tramitichromis intermedius is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it is found in the southern parts of the lake preferring the shallows of sheltered bays .

it can reach a length of 16 centimetres ( 6.3 in ) tl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

tramitichromis intermedius

feeding : tramitichromis intermedius will accept all foods ( flake frozen , and live ) readily .
this fish trades in the aquarium hobby as tramitichromis intermedius , yet it is believed to be not so . the blotches are more or less on the middle of the flank , unlike the true intermedius where they occur higher on the body . the snout is also more or less straight instead of rounded like in the true t . intermedius . it is not known if this is naturally occuring fish , or the result of an accidental hybridization .
urltoken @ kgtropicals on twitter for more updates . our breeding colony of tramitichromis ( lethrinops ) intermedius , quite possibly the most beautiful gift god has ever given us ! ! go to urltoken and order some now . urltoken
it is likely this species will eventually be assigned to a different genus , as there is some confusion surrounding tramitichromis and it’s scientific validity . the fish included in the genus differ from lethrinops species only in a small part of the lower jaw dentition . some authorities insist this is not a valid way in which to define genera . for now , however , 5 tramitichromis species exist .
common / trade name : intermedius , snail eater scientific name : tramitichromis intermedius ( lethrinops may be its older classification ) family : cichlidae location : lake malawi africa . species is known to have lake wide distribution max . size : 15 - 17 cm / 6 - 7 inches ph range : 7 . 2 - 8 . 4 temperature range : 76 - 78° f temperament : mild aggression for an african cichlid care level : easy to care for and a hardy species . keep at least two females per male if you want the male to colour up . even in a peacock oriented fish tank , males without a female or two may never colour up properly as this fish is quite mild mannered .
this gentle species is sometimes thought of as drab in color , but a healthy dominate male is quite beautiful . they sift through the substrate for insect larvae and soft invertebrates that may be living there . this should be kept in mind when selecting the substrate for your tank . similar to many haps , juveniles and females of the species display three black dots on each side of the body . this can also be seen on sub - dominant males . the male when in full color or courting dress has a metallic sheen to him containing shimmers of many colors . tramitichromis are mouth brooders and can have broods well up to 100 eggs when full size . females usually hold for about three weeks and fry reach sexual maturity at about a year in age . these fish get large but are extremely slow growing . the perfect fish to start in a 55 gallon tank , then use as justification in by larger tanks as it grows .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake malawi where it is widespread with no known major widespread threats .
commonly occurs at 20–30 m depth either singly or in small groups foraging in shallow water over sediment covered sand . the diet consists of insect larvae or other soft invertebrates . breeding males defend territories consisting of small pits in the sand or mud . max . size : 14 cm .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
setting up a new african cichlid tank ( decorating )
tank talk 9 / 10 / 13 pres . by kgtropicals
pronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .
habitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .
diet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .
temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .
conspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .
maximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .
difficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .
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endemic to lake malawi . it has a widespread distribution in the south of the lake .
it usually occurs in shallow water over sediment - rich sandy or muddy bottoms , where it sifts the substrate for food .
48″ x 15″ x 15″ ( 120cm x 37 . 5cm x 37 . 5cm ) – 170 litres , but larger is preferable .
a soft sandy substrate is essential so that the fish can feed naturally , and as much floorspace as possible should be provided with the aquarium being no less than 15″ in width . the use of gravel or other sharp - edged materials is not recommended . some scattered piles of rockwork providing cover is appreciated .
a micropredator in nature ; it thrives on a varied diet containing lots of frozen and live foods . these can be supplemented with good quality dried products , but these should be fed sparingly . never feed the fish animal meat of any kind .
a peaceful species which is not suited to the boisterous mbuna community although it does become territorial when breeding . suitable tankmates include aulonocara , copadichromis and other similarly sized peaceful malawi species . all should be smaller than the tramaitichromis . males are territorial and a large tank would be required to keep more than one as in nature their territories can measure 5 or 6 feet across . it is also better to keep several females per male .
dominant male fish are far more colourful and tend to be slightly larger than the females and sub - dominant males .
possible . maternal mouthbrooder . a large tank furnished as suggested above is ideal . large areas of sandy substrate are particularly essential .
the fish should be kept in groups with several females to each male . the most cost effective method of obtaining such a breeding group is to buy a group of young fish and allow them to grow on together , as the adults can be expensive . condition the fish on a good , varied diet of small live and frozen foods .
when ready the male will excavate a spawning site in the substrate . he will display around this , showing intense colour and will then attempt to entice females to mate with him . he can be quite aggressive in his pursuits , and it is in order to dissipate this aggression that we spawn this species in a harem . when a female is willing , she will approach the spawning site and lay her eggs there , allowing the male to fertilise them before picking them up in her mouth .
the female may carry the brood for 3 - 4 weeks before releasing the free swimming fry . she will not eat during this period and can be easily spotted by her distended mouth . if a female is overly stressed she may spit out the brood prematurely or eat them , so care must be taken if you decide to move the fish in order to avoid fry predation . nevertheless this usually results in a higher survival rate among the fry . some breeders artificially “ strip ” the young from the mouth of the fish after around 2 weeks , but this approach is for the expert only .
the fry are large enough to take brine shrimp nauplii and crushed spirulina flake from the day they are released .
sand dwelling malawian cichlid species such as this can be somewhat delicate in the aquarium . a rigorous tank maintenance schedule is recommended to keep them in top shape ; with small , regular partial water changes a necessity . also take care with feeding as discussed above .
family : cichlidae species type : african cichlids , lake malawi chisawasawa adult size : 6 . 5 inches ( cm ) chisawasawa life expectancy : 8 years chisawasawa habitat : east african lake malawi chisawasawa minimum tank size : 55 gallons
omnivorous - does well with cichlid flake or pellet foods . diet can be suppimented with snails and fresh green vegetables such as zucchini , spinach , romaine lettuce and peas .
a common mouthbrooder . the male makes a spawning site , by creating a crater in the substrate . the male and female encircle each other , where as the female lays her eggs , and the male fertilizes them . the female then picks the eggs up and carries them in her mouth . the female will carry the eggs and fry for 3 - 4 weeks . it is best to separate her at this time .
males are colorful with iridescent colors of blues and greens on their scales , and some on their fins . the females are more drab , with mostly brown coloration . both sexes have the three spots markings . the females are also slightly smaller in size when fully grown .
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location : found in lake malawi . is endemic to the southeast and southwest arms of the lake . is found in shallow sheltered areas with sandy bottoms and reeds . it feeds on insect larvae and other invertebrates .
sexual differences : males have more colour and have lots of egg spots on their anal fin . their dorsal is more pointed and has a reddish - orange submarginal band above a white one . the rest of the dorsal is spotted in a pattern similar to the caudal which is reddish orange , white and blue . the body is a blue - green colour . the shoulder area is flushed with red . the anal fin is an orangey - red colour . females and subdominant males have 3 spots on the body with some barely noticeable vertical striping .
method of reproduction : is a typical malawian mouthbrooder . females tend to have large broods . males build large sand nests in the lake .
success with cichlids from lake malawi & tanganyika by sabine melke , u . erich friese


panulirus ornatus ( known by a number of common names , including tropical rock lobster , ornate rock lobster , ornate spiny lobster and ornate tropical rock lobster ) is a large edible spiny lobster with 11 larval stages that has not been successfully bred in captivity .

