the brazilian tinamou ( crypturellus strigulosus ) is a type of tinamou found in lowland moist forest in subtropical and tropical regions of amazonian south america .

brazilian tinamou

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8a . called
brazilian duck
in meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) .
below you find an overview of tours that we offer to the brazilian savanna .
an inventory of wetland non - passerine birds along a southeastern brazilian coastal area .
is one of the founders of the comitê brasileiro de registros ornitológicos ( cbro ) and one of the most respected brazilian ornithologists . he has extensive experience in biogeography , taxonomy and conservation of brazilian birds , and deep knowledge on the history of brazilian zoology .
the annual cycle of plants , mosquitoes , birds , and mammals in two brazilian forests .
tinamus great tinamou , tinamus major scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : tinamiformes family : tinamidae subfamily : tinaminae genus : tinamus hermann , 1783 [ 1 ] species tinamus guttatus white - throated tinamou tinamus tao grey tinamou tinamus solitarius solitary tinamou tinamus osgoodi black tinamou tinamus major great tinamou tinamus is a genus of birds in the tinamou family . this genus comprises some of the larger members of this south american family . urltoken
8 . called
red - footed tinamou
by davies ( 2002 ) .
the largest flying bird of brazil , the jabiru is the rarest of the brazilian storks in the state of rio de janeiro .
using post - release monitoring data to optimize avian reintroduction programs : a 2 - year case study from the brazilian atlantic rainforest .
provides examples of ecological separation . the highland tinamou occupies the highlands throughout the country . the great tinamou prefers the rainforests on the slopes . the choco tinamou also likes the rainforest , but is limited to the south - east of the country . finally , the little tinamou is found in dense secondary forest on either the pacific or atlantic slope above
tholon p , queiroz sa . models for the analysis of growth curves for rearing tinamou ( rhynchotus rufescens ) in captivity . brazilian journal of poultry science 2007 ; 9 ( 1 ) : 23 - 31 . [ links ]
forest species , such as the slaty - breasted tinamou , maintain large home ranges through which they move in apparently random patterns . the male brushland tinamou maintains a home territory of
our tours take you to chapada dos guimarães national park , emas national park and nobres , in the heart of the brazilian savanna .
a brazilian legend explains of the separation of the red - winged tinamou and the undulated tinamou . the story starts off with how inseparable the two birds were , as they did everything together . one day they got into an argument and split up . the undulated tinamou went into the deepest dark of the forest , and the red - winged tinamou wanting to be different went to the grassy plains . one day , the undulated tinamou was feeling sad and lonely , went to the forest ' s edge and called his old friend .
shall we make up ?
he cries . the red - winged tinamou responds with
what me , never again
. this story is meant to show that they are often heard but seldom seen .
above sea level . here also are the red - winged tinamou which prefers open ground with some scrub , and the andean tinamou which prefers dense vegetation beside streams . their habitat extends upslope through the
water is required by most tinamou species , with some needing a good source within their home territory .
the brazilian tinamou is approximately 28 cm ( 11 in ) in length . it has reddish - brown upper parts , rufous throat , grey breast , whitish belly , and brown legs . the female has a distinct black barring and is ochraceous on its upper parts .
the solitary tinamou , tinamus solitarius , is a species of paleognath ground bird . this species . . .
some species will land running . the brushland tinamou will perform a sharp 90° turn immediately before touching down .
and red - winged tinamou in rio grande do sul . the small - billed tinamou has looked promising for domestication as the birds can raise 3–4 broods per year and are resistant to diseases that affect domestic chickens .
“ tinamou ” in le trésor de la langue française informatisé ( the digitized treasury of the french language ) .
berlepsch ' s tinamou , crypturellus berlepschi located in coastal forests of northwestern colombia and northwestern ecuador [ 3 ] .
bartlett ' s tinamou males spend the night incubating , and most males begin their nest recesses at 0600 hrs .
, also known as the least tinamou , is a small , partridge - like bird with short tail and wings .
variegated tinamou is a critically endangered species in the state of rio de janeiro ( alves et al . 2000 ) .
many south american zoos hold tinamous , as do some private estates . examples of captive breeding are small - billed tinamou in
the solitary tinamou , limited to the atlantic forests of brazil , paraguay , and argentina , is threatened by habitat destruction and hunting .
there are larger numbers of females than males ; for example , the variegated tinamou has a female to male ratio of 4 : 1 .
blackish . its legs are blue - grey in color . all these features enable great tinamou to be well - camouflaged in the rainforest understory .
. forest species tend to have deep , loud calls , suitable for penetrating the vegetation . the male highland tinamou can be heard several kilometres distant through dense forest . when calling , a tinamou extends its neck vertically , tilts its head at an angle , and opens its bill wide .
frequency can vary between species and between individuals . one male brushland tinamou called every few minutes from dawn until dusk ( over 500 calls daily ) .
the great tinamou has a distinctive call , three short , tremulous , but powerful piping notes which can be heard in its rainforest habitat in the early evenings .
many species do not build a nest , choosing to lay their eggs on a thin bed of leaves . other species do construct nests and are meticulous in doing so . the nest of the ornate tinamou is circular and made of grass on a turf surface . the male brushland tinamou starts to scrape out a nest once
weeks se . the behavior of de red - winged tinamou , rhynchotus rufescens . zoologica 1973 ; 58 ( 1 ) : 13 - 40 . [ links ]
great tinamou are approximately 44 cm ( 17 in ) long , 1 . 1 kg ( 2 . 4 lb ) in weight and size and shape of a small
there have been several unsuccessful attempts to introduce tinamous to the united states . in oregon , between 1966–1974 , 473 ornate tinamou and 110 red - winged tinamou were brought in . in 1966 and 1971 , florida introduced 128 spotted nothura . in 1969 , 47 and 136 spotted nothura were introduced to alabama and texas . 1970 saw colorado and oklahoma , introducing 164 and 100 darwin ' s nothura respectively . in 1971 , nebraska brought 256 elegant crested tinamou , and california introduced 217 in 1969 , and 1200 between 1971 and 1977 . the 1885 introduction of chilean tinamou to easter island was successful , though the population has not prospered since chimango caracaras were introduced in 1928 .
in conclusion , the present study confirms that tinamou carcass yield is very similar to that of broilers . tinamou meat presented lightness values between 45 and 50 , and similar redness and yellowness values relative to chicken meat , that is , it is neither dark nor pale . also , water holding capacity is similar in both meats , as well as nutritional values . however , tinamou meat is more tender , less acidic , contains higher protein levels , and less calories and lower cholesterol level compared with chicken meat .
