acrolophitus pulchellus is a species of grasshopper in the family acrididae .

it is endemic to idaho in the united states .

its common name is idaho point-headed grasshopper .

this grasshopper occurs in a limited range , mostly in clark and custer counties in idaho .

an important host plant for the insect is stemless mock goldenweed ( stenotus acaulis ) .

this grasshopper is a mottled " apple green " and white in color , the male with a reddish tinge .

acrolophitus pulchellus

orthopteroid specialist group 1996 . acrolophitus pulchellus . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2014 . 2 . downloaded on 28 august 2014 .
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orthoptera species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki
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bruner , l . 1889 . proc . u . s . nation . mus . 12 : 60 > > pedioscertetes pulchella urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 63960
scudder , s . h . 1901 . occ . papers boston soc . nat . hist . 6 : 13 > > acrocara pulchellum urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 63959
type locality : northern america , northwestern u . s . a . , idaho , birch creek
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comments : known only from idaho ; in association with grayia polygaloides ( chenopodiaceae ) .
non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
in idaho . it lives in dry , sparsely vegetated shrubland habitat on foothills and in floodplains . an important host plant for the insect is
and white in color , the male with a reddish tinge . it has a pointed face , threadlike antennae , and a coat of soft hairs all over its body . the average male is about 22 millimeters long , while the average female is about 32 millimeters .
waterbury , b . idaho point - headed grasshopper survey and inventory . bureau of land management , idaho falls district . december 2010 .
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otte , d . 1994 - 1995 . orthoptera species file , volumes 1 - 5 . the orthopterists ' society and the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pennsylvania .
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use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
eades , d . c . and d . otte . 2010 . orthoptera species file online . version 2 . 0 / 4 . 0 . online . available : urltoken
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
brust m . , thurman j . , reuter c . , black l . , redford a . j . ( 2014 ) grasshoppers of the western u . s . , ed . 4
contains relatively detailed factsheets about wyoming grasshoppers . this may be the new link for all of the urltoken links that don ' t work anymore .
this key can be used to identify tree crickets found in the u . s .
in the format of a printed guide ; published by the nebraska extension service out of the university of nebraska . has identification keys , photographs of pinned specimens , and distribution maps for most species in the state . it is a good reference for identifying grasshoppers , useful in much of the northern and central great plains and regions immediately adjacent .
contributed by david j . ferguson on 2 november , 2009 - 2 : 42pm
identification notes and general information about grasshoppers of the canadian prairies and the northern great plains .
checklist contains 215 true orthoptera plus 19 species of cockroaches , 4 species of mantids and 8 species of walkingsticks . link updated 14 january 2010 .
pdf file , full title : the orthoptera of michigan — biology , keys , and descriptions of grasshoppers , katydids , and crickets . i only see the acrididae in that link - - needs investigation . color photos of each genus in that volume . apparently the pdf is only part of the whole publication - - too bad . there is supposed to be a print version , quoting from the web site : the orthoptera of michigan , biology , keys , and descriptions of grasshoppers , katydids and crickets by roger bland . msu extension bulletin e - 2815 , 220 pp . isbn - 1 - 56525 - 017 - 6 . ordering information is online at :
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
from another report ( u72sco01idus ) :
five specimens collected for the [ nymphal ] study . only 1 to 3 specimens collected on any trip . certainly never in any abundance .
on the flats above the low bluffs . they were possibly on the low forbs in the open areas between shrubs . the nymphs were collected on the ground in the more open areas .


the prickly shark ( echinorhinus cookei ) is one of the two species of sharks in the family echinorhinidae ( the other one is the bramble shark ) , found in the pacific ocean over continental and insular shelves and slopes , and in submarine canyons .

bottom-dwelling in nature , it generally inhabits cool waters 100 – 650 m ( 330 – 2,130 ft ) deep , but it also frequently enters shallower water in areas such as monterey bay off california .

this stocky , dark-colored shark grows up to 4.0 m ( 13.1 ft ) long , with two small dorsal fins positioned far back on its body and no anal fin .

it is characterized by a dense covering of thorn-like dermal denticles , hence its common name .

nocturnally active , the prickly shark rests during the day in deeper offshore waters and performs a diel migration to shallower inshore waters at dusk .

individual sharks have a small home range and tend to remain within a given local area .

this species consumes a variety of bony and cartilaginous fishes , and cephalopods .

since it moves slowly , it may use suction to capture prey .

it is aplacental viviparous , with females producing sizable litters .

the prickly shark is not known to be dangerous to humans and has minimal economic value .

it is caught incidentally by commercial deepwater fisheries , which are expanding and may potentially threaten its population .

thus , the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has assessed this species as near threatened .

