the dusky tit ( melaniparus funereus ) is a species of bird in the tit family paridae .

it is found in angola , cameroon , central african republic , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , gabon , ghana , guinea , kenya , liberia , rwanda , sierra leone , south sudan , and uganda .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

the dusky tit was formerly one of the many species in the genus parus but was moved to melaniparus after a molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 showed that the members of the new genus formed a distinct clade .

dusky tit

gosler , a . & clement , p . ( 2018 ) . dusky tit ( melaniparus funereus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
13–14·5 cm ; 22–29 g . medium - sized to large , all - dark tit with red eyes . male nominate race has entire body , wing and tail blackish or sooty black , in fresh . . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
are related to waxwings ( bombycillidae ) , not to honeyeaters ( meliphagidae ) ( fleischer et al . 2008 )
yellow - flanked whistler ( hylocitrea ) is related to the waxwings , not whistlers ( spellman et al . 2008 )
from muscicapidae ( barker et al . 2002 , 2004 ; beresford et al . 2005 ; fuchs et al . 2006 )
resequenced : yellow - bellied fantail is a close relative of the fairy flycatcher ( stenostiridae ) ( nyari et al . 2009 , fuchs et al . 2009 )
( dickinson 2003 , sinclair & ryan 2003 , coates et al . 2006 )
revised classification follows johansson et al . 2013 ; see also tietze & borthakur 2012
c and s thailand , malay pen . , sumatra and hainan i . ( off se china )
( eck & martens 2006 , martens et al . 2006 , collar 2007 )
continental europe and asia minor through siberia to kamchatka , sakhalin is . , korea , ne china and ne mongolia
se azerbaijan , n iran , sw turkmenistan . ? winter visitor to sw iran
( salzburger et al . 2002 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 )
( salzburger et al . 2002 ) . subspecies sequence follows stervander et al , 2015 . 5 - 7 of the current subspecies may deserve full species status . retain
as a single polytypic species pending further comprehensive analyses of all populations ( sangster 2006 , stervander et al . 2015 , illera et al . 2016 ) .
e siberia , s sakhalin i . ec and ne china , korea and japan
( päckert et al . 2005 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 ) .
( madge 2008 ) , but see barani - beiranvand et al . ( 2017 ) , who propose to lump .
sw kazakhstan , uzbekistan , n and se turkmenistan , tajikistan , and ne afghanistan .
molecular data suggest it is sister to m . griseiventris and m . fasciiventer # r . two subspecies recognized .
j . p . verreaux & j . b . é . verreaux , 1855 – sierra leone and guinea e , discontinuously , to drcongo , s uganda , extreme s south sudan and w kenya .
very vocal , and has wide variety of calls , including slow and ringing “see - er , see - er , see - er” , . . .
dense primary and secondary evergreen forests , also gallery forest , old plantations and edges of . . .
food includes small invertebrates , mainly beetles ( coleoptera ) and orthopterans , also larvae , principally of micro - lepidopterans ; also . . .
poorly known . season variable , possibly dependent on rains ; adults in breeding condition in nov in w africa and mar , jun and sept in . . .
not globally threatened . locally common or uncommon in guinea , sudan and uganda ; scarce in sierra leone and cameroon ; rare in e ivory coast and s ghana . estimated density of . . .
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previously part of a much broader genus parus ( which see , above ) . these afrotropical species form a monophyletic group , separated from parus by interposition of pseudopodoces , and thus require a separate genus # r .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : melaniparus funereus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
two very active individuals calling 5 meters from the ground . habitat : secondary evergreen forest .
older secondary forest along ravine , above pump house . group of four or five birds . high pass filter used to reduce background noise .
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kento furui added the japanese common name
クロガラ
to
parus funereus ( verreaux & verreaux , 1855 )
.
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
punasilmätiainen
from
parus funereus ( verreaux & verreaux , 1855 )
as trusted .
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the collared tuco-tuco ( ctenomys torquatus ) is a tuco-tuco species from south america .

it is found in southern brazil , uruguay and northern argentina where it lives underground in a burrow it digs in savannah habitats .

it is a relatively common species and the iucn has assessed its conservation status as being of " least concern " .

