the calliope hummingbird ( selasphorus calliope ) is a very small hummingbird native to the united states and canada and , during winter , central america .

it was previously considered the only member of the genus stellula , but recent evidence suggests placement in the genus selasphorus .

the former genus name means " little star " .

calliope hummingbird

calliope hummingbird is named after calliope , the muse of eloquence and epic poetry , who inspired homer’s iliad and odyssey .
calliope hummingbird : female rufous hummingbird is larger with longer bill , darker flanks , and more rufous at base of tail .
the calliope hummingbird is a very small hummingbird with a short , thin bill , greenish upperparts , and a short , square tail .
shane , t . , s . shane . 2007 . predator avoidance behavior by the calliope hummingbird .
batchelder , n . , g . batchelder , d . livezey , j . marks . 2012 . simultaneous multiple nests of calliope hummingbird and rufous hummingbird .
here in northern california i am fortunate to have at least three of the western hummingbirds of north america visiting my yard . the least common species of hummingbird i see here is the calliope hummingbird ( stellula calliope ) .
the calliope hummingbird overlaps extensively in range with the rufous hummingbird ( selasphorus rufus ) but is generally less aggressive and noticeable and thus more likely to be overlooked on migration .
the calliope hummingbird is the smallest bird species in north america and measures just 3 inches long . the bee hummingbird is the smallest hummingbird species in the world and measures 2 . 25 inches long . it is only found in cuba .
the behavior of calliope hummingbirds is similar to other hummingbird species . the species is solitary , only interacting with individuals of the same species during mating season . however , calliope hummingbirds and
the calliope hummingbird is the smallest breeding bird in north america and the smallest long - distance avian migrant in the world .
the calliope hummingbird is the smallest breeding bird in north america , and the smallest long - distance migrant bird in the world .
2013 .
calliope hummingbird
( on - line ) . national audubon society . accessed november 13 , 2013 at urltoken .
the calliope hummingbird is native to the united states , mexico and canada . this bird has a range of more than 1 million square kilometers . it is estimated that the global population of the calliope hummingbird is around 1 million individual birds . previously , the calliope hummingbird had a rating of lower risk . that rating has now been downgraded to a least concern rating . there are no immediate threats that would endanger the population of this bird .
calliope hummingbird : feeds on nectar , insects , and spiders . preferred flowers include paintbrushes , penstemon , columbine , trumpet gilia , and elephant head .
calliope hummingbird : typical call is a high , thin
tsip .
male display call is a high , thin
zee - ree .
the calliope hummingbird was named for one of the most famous muses in greek mythology . the genus name , stellula , means
small star
.
clark cj ( 2011 ) wing , tail , and vocal contributions to the complex signals of a courting calliope hummingbird . current zoology 57 : 187–196 .
little is known about the predators or anti - predator adaptations of calliope hummingbirds . there are no reports of successful predation on calliope hummingbirds . however ,
, which may grow up to 6 cm , have been reported as a possible predator . in this report , an immature calliope hummingbird was observed feeding next to a carolina mantis ; the hummingbird then dropped to the ground with a
whrrr
call and flew away . although there have been no observations of carolina mantises preying on calliope hummingbirds , mantises have been observed attacking other hummingbird species .
, which may grow up to 6 cm , have been reported as a possible predator . in this report , a young calliope hummingbird was seen feeding next to a carolina mantis ; the hummingbird then dropped to the ground with a
whrrr
call and flew away . although there have been no observations of carolina mantises preying on calliope hummingbirds , mantises have been observed attacking other hummingbird species .
broad - tailed hummingbird broad - tailed hummingbirds have thicker bills and longer tails .
martin , j . 1988 . different feeding strategies of two sympatric hummingbird species .
the calliope hummingbird feeds on nectar from flowers and feeders . it catches insects in flight and uses sapsucker holes to feed on sap and insects attracted to the sap .
the calliope hummingbird’s nest consists of a cup of plant down and fibers , the outside covered with lichens , and is placed in a tree , usually a conifer .
short and long distance migrations are undertaken by hummingbird species with the ruby - throated hummingbird routinely flying across the gulf of mexico to reach its wintering grounds in central america .
hunter , t . 2008 . on the role of wing sounds in hummingbird communication .
effects of removing tail - feathers on dive sound spectrograms of allen ' s hummingbird .
the calliope hummingbird is the smallest north american breeding bird . defending its territory with a body mass about half that of north america ' s smallest passerine , the bushtit ( psaltriparus minimus ) , or a third that of the smallest wood - warblers ( parulinae ) , the calliope hummingbird lives up to its heroic specific name , that of the muse of epic poetry . stellula means “little star , ” a name especially suited to the male calliope hummingbird when he flashes the magenta rays of his beautiful and unique gorget .
the calliope hummingbird is the smallest north american breeding bird . defending its territory with a body mass about half that of north america ' s smallest passerine , the bushtit ( psaltriparus minimus ) , or a third that of the smallest wood - warblers ( parulinae ) , the calliope hummingbird lives up to its heroic specific name , that of the muse of epic poetry . stellula means
little star ,
a name especially suited to the male calliope hummingbird when he flashes the magenta rays of his beautiful and unique gorget .
pearson op ( 1960 ) speed of the allen hummingbird while diving . condor : 403 .
selasphorus calliope ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously placed in the genus stellula .
