fibuloides trapezoidea is a moth of the tortricidae family .

it is known from guizhou in china .

it is similar to fibuloides cyanopsis in the shape of uncus and socius , but can be distinguished by the trapezioidal cucullus and the absence of the enlarged , flattened bristles on the neck of valva .

in f. cyanopsis the cucullus is ovate and the neck of valva has two or more short enlarged , flattened bristles on its ventral side .

fibuloides trapezoidea

species of the genus fibuloides kuznetsov that occur in china are reviewed . fibuloides trapezoidea , sp . urltoken described as new ; fibuloides levatana ( kuznetsov ) and fibuloides modificana kuznetsov are newly recorded for china ; acroclita nigrovenana kuznetsov , syn . n . is considered as a synonym of fibuloides corinthia ( meyrick ) ; and eucoenogenes elongata zhang & . . .
fibuloides aestuosa , the greenish chestnut moth , is a moth of the tortricidae family .
review of the genus fibuloides kuznetsov in china ( lepidoptera , tortricidae , olethreutinae ) .
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tetramoera schistaceana , the grey borer of sugar cane , is a moth of the tortricidae family .
tetramoera is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
vicamentia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
eucosmomorpha is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
enarmoniodes is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
eucosmogastra is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
ancylis divisana , the two - toned ancylis moth , is a moth of the tortricidae family .
ancylis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
loboschiza koenigiana , the orange tortricid moth or leaf webber , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .
loboschiza is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
ancylis obtusana , the small buckthorn roller , is a moth of the tortricidae family .
ancylis discigerana , the birch leaffolder or yellow birch leaffolder moth , is a moth of the tortricidae family .
anthozela is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
dacgleia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
protancylis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
pternidora is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
ancylis geminana , the festooned roller , is a moth of the tortricidae family .
ancylis diminutana , the small festooned roller , is a moth of the tortricidae family .
sirindhornia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
hystrichophora taleana , the indigobush twig borer , is a moth of the tortricidae family .
current knowledge on exocrine glands in carabid beetles : structure , function and chemical . . .
many exocrine products used by ground beetles are pheromones and allomones that regulate intra - and interspecific interactions and contribute to their success in terrestrial ecosystems . this mini - review attempts to unify major themes related to the exocrine glands of carabid beetles . here we report on both glandular structures and the role . . .
francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia and a category a bioterrorism agent . the molecular basis for the extreme virulence of f . tularensis remains unclear . our recent study found that capbca , three neighboring genes , are necessary for the infection of f . tularensis live vaccine strain ( lvs ) in a respiratory . . .
one clue regarding the basis of cocaine - induced deficits in attentional processing is provided by the clinical findings of changes in the infants ' startle response ; observations buttressed by neurophysiological evidence of alterations in brainstem transmission time . using the iv route of administration and doses that mimic the peak arterial levels of . . .
performing music is a multimodal experience involving the visual , auditory , and somatosensory modalities as well as the motor system . therefore , musical training is an excellent model to study multimodal brain plasticity . indeed , we have previously shown that short - term piano practice increase the magnetoencephalographic ( meg ) response to melodic material in novice . . .
induction of er stress in response to oxygen - glucose deprivation of cortical cultures . . .
disturbance of calcium homeostasis and accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum ( er ) are considered contributory components of cell death after ischemia . however , the signal - transducing events that are activated by er stress after cerebral ischemia are incompletely understood . in this study , we show that caspase - 12 and the perk and . . .
the natural triterpene maslinic acid induces apoptosis in ht29 colon cancer cells . . .
maslinic acid , a pentacyclic triterpene found in the protective wax - like coating of the leaves and fruit of olea europaea l . , is a promising agent for the prevention of colon cancer . we have shown elsewhere that maslinic acid inhibits cell proliferation to a significant extent and activates mitochondrial apoptosis in colon . . .
is directionality of electroencephalographic ( eeg ) synchronization abnormal in amnesic mild cognitive impairment ( mci ) and alzheimer ' s disease ( ad ) ? and , do cerebrovascular and ad lesions represent additive factors in the development of mci as a putative preclinical stage of ad ? here we reported two studies that tested these hypotheses . eeg data were . . .
clinical implementation of whole - genome array cgh as a first - tier test in 5080 . . .
array comparative genomic hybridization ( cgh ) is currently the most powerful method for detecting chromosomal alterations in pre and postnatal clinical cases . in this study , we developed a bac based array cgh analysis platform for detecting whole genome dna copy number changes including specific micro deletion and duplication chromosomal disorders . additionally , . . .
postural control in quiet stance although simple still requires some cognitive resources ; dual cognitive tasks influence further postural control . the present study examines whether or not dyslexic teenagers experience postural instability when performing a stroop dual task for which their performances are known to be poor . fifteen dyslexics and twelve . . .
strength of hydrogen bond network takes crucial roles in the dissociation process . . .
to understand the underlying mechanisms of significant differences in dissociation rate constant among different inhibitors for hiv - 1 protease , we performed steered molecular dynamics ( smd ) simulations to analyze the entire dissociation processes of inhibitors from the binding pocket of protease at atomistic details . we found that the strength of hydrogen bond . . .
the effect of anandamide on uterine nitric oxide synthase activity depends on . . .
nitric oxide production , catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase ( nos ) , should be strictly regulated to allow embryo implantation . thus , our first aim was to study nos activity during peri - implantation in the rat uterus . day 6 inter - implantation sites showed lower nos activity ( 0 . 19±0 . 01 pmoles l - citrulline mg prot ( - 1 ) h ( - 1 ) ) compared to days 4 . . .
escherichia coli genome - wide promoter analysis : identification of additional atoc binding target elements .
studies on bacterial signal transduction systems have revealed complex networks of functional interactions , where the response regulators play a pivotal role . the atosc system of e . coli activates the expression of atodaeb operon genes , and the subsequent catabolism of short - chain fatty acids , upon acetoacetate induction . transcriptome and phenotypic analyses suggested . . .
mcp - 1 upregulates amylin expression in murine pancreatic β cells through erk / jnk - ap1 and . . .
amylin is the most abundant component of islet amyloid implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes . plasma amylin levels are elevated in individuals with obesity and insulin resistance . monocyte chemoattractant protein - 1 ( mcp - 1 , ccl2 ) is involved in insulin resistance of obesity and type 2 diabetes . we investigated the effect of . . .
recent studies indicate local caspase activation in dendrites or axons during development and in neurodegenerative disorders such as alzheimer ' s disease ( ad ) . emerging evidences point to soluble oligomeric amyloid - β peptide as a causative agent in ad . here we describe the design of fluorescence resonance energy transfer ( fret ) - based caspase sensors , fused to . . .
human endogenous retrovirus k106 ( herv - k106 ) was infectious after the emergence of anatomically . . .
herv - k113 and herv - k115 have been considered to be among the youngest hervs because they are the only known full - length proviruses that are insertionally polymorphic and maintain the open reading frames of their coding genes . however , recent data suggest that herv - k113 is at least 800 , 000 years old , and herv - k115 even older . . . .
a one - step real - time multiplex pcr for screening y - chromosomal microdeletions without downstream amplicon . . .
y - chromosomal microdeletions ( ycmd ) are one of the major genetic causes for non - obstructive azoospermia . genetic testing for ycmd by multiplex polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) is an established method for quick and robust screening of deletions in the azf regions of the y - chromosome . multiplex pcrs have the advantage of including a control . . .
identification of a phosphorylation - dependent nuclear localization motif in interferon regulatory factor 2 . . .
interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 2 ( irf2bp2 ) is a muscle - enriched transcription factor required to activate vascular endothelial growth factor - a ( vegfa ) expression in muscle . irf2bp2 is found in the nucleus of cardiac and skeletal muscle cells . during the process of skeletal muscle differentiation , some irf2bp2 becomes relocated to the cytoplasm , . . .
mitochondrial genomes and doubly uniparental inheritance : new insights from musculista senhousia sex - linked . . .
doubly uniparental inheritance ( dui ) is a fascinating exception to matrilinear inheritance of mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) . species with dui are characterized by two distinct mtdnas that are inherited either through females ( f - mtdna ) or through males ( m - mtdna ) . dui sex - linked mitochondrial genomes share several unusual features , such as additional protein coding genes and . . .
upregulation of cellular bcl - 2 by the kshv encoded rta promotes virion production .
apoptosis of virus infected cells can restrict or dampen full blown virus propagation and this can serve as a protective mechanism against virus infection . consequently , viruses can also delay programmed cell death by enhancing the expression of anti - apoptotic proteins . human bcl - 2 is expressed on the surface of the mitochondrial membrane . . .
assessment of genetic diversity of 12 populations of azadirachta indica a . juss . . .
the beneficial effects of plant materials typically result from the combination of secondary products present in the plant . neem tree is a common source of natural products for development of medicines against various diseases . this study was aimed at determining the genetic relatedness of neem ( azadirachta indica a . juss ) collected . . .
chaos and random fractal theories are among the most important for fully characterizing nonlinear dynamics of complicated multiscale biosignals . chaos analysis requires that signals be relatively noise - free and stationary , while fractal analysis demands signals to be non - rhythmic and scale - free . to facilitate joint chaos and fractal analysis of biosignals , we present . . .
spatial language processing in the blind : evidence for a supramodal representation and . . .
neuropsychological and imaging studies have shown that the left supramarginal gyrus ( smg ) is specifically involved in processing spatial terms ( e . g . above , left of ) , which locate places and objects in the world . the current fmri study focused on the nature and specificity of representing spatial language in the left smg by . . .
stress - related cardiomyopathies can be observed in the four following situations : takotsubo cardiomyopathy or apical ballooning syndrome ; acute left ventricular dysfunction associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage ; acute left ventricular dysfunction associated with pheochromocytoma and exogenous catecholamine administration ; acute left ventricular dysfunction in the critically ill . cardiac toxicity was mediated more by catecholamines . . .
who applies and who gets admitted to uk graduate entry medicine ? - . . .
graduate - entry medicine is a recent development in the uk , intended to expand and broaden access to medical training . after eight years , it is time to evaluate its success in recruitment . this study aimed to compare the applications and admissions profiles of graduate - entry programmes in the uk to traditional 5 and . . .
one of the main challenges in biomedicine is improvement of detection sensitivity to achieve tumor marker recognition at a very low concentration when the disease is not significantly advanced . a pivotal role in cancer defense is played by the p53 tumor suppressor , therefore its detection with high sensitivity may contribute . . .
tbp binding - induced folding of the glucocorticoid receptor af1 domain facilitates its interaction . . .
the precise mechanism by which glucocorticoid receptor ( gr ) regulates the transcription of its target genes is largely unknown . this is , in part , due to the lack of structural and functional information about gr ' s n - terminal activation function domain , af1 . like many steroid hormone receptors ( shrs ) , the gr af1 exists in an . . .
a conformation - sensitive monoclonal antibody against the a2 domain of von willebrand factor . . .
the size of von willebrand factor ( vwf ) , controlled by adamts13 - dependent proteolysis , is associated with its hemostatic activity . many factors regulate adamts13 - dependent vwf proteolysis through their interaction with vwf . these include coagulation factor viii , platelet glycoprotein 1bα , and heparin sulfate , which accelerate the cleavage of vwf . conversely , thrombospondin - 1 decreases the rate . . .
pulsatile ex vivo perfusion of human saphenous vein grafts under controlled pressure . . .
the use of human saphenous vein grafts ( hsvgs ) as a bypass conduit is a standard procedure in the treatment of coronary artery disease while their early occlusion remains a major problem . we have developed an ex vivo perfusion system , which uses standardized and strictly controlled hemodynamic parameters for the pulsatile . . .
whole genome characterization of non - tissue culture adapted hrsv strains in severely infected . . .
human respiratory syncytial virus ( hrsv ) is the most important virus causing lower respiratory infection in young children . the complete genetic characterization of rsv clinical strains is a prerequisite for understanding hrsv infection in the clinical context . current information about the genetic structure of the hrsv genome has largely been obtained . . .
the respiratory molybdo - selenoprotein formate dehydrogenases of escherichia coli have hydrogen : benzyl viologen . . .
escherichia coli synthesizes three membrane - bound molybdenum - and selenocysteine - containing formate dehydrogenases , as well as up to four membrane - bound [ nife ] - hydrogenases . two of the formate dehydrogenases ( fdh - n and fdh - o ) and two of the hydrogenases ( hyd - 1 and hyd - 2 ) have their respective catalytic subunits located in the periplasm and these enzymes have been shown previously . . .
the human cochlea includes about 3000 inner hair cells which filter sounds at frequencies between 20 hz and 20 khz . this massively parallel frequency analysis is reflected in models of auditory processing , which are often based on banks of filters . however , existing implementations do not exploit this parallelism . here we propose algorithms . . .
long - term cultured human neural stem cells undergo spontaneous transformation to tumor - initiating cells .
in this report , we describe the spontaneous malignant transformation of long - term cultured human fetal striatum neural stem cells ( hsnscs , passage 17 ) . after subcutaneous transplantation of long - term cultured hsnscs into immunodeficient nude mice , 2 out of 15 mice formed xenografts which expressed neuroendocrine tumor markers cga and nse . t1 cells , a . . .
long - term exposure to hypoxia inhibits tumor progression of lung cancer in rats . . .
hypoxia has been identified as a major negative factor for tumor progression in clinical observations and in animal studies . however , the precise role of hypoxia in tumor progression has not been fully explained . in this study , we extensively investigated the effect of long - term exposure to hypoxia on tumor progression in . . .
fragile x associated disorders are caused by a premutation allele in the fragile x mental retardation 1 gene ( fmr1 ) and are hypothesized to result from the toxic effect of elevated levels of expanded fmr1 transcripts . increased levels of fmr1 mrna have indeed been reported in premutation carriers ; however the mechanism . . .
transposable elements comprise a large proportion of animal genomes . transposons can have detrimental effects on genome stability but also offer positive roles for genome evolution and gene expression regulation . proper balance of the positive and deleterious effects of transposons is crucial for cell homeostasis and requires a mechanism that tightly . . .
stink bugs ( hemiptera : pentatomidae ) comprise a critically important insect pest complex affecting 12 major crops worldwide including cotton . in the us , stink bug damage to developing cotton bolls causes boll abscission , lint staining , reduced fiber quality , and reduced yields with estimated losses ranging from 10 to 60 million dollars annually . . . .
association between physical activity and metabolic syndrome in middle - aged japanese : a cross - sectional . . .
although many studies have reported an association between self - reported physical activity and metabolic syndrome ( mets ) , there is limited information on the optimal level of physical activity required to prevent mets . this study aimed to determine the association between objectively measured physical activity and mets in middle - aged japanese individuals . we also . . .
understanding where mutant cftr is localised in airway epithelia is essential in guiding the best therapeutic approach to correct the dysfunction of the cftr protein . the widely held paradigm is that cf patients harbouring the commonest mutation , cftr - delf508 , trap cftr within the endoplasmic reticulum and target it for degradation . however . . .
profiling and quantitative evaluation of three nickel - coated magnetic matrices for purification of . . .
several materials are available in the market that work on the principle of protein magnetic fishing by their histidine ( his ) tags . little information is available on their performance and it is often quoted that greatly improved purification of histidine - tagged proteins from crude extracts could be achieved . while some commercial magnetic . . .
cardiomyocyte specific ablation of p53 is not sufficient to block doxorubicin induced . . .
doxorubicin ( dox ) is an anthracycline used to effectively treat several forms of cancer . unfortunately , the use of dox is limited due to its association with cardiovascular complications which are manifested as acute and chronic cardiotoxicity . the pathophysiological mechanism of dox induced cardiotoxicity appears to involve increased expression of the tumor . . .
gold nanoparticle - based surface - enhanced raman scattering for noninvasive molecular probing of embryonic stem . . .
this study reports the use of gold nanoparticle - based surface - enhanced raman scattering ( sers ) for probing the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem ( mes ) cells , including undifferentiated single cells , embryoid bodies ( ebs ) , and terminally differentiated cardiomyocytes . gold nanoparticles ( gnps ) were successfully delivered into all 3 mes cell differentiation stages without affecting cell viability . . .
methylation - associated down - regulation of rassf1a and up - regulation of rassf1c in pancreatic endocrine tumors .
rassf1a gene silencing by dna methylation has been suggested as a major event in pancreatic endocrine tumor ( pet ) but rassf1a expression has never been studied . the rassf1 locus contains two cpg islands ( a and c ) and generates seven transcripts ( rassf1a - rassf1g ) by differential promoter usage and alternative splicing . we studied 20 . . .
snail involves in the transforming growth factor β1 - mediated epithelial - mesenchymal transition of retinal . . .
the proliferation of retinal pigment epithelium ( rpe ) cells resulting from an epithelial - mesenchymal transition ( emt ) plays a key role in proliferative vitreoretinopathy ( pvr ) , which leads to complex retinal detachment and the loss of vision . genes of snail family encode the zinc finger transcription factors that have been reported to be essential . . .
molecular genetic analyses of polytene chromosome region 72a - d in drosophila melanogaster reveal . . .
we have investigated a region of ∼310 kb of genomic dna within polytene chromosome subdivisions 72a to 72d of drosophila melanogaster . this region includes 57 predicted protein - coding genes . seventeen of these genes are in six clusters that appear to have arisen by tandem duplication . within this region we found 23 . . .
lentivector - mediated gene delivery into the dorsal root ganglion ( drg ) is a promising method for exploring pain pathophysiology and for genetic treatment of chronic neuropathic pain . in this study , a series of modified lentivector particles with different cellular promoters , envelope glycoproteins , and viral accessory proteins were generated to evaluate the requirements . . .
effects of serine protease inhibitors on growth and development and digestive serine . . .
in the current study the effects of serine proteinase inhibitors ( tlck , tpck , sbti , and a combination of sbti and tpck ) with concentrations of 1 % and 4 % of dietary protein in artificial diets were tested against growth of the sunn pest , eurygaster integriceps puton ( hemiptera : scutelleridae ) , development , and its gut serine . . .
aqueous extract from hibiscus sabdariffa linnaeus ameliorate diabetic nephropathy via regulating oxidative . . .
several studies point out that oxidative stress maybe a major culprit in diabetic nephropathy . aqueous extract of hibiscus sabdariffa l . ( hse ) has been demonstrated as having beneficial effects on anti - oxidation and lipid - lowering in experimental studies . this study aimed at investigating the effects of hibiscus sabdariffa l . on diabetic nephropathy in . . .
microstructure analysis of fe3o4 heated by microwaves in a te10 mode cavity : . . .
detailed observations of the single mode h - field heated magnetite was conducted . the heated magnetite contains a shiny area , which exists in the width of 5 mm and thickness in 1 mm . the observation of the area reveals wavy surface patterns . the microstructures of the shiny area consists of an undefined . . .
broadband local field potentials correlate with spontaneous fluctuations in functional magnetic resonance . . .
resting - state functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) is widely used for exploring spontaneous brain activity and large - scale networks ; however , the neural processes underlying the observed resting - state fmri signals are not fully understood . to investigate the neural correlates of spontaneous low - frequency fmri fluctuations and functional connectivity , we developed a rat model of . . .
valence - band offsets and formation enthalpy of reconstructed gaas / ge ( 001 ) interfaces .
determination of the bulk band structure of ag in ag / cu ( 111 ) quantum - well systems .
valence - band splitting in ordered ga0 . 5in0 . 5p measured by polarized photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy .
delta i = 4 bifurcation in a superdeformed band : evidence for a c4 symmetry .
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word wuyiensis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word wuyiensis and , of course , wuyiensis synonyms and on the right images related to the word wuyiensis .
wang , 1981 van cleave , h . j . & mueller , j . f . ( 1932 ) .
( fujian ) . beccaloni , george ; et al . , eds . ( february 2005 ) .
scientific . . .
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the cave hyena ( crocuta crocuta spelaea ) , also known as the ice age spotted hyena , was a paleosubspecies of spotted hyena which ranged from the iberian peninsula to eastern siberia .

it is one of the best known mammals of the ice age and is well represented in many european bone caves .

the cave hyena was a highly specialised animal , with its progressive and regressive features being more developed than in its modern african relative .

it preyed on large mammals ( primarily wild horses , steppe wisent and woolly rhinoceros ) , and was responsible for the accumulation of hundreds of large pleistocene mammal bones in areas including horizontal caves , sinkholes , mud pits and muddy areas along rivers .

the cause of the cave hyena 's extinction is not fully understood , though it could have been due to a combination of factors , including climate change and competition with other predators .

cave hyena

of hyena , the spotted hyena , the striped hyena , the brown hyena and the aardwolf .
this entry was posted in hyena and tagged aardwolf , brown hyena , byaena brunnea , cave hyena , crocuta crocuta , hyaena hyaena , kirkdale caves , proteles cristatus , striped hyena , william buckland . bookmark the permalink .
a panoramic photo of the cave hyena skeleton from los aprendices cave . image : saurqué et al . 2017
chauvet ( france ) cave art painting of hyena’s . 20 , 000 bp .
archive index chauvet cave lascaux cave niaux cave cosquer cave rouffignac cave portable art defining rock art tuc d ' audoubert bison dr . jean clottes
cave hyenas were prehistoric subspecies of the spotted hyena that lived during the pleistocene epoch .
close - up of the cave hyena ' s skull , bulkier than that of its living hyena relatives . image : saurqué et al . 2017
meaning that the hyena tends to eat another animal ' s kill , rather than the hyena actually catching its own food . the hyena is well known for its cackling laugh - like scream , which the hyena is believed to use in
have a bear - like stance as the front legs of a hyena are longer than the back legs of a hyena . the striped hyena , the brown hyena and the aardwolf all have a striped mane on the top of the hyena ' s neck that stands up when the hyena is frightened . the main of a spotted hyena is considerably shorter and appears to stand on end the majority of the time .
studied and referred late pleistocene ( mis3–5d ) european cave sites with ‘palaeolithic cave bear pseudo - bone flutes’ , and compared cave bear dens with hyena influence ( hyena palaeobiogeography of 150 sites [ 4 ] ) .
large cave bear den ( u . spelaeus subsp . ) , short - term hyena den at entrance , aurignacian cave bear hunting site deep in cave
chauvet ( france ) cave art painting of hyena’s . 20 , 000 bp . at that time hyena’s were living since a long time in europe .
a drawing of a cave hyena near los aprendices cave , shown feeding on the carcass of a spanish ibex , inspired by the fossils found nearby the new cave hyena skeleton . image : saurqué et al . 2017
this cave bear skull may well have been from an inhabitant of the cave before humans first entered the cave .
the cave hyena had an awkward raised posture because of its long front legs . its low - hanging head gave it the loping gait and boar - like posture of the modern hyena .
the late pleistocene spotted hyena crocuta crocuta spelaea ( goldfuss 1823 ) population from the zoolithen cave at gailenreuth ( bavaria , south germany ) —a hyena cub rising den of specialized cave bear scavengers in boreal forest environments of central europe .
big horn rhino cave painting from chauvet cave . second oldest cave art in france , after the abri castanet engravings .
large cave bear den ( u . spelaeus subsp . ) , short - term hyena den , wolf den at entrance
) and large amount of material in different destruction stages from the weiße kuhle cave , but also some relevant bones from the den sites keppler cave , zoolithen cave , sophie ' s cave , große teufels cave and the czech sloup cave .
j . f . tournepiche and c . couture , “the hyena den of rochelot cave ( charente , france ) , ”
pleistocene panthera leo spelaea ( goldfuss , 1810 ) remains from the balve cave ( nw germany ) —a cave bear , hyena den and middle palaeolithic human cave , and review of the sauerland karst lion sites .
the spotted hyena ( c . crocuta ) has been incredibly successful throughout most of europe and asia for almost a million years . commonly known as the european spotted hyena , or the cave hyena , this hyena has historically been named as a separate species ( c . spelaea ) or sub - species ( c . crocuta spelaea ) . recent genetic work has demonstrated the european spotted hyena has had continual gene flow through africa and is one species , c . crocuta .
like the other cave dwellers of the ice age , this ancient breed of hyena was an exaggeratedly large version of its modern counterpart .
large cave bear den ( u . spelaeus subsp . / u . ingressus ) , hyena den , wolf den at entrance chamber area
j . t . pokines and j . c . k . peterhans , “spotted hyena (
the cave bear skull placed on the rock which has fallen from the roof of the cave is accompanied on the floor of the cave by a cave bear lower jaw , as well as other fragments of cave bear bones . photo : urltoken
cave hyenas lived and hunted in social groups , with a pack numbering up to 30 individuals . archaeologists have found more than 20 , 000 cave hyena teeth at tornewton cave in devon , showing that clans inhabited these caves for many generations .
view image of the skull of a cave hyena ( crocuta crocuta spelaea ) ( credit : ra ' ike , cc by 3 . 0 )
extinctions of late ice age cave bears as result of climate / habitat change and large carnivore lion / hyena / wolf predation stress in europe .
c . diedrich and k . žák , “prey deposits and den sites of the upper pleistocene hyena
by examining hyena fossils and looking very closely at other fossils ( for gnaw marks ) , buckland had set a new standard for examining cave sites .
what made you want to look up cave hyena ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
cave bear hunting in the hohle fals , a cave site in the ach valley , swabian jura .
chauvet cave , the 2nd oldest known cave art in europe | marc i . vermeersch ' s blog
cave bear killers , scavengers between the scandinavian and alpine ice shields—the last hyenas and cave bears in antagonism—and the reason why cave bears hibernated deeply in caves .
cave bear killers , scavengers between the scandinavian and alpine ice shields—the last hyenas and cave bears in antagonism—and the reason why cave bears hibernated deeply in caves .
large hyena den at entrance ( cub raising , communal den type ) , large cave bear den ( u . spelaeus subsp . / u . ingressus )
there are four living species of hyenas ; the spotted hyena ( crocuta crocuta ) , the striped hyena ( hyaena hyaena ) , the brown hyena ( hyaena brunnea ) and the lesser know little aardwolf ( proteles cristatus ) . the striped hyena is the only species , in present time , to live outside of africa ; as well as north and east africa , it also lives in the middle east and asia . in the earth’s recent past , another species of hyena was running around europe ; cackling across the plains .
cave hyenas lived alongside , and competed with , ancient humans . neanderthals first entered europe about the same time as cave hyenas . fossil evidence shows that neanderthals and cave hyenas were in conflict over prey and prime cave sites .
figure 1 : ( a ) geographical locations of german cave bear sites , both cave den and open air sites , including sophie’s cave in bavaria , southern germany . ( b ) cave map showing cave bear , hyena , and wolf den areas during the early / middle late pleistocene in upper franconia ( bavaria , germany ) . ( c ) the present - day entrance of sophie’s cave . ( d ) speleothems in the millionary hall of sophie’s cave . ( e ) two cave bear skulls ( small types : ursus spelaeus subsp . ) fixed in the speleothem layer of the reindeer hall of the sophie’s cave ( on place ) .
studied and from literature compiled cave bear , hyena , wolf den sites with pseudo - bone flutes ( i . e . punctured cave bear cub femora ) , and overlap of late palaeolithic aurignacian camp sites at the cave entrances , or cave bear hunt signs deep in caves . ‘pseudo - bone flutes’ are not in middle palaeolithic archaeological , but of late palaeolithic and cave bear den context with large carnivore influence .
the spotted hyena is a larrge carnivore , and the most abundant carnivore in africa today . ( image jan freedman )
the ice age spotted crocuta crocuta spelaea ( goldfuss , 1823 ) population , their excrements and prey from the late pleistocene hyena den sloup cave in the moravian karst ; czech republic .
the first ‘neanderthal cave bear bone flute’ from the middle palaeolithic was believed to have been discovered in the 1920s from potočka zijalka jama cave ( i . e . potok cave ) , slovenia [
another juvenile bear cub femur with holes from divje babe i cave , slovenia , a small cave bear den ( cf . [
] ) cave bears did not use the canines for ‘bone crushing’ , which were also proposed to be the ‘hole producers in cave bear bone shafts’ in former times , also forgetting the top predators of cave bears in the ‘cave bear book’ ( cf . [
it is no wonder then that further incorrectness about cave bear bone taphonomy at divje babe cave 1 was published ( cf . [
for information about another prehistoric cave in the ardeche gorge , see : grotte des deux - ouvertures / cave of two openings .
a fossil - bearing cave in northeastern spain that has yielded the most complete skeleton of the extinct cave hyena yet known , greatly improving on partial remains found elsewhere . the deposits in the cave , known as las aprendices , have been dated to approximately 144 , 000 years ago . the cave offers a snapshot of the environment and wildlife encountered by the first humans moving into europe .
in the bitter cold , access to cave space could mean life or death for an animal .
humans and hyenas were competing for cave space ,
says lister .
we find layers of hyena remains and then a layer of human remains .
] ) a breakage - arch indicates an ‘impact’ , rather than drilling ( cf . also modern hyena impact mark pictures in [
the research was sponsored by the private research institute paleologic ( urltoken ) , which runs the ‘european ice age spotted hyena project’ .
the wildlife in europe during the pleistocene was much more varied than what is presently seen . they include the cave hyena , as well as cave bears , cave lions , woolly rhinoceroses , and several elephants . many of these species have adaptations for the cold , including larger body size , thicker fur , and body fat .
ice age spotted hyenas hunting or only scavenging on a cave bear ursus spelaeus rosenmüller at the ice age spotted hyena freeland den and prey deposit site bad wildungen - biedensteg ( hessia , germany ) .
when the cave was first discovered , it seemed to be just another large cave , with stalactites , stalagmites , draperies and flowstone .
source / reference article learn how you can use or cite the hyena article in your website content , school work and other projects .
sources of variations in carnivore tooth - mark frequencies in a modern spotted hyena ( crocuta crocuta ) assemblage , amboseli park , kenya .
male ibex , recognisable by the long curved horn , on the panther panel , well to the left of the hyena and panther .
cave entrances of larger cave bear den systems were often overlapping hyena [ 83 , 92 ] and middle to late palaeolithic ( neanderthal to epipalaelithic ) camp sites . the extinction of cave bears cannot be attributed due to human hunt pressure at all , because there is the single cave in the swabian alb that demonstrated at least the carcass use and hunt , both at the latest large u . ingressus cave bears by modern pleistocene humans of the gravettian age [ 19 ] .
europe ' s first upper pleistocene crocuta crocuta spelaea ( goldfuss , 1823 ) skeleton from the konìprusy caves—a hyena cave prey depot site in the bohemian karst ( czech republic ) —late pleistocene woolly rhinoceros scavengers .
the fossils came from a single adult , around six to ten years of age , who seems to have died alone in the cave around 143 , 000 years ago . today ' s hyenas are mostly restricted to africa , but in the past , several species called europe home as well , including the cave hyena – a close relative , and possibly a subspecies , of the modern - day spotted hyena .
) . the incorrect biomechanical illustration of the hyena teeth and jaw function leads to incorrect interpretations of hyenas as possible producers ( cf . [
stepping even further back , there appears to be the outline of yet another animal , possibly a bear , above the hyena and panther .
brodar [ 8 ] reported cave bear cub femora and other cave bear bones ‘with holes’ as further proof of the ‘oldest instruments in the world’ from the mokriška jama cave ( or medvedja jama cave = bear cave ) , slovenia . also , this is a large cave bear den which had again an aurignacian camp site at the entrance , and again no neanderthal occupation at all ( cf . [ 9 , 10 ] ) .
figure 15 : general late pleistocene model for the maximum of cave use and conflicts between all top predators , and cave bears with skull examples of the zoolithen cave ( upper franconia , figure 1 ) which model is also based on the sophie’s cave situation . ( a ) skull damage as a result of predator and ( b ) cave bear fights ( “cave imaging” illustrations by g . “rinaldino” teichmann ; graphics : paleologic ) .
are today found mostly in the african savannah . the only exception to this is that the striped hyena is often seen roaming in the jungles of
the chauvet cave contains several depictions of cave bears , and elalouf argues that these must have been painted while the bears still thrived in the area . to pin down when the bears disappeared , his team collected 38 samples of cave bear remains in the chauvet cave and analysed their mitochondrial dna .
tseng z , li q , wang x . a new cursorial hyena from tibet , and analysis of the biostratigraphy , paleozoogeography , and dental morphology of
l , scott , and r . g . klein , “a hyena accumulated bone assemblage from late holocene deposits at deelpan , orange free state , ”
on the follwing link you will find a trailer of a coming documentary made by werner herzog on the chauvet cave , the ‘cave of forgotten dreams’ . urltoken
chauvet cave paintings prehistoric murals , ardeche , france : discovery , significance , cave layout . main a - z index - a - z of prehistoric art
 font de gaume cave ( c . 14 , 000 bce ) important cave , noted for its
bison frieze
and
licking reindeer
.
other cave bear cub femora with holes ( ‘bone flutes’ ) were then reported from the istállóskö cave , hungaria ( cf . [ 6 ] ) . this was a smaller cave bear and ice age spotted hyena ( crocuta crocuta spelaea ) carnivore den which overlaps with another aurignacian camp site , but again , it has no middle palaeolithic neanderthal occupation signs ( cf . [ 7 ] ) .
like many other animals with which our ancestors shared their hard - won territory , the cave hyena has been immortalized in primitive cave paintings . one cartoon - like representation can be found in the chauvet cave in france , dating to about 20 , 000 years ago , and a small sculpture ( carved from the ivory of a woolly mammoth ! ) was created a few thousand years after that . it ' s likely that both early humans and neanderthals memorialized the cave hyena as a kind of demigod , and also painted it on the walls of their caves in order to
capture its essence
and facilitate success in the hunt . ( it ' s unlikely that early homo sapiens targeted the cave hyena for its stringy meat , but its pelt would have been valuable in winter , and anyway it was a good idea to eliminate the competition ! ) .
cave bear scavenging models in larger cave bear den caves ( here zoolithen cave , germany ) for all three top predators that hunted , killed and scavenged on cave bears all over europe within caves in boreal forest palaeoenvironments . the bone crusher of longbones was only the ice age spotted hyena , which produced round / oval puncture marks on cave bear cub bones by the bone crushing premolar teeth , i . e . ‘bone flute holes’ ( composed and adapted from [ 4 , 14 , 15 , 22 , 23 ] ; illustrations g . teichmann ) .
the figured ‘bone flutes’ of divje babe cave 1 , mokriška jama cave and all other slovenian ‘pseudo - bone flutes’ are housed in the national museum in ljubljana , slovenia and hungary ( nmls ) . oase cave material was studied in the institute emil racovita , romania ( ir ) . weiße kuhle cave ( germany ) bones are in the paleologic research institute , czech republic ( pal ) , perick cave material is kept in the collection of the perick cave club house in hemer , germany ( pch ) . hermann ' s cave material was analysed in the collection of the rübeland show caves , germany ( rc ) , keppler cave material is in the statdmuseum menden , germany ( smm ) , and große teufels cave bones are kept in the show cave of the village of pottenstein ( po ) .
. sometimes , cave bear femora show smaller round–oval tooth marks , or on the shaft ends only half of the puncture mark is on the margin ( e . g . sophie ' s cave and divje babe 1 cave bear cub femora ;
diedrich c . oldest and most northern late palaeolithic cave bear hunters in europe .
mousterian ‘bone flute’ and other finds from divje babe i cave site in slovenia .
figure 6 : ( a ) cave bear bonebed after excavation in 2011 in the hibernation area “reindeer hall” ( reindeer hall ) of the sophie’s cave and ( b–e ) articulated cave bear vertebral columns with bite damages ( possibly one individual ) .
at c is a map of chauvet cave , with the original entrance indicated .
the complete image includes a third cave bear following close behind . from : urltoken
this was the first animal painting seen when the discoverers began exploring the cave .
 for more history and facts about paleolithic cave painting , see : homepage .
to alert other hyenas of a source of food . this hyena call is thought to be able to be heard by other hyenas for up to three miles .
carnivore puncture holes in cave bear ( u . s . subsp . and u . ingressus ) longbones ( humerus , radius , tibia ) and pelvic and pedal bones by top predator ( lions , leopards , hyenas and wolves ) canine and mainly premolar hyena teeth . ( 1–4 ) cub humeri from the weiße kuhle cave , germany . ( 5–6 ) cub radi from the weiße kuhle cave , germany . ( 7–11 ) cub tibiae from the weiße kuhle cave , germany . ( 12 ) cub coxa from the weiße kuhle cave , germany . ( 13–14 ) cub and adult calcanei from the weiße kuhle cave , germany ( all pal collection ) .
stages of cave bear femur destruction by ice age spotted hyena . on cub femora , which are not well calcified and elastic - spongious in the compacta , hyenas produced in many cases only holes with their premolar bone crushing teeth ( mainly p 3 ) due to unsuccessful bone crushing ( femur from oase cave , romania ) . subadult cave bear femora initially flaked ( femur from hermann ' s cave , germany ) . adult femora have no puncture marks , because those directly flaked into pieces .
nestled in the mountain slopes of northern spain is a cave called los aprendices , which has been collecting bones and sediment for hundreds of thousands of years . a few years ago , scientists discovered the ancient skeleton of one of europe ' s most famous ice age carnivores deep within this cavern : crocuta spelaea , the cave hyena .
) . the ice age top predator research in europe focused these past years on hunting of cave bears in large cave bear dens . there , damage on cave bear bones is now well known and reported in several publications ( e . g . [
one such monument is srbsko chlum - komin cave in the czech republic . discovered in 1942 , this upper pleistocene site was once a spotted hyena den , and the activities of these predators caused many of the over 3 , 500 large mammal bones to become preserved at the site . over 350 elements from hyena skeletons , bone - filled coprolites ( fossil feces ) , and tooth - marked bones identify the cave as a place where the prehistoric hyenas took parts of their prey in order to consume them in relative peace , but , as explained by paleontologist cajus diedrich in quaternary international , this assemblage is not quite like the other fossil hyena dens found elsewhere in europe .
) . to those non - slovenian / hungarian ( where bone flutes were thought only to be found ) sites belong the romanian urşilor cave and oase cave . german sites are hermann ' s cave , perick caves , especially a large population of small (
the location of bear wallows , scratches and marks left by cave bears in chauvet .
pettitt also questions whether the paintings show cave bears at all : brown bears lived in the area long after the cave bears were gone . but elalouf says the two species can be distinguished by skull shape , and that the paintings definitely show cave bears .
diedrich , c . g . and copeland , j . p . 2010 . upper pleistocene gulo gulo ( linné , 1758 ) remains from the srbsko chlum - komin hyena den cave in the bohemian karst , czech republic , with comparisons to contemporary wolverines . journal of cave and karst studies , 72 ( 2 ) : 122 - 127 .
an analysis of the types of herbivore bone damage caused by modern african [ 30 ] and ice age spotted hyenas , looking for repeating patterns of damage , included large quantities of bones from hyena den sites or overlapping hyena and cave bear den sites [ 1 , 3 , 52 ] . the bone damage found regularly in the cave dens of cave bears across europe was at first attributed mainly to hyenas [ 1 , 3 , 52 ] , but later the hunting activities of lions were also recognized as having also played a part , albeit to a lesser extent [ 10 ] . large quantities of cracked long bones and characteristic puncture marks can only be attributed to hyena activity , and in particular the use of their cracking teeth , the premolars ( figure 13 ) .
prey deposits and den sites of the upper pleistocene hyena crocuta crocuta spelaea ( goldfuss , 1823 ) in horizontal and vertical caves of the bohemian karst ( czech republic ) .
this is the front of the hyena propulseur . photo : don hitchcock 2014 source : original on display at le musée national de préhistoire , les eyzies - de - tayac
s . w . lansing , s . m . cooper , e . e . boydston , and k . e . holekamp , “taphonomic and zooarchaeological implications of spotted hyena (
ice age steppe lions must have been good climbers and nocturnal hunters similar as their modern african relatives [ 75 , 76 ] . they hunted and killed cave bears deep inside their caves , possibly while the bears were in hibernation , as has been clearly illustrated by the discovery of articulated lion skeletons amongst cave bear skeletons and their hibernation platforms 800 meters from the entrance of the urşilor cave in romania [ 77 ] . supporting evidence has also recently been found in the zoolithen cave [ 10 ] and many other caves of the sauerland karst in north - west germany [ 47 ] as well as the famous sloup cave hyena and cave bear den in the moravian karst of the czech republic [ 46 ] . newest nitrogen isotope studies also identified lions even as cave bear cub consumers in europe [ 73 ] .
this pale , blind cave fish is the first of its kind ever discovered in europe .
2006 . taphonomy and paleoecology of the gondolin plio - pleistocene cave site , south africa .
this plan shows the spatial distribution of the holocene fauna found in chauvet cave , that is the fauna that entered the cave after the time that the paintings were made , presumably through small openings such as that which led to the discovery of the cave in modern times .
cave hyenas are depicted in cave art at both lascaux and chauvet . the ancient artists show that these hyenas were spotted like their close relatives , the living spotted hyenas of africa .
the complete panel shows a cave hyena , crocuta crocuta spelaea and the animal variously called a leopard or a panther . the painting has been dated to 32 000 bp . photo : carla hufstedler permission : licensed under the creative commons attribution - share alike 2 . 0 generic license
) from the weiße kuhle cave , germany , which was scavenged strongly on the left side . puncture holes are produced by canines ( in cranium ) , whereas the breakage of the left mandible is the result of hyena premolar cracking teeth . ( a ) dorsal , ( b ) lateral , ( c ) detail of lateral tooth mark holes ( produced by carnivore canines , best fitting to hyenas or lions ) ( pal collection ) . ( 2 ) single probably canine impact of a large carnivore ( lion , hyena ) on a cub skull ( large cave bear form
the skeleton of a fetal horse found inside srbsko chlum - komin cave . from diedrich 2010 .
j . quilès , c . petrea , o . moldovan et al . , “cave bears (
 gargas cave ( 25 , 000 bce ) renowned for its emotive collection of mutilated handprints .
breaking down a hyena kill . given competition with other carnivores , prehistoric hyenas ( like their living counterparts ) would probably have disarticulated and transported parts of horses they killed . from diedrich 2010 .
so what happened to the cave lion ? as ice retreated from the northern hemispheres the quaternary extinction event took place but the jury is out as to what caused it . one thing is for sure , it was a bad time to be a big mammal . the woolly mammoth , woolly rhinoceros , irish elk , scimitar cat , cave bear , cave hyena and the steppe bison all went extinct from northern europe during this time . this era also saw the end of neanderthal man .
name : crocuta crocuta spelaea ( cave hyena hyena ) phonetic : cro - cu - tah cro - cu - tah spe - lay - ah . classification : chordata ,  mammalia ,  carnivora ,  hyaenidae . species : crocuta crocuta spelaea . diet : carnivore . size : roughly 1 meter high at the shoulder ,  1 . 5 meters long ,  225 kilograms in weight . known locations : across eurasia . time period : pleistocene . fossil representation : multiple remains .
figure 2 : ( a ) cave bear biogeography and possible migration models , evolution , and extinction with faunal exchange in europe with the main different models ( “cave bear” illustrations by g . “rinaldino” teichmann ; graphics : paleologic ) ( cave bear evolution composed after [ 18 – 21 ] ) .
the las aprendices remains were described and illustrated by víctor sauqué and colleagues in early 2017 . their description of the spanish skeleton helps solidify some aspects of cave hyena anatomy . they found that cave hyenas were 60 % heavier than living spotted hyenas , with this specimen weighing over 100 kg ( 225 pounds ) . comparing limb proportions of the fossil with spotted hyenas , sauqué and colleagues determined that cave hyenas ran less than their african relatives . this , coupled with their larger size and robust build , led the researchers to speculate that cave hyenas could take on larger prey than spotted hyenas .
late pleistocene eemian hyena and steppe lion feeding strategies on their largest prey—palaeoloxodon antiquus falconer and cautley 1845 at the straight - tusked elephant graveyard and neanderthal site neumark - nord lake 1 , central germany .
so far , the los aprendices hyena is the only one of its species found in this particular cave , but other animals also left bones behind , including a few small mammals like rodents and rabbits , as well as at least one snake and two spanish ibex , an adult and a newborn .
drilled holes were produced experimentally for a reconstruction of a ‘cave bear cub bone flute’ ( cf . [
m . pacher and a . j . stuart , “extinction chronology and palaeobiology of the cave bear (
a . c . pinto llona and p . j . andrew , “scavenging behaviour patterns in cave bears
in the first part of ' red cave ' the canine prints are however those of the wolf .
imprints of two adult bears and cub in the salle des bauges à ours ( chauvet cave ) .
the first ‘neanderthal cave bear bone flute’ from the middle palaeolithic was believed to have been discovered in the 1920s from potočka zijalka jama cave ( i . e . potok cave ) , slovenia [ 1 ] . this was a larger cave bear den ( cf . [ 2 , 3 ] ) and late palaeolithic aurignacian ( not neanderthal ) used rock shelter camp site at the entrance ( cf . [ 1 ] ; figure 1 ) . in this cave , cave bear hunts by cro - magnon humans seem to be indicated on a cave bear shoulder blade pathology ( large diagonal impact hole , partly healed diagonal hole ) that seems to have been made by a probable mladeč projectile bone point [ 5 ] .
the oldest known cave art in europe is the chauvet cave in france . it is a rather recent discovery ( 1994 ) in comparison with the well known lascaux cave ( 1940 ) . the rock art of both caves is comparable for their style but also because they are an expression of the same genius .
] , this indeed would be abnormal for hyenas to try to crush longbones with their canine teeth . which hyena ( lion and wolf ) teeth are responsible for what kind of tooth marks and bone damage on cave bear bone femora and other few selected cranial and postcranial material is refigured composed of several studies [
african hyena , photographed in kenya . note the characteristic long muscular neck , short hind legs , and prominent ears . photo : © l . franco source : urltoken @ aftzqloi / african - wild - dog
in the sophie’s cave the absence of a hyena den allowed wolves to occupy the bear’s passage , and from its stratigraphical record this appears to have occurred during the final stages of the cave’s use as a den by cave bears , when the connection between the bear’s passage and the deeper hibernation areas of the reindeer hall and millionary hall was blocked . at the far end of the bear’s passage a tunnel - like branch of the cave that was at least a few tens of metres deep provided a perfectly protected den for the wolves ( figures 5 ( b ) , 10 ( a ) , and 10 ( b ) ) .
some of the coprolites from the sophie’s cave ( figure 11 ) were found in situ , together with wolf , cave bear , and mustelid bones ( figures 10 ( a ) and 10 ( b ) ) .
the sophie’s cave is a key locality for regional understanding of landscape development of the franconian cave landscape , accessibility of caves for carnivores and cave bears , and complex taphonomy in caves with flood and carnivore impact . it has demonstrated the first “early late pleistocene wolf den” with intensive faecal places and first prove for feeding on cave bear carcasses by the first european record of half digested cave bear bones found within the faecal areas in the cave . it demonstrates that wolves seem to have used this cave not as a cub raising den , but they were cave dwellers , which fed on cave bear carcasses , similar ( but less ) as hyenas and more such as lions . the abundant faeces seem to play a role in the “orientation” for trail tracking similar as in modern wolves , and less as den marking . the high abundance in a limited area of the bear’s passage might result of periodical short - term den use of smaller cave areas . wolves were scavenging on the bears , so they hibernated and died there , however , and therefore a simultaneous use as wolf and cave bear den cannot be expected . remains of a skeleton of at least one high adult wolf also might result in a battle within the cave with the bears , the same as in the lion taphonomic record .
the end chamber is possibly the most impressive of all , notable especially for the cave lions and rhinos .
but dating the beautiful images - which featured in werner herzog ' s recent documentary film cave of forgotten dreams - has led to an ugly spat between archaeologists . could the bones of cave bears settle the debate ?
 les combarelles cave ( 12 , 000 bce ) a major magdalenian sanctuary famous for its animal engravings .
whereas in historical times after 1833 , when the part behind the sand chamber of the sophie’s cave was opened [ 22 , 23 ] , parts of the cave interior were destroyed , only few and about 40 cave bear , one hyena and one lion skull were found in the reindeer hall ( old name = “erste abteilung” ) , of which most were taken somehow after 1833 , which became a part of collection in the nearby rabenstein castle that finally got lost in 1978 mostly ( all skulls ) when the owner changed [ 17 ] .
more than 190 cave bear skulls have been found in chauvet cave . this one was placed very carefully on the edge of a block of stone , for an unknown purpose . photo : © jean clottes source : urltoken
these stunning pieces of art were used as propulseurs . a bison licking its shoulder on the left , a hyena in the centre , and what i think of as the ' sad ' bison on the far right .
pseudo ‘neanderthal bone flutes’ of different aged cave bear ( u . s . subsp . and u . ingressus ) cub femora ( less than 1 year individual age ) from various european large cave bear den sites . ( 1 ) femur from mokriška jama cave , slovenia ( photos adapted from [ 24 ] ; nmls collection ) . ( 2 ) femur from keppler cave , germany ( photos adapted from [ 4 ] ; smm collection ) . ( 3 ) femur from sophie ' s cave , germany ( photos adapted from [ 22 ] ; smm collection ) . ( 4 ) femur from divje babe cave 1—‘the neanderthal bone flute holotype’ , slovenia ( photos from nmls collection ) . ( 5 ) femur from oase cave , romania ( ir collection ) . ( 6 ) femur from hermann ' s cave , germany ( photos adapted from [ 16 ] ; rc collection ) .
c . diedrich , “ice age geomorphological ahorn valley and ailsbach river terrace evolution—and its importance for the cave use possibilities by cave bears , top predators ( hyenas , wolves and lions ) and humans ( neanderthals , late magdalénians ) in the frankonian karst—case studies in the sophie’s cave near kirchahorn , bavaria , ” in press , 2013 .
i thank for the study support of material from sophie ' s cave mrs s . dess . bone work was allowed in the große teufels cave by s . frühbeißer and was supported by t . büttner . material studies of the zoolithen cave were allowed by pd dr o . hampe ( museum für naturkunde der humboldt - universität berlin ) , whereas cave exploration and bone work in the cave was mainly supervised by m . conrad ( fränkische höhlen - und karst forscher ) . especially e . schuhose , g . volmer and b . baumbach ( rübeländer höhlenforschergruppe ) and c . hensel ( cave management ) supported the cave exploration and bone work in herman ' s cave . j . toernig - struck gave access to the keppler cave material of the stadtmuseum menden . h . - w . weber ( arbeitsgemeinschaft höhle und karst hemer e . v . ) helped in the perick cave exploration and bone dump work . the oase cave material was studied in the speleological institute emil racovita . s . stevens did the spell - check of the first draft , whereas the illustrations are from g . teichmann . finally , i thank dr j . r . ardèvol and an unknown reviewer for the review of the first draft .
norton cj and gao x . 2008 . zhoukoudian upper cave revisited . current anthropology 49 : 732 - 745 .
pei w . 1940 . the upper cave fauna of choukoutien . palaeontologia sinica series 125 c , no . 10
keywords : dhole , cuon , coprocoenosis , taphonomy , noisetier cave , bone accumulation , digestion , late pleistocene .
' chauvet cave - the art of earliest times ' directed by jean clottes , translated by paul g . bahn
the sacristy is at the very end of chauvet cave , reached via the access corridor from the end chamber .
and there was something else in the cave as well – another carnivore . this mysterious second predator , however , didn ' t leave any fossils behind . many of the hyena ' s bones show breaks and punctures left by sharp teeth , but this isn ' t the work of other hyenas .
if the hyena had been with a clan of cave hyenas at the time of its death ,
the researchers say ,
these other hyenas would have scavenged on its carcass , causing a large part of the skeleton to disappear and dispersing the bones .
instead , the marks look like the handiwork of a smaller scavenger , likely a wolf or european leopard .
) from the weiße kuhle cave of a cub with hyena premolar impact holes ( cracking purpose ) . such mandibles were crushed always similar with damaging the ramus , or flakes of the lower distal mandible . ( a ) lateral outer view , ( b ) lateral inner view , ( c–e ) details of puncture holes of both sides and ( f ) refitting of the jaw with all tooth marks of both sides projected in one level which fit in one tooth mark of the bone crushing teeth of the upper jaw of a hyena ( all pal collection ) .
spotted hyenas giggling over an antelope spine . if a hyena can rip off and easily carry part of a carcass , it will often try to take it away from the kill site to consume it . courtesy bmc ecology .
when modern human entered europe about 50 , 000 years ago they still encountered hyenas . cave hyena populations declined starting about 20 , 000 years ago , and they became extinct more than 11 , 000 years ago . the reason for their extinction is unknown , but many authors regard it as a combination of changing climate and competition with humans .
it was generally suggested before that only “natural mortalities” occurred in those cave bear populations which were found in caves [ 70 , 71 ] . first interpretations of carnivore impact on cave bear populations were discussed in a single european cave [ 72 ] . new research has demonstrated that cave bears indeed have been the main food source for these large ice age predators ( lions , hyenas ) in boreal forest environments [ 1 – 3 ] , whereas newest nitrogen isotope analyses have additionally suggested lions to have fed at the end of the late pleistocene mainly on cave bear cubs at least [ 73 ] . this predation on cave bears is supported herein with further evidence from the german sophie’s cave ( figures 1 ( b ) – 1 ( e ) ) . the impact of carnivores in this cave appears to have been quite high ( 18 % of the cave bear bones have been damaged by carnivores ) which needs to be taken into account in any studies on the life and death of european cave bears . they would have been at their most vulnerable during winter hibernation and when raising young cubs ( figure 2 ) [ 1 , 32 , 74 ] .
with the new pleistocene megafauna discoveries in the large cave bear den at the sophie’s cave ( figures 1 ( b ) – 1 ( e ) ) , wolves can for the first time be added to the hyenas and lions [ 1 , 3 , 10 , 46 , 47 ] as large ice age predators and scavengers feeding on cave bears .
alain dalis has already had several visits to chauvet to soak up the original cave art of chauvet . it is supervised by the chief scientist of the cave , jean - michel geneste , who is also the director of the national centre of prehistory in périgueux . the prehistorian jean clottes is also one of the experts in charge of the cave .
] ) , because all ‘fragmented’ bones were simply declared as due to ‘sediment pressure’ . indeed , some are naturally weather - cracked . a studied ulna of a cave bear at the site is one of the best examples of bone crushing by hyena premolar teeth . even the puncture marks in the upper shaft area are visible , demonstrating the scavenging / bone cracking activities also in the divje babe cave 1 , similar to that found in german caves ( cf . [
] . these predators specialized in consuming mainly ( and especially in winter times during cave bear hibernation ) cave bears in boreal forest mountain regions , but in different ways and with different impact on the carcasses and bone destruction ( cf .
large cave bear den ( u . spelaeuseremus / u . ingressus ) , ? short - term wolf den at entrance
figure 5 : ( a ) reconstruction of the geomorphology and ante - ailsbach river terrace of the ahorn valley . ( b - c ) cave map : abundant cave bear bones were found in the areas marked in red , of which a skeleton was reconstructed from bones found in the “bear’s passage , ” which was also partly used as a wolf den and contained many coprolites and wolf remains . ( d ) eight preserved cave bear nests deep within the sophie’s cave ( millionary hall ) . ( e ) hibernating cave bear mother and cub ( illustration : g . “rinaldino” teichmann ) .
j . burger , w . rosendahl , o . loreille et al . , “molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion
the floors are strewn with cave bear bones . in the centre two skulls surrounded by various bones can be seen .
, which are relatively abundant in the parietal bestiary , but are lacking so far as actual specimens within the cave .
3d lidar view of the modern chauvet cave area showing the sample positions on the rockfall scars and the pilier d’abraham .
horses heads from chauvet cave dating to about 30 , 000 bce . some of the world ' s oldest art .
such a shame as being stalked by 600lbs of cave lion would certainly liven up a trip to the recycling centre .
the variety of the fossils ' composition in dobrkovice was determined by specialists of the national museum in praha , based on the comparison with their collections of paleontological findings . upon their judgement , there were found the fragments of the following animals , beasts of prey : cave hyena , few kinds of cave wolf , central european and polar fox , cave lion and particularly cave bear with his well - preserved huge skull . there were also the hoofed animal parts : rhinoceros of the quaternary period , mammoth , three kinds of horses , primeval bison , giant deer , northern reindeer , and then the group of rodents with a polar hare and lemming and a fowl the so - called shaggy from the birds .
) , the antagonistic punctures / tooth marks ( lower / upper jaw dentition fit ) are present . such antagonistic tooth marks are found often at different medium - sized hyena prey bones including their own species femora or even neanderthal femora [
a comparison of the faunal makeup of srbsko chlum - komin cave ( left ) and perick cave ( right ) . each den site was located near different habitat types and were home to different assemblages of large herbivores . from diedrich 2010 .
in these sectors , the distribution is almost monospecifically cave bear . from the paleoecological point of view , the cave bear is 99 . 9 % of the fauna , in accordance with what might be expected in a cave . no ' cold ' species is present in the paleontological record , unlike the paintings and engravings on the wall , which include representations of twelve
chauvet cave in the valley of the ardèche river in france is filled with paintings , engravings and drawings created more than 30 000 years ago , of cave lions , mammoths , rhinos , bison , cave bears and horses . it contains the earliest known cave paintings , as well as other evidence of upper paleolithic life . it is situated on a limestone cliff above the former bed of the ardèche river . the cave was first explored on december 18 , 1994 . as well as the paintings they discovered fossilised remains , prints , and markings from a variety of animals , some of which are now extinct .
a new paper published in february this year by dr . diedrich on the fierce competion for food and living space between cave hyenas and cave lions in late pleistocene europe . europe certainly was one of a hell place during the last ice age !
ichnological and ethological studies in one of europe ' s famous bear den in the urşilor cave ( carpathians , romania ) .
the title should read , “oldest know cave art . . . in the world . ” this is an incredible heritage .
the black arc next to the cave in red is not the present river , but the dry abandoned or cutoff meander .
 trois freres cave ( 13 , 000 bce ) famous for an engraved shamanistic figure known as the
sorcerer
.
all aforementioned femora and other cave bear bones with ‘holes’ ( i . e . ribs , humeri and jaws ) were compiled and studied by the ethnologist / musician omerzel - telep [ 11 ] , without any natural science , nor palaeozoology background , especially the important ecology of cave bears and their predators / scavengers , non - human top predators of the ice age and the wide distribution of cave bear den caves in europe ( cf . [ 3 , 12 – 21 ] ; figures 1 and 2 ) , where always large amounts of damaged and also punctured cave bear bones are present , such as figured with many new examples herein for the northern german weiße kuhle cave and other cave bear dens ( figures 3 – 7 ) .
general cave bear bone damage by large carnivores ( lion , hyena , wolf ) is present in all of those large cave bear dens . on average 80 % of the cub , and 20 % of the adult cave bear bones have large predator damage . the comparison focused on the presence / absence and positions of round–oval puncture marks . herein the bone damage stages 1–3 ( 1 , chewed joint ; 2 , shaft ; 3 , fragments ) are presented in detail for cave bear femora of cubs , subadult and adult cave bears . this material is composed and compared from the aforementioned publications to end the long discussion about ‘middle palaeolithic neanderthal bone flutes and oldest instruments’ . tooth mark types , shapes and especially their positions on both sides of the shaft ends , or the middle part , were identified as the antagonistic upper and lower jaw tooth marks of hyenas .
carnivore puncture holes in cave bear skulls , jaws and postcranial bones caused by top predator canine teeth ( lions , leopards , hyenas and wolves ) , but are mainly products at longbones and lower jaws of the premolar cracking teeth of hyenas ( cf . figure 2 ) . ( 1 ) cub skull ( small cave bear form u . spelaeus eremus ) from the weiße kuhle cave , germany , which was scavenged strongly on the left side . puncture holes are produced by canines ( in cranium ) , whereas the breakage of the left mandible is the result of hyena premolar cracking teeth . ( a ) dorsal , ( b ) lateral , ( c ) detail of lateral tooth mark holes ( produced by carnivore canines , best fitting to hyenas or lions ) ( pal collection ) . ( 2 ) single probably canine impact of a large carnivore ( lion , hyena ) on a cub skull ( large cave bear form u . ingressus ) from the große teufels cave , germany . ( a ) dorsal , ( b ) lateral , ( c ) detail of tooth mark hole ( gtcp collection ) . ( 3 ) mandible ( u . s . eremus ) from the weiße kuhle cave of a cub with hyena premolar impact holes ( cracking purpose ) . such mandibles were crushed always similar with damaging the ramus , or flakes of the lower distal mandible . ( a ) lateral outer view , ( b ) lateral inner view , ( c–e ) details of puncture holes of both sides and ( f ) refitting of the jaw with all tooth marks of both sides projected in one level which fit in one tooth mark of the bone crushing teeth of the upper jaw of a hyena ( all pal collection ) .