acropyga acutiventris is an ant in the formicinae subfamily .

it lives underground in tropical regions and forms a mutualistic association with the mealybug , xenococcus annandalei .

acropyga acutiventris

acropyga roger , 1862a : 242 . type - species : acropyga acutiventris , by monotypy .
this species is the largest known acropyga species , and is closely related to acropyga acutiventris .
senior synonym of acropyga flava : forel , 1894c pdf : 418 ; of acropyga australis : taylor , 1992a pdf : 58 ; of acropyga carinata , acropyga crassicornis , acropyga indosinensis , acropyga javana , acropyga moluccana , acropyga mysolensis , acropyga occipitalis , acropyga opaca , acropyga papuana , acropyga undecemus : lapolla , 2004 pdf : 31 .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see acropyga acutiventris for further details
acropyga acutiventris : syntypes , worker ( s ) and queen ( s ) , sri lanka .
javana . acropyga ( acropyga ) acutiventris var . javana karavaiev , 1933a : 308 ( w . m . ) indonesia ( java ) . junior synonym of acutiventris : lapolla , 2004a : 31 .
carinata . acropyga acutiventris var . carinata karavaiev , 1933a : 310 ( w . ) indonesia ( sumatra ) . junior synonym of acutiventris : lapolla , 2004a : 32 .
39 ) pupae both naked and with cocoons ; naked pupae reported for acropyga ayanganna , new species and acropyga keira , new species ; pupae with cocoons reported for acropyga acutiventris .
this taxon is not in use as it is currently considered to be a junior synonym of acropyga acutiventris .
acropyga acutiventris 18s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , hymenoptera , apocrita , aculeata , vespoidea , formicidae , formicinae , lasiini , acropyga )
acropyga acutiventris 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , hymenoptera , apocrita , aculeata , vespoidea , formicidae , formicinae , lasiini , acropyga )
original karawajew label ( - s ) : “acrotyga ( acropyga ) / acutiventris v . javana kar . / buitenzorg , 2370 . ” .
10 ) * eyes small , typically consisting of fewer than 10 facets , though more than 20 facets observed in acropyga acutiventris and acropyga rubescens ; eyes laterally placed , at the lower 1 / 4 of the head .
bugnioni . acropyga acutiventris subsp . bugnioni forel , 1911i : 226 ( w . q . ) sri lanka . junior synonym of rubescens : lapolla , 2004a : 33 .
malacomyrma emery , 1922d : 109 [ as subgenus of acropyga ] . type - species : acropyga silvestrii , by monotypy .
cyndy parr set
acropyga goeldii ( casent0903184 ) head
as an exemplar on
acropyga goeldii forel , 1893
.
indosinensis . acropyga ( rhizomyrma ) indosinensis wheeler , w . m . 1935c : 72 . replacement name for acropyga silvestrii wheeler , w . m . 1927h : 100 . [ junior primary homonym of acropyga silvestrii emery , 1915g : 21 . ] junior synonym of acutiventris : lapolla , 2004a : 32 .
crassicornis . acropyga crassicornis emery , 1900d : 698 ( footnote ) , fig . 13 ( w . ) new guinea . junior synonym of acutiventris : lapolla , 2004a : 31 .
mysolensis . acropyga moluccana subsp . mysolensis forel , 1911e : 285 ( w . ) indonesia ( misool i . ) . junior synonym of acutiventris : lapolla , 2004a : 31 .
occipitalis . acropyga moluccana var . occipitalis stitz , 1912 : 510 , fig . 12 ( w . ) new guinea . junior synonym of acutiventris : lapolla , 2004a : 31 .
undecemus . pseudolasius undecemus donisthorpe , 1949c : 756 ( w . ) new guinea . combination in acropyga : bolton , 1995b : 58 . junior synonym of acutiventris : lapolla , 2004a : 32 .
acropyga acutiventris bugnioni forel , 1911c : 226 ( w . q . ) . 2 syntype workers , sri lanka : no specific locality given ( naturhistorisches museum basel ) [ examined ] . new synonym .
papuana . acropyga ( acropyga ) moluccana subsp . papuana mann , 1919 : 364 ( w . ) solomon is . wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . 1953c : 136 ( l . ) . junior synonym of acutiventris : lapolla , 2004a : 31 .
flava . plagiolepis flava mayr , 1862 : 699 ( q . m . ) nicobar is . combination in acropyga : mayr , 1862 : 769 . junior synonym of acutiventris : forel , 1894c : 418 .
lapolla , j . s . 2004 . acropyga ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) of the world . the american entomological institute 33 ( 3 ) : 1 - 130 ( page 32 , junior synonym of acutiventris )
opaca . acropyga moluccana var . opaca stitz , 1911a : 370 ( w . ) new guinea . donisthorpe , 1948g : 139 ( m . ) . junior synonym of acutiventris : lapolla , 2004a : 31 .
rubens . acropyga acutiventris subsp . rubens forel , 1911e : 286 ( w ) no locality stated . [ this name most probably in error for rubescens . ] junior synonym of rubescens : emery , 1925b : 28 .
xenococcus acropygae williams 1998 : 23 . type data : indonesia : sulawesi , sulawesi utara , dumoga - bone national park , toraut forest , with acropyga ( acropyga ) acutiventris roger . . holotype , female , type depository : london : the natural history museum , england , uk . accepted valid name
lapolla ( 2004 ) - worker : 11 segmented antennae ; mandible with 5 teeth and indistinct ridges that run along dorsal surface fading toward median portion of mandibles ; scapes > 0 . 9 mm ; many erect hairs on head , mesosoma and gaster giving ant a
spiky appearance .
queen : as in worker with modifications expected for caste . male : as in acropyga acutiventris , except hairier and penis valve differences . compare with acropyga acutiventris .
acropyga in formicinae , lasius genus group : agosti , 1991 pdf : 296 .
acropyga in formicinae , lasiini : bolton , 2003 pdf : 22 , 94 .
acropyga acutiventris has a large range that occupies much of the australasian , indo - australian , and oriental regions . it can be found from india east to northern australia . it is one of the most commonly encountered species in the genus .
19 ) proventriculus asepalous ( see eisner , 1957 ; prins , 1980 ; this study [ acropyga ayanganna , new species ; acropyga keira , new species examined ] ) .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see acropyga rubescens for further details
australis . acropyga moluccana var . australis forel , 1902h : 477 ( w . ) australia . wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . 1968 : 209 ( l . ) . subspecies of acutiventris : forel , 1911e : 286 ; of moluccana : taylor & brown , d . r . 1985 : 108 . junior synonym of acutiventris : taylor , 1992a : 58 ; lapolla , 2004a : 31 .
