homadaula poliodes is a moth in the galacticidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1907 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from western australia .

the wingspan is 11-12 mm .

the forewings are grey , densely and suffusedly irrorated with white and with some scattered rather dark fuscous dots .

the markings are rather dark fuscous , consisting of a triangular spot on the dorsum near the base , a moderately broad fascia at one-third , attenuated or obsolete on the costa , as well as an irregular blotch on the dorsum before the tornus and an irregular spot on the costa at three-fourths , and another on the termen above the tornus .

the hindwings are rather dark grey , but lighter towards base .

homadaula poliodes

homadaula poliodes meyrick , 1907 ( galacticidae ) , male - wa , kalamunda , 1 . jan . 1926 , w . b . barnard leg . ( anic ) .
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turner , a . j . 1946 ,
contributions to our knowledge of the australian tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) . part ii
, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 70 , pp . 189 - 220
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b6810406 - 9416 - 4617 - b3fe - 14f507d682f6
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : fc2fdbd3 - 6c0b - 4ff1 - 9b4f - a9206e968654
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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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dan patch ( april 29 , 1896 – july 11 , 1916 ) was a noted american standardbred pacer .

at a time when harness racing was one of the largest sports in the nation , dan patch was a major celebrity .

he was undefeated in open competition and was so dominant on the racetrack that other owners eventually refused to enter their horses against him .

instead , he ended his racing career performing time trials and traveled extensively on exhibition , earning millions of dollars in purses , attendance gate receipts and product endorsements .

dan patch broke world speed records at least 14 times in the early 1900s .

in 1905 , he set a world 's record for the fastest mile by a harness horse ( 1:55 ¹ ⁄ ₄ – 1 minute , 55 ¹ ⁄ ₄ seconds ) that stood unmatched for over 30 years .

unofficially , dan patch broke this record in 1906 with a clocking of 1:55 .

dan patch was inducted into the harness racing museum & hall of fame in 1953 .