collared tuco - tuco

the collared tuco - tuco , ctenomys torquatus , is a tuco - tuco species from south america . it is found in brazil and uruguay .
most species live in a very small geographic area , including the bolburn ' s tuco - tuco and the silky tuco - tuco that inhabit extreme southwestern argentina . there are only several species that have a wider geographic range , such as the collared tuco - tuco , which lives in argentina , brazil , and uruguay , and the highland tuco - tuco , found in argentina , bolivia , chile , and peru .
lami tuco - tuco - ctenomys lami the lami tuco - tuco is found in brazil . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
southern tuco - tuco - ctenomys australis the southern tuco - tuco is found in argentina . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
social tuco - tuco - ctenomys sociabilis the social tuco - tuco is found in argentina . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
tiny tuco - tuco - ctenomys minutus the tiny tuco - tuco is found in bolivia and brazil . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
talas tuco - tuco - ctenomys talarum the talas tuco - tuco is found in eastern argentina . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
the collared tuco - tuco is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
porteous ' s tuco - tuco - ctenomys porteousi porteous ' s tuco - tuco is found in eastern argentina . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
rio negro tuco - tuco - ctenomys rionegrensis the rio negro tuco - tuco is found in argentina and uruguay . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
tawny tuco - tuco - ctenomys fulvus the tawny tuco - tuco is found in argentina and chile . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
conservation status : pearson ' s tuco - tuco is not listed as threatened by the iucn . ∎
pearson ' s tuco - tuco - ctenomys pearsoni pearson ' s tuco - tuco is found in uruguay . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
haig ' s tuco - tuco - ctenomys haigi haig ' s tuco - tuco is found in southwestern argentina . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
conover ' s tuco - tuco - ctenomys conoveri conover ' s tuco - tuco is found in bolivia and paraguay . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
rio negro tuco - tuco - ctenomys rionegrensis the rio negro tuco - tuco is found in sand dunes and areas with sandy soils . source : animal diversity web intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
o estado de conservação de urna nova espécie de tuco - tuco ctenomys sp . inferida através de estudos genético - moleculares
the magellanic tuco - tuco is listed as vulnerable , facing a high risk of extinction , by the iucn due to declining habitat . in southern patagonia , an area of argentina between the andes mountains and the south atlantic ocean , extensive grazing by sheep on grasses and plants eaten by the highland tuco - tuco and other agricultural activities , have caused the animal to become rare and endangered . three species are listed as near threatened , at risk of becoming threatened , by the iucn : mottled tuco - tuco , natterer ' s tuco - tuco , and social tuco - tuco . no other species are listed as threatened by the iucn .
diet : pearson ' s tuco - tuco are herbivores . their diet consists primarily of grasses , herbs , shrubs , and roots .
little is known about the mating system of rio negro tuco - tucos . presumably , it is similar to pearson ' s tuco - tucos ,
pearson ' s tuco - tuco and people : they are rarely hunted and because they are so solitary , they have no known significance to humans .
there are no known adverse effects of rio negro tuco - tucos on humans .
tuco - tucos use sounds , smells , and touch to communicate with each other . the name
tuco - tuco
is an attempt by native south americans to express in words the sound that several species of tuco - tuco make when they are giving a warning to animals that invade their territory . the actual sound is more like
tloc - tloc .
tuco - tucos have several other sounds including a deep rumbling noise made by the male when courting a female .
tuco - tucos build burrows that are an intricate system of connecting tunnels and small caverns . the main tunnel is about 46 . 2 feet ( 14 meters ) long , about 2 to 2 . 8 inches ( 5 to 7 centimeters ) wide , and 12 inches ( 30 centimeters ) below the surface . the burrow usually contains a grass - lined chamber for nesting , and several chambers for storing food . at least two species , the talas tuco - tuco and collared tuco - tuco , keep the temperature of their borrows at 68 to 71 . 6°f ( 20 to 22°c ) by blocking and unblocking their burrow entrances based on sun and wind .
breeding season : rio negro tuco - tucos breed during the austral autumn ( march to june ) .
tassino , b . , c . passos . 2010 . reproductive biology of rio negro tuco - tuco , ctenomys rionegrensis ( rodentia : octodontidae ) . mammalian biology , 75 : 13 : 253 - 260 .
rio negro tuco - tucos signal to each other over long distances by
singing .
the name
tuco - tuco
comes from the sound these animals make . a recording of their vocalizations can be found here : urltoken . these animals communicate to demarcate territory and to find each other during the mating season .
social tuco - tucos develop more variety .
science news ( august 26 , 2000 ) : 143 .
tuco - tucos are extremely solitary animals and are found in pairs only when mating . the one known exception is the social tuco - tuco , found in argentina , which lives in colonies . they are diurnal , meaning they are most active during the day , and polyrhythmic , meaning they alternate between short periods of activity and resting throughout the day .
d ' anatro , a . , e . lessa . 2006 . geometric morphometric analysis of geographic variation in the río negro tuco - tuco , ctenomys rionegrensis ( rodentia : ctenomyidae ) . mammalian biology , 71 : 5 : 288 - 298 .
rio negro tuco - tucos are herbivorous , primarily eating grasses , roots , and shoots . like rabbits , they are coprophagous .
vocalizations have been reported for many ctenomys species , both solitary and social . solitary animals have limited repertoires of four to six different signals . the common name of these animals ( tuco - tuco ) is an onomatopoeic representation of their territorial / warning vocalizations that can be
tuco - tucos ( ctenomyidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
tuco - tucos ( rodentia , octodontidae ) in southern brazil : ctenomys lami spec . nov . separated from c . minutus nehring 1887
tuco - tucos : ctenomyidae .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
the mating season for pearson ' s tuco - tuco in peru is during the dry season and the babies are born in the wet season , when there is an abundance of plants . female pearson ' s tuco - tucos have one litter of babies per year . the number of babies ranges from two to four . they are believed to be polygamous , meaning they take more than one mate during the breeding season .
wlasiuk , g . , j . garza , e . lessa . 2003 . genetic and geographic differentiation in the rio negro tuco - tuco ( ctenomys rionegrensis ) : inferring the roles of migration and drift from multiple genetic markers . evolution , 57 : 4 : 913 - 926 .
little is known about the lifespan of rio negro tuco - tucos in captivity , but the expected lifespan in the wild is about 3 years .
geographic range : pearson ' s tuco - tucos live in peru , chile , south - west uruguay , and entre rios province in argentina .
tuco - tucos ( ctenomyidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
tuco - tucos : ctenomyidae .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
net industries . 2010 .
tuco - tucos : ctenomyidae - behavior and reproduction
( on - line ) . accessed march 11 , 2010 at urltoken .
physical characteristics : the head and body length for pearson ' s tuco - tuco is 7 . 5 inches ( 19 centimeters ) and they weigh about 7 ounces ( 200 grams ) . they have brown - red fur with a white band of fur under the neck and white patches on the sides of the neck .
locality records of ctenomys ibicuiensis , a new species from manoel viana and maçambará municipalities , rio grande do sul , southern brazil . points labeled l1–l6 correspond to localities listed in table 1 . squares represent sites for c . torquatus and stars are locations with no records of tuco - tuco occurrence . dashed lines are municipality borders .
