sea grapes or molgula sp. are very common , globular , individual marine tunicates roughly the size of grapes .

they are translucent with two protruding siphons .

they are found subtidally , attached to slow-moving submerged objects or organisms .

all species of molgula have a fluid-filled structure called the renal sac .

the renal sac contains nitrogenous wastes , solid concretions composed of weddellite and calcite , and an apicomplexan symbiont called nephromyces .

in the western atlantic ocean , they range from the arctic to north carolina , to the center of the united states eastern seaboard .

molgula

species molgula bancalis monniot c . , 1970 accepted as molgula georgiana michaelsen , 1922 ( original combination )
species molgula camina monniot c . & monniot f . , 1988 accepted as molgula caminae monniot c . & monniot f . , 1988 ( misspelling )
there are no species with which molgula manhattensis is associated that may be extracted .
several species had , until recently , been included in molgula manhattensis : molgula simplex alder & hancock , 1870 ; molgula siphonata alder 1850 ; molgula socialis alder 1848 , and molgula tubifera orstedt 1844 ( connor & picton in howson & picton , 1997 ) . separation for the purpose of this review has not been carried out as it is uncertain to what extent authors of papers have worked with molgula manhattensis sensu stricto . it also seems ( kott 1976 quoted in kott 1985 ) that the eastern atlantic species may be molgula tubifera and that molgula manhattensis occurs on the atlantic coast of north america from maine to lousiana . nevertheless , the species directory ( howson & picton , 1997 ) lists molgula manhattensis for britain and ireland and so no change in name is suggested here .
molgula manhattensis typically lives on hard substrata including artificial substrata . molgula manhattensis sensu stricto ( see taxonomy page ) occurs especially in ports and harbours ( connor & picton in howson & picton , 1997 ) .
molgula manhattensis lives in harbours and the entrances to estuaries where turbidity may increase to high levels . in experiments aimed at identifying the effects of adding clay suspensions to water , frank et al . ( 2000 ) showed the ability of molgula manhattensis to increase clearance rates as concentration of particles increased . it is not expected that increase in turbidity at the level of the benchmark will adversely affect molgula manhattensis .
what made you want to look up molgula ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
berrill ( 1931 ) noted that molgula tubifera ( possibly a synonym of molgula manhattensis ) collected from the salcombe estuary and millbay docks in plymouth were oviparous and had a tadpole larva that developed outside of the body . the tadpole developed and hatched in about 10 hours at a temperature of 18°c and the tadpole larva settled after a further one to 10 hours . samples were collected in spring and summer and it seems likely that time of reproduction is for an extended time and certainly during summer . berrill ( 1931 ) further describes the larval biology of molgula manhattensis from north america and notes much the same development as in molgula tubulifera .
sagasti et al . ( 2000 ) demonstrated that molgula manhattensis can withstand episodes of hypoxia and so intolerance is likely to be low amounting to some loss in condition .
van name ( 1945 ) , quoted in kott ( 1985 ) , noted that molgula manhattensis occurred in salinities equivalent to 20 to 36 psu whilst hartmeyer ( 1923 ) , quoted in tokioka & kado ( 1972 ) , recorded molgula manhattensis in brackish ( 16 - 30 psu ) water of the belt sea . ascidians are mainly found in full salinity and it is not expected that increase in salinity will have an adverse effect except in the possibility of allowing other species to out - complete molgula manhattensis .
identifying the distribution of molgula manhattensis is confused by taxonomic problems ( see taxonomy page ) . although indicated as a native species , the author of this review suggests that it is possible that molgula manhattensis is an early ' import ' from north america as it settles on the hull of ships and could have been transported on wooden sailing ships at a very early stage in north atlantic crossings . van name ( 1945 ) , quoted in kott ( 1985 ) , noted that molgula manhattensis occurred in salinities equivalent to 20 to 36 psu .
the distribution of molgula manhattensis in the north atlantic extends to maine and to northern norway so that decrease in temperatures at the level of the benchmark is unlikely to adversely affect populations .
( of molgula dentifera damas , 1904 ) damas , d . ( 1904 ) . les molgules de la cote belge . arch . biol . 11 : 161 - 181 . [ details ]
( of molgula ampulloides ( beneden , 1846 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of molgula confluxa ( sluiter , 1912 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of molgula psammophora ( agassiz , 1850 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of molgula amokurae bovien , 1921 ) bovien , p . ( 1921 ) . ascidiae from the aukland and campbell islands . vid . meddel . dansk nat . foren . 73 : 33 - 47 . [ details ]
( of molgula confluxa ( sluiter , 1912 ) ) van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of molgula sordida stimpson , 1852 ) stimpson , w . ( 1852 ) . several new ascidians from the coast of the united states . proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 4 : 228 - 232 . [ details ]
saffo , m . b . & davis , w . l . , 1982 . modes of infection of the ascidian molgula manhattensis by its endosymbiont nephromyces giard biological bulletin , marine biological laboratory , woods hole , 162 , 105 - 112 .
tokioka , t . & kado , y . , 1972 . the occurrence of molgula manhattensis ( dekay ) in brackish water near hiroshima , japan . publications of the seto marine biological laboratory , kyoto university , 21 , 21 - 29 .
in the north atlantic and in pacific locations where molgula manhattensis has developed populations , temperatures may be higher by several degrees than in britain and ireland . it is not therefore expected that increased temperatures at the level of the benchmark will adversely affect populations .
( of molgula longicaulis herdman , 1910 ) herdman , w . a . ( 1910 ) . tunicata . in : national antarctic expedition ( ship ' discovery ' ) , 1901 - 1904 , natural history . london . 5 : 1 - 26 . [ details ]
( of molgula lutkeniana traustedt , 1893 ) traustedt , m . p . a . ( 1883 ) . vestindiske ascidiae simplices , anden afdeling . molgulidae og cynthiadae . vid . meddel . nat . for . kjobenhavn , ann . 1882 . 108 - 136 . [ details ]
molgula manhattensis is most likely tolerant of synthetic chemical pesticides . weis & weis ( 1992 ) found that the ascidian was commonly present , although in small numbers , on wood treated with chromated arsenate . in mesocosm experiments , flemer et al . ( 1995 ) studied the effect of the pesticide endosulfan and found that the average abundance of molgula manhattensis increased with increasing concentration of the pesticide possibly as a result of reduced competition with more susceptible organisms . the high abundance of the species in harbours where levels of tributyl tin are or were likely to be high also suggests tolerance . molgula manhattensis may benefit from tolerance to synthetic pollutants by occupying space that would have been colonized by less tolerant species . no evidence has been found for sublethal effects from which recovery would be likely to be rapid . overall , an intolerance of low is suggested but with a low confidence .
van name ( 1945 ) , quoted in kott ( 1985 ) , noted that molgula manhattensis occurred in salinities equivalent to 20 to 36 psu whilst hartmeyer ( 1923 ) quoted in tokioka & kado ( 1972 ) recorded molgula manhattensis in brackish ( 16 - 30 psu ) water of the belt sea . a fall in salinity from full to reduced would not therefore be expected to have an adverse effect . however , in situations where salinity is already variable or reduced , a further lowering is likely to result in mortality . intolerance is indicated as intermediate but may be high . for recoverability , see additional information .
( of molgula maxima sluiter , 1905 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1905 ) . note preliminaire sur les ascidiens holosomates de l ' expedition antarctique francaise commandee par le dr . charcot . bull . mus . hist . nat . , paris . 11 : 470 - 474 . [ details ]
monniot , f . ; dettai , a . ( 2015 ) . pedunculate molgula species ( ascidiidae , molgulidae ) from the french antarctic sector . redescription and taxonomic revision . zootaxa . 3920 ( 1 ) : 171 - 197 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
introduced species remark in sea of japan ( iho sea area ) : molgula manhattensis comprised 42 % of the macrofouling on one wharf with highly polluted water , in golden horn bay , vladivostok , russia , but was a minor component at two other sites ( koryakova et al . 2002 ) . [ details ]
( of molgula confluxa ( sluiter , 1912 ) ) monniot , c . ; monniot , f . ( 1983 ) . ascidies antarctiques et subantarctiques : morphologie et biogéographie . mémoires du museum national d ' histoire naturelle . 125 , a , 1 - 168 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
as a general rule , ascidians require a reasonable water flow rate in order to ensure sufficient food availability and oxygen supply . however , molgula manhattensis is frequently found in areas with minimal water exchange and renewal such as harbours , marinas and docks . intolerance has therefore been assessed as low . sagasti et al . ( 2000 ) demonstrated that molgula manhattensis can withstand episodes of hypoxia and so , even if stagnation occurs for short periods , mortality is unlikely to occur . whilst food availability may be reduced in comparison with areas with higher flow rates , on resumption of normal energy expenditure and feeding , condition should be restored rapidly .
molgula manhattensis frequently occurs in habitats with high levels of suspended matter . increased suspended sediment may potentially have some detrimental effects in clogging feeding filtration mechanisms , however , there are possible benefits from increased siltation ( naranjo et al . 1996 ) . on resumption of normal energy expenditure and feeding , condition should be restored rapidly .
( of molgula caepiformis herdman & sorby , 1882 ) herdman , w . a . ; sorby , h . c . ( 1882 ) . on the ascidians collected during the cruise of the yacht ' glimpse ' 188 . j . linn . soc . zool . london . 16 : 527 - 536 . [ details ]
as a general rule , ascidians require a reasonable water flow rate in order to ensure sufficient food availability and oxygen supply and maintain surfaces clean of silt . if decrease in wave action occurs where tidal flow continues to provide favourable conditions , the species may benefit because of reduction in the likelihood of displacement . however , molgula manhattensis is frequently found in areas with minimal water exchange and renewal such as harbours , marinas and docks suggesting that decrease in wave exposure even in the absence of significant tidal currents would not be adverse . sagasti et al . ( 2000 ) demonstrated that molgula manhattensis can withstand episodes of hypoxia and so , even if stagnation occurs for short periods , mortality is unlikely to occur . whilst food availability may be reduced by reduction in wave action , on resumption of normal energy expenditure and feeding , condition should be restored rapidly . overall , bearing in mind that the favoured location for molgula manhattensis is in wave sheltered habitats , the species might benefit from decrease in wave exposure .
hiscock , k . 2008 . molgula manhattensis sea grapes . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
the species is permanently attached to the substratum and is an active suspension feeder so that some clearance of smothering silt may occur . the species can extend its siphons to a small extent above silt . it can also most likely maintain a passage through the silt to the siphons . however , groups are likely to be covered by silt or other material and therefore be subject to hypoxia . of greatest importance may therefore be the ability of molgula manhattensis to live in the hypoxic conditions that might occur under silt . sagasti et al . ( 2000 ) demonstrated that molgula manhattensis can withstand episodes of hypoxia and so mortality is unlikely to occur . intolerance is likely to be low . recovery of condition is likely to be very high .
saffo & davis ( 1982 ) describe how the renal sac of molgula manhattensis consistently harbours a collection of fungus - like cells ,
nephromyces
. in turn , nephromyces is infected with bacteria ( saffo , 1990 ) . both fungus and bacteria act in a symbiotic way and not strictly as harmful pathogens . in the absence of information about other pathogens , ' not sensitive ' is recorded .
( of molgula amokurae bovien , 1921 ) kott , p . ; bradford - grieve , j . ; esnal , g . ; murdoch , r . c . ( 2009 ) . phylum tunicata : sea squirts , salps , appendicularians , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 409 - 430 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
alien species the sea grape , molgula manhattensis , has been present for a long time in europe , along the east coast of america , and around australia . some authors are convinced that the specimens found in america or europe are different species altogether and therefore in europe the sea grape can not be considered an exotic species . in belgium this sea grape was first observed and reported in the middle of the 19th century in the harbour of ostend . later the species also established itself in the harbours of zeebrugge and blankenberge . the species could have arrived in belgium via attachment to ship ' s hulls . [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
guide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts ( journal , magazine , 1992 ) [ worldcat . org ]
your web browser is not enabled for javascript . some features of worldcat will not be available .
your list has reached the maximum number of items . please create a new list with a new name ; move some items to a new or existing list ; or delete some items .
note : citations are based on reference standards . however , formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study . the specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher , classroom teacher , institution or organization should be applied .
the e - mail address ( es ) field is required . please enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .
the e - mail address ( es ) you entered is ( are ) not in a valid format . please re - enter recipient e - mail address ( es ) .
i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : guide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts publisher : washington , dc : assoc . , 1992 - 1993 . isbn / issn : 0036 - 8075 oclc : 183350662
please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours .
add tags for
guide to scientific products , instruments and services : science innovation ; meeting abstracts
.
you may have already requested this item . please select ok if you would like to proceed with this request anyway .
worldcat is the world ' s largest library catalog , helping you find library materials online . learn more ››
don ' t have an account ? you can easily create a free account .
shenkar , n . ; gittenberger , a . ; lambert , g . ; rius , m . ; moreira da rocha , r . ; swalla , b . j . ; turon , x . ( 2018 ) . ascidiacea world database .
monniot , c . ( 2001 ) . ascidiacea & sorberacea . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : pp . 352 - 355 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of anurella lacaze - duthiers , 1877 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of ascopera herdman , 1881 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of astropera pizon , 1898 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of caesira fleming , 1822 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of ctenicella lacaze - duthiers , 1877 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of cystingia macleay , 1825 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of eugyriopsis roule , 1885 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of euritteria huntsman , 1922 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of gymnocystis giard , 1872 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithonephria giard , 1872 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of lithonephrya giard , 1872 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of meristocarpus pizon , 1899 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of molgulidium seeliger , 1907 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of molgulina hartmeyer , 1914 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of pera stimpson , 1852 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of syphonotethis gervais , 1840 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of xenomolgula ärnbäck , 1931 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of mogula kirkpatrick , 1905 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ascidea manhattensis de kay , 1843 ) de kay . ( 1843 ) . zoology of new york , or the new york fauna , pt . 5 , mollusca . albany . 271 pp . [ details ]
taxonomy order : pleurogona suborder : stolidobranchiata , according to trott ( 2004 ) .
taxonomy order : pleurogona suborder : stolidobranchiata , according to trott ( 2004 ) . [ details ]
( of ascidia amphora agassiz , 1850 ) agassiz , l . ( 1850 ) . on the embryology of ascidia and the characteristis of new species from the shores of massachusetts . proc . amer . assoc . adv . sci . 2 : 157 - 159 . [ details ]
( of ascidia ampulloides beneden , 1846 ) beneden , p . j . van . ( 1846 ) . mémoire sur l ' embryogénie , l ' anatomie et la physiologie des ascidies simples . bull . acad . r . sci . lett . b . - arts belg . 13 ( 2 ) : ( 1 - 11 ) . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of ascidia tubifera örstedt , 1844 ) örsted , a . s . ( 1844 ) . de regionibus marinis . elementa topographiae historiconaturalis freti öresund . havniae , köpenhamn . 1 - 88 . [ details ]
polk , p . ( 1976 ) . inventarisatie plankton : fauna en flora [ plankton inventory : fauna and flora ] . in : nihoul , j . c . j . ; de coninck , l . ( ed . ) ( 1976 ) . project sea final report : 7 . inventory of fauna and flora . pp . 233 - 311 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
linkletter , l . e . ( 1977 ) . a checklist of marine fauna and flora of the bay of fundy . huntsman marine laboratory , st . andrews , n . b . 68 : p . [ details ]
miner , r . w . 1950 . field book of seashore life . g . p . putnam & sons . new york . 888 p . [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
kott , p . ( 1985 ) . the australian ascidiacea part 1 , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia . mem qd mus . 23 : 1 - 440 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
cole , l . and g . lambert . 2009 . tunicata ( urochordata ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1209–1216 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
gosner , k . l . ( 1978 ) . a field guide to the atlantic seashore . boston : houghton mifflin . 329p . [ details ]
trott , t . j . ( 2004 ) . cobscook bay inventory : a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years . northeastern naturalist . 11 , 261 - 324 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
lutaenko , k . a . ; furota , t . ; nakayama ; s . ; shin , k . ; xu , j . ( 2013 ) . atlas of marine invasive species in the nowpap region . beijing : nowpap dinrac ( northwest pacific action plan , data and information network regional center ) . 189 pp . [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ascidia tubifera örstedt , 1844 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of gymnocystis ampulloides ( beneden , 1846 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of gymnocystis manhattensis ( de kay , 1843 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of ascidia manhattensis ( de kay , 1843 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of caesira ampulloides ( beneden , 1846 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of caesira manhattensis ( de kay , 1843 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of caesira sordida ( stimpson , 1852 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( 2010 ) . bedreiging voor biodiversiteit . indicatoren voor het schelde - estuarium . opgemaakt in opdracht van afdeling maritieme toegang , projectgroep ecowamorse , vlaams nederlandse scheldecommissie . vliz information sheets , 200 . vlaams instituut voor de zee ( vliz ) : oostende . 7 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in black sea ( iho sea area ) : it is a common fouling species and was likely transported on ship hulls or through eastern oyster ( crassostrea virginica ) aquaculture . [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in argentina ( nation ) : it is a common fouling species and was likely transported on ship hulls or through eastern oyster ( crassostrea virginica ) aquaculture . [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in norwegian part of the north sea ( marine region ) : it is a common fouling species and was likely transported on ship hulls or through eastern oyster ( crassostrea virginica ) aquaculture . [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in australian exclusive economic zone ( eez ) : it is a common fouling species and was likely transported on ship hulls or through eastern oyster ( crassostrea virginica ) aquaculture . [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in japan ( nation ) : it is a common fouling species and was likely transported on ship hulls or through eastern oyster ( crassostrea virginica ) aquaculture . [ details ]
forbes e . ; hanley s . c . ( 1848 - 1853 ) . a history of british mollusca and their shells . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : i - lxxx [ 1853 ] , 1 - 486 [ 1848 ] , pl . a - w , aa - zz , aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ] ; vol . 2 : 1 - 480 [ 1 dec . 1849 ] , 481 - 557 [ 1850 ] ; vol . 3 : 1 - 320 [ 1850 ] , 321 - 616 [ 1851 ] ; vol . 4 : 1 - 300 [ 1852 ] , pl . 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
monniot , c . ( 1969 ) . les molgulidae des mers européennes . [ the molgulidae of european seas ] . mem . mus . natn . hist . nat . 40 ( 4 ) : 172 - 272 . , available online at urltoken ; = 196048 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of anurella oculata ( forbes , 1848 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
this is some default tab content , embedded directly inside this space and not via ajax . it can be shown when no tabs are automatically selected , or associated with a certain tab , in this case , the first tab .
fofonoff pw , ruiz gm , steves b , simkanin c , & carlton jt . . national exotic marine and estuarine species information system . urltoken . access date :
love words ? you must — there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .
the story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .
take this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .
attached to hard substrata or loosely attached on sandy bottoms ; from lower shore to depths of about 90 meters .
alder , j . & a . hancock 1907 . the brithish tunicata : an unfinished monograph , volume ii , edited by j . hopkinson . ray scoiety , london .
berril , n . j . 1950 . the tunicata , with an account of the british species . ray society , london . 354 pp .
knight - jones , e . w . & j . s . ryland 1990 . hemichordata and urochordata . in : p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ( eds ) , the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe , vol . 2 molluscs to chordates , clarendon press , oxford : 872 - 904 .
millar , r . h . 1966 . tunicata ascidiacea . marine invertebrates of scandinavia , 1 : 1 - 123 .
millar , r . h . 1970 . british ascidians . synopses of the british fauna , n . s 1 , 1 - 92 .
berril , n . j . , 1950 . the tunicata , with an account of the british species . ray society , london . 354 pp .
unattached on sand or gravel ; from low water level to about 80 meters .
a rounded solitary ascidian about 1 - 3 cm across that often occurs in dense clusters . the colour is grey or greenish - blue and the test is covered with fibrils that may or may not be attached with sand grains , shell fragments etc .
distributed all around britain and ireland but no records from the east basin of the irish sea .
in the north atlantic , extending from the white sea and north cape to portugal and , on the american coast from maine to the gulf of mexico ( berrill 1950 ) . since the early 1970 ' s at least , it has been present in the western pacific ( tokioka & kado 1972 ) .
attached to bedrock , boulders , stones and shells in the littoral and sublittoral to depths of 90 m .
moderately strong 1 to 3 knots ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 m / sec . ) , very weak ( negligible ) , weak < 1 knot ( < 0 . 5 m / sec . )
is confused by taxonomic problems ( see taxonomy page ) . although indicated as a native species , the author of this review suggests that it is possible that
is an early ' import ' from north america as it settles on the hull of ships and could have been transported on wooden sailing ships at a very early stage in north atlantic crossings . van name ( 1945 ) , quoted in kott ( 1985 ) , noted that
) collected from the salcombe estuary and millbay docks in plymouth were oviparous and had a tadpole larva that developed outside of the body . the tadpole developed and hatched in about 10 hours at a temperature of 18°c and the tadpole larva settled after a further one to 10 hours . samples were collected in spring and summer and it seems likely that time of reproduction is for an extended time and certainly during summer . berrill ( 1931 ) further describes the larval biology of
this marlin sensitivity assessment has been superseded by the maresa approach to sensitivity assessment . marlin assessments used an approach that has now been modified to reflect the most recent conservation imperatives and terminology and are due to be updated by 2016 / 17 .
the species is permanently attached to the substratum so substratum loss will result in loss of the population . therefore an intolerance of high has been reported . for recoverability , see additional information below .
although there may be some reliance on the organic material associated with suspended silt for nutrition , the reduced need for energy expenditure to remove silt may be beneficial . on balance , the species is most likely tolerant .
the species occurs in the intertidal near to low water level and so is exposed to some desiccation . nevertheless , it has a soft body and may be easily subject to drying - up . exposure to desiccating influences for one hour will probably kill a proportion of the population . therefore , an intolerance of intermediate has been recorded . for recoverability , see additional information below .
the species occurs in the intertidal near to low water level and so is exposed to some emergence . nevertheless , it has a soft body and may be easily subject to drying - up . exposure to desiccating influences as a result of increased emergence will probably kill a proportion of the population . therefore , an intolerance of intermediate has been recorded . for recoverability , see additional information below .
as a predominantly sublittoral species , increase in emergence may benefit populations found on the lower shore by providing additional substratum for colonization .
as a general rule , ascidians require a reasonable water flow rate in order to ensure sufficient food availability . high water flow rates may also be detrimental to feeding ability and posture . hiscock ( 1983 ) found that , for the solitary ascidian
, siphons closed when the current velocity rose above about 15 cm / sec . it seems likely therefore that some reduction in feeding would occur with increased water flow rate although that would result in slower growth and loss of condition but not mortality . intolerance has therefore been assessed as low . on resumption of normal energy expenditure and feeding , condition should be restored rapidly .
although there may be some reliance on the organic material associated with turbidity for nutrition , the reduced need for energy expenditure to clear silt may be beneficial and an intolerance of tolerant * has been recorded .
as a general rule , ascidians require a reasonable water flow rate in order to ensure sufficient food availability and oxygen supply . however , high water flow rates may be detrimental to feeding ability and posture . hiscock ( 1983 ) found that , for the solitary ascidian
, siphons closed when current velocity rose above about 15 cm / sec . it seems likely therefore that some reduction in feeding would occur with increased oscillatory water movement although that would result in slower growth and loss of condition but not mortality . on resumption of normal energy expenditure and feeding , condition should be restored rapidly . although individuals are firmly attached , there is a possibility that , especially in closely packed colonies , wave action may displace large numbers . intermediate intolerance but with low confidence is recorded . recovery is likely to be very high ( see additional information below ) .
colonies are flexible and soft providing a buffer against external abrasion from such factors as a fishing pot landing on a colony . however , individuals and colonies may be scraped off the rock by an anchor or passing dredge intolerance is therefore assessed as high . for recoverability , see additional information .
the colonies are attached permanently to the substratum and will not re - attach so that displacement , even if to a suitable habitat , would most likely result in mortality . an assessment of high intolerance is therefore made . for recoverability , see additional information below .
eggs and larvae are free - living for only a few hours ( see berrill 1931 ) and so recolonization would have to be from existing individuals no more than a few km away .
control panels ) . fast growth means that a dense cover could be established within about 2 months . however , if mortality and the consequent establishment of free space available occurs at a time when larvae are not being produced , other species may settle and dominate . therefore a recoverability of ' very high ' is for when larvae are available to settle . if another species colonizes and dominates the substratum , recolonization by
rapidly colonizes bare hard substratum in suitable locations often to the exclusion of most other epifauna .
berril , n . j . , 1931 . studies in tunicate development . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london ( b ) , 219 , 281 - 346 .
berrill , n . j . , 1950 . the tunicata with an account of the british species . london : ray society .
flemer , d . a . , stanley , r . s . , ruth , b . f . , bundrick , c . m . , moody , p . h . & moore , j . c . 1995 . recolonization of estuarine organisms - effects of microcosm size and pesticides . hydrobiologia , 304 , 85 - 101 .
hiscock , k . , 1983 . water movement . in sublittoral ecology . the ecology of shallow sublittoral benthos ( ed . r . earll & d . g . erwin ) , pp . 58 - 96 . oxford : clarendon press .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
kott , p . , 1985 . the australian ascidiacea . part i , phlebobranchia and stolidobranchia . memoirs of the queensland museum , 23 , 1 - 440 .
millar , r . h . , 1970 . british ascidians london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 1 . ]
morales - alamo , r . & mann , r . 1990 . recruitment and growth of oysters on shell planted at four monthly intervals in the lower potomac river , maryland . journal of shellfish research , 9 , 165 - 172 .
naranjo , s . a . , carballo , j . l . , & garcia - gomez , j . c . , 1996 . effects of environmental stress on ascidian populations in algeciras bay ( southern spain ) . possible marine bioindicators ? marine ecology progress series , 144 ( 1 ) , 119 - 131 .
osman , r . w . & whitlatch , r . b . , 1995 . the influence of resident adults on larval settlement : experiments with four species of ascidians . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 190 , 199 - 220 .
osman , r . w . , whitlatch . r . b . & malatesta , r . j . 1992 . potential role of micro - predators in determining recruitment into a marine community . marine ecology progress series , 83 , 35 - 43 .
otsuka , c . m . & dauer , d . m . 1982 . fouling community dynamics in lynnhaven bay , virginia . estuaries , 5 , 10 - 22 .
saffo , m . b . , 1990 . symbiosis within a symbiosis : intracellular bacteria within the endosymbiotic protist nephromyces . marine biology , 107 , 291 - 296 .
sagasti , a . , schaffner , l . c . & duffy , j . e . , 2000 . epifaunal communities thrive in an estuary with hypoxic episodes . estuaries , 23 , 474 - 487 .
thompson , g . b . , 1980 . distribution and population dynamics of the limpet patella vulgata in bantry bay . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 45 , 173 - 217 .
thompson , t . e . & brown , g . h . , 1976 . british opisthobranch molluscs . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 8 . ]
weis , j . s . & weis , p . , 1992 . construction materials in estuaries : reduction in the epibiotic community on chromated copper arsenate . marine ecology progress series , 83 , 45 - 53 .
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
biotic ( biological traits information catalogue ) by marlin ( marine life information network ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available at urltoken . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . based on a work at urltoken .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
herdman , w . a . ( 1881 ) . preliminary report on the tunicata of the challenger expedition . molgulidae . proc . r . soc . edinburgh . 11 ( 4 ) : 233 - 240 . [ details ]
( of ascopera pedunculata herdman , 1881 ) herdman , w . a . ( 1881 ) . preliminary report on the tunicata of the challenger expedition . molgulidae . proc . r . soc . edinburgh . 11 ( 4 ) : 233 - 240 . [ details ]
( of caesira bacca herdman , 1910 ) herdman , w . a . ( 1910 ) . tunicata . in : national antarctic expedition ( ship ' discovery ' ) , 1901 - 1904 , natural history . london . 5 : 1 - 26 . [ details ]
( of ascopera bouvetensis michaelsen , 1904 ) michaelsen , w . ( 1904 ) . die stolidobranhiaten ascidien der deutschen tiefsee expedition . wiss . ergeb . deutschen tiefsee - exped . 7 : 181 - 260 . [ details ]
( of ascopera gigantea herdman , 1881 ) herdman , w . a . ( 1881 ) . preliminary report on the tunicata of the challenger expedition . molgulidae . proc . r . soc . edinburgh . 11 ( 4 ) : 233 - 240 . [ details ]
( of ascopera mawsoni herdman , 1923 ) herdman , w . a . ( 1923 ) . ascidiae simplices . in : mawson , d . , australiasian antarctic expedition , 1911 - 1914 . sydney , australia , ser . c . 3 ( 3 ) : 5 - 35 . [ details ]
clarke , a . ; johnston , n . m . ( 2003 ) . antarctic marine benthic diversity . oceanography and marine biology : an annual review . 41 : 47 - 114 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
van name , w . g . ( 1945 ) . the north and south american ascidians . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 84 : 1 - 476 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of caesira maxima ( sluiter , 1905 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of caesira pedunculata ( herdman , 1881 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of ascopera bouvetensis michaelsen , 1904 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of caesira enodis sluiter , 1912 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1912 ) . les ascidies de l ' expedition antarctique francaise du ' pourquoi - pas ? ' commandée par le dr . charcot 1908 - 1909 . bull . mus . hist . nat . , paris . 18 ( 7 ) : 452 - 460 . [ details ]
( of ctenicella amokurae ( bovien , 1921 ) ) bovien , p . ( 1921 ) . ascidiae from the aukland and campbell islands . vid . meddel . dansk nat . foren . 73 : 33 - 47 . [ details ]
( of microcosmus confluxus sluiter , 1912 ) sluiter , c . p . ( 1912 ) . les ascidies de l ' expedition antarctique francaise du ' pourquoi - pas ? ' commandée par le dr . charcot 1908 - 1909 . bull . mus . hist . nat . , paris . 18 ( 7 ) : 452 - 460 . [ details ]
monniot , c . ; monniot , f . ( 1983 ) . ascidies antarctiques et subantarctiques : morphologie et biogéographie . mémoires du museum national d ' histoire naturelle . 125 , a , 1 - 168 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of microcosmus confluxa sluiter , 1912 ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of caesira confluxa ( sluiter , 1912 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
stimpson , w . ( 1852 ) . several new ascidians from the coast of the united states . proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 4 : 228 - 232 . [ details ]
( of ascidia psammophora agassiz , 1850 ) agassiz , l . ( 1850 ) . on the embryology of ascidia and the characteristis of new species from the shores of massachusetts . proc . amer . assoc . adv . sci . 2 : 157 - 159 . [ details ]
( of eugyra arenata ( stimpson , 1852 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of euritteria arenata ( stimpson , 1852 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of caesira arenata ( stimpson , 1852 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of caesira psammophora ( agassiz , 1850 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
traustedt , m . p . a . ( 1883 ) . vestindiske ascidiae simplices , anden afdeling . molgulidae og cynthiadae . vid . meddel . nat . for . kjobenhavn , ann . 1882 . 108 - 136 . [ details ]
( of caesira impura ( heller , 1877 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of caesira occidentalis ( traustedt , 1883 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of euritteria occidentalis ( traustedt , 1883 ) ) sanamyan , k . ( 2007 ) . database of extant ascidiacea . version of 2 november 2007 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]


syllepte secreta is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1936 .

it is found in the democratic republic of the congo .

syllepte secreta

syllepte machinalis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . . . .
syllepte opalisans ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . f . . .
syllepte mimalis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . fel . . .
syllepte machinalis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
syllepte mimalis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
syllepte opalisans ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
syllepte palmalis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
syllepte pseudauxo ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
syllepte - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 1 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
dewitz h . 1881 . afrikanische nachtschmetterlinge . - nova acta academiae caesareae leopoldino - carolinae germanicae naturae curiosorum 42 ( 2 ) : 63–89 , pls . 2–3 .
strand e . 1913b . zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach süd - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera iv . ( verschiedene familien ) . - archiv für naturgeschichte 78 ( a ) ( 1912 ) ( 12 ) : 30–84 .
ghesquière j . 1942a . lépidoptères microlépidoptères ( deuxième partie ) . - annales du musée du congo belge , zoologie [ 3 , arthropodes ] section 2 , catalogues raisonnés ( 3 ) 7 : 121–240 .
aurivillius c . 1925b . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der zweiten deutschen zentralafrika - expedition 1910–1911 unter führung adolf friedrichs , herzog zu mecklenburg . band 1 zoologie , lieferung 18 , lepidoptera iv . - — 1 ( 18 ) : 1243–1359 , pls . 49–50 .
hampson g . f . 1899a . a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae , part 1 . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1898 ( 4 ) : 590–761 , pls 49–50 .
hampson g . f . 1910c . zoological collections from northern rhodesia and adjacent territories : lepidoptera phalaenae . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1910 ( 2 ) : 388–510 , pls . 36–41 .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
is a free , web - based , collaborative , multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non - profit wikimedia foundation . its name is a portmanteau of the words wiki ( a technology for creating collaborative websites , from the hawaiian word wiki , meaning
quick
) and encyclopedia . wikipedia ' s 13 million articles ( three million in the english wikipedia ) have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world , and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site . launched in 2001 by jimmy wales and larry sanger , it is currently the largest and most popular general reference work on the internet . last indexed april 8 , 2015
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
javascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .
taxon name is the
namestring
or
scientific name ,
the
data
that is used to form identifications and the core of every taxonomy record .
taxon term is the data value of either a classification term (
animalia
) or classification metadata ( such as name authors ) .
term type is the rank (
kingdom
) for classification terms , in which role it may be null , and the label for classification metadata (
author text
) .
source indicates the source of a classification ( not a taxon name ) . some classifications are local ; most come from globalnames .
common names are vernacular term associated with taxon names , and are not necessarily english , correct , or common .


andreolepis hedei , an extinct prehistoric fish , has proven so far to be the earliest-known actinopterygiian , living around 420 million years ago .

it inhabited what is now russia , sweden , estonia , and latvia .

andreolepis hedei

andreolepis hedei : gross , 1968 , lk . , joon . 4a , 5b
andreolepis hedei : botella et al . , 2007 , lk . 583 - 585 , joon . 1
andreolepis hedei gross , 1968 : märss , 1986 , lk . 57 , joon . xxxiv 1 , 3 ; xxxvi 1 , 2
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
ventspils d - 3 borehole ( 472 . 4 - 484 . 5 m ) , none
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
two of the new fossils suggest a direct link to bony fish : tooth - bearing jawbones .
what ' s more , the bones show a tooth pattern that is in between the tooth rows of sharks and bony fishes .
though these ancient bony fish teeth grew from a bone , old teeth remained attached to the bone . new , larger teeth grew at the inner end of each tooth file .
it shows a sort of transition between the shark condition and the bony fish condition ,
janvier said .
lived , the first bony fish with much larger teeth characteristic of modern bony fish and tetrapods appear in the fossil record . this was during the devonian period , 416 to 359 million years ago . ( related :
that ' s very important because it allowed the bony fishes to become predators ,
janvier said .
sharks also existed in the devonian , but they were
humble compared to the bony fishes ,
he said .
the first bony fishes probably ruled the seas , rather than sharks , because the bony fishes ' teeth lasted a longer time in the jaw .
then , later on , the sharks . . . became much larger and big predators ,
janvier added .
michael coates , a biologist at the university of chicago in illinois who studies early vertebrate evolution , was not part of the research team .
he said the discovery of rare fossils like the ancient bony fish allows scientists to sort general , primitive characteristics of all jawed vertebrates from the more specialized features that distinguish sharks from bony fishes .
are bony fishes , but their tooth pattern raises a question about what makes a shark a shark .
growing teeth in this serial manner around the jaw margin—which once upon a time looked like it was unique to sharks—now looks like it is a general system .
get our news delivered directly to your desktopfree . how to use xml or rss
listen to your favorite national geographic news daily , anytime , anywhere from your mobile phone . no wires or syncing . download stitcher free today .
this guidebook provides detailed itineraries of three of the geological field trips related to the 2017 joint meeting of the gsa northeastern and north - central sections in pittsburgh . the first chapter outlines a walking trip of downtown pittsburgh and the escarpment to its south , consisting of seven “pitt stops” investigating geological , archaeological , and historical aspects of the gateway to the west . venturing further afield , the second chapter describes a trip that explores periglacial features as far as the upper youghiogheny river basin in maryland and the laurel highlands of pennsylvania . the third chapter investigates hydrologic aspects of the 1889 johnstown , pennsylvania , flood , largely following the progress of the flood from its point of origin to the city of johnstown .
this volume includes seven field guides that explore the diverse geology of virginia from its appalachian highlands to the atlantic shore . the guides cover an array of topics ranging from cave and karst development in the valley and ridge to the exceptional fossil localities at the carmel church quarry and the cliffs near stratford hall to precambrian rocks in the blue ridge mountains . three guides focus on the paleozoic to proterozoic tectonic history of the blue ridge and piedmont provinces , two guides discuss the stratigraphy and fossil assemblages preserved in cenozoic deposits on the atlantic coastal plain , one guide examines paleozoic stratigraphy and cave formation in western virginia , and the final guide explores the relationship between the geology of the fall zone and the civil war during the petersburg campaign in 1864–1865 .
this site uses cookies . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our privacy policy .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en
urltoken
virtual museum of the czech geological survey , www . geology . cz , ( c ) czech geological survey , 2011 , v . 0 . 99 [ 13 . 12 . 2011 ]


the samoan starling ( aplonis atrifusca ) is a large starling of the family sturnidae .

it is found in the samoan islands .

the species has a dark brown , glossy appearance , with a long bill .

its natural habitat is tropical moist forest on volcanic islands , where it is common and more conspicuous than the polynesian starling , which is found in the same habitat .

vocalizations include various whistles and other sounds .

this starling feeds on a variety of fruits , especially guava , and insects .

little is known of its mating or social habits , but it appears to nest year-round , in tree cavities .

its eggs are pale blue .

samoan starling

typical samoan starling song comprised of distinct squawked , shrieked , croaked and bleeped phrases uttered at intervals of half a second to 3 or 4 seconds with silent pauses in between . a few other sasts are singing in the background farther away . nearest bird is about 20 ' .
samoan is , occurring in samoa ( savaii and upolu ) and american samoa ( tutuila , ofu , olosega and tau ) .
30 cm ; 125–158 g . large starling with longish square - ended tail and strong bill . forehead , crown and nape are dark brown with violet - green iridescence , mantle brown . . .
craig , a . & feare , c . ( 2018 ) . samoan starling ( aplonis atrifusca ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
not globally threatened . restricted range species : present in samoan islands eba . common . numbers on tutuila fell by c . 66 % in early 1990s following a hurricane . considered . . .
closest bird was about 30 ' from me and 20 ' up in a tree at the edge of the jungle . there is also a chorus of birds singing / calling ( this is not really their ' song ' per se but has some similarities ) in the background . this sort of thing would happen from time to time where a handful of samoan starlings would gather and ' converse ' like this for awhile , sometimes 10 minutes or more , before dispersing .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common ( feare and craig 1998 ) . trend justification : the population trend is difficult to determine because of uncertainty over the impacts of habitat modification on population sizes .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
calls monosyllabic , include harsh screech and softer whistles , also rasping and squeaking notes . . . .
primarily coastal vegetation and plantations , also lower forests , especially when partially logged . . .
season probably at least mar–jul . nest in hole in tree , one 10 m up in hole in top of coconut palm (
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
name aplornis is a few days older than aplonis , but has been virtually unused , and now formally suppressed # r .
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : aplonis atrifusca . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
similar series of very loud ( much louder than typical sast song ) calls similar to xc314955 but by a single bird with no chorus of birds responding in background . this bird was in an area that was far less dense with other sasts . from about 35ft away up in a large mango tree . a wattled honeyeater vocalizes loudly at about 0 : 14 .
bird calling from top of coconut palm . equipment used : telinga pro7 stereo dat mic , sound devices 702bird - seen : yesplayback - used : no
juvenile bird ( fully fledged ) following foraging parents through coastal scrub , continuously begging for food . equipment used : telinga pro7 stereo dat mic , sound devices 702
bird calling from the top of a dead tree . equipment used : telinga pro7 stereo dat mic , sound devices 702bird - seen : yesplayback - used : no
bird singing from top of a dead tree . equipment used : telinga pro7 stereo dat mic , sound devices 702
bird singing from the top of a dead tree . bird - seen : yesplayback - used : no
bird calling from top of dead tree . equipment used : telinga pro7 stereo dat mic , sound devices 702
bird calling from top of dead tree . equipment used : telinga pro7 stereo dat mic , sound devices 702bird - seen : yesplayback - used : no
bird calling from the top of a dead tree . equipment used : telinga pro7 stereo dat mic , sound devices 702
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
did you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .
javascript has been deactivated in your browser . reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .
you are not signed in . please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .
we are using the following form field to detect spammers . please do leave them untouched . otherwise your message will be regarded as spam . we are sorry for the inconvenience .
thank you ! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .
collect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary . the items that you have collected will be displayed under
vocabulary list
.
if you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer , click on
import
in the vocabulary list .
please note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser . once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer , they are available from everywhere .
unique : the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet . see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life . real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !
enter a word ( “newspaper” ) , a word combination ( “exciting trip” ) or a phrase ( “with all good wishes” ) into the search box . the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples , which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .
this new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts , which we have found for you on the internet , directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .
a click on the tab “usage examples” displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword . usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .
the pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades . in addition , the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources . so , now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts . you can find the answers to questions like “can you really say … in german ? ” and so , you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .
the “examples from the internet” do , in fact , come from the internet . we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes . the main sources we used are professionally translated company , and academic , websites . in addition , we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union . because of the overwhelming data volume , it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents . so , we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation . this is why they are marked “not verified by pons editors” .
we are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations . in addition , we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs . we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications ( mobile website , apps ) as quickly as possible .
the examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en


it is found in western australia .

adults have brown streaky forewings and pale hindwings .

leucania cruegeri

leucania cruegeri is a moth of the noctuidae family . it is found in western australia .
leucania phragmatidicola [ sic ] ; [ nacl ] , # 10444 ( missp . )
leucania ochsenheimer , 1816 ; schmett . eur . 4 : 81 ; ts : phalaena comma linnaeus
leucania exclamans berio , 1973 ; 130 , f . 9 ; tl : [ tanzania ] ikonda
leucania reticulata berio , 1962 ; 1 ; tl : [ zaire ] km . 345 from kindu
leucania leucostigma snellen , 1877 ; 23 , pl . 2 , f . 12 ; tl : java
leucania imperfecta smith , 1894 ; 76 , pl . 5 , f . 10 ; tl : arizona
leucania stolata smith , 1894 ; 76 , pl . 5 , f . 8 ; tl : arizona
leucania loreyimima rungs , 1953 ; 139 , f . 2a ; tl : cochin china , saigon region
leucania baziyae möschler , 1883 ; 292 , pl . 16 , f . 5 ; tl : kafferlande , baziya
leucania ineata snellen , 1880 ; 43 , pl . 4 , f . 2 ; tl : celebes , bonthain
leucania internata möschler , 1883 ; 291 , pl . 16 , f . 3 ; tl : kafferlande , baziya
leucania melianoides möschler , 1889 ; 291 , pl . 16 , f . 4 ; tl : kafferlande , baziya
leucania musakensis laporte , 1977 ; 301 , f . 5 ; tl : cameroon , mt . cameroun , musake hut
leucania strigata maassen , 1890 ; reisen süd - america : 137 , pl . 6 ; tl : ecuador , cuicocha
leucania latericia holloway , 1979 ; 401 , pl . 75 : 4 ; tl : new caledonia , mt . des sources
leucania infatuans franclemont , 1972 ; 143 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : florida , manatee co . , oneco
leucania multipunctata druce , 1889 ; 261 , pl . 26 , f . 11 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui
leucania praetexta townsend , 1956 ; 42 , pl . 4 , f . a - b ; tl : kenya , nakura
leucania polemusa swinhoe , 1885 ; 447 , pl . 27 , f . 1 ; tl : [ maharasthra ] poona ; bombay
leucania bilinea maassen , 1890 ; reisen süd - america : 129 , pl . 6 , f . 9 ; tl : bolivia
leucania brantsii snellen , 1872 ; 48 , pl . 4 , f . 7 ; tl : dutch guinea [ irian jaya ]
leucania semiusta hampson , 1891 ; 11 , 69 , pl . 144 , f . 17 ; tl : india , nilgiri district
leucania dorsalis ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 20 , f . 18
leucania arcupunctata maassen , 1890 ; reisen süd - america : 138 , pl . 6 , f . 1 ; tl : ecuador , antisana
description de nouveaux leucania * d ' afrique tropicale et de races marocaines de ceux - ci . ( lep . phalaenidae ( agrotidae ) hadeninae
leucania simillima walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 179 ; tl : borneo , sarawak
leucania albistriga maassen , 1890 ; reisen süd - america : 139 , pl . 6 , f . 7 ; tl : ecuador , collanes am altar
leucania badia maassen , 1890 ; reisen süd - america : 139 , pl . 6 , f . 6 ; tl : ecuador , collanes am altar
leucania nabalua holloway , 1976 ; moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 8 ; tl : borneo , mt . kinabalu , bundu tuhan
leucania kirschi maassen , 1890 ; reisen süd - america : 138 , pl . 6 , f . 2 ; tl : ecuador , antisana ; collanes am altar
leucania lucentia maassen , 1890 ; reisen süd - america : 138 , pl . 6 , f . 12 ; tl : ecuador , antisana ; collanes am altar
leucania insulicola guenée , 1852 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 5 ( noct . 1 ) : 82 ; tl : mauritius
leucania extincta ; godman & salvin , 1889 , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 261 ; [ nacl ] , # 10439 ; [ poole ]
leucania phragmitidicola guenée , 1852 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 5 ( noct . 1 ) : 89 ; tl : [ new york ]
leucania humidicola ; [ nacl ] , # 10458 ; [ poole ] ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 18 , f . 19
leucania herrichii herrich - schäffer , [ 1849 ] ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 2 ( 38 ) : 238 , ( 25 ) ( ix ) pl . 66 , f . 341 ; tl : [ turkey ] bosporus
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 947c9bba - eefa - 4328 - b77a - 6b860e8ddf23
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ec6fa419 - 4ce7 - 4be6 - b0e4 - 8a203f1c61ed
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f4c6f4da - cebe - 4b09 - aaea - 687d88c50178
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 499525
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
updated on 8 / 7 / 2009 10 : 56 : 40 am available online : padil - http : / / www . padil . gov . au .
the source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .
600x775 ( ~ 63kb ) usa : fr 9711 , ( 47°18 ' 23n 120°36 ' 31w ) , kittitas co . , wa , 7 . 7 . 2000 , photo © markku savela
the exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .
500x520 ( ~ 38kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 24 - 28 . 6 . 1973 , f 1 . 7 . 1969 , markku savela leg .
mythimna fortunata pinker , 1961 ; 68 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : gran canaria , teide
500x553 ( ~ 41kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 18 . 6 . 1970 , f 22 . 7 . 1976 , markku savela leg .
simyra punctosa treitschke , 1825 ; in ochsenheimer , schmett . eur . 5 ( 2 ) : 287 ; tl :
mulzer in unsbach
new quinea , queensland , borneo , java , burma , vietnam . see [ maps ]
de joannis , 1928 ; 294 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ;
borneo , bali , sulawesi , philippines , china , japan . see [ maps ]
cirphis megaproctis hampson , 1905 ; 532 , pl . 93 , f . 10 ; tl : ceylon , haputale
agrotis vana swinhoe , 1885 ; pl . 27 , f . 9 ; tl : [ maharashtra ] poona ; sattara
acantholeucania rungs , 1953 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 58 : 139 ; ts : noctua loreyi duponchel
cirphis februalis hill , 1924 ; 186 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; tl : california , san diego
larva on bromus sp . , agropyron repens , dactylis glomerata ; godfrey , 1972 , [ poole ]
cirphis incognita barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; 99 , pl . 17 , f . 6 , 9 ; tl : texas , brownsville
texas , mexico , cuba , puerto rico , . . . , surinam , brazil ( parana , . . . ) , . . . . see [ maps ]
= ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 20
cirphis inermis forbes , 1936 ; 244 , f . 3 ; tl : new york , ithaca
cirphis calidior forbes , 1936 ; 245 , f . 4 ; tl : georgia , clarke co .
larva on dactylis glomerata , bromus sp . ; godfrey , 1972 , [ poole ]
cirphis rhodopsara turner , 1911 ; 62 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda
cirphis porphyrodes turner , 1911 ; 63 ; tl : n . queensland , kurnada
borolia acrapex hampson , 1905 ; 569 , p . 95 , f . 3 ; tl : british east africa , alis
mythimna aedesiusi rougeot & laporte , 1983 ; 230 , f . 12 ; tl : ethiopia , semyon , sankabar
cirphis agnata draudt , 1950 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 40 : 55 ; tl : [ yunnan ] li - kiang
cirphis albifasciata hampson , 1905 ; 525 , pl . 92 , f . 28 ; tl : paraguay , sapucay
cirphis albimacula gaede , 1916 ; 116 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : german east africa , tabora
cirphis alboradiata hampson , 1905 ; 536 , pl . 93 , f . 15 ; tl : [ argentina ] val de lago blanco
mythimna argyrina laporte , 1984 ; 26 , pl . 7 , f . 79 , 85 ; tl : ethiopia , bahar dar , blue nile marsh
meliana atrifera hampson , 1905 ; 580 , pl . 95 , f . 19 ; tl : chile , valparaiso
cirphis atrinota hampson , 1905 ; 523 , pl . 92 , f . 25 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury
cirpihs atritorna hampson , 1911 ; 425 ; tl : s . nigeria , ilesha
cirphis biforis draudt , 1924 ; 168 , pl . 24 , row k ; tl : mexico , zacualpan ; misantla
borolia bilineata hampson , 1905 ; 575 , pl . 95 , f . 16 ; tl : british east africa , kikuyu
cirphis carnea draudt , 1924 ; 165 , pl . 24 , row d ; tl : colombia , medina
borolia carneotincta kenrick , 1917 ; 88 , pl . 1 ; tl : madagascar
brazil ( rio de janeiro , . . . ) . see [ maps ]
cirphis clara draudt , 1924 ; 166 , pl . 24 , row e ; tl : colombia , cañon del monte tolima
cirphis clavifera hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 254 ; tl : british east africa , taveta
borolia cupreata hampson , 1905 ; 575 , pl . 95 , f . 15 ; tl : [ mozambique ] gazaland , chirinda forest
mythimna cyprium laporte , 1984 ; 25 , pl . 7 , f . 83 ; tl : ethiopia , dinsho marsh
borolia diopis hampson , 1905 ; 573 , pl . 95 , f . 11 ; tl : sokotra , adho dimellus
mythimna fasilidasi laporte , 1984 ; 25 , pl . 7 , f . 80 - 81 ; tl : ethiopia , dinsho marsh
borolia fissifascia hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 256 ; tl : [ nigeria ] lagos
cirphis haywardi köhler , 1947 ; acta zool . lilloana 4 : 99 ; tl : [ argentina ] la rioja , sierra de famatina ; catamarca ; belen , barrance larga
cirphis homoeoptera hampson , 1918 ; 123 ; tl : [ malawi ] british central africa , mt . mlanje
cirphis hypocapna joannis , 1932 ; 430 , pl . 23 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : reunion , palistes plain
borolia inangulata gaede , 1934 ; 51 , pl . 6 , row k ; tl : [ kenya ] kikuju
borolia leucogramma hampson , 1905 ; 559 , pl . 94 , f . 23 ; tl : british east africa , eb urru
borolia lilloana köhler , 1947 ; 101 ( preocc . cirphis lilloana köhler , 1947 ) ; tl : argentina , tucuman , siambon ; catamarca , belen , barranga larga
meliana longipennis hampson , 1905 ; 578 , pl . 95 , f . 18 ; tl : [ malawi ] british central africa , chiromo
cirphis macellaria draudt , 1924 ; 169 , pl . 24 , row i ; tl : panama , lino
borolia melanostrota hampson , 1905 ; 564 , pl . 94 , f . 28 ; tl : zululand , lr . tugel
borolia metasarca hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 256 ; tl : [ ghana ] ashanti , kumasi
cirphis miasticta hampson , 1918 ; 124 ; tl : n . nigeria , minna
cirphis microgonia hampson , 1905 ; 533 , pl . 93 , f . 11 ; tl : panama , chiriqui
borolia micropis hampson , 1905 ; 574 , pl . 95 , f . 14 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury
cirphis microsticha hampson , 1905 ; 529 , pl . 93 , f . 7 ; tl : costa rica , candelaria mts .
mythimna noacki boursin , 1967 ; 90 , pl . 12 , f . 1 ; tl : east anatolia , van golü , wan - see
cirphis opalisans draudt , 1924 ; 164 , pl . 24 , row c ; tl : colombia , canon del monte tolima
borolia patrizii berio , 1935 ; 61 , f . 2 ; tl : somalia , belet amin
meliana pectinata hampson , 1905 ; 576 , f . 163 ; tl : british east africa , machakos
borolia persecta hampson , 1905 ; 574 , pl . 95 , f . 12 ; tl : natal , estcourt
borolia phaeochroa hampson , 1905 ; 572 , pl . 95 , f . 9 ; tl : natal , estcourt
cirphis polyrabda hampson , 1905 ; 507 , pl . 92 , f . 13 ; tl : natal , estcourt
cirphis polystrota hampson , 1905 ; 529 , pl . 93 , f . 6 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro
cirphis ptyonophora hampson , 1905 ; 491 , pl . 91 , f . 27 ; tl : st . helena
cirphis pyrastis hampson , 1905 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 5 : 518 , pl . 92 , f . 19 ; tl : paraguay , sapucay
borolia rhodoptera hampson , 1905 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 5 : 571 , pl . 95 , f . 7 ; tl : colombia
neleucania roseivena draudt , 1924 ; 170 , pl . 24 , row m ; tl : colombia , villavicencio
borolia rosescens hampson , 1910 ; 403 , pl . 36 , f . 9 ; tl : ne . rhodesia , lake banweolo
meliana rubra hampson , 1905 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 5 : 588 , pl . 95 , f . 32 ; tl : brazil , petropolis
borolia rubrescens hampson , 1905 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 5 : 563 , pl . 94 , f . 25 ; tl : natal , estcourt
cirphis sarcistis hampson , 1905 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 5 : 527 , pl . 93 , f . 2 ; tl : costa rica
cirphis sarcophaea hampson , 1905 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 5 : 528 , pl . 93 , f . 4 ; tl : peru , huancabamba
borolia sarcostriga hampson , 1905 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 5 : 570 , pl . 95 , f . 5 ; tl : panama , chiriqui
sideridis sericea warren , 1915 ; 148 ; tl : dutch new guinea , mt . goliath
cirphis seteci dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 176 ; tl : [ panama ] alhajuela ; cabima ; la chorrera ; corozal
cirphis socorrensis dognin , 1911 ; hét . nouv . am . sud 3 : 17 ; tl : colombia , monte socorro
borolia steniptera hampson , 1905 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 5 : 569 , pl . 95 , f . 4 ; tl : paraguay , sapucay
sideridis subrubrescens warren , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : dutch new guinea , mt . goliath , 5000 - 7000ft
meliana tenebra hampson , 1905 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 5 : 587 , pl . 95 , f . 30 ; tl : british east africa , eb urru
cirphis tritonia hampson , 1905 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . 5 : 542 , pl . 93 , f . 21 ; tl : brazil , amazons , r . jurua
borolia ustata hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 255 ; tl : transvaal , white r .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome cinquiéme . noctuélites . tome 1
beiträge zur kenntnis der agrotiden - fauna chinas . aus den ausbeuten dr . h . höne ' s ( beitrag zur fauna sinica )
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schwärmer , spinner und eulen , ( 1843 - ) 1845 ( - 1855 )
heterocera op java verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijvingen der nieuwe soorten
lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten
catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species
maassen in weymer & maassen , 1890 lepidoptera gesammelt auf einer reise durch colombia , ecuador , peru , brasilien , argentinien und bolivien in den jahren 1868 - 1877 von alphons stübel reisen süd - america : 1 - 182 , pl . 1 - 9
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
palpi obliquely upturned , where the second joint roughly scaled , and prominent , short , naked and depressed third joint . proboscis well developed . eyes hairy . antennae minutely ciliated in male . head not deeply retracted into the thorax , which is smoothly scaled . abdomen with scarcely a trace of dorsal tufts on basal segments . tibia and tarsi with short hairs . fore wings with vein 8 and 9 anastomosing to form the areole . vein 7 being given off from the end of it . vein 10 before the end .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 4 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
this sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .


acanthemblemaria balanorum is a species of fish in the family chaenopsidae known by the common names clubhead blenny and clubhead barnacle blenny .

it is native to the eastern pacific ocean , where it occurs from the gulf of california along the coast of mexico south to colombia and ecuador .

this fish lives in rocky reef habitat in tropical marine waters no deeper than 5 meters .

it inhabits empty barnacle shells , in particular those of megabalanus tintinnabulum .

the female lays eggs inside the shell and the male guards them .

this fish feeds primarily on zooplankton .

acanthemblemaria balanorum

citation :
clubhead blennies , acanthemblemaria balanorum ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
research acanthemblemaria balanorum » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
créée le 28 janvier 1976 , la société française d’ichtyologie s’est développée et internationalisée rapidement . malgré un changement de statut en 1988 , ses objectifs n’ont pas varié depuis 1976 . c’est pour répondre au quatrième point de ses objectifs – assurer la liaison entre ses membres par la diffusion d’une publication spécifique – que la revue cybium fut créée dès 1977 . la sfi a pris aussi l’initiative de publier ou d’aider à publier certains ouvrages qui ont fait l’objet ou non de numéros spéciaux de la revue .
cybium , éditée par la société française d’ichtyologie , publie des articles originaux , des articles de synthèse , des résumés de thèse , des analyses bibliographiques et des informations intéressant les membres de la société ou l’ensemble des ichtyologistes . les sujets traités doivent avoir un rapport direct avec l’ichtyologie générale , fondamentale ou appliquée , qu’il s’agisse de poissons d’eau douce ou de poissons marins , actuels ou fossiles .
the europeen society of marine biotechnology ( esmb ) and the tunisian association of bioressources valorization ( atvab ) will organize the international congress for marine biotechnology on 17th - . . . lire la suite
vous trouverez ci - dessous le le compte rendu des rif18 ainsi que le livre des résumés et quelques photos .
seminiferous tubule number and surface : validation of objective parameters to estimate reproduction activity of male european anchovy ( engraulis encrasicolus , l . )
physiculus sudanensis paulin , 1989 , a junior synonym of p . dalwigki kaup , 1858 ( teleostei , gadiformes , moridae ) , with a redescription of p . dalwigki
g . prestes - carneiro , p . béarez , k . dillenseger , t . yunoki
greek , akantha = thorn + greek , emblema , - atos , anything that is nailed , knocked in ; also anything with bass or high relief ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 5 m ( ref . 11482 ) . tropical ; 26°n - 16°n , 112°w - 100°w ( ref . 56265 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 2 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 59088 )
found exclusively in empty barnacle shells on rocky reefs . feeds on zooplankton . oviparous ( ref . 56066 ) . eggs are attached to the walls of the parent ' s shelter and are brooded by the male parent ( ref . 56066 ) .
oviparous ( ref . 56066 ) . males guard the eggs until they hatch ( ref . 56066 ) .
allen , g . r . and d . r . robertson , 1994 . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 332 p . ( ref . 11482 )
) : 23 . 4 - 28 . 5 , mean 26 . 2 ( based on 64 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00562 ( 0 . 00261 - 0 . 01211 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 32 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .
bessudo , s . , dominici - arosemena , a . , espinosa , h . & hastings , p . a .
justification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific , and is common in some parts of its range . there are no known major threats to this species , and no current indication of population decline . it is listed as least concern .
this species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from the tip of baja california and the central eastern gulf of california to southern mexico , and from southern panama to ecuador . this disjunct distribution may be due to undersampling .
this species is not considered to be very abundant , although it can be locally common .
this reef - associated species is found exclusively in empty barnacle shells on rocky reefs . it is oviparous , with eggs attached to the walls of the parent ' s shelter and brooded by the male parent ( matarese et al . 1984 ) .
there are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) .
bessudo , s . , dominici - arosemena , a . , espinosa , h . & hastings , p . a . 2010 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
fishes : east pacific is a free iphone app from the smithsonian which is a guide to the shore fishes of the tropical eastern pacific ocean . this fish identification guide was put together by ross rober…
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .
start or join a discussion about this species below or send us an email to report any errors or submit suggestions for this page . we greatly appreciate all feedback !
help us protect and restore marine life by supporting our various online community - centered marine conservation projects that are effectively sharing the wonders of the ocean with millions each year around the world , raising a balanced awareness of the increasingly troubling and often very complex marine conservation issues that affect marine life and ourselves directly , providing support to marine conservation groups on the frontlines that are making real differences today , and the scientists , teachers and students involved in the marine life sciences .
with your support , most marine life and their ocean habitats can be protected , if not restored to their former natural levels of biodiversity . we sincerely thank our thousands of members , donors and sponsors , who have decided to get involved and support the marinebio conservation society .
deep music digitally imported urltoken proton radio * radio paradise radiotunes somafm wers 88 . 9 fm
~ sharing the wonders of the ocean to inspire conservation , education , research , and a sea ethic ~ marinebio . org , inc . is a u . s . 501 ( c ) 3 charitable , nonprofit organization . contact : info @ urltoken all marinebio conservation society memberships and donations are tax deductible in the united states . > < ( ( ( ( ° > © 1998 - 2017 marinebio copyright & terms of use . privacy policy . > - < °° > - <
for all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .
- rachel carson