little is known about either predators or anti - predator adaptations in calliope hummingbirds . there are no reports of successful predation on calliope hummingbirds by any vertebrate or invertebrate species . however ,
calder , william a . and lorene l . calder . 1994 . calliope hummingbird ( selasphorus calliope ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
the most common hummingbird seen in my neck of the woods is anna’s hummingbird ( calypte anna ) . the male is the only north american hummer with both a rose red crown and gorget .
great photos . i especially loved the rufus hummingbird with the gorgeous gorget . thanks for sharing .
the rufous hummingbird has the longest migration of any hummingbird species . these hummers fly more than 3 , 000 miles from their nesting grounds in alaska and canada to their winter habitat in mexico .
the calliope hummingbird is the smallest bird in the united states . it weighs about one - third as much as the smallest north american warblers and about the same as a ping pong ball .
the smallest of the north american hummingbirds at just 3 1 / 4 inches , and with wings extending beyond its short tail , the calliope hummingbird is usually distinguishable from its larger counterparts by size alone .
are very similar to calliope hummingbirds , but lack the broad , round ends of the tail feathers .
this beauty is the female calliope hummingbird , she looks similar to the female rufous hummingbird ( selasphorus rufus ) but she has dark and pale spots in front of her eye and a weak pale line over the base of her bill . she is the latest of our local breeders , not nesting usually until mid - may .
during migration and winter , other larger hummingbirds are dominant over calliope hummingbirds when it comes to defending feeding sites .
are very similar to calliope hummingbirds , but do not have the broad , rounded ends on their tail feathers .
calder , william a . , and lorene l . calder . 1994 . calliope hummingbird ( stellula calliope ) . species account number 135 . the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca , ny : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved 3 / 25 / 2008 from the birds of north america online database
many hummingbird species , including anna’s , black - chinned , allen’s , costa’s , rufous , calliope and broad - tailed hummingbirds , can breed together to create hybrid species . this is one factor that makes identifying hummingbirds very challenging .
the oldest recorded calliope hummingbird was a female , and at least 8 years , 1 month old , when she was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in idaho in 2014 . she had been banded in the same state in 2007 .
clark cj , elias do , prum ro ( 2011 ) aeroelastic flutter produces hummingbird feather songs . science 333 : 1430–1433 .
putting up a sugar water feeder may give you an opportunity to watch a calliope hummingbird up close . use a ratio of one - part table sugar dissolved in four parts water , and don’t use food coloring . learn more about feeding hummingbirds .
clark , c . 2011 . wing , tail , and vocal contributions to the complex acoustic signals of courting calliope hummingbirds .
effects of removal of tail - feathers of allen ' s hummingbird on fraction of dives containing dive - sound components . see also
hunter , t . , j . picman . 2005 . characteristics of the wing sounds of four hummingbird species that breed in canada .
at rest , a hummingbird takes an average of 250 breaths per minute . their breathing pace will increase when they are in flight .
nectar from red tubular “hummingbird flowers” and wide variety of yellow , white , blue and purple flowers . aerial foraging for . . .
calliope hummingbird : two white eggs are laid in a small lichen - and - moss nest covered with cobwebs , and built on a limb of a bush or well - protected small tree . incubation ranges from 15 to 16 days and is carried out by the female .
roughly 25 - 30 percent of a hummingbird’s weight is in its pectoral muscles . these are the broad chest muscles principally responsible for flight .
like many hummingbirds , calliope hummingbirds make a variety of noises , especially when trying to attract a mate . their wing trills and tail sounds are important courtship signals , as are their visual flight displays . males from other hummingbird species spread their tail feathers as a visual display for mates , but there are no reports of similar behaviors in calliope males , which suggests their tail feathers are not important for attracting mates .
tamm , s . , d . armstrong , z . tooze . 1989 . display behavior of male calliope hummingbirds during the breeding season .
a hummingbird must consume approximately 1 / 2 of its weight in sugar daily , and the average hummingbird feeds 5 - 8 times per hour . in addition to nectar , these birds also eat many small insects and spiders , and may also sip tree sap or juice from broken fruits .
the calliope hummingbird is the smallest long - distance avian migrant in the world . it winters in central mexico and arrives in washington from late april to mid - may . adult males may wander a bit in late summer , and typically migrate south before females and young born that year .
calder , w . a . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . calliope hummingbird ( selasphorus calliope ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
lyman , v . 2014 .
stellula calliope
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
calliope hummingbirds are important pollinators of many flowers . they forage on a variety of flowering plants , especially tubular - shaped flowers . calliope hummingbirds have a mutualistic relationship with the plants they visit . the hummingbirds benefit from receiving food from the plants , while pollinating the plants at the same time .
a hummingbird’s wings beat between 50 and 200 flaps per second depending on the direction of flight , the purpose of their flight and the surrounding air conditions .
adding flowers to your yard is another way to attract hummingbirds while also adding beauty to your yard . learn more about creating a hummingbird garden at habitat network .
may live in the same range . calliope hummingbirds have been observed diving or chasing a variety of bird species , from other hummingbirds to larger birds , such as
magenta rays burst from the throats of the male calliope hummingbird as it dances and hovers , performing u - shaped display dives for females . during these displays he makes a sputtering buzz with tail feathers and gives a sharp zinging call . this is the smallest bird in the united states , yet this tiny hummingbird breeds in meadows and open forests high in chilly northwestern mountains , and travels more than 5 , 000 miles each year to pine - oak forests in mexico and back again .
like many hummingbirds , calliope hummingbirds can make a variety of noises , particularly during courtship displays . research has suggested that both the wing trills and the tail sounds are important courtship signals , as are the visual flight displays exhibited by male calliopes . males of other hummingbird species have been observed spreading their tail feathers to a female as a visual cue , but there are no reports of similar behaviors in calliope males , further suggesting the tail feathers are not visually important in attracting mates .
mostly nectar and insects . takes nectar from flowers , and will feed on tiny insects as well . will also feed on sugar - water mixtures in hummingbird feeders .
the female rufous hummingbird has more rufous in her flanks and often has a few patchy orange - red feathers on her throat . she will begin breeding in april .
depending on the species , habitat conditions , predators and other factors , including threats to hummingbirds , the average lifespan of a wild hummingbird is 3 - 12 years .
at life ' s extremes in size and performance , basic principles are more obvious and thus more advantageously studied . ironically , the biology of the calliope hummingbird has not attracted the measure of scientific inquiry that it deserves . consequently , knowledge of its life history is far from complete . the gaps represent several opportunities for further study .
calliope hummingbirds breed across much of the western u . s . , and winter primarily in mexico . the population is not well measured , but may be stable .
the overall behavior of calliope hummingbird resembles that of may other species of hummingbirds . these are solitary migratory birds that only interact with individuals of the same species during mating season . however , they normally share their range with the rufous hummingbirds . the calliope hummingbirds make long - distance migrations every year from their summer range to their winter range and back . as they make stops to refuel on nectar , there is a good chance that they may be sighted in a variety of locations along their routes .
this tiny hummingbird is the smallest long - distance migrant in the world . calliope hummingbirds travel around 5 , 000 miles each year in a big oval from the breeding to wintering grounds . they migrate north along the pacific coast in the spring , but return to the wintering grounds in mexico via an inland route along the rocky mountains .
; however , there are few observations of this behavior in nature . calliope hummingbirds have been known to feed regularly at
sap wells
, holes in trees created by
to cite this page : lyman , v . 2014 .
stellula calliope
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
temeles , e . , y . linhart , m . masonjones , h . masonjones . 2002 . the role of flower width in hummingbird bill length - flower length relationships .
clark cj , elias do , girard mb , prum ro ( 2013 ) structural resonance and mode of flutter of hummingbird tail feathers . journal of experimental biology 216 : 3404–3413 .
clark cj , feo tj , bryan kb ( 2012 ) courtship displays and sonations of a male broad - tailed × black - chinned hummingbird hybrid . condor 114 : 329–340 .
calliope hummingbirds take nectar from cup - shaped flowers or isolated tubular flowers not frequently sought by larger hummingbirds . they forage for small flying insects by “hawking”—perching on a branch and flying out to catch an insect in midair . calliope hummingbirds also feed regularly at sapwells created by sapsuckers , probably taking both sap and insects stuck in the sap . back to top
because of its shorter wing length , the calliope also has faster wingbeats , making it sound more like a bumble bee . this also sets it apart from the larger hummers .
calliope hummingbirds are nectarivores and insectivores . they feed on insects by flying from a perch to catch an insect in the air . they are known for eating smaller insects such as
calliope hummingbirds have been considered a species of ' least concern ' since 2004 . this is based on the iucn red list , which focuses on the species range size , population trends , and population size to determine their status . calliope hummingbirds have a relatively large range . likewise , their population size is extremely large and their population trends are stable .
birdlife international , 2013 .
stellula calliope
( on - line ) . iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . accessed november 13 , 2013 at urltoken .
calliope hummingbirds play a very significant role in the ecosystem as important pollinators of many flowers . they have been known to forage on a variety of flowering plants , especially tubular - shaped flowers . calliope hummingbirds share a mutualistic relationship with the plants they visit . the hummingbirds benefit from receiving food from the plants , while pollinating the plants at the same time .
clark cj , elias do , prum ro ( 2013 ) hummingbird feather sounds are produced by aeroelastic flutter , not vortex - induced vibration . journal of experimental biology 216 : 3395–3403 .
calliope hummingbird : breeds from central british columbia and southwestern alberta , through washington , oregon , nevada , and california to northern baja california , and east to wyoming , colorado , and utah . winters from northern to central mexico . prefers meadows , canyons and streams in open montane forests . in winter and migration prefers chaparral , lowland brushy areas , and deserts .
a hummingbird’s maximum forward flight speed is 30 miles per hour . these birds can reach up to 60 miles per hour in a dive , and hummingbirds have many adaptations for unique flight .
this bird was named after the greek muse calliope . the latin name stellula means
little star ,
given for the male ' s streaked purple - redgorget over a white background .
the average ruby - throated hummingbird weighs 3 grams . in comparison , a nickel weighs 4 . 5 grams . it would take more than 150 ruby - throated hummingbirds to weigh one pound .
an average hummingbird’s heart rate is more than 1 , 200 beats per minute . in comparison , a human ' s average heart rate is only 60 - 100 beats per minute at rest .
citation : clark cj ( 2014 ) harmonic hopping , and both punctuated and gradual evolution of acoustic characters in selasphorus hummingbird tail - feathers . plos one 9 ( 4 ) : e93829 . urltoken
the current conservation status of calliope hummingbirds has been listed as ' least concern ' since 2004 . this is based on the iucn red list , which focuses on the species range size , population trends , and population size to determine their status . calliope hummingbirds have a relatively large range . likewise , their population size is extremely large and their population trends appear to be stable .
calliope hummingbirds are nectarivores and insectivores . they feed on insects by hawking , zooming out from a perch to catch an insect in the air . they are known for eating smaller insects such as
. at sap wells , they likely feed on both insects and sap . hummingbirds feed on nectar by using their long tongues to lick it out of flowers . calliope hummingbirds are well known for visiting red tubular shaped flowers , although they do feed on white , yellow , blue and purple flowers as well . a few of the flowering plants calliope hummingbirds visit regularly include indian paintbrushes (
clark cj , feo tj ( 2008 ) the anna ' s hummingbird chirps with its tail : a new mechanism of sonation in birds . proceedings of the royal society of london b 275 : 955–962 .
calliope hummingbirds are so unique they are monotypic ( the only hummingbird in their genus ) . all adult calliope hummingbirds have wings that extend to the end of the tail or past the tail when folded back ; however , their wings are much shorter than those of closely related species , making a sound similar to a bumblebee when in flight . their bills consist of a dull black or dusky upper mandible and a lower mandible , which is dusky near the end and brownish towards the bottom . the irises of their eyes are dark brown and their legs and feet are dusky . calliopes stand out amongst other related hummingbirds , such as
the use of feeders may have an impact on the population and could potentially result in a range expansion . since calliope hummingbirds use edges and forest openings , they respond positively in the short term to logging , which opens up gaps in the canopy , allowing flowers to grow . breeding bird survey results indicate a decline in numbers in washington , but the bbs recognizes that there are important deficiencies in their data for calliope hummingbirds .
perhaps due to their small size and flower - feeding behavior , no hummingbird species is threatened in north america ; however habitat loss in central and south america has placed some species in the vulnerable or endangered status categories .
the calliope hummingbird is believed to be the smallest bird in north america . in terms of their size , an adult calliope hummingbird tends to measure between only around 2 . 8 and 4 inches ( 7 and 10 centimeters ) in length , has a span of about 4 . 33 inches ( 11 centimeters ) across the wings , and weighs under a tenth of an ounce ( between 2 and 3 grams ) . when it comes to their appearance , these birds are glossy green on the crown , with dark bodies and white underparts . they have a relatively short bill and tail . adult females and immatures have a pinkish wash over their flanks , a dark tail with white tips , and dark - colored streaks on their throats . on the other hand , the adult males have wine - red colored streaks on their throats , a dark tail , and green flanks .
the calliope hummingbird is the smallest of washington ' s hummingbirds , and in fact , is the smallest bird that breeds north of mexico . body coloring is green above and buff - gray below . the short , square tail is green at the base , with a black band in males . in females , the black band is tipped with white . adult males have a pink - streaked iridescent throat - patch that can be held erect .
one hundred twenty species of hummingbirds in fifty genera occur in north america . in addition to species with hummingbird as part of their name , these minute flying gems also include the poetically named hermits , streamertails , coquettes and violetears .
calliope hummingbirds have a similar breeding cycle to most hummingbird species . their breeding season lasts from late april to late june . the normal number of eggs in a clutch is two ; however , there are reports of females caring for four young in two different nests . the time from nest building to fledgling takes about 34 to 38 days . egg incubation takes about 15 or 16 days . once the eggs hatch , the chicks stay in the nest for about 18 to 21 days . after this time , they are old enough to feed themselves and leave the nest . young calliope hummingbirds are not ready to mate until the spring following their hatching , which is about one year .
the territory size of male calliope hummingbirds in their summer range is roughly 2 , 000 to 3 , 000 square meters . in their summer range , females nest in partially wooded areas near the open areas that the males defend .
among calliope hummingbirds , only females take care of the young . females build the nest and incubate the eggs and once the eggs hatch , they feed the chicks until they are fledglings and remove waste from the nest to keep it clean .
calliope hummingbirds are relatively common and their populations appear relatively stable , though they experienced a small decline of 9 % between 1970 and 2017 , according to the north american breeding bird survey . partners in flight estimates the global breeding population at 4 . 5 million , with 74 % breeding in the u . s . and 25 % in canada . the entire population winters in mexico . the 2016 state of north america ' s birds report rates the calliope hummingbird a 12 out of 20 on the continental concern score , which means it is not currently on the watch list . recent winter records in the southeastern united states suggest possible range expansion of this species , perhaps associated with environmental changes caused by humans . back to top
calliope hummingbirds are found in northwestern montane environments . they breed in mixed brush - land , forest edges , and openings . the majority of breeders in washington can be found in the ponderosa pine zone , although they are found higher as well .
parental investment in calliope hummingbirds is mainly limited to females . females are responsible for nest building and egg incubation . once the eggs hatch , they feed the chicks until they are fledglings and remove the feces from the nest to keep it clean .
despite their small size , hummingbirds are one of the most aggressive bird species . they will regularly attack jays , crows and hawks that infringe on their territory . backyard birders often have one dominant hummingbird that guards all the feeders , chasing intruders away .
hummingbirds lay the smallest eggs of all birds . their eggs measure less than 1 / 2 inch long but may represent as much as 10 percent of the mother’s weight at the time the eggs are laid . a hummingbird egg is smaller than a jelly bean !
a hummingbird’s brilliant throat color is not caused by feather pigmentation , but rather by iridescence in the arrangement of the feathers . light level , moisture , angle of viewing , wear and tear and other factors all influence just how bright and colorful the throat may appear .
exceptions are the green violetear with its mostly green plumage , the dark - bellied magnificent hummingbird , and the tan plumages of rufous and allen ' s hummingbirds . males of most hummingbirds also have a glittering , jewel - like patch of feathers on the throat known as a
all birds are fascinating creatures , but there are many hummingbird facts that make these birds astonishing to even experienced birders . from physiological facts to lifestyle facts to distribution facts , hummingbirds are some of the most interesting of the nearly 10 , 000 bird species in the world .
a single male calliope hummingbird performing several consecutive display dives . a behavior of note , the male displayed in several different spots consecutively . you can hear the stream noise stronger in some portions of the recording than others , a result of me following the bird displaying in several distinct spots in the vicinity . it performed a display dive once in the junipers above the creek at 0 : 06 , once above the trail just after 0 : 12 , above the creek just after 0 : 17 , and above the creek again just after 0 : 23 .
the ruby - throated hummingbird flies 500 miles nonstop across the gulf of mexico during both its spring and fall migrations . it is a myth , however , that these tiny birds
ride
on the back of other birds during migration - they fly this distance completely on their own .
calliope hummingbirds benefit humans by eating insects and by pollinating flowers . they may also be important due to eco - tourism in areas where they live , either in their winter or summer ranges . their beauty may draw attention and research from all over the world by bird and natures lovers .
absent from the boreal forests and tundra of the far north , hummingbirds occur further south in both deciduous and coniferous forests , second growth , chaparral , and deserts . while just one species is regular in the east ( the ruby - throated hummingbird ) , the southwestern united states hosts several species .
calliope hummingbirds can be found in many different types of habitats . they are mainly found in the mountains at elevations from 1 , 200 meters up to the timberline at 3 , 400 meters ; however , they may breed at elevations as low as 185 meters . their long migrations take them through a variety of habitats , depending on how far they travel . in south central mexico , they can be found in rainforests , but they can also be found in tundras and taigas in southwestern canada . in less extreme areas , calliope hummingbirds can be found in grasslands , desert and scrub forests , and alpine habitats .
the calliope prefers high mountains , and has been seen as high as 11 , 000 feet . it builds its nests over creeks or over roads next to streams or lakes , usually repairing the previous year ' s nest or constructing a new one atop the old . this bird usually forages within five feet of the ground .
this tiny hummingbird breeds in cool mountain environments in mountain meadows , willow and alder thickets near streams , and forests regenerating after a fire or logging . they typically breed at elevations between 4 , 000 and 11 , 000 feet , but may breed down to 600 feet along the columbia river . during spring they migrate north along the coast , stopping in desert washes , coastal scrub near streams , and lower coastal forests to refuel . in the fall they fly south via the rocky mountains , stopping in subalpine and mountain meadows . in the winter months , calliope hummingbirds use thorn forests , pine - oak forests , and brushy edges in mexico . back to top
the bill of the aptly named sword - billed hummingbird , found in the andes mountains , can reach up to 4 inches long , and it can be so heavy that the birds may perch holding their bills straight up . these birds hold the record for the longest bill relative to overall body size of any bird in the world .
calliope hummingbirds have broad habitat preferences . they are mainly a mountain - dwelling species , generally occurring at elevations from 1 , 200 meters to the timberline at 3 , 400 meters ; however , this species may breed at elevations as low as 185 meters . their long migrations take them through a variety of biomes , depending on the distance they migrate from north and south . they can be found in rainforests in their winter range in south central mexico , however ; they can also be found in tundras and taigas in their summer range in southwestern canada . between these two extremes , calliope hummingbirds can be found in grasslands , desert and scrub forests , and alpine habitats .
most north american hummingbird species are tiny birds , most not much larger than a medium - sized butterfly , with thin , pointed bills , very short legs , and long wings for their dynamic flying . just as impressive in flight , the large magnificent and blue - throated hummingbirds of the southwest are roughly the same size as some warblers .
calliope hummingbirds can have positive economic impacts on humans by eating invertebrates and by pollinating flowers . they may also be economically important due to eco - tourism in areas where they reside , either in their winter or summer ranges . the majestic beauty of this species could draw attention and research from all over the world by bird and natures lovers .
the reproductive cycle of calliope hummingbirds is similar to most hummingbirds . their breeding season lasts from late april to late june . the normal number of eggs in a clutch is two ; however , there are reports of females caring for four young in two different nests . the whole reproductive cycle is estimated to last 34 to 38 days , from nest building to fledgling . incubation takes roughly 15 or 16 days . once the eggs hatch , the chicks stay in the nest for roughly 18 to 21 days . after this time , they are old enough to feed themselves and leave the nest . immature calliope hummingbirds do not reach sexual maturity until the spring following their hatching , which is roughly one year .
one way to find a calliope hummingbird is to find its favorite perch on the breeding grounds . most often their favorite perch is a bare branch sticking up out of a willow or alder . they habitually return to these perches , so look at the tops of these shrubs and you just might see a tiny bird perched atop . another approach in summer is to listen for its zing as it dives in a u - shaped display flight in meadows and forest openings . outside of the breeding season , their elliptical migration route means that in spring you are more likely to find them in coastal areas , while in the fall , they are more common in interior locations at higher elevations along the rocky mountains .
there are more than 325 unique hummingbird species in the world . only eight species regularly breed in the united states , though up to two dozen species may visit the country or be reported as regular vagrants . the rest of the hummingbirds are primarily tropical species and do not regularly migrate . they are found in central and south america as well as throughout the caribbean .
tacutu , r . , t . craig , a . budovsky , d . wuttke , g . lehmann , d . taranukha , j . costa , v . fraifeld , j . de magalhaes . 2013 .
anage entry for stellula calliope
( on - line ) . anage : animal ageing and longevity databse . accessed november 13 , 2013 at urltoken .
female calliope hummingbirds are less vibrant . they have a metallic bronze - green coloration on their backs , but lack the unique tail morphology of the males . their regimes are brownish slate or dusk , and are faintly glossed with purple . the feathers near their ears are light brownish gray with a triangular space in front of their eyes . their chins and throats are a dull brownish white , usually streaked or flecked with a dusky or bronzy brownish coloration . their chests are a pale , grayish cinnamon buff or a dull white . the sides and flanks of female calliope hummingbirds are cinnamon or deep cinnamon buff . their under - tail is similar , but paler . the femoral tufts on either side of their rump are white . immature females look very similar to adult females .
female calliope hummingbirds are less vibrant . they have a metallic bronze - green coloration on their backs , but they do not have the unique tail shape of the males . their regimes are brownish slate or dusk , and are faintly glossed with purple . the feathers near their ears are light brownish gray with a triangular space in front of their eyes . their chins and throats are a dull brownish white , usually streaked or flecked with a dusky or bronzy brownish color . their chests are a pale , grayish cinnamon buff or a dull white . the sides and flanks of female calliope hummingbirds are cinnamon or deep cinnamon buff . their under - tail is similar , but paler . the femoral tufts on either side of their rump are white . immature females look very similar to adult females .
on cold nights hummingbirds can slow down their heart rate and metabolism to enter a temporary state of hibernation called torpor . this behavior allows the hummingbird to save precious energy demanded by its high rate of metabolism . prior to naturalists understanding the widespread use of migration by birds , many early ornithologists assumed hummingbirds were too small to fly long distances and therefore rode on the backs of geese and other larger birds .
sound . hover displays are conducted about 10 m above ground level . the male gradually descends in steps , alternating in sudden drops up to half a meter and hovering . male calliope hummingbirds exhibit the buzzing display when a female is perched in his territory . he hovers in front of her and produces loud buzzing sounds . sometimes during this behavior , the female leaves the perch and joins the male in a circle dance , where both birds spin around in circles , sometimes clasping bills . the diving behavior is usually displayed before the chasing behavior , which involves chasing intruders that enter the territory . male calliopes will chase conspecifics , other hummingbird species of both sexes , and occasionally bumblebees from their territories . while chasing , males make vocalizations such as chattering noises . they also exhibit these noises when perching or leaving their territories .
there is little information available about the lifespan of calliope hummingbirds in the wild or in captivity . the only record of lifespan for this species is from two banded females that were captured six years after they were originally banded , and one male that was recaptured five years after being banded . little is known about their main causes of death , but their yearly long - distance migration may be extremely exhausting and could possibly lead to a decreased lifespan .
calliope hummingbirds are very unique . their wings go past their tail when they are folded back , although their wings are much shorter than those of closely related species , which makes them sound similar to a bumblebee when they fly . their upper bill is a dull black and their lower bill is dusky near the end and brownish towards the bottom . their eyes are dark brown and their legs and feet are dusky . calliopes stand out among other related hummingbirds , such as
many birds produce non - vocal sounds , termed ‘sonations’ when intentionally produced during a display [ 7 ] – [ 10 ] . perhaps the single largest radiation of sonating birds are the ∼38 species in the ‘bee’ hummingbird clade : males produce sounds with their tail - feathers during high - speed courtship dive displays [ 11 ] – [ 13 ] . each species has unique tail morphology which it uses to produce unique sounds , suggesting this sexual character has rapidly diversified under sexual selection .
little research has been done on the lifespan of calliope hummingbirds in the wild or in captivity . the only documentation of lifespan for this species is two banded females that were captured six years after they were originally banded , and one male that was recaptured five years after initially being banded . no studies have documented their lifespan in captivity . little is known about their main causes of mortality , but their annual long - distance migration may be physically exhausting and could possibly lead to a decreased lifespan .
calliope hummingbirds are commonly found on the east side of the cascades in brush - lands , dry open forests ( especially ponderosa pine ) , meadows , and openings at mid - to high elevations . in western washington , they can be found breeding along the upper skagit river near newhalem ( whatcom county ) . non - breeders and migrants can be found above the treeline , west of the cascades , and in the columbia basin . look for them in mountain meadows when the flowers are in bloom .
there are other plausible phylogenetic topologies apart from the one presented in figure 3 , such as allen ' s sister to rufous [ 28 ] , [ 30 ] or atthis inside selasphorus [ 31 ] . the most parsimonious ancestral character state is not different under these alternatives . from these ancestral character states , calliope and allen ' s have each evolved their unique mechanisms of sound production . each appears to have involved separate processes that produce large mechanistic differences , based on small , continuous changes in feather shape .
sound recordings of natural displays of rufous hummingbirds ( s . rufus ) were obtained in oregon in april 2009 ( gps : 45 . 73 , −123 . 9 ) . display data for other outgroups were obtained from studies listed in table 2 . no data on the display of the glow - throated hummingbird ( s . ardens ) are available , but it appears to fall within the scintillant - volcano clade ( mcguire pers comm ) and its tail morphology is similar to its sister taxa [ 28 ] implying similar character states .
the evolution of the dual - source ( r3 and r4 ) mechanism of the allen ' s hummingbird involves two changes : a switch from an r2 source to an r3 source , and the origination of an r4 source ( figs . 3 , 4 ) . the ancestral character state was an r2 source that vibrated at < 1 khz , with r3 hypothetically a filter of r2 ( figure 4 ) . the switch to an r3 source involved changes in two character states : r3 switched from filter to source , and the frequency of vibration changed from r2′s fundamental frequency of < 1 khz to an r3 fundamental of ∼2 khz ( figure 4b ) .
calliope hummingbirds do not form extended pair bonds . the female builds the nest , incubates the eggs , and feeds the young on her own . the male provides no parental care . nest height varies from 2 to 65 feet above the ground . typically built in a conifer , often near cones or knots or on an old cone base , the nest can easily be mistaken for a cone . situated on a small branch , often below a larger one , the nest is protected from the elements . the female incubates two eggs for 15 - 16 days . she feeds and cares for the young by herself until they become independent at 18 - 21 days .
) are only found in western north america , ranging from southern canada to mexico , depending on the season . they are the smallest known long - distance migratory birds , traveling up to 9 , 000 km each year . from march to august , they can be found in their breeding range in the northern rocky mountains , from british columbia to nevada and as far east as wyoming . they winter in central mexico , mainly in the southwestern parts of the country . once in a while , calliope hummingbirds are found in louisiana , alabama , and florida , which is not inside their normal range . this is likely just due to bad weather , as they are not often seen in these areas .
they tend to perch and forage closer to the ground than other hummingbirds . the male conducts an aerial display consisting of a series of swooping flights . at the bottom of a u - shaped dive , the male makes a two - part sound , produced by a combination of vocalizations and feathers . during courtship , the male hovers in front of and above the female , producing a loud buzz . sometimes the pair will go into an aerial dance , circling around each other , a constant distance apart . like many hummingbirds , they are highly territorial during the breeding season . calliope hummingbirds make mechanical buzzing and twittering sounds , both vocally and with their wings . their vocalizations are , however , quieter than those of many other hummingbirds .
in terms of their diet , the omnivorous calliope hummingbirds are both insectivores and nectarivores . the birds are known to prey and feed on insects . for this , they initially hawk the insects , and then zoom out from a perch to catch them in the air . the smaller insects that they eat are inclusive of ants , beetles , bees , flies , and wasps . apart from that , observations of this bird’s behavior has shown that they also feed regularly at sap wells or holes in trees that are created by other sapsuckers . they basically lick out nectar from flowers by using their long tongues . it is believed that they regularly visit red tubular shaped flowers , although they feed on blue , yellow , white and purple flowers as well .
the transition from the ancestral character state of r2 as sole source to the entire tail as a source is straightforward : as r2 evolved to a torsional mode of vibration , it began colliding with its neighbors r1 and r3 , incorporating them into the source ( figure 4a ) . this process then may have repeated with r4 ( figure 4a ) ; r4 and r5 do appear to be components of the source [ 22 ] , though details of the mechanism are not entirely clear , so the presence of feather - feather collisions is inconclusive in the case of r4 and unlikely for r5 ( as inferred from the data in table 1 of ref 22 ) . the sound that is now produced by calliope , the sputter , is the result of physical collisions rather than flutter per se .
gray bar indicates speed range of 17 – 26 m s −1 , which corresponds to estimated dive speed for allen ' s through during the dive [ 23 ] . these data show that both allen ' s hummingbird r5 and r4 are sufficient to produce sound f2 , allen ' s r3 is sufficient to produce sound f1 , and allen ' s r2 is sufficient to produce the ‘ghost frequency’ ( figure 1 ) . each feather , except s . sasin r5 , was held at a constant orientation . mode of flutter and sound frequency of some feathers varied as a function of orientation [ 14 ] , which is why the two s . sasin r4 ( gray diamonds ) produced different frequencies , and is why the s . sasin r5 ( gray squares ) are not collinear ( because feather orientation varied ) . data reproduced from [ 11 ] .
calliope hummingbirds are polygynous , meaning one male mates with multiple females . males of this species become highly territorial during the mating season . they establish breeding territories near open areas , such as meadows or forest clearings . during the breeding season , they pursue females who venture into their territories . females respond either by hiding or fleeing . if the male catches the female , she will land somewhere in his territory . he will then exhibit territorial displays such as a shuttle display , which includes a series of diving , buzzing , hovering , chasing , and vocalizing . during the shuttle display , the male erects the iridescent gorget feathers below his chin into a starburst that resembles a flower . while doing this , the male hovers in front of the female and produces a loud buzzing noise . during dives , the male climbs 10 to 30 meters into the air , and then dives down , creating a metallic
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .


alburnoides bipunctatus , known vernacularly as the schneider , spirlin , bleak , riffle minnow , and others , is a species of small ( 9-cm average length ) freshwater fish in the cyprinidae family .

it is found in afghanistan , armenia , austria , azerbaijan , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , czech republic , croatia , estonia , france , georgia , germany , hungary , iran , latvia , lithuania , macedonia , moldova , the netherlands , poland , romania , russia , serbia , slovakia , switzerland , turkey , ukraine , and uzbekistan .

this fish inhabits rivers with very calm waters , and it eats dead insects and insect larvae , diatoms , and crustaceans .

it reproduces during april to june .

alburnoides bipunctatus

potential of the ohrid rifle minnow , alburnoides bipunctatus ohridanus , as an indicator of pollution .
valter jacinto marked
file : ouklejka pruhovaná 2 . jpg
as trusted on the
alburnoides bipunctatus
page .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from alburnoides bipunctatus ( bloch , 1782 ) to their own page .
( of alburnoides bipunctatus armeniensis dadikyan , 1972 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnoides bipunctatus rossicus berg , 1924 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnoides bipunctatus smyrnaea pellegrin , 1927 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnoides bipunctatus strymonicus chichkoff , 1940 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnoides bipunctatus thessalicus stephanidis , 1950 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnoides bipunctatus tzanevi chichkoff , 1933 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnoides bipunctatus fasciatus ( nordman , 1840 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnoides bipunctatus ohridanus ( karaman , 1928 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnoides bipunctatus rossicus natio kubanicus berg , 1932 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnoides bipunctatus eichwaldi ( de filippi , 1863 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus bipunctatus bloch , 1782 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnus bipunctatus ohridanus karaman , 1928 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnus bipunctatus prespensis karaman , 1924 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of abramis bipunctatus ( bloch , 1782 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aspius bipunctatus ( bloch , 1782 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnus bipunctatus ( bloch , 1782 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of leuciscus bipunctatus ( bloch , 1782 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of spirlinus bipunctatus ( bloch , 1782 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnus bipunctatus eichwaldi de filippi , 1863 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus bipunctatus bloch , 1782 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus bipunctatus bloch , 1782 ) bloch , m . e . ( 1782 ) . m . marcus elieser bloch ' s . . . , ausübenden arztes zu berlin . oekonomische naturgeschichte der fische deutschlands . 1 ( 1 - 37 ) : 1 - 128 . berlin . [ details ]
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from the city of al bura , where the fish was known + particle greek , oides = similar ( ref . 45335 )
kessler , 1859 are valid species according to bogutskaya and coad ( 2009 : ref .
freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . subtropical ; 10°c - 18°c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 61°n - 34°n , 5°w - 74°e
europe and asia : loire drainage in france eastward , in nearly all rivers draining to southern baltic , north , black and azov seas ; caspian basin , in upper volga and from kura drainage southward to iranian tributaries of caspian ; widespread in iran . in mediterannean basin , only in rhône and some small coastal drainages from provence ( france ) eastward to genova ( italy ) , aoos ( greece , albania ) and western greece as far south as sperchios drainage . in marmara basin , western anatolia south to great menderes drainage and in upper euphrate and tigris drainages . aral basin , upper amu darja and karakumskij drainages ( tukmenistan , afghanistan ) . appendix iii of the bern convention ( protected fauna ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 18 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 88163 ) ; common length : 9 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 556 ) ; max . published weight : 30 . 00 g ( ref . 30578 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 3 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 - 8 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 13 - 18 ; vertebrae : 38 - 40 . diagnosed from its congeners in europe by following characters : anal fin with 12 - 17½ branched rays ; snout length equal to or smaller than eye diameter ; eye diameter about equal to interorbital distance ; and mouth terminal ( ref . 59043 ) . caudal fin with 19 rays ( ref . 2196 ) .
inhabit streams and rivers in foothills with well oxygenated , fast - flowing water . all age classes occur in open water of streams and small rivers ( ref . 59043 ) . found also in rivers with very calm waters . feed on insect larvae and dead insects ( ref . 9696 ) , as well as on crustaceans and diatoms . spawn in small groups and lay eggs deep into gravel with swift current . locally threatened by stream regulation , trout stocking and pollution . attain a maximum size of up to about 13 cm sl ( ref . 59043 ) .
spawns in small groups and deposit eggs deep into gravel ( ref . 59043 ) .
kottelat , m . and j . freyhof , 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp . ( ref . 59043 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00676 ( 0 . 00429 - 0 . 01066 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 91 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 35 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 36 ; tmax = 6 ; fec > 10 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 49 , 2 sd range = 0 . 21 - 1 . 14 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 71 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 42 , based on : 11 k , 1 tgen , 1 tmax , 4 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 33 of 100 ) .
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bloch , m . e . ( 1782 ) . m . marcus elieser bloch ' s . . . , ausübenden arztes zu berlin . oekonomische naturgeschichte der fische deutschlands . 1 ( 1 - 37 ) : 1 - 128 . berlin . [ details ]
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( of alburnus maculatus kessler , 1859 ) kessler , k . t . ( 1859 ) . über die nordwestlichen küsten des schwarzen meeres und durch die westliche krym unternommene reise . bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou . 32 ( 1 ) : 520 - 546 . [ details ]
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnus maculatus kessler , 1859 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnus maculatus kessler , 1859 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of aspius fasciatus nordmann , 1840 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus annoni walbaum , 1792 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus blockii nau , 1787 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus gronovii bloch & schneider , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus punctatus shaw , 1804 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus riemling hermann , 1804 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus sanderi bloch & schneider , 1801 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus spirlin lacepède , 1803 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of leuciscus baldneri valenciennes , 1844 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus tinca nota walbaum , 1792 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus tinca notha walbaum , 1792 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
inhabit streams and rivers in foothills with well oxygenated , fast - flowing water . all age classes occur in open water of streams and small rivers ( ref . 59043 ) . found also in rivers with very calm waters . feed on insect larvae and dead insects ( ref . 9696 ) , as well as on crustaceans and diatoms . spawn in small groups and lay eggs deep into gravel with swift current . locally threatened by stream regulation , trout stocking and pollution . attain a maximum size of up to about 13 cm sl ( ref . 59043 ) .
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
author =
taylor , { w . w . } and gerking , { s . d . }
,
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