muiscasaurus is an extinct genus of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur that lived in modern colombia during the lower cretaceous .

the only known species is the type muiscasaurus catheti .

muiscasaurus

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' muiscasaurus catheti belongs to muiscasaurus ' according to e . e . maxwell et al . 2015 ' muiscasaurus belongs to ophthalmosauridae ' according to e . e . maxwell et al . 2015
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word muiscasaurus . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word muiscasaurus and , of course , muiscasaurus synonyms and on the right images related to the word muiscasaurus .
each nostril was split into two separate openings , a feature that distinguished it from all other known ichthyosaurs . it has been named muiscasaurus catheti .
figure 1 . muiscasaurus catheti prior to final prep , final prep and diagram . naris is highlighted . . compare to ophthalmosaurus natans in figure 2 .
figure 2 . two variations on ophthalmosaurus , both with large eyes and one with a peanut - shaped naris , similar to the four - nostril muiscasaurus .
cretaceous ichthyosaurs were relatively diverse in temperate latitudes , but few species have been described from the palaeotropics . here , we describe a new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur , muiscasaurus catheti gen . et sp . nov . , from the . . . more
“a preliminary study of a new museum exhibit conducted by valentin fischer ( university of liege , belgium ) , [ and ] maxim arkhangelsky ( saratov state technical university ) showed that he loved aikataulu [ referred the specimen to ? ] ( muiscasaurus ) . ”
found in the paja formation of colombia , the creature was an ichthyosaur believed to be from the early cretaceous period , or muiscasaurus catheti , study author erin maxwell and her colleagues wrote . although it was identified using only partial remains of a skull , it differs from other ichthyosaurs in its nasal cavity openings , rostrum , and postorbital region .
a new species of ichthyosaur has been unearthed in colombia . it had a strange nose , unlike anything seen in reptiles today
millions of years before dolphins were around , dolphin - like marine reptiles roamed the oceans . they were called ichthyosaurs .
a new species has now been uncovered in the paja formation in colombia ' s eastern andes .
the 130 - million - year - old creature had a very strange nose , unlike that of any reptile alive today .
it is hard to reconstruct exactly how it looked , says erin maxwell of the natural history museum in stuttgart , germany , who analysed the fossil .
like others in its group , m . catheti had large eyes , slender jaws and small teeth . it ate small fish .
the fossil is of an infant only about 3m long . adults may have reached 5m .
i could tell it was a juvenile based on the size of its eyes relative to the rest of the skull ,
says maxwell .
in reptiles , babies have very big eyes and heads compared to their body .
what ' s more , the creature ' s bones were porous , indicating it was still growing . only its skull was discovered , so it is unclear how the rest of its body might have looked .
ichythosaurs like m . catheti roamed the ocean from the triassic period to the cretaceous , between 250 and 100 million years ago . that is twice as long as modern whales have been around .
much of their existence coincided with that of the dinosaurs , but they went extinct tens of millions of years before them . m . catheti lived only 15 million years before the ichthyosaurs died out .
today the tropics hold the highest number of marine vertebrate species , but very , very few species are known from these latitudes in the early cretaceous ,
she says .
the new fossils from colombia will greatly aid in understanding if the tropical seas always were biodiversity hotspots , or if this was a relatively recent phenomenon .
explained , each of the creature’s nostrils was split into two separate openings , and maxwell’s team also reported that it had a slender rostrum , narrow postorbital region , and gracile dentition . this large - eyed , slender - jawed , small - toothed marine reptile would have lived roughly 130 million years ago and likely sustained itself on a diet of small fish .
maxwell told the bbc that it’s difficult to determine exactly what m . catheti might have looked like due to the limited amount of fossils recovered . however , her team’s analysis concluded that the specimen they discovered was most likely a juvenile that was about three meters in length .
“i could tell it was a juvenile based on the size of its eyes relative to the rest of the skull , ” she said . “in reptiles , babies have very big eyes and heads compared to their body . ” in addition , the bones of the creature were porous , indicating that it was likely still growing . adult members of the species likely grew up to five meters , although the shape of their bodies remains uncertain .
maxwell was also excited to find the fossil in the tropics , a region which is currently rich in marine vertebrate biodiversity but one where few species from the early cretaceous have been identified . this discovery could help reveal “if the tropical seas always were biodiversity hotspots , or if this was a relatively recent phenomenon , ” she said .
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view image of computer generated graphics reveal what a baby titanosaur would have looked like .
the volga region is unusually rich fossil remains of ichthyosaurs – marine reptiles with fish - like body , inhabiting the seas and oceans of our planet in the mesozoic era . found among them , and completely unexpected forms , for example , with four external nostrils instead of the usual two .
the fossilized skull of this creature found in 2011 on the territory of sengileevsky paleontological reserve of the state head of the sector “the fossil gallery” ulyanovsk regional museum of local lore ilya stensen ( pictured above holding a skull of a new ichthyosaur ) . and after the museum got its own paleontological laboratory , a rare exhibit were able to prepare and to prepare for further study by specialists
employees of the ulyanovsk regional museum of local lore travel regularly to the maintenance of local paleontological zakazniks , as are the oversight of these monuments of nature .
– then the level of the kuibyshev reservoir was critically low in the spring , about new findings in the absence of fresh landslide and the wave erosion was not considered . however , in such years occur finds what happened , – said ilya stensen paleonews . the skull was enclosed in a highly weathered carbonate concretion and , apparently , have long been lying on the shoreline . it is even possible that this concretion has repeatedly caught the eye of paleontologists at the previous inspection , but lay it up facing the wrong way , which could be of interest . however , when i picked it up , it has become clear that this is the skull of an ichthyosaurus , because a significant part of it was out of the host rock .
the discovered material has been dated to the aptian time ( 120 million years ago ) . dissection of the specimen took a lot of time and effort , but eventually led to a startling discovery – the volga found the ichthyosaurus had four nostrils !
discovered in the sengileevsky preserve the skull also has four large openings . despite the small size of the animal made not more than one and a half meters in length – into his jaws are very powerful teeth .
– not quite clear what was functionally adapted two pairs of nostrils , – said maxim paleonews arkhangelsk . – perhaps ichthyosaurs had a running nose system , as suggested for plesiosaurs . water could enter hoani , to flow through the nasal chamber and out of the external nasal openings . the current of water washed of the olfactory epithelium . it is not excluded that one pair of nostrils let the water and the other was used for respiration . taking into account the findings of last years made in south america and the volga region , we can conclude that the appearance of two pairs of outer nasal opening is for ichthyosaurus evolutionary trend .
to date , it is well established the similarity of the late jurassic fauna of the volga and south american ichthyosaurs . due to this finding , it may be possible to establish the similarities and early cretaceous marine fossil herpetofauna of the two regions . however , this will only further detailed study of the skull , which will be held in the near future . the data obtained , no doubt , will significantly increase knowledge about ichthyosaurs russia and will help to draw some conclusions about the distribution of the faunas of ichthyosaurs during the early cretaceous time , scientists said .
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maxwell ee , dick d , padilla s , parra ml ( 2015 ) a new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the early cretaceous of colombia . papers in palaeontology 2 ( 1 ) : 59–70 . urltoken
maxwell ee , dick d , padilla s , parra ml ( 2015 ) data from : a new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the early cretaceous of colombia .
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ben creisler bcreisler @ urltoken a number of new non - dino papers : erin e . maxwell , daniel dick , santiago padilla and mary luz parra ( 2015 ) a new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the early cretaceous of colombia . papers in palaeontology ( advance online publication ) doi : 10 . 1002 / spp2 . 1030
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this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .
) . unlisted remains include centra , undeterminable skeletal fragments and poorly preserved isolated teeth . specimens from cambridge greensand member ( i . e . , the base of the west melbury marly chalk formation , grey chalk subgroup (
) and are not listed here . i also briefly re - assess the morphology of the specimen used by
platypterygiinae indet . ( holotype of i . angustidens = nomina nuda fischer et al . ( 2014b ) )
nomenclatural acts– the electronic version of this article in portable document format ( pdf ) will represent a published work according to the international commission on zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that code from the electronic edition alone . this published work has been registered in zoobank . zoobank does not currently support nomenclatural acts that do not establish new taxa ( e . g . , nov . comb . ) , so the specific nomenclatural acts of this paper cannot be entered in zoobank for the time being . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix “ urltoken ” . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 019dacea - ebbe - 4fae - b885 - 3a9e5b1e1315 . the online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories : peerj , pubmed central and clockss .
and has diagnostic features ( see below ) , but that specimen is 790 mm , i . e . , 2 . 59 feet long . camsm
is from barrington quarry and the date written on the specimen is 1881 , 35 years after carter’s original descriptions . while this date may be the acquisition date by the museum , all specimens from carter’s collection have a green label glued on them containing “
lacks such a label . actually , there is not a single 2 feet long rostrum in the camsm that bears such label .
, but without any justification or argument for this a posteriori designation . camsm b58379 _ 82 are phosphatized teeth from the cambridge greensand member and are therefore reworked from the upper part of the gault formation ( upper albian , see
) , which specifically discussed the morphology of a partial rostrum with associated teeth .
, which is reproduced in ( b ) . this tooth cannot be unambiguously referred to
, which is reproduced in ( d ) . ( e–g ) teeth from camsm
( pl . xxv ) and is here selected as the lectotype . ( e ) small posterior tooth from camsm
( and subsequent authors ) as a diagnostic feature . this feature is here regarded as doubtful and appears to be diagenetic . ( g ) mid - snout premaxillary teeth from camsm
there are other large rostra lacking the anterior tip in the camsm , but these lack most of their teeth , so these do not match carter’s description either . however , a fragmentary rostrum identified as belonging to carter’s collection ( camsm
) . this is probably the material used by carter to define the species ( ‘campylodon’ meaning ‘bent tooth’ ) , as the mandibular teeth appear markedly recurved compared to the ( pre ) maxillary teeth , matching carter’s description .
: pl . xxv ) figured this specimen , which seemed to include a much longer portion of the rostrum at that time , thus possibly extending up to two feet . by all means , all articulated rostra discussed by carter and the teeth he likely figured belong to the unreworked part of the west melbury marly chalk formation , not from the late albian of the gault formation . while the presumed holotype of
( a ) mid - snout fragment in right lateral view , showing the diagenetically deformed dentary teeth . ( b ) same fragment in dorsolateral view .
additional included species – pervushovisaurus campylodon ( carter , 1846a ; carter , 1846b ) nov . comb .
( a–d ) camsm tn282 , a partial rostrum possibly from a juvenile specimen . ( a ) ventrolateral view . ( b–c ) details of the teeth . ( d ) detail of the premaxillary overbite . ( e–f ) camsm b20671a , a partial rostrum of a large specimen . ( e ) lateral view . ( f ) detail of the mid - snout teeth . ( g ) detail of the premaxillary overbite .
, a partial rostrum , all from the west melbury marly chalk formation ( early cenomanian ) , cambridgeshire , uk . camsm
is here formally designated as the lectotype ( iczn articles 72 . 1 . 1 , 73 and 74 ) . other specimens of the series ( camsm
referred specimens –camsm b20671a and camsm tn282 , two partial rostra from the upper ( chalky ) part of the cambridge greensand member ( earliest cenomanian ) , cambridgeshire , uk ( the specific locality of camsm b20671a is recorded : barrington ) ; nhmuk 33294 partim , a nearly complete tooth lacking the apex and the distal part of the root , from the west melbury marly chalk formation at isleham , cambridgeshire , uk ; nhmuk r49 , a series of articulated teeth from the west melbury marly chalk formation at lydden spout , folkestone , uk .
type horizon and locality– lower cenomanian of the grey chalk subgroup , upper cretaceous . cambridge area , cambridgeshire , uk .
) . this material can be combined into a morphologically and spatiotemporally homogenous series that is distinguishable from the other ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs for which rostral and dental features have been reported .
camsm tn283 , a large rostrum also originating from the grey chalk subgroup , cambridgeshire , closely resembles camsm b20671a and camsm tn282 , but the autapomorphies of pervushovisaurus campylodon cannot be evaluated unambiguously in this specimen ; it is thus referred to as platypterygiinae indet . a series of teeth and tooth bearing elements from the west melbury marly chalk formation collections of the nhmuk ( nhmuk r1916 , nhmuk r2335 , nhmuk r2339 , nhmuk 41895 , nhmuk 47233 , nhmuk 49911 , nhmuk 52819 ) are , similarly , compatible with pervushovisaurus campylodon in terms of tooth crown shape and size , and maxilla anterior extension but cannot be unambiguously referred to as pervushovisaurus campylodon ; these are thus referred to as platypterygiinae indet . as well .
; camsm tn283 ; camsm unnumbered ; nhmuk r13 ; nhmuk r49 ; nhmuk r1916 ; nhmuk r2335 ; nhmuk r2339 ; nhmuk r2385 ; . nhmuk 5648 ; nhmuk 33294 partim ; nhmuk 41367 ; nhmuk 41895 , nhmuk 47233 , nhmuk 49911 , nhmuk 52819 .
referred specimen –unknown specimen number , holotype of ichthyosaurus kokeni ( broili , 1908 ) .
–the premaxilla is markedly elongated and has a semi - circular cross - section . fossa praemaxillaris is a deep and continuous sulcus that is segmented anteriorly in a series of aligned foramina . as in
–the dentary is elongated , semi - circular and slightly deeper than the premaxilla . fossa dentalis is narrow and ends anteriorly as a series of aligned foramina . like in the premaxilla , the labial wall of the dental groove is constricted between functional teeth in the anterior third of the dentary . it is straight , unlike in some other platypterygiines ( ‘
—the symphysis is 535 mm long in camsm tn282 . the splenials are markedly thickened ventrally near the end of the symphysis , similar to the condition seen in
, respectively ) . smaller specimens like camsm tn282 tend to have slenderer teeth . the acellular cementum ring is ridged on large teeth , but only apically , as in ‘
) , where the diameter increases gradually . numerous apicobasal ridges texture the labial and lingual surfaces of the root . some of the dentary teeth of carter’s syntype ( camsm
” for reception of this material . however , slightly bent teeth are commonly encountered in many ichthyosaur specimens (
) . while the dental grooves of the dentary appear indeed slightly oblique with respect to the sagittal plane , the strong bend appears here to result from diagenetic compression . i consider this feature as poorly diagnostic , and only very few isolated teeth exhibit a similar curvature of the root .
form a cluster . confidence values are slightly increased in the new version of the cluster dendrogram , with an average bootstrap of 0 . 148 ( vs 0 . 122 in (
( a ) cluster dendrogram resulting from the analysis of the ecomorphological dataset and showing separation of three main guilds . ( b ) detail of spalled and subsequently polished apex in camsm tn283 ( platypterygiinae indet . , closely resembling pervushovisaurus campylodon ) .
on the other hand , the species ‘ platypterygius ’ australis is now known by abundant , excellently preserved material ( wade , 1984 ; wade , 1990 ; kear , 2005 ; zammit , norris & kear , 2010 ) and could thus better positioned to fix an important genus - rank name ( iczn recommendation 69a . 1 ) . currently , the number of specimens referred to as ‘ platypterygius ’ campylodon is much larger than those referred to as ‘ platypterygius ’ australis , but the novel features found in the syntypic series of ‘ platypterygius ’ campylodon might result in a smaller number of specimens referable to this species .
carries the generalist guild up to the early cenomanian , even though the end its biozone is poorly constrained .
, two of the last ichthyosaurs , are tightly clustered within the apex predator guild . numerous other ichthyosaur specimens are present in the grey chalk subgroup collections of the camsm and nhmuk ( excluding the cambridge greensand member ) . these remains—mainly isolated teeth , centra and some basicranial bones—are compatible with derived platypterygiines and resemble ‘
from the cenomanian of northwestern france . i have been unable to find other specimens that unambiguously possessed the unique dental and rostral features of
in the camsm , nhmuk and rbins collections . there are two non - mutually exclusive reasons for this : ( i ) the prominent root ridges might be restricted to a small region of the snout and ( ii ) two weakly divergent platypterygiine species might be present in the grey chalk subgroup . this latter possibility is exemplified by nhmuk 41367 , a partial rostrum that lacks an overbite (
appears more strongly expressed in the smallest rostrum ( camsm tn282 ) than in the largest ( camsm b20671a ) , it is possible that this feature vary with ontogeny . it is however unlikely that this feature completely vanish with adulthood , because specimen camsm b20671a , which belong to end of the spectrum of parvipelvian skull size , still possesses a noticeable overbite . sexual dimorphism is also a possibility , but it cannot be tested with the material currently at hand .
( a ) right lateral view . ( b ) anterolateral view . note the lack of a premaxillary overbite , as opposed to pervushovisaurus campylodon , but the otherwise very similar teeth and rostrum shape , suggesting a similar ecological niche .
in terms of general tooth shape and inferred ecological niche . these taxa would fall within the ‘apex predator’ niche , having absolutely large teeth and robust , relatively large , and heavily worn crowns ( apex broken and polished ) . an example of intense wear can be seen on the rostrum camsm tn283 referred to platypterygiinae indet . (
) : one of the crowns has a significant portion of its apex spalled obliquely and polished . this is a rare wear stage for ichthyosaurs but common in so - called hypercarnivorous forms like the geosaurine metriorhynchid
i received support from an aspirant and a chargé de recherches grant from the f . r . s . –fnrs ( belgium ) and a newton international fellowship grant from the royal society ( uk ; nf140022 ) during this research . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
valentin fischer conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
publication lsid : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 019dacea - ebbe - 4fae - b885 - 3a9e5b1e1315 .
bardet n , fernández m . a new ichthyosaur from the upper jurassic lithographic limestones of bavaria .
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wade , 1990 ( reptilia : ichthyosauria ) from the lower cretaceous of australia .
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mémoires de l’académie impériale des sciences de st . - pétersbourg , viie série .
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maxwell ee , dick d , padilla s , parra ml . a new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the early cretaceous of colombia .
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mcgowan c . a revision of the lower jurassic ichthyosaurs of germany with descriptions of two new species .
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racicot ra , deméré ta , beatty bl , boessenecker rw . unique feeding morphology in a new prognathous extinct porpoise from the pliocene of california .
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it is important to know that the dinosaurs listed are the dinosaurs depicted on this wiki . when they are created , then the pages will be about the dinosaurs on the wiki instead of their actual forms .
the dinosaurs depicted in invasion of the reptiles and the world war x series are prehistoric reptiles awoken by humanity and fight against it in the 41st century . they are the main antagonists in the story invasion of the reptiles and are to a lesser extent , antagonists in the world war x series alongside the invaders , the space monsters and mutants and other hostile alien races .
in their appearances , the dinosaurs are mutated by various weapons of mass destruction and as such become highly intelligent and ferocious . this is also the case for the dinosaurs depicted in defenders of earth however , the latter type have more original names such as the deinocantotyrannus .
in invasion of the reptiles , the dinosaurs are mutated predatory dinosaurs who are at the top of their food chain or also known as apex predatory dinosaurs such as tyrannosaurus rex . also involved in the dinosaurs are flying creatures such as pteranodon and sea monsters such as ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs .
in the story , the dinosaurs are antagonistic and remain so for the whole story ; while there are apex predators which may not seem as threatening such as aorun who ate insects , these dinosaurs depicted in invasion of the reptiles are shown to be far more ferocious with some winged dinosaurs on land even appearing to fly . even though tyrannosaurs do not change in either their appearances , there are dinosaurs who are distinguished by longer arms and these largely involve dinosaurs with arms that look like stumps .
in the world war x series , the dinosaurs return and while the dinosaurs depicted in invasion of the reptiles are still present they are considerably more diverse : apex predators and the other dinosaurs seen in invasion of the reptiles are villains but also among them are such dinosaurs as iguanadon and ankylosaurus which are a lot more heroic and aid the space fleet in their journey to a new world after the invaders take over earth and force humanity into the stars . many of the apex predators who ate insects and aren ' t quite as threatening as other dinosaurs such as albertosaurus also aid the space fleet in their journey across the stars .
while mutated in their appearances , many dinosaurs mutate even further to make so called
chimera dinosaurs
which are mutated dinosaurs taken to the next level such as the smaugosaurus . the only dinosaurs involved in invasion of the reptiles and not the world war x series are the plesiosaurs and ichthyosaurs though other prehistoric sea monsters are present in the latter . the only appearance of a plesiosaur in the latter is on the smaugosaurus .
the dinosaurs are even more diverse when the ichtyosaurs and plesiosaurs depicted in invasion of the reptiles are now replaced with mososaurs and pliosaurs , also present among the dinosaurs are other prehistoric reptiles .
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from the early cretaceous of columbia , and it had a bony process dividing its naris . online press (
described the specimen as having four nostrils ( fig . 1 ) . it does not really have four nostrils , but wait , there’s more…
“the fossil is of an infant only about 3m long . adults may have reached 5m . ”
maybe it is best described as “immature” or a “juvenile” when it is more than half the adult size . it is certainly not an infant .
“in reptiles , babies have very big eyes and heads compared to their body . ”
( fig . 2 ) have been known for over a century . perhaps dr . maxwell was misquoted . that happens . also when we look at
( fig . 3 ) from the aptian ( early cretaceous , 120 mya ) of sengileevsky paleontological reserve . the site reported [ after google translation ] ,
figure 3 . a russian four - nostril ichthyosaur with the pencil resting in the posterior naris .
the anterior and posterior portions of the naris are more completely divided . i wonder if all ichthyosaurs had such a dual naris in soft tissue , but only in these specimens can we find bony support ?
a new ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the early cretaceous of columbia . papers in palaeontology 2015 : 1 - 12 .
figure 1 . closing in on the naris in guidraco , an early cretaceous ornithocheirid from south america . colors are naris = pink , maxilla = green , jugal = blue , premaxilla = yellow
a new crested ornithocheirid from the lower cretaceous of northeastern brazil and the unusual death of an unusual pterosaur : in : buffetaut , e . , and j . - m . mazin , eds . evolution and palaeobiology of pterosaurs . – london , geological society special publication 217 : p . 55 - 63 .
wang x - l , kellner awa , jiang s - x and cheng x 2012 .
new toothed flying reptile from asia : close similarities between early cretaceous pterosaur faunas from china and brazil . naturwissenschaften in press . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00114 - 012 - 0889 - 1 .
the reduction ( not assumed confluence ) and duplication of the naris in derived pterosaurs ( fig . 1 ) is not due to neotony ( contra unwin and lü 2013 ) , but due to phylogeny . along with phylogenetic size reduction the naris became reduced ( fig . 1 ) in several pterosaur lineages . evidently , as in certain birds , like gannets , the naris became less important for certain pterosaur lines .
this is at odds with the origin of pterosaurs when the naris became greatly enlarged compared to outgroups like cosesaurus . pterosaurs must have spent more time mouth - breathing , or — in the switch from insect - eating to fish - eating — evolved a way to avoid getting water up the nose .
figure 1 . click to enlarge . the reduction of the naris ( red arrow ) , the appearance of the secondary naris , and the appearance of the secondary ascending process of the maxilla in a line of scaphognathids , all to the same scale . n0 . 12 is basal to germanodactylids and then beyond to pteranodontids , dsungaripterids and tapejarids , most of which lose the naris . the gmu specimen is basal to ornithocheirids and cycnorhamphids . scale bar = 1 cm .
and along with the reduction and duplication of the naris , these pterosaurs develop a secondary ascending process in the maxilla ( blue arrow ) , always small . there’s even an ascending process of the jugal ( light blue bone ) laminated against the ascending process of the maxilla . yes , the naris does eventually disappear in certain taxa , but the bones around it give away its former position .
in all cases but one , the reduction of the naris involved the overall reduction of the pterosaur , regardless of rostrum length . that one case is the lineage of jianchangnathus , pterorhynchus and darwinopterids , which we last discussed here .
the secondary naris that frequently develops is nothing more than a tiny hole that did not contribute to respiration . so don’t freak out about the concept .
when you have a good phylogenetic tree , you can see how details like this evolve over time and taxa . removes the mystery , which some folks still don’t appreciate .
choristoderes are a varied clade of mostly aquatic , often croc - like reptiles descending from certain long - snouted younginids , like the bpi - 2871 specimen ( fig . 2 ) . doswellia ( fig . 2 ) is closely related to choristoderes , splitting off at the base to form its own clade . diandongosuchus likewise split off early , giving rise to later parasuchids ( phytosaurs ) , proterochampsids and chanaresuchids .
many from this varied clade of pararchosauriformes had nostrils shifted back from the snout tip , reaching an acme with parasuchians . champsosaurus ( figs . 1 , 2 ) was different . the naris was located at the very tip , probably to act as a snorkel , in order to breathe without surfacing . given the unusual morphology of the snout tip , it’s very possible that the reversion to the tip was a secondary adaptation .
figure 1 . neochoristoderes including champsosaurus , simoedosaurus and ikechosaurus . premaxilla in yellow . nasals in pink . lacrimals in orange . the prefrontals were fused to the nasals . note : the largest genus here is the most primitive with lateral temporal fenestra oriented laterally and the nares still dorsal on the rostrum .
the identification of the rostral bones in champsosaurus is controversial . here we’ll look at some heretical labels for traditional paradigms .
figure 2 . various choristoderes and their kin with a focus on the bones surrounding the naris and comprising the snout . the nostrils migrate posteriorly by convergence in lazarussuchus and diandongosuchus .
( fig . 1 ) the dorsal medial bone is traditionally considered the nasal and the paired bones following it are considered the prefrontals . however if you look at all the closest kin to
it becomes clear that the paired bones remain traditional nasals . the prefrontals are simply missing , likely due to fusion with the nasals . that means the tooth - bearing portions of the premaxilla wrapped completely around the rostrum and nares until they came into contact with the ascending process of the premaxilla , which extends beyond the naris in many related taxa .
had an antorbital fenestra and there are signs of a nascent or vestigial antorbital fenestra in certain champsosaurus ( fig . 3 ) . if it’s there , it’s tiny , but worth searching for .
figure 3 . the rostrum of a champsosaur color coded to identify the premaxilla ( yellow ) , nasals ( pink ) , prefrontals ( purple ) and lacrimals ( orange ) . the vestigial or nascent antorbital fenestrae are in black , along with the snout - tipped nares ( at far right ) . if anyone has better data , please send it along .
so are doswellids and basal parasuchians . what this means , with present data , is basal taxa appear to be large forms , which goes against the grain of evolutionary patterns . these named taxa are all quite derived at their first appearance . i’m guessing we’re likely to find smaller basal and transitional forms , more like the
it’s also interesting that the largest choristodere , simoedosaurus ( fig . 1 ) has the more primitive skull , with a dorsal set of nares and more laterally - oriented lateral temporal fenestra . the smaller champsosaurus has the more derived snout tip and more dorsally open lateral temporal fenestrae .
updated were made to today to the post on varanosaurus and archosauromorph diapsid origins .
most pterosaur fossils are incomplete , crushed and disarticulated . by contrast , pterodactylus scolopaciceps bsp 1937 i 18 ( broili 1938 , p . kochi n21 of wellnhofer 1970 , 1991 , fig . 1 ) is just the opposite , complete , uncrushed and articulated . yesterday we looked at the presence of wing unguals and the day before we documented vestigial manual digit 5 .
figure 1 . pterodactylus scolopaciceps bsp 1937 i 18 ( broili 1938 , p . kochi no . 21 of wellnhofer 1970 , 1991 ) complete , articulated and including soft tissue .
today we’ll look for a separate naris from the antorbital fenestra , a trait traditional paleontologists report does not exist . here ( fig . 2 ) is the rostrum of n21 . can you find the distinct naris separate from the antorbital fenestra ?
figure 2 . pterodactylus naris in situ . can you find the small naris distinct from the much larger antorbital fenestra ?
here ( fig . 3 ) are the bone elements and the naris colorized for identification .
figure 3 . pterodactylus naris ( in black ) distinct from the much larger antorbital fenestra . the premaxilla is in yellow , the nasal is pink , the maxilla and its teeth are in green , the jugal is blue . the maxilla has been crushed , disconnecting it from the cylindrical premaxilla . the palate is partly exposed beneath the maxillary teeth .
here ( fig . 3 ) , framed by the jugal and nasal bones is the naris ( in black ) , distinct from the much larger antorobital fenestra . yes , that’s the jugal in blue laminated to the maxilla for most of its length .
) , one can find another narial opening closer to the anterior maxilla . the shadows below the ascending process of the premaxilla hint at this secondary naris , but it’s unfortunately , too difficult to demonstrate in this specimen . both nares can be sealed up in highly derived pterosaurs . the presence of the nasal and jugal nearby generally demonstrates where the naris is or was .
we need to start looking more closely at these specimens , tracing the bones with more precision .
as always , i encourage readers to see specimens , make observations and come to your own conclusions . test . test . and test again .
evidence and support in the form of nexus , pdf and jpeg files will be sent to all who request additional data .
. sitz - bayerischen akademie der wissenschaten , zu münchen , mathematischen - naturalischenabteilung : 139–154 .
die pterodactyloidea ( pterosauria ) der oberjura - plattenkalke süddeutschlands . abhandlungen der bayerischen akademie der wissenschaften , n . f . , munich 141 : 1 - 133 .
manual digit 5 is present on both metacarpals . all the elements match one another .
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a new raninoidian crab , bellcarcinus aptiensis gen . nov . , sp . nov . , is described from the upper aptian of colombia . the new genus displays a combination of traits seen among some ancient species within the necrocarcinidae and orithopsidae , obscuring its family placement . this taxon represents the sixth known genus of pre - albian raninoidians worldwide , and the fourth known from colombia , in addition to joeranina , planocarcinus and colombicarcinus . bellcarcinus gen . nov . , together with other early cretaceous finds from colombia and brazil , represents early stocks of stem - group frog crabs , which indicate that tropical south america might have played an important role in the early radiation of the group .
that tropical south america might have played an important role in the early radiation of the group .
can que la sur américa tropical jugó un papel importante en la temprana radiación del grupo .
( rathbun , 1937 ) , discovered by a . a . olsson nearly eight decades ago , and actu
ally considered to be barremian in age ( rathbun , 1937 , p . 27 ) .
from centre of posterior margin to base of rostrum . fronto - orbital margin broad , about
55 per cent carapace width . orbits wide , directed forwards , with two short , widely
about 45 per cent carapace width , concave , nearly as wide as fronto - orbital margin .
the three families , obscuring the suprageneric placement of the new genus . for in -
from members of that family in the highly deected cervical groove ( pl . 1 ) that is diag
measured from centre of posterior margin to base of rostrum . fronto - orbital margin
45 per cent carapace width , nearly as wide as fronto - orbital margin .
p881156 : cl = 9 . 1 ; cw = 12 ; paratype igm p881166 : cl = 6 . 6 ;
duni batavorum : i - xvii , i - xxxi , ix - xvi + 243 pp .
etayo - serna , f . 1979 . zonation of the cretaceous of central colombia by ammonites .
. j . , bogdanova & sharikadze , m . z . 2004 . on
martins neto , r . g . 1987 . primeiro registro de decápode na formação santana , bacia do araripe ( cretá
fig . 3 . paratype ( igm p881154 ) , le - hand side of dorsal carapace .
fig . 4 . composite mirror image of le - hand side of dorsal carapace of paratype igm p881154 .
. . . luque ( 2015b ) re - described and re - illustrated the type specimen of araripecarcinus , and based on taxonomic and cladistics approaches , indicated that it may be closer to the necrocarcinoid - like clade of raninoidans . furthermore , its geographic range and age also matches that of other early cretaceous necrocarcinoids from tropical south america ( e . g . , vega et al . , 2010 ; karasawa et al . , 2014 ; luque , 2014 ) . although araripecarcinus might be closer to necrocarcinidae or orithopsidae , its systematic affinities remain unclear ( luque , 2015b ) . . . .
checklist of fossil decapod crustaceans from tropical america . part i : anomura and brachyura
much research on fossil decapod crustaceans has focused on taxonomy historically and this continues to the present day . however , an increasing amount of research has been carried out on the macroev…
[ more ]
a puzzling frog crab ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura ) from the early cretaceous santana group of bra . . .
the evolutionary origin of frog crabs ( raninoida ) remains puzzling partly due to their astonishing morphological disparity , ranging from broad and heavily ornamented ‘crab - like’ extinct families ( necrocarcinids and allies ) , to elongate and smoother ‘frog - like’ extant ones ( raninids and allies ) . however , an ancient cretaceous clade ( palaeocorystidae ) displays a combination of plesiomorphic and . . . [ show full abstract ]
the oldest higher true crabs ( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura ) : insights from the early cretaceous of . . .
despite the extensive fossil record of higher crabs ( eubrachyura ) from late cretaceous and cenozoic rocks worldwide , their early cretaceous occurrences are scarce and fragmentary , obscuring our understanding of their early evolution . until now , representatives of only two families of eubrachyuran - like crabs were known from the early cretaceous : componocancridae and tepexicarcinidae fam . nov . , . . . [ show full abstract ]
phylogenetic analysis of most genera within fossil and extant raninoida ( brachyura ) based on 72 adult morphological characters yielded a new superfamily and family level classification for the section . the section was most diverse at the family level during the late cretaceous but remains diverse at the genus and species level in the holocene . new subfamilies include bicornisranininae , . . . [ show full abstract ]
preservation of internal pleurites in a new palaeocorystid crab ( crustacea , brachyura , raninoidia ) f . . .
a new palaeocorystid crab , joeranina houssineaui n . sp . , is described from upper cenomanian strata in southwest france . being apparently derived from j . broderipii , the new species inhabited a sandier substrate environment than its predecessor . the incomplete holotype reveals portions of the internal pleurites , which are rarely seen in extinct crabs .
this paper investigates the exponential observer problem for the lotka - volterra ( l - v ) systems . we have applied sundarapandian ' s theorem ( 2002 ) for nonlinear observer design to solve the problem of observer design problem for the l - v . . . more
this paper investigates the exponential observer problem for the lotka - volterra ( l - v ) systems . we have applied sundarapandian ' s theorem ( 2002 ) for nonlinear observer design to solve the problem of observer design problem for the l - v systems . the results obtained in this paper are applicable to solve the problem of nonlinear observer design problem for the l - v models of population ecology in the food webs . two species l - v predator - prey models are studied and nonlinear observers are constructed by applying the design technique prescribed in sundarapandian ' s theorem ( 2002 ) . numerical simulations are provided to describe the nonlinear observers for the l - v systems .
assessments of dinosaur macroevolution at any given time can be biased by the historical publication record . recent studies have analysed patterns in dinosaur diversity that are based on secular variations in the numbers of published . . . more
birds originated and radiated in the presence of another group of flying vertebrates , the pterosaurs . opinion is divided as to whether birds competitively displaced pterosaurs from small - body size niches or whether the two groups . . . more
abstract mawsonia , the largest actinistian , was a non - marine form common in continental and estuarine deposits of the tithonian–cenomanian of western gondwana . the genus has been recently reviewed , and only two species are recognized as . . . more
abstract mawsonia , the largest actinistian , was a non - marine form common in continental and estuarine deposits of the tithonian–cenomanian of western gondwana . the genus has been recently reviewed , and only two species are recognized as valid : m . gigas and m . tegamensis . herein we describe new material that can be referred to this genus , including two basisphenoids , a coronoid , a pterygoid , a metapterygoid , one operculum , and two posparietals . the uruguayan record represents the southernmost . . .
lepisosteoid - type scales are described in detail for the first time from the barremian - aptian ( lower cretaceous ) quiric o formation of the sanfranciscana basin , southeastern brazil . the specimens studied herein have been recovered from a . . . more
all derived turtles are characterized by one of the strongest reductions of the dorsal elements among amniota , and have only 10 dorsal and eight cervical vertebrae . i demonstrate that the late triassic turtles , which represent successive . . . more


guinotia is a genus of crabs in the family pseudothelphusidae , containing the following species : guinotia dentata ( latreille , 1825 ) guinotia pestai pretzmann , 1965 guinotia rodriguezi pretzmann , 1968

guinotia

guinotia dentata , commonly known as cyrique , is a west indian species of freshwater crab in the family pseudothelphusidae .
iucn red list of threatened species 2013 . 2 [ 134595 ] iucn red list of threatened species [ urltoken ] [ as guinotia dentata ( latreille , 1825 ) ] data retrieved on : 27 january 2014
freshwater species that lives in / or near rivers , creeks , streams and ponds . can occur at several tens of meters awy from the river . hides under the roots of trees , rocks and rotten wood where shallow burrows are dug . omnivorous , eating both animals and plants . guinotia dentata has a direct development without a larval stage , all the nutrients are contained in the cytoplasm of the egg . the eggs are carried by females who give birth to young that they protected .
please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . guinotia is a genus of crabs in the family pseudothelphusidae , containing the following species pseudothlepshusids are of significance to humans because many species are secondary hosts for lung flukes of the genus paragonimus . predators of pseuthelphusid crabs include the yellow - spotted river turtle and the tufted capuchin . pseudothlepshusids are of significance to humans because many species are secondary hosts for lung flukes of the genus paragonimus . predators of pseuthelphusid crabs include the yellow - spotted river turtle and the tufted capuchin .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category and there are no known long - term threats .
lesser antilles , west indies : st . vincent , dominica , martinique , guadaloupe .
this is an abundant species found in the major river systems of more than one country , but its distribution is fragmented and its populations are isolated because they are found on different islands .
streams and rivers in the highland areas of the islands of the lesser antilles .
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database contains : 10 . 643 species ( 763 with photo ) , 1 . 682 genera , 124 families
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carapace flattened , nearly oval in shape , with its anterolateral edges decorated with very small teeth . last section of the legs with five rows of small spines , three up and two down . yellowing and brown inclining to chocolate . chelipeds much lighter coloured than the carapace .
help us to expand this encyclopedia ! if you are logged in , you can add new subtaxa , vernacular and scientific names , texts , images or intertaxon relationships for this taxon .


the purple-crowned lorikeet ( parvipsitta porphyrocephala ) , ( also known as the porphyry-crowned lorikeet , zit parrot , blue-crowned lorikeet , purple-capped lorikeet lory , lorikeet , and purple-capped parakeet ) is a lorikeet found in scrub and mallee of southern australia .

it is a small lorikeet distinguished by a purple crown , an orange forehead and ear-coverts , and a light blue chin and chest .

purple - crowned lorikeet

purple crowned lorikeets - lorikeets of australia - lories or loris . species purple crowned lorikeets , purple - capped parakeets , blue - crowned lorikeets - pet birds , exotic birds
this bird is also known as blue - crowned , porphyry - crowned or purple - capped lorikeet , zit parrot . purple - capped parakeet or purple - capped lory .
a cinnamon mutation appears to be the only mutation recorded so far for the purple - crowned lorikeet .
lorikeets of australia - lories , loris . purple - crowned lories , purple - capped parakeets , blue - crowned - pet birds , exotic birds
purple - crowned lorikeet © laruth ( flickr ) [ cc by 2 . 0 ] , via wikimedia commons
the purple - crowned lorikeet usually breeds in spring , yet the aviary’s population is already feeding newborn chicks .
the spring breeding purple - crowned lorikeet has already given birth to chicks in the bega valley . picture : chris tzaros
a healthy purple - crowned lorikeet should have an expected lifespan of 7 - 9 years . they are quite short - lived compared to other lorikeet species .
the purple crowned lorikeet just like all lorikeets , in the wild , feed on nectar and pollen from plants and flowers .
ecologist steve sass says the spring breeding purple - crowned lorikeet at his kalaru aviary is already feeding offspring . picture : alasdair mcdonald
the purple crown that gives this bird its name doesn’t appear until the lorikeet has fully matured . young purple - crowned lorikeets are not as vibrant in colour as the adults .
the purple - crowned lorikeet is a small lorikeet which is mostly dark green on its upperside and light blue underneath . it has red patches under its wings , a purple crown , and a yellow - orange forehead and ear patches .
purple - crowned lorikeet ( glossopsitta porphyrocephala ) a flock of birds feeding in a flowering gum tree . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive
purple crowned lorikeet video : urltoken i like the small australian lorikeets the ' little ' s and purple crowns ' the most the purple crowned lorikeet is a small australian lorikeet that also makes a great pet lorikeet if you can tolerate the messy droppings . the male purple crowned lorikeet in this video actually talks when he is in the mood . if you keep lorikeets make sure you feed them a suitable lorikeet diet . hopefully gone are the days of owners feeding bread and honey diets to their lorikeets . diets that are based on refined sugar , honey or jam can cause the death of lorikeets at an unusually early age .
the purple crowned lorikeet is one of the smallest australian lorikeet . in the wild they are more often heard rather that seen as they remain very well camouflaged and rarely venture to the ground .
its swift , direct flight sometimes gets the purple - crowned lorikeet in trouble ; these birds have been in numerous collisions with telephone lines or netting fences .
purple crowned lorikeets will also eat small quantities of millet spray , oats , canary grass seeds and sprouted sunflower .
lorikeets are brightly coloured birds of the psittacine ( parrot ) family ranging from 15cm to 30cm in size . native to the australasian region including south - eastern asia , papua new guinea and australia . the most common lorikeets kept in australia are the rainbow lorikeet and scaly - breasted lorikeet ; others include red - collared lorikeet , musk lorikeet , purple - crowned lorikeet and little lorikeet . proper care for your lorikeet is important to ensure they live a long and happy life .
description : the purple - crowned lorikeet has predominantly light blue and green feathers , with patches of yellow , dark blue and red with a dark purple area on top of the head . the beak is small and black .
purple - crowned lorikeets can be found in mallee and other types of dry , open forest , woodland or scrub .
the genus glossopsitta is a totally australian genus . the largest is the musk lorikeet , the smallest is the little lorikeet , and in the middle the purple - crowned lorikeet . ' glossopsitta ' means ' tongue parrot ' which is a very unusual name as all parrots have tongues .
the male purple - crowned lorikeet has a subtle red patch under its wings , visible only when the bird is in flight . the female tends be slightly less vividly coloured .
we have not seen purple - crowned lorikeets out in the wild yet . the photos presented below were taken in captivity .
threats : destruction of habitat , which includes loss of their nesting sites and food sources is a threat to the purple - crowned lorikeet . they also face competition for nesting and feeding sites from the introduced and more aggressive rainbow lorikeet .
when you are ready to purchase your new purple crown lorikeet , here are so few hints for what to look for .
diet : purple - crowned lorikeets are omnivores . their diet consists of pollen , nectar , blossoms and fruits as well as insects .
although they prefer dry eucalypt forests , woodlands and shrublands , purple - crowned lorikeets can also be seen in parks and gardens of towns and suburbs .
the purple - crowned lorikeet has quite a distinctive appearance , and also has a distinctive buzzing call . when flying overhead it could be confused with other small to medium lorikeets such as little lorikeet , g . pusilla , and musk lorikeet , g . concinna , which both lack the red underwing . the swift parrot with similar red underwings however is larger .
the purple - crowned lorikeet occurs only southern australia , where it can be seen in southern new south wales and much of victoria , through southern parts of south australia , including the flinders ranges , and in southern western australia .
purple - crowned lorikeet ( glossopsitta porphyrocephala ) a bird on a branch , feeding on the nectar from the flowers of an eucapyptus tree and looking around ( while congeners call . . . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive
the purple crowned lorikeets is one of the smallest lorikeets in australia . they are green with a dark purple crown , a yellow - orange forehead and ear - coverts , that deepens to orange . the chin , chest and belly are a conspicuous powder blue , while the thighs and under - tail coverts are yellowish - green . the male purple crowned lorikeet has a large crimson patch under the wimgs when bird is in flight . the female looks very simular and has a darker iris and has a paler ear convert . the juviniles and duller in colour and lack the purple crown .
purple crowned lorikeet will lay a clutch of 2 - 4 matte white roundish eggs , measuring 20 x 17 mm . the incubation period is around 17 days . thechicks will leave the nest at about 7 weeks and are independent a couple of weeks later .
if your lorikeet is not behaving normally seek vet advise as soon as possible .
the trichoglossus genus contains some 29 species and subspecies . three of these range into australia : the rainbow lorikeet , the red - collared lorikeet and the scaly - breasted lorikeet . trichoglossus , by the way means
hairy - tongued
.
the purple crowned lorikeet are sexually mature at 12 month of age . the male will court the female , by appoaching the female with his wings stretched to his full height , whilst hopping on the perch and bobbing his head . pupils may become slightly dilated .
the purple - crowned lorikeet feeds almost only on pollen and nectar from eucalypts but will sometimes eat fruits and berries . they generally feed in the tree tops but will go to lower branches of trees and shrubs . they will feed along with other groups of lorikeets .
the purple - crowned lorikeet is a small lorikeet native to the southern parts of australia . they are rarely found in captivity outside of australia . even within australian aviculture , the species is uncommon and has a reputation for being challenging to keep for all but the most experienced lorikeet breeders . despite their scarcity , the low demand for this species ensures their affordability . a breeding pair can be purchased for approximately $ 200 australian dollars .
the purple - crowned lorikeet should not be kept in a small cage or cabinet . a large , planted aviary is an ideal environment for keeping this species . a sufficiently large aviary can be shared by other small non - aggressive parrots , finches , softbills and doves .
multiple pairs of purple - crowned lorikeets may be housed together in a sufficiently sized aviary , during the breeding season , it may be necessary to provide multiple feeding stations to reduce aggressive behavior .
the purple - crowned lorikeet is becoming a successful aviary bird , as they breed freely and will nest at any time of the year . three or four eggs are laid and incubated by the female for an average of twenty days and fledge around seven to eight weeks of age .
the purple - crowned lorikeet’s docile and confiding nature make them especially good pets . they can tamed with unusual ease by taking advantage of their love of sweet foods . hand feeding berries or small pieces of fruit will allow you to gain their trust in a relatively short period of time .
the purple - crowned lorikeet is a very small lorikeet , approx . 16 cm in length , with a purple crown , apricot orange forehead and ear - coverts and a black bill . upper parts are bright green , with a wash of bronze across the nape and mantle , while underparts are greenish - yellow with a pale blue belly . there is a small patch of bright blue at the bend of wing , with underwing coverts bright red , and obvious in flight .
purple - crowned lorikeets do show occasional aggression towards humans . this is especially relevant to female birds . their small size and nectar - suited beak make this aggression non - threatening and easy to correct .
purple - crowned lorikeets are endemic to southern australia . the range of purple - crowned lorikeets basically spans the south coast of the australian continent , with the exception of the nullarbor ( near the sa / wa border ) . they are most common in the south - east and south - west corners of the continent and only occasionally found further up the west coast of wa , as far north as about carnarvon .
i have been unable to record any mutations in this species , although i have produced an olive musk lorikeet through a hybridisation program with the olive scaly - breasted lorikeet . return to top
the purple headdress of this already vibrant little parrot tells the world when it ' s sexually mature .
the purple - crowned lorikeet is a small green parrot . it has bright - green upperparts and is pale blue below . it has a patch of purple on top of the head , and the face has a patch of red in front of the eye , a yellow patch above the beak and a yellow - orange cheek patch . the underwings have a prominent red patch , while the undertail is yellow .
signs to look out for : your lorikeet is uncharacteristically lethargic and not his normal energetic self .
purple - crowned lorikeets form monogamous couples and are never far apart . both prepare their nesting hollow and it has been observed in captivity that the male spends a lot of time in the nest box with the female .
the purple - crowned lorikeets ( glossopsitta porphyrocephala ) are distributed from eastern victoria to the south of western australia . they are found in lightly wooded habitat such as mallee scrub as well as eucalypt woodland and coastal scrub .
purple crowned lorikeets make great pets and are becoming more popular due to their intelligence , entertaining personality and stunning beauty . they are a good beginner’s bird as they are affectionate , curious , and exhibit some unique behaviour .
you often first notice a purple - crowned lorikeet when you hear its screeching call , either from birds flying swiftly overhead , or from birds foraging high in the canopy of a gum tree . they are often noisy as they feed on the nectar of flowering eucalypts , regularly in the company of other nectar - feeding birds , such as rainbow , musk and little lorikeets , as well as honeyeaters like red wattlebirds . this feeding is not always harmonious , as the larger birds often chase the purple - crowned lorikeets away from the flowers .
the complete genome sequence of beak and feather disease virus ( bfdv ) from a purple crowned lorikeet ( glossopsitta porphyrocephala ) was characterized . the genome consists of 2 , 010 nucleotides and encodes replicase - associated protein and capsid protein . this is the first evidence of bfdv infectivity and complete genome sequence for this novel host .
breeding usually commences at 12 - 18 months of age and will continue for most of the purple - crowned lorikeet’s 7 - 9 year lifespan . eggs are incubated for approximately three weeks . young birds will fledge the nest six to eight weeks after hatching and be fully independent from their parents a few weeks after that .
your lorikeet should also have a source of calcium - a small dish of shell grit , a cuttlebone or a calcium bell should be left in the cage for your lorikeet to access as needed .
the purple - crowned lorikeet is found in southern and south - western western australia south of about 30 * s and west of about 127 * e ; in southern south australia approximately east of 131 * e and south of 31 * s ; over most of victoria ; and in the far south of new south wales .
the purple - crowned is also a small lorikeet being only slightly larger than the little lorikeet . again there is little colour variation throughout the extensive range of this extremely nomadic species , which suggest considerable integration within this range . the colour variation of the frontal band , from red to yellow , seen in this species , is purely individual and has no bearing on age , sex , diet or area from which they come .
the purple crowned lorikeet is native to australia , they are found in the open woodland , coastal heath and mallee of south victoria and south south australia and forest area of south western australia . it is very uncommon , but does sometimes be found in new south wales in the iron bark woodland of the riverina and south west slopes .
purple - crowned lorikeets breed in hollows in trees , preferring hollows with a narrow entrance . they lay between 2 and 6 white eggs , which are incubated by the female for around 20 days . both sexes care for the young .
citation das s , subir s , fearnside k , forwood jk , ghorashi sa , raidal sr . 2016 . molecular characterization of a beak and feather disease virus genome from a purple crowned lorikeet ( glossopsitta porphyrocephala ) . genome announc 4 ( 5 ) : e01102 - 16 . doi : 10 . 1128 / genomea . 01102 - 16 .
the musk lorikeet is most easily distinguished from the little lorikeet by its larger size , deeper - pitch screech , red plumage on its head , and green underwings . the little lorikeet differs by having a red face , lacking red underwings and having a much higher - pitched screech , as well as being noticeably smaller .
species : purple - crowned lorikeet . . . german : blauscheitellori . . . spanish : lori coronipúrpura . . . french : lori à couronne pourpre . . . italian : lorichetto corona viola . . . japanese : murasakigashirajakouinko / ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . cites ii : - endangered species
the purple crowned lorikeets breeding season is from august to december with only one clutch being laid . they require a nest box size of 30 . 5cm x 15 . 2 x 17 . 8cmh with parrot nest material , which is available at birdsville .
the major consideration for the housing of lorikeets must be the soiling effect of the liquid nature of lorikeet droppings .
the purple crowned lorikeet are a very active birds and recommended that you house your bird in the largest cage you can afford . even though these birds are small , you have to remember that you need room for the many toys , swings , perches , food / water dishes , as well as providing sufficient space for them to move around and exercise their wings .
purple - crowned lorikeets will breed from late autumn until the final weeks of spring , however breeding at other times of the year is occasionally observed . they typically produce one clutch of two to four young per season . some pairs may produce multiple clutches per year .
purple - crowned lorikeets usually live in open , dry eucalypt areas of forest , woodland or shrubland . they are found in these areas in temperate and semi - arid zones , usually in the flowering canopies of vegetation . they can be found in urban parks and gardens .
purple - crowned lorikeets are considered to be nomadic and show little evidence of migrating . however some populations appear to stay in much the same area all the time . most moving around seems to be due to the presence or absence of flowering or fruiting of food trees .
this lorikeet ' s diet is similar to that of the little lorikeet , but a marked preference is shown for pollen from flowering eucalypts . purple - crowns are often seen feeding in the company of little and musk lorikeets in the eastern half of their range . they are plentiful throughout their range , and population explosions have often been recorded in particular areas with this species .
if you are unable to need the nutritional requirement for your lorikeet , vitamins and mineral supplements will need to be provided .
i consider the varied lorikeet to be the most difficult of the australian lorikeets in captivity . it is prone to obesity and can become lethargic , therefore particular care is needed with this lorikeet ' s diet to keep it in trim healthy condition .
lorikeets are highly intelligent and easily trained . training should be based on rewarding good behaviour , and ignoring bad behaviour ( never punish your lorikeet ) . teaching your lorikeet to ‘step up’ and ‘step down’ can be very useful and provides great mental stimulation .
when the eucalypts are in flower , purple - crowned lorikeets can be seen clambering noisily about among the foliage in the canopy of the trees , feeding on nectar from the flowers . they often feed in the company of other species of nectar - feeding birds , especially other lorikeets and honeyeaters .
collar , n . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . purple - crowned lorikeet ( glossopsitta porphyrocephala ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
cites birdlife international internet bird collection a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 ml media collection catalogue 82329 , purple - crowned lorikeet glossopsitta porphyrocephala , loetscher , fred w . , jr . , western australia , mar . 31 1969 , cornell lab of ornithology . site parrots of the world , forshaw and cooper , 1977 . parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 . parrots in aviculture , low , 1992 .
purple - crowned lorikeets nest in hollow spouts or holes in eucalypts near water . two or more pairs have been observed nesting in the same tree . they prefer hollows with a small entrance and eggs are laid on a bed of decayed wood . the eggs are incubated bt the female . both parents care for the chicks .
i have been told of a lutino little lorikeet being held in a north queensland aviary , although this is not fully confirmed . return to top
commercial lorikeet mixes can often be fed dry ( in powder form ) or wet ( mixed with water ) . dry food and fresh water should be available at all times , as wet lorikeet food spoils quickly and needs to be replaced several times a day – especially in hot weather .
the purple - crowned lorikeet is a small ( 17 - 18 . 5cm ) parrot . upper parts are bright green , with a wash of bronze across the nape and mantle , while underparts are greenish - yellow with a pale blue belly . the crown is purple , appearing black in the field while the ear coverts and forehead are orange - yellow . the bend of the wing is narrowly edged bright blue while the underwing coverts are bright red and obvious in flight . they are more often heard than seen , calling often in flight . the call is a high - pitched slightly metallic ' tziet , tziet , tziet ' .
this lorikeet ' s basic diet is pollen , vegetable matter and a few insects and it is doubtful if any type of seeds are ever eaten .
by combining the information obtained from the limited studies carried out on australian lorikeet diets , the suggestion of a split diet , made by brian rich , and the ingredients of proven lorikeet diets , i have developed a diet which has proved to be most successful in providing for the needs of my lorikeets .
when the extent of the australian continent is considered with its huge climatic and habitat variations it is surprising that the lorikeets evolved are limited to three trichoglossus ( the rainbow , scaly - breasted and red - collared ) ; one psitteuteles ( the varied ) ; and three glossopsitta ( the musk , little and purple - crowned ) . return to top
purple crowned lorikeets are very playful , you should provide your bird with foraging toys , non toxic plastic toys , ladder and ropes . they love toys that make noise , such as bells and toys they can chewing , such as wood , rope and leather . swings are important not only for play , but to strengthen their legs and improve balance .
the purple - crowned lorikeet occurs across the southern parts of the continent from victoria to south - west western australia . it is uncommon in nsw , with records scattered across the box - ironbark woodlands of the riverina and south west slopes , the river red gum forests and mallee of the murray valley as far west as the south australian border , and , more rarely , the forests of the south coast . the species is nomadic and most , if not all , records from nsw are associated with flowering events .
similarly , it’s also important that a lorikeet’s food supply is not permitted to spoil . fruits , vegetables , and “wet” lorikeet food should be removed on the same day as it’s placed in the aviary . in hot weather , food will spoil more quickly so it may be necessary to provide multiple feedings throughout the day .
purple crowned lorikeets also need their diet supplemented with fresh fruit and vegetables on a daily basis . a variety of different fruit and vegetables should be made available . spinach or silverbeet leaves provide calcium for the bird , as they will not use a cuttlefish or shellgrit for calcium intake , as it can damage their crop . a calcium supplement or calcium perch may also be used for calcium intake .
purple - crowned lorikeets are small lorikeets . they have a multi - coloured head , with a red frons , purple forehead , green cap , orange - and - yellow cheek patch . the front ( throat , chest and belly ) is light - blue . the vent and undertail are light - green . the back ( back of the head , nape of the neck , mantle , upperwings and uppertail ) are all green . the underwings have a green inner leading edge , scarlet coverts and dark - brown flight feathers . the eyes and bill are black ; the legs and feet are dark - grey .
the purple - crown lorikeet inhabits mainly open woodland , mallee and coastal heath in its eastern area , and forest areas in the west . it has also adapted well to suburbia . like other lorikeets , it can congregate in large numbers when suitable flowering shrubs and trees are available , and flocks numbering in the hundreds are not uncommon . it is at times a pest of commercial orchards .
postmortem collection of tissue samples was conducted from a captive purple crowned lorikeet ( identification [ id ] , cs15 - 0956 ; year of sampling , 2015 ; location ; sydney , nsw , australia ) suspected to have psittacine adenovirus 1 infection . histopathology and immunohistochemistry ( ihc ) was performed , which excluded adenovirus infection but revealed bfdv - positive antigen in spleen and bursa of fabricius . genomic dna was extracted from the tissue samples according to established protocols ( 10 , 11 ) , and the whole - genome sequence was amplified using the primers and pcr conditions developed in previous studies ( 7 , 9 , 12 ) .
in australia , lorikeet diets have been historically associated with nectar , so hence various wet sloppy diets have been developed that bear no resemblance to a natural diet , either in consistency or composition .
their diet is similar to the rainbow lorikeet and they have developed a liking for cultivated tropical fruits such as mangoes . the movement of this lorikeet , as with all australian lorikeets , is totally dependent on food supply . resident populations do not appear to have developed as with the other australian trichoglossus , although i am told that some red - collared can usually be observed in the darwin area all year round .
both adults in general green ; orange forehead ; deep purple crown ; yellow ear coverts ; pale blue underparts ; sides of breast yellow ; bronze / brown upper mantle ; red underwing coverts . bill black . eye brown .
15 cm ; 37–50 g . bill black ; frontal band and lores fiery red ; crown deep purple ; upper cheek to nape light green , except ear - coverts orange - yellow ; chin and lower cheek . . .
the purple - crown lorikeet is kept in moderate numbers in australian aviaries and in recent years has become a prolific breeder . it is a peaceful bird , and can be housed quite successfully in a planted aviary with finches . for breeding purposes , a suspended aviary 2 . 7 by 0 . 9 by 0 . 9 metres is adequate , and even large cabinet breeding can be successful . pairs often form a tight pair bonding .
the rainbow lorikeet is possibly the best known of the twenty - one subspecies of the species trichoglossus haematodus , which as an extensive range from indonesia through to new guinea , various pacific islands groups and australia .
this is the largest member of the exclusively australian genus glossopsitta . the size of this lorikeet and its slender black , bright orange tipped upper mandible , sets it apart from the other members of the genus .
the second genus which has representatives in australia is the psitteuteles . this is a group of quite unrelated lorikeets in my opinion . there are only three members : the iris lorikeet ; the varied lorikeet ( the australian representative ) and the goldie ' s lorikeet from new guinea . this group has been bundled together apparently for convenience . various authors have recognised this . joe forshaw disregarded the psitteuteles genus , including the varied lorikeet in with the trichoglossus . he does state in his book ' australian parrots ' that he does so with some trepidation . rosemary low in her book on lorikeets went in the other direction . she recognised that there was something wrong with the genus and put them all in with the glossopsitta . in my opinion this is just as wrong . i think they are best left where they are until there is more work done on that particular genus .
the sexing of the australian lorikeet , with the exception of the varied , can be most difficult , and much time can be saved by having them surgically sexed , thus ensuring true pairs are placed together for breeding .
lorikeets can live for approximately 7 - 9 years . your lorikeet should visit the vet at least once a year for a health check ; this is the equivalent of us visiting the doctor once every 10 years ! birds are experts at hiding or ‘masking’ disease . even if your lorikeet appears well , a physical exam by your veterinarian can identify health problems early on , and often results in a better outcome . signs of sickness often only appear when the bird is very ill and incapable of ‘masking’ . these birds appear fluffed up , eyes closed , lethargic or open - mouth breathing . if you notice any of these signs in your lorikeet , please contact us immediately .
it is important your lorikeet maintains a healthy weight as obesity can lead to serious health problems such as diabetes . ask your vet to check your lorikeet is in optimum condition . good hygiene will also help minimise the risk of disease . food should be replaced twice daily to prevent harmful bacteria from growing . food should be placed up high in the cage to minimise contamination with faeces . feed and water dishes should be washed daily in hot , soapy water .
the musk lorikeet ranges through eastern and south eastern australia and tasmania from bowen in north queensland to spencer gulf in south australia . it is totally nomadic with its search for pollen , fruits , vegetable matter and insects governing its movements .
lorikeets possess a brush tipped tongue which is used to extract nectar and pollen from flowering trees . in captivity ; a commercial lorikeet mix and a variety of fruit and vegetables is acceptable . apple , pear , grapes , tomato and strawberries are particularly enjoyed .
lorikeets feed on pollen , nectar and fruit ; not seed . it is important to feed the correct diet , to prevent serious health problems . the way you feed your lorikeet can also provide them with hours of enrichment . the diet should include a high quality commercial lorikeet mix , fruit and native browse . there are both wet and dry commercial lorikeet feeds such as wombaroo and vetafarm . these can even be made into ice cubes for a longer lasting summer snack . lorikeets readily eat most fruits including apple , pear , grapes , melon , pawpaw and orange . fruit can also be frozen , wrapped in paper parcels or hung from the cage on skewers . native browse is important for both nutrition and enrichment . flowering cuttings from bottlebrush , eucalyptus , grevillea and banksia plants should be given on a daily basis .
i have recorded one mutation in this species of lorikeet from a description of a mutant bird seen in a nest in south australia in 1927 and duly recorded in
the emu
vol 59 . from this description i believe the bird to have been a cinnamon yellow . return to top
this
split
diet more closely resembles a natural lorikeet diet where liquid ( nectar ) , dry food ( pollen ) , and vegetable matter and insects are consumed . the ratio of liquid , dry food and vegetable matter can be adjusted by the bird to suit its requirements . return to top
in larger aviaries , little lorikeets mix well with other purple crowned lorikeets , little lorikeets , pigeons , doves , quails , finches and other small parrot . with any birds always be careful when introducing a new bird into the flock as sometimes just like people an individual can have a bad attitude . it is recommend when introducing a new bird into the flock , to have what i call a soft release cage . the new bird is place in this cage inside the aviary and all birds are able to adjust , interact and get use to each other . after two weeks then introduce the bird into the aviary . this should stop the original bird from mobbing the intruder .
this lorikeet ranges continuously from cape york peninsular down the east coast of australia with an isolated population in the perth district of western australia . there is considerable colour variation throughout the range , most noticeable in the far north where the birds are smaller and have a brighter more evenly coloured blue head and abdomen .
the areas shown in pink and / purple are the sub - regions where the species or community is known or predicted to occur . they may not occur thoughout the sub - region but may be restricted to certain areas . ( click here to see geographic restrictions ) . the information presented in this map is only indicative and may contain errors and omissions .
the aviculture of this species is similar to the rainbow lorikeet , but perhaps they are not quite so hardy or prolific , although the successful rearing of four clutches per year has been recorded . two eggs are laid and incubated by the female for an average of twenty - three days , and the chicks fledge in eight to nine weeks .
stress - when i was a zoo keeper one of our most important job was to eliminate stress , as this can be the one of the biggest issue’s with any animals kept in a captive environment . eliminating stress is as simple giving your purple crown lorikeet the correct environment they need . when they are adults they love noise and attention , but for young baby birds , in a new home , you do not want to over stress them . often over excited kids can stress a bird out with too much love and grabbing , chasing etc . give them time to get used to there new environment to feed and drink and rest . birds that are stressed are more susceptable to viruses and infections named above .
the most important aspect of lorikeet management is cleanliness . lorikeets are subject to a wide range of fungal and bacterial diseases , the origins of which can usually be traced to dirty conditions or stale food . clean nectar and soft food dishes should be used every day , and all food and water dishes must be positioned to avoid fouling from the bird droppings .
the aviculture for this species is similar to the rainbow lorikeet . they are good breeders , often rearing two or three consecutive clutches , but usually stop breeding in the late summer and autumn . two eggs are laid , very rarely three , and are incubated by the female for an average of twenty - two days . the chicks fledge in eight to nine weeks .
copyright © 1997 mike owen - all rights reserved . email : mowen @ urltoken . photographs reproduced by permission of the australian birdkeeper where would you like to go next ? lorikeet page mike ' s articles birds n ways copyright © 1996 - 1997 birds n ways all rights reserved . designed by : carol highfill - - - - - last update : september 10 , 1997
they don ' t get anything in addition to what i mentioned earlier . so they get passwell complete lorikeet diet ( dry ) , avione wild bird nectar ( wet ) and fruit ( mostly apple / pear , occasionally orange / banana ) . what is in your wet mix ? is there a commercial mix that you can recommend ( we don ' t have freezer room ) ? thanks .
the red - collared lorikeet is the other australian subspecies of the extensive trichoglossus haemotodus . it ranges across the north western section of australia from approximately the northern territory / queensland border in the east to broome , western australia in the west . on a recent trip to the northern territory i found this bird to be common in the extensive dry open forest country and in the monsoon forests of the coastal areas .
recent authors have re - classifed this species and have included it either with trichoglossus or glossopsitta . i do not believe it has close affinities to either genus , but perhaps should be installed into a monotypic genus of its own , or at least left in its original genus of psitteuteles although i doubt there is any close relationship to other members of this genus . it is the only sexually dimorphic species of australian lorikeet .
) , which represents recombination among the isolates . the overall nucleotide identity of the new bfdv isolate ranges from 88 to 99 % compared to the bfdv genomes available on genbank . however , an initial phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this newly assembled genome is positioned in the lorikeet - specific clade of bfdv genealogic tree with strong consensus support . this is the first report of a bfdv genome identification and characterization for this novel host species (
what wet mix do you feed ? what i would add depends on what is in there already . i make my own up 3 litres at a time and freeze it in small bottles so i can a few days out at a time . i feed a small amount daily . come breeding season for purple crowns i would up the wet mix , definitely daily , maybe morning and arvo too . fruit daily is good , and a good quality dry mix in any quanitity they desire .
obesity - obesity is an issue for many captive birds and can result in early death . it is important to having a large cage with swings and different size perches . it is also important for them to have sometime to exercise out of the cage , this will help your bird burn some calories . another major fact is diet , your bird should have a healthy diet with plenty of fresh fruit . there are low fat lorikeet food options available at birdsville .
if feeding wet mix , the mixture spoils easily should be thrown out and containers washed every day . in hot weather it will spoil faster than normal and may need to be thrown out and container washed more often . this is one of the reasons why dry could be better , but young lorikeet will need to be weaned off wet on to dry a few months after purchase . their requirements for drinking will be reduced , as the feed contains a large amount of water , however fresh drinking water should still be made available at all times .
i have recorded more mutations in the scaly - breasted than any other australian lorikeet . they are the blue scaly - breasted , which has occurred at least twice but has not been established ; the olive scaly - breasted which appeared first in queensland about fifteen years ago , and can now be classed as an established aviary mutation ; the cinnamon which has occurred at least twice , and is currently being worked on by queensland and new south wales aviculturists ; and a jade or laurel - green scaly which is being worked on in a queensland aviary . return to top
the varied lorikeet ranges across the whole of tropical northern australia and is numerous wherever there is a suitable food source . during my recent trip to northern territory i found it to be by far the most commonly seen psittacine , and upon reflection possibly the most numerous bird observed on the trip . it is basically nomadic with its movements being dependent on the flowering of native trees and shrubs . in some areas of queensland the varieds arrival and departure are so regular that they could be described as migratory . the lack of subspecies or racial variations suggests there is much integration within the population .
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christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common in most of its range ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .
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calls are shrill notes given continuously in flight . sharp , metallic chattering given while feeding .
enclosure with well drained , sloping floor , or suspended cage over well - sealed concrete floor .
commercial lory nectar formulated for small species or a homemade mix of lactose - free baby cereal , honey and malt extract or molasses , mixed with filtered water and made fresh once or twice daily ; fruits such as : apple , pear , cactus fruits .
provide as large an aviary as possible . planted aviary is a bonus . enjoys bathing , so provide overhead misters or shallow bowls of water . provide easy to clean bird - safe plastic toys , and bird - safe , unsprayed willow , fir , pine and flowering branches which can be used as hiding places and for chewing , which can be removed for cleaning daily .
diagonal roosting and nesting box 12
x 6
x 7
( 30 . 5cm x 15 . 2cm x 17 . 8cm ) .
found up to 600m ( 1968 ft ) in drier woodland and forest , occasionally reaching into urban areas to feed on ornamental flowers .
is nomadic due to unpredictability of flowering eucalypts . usually seen in small parties to large flocks of hundreds of individuals . feeds in lower branches and shrubs . roosts communally in large groups . at times a long way from feeding areas .
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contact call a distinct buzzing
tsit - tsit - tsit
or a thin quick
zit
or
zit - zit
. when feeding they engage in sharp metallic chattering , and they call loudly and continuously in flight when alarmed .
it is known that populations near adelaide have increased due to the planting of native plants in gardens and this is probably true elsewhere . on the other hand numbers have declined in areas where woodlands have been cleared .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .