clithon oualaniense is a species of brackish water snail with an operculum , a nerite .

it is an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family neritidae , the nerites .

clithon oualaniense

clithon spinosum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) - synonyms : clithon spinosus , clithon spinosa
neritidae » clithon oualaniense , id : 508838 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
species clithon reticularum accepted as clithon reticulare ( g . b . sowerby i , 1836 ) ( misspelling )
species clithon spinosus [ sic ] accepted as clithon spinosum ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) ( incorrect gender ending )
» species clithon ( vittoclithon ) sobrinum ( a . férussac , 1823 ) † represented as clithon sobrinum ( a . férussac , 1823 ) †
an example of activity pattern of the estuarine snails , clithon faba and clithon oualaniensis ( gastropoda : neritidae ) in the nagura lagoon , ishigaki island .
species clithon planulatum ( f . e . edwards in lowry , 1866 ) †
clithon retropictus ( von martens , 1879 ) korea , japan , taiwan . . . japan 16mm – okinawa 17mm
figure 3 . a – b . nerita albicilla ( 14 mm ) . c – d . nerita histrio ( 18 mm ) . e – f . nerita planospira ( 26 mm ) . g – h . nerita undata ( 21 mm ) . i – j . neripteron siquijorense ( 4 mm ) . k – l . neripteron subauriculatum ( 10 mm ) . m – n . clithon oualaniense ( 7 mm ) . o – p . clithon faba ( 10 mm ) . q – r . clithon faba ( 6 mm ) .
clithon cf . faba ( sowerby ii , 1836 ) thailand to s . japan , indonesia , philippines singapore 14 - 15mm
( of theodoxus oualaniense ( lesson , 1831 ) ) abbott , r . t . & s . p . dance ( 1986 ) . compendium of sea shells . american malacologists , inc : melbourne , florida [ details ]
distribution of the genus clithon includes the comoro islands ( 3 species ) , madagascar ( 3 or more species ) and the mascarene islands .
subgenus clithon ( alinoclithon ) h . b . baker , 1923 accepted as neripteron ( dostia ) gray , 1842 represented as neripteron lesson , 1831
subgenus clithon ( neritoclithon ) h . b . baker , 1923 accepted as neripteron ( dostia ) gray , 1842 represented as neripteron lesson , 1831
( of clithon ( pictoneritina ) iredale , 1936 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
subgenus clithon ( vittoclithon ) h . b . baker , 1923 accepted as theodoxus ( vittoclithon ) h . b . baker , 1923 accepted as neritina ( vittoclithon ) h . b . baker , 1923 represented as neritina lamarck , 1816
( of clithon oualaniensis [ sic ] ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of clithon ( pictoneritina ) iredale , 1936 ) symonds m . f . ( 2015 ) . new species of neritidae ( gastropoda , neritimorpha ) from the solent group ( late eocene and early oligocene ) of the hampshire basin . cainozoic research . 15 ( 1 - 2 ) : 147 - 153 . [ details ]
figure 1 . activity patterns of clithon faba and c . oualaniensis during 24h from 29 to 30 , june , 1989 . an upward wedge indicates the time of high tide ( 16 : 54 , 137cm above datum ; 3 : 57 , 171cm ) and a downward wedge the time of low tide ( 10 : 17 , 45cm above datum ; 21 : 56 , 101cm ; 11 : 18 , 31cm ) . a half - toned area denotes dark period from the sunset at 19 : 56 to the sunrise at 5 : 24 . percentages of moving snails and pairing snails were calculated when the number of visible snails ( ' exposed on substratum ' + ' partly buried ' ) was more than 10 .
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dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .
justification : the species has been assessed as least concern . this species has a large distribution , is described as common and its range coincides with several protected areas . however , the species may experience localized habitat degradation in some areas .
american samoa ( american samoa ) ; australia ( queensland ) ; cook islands ( cook is . ) ; fiji ; french polynesia ; guam ; hong kong ; indonesia ( jawa ) ; japan ( nansei - shoto ) ; malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) ; new caledonia ; papua new guinea ( papua new guinea ( main island group ) ) ; philippines ; samoa ; singapore ; solomon islands ( south solomons ) ; thailand ; vanuatu
this species is described as common in thailand , malaysia , australia and singapore ( dye and lasiak 1987 , sri - aroon et al . 2005 , tan and kastoro 2004 , tan and clements 2008 ) .
this species is found in brackish waters on sandy shores covered by a thin film of mud , muddy substrates or on mangroves , seagrass , rocks , coral and shells ( cowie 1998 , purchon and purchon 1981 , gardner et al . 1995 , ohgaki and kosuge 2005 , tan and clements 2008 ) . this species can also be found in drains and canals near the sea ( tan and clements 2008 ) . they were also found in streams and lagoons ( haynes 1990 , nordhaus et al . 2009 ) .
shells of this species were found to be sold online at urltoken ( australianseashells . com 2009 ) .
it is unknown whether this species is being impacted on by any major threat processes , however , the shell of this species is sold in an online shop at urltoken ( australianseashells . com 2009 ) . it has been noted that this species is impacted by habitat degradation in thailand ( sri - aroon et al . 2005 ) and also could be affected by climate change in the future , as it is present on small pacific island .
there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species , however , in places its distribution coincides with protected areas . monitoring of population and habitat trends should be carried out because if threat levels do increase , significant population declines may occur in the future .
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of neritidae is distributed in fresh or brackish water of the tropical or subtropical indo - pacific ( benthum jutting 1956 ) . on ishigaki island of the ryukyu islands ,
( lesson ) are often dense on intertidal sand - soil flat and pebble beaches in river estuaries . budiman ( 1988 ) observed the behavior of
as a basic information on the behavior of this genera , and to compare the patterns between these congeneric species .
07 ' e ) . there , the two species are common on a muddy - sand flat extended around the lower reaches of the nagura river , where pebbles , fragments of coral skeleton and dead molluscan shells are sporadically distributed . two 50 x 50cm quadrats ( quadrat a and b ) were set 80m upstream of nagura - kobashi bridge located 50m from the river mouth . these quadrats were 5m apart from each other and were both at the height of 110cm above datum . the mean low - water of neap tides was 105cm and the mean high - water of neap tides 114cm at ishigaki city from july , 1988 to june , 1989 , which means that the two quadrats were usually submerged at high tide and exposed at low tide . there was either of the two
. at low tide , several shallow pools appeared within quadrat a , whereas no pools were seen in quadrat b . the size of
( mean width of shell aperture±sd ) was 7 . 2±0 . 2mm ( n = 295 ) and that of
was 5 . 6±0 . 4mm ( n = 295 ) around the study site ( random sampling at low tide on july 30 , 1989 ) . the two species were observed at 1 - 2h intervals for 24h from 10 : 00 a . m . on june 29 to 10 : 00 a . m . on june 30 , 1989 . the sky was clear or cloudy with no rain , and air temperature was between 27 . 0
c during the study period . the day of observation was 3 - 4 days after the upper half moon , i . e . , an intermediate condition between neap and spring tides . in each observation , number of the snails exposed completely on substratum ( = exposed snails ) and those buried partly were counted . the one that was crawling about or shaking the shell without shifting its position was recorded as moving . when a snail was attaching to the right side of another individual and kept still , those two were recorded as pairing . the percentages of moving snails and pairing snails in all the visible snails ( i . e . , exposed snails and partly buried ones ) were calculated only when the number of visible snails were more than 10 . the observations under water were made by snorkeling .
