calydiscoides is a genus of monopisthocotylean monogenean , included in the family diplectanidae .

the genus currently includes 16 species , which are all parasitic on the gills of marine fish of the family lethrinidae and nemipteridae .

all species are from the indo-pacific ocean .

the type-species of the genus is calydiscoides australis young , 1969 .

calydiscoides

three species of calydiscoides ( monogenea : diplectanidae ) from five lethrinus spp . ( lethrinidae : perciformes ) off new caledonia , with a description of calydiscoides …
three species of calydiscoides ( monogenea : diplectanidae ) from five lethrinus spp . ( lethrinidae : perciformes ) off new caledonia , with a description of calydiscoides terpsichore sp . n .
three species of calydiscoides ( monogenea : diplectanidae ) from five lethrinus spp . ( lethrinidae : perciformes ) off new caledonia , with a description of calydiscoides … | jean - lou justine - urltoken
diplectanids included several species of diplectanum and one species of calydiscoides . calydiscoides species are numerous in lethrinids [ 8 ] ; only one species was found in new caledonia in the families studied here , in the nemipterid pentapodus aureofasciatus , but none in members of scolopsis and nemipterus , which are known to harbour sometimes numerous species of calydiscoides in other localities [ 44 , 47 , 48 ] .
calydiscoides rohdei ( monogenea , diplectanidae . host : lethrinus mahsena . locality : heron island , great barrier reef ) . oliver , g . ( 1984 ) . quelques especes du genre calydiscoides young ( monogenea , monopisthocotylea , diplectanidae ) , parasites de perciformes des r6cif de la grande barrie’re ( australie ) . zoologica scripta 13 , 189‑193 .
three species of calydiscoides ( monogenea : diplectanidae ) from five lethrinus spp . ( lethrinidae : perciformes ) off new caledonia , with a description . . . - pubmed - ncbi
species of calydiscoides young , 1969 ( monogenea : diplectanidae ) from lethrinid fishes , with the redescription of all of the type - specimens and the . . . - pubmed - ncbi
species of calydiscoides young , 1969 ( monogenea : diplectanidae ) from lethrinid fishes , with the redescription of all of the type - specimens and the description of c . euzeti n . sp . from lethrinus rubrioperculatus and l . xanthochilus off new caledonia
species of calydiscoides young , 1969 ( monogenea : diplectanidae ) from lethrinid fishes , with the redescription of all of the type - specimens and the description of c . euzeti n . sp . from lethrinus rubrioperculatus and l . xanthochilus off new caledonia .
species of calydiscoides young , 1969 ( monogenea : diplectanidae ) from lethrinid fishes , with the redescription of all of the type - specimens and the description of c . euzeti n . sp . from lethrinus rubrioperculatus and l . xanthochilus off new caledonia | springerlink
lim , l . h . s . , 2003 . species of calydiscoides young , 1969 ( monogenea : diplectanidae bychowsky , 1957 : lamellodiscinae oliver , 1969 ) from nemipterid fishes off peninsular malaysia . . syst . parasitol . 55 ( 2 ) : 115 - 126 .
thoney , d . ( 1989 ) . morphology of calydiscoides - nemipteris , sp - nov ( monogenea ) , with a redescription and revision of the genus . australian journal of zoology . 37 ( 1 ) : 37 - 43 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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equipe biogéographie marine tropicale , unité systématique , adaptation , evolution ( cnrs , upmc , mnhn , ird ) , institut de recherche pour le développement , bp a5 , 98848 , nouma cedex , new caledonia . justine @ urltoken
folia parasitol ( praha ) . 2007 sep ; 54 ( 3 ) : 191 - 202 .
equipe biogéographie marine tropicale , unité systématique , adaptation , evolution ( cnrs , upmc , mnhn , ird ) , institut de recherche pour le développement , bp a5 , 98848 nouméa cedex , nouvelle - calédonie .
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carpenter , k . e . ( 2001 ) . lethrinidae . emperors ( emperor snappers ) . in k . e . carpenter , & v . h . niem ( eds . ) ,
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kritsky , d . c . , jiménez - ruiz , f . a . , & sey , o . ( 2000 ) . diplectanids ( monogenoidea : dactylogyridea ) from the gills of marine fishes of the persian gulf off kuwait .
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les diplectanidae bychowsky , 1957 ( monogenea , monopisthocotylea , dactylogyridea ) . systématique . biologie . ontogénie . écologie . essai de phylogenèse
. thèse d’état , académie de montpellier , université des sciences et techniques du languedoc , 433 pp .
pillai , v . s . , & pillai , n . k . ( 1976 ) . monogenean parasites of the marine fishes of the kerala coast . i .
reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands
rohde , k . , hayward , c . , & heap , m . ( 1995 ) . aspects of the ecology of metazoan ectoparasites of marine fishes .
. bulletin – university of tokyo no . 15a . tokyo : the university press , 70 pp .
, sp . nov . ( monogenea ) , with a redescription and revision of the genus .
yamaguti , s . ( 1953 ) . parasitic worms mainly from celebes . part . 2 monogenetic trematodes of fishes .
young , p . c . ( 1969 ) . some monogenoideans of the family diplectanidae bychowsky , 1957 from australian teleost fish .
young , p . c . ( 1970 ) . the species of monogenoidea recorded from australian fishes and notes on their zoogeography .
zhang , j . y . , yang , t . b . , liu , l . , & ding , x . j . ( 2003 ) . a list of monogeneans from chinese marine fishes .
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lecithodendrium rohdei ( tematoda , lecithodendriidae . hosts : various bats . locality : vietnam ) . odening , k . ( 1968 ) . trematoden aus vietnamesischen chiropteren . zoologische abhandlungen 29 , 119‑157 .
polystomoides rohdei ( monogenea , polystomatidae . host : pseudemys dorbigni . locality : mexico . mane‑garzon , f . and holcman‑spector , b . ( 1968 ) . trematodos de las torgugas del uruguay , vii . polystomoides rohdei n . sp . de la boca de pseudemys dorbigni ( dum . & bib . ) . comunicaciones zoologicas del museo de historia natural de montevideo 9 , nr . 120 , 1‑3 .
renschetrema rohdei ( trematoda , microphallidae . host : rhinolophusaffinis . locality : vietnam . matskasi , 1 . ( 1973 ) . flukes from bats in vietnam . acta zoologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae 19 , 339‑359 .
pseudacanthocanthopsis rohdei ( copepoda . host : dascyllus reticulatus . locality : great barrier reef ) . ho , j . ‑s . and dojiri , m . ( 1976 ) . parasitic copepods on the fishes of the great barrier reef , australia . part 1 . cyclopoida . publications of the seto marine biological laboratory 23 , 257‑273 .
phallodrilus rohdei ( annelida , oligochaeta . locality : heron and wistari reefs , great barrier reef ) . jamieson , b . g . m . ( 1977 ) . marine mirobenthic oligochaeta from heron and wistari reefs ( great barrier reef ) of the genera clitellio , lininodriloides and phallodrilus ( tubificidae ) and grania ( euchytraeidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 61 , 329‑349 .
rohdella siamensis ( trematoda , aspidogastrea . hosts : osteochilus melanopleurus el barbus daruphani . locality : thailand ) , rohdellinae new subfamily . gibson , d . i . and chinabut , s . ( 1984 ) . rohdella siamensis gen . et sp . nov . ( aspidogastridae : rohdellinae subfam . nov . ) from freshwater fish in thailand , with a reorganization of the classification of the subclass aspidogastrea . parasitology 88 , 383‑393 .
fontius klausrohdei ( trematoda , lecithodendriidae . hosts : various bats . locality : malaya ) . lotz , j . m . and palmieri , j . r . ( 1985 ) . lecithodendriidae ( trematoda from taphozous melanopogon ( chiroptera ) in perlis , malaysia . proceedings of the helminthological society of washington 52 : 21 - 29 . ( also attributed to prosthodendrium ) .
neomazocraes rohdei ( monogenea , mazocraeidae . host : nematolosa vlaminghi . locality : western australia ) . williams , a . ( 1988 ) . three new species of monogeneans of the family mazocraeidae from clupeiform fishes in the swan river estuary , western australia . systematic parasitology 12 , 93‑104 .
ceratomyxa rohdei ( myxosporea . host : petroscrites ( = dasson ) jallax . locality : heron island , great barrier reef ) . moser , m . , kent , m . l . and darren , d . ( 1989 ) . gall bladder myxosporea in coral reef fishes from heron island , australia . australian journal of zoology 37 , 1‑13 .
hatschekia rohdei ( copepoda , hatschekiidae . host : chlorophthalmus nigripinnis . locality : north coast of new south wales , australia ) . kabata , z . ( 1991 ) . copepoda parasitic on australian fishes , xiii . family hatschekiidae . journal of natural history 25 : 91‑12 1 .
rohdea cryptopoda ( copepoda , chondracanthidae . host : genypterus blacodes . locality : off pt . kembla , se australia ) . kabata , z . ( 1992 ) . copepoda parasitic on australian fishes xiv . an assemblage of bathypelagic fishes . journal of natural history 26 , 9 - 45 .
myxobolus rohdei ( myxozoa . host mugil cephalus . locality arrawarra , nsw australia . lom , j . and dykova , i . ( 1994 ) . studies on protozoan parasites of australian fishes iii . species of the genus myxobolus bütschli , 1882 . european journal of protistology 30 , 431 - 439 .
