the latticed butterflyfish ( chaetodon rafflesii ) is a species of butterflyfish ( family chaetodontidae ) .

it is found in the indo-pacific region from sri lanka to the tuamotu islands , north to southern japan , south to the great barrier reef , and from palau ( belau ) to the eastern caroline islands in micronesia .

it grows to a maximum of 18 cm ( 7.1 in ) long , but the most common length is 15 cm ( 5.9 in ) .

the body color is yellow with a cross-hatched pattern of darker lines on the sides ; it has a vertical black eyestripe and a vertical black line in the caudal fin .

the peculiarly-patterned c. rafflesii belongs to the large subgenus rabdophorus which might warrant recognition as a distinct genus .

in this group , it seems to represent a rather unusual lineage , with perhaps just the white-faced butterflyfish ( c. mesoleucos ) being less distantly related .

the latticed butterflyfish is an uncommon species found in areas of rich coral growth of lagoons and protected reef flats and seaward reefs from 1 – 20 m depth .

it feeds on sea anemones , polychaetes , and octocorallian and scleractinian coral polyps .

latticed butterflyfish

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the latticed butterflyfish , also known as raffle ' s butterflyfish , is yellow with dark scale margins giving a lattice - like appearance . it has a black eye band and a blue patch between the eyes ; the tail has a black vertical stripe .
raffle ' s butterflyfish , small : over 1 - 1 . 5
, fiji
raffle ' s butterflyfish , medium : over 1 . 5 - 3 . 5
, fiji
raffle ' s butterflyfish , large : over 3 . 5 - 5 . 5
, fiji
raffle ' s butterflyfish , x - large : over 5 . 5 - 6 . 5
, fiji
therefore it is important to choose the correct species in relation to the corals wanted , if one desires to keep butterflyfish in a coral - aquarium . bristleworms , tubeworms and other small invertebrates are also a part of the diet for many butterflyfish .
not reef safe and will nip at corals and anemones . it is best kept as a solitary butterflyfish , they are found in pairs in the wild .
a lattice butterflyfish , chaetodon rafflesii , at tulamben , bali , indonesia . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution
also known as coralfishes , lattice butterflyfish , latticed coralfish , raffle ' s butterflyfish raffle ' s coralfish , rafflessii butterflyfish . found singly or in pairs in shallow waters on sheltered coastal reefs , lagoons and outer reef slopes rich in coral growth . they feed on coral polyps from octocorals and scleractinian coral , christmas - tree worms and sea anemones length - 15cm depth - 0 - 15m widespread indo - pacific butterflyfishes have very fine hair like teeth that enable them to pick out small organisms inaccessible to most other fish for eating . they thrive mainly on a diet of coral polyps , tentacles of featherdusters and christmas - tree worms . as these food sources all zap back into their shells , butterflyfishes need to be able to hover motionless while picking at the coral and to dart swiftly over short distances to get the worm before it retracts . they do this by using their pectoral fins as oars to brake , sprint , turn and even reverse .
they ignore most other fish and are generally peaceful , therefore multiple butterflyfish will have no problem living together . one should however be cautious about keeping similar species together unless they are a couple .
the butterflyfish are known for their attractive patterns and colours . they are closely related to angelfishs , but can always be distinguished , as they lack the spines on each side of the head of the angelfish .
a smaller group of these fish will seek out primairily soft corals , like zoanthus . a larger part of the species will target different types of lps corals . butterflyfish are also known to seek out anemones , tubeworms and bristleworms .
a yellow butterflyfish with dark scales margins that appear cross - hatched or lattice - like , a black bar through the eye , a blue forehead , a dark submarginal band on the soft dorsal fin and a broad black bar through the middle of the caudal fin .
like other butterflyfish , they are generally compatible with : dwarf angelfish , large angelfish , anglers & frogfish , anthias , basslets , batfish , blennies , boxfish , cardinalfish , clownfish , filefish , goatfish , gobies , grunts & sweetlips , hawkfish , hogfish , parrotfish , pseudochromis and puffers .
this is a tall laterally compressed fish , typical almost square shape of butterflyfish . it ' s body is a strong yellow in colour with dark scale margins giving it a lattice - like appearance . it has a black eye band and a blue patch between the eyes ; the tail has a black vertical stripe .
some individuals have a black spot below the dorsal fin spines . juveniles have a dark spot on the soft dorsal fin .
recorded in australia from scott reef , western australia , ashmore reef , timor sea , and the northern great barrier reef to moreton bay , queensland . found elsewhere in the tropical , east - indo - west - central pacific .
often seen in pairs on sheltered coastal reefs , sometimes in areas with reduced visibility .
chaetodon rafflesii bennett , 1830 , mem . life public serv . sir stanford raffles : 689 . type locality : sumatra .
allen , g . r . & m . v . erdmann . 2012 . reef fishes of the east indies . perth , australia : universitiy of hawai ' i press , volumes i - iii . tropical reef research .
allen , g . r . , steene , r . & allen , m . 1998 . a guide to angelfishes & butterflyfishes . cairns : odyssey publishing / tropical reef research 250 pp . figs .
allen , g . r . , steene , r . c . & orchard , m . 2007 . fishes of christmas island . christmas island : christmas island natural history association 2 edn , 284 pp .
bennett , e . t . 1830 . catalogue of the fishes of sumatra . pp . 686–694 in lady raffles ( ed . ) memoir of the life and public services of sir stanford raffles . london 701 pp . [ not seen ]
burgess , w . e . 1978 . butterflyfishes of the world . new jersey : t . f . h . publications inc . 832 pp . figs .
grant , e . m . 1975 . guide to fishes . brisbane : queensland government , co - ordinator general’s department 640 pp .
