the stripe-breasted tit ( melaniparus fasciiventer ) is a species of bird in the family paridae .

it is found in burundi , democratic republic of the congo , rwanda , and uganda .

its natural habitats are boreal forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

the stripe-breasted tit was formerly one of the many species in the genus parus but was moved to melaniparus after a molecular phylogenetic analysis published in 2013 showed that the members of the new genus formed a distinct clade .

stripe - breasted tit

stripe - breasted tit ( melaniparus fasciiventer ) is a species of bird in the paridae family .
14 cm ; 14–15 g . large tit with black head , and black stripe on white belly . male nominate race has entire head to nape , neck side , throat and breast black , this colour . . .
calls include soft “whit” or “whip” contact note and sharp or more strident “chit” or “tit” , also . . .
gosler , a . , clement , p . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . stripe - breasted tit ( melaniparus fasciiventer ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
are related to waxwings ( bombycillidae ) , not to honeyeaters ( meliphagidae ) ( fleischer et al . 2008 )
yellow - flanked whistler ( hylocitrea ) is related to the waxwings , not whistlers ( spellman et al . 2008 )
from muscicapidae ( barker et al . 2002 , 2004 ; beresford et al . 2005 ; fuchs et al . 2006 )
resequenced : yellow - bellied fantail is a close relative of the fairy flycatcher ( stenostiridae ) ( nyari et al . 2009 , fuchs et al . 2009 )
( dickinson 2003 , sinclair & ryan 2003 , coates et al . 2006 )
revised classification follows johansson et al . 2013 ; see also tietze & borthakur 2012
c and s thailand , malay pen . , sumatra and hainan i . ( off se china )
( eck & martens 2006 , martens et al . 2006 , collar 2007 )
continental europe and asia minor through siberia to kamchatka , sakhalin is . , korea , ne china and ne mongolia
se azerbaijan , n iran , sw turkmenistan . ? winter visitor to sw iran
( salzburger et al . 2002 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 )
( salzburger et al . 2002 ) . subspecies sequence follows stervander et al , 2015 . 5 - 7 of the current subspecies may deserve full species status . retain
as a single polytypic species pending further comprehensive analyses of all populations ( sangster 2006 , stervander et al . 2015 , illera et al . 2016 ) .
e siberia , s sakhalin i . ec and ne china , korea and japan
( päckert et al . 2005 , eck & martens 2006 , collar 2007 ) .
( madge 2008 ) , but see barani - beiranvand et al . ( 2017 ) , who propose to lump .
sw kazakhstan , uzbekistan , n and se turkmenistan , tajikistan , and ne afghanistan .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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dr _ m _ zieger , adam riley , christian boix hinzen , nik borrow , jason anderson , frédéric pelsy .
has been considered part of the m . afer complex , but distinct morphologically and in habitat preferences ; most closely related to m . griseiventris # r . nominate race and tanganjicae intergrade in sw rwanda . three subspecies recognized .
( reichenow , 1893 ) – rwenzori mts ( e drcongo and w uganda ) and s in mountains to w rwanda , highlands w of l kivu and w burundi .
( reichenow , 1909 ) – itombwe mts , in se kivu ( e drcongo ) and sw rwanda ( nyungwe forest ) .
( prigogine , 1957 ) – mt kabobo , in extreme se kivu ( e drcongo ) .
diet poorly known , but presumably includes small invertebrates and larvae ; nestlings fed mainly with caterpillars . usually in small to . . .
a 15 - year study of a nest - box population in the bwindi impenetrable forest , uganda , contrasts the life history traits of this equatorial . . .
not globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in albertine rift mountains eba . common to locally very common . although it is not presently at risk , any large - . . .
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previously part of a much broader genus parus ( which see , above ) . these afrotropical species form a monophyletic group , separated from parus by interposition of pseudopodoces , and thus require a separate genus # r .
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a single bird working its way mid - way a large tree , feeding and contact - calling a second bird , abourt 25 m away . same bird as in xc155064
a single bird working its way mid - way a large tree , feeding and contact - calling a second bird , abourt 25 m away .
one adult foragin along an overhanging branch covered with moss . a second individual is foraging nearby . habitat : primary montane forest .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common to locally very common ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) .
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although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : melaniparus fasciiventer . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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melaniparus fasciiventer tanganjicae : montane forests of e democratic republic of the congo ( itombwe mts . )
melaniparus fasciiventer kaboboensis : montane forests of se democratic republic of the congo ( mt . kabobo )
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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( rwenzori mts . e drcongo , w uganda . , w rwanda and w burundi )
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the eastern wood pewee ( contopus virens ) is a small tyrant flycatcher from north america .

this bird and the western wood pewee ( c. sordidulus ) were formerly considered to be a single species .

the two species are virtually identical in appearance , and can be distinguished most easily by their calls .

