bombus atratus is a neotropical bumblebee that is found throughout regions of south america , including colombia , ecuador , brazil , and argentina .

it lives in social colonies that include a founder queen/queens , workers and brood .

b. atratus is somewhat unusual because of its potential to oscillate between polygynous ( multiple queens ) and monogynous ( one queen ) nesting cycles .

bombus atratus was the first species in the genus bombus that was discovered to display such polygynous nesting patterns .

the polygynous nesting cycles lead to certain specific types of behavior including queen-queen aggression .

nests can also be perennial , which is a characteristic rarely found in other bumblebees .

b. atratus can be helpful agriculturally because of their ability to pollinate different species of plants .

b. atratus has been found to occupy a range of geographic areas and climates throughout south america .

colonies have the ability to thermoregulate nests and keep them a little bit warmer than the outside environment .

foraging workers use muscle contractions to maintain stable temperatures and coupe with seasonal and daily fluctuations in temperature .

bombus atratus

first molecular detection of co - infection of honey bee viruses in asymptomatic bombus atratus in south america .
determination of flower constancy in bombus atratus franklin and bombus bellicosus smith ( hymenoptera : apidae ) through palynological analysis of nectar and corbicular pollen loads .
mediators of dominance and reproductive success among queens in the cyclically polygynous : neotropical bumble bee bombus atratus franklin .
efficiency of pollination by orphan colonies of bombus atratus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) in strawberry ( . . .
determination of flower constancy in bombus atratus franklin and bombus bellicosus smith ( hymenoptera : apidae ) through palynological analysis of ne . . . - pubmed - ncbi
efecto del ambiente de cría en la longevidad de obreras y desarrollo de colonias de bombus atratus ( . . .
first molecular detection of co - infection of honey bee viruses in asymptomatic bombus atratus in south america . - pubmed - ncbi
) .
mediators of dominance and reproductive success among queens in the cyclically polygynous neotropical bumble bee bombus atratus franklin
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the specimen belongs to a cryptic species complex consisting of bombus cryptarum , bombus lucorum and bombus magnus but could positively be determined as bombus cryptarum with the analyses of the nucleotide sequence of the coi gene . for details , see the discussion .
unfortunately , b . atratus franklin , 1913 , is a junior primary homonym of b . mucidus var . atratus friese , 1911 ( deemed to be subspecific , see iczn , 1999 : article 45 . 6 ) , therefore b . atratus franklin is invalid ( iczn , 1999 : article 57 . 2 ) .
plowright , c . m . s . ( 15 august 1997 ) .
replacement of bombus muscorum by bombus pascuorum in northern britain ?
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for the ongoing modelling work , our focus has been bombus atratus . the data comes from a large number of data sets ( ≈ 40 ) , and from laboratory to field rearing .
delta k obtained for bombus morio for each k . ( docx 29 kb )
delta k obtained for bombus pauloensis for each k . ( docx 30 kb )
from top to bottom : a bombus muscorum queen , worker , and drone .
thoracobombus . bombus : bumblebees of the world . natural history museum , london .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kangaskimalainen
to
bombus cryptarum
.
mean of likelihood obtained for bombus morio for each k . ( docx 37 kb )
mean of likelihood obtained for bombus pauloensis for each k . ( docx 37 kb )
bombus transversalis is in the order hymenoptera , which consists of bees , ants , wasps , and sawflies . it is in the family apidae and in the genus bombus . most bombus bees live in temperate climates and build their nests underground from abandoned tunnels . [ 3 ] the bombus transversalis has adapted to tropical climates and builds its nests on ground surface . it can also be classified under the subgenus fervidobombus . [ 5 ] an example of a related species would be bombus atratus . [ 6 ] however , bombus transversalis is the only one of this subgenus known to build their own nests out of leaves and twigs . [ 4 ]
the use of native bumblebee bombus atratus has become an alternative to improve the quality and production of differents crops . to evaluate the foraging behavior of bombus atratus in strawberry ( fragaria x ananassa ) var . ventana . we described different floral stages , duration of worker for each visit and floral manipulation during pollination . then , the fruits formed were collected from flowers pollinated and self - pollinated and quality parameters were measured . results showed that the duration time of visit the b . atratus workers were 7 , 66 ± 2 , 24 seconds . the floral manipulation of b . atratus during of visit can be of three ways : the workers make a circle , two circles or only are holding on to the flower without movements . results showed that there can be up to four differentiated stages . it was determined that the workers of bombus atratus visit more often mature flower stage 2 ( 56 % ( 40 visits ) . also , during of workers visit , we found necrotic discoloration caused during a buzz pollination . this study shows a high potential in the use of native bumblebees species bombus atratus for pollination of strawberry .
cameron , s . a . , and jost , m . c . 1998 . mediators of dominance and reproductive success among queens in the cyclically polygynous neotropical bumble bee bombus atratus franklin . insectes sociaux 45 : 135–149 .
almanza , m . t . ( 2007 ) . management of bombus atratus bumblebees to pollinate lulo ( solanum quitoense l ) , a native fruit from the andes of colombia . doctoral thesis . germany : cuvillier verlag gottingen .
the aim of this study was to determine proboscis length of bombus atratus and b . bellicosus , two uruguayan bumblebees , and verify the resource exploitation testing two cultivated species , the red clover and the bird ' s foot trefoil .
gonzalez , v . h . , mejia , a . and rasmussen , c . 2004 . ecology and nesting behavior of bombus atratus franklin in andean highlands ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . journal of hymenoptera research 13 : 234–242 .
zucchi , r . 1973 . aspectos bionômicos de exomalopsis aureopilosa e bombus atratus incluindo considerações sobre a evolução do comportamento social ( hymenoptera , apoidea ) . tese de doutoramento . faculdade de filosofia ciências e letras de ribeirão preto – usp .
) .
factors influencing dominance behaviour in queenless bumblebee workers ( bombus terrestris )
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milliron ( 1962 ) , without mention of the name b . azureus , first regarded b . atratus and b . niger as conspecific and , following the principle of first reviser ( iczn , 1999 : article 24 ) , chose b . atratus as the valid name for the species .
natureserve . 2015 . bombus pensylvanicus . natureserve explorer version 7 . 1 . accessed 9 march 2016 .
characteristics of the mitochondrial regions analyzed for bombus morio ( bm ) and b . pauloensis ( bp )
iucn assessments for north american bombus spp . for the north american iucn bumble bee specialist group
) .
the appeasement effect of sterility signaling in dominance contests among bombus terrestris workers
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cortopassi - laurino m , knoll frn , imperatriz - fonseca vl ( 2003 ) nicho trófico e abundancia de bombus morio e bombus atratus em diferentes biomas brasileiros . in melo gar , alves - dos - santos i ( eds ) apoidea neotropica : homenagem a os 90 anos de jesus santiago moure . criciúma , editora unesc , 320p . [ links ]
the reliability of morphological traits in the differentiation of bombus terrestris and b . lucorum ( hymenoptera : apidae )
da silva - matos , e . v . and garofalo , c . a . 2000 . worker life tables , survivorship , and longevity in colonies of bombus ( fervidobombus ) atratus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . revista de biologia tropical 48 : 2 - 3 .
garófalo , c . a . , zucchi , r . , & muccillo , g . ( 1986 ) . reproductive studies of a neotropical bumblebee , bombus atratus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . revista brasileira de genetica , 9 ( 2 ) , 231 - 243 .
gonzález , v . , mejía , a . , & rasmussen , c . ( 2004 ) . ecology and nesting behavior of bombus atratus franklin in andean highlands ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . journal of hymenoptera research , 13 ( 2 ) , 234 - 242 .
unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus bombus s . str . worldwide with coi barcodes ( hymenoptera : apidae )
georeferenced occurrence records for bombus morio and b . pauloensis used for geographic distribution modeling . ( docx 35 kb )
garófalo ca ( 2005 ) bombus : as mamangavas de chão e sua importância como agentes polinizadores . publishing online .
pérez , m . m . ( 2014 ) . evaluación del abejorro bombus atratus franklin ( hymenoptera : apidae ) como polinizador en fresa ( fragaria x ananassa duch . ‘camarosa’ ) bajo invernadero . tesis de maestría en ciencias agrarias . bogotá , colombia : universidad nacional de colombia .
cameron , s . , & jost , m . ( 1998 ) . mediators of domi nance and reproductive success among queens in the cyclically polygynous neotropical bumble bee bombus atratus franklin . insectes sociaux , 45 ( 1 ) , 135 - 149 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s000400050075
sakagami , s . f . , akahira , y . , & zucchi , r . ( 1967 ) . nest architecture and brood development in a neotropical bumblebee , bombus atratus . insectes sociaux , 14 ( 1 ) , 389 - 413 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf02223686
contribution of each climatic variable in the geographic distribution of bombus morio and b . pauloensis . ( docx 15 kb )
zuluaga , j . ( 2011 ) . evaluación de la actividad polinizadora de bombus atratus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) en un cultivo de mora de castilla ( rubus glaucus ) . tesis de grado de la facultad de ciencias básicas y aplicadas . bogotá , colombia : universidad militar nueva granada .
in the mixed meadow at the crs , a total of 400 visits of b . atratus and 49 visits of b . bellicosus were recorded . while b . atratus visited mainly red clover , b . bellicosus visited both resources in similar proportions ( χ 2 = 66 . 61 , p < 0 . 001 ) ( fig 1 ) .