hobbs , j . - p . a . , frisch , a . j . hender , j . & gilligan , j . j . 2007 . new records of angelfishes ( pomacanthidae ) and butterflyfishes ( chaetodontidae ) from christmas and cocos ( keeling ) islands , indian ocean . journal of the royal society of western australia 90 : 107 - 109
hutchins , j . b . 2001 . biodiversity of shallow reef fish assemblages in western australia using a rapid censusing technique . records of the western australian museum 20 : 247 - 270
johnson , j . w . 1999 . annotated checklist of the fishes of moreton bay , queensland , australia . memoirs of the queensland museum 43 ( 2 ) : 709 - 762
johnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay . memoirs of the queensland museum 54 ( 3 )
kuiter , r . h . 1992 . tropical reef - fishes of the western pacific indonesia and adjacent waters . gramedia pustaka utama , jakarta . 314 p .
kuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . a comprehensive reference for divers and fishermen . sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .
kuiter , r . h . 2002 . butterflyfishes , bannerfishes and their relatives . chorleywood , u . k . : tmc publishing 208 pp .
kuiter , r . h . & t . tonozuka . 2001 . pictorial guide to indonesian reef fishes . part 2 . fusiliers - dragonets , caesionidae - callionymidae . zoonetics , australia . 304 - 622 p .
marshall , t . c . 1964 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coastal waters of queensland . sydney : angus & robertson 566 pp . 136 pls .
pyle , r . 2001 . chaetodontidae , pomacanthidae . pp . 3224 - 3286 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes . rome : fao vol . 5 2791 - 3379 pp .
randall , j . e . 2005 . reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 720 p .
randall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & steene , r . 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . bathurst : crawford house press 507 pp . figs .
randall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & steene , r . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . bathurst : crawford house press 557 pp . figs .
steene , r . c . 1978 . butterfly and angelfishes of the world . australia . sydney : a . h . & a . w . reed vol . 1 144 pp . 216 figs .
from the day we opened the first store in maidenhead , we’ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is widespread and sometimes common . research is required to assess it dependence on live coral at settlement , but there are no other major threats to this species . it is listed as least concern .
this species is distributed from sri lanka and the andaman sea across the tropical southern pacific ocean to the tuamotu archipelago ( pyle 2001 ) , north to southern japan and the ryukyu islands and south to the southern great barrier reef ( australia ) , new caledonia and tonga . it inhabits depths between 1 - 20 m .
american samoa ; australia ; cook islands ; fiji ; french polynesia ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; japan ; malaysia ; marshall islands ; micronesia , federated states of ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; niue ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; samoa ; solomon islands ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; tonga ; tuvalu ; vanuatu ; viet nam ; wallis and futuna
this species is generally uncommon , with the exception of some parts of new guinea ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . there are no reported declines in the abundance of this species .
this species occurs in areas of rich coral growth from coral reef lagoons to seaward reefs . it is usually observed in pairs . it feeds on a variety of items including coral polyps , anemones , and polychaetes . this species appears to settle in live coral ( allen
1998 ) , but there have not been any documented declines in the abundance of this species following coral bleaching and coral loss .
there appear to be no major threats to this species . aquarium collections are limited and this species has not exhibited any declines in abundance following coral bleaching and coral loss .
there appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place . this species is present within marine protected areas . research is required to assess its reliance on live corals for settlement .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .
due to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .
when the fish can find its natural food in the aquarium it requires less frequent feeding .
these fish should be kept in a well run aquarium where they can
graze
algae from rocks and stones .
if there are insufficient algae on the rocks , it is important to feed more frequently and supplement with algae rich food e . g . spirulina .
there is a greater chance of success with this species if one can supply a living feed to allow it to adapt to the tank .
this species is very shy and docile , so one should be careful when keeping it with more aggressive fish .
some species of the chaetodon genus are grouped together in what is known as a
complex
, since they are so very similar .
regardless of resemblance , it is important to be able to distinguish them , as in some cases they vary greatly in their needs . sometimes there are just small differences in colour or pattern , but in other instances it is vital to know where the fish originally come from .
it can be problematic , with many of these species , to get them eating in the beginning , but many of the species cannot resist live zooplankton or live mussels with crushed shells . another option is to mimic their natural behaviour by stuffing their food into coral skeletons or stones .
as these fish can be difficult to acclimatize and get feeding , it is important to buy healthy fish , to avoid having to deal with more problems . make sure to check that they do not have parasites or any visible infections .
there are some species that should not be kept in an a aquarium , as they are food specialists and will almost always refuse to eat replacement foods . it can be possible to breed some species , which will eat frozen foods . otherwise the only way to keep food specialists is by feeding them their natural diet , which consists of live sps or lps corals for example .
