pachyaena ( literally , " thick hyena " ) was a genus of heavily built , relatively short-legged mesonychids that originated from asia and spread to north america .

size varied depending on the species : for p. gracilis , the body mass estimated based in femur length is 24.0 kg , for p. ossifraga is about 56.9 kg , and for the large p. gigantea is 81.7 kg .

however weight estimations of p. gigantea vary from 129 to 396 kg .

pachyaena

how can i put and write and define pachyaena in a sentence and how is the word pachyaena used in a sentence and examples ? 用pachyaena造句 , 用pachyaena造句 , 用pachyaena造句 , pachyaena meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
like running members of the even - toed ungulates , mesonychids (
pachyaena
, for example ) walked on their digits ( digitigrade locomotion ) .
species of the later genus ,
pachyaena
, entered north america by the earliest eocene , where they evolved into huge species surpassing even
ankalagon
in size .
pachyaena ( literally ,
thick hyena
) was a genus of heavily built , relatively short - legged mesonychids that originated from asia . the species ranged in size from a coyote to a bear . during the height of their influence , the species of pachyaena , similar to those of dissacus before them , ranged from asia to north america .
o ' leary , m . a . & rose , k . d . 1995 : postcranial skeleton of the early eocene mesonychid pachyaena . journal of vertebrate paleontology 15 , 401 - 430 .
figure 4 : flighless birds of the genus diatryma ( about 2 . 4 m in height ) try to defend their chicks against a pack of pachyaena . although the mesonychid pachyaena is known from the latest paleocene , this encounter must be placed in the early eocene when diatryma first appears . smaller mesonychids of the genus dissacus occur together with the large flightless bird gastornis in the paleocene of europe . drawing by gregory s . paul , from stanley ( 1989 ) .
like running members of the even - toed ungulates , mesonychids (
pachyaena
, for example ) walked on their digits ( digitigrade locomotion ) . surviving into the early oligocene epoch , as the climate changed and fierce competition arose from the better adapted creodonts .
kutchicetus
' vertebral proportions are unlike those of any other cetaceans but similar to those of some land - living or semi - aquatic mammals , such as
pachyaena
and otters .
kutchicetus
' limbs and sacrum were probably weight - bearing and it probably swam using undulatory movements like modern otters and most likely
ambulocetus
.
mesonychids probably originated in asia , where the most primitive mesonychid , yangtanlestes , is known from the earlier part of the paleocene . they were also most diverse in asia , where they occur in all major paleocene faunas . since true carnivores , creodonts and condylarths were either rare or completely absent in these animal communities , mesonychids obviously dominated the large predator niche in the paleocene of asia . two genera of mesonychids , dissacus and ankalagon , succesfully spread to other continents in the middle paleocene . dissacus was a coyote - sized carnivore that has been found all over the northern hemisphere . ankalagon from the middle paleocene of new mexico , u . s . a . ( reconstructed here in its natural environment ) was much larger , with a skull comparable in size to that of a brown bear . however , like many archaic animals , mesonychids had a relatively large head , so the body of ankalagon was smaller than that of the modern carnivore . early mesonychids still had five digits on their feet , which probably rested flat on the ground during walking . later mesonychids were increasingly well adapted to running . an example is the latest paleocene to eocene pachyaena , a wolf - to bear - sized mesonychid . like running members of the even - toed ungulates , pachyaena walked on its digits , which were reduced to four in number and ended in hoofs . its anatomy suggest that this mesonychid was adapted more for endurance than for speed in running . smaller species of pachyaena may have been more carnivorous , larger species more omnivorous in habits . the dentition of pachyaena shows no special signs of bone - crushing , unlike the teeth of some later mesonychids that specialized on carrion - feeding .
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average measurements ( in mm ) : p4 26 . 2 x 29 . 0 , m1 27 . 8 x 29 . 0 , m2 27 . 5 x 29 . 8 , p4 21 . 3 x 17 . 0 , m1 24 . 5 x 16 . 7 , m2 28 . 4 x 17 . 3 , humerus 311 . 0 x 49 . 0 , radius length 248 . 0 , ulna 260 . 0 x 38 . 0
estimated body mass : 81 . 7 kg based on humerus length and ulna length
average measurements ( in mm ) : femur 316 . 0 x 38 . 9 , humerus 232 . 0 x 39 . 5 , radius length 201 . 0 , tibia length 271 . 0 , ulna 217 . 5 x 24 . 0
estimated body mass : 56 . 9 kg based on femur length , humerus length , tibia length , and ulna length
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see also archibald 1998 , carroll 1988 , gingerich 1998 , matthew 1909 , mckenna and bell 1997 , o ' leary and rose 1995 , scott 1892 , thewissen et al . 2001 and zhou et al . 1995
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j . sargis , eric ( 2009 ) mammalian evolutionary morphology : a tribute to frederick s . szalay p . 130
, from late paleocene / early eocene of wyoming , united states . for scale ,
ah yeah i forgot that eocene wyoming was more like the gulf southern states . filled with swamps and marshlands .
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asiatic mesonychidae ( mammalia , condylarthra ) . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 132 , article 2
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bulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .
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we thank c . argot , p . tassy , g . billet , c . sagne , p . vincent ( mnhn ) , suzanne jiquel and b . marandat ( université montpellier ) for access to material . the optical photographs were taken by p . loubry , l . cazes ( cnrs - mnhn ) , w . miseur and e . de bast ( irsnb ) . we thank marta march and salvador moyà from icp for having provided the numbers of the fossils they conserved . we are grateful to apso volunteers and the terreal society , especially l . nathan who kindly provided permits , help , and support for paleontological research . we thank mrs . nicole verrière , who gave to the mnhn fossils from the collection of her father mr . molez , including several dissacus specimens from berru . we are greatful to the rougier family , who facilitated field work in palette . this work , especially the phylogenetic analysis , benefited from the constructive reviews of one anonymous paleontologist . this research was financially supported by the federal science policy office of belgium ( belspo brain project br / 121 / a3 / paleurafrica ) .
all data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files .
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predation on mammals , among others by dinosaurs , was without doubt an important factor in the early evolution of this class of animals . there are , on the other hand , only few mesozoic mammals that could have been carnivorous , and probably none preyed on larger vertebrates .
after the dramatic turnover at the k / t boundary , the mammals were facing a completely different situation . in the earliest paleocene there is only very limited evidence of terrestrial carnivores , and it has even been claimed that the effect of predation on mammals was negligible . terrestrial crocodiles , snakes and larger lizards survived the k / t boundary and are potential predators , and aquatic crocodiles certainly also took the opportunity to catch unwary animals drinking at the river banks . nevertheless , pressure from reptiles was clearly much reduced on land . large flightless birds have been found in later paleocene rocks in some parts of the world , like gastornis in europe , and could have hunted mammals . however , they are entirely unknown from the rich fossil record of the north american paleocene : the famous diatryma first appears there in the early eocene . knowledge of other birds is very limited . the earliest representatives of the owls , which typically hunt mammals , are ogygoptynx and berruornis from the late paleocene of the u . s . a . and france respectively . characteristic nodules containing remains of small mammals occur at a late paleocene locality in china . they have been interpreted as pellets regurgitated by birds and form the first direct evidence of birds preying on mammals .
on the other hand , the mammals of the earliest paleocene were nearly all rat - sized , and their teeth do not yet show clear specializations for cutting meat . animal communities on land were thus characterized by a uniquely low amount of predation just after the k / t turnover . the step towards the first meat - eating mammals is , however , not such a dramatic one . primitive mammals typically fed on insects , and there is a smooth transition between an insectivore that occasionally takes small vertebrates and a small predator . in south america this led to the evolution of carnivorous marsupials like the borhyaenids . two major groups of placental mammals made this transition during the paleocene , the now extinct creodonts ( order creodonta ) and the true carnivores ( order carnivora ) that flourish today . possible ancestors for both of them are the shrew - like paleoryctids from the late cretaceous to early tertiary , so the two groups could be closely related . both creodonts and true carnivores differ from these primitive insectivores in having special pairs of upper and lower cheek teeth called carnassials that cut meat like a pair of scissors . as the jaws close , a blade at the rear of the upper carnassial shears past the sharp front edge of the following lower carnassial . members of the carnivora have only one pair of carnassials , which always consists of the last upper premolar and the first lower molar . creodonts often have more than one pair of carnassials , which are always formed by the molars . members of both orders have large canines for killing their prey .
figure 1 : cheek teeth of the true carnivore protictis from the paleocene of north america . upper teeth above , looking at the chewing faces . lower teeth below , seen in profile from outside . front of the jaw is to the right . the blades of the enlarged carnassials are marked with arrows . modified after flynn , in janis et al . ( eds . ) ( 1998 ) .
true carnivores of the order carnivora appear first in the middle or even early paleocene of north america . they form an important component of many paleocene faunas of this continent , which may be their place of origin . members of the carnivora remain small , generalized predators throughout the paleocene and during much of the eocene , comparable in ecology to the martens and civets of today . most of the paleocene forms belong to the family viverravidae , a primitive group with only one major specialization , the loss of their last molars . since cats and their relatives have also lost their last molars , the viverravids are sometimes regarded as ancestors of this group within the carnivora . protictis ( meaning
pre - weasel
) is a typical viverravid known from several paleocene species . although the characteristic carnassials are clearly developed , the high , sharp teeth of protictis show that insects still made up an important part of its diet . a fossil brain cast suggests that both vision and hearing were important senses for this early predator . however , the position of the orbits in early carnivores indicates that three - dimensional vision was still much less developed than in modern carnivores . the known skeletal remains of protictis suggest that it was living on the forest floor . a second family of small generalized carnivores , the miacidae , appears with uintacyon in the latest paleocene . this group flourished in the early eocene and included forms that were equally adapted to life in the trees and on the ground .
figure 2 : reconstruction of the cat - like creodont oxyaena , based on early eocene species . late paleocene species of oxyaena or dipsalidictis were probably similar but smaller . from benes & burian ( 1980 ) .
a second branch of creodonts were the highly successful hyaenodontids , typically dog - or hyaena - like predators with improved capability of running . for a long time they have only been known from eocene and later rocks , except for some questionable specimens . the sudden appearance of hyaenodontid creodonts at the beginning of the eocene ( together with several other groups of mammals ) has been interpreted as an immigration from some part of the world with a poor fossil record for the paleocene . this place could have been africa , a stronghold of hyaenodontids in later time , but positive evidence is still missing . the oldest unquestionable fossils of hyaenodontid creodonts have recently been discovered in the latest paleocene of the mongolian plateau . they include a primitive species of prolimnocyon , a small generalized predator already known from the early eocene .
as we have seen , neither carnivores nor creodonts evolved larger meat - eating forms before the late paleocene . yet this ecological niche had not been completely vacant before . it had been partly occupied by a very different group which we would hardly associate with carnivorous habits today : the ungulates or hoofed mammals .
primitive ungulates are united in the somewhat artificial order condylarthra . the condylarths form the stem group from which probably all hoofed mammals arose . the earliest condylarths were small omnivores that may have fed on soft plants , fruits and insects . many of their descendants became more herbivorous , but at least one group of condylarths , the arctocyonids , sticked to an omnivorous diet and even acquired carnivorous habits to some extent . although arctocyonids never were specialized predators , it is probable that they increasingly included animal prey in their diet as they grew in size . by middle paleocene time arctocyonids had reached the size of a wolf or a small bear , like arctocyon from europe and claenodon ( a possible synonym of arctocyon ) from north america . their anatomy is remarkably primitive and suggests that they were rather clumsy animals , with short , stout limbs and an extremely long , heavy tail . though definitely not built for running down their prey , their powerful proportions , sharp claws and large canines may have enabled them to overpower smaller animals in a surprise attack . the cheek teeth of arctocyon and claenodon are broad and flat , very different from those of specialized carnivorous mammals but similar to those of bears . this indicates that , like these modern omnivores , arctocyon and claenodon still fed to a large degree on fruits , nuts , seeds and insects .
figure 3 : skull of arctocyon primaevus from the late paleocene of france , a condylarth that probably included meat in its diet . note the large canines and the low bear - like cheek teeth at the back of the jaw . skull length about 25 cm . from russell ( 1964 ) .
it is noteworthy that some arctocyonids started to develop a saber - tooth dentition , the type of teeth that is most widely known from saber - toothed cats but occurs independently in other mammals like the marsupial saber - tooth thylacosmilus . among arctocyonids this trend can first be seen in mentoclaenodon from the middle paleocene fissure fillings of walbeck , germany . with an estimated skull length of about 15 cm this rare form is the largest mammal of the walbeck fauna . mentoclaenodon has particularly large upper canines that are crenulated at the back , and it shows a beginning expansion of the chin region as this is often associated with saber - teeth . in anacodon , the late paleocene to early eocene terminal form of the large north american arctocyonids , the chin is developed into a large flange to protect the saber - like upper canines . these arctocyonids may have been the first carnivore - like mammals ever to evolve this type of dentition .
