davies ' tree frog ( litoria daviesae ) is a species of frog in the family hylidae .

it is endemic to australia .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , and rivers .

it is currently threatened by habitat loss .

davies ' tree frog

( davies’ tree frog ) is a small australian tree frog , first described by mahony et al . ( 2001 ) as a new member of the
the peppered tree frog , ( litoria piperata ) is a species of critically endangered tree frog found in northern new south wales , australia .
davies ' tree frog ( litoria daviesae ) is a threatened species that only occurs in high altitude rainforest in northern new south wales .
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the taxonomy of this species and the mountain stream tree frog is currently under review .
the magnificent tree frog or splendid tree frog ( litoria splendida ) , a tree frog species , was first described in 1977 . it has a limited range , only occurring on the north - western coast of australia in the northern territory and western australia . it has a similar appearance to , and can be confused with , the closely related white ' s tree frog .
the pearson ' s tree frog ( litoria pearsoniana ) , also known as the cascade tree frog , is a species of tree frog inhabiting rainforest creeks from north of lismore , new south wales , to kenilworth , queensland , with a disjunct population at kroombit tops queensland , australia .
the larval period of the lace - eyed tree frog is from october to may ( richards 1992 ) .
this large species mainly prefers trees among rocks , whereas the more common green tree frog prefers trees in woodlands .
a large tree frog with a broad body . they are green with white spots and have enlarged parotoid glands .
the extent of occurrence of the lace - eyed tree frog was originally approximately 9000 km² ( mcdonald 1992 ) .
objective 7 : to resolve the taxonomic status of the new england and southern tablelands forms of the yellow - spotted bell frog and the taxonomic status of the peppered tree frog .
the yellow - spotted bell frog ( litoria castanea ) and peppered tree frog ( litoria piperata ) recovery plan identifies the following recovery objectives for this species ( nsw npws 2001 ) .
the yellow - spotted bell frog ( litoria castanea ) and peppered tree frog ( litoria piperata ) recovery planoutlines recovery actions and recovery objectives for this species ( nsw npws 2001 ) .
magnificent tree frogs are native to the kimberley region of western australia , and enter caves and rock crevices during the day . much like the other large tree frogs in australia , white ' s tree frog and the giant tree frog , they inhabit areas near humans , and can be found around buildings and in toilets , showers , and water tanks . they are nocturnal , and will hunt and breed at night .
the peppered tree frog was formerly known from five streams draining the east of the northern tablelands , from 800 to 1120 m , from the gibraltar ranges to south of armidale , northern new south wales ( nsw npws 2001 ; tyler & davies 1985b ) .
mcdonald , k . r . & davies , m . 1990 . morphology & biology of the australian tree frog litoria pearsoniana ( copland ) ( anura : hylidae ) . transactions of the royal society of south australia 114 ( 3 ) : 145 - 156 .
breeding probably takes place during the wet season . the male ' s call is very similar to that of white ' s tree frog , a deep
crawk - crawk - crawk
repeated many times . the breeding habits of the magnificent tree frog have not been extensively studied .
beck ' s tree frog is a fairly large tree frog with a snout - to - vent length of between 34 and 44 mm ( 1 . 3 and 1 . 7 in ) . the head is about as wide as it is long , with small , widely - separated nostrils and
housing shortages in urban regions : aggressive interactions at tree hollows in forest remnants .
call surveys should be conducted during the known calling period of the peppered tree frog , between november and march ( mahony et al . 1997 ) .
mcdonald , k . r . and davies , m . ( 1990 ) . ' ' morphology and biology of the australian tree frog litoria pearsoniana ( anura : hylidae ) . ' ' transactions of the royal society of south australia , 114 ( 3 ) , 145 - 156 .
peppered tree frog adults are active in bushes or on rocks at the edge of creeks . on one occasion an aggregation of 22 animals was found by day in cracks in a dead tree limb next to a stream ( webb 1973 ) .
tyler , michael j . and margaret davies . 1986 . frogs of the northern territory . g . l . duffield , government printer .
the methods that have successfully been used in the past to survey the peppered tree frog are visual encounter surveys , call surveys and larval sampling ( uc 2003 ) .
the mountain stream tree frog ( litoria barringtonensis ) may be conspecific to the pearson ' s green tree frog ( l . pearsoniana ) . morphological differences have not been fully studied yet , but visible physical differences between frogs from barrington tops and dorrigo , new south wales , in comparison to frogs from south - eastern queensland and northern new south wales are discussed in a key on the leaf green tree frog page . these are representative of frogs described as l . barringtonensis and l . pearsoniana .
tyler , m . j . , davies , m . , and martin , a . a . ( 1977 ) . ' ' a new species of large green tree frog from northern western australia . ' ' transactions of the royal society of south australia , 101 ( 5 - 6 ) , 133 - 138 .
the lace - eyed tree frog occurred throughout the wet tropics bioregion from paluma to cooktown , northern queensland , at altitudes between 0 and 1200 m ( mcdonald 1992 ) .
tyler , m . j . and davies , m . ( 1977 ) . ' ' species - groups within the australopapuan hylid frog genus litoria tschudi . ' ' australian journal of zoology supplementary series , 63 , 1 - 47 .
the larval period of the peppered tree frog is from november to march ( mahony et al . 1997 ) , however the breeding and tadpole habitat for this species is unknown .
the methods that have successfully been used in the past to survey the lace - eyed tree frog are visual encounter surveys , call surveys and larval sampling ( uc 2003 ) .
feral pigs are a potential cause of riparian habitat damage and adult frog mortality . the activity of feral pigs has increased over the period 1989 - 1992 in an area previously inhabited by the lace - eyed tree frog . however , there is very little research into the impact of feral pigs on native frog populations ( richards et al . 1993 ) .
davies , m . & s . j . richards ( 1990 ) . developmental biology of the australian hylid frog nyctimystes dayi ( gunther ) . transactions of the royal society of south australia . 114 : 207 - 211 . hons . thesis .
peppered frog - profile ( office of environment & heritage , 2012k ) [ internet ] .
nsw national parks and wildlife service ( 2001s ) . yellow - spotted bell frog ( litoria castanea ) and peppered tree frog ( litoria piperata ) recovery plan . npws , hurstville , nsw . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - feb - 2004 .
tyler , mj and m davies . 1978 . phylogenetic relationships of australian hyline and neotropical phyllomedusine frogs of the family hylidae . herpetologica 34 ( 2 ) : 219 - 224 .
tadpoles from eggs laid in early summer complete development in three to four months . those eggs laid in late summer may overwinter and metamorphose the following summer ( davies & richards 1990 ) .
the overall objective of this recovery plan is to clarify the current status of the yellow - spotted bell frog and the peppered tree frog , and to maximise the opportunity for the viability of these species in the wild . proposed measures to increase the level of habitat protection provide a safeguard in the event that currently unidentified populations survive .
mahony , m . , r . knowles & l . pattinson ( 1997d ) . peppered tree frog litoria piperata . in : ehmann , h . , ed . threatened frogs of new south wales : habitats , status and conservation . page ( s ) 182 - 187 . frog & tadpole study group of nsw , sydney .
despite searches of the historic localities and other streams with similar habitat within the known area of the peppered tree frog ( mahony et al . 1997 ) , the species has not been seen since 1973 ( nsw npws 2001 ) .
myers , c . w . and duellman , w . e . 1982 . a new species of hyla from cerro colorado , and other tree frog records and geographical notes from western panama . american museum novitates : 1 - 32 .
tyler , m . j . & m . davies ( 1985b ) . a new species of litoria ( anura : hylidae ) from new south wales , australia . copeia . 1985 : 145 - 149 .
