anguis fragilis , the slowworm , is a legless lizard native to eurasia .

it is also called a blindworm or , regionally , a long-cripple ; to distinguish it from the peloponnese slowworm , it is also sometimes called a common slowworm .

the ' blind ' in ' blindworm ' refers to the lizard 's small eyes , similar to a blindsnake ( although the slowworm 's eyes are functional ) .

slowworms are semifossorial ( burrowing ) lizards , spending much of the time hiding underneath objects .

the skin of slowworms is smooth with scales that do not overlap one another .

like many other lizards , slowworms autotomize , meaning that they have the ability to shed their tails to escape predators .

while the tail regrows , it does not reach its original length .

they are common in gardens and can be encouraged to enter and help remove pest insects by placing black plastic or a piece of tin on the ground .

on warm days , one or more slowworms will often be found underneath these heat collectors .

one of the biggest causes of mortality in slowworms in suburban areas is the domestic cat , against which it has no defence .

anguis fragilis

anguis fragilis linnaeus 1758 : 229 anguis orvet lacépède 1789 in mertens & wermuth 1960 : 86 anguis gamma roubieu 1825 ( fide brygoo 1987 ) anguis fragilis — duméril & bibron 1839 : 792 anguis fragilis — boulenger 1885 : 297 anguis fragilis — engelmann et al 1993 anguis fragilis — gvoždík et al . 2010 anguis fragilis — gvoždik et al . 2013
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lución ( anguis fragilis ) un increible lagarto ¡que no tiene patas ! gonzalo .
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stèpànek , o . 1937 . anguis fragilis peloponnesiacus n . ssp . zool . anz . 118 : 107 - 110
davies , m . 1967 . a case of anguis fragilis devouring newly born young . british journal of herpetology 4 : 20
malkmus , r . 1995 . aggressives verhalten bei der blindschleiche , anguis fragilis linnaeus , 1758 ? . herpetozoa 8 - get paper here
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born , g . 1883 . eine frei hervorragende anlage der vorderen extremität bei embryonen von anguis fragilis . zool . anz . 6 : 537 - 539
the slow worm anguis fragilis , a type of burrowing lizard , was likely introduced to the country fairly recently . image : jonas bergsten , wikimedia commons
i saw a lizard in fanore , in the burren . i think it is a legless lizard , anguis fragilis . suzanne crosbie kilshanny , co clare
bauer , l . 2007 . anguis fragilis , de niet zo erg breekbare hazelworm . lacerta 65 ( 3 ) : 98 - 103 - get paper here
girolla , l . 1996 . aggressives verhalten oder paarungsvorspiel ? freilandbeobachtungen zum intraspezifischen verhalten bei blindschleichen , anguis fragilis linnaeus , 1758 . herpetozoa 9 - get paper here
koli , antti and matti haapanen . 2014 . sinivatsaisia ja muita vaskitsoja ( anguis fragilis l . ) vindistä . herpetomania 23 ( 3 ) : 25 - 29
eyes on nature : a legless lizard , or slow worm , anguis fragilis , like the one that suzanne crosbie saw in the burren . photograph : alasdair james / getty
species of the week slow worm anguis . . . - irish wildlife trust | facebook
ali , syed muzammil 1950 . studies on the anatomy of the tail in sauria and rhychocephalia iv . anguis fragilis . proceedings of the indian academy of sciences 32 : 87 - 95
subspecies : anguis fragilis peloponnesiacus stepanek 1937 has been synonymized with a . cephallonica . morphology : limbless . anguis is female as based on linnaeus’ original use . type species : anguis fragilis is the type species of the genus anguis linnaeus 1758 . taxonomy : gvoždík et al . ( 2013 ) suggested to distinguish 5 genetic species of anguis : graeca , colchica , fragilis , cinerea , and cephallonica . the 5 species cannot be diagnosed morphologically although they clearly form genetic clades . a detailed morphological analysis of the entire genus is under preparation ( benkovsky ́ et al . , in preparation , cited in gvoždík et al . 2013 ) . distribution : see map in gvoždík et al . ( 2013 ) and jablonski et al . 2016 : 3 ( fig . 1 ) . if colchicus is recognized as valid species fragilis will have to be removed from several countries . for instance , colchicus occurs in iran , but fragilis does not . similarly , there is not fragilis in romania , only colchica ( vörös et al . 2012 ) .
gollmann , g . & gollmann , b . 2008 . diving in the lizards anguis fragilis and lacerta agilis . north - western journal of zoology 4 ( 2 ) : - get paper here
lewis - hails , elliott 2017 . the first record of a slow - worm ( anguis fragilis ) from the uk with blue ventral scales herpetological bulletin ( 140 ) : - get paper here
szabo , krisztian and judit vörös . 2014 . distribution and hybridization of anguis fragilis and a . colchica in hungary . amphibia - reptilia 35 ( 1 ) : 135 - 140 - get paper here
capula , m . & luiselli , l . 1993 . ecology of an alpine population of the slow worm , anguis fragilis linnaeus , 1758 . thermal biology of reproduction . herpetozoa 6 - get paper here
smith , malcolm a . 1951 . unusual size of the slow worm ( anguis fragilis ) and the adder ( vipera berus ) in the british isles . british journal of herpetology 1 ( 5 ) :
alfermann , d . & völkl , w . 2004 . zur fortpflanzungsbiologie der blindschleiche ( anguis fragilis l . , 1758 ) im lechtal . salamandra 40 ( 1 ) : 25 - 36 - get paper here
luiselli , l . 1992 . the diet of the slow worm , anguis f . fragilis linnaeus , 1758 , in the tarvisio forest ( carnic alps , ne italy ) . herpetozoa 5 - get paper here
ceirans , a . 2004 . reptiles in sub - boreal forests of eastern europe : patterns of forest type preferences and habitat use in anguis fragilis , zootoca vivipara and natrix natrix . herpetozoa 17 : - get paper here
kaczmarek , p . , t . skawinski and g . skorzewski 2016 . blue venter in the slow worm ( anguis fragilis ) : review and new data . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 375 - 377 .
capula , m . & luiselli , l . & anibaldi , c . 1993 . biennial reproduction and clutch parameters in an alpine population of the slow worm , anguis fragilis linnaeus , 1758 . herpetozoa 6 - get paper here
clark , richard 1994 . observations on the herpetofauna of southern norway ( s°rland ) [ anguis fragilis , lacerta vivipara , coronella austriaca , natrix , vipera berus ] . british herpetological society bulletin ( 47 ) : 30 - 44
two subspecies are recognised , with anguis fragilis colchinus occurring eastwards from hungary . this form is typified by having 26 - 30 mid - body scale rows ( 24 - 26 in a . f . fragilis , the western form ) , and blue spotting in males is more common . intermediate populations exist in a zone running from western finland to southern hungary .
strzałaa , tomasz ; renata grochowalskab , bartłomiej najbarb , peter mikulíčekc , david jandzikcd , petros lymberakise & daniel jablonskic 2016 . complete mitochondrial genome of the endemic legless lizard anguis cephallonica werner , 1894 and its comparison with mitogenome of anguis fragilis linnaeus , 1758 . mitochondrial dna , doi : 10 . 1080 / 23802359 . 2015 . 1137834 - get paper here
blosat , b . 1997 . morphometrische und ökologische feldstudien an reptilien im bergischen land ( nordrhein - westfalen ) - i . blindschleiche ( anguis f fragilis linnaeus , 1758 ) salamandra 33 ( 3 ) : 161 - 174 - get paper here
