koi ( 鯉 , english : / ˈkɔɪ / , japanese : [ koꜜi ] ) or more specifically nishikigoi ( 錦鯉 , [ ɲiɕi̥kiꜜɡoi ] , literally " brocaded carp " ) , are colored form of amur carp ( cyprinus rubrofuscus ) that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor koi ponds or water gardens .

koi is an informal group of the colored variants of the amur carp .

japanese people are the ones who classify this .

koi varieties are distinguished by coloration , patterning , and scalation .

some of the major colors are white , black , red , yellow , blue , and cream .

the most popular category of koi is the gosanke , which is made up of the kohaku , taisho sanshoku , and showa sanshoku varieties .

koi

【amazing all japan koi show】world best koi fish . / juara dunia ikan koi / اليابان السفر /
many koi keepers regard the ghost as the koi no self respecting koi keepinf purist would own .
koi fish history , history of koi fish - a look at the history of koi fish , the origins and breeding of koi in japan .
our web site is packed with lots of information about koi , koi meaning , and the history of koi .
© 2018 koi design llc . all rights reserved . koi , koi by kathy peterson , koihappiness , the home of designer scrubs , and the koi fish logo are all trademarks of koi design llc .
swansburg , gemma
the history of koi fish and surprising koi fish facts .
a few tips on choosing the right koi food and how to feed your koi .
figure 1 . koi with mottled gills and sunken eyes due to koi herpesvirus disease .
not sure what to get ? you can choose your koi from one of our many koi stocking packs or pick out the type of koi fish you are looking for from our various koi categories in our online koi store .
koi , the definitive origin of perfection . come , love , fish . come to koi
to read more about the koi herpes virus and how to protect your koi , click here .
the tenpo era ( 1830 - 1843 ) introduced the white koi with red on its forehead , the red headed koi and the koi with red lips .
blackwater creek koi farms inc . offers the best koi for sale online in the usa . we grow the highest quality koi fish and butterfly koi ( longfin koi ) , all originally bred from champion japanese koi stocks ! when buying koi produced at one of our three bio secure koi farms , you will receive healthy american bred and raised fish . we ship year round , in the most popular sizes and varieties for your koi pond . we also breed some amazing specialty goldfish .
blue ridge koi hatchery is the supplier of our beautiful and colorful koi . click here for fish for ponds for our selection of blue ridge koi and fish .
there is more information about the anchor worm in the koi pond guide ' s ebook all about koi .
written by john fornaro , hanover koi farms . all rights reserved by hanover koi farms , copyright © 2017
breeding koi and taking care of your baby koi can be an exciting process , watching nature at work .
gary whelan says koi herpesvirus was previously detected eight years ago in a private koi pond in grand rapids .
butterfly koi are not a goldfish / koi hybrid . they are simply a variety of koi that has been bred for long fins like the common betta splendens is .
do you want to find standard koi for sale as well as butterfly koi and specialty goldfish for sale in the us ? we can help you locate a koi dealer near you . during the koi season we have major dealers , with a lot of experience , all around the country who can help you select the best koi fish and long fin koi for your pond . if we can’t find a koi dealer in your area , you can even order koi directly from blackwater creek koi farms and we will ship the koi or goldfish of your choice overnight right to your door .
the fish that we produce here at blackwater creek koi fall into one of three koi grades and are priced accordingly .
my comment was about the fish we were talking about i ; e the ghost koi and not koi carp propper .
koi fish have become the most expensive and sought after ornamental fish . the hobby of keeping koi did not start out this way . read all about the beautiful koi fish , its fascinating history , surprising koi fish facts and how koi fish keeping and breeding became the hugely popular hobby it is today .
in 1946 , the ' ogon ' or metallic yellow koi was developed . this led to other metallic koi versions being produced .
if you are well - acquainted with the normal entrails of koi through your experience , dissect koi to check for visceral abnormality .
the heart koi pond is a heart shaped stone pond with two koi fish and reeds . this item comes in 6 variants .
koi produce excess mucus to combat problems . it ' s like a natural defense they have , so when you see koi producing excess mucus it ' s a sure sign your koi are stressed .
koi will have barbells . they may not be visible in the early stages of a koi’s life , but they are there . usually a koi’s barbells develop and become visible within the first year . so it could be possible that you have a very young koi .
koi is more expensive and need more care than gold fish . pondpro2000 is the only protection product which does not harm to koi life . other wise you may lose koi after using any toxic product .
the taisho era ( 1912 - 1926 ) saw the development of the white koi to levels of perfection with the red and black patterned white koi . koi were showcased at the tokyo exhibition of 1915 and that is when the koi craze began to take off around the world .
all non - metallic koi that do not fall into the other groups . koi that do not belong to any of the established varieties are categorized as
kawari mono
at koi shows . some examples are chagoi ( brown or green brown koi ) , ochiba shigure ( koi has brown and gray pattern ) , kumonryu , beni kumonryu etc .
fun facts about koi : koi actually have small teeth in the very back of there throat to break up any crustaceans they may ingest . but don’t worry ! koi cannot bite you and can be trained to feed from you’re hands ! koi can eat up to 2 % of their body weight a day ! koi varieties depend on their coloring .
i was told years ago that the fastest easiest way to tell the difference between goldfish and koi is koi have whiskers and goldfish don’t .
the bunka and bunsei era ( 1804 - 1829 ) saw the development of the koi with the distinctive red marking on their cheeks . white koi were also introduced at this time , and when crossed with the koi with the red cheeks , they produced a white koi with a red abdomen .
koi keepers , especially those new to the hobby , are very attracted to baby koi in this classification because they are so bright . however , when buying one of these young koi , make sure that its head is clear of a black helmet - like marking . although this is not unattractive on a young koi , it becomes more noticeable as the koi grows and will be a serious defect if you wish to show your koi . in fact , such a koi would be ruled out immediately by the judges .
around the 1820s and 1830s , the japanese began to breed koi for their aesthetic appeal . some farmers brought the koi back to the ponds in their garden . this is how koi started to become ornamental fish for ponds .
tancho koi are among the most popular of all koi varieties and it is quite common for hobbyists to have more than one tancho in a pond .
lightly greenish water with water - bloom is favorable to koi health . but , cloudy water of higher turbidity will disturb appreciation or observation of koi . such grayish , brownish or muddy water is not suited for koi keeping .
butterfly koi , aslo called long - fin koi or dragon koi , are nishikigoi which have been cross - bred with the hardier indonesian longfin carp . as well as inheriting the indonesian’s resilience and becoming generally hardier than other koi , they have developed a long flowing finnage , longer barbels , and in some fish , pompom nostrils . they are also faster growing than other koi .
yamabuki ogon are koi of a solid , metallic - yellow color . as with other ogon koi , a clean , unblemished head and body are important .
the only way to be halfway sure of traits that will be passed down to koi offspring is by breeding two koi closely related from a similar lineage .
body structure : a koi’s body is tapered at each end with pointy noses , barbells / whiskers like a catfish and flat bellies . koi fins can be well defined ( called standard koi by retailers ) or long fins ( called butterfly koi ) shown in the pictures on the left . scale quantity and placement may vary on a koi as well . some koi have scales on just a few parts of their body while some may have no true scales at all .
