the alaska blackfish , dallia pectoralis , is a fish that grows to 14 in ( 360 mm ) in length , the largest of all umbridae .

it is elongated and cylindrical , with a dark olive-brown coloration .

four to six dark blotches run vertically along the sides , and the belly is white .

the fins have reddish-brown speckles .

once thought to be an herbivore , its primary diet is midges and mosquito insect larvae .

alaska blackfish are found in swamps , ponds , lakes , and streams with vegetation for cover , in tundra and forested locations not far inland .

their range includes alaska and the bering sea islands .

the hardiness of the alaska blackfish is of mythical proportions , including tales of reviving fish after they are frozen solid .

the fish survive the cold winters by moving to a depth of 7 – 8 m ( 23 – 26 ft ) when the surface becomes solid ice .

large gills help them to survive the winters where the water temperatures drop to 0 °c ( 32 °f ) .

the alaska blackfish can be supercooled for up to 40 minutes at temperatures as low as − 20 °c ( − 4 °f ) in controlled environments without contact with ice crystals and survive .

alaska blackfish

morrow je ( 1980 ) the freshwater fishes of alaska . alaska northwest publishing company , anchorage , alaska
) in the cook inlet basin , alaska . university of alaska anchorage , thesis
the hardy alaska blackfish , a small but tough resident of interior alaska waters . photo by nancy sisinyak .
adult blackfish in laboratory aquarium at the university of alaska anchorage . fish is feeding on previously frozen
the alaska blackfish is a staple part of the diet of indigenous peoples of alaska ( scott and crossman 1973 ; doug hill , pers . comm . ) .
morrow , j . e . 1980 . the freshwater fishes of alaska . alaska northwest publishing company , anchorage , ak .
map of study sites in the cook inlet basin , alaska . the map of alaska ( lower right ) shows the native range of the alaska blackfish ( green ) and the introduced range within the cook inlet basin ( orange )
alaska blackfish are small freshwater mudminnows found only in alaska and siberia . the von hippel lab at the university of alaska anchorage studies their ecology and behavior . this male blackfish puts on an impressive show of territorial displays - - flared opercula , tail flashing , mouth - locking . . . pretty cool ! alaska blackfish are poorly understood , and our lab is trying to unlock some of their mysteries . . . enjoy !
linnaeus in karluk lake and bare lake , kodiak island , alaska . alaska fisheries bulletin us fish and wildlife service 59 ( 153 ) : 537–559
mcclory j , gotthardt t ( 2008 ) non - native and invasive animals of alaska : a comprehensive list and select species status reports . alaska natural heritage program environment and natural resources institute , university of alaska anchorage , final report
trent tt , kubik sw ( 1974 ) studies of introduced blackfish in waters of southcentral alaska . alaska department of fish and game . federal aid fish restoration , annual report of performance . study g - ii 15 : 81–85
) , indicating that blackfish are unlikely to impact native or stocked fish populations in the studied sites . in contrast , other studies reported dominance of fishes in blackfish diet . stomachs of adult blackfish from native populations in western alaska contained mostly small blackfish and northern pike ( baxter 1973 ; unpublished , cited in chlupach
introduced non - native fishes have the potential to substantially alter aquatic ecology in the introduced range through competition and predation . the alaska blackfish ( dallia pectoralis ) is a freshwater fish endemic to chukotka and alaska north of the alaska range ( beringia ) ; the species was introduced outside of its native range to the cook inlet basin of alaska in the 1950s , where it has since become widespread . here we characterize the diet of alaska blackfish at three cook inlet basin sites , including a lake , a stream , and a wetland . we analyze stomach plus esophageal contents to assess potential impacts on native species via competition or predation . alaska blackfish in the cook inlet basin consume a wide range of prey , with major prey consisting of epiphytic / benthic dipteran larvae , gastropods , and ostracods . diets of the introduced populations of alaska blackfish are similar in composition to those of native juvenile salmonids and stickleback . thus , alaska blackfish may affect native fish populations via competition . fish ranked third in prey importance for both lake and stream blackfish diets but were of minor importance for wetland blackfish .
chlupach , r . s . 1975 . studies of introduced blackfish in waters of southcentral alaska . annual performance report for sport fish studies , volume 16 , study g - ii - k . alaska department of fish and game .
ned rozell is a science writer at the university of alaska fairbanks . used with permission .
ned rozell is a science writer with the geophysical institute at the university of alaska fairbanks .
north america : alaska from colville river delta south to central alaska peninsula near chignik ; upstream in yukon - tanana drainage to near fairbanks . also bering sea islands and northeastern siberia , russia .
fishing planet - ep . # 74 : alaska map , kaniq creek - trophy sockeye salmon !
chlupach rs ( 1975 ) studies of introduced blackfish in waters of southcentral alaska . alaska department of fish and game ( adf & g ) federal aid fish restoration annual performance report . project f - 9 - 7 . study g - ii 16 : 62–78
three freshwater habitats—a wetland , stream , and lake—were selected within the cook inlet basin of southcentral alaska , based on year - round presence of blackfish ( fig .
the likelihood of fish in blackfish diet was related to both sex and blackfish size ( chi - square = 9 . 487 ,
alaska , colville river delta south to central alaska peninsula near chignik and upstream in yukon - tanana drainage to fairbanks vicinity . also bering sea islands and northeastern siberia ( page and burr 1991 ) .
nancy sisinyak is the sport fish information officer for region iii and lives in fairbanks . for more information on alaska blackfish see the adf & g wildlife notebook series .
villagers harvest alaska blackfish by drilling a hole in the ice and setting a cone - shaped trap in the hole . when the blackfish come up for air , they cannot find their way out of the trap . hundreds of blackfish can be harvested in one good trap set . the blackfish can be kept alive in washtubs or simply frozen courtesy of mother nature .
mecklenburg cw , mecklenburg ta ( 2002 ) fishes of alaska . american fisheries society , bethesda , maryland
this ability , which contributes to the blackfish’s winter survivability , can also lead to its demise . the blackfish is a winter subsistence fish . though not relied upon as heavily as in days gone by , the alaska blackfish is still harvested by some village residents and used as food for themselves and their dogs .
within the aquaria at the fairbanks alaska department of fish and game information center live a number of alaska blackfish . more than one alaska native elder visiting the information center has commented that if you thaw a blackfish after it has been frozen it will “come back to life . ” one elder collapsed into spasms of giggles as she relayed a story from her youth . once as a young girl she was feeding the family dogs by tossing them frozen blackfish . a few minutes later , much to her surprise ( and repulsion ) one of the dogs threw up and a thawed and very much alive blackfish wriggled on the ground .
) . seven percent of the lake blackfish had fish in their guts—four threespine stickleback , one juvenile blackfish , and two unidentifiable fish ( suppl . table
hill , d . - pers . comm . alaska department of fish and game , palmer , ak . 27 january 2015
crawford , r . h . 1974 . structure of an air - breathing organ and the swim bladder in the alaska blackfish , dallia pectoralis bean . canadian journal of zoology 52 : 1221 - 1225 .
alaska department of fish and game ( adf & g ) ( 2011 ) fish stocking update . adf & g division of sport fish .
) . introduced blackfish populations are found on st . paul island in the bering sea and in numerous lakes , ponds , and streams of the kenai peninsula and matanuska - susitna valley within the cook inlet basin of southcentral alaska ( fig .
management actions have been taken to reduce or eliminate non - native blackfish populations in southcentral alaska based on the assumption that these introduced populations represent a significant risk to the native and stocked fishes and natural resources . in this study we explore the implicit hypothesis that introduced blackfish populations pose a measureable risk to the ecology of the invaded waterbodies and native and stocked fishes of southcentral alaska . specifically , we examine the predictions that fish constitute a major prey component in blackfish diets , and that blackfish diets overlap greatly with those of native fishes and stocked sportfish . additionally , because most successful fish invaders show low dietary specialization and a high capacity to use available resources ( moyle and light
