dipsadoboa aulica , commonly known as the marbled tree snake , is a species of snake in the family colubridae .

the species is endemic to africa .

dipsadoboa aulica

chamaetortus aulicus günther 1864 chamaetortus aulicus aulicus — broadley 1962 dipsadoboa aulica — rasmussen 1989 dipsadoboa aulica aulica — boycott 1992 dipsadoboa aulica — broadley & howell 1991 : 31 dipsadoboa aulica — mattison 2007 : 101 dipsadoboa aulica — wallach et al . 2014 : 230 dipsadoboa aulica — spawls et al . 2018 : 527
on the taxonomic status of dipsadoboa aulica aulica günther and d . aulica flavida broadley and stevens , with the description of a new subspecies of d . flavida broadley and stevens ( boiginae , serpentes )
on the taxonomic status of dipsadoboa aulica aulica günther and d . aulica flavida broadley and stevens , with the description of a new subspecies of d . flavida broadley and stevens ( boiginae , serpentes ) » brill online
chamaetortus aulicus flavidus broadley & stevens 1971 dipsadoboa aulica flavida — rasmussen 1979 : 152 dipsadoboa flavida — rasmussen 1989 dipsadaboa flavida — lillywhite 2014 : 128 ( in error , see comment ) dipsadoboa flavida — wallach et al . 2014 : 231 dipsadoboa flavida — spawls et al . 2018 : 528 dipsadoboa flavida broadleyi rasmussen 1989 dipsadoboa flavida broadleyi — broadley & howell 1991 : 31 dipsadoboa flavida broadleyi — malonza et al . 2006
dipsadoboa aulica ( marbled tree snake ) , mpumalanga , south africa . [ m . douglas © , from sarca virtual museum ]
marbled tree snake dipsadoboa aulica comments : only known from the lowveld region , absent from the highveld , middleveld and lubombo regions .
rasmussen , j . b . 1989 . on the taxonomic status of dipsadoboa aulica aulica günther and d . aulica flavida broadley & stevens , with tthe description of a new subspecies of d . flavida broadley & stevens ( boiginae , serpentes ) . amphibia - reptilia 10 : 35 - 62 - get paper here
dipsadoboa aulica ( marbled tree snake ) , mpumalanga , south africa . [ i . c . sharp and a . sharp © , from sarca virtual museum ]
nota bene : a binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than dipsadoboa .
kriton kunz , in a book review ( reptilia 20 [ 114 ] : 75 ) stated that the dipsadoboa in lillywhite is actually a crotaphopeltis .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( html pages + content ) and jirí hošek ( search engine ) with help from many volunteers . ( the url of this page is http : / / www . reptile - database . org ) . copyright © 1995 - 2018 by peter uetz .
you may cite this database as uetz , p . , freed , p . & jirí hošek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , http : / / www . reptile - database . org , accessed [ insert date here ] ( more . . . )
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bates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .
boycott , r . c . 1992 . an annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of swaziland . the conservation trust of swaziland - get paper here
branch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .
broadley , d . & blaylock 2013 . the snakes of zimbabwe and botswana . chimaira , frankfurt , 387 pp . [ book review in sauria 35 ( 2 ) : 59 and copeia 2014 : 388 ] - get paper here
broadley , d . g . & howell , k . m . 1991 . a check list of the reptiles of tanzania , with synoptic keys . syntarsus 1 : 1—70
broadley , d . g . 1959 . the herpetology of southern rhodesia . part i - - the snakes . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 120 ( 1 ) : 1 - 100 [ reprint 1972 ] - get paper here
broadley , d . g . 1962 . on some reptile collections from the north - western and north - eastern districts of southern rhodesia 1958 - 1961 , with descriptions of four new lizards . occ . pap . nat . mus . south . rhodesia 26 ( b ) : 787 - 843
broadley , d . g . & stevens , r . a . 1971 . a review of chamaetortus aulicus günther , with the description of a new subspecies from malawi ( serpentes : colubridae ) . arnoldia 11 ( 5 ) : 1 - 11
günther , a . 1864 . report on a collection of reptiles and fishes made by dr . kirk in the zambesi and nyassa regions . proc . zool . soc . london 1864 : 303 - 314 [ 310 ] - get paper here
lanza , b . 1983 . a list of the somali amphibians and reptiles . monitore zoologico italiano , new ser . , suppl . 18 ( 8 ) : 193 - 247
loveridge , a . 1957 . on a third collection of reptiles taken in tanganyika by c . j . p . ionides , esq . tanganyika notes and records 43 : 1 - 19
spawls , s . ; howell , k . ; drewes , r . c . & ashe , j . 2002 . a field guide to the reptiles of east africa . academic press , 543 pp . [ reviews in hr 34 : 396 and afr . j . herp . 51 ; 147 ] - get paper here
spawls , steve ; kim howell , harald hinkel , michele menegon 2018 . field guide to east african reptiles . bloomsbury , 624 pp . - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
the marbled tree snake can be identified by its large eyes ( with vertical pupils ) , a head which is distinct from its body , a white tongue and its nocturnal lifestyle . it grows to an average length of 60 cm and a maximum length of 85 cm .
found in kwazulu - natal , limpopo , swaziland , southeast zimbabwe and southern and central mozambique . its favoured habitats are lowland forest and moist savanna .
oviparous ( egg - laying ) , lays between 7and 9 eggs in summer .
broadley , d . g . 1983 . fitzsimons ' snakes of southern africa . delta books , johannesburg .
marais , j . 2004 . a complete guide to snakes of southern africa . struik publishing , cape town .
continent : africa distribution : mozambique , se zimbabwe , republic of south africa ( e transvaal , zululand ) , swaziland , malawi , tanzania , somalia type locality : zambezi river .
