the mexican lance-headed rattlesnake or lance-headed rattlesnake ( crotalus polystictus ) is a venomous pit viper species found in central mexico .

no subspecies is currently recognized .

crotalus polystictus

caudisona polysticta cope 1865 : 191 crotalus polystictus cope 1875 crotalus ximenesii dugés 1877 ( fide cope 1885 : 179 ) crotalus jimenezii dugés 1877 ( fide mcdiarmid et al . 1999 : 291 ) crotalus polystictus — cope 1885 : 179 crotalus polystictus — liner 1994 crotalus polystictus — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 290 crotalus polystictus — beaman & hayes 2008 aechmophrys polystictus — hoser 2009 rattlewellsus polystictus — hoser 2012 ( preliminary ) crotalus polystictus — wallach et al . 2014 : 193
envenomation by the mexican lance - headed rattlesnake crotalus polystictus : a case report .
envenomation by the mexican lance - headed rattlesnake crotalus polystictus : a case report . - pubmed - ncbi
shallow phylogeographic structure in the declining mexican lance - headed rattlesnake , crotalus polystictus ( serpentes : viperidae ) .
mccranie , james r . 1976 . crotalus polystictus . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 180 ) : 1 - 2 - get paper here
shallow phylogeographic structure in the declining mexican lance - headed rattlesnake , crotalus polystictus ( serpentes : viperidae ) . | meik | phyllomedusa : journal of herpetology
carbajal - márquez , rubén alonso and gustavo e . quintero - díaz . 2016 . crotalus polystictus . diet . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 3 ) : 741–742
mociño - deloya , estrella and kirk setser . 2016 . crotalus polystictus ( mexican lance - headed rattlesnake ) diet . herpetological review 47 ( 2 ) : 309
calzada - arciniega , rafael alejandro , rafael barzalobre geronimo , ernesto recuero and gabriela parra - olea . 2016 . crotalus polystictus ( mexican lance - headed rattlesnake ) diet . herpetological review 47 ( 2 ) : 310
bañuelos - alamillo , jorge a . , rubén alonso carbajal - márquez and miguel angel olvera - rivera . 2016 . distribution notes . crotalus polystictus ( cope , 1865 ) . mesoamerican herpetology 3 ( 1 ) : 207 - get paper here
a case of envenomation by the mexican lance - headed rattlesnake , crotalus polystictus , resulted in local swelling and muscle fasciculation , which abated after i . v . antivenin and an area of necrosis healed . a mild thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia with elevation of fibrin split products was noted .
meik , jesse m . ; jeffrey w . streicher , estrella mociño - deloya , kirk setser , and david lazcano 2012 . shallow phylogeographic structure in the declining mexican lance - headed rattlesnake , crotalus polystictus ( serpentes : viperidae ) . phyllomedusa 11 ( 1 ) : 3 - 12 - get paper here
hoser , r . 2009 . a reclassification of the rattlesnakes ; species formerly exclusively referred to the genera crotalus and sistrurus . australasian j . herpetol . 3 : 1 - 21 - get paper here
holotype : none designated , according to klauber ( 1972 : 45 ) , cited in mcdiarmid et al . 1999 . syntypes : madug he 55 , 356 , usnm 24448 , 26152 and 46508 [ crotalus jimenezii ]
wüster , w . & bérnils , r . s . 2011 . on the generic classification of the rattlesnakes , with special reference to the neotropical crotalus durissus complex ( squamata : viperidae ) . zoologia 28 ( 4 ) : 417–419
hoser , r . 2012 . a classification of the rattlesnakes ; species formerly exclusively referred to the genera crotalus and sistrurus and a division of the elapid genus micrurus . australasian j . herpetol . 11 : 2 - 24 - get paper here
the lance head rattlesnake ' s scientific name , crotalus polystictus , translates from the greek
poly
meaning many and
sticto
meaning spotted , describing the snake ' s general appearance . the characteristic dark spots that mark lance heads are unique to this species of rattlesnake . they are often oval or elongated toward the front of the body and more circular toward the middle of the animal . the snake ' s coloration ranges from tan or brown to gray and sometimes white . an orange - brown stripe also runs along this species back , most noticeably between spots .
venomous ! opinion 366 ( iczn , 1955 , opinions decls . 11 ( 16 ) : 231 - 244 ) validated the more generally used cope name polystictus for this species and suppressed the older jan name multimaculatus . nomenclature : hoser’s 2009 classification and nomenclature has been rejected as unnecessary and unavailable by wüster & bernils 2011 .
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uetz , p . & jirí hosek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , ( http : / / www . reptile - database . org )
flores - villela , oscar / mccoy , c . j . , ed .
mcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . touré
snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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home » resources » categories and criteria » 2001 iucn red list categories and criteria version 3 . 1
see below for the rules and requirements outlined in the iucn red list categories and criteria . version 3 . 1 ( second edition ) . for translations of this document into other languages , click here .
the iucn red list categories and criteria are intended to be an easily and widely understood system for classifying species at high risk of global extinction . the general aim of the system is to provide an explicit , objective framework for the classification of the broadest range of species according to their extinction risk . however , while the red list may focus attention on those taxa at the highest risk , it is not the sole means of setting priorities for conservation measures for their protection .
extensive consultation and testing in the development of the system strongly suggest that it is robust across most organisms . however , it should be noted that although the system places species into the threatened categories with a high degree of consistency , the criteria do not take into account the life histories of every species . hence , in certain individual cases , the risk of extinction may be under - or over - estimated .
before 1994 the more subjective threatened species categories used in iucn red data books and red lists had been in place , with some modification , for almost 30 years . although the need to revise the categories had long been recognized ( fitter and fitter 1987 ) , the current phase of development only began in 1989 following a request from the iucn species survival commission ( ssc ) steering committee to develop a more objective approach . the iucn council adopted the new red list system in 1994 .
to give people using threatened species lists a better understanding of how individual species were classified .
since their adoption by iucn council in 1994 , the iucn red list categories have become widely recognized internationally , and they are now used in a range of publications and listings produced by iucn , as well as by numerous governmental and non - governmental organizations . such broad and extensive use revealed the need for a number of improvements , and ssc was mandated by the 1996 world conservation congress ( wcc res . 1 . 4 ) to conduct a review of the system ( iucn 1996 ) . this document presents the revisions accepted by the iucn council .