hi when we bought the house 6 months ago , one of the reasons is it like koi . i have about 60 full grown koi , 5lbs to 10 lbs . . is there any possibilities that this koi would lay eggs ?
i ' d like an opinion as to whether the baby i ' m calling a koi looks like a koi , or goi ( goldfish / koi cross ) . it doesn ' t matter to me , but am just curious .
because koi grow so much larger , you really need a large pond for koi ,
rhudy says .
so you would choose goldfish over koi if you had a pond that was under 1 , 000 gallons . and then also the cost factor because koi normally cost a lot more than goldfish .
kinginrin literally means ‘gold and silver scales’ . unlike the hikari classifications , whose fish have a metallic sheen to their skin , kinginrin koi have a sparkle effect on many or all of their scales instead . the kinginrin effect almost resembles finely cracked glass . a kinginrin koi will display gold and silver sparkles , kinrin koi only have gold sparkles , and ginrin only silver . all koi types can be bred with kinginrin scaled koi , so each variety of koi has kinginrin specimens .
another parasite sometimes infecting koi is the gill maggot . the parasite most often attacks the koi’s gills and has a maggot - like egg sac appearance . it is a relatively uncommon parasite sometimes found in koi ponds but when present , can cause koi quite a bit of irritation . you will notice the koi flashing and subsequently the gills become less efficient at absorbing oxygen . the most obvious sign of infection is seeing a koi gasping for air at the surface of the pond .
• kv3 is a narrow range vaccine . infects only koi and cyprinus carpio .
copyright© 2014 - 2018 blackwater creek koi farms , inc . all rights reserved .
- on these pages you will find information relating to specific varieties of koi , both standard and butterfly , that we produce here at blackwater creek koi farms .
- a primer about keeping your koi healthy and how to identify a problem .
in the early 1900’s , koi keeping began to take flight . koi had become a symbol of luck and prosperity . at this time , most japanese mansions and upper - class tea houses had at least one koi pond for viewing pleasure . japanese koi breeders then came across a separate type of carp that brought in a new string of koi breeds : mirror carp were introduced into japan from germany .
a brief journey in time the history of koi fish is as mysterious as koi are beautiful . popular conviction would have us believe that koi are indigenous to japan . in fact , they are even mistakenly called
japanese goldfish .
but koi history goes back to south china as far as 20 million years ago .
koi tend to have a greater range of color and pattern combinations than goldfish .
koi have clearly visible barbels near their mouths , which are missing from goldfish .
small koi may be seen to be producing higher than normal levels of mucus .
do you have a male or female koi ? click here to find out .
common carp , the ancestors of our domesticated koi , can still be found living wild in various different countries , including japan , where the koi carp originated .
people enjoy keeping koi fish for various reasons . for some , they are collector specimens ; for others , they are pets . most people say that keeping koi is a source of stress relief and visiting the koi pond provides them refuge from the daily grind . whatever the reason , proper design and maintenance of your koi pond is essential to the enjoyment of your experience because koi aren’t just garden decoration .
thinking about adding to your koi population ? then consider koi fish breeding . the pastime can vary from a hobby to a full - out profession . if you have the time , space , and budget to expand your koi collection , koi breeding may be for you ! koi breeding is an easy way to expand your pond’s population and can earn you quite a bit of money . sometimes in larger sized ponds koi fish will reproduce on their own . in most cases , if you’d like to add to your koi populations , steps need to be taken to formally breed .
further breeding in the latter part of the 20th century has led to developments such as ghost koi and butterfly koi . these koi are not officially classed as nishikigoi and , at the moment , can not be entered into tournaments . but , they are still accepted by pond keepers who don’t take koi keeping and breeding too seriously .
this is the most obvious difference between koi and goldfish . koi will have these barbels and goldfish will not . if you can see these on a pond fish , that fish is a koi . however , these aren ' t always easily observable .
these next pics are of one of the 4 fish that i was pretty sure were koi babies , and confirmed this one has whiskers . i have no idea if they are koi or cross with the goldfish , but am hoping they are koi .
- just the basics of building a koi pond and what is needed for success .
these koi are highly prized in japan because of their similarity with the japanese flag .
tancho goshiki are five colored koi with red spot on the head and silver scales .
medi - koi medicated food $ 19 . 99 $ 14 . 99 1 . 25lb
koi are susceptible to koi herpesvirus , and so are carp and goldfish . officials want to study whether native michigan fish , such as minnows , are also at risk .
fish – koi can be trained to like fish . a very good friend of mine feeds his koi thawed sardines chopped up . nutritious ? yes ! and sardines ( being from salt water ) are less likely to carry parasites applicable to koi . so , again , in moderation , these treats are okay for koi , and certainly well enjoyed .
the koi - buying public is becoming more and more attuned to this style of koi . their sales are increasing year after year and when you consider that any koi , except for ginrin , can be produced in a doitsu version , that is hardly surprising .
the male koi will head - butt , nip , and shove the female koi towards the breeding bush in an effort for her to lay her eggs . supervise your koi to make sure the two don’t get too violent and replace the male if they do .
probably the most surprising koi fish fact is that they did not originate from japan . their exact origin and date of introduction to japan has been much debated by koi historians .
fish which are badly handled or are kept in unclean conditions are likely to suffer this ailment . if one koi is spotted with it , check every koi in the pond .
after the initial risk - stage ( 3in in length ) has passed then koi are extremely friendly with their baby koi and any other fishes and they will not harm them .
the history of the japanese koi fish is not commonly known to even the most dedicated koi fish owner , and you wouldn’t believe how much they are missing out on ! the history of koi is very elaborate and gives you a new respect for these resilient fish .
when the koi fish were presented to the japanese they saw their great potential and began breeding them to bring out their beautiful colors , something the chinese never thought of . rice farmers had originally only kept the koi as food fish , but at some point between the 1820’s and 1830’s they began to raise koi for their vibrant colors . the japanese’s breeding is what gives them the credit for today’s koi fish hence the name the japanese koi fish .
if you are not concerned about breeding your koi , or in their quality , you can simply leave all of your koi together . most of the baby koi will be eaten by the koi or other pond predators , so only a few lucky ones will survive . usually only the toughest and worst looking will survive . the badly colored has an advantage because they are less easily spotted ( by predators or other koi ) then the good ones .
- information about our breeding programs and our commitment to producing high quality american bred koi .
- an explanation of the different grades of koi that we raise and offer for sale .
just for the record
what is the difference between goldfish and koi ?
goldfish and koi are both selections of carp , but from two different families . goldfish are mutations from crucian carp ( carassius carassius ) and koi are from common carp ( cyprinus carpio ) .
as farmers developed different color types of koi , interest spread throughout the prefecture ( similar to a state in the united states ) and then throughout japan . national interest for koi in japan increased tremendously when emperor hirohito was presented koi for the imperial palace moat in 1914 .
