antaeotricha reductella is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by walker in 1864 .

it is found in brazil ( amazonas ) and french guiana .

the wingspan is 21-22 mm .

adults are similar to antaeotricha addon , but the upper costal half of the forewings is nearly pure white instead of merely lighter grey as in addon , and only the two outer fasciae can be traced in this part of the wing .

the first basal fascia is represented by the dorsal spot only , broadly washed out and somewhat nearer the base than in addon .

the series of small black marginal dots is rather more distinct than in addon .

the hindwings are whitish and light fuscous toward the tip .

antaeotricha reductella

antaeotricha suffumigata walsingham , 1897 ; 98 ; tl : mount gay est . , grenada
antaeotricha malachita meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 404 ; tl : british guiana
antaeotricha parastis van gyen , 1913 ; bol . mus . nac . chile 5 : 339 ; tl : collipulli
antaeotricha platydesma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 405 ; tl : british guiana
antaeotricha praerupta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : british guiana
antaeotricha brochota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 396 ; tl : peru , yquitos
antaeotricha carabophanes meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 289 ; tl : colombia , san antonio
antaeotricha epignampta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : peru , pacaya
antaeotricha gravescens meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 237 ; tl : colombia , minero
antaeotricha iras meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 237 ; tl : peru , 12000ft
antaeotricha isotona meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 291 ; tl : panama , trinidad river
antaeotricha lysimeris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : peru , pacaya
antaeotricha nerteropa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : peru , pacaya
antaeotricha neurographa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 614 ; tl : brazil , novo friburgo
antaeotricha serangodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 400 ; tl : panama , chiriqui
antaeotricha arystis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 402 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
antaeotricha camarina meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 401 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
antaeotricha deltopis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 390 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
antaeotricha hapsicora meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 399 ; tl : brazil , sao paulo
antaeotricha lecithaula meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 401 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
antaeotricha monocolona meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 293 ; tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca
antaeotricha pactota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
antaeotricha paracrypta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 405 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
antaeotricha phaeosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
antaeotricha protosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 406 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
antaeotricha pseudochyta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 393 ; tl : bartica , british guiana
antaeotricha sparganota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 389 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
antaeotricha thesmophora meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
antaeotricha trochoscia meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 396 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
antaeotricha aglypta meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 174 ; tl : brazil , teffé
antaeotricha amicula zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 317 , pl . 4 , f . 96
antaeotricha capsulata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha cleopatra meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 166 ; tl : brazil , teffé
antaeotricha congelata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 236 ; tl : peru , cocapata , 12000ft
antaeotricha cryeropis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 167 ; tl : mexico , guerrero
antaeotricha eucoma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 168 ; tl : brazil , manaos
antaeotricha hydrophora meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 171 ; tl : peru , iquitos
antaeotricha manceps meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 172 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas
antaeotricha milictis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 163 ; tl : brazil , teffé
antaeotricha nimbata meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 175 ; tl : peru , iquitos
antaeotricha nitescens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 171 ; tl : brazil , para
antaeotricha orthriopa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 166 ; tl : brazil , parintins
antaeotricha percnogona meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 170 ; tl : peru , iquitos
antaeotricha plerotis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 165 ; tl : peru , pacaya
antaeotricha resiliens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 173 ; tl : brazil , parintins
antaeotricha sana meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : colombia , sosomoko , 2650ft
antaeotricha sarcinata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha serarcha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 556 ; tl : brazil , caraca
antaeotricha sortifera meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 557 ; tl : bolivia , cochabamba
antaeotricha stringens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 164 ; tl : brazil , teffé
antaeotricha suffumigata ; duckworth , 1969 , smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 4 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha superciliosa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 198 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha synercta meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 173 ; tl : brazil , parintins
antaeotricha tornogramma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 171 ; tl : brazil , parintins
antaeotricha tractrix meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 172 ; tl : brazil , obidos
antaeotricha xuthosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 175 ; tl : brazil , teffé
antaeotricha acronephela meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 392 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali
antaeotricha brachysaris meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha campylodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 494 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha coriodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 397 ; tl : british guiana , mallali ; bartica
antaeotricha encyclia meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 403 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft
antaeotricha euthrinca meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 399 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft
antaeotricha exusta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 492 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha glycerostoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 399 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft
antaeotricha helicias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha himaea meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 505 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha incrassata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 504 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha insimulata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 237 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6600ft
antaeotricha staurota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 493 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha substricta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 200 ; tl : : french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha xylocosma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 491 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha ( depressariidae ) ; urra , 2014 , bol . mus . nac . hist . nat . chile 63 : 102 ( note )
antaeotricha celidotis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 169 ; tl : peru , r . napo
antaeotricha cycnomorpha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 169 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas
antaeotricha fulta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 234 ; tl : colombia , monte del eden , 9550
antaeotricha gubernatrix meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 173 ; tl : peru , r . napo
antaeotricha gymnolopha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 174 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos
antaeotricha haplocentra meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 170 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins
antaeotricha melanopis meyrick , 1909 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1909 ( 1 ) : 31 ; tl : peru , huancabamba
antaeotricha mesostrota meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 708 ; tl : venezulea , carupano
antaeotricha nuclearis meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 181 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo
antaeotricha phryactis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 167 ; tl : peru , r . napo
antaeotricha sardania meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 168 ; tl : brazil , para , teffé
antaeotricha sellifera meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 163 ; tl : brazil , parintins , manaos
antaeotricha semiovata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 234 ; tl : colombia , monte del eden , 9550ft
antaeotricha teleosema meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 165 ; tl : brazil , parintins , teffé
antaeotricha tritogramma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 176 ; tl : brazil , parintins , teffé
antaeotricha deridens meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 162 ; tl : bolivia , del sara , 1500ft
antaeotricha nitrota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 497 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni
antaeotricha ophrysta meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 708 ; tl : dutch guiana , onoribo
antaeotricha albovenosa zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 321 , pl . 4 , f . 99 ; tl : chanchamayo
antaeotricha arizonensis ferris , 2010 ; zookeys 57 : 60 ; tl : arizona , cochise co . , hauchuca mts . , carr canyon , 5300 '
antaeotricha assecta zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 313 , pl . 3 , f . 94 ; tl : chanchamayo
antaeotricha cathagnista meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 165 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas , teffé
antaeotricha christocoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 398 ; tl : peru , pacaya ; conamano , r . ucuyali
antaeotricha generatrix meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 239 ; tl : brazil , santa cruz , rio grande do sul
antaeotricha thammii zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 306 , pl . 3 , f . 89 ; tl : chanchamayo
antaeotricha vacata meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 170 ; tl : st . george ' s , grenada
antaeotricha albifrons zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 323 , pl . 4 , f . 100 ; tl : brazil ?
antaeotricha amphilyta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 503 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
antaeotricha anaclintris meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 499 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
antaeotricha axena meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
antaeotricha compsographa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 491 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
antaeotricha diffracta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
antaeotricha excisa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 496 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
antaeotricha manzanitae keifer , 1937 ; calif . dept . agric . bull . 26 : 334 ; tl : shingle springs , el dorado co . , california
antaeotricha melanarma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 500 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
antaeotricha oxycentra meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 497 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
antaeotricha palaestrias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
antaeotricha pseudochyta ; duckworth , 1969 , smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 4 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha purulenta zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 318 , pl . 4 , f . 97 ; tl : brazil ?
antaeotricha tibialis zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 307 , pl . 3 , f . 90 ; tl : brazil ?
antaeotricha vacata ; duckworth , 1969 , smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 5 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha venatum ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 111 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha amphizyga meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 234 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; tl : pará , belem
antaeotricha enodata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 493 ; tl : french guiana , godebert ; nouveau chantier , r . maroni
antaeotricha immota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 502 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni ; british guiana , mallali
antaeotricha orthotona meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 495 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; french guiana , r . maroni
antaeotricha ribbei zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 309 , pl . 3 , f . 91 ; tl : chiriqui - vulcan
antaeotricha smileuta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 397 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; french guiana , s . laurient
antaeotricha trichonota meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 235 ; tl : brazil , santa cruz , rio grande do sul ; paraguay
antaeotricha corvigera meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 390 ; tl : british guiana , mallali ; peru , contamano , r . ucuyali
antaeotricha diplophaea meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 494 ; tl : french guiana , godebert ; st . jean , r . maroni
antaeotricha laudata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 496 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean and godebert , r . maroni
antaeotricha praecisa meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 709 ; tl : brazil , rio de janeiro , são paulo
antaeotricha demas ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 111 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha illepida ; duckworth , 1966 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 68 ( 3 ) : 196 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha lampyridella ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 111 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha cyprodeta meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 556 ; tl : brazil , santa cruz , rio grande do sul ; organ mtns , nova friburge
antaeotricha floridella hayden & dickel , 2015 ; zookeys 533 : 135 ; tl : usa , florida , marion co . , ocala national forest , fr 88 , 3 . 9mi se of sr 316 , longleaf pine sandhills
