the hose 's pygmy flying squirrel ( petaurillus hosei ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .

it was named for zoologist charles hose .

it is endemic to malaysia .

hose ' s pygmy flying squirrel

sorry , no definitions found . you may find more data at hose ' s pygmy flying squirrel .
( hose’s pygmy flying squirrel ) is endemic to the eastern coast of sarawak , on the northwestern side of borneo .
no information was found on the diet of hose’s pygmy flying squirrels . in general ,
hose ' s pygmy flying squirrel or petaurillus hosei is listed on the iucn red list ( 1996 ) as lower risk / least concern . ( full text )
like other aspects of the natural history of hose ' s pygmy flying squirrels , there is nothing known about social interactions . other
hose ' s pygmy flying squirrels , like other flying squirrels , are likely to impact seed and fungal spore dispersal in their native habitats through their feeding habits .
the lesser pygmy flying squirrel ( petaurillus emiliae ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae . it is endemic to malaysia .
predators of hose ' s pygmy flying squirrels are unknown . likely predators of these small , nocturnal , arboreal mammals are nocturnal raptors , such as
was not found but other , small flying squirrels may live to 5 to 6 years old in the wild . because of their body size , hose ' s pygmy flying squirrels may have relatively short lifespans .
, hose ' s pygmy flying squirrels are highly arboreal . these squirrels have only been found in lowland forest types and are reported to use tree cavities as nest holes .
hose ' s pygmy flying squirrel females nurse and care for their young , as do all female mammals . they may be the sole caretakers of their young . young are probably left in a nest in a tree cavity until they are weaned and become independent .
the hose ' s pygmy flying squirrel is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
little is known about reproduction in hose ' s pygmy flying squirrels . a close relative , selangor pygmy flying squirrels ( p . kinlochii ) , has a reported litter size of two . females have 4 mammae , indicating a maximum litter size of 4 . in other flying squirrels , breeding can occur multiple times during the breeding season , young are weaned within several months of birth , and reproductive maturity is acheived within a year of birth . because hose ' s pygmy flying squirrels live in lowland , tropical habitats , they may breed throughout the year .
because hose ' s pygmy flying squirrels are likely to eat fruits , seeds , and fungi , they are likely to be important in dispersing tree seeds and fungal spores in their lowland , forest ecosystems .
are the smallest of the flying squirrels , with head and body length ranging from 68 to 89 mm and tail length from 62 to 98 mm . hose ' s pygmy flying squirrels have large eyes and ears . the body is similar to that of all
the lesser pygmy flying squirrel is arboreal and probably prefers forest . it is threatened by habitat conversion due to agriculture and logging . there are no conservation measures in place . further studies are needed into the taxonomy , distribution , abundance , reproduction and ecology of this species .
, in general , are nocturnal animals that mostly stay in the trees . they travel by scampering along branches and gliding between trees . four individual hose ' s pygmy flying squirrels were reported to be found in the same nest cavity , suggesting that there may be some sociality or that the individuals were a family group . these squirrels are nocturnal
have five digits on their hind limbs and four digits on their forelimbs , each digit has a long claw at the end , which assists in climbing trees . hose ' s pygmy flying squirrels have dark dorsal fur and white ventral surfaces . they have a white spot behind each ear and pale or buffy colored cheeks . the tail is brown with a white tip . the teeth are not complex .
a young / baby of a hose is called a ' pup , kit or kitten ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a hose group is called a ' dray or scurry ' .
log in or sign up to get involved in the conversation . it ' s quick and easy .
thorington , richard w . , jr . , and robert s . hoffman / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
this species is threatened by habitat loss due to logging and agriculture . more than 97 % of deforestation occurred in borneo ' s coastal lowlands between 1973 and 2010 ( gaveau et al . 2014 ) .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
use sounds , chemical cues , and visual cues , such as movements with the tail , to communicate . these flying squirrels , like others , are likely to have excellent night vision and hearing that they use to navigate and avoid predation at night . they may have a keen sense of smell to locate food items and to communicate .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as data deficient because insufficient information is known about its range ( it is known from only a few records ) , population size and population trends . adequate surveys have not been carried out for this nocturnal , arboreal species , which means that it may be more widespread .
this species is restricted to brunei and malaysia , in northern borneo , where it has been documented in sepilok , tasek merimbun and sarawak southward to niah caves ( thorington et al . 2012 , phillipps and phillipps 2016 ) .
it is known from only a few lowland sites on borneo . no recent surveys have been done for this species .
it is arboreal and nocturnal and probably prefers tall dipterocarp lowland forest where it nests in tree cavities ( thorington et al . 2012 ) .
there are no conservation measures in place ; it is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . further studies are needed into the taxonomy , distribution , abundance , reproduction and ecology of this species .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t16715a115137752 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
, with a flat hairy tail and a gliding membrane that extends between the fore and hindlimbs , called a patagium . patagia increase the surface area of these squirrels , enabling gliding . a cartilaginous extension of the wrist bones assists in spreading the patagia .
are generally not well understood , but it is likely that males and females do not associate beyond a single breeding season .
breeding interval breeding intervals are not known , but breeding may occur multiple times throughout the year .
eat seeds , fruits , and fungi . they may also take insects , bird eggs and nestlings , and other small animals as they find them .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
found in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
baillie , j . 2006 .
iucn
( on - line ) . 2006 iucn redlist of threatened species . accessed november 30 , 2006 at urltoken .
to cite this page : dewey , t . 2007 .
petaurillus hosei
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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it is listed as data deficient because it is known only from the type specimen collected in 1901 . adequate surveys have not been done to look for this species , and so it cannot be considered extinct .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 17 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
wordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
thorington , richard w . , jr . , john l . koprowski , michael a . steele , and james f . whatton
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer


the new zealand pigeon or kererū ( hemiphaga novaeseelandiae ) is a bird endemic to new zealand .

māori call it kererū in most of the country but kūkupa and kūkū in some parts of the north island , particularly in northland .

commonly called wood pigeon , they are distinct from the wood pigeon ( columba palumbus ) of the northern hemisphere , which is a member of a different genus .

the new zealand pigeon belongs to the family columbidae , and the subfamily treroninae , which is found throughout southeast asia , malaya , africa and new zealand .

the members of this subfamily feed largely on fruits , mainly drupes .

new zealand pigeons are members of the pigeon genus hemiphaga ( bonaparte , 1854 ) , which is endemic to the new zealand archipelago and norfolk island .

however recently a hemiphaga bone was found on raoul island .

the chatham pigeon or chatham island pigeon ( hemiphaga chathamensis ) is traditionally considered a subspecies of the kererū , but is here treated as a separate species .

new zealand pigeon

the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) is a valid subspecies of the new zealand pigeon ( hemiphaga novaeseelandiae ) ( higgins & davies 1996 ) .
there is no other species in new zealand that looks similar to the new zealand pigeon , apart from the chatham island pigeon , which is confined to the chatham islands .
the new zealand pigeon is found in native podocarp , lowland forests ( 2 ) .
range : the new zealand pigeon is found throughout new zealand , including the larger offshore islands that have suitable forest or shrubland habitats .
ornithological society of new zealand ( 1990 ) . checklist of the birds of new zealand . auckland , new zealand : random century .
although similar in appearance to the new zealand pigeon , the chatham island pigeon is about 20 % heavier , making it one of the world ' s heaviest pigeons .
new zealand pigeon . adult perched in tree . wanganui , august 2008 . image © ormond torr by ormond torr
powlesland , r . g . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . new zealand pigeon . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
powlesland , r . g . 2013 . new zealand pigeon . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . available at : urltoken .
mcewen , w . m . ( 1978 ) the food of the new zealand pigeon ( hemiphaga novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae ) . new zealand journal of ecology , 1 : 99 - 108 .
the kererū or new zealand pigeon is called kūkupa and kūkū in some parts of the north island , particularly in northland .
mcewen , w . m . ( 1978 ) . the food of the new zealand pigeon ( hemiphaga novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae ) . new zealand journal of ecology . 1 : 99 - 108 .
oliver , w . r . b . ( 1955 ) . new zealand birds . wellington , new zealand : reed .
we are also involved in educating the public about the plight of the new zealand pigeon and encouraging local initiatives to save it .
the new zealand journal of ecology is a vital forum for ecologists to publish research relevant to new zealand and the south pacific .
dunn , p . l . ( 1981 ) . the feeding ecology of the new zealand pigeon ( hemiphaga novaeseelandiae ) . m . sc . thesis . dunedin , new zealand : university of otago .
wotton dm . , clout mn . and kelly d . ( 2008 ) seed retention times in the new zealand pigeon ( hemiphaga novaezeelandiae novaeseelandiae ) . new zealand journal of ecology 32 ( 1 ) : 1 - 6 .
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kelly d . ( 1990 ) honeydew density in mixed nothofagus forest , westland , new zealand . new zealand journal of botany 28 : 53 - 58 .
locals in south westland are being asked to keep an eye out for the intoxicated kereru , new zealand ' s native wood pigeon , and help them sober up .
the detectability of the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island ) is unknown , but other subspecies are usually silent ( oliver 1955 ) . the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island ) was nevertheless considered very conspicuous ( clout 1990 ) , especially when performing courtship flights ( clout 1990 ; heather & robertson 2000a ; nilsson et al . 1994 ) .
other subspecies of new zealand pigeon are usually recorded singly or in pairs , and it is likely that the norfolk island subspecies would have been similar ( higgins & davies 1996 ) .
the northland conservation board has just released an a3 colour poster highlighting the plight of kūkupa ( new zealand pigeon or kereru ) as part of the board ' s save the kūkupa campaign .
kelly d . ( 1987 ) slow recovery of beilschmiedia tawa after sever frosts in inland taranaki , new zealand . new zealand journal of ecology 10 : 137 - 140 . urltoken .
new zealand pigeon / kererū / kūkū / kūkupa ( mp3 , 1 , 868k ) 01 : 58 – three adults in song and in - flight wingbeats ( cicadas in the background ) .
the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) was endemic to norfolk island ( schodde et al . 1983 ) . it is thought to have become extinct around 1900 ( moore 1985a ) .
protection / threats / status : the new zealand pigeon is widespread but the numbers are gradually declining due to habitat loss , predation and illegal hunting . the main predators are rats , stoats , cats and possums which eat both eggs and chicks . although fully protected in new zealand , the new zealand pigeon is still illegally hunted in some areas . continual logging and degradation of native forests , and competition for fruit resources affect the species too . the new zealand pigeon is the only one able to disperse large seeds over wide areas . the species is currently classified as near threatened , but the global population size is unknown . however , it is described as not uncommon .
wyman t . and kelly d . ( 2017 ) quantifying seed dispersal by birds and possums in a lowland new zealand forest . new zealand journal of ecology 41 ( 1 ) urltoken .
( j . f . gmelin , 1789 ) – new zealand , including larger offshore islands .
oliver , w . r . b . new zealand birds , 1955 . heather , b . , & robertson , h . , field guide to the birds of new zealand , 2000 .
bach ce . and kelly d . ( 2004 ) effects of forest edges on herbivory in a new zealand mistletoe , alepis flavida . new zealand journal of ecology 28 : 195 - 205 .
sessions la . and kelly d . ( 2001 ) methods for monitoring herbivory and plant growth on new zealand mistletoes ( loranthaceae ) . new zealand journal of ecology 25 : 19 - 20 .
no new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) population fluctuations were reported , though large numbers of individuals of other subspecies may congregate in areas where there is abundant fruit to eat ( oliver 1955 ) .
clout , m . n . , p . d . gaze & j . r . hay ( 1988 ) . clutch overlap by a new zealand pigeon . notornis . 35 : 59 - 62 .
kelly d . , ladley jj . and robertson aw . ( 2004 ) is dispersal easier than pollination ? two tests in new zealand loranthaceae . new zealand journal of botany 42 : 89 - 103 .
ladley jj . , kelly d . and norton da . ( 1997 ) a guide to hand planting of new zealand mistletoes ( loranthaceae ) . new zealand botanical society newsletter 49 : 16 - 19 .
ladley jj . and kelly d . ( 1996 ) dispersal , germination and survival of new zealand mistletoes ( loranthaceae ) : dependence on birds . new zealand journal of ecology 20 : 69 - 79 .
the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) was geographically isolated from other subspecies . other subspecies occurring outside of australia are the kereru ( hemiphaga novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae ) on the north island and south island of new zealand and various outlying islands ( including great barrier island and stewart island ) , and the parea ( h . n . chathamensis ) on the chatham island group ( ornithological society of new zealand 1990 ) .
the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) is thought to have become extinct around 1900 , although it was formerly considered to be ' common ' ( moore 1985a ) . the rate of decline is unknown .
there is no information on the home ranges or territories of the extinct new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) . the kereru defends well - defined home ranges of up to 10 ha ( clout 1990 ) .
ladley j . and kelly d . ( 2006 ) feast and famine : new zealand datasets for mast seeding data . wellington , new zealand : ecology across the tasman 2006 , 28 aug - 1 sep 2006
buller , walter lawry , birds of new zealand , 1873 . proceedings of the zoological society , 1881 .
a fully searchable database of articles published in notornis and birds new zealand is provided on the publications page .
ladley jj . and kelly d . ( 1995 ) explosive new zealand mistletoe . nature 378 : 766 .
he asked south westland residents to be aware that a drunken wood pigeon might need assistance and to alert local authorities .
thorsen , m . ; innes , j . ; nugent , g . ; prime , k . 2004 . parental care and growth rates of new zealand pigeon ( hemiphaga novaeseelandiae ) nestlings . notornis 51 : 136 - 140 .
introduction : this large columbidae is endemic to new zealand where it is also known as kereru , and kukupa in northland . this arboreal species feeds mainly on fruit and flowers , and may fly long distances to find its preferred food items . the new zealand pigeon is protected , but it is still hunted illegally in some forests , and it is a good prey for the introduced mammalian predators . the chatham island pigeon is usually considered a separate species and will be studied later . the norfolk island pigeon ( h . n . spadicea ) is extinct due to hunting and predation .
wright , a . ( 1975 ) . survey - centre island ( raratoke ) , 6 - 9 august and 10 - 12 dec . 1975 . unpublished report to the new zealand wildlife service , wellington , new zealand .
a female new zealand bush falcon is one of two karearea introduced to keep pest birds away from martinborough vineyards .
baars r . , kelly d . and sparrow ad . ( 1998 ) liane distribution within native forest remnants in two regions of the south island , new zealand . new zealand journal of ecology 22 : 71 - 85 .
the new zealand pigeon was previously hunted for its meat and feathers by both maoris and europeans ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . along with forest clearing , this caused a substantial decline in their numbers following european settlement ( 2 ) .
young lm . and kelly d . ( 2014 ) current rates of fruit removal and seed dispersal in new zealand fleshy - fruited mountain plants . new zealand journal of ecology 38 ( 2 ) : 288 - 296 . urltoken .
ladley jj . , kelly d . and robertson aw . ( 1997 ) explosive flowering , nectar production , breeding systems and pollinators of new zealand mistletoes ( loranthaceae ) . new zealand journal of botany 35 : 345 - 360 .
kelly d . and skipworth jp . ( 1984 ) tradescantia fluminensis in a manawatu ( new zealand ) forest : ii . management by herbicides . new zealand journal of botany 22 ( 3 ) : 399 - 402 . urltoken .
the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) probably occurred in a single population . the species as a whole occurs in several smaller populations , with the parea and kereru , on the main islands of new zealand , considered separate populations . it has been suggested that these different populations should be considered as separate species ( higgins & davies 1996 ) .
wotton d . and kelly d . ( 2006 ) where do all the seeds go ? estimating dispersal distances for pigeon movements and seed retention times . wellington , new zealand : ecology across the tasman 2006 , 28 aug - 1 sep 2006
the society ' s quarterly scientific journal . this peer - reviewed journal has been publishing ornithological research relevant to new zealand and the south pacific since 1943 ( originally as new zealand bird notes ) . all birds new zealand members are encouraged to submit original papers or short notes on their bird observations or studies to the notornis editor : dr craig symes .
sullivan jj . , kelly d . and ladley jj . ( 2010 ) feathers to fur : the status of new zealand ecological research in 2009 . new zealand journal of ecology 34 ( 1 ) : 1 - 5 . urltoken .
tisch pa . and kelly d . ( 1998 ) can wind pollination provide a selective benefit to mast seeding ? chionochloa macra ( poaceae ) at mt hutt , new zealand . new zealand journal of botany 36 : 635 - 641 .
gibb , j . a . ( 1970 ) . a pigeon ' s choice of plums . notornis . 17 : 239 .
innes j . , kelly d . , overton jm . and gillies c . ( 2010 ) predation and other factors currently limiting new zealand forest birds . new zealand journal of ecology 34 ( 1 ) : 86 - 114 . urltoken .
christian ra . , kelly d . and turnbull mh . ( 2006 ) the architecture of new zealand ' s divaricate shrubs in relation to light adaptation . new zealand journal of botany 44 ( 2 ) : 171 - 186 . urltoken .
kelly d . and skipworth jp . ( 1984 ) tradescantia fluminensis in a manawatu ( new zealand ) forest : i . growth and effects on regeneration . new zealand journal of botany 22 ( 3 ) : 393 - 397 . urltoken .
this young antipodes wandering albatross is seen in the antipodes islands . the inhospitable volcanic new zealand islands are in subantarctic waters .
beavon ma . and kelly d . ( 2012 ) invasional meltdown : pollination of the invasive liana passiflora tripartita var . mollissima ( passifloraceae ) in new zealand . new zealand journal of ecology 36 ( 1 ) : 100 - 107 . urltoken .
bach ce . and kelly d . ( 2004 ) effects of forest edges , fruit display size , and fruit colour on bird seed dispersal in a new zealand mistletoe , alepis flavida . new zealand journal of ecology 28 : 93 - 103 .
murphy dj . and kelly d . ( 2003 ) seasonal variation in the honeydew , invertebrate , and mistletoe fruit and nectar resource in a new zealand mountain beech forest . new zealand journal of ecology 27 ( 1 ) : 11 - 23 .
anderson sh . , kelly d . , robertson aw . and ladley jj . ( 2007 ) widespread failure of bird - pollination mutualisms on the new zealand mainland . in new zealand journal of botany 45 ( 1 ) : 291 - 291 .
the kereru or native woodpigeon is new zealandís only endemic pigeon . it is probably the most important bird we have in new zealand . since the demise of the moa and huia , the kereru is the only surviving bird capable of ingesting the large fruit and berries of over 70 new zealand native trees and dispersing their seed . many trees such as miro , puriri , tawa and tairare are totally reliant on the kereru for their continued existence .
beavon ma . and kelly d . ( 2015 ) dispersal of banana passionfruit ( passiflora tripartita var . mollissima ) by exotic mammals in new zealand facilitates plant invasiveness . new zealand journal of ecology 39 ( 1 ) : 43 - 49 . urltoken .
jesson lk . , kelly d . and sparrow ad . ( 2000 ) the importance of dispersal , disturbance and competition for exotic plant invasions in arthurs pass national park , new zealand . . new zealand journal of botany 38 : 451 - 468 .
heather , b . , & robertson , h . , field guide to the birds of new zealand , 2000 . oliver , w . r . b . , new zealand birds , 1955 . darwin , charles , origin of the species , 1859 .
new zealand is famed for our native birds , and it has to be noted how strange and unusual some of them are .
robertson , c . j . r . ; hyvonen , p . ; fraser , m . j . ; pickard , c . r . 2007 . atlas of bird distribution in new zealand , 1999 - 2004 . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .
kelly d . and sullivan jj . ( 2010 ) life histories , dispersal , invasions , and global change : progress and prospects in new zealand ecology , 1989 - 2029 . new zealand journal of ecology 34 ( 1 ) : 207 - 217 . urltoken .
mckinzey km . , lawson w . , kelly d . and hubbard a . ( 2004 ) a revised little ice age chronology of the franz josef glacier , westland , new zealand . journal of the royal society of new zealand 34 : 381 - 394 .
montgomery br . , kelly d . , robertson aw . and ladley jj . ( 2003 ) pollinator behaviour , not increased resources , boosts seed set on forest edges in a new zealand loranthaceous mistletoe . new zealand journal of botany 41 : 277 - 286 .
montgomery br . , kelly d . and ladley jj . ( 2001 ) pollinator limitation of seed set in fuchsia perscandens ( onagraceae ) on banks peninsula , south island , new zealand . new zealand journal of botany 39 ( 4 ) : 559 - 565 .
genet , r . & r . guest ( 1976 ) . winter nesting of n . z . pigeon . notornis . 23 : 319 .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . not considered threatened by new zealand authorities . densities in lowland forests typically 0·1–2 . . .
van vianen j . , burge or . , macfarlane at . and kelly d . ( 2018 ) the effects of single aerial 1080 possum - control operations on common forest birds in the south island , new zealand . new zealand journal of ecology 42 ( 2 ) urltoken .
kolesik p . , sarfati ms . , brockerhoff eg . and kelly d . ( 2007 ) description of eucalyptodiplosis chionochloae sp . nov . , a cecidomyiid feeding on inflorescences of chionochloa ( poaceae ) in new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 34 : 107 - 115 .
nothing is known about the feeding behaviour of the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . other subspecies forage in the canopy of trees , though they sometimes also forage on the ground ( dunn 1981 ; gibb 1970 ; higgins & davies 1996 ) .
chicks are fed
pigeon milk
, a protein - rich milky secretion from the walls of the parents ' crops , mixed with fruit pulp .
powlesland , r . g . ; moran , l . r . ; wotton , d . m . 2011 . satellite tracking of kereru ( hemiphaga novaeseelandiae ) in southland , new zealand : impacts , movements and home range . new zealand journal of ecology 35 : 229 - 235 .
notornis has a wide circulation within new zealand and overseas , and is provided to all members of birds new zealand . pdfs for each volume will be made available online as close as practicable to the standard publication dates ( last day in march , june , september , december ) . .
there have not been any comprehensive surveys for the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) . there have , however , been a number of ornithological surveys on norfolk island since the subspecies became extinct ( e . g . bell 1990a ; robinson 1988 ; schodde et al . 1983 ; smithers & disney 1969 ) , but there has been no sign of the subspecies . other subspecies of the new zealand pigeon have been surveyed intensively ( e . g . clout 1990 ; clout et al . 1986 , 1991 , 1995 ; grant et al . 1997 ; powlesland et al . 1997 ) .
behaviour in the wild : the new zealand pigeon is a “fruit - pigeon” . it feeds on plant matter such as buds , leaves , flowers and fruits from numerous native and exotic plant species . it often flies long distances to find good food sources . it particularly takes the fruit of the podocarp trees . in addition , it is the only bird able to swallow the large fruits from karaka and puriri trees , and to disperse widely their large seeds .
the new zealand pigeon feeds primarily on the fruits of large native trees , such as karaka , tawa and taraire ( 3 ) . however , they also feed on leaves , shoots , flowers and buds of native and exotic species in winter and spring , when fruits are not available ( 2 ) .
kelly d . ( 1994 ) special section : the burrows symposium . introduction . new zealand journal of botany 32 : 345 - 347 . urltoken .
kelly d . ( 1988 ) demography of carduus pycnocephalus and c . tenuif torus . new zealand natural sciences 15 : 17 - 24 . urltoken .
the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) was quite distinctive , being about twice as large as the emerald dove ( chalcophaps indica ) , the other resident pigeon on norfolk island . its plumage was also markedly different from the emerald dove , with a glossy green / purple head and neck , clean white underbody and iridescent greyish - green upperwings ( the emerald dove has brownish head and neck , brownish underbody and iridescent green upperwings ) ( higgins & davies 1996 ) .
mckone mj . , kelly d . , harrison al . , sullivan jj . and cone aj . ( 2001 ) biology of insects that feed in the inflorescences of chionochloa pallens ( poaceae ) in new zealand and their relevance to mast seeding . new zealand journal of zoology 28 : 89 - 101 .
the new zealand pigeon , or kererū , is one of the largest pigeons in the world . it is one of those birds where the māori name is more appealing and more commonly used . few words are needed to help in its identification—you will probably hear its noisy wingbeats before you see it , and will then notice its distinctive white breast perched high in the forest . kererū’s beautiful emerald green and white feathers were used in some of new zealand’s finest māori cloaks .
mcallan , i . a . w . ( 1999 ) . a common name for the norfolk island pigeon . australian bird watcher . 18 : 179 - 180 .
the breeding ecology of the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) is unknown ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . other subspecies of the new zealand pigeon build a frail platform of sticks in which they lay a single white egg ( clout 1990 ; clout et al . 1995 ; genet & guest 1976 ; oliver 1955 ) . the breeding season of the kereru is mostly novembermarch ( clout et al . 1988 , 1995 ) , and the parea mainly breeds juneaugust ( powlesland et al . 1997 ) ; in both regions , breeding coincides with the heavy fruiting of favoured food plants ( clout 1990 ; powlesland et al . 1997 ) .
heather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 2005 . the field guide to the birds of new zealand . viking , auckland .
the new zealand pigeon is sedentary but it performs local movements to find food . they may fly over the sea between islands too . the wings produce a distinctive noise , a low whistling - wind sound , while the bird performs heavy and powerful wingbeats . it flies through the trees in forest , thanks to its rounded wings .
references : heather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 2000 the field guide to the birds of new zealand . auckland , viking .
they have been called the feathered rat and like rats they just arrived in new zealand along with the early settlers as there is no record of their introduction .
emeny , m . t . ; powlesland , r . g . ; henderson , i . m . ; fordham , r . a . 2009 . feeding ecology of kereru ( hemiphaga novaeseelandiae ) in podocarp - hardwood forest , whirinaki forest park , new zealand . new zealand journal of ecology 33 : 114 - 124 .
the society ' s quarterly news magazine . this magazine provides a forum for members to report back on trips , society schemes , interesting bird sightings and to advertise coming trips , meetings and events . to submit an article or item for publication in birds new zealand , please contact the birds new zealand editor : michael szabo .
buhl pn . , sarfati ms . , brockerhoff eg . and kelly d . ( 2008 ) description , phenology and biology of zelostemma chionochloae buhl sp . nov . , a platygastrid parasitoid of eucalyptodiplosis chionochloae ( diptera : cecidomyiidae ) in new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 35 ( 3 ) : 255 - 264 .
on the north island , the kereru is in real danger of becoming regionally extinct ( 3 ) . a study in 1993 showed that the species had declined by 50 percent in just 14 years ( 4 ) . although able to live up to 15 years on offshore islands , on the mainland , life expectancy is just five to six years due to predation ( 5 ) . the new zealand pigeon is still affected today by habitat loss , due to browsing by herbivores and land clearance for farming ( 4 ) . with the new zealand pigeon under threat , many native trees dependant on them for seed dispersal , and subsequently forest regeneration , are also at risk ( 3 ) .
kelly d . , ladley jj . , robertson aw . , anderson sh . , wotton dm . and wiser sk . ( 2010 ) mutualisms with the wreckage of an avifauna : the status of bird pollination and fruit dispersal in new zealand . new zealand journal of ecology 34 ( 1 ) : 66 - 85 . urltoken .
shea k . and kelly d . ( 2004 ) modeling for management of invasive species : carduus nutans in new zealand . weed technology 18 : 1338 - 1341 .
kelly d . , ladley jj . and robertson aw . ( 1995 ) regional variation in mistletoe pollination . new zealand botanical society newsletter 42 : 24 - 26 .
kelly d . and ogle mr . ( 1990 ) a test of the climate hypothesis for divaricate plants . new zealand journal of ecology 13 : 51 - 61 .
the domestic or common pigeon was derived by selective breeding from the wild rock pigeon of eurasia . it is one of the oldest domesticated animals . escapes of domestics from confinement for thousands of years have provided stocks that developed into feral populations . feral pigeons now have characteristics of both wild and domestic ancestry and frequently live essentially as though they are wholly wild .
higgins , p . j . 1999 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds : parrots to dollarbirds . oxford university press , oxford , u . k .
young lm . and kelly d . ( 2018 ) effects of seed dispersal and microsite features on seedling establishment in new zealand fleshy‐fruited perennial mountain plants . austral ecology urltoken .
kelly d . ( 1994 ) demography and conservation of botrychium australe , a peculiar sparse mycorrhizal fern . new zealand journal of botany 32 : 393 - 400 . urltoken .
46–50 cm ; 510–795 g ; wingspan c . 75 cm . large , brightly coloured fruit pigeon ; most of upperparts iridescent dark green , with purple and bronzy highlights on . . .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the new zealand pigeon’s advertising call is a soft “kuu - kuu” which can become louder and drawn - out like a wail . when alarmed , it gives a harsh growling cry , and brief moans and whistles . the contact call is a low , longer “oooooos” rising towards the end , usually repeated several times .
heather , b . d . and robertson , h . a . 1997 . the field guide to the birds of new zealand . oxford university press , oxford , uk .
shea k . and kelly d . ( 1998 ) estimating biocontrol agent impact with matrix models : carduus nutans in new zealand . ecol . applications 8 : 824 - 832 .
roxburgh jr . and kelly d . ( 1995 ) uses and limitations of hemispherical photography for estimating forest light environments . new zealand journal of ecology 19 : 213 - 217 .
while kererū are not threatened , parea are considered nationally vulnerable . two other kinds of native pigeon became extinct on raoul island and norfolk island last century , probably due to hunting and predation .
the new zealand pigeon has been fully protected since 1921 under the animals protection and game act ( 6 ) . however , illegal poaching still takes place today ( 3 ) . the department of conservation is educating young maori on the devastating effects that hunting has on the kereru on the north island in order to prevent this activity from occurring in the future ( 3 ) .
lamoureaux sl . , kelly d . and barlow nd . ( 2003 ) population dynamics in mature stands of hieracium pilosella in new zealand . plant ecology 166 : 263 - 273 .
sessions la . and kelly d . ( 2001 ) heterogeneity in vertebrate and invertebrate herbivory and its consequencees for new zealand mistletoes . austr . ecol . 26 : 571 - 581 .
baars r . and kelly d . ( 1996 ) survival and growth responses of native and introduced vines to light availability . new zealand journal of botany 34 : 389 - 400 .
powlesland , r . g . , p . j . dilks , i . a . flux , a . d . grant & c . j . tisdall ( 1997 ) . impact of food abundance , diet and food quality on the breeding of the fruit pigeon , parea hemiphaga novaeseelandiae chathamensis , on chatham island , new zealand . ibis . 139 : 353 - 365 .
conservation efforts on the chatham islands have had a positive effect on the numbers of parea . landowners have been protecting typical habitat from livestock by creating reserves and fencing remnant bush . numbers have increased from 40 in the 1980s to around 250 in 2005 . local efforts have also seen a large increase in new zealand pigeon numbers in small areas due to intensive predator control ( 3 ) .
heather , b . d . & h . a . robertson ( 2000a ) . the field guide to the birds of new zealand . oxford , united kingdom : oxford university press .
webb cj . and kelly d . ( 1993 ) the reproductive biology of the new zealand flora . trends in ecology and evolution 8 ( 12 ) : 442 - 447 . urltoken .
habitat : the new zealand pigeon frequents a variety of forest habitats such as podocarp - broadleaf forests , second growth native forest after logging , small forest remnants , and also exotic plantations , parks and gardens . it is less often found in pure beech forest because fruiting trees are lacking . this species occurs in mixed forests but also in open country if there are nearby fruiting and flowering trees .
kelly d . ( 1994 ) towards a numerical definition for divaricate ( interlaced small - leaved ) shrubs . new zealand journal of botany 32 ( 4 ) : 509 - 518 . urltoken .
there have been no major studies on the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) . other subspecies , however , have been well studied ( e . g . clout 1990 ; clout et al . 1986 , 1991 , 1995 ; grant et al . 1997 ; powlesland et al . 1997 ) . higgins & davies ( 1996 ) summarises all that is known about the species as a whole .
the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) was a large ( length : 50 cm ) , distinctive , brightly coloured fruit - eating pigeon . its head and neck were largely iridescent dark green with a metallic sheen . the mantle was chestnut , the rump greyish , and the uppertail was purplish black . the underparts comprised an iridescent green chin , throat and breast , and a white belly , vent and undertail . the upperwings were pale grey - green , and the underwings white . the bill and eyes were red , and the legs and feet were bright red ( higgins & davies 1996 ) .
nothing is known of the ecology of the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) , though the population probably inhabited areas of native forest . the kereru and parea inhabit areas of native forest , especially temperate rainforest or broadleaf forest , often at its edge or in clearings within the forest , and occasionally in pasture ( clout 1990 ; grant et al . 1995 ) .
iles jm . and kelly d . ( 2014 ) restoring bird pollination of fuchsia excorticata by mammalian predator control . new zealand journal of ecology 38 ( 2 ) : 297 - 306 . urltoken .
groenteman r . , kelly d . , fowler sv . and bourdot gw . ( 2007 ) interactions between nodding thistle seed predators . new zealand plant protection 60 : 152 - 157 . urltoken .
kelly d . ( 1986 ) on strict and facultative biennials , or , why is it worth being a short - lived plant . in new zealand journal of ecology 9 : 160 - 160 .
51 cm . large , plump green and white pigeon . head , throat , upper breast and upperparts metallic green with purple sheen ; clearly demarcated white lower breast , underparts and legs ; red bill and feet .
howell cj . , kelly d . and turnbull mh . ( 2002 ) moa ghosts exorcised ? new zealand ' s divaricate shrubs avoid photoinhibition . functional ecology 16 ( 2 ) : 232 - 240 .
innes kpc . and kelly d . ( 1992 ) water potentials in native woody vegetation during and after a drought in canterbury . new zealand journal of botany 30 ( 1 ) : 81 - 94 .
new issues ( < 1 year old ) are password protected . each member of birds new zealand has been sent a password . institutional subscribers have been contacted for their ip address to give their computers direct access . please contact roger sharp to update your information or if you experience any problems accessing the articles .
sullivan jj . and kelly d . ( 2000 ) why is mast seeding in chionochloa rubra ( poaceae ) most extreme where seed predation is lowest ? new zealand journal of biology 38 : 221 - 233 .
holdaway r . and kelly d . ( 2006 ) mast - seeding : effects of productivity at various spatial scales . wellington , new zealand : ecology across the tasman 2006 , 28 aug - 1 sep 2006
there are several organisations throughout new zealand that are dedicated to improving kereru habitats in their local areas . if you are looking for more information on kereru , specific to you location , try these sites listed below :
oconnor sj . and kelly d . ( 2012 ) seed dispersal of matai ( prumnopitys taxifolia ) by feral pigs ( sus scrofa ) . new zealand ecology 36 ( 2 ) : 228 - 231 . urltoken .
robertson aw . , ladley jj . and kelly d . ( 2005 ) the effectiveness of short - tongued bees as pollinators of apparently
ornithophilous
new zealand mistletoes . austral ecology 30 : 298 - 309 .
lord jm . and kelly d . ( 1999 ) seed production in festuca novae - zelandiae : the effect of altitude and pre - dispersal seed predation . new zealand journal of botany 37 : 503 - 509 .
robertson aw . , kelly d . , ladley jj . and sparrow ad . ( 1999 ) effects of pollinator loss on endemic new zealand mistletoes ( loranthaceae ) . cons . biol 13 : 499 - 508 .
innes kpc . and kelly d . ( 1992 ) water potentials in native woody vegetation during and after a drought in canterbury . new zealand journal of botany 30 ( 1 ) : 81 - 94 . urltoken .
norton da . and kelly d . ( 1988 ) mast seeding over 33 years by dacrydium cupressinum ( podocarpaceae ) in new zealand : the importance of economies of scale . functional ecology 2 : 399 - 408 .
murphy dj . and kelly d . ( 2001 ) scarce or distracted ? bellbird ( anthornis melanura ) foraging and diet in an area of inadequate mistletoe pollination . new zealand journal of ecology 25 : 69 - 81 .
yeen ycl . , luxton sj . and kelly d . ( 2006 ) is the sooty beech scale insect dispersal - limited ? wellington , new zealand : ecology across the tasman 2006 , 28 aug - 1 sep 2006
two new reports have been added to the website . the first gives details of a summer students . .
kelly d . ( 1998 ) native bees with new tricks . nz sci . monthly 9 : 11 .
spectacular display flights by males are key breeding signals in this species ( 3 ) . pair bonds generally last for more than one season , and pairs will therefore also associate during the non - breeding season ( 2 ) . the new zealand pigeon is a slow breeder , producing only one egg in the spring or summer ( 5 ) . the nest is a frail platform of twigs and the parents take it in turn to incubate the egg over a 28 to 30 day period . following hatching , the chick stays in the nest for 36 to 45 days and is fed on ‘pigeon milk’ ( 2 ) , a milky substance secreted from the walls of the parents’ crop ( 3 ) .
is the largest pigeon in new zealand and the fifth largest in the world . the head , throat , upper breast and upperparts are a metallic green with a purplish sheen . the upper breast is shaped like a baby ' s bib and clearly stands out against the pristine white of the lower breast and underparts . the bill is crimson with an orange tip and both the eye and feet are crimson . the call is a soft penetrating ' kuu ' .
nothing is known about the feeding ecology of the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . other subspecies eat fruit , leaves , shoots , flowers and buds ( clout et al . 1986 ; dunn 1981 ; mcewen 1978 ; oliver 1955 ; powlesland et al . 1997 ) , and are an important agent for the dispersal of seeds of forest plants ( grant et al . 1997 ; powlesland et al . 1997 ) .
clout , m . n . , b . j . karl & p . d . gaze ( 1991 ) . seasonal movements of new zealand pigeons from a lowland forest reserve . notornis . 38 : 37 - 47 .
innes kpc . and kelly d . ( 1991 ) some woody vegetation samples may be stored for 24 hours without affecting measured water potential . new zealand journal of botany 29 ( 3 ) : 345 - 347 . urltoken .
this brightly coloured pigeon is now the only remaining native bird with a bill big enough to disperse the fruit of new zealand’s larger tree species ( 3 ) . its upperparts are iridescent dark green , with bronze and purple highlights , and it has a slightly paler grey - green back , with a silvery - grey tinge ( 2 ) . the white underparts , which are distinct from the dark breast and wings , resemble a smart vest ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . juveniles have a much duller colour compared to the adults . there are two known subspecies alive today ; the kereru , hemiphaga novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae , and the parea , hemiphaga novaeseelandiae chathamensis . the red bill is heavier and longer on the parea ( h . n . chathamensis ) , the larger of the two subspecies ( 2 ) . during flight , the new zealand pigeon produces a distinctive sound due to its noisy wing beat ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
macfarlane aet . , kelly d . and briskie jv . ( 2015 ) introduced blackbirds and song thrushes : useful substitutes for lost mid - sized native frugivores , or weed vectors ? new zealand journal of ecology 40 ( 1 )
sessions la . and kelly d . ( 2002 ) predator - mediated apparent competition between an introduced grass ( agrostis capillaris ) and a native fern botrychium australe ( ophioglossaceae ) in new zealand . oikos 96 : 102 - 109 .
sessions la . , rance c . , grant a . and kelly d . ( 2001 ) possum ( trichosurus vulpecula ) control benefits native beech mistletoes ( loranthaceae ) . new zealand journal of ecology 25 : 27 - 33 .
kelly d . and skipworth jp . ( 1984 ) tradescantia fluminensis in a manawatu ( n . z . ) forest remnant . i . growth and reproduction . new zealand journal of botany 22 : 393 - 397 . urltoken .
kelly d . and skipworth jp . ( 1984 ) tradescantia fluminensis in a manawatu ( n . z . ) forest remnant : ii . control by herbicides . new zealand journal of botany 22 : 399 - 402 . urltoken .
stays in nest for 11 - 12 weeks . fed on creamy protein - rich liquid called ' pigeon milk ' which parents secrete from the wall of their crop . this is gradually replaced with regurgitated fruit . fledge around 40 - 45 days .
nothing is known of the ages of sexual maturity , life expectancy and natural mortality of the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) . other subspecies can be long lived ( clout 1990 ) . the mean life expectancy of the parea is 24 . 5 years ( grant et al . 1997 ) , and the kereru at pelorus bridge it was 5 . 4 years ( clout et al . 1995 ) and 1 . 2 years in northland ( pierce & graham 1995 ) .
this large and distinctively - coloured pigeon is a familiar sight to many new zealanders . this is because the new zealand pigeon ( or kereru ) has a widespread distribution through the country , being present in extensive tracts of native forest , and rural and urban habitats , including most cities . as well as allowing close approach , it often roosts conspicuously , such as on powerlines or on the tops of trees . the distinctive sound of its wing beats in flight also draws attention . kereru also frequently feature on works of art , such as paintings and sculptures . however , even though it is widespread , like many forest birds its abundance is severely compromised by introduced mammals , particularly possums , stoats and ship rats . only where these pests are not present ( predator - free islands ) or are controlled to low levels do kereru populations thrive .
kelly d . , robertson aw . and ladley jj . ( 2006 ) inbreeding : a handy backup on islands , or a pernicious drain ? wellington , new zealand : ecology across the tasman 2006 , 28 aug - 1 sep 2006
although flocks of hundreds of kererū used to be common in new zealand skies , their numbers have been declining at an alarming rate for many years . in some areas their numbers have decrease by over 50 % in the last 50 years .
turnbull mh . , howell cj . , christian r . and kelly d . ( 2002 ) photoinhibition , acclimation and new zealand ' s divarication plants : a reply to lusk . functional ecology 16 ( 6 ) : 860 - 862 .
at the species level , many populations of the new zealand pigeon have declined since the 19th century due largely to loss of habitat , overhunting , and predation by introduced species ( clout 1990 ; grant et al . 1997 ; oliver 1955 ; ornithological society of new zealand 1990 ; powlesland et al . 1997 ; robertson 2000 ) . the parea is still considered to be threatened , as its population declined greatly after european settlement of the chatham island group , including local extinctions on some islands ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ; grant et al . 1997 ; nilsson et al . 1994 ; powlesland et al . 1997 ) . the kereru has declined in some areas , notably in northland in the 1980s ( pierce et al . 1993 ) .
wotton dm . and kelly d . ( 2012 ) do larger frugivores move seeds further ? body size , seed dispersal distance , and a case study of a large , sedentary pigeon . journal of biogeography 39 ( 11 ) : 1973 - 1983 . urltoken .
clout , m . n . ; karl , b . j . ; pierce , r . j . ; robertson , h . a . 1995 . breeding and survival of new zealand pigeons hemiphaga novaeseelandiae . ibis 137 : 264 - 271 .
clout , m . n . , b . j . karl , r . j . pierce & h . a . robertson ( 1995 ) . breeding and survival of new zealand pigeons hemiphaga novaeseelandiae . ibis . 37 : 264 - 271 .
nilsson , r . j . , e . s . kennedy & j . a . west ( 1994 ) . the birdlife of south east island ( rangatira ) , chatham islands , new zealand . notornis . 41 : 109 - 125 .
webber cj . , peterson aj . , kelly d . and clemens j . ( 2012 ) native and exotic flower visitors in the christchurch botanic gardens and their contrasting plant preferences . new zealand natural sciences 37 : 37 - 49 . urltoken .
sarfati ms . , kelly d . and brockerhoff eg . ( 2010 ) the parasitoids of seed predators attacking snow tussocks , chionochloa spp . ( poaceae ) . new zealand journal of zoology 37 ( 1 ) : 19 - 33 . urltoken .
mckone mj . , thom al . and kelly d . ( 1997 ) self - compatability in chionochloa patterns and c . macra ( poaceae ) confirmed by hand pollination of excised sytles . new zealand journal of botany 35 : 259 - 262 .
plank m . , james a . , kelly d . , lamoureaux s . and bourdot g . ( 2017 ) light and shade : modelling the growth of tradescantia fluminensis . university of auckland : new zealand mathematics society colloquium , 5 dec 2017
dungan r . , kelly d . and turnbull m . ( 2006 ) miniature farmers on a massive scale : do scale insects regulate beech forest productivity ? wellington , new zealand : ecology across the tasman 2006 , 28 aug - 1 sep 2006
young l . and kelly d . ( 2006 ) the costs and benefits of being big : mast seeding and insect pollination in aciphylla ( apiaceae ) . wellington , new zealand : ecology across the tasman 2006 , 28 aug - 1 sep 2006
higgins , p . j . ; davies , s . j . j . f . ( eds . ) 1996 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 3 , snipe to pigeons . oxford university press , melbourne .
higgins , p . j . & s . j . j . f . davies , eds ( 1996 ) . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . volume three - snipe to pigeons . melbourne , victoria : oxford university press .
aikman , h . ; davis , a . ; miskelly , c . ; o ' connor , s . ; taylor , g . 2001 . chatham islands threatened birds : recovery and management plans . department of conservation , wellington , new zealand .
hay j . , kelly d . and holdaway rj . ( 2008 ) causes and consequences of frequent flowering on edges in the mast - seeding genus chionochloa ( poaceae ) . new zealand journal of ecology 32 ( 1 ) : 80 - 91 .
anderson sh . , kelly d . , robertson aw . , ladley jj . and innes jg . ( 2006 ) birds as pollinators and dispersers : a case study from new zealand . acta zoologica sinica 52 ( supplement ) : 112 - 115 .
harper ga . , joice n . , kelly d . , toft r . and clapperton bk . ( 2015 ) effective distances of wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) poisoning using clustered bait stations in beech forest . new zealand journal of ecology 40 ( 1 )
kelly d . , stirling dj . , hunt gr . , newll cl . and jarvis ce . ( 1992 ) honeydew standing crop and production over 24 hours in nothofagus solandri forest in canterbury . new zealand journal of ecology 16 : 69 - 75 .
the extinction of the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) is thought to have been caused by overhunting by settlers and predation by feral cats ( felis catus ) ( clout 1990 ; hermes 1985 ; mcallan 1999 ; moore 1985a ) . the subspecies was last recorded in 1900 ( hermes 1985 ; schodde et al . 1983 ) . other subspecies have experienced declines due to hunting , habitat loss , and the introduction of predators ( clout 1990 ; grant et al . 1997 ; oliver 1955 ; powlesland et al . 1997 ) .
introduced predators , hunting and habitat degradation are all taking their toll on this pigeon which has undergone a moderately rapid population reduction as a result . it is therefore classified as near threatened . if apparent recent increases are sustained , it may be eligible for downlisting in the future .
robertson , h . a . ; dowding , j . e . ; elliott , g . p . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; miskelly , c . m . ; o’donnell , c . f . j . ; powlesland , r . g . ; sagar , p . m . ; scofield , r . p . ; taylor , g . a . 2013 . conservation status of new zealand birds , 2012 . new zealand threat classification series 4 . department of conservation , wellington . available at urltoken
carpenter jk . , kelly d . , moltchanova e . and o ' donnell cfj . ( 2018 ) introduction of mammalian seed predators and the loss of an endemic flightless bird impair seed dispersal of the new zealand tree elaeocarpus dentatus . ecology and evolution urltoken .
the society offers 2 notornis awards : a
notornis - student award
and a
notornis - new author award
.
as the new zealand pigeon ( norfolk island race ) was endemic to norfolk island , it was likely to have been sedentary . other subspecies are generally sedentary , though some individuals may travel up to 25 kilometres ( clout 1990 ; clout et al . 1986 , 1991 ) . some birds have been recorded flying between islands ( bell & brathwaite 1963 ; wright 1975 ) . the pattern of presence and absence of the kereru indicates that movements occur in association with availability of food , possibly with an altitudinal component ( higgins & davies 1996 ) .
during the breeding season , the new zealand pigeon performs flight displays like numerous columbidae . these spectacular displays are mainly performed by territorial males . they fly vertically upwards and at great height , before to glide down into foliage with widely spread wings and tail . the breeding season is closely related to the onset of the fruiting season in december and january . the pair maintains a home range and the nest - site is defended . the pair - bonds probably last more than one season , and the pair remains within the breeding range all year round .
carpenter jk . , wood jr . , wilmshurst jm . and kelly d . ( 2018 ) an avian seed dispersal paradox : new zealand’s extinct megafaunal birds did not disperse large seeds . proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences 285 ( 1877 ) urltoken .
macfarlane aet . , kelly d . and briskie jv . ( 2016 ) introduced blackbirds and song thrushes : useful substitutes for lost mid - size native frugivores , or weed vectors ? new zealand journal of ecology 40 ( 1 ) : 80 - 87 . urltoken .
mccall ac . , kelly d . and chapman hc . ( 2004 ) little geographic or host plant genetic variation in a chionochloa ( poaceae ) seeds predator ( cecidomyiidae : undescribed species ) . new zealand journal of ecology 28 ( 2 ) : 215 - 224 .
gosden j . , kelly d . and chapman h . ( 2013 ) what prevents hybridisation in celmisia ? quality hotel parnell , auckland , new zealand : are we there yet ? 10 years of the plant conservation network ( nzpcn ) , 23 - 26 may 2013
a large arboreal pigeon with a red bill , feet and eyes . the upperparts are blue - green with purple - bronze iridescence on the neck , mantle and wing coverts , and the underparts are white with a sharp demarcation between the white and blue - green on the upper breast .
bennet dg . , kelly d . and clemens j . ( 2018 ) food plants and foraging distances for the native bee & itlasioglossum ; sordidum & it ; in christchurch botanic gardens . new zealand journal of ecology 42 ( 1 ) : 40 - 47 . urltoken .
markwell tj . , kelly d . and duncan kw . ( 1993 ) competition between honey bees ( apis mellifera ) and wasps ( vespula spp . ) in honeydew beech ( nothofagus solandri var solandri ) forest . new zealand journal of ecology 17 : 85 - 93 .
new zealanders , young and old , are asked to visit gardens , parks and reserves and count the number of kereru they see .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . , kirwan , g . m . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . new zealand pigeon ( hemiphaga novaeseelandiae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
harper ga . , joice n . , kelly d . , toft r . and clapperton bk . ( 2016 ) effective distances of wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) poisoning using clustered bait stations in beech forest . new zealand journal of ecology 40 ( early access online ) urltoken .
macdonald kj . , lennon zj . , bensemann ll . , clemens j . and kelly d . ( 2015 ) variable pollinator dependence of three gastrodia species ( orchidaceae ) in modified canterbury landscapes . new zealand journal of ecology 39 ( 2 ) : 208 - 213 . urltoken .
dungan rj . and kelly d . ( 2003 ) effect of host - tree and environmental variables on honeydew production by scale insects ( ultracoelostoma sp . ) in a high elevation nothofagus solandri forest . new zealand journal of ecology 27 ( 2 ) : 169 - 177 . urltoken .


phyllonorycter kuhlweiniella is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is found from germany to the iberian peninsula , italy and albania and from great britain to central and southern russia .

the wingspan is 8 – 9 millimetres ( 0.31 – 0.35 in ) .

there are two generations per year with adults on wing in may and again from late july to august .

the larvae feed on quercus petraea , quercus pubescens and quercus robur .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

they create a small lower-surface tentiform mine .

most mines are located close to the leaf margin or in a leaf lobe .

the mine is almost entirely covered by the leaf margin that is folded over the mine .

the lower epidermis has many , very fine folds .

pupation takes place within the mine in a large cocoon in a corner of the mine .

the cocoon is attached only to the roof of the mine .

most of the frass is deposited in the opposite corner .

phyllonorycter kuhlweiniella

phyllonorycter kuhlweiniella ( zeller , 1839 ) = phyllonorycter saportella duponchel , 1840 = phyllonorycter saportella duponchel , [ 1840 = phyllonorycter hortella fabricius , 1794 .
phyllonorycter kuhlweiniella ( scarce oak midget ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
a rather local species , previously known from a few scattered records throughout england and one in scotland , last seen in 1949 . then in the early 1980s it was discovered breeding in norfolk and has since shown to be fairly common but very localised in the region . the individual shown from bedfordshire was found by ian dawson in april 2014 and is the first bedfordshire record for over a hundred years .
the adults are fairly distinctive , showing a contrasting white and chestnut coloration , and fly in two generations , in may and again from late july to august .
) , creating a small blister mine on the underside of the leaves . typically mines are located in the higher branches and are hence hard to locate .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
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scattered records in the past . last recorded in cambs in 1949 until 1982 when rediscovered to be well established in south lopham area of norfolk .
two adults collected by day , resting on oak tree trunks , at syderstone common ( vc28 ) in april 2014 . ( d . appleton , 24 / 04 / 14 ) . several more sightings in spring 2014 . three new site records in 2016 .
recorded in 12 ( 17 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1932 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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notes : rare ( proposed as a future red data book species ) and now confined to woodland in the south lopham area of east norfolk . previously recorded from much of england . not recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight to date . wingspan 7 . 5 - 9 mm . larva mines leaves of oak , over - wintering as a pupa in a cocoon .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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thetford heath ( f butcher , a dobson , j phillips & d young , 22 . vi . 1996 ) , brandon ( h beaumont & g boyd , 31 . v . 1997 ) , thurston ( p bryant , 22 . v . 2002 )
a very local kind , in oak - leaves . observed at only brandon ( lord walsingham ) , mildenhall in may 1935 ( mly ) and bred to south of thetford in 1932 - 5 ( whit . ) .
beaten from oak - bradfield woods , suffolk ( 3 . v . 2014 ) © neil sherman


the wingspan is about 23 mm .

the forewings are sulphur yellow shading into orange-yellow terminally .

the costa is purple to the reniform .

the orbicular is oval and the reniform has the figure of an eight .

both are filled with purple and attached to the costal stripe .

the hindwings are sulphur yellow with a subbasal dark line which is only prominent above the inner margin .

there is a small discal dot and a subterminal line .

there is purplish suffusion beyond this line .

adults are on wing from april to july .

the larvae feed on monardella villosa .

choristostigma zephyralis

choristostigma zephyralis is a moth in the crambidae family . [ 1 ] it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california . [ 2 ]
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25420 genus : choristostigma species : zephyralis sex : location : pinnacles nm county : san benito collector : j . & amp ; s . burns coll _ date : apr . . . more
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 23 . 23f ; p . 178 . book review and ordering
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= diasemia ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 213
botis plumbosignalis fernald , 1888 ; ent . amer . 4 : 37 ; tl : colorado
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a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2
warren , 1892 descriptions of new genera and species of pyralidae contained in the british - museum collection ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 172 - 179 , ( 52 ) : 294 - 302 , ( 53 ) : 389 - 397 , ( 54 ) : 429 - 442
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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barnes , william . contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america ii . vol . 2 . 1913
this page was last edited on 20 february 2018 , at 08 : 34 .
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compiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that degree at the county level , and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .
many of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i ' ve created . i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life , bugguide , and ubio , so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources . i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken , i ' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg , and i ' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch . for the remainder , here are some of the reasons the names are missing :
taxonomic ambiguity : sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can ' t tell how it maps to a current name .
many names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other , unrelatd genera , e . g .
acrolophus inquinatus ,
which may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus . i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors ' intents .
a full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25421 genus : mecyna species : mustelinalis sex : location : pinnacles nm county : san benito collector : j . & amp ; s . burns coll _ date : apr 24 60 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25422 genus : mimorista species : subcostalis sex : location : pinnacles nm county : san benito collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 15 63 speci . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25423 genus : nomophila species : nearctica sex : location : big panoche cr , fresno co line county : san benito collector : j . powell coll _ date : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25413 genus : achyra species : occidentalis sex : location : big panoche cr county : san benito collector : p . a . opler coll _ date : mar 4 68 speci . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25419 genus : pyrausta species : fodinalis sex : location : 4 mi n jct mercy hot spr county : san benito collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : ma . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25418 genus : pyrausta species : unifascialis sex : location : pinnacles county : san benito collector : w . r . bauer coll _ date : may 16 39 specime . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25416 genus : pyrausta species : californicalis californicalis sex : location : pinnacles nm county : san benito collector : p . g . johnson coll _ d . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 4034 genus : pyrausta species : semirubralis sex : m location : pinnacles county : san benito collector : e . c . johnston coll _ date : may 12 37 spec . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25414 genus : pyrausta species : napaealis sex : location : pinnacles county : san benito collector : e . c . johnston coll _ date : jun 11 36 specime . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25415 genus : pyrausta species : lethalis sex : location : pinnacles nm county : san benito collector : p . g . johnson coll _ date : apr 1 2011 speci . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25417 genus : pyrausta species : dapalis sex : location : e slope fremont peak county : san benito collector : r . l . langston coll _ date : mar 23 5 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25424 genus : thaumatopsis species : repandus sex : location : pinnacles nm , chalone camp county : san benito collector : d . & amp ; k . rentz coll . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25410 genus : psammobotys species : fordi sex : location : pinnacles nm county : san benito collector : p . g . johnson coll _ date : jul 19 2010 spec . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25409 genus : nannobotys species : commortalis sex : location : 17 mi s paicines county : san benito collector : j . a . chemsak coll _ date : apr 24 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25407 genus : eudonia species : rectilinea sex : location : pinnacles nm , chalone camp county : san benito collector : d . & amp ; k . rentz coll _ da . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25412 genus : evergestis species : angustalis angustalis sex : location : big panoche cr county : san benito collector : j . powell coll _ date : ap . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 25411 genus : hellula species : rogatalis sex : location : 5 mi s bitterwater county : san benito collector : c . w . o ' brien coll _ date : apr 1 59 s . . . more
source : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 26 05 2015 . ( link )
check lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .
birds of san benito
.
file should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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and the number of omitted authors .
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all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .


schaub 's myotis ( myotis schaubi ) is a species of vesper bat .

it is found in armenia , azerbaijan and iran and known from fossils from hungary .

it is related to myotis nattereri .

schaub ' s myotis

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kaukasuksensiippa
to
myotis schaubi kormos , 1934
.
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
hutson , a . 2000 . myotis schaubi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 19 july 2007 .
the arakskaya nochnitsa ( myotis schaubi ) is an extant species known only from southern part of caucasus region ( armenia ) and northwestern part of zagros mts . in iran . fossil of the species have been described from hungary and russia .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this is a good species following i . horacek , j . gaisler and a . m . hutson pers . comms .
justification : rare species , known from only a few recorded localities ( up to ten ) from armenia and zagros mts in iran . listed as data deficient in view of continuing problems with its taxonomy ( it is questionable whether this is a valid species ) as well as absence of information on its extent of occurrence ( which may be larger than the five known specimens suggest ) , status , ecological requirements and threats .
unknown . rarely found species ( up to ten recorded localities of occurrence ) .
the habitat of this species is little known and consists probably of forest and shrubland . this bat roosts in caves , rock cracks and buildings . it has been reported to feed on araneae and diptera ( benda et al . 1999 in andreas 2010 )
not known . possibly changes in land management , including development and impact of war , etc , and damage to roost sites in caves and buildings .
poorly known species with very restricted range and which requires legal protection and a conservation management plan . research on status and ecology is needed . public awareness campaigns may also be valuable .
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as an extant species known only from southern part of caucasus region ( armenia ) and northwestern part of zagros mts . in iran . fossil of the species described from hungary .
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this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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related to m . nattereri , it has rather long ears and long , thick , light - grey fur . since it is a rarely found species , there is little information available .
known only from southern part of caucasus region ( armenia ) and northwestern part of zagros mts . in iran .
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simmons , n . b . 2005 . order chiroptera . pp . 312–529 in wilson , d . e . and reeder , d . m . ( eds . ) . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference . 3rd ed . baltimore : the johns hopkins university press , 2 vols . , 2142 pp . isbn 9780801882210
— for the species sometimes known as the mouse eared bat , see the greater mouse eared bat . taxobox name = mouse eared bats image width = 200px image caption = whiskered bat regnum = animalia phylum = chordata classis = mammalia ordo = chiroptera… …
— the class mammalia ( the mammals ) is divided into two subclasses based on reproductive techniques : egg laying mammals ( the monotremes ) ; and mammals which give live birth . the latter subclass is divided into two infraclasses : pouched mammals ( the… …
— this is a list of endangered animal species according to the world conservation union ( iucn ) red list . the list includes endangered species of the kingdom animalia . notoc a * acheilognathus elongatus * acipenser endangered * acrocephalus… …
— this is a list of the mammal species recorded in hungary . there are 73 mammal species in hungary , of which 0 are critically endangered , 2 are endangered , 7 are vulnerable , and 4 are near threatened . [ this list is derived from the iucn red list… …
— this is a list of the mammal species recorded in hungary . there are 73 mammal species in hungary , of which 0 are critically endangered , 2 are endangered , 7 are vulnerable , and 4 are near threatened . [ 1 ] the following tags are used to highlight… …
— this is a list of the mammal species recorded in iran . there are 149 mammal species in iran , of which 2 are critically endangered , 6 are endangered , 17 are vulnerable , and 5 are near threatened . [ this list is derived from the iucn red list which… …
— this is a list of the mammal species recorded in armenia . there are 62 mammal species in armenia , of which 1 is critically endangered , 2 are endangered , 8 are vulnerable , and 4 are near threatened . [ 1 ] the following tags are used to highlight each …
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it is found in north america .

they create a composite leaf case .

coleophora canadensisella

coleophora canadensisella is a moth of the coleophoridae family . it is found in north america .
voucher of coleophora canadensisella in sikes et al . 2017 doi : 10 . 1139 / gen - 2015 - 0203
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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the larvae feed on the leaves of cornus canadensis . they create a composite leaf case .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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s - facing tundra ~ 1mi s of american pass near middle of section 31 , elev ~ 3400ft .
identified by paul d . n . hebert on 2008 - 12 - 14 nature of id : expert
s - facing tundra ~ 1mi s of american pass near middle of section 31 , elev ~ 3400ft . ltemp site 6807 .
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blue transparent polygon is the asserted geography ' s shape . geography without supporting spatial data is ambiguous .


syrnolopsis lacustris is a species of medium-sized freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family paludomidae .

this species is found in lake tanganika , which includes the countries of burundi , the democratic republic of the congo , tanzania , and zambia .

the natural habitat of this species is freshwater lakes .

syrnolopsis lacustris is the type species of the genus syrnolopsis .

syrnolopsis lacustris

subfamily : hauttecoeuriinae - genus : syrnolopsis e . a . smith , 1880 ( db : 3 sp )
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
justification : this species has a widespread distribution with no major widespread threats identified .
this species is endemic to lake tanganyika . it is recorded as present on all shores , locality information is available in michel et al . ( 2003 )
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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genus : lavigeria j . r . bourguignat , 1888 ( db : 5 sp )
paramelania damoni guillemei h . martel & p . dautzenberg , 1899 = » vinundu guillemei ( h . martel & p . dautzenberg , 1899 )
subfamily : hauttecoeuriinae - genus : anceya j . r . bourguignat , 1884 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : hauttecoeuriinae - genus : martelia p . dautzenberg , 1908 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : hauttecoeuriinae - genus : tiphobia e . a . smith , 1880 ( db : 1 sp )
tiphobia heroi e . a . smith , 1880 = » tiphobia horei e . a . smith , 1880
subfamily : paludominae - genus : bathanalia j . e . s . moore , 1898 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : bridouxia j . r . bourguignat , 1885 ( db : 7 sp )
baizea leucoraphe c . m . f . ancey , 1890 = » bridouxia leucoraphe ( c . m . f . ancey , 1890 )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : chytra j . e . s . moore , 1897 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : cleopatra f . h . troschel , 1856 ( db : 23 sp )
cleopatra nsendweensis katangana ( h . a . pilsbry & j . c . bequaert , 1927 )
lanistes katangana h . a . pilsbry & j . c . bequaert , 1927 = » cleopatra nsendweensis katangana ( h . a . pilsbry & j . c . bequaert , 1927 )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : larina a . adams , 1854 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : limnotrochus e . a . smith , 1880 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : paludomus w . j . swainson , 1840 ( db : 37 sp )
paludomus globulosa ( j . e . gray in l . a . reeve , 1847 )
subfamily : paludominae - subgenus : paludomus ( stomatodon ) w . h . benson , 1862 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : paludominae - subgenus : paludomus ( tanalia ) j . e . gray , 1847 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : paramelania e . a . smith , 1880 ( db : 4 sp )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : pseudocleopatra k . h . j . thiele , 1928 ( db : 4 sp )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : reymondia j . r . bourguignat , 1885 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : spekia j . r . bourguignat , 1879 ( db : 2 sp )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : stanleya j . r . bourguignat , 1885 ( db : 1 sp )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : tanganyicia j . c . h . crosse , 1881 ( db : 2 sp )