eupithecia niveifascia is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found from south-western alberta west to vancouver island , north to northern coastal british columbia and south to new mexico .

the wingspan is 17 – 19 mm .

the forewings are pale cream with darker yellow-brown and light grey parallel cross lines .

the hindwings are white or cream with yellow-brown markings on the lower half and with dark discal bars .

adults have been recorded on wing from the end of may to mid july .

eupithecia niveifascia

californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11749 genus : eupithecia species : niveifascia sex : location : camp hupp county : inyo collector : goodpasture coll _ date : jun 16 66 specimen _ lo . . . more
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
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californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 14029 genus : eupithecia species : lafontaineata sex : location : plumas nf , laufman cmpgrnd county : lassen collector : opler , buckner coll _ dat . . . more
urltoken ; = eupithecia + sp . & where - lifeform ; = specimen _ tag & rel - lifeform ; = ne & rel - taxon ; = begins + with & where - lifeform ; = animal - - - > urltoken ; = eupithecia + sp . & where - lifeform ; = specimen _ tag & rel - lifeform ; = ne & rel - taxon ; = begins + with & where - lifeform ; = animal
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5882 genus : eupithecia species : acutipennis sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 24 62 specimen . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 19144 genus : eupithecia species : borealis sex : location : mammoth county : mono collector : kirkwood coll _ date : jul 20 38 specimen _ loc : lacm . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6228 genus : eupithecia species : cretaceata sex : location : e side , wet mdws reservoir county : alpine collector : w . patterson coll _ date : aug . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 3939 genus : eupithecia species : indistincta sex : m location : the gavilan county : riverside collector : c . dammers coll _ date : mar 30 42 speci . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 13500 genus : eupithecia species : interruptofasciata sex : location : cobb county : lake collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : may 1 93 specime . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 17620 genus : eupithecia species : intricata taylorata sex : location : caspar county : mendocino collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : apr 8 65 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5865 genus : eupithecia species : maestosa maestosa sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7173 genus : eupithecia species : ravocostaliata sex : location : valley springs county : calaveras collector : l . a . allen coll _ date : apr 4 2000 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5875 genus : eupithecia species : tripunctaria sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 12 61 specimen _ lo . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 21375 genus : eupithecia species : assimilata sex : location : sagehen cr county : nevada collector : r . a . belmont coll _ date : jun 22 72 specimen . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 2067 genus : eupithecia species : bryanti sex : m location : point molate , richmond county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 10 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 15150 genus : eupithecia species : casloata sex : location : buckhorn flats county : los angeles collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jun 1 63 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5884 genus : eupithecia species : graefii graefii sex : location : piedmont pines , ne oakland county : alameda collector : p . d . hurd coll _ date : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 9820 genus : eupithecia species : multistrigata sex : location : potter pass county : fresno collector : v . x . albu coll _ date : jul 30 2011 specim . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 9017 genus : eupithecia species : nimbicolor sex : location : deer park springs county : el dorado collector : not given coll _ date : jul 8 - 15 spe . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5883 genus : eupithecia species : subapicata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : mar 19 61 specimen _ loc : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5881 genus : eupithecia species : gilvipennata sex : location : berkeley , 2135 calif . st . county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : ma . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5886 genus : eupithecia species : implorata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : feb 21 55 specimen _ . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5878 genus : eupithecia species : macdunnoughi sex : location : strawberry cyn county : alameda collector : j . a . powell coll _ date : mar 3 61 spec . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 8417 genus : eupithecia species : mutata ( columbrata ) sex : location : hazelnew summit county : del norte collector : p . a . opler coll _ date : oct . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7165 genus : eupithecia species : behrensata sex : location : camp wolfeboro , bsa county : calaveras collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : jun 1 6 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16602 genus : eupithecia species : columbiata sex : location : inverness county : marin collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : mar 13 47 specimen _ loc . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11747 genus : eupithecia species : lachrymosa sex : location : 7 mi n parchers camp county : inyo collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 30 61 spe . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 24365 genus : eupithecia species : ornata sex : location : santa rosa mtn county : riverside collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jul 3 65 spec . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5871 genus : eupithecia species : unicolor sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : nov 13 62 specimen _ lo . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5877 genus : eupithecia species : sierrae sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep 18 96 spec . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6614 genus : eupithecia species : annulata sex : location : bear river res . county : amador collector : r . m . brown coll _ date : may 16 72 specimen . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11750 genus : eupithecia species : johnstoni sex : location : death valley county : inyo collector : r . m . brown coll _ date : jul 7 80 specimen _ loc . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5870 genus : eupithecia species : placidata sex : location : oakland county : alameda collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : oct 17 45 specimen _ loc : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 32897 genus : eupithecia species : russeliata sex : location : mt shasta county : siskiyou collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : jul 6 41 specimen _ l . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 32285 genus : eupithecia species : stellata sex : location : 1 mi e bassets county : sierra collector : buckner , opler coll _ date : jul 1 - 3 99 spe . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6620 genus : eupithecia species : nevadata nevadata sex : location : bear river res . county : amador collector : j . f . wells coll _ date : apr 23 77 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5880 genus : eupithecia species : segregata sex : location : berkeley ( s of uc campus ) county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : apr . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1888 genus : eupithecia species : olivacea sex : m location : berkeley county : alameda collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 11 63 specimen _ l . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6230 genus : eupithecia species : perfusca perfusca sex : location : monitor pass county : alpine collector : r . m . brown coll _ date : jul 4 - 5 99 s . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 6615 genus : eupithecia species : zelmira sex : location : jackson county : amador collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : apr 4 79 specimen _ loc : ca . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 9022 genus : eupithecia species : spermaphaga sex : location : 2331 del norte , so . l tahoe county : el dorado collector : d . a . bauer coll _ date : 1 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 8414 genus : eupithecia species : absinthiata sex : location : 5 mi n crescent city county : del norte collector : r . m . & amp ; m . a . brown coll _ date . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 8416 genus : eupithecia species : albicapitata sex : location : 5 mi n crescent city county : del norte collector : r . m . & amp ; m . a . brown coll _ dat . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 8410 genus : eupithecia species : subfuscata sex : location : 5 mi n crescent city county : del norte collector : r . m . & amp ; m . a . brown coll _ date : . . . more
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scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) , m . s . parsons , m . r . honey , l . m . pitkin , and b . r . pitkin . 1999 . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue . volumes 1 and 2 : 1016 pp . + index 129 pp . csiro publishing , collingwood , victoria , australia .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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list by : j . troubridge , j . d . lafontaine , g . g . anweiler , and c . schmidt , january , 2001 . updated sept . 12 , 2005
( 2 species ) key to genera ( adult , larva , pupa ) - mcguffin ( 1988 ) 6256 . 0
mcd . key to species ( adult ) - mcguffin ( 1972 ) 6265 . 0
key to genera ( adult , larva , pupa ) - mcguffin ( 1972 ) 6272 . 0
hbn . key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1972 ) 6274 . 0
hbn . key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1972 ) 6326 . 0
mcd . key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1977 ) 6463 . 0
key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1977 ) pack . 6618 . 0
key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1977 ) hbn . 6637 . 0
hbn . key to species ( adult , larva , pupa ) - mcguffin ( 1977 ) 6651 . 0
hbn . key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1981 ) 6666 . 0
treitschke key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1981 ) 6676 . 0 cabera exanthemata ( scop . ) 6677 . 0 cabera erythemaria gn . 6678 . 0 cabera variolaria gn . 6679 . 0 cabera borealis ( hulst )
gumppenberg key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1981 ) 6682 . 0
treitschke key to species ( adult ) - mcguffin ( 1981 ) 6715 . 0
hbn . key to species ( adult ) - mcgufin ( 1981 ) 6726 . 0
warren key to species ( adult ) - mcguffin ( 1981 ) 6740 . 0
h . - s . key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1981 ) 6753 . 0
treitschke key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1987 ) 6797 . 0
hbn . key to species ( adult ) - mcguffin ( 1981 ) 6817 . 0
gn . key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1987 ) 6819 . 0
warren key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1987 ) 6821 . 0
hbn . key to species ( adult ) - mcguffin ( 1987 ) 6842 . 0
key to genera ( adult , larva , pupa ) - mcguffin ( 1987 ) 6860 . 0
wlk . key to species ( adult ) - mcguffin ( 1987 ) 6863 . 0
hulst key to species ( adult ) - mcguffin ( 1987 ) 6954 . 0
gn . key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1987 ) 6963 . 0
hulst key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1987 ) 7005 . 0
schrank key to species ( adult ) - covell ( 1970 ) key to species ( larva ) - mcguffin ( 1967 ) 7157 . 0
hbn . key to species ( in part , adult ) - forbes ( 1948 ) 7182 . 0
hbn . key to species ( in part , adult ) - forbes ( 1948 ) 7197 . 0
hbn . key to species ( in part , adult ) - forbes ( 1948 ) 7229 . 0
hbn . key to species ( adult , larva ) - mcguffin ( 1973 ) 7293 . 0
hbn . key to species ( adult ) - troubridge ( 1997 ) 7301 . 0
hbn . key to species ( in part , adult ) - forbes ( 1948 ) 7368 . 0
hbn . key to species ( in part , adult ) - forbes ( 1948 ) 7394 . 0
hbn . key to species ( adult ) - forbes ( 1948 ) 7414 . 0
to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
compiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that state at the county level . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 10599 genus : acasis species : viridata sex : location : kneeland , 69 prairie ln county : humboldt collector : r . s . wielgus coll _ date : mar 21 20 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 10601 genus : cladara species : anguilineata sex : location : kneeland , 69 prairie ln county : humboldt collector : r . wielgus coll _ date : mar 30 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 9028 genus : cladara species : limitaria nigroangulata sex : location : 2331 del norte , so . l tahoe county : el dorado collector : d . a . bauer col . . . more
source : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 18 2015 . ( link )
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amauris ellioti , ansorge 's danaid , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