, an elongated spermatophore was seen on the way of transport between the pairing snails when they were detached . therefore , the pair formation in
seems to be , at least partly , a sexual contact within each species .
exhibited a common feature of activity that the snails appear at low tide and burrow into sand at high tide , regardless of day and night . crawling on substratum at low tide seems to enable both species to feed and copulate . one notable difference between the two species is that the density of exposed
at low tide in the daytime ( fig . 1 ; 10 : 00 - 14 : 00 , july 29 ) . during this period , more snails of
on the relatively dry surface in quadrat b . on the other hand , at damp sites with pools around the study site ,
were still abundant on substratum during the same period . it is probable that the relatively dry surface in quadrat b restricted the movement of
appeared on the substratum at low tide and burrowed back into the sand before the tide covered its habitat . budiman ( 1988 ) also found that the number of active snails on substratum was largest shortly after the tide receded and decreased through the low tide before submergence , burying themselves into substratum . these are consistent with the present result :
crawled on the sand at low tide and started to burrow before their habitats were covered by rising tide . submergence itself does not seem to be the major cue to induce burrowing , and for the mechanisms of this behavior , reduction in surface moisture , as well as other factors such as an endogenous rhythm , should be considered .
at the study site so intensively as tidal cycles , however , the snails burrowed earlier before submergence and less snails were on the substratum under water in the daytime than at night . budiman ( 1988 ) mentioned that
can reduce the mortality by visual underwater predators , as well as the risk of being dislodged by waves , by burrowing . one of the major predators for benthic invertebrates in the nagura lagoon may be a puffer ,
( hamilton ) that is seen to intrude the nagura estuary at high tide and forage at the bottom actively . shokita et al . ( 1988 ) reported that two species of neritidae , although not
burrowed more promptly before submergence and disappeared more completely from the surface at daytime high - tide than at night high - tide seem to support the budiman ' s hypothesis of the effect of visual underwater predators .
based on the present study , the following explanation could be proposed for the behavior of the two species .
feed and copulate on the surface at low tide , but burrow into the substratum to avoid the risk of underwater predators and of being dislodged by water movement . further investigations will enable more detailed analysis on the patterns and adaptive significance of the activity patterns of these species .
acknowledgments : i am grateful to dr . naoya abe and dr . takeharu kosuge for reading the manuscript .
( gastropoda : neritidae ) on sonneratia pioneer zone at sosobok river , kao bay , halmahera . in biological systems of mangroves , a report of east indonesian mangrove expedition , 1986 . eds . k ogino & m chihara , ehime university , 59 - 65 .
benthem jutting w s s 1956 systematic studies on the non - marine mollusca of the indo - australian archipelago . v . critical revision of the javanese freshwater gastropods . treubia 23 : 273 - 284 .
shokita s , amemiya t , yoshida y , morishima h 1988 fish fauna and their feeding habits in the mangroves of okinawa . in basic studies on the dynamics and conserbation of mangrove ecosystems , 61 - 76 . ministry of education , science and culture , japan ( in japanese ) .
eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina guttata récluz , 1841 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina gaimardi souleyet , 1842 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina nebulata récluz , 1843 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina nubila von dem busch , 1843 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina cincta récluz , 1850 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina ceylanensis récluz , 1851 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina baconi reeve , 1856 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina delicatula mousson , 1870 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina garretti mousson , 1870 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina multipicta mousson , 1870 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina ornatella mousson , 1870 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina pulchella mörch , 1872 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina coluber hanley & theobald , 1876 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina conferta martens , 1878 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina frondicincta martens , 1878 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina nigrobifasciata martens , 1878 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina parcepicta martens , 1878 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina polydelta martens , 1878 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
( of neritina deficiens mabille , 1887 ) eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . neritidae of the world . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp . [ details ]
halcrow china limited . ( 2007 ) . development of a bathing beach at lung mei , tai po . environmental , drainage and traffic impact assessments - investigation . eia report submitted to environmental protection department . the hong kong sar government . [ details ]
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shell small , ovate , moderately thin , spire compressed ; surface smooth and glossy ; columella slightly arched and provided with several fine teeth along the margin ; whorls not compressed ; columella slightly calloused ; aperture semilunar ; colour bright , extremely variable ranging from yellow to green ; often ornamented with dark bands or axial streaks .
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bijukumar , a . and nair , a . s . ( eds ) . 2014 . marine biodiversity informatics for kerala . < www . keralamarinelife . in > .
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
vitta pulchella busch , von dem in mörch , o . a . l . , 1872 : thailand
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good lip . w / o animal dried inside . very selected ! hard to get now and uncommon locality , no longer to find big size and good quality due to pollution . from my collection . tai po , hong kong , china . 2012 .
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material examined . dam bay , mangrove plantation and natural mangroves , nha phu , over 500 specimens . abundance . common .
eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) < i > neritidae of the world < / i > . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp .
eichhorst t . e . ( 2016 ) . < i > neritidae of the world < / i > . volume 1 . harxheim : conchbooks . 695 pp .
following tom eichhorst ' s work on recent neritidae — n . b : includes freswater species
clypeolum latissimum ( broderip , 1833 ) w . mexico to peru w . panama 33mm
clypeolum latissimum ( broderip , 1833 ) w . mexico to peru w . mexico 20 , 5mm
clypeolum latissimum ( broderip , 1833 ) f . cassicula w . mexico to w . panama w . mexico 15mm
clypeolum latissimum ( broderip , 1833 ) f . cassicula w . mexico to w . panama w . panama 19mm
mienerita debilis ( dufo , 1840 ) se . red sea , kenya and the seychelles to pakistan seychelles 15mm
neripteron rubicundum ( von martens , 1879 ) e . indo - w . pacific sri lanka 13mm
neripteron taitense ( lesson , 1831 ) marquesas to w . samoa french polynesia 18 - 24mm – marquesas 14mm
neripteron siquijorense ( récluz , 1844 ) east indo - w . pacific fiji 6 - 6mm
nerita ( amphinerita ) insculpta récluz , 1841 india to samoa , s . japan to queensland java 21 , 6mm
nerita ( amphinerita ) insculpta récluz , 1841 india to samoa , s . japan to queensland okinawa 20mm
nerita ( argonerita ) chamaeleon linnaeus , 1758 india to philippines , s . japan to n . australia philippines 26mm
nerita ( argonerita ) histrio linnaeus , 1758 indonesia to w . pacific queensland 17 , 5mm – american samoa 8mm
nerita ( argonerita ) histrio linnaeus , 1758 indonesia to w . pacific wallis & futuna 9 - 15mm
nerita ( argonerita ) histrio linnaeus , 1758 indonesia to w . pacific queensland 17mm
nerita ( cymostyla ) longii récluz , 1842 gulf of aden to nw . india , to mascarenhas jibuti 19mm – réunion 18 - 25mm
nerita ( cymostyla ) trifasciata le guillou , 1841 w . pacific marshall 25mm – philippines 35mm
nerita ( cymostyla ) undulata gmelin , 1791 indonesia to samoa , to s . japan lesser sunda 26mm
nerita ( ilynerita ) planospira anton , 1839 pakistan to papua - new guinea , s . japan to queensland java 27mm
nerita ( ilynerita ) planospira anton , 1839 pakistan to papua - new guinea , s . japan to queensland philippines 32mm
nerita ( linnerita ) litterata gmelin , 1791 e . indo - w . pacific hong kong 15 - 16mm
nerita ( linnerita ) litterata gmelin , 1791 e . indo - w . pacific java 11mm
nerita ( linnerita ) polita linnaeus , 1758 e . indo - w . pacific , hawaii mozambique 17 - 21mm
nerita ( linnerita ) polita linnaeus , 1758 e . indo - w . pacific , hawaii fiji 12 - 22mm
nerita ( linnerita ) polita linnaeus , 1758 e . indo - w . pacific , hawaii new caledonia 28 - 30mm
nerita ( linnerita ) polita linnaeus , 1758 e . indo - w . pacific , hawaii papua - new guinea 16 - 35mm
nerita ( linnerita ) polita linnaeus , 1758 e . indo - w . pacific , hawaii samoa 20 - 23mm
nerita ( linnerita ) polita linnaeus , 1758 e . indo - w . pacific , hawaii papua - new guinea 16 - 24mm
nerita ( linnerita ) polita linnaeus , 1758 e . indo - w . pacific , hawaii chagos archipelago 28 - 29mm
nerita ( lisanerita ) melanotragus e . a . smith , 1884 australia , tasmania , new zealand w . australia 17 - 20mm
nerita ( lisanerita ) melanotragus e . a . smith , 1884 australia , tasmania , new zealand new zealand 15 - 24mm
nerita ( lisanerita ) melanotragus e . a . smith , 1884 australia , tasmania , new zealand new zealand 15 , 5 - 17mm
nerita ( nerita ) scabricosta lamarck , 1822 w . mexico to ecuador w . mexico 28 - 32mm
nerita ( nerita ) ascensionis gmelin , 1791 e . brasil fernando de noronha 26mm
nerita ( nerita ) peloronta linnaeus , 1758 se . florida to w . indies , bermuda florida 17 - 35mm
nerita ( nerita ) lineata chemnitz , 1774 indo - w . pacific seychelles 19 - 19 , 5mm
nerita ( ritena ) plicata linnaeus , 1758 w . pacific samoa 21 - 25mm
nerita ( ritena ) plicata linnaeus , 1758 w . pacific fiji 24 - 27mm
nerita ( ritena ) plicata linnaeus , 1758 w . pacific french polynesia 14 - 19mm
nerita ( ritena ) plicata linnaeus , 1758 w . pacific samoa 16 - 19 , 5mm
nerita ( ritena ) versicolor gmelin , 1791 florida to venezuela , w . indies guadeloupe 22mm
nerita ( ritena ) versicolor gmelin , 1791 florida to venezuela , w . indies florida 17 - 25mm
nerita ( theliostyla ) exuvia linnaeus , 1758 indonesia to philippines , c . pacific bali 32mm
nerita ( theliostyla ) funiculata menke , 1851 w . mexico to peru , galapagos w . mexico 13 - 17mm
nerita ( theliostyla ) funiculata menke , 1851 w . mexico to peru , galapagos ecuador 13 - 17mm
nerita ( theliostyla ) fulgurans gmelin , 1791 e . florida to brasil , caribbean , bermuda venezuela 25 - 28mm
nerita ( theliostyla ) albicilla linnaeus , 1758 s . africa to hawaii , red sea to australia , japan australia 28 - 29mm
nerita ( theliostyla ) albicilla linnaeus , 1758 s . africa to hawaii , red sea to australia , japan australia 19 - 25mm
nerita ( theliostyla ) albicilla linnaeus , 1758 s . africa to hawaii , red sea to australia , japan australia 22mm ( w / op of polita ! ) – réunion 9 - 20mm
nerita ( theliostyla ) albicilla linnaeus , 1758 s . africa to hawaii , red sea to australia , japan fiji 14 - 26mm
nerita ( theliostyla ) albicilla linnaeus , 1758 s . africa to hawaii , red sea to australia , japan torres strait 27 , 5 - 30mm
nerita ( theliostyla ) sanguinolenta menke , 1829 red sea to e . mediterranean , s . aegean nw . israel 21mm
puperita pupa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) bermuda , florida , w . indies florida 5 - 10mm
puperita pupa ( linnaeus , 1758 ) f . tristis bermuda , florida , w . indies florida 9mm
septaria tessellata ( lamarck , 1816 ) natal to thailand , to s . japan , to png sri lanka 26mm
smaragdia paulucciana ( gassies , 1870 ) japan to new caledonia , comores . . . malaysia 3 , 5 - 4 , 5mm
theodoxus heldreichi ( von martens , 1879 ) sw . anatolia , crete ? turkey 5 , 5 - 7 , 5mm
theodoxus fluviatilis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) great britain to north africa , n . america portugal 8 , 5mm
theodoxus fluviatilis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) great britain to north africa , n . america spain 7 , 5mm
theodoxus anatolicus ( récluz , 1841 ) sw . turkey and coastal islands , cyprus cyprus 6 , 6 - 6 , 7mm
vitta zebra ( bruguière , 1792 ) venezuela to ne . brasil brasil 19 - 19mm
vitta luteofasciata ( miller , 1879 ) w . mexico to peru w . mexico 10 - 15mm
vittina cumingiana ( récluz , 1842 ) s . japan to philippines . . . philippines 26mm
vittina chrysocolla ( gould , 1847 ) tropical w . pacific samoa 17 , 5mm
vittina roissyana ( récluz , 1841 ) w . pacific wallis & futuna 12 - 17mm
vittina coromandeliana ( sowerby ii , 1832 ) e . india to philippines , japan to australia philippines 12 - 14mm
vittina coromandeliana ( sowerby ii , 1832 ) e . india to philippines , japan to australia taiwan 18 , 4 - 18 , 7mm
vittina coromandeliana ( sowerby ii , 1832 ) e . india to philippines , japan to australia philippines 23mm
vittina variegata ( lesson , 1831 ) s . japan to australia , fiji to e . indian ocean bali 18mm – java 20mm
vittina variegata ( lesson , 1831 ) s . japan to australia , fiji to e . indian ocean java 13 , 8 - 14 , 2mm
montfort p . [ denys de ] . ( 1808 - 1810 ) . conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles . paris : schoell . vol . 1 : pp . lxxxvii + 409 [ 1808 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 676 + 16 [ 1810 ( before 28 may ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 2 : 326 [ details ]
( of theodoxus ( pictoneritina ) iredale , 1936 ) symonds , m . f . ( 2002 ) . the neritidae of the barton group ( middle eocene ) of the hampshire basin tertiary research . 21 ( 1 - 4 ) : 1 - 10 page ( s ) : 3 [ details ]
zvonareva , sofya & kantor , yuri , 2016 , cheсklist of gastropod molluscs in mangroves of khanh hoa province , vietnam , zootaxa 4162 ( 3 ) , pp . 401 - 437 : 404 - 405
–108 , pl . 54 , fig . 35 ; thach 2005 : 38 , pl . 8 , fig . 15 ; tan & clements 2008 : 491 , figs 3 - 35 , 3 - 36 ; lozouet & plaziat 2008 : 96 –97 , pl . 12 , figs 7–8 ; fukumori & kano 2014 , 217 ; zvonareva et al . 2015 : 8 , fig . 3 ( 7 ) .
material examined . dam bay , mangrove plantation , nha phu , about 70 specimens . abundance . common .
ecological notes . development with free swimming veliger ( fukumori & kano 2014 ) .
a brackish estuarine species . occurs on sandy banks of mangrove streams , sand , stones , and concrete surfaces of drainage canals near sea in intertidal zone ( tan & clements 2008 ) .
general distribution . from japan to singapore ( okutani 2000 ; tan & clements 2008 ) .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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the lord howe pigeon ( sometimes white-throated pigeon ) , columba vitiensis godmanae , was a subspecies of the metallic pigeon which existed on lord howe island .