dan patch

marion savage and dan patch are recreated on this 2015 dan patch days float .
three‐quarters of a century ago when the remarkable pacer , dan patch , was the world ' s fastest harness horse , men smoked dan patch cigars and chewed dan patch tobacco . small boys rejoiced in the ownership of a dan patch sled , dan patch coaster wagon or dan patch hobby horse . there were dan patch washing machines , dan patch scarves , dan patch pillows and dan patch sweaters . the jet set 1903 danced the dan patch two‐step . dan patch ' s facial features were as readily recognized as theodore roosevelt ' s .
in addition to the feed he peddled for his promotion - minded last owner , marion w . savage , there were dan patch horse blankets , dan patch buggy whips , dan patch cigars , dan patch pipe tobacco , dan patch pillows , sweaters and scarves , dan patch sleds , coaster wagons and hobby horses , a dan patch song ( ' ' get outta the way for old dan patch ' ' ) and a dan patch dance , the dan patch two - step .
once dan was established in his luxurious new home , the world quickly learned that he owed his prowess in large part to eating international stock food ' s
3 feeds for one cent .
in the first year of dan ' s residency in minneapolis , savage ' s feed and tonic sales grew from one million to five million dollars . long before human sports heroes were endorsing products , dan was . you could buy dan patch cigars , dan patch watches , dan patch stoves , dan patch washing machines , dan patch padlocks , dan patch sleds , dan patch coaster wagons , dan patch collars , dan patch dance music , even dan patch automobiles . and in later years you could ride on savage ' s dan patch railroad from minneapolis to the savage stock farm , have a look at dan , then continue on south to northfield .
in anderson , the hoosier park horse - racing facility , situated on “dan patch circle” , hosts the dan patch invitational each year .
dan patch driven by m . e . mchenry , his first trainer , in dan patch ' s younger days , c . 1900 .
the united states harness writers association still gives out the dan patch awards . the hoosier park racing & casino in anderson is located on dan patch circle , and the park’s feature race for pacers is the dan patch invitational .
but the town reveres dan patch . you enter on the dan patch highway , pass the sign that welcomes you to oxford , “home of the world’s most famous pacer dan patch , ” and drive under the water tower that reminds those who haven’t been paying attention that you’ve entered the home of dan patch .
before babe ruth , if you can believe this , dan patch was quite possibly the most famous athlete in america . his name and likeness sold whiskey bottles and shot glasses , cigars and cigar boxes . coffee tins ? yes . with dan patch coffee . this got silly , like the dan patch billiard cue and the dan patch sheet music , teaching the dan patch two - step . how could a collector keep it all safe ? with a dan patch padlock .
a 1905 photograph of dan patch , the most famous horse of his time .
by november 1 officials expected the dan patch to be running cars into faribault .
rose ann hanft wrote a touching memoir of the dan patch and antlers park .
before long , there were dan patch cigars , dan patch chew tobacco , dan patch silk scarves , dan patch pillows , a dan patch two - step ,
the great dan patch
movie - - a dan patch everything . savage turned down offers of $ 180 , 000 for dan patch , whom he sometimes hitched to a buggy or sleigh to enjoy a private ride . in all , dan patch earned , from exhibitions and races against the clock , some $ 3 million , back when a million dollars was worth counting . dan patch did a mile in 1 : 55 1 / 4 in october 1905 , savage believed his horse capable of 1 : 52 by pacing four 28 - second quarters . in 1906 , dan patch did 1 : 55 in a time trial at hamline , minn . , but the mark was never officially recognized because a running horse had not been used as a pace - setter .
dan patch died on july 11 , 1916 , and they say savage died of a broken heart the next day . a movie was made about dan patch in 1949 .
dan patch was born at oxford indiana and grew up into a fine colt in the stables of dan messner . dan was sired joe patchen . messner named the colt after himself , “dan” and patchen ,
patch
. john wattles was the devoted trainer . dan patch was four years old before he was felt worthy of his first race entry fee .
“six , seven years ago , i’m visiting ( purdue’s ) duhme hall — the one where amelia earhart supposedly bunked —and i’m sitting around , talking , and i mention dan patch , ” ray says . “ok , it was ‘dan patch this , dan patch that . ’ someone says , ‘ray , who’s that dan patch ? he a football player ? ’ ”
dan patch dies on july 11 , just thirty hours before his owner , marion savage .
dan patch barn location : rt 352 at the eastern edge of oxford . benton co - in
dan patch days po box 1 savage , mn 55378 952 . 440 . 6255 anne @ urltoken
: the dan patch has begun improving their highway by establishing their camp just off lake street .
on august 6 , 1918 , the mn & s acquired the assets of the dan patch .
the fans used to say dan patch liked to count the house . always looking to the cameras , dan patch was a media darling and a fan favorite . kids could crawl between his legs and he truly enjoyed people . tens of thousands - including a young dwight eisenhower - stood in line for hours to see dan patch in his stall . harry truman sent fan mail to dan patch .
i thought you might like to see a memorial for dan patch i found on findagrave . com .
: the dan patch track raised an inch yesterday on the broadway [ walker street ] crossing . the dan patch company are going to start next week to build a depot and warehouse at the park .
no matter the current owner , many people still refer to this railroad icon as the dan patch .
the great dan patch as a resident of savage , mn it is nice to see dan patch represented here . i suggest adding the following title to the
related resources
section : brady , tim . the great dan patch and the remarkable mr . savage ( minneapolis : nodin press , 2006 ) .
ackerman , willis . dan patch , mass merchandiser : a synopsis of the business empire that made
dan patch
a household word . [ osseo , mn : s . n . ] , 1981 .
dan patch was retired in 1909 and the 19 - year - old died on july 11 , 1916 . owner m . w . savage , near bankruptcy and with a bad heart , died 31 hours later . all but forgotten , dan patch was buried in a shallow grave as savage ' s empire collapsed . dan patch air lines went bankrupt . you could no longer buy dan patch chewing tobacco or washing machines .
one hundred years ago today the world lost a world champion , and world famous standardbred named dan patch .
mission statement : the dan patch historical society was formed for the purpose of collection , preservation and dissemination of historical knowledge and artifacts about the horse , dan patch and its owner , m . w . savage .
catalog record : autobiography of dan patch , the world ' s . . . | hathi trust digital library
dan patch 1 : 55 the world famous pacing stallion , the fastest horse the world has ever seen .
: dan patch crews are working day and night en an endeavor to complete the line by may 30 .
various photos have been combined to create a post card of the dan patch stable , savage , mn .
visit oxford on a saturday morning and you’ll find oldtimers gathered for coffee at the dan patch café . the water tower proclaims , “home of dan patch . ” on the first weekend following labor day , the lions club sponsors dan patch days , a festival featuring basketball and euchre tournaments , a car show and baby contest .
m1 . m6 no . 470 minnesota sheet music collection , minnesota historical society , st . paul willis , carl . dan patch march . minneapolis : dan patch music co . , [ between 1902 and 1916 ] .
dan patch retired undefeated in 1909 , holding nine world records and spent much of his later life attending exhibitions .
sassé , fred . a . the dan patch story . harrisburg , pa : the stackpole company , 1957 .
) , memorial page for dan patch ( 29 apr 1896–11 jul 1916 ) , find a grave memorial no .
, citing dan patch gravesite , oxford , benton county , indiana , usa ; maintained by find a grave .
as unknown as the horse is today , they still have
dan patch days
in his old hometowns in indiana and minnesota . and the best horses in harness racing compete for the annual
dan patch awards .
both johnson and hanft cite “the dan patch line , ” by navarro fosse , railroad magazine , august 1943 .
three trainer / drivers shared responsibility for dan patch’s racing career . each eventually found himself overwhelmed by the circumstances .
the horse dan patch can ' t be found in the database . please check to see if you ' ve made a typo . otherwise , you can add dan patch to the database by simply entering sire / dam information .
brady , tim . the great dan patch and the remarkable mr . savage . minneapolis : nodin press , 2006 .
the racing life of dan patch : 1 : 55 . [ minneapolis : s . n . , 1914 ] .
dan patch retired to be a stud in 1909 . horse and owner died in 1916 , but they weren’t forgotten .
in the meantime , the dan patch patron’s protective association and the dan patch committee of the minneapolis civic and commerce association formed a reorganization committee , initially intent on purchasing the cut - off but then aiming to purchase the entire line .
dan patch’s earnings from races and exhibitions totaled more than a million dollars . dan’s purses for each race against time ranged from $ 10 , 000 to $ 20 , 000 .
: the dan patch depot is to be built next to the walker building , a half block from waiting station . also : the dan patch have again located their camp in brookside . they know a good place when they see it .
dan patch may have had another connection to st . louis park . some remember a racetrack in the vicinity of webster / xenwood . mrs . ora baston remembers dan patch being trained at a track “in the heart of the park . ”
“cribbing , ” pam messner says . “that’s when the horse chews on the slats . this was dan patch’s stall . ”
the story of dan patch is incredible ! a forgotten american athlete and hero ; this is a book everyone can enjoy .
dan patch breaks his own world ' s record .
st . paul pioneer press , september 9 , 1906 .
when he returned to oxford in november 1901 , his hometown feted the champion with dan patch day , when the horse was paraded around the town square as the municipal band played “the dan patch two step” , recently penned by a local resident .
roberts , kate .
dan patch .
mnopedia , minnesota historical society . urltoken ( accessed july 9 , 2018 ) .
o ' loughlin ,
dan patch paces fastest mile in history of turf .
minneapolis journal , september 9 , 1906 .
morosco , beatrice .
dan patch .
