philonome spectata is a species of moth of the family tineidae .

it is found in brazil ( pará ) .

the length of the forewings is about 2.3 mm .

the forewings are reddish brown .

the longitudinal fascia is white , covering most of the costal area .

the lower margin is sinuous and accompanied with a very narrow dark brown line .

the costa is suffused with pale orange subbasally and in the terminal third .

the hindwings are lustrous , yellowish grey , but paler towards the base .

philonome spectata

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comparison of three similar species of philonome , philonome curvilineata , philonome penerivifera , and philonome rivifera in the male genitalia .
abdomen : coremata on male sternum viii present posterolaterally , short and stiff ( philonome albivittata sp . n . , philonome clemensella , philonome euryarga , and philonome wielgusi sp . n . ) , long and hair - like ( philonome lambdagrapha sp . n . ) or absent ( philonome curvilineata sp . n . and philonome rivifera ) .
the holotype and three paratypes of philonome penerivifera in the bmnh collection were misidentified as philonome rivifera by edward meyrick .
the female genitalia of philonome kawakitai is similar to those of philonome penerivifera but differ from the latter in having the lamella antevaginalis of the seventh sternite more rounded ( obliquely truncate posteriorly in philonome penerivifera ) and in the absence of microscopic spicules in the corpus bursae . philonome kawakitai is distinguished from philonome curvilineata , philonome penerivifera , and philonome rivifera in having the dorsal bar not reaching the dorsal margin and the complete subterminal line on the forewing .
only the holotype of philonome spectata is known to exist . it was not possible to examine this specimen and to illustrate the genitalia . this species can be distinguished from other congeners in lacking the dorsal bar on the forewing .
philonome , female genitalia . 61 – 62 philonome penerivifera 61 ventral view 62 lateral view of segment 8 and sterigma 63 – 64 philonome kawakitai 63 ventral view 64 lateral view 65 – 66 philonome rivifera 65 ventral view 66 lateral view of segment 8 and sterigma .
philonome , female genitalia . 57 – 58 philonome nigrescens 57 ventral view 58 lateral view of segment 8 and sterigma 59 – 60 philonome clemensella 59 ventral view 60 lateral view of segment 8 and sterigma .
adults . 10 philonome penerivifera , ♀ paratype ( 3 . 6 mm ) 11 philonome kawakitai , ♀ holotype ( 3 . 8 mm ) 12 philonome rivifera , ♂ lectotype ( 3 . 4 mm ) 13 philonome rivifera , ♂ paralectotype ( 2 . 8 mm ) 14 philonome sp . , clv105310 ( 4 . 1 mm ) 15 philonome spectata , ♀ holotype ( 2 . 3 mm ) 16 argyresthia luteella , ♀ holotype ( 3 . 4 mm ) 17 elachista dasycara ( = eurynome albella ) , ♀ holotype ( 4 . 0 mm ) . ( forewing lengths in parentheses ) .
philonome , male genitalia . 31 – 33 philonome nigrescens 31 ventral view of genital capsule 32 lateral view 33 phallus 34 – 36 philonome clemensella . 34 ventral view of genital capsule 35 lateral view 36 phallus .
figures 61–66 . philonome , female genitalia . 61 – 62 philonome penerivifera 61 ventral view 62 lateral view of segment 8 and sterigma 63 – 64 philonome kawakitai 63 ventral view 64 lateral view 65 – 66 philonome rivifera 65 ventral view 66 lateral view of segment 8 and sterigma .
figures 10–17 . adults . 10 philonome penerivifera , ♀ paratype ( 3 . 6 mm ) 11 philonome kawakitai , ♀ holotype ( 3 . 8 mm ) 12 philonome rivifera , ♂ lectotype ( 3 . 4 mm ) 13 philonome rivifera , ♂ paralectotype ( 2 . 8 mm ) 14 philonome sp . , clv105310 ( 4 . 1 mm ) 15 philonome spectata , ♀ holotype ( 2 . 3 mm ) 16 argyresthia luteella , ♀ holotype ( 3 . 4 mm ) 17 elachista dasycara ( = eurynome albella ) , ♀ holotype ( 4 . 0 mm ) . ( forewing lengths in parentheses ) .
this species is similar to philonome clemensella in external appearance but can be distinguished from the latter in having shorter longitudinal fascia and straight costal fascia on the forewing . in the male genitalia , the lateral processes on the uncus are larger in philonome wielgusi than in philonome clemensella and the valvae are not divided at all in philonome wielgusi .
philonome luteella ( chambers ) : mcdunnough 1939 : 100 ; davis 1983 : 8 .
the new world genus philonome chambers , 1874 is revised . this genus comprises twelve species , seven of which are described as new : two species , philonome nigrescens sp . n . and philonome wielgusi sp . n . , from the united states ; four species , philonome albivittata sp . n . , philonome curvilineata sp . n . , philonome kawakitai sp . n . , and philonome lambdagrapha sp . n . , from french guiana ; and one species , philonome penerivifera sp . n . , from brazil . lectotypes are designated for philonome clemensella chambers , 1874 and philonome rivifera meyrick , 1915 . partially on evidence of their head morphology and particularly from molecular evidence , the genus philonome , previously associated with bucculatricidae or lyonetiidae , is reassigned to tineidae . a possible systematic position of philonome within tineidae is discussed . eurynome chambers , 1875 , is synonymized with argyresthia hübner , 1825 ( argyresthiidae ) . photographs of adults and illustrations of genitalia , when available , are provided for all described species of philonome and two species previously misplaced in philonome , argyresthia luteella ( chambers , 1875 ) and elachista albella ( chambers , 1877 ) . in addition , dna barcodes were used for the delimitation of most species .
holotype : female , “holo - type” [ round label with red borders ] , “para brazil parish 7 - 19 . ” , “meyrick coll . b . m . 1938 - 290 . ” , “ philonome spectata 1 / 1 meyr [ ick ] e . meyrick det . in meyrick coll . ” , bmnh .
adults . 2 philonome cuprescens , ♂ ( 3 . 1 mm ) , abbreviations : as = apical spot ; cf = costal fascia ; db = dorsal bar ; lf = longitudinal fascia ; ss = subapical spot ; tp = tornal patch 3 philonome wielgusi , ♂ holotype ( 2 . 8 mm ) 4 philonome nigrescens , ♂ holotype ( 2 . 8 mm ) 5 philonome clemensella , ♂ ( 4 . 0 mm ) 6 philonome lambdagrapha , ♂ holotype ( 3 . 0 mm ) 7 philonome curvilineata , ♂ holotype ( 2 . 8 mm ) 8 philonome euryarga , ♂ ( 2 . 7 mm ) 9 philonome albivittata , ♂ holotype ( 2 . 8 mm ) . ( forewing lengths in parentheses ) .
philonome clemensella , body morphology . 18 head , frontal view 19 legs 20 wing venation .
philonome , male genitalia . 47 – 48 philonome albivittata 47 ventral view of genital capsule and phallus 48 lateral view 49 – 52 philonome penerivifera 49 ventral view of genital capsule and phallus 50 lateral view , with ventral detail of uncus 51 lateral view of valva 52 phallus 53–56 philonome rivifera . 53 ventral view of genital capsule and phallus 54 lateral view 55 lateral view of valva 56 phallus .
this species is indistinguishable from philonome rivifera meyrick in external appearance but differs from the latter in having the apex of the valva in the male genitalia entire ( vs . bifid in philonome rivifera ) .
philonome , male genitalia . 37 – 39 philonome lambdagrapha 37 ventral view of genital capsule and phallus 38 lateral view 39 phallus 40 – 41 philonome curvilineata . 40 ventral view of genital capsule and phallus 41 lateral view 42 – 46 philonome euryarga 42 ventral view of genital capsule 43 ventral view 44 abdominal tergum viii ( caudal end directed upward ) 45 lateral view of phallus 46 anterior base of phallus , ventral view .
this species is similar to philonome curvilineata in external appearance but differs from the latter in having the longitudinal and costal fasciae separate ( continuous in philonome curvilineata and larger apical protrusion on the tegumen in the male genitalia .
philonome clemensella : chambers 1874 : 97 ; dyar 1903 : 563 ; mcdunnough 1939 : 100 ; davis 1983 : 8 .
the goals of this paper are to redefine the generic characteristics of philonome , to describe seven new species from the nearctic and neotropical regions , to transfer a misplaced species , “ philonome ” luteella to its correct genus , argyresthia , and to provide morphological evidence of the tineid relationship of philonome , which has been suggested from a recent molecular phylogenetic study ( sohn et al . 2013 ) .