it became extinct in the 1850s .

lord howe pigeon

the lord howe pigeon , eastern bettong , bush moa and waitomo frog were among the extinct species included in calculations .
the white - throated pigeon ( lord howe island ) inhabited wooded habitats in the lowlands of lord howe island ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; hindwood 1940 ; mcallan et al . 2004 ) .
recher , h . f . , ed . ( 1974 ) . environmental survey of lord howe island : a report to the lord howe island board . sydney , nsw : australian museum .
also known as lord howe morepork was endemic to lord howe . the lord howe island board introduced masked owls and barn owls in the 1920 ' s with the hope of them getting rid of the black rats . the larger owls would have forced the smaller boobook out of his area . extinct some time around 1950 .
the spotted green pigeon ( often known as ' the liverpool pigeon ' ) which is thought to be the only one of its species ever known . it is perhaps related to the nicobar pigeon of the indian and pacific ocean islands . the pigeon is about 200 years old as it was described by english gp john latham in 1783 .
the drawing is inscribed in black ink at bottom , in the outer band of the border ,
pigeon of lord - howe - island 1 / 3 less natural size geo : raper . # 1790 ~
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hindwood , k . a . ( 1940 ) . the birds of lord howe island . emu . 40 : 1 - 86 .
hutton , i . ( 1991 ) . birds of lord howe island : past and present . coffs harbour , nsw : author published .
known as the doctor bird by locals was an endemic species to lord howe . was common up until 1906 , disappeared soon after black rats arrived in 1918 .
given its endemism , the white - throated pigeon ( lord howe island ) was probably sedentary . other subspecies which occur outside australia are thought to undertake irregular local movements in search of food , with some evidence for inter - island movements ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) .
hindwood , k . a . ' the birds of lord howe island ' , the emu vol . 40 , pt . 1 , 1940 pp . 1 - 86 .
the bird was first described and named on the basis of this drawing by mathews ( 1915 ) as the type of raperia godmanae , now extinct . hindwood ( 1964 ) calls it the lord howe island pigeon janthoenas godmanae , the current name for which appears to be columba vitiensis godmanae .
the main threat causing the extinction of the white - throated pigeon ( lord howe island ) was trapping and hunting for food by settlers and visiting sailors . large numbers of the birds were easily snared or killed with sticks without any alarm being shown by the birds ( hindwood 1940 ; hutton 1991 ) .
the white - throated pigeon ( lord howe island ) probably ate the fruits and seeds of native plants , taking them from the trees and the forest floor ( hutton 1991 ) . other subspecies from outside australia eat fruit , buds and seeds which are taken from shrubs , trees and the ground ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) .
there have been a number of ornithological surveys on lord howe island in the 20th century ( disney & smithers 1972 ; recher 1974 ; recher & clark 1974 ) but there has been no sign of the subspecies .
this bird was endemic to lord howe , common all over the island . was still present on the island in 1909 but was wiped out by black rats that arrived here in 1918 on the ship ss makambo .
the white - throated pigeon ( lord howe island ) was a large , dark pigeon with a white throat and a red - and - green bill . it was 40 cm long . its face was purple - mauve , with red eyes and a red bill with a green tip . the back of the head was green , the upperbody was brown with a blackish - brown tail , and the throat and sides of the neck were white with the rest of the underparts brown ( hutton 1991 ) .
locally known as the rain bird was endemic to lord howe . a small brown to greyish bird would have been common in the forest . black rats wiped this one out also , no record of then since 1928 .
our mounted lord derby ' s swamphen , named after the 13th earl of derby , is not only from an extinct species but only one other specimen is known ( in a museum in vienna ) . both specimens are about 200 years old , and were probably collected on lord howe island , off the east coast of australia .
smyth left sydney in the lady penrhyn on 20 april , and the journal is most significant for its descriptions of bird life at port jackson and lord howe island , where the ship called on her way to china . he collected curios and natural history specimens on his excursions at port jackson , in a way typical of the non - scientific collecting done in the colony before george caley arrived in 1800 . bowes must have been one of the first white men to see an emu , of which he made a drawing . while on lord howe island he made the earliest known drawing of the now extinct white gallinule , and observed the bell magpie or currawong and four now rare or extinct birds , which have been identified as the lord howe island pigeon , the booby , the lord howe island rail or woodhen , and an extinct species of parrakeet . he died soon after his return to england and was buried at tolleshunt d ' arcy on 31 march 1790 . his journal is held by the national library of australia , canberra .
mathews , g . m . ' raperia godmanae : a new bird from lord howe island , now extinct ' the austral avian record , vol . 3 , no . 1 , 1915 ( pp . 21 - 24 ) .
recher , h . f . & s . s . clark ( 1974 ) . a biological survey of lord howe island with recommendations for the conservation of the island ' s wildlife . biological conservation . 6 : 263 - 273 .
disney , h . j . de s . & c . n . smithers ( 1972 ) . the distribution of terrestrial and freshwater birds on lord howe island , in comparison with norfolk island . australian zoologist . 17 : 1 - 11 .
a stuffed male passenger pigeon that was offered at auction in 2015 . the species is one of three that the group revive & restore aims to bring back using biotechnology .
lord derby ' s collection also contains the first budgie chick ever to have been bred in britain , at knowsley park in 1848 .
in their study , dr . bennett and his collaborators tried to approximate the costs of re - establishing and maintaining 16 species that went extinct in the last millennium , including the lord howe pigeon and eastern rat - kangaroo from australia , and the laughing owl and waitomo frog from new zealand . the researchers selected these animals because they could estimate what it would cost to conserve them based on proposed government expenditures to save similar living species that are endangered .
mcallan , i . a . w . , b . r . curtis , i . hutton & r . m . cooper ( 2004 ) . the birds of the lord howe island group : a review of records . australian field ornithology . 21 : 1 - 82 .
nothing is known of the breeding of the white - throated pigeon ( lord howe island ) , though it was possibly similar to that of other subspecies . other subspecies breed mainly between september and february , though some breed as early as july and august . the nest is described as a flimsy platform made from twigs placed in a tree , 3–8 m above the ground , where they lay one or two white eggs ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) .
the passenger pigeon , for instance , was a keystone species that helped regenerate eastern deciduous forests by landing on trees in giant flocks , breaking down their branches and excreting layers of rich fertilizer that allowed new trees to grow — a role that other birds likely cannot fill . on top of that , mr . brand said , the passenger pigeon has unique symbolic value as “one of the great stories of extinction . ”
about one million sea birds – fourteen species – nest on lord howe annually : it is one of the few known breeding grounds of the providence petrel ; has the world’s largest colony of red - tailed tropic birds ; and is the most southerly breeding location of the sooty tern , the noddy tern and the masked booby .
one leading group in the field is revive & restore , a nonprofit initiative to rescue extinct and endangered species through genetic engineering and biotechnology . the san francisco - based group is working to bring back the passenger pigeon , woolly mammoth and heath hen .
