theretra clotho is a moth of the family sphingidae .

it is found from sri lanka , india ( including the andaman islands ) , nepal and myanmar , east through china to taiwan , south korea and japan , and then south-east through south east asia as far as the lesser sunda islands and timor in indonesia .

an uncommon migrant may be found up to northern china ( this range includes theretra celata , which is sometimes treated as a valid species ) .

the habitat consists of open forests , forest edges , orchards , plantations , wooded scrubs , suburban gardens and city parks .

theretra clotho

the biology of theretra clotho clotho ( drury ) and theretra alecto alecto ( l . ) ( lepidoptera : sphingidae ) in taiwan
theretra clotho drury sphinx clotho drury , 1773 , illustr . ex . ins . , 2 : 48 . theretra clotho drury ; rothschild & jordan , 1903 : 769 .
home » the biology of theretra clotho clotho ( drury ) and theretra alecto alecto ( l . ) ( lepidoptera : sphingidae ) in taiwan
the biology of theretra clotho clotho ( drury ) and theretra alecto alecto ( l . ) ( lepidoptera : sphingidae ) in taiwan | sphingidae taxonomic inventory
[ this species is replaced in the philippines by theretra clotho vincenti vaglia & liyous , 2010 . ]
note . two distinct subspecies were previously recognized , the nominate form theretra clotho clotho , which ranges from pakistan to timor ( d ' abrera , 1986 ) , and the more yellow theretra clotho celata ( butler ) , which is distributed from the maluku islands east to vanuatu and south to australia ( d ' abrera , 1986 ) . both are now regarded as distinct species ( vaglia , haxaire , kitching & liyous , 2010 ) . the philippine population has been accorded subspecific status within theretra clotho , as theretra clotho vincenti ( vaglia & liyous , 2010 ) .
the same research has also shown that the taxon previously known as ' theretra clotho clotho ' consists of two cryptic species , the more southern theretra clotho clotho , which just enters tropical southern china , and the more northern theretra tibetiana ( vaglia & haxaire , 2010 ) , which occurs from xizang / tibet across central and eastern china to taiwan and japan ( vaglia , haxaire , kitching & liyous , 2010 ) . they are visually almost impossible to tell apart .
in other words , very similar to theretra tibetiana ; however , theretra tibetiana can be distinguished by its more rounded shape , its darker colour ( more slate grey ) , the generally thicker postmedial line , and the characteristic shape of its genitalia . on the forewing underside there are usually three postmedial lines rather the two as found in theretra clotho . the background colour of the wing undersides is pinkish - brown or pinkish - grey ( yellow , ocher or orange in theretra clotho ) , and speckled with fine , dark spots ( vaglia & haxaire , 2010 ) . there are far fewer of the latter in theretra clotho .
theretra clotho at the texas a & m ; university insect collection in college station , texas . image by shawn hanrahan - some rights reserved . ( view image details )
jennifer hammock split the classifications by urltoken import , bolds resource for species - level taxa , bolds resource for species - level taxa , and inaturalist images from theretra clotho drury 1773 to their own page .
a taxonomic revision of thereta rhesus ( boisduval , [ 1875 ] ) , t . clotho ( drury , 1773 ) and t . boisduvalii ( bugnion , 1839 ) is proposed . three new species are described : t . acuta n . sp . , t . catherinae n . sp . and t . tibetiana n . sp . , and a new subspecies , t . clotho vincenti n . ssp . the lectotype of choerocampa rhesus is designated . theretra clotho celata ( butler , 1877 ) is elevated to species rank and theretra babarensis eitschberger , 2005 synonymised with it as a subspecies . theretra sumatrensis joicey & kaye , 1917 is reinstated to species status from synonymy with t . boisduvalii and theretra mercedes eitschberger , 2002 synonymised with it as a melanic form .