hennepin county history 34 , no . 4 ( fall 1975 ) : 20–22 .
visitors to oxford can’t miss the farm where dan patch was raised and whose barn still proclaims his unofficial record in the mile .
the dan patch project is a sponsored project of springboard for the arts , a nonprofit arts service organization . contributions on behalf of the dan patch project may be made payable to springboard for the arts and are tax deductible to the extent permitted by law .
on july 11 , 1916 , when he was 20 , dan patch died . so did marlon willis savage one day later .
on july 12 , 1916 , marion savage died following surgery , one day after his beloved horse , dan patch , died .
secretariat , the 1973 triple crown winner who is beginning a posthumous career as shill , is going to have to sell a lot of cereal before he ' ll be a patch on dan patch .
his presence would attract fans in the six figures . dwight eisenhower recalled lining up as a young boy at the 1904 kansas state fair to see dan patch . harry truman had a similar affection with horse , writing dan patch a letter when he was younger .
dan patch ' s earnings from races and exhibitions totaled more than a million dollars . dan ' s purses for each race against time ranged from $ 10 , 000 to $ 20 , 000 .
this is a town that looks back , not forward , and when oxford gazes into the past , it sees dan patch . i ask bob glaspie why , 113 years after dan patch left and never returned , the horse remains the fulcrum upon which oxford teeters .
this is a great book . the story of dan patch is amazing . this book tells it very well . buy this book !
a marketing pioneer , savage convinced the world that dan patch was the “world’s champion pacing horse” through heavy promotion . not only did savage use the horse to hawk international stock food products , the impresario licensed the dan patch brand to endorse everything from tobacco to cars .
the dan patch would cover the 14 miles to faribault over the great western rails and would use the great western station and terminals .
for m . w . savage and dan patch there were two private cars . dan patch traveled in a converted baggage car painted white with gold lettering . his grooms wore white uniforms and traveled with the horse . the second car was for savage and his family .
to capitalize on the fame of his racehorse , the line started being billed as the “dan patch air line , ” “air line” being a contemporary railroad term for a relatively flat and straight route favoring shorter distance over ease of construction . to this day , many people still refer to this line as the dan patch . the symbol of the dan patch electric line was a lightning bolt on a horseshoe .
dan patch preferred the roar . which was odd ; why would a horse choose hysteria over a quiet walk back to the barn ? what did he care about world records and the endless hype ? the preference wasn ' t horselike . dan patch was an odd horse .
featured announcements are paid posts promoted by patch community members . to promote your local announcement on patch , create an account and start posting here .
but the thing that keeps dan patch ' s story down to earth is leerhsen ' s clever melding of the present with the past .
capitalized on dan patch fame marion savage , owner of dan patch capitalized on the fame of his horse . founder and owner of the international stock food company , a million dollar concern , mr . savage possessed a remarkable flair for showmanship and exploited the famous horse to advertise his business with phenomenal success . there were silver - plated dan patch horseshoes , dan patch pin - up photos and hairs out of his tail that sold for $ 5 apiece . so high - geared was the promotion that it was not uncommon for dan to take in as high as $ 21 , 000 for a single appearance while on tour .
dan patch and zelica were both pacers . dan did speed races against running horses because no other trotter or pacer could keep up with him . they did speak about that quite a bit in the movie .
messner sold dan patch before dan patch achieved his greatest fame . at three years of age , dan patch raced at the local fairgrounds circuit and then graduated to the coutnry - wide grand circuit . he was sold to m . e . strugis for $ 20 , 000 . sturgis was a sports enthusiast living in buffalo , new york . messner ' s name dan , along with the sire ' s name , joe patches , were carried into the winner ' s circle and fame .
the weirdos are out there . they search for actual brushes used on dan patch , hoping for a strand of the great horse’s hair . a clipping from a hoof would fetch thousands of dollars , if it could be verified . they seek the holy grail : dan patch dna .
five lucky racing fans will also have the opportunity to place a $ 500 win bet on the horse of their choice in the dan patch stakes . slated as the eleventh race on the card , estimated post time for the dan patch stakes is 9 : 46 p . m .
leerhsen is the author of “crazy good : the true story of dan patch , the most famous horse in america” ( simon & schuster ) . the book , published in 2008 , is testament to dan patch’s reputation . though few sports fans today recognize the dan patch name , his legend lives on in books , a movie and in the town of oxford , indiana where the mahogany - colored pacer was born in 1896 .
the legend of dan patch : a true story then and now . [ united states ] : hugh t . cardenas , 1988 . videocassette .
directions : the dan patch historical marker is at 203 s . michigan rd . near the intersection of sr 352 & sr 55 in oxford .
a century ago , when more americans drove horses than automobiles , dan patch was the babe ruth , michael jordan and richard petty of horses .
currier and ives understood dan patch’s era – the pacing horse taking over from the trotter , then man - made contrivances taking over from both .
dan patch broke his sire ' s record for a one mile pace in 2 : 01 - 1 / 4 with a trip of 1 : 59 - 3 / 4 . then the world record for one mile , 1 : 59 - 1 / 4 was shattered by dan patch . in short , he became unbeatable . the owners of other racing pacers bagan to scratch their pacers if it was learned that dan patch was scheduled to run . no one wanted to compete with him . the crowds wanted to see dan patch run but under these circumstances there were no other horses to run against . ultimately dan patch was able to run alone against a stop watch . he continued to beat his own records . the crowds loved it !
patch mayors are trusted local users who help moderate the patch platform by promoting good local stories and flagging unwanted content . to learn more , click here .
the events of dan patch ' s life may seem now as if they transpired on another planet . who even knows what a pacer is anymore ?
dan patch officials expected to have a new type and very powerful electric traction locomotive for testing that fall , similar to those used in new york .
in a letter to stockholders dated april 30 , 1915 , savage announced that over 8 , 500 customers and friends had invested in the dan patch .
on july 31 , 1915 , it was reported that the dan patch’s fledgling freight operations were greatly enhanced when it completed interchange arrangements with the five steam railroads to which it was connected . in st . louis park , the north - south dan patch had connections to the east - west lines :
in december 1902 col . savage purchased dan patch for $ 60 , 000 . savage used his beloved trotter as advertising for this company , promoting dan patch wherever he appeared . during the holidays , savage would hitch dan patch to a cutter and deliver presents to poor children in minneapolis . savage was known for his clean living and earned the nickname “parson” for always wearing a black frock coat and not racing on sundays . he was a member of the hennepin ave . methodist church , and records show that dan patch was a registered member as well , keeping an offering pledge with his winnings !
dan patch ( joe patchen - zelica ) set a world record with a 1 : 55 . 1 clocking in 1905 . in 1906 , an astonishing 93 , 000 people attended the minnesota state fair to see if dan patch would break the record and he did , with a 1 : 55 mile .
dan patch madness was still approaching its peak that day in october 1905 , when the horse , with tremendous fanfare ( which is to say the usual fanfare ) , came to lexington . the local hardware store by then might have a dan patch calendar hanging on its wall , and anyone could buy dan patch cigars and sleds from stores and mail - order catalogs , but the great wave of dan patch merchandise , the washing machines , breakfast cereals , rocking horses , dinner plates , pocket watches , pocketknives , pancake syrup , automobiles - - all these fine products and more had yet to hit the marketplace .
patch welcomes contributions and comments from our users . we strive for civil , enlightened discussions on patch stories and local issues . please abide by our posting standards :
savage review 1984 - 1994 savage pacer newspaper 1994 to present savage this week 2005 to present cemetary lists people and obituary file boiling springs businesses that started here : cargill , fabcon , continental machines camp savage dan patch railroad charles lindberg crash landing scrapbooks of dan patch days books , dvds , videos , magazines that relate to history of savage many photographs scrapbooks family tree of the savage family chart depicting descendants of dan patch . . . . and much much more !
having run out of horses to race against by the end of 1903 , sturgis sold dan patch for $ 60 , 000 to marion w . savage , a businessman of hamilton , minn . ( since renamed savage . ) savage owned international stock food co . , a business that expanded tenfold after he acquired dan patch . savage was a promotional genius . one of his ads proclaimed
three feeds for one cent .
when he promoted the reproductive powers of dan patch ( his stud service fee was $ 300 ) he sloganized it with
a colt by dan patch is just like a government bond .
click below for the latest articles with dan patch as the topic . click here including a new article on the passing of our former president , jens bohn
like seabiscuit , dan patch was a critter of humble beginnings who earned fame and fortune on the race track while surrounded by a fascinating cast of characters .
once dan patch entered the grand circuit , he smoked competitors from cleveland to brighton beach , earning huge purses and striking panic in track owners , who had to pull the horse out of the betting . over his ten - year career , dan patch never lost a race , and conceded only two heats .
like secretariat , dan patch was regarded as virtually human , but while his exploits were real , some of the claims made for his anthropomorphic achievements were clearly excessive . skeptics , at least , may doubt the authenticity of a book published in 1912 and entiled , ' ' the autobiography of dan patch . ' '