p. ornatus has a wide geographical range in the indo-pacific , from the red sea and kwazulu-natal in the west to japan and fiji in the east .

in most parts of its range , the lobster is netted or speared , while in northeast australia , a commercial fishery has existed since 1966 and the harvesting of the species is regulated by the great barrier reef marine park authority .

the species now also occurs in the mediterranean , having invaded as a lessepsian migrant through the suez canal .

panulirus ornatus

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panulirus ornatus ( ornate spiny lobster ; ornate rock lobster ) - captive
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distribution and transport pathways of panulirus ornatus ( fabricius , 1776 ) and panulirus spp . larvae in the coral sea , australia
genetic indices for 10 microsatellites characterized in panulirus ornatus at six sample sites / collections .
reproduction of the ornate rock lobster , panulirus ornatus ( fabricius ) . papua new guinea
migration of the ornate rock lobster , panulirus ornatus ( fabricius ) . papua new guinea
genetic indices for mtdna control region characterized in panulirus ornatus from six sample sites / collections .
characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the spiny lobster panulirus spp . and their utility to be applied to other panulirus lobsters
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summary table of analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) describing the partitioning of genetic variation for six panulirus ornatus populations based on both mtdna control region sequences and 10 microsatellite loci .
genetic differentiation between panulirus ornatus from collection locations using pairwise φ st for mtdna - control region ( upper value ) and pairwise f st for microsatellite loci ( lower value ) .
pitcher cr , turnbull c , atfield j , griffin d , dennis d , skewes td ( 2005 ) biology , larval transport modelling and commercial logbook data analysis to support management of the ne queensland rock lobster panulirus ornatus fishery : csiro marine research . 144 p .
the present study used molecular genetic techniques to elucidate the genetic population structure of p . ornatus within the south - east asian archipelago . to explain the observed patterns of genetic structure , the potential dispersal pathway of p . ornatus was inferred based on a synthesis of data on regional oceanography and the lobster’s known biology .
with global demand for lobster growing there is increasing concern that wild fisheries cannot meet demand . in northern australia , the fishery is dominated by the tropical rock lobster , panulirus ornatus . this species provides a valuable export industry for the torres strait and northern section of the great barrier reef . however the potential for sustainable growth in the wild caught industry is limited .
villanoy cl ( 2004 ) larval dispersal simulation of the spiny lobsters , panulirus ornatus , in the philippines using merged altimeter - derived absolute dynamic topographies . in : williams , k . c . ( ed . ) , spiny lobster ecology and exploitation in the south china sea region , proceedings of a workshop held at the institute of oceanography , nha trang , vietnam , july 2004 ( aciar proceedings no . 120 ) : 49–54 .
whole and partial genome sequences including mtdna control regions of panulirus ornatus , p . gracilis , p . stimpsoni , p . japonicus , and p . inflatus from the ncbi database were aligned using sequencher version 4 . 5 ( genecode ) and primers to amplify 809 base pairs of the mtdna control region designed based on conserved sites using primer3web version 3 . 0 . 0 ( urltoken ) . these primers were ; po _ f2 5’—ataaaggtaatagcaagaatc and po _ r1 5’—caaaccttttgtcaggcatc .
the ornate rock lobster ( panulirus ornatus ) belongs to the crustacean family palinuridae . the ornate rock lobster is also known as the painted lobster or coral crayfish . the ornate rock lobster can be found from north - western australia ( ningaloo region ) , across northern australia , down the east coast as far south as sydney ( it has been recorded as far south as albany on the west coast ) . the ornate rock lobster varies in colour from a greenish blue to reddish brown and they have extremely long and flexible antennae . each of the abdominal segments are smooth and have large pale spots on either side and their eyes are surrounded by blue and pink rings .
this study based on population genetic analyses at both mtdna and nuclear dna markers indicates high levels of connectivity among p . ornatus populations throughout the south - east asian archipelago . the study is novel in terms of population dynamics because it suggests that this connectivity requires three generations for the cycle to complete and is reliant on timing of spawning events , time to settlement and prevailing ocean currents . these results have implications for fisheries management in the region , because there appears to be single stock of p . ornatus , which requires the engagement of governments and agencies to provide effective management policies for the benefit of all countries . a modelling study of larval transport processes over at least three generations is necessary to better locate the larval dispersal pathways and quantify the population dynamics including the relative influence of self - seeding versus broadcast connectivity between spawning populations .
the existence of a single genetic population of p . ornatus characterised by drift connectivity [ 64 ] might have important implications for the sustainable management of this lobster in that the species within the region needs to be managed as one genetic stock . however , more work is required on the demographic connectivity of these populations so that the combined genetic and demographic connectivity datasets can inform management of this species as either one unit , or on the basis of individual spawning grounds [ 65 ] . consequently , a multi - governmental fishery policy should be developed by australia , papua new guinea , the philippines , vietnam and indonesia , to ensure sustainability . while the sinks of p . ornatus larvae are known , the knowledge of larval sources is still rudimentary , with to date only a few spawning sites confirmed . the present study suggests that an additional spawning ground may also be present in indonesia , and its location needs to be identified and protected . more detailed studies on population connectivity are necessary to ensure the sustainability of lobsters in the south - east asia archipelago . genetic connectivity should be conserved as a priority .
a combination of mitochondrial dna control region and microsatellite dna data suggest a single , genetically homogeneous stock of tropical ornate spiny lobster across a broad region of the south - east asian archipelago . genetic differences were not detected between samples of p . ornatus from vietnam , indonesia and australia - png , supporting the hypothesis by williams [ 6 ] of low genetic structuring of this species across the region due to its long oceanic larval development phase and wide larval transport capability . neither population genetic ( f st , φ st , bayesian ) or phylogeographic network analyses indicated any evidence for restrictions on gene flow across the region and integration of biological and oceanographic data show that genes can potentially circulate unimpeded throughout the entire region in only a few generations .
