cecina is a genus of sea snails which have a gill and an operculum , gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family pomatiopsidae .

they live in shallow waters in littoral and supralittoral habitats .

cecina ( gastropod )

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worms - world register of marine species - cecina manchurica a . adams , 1861
morphological features of supralittoral mollusks of the genus cecina ( gastropoda : pomatiopsidae ) fro . . .
davis gm . the origin and evolution of the gastropod family pomatiopsidae , with emphasis on the mekong river triculinae .
( shell - bearing gastropod mollusks of peter the great bay ) , vladivostok : dal . vost . kniz . izd . , 1979 .
] , together with fully terrestrial gastropod snails such as diplommatinids , camaenids and bradybaenids . the distribution of the two genera are largely confined to the heavy - snow region facing the japan sea ( figures
amphibious mollusks of the genus cecina in the littoral and supralittoral of the sea of japan are represented by three species : cecina manchurica a . adams , 1861 ; c . tatarica ( schrenck , 1867 ) ; and c . scarlatoi prozorova , 1996 . additional data on the morphology of the shell and radula are provided . indices for the identification of adult decollated and corroded shells of these species which . . . [ show full abstract ]
( shell - bearing gastropod mollusks of the shores of the ussr ) , opredeliteli po faune sssr , zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr ( guides to the fauna of the ussr ) , leningrad : nauka , 1978 .
bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
amphibious mollusks of the genus cecina in the littoral and supralittoral of the sea of japan are represented by three species : cecina manchurica a . adams , 1861 ; c . tatarica ( schrenck , 1867 ) ; and c . scarlatoi prozorova , 1996 . additional data on the morphology of the shell and radula are provided . indices for the identification of adult decollated and corroded shells of these species which retained only 3 . 0–2 . 5 last whorls are proposed : ( 1 ) the ratio of the width of the ultimate whorl ( without aperture ) to the length of the ultimate and penultimate whorls and ( 2 ) the ratio of the width of the third whorl ( from the bottom ) to the width of the ultimate whorl ( without aperture ) .
( of hemibiinae heude , 1890 ) bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
eight species of the genus cecina a . adams , 1861 are reported from the russian far east . two species ( c . manchurica a . adams , 1861 and c . tatarica ( schrenck , 1861 ) ) were known from the sea of japan . six species are described as new for science : c . scarlatoi sp . n . , c . kunashirica sp . n . , c . satrae sp . n . , c . elenae sp . n . , c . murshudovi sp . n . and c . alta sp . n . the diagnoses of all new species and a key to all the species of the genus are given .
adams a . ( 1861 ) . on some new genera and species of mollusca from the north of china and japan . annals and magazine of natural history ( 3 ) 8 : 299 - 309 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 308 [ details ]
hasegawa k . & fukuda h . ( 2017 ) . family pomatiopsidae . page 813 , in : t . okutani ( ed . ) , marine mollusks in japan , ed . 2 . 2 vols . tokai university press . 1375 pp . [ details ]
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 77 [ details ]
volova , g . n . , golikov , a . n . , and kussakin , o . g . ,
golikov , a . n . and scarlato , o . a . , mollusks of posyet bay ( sea of japan ) and their ecology ,
( mollusks and their role in biocenoses and fauna formation ) , trudy zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr , vol . 42 , leningrad : nauka , 1967 , pp . 5 - 154 .
( mollusks of fresh and brackish waters of the ussr ) , opredeliteli po faune sssr , zool . inst . akad . nauk sssr ( guides to the fauna of the ussr ) , leningrad : nauka , 1952 .
( evolutionary morphology of mollusks ) , sbornik trudov zool . muzeya mgu ( collected papers of the zoological museum of moscow university ) , moscow : izd . mos . gos . univ , 1990 , vol . 28 , pp . 48 - 91 .
ando , ya . and habe , t . , illustrated catalogue of land snails . 2 . genera
prozorova , l . a . russian journal of marine biology ( 2003 ) 29 : 49 . urltoken
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] , comprises two subfamilies , triculinae and pomatiopsinae . the former radiated as aquatic snails in freshwater habitats in southeast asia [
] . the diversity of japanese pomatiopsinae is based on two characteristics , i . e . unique habitats of the endemic genera , and their distribution .
a map showing worldwide distribution of pomatiopsine genera and triculinae ( after davis [ 11 ] ) . terrestrial taxa occur only on the japanese archipelago located in east asia ( blanfordia ) . tomichia and coxiella include several halophilic species occuring on saline lakes .
] , and can be closely related to the diversification of pomatiopsinae in the archipelago .
taxon names , habitats , localities , and accession numbers are provided . sequences obtained for this study are marked with an asterisk .
maps of japan showing distributions of pomatiopsine taxa . ( a ) clade 1 ; ( b ) amphibious species of clade 2 , fukuia kurodai and f . multistriata ; ( c ) terrestrial species of clade 2 , b . integra ; ( d ) other pomatiopsine species . solid and open symbols represent the collecting sites in this study and distribution record from the literature , respectively [ 22 , 35 , 72 - 76 ] . solid and dashed curves indicate areas that have more than 100 mm and 150 mm , respectively , of total precipitation in january ( average of 1971 - 2000 [ 77 ] ) .
in this study , we provide the first molecular phylogeny encompassing all pomatiopsid taxa occurring on the japanese archipelago . we also analyzed the relationship with continental taxa . in addition , we estimated the timing of diversification and terrestrial invasion , which can be interpreted using the geological history of japan . based on these results , we discuss the reason why the terrestrial invasion of pomatiopsidae occurred only in the japanese archipelago .
) . maximum parsimony ( mp ) analysis of the combined data resulted in a single most parsimonious tree ( 3375 steps , consistency index excluding uninformative characters [ ci ] = 0 . 3861 , retention index [ ri ] = 0 . 6567 ) . the results of maximum likelihood ( ml ) and bayesian analyses were largely consistent with the relatively well supported clades . only posterior probabilities of
≥ 75 were considered statistically significant . hence , support values below this significance level are not discussed .
) . triculinae was also confirmed as monophyletic . on the other hand , relationships among most of the pomatiopsine genera are not well resolved , although the pomatiopsine genus
was sister to triculinae . following analysis using an approximately unbiased ( au ) test [
a maximum likelihood tree based on the combined dataset of 18s , 28s , 16s , and co1 genes ( - ln likelihood = 20667 . 0486 ) . numbers on branches indicate maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood bootstrap values followed by bayesian posterior probabilities . bars on the right of the tree indicate habitat of each taxon . japanese pomatiopsid taxa are indicated by asterisks . clades i and ii are endemic to japanese archipelago .
. these results indicate independent evolution of terrestriality in the two clades . therefore , we tested the alternative hypothesis of the occurrence of terrestrial species . the monophyly of all
= 0 . 000001 ) , suggesting that land invasion occurred independently at least twice . in clade ii ,
to determine the timing of the origin of terrestriality in pomatiopsidae , we estimated the divergence time based on the combined phylogeny of four genes . fossil records and previous estimations were used to estimate the divergence time of pomatiopsid taxa . for the fossil records ,
spp . from the lower miocene ( 23 . 0 - 16 . 0 ma ) [
] were used for the initial divergence of assimineidae . the root node of
truncatelloidea
( truncatellidae + pomatiopsidae + assimineidae ; sensu ponder [
] ) was modeled by a gamma prior ( shape = 1 and scale = 1 . 5 ) with values younger than 61 . 7 ma assigned zero probability , which is justified by
, the oldest known fossil for this group documented from the lower paleocene ( 65 . 5 - 61 . 7 ma ) of belgium [
] . based on these constraints , a basal split within triculinae was inferred at 16 . 8 ma with a 95 % confidence interval of 21 . 3 - 12 . 2 ma ( figure
were estimated at 16 . 0 ( 21 . 2 - 10 . 6 ) ma and 17 . 4 ( 23 . 7 - 11 . 1 ) ma , respectively . the terrestrial lineage in clade i began to diverge at 6 . 4 ( 9 . 2 - 3 . 7 ) ma . the diversification of clade ii began at 7 . 2 ( 10 . 3 - 4 . 4 ) ma and the terrestrial species
we also estimated the divergence time by using the split between oncomelania hupensis quadrasi and o . h . robertsoni , which was previously estimated at 3 ma based on allozyme differences [ 33 ] . node ages calculated from this estimation were two to three times younger than former results . thus , data from the two calibrations were not compatible at higher nodes ( data not shown ) . although we could not determine which estimation is more accurate , we employed the former results because the node ages in the latter estimation were too young to explain the existence of fossils at earlier periods .
