charonia is a genus of very large sea snail , commonly known as triton 's trumpet or triton snail .

they are marine gastropod mollusks in the family ranellidae .

charonia

charonia tritonis variegata lamarck , 1816 now accepted as charonia variegata ( lamarck , 1816 ) . charonia tritonis tritonis linnaeus , 1758 .
variety charonia nodifera var . euclia hedley , 1914 accepted as charonia lampas ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ( synonym )
proposal : inclusion of the giant triton charonia tritonis on appendix ii , cites .
( charonia research , 1996a ; grzimek , 1972 ; jangoux and lawrence , eds . , 1982 )
charonia tritonis preys on : acanthaster planci this list may not be complete but is based on published studies .
michael wunderli added the german common name
tritonshorn
to
charonia tritonis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
species charonia clifdenensis finlay , 1924 † accepted as sassia neozelanica ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1923 ) †
charonia tritonis , commonly called the triton ' s trumpet , is one of the largest gastropods found in india .
kingdom : animalia phylum : mollusca class : gastropoda superfamily : tonnoidea family : ranellidae genus : charonia species : c . tritonis
nick hope marked the english common name
pacific triton
from
charonia tritonis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
as trusted .
nick hope marked an unknown common name in an unknown language from
charonia tritonis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
as trusted .
nick hope marked the english common name
triton ' s trumpet
from
charonia tritonis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
as trusted .
( of charonia capax finlay , 1926 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of charonia mirabilis parenzan , 1970 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of charonia powelli cotton , 1957 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of charonia capax euclioides finlay , 1926 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of charonia euclia instructa iredale , 1929 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of charonia seguenzae ( aradas & benoit , 1872 ) ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
this subspecies occurs over a wide depth range , becoming taller and paler in colour in deeper water in nsw and in shallower water to the south . some of the australian forms have been named ; charonia powelli cotton , 1957 has been applied to a form from the great australian bight ; charonia eucla hedley , 1914 to a western australian deep water form and charonia eucla instructa iredale , 1929 to the nsw deep water form ( fig . 3 ) .
charonia research , 1997 .
starfish species : * linckia guildingii *
( on - line ) . accessed 07 / 15 / 04 at urltoken .
( of charonia nodifera var . euclia hedley , 1914 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
charonia research , 1996a .
coral reef starfish , chapter 3 : habitat
( on - line ) . accessed 07 / 15 / 04 at urltoken .
remarks : this shell was previously known as charonia rubicunda , but is regarded by beu ( 1970a ) as a subspecies of the widely distributed species charonia lampas ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . other subspecies ( discussed in detail by beu ) are charonia lampas lampas from the mediterranean sea and eastern atlantic ; c . lampas pustulata eurthyme , 1889 from south africa ; c . lampas sauliae ( reeve , 1844 ) from japan , and c . lampas capax finlay , 1927 from new zealand .
( of charonia seguenzae ( aradas & benoit , 1872 ) ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
charonia research , 1996c .
coral reef starfish , chapter 6 : sexual reproduction
( on - line ) . accessed 07 / 15 / 04 at urltoken .
charonia research , 1996b .
coral reef starfish , chapter 7 : asexual reproduction
( on - line ) . accessed 07 / 15 / 04 at urltoken .
( of charonia sauliae macilenta kuroda & habe in habe , 1961 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of charonia variegatus reeve ) spry , j . f . ( 1961 ) . the sea shells of dar es salaam : gastropods . tanganyika notes and records 56 [ details ]
kang , k . h . & kim , j . m . the predation of trumpet shell , charonia sp . , on eight different marine invertebrate species . aquaculture res 35 , 1202–1206 ( 2004 ) .