watchmaker hata grondin is addicted to koi pond live theatre , body building . diy koi she is getting her encouragement from checking out an pittsburgh penguins ice - hockey - match irl .
the goshiki is a shiro koi which has the asagi - like pattern overlaid with hi .
read on to find out more about the differences and similarities between koi carp and goldfish .
goldfish have a split caudal fin , while on koi , the caudal fin is joined .
it is said that the optimal water temperature to keep koi healthy is 24 ~ 25℃ .
healthy koi usually sleeps pectoral fins opened , but closes them if any disorder with it .
another consideration to make when breeding koi is size . female koi that are larger in size will endure the breeding process better than smaller ones . they will also produce larger eggs , making larger and healthier baby koi that grow quicker than smaller fry produced by smaller females .
hi ralph – yes , koi can grow that large . like you and me , it’s largely dependent on their genes and the type of food they are eating . a high quality koi food , like growth & color , will help to provide the proper nutrients for koi .
i was wondering why a koi would be by its self on the bottom of the pond . it’s been doing this for a few weeks now . not sure what to do . got some baby koi in the pond and all the other koi in the pond are swimming around
plus : * koi times ezine - - a free subscription to our newsletter which is filled with koi , pond , and plant tips , periodically delivered directly to your email in box .
poor water quality causes more koi diseases than any true fish disease . koi rarely die from a pollutant introduced to the pond , the problem is usually related to filtration or dissolved oxygen .
koi ponds should be a minimum of 4′ deep as these fish grow . they will take up the space . always keep this calculation handy . remember , your new baby koi will grow ! an 18″ koi needs 100 gallons of water or 10 gallons for each inch of fish .
one koi variety is the asagi koi fish they are plain koi compared with other varieties ; they are non - metallic and lack the bright coloration of many koi , being mainly grey - blue in color with hi along the sides , cheeks and in the fins . however , a first - class asagi is a elegant fish with a delicate pattern of scalation and fine color .
chagoi are solid colored brown or bronze koi with a subtle reticulated net pattern . although they are not nearly as flashy or colorful as other types of koi , chagoi are still a welcome addition to koi ponds . because of their close genetic relationship with wild carp , chagoi are some of the friendliest and most docile koi available . this makes them the easiest to train to hand feed , and other varieties of koi may follow suit when they see a chagoi hand feeding .
according to
manual to nishikigoi ,
a koi history book by dr . takeo kuroki , the word
koi
was first used about 2 , 500 years ago in china . koi are believed to have been introduced to japan with the invading chinese and according to koi fish history the first account of them being kept by an emperor in japan dates back to ad 200 .
many people in japan recognize the term nishikigoi but may not be familiar with the term koi .
just like koi there are many varieties of goldfish . common goldfish found in water gardens are :
pro - form c is a great product if your koi have ich or other protozoal parasites .
flukes are usually a secondary problem when large numbers of koi suffer with this parasite , it suggests they are stressed . if the stressor is removed , koi can usually control the gill flukes .
if your not comfortable giving your pond fish and injection then feed debride rx medicated koi food .
i have a black and white koi . today i noticed there is a hole the size of a dime just behind his right gill . also , i noticed a blue line at the base of his tail . i inheritated the pond and the koi , so i’m new to koi .
a successful spawn . hundreds of fertilized koi eggs cling to the fibers of a spawning mat .
but at the same time conveniately forgetting that these are the carp that we broke our teeth on before falling in love with koi carp propper . moving on to those living jewels called koi carp
hikari translates as ‘shiny’ or metallic’ , and muji means ‘single colour’ . the koi which fall into the hikarimuji , or hikarimono , classification are single coloured koi with a glossy sheen to their skin .
ghost koi are massively popular across the uk . they are a cross breed between metallic koi and the common carp , are silver or gold , and have a skeletal pattern running down their back .
generally , it is only stressed or injured koi that succumb to fungus attack , so always investigate for any underlying causes ( such as damage to the koi’s skin ) if a fungus problem occurs .
however , the zna , which sanctions all japanese koi shows , as well as shows in other parts of the world , refused to allow long - finned koi to compete in the shows . as a result , there are very few long - finned koi being produced in japan at this time .
i figure koi , especially smaller ones , would be some of the first ones to suffer from predation because of their coloration . papa bear does make a good point in that koi in a natural body of water came from a koi keeper somewhere . they didnt get those colors on their own .
when you compare koi to goldfish many people have a hard time telling them apart , and there is a reason for this mix up . both koi fish and goldfish are decedents of carp so they are actually distant relatives . the goldfish is far older than koi fish . goldfish were developed in china over 1 , 000 years ago while koi fish have only graced our ponds since the 1820 ' s . koi and goldfish show there similarities and differences in their color , body shape , and lifespan .
breeding koi and taking care of your baby koi can be an exciting process , watching nature at work , but it can be a hard job to do . especially if you do not have a lot of time to watch your koi . as you well know ( if you already have koi ) they are full of surprises , and the same goes true for breeding koi . having given birth to a new generation , they would as willingly eat it as see it grow up . this attitude will continue until the baby koi are maybe 3 in ( 8 cm ) or larger in total length .
the standout restaurant , koi serves japanese food in a sleek , mood - lit lounge .
koi can be found in just about any combination of colors . while the average koi keeper simply seeks out the koi that they are most attracted to , many hobbyists seek out specific color patterns . these many color patterns are classified by japanese names . this list gives some of the more notable patterns .
bekko - koi with red , yellow , or white background with black spots running down the back .
in the meija era ( 1868 - 1912 ) carp from germany were bred with nishikigoi , producing the doitsu . koi breeders realized that different types of koi bred together could create wonderful mutations of color .
in 1927 , the
showa
was created : a black koi with red and white markings .
the tancho class consists of kohaku , sanke or showa koi who have a single hi ( red ) spot on their head . for a competition koi to be classed as tancho , the hi spot must be between the koi’s eyes , not reach as far back as the shoulder and not run down to the nose . also , there must be no other hi colouration on the koi ' s body .
doitsu are koi that are mostly scaleless . their only scales are a row of scales on each side of the body and one row down the spine . there are many varieties of koi that have doitsu versions . doitsu originated as scaleless food carp in germany that were cross bred with many japanese koi .
goldfish can be seen in a much greater variety of body , fin and tail shapes than koi .
j . , ayisatu .
water gardens & koi ponds
accessed july 07 , 2018 . urltoken
feeding your koi medfinn or debride rx will definitely help your fish with an “inside out” treatment strategy .
the optimum environment for koi is a recirculating system that has good filtration , both mechanical and biological .
with the development and availability of efficient ready - made filtration systems , it is possible to enjoy koi keeping in any setting , from traditional japanese style gardens to modern ponds designed strictly for raising koi .
the space is much larger than that available in the house and the koi can grow much bigger .
the koi carp is a coldwater fish that is very adaptable and capable of thriving within water of various different temperatures . this adaptability means that the koi can survive in the wild in many different environments .
today , koi carp are present in the wild on every continent in the world , except for antarctica . this wide distribution is due to koi being introduced into native carp populations by owners and breeders .
for centuries , common carp have also been bred into colorful , highly ornamental pond fish called koi .
check that the store purchases their fish from a reputable supplier that exclusively sells captive - bred koi .
she only had one koi in the pond at any given time . it takes two to tango .
due to their simplicity , kohaku are probably the most favoured variety of koi , especially in japan . the kohaku class was one of the first to become stabilised and bred consistently , in around 1890 . one of the most quoted phrases in koi keeping is ; “appreciation of koi begins and ends with kohaku” .
hi i was so thrilled when after having my koi pond professionally tested with perfect results i came out to feed the koi in my pond only to see foam as if someone put soap in the pond i know that the large koi spawned…should i do a water change ? or wait ? thanks dale… . elizabeth
after reading our “pond addiction” article , you then know that koi keeping can generate obsession . its popularity is growing by leaps and bounds all over the united states . koi are intriguing , mysterious and beautiful .
today , koi fish are kept mainly in landscaped ponds and large aquariums for their pure aesthetic appeal . this was not always the case however . in their early days , koi were simply bred for food .
chagoi and soragoi have become quite popular due to the belief that these fish grow rapidly and are less skittish that other types of koi . this trait helps to settle and tame other koi in their pond .
wild carp were called
koi
in japan , but the term was also used to describe colored carp . the name nishikigoi was given to these
colored koi carp
during world war - ii . today colored carp are simply called koi and the term has evolved into the common name for them worldwide .
- information about our breeding programs and our commitment to producing high quality american bred long - fin koi .
koi is open for breakfast , lunch and dinner . i walked by it at lunch time and it was
welcome to our blog . we write about anything and everything related to koi fish . enjoy your stay !
hajiro are sumi ( black bodied ) koi with shiroji ( white ) tips to the tail and fins .
if you are ready to stock your pond with specific varieties , check out our individual koi for sale .
tancho showa are black koi with white markings and a red spot on the head only and silver scales .
swimbladder sound waves are processed here , then linked to the inner ear , emabling the koi to hear .
if it ' s a koi , ( i ' m not sure i see barbies on the face myself ) , then five fertilized koi eggs must have some how snuck in on something else into the pond .
your comment about koi being stuck with there color is untrue . koi often change color . i have one that loses it black when the temperature drops ! i don ' t collect high end koi and as such know firsthand that many reds fade . i have ghost koi that is mostly black but when the temps go up the black fades and yellow / gold highlights come through . i have a white koi that was similar to a sanke but the red is now almost all gone except for about a 1 / 8
spot .
is one of the most common and fatal diseases of koi . it is a ciliated protozoan that has a complex life cycle . it has a growth stage in the pond , and a mature stage in the skin and gills of koi . ich can account for mortality in smaller koi , especially when your pond is crowded .
while
ai
has the same meaning as
koi ,
it also has a definition of a general feeling of love .
koi
can be selfish , but
ai
is a real love .
trying to keep all of the varieties and variations of koi straight can be enough to make your head spin . use this koi variety guide to identify your favorite varieties , or learn a little more about each variety .
kawarimono , or kawarigoi , are formally recognised , non - metallic varieties of koi which don’t fit into any other category . the list of koi varieties which fall into kawarimono is quite large , and is still growing .
anchor worm is a tiny thread - like crustacean that buries itself under the scales of koi and then enters the dermis . heavy infestations can severely deplete a koi ' s strength and lay it open to secondary infection .
various koi experts have said that koi came from parts of eastern europe , eastern asia and china around 2 , 500 years ago . koi actually means
carp
in japanese and there are a lot of varieties of carp so that is probably why there was a lot of confusion and non - specifics surrounding its early history .
i had 8 goldfish in my pond already . the pond is about 12′ x 12′” & 3 - 4′ deep . i introduced 4 koi fish today . about 4 of the goldfish were chasing a koi at any given time & the koi looked like they were getting cornered & then the goldfish appeared to be nibbling at the koi . the koi were getting chased all around the pond & it seemed like they were getting bullied , & harassed by the goldfish . the koi were having to swim pretty fast & at other times they would try to hid under some of the cave areas , or back up to a rock . my daughter & i took 2 of the largest goldfish out of the pond , leaving 6 smaller ones with the koi . is this the proper thing to do & what was going on with the fish in our pond ? would they kill the koi ?
since koi is such a celebrity favorite , you never know who you might spot at this las vegas restaurant .
it has been said that koi keeping begins and ends with the kohaku . it is the first koi in the
big 3
classification known as
gosanke
- which includes kohaku , taisho sanshoku and showa sanshoku .
all nonmetallic , or any varieties not conforming to the standards of the other varieties , including single colored koi .
in this article , we look at the origins of both koi carp and goldfish and compare the two species .
koi carp are beautiful , distinctive and long lived fish , with unique … [ read more . . . ]
here are some of the most common koi varieties . see the pictures to the left to help identify them :
fish expert robyn rhudy raises koi and goldfish and says the major differences between the two are size and cost .
intestine food is digested here ( koi have no stomach ) , by enzymes , and nourishes the blood supply .
sir . , i have a koi fish and they are suffering from argulus parasite what should i do . ,
my koi has red spot on the fin and the tail . what should i do ? thank you . roberta
the thousands of hours spent spawning and culling eventually produces high quality koi and goldfish crops , ready for harvest .
once the koi have been removed from the breeding pond leave the eggs to harden for 4 to 6 hours .
keeping koi is certainly a challenge . aside from creating an ideal and … [ read more . . . ]
all properly designed koi ponds are built with plenty of filtration , pumps … [ read more . . . ]
i t was from this handful of koi breeds that all other nishikigoi types were bred , with the exception of the ogon variety ( single colored , metallic koi ) which wasn ' t developed until recently . the last development of this early time was a great breakthrough in koi breeding and is still revered as one of the most traditional of koi breeds . a tri - colored koi called a taisho sanshoku , more commonly known as the sanke , was first seen during the meiji era ( 1868 - 1912 ) . though it is not known who first developed this breed , the sanke was exhibited for the first time in 1915 , when the koi was about 15 years old .
so if they did not originally come from japan , where does koi fish history begin ? the history of koi fish is believed to originate from eastern asia , in the black , caspian , aral seas and china . carp fossils have been discovered in south china dating the history of koi fish as far back as 20 million years ago .
one of the original types of koi . blue - gray diamond scale patterned koi with red along the sides and belly and in the fins . the entire body is indigo or blue . each scale consists of the netting pattern .
tancho kohaku , in particular , are simple koi and yet it is obvious that a great deal of effort has taken place in their development . tancho kohaku are white koi with red spot on the head only and silver scales .
