sophronia acaudella is a moth of the family gelechiidae .

it was described by rebel in 1903 .

it is found in bulgaria .

the wingspan is about 13 mm .

adults are very similar to sophronia chilonella .

sophronia acaudella

sophronia acaudella rebel , 1903 ; ann . nat . mus . wien 18 : 333 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : slivno
sophronia grandii hering , 1933 ; boll . lab . agar . bologna 5 : 105
sophronia ascalis gozmány , 1951 ; folia ent . hung . 4 ( 3 ) : 17
sophronia marginella toll , 1936 ; ann . mus . zool . polon . 11 : 405
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
paahdeväkäskoi
to
sophronia humerella [ denis & schiffermüller ] 1775
.
sophronia aquilex meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : cape province , montagu
sophronia catharurga meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 34 ; tl : palestine , akka
sophronia finitimella rebel , 1905 ; ann . nat . mus . wien 20 : 213 ; tl :
erdschias - gebiet
sophronia alaicella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 116 ; tl : alai
sophronia santolinae staudinger , 1863 ; stettin ent . ztg 24 ( 7 - 9 ) : 270 ; tl : san ildefonso , spain
sophronia roseicrinella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 87 ; tl : kerrville , texas
sophronia teretracma meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : texas , alpine , 5000 - 7500ft
sophronia curonella standfuss , 1884 ; stettin ent . ztg 45 ( 4 - 6 ) : 193 ; tl : italy , apennines , 4000 '
sophronia primella busck , 1907 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : western usa
sophronia mediatrix zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 377 , pl . 5 , f . 130 ; tl : bogota
sophronia albomarginata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica ( 3 ) : 306 , 309 ; tl : xinjiashan , fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m
sophronia orientalis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica ( 3 ) : 307 , 309 ; tl : xinjiashan , fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m
harpipterix chilonella treitschke , 1833 ; in ochsenheimer , schmett . eur . 9 ( 2 ) : 36
tinea humerella denis & schiffermüller , 1775 ; ank . syst . schmett . wienergegend : 137
larva on ( non - finnish ) artemisia campestris , helichrysum spp . , achillea spp . , thymus spp . , antennaria spp .
tinea illustrella hübner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : 46 , pl . 23 , f . 158
parahumerella amsel , 1935 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 297
larva on santolina rosmarinifolia staudinger , 1863 , stettin ent . ztg 24 ( 7 - 9 ) : 270
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
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austria , bulgaria , hungary , germany , denmark , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , the european central , lower volga , mid - volzhsky , south ural .
austria , belarus , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , hungary , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , macedonia , norway ( mainland ) poland , romania , russia , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
austria , belgium , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , slovakia and the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , the european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , mid - volzhsky .
albania , austria , belarus , belgium , bosnia and herzegovina , the british isles , france , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , russia , slovakia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
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scoparia augastis is a moth of the crambidae family .

it was discovered by meyrick in 1907 .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 28 – 29 mm .

the forewings are light fuscous , irrorated with whitish .

the costa and all veins are marked by somewhat darker fuscous lines .

the hindwings are very pale brassy-ochreous .

adults have been recorded on wing in march on flowers of senecio species .

