the noctuid moth genus lobocheilos , described by george francis hampson in 1891 , has been renamed latiphea .

lobocheilos is a genus of fish in the family cyprinidae native to asia .

lobocheilos

lobocheilos species are specialised grazers of periphyton , benthic algae , and other organisms which grow attached to rocks and other solid surfaces , and they typically leave visible scrape marks in places where they have been feeding .
the majority of lobocheilos species are endemic to the greater sunda islands of borneo , sumatra , and java , and are uncommon in the aquarium trade , but the widespread indochinese taxa l . rhabdoura and l . melanotaenia are available on a sporadic basis .
kottelat , m . and h . h . tan , 2008 . a synopsis of the genus lobocheilos in java , sumatra and borneo , with descriptions of six new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 19 ( 1 ) : 27 - 58 . ( ref . 75626 )
lobocheilos species are considered members of the tribe labeonini within the putative cyprinid subfamily cyprininae or simply the subfamily labeoninae ( name varies with author ) . according to the most recent phylogenetic research , this grouping is further divided into four subtribes ; labeoina , garraina , osteochilina , and semilabeoina ( yang et al . , 2012 ) . among these , it is included in the osteochilina alongside the genera epalzeorhynchos , crossocheilus , barbichthys , thynnichthys , labiobarbus , and osteochilus , among others .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
latin , lobus = lobe + greek , cheilos = lip ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 32 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 75626 )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 ; anal soft rays : 8 . differs from congeners from java , sumatra and borneo by having the following unique combination of features : lateral line scales 30 - 31 + 3 ; absence of black blotch on end of caudal peduncle ; absence of crescentric mark along posterior edge of scales ; 2 barbels , less than eye diameter or absent ; pectoral fin extending to or almost to the pelvic - fin origin ; pelvic fin extending to anal - fin origin ; dorsal - fin tip reaching behind vertical through anal - fin origin , when folded backwards ; scale rows between lateral line and dorsal fin origin 5 - 6½ ; and curved sheath edge of lower jaw ( ref . 75626 ) .
juveniles are common in shallow , fast flowing areas with gravel substrate ( ref . 34011 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01023 ( 0 . 00559 - 0 . 01873 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 90 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 3 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 47 of 100 ) .
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justification : the species is widespread but uncommon in continental southeast asia . the species is not thought to be significant in fisheries and is assessed as least concern at present .
2000 ) . records include from the xe bang fai ( kottelat 1998 ) . lee
inhabits fast flowing rivers and streams with shady gravel to rocky bottoms . found at bottom depths in large and medium - sized streams ( rainboth 1996 ) . usually inhabits streams with relatively swift current , rapids ( kottelat 2001 ) . enters flooded fields ( taki 1978 ) . feeds on periphyton and phytoplankton . probably spawns at the onset of the rainy season .
low fishery interest , due to its scarcity , but probably found in mixed catches .
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cheílos ) , meaning ‘lip’ , in reference to the prominent rostral cap in this genus .
rhabdoura : from the ancient greek ῥάβδος ( rhábdos ) , meaning ‘streak , stripe’ , and οὐρά ( ourá ) , meaning ‘tail’ , in reference to the dark lateral band on the posterior portion of the body , terminating in a blotch on the caudal peduncle .
native to the mekong river in laos , thailand , cambodia , and vietnam , the dong nai basin in southern vietnam , the chao phraya and mae klong systems in central and western thailand , and several smaller drainages in peninsular thailand and northern peninsular malaysia .
type locality is ‘chieng mai , north siam’ , corresponding to the ping river basin , a tributary within the chao phraya watershed in chiang mai province , northern thailand .
this species is considered to be one of the most abundant species in the massive seasonal migrations of cyprinid fishes that occur in the mainstream mekong river in december to february and may to july .
otherwise , it has been recorded in rivers and streams of all sizes down to around 2 - 3 m in width , mostly with moderate to fast flow and rocky substrates .
a display arranged to resemble a flowing stream or river , with a substrate of variably - sized , water - worn rocks , sand , fine gravel and perhaps some small boulders , is highly recommended . this can be further furnished with driftwood roots or branches and hardy aquatic plants such as microsorum , bolbitis , or anubias spp . , which can be grown attached to items of décor .
most importantly , the water must be clean and well - oxygenated with turnover preferably in excess of 10 times per hour ; additional powerheads and airstones can be employed to achieve the desired flow and oxygenation if necessary . bright lighting will promote development of a biofilm on solid surfaces , upon which the fish will graze .
they are by no means herbivorous and should be offered meaty foods such as live or frozen chironomid larvae ( bloodworm ) , tubifex , artemia , chopped prawn , etc . , along with good quality , sinking dried products , at least some of which should contain a significant proportion of vegetable matter such as spirulina or similar .
can be aggressive at times , especially when food is added to the aquarium , and will often actively pursue fishes straying into the vicinity .
the most suitable tankmates are active , peaceful cyprinids since they are normally agile enough to avoid such attacks . slow - moving or long - finned species should be omitted in the majority of circumstances .
it is not particularly tolerant of conspecifics , especially if space is limited , but normally exists in loose aggregations in the wild and should ideally be maintained in a group .
sexually mature females are deeper - bodied than males , while males possess more extensive tuberculation on the head and snout .
unreported in aquaria . wild fish undertake seasonal spawning migrations , moving from the lower mekong and tonlé sap system to the middle portion of the mekong basin in laos to spawn .
l . rhabdoura can be distinguished from l . melanotaenia by the following combination of characters : body relatively shallow , depth fits 3 . 7 - 4 . 6 times in sl ; mouth relatively wide , as wide as head ; tubercules on snout relatively large ; 10 predorsal scales ; 5 + 28 rakers on anterior side of first gill arch .
fowler , h . w . , 1934 - proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia v . 86 : 67 - 163 zoological results of the third de schauensee siamese expedition , part i - fishes .
freyhof , j . , d . v . serov and t . n . nguyen , 2000 - bonner zoologische beiträge 49 ( 1 - 4 ) : 93 - 99 a preliminary checklist of the freshwater fishes of the river dong nai , south vietnam .
kottelat , m . , 2001 - wht publications , colombo : 1 - 198 fishes of laos .
kottelat , m . , 1998 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 128 fishes of the nam theun and xe bangfai basins , laos , with diagnoses of twenty - two new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae , balitoridae , cobitidae , coiidae and odontobutidae ) .
kottelat , m . , 2013 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .
rainboth , w . j . , 1996 - fao , rome : 1 - 265 fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . fishes of the cambodian mekong .
yang , l . , m . arunachalam , t . sado , b . a . levin , a . s . golubtsov , j . freyhof , j . p . friel , w - j . chen , m . v . hirt , r . manickam , m . k . agnew , a . m . simons , k . saitoh , m . miya , r . l . mayden , and s . he , 2012 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 65 ( 2 ) : 362 - 379 molecular phylogeny of the cyprinid tribe labeonini ( teleostei : cypriniformes ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gobio javanicus bleeker , 1857 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of chondrostoma lipocheilos valenciennes , 1844 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of labeo falcifer valenciennes , 1842 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
justification : the species is abundant in the lower mekong system and is highly utilised in fisheries . some population declines have been observed , but it is assessed as least concern at present . the species would be highly impacted by dams on the mainstream and tributaries , and the species should be reassessed if these dams go ahead .
recorded from the mae khlong , chao phraya to mekong basins in thailand , lao pdr , viet nam , and cambodia ( rainboth 1996 ) .
a very abundant species in the mekong basin , uncommon in the chao phraya and mae khlong basins .
found in the mainstream of large rivers and tributaries . the species is highly migratory , moving from the tonle sap in cambodia up to southern lao pdr between november - february ( baird
2003 ) , and returns in june - july ( baird 1999 ) . feeds on aquatic plants .
very highly utilised in commercial and subsistence fisheries ; it is the ninth most common in the dry season fence filter trap fishery at the khone falls in southern lao pdr , 0 . 65 % of the fishery by weight ( baird
the species is overfished and will be impacted by mainstream dams on the mekong and large tributaries . loss and degradation of the flooded forest in the tonle sap lake will impact the species .
population trends should be monitored in relation to forest loss and future impacts from dams .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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camponotus universitatis is a species of ant in the genus camponotus , the carpenter ants .

it is native to eurasia , where it has been recorded in spain , france , italy , switzerland , albania , bulgaria , and turkey .

this species is a parasite of other carpenter ants , such as camponotus aethiops and camponotus pilicornis .

camponotus universitatis

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see camponotus universitatis for further details
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combination in camponotus ( myrmoturba ) : forel , 1914a pdf : 267 ; in camponotus ( tanaemyrmex ) : emery , 1925d pdf : 98 .
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information on camponotus universitatisis currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
karaman , c . 2012 . camponotus ruseni n . sp . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) – a putative second parasitic species of the genus camponotus mayr . journal of the kansas entomological society , 85 , 309 - 317 urltoken
karaman , c . ; kiran , k . ; aksoy , v . ; camlitepe , y . 2015 . first record of the south european rare parasitic ant species camponotus universitatis forel ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) in asia . journal of the entomological research society 17 ( 1 ) : 45 - 49 . pdf
tinaut , a . ; espadaler , x . ; jiménez , j . j . 1992 . camponotus universitatis forel , 1891 , en la península ibérica . descripción de sus sexuados ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . nouv . rev . entomol . ( n . s . ) 9 : 233 - 238 ( page 234 , queen , male described )
this is a social parasite of camponotus aethiops and camponotus pilicornis ( karaman , 2012 ) ; thus , its distribution should follow that of its hosts . at present , it is known from scattered localities of southern europe , especially from spain , france and italy . this is the first record from sardinia ( rigato & toni , 2011 ) .
forel , a . 1914a . le genre camponotus mayr et les genres voisins . rev . suisse zool . 22 : 257 - 276 ( page 267 , combination in c . ( myrmoturba ) )
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this species is a host for the ectoparastic fungus laboulbenia camponoti ( espadaler & santamaria , 2012 ) .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
forel , 1890c : 218 ( w . ) france . tinaut , espadaler & jimenez , 1992 : 234 ( q . m . ) . combination in
) : emery , 1925b : 98 . see also : baroni urbani , 1971c : 187 ; kutter , 1977c : 206 .
baroni urbani , c . 1971c . catalogo delle specie di formicidae d ' italia ( studi sulla mirmecofauna d ' italia x ) . mem . soc . entomol . ital . 50 : 5 - 287 ( page 187 , see also )
buschinger , a . ( 2009 ) social parasitism among ants : a review . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . myrmecological news 12 : 219 - 235 .
emery , c . 1925d . hymenoptera . fam . formicidae . subfam . formicinae . genera insectorum 183 : 1 - 302 ( page 98 , combination in c . ( tanaemyrmex ) )
espadaler , x . , santamaria , s . 2012 . ecto - and endoparasitic fungi on ants from the holarctic region . psyche article id 168478 , 10 pages ( doi : 10 . 1155 / 2012 / 168478 ) .
forel , a . 1890e . une nouvelle fourmi . naturaliste 12 : 217 - 218 ( page 218 , worker described )
rigato , s . ; toni , i . 2011 . short notes 21 . hymenoptera , formicidae . pp . 873 - 882 in : nardi , g . ; whitmore , d . ; bardiani , m . ; birtele , d . ; mason , f . ; spada , l . ; cerretti , p . ( eds . ) 2011 . biodiversity of marganai and montimannu ( sardinia ) . research in the framework of the icp forests network . conservazione habitat invertebrati , 5 . sommacampagna , verona : cierre edizioni , 896 pp . pdf
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tinaut , espadaler & jiménez , 1992 : 234 ( q . m . ) .
see also : baroni urbani , 1971c pdf : 187 ; kutter , 1977c : 206 .
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corresponds to a report on the basis of at least one observation proved within a period of 10 years ( 20 years for little - known invertebrates ) preceding the year and no presumption of extinction since obtaining the last data nor doubt on reproductive and implemented nature of this population . for migratory species , the presence indicated concerns areas of reproduction .
the last reliable sighting is older than 10 years compared to the reference date , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ vertebrates , invertebrates and plants well studied ( rhopalocera , grasshoppers , dragonflies . . . ) ] ;
the last reliable observation being older than 20 years , no recent specific research and no presumption of extinction from that date [ poorly known taxa : fungus , many invertebrates . . . ] .
this point covers the absence , more difficult by nature to demonstrate than presence . this status is based on one or more of the following criteria :
this status must be assigned to a department in which the presence of the species is casual .
particular case of absence due to a proven extinction less than a half century ago ( older disappearances are treated as
no probable or definite
) .
in the state of knowledge , we can not comment on the presence or absence in the current department . this is the default status when not comprised in one of the previous categories or whenever there is doubt .
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the amur pike , also known as the blackspotted pike , ( esox reichertii ) is a pike native to the amur river system in east asia , as well as freshwater habitat on the island of sakhalin .

closely related to the northern pike , it reaches a length of 115 cm ( 45 inches ) , a weight of 12.5 kg ( 27 + pounds ) , sporting a silvery body with small , black spots .

like other pike , this species is prized for sport fishing .

it is not commonly found outside its native range .

however , it was introduced to glendale lake , cambria county , pennsylvania , by the pennsylvania fish and boat commission ( pfbc ) in 1968 .

the lake is just south of the native range of the northern pike .

all of the pennsylvania fish commission 's brood stock was lost in the summer of 1976 .

that same year the world record amur pike was caught from the lake .

the year after , the pfbc also stocked 168 northern pike x amur pike hybrids into the lake .

with a lack of success , the amur pike program was cancelled .

glendale lake was chosen because its outflow leads into heavily polluted waters in which fish can not survive .

pure northern pike are found in the lake today , however it is likely no pure or hybrid amur pike remain .

some amur pike escaped from the benner spring fish hatchery where the original eggs and subsequent brood stock were hatched and kept .

the hatchery is in the delaware river watershed , so it 's possible amur pike could be present in that river system .

however , none have ever been caught and no signs of reproduction of amur pike in the wild in america has been documented , even in glendale lake .

amur pike

all fishing buy , amur pike fish , habitats , characteristics , pike fishing methods .
] . the same arguments may hold for the amur pike and other pike species . we used published
and d - loop ) found in northern and amur pike ( grey ) .
circumpolar phylogeography of the northern pike ( esox lucius ) and its relationship to the amur pike ( e . reichertii )
here , we assess the level and geographic distribution of genetic variation of the northern and the amur pike . amur pike has so far only been investigated in context of higher level phylogeny [
this website gives a little info : urltoken amur pike hybrids ( amur + northern i assume and sterile ) were last stocked in glendale in 1991 .
) region and a 443 bp sequence of the d - loop , to evaluate the origin and dispersal of northern pike and amur pike using a circumpolar dataset for a northern pike .
) . estimated time of expansion for the amur pike and the b and e lineages of the northern pike was around 0 . 1 myr ( table
circumpolar phylogeography of the northern pike ( esox lucius ) and its relationship to the amur pike ( e . reichertii ) | frontiers in zoology | full text
cooper ( 1983 ) reported amur pike as established ; however , robins et al . ( 1991b ) listed them as not established . t . bender ( personal communication ) believes pure amur pike are extirpated in pennsylvania .
region for both northern and amur pike . there were , respectively , 39 and 17 segregating sites in the cyt
the amur pike , also known as the blackspotted pike , esox reichertii , is a pike native to the amur river system in east asia , as well as freshwater habitat on the island of sakhalin . this is the only species of the pike family that does not occur in north america . it occurs in the system of amur river , lake baikal in russia , heilung jiang in china .
) . geographic distribution of the haplogroups is displayed in the map . amur pike haplotypes are indicated by grey circles .
the amur - northern pike diversification was estimated to be ~ 4 . 6 myr ago in the early pliocene ( table
) . all amur pike haplotypes formed a monophyletic group . the limited distribution of this species compared to northern pike may be explained by the mountain ranges yablonovy and stanovoy enclosing the amur river and separating it from other eastern siberian rivers [
recently , two new species of pike were described from italy - with a limited distribution somewhat parallel to that of the amur pike . in two publications these species have been described as
] . furthermore , a median - joining network ( mj ) comprising both the northern pike and amur pike haplotypes was constructed by the program network 4 . 2 . 0 . 1 (
asia : amur drainage and sakhalin island ; onon and kherlen drainages in mongolia .
closely related to the northern pike , it reaches a length of 180cm , sporting a silvery body with small black spots . like other pike , this species is prized for sport fishing , but is not generally found outside its native range . amur pike are only native to the amur watershed and to sakhalin island . this species was introduced to glendale lake , cambria county , pennsylvania . the natural habitat of the amur pike , which occasionally reach 35 pounds in weight and 40 inches in length , is the amur river which forms the border between china and the soviet union .
pike - one of the main commercial fishes of the amur basin . amur pike make for an exotic alternative to northern pike for the serious pike devotee looking for a mission abroad . there is no need for any special gear , nor any restriction upon the methods to be used . live or dead baits are acceptable ; so are lures . fly fishing for pike is catching on and would be well worth a try , especially as the same rivers also hold taimen , the largest of the salmonids . some of the best fishing for amur pike takes place along the onon river in mongolia , which is well protected by poor access . characterized lean meat ( fat content of less than 2 % ) , used fresh , frozen and salted forms . leather amur pike with appropriate dressing is suitable for the manufacture of shoes , coats and other products .
the amur pike , also known in real life as the blackspotted pike , is a fish from patarpa river . because it is so common in the patarpa river , it can be a nuisance when looking for the larger and more elusive hucho taimen .
pure amur pike were last spawned in 1971 . all of the pennsylvania fish commission ' s brood stock was lost in the summer of 1976 ( bender , personal communication ) .
additional file 1 : sampling of northern and amur pike . sampling drainage , geographic location , sample sizes , haplotype names and genbank accession numbers are indicated . ( docx 25 kb )
i vaguely remember hearing something about that . here’s what i found : the amur pike , also known as the blackspotted pike , esox reichertii , is a pike native to the amur river system in east asia , as well as freshwater habitat on the island of sakhalin . closely related to the northern pike but smaller , it reaches a length of 110cm , sporting a silvery body with small black spots . like other pike , this species is prized for sport fishing , but is not generally found outside its native range . this species was introduced to glendale lake , cambria county , pennsylvania , by the pennsylvania fish commission in 1968 . pure amur pike were last spawned in 1971 . all of the pennsylvania fish commission ' s brood stock was lost in the summer of 1976……………too bad ! ! ! … . . lol
northeast asia in the amur river basin ( berg 1948 ; nikolski 1956 ; robins et al . 1991b ) .
you just answered your question . that ' s all we know about amur pikes in united states and their hybrids
the circumpolar northern pike is monophyletic and clearly differentiated from the amur pike . based on the observed haplotype diversity in the northern pike we infer that present day distribution is due to expansion from three different glacial refugia . one lineage was found throughout the holarctic suggesting dispersal from a common refugium , probably in asia . an eurasian origin of most of present day northern pike diversity is also supported by the higher overall diversity in eurasia relative to northern america .
pike attacks & tries to eat zombie fish . 动物与机器人观察派克如何攻击僵尸鱼 . lucio ataca pez zombi .
phylogenetic analyses were performed on the concatenated mtdna alignments to assess whether we could detect distinct phylogenetic groups within the northern pike or amur pike , and to investigate the relationship between these two species . this was done using maximum likelihood ( ml ) and distance ( neighbour - joining , nj [
) . the northern and amur pike haplotypes each formed two strongly supported clades and the two species did not share any haplotypes . thus , the minimum spanning network revealed two separate , unconnected clusters ( figure
i think the last pa amur choked to death on the last pa chukar pheasant , iirc . . . : )
, but the armur pike has more of a bullet appearance . what ' s odd about the pike is that , despite it ' s size appearance in water , it almost
i believe that they stopped the amur pike stocking at glendale based on something i read a year or so ago . they were sterile and if there are any still there it wouldn ' t last long .
] ; this might also possibly be a refugium for the northern pike b - lineage .
] has a narrow distribution essentially being restricted to the amur river basin in northeastern asia . some recent genetic evidence suggests that the northern pike originated in north american subsequently dispersing to eurasia over the bering land bridge [
the amur pike lives in east asia , mainly in mongolia and in some rivers and lakes of east russia . very few is know about this predator . seems to grow up to 45 pound - 20 kilo .
the genetic diversity of the northern and amur pike was low . low levels of genetic diversity are expected for freshwater fishes at northern latitudes as a result of bottlenecks and reduced effective population sizes within refugia during glaciation periods [
the body is elongated , covered with scales . scales cover the cheeks , upper part of the operculum and the whole upper part of the head . amur pike have finer scales in the lateral line scales 130 - 165 , including 48 - 64 perforation . mouth large , snout elongated , flattened from top to bottom , the lower jaw slightly protruding forward . in adult specimens the back is greenish - gray , the same color of the dorsal fin and upper lobe of caudal fin . the body of the bright black or brown spots , such as spots are available and on fins . the young amur pike , dwell among coastal thickets , black spots on the body are absent or expressed very weakly . they have on the body sides a number of dark , oblique bands , making it barely visible among the vegetation . the amur pike differs from the northern pike by finer scales , and the fact that the head is more fully covered with scales . the amur pike does not reach the same size as the northern pike but can still reach a size that makes it an attractive target for anglers . the largest on record measured 115 cm and 20 kg ( 45 inches and 44 lbs ) . the main distinguishing feature is the skin pattern . amur pike are covered in dark spots ; hence their other name - black - spotted pike . amur pike reminds a hucho by its coloring . it has a bright black and brown stain on its sides , head , anal , tail and back fins . its size is less , than ordinary pike size . its maximum weight makes 16 kg . they grow rapidly , growing to 80 cm or more . in 3 - 6 years they are already mature at a length of 30 - 40 cm in average life expectancy 20 years . coloring young pike , up to 30 - 35 cm , living in the coastal zone similar to northern pike , but in adult coloring is different . on the sides of the body and head with bright black and brown spots , such as spots are available on the anal , caudal and dorsal fins . by its coloring amur pike a bit like trout .
] . the estimated genetic variation for the muskellunge ( π = 0 . 0078 ± 0 . 0010 ) was larger than for the northern pike , but similar to what is observed for other freshwater fishes . this indicates that the top - predator hypothesis probably cannot explain the low level of genetic variation in northern and amur pike .
] . here , we demonstrate that this is the case for the entire holarctic distribution of pike .
) , rejecting the suggestion of one single refugium for northern pike put forward by maes et al . [
] . however , recolonization of northern europe by northern pike from this refugium seems improbable . the second european pike lineage might be derived from a central european refugium located between the northern and alpine ice caps as previously suggested [
i thought it was a lake in western or west - central pa ( shenango maybe ? ) . . . i have lived / fished by the big d all my life and never heard of any amur ' s being released there ( not to say it didn ' t happen ) . . . but i do remember seeing the id keys in the old rules / reg ' s book with amur pike listed .
nikolski , g . v . 1956 . fishes of the amur basin . moscow academy of science u . s . s . r . 551 pp .
freshwater fishes of the genus esox are found throughout the holarctic region . the northern pike ( e . lucius ) has a circumpolar distribution whereas the assumed sister species the amur pike ( e . reichertii ) is only found in the amur region . the genetic structure and post - glacial dispersal of these species are not well known . here , we use sequence variation at two mitochondrial dna regions ( cyt b and d - loop ) to investigate the phylogeography , infer location of glacial refugia and investigate the time of divergence and potential demographic expansion of the various clades detected .
from the river amur . mol phylogen evol . 2006 , 40 : 856 - 865 . 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2006 . 04 . 020 .
and d - loop haplotypes shows that the northern pike haplotypes are divided into three lineages . the northern pike phylogeny was not consistent with deep - branching clades indicating long - term reproductive isolation , which is usually caused by isolation in multiple refugia ( see figure
] have indicated recent population expansion of northern pike . to test for this , we calculated the mismatch distribution of the different cyt
i ' m curious , i know that 40 or more years ago amur pike were introduced in p . a . , in the delaware river i believe . it was reported that they were doing well in their new surroundings . does anybody have any knowledge as to what happened to them and the introduction program ? spin
] , and both lineage b and e expanded around that time . a late pleistocene holarctic expansion has earlier been suggested for the northern pike [
] ) . the northern pike haplotype networks created by the tcs program were nested by hand according to the rules of templeton et al . [
i was raised near glendale lake and fished there quite often as a kid . there is a 10 hp limit for boats and we had a small boat for the lake . i have caught quite a number of these amur pike . they seem to me to be a shorter , but fatter northern pike . they do have a spotted pattern . but they are found and caught like every other pike - shallow grassy coves in spring to spawn , ambushing baitfish near deep water escape routes in summer and dogging baitfish in the shallows to fatten for winter in autumn . overall , nothing special - no better or worse than northerns .
the northern pike and the amur pike did not share any haplotypes and are clearly differentiated taxa . the divergence time of the two taxa was estimated to 4 . 55 myr . the northern pike showed three well - defined evolutionary lineages , each defined by a star phylogeny indicating population expansion following isolation in separate glacial refugia . one of these lineages has a present - day holarctic distribution suggesting transcontinental dispersal from a single refugium . the observation of higher genetic diversity in europe indicates that this lineage probably originated in europe ( east - asia ) . overall , there seems to be a need for further detailed phylogenetic studies of the genus esox , particularly so for the eurasian populations and species .
and d - loop region for northern pike . nucleotide diversity for this species ranged from 0 . 0052 ( d - loop ) to 0 . 0031 ( cyt
, lineage e and f ) . the oldest and most diverse northern pike lineage is most likely the haplo - group found in the danube watershed ( the f - lineage ) . the high diversity and restricted distribution indicates most probably presence of a refugium in this region . two earlier studies on northern pike detected distinct branches connected to southern europe in general [
) . the further differentiation of the northern pike into the three different lineages was estimated to have taken place much later , 0 . 2 - 0 . 3 myr ago ( table
] , and our results support this for the circumpolar lineage . however , the total northern pike variation seen today cannot have accumulated after the last glaciation ( ended 14 kyr ago ; [
region . in total , our data and analyses support the existence of multiple refugia for northern pike in the holarctic during the last glaciation , followed by expansions from these refugia leading to separate star phylogenies .
( π = 0 . 0031 ) and d - loop ( π = 0 . 0052 ) for northern pike are in the low end of what has been reported for other freshwater fish species in northern latitudes [
] . however , we cannot rule out the alternative possibility of a beringian refugium for the circumpolar lineage , as the anadyr river population also showed high diversity indices . beringia has previously been implicated as a northern pike refugium by bânârescu [
] have suggested , on the basis of short fragments of mitochondrial dna , that the northern pike experienced a recent expansion across the holarctic from a single refugium . the geographic location of this refugium could not be inferred . a later study [
, lineage b ) . notably , within this lineage the same haplotype showed a holarctic distribution as it could be detected in europe , asia and north america . almost all populations of northern pike also displayed site - specific haplotypes ( additional file
) and genetic differentiation among the three lineages ranged from 0 . 4 - 0 . 6 % . one lineage ( seen for both markers ) of northern pike consisted of closely related haplotypes with a circumpolar distribution implying recent dispersal across the holarctic ( figure
crossman , e . j . , 1996 . taxonomy and distribution . p . 1 - 11 . in j . f . craig ( ed . ) pike biology and exploration . chapman and hall , london . 298 p . ( ref . 26373 )
the two species did not share haplotypes implying long - term isolation with no gene flow , and divergence of the taxa were estimated at 4 . 55 myr . the northern pike mtdna haplotypes revealed three main lineages . one of the northern pike mtdna lineages was found throughout the entire holarctic region suggesting transcontinental dispersal from a single refugium . the three lineages exhibited a star phylogeny , indicating population expansion following isolation in separate glacial refugia . estimated time of divergence of these lineages was 0 . 18 - 0 . 26 myr .
hansen mm , taggart jb , meldrup d : development of new vntr markers for pike and assessment of variability at di - and tetranucleotide repeat microsatellite loci . j fish biol . 1999 , 55 : 183 - 188 . 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8649 . 1999 . tb00667 . x .
miller lm , kapuscinski ar : notes : microsatellite dna markers reveal new jevels of genetic variation in northern pike . trans am fish soc . 1996 , 125 : 971 - 977 . 10 . 1577 / 1548 - 8659 ( 1996 ) 125 < 0971 : nmdmrn > 2 . 3 . co ; 2 .
miller lm , senanan w : a review of northern pike population genetics research and its implications for management . north am j fish managem . 2003 , 23 : 297 - 306 . 10 . 1577 / 1548 - 8675 ( 2003 ) 023 < 0297 : aronpp > 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .
maes ge , van houdt jkj , de charleroy d , volckaert fam : indications for a recent holarctic expansion of pike based on a preliminary study of mtdna variation . j fish biol . 2003 , 63 : 254 - 259 . 10 . 1046 / j . 1095 - 8649 . 2003 . 00140 . x .
) . due to a substantial level of heteroplasmy in both the amur and northern pike all pcr products were subsequently cloned employing a topo - ta cloning kit ( invitrogen , carlsbad , ca , usa ) . five positive clones for each individual were then sequenced using m13 forward and reverse primers ( invitrogen , carlsbad , ca , usa ) . polymorphic sites detected in cloned products were verified by direct sequencing of pcr amplified clone inserts . for sites ( single base ) displaying heteroplasmy only the major variant was used in the subsequent analyses . dna sequencing was performed with an abi3730 system ( applied biosystems , foster city , usa ) using the same primers for sequencing as in the pcrs . all sequences were aligned and visually inspected using the alignment explorer in mega 3 . 1 [
larsen pf , hansen mm , nielsen ee , jensen lf , loeschcke v : stocking impact and temporal stability of genetic composition in a brackish norther pike population ( esox lucius l . ) assessed using microsatellite dna analysis of historical and contemporary samples . heredity . 2005 , 95 : 136 - 143 . 10 . 1038 / sj . hdy . 6800671 .
) . the presence of site - specific haplotypes in most populations indicates limited present gene flow between northern pike populations inhabiting different freshwater bodies . the diversity of haplotypes was clearly larger in eurasia than in north america , with clade e ( e ) and f ( f ) common in southern europe . further , a highly divergent haplotype ( g ) appeared in mediterranean drainages ( italy , switzerland ; [
the discussion on pheasants on the other thread got me thinking about non native gamefish and game animals introduced to the state . some , like brown trout ( and carp for better or worse ) have thrived and have turned out to be valuable and prized fish . back in the late sixties ( i think ) the pfbc attempted to introduce a new gamefish from siberia called an
amur pike .
this fish was expected to grow to great sizes and become great new gamefish . they were introduced into the western part of the state . pymatuning lake i think may have had them . it seems the fish failed to thrive and died off . up until a few years ago they were still mentioned in the pfbc regulations booklet with seasons and bag limits . has anyone on the board ever seen one of these ? i have never seen a photo of one of them and would be curious to see one - esp if it was an actual fish caught in pa waters .
the precise location of the glacial refugia is uncertain , but our data suggests an asian origin . the expansion of the circumpolar lineage is estimated to be around the end of the second glacial , implying that the current distribution is due to a recent recolonization from an east - asian refugium . all three northern pike mtdna lineages occurred sympatrically in europe , possibly due to secondary contact . two of the lineages probably originated from different european refugia , one in the danube - region and one in western europe , the latter seems to be the primary source for recolonization of northern europe .
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robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
distinguishing characteristics , a key , and an illustration were provided by berg ( 1948 ) .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of esox reichertii are found here .
bender , t . - pennsylvania fish and boat commission , state college , pa .
berg , l . s . 1948 - 1949 . freshwater fishes of the u . s . s . r . and adjacent countries , 4th edition . three volumes . translated from russian , 1962 - 1965 , for the smithsonian institution and the national science foundation , by israel program for scientific translations , jerusalem , israel . volume 1 : 504 pp . ; volume 2 : 496 pp . ; volume 3 : 510 pp .
cooper , e . l . 1983 . fishes of pennsylvania . pennsylvania state university press , university park , pa .
denoncourt , r . f . , t . b . robbins , and r . hesser . 1975a . recent introductions and reintroductions to the pennsylvania fish fauna of the susquehanna river drainage above conowingo dam . proceedings of the pennsylvania academy of science 49 : 57 - 58 .
robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea , and w . b . scott . 1991b . world fishes important to north americans exclusive of species from the continental waters of the united states and canada . american fisheries society special publication 21 . american fisheries society , bethesda , md . 243 pp .
fuller , p . , 2018 , esox reichertii dybowski , 1869 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 4 / 13 / 2006 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
from greek , isox and also related with the celtic root , eog , ehawc = salmon ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m 40 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 115 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56557 ) ; common length : 55 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56557 ) ; max . published weight : 20 . 0 kg ( ref . 56557 )
feeds on fish of no commercial or angling importance ( ref . 41072 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5157 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00676 ( 0 . 00363 - 0 . 01260 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 ±0 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 22 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 59 of 100 ) .
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fish keepers to understand why we maintain this type of collection and spare no expense on this fascinating hobby . hopefully , through this site and discussion forums we can encourage the next generation of monster fish keepers to have the same passion and love we have for the hobby and our monster fish . as one of the founding members , i personally invite you to register and join us today . currently you are viewing this site as our guest which only gives you limited access to view most discussions , articles and photo galleries . registration is free and very easy ! when you register , you ' ll have instant access to . . . .
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anyone know much on these all i really know is that they were bred over 30 years ago and that some got into the50 inch range in u . s lakes so any info is apreciated .
i ' m not gonna sell him . i ' ll raise him through the winter and decide to sell it or not . - andrew
there are no active groups of these fish anywhere , the dcnr up here is 99 . 9 % sure all the adults they stocked in the lake are gone .
p . s . these were pure bred amurs , not a hybrid . i ' ve spoken to the co ' s at the hatchery about them .
edit i misspoke , it was glendale lake , the guys from the pymatuning hatchery were helping on the project , it wasn ' t their lake .
typical army guy . . . . can ' t see the forest through all the trees
i ' ve never seen anyone raise these . your best bet would be to reach out to a fish and game officer in your area and ask , as i know of no one breeding over here . i ' d be willing to bet they wouldn ' t be allowed either , since they can survive the harsh weather like their north american cousins and would be treated as invasive . the breeding and introduction projects for these fish , i as understood it , were in areas that cross - water spreading wasn ' t a possibility , meaning the amurs were in a controlled area with no chance of the fish spreading unsupervised .
are you stateside ? again my bet is they would not allow these animals stateside for the reason i mentioned above .
p . s . you just joined last saturday and have almost 140 messages . . . good lord .
no they didn ' t . why would today ' s fisheries biologists want to stocking a fish that ' s not native to north america ? they have a disease that is fatal to native esox and they are known to hybridizing with pikes , something that we don ' t need .
are you stateside ? again my bet is they would not allow these animals stateside for the reason i mentioned above . p . s . you just joined last saturday and have almost 140 messages . . . good lord .
can you elaborate a little on that disease . . . . . . i mean it was worded a bit confusing . . . . . they are esox but they have a disease that is fatal to esox ?
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a combination of understanding the fish and the techniques used to catch them will help you to hook more fish to the end of your line . better knowing and understanding of the fish that you are trying to catch will make you a more successful angler , whether you are fishing for trout on a river or surfing on the beach or trolling on the open water .
gear . almost any type of hardware will produce a strike . a wire leader is a must when doing battle with these sharp - toothed monsters .
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i am pretty sure glendale lake has them . . . . glendale ( prince gallitzin ) / cambria . . . . . yes they do have them i just checked reports and conditions thread for this lake .
never lied about the size of the fish i caught . . . . . just remember them being bigger ! !
there are those who look at things the way they are , and ask why , i dream of things that never were and ask why not
- - - rfk
you hear them bells alot like i do too ? ? . . . . . lol
nuts would have been nice to have been able to catch one and have a mount or a repro made . man i just found out today the only water that had grayling and public access in the u . p . went to hell a few years back due to a dam blowing out and the flooding that followed . one let down after another , oh when will the madness end ? ok i ' m back now . hey dizzy i see you ' re from easton . i use to spend a week out there fishing the bushkill for trout and the delaware for eyes and smallmouth with an uncle , al kmack . he lived on bushkill drive near binney and smith ' s , passed away some years back but i had great times with him and i loved easton . thanks for the info fellas ! ! tight lines spin
nuts would have been nice to have been able to catch one and have a mount or a repro made . man i just found out today the only water that had grayling and public access in the u . p . went to hell a few years back due to a dam blowing out and the flooding that followed . one let down after another , oh when will the madness end ?
ok i ' m back now . hey dizzy i see you ' re from easton . i use to spend a week out there fishing the bushkill for trout and the delaware for eyes and smallmouth with an uncle , al kmack . he lived on bushkill drive near binney and smith ' s , passed away some years back but i had great times with him and i loved easton . thanks for the info fellas ! !
both of those fisheries are alive and doing well . . . and striped bass ( in big numbers ) have been added to the delaware ' s menu since your time spent here .
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present - day distribution of temperate species of plants and animals are strongly influenced by geological and climatic processes such as glacial cycles . during glaciation periods populations were displaced and population size reduced , and as a consequence genetic diversity was lost [
] . during interglacial periods aquatic species such as freshwater fishes had access to large lakes formed by melt - water , providing a diversity of dispersal opportunities . there are a number of phylogeographic studies investigating the geographic distribution of genealogical lineages of freshwater fish , but patterns differ between species [
] found more structuring ( in the distribution of hapotypes ) based on a longer mitochondrial dna fragment , implying that larger fragments are needed to test this hypothesis . in this study , we used two mitochondrial dna markers , a 1133 bp sequence of the cytochrome
, but is summarized here . the final mtdna alignments included 443 bp of the d - loop region , and 1133 bp of the cyt
and 3 for d - loop . the nucleotide diversity ranged from 0 . 0012 ( d - loop ) to 0 . 0020 ( cyt
numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap support for nj ( 10 000 replicates ) and ml ( 100 replicates ) , respectively . haplotype names are given on the basis of the river system or country of origin . the circumpolar haplotype group refers to circumpolar distribution of this clade of haplotypes . note that the northern european clade harbours a haplotype originating from the alaska population .
estimated time of divergence of e . reichertii and e . lucius , and clades of e . lucius , based on cyt b data and the corresponding percentile value ( p ) , using a mutation rate ( μ ) of 1 . 133e - 05 substitutions per year . b , e and f denote the e . lucius cyt b mt dna lineages .
) may be a sign of potential recent population expansion , indicating that the haplotypes diverged simultaneously from a common ancestor . analyses showed that all cyt
lineages could recover the signal of sudden expansion - i . e . ; none were significantly different from the expectation of sudden expansion ( table
) . the estimated expansion of the b and e lineages was considerably later than the estimated split between these two lineages ( 0 . 22 myr , table
estimated time of expansion based on cyt b data and the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals ( 95 % ci ) , using a mutation rate ( μ ) of 1 . 133e - 05 substitutions per year . the cyt b lineages representing e . reichertii ( a ) and e . lucius ( b , e , f ) , respectively are denoted in parenthesis . significant values of tajima’s d and fu’s f are indicated in bold .
) the g clade is closely related to the e clade ; the e clade has a wide distribution in western europe . the g clade seems to be present in drainages to the mediterranean sea , with related genotypes and phenotypes observed also in switzerland and in the danube [
] . because of the limited data on the g clade , we could not estimate time of divergence .
) , and the distribution of the species is not clarified . more detailed genetic work is clearly needed to resolve the taxonomy of the european
haplotype b and d - loop haplotype b ) that was distributed throughout eurasia and north america . closely related haplotypes distributed across vast geographical areas ( europe , asia and north - america ) have also been shown for burbot (
] . although such data are consistent with rapid postglacial expansions from a single refugium ( for all three species ) it is difficult to envision how such events - involving the eurasian and the north american continents , could have taken place . possibly , we are here facing ancient colonization processes at a point in time where the circumpolar distributed mtdna haplotypes ( for unknown reasons ) were highly uniform .
) . although the genetic differentiation among lineages was low ( 0 . 4 - 0 . 6 % , ) compared to lineages traced to different refugia in other holarctic freshwater fishes [
, b - lineage ) , the highest gene and nucleotide mtdna diversities were found in the ural river population . this river drains into the caspian sea , and the ponto - caspian region is a known and important aquatic refugium [
) . diversification events can often be attributed to a period of time when changes in the environment were particularly dramatic . terminations of glacial periods are likely to be such events . the second glacial termination was initiated 130 kyr ago [
) and d - loop regions . in addition to the samples sequenced here , 12 cyt
] for more sampling information ) . sampling information and genbank accession numbers are provided in additional file
region was amplified using the forward and the two reverse primers developed for esocid species by grande et al . [
] according to the pcr protocol described therein - producing a pcr fragment of 1133 bp . a 443 bp fragment of the d - loop region was amplified using the primers cdl - d and pidl and protocol described in [
was used as outgroup based on the phylogenetic analysis done by lópez et al . [
) were also tested as outgroups and provided essentially the same topology . all paup and modeltest analyses were performed at the bioportal website at university of oslo ( htpp : / /
] . standard errors were estimated by 10 000 bootstrap replicates . two different nucleotide diversity estimates were used ; one based on the number of segregating sites ( k ) between the sequences , θ
] . for each phylogenetic lineage ( supported by the bootstrap values ) , we calculated the nucleotide and haplotype diversity using dnasp 4 . 0 [
we estimated the most parsimonious haplotype minimum spanning network ( msn ) with 95 % probability using the program tcs 1 . 21 [
lineages , and not for the concatenated mtdna or the d - loop dataset . for the expanding populations ( defined by the mismatch distributions ) we estimated the time of expansion ( t ) using τ = 2μt , where τ ( time to expansion ) is estimated from the mismatch distribution and μ is the mutation rate . we assumed a 2 % divergence rate per myr in cyt
( as defined above ) to detect recent demographic changes ( as these two parameters are differently affected by population bottlenecks and expansions ) . population expansion was additionally tested using fu’s
] . confidence intervals were calculated by a parametric bootstrap approach as implemented in arlequin v . 3 .
] as implemented in arlequin v . 3 . this model assumes two populations diverging at time t and no further contact after time t . furthermore , the size of the two populations may be different , but their sum equals the ancestral population size . the time of divergence ( based on τ = 2tμ ) , the size of the ancestral population ( θ
: undifferentiated populations ) tested by a permutation procedure . divergence time was additionally calculated using mdiv [
is the effective population size of this first population / species ) , and other demographic parameters using mcmc . both these methods for estimating divergence time scale the parameters by mutation rate ( μ ) . furthermore , they assume that population size does not change over time . the mdiv analyses were carried out using the resources of the computational biology service unit from cornell university (
as , ncs and ksj designed the study . as and ak organised and analysed data . as , ksj and lav wrote the paper and all authors read and approved the final manuscript .
we would like to thank mirjana lenhardt , howard teas , ed delaplante , bob piorkowski , josé azevedo , craig primmer , nikolay shilin , victor stygar , chingiz mamedov , sergei shedko and the svenska fiskeriverket for providing samples , and kjartan østbye for thorough reading of the manuscript . we are also grateful to the abi - sequencing team at cees . this work was supported by a grant ( 159279 / v40 ) from the norwegian research council to ksj and ncs .
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