) . to determine whether this pattern is associated with any climate factors , we performed logistic regression analysis based on four variables , i . e . , annual highest and lowest temperatures , and total precipitations in summer and winter . the logistic regression analysis showed significant correlation between winter precipitation and the occurrence of the snails , whereas contributions of the other variables were not significant ( table
the phylogenetic analyses supported the monophyly of triculinae . on the other hand , pomatiopsinae was paraphyletic to the former subfamily , and an asian genus
) . these results suggest that taxonomy and phylogeographic scenarios should be reconsidered . traditionally , pomatiopsidae is considered to have diverged into two subfamilies in gondwanaland during the mesozoic , mainly because three pomatiopsine genera shows gondwanan distribution (
and the estimated divergence time suggest that triculinae have evolved more recently on the eurasian continent , not in gondwanaland . although we could not provide alternative scenarios from current phylogenetic results , further study , including remaining pomatiopsine genera , is needed to reconsider subfamilial taxonomy and worldwide phylogeography of this family .
] . in contrast , internal morphologies likely reflect the phylogenetic relationship . davis [
, and its generic assignment should be determined coupled with the investigation of its soft - part morphology .
in the archipelago , and that such rapid evolution presumably associated with extensive tectonic activity in the tertiary . however , our phylogenetic analysis grouped japanese pomatiopsine snails into four lineages ,
] , suggesting that current diversity is partially derived from the multiple colonization of pomatiopsine ancestors into the japanese archipelago . subsequent habitat shifts may have contributed to increasing diversity and produced the terrestrial lineages .
) . these two taxa are not closely related , suggesting that colonization to the japanese archipelago occurred twice in this genus . the age of divergence between
also occurs in the japanese archipelago . this genus consists of a single widespread species ,
the divergence between two japanese endemic lineages , clades i and ii , was estimated to be around 21 . 7 ma in the early miocene ( figure
) , remained as a relatively large landmass . the land area had expanded northward in the late miocene along with the beginning of orogenesis in the northeastern part of the archipelago [
] . the diversification of clade ii likely started in the late miocene ( around 7 . 2 ma ; figure
) . because winter precipitation falls as snow in this region , terrestrial invasion may have occurred via mountain streamlets that are covered with heavy snowfall in winter . this evolutionary hypothesis contrasts with the current knowledge of terrestrial invasion in two points . first , evolution of terrestriality most likely occurred via mountain streamlets . generally , that animals would evolve terrestriality near rivers and streams than in lakes and swamps seems less likely due to adaptations for air breathing , particularly in the latter environment with its frequent reductions in dissolved oxygen [
] . second , terrestrial invasion likely occurred in a cool - temperate region . colonization to land is considered to have occurred primarily in the tropics during mild climate periods [
] . to our knowledge , this is the first case in which terrestriality might have evolved in a cool region . therefore , the questions on how terrestriality was acquired beside the streamlets and which climatic factors enabled this evolution under such cold climates remain to be elucidated .
monthly precipitations in the distributions of pomatiopsine genera . values for each genus , except for idiopyrgus and tomichia , are average of 5 localities which was randomly selected from the distribution . the precipitation data were obtained from the world meteorological organization ( wmo ; urltoken ) . blue and orange lines represent genera in northern and southern hemisphere , respectively . distribution of fukuia and blanfordia has especially high precipitation during winter ( shaded period ) . b , blanfordia ; co , coxiella ; f , fukuia ; i , idiopyrgus ; o , oncomelania ; p , pomatiopsis ; t , tomichia .
] ; thus , frequent droughts may have promoted the ancestral freshwater snails to the more amphibious lifestyle beside the mountain streamlets . amphibious snails in some populations can actively move onto terrestrial substrata and mate outside the water ( figure
) . therefore , the colonization to terrestrial habitats was presumably achieved by becoming more tolerant to desiccation . the availability of dissolved oxygen might not have influenced the habitat shifts of these snails because their ancestors may have preadapted to amphibious habitats [
) , whose climate is unique in east asia . this area is generally dominated by a monsoon climate , characterized by alternating hot rainy summers and cold dry winters [
) , suggesting a high degree of need for high winter precipitation , which brings snow coverage , to ensure their survival .
] , suggesting the presence of constantly moist environments that were suitable for the survival of snails in clades i and ii . therefore , the establishment of snowy regions may have paved the way for these organisms from freshwater to land via mountain streamlets by preventing winter desiccation in mountain valleys .
the fact that terrestrial invasion in pomatiopsidae did not occur except in the snowy region provides an indication of molluscan terrestrialization . many pomatiopsid snails lived in the floodplains of continental asia [
) . however , such climate seems insufficient to lead the seasonal amphibious snails to terrestrial habits . in contrast , year - round wet environments were most likely necessary for amphibious snails to become terrestrial , contrary to the belief that seasonal drought accelerates terrestrial invasion [
] . ancestral amphibious lineages in water films found on wet rocky walls would have enabled the preadaptation of this type of behavior accompanied by a broad , strong foot .
the generic and ecological diversity of pomatiopsinae is particularly high in the japanese archipelago , with its terrestrial taxa occurring only in this region . our phylogenetic analyses suggested that the japanese pomatiopsinae derived from the multiple colonization from the eurasian continent and subsequent habitat shift to the terrestrial life occurred at least twice within the japanese endemic lineages ( clades i and ii ; figure
] ; therefore , the terrestrial invasion of pomatiopsid snails may have been promoted by the formation of the archipelago and the establishment of snowy conditions that led the way from freshwater to land via mountain streamlets . the fact that terrestrial invasions of pomatiopsidae occurred only in year - round wet and cool environments , but not in seasonally dried regions , gives new insight into molluscan terrestrialization .
to investigate the evolutionary history of japanese pomatiopsids , we collected 13 taxa from 23 localities to represent all japanese pomatiopsids . the sequence data of non - japanese pomatiopsids were obtained from genbank , but species that lack two or more examined gene regions were excluded from the phylogenetic analysis . as a result , 13 triculine species and 3 non - japanese pomatiopsine taxa were included in the analysis , although they do not encompass representatives of all pomatiopsine genera . however , it would not matter in discussing the evolution within japanese taxa because excluded pomatiopsine genera are unlikely related to our focusing taxa based on genital structures [
] . for outgroups , we used four assimineids , one truncatellid , one amnicolid , and two littorinids . detailed information on examined samples is shown in table
] . we sequenced the partial region of the nuclear 18s rdna and 28s rdna , mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( co1 ) , and 16s rdna . polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) conditions and primers used are shown in additional file
. pcr products were purified using exo - sap - it ( amersham biosciences , little chalfont , buckinghamshire , uk ) . sequencing was performed using a bigdye™ terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit ( applied biosystems , foster city , ca ) and electrophoresed on an abi 3130 sequencer ( applied biosystems ) . the obtained sequences were deposited in the dna data bank of japan ( ddbj ) ( table
, are largely confined to the japan sea side of the japanese archipelago , i . e . , heavy - snow regions ( figure
) . the distributions of these genera seem to be restricted by the amount of snowfall , but other climatic factors may have affected the survival of these snails . therefore we performed logistic regression analysis to investigate the association between climatic factors and the occurrence of these snails . we used annual highest and lowest temperatures , and total precipitations in summer ( between june and august ) and winter ( between december and february ) as climatic factors . the climatic data were obtained from the japan meteorological agency
) . for the localities outside the distributions , we selected 11 weather stations , each of which is nearest to an inside - distribution locality across the high mountain ranges and has similar altitude .
yk designed the study , collected material , carried out gene sequencing , performed phylogenetic analyses , and drafted the manuscript . mk conceived of the study , participated in its design , collected material and helped to draft the manuscript . all authors have read and approved the final manuscript .
we thank h . fukuda , t . haga , y . nakase and r . tsubaki for sample collection ; y . imada for data analysis ; and h . fukuda and a . kawakita for helpful suggestions on our manuscript . this work was partially supported by jsps research fellowships for young scientists no . 20 - 3560 .
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massimo appolloni , museo civico di zoologia in roma allowed access to the collections under his responsibility ( meli , monterosato , rigacci , settepassi ) . the following curators helped in sending information on lots in the collections under their responsibility : paul callomon , academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , usa ; lindsey groves , natural history museum of los angeles , usa ; frans slieker , natural history museum rotterdam , the netherlands .
mirco travaglini and stefania brunetti , library of the department of experimental evolutionary biology , university of bologna kindly helped tracing hard to find literature .
a great number of people sent data about their findings to me and i wish to thank the whole shell collectors community for their support .