the habitat consists of semi-montane forests .

amauris ellioti

amauris ( amaura ) ellioti butler , 1895 = torrefacta le cerf , 1920 = neavei ( poulton , 1929 ) = duponti ( dufrane , 1948 ) = amauris ( amaura ) ellioti .
amauris ellioti ; ypm ent 432210 ; africa ; uganda ; impenetrable forest ; raymond j . murphy ; 1973 - 10
amauris ellioti ; ypm ent 721390 ; africa ; rwanda ; mountain forest ; a . g . cassart ; 1963 - 08 - 15
amauris ellioti ; ypm ent 721404 ; africa ; uganda ; mafuga forest , slopes of kivu volcanoes , sw ; robert h . carcasson ; 1952 - 03
amauris ellioti ; ypm ent 721407 ; africa ; uganda ; mafuga forest , slopes of kivu volcanoes , sw ; robert h . carcasson ; 1952 - 03
amauris ellioti ; ypm ent 721386 ; africa ; uganda ; mafuga forest , slopes of kivu volcanoes , sw ; robert h . carcasson ; 1952 - 03
ent . 721389 : amauris ellioti digital image : yale peabody museum of natural history ; photo by a . burg , 2011 metadata updated : 7 mar 2018 12 : 26 : 43
amauris ellioti , the ansorge ' s danaid , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family . it is found in the democratic republic of the congo , uganda , rwanda , burundi , kenya , tanzania , malawi and zambia . the habitat consists of semi - montane forests .
vane - wright ri , schulz s , boppré m ( 1992 ) the cladistics of amauris butterflies : congruence , consensus and total evidence . cladistics 8 : 125 - 138 .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
the larvae feed on tylophora stolzii , tylophora anomala , marsdenia racemosa , gongronema latifolium , cynanchum , gymnema and secamone species .
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lepidoptera and odonata collected by r . c . ( tim ) dening from all around the world throughout a lifetime of travel and natural history interest from 1930 to 2000 . the collection , amounting to more than 70 cases , is now held in the
, in scotland . it features a large number of zambian butterflies and moths .
the names of the butterflies in the cases are listed beneath the pictures , with the country of collection under the name .
the numbers next to the names relate to the collector ' s original hand written notes . the numbers represent species / subspecies , rather than individual specimen numbers . you can access these original species notes by clicking on the underlined names . this will open a pdf document of the relevant page of notes . locate the correct number on the page to access information on dates and places of collection of that particular species .
explanations to help the reader to interpret the collector ' s notes are available here .
click on the icon on the left and follow the links for a free copy .
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subspecies danaus gilippus hermippus ( c . felder & r . felder , 1865 )
subspecies danaus gilippus xanthippus ( c . felder & r . felder , 1860 )
chair of forest zoology and entomology albert - ludwigs - universität freiburg i . br .
brower avz , wahlberg n , ogawa jr , boppré m , vane - wright ri ( 2010 ) phylogenetic relationships among genera of danaine butterflies ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) as implied by morphology and dna sequences . system biodiv 8 ( 1 ) : 75 : 89
cladistic relationships among genera and subtribes of danaini ( the milkweed butterflies ) were inferred by analysis of data combined from five sources : morphology of adults and immature stages , and dna sequences from three gene regions . the results corroborate and greatly increase support for prior hypotheses based on morphology alone . a new index summarizing incongruence among data partitions , the partition congruence proportion ( pcp ) , is introduced . the significance of the inferred pattern of phylogenetic relationships for comparative chemical ecology of milkweed butterflies is briefly discussed .
vane - wright ri , boppré m , ackery pr ( 2002 ) miriamica , a new genus of milkweed butterflies with unique alar androconial organs ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . zool anz 242 : 255 - 267 . lesen / read
results of microscopical ( sem ) investigations of the androconial organs of parantica sita and p . weiskei are presented . such is the structural novelty of the patch scales in p . weiskei that , in combination with other morphological characters , it is proposed that a new genus miriamica is established to accommodate this species , together with a second species , m . thalassina , until now regarded as a subspecies of weiskei , separate from parantica and other members of the subtribe amaurina .
vane - wright ri , boppré m ( 1990 ) the unknown male of tiradelphe schneideri ( lepidoptera , danainae ) – missing piece in a butterfly puzzle . tyō to ga 41 : 193 - 199 .


the tyrant flycatchers ( tyrannidae ) are a family of passerine birds which occur throughout north and south america .

they are considered the largest family of birds , with more than 400 species .

they are the most diverse avian family in every country in the americas , except for the united states and canada .

as could be expected from a family this large , the members vary greatly in shape , patterns , size and colors .

some tyrant flycatchers superficially resemble the old world flycatchers which they are named after but are not related to .

they are members of suborder tyranni ( suboscines ) , which do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of most other songbirds .

most , but not all , species are rather plain , with various hues of brown , gray and white commonplace .

obvious exceptions include the bright red vermilion flycatcher , blue , black , white and yellow many-colored rush-tyrant and some species of tody-flycatchers or tyrants , which are often yellow , black , white and/or rufous , from the todirostrum , hemitriccus and poecilotriccus genera .

several species have bright yellow underparts , from the ornate flycatcher to the great kiskadee .

some species have erectile crests .

the crest is taken to the extreme in the royal flycatcher , which is plain but for a large black-spotted , red-and-blue crest which it fans out like a peafowl tail when excited .

several of the large genera ( i.e. elaenia , myiarchus or empidonax ) are quite difficult to tell apart in the field due to similar plumage and some are best distinguished by their voices .

behaviorally they can vary from species such as spadebills which are tiny , shy and live in dense forest interiors to kingbirds , which are relatively large , bold , inquisitive and often inhabit open areas near human habitations .

