galaxea is a genus of colonial stony corals in the family euphylliidae .

common names include crystal , galaxy , starburst and tooth coral .

they are abundant on reefs in the indo-pacific region and the red sea .

they are found in water less than 20 metres ( 66 ft ) deep and favour turbid sites .

they are sometimes kept in reef aquaria .

galaxea

the scientific name of galaxy coral is galaxea species . some specific scientific names of galaxy coral are galaxea fascicularis and galaxea astreata .
variety galaxea fascicularis var . anthophyllites chevalier , 1971 accepted as galaxea fascicularis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( synonym )
variety galaxea fascicularis var . aspera chevalier , 1971 accepted as galaxea fascicularis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( synonym )
variety galaxea fascicularis var . columnaris chevalier , 1971 accepted as galaxea fascicularis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( synonym )
variety galaxea fascicularis var . ellisi chevalier , 1971 accepted as galaxea fascicularis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( synonym )
variety galaxea fascicularis var . lawisiana chevalier , 1971 accepted as galaxea fascicularis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( synonym )
variety galaxea fascicularis var . minima chevalier , 1971 accepted as galaxea fascicularis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( synonym )
variety galaxea fascicularis var . solida chevalier , 1971 accepted as galaxea fascicularis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( synonym )
species galaxea colamnaris eguchi & shirai , 1977 accepted as galaxea fascicularis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( synonym . probably misspelling of g . columnaris )
species galaxea columnaris eguchi & shirai , 1977 accepted as galaxea fascicularis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ( synonymy , original spelling is g . colamnaris )
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galaxea astreata . philippines . a large colony of tiered plated . charlie veron .
galaxea horrescens . papua new guinea . a finely branched colony . jim maragos .
galaxea horrescens . indonesia . with tentacles extended during the day . charlie veron .
information on galaxea acrhelia is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the galaxea species may filter feed a few times every week when it is open .
galaxea colamnaris eguchi & shirai , 1977 ( synonym . probably misspelling of g . columnaris )
galaxea columnaris eguchi & shirai , 1977 ( synonymy , original spelling is g . colamnaris )
galaxea fascicularis . great barrier reef , australia . variation in surface detail . charlie veron .
galaxy coral belongs to the kingdom animalia , phylum cnidaria , family oculinidae and genus galaxea .
galaxea astreata . tanzania . colonies in the western indian ocean are usually columnar . charlie veron .
galaxea astreata . scott reef , western australia . corallites are sometimes very elongate . charlie veron .
galaxea astreata . great barrier reef , australia . showing colony being overgrown by g . fascicularis .
galaxea horrescens . guam . corallites usually have very long sabre - like septa . gustav paulay .
power compact , vho , t - 5 and metal halide lighting are recommended for the galaxea species .
place the galaxea species anywhere from the middle to the top of your reef tank on a live rock .
galaxea astreata . scott reef , western australia . a large colony composed of columns and plates . charlie veron .
galaxea fascicularis . great barrier reef , australia . showing g . astreata colony being overgrown by g . fascicularis .
galaxea astreata . red sea . relatively closely compacted corallites on a colony in shallow water . mary stafford - smith .
galaxea fascicularis . null . corallite detail . the sabre - like septa are visible inside the tentacles . valerie taylor .
( of galaxea anthophyllites faurot , 1894 ) faurot , l . ( 1894 ) . description du galaxea anthophyllites , nouvelle espèce de polypier de la mer rouge . bulletin de la société zoologique de france 19 : 114 - 116 . [ details ]
the galaxea species stings anything that touches it . therefore , keep the other marine aquarium invertebrates away from the other coral .
galaxea astreata . philippines . colonies growing in conditions of low light are usually flat plates with widely spaced corallites . charlie veron .
galaxea horrescens . great barrier reef , australia . colonies are usually compact in shallow water exposed to wave action . ed lovell .
description the skeleton of galaxea is very distinctive . corallites are extremely plocoid , though in this species they are usually . . .
galaxea astreata . houtman abrolhos islands , south - western australia . widely spaced corallites on a colony in deep water . charlie veron .
galaxea fascicularis . papua new guinea . massive colonies over 2 metres diameter are common in the central indo - pacific . charlie veron .
galaxea fascicularis . tanzania . colonies may be very large but are usually and small cushion - shaped in the western indian ocean . charlie veron .
breeding : the galaxea species breeds easily and rapidly in the marine aquarium if its environmental needs are met therein and if it gets ample nutrition .
description the skeleton of galaxea is very distinctive . corallites are extremely plocoid , 3 - 15 mm tall cylinders set into a flat and . . .
( of galaxea tenella brüggemann , 1879 ) brüggemann f ( 1879 ) ueber die korallen der insel ponapé . journal du museum godefroy , hamburg 14 : 201 - 212 . [ details ]
( of galaxea milne edwards , 1857 ) milne edwards h ( 1857 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits 2 : 1 - 631 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris . [ details ]
keep galaxy coral away from the other tank members as the coral stings anything that comes in its contact . give six inches of space all around the galaxea species so that it can spread itself fully .
( of galaxea clavus dana , 1846 ) veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]
( of galaxea musicalis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ) milne edwards h ( 1857 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits 2 : 1 - 631 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris . [ details ]
( of galaxea quoyi ( milne edwards & haime ) ) milne edwards h ( 1857 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits 2 : 1 - 631 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris . [ details ]
( of galaxea irregularis ( milne edwards & haime ) ) milne edwards h ( 1857 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits 2 : 1 - 631 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris . [ details ]
galaxea coral , galaxea fascicularis , features long sweeper tentacles over a dome shaped skeleton . often colors vary from deep greens to purples and browns . this coral propagates easily in the tank so long as it is kept with moderate to strong water flow and moderate to high lighting . it is photosynthetic but will benefit from supplemental carnivorous feedings . be careful with its stinging tentacles while handling and be sure not to place it near other corals .
( of galaxea ellisi ( milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) ) milne edwards h ( 1857 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits 2 : 1 - 631 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris . [ details ]
( of galaxea columnaris eguchi & shirai , 1977 ) veron , j . e . n . ( 1992 ) . hermatypic corals of japan . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 9 : 1 - 234 . [ details ]
( of galaxea colamnaris eguchi & shirai , 1977 ) veron , j . e . n . ( 1992 ) . hermatypic corals of japan . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 9 : 1 - 234 . [ details ]
potts dc ( 1995 ) porites link , 1807 , galaxea oken , 1815 , mussa oken , 1815 and dendrophyllia blainville , 1830 ( anthozoa , scleractinia ) : proposed conservation . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 52 : 142 - 147 . [ details ]
iczn ( 2004 ) porites link , 1807 , galaxea oken , 1815 , mussa oken , 1815 and dendrophyllia blainville , 1830 ( anthozoa , scleractinia ) : generic names conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 61 : 51 - 53 . [ details ]
( of galaxea colamnaris eguchi & shirai , 1977 ) eguchi m , shirai s . ( 1977 ) . in : shirai s ( ed . ) ecological encyclopedia of the marine animals of the rykyu islands . shinsei - tosho , okinawa . [ details ]
( of galaxea columnaris eguchi & shirai , 1977 ) eguchi m , shirai s . ( 1977 ) . in : shirai s ( ed . ) ecological encyclopedia of the marine animals of the rykyu islands . shinsei - tosho , okinawa . [ details ]
( of galaxea columnaris eguchi & shirai , 1977 ) shirai , s . ( 1980 ) . ecological encyclopedia of the marine animals of the ryukyu islands in colour . revised 3rd edition . okinawa kyoiku shuppan , okinawa . 636 : pp . [ details ]
( of galaxea colamnaris eguchi & shirai , 1977 ) shirai , s . ( 1980 ) . ecological encyclopedia of the marine animals of the ryukyu islands in colour . revised 3rd edition . okinawa kyoiku shuppan , okinawa . 636 : pp . [ details ]
( of galaxea clavus dana , 1846 ) dana , j . d . 1846 . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . zoophytes 7 : 1 - 740 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of galaxea heterocyathus ortmann , 1889 ) ortmann , a . 1889 . beobachtungen an steinkorallen von der südküste ceylons . zoologische jahrbüchern , abteilung für systematik , biologie und biogeographie der tiere 4 : 493 - 590 , pls . 11 - 17 . [ details ]
( of galaxea esperi ( schweigger , 1820 ) ) schweigger , a . f . ( 1820 ) . handbuch der naturgeschichte der skelettlosen ungegliederten thiere . leipzig , im verlag der dyk ' schen buchhandlung . 1 - 802 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of galaxea lawisiana nemenzo , 1959 ) nemenzo f ( 1959 ) systematic studies on philippine shallow water scleractinians : ii . suborder faviida . natural and applied science bulletin , university of the philippines 16 : 73 - 135 , pls . 1 - 24 . [ details ]
( of galaxea hexagonalis ( milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) ) sheppard , c . r . c . ( 1987 ) . coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas : a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns . atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]
( of galaxea hexagonalis ( milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) ) milne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . mémoire 4 . monographie des astréides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]
( of galaxea ellisi ( milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) ) milne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . mémoire 4 . monographie des astréides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]
( of galaxea hexagonalis ( milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) ) milne edwards h , haime j ( 1851 ) monographie des polypiers fossiles des terrains paleozoïques précédée d’un tableau général de la classification des polypes . muséum national d’histoire naturelle , paris , archives 5 : 1–502 , 20 pls . [ details ]
( of galaxea anthophyllites faurot , 1894 ) chevalier jp ( 1971 ) les scléractiniaires de la mélanésie française ( nouvelle - caledonie , iles chesterfield , iles loyauté , nouvelles hébrides ) . i . expedition française sur les récifs coralliens nouv . - calédonie 5 : 1 - 307 , pls . 1 - 38 . paris . [ details ]
( of galaxea fascicularis var . ellisi chevalier , 1971 ) chevalier jp ( 1971 ) les scléractiniaires de la mélanésie française ( nouvelle - caledonie , iles chesterfield , iles loyauté , nouvelles hébrides ) . i . expedition française sur les récifs coralliens nouv . - calédonie 5 : 1 - 307 , pls . 1 - 38 . paris . [ details ]
( of galaxea fascicularis var . aspera chevalier , 1971 ) chevalier jp ( 1971 ) les scléractiniaires de la mélanésie française ( nouvelle - caledonie , iles chesterfield , iles loyauté , nouvelles hébrides ) . i . expedition française sur les récifs coralliens nouv . - calédonie 5 : 1 - 307 , pls . 1 - 38 . paris . [ details ]
( of galaxea fascicularis var . solida chevalier , 1971 ) chevalier jp ( 1971 ) les scléractiniaires de la mélanésie française ( nouvelle - caledonie , iles chesterfield , iles loyauté , nouvelles hébrides ) . i . expedition française sur les récifs coralliens nouv . - calédonie 5 : 1 - 307 , pls . 1 - 38 . paris . [ details ]
( of galaxea fascicularis var . lawisiana chevalier , 1971 ) chevalier jp ( 1971 ) les scléractiniaires de la mélanésie française ( nouvelle - caledonie , iles chesterfield , iles loyauté , nouvelles hébrides ) . i . expedition française sur les récifs coralliens nouv . - calédonie 5 : 1 - 307 , pls . 1 - 38 . paris . [ details ]
( of galaxea fascicularis var . anthophyllites chevalier , 1971 ) chevalier jp ( 1971 ) les scléractiniaires de la mélanésie française ( nouvelle - caledonie , iles chesterfield , iles loyauté , nouvelles hébrides ) . i . expedition française sur les récifs coralliens nouv . - calédonie 5 : 1 - 307 , pls . 1 - 38 . paris . [ details ]
( of galaxea fascicularis var . minima chevalier , 1971 ) chevalier jp ( 1971 ) les scléractiniaires de la mélanésie française ( nouvelle - caledonie , iles chesterfield , iles loyauté , nouvelles hébrides ) . i . expedition française sur les récifs coralliens nouv . - calédonie 5 : 1 - 307 , pls . 1 - 38 . paris . [ details ]
( of galaxea fascicularis var . columnaris chevalier , 1971 ) chevalier jp ( 1971 ) les scléractiniaires de la mélanésie française ( nouvelle - caledonie , iles chesterfield , iles loyauté , nouvelles hébrides ) . i . expedition française sur les récifs coralliens nouv . - calédonie 5 : 1 - 307 , pls . 1 - 38 . paris . [ details ]
( of galaxea ellisi ( milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) ) chevalier jp ( 1971 ) les scléractiniaires de la mélanésie française ( nouvelle - caledonie , iles chesterfield , iles loyauté , nouvelles hébrides ) . i . expedition française sur les récifs coralliens nouv . - calédonie 5 : 1 - 307 , pls . 1 - 38 . paris . [ details ]
( of galaxea hystrix dana , 1846 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea tenella brüggemann , 1879 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea fragilis quelch , 1886 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea lawisiana nemenzo , 1959 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea aspera quelch , 1886 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea heterocyathus ortmann , 1889 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea clavus dana , 1846 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea esperi ( schweigger , 1820 ) ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea musicalis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea quoyi ( milne edwards & haime ) ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea irregularis ( milne edwards & haime ) ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea hexagonalis ( milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea ellisi ( milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of galaxea fragilis quelch , 1886 ) quelch , j . j . 1886 . report on the reef - corals collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873–79 . zoology 16 ( 3 ) : 1 - 203 , pls . 1 - 12 . [ details ]
( of galaxea aspera quelch , 1886 ) quelch , j . j . 1886 . report on the reef - corals collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873–79 . zoology 16 ( 3 ) : 1 - 203 , pls . 1 - 12 . [ details ]
( of galaxea hystrix dana , 1846 ) dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
( of galaxea musicalis ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ) linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
colonies are up to 30 cm across and consist of irregular branches composed of irregularly fused corallites which vary in size . larger corallites have three cycles of septa . primary septa almost reach the corallite centre where they plunge vertically . third cycle septa are short . septa are not as exsert as in other galaxea species . there is no columella . two subequal cycles of costae extend down the outer wall of all corallites , becoming submerged in the coenosteum . the surface of main branches is composed of smooth coenosteum . tentacles are extended day and night .
family oculinidae : ( l . oculus , eye ; l . - ina , like ) . . . . presumably relating to the eye - like appearance of the calices . this is a primarily cenozoic family . it has a poor fossil record and doubtful affinities with the rhipidogyridae , a cretaceous family of doubtful validity .
, the genus contains endosymbiotic ( zooxanthellate ) and azooxanthellate species . the two groups do not have morphologically distinctive characters .
loosely branched colonies that are straggly and bushy ( phaceloid ) with usually pale yellowish in color . the main branches are less or about 1cm in diameter while the side branches are < 1cm . corallites are distinct , separate and widely spaced - sometimes crowded at the branch tips . calices are 3 - 4mm in diameter . septa are visible with 12 slightly exsert septa of the primary cycle and are more prominent than the intermediate ones . septa are minutely dentate .
fossil record : cretaceous ( ? ) , oligocene of the tethys , miocene of the tethys .
, endemic to the east african coast , is unlike that of any other coral .
encrusting to branching colonies that are sometimes over 1m across . branching is upright and light brown or blue - gray . corallites are circular and up to 4 - 5mm in diameter but are occasionally linked in a series .
oken , l . 1815 - 1816 . lehrbuch der naturgeschichte . dritter theil , zoologie . erste abteilung , fleischlose thiere : 1 - 841 ( register ) ( 1815 ) ; atlas : i - iv , pls . i - xvii ( 1816 ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
description colonies are massive , columnar , encrusting or irregular . corallites are cylindrical , thin - walled and separated by a . . .
description colonies are massive , columnar , encrusting or irregular . corallites are cylindrical , thin - walled and separated by a blistery coenosteum . columellae are weak or absent . septa are very exsert . polyps are sometimes extended during the day ( veron , 1986 ) . [ details ]
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
( of acrhelia edwards & haime , 1849 ) milne h . ; haime , j . ( 1849 ) . mémoire sur les polypiers appartenant a la famille des oculinides , au groupe intermediate des pseudoastréides et a la famille des fongides . comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l ' académie des sciences . 149 : 636 - 637 . [ details ]
( of acrohelia milne edwards , 1857 ) milne edwards h ( 1857 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits 2 : 1 - 631 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris . [ details ]
kitano , y . f . ; benzoni , f . ; arrigoni , r . ; shirayama , y . ; wallace , c . c . ; fukami , h . ( 2014 ) . a phylogeny of the family poritidae ( cnidaria , scleractinia ) based on molecular and morphological analyses . plos one . 9 ( 5 ) : e98406 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , london . [ details ]
veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of acrhelia edwards & haime , 1849 ) van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of acrhelia edwards & haime , 1849 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of acrohelia milne edwards , 1857 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
remark type species : madrepora fascicularis linnaeus , 1767 ( veron , 1986 ) . [ details ]
linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of madrepora fascicularis linnaeus , 1767 ) linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sarcinula hexagonalis milne edwards & haime , 1848 ) milne edwards h , haime j ( 1849 ) recherches sur les polypiers . mémoire 4 . monographie des astréides . annales des sciences naturelles , zoologie , series 3 , 12 : 95 - 197 . [ details ]
cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]
( of madrepora fascicularis linnaeus , 1767 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of madrepora fascicularis linnaeus , 1767 ) budd , a . f . , fukami , h . , smith , n . d . & knowlton , n . 2012 . taxonomic classification of the reef coral family mussidae ( cnidaria : anthozoa : scleractinia . zoological journal of the linnean society 166 : 465–529 . [ details ]
afcd . ( 2004 ) . ecological status and revised species records of hong kong’s scleractinian corals . agriculture , fisheries and conservation department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]
spelling spelled g . fasicularis in sheppard ( 1998 ) . type locality : torres strait , great barrier reef ( veron , 1986 ) . [ details ]
colonies are submassive , columnar or encrusting and commonly exceed 2 metres across in turbid water . corallites sometimes vary greatly in size depending on where they occur on the colony ; they are usually 3 - 4 . 5 millimetres diameter . usually eight to twelve septa reach the corallite centre . tentacles are seldom fully extended during the day .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : veron and pichon ( 1980 ) , veron and hodgson ( 1989 ) . additional identification guides : veron ( 1986 ) , sheppard and sheppard ( 1991 ) , nishihira and veron ( 1995 ) .
© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0
colonies are arborescent . corallites are tubular and thin walled with flaring rims . columellae are absent . septa are very exsert . tentacles are usually extended only at night . they have tapering translucent tentacles with white tips .
colour : pale brown , yellow or green , sometimes with white branch ends .
habitat : usually found in reef areas with good water circulation and light availability .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : veron and pichon ( 1980 , as acrhelia horrescens ) . additional identification guides : randall and myers ( 1983 ) , veron ( 1986 ) , nishihira and veron ( 1995 ) , all as acrhelia horrescens .
small colonies are cushion - shaped or low domes or are irregular . large colonies , which frequently exceed 5 metres across , are columnar or massive . corallites are of mixed sizes , usually less than 10 millimetres diameter with numerous septa reaching the corallite centre . tentacles are usually extended during the day .
colour : usually green , grey , red or brown , commonly with tentacles and septa of contrasting colours . tentacles often have conspicuous white tips .
abundance : common in a wide range of habitats and may be a dominant species on inshore fringing reefs .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : veron and pichon ( 1980 ) . additional identification guides : veron ( 1986 ) , sheppard and sheppard ( 1991 ) , nishihira and veron ( 1995 ) , coles ( 1996 ) .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : veron ( 2002 ) .
lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome second . paris : verdière , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caryophyllia astreata lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . - b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome second . paris : verdière , 568 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
type locality
indian ocean
( veron , 1986 ) . [ details ]
( of madrepora musicale linnaeus , 1767 ) linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
chevalier jp ( 1971 ) les scléractiniaires de la mélanésie française ( nouvelle - caledonie , iles chesterfield , iles loyauté , nouvelles hébrides ) . i . expedition française sur les récifs coralliens nouv . - calédonie 5 : 1 - 307 , pls . 1 - 38 . paris . [ details ]
( of madrepora musicale linnaeus , 1767 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of anthophyllum musicale ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ) linnaeus c . ( 1767 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . ed . 12 . 1 . , regnum animale . 1 & 2 . holmiae , laurentii salvii . holmiae [ stockholm ] , laurentii salvii . pp . 1 - 532 [ 1766 ] pp . 533 - 1327 [ 1767 ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of anthophyllum musicale ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of anthophyllum musicale ( linnaeus , 1767 ) ) dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
( of anthophyllum clavus dana , 1846 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of anthophyllum clavus dana , 1846 ) dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
( of caryophyllia astreata lamarck , 1816 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
j . e . n . veron , lyndon m . devantier , emre turak , alison l . green , stuart kininmonth , mary stafford - smith , nate peterson
serapion n . tanduyan , panfilo e . ciriaco , ricardo b . gonzaga , wilfredo g . anoos , lourdes m . garciano , berenice t . andriano
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : the most important known threat for this species is extensive reduction of coral reef habitat due to a combination of threats , however , this species is also harvested for the aquarium trade . specific population trends are unknown but population reduction can be inferred from estimated habitat loss ( wilkinson 2004 ) . it is widespread and common throughout its range and therefore is likely to be more resilient to habitat loss and reef degradation because of an assumed large effective population size that is highly connected and / or stable with enhanced genetic variability . therefore , the estimated habitat loss of 20 % from reefs already destroyed within its range is the best inference of population reduction since it may survive in coral reefs already at the critical stage of degradation ( wilkinson 2004 ) . this inference of population reduction over three generation lengths ( 30 years ) does not meet the threshold of a threat category . however , since this population reduction estimate is close to a threatened threshold , and because this species is moderately susceptible to a number of threats , it is likely to be one of the species lost on some reefs currently at the critical stage of degradation and therefore is near threatened . predicted threats from climate change and ocean acidification make it important to reassess this species in 10 years or sooner , particularly if the species is actually observed to disappear from reefs currently at the critical stage of reef degradation .
in the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the red sea and gulf of aden , southwestern indian ocean , central indian ocean and the gulf , central indo - pacific , western , northern and eastern australia , japan and south china sea , oceanic west pacific , central pacific .
this species is common in a wide range of habitats and may be a dominant species on inshore fringing reefs .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
this species is common on reef slopes . this species is found in reef environments protected from strong wave action . it is commonly found from 3 - 15 m , rarely from 1 - 2 m , in the south china sea and gulf of siam ( titlyanov and titlyanova 2002 ) . the maximum size is over 5 m .
all corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species’ range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity . having timely access to national - level trade data for cites analysis reports would be valuable for monitoring trends this species . the species is targeted by collectors for the aquarium trade and fisheries management is required for the species , e . g . , mpas , quotas , size limits , etc . consideration of the suitability of species for aquaria should also be included as part of fisheries management , and population surveys should be carried out to monitor the effects of harvesting . recommended conservation measures include population surveys to monitor the effects of collecting for the aquarium trade , especially in indonesia .
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justification : the most important known threat for this species is extensive reduction of coral reef habitat due to a combination of threats . specific population trends are unknown but population reduction can be inferred from estimated habitat loss ( wilkinson 2004 ) . it is widespread and common throughout its range and therefore is likely to be more resilient to habitat loss and reef degradation because of an assumed large effective population size that is highly connected and / or stable with enhanced genetic variability . therefore , the estimated habitat loss of 19 % from reefs already destroyed within its range is the best inference of population reduction since it may survive in coral reefs already at the critical stage of degradation ( wilkinson 2004 ) . this inference of population reduction over three generation lengths ( 30 years ) does not meet the threshold of a threat category and this species is least concern . however , because of predicted threats from climate change and ocean acidification it will be important to reassess this species in 10 years or sooner , particularly if the species is also observed to disappear from reefs currently at the critical stage of reef degradation .
in the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the central indo - pacific , northern , western , and eastern australia , south china sea , and oceanic west pacific .
this species is common at greater depths where it can grow in large fields . it reproduces asexually by fragmentation . this species is found to 25 m .
all corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species’ range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .
veron , j . e . n . , 1986 . corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson .
veron , j . e . n . , 2000 . corals of the world . volumes 1 - 3 . ? australian institute of marine science , townsville , qld .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
charlie ( j . e . n ) veron j . veron @ urltoken urltoken
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this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
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hadsan is the name of a popular philippino beach with facilities and a harbour . it is there that guphil i has its base . in the harbour special marine life with a few fishes not seen elsewhere on the island . outside a 60 m wide shallow with algae growth down to 3 m , then rocks with corals and a drop - off that starts at 8 m . quite vertical .
algae fields with corals in the shallows . a lot of dead coral plenty of interesting marine life because of dynamite fishing . drop - off with very interesting marine life .
super : one of the best places in the visayas . lots of crabs , nudibranches , fishes , corals etc . . mandarine fishes are common . sea horses , pipe fishes , too much to name .
6 m is the worst , average 12 m , on clear days 30 m .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .
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is a great candidate for your marine aquarium . beautiful to look at and quite hardy physically , galaxy coral qualifies with full marks to join your big sized marine aquarium . initially requiring significant care , galaxy coral is an easy coral once it adjusts to your aquarium . galaxy coral breeds and grows easily if your marine aquarium meets its specifications . the article encompasses details about some key features of galaxy coral that affect its maintenance in your marine aquarium .
the other common names of galaxy coral are star coral , tooth coral , crystal coral and moon coral .
galaxy coral originates from the red sea , the indo - pacific ocean and eastern africa .
galaxy coral has long sweeper tentacles measuring six inches to seven inches when extended .
temperature of water : seventy - four to eighty - one degrees fahrenheit or twenty - three to twenty - seven degrees celsius .
water flow in the aquarium : galaxy coral needs moderate to strong water current in the marine aquarium it inhabits .
illumination : galaxy coral requires moderate to high intensity lighting in the marine aquarium hosting it .
habit & habitat : galaxy coral requires the marine aquarium with the capacity of hundred gallons and above .
feeding & nutrition : galaxy coral derives its nutrition mainly through photosynthesis which is being performed by zooxanthellae , a photosynthetic alga living symbiotically within the coral .
galaxy coral is carnivorous in its feeding habit and therefore , feeds upon acellular marine invertebrates , the meaty bits of fish , silver side , mysis shrimp and raw shrimp , brine shrimp , fish feces , phytoplankton and zooplankton .
add calcium , strontium , iodine and the other trace elements as dietary supplements for galaxy coral . maintain calcium level in the water at four hundred ppm .
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justification : this species is widespread and common throughout its range . however , it is particularly susceptible to bleaching and extensive reduction of coral reef habitat due to a combination of threats , and is harvested by the aquarium trade . specific population trends are unknown but population reduction can be inferred from declines in habitat quality based on the combined estimates of both destroyed reefs and reefs at the critical stage of degradation within its range ( wilkinson 2004 ) . its threat susceptibility increases the likelihood of being lost within one generation in the future from reefs at a critical stage . therefore , the estimated habitat degradation and loss of 35 % over three generation lengths ( 30 years ) is the best inference of population reduction and meets the threshold for vulnerable under criterion a4c , d . it will be important to reassess this species in 10 years time because of predicted threats from climate change and ocean acidification .
in the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the red sea and gulf of aden , southwestern indian ocean , central indian ocean , central indo - pacific , northern , western and eastern australia , japan and south china sea , oceanic west pacific .
this species is found in reef environments protected from strong wave action . sparse colonies of g . astreata are found from 3 - 15 m in the south china sea and gulf of siam ( titlyanov and titlyanova 2002 ) . this species is considered to be a main reef - framework builder and is found at 20 - 30 m on the chagos lagoon ( sheppard 1982 ) . the maximum size is over 2 m .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


bebearia osyris , or winifred 's forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast and ghana .

the habitat consists of primary forests .

adults are attracted to fruit .

bebearia osyris

bebearia ( apectinaria ) osyris ( schultze , 1920 ) = bebearia ( apectinaria ) osyris .
bebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31
etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby
etude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .
bebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11
bebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20
bebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39
bebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35
remarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .
etude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania
bebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46
revision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .
bebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda
bebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40
etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq
bebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance
bebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon
bebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon
bebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley
bebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .
bebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi
bebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana
bebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga
bebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1
bebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch
bebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1
bebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon
bebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon
= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 ♂ only
two new endemic butterfly species from the genus bebearia : b . oshogbo sp . nov . and b . wojtusiaki sp . nov . , are described from western nigeria ; b . oshogbo is most closely related to the guineo - congolian b . tentyris ( hewitson ) and the upper guinean b . osyris ( schultze ) , whereas b . wojtusiaki constitutes a morphological and biogeographic link between the central african b . plistonax ( hewitson ) and the upper guinean endemic b . arcadius ( fabricius ) . the finding of these new species gives further strong evidence that western nigeria should be recognized as a distinct biogeographic sub - region of west africa , as the area hosts a substantial number of endemic taxa ( listed in the discussion ) .
bebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft
bebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu
bebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
two new species of bebearia hemming , 1960 , as further evidence of centre of endemism of butterflies in western nigeria ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : limenitinae ) .
bebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui
bebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2
bebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4
bebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]
two new species of bebearia hemming , 1960 , as further evidence of centre of endemism of butterflies in western nigeria ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : l . . . - pubmed - ncbi
bebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela
bebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
van de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43
bebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
euryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar
euryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo
guinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]
ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]
euryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar
euryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724
papilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56
e . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire
euryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]
aterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast
: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )
aterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire
euryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar
cameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda
euryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe
cameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons
euryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa
euryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]
papilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250
zaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania
euryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24
e . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia
senegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]
euryphene senegalensis herrich - schäffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98
euryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277
euryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8
nigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]
euryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus
papilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?
euryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )
euryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2
eyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8
aterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone
euryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a
euryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]
e . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]
nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .
euryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons
euryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215
euryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490
coastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4
euryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai
euryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar
euriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267
cameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi
euryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi
euryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo
aurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74
euryphene tessmanni grünberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea
euryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons
e . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?
euryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons
euryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station
euryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire
euryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station
euryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera
euryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria
euryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river
euryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state
euryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state
euryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon
zaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .
evena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv
euryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala
euryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast
romaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar
euphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest
euryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons
e . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]
e . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]
euryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangwé , ogové valley
euryphene ducalis grünberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
contribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae
( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera
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zoological museum of the jagiellonian univeristy , ingardena 6 , 30 - 060 krakow , poland . ; email : tomasz . pyrcz @ uj . edu . pl .
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balanchine is a retired thoroughbred racehorse , bred in the united states and trained in the united kingdom and dubai .

in a racing career which lasted from september 1993 until october 1995 she ran eight times and won four races .

after winning both her races a two-year-old balanchine was narrowly beaten in the 1994 1000 guineas before winning the classic epsom oaks .

she then recorded her most important success when defeating male opposition in the 1994 irish derby .

after recovering from a life-threatening illness , she returned in 1995 but failed to win .

balanchine was one of the first important successes for godolphin racing .

balanchine ( horse )

walter swinburn , who lost the ride on lammtarra after winning the derby , said balanchine was never travelling well but saluted his former partner .
i was always fighting a losing battle on balanchine ,
he said .
all my emotions about lammtarra went away back in july . now i am thrilled for the horse .
balanchine made history when she won the oaks here yesterday , becoming the first horse trained in the united arab emirates to win a classic . the filly , who beat wind in her hair and hawajiss , has been stabled in england for the past five weeks but spent her winter in the sunshine of dubai .
but balanchine was not to be denied , and stuck with her . in the last two furlongs hawajiss had no more to give , and the threat to balanchine came from wind in her hair , who had made steady progress on the outside .
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though sheikh mohammed had good reason to applaud the sight of his brother sheikh maktoum ' s silks claiming victory , another leading owner will have suffered some regrets . when balanchine ran out an impressive winner at newbury last september , she was in the green and blue of robert sangster , who included her in a four - horse sale to sheikh mohammed shortly afterwards . his place in the record books as the winner ' s breeder is sangster ' s consolation .
of the other british runners balanchine finished 10th on almost certainly her last appearance , luso 13th and strategic choice 14th . last year ' s winner , carnegie was sixth .
simon crisford , the godolphin racing manager , added :
he has to be some horse . he had to show great courage to overcome his illness and to undergo such a hasty preparation for the derby . he was more immature then , like a little schoolboy , but now he is the ultimate racing machine .
' balanchine is receiving intensive post - operative treatment . her progress so far is satisfactory . we are constantly monitoring the situation and are hopeful of a favourable outcome . ' he added .
i am stuck for words for the first time in my life ,
the jockey said before disproving his initial statement .
this horse is a lion . he is so tough and hard and he does not want to lose . he has been a little bit immature but now he stays , he gallops , and he fights .
colonel collins , one of balanchine ' s victims at the curragh , ran poorly in the group two prix eugene adam at saint - cloud yesterday . the even - money favourite could finish only sixth .
this was posted as a british win , the first in the arc since carroll house in 1989 , but the detail did not bear scrutiny . lammtarra , an american - bred horse , is owned by a dubaian , trained by a dubaian ( saeed bin suroor ) and ridden by an italian . the reception for his victory was not typically british as dettori blew kisses to a crowd in full continental roar .
furlong balanchine stayed on , and had two - and - a - half lengths to spare at the line . spot prize rallied well to claim fourth place in front of the never - dangerous bonash . the favourite bulaxie trailed in seventh .
an obstruction to the small intestine was discovered late on wednesday after vets were called in to examine the dual - classic winner . balanchine had begun to show signs of colic , a problem that can kill . the vets carried out an emergency operation that night .
having returned to britain after wintering in the sunshine of the middle east , balanchine has now contested three classics , winning two and finishing a short - head runner - up in the other . sheikh mohammed ' s dubai experiment has succeeded beyond anyone ' s expectations .
she was sent to spend the winter in dubai in the care of hilal ibrahim . a classic campaign was mapped out for balanchine and she returned to this country to be stabled at newmarket , with john gosden ' s assistant , jeremy noseda , overseeing her routine .
hopes were rising yesterday that veterinary surgeons had saved the life of balanchine , the brilliant filly who seemed likely to claim the title of best middle - distance three - year - old in europe . but it was too soon to say whether her racing career can now be rescued .
there was little warmth for her at epsom yesterday , where driving rain turned the going to soft . the race proved to be a slog up the straight , where balanchine , a big , handsome daughter of storm bird , laid doubts about her stamina to rest in gutsy style .
before the race , form students expected to discover if the english derby ( represented by king ' s theatre and colonel collins ) was a superior race to the french ( tikkanen , alriffa ) . the answer proved to be yes , but the oaks was better than both and , at least until erhaab runs in the eclipse stakes at sandown on saturday , balanchine ' s owners can claim to have the best three - year - old in europe . those involved agreed . ' the best horse won , mine ran virtually the same race as he ran at epsom , ' john reid , third on colonel collins , said , while richard hannon , trainer of fourth - placed alriffa , commented : ' he has run pound for pound with tikkanen , obviously the english form is better . '
it will be something of a family reunion as lammtarra , the most inexperienced horse ever to win an arc , triumphed in paris 25 years to the day after his father , nijinsky , surrendered an unbeaten record . as the chestnut colt completed the mighty trinity of the derby , king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes and arc there was the reminder of another , more poignant , anniversary . it was 12 months ago this weekend that alex scott , lammtarra ' s first trainer , was shot dead in newmarket .
sheikh mohammed , closely involved in balanchine ' s preparation , said that yesterday ' s win had given him more pleasure than any of his previous oaks winners , adding : ' this experiment has obviously worked . we will now have to think about campaigning horses from dubai all over the world . '
for the second time in four years , a filly beat the colts in the irish derby at the curragh yesterday , and the oaks winner balanchine ' s four - and - a - half length defeat of king ' s theatre was every bit as impressive as salsabil ' s ground - breaking victory in 1991 .
balanchine was the eighth winner of the oaks owned by the maktoum brothers in the past 10 years . she runs for maktoum al maktoum and godolphin racing , the dubai arm of sheikh mohammed ' s racing operation , and was part of a pounds 2 million package bought by the sheikh from robert sangster last autumn .
also : 4 . lando ; 5 . pure grain ; 6 . carnegie ; 7 . partipral ; 8 . gunboat diplomacy ; 9 . carling ; 10 . balanchine ; 11 . el tenor ; 12 . tot ou tard ; 13 . luso ; 14 . strategic choice ; 15 . el sembrador ; 16 . sunrise song .
' this win was for my parents , who had to endure the agony of those narrow newmarket defeats , and the wave i gave after the winning post was for them . and wherever they decide to run balanchine next - perhaps in the irish derby against the colts - i ' ll be there . she ' s a smasher , ' dettori added .
after finishing a short - head second to las meninas in the 1 , 000 guineas , the filly took the oaks in style . then , three weeks ago , balanchine put on a superb display to defeat the colts in the irish derby . she came home four and a half lengths ahead of the epsom derby runner - up king ' s theatre , with epsom third colonel collins again filling the minor placing .
that vindication should ease any frustration the sheikh might feel about seeing his colours finish second in a derby twice in one month . king ' s theatre , runner - up to erhaab at epsom , was backed down to even - money favouritism after heavy showers eased the going . balanchine , who won the oaks on good to soft ground , was also well - supported at 5 - 1 , and it was clear early in the straight she was the only danger to the favourite .
the extrovert dettori , beaten a short - head on balanchine in the 1 , 000 guineas and the same distance on grand lodge in the 2 , 000 , waved in delight as he crossed the line . he said : ' this makes up for those two races . i decided to come up the stands side because i won the previous race from there , and she kept on giving me more and more . i wondered about her staying , but her lad ray carter had no doubts .
three out , lanfranco dettori , her jockey , kicked for home past the tiring early leader khamaseen , with michael kinane , on king ' s theatre , in pursuit . there was to be no first irish derby success for kinane , however , and his mount was a spent force by the furlong pole as balanchine galloped on with great purpose . like salsabil before her , she may now be rested before an autumn campaign culminating in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe , though british punters will need little reminding that longchamp proved a race too far for john dunlop ' s filly .
' i always felt she was a very good filly and she has proved that today , ' sheikh mohammed said afterwards . ' the plan is to rest her now for a while but we will probably go for the prix de l ' arc de triomphe in october . it has always been an ambition of mine to win that race . '
that conclusion received further confirmation at longchamp yesterday , where celtic arms , the french derby winner , was only third behind millkom in the grand prix de paris .
' i knew at the furlong pole it would take a machine to pass us , we were going so fast , ' dettori said . ' no words can describe her , she was unbelievable , much better than at epsom . '
the lingering effects of royal ascot were apparent elsewhere on the curragh card , which saw peter chapple - hyam ' s helmsman , second in the chesham stakes , soundly beaten by eva luna in the john roarty memorial railway stakes . jim bolger ' s filly is a 33 - 1 chance for next year ' s 1 , 000 guineas .
vintage crop , the melbourne cup winner and gold cup runner - up , was another who seemed to be feeling his recent efforts at the royal meeting . dermot weld ' s gelding , 4 - 9 favourite for the curragh cup , was only second to witness box .
9 ran . won by 4 1 / 2 lengths , 3 1 / 2 . also ran : 7 - 2 alriffa ( 4th ) , 10 - 1 tikkanen ( 5th ) , 25 - 1 ionio ( 6th ) , 40 - 1 cajarian ( 7th ) , 14 - 1 khamaseen ( 8th ) , 200 - 1 concept house ( 9th ) . trained by h ibrahim for maktoum al maktoum . tote : pounds 4 . 60 ; pounds 1 . 60 , pounds 1 . 30 , pounds 1 . 90 . reverse forecast : pounds 4 . 90 . csf : pounds 10 . 98 .
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yesterday , simon crisford , speaking for the filly ' s owners , the godolphin management company , thanked the veterinary team , including huw neal and andrew edgar of greenwood , ellis and partners , for the speed at which worked . ' they did a fantastic job , ' crisford said .
the next few days are crucial to her recovery , but yesterday it seemed unlikely she would run again this season .
the filly spent her two - year - old days with peter chapple - hyam , who trained her to two successes before she was sold by robert sangster to godolphin .
her owners had mapped out a campaign which would have reached a climax with a run in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp in october . but her illness will almost certainly rule out those plans .
three days ago , it was announced that robert sangster had sold a majority share in colonel collins to gary tanaka , an american businessman . yesterday ' s run was the colt ' s final appearance in europe before a career in the united states .
the son of el gran senor held every chance two furlongs out but was soon beaten once john reid asked him for an effort . carnegie , the 8 - 5 second favourite trained by andre fabre , took up the running a furlong out to win by half a length from cafe milano .
chapple - hyam , the trainer of colonel collins , said later : ' he hasn ' t run his race . he was in a perfect position at the turn . the race was run to suit him and i cannot explain it . he will still go to america and will probably run in the secretariat stakes . '
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set up by sheikh mohammed in 1994 , the godolphin operation set out to revolutionise the way in which flat horses were trained .
horses spend the winter in dubai and then come to england in the spring , the idea being that the warm middle eastern climate will benefit their training pattern .
dubai is also handily placed as a base for sending runners to the far east , where several prestigious races are held in the spring - and global racing is a key tenet in the godolphin philosophy .
improvements in equine air travel means horses can now be transported all over the world without ill - effects . sheikh mohammed ' s enthusiasm for worldwide racing led to the establishment of the world series .
such is the scale of the godolphin operation that instead of entering the traditional early season classic trials held in england , ireland and france , they hold their own private races in dubai .
the godolphin
experiment
has proved successful with a host of classic winners and along with coolmore , the outfit is one of the two dominant forces in british flat racing .
eleven english classics have been won by godolphin , all but one since saeed bin suroor took over as principal trainer in 1995 .
newmarket trainer david loder has been godolphin ' s specialist two - year - old trainer for the past four years although he announced in 2002 he would relinquish that role at the end of the 2003 season .
frankie dettori is the main godolphin jockey with jamie spencer picking up many of the rides on the second string horses .
although sheikh mohammed is the driving force behind godolphin , his three brothers , sheikh maktoum , sheikh hamdan and sheikh ahmed are also very much involved .
all four have their own breeding opearations and run horses in their own name but many are then diverted into the godolphin colours .
is the eldest of the four brothers and has been ruler of dubai since 1991 .
he was the first of the siblings to have an english classic winner when touching wood won the 1982 st leger .
sheikh maktoum also owns the gainsborough stud , which has branches in newmarket and kentucky .
he has been leading owner in britain on four occasions : 1990 , 1994 - 5 and 2002 .
his first classic winner came when nashwan won the 2 , 000 guineas and the derby in 1990 .
has been leading owner on the flat nine times : 1985 - 89 , 1991 - 93 and 1997 .
his first classic win came in 1985 when oh so sharp won the fillies ' triple crown : the 1 , 000 guineas , the oaks and the st leger .
sheikh ahmed is the youngest of the maktoum brothers . his first and only classic winner to date came when ameerat won the 1 , 000 guineas in 2001 .
when they talk about the great horses , lammtarra will now have to be included . ribot , mill reef and nijinsky can expect a new companion in the pantheon following yesterday ' s historic prix de l ' arc de triomphe .
lammtarra ' s life , in a competitive sense anyway , may also be sadly short - lived . he is now on course for the breeders ' cup turf , which will be the fifth , and almost certainly last , assignment of his twinkling career . on the road to the pantheon he will reside , pleasurably , and pass on his seed of greatness , in either newmarket or kentucky .
lammtarra ' s snapshot and brilliant career was not even a dream in the spring . as he wintered in dubai with his godolphin workmates the sustenance brought to him was not hay and oats but rather grapes and fruit as he recovered from a life - threatening respiratory illness .
he was almost dead ,
sheikh mohammed , the head of godolphin , said yesterday .
he must be one of the greats to come through that sickness and do this .
this core of steel is what lammtarra will be remembered for . there have been faster horses , more flamboyant horses and horses with greater charisma , but for competitive strength at the highest level he has no peer .
godolphin knew this and lammtarra ' s greatest asset was never going to be underplayed yesterday . lanfranco dettori pushed his mount into a challenging position from the outset , just in behind the pace - making luso . the latter ' s partner , cash asmussen , apologised for not carrying the field along for longer as lammtarra swept to the head of affairs over half a mile out .
in the straight , lammtarra was under the whip but this was a manoeuvre of encouragement rather than desperation . the hawks launched from behind , but only freedom cry got to the leader ' s burnished withers and this galvanised rather than discouraged lammtarra . by the time dettori raised himself in celebration out of the saddle he had three - quarters of a length to spare .
i had reservations about the ground , but he has come into this race with a better preparation than he had for the derby and king george .
the noisy peak came when the jockey executed his now familiar circus exit from the saddle . it was hardly typically dubaian , either , as sheikh mohammed embraced dettori in an uncommon display of pleasure .
the machine , sadly , will be switched on just one more time , it appears . belmont park in a month ' s time is likely to be the last time the newest recruit to history ' s very top team parades his talents .
16 ran . 3 / 4 , 2 , 11 / 2 , 21 / 2 , 1 / 2 . ( winner trained by saeed bin suroor , at newmarket , for godolphin ) . pari - mutuel : 3 . 10 ; 2 . 20 , 3 . 90 , 4 . 10 . df : 29 . 10 . time : 2min 31 . 8sec .
lanfranco dettori , for whom she was a first english classic winner , always had her handy as fragrant belle took the 10 runners along , and let her slip into the lead half - way down the hill . in the straight , all the fillies came over in search of better ground on the stands side , and walter swinburn , on hawajiss , started the drive for home .
she gloriously justified the sheikh ' s pioneering policy of wintering his best equine athletes in the sun . she is trained there , at alquoz stables , by hilal ibrahim , and since arriving in britain four days before the 1 , 000 guineas , in which she was a close second , has been under the care of jeremy noseda in newmarket .
the time of the race , two minutes 40 . 37 seconds , was some six seconds slower than wednesday ' s fast - ground derby . the result , with the winner at 6 - 1 and the two best - backed fillies , bulaxie and bonash , out of the frame , was a good one for the bookmakers after the favoured erhaab ' s derby victory .
willie carson , who had ridden erhaab , had no excuses for bulaxie . he said : ' she pulled hard , as she always does . she just refused to settle , and the writing was on the wall a long way from home . '
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winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .
t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .
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