the purple sunbird ( cinnyris asiaticus ) is a small sunbird .

like other sunbirds they feed mainly on nectar , although they will also take insects , especially when feeding young .

they have a fast and direct flight and can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird but often perch at the base of flowers .

the males appear all black except in some lighting when the purple iridescence becomes visible .

females are olive above and yellowish below .

purple sunbird

purple - banded sunbird , krantzkloof nature reserve , kwazulu - natal . [ photo hugh chittenden © ]
purple - banded sunbird , ngwenya resort , mpumalanga , south africa . [ photo alan manson © ]
the purple sunbird is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
a female purple sunbird in my backyard . . . looking for food i guess : ] love these birds . . .
ryan , j ( 1908 ) the purple - rumped sunbird . spolia zeylanica 5 ( 18 ) : 110 - 111 .
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the purple sunbird is found in many different habitats across asia , including farmland , rural gardens , subtropical and tropical forests , and shrubland ( 2 ) .
the female purple sunbird is greenish - brown with a bright yellow underside , a dark brown tail , and white tips on the outer feathers ( 5 ) .
prasad , a . ( 2007 ) paternal aggressive behaviour towards offspring in purple - rumped sunbird nectarinia zeylonica j . bombay nat . hist . soc 104 ( 1 ) : 94
suter , mf ( 1944 ) .
plaintive cuckoo ( ? ) parasitising purple sunbird
. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 45 ( 2 ) : 235 .
the purple sunbird ( nectarinia asiatica ) is a small sunbird species with a slender , curved bill and a tubular tongue , which is well adapted for feeding on the nectar of flowers ( 3 ) . the male purple sunbird has two distinct types of plumage . the breeding male is characterised by the metallic bluish - black body , and the tuft of crimson and yellow feathers under each wing . in contrast , the non - breeding male purple sunbird has a much duller ‘eclipse’ plumage that resembles the female , with yellow underparts and a dark line of feathers running down the centre of the throat and breast ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
purple sunbird takes small insects , spiders , fruits and flower nectar ( cheke & mann , 2008 ) . of flower nectar , a few plants are listed but no mention of butea monosperma .
purple - rumped sunbirds are tiny at less than 10 cm long . they have medium - length thin down - curved bills and brush - tipped tubular tongues , both adaptations to their nectar feeding . purple - rumped sunbirds are
various conservation measures which benefit the purple sunbird are in place in the kangchenjunga conservation area , in the himalayas . here , wwf has partnered with the local and indigenous communities to conserve biodiversity . the area is protected and corridors have been established allowing migration of species to other protected areas . the purple sunbird is similarly protected within the mahananda wildlife sanctuary , also in the himalayas ( 7 ) .
a video of feeding images made as a composite showing a female purple - naped sunbird ( hypogramma hypogrammicum nuchale ) working the seed down her bill like spiderhunters do before swallowing it is shown below .
with recent splits there are now 13 asian spiderhunters , including purple - naped
sunbird
hypogramma hypogrammicum which become purple - naped spiderhunter . this unexpected finding was one result of molecular studies by moyle et al . ( 2011 ) . purple - naped
sunbird
was always an odd
sunbird
in southeast asia — largish , plain in appearance , and foraged in the understory on insects , including taking spiders from their webs . it also has an unusual tongue :
rolled at the edge to form two semi - tubes for much of its length
( cheke et al . 2001 ) .
lamba , bs ( 1978 ) nidification of some common indian birds 13 . the purple - rumped sunbird , nectarinia zeylonica linnaeus . indian j . for . 1 ( 4 ) : 329 - 344 .
h . daniel wesley ( 2004 ) .
a glimpse of the breeding biology of the purple - rumped sunbird nectarinia zeylonica ( linnaeus , 1766 )
. newsletter for ornithologists 1 ( 1–2 ) : 9–10 .
head , upper parts and breast mostly metallic green , crimson and purple . rump metallic bluish - purple . lower parts yellow . female brown to olive - brown above , pale dull yellow below . breeding and non - breeding plumages alike .
the female lays 2 to 3 eggs and these are incubated until they hatch after 15 to 17 days ( 4 ) . the purple sunbird pair usually rear at least two broods in succession , sometimes from the same nest ( 5 ) .
several sunbird and sugarbird species breed in winter when most flowers are out , but when it is colder . the purple sunbirds in no tropical or ecuatorial areas synchronize their breeding activities with the time when the largest number of flowers are available .
this article is about the family of birds . for other uses , see sunbird ( disambiguation ) .
some sunbird species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird , but they usually perch to feed .
the purple sunbird occupies an extremely vast range across the asian continent , occurring from the arabian gulf to southeast asia . in the middle east , it is usually found in southern iran , northern united arab emirates , and northern oman ( 4 ) .
the purple sunbird is predominately a nectar - feeding bird , but raises its young on small invertebrates . this species is capable of hovering like a hummingbird for short periods of time to feed on nectar while in flight . usually , however , it feeds from flowers while perched , and is even capable of hanging upside down to feed . the purple sunbird obtains the nectar by inserting its long tongue down into the base of a flower and retracting it back into the bill ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
downs , colleen ; mark brown ( 2002 ) .
nocturnal heterothermy and torpor in the malachite sunbird (
santi xayyasith ’s images show the purple sunbird ( cinnyris asiaticus ) takes nectar from flowers of butea monosperma , commonly known as flame of the forest and bastard teak . the tree is a member of the legume family and has bright orange - red flowers .
fujita k ( 2000 ) .
nectar robbing by the purple - rumped sunbird nectarinia zeylonica from introduced flowers in sri lanka
. japanese journal of ornithology 49 ( 4 ) : 185–187 . doi : 10 . 3838 / jjo . 49 . 185 .
the breeding season of the purple sunbird varies across the asian continent , generally coinciding with the months where flowers are most abundant ( 4 ) . during these months , the female purple sunbird constructs a hanging oval or pear - shaped nest from a tree , roughly three metres from the ground . the nest is built using an array of materials including leaves , grasses , hair , twigs , and caterpillar droppings , all woven together with cobwebs , with a small entrance near the top ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
all photos © don roberson , except handsome sunbird © blake matheson and used with permission ; all rights reserved .
a vocal species , the male purple sunbird perches on the top branch of a tree and delivers repetitions of a sharp chirp , followed by a loud song ( 5 ) . this species is known to defend its territory by singing and chasing intruders ( 4 ) .
they tend to perch while foraging for nectar and do not hover as much as the syntopic loten ' s sunbird .
johnson , j mangalaraj ( 1970 ) : bird notes - purplerumped sunbird . indian forester 96 : 336 - 337 .
ghadirian , t . , qashqaei , a . , and dadras , m . ( 2008 ) notes on feeding and breeding habits of the purple sunbird nectarinia asiatica ( cinnyris asiaticus ) in bandar abbas , hormozgan , southern iran . podoces , 2 ( 2 ) : 122 - 126 .
hill , la ( 1966 ) .
purplerumped sunbird nesting
. newsletter for birdwatchers 6 ( 10 ) : 5–6 .
neelakantan , kk ( 1975 ) .
the purplerumped sunbird
. newsletter for birdwatchers 15 ( 1 ) : 8 .
habitat destruction and human activity have led to a decline in the number of trees and green spaces the purple sunbird can inhabit . this is a particular concern in india , where urbanisation has increased rapidly ( 6 ) . destruction of suitable nesting trees has also been recorded in iran ( 4 ) .
10–11 cm ; male 6·9–11 g , female 5–10 g . male nominate race breeding is dark metallic blue and purple above , with uppertail black , glossed blue ; . . .
a sunbird endemic to the indian subcontinent . the male is brightly coloured but females are duller with olive above and yellow below .
asian species run the gamut of widespread generalists , such as purple sunbird ( below left ) to island endemics , such as handsome sunbird ( below right in a nice shot by blake matheson ) , which is endemic to the philippines . it is closely related to lovely sunbird aethopyga shelleyi , endemic to the philippine island of palawan , and the two were split as species very recently ( cheke & mann 2008 ) . together they had been called
shelley ' s sunbird ,
but handsome has a green crown while lovely is blue - crowned . there are many island endemics among sunbirds from the philippines to wallacea . many of the 19 species of the genus aethopyga are island endemics . they tend to be small and short - billed , and include some of the brightest species in the world . both species of crimson sunbird , and both species in the handsome / lovely sunbird set , are among the aethopyga . these sunbirds are typically restricted to forest habitats .
nair , nr ( 1963 ) .
purplerumped sunbird - nesting season
. newsletter for birdwatchers 3 ( 10 ) : 10–11 .
the purple - rumped sunbird ( leptocoma zeylonica ) is a sunbird endemic to the indian subcontinent . like other sunbirds , they are small in size , feeding mainly on nectar but sometimes take insects , particularly when feeding young . they can hover for short durations but usually perch to feed . they build a hanging pouch nest made up of cobwebs , lichens and plant material . males are brightly coloured but females are olive above and yellow to buff below .
. the males have a dark maroon upperside with a blue - green crown that glistens in some angles , bright green shoulder patch and violet / purple rump patch which is generally hidden . the underparts are whitish with dark throat , maroon breast band and purple / violet patch in the throat which is visible in some angles . the iris is generally reddish in color . in the
wesley , hd ( 1991 ) .
parental care in the purplerumped sunbird
. newsletter for birdwatchers 31 ( 3 & 4 ) : 2–3 .
navarro s j , a ( 1974 ) .
the adaptive behaviour of the purplerumped sunbird
. newsletter for birdwatchers 14 ( 11 ) : 1–3 .
distribution of purple - banded sunbird in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
sunbird are active diurnal birds that generally occur in pairs or occasionally in small family groups . a few species occasionally gather in larger groups , and sunbird will join with other birds to mob potential predators , although sunbirds will also aggressively target other species , even if they are not predators , when defending their territories .
in this post an adult female red - throated sunbird ( anthreptes rhodolaemus ) was photographed swallowing the seeds of macaranga bancana wa ( above left ) . similarly , the adult male ruby - cheeked sunbird ( chalcoparia singalensis singalensis ) can swallow the whole fruit ( above right ) . both species can also eat the seed piece meal .
( called
white - bellied sunbird
in many south africa books ) was at kruger nat ' l park , south africa , on 27 july 1996 . the male
cheke , r . & mann , c . ( 2018 ) . purple sunbird ( cinnyris asiaticus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
a sunbird that breed outside of the equatorial regions are mostly seasonal breeders , with the majority of these species breeding in the wet season . this timing reflects the increased availability of insect prey for the growing young . where species , like the buff - throated sunbird , breed in the dry season , it is thought to be associated with the flowering of favoured food plants . species of sunbird in the equatorial areas breed throughout the year . they are generally monogamous and often territorial , although a few species of sunbirds have lekking behaviour .
cheke , r . & mann , c . ( 2018 ) . purple - banded sunbird ( cinnyris bifasciatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
khacher , lavkumar ( 2000 ) .
range extension of the purplerumped sunbird nectarinia zeylonica .
. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 97 ( 1 ) : 146 .
bharucha , erach k ( 1983 ) .
nest - building error by a female purplerumped sunbird .
. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 80 ( 1 ) : 220 .
i should not give the impression that sunbirds are mostly african birds . while it is true that ~ 64 % of sunbird species are african — including madagascar and indian ocean sunbirds — some 36 % ( ~ 49 species , including all the spiderhunters ) are from asia . there are many beauties among them , including eastern crimson sunbird ( below ) — this aggressive male is raising its yellow rump feathers :
george , nj ( 1982 ) .
purplerumped sunbird nectarinia zeylonica nesting on the loosely fixed wiring under the concrete sunshade of the house .
. newsletter for birdwatchers 22 ( 11–12 ) : 11 .
khacher , lavkumar ( 2000 ) .
purplerumped sunbird nectarinia zeylonica ( linn . ) at gandhinagar , gujarat .
. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 97 ( 3 ) : 431–432 .
choudhury , anwaruddin ( 1991 ) .
purplerumped sunbird nectarinia zeylonica ( linn . ) : a new record for assam .
. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 88 ( 1 ) : 114 .
ganguly , jayanta kumar ( 1986 ) .
co - operative feeding of chicks of the purplerumped sunbird ( nectarinia zeylonica )
. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 83 ( 2 ) : 447 .
natarajan , v ; balasubramanian , p ( 1992 ) .
dew bathing by purplerumped sunbird nectarinia zeylonica ( linn . )
. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 89 ( 3 ) : 377–378 .
br male : metallic purple - blue above , and on throat and breast ; dark purplish - black belly ; narrow chestnut - maroon band between breast and belly ; yellow and scarlet pectoral tufts , normally hidden under wings . female : olive - brown above ; pale yellow below ( zeylonica female has whitish throat ) . non - breeding male : much like female but with a broad purple - black stripe down centre of throat to belly . solitary or in pairs ; an important pollinating agent , almost always seen around flowering trees and bushes ; displays amazing agility and acrobatic prowess when feeding ; sometimes hunts flycatcher style .
the season is not well - defined and nests may be found in practically every month . in structure and situation they do not differ from the purple sunbird ' s , and the eggs of the two are also similar . the female alone builds , but the male accompanies her each time she brings material to the nest , encouraging her from a distance by little snatches of lively song . the male does not share in incubating either , but he helps to tend the young . incubation occupies 14—15 days and the young leave the nest when about 15 days old .
of course , not all sunbirds are gorgeous and glittering . brown - throated sunbird ( right ) is also a generalist — forest edges , mangroves , scrub , coconut plantations , gardens — with a wide range from southeast asia to the philippines and wallacea . like olive - backed sunbird it has many named subspecies ( 16 ; this one is celebensis of sulawesi and satellite islands ) . as it is rather plain in appearance , even males can be overlooked as ' hard - to - identity ' female sunbirds .
kumar , satish ( 1995 ) .
sugary exudate of sorghum sorghum bicolor as food of large grey babbler turdoides malcolmi ( sykes ) , purplerumped sunbird nectarinia zeylonica ( linn . ) and redvented bulbul pycnonotus cafer ( linnaeus )
. j . bombay nat . hist . soc 92 ( 3 ) : 421–422 .
overall the family has fared better than many others , with only seven species considered to be threatened with extinction . most species are fairly resistant to changes in habitat , and while attractive the family is not sought after by the cagebird trade , as they have what is considered an unpleasant song and are tricky to keep alive . sunbirds are considered attractive birds and readily enter gardens where flowering plants are planted to attract them . there are a few negative interactions , for example the scarlet - chested sunbird is considered a pest in cocoa plantations as it spreads parasitic mistletoes .
the glittering - green and long - tailed malachite sunbird ( above ) is a specialist with a wide range of elevations . in south africa it occurs at sea - level among the fynbos , and can seem to get ' lost ' among the huge protea flowers ( below left ) . yet in east africa it is a highland specialist , frequenting lobelia and kniphofia and eating insects ( and even small lizards ) as well as nectar . they are on mt . kenya , mt . kilimanjaro , and other impressive peaks , but only above 1200m [ 4000 ' ] , or even 1600m [ 5200 ' ] or 1800m [ = 5900 ' ] elevation .
in contrast , olive - backed sunbird ( left ) is a bird of open scrub , gardens , and lightly - wooded country , and its range is wide , from southeast asia to northeast australia and the solomon islands . however , with 22 named subspecies and much variation , it may actually be a conglomeration of several sibling species . this male ( left ) is of race aurora , confined to palawan and islands of the north sulu sea . it is characterized by a bright orange band across the breast but a very plain face . males of race plateni ( below , shown in flight ) , from sulawesi , are entirely yellow - bellied but have prominent superciliary and moustachial stripes :
the birds of india : being a natural history of all the birds known to inhabit continental india , with descriptions of the species , genera , families , tribes , and orders , and a brief notice of such families as are not found in india , making it a manual of ornithology specially adapted for india : jerdon , t . c . ( thomas claverhill ) , 1811 - 1872 : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive
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incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) and echinoderms . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a group .
dewar , d . ( 1911 ) indian sunbirds . bird notes : the journal of the foreign bird club , 2 : 129 - 134 .
whistler , h . ( 1949 ) popular handbook of indian birds . gurney and jackson , london .
arora , s . and bhatt , j . r . ( 2008 ) national biodiversity action plan . government of india ministry of environment and forests , new delhi . available at : urltoken
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common throughout most of its range , although rare and local in bhutan ( cheke et al . 2001 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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form brevirostris exhibits some morphological and plumage differences from others , but no vocal differences . three subspecies recognized .
( blanford , 1873 ) – e arabian peninsula ( n united arab emirates , n oman ) , and se iran , e afghanistan , pakistan and w india ( w rajasthan and w gujarat ) .
( latham , 1790 ) – india ( except w & e ) , nepal and sri lanka .
( a . o . hume , 1870 ) – e india ( assam s to odisha and n andhra pradesh ) and bangladesh e to myanmar , s china ( s yunnan ) and indochina .
song an excited “cheewit - cheewit” rapidly repeated 2–6 times , usually by . . .
usually around flowering shrubs and trees in dry and deciduous forests , thorn - scrub , cultivation . . .
small insects , and spiders ( araneae ) ; nectar , also fruits , particularly of mistletoes ( loranthaceae ) but also grapes . forages singly , in . . .
breeding in all months , chiefly in dry season ; laying recorded in jan–jul ( also nestlings and a female with enlarged ovary , both jul . . .
mostly resident . wanders to s oman in non - breeding season , when moves in search of flowers ; flocks . . .
not globally threatened . common in indian subcontinent and n oman . expanding in united arab emirates in response to afforestation , which provides new nesting habitats . occurs . . .
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parasitised by grey - bellied cuckoo cacomantis passerinus , not by plaintive cuckoo c . merulinus .
we have corrected it . thank you for alerting us to this , clive .
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often subsumed into nectarinia . also incorporates melanocinnyris , chrysocinnyris , haplocinnyris and paradeleornis .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
male singing and displaying to female ; fluttering wings when reaching crescendo of calls ( for example at 10 : 00 seconds ) .
was the recording modified significantly ? no . habitat : degraded scrub forest behavior : single male , sitting on an exposed perch . at 1 . 05 min , 1 . 40 min and 2 . 23 min , the male bursts into extended duration and a song . these instances what appeared to be a female kept approaching the male , and then would fly away sit on a different perch and observe the male carefully .
was the recording modified significantly ? yes , filtered to remove background sounds of human . habitat : urban
male singing in ghaf prosopis cinerarea tree just overhead . coming closer in response to pishing but not responding to that by singing back .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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in the past treated by some authors as conspecific with c . tsavoensis . proposed race strophium , described from manhiça ( sul do save ) , in mozambique , considered indistinguishable from microrhynchus . two subspecies currently recognized .
9–12 cm ; male 6·5–8·1 g , female 6–6·5 g . male nominate race in breeding plumage has head to throat and upperparts , including lesser and . . .
song consists of either high - pitched descending “titititititi - trooo” trill , . . .
coastal and riverine habitats , savanna woodland , broadleaf woodland , miombo woodland , dry forest , . . .
nectar , seeds and insects . also takes spiders ( araneae ) from webs and feeds them to fledglings . forages singly and in pairs ; often mixed . . .
egg - laying recorded in may and oct in angola , aug in drcongo , jun and aug–sept in uganda , jul in kenya , jan and aug–sept in . . .
resident and migratory . in ne gabon present feb–may . in south africa present as far s as . . .
not globally threatened . common in most of geographical range , but less so in drcongo , kenya , uganda , tanzania and s zambia . range of
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cinnyris asiaticus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
occurs in localised patches from southern somalia through to uganda , southern drc , zambia , angola , malawi and southern africa . here it is locally common from mozambique to kwazulu - natal , but scarce further west in zimbabwe , northern botswana and the caprivi strip , namibia . it generally prefers coastal bush habitats , such as mangroves and edges of lowland evergreen forest , further inland occupying riverine forest , thickets and occasionally well - wooded gardens .
it mainly feeds on nectar supplemented with small arthropods , doing most of its foraging in the heat of the day , when the flowers are open . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
the nest is built solely by the female , consisting of a tidy , pear - shaped oval with a side entrance , built mainly of petioles and lichen bound with spider web , sometimes along with dry grass , plant fibres , leaves and fronds . a long tail of material hangs from the base of the structure , which is decorated with wood chips , lichen , caterpillar droppings and seeds , while the interior is lined with vegetable down and feathers . it is typically attached at the roof to a twig , creeper , small branch or bamboo , often overlooking water , a dry riverbed or roadway .
egg - laying season is from august - march , peaking from september - october .
it lays 1 - 2 , rarely 3 eggs , which are incubated solely by the female .
little is known about the chicks , other than that they are fed by both parents .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
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the taxonomy of some sunbirds is still uncertain , but the phylogenic outlines of the family has taken shape ( e . g . , cheke et al . 2001 , cheke & mann ( 2008 ) , and new information has brought much better focus to spiderhunters ( moyle et al . 2011 ) .
the ' typical ' spiderhunters tend to be plain green , gray , brown , or streaked ; only one — whitehead ' s spiderhunter arachnothera juliae of the mountains of northern borneo — is dramatic in plumage ( contrasting black and white streaking and bright yellow rump ) . all spiderhunters possess long and decurved bills that they use to probe in the canopy or understory for spiders and insects . yellow - eared spiderhunter of the malay peninsula and greater sundas ( left ) is a mid - sized example of a typical spiderhunter .
the naked - faced spiderhunter ( above ) is a large spiderhunter endemic to the philippines . this photo was taken during a brief cloud - burst ; the spiderhunter just sat motionless until the afternoon shower passed . unlike most sunbirds , the sexes of spiderhunters are similar in appearance , and both sexes incubate eggs [ in sunbirds , like hummingbirds , the gaudy males do not typically help in the breeding chores ] . i suspect this naked - faced spiderhunter was in juvenal plumage . not only was it less wary than most spiderhunters i ' ve encountered , but note the white - fringed lesser wing - coverts . cheke et al . ( 2001 ) and cheke & mann ( 2008 ) state that the juvenal plumage of this scarce species is
unknown
or
undescribed .
was high up mt . pollis , luzon , philippines , in dec 2005 . both male and female
were at the escarpment viewpoint on rte 27 , near calvinia , south africa , in july 2005 . the male
was at jonker dam , not far from cape town , south africa , on 2 july 2005 . the male
was at la lopé reserve , gabon , on 7 july 1996 . the male
was at dumago - bone np on sulawesi , indonesia , in 4 oct 2011 . the male
was in corbett np , india , in march 2001 . blake matheson photographed the male
in the picop forest , mindanao , philippines , in jan 2006 . the male
was at danum valley , sabah , malaysia , in north borneo , on x . the juv
family book : robert a . cheke , clive f . mann , and richard allen . 2001 . sunbirds : a guide to the sunbirds , flowerpeckers , spiderhunters , and sugarbirds of the world . christopher helm , london .
cheke , r . a . , c . f . mann , and r . allen . 2001 . sunbirds : a guide to the sunbirds , flowerpeckers , spiderhunters , and sugarbirds of the world . helm identification guide . c . helm , london .
cheke , r . a . , and c . f . mann . 2008 . family nectariniidae ( sunbirds ) , pp . 196–320 in handbook of the birds of the world ( del hoyo , j . , a . elliott & d . a . christie , eds ) . vol . 13 . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain .
fry , c . h . , and s . keith . 2001 . the birds of africa . vol . 6 : picathartes to oxpeckers . academic press , london & new york .
moyle , r . g . , s . s . taylor , c . h . oliveros , h . c . lim , c . l . haines , m . a . rahman , and f . h . sheldon fh . 2011 . diversification of an endemic southeast asian genus : phylogenetic relationships of the spiderhunters ( nectariniidae : arachnothera ) . auk 128 : 777 - 788 .
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please note that the google map for common species will load slowly as there is a lot of data to show . please be patient .
reference : cheke , r . a . & c . f . mann , 2008 . family nectariniidae ( sunbirds ) . in : del hoyo , j . , a . elliott & d . a . christie ( eds . ) , handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 13 . penduline - tits to shrikes . lynx editions , barcelona . pp . 196 - 320 .
this post is a cooperative effort between birds , insects n creatures of asia and besg to bring the study of birds and their behavior through photography and videography to a wider audience .
“a small flock of different sunbirds enjoying the nectar of the flowers of starfruit trees . . .
the carnaby’s black cockatoo ( calyptorhynus latirostris ) is endemic to western australia and highly endangered . a . . .
“brown - throated sunbirds ( anthreptes malacensis malacensis ) are very common in urban environments but spotting a nest . . .
the kenidai ( bridelia tomentosa ) is a smallish tree commonly found in secondary forests ( above ) . it . . .
in december 2005 cheong weng chun shared an image of a juvenile asian glossy starling . . .
we have earlier posted a list of fig plants ( ficus spp . ) that attract hordes of . . .
an earlier post by dato’ dr amar - singh hss documented four species of sunbirds feeding on the seeds of common mahang ( macaranga bancana ) link .
the above were documented at the kledang - sayong forest reserve , ipoh , perak , malaysia on 29th november and 1st , 3rd and 5th december 2011 .
johnny wee photographed a common flameback ( dinopium javanense ) pecking into the ripe fruit of the . . .
a long - tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) chanced upon a durian fruit under the tree ( durio zibethinus ) . . . .
i have been trying for weeks to document the bird / s that pick the small red . . .
kumchun chan succeeded in documenting a mugimaki flycatcher ( ficedula mugimaki ) casting pellet on video at . . .
“plants in tropical cities by boo chin min , sharon yj chew & jean wh yong , . . .
“between december 2012 and january 2013 , i had the opportunity to witness a pair of . . .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common ( cheke et al . 2001 ) .
but male of that species has reddish upperparts , a broader breast band and generally darker eyes . the female has a white throat followed by yellowish breast . the upperside is olive or brownish . the uppertail coverts are black and a weak supercilium is visible . the nominate form is found in sri lanka and has a more bluish violet throat whereas the indian form
this species is found in a variety of habitats with trees , including scrub and cultivation and is usually absent from dense forest .
the nest is made up of fine plant fibres , cobwebs and is studded on the exterior with lichens , bark pieces , flying seeds and other materials . the nest is constructed by the female alone although the male may fly alongside her . the nest is lined with soft fibres from seeds of
the nest is placed on the end of branch and the entrance usually faces a bush .
the female stays in the nest at night a couple of day before laying the eggs . the clutch consists of two eggs which are generally oval , pale greenish and white with spots and streaks , becoming more dense at the broad end . sometimes , eggs may be plain grey without markings as well .
when collecting cobwebs they are often seen at windows of homes . the eggs are laid mainly in the morning . the eggs are incubated by both the male and female . the incubation period varies from 14 to 16 days . the chicks fledge in about 17 days and continue to be fed by the male for a few days .
, females or possibly juveniles from the previous brood may sometimes assist the parents in feeding the young .
it has been noted that they maintain special scratching posts , where they get rid of pollen and nectar sticking to their head .
when the flowers are too deep to probe , they sometimes pierce the base of the flower and rob the nectar .
the may indulge in dew - bathing , or bathing by sliding in drops of rain collected on large leaves .
rasmussen pc & jc anderton ( 2005 ) . birds of south asia : the ripley guide . 2 . smithsonian institution & lynx edicions . p . 547 .
ali s & s d ripley ( 1999 ) . handbook of the birds of india and pakistan 10 ( 2 ed . ) . oxford university press . pp . 23–25 .
whistler , hugh ( 1949 ) . popular handbook of indian birds . gurney & jackson , london . pp . 270–271 .
hume , the female takes 12 - 13 days to build up the nest . ao ( 1890 ) . the nests and eggs of indian birds 2 ( 2 ed . ) . r h porter london . pp . 263–267 .
bharucha , erach k ( 1981 ) .
sunbirds fostering fledglings of the plaintive cuckoos
. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 79 : 670–671 .
wesley , hd ( 1996 ) .
breeding behaviour of nectarinia zeylonica at two latitudes in the indian peninsula
. newsletter for birdwatchers 36 ( 2 ) : 28–29 .
raju , aluri jacob solomon ( 2005 ) .
passerine bird pollination and seed dispersal in woodfordia floribunda salisb . ( lythraceae ) , a common low altitude woody shrub in the eastern ghats forests of india
. ornithological science 4 ( 2 ) : 103–108 . doi : 10 . 2326 / osj . 4 . 103 .
reuben , rachel ( 1984 ) .
feeding behaviour of sunbirds , nectarinia zeylonica and n . lotenia
. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 83 ( 2 ) : 445–446 .
nagarajan , b . ; m . krishnamoorthy ; c . pandiarajan ; a manimekalan ( 2009 ) .
can sweetness be difficult to handle when in excess ?
. current science 96 ( 11 ) : 1433 .
green , ee ( 1907 ) window - tapping by birds . spolia zeylanica 5 ( 17 ) : 65 - 66 .
jardine , william ( 1864 ) . natural history of the nectariniadae . henry g . bohn , london . p . 213 .
pande , sa ( 1999 ) .
nest making and breeding of the purplerumped sunbirds ( abstract )
. newsletter for birdwatchers 38 ( 6 ) : 102–103 .
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the sunbirds and spiderhunters make up a family , nectariniidae , of passerine birds .
they are small , slender passerines from the old world , usually with downward - curved bills . many are brightly coloured , often with iridescent feathers , particularly in the males . many species also have especially long tail feathers . their range extends from africa to australia , across madagascar , egypt , iran , yemen , southern china , the indian subcontinent , the indochinese peninsulas , the philippines , southeast asia and the surrounding pacific islands , and the uppermost part of northern australia . the number of species is greater in equatorial and tropical regions .
there are 132 species in 15 genera . most sunbirds feed largely on nectar , but will also eat insects and spiders , especially when feeding their young . flowers that prevent access to their nectar because of their shape ( for example , very long and narrow flowers ) are simply punctured at the base near the nectaries , from which the birds sip the nectar . fruit is also part of the diet of some species . their flight is fast and direct , thanks to their short wings .
in addition to this the tails of many species are longer in the males , and overall the males are larger . sunbirds have long thin down - curved bills and brush - tipped tubular tongues , both adaptations to their nectar feeding .
, are distinct in appearance from the other members of the family . they are typically larger than the other sunbirds , with drab brown plumage that is the same for both sexes , and long , down - curved beaks .
while roosting at night , lowering their body temperature and entering a state of low activity and responsiveness .
. the greatest variety of species is found in africa , where the group probably arose . most species are sedentary or short - distance
the sunbirds and spiderhunters occupy a wide range of habitats , with a majority of species being found in primary rainforest , but other habitats used by the family including disturbed secondary forest , open woodland , open scrub and savannah , coastal scrub and alpine forest . some species have readily adapted to human modified landscapes such as plantations , gardens and agricultural land . many species are able to occupy a wide range of habitats from sea level to 4900 m .
of sunbirds are generally purse - shaped , enclosed , suspended from thin branches with generous use of spiderweb . the nests of the spiderhunters are different , both from the sunbirds and in some cases from each other . some , like the
is similarly attached but is a long tube . the nests of spiderhunters are inconspicuous , in contrast to those of the other sunbirds which are more visible . in most species the female alone constructs the nest . up to four eggs are laid . the female builds the nest and incubates the eggs alone , although the male assists in rearing the nestlings .
cheke , robert ; mann , clive ( 2008 ) .
family nectariniidae ( sunbirds )
. in del hoyo , josep ; elliott , andrew ; christie , david .
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all photographs on this page belong to the respective photographer . if you wish to use any of the photographs , write to ess @ urltoken to seek permission from the concerned photographer .
ashok kumar mallik . blue capped rock thrush female . 2011 . iisc , bangalore .
sanjeeta sharma pokharel . common merganser ( male ) . 2011 . chitwan national park , nepal .
saunak pal . great hornbill ( buceros bicornis ) . 2007 . dandeli , karnataka .
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tebenna silphiella , the rosinweed moth , is a moth of the choreutidae family .

it is known from the central part of the united states , including wisconsin , illinois and colorado .

the habitat consists of prairies and meadows .

the forewings are brown in the basal third and in the terminal area .

there is a prominent colored area in the distal third of the wing composed of small black , white , and brown bands .

the subterminal line is white , curving basally before reaching the costa .

the remainder of the wing is covered with whitish spots and several white scale patches .

the hindwing is brownish-gray with a thick dark terminal line and a long dark fringe .

adults are on wing from early to late may .

there are two generations per year .

the larvae feed on silphium integrifolium .

they skeletonize the leaves of their host plant , almost always on the top leaves ( those at or near the apex ) .

full-grown larvae are about 12 mm long .

larvae have been recorded from may to june .

tebenna silphiella

i tried to move the image to tebenna silphiella , but there doesn ' t seem to be page for them .
figure 1 . tebenna silphiella . adult ; leaf skeletonization on rosinweed , silphium integrifolium ( asteraceae ) ; partially grown larva ; and cocoon .
the larva of tebenna silphiella ( fig . 1 ) feeds as a leaf skeletonizer on rosinweed , silphium integrifolium ( asteraceae ) , almost always on the top leaves ( those at or near the apex ) of the plant . in central illinois , there are two generations , larvae of which occur in early and late may , respectively . the large tebenna spp . , including t . silphiella , represent an array in which species delineations appear to be unresolved . in illinois , moths reared from rigid goldenrod , solidago rigida ( asteraceae ) and from eupatorium , species not denoted ( asteraceae ) , are identical in color , pattern , and genital morphology to t . silphiella reared from rosinweed ( and also to specimens identified as tebenna carduiella in the collection of the illinois natural history survey ) .
tebenna gnaphaliella ( fig . 2 ) feeds as a larva on cudweed , gnaphalium sp . ( asteraceae ) . the adult is nearly identical in color and pattern to t . silphiella but is much smaller . apparent differences in genital morphology suggest that t . gnaphaliella actually is a separate species from , and not merely a
miniature
host race of , t . silphiella . adults of t . gnaphaliella have been collected in illinois in the summer months through early september ; this suggests that there are at least two generations per year .
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sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , errichtet von jacob hübner in augsburg ( 1793–1841 ) : updated plates legend .
seachable database with information on the general classification and the diet and feeding behaviour of the orders of insects and arachnids found in canada’s forest environments . cite : 1463600
an invaluable site for synonyms , links to original descriptions , literature , and other information . covers the entire world , but tends to have more complete information for european and north american species . a great place to begin literature searches . cite : 1329955
the best online resource for moths of great britain and ireland . cite : 1329952
includes data formerly on the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) / the northern prairie wildlife research center ( npwrc ) website . cite : 1178378
[ cite : 1114858 important resource for rare lep . records . . .
the lepidopterists ' society season summary [ sometimes : lepsoc - ss ] is an annual compilation of lepidoptera records from canada , mexico , and the united states . each year our members submit information regarding range extensions , host plant associations , population dynamics , etc . automated in 1995 , the database contains all records since that time plus saturniidae and sphingidae records since 1971 .
.
identified by terry harrison at univ . of illinois . terry says that the angle and folds of the wing confuses the situation , but he has no doubt of it being this species . there is considerable variation in this species and this photo is a nice contribution toward the demonstration of it .
. . . and a species not seen here previously . will try to get it run down to species .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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bullina vitrea is a species of small sea snail , a bubble snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family bullinidae , one of the families of bubble snails .

this species occurs in australia , hawaii , new caledonia , and new south wales .

it is also known by a synonym , perbullina errans , as described by iredale in 1929 .

bullina vitrea

to biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym bullina roseana rudman , 1971 ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) ( from synonym bullina roseana rudman , 1971 )
gardner , n . w . dec / 1977 : bullina from northern new zealand , poirieria , 9 ( 3 ) ( p . 47 )
( of bullina roseana rudman , 1971 ) poppe g . t . , tagaro s . p . & chino m . ( 2011 ) two new rictaxiella ( gastropoda : bullinidae ) from the philippines . visaya 3 ( 3 ) : 76 - 82 . [ august 2011 ] [ details ]
pease , w . h . , ( 1860 ) . descriptions of new species of mollusca from the sandwich islands . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 28 : 18 - 37 . rudman , w . b . ( 1971 ) the genus bullina ( opisthobranchia , gastropoda ) in new zealand . j . mal . soc . aust . 2 ( 2 ) : 195 - 203 rudman , w . b . ( 1972 ) studies on the primitive opisthobranch genera bullina ferussac and micromelo pilsbry . zoological journal of the linnean society , 51 ( 2 ) : 105 - 19 , 8 figs
( of bullina roseana rudman , 1971 ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
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channel between récif de l ' infernet & barrier reef , 20°36 . 2 ' s , 164°11 . 0 ' e , 12 - 15m , in lagoon , off koumac , new caledonia , grey sand substrate , 11 october 1993 , 2 specimens , am c200444 . approx 25mm long crawling .
reference : • pease , w . h . , ( 1860 ) . descriptions of new species of mollusca from the sandwich islands . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 28 : 18 - 37 .
pease w . h . ( 1860 ) . descriptions of new species of mollusca from the sandwich islands . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 28 : 18 - 36 , 141 - 148 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of perbullina errans iredale , 1929 ) iredale t . ( 1929 ) . strange molluscs in sydney harbour . australian zoologist . 5 ( 4 ) : 337 - 352 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 350 , pl . 37 fig . 8 [ details ]
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
perbullina errans iredale , t . , 1929 : sydney harbour ; nsw , australia
the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .
colour pattern where axial lines do not extend beyond the first red spiral . pure white animal
poppe , g . t . , tagaro , s . p . , chino , m . 2011 : two new rictaxiella ( gastropoda : bullinidae ) from the philippines , visaya , 3 ( 3 ) ( p . 79 )
brook , f . j . , marshall , b . a . 1998 : the coastal molluscan fauna of the northern kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean , journal of the royal society of new zealand , 28 ( p . 230 )
powell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 270 )
note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .
the shell is characterised by two grey or black spiral bands on the shell , the upper band usually consisting of two lines , the lower band being a single band .
originally described from hawaii , specimens from northern new south wales , australia , and new caledonia are in the collections of the australian museum . sub - fossil specimens , most probably of this species , from sydney harbour , were described by iredale ( 1929 ) as
thin , wide , globose , spire very short and flattened . creamy white on the body with two brown spiral lines , single or double . turn pink . living in the sand of 2 to 3 m . rare .
pease w . h . ( 1860 ) . descriptions of new species of mollusca from the sandwich islands .
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exelastis atomosa is a moth of the family pterophoridae .

it is known from cape verde , ethiopia , kenya , madagascar , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , india , nepal and iran .

adult are small with yellowish brown wings .

the forewings are cut into two plumes and hind wings into three .

the larvae are a serious pest of pigeon pea .

they damage seeds as well as cause flowers , buds and pods to drop .

it also enters into the pod and feeds on developing grains .

they are greenish-brown and fringed with short hairs and spines .

exelastis atomosa

biological studies of plume moth , exelastis atomosa wals . on cajanus cajan ( l . ) millsp
biological studies of plume moth , exelastis atomosa wals . on cajanus cajan ( l . ) millsp
biological studies of plume moth , exelastis atomosa wals . on cajanus cajan ( l . ) millsp [ 2008 ]
studies on the biology of exelastis atomosa wlsm ( pterophoridae ; lepidoptera ) . [ insect pests , india ]
the mean longevity adult was 6 . 59 + - 0 . 38 days . the average number of egs laid bay an adult femail was 93 to 101 egges hatched in 2 . 92 to 3 . 02 days . there were five larval instars witch took 23 . 12 + - 0 . 93 days to enter into pupal stage . pupation took place on pod surface or entrance of hole or in the burrow of infested pods and the pupal period lasted for about 7 . 97 + - 0 . 33 days . the life cycle of e . atomosa was completed in 40to 42 days .
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walker f . 1864b . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part xxx . – tineites . - — 30 : i–iv , 837–1096 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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walsingham thomas de grey 1885b . in : swinhoe , c . : on the lepidoptera of bombay and the deccan . iv . heterocera ( continued ) . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1885 : 852—886 , pls 56—57 .
gielis c . & karsholt o . 2009 . additional records of pterophoridae from the cape verde islands , with description of a new species of agdistis hübner . - nota lepidopterologica 32 ( 2 ) : 139—144 .
gibeaux c . 1994a . contribution à la connaissance des ptérophores d ' ethiopie et identification de stenoptilia petraea meyrick , 1907 , du sud de l ' inde ( lepidoptera , pterophoridae ) . - bulletin de la société entomologique de france 99 ( 4 ) : 423—436 .
gielis c . 2003 . world catalogue of insects 4 . pterophoroidea & alucitoidea . - — 4 : 1—198 .
bigot l . & luquet g . c . 1991 . lepidoptères pterophoridae de madagascar , cinquième note . - nouvelle revue d ' entomologie ( n . s . ) 8 ( 3 ) : 235—245 .
gibeaux c . 1994b . insectes lépidoptères : pterophoridae . - faune de madagascar 81 : 1—176 .
kovtunovich v . n . , ustjuzhanin p . y . & murphy r . 2014 . plume moths of malawi ( lepidoptera : pterophoridae ) . - zootaxa 3847 ( 4 ) : 451—494 .
lamborn w . a . 1914b . the agricultural pests of the southern provinces , nigeria . - bulletin of entomological research 5 : 197—214 , pls 17—25 .
meyrick e . 1913e . pterophoridae , orneodidae . — in : wagner , h . ( ed . ) lepidopterorum catalogus . - — 17 : 1—44 .
gielis c . 2009b . on a collection of pterophoridae ( lepidoptera ) from haut - katanga , democratic republic of the congo . - revue suisse de zoologie 116 ( 2 ) : 223—256 .
arenberger e . 2002b . die pterophoridae der 2 . jemen - expedition durchgeführt im frühjahr 1998 von den herren a . bischof , j . bittermann , m . fibiger , h . hacker , h . peks & h . - p . schreier . - esperiana 9 : 57—60 .
ustjuzhanin p . y . & kovtunovich v . n . 2013 . on the fauna of plume moths ( lepidoptera , pterophoridae ) of zimbabwe . - amurian zoological journal 5 ( 2 ) : 153—160 , pl . 2 .
oriental : india , moluccas , new guinea , sri lanka ; palaearctic : nepal .
meyrick e . 1907a . descriptions of indian micro - lepidoptera . iii . - journal of the bombay natural history society 17 ( 3 ) : 730—754 .
gielis c . 2009c . order lepidoptera , family pterophoridae ( part 2 ) . — in : van harten , a . ( ed . ) arthropod fauna of the uae . - — 2 : 463—467 .


eupithecia ultrix is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in south-western china ( sichuan , yunnan ) .

the wingspan is about 22 mm .

the fore - and hindwings are light brown .

eupithecia ultrix

this is the place for ultrix definition . you find here ultrix meaning , synonyms of ultrix and images for ultrix copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ultrix . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ultrix and , of course , ultrix synonyms and on the right images related to the word ultrix .
eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
eupithecia watson , l . , and dallwitz , m . j . 2003 onwards . british insects : the genera of lepidoptera - geometridae . version : 29th december 2011 description of genus .
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
if you have photos of any moths featured on this site , and would like them displayed along with your name and comments . . . please send them in ( any size . jpg images ) .
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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