antaeotricha fuscorectangulata duckworth , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 41 , pl . 3 a ; tl : south fork of cave creek , chiricahua mts . , arizona
antaeotricha utahensis ferris , 2012 ; j . lep . soc . 66 ( 3 ) : 168 ; tl : utah , san juan co . , 37°44 . 90 ' n , 109°24 . 75 ' w ( 2220m )
antaeotricha humilis ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 1019 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha decorosella ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 35 , pl . 1 f ; [ nacl ] , # 1016 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha furcata ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 36 , pl . 2 a ; [ nacl ] , # 1017 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha haesitans ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 40 , pl . 2 f ; [ nacl ] , # 1022 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha irene ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 36 , pl . 2 b ; [ nacl ] , # 1018 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha leucillana ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 32 , pl . 1 d ; [ nacl ] , # 1014 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha lindseyi ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 30 , pl . 1 b ; [ nacl ] , # 1012 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha manzanitae ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 43 , pl . 3 c ; [ nacl ] , # 1025 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha osseella ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 34 , pl . 1 e ; [ nacl ] , # 1015 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha schlaegeri ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 29 , pl . 1 a ; [ nacl ] , # 1011 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha thomasi ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 39 , pl . 2 e ; [ nacl ] , # 1021 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha unipunctella ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 31 , pl . 1 e ; [ nacl ] , # 1013 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
antaeotricha vestalis ; duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 42 , pl . 3 b ; [ nacl ] , # 1024 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
aphanoxena acrograpta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 387 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma actista meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 186 ; tl : venezuela , palma sola ; british guiana , r . demerata
stenoma admixta walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 170 , pl . 6 , f . 3 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , dos arroyos , 1000ft
stenoma adornata meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 442 ; tl : peru , pacaya
stenoma aequabilis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean ; godebert , r . maroni
stenoma aggravata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stenoma agrioschista meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 365 ; tl : texas , alpine , 5000 - 8000ft
stenoma ammodes walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 176 , pl . 6 , f . 18 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
stenoma arachnia meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
cryptolechia aratella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 724 ; tl : ega
argocorys ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 34
aphanoxena astynoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 388 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
stenoma atmospora meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 209 ; tl : colombia , minero and sosomoco , 2650ft
aphanoxena balanocentra meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 387 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali
stenoma ballista meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : french guiana , . maroni
cryptolechia basiferella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 744 ; tl : ega
stenoma basilaris busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 45 ; tl : alphajuela , porto bello ; trinidad r . , panama
cryptolechia basirubrella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 719 ; tl : ega
stenoma bathrotoma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 189 ; tl : brazil , obidos
stenoma bilinguis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
bracatingae ( köhler , 1943 ) ( stenoma ) ; rev . soc . ent . arg . 12 : 28
stenoma caenochytis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 415 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali
alphanoxena cantharitis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 490 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stenoma caprimulga walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 165 , pl . 5 , f . 33 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyae
capsiformis ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 25
stenoma carabodes meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 435 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma carbasea meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : brazil , novo friburgo
caryograpta ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 26
stenoma ceratistes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 159 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
stenoma chalastis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 413 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
chalinophanes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 42
stenoma chilosema meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 208 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni
phalaena ( tinea ) cicadella sepp , [ 1830 ] ; surinaam . vlinders 2 ( 20 ) : 183 , pl . 80
stenoma cirrhoxantha meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 15 ) : 477 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni
stenoma cnemosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 181 ; tl : brazil , para
stenoma colposaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 185 ; tl : brazil , teffé
stenoma comosa walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 161 , pl . 5 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
stenoma compsoneura meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 217 ; tl : brazil , para ; french guiana , r . maroni
cryptolechia confixella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 731 ; tl : ega
stenopa coniopa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 184 ; tl : brazil , obidos
stenoma constituta meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 191 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stenoma constricta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 226 ; tl : colombia , mt . socorro , 12500ft
cryptoleciha costatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 737 ; tl : ega
stenoma cremastis meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 194 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas ; brazil , manaos
stenoma crypsiphaea meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 190 ; tl : brazil , para
stenoma cycnolopha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 186 ; tl : peru , r . napo
stenopa cymogramma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 193 ; tl : peru , r . napo , iquitos
brachyloma decorosella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 111 ; tl : montclair , n . j
larva on quercus ilicifolia , quercus marilandia duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 35
stenoma demas busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 223 ; tl : st . jean , maroni r . , french guiana
stenoma demotica walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 159 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
stenoma desecta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 203 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
cryptolechia destillata zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 283 ; tl : chiriqui
stenoma diacta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stenoma diplosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 418 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
dirempta ( zeller , 1855 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 10 : 154 , pl . 1 , f . 4
stenoma discalis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 46 ; tl : trinidad river , panama
stenoma discolor walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 164 ; tl : guatemala , baja vera paz , san gerónimo
disjecta ( zeller , 1854 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 9 : 368
stenoma dissona meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 191 ; tl : brazil , manaos
stenoma doleropis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 421 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma dromica meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 185 ; tl : brazil , parintins
stenoma elaeodes walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 178 , pl . 6 , f . 22 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
cryptolechia elatior felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 67 ; tl : amazonas
epicrossa ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 294
aphanoxena episimbla meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 389 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali
stenoma ergates walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 185 , pl . 6 , f . 30 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
stenoma erotica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 534 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stenoma exasperata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 533 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stenoma falsidica meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : dutch guiana , berg - en - daal
stenoma fasciatum busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 217 ; tl : cayenne , french guiana
british guiana , french guiana , brazil ( amazonas ) . see [ maps ]
stenoma forreri walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 172 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : mexico , durango , presidio
stenoma fractilinea walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 166 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
stenoma fractinubes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 165 , pl . 5 , f . 32 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft
cryptolechia frontalis zeller , 1855 ; linn . ent . 10 : 159 , pl . 1 , f . 7
stenoma fumifica walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 162 , pl . 5 , f . 31 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
stenoma glaphyrodes meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 186 ; tl : french guiana , st . laurient ; brazil [ ? ] , iquitos
stenoma glaucescens meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 537 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stenoma gypsoterma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 424 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
stenoma habilis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 427 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
aedemoses haesitans walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 154 , pl . 5 , f . 21 ; tl : presidio , durango , mexico
larva on pithecellobium flexicaule duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 41
stenoma hemiscia walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 163 ; tl : guatemala , san gerónimo
stenoma heterosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 418 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
aphanoxena homologa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 388 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma horizontias meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 188 ; tl : brazil , teffé
north carolina , south carolina , missouri , tennessee , virginia , illinois , maryland , texas , indiana , new jersey , louisiana . see [ maps ]
larva on quercus sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 38
hyalophanta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 294
stenoma ianthina walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 178 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft
stenoma imminens meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : dutch guiana , onoribo
cryptolechia impactella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 742 ; tl : ega
stenoma impedita meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 422 ; tl : peru , pacaya
cryptolechia indicatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 732 ; tl : ega
stenoma infecta meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 254 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
stenoma infrenata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 202 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stenoma innexa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 190 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas , iquitos
stenoma insidiana meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 512 ; tl : french guiana , , r . maroni
= stenoma disjecta ; meyrick , 1925 , exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 192 ; [ nhm card ]
iopetra ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 295
stenoma ioptila meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma irene barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 239 , pl . 28 , f . 7 , 9 , pl . 30 , f . 1 ; tl : brownsville , texas
larva on sida sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 37
stenoma irenias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 537 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
stenoma isochyta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 420 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma isomeris meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 711 ; tl : brazil , tijuco
stenopa isoplintha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 193 ; tl : brazil , parintins
isoporphyra ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( asapharca ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 286
isosticta ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 299
ithytona meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 514
stenoma juvenalis meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 240 , pl . 2 , f . 13 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
auxocrossa lacera zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 328 , pl . 4 , f . 103
stenoma lampyridella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 41 ; tl : cabima , panama
stenoma lathiptila meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 425 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma laxa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 428 ; tl : venezuela , ciudad bolivar
stenoma lebetias meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 433 ; tl : french guiana , s . laurent
stenoma lepidocarpa meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 239 , pl . 1 , f . 9 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
psephomeres leptogramma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 506
new hampshire , massachusetts , new york , pennsylvania , district of columbia , virginia , north carolina , na . georgia , alabama , arkansas , missouri , kansas , illinois , iowa , texas , oregon , louisiana , manitoba , nova scotia . see [ maps ]
larva on pyracantha crenulata , malus sp . , vaccinium corymbosum , acer sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 32
leucocryptis ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 295