the bathymetry and oceanography of the south - east asian archipelago is very complex , with numerous shoals , straits , islands , reefs , and semi - enclosed seas , as well as mass - flow of water carried by currents between the pacific and indian oceans . currently there is no fine - scale oceanographic model encompassing the whole archipelago to assist in better understanding the drivers influencing p . ornatus genetic structure , or in fact connectivity of other marine species . the existing oceanographic models include a number of fine - scale models focusing on restricted areas within the archipelago ( e . g . [ 13 ] ) , and medium - scale models of the whole domain ( e . g . [ 14 ] ) that have a grid size too coarse to resolve the current fluxes through the philippines straits and , as a result , they largely ignore the connectivity between the philippine sea , the south china sea and the western pacific ocean [ 15 ] .
( of palinurus ornatus fabricius , 1798 ) zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the level of genetic structure of p . ornatus based on microsatellite markers was analysed using an analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) with 10 , 000 permutations , as well as calculating pairwise f st comparisons between populations , both of which were carried out with arlequin 3 . 5 [ 28 ] . further to these analyses , the bayesian clustering algorithm implemented in structure ver . 2 . 3 . 4 [ 36 ] was used to determine spatial genetic discontinuities by inferring the highest probable number of genetic clusters present within the dataset with prior knowledge of the individual’s origin . individuals are placed in k predetermined sub - groups based on their likelihood of belonging to that sub - group calculated using allele frequencies of multiple loci . k was chosen in advance and ranged from one to 10 and the populations were assumed to be admixed ( an individual could belong to any population ) in origin . burn - in and run length were set to 100 000 mcmc ( markov chain monte carlo ) repetitions and each run was iterated 10 times . this approach implements a model - based clustering method for inferring population structure and assigning individuals to the most probable genetic sub - group or population . structure harvester ( urltoken ) was used to determine optimum number of clusters in this analysis . clumpp ( urltoken ) also was used to average across the replicate run and outputs were entered into distruct ( urltoken ) to graph average q values .
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the ornate rock lobster lives in depths of 1 to 200 metres ( most common in depths of 20 metres ) , inhabiting a range of reef habitats along the continental shelf , often in caves , holes and crevices . adults can grow to a maximum total length of 50cm .
this page has been archived and kept as a reference . content on this page may be out of date .
aquaculture provides the best opportunity to enhance lobster production to meet future demand . research to close the life cycle of rock lobsters in captivity has been conducted in japan for more than 30 years , but commercial success has been elusive .
the technological barrier to sustainable aquaculture of lobsters is their very long and complex larval life ( up to six months and 11 stages in the tropical lobster ) and their high larval mortality under current culture practices .
aims is part of a consortium assembled by fisheries research and development corporation ( frdc ) and others to tackle the many problems in producing captive reared lobster seedstock , with research following similar pathways to that of the successful for tropical prawn aquaculture .
in the past three years , aims has made continuous improvements in larval survival through better control of microbial diseases in the culture systems and studying the nutritional requirements of lobster larvae by examining a range of their natural diets .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
batchelor , a . , de silva , r . , dyer , e . , kasthala , g . , lutz , m . l . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , h . t . , soulsby , a . - m . & whitton , f .
has been assessed as least concern . this is a widespread species and is abundant in parts of its range . while it is harvested by a number of countries , much of this operates on a small scale . the main fisheries can be found in the torres strait , india and kenya . following a population crash between 1999 and 2001 in the torres strait , stock abundance appears to be recovering although data for more recent years is lacking . the fishery in india has shown dramatic declines in catch per unit effort and catches are largely dominated by juveniles and subadults . the breeding population is thought to be protected from exploitation as it is thought that adults migrate offshore to breed . this is the most abundant palinurid species off kenya and comprises the bulk of the lobster catch in this country ; further data is needed on stock abundance and harvest levels in this fishery .
monitoring of harvest levels , particularly cpue should be carried out to check for possible increases in exploitation level . additionally current fisheries management regimes should be maintained with stricter enforcement of management in areas of over - exploitation .
this species is known from the indo - west pacific . it ranges from natal in south africa , along the coast of east africa and the red sea , to southern japan , the solomon islands , papua new guinea , australia ( northern territory south to new south wales ) , new caledonia and fiji ( holthuis 1991 ) . a single specimen has been collected from the red sea off the coast of israel ( holthuis 1991 ) .
the largest of the fisheries on this species exists in the torres strait and the east coast of papua new guinea . prior to the 1960s this was an artisanal fishery which has since expanded to a commercial scale . the fishery is managed by the australian fisheries management authority ( afma ) under the protected zone joint authority ( pzja ) ( ye et al . 2006 ) . management of the fishery has placed a limit on the number of licences allocated to non - islander fishers , while the islander fisher sector has been allowed to expand . the commercial fishery has grown gradually since the 1960s and now has some 24 freezer boats in operation and ~ 500 dinghies ( pitcher and bishop 1995 ) . as the lobsters will not enter pots , most individuals are caught by spearing or by free divers in shallower waters ( pitcher , dennis and skewes 1997 ) . during the 1970s / 1980s this species was caught in prawn trawls , however a ban was put in place in 1984 to conserve migrating breeding individuals ( dennis et al . 2006 ) . over the past three decades , the annual catch of this species has ranged from 120 to 800 tonnes with an average of 480 tonnes . annual catches showed an increasing trend until 1999 when they declined dramatically until 2001 . since 2001 catches have increased once again and are now above the long term average .
as of 1989 , australia ' s commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation ( csiro ) started to conduct visual surveys during may and june to gain information on recruit abundance and thereby make future forecasts on the stock abundance . their surveys on numbers of individuals in year class 1 + and 2 + confirm the population crash as seen during 1999 - 2001 and the subsequent increase in landings ; since 2001 there has been an increasing trend in the number of year class 1 + and 2 + individuals , other than in 2005 when there was a small decrease ( dennis et al . 2006 ) . until 1997 , there was no formal system in place for monitoring catch per unit effort ( cpue ) , however the afma logbooks have since been made compulsory ( dennis et al . 2006 ) .
in the southwest fishery of india , this species is landed in very small quantities . however , in the southeast coast fishery it is landed in significant quantites and during the period 1993 - 2002 it dominated 60 . 6 % of the total lobster catch ( radhakrishnan
. 2005 ) . during this time this species increased in length from 175 mm ( tl ) to 195 mm ( tl ) . from 1993 to 1998 the cpue for this species and