the magnificent tree frog is a relatively large tree frog , with the males reaching a length of 10 . 4 cm ( 4 . 1 in ) and the females 10 . 6 cm ( 4 . 2 in ) . they have olive to bright green dorsal surfaces with white ventral surfaces . the undersides of the feet and legs are bright yellow . most specimens have white or sulphur - coloured dots on their backs , of varying densities . the older magnificent tree frogs can be distinguished from white ' s tree frogs by the presence of very large parotoid glands , which cover the entire top of their heads and droop over their tympana . the tympanum is large , almost the size of the eye , and partially obscured by the parotoid gland .
h . ehmann , eds . , frog and tadpole study group of nsw , sydney , 213 - 221 .
the peppered tree frog is a smooth , dull olive or grey - green coloured frog that grows to 30 mm . it has irregular darker brown marbling and flecking , often peppered with white / cream on limbs and flanks . the species has scattered tubercles on the head and well developed finger and toe discs which are markedly wider than the digits ( cogger 2000 ) .
this frog is a rainforest species , endemic to the wet tropics bioregion ( williams & hero 1998 , 2001 ) .
introduced predatory fish species ( eastern gambusia ( gambusia holbrooki ) and salmonids ) occur in streams formerly occupied by the species and may have displaced frog populations by predation upon larvae ( gillespie & hines 1999 ) . these fish are likely to have had a significant impact on the peppered tree frog given the vulnerability of other members of the l . citropa group to trout predation .
mahony , m . , knowles , r . , and patterson , l . ( 1997 ) . peppered tree frog litoria piperata . in : threatened frogs of new south wales : habitats , status and conservation . h . ehmann ( ed . ) pp 182 - 187 . frog and tadpole study group of n . s . w . inc . , sydney south , australia .
call surveys should be conducted during the known calling period of the lace - eyed tree frog , between september and april ( richards 1992 ) . males call at night from rocks and low foliage along rapidly - flowing stretches of creek ( hodgkinson & hero 2002 ) .
the ova are large , unpigmented , and are laid on the undersurface of stones in fast - flowing streams . the tadpoles have not been observed , but most likely have dorsoventrally flattened bodies and suctorial mouthparts ( tyler and davies 1978 ) .
a rock and tree dweller , often found in caves and even human - made structures ( e . g . , shower blocks and dunnies ) .
tyler , m . j . and davies , m . ( 1985 ) . ' ' a new species of litoria ( anura : hylidae ) from new south wales , australia . ' ' copeia , 1985 ( 1 ) , 145 - 149 .
, as chytridiomycosis is widespread in eastern new south wales and appears to preferentially affect stream frog species ( mahony 2000 ) . however ,
the cause of the apparent decline in the peppered tree frog population is unknown . however , most of the historic sites and other streams in the region have undergone substantial alteration and suffered significant habitat disturbance through land clearance , grazing and timber harvesting ( hines 2001 , pers . comm . ) .
agalychnis lemur is a small slender tree frog that occurs in the premontane rainforests of lower central america . it is the smallest of the costa rican leaf frogs , with a typical average snout - vent length of 30 - 45mm ( kubicki , 2004 ) . females are typically larger than males .
diagnosis and description : this species is described by loveridge ( 1945 ) as a moderately large tree frog , with the svl measuring 34 – 44 mm . the head is as long as it is broad . the tympanum is moderate and about half of the orbital diameter ( loveridge 1945 ) . tyler and davies ( 1978 ) describe the species as having long fingers , which are usually unwebbed , with terminal discs . relative finger lengths in increasing order , are as follows : i , ii , iv , iii ( loveridge 1945 ) . toes are long and webbed .
diagnosis and description : this species is described by loveridge ( 1945 ) as a moderately large tree frog , with the svl measuring 34 - 44 mm . the head is as long as it is broad . the tympanum is moderate and about half of the orbital diameter ( loveridge 1945 ) . tyler and davies ( 1978 ) describe the species as having long fingers , which are usually unwebbed , with terminal discs . relative finger lengths in increasing order , are as follows : i , ii , iv , iii ( loveridge 1945 ) . toes are long and webbed .
in 1999 , though , frogs similar in appearance to this species were discovered in streams north of their known range . the frogs had calls similar to the pearson ' s green tree frog , and genetic testing is required to determine if this population is l . piperata or a disjunct population of l . pearsoniana .
funkhouser , ab . 1957 . a review of the neotropical tree frogs of the genus phyllomedusa . occasional papers of the natural history museum of stanford university 5 : 1–90 .
hla ( 2002 ) . threatened stream - dwelling frog species of tta : monitoring program 2002 . report for the department of defence by natural resource assessments pty ltd .
loveridge , arthur ( 1945 ) . ' ' new tree frogs of the genera hyla and nyctimystes from new guinea . ' ' proceedings of the biological society of washington , 58 , 53 - 58 .
williams , s . e . & j - m . hero ( 2001 ) . multiple determinants of australian tropical frog biodiversity . biological conservation . 98 : 1 - 10 .
the typical habitat of this frog is mountain grassland including boggy areas with pools . it breeds in rapid mountain streams , the large eggs being stuck onto the underside of stones . the
current research is examining the possibility that disease , possibly a virus or chytrid fungus , may have contributed to the decline of this species ( berger et al . 1999 ; mcdonald & alford 1999 ) , and there is considerable circumstantial evidence to support this hypothesis ( nqtfrt 2001 ) . individuals collected in december 1998 were infected with the chytrid fungus ( speare & berger 2000 ) . the lace - eyed tree frog has less effective natural defences ( protective skin peptides ) against chytrid fungus than other frog species in the same habitats that have not declined ( woodhams et al . 2006 ) .
this australian endemic was formerly known from five streams draining the east of the northern tablelands , from 800 - 1 , 120m asl , from gibraltar range to armidale , northern new south wales ( tyler and davies 1985a ) . the distribution map does not include northern populations that might belong to this species ( see additional information under notes on taxonomy ) .
it is associated with rainforests and rainforest margins . in montane areas the species prefers fast - flowing rocky streams although they also frequent slower watercourses where ample vegetation exists along the margins . at low elevations , the lace - eyed tree frog favours rock soaks , narrow ephemeral streams and rock outcrops in larger watercourses . it may also be found on rocks , boulders and vegetation in or adjacent to streams ( czechura et al . 1987 ) .
a very large green tree frog with large glands behind the eyes that extend along the back . the fingers are fringed , the toes fully webbed and the legs long . both fingers and toes have large expanded discs on the tips . the colour is a rich green with white or yellow spots , often with black in the centre and edged with black . the undersides are often a faint yellow including yellowy - orange thighs . up to 11 cm .
the peppered tree frog occupies rocky streams in open forest and wet sclerophyll forest ( heatwole et al . 1995 ) at altitudes of 800 to 1120 m ( gillespie & hines 1999 ) . the general area in which this species has been recorded has been referred to as the ' dry eastern escarpment ' ( nsw npws 1994 ) . common streamside vegetation at sites where records were made includes lomandra , leptospermum and casuarina ( mahony 1996 in nsw npws 2001 ) .
very little is known of this frog and its habits . the high - altitude sites at which it has been observed are far from human settlements and subject to little human impact . it might be vulnerable to the amphibian disease
richards , s . j . ( 1992 ) . the tadpole of the australian frog litoria nyakalensis ( anura : hylidae ) , and a key to the torrent tadpoles of northern queensland . alytes . 10 : 99 - 103 .
this is a small species of frog reaching 30 mm ( 1 . 2 in ) in length . it is olive - grey to slate above , with many scattered black dots and tubercles across the back , flanks , and legs , giving the dorsal surface a
peppered
appearance , which gives this species its name . the tympanum is distinct . it has some green colouration on the side of the head . the toes discs are large and toes are webbed . the belly is cream . an indistinct dark stripe runs from the shoulder , which is shared with other species in the leaf green tree frog complex , of which this species is a member . however , due to a lack of information on this species , it has been omitted from the complex key on that page .