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this beautiful animal was found in the clutches of a cat who was busy playing with his food . the owner was gonna leave the cat to kill the snake , but then decided to catch it & give it to rishaad . he phoned me & said he had a surprise ( thx buddy ! ) i then collected this stunning snake from him , who took a f / t gecko on it ' s very first night in my care they have plenty attitude , take an arboreal stance , have a nice sheen & beautiful eyes . . . . a very welcome addition to my family . i think s / he is really beautiful . can ' t tell you all how pleased i am . as always , indigenous rocks . . . cheers , dk
nice man , where ' d the snake come from area wise ? up north ? these snakes remind me of what a hybrid of a t . semiannulatus and a c . hotamboeia would look like !
thanks fooble . richards bay if i ' m not mistaken . rishaad will be able to confirm tho .
sounds right was going to say no ways that guys is from rishaada ' s part of the world .
beautiful animals . . . . . . . . . i currently have a number marbled tree snakes in my collection . they are magic provided they are fed geckos and are not handled / disturbed to often . i have found that even long term captive marbled tree snakes can become stressed when moved around to much and will just suddenly stop eating . nice pics .
when dealing with people , let us remember we are not dealing with creatures of logic . we are dealing with creatures of emotion , creatures bustling with prejudice and motivated by pride and vanity
– dale carnegie
nice man , i know you have wanted one of these in your collection for a long time . another good addition to an amazing indigenous collection .
thanks guys . jy ' s reg , i ' ve been after one of these for a long time ! nice to know there are people here who have kept these for a while . amphibian , i ' m gonna pm you some questions just to find out a little more about keeping these if you don ' t mind . . . dean
clinton thomson just ball pythons urltoken
life can only be understood backwards ; but it must be lived forwards .
- soren kierkegaard
you were born an original . . . don ' t die a copy .
- john mason
cool . clinton , thanks for coming around today , was great to see you again .
awesome pics boet . i know this guy / girl will do very well in your care .
and god has created every animal from water , of them are some creeping on their bellies , some walk on two legs , and some on four . god creates what he wills , for sure god has power over all things . ( noble quran 24 : 45 ) for goodness snakes urltoken
remeber seeing these in swaziland . never kept them before but if my mind serves me right then i recall the curator telling me that they fast from time to time . really nice animal . congrats
just an update on her . the snake is healthy & doing great ! she ' s fed 5 times on f / t adult gecko ' s . never once has she refused a meal . i ' ve noticed aquatic tendencies in them , which i find strange for an arboreal species . all other members i know of who keep them have noted that they completely submerge themselves in their water bowels for extended periods of time . would be interesting to find out why . my personal opinion is that it possibly aids in digestion ? dk
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evolutionary origins of viviparity in the reptilia . ii . serpentes , amphisbaenia , and ichthyosauria
neftali sillero ; joão campos ; anna bonardi ; claudia corti ; raymond creemers ; pierre - andre crochet ; jelka crnobrnja isailović ; mathieu denoël ; gentile francesco ficetola ; joão gonçalves ; sergei kuzmin ; petros lymberakis ; philip de pous ; ariel rodríguez ; roberto sindaco ; jeroen speybroeck ; bert toxopeus ; david r . vieites and miguel vences
broadleyi : s somalia , se kenya , e tanzania , s mozambique ( isolated reocords ) ; type locality : mziha , tanzania .
lanza , b . 1990 . amphibians and reptiles of the somali democratic republic : check list and biogeography . biogeographia , 14 : 407 - 465 [ 1988 ]
lillywhite , harvey b . 2014 . how snakes work : structure , function and behavior of the world ' s snakes . oxford university press , new york , 256 pp
malonza , patrick k . ; victor d . wasonga , vincent muchai , damaris rotich , beryl a . bwong ; a . m . bauer 2006 . diversity and biogeography of herpetofauna of the tana river primate national reserve , kenya . journal of east african natural history 95 ( 2 ) : 95–109
schlüter , a . & hallermann , j . 1997 . the type specimens in the herpetological collection of the staatliches museum für naturkunde in stuttgart . stuttgarter beitr . naturk . ser . a ( 553 ) : 1 - 15 - get paper here
well finally i am back…i have been in the field for the last 3 months working on a few projects . filming , collecting dna for mine and some others work and collecting data for a book i am co - writing .
we have done over 22000 miles by car . some crazy places , crazy roads , crazy people and some crazy fun . it has been amazing . seen some herps i have always dreamed about…and seen some possibly new species ! also saw my dream find for sa herps , less than 30 ever seen
made tons of distribution extensions and documented new behavior on a few species that has never been documented .
ok here are some pics…a very small preview , an extremely small taste of whet we saw and what happened . busy working on the footage , video should be premiered soon ( about a month )
very happy devon . thanks for posting . i just have to remember to shrinkwrap my keyboard to protect it from the drool , when you post pics . wow some amazing species you saw . that ' s a sign you don ' t want to see when you ' re walking or cycling - - beware of lions
i would give a kidney to shoot the stuff that you see on a regular basis .
just make sure it is on ice . . . i ' ll pm shipping address , please make sure it is not damaged . lol but seriously . . . . this stuff doesn ' t just get found on a regular basis ! work my but off ! ! ! but ah it is fun
if i ' m giving you a kidney i ' m going to come with it , once i get my shots then you get the kidney .
those are absolutely stunning ! i don ' t mind saying that i ' m more than a little bit jealous that you get to be out there doing that - and i don ' t .
oh , and funny . . . even though you posted
these are frogs
very clearly , i started out by staring at the first frog photo wondering what kind of snake that was .
awesome pics , , beware of lions ? ? ? lol . i dont think i would be walking on the road , lol
those are fabulous photos devon ! if angie and i decide to come to africa for our honeymoon , you gonna be our tour guide ? ( so i can see some of what you were seeing .
“if we save our wild places , we will ultimately save ourselves . ” ~ steve irwin
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the brown tree snake ( boiga irregularis ) is an arboreal rear - fanged colubrid snake native to eastern and northern coastal australia , eastern indonesia ( sulawesi to papua ) , papua new guinea , and a large number of islands in northwestern melanesia . this snake is infamous for being an invasive species responsible for devastating the majority of the native bird population in guam .
the brown tree snake preys upon birds , lizards , bats , and rats and other small rodents in its native range . it preys on birds and shrews in guam .
due to the availability of prey and lack of predators in introduced habitats such as guam , they have been known to grow to larger sizes than their normal 1 to 2 metres ( 3 . 3 to 6 . 6 feet ) in length . the longest recorded length of this species is one found on guam measuring three metres ( 9 . 8 feet ) .
the reproductive characteristics of the brown tree snake have not been widely studied . the female is known to produce 4 - 12 oblong eggs ,
wide with leathery shells . females may produce up to two clutches per year depending upon seasonal variations in climate and prey abundance . the female deposits the eggs in hollow logs , rock crevices , and other sites where they are likely protected from drying and high temperatures . populations on guam may reproduce year round .
, supporting branches and leaves in most species . in some usages , the definition of a tree may be narrower , including only
or plants above a specified height . trees are not a taxonomic group but include a variety of plant species that have independently evolved a woody trunk and branches as a way to tower above other plants to compete for sunlight . in looser senses , the taller
are also trees . trees tend to be long - lived , some reaching several thousand years old . the tallest known tree , a
high . trees have been in existence for 370 million years . it is estimated that there are just over 3 trillion mature trees in the world .
a tree typically has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground by the trunk . this trunk typically contains woody tissue for strength , and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the tree to another . for most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier . below the ground , the roots branch and spread out widely ; they serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the soil . above ground , the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots . the shoots typically bear leaves , which capture light energy and convert it into sugars by photosynthesis , providing the food for the tree ' s growth and development . flowers and fruit may also be present , but some trees , such as conifers , instead have pollen cones and seed cones ; others , such as tree ferns , produce spores instead .
living snakes are found on every continent except antarctica , and on most smaller land masses — exceptions include some large islands , such as ireland and new zealand , and many small islands of the atlantic and central pacific . additionally ,
66 to 56 ma ago ) . the oldest preserved descriptions of snakes can be found in the
portal » sa reptiles home ‹ board index ‹ reptiles indigenous to south africa ‹ indigenous fangless snakes ‹ egg eaters ( dasypeltis sp . )
hi , i ' m currently working on the phylogeny and biogeography of the southern african dasypeltis using dna data . i wondered if any of the forum members had any information or opinions on what species of birds - eggs are most commonly eaten by egg - eating snakes in southern africa . i ' m having trouble finding any actual data on this , so any information , particularly field observations , would be great . thanks in advance , axel . p . s . does anyone keep any of the non - southern african dasypeltis ( ie . not d . scabra , d . s . loveridgei , d . medici , d . inornata ) ?
axel you will have to throw us a bone here . give us a small indication of what you are doing and what you think you might achieve ? i firmly believe that baby egg eaters will feed on pachydactylus affinis eggs because the babies are routinely found in termite hills where these geckos live and breed . these eggs have hard shells like small bird eggs .
it is easier to ask for forgiveness than permission . those who are afraid to ask are ashamed of learning .
hi axel just sent you a pm . having read bushviper ' s post above , reminded me - i found a similar thing in central kzn , where we were finding baby d . scabras in termitaria in grassland in summer , together with spotted geckoes pachydactylus maculatus and their eggs in the same termitaria . seems like a good chance that they would be taking maculatus eggs in this case .
we are also looking at the validity of the northern cape ' species ' , and although i need more data before being 100 % certain , it looks like the dna is backing up what is suggested from the morphology .
the reason for the diet question is that we want to see whether the timing of diversification in dasypeltis is linked to the evolution of the birds on whose eggs they feed . interesting you mention gecko eggs , because the literature always refers to them as entirely eating birds eggs . do they take gecko eggs in captivity ?
i have never tried gecko eggs although a friend had them take terrapin eggs once . this summer i will try get some gecko eggs and try them on that .
i ' m sure i remember being told of an article published ( mike bates ? martin whiting ? ) on egg - eating habits of egg - eaters in grasslands . apparently there are enough small species of grassland birds that lay their eggs under grass and this provides food for hatchling egg - eaters . i have a feeling wulf haake will know of this article - it was a long time ago
` if you wanna find out what ' s behind these cold eyes , you ' ll just have to claw your way through this disguise . roger waters & david gilmour - 1979
yes , wolverine has just very kindly supplied the article . it is : bates . 1990 . where do egg - eaters find food in open grasslands ? african herp news 13 : 21 - 23 . just a short report but very interesting . again they emphasise that only birds eggs are eaten , and reports observations that d . scabra refuses to eat pachydactylus eggs . apparently there are several species of ground - nesting birds ( larks , cisticolas ) which lay eggs small enough for a hatchling egg - eater .
i ' ve found hatchling d . scabra mianly in termite mounds and have wondered if termite pupae also from part of their diet .
we salute the improvement of the human genome by honoring those who remove themselves from it . of necessity , this honor is generally bestowed posthumously . - urltoken
crazy thinking froot ! i like it . i always wondered how the babies survived in the wild they seem so impossibly small and fragile added to the difficulty of finding a tiny egg .
axel wrote : hi , i ' m currently working on the phylogeny and biogeography of the southern african dasypeltis using dna data . i wondered if any of the forum members had any information or opinions on what species of birds - eggs are most commonly eaten by egg - eating snakes in southern africa . i ' m having trouble finding any actual data on this , so any information , particularly field observations , would be great . thanks in advance , axel . p . s . does anyone keep any of the non - southern african dasypeltis ( ie . not d . scabra , d . s . loveridgei , d . medici , d . inornata ) ?
hmm . . . . . . almost impossible to be accurate on this one , however i would say that each area would differ - by this i mean that for example in grassy areas one would find more larks , pipits , warblers , longclaws , widow birds , quail etc . and thi swould obviously be the most common eggs eaten by egg - eaters . if one looks at the slowveld then much more variation can be added , like robins , fire finches , buntings , doves , warblers , weavers , flycatchers , batis ' s etc . egg eaters climb very well too so they will eat any bird egg that fits their size
any where my helicopter takes me . . . . . . . . .
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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 . 1 albino cali king , 0 . 1 mbk , 1 . 0 mexican bairds rat snake , mulligan the wee man , oscar , border collie 1 . 0 huachuca mountain king ( l . p . woodini ) , nelsons milk . advocates of capitalism are very apt to appeal to the sacred principles of liberty , which are embodied in one maxim : the fortunate must not be restrained in the exercise of tyranny over the unfortunate .  - bertrand russell .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
the trouble with quotes from the internet is that you can never know if they ' re genuine .
- abraham lincoln
dasypeltis are awesome , love the rhombics . had the privilege of meeting a few eggeaters the other day and was surprised how feisty and active they are for a snake which is adapted to eat something which can ' t run away . i guess it ' s so they can escape angry mother birds after a good old nest - raiding session . . . . those are some stunning little snakes you have there .
is lestat what you use for keeping leviv at the right temp . . . . . . . .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 . 0 . 0 07 anery corn - dokey 0 . 1 . 0 07 okeetee corn - okey 1 . 0 . 0 06 western hognose - boss 0 . 1 . 0 07 western hognose - daisy 1 . 0 . 0 blonde madagascan hognose 1 . 1 . 0 leopard geckos
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 . 1 gee line hypo bci 1 . 0 halmahera island boa
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ snakes 0 . 0 . 1 sorong green tree python 1 . 0 . 0 hypo motely corn snake 0 . 1 . 0 leucistic texas rat snake 1 . 0 . 0 sinaloan milk snake 1 . 0 . 0 kenyan sand boa 0 . 1 . 0 western hognose 0 . 2 . 0 dasypeltis medici - egg eating snakes 0 . 1 . 0 dasypeltis atra egg eating snake 1 . 0 . 0 huachuca mountain kingsnake 1 . 0 . 0 irian jaya carpet python 0 . 1 . 0 candycane corn snake 0 . 1 . 0 albino cali king snake 1 . 0 . 0 royal python lizards 1 . 0 . 0 chinese water dragon 1 . 0 . 0 veiled chameleon 1 . 0 . 0 bearded pygmy chameleon 1 . 1 . 0 leopard gecko amphibians 0 . 0 . 1 pac man frog 1 . 1 . 0 whites tree frogs
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hesychopa chionora is a moth of the arctiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1886 .