tuco - tucos have one or two mating periods each year where the female produces a litter of babies . the gestation period , the time they carry their young in the womb , varies from species to species but generally is 100 to 120 days . litter sizes vary from one to seven babies , called pups . males and females reach are sexually mature , able to mate , at about eight months . the average lifespan of a tuco - tuco in the wild is about three years .
tuco - tucos are thought to be polyrhythmic in their activity patterns , alternating many activity periods with resting or immobility throughout the day . they seem to be basically diurnal ,
tuco - tucos are strictly herbivorous and exhibit a generalist feeding strategy . they feed both on aerial and subterranean ( root ) parts of grasses , herbs , and shrubs .
thales r . o . de freitas , fabiano a . fernandes , rodrigo fornel , paula a . roratto ; an endemic new species of tuco - tuco , genus ctenomys ( rodentia : ctenomyidae ) , with a restricted geographic distribution in southern brazil , journal of mammalogy , volume 93 , issue 5 , 19 october 2012 , pages 1355–1367 , urltoken
rio negro tuco - tucos generally inhabit sand dunes and areas with sandy soils near the mouth of the rio uruguay , along the rio parana , and near the rio negro .
all species of tuco - tucos are believed to be herbivores , meaning they are plant - eaters . their primary food sources are roots , grasses , herbs , and shrubs .
little is known about the subtleties of the ecological role of rio negro tuco - tucos . birds of prey , large snakes , and several carnivorous mammals prey on this rodent , and presumably some parasites would use them as hosts , although this is not well - studied . rio negro tuco - tucos are shy and solitary and are not commensals with humans .
the tests for recent population bottlenecks did not show statistical significance for most of the populations investigated . only the population from caverá showed a shifted pattern of allele frequency distribution . however , these findings suggest that current genetic structure of tuco - tuco populations may not be explained by the most recent population decline , but is likely to be the consequence of more ancient historical processes .
tuco - tucos appear in many south american indigenous myths and legends ( i . e . , tehuelches and tobas indigenas ) . tehuelches and onas people eat them . ctenomys is considered a pest in argentina . tuco - tucos may cause problems to humans because they consume crops and roots of timber trees . they can also affect human building activities because of their removal of soil .
behavior and reproduction : the pearson ' s tuco - tuco is solitary and individuals come together only to mate . the animal is territorial , meaning it is protective of an area it considers home and claims exclusively for itself . it will aggressively defend its territory and burrow from other tuco - tucos . it leaves its burrow only to find food and to mate . it has several vocalizations , including a sound to warn intruders away from its territory . it also has an excellent sense of hearing and can detect a human moving from about 165 feet ( 50 meters ) away .
schwartz , lisa e . , and eileen a . lacey .
olfactory discrimination of gender by colonial tuco - tucos ( ctenomys sociabilis . )
mammalian biology ( january 2003 ) : 53–60 .
rio negro tuco - tucos are found in four populations : one occupies a small region of western uruguay in the department of rio negro , and the remaining three are found in the entre rios province in eastern argentina .
ctenomys torquatus has been recorded along the entire south bank of the ibicuí river , including alegrete municipality just south of manoel viana . this species was only found on the north bank near the mouth of the ibicuí river , in itaqui municipality , more than 100 km west of the known range of c . ibicuiensis . no tuco - tuco population , of either species , was found between these localities ( see stars in fig . 1 ) .
rio negro tuco - tucos are not known to benefit humans , but because three fur phenotypes exist within relatively small isolated populations and because of profound differentiation within the species , they are currently being intensely studied by evolutionary biologists .
pearson , oliver p . , and miguel i . christie .
los tuco - tucos ( género ctenomys ) de los parques nacionales lanin y nahuel huapi , argentina .
historia natural 5 ( 1985 ) : 337 .
, which have been better studied . courtship rituals involve aggressive displays between males and chemical and auditory stimulation . rio negro tuco - tucos sing during courtship . males spend time with females before copulating , as females are induced ovulators .
the dull coat color of rio negro tuco - tucos is an example of cryptic coloration , as it would make them difficult to spot on a riverbank . some predators include owls , foxes , armadillos , grison , and some snakes .
lessa , enrique p . , and joseph a . cook .
the molecular phylogenetics of tuco - tucos ( genus ctenomys , rodentia : octodontidae ) suggests an early burst of speciation .
molecular phylogenetics and evolution ( february 1998 ) : 88–99 .
etymology . —the name ibicuiensis refers to the ibicuí river near the type locality . moreover , the word ibicui in the tupi - guarani language means sand dunes ( or terra de areia in portuguese ) , exactly the habitat where these tuco - tucos live .
tuco - tucos dig tunnel systems that are exclusive for each individual ( solitary ) or for multiple animals ( social ) . their burrows are at depths varying 11 . 8–118 in ( 30–300 cm ) , built as central tunnels with branching secondary tunnels , and have
tuco - tucos are mostly solitary animals . individuals get together only during the mating season for copulation and , after pregnancy , the pups remain with the mother for a few months before dispersing . some species have been suggested as social , but that condition is confirmed only for ctenomys sociabilis .
tuco - tucos get their common name from the calls they make , either issued from the entrance to the burrow or from underground . they have complex burrows with many tunnels and several food storage chambers as well as a nesting chamber . they are solitary creatures and feed on roots and grasses .
some tuco - tucos are common ( ctenomys talarum and c . mendocinus ) , others are restricted to typical localities . the iucn lists c . magellanicus as vulnerable , and c . latro , c . mattereri , and c . sociabilis as lower risk / near threatened . no other species are listed .
tuco - tucos are natural diggers . they prefer soil that is sandy or loamy , meaning it is a fertile mixture of clay , sand , silt , and other organic matter . they live in burrows that they dig . these burrows are very long and usually have several branching tunnels , along with many entrances and exits , usually concealed with plant material or plugged with rocks . within these tunnels , they dig chambers for nesting and storing food . tuco - tucos dig with their incisors , the two long , flat , sharp teeth at the front of their mouths , and kick the dirt out of the tunnel with their strong hind legs .
fernandes , f . a . , fernandez - stolz , g . p . , lopes , c . m . and freitas , t . r . o . 2007 . the conservation status of the tuco - tucos , genus ctenomys ( rodentia : ctenomyidae ) . brazilian journal of biology 67 ( 4 ) : 839 - 847 .
tuco - tucos live in many habitats : grasslands , semi - arid lands , coastal dunes , forest meadows , and steppes , and from the sea level up to 13 , 120 ft ( 4 , 000 m ) in the andes . they perform almost all their activities underground , except for some foraging and , eventually , young dispersal .
tuco - tucos are small to medium - sized rodents with heavily built bodies , strong and large heads , and short , powerful legs . their general appearance is that of the pocket gopher ( geomyidae ) , found in north america . the head and body length is 8 . 6 to 16 . 9 inches ( 22 to 53 centimeters ) and they weigh from 3 . 5 ounces to 2 . 4 pounds ( 100 grams to 1 . 1 kilograms ) . their skin is loose on their bodies , making it easier for them to turn around in their narrow burrows . they have tiny ears and short , stiff , hairless tails . the front paws of tuco - tucos are longer than the hind legs .
tuco - tucos range from the tropics to the sub - antarctic regions at the tip of south america . they seem to prefer coastal areas , grassland , rainforest , deciduous forest , the large treeless semi - arid grassy plains called steppes , and meadows . they are found from sea level up to 13 , 120 feet ( 4 , 000 meters ) in the andes mountains .
tuco - tucos are hunted for their meat by several native south american groups , including the tehuelches and onas . farmers who consider them an agricultural pest because they eat crops often kill them . they can also cause problems for horseback riders when their burrows cave in under the weight of the horses , causing broken legs to the horses and often injury to the riders when they fall .
conservation , —tuco - tucos have been considered agricultural pests for decades because of their fossorial habits and , consequently , they are at risk of predation by humans ( massoia 1970 ; pearson et al . 1968 ) . in brazil , lack of knowledge about the areas of occurrence and life history of these small mammals has contributed to difficulties in developing conservation initiatives ( fernandes et al . 2007 ) .
the breeding season of rio negro tuco - tucos occurs during the late austral autumn . in a study by tassino and passos ( 2009 ) , pregnant females were observed during the beginning of austral winter and lactating females were observed during the austral spring . females generally bear 2 to 4 offspring after gestating for 100 days and lactate for about two months . average time to weaning and average birth mass is unknown . in
rio negro tuco - tucos are listed as an endangered species on the iucn red list because
its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km² , its area of occupancy is less than 500 km² , its distribution is severely fragmented , there are only four populations and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat . it may be locally abundant if habitat is available but habitat is being quickly destroyed .
we thank j . marinho ( universidade regional integrada ) for supplying some of the tuco - tuco samples , s . ximenes ( universidade federal do rio grande do sul ) for helping with the cytogenetic studies , t . noviski - fornel ( universidade federal do rio grande do sul ) by figures edition , f . fernandes ( universidade federal do rio grande do sul ) for performing the taxidermy of voucher specimens , and g . r . p . moreira ( universidade federal do rio grande do sul ) for the watercolor paintings . thanks also to h . hoekstra , l . oliveira , g . d ' elia , j . maldonado , and 2 anonymous reviewers for insightful comments that significantly improved the earlier version of the manuscript . this research was financially supported by the coordenadoria de aperfeiçoamento pessoal , conselho nacional de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico , and fundação de amparo à pesquisa do rio grande do sul .
in spite of the predominance of sandy soil , we did not find populations of c . ibicuiensis west and northwest of the localities l1–l6 , nor did we find mention of its occurrence from folk knowledge of local residents . the geographic distribution of c . ibicuiensis is bordered on the east by the serra do iguariaçá , a mountain range of basaltic geomorphology that is part of the meridional plateau in an atlantic forest biome . probably due to the characteristics of this landscape , there is no record of tuco - tucos in this region .
the interspecific analyses were performed using the cytochrome - b haplotypes found for those samples , together with 54 different recognized species and sequences from tuco - tucos of undefined taxonomic status , available in genbank ( accession numbers provided in appendix ii ) . we also included 5 haplotypes of c . torquatus from localities around the geographic range of the new species : h1 , h2 , and h3 from alegrete municipality , and it1 - ur1 and it2 from itaqui and uruguaiana municipalities ( fig . 1 ) . the octodontid octodon degus was incorporated as outgroup .
the situation of c . ibicuiensis is of utmost concern because of its small geographic range and restriction to sandy - soil grassland habitat . such habitat specificity , combined with the low population density and patchy distribution typical of tuco - tucos , suggests that this species should be assigned the highest degree of rarity for mammals ( category h ) , suggested by yu and dobson ( 2000 ) . in addition to its narrow distribution , populations of c . ibicuiensis also are endangered by intensive agricultural and silvicultural activities , and the expanding desertification in southwestern rio grande do sul ( suertegaray et al . 2001 ) .
implications for chromosomal speciation theory and pelage color evolution in ctenomys . —the expected time for a given lineage to reach reciprocal monophyly is 4 times longer for chromosomal rearrangements ( autosomal ) than for mtdna ( lande 1984 ) . thus , it is expected that derived karyomorphs are more likely to be monophyletic at mtdna markers than for autosomal rearrangements . however , the karyomorphs of c . torquatus do satisfy this prediction . in addition , a careful review of the chromosomal literature suggests that c . torquatus is not unique in this regard within ctenomys . other surveyed species of tuco - tucos characterized by high karyotypic variation , such as c . boliviensis , c . perrensi , and c . pearsoni , also are not monophyletic at mtdna markers ( giménez et al . 2002 ; mascheretti et al . 2000 ; tomasco and lessa 2007 ) . future studies are needed , to understand why the chromosomal variation is geographically arranged whereas mitochondrial variation is not .
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a schematic illustration of coat - color pattern of ctenomys torquatus . a ) uniformly brown , b ) brown with white areas on the posterior body parts , and c ) gray .
area of occurrence of populations of ctenomys torquatus at rio grande do sul state , brazil . a ) triangles indicate the karyotypic variation found in the populations ; b ) the color morph represents intra - and interpopulation variation in pelage color ( uniformly brown , brown with white areas on the posterior body parts , and gray ) . the name and geographic coordinate of the 6 populations sampled are : alegrete ( ale , 29°53′s , 55°43′w ) , catimbau ( cat , 29°50′s , 55°45′w ) , caverá ( cav , 30°06′s , 55°33′w ) , rosário ( ros , 30°13′s , 54°54′w ) , quaraí ( qua , 30°28′s , 56°19′w ) , and fronteira ( fro , 29°24′s , 56°38′w ) .
data analysis . —genetic diversity within each population was estimated using the number of alleles per locus ( n ) , the number of alleles per locus per population ( n i ) , the mean number of alleles per locus ( allelic richness [ a ] ) , the percentage of polymorphic loci ( % p ) , observed heterozygosity ( h o ) , and the heterozygosity expected from hardy–weinberg equilibirum ( h e — nei 1978 ) , using fstat 2 . 9 . 1 ( goudet 1995 ) and genepop 3 . 4 ( raymond and rousset 1995 ) . linkage disequilibrium and deviations from hardy–weinberg equilibrium ( guo and thompson 1992 ) were tested using arlequin 3 . 0 ( excoffier et al . 2005 ) . sequential bonferroni corrections were applied to correct for multiple comparisons ( rice 1989 ) , with α = 0 . 05 to adjust the statistical significance levels . standard genetic diversity indices such as haplotype diversity ( hd— nei 1978 ) and mean number of pairwise differences ( π— tajima 1989 ) were estimated for mtdna sequences using arlequin 3 . 0 .
genetic differentiation between populations was characterized by exact tests ( raymond and rousset 1995 ) and by estimating pairwise f st ( weir and cockerham 1984 ) and r st ( slatkin 1995 ) values using genepop 3 . 4 and arlequin 3 . 0 . the levels of significance for multiple tests were adjusted by the sequential bonferroni method ( rice 1989 ) . we investigated the relationship between genetic and geographical distances using mantel tests ( mantel 1967 ) , based on mtdna sequences and microsatellite loci . the significance of isolation by distance values was assessed by the mantel procedure ( 1 , 000 randomizations ) using arlequin 3 . 0 .
to investigate the existence of hierarchical levels of population structure , an analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) was performed using allele frequencies with arlequin 3 . 0 . populations with similar karyotypes were grouped as follows : ale , 2n = 40 ; cat , 2n = 42 ; and cav and ros , 2n = 44 .
