the armenian mouflon ( armenian : հայկական մուֆլոն , haykakan muflon ; persian : گوسفند وحشی ارمنی , qutch-e armani ) , also known as the armenian sheep , armenian wild sheep , armenian red sheep , or trans-caucasian sheep ( ovis orientalis gmelini ) is an endangered subspecies of mouflon endemic to iran , armenia , and nakhchivan ( azerbaijan ) .

armenian mouflon

the armenian mouflon male ' s horns are supracervical , curving above and behind the neck . female armenian mouflon are considerably smaller than males and may or may not grow horns .
the coloration of the armenian mouflon is reddish - tan with a faint grayish - white saddle patch . the underparts of the armenian mouflon , the lower legs and muzzle are white . the chest of the armenian mouflon ram is dark brown . there is a narrow , brown flank band and brown markings on front of the upper legs . in winter , a short , black ruff grows on the lower neck and brisket of the armenian mouflon ram . there is no bib .
quartet of four mouflon subspecies : cyprus mouflon ( ovis gmelini ophion ) – up left ; introduced european mouflon ( ovis aries musimon ) – up right . ; armenian mouflon ( ovis gmelini gmelinii ) – bottom left ; bukhara urial ( ovis vignei bocharensis ) – bottom right . traditionally cyprus and „european“ mouflon were believed to be closely related . latest findings see cyprus and armenian mouflon as one species . furthermore the bukhara urial is a different species again , but can show the supracervical horns like cyprus and armenian mouflons . photo of cyprus mouflon : e . hadjisterkotis
in its native region populations of armenian mouflon are declining ; mostly due to increased poaching and the unregulated introduction of domestic livestock . armenian mouflon are thriving in texas . mouflon are believed to be the ancestors of all domesticated sheep . the mouflon has a light colored saddle patch and under parts and a dark dorsal stripe . in winter the animal develops a dense heavy wooly undercoat . because of hundreds if not thousands of years of interbreeding and hybridization it can at times be confusing to distinguish between an armenian mouflon , mouflon , or a red sheep . armenian mouflon are part of the ovis world slam which requires 12 different species of “world animals” .
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the armenian mouflon ( ovis gmelini gmelini ) , also called the anatolian mouflon and gmelin sheep , is native to eastern turkey , northeastern iraq , northwestern iran and a small area in armenia . regarded by many authorities as the probable ancestor of the european mouflon and the domestic sheep , the armenian mouflon sheep sas been introduced on private properties in many parts of the world .
at texas hunt lodge you can hunt european and armenian mouflon , as well as any or all of the exotic corsican sheep and urial sheep .
forister exotics allows hunters to choose their method of hunting trophy armenian mouflon , and their method of take as well . we have expert hunting guides that will customize each hunters experience according to hunters experience and preference of hunting technique and weapon . trophy armenian mouflon hunters can choose to bow hunt , rifle hunt , pistol hunt , or black powder hunt . we accommodate all types of hunters and even hunters with physical disabilities . forister exotics offers a trophy armenian mouflon hunt that will provide each armenian mouflon hunter with a formidable trophy that they will be proud to hang in their trophy room . forister exotics prides itself on providing outstanding trophy armenian mouflon hunts at an affordable price compared with other ranches , while giving the hunter an experience he or she will hopefully not soon forget .
forister exotics has put in the time and energy to keep their smaller sheep herds in their own pastures to try and grow pure bred animals . the habitat and terrain at forister exotics affords hunters the ability to safari style hunt from the hunting rigs , hunt from a modern comfortable blind , or even engage in a good old fashion spot and stalk hunt for your trophy armenian mouflon . we have a great herd of armenian mouflon on the ranch in real county with excellent genetics producing amazing trophy armenian mouflon every year . there are no seasonal restrictions on hunting armenian mouflon in texas , which makes it a suitable trophy to hunt year round .
armenian sheep are a feral species of sheep , originally introduced to the area by humans . ancient populations of domestic livestock are the original source of the now wild / feral populations . the armenian sheep or mouflon , are thought to be one of the two ancestors for all domestic sheep breeds .
a superbly realistic depiction of the endangered armenian mouflon or wild sheep , which stands alert , on the lookout for predators . the scientific ( latin genus and species ) name ovis ammon gmelin appears above and the animal ' s armenian name appears below , while the red stripes underscoring the names emphasize its endangered status .
this is a preview of the armenian mouflon - asia species only . once you subscribe you will be able to view all the entry details for hundreds of different species , including full score sheets and photos .
as the national animal , the cyprus mouflon is eternalized on different cent coins .
conservation measures . protected in zangezur sanctuary and arevik national park . armenian branch of wwf assists to enforcement of protected areas within the mouflon range . it is essential to strengthen anti–poaching efforts and to enforce conservation activities .
the cyprus mouflon is endemic to cyprus and an example of island dwarfism . ( 9 ) shoulder hights of sardinian and corsican animals measure on average 5 centimeter more . armenian mouflon are even 15 centimeter higher . ( 10 ) on the other hand the cyprus mouflon is the largest wild land mammal on the island . it has become the national animal of the country . ( 2 )
the cyprus mouflon feeds on at least 85 different forage species . grass is preferred .
the armenian sheep are herbivores , meaning they only consume vegetation . the diet of this species consists of grasses , shrubs , and grains .
the judge has made his way out to forister exotics a couple times the last few years and well he just has the luck on his side ! he always knows what he’s after and comes well prepared ! after talking to him for about a year and talking him into waiting and giving this particular armenian mouflon another year to grow we finally set a date for the hunt . going back to the first phone conversation i had with the judge i knew that the armenian mouflon was one of his all time animals that he would hold near and dear and cherish for as long as he could still gaze upon him in his trophy room . it is that kind of hunter that keeps us all going and raising these awesome animals . armenian mouflon are on every sheep hunters list and finding a good one isn’t always easy . well our date with this beautiful armenian mouflon finally came around and when the judge got to the ranch we decided to shoot his rifle and make sure it was on . after that we made the 20 mile trek to the ranch in real county to begin the hunt . we got into the pasture with a couple hours of daylight left to hunt and made 2 - 3 stalk attempts but with hunter , guide and camera woman it just wasn’t working . we decided to fall back into an ambush position and wait for the armenian mouflon to make their way to water . we set up in a perfect position and the armenian mouflon filtered across a road about 150 yards away . the biggest ram in the group stepped out and i told the judge that’s him take him when he stops . the armenian mouflon didn’t know what hit him when the . 243 barked and found the crease behind his left shoulder . he spun to make a run and fell in his tracks about 3 steps from where he was standing when he was shot . we gave him a few minutes just to be sure and then we made our way down to inspect the judges trophy armenian mouflon . after a few pictures we made our way back to the skinning shed to prepare the animal for the taxidermist . congrats judge on another awesome trophy taken at forister exotics !
feral dogs and foxes . ( 4 ) although foxes are the major scavenger of dead mouflon , there are no direct observations of foxes killing adult mouflon . there are observations of foxes following mouflon from safe distance , as well as a report of a ram fatally injuring a fox . there is two cases reported where foxes were observed killing juvenile mouflon away from cliffs . more direct killings are reported by stray dogs than foxes . ( 7 )
in the center , the national coat of arms of armenia . the legend republic of armenia in english and armenian , as well as the date of issue and the denomination are also indicated .
the armenian sheep is a species protected under the iucn , population declines have been due to poaching and competition with livestock . in 2009 this species was placed on afghanistan’s first protected species list .
we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the mitogenome of the cyprus mouflon ( gb # kf312238 ) ( fig 2 ) .
, were introduced on kaboudan island ; however , their corpses were found in 1982 . during 1993 , 49 , and in 1995 , 98 armenian sheep were transferred from kaboudan island to the islami peninsula [
( 9 ) hoefs , m . and hadjisterkotis , e . : horn characteristics of the cyprus mouflon . in : abstracts – 6th world congress on mountain ungulates and 5th international symposium on mouflon . august 29th - september 1st , 2016 , nicosia , cyprus
s1 table . list of the primers used to carry out pcr and sequencing reactions to obtain the first cyprus mouflon mtdna sequence .
this species has a red - brown coat of short hairs , with a dark back - stripe , light under parts , legs / socks , and also a light colored saddle patchthe armenian sheep have loner brown hair on the neck during certain seasons . armenian sheep can grow to be 90 cm tall at shoulder height . the males weigh about 50 kg while females tend to weigh 35 kg . curved horns can occur in both male and female armenian sheep , but some females do not have horns . the horns of a male sheep can grow to be 50 - 60 cm long and can be curved into almost a full revolution .
cyprus . in the middle ages , the mouflon was plentiful in nearly all parts of this mediterranean island . ( 8 ) today the home of the cyprus mouflon is the mountainous paphos forest and adjacend areas including parts of trodoos national forest . ( 2 ) during the last decade the mouflon has expanded its range eastward . it’s current geographical coverage of the island exceeds 700 km 2 . ( 4 )
mouflon - ovis orientalis .
large herbivore network . large herbivore network / ecnc , 2009 . web . 01 may 2013 .
( 14 ) hadjisterkotis , e . , 2001 : the cyprus mouflon , a threatened species in a biodiversity „hotspot“ area . pages 71 - 81 , in nahlik a . and walter uloth ( eds . ) , proceedings of the international mouflon symposium , sopron , hungary .
frisina mr , frisina rm . phenotype evaluation of free - ranging european mouflon . taprobanica . 2013 ; 5 ( 2 ) : 157–162 .
this species is active for 7 . 5 - 10 hours a day . 80 % of that time is spent grazing . armenian sheep become inactive about a half hour before dusk and are then inactive for the duration of night .
iucn does not classifiy the cyprus mouflon as a wild species . hence the species is not further mentioned in the red list . ( 5 )
this species is found in moderately to very arid habitats , such as grasslands with juniter and almond scrublands , subalpine and alpine meadows , agricultural fields , and woodland areas . armenian sheep can be found at 1000 - 3000 meters above sea level and prefer open spaces with rocky outcrops and canyons . distributions of the armenian sheep occur in armenia , northeastern and southeastern iran , urial or arkar in afghanistan , northwestern india , tajikistan , armenia , southern azerbaijan and parts of pakistan .
fedosenko , a . k . 1986 . on mortality of ustyurt mouflon on the ustyurt western ravine . rare mammals of kazakhstan : 33 - 36 .
some authors described the asian mouflon ( o . gmelini ) and the urial ( o . vignei ) as a single “moufloniform” species ( o . orientalis ) [ 17 – 18 ] ; instead , the classification that distinguishes the asian mouflon from urial was followed in this study [ 14 , 19 ] .
in this study the first asian mouflon mitogenome from a cypriot individual ( o . g . ophion ) was provided and compared with those from other ovis species . the mtdna main structural features ( see [ 60 – 61 ] for details ) did not differ between the cyprus mouflon and other caprinae species .
sexual maturity reached : in a study no yearlings were observed giving birth or being followed by a lamb . other populations of wild sheep are known to mature sexually earlier than free - ranging cyprus mouflon . this is for example the case for corsican mouflon , where a small percentage conceives as yearlings . ( 12 )
( 3 ) hadjisterkotis , eleftherios : population , ecology and food habits of the cyprus mouflon . in : e . hadjisterkotis ( ed . ) page 37 , abstracts – 6th world congress on mountain ungulates and 5th international symposium on mouflon . august 29th - september 1st , 2016 , ministry of interior , nicosia , cyprus
currently , the revised taxonomy of o . gmelini [ 20 ] differentiates the taxa into several “subspecies” . the armenian mouflon ( o . g . gmelinii ) from western iran and easternmost turkey , is considered the most probable ancestor of domestic sheep along with the anatolian mouflon ( o . g . anatolica ) endemic to central anatolia . a third subspecies has been assigned to the cyprus mouflon ( o . g . ophion ) , also known as agrino , a wild sheep found exclusively in the mediterranean island of cyprus . the agrino is the only wild representative of the caprinae subfamily on the island , and the largest animal of the local wild fauna [ 21 ] . the mouflon population in cyprus currently counts ~ 3 , 000 individuals living in the mountainous area of the paphos forest , a region of 620 , 000 hectares located in the north west of the island and classified as a special protection area since 2005 .
( 7 ) constantinou , g . ; hadjisterkotis , e . : fox predation on cyprian mouflon and marine turtles on cyprus . in : e . hadjisterkotis ( ed . ) pages 68 - 69 , abstracts – 6th world congress on mountain ungulates and 5th international symposium on mouflon . august 29th - september 1st , 2016 , ministry of interior , nicosia , cyprus
based on the results obtained in this study , the group including domestic sheep and cyprus mouflon diverged from urial around 0 . 89 mya in accordance with previous analysis of retrotypes and morphological traits which dated this event around 0 . 8 mya [ 16 ] . furthermore , domestic sheep along with the cyprus mouflon and urial diverged from argali around 1 . 11 mya .
the main item in the diet consists of forbs and grasses with a greater variety of woody browse and fruit in the diet of forest dwelling animals ( compared to animals which live at the edge of the forest , which supplement their diet with agricultural plants ) . ( 3 , 11 ) cyprus mouflon feed on more forbs and grasses than euopean mouflon . ( 11 )
the mouflon enclosure at pavros tis psokas has some touristic significance . but there are no wildlife - watching - companies offering tours to watch wild cyprus mouflon . there are also no trip reports available in the net of people , who have actively searched for wild cyprus mouflon ( such trip reports could be seen as an indicator for the importance of the species as an antractor ) . in birdwatching trip reports the species is mentioned occasionally . given the vast number of nature lovers coming to cyprus ( 98 birding trip reports at avibase – 2016 / 09 ) and given the relativ openess of the habitat , which makes wildlife watching relatively easy , it is astonishing that the mouflon does not draw more attention . my personal experiences you find here .
sarkisov , 1944 ; yavruyan , 1969 ; red data book of the former ussr , 1984 ; red data book of the former armenian ssr , 1987 ; kence et al . , 2002 ; firouz , 2005 ; weinberg , ozut , 2007 ; wwf , 2008 ; khorozyan et al . , 2009
the complete cyprus mouflon mtdna sequence was compared with the homologous sequences of the five sheep mtdna haplogroups identified by meadows et al . [ 13 ] ( see table 1 for details ) .
barbanera f , guerrini m , beccani c , forcina g , anayiotos p , panayides p . conservation of endemic and threatened wildlife : molecular forensic dna against poaching of the cypriot mouflon (
( 8 ) nicolaou , h . ; hadjisterkotis , e . ; papasavvas , k . : past and present distribution and abundance of the cyprus mouflon . in : e . hadjisterkotis ( ed . ) page 90 , abstracts – 6th world congress on mountain ungulates and 5th international symposium on mouflon . august 29th - september 1st , 2016 , ministry of interior , nicosia , cyprus
population size and its trends . up–to–date studies show that the mouflon population in armenia does not exceed 250–300 individuals . most of animals ( maximum 200 ) live on the bargushat and zangezur ridges .
animal species domestication has been carried out through the cross - breeding persistence with wild population [ 30 ] , including cyprus mouflon . this process started after the last glaciations when the increasing temperature determined abrupt environmental changes with the extinction of some species and the success of others [ 31 ] . the cyprus mouflon would well represent the species which adapted to new environment . the present study , providing new information on the genetics of the cyprus mouflon , would help to improve the efficiency of selection on breed traits linked to reproductive performance and to maintain good productive skills in arid environments .
( 6 ) mereu , p . ; pirastru , m . ; barbato , m . ; hadjisterkotis , e . ; leoni , gg . ; naitana , s . ; masala , b . ; manca , l . : the entire mtdna sequence of the cyprus mouflon ( ovis gmelini ophion ) – a new method for the study of mouflon and domestic sheep evolution . in : e . hadjisterkotis ( ed . ) pages 48 - 49 , abstracts – 6th world congress on mountain ungulates and 5th international symposium on mouflon . august 29th - september 1st , 2016 , ministry of interior , nicosia , cyprus
armenian sheep are promiscuous breeders , meaning both males and females have multiple mating partners . breeding season , or rut , occurs between october and november with a peak of breeding activity occurring in the first half of november . females produce one or two young ( lambs ) after a 5 month gestation period , usually in early april .
in the middle ages , the mouflon was plentiful in nearly all parts of cyprus and was hunted by the aristocracy using hounds and coursing them with cheetahs . ( 8 ) no offical hunting takes place today .
many authorities state that the cyprus mouflon is a feral descendant ( 5 ) of semi - domesticated sheep translocated by humans during the neolithic . therefore the international commission of zoological nomenclature ( bzn 2003 ) prescribes the scientific name ovis aries ophion . ( 1 ) however recent findings suggest that the cyprus mouflon is strongly diverged from western mediterranean conspecifics , while northwest iran appeared as the most credited geographic region as the source for its ancient introduction to cyprus . ( 2 ) additionally , a close phylogenetic relationship between the cyprian and the anatolian mouflon was detected . ( 6 ) therefore it is suggested to use the name ovis gmelini ophion . ( 2 , 6 )
during spring females move to areas with sharp cliffs ( e . g . limnitis valley ) which provide refuge for lambing . lack of water combined with lack of forage is driving mouflon outside the forest . ( 14 )
( 4 ) kassinis , n . ; ioannou , i . , panagides , p . ; mammides , c . ; nicolaou , k . : current status , population dynamics and causes of mortality in cyprus mouflon . in : e . hadjisterkotis ( ed . ) pages 41 . abstracts – 6th world congress on mountain ungulates and 5th international symposium on mouflon . august 29th - september 1st , 2016 , ministry of interior , nicosia , cyprus
the cyprus mouflon was probably introduced onto the island about 8 . 000 years ago . ovis bones were found at the neolithic village of khirokitia . modern and ancient mouflon seem to correlate – except for their size . modern cyprus mouflon are about 18 prozent smaller . ( 1 ) it is thought that this diminuation is an example of island dwarfing . reasons that could lead towards island dwarfism are : poor forage conditions , possible phosphorus shortage , limited living space and the forested mountainous habitat and limited predation . but becoming smaller might be disadvantageous , when predators are around . so it is thought , that island dwarfism of large mammals on islands arises only in the absence of predation .
this is the eleventh entry in the ongoing
wild world of the caucasus - endangered species of armenia
coin program . each coin features an animal that is on the red book of armenia endangered or protected species list . this fact is well - illustrated on each coin by the two red lines that underscore the animal ' s names in latin and armenian .
the mouflon is extremely endangered in armenia . in 1970 there were between 200 - 400 in the wild , however now there are only 42 known alive . its chief remaining habitat is inside the khosrov preserve , where individuals live at altitudes between 2500 and 10 , 000 feet . they frequent mountain slopes and mountain field plateaus , in some of the highest reaches of the caucasus . the mouflon is endangered because of illegal poaching and the development of agriculture in armenia .
the complete cyprus mouflon d - loop sequence was compared with the homologous sequences of the five sheep mtdna haplogroups identified by meadows et al . [ 13 ] ( see table 1 for details ) . three anatolian mouflon ( o . g . anatolica ) sequences , representative of each clade ( haplogroup a and haplotype x ) previously described for this species by demirci et al . [ 12 ] , were included into the dataset . the bighorn , the argali and the urial wild sheep sequences were used as outgroups .
ptak , g . , clinton , m . and barboni , b . 2002 . preservation of the wild european mouflon : the first example of genetic management using a complete program of reproductive biotechnologies . biology of reproduction 66 ( 3 ) : 796 - 801 .
it was shown recently that forensic wildlife investigations help to tackle illegal mouflon killing . police and ‚game and fauna service‘ had confiscated samples ( meat , hairs , bloodstains ) . through mitochondrial and dna markers the species - specific affiliation could be determined . ( 2 )
the mtdna sequence of the cyprus mouflon matches with those of other members of the caprinae sub - family , and features like incomplete stop codons , overlapping coding regions , and different start codons lie within the range of mammalian mtdna variation [ 60 – 61 ] .
savinov , ye . f . and bekenov , l . b . ( eds ) . 1977 . asiatic mouflon and measures necessary for its protection . rare mammal species of the ussr and their protection , pp . 226 - 227 . nauka , moscow , russia .
herd social structure is similar to other wild sheep species where same - gender groups are seperated all year except from the rut . cyprus mouflon exhibit smaller group size ( mean = 2 . 9 individuals ) compared to other species inhabiting more open habitats . ( 4 )
during its history the cyprus mouflon has repeatedly been reduced to very small numbers . ( 9 ) uncontrolled hunting and habitat destruction almost drove this endemic cyprian mammal to extinction . at the beginning of the 20th century , the population had been reduced to a few dozen .
nabu has been advising and supporting the ministry of nature protection of the republic of armenia since 2001 . in the first few years of our partnership we put the implementation of international nature conservation conventions at a high priority , but in 2006 we were able to expand our partnership to include joint projects as well . in march 2007 , nabu and the ministry signed a cooperation agreement to protect armenia’s biodiversity . nabu works locally in cooperation with the ministry of nature protection of the republic of armenia and the armenian society for the protection of birds . in the programme to protect the armenian mouflon , an action plan was put together and a fully equipped and well - trained anti - poaching squad was established . for the project , the “protection of the steppe lakes and wetlands in the arax lowlands” , a support and development plan has been drawn up that will be implemented in follow - up projects . we are planning to complete the “ecotourism project in ‘dilijan’ national park” in late 2008 . the project includes the construction of a network of footpaths and walks and two nature trails . our work in armenia is supported financially by the heidehof foundation , the michael otto foundation and the foundation ursula merz .
( 12 ) hadjisterkotis , e . and bider , j . r . , 1993 : reproduction of cyprus mouflon ( ovis gemelini ophion ) in captivity and in the wild . int . zoo yb . ( 1993 ) 32 : 125 - 131 – the zoological society of london .
( 2 ) guerrini , m . ; forcina , g . ; panayides , p . ; anayiotos , p . ; kassinis , n . , garel , m . ; lorenzini , r . ; hadjigerou , p . ; barbanera , f . : population genetics and forensic dna for conservation management of the cypriot mouflon ( ovis orientalis ophion ) . in : e . hadjisterkotis ( ed . ) pages 34 - 35 , abstracts – 6th world congress on mountain ungulates and 5th international symposium on mouflon . august 29th - september 1st , 2016 , ministry of interior , nicosia , cyprus
even considering such an alternative hypothesis relating to the early presence of mouflon in cyprus , it appears more likely that the high genetic distance observed between the cypriot mouflon and other sheep haplogroups is due to a limited crossbreeding with domestic sheep . indeed , contrary to what happened in the other main mediterranean islands of corsica and sardinia , sheep farming has never been crucial to the economy of cyprus , where for a long period the “fat tailed” sheep was the only variety of domestic sheep on the island until the introduction of new breeds from israel and europe in the 1970s [ 74 – 76 ] .
cluster ii included two well - supported main groups , one of them including hpg d , and the other both hpg s a and b together with the european mouflon , closely associated to hpg b . among the other ovis species , the most phylogenetically related to cluster i and ii was the urial .
urltoken environmental informative website was founded in 2012 . the main goal of the website is to raise environmental problems and to increase public awareness , to support the organizations and representatives of environmental initiatives concerned about environmental problems . being an alternative within mass media specialized in providing information in armenian , urltoken provides reliable information representing the viewpoints of all sides concerned , covers activity and important events in this field . the principle of the website is to provide impartial and neutral information by maintaining the rights of all sides .
horns of cyprus mouflon show three sides : orbital surface ( white ) , frontal surface ( red ) , nuchal surface ( green ) . the fronto - nuchal edge ( where red and green merges ) is sharp . the fronto - orbital edge ( where white and red merges ) is almost completely rounded off .
citation : sanna d , barbato m , hadjisterkotis e , cossu p , decandia l , trova s , et al . ( 2015 ) the first mitogenome of the cyprus mouflon ( ovis gmelini ophion ) : new insights into the phylogeny of the genus ovis . plos one 10 ( 12 ) : e0144257 . urltoken
within cluster i , the divergence between o . g . ophion ( cyprus mouflon ) and ovis groups hpgs c and e occurred about 0 . 17 mya . hpgs c and e diverged from each other about 0 . 12 mya . the rise of all current haplogroups was estimated to have occurred around 5–35 kya .
the evolution and taxonomy of the genus ovis is still a debated topic , and the relationship between the extant wild sheep and domestic sheep remains unsolved [ 63 ] . in the last decades , different wild sheep have been proposed as potential ancestors of domestic sheep , such as the urial , argali and european mouflon . however , based on analyses performed by means of mtdna sequences and endogenous retrovirus [ 10 , 16 ] none of them can be conclusively confirmed as being the living ancestor of sheep . the asian mouflon ( o . gmelini ) is currently considered as the next closest extant species to domestic sheep [ 5 – 7 , 12 ] .
today poaching , habitat degradation and loss ( also through forest fires ) , road building and livestock intrusion ( risk of pathogen infection ; increased presence of feral dogs ) represent the main threatening factors . ( 2 , 4 ) in 1997 it was shown that small game hunting has a negative effect on mouflon through disturbance ( increased energy demand during times of poor nourishment conditions ; movement to less suitable habitat ) and increased opportunity for poaching . ( 13 ) furthermore lack of water because of climate change and draining springs for irrigation was also found as threatening factor . the illegal introduction of wild boar through hunters implies competition for the mouflon . ( 14 )
the bi tree analysis identified two main clusters of domestic sheep ( i and ii in fig 3 ) supported by high posterior probabilities ( prob ≥ 0 . 99 ) . cluster i comprised of the sequences of cypriot mouflon and sheep hpg s c and e , the latter was included into a well - supported sub - cluster .
in conclusion , the cyprus mouflon whole mtdna sequence here provided improves the panel described by meadows et al . [ 13 ] thus identifying a potential new sheep haplogroup which includes the cypriot and anatolian mouflons . however , since the whole mtdna sequence of the anatolian mouflon is not available , this hypothesis was inferred by the analysis performed on the d - loop sequencing data only and requires to be confirmed by means of deeper analyses on the whole mitogenome . additionally , further analysis on a larger number of samples from near east and europe might shed light on the occurrence of new haplogroups never described before , resulting in a more complete overview of the phylogenetic relationships among ovine breeds from different geographic areas .
) form an important part of the megafauna of the threatened biodiversity hotspot caucasus ecoregion . their populations have suffered drastic decreases over the past decades , and they are now mostly confined to small and isolated populations . strong conservation actions need to be taken to ensure their long - term survival . in this study maximum entropy species distribution modeling was used to ( 1 ) map habitat suitability for bezoar goat and armenian mouflon over the caucasus ecoregion , and ( 2 ) analyze habitat characteristics for the two species , by assessing the importance of a range of variables for their distribution . results show a strong dependence on highly rugged terrain for habitat to be suitable for the two species , and suggest that especially the greater caucasus mountains bear enormous potential of currently unoccupied suitable habitat for both species . the habitat suitability maps highlight priority areas that deserve highest concern for further investigations and could represent candidate locations for potential reintroductions of the animals .
the mouflon habitat in present times lies within mountainous , wooded terrain . some parts border on agricultural land . ( 3 ) the forested part is covered with pine ( pinus brutia ) , golden oak ( quercus alnifolia ) , further with cyprus cedar ( cedrus brevifolia ) , greek strawberry tree ( arbutus andrachne ) and plane trees ( platanus orientalis ) . ( 1 )
in order to assess the number and the length of tandem repeats in the control region , which differentiate ovine haplogroups , the d - loop sequences were tested using tandem repeat finder 3 . 01 [ 37 ] . the physical map of the cyprus mouflon mitogenome was generated by means of ogdraw 1 . 2 [ 38 ] . the geographical distribution of sheep samples analyzed in the present study is shown in fig 1 .
urial or arkar in afghanistan , nw india ( kashmir ) , ne and se iran , sw kazakhstan , oman ( introduced ? ) , pakistan , tajikistan , turkmenistan , and uzbekistan . intermediate laristan sheep in s iran . red sheep or mouflon in armenia , s azerbaijan , n iraq , w iran , and s and e turkey ; transported populations ( mouflon ) on corsica and sardinia , introduced from there to europe , ukraine ( crimea ) , usa ( incl . hawaiian isls ) , chile , kerguelen isls , and tenerife ( canary isls ) ; and on cyprus . domesticated worldwide ; feral populations on st . kilda and other small islands off the british isles ; improved domestic stock feral in norway , sweden , usa , islands off coasts of united kingdom and new zealand , kerguelen isls , and probably other oceanic islands .
in a study eighty - five forage species were determined . usually by june all grasses are dry , and forage is reduced in quantity and quality . as pasture forage matures , the protein content declines , fibre increases , and both forage intake and digestibility decline . in fact the quality of grass , which is the most important item in the diet of the cyprus mouflon , declines drastically in the course of the seasons . by late summer and early fall respectively the quality falls below the minimum requirements for maintenance . as a consequence the animals starve . depending on the rains fresh grass might not appear before november or december . ( 3 ) in fall and winter mouflon feed on fruit , which can be a considerable item . in spring a larger quantity of tree leaves are eaten , particularly in april when the are just sprouting . ( 11 )
the knowledge of species origin has always been an essential element for informed genetic diversity conservation . in particular , the evolution of domestic species has been intensively investigated during the last few decades . according to vigne [ 1 ] , archaeozoological findings suggest that the earliest detected domestications occurred in the near east during the 11 th millennium before present ( bp ) . in such a context , sheep and goats were the first livestock to be domesticated near the region known as fertile crescent [ 2 ] . in this area , the domestication of the asian mouflon ( ovis gmelini ) probably gave rise to the domestic sheep ( o . aries ) [ 1 , 3 – 7 ] , although the contribution of other wild species such as urial ( o . vignei ) , argali ( o . ammon ) and european mouflon ( o . a . musimon ) has been suggested [ 8 – 10 ] .
the iucn [ 22 ] included the cypriot mouflon in the list of species considered as
vulnerable
due to poaching , habitat loss and fragmentation caused by the presence of road networks , and infection by pathogens ( see [ 23 ] for details ) . to make matters worse , climate models predict that climate change will lead to higher temperatures and less rainfall in the eastern mediterranean with deleterious impact on the agricultural system and animal health [ 24 ] .
) is a species of wild ovine . it is sometimes called the iranian red sheep ; in central asia it is well - known as the argali . it is far and away the largest wild sheep on earth , standing as high as five feet tall and weighing nearly 400 pounds ! some mouflon have been known to reach six feet in length . they exhibit a distinct and immediately recognizable coloration . social animals , they travel in herds for safety and protection .
analyses based on comparisons of the whole mtdna sequence , which significantly improve the resolution power of phylogenetic analyses if compared with single genes or small dna fragments , clearly confirmed that neither urial nor argali sheep are the maternal ancestor of the domestic sheep [ 13 ] . in addition , the european mouflon should not be considered a truly wild sheep ; instead , it more likely represents a remnant from early domestication events which has readapted to feral life [ 14 – 16 ] .
the island of cyprus is considered one of the first areas where domesticated sheep were introduced [ 16 , 25 ] , thus offering a valuable insight into the evolution of its unique endemic mouflon . at the present time , the most probable hypothesis is that mouflons were brought to cyprus by humans about 12 kya [ 12 ] , following an independent evolutionary history , most likely facilitated by the absence of potential predators / competitors as supported by fossil records [ 71 – 72 ] .
the two main mtdna lineages detected into the domestic sheep radiation ( clusters i and ii in fig 3 ) , started 0 . 3 mya . the split event between the group hpg d and the groups hpgs a and b , within cluster ii , occurred 0 . 24 mya . hpgs a and b diverged from each other about 0 . 17 mya . results indicated that the divergence between lineages representing hpg b sheep and european mouflon occurred 21 thousand years ago ( kya ) .
ovis gmelini gmelini muflon de armenia ( sp ) , armenischer mufflon ( g ) , mouflon d ' armenie ( f ) . named by lydekker after ancient armenia , which included what is now eastern turkey , northwestern iran , and the newly independent country of armenia . called anatolian sheep in turkey , for anatolia , which is the asian part of that country . sometimes called transcaucasian mouflon , or gmelin sheep after 18th century german zoologist s . g . gmelin . description ( male ) shoulder height 28 - 32 inches ( 71 - 81 cm ) . weight 100 - 140 pounds ( 45 - 63 kg ) . females are considerably smaller . a graceful sheep with relatively long , slender legs . general color is reddish - tan with a narrow , grayish - white saddle patch . underparts , lower legs and muzzle are white . chest is dark brown . there is a narrow brown flank band and brown markings on front of the upper legs . in winter , there is a short black ruff on the lower neck and brisket . no bib . horns are supracervical , curving above and behind the neck . females usually have small horns , but sometimes are hornless . distribution found in armenia , possibly the extreme southwestern tip of azerbaijan , eastern anatolia ( turkey ) , the northeastern corner of iraq , and northwestern iran east to tabriz and south to the central zagros mountains . outside asia , armenian mouflons have been introduced on private ranches in the united states . taxonomic notes consists of the named races armeniana ( eastern turkey ) , gmelini ( eastern turkey ) , and urmiana ( kabudan island in lake orumiyeh [ formerly spelled urmia ] , northwestern iran ) , with gmelini blyth , 1841 having priority . the sheep on kabudan island are said to have been introduced from the mainland .
the statistical parsimony network analysis retrieved seven disconnected clusters within the ovis genus . three main clusters ( α , β , γ in fig 4 ) encompassed 78 % of the individuals , while four additional minor clusters correspond to one or two individuals representative of the domestic sheep hpgs c , e and d and of one anatolian mouflon individual . cluster α was exclusive of anatolian and cypriot mouflons . cluster β encompassed domestic sheep haplogroup a individuals and some anatolian mouflons . cluster γ corresponded to the bayesian genetic group g 3 above reported .
the cyprian mouflon ram has sickle - shaped , yellowish - brown horns curved in one plane . these horns either curve back behind the head toward the neck , with tips directed at the sides of the neck ( cervical ) or above the neck ( supracervical ) . in older males the horn tips often terminate only a few centimeters apart . horns show three sides with a good fronto - nuchal edge and the fronto - orbital edge almost completely rounded off . ( 1 ) all females are hornless . ( hadjisterkotis 2016 , pers . comm . )
disease - related : 30 % ; predators : 25 % ; poaching : 16 % ; collisions with vehicles : 13 % ; the rest being accidents , snake - bites and unknown . ( 4 ) the highest mortality is during the rut . due to the stress of the rutting season , poor nutrition in late summer and autumn , old age , diseases , and cold weather , many rams do not recover from nutritional deficiences and die . mouflon have a wide range of diseases and bone lesions . the most important defect being spondylosis . ( 3 )
the presence of mouflon in cyprus is believed to date back to around 10 , 000 years ago ( ya ) [ 2 ] . recent paleontological findings [ 25 ] indicated that the first sheep ( o . aries ) were introduced in cyprus during the first half of the 10 th millennium bp , then replaced 500 years later by bigger sheep presumably introduced in the island from syria . based on the shape and size of the horns of these prehistoric animals , these sheep were similar to the wild sheep of the nearby mainland [ 25 – 26 ] .
protection of the steppe lakes and wetlands in the arax lowlands in the west of armenia , on the border with turkey , our work focuses on the protection of the river arax’s floodplains . there are many lakes here ranging from 10 to 2 , 000 hectares in size and up to 2 metres in depth . although the lowlands have been severely overexploited for a long time and are degraded in some areas , they are still the last remaining habitat in armenia for many endangered bird species such as the common spoonbill , the glossy ibis , the marbled duck , the black - winged stilt , the pied avocet , the oystercatcher and the endemic armenian gull . it is also one of the few areas where both black and white storks spend the winter , as well as globally endangered species such as the dalmatian pelican and the white - headed duck . our work is focused regulating and stabilising the water supply in the project area , improving feeding and nesting conditions for water birds and improving environmental education opportunities coupled with the establishment of an ecotourism infrastructure .
to date , only small portions of the mtdna and nuclear dna of the cyprus mouflon are available . these segments include the complete sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene ( cyt b ) ( gb # fr873149 ) [ 23 ] , and the entire sequence of the alpha 1 ( gb # eu938070 . 1 ) , alpha 2 ( gb # eu938071 ) [ 27 ] and beta ( gb # dq352469 ) [ 28 ] nuclear globin genes . based on partial cyt b sequence analyses , o . g . ophion clustered with the ovine hpg s e and c , whereas its d - loop belonged to hpg b [ 12 , 29 ] .
among 35 individuals belonging to seven species within the genus ovis , 23 haplotypes , defined by 645 polymorphic sites ( s ) , were found . overall high values of total mean haplotype and nucleotide diversity , were obtained , h = 0 . 976 and π = 0 . 138 , respectively . the anatolian mouflon ( o . g . anatolica ) showed the lowest average value of haplotype diversity ( h = 0 . 600 ) , whereas the lowest nucleotide diversity values were found among individuals belonging to the two species o . a . musimon and o . g . ophion . estimates of genetic diversity for the whole genome are reported in table 4 .
all samples from sardinia , corsica and chios islands harboured a 1 , 179 bp long d - loop region , except for one indel occurring in a specimen of corsican mouflon ( 1 , 180 ) . instead , the three cypriot mouflons showed a 1 , 184 bp long d - loop segment , with four copies of a 76 bp long repeat motif , located within a fragment of 304 bp long ranging from the 15 , 654 nt to the 15 , 957 nt , referring to the whole mtdna domestic sheep sequence ( gb # nc _ 001941 ) [ 60 ] . repeat units of 76 bp are typical of sheep belonging to the hpgs c and e [ 12 ] .
sheep are thought to have been one of the first livestock to be domesticated in the near east , thus playing an important role in human history . the current whole mitochondrial genome phylogeny for the genus ovis is based on : the five main domestic haplogroups occurring among sheep ( o . aries ) , along with molecular data from two wild european mouflons , three urials , and one argali . with the aim to shed some further light on the phylogenetic relationship within this genus , the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a cypriot mouflon ( o . gmelini ophion ) is here reported . phylogenetic analyses were performed using a dataset of whole ovis mitogenomes as well as d - loop sequences . the concatenated sequence of 28 mitochondrial genes of one cypriot mouflon , and the d - loop sequence of three cypriot mouflons were compared to sequences obtained from samples representatives of the five domestic sheep haplogroups along with samples of the extant wild and feral sheep . the sample included also individuals from the mediterranean islands of sardinia and corsica hosting remnants of the first wave of domestication that likely went then back to feral life . the divergence time between branches in the phylogenetic tree has been calculated using seven different calibration points by means of bayesian and maximum likelihood inferences . results suggest that urial ( o . vignei ) and argali ( o . ammon ) diverged from domestic sheep about 0 . 89 and 1 . 11 million years ago ( mya ) , respectively ; and dates the earliest radiation of domestic sheep common ancestor at around 0 . 3 mya . additionally , our data suggest that the rise of the modern sheep haplogroups happened in the span of time between six and 32 thousand years ago ( kya ) . a close phylogenetic relationship between the cypriot and the anatolian mouflon carrying the x haplotype was detected . the genetic distance between this group and the other ovine haplogroups supports the hypothesis that it may be a new haplogroup never described before . furthermore , the updated phylogenetic tree presented in this study determines a finer classification of ovine species and may help to classify more accurately new mitogenomes within the established haplogroups so far identified .
the aim of this study was to shed some light on the evolutionary pathway that led to the emergence of current sheep haplogroups including as a new resource the cyprus mouflon mitogenome . mitochondrial dna was used to infer evolutionary history and phylogeographic relationships among current species of the ovis genus . in such a context , 27 mitogenome sequences were used to obtain a whole mtdna genome - based phylogenetic tree of ovis species . such analysis was combined to a molecular dating to infer the evolutionary divergence timing among ovis species providing a possible coalescence time for the rise of the current sheep haplogroups . to achieve a more comprehensive picture of the phylogenetic relationships among ovine haplogroups we analysed 35 additional d - loop sequences . the d - loop of three agrinos were sequenced and compared with the homologous region from representative samples of the five ovine haplogroups identified so far .


lipocosma albinibasalis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , california and baja california .

the length of the forewings is 7 – 8 mm .

the proximal half of the forewings is white , while the distal half is dark brownish-grey .

adults are on wing from june to september .

lipocosma albinibasalis

lipocosma albinibasalis ( munroe , 1995 ) replaces lipocosma albibasalis ( b . & mcd . 1911 )
lipocosma polingi is the only other member of the genus in the western states , and is known from the baboquivari mountains in southern arizona , and recently identified in southern texas .
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 22 . 8f ; p . 172 . book review and ordering
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adult - white proximal half of forewing sharply divided from mostly dark brownish - gray distal half .
powell & opler ( 2009 ) listed the range to include southern california and baja california .
. university of california press . pl . 22 , fig . 8 ; p . 172 .
presence in california ; list of 5 specimen records with dates and locations ( u . of california at berkeley )
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calyptra bicolor is a moth of the family noctuidae .

it is found in india .

it has been known to feed on humans , as well as a variety of other mammals .

calyptra bicolor

images of calyptra thalictri larvae , cocoons , and adults taken by eduard berlov can be seen here .
in subtropical and tropical asia , calyptra moths are considered facultative or opportunistic blood - feeders , typically feeding on ungulates ( hoofed mammals ) such as tapirs , rhinos , and cattle , and occasionally on elephants and humans . interestingly , female calyptra adults have not been documented feeding on blood . ( bänziger 1975 ; zaspel et al . 2007 and references therein )
zaspel et al . ( 2007 ) documented the first example of blood - feeding by calyptra in a temperate region , by c . thalictri in far eastern russia . individuals from one site exhibited blood - feeding behavior in experimental trials while individuals from a second site did not . such variation has been observed for other calyptra species as well . ( zaspel et al . 2007 and references therein )
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
, whose precise circumscription is uncertain but which includes a number of other fruit - piercing or eye - frequenting genera currently classified in calpinae .
some species of this genus have been classified with genus name calpe , and they include more than one blood - sucker .
, but the moth uses a specially developed proboscis to penetrate the skin of animals , such as buffalo . a species in malaysia was observed using its hollowed out
which is divided into two halves . the insect rocks the proboscis from one side to the other , applying pressure until it pierces the skin . it then uses a rocking head motion to drill the tube deeper into the skin . the
of the victim supplies power to raise hooks on the proboscis to ensure the insect is not easily detached .
only male moths exhibit this ability , unlike mosquitoes , where the female is the one that drinks blood .
it is thought that the moth ' s ability to pierce animal skin and drink blood may have sprung from an earlier ability to pierce fruit in search of juice .
human skin penetrated in this way may turn red and be sore for several hours . despite the wound being more severe than that of a mosquito , the moths are not believed to pose a risk to human health .
although it has been reported that moths have bitten humans in asia , it was not until the summer of 1999 that a russian scientist , vladimir kononenko , observed that this species of moth was capable of filling its stomach with human blood .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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megaceras briansaltini , named in honor of brian saltin , son of entomologist jochen-p .

saltin , is a peruvian rhinoceros beetle with a horn surprisingly similar to that of the character dim from pixar 's animated film , a bug 's life ( created eight years before the beetle 's discovery ) , previously unseen in nature ( coined the dim effect by its discoverer brett c. ratcliffe ) .

it remains unclear whether this is a natural feature or an uncommon mutation , as only one specimen has been found .

m. briansaltini was listed ninth in the top species of 2008 by the international institute for species exploration .

megaceras briansaltini

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reference : ratcliffe , b . c . 2007 . a remarkable new species of megaceras from peru ( scarabaeidae : dynastinae : oryctini ) . the “dim effect” : nature mimicking art . the coleopterists bulletin 61 ( 3 ) : 463 - 467 .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
how it made the top 10 : rhinoceros beetles are named for the horn - like structures on their heads . according to the author , this charismatic new species has a unique form of horn that is otherwise similar only to the one on dim , the blue rhinoceros beetle in the disney / pixar animated film a bug ' s life . this makes for a rare instance of nature imitating art .
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rhinoceros beetles are named for the horn - like structures on their heads . according to the author , this charismatic new species has a unique form of horn that is otherwise similar only to the one on dim , the blue rhinoceros beetle in the disney / pixar animated film
a bug ' s life .
this makes for a rare instance of nature imitating art .
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cinetorhynchus is a genus of shrimp in the family rhynchocinetidae .

it was originally described in 1995 by lipke holthuis as a subgenus of the genus rhynchocinetes , but was elevated to the rank of genus by okuno in 1997 .

both genera share the characteristic jointed rostrum , but differ in the numbers and positions of various spines .

cinetorhynchus contains the following species : cinetorhynchus brucei okuno , 2009 cinetorhynchus concolor ( okuno , 1994 ) cinetorhynchus erythrostictus okuno , 1997 cinetorhynchus fasciatus okuno & tachikawa , 1997 cinetorhynchus hawaiiensis okuno & hoover , 1998 cinetorhynchus hendersoni ( kemp , 1925 ) cinetorhynchus hiatti ( holthuis & hayashi , 1967 ) cinetorhynchus manningi okuno , 1996 cinetorhynchus reticulatus okuno , 1997 cinetorhynchus rigens ( gordon , 1936 ) cinetorhynchus striatus ( nomura & hayashi , 1992 )

cinetorhynchus

frédéric ducarme marked
file : cinetorhynchus reticulatus . jpg
as trusted on the
cinetorhynchus reticulatus
page .
frédéric ducarme set
file : cinetorhynchus reticulatus . jpg
as an exemplar on
cinetorhynchus reticulatus okuno , 1997
.
frédéric ducarme marked the classification from
world register of marine species ( worms )
as preferred for
cinetorhynchus reticulatus okuno , 1997
.
( of rhynchocinetes ( cinetorhynchus ) holthuis , 1995 ) holthuis , l . b . ( 1995 ) . notes on indo - west pacific crustacea decapoda iii to ix . zoologische mededelingen . 69 : 139 - 151 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
okuno , j . , 1997a . crustacea decapoda : review on the genus cinetorhynchus holthuis , 1955 from the indo - west pacific ( caridea : rhynchocinetidae ) . in : richer de forges , b . ( ed . ) , les fonds meubles des lagons de nouvelle - calédonie ( sédimentologie , benthos ) : 31 - 58 . orstom , études & thèses , paris . [ details ]
( of rhynchocinetes hiatti holthuis & hayashi , 1967 ) okuno , j . , 1997a . crustacea decapoda : review on the genus cinetorhynchus holthuis , 1955 from the indo - west pacific ( caridea : rhynchocinetidae ) . in : richer de forges , b . ( ed . ) , les fonds meubles des lagons de nouvelle - calédonie ( sédimentologie , benthos ) : 31 - 58 . orstom , études & thèses , paris . [ details ]
( of rhynchocinetes ( cinetorhynchus ) holthuis , 1995 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
here is a beautiful juvenile red night shrimp , cinetorhynchus manningi that aimee and i found together on our last night dive hanging out on the base of a giant sea - fan . they usually have red bodies and may have white to tan bands and spots with dark green eyes . these shrimps are very common in the florida keys , bahamas and caribbean but not in numbers that it would pay to collect them for consumption . they inhabit coral reefs or shallow rocky areas and are considered nocturnal . they hide deep in the reefs by day and appear in large numbers at night . when you shine your light on them their eyes turn to a glowing shade of red , it’s really beautiful ! these shrimps like others are very shy and will retreat into the darkness if approached , so getting photos can be very difficult at times ! previously reported as rhynchocinetes ringens , which has been reclassified in the genus cinetorynchus . the species c . ringens only inhabits the eastern atlantic .
holthuis , l . b . ( 1995 ) . notes on indo - west pacific crustacea decapoda iii to ix . zoologische mededelingen . 69 : 139 - 151 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
description distribution : also known from far east and eastern pacific < 458 > .
description distribution : also known from far east and eastern pacific < 458 > . [ details ]
( of rhynchocinetes rigens gordon , 1936 ) gordon , i . , 1936 . on the macruran genus rhynchocinetes , with description of a new species . — proceedings of the zoological society of london 1936 : 75 - 88 . [ details ]
felder , d . l . , álvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019–1104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of rhynchocinetes rigens gordon , 1936 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of rhynchocinetes hiatti holthuis & hayashi , 1967 ) holthuis , l . b . & k . - i . hayashi , 1967 . a new species of shrimp , rhynchocinetes hiatti ( crustacea , decapoda ) . — annotationes zoologicae japonenses 40 : 161 - 170 . [ details ]
( of rhynchocinetes hiatti holthuis , 1953 ) holthuis , l . b . , 1953b . enumeration of the decapod and stomatopod crustacea from pacific coral islands . — atoll research bulletin 24 : 1 - 66 . [ details ]
( of rhynchocinetes hiatti holthuis & hayashi , 1967 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of rhynchocinetes hiatti holthuis , 1953 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
this small ( 2 inch ) nocturnal shrimp is a true shrimp . they hide deep in the reefs during the day and come out to feed at night . their black eyes glow red when light is shined on them and the reef is dotted with hundreds of little eyes . found in water 10 - 90 feet . i think then center picture could be a juvenile .
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avid outdoorsman and underwater photographer , barry brown has spent the last 12 years documenting life above and below water in curacao , netherlands antilles . he is currently working with the smithsonian institution documenting new caribbean deep - water species and building a one of a kind database . his underwater images can regularly be seen in sport diver , scuba diver and on the ikelite website . his image of a
collage of corals
seen under blue - light at night recently placed in the top 10 images for the 2014 nanpa ( north american nature photographers association ) photo contest .
good morning readers , our household is up at 5 : 00am this morning thanks to inca ( our dalmatian ) throwing up grass that she ate last night on the trail . unfortunately this is a very common event , we can’t seem to keep them away from it and for some reason they never learn ! aimee is currently training indi ( our other dog ) to turn on the lights if she is carrying something heavy or has her arms full , open the doors and the funniest one , shutting the doors , that one cracks me up ! i told her as good as she is getting with all these trained behaviors we need to do a short film and post it on you - tube .
this morning national geographic is arriving and will be using our sub most of the day and thru the weekend . they are filming a documentary on how fish are collected for the aquarium industry . one company we sell fish to in florida just sells fish to all the big public aquariums around the world while others just sell to collectors . geographic is following a famous collector but using our sub , as i learn more i will let you know .
copyright © 2009 barry b . brown in partnership with wild horizons publishing , inc . coral reef photos is proudly powered by wordpress and designed by oneredkey entries ( rss ) and comments ( rss ) .
this website will keep you posted on barry and aimee’s daily adventures through on - going and archived blogs with samples of barry ' s work .
to license barry ' s images , please visit the wild horizons ' picture library . there you can browse through our stock image library , quickly determine licensing fees for on - line downloads , and order inexpensive photo art prints on - line .


the montezuma well springsnail ( pyrgulopsis montezumensis ) is a species of freshwater snail in the family hydrobiidae , the mud snails .

it is endemic to montezuma well , a large sinkhole in yavapai county , arizona , in the united states .

this snail has an ovate shell measuring no more than 2.7 millimeters tall .

the tip of the snout is pigmented .

the species is sexually dimorphic .

this aquatic snail lives in springs with substrates of travertine limestone .

it is limited to montezuma well and the first 100 meters of its outflow .

the snail has a preference for areas of the spring with bare limestone and no vegetation or sediment .

it tolerates relatively high amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide and remains in areas of the springs where the co ₂ concentration is high , possibly as a means of avoiding predators that can not tolerate these conditions .

montezuma well springsnail

, the well and montezuma castle preserve extraordinary examples of prehistoric sinagua cliff dwelling sites .
this species is only known from montezuma well and the upper 100 m of the outflow in montezuma well national monument , verde valley , yavapai county , arizona ( hershler and landye 1988 ) .
proclaimed the montezuma castle national monument on december 8 , 1906 , including 840 acres on and around montezuma well . after passage of the national park service organic act in 1916 , the monument was transferred to the newly formed national park service .
there are several reasons for the high levels of endemism at montezuma well . its location in the verde valley is one factor . the verde river drainage supports a diverse assemblage of aquatic , wetland , and riparian life : there is a great abundance of biological material for nature to test at montezuma well . next is the well’s protected , highly productive condition . nearby aquatic habitats like wet beaver creek are much more highly disturbed by flooding and seasonality , conditions that force resident biota toward generalized , rather than specialized , life histories and dispersal strategies . in contrast to its aquatic biota , the surrounding slopes within the montezuma well do not support rare or unique terrestrial plant species . rather , its vegetation resembles what we find throughout the verde river drainage , probably because the wetland and terrestrial portions of the well’s ecosystem occupy rather steep slopes that have been disturbed by humans for millennia—from sinagua indians , to early settlers , to modern ranchers and visitors . the desert slopes in the well are subject to seasonal temperature variation , torrential rainstorms , and disturbance by large animals—conditions that do not support the evolution of unique taxa . another factor in the high levels of endemism at montezuma well is the presence of arsenic , which augments the already harsh chemical conditions of the well’s water ; however , the role of arsenic in endemism has not been well studied .
montezuma well is a quiet but spectacular example of a large , limnocrene ( pool - forming ) spring . it is one of the best - studied springs ecosystems in the world , thanks in large measure to the dedicated research of
has been assessed as vulnerable under criterion d2 . it has a very restricted range in montezuma well and the upper 100 m of the outflow in montezuma well national monument , verde valley , yavapai county , arizona . while threats to this species are not well understood , the well in which the species occurs has recently seen the introduction of the red - eared slider turtle , an omnivorous and highly invasive turtle . it is uncertain whether this introduction will have any significant effects on this species , but using the precautionary principle the species is flagged here as vulnerable until further research suggests that the perceived plausible threats are not going to have an effect on the species .
the threats to this species are not well known . however , the well in which it is found is open to the public and has also recently been invaded by the red - eared slider turtle ,
although the water is inhospitable to fish , montezuma well supports some vertebrate life . sonora mud turtles crawl the pond , feeding on leeches and other invertebrates . various waterfowl species visit the well , and it is not unusual to see american coots plying the pondweed beds . prior to their extirpation or extinction , the well was also visited by colorado river otter . the type specimen of that otter was taken at this site in the late nineteenth century . not without human impacts , the well also supports an introduced population of red - eared slider turtles that is targeted for removal by the national park service .
the well was probably first seen by europeans during the 1583 spanish expedition of antonio de espejo , who described an abandoned pueblo ( likely montezuma castle ) and a pond ( likely montezuma well ) . a railroad survey in the mid - 1880s reported abandoned indian villages in the verde valley , but it was edgar mearns , a military physician stationed at fort verde , who in 1884 was the first scientist to see the site . the smithsonian institution took notice of the well , sending cosmos mindeleff in 1892 and jesse w . fewkes in 1895 to investigate . by 1930 , a total of 185 archaeological sites had been identified in the verde valley and surrounding plateau .
montezuma well—a collapsed carbonate caldron 368 feet across and 55 feet deep—lies at 3 , 618 feet elevation in the verde valley . its waters likely are derived from the southern colorado plateau just to the north , and undoubtedly have a lengthy and circuitous flow path . the springs well up from the bottom of a collapsed limestone sink and discharge through a natural tunnel at a rate of about 1 , 100 gallons per minute into
, and a new genus and species of leech . in addition to unique species , the well supports several regionally rare aquatic beetles and other insects , including
from an ecosystem standpoint , the well’s vegetation supports a very large population of amphipods that serve as a prey base . by day , montezuma well’s predator assemblage is dominated by the small , red , desert firetail damselfly , as well as the water scorpion and giant water bug . by night , a horde of endemic leeches swarms up from the depths . the larval damselflies and waterbugs are visual predators in the dense pondweed vegetation around the pool’s periphery . leeches spend their days in the ooze at the bottom of the well , swimming to the surface to feed at night . both sets of predators feed on the endemic amphipod , which spends the day in moderately deep open water , avoiding direct sunlight and the predators in the peripheral vegetation . the amphipod moves to the outer margins of the weed beds at night to avoid predation by leeches .
blinn , d . w . 2008 . the extreme environment , trophic structure , and ecosystem dynamics of a large , fishless desert spring : montezuma well , arizona . in stevens , l . e . and v . j . meretsky , editors . every last drop : ecology and conservation of aridlands springs in north america . university of arizona press , tucson , in press .
runck , c . and d . w . blinn . 1990 . population dynamics and secondary production by ranatra montezuma ( heteroptera : nepidae ) . journal of the north american benthological society 9 : 262 - 270 .
while evidence of paleoindians in the verde valley is scant , archaeological clues to subsequent cultures abound . the hohokam culture appeared in the area about a . d . 600 , living in single - room structures and growing corn and other crops . they were replaced by the puebloan sinagua culture after about a . d . 900 . sinagua artifacts in the beaver creek drainage include elaborate dwellings , canals , artifacts , and a unique style of rock art between a . d . 900 and 1425 . montezuma castle , 11 miles south of the well , is one of the best known and preserved sinaguan cliff dwelling sites , exceeded only by the ruins at tuzigoot national monument . the stately 17 - room stone - and - mud montezuma castle overlooks elegant sycamore and cottonwood trees along beaver creek . the well and beaver creek were used by the sinagua as irrigation sources ; several sinagua canals still exist and some remain in use today . many sinagua artifacts have been recovered , including pottery and jewelry . their middens ( trash heaps ) show reliance on corn , beans , squash , century plant , seeds , and even cotton . these food and crop remains indicate that the sinagua were both farmers and hunter - gatherers .
. the well’s water is relatively constant in temperature , varying from 64 degrees to 77 degrees f , with relatively little dissolved oxygen but a high concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide and relatively high concentration of arsenic . the well has existed at least through the holocene epoch ( 12 , 000 years ) and likely much longer . as an evolutionary microcosm , the pool is essentially free of flood - related disturbance and seasonal impacts . despite its harsh water chemistry , it provides a stable , highly productive environment for the life within it . this , it appears , is a formula for endemism .
. one of the few large limnocrene springs on the colorado plateau , it likely contains the highest concentration of endemic ( unique ) species of any single spring in north america . ecosystem studies in the well have helped us understand the evolution of unique species . located just off interstate 17 near mcguireville , and part of
increasingly intense human disruption of aquifers and native ecosystems leaves the future of springs and the narrowly adapted endemic species they support in jeopardy . more than 90 percent of the springs in northern arizona have been dewatered or are ecologically impaired because of groundwater pumping , development , or modification for livestock or human use . many non - native species have been introduced and these changes have taken place too quickly to permit adjustment by native biota . protecting springs from livestock grazing and leaving water flowing from the source area can help retain native species . improved inventory and understanding which habitats are most threatened also will help land managers and the public make better long - term decisions . education of the public and managers at places like montezuma well is essential if we are to conserve our rich natural heritage for future generations of arizonans .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
johnson , p . d . , bogan , a . e . , brown , k . m . , burkhead , n . m . , cordeiro , j . r . , garner , j . t . , hartfield , p . d . , lepitzki , d . a . w . , mackie , g . l . , pip , e . , tarpley , t . a . , tiemann , j . s . , whelan , n . v . and strong , e . e . 2013 . conservation status of freshwater gastropods of canada and the united states . fisheries 38 ( 6 ) : 247 - 282 .
dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , kasthala , g . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , ht , de silva , r . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . , collins , a . , offord , s . , duncan , c . & richman , n .
this species has been collected from a collapsed travertine spring mound ( o ' brien and blinn 1999 ) .
, a highly invasive species across the usa . it is unknown whether these threats , in particular the introduction of the red - eared slider turtle , are having significant negative effects on the species ; however , being omnivorous in diet , it is likely that the turtles are preying on the species .
this species has been given a global heritage status rank of g1 by natureserve ( 2009 ) . further research is required on the population size of this species .
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- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
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, a tiny member of the giant waterbug family , and a delicate marsh treader .
concerns over archaeological site pot - hunting and excavation encouraged area residents to propose the area as a national monument .
govedich , f . r . , d . blinn , p . keim , and r . w . davies . 1998 . phylogenetic relationships of three genera of erpobdellidae ( hirudinoidea ) , with a description of a new genus , motobdella , and species , motobdella sedonensis . canadian journal of zoology 76 : 2164 - 2171 .
grand canyon wildlands council , inc . 2002 . a hydrological and biological inventory of springs , seeps and ponds of the arizona strip , final report . arizona water protection fund , phoenix .
springer , a . e . , l . e . stevens , and r . harms . 2006 . inventory and classification of selected national park service springs on the colorado plateau : nps cooperative agreement number ca 1200 - 99 - 009 . national park service , flagstaff .
arizona heritage waters dr . larry stevens museum of northern arizona 3101 north fort valley road flagstaff , az 86001 ( 928 ) 523 - 5211 ext . 204 email dr . stevens
dr . abe springer nau department of geology box 4099 flagstaff , az 86011 ( 928 ) 523 - 7198 email dr . springer
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
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