prickly shark

bramble shark , cooke ' s shark , prickle shark , spinous shark , spiny shark .
prickly shark - head view full size photographer : j . broomfield © museum victoria
ガヴァドン！ rt @ rfedortsov prickly dogfish shark . cute shark . by @ britfinucci . прикольная такая акула urltoken urltoken
prickly shark caught off tasmania view full size photographer : j . broomfield © museum victoria
роман федорцов on twitter :
prickly dogfish shark . cute shark . by @ britfinucci . прикольная такая акула…
di bray measuring a prickly shark view full size photographer : j . broomfield © museum victoria
there are not known to be any specific conservation measures currently in place for the prickly shark .
subtidal observations of the prickly shark , echinorhinus cookei . in the monterey submarine canyon , california .
the bramble shark reaches a length of over 10 ft , and the prickly shark grows to about 13 . 2 ft .
the prickly shark held briefly in captivity in monterey yesterday is the kind of weird creature children love .
the bramble shark ranges widely in temperate and tropical seas . currently , the prickly shark is known only as a pacific ocean dweller .
the prickly shark is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
specimen of a prickly shark ( author : d ross robertson / wiki commons , p . d . )
the maximum recorded weight for a prickly shark was a female that weighed 266 kg ( 586 lbs . )
stomach contents of prickly sharks have included fishes ( including sharks and rays ) and cephalopods .
deepwater and trawl fisheries are known to catch the prickly shark as bycatch , and as deepwater fishing becomes more common , the frequency of unnecessary deaths of this species could increase ( 1 ) ( 8 ) . the prickly shark has no commercial value ( 8 ) .
divers that have encountered the prickly shark in water report that it mostly retreats from human presence and doesn’t make any attempt to attack .
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arkive species - prickly shark ( echinorhinus cookei )
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the order echinorhiniformes includes two species of shark : the prickly shark and the bramble shark . they get their names from the thorn - like dermal denticles covering their skin , and are slow - swimming bottom - dwelling sharks .
) — right . note that those of the bramble shark have rounded bases and often fuse together , while those of the prickly shark are stellate with heavily - ridged spines and never fuse .
despite that , prickly sharks were still misidentified as bramble sharks till 1960 , when jack garrick described the species afresh .
two species of echinorhinus ( bramble sharks ) are known from australian waters . the prickly shark and the bramble shark , echinorhinus brucus . the latter species has fewer , sparsely spaced denticles on the body .
bluntnose sixgill sharks eat the young of prickly sharks and vice versa ( wiki commons / noaa , p . d . )
mostly found in deep water , the prickly shark appears to make seasonal migrations to shallow inshore areas , the purpose of which is unknown ( 8 ) ( 9 ) .
prickly sharks have been observed suspending themselves almost motionlessly just off the sea bottom . the reason for this hovering behavior is unknown .
we found this picture of the prickly skate ( brochiraja asperula ) holotype ( garrick & paul , 1974 ) from te papa .
the smallest shark , a dwarf lantern shark , is rarely seen and little - known .
the blade - like teeth of the prickly shark are found in both jaws and have multiple points ( 8 ) , usually up to three on each side of the tooth ( 2 ) . the teeth of the juvenile prickly shark have only one point , and it has a relatively slender body when compared with the stouter adult ( 2 ) ( 9 ) .
the prickly shark has two small dorsal fins and numerous , thorn - like denticles on the body . the species has been caught in scattered localities around the pacific region including australia .
the prickly shark is ovoviviparous , with foetuses developing within eggs , which then hatch inside the female . one of the most fecund shark species , the prickly shark is known to give birth to up to 114 young at a time ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) , which measure around 40 to 45 centimetres at birth ( 1 ) . the male prickly shark reaches sexual maturity when it is about 240 centimetres long and the female when it is around 300 centimetres long ( 8 ) . the reproductive cycle and courtship techniques of this species are poorly known ( 1 ) .
the prickly shark is a completely gray - colored , and rarely seen shark native to the waters around specific parts of the pacific ocean like new zealand , hawaii , philippines , etc . it’s one of two species in the echinorhinidae family .
varoujean , d . h . , 1972 . systematics of the genus echinorhinus blainville , based on a study of the prickly shark echinorhinus cookei . ma thesis , department of zoology , fresno state college , 56 p .
the prickly shark is nocturnal : resting during the day and migrating to shallower waters at dusk . it has little to no economic value commercially as its meat is considered too soft but it’s often caught as bycatch by deepwater fisheries .
the prickly shark inhabits tropical and temperate waters . it is usually found near the soft , sandy sea bed on insular and continental shelves between depths of 10 and 400 metres , but it may also occur up to depths of 1 , 500 metres in some areas ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . although the prickly shark mostly prefers deep , cool water , it is also occasionally found in shallower inshore waters ( 8 ) .
the prickly skate , brochiraja asperula , is an endemic skate to new zealand waters found at depths of up to 200 to 1 , 300 m on the continental shelf and slope .
mark has taken some stunning videos of the sharks caught by the himb research team . “have you seen the prickly shark release video ? ” he asked me . i hadn’t . “we sometimes do tagging of deep sea sharks , species that live 700 feet or more below the surface . ” they’ve caught a variety of species from these depths , but mark was particularly excited when they hooked a prickly shark ( echinorhinus cookei ) . “hardly any footage of it exists , ” he explained .
cite this article as : dawson cl , starr rm ( 2009 ) movements of subadult prickly sharks echinorhinus cookei in the monterey canyon . mar ecol prog ser 386 : 253 - 262 . urltoken
the prickly shark is a sluggish species but because it’s able to catch fast - swimming fish , the assumption is that it uses suction to trap them . they also have from 21–25 and 20–27 rows of knife - like teeth in their upper and lower jaws respectively .
the prickly shark , the viper fish , and all the other weird and wonderful animals that captivate my kids , are reminders that the world is still full of secrets waiting to be revealed and that strange and exotic things can be found even in the most familiar places .
the 15 species of mackerel sharks ( lamniformes ) includes the great white shark , basking shark , megamouth shark , goblin shark and thresher shark , among others . they are found all over the world and in shallow water to the deep sea . the embryos of mackerel sharks feed on their younger siblings and fertilized eggs while still in the womb .
there are three different ways that a baby shark can be born once a female shark has a fertilized egg , depending on the species .
dawson , c . l . and starr , r . m . ( 2009 ) movements of subadult prickly sharks echinorhinus cookei in the monterey canyon . marine ecology progress series , 386 : 253 - 262 .
the four - foot long prickly shark has thorny skin and an extra dorsal fin at the base of its tail . it ' s found mostly in submarine canyons and its numbers are being depleted due to overfishing . it can be found at a depths of 3 , 000 feet .
although it is a relatively sluggish shark , the prickly shark is able to move quickly when chasing prey ( 1 ) . it feeds by using its specially adapted mouth to create a vacuum effect , sucking its prey into its mouth ( 6 ) ( 8 ) . the diet of this species is mainly composed of young bluntnose sixgill sharks ( hexanchus griseus ) , spurdog sharks ( squalus spp . ) and egg cases from other sharks , as well as cephalopods , crustaceans and bony , benthic fishes ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) . the only known predator of the prickly shark is the bluntnose sixgill shark , which takes younger individuals ( 8 ) .
the discovery channel shark celebration “shark week” has been releasing over - the - top shark documentaries and parodies since its inception in 1987 . although peppered with informative pieces about sharks , a large proportion of their production centers around sharing scary shark stories , and in recent years fake documentaries that perpetuate myths about the species ( such as
megalodon : the monster shark lives ,
which indicates that the extinct shark ancestor is actually alive ) .
there are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :
grows to a length of 13 feet ( 4 metres ) and has only moderately enlarged , thorn - like denticles that never fuse . the prickly shark apparently has much larger litters than its congener — 114 pups ( each about 2 feet or 60 centimetres long ) were reported in a 6 - foot ( 184 - centimetre ) specimen from hawaiian waters . divers have recently swum with loose aggregations of prickly sharks at depths of between 65 and 100 feet ( 20 and 30 metres ) in monterey canyon . the sharks seemed strongly oriented to the bottom and canyon walls ; at no time did they appear to pose a threat to the divers . prickly sharks have also been observed floating almost motionless just above the sea bottom . the reason for this hovering behavior remains a mystery .
jonathan explores the world of the prickly shark - - a deep water shark that lives in cold , deep water ! * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * if you like jonathan bird ' s blue world , don ' t forget to subscribe ! you can buy some blue world t - shirts & swag ! urltoken you can join us on facebook ! urltoken twitter urltoken instagram @ blueworldtv web : urltoken * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * it’s prickly but not itchy and it rarely bites ! i’m jonathan bird and this is shark academy ! the prickly shark is a rare , cool - water loving shark in the pacific , typically found between 100 and 600 meters deep . it’s almost never seen by divers and this footage was captured from a submarine over 500 feet below the surface . prickly sharks sometimes come up into shallow water at night to feed , but in the rare case when a diver spots one , they are not dangerous . all sharks have sandpapery skin due to their dermal denticals , but the ones on the prickly shark are particularly thorn - like , or prickly , which is where this shark gets its name . the strange , blade - like teeth with strong cusps and multiple points are used for biting into smaller prey such as squid and schooling fish .
bullhead sharks are relatively inelegant for a shark , living [ . . . ]
preliminary diet analysis of the blue shark prionace glauca in the eastern south pacific .
age growth , and reproduction of the oceanic whitetip shark from the pacific ocean .
viviparity is when a shark nourishes her growing shark embryo internally and gives birth to a fully - functional live pup . these shark species , like the hammerheads ( sphyrnidae ) , maintain a placental link to the embryo , similar to humans .
mark stabilizing a very large tiger shark while the rest of the team attaches tags and collects samples . photo courtesy of mark royer and the himb shark research lab
the content analysis of 41 australian newspaper articles pertaining to the grey nurse shark .
the bramble shark is not known to pose a danger to humans . it is
the prickly shark is found in the pacific ocean , where it is known from the waters surrounding australia , japan , new zealand , palau , nicaragua , costa rica , chile , peru , taiwan , china and hawaii and california in the united states ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) .
the prickly shark has two small dorsal fins positioned posteriorly on the body . it lacks an anal fin . there are numerous , thorn - like denticles on the body . it is usually grey - brown in colour . the margins of the fins are sometimes black and the underside of the snout and around the mouth are usually white .
reefquest centre for shark research text and illustrations © r . aidan martin copyright | privacy
monterey bay aquarium - exclusive tour ft . jelly fish , otters , great white shark
this shark is a sluggish swimmer , but its exact swimming speed is not documented .
the major threat to this shark remains bycatch by deepwater commercial fisheries in its locality .
reproductive biology of the bigeye thresher shark , alopias superciliosus , in the northwestern pacific .
the abundance of the blue shark , prionace glauca , in the western english channel .
chlamydoselachus anguineus - frilled shark only one pacific coast record : pt . arguello , california
the spiny dogfish ( pictured ) is a known prey item of the bramble shark .
