the macaques ( / məˈkɑːk / or / məˈkæk / ) constitute a genus ( macaca ) of old world monkeys of the subfamily cercopithecinae .

the 23 species of macaques are widespread over earth .

macaques are principally frugivorous , although their diet also includes seeds , leaves , flowers , and tree bark , and some , such as the crab-eating macaque , persist on a diet of invertebrates and occasionally small vertebrates .

all macaque social groups are arranged around dominant , matriarchal females .

macaque

other names : m . cynomolgus or m . irus ; crab - eating macaque , cynomolgus monkey , kera macaque , or longtail macaque ; macaque crabier or macaque de buffon ( french ) ; macaca cangrejera ( spanish ) ; javaapa or krabbmakak ( swedish ) ; m . f . atriceps : dark - crowned long - tailed macaque ; m . f . aurea : burmese long - tailed macaque ; m . f . condorensis : con song long - tailed macaque ; m . f . fusca : simeulue long - tailed macaque ; m . f . karimondjawae : kemujan long - tailed macaque ; m . f . lasiae : lasia long - tailed macaque ; m . f . philippinensis : philippine long - tailed macaque ; m . f . tua : maratua long - tailed macaque ; m . f . umbrosa : nicobar long - tailed macaque
the barbary macaque ( macaca sylvanus ) is the only macaque species found outside of asia and the only primate species found north of the sahara in africa .
‘long - tailed macaque monkeys and silver leaf monkeys are ever - present . ’
a total frequency of macaque - to - human interactions at each study site .
group of macaques : 2 . species and subspecies accounts of the indian bonnet macaque
the elusive monkey , which researchers have called the white - cheeked macaque ( macaca leucogenys ) , had previously been identified as the assamese macaque ( macaca assamensis ) .
the diet of a barbary macaque consists of a mixture of plants and insect prey .
in this video , a cynomolgus macaque can be seen plucking and ingesting its hair .
‘those species were chimpanzee , gorilla , orangutan , gibbon , macaque and owl monkey . ’
is made up from fruits , nuts and seeds . the crab - eating macaque also eats
hybridization and population genetics of two macaque species in sulawesi , indonesia . - pubmed - ncbi
there are barbary macaque populations in morocco and algeria , and an introduced population on gibraltar .
macaque malaria in long - tailed macaques and humans in southeast asia . the number of human
he adds that , although other scientists might have noticed differences between the assamese macaque and the white - cheeked macaque , there has not been solid evidence for its existence until now .
of around six months , the female crab - eating macaque gives birth to a single infant ( baby ) crab - eating macaque . male crab - eating macaque babies remain with their mothers until they are a couple of years old and are independent enough to find another troop , but the crab - eating macaque babies tend to remain in the troop for their whole lives .
‘jaw and tongue motions during suckling have been investigated in the macaque , opossum and pig . ’
the gene set for macaque was built using the ensembl pipeline . the species - specific resources for macaque are relatively limited , so we decided to take a combined approach utilizing macaque ' s great similarity to human to aid our annotation efforts . the gene structures are mainly based on alignments to human and macaque protein data . both macaque and human cdnas were used to add utr structures , and finally gene predictions based on uniprot proteins and human cdnas were used to fill gaps in the annotation .
barbary macaque females have the ability to recognize their own offspring’s calls through a variety of acoustic parameters .
containing between 5 and 60 crab - eating macaque individuals . the crab - eating macaque troops are centred around the female crab - eating macaques are they remain in the same place for their whole lives . there are often half as many males in a crab - eating macaque troop than there are females .
thierry , b . ( 1990 ) . feedback loop between kinship and dominance : the macaque model .
solitary play from nc3rs on vimeo . in this video , a young cynomolgus macaque plays by himself .
b mean frequency of macaque - to - human interactions for each behavior investigated across all observation sites .
eyles de , laing abg , dobrovolny cg . the malaria parasites of the pig - tailed macaque ,
amazing images taken mainly by camera traps reveal a previously unrecognised species of macaque living in tibet’s forests .
classification : macaca fascicularis is in the family cercopithecidae and subfamily cercopithecinae . there are 16 species of macaques . based on mating style and reproductive systems , there are 4 subgroups . the crab - eating or long - tailed macaque group , also includes the rhesus macaque , the japanese macaque ( snow monkey ) , and the formosan rock macaque . the other three groups are the silenus - sylavanus , sinica , and artoides .
1 - bananas and shit , literally . 2 - yo , what guy , you & apos ; re sucha macaque . 3 - ma - caaack ! ( also the noise a macaque makes ) suk ma caque !
“ macaque ” in le trésor de la langue française informatisé ( the digitized treasury of the french language ) .
