potamotrygon is a genus of freshwater stingrays in the family potamotrygonidae native to the rivers of south america , and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade .

like other stingrays , the fishes of this genus have venomous barbs at the base of their tails , and their stings are dangerous to humans .

it is said that the natives of south america fear the stingray more than they do the piranha .

potamotrygon vary considerably in color , pattern and size , with the maximum disc width ranging from 31 cm ( 1 ft ) in p. wallacei to 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) in p. brachyura .

potamotrygon

potamotrygon albimaculata & potamotrygon jabuti : two new species of freshwater stingray from the rio tapajós basin of brazil .
sciency thoughts : potamotrygon albimaculata & potamotrygon jabuti : two new species of freshwater stingray from the rio tapajós basin of brazil .
family potamotrygonidae garman , 1913 genus potamotrygon garman , 1877 potamotrygon motoro ( müller & henle , 1841 ) figs . 1 - 20 , 21b - c , 22
p . hystrix , type species of genus potamotrygon . illustration by paul louis oudart .
below is a complete list of the currently valid names of species included in genus potamotrygon .
meristic data taken from specimens of potamotrygon pantanensis , including the holotype ( a ) mzusp 110890 .
potamotrygon hystrix ( j . p . müller & henle , 1834 ) ( porcupine river stingray )
potamotrygon magdalenae ( a . h . a . duméril , 1865 ) ( magdalena river stingray )
potamotrygon motoro ( j . p . müller & henle , 1841 ) ( ocellate river stingray )
potamotrygon rex , a new species of neotropical freshwater stingray ( chondrichthyes : potamotrygonidae ) from the middle and upper rio tocantins , brazil , closely allied to potamotrygon henlei ( castelnau , 1855 ) .
silva , t . , v . uieda . 2007 . preliminary data on the feeding habits of the freshwater stingrays potamotrygon falkneri and potamotrygon motoro ( potamotrygonidae ) from the upper paraná river basin , brazil .
potamotrygon boesemani rosa , m . r . de carvalho & almeida wanderley , 2008 ( emperor ray )
(
potamotrygon motoro : south american freshwater stingray
, 2012 ; oddone , et al . , 2012 )
potamotrygon tatianae j . p . c . b . da silva & m . r . de carvalho , 2011
heiko bleher takes a look at freshwater potamotrygon stingrays , including information on buying and keeping them in the aquarium .
potamotrygon marinae , * deynat , 2006 . marina’s stingray is only known from the maroni , grand inini , french guyana
potamotrygon henlei ( castelnau , 1855 ) : the bigtooth river stingray is only known from the tocantins river basin , brazil .
potamotrygon yepezi , castex and castello , 1970 ; the maracaibo river stingray is only known from the maracaibo lake in venezuela .
nominal species taxonomically related to potamotrygon motoro in the paraná - paraguay basin . in relation to the three nominal species considered to be junior synonyms of p . motoro in the paraná - paraguay basin , type - specimens of two of these species were found and examined in the museo de ciencias naturales florentino ameghino , in santa fé ( argentina ) : potamotrygon labradori castex , maciel & achenbach , 1963 and potamotrygon pauckei castex , 1963 . type - specimens of potamotrygon alba castex , 1963 were not found ( discussed below ) .
potamotrygon pantanensis , n . sp . upper and lower jaws of an adult female paratype specimen , mzusp 110892 , 300 mm dw .
potamotrygon magdalenae ( duméril , 1865 ) : the magdalena river stingray is only known from the magdalena and atrato river basins , in colombia .
a systematic revision of the potamotrygon motoro ( müller & henle , 1841 ) species complex in the paraná - paraguay basin based on morphological characters was undertaken . morphological systems analyzed include external morphology , coloration , dermal denticles , and spines , canals of the ventral lateral - line system , and skeletal components . potamotrygon motoro is widely distributed in the paraná - paraguay basin and some of its diagnostic characters are : ocelli present on dorsal disc tricolored , well - defined and evenly distributed , with diameter similar or greater than eye - length ; ventral coloration with relatively large whitish central region , with gray or brown area predominant on outer ventral disc margins ; dermal denticles well - developed and star - shaped over central disc ; labial grooves absent ; monognathic heterodonty present in upper and lower jaws of adults . potamotrygon pauckei castex , 1963 and potamotrygon labradori castex , maciel & achenbach , 1963 , are synonymized with p . motoro ; potamotrygon alba castex , 1963 , is a nomen dubium in accordance with previous authors . additionally , two new ocellated species of potamotrygon from the paraná - paraguay basin are described : potamotrygon pantanensis , sp . nov . and potamotrygon amandae , sp . nov . these are described and compared with p . motoro and other congeners . potamotrygon pantanensis , sp . nov . is described from the northern pantanal region ; potamotrygon amandae , sp . nov . is widespread in the paraná - paraguay basin .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . upper and lower jaws of a non - type adult female specimen , mzusp 110916 , 275 mm dw .
uma revisão sistemática do complexo de espécies potamotrygon motoro ( müller & henle , 1841 ) na bacia paraná - paraguai , baseada em caracteres morfológicos , foi realizada . os caracteres morfológicos analisados incluem morfologia externa , coloração , dentículos dérmicos e espinhos , sistema de canais ventrais da linha lateral e componentes do esqueleto . potamotrygon motoro é amplamente distribuída na bacia paraná - paraguai e alguns dos seus caracteres diagnósticos são : ocelos presentes no dorso do disco tricolores , bem definidos e bem distribuídos , com diâmetro similar ou maior do que o comprimento do olho ; coloração ventral com região central do disco branca e com tonalidades marrom ou cinza presentes nas margens do disco ; dentículos dérmicos bem desenvolvidos e com formato estrelado na região central do disco ; sulcos labiais ausentes ; heterodontia monognática presente nas maxilas superior e inferior nos adultos . potamotrygon pauckei castex , 1963 e potamotrygon labradori castex , maciel & achenbach , 1963 , são sinonimizadas com p . motoro , e potamotrygon alba castex , 1963 , é considerada um nomen dubium em acordo com autores anteriores . além disso , duas espécies novas oceladas de potamotrygon da bacia paraná - paraguai são descritas : potamotrygon pantanensis , sp . nov . e potamotrygon amandae , sp . nov . estas espécies novas são descritas e comparadas com p . motoro e outras espécies do gênero . potamotrygon pantanensis , sp . nov . é descrita da região norte do pantanal e potamotrygon amandae , sp . nov . é amplamente distribuída na bacia paraná - paraguai .
* to my knowledge this species has never been imported into the hobby , although the names have been frequently used . all other species names , such as potamotrygon humerosa and potamotrygon reticulata found frequently in popular books and magazines are synonyms and not valid species names — and should not be used .
2012 .
potamotrygon motoro : south american freshwater stingray
( on - line ) . encyclopedia of life . accessed february 22 , 2013 at urltoken .
potamotrygon motoro . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of lectotype , nmw 78655 , juvenile male , 208 mm dw , guaporé river .
potamotrygon motoro . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of paralectotype , zmb 4662 , juvenile female , 183 mm dw , cuiabá river .
[ ed ' s note : the so - called tiger ray has been described since this article was written . it ' s now potamotrygon tigrina ] .
meristic data taken from specimens of potamotrygon amandae , including the holotype ( a ) mzusp 110910 . mode of enlarged dorsal pointed - spines presents two predominant values .
potamotrygon motoro . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of an adult male specimen , mzusp 111906 , 310 mm dw , from the mutum river .
potamotrygon motoro . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of an adult male specimen , nup 4136 , 275 mm dw , from the cuiabá river .
potamotrygon pantanensis , n . sp . anatomical details from radiograph of holotype , mzusp 110890 . abbreviations : aac , anterior angular cartilage ; pac , posterior angular cartilage .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . anatomical details from radiograph of holotype , mzusp 110910 . abbreviations : aac , anterior angular cartilage ; pac , posterior angular cartilage .
potamotrygon rex , a new species of neotropical freshwater stingray ( chondrichthyes : potamotrygonidae ) from the middle and upper rio tocantins , braz . . . - pubmed - ncbi
thorson , t . , j . langhammer , m . oetinger . 1983 . reproduction and development of the south american freshwater stingrays , potamotrygon circularis and p . motoro .
to cite this page : speigel , j . 2013 .
potamotrygon motoro
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
potamotrygon motoro . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of an adult female specimen , mzusp 110924 , 479 mm dw , from the padre inácio river .
potamotrygon labratoris : - castex , 1963a : 54 - 55 , fig . 12 , p . 55 [ citation to santa fé , argentina ] ( nomen nudum ) .
carvalho , m . r . de , m . h . sabaj perez & n . r . lovejoy . 2011 . potamotrygon tigrina , a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper amazon basin , closely related to potamotrygon schroederi fernandez - yépez , 1958 ( chondrichthyes : potamotrygonidae ) . zootaxa 2827 : 1 - 30 . [ links ]
potamotrygon scobina , garman , 1913 ( pictured above ) : the raspy river stingray is from the rio tocantins , the holotype being collected near cametá , pará , brazil .
detail of dermal denticles in the central dorsal disc region of of mfa 232 , a specimen of potamotrygon motoro designated by castex ( 1964 ) as lectotype of p . pauckei .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of holotype , mzusp 110910 , adult female , 341 mm dw , paraguay river .
potamotrygon boesemani , rosa , de carvalho and de almeida wanderley , 2008 : boeseman’s stingray is a recently described species and is only known from the corantijn river drainage in surinam .
potamotrygon pantanensis , n . sp . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of paratype , mzusp 110888 , adult female , 336 mm dw , from cuiabá river .
potamotrygon pantanensis , n . sp . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of paratype , mzusp 110889 , adult female , 325 mm dw , from cuiabá river .
potamotrygon pantanesis , n . sp . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of paratype , mzusp 110891 , adult male , 268 mm dw , from cuiabá river .
potamotrygon pantanensis , n . sp . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of paratype , nup 4179 , subadult male , 215 mm dw , from manso river .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of paratype , mzusp 110904 , adult male , 312 mm dw , from paraná river .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of paratype , mzusp 110906 , adult female , 294 mm dw , from paraguay river .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of paratype , mzusp 110907 , adult female , 270 mm dw , from paraguay river .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of paratype , mzusp 111916 , adult male , 259 mm dw , from paraná river .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of paratype , mzusp 111919 , adult female , 236 mm dw , from paraná river .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of paratype , mzusp 111917 , immature male , 218 mm dw , from paraná river .
(
potamotrygon motoro : south american freshwater stingray
, 2012 ; charvet - almeida , et al . , 2005 ; silva and uieda , 2007 ; torres and sampang , 2012 )
potamotrygon brachyura ( günther , 1880 ) : the short - tailed river stingray is only found in the paraná - paraguay and uruguay river basins in argentina , brazil , paraguay and uruguay .
drioli , m . , g . chiaramonte . 2005 .
potamotrygon motoro
( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species . accessed october 15 , 2012 at urltoken .
potamotrygon motoro . anatomical details from radiographs of lectotype nmw 78655 ( a ) and paralectotype zmb 4662 ( b ) . abbreviations : aac , anterior angular cartilage ; pac , posterior angular cartilage .
potamotrygon pantanensis , n . sp . detail of dermal denticles in a non - type adult female specimen , mzusp 110895 , 328 mm dw , showing two types of denticles present on dorsal disc .
castex , m . n . 1963c . uma nueva especie de raya fluvial potamotrygon pauckei . notas distintivas . boletín de la academia nacional de ciencias , 43 : 289 - 294 . [ links ]
potamotrygon motoro ( müller and henle , 1841 ) : the ocellate river stingray was collected by natterer in the cuiabá river in brazil , and it is possibly the most widespread ray in south america .
castex , m . n . 1967b . notas sobre los dientes de las espécies del genero potamotrygon garman , 1877 ( chondrichthyes : potamotrygonidae ) . physis , 26 : 493 - 496 . [ links ]
castex . m . n . , i . maciel & g . m . achenbach . 1963 . acerca de la raya fluvial potamotrygon labradori . neotropica , 9 : 117 - 121 . [ links ]
potamotrygon motoro . dorsal ( a ) and ventral ( b ) views of an adult female specimen , mfa 231 , 298 mm dw , designated as holotype of potamotrygon labradori by castex et al . ( 1963 ) , from the colastiné river . dorsal ( c ) and ventral ( d ) views of mfa 231 from photographs found in the archives of m . castex , in the mfa , santa fé .
patterns of ocelli and spots in potamotrygon pantanensis , n . sp . : ( a ) mzusp 110901 , ( b ) mzusp 110889 and ( c ) mzusp 110874 , adult female , 297 mm dw .
oddone , m . , g . velasco , p . charvet . 2012 . record of the freshwater stingrays potamotrygon brachyura and p . motoro ( chondrichthyes , potamotrygonidae ) in the lower uruguay river , south america .
castex , m . n . 1963d . el gênero potamotrygon en el paraná médio . anales del museo provincial de ciencias naturales
florentino ameghino
, 11 ( 1 ) : 1 - 87 . [ links ]
potamotrygon schuhmacheri , * castex , 1964 : the schuhmacher’s stingray’s type locality is the río colastiné sur , santa fe region , argentina , and it is restricted to the paraná - paraguay river basin in south america .
potamotrygon motoro . dorsal view of right clasper of an adult male , nup 4136 . abbreviations : ap , apopyle ; cg , clasper groove ; dp , dorsal pseudosiphon ; hp , hypopyle ; vp , ventral pseudosiphon .
distribution of potamotrygon motoro in the paraná - paraguay system . yellow circles show localities where specimens of p . motoro were examined in this study . yellow star indicates guaporé river , the type locality of p . motoro .
torres , a . , a . sampang . 2012 .
potamotrygon motoro ( müller & henle , 1841 ) : south american freshwater stingray
( on - line ) . fishbase . accessed february 22 , 2013 at urltoken .
potamotrygon hystrix * ( müller and henle , 1841 ) : the porcupine river stingray is restricted to the parana - paraguay river basin in south america . other records in the aquarium hobby are incorrect — or another species is involved .
potamotrygon signata , * garman , 1913 : the parnaiba river stingray was described from the rio puty , tributary of rio paranahyba , parnahyba , san gonçallo , brazil , and is found only in the paraná river basin , brazil .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . detail of dermal denticles present in a non - type juvenile male specimen , mzusp 111150 , 215 mm dw , showing the two morphological types of denticles , with star - shaped and pointed crowns .
potamotrygon motoro . detail of dorsal coloration : ( a ) tricolored ocelli in nup 2106 , adult female , 405 mm dw , ( b ) bicolored ocelli around eyes of nup 2106 , ( c ) tetracolored ocelli founded in nup 4136 .
potamotrygon pantanensis , n . sp . dorsal view of right clasper of an adult male , mzusp 110891 . abbreviations : ap , apopyle ; cg , clasper groove ; dp , dorsal pseudosiphon ; hp , hypopyle ; vp , ventral pseudosiphon .
distribution of potamotrygon pantanensis , n . sp . in the paraná - paraguay system . blue circles show localities where specimens of p . pantanensis were obtained for this study . blue star indicates cuiabá river , type locality of p . pantanesis .
potamotrygon aff . motoro : - cruz et al . 2011 : 201 - 205 , 207 , fig . 2 , p . 203 , fig . 3 , p . 204 , fig . 6 , p . 207 [ karyotype ] .
distribution of potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . in the paraná - paraguay system . red circles show localities where specimens of p . amandae were obtained for this study . red star indicates paraguay river , type locality of p . amandae .
potamotrygon falkneri , * castex and maciel , 1963 : the large spot river stingray type is from the middle río paraná , entre ríos in argentina and its distribution is limited to the paraná - paraguay river basin in argentina , brazil and paraguay .
potamotrygon orbignyi ( castelnau , 1855 ) : the smooth back river stingray was the described ( holotype ) from the rio tocantins , brazil , but is said to have a wide distribution in south america , certainly in the middle and lower amazon basin .
garman , s . 1877 . on the pelvis and external sexual organs of selachians , with special references to new genera potamotrygon and disceus ( with descriptions ) . proceedings of the boston society of natural history , 19 : 197 - 215 . [ links ]
kuba , michael j . , ruth a . byrne and gordon m . burghardt . ( 2010 ) . a new method for studying problem solving and tool use in stingrays ( potamotrygon castexi ) . animal cognition , 13 ( 3 ) , 507 - 513 .
potamotrygon schroederi , fernández - yépez , 1958 : the rosette river stingray was described from the río apure , at mouth of río apurito , estado apure , venezuela , and is found in the orinoco basin . some say it can also be found in the amazon .
potamotrygon constellata ( vaillant , 1880 ) : the thorny river stingray holotype is from calderón , colombia , upper amazon , brazil , where the first symphysodon haraldi was found . its distribution is given as the amazon and solimões river basins in brazil and colombia , and peru .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . dorsal view of right clasper of an adult male , mzusp 111148 , adult male , 280 mm dw . abbreviations : ap , apopyle ; cg , clasper groove ; dp , dorsal pseudosiphon ; hp , hypopyle ; vp , ventral pseudosiphon .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . mzusp 111148 : ( a ) dorsal view of tail showing the entire dorsal rows of enlarged pointed spines , ( b ) showing the rows and format of pointed spines , and ( c ) detail of some pointed spines of dorsal rows .
silva , j . p . c . b . da & m . r . de carvalho . 2011a . a taxonomic and morphological redescription of potamotrygon falkneri castex & maciel , 1963 ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes : potamotrygonidae ) . neotropical ichthyology , 9 : 209 - 232 . [ links ]
brooks , d . , j . amato . 1992 . cestode parasites in potamotrygon motoro ( natterer ) ( chondrichthyes : potamotrygonidae ) from southwestern brazil , including rhinebothroides mclennanae n . sp . ( tetraphyllidea : phyllobothriidae ) , and a revised host - parasite checklist for helminths inhabiting neotropical freshwater stingrays .
rosa , r . s . , m . r . de . carvalho & c . de a . wanderley . 2008 . potamotrygon boesemani ( chondrichthyes : myliobatiformes : potamotrygonidae ) , a new species of neotropical freshwater stingray from surinam . neotropical ichthyology 6 : 1 - 8 . [ links ]
potamotrygon pantanensis , n . sp . mzusp 110895 : ( a ) dorsal view of tail showing the entire dorsal row of enlarged pointed - spines , ( b ) showing the double rows and shape of pointed - spines , and ( c ) detail of some pointed - spines of dorsal rows .
castex , m . n . 1963b . observaciones sobre la raya de rio potamotrygon motoro ( muller y henle ) . comunicaciones del museo argentino de ciencias naturales
bernadino rivadavia
e instituto nacional de investigacion de las ciencias naturales , hidrobiologia , 1 ( 2 ) : 7 - 14 . [ links ]
potamotrygon motoro . jaws of adult specimens showing dimorphic sexual morphology . left ( a ) an adult female , mzusp 110902 , 362 mm dw , and right ( b ) an adult male , nup 4136 . note the morphological differences between the teeth of both specimens and between the rows in the same specimen .
potamotrygon motoro . dorsal and ventral views of neurocranium and mandibular arch of specimen mzusp 110908 showing mandibular arch structures . abbreviations : aac , anterior angular cartilage ; cl , calcified ligament ; dlp , dorsolateral process ; hyo , hyomandibula ; mc , meckel ' s cartilage ; pac , posterior angular cartilage ; pq , palatoquadrate .
potamotrygon castexi , * castello and yagolkowski , 1969 : the vermiculate river stingray type is from the río paraná , at rosario , argentina , but some say it’s also found in the upper amazon river basin , which i doubt . it is restricted to the paraná - paraguay river basins in argentina , bolivia and brazil .
gestation can last between three to 12 months , with one to eight embryos in gestation at one time . i have a friend in russia whose potamotrygonids produce over 400 young every year and he had 12 babies at one time . there’s also a report of a litter of up to 21 foetuses from one potamotrygon motoro female .
silva , j . p . c . b . da & m . r . de carvalho . 2011b . a new species of neotropical freshwater stingray of the genus potamotrygon garman , 1877 from the río madre de díos , peru ( chondrichthyes : potamotrygonidae ) . papéis avulsos de zoologia 51 : 139 - 154 . [ links ]
toffoli , daniel , tomas hrbek , maria lúcia góes de araújo , maurício pinto de almeida , patricia charvet - almeida . ( 2008 ) . a test of the utility of dna barcoding in the radiation of the freshwater stingray genus potamotrygon ( potamotrygonidae , myliobatiformes ) . genetics and molecular biology 31 ( 1 ) , 1 - 116 .
potamotrygon motoro . details of dermal denticles in an adult female , mzusp 110902 . morphology and concentration of dermal denticles on dorsal disc in ( a ) and ( b ) , a typical star - shaped denticle in ( c ) showing the crown with its central plate and dichotomous ridges , and in ( d ) trichotomous denticles present in spiracular openings .
the true rays and skates , superorder batoidea , are assigned ( along with all other jawed cartilaginous fishes ) to class chondrichthyes . they share subclass elasmobranchii with sharks and chimaeras . rays account for about half of all elasmobranch species . of the 500 or more described ray species , there are over 150 stingray species that are assigned to approximately 20 genera . freshwater stingrays of the family potamotrygonidae are assigned to the genera paratrygon , plesiotrygon , heliotrygon and potamotrygon . to date , as many as 20 described species are assigned to potamotrygon . p . hystrix is recognized as the type species . some aquarists use a p - number system ( which is similar to the l - number system associated with loricariid catfishes ) to classify these animals .
potamotrygon motoro . dorsal and ventral views of clasper skeletal structures , mzusp 111905 . abbreviations : at , accessory terminal ; ax , axial cartilage ; be , ? cartilage ; b1 , basal segment 1 ; b2 , basal segment 2 ; dm , dorsal marginal cartilage ; dt2 , dorsal terminal 2 cartilage ; vm , ventral marginal cartilage ; vt , ventral terminal cartilage .
justification : the reticulated freshwater stingray ( potamotrygon falkneri ) is a little known freshwater stingray from the paraná river basin . there is essentially no information available on this species ' ecology or biology . as other potamotrygonids , it faces numerous identified threats including habitat degradation and fishing activities . further evaluation when more information available will be required to assess this species beyond data deficient .
brooks , d . r . & j . f . r . amato . 1992 . cestodes parasites in potamotrygon motoro ( müller & henle ) ( chondrichthyes : potamotrygonidae ) from southwestern brazil , including rhinebothroides mclennanae sp . n . ( tetraphyllidea : phyllobothriidae ) and a revised host - parasite checklist for helminthes inhabiting neotropical freshwater stingrays . journal of parasitology , 78 : 393 - 398 . [ links ]
in a paper published in the journal zootaxa on 13 september 2016 , marcelo de carvalho of the departamento de zoologia at the universidade de são paulo , describes two new species of freshwater stingray from the rio tapajós basin of brazil . both species are placed in the genus potamotrygon , and both have been known in the aquarium trade for some time , but this is the first time they have been formally described .
potamotrygon motoro . ( a ) dorsal view of tail showing entire dorsal row of pointed spines and the well - developed lateral rows in an adult female , mzusp 110887 , 396 mm dw ; ( b ) showing the single row and format of enlarged pointed - spines in an adult male , nup 4136 ; ( c ) detail of some enlarged pointed - spines of dorsal row in adult female ( mzusp 110887 ) .
potamotrygonids are almost circular — except for the genus paratrygon and an undescribed genus — and range from potamotrygon schuhmacheri , which reaches 25cm / 10” in diameter , to the short - tailed river stingray , p . brachyura ( above ) , from paraguay , argentina and uruguay which can grow to 1 . 5m / 4 . 9’ in disc width . one such specimen was collected in the uruguay river in 1934 at 120 kg / 265 lb .
the second new species is named potamotrygon jabuti , where ' jabuti ' is a local word for the species meaning ' tortoise ' , a reference to the appearance of the adults , which have a torroiseshell patternation and a tendency to arch their backs . in the aquarium trade the species is marketed as the ' pearl freshwater stingray ' . the species was found in the middle and upper rio tapajós waterway as well as numerous smaller tributaries , being partucularly abundant in the rio jamanxim .
potamotrygon pantanensi , n . sp . dorsal and ventral views of neurocranium and mandibular arch of an adult female , mzusp 110895 . abbreviations : aac , anterior angular cartilage ; cl , calcified ligament ; dlp , dorsolateral process ; epb , epiphysial bar ; fpf , frontoparietal fontanelle ; hyo , hyomandibula ; mc , meckel ' s cartilage ; pac , posterior angular cartilage ; pcf , precerebral fontanelle ; pop , postorbital process ; pq , palatoquadrate prp , preorbital process ; sp , supraorbital process .
several genera of freshwater stingrays appear in the ornamental fish trade . however , those of the genus potamotrygon , the so - called river stingrays , are undoubtedly the most common . reasons for this are many . they are strikingly handsome fishes . they reach relatively modest adult sizes . they generally accept a variety of readily available aquarium fish foods . under the care of an experienced aquarist , long - term survivability is quite feasible . most notably , they even can be bred and reared in captivity .
the adult female ( mfa 231 ) designated as holotype of p . labradori by castex et al . ( 1963 , p . 118 , fig . 1 ) ( type locality : colastiné river , near santa fé , argentina ) , as other authors have noted ( rosa , 1985 ; carvalho et al . , 2003 ) , is conspecific with p . motoro ( fig . 7 ) . this specimen was first published as potamotrygon labratoris [ sic ] in a legend of a photograph in castex ( 1963a , p . 55 ) ; however , in the original description , castex et al . ( 1963 ) described the name in its currently accepted spelling p . labradori . we consider the name potamotrygon labratoris as a nomen nudum , as castex only provided a description of this species in a subsequent paper ( castex et al . , 1963 ) and names originally published by indication , such as in a figure legend , after 1931 are unavailable ( iczn , 1999 , article 12 . 2 . 7 ) .
of the many , diverse elasmobranchs , potamotrygonidae is the sole extent family that is completely restricted to freshwater . while potamotrygonids are primarily river dwelling ( or potamodromous ) , they are capable of exploiting a variety of freshwater habitats . potamotrygon is native to the murky river systems of neotropical south america . this highly specialized , monophyletic group occurs mainly within a narrow geographical range spanning the amazon river basin . curiously , members of this genus are found only in those rivers that drain into the caribbean sea or atlantic ocean . however , they are not found in the upper paraná basin , the northeastern brazilian são francisco basin , argentinean rivers south of the la plata river , or northeastern and southeastern brazilian rainforest rivers that drain into the atlantic ocean . potamotrygon usually inhabits ranges that are restricted to a single river system or basin . usually , no more than a few species ( p . motoro and p . orbignyi , for example ) occur in the same basin . in certain cases , a species ( p . leopoldi , for example ) may be restricted to a single river .
paralectotypes : ( 3 specimens ) . nmw 77987 , juvenile male specimen of potamotrygon falkneri , 201 mm dw , rio cuiabá , district of cuiabá , state of mato grosso , brazil ; j . natterer . nmw 78613 , adult male specimen of p . falkneri , 344 mm dw , rio cuiabá , district of cuiabá , state of mato grosso , brazil ; j . natterer , aug 1824 . zmb 4662 , juvenile female , 183 mm dw , cuiabá river , district of cuiabá , state of mato grosso , brazil , j . natterer coll .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . dorsal and ventral views of neurocranium and mandibular arch ( in ventral view ) of a non - type adult male specimen , mzusp 111148 , 280 mm dw . abbreviations : aac , anterior angular cartilage ; cl , calcified ligament ; dlp , dorsolateral process ; epb , epiphysial bar ; fpf , frontoparietal fontanelle ; hyo , hyomandibula ; mc , meckel ' s cartilage ; pac , posterior angular cartilage ; pcf , precerebral fontanelle ; pop , postorbital process ; pq , palatoquadrate prp , preorbital process ; sp , supraorbital process .
potamotrygon cf . motoro : - graça & pavanelli , 2007 : xi , 6 , 9 , 13 , 22 , 24 , 240 , fig . 2 , p . 24 [ distribution , identification key , morphological measurements , coloration , tooth counts ] . - domingues & marques , 2007 : 157 , 167 - 168 , 173 [ new species of parasite described ] ; - silva & goulart , 2007 : 413 - 418 , figs . 2 - 4 , p . 415 , fig . 5 , p . 416 , figs . 11 - 12 , p . 417 , fig . 14 , p . 418 [ morphometric data ] .
potamotrygon motoro . ( a ) dorsal and lateral views of synarcual cartilage , ( b ) lateral view of scapulocoracoid , and ( c ) dorsal view of pelvic girdle of an adult male specimen ( mzusp 111905 ) . abbreviations : adf , anterodorsal fenestra ; ars , articular synarcual surface ; avf , anteroventral fenestra ; ip , iliac process ; isp , isquial process ; lpp , lateral prepelvic process ; ls , lateral stay ; mpp , median prepelvic process ; msc , mesocondyle ; mtc , metacondyle ; op , odontoid process ; pc , procondyle ; pdf , postdorsal fenestra ; pvf , postventral fenestra ; snc , spinal nerve canal ; snf , spinal nerve foramen .
the first new species described is named potamotrygon albimaculata , meaning ' white spots ' ; adults of the species are dark - brown to black in colour with numerous white spotes on their dorsal surface . the species is found in the upper and middle reaches of the rio tapajós in amazonas , pará and mato grosso states , where it is known locally as the pretinha do tapajós ( tapajós freshwater stingray ) ; it is traded in the aquarium trade as the ' itaituba ray ' , or simply ' p14 ' . the species appears to live in the deeper parts of the center of the river during the daytime , foraging in the shallower waters around the shore at night .
similar to other potamotrygonid species ( e . g . , potamotrygon falkneri ; silva & carvalho , 2011a , 2011b ) , p . amandae presents a variable pattern of dorsal disc coloration . within the brown and gray patterns , the variation can be composed of ocelli , small , vermiculated marks or the total absence of specific dorsal patterns . some of these variations are present in specimens that have been collected together in the same locations in the paraná - paraguay basin , and therefore cannot be applied in a consistent manner to separate putative sub - groups within p . amandae . adult males of p . amandae also mature at relatively smaller sizes , between 20 and 35 cm dw .
the spelling of this species ' name presents some variations . the original description contains potamotrygon schuhmacheri and p . schühmacheri ( castex 1964 ) . taniuchi ( 1982 ) deleted the second
h
( latinization ) and the spelling p . schuemacheri was retained according to the first reviser principle ( iczn , article 32c ) ( rosa 1985 ) . misidentifications occur with other potamotrygonid species such as p . brachyura and p . histrix ( almeida and charvet - almeida , pers . obs . ) . some authors suggest that this species could be a junior synonym of p . histrix ( carvalho et al . 2003 ) . however , at present p . schuemacheri is considered a valid species . further research and collections are needed .
potamotrygon motoro . ventral canals of lateral line system in an adult female , mzusp 111908 , 343 mm dw . abbreviations : hyc , hyomandibular canal ; ioc , infraorbital canal ; mnc , mandibular canal ; nas , nasal canal ; suc , supraorbital canal ; ach , angular component of hyomandibular canal ; iol , infraorbital loop ; jch , jugular component of hyomandibular canal ; nil , nasointernal loop ; onc , orbitonasal component of supraorbital canal ; pnc , prenasal component of nasal canal ; pnl , prenasal loop ; pst , posterior subpleural tubule ; sbr , subrostral component of supraorbital canal ; sol , suborbital loop ; spc , subpleural component of hyomandibular canal ; spl , subpleural loop ; spt , subpleural tubules ; sub , suborbital component of infraorbital canal .
a specimen later referred to the nominal species potamotrygon pauckei first appeared as a photograph ( male ) with a cut tail in castex ( 1963a ) . although this indication does not constitute the original description ( fig . 21a ) , castex used the name p . pauckei as a note in the
species section
of this paper ( castex , 1963a , p . 54 ) . a footnote on page 54 of that work stated that he had access to more specimens , thus corroborating it as a separate species :
en momentos de entrar a prensa esta edición el departarmento de ciencias cuenta ya con ejemplares de juicio suficientes como para confirmar un nueva espécie
pauckei
con lo que se poderia ya hablar de cinco espécies diversas
( castex , 1963a ) .
potamotrygon pantanensis , n . sp . ventral canals of lateral line system in an adult female non - type specimen , mzusp 110899 , 289 mm dw . abbreviatons : hyc , hyomandibular canal ; ioc , infraorbital canal ; mnc , mandibular canal ; nas , nasal canal ; suc , supraorbital canal ; ach , angular component of hyomandibular canal ; iol , infraorbital loop ; jch , jugular component of hyomandibular canal ; nil , nasointernal loop ; onc , orbitonasal component of supraorbital canal ; pnc , prenasal component of nasal canal ; pnl , prenasal loop ; pst , posterior subpleural tubule ; sbr , subrostral component of supraorbital canal ; sol , suborbital loop ; spc , subpleural component of hyomandibular canal ; spl , subpleural loop ; spt , subpleural tubules ; sub , suborbital component of infraorbital canal .
potamotrygon amandae , n . sp . ventral canals of lateral line system in a non - type adult female specimen , mzusp 111140 , 254 mm dw . abbreviations : hyc , hyomandibular canal ; ioc , infraorbital canal ; mnc , mandibular canal ; nas , nasal canal ; suc , supraorbital canal ; ach , angular component of hyomandibular canal ; iol , infraorbital loop ; jch , jugular component of hyomandibular canal ; nil , nasointernal loop ; onc , orbitonasal component of supraorbital canal ; pnc , prenasal component of nasal canal ; pnl , prenasal loop ; pst , posterior subpleural tubule ; sbr , subrostral component of supraorbital canal ; sol , suborbital loop ; spc , subpleural component of hyomandibular canal ; spl , subpleural loop ; spt , subpleural tubules ; sub , suborbital component of infraorbital canal .
further remarks on potamotrygon motoro . in agreement with castex ( 1963a ) , we observed a predominant disc color pattern in p . motoro in the paraná - paraguay basin , with just slight variation found in some specimens collected from near cáceres , mato grosso ( brazil ) , and from santa fé ( argentina ) . these specimens present a reduced number of ocelli on dorsal disc , and some of these are arranged in groups of two or three smaller ocelli . as in typical p . motoro , however , ventral disc color in this material also presents darkers margins , and the background dorsal disc color is predominantly brown or gray , with tricolored ocelli distributed through the entire disc and on tail base ( fig . 5 ) . this color variation was found in specimens independent of gender and size .
justification : the magdalena freshwater stingray ( potamotrygon magdalenae ) is a small freshwater stingray ( adults 19 - 21 cm dw ) that is restricted to the magdalena and atrato river basins in northern colombia . the biological information available indicates that it has low fecundity ( 2 - 4 pups ) and feeds on insect larvae , but further data are needed on its life history . this species is in the ornamental trade and is a by - catch species in other fisheries but no other information is available . monitoring and specific management for the ornamental trade and by - catch are recommended . habitat maintenance and conservation are also required conservation measures . due to its low fecundity and threats , this species is presumed to be declining in abundance . however , it has a wide range and is frequently caught . hence , it is listed as least concern .
potamotrygon motoro . cleared - and - stained neurocranium of a juvenile male specimen ( mzusp 111909 , 188 mm dw ) in lateral ( a ) view , showing details of foramina and their locations . detail of foramina in orbital region ( b ) and of epiphysial bar in dorsal fontanelle ( c ) . abbreviations : acvf , anterior cerebral vein foramen ; epb , epiphysial bar ; es , eye - stalk ; esaf , efferent spiracular artery foramen ; fpf , frontoparietal fontanelle ; hf , hyomandibular facet ; icaf , internal carotid artery foramen ; ivf , interorbital vein foramen ; lc , lateral comissure ; of , orbital fissure ; pcf , precerebral fontanelle ; pcvf , posterior cerebral vein foramen ; ii , optic nerve foramen ; iii , oculomotor nerve foramen ; iv , trochlear nerve foramen ; vii , facial nerve foramen ; ix , glossopharyngeal nerve foramen .
potamotrygon pauckei : - castex , 1963a : 54 , 56 , fig . 13 , p . 56 [ citation of one male specimen as legend to photograph ] ; - castex , 1963c : 292 [ citation of male specimen from castex 1963a ] ; - castex , 1963d : 27 - 28 , 31 , 44 - 46 , 56 [ morphological characters , toxicity , distribution ] ; - castex , 1964 : 30 [ external morphology , coloration ] ; - castex & maciel , 1965 : 7 - 9 , 14 [ distribution and occurrence in rivers around santa fé , argentina ] ; - castex & yagolkowski , 1970 : 3 , 13 - 26 , fig . 6 , p . 24 , fig . p . 25 , fig . p . 26 [ external morphology , dentition , denticles and spine morphology , coloration , measurements , distribution ] ; - castello , 1975 : 30 - 31 [ citation of a female specimen ] .
skeletal features . potamotrygon pantanensis presents a neurocranium proportionally narrower than p . motoro ( figs . 35 , 36 ) . precerebral fontanelle ( pcf ) wide , very circular and sharply delimited posteriorly by epiphysial bar ( epb ) . frontoparietal fontanelle ( fpf ) narrow , extending posteriorly to level of postorbital process , and widening slightly posteriorly . postorbital process ( pop ) seemingly not as developed as in p . motoro . anterior angular cartilage ( aac ) well - developed , almost half length of hyomandibula ( hyo ) , whereas posterior angular cartilage ( pac ) very reduced , less than half length of anterior angular cartilage . meckel ' s cartilages ( mc ) smaller and less robust than in p . motoro , without a small concavity on dorsal margin near corner of mouth opening . palatoquadrates ( pq ) slender , presenting small dorsolateral projections ( dlp ) , and with a small calcified ligament ( cl ) in between antimeres ( figs . 35 ) .
potamotrygon motoro . neurocranium of an adult male specimen , mzusp 111905 , 310 mm dw , in ( a ) dorsal , ( b ) ventral , ( c ) lateral and ( d ) posterior views . abbreviations : acvf , anterior cerebral vein foramen ; afp i and ii , anterior foramen of preorbital canal i and ii ; aoc , antorbital cartilage condyle ; as , articular surface ; elf , endolymphatic foramen ; epb , epiphysial bar ; esaf , efferent spiracular artery foramen ; fpf , frontoparietal fontanelle ; fm , foramen magnum ; hf , hyomandibular facet ; icaf , internal carotid artery foramen ; na , nasal aperture ; nc , nasal capsule ; oc , occipital condyle ; of , orbital fissure ; pcf , precerebral fontanelle ; pfp i and ii , posterior foramen of preorbital canal i and ii ; pfl , perilymphatic foramen ; pop , postorbital process ; prp , preorbital process ; soc , supraorbital crest ; sp , supraorbital process ; ii , optic nerve foramen ; iv , trochlear nerve foramen ; vii , facial nerve foramen ; x , vagus nerve foramen .
external morphology . disc subcircular , longer than broad , with disc length ranging from 105 . 5 to 121 . 4 % dw , similar to p . motoro . head narrow with interorbital distance 11 . 5 to 16 . 9 % dw , interspiracular distance 17 . 4 to 21 . 4 % dw , and internasal distance 6 . 6 to 9 . 6 % dw . mouth narrow , its width ranging from 7 . 0 to 11 . 7 % dw , and with five papillae on ventral oral epithelium ( three central and two peripheral ) . small , distinct rostral protuberance lacking . eyes bulging dorsally , relatively large . spiracles muscular , trapezoidal and large , with mean spiracular length 10 . 1 % dw , ranging from 8 . 2 to 12 . 8 % dw . branchial basket narrow , with mean distances between first gills slits and fifth gill slits , respectively , 25 . 4 % dw and 17 . 9 dw ; branchial basket mean length 17 . 3 % dw , similar to p . pantanensis . potamotrygon amandae presents well - developed labial grooves on posterolateral corners of mouth .
the lectotype of p . motoro ( nmw 78655 ) was collected in the guaporé river , near the city of vila bela da santíssima trindade , state of mato grosso , brazil . despite not being from the paraná - paraguay basin , the guaporé river is located in a region called the
guaporé - paraguay divide ,
known to experience constant freshwater faunal exchanges between the amazon and paraná - paraguay basins ( carvalho & alberts , 2011 , p . 197 - 198 ) . futhermore , many amazonian specimens of p . motoro were studied by loboda ( 2010 ) and morphological differences between the populations of these two basins were not found . loboda ( 2010 ) pointed out the great morphological similarity of p . motoro throughout its distribution in both basins , especially between populations of the upper guaporé ( madeira ) and upper paraguay ( paraná - paraguay ) basins . this may suggest , as was expounded for bony fishes ( lima & ribeiro , 2011 ) , a possible historical connection between these two south american basins ( loboda , 2010 ) . therefore , the type locality of the lectotype does not inhibit the application of the nominal species potamotrygon motoro ( müller & henle , 1841 ) for specimens in the paraná - paraguay basin .
potamotrygon pauckei : - castex , 1963c : 289 - 294 , fig . p . 292 , [ original description , type locality : paraná river , city of santa fé , argentina (
rio paraná en las circanias de la ciudad de santa fé
, p . 289 ) ] ; - castex , 1963d : 7 , 27 - 28 , 31 , 36 , 44 - 46 , 48 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 72 , 81 , 83 , 87 , fig . 13 , p . 36 [ references , taxonomic discussion , toxicity ] ; - castex , maciel & achenbach , 1963 : 120 - 121 [ external morphology , coloration , denticles and spines ] ; - castex , 1964 : 9 , 12 , 30 [ references , description , toxicity , distribution ] ; - castex & maciel , 1965 : 7 - 9 , 14 , fig . 2 , p . 8 , fig . 3 , p . 9 [ distribution ] ; - castex , 1967a : 487 , 489 , figs . 10 - 11 , p . 489 [ morphology of dermal denticles ] ; - castex , 1967b : 493 - 494 fig . 3 , p . 494 . fig . 4 , p . 494 [ morphology of teeth ] .
potamotrygon labradori : - castex , maciel & achenbach , 1963 : 117 - 121 , fig . 1 , p . 118 [ original description , type locality : colastiné river , city of santa fé , argentina (
puerto de la ciudad de santa fe
, p . 117 ) ] ; - castex , 1963c : 289 , 291 [ taxonomic discussion ] ; - castex 1963d : 7 , 27 , 35 , 44 - 45 , 48 , 54 - 56 , 72 , 81 , 83 , fig . 12 , p . 35 [ references , taxonomic discussion , toxicity ] ; - castex , 1964 : 9 , 12 - 13 , 31 [ references , external morphology , coloration , denticles and spines , redescription ] ; - castex & maciel , 1965 : 8 - 10 , 14 , fig . 2 , p . 8 , fig . 3 , p . 9 , fig . 4 , p . 10 [ distribution ] ; - castex , 1967a : 487 , 489 , fig . 12 , p . 489 [ morphology of dermal denticles ] ; - castex , 1967b : 493 [ morphology of teeth ] ; - achenbach & achenbach , 1976 : 4 , 27 - 28 , plate ii , fig . 1 , p . 27 [ taxonomic discussion , color pattern ] .
potamotrygon motoro : - lonardoni et al . , 2006 : 195 - 200 , fig . 2 , p . 198 [ feeding habits ] ; - garrone - neto et al . , 2007 : 206 - 208 , fig . 3 , p . 207 [ occurrence in upper paraná river ] ; - silva & uieda , 2007 : 221 - 225 , fig . 1a , p . 222 [ feeding habits ] ; - lacerda et al . , 2008 : 115 , 117 , 121 [ parasites ] ; - garrone - neto & sazima , 2009a : 113 - 115 , fig . 2 , p . 115 [ foraging habits ] ; - garrone - neto & sazima , 2009b : 499 - 500 , fig . 1 , p . 500 [ foraging behavior ] ; - maniglia , 2010 : 6 - 7 , 10 - 12 , 14 , 16 , 19 - 38 , fig . 1 , p . 16 , fig . 2 , p . 20 , fig . 3 , p . 22 , fig . 4 , p . 23 , fig . 5 , p . 25 , fig . 6 , p . 26 , fig . 7 , p . 28 , fig . 8 , p . 28 , fig . 9 , p . 30 , fig . 10 , p . 31 , fig . 11 , p . 32 , fig . 12 , p . 33 , fig . 13 , p . 34 [ molecular data ] .
the three specimens sent to vienna were recently re - examined in the nmw collection ( ludwig , 2009 ) and are in relatively good condition : nmw 77987 , a juvenile male specimen of potamotrygon falkneri castex & maciel , 1963 from the cuiabá river ; nmw 78613 , an adult male p . falkneri specimen from the cuiabá river , and nmw 78655 , a juvenile male p . motoro specimen from the guaporé river ( rio madeira basin , an amazonian tributary ) . the three specimens are preserved in alcohol ( e . g . , ludwig , 2009 , fig . 3 , p . 31 ) . we have examined photographs and have been provided measurements and radiographs of these specimens . specimens nmw 78613 and nmw 78655 were illustrated by natterer , but only published much later by teixeira et al . ( 1999 , p . 80 ) , and subsequently also by ludwig ( 2009 , fig . 2 , p . 31 ) . of the three specimens sent to berlin only one is believed to be extant ( zmb 4662 ) , a juvenile female specimen whose connection to the type - series is recorded on the label that clearly shows
natterer
as the collector and
wien mus .
( referring to the nwm ) as its provenance ( päepke & schmidt , 1988 ) . rosa ( 1985 ) , who examined specimen zmb 4662 , cited in addition to the label zmb catalogue information corroborating the syntypic status of this specimen , which he cites as indicating
species originalis , from müller and henle ' s collection , and collected in cuiabá by natterer
( p . 257 ) .
remarks on the original type - series of potamotrygon motoro . the original type - series of p . motoro collected by j . natterer was composed of six specimens , of which three were deposited in the collection of the naturhistorisches museum wien and three were sent to berlin and deposited in the zmb ( müller & henle , 1841 ) . müller & henle ( 1841 ) mentioned all six specimens in their original description . three specimens , preserved in alcohol and currently in vienna , are mentioned in the middle of the description :
drei exemplare , aus dem fluss cuyaba in brasilien , in weingeist im kaiserlichen naturalienkabinet in wien , durch natterer
(
three specimens , from cuiabá river , brazil , in alcohol in imperial natural office , vienna , by natterer
) ( müller & henle , 1841 , p . 198 ) . a fourth specimen , also preserved in alcohol , is described shortly thereafter ( müller & henle , 1841 , p . 198 :
ein diesen in den verhältnissen ganz älmliches exemplar , [ . . . ] zu taeniura motoro gehöre .
) (
another specimen in the same condition , [ . . . ] belongs to taeniura motoro .
) , as are two other dried specimens described at the end of the text ( müller & henle , 1841 , p . 198 :
noch fanden sich zwei trocke zu taeniura motoro [ . . . ] aus dem cuyaba .
) (
still , there were two dry specimens of taeniura motoro [ . . . ] from cuyaba .
) . the latter three specimens also form part of type - series ( syntypes ) and were deposited in berlin .
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marcelo r . de carvalho departamento de zoologia , instituto de biociências , universidade de são paulo , rua do matão , trav . 14 , no . 101 , 05508 - 090 , são paulo , sp , brazil .
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greek , potamos = river + greek , trygon = a sting ray ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 ; dh range : 10 - ? ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 24°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 )
south america : uruguay , paraná - paraguay , orinoco , and amazon river basins .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 50 . 0 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36687 ) ; max . published weight : 34 . 2 kg ( ref . 85107 )
found in freshwater rivers . it is an extremely dangerous species . maximum length reported in axelrod et al . , 1991 ( ref . 6398 ) is 100 cm tl .
16 pups were born by one female in captivity ( ref . 57489 ) .
ortega , h . and r . p . vari , 1986 . annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of peru . smithson . contrib . zool . ( 437 ) : 1 - 25 . ( ref . 6329 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec = 16 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 83 of 100 ) .
photo by galvis , g . / mojica , j . i . / camargo , m .
, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .


starksia sangreyae , the sangrey 's blenny , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the caribbean coasts of belize and probably also honduras where it is found in shallow waters at depths of from 1 to 2 m ( 3.3 to 6.6 ft ) .

it was originally known as starksia atlantica , and is also closely related to starksia springeri .

the species is named after mary sangrey , a scientist from smithsonian institution .

this species can reach a length of 1.6 cm ( 0.63 in ) sl .

starksia sangreyae

starksia sangreyae voucher usnm : fish : 398938 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi ) g . . .
starksia sangreyae voucher usnm : fish : 398932 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi ) g . . .
starksia sangreyae voucher usnm : fish : 398935 cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi ) g . . .
seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species
baldwin , c . c . , c . i . castillo , l . a . weigt and b . c . victor , 2011 . seven new species within western atlantic starksia atlantica , s . lepicoelia , and s . sluiteri ( teleostei , labrisomidae ) , with comments on congruence of dna barcodes and species . zookeys 79 : 21 - 72 . ( ref . 86414 )
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named for mary sangrey for her many years of work coordinating the intern program at the smithsonian’s national museum of natural history .
marine ; benthopelagic , usually 1 - 2 m ( ref . 86414 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 1 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 86414 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 19 - 20 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 - 8 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 14 - 16 ; vertebrae : 31 - 32 . this species is distinguished by the following set of characters : orbital cirrus absent ; regular vertical brown bars on trunk separated by narrow white interspaces ; well - defined horseshoe - shaped blotch of dark pigment on cheek ( ref . 86414 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00479 ( 0 . 00193 - 0 . 01186 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .
this species is known only from belize and honduras and can be impacted by coastal development . however , it is not dependent on healthy coral reefs , is found across a broad range of depths and there are no known major threats . it is therefore listed as least concern in the caribbean and globally .
this species is known in the caribbean sea from chinchorro bank , mexico to the honduran bay islands ( baldwin et al . 2011 ) . a record from jamaica requires verification ( r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) .
this is a common species that is not typically found in large numbers in one place ( j . williams and m . craig pers . comm . 2011 ) .
it is a shallow to deep reef ( down to 20 m at least ) species and therefore could be impacted by coastal development and pollution . however , it is not dependent on healthy reefs since it survives well on any hard substrate . there is no current evidence that development or pollution constitutes a major threat for this species .
no species - specific conservation measures are in place for this species , but it occurs in protected areas . however , because of the potential for impacts from coastal development and pollution , further research is needed to monitor this species .
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has recently been shown to be a species complex . the original species has been divided into
justification : this species is known only from the bahamas and turks and caicos and can be impacted by coastal development . however , it is not dependent on healthy coral reefs , is found across a broad range of depths and there are no major threats to this species . it is considered least concern in the caribbean and globally . however , because of the potential for impacts from coastal development and pollution , further research is needed to monitor this species .
this species is distributed in the western atlantic from the bahamas into the caribbean sea from jamaica to montserrat ( r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . records from central and south america are now considered to represent different species ' ( baldwin et al . 2011 ) .
this is a common species that is not typically found in large numbers in one place ( j . williams and m . craig pers . comm . 2011 ) .
this species is associated with coral reefs and hard substrate . it practices external fertilization or ovuliparity ( fishelson et al . 2013 ) .
it is a shallow to deep reef ( down to 24m at least ) species and therefore could be impacted by coastal development and pollution . however , there is no current evidence that this constitutes a major threat for this species . it is not dependent on healthy reefs since it survives well on any hard substrate .
no species - specific conservation measures are in place for this species , but it occurs in protected areas .
body elongate , compressed ; bluntly pointed head ; no eye cirri ; nostril and nape cirri unbranched ; dorsal fin xix ( xix - xx ) , 7 - 8 , a notch between spines and rays ; 1st anal spine of male long , free from rest of fin , modified as sexual organ ; no ridge or fold along anal fin base , ii , 14 - 16 ; pectorals 15 ( 14 - 16 ) ; pelvic fins i ( internal ) , 2 , inserted before pectoral base ; all fin rays unbranched ; lateral line continuous , front section arched , rear section straight ; belly scaleless or with a few rows of scales before anus ; smooth scales on rear of body .
head and body pale brown , with a series of vertical brown bars separated by narrow white interspaces ; female with a well defined horseshoe shaped dark blotch behind eye ( fainter in male ) ; without a dark line along rear edge of preopercle ; the paired dorsal fin spines that are situated above a back saddle with a red - brown spot on its base ; a prominent ¾ eye - sized black spot at the end of the dorsal fin base , sometimes another at the end of the anal fin base , extending onto bases of last soft dorsal ( and anal ) rays ; male with red head and front of body .
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
opens the highlight feature bar and highlights feature annotations from the features table of the record . the highlight feature bar can be used to navigate to and highlight other features and provides links to display the highlighted region separately . links in the features table will also highlight the corresponding region of the sequence . more . . .
finds sub - sequences or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching regions . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
gi | 315320257 | gnl | uoguelph | bzlwe030 - i - 5p | gb | hq600866 . 1 |
finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
gi | 315320269 | gnl | uoguelph | bzlwb111 - i - 5p | gb | hq600872 . 1 |
gi | 315320273 | gnl | uoguelph | bzlwb206 - i - 5p | gb | hq600874 . 1 |
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of brannerella gilbert , 1900 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]