as the name implies , a great majority of tyrant flycatchers are entirely insectivorous ( though not necessarily specialized in flies ) .

tyrant flycatchers are largely opportunistic feeders and often catch any flying or arboreal insect they encounter .

however , food can vary greatly and some ( like the large great kiskadee ) will eat fruit or small vertebrates ( e.g. small frogs ) .

in north america , most species are associated with a " sallying " feeding style , where they fly up to catch an insect directly from their perch and then immediately return to the same perch .

most tropical species however do not feed in this fashion and several types prefer to glean insects from leaves and bark .

tropical species are sometimes found in mixed-species foraging flocks , where various types of passerines and other smallish birds are found feeding in proximity .

the smallest family members are the closely related short-tailed pygmy tyrant and black-capped pygmy tyrant from the myiornis genus ( the first species usually being considered marginally smaller on average ) .

these species reach a total length of 6.5 – 7 cm ( 2.6 – 2.8 in ) and a weight of 4 – 5 grams .

by length , they are the smallest passerines on earth , although some species of old world warblers apparently rival them in their minuscule mean body masses if not in total length .

the minuscule size and very short tail of the myiornis pygmy tyrants often lend them a resemblance to a tiny ball or insect .

the largest tyrant flycatcher is the great shrike-tyrant at 29 cm ( 11 in ) and 99.2 grams ( 0.219 pounds ) .

a few species such as the streamer-tailed tyrant , scissor-tailed flycatcher and fork-tailed flycatcher have a larger total length ( up to 41 cm ( 16 in ) ) , but this is mainly due to their extremely long tails ; the fork-tailed flycatcher has relatively the longest tail feathers of any known bird .

a number of species previously included in this family are now placed in the family tityridae ( see systematics ) .

sibley and alquist in their 1990 bird taxonomy had the genera mionectes , leptopogon , pseudotriccus , poecilotriccus , taenotriccus , hemitriccus , todirostrum and corythopis as a separate family pipromorphidae , but although it is still thought that these genera are basal to most of the family , they are not each other ’s closest relatives .

