calcariidae is a small family of passerine birds .

it includes longspurs and snow buntings .

there are six species in three genera worldwide , found mainly in north america and eurasia .

they are migratory and can live in a variety of habitats including grasslands , prairies , tundra , mountains , and beaches .

calcariidae

the bird family calcariidae is also known as longspurs or s now buntings are found worldwide .
list of species of the longspurs ( calcariidae ) family . each species provides information on taxonomy , descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation and bibliography .
all but two of the families in icteroidae are restricted to new world . the exceptions are calcariidae and emberizidae . the latter may have its origin in the new world , but is restricted to the old world .
genetic evidence shows the longspurs and snow buntings are not sparrows ( emberizidae ) . rather , they should be placed in their own family , calcariidae , and that this family branches off next ( klicka et al . , 2003 ) .
bibliographic note : there is no
family book
per se but an introduction to this family , with art and photos , is in rising ( 2011 ) . the calcariidae are acknowledged as a family in the broader text on emberizidae but preplanned production schedules embedded them here .
analysis of the dna of larkspurs and snow buntings has revealed that they are not very closely related to the sparrow family , the emberizidae , in which they were formerly classified . a new family , the calcariidae , is established for these birds . regularly occurring members of this new family in maine are lapland longspurs and snow buntings .
recent genetic work ( barker et al . 2013 ) provided evidence that the calcariidae diverged from other emberizid relatives about 14 million years ago . surprisingly , their data suggest that the closest living relative to the longspurs and snow buntings is the rosy thrush - tanager of the neotropics , which they also placed in a separate family [ rhodinocichlidae ] .
( 2018 ) . longspurs ( calcariidae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
previously included in emberizidae , but found to be somewhat distantly related # r . family name has been listed as plectrophenacidae # r # r # r , but this name is unavailable ; oldest name , plectrophaneae , based on a junior synonym of calcarius , has never been used since coined in 1890 , and should not be resurrected ( as plectrophaneidae ) to displace well - known name calcariidae .
genetic evidence shows the longspurs and snow buntings are not part of emberizidae ( buntings ) or arremonidae ( american sparrows ) . rather , they should be placed in their own family , calcariidae , which is a basal branch in the icteroidae ( klicka et al . , 2003 ) . it was also necessary to revive rhynchophanes for mccown ' s longspur in order to avoid lumping the whole family in one genus . putting snow buntings and longspurs in one genus just didn ' t seem right .
the fringillidae are sister to the rest of the nine - primaried oscines . the new longspur - snow bunting family ( calcariidae ) comes next . it is one of the two families in this group that have old world representatives . the remainder breaks into two groups , the cardinal - tanager group and the warbler - sparrow - blackbird group . i place the warblers next , followed by the blackbirds and sparrows . since the cardinal - tanager group is bigger , it goes at the end , with the cardinals first and tanagers last .
barker et al . ( 2013 ) is the only paper that analyzes dna from the rosy thrush - tanager . their results are rather inconclusive . the species tree places it sister to calcariidae , although this is rather hard to swallow . the concantenated gene tree puts it sister to the remaining icteroidae . the mitochondrial tree puts it sister to thraupidae . support for any of these options is weak and i was intending to leave it unclassified even though barker et al . suggest treating it as a separate family , rhodinocichlidae . the discussions in clark ( 1913 ) , eisenmann ( 1962 ) , and skutch ( 1962 ) convinced me this really is a unique taxon , and that it deserves family status .
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phylogeny and classification of the old world emberizini ( aves , passeriformes ) . - pubmed - ncbi
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
alström p 1 , olsson u , lei f , wang ht , gao w , sundberg p .
department of vertebrate zoology and molecular systematics laboratory , swedish museum of natural history , p . o . box 50007 , se - 104 05 stockholm , sweden . per . alstrom @ urltoken
longspurs and snow buntings : phylogeny and biogeography of a high - latitude clade ( calcarius ) . - pubmed - ncbi
longspurs and snow buntings : phylogeny and biogeography of a high - latitude clade ( calcarius ) .
j . f . bell museum of natural history , 100 ecology building , university of minnesota , st . paul 55108 - 6097 , usa . klicka @ urltoken
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
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family , but dna evidence indicates the similarities are superficial . the relative new family
. the name refers to the long claw on the hind toe of each foot . they are chunky ground - feeding birds with long wings which are usually seen in open areas . they have short , stout seed - eater bills . they gather in large flocks in winter .
chestnut - collared longspur breeds on prairies . similar to : horned lark . horned lark has black stripe on chin ; chestnut - collared longsput does not . similar to : mccown ' s longspur . male chestnut - collared longspur has rufous nape ; male mccown ' s longspur has rufous wingbar .
lapland longspur breeds on tundra . similar to : smith ' s longspur . lapland longspur has white belly ; smith ' s longspur has buffy or orange belly .
smith ' s longspur breeds on tundra , winters in southcentral usa . similar to : lapland longspur . lapland longspur has white belly ; smith ' s longspur has buffy or orange belly .
. the name refers to the long claw on the hind toe of each foot . they are chunky ground - feeding birds with long wings which are usually seen in open areas . males declare ownership of a territory by singing during short flights over it . these birds gather in large flocks in winter .
mccown ' s longspur breeds on prairies . similar to : chestnut - collared longspur . male chestnut - collared longspur has rufous nape ; male mccown ' s longspur has rufous wingbar .
only subscribers have complete access to the families of the hbw alive . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
a detailed list of the species of the family is displayed to our subscribers , showing the following columns : genus , species , common name , conservation status , figure , and the check mark . above the table , a tiny search engine is displayed to facilitate the filtering of the species .
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lapland longspur ( below ) has a similar distribution , although it does not breed quite as far north as snow bunting and it winters a bit farther south . lapland longspur is inconspicuous among flocks of larks and pipits in winter , when in muted basic plumage ( below left ) but brightens considerably through wear as spring approaches ( below right , photo by brian l . sullivan in california ) .
the remaining 3 longspurs and mckay ' s bunting plectrophenax hyperboreus are restricted to north america ( the latter may be just a well - marked race of snow bunting ) .
mccown ' s longspur ( left in a nice shot by greg lasley ) breeds in arid short - grass prairie in the northern great plains , from saskatchewan south to colorado . it has a fairly short migration to wintering sites from arizona to central texas . it is well - patterned in summer but in winter , like most longspurs , is a drab brownish bird best distinguished by tail pattern and calls .
in contrast , smith ' s longspur ( below ) is a long - distance migrant . it breeds at the edge of treeline in the far north from alaska to hudson bay . singing males in breeding plumage ( below right ) sport a patterned black - and - white face and a mostly rich buffy body . after breeding , in fall migration and winter , they can be very plain . the wintering grounds are mostly in the southern great plains centered around kansas and oklahoma . a few strays have been found farther west : his fall vagrant at moonglow dairy in monterey county ( below left ) represented the first record for california .
the final longspur is chestnut - collared longspur ( right ) , shown here as a fall vagrant to monterey co . , california , and is about as drab as longspurs come in non - breeding plumage . all are exciting to north american observers because longspurs are migratory and rarities do turn up .
the migration of snow bunting ( left ) is different than longspurs . much of the population stays rather far north in winter , in flocks over a snowy landscape in open country . others move towards the coast and winter among sand dunes . some stray well south .