in the gill - net fishery at kayalpattinam , fell from ~ 6 . 5 kg / unit to almost 0 kg / unit , however in 1999 it rose again to ~ 1 . 5 kg / unit and has remained relatively stable till 2002 . from 1993 to 1998 , the gill - net fishery at tharuvaikulam also saw a dramatic decline from ~ 2 . 25 kg / unit to ~ 0 . 1 kg / unit . between 1999 and 2001 it remained at this level and then rose to ~ 0 . 6 kg / unit in 2002 ( radhakrishnan
this species is taken in very low quantities off south africa , but is more common and important to fisheries in mozambique ( steyn , fielding and schleyer 2008 ) .
this is the most important palinurid species to kenyan fisheries ( kulmiye and mavuti 2005 ) and is the most abundant species of palinurid off the coast of tanzania ( kyomo 1999 ) . this species occurs in small numbers off madagascar ( pichon 1964 ) .
in kenya , this species is fished across the country , however much of the catch is derived from around the islands of lamu , manda , pate and kiwayu . it is mainly caught by divers at a maximum depth of 7 m . in 1984 the total landings were reported at 127 tonnes ( de sousa 1988 ) .
this species is known from slightly turbid coastal waters , sandy and muddy substrates , rocky and coral reefs ; most commonly to depths of 8 m , though there are a few records documenting it to 50 m ( holthuis 1991 ) .
this species is harvested throughout its range for food , although most fisheries operate on a small scale ( holthuis 1991 ) .
there are no major threat processes currently impacting this species . it is harvested throughout its range and there have been previous declines and fluctuations in landings , however the majority of operations harvesting this species are small - scale and presently well - managed with appropriate restrictions in place ( dennis , prescott , ye and skewes 2006 ) .
management restrictions on the torres strait fishery include a minimum size limit , closed fishing season , restrictions on the gear type and number of licences . for example , through the 1990s the fishery was managed in such a way as to allow ~ 70 % escapement of individuals by employing a minimum size limit of 100 mm , a ban on ' hookah ' diving during october through november , and only allowing free dive fishing . furthermore , in response to the decline in landings in 1999 , management strategies were revised based on a csiro fishery model and were employed as of 2002 . these new management strategies include a ban on fishing during october through november , a ban on ' hookah ' diving during december through january , and a minimum size limit of 90 mm ( cl ) . from 2003 to 2005 non - islander fishing effort was reduced by 30 % to try and maintain total catch under the maximum sustainable yield of 640 tonnes whole weight ( dennis et al . 2006 ) . further information and monitoring of cpue is required on the harvest levels of this species off east africa and how stock abundance has changed over time .
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gilberto rodríguez . marine biologist . m . sc . , university of miami , usa . ph . d . , university of wales , uk . emeritus researcher , instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas ( ivic ) . address : centro de ecología , ivic , apartado 21827 , caracas 1020 - a , venezuela . e - mail : grodrigu @ urltoken
héctor suárez . biologist , universidad de oriente , venezuela . research associate , ivic .
la dispersión antropogénica de crustáceos decápodos es parte de un fenómeno que actualmente adquiere características de un cambio ambiental global . de las 10000 especies conocidas de decápodos se han registrado 58 especies marinas , 8 dulceacuícolas - estuarinas y 21 cangrejos de ríos ( astacura ) que se han desplazado de sus áreas originales de distribución . las migraciones lessepsianas a través de canales , la introducción accidental por transporte marítimo y la importación para acuicultura son los mecanismos responsables de esta dispersión . en venezuela se han introducido 4 especies de camarones peneídeos , el camarón de río
y 3 especies de brachiuros . los crustáceos decápodos están particularmente bien adaptados por su anatomía y fecundidad para colonizar nuevas áreas y establecer poblaciones explosivas .
the anthropogenic dispersal of decapod crustaceans is part of an event that in recent years has acquired characteristics of a global environmental change . from the 10000 species of decapods so far recorded in the world , 58 marine species , 8 freshwater - estuarine species and 21 river crabs ( astacura ) have been recorded outside their original areas of distribution . lessepsian ms through channels , accidental maritime transport and introduction for aquaculture have been the mechanisms responsible for these dispersals . four penaeid species , the freshwater shrimp
, and 3 brachyuran crabs have been introduced in venezuela . due to their characteristic anatomy and high fecundity the decapod crustaceans are particularly apt for the colonization of new areas and the establishment of explosive populations .
a dispersão antropogênica de crustáceos decápodes é parte de um fenômeno que atualmente adquire características de uma mudança ambiental global . das 10000 espécies conhecidas de decápodes foram registradas 58 espécies marinhas , 8 doceacuícolas - estuarinas e 21 caranguejos de rios ( astacura ) que foram deslocados de suas áreas originais de distribuição . as migrações lessepsianas através de canais , a introdução acidental por transporte marítimo e a importação para aqüicultura são os mecanismos responsáveis desta dispersão . na venezuela foram introduzidas quatro espécies de camarões , peneídeos , o camarão de rio
e 3 espécies de brachiuros . os crustáceos decápodes estão particularmente bem adaptados por sua anatomia e fecundidade para colonizar novas áreas e estabelecer populações explosivas .
biological invasion has been considered by recent authors as equivalent to an environmental global change ( vitousek et al . , 1996 ) . this opinion reflects the concern for the increasing list of organisms that cross from an ocean to another , establishing dense populations in the new environments . these authors mention as examples bermuda , where 65 % of the vascular plants are non - native , or california , where 76 species of freshwater fishes are native and 42 % are non - native . although this phenomenon is more noticeable in plants , due to the large number of cultivated species , and in freshwater fishes , object of an active trading for aquaria , other groups of native invertebrates show the same tendency . this is the case of decapod crustaceans , which due to construction of channels , increase in maritime transport and development of aquaculture , have found new opportunities for expanding their original areas of distribution
the suez canal is an unparalleled situation where two biogeographical provinces , previously totally separated , enter into contact and interpenetrate . the pharaonic connection between the red and mediterranean seas from the 13th to the 8th centuries bc , allowed the migration of very few species due to the low salinity there prevailing ( por , 1971 ) . the present canal , projected and built by ferdinand - marie de lesseps ( 1805 - 1894 ) was inaugurated on november 1869 . the channel spans 160 km , from the bay of suez in the red sea to port said in the mediterranean , using the intermediate manzala , timsah and bitter lakes .
migration through the suez canal was restrained at the beginning by the hypersaline waters of the bitter lakes ( » 68 s ) , but thereafter a large contingent of red sea species have dispersed to the mediterranean . one of the first to cross was the crab portunus pelagicus and its trajectory was followed by the suez canal company because of the worth of this species as a food staple . the species became abundant in the canal between 1889 and 1993 , reached port said in 1898 and four years latter was abundant there . in 1930 was common in palestine and in 1958 had reached cyprus and was a common fare in egypt , with fishing grounds off port said , alexandria and haifa ( elton , 1958 ) . the active multiplication of other immigrant species has been reflected in the fisheries statistics for the region . penaeus japonicus , p . semisulcatus , metapenaeus stebbingi and m . monoceros are now regularly trawled in the eastern mediterranean by turkish , israeli and egyptian fishermen ( gorgy , 1966 ; holthuis , 1980 ) .
