the black-crowned central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii oerstedii ) is a subspecies of the central american squirrel monkey .

its range is restricted to the pacific coast of western panama to the western portion of the chiriquí province and of southern costa rica , south of the rio grande de terraba , including the osa peninsula .

it is the subspecies of central american squirrel monkey seen in corcovado national park in costa rica .

its type locality is david , panama , but its range apparently no longer extends that far east .

the black-crowned central american squirrel monkey is orange or reddish-orange in color , with a black cap .

it differs from the grey-crowned central american squirrel monkey , which replaces it in central costa rica , in that the limbs and underparts of the black-crowned central american squirrel monkey are more yellowish .

some authorities also consider the cap on the black-crowned central american squirrel monkey to be more black than that of the grey-crowned central american squirrel monkey ( c. o. citrinellus ) , but other authorities regard this as a feature that varies by age rather than by subspecies .

adults reach a length of between 266 and 291 millimetres ( 10.5 and 11.5 in ) , excluding tail , and a weight between 600 and 950 grams ( 21 and 34 oz ) .

the tail is longer than the body , and between 362 and 389 mm ( 14.3 and 15.3 in ) in length .

males have an average body weight of 829 g ( 29.2 oz ) and females have an average body weight of 695 g ( 24.5 oz ) .

the black-crowned central american squirrel monkey is arboreal and diurnal .

it lives in groups containing several adult males , several adult females and juveniles .

it is omnivorous , with a diet that includes insects and insect larvae ( especially grasshoppers and caterpillars ) , spiders , fruit , leaves , bark , flowers and nectar .

it also eats small vertebrates , including bats , birds , lizards and frogs .

it finds its food foraging through the lower and middle levels of the forest , typically between fifteen and thirty feet high .

the black-crowned central american squirrel monkey is one of the few squirrel monkey taxa that has been the subject of a long term study .

primatologist sue boinski has made several long term studies of the subspecies .

the black-crowned central american squirrel monkey was assessed by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) as endangered .

this was consistent with prior assessments .

it is listed as endangered to a small and fragmented range amounting to only about 4,000 square kilometers ( 1,500 sq mi ) , and continuing habitat loss .

a reforestation project within panama tries to preserve the vanishing population of the chiriquí province .