a common bird in the forest when the island was discovered in 1788 , mostly brown with a purple head and breast with a white patch under its throat . the last record of the pigeon was in 1853 , they were all eaten by the small population of residents and whalers passing .
to restore the passenger pigeon , dr . ehrlich said , you would need a large breeding population — with possibly more genetic diversity than can be gleaned from the 1 , 500 or so pigeons preserved in museum collections — and even then there may “not be enough habitat left for them anyway . ”
according to john calaby ( editor of the hunter sketchbook . melbourne , national library of australia , 1989 p . 224 ) raper did not land on lord howe island , but may have seen live birds of this species which were brought to sydney cove in march 1788 ( described by john white in his journal published 1790 ( ref . a . h . chisholm ( ed ) , journal of a voyage to new south wales by john white . sydney , angus and robertson , 1962 p . 119 - 20 ) ) .
seven million years ago , a volcanic eruption on the sea floor created lord howe island and its 27 surrounding islets and outcrops – the island’s boomerang shape is a mere remnant ( around two percent ) of its original form , mostly eroded by the sea . while much of the flora on the island is similar to that of australia , new zealand , new caledonia and norfolk island , the island’s relative isolation has led to the evolution of many new species – of the 241 native plants found here , 113 are endemic , including the important indigenous kentia palm .
but other scientists agree with dr . bennett that spending money on de - extinction is wasteful , even for a case like the passenger pigeon . paul ehrlich , president of the center for conservation biology at stanford university , and author of the controversial book “the population bomb , ” said that conservation is vastly underfunded and there is no guarantee that restoring extinct species will work .
the cold waters of the tasman sea , which surround lord howe , host the world’s southernmost coral reef , a tropical oddity that is sustained by the warm summer current sweeping in from the great barrier reef . there are about sixty varieties of brilliantly coloured and fantastically shaped coral , and the meeting of warm and cold currents means that a huge variety of both tropical and temperate fish can be spotted in the crystal - clear waters . beyond the lagoon , the water becomes very deep , with particularly good diving in the seas around the admiralty islets , which have sheer underwater precipices and chasms .
vertebrate zoology houses nearly 4 , 000 mounted birds . particularly important specimens include individuals from the 13th earl of derby ' s collections , such as several pheasant - chicken crosses which lord derby bred as an experiment in his aviary at knowsley hall in the 1840s . three of these are presently on display in the history detectives gallery in the museum of liverpool .
arthur bowes smyth ( 1750 - 1790 ) , surgeon , was born on 23 august 1750 at tolleshunt d ' arcy , essex , england , the seventh child of thomas smyth , a surgeon . he lived at tolleshunt d ' arcy and practised there at least between 1778 and 1783 . in 1787 he was appointed a surgeon in the lady penrhyn in the first fleet ; he took charge of the prisoners when the convicts ' surgeon on board , dr alltree , fell ill at tenerife . under the name of arthur bowes , as he was known in the colony , from 22 march 1787 to 12 august 1789 he kept a journal which included a record of the events of the voyage and the first weeks in new south wales . while still in sydney , on 19 march he reported on the birds of lord howe island where lieutenant henry ball had landed from the supply on the way back from norfolk island .
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for a while , it looked like they might actually be in recovery . but this year’s census of the american subspecies , the rufa red knot , found that numbers have plummeted to an all - time low . the likely cause ? food shortages in delaware bay , a crucial feeding stopover site on their migration .
climate change and invasive species don’t just impact birds – the latest update to the iucn red list of threatened species shows that they are a growing threat to australia’s unique reptiles . however , the update also revealed good news for four south american amphibians assumed to be extinct .
we present the highlights of the latest issue of bird conservation international , our quarterly peer - reviewed journal promoting worldwide research and action for the conservation of birds and their habitats .
we’ve selected crafts from across the world that will delight children and benefit birds . from ten - minute fruit kebabs to a summer spent birdhouse building , we’ve got projects for every age and timespan : all you need to do is pick your skill level .
help us to protect america ' s migratory birds on their epic journey across continents .
around one in five of all the world’s bird species migrate . and while every migration is an epic and often perilous feat of endurance , here’s a selection of species that we feel go the extra mile .
ulcinj salina is a traditional salt pan whose shallow waters feed and support more than 250 bird species . however , recent proposals to build a large - scale tourism resort threaten to obliterate it .
jane alexander is an acclaimed actress , author and an impassioned birder who is also a member of birdlife’s global advisory group . here , she talks to us about how acting got her into birding , and how the new generation gives her hope .
a new mode of farming is taking off in south america . the pampas is one the world’s most important grassland biomes : but intensive farming is wearing it down . now , a scheme for sustainable , bird - friendly meat is getting prestigious recognition .
one in eight bird species is in danger of extinction – but what are the main factors driving their decline ? they might not be what you think . read about the five biggest threats to bird biodiversity , and what’s being done to combat them .
over the last 40 years , europe’s skylarks have suffered a 50 % decline due to the intensification of agriculture . in sweden , this figure jumps to a staggering 75 % .
we interview katharine lowrie : part of a record - breaking couple who sailed the atlantic to begin an ultra - marathon through south america , all to raise money and awareness for wildlife and wild places .
it’s a first for burkina faso . . . a love story between environmental organization naturama ( birdlife - burkina faso ) and the private cement factory cimburkina . their common aim is to strengthen nature conservation and improve community livelihoods at the cement plant ' s operating sites .
following a tireless campaign by birdlife australia , which gained support from around the world , the australian government has decided to reject an application for phosphate mining on christmas island , a crucial wildlife haven in the indian ocean .
while armed conflict in colombia may be over , an influx of illegal miners and loggers means our newest partner’s collaborative approach to conservation has never been more important .
we are a global partnership of independent organisations working together as one for nature and people . read more about birdlife .
we create action through insight . through our expertise on birds we act for nature and people . through sharing local challenges we find lasting global solutions . read more about our programmes .
when you get involved with birdlife you are helping us to go beyond today to impact the future . read about how you can support us .
from the amazon to the zambezi , from the tundra to the tierra del fuego the birdlife partnership is active in more than 120 countries worldwide . read more about our regional work .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
the action plan for australian birds 2010 ( garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson , 2011 ) .
del hoyo , j . , a . elliott & j . sargatal , eds . ( 1997 ) . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 4 , sandgrouse to cuckoos . barcelona , spain : lynx edicions .
garnett , s . t . & g . m . crowley ( 2000 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2000 . canberra , act : environment australia and birds australia . available from : urltoken .
goodwin , d . ( 1983 ) . doves and pigeons of the world . british museum of natural history , london .