harold h , a great canadian gelding owned and bred by g . h . leatherdale of dresden , ontario , had a lifetime record better than anything dan patch had ever recorded up to that point . experienced horsemen predicted the great dan patch would meet his match on that october day in tennessee . they were wrong . dan patch disposed of harold h . in three straight heats to win the lion’s share of the $ 3 , 000 prize . a year later he would beat the canadian on his own soil , easily winning two heats of a match race at windsor . from that point on , dan patch never lost a race , mostly because nobody would race him . in a time trial in 1906 , at the age of 10 , dan patch paced a mile in 1 : 55 . the time was eventually disallowed because the pacesetter was deemed ineligible , but nobody disputed dan patch as one of the greatest horses of all time .
in 1902 , as dan patch ' s fame grew , m . w . savage purchased him for $ 60 , 000 . savage was wealthy and well connected and it was under savage ' s ownership that dan patch became a
household name .
between 1902 and 1906 dan patch hit the grand circuit cities and raced at every available opportunity . dan patch even ran against running horses pulling standardbred carts ! he was fiercely promoted . he continued to lower his pacing mile time : 1 : 59 - 3 / 4 to 1 : 59 flat , to 1 : 58 flat , to 1 : 57 - 1 / 4 , to 1 : 56 flat . he brought in millions of dollars in ticket sales and stud fees . it is estimated that dan patch earned as much as $ 3 , 000 , 000 for his owner , savage . in so doing dan patch became a national celebrity and won his well deserved place in history .
dan patch earned the title of being the “world’s champion harness horse” and the “greatest harness horse in the history of the two - wheel sulky” . these titles and this crown he won when he set the world of 1 . 55 for the mile in a record that has been equaled once but never broken . dan patch was born at oxford indiana and grew up into a fine colt in the stables of dan messner . dan was sired joe patchen . messner named the colt after himself , “dan” and patchen , “patch” . john wattles was the devoted trainer . dan patch was four years old before he was felt worthy of his first race entry fee . the date of birth of dan patch was april 29 , 1896 . in 1900 , dan patch was sold by messner for $ 20 , 000 to m . e . sturgis of new york city . dan was already recognized as a horse of unusual potentials and the sum paid for him by mr . sturgis set a record at that time . two years later , 1902 , a new owner entered the life of this great horse , marion w . savage of minneapolis who was to guide this horse to the pinnacle in harness racing and to earn for him the title “king of pacers” . mr . savage paid the then fabulous price of $ 60 , 000 for dan patch .
i rub the wood and venture into weirdo territory . i keep rubbing — make me stop — and say , “i’m touching where dan patch once chewed ? ”
“ so dear was especially close to me . why , that’s the life my brother and i grew up with as kids out in missouri . the great racehorse , dan patch , was a hero to us . we had dan patch’s grandson on my father’s farm , ” claimed walt disney when the film was released .
barton , george a .
dan patch sets a world record .
in my lifetime in sports , 320–325 . minneapolis : the olympic press , 1957 .
leerhsen , charles . crazy good : the true story of dan patch , the most famous horse in america . new york : simon and schuster , 2008 .
in 1906 , dan patch makes horse - racing history when he sets a new world record by pacing a mile in one minute and fifty - five seconds .
on september 8 , dan patch sets a new world record by pacing a mile in one minute and fifty - five seconds . his record stands until 1938 .
today , a century after his heyday , the luxurious farm where dan patch lived has gone back to wild . no headstone marks this hero ' s grave .
harrison , merton e . autobiography of dan patch : the world ' s champion harness race horse . st . paul : webb pub . co . , 1912 .
buffalo - - one of the original stops on the old
grand circuit
of harness racing - - even has a minor role in the dan patch story .
the dan patch has a long term lease of the great western track from faribault to mankato , but operation of that line will not start until the early 1913 .
“it’s always a pleasure to be at hoosier park , ” said bergstein . “you should be proud of the direction your harness racing program has progressed . i thank you for your recognition and i’m glad to be here for dan patch night . i believe i was covering racing when dan patch raced , ” bergstein said with a smile .
the historical aspects of the building include a display room at the entrance with a sulky , a dan patch wagon , and items from the international stock food farm . in the heritage room located in the interior of the room are two display cases containing such items as the m . w . savage catalog , buttons from all of the dan patch days , m . w . savage stationary , horseshoes , dan patch collector whiskey bottle , tobacco tin , items from cargill , camp savage and other collectibles .
dan patch was born in oxford on april 29 , 1896 , a wobbly colt bred by daniel a . messner , who owned the general goods store on the square . messner’s folly , they called this horse named dan patch , until he was trained to be a pacer . pulling a rider in a carriage called a sulky , a pacer strides with both left legs moving in unison , then the right legs , and so on . dan patch started racing in 1901 , and became a national star .
dan patch is famous in horse - racing circles , and minneapolis businessman marion savage buys him for $ 60 , 000 ( about $ 1 . 2 million today ) .
an april 25 , 1915 , article in the minneapolis morning tribune had much to report about the benefits soon to be afforded by the imminent dan patch cut - off .
marion savage , owner of dan patch capitalized on the fame of his horse . founder and owner of the international stock food company , a million dollar concern , mr . savage possessed a remarkable flair for showmanship and exploited the famous horse to advertise his business with phenomenal success . there were silver - plated dan patch horseshoes , dan patch pin - up photos and hairs out of his tail that sold for $ 5 apiece . so high - geared was the promotion that it was not uncommon for dan to take in as high as $ 21 , 000 for a single appearance while on tour .
dan patch represented his era to perfection . the demographic center of the united states had moved into his home state shortly before he was foaled in oxford , indiana , in 1896 . a few years after his death in 1916 , the center was to move out of indiana and into illinois . during dan patch’s lifetime , the midwest discovered itself at the economic and political centers of american life as well . dan patch , as well as most of the people involved in his story , were midwesterners first and foremost .
seattle slew travels by air . dan patch went by railroad , in his own white private car . there was no announcement of the fee charged for seattle slew ' s personal appearance at longacres , but dan patch drew as much as• $ 21 , 500 to take a bow , and he filled an engagement a week for weeks on end .
savage and dan patch benefited during the zenith of harness racing’s popularity . america’s sporting tastes , however , changed rapidly . horse transportation and horses as sport were swept aside like outgrown toys in the face of industrialization . dan patch’s name endorsed the very product that would seal the fate of the horse as a prime mover : the automobile . dan patch and his owner did not live to see the new age of mechanization fully blossom , though . the pacer and his owner both fell ill on july 4 , 1916 . dan patch died of an enlarged heart on july 11 . savage was in a minneapolis hospital for minor surgery when informed of his horse’s death . after the initial shock , he made arrangements to have dan patch’s body stuffed and mounted for display . before his order could be fulfilled , however , savage died , only 32 hours after his champion pacer .
in july 1916 marion savage went into the hospital for minor hemorrhoid surgery . at the same time , dan patch suffered an attack of colic , from which he soon seemed to recover . however , at 10 : 00 am on july 11 , dan patch collapsed , thrashed his legs in a pacing motion and then died of a massive heart attack . savage was notified and indicated that he wished to have dan patch stuffed and mounted . before this could be done , savage died on july 12 of a pulmonary embolism .
on ahead is dan patch drive , but turn right on michigan — one block before you get to the dan patch café — for the indiana historical bureau marker that notes this is where the great horse was born . behind the marker is the barn where it happened . the barn has something painted on its roof , enormous words written in cursive :
the dan patch historical society creates newsletters to keep our members aware of the activities related to dan patch during the year . we have an archive of past newsletters available on the website , but members get the most current newsletters mailed to their door . if you want the most current news , become a member . click here to apply for membership .
that could be about to change .
crazy good
- - a term used to describe his precocious pacing ability - - could make dan patch a household name again .
the june 11 article also confirmed that the dan patch had leased the rails of the great western road from northfield to faribault and “will eventually use the rails into mankato . ”
archer calls the dead rooster
dan lather ,
a play on the name of the american journalist and the former news anchor for the cbs evening news dan rather .
after setting up a date with a woman , dan exits the cookie shop and says
everything ' s coming up dan !
in a sing - song voice .
fine effort by the author . had already read ty cobb and found this one sitting on my library shelf and overlooked for quite a few years - sort of like dan patch ! so many mixed feelings about the characters in the book , and the first 2 / 3 of the book was really interesting with the development of dan , along with his original owner and trainer from oxford , indiana . a very good look at the harness racing business and its history . dan never lost a race and was so good and so fast that there was no competition to race after a few years , and as he got older his 3rd owner had no desire to race him since he might lose that would be the end of the aura of dan patch . while patch reached his speed apex under his 2nd trainer / driver and 3rd owner , they both come across as rather mean and the owner cared little for patch and more about marketing the brand - dan patch automobiles , dan patch railroad and dan patch air lines - all of which appear to be a ponzi scheme . the last 1 / 3 of the book was historically important but also very sad since you see less and less care and concern about the horse himself and all the dumb marketing and pr stunts that were promulgated around dan patch . an extremely interesting and worthwhile read for me and for anyone who likes horse racing of any kind this book is a must !