the proposals presented in this document result from a continuing process of drafting , consultation and validation . the production of a large number of draft proposals has led to some confusion , especially as each draft has been used for classifying some set of species for conservation purposes . to clarify matters , and to open the way for modifications as and when they become necessary , a system for version numbering has been adopted as follows :
version 1 . 0 : mace and lande ( 1991 ) the first paper discussing a new basis for the categories , and presenting numerical criteria especially relevant for large vertebrates .
version 2 . 0 : mace et al . ( 1992 ) a major revision of version 1 . 0 , including numerical criteria appropriate to all organisms and introducing the non - threatened categories .
version 2 . 1 : iucn ( 1993 ) following an extensive consultation process within ssc , a number of changes were made to the details of the criteria , and fuller explanation of basic principles was included . a more explicit structure clarified the significance of the non - threatened categories .
version 2 . 2 : mace and stuart ( 1994 ) following further comments received and additional validation exercises , some minor changes to the criteria were made . in addition , the susceptible category present in versions 2 . 0 and 2 . 1 was subsumed into the vulnerable category . a precautionary application of the system was emphasised .
version 2 . 3 : iucn ( 1994 ) iucn council adopted this version , which incorporated changes as a result of comments from iucn members , in december 1994 . the initial version of this document was published without the necessary bibliographic details , such as date of publication and isbn number , but these were included in the subsequent reprints in 1998 and 1999 . this version was used for the 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals ( baillie and groombridge 1996 ) , the world list of threatened trees ( oldfield et al 1998 ) and the 2000 iucn red list of threatened species ( hilton - taylor 2000 ) .
version 3 . 0 : iucn / ssc criteria review working group ( 1999 ) following comments received , a series of workshops were convened to look at the iucn red list criteria following which , changes were proposed affecting the criteria , the definitions of some key terms and the handling of uncertainty .
version 3 . 1 : iucn ( 2001 ) the iucn council adopted this latest version , which incorporated changes as a result of comments from the iucn and ssc memberships and from a final meeting of the criteria review working group , in february 2000 .
all new assessments from january 2001 should use the latest adopted version and cite the year of publication and version number .
in the rest of this document , the proposed system is outlined in several sections . section ii , the preamble , presents basic information about the context and structure of the system , and the procedures that are to be followed in applying the criteria to species . section iii provides definitions of key terms used . section iv presents the categories , while section v details the quantitative criteria used for classification within the threatened categories . annex i provides guidance on how to deal with uncertainty when applying the criteria ; annex ii suggests a standard format for citing the red list categories and criteria ; and annex iii outlines the documentation requirements for taxa to be included on iucn ' s global red lists . it is important for the effective functioning of the system that all sections are read and understood to ensure that the definitions and rules are followed .
the information in this section is intended to direct and facilitate the use and interpretation of the categories ( critically endangered , endangered , etc . ) , criteria ( a to e ) , and subcriteria ( 1 , 2 , etc . ; a , b , etc . ; i , ii , etc . ) .
extinction is a chance process . thus , a listing in a higher extinction risk category implies a higher expectation of extinction , and over the time - frames specified more taxa listed in a higher category are expected to go extinct than those in a lower one ( without effective conservation action ) . however , the persistence of some taxa in high - risk categories does not necessarily mean their initial assessment was inaccurate .
all taxa listed as critically endangered qualify for vulnerable and endangered , and all listed as endangered qualify for vulnerable . together these categories are described as ' threatened ' . the threatened categories form a part of the overall scheme . it will be possible to place all taxa into one of the categories ( see figure 1 ) .
for listing as critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable there is a range of quantitative criteria ; meeting any one of these criteria qualifies a taxon for listing at that level of threat . each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria . even though some criteria will be inappropriate for certain taxa ( some taxa will never qualify under these however close to extinction they come ) , there should be criteria appropriate for assessing threat levels for any taxon . the relevant factor is whether any one criterion is met , not whether all are appropriate or all are met . because it will never be clear in advance which criteria are appropriate for a particular taxon , each taxon should be evaluated against all the criteria , and all criteria met at the highest threat category must be listed .
the different criteria ( a - e ) are derived from a wide review aimed at detecting risk factors across the broad range of organisms and the diverse life histories they exhibit . the quantitative values presented in the various criteria associated with threatened categories were developed through wide consultation , and they are set at what are generally judged to be appropriate levels , even if no formal justification for these values exists . the levels for different criteria within categories were set independently but against a common standard . broad consistency between them was sought .
the criteria for the threatened categories are to be applied to a taxon whatever the level of conservation action affecting it . it is important to emphasise here that a taxon may require conservation action even if it is not listed as threatened . conservation actions which may benefit the taxon are included as part of the documentation requirements ( see annex 3 ) .
taxa at risk from threats posed by future events of low probability but with severe consequences ( catastrophes ) should be identified by the criteria ( e . g . small distributions , few locations ) . some threats need to be identified particularly early , and appropriate actions taken , because their effects are irreversible or nearly so ( e . g . , pathogens , invasive organisms , hybridization ) .
the data used to evaluate taxa against the criteria are often estimated with considerable uncertainty . such uncertainty can arise from any one or all of the following three factors : natural variation , vagueness in the terms and definitions used , and measurement error . the way in which this uncertainty is handled can have a strong influence on the results of an evaluation . details of methods recommended for handling uncertainty are included in annex 1 , and assessors are encouraged to read and follow these principles .
in general , when uncertainty leads to wide variation in the results of assessments , the range of possible outcomes should be specified . a single category must be chosen and the basis for the decision should be documented ; it should be both precautionary and credible .
when data are very uncertain , the category of ' data deficient ' may be assigned . however , in this case the assessor must provide documentation showing that this category has been assigned because data are inadequate to determine a threat category . it is important to recognize that taxa that are poorly known can often be assigned a threat category on the basis of background information concerning the deterioration of their habitat and / or other causal factors ; therefore the liberal use of ' data deficient ' is discouraged .
listing in the categories of not evaluated and data deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk has been made , though for different reasons . until such time as an assessment is made , taxa listed in these categories should not be treated as if they were non - threatened . it may be appropriate ( especially for data deficient forms ) to give them the same degree of attention as threatened taxa , at least until their status can be assessed .
