the yellow-nosed cotton rat ( sigmodon ochrognathus ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae .

it is native to mexico and to the states of arizona , new mexico , and texas in the united states , where it inhabits mountain grassland , scrub , and pinyon-juniper woodland .

it is common over much of its wide range and the iucn considers it to be of " least concern " .

yellow - nosed cotton rat

no critical habitat rules have been published for the yellow - nosed cotton rat .
the yellow - nosed cotton rat is from the order rodentia . ( full text )
mexican voles and yellow - nosed cotton rats are believed to have colonized new mountain ranges in arizona within the last century . ( full text )
closely associated with yellow - nosed cotton rats are dusky pocket gophers , thomomys umbrinus , and fulvous harvest mice , reithrodontomys fulvescens * 06 * .
the arizona cotton rat occurs very marginally in southwestern new mexico and in southeastern arizona on into mexico . it is very similar to the hispid cotton rat .
hidalgo county , texas . hispid cotton rat ( sigmodon hispidus ) feeding on seeds
cameron county , texas . aplomado falcon ( falco femoralis ) eating hispid cotton rat
the colors on the back are yellow gray mixture , sides are tan to a sandy yellow , and belly is white .
james s . findley , clyde j . jones ; geographic variation in the yellow - nosed cotton rat , journal of mammalogy , volume 41 , issue 4 , 11 november 1960 , pages 462–469 , urltoken
fig . 1 . approximate current geographic range of the hispid cotton rat in our region .
comments on population status the yellow - nosed cotton rat ( sigmodon ochrognathus ) is listed in the federal register , november 15 , 1994 , as a category 2 species for consideration to be listed as a threatened or endangered species .
tawny - bellied cotton rat order rodentia : family muridae : sigmodon fulviventer j . a . allen
small mammal trapping in the desert can be very unproductive but i was told of dam not far from portal where i could set traps without a permit . it was indeed a good spot . in a couple of nights i caught a merriam’s kangaroo rat and a yellow - nosed cotton rat .
the yellow - nosed cotton rat is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
davis , r . and o . g . ward . 1988 . a vacant microtus niche now occupied by the yellow - nosed cotton rat sigmodon ochrognathus on an isolated mountain in southeastern arizona usa . journal of mammalogy 69 ( 2 ) : 362 - 365 .
hispid cotton rat sigmodon hispidus tucson , pinal county , arizona , united states 8 march adult and young . muridae
hispid cotton rat sigmodon hispidus tucson , pinal county , arizona , united states 8 march adult with young . muridae
russell davis , o . g . ward ; a vacant “ microtus niche” now occupied by the yellow - nosed cotton rat ( sigmodon ochrognathus ) on an isolated mountain in southeastern arizona , journal of mammalogy , volume 69 , issue 2 , 20 may 1988 , pages 362–365 , urltoken
gross pathology of cotton rat infected with echinococcus multilocularis , gross pathology of cotton rat infected with echinococcus multilocularis . first e . locularis isolated in the united states proper . necropsy . image courtesy cdc / dr . i . kagan , 1964 .
the cotton rats are a chunky , rounded nosed , short tail built rodent similar to a vole . they love grasslands and are active throughout the day .
the yellow - nosed cotton rat ( sigmodon ochrognathus ) is listed in the federal register , november 15 , 1994 , as a category 2 species for consideration to be listed as a threatened or endangered species . the trend of the species ' population is listed
unknown
* 13 * ( fed . register 1994 ) .
hog - nosed skunks are in the area too , but much scarcer than hooded and striped .
the tawny - bellied cotton rat is similar in appearance to two other cotton rats that occur in texas . from the yellow - nosed cotton rat ( s . ochrognathus ) , s . fulviventer differs in having a rich buffy ventral coloration rather than whitish , a more heavily speckled dorsal coloration , buff - colored tops to the feet rather than grayish , and a uniformly dark colored tail . also , s . fulviventer lacks the tawny colored nose of s . ochrognathus . the hispid cotton rat ( s . hispidus ) differs from s . fulviventer in having gray or whitish underparts , a bicolored tail that is lighter below than above , grayish tops of the feet , and slightly larger ears and hind feet .
hand of a girl feeding a cotton rat ( sigmodon sp . ) in a cage , village of onedi , indigenous pilaga people , gran chaco
girl feeding a cotton rat ( sigmodon sp . ) in a cage , village of onedi , indigenous pilaga people , gran chaco , formosa province
a young / baby of a yellownosed cotton rat is called a ' kitten , nestling , pinkie or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a yellownosed cotton rat group is called a ' colony , horde , pack , plague or swarm ' .
a young / baby of a hispid cotton rat is called a ' kitten , nestling , pinkie or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a hispid cotton rat group is called a ' colony , horde , pack , plague or swarm ' .
cave creek is worth a mention as a sight in its own right . i did not spend a lot of time looking on the property but would have liked to have done if i had had a bit more time . but yellow - nosed cotton rats were easy to see around the bird feeders and bats , presumably mexican long - tongued bats , visited the hummingbird feeders after dark .
this cotton rat approaches modern species of sigmodon in terms of hypsodonty , but has three roots to m1 rather the four found in the living species of the united states ( kurtén and anderson 1980 ) .
this woodrat has the closest resemblance to the house rat and is often confused with it .
okimono in the form of a rat on a daikon m . 2007 . 149 . 4
arizona and new mexico , 2013 : paul carter , 24 days & 29 species including hooded skunk , kit fox and white - nosed coatis .
wild brown rat ( rattus norvegicus ) turning on mossy branch at night . high speed photography image
strong wild brown rat ( rattus norvegicus ) turning on log at night . high speed photography image
in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in europe , norway rats were captured and used for food during times of famine . rat - catchers were hired to exterminate rats and capture live ones for rat fights , rat coursing , and rat pits . rat - catchers captured and housed wild rats in cages as well ( matthews 1898 ) . during this time , naturally occurring albino , black , and hooded norway rats may have preferentially captured or chosen from litters of captive rats for their distinctive appearance
arizona , 2017 : sjef ollers , 2 . 5 weeks & 33 species including mexican long - tongued bat , white - nosed coati and hooded skunk .
voles and cotton rats usually live in different geographic regions , but both groups of small rodents eat grass and make runways . yellow - nosed cotton rats are especially vole - like because they are small and live in grassy patches of habitat in mountains . they are found on isolated mountains at all elevations , sometimes using surface nests and sometimes building them underground . they have 2 - 6 young in a litter , at almost any season of the year except during the driest part of the summer . the young nurse for about 15 days , but in just over a week , they are also beginning to eat grass .
the hispid cotton rat is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
a hispid cotton rat has a gray - enhanced coat of deep - brown hair . it has a dark tail , 5 sets of nipples but it has been known that it could have 6 sets . a typical hispid cotton rat resides in grasslands and of course it is to be expected , as grass is its typical food for survival . they move about in both nighttime and daytime , and you may not believe this , but these hispid cotton rats could swim ( a fascinating datum ) . its underparts go in colors of gray or white . it has small ears and ordinarily , covered by the fur . . . and . . . going back to the tail , it is thinly covered .
incense box ( kogo ) in the form of a chestnut with a rat m . 2004 . 216 . 24a - b
california & arizona , 2015 : simon feys , 3 . 5 weeks & an impressive 74 species , including western yellow bat , long - tailed weasel , black - footed ferret , and some nice rodents .
in texas , tawny - bellied cotton rats have been taken in similar habitat at one site near fort davis . within a general area described as a
heavily grazed , level valley plain
with
small , scattered mesquite , catclaw , and a fence line
that protected against livestock grazing , tawny - bellied cotton rats were caught in dense grasses along fencerows and in adjacent grassy areas protected by clumps of mesquite and catclaw . hispid cotton rats were also caught in these areas .
arizona and texas , 2017 : aidan place , 19 days and 42 species including hog - nosed and hooded skunks , mountain lion , ringtail ( at a bird feeder ) and gulf - coast kangaroo rats .
douglass , r . j . 1977 . population dynamics , home ranges , and habitat associations of the yellow - cheeked vole , microtus xanthognathus , in the northwest territories . canadian field - naturalist 91 : 237 - 47 .
western usa , 2017 : romain bocquier , 40 days & 84 species including hooded skunk , fisher and banner - tailed kangaroo rat .
the roof rat prefers warmer climates regions . this allows the norway rat to dominate the other climate regions . the rats can be found throughout the u . s . but it is more common to find them in their preferred regions as shown in the figure above .
habits . yellow - nosed cotton rats live primarily on rocky slopes with scattered bunches of grass . in the chisos mountains their runways have been located in lodged needle grass in laguna meadow at the foot of emory peak . there , the rats occupied an area of about 40 ha . their runways radiated from underground dens , some of which were under clumps of agaves ; others were among the roots of large junipers . a surface nest under a pile of dead blades of agaves was composed of dry grasses and long fibers from the agave plants . it was about 12 cm in outside diameter . other nests have been found beneath the dead lower leaves of sotol .
habits . the tawny - bellied cotton rat inhabits grassy areas interspersed with shrubby growth that affords cover and allows dense growth of grasses . in mexico these rats are associated with bunch grasses in the mesquite - grassland vegetation type . over their limited range in arizona and new mexico , tawny - bellied cotton rats are found in weedy and grassy places in pinyon - juniper - live oak woodland , mexican oak - pine woodland , and mesquite - yucca - grassland vegetation types , where their runways are hidden in the thick , grassy cover .
the roof rat species is from the asian tropics where they spread into the european colonies that eventually spread throughout the world through various trade routes and explorations .
the yellow - nosed cotton rat generally has been considered as a higher - elevation rodent than s . hispidus . in our region , it occurs in the mountains of the new mexican bootheel , and in texas in a number of localities in the trans - pecos , including in recent years in non - montane habitats ( schmidly 2004 ) . hollander et al . ( 1990 ) reported it from the guadalupe mountains , some 80 miles north of its earlier recognized range , putting it in striking distance of several important pleistocene fossil sites . it has been reported from holocene deposits ( ca . 3580 bp ) of big manhole cave ( lear and harris 2007 ) and pratt cave ( stangl and dalquest 1991 ) , though there is some question as to whether pleistocene material is mixed into the holocene material at the latter site ( see the pratt cave account ) .
description . a small to medium sized cotton rat with brownish , buff brown , or fulvous underparts from throat to anus . dorsal coloration is light brown heavily speckled with dark brown to black , giving a
salt - and - pepper
or
hispid
appearance . the tail is uniformly blackish and the tops of the feet are buff brown .
smith , m . h . 1965 . dispersal capacity of the dusky - footed wood rat , neotoma fuscipes . american midland naturalist 74 : 457 - 463 .
remarks . previously unknown in the state , the tawny - bellied cotton rat was first recorded in texas in the spring of 1991 near fort davis by fred stangl of midwestern state university . this isolated population represents not only a new species of mammal for texas , but appears to be a new subspecies as well  s . f . dalquesti . the extent of this rats range and population numbers in texas remain unknown . the brief life history notes available on the texas specimens are taken from stangls paper published in the southwestern naturalist .
the roof rat favors the warmer climates and heavily populates them . they are far more dominant in the tropical climates throughout the world than the norway rats . the roof rat is far more modified and adapted to survive the warmer climates only , making it less frequent in colder locations . the norway rat takes to burrowing and the colder climates throughout the world and is far more numerous . the northern us is almost free of roof rats do to the colder climate . they are more likely to inhabit ships in the northern climates .
the roof rat species prefers the elevated habitat over the grounds like the norway rat . in the spring and summer , the habitats they choose are riverbanks , streams , parks , natural ponds , artificial ponds , reservoirs , gardens , rice fields , sugarcane fields , citrus groves , apple orchards , poultry farms , and other heavy favored thriving food sources .
the rat phylogeny and history dates back to over thirteen million years ago in the family murinae . the family continued to slightly transform over several millions of years until major speciation event occurred with the family the first at around 3 million years . at this point in time , speciation gave rise to the rattus genus or the rats . the rattus genus then began to split once again into two distinct species rattus norvegicus and rattus rattus . the species rattus norvegicus is known as the norway rat , and rattus rattus being the roof rat .
it is actually common to have both the norway and roof rat inhabiting the same building . the roof rat will gain access through the roof with utility lines . they will inhabit and make a home in the attic or top floor . the norway rats will come in through the ground level and remain there establishing a nest in the basement or ground floor .
dry rocky slopes in oak - pinyon - juniper habitat , montane meadows in ponderosa pine and douglas - fir forests , rocky slopes of desert mountains with scattered bunches of grass , and grassy montane flats with deep soils , few rocks ( in areas where it is the only cotton rat present ) . may nest underground or in or under clump of grass or agave ( davis and sidner , in wilson and ruff 1999 ; hoffmeister 1986 ) .
at birth , young cotton rats weigh 4 . 5 - 6 . 6 g and are haired . they gain about 2 g in weight each day and reach sexual maturity by 45 days . captive females have produced offspring at 71 days of age .
south west usa , 2015 : jason woolgar , 3 weeks & 61 species through california , arizona , texas , new mexico and colorado including puma , swift fox , hooded skunk and banner - tailed kangaroo rat .
the rat is capable of having an average of 3 to 8 young every litter . the offspring are born around 20 - 21 days after conception . they become adults in as little as 5 to 6 weeks .
a set of humming bird feeders at the south west research station had plenty of bats visiting which were almost certainly mexican long - tongued bats . southern long - nosed bats are also possible here but they are very occasional and may have even migrated by september . there were lots of fresh gopher diggings on the lawn near the bird feeders .
norway rats are ground burrowers , so they will nest deep in the underground channels they have created . the average female norway rat has 4 to 6 liters per year and can successfully wean 20 or more offspring annually .
the rat is the first of the twelve animals of the chinese zodiac . people born in this year are thought to possess characteristics which are associated with rats , namely : creativity , intelligence , honesty , ambition and generosity
cotton rats often are considered convergent in ecological niche to the voles , but adapted to warm climatic conditions rather than the cool climates where microtus centers . like voles , cotton rats usually are associated with grasses , form runways , and may be active diurnally . although with some morphological characteristics similar to those of voles , such as short legs and tail , lax fur , and small ears , the dentition differs greatly . the name sigmodon refers to the more or less
s
shape formed by the cusps , especially those of the third molar .
the hispid cotton rats ( sigmodon hispidus ) , are a kind of rodent considered to be prevalent in north america , south america and central america . still , from recent dna sequence information , experts in the field are asserting that they could be subdivided further into three subspecies .
south east california to west texas , 2015 : brian keelan , 24 days & 43 mammals , 24 of which were bats ( the main focus of the trip ) including ghost - faced , lesser long - nosed , allen’s big - eared ( lappet - browed ) and underwood’s mastiff bats , davis mountain cottontail and mexican fox sqiurrel . great stuff !
the roof rat’s eating habits resemble the diet of tree squirrels . the diet persists of a variety of fruits and nuts . though the rats like fruits and nuts they will also eat any vegetative part of ornamental and native plants .
we stayed here for a night in september 1998 . this lovel ecolodge had hooded and striped skunks along the nature trail and southern long - nosed bats feeding from the hummingbird feeders just milimetres from my face . i think i saw an antelope jackrabbit here too and almost trod on a rattlesnake . coatis and javelinas are fairly common , though i didn’t see either here .
the long long drive from portal to vermillion cliffs goes through tucson so in september 2013 i stopped in at the sweetwater wetlands , a sewage treatment works , just off interstate 10 , north of the city centre , to look for arizona cotton rats , which were allegedly common and often diurnal .
as far as breeding is concerned , these rats go on all throughout the year , and gestation time frame is close to a month . size of the litter can go from 1 up to 15 , with the northern - living rats capable of still bigger sets . a young hispid cotton rat is already well - formed right at birth , and its eyes would be functional within 36 hours ( upon birth ) , the weaning period is approximately 2 weeks ( in terms of days , that ' s 10 to 15 ) .
reproduction happens anywhere from three to five times a year , and varies between habitats . the number of litters a female can have depends on if the area has suitable habitat needs in which the rats can thrive . the factors that make up a habitat are climatic range , food sources , and number of total rat populations in the area . the last major factor that affects litters is how old the female is . on average the female rat will have anywhere from 3 - 5 litters in a single year .
arizona larger cover plants must be sufficiently close together that animals will not be exposed for too great a distance when moving through the grass . the presence of rocks scattered through the grass is no deterrent ; these cotton rats make runways over them if the rocks are not too high . they
construct
surface runways radiating from nests or underground burrow entrances . not much construction is involved for these runs are not well marked , rocks are bypassed and not removed , and thick clumps of grass are circumvented , not cut through . runways are long ( often in excess of 75 feet ) and interconnect into a complex maze . more than one animal may use the maze . the home range of an adult male cotton rat in the chirichua mountains was ascertained by tagging it with a radioactive marker ( hardin et al . , 1970 : 354 ) . the range was 31 , 450 square feet as based on the minimum area method
the common house rats are known for taking care of one another , sleeping together , and developing a group to work together . the rats are like wolves they establish leaders and places of rank in the pack . there is always an alpha rat in each pack .
the newborn rats are usually given birth to around 20 - 25 days after reproduction occurs . the rat babies are referred to as pups , kittens or pinkies . the young rat pups are then raised in a nest made by the adult rats . each rat pup is born hairless and eyes shut for a short time period . the litter can have up to eight or nine pups . the rat pups grow extremely quick within the first five to eight days . the following week the pups begin to open their eyes . the pups will nurse up to four to five weeks old . the rat pups then begin to explore the nesting area and search for food . in the following weeks the pups are weaned and begin eating mainly solid food . at this time in development the pups have learned what is suitable to eat by mimicking the mother’s actions and habitats . the young rats are usually more independent at one month old but will linger around for at least another month or two . the young rats at 3 months are completely grown and independent . not only are the rats full grown but reproductively mature as well . the new adult rats will breed and the season to do so varies from locations . rats in the tropics and semi tropics regions are capable of mating nonstop and throughout the year . breeding season is most common during the fall and spring seasons .
during my second night , i found a banner - tailed kangaroo rat pretty much where john fox had seen them on sunrise road , which is off to the west at mile marker 412 along rt 80 ( this is 3 miles into arizona and south of the town of rodeo ) .
the norway rat or rattus norvegieus is the larger of the two . norway rats are light brown in color , stocky , and borrowing capable rodents . they are found in homes or buildings on the ground level , basements , or in crawl spaces . this species is common to all 48 contiguous states .
roof rats prefer to nest in locations off the ground and rarely dig burrows for living quarters if above - ground sites exist . the average number of litters a female roof rat has per year depends on many factors , but generally it is 3 to 5 with 3 to 8 young in each litter .
rats are found in all of the contiguous 48 states . they are also known to inhabit every land mass . they are known to be found at every departure point and various research stations in antarctica . the rat species is the most prolific invasive species worldwide . there are estimated reports that state there are over 5 - 6 billion rats , if not more , worldwide . there is said to be over two billion in china alone . in britain , the rat population matches the amount of people . the french report estimates four rats to one person , and a population of rats at eight million . the true number of rats worldwide is expanding too swiftly too count and is difficult to determine .
rats are the vertebrate masters of adaptation . a highly intelligent rodent that is capable of remembering each path it takes , carrying for others , and working in teams , the rat is one of the most well - known invasive species in the world . they inhabit every ecosystem in the world . they are master scavengers and will eat any food and water resource they can .
arizona a sigmodon with a conspicuous
yellow
nose which is actually a nose ring of orangeish or ochraceous ; eye ring of similar color ; small to medium size ; hind foot 30 mm or shorter ; underparts silvery or whitish ; tail bicolor , although black all around near tip ; tops of feet whitish or silvery ; guard hairs , especially on rump , long and conspicuous ; ears short ; skull small and not strongly arched in nasofrontal region ; posterior margin of interparietal with a median notch formed by supraoccipital ; palatine foramina short ; no preoptic foramen ( in front of optic foramen ) usually ; base of baculum nearly diamond - shaped and narrow . chromosomes , 2n of 52 ; fn of 66
as for the other species the roof rat is the smaller of the two popular species . roof rats or rattus rattus are black or dark brown in color , and have long tails as long as their body . the species likes to climb and nest outside in trees , shrubs , bushes , and any high structures . in the home they can act the same way choosing to nest in the walls an attic spaces .
we didn’t see a great deal on the road to paradise , but down in the desert , along state line road , there were lots of kangaroo rats ( i guess both merriam’s and ord’s ) . i tried to get a better look at a banner - tailed kangaroo rat than i’d had the year before but we couldn’t find any along sunrise road , other than a possible one among many smaller kangaroo rats . it disappeared before we could get a good look .
. i spent 6 hours looking from 9 p . m . to 3 a . m . but couldn’t find one in april 2010 . a week before people had been seeing as many as 13 during a night’s spotlighting ! immensely frustrating and my lack of success may well have been because the weather had turned cold or windy . but i did see three badgers , mule deer , a kangaroo rat ( probably an ord’s ) , lots of desert cottontails and a coyote .
these rats span from the family neotoma . they resemble larger versions of deer mice . the difference between woodrats and house rats is that they are well - haired and have a bicolored tail . this nocturnal or cloudy rainy day species likes to forage in the cover of darkness like the rest of its relatives . the woodrats create large nests or large houses of sticks characterized by all sorts of junk . this is where the term “pack rat” comes from , and they fit the description . the woodrat is also a solitary species not known for large groups .
norway rats are omnivorous like most rodents , but will eat anything to survive . they like to forage in food packaging plants and storage facilities . the only thing different from the roof rat is that its diet is far less controlled and they will eat any food that they can get ahold of . though they may have preferences , it varies from pack to pack . they enjoy eating feed for domestic animals like , chickens , dogs , cats , horses , cattle , and swine . there is often a draw to dog food for most rats , so pet food and outdoor pets attract norway rats .
the entrance road to vermillion cliffs ( blm / bureau of land management road 1065 , about 13 miles east of jacob lake off of hwy 89a ) is quite near to the north rim of the grand canyon and a site for chisel - toothed kangaroo rats . john fox found one along here in 2010 . in 2010 i spent an hour spotlighting here with matt miller and although i saw one kangaroo rat i couldn’t see it well enough to be sure which species it was . there were a lot of bats feeding around the start of the road with clearly audible echo - location but apparently several species in the area fit that description .
rats will eat anything available to them from seed , fruits , vegetables , nuts , grains , insects , worms , spiders , and various meats . rat activity begins in the cover of darkness or cloudy dark conditions . all of the rodent species prefer to forage in the cover of night fall . they will work together to move large quantities of food to safe locations to be eaten . rats will also collect and store the spoils of the foraging trips . they will hoard numerous amounts of trash and solid foods to be eaten at a later date . house rats will store these items in wood piles , wall voids , attics , boxes , and other coverings where they feel safe .
roof rats will trail over 100 meters to find food from their nests . they will also stay with other rats on their foraging journey to exploit certain food sources . they will travel from tree to tree , and even climb power lines or fence lines to travel safely . they will make nests in trees near gardens or near the food sources they value . they favor palm trees and other high elevated locations . roof rats are smart and will avoid changes to their environment and are scared of them . they are neophobic , which is the fear of new things or experiences . talk about creatures of habit . neophobia is more distinct in roof rats than in the close cousin norway rats . some roof rat packs will even modify trails and routes to avoid frequently disturbed paths and areas .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
from durango , mexico northward to the
sky islands
of the united states in two prongs : one to southeastern arizona and extreme southwestern new mexico , and the other to southwestern texas . a northern outlier population may persist in the guadalupe mountains , transpecos , texas ( musser and carleton 2005 ) .
this species can be locally common . listed as rare and local in the chihuahua region of mexico ( findley and caire 1977 ) . according to schmidly ( 1977 ) , relatively common in big bend national park and the davis mountain region of texas , but rare in sierra viejo . data on population trends seem to vary , as the species is said to be declining some areas but stable or extending its range in others .
this species is primarily threatened by degradation and loss of habitat due to grazing , altered fire regimes , and urbanization .
there are no known conservation measures specific to this species . however , there are several protected areas within its range .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t20217a115157990 .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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description . similar to s . hispidus but paler , and with the snout distinctly orange or rusty ; tail hairier and distinctly bicolor , nearly black above , grayish buff below ; underparts grayish white . external measurements average : total length , 259 mm ; tail , 114 mm ; hind foot , 28 mm . weight , 50 - 80 g , occasionally as much as 112 g .
distribution in texas . isolated at higher elevations in the chisos mountains , big bend national park region , brewster county ; davis mountains , jeff davis county ; and the sierra vieja , presidio county .
these rats seem to be active mainly in the daytime , as confirmed by trapping records from 1944 . in spite of the fact that the vegetation appeared to be too sparse to offer concealment by day , no individuals were captured in night trapping .
the breeding season appears to extend from march to october . young about 3 weeks old have been captured in early may , late june , and early november which suggests that several litters may be reared each season . the gestation period is approximately 35 days .
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sigmodon ochrognathus - lower left ( with s . hispidus ) click to enlarge this image . ( 84 kb )
bailey , v . , 1902 . synopsis of the north american species of sigmodon , p . 115 . proceedings of the biological society of washington , 15 : 101 - 116 .
mammal species of the world ( opens in a new window ) . mammalian species , american society of mammalogists ' species account ( opens in a new window ) .
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fig . 1 ( left ) . palate of sigmodon hispidus illustrating dental and palatal characteristics . fig . 2 ( right ) . right lower toothrow of sigmodon hispidus showing dental characteristics .
four species occur now in our region . sigmodon hispidus is centered to the east of our region , but occupies the trans - pecos and the southeastern third of new mexico west to about the arizona state line ; it is replaced to the west by s . arizonensis , with s . fulviventer occurring in the southwestern part of new mexico and with an apparently isolated population in the new mexican north - central rio grande valley . sigmodon ochrognathus occurs in the mountains of the trans - pecos , extreme southern new mexico and in scattered areas in arizona . all species have an extensive present to the south in mexico .
late blancan : la union ( morgan and lucas 2003 ) ; san simon fauna ( morgan and white 2005 ) ; snowflake ( lindsay and tessman 1974 ) ; tecopa lake beds ( woodburne and whistler 1991 ) .
rancholabrean : la playa ( white et al . 2010 ) ; térapa ( white et al . 2010 ) .
late wisconsin : algerita blossom cave ( harris 1993c ) ; bonfire shelter ( frank 1968 ) ; harris ' pocket ( utep ) ; human corridor ( harris 1993c ) ; lehner ranch ( lindsay and tessman 1974 ) ; murray springs ( lindsay and tessman 1974 ) .
late wisconsin / holocene : beyond bison chamber ( utep ) ; howell ' s ridge cave ( harris 1993c ) .
literature . croxen et al . 2007 ; frank 1968 ; harris 1993c ; messing 1986 ; morgan and lucas 2003 ; van devender et al . 1985 ; white et al . 2010 ) ; woodburne and whistler 1991 .
mid wisconsin : papago springs cave ( czaplewski and mead et al . 1999 : cf . sp . ) .
late wisconsin / holocene : deadman cave ( mead et al . 1984 : cf . ) .
late blancan : california wash ( johnson et al . 1975 ) ; curtis ranch ( lindsay 1984 ) .
literature . croxen et al . 2007 ; johnson et al . 1975 ; lindsay 1984 .
sigmodon hispidus is the common species in the region ( fig . 1 ) . at one time , the species was thought to continue westward in arizona ; more recently , it was learned that the adjacent populations in arizona and overlapping slightly into new mexico represented a cryptic species , sigmodon arizonae . it is quite possible that u - bar cave specimens represent that species rather than s . hispidus ; characteristics that could separate the two are unknown for the fossil specimens available .
the holocene record from atlatl cave in san juan county , nm , is listed ( but not mapped ) because it indicates a major expansion of range , presumably during a time when grasslands allowed passage across the continental divide separating the rio grande drainage from that of the san juan river .
fig . 2 . lateral view of left dentary and ventral view of sigmodon hispidus skull ( utep mammal collection 1358 ) . scale in mm .
mid wisconsin : pendejo cave ( harris 2003 ) ; u - bar cave ( harris 1987 ) .
late wisconsin : blackwater loc . no . 1 ( slaughter 1975 ) ; tt ii ( harris 1993c : cf . ) .
late wisconsin / holocene : balcony room ( harris 1993c ) ; howell ' s ridge cave ( utep ) ; pendejo cave ( utep ) .
literature . dalquest and stangl 1984b ; gillespie 1985 ; harris 1987 , 1993c , 2003 ; slaughter 1975 ; tebedge 1988 .
gidley ( 1922 : 126 ) described s . medius from the benson beds of arizona :
description . - length of cheek - tooth series 5 . 5 millimeters ; somewhat smaller than the living species s . sanctae martae , with which it seems to compare more nearly than with other living forms . its resemblances are noted in the form of the anterior lobe of the first cheek tooth , in which the anterior internal reentrant valley considerably exceeds the opposing outer one in length ; in the decided angulation of the posterior portion of the inner wall of the last molar ; and in the relatively heavy symphysis and considerable depth of jaw . it differs from this and other living species in having the cheek - tooth crowns slightly less hypsodont , the reentrant valleys more open , and the lophs correspondingly narrower , while there is present in the last molar a small but distinct reentrant notch on its inner side opposite the posterior reentrant valley .
the two upper cheek teeth show the same character of the more open valleys observed in the lower cheek teeth . another difference noted is the form of the external reentrant valleys of these teeth , which clearly distinguishes them from the corresponding teeth of living species . the external reentrant valleys , instead of being straight , open directly outward , while their inner portions bend backward , forming a decided angle in their posterior enamel walls . in the living species these valleys run obliquely forward and outward in a nearly straight or but slightly curved line .
morgan et al . ( 2011 ) listed its presence in the caballo local fauna in their table 1 , but their discussion of the taxon implies it does not occur in that portion of the blancan , and they do not list it among the referred specimens .
many authors consider s . medius to be a synonym of s . minor . however , morgan et al . ( 2011 ) recognized these as separate species , the latter being significantly smaller than the former . this is the approach followed here .
literature . morgan and white 2005 ; morgan et al . 2011 ; wagner and prothero 2001 .
as indicated the s . medius account , morgan et al . ( 2011 ) recognized s . minor as separate from s . medius ; they also considered it an important biostratigraphic marker of the latest blancan .
gidley ( 1922 : 125 ) described s . minor in the same paper as s . medius :
description . - length of cheek - tooth series 4 . 7 millimeters ; smaller than s . medius and decidedly smaller than any of the living species examined . this species is distinguished from the living forms by the same characters observed in s . medius , except that the external reentrant valleys of the upper molars ( as shown by specimen no . 10513 ) are of the normal modern type . s . minor differs from s . medius only in its smaller size , having a relatively narrower anterior lower cheek tooth , in which the anterior lobe is relatively smaller , with the adjacent reentrant valleys nearly equal in length . the reentrant valleys of the upper cheek teeth are oblique to the same degree and of about the same proportionate depth , but the molar crowns of both the upper and lower series are less hypsodont .
late blancan : california wash ( johnson et al . 1975 ) ; curtis ranch ( lindsay 1984 ) ; jack rabbit trail , san timoteo badlands ( albright 2000 ) ; virden ( morgan et al . 2011 : cf . ) .
late blancan / early irvingtonian : elsinore : mimomys ( pajak et al . 1996 ) .
literature . albright 2000 ; johnson et al . 1975 ; lindsay 1984 ; morgan et al . 2011 ; murray 2008 ; pajak et al . 1996 .
stangl and dalquest ( 1990 ) investigated dental differences between s . hispidus and s . ochrognathus . they found that the upper toothrow is smaller in s . ochrognathus at comparable degrees of wear , and especially pronounced with m1 . their measurements of the occlusal surfaces of m1 ( in mm ) gave a mean of 2 . 29 ± 0 . 10 ( s . d . ) for s . hispidus compared to 2 . 02 ± 0 . 10 for s . ochrognathus , and for width , respectively , 1 . 73 ± 0 . 10 and 1 . 51 ± 0 . 10 . extremes , however , did overlap .
fig . 1 . upper right first molar of fossil sigmodon ochrognathus from dust cave .
another character noted by stangl and dalquest concerned the anterocone of m1 ; they found it compressed or flattened anteriorly in 47 of 50 s . ochrognathus as compared to a usually convex anterocone in s . hispidus . the latter , however , did show compression in 12 out of 50 specimens of s . hispidus . the anterior of the anterocone , viewed laterally , was said to form an even slope from the alveolus to the occlusal surface in s . hispidus , but to be recessed posteriorly in s . ochrognathus .
fossil specimens of m1 interpreted as s . ochrognathus are small , and when width and length are taken together , appear to separate them from those of s . hispidus ( fig . 2 ) . measurements follow ruez ( 2011 ) except that m1 length is taken from the lingual side , parallel to the occlusal surface , from the anterior junction of enamel with dentine .
fig . 2 . cluster diagram ( paired group , euclidean distance ) based on length by width of m1 . red is interpreted as sigmodon hispidus and green as s . ochrognathus . the outlier ( 91 - 229 ) has an m1 as narrow as the latter species , but is longer than any other m1 in the sample .
fig . 3 . sigmodon ochrognathus . photograph by roger w . barbour , courtesy of the smithsonian national museum of natural history .
mid / late wisconsin / holocene : sierra diablo cave ( utep cf . )
late wisconsin : dust cave ( harris and hearst 2012 ) ; pendejo cave ( utep ) ; u - bar cave 15 - 18 ka ( harris 1989 ) .
late wisconsin / holocene : fowlkes cave ( stangl and dalquest 1991 ) ; pendejo cave ( utep ) ; pratt cave ( stangl and dalquest 1991 ) ; wolcott peak ( mead et al . 1983 ) .
literature . harris 1989 ; harris and hearst 2012 ; hollander et al . 1990 ; lear and harris 2007 ; mead et al . 1983 ; ruez 2011 ; schmidly 2004 ; stangl and dalquest 1991 .


scleroptila is a genus of birds in the francolin group of the partridge subfamily of the pheasant family .

its seven species range through sub-saharan africa .

the species are : ring-necked francolin , scleroptila streptophora grey-winged francolin , scleroptila afra red-winged francolin , scleroptila levaillantii finsch 's francolin , scleroptila finschi shelley 's francolin , scleroptila shelleyi moorland francolin , scleroptila psilolaema orange river francolin , scleroptila gutturalis

scleroptila

scleroptila gutturalis ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously placed in the genus francolinus and listed as f . levaillantoides ; the name gutturalis has priority .
found in grasslands and arid savannas . near endemic to southern africa with a distribution extending from southern angola , through northern namibia and botswana and into the free state and adjacent regions . archer ' s francolin scleroptila lorti , which is found in ethiopia and vicinity , was considered a subspecies of the scleroptila levaillantoides but is now generally given full species status .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : scleroptila afra . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
formerly treated as a subgenus within a greatly expanded francolinus , but latter genus , when thus constituted , was found to be polyphyletic # r # r . francolinus has therefore been restricted to the five asiatic species ; the african species are now generally divided among pternistis and peliperdix ( see above ) and scleroptila # r .
mcgowan , p . j . k . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . grey - winged francolin ( scleroptila afra ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the ' grassland francolins ' ( genus scleroptila ) , which include the orange river , grey - winged , red - winged and shelley ' s francolins , are quite similar to one another . the orange river francolin is highly variable in plumage pattern and is most easily confused with the red - winged francolin from which it can be distinguished by having a thin , not broad , breast band . it differs from shelley ' s francolin in lacking bold black and white markings on the lower breast and belly and by only one of the facial stripes ( the moustachial stripe ) meeting on the breast to form the breast band . it differs from grey - winged francolin in having a white , not grey - freckled , throat .
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the ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our primary goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date evolutionary classification of world birds and a set of english names that follow explicit guidelines for spelling and construction .
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the ioc world bird list complements three other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia . click here for a working comparison of alternative world lists .
special thanks always to our expert advisors ( left panel ) , to sally conyne for compiling ranges , to eng - li green for website management , to larry master and colin campbell for photos , to peter kovalik for spreadsheet magic , and to all volunteer participants . we welcome your corrections and your suggestions for improvement . you can reach us at worldbirdnames @ urltoken .
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gill , f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2018 . ioc world bird list ( v8 . 2 ) . doi : 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 2 .
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when placed in genus francolinus present species was known as f . africanus , as name afer there preoccupied by taxon now known as pternistis afer ; with recent reorganization of genera # r , afer / afra becomes available for present species . closely related to s . streptophora , s . levaillantii and s . finschi . s . psilolaema is sometimes treated as a race of present species , as also are n races ( nominate and lorti ) of s . gutturalis . e south african population described as race proxima , but doubtfully distinct . monotypic .
30–33 cm ; male 345–539 g , female 354–410 g . few obvious field marks , but differs from other red - winged francolins by relatively small amount of chestnut in . . .
mainly calls early morning and evening , typically from slightly elevated ground - level perch , e . g . . . .
montane grassland from c . 1800 m to 2750 m in hills , occurring in patches of short grass and . . .
predominantly bulbs and roots , especially of amaryllidaceae , cyperaceae and iridaceae , for which digs with bill ; small amounts of plant . . .
lays jul–dec in cape province , aug–mar ( peak nov–dec ) in natal , peak oct–dec in e orange free state ; believed to . . .
sedentary . one covey in same area for four years . flushes relatively easily .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . mace lande : safe . occurs in suitable habitat throughout an area of c . 438 , 000 km² . in general , locally distributed and uncommon . . .
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recorded with a samsung phone . my kids were in the car , adding to the recording and my wife was shusshing them , but i managed to cut out most of the noise afterwards . also reduced the wind noise some . still right next to the car , and quite a loud bird . calls from a small covey in strandveld habitat .
two birds seen calling from short grass on the side of a very steep hillside in a mountainous area .
three birds seen and heard calling from low scrub vegetation early in the morning .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be generally common to frequent ( del hoyo et al . 1994 , fuller et al . 2000 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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orange river francolin male performing , near devon , guateng . [ photo johan van rensburg © ]
orange river francolin males performing , near devon , guateng . [ photo johan van rensburg © ]
male and female have the same plumage . the male can be distinguished by having leg spurs .
distribution of orange river francolin in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
no records but would be vulnerable to birds - of - prey and small mammalian carnivores . blood and nematode parasites have been found in other similar francolin species .
corms , bulbs ( e . g . moraea species ) , seeds , berries , flowers , fallen grain , green shoots ; insects in summer .
nest , which is built by the female , is a scrape in the ground , lined with dry grass and hidden in dense grass .
after laying 3 - 8 eggs , the female incubates them for 20 - 23 days .
young leave nest soon after hatching ; start taking short flights after 12 - 14 days , and fly strongly after 5 - 6 weeks .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg ( eds ) 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
sinclair , i , hockey , p . and tarboton , w . 2002 . sasol birds of southern africa . 3rd edition . struik , cape town .
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gill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , →isbn
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ambulyx tobii is a species of moth of the family sphingidae .

it is found from japan and south korea down through eastern china to bhutan , tibet , yunnan , vietnam and taiwan .

the wingspan is 105-117 mm .

ambulyx tobii

ambulyx sericeipennis tobii inoue , 1976 ; bull . fac . dom . sci . otsuma wom . univ . 12 : 173
ambulyx auripennis moore , 1879 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1879 : 388
well then in my opinion it is necessary to remove it from the subspecies and do a separate species : ambulyx tobii inoue , 1976 . site tony pittaveya can completely trust : urltoken there he is , the way for russia has shown . now i pretend and bear : ) will only remove the subspecies from the description ambulyx sericeipennis
ambulyx japonica rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 87 ; tl : kiushiu , south japan
ambulyx wildei miskin , 1891 ; proc . r . soc . qd 8 ( 1 ) : 20 ; tl : cairns
subspecies tobii online sphingidae of the eastern palaearctic , and not only is as an independent . in sineva & co unknown . for the russian federation set in 2013 : cat es , vg bezborodov ambulyx tobii ( inoue , 1976 ) ( lepidoptera , sphingidae ) - a new species and genus of hawk moths fauna of russia from southern primorye / / eurasian entomological journal . t . 12 ( 4 ) . 2013 . pp 415 - 419 .
ambulyx auripennis ; moore , 1882 , lepid . ceylon 2 ( 1 ) : 11 , pl . 79 , f . 1 , 1a - b ; [ hmw ]
oxyambulyx sericeipennis tobii inoue , 1976 , bull . fac . domest . sci . otsuma wom . univ . 12 : 173 . type locality : japan ,
nakatsugawa , sumoto city , awajishima
< < shimane , ichibata > > .
china : iv ( fujian ; yunnan ) ; v ( sichuan ) ; vi - vii ( shaanxi ) ; vii ( qinghai ; guangxi ; jiangxi ; beijing ; hubei ) ; viii ( guangdong ; xizang / tibet ) . taiwan : v - vi ( nantou hsien ) . north korea : 15 - 29 . v ( north pyongan province ) ; 1 - 12 . vii ( north pyongan province ) . south korea : viii ( [ unstated locality ] ) . japan : urltoken ( shikoku ) ; urltoken ( honshu ) ; v - vi ( tsushima ; hokkaido ) ; 4 . vi - 15 . vii ( hokkaido ) ; viii ( kyushu ) ; 15 . viii ( shikoku ) . russia : 31 . v - 5 . vii ( primorskiy kray ) .
china : beijing ( baihua shan ) ; tianjin ( baxian shan , 450m ) ; shaanxi ( haozhenzi village , 1350m ; qingling shan , taibai shan , foping nature reserve , 1800m ) ; qinghai ( nangqian ) ; hubei ( luotian 1729m ) ; sichuan ( wulong reserve , 1300m ) ; yunnan ( 5km n hutiao xia , 2200m ) ; xizang / tibet ( motuo national park , near indian border ) ; hunan ; jiangxi ( wuyi shan , xipaihe village , 1500m ) ; fujian ( daimao shan , 60km nw longyan , 1300m ) ; guangdong ( nanling , shaoguan , 1100m ) ; guangxi ( dayao shan , jinxiu , 1200m ) .
north korea : north pyongan prov . ( chonma county , chonma - san ) .
south korea : kyonggi prov . ( yongjong - do ) ; kangwon prov . ( seolak - san ; chuncheon ) ; north cholla prov . ( daedun - san ; jiri - san ) ; south cholla prov . ( baekyang temple ) ; south kyongsang prov . ( baekun - san ) .
japan : hokkaido ( jozankei ; nanaemachi ; osima ; shibinai ; sapporo , 800m ; kamikawa - cho ) ; honshu ( ichibata ; shirikubiyama ; takada city ; funagatayama ) ; shikoku ( nagaomachi ; shioemachi ; takamatsu ) ; kyushu ( kitakyushu city ) ; tsushima ( izumi ; shirikubiyama ) .
russia : primorskiy kray ( khasan area ( gusevskiy mine ; zanadvorovka ; andreevka ) ; oktyabrskiy area ( sinel ' nikovo - 1 ) ; kaimanovka ; vladivostok area ( shamora pass ) ; ryazanovka ; 3km sw barabash ) . this species is a very recent ( 2011 ) colonist of this area ( koshkin & bezborodov , 2013 ; koshkin et al , 2015 ) .
from japan ( komatsu & inoko , 2000 ) , russian far east ( koshkin & bezborodov , 2013 ) and south korea down through eastern china to bhutan , xizang / tibet , yunnan , vietnam and taiwan .
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photo , and identified by : evgeny komarov . image without retouching at the website
date and time , location shooting / catching : 2014 - 07 - 02 00 : 00 : 00 , приморский край , хасанский р - н , окр . п . андреевка
here , he is also quite like a separate kind of normal sense : urltoken post by koshkin on molbiole : urltoken ; = findpost & p ; = 1453262 grounds enough . i pretend .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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copyright © 2013 www . sphingidae - museum . com . all rights reserved .
oxyambulyx rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 173 ( key ) , 192 ; ts : sphinx substrigilis westwood
se . asia , sundaland , philippines , andaman island . see [ maps ]
oxyambulyx clavata jordan , 1929 ; novit . zool . 35 : 61 ; tl : borneo , kina balu
oxyambulyx cyclasticta joicey & kaye , 1917 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 20 ( 118 ) : 308 ; tl : burmah
china ( shaanxi , sichuan , hainan ) , taiwan , korea , japan . see [ maps ]
oxyambulyx liturata johnsoni clark , 1917 ; proc . new england zool . club 6 : 61 , pl . 8 , f . 1
oxyambulyx joiceyi clark , 1923 ; proc . new england zool . cl . 8 : 70
thailand , e . china , w . china ( guangdong , guangxi ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]
ne . india , nepal , myanmar , thailand , vietnam , s . china ( sichuan , hainan , hunan , hong kong ) . see [ maps ]
hong kong , oriental tropics - sundaland , china ( guangxi , hainan ) . see [ maps ]
sumatra , peninsular malaysia , borneo , s . thailand . see [ maps ]
ne . india , nepal , thailand , indochina , china , taiwan , japan , korea , hong kong . see [ maps ]
oxyambulyx sumatranus rothschild , 1920 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 5 ( 30 ) : 479
ne . n . se . s . sw . china , japan , korea . see [ maps ]
nw . india - japan , nepal , thailand , indochina , china ( anhui prov . ) , korea , java , philippines ( luzon ) . see [ maps ]
india - peninsular malaysia , s . china ( hainan , hong kong ) , sumatra , borneo , philippines ( palawan ) . see [ maps ]
ambylux substrigilis ; moore , 1878 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 ( 4 ) : 844 ; [ mot2 ] ; [ hmw ]
peninsular malaysia , s . thailand , s . vietnam , sumatra , borneo , philippines . see [ maps ]
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres hétérocéres . tome premier . sphingides , sésiides , castnides
diagnoses de lépidopterères nouveaux , trouvés par mm . tatarinoff et gaschkewitch aux environs de pekin in motschulsky ,
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
a catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,
a list of the lepidopterous insects collected by mr . ossian limborg in upper tenasserim , with descriptions of new species
descriptions of new genera and species of lepidoptera heterocera collected by rev . j . h . hocking , chiefly in the kangra district , n . w . himalaya
westwood , 1847 the cabinet of oriental entomology cabinet orient . ent . : 1 - 88 , pl . 1 - 42
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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synalocha gutierreziae is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in the united states in texas , arizona and new mexico .

the length of the forewings is about 6.5-7.9 mm for males and 6.5-10.5 mm for females .

there is shining , pale-tan scaling on the forewings .

there is dark grey-brown scaling on the hindwings .

females appear too heavy to fly .

adult males are on wing in october and november .

there are multiple generations per year .

the larvae have been recorded feeding on gutierrezia sarothrae and gutierrezia microcephalum .

pupation occurs in tied leaves of their host plant .

synalocha gutierreziae

synalocha gutierreziae powell , 1985 n . sp . , j . res . lepid . 24 : 63 .
life history of synalocha gutierreziae powell ( lepidoptera : torticidae ) on snakeweed ( asteraceae : gutierrezia spp . )
life history of synalocha gutierreziae powell ( lepidoptera : torticidae ) on snakeweed ( asteraceae : gutierrezia spp . )
life history of synalocha gutierreziae powell ( lepidoptera : torticidae ) on snakeweed ( asteraceae : gutierrezia spp . ) [ 1985 ]
type - species : synalocha gutierreziae powell , 1985 . j . res . lepid . 24 ( 1 ) : 63 .
genus : synalocha powell , 1985 . j . res . lepid . 24 ( 1 ) : 62 .
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powell , j . a . & j . w . brown , 2012 . the moths of north america , fascicle 8 . 1 : p . 145 ; pl . f . 44 - 46 . order
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 19 . 47m ; p . 155 . book review and ordering
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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type specimens : holotype - male usa : texas , ward co . , 5 mi n monahans , ( eme , california , berkeley ) . .
t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 2 . 0 )
by gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2012 .
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