rosenberg 's monitor , the heath monitor , or the southern heath monitor , varanus rosenbergi , is a species of monitor lizard endemic to australia , where it can be found in southern regions within the australian capital territory , new south wales , south australia , victoria , and western australia .

rosenberg ' s monitor

rosenberg’s is the monitor species that has adapted well to living in cooler climates .
rosie the rosenberg ' s monitor after she lay eggs in a termite mound .
rosenberg’s goanna is a distinct species from gould’s sand goanna for which it was previously mistaken .
rosenberg’s is the only species of goanna on kangaroo island . it is the island’s largest natural predator .
rosenberg ' s monitor , which is being monitored and studied by matthew higgins and act government ecologist don fletcher .
varanus rosenbergi ( rosenberg ' s monitor ) . south west western australia . # reptiles # herpetology # wildoz urltoken
life ranges of male rosenberg’s can extend over 3 km from point to point . *
on ki , rosenberg’s do not usually climb trees , but there are always exceptions . *
rosenberg ' s monitor is a very beautiful creature and it is wonderful that they continue to live almost in the centre of australia ' s national capital .
rosenberg’s are capable navigators and if relocated will travel many kilometres back to their home range . *
body temperature of rosenberg’s and most other lizards is not totally dependent on the environmental temperature . *
spiny - tailed monitor – v . acanthurus ( also ridge - tailed monitor )
rosenberg ' s monitor ( varanus rosenbergi ) or the heath monitor is a type of monitor lizard found in eastern , south and western australia . it can reach a length of 1 . 5 m . [ 1 ]
sophie cross on twitter :
varanus rosenbergi ( rosenberg ' s monitor ) . south west western australia . # reptiles # herpetology # wildoz…
rosenberg’s was once common across the southern coast of australia . today there are small isolated populations of rosenberg’s goanna in sw western australia , coastal regions of sa , victoria , canberra and the sandstone country of nsw .
in 1993 rosenberg’s was listed as rare or insufficiently known and in 2008 it was declared a vulnerable species .
sweet , s . s . 2007 . pers . comm . red list assessment .
rosenberg’s are considered day active , but egg laying begins in late afternoon to early evening and is usually finished before midnight .
young rosenberg’s begin to actively emerge from the mound when the mound surface temperature equals that of the internal temperature ( approximately 32°c ) .
natural life span of wild rosenberg’s is still unknown , but there are known individuals in the study population thirty years plus in age . *
monitor lizards produce by sexual reproduction ; however , some monitor lizards are apparently capable of parthenogenesis ( smith 2006 ) .
dr glenn shea of the australian museum in sydney informs us that the rosenberg of the species ' name was one hans rosenberg of hamburg in germany . he was somehow pivotal to herpetology . one imagines he is the same rosenberg remembered in the scientific and common names of hypsiboas rosenbergi , rosenberg ' s gladiator treefrog . the species gets the evocative common name
gladiator
from the way in which the males fight one another , like amphibious russell crowes .
the kimberley rock monitor ( varanus glauerti ) is a medium - sized species of monitor lizard , [ 3 ] native to northern australia . also known as glauert ' s monitor or the kakadu sand goanna , [ 4 ] it belongs to the subgenus odatria . [ 5 ]
smith , w . , scott , i . a . w . and keogh , j . s . 2007 . molecular phylogeny of rosenberg ' s monitor ( reptilia : varanidae : varanus rosenbergi ) and its conservation status in new south wales . systematics and biodiversity 5 ( 4 ) : 361 - 369 .
monitor lizards date back to the age of the dinosaurs ( upper cretaceous ) .
like snakes , monitor lizards have forked tongues which they use to sense odors .
the meat of monitor lizards is used in nepal for medicinal and food purpose .
the name
sand monitor
can be used to describe various other species .
rismiller , p . et al . ( 2007 ) . life history studies of rosenberg’s goanna ( varanus rosenbergi ) on kangaroo island , south australia . biawak 1 ( 1 ) : 42 - 43
in tamil and malayalam , monitor lizards are known as
udumbu
and in australia , they are known as goannas . in kannada , monitor lizards are known as
uda .
in sinhalese the monitor lizard is known as
kabaragoya .
underhill , d . ( 1993 ) . australia ' s dangerous creatures . sydney : reader ' s digest . isbn 0 - 86438 - 018 - 6
due to their attraction to carrion , the rate of rosenberg’s goanna road deaths increase in line with the amount of traffic around the island – the summer holiday tourism season has previously seen more than 570 reported road kills .