as an alternative approach to represent the genetic relationship among the 4 populations ( ale , cat , cav , and ros ) of c . torquatus , a principal component analysis ( pca ) was applied using gene frequencies of all the variable microsatellite loci . the frequencies of all the alleles at a single locus were considered as independent variables . accordingly , correlation matrices were computed from the gene frequencies of all the loci , as well as the eigenvalues of all principal components , the proportions of individual eigenvalues to the total variance ( contribution rates of components ) , and the raw scores of every individual for each of the principal components . pca based on microsatellite data was performed using the program pcagen ( urltoken ) .
a bayesian clustering procedure implemented in structure ( pritchard et al . 2000 ) was used to infer the number of distinct genetic populations represented in our samples . that is , structure was used to estimate the probability that individuals were correctly assigned to their original population , using a probability threshold of q > 0 . 7 . five independent simulations were run , each composed of 100 , 000 iterations , following a burn - in period of 10 , 000 iterations .
phenotypic and karyotypic variation . —we found high levels of variation in pelage coloration both within and among the populations sampled . three primary color patterns were recognized : uniform brown ( fig . 1a ) ; brown with white areas on the posterior body parts ( fig . 1b ) ; and uniform gray , described for the 1st time for the species ( fig . 1c ) . in all populations , individuals uniformly brown were at a greater frequency ( fig . 3 ) . populations ale and cat also included brown individuals with white spots and those of cav and ros included uniformly gray individuals ( fig . 3 ) . we identified a new diploid number ( 2n = 42 ) in 11 individuals karyotyped , found only in the catimbau locality ( fig . 2 ) .
coat - color frequency in 4 populations of ctenomys torquatus from rio grande do sul state , brazil . the bars represent the percentage of all hair pigmentation detected in each population sampled . abbreviations for populations are given in fig . 2 .
polymorphic sites ( except ambiguous ones ) at the mitochondrial cytochrome - b gene for populations of ctenomys torquatus ( n = 65 ) . nucleotides are numbered from 1 to 1110 . each haplotype distribution is represented per locality and by the total number of individuals per haplotype . abbreviations for populations are given in fig . 2 ; periods represent an absence of the correspondent haplotype .
summary for genetic variability of populations of ctenomys torquatus based upon 9 microsatellite loci and mitochondrial dna sequences , n , sample size ; a , average number of alleles per locus ; % p , percentage of polymorphic loci ; h o , observed ( average ) heterozygosity ; h e , expected ( average ) heterozygosity ; nh , number of haplotypes ; hd , haplotype diversity ; and π , nucleotide diversity . abbreviations for locations ( populations ) are given in fig . 2 .
pairwise estimates of gene flow based on f st ( upper half matrix ) and r st ( lower half matrix ) for cytochrome - b gene sequences and microsatellites , respectively . an asterisk ( * ) indicates statistical significance ; p < 0 . 01 . abbreviations for locations ( populations ) are given in fig . 2 .
population decline or expansion . —neutrality tests using tajima ' s d and fu ' s f s were not significant for any population . the majority of localities showed positive values for these statistics ( table 2 ) . the f s - test was positive and not significant ( f s = 2 . 38 , p > 0 . 10 ) . the overall d - test was both negative and nonsignificant ( d = −0 . 86 , p > 0 . 10 ) . the mismatch distribution analysis was not consistent with a recent demographic expansion , depicted by a multimodal distribution and a low average number of nucleotide differences ( k = 2 . 23 ) . genetic signatures of bottlenecks estimated using the distribution of microsatellite allele frequencies showed clearly normal l - shaped distributions for ale , cat , and ros , with the largest proportion of alleles at low frequencies ( 0 . 1–0 . 20 ; fig . 4 ) . in contrast , the distribution of allele frequencies from cav showed the largest proportion of alleles in the class of intermediate frequencies ( 0 . 2–0 . 80 ) , with a consequent decrease in the class of low - frequency alleles . the shape of the distribution of allele frequencies in the latter populations was clearly shifted toward a lower number of more - abundant alleles , as expected in bottlenecked populations ( fig . 4 ) .
allele frequency variation in 4 populations of ctenomys torquatus from rio grande do sul state , brazil . the line represents the frequency of all alleles detected in each allele class , calculated for each population sampled . abbreviations for populations are given in fig . 2 .
principal component analysis . —patterns of genetic differentiation were represented by a multivariate pca plot ( fig . 5 ) . the pca individual scores , plotted into the first 2 principal component axes , pc - i and pc - ii , explained 19 . 43 % and 10 . 53 % , respectively , of the total genetic diversity . samples from ale and ros grouped separately from the other populations on the upper part of the pca plot . samples from cat and cav clustered into , the lower part , although with a lot of mixture in the central area of the pca plot .
scores of microsatellite genotypes for individuals of ctenomys torquatus plotted on the first 2 axes ( pc - i and pc - ii ) of a principal component analysis . abbreviations for populations are given in fig . 2 .
bayesian admixture analyses . —the bayesian clustering procedure detected the maximum likelihood for a model of 4 genetically distinct populations ( log - likelihood [ lnl ] = — 1 , 950 . 0 ) . the proportion of individual genotypes ( q ) belonging to each of the 4 inferred clusters showed that samples from ale , cat , cav , and ros were assigned to distinct clusters , because q > 0 . 7 . individual assignment did not vary among 5 independent simulations . results showed that all samples were correctly assigned to a single population with probability qi ≥ 0 . 7 ( table 4 ) .
results of a bayesian assignment test . the number and percentage of individuals assigned to their original population with a probability threshold of 70 % are indicated . abbreviations for locations ( populations ) are given in fig . 2 .
maximum - likelihood ( ml ) tree of ctenomys mitochondrial dna haplotypes identified in this study , based on 1 , 110 base pairs of the cytochrome - b gene . values above branches indicate support for each node based on parsimony / ml / bayesian inference . asterisks indicate bootstrap support below 50 % . triangles on the right indicate diploid number : black , 2n = 44 ; white , 2n . = 40 ; and gray , 2n = 42 . the schematic illustration represents the coat - color variation ( uniformly brown , brown with white areas on the posterior body parts , and gray ) . closed squares represent ctenomys torquatus and open squares the undetermined ctenomys a .
median - joining network of 9 mitochondrial dna haplotypes of ctenomys torquatus + outgroups ( ctenomys perrensi and ctenomys pearsoni ) . circle areas are proportional to haplotype frequencies . haplotypes numbers correspond to those of table 1 . the small circle indicates a median vector . each color represents a given locality . abbreviations for populations are given in fig . 2 .
the mtdna diversity reflects a low genetic variability , similar to that based on microsatellite data . we found only 7 mtdna haplotypes , a small number of nucleotide polymorphisms , and only 3 polymorphic populations . the number of cytb haplotypes identified in c . torquatus can be consider moderately low when compared to that of c . rionegrensis ( 15 ) reported by wlasiuk et al . ( 2003 ) .
the amova showed that the genetic variation is evenly distributed among groups , within populations between groups , and within populations . the highly significant fixation indices indicated that genetic structuring is as strong between populations within a karyotypic group as it is between all populations .
the significant correlation between pairwise estimates of gene flow and geographic distance , based on microsatellites , clearly indicated a pattern of isolation by distance , reflecting limited dispersal and reduced gene flow . a species with limited dispersion will show such a pattern , when migration is stable for enough time to reach the equilibrium ( slatkin 1993 ) . the pattern of isolation by distance observed here suggests stability and equilibrium between drift and migration .