stenoma lindseyi barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 239 , pl . 29 , f . 2 ; tl : paradise ; white mts . , arizona ; fort wingate , new mexico
stenoma lophoptycha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 188 ; tl : brazil , parintins
stenoma lophosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 186 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas
loxogrammos ( zeller , 1854 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 9 : 367 , pl . 3 , f . 17
stenoma lucrosa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 184 ; tl : brazil , obidos , parintins
stenoma lunimaculata dognin , 1913 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 57 : 417 ; tl : san antonio , colombia , 2000m
stenoma machetes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 162 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
stenoma macronota meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 716 ; tl : colombia , naranjito , r . dagua , 3900ft ; dutch guiana , paramaribo
stenoma mesosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 178 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stenoma microtypa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 422 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma mitratella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 46 ; tl : porto bello , panama
stenoma modulata meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 436 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma monosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 419 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali
cryptolechia murinella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 743 ; tl : ega
stenoma mustela walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 167 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft
navicularis ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 24
stenopa neocrossa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 193 ; tl : peru , r . napo
nephelocyma ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 27
british guiana , dutch guiana , french guiana , paraguay . see [ maps ]
: british guiana , r . demerana ; dutch guiana , paramaribo ; french guiana , st . laurient ; paraguay
cryptolechia nitidorella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 729 ; tl : ega
stenoma notogramma meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 243 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : breves , amazon delta
stenoma notosaris meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 181 ; tl : brazil , para
cryptolechia notosemia zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 298 , pl . 3 , f . 86 ; tl : cundai
stenoma obtusa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
stenoma ocellifer walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 162 ; tl : mexico , durango ; costa rica , volcan de irazu , 6000 - 7000ft , guatemala , san gerónimo , 2800ft
stenoma ogmolopha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 557 ; tl : brazil , santarem
stenoma ogmosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 415 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
stenoma orgadopa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 182 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins
new york , new jersey , north carolina , south carolina , west virginia , maryland , district of columbia , massachusetts , pennsylvania , illinois , arkansas , missouri , texas , california . see [ maps ]
larva on quercus alba , q . muehlenbergii duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 34
stenoma ostodes walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 174 ; tl : guatemala , alta vera paz , panima , 1800ft
stenoma ovulifera meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 182 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas
stenoma oxydecta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali
cryptolechia pallicosta felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 138 , f . 41 ; tl : amazonas
stenoma paracta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 425 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo and el porvenir ; colombia , san antonio , 5800ft
cryptolechia particularis zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 293 , pl . 3 , f . 82 ; tl : chiriqui
aphanoxena pellocoma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 387 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
stenoma percnocarpa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 181 ; tl : brazil , teffé
stenoma periphrictis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 15 ) : 451 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma phaeoneura meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 187 ; tl : british guiana
stenoma phaeoplintha meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 424 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
phaselodes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 39
stenoma phaula walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 160 , pl . 5 , f . 26 ; tl : guatemala , alta vera paz , panima , 1800ft
stenoma phollicodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 533 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
stenoma planicoma meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 189 ; tl : brazil , santarem
stenoma plumosa busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 47 ; tl : trinidad river , panama
stenoma polyglypta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 427 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
stenoma pratifera meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 222 ; tl : costa rica
stenoma prosora walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 161 , pl . 5 , f . 29 ; tl : panama , chiriqui , volcan de chiriqui , 2000 - 3000ft
guatemala , panama , ecuador , west indies , british guiana . see [ maps ]
catarata pumilis busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 36 ; tl : trinidad , panam
pyrgota ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 25
pyrobathra ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 33
stenoma quiescens meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : french guiana , godebert , r . maroni
cryptolechia radicalis zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 286 ; tl : chiriqui
cryptolechia reciprocella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 731 ; tl : santarem
panama , surinam , french guiana , brazil ( amazonas , para , bahia ) , peru . see [ maps ]
stenoma rhipidaula meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma rostriformis meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 532 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
stenoma scapularis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 209 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
quebec , new york , massachusetts , pennsylvania , delaware , maryland , district of columbia , virgina , north carolina , arkansas , missouri , illinois , iowa , texas , arizona . see [ maps ]
cryptolechia schlaegeri zeller , 1854 ; linn . ent . 9 : 372 ; tl : new york
larva on quercus alba duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 30
sciospila ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 47
stenoma segmentata meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 423 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
stenoma similis busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 222 ; tl : st . jean , maroni r . , french guiana
stenoma spermolitha meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 432 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma sterrhomitra meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 178 ; tl : brazil , teffé
stenoma stigmatias walsingham , 1913 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 184 , pl . 6 , f . 29 ; tl : guatemala , alta vera paz , sabo
stenoma stygeropa meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 187 ; tl : brazil , manaos
stenoma tectoria meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma tempestiva meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 529 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stenoma tephrodesma meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 511 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stenoma tetrapetra meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 194 ; tl : brazil , teffé
stenoma thylacosaris meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 419 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma thomasi barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 240 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; tl : palmerlee , arizona
stenoma tinactis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 414 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma tribomias meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 417 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
tricapsis ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 26
stenoma triplectra meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 423 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
alphanoxena triplintha meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 490 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
cryptolechia tripustulella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 733 ; tl : ega
athleta trisecta walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 155 , pl . 5 , f . 24
stenoma tumens meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 511 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
brazil ( amazonas ) , panama , costa rica , british guiana , french guiana . see [ maps ]
cryptolechia umbriferella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 740 ; tl : ega
larva on quercus sp . duckworth , 1964 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 116 ( 3495 ) : 32
unisecta ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 26
stenoma venatum busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 217 ; tl : st . jean , maroni river , french guiana
venezuelensis amsel , 1956 ; boletin ent . venezolana 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 303
texas , florida , mississippi , south carolina , new jersey . see [ maps ]
venezuela , panama , trinidad , colombia , french guiana , brazil ( para , santa catharina ) , bolivia , peru . see [ maps ]
xanthopetala ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 41
stenoma xylurga meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 188 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo
stenoma zanclogramma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 14 ) : 417 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma zelotes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 159 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgeführt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera
delectus animalium articulatorum que in itinere per brasilian collegerunt dr . j . b . de spix et dr . c . f . ph . de martius
natuurlijke historie van surinaamsche vlinders , naar het leven geteekend . papillons de surinam dessinés d ' après nature
( 13 ) : i - viii , 105 - 108 , pl . 49 - 50 ( [ 1843 ] ) ,
( 25 ) : i - iv , 217 - 224 , pl . 97 - 100 ( [ 1847 ] ) ,
( 38 ) : i - viii , 321 - 328 , pl . 149 - 152 ( [ 1852 ] )
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
agonoxeninae amblytenes meyrick , 1930 lunatica meyrick , 1930 anchimompha clarke , 1965 melaleuca clarke , 1965 auxotricha meyrick , 1931 ochrogypsa meyrick , 1931 homoeoprepes walsingham , 1909 homeoprepes hodges , 1978 , missp . felisae clarke , 1962 sympatrica clarke , 1962 trochiloides walsingham , 1909 microcolona meyrick , 1897 transennata meyrick , 1922 nanodacna clarke , 1964 ancora clarke , 1964 indiscriminata clarke , 1965 logística ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( colonophora ) vinacea ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( homaledra ) nicanthes meyrick , 1928 rhodoclea meyrick , 1928 pammeces zeller , 1863 albivitella zeller , 1863 citraula meyrick , 1922 crocoxysta meyrick , 1922 lithochroma walsingham , 1897 pallida walsingham , 1897 phlogophora walsingham , 1909 problema walsingham , 1915 panclintis meyrick , 1929 socia meyrick , 1929 prochola meyrick , 1915 aedilis meyrick , 1915 agypsota meyrick , 1922 basichlora meyrick , 1922 catacentra meyrick , 1917 chloropis meyrick , 1922 euclina meyrick , 1922 fuscula forbes , 1931 holomorpha meyrick , 1931 obstructa meyrick , 1915 ochromicta meyrick , 1922 oppidana meyrick , 1915 orphnopa meyrick , 1922 orthobasis meyrick , 1922 pervallata meyrick , 1922 prasophanes meyrick , 1922 revecta meyrick , 1922 semiabata meyrick , 1922 sollers meyrick , 1917 subtincta ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( syntetrernis ) syntentrernis meyrick , 1922 neocompsa meyrick , 1933 xiphodes meyrick , 1922 tocasta busck , 1912 priscella busck , 1912 zaratha walker , 1864 macrocera r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 mesonyctia meyrick , 1909 pterodactylella walker , 1864 nivelventris r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875
elachistinae elachista treitschke , 1833 aphelosetia stephens , 1834 cycnodia herrich - schäffer , 1853 phigalia chambers , 1875 , preocc . ( duponchel , 1829 [ geometridae ] ) atachia wocke , 1876 neaera chambers , 1880 , preocc . ( robineau - desvoidy , 1830 [ diptera ] ) hecista wallengren , 1881 aphigalia dyar , 1903 irenicodes meyrick , 1919 euproteodesviette , 1954 albisquamella zeller , 1877 luciliella zeller , 1877 tersectella zeller , 1877
thioscelis meyrick , 1909 directrix meyrick , 1909 fuscata duckworth , 1967 geranomorpha meyrick , 1932 lipara duckworth , 1967 whalleyi duckworth , 1967 timocratica meyrick , 1912 lychnocrates meyrick , 1926 agramma becker , 1982 albella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( depressaria ) albitogata becker , 1982 amseli duckworth , 1962 , repl . name albella amsel , 1956 , preocc . ( not zeller , 1839 ) anelaea ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) argonais ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) argonias clarke , 1955 , missp . bicornuta becker , 1982 butyrota ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( stenoma ) syndicastis ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( stenoma ) constrictivalva becker , 1982 effluxa ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( lychnocrates ) fraternella ( busck , 1910 ) ( stenoma ) fuscipalpalis becker , 1982 grandis ( perty , [ 1833 ] ) ( yponomeuta ) guarani becker , 1982 isarga ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) leucocapna ( meyrick , 1926 ) ( lychnocrates ) leucorectis ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) longicilia becker , 1982 loxotoma ( busck , 1909 ) ( stenoma ) macroleuca ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) major ( busck , 1911 ) ( stenoma ) maturescens ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) megaleuca ( meyrick , 1912 ) ( stenoma ) melanocosta becker , 1982 melanostriga becker , 1982 meridionalis becker , 1982 monotonia ( strand , 1911 ) ( cryptolechia ) isographa meyrick , 1912 claudescens meyrick , 1925 crassa meyrick , 1925 nivea becker , 1982 palpis ( zeller , 1877 ) ( cryptolechia ) auxoleuca ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) haywardi busck , 1939 parvifusca becker , 1982 parvileuca becker , 1982 philomela ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) pompeiana meyrick , 1925 spinignatha becker , 1982 subovalis ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) stomatocosma ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) titanoleuca becker , 1982 venifurcata becker , 1982 xanthosoma ( dognin , 1913 ) ( stenoma ) a . xanthosoma ( dognin , 1913 ) ( stenoma ) sacra ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( stenoma ) b . leucocephala becker , 1982 xanthotarsa becker , 1982