being a legless lizard , the slow worm ( anguis fragilis ) is often mistaken for a snake . however , there are certain features that separate the slow worm from snakes , including the presence of eyelids and ear openings ( 2 ) .
fish , alexia c . m . 2016 . observations on felt and corrugated roof sheeting as materials for constructing coverboards to assess slow worm ( anguis fragilis ) and common lizard ( zootoca vivipara ) populations herpetological bulletin ( 135 ) - get paper here
dely , oliver g . 1981 . anguis fragilis - blindschleiche . in : böhme , w . ( ed . ) , handbuch der reptilien und amphibien europas , band i . , echsen i . akademische verlagsgesellschaft , wiesbaden , pp . 241 - 258
luiselli , l . , m . capula & c . anibaldi 1994 . food habits of the slow worm , anguis fragilis ( l ) , in two contrasting alpine environments . bull . soc . herp . france 71 - 72 : 45 - 48
sos , tibor and gábor herczeg 2010 . sexual size dimorphism in eastern slow - worm ( anguis fragilis colchica , reptilia : anguidae ) . russ . j . herpetol . 16 ( 4 ) : 304 - 310 [ 2009 ] - get paper here
haley , thomas 2014 . a metapopulation of the lizard anguis fragilis ( squamata : anguidae ) on a local scale in dorset , great britain , as indicated by spatial distribution and movement . phyllomedusa 13 ( 2 ) : 91 - 98 - get paper here
capula , massimo ; anibaldi , claudio ; filippi , ernesto ; luiselli , luca 1999 . sexual combats , matings , and reproductive phenology in an alpine population of the slow worm , anguis fragilis . herpetological natural history 6 ( 1 ) : 33 - 39 [ 1998 ]
musters , c . j . m . & in den bosch , h . a . j . 1982 . einige bemerkungen zu den unterarten von anguis fragilis l . , mit berücksichtigung niederländischer exemplare . salamandra 18 ( 3 - 4 ) : 196 - 204 - get paper here
the anguis fragilis , or slow worm , is a limbless lizard native to eurasia . it is sometimes called a blindworm . its german name ,
blindschleiche ,
is derived from the old high german plintslîcho meaning
blinding creeper
, perhaps because of its lustrous scales .
gvoždík , václav ; david jandzik , petros lymberakis , daniel jablonski , jiří moravec 2010 . slow worm , anguis fragilis ( reptilia : anguidae ) as a species complex : genetic structure reveals deep divergences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55 ( 2 ) : 460 - 472 - get paper here
baran , i . , kasparek , m . , & oz , m . 1988 . on the distribution of the slow worm , anguis fragilis , and the european glass lizard , ophisaurus apodus , in turkey . zoology in the middle east 2 : 57 - 62 . - get paper here
clark , r . j . and clark , e . d . 1970 . notes on four lizard species from the peloponnese , greece : algyroides moreoticus bibron and bory , anguis fragilis peloponnesiacus stepanek , ophiomorus punctatissimus ( bibron and bory ) and ophisaurus apodus ( pallas ) . british journal of herpetology 4 : 135 - 137 .
anguis fragilis linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 229 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmiæ . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]
strugariu , al . , gherghel , i . ; nicoara , a . ; hutuleac - volosciu , m . v . ; moraru , v . & mizerus , a . 2009 . a rapid survey of the herpetological fauna from vaslui county ( romania ) with the first record of the slow - worm ( anguis fragilis ) in the region . herpetologica romanica 3 : 25 - 30
jablonski , daniel and petr meduna 2010 . blue colour of the ventral body part of eastern slow worm anguis colchica ( nordmann , 1840 ) . herpetology notes 3 : 295 - 296 - get paper here
the scientific name anguis fragilis means ' fragile snake ' ( 2 ) , and refers to the ability of this lizard to shed its tail when seized ; the tail may continue to wriggle after being shed , and can distract predators while the slow worm escapes ( 5 ) . a new tail begins to regenerate after a couple of weeks ( 2 ) . although this species is widespread , it is rather secretive ( 2 )
in fact , reptiles in general are in short supply . ireland can lay claim to only a single native reptile , the common ( or viviparous ) lizard . as for any snake - resembling creatures , if you ' re in the burren region in county clare , you might just spot a slow worm ( anguis fragilis ) – but it ' s believed that these limbless burrowing lizards were actually introduced in ireland fairly recently .
this is , in fact , a specimen of anguis fragilis , a legless lizard whose classification is further confused by its common english names of “slow worm” and “blindworm”—it is neither a worm , nor particularly slow , nor blind . ( in french , the common name is “ orvet ” , and german “ blindschleiche ” . ) this individual was about 30 cm in length , and was probably a male : females run larger , up to 50 cm long , and often have a stripe along the back .
anguis orvet lacepède , 1789 : mertens & wermuth ( 1960 ) : 86 . [ source de la synonymie ] mertens , r . & wermuth , h . 1960 . amphibien und reptilien europas . verlag waldemar kramer , frankfurt am main . xii + 264 pp .
anguis gamma roubieu , 1825 : mertens & wermuth ( 1960 ) : 86 . [ source de la synonymie ] mertens , r . & wermuth , h . 1960 . amphibien und reptilien europas . verlag waldemar kramer , frankfurt am main . xii + 264 pp .
anguis vittatus gravenhorst , 1832 : mertens & wermuth ( 1960 ) : 86 . [ source de la synonymie ] mertens , r . & wermuth , h . 1960 . amphibien und reptilien europas . verlag waldemar kramer , frankfurt am main . xii + 264 pp .
several characteristics distinguish legless lizards from snakes . the most obvious is that they have eyes with eyelids that blink , unlike the steady gaze of snakes whose eyes are covered by transparent scales . ( only lizards in disney films sport eyelashes , however . ) legless lizards also have ears , but we ' re talking about an ear - hole you have to look pretty closely to see , not bunny ears ; snakes have no external ears whatsoever . the species name fragilis is due to the lizard ' s ability to shed its tail should it be seized by a predator , who ends up with a meal , but the business end escapes to wiggle again ; the tail will regrow , but not fully—this critter still has the original equipment . anguis fragilis may be the longest - lived of lizards : about thirty years in the wild ; a captive specimen lived 54 years .
a . fragilis is carnivorous , feeding on worms and slugs , and is active during the day , frequently basking in the sun like this one . they are found throughout europe , and are said to be frequently seen in gardens , but in fifteen years in switzerland , this is the first i ' ve come across .
gvoždík , václav ; norbert benkovský , angelica crottini , adriana bellati , jirí moravec , antonio romano , roberto sacchi , david jandzik 2013 . an ancient lineage of slow worms , genus anguis ( squamata : anguidae ) , survived in the italian peninsula . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 69 ( 3 ) : 1077–1092 ; urltoken
anguis eryx linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 229 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmiæ . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]
jablonski , daniel ; david jandzik ; peter mikulíček , georg džukić , katarina ljubisavljević , nikolay tzankov , dušan jelić , evanthia thanou , jiří moravec and václav gvoždík 2016 . contrasting evolutionary histories of the legless lizards slow worms ( anguis ) shaped by the topography of the balkan peninsula . bmc evolutionary biology 16 : 99 ; doi : 10 . 1186 / s12862 - 016 - 0669 - 1 - get paper here