higgins , p . j . & s . j . j . f . davies , eds ( 1996 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . volume three - snipe to pigeons . melbourne , victoria : oxford university press .
magrath , m . j . l . , m . a . weston , p . olsen & m . antos ( 2004 ) . draft survey standards for birds : species accounts . melbourne , victoria : report for the department of the environment and heritage by birds australia .
pratt , h . d . , p . l . bruner & d . g . berrett ( 1987 ) . a field guide to the birds of hawaii and the tropical pacific . princeton , new jersey : princeton university press .
australian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000b ) . list of migratory species ( 13 / 07 / 2000 ) . f2007b00750 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken .
department of the environment and heritage ( 2006fp ) . columba vitiensis godmanae in species profile and threats ( sprat ) database . canberra : deh . available from : urltoken .
garnett , s . , j . szabo & g . dutson ( 2011 ) . the action plan for australian birds 2010 . csiro publishing . available from : urltoken .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . columba vitiensis godmanae in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 03 : 04 + 1000 .
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ella mai – boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo
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the drawing is inscribed in pencil at lower left and right with the number
72
, and on the reverse with the number
58
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hindwood , k . a . ' george raper : an artist of the first fleet ' , journal and proceedings of the royal australian historical society , vol . 50 , pt . 1 , 1964 pp . 32 - 57 .
bringing back extinct species could lead to biodiversity loss rather than gain , according to work featuring university of queensland researchers .
uq scientist professor hugh possingham said the research suggested further stretching already - strained conservation budgets to cover the costs of de - extinction could endanger extant species ( species still in existence ) .
if the risk of failure and the costs associated with establishing viable populations could also be calculated , estimates of potential net losses or missed opportunities would probably be considerably higher ,
professor possingham said .
de - extinction could be useful for inspiring new science and could be beneficial for conservation if we ensure it doesn ' t reduce existing conservation resources .
however , in general it is best if we focus on the many species that need our help now .
given the considerable potential for missed opportunity , and risks inherent in assuming a resurrected species would fulfil its role as an ecosystem engineer or flagship species , it is unlikely that de - extinction could be justified on grounds of biodiversity conservation .
the study was led by dr joseph bennett , formerly of the arc centre for environmental decisions at uq and now of carleton university , canada .
it analysed the number of species governments in new zealand and new south wales could afford to conserve .
we based cost estimates on recently extinct species and similar extant species ,
dr bennett said .
the researchers found reintroducing some recently extinct species to their old habitats might improve biodiversity locally , but government - funded conservation for 11 focal extinct species in new zealand would sacrifice conservation for nearly three times as many ( 31 ) extant species .
external funding for conservation of the five focal extinct nsw species could instead be used to conserve more than eight times as many ( 42 ) extant species .
although the technology for de - extinction is still some way off , the research found that careful thought would be required about what species to reintroduce , and where .
professor possingham is chief scientist with the nature conservancy , the world ' s largest conservation organisation , and a scientist with uq ' s school of biological sciences , the centre for biodiversity and conservation science at uq , the arc centre of excellence for environmental decisions ( ceed ) and the australian government ' s national environmental science program threatened species recovery hub .
charismatic or ' celebrity ' endangered wildlife can help save less well - known or ' forgotten ' animals – if the conservation funds are used wisely , environmental scientists say .
over half of the mediterranean ' s shark and ray species are at risk of extinction , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) said monday , blaming overfishing for plummeting numbers .
governments in australia and internationally are coming round to the idea that conservation efforts need to focus more on saving as many endangered species as possible with the resources available .
as species blink into extinction all around the world , environmental scientists in australia have come up with a way to decide ' which of the books we rescue from the blazing library of life ' .
research published by a swansea university scientist has found amphibians which have a toxic defence against predators—such as the iconic poison dart frogs—have a much higher risk of extinction than species which use . . .
a new type of zebrafish that produces fluorescent tags in migratory embryonic nerve precursor cells could help a rice university neurobiologist and cancer researcher find the origins of the third - most common pediatric cancer . . .
throughout the living world , parents have many ways of gifting their offspring with information they will need to help them survive . a new study in nature ecology and evolution examining the effects of exposure to predators . . .
the nuclei of cells are never static , even when the chromosomes they contain appear to be at rest . theorists at rice university have detailed the combination of forces that drive their constant motion .
the co - evolution of plant—pathogen interactions has been revealed in unprecedented detail in a study of one of the world ' s deadliest crop killers . this is the rice blast pathogen , which destroys enough food to feed more . . .
using genome editing to inactivate a protein called pcsk9 effectively reduces cholesterol levels in rhesus macaques , a species of monkey , according to researchers from the perelman school of medicine at the university of . . .
fish that ' farm ' their own patches of seaweed alter their ' cropping ' practices under high co2 conditions , researchers at the university of adelaide in australia have found .
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“if the risk of failure and the costs associated with establishing viable populations could also be calculated , estimates of potential net losses or missed opportunities would probably be considerably higher , ” professor possingham said .
“de - extinction could be useful for inspiring new science and could be beneficial for conservation if we ensure it doesn’t reduce existing conservation resources .
“however , in general it is best if we focus on the many species that need our help now . ”
“given the considerable potential for missed opportunity , and risks inherent in assuming a resurrected species would fulfil its role as an ecosystem engineer or flagship species , it is unlikely that de - extinction could be justified on grounds of biodiversity conservation . ”
“we based cost estimates on recently extinct species and similar extant species , ” dr bennett said .
professor possingham is chief scientist with the nature conservancy , the world’s largest conservation organisation , and a scientist with uq’s school of biological sciences , the centre for biodiversity and conservation science at uq , the arc centre of excellence for environmental decisions ( ceed ) and the australian government ' s national environmental science program threatened species recovery hub .
media : professor hugh possingham , h . possingham @ urltoken , hugh . possingham @ urltoken , + 61 434 079 061 ; dr joseph bennett , joseph . bennett @ urltoken , + 1 613 520 2600 x3124 .
we might soon resurrect extinct species . is it worth the cost ? - the new york times
an illustration of an extinct rat kangaroo , published in 1825 . researchers recently analyzed the costs and benefits of re - establishing and maintaining 16 species in australia and new zealand that went extinct in the last millennium .
