astacoides is a genus of freshwater crayfish endemic to madagascar .

the first specimens were brought to europe in 1839 , and seven species are now recognised , most of which are on the iucn red list .

they are large and slow-growing , and are threatened by habitat loss , overexploitation by local people and by spread of introduced non-indigenous marbled crayfish ( procambarus fallax f. virginalis ) .

they are only found in a relatively small part of the island , mostly in undisturbed upland areas .

they belong to the gondwana-distributed family parastacidae , but their nearest relatives live in australasia , there being no native crayfish in mainland africa or india .

astacoides

astacoides madagascariensis monod & petit , 1929 accepted as astacoides madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 )
» species astacoides madagascariensis monod & petit , 1929 accepted as astacoides madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 )
variety astacoides madagascariensis var . brevirostris monod & petit , 1929 accepted as astacoides madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 )
variety astacoides madagascariensis var . madagascariensis monod & petit , 1929 accepted as astacoides madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 )
» variety astacoides madagascariensis var . brevirostris monod & petit , 1929 accepted as astacoides madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 )
» variety astacoides madagascariensis var . madagascariensis monod & petit , 1929 accepted as astacoides madagascarensis ( h . milne edwards & audouin , 1839 )
worms - world register of marine species - astacoides madagascariensis var . madagascariensis monod & petit , 1929
this species previously appeared on the iucn red list under the incorrect name of astacoides madagascariensis . it has now been corrected to astacoides madagascarensis . an updated red list assessment has been created to reflect this change .
astacoides madagascarensis is a relatively common species where it is found ( j . p . g . jones pers . comm . 2009 ) .
hobbs , h . h . jr . 1987 . a review of the crayfish genus astacoides ( decapoda : parastacidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology 443 : 50 .
astacoides hobbsi is endemic to madagascar ( boyko et al . 2005 ) . the type locality is the andranofotsiorana effluent of the river ranomadio at krisiasy village , fianarantsoa province , madagascar .
hobbs , h . h . ( 1987 ) . a review of the crayfish genus astacoides ( decapoda : parastacidae ) . smithsonian contributions to zoology . 443 : 1 - 50 . [ details ]
astacoides hobbsi is found in lotic habitats . this species prefers cooler waters at high altitudes , which may reflect a physiological need to avoid the warm - water habitats typical of lowland tropical aquatic ecosystems ( boyko et al . 2005 ) .
les auteurs présentent la distribution des six espèces d ' écrevisses malgaches ( # decapoda : parastacidae : astacoides $ ) en regard des conditions du milieu , d ' une distribution potentielle et de menaces pesant sur leur survie . ( résumé d ' auteur )
boyko , c . b , ravoahangimalala , o . r . , randriamasimanana , d . and razafindrazaka , t . h . 2005 . astacoides hobbsi , a new crayfish ( crustacea : decapoda : parastacidae ) from madagascar . zootaxa 1091 ( 41 - 51 ) .
astacoides caldwelli is only found in large rivers draining forested catchments , at low elevations between 600 - 800m above sea level on the eastern side of the escarpment ( jones et al . 2007 ) . most localities where this species is known from are in relatively recently deforestated areas abutting natural forest ( jones et al . 2007 ) . astacoides caldwelli is a tertiary burrower ( jones et al 2007 . eggs are laid in june or july and carried for approx im ately 4 months , hatching in october or november ( jones et al . 2007 ) .
astacoides madagascarensis is widespread in lotic habitats in the eastern rainforests . it is very similar to a . granulimanus and essentially appears to fill the same niche as this common species but with a range shifted to the north ( j . p . g . jones pers . comm . 2009 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place to protect astacoides hobbsi . however , there is a national law officially preventing harvesting of crayfish less than 10 cm total length . it does not occur in a protected area . further collections of this species are needed to determine the range .
boyko , c . b . ; ravoahangimalala , o . r . ; randriamasimanana , d . ; razafindrazaka , t . h . ( 2005 ) . astacoides hobbsi , a new crayfish ( crustacea : decapoda : parastacidae ) from madagascar . zootaxa . 1091 , 41 - 51 . [ details ]
astacoides petiti is assessed as data deficient . further research on the distribution of this species is needed before a more accurate assessment of extinction risk can be made . additionally , the impact that threats , such as habitat loss and harvesting , are having on the abundance of this species are not fully understood .
jones , j . p . g . , andriahajaina , f . b . , hockley , n . j . , crandall , k . a . and ravoahangimalala , o . r . 2007a . the ecology and conservation status of madagascar ' s endemic freshwater crayfish ( parastacidae ; astacoides ) . freshwater biology 52 : 1820 - 1833 .
jones , j . , andriahajaina , f . , hockley , n . , crandall , k . , ravoahangimalala , o . ( 2007 ) the ecology and conservation status of madagascar’s endemic freshwater crayfish ( parastacidae ; astacoides ) . freshw biol 52 : 1820–1833 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2427 . 2007 . 01766 . x .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for astacoides petiti , however there is a national law preventing the harvesting of crayfish under 10 cm total length . local rules and taboos govern harvesting in some areas ( jones et al . 2008 ) . this species occurs in andohahela national park . further surveys for this species are needed to determine true range .
astacoides betsileosensis has been assessed as endangered under criterion b1ab ( iii ) . this species has a restricted extent of occurrence of approximately 2 , 700km 2 and is known from around 4 locations . it faces a number of threats including habitat loss due to conversion of forested land to rice paddies , harvesting as a food source , and predation pressure from introduced species .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for astacoides madagascarensis , however there is a national law preventing the harvesting of crayfish under 10 cm total length . local rules and taboos govern harvesting in some areas ( jones et al . 2008 ) . it occurs in anjozorobe - angavo forest corridor new protected area . further research is needed on the population trends of this species .
justification : astacoides betsileosensis has been assessed as vulnerable . this species has a restricted extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of approximately 8 , 600 km 2 , an area of occupancy ( aoo ) of 1 , 040 km 2 and is known from four locations . it faces a number of threats including habitat loss due to conversion of forested land to rice paddies , harvesting as a food source , and predation pressure from introduced species .
justification : astacoides crosnieri has been assessed as vulnerable . it has an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 5 , 200 km² and occurs in five locations based on the threat of agriculture ( conversion of swamp habitats to rice paddies ) . this species is reported to have undergone significant declines in abundance due to habitat degradation and loss . it is likely to undergo further declines in the future due to introduced species . further research is needed to determine population declines .
astacoides madagascarensis is endemic to madagascar , and extends a little further north than that of any other malagasy crayfishes . type specimens were probably collected in the vicinity of antananarivo ( hobbs 1987 ) . this species is found in the toamasina and antananarivo provinces ( boyko et al . 2005 ) . in toamasina province it occurs at andasibe and amboasary gara . in antananarivo province it occurs at anjozorobe , mantasoa , fenoarivo and behenjy . this species has an estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 7 , 465 km 2 .
justification : astacoides madagascarensis occurs in toamasina and antananarivo provinces in madagascar . this species is assessed as least concern . part of the population occurs in the anjozorobe - angavo forest corridor new protected area . harvesting of the species is ongoing but this is forbidden in the protected area and thought to be sustainable elsewhere . if further research indicates that the population is declining due to harvesting or due to another threat ( for example habitat loss or invasive species ) then this species should be reassessed as it may qualify as threatened due to its restricted range .
madagascar’s lone genus of crayfish , astacoides ( decapoda : parastacidae ) , is found nowhere else on earth . “the only uniquely tropical crayfish on this planet” ( jones et al . , 2007 ) , they man the parapets of a gondwanan fortress separated from its counterparts in australia and south america by thousands of miles of open ocean and the tireless grind of geologic time . by the time marmorkrebs arrived , the siege was already well underway — habitat loss and overharvesting have hit a . crosnieri and a . petiti hard enough to earn them endangered status on the iucn red list .
astacoides petiti is endemic to madagascar , and known from only five localities all of which are situated on the eastern versant of the island . this species is found in the fianarantsoa and toliara provinces according to boyko et al . ( 2005 ) and the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) based on this range is 1 , 045 km² . however , it is uncertain as to whether or not this species is found in fianarantsoa province ( j . rasamy and c . h . ranaivoson pers . comm . 2016 ) . if it does not occur in fianarantsoa province then the eoo is much smaller at 16 km² .
justification : astacoides hobbsi is known from the andranofotsiorana effluent of the river ranomadio at krisiasy village , fianarantsoa province , madagascar . it occurs at one location ( based on the threat of invasive species ) . introduction of an invasive species , for example the procambarus ‘marmorkrebs’crayfish , could quickly lead to this species becoming critically endangered or extinct due to high predation pressure and levels of competition . therefore , it is assessed as vulnerable . further surveys for this species are needed to determine its full range . if it is restricted to the only section of the stream from which it has currently been recorded ( under 1 km in length ) then this species will probably qualify for listing in a higher threat category .
astacoides hobbsi is more vulnerable to threat processes because of its restricted distribution ( boyko et al . 2005 ) . this species is likely to be threatened by habitat loss through the conversion of forest to rice fields , introduction of non - native species such as eels , rats and trout ( boyko et al . 2005 ) , and intense harvesting by subsistence fisheries ( jones et al . 2006 ) . the recent introduction of procambarus ‘marmorkrebs’crayfish to madagascar poses a new threat through competition and spreading of crayfish plague ( jones et al . 2009 ) . additionally , there is small - scale gold mining next to the stream where this species occurs ( c . h . ranaivoson pers . comm . 2016 ) .
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cumberlidge , n . , ranaivoson , c . h . , randrianasolo , h . , rasamy , j . & van damme , d .
livingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .
. in addition this species is harvested by subsistence fisheries . introduced fish species , such as the asian snakehead (
2009 ) , though the true distribution may in fact extend further . there is concern that
2009 ) . however , the precise threats to this species are not well understood .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
( j . p . g . jones pers . comm . 2009 ) . this species is also heavily harvested throughout its range . although no studies have looked specifically at the sustainability of this harvest , the species is very similar to
there are no reviews yet . be the first one to write a review .
is endemic to the eastern highlands of madagascar . it is found between latitudes 18° to 20° s , longitudes 46° to 49° e ( hobbs 1987 ) in the toamasina , antananarivo and fianarantsoa provinces ( boyko
2007 ) . the area of occupied habitat is approximately 1 , 040 km² and this is used as a proxy for the area of occupancy ( aoo ) . its extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is 8 , 600 km² . a team from the university of antananarivo recently identified the species ( in its ' green type ' form ) from the fokontany of sahambaky , commune of lakato , district of moramanga ( j . rasamy pers . comm . 2016 ) . additionally , it was recorded at ambatovy in toamasina province ( oliarinony
during the study by jones et al . ( 2007 ) , this species was never found to be particularly abundant : a maximum of 16 individuals were found during a two hour search period . there is no formal information since this time on population density or abundance . during two visits in 2009 and 2016 to lakato , the team from university of antananarivo found 56 and 13 individuals of the species , respectively , in four steams ( subpopulations ) with the help of the local people and reported that the species is not abundant ( c . h . ranaivoson pers . comn . 2016 ) . during a recent visit ( may 2016 ) to ambatovy in two stations four individuals ( three at one station and one at the second ) were found ( j . rasamy pers . comm . 2016 ) .
2007 ) . it can also been found in smaller rivers with deep pools . individuals are normally collected in areas of natural vegetation , although a single specimen has been collected from an irrigation channel in a rice field , and a number of specimens from a pine plantation ( jones
. ( 2007 ) it was found in burrows in sandy banks , up to a metre long with galleries running parallel to the bank .
. 2007 ) . eggs are laid in june or july , and carried for approximately four months , hatching in october or november . relative to other species of
2007 ) . during this same study 50 % of females were found to be reproductive at 65 mm carapace length .
the large size of this species makes it a valuable crayfish and it is thus harvested throughout its range both at commercial and subsistence levels . the study by jones et al . ( 2006 ) shows that less than 5 % of the harvested crayfish individuals in vohiparara , ranomafana were of this species . this is likely because of the low abundance of the species relative to species such as a . granulimanus . there have been no formal studies on the harvesting of this species but recent observations ( december 2015 ) at the village of vohiparara ( ranomafana ) suggest that the relative abundance of this species in the harvest has not changed ( j . jones pers . comm . 2016 ) .
2007 ) . in this same study this species was also found to have a very low abundance . crayfish harvesters ( both commercial and subsistence ) , admit to taking individuals bearing eggs , stating they are fatter and tastier . the crayfish reproductive period also overlaps with the hungry season in which food becomes scarce ( july to december ) ( jones
this species is also threatened by habitat loss ( land conversion for rice paddies ) as it appears to be dependent on forested habitat . due its association with large river systems , it is more at threat from water pollution than other
species which are typically found in headwater streams . malagasy crayfish are also subject to heavy predation pressure from a number of introduced species ( such as eels , rats and trout ) ( boyko
( local name : fibata ) . the asian snakehead is commonly found in large river systems , making this species of crayfish the most susceptible to predation pressure ( jones
were found within the vicinity of the malagasy capital , antananarivo , in 2005 . there is concern that
has spread rapidly in madagascar . the exact distribution is not known but many sites have been shown to have the species in the last few years ( from ambalavao in the south to bongolava in the northwest ) . within the range of the
is very widely distributed and continues to spread rapidly as people bring the invasive crayfish to new areas . recent reports ( 2015 ) show that people brought the crayfish from the district of fandriana , across the forest to the new protected area of nosivolo . the invasive species is now well established there ( h . andrianandrasana pers . comm . 2016 ) . as yet there are no verified sites where the invasive crayfish is found at the same locality as
in natural forest ) . however , we have some reports from local people that
species is 10 cm total length ( tl ) according to malagasy regulations . local rules and taboos control harvesting in some areas ( jones
monitoring of this species range and abundance is required to better understand the rate at which it is being lost . however , establishing a community led monitoring program may prove difficult as it is understood that time lost monitoring is time lost harvesting ( hockley
has been assessed as least concern . while this species has a restricted extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 7 , 165 km² , it is widespread within this area . additionally , it occupies a broader range of habitat types than other species of
. 2007a ) . this species occurs in watersheds draining to the east and west between latitudes 18° to 24° s and longitudes 46° to 48° e ( hobbs 1987 ) . this species is found in the toamasina , antananarivo and fianarantsoa provinces ( boyko
. 2007a ) . this species has an estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 7 , 165 km² .
during the study by jones et al . ( 2007a ) , this species was locally abundant with up to 85 individuals found during a two hour search period .
is a generalist species in terms of its habitat requirements , occupying forest streams , slow flowing rivers and occasionally swampy areas and rice fields or canals . it is most commonly found in areas of natural vegetation but has been recorded from pine or
eggs are laid during june to july and carried for four months , hatching in october to november . fifty percent of individuals become reproductive at 50 mm carapace length ( approximately six years old ) , and it can grow up to 75 mm carapace length ( cl ) , living up to 20 years old ( jones and coulson 2006 ) .
the species is heavily harvested throughout its range for food , from subsistence to commercial levels .
2009 ) though the true distribution may in fact extend further . there is concern that
2009 ) . action is needed to prevent the translocation of this species around the island .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species , but there is a national size limit for harvesting crayfish of 10 cm total length under malagasy regulations . many local level and traditional rules exist to govern the harvest of this species ( jones
petit , g . ( 1923 ) . description d ' une variété nouvelle de l ' ecrevisse malgache . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle zoologie , paris . pages 219 - 220 . [ details ]
crandall , k . a . & s . de grave . ( 2017 ) . an updated classification of the freshwater crayfishes ( decapoda : astacidea ) of the world , with a complete species list . journal of crustacean biology . [ details ]
is endemic to the eastern highlands of madagascar . it is found between latitudes 18 to 20 s , longitudes 46 to 49 e ( hobbs 1987 ) in the toamasina , antananarivo and fianarantsoa provinces ( boyko
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. 2007 ) . this species has an estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 5 , 200 km² . it is found at an elevational range of 190 - 1 , 186 m asl ( ravoahangimalala ramilijaona
during the study by jones et al . ( 2007 ) , this species was found to be locally abundant : a maximum of 90 individuals were found during a two hour search period .
2007 ) . eggs are laid in june to july , then carried for four months , hatching in october or november . this is the smallest of the malagasy crayfish species , growing to 53 mm carapace length ( boyko
. 2005 ) and reaching sexual maturity at 31 mm carapace length ( cl ) .
it is not as easy to catch this species as it is to catch others of the genus , but if individuals are caught they are consumed and sold locally ( c . h . ranaivoson pers . comm . 2016 ) .
is threatened by habitat loss , as the swampy areas utilised by this species are rapidly being converted into rice fields . this species is usually extirpated within 5 to 10 years following habitat conversion ( jones
. 2007 ) . it was once described as abundant within natural swamp systems close to forest or within the forest . some reports claim that this species has been extirpated from part of its range as there is no remaining suitable habitat . in addition , this species sensitivity to threats is exacerbated by a slow growth rate ( jones
. 2005 ) . the survival of native malagasy crayfish species is further compromised by the introduction of non - native crayfish species . species of
, however there is a national law preventing the harvesting of crayfish under 10 cm total length . local rules and taboos govern harvesting in some areas ( jones
this species is rare . ten individuals were caught in 2009 and this species was last recorded in 2010 when seven specimens were collected ( c . h . ranaivoson pers . comm . 2016 ) .
this species is harvested and consumed by local people in krisiasy village ( c . h . ranaivoson pers . comm . 2016 ) .
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the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
livingston , f . , livingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .
) . at none of the sample localities , was this species abundant . a max
monitoring of this species range and abundance is required to better understand the rate at which it is being lost . however , establishing a community led monitoring program may prove difficult as it is understood that time lost monitoring is time lost harvesting . contribution to monitoring is likely and therefore have little statistical power ( hockley
fetzner , j . w . 2008 . crayfish taxonomy browser . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : june ) .
iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .
jones , j . p . g . and coulson , t . 2006 . population regulation and demography in a freshwater crayfish from madagascar . oikos 112 : 602 - 611 .
jones , j . p . g . andriahajaina , f . b . and hockley , n . j . 2007b . the potential of native species aquaculture to achieve conservation objectives : freshwater crayfish in madagascar . international journal of biodiversity science and management 3 : 217 - 222 .
jones , j . p . g . , andriahajaina , f . b . , hockley , n . j . , balmford , a . p . and ravoahangimalala , o . r . 2005 . a multidisciplinary approach to assessing the sustainability of freshwater crayfish harvesting in madagascar . conservation biology 19 : 1863 - 1871 .
jones , j . p . g . , andriahajaina , f . b . , ranambinintsoa , e . h . , hockley , n . j . and ravoahangimalala , o . 2006 . the economic importance of freshwater crayfish harvesting in madagascar and the potential of community - based conservation to improve management . oryx 40 : 168 - 175 .
jones , j . p . g . , andriamarovololona , m . a . and hockley , n . j . 2008a . the role of taboos and social norms in conservation in madagascar . conservation biology 22 ( 976 - 986 ) .
jones , j . p . g . , andriamarovololona , m . m . , hockley , n . , gibbons , j . m . and milner - gulland , e . j . 2008b . testing the use of interviews as a tool for monitoring trends in the harvesting of wild species . journal of applied ecology 45 : 1205 - 1212 .
jones , j . p . g . , rasamy , j . r . , harvey , a . , toon , a . , oidtmann , b . , randrianarison , m . h . , raminosoa , n . and ravoahangimalala , o . r . 2009 . the perfect invader : a parthenogenic crayfish poses a new threat to madagascar ' s frehswater biodiversity . biological invasions 11 : 1475 - 1482 .
nystrom , p . 2002 . ecology . in : d . m . holdich ( ed . ) , biology of freshwater crayfish , pp . 1017 - 1024 . blackwell science , oxford .
ravoahangimalala ramilijaona , o . , rasoamampionona raminosoa , n . , rasamy , j . r . , andriamaro , l . and randrianasolo , h . 2007 . les ecrevisses de madagascar . serie sciences biologiques . antananarivo : recherches pour le developpement : université d ' antananarivo : conservation international madagascar .
monod , t . ; petit , g . ( 1929 ) . crustacea i . parastacidae . faune des colonies francaises . 3 ( 1 ) : 3 - 43 , 10 figures . , 3 plates . [ details ]
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christopher b . boyko 1division of invertebrate zoology , american museum of natural history , central park west at 79th street , new york , new york 10024 , u . s . a .
the scriptures are laid before thee , yea , and all things denote there is a god ; yea , even the earth , and all things that are upon the face of it , yea , and its motion , yea , and also all the planets which move in their regular form do witness that there is a supreme creator . —alma 30 : 44
on the 7th floor of the widtsoe building ( widb ) , on byu campus . sometimes i have to take dna samples down to the sequencing center on the sixth floor . many of the labs on the sixth floor do
( mouse over for definition ) . i walk past their posters and see drawings of the organisms they study and where they ( the organisms ) live . i felt like that kind of information should be available , so i made . svg maps using inkscape
and uploaded them to wikimedia commons ( the media repository for wikipedia ) . allow me to introduce them :
one of the most renowned biologists at byu , dr . keith a . crandall , is engaged in
( mouse over for definition ) . one of his students made a poster showing the distribution of the parastacidae ( which i copied ) :
they are freshwater crayfishes found mostly in or near australia , with a few species found in madagascar and south america . as i was creating this map , i discovered that there was a . png version already available
the genus cherax ( called yabbies ) has the widest distribution of any of the parastacids .
the genus engaeus ( tasmanian land crayfish ) is found only in the southeast of australia .
the genus euastacus ( spiny crayfish ) is only found in the southeast of australia .
if you don ' t know what an . svg file is or what the program inkscape is for , see my post
i didn ' t feel like bothering to create an article for any of the genera that didn ' t already have one . also , the image on the article for
has since been reverted since the original author of the article liked his low - res . png image better .
unless otherwise specified , this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial - noderivs 3 . 0 unported license .
it was marked as public domain or cc0 and is free to use . to verify , go to the source and check the information there .
the most thorough and comprehensive account of the natural history of madagascar yet , and it will set the standard for many years to come .
sprinkled with colour photographs , the natural history of madagascar is an extraordinary compendium , complete and complex . steven goodman and jonathan benstead cover geological and human histories , as well as all major groups of animals and plants . . . . the introductory chapters for each of the major taxonomic groups will help to guide the novice reader into the glories and safely past the specialist shoals . . . . this wonderful book provides a magnificent overview of one of the strangest and most glorious chunks of the planet - - a place that is so much more than a load of old lemurs .
in the natural history of madagascar researchers have captured the recent explosion of scientific knowledge about the unique organisms of this rugged island . in 1 , 700 pages , the book moves from the broad brush strokes of the island’s geological history to detailed accounts of its organisms , including its famous aye - aye lemurs , its fantastical baobab trees , and its twelve - foot - tall elephant bird .
for those who are serious about getting to know this fascinating island , there is no better resource than the natural history of madagascar . it is the closest thing to a comprehensive natural history of the region ever produced .
given the severe threats facing the survival of madagascar’s biodiversity , this book could not have come at a better time . . . . its accessible language and thorough coverage of the topics , in combination with its affordable price , ensures that the natural history of madagascar will become an indispensable resource and educational tool for all those with an interest in madagascar .
a scientific milestone and by far the largest synthesis of tropical biology research ever .
a vast and comprehensive work that will be a key reference on the country’s biodiversity for years to come . it will also stand testament to the future efforts of conservationists to protect the island’s unique natural heritage .
for anyone interested in the botany of madagascar , i would strongly recommend this book . it contains a vast amount of information on the flora of the island and is also a major source of references to literature on the madagascan flora .
as a resource . . . it stands alone . . . . this is no neo - colonial view of the island , but a modern , integrated - - both biologically and culturally - - look at one of the most fascinating places on earth . . . . the book is copiously illustrated with stunning colour photographs . . . . every scientist concerned with diversity should have this book on their shelves .
you may purchase this title at these fine bookstores . outside the usa , see our international sales information .
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university of chicago press : 1427 e . 60th street , chicago , il 60637
university of chicago press : 1427 e . 60th street chicago , il 60637 usa | voice : 773 . 702 . 7700 | fax : 773 . 702 . 9756
marbled crayfish , or marmorkrebs , are parthenogenic members of procambarus ( decapoda : cambaridae ) , an important genus of north crayfish ; i covered the nilotic shenanigans of p . clarkii , infamous lousiana expat , here and here .
i say “members” because they have no specific name — asexual , all - female mudbugs first discovered in german fish tanks in the ’90s tend to be iffy as far as taxonomists are concerned . this reproductive quirk , otherwise unheard of in decapod crustacea , has caught the attention of geneticists and developmental and evolutionary biologists on the lookout for model organisms ( see here ) .
their recent discovery in madagascar ( jones et al . , 2008 ) will do little for the blood pressure of the eighth continent’s already - beleagured wildlife advocates . the perfect invader : a parthenogenic crayfish poses a new threat to madagascar’s freshwater biodiversity , published august 2008 in biological invasions , has the score . in 2005 , university of antananarivo biologists noticed a strange new decapod being sold at markets near the capitol city . after a tip - off from japanese researchers who’d pronounced them marmorkrebs in early 2007 , a crack team of local and foreign investigators was soon on the ground . what they found was not pretty .
marmorkrebs ( sequencing of their 16s mtdna genes confirmed the id ) were found at 37 sites around antananarivo … “at very high density . ” their habitats were predominantly artifical or anthropogenically disturbed ( e . g . , drainage ditches and rice fields ) — as is often the case for invasive species ( byers , 2002 ) . they were probably introduced some time in 2003 , perhaps from a road - building project done by foreign contractors , but then again perhaps not . what was certain was this : like a metastasizing tumor , they were reproducing ( many captured were bearing eggs or young ) — and spreading ( brought live to market via major roads ) .
[ madagascar’s endemic crayfish ] are likely to suffer extremely high mortality . where plague has been introduced to non - immune populations , local extinctions have followed .
are voracious predators of tadpoles and aquatic invertebrates and may cause serious changes to aquatic ecosystems in general .
has been introduced in rice growing areas ( e . g . spain and portugal ) they have become an important pest of rice fields , damaging banks and disrupting irrigation through burrowing and eating seedlings .
[ from an e - mail shared by jim fetzner , assistant curator of crustacea at the carnegie museum of natural history , at the freshwater crayfish forum . ]
assays for a . astaci infection in madagascan marmorkrebs came back mercifully negative — though , the authors note , fixative solution could have affected their results ( jones et al . , 2008 ) …
what’s more , marmorkrebs were not found in “natural forest areas” — the stronghold of slower - reproducing native crayfish ( six times slower ( ! ) : jones et al . , 2008 ) . that this will remain the case is far from certain . jones and his colleagues were unable to make firm pronouncements on implications for either biodiversity or rice farming , but concluded that complete eradication would be “impossible or prohibitively expensive . ” marmorkrebs , they suggested , would continue to spread through human transportation ( overturned trucks on the way to market , cash - strapped farmers “seeding” ponds , and endless other scenarios ) in lieu of legal prohibition .
let’s set aside madagascar’s amazingly unique freshwater fish ( benstead et al . , 2003 ) and crab ( cumberlidge & von sternberg , 2002 ) fauna for a moment , and look just to its crawdads .
the day we bring our erasers to a distribution map drawn before the birth of the atlantic is the day there is no denying that we live , forevermore , in a planet of weeds . may it never come .
benstead , j . , de rham , p . , gattolliat , j . , gibon , f . , loiselle , p . , sartori , m . ,
bower , s . m . ( 2006 ) : synopsis of infectious diseases and parasites of commercially exploited shellfish : crayfish plague ( fungus disease ) . < urltoken >
byers , j . e . ( 2002 ) . impact of non - indigenous species on natives enhanced by anthropogenic alteration of selection regimes .
cumberlidge , n . , von sternberg , r . , 2002 . the freshwater crabs of madagascar ( crustacea : decapoda : potamoidea ) . zoosystema 24 ( 1 ) , 41–79 .
jones , j . , rasamy , j . , harvey , a . , toon , a . , oidtmann , b . , randrianarison , m . , et al . the perfect invader : a parthenogenic crayfish poses a new threat to madagascar’s freshwater biodiversity .
plentyoffish dating i am really enjoying the theme / design of your web site . ever run into any internet browser compatibility problems ? a number of my blog visitors have complained about my website not working correctly in explorer but looks great in safari . do you have any ideas to help fix this issue ?
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the freshwater ecosystems represent only 0 . 8 % of the earth ' s surface , but house nearly 6 % of all described species and are under severe pressure from multiple impacts , including : overexploitation , water pollution , flow modification , destruction or degradation of habitat , and invasion by exotic species [ 1 ] . freshwater ecosystems in areas such as the southeastern united states house a highly diverse array of fauna that exhibits high levels of endemism [ 2 ] . the fragmented nature of these habitats both drives speciation ( resulting in exceptional biodiversity ) and results in high susceptibility to habitat destruction and limited dispersal capability . the combination of these factors promotes an accelerated extinction rate ( on the order of 4 % per decade ) on par with extinction rates in tropical rainforests [ 3 ] . thus , freshwater habitats are critical to biodiversity , but are at extremely high risk and therefore are in need of conservation efforts .
crayfish are an important component of these endangered ecosystems and represent an opportunity to capitalize on our knowledge of their diversity ( taxonomic and phylogenetic ) to help assess relative conservation priorities for freshwater ecosystems as well as conservation priorities for these endangered species themselves [ 4 , 5 ] . crayfish play a central ecological role in many freshwater ecosystems and provide an important economic and cultural role in many communities [ 6 , 7 ] . indeed , they have been categorized as keystone species in stream communities both based on consumer activity [ 8 ] as well as directly through predation and indirectly through sediment bioturbation and increasing organic matter processing rates [ 9 ] . even in terrestrial systems , the freshwater crayfish play a significant role as ecological engineers [ 10 , 11 ] . unfortunately , both the freshwater ecosystems and the crayfish from around the world are under severe pressure and should be high priorities for conservation efforts .
in this study , we bring together recent crayfish phylogenetic studies with this underlying taxonomic framework to estimate a synthesis tree for all the freshwater crayfish ( taxonomy + phylogeny ) . with this synthesis tree , we map iucn endangered species status and test for associations with phylogenetic clades and taxonomic groups . additionally , we estimate a crayfish phylogram using genbank sequence data from across the freshwater crayfish to obtain branch length estimates and anchor these with divergence time estimates calibrated with extensive fossil data [ 17 ] . using the resulting chronogram , we estimate divergence and extinction rates across the freshwater crayfish . finally , by combining this phylogenetic information with phylogenetic diversity ( pd ) calculations and endangered status , we identify crayfish species that are especially evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered ( edge analysis ) [ 36 ] . therefore , our study effectively demonstrates the power of combining robust taxonomy with synthetic phylogeny to aid conservation assessment based on pd and endangerment assessment .
phylogenetic synthesis is the merging of multiple sources of phylogenetic information with an underlying taxonomy . thus , the generation of synthetic trees differs from supertree approaches [ 37 ] both conceptually as well as practically . supertrees treat multiple phylogenetic estimates as the ‘data’ for a new phylogenetic analysis resulting in the supertree without consideration of the underlying taxonomy . synthetic trees are the graphical uniting of multiple estimates of phylogeny without re - estimation and therefore they do not suffer from signal enhancement , where novel relationships can appear in the supertree that are not present in the input source trees [ 38 ] . instead , conflict can be visualized and traced back to the source trees without novel relationships being generated from conflicting source trees [ 39 ] . because the synthetic tree approach uses a taxonomy as the underlying backbone structure , conflicts in taxonomy can also be quickly identified .
published phylogenies representing 20 studies were uploaded as rooted newick [ 40 ] files and stored in the open tree of life study curator ( urltoken ) ( table 1 ) . the study curator is a database that provides infrastructure to store phylogenies and all metadata from phylogeny studies ( doi , title , year , etc . ) . it also provides a graphical user interface to map taxon names from uploaded source trees to a user - curated taxonomy . the open tree of life project ( opentreeoflife . org ) has generated a new user - curated taxonomy for arthropoda ( ott2 . 2 ) by combining and hand - curating public taxonomy databases such as the world register of marine species ( worms ) [ 41 ] , genbank and the global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) . this includes removing species from the taxonomy that are the result of spelling errors . this taxonomy provides flexibility for taxon mapping , including mapping to higher taxonomic ranks if the species designation is missing or in conflict with the ott . once studies are uploaded to phylografter and curated , they are exported from phylografter as nexml files [ 42 ] . the nexml files are loaded into treemachine ( urltoken ) to generate a graph database for all studies that were included in the synthesis , which also includes a nexml of the taxonomy . the source trees and taxonomy are then merged into a tree alignment graph [ 39 ] , according to a user pre - defined order , to generate a synthetic tree . those taxa not represented by a source tree are represented by the taxonomy graph in the synthetic tree .
in order to calculate pd measures , we require a tree with branch lengths . phylogeny branch lengths are estimates of genetic change along the branch of a phylogeny , usually specified in units of expected number of substitutions per site . the synthesis tree does not include branch length information currently ; therefore , we generated a crayfish phylogram using phlawd [
] to obtain a phylogeny with branch lengths that contains all species with sequence data from genbank . we removed intraspecific sequences and tried to retain only species because the phlawd method does not distinguish between species and intraspecific variants . this includes those new species that authors of previous crayfish studies identified as potential species , but may not be formally described . the loci assembled included portions of the three mitochondrial genes ( 12s , 16s and cytochrome
) ) and portions of two nuclear genes ( 18s and 28s ) . sequences for
3rd pos . a maximum - likelihood ( ml ) phylogeny was estimated in garli 2 . 0 [
analysis . multiple searches from random starting trees were conducted to ensure searches were not being trapped in local optima . branch support was assessed using 100 non - parametric bootstrap replicates [
] with the best ml tree . node calibrations included six fossils used in previous crayfish chronogram estimation studies [
] . these six calibration points spanned from mid triassic ( approx . 225 million years ago ( ma ) ) [
] assuming 40 % missing taxa based on those described species missing from the phylogeny . furthermore , we assumed the youngest genus was 9 . 95 ma old based on the chronogram estimate and the taxonomy used for the synthetic tree . the observed gamma statistic was compared with the null distribution of 1000 simulated birth–death trees using the ape module [
] . this method moves across a chronogram in intervals and for each interval calculates birth and death , while accounting for missing taxa . at the end of a cycle , the largest change in rate is recorded with the likelihood of the model . this process is continued for additional cycles with each cycle adding one more diversification rate change to the model , while conditioning on the rate changes previously identified in earlier iterations . a
- test was used to compare alternative models with different numbers of rate changes with three d . f . we set the maximum number of diversification rate changes to four , while estimating a birth–death model every 1 myr .
crayfish conservation priorities were assigned first by designating iucn red list status to each species retrieved from the iucn red list of threatened species v . 2013 . 2 [
] . the edge analysis ranks species according to their evolutionary distinctness by measuring the length of the branches leading to the tip taxa weighted by the number of descendants from each node , thereby calculating a probability that a species may go extinct . this calculation requires a probability of extinction which we assigned using a numerical designation associated with the iucn red list category [
] : least concern = 0 . 025 , near threatened = 0 . 05 , vulnerable = 0 . 1 , endangered = 0 . 2 and critically endangered = 0 . 4 . the hedge analysis ranks species based on their expected contribution to pd ; therefore , the metric aims to preserve species that contribute the most pd . the hedge calculation is an extension of probabilistic pd where the probability of extinction can reach 0 [
construction of the synthetic tree and curation of the taxonomy yielded 719 terminal taxa ( figure 1 ) . the terminal taxa consist of all 590 described species of freshwater crayfish [ 12 ] and multiple representatives of species with unique genbank identifiers from population level data . of the 719 taxa , 387 ( 60 % of all described species ) are unique species represented with publicly available sequence data . the genus procambarus is the largest genus with the lowest number of species with available sequence data ( 31 available / 178 species described ) .
synthetic tree consisting of the studies in table 1 and a combined taxonomy including worms , gbif and national center for biotechnology information taxonomies . colours indicate those species assigned an iucn red list status : black , extinct ; red , critically endangered ; orange , endangered ; brown , vulnerable ; yellow , near threatened ; blue , least concern ; and green , data deficient .
trimming . the bic favoured each partition subset as the best partitioning scheme . the ml tree strongly supported sister clades consisting of the northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere taxa ( bootstrap value ( bs ) = 100 ) ; however , branch support only favoured monophyly for one family (
) . this is similar to the northern hemisphere genera , but in the northern hemisphere the genera containing many species ( e . g .
] . bootstrap support greater than 70 % from 100 non - parametric bootstrap replicates shown .
the monte carlo constant rates test rejected the yule model with a single rate of diversification through time . a three - rate birth–death model fitted the branching times the best according to the χ 2 - test with changes in diversification rate occurring at 20 ma and 4 ma ( figure 3 ) . the death parameter increased towards the present , while the birth parameter decreases and then increases at the present . finally , the turnover rate ( death / birth ) is the greatest for the rate nearest the present .


bathyotica has several apomorphies , characteristics that distinguish it from more basal crurotarsans .

a prominent feature is the forward sloping of the quadrate and quadratojugal bones at the back of the skull .

the sloping bones open up a space called the otic recess , which is positioned behind the lower temporal fossa , a hole on the side of the skull behind the eye sockets .

members of bathyotica also lack a postfrontal bone .

in 2012 , the genus parringtonia was redescribed and found to be closely related to erpetosuchus .

both were united in the family erpetosuchidae .

however , the phylogenetic analysis in that paper resulted in erpetosuchidae being part of a polytomy with the two main branches of archosauria , pseudosuchia and avemetatarsalia , a distant position from crocodylomorpha .

however , this placement was uncertain and the exact phylogenetic position of erpetosuchus remains unclear because it possesses many autapomorphies or unique features that are not seen in other archosaurs .

nevertheless , a sister-taxon relationship between erpetosuchidae and crocodylomorpha required 13 extra steps in their analysis , making it very improbable .

even when erpetosuchus granti was solely used to represent erpetosuchidae , it was recovered as the sister taxon of aetosaurs + revueltosaurus , at the base of suchia .

bathyotica

this is the place for bathyotica definition . you find here bathyotica meaning , synonyms of bathyotica and images for bathyotica copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word bathyotica . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word bathyotica and , of course , bathyotica synonyms and on the right images related to the word bathyotica .
bathyotica is a clade of crurotarsan archosaurs that includes the superorder crocodylomorpha and its sister taxon erpetosuchus , a small triassic suchian . bathyotica was named in a 2002 phylogenetic study of erpetosuchus . the genus was found to be closely related to crocodylomorphs , and bathyotica was erected to encompass both taxa . bathyotica has . . .
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jalil & peyer , 2007 ; u . trias . nwaf . | | ` - - + - - †
brusatte et al . , 2010 , and gauthier et al . , 2011 | ? - †
c . li et al . , 2006 ` - - + - - + - - †
nesbitt & norell , 2006 ; u . trias . swna . ` - - †
long & murry , 1995 ( müller , 2003 , and nesbitt & norell , 2006 ) ] u . trias . swna .
von baczko , m . b . , desojo , j . b . & pol , d . , 2014 : anatomy and phylogenetic position of venaticosuchus rusconii bonaparte , 1970 ( archosauria , pseudosuchia ) , from the ischigualasto formation ( late triassic ) , la rioja , argentina . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 34 , # 6 , pp . 1342 - 1356 [ doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2014 . 860150 ]
nesbitt , s . j . , 2011 : the early evolution of archosaurs : relationships and the origin of major clades . –bulletin of the american museum of natural history : vol . # 352 , pp . 1 - 292 [ doi : 10 . 1206 / 352 . 1 ]
gauthier , j . a . , nesbitt , s . j . , schachner , e . , bever , c . s . & joyce , w . g . , 2011 : the bipedal stem crocodylian poposaurus gracilis : inferring function in fossils and innovation in archosaur locomotion . –bulletin of peabody museum of natural history : vol . 52 , # 1 , pp . 107 - 126
benton , m . j . & walker , a . d . , 2002 : erpetosuchus , a crocodile - like basal archosaur from the late triassic of elgin , scotland . –zoological journal of the linnean society : vol . 136 , # 1 , pp . 25 - 47
brusatte , s . l . , benton , m . j . , desojo , j . b . & langer , m . c . , 2010 : the higher - level phylogeny of archosauria ( tetrapoda : diapsida ) . –journal of systematic palaeontology : vol . 8 , # 1 , pp . 3 - 47 [ doi : 10 . 1080 / 14772010903537732 ]
brusatte , s . l . , butler , r . j . , sulej , t . & niedzwiedzki , g . , 2009 : the taxonomy and anatomy of rauisuchian archosaurs from the late triassic of germany and poland . –acta palaeontologica polonica : vol . 54 , # 2 , pp . 221 - 230 [ doi : 10 . 4202 / app . 2008 . 0065 ]
butler , r . , sullivan , c . , ezcurra , m . , liu , j . , lecuona , a . & sookias , r . , 2014 : new clade of enigmatic early archosaurs yields insights into early pseudosuchian phylogeny and the biogeography of the archosaur radiation . –bmc evolutionary biology : vol . 14 , # 1 , pp . 128 ( 1 - 16 ) [ doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 14 - 128 ]
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698
creisler , b . ( & poling , j . , ) 2003 : rauisuchia translation and pronunciation guide . ( updated : 2003 - 07 - 07 ) –inet : urltoken urltoken ; [ visited : 2006 - 01 - 27 ]
frança , m . a . g . , ferigolo , j . & langer , m . c . , 2011 : associated skeletons of a new middle triassic “rauisuchia” from brazil . –naturwissenschaften : vol . 98 , # 5 , pp . 389 - 395 [ doi : 10 . 1007 / s00114 - 011 - 0782 - 3 ]
gower , d . j . , 2002 : braincase evolution in suchian archosaurs ( reptilia : diapsida ) : evidence from the rauisuchian batrachotomus kupferzellensis . –zoological journal of the linnean society : vol . 136 , # 1 , pp . 49 - 76
gower , d . j . & nesbitt , s . j . , 2006 : the braincase of arizonasaurus babbitti – further evidence for the non - monophyly of ‘rauisuchian’ archosaurs . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 26 , # 1 , pp . 79 - 87
hunt , a . p . , lucas , s . g . & spielmann , j . a . , 2005 : the postcranial skeleton of revueltosaurus callenderi ( archosauria : crurotarsi ) from the upper triassic of arizona and new mexico , usa . pp . 67 - 75 in heckert , a . b . & lucas , s . g . , ( eds . ) 2005 : vertebrate paleontology in arizona . –new mexico museum of natural history and science bulletin : # 29 [ from abstract ]
maisch , m . w . , matzke , a . t . & rathgeber , t . , 2013 : re - evaluation of the enigmatic archosaur dyoplax arenaceus o . fraas , 1867 from the schilfsandstein ( stuttgart formation , lower carnian , upper triassic ) of stuttgart , germany . –neues jahrbuch für geologie und paläontologie - abhandlungen : vol . 267 , # 3 , pp . 353 - 362 [ doi : 10 . 1127 / 0077 - 7749 / 2013 / 0317 ]
nesbitt , s . j . , 2007 : the anatomy of effigia okeeffeae ( archosauria , suchia ) , theropod - like convergence , and the distribution of related taxa . –bulletin of the american museum of natural history : # 302 , pp . 1 - 84
nesbitt , s . j . , 2005 : osteology of the middle triassic pseudosuchian archosaur arizonasaurus babbitti . –historical biology : vol . 17 , # 1 - 4 , pp . 19 - 47
nesbitt , s . j . , 2003 : arizonasaurus and its implications for archosaur divergence . –proceedings of the royal society of london : biological series : vol . 270 ( supplement 2 ) , pp . s234 - s237
nesbitt , s . j . , sidor , c . a . , angielczyk , k . d . , smith , r . m . h . & tsuji , l . a . , 2014 : a new archosaur from the manda beds ( anisian , middle triassic ) of southern tanzania and its implications for character state optimizations at archosauria and pseudosuchia . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 34 , # 6 , pp . 1357 - 1382 [ doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2014 . 859622 ]
& norell , m . a . , 2006 : extreme convergence in the body plans of an early suchian ( archosauria ) and ornithomimid dinosaurs ( theropoda ) . –proceedings of the royal society of london : biological series : advanced online publication , pp . 1 - 4
nesbitt , s . j . , liu , j . & li . c . , 2011 : a sail - backed suchian from the heshanggou formation ( early triassic : olenekian ) of china . –earth and environmental science transactions of the royal society of edinburgh : vol . 101 , special issue 3 - 4 , pp 271 - 284
olsen , p . e . , sues , h . - d . & norell , m . a . , 2000 : first record of erpetosuchus ( reptilia : archosauria ) from the late triassic of north america . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 20 , # 4 , pp . 633 - 636
parrish , j . m . 1993 : phylogeny of the crocodylotarsi , with reference to archosaurian and crurotarsan monophyly . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 13 , # 3 , pp . 287 - 308
parker , w . g . , irmis , r . b . , nesbitt , s . j . , martz , j . w . & browne , l . s . , 2005 : the late triassic pseudosuchian revueltosaurus callenderi and its implications for the diversity of early ornithischian dinosaurs . –proceedings of the royal society of london : biological series : vol . 272 , pp . 963 - 969
peyer , k . , carter , j . g . , sues , h . - d . , novak , s . e . & olsen , p . e . , 2008 : a new suchian archosaur from the upper triassic of north carolina . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 28 , # 2 , pp . 363 - 381 [ doi : 10 . 1671 / 0272 - 4634 ( 2008 ) 28 [ 363 : ansaft ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 ]
sen , k . , 2005 : a new rauisuchian archosaur from the middle triassic of india . & 38211 ; palaeontology : vol . 48 , # 1 , pp . 185 - 196
sereno , p . c . 1991 : basal archosaurs : phylogenetic relationships and functional implications . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 11 , supplement to # 4 , memoir 2 . pp . ii - 53
sues , h . - d . , 1992 : a remarkable new armored archosaur from the upper triassic of virginia . –journal of vertebrate paleontology : vol . 12 , # 2 , pp . 142 - 149
sues , h . - d . , olsen , p . e . & kroehler , p . a . , 1994 : small tetrapods from the upper triassic of the richmond basin ( newark supergroup ) , virginia . 161 - 170 in fraser , n . c . & sues , h - d . ( eds . ) 1994 : in the shadow of the dinosaurs . –cambridge university press , new york . 1994 . x - 435
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dejongia lobidactylus is a moth of the pterophoridae family .

it is found in the north-eastern united states , quebec and ontario .

the wingspan is 17 – 20 millimetres ( 0.67 – 0.79 in ) .

the head is greyish-brown , with a white line over each eye .

the thorax is brown , although much lighter posteriorly .

the abdomen is dark brown , with diverging white lines on some of the segments .

the forewings are dark cinnamon brown .

an oblique stripe of pale yellow or white crosses the basal third of the first lobe , cutting the brown fringe on each side of the lobe .

traces of this stripe are sometimes seen on the second lobe , especially in the fringe on the hind margin .

there are also indications of a second stripe on the outer third of the lobes , as shown by a few light scales and the white in the fringes , which are dark elsewhere except on the apical end of the costa .

the hindwings and fringes are dark brown , with a cluster of black scales in the hind fringe a little beyond the middle , preceded by white and the fringe at the apex is also white .

adults are on wing from june to august .

the larvae have been recorded feeding on the terminal buds solidago species .

dejongia lobidactylus

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
one of two species found in america north of mexico . * list by debbie matthews at urltoken
adult : forewing bilobed , brown with white patches - distinguishing features include horizontal white strip on upper half of upper lobe at apex , and vertical white strip on lower half of lower lobe near apex ; top of thorax brown with white posterior border ; top of abdomen brown with dark brown patches near middle , and four pairs of short white streaks straddling midline ; hindwing with three deeply - incised lobes ( hindwing completely hidden beneath forewing in live moths at rest ) ; hindleg white with tufted brown
collar
and long projecting white spine at each joint ; antennae white with narrow dark rings on basal half , and wide dark rings on distal half .
bold - barcode of life data systems - collection map and photos of pinned adults .
presence in michigan ; pdf doc list listed under trichoptilus ( mogens nielsen , michigan state u . )
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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gielis , c . 2003 . pterophoroidea and alucitoidea . in world catalogue of insects , vol . 4 . apollo books , stenstrup , denmark , 198 pp .
poole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .
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noticed this tiny moth on a blind on my front door . minto aug 3 , 2017 . its still there . i ' ve never seen a moth that looks like this . . . cool looking critter !
it looks like lobed plume moth on page 127 of pfg to moths . its 18 mm wing tip span .
it lacks the white tips on the fw , but i can ' t see what else it could be .
oh dear ! with such a high quality image of a small species i ' m afraid you will have to become a moffer ; we need your imaging .
thanks tony and joanne ! i did use the tamron 180mm and did use your suggestion of f22 and a yongnu flash . that does work really nice . need a couple of remote flashes to get rid of the shadows ha ! i suppose i could have cooled the critter down like i think some of you do . . . then put it in a styrofoam cup with the flash mounted remotely outside the cup . that does work fantastic . i have tried it a few times as i do have a yongnu wireless flash trigger . no shadows whatsoever !
nice pics jd . i shot one a couple of days ago , but haven ' t gotten around to actually looking at it ; don ' t think it was this one though .
then again , maybe it was the same one . ( hjf forestry centre )
nice image danny ! looks pretty much the same but i ' m no moth id guy .
i captured one last evening as well , but haven ' t inspected it yet . great images jimmy !
thanks imelda ! i bought one of these jewelers loupes . . . really awesome to inspect little things . . . . and very inexpensive too . see them here on amazon .
wow jimmy ! ! impressive images ! haven ' t seen this guy . . . only the all white and orange / white . looks like imelda has the same one , along with danny .
ps . . . just noticed danny ' s has the white fw tips .


nordstromia recava is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by watson in 1968 .

it is found in china ( zhejiang , jiangsu ) .

the length of the forewings is 15.5-19.5 mm for males and 18-18.5 mm for females .

the ground-colour of both the fore - and hindwings is pale lustrous grey , densely irrorated with longer scales , the latter pale greyish brown at the base and greyish white distally .

the costa is orange-buff and the apical part of the outer margin and costal patches are dark brown .

the fascia are yellowish brown with a yellow distal border to the postmedial fascia , and a yellow proximal border to the antemedial fascia .

nordstromia recava

nordstromia duplicata ( warren , 1922 ) = albara duplicata warren , 1922 = albara olivacea warren , 1922 = nordstroemia duplicata .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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theisoa multifasciella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by chambers in 1875 .

it was described by zeller in 1873 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from texas .

the base of the forewings is brownish red .

the forewings are banded with alternate wide fasciae of white and brownish red , the brownish red fascial being margined rather narrowly behind with dark brown .

the hindwings are pale greyish fuscous .

theisoa multifasciella

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
head : brownish yellow , becoming paler on the face around the mouth . palpi externally brown , internal surface white . antennae alternately brown and silvery white .
wings : basal area brownish red . the forewings are banded with alternate wide fasciae of white and brownish red , the brownish red fasciae being margined rather narrowly behind with dark brown . including the brownish red on the base of the wings , there are four fasciae of that hue and three white ones and the tip of the wing is also white . hind wings and ciliae of the forewings pale grayish fuscous .
abdomen : brown , the tip and posterior margin of each segment being white .
under surface of the wings : dull brown , that of the hindwings shining grayish fuscous .
v . t . chambers , 1875 . the canadian entomologist . 7 ( 5 ) : 93 .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
by karsholt , o . , m . mutanen , s . lee , & l . kaila
abstract here conclusions from this paper :
based on our findings , and considering them against earlier classifications to make a minimum number of changes , we separate the family gelechiidae into seven subfamilies ( physoptili - nae , anacampsinae , dichomeridinae , apatetrinae , thiotrichi - nae , anomologinae , gelechiinae ) ( fig . 2 ) . the pexicopiinae is according to our data a subordinate clade ( pexicopiini ) within the apatetrinae . for the clade consisting of thiotricha and macrenches we propose thiotrichinae subfam . nov .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 20 march , 2013 - 12 : 29am
contributed by maury j . heiman on 22 february , 2013 - 1 : 22pm
the moths of america north of mexico : fascicle 7 . 1 , revision of north american gelechiidae family and . . .
the moths of america north of mexico : fascicle 7 . 1 , revision of north american gelechiidae family and its three subfamilies . urltoken bioquip
contributed by maury j . heiman on 19 january , 2011 - 12 : 38pm
portions available on google book search . although clearly most relevant for europe , this book also covers some holarctic moths present in our region .
phylogeny and feeding trait evolution of the mega - diverse gelechioidea ( lepidoptera : obtectomera ) . . .
by sohn , j . c . , j . c . regier , c . mitter , d . adamski , j . f . landry , m . heikkilä , k . t . park , t . harrison , k . mitter , a . zwick , a . y . kaw
sohn , j . c . , j . c . regier , c . mitter , d . adamski , j . f . landry , m . heikkilä , k . t . park , t . harrison , k . mitter , a . zwick , a . y . kawahara , s . cho , m . p . cummings & p . schmitz , 2016 . phylogeny and feeding trait evolution of the mega - diverse gelechioidea ( lepidoptera : obtectomera ) : new insight from 19 nuclear genes . systematic entomology , 41 ( 1 ) : 112–132 . abstract and link to fee based access here . cite : 1412991
adult : slender lance - shaped wings with long fringe of hair - like scales ; brown with yellowish and darker brown markings .
pinned adult image of t . constrictella by sangmi lee ( moth photographers group )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


the pungu ( pungu maclareni ) is a species of cichlid endemic to lake barombi mbo in cameroon where it prefers shallow waters of about 1 to 3 metres ( 3.3 to 9.8 ft ) in depth .

it feeds on invertebrates , sponges , diatoms and macrophytes .

this species can reach a length of 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) sl .

it is currently the only known member of its genus , but it is very close to sarotherodon .

the pungu is threatened because of pollution and sedimentation from human activities .

konia , myaka and stomatepia are three other equally threatened genera of cichlids that also are endemic to lake barombi mbo .

pungu

pungu maclareni is a demersal fish that inhabits the shallow water of the lake shore , ( less than 4 m deep ) . it feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates ( mayfly , caddis and chironomid midge larvae ) , and the females are mouth brooders .
teugels , g . g . , 1991 . pungu . p . 420 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 4998 )
lake barombi mbo is at risk from the effects of introduced crustaceans and fishes , siltation from local deforestation and water pollution , all of which pose a threat to p . maclareni , ( duker and borre 2001 ) . the small size of the lake renders it particularly vulnerable to siltation due to land - use change or water extraction for agriculture and domestic use : lake level fluctuations in lake barombi mbo have impacted fish breeding sites ( dudgeon et al . 2006 ) . pungu maclareni is also collected from lake barombi mbo for the aquarium trade .
this is currently the only described species in the genus pungu . because of it’s its tiny natural range , habitat destruction due to excess water removal ( the nearby town of kumba relies on the lake for it’s water supply ) , deforestation , the introduction of non - native species and overfishing , it is considered to be critically endangered and all efforts at captive breeding are to be encouraged . it is correspondingly rare in the hobby , and we suggest purchasing some only if you intend to breed the fish and distribute the offspring wisely . the area around lake barombi mbo may be designated a protected area in the future , but at time of writing this had not occured .
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critically endangered b1ab ( iii ) + 2ab ( iii ) ver 3 . 1
snoeks , j . , laleye , p . & contreras - macbeath , t .
justification : assessed as critically endangered due to its very restricted geographic range . lake barombi mbo is 4 . 53 km 2 and therefore qualifies for critically endangered under criteria b1 and b2 . this can be considered to be one location , as it is highly likely that the entire lake would be effected by pollution or any other negative impact . introduced species , siltation , water pollution and water extraction all contribute to a continuing decline in the quality of this species habitat .
this species is endemic to lake barombi mbo ( which has a surface area of 4 . 53 km 2 ) , in west cameroon .
the global population is decreasing within its restricted range , although detailed numbers are lacking .
snoeks , j . , laleye , p . & contreras - macbeath , t . 2009 .
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minecraft | pingus ! ( penguins that mine , build & explode ! ) | mod showcase [ 1 . 6 . 2 ]
named in reference to p . i . r maclaren , collector of the male holotype in 1948 ( ref . 53949 )
freshwater ; demersal , usually 1 - 3 m ( ref . 52307 ) . tropical ; 28°c - 30°c ( ref . 26185 )
africa : endemic to lake barombi mbo , west cameroon ( ref . 81260 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 26185 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 15 - 17 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 10 - 11 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 9 ; vertebrae : 29 . diagnosis : mouth terminal ( ref . 26185 , 53940 ) . distinctive fleshy lips ( ref . 26185 , 52307 ) , from which protrude rows of outwardly directed jaw teeth ( ref . 26185 , 53949 ) . inner jaw teeth usually with 3 subequal cusps , outer row notched in juveniles but with simple replacements in adults ( ref . 26185 , 53940 ) . 7 - 8 lower outer teeth , 12 - 23 upper outer teeth ; blade and dentigerous area of lower pharyngeal bone subequal , with slender teeth , firm and unicuspid posteriorly ; colour variable , often silver - yellow ( pale or intense ) with dusky mottling concentrated on head and , to a lesser extent , midline ( ref . 26185 ) . no tilapia - spot on dorsal fin ( ref . 26185 , 52307 , 53940 , 53949 ) . metallic blue highlights on operculum , dorsal and caudal fins ( ref . 26185 ) .
usually found in smaller groups ( ref . 52307 ) in shallow waters of lake shore ( < 4 m deep ) ( ref . 26185 ) . feeds mainly on benthic invertebrates ( mayfly , caddis and chironomid midge larvae ) ( ref . 26185 ) and the endemic sponge corvospongilla thysi ( ref . 53950 , 58527 , 81260 ) , but diatoms and terrestrial macrophytes are also sometimes eaten in quantity ( ref . 26185 ) . maternal ( ref . 52307 ) mouthbrooder ( ref . 13614 , 52307 , 58527 ) .
eggs green ( ref . 26185 , 53940 , 58527 ) and ovoid , large ( 4x3mm ) and few in number ( ref . 26185 , 53940 ) . female is mouthbrooding ( ref . 13614 ) , but possibly variable biparental mouthbrooder ( variably one of the parents or both incubate eggs ) ( ref . 58527 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 30 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .
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cameroon . it is endemic to lake barombi mbo , a volcanic crater lake with a diameter of just 3 miles .
30″ x 12″ x 12″ ( 75cm x 30cm x 30cm ) – 70 litres .
not much is written about the fish’s natural biotope . we suggest a sandy substrate with some piles of rockwork arranged to form caves and hiding places .
the species has developed unique dentition to allow it to consume freshwater sponges that exist abundantly in the lake . in the aquarium it is reckoned that a herbivorous diet is best ; apparently the fish can develop internal problems if fed with too many high - protein foods . small meals of live and frozen foods such as bloodoworm or daphnia can be offered , but should be considered a “treat” rather than a staple part of the diet .
it is best kept in a species tank to give you the highest possible chances of a successful spawn .
not easily sexed . it is the only known cichlid in which both sexes exhibit a yellow and black colouration . the easiest way to sex it is by observing its behaviour , or by analysis of the vents , although this approach is for the expert fishkeeper only .
has been achieved in captivity but little information is available . it’s a maternal mouthbrooder .
unusually for a fish it has been proven that it developed as a direct result of hybridisation between 2 other species . it also exhibits unique ( among cichlids ) adaptations to the mouthparts , having enlarged jaw muscles and small teeth which are used to tear small chunks from it’s characteristic diet of freshwater sponges ( another feature particular to this species ) .
i remember seeing this image and thinking it looked like mark was floating . and then i thought about how hard it is to do mayurasana let alone to balance on one arm like that . so of course when i caught up with mark in goa recently i just had to find out how to do it . knowing is one thing and doing is quite another . good luck with this one 🙂
mark robberds is a certified ashtanga yoga teacher and takes workshops and retreats around the world . you can find out more about his coming events on his website urltoken .
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the taxonomic information and the basic database has been provided by ; e - mail : igor sheremetyev ; this is a conversion from a database dump , and there are probably many odd things as result of automatic conversion .


atelomycterus erdmanni , also known as the spotted-belly catshark is a catshark of the family scyliorhinidae .

it is found in eastern indonesia .

this species differs from atelomycterus baliensis in having white spots present over the body a larger first dorsal fin , paired fins closer together , and pelvic fin farther apart from the ventral caudal-fin origin .

a. erdmanni differs from atelomycterus marmoratus in having far less numerous white spotting a larger first dorsal fin , and the clasper glans about half length of clasper outer margin .

spotted - belly catshark

another identifying feature is the presence of small spots on the underside of the body giving this species of atelomycterus the common name of spotted - belly catshark .
a new species of catshark was formally described by fahmi and white last week . the spotted - belly catshark is most closely related to coral and bali catshark and is distributed in eastern indo waters . i am working on posting more info and more of my pics on my site linked in my signature also . the paper is common access and the link is below . urltoken
very cool - as this basically means that the species we have previously known as the coral catshark is actually two species - the spotted - belly catshark and the coral catshark . i ' m also not surprised that there are now 6 different species of atelomycterus . in fact - iirc there is at least 1 more unnamed species of atelomycterus - which has yet to be formally described .
that is very cool . there was a reefbuilders article on it a few weeks ago . i also saw you added a banded sand catshark . the shark has an awesome pattern .
fahmi and w . t . white , 2015 . atelomycterus erdmanni , a new species of catshark ( scyliorhinidae : carcharhiniformes ) from indonesia . j . ocean sci . found . 14 : 14 - 27 . ( ref . 100516 )
the new catshark is the first new species of shark from indonesia since the description of hemiscyllium halmahera , also in eastern indonesia . the type specimens of atelomycterus erdmanni were collected in from manodo in northern sulawesi indonesia but the species has also been sighted from lembeh strait and bunaken islands in north sulawesi , and from ambon in the maluku islands .
sexual maturity is reached for males at about 94cm and females up to 101 cm . the mode of reproduction is oviparous . females in japan were found to carry eggs year round excluding october . egg cases are 5 . 5 – 7 cm wide and 14 cm in length , with tendrils at each corner . my first blotchy swell shark neonate was 18 cm upon hatching , considerably large , especially for a catshark .
the cloudy catshark is distributed within the northwest pacific from japan , china , korea to taiwan at the bottom of the continental shelf at depths of 100m to 320m . being a smaller species only reaching up to 48cm , it has a narrow body and a brownish dorsal side with ten irregular saddles and smaller light brown spots varying in size . males reach sexual maturity at about 42 cm and females 40 cm . the mode of reproduction is oviparous , with one egg being produced for each oviduct . females lay eggs in pairs usually no more then 24 hours apart . the embryos are sealed in jelly unit about 103 days before the egg starts to respire through four respiratory slits . eggs take 214 days at 60°c to hatch . in captivity , neonates take well to myisis shrimp for a first meal followed by cuttlefish tentacles and everything else the adults eat mushed down to size . adults enjoy various fish such as mackerel and sardines , shrimp and squid .
greek , ateles = imperfect + greek , mykter = nose ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 3 - 62 m ( ref . 100516 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 50 . 1 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 100516 ) ; 50 . 8 cm tl ( female )
observed by dive operators in north sulawesi and ambon on night dives at depths of 3 to 15 m ( ref . 100516 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00324 ( 0 . 00159 - 0 . 00657 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 39 of 100 ) .
observed by dive operators in north sulawesi and ambon on night dives at depths of 3 to 15 m ( ref . 100516 ) .
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the new species is names after mark erdmann , a prolific diver , underwater explorer and ichthyologist who has also been honored with his name on a blenny , on a goby and dottyback .
atelomycterus erdmanni is closely related to a . baliensis and a . marmoratus but it is distinguished by having several large white spots which are nearly ringed by a black outline and smaller black spots along the dark grey - brown body giving the fish a distinctive and very pretty color pattern .
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one can see the ontogeneity of a neonate that is several weeks old . the stripes on its dorsal side become lighter . these bands will fade again with maturity and its black spots will become predominant .
below we can see the very rare finding of a twin with in a single shark egg . and a short video displaying the twin scyliorhinus torazame egg .
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a unique forum soley dedicated to the captive keeping of sharks & rays in the home aquaria .
discess the different species of sharks , skates & rays , and their captive care .