the black-naped woodpecker ( picus guerini ) is a bird in the family picidae .

it has a large range , being found in the himalayas from northern pakistan through northern india , nepal , and bhutan into southern , central and eastern china , taiwan , bangladesh , myanmar and southeast asia .

this species was considered conspecific with the grey-headed woodpecker ( picus canus ) .

black - naped woodpecker

black - naped woodpecker : moving through the lower part of forest and calling .
black - naped woodpecker : feeding on ants in the retaining wall of himalayan stream .
79 black - naped woodpecker stock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .
black - naped woodpecker : late afternoon calls in the forest as bird was moving from one perch to another .
orn . greater yellow - naped woodpecker [ chrysophlegma flavinucha , syn . : picus flavinucha ]
orn . large yellow - naped woodpecker [ chrysophlegma flavinucha , syn . : picus flavinucha ]
male of grey - headed woodpecker perched on the trunk . this taxon , and some other subspecies , are split from grey - headed woodpecker by hbw . they have named it black - naped woodpecker ( picus guerini sanguiniceps ) .
golden - fronted woodpecker : medium - sized woodpecker with black - and - white barred back and wings , white rump and black tail . head has golden yellow - orange nape , red cap , small yellow patch at base
orn . gray - headed green woodpecker / green - woodpecker [ am . ] [ picus canus ]
orn . grey - headed green woodpecker / green - woodpecker [ br . ] [ picus canus ]
great spotted woodpecker bird hanging on wooden pool with meshed bag full of nuts seeds during winter . woodpecker has glossy blue black , white , crimson red patch on nape ( dendrocopos major )
showing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase
black - naped green woodpecker
. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .
) . male nominate race has red forehead and forecrown , black hindcrown and nape ( some grey streaks on . . .
syrian woodpecker ( dendrocopos syriacus ) with feed in his beak on the tilted tree at the nest . wild bird ( woodpecker ) with feed for babies .
female european green woodpecker sitting on the trunk of a chestnut tree . poland , europe
orn . scaly - bellied woodpecker [ picus xanthopygaeus , syn . : picus xanthopygaeus ]
other synonyms catalan : picot de clatell negre german : asiengrauspecht , grauspecht [ guerini gruppe ] , grauspecht - guerini english : black - naped woodpecker , gray - headed woodpecker ( black - naped ) , grey - faced woodpecker [ guerini ] spanish : pito nuquinegro spanish ( spain ) : pito cano [ guerini group ] french : pic cendré ( à nuque noire ) , pic cendré [ guerini ] , pic de guérin japanese : yamagera ( guerini guru - pu ) japanese : ヤマゲラ ( guerini グループ ) latin : chloropicos guerini , picus canus [ guerini group ] , picus canus [ guerini ] , picus canus guerini , picus guerini dutch : grijskopspecht ( guerini groep ) norwegian : gråspett ( guerini gr . ) slovak : žlna sivohlavá swedish : gråspett [ guerini group ] turkish : küçük yeşil ağaçkakan [ guerini grubu ] chinese : 灰头绿啄木鸟（黑枕） chinese ( traditional ) : 綠啄木 ( 黑枕 )
careful syrian woodpecker ( dendrocopos syriacus ) female with feed for nestlings on the tree trunk .
orn . streak - throated green woodpecker [ picus xanthopygaeus , syn . : picus xanthopygaeus ]
orn . little scaly - bellied woodpecker [ picus xanthopygaeus , syn . : picus xanthopygaeus ]
orn . small scaly - bellied woodpecker [ picus xanthopygaeus , syn . : picus xanthopygaeus ]
orn . mahgreb green woodpecker [ picus vaillantii , syn . : p . levaillanti , p . vaillanti ]
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . black - naped woodpecker ( picus guerini ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
orn . north african green woodpecker [ picus vaillantii , syn . : p . levaillanti , p . vaillanti ]
orn . algerian ( green ) woodpecker [ picus vaillantii , syn . : p . levaillanti , p . vaillanti ]
orn . levaillant ' s ( green ) woodpecker [ picus vaillantii , syn . : p . levaillanti , p . vaillanti ]
greater yellownape ( chrysophlegma flavinucha ) in kaeng krachan national park . large , olive green woodpecker with prominent yellow - crested nape and throat . dark olive green with grey underparts .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
picus canus , p . guerini and p . dedemi ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as p . canus following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size is unknown given recent taxonomic splits . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation .
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e . c . s . baker , 1926 – ne pakistan , n india and extreme w nepal .
gyldenstolpe , 1916 – nepal and ne india e to myanmar , extreme s china ( s yunnan ) and most of thailand to vietnam .
( malherbe , 1849 ) – e china ( c sichuan and shaanxi to shandong and zhejiang ) .
( bianchi , 1906 ) – c china from qinghai e to shanxi and s to sichuan .
( rippon , 1906 ) – se tibet e to w sichuan , and s to ne myanmar and yunnan .
j . l . peters , 1948 – ne vietnam and se china ( guangxi e to fujian ) .