rhynchotus scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : tinamiformes family : tinamidae subfamily : nothurinae genus : rhynchotus spix , 1825 [ 1 ] species rhynchotus rufescens red - winged tinamou rhynchotus maculicollis huayco tinamou rhynchotus is a genus of birds in the tinamou family . this genus comprises two members of this south american family . references ^ 1 brands , sheila ( aug 14 2008 ) .
systema naturae 2000 / classification , genus rhynchotus
. project : the taxonomicon . retrieved feb 09 2009 . urltoken
behavioral and ecological separation of tinamou species is evident where their ranges overlap through the utilization of different food sources and occupation of limited micro - habitats . these micro - habitats are not always easy to identify , and are highly vulnerable to environmental changes . some species , such as the red - winged tinamou , utilize multiple habitats such as the open
by 20 days , the young slaty - breasted tinamou has gained adult size , though not adult weight . the spotted nothura will go from 10 % of adult weight to 90 % within 85 days , and the red - winged tinamou will do so in 108 days . sexual maturity comes at the age of one year , although some species may be
cabot , j . , jutglar , f . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . brazilian tinamou ( crypturellus strigulosus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
no tinamou species has been successfully domesticated so far , despite their ability to breed well in captivity . the red - winged tinamou has been bred on farms in france , great britain , belgium , and denmark . they , along with some of the crypturellus species , are being bred in rio grande do sul to boost numbers for hunting . hybridization can occur .
27–29 cm ; male 332–464 g , female 388–500 g . medium - sized tinamou with reddish - brown back and cheeks , throat varying from white to ferruginous . male has . . .
at altitudes from 300 to 1 , 500 m ( 1 , 000–4 , 900 ft ) . unlike some other tinamous , the great tinamou isn ' t as affected by forest fragmentation .
identification of tinamous is not an easy task ; utilizing their calls as a tool is integral . each species has its own unique call or calls . the solitary tinamou has 11 different vocalizations .
because of agricultural and economic development . the practice of burning the fields is particularly detrimental to grassland tinamous . for example , the dwarf tinamou becomes intoxicated with the smoke and vulnerable to predators .
duarte et al . ( 2007 ) compared breast meat traits between tinamous and broilers and found that tinamou meat was slightly less acidic ( ph 6 . 07 tinamou vs . 5 . 7 broiler ) , lightness was very similar ( 48 . 3 tinamou vs . 47 . 21 broiler ) , but it was more tender ( 1 . 92 vs . 4 . 64 kgf / cm 2 ) than broiler breast meat . water holding capacity was slightly higher for tinamou meat compared with broiler meat ( 70 % and 67 % , respectively ) . although broiler meat a * and b * values were slightly higher ( a * = 2 . 75 and b * = 4 . 26 ) , both meats were within the standard range for poultry ( ramos & gomide , 2007 ) .
the dwarf tinamou is a resident of the open plains of eastern brazil , though there are fewer than 15 , 000 birds left . it has disappeared from its former range on the grasslands of argentina .
pale - browed tinamou tolerates some habitat disturbance , but the limits of that tolerance are not documented . although this tinamou probably experiences some hunting pressure , the greatest threats to this species are habitat loss and degradation , which is occurring in much of its range ( especially in ecuador ) through deforestation for farming and grazing by cattle and goats ( which degrades the forest understory ) ( birdlife international 2014 ) .
tinamous are opportunistic feeders and eat a wide range of foods , though each species varies in proportional dietary makeup . tinamou genera can be roughly divided into three groups based on the vegetable component of their diets .
aggrey se , nichols cr , cheng m . the partridge tinamou for commercial meat production : a preliminary evaluation . proceedings of the 19th world ' s poultry congress ; 1992 ; amsterdam . holland . p . 360 . [ links ]
baker , a . j . ; haddrath , o . ; mcpherson , j . d . ; cloutier , a . ( 2014 ) .
genomic support for a moa - tinamou clade and adaptive morphological convergence in flightless ratites
.
the eggs are fairly deeply colored , usually in a single color , and have a hard porcelain - like gloss . colors vary with species , ranging through green , purple , violet , turquoise , steel grey , chocolate and lemon - yellow . white is rare , but does occur . though the eggs are bright and colorful when laid , over time they fade and become duller . for example , the egg of the red - winged tinamou dulls from purple to leaden . most tinamou eggs are solid colored , without spots or specling ; however , the eggs of tinamotis species may exhibit small white speckles . the benefit of laying brightly colored eggs is unknown , but is not detrimental as most tinamou predators hunt at night .
= 0 . 02 ) . the majority of 54 independent records were obtained in the secondary forest ; not one photo of the species was taken in the most degraded area . solitary tinamou exhibited a crepuscular pattern of activity , with most records (
of northern south america , there are fewer than 10 , 000 black tinamous left . the tepui tinamou ' s range is limited to the tops of a handful of plateaus in the cloud forests of venezuela , making it highly vulnerable to any threat .
queiroz sa , cooper rg . gender - based differences in stride and limb dimensions between healthy red - wing tinamou ( rhynchotus rufescens ) temminck , 1815 . turkish journal of zoology 2011 ; 35 ( 1 ) : 103 - 108 . [ links ]
tinamous have established themselves in the folklore of the and histories of the indigenous people of south america and central america . forest tribes of brazil and colombia believe the jaguar imitates the call of the great tinamou in order to track and eat it . a tale from the guahibo indians tells of a young man traveling by canoe who tried to locate a calling tinamou . as he approached the bank he became suspicious at the harshness of the call and backed away just as a jaguar burst out of the vegetation .
the bartlett ' s tinamou is approximately 27 cm ( 11 in ) in length . its upperparts are brown above barred with black , throat and belly are white , remainder of underparts are rufous , flanks are barred black , and its crown is blackish .
negret , pablo jose garzón , oscar stevenson , pablo r . and laverde - r . , oscar 2015 . new ecological information for the black tinamou ( tinamus osgoodi hershkovitzi ) . the auk , vol . 132 , issue . 3 , p . 533 .
tinamous have been popular game birds for many years in south america and central america , so much so that some species ' numbers have dropped . the steppe birds are more popular to hunt because they can be flushed into flight , rather than the forest birds that run to cover and hide . in the late 19th and early 20th century hunting was responsible for mass killing within the family , with the elegant crested tinamou and spotted nothura popular targets . in 1921 , argentina urged the control of commercial hunting of several bird species , including tinamou .
at the beginning of this period was characterised by a humid , subtropical climate , with forest vegetation , becoming drier and more open with time . some of the tinamou fossil material appears to be intermediate between the two subfamilies , suggesting that the period coincides with the origins of the
is a threatened brazilian bird , and very little is known about its ecology and behaviour . in this study we aimed to verify the use of habitats in different stages of plant succession and the circadian activity pattern of the species . the study was conducted in santa catarina state ( 27º43’s , 48º49’w ) . six camera traps were used to record the species in three areas of different successional stages during a 12 - month period . traps remained at each sample site for two months , after which they were moved to a new site , a minimum distance of 100 m apart . a total of 76 independent records of solitary tinamou were obtained , and its habitat use was found to be different within the three successional stages (
) is a critically endangered bird from the family of manakins ( pipridae ) . it was discovered in 1996 and scientifically described in 1998 . the species epithet commemorates brazilian zoologist and wildlife filmmaker werner bokermann , who died in 1995 . because of its helmet - like crown it has received the portuguese name soldadinho - do - araripe which means
little soldier of araripe
. this name also associates it with the related , but more widespread , helmeted manakin (
kermode d . the production of non - traditional poultry in british columbia and the introduction of a new poultry species : partridge tinamou [ dissertation ] . vancouver ( bc ) : university of british columbia ; 1997 [ cited 2010 april ] . available from : from : urltoken . [ links ]
panamanian tradition states that after the
great flood
, the great tinamou grew frightened of the bright colors in the rainbow . he flew away from the rainbow , the ark , and the rest of the animals , heading for the darkest part of the forest , where he has remained ever since .
dias , letícia coutinho sangy bernardo , christine steiner são and srbek - araujo , ana carolina 2016 . daily and seasonal activity patterns of the solitary tinamou ( tinamus solitarius ) in the atlantic forest of southeastern brazil . the wilson journal of ornithology , vol . 128 , issue . 4 , p . 885 .
in studies performed with tinamou bred in captivity in conditions similar to commercial poultry , the birds reached mature weight that varied from 710 to 1000 g ( weeks , 1973 ; bruneli et al . , 2005 and queiroz & cooper , 2011 ) . tholon & queiroz ( 2007 ) , studying tinamou performance , reported that average mature weight ranged between 686 . 0±2 . 52g and 647 . 0±3 . 07g , for females and males , respectively , suggesting little sexual dimorphism of this trait . the adult female is heavier than the male possibly because it needs more body capacity to carry the eggs ( queiroz & cooper , 2011 ) .
we list the genera and species of chewing lice collected from birds by helmut sick , mainly from central brazil , and particularly during the roncador - xingu expedition , between 1943 and 1949 . from the 123 samples studied , a wide variety of chewing louse genera and species were found , including 34 species as new records for brazil , 37 species recorded from new brazilian localities and 23 new host records . all material is deposited in the ectoparasite collection of the museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo .
tinamous form one of the most terrestrial groups of flying birds , spending virtually all of their time on the ground . they walk silently , pausing frequently in mid - stride . when a potential threat is detected , a tinamou will typically freeze in one of two positions , either crouched or with its neck extended upwards .
tinamous always nest on the ground ; in open areas , near a bush ; in scrub , in a dense patch of grass ; in forest , at the base of a tree trunk between the buttresses . the highland tinamou is unique in that it sites its nest in a cavity or under an overhanging rock on a steep slope .
dwarf tinamou in upright
alert
posture conservation status vulnerable ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ 1 ] scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : tinamiformes family : tinamidae subfamily : nothurinae genus : taoniscus gloger , 1842 [ 2 ] species : t . nanus binomial name taoniscus nanus ( temminck , 1815 ) [ 2 ]
oba et al . ( 2007 ) , studying meat traits of broilers supplemented with chromium and submitted to different room temperatures , reported higher water holding capacity ( 73 % ) , shear force ( 2 . 33 urltoken - 2 ) , as well as a * ( 3 . 01 ) and b * ( 6 . 6 ) values compared with the present study . the results showed that redness is higher than yellowness in tinamou meat , with an a * / b * ratio of 1 . 22 , indicating the presence of heme pigments , good water holding capacity , and tenderness , which leads to the conclusion that tinamou meat is similar to broiler meat , only slightly less acidic and more tender .
tinamous are largely sedentary birds . forest - dwelling tinamous will move short distances if climatic conditions , such as intense rain , flooding or drought force them to . most amazonian species will move between the varzea forests and dry land depending on water levels . the puna tinamou occupies high ridges in the andes but , in bad weather , will move down to the valley floors .
during the 20th century there were numerous attempts to introduce or reintroduce tinamous to various parts of the world . the red - winged tinamou has been reintroduced to the state of rio de janeiro , brazil , where its wild population was hunted to extermination at the turn of the 20th century . france , germany , and hungary have all , unsuccessfully , attempted to introduce them into their countryside .
pale - browed tinamou is fairly common and it appears to be tolerant of a certain level of habitat degradation . nonetheless , it has a restricted geographic distribution , and the population is suspected to be in decline , due to habitat loss and degradation , and from hunting ( birdlife international 2014 ) . consequently its iucn red list status is assessed as near threatened ( birdlife international 2014 ) .
hunting pressures remain , though at a reduced level . for example , 25 , 000–40 , 000 spotted nothura are killed annually through legal hunting , not counting poaching . although some grassland species have increased in both range and numbers , they remain vulnerable to hunting with the use of dogs to flush them . native peoples also are involved in the killing tinamou for meat , catching them in nooses or traps after imitating their calls . a family of seven in
moro et al . ( 2006 ) reported lower carcass yield ( 74 . 4 % ) and higher breast yield ( 36 . 6 % ) , for the same tinamou species ( rhynchotus rufescens ) . aggrey et al . ( 1992 ) , working with nothoprocta perdicari a , a chilean tinamidae , obtained a carcass yield of 76 . 8 % for 16 - week - old birds . kermode ( 1997 ) reported 77 % carcass yield for the tinamidae nothoprocta perdicari a .
tinamou is sought for its meat and high hunting value due to a growing demand for exotic meats ( gaya & ferraz , 2006 ) , in addition to being an excellent alternative source of animal protein , with high carcass and breast yields . however , little information is available about the quality and characteristics of its meat . in order to increase the scientific knowledge on the species , this study aimed at evaluating carcass and parts yields , as well as meat physical - chemical characteristics of red - wing tinamous .