all assessments should be documented . threatened classifications should state the criteria and subcriteria that were met . no assessment can be accepted for the iucn red list as valid unless at least one criterion is given . if more than one criterion or subcriterion is met , then each should be listed . if a re - evaluation indicates that the documented criterion is no longer met , this should not result in automatic reassignment to a lower category of threat ( downlisting ) . instead , the taxon should be re - evaluated against all the criteria to clarify its status . the factors responsible for qualifying the taxon against the criteria , especially where inference and projection are used , should be documented ( see annexes 2 and 3 ) . the documentation requirements for other categories are also specified in annex 3 .
the category of threat is not necessarily sufficient to determine priorities for conservation action . the category of threat simply provides an assessment of the extinction risk under current circumstances , whereas a system for assessing priorities for action will include numerous other factors concerning conservation action such as costs , logistics , chances of success , and other biological characteristics of the subject .
re - evaluation of taxa against the criteria should be carried out at appropriate intervals . this is especially important for taxa listed under near threatened , data deficient and for threatened taxa whose status is known or suspected to be deteriorating .
a taxon may be moved from a category of higher threat to a category of lower threat if none of the criteria of the higher category has been met for five years or more .
if the original classification is found to have been erroneous , the taxon may be transferred to the appropriate category or removed from the threatened categories altogether , without delay ( but see point 10 above ) .
the term ' population ' is used in a specific sense in the red list criteria that is different to its common biological usage . population is here defined as the total number of individuals of the taxon . for functional reasons , primarily owing to differences between life forms , population size is measured as numbers of mature individuals only . in the case of taxa obligately dependent on other taxa for all or part of their life cycles , biologically appropriate values for the host taxon should be used .
subpopulations are defined as geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little demographic or genetic exchange ( typically one successful migrant individual or gamete per year or less ) .
the number of mature individuals is the number of individuals known , estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction . when estimating this quantity , the following points should be borne in mind :
mature individuals that will never produce new recruits should not be counted ( e . g . densities are too low for fertilization ) .
in the case of populations with biased adult or breeding sex ratios , it is appropriate to use lower estimates for the number of mature individuals , which take this into account .
where the population size fluctuates , use a lower estimate . in most cases this will be much less than the mean .
reproducing units within a clone should be counted as individuals , except where such units are unable to survive alone ( e . g . corals ) .
in the case of taxa that naturally lose all or a subset of mature individuals at some point in their life cycle , the estimate should be made at the appropriate time , when mature individuals are available for breeding .
re - introduced individuals must have produced viable offspring before they are counted as mature individuals .
generation length is the average age of parents of the current cohort ( i . e . newborn individuals in the population ) . generation length therefore reflects the turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population . generation length is greater than the age at first breeding and less than the age of the oldest breeding individual , except in taxa that breed only once . where generation length varies under threat , the more natural , i . e . pre - disturbance , generation length should be used .
a reduction is a decline in the number of mature individuals of at least the amount ( % ) stated under the criterion over the time period ( years ) specified , although the decline need not be continuing . a reduction should not be interpreted as part of a fluctuation unless there is good evidence for this . the downward phase of a fluctuation will not normally count as a reduction .
a continuing decline is a recent , current or projected future decline ( which may be smooth , irregular or sporadic ) which is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken . fluctuations will not normally count as continuing declines , but an observed decline should not be considered as a fluctuation unless there is evidence for this .
extreme fluctuations can be said to occur in a number of taxa when population size or distribution area varies widely , rapidly and frequently , typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude ( i . e . a tenfold increase or decrease ) .
the phrase ' severely fragmented ' refers to the situation in which increased extinction risk to the taxon results from the fact that most of its individuals are found in small and relatively isolated subpopulations ( in certain circumstances this may be inferred from habitat information ) . these small subpopulations may go extinct , with a reduced probability of recolonization .
extent of occurrence is defined as the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all the known , inferred or projected sites of present occurrence of a taxon , excluding cases of vagrancy ( see figure 2 ) . this measure may exclude discontinuities or disjunctions within the overall distributions of taxa ( e . g . large areas of obviously unsuitable habitat ) ( but see ' area of occupancy ' , point 10 below ) . extent of occurrence can often be measured by a minimum convex polygon ( the smallest polygon in which no internal angle exceeds 180 degrees and which contains all the sites of occurrence ) .
figure 2 . two examples of the distinction between extent of occurrence and area of occupancy . ( a ) is the spatial distribution of known , inferred or projected sites of present occurrence . ( b ) shows one possible boundary to the extent of occurrence , which is the measured area within this boundary . ( c ) shows one measure of area of occupancy which can be achieved by the sum of the occupied grid squares .
the term ' location ' defines a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon present . the size of the location depends on the area covered by the threatening event and may include part of one or many subpopulations . where a taxon is affected by more than one threatening event , location should be defined by considering the most serious plausible threat .
a quantitative analysis is defined here as any form of analysis which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon based on known life history , habitat requirements , threats and any specified management options . population viability analysis ( pva ) is one such technique . quantitative analyses should make full use of all relevant available data . in a situation in which there is limited information , such data as are available can be used to provide an estimate of extinction risk ( for instance , estimating the impact of stochastic events on habitat ) . in presenting the results of quantitative analyses , the assumptions ( which must be appropriate and defensible ) , the data used and the uncertainty in the data or quantitative model must be documented .
extinct ( ex ) a taxon is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died . a taxon is presumed extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat , at appropriate times ( diurnal , seasonal , annual ) , throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual . surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon ' s life cycle and life form .
extinct in the wild ( ew ) a taxon is extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation , in captivity or as a naturalized population ( or populations ) well outside the past range . a taxon is presumed extinct in the wild when exhaustive surveys in known and / or expected habitat , at appropriate times ( diurnal , seasonal , annual ) , throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual . surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon ' s life cycle and life form .
critically endangered ( cr ) a taxon is critically endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for critically endangered ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild .
endangered ( en ) a taxon is endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for endangered ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild .
vulnerable ( vu ) a taxon is vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria a to e for vulnerable ( see section v ) , and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild .
near threatened ( nt ) a taxon is near threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable now , but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .
least concern ( lc ) a taxon is least concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for critically endangered , endangered , vulnerable or near threatened . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
not evaluated ( ne ) a taxon is not evaluated when it is has not yet been evaluated against the criteria .
note : as in previous iucn categories , the abbreviation of each category ( in parenthesis ) follows the english denominations when translated into other languages ( see annex 2 ) .