benedenia rohdei ( monogenea . host : lutjanus carponotatus . locality : australia coast of queensland . whittington , i . d . , kearn , g . c . and beverley - burton , m . , 1994 . benedenia rohdei n . sp . ( monogenea : capsalidae ) from the gills of lutjanus carponotatus ( perciformes : lutjanidae ) from the great barrier reef , queensland , australia , with a description of the oncomiracidium . systematic parasitology . dordrecht 28 ( 1 ) : 5 - 13 .
dactylogyrus rohdeianus ( monogenea . host : fishes : capoeta damascina , locality : iran . jalali , b . , papp , m . and molnar , k . , ( 1995 ) . four new dactylogyrus species ( monogenea : dactylogyridae ) from iranian fishes . folia parasitologica 42 ( 2 ) : 97 - 101 .
eimeria rohdei ( coccidia ) . host monacanthus chinensis . locality : coffs harbour , nsw , australia ) . lom , j . and dykova , i . ( 1995 ) . studies on protozoan parasites of australian fishes . notes on coccidian parasites with description of three new species . systematic parasitology 31 , 147 - 156 .
rohdetrema sandoshami n . g . , n . comb . ( trematoda . hosts : bats tylonycteris sp . and kerivoula sp . . locality : kuala senyul , kelantan , malaya ) . deblock , s . ( 2001 ) . in : keys to the trematoda , eds . gibson , d . i . , jones , a . and bray , r . a . , cabi publishing and the natural history museum , london ) .
acanthobothrium rohdei ( cestoda . host : urolophus lobatus . locality : se indian ocean : west australian coast . campbell , r . a . and beveridge , i . , ( 2002 ) . the genus acanthobothrium ( cestoda : tetraphyllidea : onchobothriidae ) parasitic in australian elasmobranch fishes . invertebrate systematics . collingwood . 16 : 237 - 344 .
archimonocelis rohdei ( platyhelminthes , proseriata , locality : woolgoolga , nsw australia ) . miller , w . and faubel , a . ( 2003 ) . six new species of proseriata ( plathelminthes ) from eastern australia . mitt . hamb . zool . mus . inst . 100 , 27 - 57 .
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three new species , lamellodiscus tubulicornis n . sp . , l . magnicornis n . sp . and l . parvicornis n . sp . ( monogenea : diplectanidae ) from gymnocranius spp . ( lethrinidae : monotaxinae ) off new caledonia , with the proposal of the new morphological group ‘tubulicornis’ within lamellodiscus johnston & amp ; tiegs , 1922 | springerlink
three new species , lamellodiscus tubulicornis n . sp . , l . magnicornis n . sp . and l . parvicornis n . sp . ( monogenea : diplectanidae ) from gymnocranius spp . ( lethrinidae : monotaxinae ) off new caledonia , with the proposal of the new morphological group ‘tubulicornis’ within lamellodiscus johnston & tiegs , 1922
the following colleagues and students participated in the fishing expeditions and the parasitological survey : susan lim , frank moravec , amandine marie , éric bureau , aude sigura , adeline collet , damien hinsinger , guilhem rascalou and adeline grugeaud . sam tereua , miguel clarque and napoleon colombani provided safe navigation . gérard mou - tham caught certain specimens by spear - fishing . angelo di matteo provided technical help . philippe borsa ( ird , nouméa ) kindly communicated ichthyological work in progress . bernard séret ( ird / mnhn , paris ) identified d . fourmanoiri . yves desdevises and louis euzet commented usefully on an early draft . ian beveridge kindly helped with the latin . two anonymous reviewers patiently edited the manuscript .
johnston & tiegs , 1922 ( monogenea : diplectanidae ) parasites de sparidae ( teleostei ) des côtes de l’algérie .
amine , f . , euzet , l . , & kechemir - issad , n . ( 2006a ) . description de deux nouvelles espèces de
amine , f . , euzet , l . , & kechemir - issad , n . ( 2007a ) . description de
amine , f . , euzet , l . , & kechemir - issad , n . ( 2007b ) .
day , j . j . ( 2002 ) . phylogenetic relationships of the sparidae ( teleostei : percoidei ) and implications for convergent trophic evolution .
( sparidae , teleostei ) in the north mediterranean sea : species divergence and coevolutionary interactions .
( monogenea : diplectanidae ) and sparidae ( teleostei ) : the study of a complex host - parasite system .
desdevises , y . , morand , s . , & oliver , g . ( 2001 ) . linking specialisation to diversification in the diplectanidae bychowsky 1957 ( monogenea , platyhelminthes ) .
euzet , l . , & oliver , g . ( 1966 ) . diplectanidae ( monogenea ) des téléostéens de la mediterranée occidentale . iii . quelques
froese , r . , & pauly , d . ( eds . ) . ( 2009 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
johnston , t . a . , & tiegs , o . w . ( 1922 ) . new gyrodactyloid trematodes from australian fishes together with a reclassification of the super - family gyrodactyloidea .
moravec , 1987 ( nematoda : trichosomoididae ) from the gills of marine fish off new caledonia .
species ( monogenea , diplectanidae ) from serranid fishes in the tropical indo - pacific .
kaci - chaouch , t . , verneau , o . , & desdevises , y . ( 2008 ) . host specificity is linked to intraspecific variability in the genus
spp . ( monogenea ) parasitizing the gills of sharpsnout seabream and preliminary results of formalin treatment .
kritsky , d . c . , jimenez - ruiz , f . a . , & sey , o . ( 2000 ) . diplectanids ( monogenoidea : dactylogyridea ) from the gills of marine fishes of the persian gulf off kuwait .
( cetti , 1777 ) reared in sea cages in sardinia ( western mediterranean ) .
miller , t . l . , & cribb , t . h . ( 2007 ) . phylogenetic relationships of some common indo - pacific snappers ( perciformes : lutjanidae ) based on mitochondrial dna sequences , with comments on the taxonomic position of the caesioninae .
unpublished thèse d’état , académie de montpellier , université des sciences et techniques du languedoc , 433 pp .
orrell , t . m . , & carpenter , k . e . ( 2004 ) . a phylogeny of the fish family sparidae ( porgies ) inferred from mitochondrial sequence data .
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terrence l miller : ua . vog . dlq . mq @ rellim . ecnerret ;
jean - paul trilles : rf . 2ptnom - vinu @ sellirt . luap - naej ;
ian d whittington : ua . vog . as . muesumas @ notgnittihw . nai
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
coral reefs are areas of maximum biodiversity , but the parasites of coral reef fishes , and especially their species richness , are not well known . over an 8 - year period , parasites were collected from 24 species of lutjanidae , nemipteridae and caesionidae off new caledonia , south pacific .
since all precautions have been taken to minimize taxon numbers , it is safe to affirm than the number of fish parasites is at least ten times the number of fish species in coral reefs , for species of similar size or larger than the species in the four families studied ; this is a major improvement to our estimate of biodiversity in coral reefs . our results suggest that extinction of a coral reef fish species would eventually result in the coextinction of at least ten species of parasites .
parasites probably constitute the least known component of biodiversity in coral reefs , which are considered some of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet [ 1 ] . an early evaluation of parasite biodiversity of fish of the great barrier reef ( gbr ) in australia proposed a number of 20 , 000 parasites ( all groups included ) in the 1 , 000 fish species believed to exist in the area at this time ; however , this evaluation , published as short papers [ 2 , 3 ] was based on very limited data . more reliable estimates are available for only two groups , the digeneans and monogeneans . estimates were 2 , 270 digenean species in the 1 , 300 fish species of the gbr [ 4 ] and 2 , 000 monogenean species on the 1 , 000 fish species recorded around heron island , in the southern gbr [ 5 ] .
an eight - year program allowed us to investigate the biodiversity of fish parasites off new caledonia ( south pacific ) , the largest coral lagoon of the world . a compilation of available literature including a number of papers produced by this program [ 6 ] concluded that only 2 % of fish parasite biodiversity was known in new caledonia . two subsequent comprehensive papers provided abundant , previously unpublished data and a compilation of already published information on two families of fish , the serranidae ( groupers ) and the lethrinidae ( emperors ) [ 7 , 8 ] . in this paper , we provide information about the parasites of the lutjanidae , nemipteridae and caesionidae and compare our results with those already published for the other families .
results are presented as a host - parasite list ( appendix 1 ) , a parasite - host list ( appendix 2 ) and a list of material deposited ( appendix 3 ) . the number of host - parasite combinations ( hpcs ) and the number of species - level identified parasite – host - parasite combinations ( slip - hpcs ) found in each fish species are given in table
* : species with low sample size or only anecdotal collections , excluded from general calculations in table 3 . for each number : hpcs ( slip - hpcs ) i . e . number of host - parasite combinations , and , within parentheses , number of species level identified parasite – host - parasite combinations .
and appendix 2 ) are kept to a minimum . for parasites , the “minimized number of taxa” is a cautious minimized evaluation in which all unidentified taxa in a group are counted as a single taxon [
this table shows all binomial names of parasite taxa collected ( slips ) ; since several names are extremely long , its main purpose is to lighten the other tables and the text . authors involved in the description and combination of taxa for isopoda : [ 28 , 29 , 32 , 167 , 168 ] ; for copepoda : [ 36 , 37 , 155 , 169 - 172 ] ; for monopisthocotylea : [ 45 , 49 , 66 , 67 , 156 , 173 - 175 ] ; for digenea : [ 71 - 74 , 76 , 77 , 79 , 84 , 86 , 87 , 89 , 97 , 176 - 180 ] ; for trypanorhyncha : [ 99 , 181 - 188 ] ; for nematoda : [ 24 , 157 - 161 , 189 , 190 ] .