, but will occasionally wander outside it into those of his neighbors . females will wander throughout multiple males ' territories . the ornate tinamou lives mainly upslope in hilly puna grassland but will move each morning to the bottom of the slopes to feed and drink . granivorous species will move daily into grain fields with some , such as darwin ' s nothura , remaining in the fields until there is no food left . open country and southern species maintain territories only during the breeding season and at other times seem to wander at random .
breast weight ( bw ) was 204 . 56±21 . 78 g , which was slightly higher than the value observed by moro et al . ( 2006 ) , of 173 . 80 g . breast measurements , including length ( bln ) , large ( blw ) and small ( bsw ) width , as well as breast score ( es ) , presented small standard deviations ( table 1 ) , and hence could be used to describe tinamou breast shape . it must be noted that the breast score of the studied group varied between 2 and 3 .
none of the variables included in the statistical model significantly affected ( p > 0 . 05 ) the quality traits of tinamou breast meat ( table 4 ) . the coefficients of determination varied between 18 and 34 % , indicating that other variables not included in the model may have been responsible for important changes of these traits . shear force ( sf ) , redness ( a * ) , and yellowness ( b * ) presented high coefficients of variation , of 51 % , 51 % and 62 % , respectively , which shows a wide dispersion of the measured values .
with occasional exceptions , a male tinamou maintains a territory and a nesting site during the breeding season which a succession of females will visit , laying their eggs in the same nest . females will wander through several territories mating with , and laying eggs in the nests of , the resident males . nests are always on the ground , concealed in vegetation or among rocks . eggs are relatively large and glossy , often brightly colored when laid , and are incubated by the males for a period of 2–3 weeks . the chicks can run soon after hatching and are largely self - sufficient at three weeks old .
means and standard deviation of the parameters moisture , ash , crude protein , fat , and cholesterol contents were , respectively , 72 . 35±0 . 16 % , 1 . 12±0 . 06 % , 25 . 53±0 . 50 % , 0 . 17±0 . 01 % , and 18 . 87±2 . 76 mg / 10g . garcia et al . ( 2005 ) , studying chicken meat traits , reported the following means for the same parameters 72 . 32 % , 1 . 16 % , 23 . 57 % , 1 . 17 % , and 20 . 01mg / 10g . it is observed , therefore , that tinamou meat is very similar to chicken meat , but with higher protein content and lower fat and cholesterol levels .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 32 . 3 - 41 . 3 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 20 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . however , given the species ' s tolerance of fragmentation / degradation / edge - effects and / or the extent of overall losses , it is suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 351 side a track 11 seq . b )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 351 side a track 11 seq . a )
terra firme forest . two birds , one close , the other further off .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
proposed race tambopatae ( tambopata , in se peru ) of doubtful validity ; known only from one female . monotypic .
tropical s amazonian brazil s to e peru ( loreto , ucayali , madre de dios ) and n bolivia ( e to n beni and nw santa cruz ) ; ne brazil ( e pernambuco , alagoas ) .
single very long , mellow whistled note ( duration 6‑8 seconds ) , slightly tremulous towards end , . . .
dense humid tropical forest ( terra firme forest in peru ) in lowlands to c . 500 m .
diet seeds , also some berries and arthropods ; snails ( gastropoda ) also recorded as eaten . forages in leaf litter .
season midwinter to late spring in brazil . nest a slight depression , covered with a few leaves , well concealed on ground . clutch four eggs . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . poorly known ; apparently uncommon . reported as widespread and locally common in e bolivia in early 1990s ; poorly known in peru . main . . .
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several recent studies place this family within struthioniformes , with rheas as closest relatives # r # r # r # r . sequence of genera modified in line with recent morphological and molecular analyses , which show tinamus and crypturellus to be sister groups , with nothocercus basal to all other tinamous # r # r # r .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
this page was last edited on 7 june 2017 , at 03 : 15 .
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ella mai – boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : crypturellus strigulosus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
any of the birds belonging to the south american family tinamidae , the only family in the order tinamiformes . they are related to the ratites , together with which they form the superorder paleognathae .
this page was last edited on 29 march 2018 , at 23 : 58 .
clements , j . f . , t . s . schulenberg , m . j . iliff , d . roberson , t . a . fredericks , b . l . sullivan , and c . l . wood . 2014 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : version 6 . 9 . downloaded from urltoken
the references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking .
clements , james ( 2007 ) . the clements checklist of the birds of the world ( 6 ed . ) . ithaca , ny : cornell university press . isbn 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4501 - 9 .
gotch , a . f . ( 1995 ) [ 1979 ] .
tinamous
. latin names explained . a guide to the scientific classifications of reptiles , birds & mammals . new york , ny : facts on file . p . 183 . isbn 0 - 8160 - 3377 - 3 .
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crypturellus is formed from the greek words κρυπτός ( kruptós ) ,
covered
or
hidden
, οὐρά ( ourá ) ,
tail
, and - ellus , a latin diminutive suffix . the genus name crypturellus therefore means
small hidden tail
. [ 2 ]
this article is part of project bird genera , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each genus , including made - up genera .
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. in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 12 feb 2009 .
^ 2 a b brands , sheila ( aug 14 2008 ) . [ dead link ]
yellow - winged blackbird conservation status least concern ( iucn 3 . 1 ) scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : passeriformes family : icteridae genus : agelaius species : a . thilius binomial name agelasticus thilius ( molina , 1782 ) synonyms agelaius thilius ( molina , 1782 )
) is a species of bird in the icteridae family . it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , chile , paraguay , peru , and uruguay . its natural habitats are swamps , intertidal marshes , and pastureland .
. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 25 july 2007 .
wire - crested thorntail conservation status least concern ( iucn 3 . 1 ) scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : apodiformes family : trochilidae genus : discosura species : d . popelairii binomial name discosura popelairii du bus de gisignies , 1846 synonyms popelairia popelairii
the male of the eastern slopes of the northern andes , has elongated tail feathers that curve outward and taper from a broad base to a slender tip . the outermost is longest and each successive feather toward the center is shorter . all are steel - blue , with white shafts , making a most striking and curious display when spread . the bird has a crest of brilliant green feathers .
these birds feed on nectar from flowers using a long extendable tongue or catch insects on the wing .
these birds require frequent feeding while active during the day and become torpid at night to conserve energy .
) . pp . 571 in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , & sargatal , j . eds . 1999 .
. . vol . 5 . barn - owls to hummingbirds . lynx edicions . isbn 84 - 87334 - 25 - 3
gould ' s jewelfront conservation status least concern ( iucn 3 . 1 ) scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : apodiformes family : trochilidae genus : heliodoxa species : h . aurescens binomial name heliodoxa aurescens gould , 1846
) is a species of hummingbird in the trochilidae family . it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , peru , and venezuela . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps .
. 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 10 july 2007 .
xinjiang ground - jay conservation status near threatened ( iucn 3 . 1 ) scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : passeriformes family : corvidae genus : podoces species : p . biddulphi binomial name podoces biddulphi hume , 1874 the xinjiang ground - jay or biddulph ' s ground jay ( podoces biddulphi ) is a species of bird in the corvidae family . it is endemic to china . it is threatened by habitat loss . references birdlife international 2004 . podoces biddulphi . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 26 july 2007 . urltoken urltoken
beach stone - curlew conservation status near threatened ( iucn 3 . 1 ) scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : charadriiformes family : burhinidae genus : esacus species : e . giganteus binomial name esacus giganteus wagler , 1829 light green shows distribution of e . giganteus . dark green for e . recurvirostris synonyms esacus magnirostris vieillot , 1818 esacus neglectus burhinus giganteus burhinus magnirostris
also known as beach thick - knee is a large , ground - dwelling bird occurs in australasia , the islands of south - east asia and india . at 55 cm ( 22 in ) and 1 kg ( 2 . 2 lbs ) , it is one of the world ' s largest shorebirds .
it is less strictly nocturnal than most stone - curlews , and can sometimes be seen foraging by daylight , moving slowly and deliberately , with occasional short runs . it tends to be wary and fly off into the distance ahead of the observer , employing slow , rather stiff wingbeats .
the beach stone - curlew is a resident of undisturbed open beaches , exposed reefs , mangroves , and tidal sand or mudflats over a large range , including coastal eastern australia as far south as far eastern victoria , the northern australian coast and nearby islands , new guinea , new caledonia , indonesia , malaysia , and the philippines . it is uncommon over most of its range , and rare south of cairns .
a single egg is laid just above the high tide line on the open beach , where it is vulnerable to predation and human disturbance .
the beach stone - curlew is classified as near threatened on the iucn red list of threatened species .
toucan barbet conservation status near threatened ( iucn 3 . 1 ) [ 1 ] scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : piciformes family : semnornithidae genus : semnornis species : s . ramphastinus binomial name semnornis ramphastinus ( jardine , 1855 )
, is a distinctive bird found in humid forests growing on the west andean slopes in north - western ecuador and south - western colombia . while it remains fairly common locally , it has declined due to habitat loss and trapping for the cage - bird trade .
in the past , it has been grouped with the other barbets in the capitonidae . however , dna studies have confirmed that this arrangement is paraphyletic ; the new world barbets are more closely related to the toucans than they are to the old world barbets . [ 2 ] as a result , the barbet lineages are now considered to be distinct families , and the toucan barbet , together with the prong - billed barbet , is now placed into a separate family , semnornithidae .
the toucan barbet is unusual among frugivorous birds in that it breeds cooperatively , with several helpers aiding the dominant breeding pair with incubation and raising the young . [ 3 ]
. in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 1 april 2009 .
^ 2 lanyon , scott m . ; hall , john g ( april 1994 ) .
^ 3 restrepo , carla ; mondragón , marta lucy ( 1998 ) .
steller ' s jay conservation status least concern ( iucn 3 . 1 ) scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : passeriformes family : corvidae genus : cyanocitta species : c . stelleri binomial name cyanocitta stelleri ( gmelin , 1788 ) steller ' s jay range
) is a jay native to western north america , closely related to the blue jay found in the rest of the continent , but with a black head and upper body . it is also known as the long - crested jay , mountain jay , and pine jay . it is the only crested jay west of the rocky mountains .
the steller ' s jay shows a great deal of regional variation throughout its range . blackish - brown - headed birds from the north gradually become bluer - headed farther south . the steller ' s jay has a more slender bill and longer legs than the blue jay and has a much more pronounced crest . the head is blackish - brown with light blue streaks on the forehead . this dark coloring gives way from the shoulders and lower breast to silvery blue . the primaries and tail are a rich blue with darker barring .
it occurs over virtually the whole of the western side of north america from alaska in the north to central america in the far south and east to south - western texas , completely replacing the blue jay in most of those areas . some hybridization with the blue jay in colorado has been reported . the steller ' s jay lives in coniferous and mixed woodland , but not in completely dense forest , and requires open space . it typically lives in flocks of greater than 10 individuals . in autumn , flocks often visit oak woods when acorns are ripe .
huh , it ' s complete . . . . fascinating . . . .
bumblebee hummingbird conservation status least concern ( iucn 3 . 1 ) scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : apodiformes family : trochilidae genus : atthis species : a . heloisa binomial name atthis heloisa lesson & delattre , 1839
) is a species of hummingbird in the trochilidae family . it is found in mexico and the united states . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes .
araripe manakin female on nest conservation status critically endangered ( iucn 3 . 1 ) scientific classification kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : aves order : passeriformes family : pipridae genus : antilophia species : a . bokermanni binomial name antilophia bokermanni coelho and silva , 1998
somali ostrich scientific classification kingdom : animalia class : aves superorder : paleognathae order : struthioniformes family : struthionidae genus : struthio species : s . camelus subspecies : s . c . molybdophanes trinomial name struthio camelus molybdophanes reichenow , 1883 synonyms struthio molybdophanes the somali ostrich ( struthio camelus molybdophanes ) is a large flightless bird , a distinct subspecies , sometimes considered a full species , of the ostrich . urltoken
choose a theme : * * * revitalized mahogany [ brown / beige ] * * * - default checkmate 3 [ brown / black / beige ] cocoa [ dark / light brown ] coffee house classic [ brown / beige ] equestria [ black / red ] game night [ black / white ] gracious green [ light green ] gridlock [ blue ] imf dark energy [ dark blue / beige ] imperial forum re - energized [ blue / beige ] lavender [ purple . . . . oh fine , pink ] lucky blue [ white / blue ] meme theme [ orange / white / memes ] nature ' s bounty [ light green / white ] obsidian metal [ black / gold ] red dawn [ blue . . . . j / k , red ] roses [ pink / white ] sea raiders [ black / blue / red ] vino rosso [ red / beige / white ] vox [ black / orange ] { gaomon274 } animal crossing summer [ green / brown / beige ] { gaomon274 } jedi knight tfa [ black / green / yellow ] change
studies on popular names of birds help to understand the relationship between human beings and birds and it also contributes to the field of ornithology .
this study aims to register the ethnotaxonomy of birds in the village of pedra branca , santa teresinha municipality , bahia state , brazil , by cataloguing and identifying their popular names , besides understanding the ethnoclassification system of local bird species . the ethno - ornithological data were obtained by means of semi - structured open interviews , and projective tests .
the ethno - ornithological research in pedra branca village has contributed with new information on popular nomenclature of birds and their etymology , showing that folk knowledge on birds is conveyed within the community .
] . some ethnobiological principles of classification and nomenclature aim to identify similarities between cognitive systems in various societies . so , it is important to find out what are the ethnoclassification criteria ( morphological , ecological , ethological , etc . ) , in order to develop a representative taxonomy of the classification system within a certain community [
. regarding the origin of names , the author observed the use of morphological criteria and habitats , and there were also names of species with no meaning .
whereas the scientific nomenclature of birds has been established for over 200years , popular and vernacular designation , as a product of people’s imagination , has no systematization . vernacular names are popular , vulgar , or common names , which are names adopted by people who live in the regions inhabited by birds [
] , who is a reference in ornithology , deal with vocalization transcripts , etymology of bird names , and in a very summarized way , legends involving some species .
the present article registers the ethnotaxonomy of birds known by residents of the village of pedra branca , in the municipality of santa teresinha , bahia , brazil , cataloguing and identifying popular names , with their etymological description , besides analyzing the ethnoclassification system of local bird species . the biological ethnotaxonomic study is of great importance both for understanding and grasping local biodiversity and investigating the universality of human ability to classify the biological world .
location of the village of pedra branca ( santa teresinha , bahia ) and serra da jiboia .
pedra branca has 406 residents , with 136 families enrolled in the local health care unit and higher concentrations in the age groups from 20 to 39 years and above 60 years . local agriculture is based on cassava crop (
crantz , euphorbiaceae ) and grape crop for producing red wine ; livestock is related to cattle breeding . men sometimes have jobs in civil construction [
the village lies at the bottom of a mountainous massive known as serra da jiboia , which has around 22 , 500 ha in area and a maximum altitude of 850 m . serra da jiboia is located southern recôncavo region in bahia and comprehends the territories of five municipalities : castro alves , elísio medrado , santa teresinha , são miguel das matas , and varzedo [
serra da jiboia is located in an ecotone zone , between the ecosystems of atlantic forest and caatinga , which provides it with a great diversity of climates , reliefs , soils , vegetation , and fauna , being one of the most western sites of the atlantic forest in bahia and one of the wettest forests in the most northern hillside of the state . its climate ranges from humid tropical , at east and southeast , to sub - humid tropical , at west and northwest [
] and 233 species were registered in surveys conducted by the feira de santana state university ( uefs ) ( phd caio graco machado , person . commun . ) . the richest region comprises areas where pedra branca inhabitants perform some of their daily activities .
field collection was conducted within the period from august 2011 to june 2012 and 48 residents of both sexes were interviewed , 24 men and 24 women , aged from 18 to 87 years . a free and informed consent term ( resolution 196 / 1996 from the ministry of health ) has been prepared to explain the objectives of this study ; it was distributed to participants , asking if they agreed to provide information , respecting the decision of those who declined to participate in the research . the study was approved by the research ethics committee of uefs ( caae 0077 . 059 . 000 - 11 ) .


felis chaus maimanah is considered a subspecies of the jungle cat .

during an expedition to afghanistan in the 1880s , mammal skins were collected and later presented to the indian museum .

one cat skin without skull from the area of maimanah in the country 's north was initially identified as of felis caudata , but in the absence of skins for comparison the author was not sure whether his identification was correct .

in his revision of asian wildcat skins collected in the zoological museum of berlin , the german zoologist zukowsky reassessed the maimanah cat skin , and because of its larger size and shorter tail than caudata skins proposed a new species with the scientific name felis ( felis ) maimanah .

zukowsky assumed that the felid inhabits the region south of the amu darya river .

the russian zoologist ognev acknowledged zukowsky ’s assessment but also suggested that more material is needed for a definite taxonomic classification of this cat .

in his posthumously published monograph about skins and skulls of the genus felis in the collection of the natural history museum , the british taxonomist pocock referred neither to zukowsky ’s appraisal nor to jungle cat skins from afghanistan .

the british natural historian ellerman and zoologist morrison-scott tentatively subordinated the maimanah cat skin as a subspecies of felis chaus .

felis chaus maimanah

baghira
maimanah
is wrong name from this cat subspecies . it ' s felis chaus oxiana . if you already have . in east iran dwell felis chaus oxiana subspecies . a local form
maimanah
is living in northern afghanistan . seen : urltoken itself the only individual type
felis maimanah
is located in the indian museum in calcutta . but just that in 1914 , zukowski was actually discovered and described individual variation of
murgabensis ' in north - western afghanistan . felis maimanah is individual variation of subspecies felis chaus oxiana . then it assigns reginald innes pocock of 1951 . truly .
in the 1930s , pocock reviewed the natural history museum ' s jungle cat skins and skulls from british india and adjacent countries . based mainly on differences in fur length and colour he subordinated the specimens from turkestan to balochistan to felis chaus chaus , the himalayan ones to felis chaus affinis , the ones from cutch to bengal under felis chaus kutas , and the tawnier ones from burma under felis chaus fulvidina . he newly described six larger skins from sind under the trinomen felis chaus prateri , and skins with shorter coats from sri lanka and southern india under felis chaus kelaarti .
felis chaus chaus – refers to the jungle cat subspecies living in the caucasus , turkestan , iran , baluchistan and yarkand , chinese turkestan felis chaus affinis − inhabits the himalayan region ranging from kashmir and nepal to sikkim and yunnan felis chaus kutas – ranges from bengal ( west bengal is actually state in india and the other part of the bengal region is the country of bangladesh ) . this subspecies also stretches across the subcontinent westward to kutch ( a district in the gujarat state in western india ) felis chaus nilotica – inhabits egypt felis chaus furax – inhabits palestine , southern syria , and iraq felis chaus maimanah – was first described from maimanah in northern afghanistan and inhabits the region south of the amu darya river felis chaus fulvidina − inhabits southeast asia ranging from myanmar and thailand to laos , cambodia and vietnam felis chaus prateri – inhabits western india and sindh felis chaus kelaarti − lives in sri lanka and southern india south of the kistna river felis chaus oxiana − lives along the right tributaries of the amu darya river , in the lower courses of the vakhsh river ranging eastwards to the gissar valley and slightly beyond dushanbe .
in the 1880s , mammal skins were collected during an expedition to afghanistan and presented to the indian museum . one cat skin without skull from the area of maimanah was initially identified as of felis caudata , but in the absence of skins for comparison the author was not sure whether his identification is correct . in his revision of asian wildcat skins collected in the zoological museum of berlin , the german zoologist zukowsky reassessed the maimanah cat skin , and because of its larger size and shorter tail than caudata skins proposed a new species with the name felis ( felis ) maimanah .
in the 1820s the german explorer rüppell collected a female felis chaus near lake manzala in the nile delta . but only in 1832 , brandt recognized the distinctness of the egyptian jungle cat and proposed the name felis rüppelii .
today , the trinomial felis chaus chaus still refers to the jungle cat subspecies living in the caucasus , turkestan , iran , baluchistan and yarkand , chinese turkestan . the other recognized subspecies are listed by year of first description :
in 1898 , the british zoologist de winton examined the collection of jungle cat skins in the natural history museum and revised taxonomic assessments of the jungle cat group . he proposed to subordinate the specimens from the caucasus , persia and turkestan to felis chaus typica , and regrouped the lighter built specimens from the indian subcontinent to felis chaus affinis . he renamed the egyptian jungle cat felis chaus nilotica as the name felis rüppelii was already applied to a different cat . a single skin collected near jericho in 1864 prompted him to describe the new subspecies felis chaus furax as this skin was smaller than other egyptian jungle cat skins . a few years later , the german zoologist nehring also described a jungle cat skin collected in palestine , which he named lynx chrysomelanotis .
felis chaus oxiana ( heptner , 1969 ) − lives along the right tributaries of the amu darya river , in the lower courses of the vakhsh river ranging eastwards to the gissar valley and slightly beyond dushanbe .
also blanford pointed out the lynx - like appearance of cat skins and skulls from the plains around yarkand and kashgar when he described felis shawiana in 1876 . the german naturalist grevé proposed the subgenus lynx chaus in 1895 .
subsequent to güldenstädt’s first description of felis chaus , various naturalists published descriptions of jungle cat skins from west and further southeast of the caucasus between 1811 and 1939 . using the scientific name felis catolynx the german explorer peter simon pallas described lynx - like cats in 1811 , which inhabit the reeds and subalpine forests around the terek river through northern persia up to the aral sea .
thomas hardwicke’s collection of illustrations of indian wildlife comprises the first drawing of an indian jungle cat named the
allied cat
felis affinis by gray in 1830 . two years later , a stuffed cat was presented at a meeting of the asiatic society of bengal that had been caught in the jungles of midnapore in west bengal . pearson who donated the specimen described it as different in colour from felis chaus and proposed the name felis kutas . in 1836 , hodgson proclaimed the red - eared cat commonly found in nepal to be a lynx and therefore named it lynchus erythrotus . in 1844 , geoffroy saint - hilaire described a jungle cat from the area of dehra dun in northern india under the name felis jacquemontii in reminiscence of the french explorer victor jacquemont . when the ceylonese naturalist kelaart described the first felis chaus skin from sri lanka in 1852 , he emphasised its close resemblance to hodgson ' s lynchus erythrotus .
felis chaus is listed on cites appendix ii . hunting is prohibited in bangladesh , china , india , israel , myanmar , pakistan , tajikistan , thailand , and turkey , but does not receive legal protection outside protected areas in bhutan , georgia , laos , lebanon , myanmar , nepal , sri lanka , and vietnam .
the russian naturalist severtzov proposed the generic name catolynx in 1858 . the austrian zoologist fitzinger proposed the scientific name chaus catolynx for the
swamp lynx
in 1869 .
the jungle cat ( felis chaus ) is a medium - sized cat that can be found in many parts of asia . its size and appearance has also earned it the name jungle lynx , but it is not a member of the lynx genus . it is , however , the largest extant member of the felis genus . they range in size depending on their environment , but they can grow up to 37 inches ( 94 cm ) in body length with a short 12 - inch ( 31 cm ) tail . they can weigh as much as 35 pounds ( 16 kg ) .
the british zoologist pocock reviewed the generic nomenclature of the felidae in 1917 and classified the jungle cat group as part of the genus felis , which is characterized by broad heads , reduced rhinarium , pointed ears , vertically contracted ocular pupil and narrow paws . when the mammal collector of the natural history museum thomas described the first jungle cat from annam in 1928 he consented with pocock and referred to gray’s “allied cat” by naming it felis affinis fulvidina .
the jungle cat ( felis chaus ) is a medium - sized cat native to asia from southern china in the east through southeast and central asia to the nile valley in the west . it is listed as least concern in the iucn red list of threatened species as it is widespread and common particularly in india . population declines and range contraction are of concern , particularly in egypt , in the caucasus , and in southwestern , central and southeast asia .
when johann anton güldenstädt travelled in the russian empire ' s southern frontier during 1768–1775 at the behest of catherine ii of russia , he was the first naturalist to catch sight of a kirmyschak in the caucasus . in his latin description of 15 pages , published in 1776 , he names the animal chaus – a name retained for the cat by all subsequent zoologists .
the jungle cat is the largest of the existing species of felis . the cat has a small tuft on its ears , a comparatively short tail , and a distinct spinal crest . because of its long legs , short tail and tuft on the ears , the jungle cat resembles a small lynx . the face is relatively slender . fur colour varies with subspecies , yellowish - grey to reddish - brown or tawny - grey , and is ticked with black . vertical bars are visible on the fur of kittens , which disappear in adult cats , although a few dark markings may be retained on the limbs or tail . the muzzle is white , and the underside is paler in colour than the rest of the body .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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this cat is one of the largest of the smaller wildcats . they are bigger than the african , asian , and european wildcats . they also have very long legs in proportion to their body and a more generally uniform color coat , usually brownish or reddish and its medium long . small tufts on the tips of the ears . the tail has a black tufted tip . it is a crepuscular creature ( meaning of or active during twilight and early dawn ) but sometimes it is seen cruising around in the daytime .
they range from egypt , the middle east , parts of southern asia and western china . they seem to prefer open grasslands and marshes near rivers ( they are also called the swamp cat or reed cat ) . they’ll hang out on the margins of forests but are never found in tropical jungles , so their name is misnomer . they hunt small mammals , reptiles , fish , turtles , little baby pigs .
adults weigh between 9 - 28 pounds ( 4 - 12 kg ) and reach heights of 14 - 16 inches ( 35 - 40 cm ) . just like the kittens of lions and cougars , the jungle cat’s babies are born spotted for camouflage purposes . the spots disappear as they grow . in captivity they live from 10 - 12 years . but in the wild they can live up to twenty years .
the diet of a jungle cat varies depending on its habitat , but they tend to hunt small animals like rodents , birds , reptiles , amphibians and hares . if they live near human settlements , then they will also take small livestock like chickens and ducks . they are ambush hunters , stalking their prey in tall grasses , getting as close as they can before pouncing .
jungle cats compete with jackals and forest cats for their prey , and they are also preyed upon by larger felines like tigers , and also wolves , crocodiles , and bears . female jungle cats will give birth to a litter of one to five kittens , but the average litter size is three . the gestation period lasts for 63 days , and expectant mothers will find abandoned dens so that they can be safe while they have their kittens . in the wild , male jungle cats are not involved in rearing their kittens , but in captivity they have been observed to be extremely protective of their offspring - more than other species of cats .
the jungle cat is listed as least concern by the iucn because their overall population is healthy - however , specific populations of jungle cats are under threat in the caucasus and other areas .
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geographic variation in the jungle cat is quite considerable . due to the small tuft on the ears it is also called the jungle lynx , though it is not a member of the lynx genus .
jungle cats can range from 50 to 94 cm in length , plus a short 20 to 31 cm tail , and stand about 36 cm tall . weight varies across their range from 3 to 16 kg , with a median weight of around 8 kg . females are slightly smaller than males . true to bergmann ' s rule , the felid is largest at the northern limits of its range and becomes smaller - bodied closer to the tropics .
the skull is fairly broad in the region of the zygomatic arch , which leads to its appearance of having a rounder head than some other cats . the ears are quite long , and relatively broad at the base , pointed towards the end , and set quite high . small tuft of long hairs occurs on ear tips in winter . these hairs form an indistinct tassel ranging from 7 to 20 mm in length . the fur grows to about 4000 hairs / cm² on the back , and 1700 hairs / cm² on the abdomen , and generally becomes a shade of grayish - ochre in winter . the pawprints measure about 5×6 cm , and a typical pace is 29 to 32 cm .
the most distinctive feature of a jungle cat is the presence of equal - sized claws on both fore and hind legs ( unlike those of common domestic cats , for example , where hind claws are normally longer and stronger than fore ) . these allow it to climb down trees as easily as up , with its head facing downward .
jungle cats are largely oriental in distribution and found in egypt , west and central asia , but also in south asia , sri lanka and southeast asia . in india they are the most common small cats among the felidae found there .
they inhabit savannas , tropical dry forests and reedbeds along rivers and lakes in the lowlands , but , despite the name , are not found in rainforests . although they are adaptable animals , being found even in dry steppe , they prefer wetland environments with tall grasses or reeds in which to hide . they do not survive well in cold climates , and are not found in areas where winter snowfall is common . they have been observed from sea levels to altitudes of 8000 m or perhaps higher in the himalayas . they frequent jungles or open country , and are often seen in the neighborhood of villages .
jungle cats were known to be absent from south of the isthmus of kra in the malayan peninsula , the possibility of their occurrence was reported from a highly fragmented forest in the malaysian state of selangor in 2010 .
although never truly domesticated , a small number of jungle cats have been found among the cat mummies of ancient egypt ( the vast majority of which are domestic cats ) , suggesting that they may have been used to help control rodent populations .
jungle cats are solitary in nature . they rest in other animals ' abandoned burrows , tree holes , and humid coves under swamp rocks , or in areas of dense vegetation . although often active at night , they are less nocturnal than many other cats , and in cold weather may sun themselves during the day . they have been estimated to travel between 3 and 6 km per night , although this likely varies depending on the availability of prey . territories are maintained by urine spraying and scent marking .
jungle cats can climb trees . like most cats , they utilize not only sight and hearing while hunting , but also their sense of smell . while running , they tend to sway from side to side . they mostly hunt for rodents , frogs , birds , hares , squirrels , juvenile wild pigs , as well as various reptiles , including turtles and snakes . near human settlements , they feed on domestic chickens and ducks . they catch fish while diving , but mostly swim in order to disguise their scent trails , or to escape threats , such as dogs or humans . they are generally hard to tame , even if taken into captivity at a young age . like most other cats , they hunt by stalking and ambushing their prey , and they use reeds or tall grass as cover . they are adept at leaping , and sometimes attempt to catch birds in flight . although they can run at up to 32 km / h , they rarely pursue prey that escapes their initial pounce .
the jungle cat ' s main competitors are the jackal and forest cat . their most common predators include crocodiles , bears , wolves , and other larger felines such as tigers . when countered by a threat , the jungle cat will vocalize before engaging in attack , producing small roars , a behavior uncommon for domestic cats . the meow of the jungle cat is also somewhat lower than that of a typical domestic cat . in some cases , they jump on their attacker , but will usually retreat upon encountering larger threats . there have been known cases of jungle cats attacking curious humans near their habitat , but their attack seems to pose no medical significance besides wound infection from clawing .
they have been observed to be capable of swimming as much as 1 . 5 km at a time .
females are sexually mature at the age of 11 months ; estrus appears to last from january through to mid - april . in males , spermatogenesis occurs mainly in february and march . in southern turkmenistan , mating occurs in january to early february . females give birth to litters of three to five kittens , usually only three . they sometimes raise two litters in a year .
gestation lasts 63–66 days and is remarkably short for an animal of this size . birth generally takes place between december and june , depending on the local climate , although females can sometimes give birth to two litters in a year . before birth , the mother prepares a den in an abandoned animal burrow , hollow tree , or reed bed .
kittens weigh 43 to 160 g at birth , tending to be much smaller in the wild than in captivity . initially blind and helpless , they open their eyes at ten to thirteen days of age , and are fully weaned by around three months . males usually do not participate in the raising of kittens , but in captivity have been observed to be very protective of their offspring , more than the females , or males of other cat species . kittens begin to catch their own prey at around six months , and leave the mother after eight or nine months .
the jungle cat ' s median life expectancy in captivity is ten to twelve years . in the wild , however , some jungle cats have been known to live for as long as twenty years .
since the 1960s , populations of the caucasian jungle cat living in the cis - caspian region , along the caspian sea and in the caucasus range states have been rapidly declining . only some small populations persist today . there has been no record in the astrakhan nature reserve in the volga delta since the 1980s . this subspecies is considered threatened and included in the red books of the russian federation , armenia , azerbaijan and georgia .
in the 1970s , southeast asian jungle cats still used to be the most common wild cats near villages in certain parts of northern thailand and occurred in many protected areas of the country . but since the early 1990s , jungle cats are rarely encountered and have suffered drastic declines due to hunting and habitat destruction . today , their official thai status is critically endangered . in cambodia , laos and vietnam , jungle cats probably once occurred widely using secondary habitats , which is easily accessible to hunters and where hunting pressure is now very heavy . due to unselective trapping and snaring , jungle cats appear quite rare nowadays in comparison to sympatric small cats . skins are occasionally recorded in border markets , and live individuals , possibly taken from myanmar or cambodia , occasionally turn up in the khao khieo and chiang mai zoos of thailand .
jungle cats are rare in the middle east . in jordan , they are highly affected by the expansion of agricultural areas around the river beds of yarmouk and jordan rivers , where they are hunted and poisoned by farmers for attacking poultry . in afghanistan they are also considered rare and threatened .
results of an mtdna analysis of 55 jungle cats from various biogeographic zones in india indicate a high genetic variation and a relatively low differentiation between populations . it appears that the central indian f . c . kutas population separates the thar f . c . prateri populations from the rest and also the south indian f . c . kelaarti populations from the north indian f . c . affinis ones . the central indian populations are genetically closer to the southern than to the northern populations .
this species of cat is capable of being domesticated under certain conditions . cat breeders have been able to hybridize jungle cats with certain domestic cats , producing such breeds as the
chausie
( jungle cat × domestic cat ) and the
jungle bob
( jungle cat x pixie bob ) .
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