tyrant flycatcher

) . molecular phylogenetics of the tody - tyrant and flatbill assemblage of tyrant - flycatchers ( tyrannidae ) .
other members of the tyrant flycatcher group are known by the names attila , elaenia , flatbill , kingbird , kiskadee , pewee , phoebe , spadebill , and tyrannulet . compare flycatcher .
there is no published information on historical changes in the distribution of spectacled tyrant .
what made you want to look up tyrant flycatcher ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
rheindt fe , norman ja , christidis l . 2008 . genetic differentiation across the andes in two pan - neotropical tyrant - flycatcher species . emu 108 : 261 - 268 .
the more arboreal tyrant flycatchers have weak legs and feet and hold themselves upright when perched . like the
this is one of more than 400 species known as tyrant flycatchers that are found throughout the united states .
, willow flycatcher is difficult to identify in the field , and without vocal cues is nearly impossible to distinguish from alder flycatcher , whose habitats often overlap those of the willow .
inca flycatcher is widely distributed . projections of future deforestation , however , have led to an iucn red list status for inca flycatcher of near threatened ( birdlife international 2012 ) .
) . phylogenetic relationships of tyrant - flycatchers ( aves : tyrannidae ) , with an emphasis on the elaeniine assemblage .
, any of about 400 species of aggressive insect - eating new world birds of the family tyrannidae ( order passeriformes ) . about one - third of the species are not flycatcher - like in habit and bear names derived from their habitats ( e . g . , bush tyrant , marsh tyrant ) or from their similarity to the
groups ( tit - tyrant , shrike - tyrant ) . a few are named for their bill shape ( spade bill , flat bill , bent bill ) . many have common names not suggestive of their appearance ( e . g . ,
) refer to the willow flycatcher only , based on identity by vocalizations or range . in instances where species identity is in doubt , the superspecies name ( traill ' s flycatcher ) is used . see also
these example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' tyrant flycatcher . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .
as is the case for other species that are restricted to forests , inca flycatcher is vulnerable to habitat loss .
fitzpatrick , j . w . 1980a . foraging behavior of neotropical tyrant flycatchers . condor no . 82 ( 1 ) : 43 - 57 . close
the foraging behavior and diet of this widespread flycatcher have been reported for tropical and subtropical areas ( e . g . ,
a gallery of neotropical flycatchers : bright - rumped attila ( near right , a midstory predator , here with a gecko ) ; sulphur - rumped flycatcher ( far right ) is in the understory . some small flycatchers are rare and endangered , like the colorful johnson ' s [ lulu ' s ] tody - flycatcher of peru ( center row left ) , while common tody - flycatcher ( center middle ) is widespread , from mexico to argentina . ornate flycatcher is a resident of the andean subtropics ( center row right ) . black - tyrants show sexual dimorphism : black male in velvety black - tyrant ( bottom left ) , a brown females in blue - billed black - tyrant ( bottom center ) . and there are obscure local specialties such as wing - barred piprites ( bottom right ) .
the neotropics have various tyrannids , including the rush - tyrant and the black - backed water - tyrant ( right ) , there are restricted to marshy or water - edge habitats . sharp - tailed tyrant ( below ) is a tiny flycatcher of extensive campo and open grasslands , taller and wetter than disturbed grasslands , in southern south america . it is also so unique that it is placed in a monotypic genus ( culicivora ) . it has only ten rectrices , and these are long and graduated . it is rapidly becoming localized and scarce in isolated patches because of the loss of its habitat .
therefore , in this study we investigated the habitat occupancy of 22 tyrant flycatcher species that were previously recorded in pemg ( anjos 2006 ) . we foresee that tyrant flycatchers have different occupancy tendencies in the forest areas of the pemg , and these tendencies are strongly associated with the foraging strategies used by each species . we also hope to evaluate in particular the occupancy of the frugivorous flycatchers in the restored area due to their potential importance in seed dispersal .
the chapada flycatcher was only described as a new species this century — split from the similar suiriri flycatcher suiriri suiriri ( zimmer et al . 2001 ) . the two species appear to be similar , but chapada flycatcher ( below ) has a unique dueting display between pairs during territorial encounters : males flip up their wings and fanned tail while females flicks her wings and fans her tail downward .
one of the introgression models we have worked with is a clade of neotropical tyrant - flycatchers ( zimmerius ) . using a dataset of thousands of homologous markers from across the genomes of 12 flycatcher individuals , we have looked at signs of genetic introgression in a flycatcher population that is intermediate between two species . in the near future , we will be using similar approaches on a multitude of south - east asian bird models .
flycatcher , any of a number of perching birds ( order passeriformes ) that dart out to capture insects on the wing , particularly members of the old world songbird family muscicapidae and of the new world family tyrannidae , which consists of the tyrant flycatchers . many taxonomists expand the family muscicapidae to include the…
the southwestern willow flycatcher ( empidonax trailii extimus ) is one of four subspecies of empidonax trailii in the family of tyrant flycatchers ( tyrannidae ) . the three other willow flycatcher subspecies occupy different breeding ranges in the u . s . adjacent to the southwestern subspecies , with e . t . adastus to the north , e . t . trailii to the east , and e . t . brewsteri to the northwest along the northern pacific coast .
among the 420 species are some of the drabbest and most difficult to identify birds in the world . here ' s a gallery of difficult species , clockwise from top left : five from south america — planalto tyrannulet , southern beardless tyrannulet , white - crested tyrannulet , sierran elaenia , fuscous flycatcher — and three from north america — western wood pewee , and two empidonax : pacific - slope flycatcher and willow flycatcher .
the southwestern willow flycatcher is a federally endangered bird that breeds in dense riparian vegetation near surface water or saturated soils in the american southwest .
depornicated , ninja mctits , no - joy * , lolirolla ! , oral vs anal vs murder , tyrant flycatcher , . 44 magnum plus , scorpod , pantsu scum , swollen testicles , hitler ' s easy bake oven , youko heidy , sherkel , некрофилический гей - старец , 1960 ' s daisuki , otaku molester
depornicated , ninja mctits , no - joy * , lolirolla ! , oral vs anal vs murder , tyrant flycatcher , . 44 magnum plus , scorpod , pantsu scum , swollen testicles , hitler ' s easy bake oven , youko heidy , sherkel , некрофилический гей - старец , 1960 ' s daisuki , otaku molester -
in humid woods along the pacific coast , this little flycatcher is very common in summer . it favors deep shade , often in the groves along streams ; it often places its beautiful mossy nest under a bridge or under the eaves of a cabin in the woods . this species and the cordilleran flycatcher are almost identical except for callnotes and range , and were regarded as one species ( called
western flycatcher
) until the late 1980s .
roberson , d . 1996 . a range extension of ochre - faced tody - flycatcher todirostrum plumbeiceps in peru . cotinga 6 : 30 - 31 .
tyrant flycatchers are exceptionally variable is size , color , and behavior . great kiskadee ( left ) is a very large flycatcher that ranges from the rio grande valley of south texas all the way to argentina . it impresses birders with its size ( up to 68 g ) , raucous calls , and its variation is subspecies [ this is the big - billed subspecies maximilliani of south and eastern brazil ] . the largest tyrannid is the great shrike - tyrant agriornis lividus , a hook - billed predator of the high southern ands with a weight up to 100 g . at that bulk it is 20 times the size of the tiny short - tailed pygmy - tyrant of the amazon basin ( below ) , which weighs in at 5 g .
cintra , r . 1997 . spatial distribution and foraging tactics of tyrant flycatchers in two habitats in the brazilian amazon . stud . neotrop . fauna environ . no . 52 : 17 - 27 . close
ligon , j . d . 1971b . notes on the breeding of the sulphur - bellied flycatcher in arizona . condor no . 73 : 250 - 252 . close
rheindt fe , verbelen f . 2011 . first record of blue - and - white flycatcher cyanoptila cyanomelana in the wallacean region . kukila 15 : 80 - 82 .
the willow flycatcher is a common migratory species that breeds in a variety of usually shrubby , often wet habitats from maine to british columbia and as far south as southern arizona and southern california . it winters from southern mexico to northern south america in habitats similar to those occupied on the breeding grounds . formerly considered conspecific with the alder flycatcher (
the spectacled tyrant is a flycatcher that inhabits open lands , grassy areas near water bodies , marshes , fields and pastures in southern south america . the spectacled tyrant has been described as a species strongly associated with wetlands and surrounding areas ( partridge 1953 , canevari et al . 1991 , fitzpatrick 2004 ) that nests near streams ( narosky and salvador 1998 ) . however , while spectacled tyrants have some habitat preferences for wetlands , proximity to water is not always a basic requirement for nesting , since they made use of upland grasslands without immediate presence of water on the ground ( pretelli and isacch 2013 ) .
hussell , d . j . t . 1981 . migrations of the least flycatcher in southern ontario . j . field ornithol . no . 52 : 97 - 111 . close
eastern kingbird ( above ) was the first tyrant flycatcher to be formally named . linnaeus called it
lanius tyrannus
in 1758 , mistaking it for a shrike . now known as tyrannus tyrannus , it breeds widely in the united states and canada , but the entire population migrates to south america in the winter . most north american tyrannids are similarly migratory , heading to the neotropics in winter .
botero - delgadillo , e . , and n . krabbe . 2011 . first notes on the courtship behavior of black - throated tody - tyrant hemitriccus granadensis in colombia and ecuador . cotinga 33 : 25 - 26 .
tyrant flycatchers thrive in a vast array of neotropical habitats . a couple of cattle tyrant ( above ) — a species of open savannas and agricultural areas — watch for prey from the back a capybara , the world ' s largest rodent , in brazil . in contrast , numerous flycatchers exist in the jungle understory , including white - throated spadebill of south america ( near right ) and eye - ringed flatbill of central america ( far right ) .
fish , u . s . and wildlife service . 1995c . final rule determining endangered status for the southwestern willow flycatcher . federal register no . 60 : 10694 - 10715 . close
beyond color , some spectacular flycatchers have a colorful but oft - concealed crest : in the three species of royal - flycatcher in genus onychorynchus this creates , when fully extended , a colorful forward - facing fan . other tyrannids bear exceedingly long tails , as exemplified by the breath - taking scissor - tailed flycatcher ( below ) of the south - central united states .
rheindt fe , norman ja , christidis l . 2008 . phylogenetic relationships of tyrant - flycatchers ( aves ; tyrannidae ) , with an emphasis on the elaeniine assemblage . mol . phylogen . evol . 46 : 88 - 101 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2002 . southwestern willow flycatcher recovery plan . albuquerque , new mexico . i - ix + 210 pp . , appendices a - o .
rheindt fe , norman ja , christidis l . 2008 . dna evidence shows vocalizations to be a better indicator of taxonomic limits than plumage patterns in zimmerius tyrant - flycatchers . mol . phylogenet . evol . 48 : 150 - 156 .
rheindt fe , christidis l , norman ja . 2008 . habitat shifts in the evolutionary history of a neotropical flycatcher lineage from forest and open landscapes . bmc – evolutionary biology 8 : 193 .