one of the southernmost ever in california was this individual ( left ) , shown at pt . pinos , monterey co . , where it was photographed over the period 23–26 may 1990 . the only other snow bunting farther south that spring had been at ocean beach , san diego co . , from 30 apr–7 may . the unusual dates and locations — very late in spring and very far south — led some to suspect that only a single bird might have been involved . a host of digital photos from both sites permitted the comparison . pyle & sullivan ( 2010 ) focused on flight - feather - wear patterns and other plumage features to show that this was the same vagrant — some 380 miles [ = 610 km ] apart !
[ with one lapland longspur ] east of ottawa , ontario , canada , in feb 2016 . both
were vagrants in monterey co . , california : the fall bird was in pacific grove on 8 oct 2006 , and brian l . sullivan photographed the spring vagrant well into breeding plumage near salinas on 16 apr 2008 . greg w . lasley photographed the
on the breeding grounds at pawnee nat ' l grasslands , colorado , on 7 june 2001 . the singing male
was a churchill , manitoba , in july 1988 ; the fall vagrant was at moonglow dairy , moss landing , california , on 14 sep 1990 . the vagrant
was in pebble beach , monterey co . , california , on 23 oct 2006 . the vagrant
was at pt . pinos , monterey co . , on 25 may 2009 .
uncredited photos © don roberson . credited photos © murray lord , brian l . sullivan , and greg w . lasley , as credited , and used with permission ; all rights reserved .
barker , f . k . , k . j . burns , j . klicka , s . m . lanyon , and i . j . lovette . 2013 . going to extremes : contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of new world passerine birds . syst . biol . 62 : 298–320 .
pyle , p . , and b . l . sullivan . 2010 . featured photo : documenting repeated occurrences of individual birds with digital images . w . birds 41 : 261–265 .
rising , j . d . 2011 . family emberizidae ( buntings and new world sparrows ; first 6 species accounts ) , pp . 428 & 506–508 in handbook of the birds of the world ( del hoyo , j . , a . elliott & d . a . christie , eds ) . vol . 16 . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain .
sibley , c . g . , and j . e . ahlquist . 1990 . phylogeny and classification of birds : a study of molecular evolution . yale univ . press , new haven , ct .
gill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , →isbn
this page was last edited on 16 may 2018 , at 14 : 43 .
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if you ' re paying attention to the names of the higher - level groups , this one may leave you scratching your head . what ' s icteroidae ? is it a typo for icteroidea ?
it is not a typo , but is the ending for an epifamily , a rarely used group between family and superfamily . i ' ve resorted to it here to emphasize that the following families are more closely related to each other than to anything else .
sibley and monroe ( 1990 ) used the name “emberizinae” for the remaining species . they were using an absolute measure of genetic distance to separate families and other groups . by the time you get here , everything is closely enough related to fit in a single sibley - monroe subfamily . in fact , even all of the nine - primaried oscines end up in the same family !
i use terms such as order and family in an ordinal , not cardinal , fashion . this lets me refer to the sibley - monroe “emberizinae” as an epifamily . however , the correct name is icteroidae ( vigors , 1825 ) , not emberizoidae ( brehm , 1828 ) . this gives me a little more headroom , but as you will see below , i ' m still running out of levels .
the topology of the remaining icteroidae families is still unclear . klicka et al . ( 2003 ) had parulidae sister to arremonidae , while barker et al . ( 2013 ) give a species tree showing emberizidae and arremonidae as sisters , but their concatenated tree shows emberizidae basal and arremonidae sister to the blackbird / warbler clade . klicka et al . ( 2007 ) has emberizidae and arremonidae sister , with icteridae sister to that , and parulidae sister to the rest .
the fact that barker et al . ' s ( 2013 ) study was unable to find definitive answers as to how these families are related was not due to lack of trying . they analyzed dna from 6 genes and every genus in icteroidae ( genera as given by the howard - moore checklist ( dickinson , 2003 ) ) . although the standard families were well - supported , this cannot be said about their relationships or inner structure . moreover , a number of taxa did not consistently fall into any of the standard icteroidae families : rhodinocichla , icteria , teretistris , zeledonia , phaenicophilidae , and mitrospingidae .
the basic problem seems to be very rapid diversification . all of icteroidae , about 8 % of all bird species , share a recent common ancestor . barker et al . estimate this ancestor lived roughly 15 million years ago and some of the families date from a mere 10 million years ago . with such recent diversification , issues such as speciation before lineages can sort out make it particularly difficult to reconstruct the actual species tree from inconsistent gene trees . more data will be needed to completely sort this out , and it will probably not happen quickly .
the structure as found by klicka et al . ( 2003 ) is that rhynchophanes and plectrophenax are sister genera , and the two together are sister to calcarius . maley and wink ( 2010 ) found that mckay ' s bunting , plectrophenax hyperboreus , has only recently separated from snow bunting , plectrophenax nivalis , apparently during the last glaciation . there ' s evidence that its population was once much larger , possibly being widespread in beringia .
the classification of the thrush - tanager has long been an issue . originally considered an ovenbird by lesson ( furnarius roseus ) , hartlaub placed it in its own genus , rhodinicichla in 1853 . since then , its classification has varied . it has been considered a type of warbler , wren , or thrasher , with names such as thrush - warbler or wren - warbler . it was eventually recognized as a nine - primaried oscine of some sort . clark ( 1913 ) argued that it was a tanager due to similiarities with mitrospingus , but we don ' t consider mitrospingus to be a tanager . skutch ( 1962 ) suggested it might need its own family . eisenmann ( 1962 ) replied with an analysis meant to convince us that rhodinocichla is a tanager . in retrospect , eisenmann ' s reply is unconvincing due to the fact that many of possibly related birds he mentions are no longer part of tharupidae .
the thrush - tanager ' s range is somewhat disjoint . ridgway ( 1902 ) considered the mexican race a distinct species . the central and south american forms are distinct , and may also be separate species .
the name emberizidae is often attributed to vigors ( 1825 ) , but he did not establish the term . the attribution seems to be based on his use of a plural form of emberiza ( emberizae ) , which was not used as a family - group name ( olson , 1995 ) . it is sometimes cited as brehm , 1831 . however , laurent raty found an earlier use by brehm ( 1828 in isis von oken vol . 28 , heft xii , p . 1278 ) . although brehm attributes it to vigors , there is no citation . in 1831 , in his “handbuch der naturgeschichte aller vogel deutschlands” , brehm attributed it to vigors in the text ( p . 289 ) , but to boie in the index ( p . 1049 ) . i ' m guessing these all refer to the use of emberizae mentioned above , so i attribute emberizidae to brehm .
there is some uncertainty concerning whether the emberiza buntings and american sparrows are sister clades , and that is why i have them in separate families . for example , klicka et al . ( 2003 ) has emberizidae embedded in the icteridae while arremonidae is sister to parulidae .
the name arremonidae ( lafresnaye 1842 ) has priority over the currently used passerellidae ( cabanis and heine 1850 - 51 ) . i had previously used passerellidae since bock ( 1994 ) incorrectly attributed arremonidae to sundevall 1872 , which would give passerellidae priority . however , bock missed lafresnaye ' s use of arremoninae as a subfamily name .
taxonomy within emberizidae now follows päckert et al . ( 2015 ) . the major clades are similar to those found by alström et al . ( 2008a ) and the adjustments based on ren et al . ( 2014 ) and schweizer and kirwan ( 2014 ) . however , the arrangement of the clades is a bit different , and is not as well supported as i would like .
as in h & m - 4 ( dickinson and christidis , 2014 ) , i have treated the major clades as separate genera . the only exception is that i do not recognize granativora . with the päckert et al . topology it would require a separate genus for the brown - rumped bunting , melophus affinis , and no such name is available . the position of the brown - rumped bunting is based on limited genetic data and support is low , so it may belong elsewhere .
should anyone feel inclined to further divide these genera , there are available names for some of the subclades of these clades . for one such possibility , see the species - level tree for emberiza . the groupings are in general agreement with the morphological groups of byers et al . ( 1995 ) . their yellowhammer group is subgenus emberiza ; the rock bunting group is cia ; the ortolan bunting group is glycyspina ; the house bunting and golden - breasted bunting groups are both clades within fringillaria . not all of byers et al . ' s species pairs are supported .
sharpe ' s bunting , emberiza yunnanensis ( probably including khamensis ) , has been split from godlewski ' s bunting , emberiza godlewskii ( see päckert et al . , 2015 ) . there didn ' t seem to be historical english name to press into service . i chose sharpe as he named yunnanensis . yunnan bunting seemed a little limiting because the range extends into sichuan , and via khamensis onto the tibetian plateau .
gosling ' s bunting , fringillaria goslingi , has been split from cinnamon - breasted bunting , fringillaria tahapisi . see olsson et al . ( 2013b ) .
the sparrow family has been carved up in the ongoing reorganization of the nine - primaried oscines . most of the neotropical finches have joined the tanagers . the gubernatrix and paroaria cardinals have been moved to the tanagers . the neotropical finches that remain are the atlapetes brushfinches , as well as the large - footed , yellow - thighed , and yellow - green finches ( pezopetes and pselliophorus . in return , the sparrows gain the genus chlorospingus ( excepting flavovirens ) and the tanager finch , oreothraupis arremonops . these changes alone would reduce the family to about half its former size , but there is more . they also lose the emberiza .
what remains is a somewhat more homogeneous family and it is possible to give it a coherent organization . everything seems to fall into 8 clades , most of which i ' ve treated at the tribe level ( i have united two of them ) . i haven ' t used subfamilies partly because i don ' t think it ' s clear yet how the tribes fit together , and because the divisions are not particularly deep ( 7 - 9 million years ago according to barker et al . , 2015 ) .
although their correct arrangement was previously unclear , bryson et al . ( 2016 ) mostly resolves the order of the tribes in arremonidae . the position of chlorospingini is a little uncertain , but probably correct .
we will consider each of the tribes in turn : spizellini , chlorospingini , ammodramini , arremonini , passerellini , passerculini , and pipilonini .
subspecies based on dickinson et al . ( 2003 ) . * an asterisk indicates taxa not sampled by weir et al . ( 2008 ) . the subspecies ‘novicius’ may be a hybrid form .
arremonini consists of a number of neotropical sparrows . in fact , the size of this group has grown due to the splitting of buarremon torquatus . i had merged all of these into arremon , but the dated tree in barker et al . ( 2015 ) has convinced me to restore the genera lysurus and buarremon . the basal group of 4 becomes lysurus . two of these were in lysurus in h & m - 3 , while the other two were in buarremon .
the tree follows barker et al . ( 2015 ) , which is similiar to klicka et al . ( 2014 ) . previous analyses were less clear ( see cadena et al . , 2007 ; flórez - rodríguez et al . , 2011 ) .
the four lysurus species include the brunneinucha / virenticeps complex , which may actually hide a half - dozen species ( navarro - sigüenza et al . , 2007 ) . these are followed by the arremon sparrows . the former stripe - headed brushfinch , buarremon torquatus , has been split into 8 species ( cadena et al . , 2007 , 2010 , 2011 ; also see sacc proposal # 468 ) . the split of the stripe - headed brushfinch ( torquatus group ) is detailed below . the english names follows aou ' s nacc and sacc
the junco / zonotrichia clade passerellini is first . it is now clear that the american tree sparrow is not part of spizella . rather , it is most closely related to the fox sparrow , passerella iliaca ( carson and spicer , 2003 ) . slager and klicka ( 2014a ) established the new genus spizelloides for it . the passerella / spizelloides group forms a clade with the juncos and zonotrichia . passerella iliaca itself remains controversial , and may end up being split into four species . the guadalupe junco , junco insularis , has been split from j . hyemalis ( it is actually sister to hyemalis + phaeonotus , see klicka et al . , 2014 ) .
the passerculini are not well - resolved by bryson et al . ( 2016 ) . i have modified klicka et al . ' s ( 2014 ) treatment to take both bryson et al . and barker et al . ( 2015 ) into account .
the passerculini open with a clade containing the vesper sparrow and two former amphispiza , the sage sparrows . the sage sparrows get a brand new genus name . klicka and spellman ( 2007 ) discovered that it is not related to the other amphispiza . the name they proposed , artemisospiza , did not strictly follow iczn rules . in view of this , klicka and banks ( 2011 ) proposed the name artemisiospiza ( think sagebrush , artemesia ) . moreover , the aou , after considering cicero and koo ( 2012 ) , now treats the sage sparrow as two species : bell ' s sparrow , artemisiospiza belli , and sagebrush sparrow , artemisiospiza nevadensis . the situation is rather confusing and a third species may be involved .
the striped sparrow is next , with the remainder falling into two clades . the first consists of the “marshland” ammodramus . as klicka and spellman ( 2007 ) recommend , they get the name ammospiza .
the remaining clade is rather difficult . klicka et al . ( 2014 ) and barker et al . ( 2015 ) give conflicting results , and bryson et al . ( 2016 ) only include two taxa . taking the dating of barker et al . ( 2015 ) into account , these should be treated as no more than two genera . using klicka et al . ' s ( 2014 ) tree , centronyx ( henslow ' s and baird ' s sparrows ) has been merged into passerculus , and xenospiza has been merged into melospiza . barker et al . ( 2016 ) give a somewhat different topology , but i just don ' t see baird ' s and sierra madre sparrows as sister species , while baird ' s and henslow ' s sister and related to savannah sparrow as in klicka et al . ( 2014 ) makes a lot of sense . of course , that ' s no guarantee that it is correct !
that brings us to pipilonini . exactly how these genera relate is not entirely clear . the overall arrangement is based on figure a of byrson et al . ( 2016 ) , except that i have doubts about where pezopetes ( and presumably torreornis , based on barker et al . , 2015 ) goes . i ' m treating it as part of a basal trichotomy , with melozone - aimophila - kieneria and atlapetes - pipilo . nonetheless , the position of pezopetes and torreornis is also uncertain . klicka et al . ( 2014 ) had them weakly attached to the melozone - aimophila - kieneria clade . barker et al . ( 2015 ) found them in a clade sister to pipilo .
the arrangement of aimophila , kieneria , and melozone has been adjusted using information from sandoval et al . ( 2017 ) .
previously , dacosta et al . ( 2009 ) resolved a big chunk of the uncertainty concerning the pipilonini . they found that the melozone ground - sparrows end up in two ( or three ? ) separate groups . based on baker et al . ( 2015 ) and bryson et al . ( 2016 ) , three groups in a trichotomy seems the best choice . one group is the white - eared and prevost ' s ground - sparrows , which keep the genus name melozone ( type biarcuata ) . it is not clear whether they are closer to aimophila or to kieneria as in barker et al . ( 2015 ) or basal to both as in bryson et al . ( 2016 ) figure 2b . i have based the current treatment on sandoval et al . ( 2017 ) , but some uncertainties still remain .
based on sandoval et al . ( 2017 ) and the hbw birdlife checklist ( del hoyo and collar , 2016 ) i have split gray - crowned ground - sparrow , melozone occipitalis , from white - eared ground - sparrow , melozone leucotis ( inc . nigrior ) and with the further assistance of sandoval ( 2014 ) split cabanis ' s ground - sparrow , melozone cabanisi , from prevost ' s ground - sparrow , melozone biarcuata ( inc . hartwegi ) .
a second group consists of the remaining aimophila sparrows . the third group includes the brown towhees . dacosta et al . suggest the genus name pyrgisoma for it . the aou proposal suggested the type of pyrgisoma is kieneri , although ridgway gives the type as biarcuata . apparently , treating kieneri as type dates from a time when biarcuata was considered a subspecies of kieneri . however , when separate , kieneri becomes the type species of kieneria ( bonaparte 1855 ) and biarcuata is the type of pyrgisoma . since biarcuata ends up in the genus melozone , which has priority , it cannot be used . thus kieneria is the name used here . the brown towhees have always been considered different , and there have been suggestions they should get their own genus . that has never happened , so my best option seems to be to put them into kieneria too .
the rest of the pipilonini consists of the pipilo towhees together with the atalapetes brushfinches and allies . the extinct bermuda towhee , pipilo naufragus , has been included as it seems to have survived into historical times . see olson and wingate ( 2012 ) .
the pselliophorus finches are embedded in atlapetes , and i have accordingly changed their scientific names . klicka et al . ( 2014 ) and barker et al . ( 2015 ) present a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of atlapetes which includes almost all of the atlapetes species . the linear order is based on their phylogeny . one species they left out was the black - faced brushfinch , atlapetes melanolaemus . its position is based on sánchez - gonzález et al . ( 2015 ) .
