) this feature is known only in four other occasions within gelechioidea . according to our results , little of this diversity in larval mode of life has direct phylogenetic correlation at the higher ( subfamily ) level within gelechiidae . . . .
. . . previously suggested subfamily divisions of oecophoridae are not supported by the present data , and considerably more comprehensive data are doubtless needed to resolve interrelationships of this large family . the next branch ( node 38 ) comprises the small families chimabachidae and lypusidae sensu heikkilä and kaila ( 2010 ) . the remaining gelechioidea are included in node 41 . . . .
. . . many species of the large genus coleophora ( coleophoridae ) are leaf miners at least at some life stage ( hering , 1951 ; landry , 1995 ; emmet et al . 1996 ) . their larvae build a portable case as a shelter , a feature that is encountered in a few other gelechioid lineages as well ( bucheli et al . , 2002 ; common , 1994 ; heikkilä and kaila , 2010 ; schmitz and rubinoff , 2011 ; zimmerman , 1978 ) . there are also large radiations specialized in feeding on dry or dead plant matter , or fungi . . . .
. . . they are divided into 252 named subfamilies , accounting for 75 . 2 per cent of the subfamilies listed in kristensen et al . ( 2007 ) . the classification and nomenclature follow kristensen et al . ( 2007 ) , except in lypusidae and cimelioidea , where subsequent classifications were followed ( yen & minet 2007 ; heikkilä & kaila 2010 ) . the bulk of the dna material was gathered from the dna collections of the authors . . . .
order lepidoptera linnaeus , 1758 . in : zhang z - q , editor . 2011 . animal biodiversity : an outline of higher classification and survey of taxonomic richness
order lepidoptera linnaeus , 1758 . in : zhang , z . - q . ( ed . ) , animal biodiversity : an outline of higher - level classification and survey of taxonomic richness .
we attempt to achieve an understanding of global diversity - both in morphology , and species numbers of the elachistinae ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea ) . to achieve this goal we make basic species leve…
[ more ]
the systematic position of the elachista subgenus dibrachia sinev & sruoga , 1992 is revised on the basis of a novel anatomical interpretation of the male juxta - valval process complex in the constituent species . the taxonomy of the species is outlined and new distributional data are presented . five species are recognised , the following two of which are described as new : elachista alicanta sp . . . . [ show full abstract ]
phylogenetic relationships within the megadiverse lepidopteran superfamily gelechioidea have been poorly understood and consequently the family level classification has been problematic . an analysis of phylogeny using 193 characters , including 241 informative character states , derived from larval , pupal and adult morphology and larval ecology , was performed to resolve the phylogeny of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
notes on the genus perittia of the west palaearctic region with descriptions of three new species ( l . . .
new records for seven species of the perittia moths from the west palaearctic area are given . three of them are described as new species : perittia junnilaisella sp . n . from turkey , p . ravida sp . n . from turkey and greece , as well as p . minitaurella sp . n . from greece ( crete ) . the females of perittia huemeri ( traugott - olsen ) and p . mucronata ( parenti ) are described for the first time . perittia . . . [ show full abstract ]
a hitherto neglected gelechioid moth genus eumenodora meyrick ( gelechioidea : elachistidae ; cosmopterigidae ; xyloryctidae ) is redescribed . the genus , originally assigned to the elachistidae and later transferred to the cosmopterigidae , is monotypic . the single constituent species , e . encrypta meyrick , 1906 , has long been known only from the holotype , collected in brisbane , queensland . . . [ show full abstract ]
a review of species related to elachista catalana parenti ( lepidoptera , elachistidae : elachistinae ) , . . .
the taxonomy of elachista ( aphelosetia ) catalana parenti , 1978 and its relatives is revised . elachistamodesta parenti , 1978 is considered a valid species , stat . rev . and elachista zuernbaueri traugott - olsen , 1990 is considered a synonym of e . catalana , syn . n . elachista liskai sp . n . is described from slovakia , and elachista vulcana sp . n . from morocco and spain .


eupithecia latitans is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found in peru .

the wingspan is about 18 mm .

the forewings are pale greenish grey , powdered with olive scales .

the shadings are olive .

the hindwings are similar , but all the markings are less definite .

eupithecia latitans

this is the place for latitans definition . you find here latitans meaning , synonyms of latitans and images for latitans copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word latitans . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word latitans and , of course , latitans synonyms and on the right images related to the word latitans .
vad betyder eupithecia ? här finner du 2 definitioner av eupithecia . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av eupithecia själv
eupithecia är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av curtis 1825 . eupithecia ingår i familjen mätare .
eupithecia subfuscata haworth , 1809 = castigata ( hübner , 1813 ) = eupithecia implicata walker , 1862 = eupithecia blancheata cooke , 1881 = latipennis ( hulst , 1898 ) = eupithecia castigaria boisduval , 1840 .
eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
eupithecia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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the brown dog tick ( rhipicephalus sanguineus ) , commonly called kennel tick , or pan-tropical dog tick , is a species of tick which is found worldwide , but more commonly in warmer climates .

this species is unusual among ticks in that its entire life cycle can be completed indoors .

rhipicephalus sanguineus

salivary glands of a rhipicephalus sanguineus infected with rickettsia conorii conorii ( left ) . gimenez staining : smears of infected rhipicephalus sanguineus salivary glands ( right ) .
rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) species complex : morphometric and ultrastructural analyses .
iberian peninsula ; morphometric analysis ; r . turanicus ; rhipicephalus sanguineus ; scanning electron microscopy
the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus and the dog as experimental hosts of ehrlichia canis .
the eggs of a rhipicephalus sanguineus infected with rickettsia conorii conorii ( left ) . gimenez staining , the crushed eggs of a rhipicephalus sanguineus infected with rickettsia conorii conorii ( right ) .
dantas - torres f . biology and ecology of the brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus .
rhipicephalus sanguineus is found in practically all countries between 50 degrees n and 35 degrees s latitude .
rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) species complex : morphometric and ultrastructural analyses . - pubmed - ncbi
detection of permethrin resistance and fipronil tolerance in rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) in the united states .
the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus and the dog as experimental hosts of ehrlichia canis . - pubmed - ncbi
dantas - torres f , otranto d . further thoughts on the taxonomy and vector role of rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks .
identification , functional characterization and expression patterns of a water - specific aquaporin in the brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus .
seasonal distribution of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks ( acari : ixodidae ) on dogs in an urban area of morelos , mexico .
rhipicephalus sanguineus infected with rickettsia conorii conorii during blood feeding on a new zealand white rabbit , feces circled ( left ) . inflammation around a bite site of a female rhipicephalus sanguineus infected with r . conorii conorii during feeding ( right ) .
female adult of rhipicephalus sanguineus ( brown dog tick ) . photo by : james gathany , center for disease control and prevention
figure 4 . female brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille , laying eggs . photograph by james newman , university of florida .
detection of permethrin resistance and fipronil tolerance in rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) in the united states . - pubmed - ncbi
the map shows the current known distribution of rhipicephalus sanguineus in europe at ‘regional’ administrative level ( nuts3 ) , as of january 2018 .
the map shows the current known distribution of rhipicephalus sanguineus in europe at at ‘regional’ administrative level ( nuts3 ) , as of may 2018 .
dipeolu oo , akinboade oa , ogunji fo . observations on the epidemiology of house infesting rhipicephalus sanguineus in a household in lagos , nigeria .
dantas - torres f . biology and ecology of the brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus . parasit vectors . 2010 ; 3 : 26 .
identification , functional characterization and expression patterns of a water - specific aquaporin in the brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus . - pubmed - ncbi
seasonal distribution of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks ( acari : ixodidae ) on dogs in an urban area of morelos , mexico . - pubmed - ncbi
figure 3 . life cycle of the brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille . drawing by james newman and leah lefevre , university of florida .
gilot b , laforge ml , pichot j , raoult d . relationships between the rhipicephalus sanguineus complex ecology and mediterranean spotted fever epidemiology in france .
mating of rhipicephalus sanguineus . a : a couple of rh . sanguineus mating on a dog ( the male is arrowed ) . b : a spermatophore attached to the female genital aperture ( bar = 600 μm ) .
zahler m , filippova na , morel pc , gothe r , rinder h . relationships between species of the rhipicephalus sanguineus group : a molecular approach .
uspensky i , ioffe - uspensky i . the dog factor in brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) infestations in and near human dwellings .
dantas - torres f , figueredo la , brandão - filho sp . primeira descrição de parasitismo humano por rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) no brasil .
figure 2 . hexagonal basis capituli , an identifying character for the brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille . photograph and drawing by james newman , university of florida .
franc m , cadiergues mc . 1999 . activity of a deltamethrin shampoo against ctenocephalides felis and rhipicephalus sanguineus in dogs . veterinary parasitology . 81 : 341 - 346 .
sweatman gk . 1967 . physical and biological factors affecting the longevity and oviposition of engorged rhipicephalus sanguineus female ticks . journal of parasitology . 53 : 432 - 445 .
nava s , estrada - peña a , petney t , beati l , labruna mb , szabó mp . the taxonomic status of rhipicephalus sanguineus ( latreille , 1806 )
dantas - torres f , figueredo la , brandão - filho sp . rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) , the brown dog tick , parasitizing humans in brazil .
louly ccb , fonseca in , oliveira vf , borges lmf . ocorrência de rhipicephalus sanguineus em trabalhadores de clínicas veterinárias e canis , no município de goiânia , go .
ovaries of a rickettsia conorii conorii - infected engorged rhipicephalus sanguine ; scale bar : 2 µm ( top left ) . gimenez staining , smears of infected rhipicephalus sanguineus ovaries ( top right ) . an electron photomicrograph of ovarian tissue from a rickettsia conorii conorii - infected engorged female rhipicephalus sanguineus ( bottom left and right ) . red flash , rickettsia conorii conorii surrounded by electron - lucent halos . scale bar : 0 . 1 µm .
out of the 50 molecularly analysed ticks , 38 were identified as r . sanguineus based on the amplified parts of their cox 1 and 16s rrna genes ( i . e . corresponding to groups rhipicephalus sp . i and rhipicephalus sp . ii of the “temperate lineage” , and r . sanguineus ( s . l . ) “tropical lineage” ) .
fox mt , sykes tj . 1985 . establishment of the tropical dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus , in a house in london . veterinary record . 116 : 661 - 662 .
table s1 . sequences of rhipicephalus spp . used in this study . ( docx 16 kb )
genus rhipicephalus ( acari , ixodidae ) . a guide to the brown ticks of the world .
rhodes ar , norment br . 1979 . hosts of rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) in northern mississippi , usa . journal of medical entomology . 16 : 488 - 492 .
- rhiphicephalus sanguineus : female - a . dorsal view ; b . ventral view .
louly cc , soares sf , da nóbrega silveira d , guimarães ms , borges lm : differences in the behavior of rhipicephalus sanguineus tested against resistant and susceptible dogs . exp appl acarol .
coutinho mtz , bueno ll , sterzik a , fujiwara rt , botelho jr , maria m . participation of rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) in the epidemiology of canine visceral leishmaniasis .
the genus rhipicephalus ( acari : ixodidae ) . a guide to the brown ticks of the world .
figure 6 . nymph ( larger tick ) and larvae of the brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille , on a dime . photograph by james newman and leah lefevre , university of florida .
figure 1 . life stages of the brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille . clockwise from top right : larva , male , female , nymph . photograph by james newman , university of florida .
tick mouthparts . a : ixodes ricinus nymph ( bar = 200 μm ) . b : rhipicephalus sanguineus nymph ( bar = 250 μm ) . note the rostrum of rh . sanguineus ( wider than long ) in comparison with the one of i . ricinus ( twice longer than wide ) .
rhipicephalus sanguineus or the brown dog tick is extremely rare in wisconsin . the tick is usually found in association with domestic dogs , and is able to complete its life cycle indoors in homes or kennels .
nava s , mastropaolo m , venzal jm , mangold aj , guglielmone aa . mitochondrial dna analysis of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ( acari : ixodidae ) in the southern cone of south america . vet .
kumar s , prakash s , kaushik mp , rao km . 1992 . comparative activity of three repellents against the ticks rhipicephalus sanguineus and argas persicus . medical and veterinary entomology . 6 : 47 - 50 .
burlini l , teixeira kr , szabó mp , famadas km . molecular dissimilarities of rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) in brazil and its relation with samples throughout the world : is there a geographical pattern ?