in this paper , we group results from three families of fish , namely the lutjanidae , nemipteridae and caesionidae . clearly , most of the results concern the lutjanidae but we included the two other families because they are closely related [ 9 - 11 ] . modern molecular phylogenies are available for the lutjanidae [ 12 - 15 ] and confirm the close relationship of the lutjanidae and caesionidae .
according to the most recent survey [ 16 ] , the lutjanidae , caesionidae and nemipteridae include , respectively , 17 , 4 , and 5 genera and 108 , 22 and 66 species , with a total of 26 genera , 196 species . the numbers of species in new caledonia [ 17 ] are , respectively , 43 , 13 , and 16 , with a total 72 species . in this work , we report parasitological results from 18 lutjanid species , 1 caesionid and 6 nemipterids ; the total , 25 species , represents 34 % of the species reported from new caledonia , and 13 % of the world number of species for the three families .
diets of lutjanids and nemipterids off new caledonia mainly comprise fish , crustaceans and occasionally molluscs [ 18 ] , all of which can serve as intermediate hosts for parasites such as nematodes , digeneans and cestodes .
most fishes included in this study are reef - dwelling ; however , we also include several lutjanids ( two species of etelis and three species of pristipomoides ) which are deeper water fishes , collected from the outer slope of the barrier reef of new caledonia [ 19 ] . these fishes provide data for a comparison of the parasitic fauna of coral - associated and deeper sea fishes .
as occurs often in the south pacific , parasitologists have had to face problems with fish taxonomy [ 8 , 20 - 23 ] . pentapodus aureofasciatus russell , 2001 , was first identified as pentapodus sp . in the description of a nematode [ 24 ] but this was corrected later [ 25 ] .
adult isopods were rare and belonged to three families : aegidae , corallanidae and cymothoidae . the single aegid , aega musorstom , was found on a deep water lutjanid . two cymothoids ( anilocra gigantea and an . longicauda ) were found only on deep water lutjanids , but the single corallanid , argathona macronema , was found on a coral dwelling lutjanid .
are new host records . interestingly , we did not collect this species from the branchial region or from the gills of the host fish , as reported by previous authors but on the anterior part of the body just behind the head . a female specimen of
anilocra gigantea ( isopoda , cymothoidae ) , specimen mnhn is6292 , on the deep - sea lutjanid pristipomoides filamentosus .
an . longicauda was already known from the indian and the pacific oceans [ 30 ] . it was previously recorded from swains reefs , great barrier reef , marion reef , australian coral sea , north west shelf of western australia , krakatua , indonesia [ 31 ] , singapore and poulo condor , vietnam [ 29 , 31 ] , ragay gulf , pasacao and maribuyoc bay , bohol island , philippines [ 27 ] . this species has been reported from plectorhynchus goldmani , diagramma picta and priacanthus sp . [ 31 ] . pr . argyrogrammicus is a new host record and new caledonia is a new geographical record .
aega musorstom was already known from new caledonia , in the vicinity of western new caledonia including the coral sea region of the chesterfield archipelago and the loyalty islands , at depths from 475 to 615 m [ 32 ] . only one fish association was noted , “ synagonopi sp . 1” probably a species of synagrops ( acropomatidae ) [ 32 ] . pr . filamentosus is a new host record .
argathona macronema was already known from new caledonia [ 7 , 33 ] . it was previously reported from epinephelus tauvina , diagramma cinerascens , pseudolabrus sp . , trachichtodes affinis , cromileptes altivelis , lu . argentimaculatus , plectropomus leopardus and pl . maculatus [ 33 ] . it was found again later on pl . leopardus and in addition on pl . laevis [ 7 ] . lu . monostigma is a new host record .
larval isopods belonged to the gnathiidae . gnathiids , found as praniza larvae , were collected on 6 species of nemipterids and lutjanids ( 5 reef - dwelling , 1 deep water ) . in new caledonia , larval gnathiids were found on most fish families examined ( serranids , lethrinids , lutjanids , nemipterids and many others ) . adult isopods were found on serranids and lutjanids but not on lethrinids and nemipterids [ 7 , 8 ] . the biodiversity of larval gnathiids is hard to evaluate [ 34 , 35 ] , but it is likely that several species are involved .
fourteen taxa , including 6 identified at the species level , were found . seven species of
] and is reported here from the pacific for the first time , but from the same host . in contrast
undescribed new species of hatschekia ( copepoda , hatschekiidae ) collected from lutjanid hosts off new caledonia , all drawn to same scale . a , hatschekia new species 21 ; b , hatschekia new species 18 ; c , hatschekia new species 20 ; d , hatschekia new species 17 ; e , hatschekia new species 19 .
the copepods belonged to five families , namely caligidae , dissonidae , hatschekiidae , lernaeopodidae and pennellidae . larvae and premetamorphic adults belonging to the pennellidae were found on the deep - sea lutjanid
lernaeolophus sultanus ( copepoda , pennellidae ) , specimen bmnh 2010 . 750 , from pristipomoides filamentosus off new caledonia . scale , each scale division = 1 mm .
caligus brevis is reported here from two species of etelis , et . carbunculus and et . coruscans , for the first time . this species was previously reported only from labrid hosts in japanese [ 40 ] and new zealand waters [ 41 ] . ho & lin ( 2004 ) suspected that c . brevis might be synonym of caligus oviceps shiino , 1952 , but refrained from synonymizing them [ 42 ] . c . oviceps has already been reported from a lethrinid host ( lethrinus haematopterus temminck & schlegel ) but it has a broad range of hosts including species of cheilodactylidae , kyphosidae , monacanthidae , mullidae , scaridae , and siganidae [ 42 ] .
all the copepods are from the gills ; none was found on the skin . insufficient sampling precludes interpretation of the absence of copepods from several of the fish species listed here ; however , the absence of copepods on fork - tailed threadfin breams , ne . furcosus , with 239 specimens examined at various seasons during eight years is certainly significant .
the minimized number of taxa for polyopisthocotyleans was 2 and for monopisthocotyleans was 23 .
polyopisthocotyleans were represented by allomicrocotyla sp . on the deep - sea lutjanid et . coruscans , and several records of unidentified microcotylids or other polyopisthocotylean families from coral - associated lutjanids and nemipterids . polyopisthocotyleans on reef lutjanids were rare ; similarly , polyopisthocotyleans were rare on lu . griseus in the gulf of mexico [ 43 ] . the rarity of polyopisthocotyleans from 4 species of lutjanids off heron island on the great barrier reef is apparent from the literature [ 44 ] and from unpublished observations by i . d . whittington at the same locality .
ancyrocephalids included a series of species of the recently described genus haliotrematoides kritsky , yang & sun , 2009 , several species of euryhaliotrema kritsky & boeger , 2002 , which are still undescribed , and we also have records of various ancyrocephalids not attributed to a genus . clearly , the lutjanids harbour an impressive ancyrocephalid radiation , with probably several species on each fish species ; some of these species seem to be strictly species - specific , others are found on up to 5 different host species [ 45 ] . these ancyrocephalids might be a threat for cultured snappers [ 46 ] .
gyrodactylids were represented by a single specimen found on macolor niger , which is a relatively difficult fish to catch and unfortunately additional specimens could not be obtained . it is the first gyrodactylid collected from a lutjanid . it should be noted that several coral - associated lutjanids were soaked for collection of skin monogeneans such as capsalids and digeneans such as transversotrematids , but no other gyrodactylid specimens were recovered .
other factors in this study that contributed to an inability to assign capsalids to genera from gills , pelvic , pectoral and anal fins , body washings , branchiostegal membranes and head included small numbers of specimens recovered and the juvenile status of many capsalid individuals from ne . furcosus . adult specimens of b . lutjani from lu . carponotatus from heron island on the great barrier reef preferentially inhabit the branchiostegal membranes , and the pelvic fins was the site where protandrous parasites that possess a vagina may become inseminated [ 62 , 63 ] . discovery of juvenile specimens of capsalidae sp . 13 on pelvic and anal fins and branchiostegal membranes and small , recently matured adults on the branchiostegal membranes of ne . furcosus suggests a similar migration and habitat partitioning for this taxon on the nemipterid .
lagenivaginopseudobenedenia etelis was originally described from et . carbunculus off hawaii by yamaguti [ 66 ] . while 16 specimens of et . carbunculus from new caledonia were studied , la . etelis was not reported but we did record it from et . coruscans , a new host and geographic record for this taxon ( appendix 1 ) . as suggested for b . elongata , la . etelis may also exhibit relatively low host specificity and infect several deep - sea lutjanids . further sampling may indicate whether la . etelis is specific to species of etelis or whether this capsalid can also infect pristipomoides species .
as far as we are aware , there have been no published reports of trilobiodiscus lutiani since its original description [ 67 ] although it does occur on the type host , lu . argentimaculatus in north queensland ( i . d . whittington , unpublished ) . the present report of t . lutiani from new caledonia is a new geographic record ( appendix 1 ) .
for the same sampling limitations presented above , it is possible that specimens of anoplodiscidae known from external surfaces of nemipterids on the great barrier reef ( [ 68 ] ; i . d . whittington , unpublished ) may have been overlooked in the present study .
the total minimized number of taxa was 33 , with 21 species identified at the species level ( slips ) .
eleven families were represented : acanthocolpidae ( 2 slips ) , cryptogonimidae ( 12 spp , 9 slips ) , didymozoidae ( 2 unidentified adults , unknown number of species as unidentified larvae ) , fellodistomatidae ( 1 slip ) , hemiuridae ( 3 spp , 1 slip ) , lecithasteridae ( 1 sp . ) , lepocreadiidae ( 1 slip ) , monorchiidae ( 1 slip ) , opecoelidae ( 8 spp , 4 slips ) , sclerodistomidae ( 1 slip ) and transversotrematidae ( 1 slip ) .