indo - pacific : sri lanka to the tuamoto islands , north to southern japan , south to the great barrier reef ; palau ( belau ) to the eastern caroline islands in micronesia .
scott w . michael . 2004 . angelfishes and butterflyfishes ( reef fishes series book 3 ) tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) bob fenner . butterflyfishes ; separating the good ones and those you don ' t want - wet web media - ( english ) collection of links to additional information - wet web media - ( english ) tea yi kai . 2014 . reef nuggets 2 : aquatic lepidopterans for your reef ( revised edition ) - reef builders - ( english )
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .
minimum volume
indicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .
this is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .
hardiness
indicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .
in this case , a
normal
aquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26°c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .
special aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .
always reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .
often reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .
reef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .
reef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .
not reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .
it occurs in tropical marine waters of the indo - west and central pacific , from sri lanka , north to japan , south to australia and east to the tuamoto islands . in australia it is known from off north - western western australia and the entire length of the great barrier reef , queensland .
should accept most meaty foods . in the wild it feeds on coral polyps , sea anemones and polychaetes .
needs an sg of 1 . 020 - 1 . 025 and a spacious mature tank with hiding places in live rock .
if the fish is asleep or stressed , it will get a dark spot on the front of the body .
this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 19 .
content is available under creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license unless otherwise noted .
it requires a 70 gallon or larger aquarium that has numerous hiding places and peaceful community members . in the wild , it will prey on hard and soft corals , zoanthids , and / or anemones . if the fish is asleep or stressed , it will get a dark spot on the front of the body .
tank conditions : 72 - 78°f ; sg 1 . 020 - 1 . 025 ; ph 8 . 1 - 8 . 4
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greek , chaite = hair + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 1 - 15 m ( ref . 1602 ) . tropical ; 32°n - 31°s , 77°e - 130°w
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 18 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48636 ) ; common length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48636 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 - 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 23 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 18 - 20 . body color is yellow with cross - hatched pattern on the sides . a dark black spot is sometimes present under the spinous portion of the dorsal fin . a black bar runs across the eye . the dorsal , anal and caudal fins have a dark stripe the position of which varies with age ( ref . 4855 ) . snout length 2 . 1 - 2 . 6 in hl . body depth 1 . 4 - 1 . 8 in sl ( ref . 90102 ) .
an uncommon species found in areas of rich coral growth of lagoon and protected reef flats and seaward reefs ( ref . 9710 ) . often in pairs ( ref . 9710 , 48636 ) . feed on sea anemones , polychaetes , and octocorallian and scleractinian coral polyps . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) . in captivity , this species should be fed algae stones and the so - called ' feeding stones ' which are prepared by spreading the food pulp over the stone .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 25 . 1 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 6 ( based on 2681 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02291 ( 0 . 01123 - 0 . 04674 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 ±0 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .
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because of the sheer size of our forum , we ' ve been forced to limit selling and trading to members who ' ve met a couple of criteria . ( if you ' re seeing this message , you haven ' t met them yet . ) please take a moment to acquaint yourself with our selling / trading rules to help make your stay a long and rewarding one .
has anyone kept one of these before ? urltoken i ' m just wondering if their easy / moderate / hard to take care of . experience only , no facts from internet / books .
as an importer of marine fish for over 45 years , i have had 1 , 000 ' s of these . in my experience , they are relatively hardy for a butterfly . your biggest problem will be in obtaining one that has come through todays nightmare of shipping from exporter , to wholesaler , to retailer , to you . unfortunately there is usually a breakdown along that chain , where the fish is treated to very unfavorable conditions . either bad holding conditions , poor feeding , etc . if you are able to find one in good condition , feeding well , and robust , i believe they will hold up very well . i personally have kept them in my own collection for 5 + years . good luck
i had one and could never convert it to eat frozen or flake foods . with that said i notice it pick at my life rock all day long but i guess it wasnt sufficient cause he ended up dying in about a month period . hope you have better luck . in my opinion i dont think any butterfly fish is easy to keep cause of there specialized feeding habits . but i will agree with any one that says some are hardier than others but not really hardy fish .
thanks for all your feedback guys . i might buy one but i ' m not sure if they will eat pellets / frozen food .
hi , so did you end up getting a lattice ? i really want a butterfly fish in my tank and just wondering what your experience with it so far . they are hard to find here so if i do get one i will have to order from live aquaria
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the rodrigues fody ( foudia flavicans ) is a rare species of bird in the weaver family .