additional evidence for such equilibrium and population size stability came from the negative results for both fu and tajima neutrality tests . the ale population has a negative value for tajima ' s d , indicating the absence of neutrality , but these values are not statistically significant . such a result may be due to the large number of divergent haplotypes among populations , which may represent recent local admixture .
the pca plots show a low degree of concordance with the bayesian assignments . the individuals with the highest percentage of correct assignment ( cat and cav ) were grouped in similar clusters in the pca plotting . all cat samples were correctly assigned to the site from which they were sampled . however , it is possible that the low number of individuals sampled from this locality may have influenced our analysis . the ability to detect substructuring using bayesian inference increases with the number of loci and individuals investigated ( pritchard et al . 2000 ) . thus , the results obtained by these tests should be interpreted with some caution , because some of the sample sizes were small , and collected over areas of different sizes .
our results indicate that individuals from catimbau may represent 2 , not mutually exclusive , possibilities : hybrids between the parental forms 2n = 40 and 2n = 44 ( or a new chromosomal rearrangement ) , or a neutral and transient polymorphism . to test this hypothesis , a detailed study of chromosomal homology among different karyotypes of c . torquatus is needed .
despite predictions based on geographic distance , estimates of gene flow from microsatellites reveal higher values between ale and cav than between ale and cat . we suggest that individuals with 2n = 40 are more closely related to those with 2n = 44 , rather than those with 2n = 42 . this hypothesis also is supported by the pca results , where samples with 2n = 40 grouped with samples with 2n = 44 .
color polymorphism has been defined as the presence of 2 or more distinct , genetically determined color morphs within a single interbreeding population , the rarest of which is too frequent to be solely the result of recurrent mutation ( huxley 1955 ) . examples of such intraspecific variation in rodents include peromyscus crinitus , peromyscus maniculatus , peromyscus polionotus ( hoekstra 2006 ) , thomomys bottae , chaetodipus intermedius ( hoekstra and nachman 2005 ) , c . rionegrensis ( altuna et al . 1985 ) , and c . pearsoni ( g . d ' elía , universidad de concepción , pers . comm . ) .
notes on bolivian mammals 6 . the genus ctenomys ( rodentia , ctenomyidae ) in the highlands
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
woods , charles a . , and c . william kilpatrick / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
status : iucn - lower risk ( lc ) . endangered from strip coal mining ( freitas , 1995 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
funding was provided by the national council for scientific and technological development ( cnpq ) and the national council for the improvement of higher education ( capes ) .
excoffier l , schneider s ( 2005 ) arlequin version 3 . 0 : an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis . evol bioinform online 1 : 47–50
( rodentia : ctenomyidae ) , in southern brazil . braz j biol 67 ( 4 suppl ) : 839–847
lichtenstein h ( 1830 ) darstellung neuer oder wenig bekannter säugethiere in abbildungen und beschreibungen von fünf und sechzig arten auf fünzig colorirten steindrucktafeln nach den orginalen des zoologischen museums der universität zu berlin . c . g . lüderitz , berlin
medrano jf , aesen e , sharrow l ( 1990 ) dna extraction from nucleated red blood cells . biotechniques 8 : 43
overbeck ge , muller sc , fidelis a et al ( 2007 ) brazil’s neglected biome : the south brazilian campos . perspect plant ecol 9 : 101–116
refseth uh , fangan bm , jakobsen ks ( 1997 ) hybridization capture of microsatellites directly from genomic dna . electrophoresis 18 : 1519–1523
. in : nevo e , reig oa ( eds ) evolution of subterranean mammals at the organismal and molecular levels . wiley - liss , new york , pp 71–96
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rozen s , skaletsky hj ( 2000 ) primer3 on the www for general users and for biologist programmers . in : krawetz s , misener s ( eds ) bioinformatics methods and protocols : methods in molecular biology . humana press , totowa , pp 365–386
sambrook j , russel dw ( 2002 ) molecular cloning : a laboratory manual , 3rd edition . ( trans : huang pei - tang et al . ) . science press , beijing
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van oosterhout c , hutchinson wf , wills dpm et al ( 2004 ) micro - checker : software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data . mol ecol notes 4 : 535–538
roratto , p . a . , bartholomei - santos , m . l . & de freitas , t . r . o . conservation genet resour ( 2011 ) 3 : 725 . urltoken
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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this species occurs in the entre rios province of argentina in three isolated populations . it can also be found in a small areas ( 50 x 60 km ) in the department of rio negro , uruguay ( wlasiuk et al . , 2003 ) . it is restricted to sand dunes which make up < 10 % of the area the species range .
bidau , c . , e . lessa , r . ojeda . 2008 .
ctenomys rionegrensis . in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 1
( on - line ) . accessed march 15 , 2010 at urltoken .
altuna , c . , e . lessa . 1985 . penial morphology in uruguayan species of ctenomys ( rodentia ; octodontidae ) . journal of mammalogy , 66 : 3 : 483 - 488 .
lacey , e . , j . patton , g . cameron . 2000 . life underground . chicago : chicago university press .
average time to weaning is around 30 days from birth and the birth mass is 46 . 0 ± 16 . 43g .
after copulation , males and females separate , with females taking care of the young until they become independent .
2005 .
gabriel francescoli
( on - line ) . accessed march 10 , 2010 at urltoken .
altuna , c . , g . francescoli , g . izquierdo . 1991 . copulatory pattern of ctenomys pearsoni ( rodentia , octodontidae ) from balneario solís , uruguay . mammalia , 55 : 214 .
francescoli , g . 1999 . a preliminary report on the acoustic communication in uruguayan ctenomys ( rodentia , octodontidae ) : basic song types . bioacoustics , 10 : 203 .
zenuto , r . , c . antinuchi , c . busch . 2002 . bioenergetics of reproduction and pup development in a subterranean rodent . physiological and biochemical zoology , 75 : 469 - 478 .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
listed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km , its area of occupancy is less than 500 km , its distribution is severely fragmented , there are only four populations and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat . it may be locally abundant if habitat is available but habitat is being quickly destroyed
it is found in four disjunct populations . it may be locally abundant ( lessa pers . comm . ) occurring at densities of 30 - 80 individuals per hectare where they are considered abundant ( lessa pers . comm . ) .
these sand dunes have been priorities for expansion of pine plantation and eucalyptus . many populations were extirpated due to this reason ( lessa pers . comm . ) .
there is no information available about any conservation measures being made to protect this species . further research is necessary to clarify the true status of this species .
. it is restricted to sand dunes , and is threatened by the conversion of this habitat to forestry plantations .
bidau , c . , lessa , e . & ojeda , r . ( 2008 ) . ctenomys rionegrensis . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 17 march 2009 .
woods , c . a . ; kilpatrick , c . w . ( 2005 ) .
infraorder hystricognathi
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . p . 1187 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
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. as is the case with other members of the genus , the eyes and ears are small , the fur is dense and the claws on the forefeet are large . the fur is brown and it has a blackish stripe running along its spine . the underparts are yellowish - brown and the tail pale brown . the feet are clad in sparse whitish hairs .
. its exact range is unclear but there seem to be two separate populations . it inhabits damp plains , making its burrows in well - compacted , humus - rich or loamy soils .