the hands and feet of the frog lack webbing , and this feature was previously a key morphological characteristic which separated this species and other members of the hylid subfamily phyllomedusinae from frogs in the genus agalychnis . however , recent dna profiling has confirmed taxonomy :
the description of l . piperata ( tyler & davies 1985b ) lacks a sufficiently detailed diagnosis to determine the validity of the name ( hoskin et al . 2013 ) . the validity of l . piperata will remain unresolved without genetic or call data from the type locality , which may never be obtained given the species has not been located at historic localities since 1973 and the original type material was formalin - fixed ( donnellan et al . 1999 ; gillespie & hines 1999 ) .
there is no information on threats to this species , but it is known from an area where there is very little human impact . a potential future threat is the spread of chytridiomycosis , which has been implicated in the declines of high - altitude , torrent - dwelling tree - frogs in australia .
jungfer , kh and p weygoldt . 1994 . the reproductive biology of the leaf frog phyllomedusa lemur boulenger , 1882 , and a comparison with other members of the phyllomedusinae ( anura : hylidae ) . revue française d’aquariologie 21 ( 1 - 2 ) : 57 - 64 .
mcguigan , k . , mcdonald , k . , parris , k . & moritz , c . 1998 . mitochondrial dna diversity & historical biogeography of a wet forest - restricted frog ( litoria pearsoniana ) from mid - east australia . molecular ecology 7 : 175 - 186 .
the lace - eyed tree frog occurs in the wet tropics world heritage area ( where there is no logging or clearing of its habitat ) , in cedar bay national park , crater lakes national park , daintree national park , lumholtz national park , millstream national park , paluma range national park and wooroonooran national park , crystal cascades national park , wallaman falls ( seaview ) , and palmerston national park , and daintree timber reserve ( 165 monkhouse ) as well as lamb range , mt lewis , mt spec and windsor tableland state forests ( sf 768 alcock ) ( tyler 1997 ; m . cunningham 2001 , pers . comm ) .
hines , h . , mahony , m . and mcdonald , k . ( 1999 ) . ' ' an assessment of frog declines in wet subtropical australia . ' ' declines and disappearances of australian frogs . a . campbell , eds . , environment australia , canberra , 44 - 63 .
faivovich , j , cfb haddad , pco garcia , dr frost , ja campbell , and wc wheeler . ( 2005 ) . systematic review of the frog family hylidae , with special reference to hylinae : phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision . bulletin of the american museum of natural history : 1 - 240 .
the lace - eyed tree frog displays a moderate association with streams and is found with some reliability within the stream banks over an extended season ( mcdonald & alford 1999 ) . it moves towards rainforest streams where it is known to breed only during the warmer wet season / early dry season . adult males are most abundant at the stream during this time , presumably because they are holding breeding territories . juveniles and females are rarely encountered . changes in the stream temperature seem to influence nocturnal activity and trigger the movement of the species in relation to the stream . the location of this species during non - breeding periods remains unknown ( hodgkison & hero 2002 ) .
this species is listed as vulnerable by iucn because it is known from fewer than 5 locations . the areas in which it has been found have very little human impact , but a potential threat is the spread of chytridiomycosis , which could affect the declines of high - altitude , torrent - dwelling tree frogs in australia ( richards and parker , 2004 ) .
conlon , jm , dc woodhams , h raza , lcj leprince , t jouenne , h vaudry , and la rollins - smith . 2007 . peptides with differential cytolytic activity from skin secretions of the lemur leaf frog hylomantis lemur ( hylidae : phyllomedusinae ) . toxicon 50 ( 40 ) : 498 - 506 .
hines , h . , mahony , m and mcdonald k . r . 1999 . an assessment of frog declines in wet subtropical australia . in campbell , a ( ed ) , ' declines and disappearances of australian frogs ' . ( environment australia , department of the environment and heritage : canberra ) . 234 pp .
this species and the yellow - spotted bell frog ( litoria castanea ) , two species of frogs in the northern tablelands , suffered severe population declines in the 1980s . the cause of these declines is not fully understood , partly because it was too swift to document . chytrid fungus is believed to have been a significant factor .
the cascade treefrog is a small frog ; males have a snout - to - vent length of 24–29mm and females 31–37mm . their colouration is highly variable , and can change seasonally . colouration ranges from green , through various combinations of green and brown to dark brown , with or without black spots or darkly marbled and blotched .
abdel - wahab , yha , gj power , pr flatt , dc woodhams , la rollins - smith , and jm conlon . 2008 . a peptide of the phylloseptin family from the skin of the frog hylomantis lemur ( phyllomedusinae ) with potent in vitro and in vivo insulin - releasing activity . peptides 29 ( 12 ) : 2136 - 2143 .
the cascade treefrog experienced significant population declines in the late 1970s and 1980s , with some populations disappearing . recent monitoring indicates populations have recovered at some sites . the causes of this and similar declines in the upland rainforest frog fauna of south - east queensland are almost certainly due to the amphibian chytrid fungus , which has been found in sick and dying individuals of this species .
causes of apparent declines are unknown . however , most of the historic sites and other streams in the region have undergone substantial alteration and suffered significant habitat disturbance through land clearance , grazing and timber harvesting ( hines pers . comm . ) . introduced predatory fish species also occur in these streams and may have displaced frog populations through predation upon larvae ( gillespie & hines 1999 ) .
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justification : listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is presumed to be a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its riparian habitat .
this species is known from 14 different locations in a narrow band on the eastern edge of the tablelands and the great escarpment of the great dividing range , within central - eastern to lower north - eastern new south wales , australia . it is only found above 400m asl .
this species is associated with areas of unpolluted , upland streams in heath land or dry open forest on the tablelands , or wet sclerophyll and rainforest vegetation on the edge of the escarpment and in deeper gullies . the adults do not occur away from upland stream habitats . nothing is known about habitat use of this species outside the breeding season . the larvae develop in the streams .
this species has a small geographic range and has suffered habitat loss and fragmentation through clearance for agriculture . many of the streams within the species ' range have been stocked with exotic fishes ( carp , trout , mosquito fish ) that are likely to be predators of the tadpoles . the impact of forestry practices at many sites where the species is known to occur requires assessment .
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lacks vocal sacs and has a hidden tympanum , plus a more sparse distribution of warts .
. the tadpole mouth is subterminal , funnel - shaped , lacks a keratinized ( horny ) beak and denticles ( teeth ) , and is surrounded by long papillae ( tyler and anstis 1975 ) . this larval mouthpart morphology distinguishes tadpoles of these two species from all other australo - papuan hylids ( anstis and littlejohn 1996 ) .
has a restricted distribution within the province of new south wales , australia . it is narrowly distributed along the eastern side of the great escarpment of the great dividing range and the tablelands . from north to south it is found within a range of about 150 km , between the catchment of the hastings river to north of the hunter river ( mahony et al . 2001 ) .
life history , abundance , activity , and special behaviors anstis and littlejohn ( 1996 ) have described the calls and calling patterns for l . daviesae ( their
southern
populations of l . subglandulosa ) . during breeding season ( october / november ) , adult males can be found calling singly or in small groups along preferred stream sites . both daytime and nighttime calling are common during breeding season , with daytime calls made from hiding places within vegetation or crevices , or under rocks , and nighttime calls made from trees and shrubs about 0 . 5 to 1 . 5 m . above streams . the calls of l . daviesae and l . subglandulosa are reported to be very similar ( anstis and littlejohn 1996 ) .
this species does not appear to be abundant . it has a limited distribution , and although the species has been described from 18 different localities , reports usually indicate small populations and low numbers of frogs collected ( mahony et al . 2001 ) .
this species has been described only relatively recently , so little is known about present vs . past distribution . however , it is not abundant , and additionally appears to be in decline in at least one region , between the hastings and manning rivers ( anstis ( 1997 ) ; originally reported as southern populations of
may be at risk for local extinction , due to small population size , isolation and limited distribution of known populations .
populations include : habitat loss and fragmentation , due to clearing for agriculture and forestry activities ; possible predation on eggs and tadpoles by exotic fish ; degradation of water quality , from forestry and agriculture practices , and potential alterations in stream flows , due to agriculture , development , or forestry practices ( mahony et al . 2001 ) . susceptibility to amphibian chytrid fungus is also likely to be a threat to
anstis , m . and littlejohn , m . j . ( 1996 ) . ' ' the breeding biology of
( anura : hylidae ) , and a re - evaluation of their geographic distribution . ' '
mahony m . , knowles r . , foster r . , and donnellan , s . ( 2001 ) . ' ' systematics of the
( anura : hylidae ) complex in northern new south wales and southern queensland , australia , with the description of a new species . ' '
mahony , m . ( 2000 ) . ' ' prevalence of chytrid in populations of frogs in eastern new south wales . ' '
fauna of north - east n . s . w . forests . north east forests biodiversity report no . 3 .
speare , r . , and l . berger . chytridiomycosis status of wild amphibians in australia . 26 jan . 2005 . james cook university . 2 mar . 2007 <
tyler , m . j . and anstis , m . ( 1975 ) . ' ' taxonomy and biology of frogs of the
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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justification : listed as critically endangered because its population size is estimated to number fewer than 50 mature individuals .
despite searches of the historic localities and other streams with similar habitat within the region ( mahony 1997 ) , the species has not been seen since 1973 . if the northern populations do not belong to this species ( see notes on taxonomy ) , then it is possible that it is extinct .
this species is known to occupy open forest and wet sclerophyll forest ( heatwole et al . 1995 ) . little is known about the breeding biology of this species . however , morphological similarity to litoria pearsoniana and l . phyllochroa suggests that ecological similarities are likely ( gillespie and hines 1999 ) .
it is recognized as endangered in queensland and new south wales , and therefore protected by state legislation . its range includes gara river nature reserve and mount mitchell state forest . this species is a priority for immediate further survey work to determine whether or not it might possibly still survive at the localities from which it has previously been recorded , and both taxonomic and survey work is required to determine the status of the possible northern populations . research is also needed into the possible reasons for the decline of the species . given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis or some other disease , surviving individuals might need to form the basis for the establishment of an ex - situ population .
closely related to the species l . caerulea , this species ' characteristic features include its large size , possession of a bulbous gland on the dorsal side of the head , short webbed fingers and green coloration with sulfur colored spots and orange hindlegs . species color may vary depending on region found . vomerine teeth on short , posteriorly directed , triangular elevations between and posterior to the choanae . ( tyler et al )
this australia endemic is known from the kimberley region , western australia , and northwestern northern territory to bradshaw station . the extent of occurrence of the species is approximately 119 , 900km2 . the estimated altitudinal range of the species is from 0 - 600m asl , and it possibly occurs even as high as 900m asl .
found in many regions of australia including the kimberley region , north australia , western australia , and northwestern northern territory to bradshaw station . they can be found in caves , gorges , and areas of low rainfall .
this species occurs in a large variety of moist forest habitats and rural and urban environments . during the daytime it can be found sheltering in caves , crevices beneath boulders and in and around buildings and public toilets . it breeds early in the wet season at the onset of monsoon rains . a female lays up to 6 , 500 small , separate eggs , which sink to the bottom of the pool . larvae take 1 - 4 months to develop depending on the time the eggs were laid .
listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
the species is closely related to l . caerulea but differ in coloration , behavior , and dermal gland development .
its range includes multiple protected areas in western australia and the northern territory . it is sometimes bred in captivity in australian zoos .
this species tends to inhabit bathrooms , toilets , and other sites where there is water .
it is kept as a pet ; in australia , this animal may be kept in captivity with the appropriate permit .
hero & roberts ( 2004 ) . litoria splendida . 2006 . iucn red list of threatened species . iucn 2006 . urltoken . retrieved on 11 may 2006 . database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern
barker , j . ; grigg , g . c . & tyler , m . j . ( 1995 ) . a fiesld guide to australian frogs . surrey beatty & sons . isbn 0 - 949324 - 61 - 2 .
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breeds in rockpools and rockholes after heavy rainfall . one female was recorded as laying small 6400 eggs that sunk to the bottom singly . the tadpoles are unknown .
kimberley region , mostly towards the coast . also occurs just over the nt border .
donnellan , s . c . , mcguigan , k . , knowles , r . , mahony , m . and moritz , c . ( 1999 ) . ' ' genetic evidence for species boundaries in frogs of the litoria citropa species - group ( anura : hylidae ) . ' ' australian journal of zoology , 47 , 275 - 293 .
gillespie , g . r . and hines , h . b . ( 1999 ) . ' ' status of temperate riverine frogs in south - eastern australia . ' ' declines and disappearances of australian frogs . a . campbell , eds . , environment australia , canberra , 109 - 130 .
heatwole , h . , de bavay , j . , webber , p . and webb , g . ( 1995 ) . ' ' faunal survey of new england . iv . the frogs . ' ' memoirs of the queensland museum , 38 , 229 - 249 .
tyler , m . j . ( 1997 ) . the action plan for australian frogs . wildlife australia , canberra , act .
listed as critically endangered because its population size is estimated to number fewer than 50 mature individuals .
this species was formerly known from five streams at elevations of 800 - 1120 m draining east in the northern tablelands of nsw from gibraltar range in the north to armidale in the south . after searches in these streams and adjacent areas , this species has not be located in the wild since the 1970s .
this species is associated with flowing , rocky creeks in highland areas of northern new south wales . the call of this species has not been recorded , but is likely to be similar to other species in the l . phyllochroa complex . males are likely to call during spring and summer from vegetation and rocks bordering streams and creeks .
robinson , m . 2002 . a field guide to frogs of australia . australian museum / reed new holland : sydney .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan required , this species had a recovery plan in force at the time the legislation provided for the minister to decide whether or not to have a recovery plan ( 19 / 2 / 2007 ) .
survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened frogs . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 3
( department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( dewha ) , 2010 ) [ admin guideline ] .
threatened species management information circular no . 6 - hygiene protocol for the control of disease in frogs ( nsw department of environment , climate change and water ( nsw deccw ) , 2008b ) [ information sheet ] .
predation by gambusia holbrooki - the plague minnow ( nsw national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) , 2003i ) [ state threat abatement plan ] .
review of the threatened species conservation act schedules 2007 - 2009 ( nsw scientific committee ( nsw sc ) , 2009b ) [ state species management plan ] .
a new treefrog ( hylidae : litoria ) from kroombit tops , east australia , and an assessment of conservation status . zootaxa . 3646 ( 4 ) : 426 - 446 . ( hoskin , c . j . , h . b . hines , e . meyer , j . clarke & m . cunningham , 2013 ) .
listed as critically endangered ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
the species was formerly known from the oxley wild rivers national park ( gara river nature reserve ) , mitchell state forest ( hines 2001 , pers . comm . ) and mann river nature reserve ( nsw npws 2001 ) . several of the type specimens were taken on freehold and leasehold land in the vicinity of glen innes ( tyler 1997 ) . -
the extent of occurrence for the species was approximately 5000 km² ( gillespie & hines 1999 ) .
little is known about the breeding biology of this species . however , morphological similarity to litoria pearsoniana and l . phyllochroa suggests that ecological similarities are likely ( gillespie & hines 1999 ) . it is presumed breeding activity occurs during the warmer months following reasonable rainfall ( nsw npws 2001 ) . advertisement call is not known .
chytridiomycosis is an infectious disease affecting amphibians worldwide . the disease has been recorded in four regions of australia , namely the east coast , south - west western australia , adelaide , and more recently tasmania . this highly virulent fungal pathogen of amphibians is capable at the minimum of causing sporadic deaths in some populations , and 100 per cent mortality in other populations ( deh 2006 ) .
decrease the impact of infection with the amphibian chytrid fungus on populations that are currently infected .
cogger , h . g . ( 2000 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia - 6th edition . sydney , nsw : reed new holland .
commonwealth department of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2006o ) . threat abatement plan for infection of amphibians with chytrid fungus resulting in chytridiomycosis . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - may - 2006 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 01 - oct - 2016 .
donnellan , s . c . , k . mcguigan , r . knowles , m . mahony & c . moritz ( 1999 ) . genetic evidence for species boundaries in frogs of the litoria citropa species - group ( anura : hylidae ) . australian journal of zoology . 47 : 275 - 293 .
gillespie , g . r . & h . b . hines ( 1999 ) . status of temperate riverine frogs in south - eastern australia . in : a . campbell , ed . declines and disappearances of australian frogs . page ( s ) 109 - 130 . canberra : environment australia .
heatwole , h . , j . de bavay . , p . webber & g . webb ( 1995 ) . faunal survey of new england . iv . the frogs . memoirs of the queensland museum . 38 : 229 - 249 .
hoskin , c . j . , hines , h . b . , meyer , e . , clarke , j . , & cunningham , m . ( 2013 ) . a new treefrog ( hylidae : litoria ) from kroombit tops , east australia , and an assessment of conservation status . zootaxa . 3646 ( 4 ) : 426 - 446 .
nsw national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) ( 1994 ) . fauna of north - east nsw forests . northeast forests biodiversity study report no . 3 . unpublished report , nsw national parks and wildlife service , hurstville .
tyler , m . j . ( 1997 ) . the action plan for australian frogs . wildlife australia . canberra , act : environment australia . available from : urltoken .
university of canberra ( uc ) - applied ecology research group ( 2003 ) . survey standards for australian frogs . canberra , australia .
webb , g . ( 1973 ) . field notes accompanying registered litoria piperata specimens in australian museum .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .
department of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2006nl ) . litoria piperata in species profile and threats ( sprat ) database . unpublished species profile . canberra , act : deh . available from : urltoken .
hoskin , c . j . , h . b . hines , e . meyer , j . clarke & m . cunningham ( 2013 ) . a new treefrog ( hylidae : litoria ) from kroombit tops , east australia , and an assessment of conservation status . zootaxa . 3646 ( 4 ) : 426 - 446 . available from : urltoken .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . litoria piperata in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 06 : 05 : 37 + 1000 .
close the former department of environment and heritage protection is merging to form the new department of environment and science . this site will be updated while the new department of environment and science website is being established .
conservation status : this species is listed as vulnerable in queensland ( nature conservation act 1992 ) . it is ranked as a low priority under the department of environment and heritage protection ' back on track ' species prioritisation framework .
male cascade treefrog , byron creek , south - east queensland . photo : harry hines , qld governemnt
a thin pale stripe runs from the nostril , through the eye , passes above the tympanum ( external ear ) and continues along the flank to the midbody . this stripe is bordered below by a brown band , broadening as it extends along the flank to the midbody . there may be a pale stripe along the upper lip . the tympanum is distinct and brown in colour .
the cascade treefrog has a white or cream belly . the hidden parts of the groin and thighs are yellowish tan to brick red . the skin is smooth or rough above , granular below . the limbs have well developed disks , but only the toes have extensive webbing .
the cascade treefrog inhabits streams in rainforest and adjacent wet sclerophyll forest at elevations of 200 - 1000m in southeastern queensland and north - eastern new south wales ( nsw ) . it is found in wet forest between lismore , nsw and kenilworth , queensland . a disjunct population of this species group , located further north at kroombit tops , has since been described as a new species ( litoria kroombitensis ) in 2013 ( hoskin et . al . ) .
genetic research indicates there are two distinct populations in southeastern queensland separated by the brisbane river valley . a southern population occupies the gibraltar , main and border ranges , and a northern population in the d ' aguilar and conondale ranges .
during spring and summer adult males are located under logs , rocks , rotting leaf litter and moist soil cavities adjacent to the water edge during the day . they emerge at night to call from rocks , low vegetation , and debris in or near streams . during winter , frogs may form large mixed sex aggregations to hibernate in humid crevices with relatively stable temperatures . here they form closely packed groups , adopting a compact pose with dorsal and ventral surfaces pressed against the crevice surfaces to reduce surface area . individuals are lethargic with eyes closed .
the mating call is a diphasic three note call lasting for 0 . 8 to 1 . 8 seconds with a
weeeak kuk kuk
sound . variations include ; a very slow version of the 1st part of the call heard early in the evening , or the first part of the call is made by one male and answered by a second by completing the sequence , or individuals may merely repeat the last two notes several times .
tadpoles are a light golden colour during early stages , darkening to brown , and some specimens develop dark spots in the later stages . the belly surface is not pigmented . the body is broader than deep , with the greatest breadth behind the eyes . the tail is moderately thick and has a rounded tip . the fins are transparent with dark spots .
destruction of winter aggregation sites through clearing of habitat , timber harvesting and urban development .
degradation of water quality and riparian vegetation arising from logging , grazing , weed invasion and pollution .
implement monitoring by park staff at select locations within the national park estate where l . pearsoniana occurs .
barker , j . , grigg , g . c . & tyler , m . j . 1995 . a field guide to australian frogs . surrey beatty & sons , chipping norton , nsw .
department of the environment and energy . 2016 . threat abatement plan for infection of amphibians with chytrid fungus resulting in chytridiomycosis ( 2016 ) , commonwealth of australia , canberra .
hines , h . b . and the south - east queensland threatened frogs recovery team . 2002 . recovery plan for stream frogs of south - east queensland 2001 - 2005 . report to environment australia , canberra . queensland parks and wildlife service , brisbane .


the wingspan is 12 – 17 mm .

adults are on wing from mid-may and mid-september on honshu .

on shikoku , adults were recorded in july and early august and on kyushu in september and october .

the larvae feed on shoots and cones of pinus thurnbergii , pinus densiflora and pinus massoniana .

the larvae can cause severe damage to young planted trees .

retinia cristata

electroantennogram response of female moth of retinia cristata to volatile terpenes from needles of pinus kesiya var . langbianensis
electroantennogram response of female moth of retinia cristata to volatile terpenes from needles of pinus kesiya var . langbianensis
electroantennogram response of female moth of retinia cristata to volatile terpenes from needles of pinus kesiya var . langbianensis [ 2020 ]
retinia cristata is a kind of shoot and fruit pest damaged pine trees in china . in order to get integrated understand on the hazard of retinia cristata on pine trees , to strengthen the management of this pest and to control the damage effectively , taking the method of pest risk analysis , the hazard of retinia cristata on pine forest of china was systematically analyzed from the aspects of both qualitative and quantitative . the results of comprehensive evaluation indicated that retinia cristata was middle risk pest .
retinia cristata is a moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in japan ( hokkaido , honshu , shikoku , ryukyu ) , korea , northern and central china and thailand .
hu guang - hui , et al . ( forestry academy of yunnan province , kunming 650204 , china ) ; life history of retinia cristata in yunnan province and its damage on pinus kesiya var . langbianensis [ j ] ; forest pest and disease ; 2005 - 02
retinia cristata is a moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in japan ( the islands of hokkaido , honshu , shikoku and ryukyu ) , korea , northern and central china ( beijing , tianjin , hebei , shanxi , liaoning , heilongjiang , jiangsu , zhejiang , anhui , jiangxi , shandong , henan , hubei , hunan , guangdong , guangxi , sichuan , yunnan , shaanxi ) , taiwan and thailand .
[ objective ] the purpose was to study the effect of volatile terpenes from needles of pinus kesiya var . langbianensis to oviposition behavior of retinia cristata . [ method ] whether the oviposition behavior of retinia cristata was influenced by pinus kesiya var . langbianensis odour was validated in room , and the electroantennogram experiment was made . [ result ] the results indicated that normal moths deposited much more eggs on fresh pine needles than on withered needles ; however , antennectomized moths did not exhibit any selectivity . electroantennogram ( eag ) study showed that the female moths had stated response to main compositions of needle volatile of α - pinene , β - pinene , myrcene , limonene and β - phellandrene , β - phellandrene elicited the largest eagresponse , and li monene was secondly . [ conclusion ] taking into account the fact that there is more β - phellandrene and limonene in volatile of fresh needles than that of withered needles , the two compounds are speculated as the primary oviposition stimulants .
hu guang - hui ~ ( 1 ) , yang bin ~ ( 1 ) , jiang yuan - biao ~ ( 2 ) , zhang jun - bo ~ ( 1 ) , huai ke - yue ~ ( 1 ) ( 1 . yunnan academy of forestry , kunming yunnan 650204 , china ; 2 . forest institute of simao prefecture , simao yunnan 665000 , china ) ; resistance of different provenance pinus kesiya var . langbianensis to petrova cristata [ j ] ; yunnan forestry science and technology ; 2003 - 04
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wang zhong - xiang ~ 1 , meng meng ~ 2 , hu guang - hui ~ 2 , yan zheng - liang ~ 2 , feng zhi - wei ~ 2 , ma hui - fen ~ 2 , huai ke - yue ~ 2 ( 1 . general station of forest pest management and quarantine of yunnan province , kunming yunnan 650051 , p . r . china ; 2 . yunnan academy of forestry , kunming yunnan 650204 , p . r . china )
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yue chao - yang1 , tian cheng - ming2 , zhang xin - ping1 , adili - shatar3 , liu ai - hua1 ( 1 . research institute of forest ecology , xinjiang academy of forestry , urumqi 830000 , xinjiang , china ; 2 . key laboratory for silviculture and conservation of ministry of education , beijing forestry university ; 3 . college of forestry & horticulture , xinjiang agriculture university ) ; risk analysis of carpomya vesuviana in china [ j ] ; protection forest science and technology ; 2009 - 06
ji bao - zhong 1 , liu shu - wen 2 , gao jiang - yong 1 , kuang mei - hua 1 , gao yu - guo 1 , wang guo - xing 1 ( 1 . nanjing forestry university , nanjing , jiangsu 210037 , china ; 2 . management office of sun yatsen ' s mausoleum , nanjing , jiangsu 210014 , china ) ; advances in pine tip moths [ j ] ; entomological journal of east china ; 2008 - 02
song yu shuang , et al . ( general station of forest pest management , the state forestry administration , shenyang 110034 , china ) ; pest risk analysis of red turpentine beetle ( dendroctonus valens ) [ j ] ; forest pest and disease ; 2000 - 06
song yu shuang , et al . ( general station of forest pest management , the state forestry administration , shenyang 110034 , china ) ; pest risk analysis of hylobitelus xiaoi zhang [ j ] ; forest pest and disease ; 2001 - 03
feng shi - ming ~ ( 1 ) , wang yu ~ ( 1 ) , feng jun ~ ( 2 ) ( 1 . yunnan general station of forest pest management and quarantine , kunming yunnan 650051 , china ; 2 . seed and seedling station of yunnan province , kunming yunnan 650215 , china ) ; twelve species of harmful organisms in yunnan and their damage effects analysis [ j ] ; yunnan forestry science and technology ; 2005 - 03
sheng fu - yong , zhang song - shan , zhang yan - xing , zhang li - juan , xu qiu - ping ( 1 . forest pest management and quarantine station of henan province , zhengzhou 450008 , china ; 2 . forest pest management and quarantine station of luoyang city , luoyang 471000 , china ) ; pest risk analysis of apriona swainsoni [ a ] ; [ c ] ; 2006
xia xiong - qin ~ 1 chen bi - lian ~ 1 sun xing - quan ~ 2 xia cai - yun ~ 1 li hui - ping ~ 1 ( 1 . forwst station of songjiang district , shanghai 201600 ; 2 . school of agriculture and biology , shanghai jiaotong university , shanghai 201101 , china ) ; biological characteristics of histia rhodope cramer in shanghai [ a ] ; [ c ] ; 2008
huang baoling1 fang liying2 wang jijian3 lü chengqun1 feng guangmiao4 song li5 cheng binxiong5 din bo1 li wenlu1 ( 1 . forestry college , guangxi university nanning 530004 ; 2 . forest pest management and quarantine station of guangxi nanning 530022 ; 3 . forest pest management and quarantine station of yulin yulin 537000 ; 4 . bobai forestry farm of guangxi bobai 537617 ; 5 . forest pest management and quarantine station of wuzhou wuzhou 543002 ) ; effect of different season prevention and cure on the insect pest of hemiberlesia pitysophila takagi pathogenic fungi [ a ] ; [ c ] ; 2009
zh ao yumin ( tonghua teathers colloge , jilin 134002 , p . r . china ) ; zhang lijun ( the i nformation centre of rural economics development in shenyang city ) journal of n ortheast forestry university . ; investigation of pests for wild trees in changbai mountains [ j ] ; journal of northeast forestry university ; 2005 - 04
yang jingli ( general station of forest pest control , the state forestry administration , shenyang 110034 , p . r . china ) ; lin qiang ( general station of forest pest control and quarantine , fujian province ) ; chen guofa ( general station of forest pest control , the state forestry administration ) ; risk analysis of ips subelongatus motschulsky [ j ] ; journal of northeast forestry university ; 2007 - 03
mao bao - ju , zhou sheng - li , xu qing - shan , zhou chun - yan , ding hong - li , gao juan , song gui - jie . zhang jia - zhong , zhuang qian - yu , jiang hong - tao , li huan - yu ( lushuihe forestry bureau of jilin province , fusong 134506 , china ) ; study on biological characteristics of dioryctria pryeri [ j ] ; jilin forestry science and technology ; 2006 - 02
sheng mao - ling1 , zhang you - yong2 ( 1 . the key laboratory for silviculture and conservation of ministry of education , beijing forestry university , beijing 100083 , china ; 2 . general station of forest pest management , state forestry administration , shenyang , liaoning 110034 , china ; 3 . forest pest management of alashan right banner , alashan right banner , inner mongolia 737300 , china ) ; a new record of the genus lissonota gravenhorst ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) parasitizing cone - borers [ j ] ; entomotaxonomia ; 2005 - 04
zhao jinnian chen sheng ( the research institute of subtropical forestry caf ) ; macrocentrus sp . ( hemiptera : braconidae ) ——an important natural enemy of dioryctria rubella and d . pryeri [ j ] ; natural enemies of insects ; 1990 - 04
zhang qin \ | xiang ( pingxi forestry of xianju , xianju , zhejiang province 317317 china ) , wu mei \ | liang ( dongguan city agricultural committee of guangdong province , dongguan \ 511700 , china ) , lai zhen \ | liang ( zhejiang forestry college , linan \ 311300 , china ; bionomics and outbreak regularity of salebria laruata heinrich in the maternal plants base of pinus taiwanensis hayata in zhejiang . [ j ] ; entomological knowledge ; 2000 - 03
liu yu \ | hua , zhou jing \ | qing , cai sheng \ | guo , jian wen \ | hao , hu qing \ | lu ( mengluan administration bureau of forestry in hebei province , weichang \ 068450 , china ) . ; bionomics and control of epinotia gansuensis ( liu et nasu ) ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . [ j ] ; entomological knowledge ; 2000 - 06
zhang run - zhi 1 , wang xing - jian2 , adili shataer3 ( 1 . state key laboratory of integrated management of pest insects and rodents : institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , beijing 100101 , china ; 2 . institute of zoology , chinese academy of sciences , beijing 100101 , china ; 3 . college of forestry , xinjiang agricultural university , urumqi 830052 , china ) ; identification and precaution of the ber fruit fly , carpomya vesuviana , a quarantine pest insect in china [ j ] ; chinese bulletin of entomology ; 2007 - 06
liang junsheng1 , wang xu2 , tan xinhui3 , tong xinwang1 , xia yonggang1 , zhou gang1 , wang xilin4 ( 1 . hunan forestry academy , changsha 410004 , china ; 2 . forestry bureau of jingzhou county , jingzhou 418400 , china ; 3 . forestry bureau of xiangxiang city , xiangxiang 411400 , china ; 4 . hunan general station of forest pest management and quarantine , changsha 410007 , china ) ; effect of damage by dioryctria rubella on the growth of young pinus massoniana forest and shoot cutting technique to control d . rubella [ j ] ; hunan forestry science & technology ; 2011 - 01
gao jiang - yong1 , ji bao - zhong1 , liu shu - wen2 , wang guo - xing1 , kuang mei - hua1 , gao yu - guo1 ( 1college of forest resources and environment , nanjing forestry university , nanjing 210037 , china ; 2management office of sun yatsen mausoleum , nanjing 210014 , china ) . ; population composition and niche of arthropod community in pine shoot tunnel bored by dioryctria rubella [ j ] ; chinese journal of ecology ; 2010 - 02
ye hui ( institute of ecology and geobotany , yunnan university kunming 650091 ) ; studies on the biology of tomicus piniperda ( col . , scolytidae ) in the shoot - feeding period [ j ] ; acta entomologica sinica ; 1996 - 01
wen zhi zhong et al . ( the forest pest management station of jiangxi province , nanchang 330006 , china ) ; use of chongxianqing ec against hylobitelus xiaoi [ j ] ; forest pest and disease ; 2000 - 03
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
17 - 24 mm wingspan ; forewings pale ochreous with fine dark strigulation ; markings pale - edged , inner margin of median fascia not produced ; hindwings light fuscous ; antennae of male with notch .
17 - 20 mm wingspan ; labial palp , head and antenna pale ochreous , antenna with notch ; inner surface of palp , frons , and upper half of antenna whitish ; thorax ochreous . forewing not dilated terminally ; termen hardly sinuate , not oblique . ground colour light ochreous with fine dark strigulation . markings ochreous ; outer margin of basal patch , margins of median fascia and inner margin of apical spot edged with light ochreous . outer margin of basal patch straight ; median fascia slightly constricted below the costa and somewhat broadening towards the posterior margin , its inner margin almost straight . subapical spot semi - triangular ; cilia brownish . hindwing light fuscous ; cilia paler with darker subbasal line ( yasuda , 1975b ; razowski , 1978 ) .
uncus broad , expanding caudally , distinctly concave in middle of apical edge . valva broad , about as long as wide , prominent ventro - caudally , caudal margin concave medially . sacculus slender ; transtilla broad , narrow medially . aedeagus provided with dorso - lateral denticle situated apically .
20 - 24 mm wingspan ; antenna without notch ; forewing costa more curved outwards in basal third ; apex more prominent .
; sclerite of antrum much longer , swung laterally ; sclerites of corpus bursae smaller .


axia margarita is a moth of the cimeliidae family .

it is found in morocco , spain , southern france , istria and southern carniola .

the wingspan is 22 – 28 mm .

adults are mainly on wing during the day .

there are two generations per year , with adults on wing from april to october .

the larvae feed on euphorbia species .

axia margarita

› axia margarita ( hubner , 1813 ) › axia sp . jcr - 2007
animalia - arthropoda - insecta - lepidoptera - cimellidae - axia - a . margarita
let ' s do some zoology ! - axia margarita …is a species of gold moth . . .
specimens from morocco and andalusia , belonging to the subspecies axia margarita andalusica , point to the front wings strong purple - violet hues .
the proliferation of axia margarita includes morocco , spain , southern france , istria and the south of carniola . the animals are mainly found in warm coastal areas or dry lower elevations .
axia margarita is a butterfly ( moth ) from the family of gold moths ( cimeliidae ) . the former name of the axiidae family was renamed cimeliidae to avoid confusion with those forming part of the mole crabs family of the same name .
the moths reach a wingspan of 22 - 28 millimeters . the ground color of the forewing is bright pink . in the submarginalregion is a large , elongated yellow spot , which is limited to the inside edge with a silver - white stripes . emanate from the root zone of two whitish lines . very striking is a large drop - shaped silver - white spot in the middle , which sometimes acts like a pearl . from this feature is also the scientific name of the species from the latin margarita =
pearl
is derived . next to it is a point - like other same - colored stain . normally , these two spots are not connected with each other . she only occasionally run into each other . the saumfeld and the fringes are bright pink . the hind wings are colored gray - brown without markings .
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