debate continues as to whether the alaska blackfish can survive total freezing or partial freezing , for how long and at what temperatures . surprisingly , there are very few studies in scientific journals that focus on the blackfish . little is known about their life history and physiology . given the abilities of the wood frog and the arctic ground squirrel to survive at sub - freezing body temperatures , i don’t doubt that the alaska blackfish has the ability to do so . maybe some hungry grad student may decide that the case of the frozen blackfish is worthy of further investigation . until then the debate will continue as to how much of the stories are fact and how much are folk lore .
) . stream blackfish were the most piscivorous ( 17 . 3 % frequency ; suppl . table
the alaska blackfish looks like an overweight bulldog with fins . a severe underbite imparts a serious frown on this reclusive throwback to the dark ages . it would not be difficult to picture the little blackfish as a prime player in the evolutionary segment of disney’s fantasia , attempting to drag itself out of the primordial soup , but not quite succeeding .
though many fish have the ability to breathe air , most of them live in the tropics . the alaska blackfish ' s ability to gulp the same air as you and me has allowed it to occupy stagnant northern pools that kill other fish . when ice seals off small lakes and the stocked rainbow trout goes belly up , the blackfish guts it out .
) . blackfish swim to the surface to breathe atmospheric air but are not known to eat surface insects .
= 0 . 045 ) made significant contributions to the model . fish consumption first appeared in blackfish with a sl of at least 78 mm , although few blackfish this small had fish in their guts ( suppl . table
this study found a significant relationship between blackfish size and fish consumption . as expected , ontogenetic diet shifts were observed in that prey size increased with predator size ; smaller juvenile blackfish consumed small invertebrates and no fish ( eidam
the alaska blackfish was introduced into hood and spenard lakes at the anchorage airport , alaska ( morrow 1980 ; page and burr 1991 ; mecklenburg et al . 2002 ) . it has since spread into other lakes and streams in the anchorage area through interconnecting waterways and occasionally through deliberate transplant ( chlupach 1975 ) . it was also introduced to st . paul island in the pribilof islands ( scott and crossman 1973 ; mecklenburg et al . 2002 ) .
) , we predict that blackfish stomach contents vary significantly by waterbody , season , sex , and body size .
) . blackfish size and sex were not significant predictors of prey types across all nine prey categories , although the frequency of fish in diet was related to blackfish size and sex ( chi - square = 9 . 487 ,
this species was unsuccessfully introduced to southern ontario , canada in 1956 when individuals from the kuskokwim river , alaska were stocked in farm ponds in southern ontario ( crossman 1984 ) .
stratton b , cyr p ( 1997 ) annual management report for the anchorage area , 1995 . alaska department of fish and game . fishery management report no . 97–1 . anchorage
) , while adult blackfish fed on a greater variety of both small and large prey including fish ( suppl . table
mecklenburg , c . w . , t . a . mecklenburg , and l . k . thornsteinson . 2002 . fishes of alaska . american fisheries society , bethesda , md .
if the blackfish at one time really did attempt to exit the confines of the murky depths of our lakes , it did not fail its task completely . the bottom - dwelling alaska blackfish is one of the few species of fish in the world that are able to breathe air using a modified esophagus . this trait comes in handy for the blackfish that inhabit tundra pools and seasonal ponds which , during times of low precipitation , can morph into muck puddles . as long as the blackfish can wriggle down into that anoxic , smelly sludge and keep its skin from drying out , it can gulp air until the next rain fills its pond and oxygenates its water .
) . similarly , blackfish consume diverse epiphytic benthic prey across a wide size range . in contrast to blackfish , coho salmon fry feed heavily on surface insects including winged dipterans and trichopterans , and large adults can also become primarily piscivorous ( morrow
) . lake blackfish consumed mainly dipterans , stream blackfish consumed mainly gastropods , while ostracods were the major prey of wetland blackfish . important prey based on biomass included teleosts among lake fish and gastropods among stream and wetland fish . such spatial variation in the food habits of blackfish supports the trophic model of a generalist feeder , whose diet consists mostly of a diversity of benthic invertebrates selected in part based on availability . the occasional consumption of fish by this species is also indicative of an opportunistic strategy ( gerking
however ,
scholander wrote ,
the blackfish , like man and other animals , can survive being partially frozen .
) , with threespine stickleback , juvenile blackfish , and one unidentifiable fish . overall , the frequency of cannibalism for all waterbodies and seasons was 1 . 3 % , excluding unidentifiable prey fish . less than 1 % of blackfish had salmonids in their guts .
just how tough is the blackfish ? consider the enduring rural legend of a blackfish being chipped from a frozen mass of its brethren and fed to a sled dog . the fish thaws and revives in the dog ' s stomach , where its wiggling causes the dog to vomit . there on the snow , a live fish writhes , resurrected . this story has persisted at least since lucien turner , writing about alaska natural history in 1886 , first documented it .
along with the ability to “breathe” atmospheric oxygen , the blackfish can also survive in waters with very low dissolved oxygen levels . this helps the blackfish survive winters under the ice in interior , northern & western alaska’s lakes , ponds and sloughs . as winter drones on , the dissolved oxygen levels under the ice diminishes . most fish at this time become inactive , conserving energy and reducing their metabolic rate . this time of winter , just before ice - out , is critical in a fish’s life . they are just trying to survive until the ice cap pulls away from the lake shore and allows oxygen to once again diffuse into their realm , bringing the promise of continued life . the alaska blackfish , however , can tolerate much lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen than the other fish in the lake .
) . blackfish with more mixed diets and low mass of the six arthropod categories ( including ostracods , copepods , dipterans , and trichopterans ) are located in the center of the biplots , while blackfish with an empty gut are represented by the lowest axis 1 value .
the biplots of waterbodies across the three seasons ( summer , autumn , winter ) show overlap in diet for many blackfish ( fig .
) , and the seasonal importance of fish prey in terms of biomass indicates that piscivory may be important energetically for some larger blackfish .
if the opportunity presents itself , however , the blackfish will head to the surface for a few gulps of atmospheric oxygen . holes in the ice in the middle of winter are sometimes hard to come by , but this is where an unlikely , nearly symbiotic relationship is formed between the blackfish and the muskrat . it is the fortunate blackfish that lives in a lake with resident muskrats . muskrats construct “pushups” which are winter stores of food above the ice , but over a hole in the ice . besides a place to feed , muskrats use these pushups as breathing stations . when dissolved oxygen levels are very low in the lake , the alaska blackfish gather at these muskrat pushups to gulp air . blackfish are also credited with helping to keep these breathing holes open by getting together in mass and churning the water beneath the holes . the movement of the water deters ice from forming , and even erodes existing ice , keeping access open to the life - saving air for both blackfish and muskrat . in lakes where no muskrat reside , the blackfish may find areas of thin ice and churn the water beneath in an attempt to open the ice to the air .
introduced blackfish are documented in large numbers in many cook inlet basin lakes ( k . dunker , adf & g , personal communication ; eidam
the alaska blackfish is an evolutionary loner that fins through lakes and tundra ponds across much of the state . it exists nowhere else , except just across bering strait in siberia . not much larger than a banana , the fish is different from others in the state because in addition to gathering oxygen through its gills , it can pull it from free air .