with enough determination , money and smarts , scientists just might revive the woolly mammoth , or some version of it , by splicing genes from ancient mammoths into asian elephant dna . the ultimate dream is to generate a sustainable population of mammoths that can once again roam the tundra .
“in 50 years , we might not have those elephants , ” said joseph bennett , an assistant professor and conservation researcher at carleton university in ontario . dr . bennett has spent his career asking hard questions about conservation priorities . with only so much funding to go around , deciding which species to save can be a game of triage .
in a paper published in nature ecology & evolution this month , the researchers concluded that the biodiversity costs and benefits almost never come out in favor of de - extinction .
“if you have the millions of dollars it would take to resurrect a species and choose to do that , you are making an ethical decision to bring one species back and let several others go extinct , ” dr . bennett said . “it would be one step forward , and three to eight steps back . ”
but his team’s findings do not fully resonate with all scientists . some who are engaged in de - extinction efforts say that dr . bennett’s analysis , and others like it , are too far removed from actual developments in the field .
a woolly mammoth skeleton that was auctioned in 2009 . scientists have proposed splicing mammoth genes into asian elephant dna to bring the extinct mammals back to life .
conservation is central to revive & restore’s mission , said ben novak , the organization’s lead researcher and science consultant , and there could be ecological benefits to restoring lost species . in some cases , he said , living species are endangered partly because of “the lack of an ecological partner or some link in the food web . ”
“any de - extinction effort must have long - term benefits that outweigh the costs , ” mr . novak said .
he added that it is not accurate to assume , as dr . bennett does , that funding for de - extinction and conservation is a zero - sum game , noting that all of the funding for revive & rescue’s biotechnologies comes from private donors or institutional grants outside the realm of conservation efforts .
de - extinction may certainly have long - term gains , dr . bennett acknowledged , but he fears they are a luxury the world cannot currently afford . by some estimates , 20 percent of species on earth now face extinction , and that may rise to 50 percent by the end of the century .
revive & restore also aims to bring back the extinct heath hen . “any de - extinction effort must have long - term benefits that outweigh the costs , ” said ben novak , the organization’s lead researcher .
based on the price of conserving the endangered chatham island warbler from new zealand , for instance , they determined that managing a new population of the extinct chatham bellbird would cost $ 360 , 000 in the first year .
because the price of genetically reconstructing extinct species is still unknown ( although it could cost tens of millions of dollars ) , the scientists focused on how much it would cost just to reintroduce and maintain these particular species in the wild once they had already been engineered .
in new zealand , the researchers calculated , the funds required to conserve 11 extinct species would protect three times as many living species . in new south wales , reviving five extinct species was similar to saving more than eight times as many living species .
the problem with this analysis , said stewart brand , co - founder of revive & restore , is that “these are all species that would never be considered seriously for de - extinction in the first place , ” either because their ecological roles can be approximated by another living species or because the benefits of restoring them are not great enough to warrant the costs .
an illustration of an extinct huia , once found in new zealand . the researchers who analyzed reviving extinct species found that many more living species could be conserved for the same cost .
he argued that revive & restore strictly assesses its de - extinction projects , through its own criteria and international guidelines , to ensure that they are worth doing and consistent with preserving existing biodiversity .
dr . bennett said “he wouldn’t want to close the door on de - extinction forever . ” there may be some instances where it is worthwhile , he acknowledged , and pursuing it will advance research on genetic technologies .
“if someone wants to work on de - extinction because it’s technically fascinating , that’s fine , ” he said . “but if the person is couching de - extinction in terms of conservation , then she or he needs to have a very sober look at what one could do with those millions of dollars with living species — there’s already plenty to do . ”
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australia’s biggest state has often been neglected by travellers in a hurry to hop straight over to the east coast or the continent’s red centre . this year …
sun - soaked and healthy ? perhaps . a decent gateway to western australia ? definitely . but a cool place to spend a few days ? until recently perth just couldn’t …
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' smyth , arthur bowes ( 1750–1790 ) ' , australian dictionary of biography , national centre of biography , australian national university , urltoken published first in hardcopy 1967 , accessed online 10 july 2018 .
the bird skin collection numbers about 44 , 300 specimens and dates from about 1760 . it includes many examples of endangered or extinct birds , such as a new caledonian nightjar , which is only known from one other specimen in a museum in italy .
the birds in the 13th earl of derby ' s foundation collection were much enhanced by the purchase of canon h . b . tristram ' s collection in 1896 and many specimens have been added since . it is the second largest bird collection in britain after that of the natural history museum ' s outstation at tring in hertfordshire and now includes over 700 type specimens .
the oldest specimen of the australian night parrot , collected before 1847 and obtained through the famous explorer charles sturt . thought to be extinct , it was recently rediscovered in the arid centre of australia by three museum curators .
john gilbert’s bird collection form part of these collections . it includes extremely rare and important australian material , many of which are type specimens . most of gilbert’s collection came to liverpool as part of the 13 th earl of derby’s collection in 1851 , but a few of his specimens are in the canon h . b . tristram collection ( acquired in 1896 ) and five in a collection which was passed to us from blackburn museum in 1999 . explore the john gilbert bird collection online now .
this collection consists of 70 bird skulls and skeletons including examples of extinct species such as the dodo and great auk . our dodo toe bones were much admired until they were found to have been carved from wood . our collection of british bird skeletons are often used to help identify birds in archaeological excavations in the north - west and the isle of man .
the collections have good coverage of british species , including unusual records for our region such as a glossy ibis , shot in the ormskirk area in the 18th century , which is the oldest record of this bird for the north - west . glossy ibises are very rarely seen in britain .
the mounted collection also includes several glass - fronted cases of high - quality taxidermy , including one which contains individuals of all known falkland island birds .
the bird ' s egg collection numbers around 16 , 700 clutches , mainly from british birds . our egg of the great auk , a north atlantic bird which once bred on the british coast but has been extinct since 1844 , is considered to be the most beautifully marked in existence .
bird ' s eggs are doubly important as they represent breeding records , often of birds which no longer exist in britain or which are now rare , and the locality data from our clutches is often used by conservationists .
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pandemis canadana , the green aspen leaftier , is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from british columbia to nova scotia , south to colorado , illinois and maine .

the habitat consists of deciduous forests and shrubs .

the wingspan is 19 – 20 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings varies from light to dark brown with dark brown markings .

the basal , median and upper postmedian lines are defined with a pale edge .

the hindwings are light to dark grey .

adults are on wing from early july to mid-august .

the larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs .

pandemis canadana

species pandemis canadana - green aspen leaftier moth - hodges # 3595 - bugguide . net
adults are brown with fasciate markings and gray and white hindwings . pandemis limitata is similar to pandemis pyrusana and pandemis canadana , and the three species are not easily separated . a combination of geographic distribution and wing color can assist in identification ( see below ) . in the pacific northwest and central rocky mountains all three species are present and a reliable species - level identification is difficult or impossible .
pandemis limitata completes one or two generations over most of its range . adults are present june through august .
species identification within the group is difficult . pandemis lamprosana , p . cerasana , and p . heparana , can be identified by wing color and male genitalia . the other three species , p . canadana , p . limitata , and p . pyrusana , exhibit variable wing patterns , share identical genitalia , and cannot be reliably separated where their distributions overlap . the following table lists a combination of wing color and geographic distribution that can be used to identify many pandemis individuals collected in the u . s .
larvae of pandemis limitata have been recorded feeding on a variety of deciduous woody plants . this species is considered a minor pest of apple in some regions .
mutuura , a . 1980 . two pandemis species introduced into british columbia , with a comparison of native north american species ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . the canadian entomologist . 112 : 549 - 554 .
pandemis limitata ranges in southern canada from nova scotia to british columbia and in the u . s . from the east coast west to the rocky mountains and arizona . it is generally absent in the u . s . west of the rockies . there is a single record from durango , mexico .
delury n . c . , g . j . r . judd and m . g . t . gardiner . 2006 . attraction of male pandemis limitata ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) to natural and synthetic pheromone sources : importance for assessing communication disruption . the canadian entomologist . 138 : 697 - 711 .
six species of pandemis occur in the nearctic . four , p . canadana , p . lamprosana , p . limitata , and p . pyrusana , are native , while two , p . cerasana and p . heparana , have been introduced from the palearctic . all species treated here have a straw ( yellow ) to brown forewing with brown to dark - brown markings consisting of a patch on the costa below the apex , a median band that extends from costa to dorsum , and a basal band . the two bands ( or fasciae ) may be lined with light or dark scales in some individuals , creating the appearance of three lines running vertically across the wing . males have a distinctive notch at the base of the antennae and modified dark scales on the ventral surface of abdominal segments 2 - 3 ( this character is absent in p . lamprosana and p . heparana ) . males lack a forewing costal fold .
mackay ( 1962 ) examined several species of nearctic pandemis and could find no species - specific larval characters . diagnostic characters for the genus include : sd2 on a1 - 8 on same pinaculum as sd1 ; l1 and l2 anterior to spiracle on a2 - 8 ; sv group on a1 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 usually 3 : 3 : 3 : 2 : 2 ; d2s on a8 as far apart as d1s ; d1 on a9 on its own pinaculum ; anal setae very long ; anal comb with 6 - 8 teeth .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 19 . 14m ; p . 152 . book review and ordering
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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specific epithet for the early collecting locations across the canadian prairie : alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba .
larvae are leaf rollers of a variety of deciduous trees , many in the willow family ( salicaceae ) .
kearfott , w . d . , 1905 . assiniboia micro - lepidoptera , collected by mr . t . n . willing .
assiniboia micro - lepidoptera , collected by mr . t . n . willing w . d . kearfott . 1905 . the canadian entomologist 37 ( 3 ) : 89 - 93 .
contributed by jason j . dombroskie on 24 march , 2011 - 3 : 57pm additional contributions by johnmaxwell22 , marcie oconnor , randy hardy last updated 26 january , 2018 - 3 : 51pm
moved from tortricid moths . probable id . need to see the hw to be sure .
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eastern u . s . and southern canada ; generally absent in the u . s . west of the rocky mtns .
females lay eggs on the upper surface of leaves in large masses that contain between 60 - 182 eggs . larvae feed on terminal leaf growth and occasionally on fruit . those of the first generation complete development in late july or early august . pupation occurs in the final larval feeding site and adults emerge in approximately 10 days . third instar larvae of the second generation construct a hibernaculum in a protected site on small diameter growth and overwinter until the following spring , when they resume feeding on leaves and young fruits .
dombroskie , j . j . 2011 . aspects of archipine evolution ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . university of alberta , department of biological sciences . ph . d . dissertation . 488 pp .
freeman , t . n . 1958 . the archipinae of north america ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . the canadian entomologist . 90 ( suppl . 7 ) . 89 pp .
mackay , m . r . 1962 . larvae of the north american tortricinae ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . the canadian entomologist supplement 28 : 1 - 182 .
tortricids of agricultural importance by todd m . gilligan and marc e . epstein interactive keys developed in lucid 3 . 5 . last updated august 2014 .
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the forewing varies from light to dark brown with prominent dark brown markings . the basal , median and upper postmedian lines are distinct and sharply defined with pale edging . the hindwing is light to dark grey . the larva is inseperable from the other species in this genus . ( mackay 1962 )
from british columbia to nova scotia , south to colorado , illinois , and maine .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
poole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .
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natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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granulifusus bacciballus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

granulifusus bacciballus

species granulifusus suboblitus ( pilsbry , 1904 ) accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )
species granulifusus libratus ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as granulifusus dalli ( r . b . watson , 1882 )
species granulifusus simplex ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as fusinus pauciliratus complex snyder , 2000
( of simplicifusus kira , 1972 ) snyder m . a . 2003 . the genera simplicifusus and granulifusus ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) with the description of two new species in granulifusus . journal of conchology 38 ( 1 ) : 87 - 93 [ details ]
fusus niponicus e . a . smith , 1879 accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) ( type by original designation )
hadorn r . & fraussen k . 2005 . revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : fasciolariidae ) . archiv für molluskenkunde 134 ( 2 ) : 129 - 171 . [ details ]
( of simplicifusus kira , 1972 ) hadorn r . & fraussen k . 2005 . revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : fasciolariidae ) . archiv für molluskenkunde 134 ( 2 ) : 129 - 171 . [ details ]
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
kuroda t . & habe t . ( 1954 ) . new genera of japanese marine gastropods . venus . 18 ( 2 ) : 84 - 97 . page ( s ) : 89 [ japanese text ] , 96 [ english text ] [ details ]
kantor y . i . , fedosov a . e . , snyder m . a . & bouchet p . ( 2018 ) . pseudolatirus bellardi , 1884 revisited , with the description of two new genera and five new species ( neogastropoda : fasciolariidae ) . european journal of taxonomy . 433 : 1 - 57 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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shells for sale , shells online « shells for sale , conchology , inc .
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : be96f484 - d52f - 4ca6 - abf0 - bbbfa6a97780
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