( e ) the effects of introduced taxa , hybridization , pathogens , pollutants , competitors or parasites .
e . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50 % within 10 years or three generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) .
a . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations .
e . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20 % within 20 years or five generations , whichever is the longer ( up to a maximum of 100 years ) .
a . severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than 10 locations .
1 . population size estimated to number fewer than 1 , 000 mature individuals .
2 . population with a very restricted area of occupancy ( typically less than 20 km 2 ) or number of locations ( typically five or fewer ) such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period in an uncertain future , and is thus capable of becoming critically endangered or even extinct in a very short time period .
e . quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10 % within 100 years .
one of the simplest ways to represent uncertainty is to specify a best estimate and a range of plausible values . the best estimate itself might be a range , but in any case the best estimate should always be included in the range of plausible values . when data are very uncertain , the range for the best estimate might be the range of plausible values . there are various methods that can be used to establish the plausible range . it may be based on confidence intervals , the opinion of a single expert , or the consensus opinion of a group of experts . whichever method is used should be stated and justified in the documentation .
an assessment using a point estimate ( i . e . single numerical value ) will lead to a single red list category . however , when a plausible range for each parameter is used to evaluate the criteria , a range of categories may be obtained , reflecting the uncertainties in the data . a single category , based on a specific attitude to uncertainty , should always be listed along with the criteria met , while the range of plausible categories should be indicated in the documentation ( see annex 3 ) .
where data are so uncertain that any category is plausible , the category of ' data deficient ' should be assigned . however , it is important to recognize that this category indicates that the data are inadequate to determine the degree of threat faced by a taxon , not necessarily that the taxon is poorly known or indeed not threatened . although data deficient is not a threatened category , it indicates a need to obtain more information on a taxon to determine the appropriate listing ; moreover , it requires documentation with whatever available information there is .
under section v ( the criteria for critically endangered , endangered and vulnerable ) there is a hierarchical alphanumeric numbering system of criteria and subcriteria . these criteria and subcriteria ( all three levels ) form an integral part of the red list assessment and all those that result in the assignment of a threatened category must be specified after the category . under the criteria a to c and d under vulnerable , the first level of the hierarchy is indicated by the use of numbers ( 1 - 4 ) and if more than one is met , they are separated by means of the ' + ' symbol . the second level is indicated by the use of the lower - case alphabet characters ( a - e ) . these are listed without any punctuation . a third level of the hierarchy under criteria b and c involves the use of lower case roman numerals ( i - v ) . these are placed in parentheses ( with no space between the preceding alphabet character and start of the parenthesis ) and separated by the use of commas if more than one is listed . where more than one criterion is met , they should be separated by semicolons . the following are examples of such usage :
all assessments published on the iucn red list are freely available for public use . to ensure assessments are fully justified and to allow red list assessment data to be analysed , thus making the iucn red list a powerful tool for conservation and policy decisions , a set of supporting information is required to accompany every assessment submitted for publication on the iucn red list of threatened species ™ :
required supporting information under specific conditions ( e . g . taxa assessed under specific red list categories or criteria , plant assessments , reassessed taxa , etc . ) .
tools available for preparing and submitting assessments for the iucn red list , including the iucn species information service ( sis ) and ramas® red list ( akçakaya and ferson 2001 ) .
note that the documentation standards and consistency checks for iucn red list assessments and species accounts will be updated on a regular basis .
click here for a summary of the five criteria ( a - e ) used to evaluate if a taxon belongs in an iucn red list threatened category ( critically endangered , endangered or vulnerable ) .
akçakaya , h . r . and ferson , s . 2001 . ramas ® red list : threatened species classifications under uncertainty . version 2 . 0 . applied biomathematics , new york .
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baillie , j . and groombridge , b . ( eds ) . 1996 . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland .
burgman , m . a . , keith , d . a . and walshe , t . v . 1999 . uncertainty in comparative risk analysis of threatened australian plant species . risk analysis 19 : 585 - 598 .
fitter , r . and fitter , m . ( eds ) . 1987 . the road to extinction . iucn , gland , switzerland .
gärdenfors , u . , hilton - taylor , c . , mace , g . , and rodríguez , j . p . , 2001 . the application of iucn red list criteria at regional levels . conservation biology 15 : 1206 - 1212 .
hilton - taylor , c . ( compiler ) . 2000 . 2000 iucn red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 1993 . draft iucn red list categories . iucn , gland , switzerland .
iucn . 1994 . iucn red list categories . prepared by the iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland .
iucn . 1996 . resolution 1 . 4 . species survival commission . resolutions and recommendations , pp . 7 - 8 . world conservation congress , 13 - 23 october 1996 , montreal , canada . iucn , gland , switzerland .
iucn . 1998 . guidelines for re - introductions . prepared by the iucn / ssc re - introduction specialist group . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 2001 . iucn red list categories and criteria : version 3 . 1 . iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 2003 . guidelines for application of iucn red list criteria at regional levels : version 3 . 0 . iucn species survival commission . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 2012 . guidelines for application of iucn red list criteria at regional and national levels : version 4 . 0 . gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk : iucn .
iucn / ssc criteria review working group . 1999 . iucn red list criteria review provisional report : draft of the proposed changes and recommendations . species 31 - 32 : 43 - 57 .
mace , g . m . , collar , n . , cooke , j . , gaston , k . j . , ginsberg , j . r . , leader - williams , n . , maunder , m . and milner - gulland , e . j . 1992 . the development of new criteria for listing species on the iucn red list . species 19 : 16 ? 22 .
mace , g . m . and lande , r . 1991 . assessing extinction threats : toward a re - evaluation of iucn threatened species categories . conservation biology 5 : 148 ? 157 .
mace , g . m . and stuart , s . n . 1994 . draft iucn red list categories , version 2 . 2 . species 21 - 22 : 13 - 24 .
oldfield , s . , lusty , c . and mackinven , a . 1998 . the world list of threatened trees . world conservation press , cambridge .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is endemic to mexico , where it is distributed in the southern portion of the mexican plateau , from west - central veracruz , westward across central puebla , distrito federal , northern michoacan , southwestern queretaro , hidalgo , southern guanajuato , central and eastern jalisco and southern zacatecas and aguascalientes . it occurs between 1 , 450 and 2 , 600 m asl .
it is found in broad valleys , rolling plains and grassy meadows . it can be found also in pine - oak forests , mesquite - grassland areas and even in rocky outcrops or areas of old lava flows . it can be found in disturbed habitat with suitable rocky refuges close to agricultural fields . it is a viviparous species .