range includes lowlands of eastern siberia , bering sea islands ( st . lawrence , st . matthew , nunivak ) , and alaska colville river delta west and south to central alaska peninsula near chignik ( upstream in the yukon - tanana drainage almost to fairbanks ) . the species has been introduced on st . paul island and in the anchorage area . the range possibly is limited by lake chub , couesius plumbeus ( lindsey and mcphail 1986 ) .
) . such spatial heterogeneity in blackfish diet suggests that although blackfish may not pose a major threat to native fishes or sportfishes in the three populations investigated in this study , they may impact fishes through predation in other cook inlet basin sites and may have seasonal impacts that vary by site .
non - metric multidimensional scaling ordination biplots of blackfish diets by waterbody . lake blackfish are shown as black circles , stream blackfish are shown as triangles , wetland blackfish are shown as gray squares . the three panels on the left show diets for all three seasons combined with symbol size scaled to mass of three prey categories ( top = teleosts , middle = dipterans , bottom = gastropods ) . the three panels on the right show diets in the three waterbodies for summer ( top ) , fall ( middle ) , and winter ( bottom ) . minimum convex polygons are drawn around each waterbody
hepler kr , bowden cf ( 1986 ) annual performance report for anchorage urban trout studies : cook inlet trout . study t - 3 . alaska department of fish and game ( adf & g ) sport fish division 27 : 20–38
from barrow lakes , the scientists captured eight blackfish and froze them into a block of ice . when they thawed the fish , none were alive .
= 0 . 004 ) two - dimensional nms solution with mean stress of 12 after verifying consistency of interpretation among the three nms solutions . blackfish with a greater mass of gastropods in their gut are associated with greater positive axis 1 values ; blackfish with a greater mass of teleosts in their gut are associated with greater positive axis 2 values ; blackfish with a greater mass of dipterans in their gut are associated with lower axis 2 values ( fig .
) . therefore , in habitats containing abundant small fishes and blackfish that grow to large sizes , the impact on fishes is predicted to be greater .
) . however , lake blackfish are concentrated on the upper - left side ( greater mass of teleosts , and mixed arthropods ) ; stream blackfish extend to the right side ( greater mass of gastropods and teleosts , lower mixed arthropods ) , and wetland blackfish occupy the center portion of the biplots ( greater mass of mixed arthropods , low mass of gastropods and teleosts ) . in general , diets varied considerably within each waterbody , though wetland blackfish had a less variable diet , especially in summer . little difference was evident among the summer and fall biplots . in winter , however , diets for the stream and wetland blackfish constricted along axis 1 and expanded along axis 2 . this is associated with a reduction in gastropods and increase in teleosts and copepods in their diets . diets among fish in the three waterbodies converged more in winter . lake blackfish showed little change in diet composition across seasons in the ordination .
the physiologists concluded that the blackfish , though quite impressive , does not recover from the freezing of its tissues and cannot survive becoming a fish - sicle .
) . to establish the scale of that impact , however , it will be necessary to produce robust estimates of the size of introduced blackfish populations , increase our understanding of competitive and facilitative relationships among aquatic invertebrates in these systems , and conduct manipulative experiments to estimate the effect of blackfish on growth rates of native fishes .
research reported in this publication was supported by an institutional development award ( idea ) from the national institute of general medical sciences of the national institutes of health ( nih ) under grant number p20gm103395 . the content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of the nih . this work was also supported by the union of students of the university of alaska anchorage . all collections were undertaken in accordance with the university of alaska anchorage animal care and use committee ( protocols 2007vonhil and 159870 - 1 ) and were authorized by permits from the alaska department of fish and game ( sf2009 - 080 , sf2009 - 256 , sf2010 - 034 , sf2011 - 026 , sf2012 - 006 ) . we appreciate the assistance of biologists and staff of the alaska department of fish and game . we greatly thank stormy haught , christoff furin , and james willacker for valuable discussions ; justin bullock for generous field assistance ; and emily eidam for help with formatting maps and iri diagrams .
) . the blackfish is endemic to fresh waters of beringia , the subcontinent of eastern siberia to western yukon that remained ice - free during the pleistocene ( fig .
occurs in low - lying lakes , bogs , and rivers with dense submerged and emergent vegetation ( blackett 1962 ) . blackfish can tolerate low levels of dissolved oxygen due to the modification of the esophagus as an air - breathing structure ( ostdiek and nardone 1959 ; crawford 1974 ) . blackfish primarily feed on aquatic invertebrates ( ostracods , cladocerans , copepods ) and insect larvae ( ephemeropterans , hemipterans , dipterans , odonates ) , with snails and juvenile fishes ( blackfish and pike ) occasionally consumed ( chlupach 1975 ) .
fish consumption was also based on the sex of the blackfish . in these populations , males were more than twice as likely as females to consume fish ( suppl . table
) . however , to our knowledge no systematic studies of blackfish population sizes exist from either native or introduced locations . although direct predation of salmonids was infrequent in this study , the substantial dietary overlap with native fishes and sportfishes indicates that blackfish may impact the ecology of invaded freshwater systems . we suggest that introduced populations of blackfish likely reduce prey availability to other fishes , as well as affect broader ecological interactions , notably competitive interactions , among aquatic invertebrate guilds , and potentially alter community composition ( e . g . , chase and knight
) . in the current study , cook inlet basin blackfish guts from summer contained 16 prey categories , with no evidence of nematodes or algae . most frequently consumed prey of the arctic coastal plain blackfish were cladocerans ( 91 % ) , dipteran larvae ( 90 % ) , and ostracods ( 88 % ) ; fish consumption occurred at less than 3 % frequency . by comparison , cook inlet basin blackfish during summer most frequently ate gastropods ( 57 % ) and dipteran larvae ( 54 % ) , while fish consumption occurred at a frequency of 11 % .
these comparisons indicate that the potential for resource competition between blackfish and some native fish species warrants further research , including quantitative analysis of dietary overlap on a species by species basis . the dietary breadth of blackfish detected in the current study could also be quantitatively compared to dietary breadth of both native and non - native species to test the hypothesis that a generalist feeding strategy facilitates invasion .
) . temporal prey shifts support a trophic model of adaptability based on seasonal prey availability . the high trophic flexibility of these blackfish may be partially responsible for their successful colonization of multiple freshwater habitats .
blackfish gut contents from the three study sites contained prey from 20 taxonomic groups distributed among five animal phyla ( mollusks , annelids , arthropods , bryozoans , and chordates ) and one plant division ( suppl . table
consistent with the prediction of high diet diversity , blackfish in these populations typically had many prey types in their guts . the number of different prey types , based on 20 broad prey categories ( suppl . table
blackfish are well known for their adaptations to life in arctic and subarctic waters , adaptations that have facilitated their spread in the cook inlet basin . they can tolerate living in high densities in small tundra pools ( morrow
from a total of 470 blackfish collected and fixed in formalin , 302 fish were dissected for stomach content analysis : 84 from the lake , 104 from the stream , and 114 from the wetland ( suppl . table
. teleosts contributed at least 60 % of the percent biomass in gut contents from lake fish , while gastropods contributed 70 % of overall biomass in gut contents for stream fish . no single taxon dominated by percent biomass for wetland fish . dipteran larvae were the most frequently consumed prey of lake fish , compared to gastropods and dipteran larvae for stream fish . wetland blackfish had the greatest variety of prey in their guts , consuming three prey categories at 50 % or greater frequency and three additional taxa at frequencies of 24 % –35 % . fish ranked third in prey importance for both lake and stream blackfish but were of minor importance for wetland blackfish .