based on sánchez - gonzález et al . ( 2015 ) , the choco brushfinch , atlapetes crassus ( colombia and ecuador ) has been split from tricolored brushfinch , atlapetes tricolor ( peru ) , and taczanowski ' s brushfinch , atlapetes taczanowskii ( peru ) , has been split from slaty brushfinch , atlapetes schistaceus ( colombia , ecuador , and venezuela ) .
based on donegan et al . ( 2014a ) , merida brushfinch , atlapetes meridae , has been split from moustached brushfinch , atlapetes albofrenatus , and black - fronted brushfinch , atlapetes nigrifrons , has been split from yellow - breasted brushfinch , atlapetes latinuchus . a further split from a . latinuchus may be needed , but it is not yet clear how that will work .
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a common songbird of the arctic tundra , the lapland longspur winters in open fields across much of the united states and southern canada .
some winter flocks of lapland longspurs have been estimated as large as four million birds . during snowstorms , such flocks sometimes collide with lighted structures such as radio towers , and thousands can be killed in a single night .
the lapland longspur breeds in the high arctic with continual daylight during the summer , and a breeding male may sing at any hour of the day . despite the lack of a real dawn , the male tends to sing most in the early morning .
the oldest recorded lapland longspur was at least 5 years old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in alaska .
cold and dark winter days come alive with the flurry of black - and - white snow buntings tumbling in flight across barren fields and lakeshores . these restless birds flock up by the hundreds in winter , scattering across canada and the united states . snow buntings breed in the high arctic among rocky crevices where their crisp white plumage blends in with the snowy landscape . in the winter they acquire rusty tones that help them blend in with their winter homes of bare ground and crop stubble .
unless you fancy a trip to the high arctic in summer , winter is the time to go looking for snow buntings . look for them in crop stubble and along lakeshores where debris forms a ring around the water ' s edge . when they forage they tend to crouch down and blend in extremely well with the ground ; even if you don ' t think you see anything , give the ground a scan and look for movement . snow buntings are also restless during the winter and fly to a new spot every 10 minutes or so . look for a flurry of black - and - white as they dash off to a new foraging spot .
male snow buntings head to their high arctic breeding grounds when the ground is still covered in snow and temperatures can dip to - 22° f . that doesn ' t seem like a good time to arrive , but males need to arrive early to make sure they get one of the limited nesting spots in a rock crevice . females join them 3 to 4 weeks later when things start to warm up .
the snow bunting places its nest deep in cracks or other cavities in rocks . although such nest sites are relatively secure from predators , rocks are cold . the thick nest lining of fur and feathers helps keep the eggs and nestlings warm , but the female must stay on the nest for most of the incubation period . because the female can ' t leave the nest very often , the male brings her food almost every 15 minutes .
although breeding and nonbreeding snow buntings look quite different , the change from nonbreeding to breeding plumage isn ' t caused by growing in a new set of feathers ( molt ) . the change from brownish to pure white happens when males rub their bellies and heads on the snow , wearing down the brown feather tips to reveal immaculate white features below .
the oldest recorded snow bunting was a male at least 8 years , 9 months old when he was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in alaska .
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adult male mckay ' s bunting ; st . matthew is . , ak .
breeding males are mostly white except for some dark on the wingtips and tertials . ; photographer various
because these two species are so closely related taxonomically , we expect that mckay ' s bunting will be found to be very similar to the snow bunting in most behavioral and ecological characteristics . only those few details that have been documented explicitly for mckay ' s bunting are given in this account .
) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
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emberizinae . mtnuc _ complete _ generic _ 12 _ 18 _ 09 . nex
emberizinae . mtnuc _ complete _ generic _ 12 _ 18 _ 09 . nex ( 1 . 539 mb )
barker fk , burns kj , klicka j , lanyon sm , lovette ij ( 2012 ) going to extremes : contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of new world passerine birds . systematic biology 62 ( 2 ) : 298 - 320 . urltoken
barker fk , burns kj , klicka j , lanyon sm , lovette ij , barker fk , burns kj , klicka j , lanyon sm , lovette ij ( 2012 ) data from : going to extremes : contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of new world passerine birds .
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latest build thu , 5 jul 2018 13 : 03 : 36 utc . served by vagrant - dryad
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
figs2 . support . matricesdata from : going to extremes : contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of new world passerine birds . - dryad
figs2 . support . matricesdata from : going to extremes : contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of new world passerine birds .
data from : going to extremes : contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of new world passerine birds .
latest build fri , 29 jun 2018 05 : 39 : 03 utc . served by aws - prod
click on a family name at left to see a list of species in the family . the taxonomic list follows the ebird / clements checklist of the birds of the world .
click on families to bring up a list of species for that shape . try using search .
the last superfamily , passeroidea , contains approximately 15 % of all bird species . the exact membership of this group is still being worked out . in the past , laniidae and vireonidae ( now in corvoidea ) , hirundinidae ( now sylvioidea ) , and bombycillidae ( now muscicapoidea ) have been included . even gill , who wrote after publication of the sibley - monroe checklist , includes melanocharitidae ( now corvida ) and alaudidae ( sylvioidea ) in the passeroidea . he did not include irenidae ( fairy bluebirds ) and chloropseidae ( leafbirds ) , but considered them part of corvida .
the passeroidea start off with several families that split off in ones or twos—sugarbirds , flowerpeckers and sunbirds , fairy bluebirds and leafbirds . i put the sugarbirds ( promeropidae ) as the basal family in passeroidea ( beresford et al . , 2005 ) . there is uncertainty about whether they even belong in passeroidea , and there is some support for moving them near the hyliotas ( fuchs et al . , 2006a ) . as mentioned above , until recently the fairy bluebirds and leafbirds were considered corvids .
the passeroidea include a new family , urocynchramidae . this family contains one species , the pink - tailed bunting ( przevalski ' s bunting ) , which was previously thought to be an emberizid bunting ( groth , 2000 ) .
the remainder of the passeroidea splits into two groups . i ' ve marked the smaller one as the ploceid group . this includes the olive warbler , accentors , weavers , whydahs and indigobirds , and the estrildid finches . not long ago , the olive warbler was considered one of the wood warblers , although there was some question as to whether it was really a warbler . the genes tell the tale , and the tale is that it is not a warbler ( groth , 1998 ) . instead , its closest relatives are the accentors , none of which are native to the americas .
as illustrated on the tree , the ploceid group is sister to the remaining passeroidea . the next exact ordering of the next two families is made clear by the genetic code . the nine - primaried oscines and the motacillidae ( wagtails and pipits ) share a genetic trait that other birds lack . they have dna that codes for an extra three amino acids in a particular location on the c - myc gene ( ericson et al . , 2000 ) . old world sparrows don ' t have the insertion . wagtails and pipits do . nine - primaried oscines do . that means the wagtails and pipits are more closely related to the nine - primaried oscines than the passeridae are . moreover , the traditional view that the passeridae are closer to the nine - primaried oscines than the ploceidae are is also correct . summing up , passeridae is the sister group to the wagtails , pipits and nine - primaried oscines . equally , the wagtails and pipits are sister to the nine - primaried oscines .
a group including barker , burns , klicka , lanyon , and lovette are putting together a comprehensive dataset concerning these species . the overall picture will be much clearer when their analysis is finished . some portions of it have been published , and other pieces have been presented but not yet published .
the reorganization starts with the recognition that even the larger traditional families : fringillidae , emberizidae , parulidae , thraupidae , cardinalidae , and icteridae , contain genera and species that don ' t belong to them . many of these taxa have been identified in the last two decades .
