pholcus phalangioides , known as the longbodied cellar spider or the skull spider due to its cephalothorax looking like a human skull , is a spider of the family pholcidae .

females have a body length of about 9 mm ; males are slightly smaller .

its legs are about 5 or 6 times the length of its body ( reaching up to 7 cm of leg span in females ) .

its habit of living on the ceilings of rooms , caves , garages or cellars gives rise to one of its common names .

they are considered beneficial in some parts of the world because they kill and eat other spiders , including species that can be considered a problem to humans such as hobo and redback spiders .

this is the only spider species described by the swiss entomologist johann kaspar füssli , who first recorded it for science in 1775 .

confusion often arises over its common name , because " daddy long-legs " is also applied to two other distantly related arthropods : one being opiliones , another order of arachnid known also as a " harvestman " , the other an insect less ambiguously called the crane fly .

pholcus phalangioides

environment : pholcus phalangioides has been sighted 4 times outdoors , and 16 times indoors .
uhl , g . november 1998 . mating behavior in the cellar spider , pholcus phalangioides .
pholcid house spider ( called daddy - longlegs by others ; note 2 - section body like all spiders ) pholcus phalangioides . photo : bob thomson
pholcus phalangioides ( long - bodied cellar spider ) has been sighted in the following countries : canada , spain , united kingdom , united states .
stüber , k . 1999 .
biology of * pholcus phalangioides *
( on - line ) . accessed october 2 , 2001 at urltoken .
there have been 44 confirmed sightings of pholcus phalangioides ( long - bodied cellar spider ) , with the most recent sighting submitted on may 29 , 2018 by spider id member taylort1 . the detailed statistics below may not utilize the complete dataset of 44 sightings because of certain pholcus phalangioides sightings reporting incomplete data .
to cite this page : ferrick , a . 2002 .
pholcus phalangioides
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
the daddy - long - legs spider , pholcus phalangioides , is found throughout australia . it is a cosmopolitan species that originates from europe and was introduced accidently into australia .
, commonly known as long - bodied cellar spider , belongs to the genus pholcus , in the family pholcidae .
pholcus phalangioides has also been sighted in the following states : alabama , california , connecticut , georgia , maryland , massachusetts , michigan , missouri , new york , north carolina , north dakota , oregon , pennsylvania , washington , washington , d . c . .
pholcus manueli has two dark , vertical stripes on the clypeus ( the space between the bottom row of eyes and the beginning of the chelicerae ) , while p . phalangioides & p . opilionoides do not . the dark medial mark on the carapace of p . manueli is more distinctly divided than the medial mark on p . phalangioides . and p . opilionoides can be separated from the others by the dark marks on the lateral border of their carapace . p . phalangioides also gets bigger than the other two species , at least twice as large in some cases . also , the eyes are much more closely grouped in p . manueli than in p . phalangioides .
this study reveals that spermatogenesis begins weeks before maturity and takes place continuously in the long - lived males of p . phalangioides . possible functions of the various types of secretion in the seminal fluid and previously investigated female secretions are discussed in the light of sexual selection .
most arthropods pass through several molting stages ( instars ) before reaching sexual maturity . in spiders , very little is known about the male genital system , its development and seminal secretions . for example , it is unknown whether spermatozoa exist prior to - , or only after the final molt . likewise , it is unclear whether sperm are produced throughout male adulthood or only once in a lifetime , as is whether seminal secretions contain factors capable of manipulating female behavior . in order to shed light on these aspects of the reproductive biology of spiders , we investigated the male genital system of the common cellar spider pholcus phalangioides , with special emphasis on its development and seminal secretions .
the animal that many biologists call
daddy - longlegs
is a spider , pholcus phalangioides , which belongs to the spider family pholcidae , order araneida , class arachnida . pholcid spiders kill and digest their prey using venom . however , there is no scientific basis for the urban myth that daddy - longlegs spiders are the most venomous , poisonous or toxic spiders in the world . daddy - longlegs spiders do have venom glands and fangs , but their tiny fangs are fused at the base and they cannot open their jaws wide enough to bite humans . in addition , there is no evidence in scientific literature to suggest that the venom of daddy - longlegs spiders is potent enough to harm humans .
males of p . phalangioides were collected in houses and cellars within the city of freiburg i . br . , germany at an early juvenile stage and reared in the laboratory in individual containers on a diet of fruitflies . during the last intermolt interval , males were classified into two developmental stages according to the external morphology of their developing palpal organs . young subadult males ( stage 1 , n = 5 ) were fixed approximately four weeks before the final molt and older subadult males ( stage 2 , n = 5 ) were fixed about two week before the final molt . adult males ( n = 5 ) were examined one to two days after their final molt .
another creature often called daddy - longlegs are actually spiders . these long - legged spiders are in the family pholcidae . previously the common name of this family was the cellar spiders but arachnologists have also given them the moniker of
daddy - longlegs spiders
because of the confusion generated by the general public . because these arachnids are spiders , they have 2 body basic body parts ( cephalothorax and abdomen ) , have 8 eyes most often clumped together in the front of the body , the abdomen shows no evidence of segmentation , have 8 legs all attached to the front most body part ( the cephalothorax ) and make webs out of silk . this is most probably the animal to which people refer when they tell the tale because these spiders are plentiful especially in cellars ( hence their common name ) and are commonly seen by the general public . the most common pholcid spiders found in u . s . homes are both european immigrants . pholcus phalangioides is a uniformly grey spider with rectangular , elongate abdomen and is found throughout the u . s . holocnemus pluchei also has a rectangular , elongate abdomen but has a brown stripe on the ventral side ( the belly side - which is typically directed upwards since the spider hangs upside down in its web ) which covers its sternum and is a stripe on the abdomen . these spiders are very common along the pacific coast . and into the southwest deserts .
testes already display all stages of spermatogenesis in subadult males ( about four weeks before the final molt ) . their vasa deferentia possess proximally a very voluminous lumen containing dense seminal fluid and few spermatozoa , whereas the distal part is seemingly devoid of contents . spermatoza of p . phalangioides are typical cleistospermia with individual secretion sheaths . in male stages approximately two weeks prior to the final molt , the lumina of the testes are wider and filled with a dense secretion . the wide , proximal portion of the vasa deferentia is filled with secretion and a large number of spermatozoa , and the narrow distal part also contains secretion . in adult males , the wide lumina of the testes are packed with spermatozoa and secretions . the latter are produced by the somatic cells that bear microvilli and contain many vesicles . the lumina of the vasa deferentia are narrow and filled with spermatozoa and secretions . we could identify a dense matrix of secretion consisting of mucosubstances and at least three types of secretion droplets , likely consisting of proteinaceous substances .
they are small spiders with very long , thin legs . eight pearly eyes in three groups , three eyes group in each side and two in the middle . . the abdomen is long and cylindrical . the female warps the eggs with a few stand of silk and hold in her chelicerae .
it is believed that their venom is one of the most poisonous , but the fangs of these spiders are too small to cut our skin . however , this is not true . details see below . their venom is harmless to humans .
this page contains pictures and information about daddy long - leg spiders that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .
daddy - longlegs spiders live inside houses and buildings . they make tangled webs in the wall corner and ceiling . when they are disturbed , they will vibrate very quickly on their web until it can ' t be seen . their body is small and legs are extremely long and thin . their body is silver colour with brown patterns . they are easily found almost in every garage in brisbane .
which are known to hunt and feed on the red back . daddy long - legs are quite harmless to human and they are essentially the best method to control the red back spiders .
. this spider does not make egg - sac , instead females carry the egg mass with them wherever they go .
in the wild daddy long - legs live inside large tree holes near ground and shelters under rocks . the daddy long - leg in the above picture is very large , up to 100mm leg to leg . it was nesting alone inside a burned tree hole . the pictures show it just capture a small
we read quite a number of spider books stated that daddy longlegs spiders ' venom is one of the most poisonous , but the fangs of these spiders are too small to cut our skin , so they are not considered as dangerous spiders . however , we also read some spiders books they said that daddy longlegs ' venom are harmless to humans . we are confused . we think the ' most poisonous ' point is more interesting and it seems better to believe they are toxic than non - toxic . so we put the ' ' most poisonous ' information in our web page . . . . . . . until our visitor justin cordill sent us the email .
justin cordill kindly sent us the email advised that the daddy longlegs spiders ' deadliest venom is simply untrue . and he suggested us to contact with dr . robert ( spider bob ) g . breene iii for more detailed explanation . following is the advise from dr . robert g . breene :
it started out with the myth of harvestmen , opiliones , one family called daddylonglegs allegedly having deadly venom , but they couldn ' t cut through the skin . in fact , opiliones as an order does not have venom .
the next urban myth was in response to this . the cellar or daddylonglegs spiders have deadly venom , but couldn ' t bite through the skin . again , totally false .
there have never been reports of problems with pholcids . recluse spiders are much less equipped to bite through skin than pholcids are . their chelicerae are fused , leaving only two tiny fangs to do the work , but if you kill one with the fangs in contact with the skin , i ' m sure you ' ve seen some of the results . due to the effective treatment , the only dangerous aspect of recluse bites is if the md does not know the treatment .
there exists a huge amount of bad information out there on arachnids , and you appeared to have picked up on a lot of it .
here we would like to thank dr . robert g . breene and justin cordill again for their advice .
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is found throughout the world . it is a common cellar spider throughout the united states .
can be found in undisturbed , low light locations . some places one might encounter this spider are in basements , under stones , under ledges , and in caves . people most often associate these spiders with living on ceilings and in corners in homes . they make their webs large , loose , and flat , but they can make them in irregular shapes to fit into surrounding objects . their webs are normally oriented horizontally .
is pale yellow - brown except for a large gray patch in the center of the cephalothorax . the body and legs are almost translucent . these spiders are covered with fine gray hairs . the head is a darker color around the eyes . a translucent line marks the dorsal vessel . there are eight eyes : two small eyes in front of the two triads of larger eyes .
because of the translucent quality of this animal , using a microscope it is possible to see the moving blood cells in the legs and body of a living animal .
watches over her newly hatched young ( prenymphs ) for about nine days until the prenymphs shed their skins to become little spiders . the young spiders then leave the maternal web , and go look for a place to build their own webs .
seemed to be attracted to and to mate with larger females more often than smaller females . this may increase reproductive success for males , because large females produce more eggs than smaller females .
before mating , a male spider deposits some sperm onto a little web , and then sucks it into a special cavity within his pedipalp . during mating , which can take several hours , the male deposits his sperm into the female ' s epigynum , which is an opening on the underside of her abdomen . females can store the sperm in a special cavity at the beginning of the uterus , called the uterus externus , until it is time for her eggs to be fertilized . timing of fertilization and laying depends on the availability of food . because the sperm are stored for some period of time , it is possible for a female to mate again . if this occurs , the sperm from the two males mixes in the uterus externa . however , the sperm of the last male mated with has priority in fertilizing the eggs . this is because of a mechanism of sperm removal during mating . males perform rhythmic movements of their intromittent organs during copulation , which results in extrusion of most of the sperm already in the uterus externa .
after a female lays her eggs , she wraps them in silk strands and carries the package in her chelicera ( jaws ) , located on the underside of her body .
offer their young is nine days of protection as the prenymphs finish developing into spiders .
is not mating , it is a solitary creature that work on catching food in its web .
male spiders find a female spiders by tracking the pheromones she leaves . during mating , tactile communication is probably of some importance .
seems to prefer other spiders and small insects as prey . also , males and females have both been known to engage in cannibalism . females have been seen invading another spider ' s web , eating that spider , and using the foreign web to catch new prey for themselves . these spiders kill and digest their prey using venom .
is disturbed , the spider swings its body around rapidly with its legs attached firmly to its web . it swings fast enough that the spider becomes very hard to see . this may be a form of camouflage .
because their diet is primarily insects , these spiders play the important role of controlling the growth of insect populations .
these spiders often live inside houses , where humans do not normally want spiders and their webs .
are not endangered or threatened , so there is no conservation underway ( esa ) .
is daddylongleg spider , it is often confused with the harvestmen daddylong legs , which are a separate species that is not even a true spider . also , despite the urban myth that the daddylongleg spider is the most poisonous spider in the world , there is no proof for this statement . it is thought that this rumor may have been started because
kill and eat other spiders , including the redback spiders , whose venom can be fatal to humans . but to be able to kill the redback spider , the
need only to have a quicker bite , not be more venomous ( crew , haudon ) .
anna ferrick ( author ) , southwestern university , stephanie fabritius ( editor ) , southwestern university .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having a worldwide distribution . found on all continents ( except maybe antarctica ) and in all biogeographic provinces ; or in all the major oceans ( atlantic , indian , and pacific .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
mature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation . male sperm storage also occurs , as sperm are retained in the male epididymes ( in mammals ) for a period that can , in some cases , extend over several weeks or more , but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
living in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .
. boston , u . s . a . , and london : ginn & company , publishers .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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very long , fine hair - like legs with body smaller than pea . colour : generally dark . length : including legs about 15cm .
one known bite from this species has proven to be harmless . incorrectly attributed with toxic venom ; venom is known to be harmless to humans .
main prey : insects and other spiders . it is a highly effective predator on other spiders including redbacks and large grey huntsman ( holconia immanis ) .
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myth : daddy - longlegs would be deadly but . . . | burke museum
corner of 17th ave ne and ne 45th st . , seattle , wa 206 . 543 . 5590
corner of 17th ave . ne and ne 45th st . , seattle , wa
myth : the daddy - longlegs has the world ' s most powerful venom , but fortunately its jaws ( fangs ) are so small that it can ' t bite you .
fact : that is a full - fledged urban legend , with no basis in fact whatever . this legend is so widespread that many people believe it who should really know better , including some teachers and tv documentary producers .
three different unrelated groups are called
daddy - longlegs .
harvestmen have no venom of any kind . none at all ! same with crane flies . pholcid spiders have venom ( like almost all spiders ) but there ' s nothing special about it ; in fact , a recent study showed that pholcid venom is unusually weak in its effect on insects . this myth is debunked at greater length on rick vetter ' s website .
harvestman ( called daddy - longlegs by some ; note body all in one section - not a spider ! ) leiobunum rupestre . photo : markku savela
crane fly ( called daddy - longlegs by still others ; it ' s an insect ! ) tipula sp . photo : markku savela
spiders seldom need controlling and pesticides are not the best way to do so . sticky traps or better yet , physical exclusion work best .
inadequate studies claimed that wolf spiders ,
yellow
sac spiders , woodlouse spiders and white - tailed spiders were dangerous . they aren ' t !
17th ave ne and ne 45th st . , seattle , wa , united states
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the species is widespread in england and wales , and although it is absent from much of northern britain , there are records as far north as shetland . it is widespread in western and central europe as far north as sweden , where it is included in their red list ( gardenfors 2000 ) .
is found almost exclusively in buildings where it can benefit from the shelter and warmth provided ( please note that the broad habitat chart below includes habitats where the spider has been recorded from buildings or huts in these habitats , but the records have not been separated out from these habitats or subhabitats ) . bristowe ( 1958 ) showed that
inhabits houses where the average temperature throughout the year exceeds 50ºf ( 10ºc ) , and north of this the spider is normally confined to cellars where temperature varies little with the seasons and is usually about 50 to 52ºf . in suffolk a female survived the winter in one of a row of free standing garages , when the night time temperature went well below freezing sometimes for a week or so ( j . daws , pers . comm . ) . it particularly favours undisturbed parts of houses such as cellars and bathrooms where it can establish large colonies beneath baths and shower - trays . as it makes an untidy web in the corners of ceilings it is not usually permitted a permanent abode in such conspicuous situations but it has no difficulty in surviving where there is a limited tolerance by house owners . it is one of the few species of spider that has acquired a vernacular name , being known as the daddy long legs spider because of its long legs . adults can be found mature in most months of the year , with possible peaks in males during late spring and autumn .
text based on harvey , p . r . , nellist , d . r . & telfer , m . g . ( eds ) 2002 . provisional atlas of british spiders ( arachnida , araneae ) , volumes 1 & 2 . huntingdon : biological records centre .
legs are very , very long and thin ; delicate - looking . they are grayish - brown with bands of white and black at the joints . front legs on an adult can be up to 50 mm ( ~ 2″ ) in length , sometimes more .
eggs are usually visible through the translucent abdominal cuticle of the gravid ( pregnant ) females .
may invade the web of other spiders and eat them , including members of their own species . can also catch and eat other large spiders that walk into their web , including things like the “ hobo spider , ” the “ giant house spider , ” and even large “ wolf spiders . ”
females wrap their eggs in a few strands of silk and carry them in their chelicerae ( jaws ) ; they may lay up to three egg sacs in her lifetime , each one about 30 eggs .
mother doesn’t usually feed at all while she holds the eggs in her mouth , however they’re occasionally witnessed hanging their egg sac in the web temporarily in order to feed , preen , or mate ( eiseman & charney 2010 ) .
spider may quickly “bounce” up and down in their web if feeling threatened . this is where the ( not often used ) nickname “vibrating spider” comes from .
there is a persistent rumor that this spider ( or others in the same family ) has the most potent venom of all spiders , but there’s never been a single shred of scientific evidence to back this up . arachnologists think their venom is not very potent at all , even when used on insects .
the common name “daddy longlegs” has / is also used for harvestmen ( which are arachnids , but aren’t spiders ) and some crane flies ( flying insects not related to spiders ) .
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phalangium , the genus of harvestmen / daddy - longlegs + - oides ( οιδης ) -
like , resembling
( only seen as an ending ) .
body length , excluding legs , ranges from 6 - 10mm . the leg span can get quite large , though .
as a synanthropic species , it is cosmopolitan and widespread throughout north america and the rest of the world .
generally found in and around man - made structures , or in other types of disturbed habitats .
insects and other spiders ; prey much larger than themselves don ' t seem to pose a problem for them . for example , a hobo spider , large wolf spider , and crane fly in the following examples :
the female binds her eggs together with a few strands of silk and then carries the bundle in her chelicerae ( jaws ) .
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the longbodied cellar spider is the most common of the pholcidae in the united states . it has extremely long legs and is found in many types of buildings throughout the year . although these spiders can develop large populations in protected locations , they are not known to be in any way harmful . this spider is commonly found in cellars , warehouses , garages , caves , and other dark , quiet , protected spots .
the females are from 7 to 8 millimeters and the males 6 millimeters in length . the carapace is very wide . the abdomen is about three times as long as it is wide and cylindrical in shape . the eyes are arranged in two triads of larger , light - colored eyes on the top of the cephalothorax and a pair of dark , small eyes on the front . the color of the carapace and abdomen is a pale tan or yellow with a gray mark in the center of the carapace .
the forelegs of the adult female are about 50 millimeters in length . the webs are an irregular mesh of threads .
both male and female spiders can be found in heated structures anytime of the year . it takes approximately one year for the spiders to mature and they can live for at least another two .
the eggs , which are about 1 millimeter in diameter , are deposited in clusters of 25 to 60 and wrapped in a thin layer of silk . the sac is held by the female in her chelicerae as she hangs inverted in her web .
an unusual behavior is that the spiders will rapidly vibrate in a circular fashion in the web if threatened , making it difficult to see them .
these spiders are not known to bite people and are not a medically important species .
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baerg , w . j . 1959 . the black widow and five other venomous spiders in the united states . ark . agr . expt . sta . bul . 608 . 43 pp .
bradley , r . a . 2013 . common spiders of north america . university of california press . 271 pp .
breene , r . g . , et al . 2003 . common names of arachnids . 5th ed . the american arachnological society committee on common names of arachnids . 42 pp .
gertsch , w . j . , and f . ennik . 1983 . “the spider genus loxosceles in north america , central america , and the west indies ( araneae , loxoscelidae ) . ” bul amer mus . nat . hist . 175 : 24–360 .
herms , w . b . , and m . t . james . 1961 . medical entomology . 5th ed . the macmillan company , new york . 616 pp .
howell , w . m . , and r . l . jenkins . 2004 . spiders of the eastern united states : a photographic guide . pearson education . 363 pp .
isbister , g . k . , and m . r . gray . 2003 . “effects of envenoming by combfooted spiders of the genera steatoda and achaearanea ( family theridiidae : araneae ) in australia . ” j . toxicol . clin . toxicol . 41 : 809–819 .
kaston , b . j . 1972 . how to know the spiders . 3rd ed . wm . c . brown company , dubuque , iowa . 272 pp .
levi , h . w . 1959 . “the spider genus latrodectus ( araneae , theridiidae ) . ” trans . amer . microscopical soc . 78 ( 1 ) : 7–43 .
long , d . , r . snetsinger , and k . f . helm . 1995 . “localized pruritic rash due to recurrent spider bites . ” j . geriatr . dermatol . 3 ( 6 ) : 186–190 .
mckeown , n . , r . s . vetter , and r . g . hendrickson . 2014 . “verified spider bites in oregon ( usa ) with the intent to assess hobo spider venom toxicity . ” toxicon 84 : 51–55 .
ubick , d . , p . paquin , p . e . cushing , and v . roth , eds . 2005 . spiders of north america : an identification manual . american arachnological society . 377 pp .
vetter , r . s . , and p . kirk visscher . 1998 . “bites and stings of medically important venomous arthropods . ” international . j . derm . 37 : 481–496 .
vetter , r . s . , et al . 2006 . “verified bites by yellow sac spiders ( genus cheiracanthium ) in the united states and australia : where is the necrosis ? ” amer . j . trop . med . hyg . 74 ( 6 ) : 1 , 043–1 , 048 .
vetter , r . s . , and g . k . isbister . 2008 . “medical aspects of spider bites . ” annu . rev . entomol . 53 : 409–429 .
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the cosmopolitan daddy - long - legs spider belongs to a group known as the tangle - web spiders .
daddy - long - legs spiders are easily recognised by their extremely long , skinny legs and small body . they are cream to pale brown . some species have darker markings on their legs and abdomen .
daddy - long - legs spiders are found in most urban areas , in particular houses . they make a thin , tangled web in sheltered positions were they are unlikely to be disturbed , such as under furniture , behind doors , in the corner of the ceilings , in sheds , in garages and under decks . its successful use of these human - made structures has made it one of the most common spiders in australia . if the daddy - long - legs spider is disturbed in the web it responds by setting up a a very fast , spinning motion , becoming a blur to anyone watching . .
there is a persistent belief that the daddy - long - legs spider has the most toxic venom of all spiders . however , there is no scientific evidence to back this up . the myth probably grew from observations that the daddy - long - legs spider will kill and eat a redback spider . however , the venom is not actually that potent , even for insects .
it had been thought that the fangs of this spider were incapable of piercing human skin . recently , however , it was shown that the tiny fangs ( about 0 . 25 mm ) were actually capable of piercing human skin in a test done on the us television show , mythbusters , but the stinging sensation produced was very short - lived . most reputable sources , including the university of california , riverside , still say that this species would never be considered as harmful to humans . however , in the unlikely event of a bite from this species , a positive identification of the spider by an expert should be made and medical attention sought if any reaction persists for more than a short time .
pholcid spiders are also known as cellar spiders or daddy long - legs spiders which is very confusing as this name is also shared with harvestmen , which look like spiders , but are actually most closely related to either mites or scorpions in north america . the name daddy - long - legs in also given to craneflies that are the most common flies found in the uk . there must be something about long - legs which makes us think of our paternal figures as all three are well endowed in the leg department !
a common myth about daddy long - legs spiders is that they are the world’s most venomous animal but don’t have jaws to bite . this isn’t true at all . all spiders are venomous but pholcid venom isn’t particularly strong . the venom isn’t harmful to humans and their jaws are too weak to pierce through human skin . to other invertebrates however , they are the top of the food chain .
although they look like delicate beings , they definitely punch above their weight when it comes to their eating habits . these spiders are the natural enemy of the large house spiders seen running around your home . not a fussy eater , the pholcid spider will also feed on flies , bees , wasps and even other pholcids when food is scarce . cannibalism can be common in the natural world .
not just content with waiting for food to land in its own web , the pholcid spider will visit the webs of other spiders and eat the occupants ! it’s pretty sneaky about it too . it will vibrate on the web , pretending to be a helpless insect tangled in the silk until the unsuspecting spider leaps out expecting an easy meal and ends up as dinner itself !
the pholcid spider is a fantastic house guest as it feeds on pests in your home . © sven siegmund
this fragile - looking little spider can often be seen lurking in the corners of households in their messy webs . unusually for a spider , the web isn’t sticky at all . the complicated structure traps its prey , making escape difficult and allowing the spider to quickly cover their dinner in silk and delivering the fatal bite to its victim .
the pholcid spider can be easily recognised by their small body and extremely long legs . having long limbs is useful for this spider . it throws silk with its back legs at its ( sometimes significantly larger ) prey , stays safely out of harm’s way and covers its victim in a sticky web until it is immobilised .
during the day , they’re fairly innocuous , remaining perfectly still whilst waiting for an unsuspecting titbit to land on their web . however when disturbed , they have an unusual defence mechanism , violently vibrating their web to blur their outline and scare away any would - be attackers .
the beauty of having pholcids in your home is knowing that they help keep everything in balance . while they do feed on house spiders , both spider species are essential for keeping down pests in the home . flies which can transmit gastrointestinal infections are kept in check and your house is actually cleaner for allowing spiders to live there peacefully .
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is found throughout the world as shown in the map below . it is commonly found amongst rural communities and generally in warmer areas . the spider originated in europe but was able to spread around the world due to
hide in reclusive places such as underneath furniture and in the dark corners or basements .
this is what gave it the name
cellar - spider .
while some sp
there have been lots of stories about deadly spiders invading the uk , but the arachnids we’re most likely to meet won’t bite . so what should we look out for ?
a close up of the business end of a woodlouse spider – even more scary if you ' re a woodlouse . photograph : alamy
piders are in the news again . it happens this time every year . why ?
, in their more - or - less annual life cycle , to reach maturity – in other words , their maximum adult size . and yes , some of them can seem very big . they especially grow large when they have had plenty to eat and , being insect predators , they have grown fat on the full and wholesome menu of all those flies and bugs that nice , warm , sunny 2014 has delivered in such abundance .
first , a key fact : all spiders are venomous . that’s how they catch their insect prey , by injecting venom down hollow fangs into their struggling victims . but they don’t really bite humans . we are much too big and taste foul . think about it . the largest garden spider , seemingly the size of a ping - pong ball hanging ponderously in its web , just cannot get its delicate jaws open wide enough to bite even the daintiest finger . it would be like a human vainly trying to bite a giant pumpkin . of britain’s 600 different spider species , just half - a - dozen can open their mouths wide enough , and have fangs long enough to deliver a venomous nip . despite tabloid horror headlines , it feels like a wasp sting . even a mild cat scratch can become infected and ooze pus . deaths from spider bites still hover around the zero mark .
this may not placate nervous householders , though . once across the threshold , entering the home , domestic invaders are imbued with a menace beyond their still modest size . this is a different group of species from those found in gardens , slightly smaller perhaps , but often longer - legged . they too have benefited from excellent nutritional input this year . still nothing to fuss about though .
appearance : mottled , often chevron - patterned grey body to 20mm , bristly leg span to over 100mm .
habitat : falls in baths , creeps across carpets , these usually males looking for mates . makes messy , flat - matted web in corners behind furniture , pouncing on insects that dare cross the silk . harmless .
appearance : pale short grey body to 10mm in gantry of over - long legs to maybe 100mm .
habitat : hangs motionless in feeble , untidy web on cornice or ceiling , but vibrates strands wildly to become a blur if disturbed . can survive months without food . good at eating other spiders . harmless .
appearance : globular body to 10mm , legspan to 25mm . abdomen glossy black variously marked with handsome pale fleur - de - lis , frond or blotch markings .
habitat : loose , untidy web in sheds , garages and outbuildings . unfortunate common name , “rabbit - hutch spider” , would be more appropriate . can nip if picked up between finger and thumb . so don’t .
habitat : makes retreat in hole in mortar in old wall , picked out by elegant , spoke - like trip - wire silk lines across the brickwork , radius about 60mm . beautiful bottle - green mouthparts with long fangs that can deliver painful bite . rare , mostly london and bristol , old port cities that indicate its mediterranean origins .
habitat : under stones and logs with its main prey items – woodlice . sometimes indoors , in porches or garages . mouthparts shining pink , with long red fangs necessary to puncture tough crustacean shells . can deliver painful nip if handled incautiously .
richard jones is a naturalist and environmental writer ; his latest book , house pests , house guests : a natural history of animals in the home , is published by bloomsbury on 5 december 2014 .
jules howard : if your home is full of horny male spiders , relax . you may never learn to love arachnids , but you should definitely learn to live with them
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in insects and spiders , the pattern of sperm priority is often attributed to the shape of the spermathecae and should entail marked consequences for mating behaviour . since last - male priority is assumed to occur in haplogyne spiders such as the cellar spider , females of this species are predicted to be more attractive to males shortly before , than shortly after , egg laying and males may guard females after copulation until oviposition . to test these predictions , i individually marked spiders of a natural population and recorded their position and the distance between potential mating partners twice a day over 100 days . the distance between female and male was taken as a measure of the female’s attractiveness . the behaviour of cellar spider males was not in accordance with the predictions ; females were visited throughout the observation period with no significant increase in attractiveness before egg laying and there was no evidence for mate guarding . however , female attractiveness was correlated with female size , which was correlated with the number of eggs laid . behaviour and genital morphology suggest sperm mixing occurs in this species . this is discussed in the light of conflicting data on sperm priority .
correspondence : g . uhl , institute of zoology , department of ethology , university of bonn , kirschallee 1 , d - 53115 bonn , germany .
copyright © 1998 the association for the study of animal behaviour . published by elsevier ltd . all rights reserved .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
when and for how long males produce sperm very likely depends on the mating system of the species in question . long - lived species in which males can expect several matings probably continue to produce sperm throughout their lifetime . on the other hand , in species with a short reproductive time window or in species that show a considerable drop in female receptivity after a single mating , a male is expected to allocate all resources into sperm production for a single mating . for spiders , both evolutionary scenarios are conceivable : in sexually cannibalistic spiders , males load each of their copulatory organs , the pedipalps , only once and cease to produce sperm after the final molt , which seems to be a consequence of the high incidence of monogamy that is forced upon the male by female cannibalistic attacks [ [


chloroclystis semiscripta is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found in new guinea and on sulawesi , borneo and peninsular malaysia .

the habitat consists of lower and upper montane areas .

chloroclystis semiscripta

chloroclystis semiscripta warren , 1906 , novit . zool . , 13 : 115 .
chloroclystis v - ata ( haworth , 1809 ) = geometra coronata hübner , [ 1813 ] .
the species is described from malaysia , borneo , sarawak and deposited in oum . the synonym g . ( chloroclystis ) semivinosa warren 1896 ) is described from java ( east ) and deposited in nhm
the species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . the synonym p . ( chloroclystis ) pallidivirens pullivirens ( prout , 1935 ) is described from java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar
bethune - baker , 1915 , ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) , 16 : 193 .
this is a yellower species than the other two , including the modified scaling on the male hindwing ( cf . grey ) . the forewing submarginal is darkened where it is distal to the disc . the female has a clearly defined but rather brownish grey border to the hindwing , and to both wings on the underside . such borders are more diffuse in the other two species .
new guinea ; sulawesi , borneo , peninsular malaysia ( ssp . brychoma ) .
during the mulu survey the species was taken with moderate frequency in both lower and upper montane zones on g . mulu ( 1000m - 1790m ) . it was less frequent on g . kinabalu at 1200 - 1500m . a singleton was taken at 1618m on bukit retak .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
the largest species in the genus , layanga has the male hindwing dorsum strongly scrolled upwards , enclosing raised straw - coloured scales and delineated longitudinally with dark brown . the forewing is heavily fasciated and obscured with dark brown suffused rufous . there is a bluish grey zone submarginally from the postmedial , at one third from the costa , and there is a fine whitish crenulate submarginal line . the female has two diffuse fasciae on the hindwing towards the margin , reflexed subdorsally .
s . layanga is only known from g . kinabalu where it occurs commonly at 2600m , with a few specimens taken at 2110m .
also related to xanthocomes and eurymesa are s . eugerys prout comb . n . ( seram , new guinea ) and s . seminotata warren comb . n . ( new guinea ) .
s . xanthocomes is rarer than the next , occurring with it at lower elevations : 1500 - 1930m on g . kinabalu ; 1780 - 1790m on g . mulu .
walker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 35 : 1693 .
this is a small species with , in the male , a prominent crest of scales protruding anteriorly from the subbasal region of the forewing costa , itself rather bowed .
turner may prove to be a further synonym , extending the range of the species to queensland ( holotype , anic , canberra , examined but not dissected ) .
borneo , peninsular malaysia ; sulawesi ( ssp . pelopsaria ) ; new guinea ( ssp . hydrographica ) ; ? queensland ( see note above )
the original material , taken by a . r . wallace , may have been from the lowlands . the species has not been recorded in recent surveys .
article public
- / / taxonx / / dtd taxonomic treatment publishing dtd v0 20100105 / / en
tax - treatment - ns0 . dtd
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
the indonesian geometrid moth fauna is rich and diverse , yet it is poorly studied . this is particularly the case for the second largest geometrid subfamily larentiinae which comprises moths with predominantly high mountainous distribution in the tropics . the present study provides a first inventory of the primary type specimens of larentiine moth species ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) described from indonesia .
the list of species described from indonesia is arranged alphabetically by the tribe , genus , and species , and presents data on 251 species and subspecies . for each species type status , type locality , depository , and a full reference to the original description are listed . synonyms with indonesian type localities are included . the study indicates a large part of the indonesian geometrid fauna belong to the tribe eupitheciini .
the name of the original genus is given in parentheses after the name of the valid genus . the status of the type is noted . citations of references for each species are given under
nomenclature
. the altitude is presented as in the original description . valid species , valid subspecies and synonyms with indonesian type localities are included .
distribution
embraces the type locality only .
type status : holotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 5f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , bonthain , 3000 - 7000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , about 139° e , 5000 - 7000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : holotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : zmmu
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 6f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : many ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
the species is described from india , khasia hills and indonesia , celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] . the species is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : rbins
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : holotype . occurrence : sex : unknown ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . tompoe , 2700 ft .
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , tjamba , near maros , 1500 ft .
type locality : java ( east ) , tengger , kletak , 6000 ft .
type status : holotype . occurrence : sex : f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . rangkoenau , 1800 ft .
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . tompoe , 2700 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : oum
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , 5000 - 7000 ft .
type locality : [ moluccas ] , buru , wa ' katin , 1675 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 11m , 11f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthain , 5000 - 7000 ft .
type locality : sw celebes [ sulawesi ] , g . lampobattang , parang - bobo goa , 5000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 19 , mostly females ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ west papua ] , snow mts , upper setekwa river , 2000 - 3000 ft .
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , koelawi , paloe , 3700 ft .
type locality : sw celebes [ sulawesi ] , pangean near maros , 2000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 5f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram ( central ) [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ west papua ] , mount goliath , 5000 - 7000 ft .
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . rangkoenau , 900 ft .
the species is described as subspecies of g . mesophoena celebensis . the species g . celebensis is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )
type locality : [ moluccas ] , buru , leksula - kakal , 2800 - 3700 ft .
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , g . lampobattang , parang - bobo goa , 5000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : oum
type locality : malaysia , borneo , sarawak . type locality of synonym : java ( east )
type locality : java ( east ) , tengger , singolangoe , 5000 ft .
the species g . nepotalis is described as subspecies of g . latipennis prout ( 1958 ) and illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )
type locality : malaysia , borneo . type locality of synonym : lesser sunda islands , lombok
the species is described from malaysia , borneo and deposited in oum . the synonym m . ( megatheca ? ) ampla ( warren , 1899 ) is described from lesser sunda islands , lombok
type locality : [ moluccas ] , seram ( central ) , manusela , 6000 ft .
type locality : malaysia , borneo . type locality of synonym : kalimantan , pulo laut
the species is described from malaysia , borneo and deposited in oum . the synonym p . ( eupithecia ) conferta ( swinhoe , 1902 ) is described from kalimantan , pulo laut . the species p . obliterata is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , mt kebea , 3000 ft . type localities of synonyms : [ west papua ] , oetakwa river , celebes [ sulawesi ] , menado , [ moluccas ] , buru , gamoe , mrapat , 5000 ft .
the species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , mt kebea , 3000 ft . three synonyms p . interrupta ( prout 1916 ) p . phanoides ( debauche 1941 ) and p . praelustris ( prout 1933 ) are described from [ west papua ] , oetakwa river , from celebes [ sulawesi ] , menado and from [ moluccas ] , buru , gamoe , mrapat , 5000 ft .
type locality : british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . type locality of synonym : java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : m , f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela , 6000 ft .
type locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , 5000 - 7000 ft . , ca 139° longit .
the species z . baliensis prout ( 1958 ) is described as subspecies of z . xylinaria walker ( 1863 ) . the synonym z . xylinaria florensis prout ( 1958 ) is described from lesser sunda islands , flores ( south )
type locality : malaysia , borneo , sarawak . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela and celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthian , indrulaman , 2300 ft .
the species is described from malaysia , borneo , sarawak , deposited in oum and illustrated in holloway ( 1997 ) . two synonyms z . xylinaria subaequata prout ( 1929 ) and z . subrubida warren ( 1897 ) are described from [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela and celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthian , indrulaman , 2300 ft .
the synonym p . multiplicata erebenna prout ( 1935 ) is described from java ( east ) , mt moenggal , 9000 ft . and bromo to caldeira
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nbc
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : many , m , f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ west papua ] , weyland mountains , mt kunupi , 6000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : sumatra ( west ) , sungei kumbang , korintji district , 4500 ft .
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , loda , 4000 ft .
type locality : celebes ( south - west ) [ sulawesi ] , pangean , near maros , 2000 ft .
type locality : [ west papua ] , arfak mts , angi lakes , 6000 ft . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela
the species is described from [ west papua ] , arfak mts , angi lakes , 6000 ft . the synonym h . ( phthonoloba ) hypelaina ( prout , 1929 ) is described from [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 6f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , gunong lampobattang , parang - bobo goa , 5000 ft .
type locality : [ moluccas ] , buru , gamoe mrapat , 5000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nbc
type locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 3000 ft .
type locality : [ west papua ] , snow mts , near oetakwa river , up to 3500 ft .
type locality : [ west papua ] , arfak mts , angi lakes , 6000 ft .
type locality : [ moluccas ] , buru ( central ) , mrapat , 5000 ft .
type locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 2500 - 3000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhrs
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , paloe , gunong rangkoenau , 1800 ft .
type locality : british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , batjan
the species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . the synonym g . subpilosa warren ( 1904 ) is described from [ moluccas ] , batjan
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 7m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela , 6000 ft . and 3000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes ( south - west ) [ sulawesi ] , tjamba , near maros , 1500 ft .
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , gunong tompoe , 2700 ft .
type status : holotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : zsm , m . sommerer coll .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4m , 4f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthian , 5000 - 7000 ft .
type locality : sumatra ( west ) , sungei kumbang , korintji , 4500 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
the species is originally described as subspecies ( ab . ) of x . ludifica warren ( 1898 )
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : sumatra ( west ) , korintji , 7300 ft . , sungei kumbang , 10 , 000 ft .
type locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , carstensz peak , 5000 - 10 , 000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 11m , 19f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , 4000 - 6000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : unknown ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : india , darjeeling . type locality of synonym : [ java ( east ) ] , nongkodjadjar
the species a . pictaria is described from india , darjeeling . the synonym a . pictaria flavifascia prout ( 1935 ) is described from [ java ( east ) ] , nongkodjadjar and singolangoe . the species a . pictaria is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )
type locality : india , nilgiri district , s slopes , 3000 ft . type locality of synonym : java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar
the species is described from india , nilgiri district , s slopes , 3000 ft . the synonym a . pulchella interposita prout ( 1935 ) is described from java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 4f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 13m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : malaysia , borneo . type localities of synonym : borneo , nr kalimantan , pulo laut
the species is described from malaysia , borneo . the synonym e . metriopis ( meyrick , 1897 ) is described from borneo and nr kalimantan , pulo laut . the species e . plumbacea is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )
type locality : lesser sunda islands , sambawa [ sumbawa ] , tambora , 2500 - 4000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .
the species is described from [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . the synonym p . subcaesia neutralis ( prout , 1922 ) is described from [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .
the species is described as subspecies of p . ornatipennis ( prout , 1941 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2002 )
type locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , about 139° long . , 5000 - 7000 ft .
type locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .
type status : lectotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : west irian [ west papua ] , wandammen mts , 3000 - 4000 ft .
type locality : [ papua new guinea ] , angabunga river . type locality of synonym : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 2500 - 3000 ft .
the species is described from [ papua new guinea ] , angabunga river . the synonym s . viriditincta ( rothschild , 1916 ) is described from [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 2500 - 3000 ft .
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , sidaonta , 4500 ft .
the species is described as subspecies of v . sordidata ( moore , 1888 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2006a ) , schmidt ( 2009 )
the species is described as subspecies of v . sordidata ( moore , 1888 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2006a ) . lectotype has been designated ( schmidt 2006a )
type locality : lesser sunda islands , tambora , sambawa [ sumbawa ] , 2500 - 4000 ft .
the species is described as subspecies of v . sordidata ( moore , 1888 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2006a ) , schmidt ( 2009 ) . lectotype has been designated ( schmidt 2006a )
the species is described as subspecies of v . vinosa ( warren , 1907 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2013 )
the tribal placement of many species needs to be evaluated . however , according to preliminary data involving the study of the species described from other regions and apparently occurring in indonesia ( schmidt , unpubl . data ) , the tribe eupitheciini and its close allies seem to be dominant in indonesia . moreover , the high - altitude indonesian fauna is poorly studied so far . considering high diversity of eupitheciines in mountainous regions and unresolved taxonomic problems in the group ( e . g . sibling species ) , a large proportion of eupitheciini among the larentiine moths is expected .
ptychotheca pallidivirens should be transferred to the genus bosara ( see holloway 1997 ) .
prout ( 1941 ) mentioned “ desmoclystia prouti sick , sp . n . ” , without description of the type locality , among other species described from west papua ( mt goliath ) . the type of d . prouti without abdomen , as cited in the original description , has never been re - examined .
scoble ( 1999 ) lists eupithecia aspectabilis inoue ( 1996 ) as described from indonesia ( maluku [ moluccas ] : aru ) . however , the type locality of the species is aru in pahalgam - kolohoi in kashmir , with an altitude of 2800m .
descriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr . w . s . atkinson .
descriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr . w . s . atkinson 3
resultats scientifiques du voyage aux indes orientales neerlandaises de ll . aa . rr . le prince et la princesse leopold de belgique .
die gross - schmetterlinge der erde . fauna indo - australica , bd . 12
collected by the british ornithologists ' union and the wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea .
van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningenen beschrijving der nieuwe soorten . tweede afdeeling :
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regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , the western caucasus , kaliningrad , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amur , prealtay , primorye , sakhalin , mid - amur , middle - volga , mid - ural , south west siberian , south kuril , south ural .
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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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walker , 1861 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 22 : 658 .
see polynesia curtitibia above . there is sexual dimorphism , females being marked orange where males are more red .
bethune - baker comb . n . ( new guinea ) is related to amplificata . the taxa phanoides debauche ( sulawesi ) and praelustris prout ( s . moluccas ) , originally described as subspecies of amplificata , are distinct from it , and perhaps better placed as races of hebe .
the species has been recorded infrequently from a range of lowland forest types including dry heath forest . two were taken at 1618m on bukit retak in brunei .
this is one of the smaller bornean species . the pale band distal to the forewing postmedial is clearly defined , with a definite pale patch at the centre of the margin opposite the central angle of the band . the darker medial zone is very much broader than in palpata , the labial palps are shorter , dark tipped , acute apically , rather than moderate and more or less pale throughout .
prout stat . & comb . n . ( luzon ) , originally described as a subspecies of subpalpata , has distinct male genitalia and octavals .
the species is uncommon , recorded from 1200m to 1930m on g . kinabalu and singly at 1790m on g . mulu .
the pale golden yellow ground colour and vinous brown markings of the forewing are diagnostic .
the species was compared with p . viridata warren comb . n . ( peninsular malaysia , with subspecies from sulawesi to new guinea ) by holloway ( 1976 ) . this has green ground colour to the forewings . the genitalia have the valve costa more bowed and the aedeagus shorter , deeper .
all records are from g . kinabalu , 17 specimens distributed more or less evenly over samples from 1930m , 2110m and 2600m .
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walker , 1866 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 35 : 1675 .
prout , 1928 , insects of samoa , 3 : 136 , syn . n .
prout , 1940 , gross - schmett . erde , 12 : p1 . 40 , and 1958 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent ) , 6 : 409 , syn . n .
the small size and simply angled postmedials distinguish the species from most eupitheciines of similar facies except possibly spiralisigna minutissima swinhoe , but dissection of the genitalia is recommended to confirm identity .
the taxa above are brought into synonymy because of consistency in ornamentation of the bursa of the female . the male genitalia and facies , at least at the pacific end of the range , show some variation and aedeagus vesica form a basis for definition of subspecies ( robinson , 1975 ) .
marshall is , woodlark is . , ? tahiti ( ssp . lepta ) ; tonga ( ssp . aeneta ) ; fiji ( ssp . fluctuosa ) ; rotuma ( ssp . rotumensis ) ; samoa ( ssp . mempta ) ; borneo , andamans ; cocos - keeling is . ( ssp . woodjonesi ) ; seychelles ( ssp . aucta ) ; aldabra ( ssp . oceanica ) .
a male from labuan i . , the provenance of the original material of latifascia and the general distribution suggests this species may prefer coastal and insular habitats .