featured events are paid listings by users and receive priority placement on patch , on our social pages and in our daily newsletters . to promote your local event on patch , click here .
“with every year , there’s less and less interest , ” he says . “dan patch will never just be gone , but ( the mania ) is not what it was . ”
read the latest article in the savage pacer about the funding for the statue of dan patch at the local library . we have also created a easy pdf for your reading pleasure .
this is a great book for anyone who is curious about the career of dan patch . i knew of him from my parents and the story came alive through reading about him .
dan patch started putting in impressive performances in the era’s popular sport of harness racing , in which the jockey was pulled behind the horse , on a small cart called a sulky .
may 29 , 1915 : the new section of the dan patch opened for service . it comprised 14 miles of track from auto club junction to glenwood park just outside minneapolis in golden valley , and 3 . 3 miles of track leased from the esl , from luce line junction to a terminal in downtown minneapolis jointly owned by the dan patch and the esl .
story of dan patch . it is the beginning of the pacing horse sport . they had been around for a while but pacing was a vulgar american sport . dan patch did a lot to popularize it . the story is intriguing from several standpoints . first , the time of the story , the early 1900s , coincides with the rise of the automobile and many people are predicting the demise of the horse . there is clearly less interest in development of fast trotters and pacers when auto can do the job . second , dan patch was clear
messner shipped dan patch to mchenry , and the pacer made his debut on july 17 , 1901 . in detroit . he then raced in cleveland , columbus , buffalo and brighton beach . by aug . 22 at readville , mass . , dan patch’s success was such a foregone conclusion that track owners , fearing staggering financial losses , pulled the horse from the betting . during the season , dan patch became the most talked - about phenomenon on the american sports scene . he finished the year with 12 straight race wins and $ 13 , 800 in earnings . hometown fans hoped that dan patch might race at the grand circuit meet at terre haute before returning to oxford for the winter , but no one dared to race against him .
dan surprised his first owner the original owner and the one who raised dan patch from a colt , dan messner of oxford , indiana , often told when dan became famous that the horse did not look too promising as a young colt . dan was scraggy , gaunt and clumsy , messner said , and had knees regarded as too knobby for racing purposes . “the only redeemable feature about the little fellow was that he was friendly and cute” messner said . “i honestly thought the colt’s future would be confined to hauling a delivery wagon . ”
dan patch returned to oxford on nov . 2 , 1901 . twelve days later , the town celebrated its first dan patch day , an event that is still observed . the town band played the dan patch two step , written by local resident james w . steele , as it led its honored pacer in a parade around the town square . accounts of the time remarked about the almost humanlike sense the horse showed in recognizing friends , dancing to the music , understanding what was said to him and other characteristics of superior intelligence . no doubt admirers gave him a little too much credit , but the legend grew from there . what is amazing to many horsemen is that dan patch could be driven around the square like a pet carriage horse only three weeks after his last grand circuit race of the season . even then , after only 16 starts , the legend of the unbeaten pacer was becoming bigger than dan patch himself .
sportswriter charles leerhsen calls dan patch “the most celebrated american sports figure in the first decade of the 20th century , as popular in his day as any athlete who has ever lived . ”
by this point , other stables refused to race dan patch because of virtually certain defeat , but he continued to build his legend by endorsing commercial products and by racing against the clock .
dan patch never lost a race in his life . he was beaten in two of his 56 heats , but on both occasions came charging to win the remaining heats and the race .
where to even begin in a review of this book ? harness racing , which originated in america , used to be a big deal in america and now it ' s merely a big deal in countries other than america . in harness racing ' s heyday ( sorry about the pun ) dan patch was the yardstick that all other standardbreds are measured by . he had die - hard fans then that collected all kinds of merchandise related to dan patch and he still has die - hard fans today that also collect all kinds of dan patch merchandise . and , like th
excerpted from crazy good : the true story of dan patch , the most famous horse in america , by charles leerhsen ( simon & schuster , june 2008 ) . © 2008 by charles leerhsen
mention horse racing , and most americans think thoroughbreds and the kentucky derby . dan patch was a standardbred , and his jockey rode behind him in a two - wheeled cart called a sulky .
minneapolis gains vastly … especially … to those dealing in farm produce and fruits , for the dan patch will stop its trains just across the street from the central market [ in minneapolis ] .
that evening in lexington , dan patch would be led into the lobby of the phoenix hotel , where happy drunks would pat his nose and perfumed women would want to nuzzle . fans sometimes pulled hair from his tail to twist into key chains or put into lockets ; in such cases dan might spin his handsome head around and cast a sharp glance , but he never kicked . he had an admirable sense of his own might and others ' vulnerability . the only person dan patch ever bit was a young minnesota boy named fred sasse who would grow up to write an appallingly sycophantic book about him , the dan patch story . you just had to love a horse like this .
oxford , ind . — in this sleepy indiana town that doesn ' t look far removed from its horse - and - buggy days , seabiscuit will always finish a distant second to dan patch .
dan patch raced in grand circuit events , including in cleveland on july 23 , 1901 . he raced just about everywhere in his long career , said leerhsen , an executive editor at sports illustrated , which is publishing an excerpt this week . dan patch was a national hit because he was a gentle stallion who would perform for the crowds and seemingly couldn ' t be beaten . a uniquely natural pacer who did not need
hobbles
to stay on stride , dan patch would often come to a dead stop on the track before a race and , head cocked , survey the crowd .
- - - - - - - - - - - from jan 2004 sc trot and
the greatest races of all time
: 11 . 1901 in memphis – dan patch over harold h
dan patch was foaled on 29 april 1896 , in oxford , indiana in benton county . patch set the world ' s record for the fastest mile by a harness horse ( 1m : 55s ) . oxford is proud of the great horse as noted with the many tributes to him throughout the city .
dan patch ' s achievements made him a sports and crossover cultural celebrity , making front page headlines with his accomplishments and his name and likeness endorsing everything from toys , washing machines , cigars and automobiles .
great book about a fascinating period of american history : not only do we learn about the incredible pacer dan patch , but we get a glimpse into the lives of people living in the . . .
dan patch is back , and so are all of the stories that surrounded the phenomenal horse that raced more than a century ago . they ' re in charles leerhsen ' s new book ,
crazy good : the true story of dan patch , the most famous horse in america ,
( simon & schuster , hard bound , 368 pp . , $ 26 ) in book stores next week .
: clarence lewis has announced that he is now agent for the dan patch . you can get your tickets at the confectionery store in the brick block [ charles hamilton’s general store on walker street ] .
what makes dan patch ' s marks even more remarkable is this : almost all were set running solely against the clock in solo exhibitions , or in special match races against a single opponent . most owners feared having their horses demolished , which meant patch had no other animals to challenge him to go faster .
the year 1903 saw dan patch cement his reputation as the “world’s fastest pacing horse , ” breaking every possible record for that style of racing . during the racing season , the horse set new records for the half - mile distance , the one - mile distance ( breaking star pointer’s standard ) , the two - mile distance , and every other type of record savage could find for his horse to break . savage’s advertising centered on the pacer , and the names dan patch and international stock food became synonymous . advertisements for the company claimed that dan patch became the “undisputed world’s champion” only nine months after commencing his international stock food diet . the slogan of “three feeds for one cent” became known nationwide in a country that was still largely rural . not all was well , however , in the dan patch camp .
no racing horse , not even the great man o ' war , ever enjoyed the kind of celebrity that surrounded dan patch for the better part of a decade . will savage saw more in the big mahogany bay stallion than any horseman or businessman had ever seen in any horse ; harness racing was still at the pinnacle of its popularity , and dan patch and his owner were in their prime at the perfect moment to take advantage of it . commenting upon the phenomenon of dan patch , one harness - horse magazine observed that when they came in their tens of thousands to racetracks , state fairs , and the savage farm ,
men , women and children seemed content just to see him - as if he were george washington or abraham lincoln .
as horses go , that is exactly what dan patch was .
the world famous dan patch twenty - eight seconds for the fourth quarter would have given dan a 1 . 53 mile , a record considered impossible by harness - horse experts . but fate cruelly intervened to deprive the speedy minnesota stallion of the mark he and his driver were shooting at . dan’s pace setter suddenly broke stride and swerved to the right , forcing driver hersey to swing dan far out around the lead sulky in order to prevent a collision . this slowed dan down to 0 : 341 / 4 for the final quarter mile and a final mark of 1 : 56 ¼ for the mile .


the otago skink ( oligosoma otagense ) is a rare , endangered species of large skink in the family scincidae , found in the rocky canyons and grassy patches of central otago , new zealand .

otago skink

otago skink rangers sandra soeder and tim lever share their special experience seeing an otago skink giving birth in the wild .
the grand and otago skink recovery programme supports the work of the central otago ecological trust .
distribution of the otago skink and several closely related species of new zealand skinks .
, cytochrome b ) between the otago skink and several closely - related species .
the grand skink , oligosoma grande , is an endangered species of large skink endemic to the central otago region of new zealand .
new zealand ( canterbury , otago , south island ) type locality : otago , acland .
the otago skink is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
salt , amanda j . 2016 . oligosoma otagense ( otago skink ) , oligosoma grande ( grand skink ) predation . herpetological review 47 ( 2 ) : 300
patterson gb ( 1992 ) development of otago skink and grand skink population census and monitoring techniques . wellington : doc internal report series 133 . department of conservation .
the otago skink is known only from the region of new zealand after which it is named , otago , on the south island ( 2 ) . once covering a much wider area , the otago skink is now known from just two areas within otago that together cover just eight percent of its former range ( 4 ) .
the otago skink is known only from the region of new zealand after which it is named , otago , on the south island ( 2 ) . once covering a much wider area , the otago skink is now known from just two areas within otago that together cover just eight percent of its former range ( 4 ) .
here we use mitochondrial sequence data to examine the phylogenetic history ( nd2 , nd4 , cytochrome b ) and phylogeography ( control region ) of the otago skink . in particular , we investigate the population structure within and between the two regions ( eastern otago , western otago ) , determine the level of genetic diversity that is present within the captive breeding stock , and examine whether there is evidence for hybridisation between the otago skink and scree skink .
the control region dataset was used for the phylogeographic analyses . estimates of genetic diversity within otago skink populations ( number of haplotypes ,
many of the field techniques , technology and population modelling programmes developed for the recent grand and otago skink research work are of international significance .
the other organisation is the isaac wildlife trust at peacock springs , where a purpose built unit has been constructed for otago skink breeding pairs .
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whitaker , a . h . and loh , g . ( 1995 ) otago skink and grand skink recovery plan . threatened species recovery plan no . 14 . threatened species unit , department of conservation , wellington , new zealand .
norbury g , reardon j , mckinlay b ( 2006 ) grand and otago skink recovery plan 2006–2016 . wellington , new zealand : department of conservation .
the rare otago skink and grand skink – both of which can grow to 30 centimetres in length – are unique to central otago . they live in mountain tussocklands , but occupy only one - tenth of their original range . the skinks are endangered by habitat loss and introduced predators , among other threats .
ensuring that both species survive on mainland new zealand is imperative . achieving that is the main aim of doc ' s grand and otago skink recovery team .
all our native skink and gecko species are endemic . only 1 introduced species – the
daugherty ch ( 2000 ) allozyme variation among populations of the ‘giant skinks’ of otago : unpublished report to department of conservation , otago conservancy , dunedin .
the original doc grand and otago skink recovery plan was approved in 1995 . that plan set in place a series of steps to promote the recovery of both species .
reports of sightings of grand and otago skinks are welcomed at any doc office .
ideally , a report would include gps / grid locations , a photo of the skink / s , and / or a description of the skink / s and where they were found .
each circle represents one haplotype and the size indicates the number of individuals with each haplotype . the lines indicate one base pair change between sequences . the different colours indicate the population ( s ) in which each haplotype is found . a ) wild otago skink populations , b ) wild and captive otago skinks , c ) wild otago skinks and introgressed scree skinks .
these were captured from the wild and are genetically important . they are from a conservation area near hawea and represent the otago skink ' s western population , which has a different genetic makeup .
, was used to estimate the divergence times . the new zealand skink lineage is estimated to have originated ∼20 mya
skink – has successfully established itself here . scientists think this species probably arrived accidentally on a ship from australia .
the diet of grand skinks ( oligosoma grande ) and otago skinks ( o . otagense ) in otago seral tussock grasslands . new zealand journal of zoology . 2003 . volume 30 ; pp 243–257 .
like most reptiles , the otago skink depends on its environment to regulate its body temperature . thus they are often seen lying out on the rock , basking in the sun , and retreat to the cool of crevices when the day grows too hot ( 3 ) . lichen encrusted rock surfaces not only provide a source of invertebrate prey , but also offer the rare otago skink better camouflage against predators ( 2 ) . deep rock crevices also provide shelter from predators ( 2 ) , and should the otago skink be attacked , like other skinks it can readily discard its tail , giving it a better chance of escaping its predator ( 5 ) .
landowners with a grand or otago skink population on their property are encouraged to contact doc . that knowledge is important to the conservation of both species , and advice on how to protect and maintain that population is available .
the central otago high country is home to one of new zealand ' s giant lizards - - the otago skink . however these lizards are threatened with extinction . find out how the community is trying to protect them . meet the locals is a partnership between doc and tvnz 6 and is distributed by bush telly with permission .
norbury , g . , reardon , j . and mckinlay , b . ( 2006 ) grand and otago skink recovery plan 2006 - 2016 . draft . threatened species unit , department of conservation , wellington , new zealand .
the results showed that skink numbers were still declining and population modelling suggested that both species could be functionally extinct within 10 years .
we estimated the divergence time of the eastern and western otago skink populations using an evolutionary rate of 1 . 3–1 . 63 % sequence divergence per million years , based on mitochondrial dna calibrations from other squamate reptile groups ( 1 . 3 % ,
grand and otago skinks are two of new zealand ' s most impressive and distinctive lizards , and grow as long as 300 mm . both species are unique to otago , and are two of new zealand ' s rarest reptiles .
grand and otago skinks are two of new zealand ' s most distinctive and impressive lizards . known as giant skinks , they are our largest lizards , with otago skinks growing up to 300 mm in length and grand skinks 230 mm .
otago skinks inhabit rock outcrops in well - vegetated gullies . they bask on the warm rocks during the day ( they are diurnal ) and then retreat deep within the crevices during the night . otago skink activity is correlated with temperature - when it is cold the skinks stay within the crevices , but when the rocks heat up they come out to bask , eat and find mates
several features of the biology of grand and otago skinks make them more vulnerable to extinction than other lizards . these include :
the trust has been breeding otago skinks in captivity in special housing , beside the landcare research and doc offices in alexandra .
female otago skinks give birth to between two and four young at a time . otago skinks reach maturity at the age of three or four ( 2 ) and are known to live for up to 16 years in the wild ( 4 ) .
citation : chapple dg , birkett a , miller ka , daugherty ch , gleeson dm ( 2012 ) phylogeography of the endangered otago skink , oligosoma otagense : population structure , hybridisation and genetic diversity in captive populations . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e34599 . urltoken
the area is under intensive predator trapping to protect these native skink populations with several rangers working full - time in the reserve on their protection .
grand and otago skinks live in very specific habitats - secure , sheltered crevices in large outcrops of schist , known as tors .
this has given doc ' s grand and otago skink recovery team a major confidence boost . they have now extended their trapline in the macraes flat area to a total length of 60 kilometres ; their research showing that intensive trapping is the most cost - effective form of management .
an inhabitant of rocky outcrops , the otago skink prefers sheltered places , near rivers or streams , between 200 and 950 metres above sea level . it is more commonly found at rocky outcrops that are surrounded by tussock grassland or native scrub rather than agricultural land ( 2 ) .
an inhabitant of rocky outcrops , the otago skink prefers sheltered places , near rivers or streams , between 200 and 950 metres above sea level . it is more commonly found at rocky outcrops that are surrounded by tussock grassland or native scrub rather than agricultural land ( 2 ) .
for many years doc has been aware of the significance of grand and otago skinks and their vulnerability to both predators and habitat loss .
the otago skink is an omnivorous reptile , which feeds on a wide variety of invertebrates , vegetation and , when in season , soft fruits ( 4 ) . occasionally it also consumes small skinks and flower petals ( 4 ) . although the otago skink forages for most of its food on the rocks , particularly areas which are encrusted with lichen that attract a richer abundance of invertebrate prey ( 2 ) , it must occasionally leave the rocks to find some of its food , such as fleshy fruits and more invertebrates ( 3 ) , in the surrounding plant life ( 2 ) .
if neither measure is successful in preventing further declines in skink populations , then more importance will be placed on the captive breeding of otago skinks . as of 2006 , 86 otago skinks were held in captivity , where this species has been successfully bred , providing a safeguard against this species’ extinction should the worst happen in the wild ( 4 ) . in combination with these measures , the second recovery plan outlines the importance of continued monitoring of this species , in addition to increasing awareness of this species’ perilous situation with the general public , and raising the profile of skink conservation ( 4 ) .