we start with one that has already been mentioned : the olive warbler . the sam list removed it from the parulidae , listing it separately within the fringilliade . they didn ' t go far enough . it is not only not one of the parulidae but is not even a nine - primaried oscine ( groth , 1998 ) . rather , it is akin to the accentors . accordingly , it is placed next to the accentors in its own family , peucedramidae .
not long ago , the chlorophonias and euphonias were considered tanagers . many guidebooks still list them as such , but it is not so . the aou recognized them as finches in the 44th checklist supplement ( 2003 ) , placing them in the subfamily euphoniinae . accordingly , they are placed in fringillidae as a subfamily , as are the hawaiian honeycreepers , drepanidinae ( groth , 1998 ; klicka et al . , 2000 ; yuri and mindell , 2002 ) .
this leaves us with five major groups : the wood - warblers , blackbirds , sparrows , cardinals , and tanagers . these naturally divide into two groups : one containing the warblers , sparrows , and blackbirds , the other containing the cardinals and tanagers .
a number of warblers true affinities have long been questioned . the yellow - breasted and wrenthrush are two that come immediately to mind . klicka et al . ( 2007a ) show that the granatellus chats are cardinals rather than warblers . this paper also suggests to me that the remainder of the questionable warblers are in fact warblers ! however , they are distinct from the rest of the warblers in the sense that all appear basally in the warbler group . i ' m a little concerned about this conclusion since i understand that klicka and others working on this feel they are not warblers at all . nonetheless , the information they ' ve published so far ( especially klicka et al . 2007a and lovette and bermingham 2002 ) don ' t seem to back this up . accordingly , i place teretistris , xenoligea , microligea , leucopeza ( semper ' s warbler ) , zeledonia ( wrenthrush ) , and icteria ( yellow - breasted chat ) with the warblers . this also makes spindalis a warbler ( stripe - headed warbler ? ) .
there are some indications that the tanager genera nesospingus ( puerto rican tanager ) , calyptophilus ( chat - tanagers ) , and phaenicophilus ( palm - tanagers ) are closely related to spindalis , but the evidence is not clear - cut ( they could be sparrows or tanagers ) , and for now we leave them as tanagers . if they are not tanagers , it would mean that all birds with “tanager” in their name in the united states and greater antilles , are not really tanagers ! however , there are some tanagers in the greater antilles that were previously considered sparrows .
amazingly , the blackbirds get away unscathed by all these changes . no species are added , nor are any taken away . of course , that may change with further analysis .
as mentioned above , most of the neotropical finches belong in the tanagers , as do the gubernatrix and paroaria cardinals . the neotropical finches that remain are the brush - finches , as well as the large - footed , yellow - thighed , and yellow - green finches , all that the sparrows get in return are the urothraupis and chlorospingus bush - tanagers and the tanager finch oreothraupis arremonops . this reduces the family to about half its former size . it is not entirely clear that the old world sparrows ( mainly emberiza ) belong to the same family as the new world sparrows ( e . g . , alström et al . , 2008 ) . whether the sparrows are unified or in separate families , both parts also require some internal reorganization ( klicka and spellman , 2007b ; alström et al . , 2008 ) .
several genera within the cardinals and tanagers need reclassification ( burns , 1998 ; klicka et al . , 2007a ) . the piranga , habia , and chlorothraupis tanagers are really cardinalidae . yes , that means all of our north american tanagers are really cardinals . the cardinalidae also gain the amaurospiza sparrows and granatellus warblers . however , the cardinalidae lose the saltators , along with parkerthraustes and porphyrospiza , all of which are really tanagers . the number of species in the family remains about the same .
besides losing the euphonias and chlorophonias , and north american tanagers , the thraupidae may ultimately lose mitrospingus ( see below ) . however , the tanager - finches that are often considered emberizidae ( but not in sam - style lists ) end up in the tanagers , bringing thraupidae to over 370 species . for the present , the tanagers must remain a very large , very heterogeneous family . i think they are too heterogeneous . at the very least , the thraupidae should be divided into subfamilies . right now , it is not clear exactly how that should be done , although there seem to be about a dozen major clades ( klicka et al . , 2007a ; see also burns , 1997 ; burns et al . , 2003 ) .
one of the better established clades is the thylospiza of burns et al . ( 2002 ) . the thylospiza consist of the bananaquit , the galapagos finches , the other island finches , the orangequit , and the grassquits ( excepting the blue - black grassquit ) . except for the bananaquit , all were previously considered sparrows ! the bananaquit was considered to be in its own family , which was once thought to include the american honeycreepers . interestingly enough , there seems to be another tanager clade that includes the honeycreepers , but without the bananaquit ( burns et al . , 2003 ) .
most of the neotropical finches also join the tanagers . there is a seedeater and seed finch group . another clade includes the grass - finches and pampa - finches , while a third contains the warbling finches and hemispingus ( lougheed et al . , 2000 ) . the flower - piercers , peg - billed finch , sierra finches and yellow finches form a clade with the conebills . the paroaria cardinal finches are in a clade with the diuca finches and others . as mentioned above , the main group of neotropical finches that remains in the emberizidae are the brush - finches .
there are also some more classic tanager clades . one includes the mountain - tanagers and other tanagers of the andean slopes . another primarily consists of the main tanager genus tangara ( burns and naoki , 2004 ) , augmented by several species previously thought to be in thraupis . there is a clade that includes the tachyphonus and ramphocelus tanagers . the plushcap , formerly considered a monotypic family , may be a member of this clade . finally , the saltators are in their own group .
the latest data ( klicka , 2007a ) suggest that mitrospingus tanagers belong in their own family within the warbler / sparrow / blackbird group . however , this is not yet decisive and we will leave mitrospingus in the tanagers pending further information . however , it may be sister to the warblers , sparrows , and blackbirds .
the list of families above is very similar to roberson ' s family list . we both end up with 227 families , but there are a few differences . he considers the frogmouths two families , lists erpornis separately from the vireos , does not lump the prionopidae ( helmet - shrikes ) with the vangas , lumps the zosteropidae with the timaliidae , and considers the rhabdornithidae ( philippine creepers ) separate from the starlings . my reading of the fuchs et al . series ( 2004 , 2006b , 2007 ) is that the helmet - shrikes are vangas . i read cibois ( 2003 ) as consistent with keeping zosteropidae separate from the timaliidae . finally , lovette and rubenstein ( 2007 ) seems to have put an end to rhabdornithidae .
i handle the suboscines differently , with two extra families in the furnariida : the melanopareiidae ( crescent - chests ) and grallariidae ( antpittas ) as well as treating oxyruncidae ( sharpbill ) as a separate family in the tyrannida . i suspect it belongs in the tityridae , but the evidence is currently equivocal ( see the discussion in ericson et al . , 2006b and ohlson et al . , 2007 ) .
version 1 . 1 : dec . 18 , 2007 . copyright © 2007 by john h . boyd iii
often considered conspecific with p . hyperboreus , but juvenile plumages differ ; also , interbreeding between the two is minimal , latter arriving on restricted breeding grounds earlier and apparently occupying most / all of suitable breeding sites . geographical variation not well understood and complicated by much individual variation ; ranges listed below tentative , and review desirable . nominate race intergrades with townsendi on e aleutian is . four subspecies recognized .
( linnaeus , 1758 ) – n north america from st lawrence i and coast of alaska ( including e aleutian is ) e across n canada ( s to n yukon , nw mackenzie , c northwest territories , c nunavut , southampton i , belcher is , n quebec and n labrador ) to coasts of greenland , and n scotland , svalbard , franz josef land and mountains of w & n fennoscandia e to kola peninsula ; winters from sw alaska and s canada ( nw british columbia e to manitoba , ontario , s labrador and newfoundland ) s in usa to nw california , utah , n new mexico , kansas , ohio and virginia ( occasionally farther s on atlantic coast ) and , in palearctic , british is and n france e to s scandinavia , germany , poland and s european russia ( occasionally s to mediterranean and e to asia minor ) .


the crimson-headed partridge ( haematortyx sanguiniceps ) is a species of bird in the family phasianidae .

it is endemic to the island of borneo .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

crimson - headed partridge

nobody uploaded sound recordings for crimson - headed partridge ( haematortyx sanguiniceps ) yet .
mcgowan , p . j . k . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . crimson - headed partridge ( haematortyx sanguiniceps ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
c . 25 cm ; one male 330 g . crimson head , neck and breast , as well as terminal portion of longest undertail - coverts , and otherwise blackish plumage very distinctive ; bill . . .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be small , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the total population is estimated to number 1 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals in total , roughly equivalent to 670 - 6 , 700 mature individuals . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .
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previously published on avocet as av5181 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : [ ed . : extremely similar to xc cuts ] . gps : estimate from google earth . recorded july 1989 narration sounds fast
a distant bird first then one really close and loud then the distant bird again . the close bird really surprised us with how loud it was . this is two recordings pasted together .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
song a repeated double note “whu - kweng . . . whu - kweng . . whu - kweng…” , with the second note harsh and . . .
inhabits lower montane forest , including poor quality forest in sandy areas and alluvial forest ; . . .
very poorly known . earliest reported laying mid jan , with young recorded in apr and a male in breeding condition in mid mar . nests in
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . mace lande : vulnerable . previously considered near threatened . locally common but range much reduced and population therefore assumed . . .
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includes , in tetraonini , all taxa that have commonly been separated in families meleagrididae and tetraonidae .
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although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be small , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : haematortyx sanguiniceps . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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agnidra fenestra is a moth in the family drepanidae .