philonome , male genitalia . 21 – 25 philonome cuprescens . 21 ventral view of genital capsule 22 lateral view 23 lateral view of valva 24 phallus , lateral view 25 phallus , ventral view 26 – 30 philonome wielgusi , male genitalia . 26 ventral view of genital capsule 27 lateral view 28 ventral view of anellus and uncus 29 lateral view of valva 30 phallus . ( scale lengths in parentheses ) .
philonome chambers , 1874 : 96 ; dyar 1903 : 563 ; mcdunnough 1939 : 100 ; davis 1983 : 8 ; 1984 : 25 .
female genitalia : ovipositor telescopic with two primary segments ; papillae anales semi - elliptical , setose ; lamella antevaginalis conical or cylindrical ; additional protrusion behind ostium bursae present ( philonome nigrescens and philonome rivifera ) or absent ; ductus bursae slender ; corpus bursae obovate or elliptical ; signum absent .
despite some possible synapomorphies between philonome and the hieroxestinae , we find them insufficient for a final taxonomic placement , and therefore leave the genus unplaced in tineidae .
a neighbor - joining tree , generated under the k2p nucleotide substitution model , for the species of philonome . branch lengths represent the number of substitutions per site .
meyrick ( 1915 ) described philonome rivifera , based on eight specimens . only six of those syntypes have been located in the bmnh . the specimen labels indicate that one of those was selected as the lectotype . this designation , however , has never been published , and the same specimen is designated here as the lectotype of philonome rivifera .
the monobasic genus philonome was proposed by chambers in 1874 for philonome clemensella chambers . chambers ( 1875 ) later proposed a supposedly allied genus , eurynome , also based on a single species , eurynome luteella chambers , and in 1877 , added another congener , eurynome albella chambers . eurynome , however , was recognized as a homonym and later replaced by busckia dyar , 1903 .
chambers ( 1878 ) mentioned that he repeatedly collected philonome clemensella from the type locality where gleditschia triacanthos l . , ulmus americana l . , prunus serotina ehrh . , and celtis occidentalis l . grow in the immediate vicinity . he then assumed that the larvae may feed on some weeds or shrubs growing nearby . forbes ( 1923 ) noted that the larvae of philonome clemensella feed on hickory and linden . these records were , however , based on ambiguous label data which state only plant names without details and thus require verification . nothing is known about the biology for other congeners of philonome clemensella .
the species name is derived from the latin prefix ‘pene ( = paene ) ’ , meaning “almost” , and the preexisting species name , rivifera , and refers to the overall similarity of this species to philonome rivifera .
kimura 2 - parameter ( k2p ) distances ( % ) for barcode dna sequences of the seven analyzed species in genus philonome . minimal pairwise distances between species are given for each species pair . values in square brackets represent maximal intraspecific distances .
philonome luteella ( chambers ) was originally the type species of eurynome chambers , 1875 . the generic name was found to be preoccupied by eurynome leach , [ 1814 ] and was replaced with busckia dyar , 1903 . mcdunnough ( 1939 ) synonymized busckia with philonome . our examination revealed that this species is actually a member of argyresthia hübner , [ 1825 ] ( argyresthiidae ) . therefore , eurynome chambers , 1875 and its replacement name , busckia dyar , 1903 , are here synonymized with argyresthia hübner , [ 1825 ] .
sohn j - c , davis dr , lopez - vaamonde c ( 2015 ) revision of the genus philonome chambers and its proposed reassignment to the family tineidae ( lepidoptera , tineoidea ) . zookeys 494 : 69–106 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 494 . 8748
western united states ( colorado ) . chambers ( 1875 ) stated “spanish bar” , now fall river in larimer county , colorado , as the collecting locality . on the label of the holotype of philonome luteella , “kentucky” was given as collecting locality with strikethrough mark indicating that the locality is not correct .
holotype : female , “holo - type” [ round label with red borders ] , “bartica , brit [ ish ] guiana . parish . 2 . 13” , “ euryarga meyr . ” [ hand - written ] , “ philonome euryarga 1 / 1 meyr [ ick ] e . meyrick det . in meyrick coll . ” , bmnh .
maximum likelihood phylogeny of tineidae s . l . extracted from sohn et al . ( 2013 ) , based on 27 nuclear genes . branches in bold indicate the > 70 % bootstrapping support from at least one analysis attempted by sohn et al . ( 2013 ) . the ‘a’ in closed circle represents a well - supported subclade of tineidae in which philonome clemensella is included .
the forewing pattern and the female genital morphology of eurynome luteella suggest that it is not congeneric with philonome . its forewing pattern is similar to some species of argyresthia , especially argyresthia cupressella walsingham , 1891 , and argyresthia freyella walsingham , 1891 . the female genitalia of eurynome luteella include a denticulate signum of which the shape is typical for argyresthia . this species , consequently , has been reassigned to argyresthia .
this page should be cited as follows ( rationale ) : sohn j , davis d , lopez - vaamonde c ( 2015 ) revision of the genus philonome chambers and its proposed reassignment to the family tineidae ( lepidoptera , tineoidea ) . zookeys ( 494 ) : 69–106 , doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 494 . 8748 . versioned wiki page : 2015 - 04 - 06 , version 70874 , urltoken , contributors ( alphabetical order ) : pensoft publishers .
lectotype ( designated here ) : male , “48” [ hand - written ] , “type no . 522 u . s . n . m . ” [ red label ] , “ philonome clemmensella [ sic ] k [ entuck ] y . 5961lis1 cham [ bers ] ” [ hand - written ] , usnm . paralectotypes : usa : kentucky : 4♀ , 3 ex . , june 14 [ no year ] ( chambers ) , type no . 1311 , mcz .
ty - jour t1 - revision of the genus philonome chambers and its proposed reassignment to the family tineidae ( lepidoptera , tineoidea ) a1 - sohn j a1 - davis d a1 - lopez - vaamonde c y1 - 2015 jf - zookeys ja - vl - is - 494 ur - urltoken sp - 69 ep - 106 pb - pensoft publishers m1 - versioned wiki page : 2015 - 04 - 06 , version 70874 , urltoken , contributors ( alphabetical order ) : pensoft publishers .
lectotype ( designated here ) : male , “lecto - type” ( round label with indigo boarders ) , “bartica brit [ ish ] guiana parish . 2 . 13” , “meyrick coll . b . m . 1938 - 290 . ” , “ philonome rivifera 10 / 17 meyr [ ick ] e . meyrick det . in meyrick coll . ” , bmnh . paralectotypes : guyana : same data as lectotype : 1♂ , 4♀ , [ gsn ] bm 31892 ( ♂ ) & bm 32829 ( ♀ ) , bmnh .
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sohn2015zookeys
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holotype : male , “type” [ circular label with red borders ] , “amula , 6000ft . guerrero mexico viii 18 ( h . h . smith ) ( gdm . slvn ) 66776” , “walsingham collection , 1910 - 427” , “ philonome ♂ cuprescens wlsm . biol . c . am . lep . het . 4 . p346 , 1914 type ♂ descr” [ label with black marginal lines ] , bmnh . paratypes : same data as holotype : 1♂ , 1 ex . [ hindwing & abdomen missing ] , type no . 66778 & 66779 , [ gsn ] usnm 34210 ( ♂ ) , usnm .
thorax : scales of patagium pale orange , with dark brown tips ; tegula reddish brown basally , paler to apex , pale orange apically ; mesonotum pale orange , transversely intermixed with dark brown scales at middle . fore - and midlegs with coxa lustrous yellowish white ; femur , tibia , and tarsomeres dark brown dorsally , lustrous yellowish white laterally and ventrally . hindleg pale brownish gray dorsally , lustrous yellowish white laterally and ventrally . forewing length 3 . 2–3 . 6 mm ( n = 2 ) , coloration and patterns similar to philonome rivifera . hindwing dark brownish gray ; fringe brownish gray on costal and apical area , yellowish gray along posterior margin .