it is endemic to rodrigues , an island of mauritius .

it is classified by birdlife international as being vulnerable .

it is also on the united states ' endangered species list with an endangered status .

this bird is 12 to 13 cm long .

it is yellow with an orange face and brown back , wings , and tail .

the bird can be found in the canopy at heights of at least 5 metres , and sometimes travels in flocks .

it may be associated with the norfolk island pine ( araucaria cunninghamii ) and some introduced species of plants .

more birds are found in areas with more dense stands of taller trees and higher diversity of tree species .

it feeds on insects , spiders , seeds , nectar , and fruit .

once abundant on the island , the bird was nearly driven to extinction with only 5 or 6 pairs remaining by 1968 .

due to conservation efforts its numbers rose to between 911 and 1200 individuals by the year 1999 .

the main threat to the species is the destruction of its forest habitat .

the forest was cleared for subsistence farming and livestock .

the bird also competes with its introduced relative , the madagascar red fody ( foudia madagascariensis ) .

cyclones and drought reduce the food supply .

conservation efforts have included reforestation , the main cause of the increase in fody numbers .

fences keep out livestock .

rodrigues fody

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formerly widely distributed on the island of rodrigues , mauritius , the rodrigues fody is now confined to an area of about ten square kilometres , centred on cascade pigeon valley in the north of the island ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
the yellow fody is confined to a small area on the northern slopes of the island of rodrigues ; its population was estimated in 1983 at around 100 birds .
the rodrigues fody inhabits dense forest , showing a distinct preference for areas of mature forest , with tall trees , a closed canopy and a high diversity of tree species ( 6 ) .
the once abundant rodrigues fody was reduced to just five or six pairs in 1968 as a result of habitat loss , cyclones , severe drought , and competition with the introduced madagascar fody ( foudia madagascariensis ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . thankfully , tragedy was averted with the recovery , expansion and protection of native and exotic woodland , and the fody population recovered to around 1 , 000 birds by 1999 ( 6 ) . today , forest loss and degradation is no longer considered a major threat , but this does not leave the rodrigues fody entirely in the clear . feral cats are potential predators of the fody and competition with the madagascar fody for food may still exert some level of pressure on the population , particularly when food is in short supply , such as in times of drought or cyclones . it is thought that it is this competition that restricts the rodrigues fody to forest habitat ( 2 ) . in addition , future cyclones and droughts pose a continual potential threat ( 8 ) .
the yellow or rodrigues fody , foudia flavicans , forages by gleaning on flowers , leaves , and twigs ; its diet consists mainly of insects ( stick insects , black ants , coccids , planthoppers , leaf - rollers ) and spiders but also includes nectar and seeds .
impey , a . j . , côté , i . m . and jones , c . g . ( 2002 ) population recovery of the threatened endemic rodrigues fody ( foudia flavicans ) ( aves , ploceidae ) following reforestation . biological conservation , 107 : 299 - 305 .
nests of the rodrigues fody have been found situated high up in trees and are large , domed structures composed of fine grasses and palm fibres , and speckled with cotton pieces and feathers ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the eggs of this species are pale blue ( 3 ) .
in 1999 , we intensively surveyed all suitable habitat on the mascarene island of rodrigues and mapped 334 territories of the threatened endemic rodrigues fody ( foudia flavicans ) . in addition , we recorded 58 unpaired males , 85 juveniles , and 100 grey - brown - plumaged birds , for a minimum estimated population size of 911 birds . this represents a near 100 - fold increase in population size since 1968 , which has been achieved in the absence of translocation or taxon - specific management . birds were generally distributed in direct proportion to the availability of various forest types , but relatively more birds were found in mature , dense forests . fody density at 10 selected sites , where vegetation surveys were carried out , increased significantly with increasing tree height , canopy cover and tree species diversity . this suggests that habitat management aimed at enhancing rodrigues fody populations should focus on the protection of existing wooded valleys to allow forest maturation and expansion of afforested areas .
the inquisitive rodrigues fody , often seen in pairs or conspicuous , vocal flocks ( 5 ) ( 6 ) , is a largely insectivorous bird that searches for insect prey from ground level up to heights of ten metres off the ground ( 5 ) . it moves along branches , carefully inspecting the bark for insects ( 4 ) , extracting prey from crevices or the undersides of leaves and branches , and sometimes hanging upside down as it reaches for its food ( 5 ) . as well as this insect diet , the rodrigues fody feeds on spiders , seeds , some fruit , and also nectar ( 2 ) , which its brush - tipped tongue is highly developed for ( 7 ) .