the myaka ( myaka myaka ) is a critically endangered species of cichlid endemic to lake barombi mbo in western cameroon .

it prefers open , deeper waters where it feeds on phytoplankton and small insects , only venturing into shallower waters to spawn .

this species can reach a length of 6.7 centimetres ( 2.6 in ) sl .

it is currently the only known species in its genus , but it is very close to sarotherodon .

the myika is threatened because of pollution and sedimentation due to human activities .

it is potentially also threatened by large emissions of carbon dioxide ( co ₂ ) from the lake 's bottom ( compare lake nyos ) , although studies indicate that barombo mbo lacks excess amounts of this gas .

konia , pungu and stomatepia are three other equally threatened genera of ciclids that also are endemic to lake barombi mbo .

myaka ( fish )

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in the aquarium : anyone thinking of keeping myaka myaka should be aware that they are extremely aggressive toward each other . as they mature you can expect to experience losses due to interspecies aggression . other species that are housed with m . myaka aren ' t targets of this aggression . however , m . myaka ' s constant movement and aggression toward each other can be stressful to other fish .
myaka myaka is the only species in its genus . what m . myaka evolved from isn ' t known but is believed to be from some haplochromine . in the wild m . myaka spends its time feeding on plankton and small insects in the deeper parts of the lake . when mature , they reach almost 3 inches in length .
keeping myaka myaka , a resplendent cichlid from lake barombi - mbo , means more than just having an action - packed aquarium ; it means helping to save one species from potential extinction .
moelants , t . 2010 . myaka myaka . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 26 april 2013 .
fish farms , sharks , discus , cichlids , penguins and more . blue zoo tv in 8 mins .
background : myaka myaka are indigenous to lake barombi mbo in cameroon . lake barombi mbo is the largest volcanic lake in the southwest region of cameroon . the fish in the lake are isolated and have evolved into several unique species . a summary of the different species in lake barombi mbo can be found in the article insight on barombi mbo , cameroon by greg steeves .
myaka myaka prefers open water regions at greater depths , but ventures into the more shallow areas of the lake to spawn . it mainly feeds on phytoplankton and small insects . it is probably ovophilic mouth - brooder ( lamboj 2004 ) . this species is demersal .
a while back a received a small group of myaka myaka from a friend in the hope i ' d be able to get a successful spawn . my friend originally purchased 20 unsexed individuals and in less than a couple years , the group was down to less than half of its original size . although i was never able to spawn the remaining fish , i gained some insight into this rare crater lake cichlid .
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they are a top contender for best looking barombi - mbo fish . not like that is saying much , but they are really cool . you have any luck with them yet ? i hear they are nasty .
i keep both the linnelli and myaka ( separately ) in local tap water ( ph 7 . 4 ; medium hard ) . i keep the linnellii at room temp in my fishroom ( ~ 74f in the winter ) and the myaka a bit warmer ( ~ 78f ) . warm water changes seem to lead to courting . what ' s interesting is that when the linnellii spawn , only one female ends up holding ( vs . a bunch like peacocks or haps ) . my linnelli are probably 4 - 5 years old . they really didn ' t kick into spawning mode until a couple years ago . maybe more time ! good luck ! matt
all the species in the lake are at risk . not only by human pollution , but also by the very forces that created the lake . large carbon dioxide emissions from under the lake change the acidity and poison the water leading to large fish deaths . these carbon dioxide emissions have also led to human deaths surrounding the lake .
i ' ve had holding females , but was unable to get the fry . i ' ve recently moved the group to a 30b from the 6 ' long tank they were in before . hopefully it ' ll be easier to extract female and fry in this sparsely rocked tank . all males require is a flat spawning rock . the male in the video claimed the rock as soon as i added it . myaka video
justification : the species is endemic to the crater lake barombi mbo ( 7 km² ) . the species is currently major threat is from oil plantations and slash and burn agriculture leading to sedimentation and pollution in the lake ( 1 location ) . there are plans to commercial development the area for tourism . there is also a potential threat from the lake ' burping ' - co 2 ( as in lake nyos ) . in addition deforestation of the surroundings of the crater may cause more wind which could lead to the lake ' turning ' , as the lake is stratified , lower layer being very low in oxygen and high in organic matter . higher winds may cause currents in the lake which could cause this lower layer to mix with the upper layer where the fish live . this would cause a massive decrease in oxygen in the water and kills the fish . together with the water abstraction to supply the town of kumba ( which is likely to increase ) and the plans to commercial development the area for tourism , this species is considered critically endangered .
i have a group also about that size . and they seem to be going through the motions . but no mouthfulls . i think that they need to be alone or only with really peaceful fish in order to spawn . i have had good luck in spawning saratherodon linnellii in a 2 ' x2 ' x1 ' tank with light covering of sand gravel , weekly 30 % water changes and twice daily feedings of nls ( pellets ) . heavier feedings of the linnelli + a bigger than usual water change usually result in spawns . good luck ! matt
the species is potentially threatened by crater lake ' burping ' - co 2 gasses ( pers . comm . , brummet , r . ) as in lake nyos . there is evidence that the lake released some co 2 in 2007 , as many deep water species were found dead on the surface in the middle of the lake , the water was also very turbid ( pers . comm . , dening , c . ) . deforestation , palm oil plantation and slash and burn agriculture are leading to pollution and sedimentation of the lake . deforestation of the area surrounding the lake would lead to increased wind and therefore risk of turnover ( it is a stratified lake , where the lower part is very low in oxygen and high in organic matter ) . this would destroy the top stratified layer where the fish live . water abstraction is also present in the lake to supply the town of kumba , which is likely to increase . this will also increase the likelihood of the two stratified layers mixing . there are also plans to commercial development the area for tourism . however , there are no introduced species in the lake , and commercial fishing is forbidden in the lake .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
critically endangered b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1
brummett , r . , mbe tawe , a . n . , dening touokong , c . , reid , g . m . , snoeks , j . staissny , m . , moelants , t . , mamonekene , v . , ndodet , b . , ifuta , s . n . b . , chilala , a . , monsembula , r . , ibala zamba , a . , opoye itoua , o . , pouomogne , v . , darwall , w . & smith , k .
a lower guinea endemic , only known from lake barombi - mbo , cameroon .
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africa : endemic to lake barombi mbo , cameroon ( ref . 81260 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 7 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 53940 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 14 - 15 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 12 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 10 ; vertebrae : 28 - 29 . diagnosis : mouth strongly upturned , making an angle of about 50° with the horizontal ; outer row jaw teeth reduced and few in number , inner row teeth minute tricuspids ; lower pharyngeal jaw markedly longer than wide , with a reduced dentigerous surface , and covered with a ‘felt’ of tiny unicuspid teeth ( ref . 81260 ) .
prefers open water regions at greater depths , but ventures into the more shallow areas of the lake for spawning , which normally occurs during the rainy season ; mainly feeds on phytoplankton and small insects ; probably ovophilic mouthbrooder ; males occupy a tertitory of ca . 50 cm and it is often possible to find large numbers of males in a limited area ( ref . 52307 ) .
lamboj , a . , 2004 . the cichlid fishes of western africa . birgit schmettkamp verlag , bornheim , germany . 255 p . ( ref . 52307 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 6 ±0 . 28 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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where it prefers open , deeper waters , only venturing into shallower waters to spawn . the exact placement of this species within its sub - family is uncertain , leading some to place it in the
are three other equally threatened genera of ciclids that also are endemic to lake barombi mbo .
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been a tough one to get a pic of so far . the silver in the head doesn ' t show up very well
the greater chicago cichlid association — gcca — is a not - for - profit , educational organization , chartered in the state of illinois , dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of information relating to the biology of the fishes in the family cichlidae , with particular emphasis on maintenance and breeding in captivity . we are simply cichlid hobbyists who love cichlids .
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hy everyone , i have a group of 7 myakas ( 2 / 5 or 3 / 4 ) and they are quite big ( 8 - 10 cm ) the thing is that i cant seem to get them to spawn , so i ' m asking here if people who breed this species could help me out with the conditions that were beneficial to this goal . thanks adrian
hy matt , so i understand they are courting but not spawning ? same with me , and i also tried a lot of variations ( softer / harder water , temperature , food , light ) . what water parameters has your water since the s . linnellii spawn , it can not be too wrong . the thing is that i find a lot of contradicting information in the net on the lake . zuzanna was there in december and she will be back soon so i hope she can give me some hints on the lakes water and the seasonality of the fishes behaviour . good luck also ! adrian
i ' ve read that barombis tend to have loose pair bonds . jerome s . ( westafrica ) observed that his s . pindu male spawns with one female only , even though there are / were more available in the tank . by the way guys , you might want to share some photos of these gems here ? they are still quite rare ; always nice to see a qood quality picture of ' em . and good luck !
breeding color , but they ' re often breeding . sometimes just one male , sometimes both , and different intensities .
good luck tim with this group . . . let ' s talk some more about them on saturday night . after talking to greg steeves and seeing his videos they ' re high on my bucket list !
wish i could get some fry . they ' re proving to be a challenge . yesterday i was convinced that i had a female holding and tried to net her out . she spit what she had in her mouth and it turned out to be food . now i hadn ' t fed them since the day before , so why is she holding and mouthing food ? possible maybe that she held food for fry and that her buccal cavity conceals that ? don ' t know . if she truly had fry , why didn ' t she spit those also ? that would ' ve been helpful .
more than once when i ' ve suspected one may be holding , i net and attempt to strip them all , but nothing . i ' ve made crevices for fry to hide in hopes that they ' ll release in the tank , and again , nothing . i ' ll keep at it .


nordstromia humerata is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by warren in 1896 .

it is found in north-eastern india .

the wingspan is 22-25 mm for females .

the forewings are fawn-colour , but the costal edge is yellowish from the base to the middle .

the lines are ferruginous , starting from dark brown costal spots .

the first at one-fourth , oblique outwards , angled on the subcostal , then straight and vertical or slightly oblique to the inner margin beyond one-third .

the second line from the costa at the middle , runs outward along the subcostal vein for two-thirds of the distance to the apex , then sharply angulated , incurved opposite the cell and outcurved below it , reaching the inner margin straight at four-fifths .

the submarginal line is strongly denticulate and blackish .

the marginal area is dark grey , with some irregular black marks before the fringe , which is chestnut with a pale basal line .

the apical one-third of the costa has a chestnut streak , the apex itself with one or two snow-white spots .

the cell-spot is large , blackish , followed obliquely below it by four small white spots edged with black , and sometimes altogether black .

the hindwings are fawn-colour , in the females with the costal area ochreous and in the males with an ochreous tint suffusing the wing and leaving only the inner and anal margins fawn-colour .