‘a free - ranging vervet monkey , baboon , or macaque recognizes other members of his group as individuals . ’
of a barbary macaque is i2 / 2 , c1 / 1 , p2 / 2 , m3 / 3 .
an open mouth display by the barbary macaque is used most commonly by juvenile macaques as a sign of playfulness .
loss in the form of pollution and deforestation is causing severe declines in the crab - eating macaque population numbers .
analysis of the images suggested the existence of a macaque distinguished from all other described species in the macaca genus .
in response , the macaque on the left reaffirms his peaceful intent with a bared teeth display . ( michael gumert )
fuentes a . patterns and context of human–macaque interactions in gibraltar . in : hodges jk , cortes kj , editors .
fooden , jack ( 2007 ) . systematic review of the barbary macaque , macaca sylvanus . field museum of natural history .
barbary macaque females differ from other non - human primates in that they often mate with a majority of the males in their social group . while females are active in choosing sexual associations , the mating behavior of macaque social groups is not entirely determined by
) , which lives in mountain forests of southern china ; it is sometimes called the tibetan macaque but is not in fact found there . often confused with the stump - tail , père david’s macaque is in fact more closely related to the longer - tailed
richardson , m . 2009 .
barbary macaque
( on - line ) . accessed march 21 , 2011 at urltoken .
the barbary macaque is gregarious , forming mixed groups of several females and males . troops can have 10 to 100 individuals and are
furiuchi , t . ( 1985 ) . inter - male associations in a wild japanese macaque troop on yakushima island , japan .
richard wilson , director for the genome sequencing center , discusses what sequencing dna from the macaque and other primates means for humans .
mehlman , p . 1982 . aspects of the ecology and conservation of the barbary macaque in the fir forest habitat of the moroccan rif mountains . pp . 165 - 199 in j fa , ed . the barbary macaque . new york : plenum publishing corporation .
although no formal research has been conducted on barbary macaque infants , in general , newborn primates are altricial and require intense care . female
in the fact that the crab - eating macaque has a long tail which is about the same length as it ' s body .
the macaque genome is the second non - human primate , after the chimp , to have its genome sequenced and the first old world monkey to have its dna deciphered . the macaque genome is important because it is more distant to the human than the chimp or the orangutan genomes . this means that important genome features that are conserved through evolution can be more easily seen by comparing the macaque to human .
the crab - eating macaque is an arboreal primate meaning that it spends most of its life in the safety of the trees . the crab - eating macaque has a long tail which helps it to balance and sharp nails and its fingers to toes which help with grip .
grin 1 from nc3rs on vimeo . in this video , the macaque on the left grins towards a dominant animal approaching from the right .
fuentes a , kalchik s , gettler l , kwiatt a , konecki m , jones - engel l . characterizing human–macaque interactions in singapore .
you can read more about the threats to barbary macaque survival , and what bmac is doing to tackle them , in our project pages .
what made you want to look up macaque ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
grooming at night from nc3rs on vimeo . female rhesus macaque grooms its group mate whilst resting together at night . ( video : claire witham )
a rhesus macaque pictured at the southwest national primate research center . a female from the center provided the dna sample used in the genome sequencing .
in this study , we assessed human–macaque conflict in singapore by investigating the relationship between humans and macaques . first , we studied macaque - to - human interactions and their context at six locations reported to have high macaque densities and high levels of human–macaque conflict in singapore . second , we provided questionnaires to residents and visitors of the nature reserves in singapore . we inquired about feeding , as well as knowledge , attitudes , and opinions about management strategies for macaques . we tested for differences between residents and visitors in their perceptions toward macaques . lastly , we examined the complaint records and media reports on macaques in singapore and related their trends to the actual level of human–macaque interaction and the perceptions that people have about singapore ' s macaques .
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a cynomolgus macaque showing an affiliative face , with ears and brow drawn back , eyes looking at the interactant and mouth puckered . ( michael gumert )
during affiliative contact , a cynomolgus macaque lip smacks to maintain peaceful contact ; his companion lip smacks in return to confirm affiliation . ( michael gumert )
male taking care of infant from nc3rs on vimeo . in this video , a large adult male cynomolgus macaque cradles an infant . ( video : bfc )
look away from nc3rs on vimeo . a macaque turns its back to hide its face from another animal . dominant mount is also seen in this video .
barbary macaque , ( macaca sylvanus ) , tailless ground - dwelling monkey that lives in groups in the upland forests of algeria , tunisia , morocco , and gibraltar . the barbary macaque is about 60 cm ( 24 inches ) long and has light yellowish brown fur and a bald pale pink face . adult males weigh about…
shaking platform from nc3rs on vimeo . an adult male rhesus macaque shakes a resting platform is a display of strength . ( video : mrc centre for macaques )
push from nc3rs on vimeo . in this video , a rhesus macaque female playing with water in a pool repeatedly pushes away a smaller member of the group .
the rhesus macaque is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
the rhesus macaque occupies an enormous range of habitats and climates , ranging from snow - covered mountains through dense forests to semi - desert and urban areas ( 1 ) .
cite this page as : gron kj . 2007 april 26 . primate factsheets : japanese macaque ( macaca fuscata ) behavior . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
o ' brien , t . g . , and kinnaird , m . f . ( 1996 ) . behavior , diet and movements of the sulawesi crested black macaque ,
threat yawn from nc3rs on vimeo . in this video , the macaque yawns and stares at the camera operator , indicating tension . ( video : mrc centre for macaques )
present for grooming from nc3rs on vimeo . in this video , a macaque presents its tail for grooming by another group member . ( video : mrc centre for macaques )
flee is a fear response in which a macaque runs away from a perceived threat . seen during aggressive encounters , in the presence of predators , and when surprised . 42
cite this page as : cawthon lang ka . 2005 july 20 . primate factsheets : rhesus macaque ( macaca mulatta ) behavior . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
lipâ smacking from nc3rs on vimeo . in this video , the macaque signals its affiliative intention towards a known human caregiver by lip smacking with ears pulled back and brow raised .