our data is important for conservation . firstly , the fact that fli and fle support different bird composition , both should be maintained . secondly , ref has lower importance as source to fle ' s assembly than to the fli ' s . therefore , fle seems more vulnerable to disturbance and should have high conservation concern by regarding it as a habitat with conditions and resources different enough to be suitable to a significantly different tyrant flycatcher assembly .
lanyon , w . e . 1967 . revision and probable evolution of the myiarchus flycatcher of the west indes . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 136 : 329 - 370 .
one important aspect of the tyrant flycatchers diet , which is mainly composed by arthropods , is the addition of fruit items by some species that , consequently , act as seed dispersal agents ( howe & de steven 1979 , fitzpatrick et al . 2004 , brum et al . 2012 ) . in pemg , some species might be acting as restoration agents when occupying both habitats , the mature forest and the restoration area . we expect to identify which species are potentially restoration agents among tyrant flycatchers .
the relative abundance of inca flycatcher is assessed as fairly common ( fjeldså and krabbe 1990 , schulenberg et al . 2010 ) or as uncommon to fairly common ( ridgely and tudor 1994 , 2009 ) .
also , it is noteworthy that brum et al . ( 2012 ) found that habitat variables that are known influenced by fruit availability are related to frugivorous tyrant flycatchers , but this relation is phylogenetically biased , suggesting niche conservatism among clades ( sensu pillar & duarte 2010 ) .
formerly known as derby flycatcher , in honor of the earl of derby , or kiskadee flycatcher ( based on its call ) , this large tyrannid flycatcher lives in river and lake margins , brushy savanna , scrub , and human - altered habitats throughout most of the new world tropics and subtropics . the great kiskadee ' s bright yellow underparts , black - and - white striped crown , and vocal habits reveal its membership in a large group of yellow - bellied flycatchers common in tropical lowlands of central and south america . the black mask , so common in these and other open - country flycatchers , may help reduce the intense glare and aid in prey capture in their bright , tropical habitats (
tello , j . g . , r . g . moyle , d . j . marchese , and j . cracraft . 2009 . phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of tyrant - flycatchers , cotingas , manakins , and their allies ( aves : tyrannides ) . cladistics 25 : 429 - 467 .
zimmer , k . j . , a . whitaker , and d . c . oren . 2001 . a cryptic new species of flycatcher ( tyrannidae : suiriri ) from the cerrado region of central south america . auk 118 : 56–78 .
there is little published material about this species . many references to sulphur - bellied flycatcher document only its presence at specific locations or offer anecdotal comments about the species . the only sources of hard data and information on breeding biology seem to be
mccarthey , t . 2005 . willow flycatcher ( empidonax traillii ) . pages 302 - 303 in arizona breeding bird atlas , t . e . corman and c . wise - gervais , eds . university of new mexico press , albuquerque .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2012 . species profile . southwestern willow flycatcher ( empidonax trailii extimus ) . environmental conservation online system . available at urltoken speciesprofile . action ? spcode = b094 ( accessed 18 december 2012 ) .
) of the ( then ) traill ' s flycatcher . detailed investigations prompted by declining populations in the southwestern united states include those on the costs of cowbird parasitism , population dynamics , habitat preferences , and vocal and genetic differentiation across subspecific ranges .
sogge , m . k . , ahlers , darrell , and sferra , s . j . 2010 . a natural history summary and survey protocol for the southwestern willow flycatcher : u . s . geological survey techniques and methods 2a - 10 .
) remarked that it
. . . seems to have studied to advantage the various habits of the kestrel , flycatcher , kingfisher , vulture , and fruit - eating thrush ; and when its weapons prove weak it supplements them with its cunning .
fitzpatrick , j . w . 2004 . family tyrannidae ( tyrant - flycatchers ) , pp . 170 –463 in handbook of the birds of the world ( del hoyo , j . , a . elliott & d . a . christie , eds ) . vol . 9 . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain .
, the fly - catching tyrannids dart from a perch to seize insects on the wing . the bills of such forms of flycatcher are broad , flattened , and slightly hooked , with bristles at the base that appear to serve as aids in insect capture . the
tyrannidae ( tyrant flycatchers ) large family of generally ( but not exclusively ) arboreal birds with plumage in grays , browns , olive greens , some with black , white , and yellow , occasionally brighter colours . many with erectile crowns or crests , often more colourful than the rest of the plumage ; length 7 . 5 to…
tello , j . g . , moyle , r . g . , marchese , d . j . & cracraft , j . 2009 . phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the tyrant flycatchers , cotingas , manakins , and their allies ( aves : tyrannides ) . cladistics . 25 : 429 - 467 . urltoken [ links ]
rheindt fe , christidis l , cabanne gs , miyaki c , norman ja . 2009 . the timing of neotropical speciation dynamics in the late neogene : a reconstruction of myiopagis flycatcher diversification using phylogenetic and paleogeographic data . mol . phylogenet . evol . 53 : 961–971 .
that was the first shocking discovery . the second occurred when dna analysis was undertaken ( lopes et al . 2017 ) . they discovered that not only are suiriri and chapada flycatchers good species , but that they are not closely related all ! they are not in even in the same genus . suiriri flycatcher is related to phyllomyias and phaeomyias flycatchers in subfamily elaeniinae . chapada flycatcher is related to sublegatus flycatchers in subfamily fluviclinae . so despite the physical similarity of the two species , they evolved from very different branches on the tyrannidae tree . lopes et al ( 2018 ) suggested that
social mimicry is responsible for the remarkable convergence in size , shape , plumage coloration , and behavior in the adults
[ juvenal - plumaged birds are different ] . they placed chapada flycatcher in its own genus as guyramemua affinis .
lowther , p . e . 1999 .
alder flycatcher ( empidonax alnorum ) .
in the birds of north america , no . 446 . , edited by a . poole and f . gill . philadelphia , pa : birds of north america , inc . close
with about 426 species in about 104 genera , the tyrannidae is the largest bird family on earth . there are other birds called
flycatchers
in the old world , divided into several families , but none of them are closely related to the tyrant flycatchers . the tyrannids are entirely new world birds , sometimes called
new world flycatchers .
speaking of local specialties , i rate the dapper white - cheeked tody - tyrant poecilotriccus albifacies very high among tyrannid highlights . it is restricted to patches of bamboo in lowland rain forest of southeastern peru and is certainly one of the prime species lodges along the madre de dios . we continue to learn more about flycatcher distribution . even in my rather short excursions to the andes , i found an ochre - faced tody - flycatcher todirostrum plumbeiceps in an unexpected range extension or vagrancy ( roberson 1996 ) . the most mysterious of all the tyrannids is the tiny kinglet calyptura calyptura cristata , known only from remnant lowland forests near rio de janeiro , brazil . specimens were obtained in the 19th century , but it went unrecorded for over a hundred years before its dramatic rediscovery in 1996 . it vanished again just as mysteriously . most of its preferred habitat has been cleared , and it remains the most elusive bird in the neotropics .
the abundance distribution of the tyrant flycatchers ( tyrannidae family ) was evaluated in three main forest habitats of mata dos godoy state park ( pemg ) , north of the state of paraná . we conducted point counts and from the collected data we calculated the index of point abundance ( i . p . a . ) of each species in the habitats of interior of mature forest ( fli ) , slope forest ( fle ) and reforestation ( ref ) . among the 22 recorded species , eight occurred in all habitats , while other eight occurred in two habitats and six were exclusive of one habitat . among the 16 recorded species in more than one habitat , 10 were more abundant in only one . on the contrary to our expectation and despite the clear habitat segregation among species , the abundance distribution was not significantly influenced by the foraging strategies . maybe , phylogenetic relationships could better explain the found pattern . some partially frugivorous species were present in ref and fli . those species could be considered as potential ecological restoration agents and thus to promote seed dispersal among habitats . indeed , the greater similarity of tyrant flycatchers abundance distribution in fli and ref indicates that these two habitats could be part of the same gradient . fle , however , can be considered a separated habitat by its abundance of bamboo clusters and the six tyrant flycatcher species which are commonly associated with this vegetation type .
both colorful and exotic is many - colored rush - tyrant ( above ) . it is limited to reedy habitat in southern and coastal central south america , and despite its gaudy plumage can be difficult to see as it is a skulker . recent molecular evidence suggests it and a few other oddities ( spadebills , piprites , calyptura , and a couple of others ) are sister , evolutionarily , to all the hundreds of other flycatchers in the tyrannidae ( tello et al . 2009 , ohlson et al 2012 , 2013 ) . some ( e . g . , dickinson & christidis 2014 ) would separate out four subfamilies and elevate them to family status . besides its colorful plumage , i noticed the huge feet on the rush - tyrant .
with 420 species in the tyrannidae , there is no hope of providing much more than a short introduction here . there are a host of ground - dwelling flycatchers in south america using barren deserts or tree - less alpine meadows with names like
ground - tyrant
and
shrike - tyrant ,
or spanish words like
monjita
or
negrito ,
that i ' ve barely even mentioned . there was little chance to touch on breeding biology , but most tyrannids breed in monogamous pairs ( but there are exceptions ; fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) . let ' s leave it with two shots of adult flycatchers feeding babies in my home location — monterey county , california : western kingbird ( below left ) and black phoebe ( below right ) .
mostly insects . differences in diet between this bird and cordilleran flycatcher poorly known . for the two species combined , diet is mostly insects , including small wasps , bees , flies , true bugs , caterpillars , moths , beetles , and others . also eaten are spiders , and a few berries and seeds .
) . like all members of its family , the great kiskadee captures its share of flying insects on the wing , but its remarkable range of foraging behaviors and food items is broader than that of any other flycatcher in the new world . kiskadee eat fish , tadpoles , a wide variety of fruits , and even visit backyard feeding stations to eat bananas , cooked rice , and dog food . indeed , this tyrannid ' s generalized food habits , relatively large head and bill , and habit of capturing terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates make it more like a jay , shrike , or kingfisher than a typical flycatcher . linnaeus (
ericson , p . g . p . , d . zuccon , j . i . ohlson , u . s . johansson , h . alvarenga , and r . o . prum . 2006 . higher - level phylogeny and morphological evolution of tyrant flycatchers , cotingas , manakins , and their allies ( aves : tyrannida ) . molec . phylog . evol . 40 : 471 - 483 .
finch , deborah m . ; stoleson , scott h . , eds . 2000 . status , ecology , and conservation of the southwestern willow flycatcher . gen . tech . rep . rmrs - gtr - 60 . ogden , ut : u . s . department of agriculture , forest service , rocky mountain research station .
the u . s . fish and wildlife service revised flycatcher critical habitat in january 2013 , following previous designations in 1997 and 2005 . the current critical habitat designation follows recovery plan goals , and identifies 1 , 975 stream kilometers in arizona , new mexico , and the southern portions of california , nevada , utah , and colorado .