theretra javanica rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : java
theretra obliterata rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : sierra leone
also very similar to theretra boisduvalii ( bugnion , 1839 ) , with which it is totally sympatric ; however , in theretra boisduvalii the oblique forewing band is much less distinct , or even broken up into a series of streaks .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . theretra clotho drury , 1773 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
theretra orpheus pelius rothschild & jordan , 1903 ; novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 787 ; tl : cameroons
theretra manilae ; [ hmw ] ; eitschberger , 2000 , neue entomologische nachrichten , 48 : pl . 14 , f . 3a - b
theretra hausmanni eitschberger , 2000 ; neue entomologische nachrichten , 48 : 101 , pl . 14 , f . 1a - b , 2a - b
sphinx clotho drury , 1773 , illust . nat . hist . exot . insects 2 : index [ 91 ] . type locality : [ india , tamil nadu , ] madras [ chennai ] .
gnathothlibus , daphnis , elibia , acosmeryx , gehlenia , panacra , angonyx , empinanga , eurypteryx , giganteopalpus , macroglossum , hippotion , theretra , rhyncholaba , rhagastis , cechenena .
theretra orpheus scotinus rothschild & jordan , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 294 , pl . 20 , f . 6 ; tl : ilesha , south nigeria
theretra nessus ; moore , 1882 , lepid . ceylon 2 ( 1 ) : 22 , pl . 86 , f . 1 ; rothschild & jordan , 1903 , 765 ; [ hmw ]
theretra natashae paukstadtorum eitschberger , 2000 ; atalanta 31 ( 3 / 4 ) : 497 , pl . xxii , f . 1 ; tl : lombok , w . slope of mt . rinjani ( 3726m ) , baun bussuk
wingspan : 70 - - 100mm . head and thorax greenish - brown , with a white lateral stripe from palpus to rear of thorax . abdomen also greenish - brown , upperside with a pair of black lateral patches at base ( unlike theretra celata ) . forewing upperside ground colour olive - green to greyish - green ; postmedian lines generally weak , except for the fourth , which is conspicuous and runs to the apex of the wing where it merges with the oblique apical line . forewing underside with blackish - brown basal area generally more extended than in theretra celata . hindwing upperside with buff median band more abbreviated anteriorly than in theretra celata , not extending anterior of m3 . antennae and legs white .
theretra mercedes eitschberger , 2002 ; neue ent . nachr . 53 : 55 , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 3 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : indonesia , sumabwa , nusa tenggara barat , tembora mts . , 925m
male genitalia similar to those of theretra indistincta indistincta . uncus sinuate . gnathos pointed . valve with numerous , narrow stridulatory scales . harpe truncate , dorsal edge more or less notched , with no free process . aedeagus with a long patch of proximally directed teeth ; the central point of each tooth much longer than the lateral ones and curved .
adults are on the wing from april / may until october throughout the southern chinese range of this species . kendrick ( 2002 ) states that it is multivoltine in hong kong , occurring from april until late october , with peaks in mid april , late may , mid august , and mid october , although some of these records may be of theretra tibetiana .
frequents open forest , forest edge , orchards , plantations , wooded scrub , suburban gardens and city parks . a species which likes warm humid areas , being confined to regions with medium to heavy rainfall ( bell & scott , 1937 ) . they avidly visit flowers at and after dusk ( bell & scott , 1937 ) and may sometimes be attracted to light .
china : iv - x ( hong kong ) ; vi ( yunnan ) ; vii ( guizhou ; hong kong ) ; viii - ix ( guangdong ) .
ovum : pale green , changing to yellowish green just before hatching . slightly oval ( 1 . 8 x 2 . 0mm ) , shiny and finely pitted ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
larva : full - fed 75 - - 85mm , width 12mm , horn 9mm . according to bell & scott ( 1937 ) , in the first instar honey - yellow , but green after feeding ; horn black , long , straight , minutely bifid . in the second instar , head and body yellowish - green . there is a narrow yellow dorso - lateral stripe , with a black eye - spot , ringed with white , on segment 5 . by the third instar , head and body pale green , with short , dark green lines . a dark green dorsal stripe is present , as is a pale dorso - lateral stripe from segment 6 to base of horn . there is an eye - spot on segment 5 , which is enamel - white with a large black pupil , in the middle of which is a longitudinally elongate - oval blue spot , the whole being edged narrowly with dark green above , black below . a much smaller eye - spot occurs on 6 and further eye - spots of decreasing size on 7 to 11 ; these are white edged above with black . horn , long , straight , black with base orange except for a brown dorsal spot ; end red with the extreme tip white . in the fourth instar , head green , body grass - green dotted with pale yellow ; dorso - lateral stripe yellow ; eye - spot on 5 yellow with green pupil , in which there is a horizontal blue line , the whole edged narrowly with black . horn long , thin , minutely bifid , slightly up - curved , base blood - red , then fuscous shading to black , tip yellow or pink . the ground colour varies a good deal and there may be blind eye - spots on segments 6 to 11 .
in the fifth and final instar , head slightly shiny , covered sparsely with minute rounded tubercles . clypeus one - half length of head , apex very acute , basal angles slightly rounded ; apex of false clypeus forming an arch over that of true clypeus ; labrum one - third as long as and as broad as clypeus , longitudinally corrugate ; ligula longer than labrum , elongate kidney - shaped ; cutting - edge of mandible slightly waved . body dull and smooth , shaped as in others of the genus . horn of medium length , sharply down - curved , stout at base , tapering gently to near the tip where it narrows sharply to a point ; surface dull , covered sparsely with small tubercles ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
in the green form , head glaucous - green ; labrum and ligula honey - yellow ; basal segment of antenna green , other segments rusty ; mandible green with the tip reddish - brown ; eye 1 whitish , the rest black . body glaucous - green or yellowish - green , speckled with darker green on segments 6 to 11 . there is a narrow interrupted dark green dorsal stripe from 6 to base of horn , and a large dorso - lateral shortly - oval eye - spot on 5 . the pupil of this is dark green , with a pale blue stripe , edged with darker blue , running horizontally across it . the pupil itself is edged with a broad ring of primrose - yellow , at the lower edge of which is a narrow crescent of crimson ; the whole edged narrowly with dark green or black . there are small dorso - lateral , longitudinally oval , pale yellow blind eye - spots or dots ( edged above with green ) on 6 to 11 , but these are sometimes missing , sometimes on 6 only . running between these is an obscure whitish or yellowish dorso - lateral stripe , broken by the yellow spots , from 6 to base of horn . horn pale purple ; true legs purple with a yellow band on the basal segment . spiracles pale earth - colour , edged in front and behind for half their length with rose - colour or purple ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
in the rarer dark form the green body - colour is replaced by dull brown , and there are dark brown oblique patches on abdominal segments 3 - 8 ( bell and scott , 1937 ) .
in full - fed larvae the anterior segments are not so strongly retractile as in others of the genus , and when in the resting position the anterior segments are more contracted ventrally than dorsally the head being held with the face directed downwards . the larva has the peculiar power of inflating the thoracic eye - spots at will , so that they become quite prominently convex ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
larvae tend to be found on vines cascading over walls or hanging down from trees . at night they often crawl to the end of shoots , where they can be easily seen . by day they conceal themselves deep in the foliage , resting with the head tucked up under the thorax .
pupa : 60 mm , width 14 mm . according to bell & scott ( 1937 ) , head , thorax and wing - case soiled brown , with mottling of a much paler shade , except on tongue - case . abdomen of a bone - colour , suffused and lined with soiled brown except on dorsum and round the spiracles . there is a broad , ill - defined , greenish dorsal stripe ; a round , pale yellow subdorsal spot near the front margins of 6 to 10 ; hind , bevels of 8 to 10 dull yellow speckled with black , front bevels of 9 to 11 pink mottled with brown ; spiracles black ; cremaster with basal half yellowish , distal half black .
formed in a flimsy , brown cocoon amongst debris on the ground . the pupa is lightly attached to one end of the cocoon by the points of the cremaster .
larval hostplants . recorded in guangdong and hong kong on amorphophallus , hibiscus , parthenocissus , saurauia and vitis ( mell , 1922b ; tennent , 1993 ; waring et al . , 1994 ) . chu & wang ( 1980 ) also listed cissus . elsewhere , other major hostplant families include actinidiaceae , araceae , begoniaceae and dilleniaceae .
recorded in singapore from cissus hastata ( leong tzi ming , pers . comm . 2010 ) .
china : shanghai ; zhejiang ( hangzhou ) ; yunnan ( laojun shan , 2579m ; nr . jinping , 2155m ; ganlanba ; simao / pu ' er ; gaoligong shan ) ; fujian ( fuzhou ) ; guangdong ( guangzhou ) ; hong kong ; hainan .
from northern pakistan ( rafi et al . , 2014 ) , sri lanka and india ( including the andaman islands ( kailash chandra & rajan , 2004 ; pathania , sunita sharma & gill , 2014 ) ) , east though nepal , bhutan and myanmar / burma to tropical southern china and hong kong , then through south east asia and indonesia as far east as sumba .
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lucas , t . p . 1891 ,
butterflies and moths . descriptions of two new butterflies and nine new sphingidae or hawk moths found in queensland
, pp . 1 - 4
kirby , w . f . 1877 ,
notes on the new or rare sphingidae in the museum of the royal dublin society , and remarks on mr butler ' s recent revision of the family
, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1877 , no . 3 , pp . 233 - 244
butler , a . g . 1875 ,
descriptions of new species of sphingidae
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1875 , pp . 238 - 261
rothschild , l . w . 1894 ,
notes on sphingidae , with descriptions of new species
, novitates zoologicae , vol . 1 , pp . 65 - 98 pls 5 - 7
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bcc750fa - df7d - 4742 - ac96 - b6534bb8ae0b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f92307ba - 5085 - 4c24 - af62 - 3af4719c8ae4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8f5a31f8 - a78c - 4350 - 849b - 9c8f3bc0f3be
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 306263
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diagnosis . see t . boisduvali above . geographical range . japan , s . korea , indo - australian tropics to new south wales and loyalty is . habitat preference . this is a common , predominantly lowland species . during the mulu survey almost all specimens were taken in regenerating alluvial forest beside a river .
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florina tutt , 1903 ; ent . rec . j . var . 15 : 76 ; ts : choerocampa japonica boisduval
balkans , sw . asia , se . asia , oriental tropics - sulawesi , japan , hong kong . see [ maps ]
theretro alecto intermissa gehlen , 1941 ; ent . z . 55 : 185 - 186
iran , turkey , greece , sw . asia - oriental tropics - sundaland , lesser sundas , hong kong . see [ maps ]
cechenena sumatrensis joicey & kaye , 1917 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 20 ( 118 ) : 307 ; tl : sumatra , langkat
south africa , e . africa , w . africa , rhodesia . see [ maps ]
japan , s . korea , indo - australian tropics - new south wales , hong kong . see [ maps ]
chaerocampa [ sic ] pallida miskin , 1891 ; proc . r . soc . qd 8 ( 1 ) : 18 ; tl : brisbane
chaerocampa [ sic ] insularis swinhoe , 1892 ; cat . het . mus . oxford ( 1 ) : 18 ; tl : ceram , ké
chaerocampa [ sic ] amara swinhoe , 1892 ; cat . het . mus . oxford ( 1 ) : 21 , pl . 1 , f . 9 ; tl : mysol , aru
chaerocampa [ sic ] tenebrosa moore , 1877 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1877 ( 3 ) : 595
choerocampa prunosa butler , [ 1876 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1875 ( 4 ) : 622
japan , indo - australian tropics - new caledonia , hong kong , hawaii ( introduced ) . see [ maps ]
586x900 ( ~ 63kb ) male female oppadake , okinawa , ryukyu , japan , 8 - 90 , photo © s . shuichi haupt
indo - australian tropics - solomons , hong kong , japan . see [ maps ]
panacra natalensis rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 79 , pl . 5 , f . 13 ; tl : natal
choerocampa pallicosta walker , 1856 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 145
chaerocampa [ sic ] potentia druce , 1894 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 13 : 169 ; tl : mexico
chaerocampa [ sic ] bisecta moore , 1857 ; in horsfield & moore , cat . lep . ins . mus . east india coy 1 : 278 , pl . 11 , f . 5 , 5a
panacra mira swinhoe , 1892 ; cat . het . mus . oxford ( 1 ) : 13 [ ? ] , pl . 1 , f . 6 ; tl : cape york
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres hétérocéres . tome premier . sphingides , sésiides , castnides
zuträge zur sammlung exotischer schmettlinge , vol . 3 [ 1824 - ] 1825 [ - 1831 ]
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
in king , narrative of a survey of the intertropical and western coasts of australia . 2 vols . in king ,
beiträge zur fauna sinica ( ii ) . biologie und systematik der südchinesischen sphingiden . zugleich ein versuch einer biologie tropischer lepidopteren überhaupt
a catalogue of the lepidopterous insects in the museum of the hon . east - india company in horsfield & moore ,
des ritters carl von linné königlich schwedischen leib - arztes u . u . vollständiges natursystem nach der zwölften lateinischen ausgabe und nach anleitung des hollän - dischen houttuynischen werks mit einer ausfürlichen erklärung ausgefertigt
die macrolepidopteren des amurgebiets . i . theil . rhopalocera , sphinges , bombyces , noctuae in romanoff ,
wallengren , 1858 nya fjärilslägten - nova genera lepidopterorum öfvers . vet . akad . förh . 15 : 75 - 84 , 135 - 142 , 209 - 215
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
distribution : northern pakistan , sri lanka , india ( including the andaman islands ) , nepal , bhutan , myanmar , southern china and hong kong , south east asia and indonesia .
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the european entomologist vol . 3 , no 1 published : 31 may 2010 subscribe
a revision of the genus syntherata maassen , 1873 ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) within australia , with the description of three new species , and descriptions of their life histories d . a . lane 1 , e . d . edwards 2 & s . naumann 3 , pages 1 - 39 , published : 31 may 2010
six species of syntherata maassen , 1873 are here recorded from mainland australia - syntherata janetta ( white , 1843 ) , syntherata leonae lane , 2003 , syntherata melvilla ( westwood , 1853 ) stat . rev . , syntherata mirata sp . n . , syntherata escarlata sp . n . , and syntherata pseudescarlata sp . n . these six species are here recorded , figured and described , together with their life histories . a larval key is presented for these species , and records provided on their known distributions and biologies . the synonymy of syntherata insignis ( walker , 1869 ) , syntherata disjuncta ( walker , 1865 ) , and syntherata weymeri maassen , 1873 with s . janetta is confirmed , and syntherata purpurascens ( walker , 1865 ) syn . nov . is placed in new synonymy with s . melvilla . male neotypes of s . janetta and s . purpurascens plus the male lectotype of s . disjuncta are designated and figured .
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identification marks : ochreous brown ; the antennae , front of head and sides of thorax is pale . abdomen is greenish with black lateral patches on the first segment with underside more ochreous . fore wings longer with the apex more pointed ; forewing with a black speck at end of cell ; a black dot at end of cell ; one prominent oblique line from the apex to near base of inner margin . hind wing smoky black , paler towards anal angle . underside is with a slight rosy tinge . ( w . s . 90 mm ) .
gurule , s . a . ( 2013 ) ; taxonomic study of moths ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) from north maharashtra ( india ) . phd thesis , university of pune , india
india ; sri lanka ; burma ; nepal ; thailand ; vietnam , china ; hong kong ; borneo ; japan ; philippines ; australia ; new guinea .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
jammu & kashmir , himachal pradesh , uttarakhand , sikkim , assam , meghalaya , arunachal pradesh , nagaland , manipur , mizoram , west bengal , gujarat , maharashtra , karnataka , tamil nadu , andaman is .
shubhalaxmi , v , r c kendrick , alka vaidya , neelima kalagi , and alaka bhagwat . 2011 . inventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india . journal of the bombay … 108 , no . 3 : 183 - 205 . urltoken
a preliminary checklist of moth species collected in north maharashtra is presented based on studie . . .
a list of hawkmoth species ( lepidoptera : sphingidae ) of india , nepal , bhutan and sri lanka , incl . . .
feasibility of light - trapping in community research on moths : attraction radius of light , completeness . . .
inventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india .
an assessment of entomofauna for management and conservation of biodiversity in the gangotri landscape . . .
notes on hawk moths ( lepidoptera — sphingidae ) in the karwar - dharwar transect , peninsular india : a . . .
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sphingid moths ( also known as hawk moths or sphinx moths ) are a well known and charismatic clade belonging to the order lepidoptera . sphingid moths are readily distinguishable by their aerodynamic shape and unique method of flying - - they are rapid fliers and are capable of a remarkable number of wingbeats per minute . sphingids can beat their wings so quickly that they are often mistaken for hummingbirds . perhaps not coincidentally , moths of the family sphingidae often fill the same ecological niches that hummingbirds do - - that is , they feed on nectar with their long proboscises and act as important pollinators .
hawk moth larvae are more commonly known as
hornworms
because of a characteristic horn protruding from their heads . the tobacco and tomato hornworm are significant agricultural pests .
description : brown , drab moth . abdomen fat with black long extending longitudinally . forewings brown with single , axial black spot . hindwings orange with black stripes . antennae pipe - like .
description : black , velvety body with longitudinal white stripe on abdomen . antennae pipe - like . forewings brown with dark diagonal stripes . hindwings darker and cryptic .
description : brown body with black longitudinal stripe on abdomen . pipe - like antennae . forewings brown with hints of iridescent purple . green semicircle on hind part of forewing . hindwings mostly brown . placed in marumba genus because of wing shapes .
description : large moth . hindwings particularly colorful - - red with grayish margins . thorax covered with large , velvety scales . abdomen is brownish with the terminal being covered with large , velvety scales of a darker brown . antennae pipe - like . possible new species for borneo . caught while sleeping during the day on side of building .
description : medium sized sphingid . green with two , black , longitudinal stripes on abdomen . forewings and hindwings drab , although the forewings have dark , diagonal stripes . antennae pipe - like
cossid moths ( also known as goat moths ) . . . they smell bad . superficially look like sphingids . larvae used as food in outback .
description : striking metallic colors - - blue abdomen , pink wings with blue spots . axial end of antennae plumose , distal end wiry .
description : slender moth . abdomen , forewings , and hindwings cryptic . hindwings and forewings slender . forewings have dark , diagonal stripes . abdomen has black , longitudinal stripe .
description : large , long moth . abdomen dark . forewings and hindwings cryptic with many dark spots . antennae plumose distally , wiry axially .
description : smallish moth . mostly white . forewings and hindwings have dark spots . abdomen has latitudinal , black stripes . forelimbs hairy and have the appearance of raptorial limbs .
description : large , white moth . abdomen white with latitudinal black bands . forewings white with dark spots . hindwings cryptic . forelimbs hairy and have the appearance of raptorial forelimbs . specimen placed in zeuzera genus because of shared characteristics with zeuzera borneana , e . g . hairy forelimbs , color . constructed morphological phylogeny supports this placement .
collected near mercury vapor light at around 10pm . might be new species to borneo .
description : largish moth with long , slender abdomen that ends with long brushes . forewings brown with two triangular clear patches on each . hindwings cryptic . scales on thorax gives the impression of a lion ' s mane
description : largish , brown moth with long slender abdomen that ends with long brushes . forewings and hindwings brown with a dark diagonal stripe on the forewings . dense , golden scales on thorax gives the appearance of a lion ' s mane . antennae plumose .
the phylogenetic analysis of these two clades has yielded some interesting information . first and foremost , the ancestral character tracings highlight the importance of choosing substantial morphological characteristics . colors ( such as hindwing coloration ( fig2 ) and abdominal stripes ( not pictured ) ) are a mess when you plot them on a phylogeny and generally make poor synapomorphies . antennae shape and leg morphology ( spike ( fig3 ) , hair presence ( fig4 ) ) are monophyletic when you plot them on the phylogeny , however , and subsequently make excellent synapomorphies . based on this phylogeny , small as it may be , because of highly conserved synapomorphies , it does not entirely unreasonable to say things like all moths of the genus zeuzera have hairy forelimbs . it is also interesting to note that despite the sphingid and cossid ' s morphological similarity , they have split off into two ( nearly ) distinct groups .
more sampling would need to take place in order to truly clear up some of this phylogeny ' s more troublesome nodes ( why is compsogene panopus smack dab in the middle of the cossids ? ) but , as fig1 highlights , it ' s possible to get a reasonably accurate phylogeny if synapomorphies are carefully chosen . the inclusion of more characters ( preferably of the molecular variety ) would also greatly increase the accuracy of this phylogeny .
this page was last modified on 10 july 2010 , at 01 : 41 .
amplypterus , ambulyx , clanis , marumba , daphnusa , cypa , smerinthulus , degmaptera , callambulyx , sataspes .
and daphnusa . the sphinginae larva is usually much more granulate or finely spinose , with annular folding on each segment . the pattern on abdominal segments usually consists of oblique pale bars laterally and above the spiracle on each segment , and the larvae are thus predominantly cryptic . in the macroglossine the friction - patch on the valves of the male genitalia is reduced usually to a row of long , blade - like scales , or is absent . the male eighth abdominal sternite is usually unevenly sclerotised or modified ( not so in sphinginae ) . the macroglossine larva has longitudinal , linear patterning ( though oblique bars may also be present ) , is usually smooth , and often has the caudal horn reduced to a stump in the final instar . the thoracic / abdominal junction zone is often swollen , and in many genera some abdominal segments bear conspicuous subdorsal eye - spots , particularly a1 ; the larva , when alarmed , bunches its anterior part and exposes these ' eyes ' . thus , though generally cryptic , the larva has a second line of defence as a snake - mimic if discovered . snake - mimicry is also seen in the brahmaeidae and some bombycidae .
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in many previous studies hawkmoths have been found to be involved in nocturnal pollination of many plants . but their role in crop pollination is still unexplored . this study tried to evaluate their potential to carry pollens of crop . hawkmoths were collected by light traps and slides were made from the pollen attached to their body . the hawkmoths and the pollens were identified . a pollen transport network was created using the data . the species level indices of each plant species in the network were estimated . only a small fraction of pollens were made by the crops among the total types of pollens carried by the hawkmoths . rest of the pollens belonged to that of the non crops . the species level indices suggest the crop pollens to be relatively less important in the network as reflected in the lower values of species degree and species strength . the higher species level specialisation values of crop pollens suggested they are restricted to be carried by few hawkmoth species only . it is clearly revealed that hawkmoths carry mostly non crop pollens , not crop pollens .
the authors are grateful to the department of zoology , university of calcutta where we have done this study and statistical analysis . the study was carried under the project entitled “enhancing the relationship between people and pollinators in eastern india” funded by the darwin initiatives , uk granted through department of environment , food and rural affairs , government of united kingdom and council of scientific and industrial research , government of india provided the fellowship to the first author . we also thank prof . nimai chandra barui for identification of pollens , mr . arnob chatterjee and mr . supratim laha for the artwork .
the pollen grains collected from hawkmoths which remained unidentified . the photographs were taken at 40× of olympus binocular microscope ( model number cx31 ) taken by progres capture pro software version 2 . 8 . 8 ( eps 5455 kb )
the identified pollen grains collected from hawkmoths . the photographs were taken at 40× of olympus binocular microscope ( model number cx31 ) taken by progres capture pro software version 2 . 8 . 8 ( eps 19832 kb )
adler , l . s . , and r . e . irwin . 2006 . comparison of pollen transfer dynamics by multiple floral visitors : experiments with pollen and fluorescent dye .
atwater , m . m . 2013 . diversity and nectar hosts of flower - settling moths within a florida sandhill ecosystem .
banza , p . , a . d . f . anabela , and d . m . evans . 2015 . the structure and robustness of nocturnal lepidopteran pollen - transfer networks in a biodiversity hotspot .
beck , j . , and k . e . linsenmair . 2006 . feasibility of light - trapping in community research on moths : attraction radius of light , completeness of samples , nightly flight times and seasonality of southeast - asian hawkmoths ( lepidoptera : sphingidae ) .
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devoto , m . , s . baillie , and j . memmott . 2011 . the ‘night shift’ : nocturnal pollen - transport networks in a boreal pine forest .
dormann , c . f . , j . fründ , and b . gruber . 2016 . package ‘bipartite’ . visualizing bipartite networks and calculating some ( ecological ) indices ( version 2 . 04 ) . ( r foundation for statistical computing . ) .
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hahn , m . , and c . a . bruhl . 2016 . the secret pollinators : an overview of moth pollination with a focus of europe and north america .
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johnson , s . d . , m . more , f . w . amorim , w . a . haber , g . w . frankie , d . a . stanle , a . a . cocucci , and r . a . raguso . 2016 . the long and the short of it : a global analysis of hawkmoth pollination niches and interaction networks .
hawkmoths of the world . an annotated and illustrated revisionary checklist ( lepidoptera : sphigidae )
klatt , b . k . , a . holzschuh , c . westphal , y . clough , i . smit , e . pawelzik , and t . tscharntke . 2014 . bee pollination improves crop quality , shelf life and commercial value .
majumder , j . , k . majumder , p . p . bhattacharjee , and b . k . agarwala . 2015 . inventory of mammals in protected reserves and natural habitats of tripura , northeast india with notes on existing threats and new records of large footed mouse - eared bat and greater false vampire bat .
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pittaway , a . r . , and i . j . kitching . 2016 . sphingidae of the eastern palaearctic ( including siberia , the russian far east , mongolia , china , taiwan , the korean peninsula and japan ) .
rader , r . , i . bartomeus , l . a . garibaldi , m . p . garratt , b . g . howlett , r . winfree , a . cunninghams , m . m . mayfield , a . d . arthur , g . k . andersson , and r . bommarco . 2016 . non - bee insects are important contributors to global crop pollination .
sazatornil , f . d . , m . moré , b . v . s . benitez - vieyra , a . a . cocucci , i . j . kitching , b . o . schlumpberger , p . e . oliveira , m . sazima , and f . w . amorim . 2016 . beyond neutral and forbidden links : morphological matches and the assembly of mutualistic hawkmoth - plant networks .
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chakraborty , p . , smith , b . & basu , p . proc zool soc ( 2017 ) . urltoken
the caterpillars of this species are usually green but occasionally can be brown . they have seven eyespots along each side of the abdomen which diminish in size toward the tail . early
have a yellow line running along each side of the body . the green form is spotted with dark green , and there is a row of purple spiracles along each side . when disturbed , the anterior eyespots can be expanded . the caterpillars have a horn on the tail which is black and straight in early instars , but becomes backward - curving and brown with a black tip in mature caterpillars . the caterpillars have been found feeding on various climbers in the grape family (
pupation usually occurs in ground litter . the pupa is a blotchy pale brown .
the eggs are pale green , smooth and oval , with a diameter of about 2 mm .
melbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 41 . 9 , p . 415 .
newsletter , issue 46 ( september 2007 ) , pp . 1 , 4 - 6 .
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