aggression over food from nc3rs on vimeo . the macaque on the left attempts to grab food from the feeding animal on the right . ( video : mrc centre for macaques )
freeze is a response in which a macaque stops all activity and remains still while assessing threat . seen during aggressive encounters , in the presence of predators , and when surprised .
san román , s . , s . horsley . 2009 .
deforestation spells doom for barbary macaque
( on - line ) . accessed march 21 , 2011 at urltoken .
cite this page as : cawthon lang ka . 2006 february 2 . primate factsheets : crested black macaque ( macaca nigra ) behavior . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
fear grin with squeak from nc3rs on vimeo . in this video , a female macaque grins at a group member with a squeak vocalisation . ( video : mrc centre for macaques )
) . the rate of macaque - to - human interaction was 2 . 03±sd 0 . 45 interactions per hour . the frequency of interaction differed among the six observation sites ( χ
‘as i reported in another recent post fetal alcohol exposure in early pregnancy or during the full length of pregnancy in rhesus macaque monkeys resulted in macaques that had blunted responses to stimuli . ’
macaque diets consist primarily of plants and insects and they are found in a variety of habitats . males live to a maximum of 25 years while females may live up to 30 years .
cite this page as : cawthon lang ka . 2006 january 6 . primate factsheets : long - tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) behavior . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
das , m . , and van hooff , j . ( 1993 ) . a non - adaptive feedback loop to account for the differences in macaque social systems : is it convincing .
an international consortium of scientists including penn state researchers analyzed the draft genome sequence of the rhesus macaque monkey , the second nonhuman primate , after the chimpanzee , to have its genome sequenced .
resting contact call from nc3rs on vimeo . these cynomolgus macaques are resting in the trees . the macaque on the right makes a coo call in response to a coo from another group member .
we compiled complaint records and media headlines to assess the contexts that human–macaque conflict occurred in and how the media has portrayed the conflict . to investigate complaints , we examined feedback emails to nparks (
the human–macaque conflict situation directly affects only a small proportion of the singaporean population , and is mainly affecting the lives of people that live on the fringes of forest patches . despite this , it remains a challenge for management authorities to sufficiently address and curtail macaque nuisance problems in a way that satisfies the small percentage of affected persons , while also benefiting the general public ' s interest in their natural heritage commonwealth and maintaining a healthy and stable macaque population . our interview survey showed a strong support for humane management options like conflict resolution through education and little support for the removal and eradication of macaques . these findings should be useful to management authorities in deciding how to best approach singapore ' s human–macaque conflict , by understanding the perspectives of people living with macaques . moreover , we must be careful to not allow biased press reports and media depictions of nuisance macaques generated from the complaints of a small proportion of the affected people living with macaques send the wrong information about the severity of human–macaque conflict in singapore . singapore indeed suffers from problems associated with humans living in close proximity with macaques , but the results of our study indicate the situation is manageable and there is ample public support for maintaining a macaque population .
we calculated the proportion that each behavioral category represented of the total ad libitum data set as well as the rate of observed interaction per hour of observation . we used a χ 2 test to test whether there was variation in the proportion of interaction types among the six study sites to determine if there might be any differences between study sites in the type of macaque - to - human behavior observed . in addition , we used χ 2 tests to test for differences in frequency between the different types of macaque - to - human interactions . this allowed us to determine if certain types of macaque - to - human interactions were more common than others . lastly , we used independent t - tests to test whether more macaque - to - human interaction occurred in human - triggered contexts than in context without any clear human instigation .
‘even more strangely , the ranges of all but two of vietnam ' s primates - the lesser slow loris and the bear macaque - are restricted to either the north or the south of the country . ’
the barbary macaque is of particular interest because males play an atypical role in rearing young . despite uncertain paternity , males are integral to raising infants . generally , barbary macaques of all ages and sexes contribute in
thierry , b . , anderson , j . r . , demaria , c . , and petit , o . ( 1994 ) . tonkean macaque behaviour from the perspective of the evolution of sulawesi macaques .
sha cm , gumert m , lee py - h , fuentes a , rajathurai s , chan kl , jones - engel l . status of the long - tailed macaque in singapore and implications for management .
there is experimental evidence in captivity that japanese macaque mothers can pick out the whistle and
coo
vocalizations of their own infant from those of other infants ( pereira 1986 ; shizawa 2005 ) . in captivity , during the first month of life , locomotor behaviors quickly evolve from crawling , toddling and backward hunching , to more adult locomotion such as quadrupedal walking , running , climbing and jumping ( negayama et al . 1983 ) . locomotor development in the infant japanese macaque is completed by as early as 3 to 4 months of age ( minami 1974 ) . as the adolescent macaque ages , the amount of time spent by the mother grooming it decreases and solicitation of grooming by the offspring increases . however , japanese macaque mothers groom their adult female offspring far more than they will groom either sex of their adolescent offspring ( muroyama 1995 ) .