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review of the shell - bearing gastropods in the russian waters of the east sea . ii . caenogastropoda : sorbeoconcha , hypsogastropoda
a revision of the global carychiidae is in progress . fresh topotypic material and a battery of conventional and novel techniques are being used to investigate these ancient tiny snails . systematic , …
[ more ]
in this long - term project , we investigate phylogenetic relationships of this holarctic snail group based on various dna markers and further assessing the species validity of particular taxa . the da…
[ more ]
the project aimed to reconstruct some key stages of morphological evolution of viviparoids using a combination of conchological , anatomical and paleontological data .
species composition and classification of the genus pisidium ( bivalvia , pisidiidae ) of the russian f . . .
the species composition of the genus pisidium c . pfeiffer in the russian far east is presented . one new species is described , and diagnostic anatomical traits of most russian species of the genus are described . one species is removed from the composition of this genus . a key to the far eastern representatives of the genus is provided . based on conchological and anatomical analysis , the genus . . . [ show full abstract ]
a review of literature and original data on content and distribution of gastropods , inhabition fresh bodies of water in the southern russian far east is presented . the annotated list includes 98 species in 19 genera and 10 fimilies of gastuopoda .
a comparative analysis is made of personal data and the literature on the reproductive biology of juga , semisulcospira , pleurocera , goniobasis , io , and anculosa from the russian far east . - after journal summary


bombus hyperboreus is a species of arctic bumblebee with a circumpolar distribution .

the species is primarily found in the arctic areas of canada , alaska , greenland , northern scandinavia , and russia .

it is a brood parasite , and attacks and enslaves other bumblebee colonies in order to reproduce as they do not even have the ability to produce workers themselves .

most of its targets are colonies of species of the same subgenus , alpinobombus .

bombus hyperboreus

katja schulz selected
bombus hyperboreus
to show in overview on
bombus hyperboreus schönherr , 1809
.
bombus hyperboreus is the second largest bumblebee of europe . photo credit : göran holmström / iucn
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
tundrakimalainen
to
bombus hyperboreus schönherr , 1809
.
this species has been separated from bombus hyperboreus as evidenced by gene coalescents by williams et al . ( 2015 ) . bombus hyperboreus is restricted to the european and asian continents , and bombus natvigi is restricted to north america and greenland .
the cephalic labial gland secretions of two socially parasitic bumblebees bombus hyperboreus ( alpinobombus ) and bombus inexspectatus ( thoracobombus ) quest . . .
the cephalic labial gland secretions of two socially parasitic bumblebees bombus hyperboreus ( alpinobombus ) and bombus inexspectatus ( thoracobombus ) question their inquiline strategy .
the cephalic labial gland secretions of two socially parasitic bumblebees bombus hyperboreus ( alpinobombus ) and bombus inexspectatus ( thoracobombus . . . - pubmed - ncbi
biology of bombus polaris curtis and b . hyperboreus schönherr at lake hazen , northwest territories ( hymenoptera : bombini )
bombus hyperboreus is not like other bees , however . it is a nest parasite and takes advantage of bombus polaris . all hyperboreus bees are queens , and they are also very large just like polaris . when a hyperboreus queen finds a polaris hive , she kills the queen and drags her outside . then she lays her eggs in the hive , causing the polaris workers to care for the new hyperboreus bees . harsh reality !
pape , t . 1983 . observations on nests of bombus polaris curtis and bombus hyperboreus schönherr in greenland ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . - entomologiske meddelelser 50 : 145 - 150 .
two species of bombus , b . polaris and its parasite , the “cuckoo bee” or b . hyperboreus , are among at least 12 species found in alaska’s arctic region .
katja schulz selected
bombus polaris
to show in overview on
bombus polaris curtis , 1835
.
- 1993 b . bombus villarricaensis is but a junior synonym of bombus ruderatus . entomologische berichten 53 : 38 .
gjershaug , j . o . 2009 . the social parasite bumblebee bombus hyperboreus schönherr , 1809 usurp nest of bombus balteatus dahlbom , 1832 ( hymenoptera , apidae ) in norway . norwegian journal of entomology 56 ( 1 ) : 28 - 31 .
gjershaug , j . o . 2009 . the social parasite bumblebee bombus hyperboreus schönherr , 1809 usurp nest of bombus balteatus dahlbom , 1832 ( hymenoptera : , apidae ) in norway . norw . j . entomol . 56 , 28 - 31 .
gjershaug , j . o . 2009 . . the social parasite bumblebee bombus hyperboreus schönherr , 1809 usurp nest of bombus balteatus dahlbom , 1832 ( hymenoptera : , apidae ) in norway . . norw . j . entomol . 56 : 28– 31 .
pape , t . 1983 . observations on nests of bombus polaris curtis usurped by b . hyperboreus schönherr in greenland ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . ent . meddr . 50 , 145 - 150 .
richards , k . w . 1973 . biology of bombus polaris curtis and b . hyperboreus schönherr at lake hazen , northwest territories ( hymenoptera : bombini ) . quaestiones entomologicae 9 : 115 - 157 .
richards , k . w . 1973 . biology of bombus polaris curtis and b . hyperboreus schönherr at lake hazen , northwest territories ( hymenoptera : bombini ) . quaestiones entomologicae 9 : 115 - 157 .
bees can forage round the clock ; resting minimally . b . polaris colonies do just that , whether they are working for a polaris or hyperboreus queen .
taxonomic status : recent evidence from genes supports b . natvigi and b . hyperboreus as separate species ( williams et al . , 2015 [ pdf ] ) .
bombus perezi is endemic to corsica and elba islands . it inquilines very likely the very special local subspecies of bombus terrestris . p . rasmont
richards , k . w . ( 1973 ) . biology of bombus polaris curtis and b . hyperboreus schonherr at lake hazen , northwest territories ( hymenoptera : bombini ) . quaestiones entomologicae , 9 ( 1 ) , 115 - 157 .
molecular and chemical characters to evaluate species status of two cuckoo bumblebees : bombus barbutellus and bombus maxillosus ( hymenoptera , apidae , bom . . .
bombus ( al . ) polaris curtis arcticus kirby in parry , 1824 : ccxvi , examined , not of quensel in acerbi , 1802 : 253 ( = b . hyperboreus schönherr ) polaris curtis in ross , 1835 : lxiii , examined 7 names
yarrow , i . h . h . 1955 . bombus ( alpinobombus ) hyperboreus clydensis , n . ssp . , from baffin island , north - west territories , canada . annals and magazine of natural history ( 12 ) 8 : 151 - 152 .
these conditions are very challenging for most species of bees to survive , but there are two very special bee species that have worked out ways to survive the cold temperatures of the arctic circle . one is bombus polaris ( a social bee ) and the other is bombus hyperboreus ( a parasitic bee , much like the cuckoo bee ) .
comment : b . hyperboreus has been suggested to be a social parasite in colonies of b . pyrrhopygus ( løken , 1973 ) . see the comments on psithyrus and b . inexspectatus .
information flow and regulation of foraging activity in bumble bees ( bombus spp . )
- 1931 . über bombus und psithyrus . konowia 10 : 300 - 304 .
phylogenetic relationships among bumble bees ( bombus latr . ) : a reappraisal of morphological evidence
for further information about this species , see 88089236 _ bombus _ natvigi . pdf .
milliron h . e . , oliver d . r . ( 1966 ) bumblebees from northern ellesmere island , with observations on usurpation by megabombus hyperboreus ( schönh . ) , can . entomol . 98 : 207–213
hi adrian , psithyrus do not produce workers and so must rely on the ' enslaved ' host workers to raise her offspring . apparently they get used to the new queen quickly , much like we get used to our new overlords after an election . one wonders if they don ' t sneak in more of their own male eggs then during a normal colony cycle . just as interesting is that psithyrus appears to be monophyletic and so obligate social parasitism arose only once ( or at least survived only once ) in bombus , while facultative parasitism is profligate . the only exception that i know of is that in the far north , bombus hyperboreus is an obligate social parasite of bombus polaris . apparently b . polaris is able to handle the short arctic summers , but hyperboreus can ' t get started early enough . further south hyperboreus is no more ' murderous ' than other bees and raises her own workers .
an overview of the bombus terrestris ( l . 1758 ) subspecies ( hymenoptera : apidae )
erlandsson , a . 1979 . bombus canariensis pérez , 1895 n . stat and bombus maderensis n . sp . from the macaronesian islands . entomologica scandinavica 10 : 187 - 192 .
- 1912 . zur synonymie der bombus - arten . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1911 : 684 .
59 pp . , bombus ( 19 species ) and psithyrus insularis only . no images .
hobbs ga . 1968 . ecology of species of bombus latr . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in southern alberta . vii . subgenus bombus . canadian entomologist 100 : 156 - 164 .
as bombus alagesianus , the recently described bombus erzurumensis belongs to the central - asian group of bombus keriensis morawitz . b . erzurumensis is endemic to n . - e . anatolia and n . iran . we have no data from armenia nor from the great caucasus . p . rasmont
bombus polaris is like a lone ranger bee , always foraging and on the lookout for the cuckoo - like foe , bombus hyperboreus . b . hyperboreus is a parasitic bee , meaning she looks to overthrow the existing queens of b . polaris colonies . she doesn’t waste any time , because she isn’t capable of doing so , raising worker bees of her own . she plans a sneak attack on the existing b . polaris queen , and plots to commit murder . if she is successful , the polaris colony will raise her drones and fated queens into adulthood . she will stay put laying eggs , while the colony assumes all other responsibilities .
- 1877 . bombus mocsáryi n . sp . stettiner entomologische zeitung 38 : 253 - 254 .
193 pp . contains descriptions of 20 species and subspecies of bombus and 3 species of psithyrus in colorado , also a key to males and females to colorado bombus and psithyrus . no images .
authors of the taxon names : alpinus ( linnaeus ) , arcticus kirby , balteatus dahlbom , hyperboreus schönherr , kincaidii cockerell , kirbiellus dahlbom , natvigi richards , neoboreus sladen , polaris curtis , pyrrhopygus friese , strenuus cresson , tristis friese .
- 1880 . unsere hummel - ( bombus ) arten . der naturhistoriker 2 : 40 - 41 .
- 1911 . neue varietäten von bombus , iii . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1911 : 571 - 572 .
- 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species : bombus franklini . iucn urltoken accessed 2008 ] .
smissen , j . van der & rasmont , p . 1999 . bombus semenoviellus skorikov 1910 , eine für westeuropa neue hummelart ( hymenoptera : bombus , cullumanobombus ) . bembix 13 : 21 - 24 .
bombus pereziellus is strictly endemic to corsica . its phylogenetical relationships with muscorum are unclear . p . rasmont
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
tunturikimalainen
to
bombus polaris curtis , 1835
.
milliron , h . e . & oliver , d . r . 1966 . bumblebees from northern ellesmere island , with observations on usurpation by megabombus hyperboreus ( schönh . ) ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . canadian entomologist 98 : 207 - 213 .
bombus franklini frison , 1921 . franklin ' s bumble bee ( hymenoptera : apidae : apinae : bombini )
- 1909 . neue varietäten von bombus ( hym . ) . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1909 : 673 - 676 .
- 2001 . large numbers of bombus soroeensis in northern scotland , 2000 . bwars newsletter spring 2001 : 5 .
- 1883 . neue russisch - asiatische bombus - arten . trudy russkago éntomologicheskago obshchestva 17 : 235 - 245 .
pawlikowski , t . 1994 . the distribution of bombus schrencki mor . in poland . melissa 7 : 11 .
brasero , n . , martinet , b . , lecocq , t . , lhomme , p . , biella , p . , valterová , i . , urbanaova , k . , cornalba , m . , hines , h . , and p . rasmont . 2017 . the cephalic labial gland secretions of two socially parasitic bumblebees bombus hyperboreus ( alpinobombus ) and bombus inexspectatus ( thoracobombus ) question their inquiline strategy . insect science . doi : 10 . 1111 / 1744 - 7917 . 12408
the four species sequenced only for the 16s fragment were resolved in the 16s tree within their expected subgenera . in particular , b . luteipes fell within the pyrobombus clade ( bombus avanus + b . sonani + bombus infrequens + b . parthenius ) ( pp = 0 . 90 ) , attaching to b . infrequens + b . parthenius as an unresolved trichotomy ( pp = 0 . 97 ) ; b . tunicatus attached as sister to bombus terricola ( pp = 0 . 74 ) ; b . coreanus was sister to bombus ashtoni + bombus bohemicus ( pp = 0 . 85 ) ; and b . wilemani was sister to bombus trifasciatus ( pp = 1 . 0 ) .
plowright , c . m . s . , plowright , r . c . & williams , p . h . 1997 . replacement of bombus muscorum by bombus pascuorum in northern britain ? canadian entomologist 129 : 985 - 990 .
the unregulated interstate movement of bumblebees outside their native ranges may already have introduced diseases that have led to the rapid endangerment of four formerly common bee pollinators and the possible extinction of a fifth bumblebee . the last reported sighting of a franklin’s bee ( bombus franklini ) was in august 2006 , and , without regulation , the western bumblebee ( bombus occidentalis ) , the rusty patched bumblebee ( bombus affinis ) , the yellow - banded bumblebee ( bombus terricola ) , and the american bumblebee ( bombus pensylvanicus ) are each in danger of disappearing throughout significant portions of their distribution ranges .
this project is named for pollinators , but we haven ' t talked about bees at all . how could that happen ? bees are the least common pollinators in greenland , but they are also the most effective ones because they carry more pollen than flies or mosquitoes ; they can carry thousands of grains of pollen , while the others can carry only a few . there are more than 25 , 000 species of bees in the world , but only two in greenland : bombus polaris and bombus hyperboreus . ( there are also some managed hives of honeybees further south . ) these bombus bumblebees are hairier than other bees .
on the variation of bombus lapidarius l . and its cuckoo , psithyrus rupestris fabr . , with notes on mimetic similarity
rasmont p . , terzo m . , aytekin m . a . , hines h . , urbanova k . , cahlikova l . & valterova i . 2005 . pheromone analysis of the bumble bee subgenus sibiricobombus vogt suggests bombus niveatus kriechbaumer and bombus vorticosus gerstaecker are conspecific ( hymenoptera , apidae , bombus ) . apidologie , 36 : 571 - 584 .
pamilo , p . , varvio - aho , s . - l . & pekkarinen , a . 1984 . genetic variation in bumblebees ( bombus , psithyrus ) and putative sibling species of bombus lucorum . hereditas 101 : 245 - 251 .
male labial gland secretions and mitochondrial dna markers support species status of bombus cryptarum and b . magnus ( hymenoptera , apidae )
unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus bombus s . str . world - wide with coi barcodes ( hymenoptera : apidae )
discrimination of the bumblebee species bombus lucorum , b . cryptarum and b . magnus by morphological characters and male labial gland secretions
- 1980 . the taxonomic status of bombus franklini ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . canadian entomologist 112 : 475 - 479 .
bombus polaris herself ! look at that furry coat ! photo credit . to view this photo and more follow this link .
other species pairs considered potentially conspecific ( williams , 1998 ) are somewhat genetically divergent based on 16s , including b . occidentalis / b . terricola ( 7 bp , 1 . 3 % ) ; bombus fervidus / bombus californicus ( 8 bp , 1 . 6 % ) ; b . velox / bombus deuteronymus and bombus sylvicola / bombus lapponicus ( 10 bp , 1 . 9 % ) ; b . moderatus + b . cryptarum / b . lucorum ( 11 bp , 2 . 1 % , 14 bp , 2 . 6 % ; neither taxon is monophyletic with b . lucorum ) ; bombus alagesianus / bombus keriensis ( 14 bp , 2 . 6 % ) and bombus difficillimus / bombus melanurus ( 20 bp , 3 . 8 % ) . the separation of b . auricomus and b . nevadensis on the basis of morphology , colour pattern ( williams , 1998 ) , and allozymes ( scholl et al . , 1992 ) is also supported by our sequence data ( 22 bp , 4 . 2 % ) . interestingly , bombus modestus from kazakhstan is genetically distinct from b . modestus from sichuan , china for 16s , exhibiting greater genetic distance ( 24 bp , 4 . 5 % ) than many pairs of sister species .
b . hyperboreus has tactically evolved to ride the coat tales of another bee species , and thus saving time and energy in creating her progeny . this is the tale of two bees , one landscape , and a race against the changing of seasons . it seems like a recipe for doom !
some putative allopatric species pairs , also described from distinct colour morphs , may be conspecific . one example involves the two senexibombus species , bombus bicoloratus ( taiwan ) and bombus kulingensis ( mainland china ) , which differ by only a single base in both the 16s and pepck sequences . another example includes bombus pensylvanicus from eastern north america and bombus sonorus from western north america : both taxa , which are similar in morphology but variable in colour pattern ( williams , 1998 ) , exhibit signs of introgression as b . sonorus from san luis potosí , mexico ( an area of sympatry with b . pensylvanicus ) and b . sonorus from arizona are not monophyletic relative to two b . pensylvanicus sequences from missouri ( fig . 1 ) . other likely conspecific taxa , questioned by williams ( 1998 ) , include bombus erzurumensis / bombus sichelii ( 3 bp difference for 16s , 3 bp for ef1α , 1 bp for pepck ) and bombus volucelloides / bombus melaleucus ( 2 bp 16s , 3 bp argk ) .
erler s & lattorff hmg . 2010 . the degree of parasitism of the bumblebee ( bombus terrestris ) by cuckoo bumblebees ( bombus ( psithyrus ) vestalis ) . insectes sociaux 210 : 371 - 377 . 30 - 100 % , 33 - 50 %
a monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees ( hymenoptera : apidae ; bombinae ) . i . the genera bombus and megabombus subgenus bombias
specific distinctness of bombus nevadensis ( cresson ) and b . auricomus ( robertson ) ( hymenoptera : apidae ) − enzyme electrophoretic data
- 1903 . neue bombus - arten aus der neotropischen region . zeitschrift für systematische hymenopterologie und dipterologie 3 : 253 - 255 .
- 1883 . sur quelques espèces russes appartenant au genre bombus . byulleten ' moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody 58 : 168 - 226 .
rasmont , p . , terzo , m . , aytekin , a . m . , hines , h . , urbanova , k . , cahlikova , l . , & valterova , i . 2005 . cephalic secretions of the bumblebee subgenus sibiricobombus vogt suggest bombus niveatus kriechbaumer and bombus vorticosus gerstaecker are conspecific ( hymenoptera , apidae , bombus ) . apidologie 36 : 571 - 584 .
- 1969 . the identity of bombus vandykei ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 45 : 87 - 96 .
- 1982 . hymenoptera : apidae - bombus . in : insects of xizang . volume ii , pp . 427 - 447 .
rasmont , p . , terzo , m . , aytekin , a . m . , hines , h . , urbanova , k . , cahlikova , l . , and i . valterova . 2005 . cephalic secretions of the bumblebee subgenus sibiricobombus vogt suggest bombus niveatus kriechbaumer and bombus vorticosus gerstaecker are conspecific ( hymenoptera , apidae , bombus ) . apidologie 36 : 571 - 584 .
tsuneki , k . , bionomics of some species of megachile , dasypoda , colletes and bombus ( hym . : apoidae ) ,
chemistry of the cephalic labial gland secretions of male bombus morrisoni and b . rufocinctus , two north american bumblebee males with perching behavior
climate change , through increasing temperatures and long periods of drought , is responsible for major changes in bumblebee habitat . bombus hyperboreus , the second largest bumblebee of europe , listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list , is strictly associated with arctic and subarctic regions and only lives in the scandinavian tundra and in the extreme north of russia . climate change is likely to dramatically reduce the area of its habitat , leading to population decline .
scholl , a . , obrecht , e . & owen , r . e . 1990 . the genetic relationship between bombus moderatus cresson and the bombus lucorum auct . species complex ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . canadian journal of zoology 68 : 2264 - 2268 .
excluding the gap - coded characters from the five - genes data set had minor influences on tree topology overall and support values were highly similar to the complete data set . in a few cases , gap characters substantially increased support for a clade , including ( 1 ) the sister group relationship between b . rufocinctus and members of the new world clade + ( b . semenoviellus + b . apollineus ) ( pp = 0 . 65 without gaps , 0 . 99 with gaps ) ; ( 2 ) the sister group relationship between bombus citrinus and bombus insularis within psithyrus ( from 0 . 90 to 1 . 0 ) ; and ( 3 ) the sister group relationship between ( megabombus + senexibombus + diversobombus ) and thoracobombus – psithyrus ( from 0 . 91 to 0 . 98 ) . by contrast , gap characters substantially decreased support for the relationship between bombus velox and bombus ruderarius ( within thoracobombus ) from 0 . 99 to 0 . 52 . regarding topological changes , excluding the gap characters caused the bombus hypnorum – b . haematurus group within pyrobombus ( fig . 1 ) to attach as sister to the clade bombus cingulatus – b . biroi ( pp = 0 . 62 ) , and within alpinobombus ( fig . 1 ) , bombus balteatus attached as sister to bombus hyperboreus in place of bombus neoboreus ( pp = 0 . 94 ) . most importantly , excluding gap characters shifted the position of the root from mendacibombus to bombias + confusibombus ( pp = 0 . 61 ) .
climate change , through increasing temperatures and long periods of drought , is responsible for major changes in bumblebee habitat . bombus hyperboreus , the second largest bumblebee of europe , listed as
vulnerable
on the iucn red list , is strictly associated with arctic and subarctic regions and only lives in the scandinavian tundra and in the extreme north of russia . climate change is likely to dramatically reduce the area of its habitat , leading to population decline .
höppner , h . 1897 . ueber die bei freissenbüttel vorkommenden farbenvarietäten des bombus soroensis f . entomologisches nachrichtenblatt 23 : 329 - 331 .
macdonald , m . 1999 . a contribution to the bombus magnus / lucorum debate . bwars newsletter 1999 ( 2 ) : 9 .
- 1884 . révision des armures copulatrices des mâles du genre bombus . byulletin ' moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody 59 : 51 - 92 .
schremmer , f . 1972 . beobachtungen zum paarungsverhalten der männchen von bombus confusus schenck . zeitschrift für tierpsychologie 31 : 503 - 512 .
- 1985 . apidae - bombus . in : [ organisms of the tumuefeng region of tienshan ] , pp . 160 - 165 .
williams , p . h . & hernandez , l . m . 2000 . distinguishing females of the bumble bees bombus ruderatus ( f . ) from bombus hortorum ( l . ) in britain : a preliminary application of quantitative techniques . london . [ article pdf ]
natural history museum . 2016 . bombus . bumblebees of the world . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : january 2016 ) .
bumble bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombus spp . ) of interior alaska : species composition , distribution , seasonal biology , and parasites
bumble bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombus spp . ) of interior alaska : species composition , distribution , seasonal biology , and parasites
big and hairy and social by nature , the arctic bumblebee ( bombus polaris ) is exquisitely adapted to life in the northern latitudes .
europe’s largest bumblebee , the endangered bombus fragrans , is seriously threatened by the intensification of agriculture . photo credit : göran holmström / iucn
nesting behaviour : nests underground or on the surface . pocket - makers only early in colony development . colonies are particularly small and short - lived . b . hyperboreus and b . natvigi are believed to be parasites in colonies of the others ( løken , 1973 ; k . w . richards , 1973 ) .
above : map showing the recorded distribution of b . ( alpinobombus ) hyperboreus , one of the most northerly distributed of all bumblebees , among equal - area ( 611 , 000 km² ) grid cells , with black spots for specimens identified by phw , grey spots for literature records , and white spots for expected distribution .
owen , r . e . , whidden , t . l . & plowright , r . c . 2010 . genetic and morphometric evidence for the conspecific status of the bumble bees , bombus melanopygus and bombus edwardsii . journal of insect science 10 : 1 - 18 .
- 1882 . bemerkungen zur gattung bombus latr . , ii . bericht des naturwissenschaftlich - medizinischen vereins in innsbruck 12 : 14 - 31 .
smith , f . 1844 . notes on the british humble - bees ( bombus of authors ) . zoologist 2 : 541 - 550 .
- 1987 . bombus . in f . - s . huang : forest insects of yunnan , pp . 1378 - 1381 . yunnan .
- 1988 . habitat use by bumble bees ( bombus spp . ) . ecological entomology 13 : 223 - 237 . [ article pdf ]
- 2000 . are bombus lucorum and magnus separate species ? bwars newsletter spring 2000 ( 1 ) : 15 - 17 . [ article ]
bombus portschinsky is found only in n . - e . anatolia , in the caucasus , armenia and n . iran . p . rasmont
nomenclature : the name b . arcticus has rarely been used for this species in preference to b . hyperboreus , and perhaps only as a misidentification of b . arcticus kirby ( see e . g . franklin , 1913 ; richards , 1931 a ) . løken ( 1973 ) considered b . arcticus ( quensel ) to be a nomen oblitum , so she continued to use the name b . hyperboreus . however , nomina oblita are not supported for a publication of this date by the present code ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 . 12 ) , although it allows that b . arcticus ( quensel ) could be suppressed by use of the plenary power .
evans , w . 1901 . the pale variety of bombus smithianus , white , in scotland . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 37 : 47 .
- 1881 . die russischen bombus - arten in der sammlung der kaiserlichen academie der wissenschaften . izvêstiya imperatorskoi akademii nauk 27 : 213 - 265 .
scholl , a . , thorp , r . w . & obrecht , e . 1992 . the genetic relationship between bombus franklini ( frison ) and other taxa of the subgenus bombus s . str . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 68 : 46 - 51 .
bombus mendax gerstaecker is a high mountain species from the alps and the pyrenees , where it lives in the highest altitude levels . p . rasmont
- 1992 a . bombus villarricaensis , a new garden bumblebee from southern chile ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologische berichten 52 : 133 - 136 .
- 1992 b . bombus xelajuensis - a new species of bumblebee from guatemala ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologische berichten 52 : 162 - 164 .
- 1916 . über einige neue hummelformen ( bombus ) , besonders aus asien ( hym . ) . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1916 : 107 - 110 .
haas , a . 1976 . paarungsverhalten und nestbau der alpinen hummelart bombus mendax ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologica germanica 3 : 248 - 259 .
quilis - pérez , m . 1927 . los apidos de españa género bombus latr . anales del instituto nacionale , valencia 15 : 1 - 119 .
- 1970 . is bombus inexspectatus ( tkalcu ) a workerless obligate parasite ? ( hym . apidae ) . insectes sociaux 17 : 95 - 112 .
i had no idea bumble bees could be so ruthless . anyone who doesn ' t think bombus are interesting as all heck is a bumbling idiot !
bombus vestalis if the most meridional cuckoo - bumblebee in europe . it can be found from the north africa to the south to the south of sweden to the north . it lives from uk to the west to the n - iran to the east . it inquilines mainly bombus terrestris . p . rasmont
- 1993 a . a note on bombus rohweri with a description of the queen ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologische berichten 53 : 32 - 34 .
- 1984 . les bourdons du genre bombus latreille sensu stricto en europe occidentale et centrale ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . spixiana 7 : 135 - 160 .
colla s . r . , ratti c . m . evidence for the decline of the western bumble bee ( bombus occidentalis greene ) in british columbia .
- 1995 . bombus menchuae - a second species of the subgenus dasybombus from highland guatemala ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologische berichten 55 : 47 - 50 .
kruseman , g . 1952 . subgeneric division of the genus bombus latr . transactions of the 9th international congress of entomology , amsterdam 1 : 101 - 103 .
labougle , j . m . 1990 . bombus of méxico and central america ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . kansas university science bulletin 54 : 35 - 73 .
- 2000 . observations on bombus soroeensis ( fabr . ) ( hym . , apidae ) in northern scotland . the scottish naturalist 112 : 45 - 53 .
mortimer , c . h . 1922 . a new british bombus , nigrescens ( pérez ) , from sussex . entomologist ' s monthly magazine 58 : 16 .
- 1931 a . some notes on the humble - bees allied to bombus alpinus , l . tromsø museums årshefter 50 ( 1927 ) : 1 - 32 .
- 1986 . environmental change and the distributions of british bumble bees ( bombus latr . ) . bee world 67 : 50 - 61 . [ article pdf ]
yalden , p . e . 1983 . foraging population size and distribution of bombus monticola in the peak district , england . naturalist 108 : 139 - 147 .
yasumatsu , k . 1934 . eine neue , bombus ignitus ähnliche schmarotzerhummel aus korea ( hymenoptera , bombidæ ) . annotationes zoologicae japonensis 14 : 399 - 403 .
inter - and intrasubgeneric relationships of bombus were inferred largely from bayesian analyses , implemented in mrbayes , version 3 . 1 . 2 ( ronquist & huelsenbeck , 2003 ) on an ibm p - series 690 supercomputer operated by the national center for supercomputing applications ( university of illinois at urbana - champaign , champaign , il ) . genes were analysed individually and collectively , each partitioned into exon , intron and gap regions ( when applicable ) to account for variation in evolutionary rates among gene regions . four taxa sequenced only for the 16s fragment ( bombus tunicatus , bombus wilemani , bombus coreanus , and b . luteipes ) were excluded from collective analyses .
bombus persicus was considered formerly as a distinct subgenus ( eversmannibombus ) . bombus persicus lives in the near - east mountains : caucasus , georgia , azerbaydzhan , anatolia , armenia , n . iran . most of this range belongs to the ssp . eversmanniellus the ssp . persicus being restricted to n . iran . p . rasmont
carvell , c . 2002 . habitat use and conservation of bumblebees ( bombus spp . ) under different grassland management regimes . biological conservation 103 : 33 - 49 .
pekkarinen , a . & kaarnama , e . 1994 . bombus terrestris auct . new to finland ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . sahlbergia 1 : 11 - 13 .
pendlebury , h . m . 1923 . four new species of bombus from the malay peninsula . journal of the federated malay states museums 11 : 64 - 67 .
peters , g . 1972 . ursachen für den rückgang der seltenen heimishchen hummelarten ( hym . , bombus et psithyrus ) . entomologische berichte 1972 : 85 - 90 .
- 1935 . bombus muscorum ( linnaeus ) and b . smithianus white ( hym . ) . transactions of the society for british entomology 2 : 73 - 85 .
starr , c . k . 1989 . bombus folsomi and the origin of philippine bumble bees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . systematic entomology 14 : 411 - 415 .
cresson , e . t . 1863 . list of the north american species of bombus and apathus . proceedings of the entomological society of philadelphia 2 : 83 - 116 .
- 1982 . morphology and specific status of bombus lapponicus ( fabricius ) and b . monticola smith ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologica scandinavica 13 : 41 - 46 .
vollenhoven , s . c . snellen van 1873 . description d ' un bombus nouveau de l ' îsle de sumatra . tijdschrift voor entomologie 16 : 229 - 230 .
- 1971 . the author and date of certain subgeneric names in bombus latreille ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . journal of entomology ( b ) 40 : 27 - 29 .
craig ch . 1953 . psithyrus insularis ( sm . ) in a nest of bombus ternarius say ( hymenoptera : bombidae ) . canadian entomologist 85 : 311 - 312 .
lecocq , t . , lhomme , p . , michez , d . , dellicour , s . , valterrova , i . & rasmont , p . 2011 . molecular and chemical characters to evaluate species status of two cuckoo bumblebees : bombus barbutellus and bombus maxillosus ( hymenoptera , apidae , bombini ) . systematic entomology 36 : 453 - 469 .
europe’s largest bumblebee , the endangered bombus fragrans , is also seriously threatened by the intensification of agriculture , which is destroying its native habitat in the steppes of ukraine and russia .
- 1877 b . essai d ' une nouvelle méthode pour faciliter la détermination des espèces appartenant au genre bombus . byulleten ' moskovskogo obshchestva ispytatelei prirody 52 : 169 - 219 .
scholl , a . & obrecht , e . 1983 . enzymelektrophoretische untersuchungen zur artabgrenzung im bombus lucorum - komplex ( apidae , bombini ) . apidologie 14 : 65 - 78 .
svensson , b . g . 1973 . morphological studies on the two scandinavian subspecies of bombus lapponicus fabricius ( hym . apidae ) . entomologisk tidskrift 94 : 140 - 147 .
percentage of bombus spp . infected with nosema , fairbanks and palmer , alaska , 2011 . n = 402 specimens examined for fairbanks , n = 240 specimens examined for palmer .
rasmont , p . and iserbyt , i . 2010 - 2012 . atlas of the european bees : genus bombus . step project . atlas hymenoptera . mons available at : urltoken
bombus norvegicus occurs from the pyrenees to the south to arctic circle to the north . it occurs at the far - east of russia to the east but to the west , it barely reaches the atlantic coast the the west , being absent from british isles . it is generally very rare where it occurs . it inquilines mainly bombus hypnorum . p . rasmont
carvell , c . 2002 . habitat use and conservation of bumblebees ( bombus spp . ) under different grasslands management regimes . biological conservation 103 ( 1 ) : 33 - 49 .
- 1988 . sobre bombus ( megabombus ) reinigiellus ( rasmont , 1983 ) ( hym . , apidae ) . boletín de la asociación española de entomología 12 : 281 - 289 .
müller , a . 2006 . a scientific note on bombus inexspectatus ( tkalcu , 1963 ) : evidence for a social parasitic mode of life . apidologie 37 : 1 - 2 .
pekkarinen , a . 1979 . morphometric , colour and enzyme variation in bumblebees ( hymenoptera , apidae , bombus ) in fennoscandia and denmark . acta zoologica fennica 158 : 60 pp .
pekkarinen , a . & teräs , i . 1993 . zoogeography of bombus and psithyrus in northwestern europe ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . annales zoologici fennici 30 : 187 - 208 .
- 1970 . the type locality of bombus franklini and notes on putative arizona records of other bombini ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 46 : 177 - 180 .
duchateau , m . , & velthuis , h . ( 1988 ) . development and reproductive strategies in bombus terrestris colonies . behaviour , 107 ( 3 ) , 186 - 207 .
hobbs ga . 1967 . ecology of species of bombus latr . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in southern alberta . vi . subgenus pyrobombus . canadian entomologist 99 : 1271 - 1292 .
comprehensive molecular studies include examination of relationships within the large new world subgenus fervidobombus , including dna sequences and morphology , by cameron & williams ( 2003 ) and sequence analysis of 37 of the 43 recognized pyrobombus species by hines , cameron & williams ( 2006 ) . in the present study , we report on the full hierarchy of bombus relationships for most of the world fauna , including rare and potentially endangered species such as bombus franklini and bombus occidentalis ( thorp , 2005 ) , exploiting the large number of characters available from dna sequences collected from multiple genes .
although b . arcticus is the oldest available name for the present interpretation of this species , the name b . hyperboreus has been in common use for the species since 1950 ( e . g . løken , 1973 ; milliron , 1973 a ; k . w . richards , 1973 ; svensson & lundberg , 1977 ; hurd , 1979 ; pekkarinen , 1979 ; pekkarinen et al . , 1981 ; reinig , 1981 ; rasmont , 1983 ; pekkarinen & teräs , 1993 ) . it is suggested that , in the interests of stability ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 ) , an application be made to iczn to use its plenary power to suppress an unused senior synonym ( iczn , 1999 : article 78 ) , in order to confirm the usage of b . hyperboreus as the valid name ( in prep . ) . see the comments on b . polaris curtis .
intra and interspecific variability of the cephalic labial glands ' secretions in male bumblebees : the case of bombus ( thoracobombus ) ruderarius and b . ( thoracobombus ) sylvarum [ hymenoptera , apidae ]
arretz , p . v . & macfarlane , r . p . 1982 . the introduction of bombus ruderatus to chile for red clover pollination . bee world 67 : 15 - 22 .
dalla torre , k . w . von 1879 . bermerkungen zur gattung bombus latr . i . bericht der naturwissenschaftlich - medizinischen vereins in innsbruck 8 ( 1877 ) : 3 - 21 .
faester , k . & hammer , k . 1970 . systematik der mittel - und nordeuropäischen bombus und psithyrus ( hym . , apidae ) . entomologiske meddelelser 38 : 257 - 302 .
- 1935 . on the variation of bombus lapidarius l . and its cuckoo , psithyrus rupestris fabr . , with notes on mimetic similarity . journal of genetics 30 : 321 - 356 .
- 1968 . the subgeneric divisions of the genus bombus latreille ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) ( entomology ) 22 : 209 - 276 .
- 1988 . hymenoptera : apidae - genus bombus . in f . - s . huang : insects of mt . namjagbarwa region of xizang , pp . 553 - 557 . beijing .
- 1995 . phylogenetic relationships among bumble bees ( bombus latr . ) : a reappraisal of morphological evidence . systematic entomology 19 ( 1994 ) : 327 - 344 . [ article pdf ]
hobbs ga . 1965 . ecology of species of bombus latr . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in southern alberta . ii . subgenus bombias robt . canadian entomologist 97 : 120 - 128 .
hobbs ga . 1966 . ecology of species of bombus latr . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in southern alberta . iv . subgenus fervidobombus skorikov . canadian entomologist 98 : 33 - 39 .
hobbs ga . 1966 . ecology of species of bombus latr . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in southern alberta . v . subgenus subterraneobombus vogt . canadian entomologist 98 : 288 - 294 .
amiet , f . 1996 . hymenoptera apidae , 1 . teil . allgemeiner teil , gattungsschlüssel , die gattungen apis , bombus und psithyrus . insecta helvetica ( fauna ) 12 : 98 pp .
asperen de boer , j . r . j . van 1990 . bombus krusemani - a new bumblebee species from guatemala ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . entomologische berichten 50 : 1 - 3 .
bertsch , a . , habré de angelis , m . & przemeck , g . k . h . 2010b . a phylogenetic framework for the north american bumblebee species of the subgenus bombus sensu stricto ( bombus affinis , b . franklini , b . moderatus , b . occidentalis & b . terricola ) based on mitochondrial dna markers . beiträge zur entomologie 60 , 229 - 242 .
menke , a . s . & carpenter , j . 1984 . nuclearbombus , new subgenus ( or how to eliminate bumblebee subgenera and learn to love bombus ) . sphecos 9 : 28 .
meunier , f . 1890 . description d ' une espèce nouvelle ou peu connue de bombus d ' ecuador . jornal de sciencias mathematicas , physicas e naturaes ( 2 ) 2 : 66 .
owen , r . e . & plowright , r . c . 1980 . abdominal pile color dimorphism in the bumble bee , bombus melanopygus . journal of heredity 71 : 241 - 247 .
skorikov , a . s . 1910 a . [ bombus mendax gerst . and its variations ( hymenoptera , bombidae ) . ] russkoe éntomologicheskoe obozrênie 9 ( 1909 ) : 328 - 330 .
williams , p . h . 1982 . the distribution and decline of british bumble bees ( bombus latr . ) . journal of apicultural research 21 : 236 - 245 . [ article pdf ]
washburn r . h . distribution of bumblebees ( bombus ) and their social parasites ( psithyrus ) in alaska . proceedings of the 14th alaska science conference ; anchorage , alaska . 1963 . 1
hines , h . m . 2008 . historical biogeography , divergence times , and diversification patterns of bumble bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombus ) . systematic biology 57 : 58 - 75 .
nomenclature : løken ( 1973 ) used the name b . arcticus kirby for this species because she considered b . arcticus ( quensel ) to be a nomen oblitum . however , this is not supported by the present code for a publication of this date ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 . 12 ) , although it does allow b . arcticus ( quensel ) to be suppressed by use of the plenary power . see the comments on b . hyperboreus .
løken , a . 1961 . bombus consobrinus dahlb . , an oligolectic bumble bee ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . transactions of the xi international congress of entomology , vienna 1 : 598 - 603 .
despite the ecological importance of bumble bees , no published estimates on the value of bumble bee pollination for crops in alaska are available . furthermore , there is no consensus on the total number of bombus species present in alaska with estimates ranging from 17 - 24 species ( washburn 1963 , krombein et al . 1979 , bishop and armbruster 1999 , uam 2013b ) . these estimates suggest the bombus fauna of alaska contains about half of the species known for north america . williams et al . ( 2014 ) , the most recent and authoritative publication on north american bombus , list 23 species from alaska .
rasmont , p . and iserbyt , s . 2010 - 2013 . atlas hymenoptera : atlas of the european bees : genus bombus . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 22 july 2014 ) .
sequenced samples of bumblebees ( genus bombus ) of the subgenus alpinobombus and outgroups with their accession numbers for genbank ( g ) and the public project folder bbal of the bold online database ( b ) .
hobbs , g . a . 1965 . ecology of species of bombus latr . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in southern alberta . ii . subgenus bombias robt . canadian entomologist 97 : 120 - 128 .
hobbs , g . a . 1966 . ecology of species of bombus latr . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in southern alberta . iv . subgenus fervidobombus skorikov . canadian entomologist 98 : 33 - 39 .
- 1996 . opinion 1828 . apis terrestris linnaeus , 1758 , a . muscorum linnaeus , 1758 and a . lucorum linnaeus , 1761 ( currently bombus terrestris , b . muscorum and b . lucorum ) and bombus humilis illiger , 1806 ( insecta , hymenoptera ) : specific names conserved , and neotypes designated for b . terrestris and b . muscorum . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 53 : 64 - 65 .
moure , j . s . & sakagami , s . f . 1962 . as mamangabas sociais do brasil ( bombus latreille ) ( hymenoptera , apoidea ) . studia entomologica 5 : 65 - 194 .
- 1997 . bumblebees fauna of turkey with distribution maps ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombinae ) part 1 : alpigenobombus skorikov , bombias robertson and bombus latreille . türkiye entomoloji dergisi 21 : 37 - 56 .
- 1970 . bastardierungszonen und mischpopulationen bei hummeln ( bombus ) und schmarotzerhummeln ( psithyrus ) . ( hymenopt . , apidae ) . mitteilungen der münchener entomologischen gesellschaft 59 ( 1969 ) : 1 - 89 .
- 1972 . ökologische studien an mittel - und südosteuropäischen hummeln ( bombus latr . , 1802 ; hym . , apidae ) . mitteilungen der münchner entomologischen gesellschaft 60 ( 1970 ) : 1 - 56 .
sladen , f . w . l . 1912 . the humble - bee , its life history and how to domesticate it , with descriptions of all the british species of bombus and psithyrus . london .
varela , g . 1992 . nota preliminar sobre la fenologia del nido de bombus bellicosus smith , 1879 ( hymenoptera , apoidea ) . bol soc zool uruguay ( 2 ) 7 : 53 - 56 .
bergwall , h . - e . 1970 . ekologiska iakttagelser över några humlearter ( bombus latr . ) vid staloluokta inom padjelanta nationalpark , lule lappmark . ent . tidskr . 91 , 3 - 23 .
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hobbs , g . a . 1964 . ecology of species of bombus latr . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in southern alberta . i . subgenus alpinobombus skor . the canadian entomologist 96 : 1465 - 1470 .
labougle , j . m . & ayala , r . 1985 . a new subgenus and species of bombus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) from guerrero , mexico . folia entomológica mexicana 66 : 47 - 55 .
sakagami , s . f . , akahira , y . & zucchi , r . 1967 . nest architecture and brood development in a neotropical bumblebee , bombus atratus . insectes sociaux 14 : 389 - 414 .
schmiedeknecht , h . l . o . 1878 . monographie der in thüringen vorkommenden arten der hymenopteren - gattung bombus mit einer allgemeinen einleitung in dieses genus . jenaische zeitschrift für naturwissenschaft 12 : 303 - 430 .
bombus glacialis belongs to the group of bombus lapponicus . it is often considered as a ssp . of b . monticola . however , glacialis seems above all very poorly known . when having in hand some specimens it appears much taller than monticola , with conspicuously different coat . the distribution of bombus glacialis is quite special : it is the most northern of the west - palaearctic bumblebees and is found only on novaia zemlia , on wrangel is . and on kolguyev is . these islands are more than 3000 km apart and , nevertheless , the resemblance between the populations from novaia zemlia and wrangel is quite striking . p . rasmont
hasselrot , t . b . ( 1960 ) . studies on swedish bumblebees ( genus bombus ltr . ) : their domestication and biology . opuscula entomologia supplementum , 17 ( 1 ) , 1 - 192 .
goulson , d . & williams , p . 2001 . bombus hypnorum ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , a new british bumblebee ? british journal of entomology and natural history 14 : 129 - 131 . [ article ]
bombus ( al . ) neoboreus sladen strenuus cresson , 1863 : 102 , not of harris , 1776 : 131 ( = b . lapidarius ( linnaeus ) ) examined neoboreus sladen , 1919 : 28 , examined 2 names
løken , a . , pekkarinen , a . & rasmont , p . 1994 . case 2638 . apis terrestris linnaeus , 1758 , a . muscorum linnaeus , 1758 and a . lucorum linnaeus , 1761 ( currently bombus terrestris , b . muscorum and b . lucorum ) and bombus humilis illiger , 1806 ( insecta , hymenoptera ) : proposed conservation of usage of the specific names . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 51 : 232 - 236 .
- 1971 . a monograph of the western hemisphere bumblebees ( hymenoptera : apidae ; bombinae ) . i . the genera bombus and megabombus subgenus bombias . memoirs of the entomological society of canada 82 : 1 - 80 .
plowright , r . c . & stephen , w . p . 1973 . a numerical taxonomic analysis of the evolutionary relationships of bombus and psithyrus ( apidae : hymenoptera ) . canadian entomologist 105 : 733 - 743 .
- 1929 c . a revision of the humble - bees allied to bombus orientalis , smith , with the description of a new subgenus . annals and magazine of natural history ( 10 ) 3 : 378 - 386 .
williams , p . h . & cameron , s . a . 1993 . bumble bee ( bombus latr . ) records from the valley of flowers , uttar pradesh . bulletin of entomology 31 : 125 - 127 .
urltoken ; = bombus + sp . & where - lifeform ; = specimen _ tag & rel - lifeform ; = ne & rel - taxon ; = begins + with & where - lifeform ; = animal - - - > urltoken ; = bombus + sp . & where - lifeform ; = specimen _ tag & rel - lifeform ; = ne & rel - taxon ; = begins + with & where - lifeform ; = animal
thorp , r . w . 1970 . the type locality of bombus franklini and notes on putative arizona records of other bombini ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist 46 ( 3 ) : 177 - 180 .
almanza , m . t . ( 2007 ) . management of bombus atratus bumblebees to pollinate lulo ( solanum quitoense l ) , a native fruit from the andes of colombia . doctoral thesis . germany : cuvillier verlag gottingen .
brian , a . d . ( 1952 ) . division of labor and foraging in bombus agrorum fabricius . the journal of animal ecology , 21 ( 1 ) , 223 - 240 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1959
hines , h . m . , p . williams . 2012 . evolution of müllerian mimicry in the highly color polymorphic bumble bee bombus trifasciatus and its comimics . zoological journal of the linnean society 166 : 805 - 826 .
hines , h . m . and s . a . cameron . 2010 . the phylogenetic position of the bumble bee inquiline bombus inexspectatus and implications for the evolution of social parasitism . insectes sociaux 57 : 379 - 383 .
- 1934 . entomologische ergebnisse der deutsch - russischen alai - pamir - expedition , 1928 ( iii ) . 7 . hymenoptera viii ( gen . bombus fabr . ) . nachtrag . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 1933 : 163 - 174 .
the overall range of bombus polaris is circumboreal ( k . w . richards , 1973 ) . this distribution reminds of that of balteatus , while being more arctic : the species is restricted to the strictly arctic milieu . in n . america , it stays north of the 60th parallel , except in a few places in labrador , on the hudson bay and in quebec , but always beyond the tree - line . it is also found in the islands islands : on baffin and ellesmere , and even on the far north of greenland , i . e . well above the 80° n . in continental russia and siberia , it is restricted to the coast of the arctic ocean . it is also present on novaia zemlia , wrangel and some other siberian islands ( berezin 1995 ) . as in greenland , polaris can be found up to the 83rd parallel . bombus polaris is subject to inquilinism from b . hyperboreus , but this species is generally rarer and still more restricted to the colder regions . p . rasmont
the overall range of bombus polaris is circumboreal ( k . w . richards , 1973 ) . this distribution reminds of that of balteatus , while being more arctic : the species is restricted to the strictly arctic milieu . in n . america , it stays north of the 60th parallel , except in a few places in labrador , on the hudson bay and in quebec , but always beyond the tree - line . it is also found in the islands islands : on baffin and ellesmere , and even on the far north of greenland , i . e . well above the 80° n . in continental russia and siberia , it is restricted to the coast of the arctic ocean . it is also present on novaia zemlia , wrangel and some other siberian islands ( berezin 1995 ) . as in greenland , polaris can be found up to the 83rd parallel . bombus polaris is subject to inquilinism from b . hyperboreus , but this species is generally rarer and still more restricted to the colder regions . p . rasmont
williams , p . h . , araujo , m . b . and rasmont , p . 2007 . can vulnerability among british bumble bee ( bombus ) species be explained by niche position and breadth ? biological conservation 138 : 493–505 .
colla , s . r . & packer , l . 2008 . evidence for decline in eastern north american bumblebees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , with special focus on bombus affinis cresson . biodiversity and conservation 17 : 1379 - 1391 .
koulianos , s . & schmid - hempel , p . 2000 . phylogenetic relationships among bumble bees ( bombus , latreille ) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase i sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 14 : 335 - 341 .
- 1939 b . bombus ( agrobombus ) bureschi sp . nov . ( hymenopt . , apidae ) , eine neue hummelart von der balkanhalbinsel und einige weitere interessante neue hummelformen . arbeiten der bulgarischen naturforschenden gesellschaft 18 : 1 - 10 .
mcfrederick , q . s . , and g . lebuhn . 2006 . are urban parks refuges for bumble bees bombus spp . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) ? biological conservation 129 ( 3 ) : 372 - 382 [ includes corrigendum ] .
cameron , s . a . , hines , h . m . & williams , p . h . 2007 . a comprehensive phylogeny of the bumble bees ( bombus ) . biological journal of the linnean society 91 : 161 - 188 .
pekkarinen , a . , teräs , i . , viramo , j . & paatela , j . 1981 . distribution of bumblebees ( hymenoptera , apidae : bombus and psithyrus ) in eastern fennoscandia . notulae entomologicae 61 : 71 - 89 .