a vulnerable species of goanna makes its home in our nation ' s capital .
suggests monitor lizards ( including goannas ) are venomous and have oral toxin - producing glands .
some monitor lizards , including the komodo dragon , are capable of parthenogenesis . [ 7 ]
delean , s . 1981 . notes on aggressive behavior by gould’s goannas ( - varanus gouldii - ) in captivity . herpetofauna , 12 ( 2 ) : 30 .
bad knots , this looks like your first sighting and an important one . we need more records of rosenberg ' s goanna to get a better understanding of its behaviour and distribution . looking forward to more records from you . geoff
the skin of monitor lizards is used in making a carnatic music percussion instrument called a kanjira .
bennett , d . 1995 . a little book of monitor lizards : a guide to the monitor lizards of the world and their care in captivity . aberdeen : viper press . isbn 095266321x .
anu graduates become lifelong members of our community . see what ' s on offer .
sand goanna – v . gouldii ( also gould ' s goanna or ground goanna )
for the most part , in common names ,
goanna
and
monitor
are interchangeable .
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which they often cover with soil or protect in a hollow tree stump . some monitor lizards , including the
rosenberg ' s monitors mate over a 12 - day period in january . in february / march females dig into a termite mounds creating a circular nest chamber . then they lay up to 14 eggs in termite mounds . in september / october the hatchlings emerge from the mound generally with the assistance of the parent monitor digging them out . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
this article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .
rismiller , peggy d . , michael w . mckelvey , and brian green .
breeding phenology and behavior of rosenberg ' s goanna ( varanus rosenbergi ) on kangaroo island , south australia .
journal of herpetology 44 . 3 ( 2010 ) : 399 - 408
monitor lizards maintain large territories and employ active pursuit hunting techniques that are reminiscent of similar sized mammals . [ 11 ] the active nature of monitor lizards has led to numerous studies on the metabolic capacities of these lizards . the general consensus is that monitor lizards have the highest standard metabolic rates of all extant reptiles . [ 12 ]
continent : asia distribution : s myanmar ( = burma ) , thailand , cambodia , s vietnam , singapore , malayan peninsula ( incl . pulau tioman ) and java , indonesia . type locality : java
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male rosenberg’s have been tracked moving over areas of up to 15 square kilometres . females tend to travel less due to the large energy investment associated with breeding and egg development – digging an incubation chamber can take more than two days and eggs are guarded for another fortnight before normal activities are resumed .
they ' re fairly typical as far as monitor lizards go , nothing exceptional really . very cool species though , for sure
a goanna is any of several australian monitor lizards of the genus varanus , as well as to certain species from southeast asia .
or protect in a hollow tree stump . most species of monitor lizard have a predominantly carnivorous diet , eating eggs , smaller reptiles , fish , birds and small mammals . some species of monitor lizard also eat fruit and vegetation depending on where they live .
anu is a world - leading university in australia’s capital . excellence is embedded in our approach to research and education .
in tamil nadu and all other parts of south india , catching or killing of monitor lizards is banned under the protected species act .
. unlike alot of monitors , though , the heath monitor is known to guard its nest for any where from 1 - 3 weeks after the eggs are laid . the young animals emerge from these mounds in australia ' s spring , and weigh about 19g
the meat of monitor lizards is eaten by some tribes in india , thailand , australia and in west africa as a supplemental meat source .
the yellow monitor , varanus flavescens is protected in all range countries except bhutan ; nepal , india , pakistan and bangladesh . [ 35 ]
gould ' s goanna is commonly found throughout australia and new guinea except on tasmania and in south - eastern victoria state .
monitor lizards have become a staple in the reptile pet trade . the most commonly kept monitors are the savannah monitor and ackies monitor , due to their relatively small size , low cost , and relatively calm dispositions with regular handling . [ 23 ] among others , black - throated monitors , timor monitors , asian water monitors , nile monitors , mangrove monitors , emerald tree monitors , black tree monitors , roughneck monitors , dumeril ' s monitors , peach - throated monitors , crocodile monitors and argus monitors have been kept in captivity . [ 23 ]
the goanna ' s hefty tail can be dangerous when swung , much like a crocodile ' s ; small children and dogs have been knocked down by such attacks . often , victims in goanna attacks are bystanders , watching the person antagonising the goanna .
like all goannas and snakes the sand monitor has a forked tongue , with which it
tastes
the air . scents are picked up on each side of the fork which , when retracted , brushes over an area in the mouth called the jacobson ' s organ , which identifies on which side the scent is stronger . upon identifying this difference in scent strength the sand monitor can alter its direction accordingly .
not all goannas are gargantuan . pygmy goannas may be smaller than a man ' s arm . the smallest of these , the short - tailed monitor ( varanus brevicuda ) reaches only 20 cm in length . they survive on smaller prey , such as insects and mice .
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the name ,
monitor ,
is also used for a species in different , but closely related , family , the earless monitor ( lanthanotus borneensis ) in lanthanotidae , a semi - aquatic , brown lizard from borneo . this article will be restricted to discussion of the varanids ( varanidae ) .
myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed february 16 , 2011 at urltoken . urltoken
in recent years it has been popularly known as “heath” monitor . this name is erroneous as this species occupies at least 30 habitats in addition to heath .
large scale exploitation
of monitor lizards is undertaken for their skins , which are described as being
of considerable utility
in the leather industry .
monitor lizard meat , particularly the tongue and liver , is eaten in parts of india and malaysia as an alleged aphrodisiac . [ 30 ] [ 31 ]
natural resources kangaroo island , together with the community , are aiming to maintain and enhance the state of valuable natural resources in the region . studies of rosenberg’s goanna began on the island in 1966 and are maintained today under the direction of dr brian green and dr peggy rismiller . green and rismiller are continuing investigations into the changing goanna population and drawing information about their general ecology .
doles , m . , w . card . 1995 . delayed fertilization in the monitor lizard varanus gouldii . herpetological review , 26 ( 4 ) : 196 .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
snakes were believed to be more closely related to monitor lizards than any other type of extant reptile ; however , it has been more recently proposed that snakes are the sister group of the clade of iguanians and anguimorphs . [ 16 ] like snakes , monitor lizards have forked tongues which they use to sense odors . [ 21 ]
snakes were believed to be more closely related to monitor lizards than any other type of extant reptile ; however , it has been more recently proposed that snakes are the sister group of the clade of iguanians and anguimorphs . [ 5 ] like snakes , monitor lizards have forked tongues which they use to sense odors . [ 6 ]
goannas are found throughout most of australia , except for tasmania , and manage to persist in a variety of environments . most species are known to climb trees or outcrops ; several primarily arboreal species are known . the lace monitor ( v . varius ) is probably the best - known amongst these , but is not the most common . the lace monitor is the second - largest of all goannas , reaching lengths of up to 2 m . other more common tree goannas , such as the timor tree monitor ( v . timorensis ) and mournful tree monitor ( v . tristis ) do not grow to quite such lengths , averaging only a few feet nose - to - tail .
large scale exploitation
of monitor lizards is undertaken for their skins , which are described as being
of considerable utility
in the leather industry . [ 32 ]
the discovery of venom in monitor lizards , as well as in agamid lizards , has led to the toxicofera hypothesis : that all venomous reptiles share a common venomous ancestor .
pianka , e . r . 2004 . varanidae . pages 359 - 368 in b . grzimek , s . f . craig , d . a . thoney , n . schlager , and m . hutchins . grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia , 2nd edition . detroit , mi : thomson / gale . isbn 0787657786 .
losos , jonathan b . , and harry w . greene .
ecological and evolutionary implications of diet in monitor lizards .
biological journal of the linnean society 35 . 4 ( 1988 )
during the late cretaceous era , monitor lizards or their close relatives are believed to have evolved into amphibious and then fully marine forms , the mosasaurs , which reached lengths of up to 17 m .
while human canberra figuratively snoozes in its summer holiday hammock ( waiting for god ' s gift of summernats to get the year really started ) , wild canberra remains effervescently busy .
monitor lizards have a high aerobic scope [ 12 ] [ 13 ] that is afforded , in part , by their heart anatomy . whereas most reptiles are considered to have three chambered hearts , the hearts of monitor lizards — as with those of boas and pythons — have a well developed ventricular septum that completely separates the pulmonary and systemic sides of the circulatory system during systole . [ 14 ] this allows monitor lizards to create mammalian - equivalent pressure differentials between the pulmonary and systemic circuits , [ 14 ] which in turn ensures that oxygenated blood is quickly distributed to the body without also flooding the lungs with high pressure blood .
another possibility is the name might have been derived from the south african term for a monitor lizard , leguaan , as the cape of good hope was a popular refresher stop for immigrant ships to australia from britain .
mark k . bayless ( 2004 ) .