zucchi , r . ( 1973 ) . aspectos bionômicos de exomalopsis aureopilosa e bombus atratus incluindo considerações sobre a evolução do comportamento social ( hymenoptera , apoidea ) . tese de doutoramento da faculdade de filosofia , ciências e letras de ribeirão preto . ribeirão preto , brasil : universidade de são paulo .
male labial gland secretions and mitochondrial dna markers support species status of bombus cryptarum and b . magnus ( hymenoptera , apidae )
desarrollo de un escenario de campo para el estudio de especies nativas de abejorros ( bombus spp . ) d . . .
silva - matos , e . v . , & garófalo c . a . ( 2000 ) . worker life tables , survivorship , and longevity in colonies of bombus ( fervidobombus ) atratus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . revista de biología tropical , 48 ( 2 / 3 ) , 657 - 664 .
queen . similar to worker , except for the vertex much elevated above level of ocelli , as normally occurs in bombus queens .
s1 fig . phylogenetic relationships among bombus brasiliensis obtained from concatenated phylogenetic analyses performed with cytb and coi sequences , using bayesian inference .
population genetic structure and colonization history of bombus terrestris s . l . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) from the canary islands and madeira
foraging habitats and foraging distances of bumblebees , bombus spp . ( hym . , apidae ) , in an agricultural landscape
) .
aggression or ovarian development as determinants of reproductive dominance in bombus terrestris : interpretation using a simulation model
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bombus ( th . ) pauloensis friese ? azurea ( christ , 1791 : 129 [ apis ] ) atratus franklin , 1913 : 118 , examined , not of friese , 1911 : 572 ( = b . mucidus gerstaecker ) nigriventris friese , 1913 : 87 pauloënsis [ pauloensis ] friese , 1913 : 87 16 names
silva - matos , e . v . , & garófalo , c . a . ( 1995 ) . observations on the development of queenless colonies of bombus atratus ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . journal of apicultural research , 34 ( 1 ) , 177 - 185 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 00218839 . 1995 . 11100903
pacateque , j . , cruz , p . , aguilar , m . l . , & cure , j . r . ( 2012 ) . efecto de la alimentación vía bolsillo en etapas tempranas de desarrollo de bombus atratus ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . revista colombiana de entomología , 38 ( 1 ) , 343 - 346 .
riaño , d . , veloza , m . , cure , j . r . , & almanza , m . t . ( 2014 ) . desarrollo de dos colonias de bombus atratus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) mantenidas bajo dos modos de alimentación . revista facultad de ciencias básicas , 10 ( 2 ) , 132 - 141 .
bombus atratus bumblebees from colombia that were caught in the wild and from breeding programs were screened for a broad set of bee pathogens . we discovered for the first time lake sinai virus and confirmed the infection by other common viruses . the prevalence of apicystis bombi , crithidia bombi and nosema ceranae was remarkably high . according to other studies the former two could have been co - introduced in south america with exotic bumble bees as bombus terrestris or bombus ruderatus . given the fact that none of these species occur in colombia , our data puts a new light on the spread of these pathogens over the south american continent .
bombus ( th . ) bahiensis santos - junior et al . bahiensis santos - junior , santos & silveira , 2015 : 12 1 name
above a bombus terrestris or lucorum worker has her tongue in the nectary of a flower and is drinking the nectar . below is a bombus pascuorum queen with her tongue sheath extended out in front . normally the sheath is folded under the body and only moved forwards to drink nectar .
riaño , d . , pacateque , j . , cure , j . r , & rodriguez , d . ( 2015 ) . pollination behavior and efficiency of bombus atratus franklin in sweet peppers ( capsicum annum l . ) grown in a greenhouse . revista colombiana de ciencias hortícolas , 9 ( 2 ) , 259 - 267 . doi : urltoken
hatfield , r . , et al . 2015 . bombus pensylvanicus . the iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 09 march 2016 .
while the bombus transversalis is unique in its distribution , nesting , and foraging , it is still a social bee . it has been shown to have similar behavior to that of the bombus terrestris , a well - studied bumblebee . [ 5 ] it was thence shown that although the two bees are distantly related , the bombus transversalis still shows behavior of alerting its colony about food sources leading to increased activity in and out of the nest . [ 5 ]
johnson ra ( 1986 ) intraspecific resource partitioning in the bumble bees bombus ternarius and b . pennsylvanicus . ecology 67 : 133 - 138 . [ links ]
in colombia , bombus atratus can be found from 150 to 3500 m of altitude ( ospina et al . 1987 ) . in other countries the distribution is also broad ; in bolivia it is found from beni in the amazon to la paz ; in argentina in the northern part of the country and the andes and in brazil from rondonia in the amazon basin to the southern states .
in colombia the strawberry has become a crop of economic interest due to the growing demand in the foreign market in the last decade . most plantations are open fields and do not use pollination strategies to improve the production quality . pollination with bumblebees improves the quality of the fruits , although these are produced by spontaneous pollination . the native species bombus atratus . . . [ show full abstract ]
dias , d . 1960 . nota sobre um ninho de bombus construido acima do chão ( hymenoptera : bombidae ) . revista brasileira de entomologia 9 : 151–156 .
camelo , l . , diaz , l . , cure , j . r . , & almanza , m . t . ( 2004 ) . morfología floral de la uchuva y comportamiento de visitas de la especie de abejorros bombus atratus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) bajo invernadero . en resúmenes del xxxi congreso de la sociedad colombiana de entomología socolen ( p . 86 ) . bogotá - colombia .
aldana , j . , cure , j . r . , almanza , m . t . , vecil , d . , & rodriguez , d . ( 2007 ) . efecto de bombus atratus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) sobre la productividad de tomate ( lycopersicon esculentum mill . ) bajo invernadero en la sabana de bogotá , colombia . agronomía colombiana , 25 ( 1 ) , 62 - 72 .
darvill , ben ( november 2007 ) .
aggregations of male bombus muscorum ( hymenoptera : apidae ) at mature nests . incestuous brothers or amorous suitors ?
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at inia - le , 104 visits of b . atratus and 137 visits of b . bellicosus were recorded in area 1 . both species visited mainly red clover , although the proportion of visits of b . bellicosus to bird ' s foot trefoil was significantly higher than that of b . atratus ( χ 2 = 28 . 06 , p < 0001 ) ( fig 2a ) . additionally , interspecific differences in resource utilization remained in the same in area 2 , with most of the visits of b . atratus to red clover , while most of the visits of b . bellicosus were to bird ' s foot trefoil ( χ 2 = 24 . 91 ; p < 0 . 001 ) ( fig 2b ) .
the native bumblebee bombus atratus has a broad geographical distribution , is well adapted to different environmental conditions and is a very good pollinator of a wide variety of crops . the wild bees biodiversity and ecology research group of umng ( beas ) has been interested in the study of the basic biology of this spe - cies and , more recently , in the development of mass rearing . . . [ show full abstract ]
heinrich b ( 1979 )
majoring
and
minoring
by foraging bumblebees , bombus vagans : an experimental analysis . ecology 60 : 245 - 255 . [ links ]
raine ne , chittka l ( 2007 ) pollen foraging : learning a complex motor skill by bumblebees ( bombus terrestris ) . naturwissenschaften 94 : 459 - 464 . [ links ]
sean a . rands , dominic clarke , james e . hallett , and heather m . whitney , “unusual honey pot building behaviour in captively reared bumble bees bombus terrestris , ”
terence m . laverty , and r . c . plowright , “comparative bionomics of temperate and tropical bumble bees with special reference to bombus ephippiatus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , ”
there are four species of bumblebees reported from uruguay : bombus atratus ( franklin ) , b . bellicosus ( smith ) , b . brasiliensis ( lepeletier ) and b . morio ( swederus ) . the first two are widely distributed in the country , while the others have been recorded only in one location each ( abrahamovich & díaz 2002 , abrahamovich et al 2004 ) . the two most common species are easily distinguishable because of their different coloration . they also differ in mean worker body size , since b . atratus was larger in average than b . bellicosus ( 13 . 6 mm and 10 . 6 mm , respectively ) ( moure & sakagami 1962 in cortopassi - laurino et al 2003 ) .
lobatón , j . d . , cure , j . r . , & almanza , m . t . ( 2012 ) . fenología y oferta floral de trébol rojo trifolium pratense ( fabales : fabaceae ) en praderas de kikuyo penissetum clandestinum ( poales : poaceae ) , como fuente de alimento para bombus atratus ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) en cajicá , colombia . revista facultad de ciencias básicas , 8 ( 1 ) , 18 - 27 .
hines hm ( 2008 ) historical biogeography , divergence times , and diversification patterns of bumble bees ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombus ) . syst biol 57 : 58–75 . pmid : 18275002
johnson , r . a . ( 1986 ) . intraspecific resource partitioning in the bumble bees bombus ternarius and b . pennsylvanicus . ecology , 67 ( 1 ) 133 - 138 .
lievano , a . , ospina r . , and nates , g . 1991 . distribucıón altitudinal del género bombus en colombia ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . trianea 4 : 541–550 .
duchateau , m . , & velthuis , h . ( 1988 ) . development and reproductive strategies in bombus terrestris colonies . behaviour , 107 ( 3 ) , 186 - 207 .
gjershaug j , staverløkk a , kleven o , ødegaard f ( 2013 ) species status of bombus monticula smith ( hymenoptera : apidae ) supported by dna barcoding . zootaxa 3716 : 431–440 .
heteroplasmy found in the bombus morio mitochondrial markers ( undiscriminated nucleotides ) characterized by double peaks , low phred quality scores , and synonymous divergence for the coding regions . ( docx 981 kb )
bombus atratus , a bumble bee found throughout much of south america , undergoes periods of polygyny during its colony cycle , which is often perennial . this temporary polygynous phase persists as multiple queens compete fiercely to become the sole reproductive . the outcome of these battles is death or expulsion from the nest of all but one of the queens , representing an extreme form of conflict of reproductive interests . we examined various factors which may influence survival and succession of rival b . atratus queens during a polygynous phase of a colony found in southern brasil . queens exhibiting greater ovarian development and a higher frequency of inter - queen aggression in the early period of polygyny survived significantly longer . body size did not appear to contribute to the outcome of queen survival .
bombus atratus , a bumble bee found throughout much of south america , undergoes periods of polygyny during its colony cycle , which is often perennial . this temporary polygynous phase persists as multiple queens compete fiercely to become the sole reproductive . the outcome of these battles is death or expulsion from the nest of all but one of the queens , representing an extreme form of conflict of reproductive interests . we examined various factors which may influence survival and succession of rival b . atratus queens during a polygynous phase of a colony found in southern brasil . queens exhibiting greater ovarian development and a higher frequency of inter - queen aggression in the early period of polygyny survived significantly longer . body size did not appear to contribute to the outcome of queen survival .
the general range of bombus pensylvanicus . ( dashed line indicates former range . ) includes the highest density of the population , but does not include all of the areas of b . pensylvanicus .
bombus ( th . ) hedini bischoff unicolor friese , 1905 : 514 examined not of kriechbaumer , 1870 : 159 ( = b . maxillosus klug ) hedini bischoff , 1936 : 15 2 names
n2 - bombus atratus , a bumble bee found throughout much of south america , undergoes periods of polygyny during its colony cycle , which is often perennial . this temporary polygynous phase persists as multiple queens compete fiercely to become the sole reproductive . the outcome of these battles is death or expulsion from the nest of all but one of the queens , representing an extreme form of conflict of reproductive interests . we examined various factors which may influence survival and succession of rival b . atratus queens during a polygynous phase of a colony found in southern brasil . queens exhibiting greater ovarian development and a higher frequency of inter - queen aggression in the early period of polygyny survived significantly longer . body size did not appear to contribute to the outcome of queen survival .
ab - bombus atratus , a bumble bee found throughout much of south america , undergoes periods of polygyny during its colony cycle , which is often perennial . this temporary polygynous phase persists as multiple queens compete fiercely to become the sole reproductive . the outcome of these battles is death or expulsion from the nest of all but one of the queens , representing an extreme form of conflict of reproductive interests . we examined various factors which may influence survival and succession of rival b . atratus queens during a polygynous phase of a colony found in southern brasil . queens exhibiting greater ovarian development and a higher frequency of inter - queen aggression in the early period of polygyny survived significantly longer . body size did not appear to contribute to the outcome of queen survival .
abstract =
bombus atratus , a bumble bee found throughout much of south america , undergoes periods of polygyny during its colony cycle , which is often perennial . this temporary polygynous phase persists as multiple queens compete fiercely to become the sole reproductive . the outcome of these battles is death or expulsion from the nest of all but one of the queens , representing an extreme form of conflict of reproductive interests . we examined various factors which may influence survival and succession of rival b . atratus queens during a polygynous phase of a colony found in southern brasil . queens exhibiting greater ovarian development and a higher frequency of inter - queen aggression in the early period of polygyny survived significantly longer . body size did not appear to contribute to the outcome of queen survival .
,
rasmussen , c . 2003 . key to identification of peruvian species of bombus latreille , 1804 ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , with notes on their biology and distribution . revista peruana de entomologia 43 .
huth - schwarz a , león a , vandame r , moritz rfa , kraus fb : mating frequency and genetic colony structure of the neotropical bumblebee bombus wilmattae ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . apidologie .
such reduction in size is still unclear but could explain the higher frequency of cells with two pockets in our colony . nests maintained an internal nest temperature about 128c warmer than external environmental temperature . several workers were observed constantly scraping and cutting litter on top of one of the nests . previously this behavior had only been known in bombus ( fervidobombus ) transversalis ( oliver ) , a closely related amazonian species . as in the lowlands , b . atratus colonies at high altitudes seem to be active year - round . the beetle antherophagus sp . was found in two of the seven colonies observed . they are probably scavengers , but nothing is certainly known about their role within tropical bombus colonies .
moure , j . s . and sakagami , s . f . 1962 . as mamangabas sociais do brasil ( bombus latreille ) ( hymenoptera , apoidea ) . studia entomologica 5 : 65 - 194 .
bombus ( th . ) imitator pittioni imitator pittioni , 1949 : 251 , examined flavescens pittioni , 1949 : 254 , not of smith , 1852 a : 45 ( = b . flavescens smith ) 3 names
dornhaus , anna ; cameron , sydney .
a scientific note on food alert in bombus transversalis
. apidologie . 34 ( 1 ) : 87–88 . doi : 10 . 1051 / apido : 2002045 .
hasselrot , t . b . ( 1960 ) . studies on swedish bumblebees ( genus bombus ltr . ) : their domestication and biology . opuscula entomologia supplementum , 17 ( 1 ) , 1 - 192 .
bombus ( th . ) dahlbomii guérin - méneville dahlbomii guérin - méneville , [ 1835 , see cowan , 1971 : 29 ] : pl . 75 nigripes haliday in curtis et al . , 1836 : 321 4 names
in the original description of b . niger , franklin stated that ' atratus is possibly the male of niger ' ( p . 121 ) , whereas in the original description of b . atratus he stated both that ' niger may represent the females of this species ' ( p . 118 ) and that ' this may be the true male of kohli ' ( p . 119 ) . b . niger was described from a syntype series of four queens and four workers , of which one queen in the smithsonian collection carries , amongst others , a red label ' lectotype / bombus / niger franklin / h . e . milliron ' 59 ' and a label ' boquete / chiriqui ' . in my opinion , this lectotype of b . niger is conspecific with b . pullatus ( as suggested by labougle , 1990 , see also milliron , 1962 ) .
paratypes . “euglossina da hiléia baiana , campus uesc ; 18339–52893” , “ilhéus ba ; brasil 20 / 02 / 2010 ; a . nemésio” , “ bombus bahiensis ; santos júnior & silveira sp . n . ; paratypus” ; “euglossina da hiléia baiana , campus uesc ; 18339–52894” , “ilhéus ba ; brasil 20 / 02 / 2010 ; a . nemésio” , “ bombus bahiensis ; santos júnior & silveira , sp . n . ; paratypus” ( both workers , deposited at ufmg ) . “conceição da barra es ; brasil 31 / 01 / 1969 ; c . elias & t . elias” , “ bombus bahiensis ; santos júnior & silveira , sp . n . ; paratypus” ( two workers , deposited at dzup ) . “ilhéus ba ; brasil 2003 ; m . a . costa” , “ bombus bahiensis ; santos júnior & silveira , sp . n . ; paratypus” ( queen , deposited at dzup ) .
martins ac , melo gar ( 2009 ) has the bumblebee bombus bellicosus gone extinct in the northern portion of its distribution range in brazil ? j insect conserv doi : 10 . 1007 / s10841 - 009 - 9237 - y
brian , a . d . ( 1952 ) . division of labor and foraging in bombus agrorum fabricius . the journal of animal ecology , 21 ( 1 ) , 223 - 240 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1959
abrahamovich ah , díaz nb , morrone jj ( 2004 ) distributional patterns of the neotropical and andean species of the genus bombus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . acta zool mex nueva ser 20 : 99 - 117 . [ links ]
anett huth - schwarz , adolfo león , rémy vandame , robin f . a . moritz , and f . bernhard kraus , “mating frequency and genetic colony structure of the neotropical bumblebee bombus wilmattae ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , ”
in 4 kolonien der hummelart bombus terrestris l . wurde die entstehung der sozialen struktur und der fortpflanzungserfolg von königin und arbeiterinnen untersucht . die entwicklung der kolonien wurde in 4 perioden unterteilt . nur in der letzten periode legten arbeiterinnen eier .
abrahamovich ah , díaz nb , lucía m ( 2005 ) las especies del género bombus latreille en argentina ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . estudio taxonómico y claves para su identificación . neotrop entomol 34 : 235 - 250 . [ links ]
richards , k . w . ( 1973 ) . biology of bombus polaris curtis and b . hyperboreus schonherr at lake hazen , northwest territories ( hymenoptera : bombini ) . quaestiones entomologicae , 9 ( 1 ) , 115 - 157 .
the proboscis length of b . atratus ( 8 . 4 ± 0 . 65 mm , n = 34 ) was longer than that of b . bellicosus ( 7 . 9 ± 0 . 79 mm , n = 25 ) , providing significant interspecific differences ( t = 2 . 90 ; p < 0 . 01 ) ( fig 3 ) .
abrahamovich , a . h . , díaz , n . b . and morrone , j . j . 2004 . distributional patterns of the neotropical and andean species of the genus bombus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . acta zoológica mexicana 20 : 99–117 .
bumble bees are some of the most important insect pollinators . however , knowledge on parasites associated to bumble bees in south america is very limited . this study reports the first isolation of a sphaerularid nematode parasitizing queens of the native bumble bee bombus atratus in argentina . measurements and morphological characters of eggs , juveniles , and adults strongly suggest that the species is sphaerularia bombi , a parasite that affects the reproduction and foraging behavior of the host . the nematode was detected in bumble bees of san carlos de bariloche , northwestern patagonia region , and the surroundings of la plata , northeastern pampas region . prevalence varied between 8 % and 20 % .
in fact , whatever the interpretation of the code , pragmatically it matters little which spelling of fervidus is used unless either of the spellings were to be published as the name of another taxon in bombus . see the comments on the spelling of b . pensylvanicus .
bombus transversalis is known to be parasitized by moths . the process of this is puzzling since the nest only has one entrance and is usually well - guarded . somehow the moths are able to sneak through the entrance or are willingly allowed to pass through into the nest . [ 8 ] at that the point , the moth larvae will then feed on the host cells . interestingly enough , through observation of the bombus transversalis and these moths , a new parasitoid wasp in the genus apanteles was also discovered . [ 8 ]
duchateau , m . , velthuis , h . , & boomsma , j . ( 2004 ) . sex ratio variation in the bumblebee bombus terrestris . behavioral ecology , 15 ( 1 ) , 71 - 82 . doi : 10 . 1093 / beheco / arg087
resumenbombus atratus es una especie nativa de sur américa de la cual se han estudiado aspectos de cría y manejo para polinización , y actualmente se están desarrollando metodologías para implementarla como polinizador comercial . por esta razón , el objetivo de éste estudio fue comparar la longevidad de las obreras y el desarrollo de las colonias en diferentes condiciones ambientales : campo . . . [ show full abstract ]
values shown under each branch are posterior probabilities . the values shown above each branch are bootstrap values represented here by maximum parsimony ( mp ) / maximum likelihood ( ml ) , because an identical topology was obtained with mp and ml . an analysis employing only unique haplotypes yields the same topology . “ * ” represents the same values for mp and ml . bombus morio ( swederus , 1787 ) was used as outgroup . the collapsed branch includes all bombus brasiliensis haplotypes found on the haplotype network from fig 2 and s1 fig .
the results showed that b . atratus and b . bellicosus visited red clover and bird ' s foot trefoil differentially and suggested that those differences could be associated with proboscis length : bumblebees with longer proboscis preferred red clover and those with shorter proboscis used bird ' s foot trefoil . this could indicate that differences in corolla depth between these plant species were enough to cause the observed pattern of resource utilization . in this scenario , b . atratus ( with a longer proboscis ) possibly obtained nectar easier and faster from deeper flowers than b . bellicosus , which has a shorter proboscis . the pattern observed in b . bellicosus represented an intraspecific resource partitioning that could also be explained by differences found in the length of the proboscis . intraspecific resource partitioning related mainly to differences in proboscis length has been reported in several bombus species ( inouye 1978 , morse 1978 , johnson 1986 , heinrich 2004 ) . proboscis length is highly correlated with body size ( morse 1978 , harder 1985 , heinrich 2004 ) , so differences in worker body size within a bombus species , and even within a colony , allow individuals to specialize in different plant species . this would enable bumblebee colonies to efficiently exploit the diverse range of resources available throughout the life cycle of the colony ( inouye 1978 , heinrich 1979 , 2004 , kearns & thomson 2001 ) .
olesen , jens mogens ( 1989 - 05 - 01 ) .
behaviour and nest structure of the amazonian bombus transversalis in ecuador
. journal of tropical ecology . 5 ( 02 ) : 243–246 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0266467400003540 . issn 1469 - 7831 .
citation : santos júnior je , santos fr , silveira fa ( 2015 ) hitting an unintended target : phylogeography of bombus brasiliensis lepeletier , 1836 and the first new brazilian bumblebee species in a century ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . plos one 10 ( 5 ) : e0125847 . urltoken
barrow , d . , & pickard , r . ( 1985 ) . larval temperature in brood clumps of bombus pascuorum ( scop . ) . journal of apicultural research , 24 ( 2 ) , 69 - 75 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 00218839 . 1985 . 11100651
cruz , p . , almanza , m . t . , & cure , j . r . ( 2007 ) . logros y perspectivas de la cría de abejorros del genero bombus en colombia . revista facultad de ciencias básicas , 3 ( 1 ) , 49 - 60 .
liévano , a . , ospina , r . , & nates , g . ( 1994 ) . contribución al crecimiento de la taxonomía del género bombus en colombia ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . trianea acta científica tecnológica del inderena , 5 ( 1 ) , 221 - 233 .
bombus ( th . ) fervidus ( fabricius ) feruida [ fervida ] ( fabricius , 1798 : 274 [ apis ] ) ? californicus smith , 1854 : 400 , examined dumoucheli radoszkowski , 1884 : 78 sonomæ [ sonomae ] howard , 1902 : pl . ii , examined 13 names
rubio , d . ( 2012 ) . disponibilidad , uso y preferencia por lo recursos florales en una comunidad de abejorros ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombus ) en el páramo de chingaza . tesis de maestría de la facultad de ciencias . bogotá , colombia : universidad nacional de colombia .
another purpose of the trails created by bombus transversalis is to build up the structure of the nest . using the twigs , leaves , and litter on the forest floor , worker bees cut up the debris into fragments and then bring these pieces back to the nest to build onto the canopy . as long as the trails are continuously being used , workers will continue to clear the trails even if leaves fall from the trees above . as such , the trails which have been observed of the bombus transversalis serve a dual purpose in both foraging and nest construction . [ 4 ]
we investigated the ontogeny of the social structure in relation to the reproductive success of its members in four colonies of the bumblebee bombus terrestris l . in all four colonies , the time of colony development was divided into four periods . only in the last period did worker - oviposition occur .
hines , h . m . cameron , s . a . and deans , a . r . 2007 . nest architecture and foraging behavior in bombus pullatus ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , with comparisons to other tropical bumble bees . journal of the kansas entomological society 80 : 1 - 15 .
bumblebees bombus terrestris were obtained as commercially reared colonies from koppert . bees were maintained within the hive , and were not permitted free flight outdoors , to avoid any incidental pathogen exposure . 2 colonies were used during the course of the experiments described , which were performed from june to july 2015 .
the genus bombus can be separated into long - tongued or short - tongued bumble bees . the long - tongued bumble bees are “pocket makers” while the short - tong ones are “pollen storers” . pocket - makers place the pollen in receptacles formed near bunches of larvae , while pollen storers put pollen in cells detached from bunches of larvae . this behavioral difference has important implications in terms of rearing . in contrast to the other social bees , bombus oviposits more than one egg per cell , usually eight eggs , and the cell is subdivided as the larvae growth and mature . bombus , like apis , fed the larvae progressively throughout their development . a bumble bee colony is initiated by a solitary queen that produces new worker bees that upon maturity increase the flow of resources to the colony sufficient for the production of the next generation of drones and gynes ( future queens ) that is the goal of the colony activities .
bombus ( th . ) bellicosus smith thoracicus sichel , 1862 : 121 , not of spinola , 1806 : 30 ( = b . pascuorum ( scopoli ) ) bellicosus smith , 1879 : 131 , examined emiliae dalla torre , 1890 : 139 , replacement name for thoracicus sichel , 1862 : 121 7 names
pomeroy , n . , & plowright , r . c . ( 1982 ) . the relation between worker numbers and the production of males and queens in the bumble bee bombus perplexus . canadian journal of zoology , 60 ( 1 ) , 954 - 957 . doi : 10 . 1139 / z82 - 131
bombus ( th . ) inexspectatus ( tkalcu ) lutescens krüger , 1939 : 105 , not of pérez , 1890 : 154 ( = b . flavidus eversmann ) inexspectatus ( tkalcu , 1963 : 187 [ agrobombus ] ) [ inexpectatus ( reinig , 1981 : 161 [ megabombus ] ) incorrect subsequent spelling ] 3 names
bombus ( th . ) trinominatus dalla torre modestus smith , 1861 : 153 , examined , not of eversmann , 1852 : 134 ( = b . modestus eversmann ) trinominatus dalla torre , 1890 : 139 , replacement name for modestus smith , 1861 : 153 xelajuensis asperen de boer , 1992 b : 162 3 names
pollination is critical for food production and has the particularity of linking natural ecosystems with agricultural production systems . recently , losses of bumblebee species have been reported worldwide . in this study , samples from a commercial exploitation of bumblebees of argentina with a recent history of deaths were studied using a multiplex pcr for the detection of the honey bee viruses most frequently detected in south america . all samples analysed were positive for co - infections with deformed wing virus , black queen cell virus and sacbrood virus . this is the first report of infection of bombus atratus with honey bee viruses . a better understanding of viral infections in bumblebees and of the epidemiology of viruses could be of great importance as bumblebees can serve as possible viral reservoirs , resulting in pathogen spillover towards honey bees and native bumblebees .
to test whether differences on distribution of b . atratus and b . bellicosus on red clover and bird ' s foot trefoil differ from the one expected by chance , a chi square test in a 2 x 2 contingency table ( zar 1997 ) was used . to determine differences of bumblebee species proboscis length , and intraspecific differences according to the plant species in which they were foraging on , a t - test ( α = 0 . 05 ) was used .
cnaani , j . , schmid - hempel , r . , & schmidt , j . o . ( 2002 ) . colony development , larval development and worker reproduction in bombus impatiens cresson . insectes sociaux . 49 ( 1 ) , 164 - 170 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00040 - 002 - 8297 - 8
hoffmann , r . e . , torres , a . , & neumann , p . ( 2004 ) . a scientific note on the nest and colony development of the neotropical bumble bee bombus ( robustobombus ) melaleucus . apidologie , 35 ( 1 ) , 449 - 450 . doi : 10 . 1051 / apido : 2004011
the aim of this investigation was to determine whether entomopathogenic nematodes ( steinernema spp . and heterorhabditis sp . ) marketed commercially as biological pest control agents for use in organic farming , and advertised as being safe for wildlife , had any detrimental effects on individual bombus terrestris when applied to soil at the manufacturer’s recommended concentration and below .
the bumblebees ( genus bombus latreille , 1802 ) comprise approximately 250 species widely distributed in the world , but occurring mainly in the cool subtropical and temperate areas of the nearctic and , especially , palearctic regions [ 4 ] . defining species limits in bombus is frequently difficult , because of the lack of useful structural characters and the great variability in hair - color patterns . this has led to an array of recent studies employing dna markers to elucidate bumblebee - species boundaries ( for example [ 5 – 12 ] ) . molecular tools have also been used in the genus to investigate intraspecific genetic structure , phylogeography and phylogenetic relationships ( for example [ 13 – 22 ] ) .
besides the solitary and eusocial phases characteristic of all bombus species , b atratus colonies can be perennial in the tropical and subtropical range of its distribution , including the high andes , showing alternation between monogynic , poligynic , orphan and inactive cycles ( zucchi , r . , 1973 ; silva - matos y garófalo . 1995 ; gonzález et al . 2004 ) . according to cameron and jost ( 1998 ) , in the southern range of its distribution , the queens can get into diapause . the wide distribution of this species can be helpful for studying basic ecology principles as , for example , the influence of abiotic factors on behavior ( see milliron , 1973 ) . in wild conditions , the immature developmental time can vary between 26 and 30 days , depending on both , altitude and latitude ( gonzález et al . 2004 ) .
velthuis hhw ( 2002 ) the historical background of the domestication of the bumble - bee , bombus terrestris , and its intrduction to agriculture , p . 177 - 184 . in kevan p , imperatriz fonseca vl ( eds ) pollinating bees - the conservation link between agriculture and nature . ministry of environment , brasilia , 319p . [ links ]
in the uk bombus hortorum ( see the photograph below ) has the longest tongue which can reach just over 2 cm when fully stretched . when the bumblebee drinks nectar the sheath is moved so it is facing the entrance of the flower . the bumblebee then moves towards the nectar and the tongue itself shoots in and out soaking up the nectar .
field work was carried out at the centro regional sur ( crs ) of facultad de agronomía ( 34º 36 ' s , 56º 13 ' w ) in march 2005 and at la estanzuela experimental station of the instituto nacional de investigación agropecuaria ( inia - le ) ( 34º 20 ' s , 57º 41 ' w ) in march 2007 . the only bumblebee species found in both locations were b . atratus and b . bellicosus , which were identified using the available literature ( abrahamovich et al 2005 ) .
since bombus transversalis builds its nest on rainforest floors , it is very susceptible to predators on the ground . one such predator is the army ant eciton hamatum . in a 100m 2 area on the forest floor , there is a 50 % chance of being raided by army ants over an eight - month period . [ 2 ] the main defensive mechanism of bombus transversalis against these attacks is through its nest structure . the colony is covered with a dense canopy of leaves and roots . so , the only way to invade the colony is through the single nest entrance which remains guarded if it is not raining . while this does not prevent all attacks , it is an effective mechanism at times . [ 2 ]
ramírez , santiago ; cameron , sydney a . ( 2003 - 07 - 01 ) .
army ant attacks by eciton hamatum and e . rapax ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) on nests of the amazonian bumble bee , bombus transversalis ( hymenoptera : apidae )
. journal of the kansas entomological society . 76 ( 3 ) : 533–535 . jstor 25086142 .
holotype . “ilhéus ba ; brasil 18 / 11 / 2009 ; a . nemésio” , “euglossina da hiléia baiana , campus uesc ; 16724–47065” , “ bombus bahiensis ; santos júnior & silveira , sp . n . ; holotypus” . collected in flight . deposited at ufmg ( accession number 16724–47065 ) . the holotype lacks the right hind - leg , removed for dna extraction .
there were no differences in proboscis length between individuals of b . atratus collected on red clover and those collected on bird ' s foot trefoil ( t = 0 . 86 ; p = 0 . 39 ) ( fig 4a ) . by contrast , the intraspecific analysis of b . bellicosus in the two legumes did show differences : the proboscis length of foragers caught on red clover was longer than those collected on bird ' s foot trefoil ( t = 2 . 84 ; p < 0 . 01 ) ( fig 4b ) .
bombus ( th . ) humilis illiger ? fulvefcens [ fulvescens ] ( schrank , 1802 : 367 [ apis ] ) humilis illiger , 1806 : 171 , examined tristis seidl , 1837 : 69 variabilis schmiedeknecht , 1878 : 424 , not of cresson , 1872 : 284 ( = b . variabilis ( cresson ) ) subbaicalensis vogt , 1911 : 42 , 54 , examined 100 names
most bombus bees live in temperate climates and cannot withstand the humidity and heat of the tropics . the bombus transversalis has adapted so that it can be resilient . because of the structure of its nest with an interwoven canopy covering the colony , the bees are able to remain dry even during amazonian deluges . a well - constructed canopy creates a small air space between the canopy and the brood and is able to insulate the colony and balance the moisture . [ 2 ] a weak colony will allow moisture into that air space , resulting in mold . [ 3 ] additionally , it is believed that when the sun is at its hottest , workers will stand at the entrance of the colony and fan the nest to reduce temperature and humidity . [ 7 ]
below is a bombus hortorum ( garden bumblebee ) worker drinking nectar from a lavender flower . lavender has a fairly deep corolla before the nectary is reached , and most bumblebee would have to stick their head right into the flower to reach the nectar , but hortorum has such a long tongue that she can easily reach the nectar without even using the full length of her tongue .
modeling the dynamics of bombus atatus — b . atatus is a long - tongued bee , which is widely distributed in south america , and has been successfully reared , and shows good potential for pollination of tomato pollination , solanum quitoense and traditional horticultural crops such as strawberries and blackberries . it is also common in red clover in the colombian highland savannas . an important characteristic of b . atatus is that it adapt well to disturbed landscapes . historically , four b . atatus species occurred in the urban environment of bogotá city and its surrounding grasslands . today , after the native vegetation was highly replaced by pastures for cattle growing , only b . atratus has survived , in spite of the active suppression of their nests by the farmers . the other three species described in the 1938 paper : b . hortulanus , b . robustus , and b . rubicundus , are found in the mountains around the city , and no longer in the grasslands .
cooperation and conflict in social insects are closely linked to the genetic structure of the colony . kin selection theory predicts conflict over the production of males between the workers and the queen and between the workers themselves , depending on intra - colonial relatedness but also on other factors like colony efficiency , sex ratios , cost of worker reproduction and worker dominance behaviour . in most bumblebee ( bombus ) species the queen wins this conflict and often dominates male production . however , most studies in bumblebees have been conducted with only a few selected , mostly single mated species from temperate climate regions . here we study the genetic colony composition of the facultative polyandrous neotropical bumblebee bombus wilmattae , to assess the outcome of the queen - worker conflict over male production and to detect potential worker policing .
ahs carried out the molecular analyses , data analyses and drafted the manuscript . fbk and rfam participated in the interpretation of the molecular data , gave advice for statistical analyses and contributed to the writing of the manuscript . al and rv provided the infrastructure for maintenance of the bombus wilmattae colonies and performed sampling . all authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript .
environmental influence in the species distribution analysis . a pca of the influence of bioclimatic variables ( 1−19 , according to worldclim ) on the biogeographic patterns within bombus morio and b . pauloensis . comp . 1 : temperature seasonality , precipitation of wettest month , precipitation of driest month , and precipitation of coldest quarter ( 4 , 17 , 14 and 19 , respectively ) ; comp . 2 : maximum temperature of warmest month , mean temperature of warmest quarter , minimum temperature of coldest month , and mean temperature of driest quarter ( 5 , 10 , 6 and 9 , respectively ) ; b number of observations in relation to altitude in bombus morio , b . pauloensis , and their internal clades . lines represent the tendency of observations sum by species and are not consistent with the scale
we thank dr . j . e . hogan , curator of the hope entomological collection ( oxford university museum of natural history ) , who kindly provided the photos of the lectotype of bombus brasiliensis ( reproduced here in fig 1a and 1b ) ; dr . a . j . santos ( universidade federal de minas gerais ) , for allowing us to photograph the holotype of bombus bahiensis with the equipment under his care ( provided by the project inct / hympar / sudeste ) . thanks are also due to b . blochtein , g . a . r . melo , l . a . o . campos , l . packer , e . francoso , m . c . arias , m . c . gaglianone , s . c . krug , s . matheus , j . steiner and y . antonini for loan of specimens ; l . packer ( pcyu ) and p . tubaro ( museo argentino de ciencias naturales ) , for providing dna sequences of specimens of bombus ; and l . packer , a . j . santos , p . williams and s . brady for suggestions on the manuscript . we also acknowledge the instituto chico mendes for the collecting permit granted to jesj .


mimacraea gelinia is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in tanzania .

the habitat consists of forests .

adults of subspecies m. g. nguru resemble day-flying geometrid moths of the scopula genus .

mimacraea gelinia

after all that , what name did he pick ? not calista , but georgia . in latin , mimacraea gelinia georgia .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
adults of subspecies m . g . nguru resemble day - flying geometrid moths of the scopula genus .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 18 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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in the 1990 ' s , a writer named carter coleman was living in tanzania , training falcons and hawks to fly along on hang - gliding runs . he came across logging in a rain forest . he started a conservation group .
fast - forward to last year , when scientists there discovered a new subspecies of butterfly .
fast - forward again , to when he marched up to harrison ford and offered to let him name the new subspecies . in return for appearing at a benefit for mr . coleman ' s group , the african rainforest conservancy , of course .
being a responsible butterfly namer , mr . ford , above , had lots of questions : coloration ? wingspan ?
' ' when we asked , ' could you provide an explanation ? ' he said , ' let ' s keep it a mystery , ' ' ' the spokesman said . but han solo fans know that mr . ford has a daughter named georgia who will be 12 next month .
there were some reserved seats at the premiere of woody allen ' s new film , ' ' hollywood ending , ' ' but not for donald j . trump . so mr . trump , who belongs to the i - can - walk - in - just - as - the - lights - are - to - go - down school of premiere - going , had to crawl over an almost - filled row to get a seat . no one in the row stood up , so there was some knee - bumping . but mr . trump and his date , melania knaus , did not complain about being scrunched against the wall on the far side of a theater that was filled with the likes of barbara walters ; the caricaturist al hirschfeld ; meredith brokaw ; and such cast members as george hamilton and debra messing , below .
later , ms . messing sounded as if nothing - - not her success on the sitcom ' ' will and grace ' ' or her roles in other movies - - had prepared her for working on a woody allen film . ' ' téa leoni took me aside and said , ' you ' re going to enter the lowest depth of hell for the first four days . day 5 , the clouds will part and he will talk to you , ' ' ' she recalled .
that left lots of time to worry about whether he liked what she was doing and , when the co - producer asked to see her , to worry that she would be fired . instead , the co - producer , helen robin , said : ' ' look , i ' ve had this talk with every actor in every woody allen film for 20 years . it ' s all going to be o . k . ' '
on the fifth day , just as ms . leoni had predicted , ' ' he gave me that golden directional nugget , ' ' ms . messing said . ' ' the word he said was ' broader . ' ' ' ms . messing pronounced the magic word in a noo yawk accent : ' ' bwoad - uh . ' '
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soon he all but applauded . but mr . allen is nothing if not secretive about his films . ' ' he never once told me his character was blind , ' ' she said .
bill clinton had no time for mr . allen ' s premiere . he was busy shaking hands with ismail merchant and aasif mandvi ( who plays ali hakim , the peddler in ' ' oklahoma ! ' ' ) at brasserie 8 1 / 2 before the premiere of mr . merchant ' s new film , ' ' the mystic masseur . ' ' later he went on to a dinner for the 20th anniversary of robert redford ' s sundance institute . the names you would expect were at the sundance party : paul newman , john turturro , stanley tucci and sally field .
but first , there was the matter of the microphone cords . somehow , the microphone at brasserie 8 1 / 2 disappeared . two indian television reporters handed mr . clinton theirs , but the cords wrapped around a cameraman ' s neck .
after the untangling , he chuckled and said , ' ' there goes my popularity in india . i can just imagine tomorrow ' s headline : man strangles indian cameraman . ' '
mayor michael r . bloomberg does not live in gracie mansion , but he does vet who visits there . he let the united nations hold a reception for diplomats on monday , but excluded representatives of taiwan , cuba and the palestinian authority , among others . he said yesterday that he was following the state department ' s protocol guidelines on the taiwanese and cubans but made his own decision on the palestinians , saying it was in keeping with rudolph w . giuliani ' s rejection of a $ 10 million donation from a saudi arabian prince who denounced washington ' s middle east policies .
' ' i don ' t see any reason why i have to have in gracie mansion the p . l . o . , ' ' mr . bloomberg declared after saying he had long considered the p . l . o . ' ' a terrorist organization . ' '
' ' having said that , ' ' he added , ' ' if the united nations accepts them as a member and they have a mission here , we will protect them and protect the public from them . ' ' with jennifer steinhauer
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cryptolechia fatua is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by edward meyrick in 1921 .

it is found on java .

the wingspan is about 15 mm .

the forewings are pale ochreous sprinkled with grey , the base of the costa grey .

the stigmata is small , dark fuscous , the first discal larger , the plical somewhat beyond it and an additional dot beneath and somewhat beyond the second discal .

there is a terminal series of small indistinct dark fuscous dots .

the hindwings are light grey .

cryptolechia fatua

cryptolechia fatua meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , batavia
cryptolechia castella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107
cryptolechia pelophaea meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 192
cryptolechia straminella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107
cryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478
cryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10
cryptolechia fascirupta ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231
cryptolechia gei ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231
cryptolechia gypsochra meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10
cryptolechia hoplostola meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10
cryptolechia isomichla meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11
cryptolechia prothyropa meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11
cryptolechia stadaea meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 39
cryptolechia stictifascia ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 232
cryptolechia coriata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo
cryptolechia fenerata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo
cryptolechia metacentra meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo
cryptolechia mitis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo
cryptolechia epistemon strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 84 a ( 12 ) : 194 ; tl : suisharyo
cryptolechia modularis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , gedeh
cryptolechia anticrossa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 304 ; tl : queensland
cryptolechia argometra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia centroleuca meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : sikkim , darjiling
cryptolechia chlorozyga ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia coriata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia epistemon ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia fenerata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia gypsochra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia hoplostola ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia isomichla ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia metacentra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia mitis ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia pelophaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia picrocentra meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : assam , khasis
cryptolechia prothyropa ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia sperans meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 159 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft
cryptolechia stadaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia vespertina ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia zeloxantha ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197
cryptolechia municipalis meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 316 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
cryptolechia ? eningiella plötz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 7 - 9 ) : 306 ; tl : eningo
cryptolechia ichnitis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : french guiana , r maroni
cryptolechia laica meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 456 ; tl : borneo , kuching
cryptolechia perversa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : s . india , ootacamund
cryptolechia ferrorubella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 757 ; tl : australia
cryptolechia transfossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : peru , cocapata , 12000ft
cryptolechia aeraria meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis
cryptolechia citrodeta meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : brazil , obidos , r . trombetas
cryptolechia diplosticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6000ft
cryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 546 ; tl : s . india , palnis , 7000ft
cryptolechia iridias meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis
cryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick , 1923 ; trans . proc . n . z . inst . 54 : 166 ; tl : takapuna , auckland
cryptolechia temperata meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : simla
cryptolechia veniflua meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 227 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft
cryptolechia vespertina meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : khasis
cryptolechia asemanta dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador
cryptolechia semibrunnea dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador
cryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 317 ; tl : colombia , mt . tolima , 12500ft
cryptolechia micracma meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon ; khasis
cryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : algeria , zebch , near sebdu
cryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft
cryptolechia percnocoma meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn
cryptolechia sciodeta meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn
cryptolechia coriaria meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 173 ; tl : victoria , mt . st . bernard , 5000ft
cryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 704 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft
cryptolechia alphitias lower , 1923 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 47 : 56 ; tl : dorrigo , new south wales
cryptolechia cornutivalvata wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : quannan ( 24 . 7°n , 114 . 5°e ) , jiangxi
cryptolechia acutiuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55°n , 108 . 41°e ) , guizhou , 1300m
cryptolechia concaviuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34°n , 105 . 42°e ) , guizhou , 390m
cryptolechia deflecta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1°n , 108 . 2°e ) , shaanxi , 1350m
cryptolechia denticulata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34°n , 105 . 42°e ) , guizhou , 390m
cryptolechia fasciculifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55°n , 108 . 41°e ) , guizhou , 1390m
cryptolechia fascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 204 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9°n , 103 . 5°e ) , sichuan
cryptolechia furcellata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 226 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55°n , 108 . 41°e ) , guizhou , 530m
cryptolechia gei wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 210 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9°n , 103 . 5°e ) , sichuan
cryptolechia kangxianensis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : kangxian ( 33 . 4°n , 105 . 5°e ) , gansu , 800m
cryptolechia latifascia wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55°n , 108 . 41°e ) , guizhou , 530m
cryptolechia solifasciaria wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55°n , 108 . 41°e ) , guizhou , 1390m
cryptolechia spinifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : chishui co . ( 23 . 34°n , 105 . 42°e ) , guizhou , 390m
cryptolechia varifascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 211 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9°n , 103 . 5°e ) , sichuan
cryptolechia muscosa wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 19°n , 106 . 12°e ) , guizhou , 1200m
cryptolechia proximideflecta wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 219 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 34°n , 105 . 42°e ) , guizhou , 1200m
cryptolechia anthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 209 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0°n , 111 . 8°e ) , henan , 1350m
cryptolechia falsivespertina wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 199 , 198 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1°n , 108 . 2°e ) , shaanxi , 1750m
cryptolechia jigongshanica wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 207 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8°n , 114 . 1°e ) , henan , 700m
cryptolechia microbyrsa wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0°n , 111 . 8°e ) , henan , 650m
cryptolechia mirabilis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 208 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8°n , 114 . 1°e ) , henan , 700m
cryptolechia murcidella christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 294 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 67 ; tl : rubas , derbent
cryptolechia neargometra wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 202 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3°n , 108 . 3°e ) , shaanxi , 880m
cryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : yushan co . ( 28 . 6°n , 118 . 2°e ) , jiangxi , 1120m
cryptolechia stictifascia wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 206 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3°n , 108 . 3°e ) , shaanxi , 880m
cryptolechia zhengi wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 201 , 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1°n , 108 . 2°e ) , shaanxi , 1750m
cryptolechia hamatilis wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : huguo temple , mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55°n , 108 . 41°e ) , guizhou , 1300m
cryptolechia hydara walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft
= ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195
= ( hysipelon ) ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195
phaeosaces aganopis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
aliena diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87
leptosaces anticentra meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : khasis
argometra meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 567
apiletria bibundella strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 84 ; tl : bibundi
leptosaces callixyla meyrick , 1888 ; trans . n . z . inst . 20 : 78 ; tl : whangarei ; nelson
phaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : pundaly - oya , ceylon
coelocrossa meyrick , 1935 ² ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 82
phaeosaces compsotypa meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 172 ; tl : hamilton
conata strand , 1917 ; arch . naturgesch . 82 a ( 3 ) : 152
eucharistis meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396
glischrodes meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396
melaneulia hecate butler , 1883 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1883 ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : valvidia
melaneulia hecate ; clarke , 1978 , smithson . contrl . zool . 273 : 38 , f . 28 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
phaeosaces liochroa meyrick , 1891 ; trans . n . z . inst . 23 : 98 ; tl : new zealand
leptosaces mataea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 156 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft
mellispersa diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87
phaeosaces orthotoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon
brazil ( rio de janeiro , . . . ) . see [ maps ]
phaeocausta meyrick , 1934 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478
eulechria phoebas meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 742 ; tl : bhotan , 4500ft
praevecta meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 513
leptosaces pytinaea meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 157 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
depressaria remotella staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 111 , f . 27 ; tl : uschuaia
assam , china ( fujian , sichuan , zhejiang ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]
semioscopis viridisignata strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 83 ; tl : alen
australia ( queensland , new south vales , victoria ) . see [ maps ]
leptosaces schistopa meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 156 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; glen innes ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
h . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach süd kamerun und spanisch guinea . lepidoptera . iv
h . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae
zeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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the oceanic eclectus parrot ( eclectus infectus ) is an extinct parrot species which occurred on tonga , vanuatu and possibly on fiji .

the only living relative in the genus is the eclectus parrot ( eclectus roratus ) which has proportionally larger wings than the oceanic eclectus parrot .

the fossil material unearthed in november 1989 in late pleistocene and holocene deposits on ' eua , lifuka , ' uiha and vanuatu and described in 2006 by david william steadman include a complete femur , five radii , a quadrate bone , a mandible , a coracoid , two sterna , two humeri , two ulnae , two tibiotarsi , a carpometacarpus , a tarsometatarsus , and three pedal phalanges .

the oceanic eclectus parrot became extinct on tonga during the early settlement 3000 years ago , presumably due to human-caused factors .

on vava'u , it may have survived into historic times because among the drawings which were created in 1793 during alessandro malaspina 's pacific expedition , there is one sketch which appears to portray an oceanic eclectus parrot .

oceanic eclectus parrot

' s pacific expedition , there is one sketch which appears to portray an oceanic eclectus parrot .
) which has proportionally larger wings than the oceanic eclectus parrot . the fossil material unearthed in november 1989 in
with reverso you can find the english translation , definition or synonym for oceanic eclectus parrot [ eclectus infectus ] [ extinct ] and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of oceanic eclectus parrot [ eclectus infectus ] [ extinct ] given by the english - french collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as : wikipedia , lexilogos , larousse dictionary , le robert , oxford , grévisse
the only believed drawing of an oceanic parrot ( eclectus infectus ) from life made in 1793 in tonga . illustration by : unknown . | birds | pinterest | extinct , bi…
the oceanic eclectus parrot became extinct on tonga during the early settlement 3000 years ago , presumably due to human - caused factors . on vava ' u , it may have survived into historic times because among the drawings which were created in 1793 during alessandro malaspina ' s pacific expedition , there is one sketch which appears to portray an oceanic eclectus parrot .
ornithologists usually classify the eclectus parrot as a member of tribe psittaculini in the family psittacidae of order psittaciformes . however , some recent thought indicates that there is a great deal of commonality between the eclectus parrot and the lorini tribe .
biak island eclectus parrot ( eclectus roratus biaki ) – while some believe the biak eclectus is doubtfully valid from polychloros others believe it is a distinct subspecies due to the size difference , vocalization and behavior differences .
species : scientific : eclectus roratus riedeli . . . english : riedel ' s eclectus parrot . . . dutch : riedels edelpapegaai . . . german : riedels edelpapagei . . . french : perroquet eclectus de riedel
species : scientific : eclectus roratus westermani . . . english : westerman ' s eclectus parrot . . . dutch : westermans edelpapegaai . . . german : westermans edelpapagei . . . french : perroquet eclectus de westerman
eclectus information ( personality , care , diet ) . . . eclectus sub - species identification . . . interesting video of eclectuses breeding in the wild . . . talking ability ( compared to other species ) . . . common diseases / conditions of the eclectus parrot . . . eclectus foods
species : scientific : eclectus roratus cornelia aka lorius roratus cornelia . . . english : cornelia ' s eclectus parrot . . . dutch : cornelia ' s edelpapegaai . . . german : cornelia edelpapagei . . . french : perroquet eclectus de cornelia
in the colours of the plumage . a stocky short - tailed parrot , it measures around
genus : scientific : eclectus . . . english : eclectus parrots . . . dutch : edelpapegaaien . . . german : edelpapageien . . . french : perroquet eclectus . . . cites ii : endangered species
the eclectus parrot is the most sexually dimorphic of all the parrot species . the contrast between the brilliant emerald green plumage of the male and the deep red / purple plumage of the female is so marked that the two birds were , until the early 20th century , considered to be different species .
steadman d . ( 2006 )
a new species of extinct parrot ( psittacidae : eclectus ) from tonga and vanuatu , south pacific .
pacific science 60 ( 1 ) : 137–145 abstract
km to forage and up to five males will regularly provide food for each female , each competing with the others for her affections and the right to father her young . unlike other parrot species , eclectus parrots are
id : at an average length of 29 . 25 cm or 11 . 5 inches , this is ( together with the riedeli’s eclectus ) the smallest of all eclectus species .
the eclectus parrot ( eclectus roratus ) is a parrot native to the solomon islands , sumba , new guinea and nearby islands , northeastern australia and the maluku islands ( moluccas ) . it is unusual in the parrot family for its extreme sexual dimorphism of the colours of the plumage ; the male having a mostly bright emerald green plumage and the female a mostly bright red and purple / blue plumage . joseph forshaw , in his book parrots of the world , noted that the first european ornithologists to see eclectus parrots thought they were of two distinct species . large populations of this parrot remain , and they are sometimes considered pests for eating fruit off trees . some populations restricted to relatively small islands are comparably rare . their bright feathers are also used by native tribes people in new guinea as decorations .
steadman , david william : a new species of extinct parrot ( psittacidae : eclectus ) from tonga and vanuatu , south pacific ; pacific science - volume 60 , number 1 , january 2006 , p . 137 - 145 pdf fulltext
id : at an average length of 29 . 25 cm or 11 . 5 inches , this is ( together with the westerman ' s eclectus ) , the smallest of all eclectus species .
although eclectus parrots may reach sexual maturity earlier or later , they usually reach it between 2–3 years .
) is successful in keeping the afflicted parrot from completely stripping all but its head of feathers . other captive species that are prone to this behavior are the
at an average length of 37 cm or 14 . 5 inches , this is the largest of all eclectus species
eclectus infectus ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was newly - described from subfossil remains by steadman ( 2006 ) .
the genus eclectus is composed of nine ( possibly ten ) subspecies , with differences in size , coloring and natural range .
this recently - described parrot may have survived as recently as the late 18th century , but became extinct most likely as a result of over - hunting and predation by invasive mammals .
justification : this recently - described parrot may have survived as recently as the late 18th century , but became extinct most likely as a result of over - hunting and predation by invasive mammals .
the diet of the eclectus in the wild consists of mainly fruits , wild figs , unripe nuts , flower and leaf buds , and some seeds . in captivity , they will eat most fruits including mangos , figs , guavas , bananas , melons , stone fruits , grapes , citrus fruits , pears , apples , pomegranate and papaya ( pawpaw ) . the eclectus has an unusually long digestive tract and this is why it requires such a high fiber diet . in captivity the eclectus parrot does benefit from a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables , leafy greens such as endive and dandelion , as well as a variety of seeds , including spray millet , and a few nuts such as shelled almonds and shelled walnuts .
eclectus hens have a strong maternal instinct , which is displayed in captivity where they will constantly seek possible nesting spaces , climbing into cupboards , drawers and spaces beneath furniture and becoming very possessive and defensive of these locations . an unpaired hen may go on to lay infertile eggs with little encouragement in the spring . it is often possible to place abandoned eggs from other parrot species beneath a broody eclectus hen , which she will readily accept and then happily incubate to the point of hatching and even rearing the hatched chick to the point it is removed from the nest .
others believe it is a distinct subspecies , as the rich yellow on the tail tip of the male often is infused with pink , orange or bright red . at this point , no male eclectus in other subspecies has been described with this type of tail feather coloring . the aru island eclectus specimens are also larger than polychloros , often weighing 100
eclectus infectus was described by steadman ( 2006 ) from bones found at archaeological ( late holocene ) and paleontological ( late pleistocene ) sites on three islands in tonga , and presumably relates to a drawing of a parrot from the malaspina expedition to vava’u , tonga in 1793 ( steadman 2006b , olson 2006 ) , soon after which time it presumably became extinct . it may possibly have also occurred on vanuatu and fiji ( hume and walters 2012 )
eclectus infectus was described by steadman ( 2006 ) from bones found at archaeological ( late holocene ) and paleontological ( late pleistocene ) sites on three islands in tonga , and presumably relates to a drawing of a parrot from the malaspina expedition to vavau , tonga in 1793 ( steadman 2006b , olson 2006 ) , soon after which time it presumably became extinct . it may possibly have also occurred on vanuatu and fiji ( hume and walters 2012 )
the average lifespan of the eclectus parrots in captivity is unknown , since these birds were not kept in captivity in great numbers until the 1980s . some sources consider the lifespan to be 30 years .
eclectus parrots are one of the more popular birds kept in captivity , as either parent or hand reared . unlike many other species of parrot they are relatively easy to breed yet difficult to hand feed . eclectus in captivity require vegetables high in beta - carotene , such as lightly cooked sweet potato , fresh broccoli clumps , and fresh corn on the cob . fresh greens such as endive or commercial dandelion are very important in providing calcium and other nutrients . as with all pet birds , they should not be fed avocado , chocolate , or high fat junk foods such as french fries or commercially processed human foods such as pizza . parrots are unable to digest the lactose in milk . spray millet is one of the seed items they enjoy , though the eclectus diet should typically contain much less seed than other birds . a variety of soaked and cooked beans and legumes , along with brown rice , provided in limited amounts help provide protein . nuts and seeds provide vitamin e , but should be limited in order to avoid too much fat in the diet , as eclectus parrots can become obese .
however , most eclectus skins in us museums are in good condition . in captivity in the u . s . , some of the most common subspecies are the solomon island , the vosmaer ' s , and the new guinea red - sided .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : eclectus infectus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
there are nine ( possibly more ) subspecies of eclectus parrots , although the species as a whole needs reviewing . access to some regions where the species occurs is difficult due to geographical or political reasons , and hence field observations have been limited . furthermore , many skins were collected in the early part of the 19th century and have deteriorated in some museums .
description : the westerman ' s eclectus hen has a dark smoky abdomen and is smaller than the females of the other sub - species , which feature blue or purple abdomens . identification of the males in the various subspecies is much more difficult to determine . the usual method being differences in the size of the bird and the shade of green in their plumage .
of the eclectus , as it is the female which must remain conspicuous at the entry to the nest hole , ( in order to advertise her presence at her hollow to males and rival females ) , but well hidden when in the depths of the nest , because the red color hides her well in the darkness . the male is primarily a brilliant green color , which offers
in its natural habitat , the eclectus nests within hollows in large , emergent rainforest trees . suitable hollows are at a premium and the hen will vigorously defend her chosen nesting site from other females ( perhaps even fighting to the death ) , remaining resident at ' her tree ' for up to 11 months of the year , rarely straying from the entrance to her hollow and relying on multiple males to feed her via
eclectus parrots are prone to feather destruction ( picking , pulling , cutting and or barbing ) in captivity . causes can be difficult to pin down , but diet is generally the primary cause , along with failure to provide a soft wood perch to chew , with health problems and hormonal changes thought to be additional causes , as well as clipping primary wing feathers so that the cut ends irritate the bird ' s sides . once this behavior begins it is nearly impossible to stop unless the cause has been addressed . often only a mechanical barrier (
. its tail is edged with a narrow band of creamy yellow , and is dark grey edged with creamy yellow underneath , and the tail feathers are green centrally and more blue as they get towards the edges . the grand eclectus female is mostly bright red with a darker hue on the back and wings . the mantle and underwing coverts darken to a more purple in colour , and the wing is edged with a mauve - blue . the tail is edged with yellowish - orange above , and is more orange tipped with yellow underneath . the upper mandible of the adult male is orange at the base fading to a yellow towards the tip , and the lower mandible is black . the beak of the adult female is all black . adults have yellow to orange
the captive eclectus can be susceptible to muscle spasms known as toe - tapping and wing flipping . while all the causes are not clear , a major cause is a chemical imbalance in vitamins and minerals which inhibits the uptake of calcium , which often occurs subsequent to feeding commercially produced food treats or a high proportion of pellets in the diet . these movements have not been observed in the wild . potential causes include consumption of pellets or other foods that are overly fortified with man made vitamins or artificially colored , or even simple dehydration . [ dr . debra mcdonald , avian nutrition researcher , has discussed the effect of man made vitamin a on the uptake of calcium . ] fortified or artificially colored food items may also cause allergic reactions in some individuals , including severe itchiness leading to feather and skin damage .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
this species was pesumably driven to extinction by overhunting and predation from introduced mammals ( hume and walters 2012 ) .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t62307504a119208554 .
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during the early settlement 3000 years ago , presumably due to human - caused factors . on
steadman , david william ( 2006 ) : extinction and biogeography of tropical pacific birds . university of chicago press . isbn 0 - 226 - 77142 - 3
olson , s . l : birds , including extinct species , encountered by the malaspina expedition on vava’u , tonga , in 1793 . pdf fulltext
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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, specifically in the auditory meatus and the prefrontal reaching but not joining the squamosal bones . the skull of members the genus
female e . r . vosmaeri at north carolina zoo . no other subspecies combines a purple abdomen and clear yellow undertail coverts
, was originally described by rothschild . larger in size than the nominate subspecies with more yellow in the plumage , it is found on islands in the
province . the male has more yellow - toned plumage on the head and neck . the tail is bluer and has a small pale lemon yellow border . the female is a brighter red on the head , back and wings . her undertail coverts are yellow and there is at least an inch of bright pure yellow tail tip .
. also larger than the nominate , the male is a paler shade of green overall and has a bluer tail . the female has an all red plumage , except for the
. it is smaller than the nominate race . the male has a more bluish tinge to its green cheeks and neck , and its tail is edged with a broad band of yellow . the female has all red plumage , except for royal blue primaries and a broad band of yellow to edge the tail .
, was named by scopoli . larger than the nominate race . the green plumage of the male only has a slight yellow tinge and the tail is tipped with a half inch yellow band . the central tail feathers are green and lateral ones blue and green . it is widely distributed from
but is smaller overall with smaller bills and paler orange in the upper mandible of the male . the green of the male has a more yellow tint , quite similar to the green of the vosmaeri .
) – many of the museum specimens have clipped wings and clipped tails and there is no uniformity in the coloration of the female specimens , indicating the likelihood of these specimens being cross bred aviary birds . however ,
doubted it was an aberration , and its status remains unclear . if it ever existed , it is extinct today .
in length . the male is mostly bright green with a yellow - tinge on the head . it has blue
and juveniles have dark brown to black irises . the upper mandible of both male and female juveniles are brown at the base fading to yellow towards the biting edges and the tip .
the above description is for the nominate race . the abdomen and nape of the females are blue in most subspecies , purple abdomen and nape in the subspecies ( roratus ) and lavender abdomen and nape in the ( vosmaeri ) subspecies from the north and central maluku islands , and red abdomen and nape in the subspecies from sumba and tanimbar islands ( cornelia and riedeli ) . females of two subspecies have a wide band of yellow on the tail tip , riedeli and vosmaeri which also have yellow undertail coverts . the female vosmaeri displays the brightest red of all the subspecies , both on the head and body .
—females may mate with multiple male suitors and males may travel from nesting site to nesting site to mate with multiple females . this unique breeding strategy may explain the pronounced
amongst the trees whilst foraging . however , the plumage of both sexes appears spectacular when viewed in the
eggs are laid , which are incubated for 28–30 days . young fledge at about 11 weeks of age .
on the male , if they produce both a male and a female chick . inadequate nest hollows have a habit of flooding in heavy rain , drowning the chicks or eggs inside .
this reported infanticide in wild pairs may be the result of other causes , since this behavior is not observed in captive pairs where the hen selectively kills male chicks .
a pet juvenile male . the upper mandible has a brown base and yellow tip , and the irises are dark brown / black
which may give rise to the mistaken impression that the species is ' dull - witted ' .
, as sydney ' s taronga park zoo had a flock of these in a large aviary many years ago . specimens of the australian subspecies
the maximum reliably recorded longevity for this species is 28 . 5 years , however a lifespan of 40 . 8 years has also been reported .
thompson , d ' arcy w ( 1900 ) .
on characteristic points in the cranial osteology of the parrots
.
garnett , s . ( 1993 ) threatened and extinct birds of australia . raou . national library , canberra . issn 0812 - 8014
( 2nd ed . ) . south tweed heads , nsw : abk publications .
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