the sulphur - bellied flycatcher is a boldly patterned tyrannid breeding from southeastern arizona and northeastern mexico south to costa rica and wintering in western amazonia of south america . the presence of this species in the united states was first documented when h . w . henshaw collected a family group on 24 august 1874 in the huachuca mountains , arizona (
the majority of tyrant flycatchers eat insects or arthropods , and many of them sit on perches from which they sally forth to catch insects in flight — they fly - catch . our headliner , an eastern kingbird ( above ) , has just caught a fly . . . or wasp or bee . the related loggerhead kingbird of the caribbean ( left ) shows off its formidable bill used to catch and dispatch such flying insects .
the u . s . fish and wildlife service listed the southwestern willow flycatcher as a federally endangered species in 1995 , and completed a plan for its recovery in 2002 . by 2002 , it was estimated that only 900 to 1100 pairs existed . that estimate has increased to 1299 territories as of the most recent rangewide survey , completed in 2007 .
moist woods , mixed forests , shady canyons . breeds in wet forested regions . often common in zones of coniferous forest , but there it seems to concentrate in deciduous growth , such as maples and alders , along streams . also found in canyon groves of oak , sycamore , or willow . may tend to be in wetter forest than cordilleran flycatcher .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 2013 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; designation of critical habitat for southwestern willow flycatcher , final rule . federal register , vol . 78 no . 2 ( 3 january 2013 ) : 344 - 534 . available at urltoken 03 / pdf / 2012 - 30634 . pdf ( accessed 9 january 2013 ) .
willow flycatchers are late spring migrants and have a short , 70 - to 90 - day breeding season . this flycatcher is nearly always single - brooded , laying a clutch of 3 or 4 eggs in late may - late june ; the incubation period is 13 - 14 days , and young fledge about 13 - 15 days after hatching , usually in mid - july , or somewhat earlier in the southwest . both adults feed nestlings and fledglings , but nearly always it is the female that incubates the eggs and broods the young . the willow flycatcher is primarily an aerial forager , capturing most of its insect diet on the wing , but it may hover - glean extensively from leaf surfaces or occasionally take insects from the ground .
the foraging strategies used by tyrant flycatcher species can be directly related to the prey capture efficiency in a particular substrate , and habitat type ( fitzpatrick 1980 , 1985 ) . however , our data do not show this relationship so clearly . regarding the foraging strategy classification , it made grouping strategies according to its efficiency in substrate ( fitzpatrick 1980 , 1985 ) , it is possible that we gathered in the same group strategies that could explain different habitat choices . regarding to the possible similarity between habitats , maybe their differences are not deep enough to further distinct foraging strategies . so , some information on habitat description should be useful . even a possible evaluation of arthropod availability among strata and habitat could be betters predictor of insectivore abundance . in addition , brum et al . ( 2012 ) found that tyrannidae habitat distribution is strongly affected by phylogenetic relationships , since there is relatively high niche conservatism .
another species with interesting displays from south - central south america is cock - tailed tyrant ( left ) . its habitat is cerrado , campo , and open grasslands . males have an odd tail with stiff central rectrices that are broad and twisted 90 degrees — in courtship flights the male rises with fast fluttery wingbeats and alternates tail position between straight down and cocked up well above horizontal ( fitzpatrick 2004 ) . it is increasingly becoming endangered and localized as native grassland habitats are lost to agriculture .
paxton , e . h . , m . k . sogge , s . l . durst , t . c . theimer , and j . r . hatten . 2007 . the ecology of the southwestern willow flycatcher in central arizona - a 10 - year synthesis report . usgs open - file report 2007 - 1381 . available at http : / / urltoken ( accessed 25 march 2013 ) .
the least flycatcher typically lays four - egg clutches over most of its range . neither predation nor the ability of adults to hatch and feed enlarged broods seem to limit its clutch size . its eggs hatch asynchronously over a period of one to three days , but the pattern of hatching asynchrony does not appear to be an adaptation to reduce nest failure caused by predators . on their territories or near their nests , least flycatchers are very aggressive to heterospecific intruders . where this species overlaps with the american redstart ( setophaga ruticilla ) , for example , it may exclude adult redstarts from mutually preferred habitat . such aggression may also partially explain why the brown - headed cowbird ( molothrus ater ) parasitizes this flycatcher only infrequently , despite the apparent suitability of flycatchers as hosts and the abundance of cowbirds throughout its breeding range .
mobley , j . ( 2018 ) . scissor - tailed flycatcher ( tyrannus forficatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
of course , some flycatchers are exceedingly colorful , including the widespread vermilion flycatcher ( all 3 photos below ) which ranges from the sw . united states through central america to southern south america ( including the galapagos islands ) , and may be composed of several species . the individual below left was an first - year male when it appeared at moonglow dairy , monterey county , in oct 2004 , but then returned the following winter ( below right , top ) as a full adult male . few vagrants are as eye - catching as this . yet , incredibly , there in a population of vermilion flycatcher around lima , peru , in which the adult male is not red — but is , instead , blackish - brown ( below right , bottom ) . females in that population look like normally drab female vermilions .
one of the primary reasons for the decline of this species is the loss and degradation of dense , native riparian habitats . water impoundment ( dams ) , water diversion for agriculture , and groundwater pumping all have altered streamflow and thus riparian vegetation . other impacts to riparian habitat are caused by stream bank stabilization , riparian vegetation control , livestock grazing , off - road vehicle use , increased fires and urban development . the replacement of native riparian plants , such as cottonwood and willow , by nonnative tamarisk has changed the character of nesting habitat for the flycatcher , although flycatchers do successfully nest in tamarisk . additionally , brown - headed cowbirds ( molothrus ater ) can pose a significant threat to some local southwestern willow flycatcher populations through brood parasitism . cowbirds have increased in range and abundance in response to increased irrigated agriculture and livestock grazing .
a total of 42 species of tyrant flycatchers were recorded in the present study . 20 species were not presented on the point count ( appendix b ) . among the 22 species recorded in the sampling points , 8 occurred in three habitats , eight occurred in two habitats and six were exclusive from one habitat . among the 16 species that occurred in more than one habitat , 10 species had i . p . a . value higher in a single one ( p > 0 . 01 ; table 1 ) .
least flycatchers , one of the smallest and most common empidonaces , are known for their propensity to form overt clusters of territories during the breeding season . the least flycatcher breeds in deciduous or mixed forests and is readily identified by its characteristic “ chebec ” song . in the spring , males sing incessantly and establish small territories in highly dense clusters that resemble classical leks . extra - territorial forays by males and females often result in aggressive chases and fights during peak female fertility . once pairs form , females weave their nest from fine grasses , placing it in the crotch of a small tree or shrub , or saddling it on a limb or large branch . recent advances in our understanding of least flycatcher ‘sociality ' and explanations for clustering have helped foster a newly emerging perspective of habitat selection in territorial animals within the context of social behavior .
amazing displays are featured by other species . the steamer - tailed tyrant of damp grasslands in south - central south america lives in pairs or small families . breeding pairs have dueting displays in which they alternatingly lower their heads while
raising their tails above the horizontal , then raises head , lowers tail , and excitedly raises both wings high overhead , while calling and bill - popping excitedly in syncopation
( fitzpatrick 2004 ) . it is so unique that it is placed in its own monotypic genus ( gubernetes ) .
the spectacled tyrant has two subspecies h . p . perspicillatus and h . p . andinus ; the subspecies perspicillatus is distributed from southern argentina to paraguay , central bolivia , uruguay and southern brazil ( fitzpatrick 2004 ) . it is considered a partial migrant because part of the population in the south of argentina moves northward during the post - reproductive period ( canevari et al . 1991 ) . the subspecies andinus is occurs in central chile and southern argentina . in winter it migrates eastward across andes from chile to lowland argentina ( fitzpatrick 2004 ) .
because the willow flycatcher is restricted to river corridors ( at least in the arid parts of the west ) , it is vulnerable to a variety of human activities that may alter or degrade such habitats , activities including river dewatering , channelization , overgrazing , dam construction , and urbanization . breeding bird survey ( bbs ) data show this species decreasing in number in both the united states and the north american continent during the period 1966 - 1996 (
tyrant flycatchers range in size from 7 . 5 to 40 . 5 cm ( 3 to 16 inches ) long , some species having greatly elongated tail feathers . most tyrannids are plain coloured , in shades of gray , brown , or olive above and tan , white , or yellow below ; a few are strikingly patterned in black and white . many have a patch of red or yellow on the crown ( often concealed , but erectile , nevertheless ) . in all but a few , the sexes are marked alike . a notable exception is species
vocal and phylogenetic research has revealed much hidden species - level diversity in tyrant - flycatchers ( tyrannidae ) , and field ornithological accounts indicate there is a great deal of additional diversity to be uncovered . using mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences , we screened genetic diversity from across the range of two pan - neotropical species of elaeniine flycatcher – camptostoma obsoletum ( southern beardless tyrannulet ) and phaeomyias murina ( mouse - coloured tyrannulet ) – for which vocal discontinuities have previously been reported . our results indicate deep genetic divergences across the andes in both species , and support a previously proposed separation of trans - andean populations of p . murina into p . tumbezana . within c . obsoletum , we additionally uncover a deep genetic break between a trans - andean clade from dry tumbesia and one from humid chocó–panama , and we fail to detect mitochondrial dna differentiation in western amazonian c . o . olivaceum , which has been treated as a distinct form based on differences in voice and plumage from surrounding subspecies . further molecular and vocal sampling is necessary to confirm the division of c . obsoletum into three species .
…strong aggregative behavior overrides vegetation characteristics to produce the highly clumped distribution of least flycatchers . least flycatchers in our forest are always aggregated , suggesting a strong social bond . we have sought in vain for consistent or measurable vegetation differences within occupied clumps of flycatchers versus adjacent unoccupied areas . … the significantly clumped dispersion of territories , in addition to their relatively small size , suggests to us that proximity of neighbors ( i . e . , sociality ) is an important , if not essential , dimension of least flycatcher ecology .
southwestern willow flycatchers are neotropical migrants that breed in patches of riparian habitat throughout the american southwest . their breeding habitat currently ranges from southern california , through southern nevada , southern utah , arizona , new mexico , southwestern colorado , and historically included western texas and extreme northwestern mexico . they travel south to winter ranges in mexico , central america , and northern south america . while their current distribution is similar to their historic range , southwestern willow flycatcher population numbers have declined precipitously in response to the loss of suitable riparian habitat throughout the region .
the remarkable story of the late ted parker ' s role in the discovery of a previously unrecognized species of tyrant flycatcher is by now a well - known part of field ornithologists ' folklore . a detailed account has been published elsewhere ( stap 1990 ) , and so only a synopsis of the story will be repeated here . on 14 june 1983 , along the río napo in eastern peru , parker noticed two adult tolmomyias feeding young out of the nest . according to his field notes , these birds had
. . . [ a ] pale eye , diff [ erent ] calls ( taped ) ; a bird i ' ve never seen
, and which at the time he was unable to identify beyond genus . eight months later , in february 1984 , the late john s . dunning captured and photographed an unusual tyrannid at a site along the amazon river , downstream from the bustling port of iquitos . parker again was not able to name the bird photographed by dunning , but recognized it as matching the unidentified tolmomyias that he had seen and taped the year before . subsequently , specimens of this tyrannid were located , and it was determined that these represented a previously unknown species
.
here , in the neotropics , the migratory new world flycatchers mingle with mostly resident tropical species of central and south america . the most widespread kingbird in the tropics is tropical kingbird ( right — a collage of flight shots of one vagrant in california in fall migration ) . the center of tyrannid distribution is in south america . while most north american species south to milder climates in the northern winter , conversely , many flycatcher populations from southern south america move north toward the equator in the austral winter . southern populations of tropical kingbird follow that pattern .
this species was formally described by p . l . sclater in 1859 . sclater was reporting on the collections of auguste sallé taken in southern mexico and noticed the
new
species . this new form was present also among additional comparative material in collections of matteo botteri from southern mexico , of mr . skinner from guatemala , and of prince charles lucien bonaparte ( who had named the species but provided no diagnosis ) . the type specimen from sallé ' s collection was identified originally as tyrannus audax ( i . e . , streaked flycatcher , myiodynastes maculatus ) .
another group of tyrannids in which vocalizations are critical are the flycatchers in the genus myiarchus . our current understanding of species limits in this reasonably large group ( 22 species ) comes from the work of ornithologists who considered calls as well as more traditional museum methods ( e . g . , lanyon 1967 , 1978 ) . numerous good species had previously been masked by plumage similarities until a study of vocalizations showed their distinctiveness . but yet another cool things about the myiarchus is that some species are migratory and therefore provide vagrants in the
wrong
direction . the dusky - capped flycatcher ( right ) ranges from southeastern arizona down through south america but at least northern populations are migratory . beginning about 45 years ago , california birders have located one or two of these annually in late fall or winter . the bird photographed at right was one of two found in december 1992 in my own home town of pacific grove , california , and i discovered one of them in my back yard ! i ' m fortunate to have a variety of vagrants from my backyard but the wrong - way dusky - capped flycatcher is surely among the best of the lot .
southwestern willow flycatchers feed primarily on insects , darting out in short flights to catch them in mid - air , or hovering to glean insects from foliage . they forage during the day , inside and above the canopy , along patch edges and openings in their territory , and above surface water , catching prey as diverse as flying ants to dragonflies . hymenoptera ( ants , bees , wasps , sawflies ) , diptera ( true flies , mosquitoes , gnats , midges ) , and hemiptera ( true bugs , cicadas , aphids , hoppers , shieldbugs ) comprise much of the flycatcher’s diet .
in the pacific northwest , this species and hammond ' s flycatcher may defend territories against each other . nest site is sometimes in the fork of a small tree , but usually in other situations : in a cleft of a vertical streambank , on a stump , among the upturned roots of a fallen tree , under a small bridge , or on rafters in a shed . natural sites are usually near ( or on ) the ground , but on artificial structures the nest may be more than 10 ' up . nest ( built by female ) is cup of moss , grass , rootlets , strips of bark , lichens , and leaves , lined with finer material such as plant fibers , hair , feathers .
tyrannidae , which is about 430 species , is commonly the family with the highest local richness in several neotropical ecosystems ( sick 1997 , fitzpatrick et al . 2004 ) . although some species include fruits in their diet , the tyrannidae family is primarily insectivorous with an impressive evolutive radiation in foraging strategies . those foraging strategies are frequently associated with morphological modifications , which increase the efficiency in arthropod capture . patterns of foraging strategies and morphological adaptations have been the subject of classical studies , as fitzpatrick ( 1980 , 1985 ) and fitzpatrick et al . ( 2004 ) . the habitat occupancy of tyrannidae species , known as tyrant flycatchers , should be closely related to the foraging strategy , since efficiency capturing arthropods varies according to phytophysionomy , as for example the density of the foliage ( fitzpatrick 1980 ) . therefore , forest areas with variations in their phytophysionomy would select different foraging strategies , which could drive to particular flycatchers ' assemblies .
then there are those species about which little of their biology is known . in 2014 i witnessed an amazing display of black - throated tody - tyrant , an otherwise small and unobtrusive in the lower and middle story of stunted , mossy cloud - forest high in the andes . the sexes are similar , but what i took to be the male ( below left ) was seen to flutter in front of the female , giving excited calls , at owlet lodge , amazonas , peru . the behavior was witnessed several times and i even managed a photo ( below right ) . yet i could find no reference to this display in field guides or handbooks . not until 2018 , while putting together this page , did i discover that this courtship behavior had been described before , by botero - delgadillo & krabbe ( 2011 ) . they also determined that
loud , whirring sounds
that accompany these short hovering bouts are
likely produced by the male ' s rapid wing beats .
the southwestern willow flycatcher is a small passerine , or perching bird , less than 15 cm ( 5 . 75 in ) long from the tip of its bill to the tip of its tail . it weighs 11 - 12 grams . it has a brownish - olive to gray - green upper body , a whitish throat contrasting with a pale olive breast , a pale yellow belly , and two light wing bars . males and females do not differ in plumage , but juveniles differ from adults by having buffy wing bars . if you are fortunate enough to view this bird up close , you will notice a completely yellow lower mandible and the lack of a conspicuous eye - ring . all willow flycatchers have a distinctive sneezy “fitz - bew” song , give “whit” and “brrrit” calls , and often flick their tails upward when perched .
there is one tyrannid that doesn ' t behave like a flycatcher at all . the ringed antpipit corythopis torquatus of the amazon and orinoco basins
walks with steady gait , one foot ahead of other , along dark forest floor , peering mainly upwards , occasionally springing up to strike at prey on leaf undersides overhead , with loud bill - snap at each attempt ;
fitzpatrick ( 2004 ) . we watched one in the chapadas dos guimairés of southwestern brazil as it bobbed its way along the forest floor like a waterthrush or forest pipit — the convergent evolution behavior was astonishing . and its up - scale , down - scale vocals were comical and distinctive :
do - we - do , rrrrrabbbitt ?
vocalizations are indeed important in sorting through the tyrannidae . in some groups they are by far the best field identification characters .
in the present study it was evaluated similarities in flycatcher assemblies in different forest habitats that occur in a reserve in the north of the state of paraná , mata dos godoy state park ( pemg ) . birds were previously study in that reserve , which allowed to distinguish two basic types of forest ( see anjos et al . 2007 ) : a riparian forest strongly influenced by sloped terrain , called slope forest ( fle ) in this study , and an upland forest , called interior of mature forest ( fli ) in this study . fli is dominated by typical semi - deciduous forest , a type of atlantic forest covering that extends from southern and southeastern brazil to northeastern argentina . in addition , it was included a 30 years restored ( ref ) area , as a third habitat , adjacent to that reserve . we argue that the flycatchers occupy differently those forest areas .
so , in the present study we evaluated the occupancy of tyrant flycatchers in three habitat types : interior of mature forest ( fli ) , a slope forest ( fle ) and a reforestation ( ref ) . fli is an older growth vegetation area , 200 m apart from the continuous forest edge . thereby , fli is not supposed to show border effect , considering recent evaluations from laurance & vansconcelos ( 2009 ) , which consider 200 m as the limit to the edge effect in birds . in fli the lower growth vegetation is relatively scarce in relation to the medium and high growth vegetations ( figure 1 ) . the dominant species , constituting a dense higher growth vegetation in fli are aspidosperma polyneuron müll . arg . ( apocynaceae ) , euterpe edulis martius ( arecaceae ) , croton floribundus spreng . ( euphorbiaceae ) , trichilia claussenii c . dc . ( maliaceae ) , sloanea monosperma vell . ( elaeocarpaceae ) , cabralea canjerana ( vell ) mart . ( meliaceae ) , and ficus glabra vell . ( moraceae ) . because of the low light incidence in the medium growth and still lower in understory , both strata are sparser , composed mainly by bushes and small trees , as eugenia verrucosa d . legrand ( myrtaceae ) and sorocea bonplandii ( baill . ) w . c . burger , lanjouw & boer ( moraceae ) ( soares - silva & barroso 1992 , bianchini et al . 2001 , silveira 2006 ) . for quantitative data see appendix a .
tello et al . ( 2009 ) suggested modifications in the parvorder tyrannida wetmore & miller , 1926 . among these changes , it is the allocation of some species belonging to the family tyrannidae vigors , 1825 in the family rhynchocychlidae berlepsch , 1907 . however , in the present study we considered the american ornithologists union ( aou ; remsen junior et al . 2013 ) . the tyrant flycatchers foraging strategies was described and studied by fitzpatrick ( 1980 , 1985 ) . according to the habitat characteristics , where each foraging strategy described by fitzpatrick ( 1980 , 1985 ) are more likely to succeed , the species studied could be grouped in three main classes . the first species group catches its prey in or near to the ground ( ground foragers ) or branches or leaves as they walk or climb in the foraging strata ( perch - gleaners ) ; there are several morphological features of different species that allow them to use this foraging technique e . g . short wings , long tarsus and a narrow bill . the second species group uses upward strikes , without hovering or chasing its prey . there are particular adaptations of these species that use this technique , such as wide bills surrounded by bristles , short tail and round shaped wings . finally , the third species group catches its prey during the flight ( aerial - hawkers , aerial - salliers and hover - gleaners ) ; with long wings , short and wide bills which are morphological features of species that uses this technique . all recorded species could be associated with at least one of those groups . but , in some cases , different species could frequently use more than one strategy , being associated to two or even all groups , in the case of generalists .


bellamya costulata is a species of large operculate freshwater snail , aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family viviparidae .

this species is found in kenya , tanzania , and uganda .

its natural habitat is freshwater lakes .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

bellamya costulata

) tang & f . t . wang *
micropera costulata
( j . j . sm .
) tang & f . t . wang - vietnam #
micropera costulata
( j . j . sm .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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this species complex occurs in lake victoria and the upper nile below the owen falls dam . the population is thought to be increasing and therefore , it is assessed as least concern .
this species complex occurs in lake victoria and the upper nile ( kenya and uganda , including below the owen falls dam ) . in lake victoria it has been recorded in tanzanian , ugandan and kenyan waters , with records from napoleon gulf and dagusi island ( uganda ) , winam gulf including mbita ( kenya ) , and mara and bukoba ( tanzania ) .
ngupula and kayanda ( 2010 ) record maximal densities of 50 - 60 ind / m² and 120 ind / m² in the ugandan and shallow tanzanian parts of lake victoria , respectively . lange et al . ( 2013 ) cite a density of 6 ind / m² at unpolluted stations in the mbita region ( winam gulf , kenya ) . both studies also confirm the presence of this species complex in deeper parts of the lake ( depth of 30 - 40 m ) . according to kashindye et al . ( 2015 ) this species complex is significantly increasing due to the nutrient enrichment and the rarification of cichlid predators .
this species complex occurs in waters in lake victoria up to 40 m depth ( ngupula and kayanda 2010 , lange et al . 2013 ) , amongst papyrus at winam gulf at the edge of the lake , and it has also been recorded from most of types of substrata in tanzania and uganda .
since the species complex was recovered only at unpolluted stations during a 2002 - 2004 survey at winam gulf in lake victoria ( lange et al . 2013 ) , it seems to be sensitive to the present ecosystem degradation . however , according to the most recent survey ( kashindye et al . 2015 ) the population is increasing since the lake ' s eutrophication and the eradication of molluscivore cichlids . the present degree of eutrophication may hence be beneficial for this species complex .
point locality records for this species were recently compiled by d . van damme . as a result of these records , there has been a slight extension to the previously published distribution range for this species . these point locality records are also now displayed on the distribution map .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t99508242a110765128 .
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