it was described by leech in 1898 .

it is found in north-eastern burma and china ( sichuan , yunnan , shensi ) .

the wingspan is 12 – 14 mm for males and 13 – 15.5 mm for females .

adults resemble a small agnidra corticata or agnidra vinacea in coloration and colour-pattern , but are distinguished by translucent patches at the distal end of the cell and well-defined confluent postmedial fascia on the fore - and hindwings .

agnidra fenestra

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34 a . watson agnidra fenestra ( leech ) comb . n . ( pi . 2 , fig . 307 ; text - figs . 35 - 38 ) d rep ana fenestra leech , 1898 : 368 . drepana fenestra leech ; strand , 1911 : 202 . [ good fig . ] drepana fenestra leech ; gaede , 1931 : 26 . in contrast to each of the remaining species of the genus , fenestra has uniserrate antennae in both sexes , r % of the fore wing arises from just distal to the end of the areole , and in the hind wing sc + r \ anastomoses with rs for some distance distal to the end of the cell . the male genitalia differ in possessing an unmodified seventh
figs . 30 - 34 . agnidra , genitalia . 30 - 33 , furva . 30 , q
eighth sternite seventh sternite ; 33 , aedeagus . 34 , fulvior , $ . 31 . 6
; 32 , 6 *
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leiopus nebulosus is a species of longhorn beetles of the subfamily lamiinae .

it was described by linnaeus in 1758 .

it contains two subspecies ; the first , l. nebulosus nebulosus , is known from europe and russia , and the second , l. nebulosus caucasicus , is endemic to the mountains of the caucasus ( from which its species epithet is derived ) .

the beetles inhabit deciduous trees , including those in the genera fagus , quercus , carpinus , juglans , acer , ulmus , betula , salix , and prunus .

they measure 5 – 10 millimetres in length , and can live for approximately 1 – 2 years .