@ article { sohn2015zookeys , author = { sohn , jae - cheon and davis , donald r . and lopez - vaamonde , carlos } , journal = { zookeys } , publisher = { pensoft publishers } , title = { revision of the genus philonome chambers and its proposed reassignment to the family tineidae ( lepidoptera , tineoidea ) } , year = { 2015 } , volume = { } , issue = { 494 } , pages = { 69 - - 106 } , doi = { 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 494 . 8748 } , url = { urltoken } , note = { versioned wiki page : 2015 - 04 - 06 , version 70874 , urltoken , contributors ( alphabetical order ) : pensoft publishers . }
holotype : male , “holo - type” [ circular label with red border ] , “para brazil parish 6 - 19 . ” , “ philonome rivifera 7 / 17 meyr . e . meyrick det . in meyrick coll . ” [ old label attached before this study ] , “meyrick coll . b . m . 1988 - 290 . ” , “b . m . ♂ genitalia slide no . 32828” . paratypes ( 1♂ , 4♀ , 1 ex . ) : brazil : amazonas : munaos [ = manaus ] , 2♀ , “11 . 19” ( parish ) , bmnh . tefé , 1 ex . , “1 . 20” ( parish ) , bmnh . federal district : planaltina ( 15°35’s , 47°42’w , alt . 1000m ) : 1♀ , 3 may 1984 ( vo becker ) , “becker 56394” , vob ; 1♀ , 15 june 1985 , “becker 57636” , [ gsn ] usnm 34615 , usnm . pará : óbidos , 1♂ , “9 . 19” ( parish ) , bmnh .
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has been so far supported only by molecular data , not yet by morphological evidence .
currently includes six species , which occur exclusively in the new world : two from the nearctic region and four from the neotropical region .
; at ~ 6500 feet elevation ) , el paso co . , colorado , was once treated as
) . this suggests that their resemblance is due to convergence . the biology of
have been collected from hickory and linden trees . his statement , however , was based on the ambiguous label data of specimens from the united states national museum of natural history . no additional observation of the larvae of
pinned specimens from five institutional collections were examined . the abbreviations of these depositories are as follows :
selected specimens were dissected for genitalia and abdominal structures , following clarke ( 1941 ) , except that chlorazol black was used for staining . dissected genitalia were mounted on microscope slides in euparal resin ( bioquip products inc . ) or canada balsam . pinned specimens were examined under a leica mz apo stereoscope . slide - mounted specimens were examined under a leica leitz - dmrx microscope . all illustrations were drawn from dissections temporarily stored in glycerin , which were later permanently embedded in mounting medium . terms for genitalia and wing venation follow klots ( 1970 ) and wootton ( 1979 ) , respectively . the 8 th abdominal segment is abbreviated as a8 in the descriptions . verbatim label data are given for primary types . additional data by the present authors are given in brackets .
dna was extracted from hind legs of dried specimens . dna barcodes ( 658 bp of the coi mitochondrial gene ) were generated at the canadian centre for dna barcoding ( ccdb , guelph ) . a total of seven specimens were sequenced ( table
) , all collected in french guiana by the third author ( clv ) . these newly generated barcodes were compared to five dna - barcodes of
) and the other four unpublished . barcode data were analysed using the analytical tools of bold such as neighbour joining and pairwise genetic distance matrix .
specimens used for the dna barcoding analysis . both the process id and sample id codes are unique identifiers linking the record in the bold database and the voucher specimen from which the sequence is derived . additional collecting and specimen data are accessible in bold’s data set ( urltoken ) as well as genbank ( urltoken ) .
phillonome [ sic ] : chambers 1880 : 196 , 199 . incorrect subsequent spelling .
) : vestiture of vertex rough with piliform scales ; frons smooth with broad , flat , appressed scales ; a band of broad , spatulate scales between the bases of the antennae , along the transfrontal suture , bounded both above and below by piliform scales . antenna filiform in both sexes ; antennal pecten absent ; scape elongate , ~ 2 . 2–2 . 4× length of adjacent pedicel . labial palpus without bristle - like setae ; 2
. maxillary palpus 5 - segmented , longer than labial palpus . proboscis naked , shorter than maxillary palpus .
: foreleg epiphysis slender . midfemur with apical tuft of elongate scales . hind - tibia hairy dorsally . forewing pattern elements ( fig .
) or entire ; anellus funnel - shaped ; basal ring of anellus moderately sclerotized ; vinculum broad ; saccus present .
: vertex orange ; space between antennal scapes lined with broad pale orange scales ; frons brownish white with luster . antenna 5 / 6 as long as forewing ; scape orange dorsally , brownish white ventrally , pecten reddish brown ; flagellomere dark brown on distal half , pale brownish gray on basal half . labial palpus 1 / 4 as long as maxillary palpus , pale orange , pale orange . maxillary palpus lustrous yellowish white dorsally , gray ventrally .
abdomen : terga lustrous , dark reddish brown ; sterna lustrous , pale yellow .
) : tegumen rectangular , with subtrapezoidal protrusion apically and subtriangular process laterally ; apical protrusion 1 / 2 as long as valva , with round depression ventro - subapically and triangular anterior extension . valva elongate , digitate on distal half , setose subapically ; costa convex at basal 2 / 5 ; sacculus as small , setose bulge . vinculum broad , elliptical , anterior margin convex medially ; saccus short , narrow - subtriangular . phallus slightly curved at distal 1 / 3 , of even width on distal 3 / 4 , broadened on basal 1 / 4 .
mexico : same locality as holotype : 1♂ , 2 ex . , 18 september [ no year ] ( hh smith ) , bmnh .
: vertex yellowish brown , paler to frons ; frons lustrous , pale yellowish gray . antenna 2 / 3 as long as forewing ; scape dark brown dorsally , with broad , lustrous , pale yellowish gray patch ventrally ; first six flagellomeres dark brown dorsally , narrowly white ventrally ; the remaining flagellomeres entirely dark brown . labial palus straight , very small , 3 / 5 as long as antennal scape , pale orange , apex obtuse . maxillary palpus 2× longer than labial palpus , yellowish gray ; each segment tinged with pale orange apically .
thorax : patagium yellowish brown . tegula dark yellowish brown on basal 1 / 4 , pale grayish brown on distal 3 / 4 , paler distad . mesonotum lustrous white on anterior 1 / 3 , dark grayish brown on posterior 2 / 3 . foreleg with coxa dark grayish brown laterally , silvery gray mesally ; femur and tibia dark grayish brown , paler ventrad ; tarsomere i to ii pale orange , with narrow dark brownish gray patch dorsally , the remaining tarsomeres entirely dark grayish brown . midleg with coxa and tibia dark grayish brown laterally , lustrous pale orange mesally ; tibia dark brownish gray dorsally , lustrous pale orange ventrally ; tarsi dark brownish gray . hindleg with coxa and femur lustrous , pale orange ; tibia lustrous , yellowish gray , sparsely hairy dorsally , with dense spiniform setae ventrally ; tarsi dark brownish gray . forewing length 2 . 3–3 . 0 mm ( n = 8 ) , brown , dorsum dark brownish gray basally ; longitudinal fascia , white , extending from base to basal 1 / 3 of forewing , costal fascia white , at distal 2 / 5 of costa , oblique , adjacent to a slender dark brown line on anterior side ; subapical and apical spots white ; tornal patch white , triangular ; dorsal bar white , oblique ; fringe dark orange , each scale with dark brown tip . hindwing and fringe gray .
abdomen : terga lustrous , gray ; sterna lustrous , pale orange . tergum viii of male rectangular ; sternum viii subrectangular , broadly emarginated posteriorly , with oblique furrow laterally and short , stiff coremata posterolaterally .
) : tegumen subtrapezoidal , with semi - elliptical protrusion apically and falcate processes ( uncus ) laterally ; apical protrusion with round opening dorsoposteriorly , connected with u - shaped groove basally ; teguminal process 1 / 2 as long as valve . valva elongate , broadened to base ; apex obtuse , sparsely setose ; sacculus broadened at basal 1 / 3 , narrowed distally , nearly as long as valva . anellus extending to basal 3 / 5 of phallus ; juxta forming a ridge connected to anellus . vinculum broad , smoothly angulate laterally , broadly triangular anteriorly , with setose bulge near base of valva ; saccus short , subtriangular . phallus narrowed to apex , slightly curved at middle .