the species is threatened by habitat loss , generally through clearing of land with fire for conversion to agricultural use . it is also directly killed be people when it is encountered . it can persist in modified areas where there are rocky refuges .
it is present in the parque nacional el chico , hidalgo . there is a need to establish protected areas where good populations of this species remain . further research is needed into the ecology of this species .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
c mexico ( from s zacatecas and ne colima to ec veracruz , aguascalientes , morelos , s durango , jalisco ) . elevation : 1450 - 2600 m .
type locality :
table land , mexico .
a proposed restriction to
tupataro , guanajuato , mexico
was made by smith and taylor ( 1950 : 330 ) . [ however , type - locality restrictions other than those dealing with type - designations ( i . e . , lectotype or neotype ) have no status under the international code of zoological nomenclature .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
beaman , k . r . & hayes , w . k . 2008 . rattlesnakes : research trends and annotated checklist . in : hayes et al . ( eds ) , the biology of rattlesnakes . loma linda university press , pp . 5 - 16
campbell , j . a . & lamar , w . w . 1989 . the venomous reptiles of latin america . comstock publishing / cornell university press , ithaca
castro - franco , rubén , maría guasalupe bustos - zagal 1994 . list of reptiles of morelos , mexico , and their distribution in relation to vegetation types . southwestern naturalist 39 ( 2 ) : 171 - 175 - get paper here
cope , e . d . 1866 . third contribution to the herpetology of tropical america . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 17 [ 1865 ] : 185 - 198 - get paper here
cope , e . d . 1885 . twelfth contribution to the herpetology of tropical america . proc . amer . philos . soc . 22 : 167 - 194 [ 1884 ] - get paper here
cruz - sáenz , d . , f . j . muñoz - nolasco , v . mata - silva , j . d . johnson , e . garcía - padilla , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of jalisco , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 1 ) : 23–118 - get paper here
dugès , a . 1877 . apuntes para la monografía de los crótalos de méxico . la naturaleza , 4 : 1–29 - get paper here
guo , peng ; fei zhu , qin liu , liang zhang , jian x . li , yu y . huang & r . alexander pyron 2014 . a taxonomic revision of the asian keelback snakes , genus amphiesma ( serpentes : colubridae : natricinae ) , with description of a new species . zootaxa 3873 ( 4 ) : 425–440 - get paper here
heimes , p . 2016 . snakes of mexico . chimaira , frankfurt , 572 pp
jadin , robert c . ; jacobo reyes velasco and eric n . smith 2010 . hemipenes of the long - tailed rattlesnakes ( serpentes : viperidae ) from mexico . phyllomedusa 9 ( 1 ) : 69 - 74 - get paper here
klauber , laurence m . 1952 . taxonomic studies on rattlesnakes of mainland mexico . bulletins of the zoological society of san diego ( 26 ) : 1 - 143
leyte - manrique , adrian ; efrén m . hernández navarro y luis a . escobedo - morales 2015 . herpetofauna de guanajuato : un análisis histórico y contemporáneo de su conocimiento revista mexicana de herpetología 1 ( 1 ) : 1–14 - get paper here
mccranie , j . r . & wilson , l . d . 2001 . the herpetofauna of the mexican state of aguascalientes . courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg 230 : 1 - 57
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
meik , jesse m and andré pires - dasilva 2009 . evolutionary morphology of the rattlesnake style . bmc evolutionary biology 2009 , 9 : 35 - get paper here
vázquez díaz , joel ; quintero díaz , gustavo e . 2005 . anfibios y reptiles de aguascalientes [ 2nd ed . ] . conabio , ciema , 318 pp .
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
woolrich - piña , g . a . , e . garcía - padilla , d . l . desantis , j . d . johnson , v . mata - silva , and l . d . wilson . 2017 . the herpetofauna of puebla , mexico : composition , distribution , and conservation status . mesoamerican herpetology 4 ( 4 ) : 791–884
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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general shape small in length , moderately stout bodied rattlesnake with a short tail and horn - like segmented rattle . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 95 metres . head is large , broad ( but relatively slender or elongate for genus ) and very distinct from narrow neck . eyes are moderately small in size with vertically elliptical pupils . dorsal scales are keeled .
habitat elevations between about 1400 and 2600 metres in mesquite - grassland , pine - oak forest and forest openings . frequently found in rocky terrain .
habits mainly a diurnal and terrestrial snake with nocturnal tendencies in the hottest months .
general : dangerousness unknown , but potentially lethal envenoming , though unlikely , cannot be excluded .
description : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .
key diagnostic features variable severity local pain , swelling , blistering , ± necrosis . systemic effects may include coagulopathy , bleeding , renal failure , rarely myolysis & / or mild paralysis
general approach to management all cases should be treated as urgent & potentially lethal . rapid assessment & commencement of treatment including appropriate antivenom ( if indicated & available ) is mandatory . admit all cases .
antivenom therapy antivenom is the key treatment for systemic envenoming . multiple doses may be required .
address : contiguo a la plaza de deportes , dulce nombre de coronado . san josé costa rica
address : calzada de tlalpan no . 4687 toriello guerra c . p . 14050 mexico , d . f . ,
( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike
( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike
( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .
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jesse m . meik , jeffrey w . streicher , estrella mociño - deloya , kirk setser , david lazcano
drew r . schield , daren c . card , richard h . adams , tereza jezkova , jacobo reyes - velasco , f . nicole proctor , carol l . spencer , hans - werner herrmann , stephen p . mackessy , todd a . castoe
jesse m . meik , sarah schaack , oscar flores - villela , jeffrey w . streicher
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
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< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =
urltoken
> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
> length < / a > and < a href =
urltoken
> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
urltoken
> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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telechrysis is a genus of gelechioid moths and only genus in the telechrysidini tribe .

the genus itself contains only one species , telechrysis tripuncta , which is found in most of europe , except the iberian peninsula , the benelux , ireland , lithuania , croatia , austria and greece .

the wingspan is 10 – 14 mm .

adults have three pale , evenly spaced spots on each forewing .

they are on wing in may and june .

the larvae are thought to feed in dead or rotting wood .