of all ungulates , the mesonychids included probably the most dedicated terrestial predators . they can be compared to dogs , hyaenas and bears in general appearance . their main weapons for attacking prey were the large , pointed canines , a typical trait of carnivorous mammals . unlike other predators , however , mesonychids did not dispose of sharp claws to tear their prey . instead , their feet retained a telltale sign of their ungulate ancestors , which is quite unusual for a carnivore : hoofs . the cheek teeth of mesonychids were modified for cutting meat , but the shearing mechanism was very different from - and obviously less effective than - the carnassial structure that carnivores , creodonts and carnivorous marsupials acquired . in fact , mesonychids may have used their teeth mainly for grasping chunks of meat , which were torn off with movements of the head while the feet anchored the prey .
the transition from the paleocene carnivore assemblage to the modern assemblage of true carnivores took place step by step and was not always synchronous around the world . archaic forms like the arctocyonids and triisodontids disappeared soon after the paleocene . the last mesonychids survived into the oligocene in asia . their decline may be linked to competition with creodonts and true carnivores . the creodonts were the dominant predators of the eocene . however , their diversity quickly declined after the appearance of more modern carnivora in the late eocene , and the last creodonts got extinct in the late miocene . there have been speculations that the creodonts were inferior to the true carnivores in anatomy or intelligence , but their fossils supply no evidence for this . so it remains a mystery why this great radiation of advanced predators vanished and only one single group of placental meat - eaters remained on land , the carnivora .
yet one branch of archaic predators may have survived to this day in the oceans : the whales . molecular biologists link them generally to the even - toed ungulates , but many paleontologists favor a descent from the mesonychia . the most primitive whales from early eocene coastal deposits in asia show some striking similarities to mesonychians . so we may speculate that a fish - eating population of paleocene mesonychians living on the shores of asia returned to the sea , forming the beginning of a ratiation that led to the largest animals ever in existence .
[ discoveries of early whales published in september 2001 provide strong evidence that whales have their origin in even - toed ungulates . in this case , much convergent evolution must have happened between mesonychians and early whales . ]
carroll , r . l . 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . freeman and company .
gingerich , p . d . & winkler , d . a . 1985 : systematics of paleocene viverravidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) in the bighorn basin and clark ' s fork basin , wyoming . contributions from the museum of paleontology , university of michigan , 26 , 197 - 225 .
gunnell , g . f . & gingerich , p . d . 1991 : systematics and evolution of late paleocene and early eocene oxyaenidae ( mammalia , creodonta ) in the clarks fork basin , wyoming . contributions from the museum of paleontology , university of michigan , 28 , 141 - 180 .
janis , ch . m . , scott , k . m . & jacobs , l . l . 1998 ( eds . ) : evolution of tertiary mammals of north america . volume 1 : terrestrial carnivores , ungulates , and ungulatelike mammals . cambridge university press .
matthew , w . d . 1937 : paleocene faunas of the san juan basin , new mexico . transactions of the philosophical society , v . 30 , 1 - 510 .
meng , j . , zhai , r . & wyss , a . 1998 : the late paleocene bayan ulan fauna of inner mongolia , china . in : beard , c . k . & dawson , m . r . ( eds . ) : dawn of the age of mammals in asia . bulletin of carnegie museum of natural history 34 , 148 - 185 .
russell , d . e . 1964 : les mammifères paléocènes d ' europe . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , série c , 8 , 1 - 324 .
stanley , s . m . 1989 : earth and life through time . freeman and company .
szalay , f . s . & gould , s . j . 1966 : asiatic mesonychidae ( mammalia , condylarthra ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 132 , 127 - 174 .
szalay , f . s . 1969 : origin and evolution of the mesonychid condylarth feeding mechanism . evolution 23 , 703 - 720 .
van valen , l . 1978 : the beginning of the age of mammals . evolutionary theory 4 , 45 - 80 .
weigelt , j . 1960 : die arctocyoniden von walbeck . freiberger forschungshefte c . 77 , 1 - 241 .
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cerace onustana is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in nepal and india ( assam , bengal ) .

the wingspan is 39 – 60 mm .

the forewings are bluish black from the costa to the cell and from the dorsum to the fold , elsewhere suffused with dark ferruginous crimson .

the hindwings are brightly golden yellow with velvety jet-black markings .

cerace onustana

cerace is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae . [ 1 ]
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the dark-billed cuckoo ( coccyzus melacoryphus ) is a species of bird in the cuculidae family , the cuckoos .

it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , paraguay , peru , suriname , trinidad and tobago , uruguay and venezuela .

it has occurred as a vagrant in northern chile , the falkland islands and grenada .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , and heavily degraded former forest .

dark - billed cuckoo

the song of the dark - billed cuckoo is a throaty ‘ka , ka , ka , ka , ka , kow , kowp , kowp , kowp , kowp’ . the dark - billed cuckoo also makes single ‘coos’ .
the dark - billed cuckoos colouring is that of a dull brown / black , with a whitish underside . it has a long tail with small white spots along the edges . the dark - billed cuckoo has less rufous wings than the yellow - billed cuckoo .
dark - billed cuckoo ( coccyzus melacoryphus ) , 28 apr 2017 , nicaragua . photo © daniel martínez / macaulay library .
the dark - billed cuckoo is distinguished from other cuckoos by its dark beak , the black mask through its eye and its tuffy under parts . the dark - billed cuckoo is found in a variety of habitats from forest edges to riverside thickets . it is a slender , medium sized bird measuring around 26 - 30 centimetres ( 10 - 12 inches ) long .
the dark - billed cuckoo has a black beak and a distinguishing red orbital ring around its eye . its eyes are dark and legs are grey . male and female are similar in plumage , but females average slightly larger .
protection / threats / status : the dark - billed cuckoo is fairly common throughout its wide range , and the populations appear stable . the species is not currently threatened .
like the yellow - billed cuckoo , the young dark - billed cuckoo develops incredibly quickly . the entire period from egg laying to fledgling leaving the nest lasts only 17 days . on day six or seven after hatching , the feathers of the young burst out of their sheaths , allowing the nestling to become fully feathered in two hours .
a fairly common , albeit reclusive , resident of tropical deciduous forest and other open woodlands , dark - billed cuckoo has a large range and is well adapted to a variety of habitats . this species also inhabit a wide range of altitudes ; it primarily occurs in the lowlands , but has been observed as high as 3600 m . like other species of coccyzus , dark - billed cuckoo is not a nest parasite and instead raises its own young , which can number as many as five per clutch . the diet of dark - billed cuckoo consists nearly entirely of terrestrial arthropods , with caterpillars , beetles , ants , and grasshoppers being its favorite prey .
name : dark billed cuckoo family : cuculidae scientific name : coccyzus melacoryphus length : 27 cm ( 10 . 7 in ) weight : n / a category : land birds number of species : 49 endemic species : 22
the dark - billed cuckoo has a wing - span of approximately 38 – 43 centimetres ( 15 - 17 inches ) , and they weigh 55 – 65 grams ( 1 . 94 – 2 . 29 ounces ) .
the infant cuckoo resembles the adult , but with a less distinct tail pattern .
the dark - billed cuckoo adult has greyish - brown upperparts , including the upperwing . the long , graduated tail is bronzy above and blackish below . the outer rectrices are black with broad white tips . the underparts are pale buffy - cinnamon .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the dark - billed cuckoo gives a dry rattling “dddddrr” and utters a single “coo” . the song is a throaty “ka , ka , ka , ka , ka , kow , kowp , kowp , kowp , kowp” of which the last notes may be omitted .
behaviour in the wild : the dark - billed cuckoo feeds primarily on caterpillars and various insects , grasshoppers , moths , beetles and ants . it also takes spiders , snails and lizards . during summer and autumn , is consumes fruits and berries too . it usually forages alone , by walking among the low vegetation , and often under the vegetal cover .
despite its name , the dark - billed cuckoos are not brood parasites , however , they rear their young in a nest built by themselves . brood paratism refers to the practice of one species laying its egg in the nest of another species called the host .
payne , r . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . dark - billed cuckoo ( coccyzus melacoryphus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
range : the dark - billed cuckoo has large range . it is found in w colombia , ecuador and nw peru . this species is visible in lowlands e of the andes , from ne colombia and venezuela , guianas and brazil , s to uruguay and c argentina . it occurs in trinidad and tobago too . it is accidental in falklands . it is present and breeds in the galapagos islands where it is confined to the wetter vegetated areas .
the dark - billed cuckoo is not a brood parasite . the nesting pair is monogamous and both sexes build a nest and rear their young . this species is partially migratory . it occurs all year round w of andes in colombia . it is present in non - breeding period , from may to october , in the llanos of venezuela , in surinam and guianas . during the breeding season , october - december , it is found in s brazil and argentina . it also breeds in the galapagos islands .
both parents build the nest , incubate the eggs and brood the nestlings . dark - billed cuckoos incubate and brood equally during the day , but the male takes the night shift . the male brings nest material every time he comes to the nest to take his turn . the female usually takes the offering and works it into the nest .
identification : a slim cuckoo , with a long tail and black , slightly decurved bill . adult : greyish - brown above , buffbelow . head dark grey , with blackish mask behind eye . tail bronze above , black with white tips below . juveniles : similar to adult but generally duller , with buff tips to wing - coverts , and no white tips to underside of tail .
habitat : the dark - billed cuckoo is fairly common in forested areas such as tropical deciduous forest , gallery forest , secondary forest , streamside thickets , mangroves… but it also frequents drier open ranchland with shrubby borders , seasonally flooded forest , margins of lakes and rivers and coastal plains . this species is seen mainly from sea - level to 1200 metres of elevation , but higher according to the range ( up to 1800 metres in argentina , 2100 - 2400 metres in colombia , and up to 2800 metres in montane valleys of ecuador and e andean slopes of peru . some observations of this species have been made up to 3600 metres of elevation .
on the head , crown and nape are grey . we can see a black mask from lores , through the eyes and extending to the ear - coverts . there is a narrow pale grey band from the lower cheeks down to the neck sides . the bill is black . the eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are slate - grey . both sexes are similar .
cuckoos are medium - sized , long - tailed , short - necked birds with long pointed wings , resembling falcons in flight . they have short legs with two toes on each foot pointing forwards and two backwards . most species of cuckoo have relatively short , stout bills , although the family also includes the black - plumaged anis which have large , ridged upper mandibles . cuckoos are confined to the wetter , vegetated areas in galápagos . the sexes are alike and immature plumages resemble adult plumage .
austral migrants , i . e . migratory birds that breed in temperate south america and spend the non - breeding season in tropical south america , sometimes misorient during migration and fly north when they should be flying south ( most likely to occur in southern hemisphere spring , i . e . september through november ) , or they overshoot when flying north to their non - breeding areas ( most likely to occur in southern hemisphere fall , i . e . april through june ) . species to look out for this time of year include white - faced whistling - duck , large - billed tern , chilean elaenia , and crested slaty flycatcher—all these south american species have occurred as vagrants in north america .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
w colombia , ecuador and w peru # r # r ; lowlands e of andes , from ne colombia and venezuela , the guianas and brazil s to e peru , e bolivia , paraguay , uruguay and c argentina ; also trinidad and galapagos is .
25·5–28 cm ; male 42–54 g , female 50–66·5 g . adult greyish brown above , buff below , crown and nape grey , black mask through eye and ear - coverts . . .
song “cu - cu - cu - cu - cu - kolp , kolp , kulop” , of which last notes may be omitted ; also . . .
inhabits tropical deciduous forest , gallery forest , secondary forest , river - edge forest , shade . . .
diet known to include insects , mainly caterpillars , also grasshoppers , beetles and ants .
breeds oct in colombia , oct–dec in argentina . nest a flat platform of sticks , built in trees and bushes . eggs 2–3 , 3–4 ( 5 . . .
partly migratory . present throughout year w of andes in colombia ; seasonal in non - breeding period ( . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . generally reckoned to be fairly common throughout its expansive range , although no quantitative data available .
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incorporates west indian genera saurothera and hyetornis , which were found in a recent molecular analysis to be embedded within coccyzus # r .
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id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 303 side a track 16 seq . d )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 303 side a track 12 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 152 side a track 16 seq . b )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
howell , s . n . g . , i lewington & w . russell . 2014 . rare birds of north america . princeton university press , princeton and oxford .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coccyzus melacoryphus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
in total , 49 species of land birds have been recorded in the galapagos , 22 of which are endemic to the islands . land birds can be divided into 5 categories : diurnal raptors , night birds , larger land birds , aerial feeders and smaller land birds .
behavior : a secretive species , more often heard than seen , and usually glimpsed disappearing into undergrowth .
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the host can often be much smaller than the offspring it will be feeding . in most cases , the parasitic chick will evict the hosts own eggs from the nest so that it has its hosts undivided attention .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
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a guide to the birds of colombia by steven l . hilty and william l . brown - princeton university press – isbn 069108372x
introduction : unlike numerous cuckoos , the members of genus coccyzus are not brood parasites . the pair raises its chicks in its own nest . this species appears to be less secretive than other cuckoos , and can be seen perched in open on fence wires . it shows typical coccyzus shape .
the juvenile is duller with brown crown and nape . the wings can be rufous with buff - tipped wing - coverts . the tail shows indistinct white tips .
it performs sunning behaviour , with spread wings and tail , and raised back feathers in order to expose the skin to the sun . as it is living in fairly humid habitats , its plumage may become wet sometimes .
during the breeding season , some displays typical of these species can be observed . the graduated tail is spread and raised , in order to expose the bold white spots and the black and white pattern . the male may also perform courtship feeding to the female throughout the cycle .
reproduction of this species : the breeding season occurs in october / december . both adults build a nest , a platform made with sticks , placed a mid - height in tree or bush . the inner depression is lined with feathers or moss . during the nest - building , the male brings materials while the female arranges the nest .
she lays 3 - 5 green to pale blue eggs . both adults share the incubation during 13 - 15 days , but the male usually incubates at night . they feed the chicks with insects . the young birds fledge about two weeks after hatching .


taiwancylis is a genus of moths belonging to the family tortricidae .

it contains only one species , taiwancylis cladodium , which is found in taiwan .

the wingspan is 11.5 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is creamy sprinkled brown .

the hindwings are pale brownish cream .

adults are on wing in mid may .

taiwancylis

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by t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4
urltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .
t @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .
we are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .
gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken
1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk
unless noted , all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .
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the genus isodemis diakonoff , 1952 in china is reviewed , with seven species recognized . three new species are described : isodemis quadratasp . n . , isodemis guangxiensissp . n . and isodemis hainanensissp . n . the female of isodemis stenotera diakonoff , 1983 is described for the first time . variation within isodemis illiberalis ( meyrick , 1918 ) and isodemis stenotera is briefly discussed . images of the adults and genitalia are provided , along with a key to the described species .
tortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 5 . archipini and sparganothini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae )
tortricidae from vietnam in the collection of the berlin museum . 6 . olethreutinae ( lepidoptera : tortricidae )
diakonoff a ( 1941 ) new asiatic and papuan tortricidae with records of other species ( 3rd communication on indo - malayan and papuan microlepidoptera ) . treubia 18 : 29–44 .
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der sumba - expedition des museums für völkerkunde und des naturhistorischen museums in basel , 1949 . microlepidoptera . part 1
diakonoff a ( 1952 ) wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der sumba - expedition des museums für völkerkunde und des naturhistorischen museums in basel , 1949 . microlepidoptera . part 1 . verhandlungen der naturforschenden gesellschaft in basel 63 : 137–152 .
documenting the circa 2 , 400 ( and rising ) moth species of hong kong , their distributions , relative abundance , phenology , habitat associations and general ecology . a combination of citizen science ef…
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review of the genus hieromantis meyrick from china , with descriptions of three new species ( lepidopt . . .
six species of the genus hieromantis occurring in china are reviewed . hieromantis rectangula sp . n . , h . arcuata sp . n . and h . puerensis sp . n . are described as new , and h . phaeodora meyrick , 1929 is newly recorded in china . photographs of adults and illustrations of genitalia are provided , along with an identification key and a distribution map .
the genus calicotis meyrick , 1889 is recorded from china for the first time . calicotis cuspidata sp . nov . , c . dilatata sp . nov . and c . uncinata sp . nov . are described as new , and c . crucifera meyrick , 1889 is newly recorded for china . photographs of adults and illustrations of the genitalia are provided , along with a key to the identification of the described chinese species and a map to show . . . [ show full abstract ]
cochylis treitschke in china : one new species and five new records ( lepidoptera , tortricidae , cochyl . . .
six species of cochylis treitschke , 1829 are recorded for china . among them , cochylis triangula sp . n . is described as new ; cochylis atricapitana ( stephens , 1852 ) , cochylis discerta razowski , 1970 , cochylis dubitana ( hübner , [ 1799 ] ) , cochylis faustana ( kennel , 1919 ) and cochylis posterana hyrcana ( toll , 1948 ) are recorded for the first time for china . the female of cochylis discerta razowski , . . . [ show full abstract ]
one new species and two new species records of the genus endotricha zeller , 1847 from china ( lepidop . . .
endotricha minutiptera li , sp . n . is described from hainan , china . endotricha loricata moore and e . ragonoti christoph are reported for the first time in china . images of the adults and the genitalia of the three species are provided .
the chinese species of phalonidia le marchand , 1933 are reviewed . sixteen species and one subspecies are treated , including three new species ( p . brevifasciaria , sp . nov . , p . rotundiventralis , sp . nov . , and p . tenuispinifornis , sp . nov . ) and three newly recorded species or subspecies ( p . affinitana tauriana ( kennel , 1899 ) , p . aliena kuznetzov , 1966 , and p . coreana byun & li , 2006 ) . the female . . . [ show full abstract ]
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acantholambrus is an extinct genus of crab .

it contains the single species acantholambrus baumi , and was named by blow and manning in 1996 .

acantholambrus

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full reference : w . c . blow and r . b . manning . 1996 . preliminary descriptions of 25 new decapod crustaceans from the middle eocene of the carolinas , u . s . a . tulane studies in geology and paleontology 29 : 1 - 26
type specimen : usnm 484556 , a carapace . its type locality is usgs 26882 , martin marietta berkeley quarry , which is in a lutetian carbonate limestone in the santee formation of south carolina .
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tulane university journal publishing is an open access , peer - reviewed journal publishing service which provides a web - based platform for scholarly and academic publishing to the tulane community .
tulane studies in geology and paleontology was devoted primarily to the geology and paleontology of the coasts and adjacent land areas of the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea . each number
the journal was published between 1962 and 1997 . this is a collection of the entire run of the journal .
for all scientific names see vol . 10 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 1 - 10 ) ; vol . 20 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 11 to 20 ) ; vol . 30 , no . 4 ( taxonomic index to vol . 21 to 30 ) .
the past half century has seen dramatic changes in the world of scientific publishing ; changes that will continue in the next few decades . the newest generations of ( geo ) scientists have come of age in an environment where the research literature is almost entirely accessed online and visits to physical library collections are becoming increasingly rare . on one hand , these developments have led to the proliferation of new journals , most of which only exist online , and many of the latest additions are open - access journals . on the other hand , several older publication venues have come to a close .
the tulane undergraduate research journal is a peer - reviewed research journal publishing articles from multiple academic fields . our goal is to unite the best undergraduate research from the tulane community and represent all academic fields producing a spectrum of high - quality and diverse work .
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the mission of the tulane prc is to address the physical and social environmental factors influencing the obesity epidemic and its behavioral determinants ( physical activity and diet ) through participatory research on these factors and ways to modify them ; collaboration with community partners and policy - makers ; communication about these factors with public health practitioners , policy - makers , and community partners ; and training of public health professionals , paraprofessionals , and community members .
the tulane journal of international affairs is a newly formed undergraduate research journal at tulane university . publishing once a year , the journal promotes outstanding undergraduate work relating to its three sections : international security , international political economy , and human rights .
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the tulane review is a literary and art journal published by the tulane literary society twice a year . submissions are judged by review boards in an anonymous selection process and final choices are made by the editors . for submission information , consult the submissionguidelines here : urltoken
tulane studies in zoology and botany is published by the tulane museum of natural history . and is issued irregularly . manuscripts dealing with all aspects of ecology , evolution , and systematics are encouraged . all manuscripts are reviewed .
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2013 , phd , kent state university , college of arts and sciences / department of geology .
comparative study of the eocene fossil decapod crustaceans of the north american atlantic coast and european tethyan provinces .
frantescu , adina .
comparative study of the eocene fossil decapod crustaceans of the north american atlantic coast and european tethyan provinces .
electronic thesis or dissertation . kent state university , 2013 .
frantescu , adina
comparative study of the eocene fossil decapod crustaceans of the north american atlantic coast and european tethyan provinces .
electronic thesis or dissertation . kent state university , 2013 . urltoken
© 2013 , all rights reserved . this open access etd is published by kent state university and ohiolink .