coelioxys sodalis is a bee from the family megachilidae , one of numerous kleptoparasitic bees in the tribe megachilini .

members of the genus coelioxys exhibit kleptoparasitic behavior in that they lay their eggs in the nests of other bees , typically those of the related genus megachile .

as this behavior is similar to that of cuckoos , such bees are referred to as cuckoo bees .

these host-parasite relationships are complex host insects of the brood parasite c. sodalis include megachile melanophaea , m. texana , and m. rotundata .

coelioxys sodalis

coelioxys acanthopyga alfken , 1940 , coelioxys acanthura ( illiger , 1806 ) , c . afra , coelioxys angulata smith , 1870 , c . argentea , coelioxys artemis schwarz , 2001 , coelioxys bifoliata pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys bifoveolata pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys binghami pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys brevis eversmann , 1852 , coelioxys bulbosa pasteels , 1985 , c . caeruleipennis , coelioxys capitata smith , 1854 , coelioxys carinicauda pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys castanea morawitz , 1886 , coelioxys caudata spinola , 1838 , coelioxys coloratula cockerell , 1939 , coelioxys congoensis friese , 1922 , coelioxys conspersa morawitz , 1874 , coelioxys cothura cockerell , 1918 , c . coturnix , coelioxys cuneata smith , 1875 , coelioxys desmieri pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys difformis friese , 1904 , coelioxys echinata förster , 1853 , coelioxys elegantula alfken , 1934 , coelioxys elongatula alfken , 1938 , coelioxys elsei schwarz , 2001 , coelioxys emarginata förster , 1853 , coelioxys emarginatella pasteels , 1982 , coelioxys erythrura spinola , 1838 , coelioxys florea wu , 2006 , coelioxys formosicola strand , 1913 , coelioxys foveolata smith , 1854 , coelioxys fuscipennis smith , 1854 , coelioxys genoconcavitus gupta , 1991 , coelioxys haemorrhoa förster , 1853 , c . incarinata , coelioxys indica friese , 1925 , coelioxys iranica warncke , 1992 , coelioxys kasachstana warncke , 1992 , coelioxys khasiana cameron , 1904 , coelioxys lata cameron , 1908 , coelioxys lucidicauda cockerell , 1939 , coelioxys luzonica cockerell , 1914 , c . madagascariensis , coelioxys mielbergi morawitz , 1880 , coelioxys nasuta friese , 1904 , coelioxys nitidicauda pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys obtusa pérez , 1884 , coelioxys octodenticulata friese , 1935 , coelioxys perseus nurse , 1904 , coelioxys polycentris förster , 1853 , coelioxys pruinosa smith , 1854 , coelioxys quadrifasciata gupta , 1992 , coelioxys radoszkowskyi popov , 1946 , coelioxys rajasthaniensis gupta , 1992 , coelioxys recusata schulz , 1906 , coelioxys rubella pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys rufispina walker , 1871 , c . scutellotuberculata , coelioxys semenowi morawitz , 1894 , coelioxys sexmaculata cameron , 1897 , c . smithii , coelioxys sogdiana morawitz , 1875 , coelioxys somalica friese , 1922 , coelioxys somalina magretti , 1895 , coelioxys spativentris friese , 1935 , coelioxys spilaspis cockerell , 1932 , coelioxys squamigera friese , 1935 , coelioxys squamosa friese , 1922 , coelioxys squamosissima pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys squamosoides pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys squamosula popov , 1946 , coelioxys subelongata wu , 1992 , coelioxys sudanensis cockerell , 1933 , coelioxys unicula cockerell , 1939 , and coelioxys warnckei schwarz & gusenleitner , 2003 .
coelioxys aberrans morawitz , 1894 , coelioxys albociliata pasteels , 1968 , c . apicata , coelioxys bruneipes pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys calabarensis pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys cavigena pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys cherenensis friese , 1913 , coelioxys chionospila cockerell , 1935 , coelioxys circumscripta schulz , 1906 , c . decipiens , coelioxys dormitans cockerell , 1919 , coelioxys elongativentris ( pasteels , 1977 ) , coelioxys gracillima ( pasteels , 1977 ) , coelioxys heterozona cockerell , 1939 , coelioxys integra pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys junodi friese , 1904 , coelioxys lativentris friese , 1909 , coelioxys luangwana cockerell , 1939 , coelioxys neavei vachal , 1910 , coelioxys reticulata pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys rotundicauda cockerell , 1935 , coelioxys rotundiscutum ( pasteels , 1977 ) , coelioxys scioensis gribodo , 1879 , coelioxys umbripennis friese , 1922 , and coelioxys verticalis smith , 1854 .
coelioxys analis friese , 1911 , coelioxys basalis smith , 1875 , coelioxys ducalis smith , 1854 , coelioxys fenestrata smith , 1873 , coelioxys julia rocha - filho , 2016 * , coelioxys kosemponis strand , 1913 , coelioxys maculata friese , 1913 , coelioxys maculoides pasteels , 1968 , c . torrida , coelioxys torridula pasteels , 1968 , and coelioxys weinlandi schulz , 1904 .
coelioxys acutivalva friese , 1921 * , coelioxys adani cockerell , 1949 * , coelioxys amazonica schrottky , 1902 , coelioxys beroni schrottky , 1902 , coelioxys brasiliensis friese , 1921 * , coelioxys bucephala friese , 1921 * , coelioxys cearensis friese , 1921 * , c . cayennensis * , coelioxys cerasiopleura holmberg , 1903 , coelioxys chilensis reed , 1892 , coelioxys concolor friese , 1921 * , coelioxys epaenete holmberg , 1916 , c . germana * , coelioxys ignava smith , 1879 * , coelioxys labiosa moure , 1951 , coelioxys laticeps friese , 1921 * , coelioxys lativalva holmberg , 1903 , c . mexicana * , coelioxys nitidicollis friese , 1921 * , coelioxys opacicollis friese , 1921 * , coelioxys pampeana holmberg , 1887 , coelioxys praetextata haliday , 1836 * , coelioxys quadriceps friese , 1921 * , coelioxys ruficollis friese , 1921 * , coelioxys scutellaris schrottky , 1902 , coelioxys totonaca cresson , 1878 * , coelioxys triodonta cockerell , 1914 * , and coelioxys vituperabilis holmberg , 1903 .
© copyright source / photographer · 5 coelioxys sodalis , f , side , maine , hancock county - - - . . zs pmax
© copyright source / photographer · 5 coelioxys sodalis , f , back , maine , hancock county - - - . . zs pmax
© copyright source / photographer · 5 coelioxys sodalis , f , face , maine , hancock county - - - . . zs pmax
coelioxys sodalis , f , face , maine , hancock county _ 2013 - 03 - 15 - 14 . 10 . 58 zs pmax
coelioxys sodalis , f , back , maine , hancock county _ 2013 - 03 - 15 - 14 . 00 . 59 zs pmax
coelioxys bicingulata holmberg , 1918 * , coelioxys wagenknechti moure , 1951 , coelioxys bruneri cockerell , 1918 * , coelioxys cameghinoi holmberg , 1903 , coelioxys elizabeth toro & fritz , 1991 * , coelioxys frieseana holmberg , 1916 , coelioxys genisei toro & fritz , 1991 * , coelioxys hickeni holmberg , 1918 * , coelioxys hubrichiana holmberg , 1918 * , coelioxys inconspicua holmberg , 1884 , coelioxys insolita holmberg , 1903 , coelioxys kuscheli moure , 1951 , coelioxys ljuba toro & fritz , 1991 * , coelioxys lyprura moure , 1951 , coelioxys mapuche toro & fritz , 1991 * , coelioxys melanopus schulz , 1906 , coelioxys miranda vachal , 1904 * , coelioxys occidentalis holmberg , 1916 , coelioxys oriplanes moure , 1951 , coelioxys palmaris fritz & toro , 1990 , c . pergandei , coelioxys pomona toro & fritz , 1991 * , coelioxys remissa holmberg , 1888 * , coelioxys roigi fritz & toro , 1990 * , coelioxys rosarina holmberg , 1918 * , coelioxys ruizi moure , 1951 , coelioxys ruzi toro & fritz , 1991 * , coelioxys strigata vachal , 1904 * , coelioxys tehuelche holmberg , 1916 , coelioxys tenax holmberg , 1888 , coelioxys tucumana holmberg , 1903 , c . wagenknechti , and coelioxys weyrauchi moure , 1951 .
© copyright source / photographer · 5 coelioxys sodalis , m , back , ny , pullout by river - - - . . zs pmax
© copyright source / photographer · 5 coelioxys sodalis , m , face , ny , pullout by river - - - . . zs pmax
© nc agriculture state experiment station technical bulletin number 152 , t . b . mitchell , 1962 · 1 coelioxys sodalis , female , abdapex
© nc agriculture state experiment station technical bulletin number 152 , t . b . mitchell , 1962 · 1 coelioxys sodalis , male , t6
coelioxys rufescens . the palaearctic species coelioxys aurolimbata förster , 1853 , coelioxys mongolica friese , 1925 , coelioxys torquata warncke , 1992 , and coelioxys tricarinata morawitz , 1875 are likely to belong to this subgenus .
female , frontal view of pronotal lobe ( outer margin indicated by red arrow ) : 30 , coelioxys sodalis ; 31 , coelioxys grindeliae . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
coelioxys azteca * , c . bertonii , and c . dinellii . the following species are likely to belong to this subgenus : coelioxys aculeaticeps friese , 1921 * , coelioxys bequaertiana cockerell , 1931 * , coelioxys bifida friese , 1904 * , coelioxys buchwaldi friese , 1921 * , coelioxys buehleri schrottky , 1909 , coelioxys haematura cockerell , 1914 * , coelioxys longiventris friese , 1921 * , coelioxys pygidialis schrottky , 1902 , coelioxys rufa friese , 1921 * , coelioxys rufopicta smith , 1854 * , coelioxys tepaneca cresson , 1878 * , and coelioxys wilmattae cockerell , 1949 * .
coelioxys aperta cresson , 1878 , coelioxys bisoncornua hill , 1936 , coelioxys boharti mitchell , 1962 , c . edita , coelioxys galactiae mitchell , 1962 , coelioxys grindeliae cockerell , 1900 , c . hirsutissima , c . immaculata , coelioxys mesae cockerell , 1921 , c . mitchelli , coelioxys nodis baker , 1975 , coelioxys piercei crawford , 1914 , c . serricaudata , c . soror , and coelioxys soledadensis cockerell , 1909 .
coelioxys abdominalis guérin - méneville , 1844 * , coelioxys aculeata schrottky , 1902 , coelioxys albifrons friese , 1916 * , coelioxys bipustulata friese , 1921 * , coelioxys brachypyga friese , 1921 * , c . dolichos * , coelioxys eximia friese , 1921 * , coelioxys foxii viereck , 1902 * , coelioxys laevicollis friese , 1921 * , coelioxys laevigata smith , 1854 * , coelioxys laevis friese , 1921 * , c . menthae * , c . otomita * , coelioxys popovi strand , 1934 * , coelioxys producta cresson , 1865 * , c . rufipes * , c . simillima * , c . slossoni * , coelioxys spinipyga strand , 1910 * , coelioxys tolteca cresson , 1878 * , coelioxys trispinosa friese , 1921 * , coelioxys turbinata krombein , 1953 * , and coelioxys vigilans smith , 1879 * .
coelioxys alternata say , 1837 , coelioxys apacheorum cockerell , 1900 , coelioxys erysimi cockerell , 1912 , coelioxys hunteri crawford , 1914 , c . tegularis * , c . texana , and c . toltecoides .
coelioxys froggatti * , c . reginae * , and coelioxys tasmaniana rocha - filho , 2016 * .
© copyright source / photographer · 5 coelioxys sodalis , m , side , ny , pullout by river - - - . . zs pmax - - histogram = f . flash = .
a–f , female . a–c , dorsal view of hemitergite 7 ( apodemal region indicated by black arrow , lateral process indicated by red arrow ) : a , coelioxys ducalis ; b , coelioxys alatiformis ; c , coelioxys caudata . d–f , lateral view of hemitergite 8 ( postero expansion indicated by black arrow ) : d , coelioxys torrida ; e , coelioxys nasuta ; f , coelioxys porterae ( apex of dorsal arm of furcula indicated by red arrow ) . g–l , male : g , dorsal view of t7 of coelioxys bisoncornua ; h , dorsal view of s7 of coelioxys apacheorum ; i , dorsal view of s8 of coelioxys alternata ( tip producing on apex indicated by black arrow ) . j–l , genitalia : j , coelioxys abdominalis ; k , coelioxys apicata ; l , coelioxys sodalis . scale bars : 1 mm .
26 , female , coelioxys porterae : dorsal view of t6 and s6 . 27 , male , coelioxys sayi : dorsal view of t2 ( fovea indicated by red arrow ) . 28 , female , coelioxys quadridentata , dorsal view of t6 and s6 . 29 , male , coelioxys sodalis : dorsal view of t2 ( punctate area indicated by red arrow ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
coelioxys banksi crawford , 1914 , coelioxys insita cresson , 1872 , coelioxys moesta cresson , 1864 , coelioxys novomexicana cockerell , 1909 , c . oaxacana , c . octodentata , coelioxys porterae cockerell , 1900 , coelioxys pratti crawford , 1914 , c . rufitarsis , coelioxys salinaria cockerell , 1925 , c . sannicolarensis * , c . sayi , and c . schmidti * . the neotropical species coelioxys auripes friese , 1921 also seems to belong to this subgenus given the complete postgradular grooves of t2 and t3 .
c . alata and c . funeraria . some other palaearctic species , coelioxys hosoba nagase , 2003 , coelioxys hiroba nagase , 2003 , coelioxys inermis ( kirby , 1802 ) , coelioxys mandibularis nylander , 1848 , and coelioxys elongata ( lepeletier , 1841 ) , might also belong to this subgenus as they share the modified mandible in the female .
coelioxys albolineata * , coelioxys confusa * , and coelioxys dispersa cockerell , 1911 * . coelioxys peregrinata cockerell , 1911 * from the solomon islands is likely to be a member of this subgenus , but the mesoscutellum is coarsely and densely punctate and not emarginate medially on posterior margin .
a female coelioxys nectars on a flower . ( photo by diane wilson . )
female . frontal view of head ( for compound eye ) : 4 , coelioxys weinlandi ; 5 , coelioxys zapoteca . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
female , dorsal view of t2–t3 ( for postgradular grooves ) : 24 , coelioxys rufitarsis ; 25 , coelioxys apacheorum . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
female , dorsal view of mesoscutellum ( for posterior margin ) : 50 , coelioxys simillima ; 51 , coelioxys zapoteca . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
female . 52 , coelioxys menthae , dorsal view of mid ocellus . 53 , 54 , frontal view of head ( for supraclypeal area ) : 53 , coelioxys tolteca ; 54 , coelioxys bertonii . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
coelioxys agilis * , c . platygnatha * , and c . zapoteca * .
female . dorsal view of mesoscutellum ( for lateral margin of axilla ) : 6 , coelioxys madagascariensis ; 7 , coelioxys verticalis . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
on a new subgenus orientocoelioxys and a new species of genus coelioxys latr . from india
table s2 . character matrix used in the phylogenetic analyses of the genera coelioxys and radoszkowskiana .
the coelioxys species from australia , previously assigned to coelioxys ( coelioxys s . s . ) latreille , 1809 ; ( michener , 1965 ) , form two successive sister groups to all other coelioxys subgenera not yet discussed in the analyses . furthermore , in all tree topologies , both groups are separated from the type species of c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) by numerous other subgenera . consequently , and given the high support and presence of some unreversed synapomorphies found in each of the two branches of australian taxa , c . reginae + coelioxys froggatti cockerell , 1911 are placed in one new subgenus coelioxys ( eingana ) subgen . nov . and coelioxys albolineata cockerell , 1905 + c . confusa are placed in a second coelioxys ( callosarissa ) subgen . nov . described below ( see comments in the section on taxonomic implications ) .
female , frontal view of head ( outer surface of mandible indicated by black arrows ) : 81 , coelioxys funeraria ; 82 , coelioxys conoidea . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
révision des megachilidae ( hymenoptera apoidea ) de l ' afrique noire . ii . le genre coelioxys
32 , 33 , female . 32 , coelioxys texana : dorsal view of mid ocellus . 33 , coelioxys alternata : dorsal view of t6 and s6 . 34 , male , coelioxys alternata : dorsal view of t6 ( dorsal process indicated by red arrow ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
38 , female , coelioxys confusa : dorsal view of t6 and s6 . 39 , male , coelioxys albolineata : lateral view of head ( for posterior margin of genal excavation ) . 40 , female , coelioxys reginae : dorsal view of t6 and s6 . 41 , male , coelioxys froggatti : lateral view of head ( for posterior margin of genal excavation ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
female . 69 , coelioxys cayennensis : dorsal view of mesoscutellum ( for posterior margin ) . 70 , coelioxys praetextata : lateral view of s1 ( basomedial area indicated by black arrow ) . 71 , coelioxys alata : dorsal view of mesoscutellum ( for posterior margin ) . 72 , coelioxys funeraria : lateral view of s1 ( basomedial area indicated by black arrow ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
did you know : there are 18 species of coelioxys in colorado . while they mostly parasitize megachile , there are very specific host - parasite relationships – so each coelioxys species can only parasitize certain megachile species .
2 . lateral margins of axilla elevated , sharply carinate , from madagascar ( fig . 6 ) ………………… ……………………… coelioxys ( allocoelioxys ) [ in part : coelioxys ( allocoelioxys ) madagascariensis ( benoist , 1955 ) ]
mitchell ( 1973 ) established this subgenus based only on north american and european species . michener ( 2007 ) , on the other hand , considered it as cosmopolitan . thirteen species previously assigned to c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) , such as coelioxys serricaudata baker , 1975 and the australasian species ( michener , 1965 ; baker , 1975 ) , do not belong to the clade that contains the type species of the subgenus ( see also rocha - filho , 2016 for the australian species ) , c . quadridentata . as understood here , c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) comprises only its type species and the nearctic species coelioxys sodalis cresson , 1878 .
46 , female , coelioxys sanguinicollis : dorsal view of t6 and s6 . 47 , male , coelioxys chichimeca : dorsal view of t2–t3 ( fovea on t3 indicated by red arrow ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
35 , 36 , female . 35 , coelioxys albolineata : dorsal view of mesoscutellum ( for axilla length ) . 36 , coelioxys froggatti : lateral view of pretarsal claws ( inner rami indicated by black arrows ) . 37 , male , coelioxys reginae : lateral view of head ( for genal excavation ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
77 , female , coelioxys praetextata : dorsal view of t6 and s6 ( s6 notch indicated by black arrow ) . 78 , coelioxys cayennensis : dorsal view of t2–t3 ( punctate areas and foveae indicated by red arrows ) . 79 , coelioxys pergandei : dorsal view of t6 and s6 ( s6 notch indicated by black arrow ) . 80 , coelioxys kuscheli : dorsal view of t2–t3 ( fovea indicated by red arrow ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
in view of the above and considering the lack of a phylogenetic study for both the genera coelioxys and radoszkowskiana , this article provides a morphological phylogenetic analysis for both genera , including all four radoszkowskiana species as well as species of all coelioxys subgenera . the taxonomic status of coelioxys subgenera is revised and a key to all subgenera recognized herein is also provided .
42 , male , coelioxys costaricensis : dorsal view of t1 ( for marginal carina ) . 43 , female , coelioxys cerasiopleura : dorsal view of t1 ( for lack of marginal carina ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
coelioxys mandibularis nyl . as a cuckoo bee of osmia villosa ( schck . ) ( hymenoptera , apiformes , megachilidae )
65 , female , coelioxys agilis : dorsal view of t6 and s6 ( s6 notch indicated by black arrow ) . 66 , male , coelioxys zapoteca . dorsal view of t2–t3 ( punctate areas indicated by red arrows ) . 67 , female , coelioxys barbata : dorsal view of t6 and s6 ( s6 notch indicated by black arrow ) . 68 , male , coelioxys clypearis : dorsal view of t2–t3 ( punctate areas indicated by black arrows ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
91 , female , coelioxys conoidea : ventral view of s6 ( s6 ventral keel indicated by black arrow ) . 92 , 93 , male : 92 , coelioxys rufescens , ventral view of s4 ( apical margin indicated by red arrow ) ; 93 , coelioxys conoidea , ventral view of s4 ( apical rim indicated by black arrow ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
predators . in u . s . a . - anthrax cintalapa , coelioxys moesta , nemognatha lurida , tetrasticus megachilidis , trogoderma .
8 , 9 , female , coelioxys apicata : 8 , dorsal view of mesoscutellum ; 9 , dorsal view of t6 and s6 . 10 , male , coelioxys decipiens : dorsal view of t6 ( for lateral tooth of t6 ) . 11 , female , coelioxys ducalis : dorsal view of mesoscutellum . 12 , 13 , coelioxys weinlandi : 12 , female , dorsal view of t6 and s6 ; 13 , male , dorsal view of t6 ( for lateral tooth of t6 ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
species of coelioxys ( boreocoelioxys ) mitchell , 1973 + coelioxys conoidea ( illiger , 1806 ) came as the sister group of the clade c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) + c . ( xerocoelioxys ) in all weighted analyses . in the consensus tree from the equal - weights analysis these two subgenera arise from a polytomy containing nine species previously placed in two subgenera . the subgenus c . ( boreocoelioxys ) came as paraphyletic in the successive weighting tree with coelioxys rufitarsis smith , 1854 , the type species of this subgenus , as the sister group of c . conoidea and the clade c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) + c . ( xerocoelioxys ) .
20 . median ocellus surrounded by a conspicuous impunctate , swollen area ( figs 52 , 53 ) . supraclypeal area elevated medially , forming a rounded ridge ( figs 52 , 53 ) . male : t5 lacking or with very short , vestigial lateral teeth ( fig . 61 ) ; s4 apical margin entire ( fig . 62 ) ; gradulus of s5 straight and complete ( requires dissection ) ( nearctic and neotropical ) …………………… ………………………………………… ……… ………………… . … coelioxys ( neocoelioxys ) ( in part ) ( coelioxys slossoni viereck , 1902 , coelioxys menthae cockerell , 1897 , coelioxys rufipes guérin - méneville , 1844 , coelioxys turbinata krombein , 1953 , and an undescribed species from the bahamas )
baker ( 1975 ) revised and keyed ten species in this subgenus . as a result of our phylogenies , c . serricaudata , previously placed in c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) , is now regarded as belonging to c . ( xerocoelioxys ) . also , considering the diagnostic characteristics of this subgenus , the other three north american species assigned by baker ( 1975 ) to c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) , coelioxys hirsutissima cockerell , 1912 , coelioxys immaculata cockerell , 1912 , and coelioxys mitchelli baker , 1975 , should be classified as c . ( xerocoelioxys ) . this subgenus is predominantly nearctic but with some species reaching the neotropical region of mexico .
coelioxys ( coelioxys s . s . ) spp . is diagnosable through one unique characteristic found in no other species in the genus : the shape of the pronotal lobe , which is conspicuously rounded on its outer margin and weakly carinate on its inner margin ( fig . 30 ) .
all analyses failed to support the monophyly of c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) , with it either forming two successive sister groups to the subgenera yet to be discussed or , in the equal - weights analysis , forming , along with c . ( leuraspidia ) , three successive sister groups to the remainder . given the synapomorphies for both groups ( see also supporting information , table s2 ) , the name c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) will be applied to the branch formed by the type species , coelioxys zapoteca cresson , 1878 along with coelioxys agilis smith , 1879 . thus , a new subgenus [ c . ( austrocleptria ) subgen . nov . ] is required for the branch composed of ( ( coelioxys nasidens friese , 1922 + coelioxys clypearis friese , 1922 ) + ( coelioxys barbata schwarz & michener , 1954 + coelioxys paraguayensis schrottky , 1907 ) ) ( see taxonomic implications ) .
a dataset containing 206 species occurrences available in gbif matching the query : taxonkey : coelioxys sodalis cresson , 1878 . the dataset includes 206 records from 11 constituent datasets : 102 records from bee biology and systematics laboratory . 8 records from usgs pwrc - native bee inventory and monitoring lab - us - ca - mx - bees . 2 records from nmnh occurrence dwc - a . 3 records from illinois natural history survey insect collection . 2 records from uam insect collection ( arctos ) . 2 records from . . .
the most obvious diagnostic characteristic of this subgenus is the conspicuously carinate and elevated lateral margins of the axilla ( fig . 6 ) in both sexes , a feature otherwise only observed in one other coelioxys species : the nearctic c . ( xerocoelioxys ) edita . the t6 apicodorsal processes in males are forked ( fig . 23 ) in most species ( exceptions are coelioxys bifoliata pasteels , 1968 , coelioxys madagascariensis benoist , 1955 , and the argentea group sensu pasteels ( 1968 , 1977 ) ( i . e . c . argentea , coelioxys caeruleipennis friese , 1904 , coelioxys incarinata friese , 1904 , and coelioxys scutellotuberculata pasteels , 1968 ) . coelioxys ( synocoelioxys ) spp . also have forked t6 apicodorsal processes but in that subgenus the processes are flattened , acute , and of unequal length , almost forming an irregular crenulate plate ( fig . 34 ) , whereas in c . ( allocoelioxys ) males the apicodorsal processes are weakly convex , approximately equal in length , rounded apically , and distinct , not forming a crenulate plate ( fig . 23 ) .
species of c . ( synocoelioxys ) are primarily nearctic ; five of them were revised and keyed by baker ( 1975 ) ; another two , coelioxys toltecoides cockerell , 1923 from mexico and coelioxys tegularis cresson , 1869 from cuba , are also assigned to the subgenus ( ascher & pickering , 2015 ) .
revision of the neotropical subgenera coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell and c . ( rhinocoelioxys ) mitchell ( hymenoptera ; megachilidae ) with the description of one new species
male . 61 , coelioxys abdominalis : dorsal view of t5–t6 ( lateral tooth of t5 indicated by black arrow ) . 62 , coelioxys menthae : ventral view of s4 ( apical margin indicated by black arrow ) . 63 , 64 , coelioxys azteca : 63 , dorsal view of t5–t6 ( lateral tooth of t5 indicated by black arrow ) ; 64 , ventral view of s4 ( u - shaped process indicated by black arrow ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
female . 73 , coelioxys cayennensis : frontal view of pronotal lobe ( outer margin indicated by black arrow ) . 74 , coelioxys cerasiopleura : lateral view of head ( posterior margin of compound eye indicated by black arrow ) . 75 , 76 , coelioxys pergandei : 75 , frontal view of pronotal lobe ( outer margin indicated by black arrow ) ; 76 , lateral view of head ( posterior margin of compound eye indicated by black arrow ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
rośliny pokarmowe i gospodarze pasozyticzych pszczól miesiarkowatych ( coelioxys latr . , stelis pz . , dioxys lep . et serv . , dioxoides pop . oraz paradioxys mocs . )
coelioxys , common name leaf - cutting cuckoo bees or sharp - tailed bees , is a genus of solitary kleptoparasitic or brood parasitic bees , belonging to the family megachilidae .
baker , j . r . 1975 . taxonomy of five nearctic subgenera of coelioxys ( hymenoptera : megachilidae ) . university of kansas science bulletin 50 : 649 - 730 .
from the greek words μέλισσα ( melissa = ‘bee’ ) + κτόνος ( ktonos = ‘killer’ ) , literally ‘bee killer’ , because of the hospicidal behaviour displayed by coelioxys larvae .
female . 55–57 , coelioxys otomita : 55 , lateral view of mesosoma ( anterior margin of mesoscutum indicated by black arrow ) ; 56 , lateral view of t6 and s6 ( dorsal surface of t6 indicated by black arrow ) ; 57 , dorsal view of t6 and s6 ( s6 notch indicated by black arrow ) . 58 , coelioxys dinellii : lateral view of mesosoma ( anterior margin of mesoscutum indicated by black arrow ) . 59 , coelioxys azteca : lateral view of t6 and s6 ( dorsal surface of t6 indicated by black arrow ) . 60 , coelioxys dinellii : dorsal view of t6 and s6 ( s6 notch indicated by black arrow ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
57 . mesoscutellum medioposteriorly : 0 , slightly to strongly depressed ; 1 , flat or convex . in coelioxys alternata the subcarinate edge gives the impression that the area anterior to it is depressed ; however , it is not the same depressed area as observed in c . odin and coelioxys reginae cockerell , 1905 , and thus this species was coded as 1 .
16–19 , coelioxys argentea . 16 , 17 , female : 16 , frontal view of fore coxa ( spine - like process indicated by black arrow ) ; 17 , lateral view of t6 , s6 , and s5 ( indicated by black arrow ) . 18 , 19 , male : 18 , lateral view of head ( hypostomal area indicated by black arrow ) ; 19 , dorsal view of t6 ( dorsal process indicated by red arrow ) . 20 , female , coelioxys erythrura : frontal view of fore coxa ( lack of a spine - like process indicated by black arrow ) . 21 , female , coelioxys brevis : lateral view of t6 , s6 , and s5 . 22 , male , coelioxys afra : lateral view of head ( hypostomal area indicated by black arrow ) . 23 , male , coelioxys echinata , dorsal view of t6 ( dorsal process indicated by red arrow ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
9 . pronotal lobe inconspicuously carinate , its outer margin distinctly rounded ( albeit often obscured by long hairs ; fig . 30 ) . mesosomal pilosity long , composed of suberect , elongate , thin hairs , lacking appressed hairs that if present would form spots on the mesoscutum ( holarctic ) ………… …………………………………… . … . . . coelioxys ( coelioxys s . s . ) latreille , 1809
coelioxys edita : 14 , female , dorsal view of t6 and s6 ; 15 , male , lateral view of head ( for gena pilosity ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
as the type species of both c . ( acrocoelioxys ) and c . ( melanocoelioxys ) were nested among c . ( neocoelioxys ) spp . , the latter is regarded as a valid subgenus with which the other two are now synonymized . species of this subgenus are mostly neotropical , with several species distributed in the caribbean , and a few : coelioxys dolichos fox , 1890 , coelioxys menthae cockerell , 1897 , and coelioxys slossoni viereck , 1902 found in the nearctic . in both moure et al . ( 2012 ) and ascher & pickering ( 2015 ) databases , many species are listed as c . ( acrocoelioxys ) , but three are assigned herein to c . ( leuraspidia ) , and coelioxys praetextata haliday , 1836 is regarded as belonging to c . ( glyptocoelioxys ) , based upon the results of the phylogenetic analyses .
female . 83 , 84 , coelioxys rufescens : 83 , dorsal view of mesoscutellum ( for pilosity on anterior margin of mesoscutellum ) ; 84 , dorsal view of terga ( for apical tergal fasciae ) . 85 , 86 , coelioxys conoidea : 85 , dorsal view of mesoscutellum ( for pilosity on anterior margin of mesoscutellum ) ; 86 , dorsal view of terga ( for apical tergal fasciae ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
87 , 88 , coelioxys rufescens : 87 , female , ventral view of s6 ( s6 notch indicated by black arrow ) ; 88 , male , dorsal view of t2 ( fovea indicated by black arrow ) . 89 , 90 , coelioxys conoidea : 89 , female , dorsal view of t6 and s6 ; 90 , male , dorsal view of t2 ( fovea indicated by black arrow ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
182 . s4 medially : 0 , flat and glabrous ( figs 49 , 62 , 64 ) ; 1 , sulcate and hairy . coelioxys chilensis is conspicuously sulcate here but not hairy , so this species was coded as 1 .
coelioxys mexicana : 48 , female , frontal view of head ( for clypeus ) ; 49 , male , ventral view of s4 ( u - shaped process indicated by blue arrow ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
a clade composed of c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) + coelioxys ( xerocoelioxys ) mitchell , 1973 , was found in all trees . both subgenera received high support ( fig . 3 ) in the implied weighting analysis . the sister - group relationship of the two subgenera is supported by the gradulus of t2 bowed posteriorly ( 109 - 0 ) . the subgenus c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) is supported by the outer margin of pronotal lobe distinctly rounded , not carinate ( 34 - 1 ; fig . 30 ) , and c . ( xerocoelioxys ) is supported by the t6 apex in females ovoid , tapering towards the apex ( 120 - 2 ; fig . 14 ) .
5 . pilosity on vertex composed of long suberect hairs ( as in fig . 52 ) . female : s6 abruptly constricted near midlength , with lateral margins angled subapically , notches obtuse , clearly visible in dorsal view ( fig . 14 ) . male : hypostomal concavity present , conspicuous ; gena covered with suberect hairs ( fig . 15 ) ( nearctic ) ………… …………… ……………… ……… . coelioxys ( xerocoelioxys ) [ in part : coelioxys ( xerocoelioxys ) edita cresson , 1872 ]
the type species of radoszkowskiana and of each subgenus of coelioxys are indicated with an asterisk . the superscript numbers indicate type species of synonymized subgenera : 1 c . ( melanocoelioxys ) ; 2 both c . ( allocoelioxys ) and c . ( coelioxita ) ; 3 both c . ( coelioxula ) and c . ( intercoelioxys ) ; 4 c . ( paracoelioxys ) ; 5 c . ( schizocoelioxys ) ; 6 mitchell ( 1973 ) considered coelioxys vidua smith , 1854 a synonym of coelioxys praetextata haliday , 1836 , as the type species of c . ( glyptocoelioxys ) ; however , moure , melo & dalmolin ( 2007 ) , by subsequent designation , fixed c . chacoensis as the type species , which is a synonym of c . cayennensis ; 7 c . assumptionis is the type species of c . ( neocoelioxys ) , but was considered a synonym of coelioxys simillima smith , 1854 by both ascher & pickering ( 2015 ) and moure et al . ( 2012 ) .
coelioxys alatiformis : 44 , female , dorsal view of t6 , s6 and s5 ( indicated by black arrow ) ; 45 , male , dorsal view of t2–t3 ( foveae indicated by red arrows ) . scale bars : 1 . 5 mm .
16 . postgradular grooves of t2 and t3 narrowly interrupted medially . posterior margin of mesoscutellum rounded , not produced medially . mesoscutellum keeled dorsomedially . female : clypeus flattened apically ( fig . 48 ) . male : hypostomal area lacking concavity ; s4 apical margin deeply emarginate , forming a u - shaped process , its arms thick , robust ( fig . 49 ) ( nearctic and neotropical ) . ………… . . coelioxys ( glyptocoelioxys ) [ in part coelioxys ( glyptocoelioxys ) mexicana cresson , 1878 ]
considering the result of the phylogenetic analyses , six new subgenera of coelioxys are described herein and three are synonymized with other subgenera , making a total of 20 subgenera currently recognized . twenty - one species are transferred among subgenera ( fig . 3 ) .
89 . sternal apical fasciae : 0 , absent ; 1 , present , interrupted medially ; 2 , complete . in coelioxys weinlandi this character was coded as 2 ( although the fascia on s4 is interrupted medially it is complete on the other sterna ) .
this is one of the most diverse subgenera within coelioxys , with at least 75 species assigned to it ( ascher & pickering , 2015 ) . this subgenus is largely represented in the afrotropical and palaearctic regions , but some species are indomalayan ; at least one , coelioxys smithii dalla torre , 1896 , occurs in the australasian region and one , c . coturnix , has been introduced to the united states from the palaearctic region ( ascher & pickering , 2015 ) . both these species exhibit the characteristics of the subgenus outlined above .
all four recognized species of radoszkowskiana and 72 species of coelioxys were selected and included in the analysis as the in - group ( table 1 ) . the classification of coelioxys subgenera initially followed michener ( 2007 ) . thus , 15 subgenera ( nine exclusive to the new world , one holarctic , one cosmopolitan , and four from the old world ) were initially recognized . the type species of each of the 15 subgenera was included in the analysis , as were any additional species available to us ( table 1 , and see details in the table legend ) . three species considered as incertae sedis by ascher & pickering ( 2015 ) were also added to the analysis ( table 1 ) : coelioxys bertonii schrottky , 1909 , coelioxys confusa smith , 1875 , and coelioxys odin strand , 1912 . species of the other two genera of the tribe megachilini , megachile , and noteriades , were included as out - groups . likewise , the other four tribes within the subfamily megachilinae , as proposed by gonzalez et al . ( 2012 ) – anthidiini , aspidosmiini , dioxyini , and osmiini – were represented by one species each ( table 1 ) . lastly , ochreriades fasciata ( friese , 1899 ) was included because the position of this genus within the subfamily remains unclear ( praz et al . , 2008 ) . lithurgopsis apicalis ( cresson , 1875 ) ( lithurginae ) was used to root the tree .
the subgenus coelioxys ( cyrtocoelioxys ) mitchell , 1973 was monophyletic in all analyses , and is supported by : the hind basitarsus with a flattened tooth - like process ( 83 - 1 ) and the hind tibia apically with an elongate , cylindrical , subacute medial spine ( 84 - 3 ) .
18 . median ocellus surrounded by a conspicuous impunctate , swollen area ( figs 52 , 53 ) . supraclypeal area elevated medially , forming a rounded ridge ( fig . 53 ) ( predominantly neotropical but also nearctic ) ………………………… ……………………… . . coelioxys ( neocoelioxys ) mitchell , 1973 ( in part ) .
the sting apparatus of females as well as the hidden sterna and genital capsule of males were dissected and cleared in a 10 % koh solution , and then stored in glycerine , except for females of coelioxys weinlandi schulz , 1904 , radoszkowskiana barrei ( radoszkowski , 1893 ) , radoszkowskiana gusevi schwarz , 2001 , and radoszkowskiana tkalcui schwarz , 2001 , , because of the scarcity of individuals of those species in collections . the female of coelioxys costaricensis cockerell , 1914 was also not dissected because the only specimen available was the holotype ( on loan from the usnm ) . noteriades chapini ( cockerell , 1933 ) was represented only by the female .
8 . female : s6 gradually tapering towards apex and conspicuously notched subapically , notches acute ( fig . 26 ) . male : postgradular area of t2 with sublateral , elliptical , slender fovea on each side ( fig . 27 ) ( nearctic ) …… . ………………… …………………… ……… . . coelioxys ( boreocoelioxys ) mitchell , 1973
the monotypic coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) mitchell , 1973 is the sister group of all the remaining subgenera according to all analyses . coelioxys ( platycoelioxys ) alatiformis friese , 1921 possesses the following autapomorphies : s5 in females greatly expanded towards apex , margins straight , ventral surface concave , apex broad and truncate ( 94 - 2 ; fig . 44 ) ; postgradular area of t2 with an elliptical , small , deep fovea covered with minute hairs and not surrounded by punctures ( 175 - 5 ; fig . 45 ) ; and postgradular area of t3 with a small , circular fovea surrounded by an impunctate area without punctures ( 178 - 5 ; fig . 45 ) .
172 . apical fasciae of t2–t5 : 0 , complete ( fig . 29 ) ; 1 , weak or interrupted medially ( figs 66 , 68 ) ; 2 , absent . in coelioxys slossoni , c . cayennensis , and c . cerasiopleura the fasciae are interrupted on t4–t5 , but the character was coded as 0 for these species .
197 . t6 ventral processes : 0 , absent ; 1 , present , flattened ; 2 , present , cylindrical ( figs 61 , 63 ) . in megachile felina the ventral processes are in a somewhat different position than in coelioxys spp . ; nonetheless , it was scored 1 for this character because of the shape of the ventral processes .
15 . female : t6 ending in a short , rounded spine - like process ( long in coelioxys gonaspis cockerell , 1924 , which agrees with all following characteristics ) , subapical area covered with long , thick erect hairs apically ( fig . 46 ) ; s6 constricted near midlength or gradually tapering , but ending in a spine - like process , its lateral margins either covered with an inconspicuous short fringe or with a dense fringe composed of long , suberect , dark hairs ( fig . 46 ) . male : postgradular area of t2 never foveate ( fig . 47 ) , postgradular area of t3 with a circular , deep fovea composed of small punctures ; fovea surrounded by punctures forming a transverse area and with an impunctate area anterior to the fovea ( fig . 47 , fovea indicated by red arrow ) , except in coelioxys costaricensis cockerell , 1914 , in which the fovea is absent but which agrees with all preceding characters ( predominantly neotropical but also nearctic ) ………………… ……… . . ……… . . …… coelioxys ( cyrtocoelioxys ) mitchell , 1973
127 . t6 dorsal carina length : 0 , at least two - thirds the length of t6 ( fig . 89 ) ; 1 , less than two - thirds the length of t6 ( fig . 77 ) . coelioxys caudata was coded as 0 , although the carina is not complete at the apex . not applicable for taxa without a dorsal carina .
180 . sternal pilosity , at least on s2–s3 : 0 , conspicuous , hairs plumose / scale - like medially and covering the surface ; 1 , disc lacking scale - like / plumose hairs but with long , erect hairs . in aspidosmia volkmanni there are some erect hairs and tufts apicomedially on s2–s3 , but the character was coded as 1 . in coelioxys texana the sterna are covered with small scale - like hairs but very sparsely so , and thus was scored as 1 . in c . echinata the sterna are hairy only on s2 and inconspicuously on s3 , and thus was scored as 1 . coelioxys nasuta is hairy basally and apically below the fasciae on s2–s3 , not medially , and thus was scored as 1 .
species in this subgenus are characterized by the combination of long , dense pubescence on head and mesosoma never accompanied by short , scale - like hairs , and with postgradular grooves of t2 and t3 complete ( fig . 24 ) . this combination is also observed in all species of c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) . in c . ( boreocoelioxys ) females , however , the s6 is elongate , gradually tapering towards the apex and conspicuously notched subapically [ fig . 26 ; constricted subapically and never notched in both c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) ( fig . 28 ) and c . ( xerocoelioxys ) females ( fig . 14 ) ] . in c . ( boreocoelioxys ) males the postgradular grooves of t2 have a sublateral , slender fovea on each side ( fig . 27 ) , whereas in males of c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) and c . ( xerocoelioxys ) spp . the postgradular area of t2 is never foveate , but instead with sublateral , slender , densely punctate area on each side ( fig . 29 ) , or unmodified .
this subgenus has been regarded as mainly holarctic ( michener , 2007 ) , but as such it is very weakly supported ( see results and discussion and fig . 1 ) . in contrast , the new world clade is well supported . in light of this , c . ( boreocoelioxys ) is now defined as comprising only the new world species , among which the nearctic species and coelioxys oaxacana baker , 1975 were revised and keyed by baker ( 1975 ) . there are two additional species from the neotropics : coelioxys sannicolarensis genaro , 2001 and coelioxys schmidti friese , 1917 . the following species are being transferred to other subgenera according to the phylogenetic results : c . alata , c . funeraria , and c . rufescens . the other species from the palaeartic region that were previously assigned to c . ( boreocoelioxys ) ( ascher & pickering , 2015 ) may belong to c . ( paracoelioxys ) or to the new subgenus described herein to encompass c . rufescens ; however , it is important to highlight that a revision of those species is necessary in order to establish an accurate classification for this fauna .
22 . mesoscutellum triangular , its posterior margin protuberant , produced medially ( fig . 69 ) . s1 basomedially with a conspicuous pointed process ( fig . 70 ) . male : postgradular area of t3 with a fovea anterior to a transverse punctate area ( except coelioxys chilensis reed , 1892 , in which the postgradular area lacks a fovea and a transverse punctate area ) ………………………………… …………………………………………………23
species in this subgenus are very similar to c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) spp . , but can be differentiated by the pronotal lobe distinctly lamellate ( fig . 31 ) or carinate throughout , whereas in species of c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) the pronotal lobe is conspicuously rounded on its outer margin and weakly carinate on its inner margin ( fig . 30 ) . another difference between species of these two subgenera is in the mesosomal pilosity , which is short , composed of subappressed or appressed hairs , forming marginal lines or spots on the mesoscutum in c . ( xerocoelioxys ) spp . ( fig . 31 ) , contrasting with the long and dense pubescence in species of c . ( coelioxys s . s . ) ( fig . 30 ) . the following combination of characteristics together with the two preceding ones separate species of c . ( xerocoelioxys ) from all other subgenera . mesoscutum coarsely and densely punctate , no interspaces linear to shorter than puncture diameter ( as in figs 83 , 85 ) ; postgradular grooves of t2–t3 complete , uninterrupted medially ( fig . 24 ) , and gradulus of t2 bowed posteriorly .
a newly delineated coelioxys ( glyptocoelioxys ) mitchell , 1973 includes coelioxys ( dasycoelioxys ) chilensis reed , 1892 , coelioxys ( haplocoelioxys ) mitchell , 1973 , and c . ( glyptocoelioxys ) , based upon the following synapomorphies : postgradular area of t2 with an inconspicuous , minute , circular fovea with a densely punctate area posteriorly to it ( 175 - 3 ; fig . 78 ) and postgradular area of t3 with a small , circular fovea surrounded by an impunctate area without punctures ( 178 - 4 ; fig . 78 ) . as c . ( haplocoelioxys ) syn . nov . renders c . ( glyptocoelioxys ) paraphyletic , it is synonymized under c . ( glyptocoelioxys ) syn . nov . while page priority in mitchell ( 1973 ) would suggest that c . ( haplocoelioxys ) should take priority , this is not a requisite under article 24 . 2 . 2 . of the international code of zoological nomenclature , and as c . ( haplocoelioxys ) is monotypic , but c . ( glyptocoelioxys ) contains 27 species , we chose the latter subgenus to minimize the number of changes in subgeneric assignments [ see remarks in the c . ( glyptocoelioxys ) section ] .
202 . t7 apex : 0 , rounded ( baker , 1975 : fig . 19a ) ; 1 , tapering ( baker , 1975 : fig . 26a ) ; 2 , nearly truncate or slightly produced medially ; 3 , deeply emarginate . in coelioxys mexicana cresson , 1878 there is an obsolescent convex process medially , such that it is slightly produced , and it was coded as 2 .
as also reported by praz et al . ( 2008 ) , litman et al . ( 2011 ) , and gonzalez et al . ( 2012 ) , noteriades was nested within megachilini . in the successive and implied weighting analyses we found that noteriades was nested within megachile , whereas in the equal - weights consensus tree it formed a polytomy with two groups within megachile . the discrepancy between our three trees arises from the genus megachile , as the clade ( coelioxys + radoszkowskiana ) arises from a polytomy with three other groups within megachilini but in both weighted analyses this clade is the sister group of ( megachile + noteriades ) . the molecular phylogenetic study of litman et al . ( 2011 ) also showed the clade ( coelioxys + radoszkowskiana ) arising from megachile , thus rendering latter paraphyletic .
15 . clypeus apical margin : 0 , simple or indented ( fig . 48 ) ; 1 , emarginate ( fig . 5 ) or strongly indented ; 2 , convex . in coelioxys zapoteca females the clypeus shape can vary from truncate to strongly bilobed ( rocha - filho & packer , 2015 ) , hence this species was coded as polymorphic even though the female studied herein has the apical margin simple .
tree from the implied weighting analysis with all character state changes mapped upon it . all taxonomic changes resulting from the phylogenetic analyses are shown . black circles indicate unique character state changes ; white circles indicate homoplastic changes ; character numbers are placed above each change ; the changed character state is shown below . branch support values are shown as in figure 1 . a : coelioxys ( rhinocoelioxys ) + remaining subgenera .
pronotal lobe either distinctly lamellate ( fig . 31 ) or carinate throughout without forming lamella ( as in fig . 75 ) , albeit sometimes obscured by long hairs . mesosomal pilosity short , composed of subappressed or appressed hairs forming marginal lines or spots on the mesoscutum ( predominantly nearctic but also from neotropical mexico ) ………………………………………… . . . ………………………………………… . coelioxys ( xerocoelioxys ) mitchell , 1973 ( in part ) .
24 . axilla very short , free apical portion much shorter than basal portion and not produced beyond posterior margin of mesoscutellum ( fig . 71 ) . apical fasciae on t2–t5 sparse medially or narrowly interrupted . female : mandible outer surface angled ; s6 apex elongate , longer than broad , notches narrowly acute ( fig . 81 ) . male : gonocoxa subapically not compressed ( holarctic ) …………………… . coelioxys ( paracoelioxys ) gribodo , 1884
the position of radoszkowskiana as sister group of coelioxys was observed in all of our analyses , and was also reported by litman et al . ( 2011 ) . this clade was supported by the following synapomorphies : clypeus with sparse , thin , erect , long hairs throughout the disc ( 14 - 1 ; fig . 81 ) and female metasoma conical ( 112 - 1 ; michener , 2007 : fig . 84 - 2 ) .
201 . t7 apicomedial tooth - like process : 0 , present , long , narrow , and conspicuous ( fig . 94 g ) ; 1 , present , short , and wide , or inconspicuous ; 2 , absent . in lithurgopsis apicalis the pygidial plate bears a short , acute tooth apically , and thus it was coded as 1 for this character . in coelioxys decipiens the tooth is long but broad , not narrow ; it was considered as 0 .
217 . lateral margins of s6 : 0 , heavily sclerotized , contrasting with the medial area ( rocha - filho & packer , 2015 : figs 16g–l , 20b ) ; 1 , heavily or lightly sclerotized or translucent , but not contrasting with the medial area . in all radoszkowskiana species as well as in coelioxys acanthura there is a very small , slender band apically that is more strongly sclerotized , but because of its small size and apical position these taxa were coded as 1 for this character .
193 . t6 laterobasal teeth : 0 , absent ( michener , 2007 : fig . 84 - 6g ) ; 1 , very short , flat , almost vestigial ( fig . 13 ) ; 2 , elongate and flattened ( figs 19 , 23 ) ; 3 , elongate and cylindrical , acutely pointed ( figs 61 , 63 ) . in radoszkowskiana gusevi , r . tkalcui , and coelioxys ducalis there is an inconspicuously enlarged area , not forming a tooth , and thus these were scored as 1 .
19 . median area of mesoscutum not swollen ( fig . 55 ) . female : t6 bisinuate in profile ( fig . 56 ) ; s6 notches obsolete , weakly impressed , not interrupting outline of sternum in dorsal view ( fig . 57 ) . male : t5 lacking lateral teeth ( as in fig . 13 ) ; s4 apical margin entire ( as in fig . 62 ) ; gradulus of s5 straight and complete ( requires dissection ) ( neotropical ) …………………………………………………………………… coelioxys ( neocoelioxys ) otomita cresson , 1878


the chestnut-bellied cuckoo ( hyetornis pluvialis ) is a species of cuckoo in the cuculidae family .

the monotypic genus hyetornis was dissolved by the american ornithologists ' union , but this is not universally accepted .

it is endemic to jamaica .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest .

chestnut - bellied cuckoo

chestnut - bellied cuckoo ( coccyzus pluvialis ) is a species of bird in the cuculidae family .
payne , r . ( 2018 ) . chestnut - bellied cuckoo ( coccyzus pluvialis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . restricted - range species : confined to jamaica eba . an uncommon and rather poorly known cuckoo with restricted range ; further research . . .
two perched cuckoos sitting on branches a couple metres apart , facing each other . one cuckoo giving a softer call , being answered by harsher , nasally
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of the other bird . louder call is from bird facing microphone . calls given with simultaneously tail raising . both birds appeared to be adult , possibly courtship behaviour ? recorded around dusk with sennheiser me66 / k6 with sony pcm - m10 . no filtering or editing other than removing very brief ( < 1 s ) section between first and second calls when microphone got bumped .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
sometimes included within genus piaya . this species and c . rufigularis were previously placed together in hyetornis , but recent molecular analysis found that genus to be embedded within coccyzus # r . monotypic .
48–56 cm ; 130–189 g . adult large , dull brown above , face and breast light grey , throat paler , belly dark rufous , tail purple - glossed black with broad white tips ; . . .
hoarse “quak - quak - ak - ak - ak - ak” , slow , then accelerating towards end .
tropical lowland evergreen forest , secondary forest , in thickets in open areas , woodland ; in wet . . .
lizards , mice , insects , caterpillars , nestlings and eggs . forages in midstorey and canopy of forest ; runs along branches , glides on . . .
season generally mar–jun , but female also incubating feb . nest a shallow saucer of twigs , placed in tree up to 10 m above ground . . . .
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incorporates west indian genera saurothera and hyetornis , which were found in a recent molecular analysis to be embedded within coccyzus # r .
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although this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coccyzus pluvialis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
jamaikanruostekäki
from
hyetornis pluvialis ( gmelin , 1788 )
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recording av # 11550 . jamaica : trelawny ; windsor great cave area ( 18 . 35 , - 77 . 65 ) recorded by brian k . schmidt
jamaica : trelawny ; windsor great cave area ( 18 . 35 , - 77 . 65 )