telechrysis

telechrysis tripuncta ; lvovsky , 2003 , nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 218 ; [ fe ]
telechrysis tripuncta ( treble - spot flat - body ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
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notes : nationally scarce ( nb ) in woodland and hedgerows in parts of england , except the north - east , and in north wales . a scarcely seen insect in hampshire with a very scattered distribution , mainly away from the chalk ; there are two old records from the isle of wight . wingspan 11 - 14 mm . the three pale , evenly - spaced spots on each forewing make this a distinctive member of the oecophoridae . larva feeds on dead wood , perhaps most frequently of hazel .
occurring in southern england and in parts of north - west england and wales , this distinctive species is however fairly local , occupying woodland habitats .
the feeding habits are relatively unknown , but it is believed to feed in dead or rotting wood .
adult moths are on the wing in may and june , being rather crepuscular in nature .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 23 05 : 42 : 18 page render time : 0 . 4823s total w / procache : 0 . 5270s
eu , asia minor , n . caucasus , s . siberia . see [ maps ]
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
check - list of the broad - winged moths ( oecophoridae s . l . ) of russia and adjacent countries
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .
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© 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15
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first post victorian records at blickling in 1995 ( d . hipperson ) sheringham ( nms , 2000 ) shotesham ( musgrove , 2008 ) holme ( tilley , 2010 ) bawdeswell ( appleton , 2012 ) plus a handful of more recent records .
recorded in 14 ( 20 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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maps produced by mapmate® using digital map data copyright © collins bartholomew 2007 . data overlays copyright © essex moth group / essex field club 2018 . reproduction for study and non - profit use permitted , all other rights reserved .
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this list contains all moth species illustrated on the ukmoths website . the numbers before each entry are checklist numbers . in the main list , there are two numbers beside each species . the first number is the
new
decimal - style checklist number , corresponding to
a checklist of the lepidoptera of the british isles
by agassiz , d . j . l . , beavan , s . d . & heckford r . j . 2013 , hitherto referred to as the
2013 checklist
. the second number , prefixed with
bf
is the previous
bradley and fletcher number
, derived from
a recorder ' s log book or label list of british butterflies and moths
by j . d . bradley and d . s . fletcher . some species will have
appendix a
to the right of their listing . this relates to appendix a of the 2013 checklist , which lists adventive species . at the end of the main list are questionable or doubtful records which is an approximation of appendix b ( questionable records ) of the new checklist , but also contains other records that do not for various reasons have new decimal - style checklist numbers . many thanks to stella beavan and bob heckford for their help in interpreting the new checklist .
the numbers before each entry are checklist numbers . in the main list , there are two numbers beside each species .
the first number is the
new
decimal - style checklist number , corresponding to
a checklist of the lepidoptera of the british isles
by agassiz , d . j . l . , beavan , s . d . & heckford r . j . 2013 , hitherto referred to as the
2013 checklist
.
the second number , prefixed with
bf
is the previous
bradley and fletcher number
, derived from
a recorder ' s log book or label list of british butterflies and moths
by j . d . bradley and d . s . fletcher .
some species will have
appendix a
to the right of their listing . this relates to appendix a of the 2013 checklist , which lists adventive species .
procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 24 23 : 16 : 27 page render time : 0 . 2728s total w / procache : 1 . 0005s
overview of the structural clusters ( sc ) and functional families within this cath superfamily . clusters with a representative structure are represented by a filled circle .
salmonella enterica subsp . enterica serovar weltevreden str . 2007 - 60 - 3289 - 1
the main markings on the wing are three white blotches and a subterminal line in brownish white edged with brown on the inside as well as other variable white markings .
website where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed .
plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant
lepi - plants
page where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .


valvata macrostoma is a species of minute freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family valvatidae , the valve snails .

valvata macrostoma

no one has contributed data records for valvata macrostoma yet . learn how to contribute .
spatial and temporal structure of the trematode component community in valvata macrostoma ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
niedergedrückte federkiemenschnecke
to
valvata macrostoma mörch , 1864
.
spatial and temporal structure of the trematode component community in valvata macrostoma ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . - pubmed - ncbi
hans - martin braun added the german common name
sumpf - federkiemenschnecke
to
valvata macrostoma mörch , 1864
.
( of valvata ( tropidina ) macrostoma mörch , 1864 ) bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
1 . the gastropods segmentina nitida , anisus vorticulus and valvata macrostoma occur in drainage ditches on grazing marshes that are now among the most threatened wetland systems in western europe . although each of these species is listed in the uk red data book ( rdb ) and biodiversity action plan , influences on their distribution are poorly understood . 2 . to improve management information , the . . . [ show full abstract ]
recognized as an independent species since the 1980s , often called valvata pulchella . range not fully understood . references : falkner 1990 : 120 , vogt et al . 1994 : 53 , turner et al . 1998 : 93 , kerney 1999 : 28 , tappert & korniushin 2001 : 16 ( pulchella ) , glöer 2002 : 187 , myzyk 2004 , pintér & suara 2004 : 41 ( pulchella ) , cioboiu 2006 ( pulchella , in romania only sw romania and danube ) , faltýnkova et al . 2008 ( central finland , determination requires confirmation ) , jungbluth & knorre 2009 : 10 , welter - schultes 2012 : 43 ( range map ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
has been assessed as least concern . this species is geographically widespread and common throughout europe . whilst it is known that population abundance is currently declining on a local scale , global population trends are unknown . in parts of its european range , this species is listed on national red list assessments , but the effectiveness of these measures are not known . further research into species population trends , abundance and the threats impacting this species on a global scale is required if this species is to be elevated to a threat category in future .
. 2008 ) , but its distribution is very patchy ( van damme , pers . comm . 2011 ) . fauna europea ( bank
. 2006 ) report the species from sweden , denmark ( mainland ) , estonia , latvia , lithuania , poland , republic of ireland ( eire ) , great britain ( uk ) , netherlands , belgium , luxembourg , france ( mainland ) , germany , switzerland , austria ( northern tirol , ober - and niederösterreich ) , czech republic , slovakia , hungary , bulgaria , ukraine and greece ( mainland ) . it has also been found in anatolia ( ustaoğlu
2008 ) . overall , the population is recorded as ' widespread but declining ' ( wells and chatfield 1992 ) . the following contains some more specific country by country information on its population status , where available .
in the united kingdom , of the six areas the species was recorded in since the 1970s , it has gone in two and populations have decreased in all the remaining ones ( willing 2001 ) .
in the netherlands , the species is restricted to a few locations in the eastern part of the country ( gittenberger 2011 ) .
in sweden , it is restricted to the southern part of the country ( skåne , jämtland , öland ; von proschwitz & bjelke 2008 ) .
. 2005 , d . van damme pers . comm . 2011 ) , and the same can be said for the population in bohemia , czech republic .
( steenbuch in mörch ) and state that it occurs in europe , but do not give any record from the russian federation . in older literature , the species under the name
is mentioned from the whole northern part of the european ussr ( from kaliningrad over estonia , latvia and lithuania east to the leningrad region and finnish ussr , as well in the waters of the black sea basin , volga , cniester , dnieper and don basins , the caspian sea basin and violga and ural basins , the arctic basin , kola peninsula , lakes in the baikal region , lena basin , pacific basin and amur basin ( zhadin 1952 ) .
in belarus , the species was only found in three samples of the 30 macrobenthic sampling stations investigated in the pripyat river near turov ( oosterbaan 2001 ) . it can be assumed as rare .
steenbuch in morch , 1864 ) is very rare and that the only confirmed records are from brussels and namur . however , considering that this study was actually written before 1940 and was based on museum collections going back to the 19th century , it is here assumed that the species is probably extirpated in the country . we do not know of any records in the last 50 years .
in france , only twenty records of this species have been collected in the last decades ( mnh 2010 ) . seventeen of these are from the loire - et - cher department ( brault and gervais 2004 ) . though it has no official status of protection , the species can be considered as very rare in france .
in romania , the species is restricted to the upper section of the danube river ; it has not been recorded from any other basins ( cioboiu 2010 ) .
2008 ) . it prefers a muddy substrate throughout most of its distribution , apart from in turkey and spain where it is found under stones in highland brooks ( van damme pers . comm . 2011 ) . it is sensitive to reduction in dissolved oxygen concentration ( zettler , 2000 ) .
the species feeds on aufwuchs ( van damme pers . comm . 2011 ) , and adults often die following reproduction ( semelparous ) , however this species ' life history and biology is not well known ( faltynkova
2010 ) . the distribution of the species being mainly in northern europe and the restriction to highlands in the southern part of its range suggests it is sensitive to temperature changes and so climate change may become a potential threat ( van damme , pers . comm . 2011 ) .
. 2005 ) . further research is recommended into the species population trends , life history and threats .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this species has a wide geographical range but has very localised occurrence , especially in the western part of europe . according to faltýnkova
( 2008 ) this species is widespread across northern and eastern europe and although this species is present in most of the european countries precise information on the number of sub - populations , the rate of decline and the population trends are insufficient to support a listing as near threatened ( nt ) or threatened , however further research on population and habitat trends is needed , as continued decline in last 10 - 15 years has been observed . the species is currently assessed as least concern ( lc ) , but in the future evidence of continued decline may support a threatened category at the european level and at the level of the 27 member states of the european union .
this species has a wide geographical range but has a localised occurrence . this species is widespread across northern and eastern europe ( faltýnkova
2006 ) report the species from : sweden , denmark ( mainland ) , estonia , latvia , lithuania , poland , republic of ireland ( eire ) , great britain ( uk ) , netherlands , belgium , luxembourg ( presence uncertain ) , france ( mainland ) , germany , switzerland , austria , czech republic , slovakia , hungary , bulgaria , ukraine and greece ( mainland ) .
2008 ) . however , in western europe the habitats have been in decline for the last 50 years , and overall the european population is recorded as widespread but declining ( wells and chatfield 1992 ) .
this species lives in wetland habitats including rivers , canals , oxbows and dykes . ormerod
( 2010 ) note that sites dominated by floating vegetation are occupied by this species .
2003 ) and category 2 in germany . further research is recommended into the species population trends , life history and biology .
mörch , o . a . l . 1864 . fortegnelse over de i danmark forekommende land - og ferskvandsblöddyr . - videnskabelige meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske forening i kjöbenhavn ( 2 ) 1863 ( 17 - 22 ) : 265 - 367 .
shell with fine and sharp ribs , rapidly increasing whorls , first whorls flat , last whorls descending , umbilicus wide , 1 / 4 - 1 / 3 of shell diameter .
temporary water bodies in river floodplains , in the north also at swampy lake margins and drainage ditches in marshland , well vegetated habitats . usually frequent if present . in switzerland in up to 1000 m altitude . reproduction sexual , eggs are laid in cocoons ( 7 - 12 eggs per cocoon , maximum 35 ) , female maturity is reached after 2 - 4 months ( at 2 . 5 - 3 mm diameter and 2 . 5 - 3 whorls ) , life span 1 - 2 years , in the laboratory longer at unfavourable life conditions . snails produce up to 150 cocoons during their lifetime .
threatened due to its rare occurrence combined with increased destruction of moist habitats all over central europe . also many populations in england have disappeared , the surviving populations are at risk through habitat disturbance and eutrophication . critically endangered in switzerland , czech republic and germany , endangered in austria and the netherlands , vulnerable in england and poland .
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department of biological and environmental science , university of jyväskylä , po box 35 ( ya ) , fi - 40014 jyväskylä , finland . faltyn @ urltoken
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
long list of key species from the 1995 steering group report . inclusive of all species on middle and short lists . no longer in use .
taxa with small populations that are not at present endangered or vulnerable , but are at risk . ( in gb , this was interpreted as species which exist in fifteen or fewer 10km squares ) . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , but still applicable to lists that have not been reviewed since 1994 .
taxa with small populations that are not at present endangered or vulnerable , but are at risk . ( in gb , this was interpreted as species which exist in fifteen or fewer 10km squares ) . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , so no longer in use .
taxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , but still applicable to lists that have not been reviewed since 1994 .
species “of principal importance for the purpose of conserving biodiversity” covered under section 41 ( england ) of the nerc act ( 2006 ) and therefore need to be taken into consideration by a public body when performing any of its functions with a view to conserving biodiversity .
the uk list of priority species and habitats contains 1150 species and 65 habitats that have been listed as priorities for conservation action under the uk biodiversity action plan ( uk bap ) .
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. 2006 ) report the species from sweden , denmark ( mainland ) , estonia , latvia , lithuania , poland , republic of ireland ( eire ) , great britain ( uk ) , netherlands , belgium , luxembourg , france ( mainland ) , germany , switzerland , austria ( northern tirol , ober - and niedersterreich ) , czech republic , slovakia , hungary , bulgaria , ukraine and greece ( mainland ) . it has also been found in anatolia ( ustaolu
eds . molluscan conservation : a strategy for the 21st century , journal of conchology , special publication no . 2
eds . molluscan conservation : a strategy for the 21st century , journal of conchology , special publication no . 2
palmer m . 1986 . the impact of a change from permanent pasture to cereal farming on the flora and invertebrate fauna of watercourses in the pevensey levels , sussex . in : proceedings ewrs / aab7th symposium on aquatic weeds pp . 233–238 .
redistribution and local recolonisation by the freshwater pearl mussel margaritifera margaritifera ( l . )
the status and conservation of the freshwater pearl mussel ( margaritifera margaritifera linn . ) in great britain
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the distribution of three uncommon freshwater gastropods in the drainage ditches of british grazing marshes .
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this study used a blend of large - scale surveys , small - scale surveys and field experiments to assess likely biotic and abiotic effects on distribution and abundance of scarce molluscs .
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applying landscape ecology to conservation biology : spatially explicit analysis reveals dispersal limits on threatened wetland gastropods .
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. . . the non - pul - monate snails are lotic species ; the pulmonate snails are likely lentic species . notably , the snail segmentina nitida is considered a conserva - tion priority in europe , and is threatened in the united kingdom ( watson and ormerod , 2004 ; niggebrugge et al . , 2007 ; ormerod et al . , 2010 ) . aplexa hypnorum is also threatened in europe ( valova et al . , 2014 ) , and is known to be environmentally sensitive ( holcombe et al . , 1984 ; baur and ringeis , 2002 ) . . . .
snails ( mollusca : gastropoda ) as potential surrogates of overall aquatic invertebrate assemblage in wetlands of northeastern china .
. . . the best available set of wetlands had 5 indicator species , and these represented species useful for indicating environmental health . notably , segmentina nitida is considered a conservation priority in europe , and is threatened in the united kingdom ( watson and ormerod , 2004 ; niggebrugge et al . , 2007 ; ormerod et al . , 2010 ) and germany ( glöer and meier - brook , 2003 ) . aplexa hypnorum is also threatened in europe ( valova et al . , 2014 ) , and is known to be environmentally sensitive ( holcombe et al . , 1984 ; baur and ringeis , 2002 ) . . . .
. . . many invertebrate species are poor dispersers ( e . g . freshwater gastropods ) for which inter - patch distances may be considerably greater than the maximum dispersal distance in a generation ( niggebrugge et al . 2007 ) . furthermore , most semi - natural habitat fragments are located in impermeable landscapes , predominantly intensive agriculture . . . .
terrestrial biodiversity climate change impacts report card technical paper . 3 . implications of climate change for uk invertebrates ( excluding butterflies and moths ) . lwec .
. . . g . crista is found in various types of stagnant waters , e . g . in small ponds overgrown by rich vegetation , lakes and drainage ditches ( glöer & meier - brook 1998 ; brauns et al . 2008 ) , as well as in highly eutrophic or polluted reservoirs ( beran 2002 ) . although it can be found in all types of wetlands ( niggebrugge et al . 2007 ) , the species is particularly associated with ponds . it avoids flowing waters , with the exception of lentic parts of rivers with water plants , where the water flow is slow . . . .
. . . for the gene flow estimates , we only compared popula - tions relatively similar to one another , and thus , we can also only interpret the number of migrants per generation as a relative rather than an absolute number of snails ( bossart & prowell , 1998 ) . only when no water connec - tions were present in our system , other dispersal vectors were likely to be of significance for the dispersal of snails ( see also niggebrugge et al . , 2007 ) . however , since many birds also fly between sites within the rice fields , this mode of dispersal may also contribute to the panmictic population in the rice fields , in addition to hydrochory . . . .
. . . both biological and environmental variables are frequently and inevitably spatially autocorrelated , as their values at adjacent localities are more similar than random . to explore ecological and biogeographical patterns , global measures of spatial autocorrelation devoted to estimating the average spatial dependence of a variable over a study region are now frequently considered in ecological and biogeographical studies ( legendre and fortin 1989 ; leduc et al . 1992 ; legendre 1993 ; bini et al . 2000 ; fox et al . 2000 ; rahbek and graves 2001 ; diniz - filho and de campos telles 2002 ; niggebrugge et al . 2007 ) . however , when the underlying process that generates the spatial pattern is non - stationary and local patterns shifted in space , the use of these global autocorrelation measures may not be representative . . . .
. . . besides species - environment relationships , which are important for the understanding of mollusc distribution in a given mountain lake , colonization events of new biotopes and their control by environmental conditions represent another important question in modern malacology . as outlined by niggebrugge et al . ( 2007 ) data derived from computations on species - environment relationships may be used to calculate niche breadths of single species and , as a consequence of that , to infer dispersal barriers . in principle , two main processes are involved in the colonization of new habitats : dispersal of the species ( e . g . with the help of other animals ) and establishment of this species in the newly occupied habitat . . . .
. . . conservation biology is moving towards more spatially based population models ( e . g . niggebrugge et al . 2007 ) . there are some examples of spatially explicit models that quantify the influence of water flow and channel hydraulics on emergent biological processes at broader spatial scales . . . .
. . . the evaluation of these species implies more difficulty in the sense that it is possible that the values of sensitivity - tolerance of different species can be misinterpreted and confounded with their specific habitat preference . on the other hand , available references related to their habitat use are very scarce and in most cases referred to genera or families ( gerhardt 1992 ; gallardo et al . 1994 ; karouna - reiner and sparling 2001 ; lewin and smolinski 2006 ; niggebrugge et al . 2007 ; petrin et al . 2007 ) . the case of a . wolfi is especially problematic because it is a newly described species ( ) and there are no references to their ecology . . . .
the main of the project was to estimate the invasive potential of two ponto - caspian amphipods and one balkan by revealing their life history traits and teir diet .
understanding the effects of multiple stressors on freshwater ecosystems and their resources . key background papers include urltoken
[ more ]
the distribution of three uncommon freshwater gastropods in the drainage ditches of british grazing . . .
invertebrates are important functionally in most ecosystems , but seldom appraised as surrogate indicators of biological diversity . priority species might be good candidates ; thus , here we evaluated whether three freshwater invertebrates listed in the u . k . biodiversity action plan indicated the richness , composition , and conservation importance of associated wetland organisms as defined . . . [ show full abstract ]
the microdistribution of three uncommon freshwater gastropods in the drainage ditches of british gra . . .