craig , a . ( 2018 ) . rodrigues fody ( foudia flavicans ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the recovery of the rodrigues fody , pulled back from the brink of extinction , is a spectacular success story . protection of the island’s watersheds allowed the surrounding forests to mature and recover and since the 1980s , the use of bottled gas for cooking became widespread , lessening the demand for firewood ( 6 ) . nature has also played a role in this species’ recovery , with a recent absence of catastrophic cyclones allowing populations to increase ( 2 ) . while much of the reforestation has involved exotic trees , native species are being replanted in some areas , including two conservation management areas where grazing animals and woodcutters are kept out and exotic plants are removed . the development of further conservation management areas has been recommended , in addition to further forest management and expansion ( 2 ) . such measures will not only be beneficial for the rodrigues fody , but may help lessen the island’s reputation as one of the world’s most degraded tropical islands ( 9 ) .
the yellow - fody was numerous in the mid - 1800s and remained fairly common until it began to decline at the start of the 1960s . although the species has been impacted several times by cyclones that have wiped out nests , eggs , and young , two other factors in combination have been determined to be the chief cause of the bird ' s decline : the clearance of wooded regions that form the bird ' s habitat and the introduction of madagascar fody , which competes with the yellow fody for food and nests . the introduction of the house sparrow , which may usurp nests , is beginning to be a concern , and there have been reports that black rats - - notorious nest predators - - now inhabit the island .
the breeding male of this small , forest - dwelling species is a particularly attractive bird , with a bright yellow head and breast and a vivid orange face ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the underparts are pale yellow , while the plumage on the upperparts is brown washed with olive - green ( 3 ) . non - breeding males lack the vibrant orange and simply have a yellow face ( 4 ) . females have brown plumage , which becomes paler on the sides and is washed with olive on the head . a faint yellow can be seen on the underparts and cheeks ( 3 ) . a particularly vocal bird , the bold , distinctive warbling of the rodrigues fody is one of the dominant bird sounds on the island it inhabits . it calls with a vigorous ‘ chip ’ or sings a tune of variable whistles , trills and notes ( 5 )
following a rapid increase , in 2010 the population was estimated to number a maximum of 8 , 000 individuals , based on the relative abundances of this species and rodrigues warbler acrocephalus rodericanus ( c . jones in litt . 2010 , 2013 ) . considering uncertainties and difficulties inherent in estimating this species ' s population size , the estimate is put at 4 , 000 - 8 , 000 individuals ( c . jones in litt . 2013 , p . steward in litt . 2013 ) , assumed to include c . 2 , 600 - 5 , 400 mature individuals . trend justification : populations have increased in line with the recovery and expansion of native and exotic woodland ( c . jones in litt . 2000 , safford 2001 ) . surveys in 1999 and 2010 followed the same methods and the comparison of the estimates of 334 ( 1999 ) and 804 pairs ( 2010 ) gives an average annual growth rate of c . 8 % ( assuming the age structure or proportion of non - breeders remained similar ) ( p . steward in litt . 2013 ) . however , it has been noted that previous surveys were conducted in the non - breeding season when the species may be only half as detectable as when breeding , and thus are likely to have underestimated numbers ( c . jones in litt . 2013 ) . consequently the total population size in 2010 is thought to be much larger than the 1 , 700 individuals estimated by norfolk ( 2010 ) . the population is still increasing as the amount of forest cover increases in area and trees increase in size ( c . jones in litt . 2013 ) .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
12 - 13 cm . small , forest weaver . yellow head , neck and breast , with orange at front of face . dark brown back , wings and tail , streaked with buff .
this species has been downlisted from vulnerable following evidence that its population is larger than previously thought and increasing rapidly . it is listed as near threatened because it occupies a tiny range and remains susceptible to stochastic events and the impacts of introduced species , such that it could qualify as threatened within one or two generations .
, declined drastically to 5 - 6 pairs in 1968 . by april 1983 , it had recovered to c . 110 birds on the island ' s northern slopes . populations have increased in line with the recovery and expansion of native and exotic woodland ( c . jones
, and maximum of 500 pairs and 1 , 200 individuals ( c . jones
, but by 2010 the total population had risen extremely rapidly and numbered up to 8 , 000 individuals ( c . jones
2013 ) . considering uncertainties and difficulties in estimating this species ' s population , the total number of individuals is now estimated at 4 , 000 - 8 , 000 ( c . jones
, showing high adaptation to some exotic vegetation ( impey 1999 ) , possibly as a result of the destruction and degradation of the native vegetation of the island ( safford 2013 ) . it feeds on insects , spiders , nectar , seeds and some fruit
. pairs are territorial year round , breeding opportunistically ( safford 2013 ) . clutches consist of 2 - 3 eggs ( safford 2013 ) .
forest destruction , subsistence farming and the impacts of free - ranging livestock resulted in the complete destruction of native forest such that only scattered individuals of most native trees survived ( c . jones
, cyclones and a severe drought caused a huge decline in the population by the 1970s ( c . jones
has survived alongside it for hundreds of years . feral cats are potential predators . competition with
may be significant when food is in short supply ( i . e . droughts and cyclones ) , and probably restricts
to forest habitat . habitat destruction and degradation are no longer major threats ( c . jones
habitat protection and reforestation , spurred primarily by the need for watershed protection , have been key to the recovery of this species , aided by the recent absence of catastrophic cyclones . much reforestation has involved exotic trees , although native ecosystem rehabilitation has been started at some sites , including the two nature reserves , grande montagne and anse quitor ( both 0 . 1 km
) . sites are fenced to exclude grazing animals and woodcutters , exotic plants removed and native species replanted . there has been an accompanying public awareness campaign .
. there is also a watershed protection and reafforestation programme with exotic and native species .
. instigate a long - term monitoring programme ( impey 1999 , c . jones
. investigate long - term possibilities of controlling or excluding rats and cats ( c . jones
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present address : school of biological sciences , university of bristol , woodland road , bristol bs8 1ug , uk .
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it is often found near areas of introduced araucaria species ( evergreen coniferous trees ) ( 5 ) , showing an ability to adapt to some exotic vegetation ( 2 ) .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
sharpe , r . b . ( 1879 ) birds : an account of the petrological , botanical , and zoological collections made in kerguelen ' s land and rodriguez during the transit of venus expeditions . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london , 168 : 459 - 469 .
sinclair , i . and langrand , o . ( 2004 ) birds of the indian ocean islands . struik publishers , cape town .
gill , f . b . ( 1966 ) birds of rodriguez island ( indian ocean ) . ibis , 109 ( 3 ) : 383 - 390 .
melville , d . s . ( 1979 ) madagascar fodies foudia madagascariensis feeding on nectar of lantana camara . ibis , 121 : 361 - 362 .
butchart , s . h . m . , stattersfield , a . j . and collar , n . j . ( 2006 ) how many bird extinctions have we prevented ? . oryx , 40 ( 3 ) : 266 - 278 .
maunder , m . , culham , a . and hankermer , c . ( 1997 ) picking up the pieces : botanical conservation of degraded oceanic islands . in : fiedler , p . l . and kareiva , p . m . ( eds ) conservation biology . chapman and hall , london .
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this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
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12 cm ; 13–17 g . male breeding has golden - yellow head and nape , mantle and back more brownish - olive with broad dark central streaks , rump brown or pale yellow ( variable . . .
song includes melodious notes , terminating in a rattle or buzz ; both male and female sing , although . . .
diet mainly insects , including caterpillars ( lepidoptera ) and homopteran bugs ; also spiders ( araneae ) ; also takes some fruit , and seeds of . . .
perhaps not seasonal , but opportunistic ; records for jul–sept , nov and feb–mar . monogamous . pair defends territory of 1000 . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . it has been downlisted from vulnerable following evidence that its population is larger than previously . . .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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reference : pzs pt1 p . 47 pl . 1 fig . 1 , 2
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
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fws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .
possibly first ever video footage of this rare species which was once amongst the rarest birds on earth . adult male in moult defending breeding territory in response to playback ( scientific study ) . by david norfolk , university of east anglia .
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human persecution , especially by children , has been a problem , and an education campaign has been proposed as a preventative . a captive breeding program has been initiated and may eventually lead to reintroductions .
protection of native forests and vegetation at cascade st . louis , anse quitor , and grande montagne is an important goal , as these areas could eventually be restocked with birds from captive breeding programs . the main goal should be to eliminate the introduced rats and mice that plague the species .