ostdiek , j . l . , and r . m . nardone . 1959 . studies on the alaskan blackfish dallia pectoralis i . habitat , size and stomach analyses . american midland naturalist 61 : 218 - 229 .
) . fish were more important in the diets of blackfish greater than 105 mm sl . males tended to consume more fish than did females . approximately 13 % of males consumed fish , while 6 % of females consumed fish .
diets of introduced blackfish in cook inlet basin fresh waters overlap with those of native fishes and stocked sportfish . threespine stickleback feed on small benthic invertebrates including dipteran larvae , ostracods , mollusks , copepods , cladocerans , and amphipods ( hynes
) . in the stomach content analysis , insects were classified as insecta adults ( order unknown ) , diptera larvae , trichoptera larvae , odonata larvae , and ephemeroptera larvae . order coleoptera included both larvae and adults . bryozoa / plumatellida from delong lake consisted of over - wintering cysts ( statoblasts ) . angiosperms in blackfish gut contents were represented by seeds of unknown plants . occasional plant stem and leaf tissue found in the guts of blackfish were excluded from analysis because of their rarity .
) . duck hunter’s pond and surrounding wetland ( 61 . 53920° n , 149 . 25460° w ) within the matanuska - susitna valley lowlands consist of a marsh , constructed rectangular pool , and narrow drainage ditch containing a large blackfish population ( eidam
< 0 . 001 ) in sl ( lake mean sl = 90 . 96 mm , stream mean sl = 97 . 61 mm , wetland mean sl = 94 . 61 mm ) . blackfish did not vary significantly in sl by season .
fairbanks - - imagine a shallow lake north of hughes , in the cold heart of alaska . in frigid , sluggish water , dim blue light penetrates two feet of ice . the ice has a quarter - size hole , maintained by a stream of methane bubbles . every few minutes , a brutish little fish swims up , sips air , and peels back to the dank .
rainbow trout feeding habits also overlap to some extent with those of blackfish . rainbow trout diet shifts ontogenetically from cladocerans for small juveniles to dipteran larvae and winged adults , leeches , amphipods , gastropods , water beetles , and fishes for large adults ( scott and crossman
) . by comparison , 67 cook inlet blackfish collected in autumn in the current study ate diptera ( 79 % ) , gastropoda ( 69 % ) , and trichoptera ( 63 % ) as well as six other prey types valued between 10 and 40 % . these results support the model of the blackfish as a generalist opportunist that feeds on a wide range of prey species , with variable sizes and morphologies , from more than one trophic level . such low dietary specialization is often characteristic of successful fish invaders ( moyle and marchetti
) ; fish prey included 10 threespine stickleback , four ninespine stickleback , one coho , and three unidentified fish . piscivory among blackfish in the wetland was lowest at 3 . 5 % frequency across the year ( 2 . 2 % when spring samples are excluded ; suppl . table
) . rainbow trout feed at the surface , in mid current , and sometimes at the bottom . blackfish feed demersally by picking organisms off of benthic macrophytes or by probing sediment in search of buried clams and large dipteran larvae , using their protruding lower jaw like a scoop ( eidam
) . facultative air breathing enables blackfish to survive under hypoxic conditions by gulping air at the surface , such as in warm shallow wetlands in summer when oxygen levels drop below 2 . 3 mg / l , and also via surface holes in iced - over waters during winter ( ostdiek and nardone
multivariate effects on diet of blackfish . the mancova is based on three factors ( waterbody , season , and sex ) , two covariates ( sl , trapping hours ) , and nine response variables ( nine prey categories whose % iri ≥ 1 ) . sl = standard length , ns = not significant
) . in spring , only wetland fish were captured and analyzed due to unsafe ice conditions at the other sites . seventy - eight percent of dissected blackfish were trapped during daytime compared to 22 % trapped overnight , in summer , from the lake and stream . among specimens examined , males ( sl mean = 98 . 90 mm ,
our observations have in no sense defamed the blackfish ,
scholander concluded more than 60 years ago .
every winter they are still being thrown hard frozen to the ravenous dogs of the yukon and kuskokwim valleys . . . indeed a fortunate observer may still see the dogs throw up the fish alive , provided only that the fish were not too hard frozen .
, while frequency of fish consumption was less than 10 % . dipterans were found most frequently in guts ( 62 % frequency ) , followed by gastropods ( 46 % frequency ) . overall , six prey types were consumed by at least 25 % of all blackfish : dipteran larvae , gastropods , copepods , trichopteran larvae , ostracods , and bivalves . plant seeds were found in 14 % of all guts .
to see how much blackfish could take , the men subjected them to more tests . they conducted these experiments by dipping parts of the fish in prestone antifreeze chilled to subzero temperatures . two fish frozen from their tails to pectoral fins thawed and survived for five days before they perished . the researchers noted the fish swam using only fins that had not been dipped and that blood circulation never resumed in the frozen parts .
per scholander was skeptical about what he called turner ' s
colorful
report . scholander was a physiologist interested in how creatures and plants survive extreme cold . along with laurence irving , who later founded uaf ' s institute of arctic biology , scholander traveled to barrow in 1948 to study plants and animals . in their writeup of that work , they devoted the final chapter of their journal to
experiments on freezing the blackfish .
blackfish were captured once a month over a 12 - month period at each location using 0 . 32 cm and 0 . 64 cm wire mesh unbaited minnow traps . optimal trap - soaking times were three hours or less to avoid digestion of stomach contents while fish were in the traps ; however , soaking times were increased when trapping yielded low numbers of fish . blackfish were euthanized with an overdose of ph - neutral ms - 222 anesthetic and then blotted and wet - weighed to the nearest 0 . 1 g . fish were measured with digital calipers to the nearest 1 . 0 mm for total length and standard length ( sl ) and then injected through the mouth with buffered 37 % formaldehyde solution to halt digestion . whole specimens were placed into labeled teabags and fixed in buffered 10 % formalin for three weeks prior to rinsing with water ; they were then transferred to 70 % ethanol .
we used non - metric multidimensional scaling ( nms ) ordination to visualize patterns of diet among the 277 captured blackfish in the three waterbodies and seasons . we used raw prey mass from ten taxonomic diet categories ( ostracoda , copepoda , cladocera , diptera , trichoptera , odonata , gastropoda , bivalvia , teleostei , and angiospermae ) and included a categorical variable for fish with an empty gut , because it is not possible to generate iri scores for individual fish . nms is a standard free ordination technique in ecology to explore patterns in multivariate data ( peck
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research curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
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full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 33 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 10 . 8 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . published weight : 366 . 00 g ( ref . 28675 ) ; max . reported age : 8 years ( ref . 12193 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 14 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 16 ; vertebrae : 40 - 42 . identified by its short , flattened snout , the rearward location of the dorsal and anal fins , the presence of about 33 rays in the pectorals , and the presence of a pelvic fin that has only 3 rays ( ref . 27547 ) . gill rakers short ; lateral line with minute pores : 76 to 100 scales in midlateral series ( ref . 27547 ) . dorsal located far back on body ; anal more or less under dorsal ; edge of pectorals rounded ; pelvic fins very small and located just before anus ; caudal broad and rounded ( ref . 27547 ) . dark green or brown above and on upper sides , pale below with dark speckles ; four to six irregular dark bars or blotches on sides ; fins have dark brownish specklings ; dorsal , anal and caudal fins with pale margin , which are pink to red in spawning adults ( ref . 27547 ) .
usually found in heavily vegetated swamps and ponds ; occasionally in medium to large rivers and lakes with abundant vegetation ( ref . 5723 ) . migrations appear to be limited to inshore or upstream movements to spawning grounds in the spring and ( presumably ) reverse migrations to deeper water in the fall ( ref . 27547 ) . oviparous , batch spawner ( ref . 205 ) . known for their tolerance to cold water : survives exposures to - 20°c for up to 40 minutes , and can survive for a few days after complete freezing of parts of the body , even the head ( ref . 28673 , 28674 ) . uses its esophagus as auxiliary breathing organ ( ref . 27797 ) .
upstream movement appears to coincide with a rise of water temperature to 10° to 15°c ( ref . 3829 ) . females normally contain two sets of eggs , the smaller group presumably being the set which will be spawned the following year . females deposit 40 to 300 eggs , the number increasing with size . a female probably spawns over a period of several days , possibly longer , with only a few eggs being extruded at each spawning act . ( ref . 27547 ) .
page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6329 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00412 - 0 . 01928 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 44 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 - 3 ; tmax = 8 ; fec = 40 - 300 ) .
prior r = 0 . 44 , 2 sd range = 0 . 17 - 1 . 09 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 82 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 46 , based on : 2 tgen , 1 tmax , 3 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .
editor : riley woodford 1255 west 8th st . juneau , ak 99801 ( 907 ) 465 - 4256
the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
morrow ( 1980 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) ; mecklenburg et al . ( 2002 ) .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of dallia pectoralis are found here .
crossman , e . j . 1984 . introduction of exotic fishes into canada . 78 - 101 in w . r . courtenay , jr . and j . r . stauffer , jr . , eds . distribution , biology and management of exotic fishes . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , maryland .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . the peterson field guide series , volume 42 . houghton mifflin company , boston , ma .
scott , w . b . , and e . j . crossman . 1973 . freshwater fishes of canada . fisheries research board of canada , bulletin 184 . ottawa .
pam fuller , and matt neilson , 2018 , dallia pectoralis bean , 1880 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 4 / 30 / 2018 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
they then dunked the heads of five fish . the men were impressed with the result after thawing :
the fish swam around the next day , in spite of a circulationless dead head .
but all died within three days .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , apparently stable trend , and lack of major threats .
total adult population size is unknown but apparently quite large ( greater than 100 , 000 ) . this species is relatively abundant within its restricted range in eastern chukotka . it is abundant in lowland lakes and interconnected waterways , especially in the yukon - kuskokwim delta area . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable .
this sluggish bottom dweller usually occurs in heavily vegetated lowland swamps and ponds , also in medium to large rivers and lakes where vegetation is abundant ( lee et al . 1980 , page and burr 2011 ) ; it is most abundant in tundra regions but does occur in forested areas . spawning occurs probably in swampy potholes , in vegetation at the bottom of shallow ponds and quiet streams .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .
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) . biological invasions may result in alterations of natural ecosystems , including nutrient cycling , disturbance regimes , habitat structure , and community composition ( drake et al .
) and resulting human economic losses are conservatively estimated at more than one billion u . s . dollars annually ( pimentel
fish diet analysis is an effective tool for understanding the potential impacts of introduced fishes on aquatic ecosystems and native fishes ( garvey et al .
) . diet composition reveals the trophic position of a species within the food web as well as the prevalence of predation on other fish species ( pauly et al .
) . dietary overlap can indicate potential resource competition between introduced and native species . prey type diversity helps to define specialist versus generalist feeders , while spatial and temporal diet shifts highlight opportunistic , flexible feeding strategies . trophic interactions including feeding habits can help to reveal the extent of ecosystem alteration by introduced fishes , thereby providing useful information for ecosystem - based management ( pauly et al .
) are the only fish species we documented from the site . the water in this site is shallow and heavily vegetated .
rabbit slough ( 61 . 53750° n , 149 . 25460° w ) is a stream within the palmer hayflats state game refuge located 0 . 15 km south of duck hunter’s pond , separated from it by a road . the stream drains into the knik arm of upper cook inlet and is characterized by slow - flowing , tannic - colored water with abundant overhanging forb , graminoid , and willow and alder shrub vegetation . soft silty benthos support rooted macrophytes with some floating macrophytes as well . rabbit slough serves as a coho salmon ( oncorhynchus kisutch ) nursery and a popular coho fishery , and is home to other native fishes including dolly varden char ( salvelinus malma ) , threespine stickleback , ninespine stickleback , slimy sculpin ( cottus cognatus ) , sockeye salmon ( oncorhynchus nerka ) , and chinook salmon ( oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) .
delong lake ( 61 . 16390°n , 149 . 95550°w ) in anchorage is an 8 ha lake with a mean depth of 4 m and maximum depth of 7 m . invasive waterweed (
) forms dense stands of long - stemmed , rooted macrophytes . the urban lake is a popular sport fishery stocked annually with hatchery rainbow trout (
) and chinook salmon . catchable fish usually average 18 cm total length or longer ; in 2010 , 15 , 000 fingerling rainbow trout ( mean total length 6 . 6 cm ) were stocked ( adf & g
gastrointestinal tracts were dissected and esophageal and stomach contents of each fish washed with 70 % ethanol into a petri dish . prey items protruding into the mouth were included in the analyses . prey organisms were viewed under a dissecting microscope , sorted , identified to major taxonomic category ( mccafferty
) , and counted . mean dry mass for each prey type was obtained by drying and weighing a representative number of organisms . prey were loaded into 3 . 5 × 5 mm or 4 × 6 mm pre - weighed pressed tin capsules , dried at 60 °c in a drying oven , and weighed to the nearest 0 . 001 mg on a sartorius microscale . larger prey were placed in petri dishes , dried , and weighed to the nearest 0 . 001 g on an analytical balance . weights were computed from a subsample ( 80 % to 100 % for rare prey and 10 % to 50 % for other prey ) of the total prey items for each prey category . diptera , coleoptera , trichoptera , and gastropoda were divided into subgroups for weighing in order to account for variable sizes and morphologies . digested prey without identifiable parts were excluded .
is the number of stomachs containing a specific food organism ( pinkas et al .
values were computed for the following eight sample groupings : combined sites and seasons , combined sites by season , combined seasons by site , each site by season , males and females by combined sites and seasons , and size classes by combined sites and seasons .
all statistical analyses were performed using spss v . 22 . a general linear model mancova was used to test for differences in diet among waterbodies , among seasons , and by sex . for grouping of seasons , winter ( november–march ) corresponded to the period when waterbodies were covered in ice and snow ; spring ( april–may ) was during ice and snow thaw ; summer ( june–august ) was the warmest period free of ice and snow ; and fall ( september–october ) was when snow and ice began forming again . diet response variables consisted of prey masses of nine prey categories equal to or greater than 1 % iri for combined sites and seasons ( thus seven prey categories were omitted ) . covariates were sl and trapping hours . additional mancovas were performed to test for seasonal differences in diet within each site . a binary logistic regression was also performed to analyze presence of fish in diet , using sex and size class as predictor variables . size differences among sites were analyzed with anova and between sexes were analyzed with a two - sample student’s t - test assuming equal variances using a pooled estimate of the variance .


it is found in ecuador in napo , tungurahua , morona-santiago and loja provinces .

the wingspan is 17 mm .

the forewings are pale ferruginous brown , strigulated ( finely streaked ) with brown .

the costal third and terminal areas are suffused with brown .

the hindwings are whitish , strigulated with greyish and greyer towards the apex .

seticosta chlorothicta

seticosta chlorothicta - urdu meaning and translation of seticosta chlorothicta , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of seticosta chlorothicta and more .
this is the place for chlorothicta definition . you find here chlorothicta meaning , synonyms of chlorothicta and images for chlorothicta copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word chlorothicta . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word chlorothicta and , of course , chlorothicta synonyms and on the right images related to the word chlorothicta .
seticosta chlorothicta is a species of moth of the tortricidae family . it is found in ecuador in napo , tungurahua , morona - santiago and loja provinces .
183 j . razowski 2 28 / 9 / 04 11 : 32 página 193 remarks on seticosta razowski , with descriptions of seven new species from ecuador figs male and female genitalia of seticosta razowski : s . triangulifera razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype , 23 . s . egregia razowski & pelz , sp . n . , paratype , 23 . s . chlorothicta razowski & pelz , sp . n . , paratype . shilap revta . lepid . , 32 ( 127 ) ,
183 j . razowski 2 28 / 9 / 04 11 : 32 página 191 remarks on seticosta razowski , with descriptions of seven new species from ecuador figs male genitalia of seticosta razowski : s . egregia razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype , s . ariadnae razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype , s . cigcligrapha razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype . shilap revta . lepid . , 32 ( 127 ) ,
183 j . razowski 2 28 / 9 / 04 11 : 32 página 194 j . razowski & v . pelz figs female genitalia of seticosta razowski : 25 . s . argentichroa razowski & pelz , sp . n . , paratype , 26 . s . triangulifera razowski & pelz , sp . n . , paratype . 194 shilap revta . lepid . , 32 ( 127 ) , 2004
183 j . razowski 2 28 / 9 / 04 11 : 32 página 190 j . razowski & v . pelz figs 1 - 8 . adults of seticosta razowski : 1 . s . egregia razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype , 2 . s . ariadnae razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype , 3 . s . cigcligrapha razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype , 4 . s . chlorothicta razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype , 5 . s . phrixotricha razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype , 6 . s . retearia razowski & pelz , sp . n . , paratype female , 7 . s . triangulifera razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype , 8 . s . argentichroa razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype . 190 shilap revta . lepid . , 32 ( 127 ) , 2004
183 j . razowski 2 28 / 9 / 04 11 : 32 página 192 j . razowski & v . pelz figs male genitalia of seticosta razowski : s . argentichroa razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype , s . phrixotricha razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype , s . retearia razowski & pelz , sp . n . , holotype . 192 shilap revta . lepid . , 32 ( 127 ) , 2004
shilap revista de lepidopterología issn : sociedad hispano - luso - americana de lepidopterología españa razowski , j . ; pelz , v . remarks on seticosta razowski , with descriptions ofseven new species from ecuador ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) shilap revista de lepidopterología , vol . 32 , núm . 127 , septiembre , 2004 , pp sociedad hispano - luso - americana de lepidopterología madrid , españa available in : how to cite complete issue more information about this article journal ' s homepage in urltoken scientific information system network of scientific journals from latin america , the caribbean , spain and portugal non - profit academic project , developed under the open access initiative
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zowski & pelz , sp . n . ) . a list of the 22 species currently included in the genus is provided .
sp . n . ) . se proporciona una lista de 22 especies corrientemente incluidas en el género .
felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) is not included herein , and another of which ( i . e . ,
america . the seven species described herein bring the total to 22 ( see list below ) .
a row of strong setae on the costa of the valva . while no autapomorphy for
ce of terminal or subterminal processes ( lobes ) of the uncus . the addition of new species to the genus
through which the ductus ejaculatorius and bulbus ejaculatorius enter . it is large in several species , such
with the presence of subterminal lobes of the uncus . in several species , such as
condition . the shape of the gnathos likewise is not uniform throughout the genus . in the species with a
der arms with a submembranous terminal portion . a large , presumably plesiomorphic terminal plate is
it extends ventrad to form a triangular lobe . a wart - like , hairy structure at the base of the valva mentio -
ned by razowski & becker ( 1999 ) may be small , subdorsal , or absent . the only exception is
however , it often is completely reduced , replaced by a triangular costal blotch . in the majority of spe -
the other from the terminal region of the costa , with the two fasciae terminating near mid - dorsum .
their median parts are less defined so that only their edges form pale lines in the middle of the wing . in
the postbasal third of the forewing the pattern is completed by additional oblique lines . the presence of
note . at present the holotypes of the newly described species are in the collection of v . pelz , rup -
holotype , female : “ecuador : zamora - chinchipe - prov . 22 km e loja , pn podocampus , san fran -
cisco ranger stt , 2200 m , 3º 59’ 15’’ s , 79º 53’ 37” w , 9 - x - 2002 , sta 22 , leg . gelis & pelz” ; gs 1603 -
wing span 17 mm . head whitish cream , labial palpus ca . 4 , brownish grey , except for edges late -
rally ; thorax brown , except for median portion and postmedian part of tegula cream . forewing brow -
with some brown strigulae or overscaling ; base of wing brown with cream lines . cilia brownish . hind -
female genitalia ( fig . 23 ) . ovipositor fairly long ; apophyses posteriores long , slender ; sterigma
holotype , female : “ecuador : loja - prov . 60 km n loja , 5 km n san lucas , 2965 m , 3º 40’ 56’’ s ,
79º 16’ 9’’ w , 10 - x - 2002 , sta 23 , leg . gelis & pelz” ; gs 1502 - v . p .
wing span 22 . 5 mm . head brownish cream scaled brownish , labial palpus ca . 5 , greyish brown ;
thorax brownish , scaled and spotted greyish brown . forewing brownish , spotted dark brown , more grey
dially marked with cream veins in dorsal third . cilia brownish . hindwing greyish white , greyer on
male genitalia ( figs 9 , 10 ) . uncus strong , rather short , provided with weak lateral lobes subtermi -
nes in the basal part of the forewing . it differs in the much shorter costal part of the anterior fascia . the
holotype , male : “ecuador : napo - prov . , 5 km w papallacta , laguna papallacta , 3430 m , 0º 22’
27’’ s , 78º 9’ 50’’ w , 28 - x - 2002 , sta 40 , leg gielis & pelz” ; gs 1518 - v . p .
wing span 26 mm . head brownish , labial palpus over 3 , vertex scaled cream . forewing pale
spots all over wing , including costa and termen . inner parts of fasciae brownish ; white cream lines as in
but distal edge of anterior fascia bent at radial arm of median cell . cilia
male genitalia ( figs 11 , 12 ) . uncus rather short with slender terminal part , well developed dorsal
the forewing ; latin from greek ( kigklis ) : cigclis - grate , grapho - to draw .
holotype , female : “ecuador : loja - prov . 10 km se loja , pn podocarpus , cajanuma ranger stt ,
2850 m , 4º 6’ 58’’ s , 79º 10’ 19’’ w , 8 - x - 2002 , sta 21 , leg . gelis & pelz” ; gs 1744 - v . p .
wing span 17 mm . head creamy grey , labial palpus over 4 , brownish ; thorax white - grey , white
distally , tegula brown . forewing costa distinctly convex , apex pointed , termen somewhat oblique , si -
of median cell accompanied by two minute whitish dots . ground colour whitish basally , suffused and
ting with base of wing along anal vein and some spots at tornus , near apex and in middle subterminally .
cilia reddish ferruginous , brown at apex . hindwing whitish , strigulated with greyish , greyer towards
male genitalia ( figs 13 , 14 ) . uncus rather slender with sharp terminal part and two similarly sized
female genitalia ( fig . 24 ) . apophyses slender , long ; sterigma broad , convex proximally ; ductus
holotype , male : “ecuador : loja - prov . 10 km se loja , pn podocarpus , cajanuma ranger stt ,
2850 m , 4º 6’ 58’’ s , 79º 10’ 19” w , 7 - x - 2002 , sta 20 , leg . gelis & pelz” ; gs 1736 - v . p . paratype , fe -
male : “ecuador , azuay prov . , pn cajas , laguna llaviuco , 3225 m , 20º 50’ 38” w , 79º 8’ 35” n , 5 - x -
2002 , sta 17 , leg . gielis & pelz” ; gu 1948 - v . p .
wing span 17 - 18 mm . head and thorax white ; labial palpus brown - grey to before end laterally , an -
tenna excluded the scape blackish . ground colour of forewing silvery white sprinkled and strigulated
with blackish grey especially in dorsal third of wing . markings black , grey - black inside : basal blotch in
spots ; two spots at mid - dorsum ; terminal blotch median , convex proximally . cilia white tinged pale
with diffuse brownish grey strigulation ; cilia white . female forewing without strigulation , markings pa -
ler , grey edged with black ; terminal markings divided into two parts or in major part grey ( assymetric ) .
male genitalia ( figs . 15 , 16 ) . uncus simple , not expanding terminally ; socius broad ; arm of gnat -