scoparia augastis

butler ' s characters for this genus do not suffice to separate it from scoparia .
( scoparia ustimacula , feld . , reis . nov . , pl . cxxxv . , 17 ; scoparia conifera , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , 493 . )
( scoparia feredayi , knaggs , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , 80 ; scoparia moanalis , feld . , reis . nov . , pl . cxxxvii . , 34 . )
( scoparia exilis , knaggs , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , 81 . )
( scoparia ejuncida , knaggs , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , 81 . )
( scoparia pongalis , feld . , reis . nov . , pl . cxxxvii . , 33 . )
scoparia linealis , walk . suppl . , 1503 . the specimen which i suppose to be walker ' s type i did not determine , and it is perhaps not recognizable ; with it was placed a small specimen of scoparia submarginalis , walk .
( hypochalcia indistinctalis , walk . , 48 ; scoparia rakaiensis , knaggs , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , 80 . )
scoparia objurgalis , gn . , 425 , pl . x . , 10 , and scoparia australialis , gn . , 426 , appear to me unidentifiable at present ; the latter is , if correctly described , probably new to me , the former might possibly be s . exhibitalis , walk .
distinguished from scoparia only by the long hairs of the discal area ; the genus is undoubtedly natural , and its separation materially assists the study of the group . the species resemble those of the second group of scoparia , and almost all of large size and decidedly crambideous facies . the larvæ are yet unknown , but probably of similar habits .
a peculiar species , in markings approaching more the typical forms of scoparia ; differs also from the other species , in which the male is known , by the structure of the antennæ .
as i have elsewhere pointed out , the oldest form of the family is probably nyctarcha , which is a singular synthetic type . xeroscopa is an early off - shoot from scoparia , and tetraprosopus a development of xeroscopa .
nephopteryæ favilliferella , walk . suppl . , 1719 . the type is unset , and therefore not generically recognizable ; it is certainly either a scoparia or a xeroscopa , but it seems hardly possible to assert anything more .
although of universal distribution , this genus is little developed except in temperate latitudes , hardly occurring in the tropics except at a considerable elevation . over thirty european species are known , and scattered forms are found in most other regions . australia possesses at present sixteen , which number will be considerably increased , especially from the tasmanian mountains . in comparison with these the development of the genus in new zealand is extraordinary , forty - two species being here given , and it is unquestionable that the actual number is much larger , as each mountain seems to possess peculiar species . scoparia is in fact the largest genus of lepidoptera in new zealand .
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urltoken
[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 7 th august , 1884 . ]
family occupies an unusually prominent position in new zealand , and the principal genera attain here their maximum of development . the development is however mainly specific , and there is no large number of peculiar genera , as in some other groups . the family is undoubtedly of very ancient type , and the food of the larvæ , which probably consists wholly of mosses , will allow of a possible origin earlier in time than the appearance of flowering plants . it is probably due to this persistence of habit that the type has undergone so little generic modification ; specific change being sufficient to allow of all the adaptation required . the distribution of the family seems chiefly limited by the suitability of the climate for the growth of their food - plants ; hence they are found principally in cool temperate latitudes , or at considerable elevations .
as the descriptions of walker , knaggs , and butler are hardly in any instance sufficiently precise for determination , i may add that the species of walker and butler have been identified from the types , and those of knaggs from types preserved by mr . r . w . fereday .
labial palpi , with hairs of second joint produced in front beneath . maxillary palpi large , triangularly scaled , porrected , not resting on labial palpi . forewings with 7 and 10 separate from 9 , 8 and 9 stalked . hindwings with 4 and 5 from a point or stalked ( except in nyctarcha ) ; lower median without basal pectination ( except in eclipsiodes and nyctarcha ) . genital uncus of male generally well developed .
distinguished from all the other families of the pyralidina by the character of the maxillary palpi , which are large , porrected , triangularly dilated , and obliquely truncate , standing out apart from the labial palpi ; differing also from the crambidæ ( which some species closely approach in type ) in the absence of the basal pectination on the lower median vein of the hindwings ( with the exceptions noted above ) , from the botydidæ in the development of the genital uncus of the male , and from the pyralididæ by the separation of vein 7 of the forewings from the stalk of 8 and 9 .
the following tabulation includes all the five australian genera , of which only three are represented in new zealand .
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forehead vertical . ocelli present . tongue well developed . antennæ short , less than 2 / 3 of forewings , in male stout , filiform , evenly ciliated ( ¼–1 / 3 ) , above pubescent ( n . atra ) or rough - scaled . labial palpi moderate , straight , porrected , second joint with dense projecting scales beneath , terminal joint exposed , thick , somewhat expanded towards apex , and obliquely truncate . maxillary palpi nearly as long as labial , terminally expanded , truncate . posterior tibiæ with outer spurs half inner ; legs short . abdomen short , stout . forewings with vein 11 moderately oblique . hindwings somewhat broader than forewings ; 3 , 4 , 5 approximated at base ; lower median and 1 b each with a strong pectination towards base , surface otherwise without hairs .
consists at present of two australian and one new zealand species , one of the australian species ( n . ophideres , walk . ) extending also into india and madagascar . the genus presents a singular combination of characters , and probably approximates to the ancestral form of the scopariadæ , crambidæ , and botydidæ . the new zealand species is characterized by the dark fuscous hindwings , which in the two australian species are partly orange .
( orosana atra , butl . , pro . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 . )
male , female . – - 11–12 mm . head , palpi , and thorax blackish , irrorated with white , basal joint of palpi white . antennæ blackish . abdomen blackish , segmental margins white . legs white , irrorated with black , tibiæ and tarsi banded with black . forewings oblong , somewhat dilated posteriorly , costa straight , apex rounded , hind margin very obliquely rounded ; dark fuscous , sometimes partially irrorated with white ; first line black , angulated ; orbicular small , black , detached ; claviform absent ; reniform 8 - shaped , outlined with black , separated from second line by a white spot , sometimes obsolete above but always distinct on under surface , suffused into costa ; second line black , indented beneath costa , strongly curved inwards beneath reniform , sometimes margined posteriorly on costa with white ; subterminal obsolete : cilia grey , with a waved black line , tips white . hindwings dark fuscous ; neural pectinations white ; cilia as in forewings . under surface of forewings with one or two small white spots between reniform and base , besides posterior blotch , and a whitish suffusion towards inner margin : of hindwings with a white discal suffusion , interrupted by a dark fuscous central spot .
the markings of the under surface in this instance doubtless indicate the original type .
castle hill and lake wakatipu ( 1 , 200 to 3 , 000 feet ) , in december and january , on dry grassy slopes ; difficult to see ; six specimens .
forehead vertical . ocelli present . tongue well developed . antennæ moderate , 2 / 3 of forewings , in male filiform , evenly ciliated ( ¼–1 ½ ) . labial palpi moderate or long , straight , porrected , second joint beneath with long dense projecting scales , terminal joint moderate , exposed or resting in scales of second . maxillary palpi rather long , triangularly dilated . posterior tibiæ with outer spurs half inner . abdomen moderate . forewings with vein 11 rather oblique . hindwings from somewhat broader to nearly twice as broad as forewings ; 3 remote from 4 , 4 and 5 stalked or from a point ; lower median naked ; discal area above it without hairs ; internal area loosely haired .
notwithstanding the extent of the genus , i can find no structural characters for subdividing it into groups . the palpi vary in length , and the antennæ present some differences , being generally rough above , but sometimes pubescent , or serrate at joints , with the ciliations of variable length , but these points are simply specific . veins 4 and 5 of the hindwings are either from a point or stalked , but both forms often occur in the same species . roughly , the first 27 species belong to the same group as the european forms , being always of comparatively small size , with the typical markings well developed , whilst the remainder constitute a more specially new zealand group , usually of larger size , and more crambideous appearance , with the normal markings often obsolete , the palpi longer and hindwings broader ; but there is no definite distinction .
in the following descriptions the length of the labial palpi is stated in terms of the breadth of the eye , and the length of the antennal ciliations in terms of the breadth of the stalk ; the breadth of the hindwings in terms of the breadth of the forewings . typically , the markings consist of three transverse lines and three discal spots—viz . , ( 1 ) the first line , at about 2 / 5 , usually oblique and somewhat curved , more or less indented in middle ; ( 2 ) the orbicular spot , usually round , shortly beyond first line above middle ; ( 3 ) the claviform spot , usually linear , similarly placed below middle ; ( 4 ) the reniform spot , usually 8 - shaped , in disk beyond and above middle ; ( 5 ) the second line , at about 4 / 5 , tolerably parallel to hindmargin , usually somewhat curved , generally sinuate inwards below costa and above inner margin ; ( 6 ) the subterminal line , placed between second line and hindmargin , curved inwards in middle , often interrupted .
male , female . —15–16 mm . head , palpi , antennæ , and thorax dark fuscous mixed with black ; palpi 2 ½ ; antennal ciliations ½ . abdomen grey . legs black , apex of joints white . forewings elongate , triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; dark slaty - fuscous ; markings black , ill - defined ; a short interrupted streak from base ; first line somewhat curved ; orbicular and claviform irregular , somewhat linear , touching first line ; reniform represented by a trifurcate mark ; second line almost rectangularly bent in disc , followed on costa by some white scales ; veins partially marked with black posteriorly : cilia dark slaty - fuscous , with a black line , tips pale . hindwings 1 1 / 3 pale whitish - grey , towards hindmargin grey ; cilia grey - whitish , with two faint grey lines .
male . —14–17 mm . head white . palpi 1 2 / 3 , dark fuscous , basal and terminal joints white . antennæ white , annulated with dark fuscous , ciliations ½ . thorax white , irrorated with dark fuscous . abdomen whitish - grey . legs dark fuscous , banded with white . forewings elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; white , irregularly irrogated with fuscous and dark fuscous ; a short dark fuscous streak from base of costa parallel to inner margin ; first line white , oblique , rather indented , posteriorly margined with dark fuscous , which forms a triangular spot on costa ; orbicular elongate , touching first line , dark fuscous ; claviform strong , elongate , touching first line , dark fuscous ; reniform represented by a quadrifurcate dark fuscous mark , upper fork sometimes filled with fuscous ; a small dark fuscous spot on costa somewhat beyond middle ; second line white , tolerably distinctly margined with
dark fuscous ; subterminal line white , somewhat broader and more ill - defined , leaving a dark fuscous triangular blotch on hindmargin : cilia white , with a basal row of dark fuscous spots , and posterior row of grey spots . hindwings 1 1 / 3 , pale whitish - grey , greyer on hindmargin and towards apex ; cilia whitish , with a grey line .
not closely resembling any other , and recognizable by the character of the spots , which are conspicuous though not sharply defined .
sydney , new south wales , from may to august , so that it is a winter species ; five specimens .
a very distinct and elegant species , known by the whitish - ochreous colour and small round detached orbicular and claviform ; the hindwings are narrower than usual .
sydney , new south wales , in april , on sandstone rock - faces , to which its colouring is adapted ; two specimens .
female . —15–17 mm . head white , back of crown , a spot beneath each antenna , and a dot in middle of face black . palpi 1 2 / 3 , black , basal and terminal joints white . antennæ dark grey . thorax white , anterior margin irregularly black . abdomen ochreous - white , apex more ochreous . legs
white , anterior and middle tibiæ and tarsi banded with black . forewings rather elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin oblique , slightly rounded ; clear ochreous - white ; markings fuscous suffused with black , sharply defined ; a fascia from base of costa to inner margin before first line , narrow on upper half , irregularly dilated on lower ; a small spot on costa at ⅕ , and a sinuate erect mark on inner margin at ⅖ , indicating margins of first line ; orbicular and claviform represented by a large irregularly trilobate spot , connected anteriorly with a small spot on costa at ⅛ ; a small spot on costa slightly beyond middle ; a small spot on inner margin beyond middle ; reniform represented by an obtusely angulated linear mark , angle directed towards base ; anterior margin of second line indicated on costa by a small mark ; space between second line and hindmargin wholly blackish , except the irregular white subterminal line , which is broadly interrupted above middle ; cilia white , with a basal row of dark fuscous spots . hindwings 1 ¼ , grey - whitish , hindmargin suffused with grey ; cilia ochreous - whitish , with a grey line .
immediately known by the strongly contrasted and sharply defined markings , and the fusion of orbicular and claviform into a single blotch .
sydney , new south wales , in october , on tree - trunks ; three specimens .
nearly allied to s . exhibitalis , but smaller , with the markings less sharply contrasted , and without the defined white and black markings of head and thorax .
mount gambier , south australia , in november ; one specimen on a tree - trunk .
resembles s . aphrodes in the defined markings of the head , but larger , with the markings of the wings less clearly contrasted , and immediately separated by the dark suffusion of the inner margin between first and second lines .
sydney , new south wales , from august to october ; five specimens , mostly at light .
male , female . —20–21 mm . head and thorax whitish , densely mixed with dark fuscous . palpi 2 ¾ , white , second and terminal joints with blackish basal bands . antennæ grey , obscurely annulated with paler ; ciliations ½ . abdomen grey , segmental margins ochreous - white . legs
white , tarsi and tibiæ banded with blackish . forewings rather elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; white , densely irrorated with black , sometimes partially suffused with light fuscous ; several small black spots towards base ; first line well - defined , somewhat curved , sharply indented , posteriorly strongly black - margined ; orbicular moderate , circular , black , whitish - centred , almost touching first line ; claviform quadrate , black , detached ; reniform indistinct , irregularly 8 - shaped , lower half elongate , whitish , partially black - margined , posteriorly strongly , touching a small blackish spot on costa beyond middle ; second line well - defined , anteriorly black - margined ; terminal space wholly dark , except rather broad distinct subterminal line , entire or shortly interrupted , not touching second line : cilia white , sharply barred with dark grey , bars partially obsolete on terminal half . hindwings 1 ¼ , whitish - grey , becoming fuscous - grey posteriorly , postmedian line faintly darker ; cilia white , with a well - defined grey line .
this and the following species are characterized by the intensity of the irroration and markings , and especially by the subquadrate detached claviform .
sydney , new south wales , in september ; mount wellington ( 1 , 000 feet ) , tasmania , from december to february ; four specimens .
nearly allied to s . syntaracta , but distinguished by the much narrower wings , smaller size , greater concentration of the black colouring , and darker margin of hindwings .
mount wellington ( 3 , 200 feet ) , tasmania , in december ; one specimen .
male , female . —18–21 mm . head , palpi , and thorax whitish , densely mixed with dark fuscous ; palpi 3 . antennæ grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen grey , segmental margins whitish . legs dark fuscous irrorated with white , apex of joints white . forewings rather elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin almost straight , oblique ; fuscous - grey , irregularly sprinkled with white , veins obscurely lined with blackish ; several small cloudy blackish spots towards base ; first line narrow , whitish , ill - defined , posteriorly obscurely blackish - margined , moderately curved , somewhat indented ; orbicular moderate , circular , outlined with black , detached ; claviform smaller , round , almost wholly blackish , touching first line ; reniform obscure , tolerably 8 - shaped , obscurely blackish - margined ;
second line white , tolerably well - defined , obscurely dark - margined ; subterminal very ill - defined , cloudy , whitish , interrupted above middle , not touching second line : cilia ochreous - whitish , obscurely barred with grey , and with two grey lines . hindwings 1 ¼ , light grey , darker posteriorly ; cilia whitish , with a well - defined grey line .
compared with the neighbouring species a rather large and dull - coloured insect , with the lines more abruptly bent and angular than usual .
male , female . —14–15 mm . head , palpi , and thorax white , densely mixed with fuscous and black ; palpi 3 . antennæ dark fuscous ; ciliations ⅗ . abdomen dark grey , segmental margins white . legs white , irrorated with dark fuscous ; tibiæ and tarsi clear white , sharply banded with black . forewings triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; white , more or less wholly suffused with light greyish - fuscous or yellowish - fuscous , and irregularly irrorated with black ; a short thick interrupted cloudy blackish streak from base of costa ; first line indistinct , whitish , somewhat oblique , slightly curved , distinctly indented , margined posteriorly on costa and inner margin by triangular black spots ; orbicular small , dot - like , blackish ; claviform moderate , round , wholly black , detached ; reniform x - shaped , blackish , upper fork generally filled obscurely with whitish , lower with ochreous , and connected with costa by a cloudy dark spot ; second line tolerably distinct , white , anteriorly dark - margined ; terminal space wholly dark , except moderate cloudy white subterminal line , interrupted above middle , apex of lower portion almost touching second line : cilia white , mixed and obscurely barred with grey , lower half spotted with dark fuscous . hindwings 1 ¼ , whitish - grey suffused with darker , apex and upper part of hindmargin suffused with dark fuscous , central lunule and postmedian line tolerably distinct ; cilia grey - whitish , with a broad grey basal line .
a comparatively short - winged species , allied to s . eremitis , but much smaller and more distinctly marked , the dark markings much blacker .
mount wellington , tasmania , from 3 , 000 to 3 , 800 feet , in december ; rather common , sitting on the rocks and readily disturbed .
male . —15 mm . head , palpi , and thorax grey , mixed with reddish - ochreous and black ; palpi 2 ¼ . antennæ grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen grey . legs white , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark grey . forewings triangular , costa hardly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin straight , rather strongly oblique ; fuscous - grey , with a few black and bluish - white scales ; a small reddish - ochreous spot near base ; first line not paler , curved ,
obscurely blackish - margined posteriorly ; orbicular and claviform irregular , reddish - ochreous , partially black - margined , touching first line ; reniform subquadrate , reddish - ochreous , anteriorly and posteriorly blackish - margined ; second line not paler , anteriorly blackish - margined ; terminal area rather densely irrorated with black , except subterminal line , touching second line in middle : cilia whitish - grey , with a broad interrupted dark grey line . hindwings 1 ¼ , grey , becoming darker on hindmargin ; cilia grey - whitish , with a grey line .
a peculiar and distinct species , with hindmargin of forewings more oblique than usual .
mount wellington , tasmania , ( probably about 2 , 000 feet ) , in february ; one specimen .
nearly allied to s . philerga , but readily distinguished by the longer and narrower forewings , and whitish hindwings , as well as the pubescence and longer ciliations of antennæ .
lake wakatipu , at 5 , 000 feet , in december ; one specimen .
male , female . —17–21 mm . head and thorax whitish , mixed with fuscous , and irrorated with black . palpi 2 ⅓ , dark fuscous , somewhat mixed with white , basal joint white . antennæ dark fuscous ; ciliations ⅔ . abdomen light fuscous - grey , segmental margins ochreous - whitish . legs ochreous - whitish , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings moderately
elongate , triangular , costa gently arched , apex rounded , hindmargin oblique , faintly sinuate ; white , mixed with grey , and coarsely irrorated with black ; a thick interrupted obscure blackish streak from base of costa ; first line white , obscure , somewhat curved , sharply indented , posteriorly blackish - margined ; orbicular round , whitish , blackish - margined ; claviform roundish , moderate or large , blackish , often suffused , tolerably detached ; reniform 8 - shaped , white , blackish - margined , connected with a small blackish triangular spot on costa ; second line white , tolerably distinct , anteriorly dark - margined ; terminal space wholly dark , except moderate tolerably defined subterminal line , entire or interrupted , touching second line in middle ; a hindmarginal row of white dots : cilia whitish , obscurely barred with grey , with an interrupted blackish and posterior grey line . hindwings 1 ¼ , pale whitish - grey , slightly ochreous - tinged , in female rather greyer , postmedian line and hindmargin obscurely darker grey ; cilia whitish , with a grey line spotted with darker .
a dull , obscure - looking species , but with the reniform very clearly defined .
auckland , hamilton , christchurch , nelson , otira river , dunedin , and lake wakatipu ; common in forest , in december , january , march , and april . near lake wakatipu i took one specimen at an elevation of 4 , 000 feet .
male , female . —13–14 mm . head , palpi , and thorax whitish - ochreous suffused with black ; palpi 2 . antennæ greyish - ochreous ; ciliations ½ . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs ochreous - white , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin straight , oblique ; ochreous - whitish ; basal half , bounded by a line parallel to hindmargin , suffused with blackish , except on an oval ochreous spot near middle of base ; a moderately broad fascia - like reddish - ochreous suffusion rather beyond and parallel to posterior edge of blackish patch ; an irregular reddish - ochreous suffusion towards middle of hindmargin ; a rather small triangular blackish spot on costa before apex , and some blackish scales on anal angle : cilia ochreous - whitish , mixed with reddish ochreous beneath and blackish above apex . hindwings 1 ¼ , whitish ; postmedian line and apical suffusion faintly grey ; cilia whitish .
arthur ' s pass ( 3 , 000 feet ) , in january ; three specimens .
male , female . —17–19 mm . head , palpi , and thorax ochreous - fuscous , mixed with whitish - ochreous and dark fuscous ; palpi 2 ½ , basal joint white .
this and the two following species are easily recognized by the yellow - ochreous blotch above lower portion of subterminal line ; s . minusculalis differs from the other two by its larger size , well - defined white postmedian band , and uniform dark suffusion of the whole anterior half of wing .
larva rather stout , cylindrical , wrinkled , somewhat attenuated towards extremities ; light whitish - brown ; spots large , round , brassy - fuscous , - each containing a black dot ; head ochreous - brown ; second segment dark fuscous . feeds in moss on tree - trunks ; pupa in same position ; taken in january , almost full - grown .
akaroa , bealey river ( 2 , 100 feet ) , and dunedin ; tolerably common in forest in january and february .
male , female . —15 ½–17 mm . head and thorax clear pale whitish - ochreous , with a few fuscous scales , shoulders with a small dark fuscous spot . palpi 2 ½–3 , ochreous - whitish , somewhat mixed with dark fuscous , base white . antennæ whitish , annulated with dark fuscous ; ciliations ⅔ . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs whitish , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings somewhat elongate , triangular , costa gently arched , apex rounded , hindmargin rather oblique , distinctly sinuate ; whitish - ochreous , mixed with pale yellowish , and thinly irrorated with dark fuscous ; basal area mixed with black , with a suffused black streak from
characterized by the concentration of the dark suffusion into a costal blotch ; differing from s . minusculalis by the distinct white first line , from s . chimeria by the white costal spot before second line .
christchurch , bealey river ( 2 , 100 feet ) , and otira gorge ( 1 , 600 feet ) , amongst forest in january ; eight specimens .
male , female . —14–16 ½ mm . head and thorax grey - whitish , mixed with ochreous , dark fuscous and black . palpi 2 ½ , dark fuscous mixed with whitish , basal joint white . antennæ dark fuscous ; ciliations ⅓ . abdomen grey . legs ochreous white , tibiæ and tarsi banded with black . forewings triangular , costa gently arched , apex rounded , hindmargin distinctly sinuate , oblique ; whitish , irregularly suffused with grey , and irrorated with black ; a short interrupted black streak from base of costa , and a spot on inner margin near base ; first line whitish , ill - defined , curved , hardly indented , posteriorly broadly black - margined , except in middle ; orbicular somewhat wedge - shaped , black , touching first line ; claviform similar , but often obscured by dark suffusion ; veins in disc obscurely lined with yellow - ochreous ; reniform 8 - shaped , whitish , blackish - margined , connected with costa by a small triangular blackish spot ; second line whitish , slender , indistinct , almost straight , anteriorly black - margined ; terminal space wholly dark , except well - defined subterminal line , which is reduced to a double white subapical spot , and a curved white bar from middle of second line to hindmargin above anal angle , broadly margined above with
ochreous - yellow ; a terminal row of white semioval spots : cilia whitish , obscurely barred with grey , with a dark grey interrupted line . hindwings 1 ¼ , whitish - grey , postmedian line and hindmargin obscurely darker grey ; cilia grey - whitish , with a dark grey line .
taranaki , palmerston , masterton , christchurch , akaroa , dunedin , and lake wakatipu , not met with above 1 , 000 feet ; common in forest from december to march .
male . —17 mm . head and thorax rather dark fuscous , somewhat mixed with whitish . palpi 2 , dark grey , basal joint white . antennæ dark fuscous ; ciliations ¼ . abdomen whitish - grey . legs white , tibiæ and tarsi banded with black . forewings triangular , costa gently arched , apex rounded , hindmargin nearly straight , oblique ; white , densely irrorated with dark fuscous ; basal area suffusedly spotted with black ; first line hardly whitish , very obscure , posteriorly black - margined , curved , hardly indented ; orbicular and claviform small , roundish , obscure , black , detached ; a rather broad clear white transverse space before , second line , of even width except on inner margin , where it is contracted ; reniform included in this , 8 - shaped , white , black - margined ; second line slender , obscure , white , anteriorly dark - margined , somewhat curved , hardly sinuate ; subterminal line narrow , white , distinct , interrupted above middle , not touching second line ; a hindmarginal row of white dots : cilia grey , with a dark grey line . hindwings 1 ¼ , whitish - grey , lunule and postmedian line obscurely indicated , hindmargin darker grey ; cilia whitish , with a dark grey line .
allied to the three preceding , but without the ochreous blotch , and specially characterized by the remarkably short antennal ciliations .
male . —17 ½ mm . head and thorax whitish - ochreous , shoulders dark fuscous mixed with black . palpi 2 ¼ , ochreous - whitish , second and terminal joints with dark fuscous basal bands , basal joint white . antennæ whitish - ochreous , ringed with dark fuscous ; joints short , subdentate , ciliations 1 . abdomen whitish - ochreous , irrorated with fuscous . legs ochreous - whitish , irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa gently arched , apex rounded , hindmargin rather obliquely rounded ; whitish - ochreous , scantily irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous ; a sharply defined oblique black spot from base of costa , inner edge straight , outer irregular ; first line indicated only by obscure dark posterior margin , slightly curved , somewhat indented , followed on
costa by a sharply - defined moderate triangular black spot ; orbicular round , pale , broadly black - margined , touching apex of costal spot ; claviform round , upper half margined with black , lower half obsolete , detached ; a very small dark fuscous spot on costa beyond middle , between which and first line the costa is narrowly suffused with fuscous ; reniform large , double , shaped like two adjacent figures of 8 , both irregularly black - margined , adjacent margins confluent ; second line pale , anteriorly dark - margined , forming a very small blackish spot on costa ; terminal space suffused with brownish - ochreous ; subterminal line cloudy , ochreous - whitish , somewhat interrupted , not touching second line ; hindmargin suffusedly blackish , with a row of ochreous - whitish marks : cilia pale whitish - ochreous , with a well - defined dark grey line and very faint grey posterior line . hindwings 1 ¼ , very pale whitish grey , central lunule obscurely indicated , postmedian line and a narrow hindmarginal suffusion distinct , darker grey ; cilia ochreous - whitish , with a distinct grey line .
a distinct species , characterized by the sharply defined black costal markings , double reniform , and relatively long antennal ciliations .
a very obscure species , best indicated by the fine dentation of the second and subterminal lines .
arthur ' s pass ( 2 , 500 feet ) and mount hutt , in january ; three specimens .
male . —15–16 mm . head , palpi , and thorax blackish - grey , irrorated with white ; palpi 2 ¼ , basal joint white ; thorax with a small posterior ochreous - yellow spot . antennæ dark grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen fuscous - grey . legs dark fuscous , irrorated with white , apex of joints white . forewings triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hind - margin slightly rounded , rather oblique ; blackish , finely irrorated with white ; a small ochreous - yellow spot near base , followed by a faint whitish transverse line ; first line whitish , slender , ill - defined , slightly curved , posteriorly indistinctly dark - margined ; orbicular and claviform both circular , ochreous - yellow , dark - margined , touching first line ; reniform 8 - shaped , ochreous - yellow , black - margined , each half containing a white dot , the lower one larger ; a small ill - defined whitish costal spot above reniform ; second line whitish , ill - defined , obscurely dark - margined , touching similar subterminal line in middle : cilia whitish , with two cloudy dark grey lines , and obscurely barred with grey . hindwings 1 ⅓ fuscous - grey , becoming darker posteriorly ; cilia grey , with a darker line , tips whitish .
easily recognized by the ochreous - yellow spots , and white dots in reniform .
christchurch in march , and lake wakatipu ( 1 , 000 feet ) in december , amongst bush ; two specimens .
female . —17 mm . head and thorax ochreous - fuscous . palpi 2 ¾ , dark fuscous mixed with white , basal joint white . antennæ dark fuscous . abdomen grey , terminal segment very elongate , ovipositor long . legs grey irrorated with whitish . forewings elongate - oblong , slightly dilated , costa hardly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin rather oblique , slightly rounded ; fuscous , with scattered pale ochreous - yellowish scales ; a cloudy blackish spot on inner margin near base , above which is a line of whitish scales ; a longitudinal median black streak from base to ⅓ a strong semicircular black streak from costa at ⅓ , passing through middle of disc and returning to costa at ⅔ , obscurely margined beneath with whitish , the included space also irrorated with whitish ; subterminal line indicated by a few whitish scales : cilia whitish - fuscous with two cloudy darker lines , tips whitish . hindwings 1 ½ , fuscous - grey , becoming - dark fuscous towards hindmargin ; cilia as in forewings .
arthur ' s pass ( 3 , 000 feet ) in january ; one specimen .
female . —13–17 mm . head , palpi , and thorax fuscous or fuscous - grey , slightly mixed with grey - whitish ; palpi 2 ½ , basal joint white . antennæ dark fuscous . abdomen light grey . legs whitish , irrorated with fuscous . forewings elongate , tolerably oblong , costa almost straight , apex obtuse , hindmargin straight , rather oblique ; light fuscous , thinly and irregularly irrorated with whitish and darker fuscous ; first line obscurely whitish , posteriorly rather broadly and suffusedly dark - margined , strongly curved ; orbicular and claviform obsolete ; reniform subquadrate , cloudy , dark fuscous ; second line whitish , anteriorly dark - margined , rectilinear , obtusely angulated above middle ; subterminal line obsolete : cilia light fuscous mixed with whitish . hindwings 1 ½ , light grey or fuscous - grey , rather darker posteriorly ; cilia fuscous - whitish , with a fuscous basal line .
allied to s . hemicycla , which it resembles in form , but quite differently marked .
castle hill ( 3 , 000 feet ) , on grassy slopes in january ; two specimens .
readily recognized by the intensity of marking , yellowish streaks on veins , reniform half white and half yellow , angulated first line , and pubescent antennæ of male .
arthur ' s pass ( 3 , 000 feet , and one specimen at 1 , 500 ) , in january ; common .
this and the following species have the hindwings proportionately narrower than in any other of the genus , and are characterized by the yellowish tint of their pale markings ; s . anaplecta especially also by the pale dorsal spots , and the ochreous - whitish dark - margined hindwings .
mount wellington , tasmania , at 3 , 200 feet , in december ; two specimens .
male , female . —9–12 mm . head pale yellow , with a dark fuscous streak across crown . palpi 2 ½ , dark fuscous , apex and basal joint whitish - yellow . antennæ whitish - yellow , annulated with dark fuscous ; ciliations ⅔ . thorax whitish - yellow , a central spot and one on each shoulder blackish . abdomen dark fuscous - grey . legs whitish - yellow , banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa almost straight , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; rather dark fuscous , irrorated with blackish ; a pale yellow streak from middle of base to ¼ of inner margin ; a pale yellow dot on costa near base ; first line sharply defined , pale yellow , regularly curved , not indented ; orbicular and claviform absent ; a cloudy pale yellow spot above middle of inner margin ; reniform narrow , pale yellow , sometimes touching second
line beneath ; second line strong , pale yellow , almost straight , somewhat sinuate inwards below middle ; subterminal line narrow , indistinct , pale yellow , hardly interrupted , not touching second line : cilia with basal third dark grey , remainder whitish - yellowish , with a grey posterior line . hindwings hardly over 1 , fuscous - grey , becoming dark fuscous towards hindmargin ; cilia grey - whitish , with two cloudy grey lines .
the smallest species of the genus known to me , not to be confused with any other .
sydney , new south wales ; fernshaw , victoria ; hobart , evandale , and deloraine , tasmania ; wirrabara forest and mount gambier , south australia ; from august to december , and in march , common in damp sheltered places , especially under wet and overhanging rock - faces .
palmerston , makatoku , christchurch , akaroa , and dunedin , amongst forest , in february and march ; eight specimens .
also a very distinct and handsome species , characterized by the two conspicuous black fasciæ from costa to disc , and unusually long antennal ciliations , the longest in the genus . butler ' s description is hardly recognizable , but is intended for this species , as i have seen his type in the british museum .
castle hill ( mr . j . d . enys ) and dunedin ( mr . a . purdie ) , probably amongst bush ; i have not met with the species myself ; three specimens .
male , female . —15–19 mm . head , antennæ , and thorax whitish - grey , slightly ochreous - tinged , shoulders narrowly black ; antennal ciliations , ½ . palpi 3 , dark fuscous , apex and basal joint whitish . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs grey - whitish , tibiæ and tarsi somewhat suffused with darker grey . forewings somewhat elongate , triangular , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin rather oblique , faintly sinuate ; pale whitish - grey , slightly ochreous - tinged , with a few scattered grey and black scales ; first line only indicated by a short cloudy blackish oblique streak from inner
margin ; costa black from base to beyond middle , at first very narrowly , but shortly dilating to form a triangular sharply - defined patch , of which apex is in middle of disc ; claviform dot - like , black , or sometimes obsolete ; reniform 8 - shaped , obscurely outlined with blackish ; second line not paler , but distinctly dark - margined , somewhat bent but hardly sinuate ; a row of black dots immediately before hindmargin ; cilia grey - whitish , with a grey basal line . hindwings 1 ¼ , in male whitish , in female very pale whitish - grey ; postmedian line and hindmargin very faintly greyer ; cilia whitish , with a faint grey line .
very distinct by the peculiar black costal marking . felder ' s figure is very coarse , but indicates this correctly .
the blackish suffusion appears to form a very large blotch on costa beyond first line , nearly reaching to inner margin ; this distinguishes the species from all others .
arthur ' s pass ( 1 , 700 to 2 , 600 feet ) and lake wakatipu ( 4 , 200 feet ) , frequenting rocks in sheltered situations or amongst bush , in december and january ; rather common .
allied to s . melanægis , but much narrower - winged ( though the male may probably not differ so much in this respect ) ; immediately separated by the very different form of the black costal blotch , which does not pass downwards beyond middle of wing , and therefore appears very much more compressed longitudinally .
castle hill ( 3 , 000 feet ) , in january ; one specimen .
male . —19 mm . head white , somewhat mixed with fuscous . palpi 3 , dark fuscous mixed with whitish , basal joint white . antennæ white , annulated with grey ; ciliations ½ . thorax white , mixed with black on back and suffusedly spotted with black on shoulders . abdomen grey - whitish . legs whitish , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin oblique , slightly sinuate ; white , irregularly mixed with light grey , with a few fine scattered black scales ; a suffused blackish spot on costa at base ; first line strong , white , blackish - margined , somewhat curved , hardly indented , bent more obliquely outwards on inner margin , followed by a cloudy blackish triangular spot on costa ; costa dark fuscous from first line to ⅗ , a rather darker grey suffusion extending from this to reniform and claviform ; orbicular small , round , obscure , black - margined ; claviform elongate , cloudy , black , touching first line ; reniform 8 - shaped , black - margined , upper half grey , lower clear white ; second line strong , whitish , anteriorly dark -
margined , forming a small blackish spot on costa ; terminal space grey , veins suffused with black ; subterminal line cloudy , whitish , somewhat interrupted , not touching second line : cilia whitish , with two dark grey lines . hindwings 1 ¼ , very pale whitish - grey , lunule , postmedian line , and hindmargin hardly darker ; cilia whitish , with two grey lines .
of somewhat doubtful affinity ; recognizable by the rather broad distinct lines , dark suffusion towards costa , and clear white lower half of reniform .
bealey river , amongst forest ( 2 , 100 feet ) , in january ; one specimen .
a sharply marked species , conspicuously distinct by the straight first line , and absence of all the discal spots .
lake wakatipu , in january ( mr . r . w . fereday ) ; two specimens .
male , female . —23–26 mm . head pale ochreous , face black . palpi 2 ¼ , black , mixed with white , basal joint white . antennæ black , beneath ochreous - whitish . thorax white , anterior half , a square central spot , and posterior extremity suffused with black . abdomen whitish - ochreous , slightly irrorated with grey , segmental margins more ochreous towards base . legs white , thinly sprinkled with black , tibiæ and tarsi banded with black . forewings elongate , triangular , costa hardly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin sinuate , slightly oblique ; white , irregularly irrorated with black scales which are ochreous at their base ; a triangular blackish spot on costa
a fine species , differing from all others by the peculiar prismatic spots preceding and following reniform .
hamilton , palmerston , napier , wellington , christchurch , and otira gorge , from . december to march , usually near forest ; common where it occurs , but i have never taken it except at lamps , and always females only ; i have seen one male , taken by mr . r . w . fereday , and perhaps sixty females .
( hypochalcia submarginalis , walk . , 48 ; nephopteryx maoriella , ib . , suppl . , 1720 . )
male , female . —21–25 mm . head and thorax whitish , mixed with pale ochreous , densely irrorated with grey or dark fuscous . palpi 3 , dark fuscous mixed with whitish , basal joint white . antennæ grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen ochreous - whitish suffused with grey , more ochreous towards base . legs whitish irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings elongate , triangular , costa hardly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin very faintly sinuate , rather oblique ; ochreous or ochreous - brown , more or less densely irrorated with black , and sprinkled irregularly with whitish ; a short obscure blackish line from base of costa ; a cloudy whitish line near before and partially confluent with first line , sometimes obsolete ; first line white , cloudy , posteriorly black - margined , somewhat
curved , irregular , bent outwards on inner margin ; orbicular roundish , not pale , finely black - margined , separated from reniform by a round black - margined spot , somewhat paler and more whitish than ground colour ; claviform roundish , cloudy , black , detached ; reniform 8 - shaped , not pale , black - margined ; often a clear whitish or ochreous streak from claviform along submedian fold to second line ; sometimes a rather broad dark fuscous streak above submedian fold from first to second lines ; second line rather narrow , white , dark - margined , generally suffused with ochreous towards submedian fold , rather abruptly bent above middle ; subterminal line broad , very cloudy and indistinct , whitish , interrupted , generally touching second line ; a waved whitish hindmarginal line : cilia pale greyish , with a dark fuscous interrupted line , basal and terminal thirds obscurely barred with whitish . hindwings 1 ½ , whitish - ochreous irrorated with grey ; lunule and postmedian line very indistinctly darker ; a tolerably well - defined dark fuscous hindmarginal band ; cilia whitish , with a dark grey line .
a variable species , but generally distinguishable from its nearest allies by the irregular dark suffusion of the forewings , and the ochreous tinge and dark marginal band of the hindwings .
cambridge , palmerston , wellington , christchurch , castle hill , mount hutt , and lake wakatipu , probably universally distributed at low levels , from november to march , on rock - faces , fences , etc . ; generally abundant .
male , female . —23–27 mm . head and thorax dark slaty - grey , somewhat mixed with grey - whitish . palpi 2 ⅓ , dark fuscous , slightly mixed with whitish , basal joint white . antennæ dark grey , ciliations ⅔ . abdomen whitish - grey . legs white , irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings very elongate , triangular , costa hardly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin almost straight , slightly oblique ; rather dark slaty - grey , with an indigo - bluish tinge ( strong in very fresh specimens ) , with fine scattered grey - whitish scales , the coalescence of which forms obscure first and second lines ; first line hardly curved , moderately indented ; second line tolerably distinct on costa and inner margin ; orbicular faintly perceptible as a slightly darker suffusion ; reniform 8 - shaped , slightly darker , lower or sometimes both halves centred with whitish ; subterminal line obscurely indicated , interrupted , not touching second line : cilia slaty - grey , tips paler . hindwings 1 ⅗ , whitish - grey ; postmedian line faintly indicated ; a narrow hindmarginal band suffusedly darker grey ; cilia white , with a grey line .
very obsoletely marked ; distinguished from all by the peculiar dark bluish - grey colouring , adapted for concealment on the bare slaty rocks of the mountain - range , which it exactly resembles . the same tint recurs with the same habits in several species of other groups .
otira gorge , castle hill , lake guyon , and lake wakatipu , in january and february , from 1 , 500 to 3 , 000 feet ; always on bare shingle , usually in the bed of a mountain stream , but sometimes also in a road - way , flying a short distance close to the ground and quickly settling again ; common where it occurs .
female . —25 mm . head , palpi , and thorax grey , densely irrorated with white ; palpi 3 , basal joint white . antennæ grey . abdomen pale grey , suffused with pale ochreous towards base . legs white irrorated with fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings very elongate , somewhat triangular , costa straight , apex obtuse , hindmargin straight , slightly oblique ; ochreous - grey , densely irrorated with whitish ; lines obsolete ; orbicular and claviform both round , whitish , black - margined ; reniform 8 - shaped , unusually oblique , whitish , obscurely black - margined : cilia ochreous - grey mixed with whitish , with an obscure darker line . hind - wings 1 ⅗ , pale fuscous - grey , hindmargin suffusedly darker ; cilia whitish , with a fuscous line .
characterized by the obsolescence of the usual lines , whilst the spots are all distinctly indicated , round , dark - margined .
allied to s . submarginalis , but much lighter and greyer , with the dark suffusion confined to the anal angle , and always separable by the quite different form of the rather sharply angulated first line .
wellington , christchurch , and lake wakatipu ( 1 , 000 feet ) , from december to february , on rocks and fences ; rather common .
characterized by the comparatively small size , narrow pale forewings , dark veins , and wholly whitish hindwings .
wanganui , napier , christchurch , and mount hutt , from january to march ; six specimens .
male , female . —16–19 mm . head , palpi , and thorax greyish - ochreous or grey , mixed with whitish ; palpi 3 , basal joint white . antennæ grey , in male stout , dentate , ciliations ⅔ . abdomen whitish - ochreous , suffused with pale grey . legs white , irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings very elongate , narrow but variable , somewhat triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; whitish - ochreous or ochreous - grey , suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous or black , and densely irrorated with whitish ; markings variable in distinctness , sometimes almost wholly obsolete ; first line white , very oblique , almost - straight , indented above middle , posteriorly dark - margined ; orbicular somewhat annular , almost wholly obsolete ; claviform dot - like , blackish , usually distinct ; reniform 8 - shaped , oblique , obscurely dark - margined , indistinct ; second line white , dark - margined ; terminal space
generally darker , especially towards anal angle ; subterminal line very obscure , whitish , touching second line , not interrupted : cilia whitish , with a grey line . hindwings 1 ¾ , whitish - grey , postmedian line obscurely darker , hindmargin suffused with darker grey ; cilia as in forewings .
easily known by the narrow forewings , very oblique first line , and usually distinct blackish dot - like claviform .
hamilton , napier , masterton , and christchurch , in sandy grassy places or at lamps , from january to march , tolerably common .
male , female . —21–27 mm . quite similar to s . leptalea , but antennæ of male slender , filiform , ciliations 1 ; orbicular tolerably distinct , partially outlined with blackish .
this species so closely resembles s . leptalea , except in the considerably larger size , that it would probably pass for a local variety , but the structural difference in the antennæ of the male must be taken to warrant specific separation . the forewings are perhaps even somewhat narrower proportionately , and the claviform usually more conspicuous .
arthur ' s pass , on grassy slopes at 4 , 500 feet , in january ; three specimens ( 2 male , 1 female ) . a more ochreous - tinged female from near dunedin is probably also referable to this species .
male , female . —18–19 mm . head , palpi , antennæ , and thorax reddish - ochreous - brown ; palpi 4 , towards base white beneath . antennal ciliations ½ . abdomen ochreous - whitish , tinged with grey . legs white , tarsi and anterior tibiæ banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , narrow at base , costa almost straight , posteriorly moderately arched , apex rounded , hindmargin slightly sinuate , oblique ; light ochreous - grey ; basal third reddish - ochreous - brown , terminated by first line ; first line straight , slender , white , not oblique , followed by a narrow dark reddish - brown fascia edged with black posteriorly and suffused with black on inner margin ; median space irrorated with white , wholly suffused with white posteriorly ; reniform small , linear , transverse , reddish - ochreous ; a small triangular reddish - ochreous black - margined spot on costa beyond middle ; second line slender , whitish , anteriorly dark - margined ; terminal space greyish - ochreous , irrorated with blackish , subterminal line obscure , whitish , suffused into hindmargin : cilia ochreous - whitish , with an interrupted dark fuscous line . hindwings 1 ¼ , pale whitish - grey ; lunule , postmedian line , and hindmarginal band light grey ; cilia grey - whitish , with dark grey dots on veins .
conspicuously distinct , and of doubtful affinity , but perhaps allied to s . feredayi ; the straight perpendicular dark reddish - brown fascia beyond first line is a peculiar feature .


rhacophorus arvalis is a species of frog in the rhacophoridae family endemic to taiwan .

it is a medium-sized tree frog ; females are up to 6.5 cm ( 2.6 in ) in snout-vent length , and males are much smaller .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , intermittent freshwater marshes , arable land , plantations , rural gardens , and irrigated land .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

conservation measures include maintaining traditional agricultural practices .

rhacophorus arvalis

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arkive species - farmland green treefrog ( rhacophorus arvalis )
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rhacophorus arvalis lue , lai , and chen , 1995 , j . herpetol . , 29 : 339 . holotype : ntnub 169001 , by original designation . type locality :
minhsiung ( 120° 33′ e , 23° 33′ n , elevation about 50 m , . . . ) , 12 km n chiai city , chiai hsien , taiwan
, china .
lue , g . y . , lai , j . s . and chen , s . h . 1995 . a new rhacophorus ( anura : rhacophoridae ) from taiwan . journal of herpetology 29 ( 3 ) : 338 - 345 .
lue , tu , and hsiang , 1999 , atlas taiwan amph . rept . : 52 - 53 , provided a brief account . see map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 538 . fei , hu , ye , and huang , 2009 , fauna sinica , amph . 2 : 817 - 822 , provided an account , spot map , and considered this species a member of their rhacophorus moltrechti group . fei , ye , and jiang , 2010 , colored atlas of chinese amph . : 449 , provided a brief account for china including photographs of specimens . fei , ye , and jiang , 2012 , colored atlas chinese amph . distr . : 531 , provided an account , photographs , and a range map .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as endangered , because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000km2 and its area of occupancy is less than 500km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .
this species is known from agricultural areas in chiayi , yunlin and tainan counties , in south - western taiwan , province of china . it occurs up to 1 , 000m asl .
it is associated with disturbed areas with traditional farming practices , and inhabits bamboo forests , orchards , sugar - cane fields , scrubland and cultivated fields in the lowlands . it breeds in temporary rain water pools in orchards .
infrastructure development for industry and human settlement , and agricultural pollution , are its major threats .
it is only found in disturbed farmland areas . presently there are about 20 landowners who have agreed to maintain the traditional farming practices for the forseeable future in the yulin area in the central part of taiwan , province of china .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : marginal 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 8 . wetlands ( inland ) - seasonal / intermittent freshwater marshes / pools ( under 8ha ) suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 1 . artificial / terrestrial - arable land suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 3 . artificial / terrestrial - plantations suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 4 . artificial / terrestrial - rural gardens suitability : suitable 15 . artificial / aquatic & marine - > 15 . 7 . artificial / aquatic - irrigated land ( includes irrigation channels ) suitability : suitable
2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management 2 . land / water management - > 2 . 3 . habitat & natural process restoration 5 . law & policy - > 5 . 1 . legislation - > 5 . 1 . 3 . sub - national level 5 . law & policy - > 5 . 4 . compliance and enforcement - > 5 . 4 . 3 . sub - national level
1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 1 . housing & urban areas
1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 2 . commercial & industrial areas
9 . pollution - > 9 . 3 . agricultural & forestry effluents - > 9 . 3 . 4 . type unknown / unrecorded
1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 6 . actions 2 . conservation planning - > 2 . 1 . species action / recovery plan 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends
iucn . 2004 . 2004 iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 23 november 2004 ) .
lue , k . - y . , tu , m . - c . and hsiang , g . 1999 . atlas of taiwan amphibians and reptiles . nature press , taipei .
mackinnon , j . , meng , s . , cheung , c . , carey , g . , zhu , x . and melville , d . 1996 . a biodiversity review of china . world wide fund for nature international , hong kong .
yang , y . - j . 1998 . a field guide to the frogs and toads of taiwan . nature and ecology photographer ' s society , taipei .
is a medium - sized tree frog , with male svl of 39 . 9 - 46 . 4 mm and females 59 . 5 - 64 . 0 mm in svl . it can be distinguished from congeners by the combination of a green supratympanic fold , uniformly green dorsum , white stripe on flank , white venter , skin flaps along forearm and tarsus that are narrowed and smoothed , forearm flap extending along the outer dege of the fourth finger , a prominent palmar tubercle , thigh that is uniformly pink , and pink foot webbing ( lue et al . 1995 ) .
coloration in life : the dorsum can vary from dark green to nearly yellow . supratympanic fold green . upper lip is white ; a single white stripe continues onto the flank . flank below the white stripe is dark purple . lower lip and edge of gular region are silver gray to white . venter is grayish white while the infraanal region is white . forelimb is green above and white below , with a white fold running along the outer edge from forearm to finger iv and a black stripe under the white fold . fingers i and ii pink on both dorsal and ventral surfaces . fingers ii and iv green ( except pink tips ) dorsally ; fingers iii and iv pink on ventral surfaces . hindlimb is green above , white below , with white fringe present from outer edge of tibiotarsal joint to tip of toe v . thigh is dark pink on anterior and posterior margins ; posterior thigh has a horizontal stripe that is particularly prominent behind the anus . toes i - iii are pink above and below . toes iv and v are greenish dorsally , but gradually reddening toward tip . all toe tips are pink . ventral surface of foot is pink . the iris yellow , with a black horizontal pupil . there is no sexual dimorphism in color pattern ( lue et al . 1995 ) .
the tadpole has a depressed body that is elliptical when viewed from above , with a weak lateral constriction . dorsal surfaces are dark brown with irregularly - shaped black spotting . ventral skin is silver - white except for the transparent midbody ( lue et al . 1995 ) .
endemic to taiwan . this species occurs in the agricultural areas of chiayi , yunlin , and tainin counties in southwestern taiwan below 1000 m asl . it is found in bamboo forests , as well as in orchards , sugar - cane fields , scrubland and cultivated fields ( stuart et al . 2008 ) .
is nocturnal and is active during the rainy season , from mid - april to late august . during these rainy months , males are often found calling from lychee trees , mango trees , sugarcane , guava trees , pineapples , bamboo , and in rice paddies . the call is the simplest of all taiwanese species of
, and consists of a single high - pitched note that sounds like
dee
. the fundamental frequency is about 2 . 5 khz and the frequency is modulated , reaching maximum at 0 . 1 second and then fading away . two to four harmonics are present , particularly at 5 . 0 and 7 . 6 khz . the average call duration is 0 . 63 s , and average interval is 1 . 12 s ( lue et al . 1995 ) .
white foam nests are found in temporary ponds located in forests or adjacent to rice paddies , or in orchards . nests contain between 104 to 311 eggs . eggs are yellowish - white and measure 1 . 95 to 3 . 00 mm in diameter . tadpoles metamorphose after 40 days on average ( lue et al . 1995 ; stuart et al . 2008 ) .
adults commonly consume blowflies ( family calliphoridae ) ( lue et al . 1995 ) .
this species is common but declining . it has only been found in disturbed areas that are used for agriculture . it is most threatened by road construction , industrial development , housing developments , prescribed burns in sugarcane fields , and agricultural pollution from pesticides ( lue et al . 1995 ; stuart et al . 2008 ) . taipei zoo and taipei zoological foundation are working to conserve
; although their first initiative to subsidize farmers growing bamboo did not succeed in maintaining frog habitat , new efforts are being made to preserve the habitat via support for ecotourism and a green - label certification system ( chang et al . 2008 ) .
it thrives in traditional agricultural lands ( lue et al . 1995 ) , and is also found in the pet trade in central taiwan ( hou et al . 2006 ) .
is derived from the latin word for agriculture and refers to the discovery of this frog in agricultural areas .
this species has 2n = 26 chromosomes , consisting of five large and eight small pairs . pair numbers 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , and 12 are metacentric , while pair numbers 2 , 3 , 10 , and 13 are submetacentric ( lue et al . 1995 ) .
lue , g . y . , lai , j . s . and chen , s . h . ( 1995 ) . ' ' a new
stuart , s . , hoffmann , m . , chanson , j . , cox , n . , berridge , r . , ramani , p . , and young , b . ( eds ) ( 2008 ) .
lynx edicions , iucn , and conservation international , barcelona , spain ; gland , switzerland ; and arlington , virginia , usa .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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frost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
amphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )
frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
information on the farmland green treefrog is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
* will not find nomina inquirenda ; use basic search ( above ) for that purpose .
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hyl . . .
anywhere in a record : e . g . , hylarana , hyla , hylidae , hylinae , hylaedactyla .
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farmland green treefrog ( lue , tu , and hsiang , 1999 , atlas taiwan amph . rept . : 52 ) .
agricultural areas in chiayi , yunlin , and tainan counties in southwestern taiwan , china , up to 1000 m elevation .
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for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .


amietophrynus langanoensis , the lake langano toad is a species of toad in the family bufonidae .

it is found in ethiopia , and possibly in eritrea and somalia .

it has been recorded from lake langano and the awash national park .

its natural habitats are dry savanna , subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , rivers , freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , and canals and ditches .

it is threatened by environmental degradation and water pollution .

amietophrynus langanoensis

amietophrynus is a large genus of true toads . they live in africa . at first amietophrynus species were included in the genus bufo . they have been split because they are considered different enough .
it is possible that this name covers two species ( tandy pers . comm . ) . this species was under the generic name amietophrynus but is now treated under sclerophrys ( frost 2016 ) . this is an amended assessment created to account for the change in generic name .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 october 2016 ) . new york , usa available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainties as to its taxonomic status , extent of occurrence and ecological requirements .
this species is known only from the northern rift valley of ethiopia , at 700 - 1 , 585 m asl , where it has been recorded from two localities : lake langano , and the awash national park . its distribution is not typical of an endemic species to ethiopia , and m . largen ( pers . comm . ) considers that it might be found to occur in eritrea and somalia . however , m . tandy ( pers . comm . ) thinks that it might be more restricted , and that the two known populations might belong to different species ( in which case their ranges should not be joined , contrary to what has been done in attempts to map their distribution for this assessment ) .
this species was found to be reasonably numerous at both the type locality ( lake langano ) and in the awash national park during the 1970s . there has been little recent survey work within its range .
it is associated with permanent water in arid savannah and semi - desert country . it has been found in and around small lakes , stream - fed pools , irrigation ditches , and large freshwater ( non - alkaline ) lakes , in a general landscape ranging from a sub - desert steppe of volcanic rubble , xerophilous grasses and thorn scrub , to heavily grazed acacia savannah . it breeds by larval development in permanent lakes and pools .
the main threats to this species are environmental degradation and water pollution , resulting from urban expansion and human settlement , agricultural encroachment , and increasing numbers of domestic livestock . however , this species might well benefit from irrigation schemes on the awash river , which could increase the availability of suitable habitat .
the only protected area in which it is currently known to occur is awash national park . research is needed on its taxonomy , distribution and population status .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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