home » saimiri oerstedii ssp . oerstedii ( black - crowned central american squirrel monkey )
the central american squirrel monkey weighs up to about 1 kg ( 2 . 2 lb ) .
a young / baby of a central american squirrel monkey is called a ' infant ' . a central american squirrel monkey group is called a ' troop , barrel , tribe or cartload ' .
pictures : central american squirrel monkey # 1 ( 67 kb gif ) ( univ . buf . lib . ) ; central american squirrel monkey # 2 ( 69 kb jpeg ) ( cummins 2003 )
the central american squirrel monkey is found in the mesoamerica biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . 2005 ) .
the red - backed squirrel monkey is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) . this species has two subspecies : the black - crowned central american squirrel monkey , saimiri oerstedii oerstedii , is classified as endangered ( en ) and the grey - crowned central american squirrel monkey , saimiri oerstedii citrinellus , is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
high quality content by wikipedia articles ! the grey - crowned central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii citrinellus ) is a subspecies of the central american squirrel monkey . its range is restricted to the pacific coast of central costa rica . the northern end of its range is the rio tulin and the southern end of its range is the rio grande de terraba . south of the rio grande de terraba , it is replaced by the black - crowned central american squirrel monkey , s . oerstedii oerstedii . populations are very fragmented , and the subspecies does not occur in all locations within its general range . it is the subspecies of central american squirrel monkey seen in manuel antonio national park in costa rica . this book was created using print - on - demand technology .
other names : s . boliviensis : black - headed squirrel monkey or bolivian squirrel monkey ; macaco de cheiro ( spanish ) ; boliviansk dödskalleapa , boliviansk ekorrapa , or svarthövdad dödskalleapa ( swedish ) ; s . oerstedti : s . oerstedtii or s . oerstedii ; black crowned central american squirrel monkey , central american squirrel monkey , or red - backed squirrel monkey ; panamavsaimiri ( finnish ) ; saimiri à dos roux , singe écureuil à dos rouge , or singe écureuil à dos roux ( french ) ; geel doodshoofdaapje ( dutch ) ; gelbes totenkopfäffchen ( german ) ; testina di morto ( italian ) ; barizo dorsirrojo , mono ardilla , mono tití , or saimiri dorsirrojo ( spanish ) ; nordlig dödskalleapa , rödryggad dödskalleapa , or rödryggad ekorrapa ( swedish ) ; s . sciureus : common squirrel monkey or south american squirrel monkey ; saimiri ecureuil ( french ) ; macaco de cheiro ( spanish ) ; ekorrapa gråhövdad dödskalleapa , gråhövdad ekorrapa ( swedish ) ; s . ustus : bare - eared squirrel monkey or golden - backed squirrel monkey ; barörad dödskalleapa , nakenörad dödskalleapa , or nakenörad ekorrapa ( swedish ) ; s . vanzolinii : black squirrel monkey , black - headed squirrel monkey , or blackish squirrel monkey ; mörk dödskalleapa ( swedish )
black crowned central american squirrel monkey by : brad jeffers and the jake hamilton why is it endangered the black crowned central american squirrel monkey is endangered because its habitats are being destroyed . eyetinerary why they are endangered habitat life span gestation period family life physical and behavioral adaptations role in the environment should they be saved range of black crowned central american squirrel monkey the body of a monkey usually ranges between 10 . 5 to 11 . 5 inches and the tail is anywhere from 14 . 3 to 15 . 3 inches there gestation period is around 6 months and most infants are born in a single week during the months of february and march the black crowned central american squirrel monkey is believe it or not found in central america . gestation period specifically , they can be found in panama or costa rica in the tropical rainforest . random fact the live span of a wild monkey is unknown but when held in captivity they have been known to live up to 15 years life span adaptations since baby monkeys are not as quick as a grown monkey the mothers keep the babies on there back in order to stay away from predators black crowned central american squirrel monkeys are omnivorous . there tails help them stay balanced as they climb trees and walk across branches there hands allow them to hold onto trees as they swing from branch to branch their diet consists of spiders , fruit , leaves , bark , flowers and nectar . they also eat small vertebrates like bats , birds , lizards and frogs . should they be saved ? they do not effect the environment in a way such as helping pollinate or seeding but they are a prey for many animals such as snakes , birds , and cats which could be a good reason for there survival . family life most black crowned central american squirrel monkeys containing several adult males , several adult females and juveniles citations urltoken urltoken
the central american squirrel monkey is arboreal and diurnal . it rarely travels on the ground and is most active in the morning and late afternoon . a local population of central american squirrel monkeys probably uses only 1 or 2 trees for sleeping sites .
the black - crowned subspecies of the red - backed squirrel monkey has a restricted range along the pacific coast of the puntarenas province in south - western costa rica , and in chiriqui and veraguas provinces , northwestern panama ( 2 ) .
young central american squirrel monkeys are independent when they are 1 year old . females are usually the ones who disperse .
the diet of the central american squirrel monkey consists mainly of insects , such as grasshoppers , and small berry - like fruits . crops are raided when nothing else is available .
in continuous forest , the central american squirrel monkey has a large annual range - more than 2 sq km ( 0 . 8 sq mi ) ( boinski et al . 1998 )
the central american squirrel monkey has always been restricted to the pacific lowlands of costa rica and panama . by 1983 , the central american squirrel monkey had already declined drastically due to clearing of forests . currently , deforestation and habitat fragmentation due to agriculture and tourism development are the major causes of decline . insecticide spraying , the pet trade and electrocution from electric power lines have also adversely affected these squirrel monkeys .