female genitalia ( fig . 25 ) . papilla analis broad ; apophyses delicate ; sterigma short with slender la -
etymology : the name refers to colouration of forewing : argentum - silver , chroa - complexion .
holotype , male : “ecuador : loja - prov . 60 km n loja , 5 km n san lucas , 2965 m , 3º 40’ 56’’ s ,
79º 16’ 9’’ w , 10 - x - 2002 , sta 23 , leg . gielis & pelz” ; gs 1501 - v . p .
rax ( worn ) greyish , base of tegula dark grey - brown . forewing greyish brown diffusely spotted with
most reaching anal veins ; blackish grey suffusion edging apex posteriorly . cilia ( worn ) whitish divided
male genitalia ( figs 17 , 18 ) . uncus large with subterminal lateral lobes ; socius rather slender , cur -
convex outer edge of the posterior blotch . the male genitalia are easily distinguished by the unique
79º 16’ 9’’ w , 10 - x - 2002 , sta 23 , leg . gielis & pelz” ; gs 1927 - v . p . paratype an identically labelled
wing span 18 mm . head brownish cream , labial palpus ca . 4 , greyish brown ; thorax greyish ,
brown anteriorly , end of tegula cream . forewing brown , paler terminally , with dorsum cream , sprinkled
with brown ; veins whitish cream except in large costal blotch . fasciae cream , mixed brownish along
area of wing slightly convex anteriorly . cilia brownish . hindwing cream , slightly mixed grey towards
male genitalia ( figs 19 , 20 ) . uncus large , rod like ; socius short ; gnathos arm strong ; valva slender ,
eply concave dorsally with sharp submedian lobes ; aedeagus large , stout ; coecum penis broad .
female genitalia ( fig . 26 ) . ovipositor short ; apophyses moderately long ; anteostial part of sterig -
ped blotch between the distal edge of the costal blotch and the posterior fascia .
etymology : the species name refers to the forewing markings ; latin : retearia - net .
holotype , male : “ecuador tungurahua - prov . 20 km e banos , san francisco , 1200 m , 1º 24’ 39’’
s , 78º 14’ 23” w , 21 - x - 2002 , sta 33 , leg . gielis & pelz” , gs 1954 .
wing span 16 mm ; head creamy brown , labial palpus ca . 3 , brown , concolorous with thorax ; end
of tegula brownish cream . forwing brown , markings , dorsum , and veins cream . dorsal apex of costal
triangle sharp , posterior edge straight , distinctly oblique . inner parts of fascia suffused with brownish .
male genitalia ( figs 21 , 22 ) . uncus very long ; socius slender ; terminal plate of gnathos broad ,
the collecting trip in autumn 2002 to ecuador . we are grateful to prof . giovanni onore , pontificia uni -
versidad católica del ecuador , quito for his efforts and assistance in obtaining permits . we also thank
dr . john w . brown , the smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . for editing this paper .
brown , j . w . , 1989 . – generic reassignments for neotropical tortricid moths ( tortricidae ) . –
meyrick , e . , 1912a . – descriptions of south american microlepidoptera . –
meyrick , e . , 1926b . – on microlepidoptera from the galapagos islands and rapa . –
razowski , j . , 1988 . – new genera and species of the neotropical archipini ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) . –
razowski , j . , 1999 . – tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the dominican republic . –
brown , 1991 ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) with description of one new genus and nine new species . –
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a new species of the genus synersaga gozmány ( lepidoptera , lecithoceridae ) from china author ( s ) : hai - ming xu , hou - shuai wang and min wang source : florida entomologist , 97 ( 1 ) : 262 - 265 . published by : florida
p o l s k i e p i s m o e n t o m o l o g i c z n e p o l i s h j o u r n a l o f e n t o m o l o g y vol . 75 : 83 - 88 bydgoszcz 31 march 2006 records of aporodes floralis hübner , 1809 ( lepidoptera : pyralidae )
on a new species of denisonia ( reptilia , serpentes ) from new guinea by l . d . brongersma and m . s . knaap - van meeuwen until now the elapid genus denisonia had not been recorded from new guinea , and this
the micro moth genus agonopterix in the netherlands ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : depressariinae ) hans huisman in this paper the dutch species of the micro moth genus agonopterix are presented . the identification
szczytko , s . w . and k . w . stewart . 2013 . isoperla umpqua , a new species of western nearctic stonefly ( plecoptera : isoperlinae ) . urltoken urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 2dca0e5d - 15be - 4f6b - af64 - 3ac7aa19b1f4
entomologica fennica . 11 december 2008 elachista deriventa sp . n . ( lepidoptera , elachistidae : elachistinae ) , a new species from southern finland lauri kaila , marko mutanen , esko saarela , reijo siloaho ,
annales historico - naturales musei nationalis hungarici tomus 58 . pars zoologica 1966 . tinóid moths from ghana , west africa ( i . ) by l . a . gozmány , budapest de . s . endrődy - younga , coleopterist of the hungarian
rec . west . aust . mus . 1981 , 8 ( 4 ) three new agamid lizards from western australia g . m . storr * abstract three recently discovered species are described as new : tympanocryptis aurita from east kimberley ,
species description picture german cockroach cockroach egg case & nymphs 12 - 15mm ( adult stage ) mid to dark brown body . lighter area with 2 dark bars behind head . wings . very long antennae . young are smaller
a new genus of the spider subfamily gnaphosina e from the virgin islands ( araneae , gnaphosidae ) norman i . platnick and mohammad u .
platnick , n . i . , and m . u . shadab . 1977 . a new genus of the spider subfamily gnaphosinae from th e virgin islands ( araneae , gnaphosidae ) . j . arachnol . 3 : 191 - 194 . a new genus of the spider subfamily gnaphosina
bulletin of the u n iv e r sit y of utah vol . 35 march 15 , 1945 no . 17 new mites in the family caeculidae b y stanley m ulaik biological series , vol . viii , no . 6 published by the university of utah salt
on two new species of the genus acanthochondria oakley ( crustacea copepoda ) found in japan by sueo m . shiino faculty of fisheries , prefectural university of mie , tsu , japan acanthochondria oakley is a
274 journal of the lepidopterists ' society references clarke , j . f . gates . 1958 . catalogue of the type specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) described by edward meyrick
information leaflet insect identification sheet to enable you to identify the insect you have in your home , we have provided some identification sheets . these depict the most common pest species that you
entomon 38 ( 1 ) : 19 - 26 ( 2013 ) article no . ent . 38102 19 identity and biology of the blue mormon , papilio polymnestor cramer ( lepidoptera : papilionidae ) v . s . revathy * and george mathew forest health division ,
a new araneid genus from the galapagos islands ( araneae : araneidae ) herbert w . levi abstract contrib . nat . hist . 12 : 893 898 . a new araneid , galaporella thaleri sp . nov . , similar to species of the genus
field recognition of the larvae of native coccinellidae , common to the potato fields of aroostook county r . h . storch department of entomolgy , university of maine technical bulletin 43 maine agricultural
a new species of tiger beetle from hong kong protocollyris ngaungakshani wiesner , 2012 p . 2 - 3
z . arb . gem . öst . ent . 62 97 - 101 wien , 19 . 11 . 2010 issn 0375 - 5223 a new species of ochterus latreille ( heteroptera : ochteridae ) from brunei herbert zettel & david j . w . lane abstract a new member of the ochteridae ,
annls limnol . 31 ( 3 ) 1995 : 179 - 183 a new genus and species of tricorythidae ( ephemeroptera : pannota ) from madagascar w . p . mccafferty 1 t . - q . wang 1 keywords : tricorythidae , madagascar , provonshaka ,
1944 ] three species o [ coleosoma ] rom florida 51 three species of coleosoma from florida ( arane / e ; theridiid . e ) x by elizabeth b . bryant among material recently sent the museum of comparative zoology by
s ynopsis of florida grasshopper species stridulating slantfaced grasshoppers subfamily gomphocerinae grasshoppers in this subfamily tend to have slender bodies and long , slender legs . their heads are
acta zoologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae 58 ( 3 ) , pp . 211 215 , 2012 two new species of rhyacophila pictet ( trichoptera , rhyacophilidae ) from india kaur , l . and saini , m . s . department of zoology
a new subspecies of carabus ( morphocarabus ) odoratus motchulsky , 1844 ( coleoptera , carabidae ) from eastern siberia . dmitry obydov *
mun . ent . zool . vol . 1 , no . 1 , january 2006 149 a new subspecies of carabus ( morphocarabus ) odoratus motchulsky , 1844 ( coleoptera , carabidae ) from eastern siberia . dmitry obydov * * timiryazev s state museum
alebion echinatus capart from japanese waters , with observations on the newly found male form 1 sueo m . shiin0 2 the hammerhead shark , sphyrna zygaena ( linne ) , was reported by wilson ( 1932 ) as infected
sctb17 working paper ftwg inf 4 a handbook for the identification of yellowfin and bigeye tunas in brine frozen condition david g . itano pelagic fisheries research program jimar , university of hawaii usa
acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae published 30 . iv . 2014 volume 54 ( 1 ) , pp . 195 231 issn 0374 - 1036 urltoken new species and
federation cynologique internationale ( fci ) ( aisbl ) place albert 1 er , 13 , b 6530 thuin ( belgique ) , tel : + 32 . 71 . 59 . 12 . 38 , fax : + 32 . 71 . 59 . 22 . 29 , internet : urltoken standardized nomenclature
fiji arthropods vi . edited by neal l . evenhuis & daniel j . bickel . bishop museum occasional papers 90 : 3 7 ( 2006 ) . a new species of dichaetomyia malloch ( diptera : muscidae ) from the fijian islands 1 , 2
stark , b . p . , i . sivec , and t . shimizu . 2012 . notes on rhopalopsole klapálek ( plecoptera : leuctridae ) , with descriptions of three new species notes on rhopalopsole klapálek ( plecoptera : leuctridae ) , with
a revision of the aphthona gracilis species group ( coleoptera : chrysomelidae ) a . s . konstantinov
труды русского энтомологического общества . с . - петербург , 2006 . т . 77 : 178 188 . proceedings of the russian entomological society . st . petersburg , 2006 . vol . 77 : 178 188 . a revision of the aphthona gracilis
zoologische mededelingen uitgegeven door het rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie te leiden ( ministerie van cultuur , recreatie en maatschappelijk werk ) deel 56 no . 1 15 augustus 1980 t h e genus odontofroggatia
bandwinged grasshoppers subfamily oedipodinae the bandwinged grasshoppers are usually heavy bodied and bear enlarged hind legs . the head of these grasshoppers often appears enlarged and broadly rounded .
mem inst oswaldo cruz , rio de janeiro , vol . 98 ( 8 ) : 1051 - 1058 , december 2003 1051 two new culicoides of the paraensis species group ( diptera : ceratopogonidae ) from the amazonian region of peru maria luiza
review of chinese species of deferunda ( hemiptera : fulgoromorpha : achilidae ) with descriptions of two new species author ( s ) : jian - kun long , lin yang and xiang - sheng chen source : florida entomologist , 96 ( 4 ) : 1263 - 1273 .
p o l s k i e p i s m o e n t o m o l o g i c z n e . orphinus ( s . str . ) mroczkowskii sp . n . from north korea ( coleoptera : dermestidae : megatomini )
p o l s k i e p i s m o e n t o m o l o g i c z n e p o l i s h j o u r n a l o f e n t o m o l o g y vol . 75 : 95 - 100 bydgoszcz 31 march 2006 orphinus ( s . str . ) mroczkowskii sp . n . from north korea ( coleoptera :
annales historico - naturales musei nationalis hungarici volume89 . budapest , 1997 pp . 151 - 156 .
annales historico - naturales musei nationalis hungarici volume89 . budapest , 1997 pp . 151 - 156 . three new species and a new subspecies of meoneura from the alps ( diptera , carnidae ) l . papp department of zoology ,
the ants of snarl and valentine camp by peter nonacs ( ucla ) in the collection are 17 species representing 3 subfamilies of ants . this is not an exhaustive survey of the region and there are likely to be
odonatologica 35 ( 1 ) : 7579 march i . 2006 two new species of nososticta hagen in selys from papua new guinea ( zygoptera : protoneuridae ) g . theischinger ¹ and s . j . richards² 1 nsw department of environment
issn 0013 - 8738 , entomological review , 2006 , vol . 86 , no . 6 , pp . 662 669 . pleiades publishing , inc . , 2006 . original russian text i . k . lopatin , 2006 , published in entomologicheskoe obozrenie , 2006 , vol .
boholina , a new genus ( copep0da : calanoida ) with two new species from an anchialine cave in the philippines sarsia fosshagen , audun & thomas m . iliffe 1989 11 15 . boholina , a new genus ( copepoda : calanoida )
ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesondere in das amazonasgebiet , ausgeführt von dr . h . zerny .
ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesondere in das amazonasgebiet , ausgeführt von dr . h . zerny . v . teil . micro - lepidoptera by edward meyrick ( marlborough ) . ( with two plates . )
australian museum scientific publications bayly , i . a . e . , 1971 . a new species of kelleria ( copepoda : cyclopoida ) from brackish water in victoria . records of the australian museum 28 ( 6 ) : 111 116 . [ 27 september
advances in bird identification how to age golden eagles techniques for birds observed in flight hawk identification has advanced considerably in recent years . with the arrival of new field guides , new
oligosita amerigana ashmead species nova , a new chal - cidoid of the family trichogrammidae from illinois .
106 psyche [ october oligosita amerigana ashmead species nova , a new chal - cidoid of the family trichogrammidae from illinois . by a . a . girault university of illinois . i xve been requested to draw up the
helotrephes steiningeri sp . n . , and notes on two further helotrephini spp . ( heteroptera , helotrephidae ) from thailand and west malaysia
linzer biol . beitr . 32 / 1 265 - 271 31 . 5 . 2000 helotrephes steiningeri sp . n . , and notes on two further helotrephini spp . ( heteroptera , helotrephidae ) from thailand and west malaysia d . kovac & m . papäcek
josé moacir ferreira ribeiro 1 & josé albertino rafael 1 , 2 . abstract . introduction
folia entomologica hungarica rovartani közlemények volume 70 2009 pp . 219 224 contributions to the knowledge of the scuttle fly fauna of hungary ( diptera : phoridae ) g . d . lengyel department of zoology ,
key to the snakes of south australia austrelaps labialis mark hutchinson & ian williams version : 24 october , 2014 key to the snakes of south australia elapidae , pythonidae 1 . a . eyes rudimentary , visible
acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae published 17 . xii . 2012 volume 52 ( supplementum 2 ) , pp . 511 516 issn 0374 - 1036 a new species of halystus from socotra island ( coleoptera : curculionidae : scolytinae :
revista de la sociedad entomológica argentina issn : 0373 - 5680 pdellape @ urltoken sociedad entomológica argentina argentina sganga , julieta v . a new species of smicridea from argentina ( trichoptera :
30 august 1985 proc . biol . soc . wash . 98 ( 3 ) , 1985 , pp . 615 - 621 freshwater shrimps from venezuela iii : macrobrachium quelchi ( de man ) and euryrhynchus pemoni , n . sp . ; ( crustacea : decapoda : palaemonidae )
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the benjamin institute presents excerpt from listen to your pain assessment & treatment of low back pain a b e n j a m i n i n s t i t u t e e b o o k ben e . benjamin , ph . d . 2 therapist / client manual the
click for previous page 1934 bony fishes cynoglossidae tonguefishes and tongue soles t . a . munroe , national marine fisheries service , national museum of natural history , washington d . c . , usa diagnostic
barba issn 0065 - 1737 díaz & alegre barroso : pseudochiridiidae ( pseudoscorpiones ) acta zoológica en cuba mexicana ( n . s . ) , 29 ( 3 ) : 696 - 700 ( 2013 ) nota científica ( short communication ) first record of the
proceedings of the california academy of sciences fourth series volume 58 , no . 1 , pp . 1 6 , 6 figs . may 11 , 2007 rediscovery of the unusual genus ormiscocerus ( neuroptera : berothidae : cyrenoberothinae )
a new record of the rare alpheid shrimp coronalpheus natator from isla coiba , panama , with remarks on coronalpheus and automate ( crustacea : decapoda ) denis poddoubtchenko 1 , arthur anker 1 & ingo s . wehrtmann
stanislav jákl . geologická 1218 , cz - praha 5 - hlubočepy , czech republic e - mail : stanley . jakl @ urltoken
the anatomy of spinal cord injury ( sci ) what is the spinal cord ? the spinal cord is that part of your central nervous system that transmits messages between your brain and your body . the spinal cord has
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acta zoologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae 54 ( 4 ) , pp . 319 324 , 2008 a new species of ctenoplectrella in baltic amber ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) m . s . engel division of entomology ( palaeoentomology ) ,
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1 upper limb questions 1 . 1 which of the following statements best describes the scapula ? a . it usually overlies the 2nd to 9th ribs . b . the spine continues laterally as the coracoid process . c . the suprascapular
dan a . polhemus 1 & john t . polhemus 2 1 national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . 2 colorado entomological museum , englewood , co new species of microveliinae ( heteroptera :
acta zoológica mexicana ( n . s . ) 24 ( 2 ) : 95 - 100 ( 2008 ) a new species of acanthoscelides schilsky , 1905 ( coleoptera : bruchidae ) from oaxaca , mexico , with new distribution records of bruchidae for this state
kasetsart j . ( nat . sci . ) 40 : 872 - 881 ( 2006 ) morphological studies of stomoxys spp . ( diptera : muscidae ) in central thailand roungthip masmeatathip 1 * , chitapa ketavan 1 and gérard duvallet 2 abstract morphological
new species of the genera megischus brullé and stephanus jurine from china ( hymenoptera : stephanoidea : stephanidae ) , with a key to world species of the genus stephanus c . van achterberg & z . - q . yang achterberg ,
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artículo : further morphological considerations on the genus birulatus vachon ( scorpiones , buthidae ) , with the description of a new species from israel wilson r . lourenço artículo : further morphological
20 september 1993 proc . biol . soc . wash . 106 ( 3 ) , 1993 , pp . 508 - 513 three new species of strengeriana from colombia ( crustacea : decapoda : pseudothelphusidae ) martha r . campos and gilberto rodriguez abstract .
graellsia , 61 ( 1 ) : 51 - 60 ( 2005 ) cholevinae ( coleoptera , leiodidae ) from ecuador : new data and two new species j . m . salgado * abstract two new taxa are described : dissochaetus napoensis n . sp . and adelopsis
lab exercise dichotomous keys contents objectives 1 introduction 1 activity . 1 key to the animal kingdom 4 activity . 2 creating a key 6 resutls section 7 objectives - understand the concept of classification
pacific insects ll ( 3 - 4 ) : 769 - 778 10 december 1969 some south pacific carabidae with descriptions of new agonini of the bismarck islands 1 by c . j . louwerens 2 in regard to the following study i wish to
new group , new species and new records from brazil of the atropos , brasilianus and giganteus groups ( blattaria , blaberidae , blaberinae ) sonia maria lopes & edivar heeren de oliveira biota neotrop . 2013 ,
collared dove turtle dove . adult . female ( 22 - vi ) . turtle dove ( streptopelia turtur ) identification 26 - 29 cm . pale upperparts ; grey and bluish underparts ; wing coverts fringed rufous with black centre ;
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