pseudohydromys is a genus of rodent in the family muridae endemic to new guinea .

it contains the following species : bishop moss mouse ( pseudohydromys berniceae ) huon small-toothed moss mouse ( pseudohydromys carlae ) laurie 's moss mouse ( pseudohydromys eleanorae ) one-toothed shrew mouse ( pseudohydromys ellermani ) mottled-tailed shrew mouse ( pseudohydromys fuscus ) german 's one-toothed moss mouse ( pseudohydromys germani ) eastern shrew mouse ( pseudohydromys murinus ) musser 's shrew mouse ( pseudohydromys musseri ) western shrew mouse ( pseudohydromys occidentalis ) woolley 's moss mouse ( pseudohydromys patriciae ) southern small-toothed moss mouse ( pseudohydromys pumehanae ) white-bellied moss mouse ( pseudohydromys sandrae ) it was n't until a 2009 revision that a general idea of the true taxonomic content of this genus was realized .

pseudohydromys

pseudohydromys eleanorae helgen and l . helgen , 2009 – laurie ' s moss - mouse
pseudohydromys patriciae helgen and l . helgen , 2009 – woolley ' s moss - mouse
pseudohydromys sandrae helgen and l . helgen , 2009 – white - bellied moss - mouse
pseudohydromys carlae helgen and l . helgen , 2009 – huon small - toothed moss - mouse
pseudohydromys pumehanae helgen and l . helgen , 2009 – southern small - toothed moss - mouse
this species was previously considered to be part of mayermys ellermani . both species have now been transferred to the genus pseudohydromys .
protospirura kaindiensis n . sp . ( spirura : spiruridae ) and other helminths from pseudohydromys ( muridae : hydromyinae ) from papua new guinea .
protospirura kaindiensis n . sp . ( spirura : spiruridae ) and other helminths from pseudohydromys ( muridae : hydromyinae ) from papua new guinea . - pubmed - ncbi
. . . from an interspecific perspective , we can also note that the relative size of m 1 is variable between the four species referred to the pseudohydromys ellermani group . p . carlae and p . ellermani have large m 1 , whereas p . pumehanae and p . germani have relatively small m 1 ( helgen and helgen 2009 ) . rhynchomys and pseudohydromys , thus , exemplify both a decrease in number of cheek teeth and the presence of supernumerary teeth . . . .
helgen , k . , and helgen , l . 2010 . biodiversity and biogeography of the moss - mice of new guinea : a taxonomic revision of pseudohydromys ( muridae : murinae ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 331 : 230 - 313 .
one cestode and 3 species of nematodes are recorded from pseudohydromys murinus and pseudohydromys occidentalis ( muridae : hydromyinae ) , from papua new guinea , for the first time . heterakis fieldingi ( ascaridida : heterakidea ) has previously been known from australia . odilia sp . resembles odilia praeputialis in the orientation of the synlophe and the number and size of ridges but differs in the length of spicule and lack of a praepuce . protospirura kaindiensis n . sp . ( spirurida : spiruridae ) is readily distinguished from all other members of the genus by the number and arrangement of caudal papillae and the length of the spicules .
. . . mice pseudohydromys ellermani , which have a short , stout rostrum with retracted nasals and extreme reductions in molar size and number [ 56 ] . when we quantified the discriminant power of the independent variables , most variables contributed to the discrimination of species into dietary classes to some extent . . . .
. . . this group contains pseudohydromys ellermani , p . germane , p . carlae , and p . pumehanae . among these species , the diet of p . ellermani is probably similar to that of the rhynchomys ( helgen and helgen 2009 ) . the two other vermivorous mammals studied here are eupleres and hemicentetes ( fig . 1 ) ; they are endemic to madagascar . . . .
helgen , k . m . and helgen , l . e . 2009 . chapter 8 : biodiversity and biogeography of the moss - mice of new guinea : a taxonomic revision of pseudohydromys ( muridae : murinae ) . in : r . s . voss 7 m . d . carleton ( eds ) . systematic mammalogy : contributions in honor of guy g . musser . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 331 : 230 - 313 .
comments : xeromys division . member of the new guinea old endemics ( musser , 1981c ) . species of pseudohydromys , neohydromys , and mayermys are all terrestrial , primarily insectivorous , small - bodied shrew mice living in mountain forests of new guinea . they share dense , velvety fur , generally similar cranial conformation ( see photographs in laurie and hill [ 1954 ] and flannery [ 1995a : plates 22 - 23 ] ) , spacious postglenoid and middle lacerate foramina , derived configuration of cephalic arterial pattern ( musse . . .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this species has been included in the genus neohydromys by some authors ( e . g . , flannery 1995 ) .
justification : listed as least concern because it is quite widespread , common , and it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . currently there are no major threats to this species , although increased fires because of climate change may be a future threat .
this species is endemic to papua new guinea , where it has been recorded from the localities of mount wilhelm , mount erimbari , mount kaindi , and lake louise . it has been collected between 2 , 350 and 3 , 100 m asl .
this species has been recorded from montane areas including forest , dense bracken , and long grass on moss - covered ground ( flannery 1995 ) .
there are currently no major threats to this species in its high altitude habitat . however , it could be adversely affected by future global warming because of increased fire frequency .
it is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . further studies are needed into possible future threats to this species from climate change .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
helgen , k . , singandan , r , wright , d . & allison , a .
justification : listed as data deficient because it only known from a single region and very little is known about its distribution , population , habitat requirements and ecology , and the threats it faces .
it is currently known from lower montane forests in the owen stanley ranges , including the far sourtheastern maneau range from elevations between 1 , 300 and 1 , 570m asl , in papua new guinea ( helgen and helgen 2009 ) .
this species is an insectivore and may specialize on worms . it has been found in lower montane forest ( helgen et al . 2009 ) .
the threats to this species are not known , however it has been suggested it is forest dependent ( helgen pers . comm . ) , therefore deforestation could be a threat . between 1972 and 2002 , a net 15 % of papua new guinea’s tropical forests were cleared , though much of the deforestation occurred in the lowlands ( shearman et al . 2009 ) .
it is not known if it is present in any protected areas . further studies into the distribution , population status , habitat requirements , and any threats to this species are needed .
justification : listed as data deficient , because very little is known about the distribution of the species , it ' s basic ecology , and whether there are any major threats .
this species is known only from porokma , papua province , indonesia , at 2 , 800 m asl . it is potentially found throughout the snow mountains , papua province , indonesia , and likely occurs between 2 , 800 m asl and peak elevations .
it lives in montane evergreen forests . the type locality was dominated by nothofagus .
habitat loss to agriculture and human expansion is ongoing , but not likely to severely affect this species .
helgen , k . , wright , d . , allison , a . , singandan , r & aplin , k .
justification : listed as data deficient , because whilst it is found across a wide elevational gradient where the habitat is not likely to be threatened , there is not enough information known about the actual distribution , population , ecology , and threats faced .
this species is known from two apparently separate subpopulations on the island of new guinea ( indonesia and papua new guinea ) . the western subpopulation recorded from around lake habemma and mount trikora in the snow mountains in indonesia , and the eastern subpopulation on the star mountains ( lake louise area ) and victor emmanual range , papua new guinea ( helgen and helgen 2009 ) . it is likely that the species occurs along the intervening mountain ranges ( helgen and helgen 2009 ) . it has been recorded between 2 , 300 and 3 , 800 m asl ( helgen and helgen 2009 ) .
it has been recorded from mossy mid - and upper montane forests ( helgen and helgen 2009 ) .
there are no major threats to this species . animals may be vulnerable to predation by feral dogs . increased fires as a result of the effects of future global warming may be a future threat .
it is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . further studies are needed into the taxonomy , distribution , abundance , and threats to these taxa .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t48266448a115400819 .
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helgen , kristofer m . , and lauren e . helgen / voss , robert s . , and michael d . carleton , eds .
bulletin of the american museum of natural history , no . 331 . systematic mammalogy : contributions in honor of guy g . musser
available online at urltoken ; doi : 10 . 1206 / 582 - 8 . 1
musser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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. . . from sahul , we included representatives of eight of the 10 genera of carnivorous rodents . although baiyankamys and mirzamys were not included this is unlikely to influence our general interpretations because several putative synapomorphies suggest they are closely related to the other water rats and moss mice of sahul ( helgen 2005 ; helgen and helgen 2009 ) , which are represented in our phylogenetic estimates . we also included one species of
shrew mouse
in the genus mus ( subgenus coelomys ) . . . .
. . . ( subgenus coelomys ) from the sunda shelf ; ( 4 ) diurnal , dark brown mice with relatively short snouts and legs , exemplified by soricomys spp . from the philippines and melasmothrix naso from sulawesi ; ( 5 ) montane , amphibious rats with reduced pinnae , small eyes , and stiff hairs on the ventral surface of the tail , exemplified by crossomys moncktoni from sahul and waiomys mamasae from sulawesi ( musser and durden 2002 , 2014 ; rickart et al . 2005 ; helgen and helgen 2009 ; balete et al . 2012 ; esselstyn et al . 2012 ; rowe et al . 2014 ) . although these ecomorphs are qualitatively obvious ( fig . 3 ) , they warrant further study to quantify the degree of morphological convergence . . . .
. . . the number of described melanesian cyrtodactylus species has increased by more than 150 % since the year 2000 ( including new species described below – from 9 to 22 ) , and based on ongoing morphological and molecular analysis , we are aware of at least ten additional candidate species . new guinea is a frontier for taxonomic inventory work , and high levels of unrecognised diversity appear to be the norm within many vertebrate groups ( e . g . helgen & helgen 2009 ; kraus & allison 2009 ) . while combined molecular and morphological techniques now provide many of the tools necessary to document this biodiversity , there remain many major sampling gaps across region , including almost all the western ( indonesia ) half of the island . . . .
the goal of this dissertation project is to understand the processes that led to the accumulation of diverse fauna at liang bua . these include both natural and anthropogenic processes of consumptio…
[ more ]
a review of microhydromys ( rodentia : murinae ) , with description of a new species from southern new g . . .
the murine rodent genus microhydromys tate and archbold , 1941 , includes the smallest of the native rodents of new guinea and is the rarest australo - papuan rodent genus preserved in world museums . we discuss the morphological characteristics of microhydromys and diagnose two species in the genus : m . richardsoni tate and archbold , 1941 , distributed over northern new guinea , and m . argenteus , n . . . . [ show full abstract ]
the amphibious murines of new guinea ( rodentia , muridae ) : the generic status of baiyankamys and desc . . .
the amphibious murine rodents of new guinea have traditionally been classified in three genera : hydromys e . geoffroy , 1804 , parahydromys poche , 1906 , and crossomys thomas , 1907 . species currently classified in hydromys can be further divided into two cladistic groups : species distributed in lowland habitats ( below 2000 m ) with glossy , dark brown dorsal pelage , and species restricted to upper . . . [ show full abstract ]
systematic reviews of new guinea coccymys and “melomys” albidens ( muridae , murinae ) with description . . .
a new species of the new guinea endemic murine genus coccymys is described , based on a small sample from mt . dayman and mt . simpson in the maneau range at the far eastern end of the owen stanley ranges of eastern papua new guinea , and two specimens from the western portion of the owen stanleys , one from smith ' s gap near mt . st . mary , the other from bulldog road in the wau area . coccymys . . . [ show full abstract ]
two new species of the endemic new guinea rodent genus leptomys thomas , 1897 , are described : l . paulus , indigenous to the montane forests in the owen stanley range in eastern new guinea , and l . arfakensis , known only from the arfak mountains on the vogelkop peninsula in western new guinea . these descriptions are presented within a taxonomic review of leptomys based on all known specimens in . . . [ show full abstract ]


amphiesma miyajimae , maki 's keelback , is a small snake up to 60 cm in total length .

it inhabits low montane environments in the central and northern part of taiwan ; it is considered a forest specialist .

it is endemic to taiwan .

there is also an unverified record from hainan , china .

amphiesma miyajimae is threatened in parts of its range through habitat degradation and road kills .

amphiesma miyajimae

natrix miyajimae maki 1931 amphiesma miyajimae — zhao & jiang 1986 hebius miyajimae — guo et al . 2014 amphiesma miyajimae — wallach et al . 2014 : 31
amphiesma miyajimae resembles hatori ' s coral snake ( sinomicrurus hatori ) and the taiwan coral snake ( sinomicrurus sauteri ) . however , both coral snakes sport a broad white band across the back of the neck which is lacking in a . miyajimae ; and the latter has a white spot behind each eye that neither of the coral snakes has .
a . miyajimae is endangered by habitat destruction and construction of roads , on which many of these snakes are run over by passing vehicles .
a phylogenetic analysis of the amphiesma group has shown them to consist of three distinct , monophyletic lineages with strong support . amphiesma is monotypic and all the remaining species are moved to herpetoreas or hebius . this species has been provisionally placed under hebius ( guo et al . 2014 ) . this is an amended assessment to account for the taxonomic change .
ziegler , t . , and quyet , l . k . 2006 . a new natricine snake of the genus amphiesma ( squamata : colubridae : natricinae ) from the central truong son , vietnam . zootaxa 1225 : 39 - 56 - get paper here
greek for
garment , vestment
, named in apposition to the epithet of the type species , amphiesma stolatum , which itself is classic greek for
garment
( i . e . stole ) , in allusion to the pale bands that run down each side of the back .
guo , peng ; fei zhu , qin liu , liang zhang , jian x . li , yu y . huang & r . alexander pyron 2014 . a taxonomic revision of the asian keelback snakes , genus amphiesma ( serpentes : colubridae : natricinae ) , with description of a new species . zootaxa 3873 ( 4 ) : 425–440 - get paper here
guo , p . , zhu , f . , liu , q . , zhang , l . , li , j . x . , huang , y . y . and pyron , r . a . 2014 . a taxonomic revision of the asian keelback snakes , genus amphiesma ( serpentes : colubridae : natricinae ) , with description of a new species . zootaxa 3873 ( 4 ) : 425–440 .
small snake ; total length up to 60 cm . there are 17 - 19 rows of scales , all are strongly keeled . head is slightly triangular ; body is slender ; tail is very long . eye is medium to large ; iris is brown , dappled with coarse black pigment and pupil is round , jet black with red margin . tongue is black , with whitish diverging point . upper head is uniformly brown with a white spot above the base of jaw . the labials are generally white and may show dark sutures ; there is a black stripe extending posteriorly from eye to posterior part of upper labials and connecting with the black stripe on upper body . upper body and tail are distinctly marked with seven longitudinal stripes . from vertebral ridge to each side of body , they are : one broad stripe of dark brown with dark margins bilaterally , one dorsolateral stripe of yellow to tan ( white on neck ) , one narrow stripe of dark brown to black , and one broad stripe of red ( white on neck ) . ventral head is white . ventral body and tail are light yellow ; the red flanks of upper body extend onto outer quarter or fifth of ventral scales and the small black spots near latero - ventral junction form a longitudinal stripe . anal scale is divided and subcaudals are paired .
this diurnal or nocturnal snake inhabits humid mountain areas . it preys on frogs , toads or tadpoles
) lays there . females produce about 3 long eggs of approximately 4 x1 cm per clutch .
in honor of the japanese national miyajima , who collected the holotype in may of 1928 .
the chinese name 金絲蛇 ( jin1si1she2 ) means
gold ( 金 ) striped ( 絲 ) snake ( 蛇 )
.
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justification : listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km 2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat in northern and central taiwan .
this species is endemic to the central and northern part of taiwan island , province of china ( zhao and adler 1993 ) . it occurs up to around 1 , 000 m asl .
the population appears to be decreasing in some places , in part because of mortality on roads .
this species is found in low montane environments . it is usually encountered in wet habitats within forests . it probably does not occur in modified habitats and is more of a forest specialist . it feeds on frogs and tadpoles . it is an oviparous species .
it is threatened in parts of its range through habitat degradation such as road building , and the conversion of habitat to agricultural use .
no conservation actions are currently known for this species . more information is needed on this species ' distribution , population status , natural history and threats . it has been recorded from a forest park . it is a class 1 protected species in taiwan .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
holotype : nsmt h - 2956 , a 393 mm male ( miyajima , may 1928 ) .
maki , m . 1931 . monograph of the snakes of japan . dai - ichi shobo , tokyo . ( 1 ) , 7 , 240 pages ( expanded edition 1933 )
toriba , m . 1993 . present location of the type specimens described by maki . the snake 25 : 71 - 72
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
zhao , e . m . 2006 . the snakes of china [ in chinese ] . hefei , china , anhui sience & technology publ . house , vol . i , 372 pp . , vol . ii ( color plates ) , 280 pp .
zhao , e . & adler , k . 1993 . herpetology of china . ssar , oxford / ohio , 1 - 522
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
this species is endemic to the central and northern part of taiwan island , china ( zhao and adler 1993 ) . it occurs up to around 1 , 000 m asl .
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to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !


badamia exclamationis , commonly known as the brown awl or narrow-winged awl , is a butterfly belonging to the family hesperiidae , which is found in india , southeast asia , australia , and oceania .

badamia exclamationis

the brown awl ( badamia exclamationis ) . this week ' s random butterfly was a newly - eclosed individual of the brown awl ( badamia exclamationis ) shot b… | pinteres…
close - up head shot of a female brown awl ( badamia exclamationis ) @ pasir ris park .
image of the brown awl butterfly ( badamia exclamationis fabricius , 1775 ) under the green leaf . insect animal
image of the brown awl butterfly ( badamia exclamationis fabricius , 1775 ) under the green leaf . insect animal - stock image
badamia ( hesperiidae ) moore , [ 1881 ] ; lepid . ceylon 1 ( 4 ) : 156 ; ts : papilio exclamationis fabricius
badamia exclamationis subflava waterhouse , 1920 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 45 ( 3 ) : 471 ; tl : waidoi , fiji
badamia atrox atrox ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 283
like most hesperiids , this butterfly is a fast flyer and is seldom encountered . badamia exclamationis is rather rare is singapore , although it has been observed this species at a number of locations , sg buloh wetland reserves being one of them .
badamia ( coeliadinae ) ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 58
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . badamia exclamationis fabricius , 1775 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
brown awl ( badamia exclamationis ) butterfly in hibiscus flower video credit : hrishikesh . kb license : cc by - sa 3 . 0 : urltoken details of the licenses can be found on this channel ' s
about
page . link to this video’s license : urltoken in this video , no changes or modifications have been made to the original material . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
badamia exclamationis ; moore , [ 1881 ] , lepid . ceylon 1 ( 4 ) : 157 , pl . 66 , f . 2a - b ; piepers & snellen , 1910 , rhop . java [ 2 ] : 17 , pl . 6 , f . 22 ; inoue & kawazoe , 1964 , tyô to ga 15 ( 2 ) : 42 ; [ mrs ] , 697 ; holloway & peters , 1976 , j . nat . hist . 10 : 283 ; [ bow ] : pl . 185 , f . 11 ; [ bmp ] : 336 , pl . 52 , f . 25 - 26 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 59
india , ceylon , burma , malay peninsula , java , borneo , sumatra , java , philippines , new guinea , s . yunnan , au , japan . see [ maps ]
ismene thymbron felder , 1860 ; sber . akad . wiss . wien 40 ( 11 ) : 461 ; tl : amboina
larva on terminalia belerica , combretum ovalifolium , linociera purpurea , ficus spp . [ mrs ] , terminalia catappa , terminalia oblongata k . l . & l . e . dunn , 1991 , review austr . butts . ( 1 - 4 ) : ( 120 - 140 )
hesperia atrox butler , 1877 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 ( 118 ) : 357 ; tl : lifu
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
on a collection of lepidoptera obtained by the rev . s . j . whitmee from lifu ( loyalty group ) , with descriptions of new species
the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
review of australian butterflies : distribution , life history and taxonomy . pushlished by authors , melbourne
waterhouse , 1920 descriptions of new forms of butterflies from the south pacific proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 45 ( 3 ) : 468 - 471
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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de jong , r . & treadaway , c . g . 2007 hesperiidae of the philippine islands . in butterflies of the world , supplement 15 ( ed . e . bauer & t . frankenbach ) , pp . 1 - 72 . keltern : goecke & elvers .
parsons m . 1999 . the butterflies of papua new guinea : their systematics and biology . academic press , san diego .
tennent , w . j . 2002 . butterflies of the solomon islands : systematics and biogeography . storm entomological publications , dereham , norfolk , u . k .
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saji , k . , h . ogale , manoj p & prashanth s . n
( fabricius , 1775 ) – brown awl . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
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adults have elongated wings and the hindwing is caudate at vein 1b and excavate along the termen between ends of veins 1b and 2 .
, the wings are dark brown with greyish green scalings at the wing bases . the female has prominent and elongated hyaline streaks in spaces 1b , 2 and 3 , and the cell in the forewing . in contrast , these streaks in the male are rather small and subdued .
, both sexes are pale greyish brown and largely unmarked . there is a small yellowish sub - tornal spot in space 1b of the hindwing , which usually goes unnoticed as the hindwings typically fold up in the dorsal area .
a partial view of the upperside of a female brown awl , note the prominent streaks / spots .
a view of the partially open wings of a male brown awl , note the inconspicuous streaks / spots .
this species is moderately rare in singapore . adults have been sighted in multiple locations across singapore , including the sungei buloh wetland reserve , mandai orchid gardens , central catchment nature reserve and also rarely in urban parks and residential areas . the fast flying adults have a habit of resting on the underside of a leaf or other plant parts when they rest among the foliage of a tree .
across its vast area of distribution stretching from south asia to east asia , and to south - east asia and southward to australia , brown awl utilizes host plants in several families . both recorded local host plants , terminalia calamansanai and combretum sundaicum , are in the combretaceae family . it is thus very likely that more host plants , either in the same family or others , are yet to be discovered locally for the brown awl . caterpillars of the brown awl feed on the very young to the moderately young ( before hardening ) leaves of the host plants .
the eggs are laid singly on very young shoots of the host plants . each egg is shaped like a bun with a flattened base ( diameter : 0 . 6 - 0 . 7mm ) . prominent ridges run from the pole to the base . the micropylar sits atop at the pole . initially greyish white in coloration , the entire egg turns wine red as it develops , and then decolorizes again to yellowish red when the caterpillar is ready to emerge .
a close - up view of a young shoot of combretum sundaicum , showing two eggs of the brown awl .
two views of a mature egg of the brown awl , note the black larval head visible through the egg shell .
it takes 2 days for the collected egg to hatch . the young caterpillar eats just enough of the shell to emerge , and has a length of about 1 . 5mm . it does not make an attempt to devour the egg shell after its emergence . the golden and cylindrical body has a number of very short white setae . the large head is black , slightly bi - lobed and lightly hairy . the body turns pale yellowish green as it feeds on the leaf lamina and grows in this initial instar .
two views of a 1st instar caterpillar , early in this stage , length : 1 . 7mm .
the young caterpillar constructs its first shelter by spinning a silk web over a void of space on the young shoot . it rests within the shelter and ventures out to eat on nearby leaf surface .
in later instars , the brown awl caterpillars also construct leaf shelters but do so by joining leaf blades together . the larval growth of the brown awl is rapid in pace for all instars , with all but the final instar lasting only 1 . 5 - 2 . 5 days .
a late first instar caterpillar in its shelter . the focus was varied to show details in the net of silk threads securing the shelter .
after reaching a length of about 3 . 4 - 3 . 8mm in the 1st instar , the caterpillar moults to the next instar after a short dormant period . the 2nd instar caterpillar is pale yellowish green with a faint brown rings on its body segments , from the pro - thorax to the 8th abdominal segment . the yellowish head has an upper transverse brown stripe and two lower short stripes on each side of the adfrontal area . the body and the black head capsule are covered in numerous tiny setae .
the 2nd instar caterpillar reaches a length of about 6 . 5 - 7 . 5mm , and after 1 . 5 - 2 days in this stage , it moults again . the 3rd instar caterpillar has 14 dark brown to black black rings , bold and prominent against the pale yellowish green of the body ground color . there is one ring to each of the 13 body segments and one on the posterior body edge . on the yellow head , the stripes have also become darker and more prominent . this instar lasts another 1 . 5 - 2 days with the length reaching 12mm .
the 4th instar caterpillar resembles the 3rd instar caterpillar mostly but has additional intra - segmental dark rings , typically 3 to each segment . these rings are much thinner in width compared to the inter - segmental rings . this penultimate instar takes about 1 . 5 - 2 days to complete with the body length reaching up to 21mm .
the final and 5th instar caterpillar has similar body markings as the 4th instar caterpillar . noteworthy is that dark inter - segmental rings are particularly broader in the 2nd , 4th , 6th and 8th abdominal segments . on the head capsule , the transverse black stripes seen in the earlier instars are now broken into short and bold dash - like stripes . this stage takes about 3 - 4 days to complete with body length reaching up to 46mm .
two views of a 5th instar caterpillar , later in this stage , length : 43mm .
towards the end of 5th instar , the body of the caterpillar gradually shrinks in length . the fully grown caterpillar ceases feeding and stations itself in a leaf shelter . during the early part of this pre - pupal stage , the caterpillar constructs a silk girdle across the dorsum of its anterior abdominal segments , and a short transverse silk band on the substrate near its posterior end . both the dorsal point of the girdle and the transverse band are also secured by vertical / oblique threads to the inner wall of the shelter .
after about 1 day of the pre - pupal phase , pupation takes place within the pupation shelter . the pupa secures itself with its cremaster attached to the transverse band . the pupa has a short thorax , a rather long abdomen and a short and pointed golden brown rostrum . fresh after the pupation event , the body is pale golden brown to dark brown , but after 0 . 5 to 1 day , the body surface becomes mostly covered in a white substance . length of pupae : 24 - 26mm .
two views of a pupa of the brown awl at any early stage with white substance just appearing on the surface .
two views of a pupa of the brown awl , after the white substance has fully formed on the surface .
after 7 - 8 days , the pupa becomes darkened in color signaling the imminent emergence of the adult . the next day the adult butterfly emerges from the mature pupa .
the butterflies of the malay peninsula , a . s . corbet and h . m . pendlebury , 4th edition , the malayan nature society .
a photographic monograph on hong kong butterflies , vol . 4 , hong kong lepidopterists society , 2011 .
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the upperside is brown with greyish green scaling at the wing bases . the forewings have elongate whitish streaks in the cell . the pale greyish underside has a glazed appearance . the large abdomen is characterized by black and yellow banding . the wings are rather elongate , and in a set collection , gives the appearance of a sleek stealth fighter .
the adult visits flowers of trees , and sometimes drinks from damp ground . this crepuscular butterfly flies actively early in the morning and late in the evening , where it rests on the underside of a leaf .
refer to the butterflycircle ' s blog article - the life history of the brown awl .
this checklist is updated regularly and validated in consultation with dr laurence g kirton ( forest research institute of malaysia ) , and previously , the late col john n eliot , ( of the butterflies of the malay peninsula , edition 4 ) . contributions to the sightings and latest additions to the singapore checklist are with special thanks to the hardworking members of butterflycircle .
singapore is home to 324 species of butterflies , that are feeding on 188 species of hostplants .
the latest update in 2008 is consistent with the recent re - classification developments and updates to c & p4 ; in the malaysian nature journal 59 ( 1 ) , pp 1 - 49 , and dna mapping of the family nymphalidae by wahlberg et al , whereby the subfamilies nymphalinae , heliconiinae , limenitidinae , cyrestinae and apaturinae are now applicable to the singapore checklist . the family riodinidae , which was earlier placed as a subfamily of lycaenidae , has also been reinstated to the family level .
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rajkamal goswami , ashoka trust for research in ecology and the environment , bangalore .
describes average size , max , range ; type of size ( perimeter , length , volume , weight . . . ) .
upperside dark purplish brown , the base of both wings greyish olive brown . male : forewing with three transparent slender yellow spots disposed longitudinally on the upper disc , the inner spot ending within the cell . female : forewing with the spots larger , the middle spot oblique and irregularly angulated ; a less distinct spot also above the middle of sub - median vein . underside pale greyish brown : forewing with discal area darker brown , the spots as above , and pale ochreous posterior border : hindwing with a dark brown anal area bordered above by a short pale ochreous streak . thorax greyish olive brown ; abdomen dark brown with pale ochreous segmental bands ; head and palpi in front pale ochreous with brown streaks ; third joint of palpi brown ; legs brown above , pale beneath .
describes the general appearance of the taxon ; e . g body plan , shape and color of external features , typical postures . may be referred to as or include habit , defined as the characteristic mode of growth or occurrence associated to its environment , particularly for plants . comprising its size , shape , texture and orientation . example : tree , shrubs , herbs . may also be referred to include anatomy .
includes abundance information ( population size , density ) and demographics ( e . g . age stratification ) .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
antram , c . b . 1924 , butterflies of india , thacker , spink & co , kolkata .
kunte , k . 2000 , butterflies of peninsular india , university press , hyderabad .
evans , w . h . 1927 , the identification of indian butterflies , bombay natural history society , mumbai , india .
kunte , k . and u . kodandaramaiah . 2011 . history of species pages on butterflies of india website . in k . kunte , s . kalesh and u . kodandaramaiah ( eds . ) . butterflies of india , v . 1 . 05 . indian foundation for butterflies . url : urltoken accessed on 23 . 8 . 2012 .
vane - wright , r . i . & de jong , r . 2003 . the butterflies of sulawesi : annotated checklist for a critical island fauna . zoologische verhandelingen , leiden ( 343 ) : 1–267 .
watson , e . y . 1891 , hesperiidae indicae . vest and co . madras .
we present a systematic , updated checklist of larval host plants of the butterflies of the western . . .
in a recent survey at the taleigao plateau in goa , a total of 98 species of butterflies belonging t . . .
the paper provides information on butterfies sampled during random surveys from november 2014 to se . . .
the butterfly diversity of baghmundi , purulia district ( 22 . 600–23 . 500n & 85 . 750–86 . 650e ) , west beng . . .
satara district of maharashtra state is a part of northern western ghats and deccan plateau biogeog . . .
the butterflies of the kameng protected area complex in western arunachal pradesh , india , covering . . .
chinsurah is a small town on the western bank of the hugli river , a distributary of the river gange . . .
thirty percent of butterfly species that occur in india are found in the garhwal region of the west . . .
seasonal diversity of butterflies and their larval food plants in the surroundings of upper neora vall . . .
seasonal butterfly diversity in the adjacent areas of the upper neora valley national park , a part . . .
butterflies of sundarban biosphere reserve , west bengal , eastern india : a preliminary survey of their . . .
the indian sundarbans , part of the globally famous deltaic eco - region , is little - studied for butter . . .
the present study was conducted to understand the species richness of butterflies in the kerala agr . . .
the butterfly community of an urban wetland system - a case study of oussudu bird sanctuary , puducherr . . .
in a study on the butterfly community of the oussudu ( ousteri ) bird sanctuary and its environs at p . . .
butterfly species diversity , relative abundance and status in tropical forest research institute , jaba . . .
a survey was conducted to record the butterfly diversity , status and occurrence of butterfly specie . . .
the present paper is the result of a butterfly diversity survey in the mishmi hills , arunachal prad . . .
the garo hills of meghalaya , northeastern india , form the westernmost boundary of the globally reco . . .
vidarbha region of maharashtra state , india , is gifted with diverse butterfly habitats . a comprehen . . .
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a rare forest species , distinguished by the long narrow forewing . it will usually only be encountered by accidentally disturbing the species when resting .
fully known . more detailed life history information is available from the following resource : butterflycircle blog ( courtesy of dr . horace tan . )
a very wide range , encompassing all of the oriental region to the south pacific islands .
photography location : xuan son n . p . ( phu tho prov . )
the range extends from india , china and the philippines , through indonesia to mainland new guinea and adjacent islands , northern and eastern australia , the salomon islands , new caledonia and fiji .
is known to migrate in vast flights . locally the species can be so numerous that its food plants (
this crepuscular hesperid flies actively early in the morning and late in the evening , whereas it usually pitches under a leaf and is loath to move during the daytime . hopefully , one day , i will get a better shot .
keen birdwatcher with a love of the natural world , all that is beautiful and ugly and everything in between . my peace comes from being outdoors in amongst nature .
, i am always actively aware of butterflies , and tried to photograph ( and sometimes collect ) specimens as much as possible .
i hope that the more people who see the beauty of these fascinating creatures , the more it will lead to an appreciation that we need to be more pro - active in protecting them against the actions of humans that seem to only be concerned with
development
and monetary profit .
s mostly around hanoi ( ba vi , tam dao and cuc phuong national parks ) .
beautiful and graceful , varied and enchanting , small but approachable , butterflies lead you to the sunny side of life .
number : 146 family : papilioniidae sub - family : papilioniinae species : papilio memnon agenor linnaeus , 1758 common name ( s ) : th . . .
number : 124 family : hesperiidae sub - family : hesperiinae species : parnara cf . ganga ( evans , 1937 ) common name ( s ) : the continental . . .
well , another trip to cuc phuong has yielded yet another species for my personal records . it had been raining all week and i was desperate . . .
established in 1986 for the purpose of conserving limestone forests and musk deer , moschus berezovskii , the huu lien nature reserve is ju . . .
last year , i conduct regular surveys at ba vi national park ( located 70 km west of hanoi ) . regular sampling was carried out from march to . . .
family : saturniidae sub - family : saturniinae species : attacus atlas linnaeus , 1758 common name ( s ) : the atlas moth photography locat . . .
number : 82 family : nymphaliidae sub - family : satyriinae species : penthema lisarda michallati ( janet , 1894 ) common name ( s ) : the ye . . .
number : 252 family : nymphaliidae sub - family : danaiinae species : euploea mulciber mulciber ( cramer , [ 1777 ] ) common name ( s ) : the s . . .
number : 148 family : papilioniidae sub - family : papilioniinae species : papilio polytes polytes linnaeus 1758 common name ( s ) : the . . .
number : 109 family : hesperiidae sub - family : hesperiinae species : potanthus sp . common name ( s ) : dart sp . photography location : ta . . .
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the journal of the bombay natural history society . v . 10 ( 1895 - 1897 )
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all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
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xue , guo - xi , sun , hao , sun , zhou & wang , shao - neng , 2016 , a preliminary checklist of the skippers ( rhopalocera : hesperiidae ) of guangxi , china , zootaxa 4147 ( 3 ) , pp . 311 - 334 : 313
wang 1994a : 17 ( nanning ) ; qin 1996 : 42 ( shiwandashan ) ; yuan et al . 2015 : 117 ( guangxi )
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and the marshalls in recent years - by : d . nafus - micronesica supplement no . 3 june , 1991
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a skipper or skipper butterfly is a butterfly of the family hesperiidae . they are named after their quick , darting flight habits . more than 3500 species of skippers are recognized . thailand .
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description : the upperside is brown with greyish green scaling at the wing bases . the forewings have elongate whitish streaks in the cell . the pale greyish underside has a glazed appearance . the large abdomen is characterised by black and yellow banding . the wings are rather elongate , and in a set collection , gives the appearance of a sleek stealth fighter .
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hasora badra , the common awl , is a butterfly belonging to the family hesperiidae , which is found in india .
the butterfly , which has a wingspan of 50 to 55 mm , is unmarked dark brown above . it resembles the common banded awl ( hasora chromus ) , except that it has no white band below ; and the apex of the forewing and the disc of the hindwing below are purple washed . the male has apical spots but no brands above . the female has large yellow spots in cell 2 and 3 , and apical dots .
the sri lankan race has no apical spots on the male above and no purple wash below .
male , with a suffused blackish subbasal patch ; forewing with three conjugated very small yellowish semitransparent spots near the costa , one fourth from the apex . cilia pale greyish brown . underside brown suffused with purple ; forewing with a blackish costal patch before the apex , posterior margin yellowish ; hindwing with a subbasal and submarginal suffused blackish band , the latter terminating in a black patch on anal lobe ; above the patch is a purple - white streak , and within the cell a small bluish white spot . palpi and body beneath dull yellow . legs , pale brown .
female , above brown suffused with vinaceous yellowish brown basally ; forewing with the three small subapical spots ( as in male ) and three rather large obliquely quadrate spots , two being disposed on the disc , the third above and within the cell . underside with the spots on forewing as in upperside ; hindwing as in male .
the butterfly is found in sri lanka , india , myanmar , thailand , laos , hainan , taiwan , north vietnam , japan , western china , malaysia , the indonesian archipelago ( borneo , sumatra , and java ) , the philippines , palawan , the moluccas and sulawesi .
in india the butterfly is found in south india , where it occurs in the western ghats , and the nilgiris ; and in the himalayas from mussoorie eastwards to sikkim and through to myanmar . it is also found in the andaman and nicobar islands .
the larva has been recorded on derris uliginosa , milletia pachycarpa and pongamia species .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more
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butterflies live all over the world . among the thousands of species , many are endangered . turn your garden into a butterfly habitat and you will be rewarded with their lovely surprise visits . when butterflies visit your garden they fly like tiny stringless kites , and they dance for free . they have beautiful names , such as fiery jewel , lacewing , glasswing and big greasy ! !
the ideal place for your butterfly attracting garden will be in a sunny wind protected spot . you need to provide several things for butterflies to begin to regularly visit your garden . the adults need food , such as nectar from flowers , and the females need to lay their eggs on a plant that will provide food to the caterpillars as they hatch . many butterflies lay their eggs on trees where ants live , and the caterpillars will not survive unless the ants are present to babysit them . green ants are good babysitters . male butterflies also like to puddle about in mud where they can suck up the mud and then spit it out ! scientists think they need the minerals from the soil , so if you can provide a sunny puddly spot in your garden they will love it .
acacia hemignosta attracts small purple line - blue ( prosotas dubiosa subsp . dubiosa )
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the adult of brown awl is not often seen in singapore , but it ' s definitely not rare as described by the early author , the species & their larva has been found in several location such as cca , sbg , mog & sbwr .
the adult visits flowers , and sometimes spotted stop on damp rock but usually found hide under leaf .
hi soon chye ! i ' m eunice , met you at the semakau survey . anyway , i forgot to give you my blog add but i rmbred yours , so i came to visit . yr blog ' s really nice : ) its a gd reference blog . anyway my blog ' s at urltoken if u still want to know .
index of the life histories of asian butterflies vol . 1 by igarashi & fukuda
index of the life histories of asian butterflies vol . 2 by igarashi & fukuda
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cab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .
very fast flier . moves from ground level to tree top . at resting time and camouflage on underside of leaf . it has migratory habit .
bangladesh , india , sri lanka , myanmar , malay peninsula , java , borneo , sumatra , philippines , new guinea and japan .
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ackery , p . r . ( 1991 ) hostplant utilization by african and australian butterflies .
ackery , p . r . and vane - wright , r . i . ( 1984 )
. n . delhi : ministry of law and justice , government of india .
champion , h . g . and seth , s . k . ( 1968 )
chaturvedi , n . c . ( 1982 ) butterflies from andaman islands with some new records .
collins , n . m . and morris , m . g . ( 1985 )
curray , j . r . ( 1989 ) the sunda arc : a model for oblique plate convergence .
curray , j . r . , moore , d . g . , lawver , l . a . , emmel , f . j . , raitt , r . w . , henry , m . and kiechefer , r . ( 1979 ) tectonics of the andaman sea and burma . in geological and geophysical investigations of continental slopes and rises ( j . watkins , l . montadert and p . w . dickerson , eds ) .
ehrlich , p . r . and raven , p . h . ( 1965 ) butterflies and plants : a study in coevolution .
ferrar , m . l . ( 1948 ) the butterflies of the andamans and nicobars .
( h . lieth and m . j . a . werger , eds ) . amsterdam : elsevier science publishers b . v .
lakshminarasimhan , p . and rao , p . s . n . ( 1996 ) a supplementary list of angiosperms recorded ( 1983–93 ) from andaman and nicobar islands .
moore , c . f . , curray , j . r . and moore , d . g . ( 1980 ) variations in geologic structure along the sunda fore arc , northeastern indian ocean . repr . the tectonic and geological evolution of southeast asian seas and islands
pande , p . , kothari , a . and singh , s . ( eds ) ( 1991 )
prain , d . ( 1890 ) the non - indigenous species of the andaman flora .
prashanth mohanraj and veenakumari , k . ( 1996 ) host plants , phenologies and status of swallowtails ( papilionidae ) , lepidoptera in the andaman and nicobar islands , bay of bengal , indian ocean .
ripley , s . d . and beehler , b . m . ( 1989 ) ornithogeographic affinities of the andaman and nicobar islands .
rao , m . k . v . ( 1986 ) a preliminary report on the angiosperms of andaman–nicobar islands .
singh , r . k . and khatri , t . c . ( 1987 ) a new record of the genus
vane - wright , r . i . ( 1978 ) ecological and behavioural origins of diversity in butterflies . in
vane - wright , r . i . ( 1993 ) milkweed butterflies ( lepidoptera : danainae ) and conservation priorities in the andaman and nicobar islands , india .
l . ( lepidoptera : hesperiidae ) , a new record to andaman islands .
fruhstorfer ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) in the andaman islands , bay of bengal , indian ocean .
veenakumari , k . , mohanraj , p . & sreekumar , p . journal of insect conservation ( 1997 ) 1 : 235 . urltoken
, plastic surgeon and a renowned specialist in butterflies of peninsular india for compiling and providing this priceless list .
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the five-coloured barbet ( capito quinticolor ) is a species of bird in the capitonidae family .

it is endemic to humid forest in the chocó of south-western colombia and far north-western ecuador .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

five - coloured barbet

american barbet information . . . american barbet species index . . . american barbet species photo gallery
status , ecology , and vocalizations of the five - coloured barbet capito quinticolor in ecuador , with notes on the orange - fronted barbet c . squamatus
article : status , ecology , and vocalizations of the five - coloured barbet capito quinticolor in ecuador , with notes on the orange - fronted barbet c . squamatus
details - status , ecology , and vocalizations of the five - coloured barbet capito quinticolor in ecuador , with notes on the orange - fronted barbet c . squamatus - biodiversity heritage library
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the five - coloured barbet inhabits wet lowland forests , forest edges , and areas of tall secondary growth , where it spends much of its time in the canopy of the largest trees ( 4 ) . it is generally found below 350 metres , but may occur at around 600 metres in some areas ( 2 ) .
jahn , o . , robbins , m . b . , valenzuela , p . m . , coopmans , p . , ridgely , r . s . and schuchmann , k . - l . ( 2000 ) status , ecology , and vocalizations of the five - coloured barbet capito quinticolor in ecuador , with notes on the orange - fronted barbet c . squamatus . bulletin of the british ornithologists club , 120 : 16 - 21 .
the five - coloured barbet forages predominantly in the forest canopy and occasionally at mid - tree level , although individuals inhabiting areas of secondary growth have also been observed foraging in the understorey . it feeds primarily on fruits and less frequently on insects , and has been known to form flocks with other bird species when searching for food ( 2 ) .
the five - coloured barbet is thought to inhabit around 14 lowland sites in central colombia and northern ecuador ( 4 ) . it is believed to be uncommon across much of this range ( 5 ) , except for at two sites in the foothills of the esmeraldas province ( ecuador ) and nariño department ( colombia ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
the five - coloured barbet is a south american forest - dwelling bird with distinctive plumage and a heavy bill ( 2 ) . the male and female differ quite significantly in appearance , with the male having a bright red crown , a yellow ‘v’ shape on the jet black back , and a white chest turning to yellow on the belly . the female lacks the vivid crown , which is instead yellowish - olive in colour and streaked with black , and has yellowish underparts with black streaks and spots ( 3 ) . like all barbets , this five - coloured barbet is a chunky bird , with a short neck , short legs , and bristles surrounding the stout bill ( 3 ) . the song of both sexes is a low - pitched trill , and a guttural ‘ churr ’ call has also been described ( 2 ) .
little is known of the breeding habits of the five - coloured barbet , although it is thought to breed between the months of april and july , when it is often seen in pairs ( 2 ) . the male performs a mating display in order to attract a female , in which he bows the head and inflates the throat , pumping the head downward and forward with each note he sings ( 2 ) .
ty - jour ti - status , ecology , and vocalizations of the five - coloured barbet capito quinticolor in ecuador , with notes on the orange - fronted barbet c . squamatus t2 - bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club . vl - 120 ur - urltoken pb - british ornithologists ' club , cy - london : py - 2000 sp - 16 ep - 22 sn - 0007 - 1595 au - jahn , olaf au - robbins , mark b au - valenzuela , patricio mena au - coopmans , paul au - ridgely , robert s au - schuchmann , karl - l er -
although lowland forest in colombia remains relatively common , there is currently intensive logging taking place in certain areas , including those supporting populations of the five - coloured barbet . these forests are cleared not only for the timber , but also to create space for palm oil and coca plantations , and with demand for palm oil increasing ( for use as a biofuel ) the situation is likely to worsen ( 4 ) . to confound problems , in ecuador only a few hundred square kilometres of lowland forest within the species’ range are protected ( 7 ) .
@ article { bhlpart76644 , title = { status , ecology , and vocalizations of the five - coloured barbet capito quinticolor in ecuador , with notes on the orange - fronted barbet c . squamatus } , journal = { bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club . } , volume = { 120 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { london : british ornithologists ' club , 1893 - } , author = { jahn , olaf and robbins , mark b and valenzuela , patricio mena and coopmans , paul and ridgely , robert s and schuchmann , karl - l } , year = { 2000 } , pages = { 16 - - 22 } , }
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
this species has is listed as vulnerable because its population is suspected to have undergone a rapid decline over the past three generations ( 26 years ) owing to habitat loss , and this decline is predicted to continue . there is a real risk that declines will exceed 50 % over the next 26 years or three generations , however more information is needed on deforestation rates within its colombian range , and on its ability to persist in forest fragments .
is known from c . 15 sites in the lowlands and foothills up to 575 m in
1996 ) , but is fairly common at two locations in the lower foothills of esmeraldas and nariño ( p . g . w . salaman
, one of which is selectively logged ( p . g . w . salaman
in ecuador habitat loss has been taking place at a rate of 3 . 8 % per year in the past decade
2009 ) , principally for oil palms . the rate of forest loss in the lowland chocó region of colombia has until recently been lower , but is presently accelerating at an extraordinary rate , as oil palm plantations , timber extraction , industrial - scale river dredging for gold , and coca production are stimulating immigration and colonisation to the region . the population is consequently suspected to have declined rapidly over the past three generations / 26 years .
it inhabits wet lowland forest , forest borders and tall secondary growth , foraging for fruits and insects , almost exclusively in the canopy of large trees ( p . g . w . salaman
extensive areas of lowland forest remain in colombia , however the rate of forest loss in the lowland chocó region of colombia is presently accelerating at an extraordinary rate , as oil palm plantations ( biofuel speculation ) , timber extraction ( pacific rim exportation ) , industrial - scale river dredging for gold , and coca production is stimulating immigration and colonisation to the region . areas in nariño where the species was frequently seen have in recent years been completely cleared ( p . g . w . salaman
2000 ) , and habitat loss has been taking place at a rate of 3 . 8 % per year in the past decade
potentially suitable habitat is present in cotacachi - cayapas national park and awá ethnographic reserve , ecuador , but the species has not yet been found in either ( and effective protection at these sites is uncertain ) . it has been recorded in cooperativa tesoro esmeraldeño , sector cristóbal colón , esmeraldas , ecuador a forest protected by a community cooperative ( j . freile
effectively protect and manage protected areas where the species occurs . monitor population at strongholds and search for the species in potentially suitable habitat at new sites . study its ecology and particularly its ability to persist in degraded and fragmented habitats .
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classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
while there are currently no known conservation measures in place for this threatened bird , a number of actions have been recommended . the protection of areas known to contain the species is required , along with studies of its ecology , such as determining how able the species is at persisting in degraded or fragmented habitats ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
secondary growth vegetation that has re - grown after a major disturbance , such as fire or clearance .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 2002 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 7 : jacamars to woodpeckers . lynx edicions , barcelona .
hilty , s . l . and brown , b . ( 1986 ) a guide to the birds of colombia . princeton university press , new jersey .
parker , t . a . , stotz , d . f . and fitzpatrick , j . w . ( 1996 ) ecological and distributional databases . in : stotz , d . f . , fitzpatrick , j . w . , parker , t . a . and moskovits , d . k . ( eds . ) neotropical bird ecology and conservation . university of chicago press , chicago .
salamam , p . , donegan , t . and caro , d . ( 2008 ) checklist to the birds of colombia . proaves columbia , bogota , colombia .
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