even though koi and goldfish share a common ancestor they were breed to be very different , however they have held onto some common traits . koi and goldfish have similar coloring , but their body shape and lifespan are very different .
hello dee . it would seem kind of early for egg laying but stanger things have happened in our ponds ! yes , koi can fertilize the eggs and create a cross breed of koi / goldfish . good luck ! - mike
the important distinction between koi ( the japanese translation for carp ) and koi ( the commonly used abbreviation for nishikigoi ) should be made here to address the common misconception that koi originated in china . so where it might be true that fish came from china , the “living jewels” which have adorned palace moats are recognized as being a japanese creation .
three varieties of carp are present in australian waters : the common or european carp , koi carp and mirror carp .
with your koi purchase , you’re supporting one of the only independently owned , woman - run companies in the industry .
one of the earliest of the developed koi was the
kohaku
with its white body and crisp red patterns .
it was at an exposition in tokyo during 1914 when the koi first made its “splash” into popular culture . different varieties were brought for public viewing and it wasn’t long before keeping brightly colored koi spread across japan . the rest of the world soon followed suit . with the advent of the plastic bag , koi fish ownership became much easier and widespread .
blackwater creek koi farms prides itself on the fact that so many high quality varieties are produced each year at our farms . whether you are looking for a nice kohaku or a very very rare matsukawabakke , or even something exotic such as a goshiki showa . you can trust that it ' s been produced , or in the works , resulting in providing you a one stop shopping experience . you are able to stock your koi pond or koi store from one place . americas mist trusted koi farm . learn more about some of the varieties we produce on the following koi varieties pages .
koi are generally much longer lived than goldfish and while the two can interbreed , the resulting offspring are always sterile .
all animals , including koi carp , need light to live ! while artificial … [ read more . . . ]
the koi will need to get injections of chloramphenicol . this treatment should yield positive results in 3 - 4 days .
if not experienced , try dissection on both koi , sick and healthy ones at the same time just for comparison .
when choosing which koi you’d like to breed , keep in mind the traits you’d like to pass down to the koi fry . colors , patterns , and scale types are all traits that can be passed down , though predicting which genes will appear in the offspring is difficult to determine . two normal - scale koi will usually produce normal - scale koi , though , and metallic scales will precedent genes for normal sheen . unless the breeding koi are from a lineage , most traits that will appear are unpredictable . in the thousands of offspring that are produced , many variations will appear .
every year , thousands of hours are spent spawning , culling and harvesting our koi and goldfish crops . these countless hours are spent with one goal in mind : to provide you with the healthiest , highest quality koi and goldfish possible .
in japanese culture , the koi carp is a highly respected and very symbolic … [ read more . . . ]
they have been bred for this over generstions by those koi master breeders in japan , laterly in israel and other countrys including the uk and us all of which are catching up with the masters with some stunning koi of their own .
state officials say they’ve discovered a virus for the first time in wild fish in michigan . it’s called koi herpesvirus .
kin - gin - rin or commonly referred to as gin - rin koi are koi that have scales that sparkle . these days , basically any variety of koi is available with gin - rin scales , such as showa , kohaku , chagoi , we have even seen some even some doitsu arriving lately with their mirror / enlarged scales with gin - rin .
koi fish need regular care to ensure their good health and longevity . maintaining clean , clear pond water is the most critical part of your koi pond maintenance program . for a small koi pond with a small fish population , a homeowner could opt to do the maintenance themselves . for ponds of more than 3 , 000 gallons , professional service is recommended .
q : i have many different types of fish in my water garden . most were given to me by my friends . i think they are koi but how can i tell the difference between a koi and goldfish ? – troy of kansas
select koi parents with the best attributes of their variety . pretty koi parents do not necessarily make pretty babies , so choose parent fish on the strength of their body shapes , good quality color , and good scalation rather than looks alone .
i have a 700 gallon cement pond with a waterfall , right lol and africanized need by the thousands . can i spray the bees getting water with a soap and water mixture without harming my koi ? the koi are spawning now . thanks
hi mike , what do we do with all the koi babies ? it looks like there are about 30 . we have about 11 full size koi , and our pond isn’t big enough for over 40 fish when those babies grow up ?
ps > i have ghost koi . considered chagoi here . some purists don ' t consider them
real
koi . kind of like butterflies . but our ' s are the friendliest fish in the pond and are among our favorites .
another slight different between the two emotions is that
koi
is always wanting and
ai
is always giving .
to find out more , the following chart will take a look at words containing
ai
or
koi
.
there are currently over one hundred varieties of koi , with new types been actively developed . each variety has its own colouration and scale type which is used to name and catororise the koi . these varieties are generally divided into 13 recognised classifications .
the koi varieties in the hikarimoyomono classification have arisen from two sources . the first group includes koi that have resulted from crossing a platinum ogon with any other variety except utsuri . these crosses have produced such varieties as yamato - nishiki ( also know as a metallic sanke ) , gin bekko and kujaku . these koi all have a metallic base overlaid with colored patterns .
while goldfish and koi are very different and quite distantly related , it can be difficult for the uninitiated to tell the difference between the two . however , it is not difficult to tell koi from goldfish once you know what you’re looking for .
providing live plants within your koi pond is one of the best ways to make … [ read more . . . ]
brain set just above and behind the eyes , which provide koi with excellent vision , the brain runs all bodily processes .
3 . my two koi fish are swimming with their head up and tail pointing downwards ideally they should swim side ways .
therefore , the examination should be made not on the dead koi but on the other one on the verge of dying .
table 1 . comparison of koi herpesvirus ( khv ) , spring viremia of carp ( svc ) , and carp pox .
hi jan . spawning behavior can last for days . female koi can lay eggs up to 3x per year . - mike
this is the time that not only the breeding koi get excited but the novice as well , and maybe a little worried about their beloved koi being injured because of being chased and pushed around the pond . this is a normal breeding procedure .
a 3 - colored koi . black with white and red markings . showa sanshoku are koi with a calligraphic black pattern over a kohaku pattern . it is called showa because the variety was created in the era of showa in japan . also known as
showa sanshoku
or
showa
for short . it is the third koi in the
big 3
.
place the female koi in the breeding tank first . give her time to get acclimated to the new environment . she will explore this new space at this time . make sure you place a net over the breeding tank because once the koi begin breeding , the process will become aggressive and violent , and you don’t want your koi fish to end up on the floor .
the team at koi are proven , widely experienced practitioners with a proud and established record of achievement in education and business . as a student at koi , you will develop a thorough understanding of the practical and theoretical skills fundamental to launching your career .