the ticks were morphologically identified as ixodes ricinus ( seven males and 27 females ) , rhipicephalus bursa ( one male ) , rhipicephalus pusillus ( one female ) and r . sanguineus ( s . l . ) ( two larvae , 101 nymphs , 108 males and 100 females ) . partial mitochondrial 16s rrna gene sequences were obtained from 58 r . sanguineus ( s . l . ) specimens , and all of them were genetically identified as belonging to the so - called temperate lineage of r . sanguineus ( s . l . )
figure 5 . engorged ( right ) and unengorged or flat nymphs of the brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille . the increased size results from ingesting large volumes of blood . photograph by james newman , university of florida .
attachment sites of rhipicephalus sanguineus . a : three adults on the ear of a dog . b : two females attached to the axilla of a dog . c : an engorged nymph on the interdigital region of a dog .
burlini l , teixeira kr , szabó mp , famadas km : molecular dissimilarities of rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) in brazil and its relation with samples throughout the world : is there a geographical pattern ? . exp appl acarol .
dantas - torres f , latrofa ms , annoscia g , giannelli a , parisi a , otranto d . morphological and genetic diversity of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu latofrom the new and old worlds . parasit vectors . 2013 ; 6 : 213 .
eiden , a . l . , p . e . kaufman , f . m . oi . 2012 . acaricide resistance in florida rhipicephalus sanguineus populations . florida entomological society meeting , jupiter beach , fl . july 23 , 2012 .
oviposition of rhipicephalus sanguineus . a : several females laying eggs under laboratory conditions ( temperature 26°c , relative humidity , 80 % ) . b : a close - up of the previous image , showing in detail the newly laid eggs .
data of rhipicephalus spp . ticks used in this study . the sex / stage of ticks and date of collection are not shown
nava s , mastropaolo m , venzal jm , mangold aj , guglielmone aa . mitochondrial dna analysis of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ( acari : ixodidae ) in the southern cone of south america . vet parasitol . 2012 ; 190 : 547–55 .
diagnostically important structures of r . sanguineus and r . leporis males . a left spiracular plate of rhipicephalus sp . i collected in histria , romania . b adanal plates of rhipicephalus sp . ii collected in pula , croatia . c long and narrow dorsal prolongation of spiracular plates in r . leporis . d tear - drop shaped , posteriorly rounded adanal plates in r . leporis
rickettsia conorii conorii is the etiological agent of mediterranean spotted fever , which is transmitted by the brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus . the relationship between the rickettsia and its tick vector are still poorly understood one century after the first description of this disease .
the genus rhipicephalus comprises 17 species that are morphologically similar and show intraspecific variations within populations whose taxonomic status is still uncertain 12 . nowadays , the molecular approach is used to investigate differences among the species of the r . sanguineus complex 13 - 15 .
aguiar clg , pinto dm , pappen fg , da cunha na , filho , dos santos trb , farias nar . parâmetros da fase de vida livre de rhipicephalus sanguineus ( latreille , 1806 ) ( acari : ixodidae ) : adaptado ao clima subtropical .
hiding - places of rhipicephalus sanguineus . a : a fully engorged female walking on a limestone wall . b and c : engorged females ( arrows ) hidden in cracks of the same wall . d : several engorged females on the ground between rocks .
du groupe sanguineus : espèces africaines ( acariens ; ixididae ) . rev elev med vet pays trop 15 : 343–86 .
the ability of r . sanguineus to transmit pathogens such as rickettsia rickettsii , the agent of rocky mountain spotted fever , known in brazil as brazilian spotted fever ( bsf ) , to humans is little understood 28 - 33 . on the other hand , infestation by rhipicephalus sanguineus ( latreille ) in dogs has increased considerably in urban areas of the state of rio grande do sul 34 - 36 .
citation : socolovschi c , gaudart j , bitam i , huynh tp , raoult d , parola p ( 2012 ) why are there so few rickettsia conorii conorii - infected rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks in the wild ? plos negl trop dis 6 ( 6 ) : e1697 . urltoken
study of biological parameters of the life cycle ( duration of their metamorphosis ) of r . conorii conorii - infected rh . sanguineus
hornok s , farkas r . [ first autochthonous infestation of dogs with rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) in hungary : case report and review of current knowledge on this tick species . ] magyar állatorvos . 2005 ; 127 : 623–9 ( in hungarian with english abstract ) .
estrada - pena a , ascher f . 1999 . comparison of an amitraz - impregnated collar with topical administration of fipronil for prevention of experimental and natural infestations by the brown dog tick ( rhipicephalus sanguineus ) . journal of the american veterinary medical association . 214 : 1799 - 1803 .
smith rd , sells dm , stephenson eh , ristic m , huxsoll dl . 1976 . development of ehrlichia canis , causative agent of canine ehrlichiosis , in the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus and its differentiation from a symbiotic richettsia . american journal of veterinary research . 37 : 119 - 126 .
another important issue to be considered is the taxonomy of the genus rhipicephalus and , in particular , of the rh . sanguineus group that has long been a subject of research [ 82 , 83 ] . the main problem is that the type - specimen of rh . sanguineus has been lost [ 82 ] and , therefore , a bona fide taxonomic definition of this species is currently lacking . this taxonomic question needs to be resolved in the near future to avoid misidentifications and misleading on the role of rhipicephalus spp . ticks in the epidemiology of tick - borne diseases .
study of the biological parameters of the life cycle ( duration of their metamorphosis ) of r . conorii conorii - infected rh . sanguineus
the taxonomic status of the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus ( sensu stricto ) is a subject of on - going debate ; there is a consensus that populations of this tick species should be referred to as r . sanguineus ( sensu lato ) until its taxonomic status is resolved . recent genetic studies revealed the existence of more than one lineage of r . sanguineus ( s . l . ) in temperate countries . in this study , we assessed the genetic identity of ticks collected from rural dogs living in several areas located in all major geographical regions of portugal .
eiden , a . l . , p . e . kaufman , f . m . oi , m . j . dark and r . miller . 2012 . acaricide resistance in rhipicephalus sanguineus . society of vector ecology annual meeting . st . augustine , fl . september 24 , 2012 .
the map shows the current known distribution of rhipicephalus sanguineus in europe at ‘regional’ administrative level ( nuts3 ) , as of april 2017 . the vectornet maps are published regularly on the website to provide the ecdc stakeholders and the general public with the most up - to - date information on vector distribution .