( of charonia lampas pustulata ( euthyme , 1889 ) ) branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
nugranad , j . , chantrapornsilp , s . & varapibal , t . feeding and spawning behaviour of the trumpet triton , charonia tritonis ( l . , 1758 ) in captivity . phuket mar biol center special publ 21 , 51–56 ( 2000 ) .
morton , b . foregut anatomy and predation by charonia lampas ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : neotaenioglossa ) attacking ophidiaster ophidianus ( asteroidea : ophidiasteridae ) in the açores , with a review of triton feeding behaviour . j nat history 46 , 2621–2637 ( 2012 ) .
citation :
triton ' s trumpet shells , charonia tritonis ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2010 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
russo g . f . , fasulo g . , toscano a . & toscano f . ( 1990 ) . on the presence of triton species ( charonia spp . ) ( mollusca gastropoda ) in the mediterranean sea : ecological distributions . bollettino malacologico 26 ( 5 - 8 ) : 91 - 104 [ details ]
( of charonia lampas pustulata ( euthyme , 1889 ) ) steyn , d . g . & lussi , m . ( 1998 ) marine shells of south africa . an illustrated collector’s guide to beached shells . ekogilde publishers , hartebeespoort , south africa , ii + 264 pp . page ( s ) : 74 [ details ]
proteomics analysis of charonia tritonis anterior lobe ( al ) and posterior lobe ( pl ) of the salivary gland ( sg ) . ( a ) sds - page and coomassie stain of extracts derived from the sg - al and sg - pl . ( b ) comparison of total proteins identified in extracts of sg - al and sg - pl , based on pfam analysis .
the pacific triton ( charonia tritonis , also known as the “giant triton” ) is a large marine snail that inhabits coral reefs throughout the indo - pacific region . they are rare ; historical evidence of harvesting levels is scant , however scientists speculate that overharvesting of the snails for the meat and shell has led to threatened status throughout their range . as such , tritons have been protected on the gbr for decades .
( of charonia nodifera ( lamarck , 1822 ) ) gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brandào , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
in greek mythology , triton blew charonia trumpets to terrify giants during battles between them and the gods . another myth tells how tyrrhenus and his companions would feast on human flesh , so people fled and nobody came to a funeral when a comrade had died . tyrrhenus avoided this by blowing a shell trumpet , thereby declaring they now intended not to devour them . in line with this myth , romans depicted shell trumpets in tombs and sarcophages .
identification of enzymes associated with the sulfuric acid biosynthesis pathway . ( a ) pathway for biosynthesis of sulfuric acid . those enzymes identified within the anterior lobe of the charonia tritonis salivary gland are shown as ( i ) , ( ii ) and ( iii ) . ( b ) schematics showing enzymes ( i ) , ( ii ) and ( iii ) including characteristic domains . biosynthetic enzymes derived from c . tritonis are listed in supplementary data s8 .
charonia tritonis attack on a crown - of - thorns starfish ( cots ) . ( a ) c . tritonis withdraws proboscis in preparation for attack . ( b ) c . tritonis uses muscular foot to immobilize cots . ( c ) two c . tritonis feeding on a cots , proboscis of the snail on the right penetrating cots body wall . ( d ) location of the proboscis , and internal organs including buccal mass , ducts and radula in c . tritonis .
charonia tritonis salivary gland ( sg ) anatomy and proteomics study . ( a ) cephalic region of the c . tritonis . ( b ) cephalic region with full proboscis and paired sgs exposed . ( c ) cephalic region with proboscis removed . ( d ) isolated sg showing region of anterior lobe ( al ) and posterior lobe ( pl ) . ( e ) cell smear of al . arrow shows prominent mucin - like globlet cell . scale bar represents 200 μm .
( of charonia lampas lampas ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) ávila , s . p . ; cardigos , f . ; santos , r . s . ( 2004 ) . d . joão de castro bank , a shallow water hydrothermal - vent in the azores : checklist of marine molluscs . arquipélago ( ciénc . biol . mar . / life mar . sci . ) 21a : 75 - 80 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 78 [ details ]
( of charonia tritonis variegata ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the remaining 4 . 0 % are infra - and circalittoral genera with variably abraded and bioeroded surfaces , reflecting beach collection of the shells of dead animals ( si appendix , section i , figs . s8 – s10 ) . the chama , laevicardium , charonia , and thais material is too broken to assess original condition , and the one trunculariopsis trunculus is a complete specimen with an irregular , probably postdepositional perforation of the body whorl in an area where the shell is very thin .
research charonia tritonis » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
( of charonia mirabilis parenzan , 1970 ) parenzan p . ( 1970 - 1976 ) . carta d ' identità delle conchiglie del mediterraneo . taranto , bios taras . vol . 1 ( gasteropodi ) : 1 - 283 [ 1970 ] . vol . 2 parte 1 ( bivalvi ) : 1 - 277 con 46 tav . [ 1974 ] . vol . 2 parte 2 ( bivalvi ) : 283 - 546 con 56 tav . [ 1976 ] . vol . 3 ( bibliografia ) : 1 - 50 page ( s ) : 156 - 158 ; pl . 32 fig . 615 [ details ]
( a ) need ( why you think the project is necessary ? ) the giant triton ( charonia tritonis ) is a large and extremely beautiful shell that is being collected and killed by humans for the shell trade . most professional and scientific divers have never seen a live giant triton and while it is generally accepted that they are rare , they can be seen for sale in any shell shop in the world . while there are numerous negative accounts , there is little positive data at present on which to base any estimate of their real population density . there is a general belief that it is not possible to undertake a meaningful population study on such a rare species .
scientific synonyms and common names murex lampas linné , 1758 murex gyrinoides brocchi , 1814 murex nerei dillwyn , 1817 ; partim triton nodiferum lamarck , 1822 tritonium mediterraneum risso , 1826 triton gyrinoides var . singilla de gregorio , 1884 triton gyrinoides var . imperans de gregorio , 1884 triton gyrinoides var . inflectilabrum de gregorio , 1884 triton gyrinoides var . labroplita de gregorio , 1884 triton gyrinoides var . ficarazzensis de gregorio , 1884 triton gyrinoides var . normalis de gregorio , 1893 triton gyrinoides var . cochleosocia de gregorio , 1893 triton gyrinoides var . carinata de gregorio , 1893 simpulum nodiferum var . minor pallary , 1900 simpulum nodiferum var . major pallary , 1900 charonia mirabilis parenzan , 1970 murex tritonis sensu auct . non linné , 1758
so why do these huge cots outbreaks occur ? there are two schools of thought : 1 ) outbreaks are thought to be part of the natural cycle of cots abundance and decline and 2 ) human impacts have caused cots populations to increase . fossil records have shown that cots outbreaks have occurred throughout history ( fossilised spines have been found showing that outbreaks on the great barrier reef occurred 7 , 000 years ago ) so this is not a new phenomenon . however , it is likely that humans are making these outbreaks worse by collecting and removing the giant triton shell ( charonia tritonis ) from the reef . the triton is a natural predators of cots and thus by removing them ( for the international shell trade ) , the cots population increases . it is most likely to be a combination of both factors that causes these outbreaks .
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echinodermata ! starfish ! sea urchins ! sea cucumbers ! stone lillies ! feather stars ! blastozoans ! sea daisies ! marine invertebrates found throughout the world ' s oceans with a rich and ancient fossil legacy . their biology and evolution includes a wide range of crazy and wonderful things . let me share those things with you !
in cold and temperate water habitats , starfish , especially asteriid starfish are often predatory . especially on mollusks ! famously on bivalves and clams but also quite a few gastropods aka snails .
sp . ) are big , ol ' meanie predators on several often , equally large and heavily armored ( or at least well - defended ) starfish species . . .
the
triton ' s trumpet
is a large snail with a shell that is often up to two feet long . because it is large and showy , it is often sought after as a souvenir . here we have not one but two videos of these giant snails attacking the very spiny
when the snails get to work , they often appear to be successful . but even if not , with the crown - of - thorns starfish there ' s
eating it disk first with the legs sticking out of the shell ' s opening . .
here ' s what this looks like with a bit more perspective . . .
honestly , i ' m not sure if i ' ve ever heard of this . . maybe something new ? will have to check . . .
and of course , its not always , the big snails . . the tiny ones can be predatory as well . . here are individuals of
aloha chris , i am glad i found your blog . i live in hawaii . i notice that horned helmet shells ( empty and live ones ) have large holes which i believe to be predators other than humans , under water where i found them . who are their predators , or who makes these holes to get at them ? mahalo hai
hmm . . well , you are on the right track . that sounds like snail predation but off hand i ' m not sure which one . i will look around .
i pursue starfish related adventure around the world with a critical eye and an appreciation for weirdness . support has been courtesy of the national science foundation but the views and opinions presented herein are mine and do not reflect the opinions of them or any affiliated institutions . need to hire an invertebrate zoologist / marine biologist ? please contact me !
new paper ! new species ! how the blog informed my r . . .
( photo by km6xo ) so , last week , i was contacted by an intrepid member of the public who was quite interested in finding out more about s . . .
if you ' ve ever enjoyed the fine diversity of japanese cuisine , and are a serious sushi connaisseur ( as i am ) you have probably experienc . . .
last week the foks over at newswatch national geographic proclaimed that they had the
5 weirdest antarctic species
. hyperbo . . .
( from clipart etc - florida educational claringhouse ) i was casually checking the numbers for the echinoblog over a july 4th weekend in . . .
( photo by emily miller kauai ) so , recently i ' ve gotten a bunch of questions about these peculiar sea urchins via email - and so i thou . . .
the other day , i was thinking of big stuff . and then , a bit later , i was thinking of starfish stuff . and then i thought of cake . ( mmm . . . .
images here from the encyclopedia of life this week , something about the many different kinds of asteroids ( aka sea star or starfish ! ) t . . .
today ' s topic : starfish defense ! ! its curious how often this question comes up . people see starfish and other echinoderms that are just . . .
from wikipedia ! sea urchins ! who doesn ' t love em ? the spiny balls of the sea ! we eat em ! they ' re important to marine ecosystems . . .
toxopneustes ! aka the
flower urchin
is one of four species of toxopneustes ( all of which occur throughout the tropical pacifi . . .
tritonium röding , 1798 ( invalid : junior homonym of tritonium o . f . müller , 1776 )
( of triton montfort , 1810 ) montfort p . [ denys de ] . ( 1808 - 1810 ) . conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles . paris : schoell . vol . 1 : pp . lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 676 + 16 [ 1810 ( before 28 may ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 : 586 [ details ]
( of tritonium röding , 1798 ) röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 125 [ details ]
( of triton ( buccinatorium ) mörch , 1877 ) mörch o . a . l . ( 1877 ) . synopsis molluscorum marinorum indiarum occidentalium imprimis insularum danicarum ( contin . ) . malakozoologische blätter , 24 : 14 - 66 , 93 - 123 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 26 [ details ]
beu a . g . ( 1998 ) . résultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . 178 : 1 - 255 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
beu a . g . 2010 [ august ] . neogene tonnoidean gastropods of tropical and south america : contributions to the dominican republic and panama paleontology projects and uplift of the central american isthmus . bulletins of american paleontology 377 - 378 : 550 pp , 79 pls . page ( s ) : 120 - 133 [ details ]
( of eutritonium cossmann , 1904 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of eutritonium cossmann , 1904 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1923 ) . liste préliminaire des mollusques marins de madagascar et description de deux espèces nouvelles . j . conchyliol . 68 : 21 - 74 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of eutritonium cossmann , 1904 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of triton ( semiranella ) de gregorio , 1880 † ) beu a . g . ( 1998 ) . résultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . 178 : 1 - 255 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of eutriton ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , h . ( 1906 ) . mollusques provenant des dragages effectués à l ' ouest de l ' afrique pendant les campagnes scientifiques de s . a . s . le prince de monaco . résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par albert ier prince souverain de monaco , xxxii . imprimerie de monaco : monaco . 125 p . , 5 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : legend to plate 3 [ details ]
( of triton ( buccinatorium ) mörch , 1877 ) beu a . g . ( 1998 ) . résultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . 178 : 1 - 255 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
like snails and sea slugs , the giant triton is a gastropod . most gastropods have a shell and a muscular foot they use to move around .
the giant triton spends its days crawling around coral reefs . its shell is not only beautiful , but useful , protecting it from predators that cannot break through its hard surface .
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to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
gofas , s . ; afonso , j . p . ; brandào , m . ( ed . ) . ( s . a . ) . conchas e moluscos de angola = coquillages et mollusques d ' angola . [ shells and molluscs of angola ] . universidade agostinho / elf aquitaine angola : angola . 140 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of murex lampas linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 748 [ details ]
distribution eastern atlantic , from the english channel to morocco and in scattered occurrences as far south as angola ; canary islands , . . .
distribution eastern atlantic , from the english channel to morocco and in scattered occurrences as far south as angola ; canary islands , madeira and the azores ; seine , josephine and ampère seamounts ; mediterranean only in the western basin . western atlantic , on the brazilian coast . other populations , which may be recognized as distinct subspecies , are found in australia , taiwan and japan . [ details ]
( of triton nodiferum lamarck , 1822 ) lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome septième . paris : published by the author , 711 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 179 [ details ]
( of tritonium opis röding , 1798 ) röding p . f . ( 1798 ) . museum boltenianum sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat joa . fried . bolten m . d . p . d . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia et multivalvia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of murex gyrinoides brocchi , 1814 ) brocchi , g . b . ( 1814 ) conchiologia fossile subapennina con osservazioni geologiche sugli apennini e sul suolo adiacente . milano vol . i : pp . lxxx + 56 + 240 ; vol . ii , p . 241 - 712 , pl . 1 - 16 [ details ]
( of tritonium glabrum locard , 1886 ) locard a . ( 1886 ) . prodrome de malacologie française . catalogue général des mollusques vivants de france . mollusque marins . lyon , h . georg & paris , baillière : pp . x + 778 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 154 , 558 [ details ]
( of tritonium mediterraneum risso , 1826 ) risso , a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 pp . , 1 map [ 1826 ] ; vol . 2 : vii + 482 pp . , 8 pls [ november 1827 ] ; vol . 3 : xvi + 480 pp . , 14 pls [ september 1827 ] ; vol . 4 : iv + 439 pp . , 12 pls [ november 1826 ] ; vol . 5 : viii + 400 pp . , 10 pls [ november 1827 ] . . 3 ( xvi ) : 1 - 480 , 14 pls . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of simpulum nodiferum var . minima pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du départment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of simpulum nodiferum var . major pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du départment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton nodiferum var . glabra weinkauff , 1868 ) weinkauff h . c . ( 1867 - 1868 ) . die conchylien des mittelmeeres , ihre geographische und geologisches verbreitung . t . fischer , cassel vol . 1 : pp . xix + 307 [ 1867 ] . vol . 2 : pp . vi + 512 . [ 1868 ] , available online at urltoken [ details ]
beu a . g . ( 1998 ) . résultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . 178 : 1 - 255 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 69 - 73 [ details ]
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
maxwell , p . a . ( 2009 ) . cenozoic mollusca . pp 232 - 254 in gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
( of ranella lampas ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of triton nodiferum lamarck , 1822 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of triton sauliae reeve , 1844 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of murex lampas linnaeus , 1758 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of murex nerei dillwyn , 1817 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of nyctilochus alfredensis bartsch , 1915 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of septa rubicunda perry , 1811 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of triton australe lamarck , 1822 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of triton gyrinoides ( brocchi , 1814 ) ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of simpulum nodiferum ( lamarck , 1822 ) ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton gyrinoides var . ficarazzensis de gregorio , 1884 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton gyrinoides var . imperans de gregorio , 1884 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton gyrinoides var . labroplita de gregorio , 1884 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton gyrinoides var . cochleosocia de gregorio , 1893 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton gyrinoides var . normalis de gregorio , 1893 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton gyrinoides var . singilla de gregorio , 1884 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton gyrinoides var . inflectilabrum de gregorio , 1884 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton gyrinoides var . carinata de gregorio , 1893 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of simpulum nodiferum var . minima pallary , 1900 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of tritonium opis röding , 1798 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of tritonium pustulatum euthyme , 1889 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of tritonium pustulatum var . minor euthyme , 1889 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of tritonium pustulatum var . varicosum euthyme , 1889 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of murex gyrinoides brocchi , 1814 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton nodiferum var . glabra weinkauff , 1868 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of simpulum nodiferum var . major pallary , 1900 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of tritonium mediterraneum risso , 1826 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of tritonium glabrum locard , 1886 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of murex tritonis linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
description possibly the best known gastropod shell . a distinctive shell , up to 50 cm , with a pointed spire and a large body whorl . . . .
description possibly the best known gastropod shell . a distinctive shell , up to 50 cm , with a pointed spire and a large body whorl . exterior creamy with darker brown dashes and chevrons . aperture large , orange , and with banded lip . feeds on echinoderms , especially the crown - of - thorns starfish . habitat : among shallow coral and sand . distribution : indo - pacific . ( richmond , 1997 ) . [ details ]
( of eutritonium tritonis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of murex tritonis linnaeus , 1758 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of murex tritonis linnaeus , 1758 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of septa tritonia perry , 1810 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of triton marmoratum link , 1807 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
steyn , d . g . & lussi , m . ( 1998 ) marine shells of south africa . an illustrated collector’s guide to beached shells . ekogilde publishers , hartebeespoort , south africa , ii + 264 pp . page ( s ) : 74 [ details ]
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a positively - charged particle consisting of a proton and two neutrons , equivalent to the nucleus of an atom of tritium . cf .
a son of poseidon and amphitrite , represented as having the head and trunk of a man and the tail of a fish , and as using a conch - shell trumpet .
) any of various marine gastropods of the family cymatiidae , having a large , spiral , often beautifully colored shell .
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beu a . g . ( 1998 ) . résultats des campagnes musorstom : 19 . indo - west pacific ranellidae , bursidae and personidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) , a monograph of the new caledonian fauna and revisions of related taxa . < em > mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . < / em > 178 : 1 - 255 .
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . < em > in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . < / em > canterbury university press , christchurch .
spry , j . f . ( 1961 ) the sea shells of dar es salaam : gastropods : tanganyika notes and records . 56
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .
key stage 4 : national science curriculum , dual award , sc2 , 5a : the distribution and relative abundance of organisms in habitats can be explained using ideas of interdependence , adaptation , competition and predation .
one of the most significant coral predators on the reef is the crown - of - thorns starfish ( cots ) ( acanthaster planci ) . cots are found throughout the indo - pacific region , from the red sea , across the indian ocean and through to the pacific . they are not found in atlantic waters . these starfish look sinister – they are reddish - grey and blue in colour and are covered in 4 - 5 cm long spines ( which give a nasty wound ) . they are voracious predators and are specially adapted to feed on coral tissue . they are ‘extraoral’ feeders which means that in order to feed , they force their stomach out through their mouth ! specific enzymes are then secreted by the stomach in order to break down the coral tissue . once finished , the stomach is retracted and the starfish moves on , leaving behind it a bright white scar which is the coral skeleton . cots seem to prefer eating branching and table - forming corals , usually of the genus acropora .
an individual adult crown - of - thorns starfish consumes coral at an average rate of 160 cm 2 per day and they are estimated to consume between 5 - 6 m 2 of coral tissue per year . like other starfish , cots can survive without feeding for up to 9 months , just living off energy reserves stored within their bodies .
huge cots outbreaks have been reported , for example , on the great barrier reef . on 5th may 2006 , the expedition encountered a huge infestation of cots on the reef off the island of abu shuqar . up to 20 starfish were observed feeding on an individual acropora table at one time . the starfish were frequently observed clustered on the surface of the coral . the white area of the coral in the photographs is the exposed skeleton after the coral tissue has been eaten , and the brown area is the healthy coral which is about to be eaten . the starfish progress across the surface of the coral , consuming every last scrap of flesh .
on our dive in the area infested with crown - of - thorns starfish , two divers recorded the number and size of individuals present with a specific area . 87 starfish were counted within a 120 m 2 area . that gives a density of 0 . 725 starfish per m 2 . the starfish average a size of 24 cm in diameter from arm tip to arm tip .
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the pecten is a vascular prominence emerging from the retina and protruding into the vitreous , of variable comb - like shape and black in color .
, with the russian federation ( 5764 tonnes , < 2 % ) , providing the remainder .
fishery production derives mainly from the uk ( 19 108 tonnes , 54 % ) and france ( 12 745 tonnes , 36 % ) . peru provided all production of
wild harvest of all the main commercial scallop species usually involves a toothed ( e . g . ,
spp . ) , or occasionally conventional trawl gear ( e . g . ,
) . there are several large - scale diver fisheries for some species , e . g . , chile , china , and mexico , and some small fisheries that supply high - value , live product markets , e . g . , scotland .
scallop fisheries are noted for catch fluctuations , as a result of exploitation and recruitment variability . several fisheries have consequently declined or closed , although notably , the successful application of stock enhancement and management programs helped to revive japanese and new zealand production during the 1970s and 1990s .
ultrasound examination of the eyes : may further define intraocular neoplasms , lens luxation , retinal detachment , pecten oculi tearing . color doppler may reveal decreased pecten blood flow .
advanced imaging : ct and mri have been used to further evaluate avian eyes .
specific molecular testing : may be positive when specific viruses ( e . g . , herpesviruses ) or bacteria ( e . g . , chlamydophila psittaci ) are suspected
culture : may reveal the presence of gram - negative or - positive bacteria . results are difficult to interpret and might reflect a secondary infection . mycoplasma spp . and chlamydophila psittaci do not grow when routine bacteriologic methods are used .
the concept mollusca brings together much information about animals that look radically different from one another—snails , slugs , mussels , clams , oysters , octopuses , squids , and others . the diversity and disparity of this phylum has resulted in the recognition of eight named classes .
estimates of the number of species alive today range from 50 , 000 to 130 , 000 . most of the shells found on modern beaches belong to molluscs , and molluscs are probably the most abundant invertebrate animals in today ' s oceans . estimates of the number of known fossil species have little meaning because many new species are found annually . as an example , it was recently estimated that at least 50 percent of the fossil molluscs in the paleozoic and mesozoic rocks of australia have yet to be documented .
living molluscs range in size from microscopic snails and clams to 18 m ( 60 - foot ) long squids . molluscs live in almost every marine and freshwater environment , and some snails and slugs live on land . in the oceans , molluscs range from the intertidal zone to the deepest ocean basins , and they may be bottom - dwelling , swimming , or floating organisms . some squids actually glide through the air for short distances , behaving like the so - called flying fish . a few snails are ectosymbiotrophs on various invertebrates .
the word mollusca is derived from latin and refers to the soft body inside a shell of most species . the concept mollusca is unified by anatomical similarities , by embryological similarities , and by evidence from fossils of the evolutionary history of the species placed in the phylum . all of this information indicates a common ancestry for the species placed in the phylum mollusca .
on their backs . except in snails , the shell is ordinarily bilaterally symmetrical . this exoskeleton is in one piece ,
shells are found in the class pelecypoda ( bivalvia ) ; they consist of two pieces that are on the right and left sides of the animal and at the top are held together by an elastic ligament . the class rostroconchia has a
shell ; this shell is univalved in the larval stage and bivalved in the adult stage . the class polyplacophora has an eight - part
, and serves as the hard surface for muscle insertions . around all of the soft parts is a space called the
, which is open to the outside . this cavity is a passageway for incoming feeds and respiratory currents , and an exit for the discharge of sex cells and waste products . the outer wall of the mantle cavity is a thin flap of tissue called the
that secretes the shell . the outermost layer of the shell is organic and is called the
as with other organisms that have internal or external hard parts ( skeletons ) , molluscs are readily fossilized and they have an extensive fossil record . the molluscan conch , its impression in the rocks , or the internal mold filling of the shell , is what is ordinarily available for paleontologists to study .
in the fossil record , molluscs predate the appearance of trilobites . molluscs are already present in earliest cambrian time ( about 542
mya ) six of the eight named classes of molluscs occur in the fossil record [ gastropoda , cephalopoda , monoplacophora , polyplacophora , rostroconchia , and pelecypoda ( bivalvia ) ] . by late ordovician time ( 461
the only class lacking a fossil record is the spiculose and shell - less aplacophora . for a variety of reasons , the multivalved polyplacophora and the univalved scaphopoda have poor and spotty fossil records . the oldest known polyplacophorans are found in upper cambrian rocks ( 490 mya ) , and the oldest known scaphopods occur in middle ordovician rocks ( 465 mya ) . all known aplacophorans , scaphopods , and polyplacophorans occur only in marine environments .
the other five classes of molluscs have extensive fossil records beginning in cambrian time .
, ammonites , squids , octopuses , and cuttlefish ) mostly are represented in modern seas by species that lack a shell or have an internal shell remnant . however , from their earliest fossil record in late cambrian time ( 490
mya ) , most cephalopods had external shells . in modern seas , only a few species of the pearly or chambered
have an external shell . a special structure in the external shell , called the
, allows gas or seawater to be added or removed from the chambers of the shell . this helps the animal move up and down the water column , much as a submarine does . as is the case with gastropods , the first major diversification and adaptive radiation of cephalopods was at the beginning of ordovician time ( 488
mya ) . all known cephalopods occur only in marine environments . along with pelecypods , cephalopods are a major source of human food (
is the only extinct class of molluscs . they are known only from paleozoic rocks , early cambrian ( 542
mya ) in middle ordovician time . some of the unfamiliar shell forms of rostroconchs are shown in
mya ) as microscopic species . pelecypods invaded freshwater environments in middle devonian time ( 390
the vitreous body is large and transparent . the fundus is normally gray or reddish in color with the choroidal vessels not always visible . the optic disc is long and oval , but it is often difficult to observe on ophthalmoscopy because of the pecten . the pecten is a vascular prominence emerging from the retina and protruding into the vitreous , of variable comb - like shape and black in color (
the retina is avascular and without a tapetum . the type of photo - receptors and the density vary among birds , but generally rods and cones or double cones with oil droplets are present . according to the specialization of the retina to enhance the resolution or sharpness , birds can be classified as :
afoveate : these have an area centralis or visual line usually present when there is absence of fovea , seen in the majority of the domestic birds and some birds of land and water .
monofoveate : having a central ( majority of birds ) or temporal ( e . g . , owls , swifts ) fovea with or without a visual line around the fovea .
bifoveate : with a principal central fovea and temporal subsidiary , with or without a visual line of enhancement of the sharpness between the fovea ( e . g . , falcons , eagles , several passeriformes , others that hunt during flight ) .
reviewed the approximate retention times of da for various species of bivalve molluscs , by recording the time it took for the bivalve species to reach a level of toxin below quarantine or detection level . the retention time varies considerably according to the species , from a few hours to a few days for da in the mussels
days of depuration . toxin depuration is also highly dependent upon the tissues in which the toxins are accumulated . toxins present in the digestive glands are usually eliminated more rapidly than toxins present in the other organs . dsp toxins in
) are difficult to differentiate . elevated temperature has been reported to retard dsp toxin loss in
sampayo et al . , 1990 ; marcaillou - le baut et al . , 1993 ; blanco et al . , 1997 , 1999
they may perceive ultraviolet light and have a visual field of about 250 degrees , 50 degrees of which is binocular .
each eye has two foveae , enabling two planes of vision ( the temporal fovea for binocular vision and the central fovea for monocular vision ) . the exceptions are andean condors (
about 10 to 18 ossicles overlap to form a ring encircling the sclera . the sphincter and dilator muscles of the pupil are striated ; therefore , unlike mammals , voluntary control may be possible , and atropine has no effect .
raptors lack consensual pupillary light reflexes . a slight degree of anisocoria is normal . the pupils of birds that are stressed , especially
species , become dilated and less responsive to light , and the menace reflex might be absent .
in most raptors , the sense of smell is poorly developed , except in vultures .
most falconiformes do not have a sense of hearing that is as developed as in strigiformes ; the exception are the harriers , which have a similar facial disk , which directs sounds toward the acoustic meatus .
owls have relatively large , tubular forward - directed eyes with a more spherical lens and well - developed scleral ossicles . the large eyes are typical of nocturnal animal species . the owl
is characterized by an avascular retina with a thin or absent external retinal pigment epithelium , which allows visualization of choroidal vascularization ( the so - called tigroid fundus ) , and a single temporal fovea . they do not possess a
unlike most birds , the owl retina has many more rods than cones , which are more sensitive to low light .
owls have a harderian gland but lack the lacrimal gland . tytonidae have a thick and complete interorbital septum contrary to strigids and most other birds .
birds possess great visual acuity . ‘an eye attached to a wing’ is an often quoted but apt description of flighted avian species . most birds’ eyes have a very large , asymmetrical globe , and 10–18 ossicles ( eyebones ) that overlap to form a ring encircling the sclera . the sphincter and dilator muscles of the pupil are striated ; therefore , unlike mammals , voluntary control may be possible and atropine has no effect .
a soft lens , which has an annular pad , allows for rapid accommodation by the avian patient . the ciliary body is in direct contact with the lens . the retina is thick and has no direct blood vessels but many cones , allowing for excellent colour vision . vision is tetrachromic and includes sensitivity in the ultraviolet range . the fovea is well developed and , in raptors , there are multiple foveae enabling two planes of vision without head movement . the pecten projects into the vitreous body from the optic nerve and consists of capillaries and extravascular pigmented stromal cells . it provides nutrients to the avascular retina (
) . in some birds , small regular torsional movements of the eye sweep the pecten through the vitreous .