chapple dg , bell tp , chapple snj , miller ka , daugherty ch , et al . ( 2011 ) phylogeography and taxonomic revision of the new zealand cryptic skink (
wellington zoo trust has established a separate skink breeding area for both species , away from the public gaze . all the skinks are from the wild and housed in breeding pairs .
berry o , gleeson dm ( 2005 ) distinguishing historical fragmentation from a recent population decline - shrinking or pre - shrunk skink from new zealand ? biological conservation 123 : 197–210 .
one of new zealand ' s rarest lizards , and also amongst the largest ( 2 ) , the otago skink is a long and slender reptile . its scaly body is yellow or greenish on the upperparts , pale grey on the underside , and mottled all over with darker patches . juvenile otago skinks differ from the adults in their colouration , with black blotches adorning a bright yellow body ( 3 ) . the forelimbs are somewhat shorter than the hindlimbs and the snout is fairly sharp ( 3 ) .
their original distribution was upland otago from near the east coast to as far west as lakes hawea and wanaka , and the lindis pass area to the north .
this is a community group based in alexandra who want to re - introduce otago skinks into their area , an important part of the species ' former range .
this was followed by an experimental management trial at macraes from 2005 to 2008 , to both determine and halt the cause of decline . skink populations were monitored under three different management regimes :
chapple dg , ritchie pa , daugherty ch ( 2009 ) origin , diversification and systematics of the new zealand skink fauna ( reptilia : scincidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52 : 470–487 .
beginning in the late 1990s a six - year project at the macraes conservation area monitored grand and otago skinks before and during trapping operations for feral cats and ferrets .
foremost , though , is the prediction that as a result of markedly reducing the threat from predators to grand and otago skinks , their threat status could be reduced .
the plan ' s long - term vision was :
to ensure the continued survival of wild populations of otago skinks and grand skinks within their natural geographic range .
norbury g , heyward r , parkes j ( 2009 ) skink and invertebrate abundance in relation to vegetation , rabbits and predators in a new zealand dryland ecosystem . new zealand journal of ecology 33 : 24–31 .
kumazawa y , nishida m ( 1999 ) complete mitochondrial dna sequences of the green turtle and blue - tailed mole skink : statistical evidence for archosaurian affinity of turtles . molecular biology and evolution 16 : 784–792 .
doc welcomes any comments or suggestions you may have about the conservation of grand and otago skinks . these can be directed to the recovery group via any of the department ' s offices .
norbury dc , norbury gl ( 1996 ) short - term effects of rabbit grazing on a degraded short - tussock grassland in central otago . new zealand journal of ecology 20 : 285–288 .
until very recently it was feared that both grand and otago skinks could be functionally extinct within a decade . that is that they would dwindle away to a point from which they could not return .
duncan rp , webster rj , jensen ca ( 2001 ) declining plant species richness in the tussock grasslands of canterbury and otago , south island , new zealand . new zealand journal of ecology 25 : 35–47 .
as a further protection for grand and otago skinks a captive management plan has been prepared and implemented . this is intended to protect both species against a catastrophic event , and also maintain a reserve of genetic diversity .
adult female otago skinks give birth to 2 - 3 live offspring each pregnancy . this low reproductive output combined with the age of sexual maturity and low population numbers means these wonderful lizards are at great risk of becoming extinct
chapple , d . g . ; patterson , g . b . 2007 . a new skink species ( oligosoma taumakae sp . nov . ; reptilia : scincidae ) from the open bay islands , new zealand . new zealand j . zool . 34 : 347 - 357
chapple , david g . ; peter a . ritchie , charles h . daugherty 2009 . origin , diversification , and systematics of the new zealand skink fauna ( reptilia : scincidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 52 ( 2 ) : 470 - 487 - get paper here
chapple dg , patterson gb , gleeson dm , daugherty ch , ritchie pa ( 2008 ) taxonomic revision of the marbled skink ( cyclodina oliveri , reptilia : scincidae ) species complex , with a description of a new species . new zealand journal of zoology 35 : 129–146 .
both species are unique to otago , and are two of new zealand ' s rarest reptiles . they are now found in only eight per cent of their former range and have the highest possible threat status , ' nationally critically endangered ' .
today ' s populations are found in small occasional pockets within otago . by far the strongest numbers are found in the macraes area in the east , particularly in the doc managed macraes conservation area where important management research has been carried out .
, and are typically limited to the large schist rock outcroppings found in that region . they can often be seen sunning themselves on these rocks and seek refuge in the deep crevices when alarmed , at night and on cold days . as of 2000 , the range of the otago skink has decreased by roughly 90 % when compared to the estimated historic range . although it was once widespread , land use change , particularly the intensification of farming , and the introduction of mammalian predators has led to a decline in the population . the
bogisch , m ; a cree & jm monks 2016 . short - term success of a translocation of otago skinks ( oligosoma otagense ) to orokonui ecosanctuary . new zealand journal of zoology , doi : 10 . 1080 / 03014223 . 2015 . 1122638 - get paper here
both species are distinctively marked , which is why southern māori know them as mokomoko . grand skinks are black with yellowish flecks , and otago skinks , black with grey , green , or yellowish blotches . these cryptic colour patterns provide great camouflage , amid the lichen - covered schist rocks they inhabit .
grand and otago skinks give birth to fully - formed young . when they ' re born , they really hit the ground running . newborns emerge head first and without so much as a thank you to mum , the babies head for the sun and start hunting . they usually have three to six babies a year .
the edited control region alignment comprised 419 characters , with 46 variable sites within the six haplotypes identified within the otago skink ( table 4 , figure 3a ) . no haplotypes were shared between the eastern and western populations ( figure 3a ) . four haplotypes were found to occur within the macraes flat region , with one present in all three populations ( haplotype b ) , another present at falcon and alistair ' s gully ( haplotype a ) , and a further two ( haplotypes c and d ) found exclusively at the wildlife site ( table 4 , figure 3a ) . two haplotypes were identified in the western region ( haplotypes e and f ) , with both occurring in the lindis pass population , but only haplotype e was present in the glenfoyle station population ( table 4 , figure 3a ) . consistent length variation was observed between the control region haplotypes in the eastern ( 419 bp ) and western ( 415 bp ) regions of the otago skinks range . both haplotype and nucleotide diversity was generally low within each population ( table 4 ) .
the species is named after the otago province ( gill and whitaker 2001 ) . no significant morphometric differences have been detected between populations . the wide geographic separation and presumably long isolation of the eastern and western populations means genetic differentiation between these regions is possible , although this has yet to be investigated ( whitaker et al . 2002 ) .
otago skinks are omnivores , eating a variety of fruit and insects . fruit is picked off the many fruiting shrubs present in their habitat , such as coprosma and melicytus . live prey such as flies , dragonflies , moths , beetles and weta are caught by the lizard slowly sneaking up on the prey and then pouncing with jaws wide . the skinks often approach their prey with jerky motions , and sometimes tap the ground at an incredible speed with their foreleg
five haplotypes , each originating from the eastern region , were identified from the 87 captive otago skinks ( tables 1 and 5 ; figure 3b ) . two of these corresponded to haplotypes currently present at macraes flat ( haplotypes a , b ) , but the other three haplotypes ( haplotypes g , h and i ) do not appear to occur in the populations that are intensively managed by the department of conservation ( figure 3b ) . indeed , the majority ( 83 % ) of captive otago skinks were found to have haplotypes ( g : n = 1 ; h : n = 64 ; i : n = 7 ) that are not evident in the managed sites at macraes flat ( figure 3b ) . the level of genetic differentiation among these three haplotypes from captive animals and those present at macraes flat was low ( g : 1 . 2–1 . 7 % ; h : 1 . 7–1 . 9 % ) to moderate ( i : 4 . 7–5 . 3 % ) ( table 5 ) .
unlike many lizards overseas , both species are omnivorous , diurnal , and don ' t hibernate . they can live for up to 20 years in the wild , and like all lizards in this country , give birth to live young - two or three a year .
thanks to recent research breakthrough , it is thought that fate will not now be the case .
the two species share similar habitat , distribution , habits and diet ; feeding on a wide variety of insects , fleshy fruits , and even smaller lizards .
they ' re exceptionally well adapted to the cold upland , tussock and tor landscape they belong to . even when there ' s snow on the ground and icicles on their rocks , if the sun is out , they ' ll bask on a rock ledge .
monitoring suggests there may be somewhere around 2000 of each species currently alive . there are no suitable off - shore island habitats within or outside their natural range to offer them security .
by far the greatest threat to either species is predation by introduced animal species : feral cats , stoats , weasels , ferrets - even hedgehogs have been implicated .
they are also quite naive , in the sense that they simply aren ' t aware of the threat cats , stoats and other mustelids pose . as a result they can easily fall prey .
the results showed a major breakthrough in predator control , with a startling recovery in the protected populations of up to 94 % in just three years .
this is the first time on the new zealand mainland that there has been such a dramatic recovery in a critically endangered species .
an important adjunct to the research work was the recovery team ' s development of a ground - breaking photo re - sight monitoring programme . this is non - intrusive and non - invasive , and not only does it detect change in small populations , it ' s a vast improvement on the previous method , toe clipping !