holotype : male , “arizona : cochise co . : sierra vista 5131 bannock 2 ix 1988” , “attracted to ( e , z ) – 3 13 oddoh @ 1615 - 1730 hrs . ” , “r . s . wielgus collector” , usnm . paratypes ( 78♂ ) : usa : arizona : cochise co . : chiricahua mountains . , sunny flat campground : 1♂ , 28 july 1989 , b & jf landry , cnc . sierra vista : 5131 bannock , 10♂ , 31 august 1988 ( rs wielgus ) , on pheromone trap ; 18♂ , 1 september 1988 , [ gsn ] usnm 31056 ; 12♂ , 2 september 1988 , [ gsn ] usnm 29950 ; 2♂ , 5 september 1988 ; 1♂ , 6 september 1988 ; 7♂ , 9 september 1988 ; 1♂ , 10 september 1988 ; 1♂ , 14 september 1988 ; 3♂ , 15 september 1988 ; 8♂ , 16 september 1988 ; 4♂ , 17 september 1988 ; 7♂ , 18 september 1988 , usnm . graham co . : pinaleno mountains : wet canyon : 3♂ , 22 july 1989 , b & jf landry , cnc .
the species name is a patronym in honor of mr . ronald s . wielgus , who collected nearly the entire type series .
as reported by the collector , ronald wielgus , and indicated on specimen labels , nearly all moths were collected in the late afternoon , between 16 : 15 and 17 : 30 hours . all 157 adults collected thus far are males .
this species is easily distinguished from all other congeners in possessing a black ground - color of the forewing and an elongate process on the transtila of the male genitalia .
: scales on vertex dark reddish brown , as long as antennal scape , directed forward ; semicircular , dome - like scale cap on anterior vertex between antennal scapes , slightly concave anteriomedially , lustrous , pale yellowish gray ; frons lustrous , yellowish gray . antenna 3 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape dark brown dorsally , reddish brown laterally , pale brownish gray ventrally , with flabellate , pale brownish gray scape cap anteroventrally and pecten ; flagellomeres dark brown dorsally , pale brownish gray ventrally . labial palpus straight , slender , conical , obtuse apically , small , 1 / 2 as long as antennal scape , lustrous , pale yellowish gray .
thorax : patagium white on distal half , dark brown on basal half ; tegula white , tinged with dark brown basally ; mesonotum dark brown with coppery luster . foreleg with coxa to tarsomeres lustrous orange - white , narrowly tinged with gray dorsally . midleg with coxa to tibia lustrous orange - white ; femur with broad pale reddish brown patch dorsally ; tibia broadly dark gray dorsally ; tarsomeres dark gray , paler ventrally . hindleg with coxa lustrous pale orange , tinged with brown basally ; femur lustrous pale orange ; tibia and tarsomeres dark gray dorsally , lustrous pale orange ventrally ; tibia spinose dorsally , with hair tufts ventrally . forewing length 2 . 1–3 . 2 mm ( n = 7 ) , dark brown with coppery luster ; longitudinal fascia white , extending from base to basal 1 / 3 of forewing ; costal fascia white , straight , broadened at costa ; dorsal bar white ; subapical , apical and tornal spots white ; fringe gray . hindwing gray , paler to base ; fringe gray .
abdomen : terga lustrous , dark grayish brown ; sterna lustrous , yellowish gray ventrally .
) : tegumen trapezoidal , with digitate process posterolaterally ; teguminal process 1 / 3 as long as valva , sparsely setose on dorsoapical 1 / 2 ; tuba analis arising between teguminal processes . valva subtrapezoidal on basal half , digitate on distal half , densely setose apically and at middle , sparsely setose on distal half ; sacculus broadly swollen and granulate at basal 1 / 3 , convex and setose at distal end . transtilla with elongate process 3 / 4 as long as phallus . juxta with semicircular bulge , connected to anellus . vinculum broad , subquadrate ; saccus quadrate , 1 / 2 as long as lateral process of tegumen . phallus slightly curved , enlarged posteriorly ; apex with linguiform carina .
) : apophyses posteriores 1 . 8× longer than apophyses anteriores . lamella anteveginalis dome - shaped , slanted to ostium bursae . sclerotized protrusion bearing ostium cylindrical , surrounded with conical membranous area . ductus bursae as long as corpus bursae , narrow ; inception of ductus seminalis at posterior 1 / 3 with a cylindrical sclerotization . corpus bursae obovate .
holotype : male , “arizona : cochise co . sierra vista 5131 bannock 18 ix 1988” , “r wielgus collector” , “attracted to 1988 farchan ( z , z ) - 3 , 13 odda @ 1620hrs . in pheromone trap” [ hand - written ] , usnm . paratypes ( 8♂ , 1♀ ) : usa : arizona : cochise co . : same locality as holotype : 1♂ , 13 may 1988 , attracted to pheromone trap ; 3♂ , 28 august 1988 ( r s wielgus ) , attracted to pheromone trap ; 1♂ , 17 september 1988 , all usnm . pima co . : station catalina : 1♂ , [ “iss” ] 13 june 1913 ( hopk . ) , “from trunk of evergreen oak” , [ gsn ] usnm 16406 , usnm . santa cruz co . : peña blanca campground : 2♂ , 22 august 1988 , attracted to pheromone trap , [ wsn ] usnm wing 29949 , usnm . new mexico : grant co . : silver city : 1♀ , 5 june 1974 ( pm jump ) , [ gsn ] usnm 34355 , usnm .
the species name is derived from the latin verb ‘nigrescere’ meaning “verging on black” and refers to the black ground color of the forewing of this species .
: vertex convex medially ; scales on vertex orange , as long as antennal scape , slanted forward ; semicircular , dome - like scale cap on anterior vertex between antennal scapes with compact appressed , lustrous pale yellow scales ; frons smooth , lustrous pale yellow . antenna 3 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape reddish brown dorsally , lustrous pale yellow ventrally , with fan - shaped scale cap anterioventrally ; flagellomeres dark reddish brown dorsally , lustrous pale yellow ventrally . labial palpus straight , slender , very small , 1 / 2 as long as antennal scape , pale orange , apex acuminate . maxillary palpus 3× longer than labial palpus , pale orange .
abdomen : terga lustrous , yellowish gray ; sterna lustrous orange - white . male tergum viii trapezoidal ; male sternum viii subrectangular , broadly emarginated posteriorly , with oblique furrow laterally and short , stiff coremata posterolaterally .
) : tegumen trapezoidal , with subrectangular protrusion apically , strongly sclerotized , digitate process laterally , and short , lanceolate sclerite at center ; long setae above teguminal process ; tuba analis arising from dorsal area of apical protrusion . valva deeply divided into two portions ; costal portion triangular on basal half , elongate on distal half , sparsely setose , apex protruding ; saccular portion elliptical , more densely setose to apex . anellus extending to middle of phallus . vinculum broadly sclerotized , capsulate , with a pair of small protrusions on distal margin . phallus of even width except slightly - swollen at basal 1 / 6 , slightly bifid apically .
) : apophyses posteriores 2× longer than apophyses anteriores . elongate scales on posteroventral margin of a8 . lamella antevaginalis short , cylindrical , with ridge posterolaterally . ductus bursae as long as corpus bursae , narrow on anterior 1 / 2 ; inception of ductus seminalis at middle of ductus bursae , bulged , with a sclerotized ring . corpus bursae obovate .
hickory ( juglandaceae : carya ) and linden ( tiliaceae : possibly tilia americana l . ) ( forbes 1923 ) . these are from the label data in the usnm collection . the collection also includes a specimen whose label data states that it came from oak ( fagaceae : quercus ) . the label data give no details other than plant common names . therefore , it is not clear if these records refer to larval host plants or where the adults were collected .
: vertex orange on posterior 2 / 3 , pale orange on anterior 1 / 3 ; scales on dorsum of occiput dark grayish brown ; scales between antennal scapes lustrous pale orange ; frons lustrous pale yellow . antenna 4 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape as long as diameter of eye , lustrous orange dorsally , lustrous pale yellowish gray laterally and ventrally , lustrous pale grayish brown apically ; flagellomeres pale orange dorsally , lustrous pale yellow ventrally . labial palpus 1 / 2 as long as antennal scape , lustrous pale yellowish gray .
abdomen : male tergum viii and sternum viii subquadrate ; coremata piliform , as long as tergum viii .
) : tegumen nearly as long as valva , semi - elliptical on basal 3 / 4 , rectangular on distal 1 / 4 , with small lateral protrusion dorsoposteriorly . valva elongate , lobate , sparsely setose on outer surface . juxta liguiform , 1 / 2 as long as valva . vinculum broad , gradually broadened anteriorly , with medial and lateral protrusions along anterior margin ; phallus slightly curved at basal 2 / 5 , broadened posteriorly .
holotype : male , “id # : clv102310 [ red letters ] french guiana : [ régina , nouragues research station ] [ lt : 4 . 1 ln : 52 / ] carlos lopez vaamonde 23 - jan - 2010 dna barcode lnoua928 - 10 [ green letters in blue row ] ” , “nou68” , “genitalia slide drd ♂ usnm 34621” [ green label ] , usnm .
the species name is derived from the greek letter ‘lambda’ and a suffix derived from the greek ‘graphein’ meaning “to write” , and refers to the white fascia of the forewing resembling a lambda ( λ ) .
: scales of vertex orange on posterior 2 / 3 , pale orange on anterior 1 / 3 ; scales on dorsum of occiput dark brown , orange on basal 1 / 4 ; scales between antennal scapes lustrous pale orange ; frons very small , pale orange . antenna 4 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape as long as diameter of eye , pale orange , paler ventrad ; flagellomeres pale orange dorsally , silvery white ventrally . labial palpus 1 / 2 as long as antennal scape , lustrous pale orange .
abdomen : male tergum viii rectangular ; male sternum viii rectangular , broadly emarginated posteriorly .
) : tegumen rectangular , convex posteriorly , with sparsely setose , small bulge apically ; tuba analis arising from dorsoposterior region of tegumen . valva digitate , slightly enlarged on basal 1 / 2 , flattened apically , with stout spiniform setae along edges of apical area and with piliform setae in inner surface of costal and saccular areas . anellus conical , nearly as long as phallus . vinculum broad , rectangular ; saccus elongate , 1 / 4 as long as valva . phallus slightly curved at distal 1 / 5 , narrowing to apex , greatly broadened in basal 1 / 6 .
[ red letters ] french guiana : [ régina , nouragues research station ] [ lt : 4 . 1 ln : 52 / ] carlos lopez vaamonde 20 - jan - 2010 dna barcode
[ green letters in blue row ] ” , “nou37” , “genitalia slide drd ♂ usnm 34620” [ green label ] , usnm .
the species name , an adjective , is derived from the latin words ‘curvus’ and ‘lineatus’ , together meaning “curved line” and refers to the curved longitudinal fascia on the forewing of this new species .
: vertex reddish orange on posterior 2 / 3 , pale orange on anterior 1 / 3 ; scales on interspace between antennal scapes yellowish white ; frons lustrous , yellowish white ; occipital area white . antenna 3 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape pale orange dorsally , pale yellowish gray ; flagellomeres pale reddish orange dorsally , yellowish white ventrally . labial palpus as long as maxillary palpus , lustrous , pale yellowish gray , intermixed with dark brown scales apically . maxillary palpus lustrous yellowish white .
abdomen : male tergum viii sclerotized , subtrapezoidal , narrower caudally , emarginated posteriorly , with dense pores on posterior 1 / 3 and long process posterolaterally ; male sternum viii subrectangular , with short coremata posterolaterally .
) : tegumen round posteriorly , nearly parallel laterally , with an oval opening posteromedially ; tuba analis as broad as vinculum . valva divided into two portions ; costal portion as long as tegumen , broad at basal 1 / 3 , narrowed to cucullus , with a rectangular projection and a triangular projection at distal 2 / 5 of dorsal and ventral area respectively ; cucullus digitate , with shallow bulge basally ; saccular portion 1 / 2 as long as costal portion , obovate . anellus extending to basal 5 / 8 of phallus . vinculum elongate , subrectangular , as long as costal portion of valva , with t - shaped sclerotization medially ; saccus 2 / 3 as long as vinculum , narrowed to apex . phallus straight , broadened on basal 1 / 3 .
régina : nouragues research station ( lt : 4 . 1 , ln : 52 ) : 1♂ , 19 january 2010 ( c . lopez - vaamonde ) , dna barcode
meyrick in overall external appearance , but differs from the latter in having darker hindwings . their male genitalia possess several distinct differences including the tegumen with lateral projections in
: vertex orange , intermixed with pale orange scales anteriorly and posteriorly and with dark brown scales laterally ; scales on dorsum of occiput dark brown , orange on basal 1 / 4 ; scales between antennal scapes lustrous pale orange . frons silvery white , concave at center . antenna 4 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape as long as diameter of eye , orange dorsally , silvery white anterolaterally and ventrally , intermixed with grayish brown scales apically ; flagellomeres pale orange dorsally , lustrous pale yellow ventrally ; 1st and 2nd flagellomeres intermixed with grayish brown scales dorsoapically . labial palpus 1 / 2 as long as antennal scape , lustrous pale yellow .
abdomen : male tergum viii rectangular ; male sternum viii subrectangular , with oblique furrow and short coremata laterally .
) : tegumen subtrapezoidal , with sparsely setose , digitate projection posterolaterally . valva divided into two portions ; costal portion 2× longer than tegumen , broad basally , narrowed to cucullus ; cucullus spatulate , narrowly round apically , sparsely setose , with short , spiniform setae in apical 1 / 4 ; saccular portion 1 . 5× as long as tegumen , elongate , obovate , sparsely setose . anellus funnel - shaped , broadened basally . juxta with an ovate bulge and a ridge connected to anellus . vinculum rectangular , slightly concave anteriorly . phallus slender and of even diameter on posterior 4 / 5 , enlarged subtriangularly around ductus ejaculatorius .
[ red letters ] french guiana : [ régina , nouragues research station ] [ lt : 4 . 1 ln : 52 / ] carlos lopez vaamonde 16 - jan - 2010 dna barcode lnoua009 [ sic : 946 ] - 10 [ green letters in blue row ] ” , “genitalia slide drd ♂ usnm 34623” [ green label ] , usnm . paratype :
régina : nouragues research station ( lt : 4 . 1 , ln : 52 ) : 1♂ , 20 january 2010 ( c lopez - vaamonde ) , “id # :
the species name is derived from the latin adjectives , ‘albus’ and ‘vittatus’ , meaning “white” and “banded” respectively , and refers to the white longitudinal band on the forewing of this new species .
: vertex brownish white or pale orange on posterior 2 / 3 , pale yellowish white on anterior 1 / 3 ; scales on interspace between antennal scapes yellowish white ; frons lustrous yellowish white ; scales on occiput pale orange , with dark brown tips dorsally , pale yellowish white laterally . antenna 3 / 5 as long as forewing ; scape pale grayish orange dorsally , lustrous yellowish white ventrally ; flagellomeres pale orange dorsally , yellowish white ventrally . labial palpus 1 / 2 as long as maxillary palpus , dark grayish brown laterally , lustrous yellowish white mesally . maxillary palpus yellowish white .
abdomen : terga pale grayish orange or pale grayish brown ; sterna lustrous , white or pale orange .
) : tegumen triangular , with bifid , setose apex ; tuba analis arising from dorsoposterior area of tegumen . valva divided into two portions ; costal portion broadened in basal 1 / 2 , triangular in distal 1 / 3 ; distal margin of cucullus slightly emarginated medially , with dense long setae ; saccular portion elongate , spatulate , densely setose . anellus conical , nearly as long as phallus , with minute thorns on interior wall . vinculum elongate - subrectangular , with semi - elliptical emargination anteromedially ; saccus elongate , as long as uncus . phallus slightly curved at distal 1 / 3 , broadened anteriorly .
) : apophyses posteriores 2 . 5× longer than apophyses anteriores . lamella antevaginalis conical , obliquely truncate apically , setose posterolaterally . ductus bursae as long as corpus bursae , narrow ; inception of ductus seminalis at posterior 1 / 4 of ductus bursae ; ductus seminalis coiled . corpus bursae obovate , with scattered microscopic thorns .
: vertex pale brown , sparsely intermixed with dark brown scales posterolaterally , pale orange on anterior 1 / 3 ; frons lustrous pale grayish yellow . antenna 8 / 9 as long as forewing ; scape pale orange dorsally , lustrous yellowish white ventrally ; first flagellomere dark brown dorsally , pale yellow ventrally ; second to 9
flagellomeres pale orange dorsally , pale yellow ventrally ; remaining flagellomeres pale grayish yellow . labial palpus 1 / 2 as long as maxillary palpus , dark yellowish brown . maxillary palpus dark yellowish brown .
) : apophyses posteriores 2 . 2× longer than apophyses anteriores . lamella antevaginalis conical and narrowly rounded caudally . ductus bursae as long as corpus bursae , narrow ; inception of ductus seminalis at posterior 1 / 8 of ductus bursae ; ductus seminalis coiled in distal portion . corpus bursae obovate , without signum or microscopic spicules .
holotype : female , “french guiana : nouragues nature reserve nouragues research station sep [ tember ] - 07 - 2010 collected by light trapping” , “genitalia slide drd ♀ usnm 34652” [ green label ] , usnm .
the species name is a patronym in honor of dr . atsushi kawakita who collected the holotype .
: vertex orange ; frons lustrous pale orange , concave at center ; scales on dorsum of occiput pale orange , dark purplish brown on apical 1 / 4 ; scales between antennal scapes , elongate , pale orange . antenna 2 / 3 as long as forewing ; scape as long as diameter of eye , lustrous pale orange , paler ventrad , narrowly suffused with orange dorsally ; flagellomere i–vii pale reddish brown dorsally , lustrous pale orange ventrally ; the remaining flagellomeres lustrous pale orange dorsally , paler ventrad . labial palpus 3 / 4 as long as maxillary palpus , silvery white on interior surface , lustrous pale yellow on exterior surface , suffused with pale grayish orange apically . maxillary palpus pale grayish brown .
abdomen : terga grayish brown ; sterna pale orange . male tergum viii rectangular ; male sternum viii subrectangular , broadly emarginated posteriorly ; coremata absent .
) : tegumen 5 / 7 as long as valva , elliptical , convex anterolaterally , with round opening apically ; tuba analis arising from apical opening . valva divided into two portions ; costal portion broadened in basal 1 / 3 and distal 1 / 3 ; cucullus divided into two projections apically , one falcate and the other small , triangulate ; saccular portion narrow , digitate . juxta trapezoidal . vinculum wide , rectangular , convex posteromedially , with small protrusion laterally ; saccus slender , as long as saccular portion of valva . phallus of even width on basal 4 / 5 , narrowed on distal 1 / 5 , diverging into two projections basally .
) : papillae anales narrow , semi - elliptical ; apophyses posteriores 1 . 2× longer than apophyses anteriores . lamella postvaginalis quadrate . lamella antevaginalis cylindrical . ductus bursae narrow ; inception of ductus seminalis present at middle of ductus bursae . corpus bursae narrow , elliptical .
: vertex reddish brown ; frons pale orange . antenna 3 / 4 as long as forewing ; scape white , suffused with pale orange anterobasally ; first five flagellomeres white ; remaining flagellomeres pale grayish brown . labial palpus and maxilary palpus pale orange .
) . the only specimen of this species has its abdomen missing . its description is pending until additional specimens are found .
french guiana : régina : nouragues research station ( lt : 4 . 1 , ln : 52 ) : 1♂ , 24 january 2010 ( c . lopez - vaamonde ) , dna barcode lnoua958 - 10 , id # : clv105310 , usnm .
phalaena goedartella linnaeus , 1758 , by subsequent designation by busck ( 1907 ) .
eurynome chambers , 1875 : 304 . a junior homonym of eurynome leach , [ 1814 ] [ crustacea ] . syn . n . type species : eurynome luteella chambers , 1875 , by monotypy .
busckia dyar , 1903 : 563 . an objective replacement name of eurynome chambers , 1875 . syn . n .
stated that “head , eye caps and palpi white , the latter stained with yellowish” .
thorax : patagium pale saffron yellow ( chambers 1875 ) ; mesonotum yellowish white , suffused with pale orange laterally and on posterior 1 / 3 . foreleg with coxa pale orange ; other segments missing from holotype . mid - and hindlegs with coxa , femur , and tibia pale orange dorsally , lustrous yellowish white ventrally ; tarsomeres pale grayish brown dorsally , lustrous yellowish white ventrally . forewing 3 . 4 mm ( n = 1 ) , lustrous yellowish white ; basal and apical areas yellowish orange ; antemedian , postmedian , and subterminal fasciae yellowish orange , oblique , indistinctly outlined ; fringe yellowish orange on basal 1 / 3 , purplish gray on distal 2 / 3 . hindwing lustrous yellowish white ; fringe yellowish gray .
) : papillae anales subrectangular , slightly protruding dorsolaterally . apophyses posteriores nearly as long as apophyses anteriores including basal fork . ostium bursae on posterior margin of sternite viii . ductus bursae as long as corpus bursae , funnel - shaped on posterior 2 / 5 ; antrum extending caudally over 1 / 3 of ductus bursae , cylindrical . corpus bursae elongate , elliptical ; signum at anterior area of corpus bursae , denticulate , with two diverging , large , spiniform sclerites posteriorly .
holotype : female , “kentucky [ sic ] chambers” , “type 14964” [ red label ] , “ eurynome luteella chambers” [ hand - written on folded paper ] , “genitalia slide mcz - l122 prep . by jc sohn” [ label with black border lines ] .
zeller , 1853 . the interrelationships of these genera were largely unresolved . in the best maximum likelihood tree constructed by
: clv105310 ) from french guiana which cannot be named due to the loss of the abdomen .
) . all species analysed show distinct dna barcodes with a minimum interspecific pairwise genetic distance of 6 . 9 % among all species . the maximum intraspecific genetic variation ranged from 0 . 9 to 0 . 3 , much lower than interspecific distances , suggesting the existence of a barcode gap although current intraspecific sampling is too limited .
the north american moths of the genera phaeoses , opogona , and oinophila , with a discussion of their supergeneric affinities .
. e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london , 8–9 .
davis dr . ( 1984 ) lyonetiidae . in : hepnner jb . ( ed . )
lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . vol . 1 : evolution , systematics , and biogeography . handbook of zoology
a list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects .
lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states part 1 . cornell university agricultural experiment station memoir 68 .
. w . junk publishers , hague , netherlands , 112 pp . doi :
. j . hübner verlag , augsburg , 431 pp . , 72 pls .
phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea ) .
check list of the lepidoptera of canada and the united states of america . part ii microlepidoptera .
nomina insecta nearctica : check list of the insects of north america , vol . 3 : diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera .
a dna - based registry for all animal species : the barcode index number ( bin ) system .
regier jc , mitter c , davis dr , harrison tl , sohn j - c , cummings mp , zwick a , mitter kt . ( 2015 )
a molecular phylogeny and revised classification for the oldest ditrysian moth lineages ( lepidoptera : tineoidea ) , with implications for ancestral habits of the mega - diverse ditrysia .
sohn j - c , regier jc , mitter c , davis d , landry j - f , zwick a , cummings mp . ( 2013 )
a molecular phylogeny for yponomeutoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera , ditrysia ) and its implications for classification , biogeography and the evolution of host plant use .
biologia centrali - americana . insecta . lepidoptera - heterocera . 4 . tineina , pterophorina , orneodina , and pyralidina and hepialina ( part . )
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .


the yellow snake-eel ( ophichthus zophochir , also known as the charmed snake eel ) is an eel in the family ophichthidae .

it was described by david starr jordan and charles henry gilbert in 1882 .

it is a marine , subtropical eel known from the eastern central and southeastern pacific ocean , including chile , costa rica , colombia , ecuador , guatemala , el salvador , honduras , nicaragua , mexico , panama , peru , and the united states .

it dwells at a depth range of 1 to 110 m ( 3.3 to 360.9 ft ) , and forms burrows in rocky and sandy regions .

males can reach a maximum total length of 88 cm ( 35 in ) , but more commonly reach a length of 50 cm ( 20 in ) .

the species epithet zophochir , derived from the greek term for " dark hand " , refers to the dark colouring of the eel 's pectoral fin .

its diet consists of bony fish and clams .

due to its wide distribution in the eastern pacific , lack of known threats , and lack of observed population decline , the iucn redlist currently lists the yellow snake-eel as least concern .

yellow snake - eel

the yellow snake eel , due to its unique characteristics , cannot be confused with any other species .
in mexican waters the yellow snake eels are found in all waters of the pacific .
yellow snake eel , ophichtyhus zophochir . fish caught from a pier in puerto adolfo lopez mateos , baja california sur , may 2017 . length : 60 cm ( 24 inches ) . tail : 65 % .
the yellow snake eel , ophichthus zophochir , whose common spanish name is tieso amarillo , is a species in the snake eel or ophichthidae family , known collectively as tiesos in mexico . globally , there are sixty - six species in the genus ophichthus , nine of which are found in mexican waters , three in the atlantic and six in the pacific .
the yellow snake eels , although fairly abundant and of good size , are of limited interest to most and normally a “catch and release” .
the yellow snake eels are found mostly within burrows in sandy and muddy bottoms at depths up to 350 feet . they reach a maximum length of 98 cm ( 3 feet 3 inches ) . the yellow snake eels are a poorly studied species and very little is known about their behavioral patterns .
typical eel - like shape with a spike - like tail , no fin rays and no spots . reddish - olive , yellowish - brown or yellow above ; lighter below .
posted in daily musings . . . , pierfishing , saltwater fishing and tagged with balboa pier , berkeley pier , cusk - eel , dana harbor pier , hermosa beach pier , pierfishing , saltwater fish , saltwater fishing , snake eel . rss 2 . 0 feed .
an unusual , gnarly catch that enjoys twisting its limber body around your arm ( and scaring the bejeebers out of you ) when you try to unhook it . a related species , considered rare in california , is the spotted snake eel ( ophichthus triserialis ) . the spotted snake eel ranges from peru to humboldt bay , including the galapagos islands and the gulf of california .
yellow snake eel , ophichthus zophochir . fish provided by the commercial fishermen of the greater los cabos area , baja california sur , august 2009 . length : 62 cm ( 24 inches ) . identification courtesy of h . j . walker , jr . , scripps institution of oceanography , la jolla , ca .
eww , a snake ! in mexico called tieso amarillo ; in peru called anguila amarilla or culebra marina .
pfic has had reports from quite a few piers . best bets : oceanside harbor pier , dana point harbor pier , balboa pier , newport pier , seal beach pier , belmont pier , burton chace park pier , venice pier and the small piers inside of newport bay and huntington harbor . science records show an ophichthus zophochir being taken from the del mar pier in 1960 ( although the pier was demolished in 1959 ) and from the berkeley pier in 1964 . pfic regular “mel” caught , photographed , and released a yellow snake eel from the berkeley pier in 2006 . in 2002 i photographed one that was caught by a fellow angler one night out at the end of the newport pier ( the same night i caught a basketweave cusk - eel , otophidium scrippsi ) . that snake eel and the cusk - eel were given to the df & g .
mccosker , j . e . and rosenblatt , r . h . , 1998 . , a revision of the eastern pacific snake - eel genus ophichthus ( anguilliformes : ophichthidae ) with the description of six new species . , proc . calif . acad . sci . , 50 : 397 - 432 .
common names : snake - eel ( english ) , tieso ( espanol ) ophichthus zophochir jordan & gilbert , 1882 yellow snake - eel body elongate , slender ; tail 63 - 70 % or more of tl ; eye moderate , about over middle of mouth ; front nostril tubular under snout ; rear nostril a hole just above top lip , covered by a flap attached to lip ; 1 barbel between front and rear nostrils , and usually 2 behind rear nostril ; rear nostril opens just above lip or in mouth ; snout overhanging ; mouth large ; teeth pointed , 2 rows on jaws , and on front of roof of mouth , no canines ; gill opening vertical , semicircular ; dorsal origin over middle of pectorals ; tip of tail a blunt , finless point ; pectoral fin long , pointed , reaching past dorsal fin origin , with restricted base - opposite and above upper half of gill opening ; lateral line not abruptly arched at rear of head . brown or purplish brown above , paler to yellowish below ; row of pores on lower jaw in dark spots , lateral line pores of body unmarked ; lower jaw , throat , opercular region and all fins dark . size : 98 cm . habitat : in burrows in muddy , rocky and sandy bottoms . depth : 0 - 110 m . n california to the gulf of california to peru .
this species is found in the eastern pacific from humboldt bay in northern california to peru . this species was first reported from california ( hubbs , 1916 ) from a specimen collected off of long beach . since then , there have been a number of reports from california . the snake eels that have been observed have all been adults and most have been exceptionally large individuals ( mccosker and rosenblatt , 1998 ) .
the yellow snake eels have elongated slender cylindrical bodies . they have a uniform drab brown - gray coloration and are lighter ventrally . they have a row of pores on their lower jaw and three pores that run from above the rear of their mouth upward behind their eye ( pictured below ) all of which have dark spots . their lower jaw , throat , gill cover region , and fins are dark . their head has an overhanging snout with moderately - sized eyes located over the middle of their large mouth . their rear nostril is just above the top lip and is covered by a flap . they have one barbel between their front and rear nostrils and two behind their rear nostril . their teeth are pointed with two rows on the jaws and one on the roof of the mouth ; they do not have canines . their dorsal fin originates over the middle of their long and pointed pectoral fins . their tail , which is blunt and ends in a hard finless point , is 63 to 70 % of total length . they have no scales .
these eels are great for aquariums and are long lived . these eels demands a large aquarium with lots of rockwork it can use to hide its long body . these eels have poor eyesight and while they can be kept with other community fish , it is not recommended ; they will fair best in a species only tank . our eels will accept most foods including fish , shrimp , clams , octopus , and silver sides . your tank should have a secure top and no openings that the eel could climb out through . true eels are elongated fishes , they possess no pelvic fins , and many species also lack pectoral fins . the dorsal and anal fins are fused with the caudal or tail fin , to form a single ribbon running along much of the length of the animal . most true eels prefer to dwell in shallow waters or hide at the bottom layer of the ocean , sometimes in holes . eels possess a flat and transparent larva . these drift in the surface waters of the sea feeding on dissolved nutrients , before developing first into glass eels and then into a young eel , referred to as an elver , and seeking out the adult habitat .
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mccosker , j . , béarez , p . & and lea , b .
justification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific region . no major threats to this species are known , and there is no current indication of population decline from fishing activities . it is listed as least concern .
this fish inhabits rocky and sandy areas to depths of 110m , and is a burrowing species that feeds on clams and fish ( fitch and lavenberg , 1968 ) . as ophichthus species have been collected in warm - water as well as cold - water years , and some studies suggest that captures in california may be correlated with el niño events . warm oceanographic conditions have persisted since the early 80s , and may explain the mechanism of transport for tropical ophichthids to higher - latitude waters . it may be that ophichthid leptocephali arrive off the coast during conditions of northerly flow of ocean currents correlated with warm - water events , settle out , and then live an expatriated existence life .
this species is captured regularly by shrimp trawlers throughout its range . it is also fished using hooks and lines , and represents about 3 % of the fish caught in colombia ( rojas , 2004 ) .
there are no known specific conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas ( wdpa 2006 ) , such as those in the gulf of california and el parque nacional natural gorgona in colombia .
mccosker , j . , béarez , p . & and lea , b . 2010 .
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from huacho , peru , to eureka , humboldt bay ; also seen in the gulf of california .
found in both sandy and rocky areas down to a 60 - foot depth ( although one source says 210 feet ) . officially considered rare by the ca fish and game ( supposedly under 20 ever reported in california ) although pier fishing in california ( pierfishing . com ) has had many reports of these eels over the years , most commonly from newport bay and huntington harbor .
taken incidentally by anglers fishing on the bottom for other species . most commonly taken at night and with squid as bait ( although their preferred food is supposedly fish and clams ) . tackle should be kept simple : a medium - sized outfit with light line and a size 6 to 2 hook . be prepared for a surprisingly spirited tussle .
: don’t know anyone who has eaten one although most eels are considered fair to good eating .
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the ultimate pier fishing resource for pacific coast pier anglers with over 350 new photos and illustrations added to this edition , including detailed , species - specific illustrations of fish - cleaning , rigging illustrations , and maps . the history and culture of each pier is thoroughly covered .
ken is an outdoor writer who has traveled and fished the shores of california for more than 50 years . read more
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this tang is great to have it grows really fast and the blue color pops . its a must to gave this tang in a bigger tank i had mine as a baby in a 55 gal and in a year he got around 5 inch and had
this tang is great to have it grows really fast and the blue color pops . its a must to gave this tang in a bigger tank i had mine as a baby in a 55 gal and in a year he got around 5 inch and had to upgrade to a 185 gal and he is already out growing the 18
white sponge / mold / fungus looking stuff all over my rocks . . . help !
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body elongate , slender ; eye over middle of mouth ; front nostril a short tube under overhanging snout ; rear nostril a hole just above top lip , covered by a flap attached to lip ; 1 barbel between front and rear nostrils , and usually 2 behind rear nostril ; pectoral fin long , pointed , reaching past dorsal fin origin , with restricted base - opposite and above upper half of gill opening , long and narrow ; gill opening a vertical slit low on side ; teeth pointed , in 2 rows on jaws , and on front of roof of mouth ; dorsal origin over middle of pectorals ; lateral line arched over pectoral region ; tail longer than head and trunk , 63 - 70 % of total length , tip a hard finless point .
brown or purplish brown above , paler to yellowish below ; row of pores on lower jaw in dark spots , lateral line pores of body unmarked ; lower jaw , throat , opercular region and all fins dark .
attributes abundance : common . cites : not listed . climate zone : north temperate ( californian province & / or northern gulf of california ) ; northern subtropical ( cortez province + sinaloan gap ) ; northern tropical ( mexican province to nicaragua + revillagigedos ) ; equatorial ( costa rica to ecuador + galapagos , clipperton , cocos , malpelo ) ; south temperate ( peruvian province ) . depth range max : 110 m . depth range min : 0 m . diet : bony fishes ; mobile benthic gastropods / bivalves . eastern pacific range : northern limit = 40 ; southern limit = - 9 ; western limit = - 125 ; eastern limit = - 78 ; latitudinal range = 49 ; longitudinal range = 47 . egg type : pelagic ; pelagic larva . feeding group : carnivore . fishbase habitat : demersal . global endemism : tropical eastern pacific ( tep ) endemic ; east pacific endemic ; all species . habitat : mud ; sand & gravel ; soft bottom ( mud , sand , gravel , beach , estuary & mangrove ) ; soft bottom only . inshore offshore : inshore ; inshore only . iucn red list : not evaluated / listed . length max : 98 cm . regional endemism : continent only ; continent ; tep endemic ; continental tep endemic ; 3 provinces ( cortez + mexican + panamic ) endemic ; all species . residency : resident . salinity : marine ; brackish . water column position : bottom ; bottom only ;
béarez , p . , 1996 . , lista de los peces marinos del ecuador continental . , revista de biologia tropical , 44 : 731 - 741 .
castri - aguirre , j . l . , espinoza - pérez , h . and schmitter - soto , j . j . , 2002 . , lista sitemática , biogeográfica y ecológica de la ictiofauna estuarino lagunar y vicaria de méxico . en : lozano - vilano , m . l . ( ed . ) . libro jubilar en honor al dr . salvador contreras balderas . , universidad autonoma de nuevo león : 117 - 142 .
castro - aguirre , j . l . and balart , e . f . , 1997 . , contribución al conocimiento de la ictiofauna de fondos blandos y someros de la ensenada de la paz y bahía de la paz , b . c . s . . en urbán ramírez , j . y m . ramírez rodríguez ( eds . ) . la bahía de la paz investigación y conservación . , universidad autónoma de baja california sur : 139 - 150 .
castro - aguirre , j . l . , 1999 . , ictiofauna estuarino - lagunar y vicaria de méxico . , editorial limusa s . a . de c . v . : 1 - 629pp .
de la cruz , j . , galvan , f . , abitia , l . a . , rodriguez , j . and gutierrez , f . j . , 1994 . , lista sistematica de los peces marinos de bahia magdalena , baja california sur ( mexico ) . systematic list of marine fishes from bahia magdalena , baja california sur ( mexico ) . , ciencias marinas , 20 : 17 - 31 .
eschmeyer , w . n . , herald , e . s . and hamman , h . , 1983 . , a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america from the gulf of alaska to baja california . peterson field guide ser . 28 . , houghton mifflin : 336pp .
findley , l . t . , hendrickx , m . e . , brusca , r . c . , van der heiden , a . m . , hastings , p . a . , torre , j . , 2003 . , diversidad de la macrofauna marina del golfo de california , mexico . , cd - rom versión 1 . 0 . projecto de la macrofauna del golfo . derechos reservados de los autores y conservación internacional .
fischer , w . , krup , f . , schneider , w . , sommer , c . , carpenter , k . e . and niem , v . h . , 1995 . , guia fao para la identificacion de especies de para los fines de la pesca . pacifico centro - oriental . volumen iii . vertebrados - parte 2 . , fao3 : 1201 - 1813 .
fowler , h . w . , 1944 . , results of the fifth george vanderbilt expedition ( 1941 ) ( bahamas , caribbean sea , panama , galapagos archipelago and mexican pacific islands ) . the fishes . , acad . nat . sci . philadel . , monographs , 6 : 57 - 529 .
hubbs , c . l . , 1916 . , notes on the marine fishes of california . , univ . calif . pubs . zool . , 16 : 153 - 169 .
jimenez - prado , p . , béarez , p . , 2004 . , peces marinos del ecuador continental / marine fishes of continental ecuador . , simbioe / nazca / ifea tomo 1 y 2 .
jordan , d . s . and evermann , b . w . , 1896 . , the fishes of north and middle america : a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish - like vertebrates found in the waters of north america , north of the isthmus of panama . part i . , bull . u . s . nat . mus . , 47 : 1 - 1240 .
jordan , d . s . and gilbert , c . h . , 1882 . , description of thirty - three new species of fishes from mazatlan , mexico . , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 4 ( 1881 ) : 338 - 365 .
jordan , d . s . and gilbert , c . h . , 1882 . , list of fishes now in the museum of yale college , collected by prof . frank h . bradley , at panama , with descriptions of three new species . , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 5 : 620 - 632 .
jordan , d . s . and gilbert , c . h . , 1883 . , list of the fishes now in the museum of yale college , collected by prof . frank h . bradley at panama , with descriptions of three new species . , proc . u . s . nat . mus . , 5 ( 1882 ) : 620 - 632 .
jordan , d . s . , 1895 . , the fishes of sinaloa . , proceedings of the california academy of sciences ( series 2 ) , 5 : 377 - 514 .
lea , r . n . and rosenblatt , r . h . , 2000 . , observations on fishes associated with the 1997 - 1998 el niño off california . , calcofl rep . , 41 : 117 - 129 .
lopez , m . i . and bussing , w . a . , 1982 . , lista provisional de los peces marinos de la costa rica . , revista de biologia tropical , 30 ( 1 ) : 5 - 26 .
love , m . s . , mecklenburg , c . w . , mecklenburg , t . a . , thorsteinson , l . k . , 2005 . , es of the west coast and alaska : a checklist of north pacific and artic ocena species from baja california to the alaska - yukon border . , u . s . department of the interior , u . s . geological survey , biological resources division , 288pp .
madrid vera , j . , ruíz luna , a . and rosado bravo , i . , 1998 . , peces de la plataforma continental de michoacán y sus relaciones regionales en el pacífico mexicano . , revista de biologia tropical , 42 ( 2 ) : 267 - 276 .
meek , s . e . and hildebrand , s . f . , 1923 . , the marine fishes of panama . part i . , field mus . nat . hist . , zool . ser . publ . , xv : 1 - 330 .
minckley , w . l . , 2002 . , fishes of the lowermost colorado river , its delta , and estuary : a commentary on biotic change . en : lozano - vilano , m . l . ( ed . ) . libro jubilar en honor al dr . salvador contreras balderas . , universidad autonoma de nuevo león : 63 - 78 .
phillips , p . c . , 1981 . , annotated checklist of fishes at jiquilisco bay , el salvador . , revista de biologia tropical , 29 : 45 - 58 .
pérez - mellado , j . , findley , ll . f . , 1985 . , evaluación de la ictiofauna acompañante del camarón capturado en las costas de sonora y norte de sinaloa , méxico . in yáñez - arancibia , a . ( ed . ) recursos pesqueros potenciales de méxico : la pesca acompañante del camarón . , universidad nacional autónoma de méxico : cap . 5 : 201 - 254 .
ricker , k . e . , 1959 . , mexican shore and pelagic fishes collected from acapulco to cape san lucas during the 1957 cruise of the
marijean
. , univ . brit . columbia inst . fish . , mus . contrib . , 3 : 18pp .
rubio , r . e . a . and estupiñan , f . , 1990 . , ictiofauna del parque nacional natural sanquianga , un analisis de su estructura y perspectivas para su manejo . , memorias del vii seminario nacional de las ciencias y tecnologías del mar . comisión colombiana de oceanografía . bogota , colombia . , : 660 - 670 .
rubio , e . a . , 1988 . , estudio taxonomico de la ictiofauna acompañante del camaron en areas costeras del pacifico de colombia . , memorias del vi seminario nacional de las ciencias del mar . comisión colombiana de oceanografía . bogota , colombia . , : 169 - 183 .
van der heiden , a . m . and findley , l . t . , 1988 . , lista de los peces marinos del sur de sinaloa , méxico . , anales del centro de ciencias del mar y limnologia de la universidad autonoma nacional de mexico , 15 : 209 - 224 .
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greek , ophis = serpent + greek , ichthys = fish ( ref . 45335 )
name from greek zophochi meaning dark hand , referring to the dusky pectoral fin ( ref . 4525 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 1 - 110 m ( ref . 31243 ) . subtropical
eastern pacific : eureka in northern california , usa to peru ; uncommon in north of baja california , mexico .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 98 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 96339 ) ; common length : 50 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 55763 )
inhabits rocky and sandy areas . a burrowing species . feeds on clams and fish ( ref . 4525 ) .
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )
) : 17 . 6 - 28 . 6 , mean 23 . 4 ( based on 122 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 60 se ; based on food items .
) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 30 ) .
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data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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