the central american squirrel monkey weighs up to about 1 kg ( 2 . 2 lb ) . it is found in primary and secondary forests and cultivated areas . disturbed habitats are advantageous because of their greater supply of preferred food - insects ( such as grasshoppers ) and fruit . the central american squirrel monkey is arboreal and diurnal . it rarely travels on the ground and is most active in the morning and late afternoon .
the red - backed squirrel monkey ' s fur is short , thick and yellow brown in colour , with the underside being a paler yellow . as its common name suggests , this primate has red - coloured fur on its back ( 5 ) . it also bears a distinctive crown on its head ; in the black - crowned subspecies ( saimiri oerstedii oerstedii ) this crown is , as the name suggests , black , whereas in the grey - crowned central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii citrinellus ) it is agouti in the male and blackish - grey in the female ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . male and female red - backed squirrel monkeys are similar in appearance , although males are slightly larger in size . during the breeding season males also become ‘fatted’ , with a noticeable increase in size around the neck and shoulders ( 4 ) .
central american squirrel monkeys are found in primary and secondary forests and in cultivated areas . disturbed and early successional habitats are advantageous because of their greater supply of preferred food .
sources cited cropp , s . , and s . boinski . 2000 . the central american squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii ) : introduced hybrid or endemic species ? molecular phylogenetics and evolution 16 ( 3 ) : 350 - 365 .
the central american squirrel monkey has always been restricted to the pacific wet lowlands of costa rica and panama . for more than a decade , it was thought to have become extinct in panama until a small population was discovered in 1996 .
* * * the central american squirrel monkey rarely descends to the ground ; therefore , any break in the forest , such as for roads or for telephone or electric power line rights of way , can severely fragment a troop ' s habitat .
the red - backed squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstediiis ) is also known as the black - crowned central american squirrel monkey , and occurs in the forests and cultivated areas of panama and southern costa rica where we travel by ship on our costa rica and panama cruise . it is a small , slender monkey with a long tail and much of their body fur is yellow brown in color with a pale yellow belly . the red - backed squirrel monkey saimiri oerstedii can be distinguished from its sister species s . sciureus ( much more numerous in population ) because the crown of s . oerstedii is covered with black fur and has golden - red colored fur on its back , both lacking in the sister species . adult squirrel monkeys weigh between 500 and 1 , 100 g ( 1 . 1 lbs to 2 . 4 lbs ) and are typically 225 to 295 mm long ( almost 9 to 12 inches ) with tails added between 370 and 465 mm ( 14 . 5 to over 18 inches ) . in general , males are larger than females .
the central american squirrel monkey has a restricted range ( 1367 sq km ( 528 sq mi ) ) , its distribution is fragmented , and it occurs in only a few remaining forest areas . it has lost 80 % of its historic habitat . the central american squirrel monkey includes two subspecies : s . oerstedii oerstedii is centered on the osa peninsula on the pacific coast as far south as the burica peninsula in panama ; and s . oerstedii citrinellus has a very restricted range on the pacific coast of costa rica . ( iucn 2006 )
the grey - crowned subspecies of the red - backed squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii citrinellus ) is critically endangered and has lost 89 percent of its original habitat in costa rica , with the remaining range being severely fragmented ( 1 ) . this is due to widespread logging and clearing for cattle ranches which started during the 1950s . large areas were also planted with african oil palms and rice . in panama , the black - crowned subspecies saimiri oerstedii oerstedii has also suffered habitat losses of 76 percent , and now occurs in fragmented forest areas throughout its range ( 1 , 166 square kilometres ) ( 1 ) .
by 1983 , the central american squirrel monkey had already declined drastically through clearing of forests . currently , deforestation and habitat fragmentation due to agriculture ( including both agribusiness and the small farmer ) and tourism development are the major causes of decline . insecticide spraying , the pet trade and electrocution from electric power lines have also adversely affected these squirrel monkeys .
central american squirrel monkeys have large group sizes ( 40 - 70 individuals ) in continuous forest . they are non - aggressive and egalitarian - neither males nor females appear to be dominant . females are usually the ones who disperse to another troop .
farmers often complain that these monkeys eat mango crops , which is the main reason that hunting of this species continues even though its population has already been so substantially reduced . the central american squirrel monkey is particularly adept at hunting bats ; its method of preying on bats consists of attacking bat tents and eating bats that do not flee in time .
long - term monitoring of isolated populations of central american squirrel monkeys indicated that local extinction was almost certain when a group contained less than 15 members and had less than about 30 hectares ( 75 acres ) of available habitat ( boinski et al . 1998 ) .
the grey - crowned subspecies is found in south - western costa rica where it has an even more restricted range , of only 210 square kilometres , in the pacific coastal forests of quepos ( 1 ) .
it has been argued that squirrel monkeys were probably introduced into central america from south america by prehispanic amerind traders . convincing evidence now exists that s . oerstedii was present in central america prior to the arrival of humans , and it is distinguished from squirrel monkeys in south america in numerous respects . ( boinski et al . 1998 )
in turn , the central american squirrel monkey is vulnerable to predators , including snakes , a native species of falcon and other birds , as well as cats . over 50 % of infant monkeys do not survive to adulthood due to bird attacks , despite a remarkable warning system through which males make a high - pitched alarm sound to warn of oncoming birds of prey .
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* * * central american squirrel monkeys travel and forage almost exclusively on branches between 1 - 2 cm ( 0 . 4 - 0 . 8
) in diameter and rarely make horizontal leaps longer than 2 m ( 6 . 6 ' ) ( boinski et al . 1998 ) .
, the central american squirrel monkey lives only along the pacific coast , where it lives among young trees , either in secondary forests which have regrown after deforestation , or in partially logged primary forests . therefore , its habitat is very limited , and this , combined with its susceptibility to attacks by predatory birds and snakes , does not bode well for the survival of these little masked primates .
conservation efforts have been hampered by the prevalent local belief that squirrel monkeys are not native to costa rica : many people believe they should not receive the protections afforded to endemic creatures ! luckily , a recent study did genetic testing on many monkey species and determined the squirrel monkey is , in fact , native to central america ( cropp and boinski 2000 ) . this means it receives more legal protection , and the punishment for killing or trapping them is much greater .
the central american squirrel monkey is a tiny animal ; a male might reach a body weight of 829 g ( 29 . 2 oz ) and a typical female weighs 695 g ( 24 . 5 oz ) . their length ranges from 266 to 291 millimetres ( 10 . 5 to 11 . 5 in ) , which does not include the tail . in fact , the monkey ' s tail is longer than its body , and it measures from 362 to 389 mm ( 14 . 3 to 15 . 3 in ) .
there are just five recognized subspecies of central american squirrel monkey , and they all reside in southern costa rica and northern panama . the smallest and most threatened , saimiri oerstedii oerstedii , resides primarily along the southwestern coast of costa rica . male monkeys are the largest and weigh a maximum of 2 pounds–even fully grown ! most monkeys have reddish - orange bodies and arms , a white chest , and gray or brownish - black shoulders and tails . they have a white fur mask around their eyes and a black head , chin , and mustache . groups of 20 - 75 monkeys are most common , and they form egalitarian societies that travel around tropical rainforests , foraging for food . they rarely come down from the trees , instead spending most of their lives among the branches eating fruit and insects . baby monkeys are born once a year , usually at the end of the dry season .
a small monkey , the red - backed squirrel monkey ( saimiri oerstedii ) has a slender body and a tail that is longer than the body itself . the tail is not prehensile , but it does aid in balance as this monkey leaps between branches in a squirrel - like fashion . the limbs are fairly long and slender , and the thighs are shorter in relation to the lower leg than in species that clamber , such as howler monkeys . this adaptation allows squirrel monkeys to exert more force when jumping so they can propel themselves further ( 4 ) .
cite this page as : cawthon lang ka . 2006 march 16 . primate factsheets : squirrel monkey ( saimiri ) taxonomy , morphology , & ecology . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
this species mainly lives in lowland scrub forest ( 2 ) , although the red - backed squirrel monkey also inhabits humid tropical forest , mature upland forest , river edge and mangrove forest ( 1 ) .
reid , f . ( 1997 ) a field guide to the mammals of central america and southeast mexico . oxford university press , oxford .
until recently , there were only two species of squirrel monkeys , a south american species , s . sciureus and a central american one , s . oerstedti , but with genetic tools increasingly available , the genus has been reclassified into five species based on genetic , physical , and behavioral characteristics ( groves 2001 ) . squirrel monkeys are now divided into two groups , the saimiri sciureus group , containing s . oerstedti subspecies , s . sciureus subspecies , and s . ustus and the saimiri boliviensis group , containing s . boliviensis subspecies and s . vanzolinii . most of the literature and information available on squirrel monkeys does not make these newer distinctions and focuses on the traditional taxonomy with only two species ( groves 2001 ) .
squirrel monkeys are found widely throughout central and south america . s . boliviensis is distributed throughout brazil , bolivia , colombia , peru , and venezuela . s . b . boliviensis is found in brazil , peru , and bolivia while s . b . peruviensis is found in only in amazonian peru ( groves 2001 ; gold 2004 ) . the central american squirrel monkey , s . oerstedti , is found in costa rica ( both subspecies ) and panama ( s . o . oerstedti only ) and is completely geographically separated from the other species of squirrel monkeys found in south america ( groves 2001 ) . once long thought to be separated from the other south american species because of introduction into central america by early humans , molecular data prove that s . oerstedti is , in fact , endemic to this region ( cropp & boinski 2000 ) . s . sciureus is distributed across several countries : brazil , colombia , french guiana , guyana , suriname , and venezuela . the most restricted in range of the squirrel monkeys is s . vanzolinii which can be found only on the left bank of lago mamirauá and at the mouth of the rio japura in brazil ( groves 2001 ) . s . ustus ranges in brazil south of the amazon ( groves 2001 ) .
there may be less than 4 , 000 red - backed squirrel monkeys left in the wilds of central america , restricted to a very limited area , though appearing locally abundant . the main cause of decline is habitat loss and deforestation due to agricultural clearing of land and tourism development . also these monkeys were once captured and traded as pets . one protected population does exist in costa rica in a corcovado reserve , where on our costa rica and panama cruise we stop in search of these fascinating monkeys as well as other wildlife of the central american tropics .
central american squirrel monkeys have large group sizes ( 40 - 70 ) in continuous forest . studies of these monkeys in costa rica indicate that they are highly egalitarian and non - aggressive , with neither males nor females appearing to be dominant over the other sex . these studies also indicate that female dispersal predominates , with females readily changing troops with no aggression from either resident male or female troop members . ( boinski et al . 1998 )
even though there are slight morphological differences among squirrel monkey species , all have the same general facial and body colorations and are easily distinguished as part of the genus . squirrel monkeys have white masks of fur around their eyes and dark brown or black coloration around the mouth and chin . species are separated by the shape of the arch of white fur over their eyes , and are either characterized as having a
roman
or
gothic
arch ( rowe 1996 ; groves 2001 ) . the species in the saimiri sciureus group have a
gothic
arch in which the white fur is dramatically high and the darker fur on their heads forms a deep
v
shape between their eyes . s . boliviensis and s . vanzolinii are categorized in the saimiri boliviensis group and have a
roman
arch of fur which is more rounded than the
gothic
type and does not extend as far up onto the forehead . the gray or black fur on their head makes a very shallow
v
pattern between their eyes ( groves 2001 ) .
in addition to having a
roman
arch pattern over their eyes , s . boliviensis and s . vanzolinii have remarkably thin tails compared to members of the saimiri sciureus group ( groves 2001 ) . s . boliviensis females have gray bodies while males have black bodies . both sexes have yellow fur on the forearms , hands , and feet ( rowe 1996 ) . males and females are similar heights , 310 mm ( 12 . 2 in ) on average , but males are heavier than females , weighing between 963 and 1088 g ( 2 . 12 to 2 . 4 lb ) , depending on the season while females weigh between 700 and 900 g ( 1 . 54 to 1 . 98 ) ( rowe 1996 ) . the black squirrel monkey , s . vanzolinii , gets its name from the black band from the crown to the tail . the feet , hands , and forearms are a light yellow ( groves 2001 ) . height ranges from 275 to 295 mm ( 10 . 8 to 11 . 6 in ) in females and 278 to 320 mm ( 10 . 9 to 12 . 6 in ) in males , while females weigh significantly less than males , 650 g ( 1 . 43 lb ) and 950 g ( 2 . 09 lb ) , respectively ( rowe 1996 ) .
* * * biologists are concerned that this shy monkey may be easily stressed by crowds of enthusiastic tourists , who throw stones and shake tree branches in an attempt to see the monkeys ( jukofsky 1996 ) .
a survey in 2003 did , however , indicate that the total population size for the red - backed squirrel monkey is significantly larger than had been previously estimated , numbering between 1300 and 1780 individuals ( 6 ) . it will be extremely important to monitor and protect the remaining populations in the future , and find ways of securing their survival ( 8 ) .
their small body size makes squirrel monkeys susceptible to a variety of predators across their range including raptors , snakes , and felids ( mitchell et al . 1991 ) . raptors are responsible for the highest number of observed predations on squirrel monkeys ( boinski et al . 2002 ) . one predator avoidance pattern seen in squirrel monkeys in peru is prolonged associations with other primate species . saimiri and cebus are seen forming mixed - species groups and associating for many days . these interactions are peaceable and squirrel monkeys benefit from the extensive alarm calling system of cebus , which serves to alert group members of potential predators ( sussman 2000 ) . squirrel monkeys may also benefit from maintaining proximity to cebus in terms of gaining access to previously unexploited resources . cebus use similar fruit sources and small ranges and squirrel monkeys can exploit cebus ' knowledge of these ranges to utilize new fruit patches ( kinzey 1997 ; sussman 2000 ) .
little is known about the biology of this species . like other squirrel monkeys , the red - backed squirrel monkey is active during the day and is arboreal ( 6 ) . this small primate is omnivorous and spends most of the morning and afternoon foraging in the trees for fruits , leaves , buds , gums , insects and small vertebrates ( 7 ) . it has been reported that this species recognises the ' leaf - tents ' constructed by some fruit - eating bats and attacks these structures to extract the bats roosting within ( 8 ) .
the squirrel monkey is currently listed as vulnerable by the iucn . prior to 2008 , it had been listed as endangered for almost 20 years . no immediate reason was given for the downgrade in protection status , but it is good news for the little creatures survival ! the monkeys live within 21 different protected areas and national parks within costa rica , so although they have a lot of territory available , habitat fragmentation is still a concern . logging and agriculture have reduced available monkey habitat immensely . in fact , habitat fragmentation and deforestation was the initial justification to categorize them as endangered . squirrel monkeys do have natural predators like eagles and jaguars , but humans are the greatest threat to their survival . hopefully , with recent conservation efforts , the population will continue to grow back to historical levels .
as in so many species the survival of the red - backed squirrel monkey is inextricably entwined with the future of the forests . where there are protected reserves , there is hope for south america’s wildlife ( 1 ) . the largest single population of the subspecies saimiri oerstedii citrinellus occurs in the manuel antonio national park in costa rica . however , this park is only 683 hectares in size ( 1 ) .
since 1981 , sue boinski has studied squirrel monkeys in the wild , focusing her long - term research on s . o . oerstedti in costa rica at corcovado and manual antonio national parks . she has also done comparative research on s . b . boliviensis at manu national park in peru ( kinzey 1997 ) . more recently , boinski has continued working with squirrel monkeys in a long - term study of s . sciureus in the central suriname nature preserve in raleighvallen , suriname . most of the literature from field work comes from studies done at one of these four parks , but captive research has supplemented information about wild squirrel monkeys . saimiri are the second - most used primates in captive research after rhesus macaques ( macaca mulatta ) and have been studied widely across a variety of institutions and by a number of researchers ( kinzey 1997 ) .
baldwin , j . ( 1972 ) the ecology and behavior of squirrel monkeys ( saimiri oerstedii ) in a natural forest in western panama . folia primatologica , 18 : 161 - 184 .
the red - backed squirrel monkey is very social and prefers to live in groups , with sometimes as many as 70 individuals in one troop . they are not aggressive and neither males nor females appear to be dominant . this monkey forages by investigating every leaf , nook , and cranny for small animals , the diet consisting mainly of invertebrates , fruit ( almost half their diet ) , berries , seeds and flower nectar . interestingly enough , these monkeys also recognize the leaf - tents made by some fruit - eating bats and attack these tents to extract and eat the bats . large feeding groups create a flurry of activity and they are often accompanied by mixed - species flocks of birds ( including double - toothed kites and tawny - winged woodcreepers ) .
s . oerstedti subspecies are predominantly orange to golden - orange over their backs , hands , feet , and forearms while the crown fur is blackish in females or blackish - brown in males . their hips and shoulders are grayish - brown and the base of the tail is also this color but is tipped in black ( rowe 1996 ) . they have tufts of fur on their ears and their heads appear very round . s . o . citrinellus are sexually dichromatic with males having gray crown fur and females exhibiting black crowns ( groves 2001 ) . the average height for both male and female s . oerstedti is 270 mm ( 10 . 6 in ) , but males weigh more than females . average weights in males range from 750 to 950 g ( 1 . 65 to 2 . 1 lb ) , depending on the time of year , while females weigh between 600 and 790 g ( 1 . 32 to 1 . 74 lb ) ( groves 1996 ; boinski et al . 2002 ) . the common squirrel monkey , s . sciureus subspecies , has brownish - gray crowns and have less red - orange pelage than s . oerstedti . they are mainly greenish - gray to auburn but s . s . sciureus and s . c . macrodon have orange or yellow hands , feet , and forearms . differing in the coloration of the forearms and hands from the other subspecies , s . s . albigena exhibits grayish - brown coloration with a very pale orange tinge ( groves 2001 ) . average weights of s . sciureus range between 554 and 1150 g ( 1 . 22 to 2 . 53 lb ) for males and 651 to 1250 g ( 1 . 43 to 2 . 76 lb ) for females , with the males measuring only slightly longer than the females at 318 mm ( 12 . 5 in ) compared to 316 mm ( 12 . 4 in ) ( rowe 1996 ) . the bare - eared squirrel monkey , s . ustus , stands apart from the other species because of its lack of ear tufts . it is also orange or yellowish on its forearms , hands , and feet with brownish - gray on the head ( groves 2001 ) .
) is one of the factors that has led to the decline in wild populations throughout its natural habitat in panama and costa rica . this tiny monkey was prized by exotic pet collectors and therefore captured for sale abroad by unscrupulous traders . the masked primate continues to lose more and more of its natural habitat to deforestation , and it remains a target for hunters . in 2008 , the iucn status was upgraded from
endangered
to
vulnerable ,
even though there are approximately 5000 specimens of this monkey in the wild , down from 200 , 000 in the 1970 ' s .
differences in distribution of available resources across study sites and species leads to different levels of intragroup feeding competition . in suriname , very small , dense patches of fruit characterize the feeding sites of s . sciureus while in costa rica , s . oerstedti forages in fruit patches which are larger but which have few ripe fruits available in each patch . s . boliviensis in peru forages in the largest fruit patches with the highest densities of fruit in any squirrel monkey study site ( boinski 1999 ) . in costa rica , where each fruit tree is depleted quickly by foraging squirrel monkeys , there is little within - group competition for resources because individuals simply move on to another patch after such a short time . in peru , though , where there is a higher density of available fruit , within - group competition at feeding sites is high as group members have incentive to protect the particular area of the patch in which they are foraging . among common squirrel monkeys , s . sciureus , within - group feeding competition is intense because fruit is found in small , dense patches easily monopolized by one monkey . the incentive to protect this patch is high and the result is direct feeding competition between members of the group . between - group aggression is also seen in s . sciureus but not in s . oerstedti or s . boliviensis ( boinski et al . 2002 ) .
male and female squirrel monkeys are seasonally sexually dimorphic . male squirrel monkeys have widely fluctuating weights throughout the year and gain weight during the two months prior to the breeding season , taking on a
fatted
appearance from water and fat stored between the muscle and skin on their head , shoulders , upper arms , and ribs . during this period of growth they can gain up to 20 % of their body weight and the larger they appear , the more attractive they are to females ( boinski 1987a ; kinzey 1997 ) .
squirrel monkeys are found primarily in tropical lowland rainforest throughout the amazon basin from paraguay to guyana and in costa rica and panama . squirrel monkeys are habitat generalists and have few restrictive requirements in regard to forest type compared to other neotropical primate ; they can survive in a myriad of habitat types , including disturbed and edge forests ( kinzey 1997 ; kauffman pers . comm . ) . across their range , squirrel monkeys are found in similar habitat types ranging from undisturbed tropical and evergreen primary forests , selectively logged tropical forests , secondary growth tropical forests , and disturbed or edge forests ( boinski 1987b ; rowe 1996 ; kinzey 1997 ; boinski 1999 ; boinski et al . 2002 ) . there is marked seasonality in most of these ecosystems , with the dry season lasting from approximately january to march and the rainy season from april to december with coinciding periods of fruit and flower abundance ( boinski 1987b ) .