( ogilvie - grant , 1906 ) – mountains of c peninsular malaysia ( gunung tahan and cameron highlands ) .
single “kik” calls ; “keek , kak - kak - kak - kak” calls common outside breeding season . territorial call . . .
) or oak forest in nepal and n myanmar , and open deciduous and coniferous . . .
) , termites ( isoptera ) and their brood , also other insects ( e . g . coleoptera . . .
season apr–jun . excavates nest - hole ( occasionally uses natural hole ) in tree at 0·2–10 m , commonly between 1·5 m and 8 m , occasionally . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . has extremely large range , within which it is reasonably widespread but nowhere truly abundant . global population not quantified . . . .
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this species has been reliably recorded in nanjing botanical garden for long . just near the entrance of the park , you can hear the bird ' s mourning voice .
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previously included chrysophlegma , which was found in recent molecular analyses to represent a clearly divergent , separate clade # r ( see above ) .
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a male feeding on ant - hole in the wall on the banks of a himalayan river .
a male perched in a trunk , calling , looking around and flying away .
josep del hoyo , pieter de groot boersma , wim ten have , alok tewari , green3birdy .
lars petersson , alok tewari , cedric mroczko , lmarce , siddhartha , zahran cr , shantilal varu , paul van giersbergen , ken havard , marco valentini , holger teichmann , tom backlund , david cooper , alainbfosse .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : picus guerini . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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a pair of european green woodpeckers , male and female sitting on the trunk of a chestnut tree . poland , europe
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paratilapia is a genus of cichlids generally restricted to madagascar .

these are large , dark cichlids densely covered in light spots .

an additional very poorly known species from the congo river basin in mainland africa is sometimes also placed in the genus , but this is highly questionable and arguably it is better placed in the " wastebasket genus " haplochromis for the time being .

paratilapia

s . guinane .
spot
the difference paratilapia polleni and paratilapia bleekeri . cichlid news , 1998 .
guinane , sonia . ( june 29 , 1997 ) .
spot the difference paratilapia polleni and paratilapia bleekeri
. cichlid room companion . retrieved on july 09 , 2018 , from : urltoken
guinane , sonia . ( junio 29 , 1997 ) .
spot the difference paratilapia polleni and paratilapia bleekeri
. cichlid room companion . consultado en julio 09 , 2018 , desde : urltoken
for a while the large spot paratilapia was called bleekeri , and the small spot , polleni .
a paratilapia presumably referable to this species was abundant in manganosy marsh around antananarivo ( raminosoa 1979 ) .
paratilapia bleekeri is a larger fish than paratilapia polleni , and can reach 30 cms when fully mature , with males larger than females . my single , juvenile female paratilapia bleekeri is already about 18 cms tl and is still growing whereas my male paratilapia polleni has remained at about that same size for over two years . it is fairly obvious now that he will not grow any more . the female paratilapia polleni is considerably smaller than the male , being only about 12 cms , but this could also be due to the fact that she has spawned about five times .
a third species of paratilapia was described as p . typus and until recently this was also placed in synonymy with p . polleni , but again it has recently been suggested that this name should be resurrected to describe large spotted paratilapia from the north - east . there are certainly more paratilapia to be described and it will be interesting to see how the future maps out .
the name paratilapia bleekeri sauvage , 1882 , ( honouring bleeker who described polleni ) , was revived and applied to the latter form .
when i looked closer to the tanks of jean - claude nourissat , i noticed that he named them paratilapia polleni
gros pois
( large spots ) . i was under the impression that the large spot paratilapia was named paratilapia bleekeri therefore i contacted ( whom else ? ) patrick de rham for clarification . following his answer , it seems there is still a lot to be learned by me .
now it appears that the andapa paratilapia is a distinct , undescribed , species , at least i understand it in this way , as even if it is closely related , i cannot imagine that it is conspecific with the very different looking small spotted east coast paratilapia .
uwe werner ( translated by mary bailey )
paratilapia - fabulously beautiful cichlids from madagascar
, cichlid news , jan 2003 issue .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2013 ) .
paratilapia polleni
in fishbase . april 2013 version .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2013 ) .
paratilapia toddi
in fishbase . april 2013 version .
paratilapia have a long history , evolving as spectacular predators with character . tom williams explains more about these big and beautiful cichlids from madagascar .
there are at least four species currently in the hobby . paratilapia sp . “andapa” ( which may be paratilapia typus ) is the biggest at over 30cm / 12” in length . these have huge white spots on a velvet black body and are extremely popular , although fairly rare .
therefore , our ( nourissat and i ) first impression dating back to 1963 that the andapa paratilapia was different from all other paratilapia seen by us was likely correct . if i later changed my mind , it is largely because all the other paratilapia we subsequently collected on the east coast , southern highlands ( mananantanana drainage ) , southwest ( 7 lakes , onilahy drainage ) and ikopa - betsiboka drainage ( lower nw ) were small spotted . therefore i concluded , tentatively , but wrongly all the same that all the large spotted paratilapia of the northern quarter of the island belonged to p . polleni .
paratilapia polleni are sometimes seen in the hobby whereas paratilapia bleekeri are only rarely to be found . the colouration of both these fishes from a small size and when breeding , is a gorgeous velvety black , with attractive gold and blue spots on the body and in the tail and dorsal fin . when the fish were first brought to europe and the usa , it was assumed that they were the same species , but with regional differences . some specimens had large spots whereas others displayed small spots , so both types became known as paratilapia polleni
small spot
or paratilapia polleni
large spot
.
this is one of the undescribed variety of the
small spot
paratilapia . probably not coming from the north - east as there is no small spot in this area . probably much more in the central or southern east cost . here , all along the eastern coast , you can find the paratilapia sp
east coast
, maybe , but not sure , paratilapia typus . paratilapia polleni as well as p . bleekeri ( probably extinct ) are large spots species , all the small spot are undescribed sp , or related to p . typus but some studies must be done about this relatioship .
despite the quite large mouth of paratilapia , they are not primarily predatory on fish but rather , feed on crustaceans , insects , tadpoles , small frogs and very occasionally , small fish . in the aquarium , paratilapia will take any suitably sized offering , preferring pellets and chunks to flakes of any type .
a second species was later described as paratilapia bleekeri and thought to differ from p . polleni in jaw shape , coloration , spot size and genital shape .
a key question discussed by hobbyists and scientists involves the number of species of paratilapia . initially only one , p . polleni , was described and the name was mistakenly used to describe small spotted fish in the hobby . it was later found that the true paratilapia polleni from north - west madagascar is large and spotted .
also in the hobby is paratilapia bleekeri , although specimens are exceptionally rare . again , they are black fish overlaid with large white spots and white dorsal lappets .
paratilapia typus is a species of fish in the cichlidae family . it is endemic to madagascar . its natural habitat is rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
, to reach the cuvette area . it is therefore possible that the andapa paratilapia population is somewhat distinct from other large spotted paratilapia populations of the north of madagascar . however for the time being , i think we all agree ( that is essentially paul loiselle and me ! ) that all the large - spotted populations of north madagascar belong to
if there is only one geographical location where
small spot
are collected , as in paratilapia sp . east coast , then i guess that would answer my question .
paratilapia sp . “east coast small spots” is the species we encounter most commonly ( usually under the name polleni ) and these rich black coloured fish are overlaid in small white spots .
loiselle , p . v . 1993b . paratilapia polleni bleeker 1868 , a threatened cichlid from madagascar . ii . reproductive behavior . cichlid news 2 ( 2 ) : 11 - 16 .
this species is considered a synonym of paratilapia polleni bleeker , 1868 according to catalog of fishes ( eschmeyer et al . 2016 ) . john sparks ( pers . comm . 2016 ) has looked at the type specimens and considers this species as distinct from paratilapia polleni . here it is considered a valid species . an updated red list assessment has been created to reflect this change .
paratilapia sp . “fianarantsoa green” is also sometimes seen and , as the name suggests , greenish black overlaid with green , blue and white spots . in my opinion , this is the most beautiful .
loiselle , p . & participants of the cbsg / angap camp
faune de madagascar
workshop 2004 . paratilapia typus . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 4 august 2007 .
loiselle , p . v . 1993a . paratilapia polleni bleeker 1868 , a threatened cichlid from madagascar . i . natural history and husbandry . cichlid news 2 ( 2 ) : 11 - 16 .
there are multiple paratilapia species , last count was 9 and there are more i ' m sure so it ' s important to know the location of origin of your fish if you are interested on maintaining pure strains otherwise you are looking at a hybrid or an aquarium strain . paratilapia bleekeri was collected once and described from the type locality and the fish hasn ' t been collected again because it apparently became extinct at the site of collection if i remember correctly . duane has a gorgeous small spot paratilapia that is worth spreading around so i hope you get them breeding and i ' d love some fry
it should be noted that according to a recent dna analysis performed , the
paratilapia polleni large spot
collected by jean - claude nourissat and patrick de rham in andapa is a distinct yet undescribed species . therefore , until this species gets a new formal name of its own , we will call it
paratilapia sp . andapa
. the initial posting made by patrick de rham reads as follows :
paratilapia can be generalised as large predatory fish . an adult can approach 40cm / 16” , although 25 - 30cm / 10 - 12” is more usual . they have huge mouths and eyes that make them look like monsters .
if there is one genus of cichlid sure to dazzle , it has to be paratilapia from madagascar . large , resplendent in colour and demeanour they are hardy , unusual and sure to earn a place in the heart of any keeper .
as paratilapia polleni and paratilapia bleekeri are piscivores by nature , they relish earthworms when available , but will also eat absolutely anything . i feed mine with frozen bloodworm , mysis , brine shrimp [ for the smaller species ] and also ocean - plankton , which they particularly enjoy . they are also fed a selection of good quality dried food , just to keep their diet as varied as possible . obviously , it is not a good idea to keep them with much smaller fishes , particularly p . bleekeri .
the subpopulation in antananarivo has been completely extirpated . recently , some paratilapia were sampled from the great lake in tsimbazaza park ( andriantsoaharinanahary 2015 ) . it remains unclear whether this subpopulation is referable to p . bleekeri , which was considered to be a highland species .
although the marakely are called paratilapia , this does not mean that they are closely related to tilapias of the african mainland . it has been suggested that they are as closely related to central american cichlids as they are to african — and not closely related to either .
what paratilapia species is this ? urltoken . . . php ? id = 470 the fish i asking for is the ones that are taken by alf stalsberg . the only thing i know of this fish is that they are caught at the north east part of madagascar .
a paratilapia polleni large spot in my tank . in contrast to their small spot relatives this species has shown a rapid growth . this particular fish has grown from 5 cm ( october 2003 ) to 12 cm ( february 2004 ) . click on the image for a larger picture
prior to spawning the pair will choose and carefully clean a spawning site . this can be a rock or bogwood , but ideally a structure forming a hollow . paratilapia are unique among cichlids in that their eggs are non - adhesive and formed with a long filament at one end .
by pellegrin . ) . for lack of recently collected material it is difficult to say if the large spotted populations of paratilapia from the north ( p . polleni ) and from the centre belong to the same species or are distinct and therefore we cannot definitely state on the validity of
loiselle , p . & participants of the cbsg / angap camp
faune de madagascar
workshop , mantasoa , madagascar 2001 2004 . paratilapia polleni . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 13 may 2013 .
males often develop a spectacular nuchal hump in adulthood . pairing paratilapia is not hard . although the males will chase females , they rarely injure them and , once paired , they make devoted couples always close to each other . display involves jaw locking , body slapping and quivering at a 45° angle .
paratilapia are the most widespread genus of cichlid in madagascar and once found throughout the island . today they are less common but still extant in the north - west and north - east , and along the entire east coast . there are also relic populations in the central massif and in pockets of the south - east .
stiassny , m . l . j . and gerstner , c . l . 1992 . the parental care behaviour of paratilapia polleni ( perciformes , labroidei ) a phylogenetically primitive cichlid from madagascar , with a discussion of the evolution of maternal care in the family cichlidae . environmental biology of fishes 34 : 219 - 234 .
now the only species in the genus paratilapia , p . polleni is known as the “marakely” to many natives in madagascar , which means “black fish” . as with most madagascan cichlid species , it is highly endangered in the wild due to habitat destruction and competition from introduced species and all attempts at captive breeding are to be encouraged .
sexing paratilapia is generally fairly easy . males are usually larger with more pointed fins and , as stated , often lack the vivid coloration of females . at a larger size the genital papillae also give clues , as the male is long and pointed while the female is shorter , thicker , and , in some species , slightly wrinkled .
the reason i ask is that i can state with 100 % certainty that those who were first importing some of these paratilapia in the late 80 ' s early 90 ' s did not know the collection locations of their fish , nor the species involved . i personally know one of those importers , and those farm fish simply became
small spot
or
large spot
.
the only thing that troubles me a little is that this new data has been obtained from only two individuals . i hope i can be of some help in this matter , as i still have one live original 1997 andapa male specimen ( his female unfortunately died two weeks ago ) and maintain 2 other paratilapia strains , including 2 specimens collected last year by nourissat near vatomandry , east coast .
the paratilapia genus of madagascan cichlids contains two of the most attractive species to be found on that forgotten island . the conservation status of these fishes is highly endangered as are most other madagascan cichlids , due to the destruction of most of their natural habitat . another problem has been the introduction of ' foreign ' species ( i . e . tilapia and snakeheads ) , to help feed the population of one of the world ' s poorest countries .
the photos here show three juvenile paratilapia polleni large spot . the fishes are sized about 5 cm at this time and they are kept in 100 liter tanks in groups of 5 fishes with large bogwood and stones forming as many hiding spots as possible . pieces of ceratophyllum demersum will be added in the near future . when they grow a bit more they will be transferred to more 100 liter tanks in an effort to create as many pairs as possible .
loiselle , paul v . . 2011 .
how many marakely update
. buntbarsche bulletin . ( n . 267 ) , pp . 18 - 24 ( crc04424 ) ( abstract ) as the confusion over the identity of the paratilapia species presently in the hobby is largely due to misinformation for which i am in large measure responsible ( loiselle and stiassny , 1993 ) , i feel an obligation to try to clarify the uncertainty . excellent detailed map with specimen type and collection points included
ok ! sorry difficult to say as there are some undescribed sp of the large spotted paratilapia . imo , i think that we ' d restrict , for the time being , the valid names p . bleekeri and p polleni , to fishes coming from the type localities , or very close to these localities other forms , such as the andapa , being undescribed species . here you ' ll find some pictures of the undescribed sp : urltoken and here pictures of fishes that are probably the true polleni : urltoken
in the usa a few years ago , a tropical fish wholesaler from new jersey was maintaining both ' spot ' variations which gave him an opportunity to observe them side by side . he noticed a distinct difference in both behaviour , size and fright colouration which made him certain that , rather than being the same species , the fishes might well be two different ones . as a result of following scientific investigation to determine anatomical differences , it was established that the small spot variant was the species originally described as paratilapia polleni bleeker , 1898 and that the large spot variant was a distinct species .
at the moment there is a very handsome fully grown male paratilapia bleekeri , who is currently doing extremely well on the show fish circuit for his owner , kevin rodway . this male is apparently about 30 cms tl . he was owned by my partner , dave and i a few years ago and was one of a group of wild caught p . bleekeri that we purchased from a friend in wiltshire . this friend apparently purchased all these fish in france and they were probably the first to be seen in the uk . they certainly caught my eye on all of several visits dave and i made to his very large fish house which always contained many rare gorgeous cichlids from various parts of the world , but mainly the rift lakes of africa .
all populations are at risk from fishing , habitat degradation and introduced exotics , but some species are now being captively bred to maintain aquarium stocks .
although some authors placed it in synonymy with p . polleni the general consensus is that this is a good species found in the swamps surrounding antanananarivo , the capital of the island . this species is now likely to be extinct .
which species to keep depends on what you can find available , though i wonder if some of the species sold in the shops are hybrids . luckily these are being bred in indonesia and eastern europe , so are not too difficult to find commercially .
marakely , to give them one of their native names , are a basal group likely to have been around for a long time and they appear to have remained fairly unchanged for millions of years . reports that they may have existed in the age of the dinosaurs may , however , be somewhat overstated .
they are closely related to the ptychochromis of madagascar and along with these , and the unique oxylapia , they appear to form a distinct clade of species collectively known as ptychochromines .
however , they are rather gentle fish , somewhat like frontosa in habit . they are crepuscular , meaning they feeding at dawn and dusk , and this may explain the size of their eyes which need to operate well in low light conditions .
in the wild , their main food appears to be rainbowfish of the genus bedotia , alongside invertebrates and other small fish . i have heard no reports of them consuming vegetable matter , although they clearly ingest some via the fish they eat .
it is interesting to watch them hunt , motionless in the upper water column and tracking prey with their huge eyes . suddenly they will lunge and swallow it in one gulp .
although hunting at dawn and dusk i have seen them take prepared food outside these hours . in captivity , live fish foods are not necessary as these will happily take frozen lancefish , prawns , pellets and sticks .
colourwise , marakely are not really reminiscent of any other cichlids , though there is a slight resemblance to the guapote of central america . they more closely resemble the sunfish of america in colour and shape .
in relaxed mood they have a dark brown body overlaid with light metallic spots , but this coloration can rapidly change to beige if stressed to become black overlaid with beautiful white , blue or green spots which glisten in the light .
this is a beautiful sight , ranking this fish among the most colorful of all cichlids .
the dorsal surface is normally slightly lighter and often greenish , and the fins are all black with the iridescent spotting carried over to them . the unpaired fins end in long trailers and the strong caudal fin is short and stubby .
unusually for cichlids , females are often more colourful than the males . i have one male from the east coast which is plain black , apart from a few spots on his tail . on the other hand , his mate is heavily spotted in green and blue and a magnificent sight .
despite their size , marakely do not require enormous aquaria . they are fairly sedentary and , once paired , are extremely placid , although juveniles can be hard on each other and an adult male will not tolerate a second male , no matter the size of aquarium .
a good - sized tank should be at least 122cm / 48” in length with the other dimensions at least 38cm / 15” . a tank this size will allow them to set up a good territory in which to breed .
for décor i find bogwood and slate suitable and these create caves which adults appreciate as they can be shy at times . flowerpots also make good refuges .
as stated earlier , these fish do not really eat vegetable matter , so plants can be used to good effect as they are normally totally ignored — though they may be uprooted when marakely prepare to spawn .
good filtration is obviously required as these large cichlids can produce copious waste . i recommend a good external filter that can turn over the volume of the tank a few times an hour . i also use internal power filters to help oxygenate the water .
water temperature should be at least 26°c / 79°f . madagascan cichlids like their water hot and are susceptible to whitespot at lower temperatures . they rarely recover from this disease i believe due to a complete lack of immunity .
if you witness any of these behaviours the fish are likely to have paired and spawning is usually imminent .
after laying , the female will weave these filaments together until the eggs form a large mass , like a bunch of grapes . this moves around freely , hence the need for the hollow .
it is not common to have more than 500 eggs per spawning . these are mouthed by the parents and sometimes moved to different sites .
sadly the adults can be notorious egg eaters , especially if sharing their tank with other inhabitants . if you are lucky , the eggs hatch in some 60 hours and the young are diligently guarded by both parents . after a few days they become free swimming and take brineshrimp alongside commercial fry food .
they grow slowly , often taking a couple of months to reach 2 . 5cm / 1” in length . the young can be cannibalistic so it may be worth separating different sizes , especially as the females can be identified quite early by smaller size .
this item was first published in the august 2009 issue of practical fishkeeping magazine . it may not be reproduced without written permission .
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endemic to the island of madagascar . it has a widespread distribution on the island .
in nature p . polleni proves itself to be one of the most adaptable cichlids known . it is has been recorded at altitudes of up to 1500m where the water temperature may drop as low as 12°c and in hot springs which can reach 40°c ! the water chemistry of these springs is very alkaline but p . polleni is also found in acidic blackwater habitats and even in slightly brackish conditions .
48″ x 18″ x 15″ ( 120cm x 45cm x 37 . 5cm ) – 200 litres is suitable for a single compatible pair .
the aquarium should contain plenty of hiding places . clay pots , roots and pieces of driftwood can all be used . plants are not essential but the fish will appreciate the additional cover . a sandy substrate is preferable but fine gravel is ok .
temperature : 62 - 82°f ( 17 - 28°c ) . aim for 72 - 80°f in the aquarium .
it is a piscivore in nature but there is no need to feed live fish in aquaria , as it accepts dead foods readily . the majority of live and frozen foods are accepted and most specimens will also accept dried foods . a varied mix of these is the best diet . do not feed animal meat of any kind .
relatively peaceful with heterospecifics , although it is robust enough to hold its own in territorial disputes . it becomes far more aggressive when breeding but even then , fish that do not enter the polleni’s territory are tolerated ( this territory can however be very large . see breeding section ) . obviously a large tank is required if it is to be kept with other cichlids but it can be combined successfully with various rift lake species and even some of the milder central americans . small fish will be eaten . it is generally aggressive towards conspecifics and should be kept only as a single specimen or pair unless a huge tank is available .
adult male fish are much larger than females and develop longer extensions on the dorsal and anal fins . they also tend to have a more rounded head shape .
possible but infrequent in aquaria . bi - parental substrate spawner . we suggest the purchase of a group of young fish and allowing these to pair off naturally . the fish will usually all hold individual territories and pair formation is likely if two fish are occupying the same space . the territory held by the pair can be over 3 feet of the aquarium length if the fish are large . at this point , we recommend the removal of the other fish as they will most likely not be tolerated by the pair . the tank itself should be at least 48″ in length , preferably 60″ or more and set up as above . a temperature of 75 - 82°f and ph of 6 . 5 - 7 . 5 is adequate .
courtship between the pair begins several days prior to spawning itself , with the male taking on intense dark colouration ( the female takes on a similar patterning just before spawning itself ) and displaying at his partner . these displays may include the male “headstanding” . the pair will then excavate a large pit in the substrate of their territory , in which spawning occurs . if there are any other fish present in the aquarium aggression towards them will increase significantly at this point .
the female may lay her eggs directly onto the substrate , in a hollow on a piece of wood , or more rarely , on the roots of plants which the fish first expose by removing the substrate around them . the eggs have a long sticky filament attached to them , and these attach to the filaments on other eggs , forming long ‘strings’ of spawn . up to 1000 eggs can be laid , and there may be one or more ‘strings’ which the female proceeds to tend and guard whilst the male guards the territory against intruders . the male is not tolerated by the female while she is tending the brood .
the eggs hatch in around 48 hours and usually remain in the spawning site for the initial phase of life . they are free swimming after 6 - 7 days and can accept brine shrimp nauplii , microworm and powdered dry foods from this point . if you wish you can remove the fry now to be raised in a separate aquarium . if they are left with the parents , both fish defend the brood and this care can last for up to 3 - 4 weeks after the fry become free swimming . the fry can remain together until they start to become territorial and aggressive towards one another . this can be anywhere from 2 - 10 months so they should be closely monitored , particularly when being fed .
it should be noted that in young pairs the male may become somewhat aggressive towards the female in the absence of target fish or one or both fish may eat the eggs or fry but they will usually get it right in time . the fish should therefore be watched closely in case the female has to be removed or the tank divided .
there is still some confusion as to the identity of the “true” p . polleni as there are both large and small - spotted forms available . the small - spotted form is given as the type species for polleni but there has been speculation that it should be renamed p . typus . the large spotted form is referred to as p . bleekeri by some sources . however , none of this has been confirmed by science and currently all the forms ( there is at least one more form , and possibly more ) should be considered polleni . they should not be mixed in aquaria under any circumstances as they will hybridise freely and considering the status of the fish in nature , no chances should be taken .
this species is very sensitive to changes in water parameters and large water changes should be avoided . we recommend changing small amounts regularly and often . it is also particularly susceptible to oodinium , better known as velvet disease or “ ich “ . if an outbreak is noted the fish should be treated by the addition of salt and the raising of the temperature to speed up the life cycle of the parasite . salt should be added in small amounts and the concentration gradually increased .
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
raminosoa , n . , rasoloariniaina , r , ravelomanana , t . & velosoa , j .
justification : this species has a restricted range in northern madagascar where it is threatened by deforestation and the impacts of a dam . the lower part of the range is still to be confirmed as there is some uncertainty . based on the current known range and the possible additional range to the south ( to be confirmed ) the eoo is between 3800 km² and 21 , 000 km² . as much of the distribution is threatened by deforestation and water diversion for irrigation and it is known from less than ten locations the species is assessed as vulnerable .
endemic to madagascar . the locality type of this species is the ambasoana ( or ambazoana ) river in sambirano .
the population in the
lac de cratère
in nosy be is abundant and stable ( loiselle , pers . comm ) . in sambirano , it is also still abundant in some lakes . however , the riverine population is very low ( ravelomanana , pers . obs )
whereas populations on nosy be appear to be stable for the time being ( loiselle , 2005 ) , mainland populations are threatened by rampant deforestation and habitat degradation or destruction throughout their range . diversion of water for large - scale irrigation projects poses a particular threat to the populations of this species in the basins of the mananjeba and the mahavavy du nord ( loiselle in litt . ) .
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justification : this species is only known for certain from the type specimens . however , it is no longer found at the type locality or in the surrounding region . it may be more widespread in madagascar but more survey work and detailed morphological studies are required to confirm this suggestion . it is assessed as data deficient .
very little information is known about this species . the type specimen was collected in antananarivo from the ikopa river . it is endemic to madagascar .
the great lake in tsimbazaza is colonised by procambarus sp . , many tilapias and gambusia . of these the crayfish is the primary threat for this subpopulation ( andriantsoaharinanahary 2015 ) .
the great lake in tsimbazaza may offer some protection if this subpopulation is determined to be referable to p . bleekeri .
pam chin has been replying to cichlid questions for over twenty years . highly respected and experienced aquarist , pam has visited cichlid habitats around the world , and bred in her ' s and her husband gary fish house hundreds of cichlid species . besides her job , she still devotes time to help any person with a cichlid question !
articles for sale beautifully formatted and wonderfully illustrated pdf articles about all matters relative to cichlids .
books for sale cichlid books and dvds for sale at the cichlid room companion .
e - books for sale pdf copies of popular cichlid books offered for sale at the best price .
trade section the master list of cichlid offers ordered by area and species name .
having said that however , it is very noticable that the p . bleekeri are much more outgoing in temperament , than the p . polleni . my female reminds me very much of an oscar in character as she always watching what is going on around her in the fish room and is hand - tame , showing no fear whatsoever . the male p . polleni hides for most of the day in his tube , [ typical male ! ) but the female , who shares the same tank is out and about a lot more , but has sufficient hiding places to keep out of the male ' s way , whenever necessary .
the decor in all our madagascans tanks consists of a sandy substrate , rocks , mopani wood and plants , with the obligatory hiding places . as we do not have a centralized system , the tanks are filtered mainly with large internal power filters , plus a few additional external power filters where necessary . the water temperature is kept at 26° c ( 79° f ) for the older madagascans and at about 27° c ( 81° f ) for the juvenile species and this seems to suit all of them . the p . h . of brighton water is about 7 . 7 alkaline , and hard ( gh 15 dh ) but madagascan cichlids seem to very tolerant of any water , provided it is are not too extreme either way .
it was interesting to note that jean - claude was maintaining all his fishes in similar water conditions to mine . there are a few madagascans that live in brackish water in their natural habitat , but so far none of these have been seen in the uk . he was keeping those species in fresh water with the rest , which must be another good indication of how adaptable all these madagascan fishes are to varying water conditions .
unfortunately , madagascan cichlids are notorious for eating their eggs in captivity , which certainly does not help their endangered status . it is , therefore , essential to remove most of the eggs to be hatched artificially in another tank and this is how dave and i have succeeded in raising p . polleni fry . he has constructed an artificial hatcher similar to the one pictured in ad koning ' s book ,
enjoying cichlids
and it works very well . methylene blue was added to the water in the hatching tank to prevent the eggs from fungusing and the temperature was maintained at about 27° c ( 81° f ) .
the fry will hatch after two or three days and should be free - swimming after another seven days . as they are so tiny , they will need to be fed on microscopic food like waterlife invert food or osi fry food . they grow quickly and should soon be able to take baby brine shrimp and cyclops . raising the fry from the last p . polleni spawning , i noticed that quite a lot of cannibalization occurred but at least , this disposed of the runts who would not have survived very long in nature anyway .
the remaining babies continued to grow well . if any readers encounter either species at any aquatic stores , why not consider keeping them , as they are fairly easy to maintain and are extremely attactive fish , although quite a challenge when it comes to spawning ? not only that , you will be assisting conservation and perhaps helping to save these gorgeous madagascan fishes from eventual extinction .
click on the images for the high resolution pictures . photos by g . j . reclos / mch
. sauvage collected his fish near the then royal city of antananarivo , now the capital of madagascar , in the central highlands . this population now seems to be extinct , but we know from noro r , a malagasy ichthyologist that last saw them in the 1980’s that they had large spots . ( previously
at least as long as someone does not demonstrate that the andapa population is distinct and correspond to still another , un - described species .
for detailed information on spawning this species , you can see the relevant article .
those fishes were donated by jean - claude nourissat - to whom special thanks - during our visit to the 2003 afc meeting in vichy ( october 5 , 2003 ) . many thanks are also due to patrick de rham for his precious help .
jean - claude nourissat & patrick de rham .
les cichlides endemiques de magascar
, editions afc , 2003 ( in french ) .
dr . p . v . loiselle , in
the cichlid aquarium
, tetra press , 1994 , pp . 187 - 201
dr . ad konings , in
enjoying cichlids
, cichlid press , 1993 , pp . 154 - 158
the book entitled
the endemic cichlids of madagascar
by patrick de rham and jean - claude nourissat is now available in english . click
had him since tuesday 4 . 5inch male sulking because of filter change : ) this is a grow out when he hits 7 - 8inches hes gonna have a bigger tank with hid rfcs ( red finned cigar shark )
we sell the best freshwater tropical fish , aquarium plants , fish food & supplies .
up for sale is the starry night cichlid . this fish gets quite a bit larger ( 8
+ ) than your typical malawi or victorian african cichlid and may not be a good mix for those peacock / hap tanks .
this is a beautiful fish from madagascar . this fish ' s color is best presented over a dark substrate . when on a light colored substrate , it will be lighter in color .
they have a wide temperature range of 62 - 82 degrees and a ph range of 6 . 5 - 8 . 0 . they will accept almost any food offered to them . we recommend our
before ordering . it contains important information about order fulfillment time , shipping speed , etc . * * * * *
the cichlids of madagascar have become a bit more available in the past 5 years , particularly the paretroplus , ptychochromis and lamena species from the betsiboka drainage in the northwest portion of the island which includes the kalamilotra river . the conservation status of these fishes is highly endangered as are most other madagascan cichlids , due to the destruction of most of their natural habitat . another problem has been the introduction of ' foreign ' species such as non - native tilapia and snakeheads , to help feed the population of one of the world ' s poorest countries .
this is a quiet and relatively peaceful species . they are diggers during breeding season but otherwise will not generally rearrange your aquarium gravel or decorations and will leave well rooted plants alone . juveniles are difficult to sex and thus , attaining a pair is best done by starting with 5 - 6 individuals in at least 100 gallons . males will fight relentlessly if space is inadequate and territorial markers such as bogwood and rocks are limited . though this is not a particularly aggressive cichlid , they are by no means timid , so when a pair is formed , it ' s best to remove the unpaired fish . pair formation will be observed to include the male and female spending more time together , shoveling and spitting gravel and ' quivering ' of the male with head down , while displaying for the female .
if you ' ve got a large enough tank , why not consider keeping these beautiful cichlids . they are fairly easy to maintain and , although quite a challenge when it comes to spawning , you will be assisting the conservation effort and perhaps helping to save these gorgeous madagascan fishes from eventual extinction .
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28 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5674 ) )
demersal ; freshwater ; ph range : 7 . 0 ; dh range : 10
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 6 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
it is sometimes referred to by the common names polleni cichlid and black diamond cichlid , while the name marakely ( ' black fish ' ) is used among locals in madagascar .
is a laterally compressed full - bodied fish . like most cichlids it resembles a
spots which shift from golden to blue depending on the movement of the fish and the angle of the light , the eye is a bright yellow . the male
in length ; females usually half that length . sexing individuals thus becomes easier as they mature . in addition , males tend to have longer and sharper pelvic fins , and the edge of the dorsal and anal fins are often straighter in males , and more ' rounded ' in females . among aquarists it is often said that the females , though smaller are more beautiful in their coloration patterning . there are two color varieties of the
; the ' large spot ' and the ' small spot ' . adults of both sexes display the strongest coloration during courtship and spawning . among cichlid enthusiasts there is some confusion as to the names of these two varieties , with large spot individuals sometimes being erroneously referred to by the junior synonym
with a length of less than 3 cm ( 1 in ) are dull brown .
tolerant . thus in captivity they are reasonably hardy and rarely shy . as such , this fish is an ideal aquarium resident if given the appropriate environment and tank mates considering its formidable stature . they eat most commercial fish foods , such as flakes , pellets , frozen , and alike . they are also highly proficient at capturing live foods as well .
they can be trained to eat from the hand and will recognize and approach their owner ( often retreating from an unfamiliar person ) .
are more cautious and easily spooked than many of the more readily available cichlids , but otherwise adaptable to aquarium life .
is aggressive towards conspecifics , especially if a male / female bond develops . the pair bond between males and females is sporadic and easily broken . if this happens the female can become imperiled by the male ' s aggression if not removed . despite these qualities ,
is not well known in the aquarium trade , though this is beginning to change . if they display full coloration , non - dominant and sub - dominant individuals of any size will often suffer aggression from the
individual ( s ) . for this reason , there is generally only one or two fully colored individuals in an aquarium with many specimens . these traits may contribute to the relative obscurity of
p . polleni ranks among the more aggressive african cichlids , comparable to malawi and tilapia cichlids . some individuals have been known to kill their tank mates upon reaching maturity . though p . polleni generally tolerates tankmates too large to eat fairly well . successful aquarium spawnings are common . there have been reports of p . polleni living with other cichlids as they are not that aggressive however they are best with other fish and cichlids around about the ame size given that they are cichlids .
nourissat , j . c . , and p . de rham . 2004 . the endemic cichlids of madagascar . association france cichlid . isbn 2 - 9513502 - 0 - 1
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i don ' t mean the fish on top i mean the fish , on the pictures when you scroll down . the pictures with spawning fish .
look like fianarantsoa green to me ; the fish known as bleekeri in the hobby but which it definately isn ' t . nice looking fish though . i have about 50 of these at home .
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