eastern wood pewee

the eastern wood pewee is found in deciduous , coniferous , and mixed forests .
eastern _ wood - pewee _ and _ nest _ 3 - 9 - 16 . jpg
eastern _ wood - pewee _ side _ view _ 3 - 9 - 16 . jpg
eastern wood - pewee | life histories of north american birds | a . c . bent
the oldest known eastern wood - pewee in the wild was 7 years , 1 month old .
relative abundance of eastern wood - pewee , derived from breeding bird survey data , 1994 - 2003 .
nesting and reproduction : the eastern wood - pewee does not begin nest construction until mid - may .
adult eastern wood pewee ( contopus virens ) . ( credit : andy reago & chrissy mcclarren . )
birds , familiar : eastern wood - pewee , life histories of north american birds , a . c . bent
its distinctive , slurred “pee - a - wee” song helps differentiate the eastern wood - pewee from our other flycatchers .
the eastern wood - pewee’s lichen - covered nest is so inconspicuous that it often looks like a knot on a branch .
the eastern wood pewee is very hard to spot , but can be identified by its
pee - ah - wee
call .
eastern wood - pewees arrive in missouri in late april and early may for breeding season .
the eastern wood - pewee is a small , indistinct flycatcher with a grayish - olive back , pale underparts , and whitish wing bars . strikingly similar in appearance to the western wood - pewee ( c . sordidulus ) , the eastern wood - pewee is best distinguished from its western counterpart by a clear , three - phrased song , often paraphrased as “ pee - ah - wee ” .
the oldest recorded eastern wood - pewee was at least 8 years , 2 months old when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in maryland in 2010 .
the eastern wood - pewee and western wood - pewee have different calls but are nearly impossible to tell apart by eye . their breeding ranges overlap in a very narrow zone in the great plains . researchers have found no evidence that the two species interbreed in that area .
the eastern wood - pewee is one of those birds that has the good manners to say its name . the plaintive ascending and then descending pee - ah - wee phrase can be heard throughout the day during the summer in the eastern united states the bird itself is quite inconspicuous as it hawks insects from high in the canopy . the eastern wood - pewee breeds from southeastern canada across the eastern states and migrates to northwestern south america during the winter .
the western wood - pewee makes a clapping noise with its bill while chasing and attacking intruders in nest defense .
the eastern wood - pewee is distinguished from all empidonax flycatchers by their dark face with weak partial eye - ring , dusky vest , and grayish smudges on their undertail coverts .
one potential cause of the decline of eastern wood - pewee populations is the overpopulation of white - tailed deer in the eastern forests . in areas with high deer density , the intermediate canopy is disturbed by browsing , affecting the foraging space of the flycatcher .
in a forest where several flycatcher species are found , the eastern wood - pewee forages higher in the trees than the least and acadian flycatchers , but lower down than the great crested flycatcher .
when several flycatcher species live in the same forest , the eastern wood - pewee tends to forage higher in the trees than the least and acadian flycatchers , but lower than the great crested flycatcher .
based on the information already mentioned , most people would predict that the eastern wood pewee ' s high - pitched song would be masked by the constant background racket created by big - city traffic .
the eastern wood pewee eats insects . it perches on tree branches in the middle part of the understory and waits for its prey to fly by and then chases after it . it occasionally eats seeds .
the eastern wood - pewee’s plaintive song of three sliding notes ( pee - a - weeeee ) is distinctive and easy to learn . it makes finding these woodland birds fairly straightforward . it helps that male eastern wood - pewees are inveterate singers , belting out song nearly throughout the day . look for small , olive - colored birds making sallies and watch such birds until they perch ; eastern wood - pewees pause frequently after sallying , which usually enables you to study them well .
speaking of the period of courtship , dr . thomas s . roberts ( 1932 ) says :
the male wood pewee has , besides the usual
the eastern wood - pewee reaches its highest densities in the ozark mountain region of the ch , where it has a regional combined score of 15 ( table 001 ) . in the wgcp , the eastern wood - pewee has a regional combined score of 16 . the species is classified as one requiring management attention in both bcrs . no significant trends are discernable for this species in either the ch or wgcp ( sauer and others 2005 ; table 005 ) .
the eastern wood - pewee is a familiar species of woodlands throughout eastern north america ( mccarty 1996 ) . all woodland types ( deciduous , mixed , and evergreen ) are utilized by eastern wood - pewees ; however , the species consistently selects open park - like conditions on xeric sites with limited canopy cover and low shrub densities ( robbins and others 1989 , mccarty 1996 ) . eastern wood - pewees are positively associated with increasing sawtimber tree density , reaching a threshold at 100 trees / ha , when a negative relationship develops ( best and stauffer 1986 cited in mccarty 1996 ; robbins and others 1989 ) .
we found that eastern wood pewees modified their songs to optimize transmission depending on traffic noise levels ,
said dr . gentry in a press release .
where exactly the western wood - pewee goes in the winter is still a mystery . both eastern and western wood - pewees migrate to northern south america , but because they look so similar and they don ' t call much on the wintering ground it ' s hard to say for certain where each species spends its winter .
this bird is singing from a high , bare branch at the edge of a forest to announce its territory to other competing males and potential mates . other species of pewee do not say
pewee
. this pewee is in the flycatcher taxonomic family , and it nests in the e united states and canada . these birds migrate south of the united states in the fall because flying insects are harder to find in the winter , ewpe _ mo _ 20110522am081444 _ eastern _ wood - pewee _ singing . mov
the eastern wood - pewee has a large range , estimated globally at 4 , 100 , 000 square kilometers . it is native to the nations of north america as well as central america and parts of south america and prefers forest and shrubland ecosystems . the global population of this bird is estimated to be 6 , 000 , 000 individuals and it does not appear to meet population decline criteria that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . the current evaluation status of the eastern wood - pewee is least concern .
,
he shows that the wood pewee ' s song is governed by the same principles , and that the final keynote ( of the falling phrase ) completely satisfies the ear .
extremely similar to the western wood pewee and best separated by range and voice . most often confused with the willow and the alder flycatchers . note the willow’s and alder’s relatively short primary projection ( barely reaching beyond base of tail ) , smaller size , brighter wing bars , and tendency to wag its tail . wood pewees also forage from higher prominent perches , to which they repeatedly return . compare with the greater pewee , the olive - sided flycatcher , and the eastern phoebe .
eastern wood - pewee : breeds from eastern great plains to the atlantic ocean , ranging from southern canada to northern florida , the gulf coast and central texas . winters in the tropics . preferred habitats include northern hardwood , pine - oak , oak - hickory , bottomland hardwood , southern pine savannah , and midwestern forests ; also found in orchards , parks , roadsides , and suburban areas .