cite this page as : cawthon lang ka . 2006 january 6 . primate factsheets : long - tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) taxonomy , morphology , & ecology . < urltoken > . accessed 2018 july 9 .
fischer , julia ; kurt hammerschimidt ( 2002 ) .
an overview of the barbary macaque , macaca sylvanus , vocal repertoire
. folia primatologica 73 ( 1 ) . doi : 10 . 1159 / 000060417 .
bmac is a ngo that works to conserve the endangered barbary macaque and its habitat and to promote knowledge of the species . we work in a holistic , practical and inclusive way to ensure our strategies truly work .
a rhesus macaque genome sequence and analysis consortium comprising more than 170 scientists from 35 institutions was established in may 2006 , to analyze and interpret the sequence . the group studied chromosome and dna changes through evolution , as well as gene changes and the relationship between the ' normal ' macaque and examples of human disease mutations . as an added part of the study , genetic variation within the species was studied by dna sequencing in additional animals .
scientists have decoded the genome of the rhesus macaque monkey and compared it with the genomes of humans and their closest living relatives – the chimps – revealing that the three primate species share about 93 percent of the same dna .
chimpanzee and human genes are 99 percent similar , while the rhesus macaque genes have an average of 97 . 5 percent identity to each . the added divergence of macaque allows for the detection of about 200 genes likely to be under positive selection in primates , that are potential key players in determining the differences between the species . these include keratin genes , for hair formation . ongoing studies will examine the roles of these genes in the evolution of other species .
graduate students charles addo - quaye and heather lawson participated in the identification of homologous genes between macaque and other primates , which was critical for the studies that led to the discovery of genes that are undergoing adaptive evolution in primates .
these example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word ' macaque . ' views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of merriam - webster or its editors . send us feedback .
the barbary macaque is now threatened . a major cause of population decline in morocco and algeria is human - caused habitat degradation and the loss of prime habitat as a result of logging and overgrazing ( camperio ciani et al 2005 ) .
raw data of long - tailed macaque ( macaca fascicularis ) malarias . includes surveys of plasmodium coatneyi , p . cynomolgi , p . fieldi , p . knowlesi , and p . inui in natural hosts and humans across southeast asia .
a tourist took the footage of a lifetime when she stumbled across a wild long - tailed macaque ( also called a crab - eating macaque ) monkey nuzzling and grooming a small kitten at the monkey forest park in the ubud region of bali , indonesia . the bond isn ' t so surprising though , considering that crab - eating macaques are highly social animals and babies learn from interacting with both their mother and other females in their large groups of up to 60 individuals .
the diet of the rhesus macaque varies by region . they are omnivorous opportunists , feeding mainly on roots , herbs , insects , crop plants and small animals . they are good swimmers and will cross water to find food ( 5 ) .
soltis , j . 2004 . mating systems . pp . 137 - 150 in b thierry , m singh , w kaumanns , eds . macaque societies : a model for the study of social organization . united kingdom : cambridge university press .
thierry , b . 2004 . social epigenesis . pp . 267 - 288 in b thierry , m singh , w kaumanns , eds . macaque societies : a model for the study of social organization . united kingdom : cambridge university press .
threat ( s ) : some believe that the crab - eating macaque is responsible for the extinction of forest birds in and the destruction of agriculture , raiding crops ( sugar cane ) and eating food such as rice and taro plants . crab - eating macaques threaten critical bird breeding areas . the crab - eating macaque has made it to the invasive species specialist group of the world conservation union ' s list of
100 of the world ' s worst invasive alien species .
fischer , julia ; hammerschmidt , kurt ; todt , dietmar ( 1998 ) .
local variation in barbary macaque shrill barks
. animal behaviour 56 ( 3 ) : 623–29 . doi : 10 . 1006 / anbe . 1998 . 0796 .
in north africa , this macaque inhabits oak and cedar forests , preferring mid and high altitude forests as well as scrub forest and cliff habitats . the climate is hot and dry in the summer and cold and snowy in the summer ( 5 ) .
the sequence of the rhesus macaque ' s genome will be a powerful tool for research with the monkeys aimed at understanding human biology , said consortium leader richard gibbs , director of the baylor college of medicine ' s human genome sequencing center in houston .
the rhesus macaque is physiologically very similar to humans and occupies a key point in the evolutionary tree ,
said richard gibbs , director of the bcm - hgsc and overall coordinator of the project
this has made for an exciting study .
a key feature of the reproduction of the japanese macaque is the consortship . this association between a male and a female japanese macaque is characterized by a pair mating , feeding , resting , and traveling together , and lasts an average of 1 . 6 days during mating season ( huffman 1992 ) . over the course of a mating season , japanese macaque females were observed to enter consortships with over 4 different males on average ( gouzoules & goy 1983 ) . typically there is a correlation between male rank and consort duration , with higher - ranking males remaining in consortships longer than lower - ranking males ( huffman 1992 ) . higher - ranking males will interfere in the consortships of lower - ranking males in an attempt to disrupt them ( perloe 1992 ) .