the prickly shark prefers cooler temperatures ( 5 . 5–11 °c or 41 . 9–51 . 8 °f ) , and it swims mostly below depths of 100 to 200 meters ( 330–660 feet ) . it also inhabits continental and insular shelves and slopes , preferring to keep to the ocean floor . it’s also found in submarine canyons , close to the walls .
) . from 1996 to 2010 , they represented 98 % of total shark landings . blue shark is the most common species landed in peru ( 42 % of shark landings ) , followed by shortfin mako ( 20 % ) , smooth hammerhead ( 15 % ) , smooth - hound shark ( 7 % ) , common thresher ( 6 % ) , and angel shark ( 4 % ) . since the shark fishery is dominated by these six species , their temporal and spatial patterns were analyzed . the other 12 shark species landed represented altogether 2 % of the total landings from 1996 to 2010 ( see recorded landing species in
yesterday marked only the second time a prickly shark has been kept in captivity and the first time one was exhibited . it was held at the monterey bay aquarium for only a few hours before being released because it wasn ' t doing well in the tank . my son will want to hear about all of this when he gets home from school today .
import and export of peruvian shark products ( meat and fins ) between 1997 and 2012 .
management of the sandbar shark , carcharhinus plumbeus : implications of a stage - based model .
cultural identities of chinese business : networks of the shark - fin business in hong kong .
thanks to electronic tags , researchers are uncovering some of the secrets of the whale shark .
just a few hundred meters off moss landing in about 120 ft of water , one may encounter large sharks that move from the depths of the monterey canyon into shallower waters . often these are prickly sharks ( echinorhinus cookei ) . filmed by : dale t . andersen ©2014
fifteen years of annual landings for the six most important commercial shark species : blue shark - prionace glauca ( green solid line - open circle ) , mako shark - isurus oxyrinchus ( orange dashed line - closed circle ) , angel shark - squatina californica ( light purple dashed line - open circle ) , smooth - hound - mustelus whitneyi ( fucsia solid line - closed square ) , common thresher shark - alopias vulpinus ( light green solid line - closed triangle ) , and smooth hammerhead shark - sphyrna zygaena ( yellow solid line - open square ) .
trend and change of shark landings in peru estimated using generalized least squares models for all sharks landed from 1950 to 2010 and for the six most landed shark species from 2000 to 2010 .
newborn prickly sharks are under 40 cm ( 16 inches ) and sexual maturity is at about 2 . 0 meters ( 6 . 6 feet ) for the males and 2 . 5 to 3 . 0 meters ( 8 . 2 to 9 . 8 feet ) for the females .
is a large deep - water shark apparently found only in warmer reaches of the pacific ocean .
reproduction and development of the pacific angel shark , squatina californica , off santa barbara , california .
sexual development , reproductive cycle , and fecundity of the school shark galeorhinus galeus off southern brazil .
@ whysharksmatter - twitter account from david shiffman , marine biologist studying shark feeding ecology and conservation .
positive buoyancy could also facilitate diel vertical migrations . the metabolic rates of ectothermic deep - sea fishes decrease as temperature declines [ 24 ] , thus during daytime , when ectothermic deep - sea sharks are occupying deep , cold water , their metabolic and activity rates are presumably at their lowest . positive buoyancy would allow these cold , sluggish sharks to essentially ‘float up’ with little effort during their nightly vertical migrations into warmer , shallower waters . after spending the night in warmer water , their metabolic rates would be higher , allowing for more energetic swimming down to deeper , daytime habitats . both prickly sharks and bluntnose sixgill sharks live in shallower ( prickly shark 40–200 m depth [ 25 ] , sixgill shark 15–250 m depth [ 26 ] ) water at higher latitudes but experience a similar range of temperatures to those found in deeper ( > 200 m ) waters off hawaii . however , at these higher latitudes , they experience uniform temperatures during diel vertical migrations [ 26 ] , and seasonal fluctuations in temperature [ 26 ] similar to those experienced during diel vertical migrations in hawaii . future , comparative studies of sixgill shark and prickly shark buoyancy between temperate and tropical regions should help to clarify why deep - sea sharks exhibit positive buoyancy in deep water habitats .
the prickly shark is light to dark grey , dark brown or black on the upperside , with a lighter underside and a white area around its mouth and on the underside of its snout ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . a dark line extends along each side of its body , from the gills to the tail ( 9 ) .
individual countries around the world have taken steps to protect sharks in the form of fishing regulations , shark finning bans , sale and trade bans , transport bans and shark sanctuaries where no ( or limited ) shark fishing is allowed . palau became the first country to implement a shark sanctuary in 2009 , banning all shark fishing in its 240 , 000 square miles of territorial water . many countries have followed suit with various levels of protection . the chinese government will no longer serve shark fin soup at official functions , and a number of hotels and supermarkets have pledged not to sell or serve shark fin products . even some airline companies are banning the transport of fins on their planes .
all of this puts these incredible animals—and the ecosystems in which they play a role—in jeopardy . to protect them , communities and companies around the world are enacting science - based fisheries management policies , setting up shark sanctuaries , and banning the practice of shark finning and the trade of shark fins .
there are also some large species of sharks that are plankton feeders . the basking shark , megamouth shark and whale shark all consume the tiny crustaceans . their teeth are small and they have modifications on their gills that act like sieves to capture the plankton so they can swallow them in large gulps .
the piked dogfish shark weighs in water only 2 . 7 percent of what it weighs in air .
age , growth , and reproduction of the pelagic thresher shark , alopias pelagicus in the northwestern pacific .
a male great hammerhead shark swims just below the surface of the water in the bahamas at sunset .
you can see how efforts to protect sharks have spread through time in the animated map below . demand for shark fins has dropped in some asian markets , and shark populations are slowly beginning to increase .
, though it may enter much shallower water . the bramble shark has a stout body with two small
the angular rough shark is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
shark trust ( 2010 ) an illustrated compendium of sharks , skates , rays and chimaera . chapter 1 : the british isles and northeast atlantic . part 2 : sharks . the shark trust , devon , uk .
the foot - long extinct shark falcatus falcatus lived during the early carboniferous period around 325 million years ago .
like many other sharks , prickly sharks give birth to live young rather than laying eggs . their litter sizes are comparatively large , one is known to have consisted of 114 pups . most live bearing sharks only have a few pups at a time and even egg laying ones usually lay very few each year . there is not much else known about the life cycle of prickly sharks or their behavior in general . prickly sharks are rarely targeted specifically by fisheries , but they are regularly caught as by - catch by deep sea trawlers & long - lines . they also face the same threats that all other marine animals do of climate change , ocean acidification , pollution and the upset of the food chain caused by over - fishing . because so little is known about these sharks , it is impossible to say at this point just how threatened they are . the iucn ( international union for conservation of nature ) which monitors the status of endangered animals , has classified them as ‘near threatened’ and acknowledges there is a scarcity of information . no protection programs have been implemented for prickly sharks , although marine conservation measures in general would be likely to help them . marine reserves and increased regulation of the fishing industry affect all marine life , since ocean ecosystems are intricately interlinked .
today , fins are the most valuable part of a shark . the targeted shark - fin fisheries around the world are trading the fins of roughly 100 to 273 million sharks every year ( according to a 2013 estimate ) . driving this trade is the demand for and consumption of shark fin soup in asia . historically shark fin soup was only affordable to the richest people , but as the middle class has grown , it has become a more mainstream menu item . some of the shark fins used to make this soup are cut off and sold at market alongside the shark they came from . but many are cut off of live sharks , which are then thrown back into the ocean ( to save space on board for the more valuable fins ) to drown— a practice known as shark finning . this practice is increasingly seen as cruel and wasteful , and around the world regulations are being put into effect to end shark finning . ( see ' shark protections ' below )
both shark fin and meat imports and exports exhibited a positive and significant trend during the time evaluated ( 1997 to 2012 ) . there were differences , however , in the volumes . while import is much lower than export in shark fin , shark meat import is higher that export . peru exported almost ten times the quantity of shark fins it imported ( export = 2 , 353 . 7 t versus import = 268 . 66 t ) and almost double the amount of shark meat ( 16 , 113 . 84 t ) was imported compared to the amount exported ( 8 , 177 . 95 t ) . this suggests that shark fins are a commodity that peru mostly exports while there is a local demand for shark meat . indeed , a recent report indicates that peru is among the top 20 importers of shark meat and is the most important in the southeast pacific ( mundy - taylor & crook , 2013 ) . there is no doubt , however , of the profit made exporting shark fins . during the period of time analyzed , peru exported shark fins for a fob value of more than 101 million us dollars . during the same period , the fob value of shark meat was only around 12 . 5 million us dollars , even though its export volume was four times higher than shark fins .
the law also was difficult to enforce . for example , regulators typically make sure fishermen aren ' t breaking this type of law through a shark fin conversion ratio . measurements of the weight of shark fins are taken and compared to the weight of the remainder of the sharks ; if the fins weigh more than an established ratio , it is presumed that illegal shark finning was taking place . ( under the shark finning prohibition act , the shark fin conversion ratio was 5 percent . ) but this method can be difficult to enforce ( pdf ) because the ratio of fin weight to body weight varies among shark species . as a result , illegal fishers are sometimes able to fake the fin ratio , leaving some shark bodies behind in the water while fooling regulators .
this shark is tolerant of lower dissolved oxygen levels , so it can enter waters generally inaccessible to other sharks .
shark landings in peru from 1950 to 2010 ( solid line ) , its relative contribution to landings reported for the pacific ocean ( dotted line ) , and shark fin exports from 1997 to 2010 ( blue dotted line ) .
sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species to date . part ii ( carcharhiniformes )
the demise of darwin ' s fishes : evidence of fishing down and illegal shark finning in the galápagos islands .
shark management in the u . s . - an overview from the national oceanic and atmospheric administration ( noaa )
a large tiger shark with a tri - axial accelerometer attached to its dorsal fin . photo by mark royer .
with over 500 species of sharks , there are many different shark sizes and shapes . the largest shark ( and also largest fish ) is the gentle whale shark ( rhincodon typus ) , which can reach lengths of 39 feet ( 12 meters ) . the smallest is the dwarf lantern shark ( etmopterus perryi ) clocking in at only 8 inches long . this tiny shark is found in deep waters off the coasts of columbia and venezuela . in between there are hundreds of large and small sharks with various shapes and with a multitude of important ecological roles in the ocean .
but sharks are in trouble around the world . rising demand for shark fins to make shark fin soup , an asian delicacy , has resulted in increased shark fishing worldwide ; an estimated 100 million sharks are killed by fisheries every year . sharks are accidentally caught in nets or on long line fishing gear . and because of needless fear spurred on by films such as jaws , the instinct for some is to hurt or kill sharks that come near—such as the controversial shark culling in australia . ( this is despite the fact that you are more likely to be killed by a lightning strike than bitten by a shark , and more likely to be killed by a dog attack than a shark attack . ) combined , these actions have decreased many shark populations by 90 percent since large - scale fishing began .
to help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .
a large , sluggish shark , the prickly shark ( echinorhinus cookei ) is a rare deepwater species . it has a stout , flabby body covered in numerous thorn - like , closely - set teeth known as ‘denticles’ , from which this species gains its common name ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . the denticles are large with sharp tips and star - shaped bases , and are absent from around the mouth and the underside of the snout ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 9 ) .
but within that basic plan , there is a wide range of seeing ability among shark species . some have large eyes , such as the bigeye thresher shark ( alopias superciliosus ) , with eyes six centimeters in diameter . other sharks have very small ones , like the one - centimeter diameter eyes of the brownbanded bamboo shark ( chiloscyllium punctatum ) .
a recent study addressing the global shark business estimated that peru was among the twelve major countries in the world supplying shark fins to the market of hong kong between 2002 and 2008 ( cheung & chang , 2011 ) . cites determined that a total of 2 , 768 t of sharks and an average of 146 t of shark fins per year were exported from peru between 2003 and 2008 ( cites , 2011 ) . the estimates of shark fins exported in our current study are very similar although slightly higher . during that same period of time , peru exported 156 t of shark fins per year .
mark is a part of the shark research team from the hawai’i institute of marine biology , led by two of the most renowned shark biologists in the world : carl meyer and kim holland . the research group has been studying the sharks of hawai’i for decades , and as a lab , have produced dozens of publications on shark biology , ecology , and physiology .
in 2011 the shark conservation act was signed into law . this act closed loopholes in the shark finning prohibition act and banned shark finning , the possession or transfer of fins and the landing of any shark without its fins “naturally attached . ” ( the “fins attached” regulation applies to all sharks in u . s . waters except for the smooth dogfish , which is commercially fished under different regulations on the east coast of the u . s . ) the shark conservation act doesn’t , however , manage any trade of shark fins once they are caught . hawaii was the first u . s . state to ban the possession , sale and trade of shark fins , and was quickly followed by a handful of other states . currently nine states have these laws : hawaii , california , oregon , washington , illinois , maryland , delaware , new york and massachusetts .
because sharks shed so many teeth during their lifetimes , there are many shark teeth out there . in the middle ages fossilized sharks teeth were thought to be petrified dragon tongues and shark teeth have also been used throughout history to make weapons . but once you find a shark tooth , what can it tell you about the shark itself ? some scientists compare the shapes of ancient shark teeth to those found on modern sharks to look for similarities suggesting that they are related species . this method doesn ' t always work , however , making it very difficult to figure out how ancient fossilized sharks are related to modern ones .
from 1996 to 2000 , longline accounted for the highest percentage of landed sharks by biomass ( 60 % ) , followed by gillnets ( 32 % ) , purse seine ( 6 % ) , and beach seine and others that together accounted for the remaining 8 % . in general , the gillnet shark fishery catches the highest diversity of sharks ( up to 20 species ) including both pelagic and benthic species . a marked difference in the composition of the most landed shark species by each fishing method was observed : vessels used longline to capture blue shark ( 79 % of its total landing ) , shortfin mako ( 94 % ) and common thresher shark ( 39 % ) . in contrast , gillnets were used to capture smooth hammerhead ( 83 % ) , smooth - hound shark ( 85 % ) , common thresher shark ( 58 % ) , and angel shark ( 86 % ) .
bottom trawling in the mediterranean sea has become more efficient over the last 50 years , resulting in the angular rough shark now being extremely rare . in the northeast atlantic , little information is available on angular rough shark numbers , but as deepwater fisheries have expanded in both range and effort , it is likely that the angular rough shark has declined in this region too ( 1 ) .
) . from 1997 to 2012 , peru imported 268 . 66 t of shark fin worth 2 , 279 , 003 . 67 us dollars and exported 2 , 353 . 70 t of shark fin worth 101 , 480 , 171 . 30 us dollars (
this study represents the first analysis of peruvian shark fishery , provides a historical perspective of its dynamics over a 61 - year period and sets up a baseline of information for further research . the results are discussed within a national and regional framework in the light of shark conservation status , the current legal framework in which the shark fishery operates , and the gaps of information and regulation .
sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the shark species known to date . volume 3 . ( carcharhiniformes )
a dna sequence - based approach to the identification of shark and ray species and its implications for global elasmobranch diversity and parasitology .
predatory interactions and niche overlap between mako shark , isurus oxyrinchus , and jumbo squid , dosidicus gigas , in the california current .
there are additional regulations for other fisheries ( e . g . sea bass , migratory species , and tuna ; ) that indirectly regulate the capture of sharks by considering them accompanying fauna ( i . e . bycatch ) . according to the rm 236 - 2001 - pe , the peruvian government regulates the integrated management and rational exploitation of highly migratory species . imarpe establishes that the following shark species are categorized as highly migratory : silky shark ( carcharhinus falciformis ) , galapagos shark ( carcharhinus galapagensis ) , blacktip shark ( carcharhinus limbatus ) , oceanic whitetip shark ( carcharhinus longimanus ) , shortfin mako ( isurus oxyrinchus ) , blue shark ( prionace glauca ) , smooth hammerhead shark ( sphyrna zygaena ) , galapagos bullhead shark ( heterodontus quoyi ) , thresher shark ( alopias vulpinus ) and tope shark ( galeorhinus galeus ) ( de - 100 - 034 - 2002 - imp / pe ) . according to the ds 032 - 2003 - produce , the fishery of tunas and related species ( highly migratory shark species , de - 100 - 034 - 2002 - imp / pe ) should be sustainable through the implementation of measures for their management and conservation . moreover , peru is a member of the inter - american tropical tuna commission ( abbreviated iattc ) . the iattc urges its member states to cooperate through regional fishery management organizations , in order to ensure the sustainability of shark populations and to adopt a national plan of action for the conservation and management of sharks . also , the iattc disallows the retention , landing and sale of the oceanic whitetip shark . according to the rm 236 - 2001 - pe , the peruvian government promote the integral development of the patagonian toothfish ( dissostichus eleginoides ) fishery and its accompanying fauna ( pacific sleeper shark , somniosus pacificus ) which enables a sustainable fishery . moreover , the accompanying fauna should be retained and not discarded .
six different commodity codes used by sunat were used to identify shark - based products ( 0305591000 , 0305710000 , 0303750000 , 0303810000 , 0302810000 , 0305791000 ) ; half of them corresponded to shark fin while the other half identified shark meat . all of them contained reports of international commerce that , when pooled together , provided all import and export movements from 1997 to 2012 by country of origin / destination .
generalized additive model and regression tree analyses of blue shark ( prionace glauca ) catch rates by the hawaii - based commercial longline fishery .
the dynamics of shark fin import indicates that ecuador is the major country of origin of fins entering peru , starting in 2008 . this is very likely explained by the change in shark fin export regulations in ecuador ( jacquet et al . , 2008 ) . in 2004 , a decree from the ecuadorian government banned all shark fin exports , but in 2008 it was overturned . before 2008 , the average import was 1 . 52 t originating from several different countries with no obvious dominance over these years . in 2008 , however , shark fin imports increased by almost 30 - fold . between 2008 and 2012 , peru imported an average of 51 t of shark fins , almost exclusively from ecuador . the second most significant source of shark fins was from the high seas , with a total of 22 . 8 t of fins imported . since peru stills lacks regulation for shark finning in general , there is no control over the origin of the fins obtained from vessels fishing in the high seas and how the fins were obtained , although shark finning is banned in the eastern pacific ocean ( iattc , 2005 ) . while ecuador is the main source of shark fin imports , hong kong is the main destination for shark fin export . nearly 87 % of shark fins exported between 1997 and 2012 went to hong kong . five other countries in asia made up a further 10 % ( i . e . china , japan , singapore , republic of korea , and vietnam ) .
the peruvian fishery interacts with 33 shark species of which the six most frequently landed are the blue shark , shortfin mako shark , smooth hammerhead , smooth - hound shark , common thresher , and the angel shark . the highest landings occur at talara , paita , san jose , chimbote , pucusana , matarani and ilo ; and the fishery gear most used are longline and gillnets . peru is one of the most important countries in the whole pacific ocean with regards to shark fishery and the data suggests that , historically , it has landed more sharks than any other country in the pacific . the international commerce of peruvian shark fin and meat has increased between 1997 and 2012 with higher profits reported for exporting shark fins , mainly to hong kong . peru also imports shark fin , mostly from ecuador , although imports from the high seas represent an important source of fins and meat and this needs attention to reduce the entrance of iuu fishery products . the peruvian shark fishery is under - monitored and under - regulated ; even though 41 % of shark species landed are threatened and seven species that interact in peruvian fishery are included in cites and cms . the most comprehensive shark regulation in peru , ministerial resolution n° 209 - 2001 - pe , has fundamental flaws that need to be addressed . great gaps in information exist that hampers its management including in basic taxonomy , life history and spatial ecology , among others , but this could be addressed by promoting research , education and awareness and involving stakeholders at all levels . peru has made the first steps towards the recovery and sustainable conservation of sharks by approving the npoa , but works remains to be done .
following the advice of the reviewers , we have explained the shark fishery trends with historical factors . also , we have included an estimate of the fishing effort and compare it with previous studies . we have clarified what the peruvian shark fishery means and detailed ( in the discussion section ) the legal framework as well as clarified our recommendations . we have presented in a table ( per year ) the import and export of peruvian shark products . finally , we have double checked the contribution of peruvian shark ( and chondrichthyans ) fishery to the pacific ocean .
probably a greater range than any other shark family . different species are found in all seas from the arctic to the sub - antarctic .
the shark family that evolved most recently is that of hammerhead sharks ( sphyrnidae ) , which first appeared 50 to 35 million years ago .
martin , r . a .
echinorhiniformes : bramble sharks
. reefquest centre for shark research . downloaded on march 24 , 2012 .
in 1964 . they named the new species in honor of noted shark biologist perry w . gilbert , and published their findings in a 1985
the average cpue ( 2002–2007 ) for the blue shark , shortfin mako and common thresher shark caught with longline were : 1 . 18 ( sd±0 . 57 ) , 0 . 69 ( sd±0 . 07 ) and 0 . 07 ( sd±0 . 04 ) kg of sharks , respectively , per 100 hooks per year . furthermore , for the smooth hammerhead , smooth - hound shark , common thresher shark , and angel shark caught with gillnets were : 0 . 37 ( sd±0 . 38 ) , 0 . 11 ( sd±0 . 04 ) , 0 . 08 ( sd±0 . 05 ) and 0 . 006 ( sd±0 . 004 ) kg of sharks , respectively , per 100 m per year .
although scientists have yet to find a truly vegetarian shark , the bonnethead shark eats a substantial amount of leafy greens . inhabitants of seagrass meadows , the sharks chow down on crabs , shrimp , and fish and in the process also swallow the seagrass . over half the shark ' s diet is seagrass , and they are about as efficient at absorbing nutrients from the seagrass as sea turtles , an almost completely herbivorous animal .
in u . s . waters , shark finning has been banned since 2000 when the shark finning prohibition act was signed into law . the law said that fishing vessels could not transport or possess shark fins without the corresponding shark body within 200 miles of u . s . shore . the fins could be separated from the animal aboard the ship , but the carcass must also be kept on board . however , there were several loopholes in the legislation that let people transfer fins on non - fishing vessels , and the sale and trade of fins were not addressed .
bycatch of the angular rough shark needs to be monitored , to gain a better picture of its population numbers and the impact fisheries are having on this species . a more thorough knowledge of the angular rough shark’s ecology and distribution will also help inform any future conservation measures ( 1 ) .
this fossil jaw of carcharodon hubbelli , a possible great white shark ancestor , contains 222 teeth , some in rows up to six teeth deep .
summary : a prickly shark echinorhinus cookei pietschmann , 1928 was brought in on july 31 , 1994 by aquarium staff from waters off the head of the monterey submarine canyon near moss landing . it was released 7 days later because of bouyancy problems ( o ' sullivan 1991 , aes abstract ) . total length 2 . 04 m ( over - the - curve , otc ) , otc precaudal length 1 . 60 cm , otc pre - first - dorsal length 1 . 22 m , girth 1 . 04 m , estimated mass 70 kg ( hfm unpublished data ) .
are so - called because they have the appearance of being covered in small thorns . their skin is covered in sharp denticles ; tooth - like protrusions from their skin . the largest prickly shark found was 13 feet long and most appear to average between 6 and 10 feet . females are significantly larger than males . their coloration is not spectacular , being a subdued dark brown . prickly sharks live off continental shelves , from a depth of at least 10 meters to 400 meters and possibly far deeper . as far as we know , they are only found in temperate & tropical regions of the pacific although there is a deficiency of data and their range might be wider than this . they appear to be fairly slow swimmers most of the time . their diet consists of bony fish , smaller sharks , mollusks and crustaceans , suggesting that they probably are capable of moving a lot more quickly when pursuing prey . bony fish and other sharks are fast meaning their predators generally need to be fast as well .
the import and export of shark meat has experienced steady growth . in 1997 peru imported 16 t and in 2012 imported 5959 t . an important source is the high seas , which provided nearly 36 % of all shark meat imported by peru . other important sources were japan , ecuador and spain . while asia was the most important destination area for shark fins , it was latin america that was the most important area for shark meat exports . nine countries , headed by brazil ( 70 % ) , accounted for 90 % of all exports shipped from peru between 1997 and 2012 .
dogfish sharks are the second largest of shark orders with 119 species . dogfish come in all shapes , sizes , and colors and they live in almost every ocean habitat and depth . this group of sharks are an exercise in extremes . dogfish are represented by what is thought to be the smallest shark species ( dwarf lantern shark , which only grows to about 6 inches ) and some of the largest ( greenland and sleeper sharks ) .
the whale shark ( rhincodon typus ) , oceanic whitetip shark ( carcharhinus longimanus ) , porbeagle shark ( lamna nasus ) , scalloped hammerhead ( sphyrna lewini ) , smooth hammerhead ( sphyrna zygaena ) and great hammerhead ( sphyrna mokarran ) are listed in appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites , urltoken , accessed in march 2013 ) . the mako shark , the porbeagle shark and the whale shark are listed in the convention on migratory species ( cms , urltoken , april 2012 ) , and the united nations convention on the law of the sea includes the whale shark , members of the family sphyrnidae ( hammerhead sharks ) , isuridae ( mackerel sharks ) , and carcharhinidae ( whaler sharks ) in its list of highly migratory species . peru has been landing whale sharks since 2006 ; 2 , 813 t of whale sharks were landed as reported by imarpe , but isolated events of unreported landings have been observed in northern peru ( b . alcorta pers . comm . ) .
a 202 - cm male prickly shark ( a ) , a 461 - cm female sixgill shark ( b ) , a 450 - cm female sixgill shark ( c ; no swimming speed data ) , a 416 - cm female sixgill shark ( d ) , a 333 - cm male sixgill shark ( e ; with a counter - weight ) and a 440 - cm male sixgill shark ( f ; with a counter - weight ) . plots indicate ascent ( × ) and descent ( ◯ ) , and colours indicate amplitude of acceleration signal . lines are estimated by generalized linear models with lowest akaike information criteria . the models indicate swimming speed increased with increasing tailbeat frequency , and swimming speeds at given tailbeat frequencies were slower during descent ( solid lines ) than during ascent ( broken lines ) in all individuals . boxplots in the graphs show amplitude of acceleration signal during ascent and descent . the bottom and top of the box are the first and third quartiles , and the band inside the box is the median . the end of the whiskers indicate the lowest datum still within 1 . 5 of the interquartile range of the lower quartile , and the highest datum still within 1 . 5 of the interquartile range of the upper quartile . the circles indicate outliers . all individuals had significantly higher amplitude during descent than ascent .
the shark fishery in peru is regulated by the ministerial resolution ( rm ) n° 209 - 2001 - pe from the ministry of fisheries ( now ministry of production , vice - ministry of fisheries ) . the rm 209 - 2001 - pe is the most comprehensive regulation for the shark fishery in peru . it establishes the shark minimum length that can be landed , the maximum tolerance of captured individuals under the minimum length and the minimum mesh size for gillnets targeting sharks . the minimum length at capture applies to five species and one genus : blue shark , shortfin mako , smooth - hounds (