it is found in australia ( victoria , queensland and new south wales ) .

the wingspan is about 35 mm .

adults have white forewings with slight darkening at the apices .

the hindwings are plain pale brown .

hesychopa chionora

hesychopa turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 70 ; ts : lithosia chionora meyrick
hesychopa molybdica turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 70
lithosia chionora meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 702 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
the adult male and female moths of this species are similar , and have white forewings with slight darkening at the wingtips . the hindwings are plain pale brown . the moths have a wingspan of about 3 cms .
series 2 , volume 1 , part 3 ( 1886 ) , p . 702 ,
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
turner , 1940 revision of the australian arctiidae ( lepidoptera ) proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 51 - 131
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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hi nathan . your pics need to be at a ratio of 4 : 3 or they get cut . 1000x750 is ideal . very nice sightings btw .


neopithecops zalmora , the quaker , is a small butterfly found in south asia and southeast asia that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family .

neopithecops zalmora

neopithecops zalmora zalmora ; [ bmp ] : 237 , pl . 34 , f . 49 - 50
this species is usually encountered in heavy forest in dark shaded areas . neopithecops zalmora zalmora has a feeble flight and appears silvery on the wing .
chitra ravi marked
quakers in love !
as trusted on the
neopithecops zalmora
page .
pithecops ( neopithecops ) zalmora heria fruhstorfer , 1919 ; archiv naturg . 83 a ( 1 ) : 84
neopithecops zalmora andamanus eliot & kawazoé , 1983 ; butts . lycaenopsis group : 45 ; tl : s . andaman island
neopithecops zalmora , commonly called quaker , is a small lycaenid butterfly found in south asia and southeast asia .
pithecops ( neopithecops ) zalmora fedora fruhstorfer , 1919 ; archiv naturg . 83 a ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : formosa
pithecops ( neopithecops ) zalmora indigeta fruhstorfer , 1919 ; archiv naturg . 83 a ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : java
neopithecops zalmora umbretta ( = sp . ? ) ; d ' abrera , 1971 , butts . aust . region : ? 339
pithecops ( neopithecops ) zalmora dolona fruhstorfer , 1919 ; archiv naturg . 83 a ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : hong kong
pithecops ( neopithecops ) zalmora tituria fruhstorfer , 1919 ; archiv naturg . 83 a ( 1 ) : 84 ; tl : java , tanajampea
neopithecops zalmora ; [ bir ] , 269 ; [ bow ] : pl . 179 , f . 23 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ mrs ] , 682
neopithecops zalmora batuana riley , [ 1945 ] ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 94 ( 2 ) : 256 ; tl : batu is . ; pulau tello
neopithecops zalmora is a very widespread and common species , found in india , sri lanka , bhutan , myanmar , thailand , malaysia , the philippines , sumatra , borneo , sulawesi , java and bali .
your jamides sp . is actually a nacaduba sp . i ' m not great at idying these species . the pithecops is , i ' m sure , neopithecops zalmora , but the angle is not perfect .
the neopithecops zalmora was taken last september during my first visit to this coastal village - there was a small colony there . i could still see them flying around during my subsequent visits in november and december .
neopithecops ( lycaenopsina ) ; stradomsky , 2016 , caucasian ent . bull . 12 ( 1 ) : 151
neopithecops umbretta ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 158
the genus neopithecops felder and felder is represented by four species from the world and one species n . zalmora ( butler ) from india . as per earlier records , it has wide distribution and has been reported as common but during present surveys this species has been recorded only from assam . in the present studies the female genitalia of n . zalmora is studied for the first time .
neopithecops umbretta grose - smith , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 4 ) : 505 ; tl : batchian
neopithecops sumbanus ; [ nhm card ] ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 158
pithecops nihana moore , 1878 : proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 3 ) : 702 . tl . hainan . ( bmnh ) neopithecops horsfieldi distant , 1884 : rhop . malayana : 210 , pl . 22 , fig . 15 . tl . singapore . pithecops zalmora fedora fruhstorfer , 1919 : arch . naturgesch . ( a ) 83 ( 1 ) : 83 . tl . formosa . ( bmnh ) pithecops zalmora dolona fruhstorfer , 1919 : arch . naturgesch . ( a ) 83 ( 1 ) : 83 . tl . hong kong . pithecops zalmora colutha fruhstorfer , 1919 : arch . naturgesch . ( a ) 83 ( 1 ) : 84 . tl . luzon ; palawan . ( bmnh ) * neopithecops zalmora batuana riley , 1944 : trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 94 ( 2 ) : 256 . tl . batu is . ; pulau tello . ( bmnh )
neopithecops sumbanus eliot & kawazoé , 1983 ; butts . lycaenopsis group : 47 , f . 20 , 224 , 248 ; tl : sumba
neopithecops sumbanus orientalis eliot & kawazoé , 1983 ; butts . lycaenopsis group : 48 , f . 16x , 225 , 249 ; tl : dammer is .
neopithecops lucifer parumbretta eliot & kawazoé , 1983 ; butts . lycaenopsis group : 49 , f . 226 - 227 , 250 - 251 ; tl : maluku , batjan
neopithecops iolanthe boholicus eliot & kawazoé , 1983 ; butts . lycaenopsis group : 54 , f . 26 , 430 - 431 ; tl : philippines , bohol , bilar
neopithecops iolanthe eliot & kawazoé , 1983 ; butts . lycaenopsis group : 53 , f . 25 - 26 , 231 , 255 , 430 - 431 ; tl : tanimber
neopithecops sumbanus sumbanus ; cassidy , 1995 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 46 ( 2 ) : 46 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 158
neopithecops umbretta tituria ; cassidy , 1995 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 46 ( 2 ) : 46 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 158
neopithecops umbretta dorothea ; cassidy , 1995 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 46 ( 2 ) : 46 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 158
there are 6 species in the genus neopithecops , found variously in india , sri lanka , myanmar , laos , thailand , malaysia , the philippines , indonesia , papua and northern australia . these pretty butterflies are tiny but very distinctive , with round , white wings , long antennae and large black eyes .
on : pithecops zalmora butler , [ 1870 ] od : cat . diurn . lep . fabricius br . mus . : 161 . tl : moulmein . ( bmnh ) distribution : n . w . india to myanmar , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , s . china , formosa , malay pen . , sumatra , batu , nias , bangka , borneo , philippines . ( java )
zalmora ; holotype  , moulmein , burma . ( bmnh ) nihana ; lectotype  , hainan . designated by eliot & kawazoe , 1983 . ( bmnh ) horsfieldi ; holotype  , singapore . dolona ; lectotype  , hong kong . designated by eliot & kawazoe , 1983 . fedora ; lectotype  , taiwan . designated by eliot & kawazoe , 1983 . ( bmnh ) colutha ; lectotype  , palawan , philippines . designated by eliot & kawazoe , 1983 . ( bmnh ) batuana ; holotype  , batu is . ; pulau tello . ( bmnh )
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gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández
records of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .
hosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .
we hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .
hosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .
in text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .
hint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .
restrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .
hint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .
drill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .
the preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .
leguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .
all lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .
detailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]
beccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monografías tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomológica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .
gaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .
we are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .
we are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .
marian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .
much of the immense task of data abstracting and entry from printed and manuscript sources as well as preliminary editing and name - checking was carried out by volunteers . many of these were school students on work - experience placements during 1993 - 2000 from , initially , the coopers ' company and coborn school , upminster , and later from other schools in greater london : christopher andrewes , simon bennett ( 1994 nhm vacation studentship ) , steven bond , michael brownlow , emma causer , laurence cooper , ailsa cranfield ( 1998 nuffield studentship ) , emily dwiar , andrew enever , jane feehan , madeleine ferry , max friedman , edward gold , jennifer hodgkinson , christopher joint , fateha khatun ( 1996 nuffield studentship ) , james lowe , louisa marchant , gemma millward , christopher milne , carolyn oughton , william perkins , rebecca reith , eleanor resheph , clare sambidge , neil shaftain , stephen sloan , helen stevens , samuel tarry , david taylor and thomas yeatman .
we are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .
we thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .
brummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .
kartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .
kitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .
kitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .
letourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .
mabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]
nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .
nye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .
rawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .
robinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .
scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .
royal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /
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london : taylor and francis ; calcutta and simla , thacker , spink , & co . ; [ etc . , etc . ]
evidence reported by james - hixon for item butterflies02bingiala on november 18 , 2006 : no visible notice of copyright ; stated date is 1907 .
there are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .
the large black spot in space 7 is very distinct in contrast with the white background of the undersides of the wings . both sexes are blackish brown above .
the species has usually been encountered singly . its feeble , fluttering erratic flight , usually at no more than a metre above the ground , in the darkest recesses of the nature reserves , gives it a moth - like appearance .
this checklist is updated regularly and validated in consultation with dr laurence g kirton ( forest research institute of malaysia ) , and previously , the late col john n eliot , ( of the butterflies of the malay peninsula , edition 4 ) . contributions to the sightings and latest additions to the singapore checklist are with special thanks to the hardworking members of butterflycircle .
singapore is home to 324 species of butterflies , that are feeding on 188 species of hostplants .
the latest update in 2008 is consistent with the recent re - classification developments and updates to c & p4 ; in the malaysian nature journal 59 ( 1 ) , pp 1 - 49 , and dna mapping of the family nymphalidae by wahlberg et al , whereby the subfamilies nymphalinae , heliconiinae , limenitidinae , cyrestinae and apaturinae are now applicable to the singapore checklist . the family riodinidae , which was earlier placed as a subfamily of lycaenidae , has also been reinstated to the family level .
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, the wings are dark brown . on the forewing , there is a white discal patch which is always present in the female but usually obscure or absent in the male .
, the whitish wings feature a series of dark brown to black marginal spots and a post - discal series of disjoint striae . on the hindwing there is a prominent black spot in space 7 near the costa and a much smaller black spot in space 1a .
this small species is not uncommon and is usually observed in the nature reserves flying alongside shady trails . its flight is typically feeble and erratic . usually only single individuals are encountered . the adults have been found to visit flowers , especially that of
, is a large shrub and can be found growing at multiple sites within the nature reserves . its leaves are pinnate with 5 - 7 elliptic leaflets , each of which 10 - 14cm long . one noteworthy feature ( common to
spp . ) is that its young shots , twigs and leaves are covered with rusty - red pubescence . the larva stages of the quaker feed on the young to middle - aged leaves before they are hardened .
the female quaker typically lay eggs singly on young leaf buds or the surface of a young leaf of the host plant . however , at times more than one egg can be found laid on the same leaf bud or young leaf .
female quakers attempting to oviposit on young leaf ( left ) and leaf buds ( right ) .
the small egg is discoid in shape ( about 0 . 4 - 0 . 5mm in diameter ) with the surface sculptured with a polygonal reticulum of ridges .
two views of an egg of the quaker . diameter : 0 . 4mm - 0 . 5mm .
each egg takes 2 - 2 . 5 days to hatch . the young caterpillar emerges after nibbling away a large portion of the egg shell the remnant of which is left alone as the caterpillar moves to feed on the leaf lamina nearby . measured at a length of about 0 . 9mm to 1 . 0mm , its pale yellowish green body sports long dorso - lateral and lateral setae , and a pale yellowish green head capsule ,
after about 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 days of growth , its length reaches about 2 . 2mm . the rather puffed - up caterpillar then lies dormant on the substrate for a period of time before its moult to the 2nd instar .
two views of a newly hatched caterpillar , length : 0 . 9 - 1 . 0mm .
the 2nd instar caterpillar is yellowish green in colour . now the body surface is covered in numerous short setae . dorsally , the metathoracic segment and 1st - 6th abdominal segments have small paired humps with long setae exuding from them . long setae also occur laterally along the body perimeter . after about 2 - 2 . 5 days of growth , the body length reaches about 4mm . during the end phase of this instar , the caterpillar stays dormant for about 0 . 5 days prior to its moult .
two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar , early in this stage , length : 2 . 2mm .
two views of a 2nd instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 2 . 9mm .
the 3rd instar caterpillar has numerous short but rather prominent fine body setae which are mostly brown in colour . the prothoracic shield is barely distinguishable as it it coloured in the same body base colour of yellowish green . the dorsal nectary organ on the 7th abdominal segment , and the two tentacular organs on the 8th abdominal segment are now distinguishable .
two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar , early in this stage , length : 4mm .
two views of a 3rd instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 6mm .
two views of a dormant 3rd instar caterpillar , readying itself for the moult to the final instar .
as in the 3rd instar , the 4th ( and final ) instar caterpillar has numerous short and fine body setae and relatively longer lateral setae . the body color is yellowish green to pale green .
two views of a 4th instar caterpillar , early in this stage , length : 8mm .
two views of a 4th instar caterpillar , late in this stage , length : 11mm .
in the 4th instar , the proportionally larger prothoracic shield is more noticeable than in the earlier instars . it is in a lighter shade of yellowish green than the body base colour , and is diamond - shaped with the lower half more compressed than the upper .
the dorsal nectary organ is also noticeable and ants have been observed to attend to it during field observations . the eversible tentacular organs are also conspicuous at this stage .
left : the prothoracic shield . right : the dorsal nectary organ ( dno ) and tentacular organs ( to ) . .
after 3 . 5 - 4 . 5 days of growth and reaching a maximum length of around 11mm in the final instar , the body of the caterpillar gradually shrinks . the caterpillar ceases eating and wanders around for a pupation site . all bred specimens chose to enter their pre - pupatory phase on the leaf surface of a host plant leaf . typical of many lycaenid species , the caterpillar readies itself for pupation by spinning a silk girdle and a silk pad .
two views of an immobile pre - pupatory larva of the quaker , note the silk girdle .
pupation takes place after one day of the pre - pupal stage . the lightly hairy pupa has the typical lycaenid shape . it is yellowish green to green in base colour with a variable number of black to dark brown patches dotting its body surface . the pupa is secured to the substrate with a silk girdle and its attachment to the silk pad via cremastral hooks . the small pupa has a length of about 7mm .
five days later , the pupa becomes darkened in color signaling the imminent emergence of the adult . the next day the adult butterfly emerges from the mature pupa
the butterflies of the malay peninsula , a . s . corbet and h . m . pendlebury , 4th edition , the malayan nature society .
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this species is found in rainforest and humid deciduous forest at elevations between sea level and about 800m .
males are commonly found imbibing mineralised moisture from damp soil . they always hold their wings erect when feeding or at rest .
all photographs , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins unless otherwise stated , and are protected by copyright . photographs or text must not be published elsewhere in part or in whole without prior written consent of adrian hoskins .
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ceylon , s . india - bengal , kumaon - burma . see [ maps ]
todara ( fruhstorfer , 1922 ) ( pithecops ) ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 9 : 880
pithecops dharma moore , [ 1881 ] ; lepid . ceylon 1 ( 2 ) : 72 , pl . 34 , f . 4 ; tl : ceylon
plebeius lucifer röber , 1886 ; corr . - bl . ent . ver . iris 1 ( 3 ) : 61 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; tl : aru ; key i .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
descriptions of new species of butterflies , captured by mr . doherty in the islands of the eastern archipelago , and now in the museum of the hon . walter rothschild at tring
list of lepidopterous insects collected by the late r . swinhoe in the island of hainan
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
charn kumar 1 department of biology , a . s . college , khanna , punjab - 141 401 , india .
common quaker butterfly also known as the quaker has off - white colored under side and brown colored upper side . the butterfly is small and belongs to the lycaenidae family .
the host plant is glycosmis pentaphylla or other plants from rutaceae family . the egg is white in color . the when emerged , the larvae is green in color and later becomes darker . the butterfly usually hatches in around 2 days after laying eggs .
looks very similar to malayan butterfly , but the markings differ , especially on the under fore wing . malayan has for costal spots on under fore wing , which makes both of them easy to differentiate .
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. the butterfly is also found in andaman and nicobars . it is usually not a rare
, but may be less common , even rare , in parts of its range .
) , especially in flight . the female malayan has a broader and more rounded forewing than the male .
megisba malaya presbyter fruhstorfer - central and south nicobars . rare . validity requires confirmation .
megisba malaya sikkima moore - kumaon to myanmar . andamans . not rare . tailed .
megisba malaya thwaites moore - sri lanka , south india to bengal . not rare . tailless .
adults fly low , close to the ground . this species is often seen in forest glades and forest edges . the males frequent cowdung and damp patches for
beccaloni , g . w . ; scoble , m . j . ; robinson , g . s . & pitkin , b . ( eds . ) ( 2003 ) : megisba malaya . in : the global lepidoptera names index ( lepindex ) . retrieved 2006 - dec - 04 .
bingham , c . t . ( 1907 ) : the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . lepidoptera , volume 2
evans , w . h . ( 1932 ) : h20 . 1 : megisba malaya . in : the identification of indian butterflies ( 2nd ed ) : 220 . bombay natural history society , mumbai , india .
gaonkar , harish ( 1996 ) : butterflies of the western ghats , india ( including sri lanka ) - a biodiversity assessment of a threatened mountain system . centre for ecological sciences , iisc , bangalore , india & natural history museum , london , uk .
gay , thomas ; kehimkar , isaac & punetha , j . c . ( 1992 ) : common butterflies of india . wwf - india and oxford university press , mumbai , india .
hamer , k . c . ; hill , j . k . ; benedick , s . ; mustaffa , n . ; chey , v . k . & maryati , m . ( 2006 ) : diversity and ecology of carrion - and fruit - feeding butterflies in bornean rain forest . journal of tropical ecology 22 : 25–33 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0266467405002750 ( html abstract )
haribal , meena ( 1992 ) : [ megisba malaya ] . in : butterflies of sikkim himalaya and their natural history : 121 - 122 . sikkim nature conservation foundation , gangtok , sikkim .
kunte , krushnamegh ( 2000 ) : butterflies of peninsular india ( 2006 reprint ) . university press , india .
wynter - blyth , m . a . ( 1957 ) : [ megisba malaya ] . in : butterflies of the indian region : 272 - 273 . bombay natural history society , mumbai , india .
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urltoken
the larvae feed on diospyros of family ebenaceae and glycosmis spp of family rutaceae such as glycosmis pentaphylla .
this butterfly is found in south asia and southeast asia such as ; sri lanka , india , bengal , western ghats , assam , burma , andamans , extending into the malay peninsula .
they are small butterflies and the upper side being dark brown with white patches on the discal areas of the wings . the white spots on the upper side hind wing are variable in size depending on season . the dry season form is larger than the wet season form . the underside is white . there is a prominent black spot on the costal area of the hind wing which distinguishes them from its similar species .
it is slightly paler than the male on the disc of the fore wing .
it is found all over in the island from sea level up to 1500 m elevation throughout the year . it is not uncommon in forested areas but usually not found at higher elevations .
it has a weak but erratic flight and tends to keep close to the ground . it is known as a shy butterfly which prefers to remain hidden in the undergrowth . at times it is also seen visit damp mud patches . it is a migratory species .
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nilgiri tiger , between periyar and munnar , kerala . endemic to the western ghats
danaid eggfly , chinnar , kerala . this species mimics the plain tiger for protection
photography location : cuc phuong n . p . ( ninh binh prov . ) , ba vi
this species is common along forest streams and at forest edges . males are often found mud - puddling , and both sexes are seen feeding from flowers of small shrubs . the dry and wet season forms are strikingly different .
keen birdwatcher with a love of the natural world , all that is beautiful and ugly and everything in between . my peace comes from being outdoors in amongst nature .
, i am always actively aware of butterflies , and tried to photograph ( and sometimes collect ) specimens as much as possible .
i hope that the more people who see the beauty of these fascinating creatures , the more it will lead to an appreciation that we need to be more pro - active in protecting them against the actions of humans that seem to only be concerned with
development
and monetary profit .
s mostly around hanoi ( ba vi , tam dao and cuc phuong national parks ) .
beautiful and graceful , varied and enchanting , small but approachable , butterflies lead you to the sunny side of life .
number : 146 family : papilioniidae sub - family : papilioniinae species : papilio memnon agenor linnaeus , 1758 common name ( s ) : th . . .
number : 124 family : hesperiidae sub - family : hesperiinae species : parnara cf . ganga ( evans , 1937 ) common name ( s ) : the continental . . .
well , another trip to cuc phuong has yielded yet another species for my personal records . it had been raining all week and i was desperate . . .
established in 1986 for the purpose of conserving limestone forests and musk deer , moschus berezovskii , the huu lien nature reserve is ju . . .
last year , i conduct regular surveys at ba vi national park ( located 70 km west of hanoi ) . regular sampling was carried out from march to . . .
family : saturniidae sub - family : saturniinae species : attacus atlas linnaeus , 1758 common name ( s ) : the atlas moth photography locat . . .
number : 82 family : nymphaliidae sub - family : satyriinae species : penthema lisarda michallati ( janet , 1894 ) common name ( s ) : the ye . . .
number : 252 family : nymphaliidae sub - family : danaiinae species : euploea mulciber mulciber ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) common name ( s ) : the s . . .
number : 148 family : papilioniidae sub - family : papilioniinae species : papilio polytes polytes linnaeus 1758 common name ( s ) : the . . .
number : 109 family : hesperiidae sub - family : hesperiinae species : potanthus sp . common name ( s ) : dart sp . photography location : ta . . .
106 . telicota hoara jix ( the narrow - branded palm d . . .
khao soi dao is in the east of thailand , near the town of chantaburi and the border with cambodia . info about the place is here : urltoken i spent 4 days / 3 nights there in mid - december and took quite a lot of butterfly pics . i think i nailed some of them , but would like confirmation ( or the opposite ) , and for the rest i hope someone still has patience with me . . . here comes the first instalment :
thx a lot seow , i never imagined that the two blues on the bird s . . . could be two species , but when i look at them now , there are some small differences , so maybe they are indeed . for now i have to file them as nacaduba berenice + nacaduba sp . : - )
second last is that cirrochroa or vindula ? when i photographed the last one , i was certain it was a butterfly . it was in the day and it behaved quite like a butterfly , but when i see the pics the antenna seems not to be club shaped , some butterfly like moth ?
second last is that cirrochroa or vindula ? when i photographed the last one , i was certain it was a butterfly . it was in the day and it behaved quite like a butterfly , but when i see the pics the antenna seems not to be club shaped , some butterfly like moth ? thats a moth . once apon a time we all went to great lengths to photograph that skitish fella too . should be a callidulidae something . see these posts that mentioned : it is call the
the barbarian
or callidula sumatrensis the callies or tetragonus catamitus . urltoken urltoken
the drupadia is a d . theda female after all . the thai subspecies have a broad orange band extending down into space 1b . urltoken the potanthus can ' t be ided without at least a good look of the forewing . vindula erota . note main dark line runs very close to the forewing cell - end . last is a moth . tl seow : cheers :
especially for : confirming , that it is indeed a moth and even supplying a name . i my own country , i use a lot more time on moths than butterflies ( toooo few of those here ! ) , so i like moths too , i would have chased even if i had known , it was not a butterfly : - ) correcting the drupadia theda and even to a subspecies named after the greatest entomologist my country ever spawned : - )
could it be callidula sakuni rather than c . sumatrensis ? the posterior spot on the underside of the forewing seem narrow and connected with the anterior one to me , but not sure , how to judge exactly : - ) i will have to look at the original in higher resolution : - )
the correct name is callidula sakuni . . c . sumatrensis is a junior synonym . some variation of the spots is expected . post 10 first 3 are all anthene emolus . last is hypolycaena erylus . tl seow : cheers :
correcting the drupadia theda and even to a subspecies named after the greatest entomologist my country ever spawned : - ) [ / list ] i had always thought fabricius was a latinised name much like linnaeus ( carl von linne ) & confucius ( kung - fu - tze ) . no wonder it is latinised to fabricii in taxonomy . tl seow : cheers :
the correct name is callidula sakuni . . c . sumatrensis is a junior synonym . some variation of the spots is expected . post 10 first 3 are all anthene emolus . last is hypolycaena erylus . tl seow : cheers : in the moths of borneo , they are different species ?
in the moths of borneo , they are different species ? it is in the moths of borneo that the list of synonyms are listed below the valid name callidula sakuni horsfield 1828 . urltoken tl seow : cheers :
oops ! you are right . they are two separate species . : embrass : tl seow : cheers : ps . from the description this should be c . sakuni , but unfortunately there are no images on the net that will fit the description of sumatrensis for comparison .
could # 2 & # 3 ( and possibly # 1 ? ) be anthene emolus ? for the rest i am still clueless . . . : - (
i did not do much else for three days than chasing butterflies so . . .
could # 2 & # 3 ( and possibly # 1 ? ) be anthene emolus ? for the rest i am still clueless . . . : - ( i didn ' t see the extra pics in post 10 . the fisrt four pics are anthene emolus . fifth is hypolycaena erylus . 6th is rapala manea schistacea . urltoken the last is a difficult one but appeared to be prosotas pia . both p pia & nora are very similar there are a lot of confusing images on the net . the main id point is that the peripheral spots in pia are reduced & tends to fade out . exqmples of p . nora . note tornal black line is prominent . urltoken urltoken example of pia . note the tornal black line is poor . urltoken tl seow : cheers :
two pics , this time with suggestions : - ) they are correct . tl seow : cheers :
i did not do much else for three days than chasing butterflies so . . . all are correct except the last . p . conjunctus have two prominent spots in the forewing cell . this has no cell spots and is dull brown . it is very likely to be the blank swift ( caltoris kumara ) . tl seow : cheers :
the prosotas in post 10 is prosotas nora ardates . here are examples of many variants . urltoken the prosotas pia marginata in your area is different . urltoken tl seow : cheers :
thx a lot again seow , i have corrected and archived all now , but still lots more from ksd , hope you are not tired of me yet , still only id ' ed 20 % of the pics from my 5 weeks . . .
1 is melanitis phedima . urltoken 2 is mycalesis perseus dry season form . note spots form an arc on both wings . 3 is tanaecia jahnu . 4 is celastrina lavendularis . tl seow : cheers :
thx again , again and again ; - ) interesting with the dry season form of mycalesis perseus , i would for sure never have guessed the id from the pics on the photo check list here are a few more : hmmm : are all the grass yellows the same ? the jamides is j . celeno . note the misalignment of the white striae in the middle . the grass yellows appeared to be all e . simulatrix . tl seow : cheers :
the jamides is j . celeno . note the misalignment of the white striae in the middle . the grass yellows appeared to be all e . simulatrix . tl seow : cheers : thx seow , i thought it was seleno , but my success in identifying jamides spp . has until now been very poor , so i decided to play safe : - d . thx for pointing out , what to notice . sorry for sending pic , that was already sent earlier , it is deleted now : - )
the blues are same individual , i am pretty sure . both underside and upperside should help , but . . .
the blue should be a local race of chilades pandava with less orange on the black spot . here are very good matches . urltoken urltoken the bob is correct . in i . stellifer the underside forewing has 3 white spots . tl seow : cheers :
another batch . . . dontoptilum angulatum , and un - id ' ed skipper and some kind of windmill . . .
1 is correct . the next 2 are halpe species & are normally quite difficult even with the help of the hindwing underside . 2 looks like it is correctly halpe arcuata . no cell spot ; yellow hyaline spots , degree of overlap of the 2 big spots . urltoken 3 is largely a quess . halpe kusala . one cell spot ; whitish hyaline spots ; degree of overlap . note example below have no cell spot . urltoken 4 . byasa adamsoni . tl seow : cheers :
an oopsie to correct here . the blue in post 26 is not celastrina lavendularis which is brownish on the underside & lack the black dot at the hindwing base ( in space 7 ) . it should be correctly oreolyce archena . urltoken tl seow : cheers :
you brought up an interesting point , sunny . i supposed your shot is from hk . i had thought subspecies gisca have small spots on the hindwing , but the spots can also be fairly close to that of lambi . . urltoken from cambodia with larger spots . urltoken e ) % 204 . jpg the main difference is the whitish patches on the upperside of gisca . both the acytolepis in post 26 & 36 should be a . puspa gisca . tl seow : cheers :
post 44 1 & 2 melanitis leda . forewing shape typical of male ; underside with ringed eyespots . 3 is cirrochroa tyche . wing apex marginal area not darkened . tl seow : cheers :
regarding 1 & 2 , i had wondered , the hindwing on the second photo looked wrong , however this could be due to possible predation , as the tail looked too long . i knew 1 was m . leda . in the end , i must agree with seow on both . with regards to no . 3 , i had wondered about c . surya malayensis . to be sure , i would need to see the underside forewing . c tyche mithila is common , so it is likely , but not absolutely sure .
the underside confirmed c . tyche . next post . 1 . byasa adamsoni 2 . papilio polytes female . 3 looks correct . 4 . phaedyma columella martabana . tl seow : cheers :
thanks for the underside . as seow says , this confirms c . tyche mithila . your third photo can not be elymnias panthera , as it is only found on the deep south of the peninsular in thailand , near the malay border , further up the peninsular it is replaced by e . obnubila , but this has a very small range , and is not found north of ranong . it is an elymnias hypemnestra , and is likely to be e . h . meridionalis , which can be found in cambodia as well as eastern thailand . in fact yutaka quotes khao soi dao in his specimens examined for this ssp .
thx a lot to both of you once more , i really hope printer / publisher of the 2 . ed . of
butterflies of thailand
is soon dry enough to turnout some books . i will surely make mistakes even with the book , but at least i should be able to catch and double check obvious cases of
out of known range
: mad2 :
both are troides aeacus . note hindwing black dusting . catopsilia pomona . note red - rimmed spot . bassarona ( or euthalia ) teuta female . cethosia cyane . forewing cell less red & hindwing postdiscal band wider than c . methypsea . tl seow : cheers :
the black dusting seen on some online pics id ' ed as aecuswas actually , what led me to this species , very glad to hear , that it is indeed useful as a mark . i guess the bassarona ( or euthalia ) teuta must be ssp . gupta then ? both from distribution and shape of white spots on forewing ?
i guess the bassarona ( or euthalia ) teuta must be ssp . gupta then ? both from distribution and shape of white spots on forewing ? absolutely correct .
a horrible pic of a small , pale eurema , i saw similars a few times , very small and pale . are both dragontails the same species ? what nawab is it ?
1 . eurema hecabe hecabe . 2 cell spots , one dash , one dot . urltoken 2 . both are lamproptera meges virescens . in l . curius uppermost window at forewing apex much smaller than next . 3 . polyura athamas athamas . 4 . vindula erota erota . dark line touching cellend on forewing . 5 . i guess this is appias lyncida eleonora . wing shape is distorted . tl seow : cheers :
thx for help and corrections again seow , i am glad you have not despaired of me yet : bsmile : no chance of that yet . tl seow : cheers :
yes . it is . tl seow : cheers : ps . the top window can be entirely missing . urltoken