9 ) * palpal formula always less than 6 : 4 , typically 2 : 3 or 3 : 3 , though up to 5 : 4 is known in acropyga arnoldi and acropyga paleartica .
little is known about acropyga rubescens . until further studies reveal more about this species we can infer that its natural history and biology should be similar to other acropyga . lapolla published a worldwide revision of the acropyga in 2004 and the following synopsis is based on this excellent treatment of the genus .
atopodon forel , 1912m : 771 [ as subgenus of acropyga ] . type - species : acropyga ( atopodon ) inezae , by subsequent designation of wheeler , w . m . 1913a : 79 .
rhizomyrma forel , 1893g : 347 [ as subgenus of acropyga ] . type - species : acropyga ( rhizomyrma ) goeldii , by subsequent designation of wheeler , w . m . 1911f : 172 .
acropyga acutiventris rubens forel , 19l1a : 286 ( w . ) . holotype worker , no locality provided ( depository unknown ) [ not examined ] . synonym of a . rubescens by emery , 1925 [ probably a miss - spelling of rubescens ( bolton , 1995 ) ] ( here confirmed ) .
acropyga moluccana australis : syntypes , 7 workers , mackay , queensland , australia , the natural history museum .
this taxon is not in use as it is currently considered to be a junior synonym of acropyga rubescens .
moluccana . acropyga moluccana mayr , 1879 : 658 ( w . ) indonesia ( seram i . ) . karavaiev , 1933a : 310 ( q . m . ) ; wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . 1953c : 137 ( l . ) . junior synonym of acutiventris : lapolla , 2004a : 31 .
acropyga in camponotinae : forel , 1878c pdf : 379 [ camponotidae ] ; dalla torre , 1893 pdf : 174 .
lapolla , j . s . 2004a . acropyga of the world . contributions of the american entomological institute . 33 ( 3 ) : 1 - 130 . pdf ( page 16 , acropyga senior synonym of subgenera atopodon , malacomyrma , rhizomyrma )
based on blaimer et al . , 2016 . note only selected acropyga species are included , and undescribed species are excluded .
acropyga moluccana australis : syntypes , 3 workers , mackay , queensland , australia , anic32 - 018704 , australian national insect collection .
systematics of the mealybug tribe xenococcini ( hemiptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae ) , with a discussion of trophobiotic associations with acropyga roger ants .
acropyga acutiventris rubescens forel , 1894 : 418 , ( w . q . m . ) . 10 syntype workers , 2 syntype queens , 3 syntype males , india : kanara ( bell ) ( american museum of natural history ) ( the natural history museum ) ( museum of comparative zoology ) [ examined ] . the designated lectotype is a worker labeled jsl type # 111 and is deposited at mczc .
forel , a . 1878c . études myrmécologiques en 1878 ( première partie ) avec l ' anatomie du gésier des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 15 : 337 - 392 ( page 379 , acropyga as genus ; acropyga in camponotinae [ camponotidae ] )
lapolla ( 2004 ) - acropyga rubescens has been elevated to species status based on 6 points of distinction from a . acutiventris : 1 ) setation of a . rubsecens is distinct : a ) much denser hairs in general found across body ; b ) hairs on posterior margin of head often very long , much longer than seen in a . acutiventris ; c ) mesosomal hairs longer and denser ; 2 ) a . rubescens larger overall ; 3 ) with longer scapes ( higher si ) ; 4 ) dorsal mandibular striate sculpture thinner disappearing about mid - way toward mandible articulation point with head ; 5 ) shapes of penis valves differ ; 6 ) both
forms
are sympatric in india / sri lanka region .
acropyga as genus : roger , 1862a pdf : 242 ; smith , 1871b pdf : 319 ; forel , 1878c pdf : 379 ; all subsequent authors .
neu - guinea k . a . f . exp . bürgers | | acropyga moluccana occipitalis stz . | | type ; 1 pin recorded ( mnhb )
prins , aj . 1982 . review of anoplolepis with reference to male genitalia , and notes on acropyga . annals of the south african museum 89 : 215 - 247 .
bolton , b . 2003 . synopsis and classification of formicidae . mem . am . entomol . inst . 71 : 370pp ( page 95 , acropyga transfered into tribe lasiini )
weber , n . a . 1944 . the neotropical coccid - tending ants of the genus acropyga roger . annals of the entomological society of america 37 : 89 - 122 .
roger , j . 1862a . einige neue exotische ameisen - gattungen und arten . berl . entomol . z . 6 : 233 - 254 ( page 242 , acropyga as genus )
wheeler , w . m . 1935b . ants of the genus acropyga roger , with description ofa new species . journal of the new york entomological society 43 : 321 - 329 .
wheeler , w . m . 1935b . ants of the genus acropyga roger , with description of a new species . journal of the new york entomological society 43 : 321 - 329 .
acropyga in formicinae , plagiolepidini : ashmead , 1905c pdf : 384 ; wheeler , 1922 : 695 ; emery , 1925d pdf : 27 ; ward , blaimer & fisher , 2016 pdf : 348 .
forel , a . 1886a . einige ameisen aus itajahy ( brasilien ) . mitt . schweiz . entomol . ges . 7 : 210 - 217 ( page 212 , acropyga in camponotinae , plagiolepidini )
6 ) * torulae tubular and elongated , touching posterior clypeal margin , typically closely set together ( only in acropyga kinomurai are torulae very widely separated from each other ) ; small triangular area between torulae .
lapolla , j . s . 2004 . acropyga ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) of the world . the american entomological institute 33 ( 3 ) : 1 - 130 ( page 33 , junior synonym of rubescens )
fossil evidence suggests that the trophobiotic behavior of acropyga ants is an ancient one . johnson et ai . ( 2001 ) first reported this relationship from specimens found in dominican amber . queens were holding mealybugs in their mandibles or had mealybugs nearby in the amber matrix . lapolla ( 2005 ) described this species as acropyga glaesaria . the amber was dated to the miocene and is at least 15 - 20 million years old .
wheeler , w . m . 1910b . ants : their structure , development and behavior . new york : columbia university press , xxv + 663 pp . ( page 143 , acropyga in camponotinae , plagiolepidini )
forel , a . 1895b . a fauna das formigas do brazil . bol . mus . para . hist . nat . ethnogr . 1 : 89 - 139 ( page 107 , acropyga in camponotinae , plagiolepidini )
forel , a . 1917 . cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 51 : 229 - 253 ( page 249 , acropyga in camponotinae , plagiolepidini )
mayr , g . 1863a . formicidarum index synonymicus . verh . k - k . zool . - bot . ges . wien 13 : 385 - 460 ( page 394 , acropyga as junior synonym of plagiolepis )
mating pair of acropyga sauteri . note queen carrying a mealybug in her mandibles . this mealybug is a
seed individual
used by the queen to establish a new generation of mealybugs within her newly founded ant colony .
lapolla , j . s . 2004a . acropyga of the world . contributions of the american entomological institute . 33 ( 3 ) : 1 - 130 . pdf ( page 3 , raised to species : new status )
forel , a . 1893b . sur la classification de la famille des formicides , avec remarques synonymiques . ann . soc . entomol . belg . 37 : 161 - 167 ( page 165 , acropyga in camponotinae , plagiolepidini )
forel , a . 1912j . formicides néotropiques . part vi . 5me sous - famille camponotinae forel . mém . soc . entomol . belg . 20 : 59 - 92 ( page 88 , acropyga in camponotinae , plagiolepidini )
weber , n . a . 1944b . the neotropical coccid - tending ants of the genus acropyga roger . ann . entomol . soc . am . 37 : 89 - 122 ( page 91 , key to neotropical species )
dalla torre , k . w . von . 1893 . catalogus hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus . vol . 7 . formicidae ( heterogyna ) . leipzig : w . engelmann , 289 pp . ( page 174 , acropyga in camponotinae )
emery , c . 1895l . die gattung dorylus fab . und die systematische eintheilung der formiciden . zool . jahrb . abt . syst . geogr . biol . tiere 8 : 685 - 778 ( page 771 , acropyga in camponotinae , plagiolepidini )
lapolla published a worldwide revision of the acropyga in 2004 and the following synopsis is based on this excellent treatment of the genus . in overall appearance , acropyga are small , robust , yellowish ants possessing a thin , easily collapsible cuticle . the species generally appear rather similar to each other morphologically . there are currently ~ 40 known species . the species diversity of the genus could increase significantly as litter sampling techniques are being more widely adopted and employed by ant collectors . in the past acropyga have been poorly collected , and underrepresented in major ant collections , likely due to their being overlooked . an important implication of this poor collecting coverage is that our understanding of the range and habitat affinities of most species should , at best , be considered preliminary in nature .