marstonia castor , common name the beaver pond marstonia , is a species of very small freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic operculate gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae .

this species is endemic to the united states .

marstonia castor

marstonia castor f . g . thompson , 1977 ( tsn 70541 ) ; pyrgulopsis castor ( f . g . thompson , 1977 ) ( tsn 568193 )
the genus marstonia was formerly relegated to the synonomy of pyrgulopsis by hershler and thompson ( 1987 ) , but thompson and hershler ( 2002 ) later re - evaluated eastern north american species assigned to pyrgulopsis and recognized them as distinct species of the genus marstonia . dillon et al . ( 2006 ) tentatively synonymize marstonia castor with marstonia halcyon claiming the two are
strikingly similar
.
12 - month findings on petitions to list a species and remove a species from the federal lists of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; notice of 12 - month petition findings ( beaverpond marstonia and southwestern willow flycatcher ) .
thompson , f . g . and r . hershler . 2002 . two genera of north american freshwater snails : marstonia baker , 1926 , resurrected to generic status , and floridobia , new genus ( prosobranchia : hydrobiidae : nymphophilinae ) . the veliger , 45 ( 3 ) : 269 - 271 .
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johnson , p . d . , bogan , a . e . , brown , k . m . , burkhead , n . m . , cordeiro , j . r . , garner , j . t . , hartfield , p . d . , lepitzki , d . a . w . , mackie , g . l . , pip , e . , tarpley , t . a . , tiemann , j . s . , whelan , n . v . and strong , e . e . 2013 . conservation status of freshwater gastropods of canada and the united states . fisheries 38 ( 6 ) : 247 - 282 .
by hershler and thompson ( 1987 ) . but thompson and hershler ( 2002 ) later re - evaluated eastern north american species assigned to
dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , kasthala , g . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , ht , de silva , r . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . , collins , a . , offord , s . , duncan , c . & richman , n .
has been assessed as critically endangerd under criterion b1 . it is only known from one locality and has an extent of occurrence of less than 4 km
. the species is likely to be in decline in terms of number of mature individuals , since surveys in 1995 of 22 sites ( including the type locality ) were unsuccessful in finding this species , compared to over 50 collected specimens in 1973 . further surveys are recommended to corroborate these declines , and also to establish their causes , as there is currently no information available on what processes might be threatening this species .
this species has only ever been known from the type locality , a creek in crisp co . , georgia ( burch 1989 , hershler 1994 , watson 2000 ) . the extent of occurrence is 4 km 2 .
this species is only known from the type locality , cedar creek ( which empties into the east side of lake blackshear reservoir ) on the flint river in crisp co . , georgia ( hershler 1994 ) . surveys in 1995 of 22 sites ( including the type locality ) on tributaries of the flint river between andersonville and albany , georgia , were unsuccessful in finding this species ( watson 2000 ) , compared to over 50 collected specimens in 1973 . this suggests a population decline .
this species is found only in quiet , clear , cool freshwater on aquatic plants in a single creek ( o ' connor 1975 ) .
threats impacting the global population of this species are unknown , so if suspected declines are corroborated , it is unclear what is causing these .
this species has been assigned a natureserve global heritage status of g1 - critically imperiled , due to its extremely limited distribution ( natureserve 2009 ) . there are no conservation measures in place for this species . further research is needed in order to ascertain the population trends and the impact of threats to this species .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
this species is only known from the type locality , a creek in the flint river drainage , georgia ( hershler , 1994 ) with an area of occupancy of less than 4 square km . surveys in 1995 of 22 sites ( including the type locality ) on tributaries of the flint river between andersonville and albany , georgia were unsuccessful in finding this species ( watson , 2000 ) . threat information is lacking .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
this species is only known from the type locality , a creek in crisp co . , georgia ( burch , 1989 ; hershler , 1994 ; watson , 2000 ) .
this species is only known from the type locality , cedar creek ( empties into the east side of lake blackshear reservoir ) on the flint river in crisp co . , georgia ( hershler , 1994 ) . surveys in 1995 of 22 sites ( including the type locality ) on tributaries of the flint river between andersonville and albany , georgia were unsuccessful in finding this species ( watson , 2000 ) .
surveys in 1995 of 22 sites ( including the type locality ) on tributaries of the flint river between andersonville and albany , georgia were unsuccessful in finding this species ( watson , 2000 ) ; compared to over 50 collected specimens in 1973 .
( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) this species is only known from the type locality , a creek in crisp co . , georgia ( burch , 1989 ; hershler , 1994 ; watson , 2000 ) .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
burch , j . b . 1989 . north american freshwater snails . malacological publications : hamburg , michigan . 365 pp .
dillon , r . t . , jr . , w . k . reeves , and t . w . stewart . 2006b [ 2007 ] . the freshwater gastropods of georgia . created 26 august 2003 . last updated september 2007 . available online : urltoken
hershler , r . 1994 . a review of the north american freshwater snail genus pyrgulopsis ( hydrobiidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 554 : 1 - 115 .
hershler , r . and f . g . thompson . 1987 . north american hydrobiidae ( gastropoda : rissoacea ) : redescription and the systematic relationships of tryonia stimpson , 1865 and pyrgulopsis call and pilsbry , 1886 . the nautilus , 101 ( 1 ) : 25 - 32 .
o ' connor , howard j . 1975 . letter of jan 2 , 1975 to joe d . t anner , commissioner , dnr , atlanta , ga from howard j . connor .
watson , c . n . , jr . 2000 . results of a survey for selected species of hydrobiidae ( gastropoda ) in georgia and florida . pages 233 - 244 in r . a . tankersley , d . i . warmolts , g . t . watters , b . j . armitage , p . d . johnson , and r . s . butler ( eds . ) . freshwater mollusk symposia proceedings . ohio biological survey , columbus , ohio . 274 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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iberochondrostoma lemmingii is a species of ray-finned fish in the family cyprinidae .

it is found in portugal and spain .

it lives in the middle and lower reaches of rivers with slow current .

until recently , i. lemmingii was placed in the genus chondrostoma .

fish that now are recognized as achondrostoma salmantinum were earlier included in i. lemmingii .

the maximum length of i. lemmingii 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) tl .

iberochondrostoma lemmingii

you can download standardized annotation of the iberochondrostoma lemmingii mitogenomic sequence via the links below .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - iberian arched - mouth nase ( iberochondrostoma lemmingii )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - iberian arched - mouth nase ( iberochondrostoma lemmingii )
title =
arkive species - iberian arched - mouth nase ( iberochondrostoma lemmingii )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
da cunha , m . a . l . ( 2009 ) genetic diversity and population structure in the iberian endangered iberochondrostoma lemmingii ( steindachner , 1866 ) . universidade de lisboa , lisbon . available at : urltoken
justification : iberochondrostoma lemmingii is a rare species and its population is suspected to have decreased by over 30 % in the past 10 years . this decline is attributed to water extraction , drought , pollution and the introduction of fish predators . this decline is suspected to continue into the future .
iberochondrostoma lemmingii is a rare species and its population is suspected to have decreased by over 30 % in the past 10 years . this decline is attributed to water extraction , drought , pollution and the introduction of fish predators . it is suspected that this decline rate will continue into the future .
the iberian arched - mouth nase ( iberochondrostoma lemmingii ) is a small fish belonging to the cyprinidae family , a diverse group of fish comprising over 2 , 000 species ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . as its name suggests , this species is distinguished by its arched mouth , which is lacking in barbels ( 4 ) ( 6 ) .
fernández - delgado , c . and herrera , m . ( 1995 ) age structure , growth and reproduction of rutilus - lemmingii in an intermittent - stream of the guadalquivir river basin , southern spain . hydrobiologia , 299 ( 3 ) : 207 - 213 .
. . . specimens used in this work were assumed as purebred after screening for specific mtdna and ndna genes , though one cannot totally exclude the hypothesis of the polymorphism reported here for a . oligolepis being affected , to some extent , by past introgression events ( gante et al . 2004 ) . iberochondrostoma appears as the most diversified genus with the highest number of species and present results are consistent with the propositions of i . lemmingii as the most divergent species ( perea et al . 2010 ) and the central unit of evolution within the genus ( robalo et al . 2008 ; lopes - cunha et al . 2012 ) . both basal and derived cytotypes were described throughout the species distribution range although a sample from tejo river was not available . . . .
. . . lemmingii ) , which is somehow congruent with the revised karyotype description considering a fourth pair of st / a chromosomes ; and ( 2 ) interstitial sites in the karyotypes of the second most diversified genus ( achondrostoma ) , highly variable in number and chromosomal environment , evidencing a noteworthy dynamism and flexibility of these sequences , particularly within achondrostoma genus . the polymorphism observed in i . lemmingii may be a straightforward evidence of the population structure across its wide distribution range and diversity of habitats , being congruent with the recent findings on population genetic parameters ( lopes - cunha et al . 2012 ) . the polymorphism in the genome of a . oligolepis seems easier explained by a simultaneous mapping of a class of transposable element highly similar to the 5s rrna gene as described by kapitonov and jurka ( 2003 ) or of any other 5s rdna variant ( martins et al . 2002 ; pinhal et al . 2011 ) . . . .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .
it is restricted to the tajo , guadiana , odiel and guadalquivir river basins . previously the species was recorded has being present in the rivers huebra , águeda and uces in the duero river basin in salamanca province , western spain ; these populations have now been described as a seperate species
this species lives in the middle and lower reaches of rivers with slow current and abundant submerged vegetation .
water extraction , drought and pollution are the main threats . introduction of exotic fish predators is also a concern for this species .
it is listed in the annex ii of the european union habitats directive and in the appendix iii of the bern convention .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
europe : spain and portugal : tagus , guadiana , odiel , guadalquivir ( except jándula system ) and southwestern douro drainages . in appendix iii of the bern convention ( protected fauna ) .
maturity : l m ? , range 4 - 4 . 5 cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 556 ) ; common length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 556 )
diagnosed from its congeners by having usually 49 - 59 + 2 - 3 scales on the lateral line , 4½ - 7 scale rows between lateral line and pelvic origin , and eye diameter 1 . 0 - 1 . 5 times snout length ( ref . 59043 ) .
occurs in the middle reaches of streams with moderate current and abundant aquatic vegetation ( ref . 59043 ) and in the lower reaches of rivers with slow current and abundant submerged plants ( ref . 26100 ) . feeds on invertebrates , plants ( ref . 26100 ) and zooplankton ( ref . 59043 ) . spawns from march to may . threatened due to water abstraction and the introduction of other species ( ref . 26100 ) .
kottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00383 - 0 . 01369 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 96 - 3 . 28 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 ±0 . 30 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 22 ( ? ) ; tm = 1 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .
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generally , the body of the iberian arched - mouth nase is covered in small , yellowish - green scales , while its entire body may also be covered in small , black spots ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . the anal fin is slightly smaller than the dorsal fin , with the edge of both fins curving outwards . the tail of the iberian arched - mouth nase is slightly forked ( 6 ) .
the female iberian arched - mouth nase is slightly larger than the male ( 3 ) .
the iberian arched - mouth nase is a benthopelagic species , meaning it lives and feeds mainly near the bottom of the water column ( 2 ) . it is omnivorous , feeding on a range of food types including algae , plants , zooplankton , and invertebrates ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . members of the cyprinidae family lack teeth in the jaws , instead processing food using modified bones in the throat , known as ‘pharyngeal teeth’ ( 5 ) .
the breeding season of the iberian arched - mouth nase begins in march or april , and lasts until may ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 7 ) . this species reaches sexual maturity in the second year of life , and the female can spawn twice per year ( 7 ) . it is a fast growing and relatively short - lived species , with the maximum lifespan of the iberian arched - mouth nase being around four years ( 7 ) .
the iberian arched - mouth nase is native to portugal and spain , where it only occurs in the tajo , guadiana , odiel and guadalquivir river basins ( 1 ) ( 4 ) .
the iberian arched - mouth nase inhabits the middle reaches of streams with a moderate current , and also the lower reaches of rivers with a slow current . this species prefers the presence of abundant aquatic vegetation ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .
the iberian arched - mouth nase is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
a rare species , the iberian arched - mouth nase is believed to have suffered more than a 30 percent reduction in its population size over the last 10 years ( 1 ) . the main cause of this decline is believed to be the loss of its habitat through water extraction for crop irrigation and the building of dams ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . the extraction of material from rivers has also lead to increased turbidity , which can cause suffocation of fish due to the build up of particles in the gills . it has also caused the destruction of this species’ spawning grounds ( 6 ) ( 8 ) .
further threats to the iberian arched - mouth nase include pollution and the introduction of exotic predators such as non - native fish and crayfish ( 1 ) ( 6 ) . it is also feared that introduced species may bring disease to which the iberian arched - mouth nase has no immunity ( 8 ) .
the iberian arched - mouth nase is currently protected by its listing on annex ii of the european union habitats directive and appendix iii of the bern convention ( 1 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) . major conservation aims for this species include increasing the existing population and restoring this species’ habitat ( 8 ) . in order to achieve these aims , a greater area of this species range needs to be protected ( 6 ) . control of invasive species is also hoped to have a positive impact on the iberian arched - mouth nase population ( 8 ) .
future construction of dams and reservoirs should take into account the requirements of this species during planning ( 8 ) , and water conditions where iberian arched - mouth nase juveniles are present must be carefully monitored , especially when the river flow is low ( 6 ) . in order to restock rivers in the future when this species’ habitat has been restored , a captive breeding population needs to be established ( 6 ) .
as well as a public awareness campaign , more research is needed into the ecology of the iberian arched - mouth nase in order to better understand how to conserve it ( 8 ) .
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algae simple plants that lack roots , stems and leaves but contain the green pigment chlorophyll . most occur in marine and freshwater habitats . anal fin in fish , an unpaired fin on the under surface of the fish , behind the anus . barbels fleshy projections near the mouth of some aquatic vertebrates . dorsal fin the unpaired fin found on the back of the body of fish , or the raised structure on the back of most cetaceans ( whales , dolphins and porpoises ) . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) and echinoderms . omnivorous feeding on both plants and animals . spawning the production or depositing of eggs in water . turbid cloudy or muddy ; not clear . zooplankton tiny aquatic animals that drift with currents or swim weakly in water .
perea , s . , garzon , p . , gonzalez , j . l . , almada , v . c . , pereira , a . and doadrio , i . ( 2011 ) new distribution data on spanish autochthonous species of freshwater fish . graellsia , 67 ( 1 ) : 91 - 102 .
campbell , a . and dawes , j . ( 2004 ) encyclopedia of underwater life . oxford university press , oxford .
cabral , m . j . , almeida , j . , almeida , p . r . , dellinger , t . , ferrand de almeida , n . , oliveira , m . e . , palmeirim , j . m . , queiroz , a . l . , rogado , l . and santos - reis , m . ( 2005 ) livro vermelho dos vertebrados de portugal . instituto de conservação da naturaleza e da biodiversidade , lisbon . available at : urltoken
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. . . b this study has shown the imprint of paleohydrological processes in the population structure of l . sclateri , characterized by a complex history leading to present - day diverse watershed interconnections in southern spain that have masked past relationships , in contrast with the clear patterns of population structure found in other freshwater fish populations inhabiting other areas of the iberian peninsula during the plio - pleistocene ( lopes - cunha et al . , 2012 ; robalo , almada , levy , & doadrio , 2007 ) . this study has also shown that the lack of a complete sampling could highly affect the explanation of the evolutionary processes that have modeled the population structure and the phylogeographic models of l . sclateri . . . .
. . . however , as iberian cyprinids are primary freshwater fish , they are confined to their habitats and , thus , their evolutionary history closely resembles the evolution of paleodrainages and the rearrangements of the fluvial network through time ( reyjol et al . , 2007 ) . this obligatory confinement makes them excellent models to study speciation and the radiation of ancient lineages throughout iberia ( e . g . , salgueiro et al . , 2003 ; mesquita et al . , 2005 ; almada & sousa - santos , 2010 ; gante , 2011 ; lopez - cunha et al . , 2012 ; aboim et al . , 2013 ; sousa - santos et al . , 2014a ; sousa - santos et al . , 2014b ) . although crucial , the application of genetics in the management of wild threatened species is still far from being common ( frankham , 2010 ) . . . .
. . . our results supported a significant genetic structure in s . valentinus for mitochondrial and nuclear genes ( significant φ st , amova and samova ) . this genetic structure among basins , which has also been described for other iberian freshwater fish species ( doadrio & carmona 2004 ; almada & sousa - santos 2010 ; lopes - cunha et al . 2012 ) , can be linked to historical palaeogeographical factors related to the plio - pleistocene formation of the current exorheic iberian basins ( calvo et al . 1993 ) and to a lesser extent to the mediterranean climate . among rivers within basins and within individual rivers , we found significant genetic structure that can be associated with differential effects of mediterranean seasonality on areas within the basin . . . .
. . . 3 . 6 mya ) , the hot climate became very wet and the iberian exor - 724 heic hydrographic network developed ( cunha et al . , 2012 ) 742 sousa - santos et al . , 2007 , 2014atable 5 observed mismatch distributions ( variance , mean , minimum and maximum values ) ; significance values of the goodness - of - fit sum of square deviations ( ssd ) test for the sudden and spatial expansion models ; and results from thetajima ' fig . 1cfig . . . .
. . . compared to other endangered freshwater fishes from iberia or elsewhere , i . olisiponensis shows extremely low levels of genetic polymorphism and high population subdivision ( e . g . alves et al . 2001a ; salgueiro et al . 2003 ; mesquita et al . 2005 ; sousa et al . 2010 ; dowling et al . 2012 ; lopes - cunha et al . 2012 ; osborne et al . 2012 ; sterling et al . 2012 ; chen et al . 2013 ) . furthermore , in addition to the suspected old hybridization events discussed above , we present clear evidence that i . olisiponensis is currently being subjected to strong genetic assimilation through hybridization with the sympatric i . lusitanicum ( gante et al . 2010 and present study ) . . . .
. . . furthermore , different types of molecular dna markers may show contrasting results , or may not detect the population polymorphisms due to low genome coverage . in this context , microsatellite variability is widely used to infer levels of genetic diversity in natural populations ( lopes - cunha et al . , 2012 ; loukovitis et al . , 2012 ; ni et al . , 2011 ; varela et al . , 2009 ) . however , the ascertainment bias caused by typically selecting only the most polymorphic markers in the genome may lead to reduce the sensitivity to judge genome - wide levels of genetic diversity ( väli et al . , 2008 ) . . . .
efectos de los cambios climáticos y paleogeográficos sobre los cursos fluviales del mediterráneo occidental : demografía y filogeografía ( cgl2010 - 15231bos ministerio de economía y competitividad ) .
the phylogeography of iberian freshwater fish species strongly reflects the geomorphological history of iberian water drainages and formation of mountain ranges . in particular , the iberian central massif limits two ichthyogeographical districts based on fish distribution assemblages : the northwest district , which comprises all river basins north of the central massif , and the central‐west . . . [ show full abstract ]
phylogeography of the cyprinid squalius aradensis and implications for conservation of the endemic f . . .
the iberian cyprinid fauna , characterized by the presence of numerous endemic species , has suffered from significant habitat degradation . the critically endangered squalius aradensis is restricted to small drainages of southern portugal , habitats that typically exhibit a characteristic mediterranean - type heterogeneous hydrological system throughout the year , including alternation of flooding . . . [ show full abstract ]
migration patterns counteract seasonal isolation of squalius torgalensis , a critically endangered fr . . .
freshwater species with small distribution ranges are vulnerable to extinction , especially when they exhibit small effective population sizes . squalius torgalensis , cyprinidae , is an endemic critically endangered fish species from southwestern portugal , confined to the intermittent streams of the mira drainage . assessment of genetic diversity and population structure levels was conducted . . . [ show full abstract ]
pseudochondrostoma duriense and achondrostoma oligolepis are two iberian endemic cyprinid fish species that occur in sympatry over most of their distribution range and that are suspected to hybridize in nature . here , we employed a combination of mitochondrial and microsatellite markers to explore the extent of introgressive hybridization between these fishes . two natural hybrid zones were . . . [ show full abstract ]
and also the lower reaches of rivers with a slow current . this species prefers the presence of abundant aquatic vegetation ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . more > > species found in a similar habitatamolops ( amolops assamensis ) purcell ' s ghost frog ( heleophryne purcelli ) sail - fin lizard ( hydrosaurus pustulatus )
maximum length : up to 25 cm ( 2 ) male average length : 11 . 4 cm ( 3 ) female average length : 14 . 4 cm ( 3 )
meaning it lives and feeds mainly near the bottom of the water column ( 2 ) . it is omnivorous
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( for details about our automatic annotation engine , refer to mitoannotator ) . the image on the right side is a visual representation of the mitogenome created by circos . the innermost circle represents gc % per every 5bp of the mitogenome ; the darker lines are , the higher their gc % are .
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