the hook-billed hermit ( glaucis dohrnii ) is an endangered species of hummingbird in the family trochilidae .

it is found in humid forests in eastern brazil , with recent records from the states of espírito santo and bahia only .

it resembles the far commoner rufous-breasted hermit , but has a straighter bill and lacks rufous in the tail .

it is threatened by habitat loss and changing migration patterns .

hook - billed hermit

information on the hook - billed hermit is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
miller , lisa .
what is the hook - billed hermit hummingbird ?
accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken
it also shares many of the physical features of the saw - billed hermit , except the saw - billed hermit is larger and has bold streaks on the under plumage .
the hook - billed hermit hummingbird ( glaucis dohrnii ) is a small , endangered species of hummingbird native to just a few scattered areas of eastern brazil . increasingly few hook - billed hermit hummingbirds remain and little is known about this rarely - encountered bird ' s habits and behaviors . deforestation of its native lands has led to the hook - billed hermit hummingbird ' s status as one of the rarest bird species within its brazilian atlantic forest habitat .
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miller , lisa .
what is the hook - billed hermit hummingbird ?
animals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / hookbilled - hermit - hummingbird - 1810 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .
miller , lisa . ( n . d . ) . what is the hook - billed hermit hummingbird ? animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / hookbilled - hermit - hummingbird - 1810 . html
the hook - billed hermit ( glaucis dohrnii - bourcier and mulsant , 1852 synonym : ramphodon dohrnii - sibley and monroe , 1990 , 1993 ) was named after german entomologist karl august dohrn .
it is estimated that less than 500 of them are still found in their natural range . officially , the hook - billed hermit is the only hummingbird species that is listed under the endangered species act ( esa ) .
because the hook - billed hermit hummingbird is so rarely observed , its habits are not well - defined . however , hummingbirds in general are important pollinators of flowering plants like those in the heliconia genus that this species prefers . in fact flowering heliconia species in tropical areas like brazil rely entirely on hummingbirds for their pollination , according to the cloudbridge nature reserve . hook - billed hermit hummingbirds therefore play a valuable role as pollinators within their ecosystem .
hook - billed hermit hummingbirds prefer humid forests along waterways in the forest interior , particularly favoring streams bordered by flowering species of the heliconia genus of plants . occasionally this species has been seen feeding on the nectar of ornamental flowers in open areas near the forest edge .
habitat loss is the major threat to hook - billed hermit hummingbird populations and the reason behind the species’ decline . deforestation and fragmentation of this bird’s native range in eastern brazil , including fires , road construction , logging and clearing for farmlands , has scattered populations of the species and caused their decline , and in some cases , extermination from previously inhabited territories . hook - billed hermit hummingbirds have been identified in two nature reserves in brazil , but these reserves offer little protection from fire , construction and settlers , and do not include the type of habitat that the species finds suitable .
c . 12–13 cm ; male 6–9 g , female 5·5–7 g . a medium - sized hermit hummingbird similar to female
the hook - billed hermits primarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored , scented small flowers of trees , herbs , shrubs and epiphytes . they favor flowers with the highest sugar content ( often red - colored and tubular - shaped ) .
the hook - billed hermits are usually between 4 . 7 - 5 . 4 inches ( 12 - 13 . 7 cm ) long ; with the female generally being a little larger than the male . it has an almost straight bill , with a small hook at the tip ( hence its common name ) . the upper bill is black and the lower bill is yellow - whitish . the legs are yellow .
hook - billed hermit hummingbirds , despite what their name might suggest , have a relatively straight , long bill with very little curve . these birds are identified by their small size - - slightly over 4 1 / 2 inches in length from head to tail - - and their coloration . mature birds generally are dully colored , with a metallic green back , metallic bronze tail , a pinkish brown underbelly and a dark face .
hinkelmann , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . hook - billed hermit ( glaucis dohrnii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
this species resembles the far commoner rufous - breasted hermit , but has a straighter bill and lacks the rufous base in the tail and black tail band .
hook - billed hermits live in humid tropical lowland evergreen forests , mostly at elevations below 1 , 600 feet or 500 meters and along streambeds with flowering heliconia . they are usually found in the forest interior , but have been recorded visiting ornamental flowers in areas adjacent to the forests . they are usually seen in the understory / undergrowth .
as of 2012 the iucn red list of threatened species estimates that between 250 and 999 mature hook - billed hermit hummingbirds live in the wild , with a potential total of 350 to 1 , 500 individuals when immature birds are included . this estimate , however , is not based on population counts due to the rarity of encountering this species in the wild . instead the population estimates are based on established records , local descriptions of abundance , population density of similar birds and the size of their range .
12 cm . dull coloured hermit hummingbird . greenish - bronze upperparts . cinnamon underparts . white supercilium and malar , with dusky face and lower border to malar . metallic bronze tail with outer rectrices tipped white . almost straight bill with whitish mandible .
the average clutch consists of two white eggs , which she incubates alone for about 15 days , while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on ( although hermit males tend to be less aggressive than the males of other hummingbird species ) . the young are born blind , immobile and without any down .
during the breeding season , the males of many hermit species form leks ( = competitive mating displays ) and congregate on traditional display grounds . once a female enters their territory , they display for her . their display may entail wiggling of their tails and singing . willing females will enter the area for the purpose of choosing a male for mating . oftentimes she will choose the best singer .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
has slightly decurved bill , rufous base to outer four rectrices and black subterminal tail - band .
endangered b1ab ( ii , iii , iv , v ) ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1
this species qualifies as endangered owing to the massive deforestation throughout its range which has reduced it to a few fragmented subpopulations likely to be declining as a result of continued habitat loss .
, where it is known from a few widely scattered localities in bahia and espírito santo . there are historical sight records from extreme east minas gerais where its occurrence is supported by records from adjacent espírito santo . rio de janeiro has been included in the species ' s published range based on a specimen labelled rio de janeiro . in bahia , there are recent reports from only three sites : estação veracruz ( formerly the cvrd porto seguro reserve
. 1999 ) , where it was found relatively frequently during 1993 - 1997 [ e . o . willis and y . oniki
. 1999 ] ) , monte pascoal national park ( a few recent records [ g . m . kirwan
) , and adjacent to serra de itamaruja ( one in july 1993 [ y . oniki
. 1993 ] ) . in espírito santo , there is just one recent record ( in 1988 ) , from linhares forest reserve , but it has not been seen subsequently . possible records of birds at two further sites ( bralanda and barrolândia ) are being verified ( e . o . willis and y . oniki
. 1999 ) . it is likely that the species has never been common , but it has undoubtedly declined significantly in numbers and distribution .
the population is estimated to number 250 - 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 375 - 1 , 499 individuals in total , rounded here to 350 - 1 , 500 individuals . trend justification : a moderate and ongoing decline is suspected on the basis of continued habitat destruction and fragmentation .
. it is generally seen in the forest interior , but has been recorded visiting ornamental flowers in areas adjacent to forest . it is reported to breed from september to february .
the lowland forests of east brazil have been fragmented and destroyed , and this is considered to be the principal cause of its decline . although there are recent records from two reserves , these are under pressure from settlers , suffer from fire and road construction and generally provide inadequate protection . perhaps most importantly , they protect few watercourses and consequently little suitable habitat for this species . the new owners of estação veracruz have apparently abandoned plans to clear the forest
assess its current status at monte pascoal national park , linhares forest reserve and córrego grande biological reserve . survey historical localities and other areas of suitable habitat . study its ecological requirements . promote the continued protection of forest at estação veracruz and existing reserves where the species occurs .
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often considered to belong in genus ramphodon , but morphological characters clearly indicate placement in glaucis . monotypic .
scattered sites in se brazil ( se bahia and espírito santo ) ; old records from e minas gerais .
understorey of lowland ( below 500 m ) primary forest , littoral forest , mainly in damp areas along . . .
nectar and small arthropods . rare observations indicate feeding at same flowers as g . hirsutus . feeds by trap - lining .
no precise information available . presumably sedentary , although sparsity of records at particular . . .
endangered . cites i . previously treated as critically endanagered . restricted - range species : present in atlantic forest lowlands eba . has declined greatly due to habitat loss . . .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
calls in response to playback from a bird flying past in dense understory of short - stature white sand forest .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : glaucis dohrnii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
eduardo pio carvalho epc wildlife productions / s . o . s . falconiformes belo horizonte , mg brazil eduardo @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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this species is historically native to eastern brazil , in the brazilian atlantic forest region . as of 2012 , however , its population has been limited to just two brazilian states - - bahia and espírito santo . within these areas where the bird has been identified , the population is small and scattered , with only three sites within bahia reported and just one record in espírito santo .
note : depending on which text editor you ' re pasting into , you might have to add the italics to the site name .
this rare south american ( brazilian ) hummingbird is globally known as ermitaño de espírito santo ( spanish ) , colibri de dohrn ( french ) , bronzeschwanz - schattenkolibri ( german ) .
its numbers and distribution has declined significantly due to habitat destruction and fragmentation , sensitivity to habitat disturbances , changing migration patterns and hunting for their feathers .
spanish : ermitaño de espírito santo , pico de sable chico . . . portuguese ( brazil ) : balança - rabo - canela , beija - flor - canela . . . italian : eremita becco a uncino , eremita uncinato . . . french : colibri de dohrn , ermite à bec crochu , ermite de dohrn . . . latin : glaucis dohrnii , ramphodon dohrnii . . . czech : kolibrík bronzovoocasý , kolib ? ík bronzovoocasý . . . danish : krognæbskolibri . . . german : bronzeschwanzeremit , bronzeschwanz - eremit , bronzeschwanz - schattenkolibri . . . finnish : brasiliankaarikolibri . . . japanese : kagihashihachidori . . . dutch : bronsstaartheremietkolibrie , bronsstaart - heremietkolibrie . . . norwegian : bahiaeremitt , kroknebbkolibri . . . polish : pustelnik hakodzioby . . . portuguese : balança - rabo - canela , beija - flor - canela . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : pustovnícek krivozobý . . . swedish : bågnäbbskolibri
this dull - colored hummingbird has a metallic greenish - bronze upper plumage ( including the top of its head ) . the plumage below is cinnamon - colored .
the face is dark except for a white stripe starting behind its eyes , across the cheeks in the direction of its shoulders .
the tail is bronze - green with a rufous base to the other tail feathers and a black band near the end of the tail . only the male has pale / whitish tail tips .
the female is a little larger than the male . only the male ' s tail has pale ( whitish ) tips .
hummingbirds in general are solitary and neither live nor migrate in flocks ; and there is no pair bond for this species - the male ' s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female .
he will separate from the female immediately after copulation . one male may mate with several females . in all likelihood , the female will also mate with several males . the males do not participate in choosing the nest location , building the nest or raising the chicks .
the female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food ( mostly partially - digested insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks ) . the female pushes the food down the chicks ' throats with her long bill directly into their stomachs .
as is the case with other hummingbird species , the chicks are brooded only the first week or two , and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size . the chicks leave the nest when they are about 27 days old .
hermits are
trap - line feeding
hummingbirds . this means that they visit plants along a long route ( in this case of up to 0 . 6 miles or 1 km ) . most other hummingbird species maintain feeding territories in areas that contain their favorite plants ( those that contain flowers with high energy nectar ) , and they will aggressively protect those areas .
hermits have long , extendible , straw - like tongues that are well adapted for retrieving nectar from deep flowers . they often feed while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second . sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding .
many native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination . the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and , subsequently , from pollinating the plants .
they may also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water , or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge ; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds ; however , they only remain still for a short moment .
they also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein particularly needed during the breeding season to ensure the proper development of their young . insects are often caught in flight ( hawking ) ; snatched off leaves or branches , or are taken from spider webs . a nesting female can capture up to 2 , 000 insects a day .
males establish feeding territories , where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory . they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .
its current population estimate is 2 . 0 individuals / km2 x 220 km2 ( 45 % eoo ) = 440 individuals . it is best placed in band 250 - 999 ( birdlife population density spreadsheet ) .
the lowland forests have been fragmented and destroyed , and this is considered to be the principal cause of its decline . although capturing and killing for its feathers also has been listed as possible cause . conservation measures are underway ( cites appendix i and ii ) . this species is now protected under brazilian law .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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