saimiri taxonomy follows hershkovitz ( 1984 ) and groves ( 2001 , 2005 ) . an alternative taxonomy is presented by thorington jr . ( 1985 ) as follows : s . sciureus sciureus ( includes the forms albigena , macrodon , and ustus recognized by hershkovitz , [ 1984 ] ) , s . sciureus boliviensis ( includes the forms pluvialis lönnberg , 1940 and jaburuensis lönnberg , 1940 recognized by hershkovitz [ 1987 ] ) , s . sciureus cassiquiarensis , s . sciureus oerstedii ( includes the form citrinellus recognized by hershkovitz [ 1984 ] ) , and s . madeirae ( given as a junior synonym of s . ustus by hershkovitz [ 1984 ] ) . hernández - camacho and defler ( 1989 ) recognize s . sciureus caquetensis allen 1916 , given as a junior synonym of s . sciureus macrodon by hershkovitz ( 1984 ) . costello et al . ( 1993 ) argued for the recognition of just two species : s . sciureus in south america , and s . oerstedi i in panama and costa rica . boinski and cropp ( 1999 ) using two nuclear genes ( irbp and zfx ) and one mitochondrial ( d - loop ) strongly support the hershkovitz ( 1984 ) taxonomy , advocating four distinct species : saimiri sciureus , s . boliviensis , s . oerstedii and s . ustus . see rylands et al . ( 2006 ) for a discussion of the taxonomy of the central american squirrel monkeys .
squirrel monkeys are quadrupedal and move through the forest preferentially traveling on branches between one and two centimeters in diameter ( . 394 and . 787 in ) . they rarely come to the ground and when they do , it is to forage or play and they are rarely seen leaping horizontal distances greater than two meters ( 6 . 56 ft ) ( boinski et al . 19981998 ; kauffman pers . comm . ) .
though they are geographically widespread , squirrel monkeys exhibit very little difference in ecological behavior because the habitats in which they are found are quite similar ( boinski 1999 ; boinski et al . 2002 ) . squirrel monkeys are insectivores - frugivores , consuming insects and fruit in their diet , depending on seasonal abundance of each resource , and supplementing their diets with small vertebrates , nectar , flowers , buds , seeds , leaves , and gum ( boinski & timm 1985 ; kinzey 1997 ; boinski 1999 ) . squirrel monkeys rarely go after insects that are in motion and prefer to capture stationary insects on plant surfaces . they hunt for insects on the surface of live leaves or by unfolding leaf curls of dead foliage and prefer caterpillars and grasshoppers over other insects ( boinski 1988 ; janson & boinski 1992 ) . saimiri preferentially ingest small , soft , berry - like fruits less than one centimeter in diameter found in the lower and middle canopies of the forest ( janson & boinski 1992 ; kinzey 1997 ) . the small vertebrates consumed include bats , which they systematically search for in large stands of trees , small birds , and bird eggs ( janson & boinski 1992 ) . during the year , the period of greatest food abundance is between april and june ( boinski 1988 ) .
red - backed squirrel monkeys are social primates . they live in large multi - male / multi - female groups of about 24 individuals on average , and travel between 2 . 5 and 4 . 2 kilometres a day , with home ranges of 0 . 175 square kilometres ( 2 ) ( 6 ) ( 9 ) . reproduction is seasonal , with mating occurring in january and february ( 2 ) , and single births occurring at the period of greatest food availability . this ensures there will be adequate food available for the females and their young , and requires less time spent foraging ( 10 ) .
home range sizes and population densities are available for s . oerstedti at corcovado national park and for s . boliviensis at manu national park in peru . at corcovado , squirrel monkeys have home range sizes of about 2 km² ( . 77 mi² ) and the population density is 36 individuals per km² ( 22 per mi² ) compared to manu where they have home range sizes about 2 . 5 to 5 km² ( . 97 to 1 . 93 mi² ) and live in densities of 60 per km² ( 37 per mi² ) ( mitchell et al . 1991 ) . s . sciureus have home ranges between 2 . 5 and 3 km² ( . 97 and 1 . 16 mi² ) and live in much lower densities than other species with only 13 individuals per km² ( 8 per mi² ) ( boinski et al . 2002 ) . squirrel monkeys exhibit similar daily activity patterns , regardless of species , and spend more than half of their day traveling and foraging for insects , while about 11 % of their day is spent feeding on fruit and nectar , another 10 % of their day is spent resting , and the remainder of their day is spent doing miscellaneous activities such as social behavior and self - grooming ( mitchell et al . 1991 ) .
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
typically prefers seasonally inundated forests , river edge forest , floodplain , and secondary forests ( see boinski 1987c ) . they use all levels of the forest , but forage and travel mainly in the lower canopy and understorey . locomotion involves predominantly quadupredal walking and running squirrel monkeys are small frugivore - insectivores . they spend 75 - 80 % of their day foraging for insects and other small animal prey ( mittermeier and van roosmalen 1981 ; terborgh 1983 ; boinski 1988 ) . during dry season shortages of appropriate fruiting trees they are able to depend entirely on animal prey ( janson and boinski 1992 ) . saimiri groups are multi - male and can be large , up to 100 animals ( larger groups are believed to be temporary mergers of two ) but most frequently are of 20 - 75 individuals ( baldwin and baldwin 1981 ; terborgh 1983 ; mitchell et al . 1991 ) . as emphasized by boinski ( 1999a , b ; 2005 ; boinski et al . 2005a , b ) allthough all squirrel monkeys are morphologicallly very similar , their social systems are quite distinct ( summarized in sussman 2000 ) . in s . oerstedii , females do not form dominance hierarchies , and there is no evidence of coalition formation in social interactions . females transfer between groups before first mating season , and males are philopatric . there is little competition or agonistic interactions between groups , and males show high levels of vigilance for predators . reproductively mature males collaborate in mobbing females during the mating season . their fruits they typically exploit occur in small and very scarce patches , and feeding competition is very low . mating and births in saimiri are highly seasonal , seldom exceeding two months in duration ( see boinski 1987a , b ) . single offspring , qwith interbirth intervals of about 12 months ( boinski 1999b ) . mating usually occurs during the dry season . in s . oerstedii , sexual receptivity in females is synchronized , and lasts only one or two days each season . in s . sciureus , birth synchrony is less pronounced and births occur only once every two years . size : weight : adult male 750 - 950 g ( mean 829 g ) , adult female more than 600 - 800 g ( mean 695 g ) ( jack 2007 ) .
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cuarón , a . d . , morales , a . , shedden , a . , rodríguez - luna , e . & de grammont , p . c .
justification : listed as endangered due to its restricted extent of occurrence ( ~ 4 , 000 km² ) , fragmented range , and continuing loss of habitat .
cuarón , a . d . , morales , a . , shedden , a . , rodríguez - luna , e . & de grammont , p . c . 2008 .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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wong , g . , cuarón , a . d . , rodriguez - luna , e . & de grammont , p . c .
justification : this species is listed as vulnerable due to its having an extent of occurrence of ~ 8 , 000 km² , a severely fragmented range , and because of continued loss of habitat .
saimiri oerstedii occurs along the pacific coast of costa rica and panama inland to altitudes of up to 500 m asl . the north - eastern limit is marked by the río tulín in the north herradura mountains ( 9°40’n , 84°35’w ) and dota mountains ( 9°37’n , 84°35’w ) . along the coast of the golfo dulce and the burica peninsula to the western part of the chiriquí province , mouth of the río fonseca , including the archipelago of the golfo de chiriquí , in panama ( hershkovitz 1984 ; boinski et al . 1998 ; reid 1997 ) . there are two subspecies : saimiri oerstedii oerstedii occurs along the pacific coast of costa rica , from the left bank of the río grande de térraba to the osa pensinsula , along the coast of the golfo dulce and the burica peninsula to the western part of the chiriquí province , mouth of the río fonseca , including the archipelago of the golfo de chiriquí , in panama ( hershkovitz 1984 ; boinski et al . 1998 ; reid 1997 ) . surveys by baldwin and baldwin ( 1972 , 1976 ) recorded its presence on the burica peninsula , but indicated that it is now restricted to a narrow strip of scattered lowland coastal forest fragments , not extending to the type locality david , although it possibly occurred as far east as remedios ( well to the east of david ) prior to the 1950s . altitudinal range is 0 to 500 m asl ( hershkovitz 1984 ) . rodríguez - vargas ( 2003 ) mapped the remaining populations in panama . the historic range of saimiri oerstedii citrinellus is along the pacific coast of costa rica , to altitudes of up to 500 m asl . the north - eastern limit is marked by the río tulín in the north herradura mountains ( 9°40’n , 84°35’w ) and dota mountains ( 9°37’n , 84°35’w ) , and the southern limit is the north bank of the río grande de térraba ( 8°25´n , 84°25´w ) ( arauz 1993 ; sierra et al . 2003 ) . its occurrence is sporadic , and the surviving populations are entirely fragmented ( alfaro 1987 ; wong 1990 ; sierra et al . 2003 ) .
mitchell et al . ( 1991 ) recorded a population density of 36 individuals / km² in costa rica ; baldwin and baldwin ( 1981 ) recorded 130 individuals / km² n panama . there is some dispute by different teams as to total numbers of s . o . citrinellus . the larger estimate is 1300 - 1800 individuals ( wong 1990 ; sierra et al . 2003 ; but see boinski et al . 1998 ) .
the major threat to this species across its range is habitat loss , primarily due to agriculture and logging .
this species is listed on cites appendix i . it occurs , or may occur , in numerous protected areas : saimiri oerstedii oerstedii costa rica , panama costa rica corcovado national park ( 41 , 789 ha ) ( boinski and sirot 1997 ; matamoros et al . 1996 ; matamoros and seal 2001 ) golfito national park of ( 2 , 830 ha ) ( matamoros et al . 1996 ; matamoros and seal 2001 ) piedras blancas national park ( 14 , 100 ha ) ( within range ) portalón national wildlife refuge ( within range ) preciosa platanares national wildlife refuge ( within range ) punta río claro national wildlife refuge ( within range ) pancho la merced national wildlife refuge ( within range ) ) rhr bancas national wildlife refuge ( within range ) transilvania national wildlife refuge ( within range ) donald peter hayes national wildlife refuge ( within range ) finca barú del pacífico national wildlife refuge forestal golfito sa national wildlife refuge hacienda copano national wildlife refuge lacustrino pejepperrito protection zone ( 0 . 7 ha ) ( within range ) pejeperro protection zone ( 500 ha ) ( within range ) ( within range ) golfo dulce forest reserve ( 70 , 000 ha ) ( boinski and sirot 1997 ) sierpe térraba forest reserve ( 32 , 960 ha ) ( within range ) los santos forest reserve ( 62 , 000 ha ) ( within range ) osa anthropological reserve ( 1 , 700 ha ) ( matamoros and seal 2001 ) térraba anthropological reserve ( 9 , 350 ha ) ( within range ) conte burica anthropological reserve ( 11 , 910 ha ) ( matamoros and seal 2001 ) . panama el chorogo - palo blanco wildife refuge ( proposed , within range ) . cerre cerrezuela – rio grande ( within range ) playa de la barqueta agricola ( possible occurrence : matamoros and seal 2001 ) estero golfo de montijo recreation area ( 89 , 452 ha ) ( within range ) golfo de chiriquí national park ( 14 , 740 ha ) ( matamoros and seal 2001 ) . saimiri oerstedii citrinellus costa rica manuel antonio national park ( 683 ha ) ( boinski and sirot 1996 ; matamoros et al . 1996 ; matomoros and seal 2001 ) carara biological reserve ( 4 , 700 ha ) ( rodríguez - luna et al . 1996a , b ; just to north of known range , not confirmed ) - this subspecies has not been seen in this protected area cerro de turrubares protection zone ( 2 , 340 ha ) ( rodrigues - luna et al . 1996 ; within historic range , not confirmed ) .