the local names of pacific monitor lizards ( sauria : varanidae ) of oceania & indo - malaysia , excluding australia
. micronesia 37 ( 1 ) : 49–55 .
struck , u ; altenbach , av ; gaulke , m ; f , glaw ( 2002 ) .
tracing the diet of the monitor lizard varanus mabitang by stable isotope analyses ( d15n , d13c )
.
thompson , graham g . , and eric r . pianka .
allometry of clutch and neonate sizes in monitor lizards ( varanidae : varanus ) .
copeia 2001 . 2 ( 2001 ) : 443 - 458 .
monitor lizards differ greatly from other lizards in several ways , possessing a relatively high metabolic rate for reptiles , and several sensory adaptations that benefit the hunting of live prey . recent research indicates the varanid lizards may have some venom . [ 4 ] this discovery of venom in monitor lizards , as well as in agamid lizards , led to the toxicofera hypothesis : that all venomous lizards and snakes share a common venomous ancestor . [ 5 ]
in english , they are known as
monitors
or
monitor lizards
. the earlier term
monitory lizard
became rare by about 1920 . [ 24 ] the name may have been suggested by the occasional habit of varanids to stand on their two hind legs and to appear to
monitor
, [ 23 ] or perhaps from their supposed habit of
warning persons of the approach of venomous animals
. [ 25 ]
cogger , harold ( 1978 ) . australian reptiles in colour . terrey hills , n . s . w . : reed . p . 59 . isbn 0 - 589 - 50060 - 0 .
the various species cover a vast area , occurring through africa , the indian subcontinent , to china , down southeast asia to brunei , indonesia , the philippines , new guinea , australia and islands of the indian ocean , and the south china sea . a large concentration of monitor lizards occurs on tioman island and the perhentian islands in the malaysian state of pahang . the west nile monitor is now found in south florida [ 2 ] and in singapore .
the monitor lizards are large lizards in the genus varanus . they are native to africa , asia and oceania , but are now found also in the americas as an invasive species . a total of 79 species are currently recognized .
during the late cretaceous era , monitor lizards or their close relatives are believed to have evolved into amphibious and then fully marine forms , the mosasaurs , some of which reached lengths of 12 m ( 39 ft ) or more .
fry , b . g . ; vidal , n ; norman j . a . ; vonk f . j . ; scheib , h . ; ramjan s . f . r ; kuruppu s . ; fung , k . ; hedges , b . ; richardson m . k . ; hodgson , w . c . ; ignjatovic , v . ; summerhays , r . ; kochva , e . ( february 2006 ) .
because the goanna regularly eats snakes ( often involving a fierce struggle between the two ) , they are often said to be immune to snake venom . the goanna does eat venomous snakes , but no evidence found suggests actual poison immunity . other stories say the lizard eats a legendary plant , or drinks from a healing spring which neutralises the poison . this is immortalised in banjo paterson ' s humorous poem
johnson ' s antidote
.
monitor lizards tend to be robust , diurnal lizards , with elongate necks and non - autotomous tails ( ast 2003 ) . they have long , forked tongues , which are used for chemorecption , and their hemipenes are unusually ornate , with paired apical horns ( ast 2003 ) .
the date on your computer is in the past . if your computer ' s clock shows a date before 1 jan 1970 , the browser will automatically forget the cookie . to fix this , set the correct time and date on your computer .
and these mites , the hatchlings watched on kangaroo island ( and surely something similar happens on violent mt ainslie ) , were even sometimes victims of a form of what our us military cousins call collateral damage . echidnas , in search of toothsome termites and rampaging into the mounds by enlarging the rosenbergs ' exit tunnels , often punctured to death , with powerful claws and spines , rosenberg hatchlings that got in the way of this feeding frenzy .
this species is common in the central part of its range and on kangaroo island . it is considered stable in western australia , but is possibly declining in eastern isolates because of land - clearing activities ( s . sweet pers . comm . ) .
during the pleistocene epoch , giant monitor lizards lived in southeast asia and australasia , the best known fossil being the megalania ( varanus priscus unless it falls in its own genus , in which case it is megalania prisca ) . this species is an iconic member of the pleistocene megafauna of australia .
hudson , r . , alberts , a . , ellis , s . and byers , o . ( eds ) . 1994 . conservation assessment and management plan for iguanidae and varanidae . aza lizard taxon advisory group , iucn / ssc conservation breeding specialist group .
fry , b . g . , n . vidal , j . a . norman , f . j . vonk , h . scheib , s . f . r . ramjan , s . kuruppu , k . fung , b . hedges , m . k . richardson , w . c . hodgson , v . ignjatovic , r . summerhays , and e . kochva . 2006 . early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes . nature 439 : 584 - 588 . retrieved june 5 , 2008 .
vidal , n ; marin , j ; sassi , j ; battistuzzi , fu ; donnellan , s ; fitch , aj ; fry , bg ; vonk , fj ; rodriguez de la vega , rc ; couloux , a ; hedges , sb ( 2012 ) .
mccurry , matthew r . ; mahony , michael ; clausen , phillip d . ; quayle , michelle r . ; walmsley , christopher w . ; jessop , tim s . ; wroe , stephen ; richards , heather ; mchenry , colin r . ( 2015 ) .
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the species ' relationship with and dependence upon termite mounds is , as higgins says , really remarkable . a famous ( among herpetologists ) study done on kangaroo island between 1991 and 1996 , told us a lot of what we know about v . rosenbergi . we can infer that all or most of what herpetologists brian green , mike mckelvey and peggy rismiller reported of kangaroo island is true of the rosenbergs ( lucky rosenberg to have such a splendid creature named after him ! ) of mt ainslie .
in parts of pakistan , different parts of monitor lizards are used for a variety of medical purposes . the flesh is eaten for relief of rheumatic pain , abdominal fat is used as a salve for skin infections , oil and fat are used to treat hemorrhoids or chronic pain , and the oil is used as an aphrodesiac lubricant .
this rosenbergs’ monitor – varanus rosenbergi , commonly known as a southern heath goanna , was just crossing the road outside my house , in coffin bay , south australia , when i first spotted it however by the time i had got my camera it had moved into my next door neighbours front garden , where i took this photo .
koch , andré ; gaulke , maren ; böhme , wolfgang ( 2010 ) .
unravelling the underestimated diversity of philippine water monitor lizards ( squamata : varanus salvator complex ) , with description of two new species and a new subspecies
. zootaxa 2446 : 1 - 54 . ( varanus rasmusseni , new species , p . 28 ) .
during the pleistocene epoch , giant monitor lizards lived in southeast asia and australasia , the best known fossil being the megalania ( varanus priscus , a giant goanna formally known as megalania prisca ) . this species is an iconic member of the pleistocene megafauna of australia , thought to have survived up until around 50 , 000 years ago . [ 22 ]
fry , b . g . ; vidal , n ; norman j . a . ; vonk f . j . ; scheib , h . ; ramjan s . f . r ; kuruppu s . ; fung , k . ; hedges , b . ; richardson m . k . ; hodgson , w . c . ; ignjatovic , v . ; summerhays , r . ; kochva , e . ( february 2006 ) .
early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes
( pdf ) . nature 439 ( 7076 ) : 584–588 . doi : 10 . 1038 / nature04328 . pmid 16292255 .
fry , b . g , ; wroe , s ; teeuwisse , w ; van osch , jp ; moreno , k ; ingle , j ; mchenry , c ; ferrara , t ; clausen , p ; scheib , h ; winter , kl ; greisman , l ; roelants , k ; van der weerd , l ; clemente , cj ; giannakis , e ; hodgson , wc ; luz , s ; martelli , p ; krishnasamy , k ; kochva , e ; kwok , hf ; scanlon , d ; karas , j ; citron , dm ; goldstein , ejc ; mcnaughtan , je ; norman ja . ( june 2009 ) .
fry , b . g . ; wroe , s ; teeuwisse , w ; van osch , jp ; moreno , k ; ingle , j ; mchenry , c ; ferrara , t ; clausen , p ; scheib , h ; winter , kl ; greisman , l ; roelants , k ; van der weerd , l ; clemente , cj ; giannakis , e ; hodgson , wc ; luz , s ; martelli , p ; krishnasamy , k ; kochva , e ; kwok , hf ; scanlon , d ; karas , j ; citron , dm ; goldstein , ejc ; mcnaughtan , je ; norman ja . ( june 2009 ) .
joanna the goanna was featured in the movie the rescuers down under as the cohort of poacher mcleach ; she was a spencer ' s goanna . a goanna was also voiced by african - american actor tone - loc in ferngully : the last rainforest . goannas appear as enemies in the ty the tasmanian tiger series by krome studios .
seems a cool lizard . so cerato how would you rank the monitors of the world ? is a top 10 possible ? i ' m intrigued by them somewhat and though we don ' t see eye to eye on a lot of issues i respect anyone ' s opinion on a topic they dedicate a lot of time to understand .
and on top of belligerent nature ' s decimations of the rosenbergs , they also suffer habitat loss , get skittled by cars and killed by cats . it is no wonder then that in nsw ( they are , too , thinly sprinkled in niches of south australia and western australia ) they are classified as ' ' vulnerable ' ' .
in parts of pakistan and southern india , different parts of monitor lizards are used for a variety of medical purposes . the flesh is eaten for the relief of rheumatic pain , abdominal fat is used as a salve for skin infections , oil and fat are used to treat hemorrhoids or chronic pain , and the oil is used as an aphrodisiac lubricant ( sande ka tel ) . [ 32 ]
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other goannas are adapted to swampy coastal environments , such as the mangrove goanna ( v . semiremex ) . further still , the mertens ' water monitor ( water goanna – v . mertensi ) , found in lagoons and rivers across northern australia , is streamlined for swimming , using its tail as a paddle . most other goannas are good swimmers , but tend not to voluntarily venture into the water .
the various species cover a vast area , occurring through africa , the indian subcontinent , to china , down southeast asia to indonesia , the philippines , new guinea , australia and islands of the indian ocean , and the south china sea . a large concentration of monitor lizards occurs on tioman island in the malaysian state of pahang . some are now found in south florida , particularly in the everglades .
the family varanidae probably originated in asia at least 65 million years ago , [ 18 ] although some estimates are as early as the late mesozoic ( 112 million years ago ) . [ 19 ] monitor lizards probably expanded their geographic range into africa between 49 and 33 million years ago , possibly via iran , and to australia and the indonesian archipelago between 39 and 26 million years ago . [ 20 ]
an extinct giant monitor lizard from quaternary deposits in australia , which died out roughly 20 , 000 years ago , reached an enormous length of seven meters and a weight of 600 kilograms ( ast 2003 ) . it had two centimeter , curved serrated teeth ( ast 2003 ) . this lizard was originally placed in the varanid genus megalania as m . prisca , although some place it in varanus as v . priscus .
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and omg they need that refuge . they quickly find that it ' s a jungle out there ( strictly , on mt ainslie , it is a dry sclerophyll woodland out there ) . the researchers found the hatchlings
subject to intense predation mainly by corvid birds
( ravens , magpies and related winged monsters ) . they found that
very few young [ rosenbergs ] survive their first year .
we don ' t yet have a status classification for the act ' s rosenbergs but they seem to be scarce and we must look after them . matthew higgins asks that we never , ever damage a termite mound ( it used to be a sport for urchins to poke them with sticks to watch the termites get into frenzies ) . the mounds , as well as being essential for termites , are literally indispensable for any rosenbergs thereabouts .
fry , b . g . ; wroe , s ; teeuwisse , w ; van osch , jp ; moreno , k ; ingle , j ; mchenry , c ; ferrara , t ; clausen , p ; scheib , h ; winter , kl ; greisman , l ; roelants , k ; van der weerd , l ; clemente , cj ; giannakis , e ; hodgson , wc ; luz , s ; martelli , p ; krishnasamy , k ; kochva , e ; kwok , hf ; scanlon , d ; karas , j ; citron , dm ; goldstein , ejc ; mcnaughtan , je ; norman ja . ( june 2009 ) .
a central role for venom in predation by varanus komodoensis ( komodo dragon ) and the extinct giant varanus ( megalania ) priscus .
. pnas 106 ( 22 ) : 8969–8974 . doi : 10 . 1073 / pnas . 0810883106 . pmc 2690028 . pmid 19451641 .
the heat monitor is a generalist feeder ( like most other large varanus ) , and as it is a large species , it will take any animal it can get its jaws on and subsequently overpower . the majority of the is species ' diet consists of cockroaches , beetles , mantids , ants , and centipedes . they are also known to heavily predate small rodents , also being noted predators of possums , frogs , other lizards ( tiliqua rugosa , varanus spp . ) & their eggs , quolls , birds , and rabbits .
the generic name varanus is derived from the arabic word waral ورل , ( alternative word waran ) . the name comes from a common semitic root ouran , waran , or waral , meaning
lizard
. [ 8 ] the occasional habit of varanids to stand on their two hind legs and to appear to
monitor
their surroundings has been suggested to have led to this name , as it was latinized into varanus . its common name is derived from the latin word monere meaning
to warn
. [ 8 ]
habitat degradation is likely to be locally affecting some of this species ' range , particularly in eastern parts . while this is at present not considered a major threat , if eastern populations were found to be a separate species in the future , this may have a significant effect on their conservation status . it is unlikely that any other threat process is acting on this species , particularly since all australian varanids are banned from export ( s . sweet pers . comm . ) .
continent : australia distribution : australia ( except arid interior ) , s new guinea flavirufus : central australia in the area of the red soils ; westwards to the canning stock route ( western australia ) ; type locality : bat caves near alice springs , northern territory . type locality :
australia
, restricted by opinion 1948 of the international commission of zool . nomenclature ( 2000 ) , due to the designation of a neotype , to karakatta , perth , western australia .
in addition to their role in food chains , serving as predators and prey ( very large monitors , like the adult komodo dragon , are apex predators ) , monitor lizards also are important to humans . in some cultures , they are represented in art , folklore , and superstitions ( ast 2003 ) . in africa , asia , and australia , monitors are eaten ( ast 2003 ) . some are commercially important for their skins , which are made into leather , and body parts may be used for folk medicine ( ast 2003 ) .
some goannas recover from their initial fear of humans , especially when food is involved ( or food has been involved previously ) . this reinforces the wildlife authority ' s recommendation of not feeding animals while camping or adventuring , but most authorities doubt a goanna will actually direct an intentional attack at a human unless the human attempts to attack it ( or grasp at it ) first . aborigines who hunt goannas for food consider the perentie as a high - risk ( but tasty ) prey .
possibly related to the above poison immunity , goanna fat or oil has been anecdotally imbued with mystical healing properties . aborigines traditionally used goanna oil as an important bush medicine , and it also became a common medicine among whites in australia ' s early days . said to be a cure - all , and possessing amazing powers of penetration ( passing through metal as if it were not there ) , it was sold amongst early settlers like snake oil in the old west of north america .
adult female gould’s goanna average two - thirds the body length and only one - third the mass of adult males . adult males are approximately 32 cm in length while females are approximately 28 cm . the lizard is greenish - gray with uniform ringed small yellow spots all over its body . the spots are faint towards the neck but are more prominent on the tail and lower torso . the snake - like head is flat with the yellow pattern on the sides . the bottom quarter of the tail is long and solid yellow .
welton , l . j . ; siler , c . d . ; bennett , d . ; diesmos , a . ; duya , m . r . ; dugay , r . ; rico , e . l . b . ; van weerd , m . ; brown , r . m . ( 2010 ) .
a spectacular new philippine monitor lizard reveals a hidden biogeographic boundary and a novel flagship species for conservation
. biology letters 6 ( 5 ) : 654–658 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rsbl . 2010 . 0119 . issn 1744 - 9561 . pmc 2936141 . pmid 20375042 .
this species has a level of protection in australia through legislation , since all australian varanids are banned from export ( s . sweet pers . comm . ) . further research into the localized threats and habitat status is suggested to ensure localized population declines do not increase . as with many varanid species , gene sequencing studies are needed to resolve whether this species is in fact a complex of two or more species ( e . pianka pers . comm . ) . this is particularly important since habitat loss may particularly affect the distinct eastern populations .
in austronesia , where varanids are common , they are known under a large number of local names . they are usually known as biawak ( malay and indonesian ) , bayawak ( filipino ) , binjawak or minjawak ( javanese ) , or variations thereof . other names include hokai ( solomon islands ) , bwo or puo ( maluku ) , halo ( cebu ) , galuf of kaluf ( micronesia and the caroline islands ) , batua or butaan ( luzon ) , alu ( bali ) , hora or ghora ( komodo group of islands ) , phut ( burmese ) and guibang ( manobo ) . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] a group of monitor lizards has been termed an agency .
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this species has a disjunct distribution and animals in eastern populations have much longer tails than those in western populations ; this may imply that this species in fact comprises at least two different species ( e . pianka pers . comm . ) .
this species is restricted to southern parts of australia , below 30 degrees south latitude . it is found in coastal areas of western australia , south australia and the southwest of victoria ( king and king 2004 ) . there is also a disjunct distribution around the sydney area , and in the vicinity of canberra ( smith
this species can live in a variety of habitats , but occurs mainly in open woodlands , sclerophyll forest , and heathlands ( king and king 2004 ) .
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this species ranges throughout southern australia , from perth to armidale , and kangaroo island . it is mainly terrestrial in nature , being found in dry areas , such as scerophyll forest . this species utlizes small patches of herbaceous cover , such as heath ( which it can commonly be associated with , hence the common name ) , as well as large rocks , to ambush prey .
utilize the same prey resources , and therefore may experience direct competition . however , the latter being the smaller of the two species , probably ends up in the diet of the former from time to time .
mating occurs anywhere from december to february , after which the males will often stay in the vicinity of the female . these pairs will become somewhat inactive , staying mainly around their burrows or basking in the sun . this varanid , like other australian species , will lay its eggs inside termite mounds . around a month after mating occurs , females will dig into these termite mounds and lay a clutch of 4 - 14 eggs
. they will stay near this refuge for several months afterwards , returning after foraging consecutively . they are independent as soon as they hatch , though are susceptible to predation at this life stage .
thompson , graham g . , and philip c . withers .
comparative morphology of western australian varanid lizards ( squamata : varanidae ) .
journal of morphology 233 . 2 ( 1997 ) : 127 - 152 .
sutherland , duncan r .
dietary niche overlap and size partitioning in sympatric varanid lizards .
herpetologica 67 . 2 ( 2011 ) : 146 - 153 .
green , brian , miss mckelvey , and peggy rismiller .
the behaviour and energetics of hatchling varanus rosenbergi .
mertensiella 11 ( 1999 ) : 105 - 112 .
but exist they do , although as higgins points out canberrans can be excused for not knowing that they exist since
the species ' numbers are evidently quite low , so that any sighting is pretty special
.

our project aims to gather further information about rosenbergs from mt ainslie , particularly breeding behaviour , through the use of remote automatic wildlife cameras .
these goannas lay their eggs in active termite mounds ; the termites repair the hole and so the eggs are incubated inside the mound for several months before the young hatch . it is an amazing piece of animal behaviour and one wonders how on earth did it evolve ? the young goannas feed on termites before they leave the mound – not much joy for the termites !
i ' ve seen the goannas at googong , in namadgi and on mt ainslie after considerable searching but i think that the paucity of my and others ' sightings indicates a very small population .
these goannas are very well camouflaged ,
he testifies ,
and hard to see even if you ' re only a metre away ; they are also good at staying very still when they want to . this makes finding them that much harder .
v . rosenbergi mate over a period of about 12 days in january , and in late february / early march the female spends a couple of days digging into a termitarium ( a termite mound ) . after digging about 0 . 7 metres into the mound she constructs a circular nest chamber . . . and lays her eggs [ up to 14 of them ] . she then backfills the excavation and then within a few days the termites totally reseal the mound .
hatchlings first appear in spring . . . they dig their own way [ with a narrow tunnel ] out of the termitarium without any adult assistance .
the three scholars found that the canny hatchlings do not emerge from the mound until the outside air temperatures are sufficiently warm . but even when that day temperature is ideal the hatchlings don ' t frolic away from ' ' home ' ' to seek their fortunes in the wider world . instead for several months they come back to the mounds for
overnight refuge
.
older australians ( this gnarled columnist is 70 ) will remember with a shudder of green horror the days when
ant bed
( crushed up termite mounds ) was a popular surface for australian tennis courts . almost every sacrifice is worth making for tennis , the game they play in heaven ( and in hell too , although there all they play is social tennis ) , but one shudders to think what strains those mound - plundering days put on the rosenbergs and on echidnas , let alone on the termites themselves .
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goanna is believed to be a corruption of the name “iguana” , a totally different group of lizards found mainly in south america .
there are over 40 different species of varanids . the largest is the komodo dragon ( over 100kg ! )
sizes range from 20cm and 20g ( a gravid female ) in the pigmy goanna ( v . brevicauda ) to about 2m and up to 17kg in the perentie ( v . giganteus )
within an individual territory , home ranges can vary between 80 to 1000 hectares . *
males ( up to 1 . 9 kg ) can be twice the body weight of females .
if termites do not seal the egg chamber during the night , the female returns the next day and backfills the chamber .
eggs become encapsulated in the termite mound as the termites repair disturbance cause by the goanna egg laying .
energy expenditure for the female is so great that she seldom mates in consecutive years .
young dig unassisted out of the egg chamber following the same path the female dug in .
the young make an emergence hole and remain inside the mound for several days .
young continue to use the egg mound for up to five months after hatching .
one young in thirteen is likely to survive the first 12 months of life .
loss of native habitats with suitable incubation chambers for the eggs ( ie , termite mounds ) .
increased pressure from feral predators including cats , dogs , foxes , dingos , peacocks and turkeys .
introduced predators for goannas include feral cats , pigs , turkeys , peacocks , dogs and foxes .
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