1 ) small , robust , yellow to brownish - yellow ( to occasionally slightly reddish - yellow ) formicine ants ( total length up to 5 mm as found in acropyga rubescens , typically however most species smaller , around 2 mm in total length ) .
acropyga are found world wide in warm temperate and tropical areas . workers are small , found mainly in soil or under objects . they rarely forage on the surface and are presumed to subsist entirely on their obligatorily - tended mealybugs , which they tend for honeydew .
silvestrii . acropyga ( rhizomyrma ) silvestrii wheeler , w . m . 1927h : 100 , fig . 7 ( w . ) vietnam . [ junior primary homonym of silvestrii emery , above . ] replacement name : indosinensis wheeler , w . m . 1935c : 72 .
ashmead , w . h . 1905c . a skeleton of a new arrangement of the families , subfamilies , tribes and genera of the ants , or the superfamily formicoidea . can . entomol . 37 : 381 - 384 ( page 384 , acropyga in formicinae , plagiolepidini )
terayama , m . ; fellowes , j . r . ; zhou , s . 2002 . the east asian species of the ant genus acropyga roger , 1862 ( hymenoptera : formicidae : formicinae ) . edaphologia 70 : 21 - 32 ( page 23 , description and key )
agosti , d . 1991 . revision of the oriental ant genus cladomyrma , with an outline of the higher classification of the formicinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . syst . entomol . 16 : 293 - 310 pdf ( page 296 , acropyga in formicinae , lasius genus group )
acropyga in camponotinae , plagiolepidini : forel , 1886h pdf : 212 ; forel , 1893b pdf : 165 ; forel , 1895b pdf : 107 ; emery , 1895l pdf : 771 ; wheeler , 1910a pdf : 143 ; forel , 1912j pdf : 88 ; forel , 1917 pdf : 249 .
williams , d j . 1998 . mealybugs of the genera eumyrmococcus silvestri and xenococcus silvestri associated with the ant genus acropyga roger and a review of the subfamily ( hemiptera , coccoidea , pseudoccidae ) . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) ( entomology ) 67 : 1 - 64 .
lapolla , j . s . , s . p . cover & u . g . mueller . 2002 . natural history of the mealybug - tending ant acropyga epedana , with descriptions of the male and queen castes . transactions of the american entomological society 128 ( 3 ) : 367 - 376 .
johnson , c . , d . agosti , j . h . delabie , k . dumpert , oj . williams , m . von tschimhaus & u . maschwitz . 2001 . acropyga and azteca ants with scale insects : 20 million years ofintimate symbiosis . american museum noviates 3335 : 1 - 18 .
acropyga senior synonym of atopodon , malacomyrma , rhizomyrma : lapolla , 2004 : 16 . [ the former subgenera were listed as junior synonyms in hölldobler & wilson , 1990 : 18 , without reason ; reverted to subgeneric status in bolton , 1994 : 51 pending revision ; formally synonymised by lapolla , above . ]
johnson , c . , d . agosti , j . h . delabie , k . dumpert , oj . williams , m . von tschimhaus & u . maschwitz . 2001 . acropyga and azteca ants with scale insects : 20 million years of intimate symbiosis . american museum noviates 3335 : 1 - 18 .
lapolla , j . s . , cover , s . p . and mueller , u . g . 2002 . natural history of the mealybug - tending ant acropyga epedana , with descriptions of the male and queen castes . transactions of the american entomological society . 128 ( 3 ) : 367 - 376 pdf
smith , f . 1871a . a catalogue of the aculeate hymenoptera and ichneumonidae of india and the eastern archipelago . with introductory remarks by a . r . wallace . [ part ] . j . linn . soc . lond . zool . 11 : 285 - 348 ( page 319 , acropyga as genus )
lapolla , j . s . 2004a . acropyga of the world . contributions of the american entomological institute . 33 ( 3 ) : 1 - 130 . pdf ( page 31 , senior synonym of flava , crassicornis , australis , mysolensis , opaca , occipitalis , papuana , javana , carinata , indosinensis , and undecemus )
wheeler , w . m . 1922i . ants of the american museum congo expedition . a contribution to the myrmecology of africa . vii . keys to the genera and subgenera of ants . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 45 : 631 - 710 ( page 695 , acropyga in formicinae , plagiolepidini )
blaimer , b . b . ; lapolla , j . s . ; branstetter , m . g . ; lloyd , m . w . ; brady , s . g . 2016 . phylogenomics , biogeography and diversification of obligate mealybug - tending ants in the genus acropyga . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 102 : 20 - 29 .
dlussky , g . m . ; fedoseeva , e . b . 1988 . origin and early stages of evolution in ants . pp . 70 - 144 in : ponomarenko , a . g . ( ed . ) cretaceous biocenotic crisis and insect evolution . moskva : nauka , 232 pp . ( page 77 , acropyga incertae sedis in formicinae )
lapolla ( 2004 ) - immature stages of acropyga species are poorly known and a thorough analysis cannot be completed at this time . there may be an interesting trend however in that in the new world pupae have been found to be naked , while in the old world pupae have cocoons . given that pupae are known for only 3 species however , it is too early to draw any general conclusions .
lapolla ( 2004 ) - worker : 11 segmented antennae ; mandible with 5 teeth and distinct ridges that run along dorsal surface ; many erect hairs on head , mesosoma and gaster giving ant a
spiky appearance
; eyes prominent . queen : as in worker with modifications expected for caste . male : 12 segmented antennae ; parameres with dense covering of erect hairs and with dorsolateral expansions medially . compare with acropyga rubescens .
in overall appearance acropyga are small , robust , yellowish ants possessing a thin , easily collapsible cuticle . the species generally appear rather similar to each other morphologically . in some species workers and queens display an unusual range of phenotypic variation . antennal segment number , for example , can vary within and between species . even a single specimen may posses antennae with a different number of antennal segments and workers in numerous species possess one more antennal segment than conspecific males .
roger , 1863b pdf : 11 ( catalogue ) ; forel , 1878c pdf : 379 ( diagnosis ) ; dalla torre , 1893 pdf : 174 ( catalogue ) ; bingham , 1903 pdf : 332 ( diagnosis ) ; wheeler , 1922 : 928 ( afrotropical catalogue ) ; emery , 1925d pdf : 27 ( diagnosis , subgenera key , catalogue ) ; emery , 1925d pdf : 29 , 30 ( rhizomyrma ) ) ; weber , 1944b pdf : 91 ( neotropical acropyga ( rhizomyrma ) species key ) ; chapman & capco , 1951 pdf : 210 ( asia checklist ) ; kempf , 1972b pdf : 16 ( neotropical catalogue ) ; smith , 1979 : 1423 ( north america catalogue ) ; taylor & brown , 1985 : 107 ( australia catalogue ) ; taylor , 1987a pdf : 5 ( australia checklist ) ; morisita , kubota , et al . , 1991 : 14 ( japan species key ) ; wang & wu , 1992a pdf : 227 ( china species key ) ; bolton , 1994 : 51 ( synoptic classification ) ; bolton , 1995a pdf : 1047 ( census ) ; bolton , 1995b : 57 ( catalogue ) ; shattuck , 1999 : 86 ( australia synopsis ) ; terayama , fellowes & zhou , 2002 pdf : 22 ( diagnosis , east asian species key ) ; lapolla , 2004 pdf : 16 ( diagnosis , all species revision , new world species key : 23 , old world species key : 27 ) ; lapolla & fisher , 2005 pdf : 601 ( afrotropical species , key ) ; lapolla , schultz , et al . 2006 : 197 ( phylogeny ) ; terayama , 2009 pdf : 204 ( taiwan species key ) ; heterick , 2009 pdf : 60 ( south - western australia species key ) ; blaimer , lapolla , branstetter , lloyd & brady , 2016 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2016 . 05 . 030 pdf : 20 ( phylogenomics ) ; cantone , 2017 pdf : 146 ( brief male diagnosis )
dealate queen carrying a mealybug . from sakaerat , korat province , thailand . ( image by christian peeters )
worker ant pulls a cocoon to safety after the photographer disturbs her nest . cape tribulation , queensland , australia . ( image by alex wild . )
within australia this species can be separated from other members of the genus by the presence of long erect hairs on the antennal scapes and posterior margin of the head .
limited to the top end and northern queensland where it occurs primarily in rainforest with a few records from savanna woodlands .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
: lapolla , 2004a : 31 . see also : terayama , fellowes & zhou , 2002 : 23 .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
lapolla ( 2004 ) - ( n = l0 ) : tl : 2 . 67 - 3 . 53 ; hw : 0 . 8 - 0 . 912 ; hl : 0 . 803 - 0 . 896 ; sl : 0 . 628 - 0 . 827 ; ml : 0 . 836 - 1 . 03 ; gl : 0 . 933 - 1 . 74 ; ci : 91 . 07 - 104 . 25 ; si : 78 . 7 - 97 . 97 .
head : yellow to light brownish - yellow ; head about as broad as long ; posterior margin concave ; covered in a thick layer of appressed hairs , with many scattered erect hairs , especially along posterior margin ; eyes relatively large , placed at lower 1 / 4 of head ; 11 segmented , incrassate antennae ; scape reaches or surpasses posterior margin by about length of pedicel ; clypeus broad , slightly convex medially with many erect hairs , the longest ones along anterior clypeal margin ; mandible with 5 uneven teeth ; 3rd and 5th tooth ( from apical to basal ) smaller than others ; dorsal surface of mandible with distinct ridges across surface from about base of teeth toward insertion of mandibles ; slight gap present between inner mandibular surface and anterior clypeal margin . mesosoma : yellow to light brownish - yellow ; pronotum in lateral view typically with short shelf before rising sharply toward mesonotum ; mesonotum rounded with many erect and appressed hairs at apex ; metanotal area distinct ; propodeum below level of mesonotum , dorsum flat before steep declivity ; propodeum with short erect and appressed hairs . gaster : yellow to light brownish - yellow to reddish - yellow ; petiole thick and erect reaching height of propodeum ; yellow to light brownish - yellow ; gaster covered in thick layer of appressed hairs with many scattered erect hairs throughout giving a
spiky
appearance .
lapolla ( 2004 ) - ( n = 3 ) : tl : 4 . 56 - 5 . 09 ; hw : 1 . 02 - 1 . 06 ; hl : 0 . 967 - 1 . 01 ; sl : 0 . 902 - 0 . 971 ; ml : 1 . 4 - 1 . 63 ; gl : 2 . 19 - 2 . 63 ; ci : 102 . 97 - 106 ; si : 85 . 09 - 95 . 2 . as in worker with modifications expected for caste .
lapolla ( 2004 ) - ( n = 3 ) : tl : 2 . 89 - 3 . 33 ; hw : 0 . 604 - 0 . 644 ; hl : 0 . 588 - 0 . 626 ; sl : 0 . 529 - 0 . 617 ; ml : 1 . 03 - l . l6 ; gl : 1 . 27 - 1 . 56 ; ci : 102 . 72 - 103 . 09 ; si : 87 . 58 - 95 . 81 .
the following notes on v . a . karavaiev type specimens have been provided by martynov & radchenko ( 2016 ) based on material held in the institute of zoology , ukrainian academy of science :
type locality ( - ies ) : “depok , w . java , djungeln , 22 . xii . 1912 ( nr . 2344 ) , zahlreiche ww von 2 , 5 - 3 mm länge . kolonie im boden zwischen den wurzeln eines großen baumes , in der nachbarschaft einer termitenkolonie . — bujtenzorg , java , botan . garten ( nr . 2370 ) , zahlreiche ww von 3 - 3 , 5 mm länge und mm . koloniein der erde” .
material : syntypes , 5 w ( newly mounted , in 314 / 6 / 1 ) , 211 w ( in alcohol , in 314 / bams1 / karaw61 ) .
forel , a . 1894c . les formicides de l ' empire des indes et de ceylan . part iv . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 8 : 396 - 420 ( page 418 , senior synonym of flava )
forel , a . ( 1902 ) fourmis nouvelles d ' australie . revue suisse de zoologie , 10 : 405–548 .
forel , a . ( 1911 ) die ameisen des k . zoologischen museums in münchen . sitzungsberichte der mathematischen - physikalischen klasse der königlich bayerischen akademie der wissenschaften zu münchen , 11 : 249–303 .
imai , h . t . ; brown , w . l . , jr . ; kubota , m . ; yong , h . - s . ; tho , y . p . 1984 . chromosome observations on tropical ants from western malaysia . ii . annu . rep . natl . inst . genet . jpn . 34 : 66 - 69 ( page 68 , karyotype described )
martynov , a . v . , radchenko , a . g . 2016 . karawajew ' s ant type specimens ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) in the national museum of natural history of the national academy of sciences of ukraine . zootaxa 4097 ( 2 ) : 244–254 .
roger , j . ( 1862 ) einige neue exotische ameisen - gattungen und arten . berliner entomologische zeitschrift , 6 : 233–254 . ( page 243 , worker , queen described )
taylor , r . w . 1992a . nomenclature and distribution of some australian and new guinean ants of the subfamily formicinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . j . aust . entomol . soc . 31 : 57 - 69 ( page 58 , senior synonym of australis )
this page was last modified on 17 december 2017 , at 20 : 29 .
bolton , b . 1995b . a new general catalogue of the ants of the world . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , 504 pp . ( page 57 , catalogue )
forel , a . 1911c . ameisen aus ceylon , gesammelt von prof . k . escherich ( einige von prof . e . bugnion ) . pp . 215 - 228 in : escherich , k . termitenleben auf ceylon . jena : gustav fischer , xxxii + 262 pp . ( page 226 , worker , queen described )
this page was last modified on 11 april 2016 , at 16 : 27 .
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imai , brown , et al . 1984 : 68 ( k . ) .
photographed at ground nest , bangalore , india . dr . kalesh sadasivan 2014 .
roger , j . , 1862 , einige neue exotische ameisen - gattungen und arten . , berliner entomologische zeitschrift 6 , pp . 233 - 254 : 243 - 244 , ( download )
forel , a . , 1894 , les formicides de l ' empire des indes et de ceylan . part iv . adjonction aux genres camponotus , mayr . , et polyrhachis , shuck . , journal of the bombay natural history society 8 , pp . 396 - 420 : 418 , ( download )
mayr , g . , 1862 , myrmecologische studien . , verhandlungen der zoologisch - botanischen gesellschaft in wien 12 , pp . 649 - 776 : 769 , ( download )
8 times found in rainforest , 2 times found in tropical rainforest , 1 times found in forest , 2 times found in lowland wet forest , 0 times found in rainforest ( disturbed ) , 0 times found in lowland rainforest , 2 times found in 2nd growth wet forest , 1 times found in rainforest edge , 0 times found in relict rainforest on agusan river , 0 times found in open forest , . . .
4 times ex rotten log , 0 times in soil , under wood , 1 times ex rtn . log , 2 times under stone , 3 times ex sifted leaf litter , 0 times ex rotting log , 1 times under log , 1 times under epiphytes , 0 times litter , 1 times workers under stone , 0 times berlesate , . . .
3 times search , 3 times winkler , 1 times berlesate , 0 times flight intercept trap , 0 times malaise trap / ethanol , 1 times plot - 3 .
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imai , brown , et al . 1984 : 68 ( k . ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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worker ant tends to root - feeding mealybugs in an underground chamber . the ants depend on their hemipteran
cattle
for food , while the mealybugs are kept safe from predators and carried to new roots by their ant guards . viçosa , minas gerais , brazil .
afrotropical , australasia , indomalaya , nearctic , neotropical , oceania , palearctic bioregions ( based on species list records ) .
forel , a . , 1893 , formicides de l ' antille st . vincent . récoltées par mons . h . h . smith . , transactions of the entomological society of london 1893 , pp . 333 - 418 : 347 - 348 , ( download )
roger , j . , 1862 , einige neue exotische ameisen - gattungen und arten . , berliner entomologische zeitschrift 6 , pp . 233 - 254 : 242 - 243 , ( download )
antweb is funded from private donations and from grants from the national science foundation , deb - 0344731 , ef - 0431330 and deb - 0842395 . c : 0
8 times found in rainforest , 2 times found in tropical rainforest , 1 times found in forest , 0 times found in rainforest ( disturbed ) , 0 times found in lowland rainforest , 2 times found in lowland wet forest , 1 times found in rainforest edge , 2 times found in 2nd growth wet forest , 0 times found in search party campsite , 0 times found in decid . vine thicket , . . .
4 times ex rotten log , 0 times in soil , under wood , 1 times ex rtn . log , 2 times under stone , 3 times ex sifted leaf litter , 1 times under log , 1 times under epiphytes , 0 times ex rotting log , 0 times litter , 1 times workers under stone , 0 times berlesate , . . .
3 times search , 3 times winkler , 0 times flight intercept trap , 0 times malaise trap / ethanol , 1 times plot - 3 , 1 times berlesate .
lapolla ( 2004 ) - workers can be separated from other formicine ants by a combination of possessing 11 or fewer antennal segments ; tubular , elongate torulae ; small eyes ( generally only a few facets ) that are laterally placed at lower 1 / 4 of head ; low palp formula ( less than 6 : 4 ) ; large , round propodeal spiracles ; and heads and gasters covered in a dense layer of short appressed hairs with scattered erect hairs throughout . queens are very similar in general appearance to workers , though they always possess large , flat mesonota . males are more difficult to diagnose , though they always have 12 or fewer antennal segments , palp formulae less than 6 : 4 , and large , prominent genitalia .
species richness by country based on regional taxon lists ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . view data
worker carries a mealybug . viçosa , minas gerais , brazil ( image by alex wild ) .
in some species workers and queens display an unusual range of phenotypic variation . antennal segment number , for example , can vary within and between species and even a single specimen may possess differing antennal segment numbers from one antenna to the other . workers in numerous speices possess one more antennal segment than conspecific males .
atopodon raised to genus : wheeler , w . m . 1922a : 695 .
rhizomyrma raised to genus : emery , 1906c : 182 ; kusnezov , 1956 : 33 .
3 ) cuticle seemingly always thin , shrinkage and collapsing of cuticle commonly observed in specimens .
4 ) * antennae incrassate ( apical segment always the largest and thickest ) with 7 - 11 segments .
5 ) surface of scapes and flagellae covered in thick layer of appressed hairs .
7 ) * median portion of anterior clypeal margin always with a single hair ; length of hair highly variable , sometimes surpassing apex of closed mandibles .
8 ) mandibles variable , narrow to broad , with 3 - 9 teeth possible , though if with more than 6 teeth , some of those teeth are usually quite small ( intercalary ) .
11 ) head typically covered in a thick layer of short , appressed hairs .
12 ) maximum width of pronotum wider than that of remainder of mesosoma ( in dorsal view ) .
l3 ) mesosoma and legs robust ; legs always with at least a layer of appressed hairs , occasionally with scattered erect hairs as well .
14 ) metanotal area variable with regards to number of sulci present , though the region is never very deeply impressed .
18 ) gaster robust , rounded and larger toward petiole end from where it becomes narrower ( to a point ) posteriorly ; in lateral view tear - drop shaped ; gaster sloping toward acidopore dorsally from anterior to posterior ; venter more flattened than dorsum .
27 ) propodeum short , and low ; declivity typically indistinct from dorsal face of propodeum .
28 ) similar in overall appearance to workers ( though always larger ) with modifications expected for caste ; antennal segment count and mandibular dentition typically same as found in workers .
36 ) propodeum short , and low ; declivity typically indistinct from dorsal face of propodeum .
38 ) larval body hairs adundant and of three types : simple , denticulate , and branched ( wheeler and wheeler , 1953 ) .
biinzli , g . h . 1935 . untersuchungen iiber coccidophile ameisen aus den kaffeefelden von surinam . mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen gesellschaft 16 : 455 - 593 .
brown , w . l . , jr . 1945 . an unusual behavior pattern observed in a szechuanese ant . journal of the west china border research society 15 : 185 - 186 .
buschinger , j . , j . heinze & k . jessen . 1987 . first european record of a queen ant carrying a mealybug during her mating flight . naturwissenschaften 74 : 139 - 140 .
eberhard , w . g . 1978 . mating swarms of a south american acropygia [ sic . ] ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . entomological news 89 ( 1 & 2 ) : 14 - 16 .
eisner , t . 1957 . a comparative morphological study of the proventriculus of ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . bulletin ofthe museum of comparative zoology 116 : 439 - 490 .
klein , r . w . , kovac , d . , schellerich , a . , maschwitz , u . 1992 . mealybug - carrying by swarming queens of the southeast asian bamboo - inhabiting ant . naturwissenschften . 79 : 422 - 423 .
wheeler , g . c . & j . c . wheeler . 1953 . the ant larvae of the subfamily formicinae . annals of the entomological society of america 46 : 126 - 171 .
this page was last modified on 15 june 2018 , at 16 : 42 .
[ [ worker ] ] . antennes do 7 a 11 articles . palpes maxillaires de 2 articles , dont le second est fort petit . palpes labiaux de 3 articles . epistome large et court , a bord anterieur comme entame . mandibules etroites , assez longues , presque droites , laissant entre elles trans . ent . soo . lond . 1893 . - part iv . ( dec . ) 2 b un large espace vide qui laisse voir le labre et les machoires . leur bord terminal , arme de 3 a 4 dents etroites et pointues , est extreme - ment oblique et passe sans limite bien distincte au bord interne ; ce dernier est presque parallele au bord externe . la base du bord externe des mandibules n ' atteint pas l ' angle anterieur lateral de la tete ( l ' articulation mandibulaire est un peu eloignee du bord de la tete ) . yeux extremement petits . pas d ' ocelles . aire frontale distincte , triangulaire . antennes clavees . gesier comme chez les autres plagiolepisii .
jusqu ' ici connues qui sont toutes asiatiques ? l ' avenir le montrera , surtout lorsqu ' on connaitra les [ [ male ] ] . la position du brachymyrmex decedens , mayr
outre l ' espece de st . vincent , dont la [ [ queen ] ] . seule a ete recoltee , une espece du bresil dont j ' ai recu les [ [ worker ] ] de m . le dr . goeldi se rattache a ce nouveau sous - genre . je fais suivre sa description ici en note *
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phloeoditica sp . hlf01 18s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , coleoptera , polyphaga < coleoptera > , cucujiformia , curculionoidea , curculionidae , scolytinae , phloeoditica )
trachymyrmex arizonensis 18s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , hymenoptera , apocrita , aculeata , vespoidea , formicidae , myrmicinae , attini , trachymyrmex )
hyphasis sp . bdf - 2000 18s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , coleoptera , polyphaga < coleoptera > , cucujiformia , chrysomeloidea , chrysomelidae , galerucinae , alticini , oedionychina , hyphasis )
sphaeridium scarabaeoides 18s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , coleoptera , polyphaga < coleoptera > , staphyliniformia , hydrophiloidea , hydrophilidae , sphaeridium )
lampyrinae sp . upol 000m19 18s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , coleoptera , polyphaga < coleoptera > , elateriformia , elateroidea , lampyridae , lampyrinae , unclassified lampyrinae )
aegithus cardinalis 18s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , coleoptera , polyphaga < coleoptera > , cucujiformia , cucujoidea , erotylidae , aegithus )
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
eurysternus plebejus 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , coleoptera , polyphaga < coleoptera > , scarabaeiformia , scarabaeoidea , scarabaeidae , scarabaeinae , eurysternus )
eucoilinae gen . schick sp . 4 mb390 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , hymenoptera , apocrita , cynipoidea , figitidae , eucoilinae , genus schick mb - 2004 )
leioproctus plumosus voucher lepl706 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , hymenoptera , apocrita , aculeata , apoidea , colletidae , paracolletinae , leioproctus )
euryglossina globuliceps voucher eugl692 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , hymenoptera , apocrita , aculeata , apoidea , colletidae , euryglossinae , euryglossina )
dilobocondyla sp . csm - 2006 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , hymenoptera , apocrita , aculeata , vespoidea , formicidae , myrmicinae , formicoxenini , dilobocondyla )
hoplocryptus sp . nl631 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , hymenoptera , apocrita , ichneumonoidea , ichneumonidae , cryptinae , cryptini , agrothereutina , hoplocryptus )
macropis nuda voucher manu17ja 28s ribosomal rna gene , partial sequence . ( endopterygota , hymenoptera , apocrita , aculeata , apoidea , melittidae , melittinae , macropis )
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to go directly to a known taxon of hymenoptera , enter the name below ( maximum size = 256 characters ) . only scientific names are stored in the database , no common names . the text field is case - sensitive and the spelling must exactly match the database entries unless a wildcard ' % ' is used . regardless of wildcard use , all taxa whose name begin with the search string will be displayed .
to retrieve the specimen data of a specimen , type in the full specimen id ( e . g .
, etc . ) or the start of the id and a wildcard ' % ' to display all matches .
general remarks : description and illustration of adult female , first - instar nymph , third - instar female , adult male , third - instar male and fourth - instar male given by williams ( 1998 ) . description and illustration of adult female by williams .
karavaiev , v . 1933a [ 1932 ] . ameisen aus dem indo - australischen gebiet , vii . konowia 11 : 305 - 320 ( page 310 , worker described )
this page was last modified on 11 april 2016 , at 13 : 33 .
lapolla ( 2004 ) - ( n = 7 ) : tl : 3 . 39 - 5 . 11 ; hw : 0 . 891 - 1 . 16 ; hl : 0 . 915 - 1 . 06 ; sl : 0 . 914 - 1 . 16 ; ml : 1 . 07 - 1 . 31 ; gl : 1 . 35 - 2 . 74 ; ci : 91 . 53 - 109 . 43 ; si : 97 . 39 - 106 . 67 .
lapolla ( 2004 ) - ( n = l ) : tl : 6 . 16 ; hw : 1 . 36 ; hl : 1 . 36 ; sl : 1 . 34 ; ml : 2 . 23 ; gl : 2 . 57 ; ci : 100 ; si : 98 . 53 . as in worker with modifications expected for caste .
lapolla ( 2004 ) - ( n = l ) : tl : 3 . 52 ; hw : 0 . 644 ; hl : 0 . 665 ; sl : 0 . 611 ; ml : 1 . 25 ; gl : 1 . 6 ; ci : 96 . 84 ; si : 94 . 88 .
buschinger , j . , j . heinze & k . jessen . 1987 . first european record ofa queen ant carrying a mealybug during her mating flight . natulwissenschaften 74 : 139 - 140 .
eberhard , w . g . 1978 . mating swarms ofa south american acropygia [ sic . ] ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . entomological news 89 ( 1 & 2 ) : 14 - 16 .
eisner , t . 1957 . a comparative morphological study ofthc proventriculus of ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . bulletin ofthe museum of comparative zoology 116 : 439 - 490 .
forel , a . 1894c . les formicides de l ' empire des indes et de ceylan . part iv . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 8 : 396 - 420 ( page 418 , worker , queen , male described )
holldobler b . & e . o . wilson . 1990 . the ants . belknap press , cambridge , massachusetts , 732 pp .
this page was last modified on 18 may 2016 , at 03 : 46 .
milan janda a c e f , pável matos - maraví a b , michaela borovanska a , jan zima jr . a b , eric youngerman c d and naomi e . pierce c
a biology centre of czech academy of sciences , branisovska 31 , ceske budejovice , 37005 , czech republic .
b department of zoology , faculty of science , university of south bohemia , branisovska 31 , 37005 , ceske budejovice , czech republic .
c department of organismic and evolutionary biology and museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , 26 oxford street , cambridge , ma 02138 , usa .
d department of biology , university of utah , salt lake city , ut 84112 , usa .
agosti , d . , majer , j . , alonso , l . , and schultz , t . ( eds ) ( 2000 ) . ‘ants : standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity . ’ biological diversity handbook series . ( smithsonian institution press : washington , dc . )
balke , m . , ribera , i . , and vogler , a . p . ( 2004
) . mtdna phylogeny and biogeography of copelatinae , a highly diverse group of tropical diving beetles ( dytiscidae ) .
mtdna phylogeny and biogeography of copelatinae , a highly diverse group of tropical diving beetles ( dytiscidae ) .
carstens , b . c . , and knowles , l . l . ( 2007
estimating species phylogeny from gene - tree probabilities despite incomplete lineage sorting : an example from melanoplus grasshoppers .
cloos , m . , sapiie , b . , quarles van ufford , a . , weiland , r . j . , warren , p . q . , and mcmahon , t . p . ( 2005
) . collisional delamination in new guinea : the geotectonics of subducting slab breakoff .
clouse , r . , janda , m . , blanchard , b . , sharma , p . , andersen , a . , czekanski - moir , j . , kruschelnycky , p . , rabeling , c . , economo , e . p . , sarnat , e . m . , general , d . , alpert , g . , and wheeler , w . ( 2014
corander , j . , sirén , j . , and arjas , e . ( 2008
craft , k . j . , pauls , s . u . , darrow , k . , miller , s . e . , hebert , p . d . n . , helgen , l . e . , novotny , v . , and weiblen , g . d . ( 2010
) . population genetics of ecological communities with dna barcodes : an example from new guinea lepidoptera .
population genetics of ecological communities with dna barcodes : an example from new guinea lepidoptera .
deiner , k . , lemmon , a . r . , mack , a . l . , fleischer , r . c . , and dumbacher , j . p . ( 2011
) . a passerine bird’s evolution corroborates the geologic history of the island of new guinea .
a passerine bird’s evolution corroborates the geologic history of the island of new guinea .
desalle , r . , templeton , a . , mori , i . , pletscher , s . , and johnston , j . s . ( 1987
drummond , a . j . , suchard , m . a . , xie , d . , and rambaut , a . ( 2012
dupanloup , i . , schneider , s . , and excoffier , l . ( 2002
dyer , l . a . , singer , m . s . , lill , j . t . , stireman , j . o . , gentry , g . l . , marquis , r . j . , ricklefs , r . e . , greeney , h . f . , wagner , d . l . , morais , h . c . , diniz , i . r . , kursar , t . a . , and coley , p . d . ( 2007
economo , e . p . , klimov , p . , sarnat , e . m . , guenard , b . , weiser , m . , lecroq , b . , and knowles , l . l . ( 2015
excoffier , l . , and lischer , h . e . l . ( 2010
) . arlequin suite ver 3 . 5 : a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows .
arlequin suite ver 3 . 5 : a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under linux and windows .
godinho , r . , crespo , e . g . , and ferrand , n . ( 2008
) . the limits of mtdna phylogeography : complex patterns of population history in a highly structured iberian lizard are only revealed by the use of nuclear markers .
the limits of mtdna phylogeography : complex patterns of population history in a highly structured iberian lizard are only revealed by the use of nuclear markers .
) . ‘biogeography and ecology of new guinea’ , vols 1 and 2 . ( dr w . junk : the hague , netherlands . )
guindon , s . , dufayard , j . - f . , lefort , v . , anisimova , m . , hordijk , w . , and gascuel , o . ( 2010
) . new algorithms and methods to estimate maximum - likelihood phylogenies : assessing the performance of phyml 3 . 0 .
new algorithms and methods to estimate maximum - likelihood phylogenies : assessing the performance of phyml 3 . 0 .
) . latest miocene to early pliocene bathymetric cycles related to tectonism , puri anticline , papuan basin , papua new guinea .
latest miocene to early pliocene bathymetric cycles related to tectonism , puri anticline , papuan basin , papua new guinea .
hall , r . ( 1998 ) . the plate tectonics of cenozoic se asia and the distribution of land and sea . in ‘biogeography and geological evolution of se asia’ . ( eds r . hall and j . d . holloway . ) pp . 99–131 . ( backhuys publishers : leiden , netherlands . )
) . birds of paradise , biogeography and ecology in new guinea : a review .
hill , k . c . , and gleadow , a . j . w . ( 1989
) . uplift and thermal history of the papuan fold belt , papua new guinea : apatite fission track analysis .
uplift and thermal history of the papuan fold belt , papua new guinea : apatite fission track analysis .
janda , m . , alpert , g . d . , borowiec , m . l . , economo , e . p . , klimes , p . , sarnat , e . , and shattuck , s . o . ( 2014 ) . checklist of new guinea ants ( version 22–02–14 ) . available at
jensen , j . , bohonak , a . , and kelley , s . ( 2005
katoh , k . , misawa , k . , kuma , k . , and miyata , t . ( 2002
) . mafft : a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast fourier transform .
mafft : a novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on fast fourier transform .
kearns , a . m . , joseph , l . , omland , k . e . , and cook , l . g . ( 2011
kearse , m . , moir , r . , wilson , a . , stones - havas , s . , cheung , m . , sturrock , s . , buxton , s . , cooper , a . , markowitz , s . , duran , c . , thierer , t . , ashton , b . , mentjies , p . , and drummond , a . ( 2012
) . geneious basic : an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data .
lapolla , j . s . , cover , s . p . , and mueller , u . g . ( 2002
leppänen , j . , vepsäläinen , k . , and savolainen , r . ( 2011
) . dnasp v5 : a software for comprehensive analysis of dna polymorphism data .
macqueen , p . , goldizen , a . w . , austin , j . j . , and seddon , j . m . ( 2011
) . phylogeography of the pademelons ( marsupialia : macropodidae : thylogale ) in new guinea reflects both geological and climatic events during the plio - pleistocene .
phylogeography of the pademelons ( marsupialia : macropodidae : thylogale ) in new guinea reflects both geological and climatic events during the plio - pleistocene .
manni , f . , guerard , e . , and heyer , e . ( 2004
) . geographic patterns of ( genetic , morphologic , linguistic ) variation : how barriers can be detected by using monmonier’s algorithm .
geographic patterns of ( genetic , morphologic , linguistic ) variation : how barriers can be detected by using monmonier’s algorithm .
mcniven , i . , david , b . , aplin , k . , mialanes , j . , asmussen , b . , ulm , s . , faulkner , p . , rowe , c . , and richards , t . ( 2012 ) . terrestrial engagements by terminal lapita maritime specialists on the southern papuan coast . in ‘peopled landscapes : archaeological and biogeographic approaches to landscapes’ . ( eds s . g . haberle and b . david . ) pp . 121–156 . ( anu e press : canberra . )


the white-winged cliff chat ( monticola semirufus ) is a species of passerine bird in the old world flycatcher family muscicapidae .

it is found in rocky wooded gorges , among boulders and in road cuttings within the ethiopian highlands .

this species was formerly placed in the genus thamnolaea but was moved to monticola based on the results of a molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 .

length 19 – 21 cm .

the male has a striking chestnut belly which the female lacks .

juvenile is spotted buff above and below .

both sexes show striking white secondaries in flight .

the white patches in the primaries are diagnostic of this species .

white - winged cliff chat

nobody uploaded sound recordings for white - winged cliff - chat ( monticola semirufus ) yet .
white - winged cliff chat ( monticola semirufus ) is a species of bird in the muscicapidae family .
collar , n . ( 2018 ) . white - winged cliff - chat ( monticola semirufus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
taxonomic position of white - tailed flycatcher not resolved ( sangster et al . 2010 )
chinese rubythroat is split from himalayan [ white - tailed ] rubythroat ( liu et al . 2016 ) . english names provisional
visayan shama is a proposed split from white - browned shama ( lim et al . 2010 , collar 2011b , not h & m4 nor hbw )
described as a new species ( robin et al . 2017 ) . more white below ; vocals . treat ( 7 . 4 ) as subspecies of
jun–aug . nest made of grass stems and moss , lined with feathers and hair , placed in rock crevice or hole in wall . eggs 3 , white or . . .
retaining the english modifier
white - bellied
which was assigned to the pre - split species . ( rasmussen & anderton 2005 ) ; see also robin et al . 2010 . now assigned to
19–21 cm . both sexes and all ages have white patch at base of primaries . male is glossy black , with orange - russet abdomen ; bill and legs black . female is blackish . . .
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
see sangster et al . 2010 , zuccon & ericson 2010 for revisions of muscicapidae
transferred from turdidae ( voelker and spellman 2004 , sangster et al . 2010 ) ; see also
scrub robins ( sangster et al . 2010 ; cf collar 2005 ) . revision of the genus
add : hockey et al , 2005 . correct original spelling . fide od .
position and relationships of brown scrub robin uncertain ( sangster et al . 2010 )
ne pakistan and india to s , e china , hainan i . ( off se china ) , thailand and indochina .
s thai - malay pen . , sumatra ( including simeulue , nias , batu , mentawai , belitung , and bangka is . ) , w java , and s and w borneo
nepal and n india to s china and indochina including con son i . ( off s vietnam )
or : s myanmar , s thailand , n peninsular malaysia . also ne borneo
is an incorrectly formed latin word intended to refer to the pale color of the feet and legs , and must be emended . dickinson & christidis , 2014 , hbw .
was split from blue - throated blue flycatcher ( zhang et al . 2016 )
rename ( 8 . 2 ) henna - tailed jungle flycatcher to sula jungle flycatcher with split of banggai jungle flycatcher . ssp subspecies
on sulawesi was an erroneous assumption probably based on incorrect museum label information ( garg et al 2018 , eaton et al 2016 ) .
is split ( 8 . 2 ) from sister ssp on sula island based on vocal differences , genetic divergence , and restricted gene flow ( eaton et a . 2016 , garg et al . 2018 ) .
continental europe to ural mts . , w turkey , islands in e atlantic and nw morocco
mt . mulanje ( s malawi ) and mt . namuli ( n mozambique )
is invariable . ( n david , h & m corrigenda 2 . 1 )
following beresford and cracraft ( 1999 ) . lumped pending needed revision . ( dowsett comm , cf schmidt et al . 2008 )
transferred from turdidae to muscicapidae / saxicolinae ( sangster et al . 2010 , zuccon & ericson 2010 ; full revision of muscicapidae to come )
transferred from pellorneidae to muscicapidae / saxicolinae ( sangster et al . 2010 , zuccon & ericson 2010 )
transferred from turdidae to muscicapidae / saxicolinae ( sangster et al . 2010 , zuccon & ericson 2010 )
multiple species in this complex remain to be separated ; philippine taxa will be split from mainland taxa ( hbw alive , eaton and rheindt 2016 , kyriazis et al . 2018 )
severtsov , 1873 . priority claimed for the latter is only speculative . dickinson , 2008 .
c and e himalayas to c china , c indochina , malay pen . and myanmar
is related instead to the blue flycatchers within niltavinae ( robin et al . 2017 )
; other members of this species complex are species candidates ( moyle et al . 2005 , collar and pilgrim 2007 ) .
transferred from turdidae to muscicapidae / saxicolinae ( sangster et al . 2010 , zuccon & ericson 2010 ) .
based on phylogenetic studies . voelker , et al 2016 , hooper et al 2016 .
okinawa ' flycatcher is a candidate split ( leader et al . 2013 , dong et al . 2015 ) . await data on additional populations . english name under discussion
eu : central asia through the himalayas to c , ne china , n myanmar , n thailand and n indochina .
may be split ( zuccon & ericson 2010a , rasmussen & anderton 2012 ) . further study needed .
recent papers do not support previous splits of amber mountain rock thrush or benson ' s rock thrush , now included in forest rock thrush ( outlaw et al . 2007 , zuccon and ericson 2010 )
to canary islands stonechat to conform to prevailing usage and documentation that it is imbedded in the phylogeny of ' stonechats ' ( zink et al . 2009 ) .
( wittmann et al . 1995 , wink et al . 2002 ) ; under review by bli .
eu : e caucasus , se turkey and w iran . c siberia , c asia , the himalayas to w , c china ;
( wittmann et al . 1995 , wink et al . 2002 ) ; bou does not recognize pending resolution of status of chinese subspecies
should not be applied to the population of siberian stonechat breeding north of the caucasus .
is the oldest available name for this population . svensson et al . 2012 .
is more appropriately applied to the population in eastern turkey , transcaucasia and n , w iran than the population north of the caucasus .
split ( ioc 2 . 4 ) based on zink et al . 2009 mtdna analysis , but may be premature ; further resolution of this stonechat complex is needed
( collar 2005 , outlaw et al . 2010 , aliabadian et al . 2012 )
( outlaw et al . 2009 , sangster et al . 2010 , aliabadian et al . ( 2012 )
( sangster et al . 2010 , aliabadian et al . 2012 , cf collar 2005 )
distinctive subspecies now recognized as schalow ' s wheatear in major field guides ; cf förschler et al . 2010b , ibc . stet - await results of current genetic studies
has variously been placed in myrmecocichla or thamnolaea , but balance of genetic evidence suggests that it is best treated in monticola # r # r # r . monotypic .
requires mix of rocks and trees in landscape , thus on valley slopes bordering forest , scrubby . . .
not globally threatened . locally frequent to common in ethiopia , but uncommon in sidamo and borana ; uncommon in eritrea . present in bale mountains , mago , simien mountains , . . .
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incorporates pseudocossyphus and one species ( m . semirufus ) previously included in thamnolaea , based on genetic findings # r # r .
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mkennewell , paul clarke , ron hoff , keith blomerley , josep del hoyo .
marco valentini , oleg chernyshov , paul van giersbergen , arthur grosset , ian fulton , jacqueserard , guy poisson , carlos n . g . bocos , phil gregory , markus lilje , morten venas , nik borrow , stefan helming .
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this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : monticola semirufus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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savanna : dry ; shrubland : subtropical / tropical high altitude ; rocky areas ( eg . inland cliffs , mountain peaks ) :