the myna ( also known as mynah ) is a bird of the starling family ( sturnidae ) .

this is a group of passerine birds which are native to southern asia , especially india .

several species have been introduced to areas like north america , australia , south africa , fiji and new zealand , especially the common myna which is often regarded as an invasive species .

it is often known as " selarang " in singapore , due to their high population there .

mynas are not a natural group ; instead , the term myna is used for any starling in the indian subcontinent , regardless of their relationships .

this range was colonized twice during the evolution of starlings , first by rather ancestral starlings related to the coleto and aplonis lineages , and millions of years later by birds related to the common starling and wattled starling 's ancestors .

these two groups of mynas can be distinguished in the more terrestrial adaptions of the latter , which usually also have less glossy plumage except on the heads and longer tails .

the bali myna which is nearly extinct in the wild is highly distinctive .

some mynas are considered talking birds , for their ability to reproduce sounds , including human speech , when in captivity .

" myna " is derived from the hindi language mainā which itself is derived from sanskrit madanā .

myna

great myna can be easily confused with jungle myna . and to make things more complicated the great myna’s region overlaps with that of jungle myna .
australian museum , 2003 . common myna acridotheres tristis . common myna acridotheres tristis . urltoken
for a novice bird watcher a bank myna can be easily confused with a common myna .
northern beaches indian myna action . . . - northern beaches indian myna action group | facebook
myna kubectl get namespaces myna kubectl get pods - - all - namespaces myna kubectl get svc - - all - namespaces myna kubectl get rc - - all - namespaces . . . .
the genus acridotheres comprises nine other species ( feare and craig , 1998 ) : the great myna a . grandis , crested myna a . cristatellus , white - vented myna a . javanicus , pale - bellied myna a . cinereus , jungle myna a . fuscus , collared myna a . albocinctus , bank myna a . ginginianus , vinous - breasted myna a . burmannicus and the black - winged myna a . melanopterus .
7 : 30 - myna & sam watson [ prod . schem / \ tic ] by myna
northland regional council , 2008 . myna . myna . , new zealand : northland regional council . urltoken
since the start of promising businesses of myna breeding , the residents known as the village myna slowly help preserve the white myna and bali starling . thousands of bali myna have been produced since seven years ago .
tidemann , c . 2007c . common indian myna website > myna problems . the australian national university . urltoken
like common hill myna the lesser hill myna has two patches which starts from the side of the eye instead of below the eye in case of common hill myna .
github - spectolabs / myna : myna is a testing tool that captures and replays the output of command line programs .
lesser hill myna are only found in the western ghats and sri lanka . so identifying them from common hill myna is easier .
pied myna ( gracupica contra l ) is also now considered a starling rather than a true myna . photo credi : rahul ray .
bali myna bird , also known as jalak bali and bali starling , the name myna is from the 18th century , from the hindi word ‘mainā’ .
then , now it transforms into myna , the bali myna bird is a bird that’s mean it’s an intoxicating , delightful and joyful type of bird .
you will receive an email ( no more than once per day ) summarizing any new mentions of myna on nameberry . would you like to follow myna ?
jimbung village is now known as bali myna bird production centers . opportunities multiply for bali myna preservation ever since the government legalized the bali myna breeding program in captivity . and residents of the village jimbung catch this as a business opportunity .
tidemann , c . 2005 . common myna . the australian national university . urltoken
common myna ( acridotheres tristis l . ) foraging . photo credit - manorma sharma
these are some of the tips i look into when i identify a myna .
myna is a testing tool that captures and replays the output of command line programs .
) . most of the common myna’s indigenous range lies within the tropics and subtropics .
the orange - crested myna ( ampeliceps coronatus ) is easily identifiable with the black body and bright yellow colored head . the great myna ( acridotheres grandis ) and the jungle myna ( acridotheres fuscus ) have close resemblance ; however , the former is bigger in size and is dark black while the latter is shiny brownish in color and can be separated based on that . furthermore , great myna has yellow beak and legs ; while the jungle myna has orange beak and legs . the collared myna ( acridotheres albocinctus ) is also similar to the great myna and the jungle myna in external appearance but could be easily separated due to the presence of bright distinct yellow colored ring or patch around the neck .
database _ location = / tmp / my . db myna - - capture ls - al / database _ location = / tmp / my . db myna ls - al /
chmod + x bin / kubectl rm processes . db myna - - import kubectl . json
common myna has stocky body , straight , stout bill , large feet and short tail .
thomas , a . 2004 . myna fightback , in scribbly gum , abc . 2005 .
listen to the audio samples below and familiarise yourself with the sound of the indian myna .
the most likely species the common myna could be confused with are other members of the genus acridotheres , most of which are blackish with white wing patches . in hong kong the common myna lives alongside the native crested myna a . cristatellus , but the crested myna is almost entirely black with a very prominent tuft of feathers on the forehead and an ivory - white bill .
on several polynesian islands both the common myna and the jungle myna have become established . the plumage of the jungle myna is dark grey but paler below , its bill is more orange with a bluish base to the lower mandible , and it lacks the yellow peri - orbital skin of the common myna , but has a conspicuous yellow eye and a tuft of forehead feathers .
the common myna is brown with a black head . it has a yellow bill , legs and bare eye skin . in flight it shows large white wing patches . the common myna is a member of the starling family and is also known as the indian myna or indian mynah .
common myna uses its strong legs to walk ( rather than to hop ) on the ground .
common myna can survive around 4 years ( rarely up to 12 years ) in the wild .
drent r . 1996 . myna eradication boosts tuis . sunday star times 4 , august 1996 .
tidemann c , 2007 . common indian myna website . , australia : australian national university . urltoken
the undertail contrasts with the underparts where in jungle myna it is more like a uniform transformation .
brahminy myna or brahminy starling ( sturnia pagodarum gmelin ) is not actually a true myna or a jungle myna ; but actually a starling belonging to the same family as the mynas . reported across the indian subcontinent , the species is considered as least concerned by iucn . photo credits : rahul ray
the name myna is a girl ' s name . myna and is often added to user - created lists like bird names and discussed in our forums with posts like
change two letters
.
myna is covered under the mit license , and is built on software covered under open source licenses .
tidemann , c . 2007a . common indian myna website > home . the australian national university . urltoken
hatzofe o ; perelman y , 2001 . myna trapping trial report : summary and recommendations . myna trapping trial report : summary and recommendations . , israel : israel nature and parks authority , 4 pp .
massam m , 2001 . common myna [ farmnote no . 61 / 2001 ] . common myna [ farmnote no . 61 / 2001 ] . , australia : department of agriculture ( western australia ) .
common myna . adult . tanna , vanuatu , july 2011 . image © philip griffin by philip griffin urltoken
the cook islands natural heritage trust . 2005 . acridotheres tristis : manu kavamani ( common myna ) . urltoken
tidemann , c . 2007b . common indian myna website > identiying mynas . the australian national university . urltoken
tidemann , c . 2007g . common indian myna website > humane disposal . the australian national university . urltoken
tidemann , c . 2007h . common indian myna website > monitoring mynas . the australian national university . urltoken
white scapular line . the only starling or myna that has a scapular line is the asian pied starling .
i ' ll scratch your back . . . antelope and myna birds enjoy a symbiotic relationship - nbc news
however , slowly but surely , bali myna bird population continues to grow . it’s a new hope that bali myna bird escapes from extinction . since the last release of 2006 to 2014 , bali myna bird populations in the wild continue to rise . one way to increase the population of bali myna bird , is for the bird to breed in captivity . villagers located in west bali national park holds importance part in this preservation breeding effort .
, but for some reason have lately become increasingly hard to find . beside the hill myna who has the extraordinary ability to mimic , the rest of the myna are no song bird . their calls coarse but loud .