there are at present 40 species of decapods in the mediterranean accounted for as lessepsian migrants ( table i ) while , on the contrary , the number of species dispersed in the area through ships ballast water is considered negligible . the occasional presence of the lobster thennus orientalis , first recorded in 1896 in fiume , italy ( elton , 1958 ) , can be explained by transport on ships hulls .
the unidirectional dispersal from the red sea to the mediterranean ( with the exception of a few fish species ) has been ascribed to the prevalence of a northward current in the canal . more recently por ( 1971 ) considered the mediterranean as a zoogeographical cul - de - sac , a tropical sea non - saturated by the temperate atlantic fauna because of its high salinity and temperature , and consequently
pre - adapted
to receive immigrant species . on the other hand ben - tuvia ( 1966 ) considered that the red sea contains a larger number of species than the mediterranean due to the adaptive diversity in the tropical and subtropical biotopes . it can be expected that the more vigorous indo - pacific species can successfully compete with the native mediterranean species , while it is less probable than the smaller atlanto - mediterranean populations could adapt to the red sea conditions . aron and smith ( 1971 ) considered that the eastern mediterranean is still in an unstable equilibrium and that the competitive pressures will lead to a more efficient use of the energy available , which not necessarily will accord to human interests .
the kiel canal , built between 1887 and 1895 in an extent of 98 km , links the north sea with the baltic sea , from the mouth of the elbe river to the kiel bay , bypassing the detour along the danish peninsula . it is possible that the estuarine mud crab rhithropanopeus harrisii found its way to the baltic through the kiel canal , after its introduction in the netherlands , since its first record in that sea , in 1936 , was from the baltic end of the canal ( wolff , 1954 ) . in other respects , this canal is of little biogeographical relevance .
the panama canal spans 64 km from coast to coast . although its lake - lock design and the presence of a wide freshwater zone supplied by the chagres river precludes any lessepsian migration , at both ends of the present canal several fouling and perforating organisms ( pholadid bivalves , teredos , cirripeds , bryozoans , and other ) usually considered as natives of the opposing ocean , can be observed . these are euryhaline forms that can withstand transport through the freshwater section attached to the hulls of local vessels that have been moored for a long time ( carlton , 1985 ) .
it has been extensively debated whether it is possible that the ballast water discharged at opposite sides of the canal , since its aperture in 1914 , could be an
active
mechanism for the transport . carlton ( 1985 ) recorded 9 invertebrates and 4 fishes for which this mechanism is possible and 5 invertebrates and 2 fishes for which it is probable . among the decapod species , transport in ballast water is considered a possible mechanism for rhithropanopeus harrisii and the freshwater crab neorhynchus alcocki found in pedro miguel lock . eurypanopeus dissimilis , found in the third lock , ranges from florida to brazil and its presence in the panama canal is not unusual .
several species of crabs , such as pachygrapsus transversus , plagusia chabrus , p . depressa , p . tuberculata , planes minutus , carcinides maenas , menippe convexa , etc . , have been observed attached to ships hulls ( wolff , 1954 ) . this was a convenient means of dispersal for crabs when the old wooden hulls were in use , but it became unavailable with the modern metallic hulls , antifouling paints and reduced stowage time . no decapods were detected during a two - year survey of 89 vessels of different types that moored at new zealand ports , although 45 species of sessile invertebrates were found ( skerman , 1960 ) .
ballast water offers the most effective mechanism for the introduction of exotic decapod species , although it has been confirmed only in a few instances ( carlton , 1985 ) . larval stages of decapod crustaceans have been recovered from ballast tanks in viable conditions ( chu et al . , 1997 ) . rees and catley ( 1949 ) proposed this mechanism for the introduction of the larvae of processa equimana , living in the north sea plankton , into the mediterranean and red sea , but carlton ( 1985 ) considered this unlikely . furthermore , the north sea form has been described as a different species , p . modica , with the subspecies p . modica carolii in the mediterranean .
peters and panning ( 1933 ) reviewed the available evidence for the first implant of the chinese crab eriocheir sinensis in the north sea , from 1912 , via ballast water . subsequently large populations of this crab have colonized the european brackish waters and have extended to california and canada , apparently using the same transport mechanism ( cohen and carlton , 1997 ) .
the original range of rhithropanopeus harrisii was in the atlantic coast of america , from the st . lawrence gulf in canada to veracruz in mexico . it was introduced into the netherlands before 1874 and described as a new species by maitland ( 1874 ) . it invaded the baltic through the kiel canal , but the low temperatures of this sea in winter halted its advance ( green , 1961 ) . latter it has been reported from brackish waters throughout europe , california and tropical america ( table ii ) . although wolff ( 1954 ) attributed its first dispersal to ballast water , this is not possible because this sort of structure were not in use at the time , but could account for its further invasion of california and the black sea ( carlton , 1985 ) . it was introduced in california in shipments of commercial oysters , and perhaps through the same mechanism along the atlantic coasts .
the dispersal of the european green crab carcinus maenas has been traced since the beginning of the 19th century when it was introduced into the atlantic coast of the united states ( 1817 ) and australia ( 1901 ) . they possibly traveled as adults attached to the wooden hulls of ships ( cohen et al . , 1995 ) , since ballast tanks came into use only after 1870 ( carlton , 1985 ) . in recent times it has continued its advance to south africa ( 1983 ) and california ( 1989 ) in ballast water . they could have been introduced also as adults by research laboratories and schools that import these crabs for experiments and demonstrations , and afterward release them into the environment ( carlton , 1985 ) , or in the algae used as packing for marine products . japanese zoologists have stated that the invading species in japan is carcinus aestuarii ( = c . mediterraneus ) , but geller et al . ( 1977 ) determined the differences between the two sibling species of carcinus and established that in the japanese and south african populations concur the atlantic ( c . maenas ) and mediterranean ( c . aestuarii ) haplotypes , while in eastern united states , california and australia only the atlantic haplotype ( c . maenas ) is present . the mixture of both haplotypes is explained by multiple invasions of the japanese and south african localities . the introduction of hemigrapsus sanguineus into the atlantic coast of the united states , according to mcdermott ( 1998 ) , was through the discharge of ballast water into one or several major estuaries between new england and north carolina .
ship cargo also seems to play a role in the transport of organisms . the saber crab platychirograpsus spectabilis was transported in a cargo of cedar logs from tabasco state , mexico , to hillsborough ( st . petersburg ) , florida , where it has become permanently established ( marchand , 1946 ) .