leiopus nebulosus

hind wing morphology facilitates discrimination between two sibling species : leiopus nebulosus and l . linnei ( coleoptera : cerambycidae )
cerambyx nebulosus linné , 1758 cerambyx bifasciatus götz , 1777 ( nec linné , 1767 ) cerambyx tigriformis voet , 1778 lamia nebulosa laicharting , 1784 cerambyx monilis geoffroy , 1785 cerambyx fasciatus villers , 1789 cerambyx taeniatus gmelin , 1789 pogonocherus nebulosus dejean , 1821 leiopus nebulosus audinet - serville , 1835 ( blanchard , 1845 : 173 ; thomson , 1864 ; bijiaoui , 1986 ; bense , 1995 ; rapuzzi & sama , 2006 ; sláma , 2006 ; sama et al . , 2008 ; allemand et al . , 2009 ; drumont & wallin , 2009 ; vitali , 2011 : 282 ) leiopus dissimilis pic , 1889 liopus nebulosus m . dissimilis pic , 1891 liopus nebulosus m . unifasciatus pic , 1891 liopus nebulosus m . siculus pic , 1924 leiopus nebulosus m . dissimilis breuning , 1978 leiopus nebulosus m . siculus breuning , 1978 leiopus nebulosus m . unifasciatus breuning , 1978
hind wing morphology facilitates discrimination between two sibling species : leiopus nebulosus and l . linnei ( coleoptera : cerambycidae ) | request pdf
hind wing morphology facilitates discrimination between two sibling species : leiopus nebulosus and l . linnei ( coleoptera : cerambycidae ) | rossa | zootaxa
leiopus nebulosus linnaeus , 1758 = liopus nebulosus siculus pic , 1924 = leiopus dissimilis pic , 1889 = liopus nebulosus unifasciatus pic , 1891 = cerambyx tæniatus gmelin , 1790 = cerambyx fasciatus villers , 1789 ( nec scopoli , 1763 , degeer , 1775 , fabricius , 1775 , geoffroy , 1785 = cerambyx bifasciatus goeze , 1777 ( nec linné , 1758 = cerambyx parvus tigriformis voet , 1778 = leiopus insulanus sláma , 1985 = cerambyx monilis geoffroy , 1785 = cerambyx nebulosus linne , 1758 .
image from : henrik wallin , ulf nylander & torstein kvamme , 2009 . two sibling species of leiopus audinet - serville , 1835 ( coleoptera : cerambycidae ) from europe : l . nebulosus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and l . linnei sp . nov . zootaxa 2010 : 31–45 ( 2009 ) .
wallin , h . , nylander , u . & kvamme , t . ( 2009 ) two sibling species of leiopus audinet - serville , 1835 ( coleoptera : cerambycidae ) from europe : l . nebulosus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and l . linnei sp . nov . zootaxa , 2010 , 31–45 .
the study focused on two sibling beetle species : leiopus nebulosus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and l . linnei wallin , nylander & kvamme , 2009 . these species are very similar morphologically and their identification is difficult and possible only by experienced taxonomists . a supporting method for identification of l . nebulosus and l . linnei based on hind wings measurements was developed . the study was based on 115 specimens of l . linnei and 45 specimens of l . nebulosus . the correctness of identification of l . nebulosus amounted to 95 . 56 % , and of l . linnei – 97 . 39 % . the obtained model facilitates reliable identification of l . nebulosus and l . linnei also by less experienced entomologists . geographical distributions of both species were summarized based on faunistic data from 39 scientific papers . the results show that both species have a western - palearctic distribution . their distribution ranges are markedly overlapping . however , l . linnei is the species reported from larger number of localities , and observed more often .
the study focused on two sibling beetle species : leiopus nebulosus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) and l . linnei wallin , nylander & kvamme , 2009 . these species are very similar morphologically and their identification is difficult and possible only by experienced taxonomists . a supporting method for identification of l . nebulosus and l . linnei based on hind wings measurements was developed . the study was based on 115 specimens of l . linnei and 45 specimens of l . nebulosus . the correctness of identification of l . nebulosus amounted to 95 . 56 % , and of l . linnei – 97 . 39 % . the obtained model facilitates reliable identification of l . nebulosus and l . linnei also by less experienced entomologists . geographical distributions of both species were summarized based on faunistic data from 39 scientific papers . the results show that both species have a western - palearctic distribution . their distribution ranges are markedly overlapping . however , l . linnei is the species reported from larger number of localities , and observed more often .
zamoroka , a . m . & kapelyukh , y . i . ( 2012 ) the genus leiopus audinet - serville , 1835 in western ukraine and the invading of mediterranean - pontic species leiopus femoratus fairmaire 1859 ( coleoptera : cerambycidae : acanthocinini ) . scientific bulletin of uzhgorod univeristy , series biology , 32 , 60–64 .
id : 23701 original name : leiopus nebulosus - macek . jpg size 400x562 - 36207 bytes image manager : josef dvořák directory : 475 created : 2006 - 11 - 10 11 : 19 : 18 - user ondřej zicha url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 23701 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 23701 ] ] ( thumbnail )
wallin , h . , kvamme , t . & lin , m . ( 2012 ) a review of the genera leiopus audinet - serville , 1835 and acanthocinus , dejean , 1821 ( coleoptera : cerambycidae , lamiinae , acanthocinini ) in asia , with descriptions of six new species of leiopus from china . zootaxa , 3326 , 1–36 .
kozak b . ( 2010b ) nowe stanowisko leiopus linnei wallin , nylander et kvamme , 2009 ( coleoptera : cerambycidae ) w bieszczadach . wiadomości entomologiczne , 29 ( 4 ) , 299 .
kvamme , t . & wallin , h . ( 2013 ) biological notes and distribution of leiopus audinet - serville , 1835 ( coleoptera , cerambycidae ) in norway . norwegian journal of entomology , 60 , 119–125 .
gutowski , j . m . , hilszczański , j . , kubisz , d . , kurzawa , j . , miłkowski , m . , mokrzycki , t . , plewa , r . , przewoźny , m . & wełnicki , m . ( 2010 ) distribution and host plants of leiopus nebulosus ( l . ) and l . linnei wallin , nylander et kvamme ( coleoptera : cerambycidae ) in poland and neighbouring countries . polish journal of entomology , 79 , 271–282 .
kvamme , t . & wallin , h . ( 2016 ) corrigenda to “biological notes and distribution of leiopus audinet - serville , 1835 ( coleoptera , cerambycidae ) in norway” . norwegian journal of entomology , 63 , 130 .
. . . we found no difference in hind wing morphology between s . populnea lapponica ssp . n . and s . populnea populnea , although statistical analysis with the use of selected landmarks on hind wings has been applied to differentiate two other cerambycid species : leiopus nebulosus l . and l . linnei wallin et al . , 2009 ( rossa et al . 2017 ) . the other species synonymised by löbl and smetana ( 2010 ) and aberrations earlier synonymised by breuning ( 1966 ) are all considered to be variations of s . populnea populnea with reduced number of spots on elytra of which several have been included as drawings by villiers ( 1978 ) . . . .
a smallish longhorn ( body length 6 - 10mm ) with a camouflaged pattern involving a pale band across the elytra ( as in pogonocherus species , which have a different body shape and shorter antennae ) . l . nebulosus is fairly frequent in woods across southern britain , with records extending to north scotland . the larvae develop under the bark and within the outer sapwood of dead branches and take 1 - 2 years to mature . both broadleaved and coniferous trees are used . adults are usually seen from april until august . nbn map : urltoken
an endemic subspecies to the caucasus mts . ( russia , georgia , ne turkey , armenia )
depicted beetle was collected in kamennomostskij ( nw caucasus mts . , russia ) .
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the common name derives from the dark patterning on the pale buff background of the elytra . it is small for a longhorn beetle at about 1 cm .
occasional in leicestershire and rutland . there were a total of 67 vc55 records for this species up to march 2015 .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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w ukraine , lviv reg . , yavorov distr . , near stradch vill . , 29 . v . 2007 , r . panin leg , l = 13 mm
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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. . . bai et al . 2012 ; chazot et al . 2016 ; francoy et al . 2011 ; gilchrist et al . 2000 ; perrard et al . 2014 ; prudhomme et al . 2012 ; sadeghi et al . 2009 ; tofilski 2008 ) . in the case of beetles , hind wing geometric morphometrics were successfully used to describe the geographical variation among populations ( mikac et al . 2016 ) and for species identification ( su et al . 2015 , li et al . 2016 , rossa et al . 2017 ) , as well as in evolutionary investigations ( bai et al . 2012 ; ren et al . 2017 ) . the results presented here confirmed that this approach is suitable for describing the geographic pattern of morphological variation in longhorn beetles and allows detection of divergent morphotypes . . . .
to be or not to be a subspecies : description of saperda populnea lapponica ssp . n . ( coleoptera , cerambycidae ) developing in downy willow ( salix lapponum l . )
not only an important improving on this this difficult topic , but an original paper , provided with rich material , clear explicative drawings , significant statistical drawings and detailed analysis .
one of the major tasks facing evolutionary biology is to explain how populations diverge and maintain their identity in spite of gene flow . interesting case for the study of these processes may be …
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in this project we study the factors that have promoted social behaviour in insects and the factors that help maintain it .
our project is aimed at answering the question whether the norway spruce range disjunction during pleistocene affected the patterns of variation of its phytophagous fauna . moreover , we would like t…
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our main goal is to quantify the patterns of morphological variation in beetle hind wings .
citizen monitoring of invasive species : wing morphometry as a tool for detection of alien tetropium . . .
the increasing threat of alien wood - boring insect has resulted in the initiation of large - scale monitoring programmes . these programmes are most often based on pheromone - bailed traps , which allow the early detection and monitoring of invasive species . this approach is expensive because it entails the processing and accurate identification of large numbers of specimens . one of the most often . . . [ show full abstract ]
beetles are one of the largest and most diverse groups of animals in the world . conversion of forewings into hardened shields is perceived as a key adaptation that has greatly supported the evolutionary success of this taxa . beetle elytra play an essential role : they minimize the influence of unfavorable external factors and protect insects against predators . therefore , it is particularly . . . [ show full abstract ]
hind wing variation in leptura annularis complex among european and asiatic populations ( coleoptera , . . .
the ability to quantify morphological variation is essential for understanding the processes of species diversification . the geometric morphometrics approach allows reliable description of variation in animals , including insects . here , this method was used to quantify the morphological variation among european and asiatic populations of leptura annularis fabricius , 1801 and its closely related . . . [ show full abstract ]
within - and between - species variation of wing venation in genus monochamus ( coleoptera : cerambycidae . . .
we have described the morphological variation of five western palaearctic species of monochamus dejean , 1821 . the variation was assessed using wing measurements . special emphasis was placed on the differences between monochamus sartor ( f . , 1787 ) and monochamus urussovii ( fischer - waldheim , 1805 ) . there was an interesting pattern of variation between the two species . individuals of m . sartor . . . [ show full abstract ]