the cryptogonimids include one species , adlardia novaecaledoniae , which is known only from new caledonia [ 71 ] . other identified cryptogonimids are reported more widely , from the great barrier reef ( gbr ) ( retrovarium manteri ) , from fiji ( r . saccatum ) , from both these localities ( siphoderina hirastricta ) , from hawaii ( metadena rooseveltiae ) , from hawaii and china ( s . ulaula ) and from the philippines and the gbr ( euryakaina manilensis ) [ 72 - 76 ] . two species also occur in the indian ocean . varialvus charadrus occurs in the gbr and the maldives and e . marina is reported from the gbr , the bay of bengal and ningaloo reef , western australia [ 77 - 79 ] .
both acanthocolpid species are reported from aprion virescens , and are known from the western pacific , from hawaii to the great barrier reef [ 74 , 75 , 80 , 81 ] .
the opecoelidae is a difficult group , with many similar species described . of the four slips one , hamacreadium mutabile , is a cosmopolitan parasite reported in many lutjanid species in the atlantic , indian and pacific oceans [ 82 ] . this is one of the few opecoelids known to utilise fishes as its second intermediate host [ 83 ] . of the other species , neolebouria blatta is reported only from new caledonia , n . lineatus only from southern western australia , and macvicaria jagannathi from the bay of bengal [ 84 - 88 ] .
the transversotrematidae includes a single species , which could be identified at the species level . morphologically and biologically this form agrees with the variable species transversotrema borboleta , reported from chaetodontids and lutjanids ( including lu . kasmira ) from the northern and southern gbr [ 89 ] . the species includes 3 genotypes which are not partitioned to different host families , but only genotype ‘g2’ is reported in lu . kasmira .
didymozoidae include several records of unidentified juveniles from coral and deep - sea lutjanids and nemipterids ; juvenile didymozoids are found in the intestine of most marine tropical fish [ 7 , 8 , 90 , 91 ] and the present records are not surprising . adult didymozoids include a relatively abundant long filiform form found under the scales of the deep water et . carbunculus .
two of the other slips are widespread in the atlantic and indo - west pacific region , i . e . , ectenurus trachuri , prosogonotrema bilabiatum ( see [ 92 , 93 ] ) . e . trachuri is mostly reported in carangids , but p . bilabiatum is a common parasite of lutjanids . allobacciger macrorchis ( also known as monorcheides macrorchis ) is reported mainly in the indian ocean , but also japan [ 77 , 94 , 95 ] . lepidapedoides kalikali is known only from hawaii , japan and palau [ 74 , 96 ] . tergestia magna is reported from emmelichthyid fishes from the waters off southern australia [ 97 ] .
for these two cestode orders , only larvae were found , and species identification is not possible .
bothriocephalideans were represented by larvae found in four species of fishes . they were especially abundant and highly prevalent in ne . furcosus . white , flattish larvae , about 1 cm in length , were found in the abdominal cavity and in almost all organs of this fish , including the intestinal lumen . sometimes larvae were visible when the fish was caught , because they were protruding in the region around the anus , with half of their body buried in the flesh . we interpret these larvae as bothriocephalideans due to the lack of morphological characters .
tetraphyllideans include small forms found in the intestinal lumen of various fishes , both from coral - associated and deeper water fishes . it is possible that these include lecanicephalideans . a detailed morphological examination was not performed .
only larvae were found . all these trypanorhynchs have their adults parasitic in sharks and are probably transmitted to their final host by predation . seven species of larval trypanorhynch cestodes , all from coral - associated fish , were identified at the species level on the basis of the armature of their tentacles .
trypanoselachoidans [ 98 ] included four species , found as larvae in cysts in the abdominal cavity . the otobothriid otobothrium mugilis was found only once in the nemipterid nemipterus furcosus . the lacistorhynchids callitetrarhynchus gracilis , floriceps minacanthus and pseudolacistorhynchus heroniensis were found in a lutjanid and a nemipterid ; in new caledonia , c . gracilis has already been recorded from 4 serranids and 1 lethrinid , f . minacanthus from 6 serranids and 1 lethrinid , and ps . heroniensis from 7 serranids and 2 lethrinids [ 7 , 8 ] and show low host specificity at the larval stage . c . gracilis has already been found in lu . vitta in indonesia and f . minacanthus has already been found in ne . furcosus in indonesia [ 99 ] . ne . furcosus is a new host record for c . gracilis , lu . vitta is a new host record for ps . heroniensis and ne . furcosus is a new geographical and new host record for o . mugilis .
trypanobatoidans [ 98 ] included three species of the tentaculariid genus nybelinia , found free in the intestinal lumen of the nemipterid ne . furcosus . ny . goreensis has already been found in ne . furcosus in indonesia [ 99 ] and in new caledonia in 2 lethrinids [ 8 ] . ne . furcosus is a new geographical and new host record for ny . indica and for ny . queenslandensis .
is simply a consequence of its higher sampling ( see also nematodes ) . in addition , cysts were repeatedly found in small numbers in the abdominal cavity of several deep water lutjanids . although there is no direct evidence that these represent trypanorhynchs because they never contained larvae , the cysts ( figure
) , about 1 cm in length , were similar to sterile trypanorhynch cysts . we hypothesize that these larvae have a very long development time , perhaps related to the relatively cold deep water environment , and that the fish collected by us were too young to harbour fully developed larvae ; deep water lutjanids have long life spans ( 30–40 years ) [
sterile cysts from deep - sea lutjanids ( here from pristipomoides auricilla ) , interpreted as immature cysts of trypanorhynch cestodes . scale , each square = 5 mm .
the minimized number of taxa is 17 , including 9 species identified at the species level .
nematodes recorded belonged to eight families , the anisakidae , camallanidae , capillariidae , cucullanidae , gnathostomatidae , philometridae , physalopteridae and trichosomoididae .
the anisakidae is represented by both larvae and adults . larvae were encapsulated on the surface of organs or free in the lumen of the intestine ; a few were occasionally identified at the genus level ( anisakis sp . , hysterothylacium sp . , terranova sp . ) , but most were identified only at the family level . most fish species , whether coral - associated [ 7 , 8 ] or deep - sea , harbour these larvae , sometimes in very high numbers .
adult anisakids included two newly described species of raphidascaris ( ichthyascaris ) , one from the coral - associated nemipterid ne . furcosus , and one from the deep water lutjanid e . coruscans , and several additional specimens were found in other fish species and could not be identified at the species level .
cucullanids were found only in deep water lutjanids , with cucullanus bourdini in two species of pristipomoides , and dichelyne etelidis in two species of etelis .
unidentified gnathostomatids and physalopterids were occasionally found only in ne . furcosus and probably illustrate the fact that this fish species was more intensively sampled that others , thus providing a number of records of parasites with low prevalence ( see also trypanorhynchs ) .
gonad - parasitic philometrids were found as two new species from lu . vitta , but never in other fish species . lutjanids and nemipterids are known as hosts of a few species of gonad - parasitic philometrids in other regions , such as the north pacific , indian and atlantic oceans [ 101 , 102 ] .
capillariids included a newly described species , pseudocapillaria novaecaledoniensis , from a deep water lutjanid , but no other records were made .
trichosomoidids included two species of huffmanela , h . branchialis and huffmanela sp . , from the gills of two nemipterids . interestingly , both species recorded in 2004 , were never found again , despite intensive sampling of ne . furcosus ; their prevalence is probably very low , and their initial discovery in a small sample should be attributed to chance . similarly , no huffmanela species was recorded from more than 500 serranids examined [ 7 ] , but a new species was described later from a serranid [ 103 ] . tissue - dwelling trichosomoidids are characterised by two opposing features which probably balance each other out - very low prevalences and extremely high numbers ( millions ) of eggs in the few individual fish infected .
juvenile specimens of the piscicolid leech trachelobdella sp . were found on the gills of a lutjanid and a nemipterid . leeches of this genus are known from other lutjanids [ 104 , 105 ] .
cysts containing an unknown turbellarian were found rarely on the gills of ne . furcosus ; these were orange , abundant but with a very low prevalence , and were not studied in detail . parasitic turbellarians are rarely found on coral reef fish [ 106 , 107 ] .
an unidentified acanthocephalan was found once in the intestine of the deep water et . carbunculus ; this record constitutes a small addition to our very poor knowledge of the acanthocephalans of new caledonia fish [ 6 - 8 , 108 ] .
in presenting our results , we used the same methods as in previous similar papers of this series on serranids and lethrinids [ 7 , 8 ] .
our results ( appendices 1 and 2 ) include a number of parasite identifications , but the level of taxonomic identification varies greatly . table
details the number of hpcs found in each fish species , and indicates how many fish specimens were examined ; it was compiled by counting each parasitological record ( i . e . each line in appendix 1 ) as a host - parasite combination ( hpc ) .
species - level identified parasites ( slips ) ; these have full binomial names , and we do not include ‘cf’ identifications within them .
species - level identified parasites which have not yet received a binomial ( such as the numbered copepods hatschekia sp . 17–23 , diplectanum ‘cf . ’ species , and numbered capsalids ) . these represent valid , independent species but a comparison of the presence of these species in other localities or in other fish species will not be possible until the parasite species are formally identified , described and names are published .
parasite species identified at the generic level only , but which probably represent only a single species ( examples : several digeneans ) .
parasite species identified at the generic level only , but for which we already know that they represent several species ( example : several ancyrocephalid monogeneans ) .
parasite species identified at the family or higher level , for which we know that abundant biodiversity is hidden within this hpc . this includes unidentifiable larvae such as gnathiid isopods , anisakid nematodes , didymozoid digeneans and tetraphyllidean metacestodes . we estimate that these may represent a total of about 50–100 species .
only species - level identified parasites with binomial ( slips ) allow valid comparisons between localities and fish .
was constructed only from fish species of which at least several specimens have been studied . table
] ; this comparison will be discussed below . of course , we are aware that the number of fish studied is generally too low to provide truly significant results on parasite biodiversity , but at least these results allow comparison with other fish families studied using the same methods in the same area . caesionids are not included in table
) , the total number of hpcs was 131 , and the number of different parasite species identified at the species level ( slips ) was 40 . for nemipterids ( table
) , the total number of hpcs was 42 , and the number of slips was 15 . as usual , in addition , indistinguishable larval taxa probably correspond to a high number ( 50–100 ? ) of different species , but cannot be differentiated on the basis of morphological studies .
includes evaluations of these numbers as means per species of fish . the main results for all lutjanids ( reef - associated and deeper sea ) were that 10 . 92 hpcs were found per fish species , with 3 . 33 slips ( identified with binomial ) per fish species . for nemipterids , the results were 14 . 00 hpcs and 5 . 00 slips per fish species .
shows that the number of hpcs in reef - associated lutjanids was 10 . 13 per fish species , compared with 12 . 50 ( 123 % ) in deep - water lutjanids . the number of slips in reef - associated lutjanids was 3 . 13 per fish species , compared with 3 . 75 ( 125 % ) in deeper water lutjanids . these figures suggest that parasite biodiversity was higher in deeper - water fishes than in reef - associated fishes , a highly unexpected result .
( a ) depth bias . estimates of parasite biodiversity in deep - sea fish [ 109 - 112 ] generally concern fish from deeper seas ( i . e . 1000 m vs 100–250 m ) and from other fish orders than those studied here .
( b ) size bias . most deeper water fish examined , especially eteli s spp . , were large fish , usually in the metre range size , while reef lutjanids were smaller , usually 10–30 cm in length [ 113 ] . it is known that parasite biodiversity increases with the size of hosts [ 8 , 114 , 115 ] .
( c ) monogenean bias . coral - associated lutjanids harbour a number of small ancyrocephalid monogeneans , of which a large proportion has not been described yet [ 45 ] .
( d ) human bias . the high number of parasites identified at the species level in deeper water fish is probably related to the scientific interest they elicit in scientists . systematicians like to describe rare parasites from rarely examined fish ! no particular direction was given to participants of this study to balance their descriptive effort between reef and deeper water fish .
data on parasite biodiversity , compiled using the same methods at the same location , are available for two other families [ 7 , 8 ] .
also compares results for data compiled from fishes with variable sample size ( anecdotal collections excluded ) and for fishes with significant sampling ( i . e . > 25 individuals ) . for the latter , the numbers of hpcs for lutjanids and nemipterids per fish species are 20 . 00 and 25 . 00 , respectively , and the number of slips are 9 . 00 and 13 . 00 , respectively . these results are similar to previous results in serranids and lethrinids , in which hpcs in well - sampled fishes were 19 . 43 and 22 . 25 , respectively , and slips were 10 . 57 and 9 . 50 , respectively . results for all fishes ( including species with low sample size , but excluding anecdotal collections ) constitute about half of these figures .
* * species sampled over 30 : lutjanidae , only lutjanus vitta ( n = 42 ) ; nemipteridae , only nemipterus furcosus ( n = 239 ) .
* * * slips for all four families are not a simple addition of slips for each families , because a few taxa are shared . these include only the digenean stephanostomum japonocasum ( shared by 2 fish families ) , and the four trypanorhynchs c . gracilis ( shared by 4 families ) , f . minacanthus , ps . heroniensis and ny . goreensis ( shared by 2–3 families ) .


gramma melacara , the blackcap basslet , is a species of basslet inhabiting reefs in the tropical western atlantic ocean .

this species prefers vertical surfaces with crevices in which it can hide .

it can be found at depths of from 10 to 180 metres ( 33 to 591 ft ) ( usually between 20 and 60 metres ( 66 and 197 ft ) ) .

this species can also be found in the aquarium trade .

gramma melacara

the blackcap gramma ( gramma melacara ) is also known as the blackcap basslet .
gramma melacara has not been evaluated for the iucn red list of threatened species .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
surukeijukala
to
gramma melacara böhlke & randall , 1963
.
gramma brasiliensis is known under several different common names in english , such as brazilian gramma , brazilian basslet , and brazilian royal gramma . the fish commonly referred to as royal gramma is not gramma brasiliensis , it is the closely related gramma loreto .
the brazilian gramma looks very similar to its close relative the royal gramma ( gramma loreto ) , but the purple and yellow colours of the brazilian gramma merge with each other less sharply than in the royal gramma .
gramma melacara
. fishbase . ed . ranier froese and daniel pauly . november 2005 version . n . p . : fishbase , 2005 .
the fish species gramma loreto is known under several different names in english , such as royal gramma and fairy basslet .
so now that we know a little more about the grammas in general , let’s narrow our focus to the two gramma species mentioned briefly above , beginning with the royal gramma gramma loreto , also known as the fairy basslet .
gramma brasiliensis has not been evaluated for the iucn red list of threatened species .
gramma loreto has not been evaluated for the iucn red list of threatened species .
the largest scientifcially measured blackcap gramma was 10 . 0 cm / 3 . 9 inches .
the largest scientifically measured brazilian gramma was 6 . 6 cm / 2 . 6 in .
the largest scientifically measured royal gramma was 8 . 0 cm / 3 . 1 in .
the brazilian gramma is easy to care for and is hardier than the royal gramma . it is generally peaceful , but more territorial than the royal gramma and this must be taken into account when you plan your aquarium . the brazilian gramma will typically claim a favourable hiding spot and defend it from other creatures . it is also known to act aggressively towards other members of the family grammatidae .
gramma dejongi , a new basslet ( perciformes : grammatidae ) from cuba , a sympatric sibling species of g . loreto
the brazilian gramma is considered reef safe and is often kept in reef aquariums . it will however happily eat small shrimps .
( pdf ) gramma dejongi , a new basslet ( perciformes : grammatidae ) from cuba , a sympatric sibling species of g . loreto
royal gramma has been successfully bred in captivity . you can feed the fry rotifers until they have grown big enough to devour newly hatched brine shrimp .
the blackcap gramma is considered reef compatible and is commonly kept in reef aquariums . you should however keep in mind that it might devour really small invertebrates , such as copepods , amphipods and isopods . the blackcap gramma can start acting territorially towards other basslets , including members of its own species , once it has settled in an aquarium .
the royal gramma is found in the western atlantic , from bermuda and bahamas , through the waters of central america , and down to the northern part of south america .
the blackcap basslet ( gramma melacara ) is a rich purple color with a black head . looks like they are sporting a black cap . they get to about 4 inches in size ( 10 cm ) and are considered hardy . they acclimate to aquarium life well and may even be mostly captive raised nowadays . they were one of the original species to have been bred in captivity . provide plenty of cover in the form of live rock and feed them a couple times per day with meaty type marine origin foods or micro pellets .
as i’ve mentioned , g . loreto is the more commonly available and widely recognized of the two gramma species we’re discussing here . that’s because it is found at shallower depths , making it more accessible for collection ( not to mention generally easier on the pocketbook ) . the blackcap basslet g . melacara , on the other hand , is found in greatest abundance in deeper waters and is , therefore , much more of a challenge for divers to collect . is this little gem of a fish worth the increased risk of decompression sickness and nitrogen narcosis that divers face while pursuing it ? many would argue “yes . ”
the blackcap gramma inhabits the western central atlantic , where it can be found in the west indies ( including the bahamas ) and central america . it is a deep water species found from 11 down to 60 meters ( from 35 to 200 feet ) . it is most common at depths greater than 30 meters / 100 feet , and gradually replaces gramma loreto at depths of 15 - 30 meters / 50 - 100 feet .
gramma dejongi is described as a new species of basslet from deep reefs off the town of trinidad , along the southcentral coast of cuba . the species is closely - related to the common and widespread royal gramma , g . loreto , but is distinguished by uniform yellow coloration on the head and body without stripes through the eye ( vs . prominently bicolored with eye stripes ) and smaller adult size . it is found on coral reefs at depths from 20 - 30 m , while g . loreto occurs on both shallow and deep reefs . g . dejongi is sympatric with both the royal gramma and the blackcap basslet , g . melacara , on the cuban reefs , but has not yet been found at any other location in the caribbean sea . the barcode coi mtdna sequence is the same as the royal gramma , indicating that the new species may represent a particularly interesting case of very recent speciation within the caribbean , perhaps analogous to the species - flock of hamlets ( hypoplectrus spp . ) and the species - pair of angelfishes centropyge argi and c . aurantonotus , none of which have yet diverged from their sister - species in coi mtdna sequences ( phenotypic species ) . a local endemic sibling species found in the middle of the range of a widespread regional species raises important questions about sympatric speciation among reef fishes
g . melacara is quite breathtaking , chromatically speaking , sporting a radiant purple overall coloration and a black “cap” extending diagonally from its mouth through its dorsal fin . faint white lines extend backward from each eye . its behavior in the aquarium is similar to that of g . loreto , though with age it reportedly becomes more aggressive in defense of its favorite cave or bolt hole than g . loreto does . hailing as it does from deeper waters , g . melacara does best when acclimated to the aquarium under subdued lighting rather than the intense glare of full - blown reef lighting . over time , it will acclimate to the more intense lighting , but this shy species may spend much of its time in hiding at first . also , as with g . loreto , this species needs an abundance of caves , crevices , nooks , crannies , and walls in order to feel right at home .
in the wild , the brazilian gramma feeds on planktonic organisms , chiefly zooplankton , that drift around in the water . it can also remove parasites from other fishes , e . g . from chromis multilineata and haemulon plumieri .
. . . highlighted here are wsh from the grammatidae family ( ferreira et al . 2005 ) , a monophyletic group comprising 13 species with distribution restricted to the western atlantic ( gill and mooi 1993 ) . in this group , the genus gramma is composed of only wve species ( böhlke and randall 1963 ; starck and colin 1978 ; sazima et al . 1998 ; victor and randall 2010 ) , inhabiting shallow waters , such as g . loreto and g . brasiliensis , or deeper regions such as g . melacara , g . linki and g . dejongi ( victor and randall 2010 ) . gramma loreto , a small planktivorous species present in the caribbean ( böhlke and randall 1963 ) , and g . brasiliensis , endemic to the brazilian western atlantic ( sazima et al . 1998 ) , have vibrant coloration patterns , with a distinctive purple and yellow bicolor body ( fig . 1 ) . . . .
. . . highlighted here are wsh from the grammatidae family ( ferreira et al . 2005 ) , a monophyletic group comprising 13 species with distribution restricted to the western atlantic ( gill and mooi 1993 ) . in this group , the genus gramma is composed of only wve species ( böhlke and randall 1963 ; starck and colin 1978 ; sazima et al . 1998 ; victor and randall 2010 ) , inhabiting shallow waters , such as g . loreto and g . brasiliensis , or deeper regions such as g . melacara , g . linki and g . dejongi ( victor and randall 2010 ) . gramma loreto , a small planktivorous species present in the caribbean ( böhlke and randall 1963 ) , and g . brasiliensis , endemic to the brazilian western atlantic ( sazima et al . 1998 ) , have vibrant coloration patterns , with a distinctive purple and yellow bicolor body ( fig . 1 ) . . . .
one interesting characteristic of the royal gramma is that its coloration tends to fade when water conditions are less than ideal , so this species has long been considered an aquatic “canary in the coal mine” of sorts , providing a visual warning of declining water quality . however , if you stay on top of routine maintenance and water changes , your beautiful royal gramma should never have to suffer ill health and lose its spectacular coloration just to serve as a beacon for deteriorating water quality .
the recommended water temperature for blackcap gramma is 72 - 78º f / 22 - 25 . 5º c . keep the specific gravity at 1 . 020 - 1 . 025 and the ph - value between 8 . 1 and 8 . 4 .
word origin : the genus gramma is from the greek word gramm , – a , - at meaning a letter or writing . the species melacara is from the greek roots melaen meaning black or blacken , and car , = a , meaning the head or top . thus the common name blackcap basselet . the family grammatidae is referred to in some references as grammidae . nelson ( 1984 ) lists grammatidae . this species was described by bohlke & randall in , proc . acad . nat . sci . phila . 1963 vol . 115 : 43 fig . 3 . based on specimen ( s ) collected about 1 / 2 mi . north of the west end of treasure island ( salt cay ) , new providence area , bahamas , at a depth of 165 ft .
. . . for example , the coral reef fish gramma dejongi was described as an endemic species from this region , but contrary to dormitator , it shows no mitochondrial genetic differentiation relative to co - occurring congeneric species . therefore , this difference has been proposed as a case of incipient speciation or even a local color variant of the sympatric and widespread gramma loreto [ 87 ] . the deep phylogenetic differentiation observed in the atlantic lineage supports the current species of dormitator and provides evidence for possible cryptic species . . . .
in the wild , the royal gramma works as a cleaner fish , removing ectoparasites from other fishes . ( an ectoparasite is a parasite that lives on or in the skin of the fish . ) in the aquarium , it can be trained to accept small meaty foods , e . g . brine shrimp and mysis shrimp . it can also learn to eat dead food , e . g . crustacean flesh , fish flesh , and frozen preparations for carnivores . the royal gramma is not considered tricky to feed in aquariums .
. . . the early life history of the basslets of the small perciform family grammatidae is poorly documented , despite the fact that at least two species are widely reared for the aquarium trade . this family of two genera is confined to the tropical western atlantic ocean , where the five species of gramma and eight of lipogramma live on coral reefs ( mooi andgill 2003 , victor and randall 2010 ) . spawning behaviour and egg masses have been described in gramma species , and morphology of eggs in lipogramma species . . . .
the brazilian gramma is endemic to brazil and can only be found in the brazilian part of the southwest atlantic , from 8°s to 23°s . this species is found along the mainland coast as well as around oceanic islands . its habitat consists or coral reefs or rocky bottoms and its depth range is 3 - 22 meters / 10 - 72 feet . the brazilian gramma lives alone or in small groups consisting of less than five individuals . it likes to hide under ledges and can be seen swimming upside down with its attention focused on the ledge above .
the blackcap gramma is typically found along almost vertical cliffs and drop - offs beyond outer reefs . it likes to be able to hide inside a cave , crevice or similar when frightened . you can often see this fish swimming upside - down with its belly pointing towards the ceiling .
it is not advisable to house the blackcap gramma in an aquarium smaller than 30 gallons / 115 litres . include a lot of rocks , crevices and caves in the set up . since this species is commonly found in deep waters , it is best to avoid sharp aquarium lights .
the royal gramma is relatively peaceful , but it will chase away small fish that tries to occupy its favourite caves and crevices . it can decide to fight fishes similar to it self , such as other members of the family grammatidae , dottybacks and dwarf seabass . avoid combining it with more aggressive fishes that might attach it .
when it is time to breed , the male royal gramma will build a nest among rocks using pieces of algae . he will then lead the female fish into the nest where she will deposit 20 - 100 tiny eggs among the algae strands . throughout the breeding period , this behaviour can be repeated almost every day for a month or even longer .
in the aquarium , the brazilian gramma will typically accept live , fresh , frozen and dry foods . keep it on a varied meaty diet , e . g . by giving it brine shrimp , mysis shrimp , krill , plankton and chopped crustacean flesh . adding high quality vitamin - enriched pellets suitable for marine carnivores to the diet can also be beneficial .
the blackcap gramma is a carnivore species that needs to be kept on a meaty diet in the aquarium . it will normally accept dead food without much ado and you can for instance feed it mysid shrimp , fish flesh , crustacean flesh , and mixed frozen preparations suitable for marine carnivores . it may also eat devour really small invertebrates that lives in the aquarium , such as copepods , amphipods and isopods .
the royal gramma is a comparatively hardy saltwater fish and it is often kept by novice marine aquarists . it is not advisable to house it in an aquarium smaller than 30 gallons / 115 litres . the aquarium should contain plenty of caves , crevices and rocks . don’t use sharp lighting . this species is considered reef compatible and is often kept in small reef aquariums since it doesn’t grow very big . it can be kept singly or in pairs , or as a small group if your aquarium is large enough .
. . . the teleost family grammatidae is composed of thirteen species : eight in the genus lipogramma and five in the genus gramma ( böhlke and randall , 1963 ; starck ii and colin , 1978 ; sazima et al . , 1998 ; victor and randall , 2010 ) , all of which are restricted to the western atlantic ( gill and mooi , 1993 ) . lipogramma species inhabit manly deep reefs , from 30 to more than 300 m ( gilmore , 1997 ) and have not been well studied . . . .
it is not advisable to house brazilian gramma in an aquarium smaller than 20 - 25 gallons / 75 - 96 litres . include hiding spots , e . g . caves and ledges in the set up . if you want to keep a small group , the aquarium should be of at least 75 gallons / 285 litres unless it is a compatible pair . if you wish to obtain a compatible pair , the easiest method is usually to purchase one large fish and several small specimens and house them together . keeping more than one male per tank is not advisable , unless it is a huge and cleverly decorated aquarium .
i once had a royal gramma specimen that would repeatedly fling itself through a small notch in my acrylic aquarium cover ( cut out to accommodate the overflow of my trickle - down biofilter ) and somehow wind up in the external chamber of the overflow , which hangs from the back of the tank . i suspect it landed first in the internal chamber and was transported via the continuous siphon into the external chamber—but that’s just a theory . every few days or so i would notice that the little critter didn’t emerge from its usual hiding place at feeding time and , invariably , i’d find it trapped in the overflow chamber .
. . . tayor and hellberg ( 2005 ) suggest that color - based mate choice and ecological differences may have contributed to diversification in this genus . craig et al . ( 2006 ) , in discussing two genetically distinct grouper species that differ in coloration but are very similar morphologically , suggest that
the evolution of external colours precedes or occurs more rapidly than changes in molecular markers…… victor & randall ( 2010 ) described gramma dejongi based solely on color , adult size , behavior , and ecological differences . in this case the barcode co1 mtdna was the same as a sympatric congener and they suggested recent speciation . . . .
i’ve read numerous reports that groups of grammas can be kept successfully in large systems , but my inclination is always to err on the side of caution in this regard . the question that comes to my mind is : how big does a system have to be in order to be big enough to keep more than one gramma ( or whichever species is in question ) to a tank ? some experts say 100 gallons . some say much more . some say much less . who’s to say who’s right ? would i wager the serenity of my aquarium on the answer to that question ? don’t bet your life on it !
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 10 - 180 m ( ref . 85755 ) , usually 20 - 60 m ( ref . 27115 ) . tropical ; 22°c - 27°c ( ref . 27115 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 )
a solitary species ( ref . 26340 ) found on nearly vertical cliffs and drop - offs beyond outer reefs . often upside - down . retreats into recesses when alarmed ( ref . 9710 ) . has been reared in captivity ( ref . 35420 ) . most common in water more than 30 m deep . gradually replaces g . loreto at depths of 15 - 30 m ( ref . 26938 ) .
robins , c . r . and g . c . ray , 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 354 p . ( ref . 7251 )
) : 23 . 6 - 27 . 9 , mean 26 . 7 ( based on 168 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5314 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 50 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this deep - living species is widely distributed , common and locally abundant where it occurs over vertical reef walls . there are no known major threats , however , it is frequently consumed by the invasive lionfish throughout its range and further investigation is needed on the possible impact . it is listed as least concern .
2010 ) . it has also been recorded from curacao and bonaire off venezuela ( r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . its depth range is 10 - 180 m .
this species is considered to be abundant throughout its range . during a study conducted in the turks and caicos islands , there was a 2 % sighting frequency of this species ( tupper 2002 ) . there has also been an observed increase in the abundance of this species at bock wall in the bahamas between 2003 and 2009 ( lesser and slattery 2011 ) . it is defined as the fifth most abundant species on the forereefs of belize ( sedberry
et al . 1999 ) . between depths of 90 and 110 metres , it was the most abundant fish in tongue - of - the - ocean ( colin 1976 ) .
this species typically inhabits areas between the end of the fore reef and the top of the vertical wall , and is found on the vertical wall . it forms small schools between 30 - 180 m depth . it feeds upside down in underhangs on plankton in aggregations and tend to be restricted to the outer surfaces of reefs ( starck and colin 1978 ) . it also tends to be the most common fish below 50 metres ( victor and randall 2010 ) .
this species is occasionally sold in the aquarium trade . however , it is less accessible than most species due to its deep depth range .
there are no major threats known . it has been identified as a prey item of the invasive lionfish in the bahamas , the cayman islands
and likely in the remainder of its range . it is one of the three most common fishes found in the lionfish diet ( morris and akins 2009 , lesser and slattery 2011 , bejarano
2014 ) . it is easily targeted by the invasive lionfish given its small , shallow body and demersal habits ( green and cote 2014 ) . due to the lionfish ' s ability to consume a variety of fishes smaller than 15 cm , both adults and juveniles of this species are likely consumed . in the bahamas , a 65 % decline in lionfish prey biomass over a period of two years was observed ( species - specific data are not available at this time ) ( green
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place . it has been involved in a study to test the effectiveness of marine protected areas ( sedberry et al . 1999 ) .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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claro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds .
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
a solitary species ( ref . 26340 ) found on nearly vertical cliffs and drop - offs beyond outer reefs . often upside - down . retreats into recesses when alarmed ( ref . 9710 ) . has been reared in captivity ( ref . 35420 ) . most common in water more than 30 m deep . gradually replaces g . loreto at depths of 15 - 30 m ( ref . 26938 ) .
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the blackcap basslet prefers dimly lit aquariums as it is often found on deep reef faces and walls . once considered difficult to obtain , it is now more common . will likely be shy upon introduction and retiring if kept with boisterous tank mates . once adapted to the bright lights of the reef the fish will likely venture into the open more often . can be kept in groups in larger tanks ( 100 + gallons ) .
eats a varied diet of crustacean flesh , mysis shrimp , flake and pellet as well as most anything that is fed to the rest of itís tank mates .
black cap basslet , medium : over . 75 - 1 . 5
, caribbean
black cap basslet , large : over 1 . 5 - 2 . 5
, caribbean
due to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .
check out some of our choice wysiwyg ( what you see is what you get ) saltwater coral , saltwater fish and saltwater invertebrate selections below ! or click here to view them all .
this species is not neccessarily aggresive , but it has a greater tendency towards aggresion then other species of the same genus .
out in wild this species is used to faint light , so to acclimitize it , it is advantageous to dim the light at first and gradually increase it to normal .
this species can be bred in captivity , one can therefore consider asking your local fish store for a captive bred specimen .
this species is very shy and docile , so one should be careful when keeping it with more aggressive fish .
this species can live with many of its own kind , when provided with enough space .
basslets ( grammaer ) are suitable for most aquaria , as they are a relatively easy and peaceful fish . they are similar to dottybacks ( pseudochromidae ) in appearance and colour , but are more gentle and therefore a good alternative .
basslets will always stay hidden if kept together with aggressive wrasses , for example . they like vertical rocks with many hiding spots , as it resembles their natural habitat .
several basslets can be kept together , but not without risk . one must be ready to separate them , as they sometimes fight by locking jaws . it can be an advantage to have different sized fish , as this increases the chance of having both males and females . they also require a spacious tank to be able to live together > 65 gal ( 300 liters )
scott w . michael . 2001 . basslets , dottybacks & hawkfishes : v . 2 ( reef fishes ) - tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) scott w . michael . reef basslets & grammas - part 2 - live aquaria - ( english ) henry c . schultz . 2002 . grammas - reefkeeping magazine - ( english ) bob fenner . the basslets that we call grammas , family grammatidae - wet web media - ( english )
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .
minimum volume
indicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .
this is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .
hardiness
indicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .
in this case , a
normal
aquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26°c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .
special aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .
always reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .
often reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .
reef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .
reef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .
not reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .
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the body colour varies from magenta to purple and there is a jet - black diagonal cap running from the lip to the foredorsal fin .
this is a reef associated species that likes to under ledges or in caves and its depth range is 1 - 60 meters / 3 - 200 feet . it is known to swim upside down under ledges .
this is a bicoloured fish ; the front half is purple while the behind is bright orange - yellow . under water , the purple colour usually looks blue . the two colours contrasts beautifully against each other .
the recommended water temperature is 72 - 78° f / 22 - 25 . 5° c . the ph - value should be between 8 . 1 and 8 . 4 and the specific gravity at 1 . 020 - 1 . 025 .
the eggs are normally about 1 mm / 0 . 04 in and equipped with small protuberances over the surface , with tiny threads extending from them . these threads make it possible for the eggs to stay attached to the algae inside the nest . you can expect the eggs to hatch after 5 - 7 days , typically in the evening when it is dark .
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this entry was posted on thursday , september 1st , 1994 and is filed under grammas , spawning reports .
the breeder’s registry © information contained in this report is taken from submitted observations from aquarist unless noted otherwise ( see comments ) . information may be reproduced providing the breeder’s registry is cited .
broodstock notes : a total of 75 basslets were paired up . aggression reduced the numbers to 22 pairs , then eventually down to only 12 pairs .
pre - spawning activity : male entices female into nest ( hole ) by approaching the female and then going back into the hole . the hole is “decorated” with algae and / or pieces of substrate .
first food offered : rotifers , fed on nannochloropsis sp . and isochrysis sp . enough to keep tank water slightly green
survival : average 110 per hatch . survival not indicated , but easy to raise .
about this report : information contained in this report is taken from submitted observations . taxonomy , synonomy , original description , word origin and suggested reading are provided by member ( s ) of the breeder’s registry staff . information is presented under the belief that it is accurate . if you have information in addition to , or contrary to that presented you are encouraged to contact the breeder’s registry . permission is granted for “one - time” personal use . reproduction as distributed or accessible media is prohibited without prior written permission . all rights reserved . 1993
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the breeder ' s registry , a nonprofit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) organization , is dedicated to collecting and consolidating information about propagating saltwater organisms mainly within closed - system aquaria and publishing new information as well . much of what is currently known about reproductive behaviors and culturing techniques for marine fishes , especially the
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spine 6 . 59 ( 5 . 76 , 5 . 94 ) in hl ; 2nd spine 3 . 73 ( 3 . 50 ,
upper - jaw length 2 . 35 ( 2 . 25 - 2 . 4 )
populations , i . e . limited to the front 3rd vs . half blue
. . . further , this common species is buffered from the risk of global extinction by high fecundity , large range size , and fairly broad habitat tolerances ( böhlke & chaplin 1994 ) . of greater conservation concern are rare species , those with demographically isolated populations , and species whose range is completely encompassed by the lionfish invaded range , such as the fairy basslet congener , g . dejongi ( victor & randall 2010 ) . this recently described basslet has been ob served only in cuba and the nearby cayman islands ( lohr et al . 2014 ) , and its entire geographic and habitat range ( reef walls at 20−30 m depth ) are inhabited by lionfish . . . .
. . . it is likely that the rate of evolutionary change in reproductive displays between c . marinda and c . condei has outpaced the accumulation of neutral mutations in the mitochondrial genome , with colour pattern and dorsal - fin morphological divergence likely occurring very recently . tornabene et al . ( 2015 ) provided evidence for similar rapid evolution during the pleistocene in the gobiid genus eviota . several recent studies ( bowen 2006 , rocha & bowen 2008 , victor & randall 2010 & 2014 ) have shown that divergence of species pairs and complexes of reef fishes is frequently characterized by the development of different colour patterns , especially among breeding males . the mating system of cirrhilabrus , in which relatively few males compete for the attention of numerous females , is highly conducive to the development of enhanced male secondary sexual characters , particularly bright nuptial colours and exaggerated dorsal fins ( which are fully erected during courtship ) , not unlike the well - documented behaviour found in terrestrial birds - of - paradise ( laman & scholes 2012 ) . . . .
. . . tornabene et al . ( 2015 ) provided evidence for similar rapid evolution during the pleistocene in the gobiid genus eviota . several recent studies ( bowen 2006 , rocha & bowen 2008 , victor & randall 2010 & 2014 ) have shown that divergence of species pairs and complexes of reef fishes is frequently characterized by the development of different colour patterns , especially among breeding males . the mating system of cirrhilabrus , in which relatively few males compete for the attention of numerous females , is highly conducive to the development of enhanced male secondary sexual characters , particularly bright nuptial colours and exaggerated dorsal fins ( which are fully erected during courtship ) , not unlike the well - documented behaviour found in terrestrial birds - of - paradise ( laman & scholes 2012 ) . . . .
. . . indeed , a number of published cases of recent divergence of species pairs and complexes of reef fishes are characterized by development of different colors and markings , especially on the head and among breeding males ( e . g . bowen 2006 , rocha & bowen 2008 , victor & randall 2010 , baldwin et al . 2011 ) . in some of these cases , the development of these reproductive isolating mechanisms can outpace the divergence in neutral mtdna sequences , leading to the uncomfortable situation where clear differences in phenotype are present between closely related species that otherwise overlap or even share mtdna haplotypes . . . .
pseudojuloides edwardi , n . sp . ( perciformes : labridae ) : an example of evolution of male - display phenotype outpacing divergence in mitochondrial genotype .
two new dwarfgobies of the ryukyu islands , japan : eviota shibukawa and eviota filamentosa ( ateleostei : gobiidae ) .
. . . within the ca , the greatest species diversity among the coastal invertebrates occurs from cuba through the antilles to colombia and venezuela ( miloslavich et al . , 2010 ) . it is likely that this region is producing most of the species radiations in the caribbean province ( see , for example , victor & randall , 2010 ) . although the caribbean centre has been a dominant influence on warm - province biodiversity , the tropical atlantic has received and continues to gain diversity from other sources . . . .
. . . within the ca , the greatest species diversity among the coastal invertebrates occurs from cuba through the antilles to colombia and venezuela ( miloslavich et al . , 2010 ) . it is likely that this region is producing most of the species radia - tions in the caribbean province ( see , for example , victor & randall , 2010 ) . . . .
. . . the brooding coral seriatopora histrix shows genetic partitions between adjacent habitat types on the great barrier reef [ 98 ] , prompting the authors to conclude that ' adaptation to the local environment has caused ecological divergence of distinct genetic groups within s . hystrix . ' photo : j . sprung . west pacific reef fishes include several examples of sympatric sister species characterized by habitat shifts , including gobies ( gobiodon spp . ) [ 99 ] . . . .
the extent of its range in the gulf of mexico , its abundance and habitat use there ; its site of origin in the indo - west pacific and the mode of its transport to the gulf of mexico .
hypoplectrus floridae n . sp . and hypoplectrus ecosur n . sp . , two new barred hamlets from the gulf of . . .
the species flock of hamlets of the genus hypoplectrus from the coral reefs of the tropical western atlantic contains more than a dozen morphs distinguished by color pattern alone . thus far , they have been characterized by a high level of genetic uniformity , raising many questions about whether they represent true species , incipient species , or color variants . however , dna barcoding of the coi . . . [ show full abstract ]
pseudojuloides edwardi , n . sp . ( perciformes : labridae ) : an example of evolution of male - display phen . . .
the new species pseudojuloides edwardi is described from aquarium - trade specimens obtained from the african coast near mombasa , kenya . the species is distinguished from its two sibling species , p . severnsi ( from the philippines , indonesia , japan , new caledonia , and sri lanka ) and p . erythrops ( from mauritius ) , by a spectacular yellow - on - magenta reticulum on the head and forebody of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
emblemariopsis carib and emblemariopsis arawak , two new chaenopsid blennies from the caribbean sea : . . .
two new sympatric chaenopsid blennies , emblemariopsis carib and e . arawak , are described from coral reefs in puerto rico and the adjacent u . s . virgin islands . these species have been considered flagfin blennies , e . signifer ( usually as e . signifera ) , which was originally described from mainland brazil . however , coi mtdna sequencing shows that despite their close resemblance , the three species . . . [ show full abstract ]
the redcheek paradox : the mismatch between genetic and phenotypic divergence among deeply divided mt . . .
a new micro - endemic goby , elacatinus rubrigenis , is described from utila in the bay islands of the gulf of honduras ( western atlantic ) . the new species is similar to the greenbanded goby , e . multifasciatus , but differs in having a prominent red stripe across the cheek , more - numerous green bars on the body , and 11 second - dorsal - fin elements ( vs . equal numbers of 11 and 12 ) . the new species , the . . . [ show full abstract ]
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vivid purple body with a black stripe running down the top of the body from the dorsal to the tip of the nose .
this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 11 .
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ph : 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 | temperature : 72°f - 80°f ( 22°c - 27°c ) | specific gravity : 1 . 020 - 1 . 025 | carbonate hardness ( dkh ) : 8 - 12°
western central atlantic : west indies including the bahamas - found near steep drop - offs or cliffs , stays near cover .
forms pairs , egg guarder . males build nest and both male and female guard the eggs until hatching . they have been bred in aquariums .
keep with similar sized species , one to a tank except in larger setups .
mostly carnivores - small meaty marine origin foods like mysis shrimp , brine shrimp , etc .
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foods and feeding - frozen brine shrimp , mysis shrimp , and mussel meat . varied finely chopped meaty diet .
captive care - keep singly or in pairs . normally not aggressive to other inhabitants . may tend to dig in substrait and spit out over corals and rock work . caution must be taken to not overfeed this fish . feed at least 1 - 2 times a day in a well maintained reef system .
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marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 10 - 180 m ( ref . 85755 ) , usually 20 - 60 m ( ref . 27115 ) . tropical ; 22°c - 27°c ( ref . 27115 ) , preferred ?
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during the golden age of piracy ( circa 1690 to 1730 ) , notorious , ruthless , and opportunistic seafarers such as sir henry morgan , blackbeard , and calico jack plied the waters of the caribbean , raiding ships and seaport towns to plunder , pillage , and amass treasure . little did these infamous buccaneers realize that the true treasure of the caribbean actually lies beneath the waves , for it is there that the piscine “pearls” known as the grammas can be found .
okay , so blackbeard and his ilk probably gave less than a fig about the fish species residing on the treacherous reefs that constantly threatened to tear their ships’ hulls apart—or cared about them only insofar as they were fit for the cooking pot . but had blackbeard been a marine aquarium hobbyist , i’m confident that he would have valued the grammas above even his fabled whiskers .
hopelessly fractured history lesson aside , these beautiful basslets , belonging to the family grammatidae , truly are a treasure and are exceptionally well suited to aquarium living—even for hobby newcomers .
, are of special interest to our hobby and are regulars in the marine aquarium trade , with g . loreto being far and away the more popular and available of the two . the lipogramma species would make suitable aquarium denizens , as well , but most aren’t as vividly colored as the
species i’ll discuss here . and , as they are secretive species that reside in deep - water habitats , their capture is no small undertaking .
in nature , grammas favor habitat with abundant caves , crevices , and overhangs for concealment . hence , in the aquarium , they require ample live rock with a honeycomb of bolt holes in which to hide . specimens typically hover in close proximity to , or just inside of , a favored refuge . amusingly enough , grammas tend to position themselves with their bellies toward a solid substrate , which in their craggy habitat could mean the ceiling of a cave or ledge or a vertical wall , so they are often observed hovering in an upside - down position or at other peculiar angles . this is normal behavior—not a sign that the fish is ailing or disoriented .
grammas achieve a relatively diminutive adult size of 3 to 4 inches . that , coupled with their generally peaceful disposition toward other fish species and sessile reef invertebrates , gives them a solid reputation as trustworthy reef tank inhabitants . their ability to adapt readily to aquarium fare , such as mysid shrimp , brine shrimp , chopped fish or shellfish , and other meaty offerings , makes them all the more desirable . they’ll even learn to accept flake and freeze - dried foods in time . offering a variety of nutritious foods is one key to maintaining these fish in superior health and keeping their splendid colors as bright as can be .
they are not especially aggressive toward other species , but like so many other reef fish , grammas will squabble with conspecifics within the confines of the aquarium , so it’s safest to keep them one to a tank . this is an extremely frustrating limitation for those fortunate underwater explorers who have had the opportunity to observe large aggregations of these extraordinarily beautiful fish in their natural home on the reef .
one other note of caution about the grammas is that they are notorious jumpers , so a good tight - fitting cover is a must . even a seemingly insignificant gap in the cover can serve as an escape hatch and lead to “death by desiccation” on the floor , especially while a newly introduced specimen is in the process of acclimating .
after observing the fish closely for a few days , i noticed that it became very skittish and jumpy right after i turned the lights out at night , which is understandable since small fish left exposed after dark on the coral reef are extremely vulnerable to the myriad nocturnal predators that go on the prowl after sunset . what helped to soothe the fish and interrupt this skittish behavior was timing the lights so the actinic lamps stayed on for an extra hour after the “daylight” lamps turned off , providing a period of twilight rather than a sudden , startling onset of darkness .
in my humble opinion , this attractive species is among the very best choices available for either the fish - only or mini - reef system provided it is housed with species of similar size and peaceful disposition . overly aggressive tankmates , such as damsels or dottybacks , will drive this species into perpetual hiding where it will eventually perish from stress and starvation .
g . loreto is stunningly colored with a violet - purple anterior half giving way abruptly to a bright - yellow posterior half . faint yellow streaks radiate back from each eye , and a distinct black spot appears on the anterior portion of the dorsal fin . in maximum length , it achieves approximately 3 inches , though i’ve seen a few robust specimens over the years that appeared to be even larger .