lamproptera meges , the green dragontail , is a species of swallowtail butterfly ( family papilionidae ) found in parts of south asia and southeast asia .

there are ten subspecies .

a specimen from java is the type species of the genus .

lamproptera meges

vijay barve marked
green dragon tail lamproptera meges
as hidden on the
lamproptera meges
page .
vijay barve marked
green dragon tail lamproptera meges
as untrusted on the
lamproptera meges
page . reasons to untrust : misidentified
vijay barve added an association between
green dragon tail lamproptera meges
and
lamproptera curius
.
lamproptera meges ( zinken , 1831 ) = leptocircus meges = papilio meges zinken , 1831 = leptocircus meges squamosus van eecke , 1913 = leptocircus decius felder & felder , 1862 = leptocircus meges pallidus fruhstorfer , 1909 = leptocircus meges annamiticus fruhstorfer , 1909 = leptocircus meges niasicus fruhstorfer , 1909 = leptocircus meges pessinus fruhstorfer , 1909 .
subspecies lamproptera meges decius ( c . felder & r . felder , 1862 )
subspecies lamproptera meges ennius ( c . felder & r . felder , 1865 )
lamproptera meges amplifascia ; huang , 2003 , neue ent . nachr . 55 : 76 ( note )
there are only 2 species in the genus lamproptera , i . e . meges and curius , both of which
citation : - lamproptera meges . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .
hello albert . we do not have subspecies lamproptera meges meges in the philippines . the subspecies existing in batangas is the lamproptera meges decius . it occurs in the philippines generally , excluding balabac , bongao , dumaran , palawan , sanga sanga , sibutu , tawi - tawi . the other subspecies , lamproptera meges pessimus occurs in balabac , dumaran , palawan , tawi - tawi . regards ! ! : )
vijay barve added the english common name
green dragontail butterfly
to
lamproptera meges ( zincken , 1831 )
.
lamproptera meges pessimus ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 1 , f . 3
taxidermy lamproptera meges butterfly mounted under glass and displayed in a poly frame with wall mount . great for a collector or for a gift .
lamproptera meges ennius ; [ bor ] , 118 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 96
lamproptera meges akirai ; [ bor ] , 118 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 96
lamproptera meges pessimus fruhstorfer , 1909 ; soc . ent . 24 ( 9 ) : 68 , ( 10 ) : 76 ; tl : palawan
[ thailand ] leptocircus meges virescens ; godfrey , 1916 : 113 . ( chonburi : sriracha ) leptocircus meges virescens ; godfrey , 1930 : 220 . ( pak jong ; muak lek / chonburi : sriracha ) lamproptera meges virescens ; pinratana , 1992 : 38 , 47 . ( chonburi / chanthaburi ) lamproptera meges annamiticus ; yamaguchi & aoki , 2000 : 251 , fig . 45♂ . ( mukdahan : phu mu ) lamproptera meges annamiticus ; yamaguchi & aoki , 2002 : 16 , 18 . ( mukdahan : ban na lak / ubon ratchathani : kaeng e - keow ) lamproptera meges annamiticus ; yamaguchi , aoki & akiyama , 2005 : 46 . ( ubon ratchathani : phu chong na yoi ) lamproptera meges annamiticus ; ek - amnuay , [ 2007 ] : 122 , pl . 34 , fig . p73b , ♂ , ♂ ( un ) . ( chanthaburi ) lamproptera meges annamiticus ; kimura et al . , 2011 : 141 , fig . ♂ , ♂ ( un ) . ( wan nam khiewo / kao soi dao / pliewn wf / kratchin wf / khao khiewo ) lamproptera meges annamiticus ; ek - amnuay , 2012 : 122 , pl . 34 , fig . p70b , ♂ , ♂ ( un ) . ( chanthaburi ) [ cambodia ] lamproptera meges annamitica ; woodfield & murton , 2006 : fig . ♂ . ( botum sakor np . ) lamproptera meges annamitica ; onodera , 2007 : 24 , 26 , fig . 9♂ . ( rattanakiri : ou chum ) [ leptocircus meges virescens ] ; monastyrskii et al . , 2011 : 128 . ( phnom samkos w . s . ) [ vietnam ] leptocircus meges virescens ; jordan , 1908 - 1909 : 108 . ( annam ) papilio meges f . virescens ; dubois & vitalis de salvaza , 1914 : 151 . ( annam ) leptocircus meges f . virescens ; dubois & vitalis de salvaza , 1921 : 16 . ( annam ) leptocircus meges virescens ; metaye , 1958b : 174 . ( dinh quan , dong nai ) lamproptera meges virescens ; shinkai , 1999 : 64 . ( south : bao lac ) lamproptera meges annamiticus ; miyazaki , saito & saito , 2006 : 10 , fig . pa - 32♂ . ( lam dong : dambri / dai duc me ) lamproptera meges ; monastyrskii et al . , 2006 : 38 . ( thua thien hue : nam dong ; a luoi ; bach ma )
lamproptera meges virescens ; [ mrs ] , 162 ; [ bor ] , 118 ; [ bmp ] : 79 , pl . 6 , f . 15
meges akirai tsukada & nishiyama , 1980 ; mem . tsukada coll . 2 : 3
lamproptera meges decius ; [ bor ] , 118 ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 1 , f . 2
labels : genus lamproptera ( g . r . gray ) , papilionidae , tribe leptocircini
leptocircus meges squamosus van eecke , 1913 ; notes leyden mus . 35 : 193 ; tl : pulu babi
green dragontail butterfly resting on a hibiscus leaf in a butterfly conservatory , lamproptera meges , family papilionidae , this species native to tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests of the indo - malay region of asia , . . .
lamproptera amplifascia tytler , 1939 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 41 ( 2 ) : 239
lamproptera meges ; [ bor ] , 118 ; [ bow ] : pl . 132 , f . 5 ; [ mrs ] , 162 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 95
leptocircus meges annamiticus fruhstorfer , 1909 ; soc . ent . 24 ( 9 ) : 68 ; tl : s . vietnam
leptocircus meges pallidus fruhstorfer , 1909 : soc . ent . 24 ( 9 ) : 68 . tl . tonkin . ( bmnh )
lamproptera meges is the commoner of the 2 species . it is known as the green dragontail because the upperside hindwing has a pale green band , and the butterfly has a distinct greenish hue when seen in flight . the other species curius is rarer and has a white band on the upperside hindwing . also , unlike meges , it has a tuft of long white androconial scales in the dorsal fold of the upperside hindwings .
the habitat preferences of the two lamproptera spp . was categorised as “intermediate” although they were observed to have stronger preferences for the gaps within the study area . lamproptera curius is a typical gap species [ 32 ] and it had showed the lowest abundance amongst all the 28 species recorded in the study area . the status of lamproptera spp . is “vulnerable” and there is lack of information on its host plant availability in assam .
leptocircus meges niasicus fruhstorfer , 1909 ; soc . ent . 24 ( 9 ) : 68 , ( 10 ) : 76 ; tl : nias
green dragontail lamproptera meges close up butterfly , clear wings and long tail . on a wet concrete floor it is called green dragontail butterfly , clear wings and long tail . on a wet concrete floor it is called green dragontail butterfly , clear wings and long tail . on a wet concrete floor it is called green dragontail butterfly , clear wings and long tail . on a wet concrete floor it is called green dragontail butterfly , clear wings and long tail . on a wet concrete floor it is called green dragontail image of green dragontail butterfly lamproptera meges butterflies are spraying water ( green dragontail ) green dragontail butterfly
leptocircus meges pallidus fruhstorfer , 1909 ; soc . ent . 24 ( 9 ) : 68 , ( 10 ) : 76 ; tl : n . vietnam
lamproptera ( leptocircini ) ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 ; vane - wright & de jong , 2003 , zool . verh . leiden 343 : 95
originally described as meges zincken , 1831 treated as a species of leptocircus by gray ( 1853 : 73 ) , and by rothschild ( 1918 : 67 ) . treated as a species of leptocircus swains . by felder & felder ( 1864 : 289 ) . treated as a species of lamproptera by tsukada & nishiyama ( 1982 : 434 ) . treated as a species of lamproptera gray , 1832 by munroe ( 1961 : 41 ) , eliot ( 1978 : 423 ) , hancock ( 1983 : 46 ) , page & treadaway ( 2003 : 3 ) , and vane - wright & de jong ( 2003 : 95 ) .
are found in assam , myanmar , thailand , laos , vietnam , southern china , the philippines , peninsular malaysia and borneo . the range of meges extends further south and east , to include sulawesi and java .
on : leptocircus meges annamiticus fruhstorfer , 1909 od : soc . ent . 24 ( 9 ) : 68 . tl : s . annam . ( bmnh ) distribution : s . e . thailand , cambodia , s . vietnam .
lamproptera curius curius ; [ bor ] , 118 ; [ bmp ] : 80 , pl . 6 , f . 16 ; page & treadaway , 2003 , butterflies of the world , 17 : 3 , pl . 1 , f . 1
lamproptera ) are among the most delightful and entertaining butterflies in the oriental region , being much smaller in size than other papilionidae , and unique among them in having completely transparent
windows
in the forewings , and very long tails on the hindwings .
closed forest species like papilio helenus , p . castor , atrophaneura varuna and gap species like graphium agammemnon , papilio demoleus , pachliopta aristolochiae and lamproptera curius recorded higher abundances during the wet season of the second year of study ( figure 4 ( b ) ) . rainfall strongly affected the abundances of papilio demoleus , graphium agammemnon , pachliopta aristolochiae , papilio castor , p . helenus , lamproptera curius and atrophaneura varuna . the effect of altitude on papilionid species abundance was found to be significant as the gap species recorded higher abundances at lower elevations and the closed - forest species were found to occur in greater abundance at higher elevations . geographical position did not have a significant influence on the species abundance .
have a very fast whirring flight , and use their long tails as a rudder - this allows them to stop in mid air and make very sudden changes of direction , they can easily be mistaken in flight for dragonflies , but tend to fly much closer to the ground . it is quite feasible that lamproptera have evolved to become mimics of the dragonflies , and thereby avoid being attacked by them .
the ordination of the species assemblages in the five study sites as shown in the cca - biplots ( figures 4 ( a ) and 4 ( b ) ) clearly indicated the separating effect of forest type as a variable on the papilionid community . graphium ( 3 spp . ) , pathysa ( 4 spp . ) , pachliopta ( 1 sp . ) , and papilio ( 1 sp . ) were characteristic of the open / scattered forests while atrophaneura ( 5 spp . ) , troides ( 2 spp . ) , pachliopta ( 1 sp . ) , papilio ( 7 spp . ) , and chilasa ( 1 sp . ) were confined to the closed - forests . three species ( papilio polytes , lamproptera meges , l . curius ) could be classified as “intermediate” as they were encountered in both gaps and closed - forests . six species from the closed - forest habitats and two gap species had restricted geographic range score ( 1 and 2 ) ( appendix 4 ) .
are members of the leptocircini , a tribe which also includes the oriental genera graphium and pathysa , the neotropical genera protesilaus and eurytides , and the european scarce swallowtail iphiclides podalirius .
at altitudes between about 100 - 1000m . it is always found in association with rivers , streams or waterfalls .
the larva feeds on illigera ( hernandiaceae ) , and is dark green , speckled with black spots . the pupa is attached by the cremaster to the upper surface of a leaf .
dragontails are usually encountered singly or in two ' s and three ' s .
compared to other members of the papilionidae they have a much smaller wing area in relation to their body size , so whereas most swallowtails and birdwings have a very distinct fluttering flight , dragontails are able to beat their wings much faster , and can dart from spot to spot very rapidly .
males are found almost exclusively in the vicinity of running water , most commonly at waterfalls or fast - running mountain streams . they can often be seen filter - feeding - sucking up water to extract dissolved minerals , while almost continually spurting it out in a jet from the tip of the abdomen . while feeding the butterflies vibrate their wings rapidly , but the activity is interrupted with irregular momentary pauses when they are held motionless .
both sexes can occasionally be found at rest on the foliage of bushes , with wings fully outspread .
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london : taylor and francis ; calcutta and simla , thacker , spink , & co . ; [ etc . , etc . ]
evidence reported by james - hixon for item butterflies02bingiala on november 18 , 2006 : no visible notice of copyright ; stated date is 1907 .
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zincken , 1831 – green dragontail . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
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leptocircus swainson , 1833 ; zool . illustr . ( 2 ) 3 ( 23 ) : pl . 106 ; ts : papilio curius fabricius
papilio curius fabricius , 1787 ; mantissa insectorum 2 : 9 , no . 71 ; tl : siam
525x725 ( ~ 56kb ) thailand , chantaburi province , khao - khitchakut national park , a sandy bed of a rivulet among the tropical forest above the krating falls . 29th january 2005 , photo © oleg kosterin
1005x797 ( ~ 177kb ) thailand , chantaburi province , khao - khitchakut national park , a sandy bed of a rivulet among the tropical forest above the krating falls . 29th january 2005 , photo © oleg kosterin
assam - thailand , s . burma , peninsular malaya , java , philippines ( palawan , balabac ) , s . yunnan
leptocircus curius magistralis fruhstorfer , 1909 ; soc . ent . 24 ( 9 ) : 68 , ( 10 ) : 76 ; tl : yunnan , mongtse ; manhao
leptocircus curius libelluloides fruhstorfer , 1898 ; berl . ent . zs . 43 ( 1 / 2 ) : 179
leptocircus ennius c . & r . felder , 1865 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 1 ) : 2 , pl . 21 , f . b
leptocircus virescens butler , [ 1870 ] ; cat . diurn . lep . fabricius : 259 ; tl : myanmar
913x867 ( ~ 227kb ) upperside cambodia , kep province , kep hill , the forest ' platystylus brook ' valley . 20th august 2011 , photo © oleg kosterin
565x686 ( ~ 143kb ) upperside cambodia , kep province , kep hill , the forest ' platystylus brook ' valley . 6th december 2010 , photo © oleg kosterin
1017x1008 ( ~ 241kb ) upperside cambodia , kep province , kep hill , the forest ' platystylus brook ' valley . 7th december 2010 , photo © oleg kosterin
leptocircus curtius wallace , 1865 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . 25 ( 1 ) : 68 ; tl : celebes
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the butterflies of the malay peninsula . fourth edition revised by j . n . eliot with plates by bernard d ' abrera
lepidoptera nova a dr . carolo semper in insulis philippinis collecta diagnosibus . ( 2 )
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
a list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species
lepidoptera indica . rhopalocera . family nymphalidae . sub - family nymphalinae ( continued ) , groups melitaeina and eurytelina . sub - families acraeinae , pseudergolinae , calinaginae , and libytheinae . family riodinidae . sub - family nemeobiinae . family papilionidae . sub - famlies parnassiinae , thaidinae , leptocircinae , and papilionae
zoological illustrations , or original figures and descriptions of new , rare or interesting animals , selected chiefly from the classes of ornithology , entomology , and conchology , and arranged according to their apparent affinities . second series
zinken , 1831 beitrag zur insecten - fauna von java nova acta physico - med . [ leop . carol . ] 15 ( 1 ) : 129 - 194 , pl . 14 - 16
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♂ , 1987 . 09 . 15 . khao soi dao , chanthaburi , thailand .
♂ , 1984 . 03 . 05 . khao soi dao , chanthaburi , thailand .
♀ , 2004 . 08 . 15 . ngoun muc pass , dalat , vietnam . ( photo by k . saito )
♂ , type , xom - gom , sud - annam . feb . h . fruhstofer . ( bmnh . examined . )
♀ , 1991 . 07 . 05 . doi phu kha , nan , thailand .
on : leptocircus virescens butler , [ 1870 ] od : cat . diurn . lep . fabricius br . mus . : 259 . tl : moulmein . ( bmnh ) distribution : myanmar , thailand , laos , n . vietnam , hainan , langkawi , w . malaysia . [ singapore . ]
virescens ; ♂ , type ( red ) , moulmein . ( bmnh . examined . ) pallidus ; ♂ , type ht ( red ) , chiem - hoa , central tonkin . aug . sept . h . fruhstorfer . ( bmnh . examined . ) ; ♂ , para - type ( yellow ) , chiem - hoa , central tonkin . aug . sept . h . fruhstorfer ( bmnh . examined . )
butler , a . g . , [ 1870 ] : catalogueof diurnal lepidoptera described by fabricius in the collection of the british museum .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322de4fe - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322de75d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33052ad9 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
häuser c . , holstein j . , kroupa a . s . , steiner a . & turiault m . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . globis ( gart ) : global butterfly information system ( version sep 2013 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 40926594 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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brunei ; cambodia ; china ; india ; indonesia ; laos ; malaysia ; myanmar ( burma ) ; philippines ; thailand ; vietnam . ;
attributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 present status of swallowtail butterflies in garbhanga reserve forest , assam , india , k . k . barua , d . kakati and j . kalita , zoos ' print journal 19 ( 4 ) : 1439 - 1441 ( 2004 ) ♦ 2 jorrit h . poelen , james d . simons and chris j . mungall . ( 2014 ) . global biotic interactions : an open infrastructure to share and analyze species - interaction datasets . ecological informatics .
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1 department of conservation biology , georg - august university , von - siebold - straße 2 , 37075 göttingen , germany 2 department of forestry , university of dschang , p . o . box 222 , dschang , cameroon
copyright © 2010 kamini kusum barua et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
studies focusing on insect seasonality have been carried out in many parts of the world including the eecouatorial tropics . amongst the insects , butterflies form a suitable model group for ecological studies specifically pertaining to seasonality because rainfall and plant phenology are two interrelated factors that influence the life histories of these phytophagous insects [ 1 – 3 ] . the habitat preferences are also closely related to life strategies of different species just as much as the geographical range is related to each species’ ecological strategy [ 4 – 6 ] .
butterfly populations are closely controlled by weather and many species are constrained by climate [ 7 – 10 ] , reproduce ecouickly , have high dispersal ability and an annual or more freecouent life cycle [ 11 , 12 ] . seasonal environments ( tropical and temperate regions ) and climate gradients like temperature and precipitation play an important role in defining the differences in habitat preferences , biology , adult activity , reproductive strategy , and adaptive polyphenisms of butterflies [ 13 – 15 ] .
the primary vegetation in northeast india has been disturbed by human activities . the forest ecouality has also been deteriorating with the dense forests ( canopy closure > 60 % ) becoming degraded into open - forests or scrub . in assam the percentage of “very dense” forest cover is only 2 . 1 % ( 1 , 684 km 2 ) , “moderately dense” forest cover is 14 . 5 % ( 11 , 358 km 2 “degraded / open forests” is 18 . 9 % ( 14 , 784 km 2 ) and “nonforest” area is 64 . 5 % of the total area of forest and tree cover [ 22 ] . under the directives of the national forest policy ( 1988 ) [ 23 ] and the joint forest management ( jfm ) resolution ( 1990 ) [ 16 ] involving the local peoples’ participation , regeneration and maintenance of degraded forests as well as the protection and conservation of forest resources has assumed priority and significantly contributed towards the management strategies for sustainable forestry in india , including assam .
figure 1 : map of rani - garbhanga reserve forest in assam , northeast india .
we used satellite imagery to select five study sites , covering a total area of 50 ha within the forest reserve . all these sites were partially to heavily disturbed , although the disturbance levels were not ecouantified but evaluated on a visual scale ( table 1 ) . three of the study sites were located in the garbhanga range and two sites in the rani range .
figure 2 : ombrothermic diagram ( precipitation scale = 2 × temperature scale ) for the study area ( mean of years 2001–2005 ) . the relative humidity is also plotted on the same axis as temperature .
the papilionid individuals were collected using butterfly nets whenever identification on the wing was not possible . we used a camera for recording and later counting and identifying individuals detected on transects along mud - puddling spots . as within the east - himalayan papilionidae , there are polymorphic species [ 30 ] ; therefore the individual counts for such species were restricted to the species level only . similarly for the east - himalayan endemic subspecies , we restricted our sample count to species level only . for species with polymorphic forms as well as for those species that exhibited mimicry , wherever identification on the wing was not confirmed , we excluded such counts in order to avoid sampling bias [ 29 ] . we also handled the case of sexual dimorphism and distinct seasonal forms amongst some species in a similar manner .
identification followed evans [ 18 ] , talbot [ 19 ] and haribal [ 30 ] while nomenclature followed evans [ 18 ] and d’abrera [ 31 ] . the geographic distribution ranges had been categorized on a scale of 1–6 ( smallest to largest ) as used by spitzer et al . [ 32 ] : ( 1 ) eastern himalayas , yunnan and northern indo - china ; ( 2 ) north india and all indo - china ; ( 3 ) oriental ( indo - malayan ) region ; ( 4 ) indo - australian region ( australasian tropics ) ; ( 5 ) palaeotropics ; ( 6 ) larger than palaeotropics—cosmopolitan .
within the indian himalayan region ( ihr ) , the indian extent of the eastern himalayas includes all of northeast india . therefore in our study , the lowest ranked species with score 1 was endemic to the eastern himalayas , excluding yunnan and northern indo - china and the highest ranked species with a score 4 was the most widely distributed species . no species with geographic range scores 5 and 6 were recorded in our study area .
variation in abundance of papilionid individuals between seasons and year were computed by one - way anova , using the program statistica 7 . 1 [ 34 ] .
a total of 18 , 373 individuals representing 28 species ( eight genera ) were recorded during the study period ( table 2 and appendix 4 ) . the overall abundance of papilionid individuals recorded in the study sites of the garbhanga range was higher than in the study sites of the rani range throughout the study period ( figure 3 ) . two species , atrophaneura sycorax and papilio paris , were not recorded in the rani range . all species present in the rani range were also recorded in garbhanga .
table 2 : total number of individuals of papilionid ( per genus ) sampled during the dry and wet seasons of 2003 - 2004 within the study area .
figure 3 : differences in seasonal abundance of papilionids sampled as individuals during the dry and wet seasons of the two years study period from the 20 fixed transects of study sites s1 , s2 , s3 in garbhanga ( open bars ) and s4 and s5 in rani ( dotted bars ) .
figure 4 : ordination plots of cca of papilionid species matrix on sampling locations of garbhanga ( a ) and rani ( b ) ranges during the wet and dry seasons of 2003 - 2004 . note : lat for latitude , long for longitude , alt for altitude , forest cl for closed forest , forest sc for scattered / open forest .
the site scores in the ordination plots ( numbers in black ) overlaid on the ordination matrix showed the succession of butterfly abundance with respect to the effects of season and year .
as we hypothesised , the species composition of our papilionid community was different between the closed and open - forest habitats , with a higher number of restricted range species found in the closed - forest [ 5 , 32 , 35 , 36 ] .
the choice of forest types by the papilionid assemblage in our study area could have been influenced by several biological factors for the adults—availability of suitable oviposition sites by the gravid females , floral phenology , predators and mimics [ 35 , 37 ] . ecological factors like suitable mud - puddling sites and more sheltered conditions as well as structural variables like size of the area , topography , temperature , humidity , light , gaps and ground pattern could have also accounted for the preference shown by the papilionidae for different habitats or forest types [ 5 , 32 , 35 , 38 – 42 ] .
in our present study , the atrophaneura , troides and the papilio spp . were found to prefer the closed - forest habitats . troides aeacus and atrophaneura spp . are known to occur [ 41 ] in forest gaps and along riparian corridors in tropical forests . in our study area , t . aeacus and a . dasarada recorded higher abundances in closed - forests but sightings were also made in gaps . this could be attributed to the fact that the increased canopy openness and light penetration caused by disturbance increases the abundance of herbaceous growth and vines and favours species freecouenting tree fall gaps and streams for mud - puddling and sun basking [ 43 ] . similarly , the habitat preferences of the seven papilio spp . could have been affected by structural variables like temperature , light and humidity [ 44 , 45 ] .
our overall study results showed that papilionid abundance was influenced by the seasonal monsoon climate and this was in agreement with the findings of spitzer et al . [ 32 ] and leps and spitzer [ 5 ] . our results were also in conformity with our hypothesis on higher species richness in the closed - forest habitats . sixteen out of 28 species were found to be associated with the closed - forest , and six species with restricted geographic range scores ( 1 - 2 ) .
the authors would like to thank the department of forests , government of assam , india for the permission granted to conduct the research study in rani - garbhanga reserve forest . they would like to thank the ministry of environment and forests , government of india for the financial grant and the research team in the department of zoology , gauhati university , assam for the fieldwork . the authors acknowledge the special contribution of dr . matthias waltert , centre for nature conservation , university of göttingen , who has given the scientific inputs and helped in the drafting of the paper . special thanks are due to n . k . bhagobaty , senior instructor , institute of advanced study in science and technology , guwahati , assam , india for assistance with the statistical analyses . in authorship they followed the “flae” norm .
k . spitzer and j . leps , “determinants of temporal variation in moth abundance , ”
j . leps and k . spitzer , “ecological determinants of butterfly communities ( lepidoptera , papilionoidea ) in the tam dao mountains , vietnam , ”
d . b . roy and t . h . sparks , “phenology of british butterflies and climate change , ”
j . r . g . turner , c . m . gatehouse , and c . a . corey , “does solar energy control organic diversity ? butterflies , moths and the british climate , ”
p . m . brakefield and t . b . larsen , “the evolutionary significance of dry and wet season forms in some tropical butterflies , ”
, bombay natural history society , mumbai , india , 2nd edition , 1932 .
the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . butterflies vol . i . ( papilionidae & pieridae )
, sikkim nature conservation foundation ( sncf ) , gangtok , india , 1994 .
checklist of butterflies of india . digitized version of information from w . h . evans’s identification of indian butterflies
, forest survey of india . ministry of environment and forests , dehradun , india , 2003 .
j . borah , k . thakuria , k . k . baruah , n . k . sarma , and k . deka , “man - elephant conflict problem : a case study , ”
, ph . d . thesis , dissertation in biology , university of göttingen , 2008 .
r . l . h . dennis , t . g . shreeve , n . j . b . isaac et al . , “the effects of visual apparency on bias in butterfly recording and monitoring , ”
, sikkim nature conservation foundation ( sncf ) , gangtok , india , 1992 .
k . spitzer , v . novotny , m . tonner , and j . leps , “habitat preferences , distribution and seasonality of the butterflies ( lepidoptera , papilionoidea ) in a montane tropical rain forest , vietnam , ”
r . ihaka and r . gentleman , “a language for data analysis and graphics , ”
k . spitzer , j . leps , and t . soldan , “butterfly communities and habitat of seminatural savanna in southern vietnam ( papilionoidea , lepidoptera ) , ”
, a . s . pullin , ed . , pp . 180–210 , chapman and hall , london , uk , 1995 .
l . boriani , g . burgio , m . marini , and m . genghini , “faunistic study on butterflies collected in northern italy rural landscape , ”
r . l . h . dennis , t . g . shreeve , and h . van dyck , “towards a functional resource - based concept for habitat : a butterfly biology viewpoint , ”
r . l . h . dennis , t . g . shreeve , and h . van dyck , “habitats and resources : the need for a resource - based definition to conserve butterflies , ”
k . spitzer , j . jaroš , j . havelka , and j . lepš , “effect of small - scale disturbance on butterfly communities of an indochinese montane rainforest , ”
a . h . harcourt , s . a . coppeto , and s . a . parks , “rarity , specialization and extinction in primates , ”
m . j . jones , m . s . sullivan , s . j . marsden , and m . d . linsley , “correlates of extinction risk of birds from two indonesian islands , ”
l . p . koh , n . s . sodhi , and b . w . brook , “ecological correlates of extinction proneness in tropical butterflies , ”
m . r . borkar and n . komarpant , “diversity , abundance , and habitat associations of butterfly species in bondla wildlife sanctuary of goa , india , ”
j . k . hill , k . c . hamer , m . m . dawood , j . tangah , and v . k . chey , “rainfall but not selective logging affect changes in abundance of a tropical forest butterfly in sabah , borneo , ”
h . wolda , “seasonal cues in tropical organisms . rainfall ? not necessarily ! , ”
c . l . boggs and d . d . murphy , “community composition in mountain ecosystems : climatic determinants of montane butterfly distributions , ”
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urltoken
but more common and slightly broader hw , with greenish discal band on both wings , however , the green band usually faded away and turned to be white afterwards in dead specimens , male without a scent fold . subsp .
. it resembles the former species especially in the old specimens . however , its size is comparatively larger and broader hw than in the former specimens .
[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / cтарая версия insecta . pro )
[ 144 ] pisuth ek - amnuay
butterflies of thailand
. 2nd revised edition . bangkok , 2012
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very tiny asian sailboat - has a wingspan of only 3 - 5 cm and very long spur on the hind wings .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
subspecies graphium sarpedon teredon ( c . felder & r . felder , 1864 )
subspecies eurytides dolicaon deileon ( c . felder & r . felder , 1865 )
subspecies graphium codrus melanthus ( c . felder & r . felder , 1862 )
subspecies graphium doson axion ( c . felder & r . felder , 1864 )
subspecies graphium doson doson ( c . felder & r . felder , 1864 )
subspecies graphium eurypylus lycaon ( c . felder & r . felder , 1865 )
project noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .
you ' re welcome albert . btw , i have an email for you , pls check it out . ( i ' m not sure about your fb account , so i just used the email - add registered here in pn )
hi albert . pls join us in our butterflies in the philippines mission at urltoken . hope to see this spotting included in our mission . regards ! ! : )
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uploaded jun 4 , 2017 . captured sep 26 , 2014 10 : 34 in mabini circumferential rd , mabini , batangas , philippines .
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taxidermy butterfly , real butterfly collection taxidermy in frame , dried butterfly , dried insect .
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tan , c . c . , tajuddin , s . , mahat , m . f . & tan , p . e . ( 2015 ) . a checklist of butterflies of tasek bera ramsar site , pahang , malaysia . journal of wildlife and parks 30 : pp . 15 - 26
acknowledgements : - ms . aida salihah binti abu bakar , ms . ajla rafidah baharom , ms . amirah hasanah binti mazlan , ms . aziemah binti kinan , siti zubaidah binti abdul latif & mrs . yasmin syazwani binti mohammed
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green dragontail butterfly resting on a hibiscus leaf in a butterfly conservatory , . . .
in several of the photos you can see the excess water being expelled after the minerals have been extracted .
haha mark , lots of mud grovelling at this particular site . luckily it was very hot so the clothes dried quickly , but i was dried mud from head to foot when i got back to the hotel ! ! the advantage of quick drying outdoor wear is that i could wear it again the next day , all clean .
thank you daniele for the sotd . this little butterfly was definitely a spotting of my day in thailand !
stunningly beautiful pam . if you needed to puddle mud yourself to get these shots then it was well worth it . : )
and is found in the same vicinities and has the same habits . it can be distinguished by its white discal band on its hindwings instead of green in
the postings in this blog consist mainly of butterflies ( images taken from the wild exclusively unless stated ) and a few short notes about them whenever possible . to locate the butterflies by species found , search this blog by their label links below this column .
raub is situated to the west of the state of pahang in peninsular malaysia . the district of raub has an area of 2269 square kilometers , roughly 3 times the size of singapore ' s land surface and is locked in a plain between two mountain ranges : to the west is the main range or titiwangsa and to the east is the benom range . this area includes immense swaths of forests along the main range ' s eastern flank as well as the western facade of the benom range , both containing within its boundaries more than a dozen forest reserves managed by the raub forestry department . these forest reserves cover over 60 % of the district’s total surface areas .
: localities indicated are in correlation to actual visits and may not indicated occurences in sites which are not being surveyed ( including occurences in correlation to time of the year ) .
the koh - i - noor , amathuxidia amythaon dilucida ( hon . . .
corbet , a . s . & pendlebury , h . m . ( 1992 ) . the butterflies of the malay peninsula . 4 th edition . revised by j . n . eliot . malayan nature society . kuala lumpur . 595 pp . , 65 pl .
eliot , j . n . ( 2006 ) . updating the butterflies of the malay peninsula . edited and enlarged by barlow , h . , r . eliot , l . g . kirton & r . i . vane - wright . malayan nature journal 59 : 1 - 49 .
kirton , l . g . , ( 2014 ) . a naturalist’s guide to the butterflies of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand . john beaufoy publishing limited . oxford , england .
many thanks also to dr laurence kirton for advices and id confirmation on some species featured in this blog .
flashback to the future 35 years in 2015 - the advancement of technologies has given new leverage to those wishing to embark on knowing nature without hurting its denizens in its wake – digital photography . countless photos can be taken practically free of charge ( well , not counting the cost of the camera and other equipments ) and be shared by many , allowing an alternative way to appreciate these delicate beauties . as such , it is hoped that this blog will initiate and inspire others to do the same and help document what nature has before unhealthy development rob us of the knowledge and appreciation of these wonderful gems with wings . . .
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4 . 558 papilionidae stockfotos , - vektorer og - illustrationer kan tilgås royaltyfrit .
beautiful caterpillar creeps on big green leaf . caterpillar of the old world swallowtail butterfly of the family papilionidae . the butterfly is also known as the common yellow swallowtail
pattern colorful papilionidae butterfly isolated on white background , yellow green blue red pink wings insects flying . pattern logo geometric . bug polygonal crystal style .
iphiclides podalirius is a scientific name for the scarce swallowtail butterfly bellongiing to the family papilionidae . this butterfly i salso called sail swallowtail or pear - tree swallowtail .
common mormon ( papilio polytes , papilio lowi , asian swallowtail ) female butterfly resting on leaf . family papilionidae .
common mormon ( papilio polytes , papilio lowi , asian swallowtail ) male butterfly . family papilionidae .
papilio palinurus , common name emerald swallowtail , emerald peacock , or green - banded peacock , is a butterfly of the genus papilio belonging to the papilionidae family . this lady founded in kangkrachan
big green butterfly papilio palinurus ( emerald swallowtail , emerald peacock , green - banded peacock ) from the family of papilionidae is resting on the leave of plant in greenhouse . close up photo
papilio palinurus , common name emerald swallowtail , emerald peacock , or green - banded peacock , is a butterfly of the genus papilio belonging to the papilionidae family .
papilio maackii or alpine black swallowtail butterfly , papilionidae , on a water lily or nymphaea flower , far east , russia . it is also found in central asia , japan , china and south korea .
papilio rumanzovia , the scarlet mormon or red mormon , butterfly of the family papilionidae .
butterfly scarlet or red mormon sitting on green leaves . butterfly of the family papilionidae . from philippines
papilio machaon , the old world swallowtail , is a butterfly of the family papilionidae . the butterfly is also known as the common yellow swallowtail or simply the swallowtail .
butterfly of the podaliria ( latin iphiclides podalirius ) , a butterfly of the family of sailfishes ( papilionidae ) . the species is named after podaliria , in ancient greek mythology .
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wallerconcha sarae , is an extinct species of saltwater clam , a marine bivalve mollusc in the family thyasiridae .

the species was discovered in 2014 by paul valentich-scott of the santa barbara museum of natural history , and three scientists from the united states geological survey , charles l. powell , brian d. edwards , and thomas d. lorenson by arctic ocean , whilst mapping the sea floor .

it was discovered by accident inside a sediment core sample extracted more than 1.5 miles ( 2.5 km ) below the surface of the ocean off the coast of northern alaska , us , in 2010 .

wallerconcha sarae

the genus has now been named wallerconcha , with the new species name of wallerconcha sarae .
specimens of the wallerconcha sarae bivalve mollusk are shown . ( paul valentich - scott )
this image shows the new species of bivalve mollusk was recently described and named wallerconcha sarae .
ancient insight . . . the new species of bivalve mollusc recently described and named wallerconcha sarae . source : paul valentich - scott
worms - world register of marine species - wallerconcha sarae valentich - scott & c . l . powell , 2014 & nbsp ; & # 8224 ;
p . graham oliver and anna m . holmes provided the images of spinaxinus sentosus . daniel geiger provided images of the periostracum of type specimens of wallerconcha sarae and maorithyas hadalis .
dubbed the wallerconcha sarae , the newly - discovered mollusk is believed to have lived over a million years ago , though scientists cannot discount the possibility that it may still be alive today .
comparison of adductor muscle scars and pallial lines of left valves of holotypes . a maorithyas marama , holotype b wallerconcha sarae , holotype c spinaxinus sentosus , holotype . – not to scale .
the genus “wallerconcha “ ) is named after dr . thomas r . waller a famous palaeontologist at the smithsonian institution . the suffix “concha” meaning shell , is combined to create the name wallerconcha .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : wallerconcha sarae p . h . valentich - scott & c . l . powell , 2014 † - id : 7330000558
axinus grandis ( verrill & smith in verrill , 1885 ) and axinus cascadiensis oliver & holmes , 2007 have a few external similarities to wallerconcha sarae . axinus grandis is an atlantic and mediterranean species , that is easily separated from wallerconcha sarae by its roughly diamond - shaped shell outline . axinus cascadiensis is known only from a seamount off oregon ( oliver and holmes 2007 ) and the shell outline serves to separate axinus cascadiensis from wallerconcha sarae . with axinus cascadiensis being less inflated , having narrower , more prosogyrate umbos , and a strong anterior protrusion . in addition , the escutcheon of axinus cascadiensis is larger and more deeply impressed .
the minute deep - water beaufort sea thyasirid , axinulus careyi is much smaller ( maximum length 2 . 7 mm ) , has a more defined escutcheon , and lacks the broad posterior hinge fig . it also has a relatively short , narrow anterior adductor muscle scar when compared to the long broad scar of wallerconcha sarae .
the sedimentation rate in this region , derived from seismic lines in grantz et al . ( 2011 ) showing the depth of the quaternary section at this approximate location , is estimated to be about 0 . 5 m per 1000 years . measured sedimentation rates upslope of our site on the nearby mackenzie prodelta by bringué and rochon ( 2012 ) of 1 . 43 m / 1000 years indicates our estimated rates are reasonable . the sedimentation rate suggests that wallerconcha sarae has been continuously present here from about 10 , 300 years to the near present . the age estimate is derived from the interspersed presence of the wallerconcha sarae specimens from 0 . 02–5 . 16 mbsf in our suite of cores , where 5 . 16 m of sediment corresponds to an accumulation time of 10 , 320 years . the actual maximum age is likely greater because we have not taken sediment compaction into account , and there is a distinct possibility that wallerconcha sarae is present below the penetration depth of our core samples .
wallerconcha sarae is presently only known only from the region around the type locality ; the canning seafloor mound ( 71 . 3175°n , 143 . 9997°w ) , beaufort sea , alaska , usa . given the collection depth of 0 . 02–4 . 65 mbsf , we surmise this is a fossil species . however we cannot discount that it could still be living in the region .
the new species “sarae” is named after sara powell , the daughter of study co - author chuck powell . “i want to name new species after all of my children , ” he said .
parathyasira iredale , 1930 ( type species parathyasira resupina iredale , 1930 ) has an external sculpture of minute rows of spines , and a distinct radial sulcus . it also has a thin hinge fig and weak nymph , which are less robust than wallerconcha . both genera have an elongate anterior adductor muscle scar , whereas in parathyasira the scar is usually divided into several sections , wallerconcha has a single , broad scar .
bivalve mollusk shells were collected in 2350 m depth in the beaufort sea , arctic ocean off northern alaska . initial identification suggested the specimens were a member of the bivalve family thyasiridae , but no known eastern pacific or arctic living or fossil thyasirid resembled these deep - water specimens . comparisons were made with the type of the genera maorithyas fleming , 1950 , spinaxinus oliver & holmes , 2006 , axinus sowerby , 1821 , and parathyasira iredale , 1930 . we determined the beaufort sea species represents a new genus , herein described as wallerconcha . these specimens also represent a new species , herein named wallerconcha sarae . these new taxa are compared with known modern and fossil genera and species of thyasirds .
a–h . wallerconcha sarae gen . n . , sp . n . a–h holotype , sbmnh 235481 , length = 23 . 9 mm , height = 21 . 3 mm , width = 16 . 7 mm . a exterior of right valve b exterior of left valve c dorsal view of both valves d close up of periostracum of right valve e interior of left valve f interior of right valve g close up of hinge of left valve h close up of hinge of right valve .
wallerconcha differs from all other members of the thyasiridae by the combination of four primary shell characteristics : 1 ) a well - defined hinge fig ; 2 ) a heavy , deeply sunken nymph ; and 3 ) a broad , elongate anterior adductor muscle scar that is not divided into two sections ; 4 ) a dark , thick , wrinkled periostracum , without micro - spines .
another similar genus is axinus g . b . sowerby i , 1821 ( type species axinus angulatus g . b . sowerby i , 1821 ) . oliver and holmes ( 2007a ) reviewed several members of this genus and concluded that it has a large lunule , a moderate to strong posterior radial sulcus , a thin hinge fig , and lacks a heavy nymph , all features which separate it from wallerconcha .
shells recovered from the bottom of the arctic ocean are identified as a new genus of bivalve mollusc that lived in seas more than 1 . 8 million years ago
scientists attempting to map the arctic ocean seabed have discovered shells of a bivalve mollusc that had been hidden deep in layers of sediment for over a million years .
according to the team , the shells belong to not just a new species , but to whole new genus of bivalve molluscs .
the us - canadian ice breaker expedition found the seashells inside core samples collected at more than 1 . 5 miles ( 2 . 5 km ) below the surface of the ocean off the coast of northern alaska , us , in 2010 .
a team based at the united states geological survey laboratory in california , us , identified them as members of the family thyasiridae , but they were unable to determine the genus or species .
paul valentich - scott , a clam specialist from the santa barbara museum of natural history in california , examined the ancient shell specimens and after contacting several thyasirid bivalve experts from around the world he was able to confirm they were new to science .
several of the scientists also felt it might be a new genus ( the classification level above species ) , this theory was tested by comparing the new species with museum specimens potentially related to it .
“it is always exciting when you are the first person to be looking at a new creature , ” mr valentich - scott said .
“while i have been fortunate to discover and describe many new species in my career , it is always exhilarating at the outset . ”
many of the specimens collected were fossils and the researchers have estimated that the new clam lived more than 1 . 8 million years ago , but they say they cannot rule out it still being alive .
in the depths of the arctic ocean , buried deep in the sediment , an ancient creature waited for more than a million years to be discovered .
extreme search . . . the us coast guard cutter healy . source : us coast guard
it’s spent more than a million years , lurking in the mud beneath the arctic ocean . now it’s one of science’s newest species .
while it doesn’t look special , the ancient creature — an early variety of bivalve mollusc — represents both a previously unknown genus ( evolutionary branch ) and new species ( group of organisms ) .
it’s believed this particular mollusc evolved in a world very different to now — more than a million years ago .
and while many of the specimens so far collected were clearly fossils , scientists say the condition of some shells mean they can’t discount the new animal might still be alive .
it was found when a us coast guard cutter was sent to map the arctic sea floor and the sediments it contained in 2010 . of key interest was a geologically unusual sea floor mound .
it was here the ancient creature was found buried in the muck and slime some 4 . 5m beneath the ocean’s surface .
deep sample . . . chief scientist brian edwards collecting samples from a corer aboard the us coast guard vessel . source : helen gibbons , usgs / ecs project
initial routine assessments identified it as belonging to the biological family thyasiridae ( a family of molluscs which feature two feeding valves ) . but that was it . it didn’t fit any known subgroup .
so clam specialists from the santa barbara museum of natural history in california were called in .
so a series of specialists were called in , worldwide . an intense analysis of the world’s collections of molluscs found many that shared some of its features — but none were an actual match .
“it is always exciting when you are the first person to be looking at a new creature” declared the santa barbara museum’s valentich - scott . “while i have been fortunate to discover and describe many new species in my career , it is always exhilarating at the outset . ”
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valentich - scott , p . ; powell , c . l . ; ii ; lorenson , t . d . ; edwards , b . e . ( 2014 ) . a new genus and species of thyasiridae ( mollusca , bivalvia ) from deep - water , beaufort sea , northern alaska . zookeys . 462 : 11 - 26 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
valentich - scott & c . l . powell , 2014 † . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 827474 on 2018 - 07 - 09
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urltoken
scientists have discovered the remains of a new species of sea creature buried deep beneath the sediment under the arctic ocean .
the creature is an ancient species of bivalve mollusk never before categorized by science , its discoverers said in a news release wednesday . not only is it considered a new species , but it differs enough from other known types of mollusk that it ' s been scientifically classified in its own category , or genus .
scientists found evidence of the creature during a joint u . s . - canadian icebreaker expedition to map the floor of the arctic ocean in the summer of 2010 . the icebreaker vessel occasionally stopped to drill out layered core samples from the ocean floor , and several of those samples contained shells from the mollusk .
the shells were found buried 4 . 5 metres beneath the ocean floor under an
unusual seafloor mound ,
according to a news release issued wednesday .
scientists paul valentich - scott , charles l . powell , brian d . edwards and thomas d . lorenson are credited with collecting , analyzing and identifying the never - before - seen creature . it took them years to collect the shell samples from the cores , and to verify that the creature was new to science .
the mollusk ' s name pays homage to paleontologist thomas r . waller and to sara powell , daughter of one of the mollusk ' s co - founders .
i want to name new species after all of my children ,
scientist charles l . powell says in the news release .
valentich - scott says he ' s discovered other new species in his career , but finding a new one never loses its thrill .
it is always exciting when you are the first person to be looking at a new creature ,
he said .
valentich - scott works at the santa barbara museum of natural history , while edwards , powell and lorenson are scientists with the united states geological survey .
scientists collect mollusk samples from a gravity corer . ( ecs project / helen gibbons )
the u . s . coast guard cutter ' healy ' is shown in the beaufort sea . ( u . s . coast guard )
at least two u . s . children dead , one severely injured from self - inflicted gunshot wounds
toronto stocks higher , while u . s . markets also gain ground ; loonie higher
bmw : tariffs mean higher prices in china for u . s . - made suvs
it’s spent more than a million years , lurking in the mud beneath the arctic ocean . now it’s one of science’s newest species . while it doesn’t look special , the ancient creature — an early variety of bivalve mollusc — represents both a previously unknown genus ( evolutionary branch ) and new species ( group of organisms ) . it’s believed this particular mollusc evolved in a world very different to now — more than a million years ago .
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paul valentich - scott , 1 charles l . powell , 1 ii , 2 thomas d . lorenson , 2 and brian e . edwards 2
copyright paul valentich - scott , charles l . powell , ii , thomas d . lorenson , brian e . edwards
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
in an effort to understand the tectonic and sedimentary history of the arctic ocean between canada and alaska , a joint us - canadian ice breaker expedition working under the sponsorship of the extended continental shelf project conducted operations in the canada basin during august 2010 . the primary mission of the expedition was to collect seismic - reflection and high - resolution bathymetric data . occasionally there was an opportunity to collect gravity and piston core samples throughout the basin . one of these cores was collected on a mound previously identified on seismic records . bivalve mollusk specimens were collected in some of these samples and have provided the material for this paper .
the informally named “canning seafloor mound” ( hart et al . 2011 ; hereafter referred to as the canning seafloor mound ) , a probable cold seep , overlies the crest of a buried anticline in a region of sub - parallel compressional folds beneath the eastern beaufort sea outer slope . the collecting locality is adjacent to the frontier oil and gas regions offshore of prudhoe bay . the basin is host to extraordinarily deep sedimentary sections about 10 km thick with high organic matter content from river discharge , enhancing the probability of oil and gas generation at depth ( grantz et al . 2011 , grantz and hart 2012 ) .
bernard ( 1972 ) reviewed the thyasird bivalves in western canada . he examined specimens from throughout the northeast pacific as well in the arctic . in this treatment he synonymized a large number of genera into thyasira lamark , 1818 , including axinus g . b . sowerby i , 1821 and conchocele gabb , 1866 . both genera are now known to be distinct ( oliver and holmes 2007 ; coan and valentich - scott 2012 ) .
the only systematic treatment that included deep - water beaufort sea bivalves was presented by bernard ( 1979 ) . in the beaufort sea he documented four species of thyasiridae between the intertidal zone and 2560 m , including a minute deep - water species axinulus careyi bernard , 1979 .
kristofovich ( 1936 ) reported on the thyasira of tertiary deposits on the western coast of kamchatka , russia . fossil and modern species of thyasira from northeastern honshu , japan , were detailed by yabe and nomura ( 1925 ) .
considerable research has been published in the last 15 years on thyasirds from cold seeps and hot vents ( oliver and sellanes 2005 , oliver and holmes 2006 , 2007b , oliver and levin 2006 , taylor et al . 2007 , zelaya 2009 , oliver et al . 2013 , hryniewicz et al . 2014 , oliver 2014 ) and their associated with chemosynthetic communities , which are now known to be distributed widely throughout the world’s oceans ( sibuet and olu 1998 , fujikura et al . 1999 , fujiwara et al . 2001 ) . the canning seafloor mound probably represents a cold seep habitat ( hart et al . 2011 ) .
here we describe a new genus and new species of thyasirid bivalve from a deep - water seafloor mound in the eastern beaufort sea , off northern alaska and compare it to other thyasirid genera and species .
base map adapted from jakobsson et al . ( 2008 ) showing the location of the canning seafloor mound off the coast of northern alaska .
shaded seafloor bathymetry showing shape and approximate dimension of the canning seafloor mount . the core sites are shown as red dots .
the bivalve specimens were recovered in two cores ( 1p–1 and 1gb–1 ) from 0 . 02 to 4 . 65 meters below the seafloor . the greater depth indicates long - term residence of the bivalves ( see below under age ) , whereas the shallow depth and assumed young age could indicate that this species might still be living on or near the mound . the shells are associated with gas hydrate , methane saturated sediments and authigenic carbonates ( edwards et al . 2011 , hart et al . 2011 , lorenson et al . 2011 , pohlman et al . 2011 ) . this strongly suggests that the bivalves had chemotrophic endosymbionts similar to other bivalves that inhabit active cold vents ( roberts and carney 1997 , fujiwara et al . 2001 , oliver 2014 ) .
, diagrammatic line drawings were made from digital images of the holotypes of each species . outlines of each type specimen were made in adobe photoshop by selecting all space outside of the shell , inversing the selection and creating a clipping path along the shell edge . with the clipping path selected , we processed the “stroke path” command .
the following abbreviations are used in the text : ecs – extended continental shelf ; faid – field activity identification ; gns – gns science , lower hutt , new zealand ; lacmip – invertebrate paleontology section , natural history museum of los angeles county , california , usa ; mbsf – meters below seafloor ; sbmnh – santa barbara museum of natural history , california , usa ; nhmuk – the natural history museum , united kingdom ; nmst – national museum of nature and science , tokyo , japan ; nmw . z – national museum of wales , zoology , cardiff , wales , uk ; usgs – united states geological survey ; usnm – national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington d . c . , usa .
valentich - scott & c . l . powell , new species herein ( figures
shell moderate in size ( length to 24 mm ) , subtrigonal , subequilateral , strongly inflated ; beaks broad , strongly prosogyrous ; posterior radial sulcus shallow ; sculpture of moderate to strong , uneven commarginal ribs and striae ; periostracum thick , dehiscent , medium to dark brown , wrinkled , without micro - spines ; lunule absent ; escutcheon long , moderately narrow , moderately impressed ; ligament large , long , deeply sunken on a stout nymph ; hinge edentulous or with minute tubercles ; hinge fig well defined and strongly thickened posteriorly ; anterior adductor muscle scar wide , long .
the genus is named in honor of thomas r . waller ( smithsonian institution ) for his significant contributions to our understanding of the evolution , biogeography and systematics of fossil and modern marine bivalves .
has a much longer and wider anterior adductor muscle scar , and a longer and deeper nymph .
a–d spinaxinus sentosus . a–g holotype , nmw . z . 2002 . 108 . 1 , length = 13 . 5 mm , height = 13 . 3 mm , width = 8 . 6 mm . a exterior of right valve b interior of left valve c dorsal view of both valves d scanning electron micrograph of periostracum , scale bar = 200 µm . photo credit p . graham oliver and anna m . holmes , national museum of wales .
a–g maorithyas marama , holotype , gns–tm 305 , length = 18 . 7 mm , height = 17 . 2 mm , width = 13 . 7 mm . a exterior of right valve b exterior of left valve c dorsal view of both valves d interior of left valve b interior of right valve f close up of hinge of left valve g close up of hinge of right valve .
based on the shallow posterior radial sulcus , and relatively heavy sculpture . the internal shell characteristics of
) . it potentially belongs in a new genus , but that description is outside the scope of this paper .
a–h maorithyas hadalis , holotype , nsmt 71431 , length = 26 . 7 mm , height = 24 . 1 mm , width = 13 . 4 mm . a exterior of right valve b exterior of left valve c dorsal view of both valves d close up of periostracum of right valve e interior of left valve f interior of right valve g close up of hinge of left valve h close up of hinge of right valve .
shell shape . shell subtrigonal , moderately thin , equivalved , highly inflated ; anterior margin broadly rounded ; posterior end subtruncate ; umbo broadly rounded , strongly prosogyrate ; dorsal margin strongly sloping on both sides of the umbo ; escutcheon moderately narrow , moderately deep , well - defined ; lunule absent . maximum length 24 mm , maximum height 24 mm , maximum width 17 mm .
sculpture and periostracum . shell with closely spaced , irregular commarginal striae and ribs ; shallow , narrow radial sulcus extends from posterior of the umbo to the posterior ventral margin ; shallow radial depression from the umbo to the central ventral margin , forming a slight undulation along the ventral margin ; periostracum thick , wrinkled , dehiscent , light to dark brown , silky .
hinge . hinge heavy , edentulous , or with minute tubercles under beaks ; anterior section narrow ; posterior section with wide lateral platform , supporting deeply sunken nymph ; ligament external , deeply sunken , long , dark brown .
adductor muscle and pallial scars – anterior adductor muscle scar large , long , wide , subelliptical , with irregular upper and lower margins , upper margin of scar concave near the center ; posterior adductor muscle scar smaller , irregular ovate , with a pointed projection in juveniles ; pallial line scalloped , without a sinus .
interior – interior dirty white to gray ; with faint radial crescent - shaped lines that extend from near the umbo to the near the ventral margin , lines have broad depressions between them near the central ventral margin .
usa , alaska , beaufort sea , canning seafloor mound . specifically , 71 . 317°n , 143 . 999°w ; 2 , 358 m water depth ( ecs004 137 , core ip–1 , section 3 , 31 cm , 4 . 65 mbsf ) .
holotype – sbmnh 235481 , 1 pair , length = 23 . 9 mm , height = 21 . 3 mm , width = 16 . 7 mm . alaska , beaufort sea , canning seafloor mound ; 71 . 317°n , 143 . 999°w ; 2 , 358 m water depth ( ecs004137 , core ip–1 , section 3 , 31 cm ; 4 . 65 mbsf )
alaska , beaufort sea , canning seafloor mound ; 71 . 317°n , 143 . 998°w ; 2 , 350 m water depth ( ecs 004 122 . core 1gb–1 102 cm , 1 . 02 mbsf ) ; length = 12 . 8 mm , height = 10 . 9 mm
alaska , beaufort sea , canning seafloor mound ; 71 . 317°n , 143 . 999°w ; 2 , 358 m water depth ( ecs004242 , core ip1 , section 1 , 52 cm , 2 / 2 , 0 . 52 mbsf ) ; length = 15 . 0 mm , height = 13 . 1 mm
alaska , beaufort sea , canning seafloor mound ; 71 . 317°n , 143 . 998°w ; 2 , 350 m water depth ( esc004180 , core 1gb–1 , 44 cm , 0 . 44 mbsf ) ; length = 19 . 2 mm , height = 17 . 5 mm
alaska , beaufort sea , canning seafloor mound ; 71 . 317°n , 143 . 998°w ; 2 , 350 m water depth ( esc004180 , core 1gb–1 , 44 cm , 0 . 44 mbsf ) ; length = 23 . 9 mm , height = 23 . 8 mm .
named in honor of sara powell , of san jose , california , daughter of charles l . powell .
piston core : esc 004112 , core 1p1 , section 4 , 15 cm , 4 . 65 mbsf ( articulated specimen ; frozen for further analysis ) , ecs 004137 , core 1p1 , section 3 , 31 cm , 181 mbsf ( one articulate specimen ( holotype figure
) , three larger fragments ) , esc 004242 , 1p1 , sec . 1 , 52 cm , 0 . 52 mbsf , ( one left valve ) , esc 004242 , 1p1 , sec . 1 , 52–54 cm , 0 . 53 mbsf ( seven large fragments ) , ecs 004242 , 1p1 , sec . 1 , 52–54 cm , 0 . 53 mbsf ( one fragment ) . gravity core : esc 004115 , core 1gb1 , 0 . 02 mbsf ( left valve ; used for chemical analysis ) , esc 004122 , 1gb1 , 102 cm , 1 . 02 mbsf ( one small left valve ) , cs 004180 , core 1gb1 , 44 cm , 0 . 44 mbsf ( one articulate specimen , one left valve , two fragments ) . eesc 004257 , core 1tc1 , section 1 , 72 cm , 0 . 72mbsf ( two larger fragments ) .
is much more inflated , has broader umbones , and a much longer ligament and nymph . when compared to
has a much larger , broader , and more elongate anterior adductor muscle scar .
oliver & holmes , 2006 . however , all of the currently described species in this genus have a minutely spinose periostracum . the eastern atlantic
, is also compressed and circular in outline with narrow beaks , but it has a distinctive shell sculpture of commarginal ridges .
we thank the officers and crew of the u . s . coast guard cutter healy for their professionalism in ship handling and , together with members of the hly1002 scientific party , for assistance with core recovery . in particular , we recognize the efforts of commanding officer captain william ( bill ) j . rall ( uscg ) , andrew stevenson ( usgs retired ) , and usgs marine technicians jenny white and peter dal ferro . john pohlman , brian buczkowski ( usgs woods hole , massachussetts ) , and william schmoker ( polar trec arctic research consortium ) assisted in sampling the cores . john taylor ( nhmuk ) alerted us to the possibility that this species represented a new genus . marianna terezow ( gns science , new zealand ) provided photographs of the holotype of maorithyas marama . hiroshi saito ( nsmt ) loaned us the holotype of maorithyas hadalis .
in addition , we thank diego gabriel zelaya ( museo de la plata , la plata , argentina ) , p . graham oliver ( nmw . z ) john d . taylor ( nhmuk ) , lindsey t . groves ( lacmip ) , mary mcgann ( usgs ) , paula mikkelsen ( paleontological research institute ) , richard c . willan ( museum and art gallery of the northern territory ) , and eugene v . coan ( sbmnh ) for their helpful comments on the manuscript .
valentich - scott p , powell ii cl , lorenson td , edwards be ( 2014 ) a new genus and species of thyasiridae ( mollusca , bivalvia ) from deep - water , beaufort sea , northern alaska . zookeys 462 : 11–26 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 462 . 6790
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an improved bathymetric portrayal of the arctic ocean : implications for ocean modeling and geological , geophysical , and oceanographic analysis .
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evidence for freshwater discharge at a gas hydrate - bearing seafloor mound on the beaufort sea continental slope .
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haliotis discus hannai is used for commercial aquaculture in korea . we examined the transcriptome of
haliotis discus hannai siblings using ngs technology to identify genes associated with high growth rates .
grown for 200 days post - fertilization were divided into small - , medium - , and large - size groups with mean weights of 0 . 26 â± 0 . 09 g , 1 . 43 â± 0 . 405 g , and 5 . 24 â± 1 . 09 g , respectively . rna isolated from the soft tissues of each group was subjected to rna sequencing . approximately 1 % - 3 % of the transcripts were differentially expressed in
, depending on the growth rate . rt - pcr was carried out on thirty four genes selected to confirm the relative differences in expression detected by rna sequencing . six differentially - expressed genes were identified as associated with faster growth of the
. most of the transcripts were expressed predominantly in the hepatopancreas . the genes identified in this study will lead to development of markers for identification of high - growth - rate
grown for 200 days post - fertilization were divided into small - , medium - , and large - size groups with mean weights of 0 . 26 â± 0 . 09 g , 1 . 43 â± 0 . 405 g , and 5 . 24 â± 1 . 09 g , respectively . rna isolated from the soft tissues of each group was subjected to rna sequencing . approximately 1 % â3 % of the transcripts were differentially expressed in
haliotis belonging to the class gastropoda of the phylum mollusca . the family haliotidae contains only one
. with 18 additional subspecies , the most comprehensive treatment of haliotidae considers 56 species valid [ 1 ] .
is an economically important fishery and aquaculture animal that is considered a highly prized seafood delicacy . the total global supply of
has increased 5 - fold since the 1970s and farm production increased explosively from 50 mt to 103â464 mt in the past 40 years . additionally , researchers have recently focused on
h . discus hannai was characterized and its mrna expression patterns ( tissue distribution , developmental expression and differential expression in responsive to various inâ vivo stimulatory treatments ) were examined .
mt shares conserved structural features with previously known gastropod orthologs at both genomic ( i . e . , tripartite organization ) and amino acid ( conserved cys motifs ) levels . the 5 ' - flanking regulatory region of
mt gene displayed various transcription factor binding motifs particularly including ones related with metal regulation and stress / immune responses . tissue distribution and basal expression patterns of mt mrnas indicated a potential association between ovarian mt expression and sexual maturation . developmental expression pattern suggested the maternal contribution of mt mrnas to embryonic and early larval developments .
mt mrnas could be significantly induced by various heavy metals in different tissues ( gill , hepatopancreas , muscle and hemocyte ) in a tissue - and / or metal - dependent fashion . in addition , the
mt gene was highly modulated in responsive to other non - metal , stimulatory treatments such as immune challenge ( lps , polyi : c and bacterial injections ) , hypoxia ( decrease from normoxia 8â ppm - 2â ppm ) , thermal elevation ( increase from 20â â°c to 30â â°c ) , and xenobiotic exposure ( 250â ppb of 17î± - ethynylestradiol and 0 . 25â ppb of 2 , 3 , 7 , 8 - tetrachlorodibenzodioxin ) where differential expression patterns were toward either up - or down - regulation depending on types of stimulations and tissues examined . taken together , our results highlight that mt is a multifunctional effector playing in wide criteria of cellular pathways especially associated with development and stress responses in this
and further increase genomic resources , we sequenced the mrna of full - length complementary dna ( cdna ) libraries derived from pooled tissues of female and male haliotis discus hannai by employing the iso - seq protocol of the pacbio rsii platform . we successfully assembled whole full - length cdna sequences and constructed a transcriptome database that included isoform information . after clustering , a total of 15 , 110 and 12 , 145 genes that coded for proteins were identified in female and male
. overall gene ontology terms and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes ( kegg ) pathways analyzed in each database showed a similar composition between sexes . in addition , a total of 519 and 391 isoforms were genome - widely identified with at least two isoforms from female and male transcriptome databases . we found that the number of isoforms and their alternatively spliced patterns are variable and sex - dependent . this information represents the first significant contribution to sex - preferential genomic resources of the
and further increase genomic resources , we sequenced the mrna of full - length complementary dna ( cdna libraries derived from pooled tissues of female and male haliotis discus hannai by employing the iso - seq protocol of the pacbio rsii platform . we successfully assembled whole full - length cdna sequences and constructed a transcriptome database that included isoform information . after clustering , a total of 15 , 110 and 12 , 145 genes that coded for proteins were identified in female and male
. overall gene ontology terms and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes ( kegg pathways analyzed in each database showed a similar composition between sexes . in addition , a total of 519 and 391 isoforms were genome - widely identified with at least two isoforms from female and male transcriptome databases . we found that the number of isoforms and their alternatively spliced patterns are variable and sex - dependent . this information represents the first significant contribution to sex - preferential genomic resources of the
( haliotis discus hannai ) . repeat motifs were found in 4 . 95 % of the ests at a frequency of one repeat every 10 . 04 kb of est sequences , after redundancy elimination . seventeen polymorphic est - ssrs were developed . the number of alleles per locus varied from 2 - 17 , with an average of 6 . 8 alleles per locus . the expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0 . 159 to 0 . 928 and from 0 . 132 to 0 . 922 , respectively . twelve of the 17 loci ( 70 . 6 % ) were successfully amplified in h . diversicolor . seventeen loci segregated in three families , with three showing the presence of null alleles ( 17 . 6 % ) . the adequate level of variability and low frequency of null alleles observed in h . discus hannai , together with the high rate of transportability across haliotis species , make this set of est - ssr markers an important tool for comparative mapping , marker - assisted selection , and evolutionary studies , not only in the
in this study , the 96 - h lc50 at 22 and 26â â°c values was 28 . 591 and 11 . 761â mg / l , respectively , for nicl2 exposure in the
exposed to nickel ( 200 and 400â î¼g / l ) under thermal stress for 96â h . in this study , mg and thc decreased , while ca , lysozyme , po , and phagocytosis activity increased in the hemolymph of
exposed to nicl2 when compared to a control at both 22 and 26â â°c . however , these parameters were not affected by a rise in temperature from 22 to 26â â°c in non - exposed groups . our results showed that nicl2 below 400â î¼g / l was able to stimulate immune responses in
stocks that are being released every year . this genetic information will be useful for the management of both h . discus hannai fisheries and the aquaculture industry .
recombination analysis in gynogenetic diploids is a powerful tool for assessing the degree of inbreeding , investigating crossover events and understanding chiasma interference during meiosis . to estimate the marker - centromere recombination rate , the inheritance pattern of 654 amplified fragment length polymorphism ( aflp ) markers was examined in the 72 - h veliger larvae of two meiogynogenetic diploid families in the
( haliotis discus hannai ) . the second - division segregation frequency ( y ) of the aflp loci ranged from 0 . 00 to 0 . 96 , with 23 . 9 % of loci showing y - values higher than 0 . 67 , evidencing the existence of interference . the average recombination frequency across the 654 aflp loci was 0 . 45 , allowing estimation of the fixation index of 0 . 55 , indicating that meiotic gynogenesis could provide an effective means of rapid inbreeding in the
. the aflp loci have a small proportion ( 4 . 4 % ) of y - values greater than 0 . 90 , suggesting that a relatively low or intermediate degree of chiasma interference occurred in the
genome and will be useful for genetic studies in the species . â© 2014 stichting international foundation for animal genetics .
temperature and salinity are two of the most potent abiotic factors influencing marine mollusks . in this study , we investigated the individual and combined effects of temperature and salinity on the survival and growth of juvenile
exposed to different rearing conditions . the single - factor data showed that the suitable ranges of temperature and salinity were 16 - 28â°c at a constant salinity of 32 , and 24 - 40 at a constant temperature of 20â°c , respectively . the two - factor data indicated that both survival and growth were significantly affected by temperature , salinity and their interaction . the optimal temperature - salinity combination for juveniles was 23 - 25â°c and 30 - 36 . to explore environment - induced dna methylation alteration , the methylation - sensitive amplified polymorphism ( msap ) technique was used to analyze the genomic methylation profiles of
reared in optimal and adverse conditions . neither temperature nor salinity induced evident changes in the global methylation level , but 67 and 63 differentially methylated loci were identified in temperature and salinity treatments , respectively . the between - group eigen analysis also showed that both temperature and salinity could induce epigenetic differentiation in h . discus hannai ino . the results of our study provide optimal rearing conditions for juvenile h . discus hannai ino , and represent the first step toward revealing the epigenetic regulatory mechanism of
two î± - amylase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 1 ) isozymes , hdamy58 and hdamy82 , with approximate molecular masses of 58 kda and 82 kda , respectively , were isolated from the digestive fluid of the
haliotis discus hannai . optimal temperatures and phs for hdamy58 and hdamy82 were at 30â and 6 . 7 , and 30â and 6 . 1 , respectively . both enzymes similarly degraded starch , glycogen , and maltooligosaccharides larger than maltotriose producing maltose and maltotriose as the major degradation products . however , . . .
haliotis discus hannai ino ( initial average length : 84 . 36 â± 0 . 24 mm ) using real - time quantitative pcr assays . l - ascorbyl - 2 - molyphosphate ( lamp ) was added to the basal diet to formulate four experimental diets containing 0 . 0 , 70 . 3 , 829 . 8 and 4967 . 5 mg aa equivalent kg ( - 1 ) diets , respectively . each diet was fed to triplicate groups of adult
in acrylic tanks ( 200 l ) in a flow - through seawater system . each tank was stocked with 15
. animals were fed once daily ( 17 : 00 ) to apparent satiation for 24 weeks . the results showed that the dietary aa ( 70 . 3 mg kg ( - 1 ) ) could significantly up - regulate the expression levels of cu / zn superoxide dismutase ( sod ) , catalase ( cat ) , glutathione - s - transferase ( gst ) , feritin ( ft ) and heat shock protein 26 ( hsp26 ) in the hepatopancreas of
in this treatment compared to the controls . however , the expression levels of mn - sod , glutathione peroxidase ( gpx ) , thioredoxin peroxidase ( tpx ) , selenium - binding protein ( sebp ) , hsp70 and hsp90 were significantly down - regulated . compared with those in the group with 70 . 3 mg kg ( - 1 ) dietary aa , the expression levels of cat , gst and hsp26 were decreased in
fed with very high dietary aa ( 4967 . 5 mg kg ( - 1 ) ) . in addition , significant up - regulations of expression levels of mn - sod , gpx , tpx , sebp , ft , hsp70 , hsp90 and nf - îºb were observed in
fed with apparently excessive dietary aa ( 829 . 8 and 4967 . 5 mg kg ( - 1 ) ) as compared to those fed 70 . 3 mg kg ( - 1 ) dietary aa . these findings showed that dietary aa influenced the expression levels of antioxidant proteins , heat shock proteins and nf - îºb in the hepatopancreas of
at transcriptional level . levels of dietary aa that appeared adequate ( 70 . 3 mg kg ( - 1 ) ) reduced the oxidative stress
ferritin plays an important role in iron homeostasis due to its ability to bind and sequester large amounts of iron . in this study , the gene encoding a ferritin ( hdhfer2 ) was cloned from
( haliotis discus hannai ) . the full - length cdna of hdhfer2 contains a 5 ' - utr of 121â bp , an orf of 516â bp , and a 3 ' - utr of 252â bp with a polyadenylation signal sequence of aataaa and a poly ( a ) tail . it also contains a 31â bp iron - responsive element ( ire ) in the 5 ' - utr position , which is conserved in many ferritins . hdhfer2 consists of 171 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight ( mw ) â¼19 . 8â kda and a theoretical isoelectric point ( pi ) of 4 . 84 . the deduced amino acid sequence of hdhfer2 contains two ferritin iron - binding region signatures ( ibrss ) . hdhfer2 mrna was detected in a wide range of tissues and was dominantly expressed in the gill . infection with the bacterial pathogen vibrio anguillarum significantly upregulated hdhfer2 expression in a time - dependent manner . recombinant hdhfer2 ( rhdhfer2 ) purified from escherichia coli was able to bind ferrous iron in a concentration - dependent manner . in summary , these results suggest that hdhfer2 is a crucial protein in the iron - withholding defense system , and plays an important role in the innate immune response of
heat shock protein 70 ( hsp70 ) is one important member of heat shock protein ( hsp ) family that is responsible for various stresses , especially thermal stress . here we examined the response of hsp70 gene to both chronic and acute thermal exposure in
were maintained at 8 , 12 , 20 , and 30â°c for four months and their mrna levels were measured . the highest mrna level of hsp70 gene relative to actin gene was detected in the 30â°c - acclimated group , followed by the 8â°c - acclimated group and then the 12â°c - and 20â°c - acclimated groups . after the long - term acclimation , gills from each of the above acclimation groups were dissected and exposed to different temperatures between 8â°c and 38â°c for 30 min . hsp70 expression in gills acclimated to different temperatures responded differentially to the same temperature exposure . the incubation temperature that induced maximum hsp70 mrna expression was higher in the higher temperature acclimation groups than lower temperature groups .
could alter the expression pattern of hsp70 gene according to environmental thermal conditions , through which they deal with the stress of thermal variations .
haliotis discus hannai ino to determine the heterosis and the combining ability of growth traits at the spat stage . the three populations were collected from qingdao ( q ) and dalian ( d ) in china , and miyagi ( m ) in japan . we measured the shell length , shell width , and total weight . the magnitude of the general combining ability ( gca ) variance was more pronounced than the specific combining ability ( sca ) variance , which is evidenced by both the ratio of the genetic component in total variation and the gca / sca values . the component variances of gca and sca were significant for all three traits ( p < 0 . 05 ) , indicating the importance of additive and non - additive genetic effects in determining the expression of these traits . the reciprocal maternal effects ( re ) were also significant for these traits ( p < 0 . 05 ) . our results suggest that population d was the best general combiner in breeding programs to improve growth traits . the dm cross had the highest heterosis values for all three traits .
quantitative real - time reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction ( qrt - pcr ) is widely used in studies of gene expression . in most of these studies , housekeeping genes are used as internal references without validation . to identify appropriate reference genes for qrt - pcr in
were infected with the bacterial pathogen vibrio anguillarum for 12 h and 48 h . the mrna levels of the housekeeping genes in five tissues ( digestive glands , foot muscle , gill , hemocyte , and mantle ) were determined by qrt - pcr . the pcr data was subsequently analyzed with the genorm and normfinder algorithms . the results show that in the absence of bacterial infection , elongation factor - 1 - alpha and beta - actin were the most stably expressed genes in all tissues , and thus are suitable as cross - tissue type normalization factors . however , we did not identify any universal reference genes post infection because the most stable genes varied between tissue types . furthermore , for most tissues , the optimal reference genes identified by both algorithms at 12 h and 48 h post - infection differed . these results indicate that bacterial infection induced significant changes in the expression of