these and similar structures can be slowly towed across the ocean , with the submersed parts unprotected by antifouling paints , and stay anchored for extended periods of time in different parts of the world . in this way was transported the japanese shore crab plagusia dentipes , observed alive in california after a trans - pacific cruise of 61 days on a self - powered drilling platform , which had been working for four years between japan and malaysia ( benech , 1978 ) . similar circumstances are mentioned for the transport of plagusia tuberculata , together with an encrusting community of cirripeds , on an oil platform built in japan and transported to new zealand , after a voyage of 68 days ( foster and williams , 1979 ) .
according to zenkevitch ( 1963 ) two mediterranean shrimps , palaemon adspersus and p . elegans , were accidentally introduced into the aral sea with species of mullets . we have already mentioned the possible introduction of rhithropanopeus harrisii along the atlantic coast of the united states , with oysters , and of carcinus maenas , into san francisco bay , with algae used for packing of living bait ( cohen and carlton , 1997 ) . the dispersal of several species of crayfish throughout the united states , orconectes rusticus for instance ( table iii ) , is attributed to their escape from containers of living bait used by sport fishermen ( taylor and redmer , 1996 ) .
many decapod crustaceans are important food staples . they are frequently processed alive , with the implied risk of escape to natural environments . the original area of callinectes sapidus is in the atlantic coast of america , where it is the object of an important fishery , but since the beginning of the 20th century it has been successively reported from numerous localities ; to those recorded in table i it should be added the gulf of genoa , the north adriatic , the occidental black sea , the eastern mediterranean , burma , and other localities . although living specimens have been recovered alive in san francisco bay ( cohen and carlton , 1997 ) , denmark , the netherlands , and france ( wolff , 1954 ) , the species is not established permanently in these localities . on the other hand , it is fished intensively in the bitter lakes and adjacent sea in egypt , and in greece .
cohen and carlton ( 1997 ) recorded 16 cases of interception of living specimens of eriocheir sinensis at san francisco airport between 1989 and 1995 , with the confiscation of 10 to 50 specimens on each occasion . this species is sold alive in asian food markets in the united states ( lemaitre , 1995 ) .
the trade of organisms for aquaria is another means of dispersal . living specimens of atya scabra and procambarus clarkii can be observed frequently at the pet shops in caracas .
the species of peneaidae most frequently cultured are marsupenaeus japonicus and penaeus monodon , but the possibility exists of an increase in the culture of nine other species , p . semisulcatus , farfantepenaeus aztecus , fenneropenaeus indicus , f . penicillatus , sergestes orientalis , litopenaeus schmitti , l . setiferus , l . stylirostris and l . vannamei ( liao and huang , 1982 ) . farfantepenaeus aztecus is already under experimental culture in aquacop station , in tahiti , since 1975 , and l . stylirostris in corpus christy , texas , and crystal river , florida , from approximately the same date . m . japonicus was the first species cultured in the world after the research by hudinaga in 1934 . by 1942 its full culture had been achieved , but only after world war ii it was established on a commercial basis . in the united states shrimp culture began by the native species l . setiferus and f . aztecus in 1963 , and f . duorarum in 1968 . this same year liao began the culture of p . monodon in taiwan .
although the penaeids have being cultured in shrimp farms for an extended period of time , there is little information in the literature on the escape of these species and its effects on the natural ecosystems . the information available on the dispersal of m . japonicus in the mediterranean sea indicates that , at least under conditions of biological poverty , the species is able to propagate rapidly into the recipient communities .
a vibriosis producing bacterial hemorragic septicemia is frequently found in penaeid cultures in asia and south america . the ethiological agent , vibrio harveyi , has been detected in shrimp farms in venezuela , infesting l . vanamei vanamei and l . stylyrostris , but it is also present in feral populations of l . schmitti and several species of marine and estuarine fishes ( alvarez et al . , 1998 ) .
) . it has been introduced through all the american continent , except in nicaragua , belize , chile , paraguay and bolivia . in the caribbean it is farmed in the dominican republic , puerto rico , dominica , guadalupe , martinica , saint lucia and trinidad - tobago ( fao , 1995 ) .
the crayfishes of the families astacidae and parastacidae are strictly freshwater organisms . according to hobbs et al . ( 1989 ) it would be impossible to mention all the introductions of astacids since in many cases , or in the majority , they have not been recorded ( table iii ) . the largest diversity of species occurs in north america , where hobbs ( 1989 ) reported 271 species and subspecies native to canada , usa and mexico . several species have been transplanted within north america itself . this is the case of orconectes rusticus , which has displaced two other native species of orconectes in illinois ( taylor and redmer , 1996 ) . these displacements can affect the ecosystem through the reduction in the density of macrophytes ( lodge and lorman , 1987 ) and benthonic macroinvertebrates ( houghton et al . , 1998 ) .
another species that has extended its intracontinental distribution is cherax destructor , from australia , which has furthermore reached intercontinentally to washington state . the most notable case of intercontinental expansion is presented by procambarus clarkii , which has spread out to all continents , except australia and antarctica . laurent and forest ( 1979 ) summarized the damages produced by this species as follows :
in japan it was introduced since 1930 ( from 18 specimens ) . a short time afterwards it pullulated , destroying rice fields and ditches , producing populations of 2000 k / hectare and not been used by the people [ as food ] in kenya it produced rapidly enormous populations not exploited by the natives breaking the fishing gears and interfering with the breeding of tilapia
.
authorization for the introduction of marsupenaeus japonicus , p . monodon , litopenaeus stylirostris and l . vannamei was granted by the ministry of agriculture of venezuela on november 1984 . the original areas of distribution of the two former species are in the indian ocean and the western pacific , and of the other two on the pacific coast of america .
there is a high risk that the introduced species would escape into the nearby coastal zones , where there are already considerable stocks of native penaeids under exploitation by the local fishing industry . however , each exotic species present different levels of risk according to their peculiar environmental requirements . the life cycle of marsupenaeus japonicus takes place entirely in the open sea . penaeus monodon , litopenaeus stylirostris and l . vannamei spawn in the sea , but larval stages penetrate the estuaries with different timings and to different distances , according to the species ( garcia and le reste , 1981 ) . consequently , m . japonicus would compete only within the sublitoral communities in the gulf of venezuela and the continental platform in the miranda and anzoategui states . the other three species will compete as well with the estuarine communities , particularly in the maracaibo system and several coastal lagoons where the breeding grounds of the native l . schmitti are located .