for this example i ' m using nose and python - myna , which you can both install using pip .
bali myna bird was first discovered in 1910 . the scientific name for the bali myna is named after a british animal expert , walter rothschild , the first person to describe this species to the world’s knowledge group in 1913 .
highlighted the value of habitat restoration for the management of myna populations and for safeguarding native birds in mainland situations .
department of agriculture and food western australia , 2008 . national animal pest alert : common myna . national animal pest alert : common myna . , australia : department of agriculture and food for the state of western australia . urltoken
common myna can reach 9 . 1 inches in length and 3 . 8 to 4 . 9 ounces of weight .
live arico . 2007 . first campaign for common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) control in the island of mallorca 2006 .
tidemann , c . 2007d . common indian myna website > are mynas spreading ? . the australian national university . urltoken
in india the common myna is referred to as the farmer’s friend because it protects crops by eating insect pests . the myna has been deliberately introduced to continental landmasses and islands with warm temperate to tropical climates , ostensibly to control invertebrate pests (
myna is written in go and makes use of boltdb for storage . it was initially built to facilitate testing of kubefuse .
byrd , g . v . 1979 . common myna predation on wedge - tailed shearwater eggs . elepaio 39 : 69–70 .
cook islands biodiversity database . undated . acridotheres tristis manu kavamani , common myna . cook islands biodiversity & natural heritage . urltoken
hatzofe , o . 2001 . pers . commm . re : fw indian myna in west africa ( email communication . )
byrd gv , 1979 . common myna predation on wedge - tailed shearwater eggs . elepaio , 39 : 69 - 70 .
drent r , 1996 . myna eradication boosts tuis . sunday star - times 4 , august 1996 . , new zealand .
common hill myna is probably the largest myna found in india . they are quite similar to lesser hill myna . for a novice bird watcher it is easy to get confused between these species . fortunately the range of these species do not overlap . so the best field guide for these species is where you find them . i follow the following guidelines to identify them .
most of the species are distributed across the subcontinent and se asia with the southern hill myna ( gracula indica ) reported from peninsular india and sri lanka ; and the sri lankan hill myna ( gracula ptilogenys ) being endemic to sri lanka . the collared myna ( acridotheres albocinctus ) is more common in the eastern and north eastern states of india , southern china and in western myanmar . according to iucn all the species reported from the subcontinent are currently placed under the least concerned ( lc ) status . the southern hill myna ( gracula indica ) very closely resembles the common hill myna ( gracula religiosa ) and is quite difficult to differentiate between them morphologically ; although they are two different species under the same genus gracula . the sri lankan hill myna ( gracula ptilogenys ) was previously described as a sub species of the southern hill myna but has later been designated as a separate and endemic species found only in sri lanka . the sri lankan hill myna is easily distinguishable from both the common and southern hill myna species . the color is comparatively duller in comparison to the common and southern hill myna species ; both of which have shiny black plumage , bright orange beaks and bright yellow skin patch ( wattle ) around the head and the nape .
there are 10 types of mynas found in india . this excludes starling . said that i have included the asian glossy starling in the list mainly due to its similarities with myna . theoretically both myna and starling are belongs to the same family . myna are normally more dark birds than starling . said that this is only for easily understanding but not a well defined truth .
counsilman , j . j . 1974 . waking and roosting behaviour of the indian myna . emu 74 : 135 - 148 .
the bali myna bird sometimes exists in flocks during their younger phase to easily find a food source and looking out for predators .
yet there is a another notable bird which has a name that sounds alike as the myna down under . the noisy miner .
distribution : - the jungle myna is to traced to places like north pakistan , india and a couple of other himalayan countries .
bali myna bird or latin name leucopsar rothschildi is a type of a medium - sized warbler , with a length of roughly 28cm . bali myna has special characteristics . they had white hair on his entire body except for the tail and its wings are black .
“i am new to birding . and i find it difficult to identify birds . i know how a myna looks but i have tagged most of the mynas i saw wrongly . tell me what is the easiest way to identify a myna in the field . ”
counsilman , j . j . 1974 . breeding biology of indian myna in city and aviary . notornis 21 : 318 - 333 .
common myna produces various songs that consist of whistling , squeaking and gurgling sounds . captive birds are able to mimic humans ' speech .
government of western australia undated . national pest animal alert : common myna . government of western australia department of food and agriculture . urltoken
massam , m . 2001 . common myna [ farmnote no . 61 / 2001 ] . department of agriculture ( western australia ) .
the cook islands natural heritage trust , 2005 . acridotheres tristis : manu kavamani ( common myna ) . cook islands biodiversity website . urltoken
beichle , u . r . 1989 . common myna on upolu : first record for the western samoa islands . elepaio 49 : 85–86 .
beichle ur , 1989 . common myna on upolu : first record for the western samoa islands . elepaio , 49 : 85 - 86 .
jungle myna is a common resident breeder in tropical southern asia from bangladesh , pakistan , india and burma east to indonesia . this common passerine is typically found in forest and cultivation . the jungle myna builds a nest in hole . the normal clutch is 3 - 6 eggs .
i actually kind of lied in the previous section , because since the release of python - myna ( see the contrib / python - myna / directory ) i don ' t have to write any shims or modify my path , because i let this library take care of it for me .
live arico tenerife animal and environmental protection , 2007 . first campaign for common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) control in the island of mallorca . first campaign for common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) control in the island of mallorca . [ final report for the environment department balearic islands ' government . ]
both birds , the common myna and the noisy miner could be found in the same vicinity . the noisy miner manorina melanocephala is a nectar - feeding bird indigenous to australia whereas the common myna is an introduced species . both birds are equally matched - almost the same size , are known for their aggression . the noisy miner extremely territorial when it comes to feeding and the common myna can attack other birds to get the best nesting holes .
wilson , p . r . 2013 . common myna . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
common myna often follows the ploughs due to insects that can be collected from the furrowed soil . it occasionally eliminates ticks from the back of cattle .
a harmonious synergy between the west bali national park , local governments , communities and associations breeder of bali myna for one . armed with a breeder permit from conservation and natural resources ( bksda ) in bali , then this bird breeder group of bali myna has successfully bred the birds in the captivity .
the common myna usually raises two broods per season , laying up to six pale greenish - blue eggs ( 3 . 1cm x 2 . 2cm ;
department of agriculture and food . , 2008 . national animal pest alert : common myna . department of agriculture and food the state of western australia urltoken
to make my tests work with myna i use package level setup and teardown functions that take care of handling the shim creation and path jumbling for me . luckily i can just import these functions straight from the python - myna library , so my _ _ init _ _ . py looks like this :
cook islands biodiversity database , 2007 . acridotheres tristis manu kavamani , common myna . , cook islands : cook islands biodiversity & natural heritage , unpaginated . urltoken
i do not have that many pictures of the jungle mynas , perhaps there is no need to show them as they look so much alike the javan myna . in its place this series of 3 pictures is my best effort in trying to bring out the current situation with the existence of jungle myna in malaysia .
common myna is a species of bird that belongs to the starling family . it originates from central , south and southeast asia . common myna was deliberately introduced to new zealand and australia to eradicate several species of pest insects in the 19th century . unfortunately , this bird soon adapted to the new environment and became one of the most notorious pest in australia . common myna inhabits shrubby woodlands , open fields , floodplains and grasslands in the wild . it is very common in urban areas where it inhabits parks , gardens and areas filled with garbage . common myna is widespread and numerous in the wild ( nothing currently threatens its survival ) .
by default myna will save all its state in a file called processes . db , but we can override that by setting the database _ location environment variable :
) . in view of the inaccessibility of many myna nests , trapping in the nest seems to be unlikely to make a major contribution to control or eradication .
markula , a . , m . hannan - jones & s . csurhes . 2009 . pest animal risk assessment indian myna acridotheres tristis . queensland government . urltoken
martin , w . k . 1996 . the current and potential distribution of the common myna acridotheres tristis in australia , emu 96 : 166 - 173 . urltoken
common myna often feeds in the groups and produces great damage in the orchards . it pierces the skin of various types of soft fruit and decreases their market value .
found a negative relationship between myna establishment and the long - term population trends of three native cavity - nesting species and eight small species , six of them native .
newey , philip . 2007 . foraging behaviour of the common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) in relation to vigilance and group size , emu 107 : 315 - 320 .
tidemann , c . 2007f . common indian myna website > trapping mynas : humane bird trap for common indian mynas and european starlings . the australian national university . urltoken
habitats & preferences : - like the common myna , this is a lowland bird of the open space . perched in the middle storey and foraging on the ground .
it is possible that community members react strongly to the myna because it is a highly visible species in urban areas . many have also directly witnessed the myna competing with native species . while this can be distressing to observe , aggressive domination of one species by another may not necessarily result in a widespread reduction of the dominated species .
in 2005 the australian community voted the common myna as the top “pest problem that needs more control” . they were more worried about mynas than cane toads , foxes , feral cats and rabbits . many scientists , on the other hand , question the seriousness of myna impact and the type of management ( if any ) that is warranted .
tidemann , c . 2007e . common indian myna website > minimising mynas : mitigation of the impact of mynas on biodiversity and public amenity . the australian national university . urltoken
government of western australia , 2008 . national pest animal alert : common myna . , australia : government of western australia department of food and agriculture , 4 pp . urltoken
pell as ; tidemann cr , 1996 . the ecology of the common myna in urban nature reserves in the australian capital territory . emu , 97 : 141 - 149 .
other work suggests the species could possibly cause native species decline , yet concedes that “few studies that rigorously establish the negative effects of common myna on native fauna are available” .
the common myna ' s success is mostly a result of its opportunistic behaviour and aggressiveness towards other species , bullying them around food sources and out competing them for nesting sites .
gill , b . j . 1999 . a myna increase – notes on introduced mynas ( acridotheres ) and bulbuls ( pycnonotus ) in western samoa . notornis 46 : 268–269 .
gill bj , 1999 . a myna increase - notes on introduced mynas ( acridotheres ) and bulbuls ( pycnonotus ) in western samoa . notornis , 46 : 268 - 269 .
myna birds are very vocal and will often mimic sounds and songs of other birds . when in captivity , they have the ability to copy human speech , much like parrots .
xp pots don ' t really mean anything to being a noob or not . even with pots you will have more kills than myna gens if you play through the dungeons .
we ' re excited that you have an opinion about the name myna . to rate names on nameberry , please register for an account or log in to an existing account .
size & diagnostic markings : - 25 cm . this is an average size myna with a slim body shape at 25 cm . body color - the body is uniformly in dark slaty black with contrasting white under tailed covert . head & crown - the head is blackish which in contrast with the grey body bill - definitely orange with the special feature of the dark blue at its base . eyes - quite common in yellow others - i find that the short crest is diagnostic when it get compared with the white - vented myna . the jungle myna which is less seen shares much similarity with the invading javan myna . it is the blue tinge at the beak that makes out the differences between the 2 birds .
common myna is an omnivore ( it eats plants and meat ) . its diet is based on the snails , eggs , immature birds , frogs , insects , fruit and seed .
live arico tenerife animal and environmental protection , 2007 . first campaign for common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) control in the island of mallorca . final report for the environment departament balearic islands’ government
martin wk , 1996 . the current and potential distribution of the common myna acridotheres tristis in australia . emu , 96 : 166 - 173 . urltoken ; _ id = mu9960166 . pdf
two minutes after we settled into our chairs , one of the myna volunteers told us we needed to sit separately , boys on one side of the room and girls on the other .
west bali national park is an ideal forest and native habitat for bali starling . seasonal forest and mangrove forests with abundant food resources . a data - set in bali west national park in 2005 showed only three bali myna bird who live in nature . this data is forcing conservationist efforts for continued preservation . one of them is with the release of bali myna confiscated from citizens .
wilson , p . r . 1965 . gut content analysis of common myna acridotheres tristis in hawke ' s bay . bsc ( hons ) thesis , victoria university of wellington , new zealand .
similar to another various type of myna they have a combined nutritional of fruit , seeds plant and small insects . insects are mainly needed for young , baby bird myna due to of the high energy content . they usually live in large flocks , although during the breeding season pairs tend to act aggressively towards one another . when courting , behavior displayed includes shrieking and head bobbing movements .
the nectarivorous and frugivorous components of the common myna’s diet give it role in the pollination and seed dispersal of some plants . this is regarded as a valuable ecosystem service in its native range (
hatzofe , o . and perelman , y . 2001 . myna trapping trial report : summary and recommendations . israel nature and parks authority internal report of the science and conservation division . 4pp .
some years ago i hill myna under my care at the bronx zoo learned a number of phrases while in a small cage , recovering from a bad molt . later , the bird was released into a large walk - through aviary . unfortunately , the zoo’s director decided to record bird calls in this marvelous mini - jungle , and was quite perturbed to hear , upon playing the tape , the unmistakable voice of the myna crying “help ! let me out ! ” the myna in question was moved to the children’s zoo , where he remained a great favorite for many years .
wilson , p . r . 1973 . the ecology of the common myna ( acridotheres tristis l . ) in hawke’s bay . phd thesis , school of biological sciences , victoria university of wellington ,
common myna ( acridotheres tristis l . ) is a highly urbanized bird species that has well adapted to city life by foraging on garbage dumps and other human trash . photo credit : srimoyi mazumder .
due to the beautiful and elegant appearance , bali myna becomes one of the birds that were most in demand by collectors and watchers of birds . illegal hunting , loss of forest habitat for the bird area is causing the bird population to rapidly shrinking and threatened them with extinction in a short time . to prevent this from happening , most zoos around the world has run a breeding program for bali myna .
pell , a . s . & c . r . tidemann . 1996 . the ecology of the common myna in urban nature reserves in the australian capital territory , emu 97 : 141 - 149 .
newey p , 2007 . foraging behaviour of the common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) in relation to vigilance and group size . emu – austral ornithology , 107 ( 4 ) : 315 - 320 . urltoken
tindall sd ; ralph cj ; clout mn , 2007 . changes in bird abundance following common myna control on a new zealand island . pacific conservation biology , 13 ( 3 ) : 202 - 212 .
starlings and mynahs are small to medium - sized birds that vary in length from 7 - 17 in ( 18 - 43 cm ) . the terms starling and myna have no significance relative to their relationships with one another , but rather with the common names applied in different regions . the word starling comes from old english and almost certainly was applied to what is now known as the european starling . the word myna or mynah comes from the hindi word maina , which has its origins in the sanskrit word madana meaning
joyful
or
it bubbles
; this probably refers to the bubbly notes of the hill myna . in practice , the common names of many sturnids have bounced back and forth between being starlings and being mynas . for example , the bali myna ( leucopsar rothschildi ) is often called the bali starling . in general , however , those sturnids that look more like the european starling are referred to as starlings , and those that look a lot like the common hill myna tend to be called mynas .