the map shows the current known distribution of rhipicephalus sanguineus in europe at ‘regional’ administrative level ( nuts3 ) , as of october 2017 . the vectornet maps are published regularly on the website to provide the ecdc stakeholders and the general public with the most up - to - date information on vector distribution .
in the “temperate lineage” of r . sanguineus , based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 ( cox 1 ) and 16s rrna genes , rhipicephalus sp . i was only found in the eastern part of the mediterranean basin ( with relatively homogenous haplotypes ) , whereas rhipicephalus sp . ii occurred in the middle - to - western part of this region ( with phylogenetically dichotomous haplotypes ) . ticks identified as r . leporis ( based on morphology and cox 1 gene ) were found in kenya and ivory coast . these clustered phylogenetically within r . sanguineus ( s . l . ) ( “tropical lineage” ) .
these results strongly suggest that the temperate species of r . sanguineus ( s . l . ) is the only representative of this tick group found on dogs in portugal . it also adds weight to the hypothesis that rhipicephalus turanicus is not present in this country , although further investigations are necessary to confirm this .
mihalca ad , kalmár z , dumitrache mo . rhipicephalus rossicus , a neglected tick at the margin of europe : a review of its distribution , ecology and medical importance .
the aim of this study was to assess some of the life cycle parameters of infected and non - infected rh . sanguineus , the transstadial and transovarial transmission of r . conorii conorii and the influence of high and low temperature on the survival of rh . sanguineus infected with r . conorii conorii .
the cox 1 sequences from rhipicephalus sp . i had one to three nucleotides different among them ( 627–630 / 630 bp ; 99 . 5–100 % sequence similarity ) . in the subgroup rhipicephalus sp . iia , one to three nucleotides were different from each other ( 627–630 / 630 bp ; 99 . 5–100 % sequence similarity ) , whereas subgroup rhipicephalus sp . iib was more heterogeneous , with up to seven bp differences ( 623 / 630 bp ; 98 . 9 % sequence similarity ) . comparisons between the two subgroups ( a + b ) of rhipicephalus sp . ii showed 28–32 bp differences among haplotypes , resulting in 94 . 9–95 . 6 % ( 598–602 / 630 bp ) sequence similarity . the cox 1 sequences differed by 56–60 nucleotides between rhipicephalus sp . i and ii ( 570–574 / 630 bp ; 90 . 5–91 . 1 % similarity ) .
phylogeny of rhipicephalus spp . inferred from 16s rrna sequences . maximum - parsimony tree based on 16s rrna sequences generated herein as well as either single haplotype or consensus sequences of r . pusillus , r . bursa , r . sanguineus ( s . l . ) “temperate lineage” ( = rhipicephalus sp . ii ; rhipicephalus sp . morphotype 2 ) , r . turanicus , r . sanguineus ( s . l . ) “tropical lineage” , and r . guilhoni . geographical origins are reported in parentheses and genbank accession numbers are underlined . only bootstrap values ≥ 50 % are indicated . abbreviations : a , alijó ; az , azores ; be , beja ; b , bragança ; fa , faro ; g , gondomar ; go , gouveia ; gu , guarda ; lo , lourinhã ; m , madeira ; p , porto ; s , sabugal
eiden , a . l . , p . e . kaufman , f . m . oi , m . j . dark and r . miller . 2012 . determination of acaricide resistance in rhipicephalus sanguineus and evaluation of resistance mechanisms . annual meeting of the entomological society of america , knoxville , tn . november 12 , 2012 .
immature and adult stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus . a : larva ( mounted in hoyer ' s medium ; bar = 400 μm ) . b : nymph ( mounted in hoyer ' s medium ; bar = 0 . 5 mm ) . c : female ( bar = 1 mm ) . d : male ( bar = 1 mm ) .
attachment of rhipicephalus sanguineus . a : a male firmly attached to the dog ' s skin . note that while the tick is being gently pulled with the help of a tweezers , the skin is stretched out . b : a female exhibiting a piece of a dog ' s skin that remained attached to her mouthparts after her forced removal .
walker jb , keirans je , horak ig . the genus rhipicephalus ( acari , ixodidae ) . a guide to the brown ticks of the world . cambridge : cambridge university press ; 2000 .
borsoi & serra - freire 28 found that r . sanguineus was the dominant species in some communities in the state of rio de janeiro . people in daily contact with dogs parasitized by r . sanguineus could be included in the risk group for this type of parasitism 24 , 25 . these conditions could increase the risk of transmission of r . rickettsii to humans in brazil . future studies are needed to determine the incidence of r . rickettsii in local populations of r . sanguineus 29 , 30 , 39 .
cases of human parasitism by rh . sanguineus ticks have sporadically been described in the literature [ 38 , 59 , 62 , 70 - 76 ] and the risk factors associated to this parasitism include dog ownership , presence of infested dogs indoors and high level of environmental infestation . in brazil , people dealing daily with dogs ( e . g . , veterinarians , pet shop workers , and dog owners ) appear to be at risk of exposure to rh . sanguineus [ 38 , 42 ] . in south - east nigeria , in an outbreak of human parasitism by rh . sanguineus , the grounds of the family dwelling , the sheep pens , and dog kennels were heavily infested by rh . sanguineus [ 63 ] . indeed , the higher is the level of environmental infestation , the higher is the risk of human exposure to rh . sanguineus ticks .
moulting of rhipicephalus sanguineus . a : a nymph ( arrow ) emerging from its larval exuvia . b : an engorged nymph ( few hours prior the ecydisis ) , exhibiting the short , anterior dorsal scutum ( ds ) and the alloscutum ( as ) of a typical female . a nymphal exuvia ( arrow ) left behind by other female can be seen as well .
a total of 741 mammals representing 15 species were examined for brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus , infestations from february 1976 through july 1977 in 3 localities in marshall county , mississippi . of 8641 r . sanguineus removed from these animals , 30 . 3 % , 28 . 9 % and 40 . 8 % were larvae , nymphs and adults , respectively . this tick infested 61 . 5 % , 34 . 6 % and 1 . 3 % of the domestic , hunting and stray dogs , respectively . of 14 noncanine species examined , only hispid cotton rats ( sigmodon hispidus ) ( 1 . 3 % ) and house mice ( mus musculus ) ( 1 . 3 % ) were infested by r . sanguineus .
phylogeny of rhipicephalus spp . following maximum likelihood analysis of cox 1 gene . for clarity , only one reference sequence ( the closest rhipicephalus haplotype available in genbank from other studies ) is included for each ( sub ) group . these reference sequences are indicated with coloured background of their accession numbers according to their taxonomic groups . branch lengths represent the number of substitutions per site inferred according to the scale shown
phylogeny of rhipicephalus spp . following neighbor - joining analysis of cox 1 gene . for clarity , only one reference sequence ( the closest rhipicephalus haplotype available in genbank from other studies ) is included for each ( sub ) group . these reference sequences are indicated with coloured background of their accession numbers according to their taxonomic groups . branch lengths represent the number of substitutions per site inferred according to the scale shown
we report the finding of a female brown dog tick , rhipicephalus sanguineus ( acari : ixodidae ) on the scalp of a male patient in porto alegre , rio grande do sul , brazil . human parasitism by this tick is rare and has seldomly been reported in the literature , despite its recognized importance since it can act as a vector of rickettsia rickettsii , the agent of spotted fever .
phylogeny of rhipicephalus spp . following maximum likelihood analysis of 16s rrna gene . sequences from this study are indicated with bold accession numbers . branch lengths represent the number of substitutions per site inferred according to the scale shown
the brown dog tick or rhipicephalus sanguineus is a putative vector of ehrlichia canis , a gram - negative , intracellulear bacterium that causes canine ehrlichiosis . other pathogens are babesia vogeli , a other protozoan parasite that causes canine babesiosis , rickettsia rickettsii , the causative agent of rocky mountain spotted fever ( rmsf ) , and other rickettsia species such as r . belli , r . rhipicephali and r . montana .
the domestic dog is the main host of rh . sanguineus in both urban and rural areas [ 30 - 32 ] . occasionally , rh . sanguineus can infest a wide range of domestic and wild hosts , including cats , rodents , birds , and humans [ 33 - 39 ] . the parasitism by rh . sanguineus on hosts other than dogs is quite unusual in certain areas , being mainly associated to the presence of heavily infested dogs and in highly infested environments . in the same way , ticks collected from domestic and wild animals that might eventually resemble rh . sanguineus might actually represent other species , such as rh . turanicus which is often found on cattle , horses , goats , cats , and a wide range of wildlife species [ 36 ] .
phylogeny of rhipicephalus spp . following neighbor - joining analysis of 16s rrna gene . sequences from this study are indicated with bold accession numbers . branch lengths represent the number of substitutions per site inferred according to the scale shown
adult rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks efficiently transmitted ehrlichia canis to susceptible dogs for 155 days after detachment as engorged nymphs from a dog in the acute phase of ehrlichiosis . adult ticks that had similarly engorged on a dog in the chronic phase of ehrlichiosis failed to transmit e canis to susceptible dogs . infected but unfed adult ticks may be of greater importance than the chronically infected carrier dog as a natural reservoir of e canis .
the brown dog tick ( or kennel tick ) rhipicephalus sanguineus ( latreille , 1806 ) ( acari : ixodidae ) has great medical and veterinary significance , since it is a vector and reservoir of many human and animal pathogens 1 - 5 . dogs are the main hosts of the adult and pre - adult parasitic stages of the tick . adults of r . sanguineus can also feed on humans and many other mammals , such as goats , sheep , cattle , horses , wild carnivores , cats , hares and hedgehogs ; pre - adult ticks have been found in shrews and many rodents 6 - 11 .
here , we report the finding of an adult female of r . sanguineus on the scalp of an adult male patient in the city of porto alegre , rio grande do sul , brazil .
the likelihood of a host other than the dog being attacked by rh . sanguineus might vary according to tick population . for instance , the human parasitism by rh . sanguineus is relatively common in europe , particularly during the summer [ 40 ] . in contrast , the human parasitism is much less common ( or maybe much less reported ) in south american countries [ 41 ] , such as brazil [ 38 , 42 ] .
in an epidemiological study carried out in marseille ( france ) it was observed that dense centres of housing were much less favourable for rh . sanguineus ticks than scattered ones [ 64 ] . furthermore , it was observed that houses with gardens were more a suitable biotope for rh . sanguineus than the environment of large buildings [ 64 ] . similar results have been obtained in japan , where dogs that had contact with a garden ( two weeks prior to examination ) had a higher chance of being infested by rh . sanguineus [ 65 ] . furthermore , in the same japanese study , this tick was most frequently associated with dogs from urban and suburban areas [ 65 ] .
information on human parasitism by r . sanguineus in brazil is sparse . in 2005 , dantas - torres et al . 23 provided the first , brief description of human parasitism by this species of tick in brazil . in the following year , dantas - torres et al . 24 investigated the species of ectoparasites in domestic dogs from the metropolitan region of recife , pernambuco state , and reported that four dog owners were found to be parasitized by ticks identified as r . sanguineus . these were the first four cases of human parasitism by this tick species in brazil . louly et al . 25 described the first case of human parasitism by r . sanguineus in the state of goiás .
we studied the transmission of r . conorii conorii in rh . sanguineus through more than twelve generations by using molecular tools and following the life cycle of infected and non - infected ticks under laboratory conditions . our investigation of the influence of high and low temperature on the survival of several stages of rh . sanguineus infected with r . conorii conorii mimicked the cold weather ( 4°c ) and hot summer ( 37°c ) in our area and compared the experimental temperatures to laboratory conditions ( 25°c ) .
in conclusion , the data presented herein add weight to the hypotheses that the temperate species / lineage is the only representative of r . sanguineus ( s . l . ) in portugal and that r . turanicus does not occur in this country .
from an ethological standpoint , rh . sanguineus is an endophilic ( adapted to indoor living ) , monotropic ( all developmental stages feed on the same host species ) , and three - host ( each life stage requires a new host to feed on ) tick species . however , although highly endophilic , rh . sanguineus is also able to survive in outdoor environments , mainly if refuges ( e . g . , limestone walls ) are available . moreover , although monotropic , this tick can occasionally feed on other hosts ( e . g . , humans ) , which do not belong to its ' natural trophic chain ' . these facts indicate that rh . sanguineus is a catholic tick , being able to adopt different strategies for survival , as needed .
we used colonies of ticks free of rickettsia , ehrlichia , anaplasma , bartonella and coxiella burnetii originating from algeria that were morphologically and molecularly [ 23 ] identified as rh . sanguineus and had been maintained in our laboratory in an incubator at 25°c with 80 % relative humidity since 2006 [ 26 ] . when obtained , the 12s rna mitochondrial sequence data presented 100 % similarity to rh . sanguineus from the usa ( hm014443 ) , portugal ( fj536554 ) , and switzerland ( af483241 ) . individual new zealand white rabbits ( oryctolagus cuniculus ) were used for the attachment of non - infected ticks , as described above . periodically , new ticks from the wild that tested negative by pcr were included in our non - infected rh . sanguineus colony , as previously described [ 27 ] .
more work is needed to thoroughly decipher the relationship between r . conorii conorii and its vector , rh . sanguineus . aside from the need to definitively confirm the role of animal reservoirs in perpetuating r . conorii conorii , continued investigations of the rh . sanguineus - r . conorii conorii interaction are needed to provide a better understanding of the factors influencing the ecology and epidemiology of msf . in particular , studies on the poorly understood rickettsial inactivation - reactivation phenomenon may provide a better insight into the interaction between rickettsiae and ticks .
this is the first report of a r . sanguineus tick biting a human being in porto alegre . in the case reported here , we presume , based on the skin lesions seen in the patient , that the female tick made several attempts to attach without success .
these preliminary results suggest that infected quiescent ticks may not survive the winter and may help explain the low prevalence of infected rh . sanguineus in nature . further investigations on the influence of extrinsic factors on diapaused r . conorii - infected and non - infected ticks are required .
overall , studies on the ecology of rh . sanguineus show that this tick is well - adapted to live within human dwellings , being also capable to colonize peridomiciliary environments ( e . g . , gardens and kennels ) if the weather is suitable and if hosts are available .
in conclusion , all topics stressed above are worthy of research in the future . data from these studies would provide new insights into the biology and ecology of rh . sanguineus and ultimately prompt the development of optimized strategies for the control of this tick and the pathogens it transmits .
due to its veterinary and public health relevance , rh . sanguineus is one of the most studied ticks . indeed , a number of studies on its biology and ecology have been carried out in many parts of the world . certainly , knowledge of the natural history of this tick is seminal for a better understanding of the eco - epidemiology of tick - borne diseases , such as mediterranean spotted fever and rocky mountain spotted fever . herein , some aspects of the biology and ecology of rh . sanguineus are discussed , including the possible impact of current climate changes on populations of this tick around the world .
interestingly , recent studies have demonstrated that rh . sanguineus ticks exposed to high temperatures attach more rapidly to rabbits and humans [ 40 , 69 ] . therefore , it has been suggested that the risk of human parasitism could increase in areas that are experiencing warmer and / or longer summers , which could ultimately increase the risk of transmission of some pathogens , such as r . conorii [ 40 ] . it is important to stress that exposure to light and high temperature provoke excitation and induce increased questing behaviour not only in rh . sanguineus , but in any tick species , particularly in those parasitic on homeothermic vertebrates .
adanal plates of two rhipicephalus sp . i males ( with only 1 bp difference in the amplified part of the cox 1 gene ; collected from the same dog in jajinci , serbia ) showing similar shape ( e . g . posteromedial corner ) , but highly different length - to - breadth ratio ( upper : 2 . 7 , lower : 2 )
although human parasitism by r . sanguineus is unusual , it has already been reported in different parts of the world 16 - 22 . in brazil , the first description of human parasitism by this species of ixodid tick was reported in 2005 23 . other cases have been recorded ever since in the country 24 - 27 .
the public - health authorities must evaluate the incidence of r . sanguineus in dogs from urban areas , improving the monitoring of the distribution of these dogs and their contact with humans 34 . future control attempts must consider the limited knowledge of the tick behavior and other biological parameters in the state of rio grande do sul .
a total of thirty engorged female rh . sanguineus ticks were collected from 7 dogs of patients who contracted msf in algeria . a single specimen collected in ghazonet , algeria tested positive for r . conorii conorii ( genbank , accession number omp a : dq518245 and glt a : ae008677 ) . the positive controls tested positive for all pcr reactions , and no signal was obtained from the negative controls for any pcr reaction . molecular identification of tick species based on partial 12s rrna mitochondrial sequence data indicated 99 . 7 % ( 337 / 338 ) similarity to rh . sanguineus from the usa ( hm014443 ) , portugal ( fj536554 ) , and switzerland ( af483241 ) .
the number of generations that rh . sanguineus ticks can complete each year can vary from region to region . under favourable conditions ( e . g . , temperature , relative humidity , and host availability ) , they can complete up to three or four generations per year , as recorded in centre - western brazil [ 14 , 15 ] .
dantas - torres & otranto 6 stated that some populations presently assigned to r . sanguineus in different parts of the world could belong to different species , and that this possibility may have been overlooked by taxonomists . however , it is also possible that this wide geographical distribution can be attributed to the adaptability of this tick species to different hosts and climate conditions .
although dogs are the main hosts of rh . sanguineus , the finding of this tick on wild canids [ 37 ] indicates that free - ranging wild canids might be involved in its maintenance and dispersion through different regions . this could have implications in the control of ticks and in the epidemiology of tick - borne diseases , particularly in areas where dogs live in close contact with their wild counterparts .
when seeking a host , the brown dog tick is a hunter ( host - seeking behaviour ) , although it can also adopt the ambush strategy ( questing behaviour ) . indeed , all these behavioural patterns exhibited by rh . sanguineus have been acquired throughout its evolutionary history . perhaps , these traits of this tick have evolved from its relationship with the domestic dog and their shared environment , being part the tick ' s strategy for survival and perpetuation .
this study confirms the vertical transmission of r . conorii conorii in naturally infected rh . sanguineus ticks over twelve generations with a tot rate of 100 % and an fir of up to 99 % . r . conorii conorii was detected in ovary tissue by electron microscopy and by gimenez staining , which supports the mechanism of transmission through several generations of infected ticks . the duration of the different steps of the tick life cycle in laboratory conditions were similar between non - infected and r . conorii conorii - infected ticks . these results are in agreement with recent published data about non - infected rh . sanguineus [ 27 ] . the difference in the average weights of engorged females and eggs between the infected and non - infected ticks suggests that the fecundity of infected female ticks is lower than that of uninfected females . this implies that the prevalence of infection in a tick population should gradually decline and disappear without periodical augmentation .
strange as it seems ( e . g . , when you see a single dog infested by hundreds of ticks ) , most of the ticks are not on the dog but in the environment . as a typical three - host tick , rh . sanguineus spends most of its lifetime in the environment , where it is under direct influence of several biotic ( e . g . , predators ) and abiotic ( e . g . , weather condition ) factors .
the feeding period of rh . sanguineus can vary from two days ( e . g . , larvae ) to several weeks ( e . g . , females ) , depending on tick developmental stage ( e . g . , feeding period of nymphs is longer than that of larvae ) and host ( e . g . , engorgement of females may take longer on rabbits than on dogs ) [ 7 , 8 ] . male ticks can take multiple blood meals . indeed , it has been shown that male ticks previously attached to one dog can move onto another co - housed dog and feed on it [ 9 ] . furthermore , male ticks can remain for long periods of time on the host . interestingly , it has been observed that the presence of males can increase the feeding performance of rh . sanguineus immature ticks , particularly nymphs [ 10 ] . this fact suggests that males may have other biological roles in addition to reproduction .
a recent study showed that rh . sanguineus ticks fed on resistant hosts ( i . e . , guinea pigs ) presented several histological alterations ( e . g . , swelling of the epithelial cells of malpighian tubules , an increase in guanine content secreted by malpighian tubules , vacuolization of epithelial wall of tracheae , and vacuolization of oocytes ) as compared to ticks fed on dogs [ 53 ] . however , further research employing ultrastructural and immunohistochemical techniques would be helpful to reveal the nature of these alterations .
as previously mentioned in this article , some dog breeds appear to be more resistant than others [ 50 ] to infestations by rh . sanguineus . further studies on the possible role of individual dog factors ( e . g . , genetics and nutritional status ) on the susceptibility of dogs to ticks are needed . specifically , it would be interesting to investigate whether previous tick infestations could reduce the number of successive tick bites and thus the risk of infection by tick - borne pathogens , for example , e . canis and babesia vogeli .
once on the dog , rh . sanguineus uses its chelicerae to pierce the host ' s skin and then inserts its hypostome and chelicerae into the host ' s epidermis , occasionally reaching the upper layers of dermis [ 5 ] . during attachment , the tick secretes a cement - like substance , which forms a cone on the surface of epidermis that extends up to the stratum corneum [ 5 ] . while probing for blood , capillary and small blood vessels are lacerated and haemorrhage occurs , creating a feeding pool [ 6 ] , from which the tick sucks blood and other fluids ( telmophagy ) .
the animals were handled according to the rules of french decree n . 8 87–848 of october 19 , 1987 , paris . each colony of non - infected and infected ticks had individual rabbits . for the non - infected ticks of the laboratory tick colony , a rabbit was used a maximum for three times for feeding . however , for the infected laboratory colonies and for the analysis of temperature on r . conorii conorii - infected and non - infected rh . sanguineus ( experimental analysis ) , an individual rabbit for each batch and for each temperature condition was used only once . all experimental protocols were reviewed and approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of the université de la méditerranée ( marseille , france ) .
in 1972 , injeyan et al . [ 17 ] inoculated guinea pigs with infected crushed rh . sanguineus nymphs that were previously held at different temperatures . these ticks were experimentally infected with the so - called “ r . conorii simko isolate” isolated from rh . simus collected from cattle in ethiopia . the clinical reactions were most evident in the guinea pigs injected with nymphs held at 35°c , and the reactions were milder in those held at 5°c , 15°c , 20°c , or 25°c [ 17 ] . however , the relevant literature offers epidemiological analyses of the influence of climatic factors on tick - borne rickettsial diseases , rather that laboratory results [ 4 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] . for example , during the 1970s , an increase in the number of observed msf cases was correlated with a decrease in the number of frost days during the preceding year in france [ 19 ] – [ 21 ] .
twelve successive generations were obtained , and the infected colony is still growing in our laboratory as of this writing ( figure 2 ) . the pcr assay was positive for specimens of all stages of these generations for rickettsial detection . for the 10 th generation , all engorged nymphs ( 20 / 20 ) , all adults randomly chosen ( 16 / 16 ) , 4 / 4 females after laying eggs and the pools of eggs from these females tested positive by rt - pcr for rickettsial dna . these data suggest 100 % transstadial and transovarial transmission of r . conorii conorii in rh . sanguineus ticks . the filial transmission rate ( fir , proportion of infected eggs or larvae obtained from an infected female ) of r . conorii conorii was 99 . 07 % ( 107 / 108 ) , 94 . 3 % ( 66 / 70 ) and 95 . 5 % ( 21 / 22 ) in larvae from several infected females of the 3 rd , 4 th , and 11 th generations , respectively . gimenez staining revealed many morphological structures compatible with r . conorii conorii in the salivary glands ( figure 3b ) , ovaries ( figure 4b ) and eggs ( figure 5b ) . electron microscopy of the ovarian tissue revealed heavy infection compatible with r . conorii conorii ( figure 4c , 4d ) . the rickettsiae exhibited typical rickettsial morphology and size , as previously described [ 10 ] .
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infestations in houses can explode to very high levels quickly . typically , a few ticks are brought into the house or kennel , often on a dog which has been away from home . the early stages of the infestation , when only a few individuals are present , are often missed completely . the first indication the dog owner has that there is a problem is when they start noticing ticks crawling up the walls or curtains !
the tick is found world - wide , more commonly in warmer climates , and is found on dogs , in kennels and houses , and occasionally on wildlife . it is present throughout florida .
ixodid ticks require three blood meals to complete development ; once each as a larva , nymph and adult . the brown dog tick is a 3 - host tick ; this indicates that it leaves the host to develop and molt between the larval , nymphal and adult stages . each stage must locate a host ; in a domestic environment this may result in feeding on the same dog ( if there is only one or a few dogs present ) , but there is an opportunity for the same tick to feed on three different hosts .
a fully blood - fed female brown dog tick can lay up to 5000 eggs ; the number of eggs laid depends on the size of the tick and the amount of blood she ingested . the length of time each stage feeds , and the time required for development and molting , are very dependent on temperature . feeding and development times are generally faster at warmer temperatures . survival is generally higher at cooler temperatures and higher relative humidity , but these ticks are tolerant of a wide range in conditions .
in florida , the cycle can occur year - round both inside houses and in outside kennels and dog runs .
frequently , people report having different types of ticks , or adults and
babies
. in fact , generally what they are seeing are engorged and unengorged ticks or different stages . ticks increase in size dramatically while feeding ; engorged ticks are considerably larger than unengorged ticks . the different stages ( larva , nymph and adult ) are progressively larger in size . many features used to identify the stages and sexes are difficult to see without a microscope . larvae have only six legs , while nymphs and adults have eight . males and females are difficult to distinguish without examining them microscopically , but males take only small blood meals while females take large meals and increase in size . nymphs are distinguishable from adults primarily by size , but this is not reliable and needs to be confirmed by microscopic examination .
chapters 2 and 5 of the national public health pest control manual provide details on diseases transmitted by ticks .
the earlier the infestation is discovered and addressed , the easier it will be to control . monitoring and grooming dogs , particularly upon return from kennels or locations where other dogs are present , is the best way to detect infestations early .
dame da , fasulo tr . ( 2002 , july 16 ) . mites and ticks . public health pesticide applicator training manual . urltoken ( 26 june 2003 ) .
fasulo tr . ( 2002 ) . fleas and ticks and wasps and bees . bug tutorials . university of florida / ifas . cd - rom . sw 159 .
fasulo tr , kern w , koehler pg , short de . ( 2005 ) . pests in and around the home . version 2 . 0 . university of florida / ifas . cd - rom . sw 126 .
folz sd , ash ka , conder ga , rector dl . 1986 . amitraz : a tick and flea repellent and tick detachment drug . journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics . 9 : 150 - 156 .
koch hg . 1982a . oviposition of the brown dog tick ( acari : ixodidae ) in the laboratory . annals of the entomological society of america . 75 : 583 - 586 .
koch hg . 1982b . seasonal incidence and attachment sites of ticks ( acari : ixodidae ) on domestic dogs in southeastern oklahoma and northwestern arkansas , usa . journal of medical entomology . 19 : 293 - 298 .
koch hg , tuck md . 1986 . molting and survival of the brown dog tick ( acari : ixodidae ) under different temperatures and humidities . annals of the entomological society of america . 79 : 11 - 14 .
sonenshine de . 1993 . biology of ticks . vol . 2 . oxford university press , ny . 465 pages .
publication date : july 2001 . latest revision : april 2011 . reviewed : july 2014 .
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rocky mountain spotted fever ( rmsf ) is a bacterial disease spread through the bite of an infected tick . most people who get sick with rmsf will have a fever , headache , and rash . rmsf can be deadly if not treated early with the right antibiotic .
rocky mountain spotted fever is one of several diseases caused by the spotted fever group rickettsia , which are a type of bacteria . other causes of spotted fever group rickettsioses ( spotted fevers ) in the united states include :
these diseases have similar signs and symptoms , including fever , headache , and rash , but are often less severe than rmsf .
) . this tick is a parasite of dogs that can occasionally parasitize other hosts , including humans . moreover ,
is a vector of many disease agents , some of them ( e . g . ,


exaeretia crassispina is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by s.x. wang in 2005 .

it is found in china ( qinghai ) .

exaeretia crassispina

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arbacia crassispina is a species of sea urchin of the family arbaciidae . its armour is covered with spines .
a . crassispina
was first scientifically described in 1910 by ole theodor jensen mortensen .
b . crassipina
males are around 1 . 5 mm in body length ( tip of the cephalothorax to end of the abdomen ) , while females are slightly larger at 1 . 8 mm .
b . parvula
are smaller , with males and females measuring around 1 . 0 and 1 . 1 mm , respectively . in addition to size , male
b . crassispina
can be distinguished from male
b . parvula
by the presence of two large bristles ( setae ) on the palpal tibiae ( the penultimate segments of the pedipalps ) and two rows of setae on the sternum ( the ventral portion of the cephalothorax ) . females can be distinguished by a relatively smaller abdominal scutum in
b . crassispina
.
crabs of the genus
zebrida
live , often in pairs , in association with sea urchins , including
toxopneustes pileolus
,
toxopneustes elegans
,
tripneustes gratilla
,
diadema setosum
,
asthenosoma ijimai
,
salmacis bicolor
,
salmacis virgulata
,
heliocidaris crassispina
,
pseudocentrotus depressus
and a species of
acanthocidaris
.
spinochrome b occurs naturally as pigment in the shell and spines of sea urchins such as the japanese dull red species
aka - uni
(
pseudocentrotus depressus
) , the greenish - black
murasaki - uni
(
heliocidaris crassispina
) , and the brown
bafun - uni
(
strongylocentrotus pulcherrimus
) . it is soluble in methanol and crystallizes as bright red needles that sublime above 200 °c .
species of
bannana
are generally similar in overall appearance , although
b . parvula
is smaller . the body color is yellow , without pattern . eyes are absent or highly reduced , visible only as remnants in
b . crassispina
. the cephalothorax or prosoma is broadly oval when viewed from above , and the abdomen or opisthosoma is somewhat oval - shaped , and rounded at the rear . a strongly hardened plate ( scutum ) covers the upper abdominal surface .
the genus name
bannana
is derived from the last few letters of the word
xishuangbanna
. the specific name
crassispina
is derived from latin
crassus
(
thick
) and
spinus
(
bristle
) , referring to two thick bristles on the tibiae of male pedipalps , while the specific name
parvula
, from latin
parvus
(
small
) , refers to the smaller size of this species . both species , as well as the genus , were named in 2015 by chinese biologists yanfeng tong and shuqiang li .
in molecular biology , the galactose binding lectin domain is a protein domain . it is found in many proteins including the lectin purified from sea urchin (
anthocidaris crassispina
) eggs , suel . this lectin exists as a disulfide - linked homodimer of two subunits ; the dimeric form is essential for hemagglutination activity . the sea urchin egg lectin ( suel ) forms a new class of lectins . although suel was first isolated as a d - galactoside binding lectin , it was later shown that it binds to l - rhamnose preferentially . l - rhamnose and d - galactose share the same hydroxyl group orientation at c2 and c4 of the pyranose ring structure .
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