this species was introduced in 1980 , into a small shrimp farm in margarita island , by la salle foundation . although its culture in the country has been unsuccessful , pereira et al . ( 1996 ) found a wild population in the orinoco delta in 1996 . they considered that this species passed into the natural environment between 1991 and 1993 .
one specimen of this crayfish ( total length 8 . 2 cm , ivic reference collection ) was captured in a pond of the officers club ( circulo militar ) in caracas . as mentioned before , the species is available at pet shops in the city .
, a species from the indopacific and red sea regions that has migrated to the mediterranean and several localities in the caribbean , has been recorded by hernández and bolaños ( 1995 ) from eastern venezuela . ( 2 )
, recorded by hernández and bolaños ( 1995 ) from eastern venezuela , had not been previously observed outside its original area of distribution , between california and peru , and a misidentification by these authors cannot be ruled out . ( 3 )
was observed by the first time in 1957 in several localities of the tablazo and strait of maracaibo ( rodríguez , 1963 ; rodríguez and morales , 2000 ) . as the species was already very abundant in this estuary in 1957 , it should have been introduced several years before , possibly in the ballast water of oil tankers involved in the intense traffic between the local oil terminals and the eastern coast of the united states .
from approximately 10000 species of decapod crustaceans described in the world , 88 are recorded in the present contribution as migrants - 58 from marine environments , 8 from freshwater - estuarine habitats and 21 are freshwater crayfishes - but still there may be others not yet recorded in the literature . these species have migrated through navigation channels , have been accidentally transported by ships , inadvertently imported with fishery products or introduced for aquaculture . it might be expected that the list would increase in the future .
decapod crustaceans are particularly well adapted for long distance migration and occupation of new localities . their exoskeleton partially protects them from desiccation or osmotic differences , since water and electrolyte transport only occurs through the gills and arthrodial membranes ( green , 1961 ) . their fecundity is remarkable , being able to produce numerous larvae ( hundreds of thousands in some cases ) , which under native conditions are regulated by predation or loss in the environment , but in new localities could have a high rate of survival .
the effect of invading species on recipient communities could be direct , by displacement of native species or predation on other members of the community . indirectly they could affect the native species through introduction of diseases . up to the present severe damages have been rarely observed , for instance the destruction of rice fields in japan by procambarus clarkii ( laurent and forest , 1979 ) . but as the invasion into coastal zones , rivers and lakes progresses , we can expect the gradual displacement of native forms , with results impossible to foresee at present .
the authors are grateful to jesus eloy conde and jon paul rodríguez for critically reading the manuscript .
2 . abele lg ( 1972 ) introductions of two freshwater decapod crustaceans ( hymenosomatidae and atydae ) into central and north america .
4 . aron wi , smith sh ( 1971 ) ship canals and aquatic ecosystems .
5 . balss h ( 1927 ) bericht über die crustacea decapoda ( natantia und anomura ) . zoological results of the cambridge expedition to the suez canal , 1924 . xiv .
6 . balss h ( 1936 ) decapoda . in : the fishery grounds near alexandria . vii .
8 . ben - tuvia a ( 1966 ) red sea fishes recently found in the mediterranean .
10 . carlton jt ( 1985 ) transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms : the biology of ballast water .
11 . chu kh , tam pf , fung ch , chen qc ( 1997 ) a biological survey of ballast water in container ships entering hong kong .
14 . dall w , hill bj , rothlisberg pc , sharples dj ( 1990 ) the biology of the penaeidae .
15 . enzenross r , enzenross l ( 2000 ) nichmediterrane crustacea - arten in tunesischen gewässern ( decapoda , macrura und brachyura ) .
18 . foster ba , willan c ( 1979 ) foreign barnacles transported to new zealand on an oil platform .
19 . fox hm ( 1926 ) zoological results of the cambridge expedition to the suez canal , 1924 . i . general part .
20 . galil bs ( 1992 ) eritrean decapods in the levant : biogeography in motion .
21 . galil bs ( 1997 ) two lessepsian migrant decapods from the eastern mediterranean .
22 . galil bs , golani d ( 1990 ) two new migrant decapods from the eastern mediterranean .
( fabricius , 1798 ) ( crustacea : decapoda ) a new lessepsian migrant to the eastern mediterranean .
24 . garcía s , le reste l ( 1981 ) life cycles , dynamics , exploitation and management of coastal peneid shrimp stocks .
( gould ) an american crab in the estuary of the mondego river , portugal .
27 . gorgy s ( 1966 ) les pêcheries et le milieu marin dans le secteur méditerraneen de la république arabe unie .
30 . gruvel a ( 1928 ) répartition géographique de quelques crustacés comestibles sur les côtes dégipte et syrie .
32 . hobbs jr hh ( 1989 ) an illustrated checklist of the american crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidae , cambaridae and parastacidae ) .
33 . hobbs iii hh , jas jp , huner jv ( 1989 ) a review of global crayfish introductions with particular emphasis on two north american species ( decapoda , cambaridae ) .
34 . hernández g , bolaños j ( 1995 ) additions to the anomuran and brachyuran fauna of northeastern venezuela . the crustacean society summer meeting , may 25 - 27 , 1995 [ links ] [ abstract ]
35 . holthuis lb ( 1961 ) report on a collection of crustacea decapoda and stomatopoda from turkey and the balkans .
36 . holthuis lb ( 1980 ) fao species catalogue . shrimps and prawns of the world . an annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries .
37 . holthuis lb , gottlieb e ( 1958 ) an annotated list of the decapod crustacea of the mediterranean coast of israel with an appendix listing the decapoda of the eastern mediterranean .
( linneaus ) , to british columbia , canada , and washington , usa .
40 . laurent pj , forest j ( 1979 ) donneé sur les écrevisses qon peut rencontrer en france .
( milne edwards , 1867 ) , a nonindigenous portunid crab ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura ) discovered in the indian river lagoon system of florida .
42 . lewinsohn c , holthuis lb ( 1964 ) new records of decapod crustacea from the mediterranean coast of israel and the eastern mediterranean .
44 . liao c , huang tl ( 1982 ) status and prospect of the culture of two important penaeid prawns in asia .
49 . mccosker je , dawson ce ( 1975 ) biotic passage through the panama canal , with particular reference to fishes .
: grapsidae ) , in its new habitat along the atlantic coast of the united states : geographic distribution and ecology .
51 . monod t ( 1930 ) ueber einige indo - pazifische decapoden der meeresfauna syriens .
53 . naylor e ( 1960 ) a north american xanthoid crab new to britain .
54 . newman wa ( 1963 ) on the introduction of an edible oriental shrimp ( caridea , palaemonidae ) to san francisco bay .
57 . por fd ( 1971 ) one hundred years of suez canal - a century of lessepian m : retrospect and viewpoints .
58 . ramadan se , dowidar nm ( 1972 ) brachyura ( decapoda , crustacea ) from the mediterranean waters of egypt .
60 . rodríguez g ( 1963 ) the intertidal estuarine communities of lake maracaibo , venezuela .
61 . rodríguez g , morales f ( 2000 ) las comunidades bentónicas del sistema de maracaibo . in : rodríguez g ( ed )
62 . skerman tm ( 1960 ) ship - fouling in new zealand waters : a survey of marine fouling organisms from vessels of the coastal and overseas trades .


lepidochrysops yvonnae is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in zambia .

the habitat consists of open marshland in wooded grassland .

adults feed from the flowers of ocimum species .

they have been recorded on wing in september and early october .

lepidochrysops yvonnae

libert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .
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an extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .
ackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
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( eol ) . sometimes considered full species are the luangwa ( or thornicroft ' s ) giraffe ( flickr ) , black lechwe ( arkive ) , and the kafue flats lechwe ( flickr ) .
is one of the richest lakes in the world for endemic freshwater species . an important terrestrial ecoregion is the central zambezian miombo woodlands (
hűbner lep . nymphalidae – s . fam . nymphalinae . note sur les premiers etats .
hűbner lep . , nymphalidae – s . fam . nymphalinae . deuxieme partie . especes rencontrees dans diverses regions prospectees .
hűbner lep . , nymphalidae – s . fam . nymphalinae . deuxieme partie . especes rencontrees dans diverses regions prospectees ( suite ) .
hűbner lep . , nymphalidae – s . fam . nymphalinae . note sur les premiers etats ( suite ) .
hűbner lep . , nymphalidae – s . fam . nymphalinae . note sur les premiers etats ( suite et fin ) .
; nymphalidae - s . fam . nymphalinae . deuxieme partie . especes recontrees dans les diverses regions prospectees ( suite & fin ) .
notes sur les premiers etats des rhopaloceres zairois papilionidae – s . fam . papilioninae .
notes sur les premiers etats des rhopaloceres zairois ( suite ) . papilionidae – s . fam . papilioninae .
notes sur les premiers etats des rhopaloceres zairois ( suite ) papilionidae – s . fam . papilioninae .
notes sur les premiers etats des rhopaloceres du zaire et du rwanda - burundi ( suite ) . famille : pieridae .
notes sur les premiers etats des rhopaloceres du zaire et du rwanda - burundi ( suite ) .
notes sur les premiers etats des rhopaloceres du zaire et du rwanda - burundi ( suite et fin ) .
lepidopteres du zaire et du rwanda - burundi . fam . nymphalidae –s . fam nymphalinae . notes sur les premiers etats de diverse especes autres que
notes sur les charaxidinae du zaire et du burundi ( suite et fin ) .
biotopes et premiers etats de lepidopteres nymphalides africains ( sous - famille des argynnidinae ) .
studies on the chemistry of pigments in the lepidoptera , with reference to their bearing on systematics . 5 .
descriptions of some hitherto unknown , or little known , larvae and pupae of south african rhopalocera , with notes on their life - histories .
contribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae .
the lepidoptera of the seychelles and aldabra , exclusive of the orneodidae and pterophoridae and of the tortricina and tineina .
notes on some papilionidae ( lep . rhopalocera ) , with descriptions of five new subspecies .
del papiglione dell’asclepiade . descrizione del socio ordinario gaetano maria gagliardi segretario perpetuo . letta nell’adunanza del di 5 novembre 1807 .
: 1 - 52 . [ plates issued separately [ 1832 ] - [ 1836 ] ] .
[ vii ] + vi , 1 - 151 . blantyre , society of malawi .
an updated and annotated list of butterflies recorded from the uae , the musandam peninsula and the buraimi - al mahdah region of oman .
( boisduval ) on offshore islands of abu dhabi , including marawah island ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae ) .
a list of the lepidoptera collected by mr . h . h . johnston during his recent expedition to kilima - njaro .
on the lepidoptera collected by the late w . a . forbes on the banks of the lower niger . - rhopalocera .
a contribution to the rhopalocera ( lepidoptera ) fauna of south - western ethiopia . [ in russian ]
ecological and faunistic studies in south - western ethiopia [ in russian ] 1989 : 1 - 326 . chapter pagination : 308 - 322 .
butterfly farming and forest conservation : a case study from the north coast of kenya .
description de quatre especes nouvelles de lepidopteres decouvertes sur la cote sud - oust de madagascar .
an annotated check - list of the butterflies , hawk moths ( sphingidae ) and emperor moths ( saturniidae ) of the nylsvley nature reserve .


fusinus ambustus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

fusinus ambustus

fusinus ambustus 35 - 50mm beautiful specimens puertecito . . . fusinus ambustus 35 - 50mm beautiful specimens puertecito . . .
fusinus ( fusinus ) hertleini lowe , h . n . , 1935 : s california , usa
fusinus ( fusinus ) hertleini albescens ( var . ) lowe , h . n . , 1935 : s california , usa
fusinus ( fusinus ) hertleini bruneocincta ( var . ) lowe , h . n . , 1935 : s california , usa
fusinus ( fusinus ) hertleini brunneocincta ( var . ) lowe , h . n . , 1935 : s california , usa ( lapsus )
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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rhuma argyraspis is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is found in australia , including queensland .

the wingspan is about 30 mm .

adult are grey with a number of dark zigzag stripes across each wing .

the larvae feed on eucalyptus species , including eucalyptus odorata .

all instars , except the first , are yellowish olive-green , shading to pinkish or reddish brown laterally and ventrally , and maturing with brown dorsal markings .

the resting posture of the larvae is rigid , straight and stick-like .

rhuma argyraspis

id by marilyn hewish who added
i think this not r . argyraspis but the undescribed rhuma sp . ( 3 ) . mov4 .
work to be done . family : geometridae subfamily : geometrinae urltoken
have a fact about rhuma subaurata ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
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willkommen zur deutschen version von wordpress . dies ist der erste beitrag . du kannst ihn bearbeiten oder löschen . und dann starte mit dem schreiben !
the adult moths of this species are grey with a number of dark zigzag stripes across each wing . the wingspan is about 3 cms .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
pitkin , l . m . , han , h & james , s . 2007 ,
moths of the tribe pseudoterpnini ( geometridae : geometrinae ) : a review of the genera
, zoological journal of the linnean society , vol . 150 , no . 2 , pp . 343–412
warren , w . 1898 ,
new species and genera of the families drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the old - world regions
, american museum novitates , vol . 5 , pp . 221 - 258
lower , o . b . 1893 ,
new australian lepidoptera
, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 17 , no . 1 , pp . 146 - 185
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3e8c3dc6 - 43c4 - 42c4 - abad - b7ab06a8909f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 65ee033f - e25a - 4caf - 9f0b - 6e05ce4ec36a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 97321f3b - e68d - 44f5 - 9543 - 7c9f6f656d0e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f8158b50 - 5632 - 444f - b6eb - ebfedf8df01f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0e1db586 - 74ee - 4ab3 - a8bb - 2c4200babacd
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 564746
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the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
turner , a . j . 1936 ,
new australian lepidoptera
, proceedings of the royal society of queensland , vol . 47 , pp . 25 - 50
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3259a5fa - bbaa - 4566 - b22d - 06988c9d8ebf
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 97b60a09 - 67c1 - 4788 - a74e - 6322bafc83cb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b3a07f44 - 25dc - 4c92 - bde5 - 417dab397b0e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e6f86f7d - f8df - 45c3 - a2aa - e7d686e05796
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 342f4f76 - bccf - 47a5 - 89ef - 9b5f2301853b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 243144
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a medium sized moth with tints of olive and tan on black , white and brown . fine antennae suggests female ? about 30mm long .
the adult moths are grey with a network of black jagged lines on the upper forewing surfaces . the hindwings are dark grey at the margins fading to white at the bases each with a jagged brown submarginal line . underneath the moths are grey with some zigzag lines , and with a broad black submarginal patch on each hindwing . the wingspan is about 3 cms .
volume 17 , part 1 ( 1893 ) , pp . 157 - 158 .
pitkin , linda m . and han , hongxiang and james , shayleen ; zoological journal of the linnean society ; 150 ( 2 ) 343 - - 412 ; jun , 2007
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in part due to the 2012 lepidoptera festival , but also driven by general interest , there has been a recent awakening of ‘moth - awareness’ in the community .
moths and butterflies are part of the ecologically important insect group , the order lepidoptera . we know quite a lot about butterflies , especially the large colourful species , yet we know far too little about almost all moths . if a moth has a name then it’s doing well !
peter marriott and steve williams provided the identifications . peter supplied the attached spreadsheet for moths he photographed on the evening – download here ( 30 kb ) .
the moth sheet ( ~ 9 pm ) - honeysuckle creek , violet town .
moths from boundary hill forest blog moths of riddles creek wimmera moths etc moth photoset ( d . hobern )
it was a great evening , and the throng of cicadas on the sheet surprised us all .
yes , i can sense as much , duncan . seems your part way down that slope yourself – any advice ? at this stage my aim is to just take photos and not spend hours pouring over books and websites . so far that’s a dismal failure .
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