the eastern wood - pewee feeds exclusively on flying insects , typically sallying out from an exposed perch in the mid - canopy to catch its prey then returning to the same perch . although insects do make up a significant portion of the diet , berries and seeds of various species are also consumed .
the eastern wood - pewee breeds throughout central and eastern north america ( sibley 2014 ) . in montana , this species has a few historic records but none in the last 10 years ( montana bird distribution committee 2012 ) . for a comprehensive review of the conservation status , habitat use , and ecology of this and other montana bird species , please see marks et al . 2016 , birds of montana .
the eastern wood pewee is a neotropical migrant . it breeds from south central and southeastern canada to the gulf coast and florida . it winters in northwestern south america in colombia , venezuela , ecuador , peru , and brazil . it is one of the last neotropical migrants to return north in the spring .
eastern wood - pewees have several other calls including a terse chip note , a shrill peeee given when an intruder disturbs a pair at the nest , and short twittering notes during courtship and mating .
the wood pewee appears to become attached to a group of trees and returns sometimes year after year to build its nest on the same branch . katie myra roads ( 1931 ) gives an instance of this habit when she reports :
for thirty - five years a wood pewee ' s . . . nest has been placed in the same fork of an elm tree about forty feet from the ground .
kendrick , sarah w . ; thompson , frank r . , iii ; reidy , jennifer l . 2013 . eastern wood - pewee ( contopus virens ) breeding demography across a gradient of savanna , woodland , and forest in the missouri ozarks . the auk . 130 ( 2 ) : 355 - 363 .
adult eastern wood - pewees are grayish olive above , with two whitish wing bars . note the slightly pointy crest at the back of the crown . the bill is black above and dull orange below .
figure 1 . breeding , nonbreeding ( winter ) , and year - round ranges of the eastern phoebe .
open woodlands throughout the west come alive when western wood - pewees return for the summer . these grayish brown flycatchers use exposed branches as their stage ; they put on quite a good show , sallying back and forth while nabbing flying insects with stunning precision . they sit tall when perched , showing off their partially buttoned gray vest while singing a burry and nasal version of their name all summer long . they look nearly identical to their eastern cousin , the eastern wood - pewee , but they sing a burrier song .
lee , c . , a . birch , and t . l . eubanks . 2008 . field identification of western and eastern wood - pewees . birding 40 : 34 - 40 . pdf here : urltoken
. - - the wood pewee is subject only to the dangers that beset most of the small passerine birds . notable among its enemies is the blue jay , which may rob it of its eggs or young .
mccarty , j . p . 1996 . eastern wood - pewee ( contopus virens ) , the birds of north america , no . 245 . a . poole and f . gill , eds . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa , and the american ornithologists ' s union , washington , d . c .
here in eastern massachusetts the wood pewee is not a common bird ; it has diminished in numbers noticeably during the past 20 years . both wilson and aubudon speak of it as more common than the phoebe . at the present time the reverse is true here , in the proportion , it seems , of ten to one .
eastern may hold its tail angled down when perched ( vs . western holding tail more in line with body )
mccarty , j . p . 1996 . eastern wood - pewee ( contopus virens ) . in the birds of north america , no . 245 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa , and the american ornthologists ' union , washington , d . c .
the eastern wood pewee is a small flycatcher that is aboout 5 - 6 inches in length . it has grayish - olive upperparts , a grayish - white throat , breast , and belly , and white wing bars . it has a dark gray bill ; the lower bill is yellow - orange at the base . males and females look alike .
i have heard similar notes in midsummer from a pewee perched in a tree - - seven or eight short whistled syllables given as a rapid twitter which suggested a goldfinch ' s voice , and wholly lacked the usual drawling quality of the pewee ' s .
the oldest recorded western wood - pewee was a female , and at least 8 years , 1 month old when she was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in california in 2002 . she had been banded in the same state in 1995 .
eastern phoebes characteristically wag their tails , have an all - dark bill , and only indistinct wingbars or they lack them entirely .
comparing the songs of willet subspecies the eastern and western subspecies of willet are often mentioned as likely candidates for splitting . . .
this species is extremely similar to the western wood pewee and is best identified by range and voice . vagrants should be identified with great care and preferably documented with recordings of vocalizations , photos , or video . monotypic . length 6 . 3
.
the eastern and western wood - pewees are very difficult to tell apart visually . their breeding ranges overlap in a very narrow zone in the great plains . despite their similarity , no evidence has been found that the two species interbreed in that area .
male eastern wood - pewees sing a distinctive , slurred pee - a - wee call from exposed perches to advertise their breeding territories . the call lasts about 1 second . the last note trails off ; it carries a long way and is a distinctive sound of eastern forests in summer . pewees begin singing before sunrise , and you may hear them at almost any time of the day or night .
we included sawtimber tree density in the habitat suitability model and used the 100 trees / ha threshold observed by best and stauffer ( 1986 ) as the optimal value in a quadratic function ( figure 032 ) linking sawtimber tree density ( si3 ) to eastern wood - pewee habitat suitability . we assumed a symmetrical decline in habitat quality as sawtimber tree density increased or decreased from this optimum ( table 060 ) .
the breeding range of the eastern wood - pewee covers much of south - central and eastern north america . it breeds from southeastern saskatchewan to the maritime provinces , south to southeastern texas and east to the u . s . atlantic coast . about 11 % of its global breeding range is in canada , which accounts for about 8 % of the breeding population . it winters primarily in northern south america , mainly from northwestern colombia and northeastern venezuela south to southern peru , northern bolivia and amazonian brazil . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 10 )
the olive - brown eastern wood - pewee is inconspicuous until it opens its bill and gives its unmistakable slurred call : pee - a - wee ! —a characteristic sound of eastern summers . these small flycatchers perch on dead branches in the mid - canopy and sally out after flying insects . though identifying flycatchers can be confusing , pewees are grayer overall , with longer wings , than other flycatchers . they lack the eyerings of the empidonax species , while they’re less brown ( with stronger wingbars ) than a phoebe . with a careful look they’re quite distinctive .
there are also a few subtle differences in coloration . a close look at a wood - pewee’s bill will reveal a yellowish - orange lower mandible contrasting with the blackish upper mandible , whereas the phoebe’s bill is all dark . the wood - pewee also has a thin white eye - ring , lacking in the phoebe . finally , wood - pewees have two whitish wing - bars ( buffy in young birds ) , which adult phoebes lack . juvenile phoebes , however , can show two faint wing - bars—so if it’s possible you’re looking at a young bird ( which are generally only present from mid - summer through fall ) , it’s best to use this character with some caution .
in view of the fact that the eastern wood pewee population in the washington dc area has declined by more than 50 % over the last 70 years , temporary road closures during strategic times in the breeding season might help to slow or stop the decline of this species . further , temporary road closures could benefit other songbirds in the area that also must adjust their vocal performances to
match
fluctuating traffic noise levels .
the breeding ranges of the nearly identical eastern and western wood - pewees overlap only in a very narrow zone in the great plains . despite the birds’ physical similarity , no evidence has ever been found that the two species interbreed in that area—perhaps because their songs sound so different .
all the way on its journey from the south , the wood pewee has loitered behind the hurrying migrants , leisurely delaying its homecoming , and now , at last on its breeding ground , it finds many of its neighbors with broods already hatched , engaged with the turmoils of parenthood .
farnsworth , a . & lebbin , d . ( 2018 ) . eastern wood - pewee ( contopus virens ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the scientific name of the western wood - pewee is contopus sordidulus . contopus comes from the greek word kontos which means short and pous which means foot—referring to the relatively short legs on contopus flycatchers . sordidulus means dirty or unkempt , a reference to the dusky brown wash to the breast and flanks .
that the food of the wood pewee is not restricted to small insects is shown by a . dawes dubois , who reports that he saw a parent bird come to a nest
with a good - sized butterfly , a red admiral , which the young bird swallowed , wings and all .
in eastern woods in summer , the plaintive whistled pee - a - wee of this small flycatcher is often heard before the bird is seen . the bird itself is usually somewhere in the leafy middle story of the trees , perched on a bare twig , darting out to catch passing insects . the wood - pewee sings most often at dawn and dusk , and it may continue singing quite late in the evening , after most songbirds have fallen silent .
full territorial songs are very distinctive , with no overlap , and since these songs are primarily innate ( not learned ) the species can be identified with complete confidence based on song . unfortunately full song is heard only on or near the breeding grounds in may - july . pitfall : eastern wood - pewee can give some short calls that sound rough and buzzy , similar to western song , and western often gives short clear whistles , similar to eastern . in order to use voice succesfully for identification you have to have a good sense of the repertoire of each species and know what type of call you are hearing .
speaking of the wood pewee ' s relations with other species of birds , a . dawes dubois says :
the pewees would not tolerate red - winged blackbirds or red - headed woodpeckers , although they were not agitated by the presence of flickers . with chipping sparrows they were on very friendly terms . the toleration of another species i once saw displayed even in the vicinity of the nest . a least flycatcher was building its deep nest about 60 feet from the ground in a tall slender tree , while a wood pewee sat unconcerned in her own flat nest about 5 feet away in the same tree .
eastern wood - pewees are common in both forest interiors and edges , are generally area - insensitive , and may occupy fragments as small as 0 . 3 ha ( blake and karr 1987 , robbins and others 1989 ) . their cryptic nests placed high in the canopy may limit predation and parasitism , allowing pewees to occupy small fragments without the adverse effects on reproduction common to other open cup nesters ( mccarty 1996 , knutson and others 2004 , underwood and others 2004 ) . eastern wood - pewees do not occur in riparian corridors with < 24 percent forest cover in the landscape ( perkins and others 2003b ) .
one of the last spring migrants to return from its overwintering range in south america , the eastern wood - pewee breeds in virtually every type of wooded habitat in the east , from urban forest patches , woodlots in agricultural areas , and orchards , to savannas , riparian forests , and extensive tracts of mature forest . although it generally inhabits deciduous forest , it also breeds in open pine woodlands ( especially in the south ) and mixed hardwood - conifer forests of the north .
the wood - pewee is , as its name suggests , largely a bird of the woodlands ( especially deciduous woodlands ) , and as such is not as easily seen as the phoebe , but will also often stay on a perch with a good view of the surrounding area to flycatch , and can stand out from the surrounding vegetation more when they do . wood - pewees nest in trees , often quite high up in them , and usually not close to houses .
the breeding range of the eastern wood - pewee includes much of the forested regions of eastern north america , extending as far west as the hundredth meridian . within the boreal forest , the breeding range includes portions of the boreal hardwood and transition forests in southeastern saskatchewan , manitoba , ontario , and quebec . the winter range includes most of northern south america , from northwestern colombia and northeast venezuela , south to southern peru , northern bolivia , and the amazon basin in brazil . some evidence suggests that the species also winters in portions of central america and the united states gulf coast , but there is a strong probability that the few records may be misidentifications .
a quick listen in almost any forest patch should reveal the burry , slightly descending peeer of a western wood - pewee throughout the spring and summer months . to find out where the song is coming from , look up into the canopy and pay special attention to bare branches where this small , upright flycatcher often perches . unless they’re silhouetted against the sky , their gray bodies tend to blend into the branches . watch for one to sally out and back on a quick flight to chase down an insect . use its habit of returning to the same perch to your advantage to focus in on the western wood - pewee as it returns to its perch .
the eastern phoebe ( sayornis phoebe ) , is a familiar species to most in our area , often found building its nest of mud and moss under the eaves of houses and other buildings , especially near water . this bird , though not at all brightly colored , is a conspicuous one , not only because of its tendency to live near people , but its habit of perching in the open to wait for an insect to fly by , at which point it flits out to try to catch the insect with a snap of its bill . the phoebe has a lesser - known cousin easily confused with it , the eastern wood - pewee ( contopus virens ) .
the first suitability function combines landform , landcover , and successional age class into a single matrix ( si1 ) defining unique combinations of these classes ( table 058 ) . we directly assigned suitability index scores to these combinations based on vegetation type and successional age class associations of eastern wood - pewees reported by hamel ( 1992 ) .
the study birds live in three urban parks in the greater washington dc metro area . dr . gentry and her team recorded eastern wood pewee songs at sites where traffic was either constant or was reduced on a weekly basis due to 36 - hour road closures . they measured and analyzed the bandwidth , duration , and maximum , peak and minimum frequencies of the birds ' songs , as well as the low - frequency background noise within 20 seconds of each song , and the overall full - spectrum background noise levels .
harrison f . lewis , in a letter to mr . bent , writes :
on july 12 , 1920 , i saw a wood pewee dash out of a tree at the height of about 40 feet from the ground and fly wildly and erratically about in a small area , crying rapidly and unceasingly , in a high - pitched squeaky voice ,
common summer resident in forest openings , open woodlands , pastures with scattered trees , and forest edges . forages by sallying from a branch to catch flying insects . this wood - pewee often perches higher in trees compared to other flycatchers . the distinctive call , and its habit of returning right back where it was perched earlier , will help you locate and identify it .
voice is another very useful clue . the phoebe is named for its sneezy , unmelodic song , which does sound a bit like the bird is saying “fee - bee ! ( pause ) fee - bee ? ( pause ) fee - bee ! ( pause ) ” etc . , with the emphasis alternated between song phrases . the wood - pewee gives a whistled , pure “pee - a - wee ? ” and sometimes a shorter “pee - urr” with a similar whistled tone . the wood - pewee’s vocalizations also tend to be uttered less frequently than the phoebe’s , so that the effect is more that of someone giving only a laconic remark now and then , where a singing phoebe sounds like it’s having a rather animated conversation with itself .
. - - the following excellent differential diagnosis is quoted from ralph hoffmann ( 1904 ) :
the long - drawn song , when given , distinguishes the wood pewee from any of the other flycatchers , but when the bird is silent it may be confused either with the phoebe or with the chebec . it may be distinguished from the former by its smaller size and by its
dr . friedmann ( 1929 ) calls the wood pewee
a not uncommon victim of the cowbird . . . . as many as four cowbird eggs have been reported from a single nest of this species , but such cases are extremely rare . . . . about 3 dozen records have come to my notice but these probably represent a small percentage of the cases found .
eastern wood - pewees can occupy extremely small fragments but may require a minimum amount of forest in the landscape . therefore , our model did not include a patch size function and instead relied solely on landscape composition ( si2 ) . we used a logistic function ( figure 031 ) to predict habitat suitability index scores from the percent forest in the landscape ( table 059 ) .
francis beach white , who has studied the voice of the wood pewee for more than 20 years , calls attention to a seasonal variation in the notes . he says :
in the last week of may , prolonged singing analogous to the twilight song is heard , but this is not developed fully until june . in june the notes take on a somewhat richer tone . in july the
the alder and willow flycatchers are so similar in plumage that visual identification is nearly impossible . these two species were actually considered to be one species , the “traill’s flycatcher , ” until small differences in their plumages and distinct differences in their vocalizations showed that they were separate species . this was also the case for the cordilleran and pacific - slope flycatchers , and the eastern and western wood - peewees .
the one point most open for criticism in the food of the wood pewee is that it eats too many parasitic hymenoptera . there is no doubt that all birds which prey upon hymenoptera at all destroy some of the useful species , but the proportion in the food of this bird is greater than in other birds whose food has been investigated . as these insects are for the most part smaller than the more common wasps and bees , it would seem natural that they should be preyed upon most by the smaller flycatchers , which very likely accounts for the fact that the wood pewee eats more of them than the kingbirds . but even so the bird does far more good than harm . the loss of the useful hymenoptera can be condoned when it is remembered that with them the bird takes so many harmful or annoying species .
despite its unobtrusive behavior and drab coloration , the eastern phoebe is a familiar bird to those who live within its range . its tendency to nest on human dwellings and under bridges has endeared it to many and earned it the common names of “bridge pewee” and “barn pewee” in 19th century north america . indeed , this flycatcher ' s use of bridges has evidently been a key element in the spread of its breeding range into the great plains and the southeastern united states . unlike the barn swallow ( hirundo rustica ) , however , it has not totally abandoned its original nest sites and continues to nest on rock outcrops and other natural niches when available .
. - - the wood pewee has a very attractive voice - - a sweet , pure , tranquil whistle delivered calmly in short , slow phrases . the leisurely notes , sliding smoothly and evenly as they change in pitch , give the impression of restfulness and peace , almost of sadness . bradford torrey ( 1901 ) calls the song
an elegy .
all day from dawn to dusk it goes languidly on ,
. - - the nest of the wood pewee is a dainty little structure , harmonizing so closely with the surroundings that our eye may easily pass along the limb to which the nest is bound without detecting it . the nest seems tiny for the size of the bird , sits close to the branch - - the bottom thin , the walls low and thick - - and the outside is sheathed with bits of lichen .
one potential cause of their decline is the overpopulation of white - tailed deer in the eastern forests . in areas with high deer density , the intermediate canopy is disturbed by browsing , affecting the foraging space of the flycatcher .
migrants and wintering birds of both species often give clear whistled notes . eastern consistently gives a strongly upslurred tu - eee while western gives a slightly lower and flat teee , often ending with a more or less obvious burry quality .
dubois also stresses the point that , owing to the situation of the wood pewee ' s nest - - i . e . , directly on the bark of a horizontal limb and often not supported in a crotch - - the nest must be fastened to the bark . this necessary anchorage is secured by the bird while building who
repeatedly wipes her bill from side to side along the limb , making the materials adhere to the bark .
in canada , the eastern wood - pewee is mostly associated with the mid - canopy layer of forest clearings and edges of deciduous and mixed forests . it is most abundant in forest stands of intermediate age and in mature stands with little understory vegetation . during migration , a variety of habitats are used , including forest edges , early successional clearings , and primary and secondary lowland ( and submontane ) tropical forest , as well as cloud forest . in south america in the winter , the species primarily uses open forest , shrubby habitats , and edges of primary forest . it also occurs in interior forests where tree - fall gaps are present . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 10 )
eastern wood - pewees arrive in missouri in late april and early may . their small cup nests , woven from grass and other fine materials and well - camouflaged with lichens , are positioned on tree branches . clutches comprise 2–4 eggs , which are incubated 12–14 days . helpless upon hatching , the young fledge just 16–18 days later . there is one brood a year . with nesting completed , they leave our state in september to spend winter in south america .
, phrase after phrase , often with long pauses between them , never hurried , always serene . the song continues well into hot , parched august , when most birds are silent . aretas a . saunders ( 1924 ) , speaking of the uniformity of the wood pewee ' s singings , says :
of a number of records made from different individuals at the same season of the year , the majority are likely to be almost , if not exactly , identical .
a few other exceptions to this color scheme are the frosty plumage of the scissor - tailed flycatcher highlighted by salmon pink underwings , the orangish coloration of the say’s phoebe , and the black and white plumages of the eastern kingbird and black phoebe .
perhaps , in the case of the wood pewee , the term song should be applied only to the bird ' s singing in the half light before dawn and in the evening long after sunset . at these times of day the bird devotes about 40 minutes in the morning and a shorter , less regular period in the evening to singing a song quite different from its daylight notes , a song so charmingly rhythmical that it has attracted the attention of musicians and excited their admiration .
. - - at point pelee , taverner and swales ( 1907 ) found wood pewees
very abundant in the early days of fall . it is evident that the first fall movement of this species begins early in the season . the 24th of august , 1907 , we found the woods of the point already in possession of innumerable hosts of wood pewees , and through early september we have always found them the most prominent bird in the landscape .
overall eastern wood - pewee may give the impression of being paler and “cleaner” with distinct green and gray tones above and a narrow , broken breastband , while western is darker and “sooty” with brownish tones above and a broad , unbroken breastband . many of the plumage features touted to distinguish the species simply focus on one particular facet of this overall darkness , but variation in the birds , extensive overlap in color , and the difficulty of judging subtle differences in color , all combine to make these features nearly useless in the field . an impression of overall color might be used as an indicator to pick out an interesting bird , but of all the plumage features , only the difference in wingbars holds the potential to move the identification beyond “possible” .
members of the tyrannidae occur in most types of forested and non - forest habitats in north america except for the tundra . some species such as the willow flycatcher and black phoebe are associated with wetland habitats , others like the olive - sided and hammond’s flycatchers need coniferous forests , and other species such as the cassin’s kingbird and say’s phoebe , occur in grasslands . related species often replace each other in different habitats or regions such as in the case of the eastern and western wood - peewees .
bendire ( 1895 ) states that the bird
shows a decided preference for open , mixed woods , free from underbrush , and frequents the edge of such as border on fields , clearings , etc . , either in dry or moist situations ,
and that
an average and typical nest of the wood pewee measures 2 3 / 4 inches in outer diameter by 1 3 / 4 inches in depth ; the inner cup is about 1 3 / 4 inches wide by 1 1 / 4 inches deep .
some tyrant flycatchers are known for their bold , aggressive behavior , this family often called the tyrant flycatchers for this reason . the eastern kingbird in particular , seems to go out of its way to chase much larger birds ( such as turkey vultures ) away from its territory .
like other flycatchers , eastern wood - pewees perch on a branch offering a clear view of the area around them . when an insect flies by , the bird flits out , snatches it from the air , then returns to its perch . it also picks insects from bark and other surfaces , fluttering and hovering as it does . they eat weevils and bark beetles ( pests of gardens and trees ) , plus horse - , house - , and robber flies , bees , wasps , ants , moths , caterpillars , and more . they also eat a small amount of berries and seeds .
most eastern phoebes winter in the southeastern united states , although some winter as far north as the lower midwest and as far south as mexico . severe winters in the southern united states may cause periodic population crashes of this species . although strongly insectivorous , this phoebe can subsist on fruits when cold , windy weather makes insects scarce .
common . breeding : variety of woodland habitats . migration : primarily circum - gulf migrant . most return mid - april ( southern texas ) to mid - may ( great lakes ) ; remain later than the western , regularly into early october . winter : mostly northern south america . no valid united states winter records . vagrant : casual in west to western texas , western oklahoma , western kansas , eastern colorado , southeastern wyoming , western nebraska , western south dakota , western north dakota , eastern montana , south - central saskatchewan , new mexico , southern nevada , southern arizona , southeastern oregon , and california ( 9 recs . , mostly fall singing birds ) .
beatrice sawyer rossell ( 1921 ) points out an exception to the bird ' s usual peaceful behavior . she relates :
my attention was suddenly attracted by a wood pewee , which flew to a dead twig , not 3 feet above my head . i called my companion ' s attention to it , and as i spoke the bird darted at my head , coming so close that i instinctively swerved . he flew back to his perch , and in a minute made another dart , almost brushing me with his wings . . . . for a few seconds he fluttered around me , then made a dart and pecked my finger with his sharp little bill .
the eggs of the wood pewee vary in shape from ovate to short or rounded ovate ; the shell is close - grained and without gloss . the ground color varies from a pale milky white to a rich cream color , and the markings , which vary considerably in size and number in different sets , are usually disposed in the shape of an irregular wreath around the larger end of the egg , and consist of blotches and minute specks of claret brown , chestnut , vinaceous rufous , heliotrope , purple , and lavender . in some specimens the darker , in others the lighter shades predominate . in very rare instances only are the markings found on the smaller end of the egg .
pyle ( 1997 ) reports that a formula using tail projection ( tip of tail to tip of longest uppertail covert ) minus primary projection ( tip of longest primary to tip of longest secondary ) identifies about 97 . 5 % of all specimens regardless of age , sex , or season . i have long held the vague impression that western has a slightly more empidonax - like overall shape than eastern , which may be related to the shorter tail . lee et al . ( 2008 ) suggest that these proportions can be seen in the field by comparing the primary projection to the tail projection ( beyond the primary tips ) . eastern has the tail projection slightly longer than the primary projection and in western the two are about equal . this deserves more study .
it is at this time of the year , when spring is in full bloom , when the countryside is brilliant green and the forest leaves are almost summer size , that the wood pewee calmly takes his place among the big trees of our woodlands , the shade trees of our streets , and , if the trees be tall , even in our gardens . his slow , sweet , quiet , three - note song tells us that he is here , hidden among the leaves , although the bird remains for the most part so high up in the thick foliage that we may not catch a glimpse of him for weeks unless we look sharply - - not perhaps until the young are fledged and descend from their lofty nest and begin to wander about with their parents .
eastern phoebes are occasional , sometimes frequent , hosts , of the brown - headed cowbird ; that fact , coupled with the easy availability of nests , has led to several major investigations of cowbird / phoebe associations , beginning with klaas ( 1975 ) in kansas and followed by rothstein ( 1975 , 1986 ) in connecticut and michigan , and most recently hauber ( 2001 , 2003a , 2006 ) in new york .
threats and limiting factors affecting eastern wood - pewees have not been clearly identified and are poorly known , largely because of a lack of research . possible threats and limiting factors have been suggested as including : 1 ) loss and degradation of habitat quality on the breeding grounds due to urban development and / or changes in forest management ; 2 ) loss and / or degradation of habitat on the wintering grounds ; 3 ) large - scale changes in the availability of flying - insect prey due to unknown causes ; 4 ) high rates of mortality during migration and / or on the wintering grounds ) ; 5 ) high rates of nest predation from increasing numbers of avian predators ; and 6 ) changes in forest structure due to white - tailed deer over - browsing . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 10 )
tyrant flycatchers do not nest in colonies and mostly forage in pairs or alone although the eastern kingbird forms flocks during migration and on its wintering grounds in amazonia . most north american flycatchers share a similar foraging strategy that often varies by niche and prey item . this foraging strategy involves watching for insects from a perch , sallying out to catch one with a snap of the beak , and returning to the perch to eat it .
alfred m . bailey and earl g . wright ( 1931 ) , writing of southern louisiana , says :
in november it is fairly numerous , and one of the delights of still hunting for deer along the wooded regions , is to watch the small birds working through the tree tops . small warblers are ever on the move , but the pewee often sits motionless on twigs over the water , and then comes suddenly to life long enough to flutter into space , seize an insect , and drop back to perch .
adult upperparts are grayish olive with two whitish wing bars . usually has a slightly pointy crest at the back of the crown . underparts are whitish with a dull white throat . the sides and breast are grayish . the bill is black above and dull orange below . immature birds may have an all - dark bill , like an eastern phoebe , but will have pale wing bars . the persistent pee - a - wee , pee - oo , or a down - slurred pee - yer , are often sung throughout the day .
similar species : the eastern phoebe is a little larger and stockier , has a more rounded head that is clearly darker than the other upperparts and contrasts with the pale throat , usually lacks wing bars , bobs its tail more , and has a different , insistent , raspy call . several groups of flycatchers are found in missouri , including 2 pewees , 2 phoebes , 3 kingbirds , 5 in the genus empidonax , the great crested flycatcher , and very rarely , the vermilion flycatcher . voice and behavior usually are very helpful if not necessary in distinguishing them .
this small , generally inconspicuous flycatcher is best known for its plaintive pee - ah - wee song heard through much of the summer in wooded habitats of the eastern united states and into southern canada . this species spends much of its time in the forest canopy and builds a small nest on a horizontal branch up to 22 m above the ground . the small cup is covered with lichens , producing an inconspicuous nest that may appear very much like a knot on the branch . as a result of its inaccessible and cryptic nest , only recently has this widespread species ' reproductive biology been studied in detail .
these two species look very similar , but have several good characteristics that can be used to distinguish them . both species are smallish ( 6 - 7 inches long ) , with drab grayish upperparts ( with a darker gray on the wings , cap , and tail ) , thin , sharp bills , and lighter upperparts , lightest on the belly . the most striking difference between the two species is a behavioral one . the phoebe flicks its tail in a kind of “wagging” motion when perched , and does this often enough that it can often be immediately identified by this action . perched wood - pewees do not wag their tails .
thus best known aspects of this species ' life history are reproduction ( especially clutch size ) , nesting success , and impacts of nest parasitism . additionally , aspects of nestling growth ( stoner 1959 , mahan 1964 , murphy 1981 ) and behavioral displays and songs ( smith 1969 , 1970 ) are well described . in contrast , except for the work of beal ( 1912 ) and via ( 1979 ) , we know relatively little of the eastern phoebe ' s food habits and only a modicum about its energy budgets , relationships , and trade - offs . recently , substantial dna work has been done ( beheler 2001 ) , studies that have documented considerable extra - pair paternity and polygyny in this socially monogamous species .
this species is one of the most common and widespread songbirds associated with north america’s eastern forests . while the species is apparently resilient to many kinds of habitat changes , like most other long - distance migrants that specialize on a diet of flying insects , it has experienced persistent declines over the past 40 years both in canada and the united states . the 10 - year rate of decline ( 25 % ) comes close to satisfying the criteria for threatened . the causes of the decline are not understood , but might be linked to habitat loss or degradation on its wintering grounds in south america or changes in availability of insect prey . if the population declines continue to persist , the species may become threatened in the foreseeable future .
because of its intimate association with humans and their edifices , there is a long history of anecdotal accounts and observational notes for the eastern phoebe . however , there is also a plethora of scientific studies , many focusing on aspects of reproductive biology and behavior . the earliest major work is that of klaas ( 1970 ) , in kansas , which is at the western limit of this phoebe ' s distribution ; yet other major works have followed in kansas , specifically those of murphy ( 1994 ) and schukman ( 1974 ) . weeks ( 1978 , 1979 ) conducted long - term studies in indiana ; conrad and robertson ( 1993a , b ) examined reproductive behavior in ontario , as did hill and gates ( 1988 ) in west virginia .
dickey , whose investigations were largely conducted in pennsylvania , gives a long list of trees in which he has found wood pewees ' nests . it includes oaks ( white , red , and black ) , sugar maple , black walnut , yellow locust , elm , apple , and pear , generally in specimens of large growth . he has found a nest in a flowering dogwood tree only 8 feet above ground . he says that willows are used rarely , but he speaks of one nest in a partly dead willow tree five feet out from the main stem . another nest was
in a stalwart sycamore , six feet through at the butt , in a horizontal fork 45 feet aloft and 18 feet out from the main bole .
bruce peninsula national park ( bpnp ) and fathom five national marine park ( ffnmp ) lie at the tip of the bruce peninsula which separates georgian bay from lake huron . the peninsula is 90 km in length and its most prominent feature is the niagara escarpment which runs along the entire eastern edge . within bpnp , the escarpment forms the georgian bay shoreline and is recognized as part of the core area of the niagara escarpment unesco world biosphere reserve . bpnp was established by the federal government in 1987 to protect a representative example of the great lakes / st . lawrence lowlands natural region . because of the fragmented nature of the park properties , many of the stresses on the park’s ecosystem originate from outside its boundaries . for this reason , first nations , local residents , non - governmental organizations , and other groups and land users play an important role in managing , restoring , and protecting the northern bruce ecosystem .


barbodes tras is a species of cyprinid fish endemic to lake lanao in mindanao , philippines .

this species can reach a length of 12.6 centimetres ( 5.0 in ) sl .

barbodes tras

barbodes dorsimaculatus ( c . g . e . ahl , 1923 ) ( blackline barb )
barbodes dunckeri ( c . g . e . ahl , 1929 ) ( bigspot barb )
froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2013 ) . species of barbodes in fishbase . october 2013 version .
barbodes is a genus of small to medium - sized cyprinid fish native to tropical asia . the majority of the species are from southeast asia . many species are threatened and some from the philippines are already extinct . several members of this genus were formerly included in puntius instead .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .
justification : harrison and stiassny ( 1999 ) consider this species to be possibly extinct . the matter has been referred to the relevant specialist group for a decision .
occurs in lake lanao . described from the type and only specimen collected at camp keithley , april 9 1925 . ( e . capuli pers comm 1996 )
exploitation : fish is the main diet for people in the area and the human population has increased . traditional fishing methods have been superseded by the use of poison ( tigaw , labo , towa ) and dynamite , which kill almost everything ( including the fry ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
latin , barbus = barbel + greek , oides = similar to ( ref . 45335 )
this species has no status in eschmeyer ( coff ver . jul . 2010 : ref .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2855 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 18 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 6 . preserved color dusky gray dorsally , whitish below ; snout bluish black ; dorsal rays dusky , caudal yellow , other fins colorless . very large and broad head ; large snout with 3 bony humps near its tip ; large mouth . 13 scales between nape and dorsal ; 3 scales between ventral and lateral line . minute white tubercles on snout and top of head .
herre , a . w . c . t . , 1926 . two new fishes from lake lanao . philipp . j . sci . 29 ( 4 ) : 499 - 503 . ( ref . 2855 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00431 - 0 . 02019 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 19 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 28 of 100 ) .
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the name is derived from the latin word barbus , meaning
barbel
, and the greek word oides , meaning
similar to
.
. due to the fact that these species fall outside of the geographic area of his paper , their position in cyprinidae is not addressed .
ismail ; sampson ; and noakes ( 2014 ) . the status of lake lanao endemic cyprinids . environmental biology of fisheries 97 ( 4 ) : 425 - 434 .
kottelat , m . ( 2013 ) : the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . the raffles bulletin of zoology , 2013 , supplement no . 27 : 1–663 .
kottelat , m . & tan , h . h . ( 2011 ) : systomus xouthos , a new cyprinid fish from borneo , and revalidation of puntius pulcher ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 22 ( 3 ) : 209 - 214 .
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the last time i traveled alone for a big adventure was in my teens and as i grow older , i think i ' ve become softer and more cautious . never in my wildest dreams did i imagine that my first solo adventure as an adult is to spend three days and two nights inside a cave ! i am congratulating myself right now for being a brave soul . the girls i met during the 14th spelunking in calbiga caves 2016 event were all solo travelers ! one of them , hazel lagos , braved the everest base camp alone ! i laud them for their courage and as i listened to their stories , i realized that i have so many fears inside . . .
this one of the many rich species of marine life in siargao island . the market became the hub of fresh catch fishes around the island because of rich in marine biodiversity that touches the rim of the pacific ocean . witness them near the shoreline of the island . siargao , not just the hub of marine life , but the tourist destinations as well . cloud 9 is the best surfing destinations in the country , philippines . but ther are lots of surfing sites in the islands . other beautiful destinations such as beautiful white sand beaches , islands hopping , mountain trekking , caving , and swimming the water . . .
dubbed the philippines '
last ecological frontier ,
palawan islands composed of more than 1 , 700 islands , abound with natural resources akin to an unexplored wilderness . in 1990 , the united nations educational , scientific , and cultural organization ( unesco ) declared the whole province of palawan , comprising 1 , 489 , 600 hectares , a biosphere reserve . the palawan biosphere reserve is a cluster of islands composed of one long main island and smaller groups of islands around it . diverse array of wildlife the province has a very diverse array of animals and plants in its terrestrial and marine e . . .
because of a general trend toward healthy lifestyle , more people , in the last decade , have turned to fish as a source of protein in their diets . we ' ve always thought that fish was unlimited and affordable . after all , the oceans cover 75 percent of the earth ' s surface . how could they not be forever filled with fish ? but we are wrong . in the early 1800s , we brought the whale population to the brink of extinction in our quest for blubber for lamp oil . and that was just the beginning . technology and commercialism have grown much faster than the fish population and , in 1989 , the worldwide fishin . . .
the bureau of fisheries and aquatic resources ( bfar ) lifted on monday the temporary ban on round scad ( galunggong ) fishing in the waters off northeastern palawan . the three - month closed season for galunggong , which began in november last year , is an initiative by both the fishing sector and the government through the department of the interior and local government ( dilg ) and bfar to secure increased and long - term supply of the said fish species .
we are glad to note the fishing operators were fully engaged during the data gathering , planning , and actual implementation of the closed seaso . . .
tawilis is scarcely available now ,
said osye catapang , a resident of villa luisa homes in dasmariñas city , cavite . catapang , a native of san nicolas , batangas , said he went to the pamilihang sentral ng dasmariñas , or the city central market , on february 28 to buy tawilis , but returned home empty - handed . tawilis ( sardinella tawilis ) is a freshwater sardine found exclusively in taal lake in batangas . it is small ? ?
only 15 centimeters in length and less than 30 grams in weight . catapang said he often goes to the market , which is 15 minutes away from his home , to buy the rare fish , his . . .
1 . fruit bats or flying foxes live in the tropics and subtropics of asia , australia , east africa , and a number of remote oceanic islands in both the indian and pacific oceans .
fora tagaytay vows to keep it green fora rotunda tagaytay , filinvest land ? s 5 . 2 hectare mixed use , master - planned township project located at the city ? s iconic rotunda received its first batch of trees in what is envisioned to become a . . .
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jana vandeschricki is a moth in the eupterotidae family .

it was described by berger in 1980 .

it is found in the democratic republic of congo ( katanga ) .

jana vandeschricki

jana ( janini ) ; forbes , 1955 , tijdschr . ent . 98 : 128
jana dannfelti aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 208 ; tl : congo
jana obscura aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 208 ; tl : gold coast
jana preussi aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 209 ; tl : camerun interior
jana sigyna aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 209 ; tl : camerun interior
jana preciosa aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 207 ; tl : camerun , buea
jana herrich - schäffer , [ 1854 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( i ) 1 ( 6 ) : pl . 21 , f . 98 - 100 ; ts : jana eurymas herrich - schäffer
jana aurivilliusi rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 2 ) : 488 ; tl : ogrugu
jana germana rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 2 ) : 488 ; tl : nandi , 6000ft
jana pseudostrigina rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 2 ) : 487 ; tl : lueho , kassai river
jana gracilis walker , 1855 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 4 : 913 ; tl : ashanti
jana variegata rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 2 ) : 490 ; tl : ocilonda , bibé , angola
jana roseata rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 2 ) : 487 ; tl : marienheim , urundi , east africa
jana rustica strand , 1911 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 5 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : msamwia , s . ufipa
jana propinquestriata strand , 1911 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 5 ( 2 ) : 295 ; tl : s . cameroons , jaunde - station
jana nigristriata janse , 1915 ; ann . transv . mus . 5 ( 1 ) : 68 , pl . 9 ; tl : waterwal onder ; one - tree hill , natal ; new hanover , natal
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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1173x899 ( ~ 399kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
1241x899 ( ~ 385kb ) ethiopia , amhara , lake hayk bank . 7th august 2012 , photo © oleg kosterin
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn hauptmann a . d . fromm 1908 / 09 nach deutsch - ostafrica . i . lepidoptera
weymer , 1909 exotische lepidopteren dt . ent . z . iris 22 ( 1 ) : 1 - 35
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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[ democratic republic of congo ] , congo belga , bangala , mobeka , viii . 1931 , leg . a . fiori .
berio e . 1937b . eteroceri africani apparentemente nuovi . - annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova 59 : 370–393 .
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givira cleopatra is a moth in the cossidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , california , nevada and utah .

givira cleopatra

[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .