the hawaiʻi mamo ( drepanis pacifica ) is an extinct species of hawaiian honeycreeper .

it was endemic to hawaii .

it became extinct due to habitat loss and overcollecting .

hawaii mamo

figure 1 . presumed historical distributions of the hawai ' i mamo , black mamo , and ' ula - ' ai - häwane .
) . mamo feathers could well be considered the
crown jewels
of hawai ' i .
mamo kahike is a local from honolulu , hawaii who grew up on the island and is old friends with john mcgarrett , and now his son , steve mcgarrett .
[ order ] passeriformes | [ family ] drepanididae | [ latin ] drepanis pacifica | [ uk ] hawaii mamo | [ authority ] j . f . gmelin , 1788
ohia tree in the kahuku unit of hawaii volcanoes national park . photo by the author
paʻi foundation presents the popular mamo 2017 wearable arts show ! not a regular fashion show , the mamo wearable arts show features native hawaiian and indigenous designers in a production that features fashion , accessories , jewelry , adornments and live music and cultural presentations .
the black mamo was one of the last hawaiian honeycreepers discovered and one of the least colorful , in contrast to the hawai ' i mamo . the little we know of the black mamo comes mainly from r . c . l . perkins , who discovered the species on moloka ' i in 1893 , and william alanson bryan , who collected the last specimens in 1907 . berger (
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use the hawaii voyager online catalog to search for books , e - books , and media .
substantive and provocative , this book makes a major contribution to the literature of precontact hawaii and illuminates hawaii’s importance in the global theory and literature about divine kingship , archaic states , and sociopolitical evolution .
the life of hawaii’s ambassador of aloha is being celebrated in a new exhibit at the bishop museum .
visitors to hawaii should take time to learn about the culture , history and language of the hawaiian people .
to learn more about rapid ohia death and what you can do to stop its spread in hawaii , visit urltoken .
> mamo ( drepanis pacifica ) , the black mamo ( drepanis funerea ) , and the iiwi ( vestiaria coccinea ) —that had long decurved ( downward - curving ) beaks , the kind adapted to inserting into appropriately long and curved flowers . the first two birds are extinct , whereas the third is extinct on two islands , is very…
berger , a . j . 1981 . hawaiian birdlife , second edition . honolulu : univ . of hawaii press . close
the premier book on hawaiian mythology written in 1940 , but reads like it was written today . if you are planning to visit hawaii , you should learn about the people of hawaii and this book tells you a lot about their ancient culture .
an excellent introduction to hawaii ' s history , through expert and very accurate storytelling by one of america ' s favorite authors .
hawaii is america ' s 50th state and unlike any other in the union . located further from land than any other island chain in the world , hawaii has a unique culture , history and language . before you visit the aloha state , learn a bit about its people .
a course book and audio cds so that you can learn the beautiful language of hawaii . the package includes step - by - step instructions , exercises and more .
an excellent book to help you learn about the people who are keeping the hawaiian culture alive in their chosen professions and hobbies - from hula to canoe racing ; making tapa to taro planting . learn about the people and culture of hawaii before you visit the islands of hawaii . this book is currently out of print but available used from amazon . com .
: 231 ) states , so many feathers could only have been amassed by a conqueror
who could gather up the stock in the possession of the other kings and high chiefs .
hawai ' i mamo feathers were also used to make leis worn by female
) , among the larger feather cloaks in the british museum of natural history , diamond - shaped patterns of these darker yellow feathers are interspersed among the more abundant , paler yellow feathers . one cloak is entirely of hawai ' i mamo feathers ( including black ) and is about a meter at its largest dimension . most notable of all is the so - called
million dollar cloak ,
now in the bishop museum , that belonged to kamehameha the great . it contains about 450 , 000 mamo feathers . as buck (
chun shows me four tiny mamo feathers , they’re grey with a mini tuft of yellow at the top . same with the one bit of red fluff from an ‘apapane . they’re not at all like the big sturdy chicken and goose feathers , dyed solid red and yellow .
in discussing hawaiian culture one cannot neglect the fact that the overall culture in hawaii today has been and continues to be influenced greatly by others who have come to these islands and have settled over the last two centuries .
buck , p . h . 1964a . arts and crafts of hawaii , section v . clothing . b . p . bishop mus . spec . publ . no . 45 : 533 - 563 , 581 - 585 . close
buck , p . h . 1964b . arts and crafts of hawaii , section xii . ornaments . b . p . bishop mus . spec . publ . no . 45 : 165 - 252 , 581 - 585 . close
this book focuses on post - contact hawaii from the western perspective . this is a very readable and meticulously researched history . this should be the starting place for anyone interested in the majestic and tragic past of the hawaiian islands .
literally means
red garment ,
and reflects the fact that throughout polynesia , red is considered the chiefly color ; but in the hawaiian islands , perhaps because of the relative scarcity of yellow feathers , yellow became more prestigious . the yellow feathers of the hawai ' i mamo were preferred to those of ' ö ' ös (
“the feathers themselves , the yellow mamo and ‘i‘iwi , the birds were black . and the yellow feathers came from under the wings . two feathers under each wing , four feathers per bird . hard to get . so therefore , if you had more yellow , the stronger your mana . so kamehameha’s is the only one that’s completely yellow . ”
this difference has resulted in , and continues to result in , many confrontations among those who currently make hawaii their home . the fundamental rights of the hawaiian people are currently being debated not only in the islands , but at the highest levels of the national government .
these immigrants - from the united states , japan , china , mexico , samoa , the philippines , and countless other places - have also had a profound effect on the culture of the islands , and together with the kanaka maoli , make up the people of hawaii today .
this is the first fully documented account of the history of the ukulele as an iconic element of hawaiian culture . the work goes much beyond the usual ukulele as collectible approach and places the instrument in its social , political , and cultural contexts of western europe , hawaii , and the us mainland .
a readable , thoroughly researched , and generously illustrated history of the island of kauai . edward joesting tells for the first time the story of one of the most intriguing and least known of the hawaiian islands . his account begins with the prehistoric origins of the island and concludes with the annexation of hawaii in 1898 .
asian settler colonialism is a groundbreaking collection that examines the roles of asians as settlers in hawai ' i . contributors from various fields and disciplines investigate aspects of asian settler colonialism to illustrate its diverse operations and impact on native hawaiians . this title is also available in print . call number : du624 . 7 . a85 a75 2008 hawaii pacific collection
though rapid ohia death is currently only found on hawaii island , the quickly - spreading disease poses an imminent threat to this significant tree statewide . hundreds of thousands of trees have already been killed across 34 , 000 acres of forest . the loss of the tree would be catastrophic not only to native forests , but also to hawaiian tradition and storytelling .
today , while the hawaiian language is taught throughout the islands in immersion schools and native hawaiian children are exposed to many of the traditions of their people , these same children are greatly outnumbered by the children of other races and influenced by modern society as a whole . the numbers of those with pure hawaiian blood continue to decline as hawaii becomes a more inter - racial society .
at the 2016 merrie monarch festival , for the first time in its more than half - a - century history , many hula halau ( hula schools ) opted to forgo traditional lei and adornments from the ohia lehua tree in order to stem the spread of a blight known as rapid ohia death ( rod ) . the disease is ravaging populations of the tree on hawaii island , and has resulted in a permanent ban on taking ohia lehua plants from the island .
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
brooks , t . 2000 . extinct species . in : birdlife international ( ed . ) , threatened birds of the world , pp . 701 - 708 . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona and cambridge , u . k .
justification : this species is known from the hawaiian islands , usa , but it has not been recorded since 1898 and is now extinct . habitat destruction was probably the major cause of its extinction .
. 1998 ) , where it was observed feeding on insects , although it probably fed mainly on nectar .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this species is known from the hawaiian islands , usa , but it has not been recorded since 1898 and is now extinct . habitat destruction was probably the major cause of its extinction .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : drepanis pacifica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
avibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com
the introduction article is just the first of 11 articles in each species account that provide life history information for the species . the remaining articles provide detailed information regarding distribution , migration , habitat , diet , sounds , behavior , breeding , current population status and conservation . each species account also includes a multimedia section that displays the latest photos , audio selections and videos from macaulay library’s extensive galleries . written and continually updated by acknowledged experts on each species , birds of north america accounts include a comprehensive bibliography of published research on the species .
a subscription is needed to access the remaining account articles and multimedia content . rates start at $ 5 usd for 30 days of complete access .
known specimen localities shown as blue dots and locations of prehistoric remains shown as x’s .
bird , i . l . 1881 . six months in the sandwich islands : among hawai ' i ' s palm groves , coral reefs , and volcanoes . new york . [ reprinted by mutual publ . , honolulu , 1998 . ] : g . p . putnam ' s sons . close
spp . ) and other birds because of their richer color and probably because they were more difficult to obtain . those from the flanks and rump were called
wilson , s . b . and a . h . evans . 1890 . aves hawaiienses : the birds of the sandwich islands . london : r . h . porter . close
. the most valuable of these , a strand about 61 cm long and 6 . 5 cm in diameter housed in the bishop museum , also belonged to the kamehameha family and is a composite of 3 older leis (
ancient bird - catchers captured the birds alive using a sticky birdlime smeared on branches near flowers likely to be visited by nectarivores . another method was to lie in concealment and hold a flower of the favored type . when the bird inserted its bill into the corolla , it could be seized (
townsend , j . k . 1839 . narrative of a journey across the rocky mountains to the columbia river and a visit to the sandwich islands , chili , & c . ; with a scientific appendix . philadelphia , pa : henry perkins . close
perkins , r . c . l . 1903 . fauna hawaiiensis , vol . i , pt . iv : vertebrata . edited by d . sharp . england : cambridge univ . press . close
rose , r . g . , s . conant and e . p . kjellgren . 1993 . hawaiian standing kähili in the bishop museum : an ethnological and biological analysis . j . polynesian soc . no . 102 : 273 - 304 . close
bryan , w . a . 1908 . some birds of moloka ' i . occas . pap . bernice p . bishop mus . no . 4 : 133 - 176 . close
) zeal as a collector as if it amounted to wanton slaughter . but collectors of that era were clearly dismayed by the ongoing mysterious and seemingly inevitable disappearance of hawai ' i ' s endemic birds . we are indebted to them for saving what they could before it was too late . mearns and mearns (
mearns , b . c . and r . f . mearns . 1992a . audubon to xántus : the lives of those commemorated in north american bird names . new york : academic press . close
: 325 ) accurately state ,
the extirpation of many of the forest birds of the hawaiian islands has been caused by the destruction of habitat , the introduction of ground predators and by mosquito - borne diseases , three factors that continue to be a problem and are likely to lead to further extinctions . the collecting activities of the early naturalists had little effect on the bird populations and but for their efforts some species would not be known to us at all .
) . that collection is the primary one from the 1850s and 1860s from the island of hawai ' i . what little we know of the ' ula - ' ai - häwane is based on second - hand reports of hawaiian informants , interpretation of the 5 specimens , and prehistoric osteological remains from re - cently discovered deposits in lava tubes and other sites (
james , h . f . and s . l . olson . 1991 . descriptions of thirty - two new species of birds from the hawaiian islands : part 2 : passeriformes . ornithol . monogr . no . 46 . close
olson , s . l . and h . f . james . 1991 . descriptions of thirty - two new species of birds from the hawaiian islands : part i , non - passeriformes . ornithol . monogr . no . 45 . close
very little is known about the natural history of any of these species . except for the descriptions of specimens , nothing in this account can be regarded as confirmed information , but it is all we have .
) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from birds of north america :
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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this show celebrates indigenous design in terms of cultural motifs , in a way that makes it more than a traditional runway show , and highlights how many traditional hawaiian patterns and designs ; in kapa , weaving , weaponry and tools , tattoo and adornment ; take their visual clues from nature .
a post - show trunk show by the designers will be held across pauahi street , at the arts @ marks garage immediately after the show .
a $ 3 . 00 theatre restoration fee & internet fees apply to all ticket prices / purchases .
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( order passeriformes ) , which became extinct in about 1898 . about 20 cm ( 8 inches ) long , it was black with yellow touches and had a long , decurved bill for nectar - feeding . the native hawaiian nobility killed mamos for their feathers , but the birds nevertheless remained fairly numerous until the americans destroyed their mountain - forest habitat .
extinction , in biology , the dying out or termination of a species . extinction occurs when species are diminished because of environmental forces ( habitat fragmentation , global change , overexploitation of species for human use ) or because of evolutionary changes in their members ( genetic inbreeding , …
hawaiian honeycreeper , any member of a group of related birds , many of them nectar - eating , that evolved in the forests of the hawaiian islands and are found only there . recent evidence from osteology , behaviour , plumage , breeding biology , and genetics has led to a consensus that the hawaiian…
songbird , any member of the suborder passeri ( or oscines ) , of the order passeriformes , including about 4 , 000 species—nearly half the world’s birds—in 35 to 55 families . most cage birds belong to this group . songbirds are alike in having the vocal organ highly developed , though not all use it to…
passeriform , ( order passeriformes ) , any member of the largest order of birds and the dominant avian group on earth today . the passeriform birds are true perching birds , with four toes , three directed forward and one backward . considered the most highly evolved of all birds , passerines have…
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the best hawaiian dictionary , bar none . when asked about spelling or the meaning ( s ) of a word or phrase , the answer is likely to be
pukui says . . .
or
according to pukui . . .
a really interesting and useful book that will help you with the meaning of many hawaiian names when you visit the islands . this book is currently out of print but available used from amazon . com .
a must resource guide for any traveler who is interested in learning the meaning behind such things as the names of streets , towns , valleys , land sections , fish ponds , mountains , streams , islands , buildings and more .
a complete guide to the tradition , heritage and cultural significance of hawaiian quilts . this book is currently out of print but available used from amazon . com .
by the author of shoal of time , an excellent biography of now saint damien as well as a social history of leprosy in the late nineteenth century .
in order fully to appreciate hawaiian culture , one must first understand its basic difference from western culture and eastern culture .
western culture is based , in large part , on what a person possesses . eastern culture is based more on the person and one & apos ; s desire to learn more about oneself .
hawaiian culture , however , like most polynesian cultures , is based on the land .
as the late , renowned , hawaiian storyteller ,
uncle charlie
maxwell , says ,
the land which is the basis of the culture , with its streams , mountains , beaches and oceans , must be held in reverence and protected as it was in ancient times . . . the historical sites , burials , language , arts , dances , canoe migrations , etc . , will have to be promoted , nurtured and preserved .
dr . paul pearsall ( 1942 - 2007 ) was the author of a book titled , the pleasure prescription , in which he discusses in detail the principles and practices of ancient polynesian / hawaiian cultures .
dr . pearsall quotes a native hawaiian ,
we are at home . so many people who come here seem lost and emotionally or spiritually homeless . they keep moving , but they never really live anywhere . we love being in our place in the sea . we will never leave because we are this place
this concept of totality with the land and with nature is essential to any understanding of hawaiian culture and beliefs .
without an appreciation for this concept one cannot begin to understand the marvels of this unique and wonderful culture .
love of the land is at the heart of all hawaiian customs , language , the hula , chants , mele ( songs ) , popular music , art , history , geography , archeology , traditions , religion , and even politics .
in short , we are discussing the intellectual and artistic achievements of this society .
as dr . pearsall explains , the native hawaiians live with a sense of aloha .
the word
aloha
consists of two parts .
alo
means to share and
ha
means to breathe . aloha means to share breath , and more precisely to share the breath of life .
native hawaiians often refer to westerners as haole . the word
haole
also consists of two parts .
ha
, as we have learned , means breath and
ole
means without .
in short , many native hawaiians continue to see westerners as being people who are breathless . we rarely take time to stop , breathe and appreciate everything around us .
the informed visitor is the visitor most likely to return home having not only experienced a wonderful vacation , but also with the satisfaction that they have learned about the people who inhabit the land which they have visited .
it is only with this knowledge that you can truly say that you have experienced a bit about hawaiian culture .
close - up of ohia lehua blossom . photo by forest and kim starr / flickr
the brilliant and hardy red bloom plays a major role in hawaiian culture and storytelling .
typically , halau collect their adornments from the forest and return them after the competition . but , because there still is still so much to learn about rod—including how it spreads and how to cure it—concerned community members hosted a puaenaena ceremony to burn any ohia parts that were brought to merrie monarch and return their ashes to the forest instead .
the hardy native ohia lehua is one of the first plants to recolonize otherwise barren lands blanketed in lava , and perhaps because of its ability to thrive in pele’s creations —or perhaps because of its ashy bark and explosion of blooms that come in bright and fiery orange , yellow , pink and red—many associate the plant with the hawaiian fire goddess . and , indeed , there is a well - known hawaiian story that tells the tale of their intertwined fates .
ohia lehua are tied to many hawaiian legends . photo by frank hamm / flickr
once there was an attractive man named ohia , and pele liked him . but ohia had eyes for another woman : lehua . unfortunately for pele , lehua liked ohia in return . understanding that she could not have ohia , furious pele transformed him into into a gnarly , twisted tree . lehua begged for the spell to be reversed , but pele was spiteful and refused . desperate , lehua then beseeched the other gods to intervene . in a sort of compromise , they decided the lovers should be forever united and so transformed lehua into an adornment on the ohia tree , the lehua blossom .
hawaiians have an abundance of words for rain , and several—like ka ua lu lehua o pana’ewa ( lehua - shedding rain of panaewa ) and ka ua noelehua o waialeale ( the misty lehua rain of waialeale ) —incorporate the word lehua . though some of those words describe the nature of the rain falling on lehua blossoms , the same hawaiian legend also eludes to an additional relationship between lehua blossoms and the rain , the tears of the two lovers , ohia and lehua , when they are separated . it’s said that shortly after a lehua flower is picked , it will rain .
but pele isn’t the only god associated with ohia lehua . in various stories , the plant is a kinolau , or physical manifestation , of several hawaiian gods and goddesses including ku , hiiaka , kane , kapo as well as , some say , laka , the goddess of hula .
to evoke or inspire the gods and enhance their storytelling , hula dancers traditionally wear lehua blossoms or buds in lei headbands , around wrists and ankles . ohia branches are used to create traditional kalaau , or dancing sticks , and branches bearing both woody parts and flowers to symbolize the male and female elements adorn kuahu ( altars ) when hula students are in training .
inside na lima mili hulu noeau on kapahulu avenue . that ' s mele kahalepuna chun , daughter of paulette kahalepuna , granddaughter of aunty mary lou kekuewa , carrying on the teaching of feather work .
the first exhibition of hawaiian feather work on the u . s . continent created a sensation when it opened at the de young museum in san francisco last year . the exhibition of seventy five stunning capes and cloaks has been held over until april 10ththis year . meanwhile , the return of hawai‘i island chief kalaniopu’u’s feathered cloak and helmet have reignited interest in feather work here . hpr’s noe tanigawa reports on how hawaiian feather work was made .
kawika lum , paulette kahalepuna ' s last student , shows how he lines up three feathers in a bundle . these are goose feathers , much larger and sturdier than native hawaiian bird feathers .
a conversation with mele kahalepuna chun and kawika lum about the art of feather work .
we’re here at na lima mili hulu no‘eau in kapahulu to meet kawika lum , the last student of featherwork master paulette kahalepuna . he’s making an ‘ahu ‘ula , a cape now , but with goose feathers . he says back in the day , collecting feathers was a generational thing .
“in the case with kamehameha to get that amount of yellow feathers would take generations . but his birth was foretold , right , so our people would think ahead of time to collect these knowing that something or someone was coming that would require that . ”
“it’s believed it took about ten generations to gather the feathers that were needed for his ( kamehameha’s ) ‘ahu‘ula . ” mele kahalepuna chun is following in her mother and grandmother’s footsteps , teaching hawaiian feather work .
the kalaniōpu‘u cape is thought to have required twenty thousand birds . chun says gathering feathers was a profession . nets and traps were used , as well as a sticky sap that could be placed on likely roosts . when a bird landed and got stuck , the bird catcher could pluck the desired feathers , clean the bird’s claws , then release them to grow more feathers . the method of entrapment determined what that birdcatcher was called . find out more about hawaiian bird catchers .
individual feathers are bundled in threes or fives but with the much finer native birds , five feathers were always required . the bundles are then wrapped and tied with string . then each bundle is sewn securely to a base which today could be yarn or string but was olonā fibers in the old days .
mele kahalepuna chun says , “creativity is going to happen and people are going to want to do things and do more and do better , but for me personally , i’d like to see us moving backwards to go forward . so being able to produce our own fibers , instead of going and buying thread and buying yarn and ribbon . that’s where i’d like to see feather work going . ”
reminded that her wish for the future would require an environment in which these rare plants and endangered birds could live , chun responds , “absolutely . ”
according to lum , “our whole ahupua‘a system is based off of that mentality of knowing how everything interconnects , so for us to say we’re only going to do feather work would be hewa ( wrong ) for us to do without using the complete picture of trying to kōkua the environment . ”
“if that’s the case , it would be , i’m a feather artist . i’m not a cultural practitioner at that point . ”
asked what he looks for in terms of quality , kawika lum replies , “it’s the structure . for me it’s the way
kawika lum uses thread to stitch the feather bundles onto the netting base for his ahu ' ula , or cape .
things are constructed . how it’s constructed , what the bundles look like , even as far as lei is concerned , it’s almost always about structure . it goes back to the creator . how close would they want it ? how tight of a hand they had . you would have to know the qualities of each feather and try to envision what your lei or ‘ahu‘ula or mahiole would want to look like based on the structure you provide for the feathers . ” chun remarked that men were the feather workers in the old days , and it may come as a surprise , but in her family ' s experience even today , men have been the most proficient feather workers .
enjoy the related exhibit at the bishop museum , lele o na manu , hawaiian forest birds , through july 31st , in the j . m . long gallery
kamehameha’s amazing yellow cape is on the fourth floor of hawaiian hall at the bishop museum .
next , we ' ll head to the uplands of kaua ' i to hear some of the forest birds remaining in koke ' e .
compare the artificially dyed contemporary goose feathers on the left with the original native hawsiian bird feathers in the plastic bag .
two significant pieces of hawai‘i’s cultural history are returning to the islands this week . they are a very special ‘ahu‘ula and mahiole—or feathered cloak and helmet . in 1779 , they were presented to captain james cook by kalaniōpu‘u—the paramount chief of hawai‘i island . hpr guest commentator noelle kahanu says the return is important not only because of history , but also because of timing .
a set of artifacts present at the contact between native hawaiians and captain cook are on their way back to the islands .
to last for more than a century , an organization has to reinvent itself . that’s what bishop museum president & ceo , blair collis , has been doing . pacific business news editor in chief a . kam napier has more .
in 2011 , blair collis became the youngest chief executive in bishop museum’s long history and the first to be promoted to the top spot from within . collis rose up through the business side of the museum . his first director - level job there was as head of bishop museum press in 2003 , then on to such roles as vp of sales and marketing , chief operating officer , and more .
after years of planning , the bishop museum is pushing its primary focus back to its visitors . it’s begun a 5 year plan to help the museum become more self - sustaining and less reliant on government funding . the museum has already implemented a $ 24 - million renovation to hawai‘i hall and the j . watumull planetarium .
a retrospective of the life and accomplishments of duke kahanamoku is the museum’s first exhibition about a single person . kahanamoku is remembered as an olympic champion who popularized the sport of surfing . he was also a sheriff , a businessman , and an ambassador for hawaiian culture . michael wilson is an exhibit designer for the bishop museum .
this course guide will assist students in finding available library resources in print and online .
in addition to the locating of archaeological sites , the material consists of history , tradition , legends , place names , and land descriptions [ on the island of oahu ] .
now an entirely updated , full - color edition of the book includes numerous additional sites and expanded site descriptions . although many remnants of ancient hawai ' i are accessible , ofthen they are hidden , and few sources provide such comprehensive interpretive information . in this informative and easy - to - follow book , author van james highlights the features , legends , and archaeology of fifty o ' ahu sites .
online access ( ulukau . org ) reference maps - - the physical environment - - the biotic environment - - the cultural environment - - the social environment
online access ( ulukau . org )
a glossary of important place names in the state , including names of valleys , streams , mountains , land sections , surfing areas , towns , villages , and honolulu streets and buildings .
stories behind the hundreds of hawai ' i place names associated with the ocean - the names of shores , beaches , and other sites where people fish , swim , dive , surf , and paddle .
pu ' u o mahuka heiau is the largest heiau ( religious site or temple ) on o ' ahu , covering almost 2 acres .
historical and contemporary landscapes of the ahupuaʻa of kailua . from kōnāhuanui , the highest peak of the koʻolau range , to kaʻōhao , the coastal fishing ground , the ahupuaʻa and its wahi pana , or celebrated regions , are showcased in more than 180 contemporary and historic images .
browse e - books below is a selection of featured e - books . use the simple search box in ebrary to find more titles . find additional e - texts online via urltoken
the first major book in over a generation to present a rich sampling of the landmark work of hawai ' i ' s center for oral history ,
talking hawai ' i ' s story
preserves hawai ' i ' s social and cultural history through the narratives of the people who lived it - co - workers , neighbors , family members , and friends .
this text offers a sustained and detailed account of hawaiian public art and architecture during the reign of david kalakaua , the nativist and cosmopolitan ruler of the hawaiian kingdom from 1874 to 1891 .
the sixty
heiau
photographed and described in this text are all located on on o ' ahu , the island that has experienced by far the most development over the last 200 years . the images provide a compelling argument for the preservation of hawaiian sacred places .
readers both familiar and unfamiliar with native hawaiian traditions and practices will find much to reflect on as well as practical guidance and knowledge . the author draws on first - hand accounts from early hawaiian historians , early explorers and missionaries , and nineteenth - century hawaiian language publications .
the word kua ' aina translates literally as
back land
or
back country .
however , in the context of the native hawaiian cultural renaissance of the late twentieth century , kua ' aina came to refer to those who actively lived hawaiian culture and kept the spirit of the land alive .
through an analysis of the history of polynesian cultures they present a first - time detailed reconstruction of hawaiki , the ancestral polynesian culture that flourished some 2 , 500 years ago .
bringing together a medley of stories , myths , and folklore gary varner shares a fascination and respect for humankind ' s early and contemporary cultures and wonders at similarities across the board .
tracing the origins of the hawaiians and other polynesians back to the shores of the south china sea , archaeologist patrick vinton kirch follows their voyages of discovery across the pacific in this fascinating history of hawaiian culture from about one thousand years ago .
tackles the subject of the kanaka ( hawaiian ) connection to the ' aina ( land ) through articles , poetry , art , and photography .
a distinctive work , which blends folklore , geography , history , and ethnography . it casts a wide net over information from earliest times to the present , primarily related from a native perspective .
the basic search is ideal if you are looking for a book by title , author , or keyword .
the advanced search tab allows you to find resources by subject terms , as well as to limit by location , type , or format .
59 pages with illustrations . part 1 . life in the ahupuaʻa - - part 2 . plants of importance in hawaiian life . also available online via urltoken
the legends index offers subject access to 77 publications of hawaiian legends in english . subjects indexed include : places , geographical features , plants , animals , and mythological and historical figures .


oreichthys cosuatis is a small ( ~ 3.2 " / 8 cm tl ) cyprinid fish found in india and bangladesh .

it is also reported from thailand and myanmar .

they are strictly freshwater , and are found in ditches , ponds , streams and canals .

in an aquarium , they are generally peaceful , and tend not to bother other fishes , even those much smaller than they are although they are susceptible to be bullied by larger more boisterous fish .

they prefer cooler water ( 76 °f / 24.4 °c at most , although higher temps are tolerated in the short term providing oxygen levels do not drop ) .

gentle water flow is preferred and be sure to use a soft substrate as this fish has sensitive bristles which is uses whilst foraging .

oreichthys cosuatis is found in the ganges and brahmaputra river systems in india , bangladesh and nepal .

this fish favours slow flowing areas of rivers with dense vegetation and clear water .

this fish reaches around 40 mm with the male growing slightly larger than the females , slightly more colourful and they have an extended dorsal fin

oreichthys cosuatis

search for pictures of oreichthys cosuatis search the web for info about oreichthys cosuatis fishbase summary : fb - 24052 print - ready version of this sheet . print qrcode info from urltoken database ftl id : 356
scientific name : oreichthys cosuatis type : fresh water fish family : cyprinidae origin zone : asia origin : thailand , burma , india , pakistan max length : 3 cm temperature : 24 - 28 c ph : 6 - 6 . 5 gh : 8 - 12 water flow : medium flowing water preferred tank level : middle
oreichthys cosuatis differs from oreichthys coorgensis by the absence of a spot on the caudal - fin base ( vs . presence ) , having a bright - yellow dorsal fin with a large black mark covering the distal margin of the dorsal fin , and red ventral fins ( vs . hyaline dorsal and ventral fins with an inconspicuous black bar on the tip of the dorsal fin ) , and a black spot in the anal fin ( vs . a black bar on the anal fin ) ( ref . 94423 ) .
knight , j . d . m . and r . g . kumar , 2015 . a review of the species of oreichthys ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) in the western ghats , india . zootaxa 3914 ( 2 ) : 157 - 167 . ( ref . 99423 )
latin , aurum = gold + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )
asia : india , bangladesh , thailand ( ref . 4832 ) and myanmar ( ref . 41236 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 41236 )
occurs in ditches , ponds , streams and canals ( ref . 1479 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01072 ( 0 . 00509 - 0 . 02256 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 15 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the taxonomy of this species needs to be revised . its wide distribution in different drainages suggests that there may be more than one species involved .
barbhuiya , a . h . , juffe bignoli , d . , rema devi , k . r . , dahanukar , n . & britz , r .
justification : this species has a wide distribution across south and southeast india , from pakistan , nepal to south india and thailand . its taxonomy requires review , as it may be a species complex , however at present it is assessed as least concern in view of its apparently wide range .
population of this species was estimated to be rare in arunachal pradesh but its population in other areas is not known ( tamang et al . 2007 )
this species is found in wide variety of habitat including streams , rivers , ponds and ditches .
more research about the taxonomy , distribution and biology of this species is needed , as there is significant confusion in its taxonomy . potential threats to this species also need to be identified .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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small , peaceful schooling fish that is rather shy . you should keep them in a special , small aquarium together with some small catfishes . you should plant the aquarium densely on the sides and background . a dark substrate is appreciated . you should give them small live food . frozen and dry food are accepted as well . breeding is easy . when the animals are well fed with a variety of food they spawn very quick in a small aquarium with water conditions of 5 dh en 6 ph . it is wise to use a spawning grid because they eat their own eggs . after spawning the parents should be removed . depending on the temperature the eggs hatch after 24 - 36 hours . when the young fishes are swimming free you can raise them with very small infusoria such as paramecia and rotifers . source : urltoken
the minimum size of the tanks shown are intended , depending on the species considered , for a single individual , a couple or the smaller group of individuals for schooling fish . depending on fish temper , territoriality , or vivacity , breeding with other animals of the same species or different species may require larger tanks . pictures usually show adults . depending on the age and sex , there may be significant variations in the color of the specimens .
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warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
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bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01072 ( 0 . 00509 - 0 . 02256 ) , b = 2 . 98 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 15 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .
) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .


oeneis alberta , the alberta arctic , is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family .

it is found from the canadian prairie provinces east to southern manitoba .

isolated populations are found along the rocky mountains in colorado , new mexico and arizona .

the wingspan is 35 – 57 mm .

the upperside is light yellow grey while the underside is light brown .

adults are on wing from may to june in one generation per year .

the larvae feed on bunch grass , possibly festuca species .

the species overwinters in the larval stage .

oeneis alberta

leslie ries set
image of oeneis alberta
as an exemplar on
oeneis alberta elwes 1893
.
oeneis alberta alberta ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 1 - 8
oeneis alberta elwes , 1893 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1893 : 467
the subspecies of oeneis alberta ( lepidoptera , satyridae ) . american museum novitates ; no . 1626
manitoba , saskatchewan , alberta , british columbia , montana , n . dakota ,
ranked ' sensitive ' in alberta . the peace river populations are globally unique .
british columbia , alberta , saskatchewan , manitoba , montana , north dakota , south dakota , nebraska , w . minnesota
alberta arctics are known in bc only from the peace river near the ab border . they inhabit dry bunchgrass hillsides .
the capulin alberta arctic butterfly ( oeneis alberta capulinensis ) is described as small and as having variable coloration , from light to darker grayish - brown . the butterfly’s underside is lighter than the upper side , and the female may appear brighter in color than the male . the monument’s habitat for the capulin alberta arctic butterfly has been identified as arizona fescue - mountain muhly grassland that is located at the top of the volcano .
british columbia , alberta , s . northwest territories , saskatchewan , manitoba , ontario , quebec , minnesota , michigan . see [ maps ]
peace river valley of alberta / bc south to montana and south dakota . isolated populations in the southern rocky mountain states ( scott 1986 ) .
alberta arctics are found from the peace river in bc south along the dry areas of the rockies to az and nm , and east to mb .
oeneis alberta daura ; [ nacl ] , # 4608c ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 9 - 12
the nominate subspecies , o . a . alberta elwes , 1893 ; tl : restricted to fish creek provincial park , calgary , ab ( kondla 1996 ) , occurs in bc .
flies in a few isolated areas of the american midwest and southwest , and in the prairies from southern manitoba to the peace river district of alberta and british columbia , and southward to montana .
. the nominate subspecies ( described from the mouth of fish creek near calgary ) occurs throughout southern alberta . the peace river populations are a darker , unnamed subspecies ( bird et al . 1995 ) .
north american butterflies belonging to the genus oeneis are referred to as “arctics” in recognition of the windy , often high - elevation , tundra - like habitats they generally inhabit . the capulin alberta arctic butterfly is one such species and was first found by brown , an entomologist with the american museum of natural history , at capulin volcano national monument’s crater rim in 1969 .
oeneis chione austaut , 1911 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 44 ) : 244
oeneis arasaguna austaut , 1911 ; ent . zs . 24 ( 44 ) : 243
oeneis beanii elwes , 1893 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1893 : 476
oeneis elwesi tannuola o . bang - haas , 1927 ; ; tl : schawyr , tannuola
oeneis buddha pygmea gross , 1970 ; ; tl : tibet , ca . 35°n , 95°e , 4500m
alberta arctics are in flight in may and june , and probably fly every year . a two - year life cycle has not been confirmed for this species . a partial second flight may occur in some years in the american rocky mountains ( ferris and brown 1981 ) . the larval foodplant is unknown , but is likely the bunchgrass festuca idahoensis in colorado ( scott 1992 ) .
oeneis tarpeia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31
oeneis sculda ; [ bru ] , 237 ; [ bow ] : pl . 203 , f . 17
oeneis tarpeja [ sic , recte tarpeia ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 204 , f . 1
is native to southern canada from alberta to manitoba , with many small separate populations scattered through the central united states ( scott 1986 ) . habitats are dry bunchgrass hills . host plant is bunchgrass . eggs are laid singly . individuals overwinter as older larvae ; species is possibly biennial . there is one flight each year with the approximate flight time may 15 - june 15 ( scott 1986 ) .
oeneis norna hilda ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31
oeneis norna peartiae ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31
= oeneis norna semidea ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31
oeneis actaeoides lukhtanov , 1989 ; vestn . zool . 4 : 30 ; tl : verkhoyansk , endybal river , yakutia
oeneis pseudosatyra nakahara , 1920 ; can . ent . 52 ( 6 ) : 138 ; tl : horisha , formosa
oeneis velleda austaut , 1912 ; int . ent . zs . 5 ( 51 ) : 366 , f . 5
oeneis daisetsuzana matsumura , 1926 ; ins . matsumurana 1 ( 2 ) : 104 ; tl : hokkaido , mt . daisetsu
oeneis chryxus socorro holland , 2010 ; j . lep . soc . 64 ( 3 ) : ( 161 - 165 )
oeneis vacuna grum - grshimailo , 1891 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 458
oeneis buddha grum - grshimailo , 1891 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 25 ( 3 - 4 ) : 458
oeneis polixenes polixenes ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , f . 11 - 12
oeneis mckinleyensis dos passos , 1949 ; amer . mus . novit . no . 1389 : 2 ; tl : mckinley park , alaska
oeneis chryxus valerata burdick , 1958 ; lepid . news 11 ( 1 - 3 ) : 23 ; tl : washington , olympic mountains
alberta arctics , the smallest of the arctics , are light brown or grey brown butterflies . they usually have several eyespots on the dorsal forewing , and none or one on the hindwing . the ventral hindwing has an irregular band with dark edges across the middle . a dark line crossing the ventral forewing juts out sharply towards the wing margin about one - third of the way back from the front edge of the wing . the wings are thin , with the underside markings visible from the upperside .
oeneis nanna ; [ bru ] , 237 ; [ bow ] : pl . 203 , f . 18 ; [ mrs ] , 402
oeneis urda ; [ bru ] , 238 ; [ bow ] : pl . 203 , f . 19 ; [ mrs ] , 402
? oeneis jutta harperi dos passos , [ 1977 ] ; j . res . lepid . 15 ( 4 ) : ( 211 - 213 )
oeneis alpina kurentzov , 1970 ; butterflies of the ussr far east : 74 , f . 42 , 44 ; tl : omsukchan , magadan region
oeneis ammosovi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 28
oeneis nanna kluanensis hassler & feil , 2002 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 22 ( 4 ) : ( 197 - 205 )
oeneis melissa also ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 1
oeneis magna magna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 5
oeneis norna var . tundra bang - haas , 1912 ; dt . ent . z . iris 26 ( 2 ) : 104 ; tl : sajan
oeneis actaeoides actaeoides ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 10
oeneis elwesi ulugchemi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 5
oeneis nanna dzhulukuli ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 8
oeneis buddha brahma ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 24
oeneis tunga ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 23 - 27
oeneis philipi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 24 - 25
oeneis var . caryi dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 3 ) : 142 ; tl : smith landing , athabasca
= oeneis mongolica mongolica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 7
oeneis nanna coreana matsumura , 1927 ; insecta matsumurana 1 ( 4 ) : 163 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : corea , genzan
in the peace river grasslands , the barrel - shaped eggs are laid on the tips of grass blades , and hatch in about 30 days . larvae are reddish - brown with short , conical ' tails ' , and overwinter in the 5th instar , pupating early in the spring without further feeding . pupation occurs in grass clumps near the ground . males patrol territories to locate females , and will also fly to geographical prominences such as hilltops ( bird et al . 1995 ) . although sites that support alberta arctics almost inevitably also support uhler ' s arctics ,
oeneis melissa melissa ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 10 - 12
oeneis melissa orientalis ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 2 - 3
oeneis melissa daizetsuzana ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 4 - 9
oeneis jutta jutta ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 1 - 4
oeneis jutta akoene ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 5 - 8
oeneis jutta sibirica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 9 - 10
oeneis magna dubia ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 1 - 4
oeneis magna magadanica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 6 - 9
oeneis magna uchangi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 10 - 11
oeneis norna norna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 16 - 20
oeneis norna altaica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 21 - 24
oeneis norna tundra ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 1 - 3
oeneis norna asamana ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 4 - 9
oeneis polixenes luteus ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 16 - 19
oeneis alpina execubitor ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 26 - 27
oeneis elwesi tannuola ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 3 - 4
oeneis aktashi aktashi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 13 - 15
oeneis ammon ammon ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 16 - 17
oeneis bore bore ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 18 - 21
oeneis semidea var . pansa christoph , 1893 ; dt . ent . zeit . iris , 6 ( 1 ) : 87 ; tl : vitim river , transbaikalia
oeneis bore pansa ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 22 - 26
oeneis bore arasaguna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 27 - 28
oeneis bore taygete ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 6 - 8
oeneis taygete fordi dos passos , 1949 ; amer . mus . novit . no . 1399 : ( 1 - 21 ) ; tl : kuskokwim river , alaska
oeneis bore edwardsi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 9 - 12
oeneis nevadensis nevadensis ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 13 - 15
oeneis chryxus chryxus ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 20 - 21
oeneis uhleri uhleri ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 17 - 18
oeneis sculda sculda ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 21 - 28
oeneis sculda pseudosculda ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 1 - 2
oeneis sculda pumila ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 3 - 7
oeneis nanna nanna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 17 - 24
oeneis nanna anna ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 9 - 16
oeneis urda urda ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 7 - 20
oeneis urda tschiliensis ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 21 - 25
oeneis mongolica mongolica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 1 - 8
oeneis mongolica hoenei ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 9 - 12
oeneis mongolica walkyria ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 18 - 28
oeneis tarpeja baueri ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 23 / 24 , f . 8 - 14
oeneis tarpeja grossi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 23 / 24 , f . 15 - 20
oeneis buddha buddha ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 1 - 7
oeneis buddha dejeani ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 8 - 9
oeneis buddha grieshuberi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 10 - 14
oeneis buddha kincli ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 15 - 16
oeneis buddha frankenbachi ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 17 - 20
oeneis buddha pygmea ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 9 , pl . 25 / 26 , f . 21 - 23
oeneis melissa ; [ bru ] , 233 ; [ nacl ] , # 4612 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 3 ; [ opler ]
oeneis taygete gaspeensis dos passos , 1949 ; amer . mus . novit . no . 1399 : ( 1 - 21 ) ; tl : mt . albert , quebec
oeneis diluta lukhtanov , 1994 ; herbipoliana , 3 : 138 , pl . 25 , f . 5 ; tl : südsibirien , tuva , ujukski - gebirge , sush
= oeneis mongolica mongolica ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 3 , 5
oeneis mulla staudinger , 1881 ; stettin ent . ztg 42 ( 7 - 9 ) : 270 ; tl : s . slope of the tarbagatai mts , e . kazakhstan
oeneis nahanni dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 3 ) : 142 ; tl : nahanni mts . , mackenzie , 2 , 500ft
oeneis fulla ; [ bru ] , 239 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 28
oeneis nanna walkyria ab . shonis matsumura , 1927 ; insecta matsumurana 1 ( 4 ) : 163 , pl . 5 , f . 2 ; tl : corea , mt . daitoku
oeneis melissa beanii ; [ nacl ] , # 4612e ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 19
oeneis mulla ; [ bru ] , 238 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 1 - 2
oeneis chryxus valerata ; [ nacl ] , # 4606b ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 22
oeneis diluta ; [ bru ] , 238 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 5 - 6
oeneis lederi ; [ bru ] , 236 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 23 / 24 , f . 21 - 24
oeneis bore ; [ bru ] , 235 ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 13 ; [ nacl ] , # 4610 ; [ opler ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]
oeneis taygete edwardsi dos passos , 1949 ; amer . mus . novit . no . 1399 : ( 1 - 21 ) ; tl : san juan mts . , hinsdale co . , colorado
oeneis mongolica koreana [ sic , recte coreana ] ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 13 - 17
oeneis tarpeja tarpeja [ sic , recte tarpeia ] ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 23 / 24 , f . 1 - 7
oeneis melissa semidea ; [ nacl ] , # 4612a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 13 - 14
oeneis melissa gibsoni ; [ nacl ] , # 4612d ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 15 - 18
oeneis melissa lucilla ; [ nacl ] , # 4612f ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 1 , pl . 1 / 2 , f . 20 - 22
oeneis jutta ascerta ; [ nacl ] , # 4611g ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 12 - 15
oeneis jutta chermocki ; [ nacl ] , # 4611d ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 21 - 22
oeneis jutta reducta ; [ nacl ] , # 4611e ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 23 - 24
oeneis polixenes katahdin ; [ nacl ] , # 4613a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 13 - 15
oeneis polixenes brucei ; [ nacl ] , # 4613d ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 4 , pl . 7 / 8 , f . 20 - 23
oeneis bore hanburyi ; [ nacl ] , # 4610a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 1 - 5
oeneis chryxus strigulosa ; [ nacl ] , # 4606c ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 1 - 8
oeneis chryxus caryi ; [ nacl ] , # 4606e ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 15 - 19
oeneis chryxus stanislaus ; [ nacl ] , # 4606a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 23 - 24
oeneis uhleri reinthali ; [ nacl ] , # 4607a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 19 - 20
oeneis dzhugdzhuri sheljuzhko , 1929 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 19 : 349 , pl . 28 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : yankansky mts . , nw . amur
oeneis norna ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ bru ] , 235 ; [ bow ] : pl . 8 , f . 8
oeneis ammon elwes , 1899 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1899 ( 3 ) : 356 , pl . 14 , f . 2 , 7 ; tl : severo - chuisky mts .
oeneis aktashi lukhtanov , 1984 ; ent . obozr . , 63 ( 4 ) : 785 , f . 43 - 45 , 52 - 57 ; tl : altai , kuraisky mts . , aktash , 2500 - 2700m
oeneis nanna jakutski ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 7 , pl . 17 / 18 , f . 25 - 28 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 1 - 4
oeneis urda monteviri ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 8 , pl . 19 / 20 , f . 26 - 28 , pl . 21 / 22 , f . 1 - 2
oeneis tarpeia grossi eitschberger & lukhtanov , 1994 ; atalanta 25 ( 1 / 2 ) : 164 , pl . va , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : s . siberia , buretia , 20km nw selenduma , 600m
oeneis nevadensis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4604 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 4 ; [ opler ]
oeneis chryxus ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 4606 ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 23 ; [ opler ]
oeneis glacialis ; [ bow ] : pl . 8 , f . 5 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 3 , pl . 5 / 6 , f . 12 - 15 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
oeneis uhleri ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 5 ; [ nacl ] , # 4607 ; [ opler ]
oeneis ivallda ; [ nacl ] , # 4603 . 1 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 1 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 19 - 22
eggs from alberta are barrel - shaped and grey white ; they have 19 - 20 vertical ribs . first instar larvae have only two slightly conical projections for tails . they are grey white with pale brown longitudinal stripes ; the basal ridge is white ; the underside , legs , and prolegs are translucent white ; and the head is yellow green with a tint of brown . mature larvae have two short , blunt tails , and are dark brown . the dorsal stripe is black and edged with narrow yellow and white lines ; the lateral band is black on a green ground colour and with a pale brown line along the lower edge ; the spiracular band is green and speckled with black ; and the basal ridge is brown . the underside , legs , and prolegs are white . the head is brown green . the pupa has a green grey thorax and head . the wings are dark olive green with lighter veins , and the abdomen is yellow brown with longitudinal rows of blackish dots and dashes ( edwards 1887 - 97 ) .
oeneis jutta ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ bru ] , 239 ; [ bow ] : pl . 8 , f . 7 ; [ nacl ] , # 4611 ; [ opler ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]
oeneis jutta alaskensis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 4611a ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 2 , pl . 3 / 4 , f . 18 - 20
oeneis chryxus calais ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 4606d ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 13 / 14 , f . 9 - 14
oeneis uhleri varuna ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 4607b ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 15 / 16 , f . 13 - 16
oeneis hora ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , mém . lép . 4 : 454 , pl . 20 , f . 1 ; [ bru ] , 234 ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 5 , pl . 9 / 10 , f . 6 - 12
oeneis macounii ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4605 ; [ bow ] : pl . 19 , f . 2 ; [ opler ] ; lukhtanov & eitschberger , 2000 , butterflies of the world , 11 : 6 , pl . 11 / 12 , f . 16 - 18
upperside is light yellow - gray . underside is light brown ; forewing has a postmedian line bent sharply at the end of the cell ; hindwing has a sharp - edged dark median band .
males perch and patrol all day on bunchgrass - covered slopes . caterpillars probably hibernate in their fourth stage .
canadian prairie provinces east to southern manitoba . isolated populations along the rocky mountains in colorado , new mexico , and arizona .
g5 - demonstrably secure globally , though it may be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .
chionobas boisduval , 1832 ; icon . hist . lépid . europe 1 ( 17 - 18 ) : 182 ; ts : papilio aello hübner
papilio melissa fabricius , 1775 ; syst . ent . : 513 ; tl : labrador , canada
melissa also ( boisduval , [ 1834 ] ) ; icon . hist . lépid . europe 1 ( 19 - 20 ) : pl . 40 , f . 1 - 2
e . kazakhstan ( tarbagatai , saur mts . ) . see [ maps ]
hipparchia ( chinobas ) fulla eversmann , 1851 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 24 ( 2 ) : 614 a ; tl : tarbagatai mts . , kazakhstan
500x506 ( ~ 54kb ) underside finland , pihtipudas , liitonjärvi , 703 : 44 , 30 . 6 . 1996 , photo © tero piirainen
scandinavia , finland , baltic , e . poland , byelorussia , n . european russia , ural , w . siberia , s . siberia , yenisei , amur , sakhalin , n . mongolia , ne . china , n . korea
se . manitoba , ontario , quebec , minnesota , wisconsin , n . michigan , n . maine , n . new hampshire
altai - s . siberia - far east , amur , mongolia , n . china . see [ maps ]
s . siberia , transbaikalia , s . yakutia , amur , sikhote - alin , shantar is . , ne . china ( manchuria ) , ne . mongolia
531x500 ( ~ 60kb ) underside male a subalpine larch parkland on the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range between the chikty and akbul rivulets , 2300 m above sea level , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 11th july 1998 ( on geranium krylovii tzvelev , 1993 ) , photo © oleg kosterin
616x700 ( ~ 138kb ) underside a subalpine larch parkland on the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range between the chikty and akbul rivulets , 2300 m above sea level , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 11th july 1998 , photo © oleg kosterin
1093x861 ( ~ 372kb ) underside a dry open pinus sibirica du tour stand on a rocky granite ridge between the akkem and aryskan rivers 2300 m above sea level , the akkem river basin , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 4th july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
918x1224 ( ~ 703kb ) underside a dry open pinus sibirica du tour stand on a rocky granite ridge between the akkem and aryskan rivers 2300 m above sea level , the akkem river basin , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 4th july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
1224x918 ( ~ 783kb ) underside a dry open pinus sibirica du tour stand on a rocky granite ridge between the akkem and aryskan rivers 2300 m above sea level , the akkem river basin , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 4th july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
1167x918 ( ~ 531kb ) underside a dry open pinus sibirica du tour stand on a rocky granite ridge between the akkem and aryskan rivers 2300 m above sea level , the akkem river basin , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 4th july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
papilio aello hübner , [ 1803 - 1804 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 1 ] : pl . 102 , f . 519 - 521
lappland , n . siberia ( polar tundra ) , altai , targbagatai , japan , circumpolar ? . see [ maps ]
891x560 ( ~ 121kb ) underside stony bank of the chikty rivulet among alpine meadow / dwarf birch thickets , 2500 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 13th july 1998 , photo © oleg kosterin
566x551 ( ~ 59kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 9th july 1998 ( on of angelica archangelica ) , photo © oleg kosterin
617x574 ( ~ 80kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 9th july 1998 ( on lagotis integrifolia ) , photo © oleg kosterin
823x596 ( ~ 121kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 11th july 1998 ( on horse dung ) , photo © oleg kosterin
516x392 ( ~ 40kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 11th july 1998 ( on horse dung ) , photo © oleg kosterin
887x1070 ( ~ 500kb ) underside an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 4rd july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
chionobas katahdin newcomb , 1901 ; ent . news 12 ( 7 ) : 206
polixenes subhyalina ( curtis , 1835 ) ; in ross , nar . 2 nd voy . n . w . passage : lxviii
chionobas brucei edwards , 1891 ; can . ent . 23 ( 2 ) : 33
chionobas peartiae edwards , 1897 ; butts n . amer . 3 : pl . 14
n . british columbia , yukon , northwest territories , alaska . see [ maps ]
e . kasakhstan ( saur , tarbagatai , monrak mts . ) . see [ maps ]
se . tuva ( tannuola mts . ) , nw . mongolia , n . mongolia
kirgizia ( alai , trans - alai , kirghiztan mts . , tian shan ) , tajikistan ( trans - alai , n . pamir ) , uzbekistan ( tian shan ) , kazakhstan ( ketmen mts . , kungey and transili alatau ) , w . china ( boro - choro mts . , e . tian shan ) . see [ maps ]
777x747 ( ~ 133kb ) underside female an alpine meadow in the valley of a headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2500 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 15th july 1998 , photo © oleg kosterin
738x636 ( ~ 133kb ) underside male an alpine meadow in the valley of a headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2500 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 15th july 1998 , photo © oleg kosterin
600x506 ( ~ 57kb ) underside finland : li : utsjoki puollamoaivi , 775 : 50 , 8 . 7 . 1997 , photo © markku savela
bore hanburyi ( watkins , 1928 ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 1 ( 5 ) : 617
600x668 ( ~ 78kb ) female usa : fr 9711 , hurley creek ( 47°18 ' 31n 120°36 ' 56w ) , kittitas co . , wa , 5 . 7 . 2000 , photo © markku savela
700x889 ( ~ 120kb ) underside female usa : fr 9711 , hurley creek ( 47°18 ' 31n 120°36 ' 56w ) , kittitas co . , wa , 5 . 7 . 2000 , photo © markku savela
640x649 ( ~ 79kb ) underside male usa : fr 9711 , ( 47°18 ' 23n 120°36 ' 31w ) , kittitas co . , wa , 7 . 7 . 2000 , photo © markku savela
1100x1050 ( ~ 173kb ) upperside male usa : washington , chelan co . , lepsoc 2010 field trip ( eagle creek ? ) , 11 . 7 . 2010 , photo © markku savela
chionabas macounii edwards , 1885 ; can . ent . 17 ( 4 ) : 74
1600x1200 ( ~ 288kb ) upperside male assiniboine , ab , 4 . vi . 1995 , photo 2004 © joseph belicek
1600x1200 ( ~ 256kb ) underside male assiniboine , ab , 4 . vi . 1995 , photo 2004 © joseph belicek
chionobas ivallda mead , 1878 ; can . ent . 10 ( 10 ) : 196
chionobas chryxus doubleday , [ 1849 ] ; gen . diurn . lep . ( 2 ) : 383 , ( 1 ) pl . 64 , f . 1
chionobes calais scudder , 1865 ; proc . ent . soc . phil . 5 ( 1 ) : 7
chionobas daura strecker , 1894 ; can . ent . 26 ( 8 ) : 225
sculda ( eversmann , 1851 ) ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 24 ( 2 ) : 612 ; tl : kyakhta , buryatia , russia
730x725 ( ~ 141kb ) underside female an alpine meadow in the valley of the left headwater of the chikty rivulet , 2600 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo © oleg kosterin
1052x979 ( ~ 356kb ) underside female an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3th july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
altai , tuva , sayan mts . , s . buryatia , ne . mongolia
nanna ( ménétriés , 1859 ) ; in schrenck , reise forschungen amur - lande 2 ( 1 ) : 38 , pl . 3 , f . 5 ; tl : amur river
880x722 ( ~ 181kb ) underside female a meadowy sw slope of a ridge between the headwaters of the chikty rivulet , 2700 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo © oleg kosterin
600x912 ( ~ 175kb ) underside male a dry rocky southern slope of a ridge between the headwaters of the chikty rivulet , 2700 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo © oleg kosterin
412x566 ( ~ 85kb ) underside male a dry rocky southern slope of a ridge between the headwaters of the chikty rivulet , 2700 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo © oleg kosterin
826x859 ( ~ 252kb ) underside male a dry rocky southern slope of a ridge between the headwaters of the chikty rivulet , 2700 m above sea level , the southern principle slope of the yuzhno - chuiskii mountain range , the upper dzhazator river basin , kosh - agach district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 10th july 1998 , photo © oleg kosterin
se . altai ( kurai , s . tchuja , sailjugem mts . , ukok - plateau ) , w . tuva
533x400 ( ~ 40kb ) underside male an open pine forest on the hill just north of the chita city , transbaikalia , siberia , russia . 17th june 1995 , photo © oleg kosterin
n . altai , s . siberia , transbaikal , amur , primorye , yakutia , n . mongolia , ne . china
tarpeia ( pallas , 1771 ) ; reise russ . reich . 1 : 470 ; tl :
in campis aridis ad volgam
486x392 ( ~ 47kb ) underside a steppen rocky southern slope of the hill sopka mokhnataya of the hill chain called bugotakskie sopki , toguchin district , novosibirsk province , russia . 12th june 1995 , photo © oleg kosterin
1000x1000 ( ~ 143kb ) upperside female russia , siberia , krasnoyarskii krai province , sharypovo district , 5 km nne of v . parnaya , 55°19 ' n 89°16 ' e , alt . 500 - 600 m , meadowy steppe on southern slope , birch / larch forest edges . 1 / vii 2000 ( on goniolimon speciosum ) , photo © oleg kosterin
seeu , n . caucasus , s . urals , sw . siberia , altai , n . kazakhstan , e . kazakhstan , w . mongolia , nw . china
1024x768 ( ~ 141kb ) upperside male china , qinghai prov , w . qinghai lake , nan shan mts , 3500m , 28 . 6 . 2005 , photo © a . timchenko
1024x768 ( ~ 116kb ) underside male china , qinghai prov , w . qinghai lake , nan shan mts , 3500m , 28 . 6 . 2005 , photo © a . timchenko
butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
icones historique des lépidoptères nouveaux ou peu connus . collection , avec figures coloritées , des papillons d ' europe nouvellement découverts ; ouvrage formant le complément de tous les auteurs iconographes
the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
sammlung exotischer schmetterlinge , vol . 3 ( [ 1827 ] - [ 1838 ] ) in hübner ,
zuträge zur sammlung exotischer schmettlinge , vol . 5 [ 1833 ] - 1837 in hübner ,
espèces nouvelles de lépidopterès recueillis en chine par m . l ' abbé a . david / lépidoptères nouveaux de la chine
watkins , 1928 new satyrid butterflies ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 1 ( 5 ) : 615 - 618
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
on apple osx , or right click on the text above to copy the link .
the upperside is dull ochre - brown , with a variable number of small black eyespots , usually two on the forewing and one on the hindwing . the underside is finely striated black and white , with a distinct hindwing median band . the hindwing veins are outlined in white , unlike
) is a likely host ( scott 1986 , bird et al . 1995 ) .
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american museum novitates novitates ( latin for
new acquaintances
) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .
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pelham , j . p . 2008 . a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature . the journal of research on the lepidoptera . volume 40 . 658 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
opler , p . a . , and a . d . warren . 2002 . butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico . c . p . gillette museum of arthropod diversity , department of bioagricultural sciences and pest management , colorado state university , fort collins , colorado . 79 pp .
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natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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diagnosis : the upperside is greyish or yellowish brown , much lighter on the outer third of the wings . there are zero to four eye - spots on the forewing , sometimes with pupils , and zero to two smaller eyespots on the hindwing ; the spots are repeated on the underside . the forewing underside has a thin dark line at the border of the pale outer area ; this is angled sharply outward between the second and third eyespot . the hindwing underside is coarsely striated in dark brown and pale buff , and is distinctly paler on the outer third . wingspan : 34 to 43 mm .
subspecies : there are four , but only the nominate subspecies is found in canada .
early stages : the larvae are dark brown , with a black dorsal stripe and greenish lateral stripes . the head is brownish green with six broad dark stripes . they eat many species of native grasses and overwinter as mature larvae , pupating in april often before the last snow has melted ( kondla et al . , 1994 )
is very local , but can be common and even abundant at times ; for example , in native grasslands in the peace river district .
flight season : it is on the wing from early may to mid - june , equally common every year .
) is in bloom . males favour the highest parts and the females lower down the slopes . when disturbed , they tend to fly just a short distance before dropping out of sight into the grass .
© 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .
this butterfly was soon determined to be a new subspecies that is known only to capulin volcano nm and some nearby areas on the raton mesa complex ( union and colfax counties , new mexico ) , but it is not listed as a state or federally threatened or endangered species .
since it was first identified in 1969 , it has been observed an additional six times at the monument , with the last observation occurring in 1996 . a formal survey was last conducted in 2004 to determine its abundance and distribution . although none were detected in the monument during the 2004 survey , they were observed at other locations throughout johnson mesa , but in lower numbers compared to previous years’ surveys .
bennetts , r . e . , k . struthers , p . valentine - darby , t . folts , h . sosinski , and e . yost . 2011 . capulin volcano national monument : natural resource condition assessment . natural resource report nps / sopn / nrr—2012 / 492 . national park service , fort collins , colorado .
species account authors : crispin guppy and jon shepard . extracted from butterflies of british columbia
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
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