it is also , within new zealand , immediately transferrable to the protection of other threatened fauna on the mainland .
in less than a decade it could change from ' nationally critically endangered ' to ' nationally endangered ' .
the doc recovery team ' s recent research showed that removing predators by either intensive trapping or holding them within a mammal - proof fence , was very successful .
protection of both species is being supported by the continuation of that work , along with some new and innovative projects .
trapping at the macraes conservation area , the main focus of the recovery team ' s field work , has been extended . the exclosure fences will continue to protect the populations within , and monitoring will continue over the warmer months .
captive breeding area at wellington zoo . each compartment is for a separate breeding pair
the aim is that animals bred in captivity will be re - introduced into secure , wild habitat .
several private breeders are involved , some with up to thirty years lizard breeding and keeping experience . two experienced wildlife breeding organisations are also involved .
those aims continue in the new draft recovery plan , circulated for formal consultation in september 2006 .
many submissions were received analysed and reviewed by the recovery group . the agreed changes are included in the current version of the plan .
they will be released into a mammal - proof , fenced area , which is being constructed near alexandra , and for which considerable funding has been raised .
if you can ' t view these files contact us to request another format . about our files .
leiolopisma grande otagense mccann 1955 girardiscincus otagense — wells & wellington 1985 oligosoma otagense — patterson & daugherty 1995 oligosoma otagense — hickson et al . 2000 oligosoma otagense — gaulke & altenbach 2003 oligosoma otagense — hitchmough et al . 2016
hybridization : captive breeding records have demonstrated the potential for hybridisation between o . otagense and o . waimatense ( d . keall , unpublished data , cited in chapple et al . 2009 ) .
gaulke , m . & altenbach , a . 2003 . 100 % pure new zealand . reptilia ( münster ) 8 ( 41 ) : 56 - 63 - get paper here
hardy , g . 1977 . the new zealand scincidae : a taxonomic study . new zealand journal of zoology 4 : 221 - 325 - get paper here
hickson , robert e . ; kerryn e . slack and peter lockhart 2000 . phylogeny recapitulates geography , or why new zealand has so many species of skinks . biological journal of the linnean society 70 : 415–433 - get paper here
hitchmough , rod ; leigh bull and pam cromarty ( compilers ) 2005 . new zealand threat classification system lists science & technical publishing department of conservation , new zealand , 134 pp .
hitchmough , rodney a . ; geoffrey b . patterson , and david g . chapple 2016 . putting a name to diversity : taxonomy of the new zealand lizard fauna in : chapple , d . g . ( ed ) . new zealand lizards . springer , pp . 87 - 108 - get paper here
mccann , c . 1955 . the lizards of new zealand . gekkonidae and scincidae . dominion museum bulletin ( 17 ) : 1—127 .
molinia , frank c . ; trent bell , grant norbury , alison cree , and dianne m . gleeson 2010 . assisted breeding of skinks or how to teach a lizard old tricks ! . herp . cons . biol . 5 ( 2 ) - get paper here
patterson , g . b . 1997 . south island skinks of the genus oligosoma : description of o . longipes n . sp . with redescription of o . otagense ( mccann ) and o . waimatense ( mccann ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand 27 ( 4 ) : 439 - 450 .
patterson , g . b . ; daugherty , c . h . 1995 . reinstatement of the genus oligosoma ( reptilia : lacertilia : scincidae ) . j . royal soc . new zealand 25 ( 3 ) : 327 - 331
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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endangered b1ab ( iii , v ) ; c2a ( ii ) ver 3 . 1
de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
this species is described as rare ( norbury 2001 ) . the population has been estimated to be around 2 , 000 individuals ( whitaker and loh 1995 ) . the larger subpopulation lives between macraes flat and sutton , with the subpopulation in the lindis pass area being much smaller ( patterson 1997 ) .
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school of biological sciences , university of auckland , auckland , new zealand , ecological genetics laboratory , landcare research , mt . albert , auckland , new zealand
copyright : © 2012 chapple et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this research was supported by funding to dgc and chd from the allan wilson centre for molecular ecology and evolution , and the victoria university of wellington university research fund , and grants from the new zealand department of conservation ( investigation number 3785 ) and ministry for science and innovation outcome based investment ( sustaining and restoring biodiversity ) to dmg . the funders had no role in study design , and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript . however , the new zealand department of conservation did provide some tissue samples that were used in the study .
competing interests : the authors declare the following interest : alisha birkett and m . gleeson are employees of landcare research . this does not alter the authors ' adherence to all the plos one policies on sharing data and materials .
the distribution of o . otagense ( black circles ) , o . waimatense ( blue squares ) , o . acrinasum ( green circles ) , o . infrapunctatum ( red triangles ) , o . taumakae ( orange square ) , and o . pikitanga ( purple circle ) is indicated . several localities mentioned in the text are highlighted , including the locations of the o . otagense and o . waimatense samples used in this study . the dashed line indicates the estimated former distribution of o . otagense [ 26 ] . the distribution data is adapted from the department of conservation ' s bioweb herpetofauna database . inset : major geographic regions of new zealand .
. we translated all coding region sequences to confirm that none contained premature stop codons . sequence data were submitted to genbank [ genbank : jn999929 - jn999994 ] (
and cytochrome b sequence data was used for the phylogenetic analyses . maximum likelihood ( ml ) and bayesian tree building methods were used . we used m
to determine the most appropriate model of sequence evolution for our dataset . we ran the bayesian analysis for five million generations , sampling every 100 generations ( i . e . 50 , 000 sampled trees ) . we ran the analysis twice , using four heated chains per run . we discarded the first 25 % of samples as burn - in and the last 37 , 500 trees were used to estimate the bayesian posterior probabilities . the program t
bootstrap values ( 500 ml bootstraps ) and bayesian posterior probabilities were used to assess branch support . we considered branches supported by bootstrap values of 70 % or greater [ 59 ] , and / or posterior probability values greater than or equal to 0 . 95 [ 60 ] to be supported by our data .
) . a strict molecular clock ( 0 . 0065–0 . 00815 substitutions per site per million years ) , implemented in beast v1 . 6 . 1
, and this information was used as the maximum age of the tree root . a gtr + i + g model of evolution was employed with a speciation ( yule ) tree prior . the analysis was run twice , with 20 million generations per run ( total 40 million generations after the two runs were combined using l
) were calculated to estimate among population differentiation . we conducted hierarchical analysis of molecular variance ( amova ;
) to investigate the partitioning of genetic variation within and among populations and regions . both tests used trn genetic distances . significance levels of all the estimated values were calculated by 10 , 000 permutations , and adjusted according to the bonferroni correction procedure
) and mismatch distributions to test for signatures of population expansion ( significance levels were calculated by 10 , 000 permutations ) . significant and negative tajima ' s
s statistic values are indicative of possible population expansion . mismatch frequency histograms were plotted in d
. the spatial expansion hypothesis ( both ri and ssd ) was tested using a parametric bootstrap approach ( 200 replicates ) .
the edited alignment comprised 1834 characters ( 550 bp nd2 , 671 bp nd4 , 613 bp cytochrome b ) , of which 588 ( 32 % ) were variable and 438 ( 24 % ) were parsimony - informative . for the ingroup only , the alignment contained 487 ( 27 % ) variable characters , of which 397 ( 22 % ) were parsimony - informative . base frequencies were unequal ( a = 0 . 3026 , t = 0 . 2608 , c = 0 . 3016 , g = 0 . 1350 ) , but a χ 2 test confirmed the homogeneity of base frequencies among sequences ( df = 90 , p = 1 . 0 ) .
supported the gtr + i + g substitution model as the most appropriate for our dataset . parameters estimated under this model were : relative substitution rates ( a↔c = 2 . 16 , a↔g = 38 . 47 , a↔t = 1 . 50 , c↔g = 1 . 11 , c↔t = 19 . 04 , relative to g↔t = 1 . 00 ) , proportion of invariable sites ( 0 . 6022 ) , and gamma distribution shape parameter ( 4 . 132 ) . the topologies of the ml and bayesian trees were identical , therefore we present the optimal ml tree ( −ln
the lineage contains five other species : o . waimatense , o . acrinasum , o . infrapunctatum , o . pikitanga , and o . taumakae . the phylogeny is based upon 1834 bp of mitochondrial dna sequence data ( nd2 , nd4 & cytochrome b ) . two measures of branch support are indicated with ml bootstraps ( 500 replicates ) on the left and bayesian posterior probabilities on the right ( only values over 50 and 0 . 7 , respectively , are shown ) .
substantial genetic differentiation was evident between the two regions ( 10 . 6–11 . 5 % sequence divergence , table 5 ; pairwise φ st = 0 . 958 ) , with 36 variable sites separating the eastern and western populations ( figure 3a ) . although the level of genetic differentiation among populations within each region was lower ( 0 . 2–1 . 5 % sequence divergence , table 5 ) , significant pairwise φ st values were found among all five populations ( table 6 ) . the amova confirmed that most genetic variation was partitioned among regions ( 94 . 60 % ) , rather than among populations in each region ( 3 . 09 % ) , or within populations ( 2 . 31 % ) . there was no strong evidence for recent range expansion in any of the five populations ( table 4 ) .
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endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . invertebrates animals with no backbone . omnivorous feeding on both plants and animals .
patterson , g . b . ( 1997 ) south island skinks of the genus oligosoma : description of o . longipes n . sp . with redescription of o . otagense ( mccann ) and o . waimatense ( mccann ) . journal of the royal society of new zealand , 27 ( 4 ) : 439 - 450 .
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