primates are important reservoirs for human diseases , but their infection status and disease dynamics are difficult to track in the wild . within the last decade , a macaque malaria , plasmodium knowlesi , has caused disease in hundreds of humans in southeast asia . in order to track cases and understand zoonotic risk , it is imperative to be able to quantify infection status in reservoir macaque species . in this study , protocols for the collection of non - invasive samples and isolation of malaria parasites from naturally infected macaques are optimized .
melhman , p . 1988 . food resources of the wild barbary macaque ( macaca sylvanus ) in high - altitude fir forest , ghomaran rif , morocco . journal of zoology , 214 / 3 : 469 - 490 . accessed march 22 , 2011 at urltoken .
lip smacking indicates peaceful intentions . 5 it may be performed between any individuals intent on maintaining a peaceful relationship . lip smacking is often performed during approach towards another macaque , or even human caregivers . for additional videos of lip smacking , see the rhvideo site .
the macaque is a faaaaascinating animal , it & apos ; s behind is exceptionally red .
( 1 ) a monkey . ( 2 ) often a name one calls another to imply caracteristics of a monkey or simply idiot . ( 3 ) male reproductive organ
van lavieren , els ; serfe a . wich ( january 2010 ) .
decline of the endangered barbary macaque in the cedar forest of the middle atlas mountains , morocco
. oryx 44 ( 1 ) : 133–138 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0030605309990172 .
piloerection 8 is a reflex arousal response in which the macaque’s hair stands up , making it look bigger , triggered by negative situations of extreme fear or anger . piloerection typically occurs in highly arousing situations , such as the appearance of predators , humans or aggressive conspecifics .
deag , j . 1977 . the status of the barbary macaque macaca sylvanus in captivity and factors influencing its distribution in the wild . pp . 268 - 285 in p of monaco , g bourne , eds . primate conservation . new york , york : academic press .
van lavieren , e . , s . wich . 2010 . decline of the endangered barbary macaque macaca sylvanus in the cedar forest of the middle atlas mountains , morocco . oryx , 44 : 133 - 138 . accessed march 12 , 2011 at urltoken ; = 6829396 .
this species is found in algeria , morocco , and gibraltar ( 1 ) . it is the only primate , apart from humans , to live in europe and the only macaque to live outside of asia ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . legend has it that as long as barbary macaques exist in gibraltar , the region will remain under british rule . thus , following an epidemic in the 1900s wiping out the macaque population , local authorities re - introduced them from the african mainland and now protect a small population of about 160 individuals ( 5 ) .
chapais , b . 2004 . how kinship generates dominance structures : a comparative perspective . pp . 186 - 187 in b thierry , m singh , w kaumanns , eds . macaque societies : a model for the study of social organization . united kingdom : cambridge university press .
in 2007 macaque monkey embryos were cloned by scnt , but those clones lived only to the blastocyst stage of embryonic development . it was more than 10 years later , after improvements to scnt had been made , that scientists announced the live birth of two clones of the crab - eating…
taub , d . 1977 . geographic distribution and habitat diversity of the barbary macaque macaca sylvanus l . . folio primatologica , 27 / 2 : 108 - 133 . accessed march 12 , 2011 at urltoken ; = retrieve & list ; _ uids = 403111 & dopt ; = abstractplus .
of primary concern when evaluating macaque bites are bacterial and b - virus infections . b - virus infection is highly prevalent ( 80 % to 90 % ) in adult macaques and may cause a potentially fatal meningoencephalitis in humans . we examined seven nonoccupational exposure incidents involving 24 persons and eight macaques . six macaques were tested for herpes b ; four ( 67 % ) were seropositive . a common observation was that children were more than three times as likely to be bitten than adults . the virus must be assumed to be a potential health hazard in macaque bite wounds ; this risk makes macaques unsuitable as pets .
seasonality of births in macaque s ( genus macaca species ) has been documented in japan , on cayo santiago in the caribbean ( where an introduced population thrives under seminatural conditions ) , and in india . observations of langurs in india and sri lanka , of geladas in ethiopia , and of patas monkeys in
the monkey is yellowish - brown to grey with a lighter underside . the barbary macaque has a body length of around 556 . 8mm in females and 634 . 3mm in males and mean body weight is reported to be 9 . 9±1 . 03 kg in females and around 14 . 5 kg in males .
when japanese macaque groups encounter one another in the wild , the nature of their interactions varies with the demographics of the groups involved , with reproductive seasonality and with group identity ( saito et al . 1998 ) . among various troops , home ranges overlap 20 % of the time , but troops tend to avoid one another as they get closer ( kawanaka 1973 ) . aggressive behavior during inter - group encounters between japanese macaque troops serves several purposes including mate guarding by males , food competition among females during non - mating season , and male investigative behavior preceding potential emigration to another group ( saito et al 1998 ) .
is a crab - eating macaque or long - tailed macaque ( 38 - 55 centimeters long with a tail , 40 - 65 centimeters in length , weighing 4 - 8 kilograms ) . the males and females are both born with black fur , which turns a grey to dark brown or yellowish - brown with lighter underparts and crown hairs which form a small crest . crab - eating macaques are a quadrapedal and diurnal ( active during the day ) species , highly adapted for swimming and climbing trees with tails used for balance when leaping between trees . crab - eating macaques have an average group size of 30 individuals .
“using camera traps , we were just so lucky to capture some good photos of the white - cheeked macaque , which clearly showed characteristics of it and allowed us to claim it as a new species , ” says corresponding author dr peng - fei fan from dali university in the province of yunnan , china .
the rhesus is widely recognized as the best animal model for human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) infection . it also serves as a valuable model for studying other human infectious diseases and for vaccine research . the rhesus macaque genome sequence enhances essential research in neuroscience , behavioral biology , reproductive physiology , endocrinology and cardiovascular studies .
whilst the rhesus macaque is threatened in the wild , a large captive population is maintained around the world for use in biological , psychological and medicinal research , especially for studies into perception , learning and behaviour . in the wild , the rhesus macaque is a generalist with great adaptability , allowing it to make the most of changes in land use . in india they are known for crop - raiding but their status as sacred animals in the hindu religion prevents persecution by humans ( 5 ) . interspecies breeding is known to occur but appears to have no effect on the offspring’s fertility , as other interspecies crosses usually do ( 6 ) .
credit : getty a boar and a macaque , both babies and both orphaned and rescued in the wild , found in one another forever friends - - and the monkey found a surrogate mom . miwa , a japanese macaque , and uri - bo , a wild boar , are at fukuchiyama city zoo in japan , where they spend all of their time together . a keeper introduced them after miwa was constantly crying out , and he quickly took to uri - bo ' s back , as baby monkeys do with their mothers in the wild . the boar now roams around the zoo ' s grounds freely , tiny tot in tow .
the japanese macaque utters a number of vocalizations which can be roughly divided into six groups : peaceful or soothing , defensive , aggressive , warning , female estrus , and infant vocalizations ( itani 1963 ) . over half of the vocalizations uttered by the japanese macaque are peaceful or calm ( itani 1963 ) . often , during feeding or moving , japanese macaques will utter a
coo
sound which likely functions in group cohesion by allowing females to reinforce their social ties ( mitani 1986 ) . this
coo
sound is not typically heard in agonistic interactions , and when uttered , other japanese macaques typically respond in kind ( sugiura 2001 ) .
active macaque malaria infections can be detected in faecal samples using protocols developed in this study with 96 . 7 % ( 95 % ci : 83 . 3–99 . 4 % ) sensitivity . this assay is significantly better than thin blood smears and presents an alternative , non - invasive method to measure pathogen prevalence in wild populations .
pfefferle , d . , k . brauch , m . heistermann , j . hodges , j . fischer . 2007 . female barbary macaque ( macaca sylvanus ) copulation calls do not reveal the fertile phase but influence mating outcome . proceedings of the royal society , 275 : 571 - 578 . accessed march 12 , 2011 at urltoken .
the increase in human–macaque conflict may have originated because of the severe ecological alterations in singapore over the last two centuries . since 1819 , singapore has lost more than 95 % of its original forest cover [ corlett , 1992 ; turner et al . , 1994 ] , and presently the btnr and ccnr are the only major forest reserves left in singapore . these reserves are now forest islands , encircled by roads and expressways , with no buffer zones between the forest patches and human settlement . for example , at bukit timah , there are seven condominiums and one private estate located within 200 m of the reserve , comprising around 1500 dwellings with approximately 6000 residents [ lee ( personal observation ) ; ooi et al . , 2007 ] . some of these apartment complexes are less than five meters from the forest reserve border . this lack of buffer between urban singapore and its forest reserves has resulted in an increased proximity between human and macaque populations , which creates a human–macaque interface zone where conflict between the two species can occur .
with an expressive face and active lifestyle , the rhesus macaque is a charismatic species . its coat is pale brown above and fades on the underside , but the naked face and rump are bright red in adults ( 2 ) . it has large cheek pouches which it uses to store food when foraging ( 4 ) . audebert , who named the rhesus macaque , did so after the greek king of thrace , rhesos , but emphasized that it had no special relevance . since , the name rhesus has been extended to the hereditary blood antigen ‘rh - factor’ which was discovered on the red blood cells of rhesus macaques and was also found to be present in humans ( 5 ) .
long - tailed macaque mothers are the primary caregivers of their newborn infants and are very protective of them , not allowing infants out of their grasp ( wheatley 1999 ) . during the first weeks of life , the mother long - tailed macaque maintains contact with her infant almost constantly , but as the infant ages the amount of contact decreases ( meishvili et al . 1991 ) . by four months , the mother spends significantly less time in contact with the infant and begins to exhibit normal ovarian cycles again . by the time the infant is 10 or 11 months of age the mother sharp rejects it and may act aggressively if it tries to nurse . ( meishvili et al . 1991 ) .
interactions were classified into several categories of macaque - to - human behavior . we recorded aggressive interactions , which were ( 1 ) threats , ( 2 ) lunging or chasing , and ( 3 ) scratching or biting . we also scored the grabbing and taking of food or possessions by individual macaques and food mob - bing where numerous macaques tried to grab food from a person . other social interactions we scored included ( 1 ) affiliation & submission and ( 2 ) non - aggressive physical contact . lastly , we recorded interactions with any human structures in the environment , such as trash bins , cars , and houses . in addition to these behaviors , we recorded the context of each interaction observed . contexts were classified into three categories : feeding , provoked , and retaliation . feeding was when feeding or feeding cues ( e . g . human carrying a plastic bag or food package ) occurred during the interaction . a provoked context was when a human initiated action toward a macaque ( e . g . chasing , pointing at close range , approaching closely , etc . ) . lastly , interactions were classified as a retaliation context if humans reacted to macaques by chasing them away or physically advancing on the macaques to intervene the macaque ' s activity ( e . g . stop a macaque from grabbing food from a trash can , entering a home , sitting on a car , etc . ) .
consists of an initial , broadband and characteristically “harsh” segment ( the “kra” ) followed by a somewhat shorter “trailing off” of call energy in the lower frequencies ( the “hoo” ) . the loudest call in the cynomolgus macaque repertoire . usually performed in series with pauses in between . kra component often accompanied by rhythmic , abrupt jerking of the head and upper body .
( a ) the sites of human–macaque interface selected for this study . all sites occurred within bukit timah and central catchment nature reserves and are represented by picnic bench icons . ( b ) the location of public complaints about macaques during 2002–2007 as compiled from agri - food and veterinary authority ( ava ) and national parks board ( nparks ) of singapore in 2005 .
residents were less likely to feed macaques than visitors , and we speculate that this is owing to more awareness of the feeding fine and better knowledge about the potential of their actions to exacerbate nuisance problems , owing to education efforts by singapore ' s national parks board ( nparks ) . another factor is that residents are more influenced by the results of feeding and thus have greater incentives to avoid feeding in order to ameliorate human–macaque conflict . however , this is not to say that residents do not contribute to macaque feeding , and the minority of feeders may still be attracting macaques to remain in residential areas despite their neighbors’ efforts . visitors also feed macaques in residential areas . for example , they provide food from cars along roads and lay out food in areas where macaques frequent around residential areas , attracting them more to these areas . therefore , despite residents’ efforts , visitors also contribute to keeping macaques in residential areas . consequently , fining efforts need to expand beyond park borders to protect residents affected by macaques and education efforts on the feeding ban and negative impacts of feeding on macaque ranging patterns should continue until feeding is eliminated .
open mouth grunt from nc3rs on vimeo . examples of two different responses to an intruder . in this video , the macaque on the left lowers its brow , flaps its ears , and moves away – signs of tension or annoyance . the younger , bolder animal on the right comes forward and shows an open mouth stare expression , before also moving away from the camera operator .
the distribution of types of macaque - to - human interactions was not uniform ( χ 2 = 382 . 1 ; df = 7 ; p < 0 . 001 ) . the most common macaque - to - human interaction was affiliative / submissive ( 46 . 7 % ) , followed by grabbing or taking human possessions ( 17 . 8 % ) , threats ( 9 . 9 % ) , lunging or chasing ( 9 . 2 % ) , physical contact without aggression ( 2 . 1 % ) , and mobbing ( 0 . 7 % ) . no bites or scratches ( 0 % ) were observed during this study . interaction with the human environment contributed to 13 . 4 % of observed interactions and involved mainly searching of cars and trash bins .
close grouping of males occur when infant barbary macaques are present . interactions between males are commonly initiated when a male presents an infant macaque to an adult male who is not caring for an infant , or when an unattached male approaches males who are caring for infants . this behavior leads to a type of social buffering which reduces the number of antagonistic interactions among males in a group .
still widespread across southern asia , the rhesus macaque has nevertheless become locally extinct in some of its former range . it has been introduced into florida , usa as well as to cayo santiago island near puerto rico , and is kept in captivity in large numbers worldwide due to its common use in research ( 5 ) . this species has even been a participant in space travel ( 5 ) .
in interface zones , humans and macaques have direct interactions because they utilize some of the same spaces ( e . g . roads and sidewalks ) . a recent study by fuentes et al . [ 2008 ] indicated that human–macaque interactions in singapore occur most frequently when humans were carrying or offering food items , and this is similar to findings in bali , indonesia [ fuentes , 2006a , b ] . in singapore , it is an offence punishable with fining to feed monkeys within the boundaries of the nature reserves under the national parks board act ( chapter 198a ) since 1997 [ nparks , 1997 ] . despite this , fining macaque feeders has not eradicated the problem . for example , feeding outside of park and reserve boundaries is beyond the jurisdiction of the feeding fine . moreover , in 2007 , 157 feeders were fined inside singapore ' s parks , which were the most number of fines given in any single year since the enactment of the law [ mulchand , 2008 ] . this inability to stop macaque feeding inside the parks entirely through punishment indicates that there may be underlying social factors contributing to the behavior of feeding monkeys that are difficult to reverse . these factors should be better understood in order to target management efforts appropriately .
the japanese macaque also uses facial expressions to communicate between those of its species . in captivity , threatening facial expressions include
ear - flattening ,
brow - raising ,
ear - erecting
and
mouth - opening .
subordinate behavior includes
grimacing .
other captive physical communicatory clues include lipsmacking , presenting and hindquarters displays and
gaze - avoidance
( masataka & fujii 1980 ) .
the release was produced by the macaque genome sequencing consortium , led by the baylor college of human medicine , melding three separate complementary assemblies ( created using the atlas , celera and pcap systems ) . this involved iteratively splitting likely chimeric scaffolds and joining together existing scaffolds where possible . chimeric scaffolds ( < 100 total ) were identified by breaks in synteny with the human genome , which were confirmed to be artefacts by the other assemblies .
fischer , j . , k . hammerschmidt , d . todt . 1998 . local variation in barbary macaque shrill barks . animal behaviour , 56 / 3 : 623 - 629 . accessed march 12 , 2011 at urltoken ; = c & _ searchstrid = 1676055756 & _ rerunorigin = scholar . google & _ acct = c000050221 & _ version = 1 & _ urlversion = 0 & _ userid = 10 & md5 ; = 91c2b6b5bbbf9e9e83048b13220a5b0c & searchtype ; = a .
fa , j . 1982 . a survey of population and habitat of the barbary macaque ( macaca sylavanus ) l . in north morocco . biological conservation , 24 / 1 : 45 - 66 . accessed march 11 , 2011 at urltoken ; = c & _ searchstrid = 1687891419 & _ rerunorigin = google & _ acct = c000050221 & _ version = 1 & _ urlversion = 0 & _ userid = 10 & md5 ; = 616c1d36e5853222dec43f7f7e7abea4 & searchtype ; = a .
our observations of macaque - to - human interactions in high interface areas of singapore indicated which types of interactions were most common and the contexts in which these interactions occurred . nearly half of all macaque - to - human interactions observed were affiliative or submissive , about a fifth involved taking or grabbing of food or other items possessed by people , and approximately a ninth involved macaques accessing houses , refuse bins and cars . nearly two - third of all interactions occurred when people were carrying food or food cues ( i . e . bags or packages ) , and around one - quarter of all interactions occurred directly from human provocation or retaliation . only 8 % of all interaction had no clear provocation from humans , indicating that potentially some simple alterations in human behavior around macaques ( i . e . not carrying food or provoking macaques ) could possibly reduce up to 90 % of all behavior that long - tailed macaques direct toward humans in singapore .
to give birth , a japanese macaque mother will move to the periphery of the troop and to a private spot ( fedigan & zohar 1997 ) . however , if the troop moves during birth , the mother will move to remain with the group and will not allow herself to be separated from it ( nakamichi et al . 1992 ; thomsen 1997 ) . birth in the wild typically takes place on the ground ( fooden & aimi 2005 ) . infant mortality before one year averages 28 . 4 % in wild groups of japanese macaques ( fooden & aimi 2005 ) . weight at birth for japanese macaque infants averages 546 . 8 g ( 1 . 21 lbs ) for females and 538 . 7 g ( 1 . 19 lbs ) for males ( fooden & aimi 2005 ) . at birth , the fur of the infant japanese macaque is very dark brown and lightens progressively over the next six months while still remaining somewhat darker than the coat of the adult during that time ( hiraiwa 1981 ) . solid food consumption by the infant is first seen at 5 or 6 weeks of age followed by foraging independent of the mother at 7 weeks of age ( hiraiwa 1981 ) . from birth until 4 weeks , an infant is carried ventrally by the mother . after 4 weeks of age , dorsal carrying is observed in addition to ventral carrying . carrying by the mother can persist up to and past one year of age ( hiraiwa 1981 ) .
there are no published data about parental care patterns in crested black macaques , but given their social system and taxonomic relationship to other macaque species , a few generalizations can be made . infant macaques are cared for primarily by their mothers . juvenile and subadult females often carry infants for brief periods , under supervision of the mother , a behavior known as aunting . by doing this , young macaques gain mothering skills that may increase the survival of their own infants in the future ( maestripieri 2004 ) .
at the botanic gardens , reports of human–macaque conflict have continued in other parts of singapore [ corlett , 1996 ; lucas , 1995 ] . in recent years , media reports of macaque nuisance problems have increased [ murdoch , 2007 ; sua , 2007 ] . moreover , public complaint records kept by singapore ' s agri - food and veterinary authority ( ava ) and the national parks board ( nparks ) have indicated a rise in conflict over the last decade . public complaints received by the ava about conflict with macaques more than doubled between 2001 and 2007 ( n = 2115 , mean 302 / yr ) from the annual average of complaints recorded between 1996 and 2000 ( n = 590 , mean 118 / yr ) ( unpublished data ) . management authorities have attempted to ameliorate this rise in public complaints by trapping and removing macaques from areas where complaints occur [ mulchand & tan , 2008 ] . consequently , this situation truly represents a conflict between humans and macaques , as both species are negatively impacted by competition over space and resources .
, are doglike but rounded in profile , with nostrils on the upper surface . the tail varies between species and may be long , of moderate length , short , or absent . size differs between the sexes and between the species ; males range in head and body length from about 41 to 70 cm ( 16 to 28 inches ) and in weight from about 2 . 4 kg ( 5 . 3 pounds ) in females and 5 . 5 kg in males of the smallest species , the crab - eating macaque (