there is a curved postmedian line , abbreviated in the males , reaching to the ochreous costal part in the females , which also has a short antemedian line on the inner margin which is wanting in males .

nordstromia humerata

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rectiostoma ochrobasis is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by w. donald duckworth in 1971 .

it is found in the humid low highlands of south-eastern peru and bolivia .

the wingspan is 8 – 9 mm .

the forewings are dark brown , with a pale yellow transverse band from the costa to the dorsum at the basal fourth , parallel to the distal margin of the yellow band extends a dark brown line followed by a broader band of iridescent blue .

the apical two thirds of the forewing has a wide area of dark brown , scattered with iridescent bronze scales , followed distally by irregular patterns of iridescent violet .

the hindwings are dark brown with a white patch on the anterior margin .

rectiostoma ochrobasis

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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ochrobasis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ochrobasis and , of course , ochrobasis synonyms and on the right images related to the word ochrobasis .
rectiostoma becker in heppner , [ 1982 ]
at markku savela ' s lepidoptera and some other life forms .
setiostoma ochrobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 17 ; tl : bolivia
setiostoma argyrobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 25 ; tl : rancho grande , araua , venezuela
setiostoma callidora meyrick , 1909 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1909 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : bolivia , songo
setiostoma chrysabasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 20 ; tl : nova teutonia , santa catherina , brazil , 500m
setiostoma cirrhobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 24 ; tl : 13 km n of san salvador , el salvador
setiostoma cnecobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 17 ; tl : bolivia
setiostoma earobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 18 ; tl : yungas de la paz , bolivia
setiostoma eusema walsingham , 1914 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 303 , pl . 9 , f . 12 ; tl : guatemala , sacatepequez , capetillo
setiostoma fernaldella riley , 1889 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 1 ( 3 ) : 155 ; tl : los angeles co . , california
larva on quercus agrifolia , quercus wislizenii , q . dumosa , q . dumosax engelmanni , q . lobata , q . suber , w . chrysolepis , q . dunii , lithocarpus densiflorus , chrysolepis chrysophylla , c . semipervirens duckworth , 1971 , smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 14
setiostoma flaviceps felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 1 ; tl : amazonas
setiostoma flinti duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 23 ; tl : 4 mi s of tamazunchale , san luis potosi , mexico
colombia , w . venezuela , costa rica , brazil ( amazonas ) . see [ maps ]
setiostoma leuconympha meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 477 ; tl : brazil , teffé
setiostoma silvibasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 19 ; tl : ranch grande , aragua , venezuela , 1100m
setiostoma thiobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 20 ; tl : santa catharina , brazil
s . massachusetss , new jersey , maryland , north carolina , na . georgia , illinois , missouri , arkansas , texas . see [ maps ]
setiostoma xanthobasis zeller , 1875 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 325 , pl . 9 , f . 42 ; tl : texas
larva on quercus nigra , q . stellata duckworth , 1971 , smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 13
setiostoma xuthobasis duckworth , 1971 ; smithson . contr . zool . 106 : 21 ; tl : colombia
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
zeller , 1875 beiträge zur kenntniss der nordamericanischen nachtfalter , besonders der microlepidopteren ( 3 ) verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 25 : 207 - 360 , pl . 8 - 10
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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the scophthalmidae are a family of flatfish found in the north atlantic ocean , baltic sea , mediterranean sea , and black sea .

fish of this family are known commonly as turbots , though this name can refer specifically to scophthalmus maximus , as well .

cladistic analysis reveals that this family is a monophyletic group .

of the nine species , the largest reaches 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) in length .

some species in the family are fished commercially .

scophthalmidae

kento furui added the japanese common name
スコプタルムス科
to
scophthalmidae
.
family scophthalmidae ( turbots ) eyes sinistral ; anus on blind side ; gill membrane widely separated ; dorsal and anal fin rays shortened posteriorly ; pelvic fin bases long ( both extending forward onto the urohyal ) . lengths to about 1 metre ( about 3 feet ) and weights to about 23 kg ( approximately 50…
créée le 28 janvier 1976 , la société française d’ichtyologie s’est développée et internationalisée rapidement . malgré un changement de statut en 1988 , ses objectifs n’ont pas varié depuis 1976 . c’est pour répondre au quatrième point de ses objectifs – assurer la liaison entre ses membres par la diffusion d’une publication spécifique – que la revue cybium fut créée dès 1977 . la sfi a pris aussi l’initiative de publier ou d’aider à publier certains ouvrages qui ont fait l’objet ou non de numéros spéciaux de la revue .
cybium , éditée par la société française d’ichtyologie , publie des articles originaux , des articles de synthèse , des résumés de thèse , des analyses bibliographiques et des informations intéressant les membres de la société ou l’ensemble des ichtyologistes . les sujets traités doivent avoir un rapport direct avec l’ichtyologie générale , fondamentale ou appliquée , qu’il s’agisse de poissons d’eau douce ou de poissons marins , actuels ou fossiles .
the europeen society of marine biotechnology ( esmb ) and the tunisian association of bioressources valorization ( atvab ) will organize the international congress for marine biotechnology on 17th - . . . lire la suite
vous trouverez ci - dessous le le compte rendu des rif18 ainsi que le livre des résumés et quelques photos .
seminiferous tubule number and surface : validation of objective parameters to estimate reproduction activity of male european anchovy ( engraulis encrasicolus , l . )
physiculus sudanensis paulin , 1989 , a junior synonym of p . dalwigki kaup , 1858 ( teleostei , gadiformes , moridae ) , with a redescription of p . dalwigki
g . prestes - carneiro , p . béarez , k . dillenseger , t . yunoki
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dr . jennifer hammock , a co - organizer of the symposium & quo . . . ; more
biodiversity for a livable climate is hosting a conference , restoring oceans , restoring climate , november 18 - 20 , 2016 at harvard university , cambridge , massachusetts . usa
grzegorz jagodziński added the polish common name
flaming andyjski
to
phoenicoparrus andinus ( philippi , 1854 )
.
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
apium
.
edward murdy added text to
diagnostic description
on
taenioides purpurascens ( de vis , 1884 )
.
megan wannarka removed a common name in an unknown language from
crataegus persimilis sarg .
.
van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
1 . a flatfish , psetta maxima syn . scophthalmus maximus , of marine and brackish waters of europe and north africa , having a brown knobby upper side and prized as food .
2 . any of various flatfishes or other fishes that are similar to this fish .
1 . ( animals ) a european flatfish , scophthalmus maximus , having a pale brown speckled scaleless body covered with tubercles : family bothidae . it is highly valued as a food fish
1 . a european flatfish , psetta maxima , having a diamond - shaped body .
[ 1250–1300 ; middle english turbut < anglo - french ; old french tourbot < medieval latin turb ( ō ) turbot + old french - ot n . suffix ]
were studied with respect to their gill rakers and teeth ( the jaw teeth and the pharyngeal tooth - plate teeth ) .
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jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from scophthalmus maximus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
scophthalmus rhombus ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
c . michael hogan set
brill ; griet .
as an exemplar on
scophthalmus rhombus ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014
klein - macphee , grace / collette , bruce b . , and grace klein - macphee , eds .
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
page , l . m . , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , r . n . lea , n . e . mandrak , et al . , eds .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .