bolemoreus is a genus of honeyeaters endemic to australia .

it contains former members of lichenostomus , and was created after a molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2011 showed that the original genus was polyphyletic .

the genus contains two species : eungella honeyeater ( b. hindwoodi ) - northeast australia bridled honeyeater ( b. frenatus ) - northeast australia the name bolemoreus was first proposed by árpád nyári and leo joseph in 2011 .

the word combines the names of the australian ornithologists walter e. boles and n. wayne longmore .

bolemoreus

citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . bolemoreus hindwoodi in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 07 : 00 : 07 + 1000 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : bolemoreus frenatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
higgins , p . , christidis , l . & ford , h . ( 2018 ) . bridled honeyeater ( bolemoreus frenatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
( driskell & christidis 2004 , higgins et al . 2008 , christidis & boles 2008 )
as masculine . ( christidis & boles 2008 , schodde in litt . see also lecroy 2011 . contra higgins et al 2008 , dickinson & christidis 2014 )
distinct ssp ( reddish myzomela ) ; detailed review with vocalizations needed ( gregory , in litt . )
to papuan black myzomela to conform to ioc modifier rules and local use ( gregory in litt . )
new guinea , aru is . ( sw of new guinea ) , yapen i . and louisiade arch . ( off se new guinea )
new species described on the basis of morphology and vocalizations ( eaton et al 2016 , prawiradilaga et al . 2017 )
n , c and se sulawesi , sula is . ( e of sulawesi )
torres is . ( vanuatu ) and santa cruz is . ( e solomons )
to simpler black - bellied myzomela in current use ( gregory in litt . )
( nyari and joseph 2011 ; cf driskell & christidis 2004 , higgins et al . 2008 , christidis & boles 2008 )
trobriand is . and d ' entrecasteaux arch . ( off se new guinea )
dubious and awaits results of new studies in progress . may be endemic ne au species or more likely conspecific with new guinea / helmeted friarbird complex ( sibley and monroe 1990 , christidis and boles 2008 ) . h & m4 lump
gilbert ' s [ previously swan river ] honeyeater is split from ( paraphyletic ) white - naped honeyeater ( toon et al . 2010 , dolman & joseph 2015 ) .
fiji wattled honeyeater is split from [ polynesian ] wattled honeyeater ( andersen et al . 2014 , pratt ms )
kikau is split from [ polynesian ] wattled honeyeater ( andersen et al . 2014 , pratt ms ) ; accept proposed use of local name kikau ( pratt , watling )
batanta and waigeo is . ( west papuan islands ) , yapen i . and nc new guinea
salawati and misool is . ( west papuan islands ) , w , s and e new guinea , aru is . ( sw of new guinea )
from macgregor ' s lappetface to macgregor ' s honeyeater ; it is a honeyeater ( cracraft and feinstein 2000 ) . letters to de vis confirm that the english name should be
macgregor ' s
with capital
g
contra previous change ( a knox , b . beehler oct 2015 ) .
recognized as a valid subspecies of hybrid origin with fixed , stable phenotypic characteristics rather than part of a hybrid swarm . traditionally placed within
. beehler & pratt 2016 . ( see mayr & gilliard , 1952 ) .
recognized as a valid subspecies of hybrid origin with fixed , stable phenotypic characteristics rather than part of a hybrid swarm . lecroy 2011 , beehler & pratt 2016 . ( see mayr & gilliard , 1952 ) .
following white - plumed honeyeater ( driskell & christidis 2004 , higgins et al . 2008 , christidis & boles 2008 )
s new guinea , aru is . , islands in the torres strait and cape york pen . ( ne australia )
( norman et al . 2007 , christidis and boles 2008 ) . treat as monotypic . includes
( norman et al . 2007 , christidis and boles 2008 , miller & wagner 2015 )
( after kimberley honeyeater ) , noting gender agreement ( driskell & christidis 2004 , higgins et al . 2008 )
au : west papuan islands , new guinea , aru i . and d ' entrecasteaux arch .
giant
honeyeaters on viti levu i differ in behavior , vocals , and genetics ( andersen et al . 2014 ; watling , pratt ms ) . english name options under discussion
harsh calls and a scratchy song phrase from a bird feeding in mangroves . these vocalizations of this lowland population seem different from what i ' ve heard of other birds in the highlands .
harsh calls and a scratchy song phrases from a bird feeding in mangroves . these vocalizations of this lowland population seem different from what i ' ve heard of other birds in the highlands .
harsh calls and a single song phrase from a few birds feeding in mangroves . these vocalizations of this lowland population seem different from what i ' ve heard of other birds in the highlands .
begging ? calls an immature bird , given when an adult flew in nearby , at mid - height in tall rainforest . different individual than in xc328671 .
begging ? calls an immature bird , given when an adult flew in nearby , at mid - height in tall rainforest .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
sister to b . hindwoodi # r , and previously considered conspecific . monotypic .
ne queensland on e great divide from mt amos ( s of cooktown ) s to s paluma range and mt elliot ( sw of townsville ) , including coastal islands and extending inland to windsor and atherton tablelands , in ne australia .
20–22 cm ; male 34–43 g female 28·4–32 g , unsexed 28–44 g . plumage is dark grey - brown above , merging to blackish - brown lores and blackish malar . . .
rather quiet , though flocks in flowering trees can be noisy . song described as rippling chirps run . . .
mainly higher - altitude tropical rainforests , including regrowth rainforest , but recorded also in . . .
includes insects , nectar and fruit . in paluma range , diet changed from mainly nectarivorous in dry season ( aug–nov ) to mainly . . .
nest - building and unspecified breeding details reported sept–dec , dependent fledglings mid - oct , and females with brood patches . . .
largely resident , with some local dispersion ; part of population of uplands descends in winter to . . .
not globally threatened . restrictedrange species : present in queensland wet tropics eba . no estimates of abundance levels . seems to be fairly common .
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internal sequence based mainly on findings of recent phylogenetic studies # r # r , with a few modifications # r # r .
previously included in lichenostomus , and then in “ caligavis subgroup” ; but genetic data # r support treatment in a separate genus , which is sister to pairing of acanthagenys and anthochaera . see also manorina ( below ) .
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listed as least concern ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
nyári , a . s . & joseph , l . 2011 . systematic dismantlement of lichenostomus improves the basis for understanding relationships within the honeyeaters ( meliphagidae ) and the historical development of australo - papuan bird communities . emu 111 : 202 - 211 [ 207 ]
australian biological resources study , ed . ( 2013 ) . australian faunal directory . australian biological resources study . available from : urltoken .
department of the environment ( 2013d ) . species - possible future consideration . available from : urltoken .
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this database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .
although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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the bridled honeyeater is distributed in a small area of queensland from near cooktown to near townsville . it is found in rainforest mainly in the highlands and usually close to water . it feeds on insects , nectar and fruits .
it has white scalloping behind the eye and a yellowish - pink line from the gape to under the eye . the bill is black with a yellow base and there is a yellow spot on the ear - coverts .
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mackay conservation group has partnered with birdlife australia , birdlife mackay and other volunteers for the past three winters , 2014 - 2016 , to monitor the impacts of logging on the endemic eungella honeyeater and other honeyeaters in the state forests surrounding eungella national park west of mackay in the clarke range .
for bird species with a population of 10 , 000 or less if the population shows a decline in three consecutive years of monitoring , it can be nominated under the australian environmental protection and biodiversity conservation ac t 1999 as a threatened species . that designation could give it increased protection from any threatening processes .
the department of agriculture , fishing and forestry ( daff ) approved the resumption of logging in the cathu and crediton state forests in 2013 more than a decade after logging ceased . the eungella honeyeater is only found in the rainforest of eungella national park ( urltoken ) and surrounding state forest woodlands .
along with other honeyeater species there , they play an important ecological role in keeping these forests healthy by eating lerps , ( larvae of the psyllid insect with a high carbohydrate covering ) . they are also a pollinator of native tree and vine species as they take nectar from their flowers .
birdlife australia ( urltoken ) helped us initially design and locate three 10 hectare monitoring sites in crediton state forest ( urltoken ) so we could gather data to see if logging was having an impact and if the population of this species is in decline . monitoring also began in cathu state forest ( urltoken ) in 2015 - 2016 . birdlife mackay volunteers conducted weekly surveys during winter months in crediton state forest in 2014 and 2015 and bi - weekly after that . coordination of the surveys was by darryl barnes , president of birdlife mackay ( urltoken locations / birdlife - mackay ) . analysis of data was undertaken by mackay conservation group .
earlier data from surveys conducted since 1998 recorded a dramatic drop from 60 to a current maximum of 10 birds per survey in 2007 . we found the most likely cause was a significant drop in the flowering density of the woodland trees . this was possibly due to a decrease in larger rainfall events since 1991 .
our data through 2015 indicated that the eungella honeyeater population has not dropped much below the 2 , 500 - population for the area of occupancy ( estimated by queensland parks wildlife service ranger derec ball in 2007 ) . that made it appear that the population of eungella honeyeaters was in dramatic decline .
two of our 2014 - 2016 monitoring plots were close to the current logging operations . eungella honeyeater numbers were much lower , ranging from zero to just a few per site near the logging sites , and significantly higher at the third monitoring plot which was well removed from the logging .
the two sites near the logging were also lower in tree density than in site three so that may have been the cause of lower eungella honeyeater numbers there . in 2016 we selected ( with the assistance of daff ) another site near the logged sites that was similar in tree density to the logged sites . results showed that there were more eungella honeyeaters in the unlogged lower tree density sites than in the logged sites , although numbers were still lower than in the higher tree density monitoring site . this added to the evidence that selective logging was having an impact .
there was a strong linear correlation between numbers of eungella honeyeaters ( eh ) recorded through 2015 and tree density with none recorded once tree density falls below 10 per hectare .
it appears that lerp populations can sustain the eungella honeyeater where tree density is above 10 trees per hectare , and the eungella honeyeater can be a significant pollinator of trees and vines when rainfall is high enough to sustain higher flowering densities . logging does have some adverse impact on the eungella honeyeater and other honeyeaters because it reduces tree density .
the 2016 data should be analysed by early 2017 , and is expected to support the current conclusions . a more in depth analysis of the population estimates within the area of occupancy of the eungella honeyeater also needs to be done to see if current population estimates remain close to 2 , 500 i . e . has there been a significant drop in the population of this species ?
continuing research is now needed to understand and quantify the economic as well as the environmental benefits of protecting the habitat of the eungella honeyeater because it attracts many bird - watching eco - tourists each year and is unique to our region . this species is also classified as at medium risk from climate change as it is only found at higher elevations and if temperatures continue to climb it eventually will run out of room to go higher .
this research was partially supported by grants from the norman wettenhall foundation in 2014 , and by mackay regional council in 2015 and 2016 . more detailed information about our research activities can be obtained by contacting patricia julien on patricia @ mackayconservationgroup . org . au .


alveopora is a genus of colonial stony corals in the family poritidae .

members of this genus are native to the indo-pacific region and are often found on reef slopes in turbid water .

they are generally uncommon .

alveopora

the standard scientific name of alveopora coral is alveopora species while , the specific scientific names are , alveopora allingi , alveopora gigasi , alveopora catalai and alveopora fenestrate to name some . the other common names of alveopora coral are alveopora branching flower pot coral , alveopora sunflower coral , yoo stone coral , alveopora daisy coral and alveopora ball coral .
what type of species is alveopora catalai ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the alveopora catalai species belongs to .
see talk : alveopora spongiosa for individual experiences with this species , alveopora spongiosa . feel free to add your own personal experiences .
marine aquarium habit & habitat : place alveopora coral at the bottom of your tank . give ample space to the alveopora species so that it extends its tentacles fully . alveopora coral requires cloudy environment . lagoon type , nutrients rich reef aquariums are the best suited for the alveopora species .
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which photographers have photos of alveopora catalai species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species alveopora catalai .
alveopora tizardi . great barrier reef , australia . polyp detail . roger steene .
alveopora spongiosa . great barrier reef , australia . polyp detail . ed lovell .
how to identify alveopora catalai marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species alveopora catalai . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species alveopora catalai are marked in green .
information on alveopora verrilliana is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
information on alveopora tizardi is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
alveopora coral may sting other corals if they come in its way while spreading . therefore , keep the other corals fairly distant from the alveopora species in your marine aquarium .
alveopora gigas . papua new guinea . polyps in the process of retracting . neville coleman .
where is alveopora catalai found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species alveopora catalai can be found .
alveopora spongiosa . mainland japan . small encrusting colony in a high latitude . charlie veron .
alveopora spongiosa . great barrier reef , australia . colony with extended polyps . charlie veron .
illumination : alveopora coral needs moderate lighting . the use of actinic lighting is recommended for the aquarium hosting the alveopora species . the actinic lighting highlights the coral thereby , enhancing its beauty .
alveopora spongiosa . tanzania . colonies have a wide range of shapes and sizes . charlie veron .
alveopora coral looks very beautiful and is quite large and delicate . the alveopora species is colonial in nature with many polyps in each colony . the colonies of the alveopora coral are branched and have blunt ends with bumpy columns . each polyp of an alveopora coral is tipped by twelve tentacles . the tentacles of the alveopora species can spread to a length of hundred millimeters and the diameter of twenty millimeters . when fully open , alveopora coral resembles a pot of flowers and therefore the name flower pot . whenever ocellaris clownfish does not get its host anemone , it takes refuge in the tentacled polyps of alveopora coral . the thin and perforated walls of each corallite consist of interconnected rods and spines .
alveopora gigas . houtman abrolhos islands , south - western australia . a large colony . charlie veron .
feeding & nutrition : alveopora coral derives its nutrition mainly through photosynthesis being performed by zooxanthellae , a photosynthetic alga living symbiotically within the alveopora species . alveopora coral is , however , planktivorous as well in its feeding habits and may occasionally filter feed on baby shrimp brine , acellualr marine invertebrates , phytoplankton and zooplankton . add calcium , strontium and trace elements to the aquarium water as dietary supplements for the growth of alveopora coral .
alveopora tizardi . houtman abrolhos islands , south - western australia . a large lobed colony . ed lovell .
alveopora spongiosa . papua new guinea . colonies have a wide range of shapes and sizes . charlie veron .
keep small polyp stony corals ( sps ) in separate marine aquarium than that of alveopora coral as small polyp stony corals require limited nutrients level in the water while , the alveopora species requires nutrient - rich water .
alveopora has 12 tentacles and gonioporas have 24 tentacles . they come either branching , encrusting or hemispherical skeleton structure .
water flow in the aquarium : alveopora coral requires medium to low water flow in the marine aquarium it inhabits .
alveopora coral is very difficult to maintain and the chances of its survival in a marine aquarium is quite low .
ok , just found some alveopora on the big bid site and i know this is an old thread but . .
alveopora spongiosa . great barrier reef , australia . showing the spongy appearance of colonies with polyps retracted . ed lovell .
alveopora spongiosa . houtman abrolhos islands , south - western australia . a lobed colony with polyps extended . ed lovell .
captive husbandry of goniopora spp . with remarks about the similar genus alveopora by julian sprung - advanced aquarist ' s online magazine
be very particular about the calcium level in your aquarium’s water as it is very crucial for the growth of alveopora coral .
is every aquarist’s dream . though very difficult to maintain in a captive environment , alveopora coral yields a tremendous look to the marine aquarium it inhabits . actinic lighting in the aquarium does the trick and the alveopora coral therein looks simply gorgeous in effect .
description alveopora is distinguished by its very light and porous skeletal structure in which septa are reduced to being rows of . . .
alveopora tizardi . tanzania . this species commonly forms small colonies growing from crevices . tentacles retract quickly if disturbed . charlie veron .
here is the alveopora i saw today . fyi zoafrags is a screen name not a store name pls dont delete this moderators !
alveopora gigas . houtman abrolhos islands , south - western australia . fully extented polyps , the species shows little variation . charlie veron .
the alveopora is found in the variations of cream , tan , brown and green colors with its oral disc and tentacle tips being white .
. common names they are known for are branching flower pot coral . , daisy coral , ball coral , flowerpot coral , and alveopora coral .
julian sprung , captive husbandry of g . , spp . with remarks about the similar genus alveopora , advanced aquarist ' s online magazine , copyright 2003
ive read that the sucess of goniopora not being so good in the home aquarium . sounds like alveopora is pretty close to goniopora in charecteristic and requirements .
alveopora tizardi is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
what is the difference between alveopora and goniopora ? the both have a common name of flower pot coral when i look them up but i know they are different .
this is my 30g reef aquarium . this is a clip of me feeding my alveopora and the reaction that happens . i believe this is what a healthy feeding reaction looks like .
alveopora gigas . houtman abrolhos islands , south - western australia . with its long flower - like polyps , this species is one of the most beautiful of all corals . ed lovell .
the alveopora genus has benn known to host clownfish if an anemone is not present . the clownfish likely provides the nutrients that this difficult coral needs . alveopora corals are very peaceful and should be out of the reach of all other corals , as they will lose any war waged in closed systems . minimum tank size should be 50 gallons and your aquarium needs to be at least 1 year old or more .
( of alveopora mortenseni crossland , 1952 ) veron jen , pichon m ( 1982 ) scleractinia of eastern australia – part iv . family poritidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 5 : 1–159 . [ details ]
( of alveopora mortenseni crossland , 1952 ) crossland c ( 1952 ) madreporaria , hydrocorallinae , heliopora and tubipora . scientific report great barrier reef expedition 1928 - 29 vi ( 3 ) : 85 - 257 . [ details ]
( of alveopora mortenseni crossland , 1952 ) lemmens , j . w . t . j . ( 1993 ) . reef - building corals ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) from the watamu marine national reserve , kenya ; an annotated species list . zoologische mededelingen 67 , 453 - 465 [ details ]
this alveopora is a really nice gray bluish color with pinkish knobbed tentacles . the best care for your alveopora will depend on where it was collected from . there are tropical as well as subtropical species and within those are deeper or shallow water dwellers . throw on top of that the various levels of water movement . some are found within waters with very little movement , yet some have more exposure to some wave action . researching the location this coral was found is your best bet to keeping them alive . some will take prepared liquids or small minced flesh , while others will not . to start out , keep your light and water movement low and adjust as needed
sensitivity ( level 4 ) : until very recently , it was thought that goniopora were impossible to keep alive in captivity . thanks to recent research , new food products , and valiant efforts by some aquarists , these corals can now be kept in home aquariums with diligent and committed care . if you choose one of these corals , please be prepared to meet their demanding needs . alveopora species tend to be slightly easier to care for .
description alveopora is distinguished by its very light and porous skeletal structure in which septa are reduced to being rows of small spines . ( sheppard , 1998 < 308 > ) . colonies are massive or branching , often with irregular shapes . the skeletal structure is very light , consisting of interconnecting rods and spines . corallites have walls that are very perforated and septa that are mostly composed of fine spines which may meet in the centre forming a columella tangle . polyps are large and fleshy and are normally extended day and night . they have 12 tentacles , often with swollen knob - like tips . ( veron , 1986 < 57 > ) [ details ]
corals zooxanthellate , massive or columnar , with conspicuously long polyps showing 12 tentacles at their end , which gives them the appearance of flower beds . at their base , the polyps and the immersed , densely packed corallites , from which they extend , are about 5 cm in diameter . the skeletons are very porous and hence light - weight . colour predominantly cream , light brown or grey with partly green , yellow , pink or white tentacles .
all species are rare , usually occurring on reef slopes in somewhat murky water .
by the number of tentacles ( 12 instead of 24 ) and the more porous skeleton .
veron , j . e . n . , 1986 . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson .
veron , j . e . n . , 2000 . corals of the world . volumes 1 - 3 . ? australian institute of marine science , townsville , qld .
de blainville h . m . ( 1830 ) . zoophytes . in : dictionnaire des sciences naturelles , dans lequel on traitre méthodiquement des differéns êtres de la nature , considérés soit en eux - mêmes , d’après l’état actuel de nos connoissances , soit relativement a l’utlité qu’en peuvent retirer la médicine , l’agriculture , le commerce et les arts . edited by f . g . levrault . tome 60 . paris , le normat . pp . 548 , pls . 68 . paris , 1830 . 60 : 1 - 546 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
dai cf , horng s ( 2009 ) scleractinia fauna of taiwan . i . the complex group . national taiwan university , taipei , pp . 1 - 172 . [ details ]
veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]
veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]
remark type species : madrepora daedalea forskal , 1977 from the red sea ( veron , 1986 ) . [ details ]
colonies are composed of blunt - ended irregular columns . corallites have thin , highly perforated walls of interconnected rods and spines . polyps are up to 100 millimetres long and 20 millimetres diameter when fully extended .
colour : oral discs and tentacle tips are white , the rest of the polyps are brown or greenish - brown .
abundance : common and conspicuous at the houtman abrolhos islands , south - west australia , uncommon elsewhere .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : veron ( 1985 ) . additional identification guide : veron ( 1986 ) .
© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0
colonies are flat or undulating plates . corallites usually have regularly tapered septal spines . polyps are short with knob - like tentacle tips .
colour : pale pinkish - brown to bright pink , sometimes with grey oral discs and white tentacle tips .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : veron and pichon ( 1982 ) . additional identification guides : veron ( 1986 ) , sheppard and sheppard ( 1991 ) , nishihira and veron ( 1995 ) .
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is a ' one - of - a - kind ' genus in both looks and structure . in the wild their skeletal formations are massive , round or branching , yet are lightweight and porous . they have large corallites creating an interlocking network of rods and spines . however their most distinctive features are their large elongated polyps , which can extend up to 12 inches ( 30 cm ) or more .
the polyps of the branching flowerpot coral can extend outward in a spray . they are topped with a fringe of tentacles surrounding a mouth area ( oral discs ) that often have knob - like swollen tips . the oral discs or tentacle tips can be white or green . the tentacles can have a contrasting color of the oral discs giving it that
daisy
appearance . they look much like a bunch of flowers . hence the common names like daisy coral , flowerpot coral , sunflower coral , and ball coral .
species have 12 polyps , but they are usually of different shapes and colors . the branching flowerpot corals extend their polyps both during the day and partially at night . they will quickly retract them however , if disturbed . their nervous system is very sensitive . if you touch one side of these corals , it sends impulses to the rest of the coral . it will quickly retract polyps across the coral in a wave reaction .
the colors of the branching flowerpot coral are usually light brown , cream or green and can have shades of pale pink , yellow or blue . there are a lot of different color and growth forms , making for variety within the genus , yet not more than three species are ever found in the same local . the
, but are just a little more durable . currently the most common species found in aquaria are
corals can be difficult to care for . even though they are
easier
than
, this type of coral is not recommended for beginner aquarium keepers . for each species figuring out the right
combination
of light , current , supplements and food is a challenge , but important to care for them in captivity .
should be kept in a reef that does not have excessive lighting , as it is damaging to their tissue . although not aggressive , they can extend their polyps to a distance that is the same as the diameter of the main body in order to ward off encroaching corals . it is debated whether they starve to death if not well fed , since some have done well in a low nutrient system , and some in a high nutrient system . they may benefit from liquid nutrients like marine snow and phytoplex , yet may enjoy target feedings of plankton , brine shrimp , or other similar sized foods on occasion .
the branching flower pot coral tends to be a favorite for the ocellaris clownfish , also known as false percula , if there is not a host anemone present .
genus was described by de blainville in 1830 . there are 27 nominal species and at least 16 of them are true species , 8 are from australia . some of the species are
genus spans across the indian ocean and most of the pacific ocean ' s tropical waters including the red sea and the east , west and north coasts of australia .
genus are found in a variety of areas of the reef in low to moderate current . for example ,
species form massive , round or branching skeletal formations , which are lightweight and porous . they are usually light brown , cream or green and can have shades of pale pink , yellow or blue . the oral discs or tentacle tips can be white or green . the tentacles can have the contrasting color of the oral discs give it that
daisy
appearance .
corals have 12 tentacle tips and their corallites have 12 septa , unlike goniopora which have 24 each . the polyps can reach up to 12 inches ( 30 cm ) or more . the polyps extend during the day , yet are partially retracted at night . the tentacles are also shorter and smaller than on the
are only found on soft substrates in deep water or shallow turbulent water . they form stands that can grow to over 33 feet ( 10 cm ) in diameter . they are typically pale brownish - pink when retracted and amber or yellowish with white oral discs when extended . mature colonies form gnarled branches .
have knobs on their tentacle ' s tips and are usually green , brown or yellow with white bases . the tentacles are thinner , and more tubular in shape with a blunt end . the oral disc has dots around a central dot .
. but the tentacles have white tips and white bases , with the rest of the polyp being brown or greenish - brown .
has a very delicate skeleton , so much so that it can be cut with a knife . the tentacles are all very closely spaced and touching , forming what looks like a more solid surface . they are usually pale or dark brown and at times the polyps can have a white or greenish color on the tips . the colonies form thick plates or pillow - like appearances .
, but has smaller corallites . it is pale pinkish - brown to bright pink with gray tentacle tips and oral discs , unlike the usually brown color of
is found in hawaii and is dark green - brown , gray or chocolate brown with white centers . the tentacles taper to more of a point , as opposed to a blunt end .
. it is still debatable that they starve to death if not well fed , since some have done well in a low nutrient system , and some in a high nutrient system . finding where your
species is generally found may be a key it it ' s food requirements . these corals are best left to experts .
corals , like other large polyp stony ( lps ) corals , have developed several feeding strategies . through a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae , known as zooxanthellae , they receive many of their nutrients . they also capture planktonic organisms , food particles from the water column , and can absorb dissolved organic matter .
in captivity , they may benefit from liquid nutrients like marine snow , phytoplex , etc . , yet may enjoy target feedings of plankton , brine shrimp , or other similar sized foods on occasion .
typical water changes of 20 % a month , 10 % biweekly , or 5 % weekly are needed . it has been noted that 5 % weekly water changes replenish many of the needed additives . with higher concentrations of coral with calcareous skeletons though , there may be a need put in additional additives to maintain proper levels for good growth . it has been noted that iron and manganese helps with degenerated tentacles , thus indicating a possible need for these supplements in captivity on a regular basis .
400 to 450 ppm . if a large poly stony ( lps ) coral does not have enough calcium , it will not grow . ( seachem makes a calcium additive that states 385 as sufficient )
0 , zero . phosphates are the worst of all and all corals hate them .
1200 - 1350 . magnesium makes calcium available , so if your calcium is low , check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium .
a well - feed live rock / reef environment is what is needed for your branching flowerpot coral , along with some fish for organic matter production . a mature tank is recommended .
be sure to have proper water movement and lighting . they should be kept in a reef that does not have excessive lighting , as it is damaging to their tissue . it has been noted that fluorescent lighting that has the blue end spectrum with high par value does seem to be enjoyed by
corals , although not aggressive , they can extend their polyps to the distance that is the same as the diameter of the main body , in order to ward off encroaching corals . the branching flower pot coral tends to be a favorite for
, also known as false percula , if there is not a host anemone present .
the large polyp stony ( lps ) corals are male and female and can reproduce both sexually and asexually . in the wild they reproduce sexually by releasing eggs and sperm at the same time , resulting in a fertilized egg which then forms into a free - swimming planula larva . eventually the planula larvae settles onto the substrate , becoming plankters . this then forms a tiny polyp which begins to excrete calcium carbonate and develops into a coral . planula larvae are extremely vulnerable to predation , and very few survive .
genus are gonochoristic . they will broadcast their spawn after a period of internal fertilization where they brood larvae internally . in captivity , propagation is only recommended once the
has been displaying normal behavior for at least 4 months . use of an electric saw through the bone of the coral is the preferred method .
is susceptible to brown jelly or protozoan infections , bleaching , and high water flow .
brown jelly or protozoan infections can occur if there is any air trapped in the skeleton , so keep them away from bubbles of any kind . this brown jelly looks exactly like it sounds , and can infect the rest of the colony if not treated . this condition can be caused by poor water quality and / or tissue damage . symptoms are polyp retraction and a white film covering areas of the colony with necrosis of the tissue . death usually happens within a few days .
you can try to treat this by removing the coral to a container with water from the main display , then brush or siphon off any visible brown jelly . give the coral a freshwater dip in water with the same ph and temperature as the main tank for several minutes to kill a lot of the microorganisms .
use an antibiotic paste on the infect areas and / or a lugol ' s dip . cyanobacteria and brown jelly infections can be treated with neomycin sulphite , kanamycin and other broad - spectrum antibiotics . the pill can be pulverized into a fine powder , mixed with sea water to make a paste , and then applied to the wound , or affected site of the coral with a simple artists brush .
try to treat the coral with the least stressful method first . place in a quarantine tank until coral recovers .
bleaching is common because of the over use of light in most aquariums . metal halides are very harsh and cause this to happen quite frequently .
are very easy to find at pet shops and on line . online they can run about $ 60 . 00 to $ 80 . 00 usd or more depending on size and / or color .
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a lot of patience . i had 2 goniporas that grew 1 . 5 inches in 8 months before i had to take down my reef tank . dts micro protein food is the key . feed every other day . the other important thing , imho , is the motion of the ocean . get yourself a wave2k and your reef talk will think it ' s be returned to the ocean ! feel free to email if you ' d like more info !
alveos a slightly easier coral than gonis . feed it 2 - 3 week with any zooplankton . i feed mine cyclops and oyster egg , they may benefit from an occasional dosing of phyto also . moderate to high lighting , good water quality , proper calcium and magnesium levels , gentle flow , occasional feeding and they should do well .
btw , they are slow eaters so depending on the flow you may have to turn the pumps off . . . good luck with it .
my understanding is that alveaporas have 12 tentacles per polyp whil giniporas have 24 .
for the most part long term success is usually only accomplished with tanks that utilize large fuges and deep sand beds that keep them supplied with constant larval feeding from micro critters . there are too many types to definately answer what type of flow and light they require . some are able to take larger sized foods than others while some wont take any target feeding at all . dt ' s oyster eggs are suppose to be the most promising source of nutrition thus far available . anything less than a year can not be considered success .
in addition to what stanlalee said , i have also read a much larger success rate in mature skimmerless tanks . skimmers pull out what little phytoplankton and zooplankton that is produced in our tanks in addition to unwanted dissolved organics .
i just bought one of these guys so i hope i can make it work . i did get some of the plankton food as well .
one thing to note is that the coral opened up about 25 % bigger when i put it in my tank vs the lfs . i was a bit surprised when it got so big in my tank . hopefully i can keep it happy !
mine lasted 6 months . hubby brought it home not knowing its survival rate . it had 4 heads , 1 was already dead , so i knew we were going to have trouble with it . we feed our corals daily and i believe our tank meets most all the known requirements for survival / but the heads died one at a time anyway . very nice coral , but imo , should stay in the ocean .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species has a relatively small range , and is uncommon . however , it is particularly susceptible to bleaching , may be harvested for the aquarium trade , and extensive reduction of coral reef habitat due to a combination of threats . specific population trends are unknown , but population reduction can be inferred from declines in habitat quality based on the combined estimates of both destroyed reefs and reefs at the critical stage of degradation within its range ( wilkinson 2004 ) . its threat susceptibility increases the likelihood of being lost within one generation in the future from reefs at a critical stage . therefore , the estimated habitat degradation and loss of 37 % over three generation lengths ( 30 years ) is the best inference of population reduction and meets the threshold for vulnerable under criterion a4cd . it will be important to reassess this species in 10 years time because of predicted threats from climate change and ocean acidification .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
this species is only found in shallow , partly wave washed rocky foreshores nested among algae and soft corals . the depth range is unknown for this species . it is estimated to take three years for a colony of a . japonica to reach sexual maturity ( harii et al . 2001 ) .
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dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
description colonies are composed of short irregularly dividing knob - like branches . corallites are 1 . 7 - 2 mm in diameter with short . . .
description colonies are composed of short irregularly dividing knob - like branches . corallites are 1 . 7 - 2 mm in diameter with short blunt septal spines and a few similar vertical spines surrounding the corallites . polyps are long when extended . colour : dark greenish - brown or grey or chocolate with white centres . abundance : usually uncommon . ( veron , 1986 < 57 > ) [ details ]
cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
veron jen , pichon m ( 1982 ) scleractinia of eastern australia – part iv . family poritidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series 5 : 1–159 . [ details ]
spelling spelled a . verilliana in sheppard 1998 < 308 > . [ details ]
this page that you have visted here is a stub of the rtaw reefpedia . that means that this page has been generated , but it is yet to contain the relevant information required . so it requires some work on content within it before it is completed .
information about the body shape , skeletal characteristics , how it appears , colouring etc .
any species that look similar to this one , that may be mixed up .
something about what size the it grows to in the wild , plus in captivity .
notes about what they do , how they inteact with others , different species etc .
how it reproduces , how suitable it is to breeding or captive propagation , techniques on how to etc .
some additional notes on it that don ' t fit in the above sections .
this page was last modified on 22 january 2009 , at 09 : 27 .
feeding : these corals have very specific and extremely demanding feeding requirements . please visit urltoken for more detailed information .
lighting ( level 3 to 6 ) : lighting requirements are moderate . careful acclimation to any new conditions is especially important for these unforgiving corals .
placement : these corals have long sweeping polyps that should be allowed to freely extend without hitting rocks or other corals that might damage them .
general : as stated , these corals are exceptionally demanding . it is highly recommended that any aquarist considering one do extensive research and reading on their care . if in doubt about having the time , patience and resources required to meet this corals needs , please choose a different coral .
level 1 – these corals are easy to care for , good for the novice aquarists .
level 2 – these corals require slightly more attention than level 1 corals , but are generally tolerant and forgiving .
level 3 – these corals require stable , established aquariums and care by an experienced aquarist .
level 4 – these corals should only be kept by the most experienced aquarists .
level 5 – these corals are not known to be able to survive in aquariums even when under the care of the most experienced aquarists .
note that this scale is not set in stone , but based on the numerous experiences and reports of professional and hobby aquarists . the sensitivity and tolerance of any given coral in your tank will depend on species , health when collected / purchased , how long it’s been in captivity , and other factors that may or may not be knowable .
note that this scale is quite crude and only meant to provide a rough idea of the different levels of light intensities . how much ( and what kind of ) light actually reaches the corals in your tank also depends on the type of reflector in the light fixture , the temperature of the bulbs / lamps , the clarity of your tank water , etc .
it’s also important to note that different individual corals , even of the same species , can have very different lighting requirements and ideals . often times , the same types and species of wild caught corals come from different depths and different water clarities . it’s nearly impossible to know what kind or how much light was getting to your coral when it was first taken from the wild . one advantage of aquacultured corals is that you can know what light they were grown under . beyond health , the color of any given zooxanthellate ( photosynthetic ) coral will change and adapt in response to the lighting it is placed under . all corals are vulnerable to bleaching if not allowed to acclimate to a change to more intense lighting . if your coral begins to bleach , move it to an area of lower lighting and feed it especially well .
step 1 : float the bag with the coral in the aquarium water ( away from lights ! ) for about 20 minutes .
step 2 : open the bag and test the salinity of the bag water .
step 3 : add about 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 cup of tank water to the bag every 10 - 20 minutes until the bag water and tank water are approximately the same salinity . you can add less water over longer periods of time to acclimate more slowly for more sensitive animals ( or when the bag water and tank water have substantially different salinity ) .
acclimation can also be done in a bucket ( rather than the transport bag ) . however , the bucket water temperature can get closer to room temperature than tank water temperature ( especially for slow acclimations ) . insulating the bucket in a styrofoam box or cooler during acclimation should help .
to acclimate to new lighting conditions , first place the coral in a less light intense area of the tank . every few days , move the coral towards more direct lighting until it is where you want it to be . if it begins to bleach at any point , move it back to a less light intense area . after the coral recovers , commence moving towards more direct light more slowly .
these care sheets are a brief presentation of the needs and characteristics of a variety of commonly kept aquarium corals . though there’s a lot of science in reef keeping , the hobby itself has always been and continues to be an imperfect science . much is still unknown and there is often more than one way to do things . please take what’s written here as a starting point , but always keep an active and curious mind .
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classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
charlie ( j . e . n ) veron j . veron @ urltoken urltoken
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this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
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this species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .
justification : this species is relatively widespread , and is rare throughout its range . however , it is particularly susceptible to bleaching , is harvested for the aquarium trade , and extensive reduction of coral reef habitat due to a combination of threats . specific population trends are unknown , but population reduction can be inferred from declines in habitat quality based on the combined estimates of both destroyed reefs and reefs at the critical stage of degradation within its range ( wilkinson 2004 ) . its threat susceptibility increases the likelihood of being lost within one generation in the future from reefs at a critical stage . therefore , the estimated habitat degradation and loss of 66 % over three generation lengths ( 30 years ) is the best inference of population reduction and meets the threshold for endangered under criterion a4cd . it will be important to reassess this species in 10 years time because of predicted threats from climate change and ocean acidification .
this species is found in the central indo - pacific , including the solomon islands .
this species is found on rocky surfaces exposed to currents , generally to depths of 20 m .
this species is found in the central indo - pacific ; south - east asia ; japan ; and south china sea .
this species is primarily found on exposed shallow reef slopes , although it can occur to a depth of 30 m .
colonies are encrusting , submassive thick plates or cushions , or columnar . they have a flat or irregular surface and may be over 2 metres across . corallites have long or short fine septal spines which seldom connect . tips of polyp tentacles may be pointed or knob - like . sometimes six large tentacles alternate with six small ones .
colour : usually uniform pale or dark brown , rarely green or other colours . polyps sometimes have white tentacle tips .
hoffmeister , j . e . ( 1925 ) . some corals from america samoa and the fiji islands . papers from the department of marine biology of the carnegie institution of washington . 22 : 1 - 90 , pls . 1 - 23 . [ details ]
description colonies are encrusting or have short irregular lobes with rounded surfaces . corallites are 3 . 5 - 4 . 5 mm in diameter with . . .
lemmens , j . w . t . j . ( 1993 ) . reef - building corals ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) from the watamu marine national reserve , kenya ; an annotated species list . zoologische mededelingen 67 , 453 - 465 [ details ]
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the dusky starfrontlet ( coeligena orina ) is a hummingbird species in the subfamily trochilinae .

it is found only at high altitudes in the cordillera occidental of colombia , and was first discovered on páramo de frontino .

its status was mysterious for a long time as it was only known from a few museum specimens ; it was often held to be a mutant or color morph of some other species of coeligena .

when it was rediscovered in 2004 , in what is now the colibri del sol bird reserve , its status as a distinct species was confirmed .

although this bird was listed as a species of least concern in the iucn red list for many years , it became evident that it was close to extinction , and its status was upgraded to critically endangered in the 2007 red list issue .

dusky starfrontlet

information on the dusky starfrontlet is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
evaluation of the dusky starfrontlet population status , monitoring the rusty - faced parrot ( hapalopsittaca amazonina ) .
the dusky starfrontlet is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
in order to protect the habitat of the dusky starfrontlet ( coeligena orina ) and conserve a sample of one of the moorland ecosystems in the best state of preservation in colombia , proaves established the dusky starfrontlet bird reserve on 6th october 2005 .
the marker shows the location of dusky - starfrontlet reserve . urrao . antioquia , at ( 6 . 444 , - 76 . 113 )
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continue surveys to research the species ' s range , population size and trends . support the proposed expansion of las orquídeas national park , and the dusky starfrontlet reserve in the páramo de frontino . establish a management plan for páramo de frontino and dusky starfrontlet reserve . lobby for the adequate protection of las orquídeas national park . mobilise funds to facilitate law enforcement within the national park and extensions to it .
previously considered a subspecies of the golden - bellied starfrontlet ( coeligena bonapartei ) , the critically endangered dusky starfrontlet is now usually considered its own species . it has an incredibly small range supporting only a tiny remaining population in northwestern colombia . deforestation plagues this region and potential mineral extraction remains a serious threat to the already declining population . the basic ecology of the dusky starfrontlet is poorly known but it inhabits elfin forests around the páramo and neighboring humid forests where it eats insects , arachnids , and probably nectar . these hummingbirds have glistening dark green bodies and tails .
some species of birds found in the reserve are the dusky starfrontlet ( coligena orina ) , critically endangered , rusty - faced parrot ( hapalopsittaca amazonina ) , the chestnut - bellied flowerpiercer ( diglossa gloriosissima ) , the moustached antpitta ( grallaria alleni ) , in a vulnerable state , and golden - crowned tanager ( iridosornis rufivertex ) .
we have a amazing birding tour around the western andes ( colombia ) with bogota birding company . we get the most amazing endemics on this tour in colibrí del sol bird reserve , las tanagaras reserve and piha reserve . my clients return to germany very happy with several lifers the endemic : dusky starfrontlet ( coligena orina ) , critically endangered , rusty - faced parrot ( hapalopsittaca amazonina ) , chestnut - bellied flowerpiercer ( diglossa gloriosissima ) , the moustached antpitta ( grallaria alleni ) , in a vulnerable . other jewels was a new species of grallaria , known as urrao antpitta ( grallaria urraoensis ) also the truly view the endemic paramillo tapaculo ( scytalopus canus ) and black - throated flowerpiercer , diglossa brunneiventris . testimonial : walther th . germany hi oswaldo cortes . first of all , i want to say i really enjoyed the trip in western andes . logistically , all went well , and laura and robert was excellent ! ! all in all , i believe the tour was well worth the cost , and i will recommend it to anyone who asks . . . thansks for great view the golden ringed tanager ! we have a amazing birding tour around the western andes ( colombia ) with bogota birding company . we get the most amazing endemics on this tour in colibrí del sol bird reserve , las tanagaras reserve and piha reserve . my clients return to germany very happy with several lifers the endemic : dusky starfrontlet ( coligena orina ) , critically endangered , rusty - faced parrot ( hapalopsittaca amazonina ) , chestnut - bellied flowerpiercer ( diglossa gloriosissima ) , the moustached antpitta ( grallaria alleni ) , in a vulnerable . other jewels was a new species of grallaria , known as urrao antpitta ( grallaria urraoensis ) also the truly view the endemic paramillo tapaculo ( scytalopus canus ) and black - throated flowerpiercer , diglossa brunneiventris . testimonial : walther th . germany hi oswaldo cortes . first of all , i want to say i really enjoyed the trip in western andes . logistically , all went well , and laura and robert was excellent ! ! all in all , i believe the tour was well worth the cost , and i will recommend it to anyone who asks . . . thansks for great view the golden ringed tanager !
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
14 cm . male is very dark , almost black , with a metallic green sheen . more golden on the rump . small , bright metallic blue gular spot . males have a glittering green frontlet on the forehead .
this species has an extremely small and declining population . for this reason it qualifies as critically endangered .
this species has a very restricted range . known for more than 50 years only from the 1951 type specimen ,
. therefore , the species ' s global population is unlikely to exceed 250 individuals .
the population is estimated to fall within the band 50 - 249 mature individuals , equating to 75 - 374 individuals in total , rounded here to 70 - 400 individuals .
an ongoing decline of 1 - 19 % over ten years is suspected based on continuing habitat loss within the species ' s restricted range .
it is apparently tied to elfin forest - timberline - páramo habitats and adjacent tall humid forest . at 3500 m it was seen feeding on insects in the ericaceae - clad canopy of elfin forest . stomach content analysis has shown that it feeds on parasitic wasps , spiders and dipterans ; presumably in addition to nectar . very little is known about its habits and breeding ecology .
páramo de frontino contains rich deposits of gold , zinc and copper , which have attracted the attention of mining companies . however , political instability in the region has prevented exploitation of these resources to date . the future expansion of mining remains a serious potential threat . the area is currently wholly unprotected and is suffering from continuing deforestation . future colonisation by human settlers is likely to lead to habitat loss and degradation ; a process ongoing in the nearby las orquídeas national park .
2007 ) . there are proposals by national parks administration ( uaespnn ) and municipality of urrao to extend las orquídeas national park to encompass adjacent páramo de frontino . however , the benefit such a designation would have is questionable as the park is currently poorly protected and under great pressure from colonists .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
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it is located in the village of el chuscal , on the axis of the cordillera occidental , at a distance of 17 km north of the town of urrao , antioquia , and has an area of 1 . 801 acres of high andean forest and moorland , which comprises a large portion of the watershed of the creek santa barbara , one of the main tributaries of urrao . it is located between 2 , 800m and 4 , 060m above sea level .
recently , at the reserve , was discovered a new species of grallaria , known as urrao antpitta ( grallaria fenwickorum ) . moreover , the site is recognized as an area of labor and training or spectacled bear ( tremarctos ornatos ) , which holds the vulnerable category .
the climate is bimodal , with rainfall ranging between 2 , 500m and 3 , 000 mm and a minimum temperature of between 2 and 18 º c .
the reserve is composed of oaks ( quercus humboltii ) in good condition and mixed forest epiphytes . above 3 , 500 m . , the moorland presents associations , including the endemic frailejón de frontino ( espeletia frontinoensis ) and chaparrales dominated by associations of ( polylepis quadrijuga ) . its terrain is predominantly mountainous , with about 70 % of the area with steep slopes , 20 % hills and 10 % flat . the soils have andic , high porosity , medium textured , moderately well - structured and highly acidic properties .
as for flora , for the area 450 species belonging to 247 genera included in 136 families of fanerogamas and cryptogamas have been reported . among them was found a new species of asteraceae , which was described by cuatrecasas as espeletia frontinoensis .
belleza paisajística , avistamiento de aves amenazadas , eco ruta del sol , mirador páramo del sol y sendero rusty faced , bebederos para colibríes y comederos para grallaria – tororoide urrao ( grallaria fenwickorum ) .
being a wilderness area pantanal boots it is nescessary to bring jackets , gloves , sunscreen , waterproof sleeping .
the fire originated in the páramo del sol , urrao municipality , antioquia department , in early february destroyed 253 has of wasteland vital for water regulation of the department . the consequences of forest fires are many and their environmental impact is incalculable .
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colibri zunzuncito o elfo de las abejas . el pajaro mas pequeño del mundo , imagenes recopilacion