the common myna is sometimes confused with the slightly larger ( 24 cm - 29 cm ) noisy miner , manorina melanocephala . although both species have similar common names , the noisy miner is actually a native honeyeater . both have yellow bills , legs and bare eye skin , but the common myna is brown with a black head and in flight it shows large white wing patches . the noisy miner is mostly grey .
in addition , this birds normally display an oscillating motion , normally followed by small talking noises . the bali myna performs sounds when flying off mirroring like a kind of shriek , and usually produce hissing noise as a wake - up sound . the sound of the bali myna is made of many types of intense , bursting noises , mixed with whistling , chuckling , and shrieking , and is done by both genders .
pell as ; tidemann cr , 1997 . the ecology of the common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) in urban nature reserves in the australian capital territory ( abstract ) . emu , 97 : 141 - 149 .
myna is a testing tool that captures and replays the output of command line programs . it ' s heavily inspired by spectolab ' s hoverfly , which does capture and playback for http ( s ) web services .
slowly but surely , bali myna bird can start growing population again in the wild . however , the monitoring process remains to be seen . for this reason , nestbox or artificial nests installed at some point in the tree . the goal is to help the bali myna bird that has been released in the wild to find nesting and do breeding safely and slowly until at a later date where they could form new natural nests .
status : indian mynas are a restricted animal under the nature conservation act 2002 . importation is prohibited in tasmania . risk assessment : pest animal risk assessment : indian myna ( invasive plants and animals - biosecurity queensland )
please scroll down to view images of the different myna species . should you like to learn more about any of these below birds , please click on the images to go to the respective species information page . .
the bird is a actually a welcome sign of life in the areas . not in large flock but appearing is a well scattered manner . only noisy when there is a dispute among themselves to be settled , i don ' t find the bird to be a pest . for those of you curious about myna . this is the myna to start with . because ! the only myna with a yellow skin around the eye . cannot go wrong . so in the park , you could start by knowing whether the bird seen is a
common
or not . pity that in central peninsula we are having less common mynas now when compared with javan .
recently published research on the long - term abundance of bird species in canberra by myself and co - authors indicates the myna may be both a symptom of human habitat alteration and the cause of reduced native species abundance .
the common myna may be confused with a native australian honeyeater known as the yellow - throated miner ( manorina flavigula ) . however , the cocoa colour , raucous voice , white wing patches and ground - frequenting habit of the common myna will usually distinguish it from the honeyeater . it is also sometimes confused with the slightly larger ( 24cm - 29cm ) noisy miner , manorina melanocephala , another native australian honeyeater . both species have yellow bills , legs and bare eye skin , but the common myna is brown with a black head , and in flight it shows large white wing patches , whereas the noisy miner is mostly grey ( australian museum , 2003 ) .
both parents collect food for their offspring . young birds are ready to leave the nest 22 to 27 days after hatching . they begin independent life three weeks later . common myna reaches sexual maturity at the age of one year .
west bali national park is a paradise for bird watchers or bird lovers . with the height of over 40 meters from the surface ground , bali park can easily capture the movements of birds . and bali myna began to appear .
ohhh myyy goddd . . . i was never a myna ' s noob ! * played through all dungeons and had my first cosmos item by lvl 22 . . . ( farmed the hell out of zyla for pinks ) *
the common myna is found along the east and south - east coasts of australia . introduced at melbourne from south - east asia between 1862 and 1872 , it established quickly , with several other introductions occurring until the 1950 ' s .
markula a ; hannan - jones m ; csurhes s , 2009 . pest animal risk assessment : indian myna acridotheres tristis . , australia : the state of queensland , department of employment , economic development and innovation , 20 pp . urltoken
millett j ; climo g ; jivan shah n , 2004 . eradication of the common myna acridotheres tristis populations in the granitic seychelles : successes , failures and lessons learned . advances in vertebrate pest management , 3 : 169 - 183 .
the substantial efforts currently directed towards culling of common myna in heavily urbanized environments is misdirected , and resources would be better directed to improvement of natural habitat quality in these areas if the purpose of control is to enhance urban bird diversity .
the common myna is able to adapt to a wide range of climates and habitats and will use different habitats to suit its needs . in fiji and the seychelles it sometimes feeds and drinks on the seashore , eating littoral invertebrates and detritus (
dhami , m . k . & nagle , b . 2009 . review of the biology and ecology of the common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) and some implications for management of this invasive species . pii ( pacific invasives initiative ) . urltoken
pell , a . s . and tidemann , c . r . 1997 . the ecology of the common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) in urban nature reserves in the australian capital territory ( abstract ) , emu 97 : 141 - 149 .
dhami mk ; nagle b , 2009 . review of the biology and ecology of the common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) and some implications for management of this invasive species . auckland , new zealand : pii ( pacific invasives initiative ) . urltoken
size & diagnostic markings : - 25 cm . mentioned earlier that the javan myna shares many similar features with the jungle myna , here again shown by its size of 25 cm . body color - the body is also uniformly in dark slaty black with contrasting white under tailed covert . head & crown - dark blackish crown with ear convert of same tone . bill - all yellow in color eyes - yellow others - the juveniles are more brown with little or no head crest .
has a yellow throat in all forms ( adult , juvenile ) . the size may vary but if you find the yellow patch in the throat , then its simply the best way to finalize the bird as a golden - crested myna .
millett , j , climo , g & jivan shah , n . 2004 . eradication of the common myna acridotheres tristis populations in the granitic seychelles : successes , failures and lessons learned . advances in vertebrate pest management 3 : 169 - 183 .
the myna’s breeding season varies , being timed to weather conditions across its extensive range , but is usually between april and june . mynas form monogamous pairs , and remain in close contact with their mates even when foraging in large flocks . like many starlings , mynas nest within tree hollows , usually choosing a site high up and at the edge of a forested area . the cutting of dead trees leads to a shortage of suitable nest sites , and severely impacts myna populations in some areas .
approximately 60 % of your bird’s diet can be made up of commercial myna pellets with the balance being comprised of fresh fruits , including figs , oranges , papayas , apples , plums , grapes and seasonally available varieties . your bird may also enjoy
my level 50 bear has only 5200 or something kills , however certainly not a myna gen . i ' ve completed every single level of every campaign , every quest ( except the fn which in workin on ) and have never ( on my level 50 char ) joined a game that was outside my level range ( not kidding ) . didn ' t join alien oasis until level 35 , even though swamps were much harder . so 5000 kills is not a myna gen . . .
fleischer , r . c . , r . n . williams & a . j . baker . 1991 . genetic variation within and among populations of the common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) in hawaii , journal of heredity 82 : 205 - 208 .
tindall , s . d . , c . j . ralph & m . n . clout . 2007 . changes in bird abundance following common myna control on a new zealand island , pacific conservation biology 13 ( 3 ) : 202 - 212 .
like most starlings , the jungle myna is fairly omnivorous , eating fruit , grain and insects . in many parts of asia , they are kept as pets . as a result , escaped birds have formed feral populations in many countries such as taiwan .
habitats & preferences : - this is a bird of the lowlands . an open country bird that prefers grasslands especially those with streams or pond nearby . unlike other mynas , the jungle myna is less of a bird to visit the public park areas . .
in fact , the preservation is directly comparable to the welfare of its owner . a pair of bali myna bird and their permits and certificates valued at rp 12 million . then for the average young birds estimated to cost rp 4 million to rp 6 million .
the common myna ( acridotheres tristis ) , also called the indian myna , is a highly commensal passerine that lives in close association with humans , being most successful in disturbed habitats . it competes with small mammals and birds for nesting hollows . on some islands , such as hawaii and fiji , it preys on other birds ' eggs and chicks , and in seychelles , it also attacks adults of some small birds . it presents a threat to indigenous biota , especially on islands with endemic fauna , but also in australia and elsewhere .
most of the common myna’s indigenous range lies within the tropics and subtropics , up to 30°n , but recent range extensions in turkey and southern russia have reached about 40°n . most of its introduced range also falls within these limits , but reaches over 40°s in tasmania .
included in the isna conference are myna ( muslim youth of north america ) lectures and events . there was one lecture in particular that my friends and family were interested in attending . youth get to choose seats first , so we got good seats toward the front .
the common myna is closely associated with human habitation . in the evening , large groups of common mynas gather in communal roosts , mainly in the non - breeding season , in roof voids , bridges , and large trees , and numbers can reach up to several thousands .
common myna has dark brown body , white - tipped tail and white patch on the bottom side of the wings ( visible during the flight ) . head , throat and upper part of the breasts are covered with black feathers . eyes are encircled with bare yellow skin .
public awareness , the rule of law and long - term monitoring system become a necessity for myna survival . conservation effort for the breeder , with 10 percent of the birds released into the wild , can be used as a model for the handling of other threatened species .
the common name of the bird is myna . spelled often with a
h
as mynah . this is a bird from the starling family - sturnidae . the term
myna
is used widely for any bird that looks like starling , irrespective whether they are from the same family or not . mynas are fair size birds , i . e . passerines with strong feet , powerful flier and direct to their destination . most species are gregarious and generally are an open country bird . they are in dark color and often with a tinge of brown .
little is known of predators of common mynas . ali and ripley ( 1972 ) mentioned noisy defence against cats and snakes , and introduced cats and native snakes may take mynas ( and snakes possibly take their eggs ) where mynas have been introduced . snakes may also take myna eggs .
peacock ds ; rensburg bjvan ; robertson mp , 2007 . the distribution and spread of the invasive alien common myna , acridotheres tristis l . ( aves : sturnidae ) , in southern africa . south african journal of science , 103 ( 11 / 12 ) : 465 - 473 . urltoken
worldwide there are 114 species and in south east asia , there are 23 species . found naturally in south and eastern asia . in many region , some mynas were introduced species to these countries . the common myna with its habits and breeding rate is often regarded as a invasive species .
the first picture showing a jungle myna with its orange beak . of course , colors could be dramatic as pictures taken under varying condition may influence the intensity of tone . the main point wad to show the diferences in tone on the beak . next most crucial point would be the dark blue patch on the beak of the jungle myna and the neat clean bill of the javan . lastly in the centre picture some beaks with contamination . my personal opinion , could this be n indication of cross breeding and also an explanation how the jungle mynas are seen so much less in intensity ?
myna ( mynah ) is a member of the starling ( sturnidae ) family under the order passeriformes . mynas have been part of the avifauna of the subcontinent for long . some of the species like the common myna or the indian myna ( acridotheres tristis ) are found to be moderate to closely associate with human settlements and habitation throughout their range . because of their ability to quickly adapt to urban and semi - urban conditions they have been quite successful in breeding and propagating in the urban and city environments . like the rock dove they have been an opportunistic species and hence have been successful in their survival in the concrete forests of the modern metropolis . the cities as well as the rural areas of the subcontinent have been undergoing rapid transformations in the past five decades . there has been expansion of the industrial belts as well as encroachments of different ecosystems for the spread of agriculture and human habitation . this has impacted fragmentation of several pristine habitats and has impacted some species of myna in different localities and habitation pockets within the subcontinent . while the highly adaptive species have survived this changing dynamics of both urban and rural landscapes and have propagated successfully . the vanishing of the old trees and parks and undisturbed corners of major cities in india have been impacted due to anthropogenic pressures as well as rapid human economic developments . this has certainly reduced the breeding and nesting sites for several myna species but some have adapted to a certain extent to such disturbances and adjusted with the changes happening in their immediate environment .
creating these rules assumes that a myna lecture , or another sort of muslim gathering , is the place that young people are going to get up to some hanky - panky . honestly , if young people are going to try and get down with each other , it’s going to be anywhere else .
a flock of bank myna birds takes roost on the backs of nilgai antelope in keoladeo national park , rajasthan , india , to enjoy a lunch of fleas and other insects , and the antelope don ' t appear to mind . what other animals can you think of that enjoy mutually beneficial relationships ?
the bali myna bird is spread and endemic to the island of bali , additionally it is the island’s sole surviving endemic species . this near extinct bird was known in 1920 and it is included as one of the world’s endangered birds . in addition , this extinction threat has been going on for several years
at least 10 subspecies of hill myna , ranging in size from 10 - 15 inches , have been identified . all are glossy black , tinted with purple , green and turquoise , and have white wing patches . the bill is red with a yellow tip , and fleshy yellow wattles decorate the face .
endemic to indonesia , the bali myna bird can be detected in the jungle of the west part of the island of bali . the birds are also the unique species endemic in bali and in 1992 was named the fauna mascot of bali province . the existence of this unique animals is protected by current regulations .
notice the crest on these birds . its longer and patterned . the sub - adult had short tuft and also sparse . compared with the common myna , this is a very noisy birds with frequent calls particularly in the morning hours . for this species of myna , i find that it is much easier to indentify the birds by having a look at its crest rather than using the color of the body . the birds that are in my area are in small colonies but when alone , they are frequently seen in pairs . next point would be their routine call . their calls is rather ritual and systematic though i cannot understand the purpose of the lone bird making the calls for extended minutes . the common myna makes much less calls . in odd circumstances , common mynas would generate attention through aggressive interactive calls during a group gatherings to settle domestic dispute . the bird makes it nesting place in holes meant for drainage in retaining walls .
indian mynas are native to the middle east , india and asia . they are now considered naturalised on mainland australia with established populations in eastern and south - eastern australia . the indian myna has significant potential to spread further in australia and populations are expanding south in queensland and westwards across western victoria and new south wales .
the common myna is native to central and southern asia and is widely distributed throughout india , afghanistan , turkestan , bangladesh , sri lanka as well as much of southern china and indochina , and there are signs of spread into iran and north into southern russian states and former soviet countries ( feare and craig , 1998 ) .
from these beginnings in the pacific common mynas have spread during the 20 th century to other island groups within melanesia , polynesia and micronesia ( e . g . western and american samoa , kiribati , palau ) and this spread , sometimes accompanied by the jungle myna acridotheres fuscus , may continue with increasing human connectivity between islands .
pet / aquarium trade : the pathway to the spanish islands has been via pet shops and later escapes from the home cages . in polynesia the transport of caged birds by people is a likely means of dispersal and in hong kong and taiwan prayer release of birds bought in local markets may have contributed to common myna introductions .
the hill myna occupies a huge range that stretches from eastern india ( with an isolated population in the western ghats ) , nepal and sri lanka east to southern china and south through southeast asia to borneo , the philippines and flores it prefers forest edges and cultivated land in areas of high rainfall , and rarely descends to the ground .