and no its not members of ff irelands reptiles many people are unaware that ireland has a lizard in the landscape . it is native to ireland and is one of ireland ' s two reptiles , the other being the slow - worm anguis fragilis . the common lizard is widespread in distribution , but the slow - worm is confined to co . clare . the slow worm is a legless lizard , found in parts of the burren , co . clare . unlike the common lizard , the slow worm is almost certainly a recent introduction to ireland and is , therefore , not considered to be native to ireland . how do you know its a lizard ? the common lizard is described as having a grey brown to dark brown dorsal surface . often it has a darker streak that may run the entire length of the spine . there is a dark border broken by light yellow and white spots seen on either side of the body . undersides of the male are yellow to orange spotted with black and females are yellowish grey . read more urltoken this kinda took me by surprise i always associate lizards with around the med area .
similar species : limbless lizards are frequently confused with snakes , but u nlike snakes the slow worm possesses a visible ear and has eyelids . the tongue is short and notched , but is not forked . throughout most of its range the slow worm cannot be mistaken for any other lizard due to the absence of limbs . in southern greece , it is replaced by the similar peloponesse slow worm ( anguis cephalonica ) , which can be distinguished by differences in colouration and by having 34 - 36 mid - body scale rows ( 24 - 30 in the slow worm ) . the european glass lizard ( ophisaurus apodus ) is larger and has a distinctive groove along each flank . worm lizards , family
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ireland’s reptiles many people are unaware that ireland has a lizard in the landscape . it is
is widespread in distribution , but the slow - worm is confined to co . clare . the slow worm
, found in parts of the burren , co . clare . unlike the common lizard , the slow worm is almost certainly a recent introduction to ireland and is , therefore , not considered to be native to ireland .
the common lizard is described as having a grey brown to dark brown dorsal surface . often it has a darker streak that may run the entire length of the spine . there is a dark border broken by light yellow and white spots seen on either side of the body .
undersides of the male are yellow to orange spotted with black and females are yellowish grey .
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the british amphibians and reptiles is the standard work on our islands’ rather neglected newts , frogs , toads , slow - worms , lizards and snakes . this edition is exclusive to urltoken
this book fills an obvious gap in the literature of british natural history . many years have passed since a work of any kind has been published on our amphibians and reptiles , and indeed no other book at all has been written that deals with every known aspect of their structure and behaviour .
dr . smith has been collecting his material for a third of a lifetime , during which he has become the acknowledged authority on the herpetology , not only of britain but of western europe . his association with the british museum and his years of expeditions and field observations make him a combination of ecological naturalist and museum man – and surely he is the best kind of naturalist who knows his way about the fields , woods and streams , as well as he knows his way about the intricacies of description , measurement and bibliography .
there are many signs now that the study of our islands’ rather neglected newts , frogs , toads , slow - worms , lizards and snakes is receiving ever - increasing attention among naturalists , both amateur and professional . we believe that this scholarly and interesting book will remain the standard work on the subject for a generation or more .
‘an excellent book . it is scholarly without ever being dull and pedantic ; it gives complete life histories of every british species , with careful accounts of their structure and relationships . ’ observer
‘the fullest treatise of its subject which exists . it adds to the inheritance of the man who wants to know all that can be known of creatures living round about him . dr . malcolm smith has given his country a book which will be the standard work for generations . ’ spectator
‘so authoritative that it deserves to remain the standard work for another century . this book will appeal to scientist and general reader alike . ’ r . s . r . fitter
“that dr . malcolm smith is a master of his subject is clear from the beginning . this book is obviously written by one who knows his subject fully , can embellish his text with a wealth of interesting as well as essential information and can all along draw upon personal experience . in other words , it is a very good book . ” illustrated london news
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one fine day in may 2007 my daily walk took me along the path through the forest behind the lignières rifle range where i encountered this creature sunning itself right in the middle of the path . my hindbrain screamed snake , but closer examination and a little research proved it to be no such thing .
finland , norway , sweden , england ( incl . channel islands guernsey , herm , jethou , jersey ) , denmark , germany , austria , switzerland , belgium , luxemburg , netherlands , portugal , spain , france , italy , czech republic , slovakia , hungary , albania , bulgaria , greece ( incl . corfu = corfou ) , croatia ( incl . krk etc . ) , slovenia , bosnia and hercegovina , monte negro , macedonia , serbia , poland , turkey ( from trabzon , hopa ) [ clark & clark 1973 ]
type locality : sweden [ restricted by mertens and l müller , 1928 ] .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
anderson , steven c 1999 . the lizards of iran . contributions to herpetology volume 15 , society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , saint louis , missouri : i - vii , 1 - 442 [ review in copeia 2000 ( 4 ) : 1144 ] - get paper here
belik v . p . 2014 . to the history of research on the amphibian and reptile fauna in the volgograd region . current studies in herpetology 14 ( 1 / 2 ) : 3–13 . резюме - get paper here
berroneau , m . et al . 2010 . guide des amphibiens et reptiles d’aquitaine . association cistude nature , 180 pp .
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best , h . a . 1965 . slow - worm eating common lizard . british journal of herpetology 3 : 229
bird , c . g . 1936 . the distribution of reptiles and amphibians in asiatic turkey with notes on a collection from the vilayets of adana , gaziantep and malatya . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 18 : 257 - 281 .
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bischoff , w . & bischoff , u . 1980 . einige bemerkungen zur herpetofauna des peloponnes . herpetofauna 2 ( 4 ) : 17 - 22 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , second edition . london , xiii + 497 pp . - get paper here
brygoo , e . r . 1987 . les types d ' anguidés ( reptiles , sauriens ) du museum national d ' histoire naturelle catalogue critique . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , 4e ser . , 9 , sect . a ( zool . , bioi . & ecol . anim . ) , ( 2 ) , supplement , 3 - 20 . - get paper here
canova , luca & manuela marchesi 2007 . amphibian and reptile communities in eleven sites of community importance ( sci ) : relations between sci area , heterogeneity and richness . acta herpetologica 2 ( 2 ) : 87 - 96
çevik , i . e . 1999 . trakya’da yasayan kertenkele türlerinin taksonomik durumu ( lacertilia : anguidae , lacertidae , scincidae ) . tr . j . of zoology 23 ( 1 ) : 23–35
cogălniceanu , dan ; laurentiu rozylowicz , paul székely , ciprian samoilă , florina stănescu , marian tudor , diana székely , ruben iosif 2013 . diversity and distribution of reptiles in romania . zookeys 341 ( 2013 ) : 49 - 76 - get paper here
covaciu - marcov s . - d . et al . 2007 . contributions to the study of the geographical distribution of the herpetofauna in the north - east area of arad county in romania . herpetologica romanica 1 : 62 - 69
covaciu - marcov , s . d . , cicort - lucaciu , a . s . , dobre , f . , ferenţi , s . , birceanu , m . , mihuţ , r . & strugariu , a . 2009 . the herpetofauna of the jiului gorge national park , romania . north - western journal of zoology 5 ( suppl . 1 ) : 1 - 78
covaciu - marcov , s . d . , cicort - lucaciu , a . s . , sas , i . ; mosu , a . g . ; toth , b . 2008 . contributions to the knowledge of the composition and geographical distribution of the western maramures county herpetofauna . herpetologica romanica 2 : 27 - 36
çakmak , mücahit ; bahadır akman and mehmet zülfü yildiz 2018 . herpetofauna of bartin province ( northwest blacksea region , turkey ) south western journal of horticulture , biology and environment p - issn : 2067 - 9874 , e - issn : 2068 - 7958 < br / > vol . 8 , no . 2 , 2017 pp . 89 - 102 - get paper here
dossenbach , h . d . , & ganz , a . 1977 . die reptilien der schweiz . naturf . gesell . schaffhausen , switzerland , neujahrsblatt nr . 30 31 pp .
duméril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1839 . erpétologie générale on histoire naturelle complète des reptiles . vol . 5 . roret / fain et thunot , paris , 871 pp . - get paper here
dunaev e . a . , orlova v . f . 2017 . amphibians and reptiles of russia . atlas and determination . 2nd . ed . moscow : phyton xxi , 328 p
elmberg , j . 1995 . grod - och kräldjurens utbredning i norrland . natur i norr 14 : 57 - 82
engelmann , w . e . et al . 1993 . lurche und kriechtiere europas . neumann verlag ( radebeul , germany ) , 440 pp .
enzeroth , a . 1982 . herptologische beobachtungen auf der insel krk . sauria 4 ( 1 ) : 5 - 8 - get paper here
frazer , j . f . d . 1949 . the reptiles and amphibia of the channel isles , and their distribution . british journal of herpetology 1 : 51 - 53
frynta , d . et al . 1997 . results of the czech biological expedition to iran . part 1 . notes on the distribution of amphibians and reptiles . acta soc . zool . bohem . 61 : 3 - 17
galán , pedro 2014 . herpetofauna del parque natural das fragas do eume ( a coruña ) : distribución , estado de conservación y amenazas . basic and applied herpetology 28 : 113 - 136 - get paper here
henle , k . 1985 . ökologische , zoogeographische und systematische bemerkungen zur herpetofauna jugoslawiens . salamandra 21 ( 4 ) : 229 - 251 - get paper here
kovatscheff , v . 1903 . beitraege zur kenntnis der reptilien und amphibienfauna bulgariens . verh . zool . bot . ges . , wien : 171 - 173
kwet , a . 2010 . reptilien und amphibien europas . kosmos - verlag , stuttgart , 252 pp .
kwet , axel & benny trapp 2014 . liste der reptilien europas . draco 15 ( 60 ) : 72 - 79 - get paper here
kwet , axel & dirk alfermann 2017 . die blindschleiche – „eine zerbrechliche schlange“ ist das reptil des jahres 2017 terraria - elaphe 2017 ( 3 ) : 72 - 79 - get paper here
lantermann , w . & lantermann , y . 2010 . reptilien und amphibien am undelandsee in süd - norwegen – ökologische und pädagogische aspekte . reptilia ( münster ) 15 ( 84 ) : 68 - 71 - get paper here
laufer , h . ; fritz , c . & sowig , p . ( eds . ) 2007 . die amphibien und reptilien baden - württembergs . ulmer verlag , stuttgart , 807 pp .
leptien , r . 2010 . eine schlange , die keine ist : die blindschleiche . reptilia ( münster ) 15 ( 85 ) : 80 - 82 - get paper here
linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus i . editio decima , reformata . laurentii salvii , holmiæ . 10th edition : 824 pp . - get paper here
malkmus , r . 1982 . beitrag zur verbreitung der amphibien und reptilien in portugal . salamandra 18 ( 3 - 4 ) : 218 - 299 - get paper here
malkmus , r . 1995 . die amphibien und reptilien portugals , madeiras und der azoren . die neue brehm - bücherei , bd . 621 . westarp wissenschaften ( magdeburg ) / spektrum akademischer verlag ( heidelberg )
necas , petr ; modry , david & zavadil , vít 1997 . czech recent and fossil amphibians and reptiles . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 94 pp .
nöllert , a . ; nöllert , c . & ritter , a . 1986 . einige beobachtungen zur herpetofauna der bulgarischen schwarzmeerküste und südwestbulgariens ( teil 2 - die reptilien ) . herpetofauna 8 ( 44 ) : 30 - 34 - get paper here
ochsenbein , andreas 2013 . schlingnattern und blindschleichen – jäger und gejagte . terraria - elaphe 2013 ( 4 ) : 71 - get paper here
pawlowski , s . & krämer , c . 2009 . bemerkungen zur herpetologie des nordwestlichen kroatiens . sauria 31 ( 4 ) : 19 - 30 - get paper here
petrov b . p . , n . tzankov , h . strijbosch , g . popgeorgiev , v . beshkov 2006 . the herpetofauna ( amphibia and reptilia ) of the western rhodopes mountain ( bulgaria and greece ) . in : beron p . ( ed . ) . biodiversity of bulgaria . 3 . biodiversity of western rhodopes ( bulgaria and greece ) i . pensoft & nat . mus . natur . hist . , sofia , pp . 863 - 912
polovic , lidija and natalija cadenovic . 2014 . the herpetofauna of ljubisnja mountain , montenegro . herpetozoa 26 ( 3 / 4 ) : 193 - 194
pottier g . , paumier j . - m . , tessier m . , barascud y . , talhoët s . , liozon r . , d’andurain p . , vacher j . - p . , barthe l . , heaulmé v . , esslinger m . , arthur c . - p . , calvet a . , maurel c . & redon h . 2008 . atlas de répartition des reptiles et amphibiens de midi - pyrénées . les atlas naturalistes de midi - pyrénées . nature midi - pyrénées , toulouse , 126 pp .
reading , christopher j . ; jofr ? , gabriela m . 2016 . habitat use by grass snakes and three sympatric lizard species on lowland heath managed using ' conservation grazing ' the herpetological journal 26 ( 2 ) : 131 - 138 - get paper here
rödel , m . - o . & r . bussmann 1990 . die amphibien und reptilien der julischen alpen . sauria 12 ( 4 ) : 15 - 21 - get paper here
roitberg , e . s . , mazanaeva , l . f . , ilyina , e . & orlova , v . f . 2000 . die echsen dagestans ( nordkaukasus , russland ) : artenliste und aktuelle verbreitungsdaten ( reptilia : sauria : gekkonidae , agamidae , anguidae , scincidae et lacertidae ) . faunist . abh . staatl . mus . tierk . dresden 22 ( 8 ) - get paper here
schlüter , u . 2005 . die herpetofauna der bulgarischen schwarzmeerküste - teil 2 : echsen . elaphe 13 ( 4 ) : 52 - 58
schlüter , u . 2005 . die herpetofauna des comorova - waldes in rumänien . elaphe 13 ( 1 ) : 57 - 62
schultschik , günter ; steinfartz , sebastian 1996 . ergebnisse einer herpetologischen exkursion in den iran . herpetozoa 9 ( 1 / 2 ) : 91 - 95 - get paper here
sehnal , p . & schuster , a . 1999 . herpetologische beobachtungen auf der kvarnerinsel cres , kroatien . ergebnisse von fünf exkursionen . herpetozoa 12 ( 3 - 4 ) : 163 - 178 - get paper here
sindaco , r . & jeremcenko , v . k . 2008 . the reptiles of the western palearctic . edizioni belvedere , latina ( italy ) , 579 pp . - get paper here
sindaco , roberto ; alberto venchi , giuseppe m . carpaneto , marco a . bologna 2000 . the reptiles of anatolia : a checklist and zoogeographical analysis . biogeographia , 21 - 2000 : 441 - 554 .
sos , t . 2007 . notes on distribution and current status of herpetofauna in the northern area of braşov county ( romania ) . north - western journal of zoology 3 ( 1 ) : 34 - 52 - get paper here
sos , t . 2008 . review of recent taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in european amphibia and reptilia related to romanian herpetofauna . herpetologica romanica 2 : 61 - 91
strugariu , a . , zamfirescu , a . r . , nicoară , a . , gherghel , i . , sas , i . , puşcaşu , c . m . & bugeac , t . 2008 . preliminary data regarding the distribution and status of the herpetofauna in iaşi county ( romania ) . north - western journal of zoology 4 ( suppl . 1 ) : s1 - s23 - get paper here
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tuniyev b . s . , tuniyev s . b . , avcı a . , ilgaz ç . 2014 . herpetological studies in eastern and north - eastern turkey . current studies in herpetology 14 ( 1 / 2 ) : 44–53 . резюме - get paper here
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wallin , l . 2001 . catalogue of type specimens . 4 . linnaean specimens . uppsala university , museum of evolution , zoology section , 128 pp . - get paper here
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žagar , a . , carretero , m . a . , krofel , m . , lužnik , m . , podnar , m . & tvrtković , n . 2014 . reptile survey in dinara mountain ( croatia ) revealed the southernmost known population of horvath’s rock lizard ( iberolacerta horvathi ) . nat . croat . 23 ( 1 ) : 235–240 - get paper here
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
this species can be locally abundant and , in britain for instance , it is likely to be the most commonly seen reptile ( 3 ) . adults have a smooth , shiny appearance ( 4 ) , and a grey or bluish belly . the male and female differ in appearance ; the female is usually brown , copper - coloured or red on the back , with brown or black sides , often with lighter iridescent flecks . in many individuals there is a dark stripe passing along the middle of the back and stripes running along the sides of the body . the male varies in colour , being greyish , brown , or coppery - or reddish - brown , typically without stripes . the male usually has a broader , longer head than the female ( 2 ) .
occasionally , individuals may have blue spots , a feature that is more common among males than females . in juvenile slow worms , the back is iridescent silver , gold , bronze or copper and the sides are brown or black ( 2 ) .
although slow worms , like snakes , are often feared and persecuted , they should be welcome visitors to gardens as they feed largely on slugs , snails and other slow - moving garden pests ( 5 ) .
. during courtship , a male takes hold of the female by biting her head or neck , and the bodies of the two lizards will become intertwined . courtship may last for as long as 10 hours before copulation occurs
depending on the local climate , the female slow worm will mate annually or once every two years . the slow worm is ovoviviparous , and instead of laying eggs , the female gives birth to an average of eight live young between mid - august and mid - september . the young slow worms are initially encased in the egg membrane and measure from 70 to 100 millimetres in length . it takes between six and eight years for the slow worm to become fully grown , although the male reaches sexual maturity at three or four years of age . the female becomes sexually mature at four or five years of age ( 2 ) .
this species is relatively long - lived , with one specimen known to have lived for 54 years ( 5 ) . the skin of the slow worm is shed at intervals throughout its life ( 2 ) .
the slow worm is widely distributed throughout britain and continental europe , from scandinavia south to northern spain and portugal . it also occurs in extreme northern africa , eastwards to southwest asia and western siberia ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
the slow worm is found in a wide range of open habitats and tends to take refuge under stones , planks of wood or sheets of corrugated iron in the sun , rather than basking . it is commonly found in gardens and compost heaps , where food is plentiful and the rotting plant material creates warm conditions ( 3 ) .
due to its large geographical distribution and the wide range of habitats in which it occurs , this species does not currently appear to be globally threatened .
in the united kingdom , the slow worm is protected under schedule 5 of the wildlife and countryside act ( 1981 ) . under this act , it is illegal to kill , injure , and sell individuals of this species .
the slow worm is classified as a ‘priority species’ under the uk biodiversity action plan ( ukbap ) , as it is itself a declining species , as well as a good ` indicator ` species for a declining taxonomic group ( 6 ) . the slow worm is also listed under appendix iii of the bern convention ( 7 ) .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
authenticated ( 29 / 10 / 11 ) by olivier s . g . pauwels , research associate at the royal belgian institute for natural sciences , brussels , belgium . urltoken
hibernation a winter survival strategy characteristic of some mammals in which an animal ' s metabolic rate slows down and a state of deep sleep is attained . whilst hibernating , animals survive on stored reserves of fat that they have accumulated in summer . ovoviviparous ovovivipary is a method of reproduction whereby the egg shell is weakly formed and young hatch inside the female ; they are nourished by their yolk sac and then ‘born’ live . taxonomic relating to taxonomy , the science of classifying organisms , grouping together animals which share common features and are thought to have a common ancestor .
beebee , t . & griffiths , r . ( 2000 ) the new naturalist : amphibians and reptiles - a natural history of the british herpetofauna . harpercollins publishers , london .
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continent : africa europe near - east distribution : finland , norway , sweden , england ( incl . channel islands guernsey , herm , jethou , jersey ) , denmark , germany , austria , switzerland , belgium , luxemburg , netherlands , portugal , spain , france , italy , czech republic , slovakia , hungary , albania , bulgaria , greece ( incl . corfu = corfou ) , yugoslavia : croatia , slovenia , bosnia and hercegowina , monte negro , macedonia , serbia , poland , romania , turkey ( from trabzon , hopa ) [ clark & clark 1973 ] soviet union : russia , belarus , ukraine , moldova , lithuania , latvia , estonia , caucasus , central and s europe , asia minor , n iran , africa : algeria , tunisia colchicus : se europe ( east of the alps ) , iran , s russia ( dagestan ) , romania , lithuania , ne poland , eastern czech republic , slovakia . type locality : “kuban - gebiet ( sw russia ) und mingrelien” ( west georgia ) . peloponnesiacus : peloponnes , greece . type locality : sweden
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the nominate subspecies a . f . fragili s inhabits western and central europe , while a . f . colchicus nordmann , 1840 is distributed in northern eurasia . it is possible that these two subspecies represent distinct species , with taxonomic work underway to better understand their relationship .
cox , n . and temple , h . j . ( global reptile assessment )
european regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) eu 27 regional assessment : least concern ( lc ) listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , it occurs in a number of protected areas , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is present throughout much of europe , generally being absent only from ireland , northern scandinavia , central and southern iberia , most mediterranean islands , and greece ( excluding the southern peloponnese ) . there are isolated populations outside the main range in several places : near lisbon in western portugal ; on kaz dagi ( ida mountains , canakkale and balikesir ) in extreme western turkey ( c . v . tok pers . comm . ) ; and in the caucasus region of northeastern turkey , northern iran ( restricted to the caspian region ) , azerbaijan , armenia , georgia and southern russia . in northern euraisa , it is very widespread in the forest zone stretching from the baltic countries , through belarus , the ukraine and moldova in the west to the left - bank valley of the tobol river of western siberia in the far east of its range . records from north africa ( algeria and tunisia ) might be misidentifications ( schleich et al . , 1996 ) . it can be found from sea level up to 2 , 400m asl .
it can be relatively common , but localized declines are believed to be taking place through the conversion of land to intensive agriculture . changes in population abundance is difficult to determine as the species spends a considerable time underground ( benedikt schmidt pers . comm . ) .
populations of this species can be found in grassy meadows , woodland glades , heathland , at the forest edge , in forest clearings , with alluvial forest , under hedgerows , in parkland and rural gardens . animals have been found burrowing in loose sand and under rocks . it is an ovoviviparous species ; the female gives birth to between three and 26 young .
it is threatened in parts of its range by a general loss of habitat due to agricultural intensification and urbanization , fires and reafforestation of clearings . animals are also killed on roads in parts of its range , and predation by cats is a threat in some areas . unmediated mitigation projects , such as the translocation of subpopulations , are a threat to some uk populations . it is not collected commercially .
it is listed on appendix iii of the bern convention and occurs in many protected areas throughout its range . further studies may be needed into the distribution of this species . it is protected by national legislation in some countries of its range ( e . g . . austria , germany , sweden and switzerland ) . it is categorised as least concern in switzerland ( monney and meyer 2005 ) .
aram agasyan , aziz avci , boris tuniyev , jelka crnobrnja isailovic , petros lymberakis , claes andrén , dan cogalniceanu , john wilkinson , natalia ananjeva , nazan üzüm , nikolai orlov , richard podloucky , sako tuniyev , uğur kaya , hans konrad nettmann , wolfgang böhme , bogoljub sterijovski , milan vogrin , claudia corti , valentin pérez mellado , paulo sá - sousa , marc cheylan , juan pleguezuelos , varol tok , roberto sindaco , bartosz borczyk , benedikt schmidt . 2009 .
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females very often have a dark vertebral ( back ) stripe , the flanks are flecked or striped with dark brown or black , the ventral surface is nearly always uniform black .
adult males are more uniform in colour dorsally and on the flanks , the belly is usually mottled black or dark grey , they also have proportionally larger heads . occasionally males have very distinct blue spots .
the upper parts of the body vary from light or dark brown , grey , bronze or brick red .
emerging from hibernation in march , the slow - worm may be seen to bask in the early morning and evening sun , as the animals come into condition for breeding , which occurs in may . the young take 4 - 5 months to develop , being produced in late august to early september . the slow - worm is ovi - viviparous , meaning that the young are born in an egg membrane that breaks soon after birth .
the young of both sexes are a pale golden - brown or greyish silver above , the sides and belly are pitch black . a small spot or blotch on the head leads to a continuous black stripe down the entire length of the back . it is usually only the males that loose this stripe marking as they reach sexual maturity at around 3 years .
between 3 and 26 young are produced , the average is 8 . new born slow - worms appear remarkably small , being between 70 and 100 mm in length at birth .
new born slow worm showing golden colouration and dark blotch on head , leading to a dark vertebral stripe .
new born slow worm showing grey - silver colouration , note the pitch black flanks .
the slow - worm is often mistakenly thought to be one of our native snakes . slow - worms have very few markings other than the vertebral stripe of the female . this is thin and straight and not similar to the indented zigzag stripe of the adder ( vipera berus ) .
the slow - worm has a noticeably blunter tail than any of the native snakes and the head is quite indistinct from the body . they have very small , highly polished scales , giving a glassy appearance .
on very close examination , it might be seen that the slow - worm has eyelids , a typical feature of lizards . another typical feature of lizards displayed by them , is the shedding of the tail when captured . the shed tail falling to the ground and thrashing makes a very effective decoy to predators , whilst the slow - worm makes for cover .
the slow - worm is a harmless creature , please remember , whether it is a snake or legless lizard , it is a criminal offence to kill or injure any of the uk ' s native reptiles .
male slow - worm showing the more uniform colour and less defined markings as compared to our native snakes , indistinct neck , small scales and glassy appearance .
very widely distributed in britain , adults spend much of their time under ground in burrows they make for themselves , they are highly elusive yet not uncommon . they may be seen along railway embankments , in wooded areas , church yards , waste ground and allotments .
they very often live in gardens unnoticed , making use of compost heaps for their burrows and feeding on slugs and snails .
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this report summarises a questionnaire survey undertaken to assess the status of the adder and slow - worm in england . it addresses issues such as population size , site size , fragmentation , population trends , and factors for increases / declines . 249 sites are reported on , just over half of which were designated sites or protected areas of some sort . the report raises various conservation issues , notably the apparent major decline of adders in the midlands , and the perception that public pressure has had a significant negative impact on populations .
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acrobasis caryivorella , the pecan nursery casemaker , is a species of snout moth in the genus acrobasis .

it was described by émile louis ragonot in 1887 , and is known from southeastern ontario , canada , and the eastern united states .

there are two to four generations per year .

the larvae feed on carya and juglans species .

larvae of the first generation bore into the new growth of their host plant .

the species overwinters in the larval stage .

larvae of the following generation hollow out the interior of the nut and pupate within .

acrobasis caryivorella

species acrobasis caryivorella - hickory shoot moth - hodges # 5686 - bugguide . net
acrobasis caryivorella ragonot , 1887 = cateremna tumidulella ragonot , 1887 = acrocaula comacornella hulst , 1900 = acrobasis caryavorella = acrobasis conjivorella = acrobasis comacornella = acrobasis tumidulella .
life history of pecan nut case - bearer acrobasis caryivorella zell . | journal of economic entomology | oxford academic
acrobasis caryivorella ragonot , 1887 corrects spelling of caryaevorella . spelling is corrected in the 1983 checklist . this species includes as a synonym 5687 acrobasis comacornella , mona fascicle 15 . 2 .
s . w . bilsing ; life history of pecan nut case - bearer acrobasis caryivorella zell . , journal of economic entomology , volume 18 , issue 1 , 1 february 1925 , pages 202–206 , urltoken
acrobasis caryivorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5686 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 52 , f . 5f , 13f , pl . 5 , f . 20 - 28 , pl . b , f . 3 - 4
acrobasis amplexella ragonot , 1887 ; n . amer . phycitinae galleriidae : 3 ; tl : north carolina
acrobasis vaccinii riley , 1884 ; can . ent . 16 ( 12 ) : 237 ; tl : massachusetts
acrobasis rufizonella ragonot , 1887 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 1887 : 227 ; tl : wladiwostok
acrobasis atrisquamella ragonot , 1887 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 1887 : 228 ; tl : asia minor
acrobasis carpinivorella neunzig , 1970 ; ann . ent . soc . amer . 63 : 1662 ; tl : madison , connecticut
acrobasis elyi neunzig , 1970 ; ann . ent . soc . amer . 63 : 1661 ; tl : maxton , north carolina
acrobasis nuxvorella neunzig , 1970 ; ann . ent . soc . amer . 63 : 1659 ; tl : rowland , north carolina
acrobasis caryalbella ely , 1913 ; ins . insc . mens . 1 ( 5 ) : 52 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis comptoniella hulst , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 125 ; tl : long island , new york
acrobasis irrubriella ; [ nacl ] , # 5676 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 58 , pl . 6 , f . 9
acrobasis ostryella ely , 1913 ; ins . insc . mens . 1 ( 5 ) : 54 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis kearfottella dyar , 1905 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 7 ( 1 ) : 34 ; tl : cleveland , ohio
acrobasis betulivorella neunzig , 1975 ; proc . ent . soc . washington 77 ( 2 ) : 238 ; tl : elizabethtown , north carolina
acrobasis amplexella ; [ nacl ] , # 5654 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 11 - 17
acrobasis elyi ; [ nacl ] , # 5666 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 34 , pl . 3 , f . 35 - 36
acrobasis stigmella ; [ nacl ] , # 5669 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 42 , pl . 4 , f . 12 - 16
acrobasis aurorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5670 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 43 , pl . 4 , f . 17 - 20
acrobasis exsulella ; [ nacl ] , # 5672 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 44 , pl . 4 , f . 21 - 29
acrobasis angusella ; [ nacl ] , # 5673 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 46 , pl . 4 , f . 35 - 37
acrobasis latifasciella ; [ nacl ] , # 5675 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 47 , pl . 4 , f . 38 - 39
acrobasis evanescentella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 44 ; tl : orlando , florida
acrobasis aurorella ely , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 12 ( 2 ) : 67 ; tl : waschington , d . c
acrobasis cunulae dyar & heinrich , 1929 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 31 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : mobile , alabama
acrobasis stigmella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 43 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis latifasciella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 45 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania
acrobasis palliolella ; [ nacl ] , # 5659 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : f . 13b , pl . 4 , f . 40 - 44
acrobasis cunulae ; [ nacl ] , # 5685 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 54 , 13e , pl . 5 , f . 29 - 30
acrobasis irrubriella ely , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 3 - 4 ) : 161 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis carpinivorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5665 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 61 , f . 14a , pl . 6 , f . 2023
acrobasis sylviella ely , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 3 - 4 ) : 161 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis coryliella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 ; tl : ( new york ? )
acrobasis vaccinii ; [ nacl ] , # 5653 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 21 , f . 5a , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 10
acrobasis minimella ; [ nacl ] , # 5657 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 4a , 7c - d , pl . 3 , f . 17 - 22
acrobasis caryalbella ; [ nacl ] , # 5660 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 50 , f . 13a , pl . 5 , f . 11 - 13
acrobasis cirroferella ; [ nacl ] , # 5684 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 56 , f . 14e , pl . 5 , f . 38 - 39
acrobasis betulivorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5689 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 60 , f . 13h , pl . 6 , f . 18 - 19
acrobasis ostryella ; [ nacl ] , # 5680 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 63 , f . 14g , pl . 6 , f . 31 - 35
acrobasis coryliella ; [ nacl ] , # 5682 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 65 , f . 14i , pl . 6 , f . 41 - 43
acrobasis comptella ; [ nacl ] , # 5656 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 29 , f . 5d , 8b , pl . 3 , f . 7 - 16
acrobasis comptoniella ; [ nacl ] , # 5691 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 56 , f . 6c , 14c , pl . 5 , f . 31 - 37
acrobasis betulella ; [ nacl ] , # 5688 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 59 , f . 3e , 14f , pl . 6 , f . 10 - 17
acrobasis blanchardorum neunzig , 1973 ; proc . ent . soc . washington 75 ( 2 ) : 165 ; tl : sierra diablo wildlife mgt . area , culberson co . , texas
acrobasis blanchardorum ; [ nacl ] , # 5694 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 8a , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 28 , pl . e , f . 2
acrobasis evanescentella ; [ nacl ] , # 5668 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 36 , pl . 3 , f . 40 - 41 , pl . 4 , f . 1
acrobasis juglandis ; [ nacl ] , # 5661 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 50 , f . 3a , 5e , 13d , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 10
acrobasis kearfottella ; [ nacl ] , # 5663 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 51 , 13c , pl . 5 , f . 14 - 19 , pl . e , f . 3
acrobasis sylviella ; [ nacl ] , # 5662 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 61 , f . 14d , pl . 6 , f . 24 - 27 , pl . e , f . 5
acrobasis caulivorella neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 41 , f . 11a - b , 12a , pl . 4 , f . 9 - 11 ; tl : dellwood , florida
acrobasis tricolorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5655 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 28 , 7a - b , pl . 2 , f . 34 - 45 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 6
acrobasis juglanivorella neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 38 , f . 9a - b , 10b , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : dane co . , wisconsin
acrobasis texana neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 34 , f . 9c - d , 10a , pl . 3 , f . 37 - 39 ; tl : junction , kimble co . , texas
acrobasis demotella ; [ nacl ] , # 5674 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 5c , pl . 4 , f . 30 - 34 , pl . b , f . 1 - 2 , pl . e , f . 4
acrobasis rubrifasciella ; [ nacl ] , # 5690 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 57 , f . 3c , 5h , 14b , pl . 5 , f . 40 - 42 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 8
acrobasis kylesi neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 62 , f . 11c - d , 12b , 13g , pl . 6 , f . 28 - 30 ; tl : saline , bienville parish , louisiana
tinea obtusella hübner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 6 ] : ( ? )
from ( nova scotia - florida ) - to ( wiscon - texas ) , introduced ? ( washington ) . see [ maps ]
larva on vaccinium corymbosum , v . macrocarpon , v . vitis - idaea , v . stamineum , gaylussacia spp . [ mna15 . 2 ] , 23
nova scotia , prince edward i . , new brunswick , quebec , ontario , maine , new hampshire , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , pennsylvania , mountains ( virginia , north carolina ) , florida ? . see [ maps ]
larva on kalmia angustifolia , k . latifolia [ mna15 . 2 ] , 24
larva on malus pumila , cydonia oblonga , prunus spp . , cotoneaster , pyracantha , crataegus spp . , eriobotrya japonica [ mna15 . 2 ] , 27
s . canada , n . usa , rocky mountains - new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]
larva on prunus spp . , malus pumila , prunus armeniaca , sorbus americana , rosa sp . , amelanchier sp . , heteromeles arbutifolia , ( buds and fruits ) [ mna15 . 2 ] : 28
california , oregon , washington , nevada , arizona , utah , new mexico , w . texas , w . oklahoma . see [ maps ]
larva on quercus dumosa , q . douglasii , q . garryana , quercus x _ turbinella _ ajoensis , chrysolepis sempervirens [ mna15 . 2 ] , 29
cape cod , massachusetts - florida - e . texas - arkansas , tennessee , missouri . see [ maps ]
larva on quercus spp . , quercus marilandica , q . velutina , q . rubra , q . falcata , q . laevis , q . alba [ mna15 . 2 ] , 31
w . texas , new mexico , arizona , colorado . see [ maps ]
se . ontario , michigan , illinois - south carolina , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . cordiformis , c . tomentosa , c . pallida , c . glabra , c . ovata , carya carolinae - septentrionalis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 34
larva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 34
larva on carya spp . , carya illinoensis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 37
e . new mexico , texas , oklahoma , louisiana , missouri , s . illinois , mississippi , alabama , florida , na . georgia , south carolina , north carolina . see [ maps ]
ontario , connecticut , new york , new jersey , district of columbia , michigan , illinois , missouri , tennessee , arkansas , north carolina , south carolina , na . georgia , florida , e . texas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa , c . glabra , c . pallida , juglans regia ? [ mna15 . 2 ] , 43
massachusetts , connecticut , new york , new jersey , pennsylvania , district of columbia , west virginia , tennessee , north carolina , michigan , missouri . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa , c . illinoensis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 45
ontario , new hampshire , new york , pennsylvania , w . north carolina , michigan , illinois , missouri , arkansas , e . texas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . glabra , carya ovalis , c . tomentosa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 46
larva on juglans nigra , carya spp . ? [ mna15 . 2 ] , 57
ontario , new york , connecticut , pennsylvania , tennessee , n . north carolina , michigan , illinois , wisconsin , missouri , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . ovata , carya carolinae - septentrionalis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 49
ontario , from ( vermont - florida ) - to ( north dakota - new mexico ) . see [ maps ]
phycita juglandis lebaron , 1872 ; 2 nd ann . rept . noxious insects state of illinois : 123 ; tl : ( illinois ? )
larva on carya illinoensis , juglans nigra , j . cinerea , juglans microcarpa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 50
massachusetts , connecticut , new york , michigan , w . virginia , missouri , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . ovata , c . tomentosa , c . glabra [ mna15 . 2 ] , 51
from ( quebec - florida ) - to ( illinois , missouri , arkansas , e . texas ) . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa , c . glabra , c . ovata , c . cordiformis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 52
se . ontario , massachusetts - florida - texas , missouri , new mexico . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , juglans spp . [ mna15 . 2 ] , 53
ontario , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , na . georgia , alabama , florida , mississippi , texas . see [ maps ]
nova scotia , new brunswick , quebec , ontario , maine , new hampshire , vermont , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , new yersey , michigan , wisconsin . see [ maps ]
larva on myrica asplenifolia , m . gale , m . pensylvanica [ mna15 . 2 ] , 56
nova scotia - manitoba , from ( maine - n . florida ) - to ( minnesota - e . texas ) . see [ maps ]
larva on alnus spp . , alnus serrulata , a . rugosa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 58
larva on betula , b . populifolia , b . papyrifera [ mna15 . 2 ] , 60
e . north carolina , se . mississippi , e . texas . see [ maps ]
ontario , new york , michigan , massachusetts , connecticut , north carolina , louisiana . see [ maps ]
larva on ostrya virginiana , less corylus spp . [ mna15 . 2 ] , 62
ontario , massachusetts , connecticut , north carolina , florida , missouri , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
ontario , massachusetts , connecticut , n . north carolina , iowa , wisconsin , illinois , missouri . see [ maps ]
larva on corylus americana , c . cornuta [ mna15 . 2 ] , 64
massachusetts , connecticut , new york , north carolina , illinois , wisconsin . see [ maps ]
this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
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fourth annual report on the noxious , beneficial and other insects of the state of missouri , made to the state board of agriculture . . . 4th ann . rep . , missouri :
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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neunzig , h . h . , 1986 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 2 , p . 52 ; pl . 5 . 20 - 28 . order
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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the pecan nut case - bearer is the most important insect that attacks the pecan in texas . a study of the life history is essential to an approach at control methods . the following article summarizes the main points in the life history which has been studied for six years at several points in the state of texas . there are either two or four generations of this insect a year which fact probably depends on the food supply . the larva spends the winter in a hibernaculum which it spins on the side of a bud . the first larva emerges from its hibernaculum in march or april and bores into the new growth . the larval and pupal period of the spring brood is passed within this growth , the adult deposits the eggs on tip of the nut or in grooves on the sides . the young larva hollows out the interior of the nuts and pupates within one . the larvae of the second generation also hollows out the nut but the larval stage of the third generation is usually passed within the shuck .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .