the aquatic warbler ( acrocephalus paludicola ) is an old world warbler in the genus acrocephalus .

it breeds in temperate eastern europe and western asia , with an estimated population of 15,000 pairs .

it is migratory , wintering in west africa .

after many years of uncertainty , the wintering grounds of much of the european population were finally discovered in djoudj national bird sanctuary , senegal , with between 5-10,000 birds present at this single site .

its south-westerly migration route means that it is regular on passage as far west as great britain and ireland .

this small passerine bird is a species found in wet sedge beds with vegetation shorter than 30 cm .

drainage has meant that this species has declined , and its stronghold is now the polesie region of south belarus , where 70 % of the world 's population breeds .

3-5 eggs are laid in a nest in low vegetation .

this species is highly promiscuous , with most males and females having offspring with multiple partners .

this is a medium-sized warbler .

the adult has a heavily streaked brown back and pale underparts with variable streaking .

the forehead is flattened , there is a prominent whitish supercilium and crown stripe and the bill is strong and pointed .

it can be confused with juvenile sedge warbler , which may show a crown stripe , but the marking is stronger in this species , which appears paler and spiky-tailed in flight .

the sexes are identical , as with most warblers , but young birds are unstreaked on the breast below .

like most warblers , it is insectivorous , but will take other small food items , including berries .

the song is a fast , chattering ja-ja-ja punctuated with typically acrocephaline whistles .

the genus name acrocephalus is from ancient greek akros , " highest " , and kephale , " head " .

it is possible that naumann and naumann thought akros meant " sharp-pointed " .

the specific paludicola is latin , from paludis , " swamp " , and colere , " to inhabit " .

aquatic warbler

last year the first aquatic warbler was noticed at the similar date - at may 2 .
the aquatic warbler is more secretive than its common relative , the sedge warbler , and often remains hidden on the ground whilst actively searching for food . similar to the other warblers , the aquatic warbler feeds primarily on small insects ( 3 ) .
видео вертлявой камышевки . video of aquatic warbler ( acrocephalus paludicola ) from sporovskoe lake ( belarus ) .
the beginning of july could symbolically be called a new beginning for aquatic warbler conservation . experts from 6 countries met in zuvintas ( lithuania ) to discuss practicalities of a new method for aquatic warbler conservation - translocation .
once widespread on fen mires and wet meadow , the aquatic warbler has disappeared from most of its former range .
the latest sighting details and map for aquatic warbler are only available to our birdguides ultimate or our birdguides pro subscribers .
the aquatic warblers song is a fast , chattering ja - ja - ja punctuated with typically acrocephaline ( warbler ) whistles .
the aquatic warbler ( acrocephalus paludicola ) is an old world warbler who breeds in temperate eastern europe and western asia . it has an estimated population of 15 , 000 pairs . the aquatic warbler is a medium - sized warbler and is a slim bird with sandy coloured plumage with variable fine black streaking . further identifying features are a sandy coloured crown and a spiky looking tail .
ławki mire , biebrza national park , poland . june 2008 . a high - quality habitat of the aquatic warbler . © anna wiśniewska
the aquatic warbler – an umbrella species the aquatic warbler is a so - called umbrella species , representative for its specific habitat ( fen mires ) , and all the other animal and plant species that make up the ecological community of this habitat . many of these species , like aquatic warblers , cannot survive anywhere apart from in such wetlands . this means , that protecting aquatic warblers means protecting much more than just one species of bird . aquatic warbler protection helps many rare plant species and other species of birds , including rare waders .
after mating and gestation , 3 – 5 eggs are laid in a nest in low vegetation . the aquatic warbler is highly promiscuous , with most males and females having offspring with multiple partners . the eggs of the aquatic warbler are brown and densely spotted with a yellowish grey .
the figurines felted by the artist do not only look very realistically but they even weigh like a real aquatic warbler . it . . .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - aquatic warbler ( acrocephalus paludicola )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - aquatic warbler ( acrocephalus paludicola )
title =
arkive species - aquatic warbler ( acrocephalus paludicola )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
in january of 2007 , the birdlife international aquatic warbler conservation team discovered a key site within the aquatic warbler’s wintering grounds in west africa , which were completely unknown until then . according to first estimates , the djoudj national park in northwest senegal and its surroundings are believed to harbour a major part of the world population . later on three more sites were discovered , they are located in southern mauritania and in the niger river delta in mali much of the aquatic warbler’s presumed historic wintering habitat has been converted into farmland and sugarcane plantations . drought conditions caused by climate change could put increasing pressure on the aquatic warbler’s remaining habitat .
birders may find it interesting to think about how to age some of the birds that they see . mark grantham of the bto uses aquatic warbler as a good introduction .
the aquatic warbler memorandum of understanding ( mou ) was concluded in minsk , belarus , under the auspices of the convention on migratory species ( cms ) and became effective on 30 april 2003 . it aims to safeguard the aquatic warbler acrocephalus paludicola that is the rarest migratory songbird of europe , and the only globally threatened passerine bird found in mainland europe .
project team and , undoubtedly , the aquatic warbler itself wish you marry christmas and happy new year ! hopefully , the coming years will bring all of us more enthusiasm , joy and success .
the aquatic warbler ( acrocephalus paludicola ) is a small , slim bird with sandy coloured plumage with variable fine black streaking . further identifying features are a sandy coloured crown and a rather spiky looking tail . the sexes are similar , and juveniles lack streaking on the breast and flanks ( 2 ) . the eggs of the aquatic warbler are brown and densely spotted with a yellowish grey ( 4 ) .
. the species was put into agenda of the conference of parties for the cms in november 2011 , where a special resolution on african - eurasian landbirds was adopted , which applies to aquatic warbler ( u . malashevich
governments and conservation groups throughout the species’ range are working actively to conserve the aquatic warbler and its breeding and migratory habitats . several large - scale projects have been successfully implemented or are underway in key aquatic warbler flyway countries in order to secure breeding and stop - over sites . additionally , cms has worked with birdlife international to establish a jointly - funded mou coordinator . working out of belarus , the mou coordinator supports partner organizations all over the species range with the development , fundraising and implementation of conservation projects aimed at this species , working in close cooperation with the cms secretariat , the royal society for the protection of birds ( rspb ) , and the international aquatic warbler conservation team ( awct ) . the coordinator oversees the publication of the aquatic warbler flyway newsletter , and maintains the website ( urltoken ) and arc gis data base for the species .
the numbers of aquatic warblers are declining in europe mainly due to habitat loss and changes in water management . the polish society for bird protection ( otop , birdlife partner in poland ) started a project to protect aquatic warbler back in the 1990s and conservation measures have focused on two projects financed by the life programme . in 2012 , otop conducted a national aquatic warbler count , in which birds were counted not only in the places where conservation measures , like mowing and bush removal are taking place , but also at smaller sites throughout poland .
janusz kloskowski institute of zoology , poznań university of life sciences , poland franziska tanneberger greifswald mire centre , institute of botany and landscape ecology , greifswald university , germany linked paper optimal habitat conditions for the globally threatened aquatic warbler acrocephalus paludicola in eastern poland and their implications for fen management . janusz kloskowski , franziska tanneberger , piotr marczakiewicz , anna wiśniewska & agata choynowska . 2015 . ibis . doi : 10 . 1111 / ibi . 12247 urltoken listen to a singing aquatic warbler whilst you read this blog why must we protect the aquatic warbler ? aquatic warbler is europe’s rarest migratory songbird and the only globally threatened passerine found in mainland europe . in the past , it occurred from france to siberia and from italy to latvia , but currently its range is much more restricted – almost exclusively to poland , belarus and ukraine . during the 20th century the size of its population decreased by 95 % , mainly as a result of destruction of its unique habitat . currently , the population of aquatic warbler numbers only c . 12 , 000 singing males , and the breeding area actually occupied by this species covers no more than 375 km2 . owing to such a limited area of occurrence , aquatic warblers have been included on the iucn red list of globally threatened species as vulnerable ( category vu ) . poland has an enormous responsibility to conserve the aquatic warbler , because c . 25 % of the world’s population is found within the country .
the aquatic warbler migrates up to 12 , 000 km from eastern europe to sub - saharan africa . the migration strategy of the aquatic warbler requires the availability of many suitable autumn stop - over sites , the loss of which can be a potential bottleneck for the species . on migration , the aquatic warbler is regularly being recorded in 11 countries mainly in the west and southwest of europe as well as in morocco . the species winters in west africa south of the sahara . there are four confirmed aquatic warbler wintering sites . the most well studied wintering site is situated in the senegal delta within and north of the djoudj national park ( senegal ) . here , a major part of the global population is wintering . recent searches for more wintering sites resulted in 2 small sites discovered in southern mauritania and one bigger site discovered in the inner niger delta in mali in february 2011 .
on 12th of july ornithologists were conducting blood sampling for aquatic warblers in zuvintas biosphere reserve , lithuania . during 4 hours of intensive work in swamps , experts managed to take blood samples from 3 aquatic warbler male birds . this year there were 5 singing male birds detected in total during cautings of their population in zuvintas biosphere reserve .
the aquatic warbler is a regular but scarce autumn migrant to certain areas in southern britain , visiting on its way between breeding grounds in eastern europe and its winter home in west africa . its dependence on a specialised and vulnerable breeding habitat means it has become a globally threatened and declining species . it is more yellow - brown and streaked than the similar sedge warbler with a distinct yellow crown stripe .
aquatic warblers are best looked for in coastal reedbeds along the south coast , often feeding near the reedbed in low vegetation . the rspb reserve at marazion marsh , cornwall records several aquatic warblers annually and they have also been seen at radipole lake and lodmoor reserves in dorset .
what has been done about it ? in 2003 , a memorandum of understanding concerning conservation measures for aquatic warblers was concluded under the auspices of the bonn convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals ( cms ) . the signatory countries to the memorandum are obliged to work together to improve the conservation status of the aquatic warbler . a major recent conservation achievement was the life aquatic warbler project in poland and germany in 2005 - 2011 . to date , this is the biggest single species conservation project implemented in poland . the main beneficiary , responsible for coordinating the project and implementing a significant part of the project activities in poland , was the polish society for the protection of birds ( otop ) . in the course of the project , a targeted study was carried out to identify the exact parameters of an “ideal habitat” for the species , which could then be applied to the project sites . the knowledge fed into site management plans and the official aquatic warbler species action plans for poland .
the aquatic warbler is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . listed on the red list of birds of conservation concern . protected under the wildlife and countryside act 1981 , annex i of the ec birds directive and appendix ii of the berne convention ( 3 ) .
13 cm ; 9·8–15·5 g . secretive warbler with characteristic striped head pattern , bluntly pointed wing . has long pale supercilium , dark lateral crownstripe , . . .
the aquatic warbler breeds in open waterlogged areas of sedge , and seems to prefer vegetation of just a foot tall ( 2 ) . during migration , preferred habitat comprises reed beds with sedge and other low - lying vegetation close to open water , normally along rivers , estuaries and coastal lagoons ( 3 ) .
she has never seen aquatic warblers in the wild . she creates very realistic figurines of these endangered bird species based on what she can see in pictures and stories told by environmentalists . she is volha kaminskaya – an artist from belarus who is so far the only one making aquatic warblers from wool .
( aquatic warbler conservation team 1999 , birdlife international 2008 ) . any changes that alter the hydrological regime of breeding sites result in reduced breeding success and population declines ( birdlife international 2008 ) . uncontrolled fires in spring and summer pose a direct threat to birds and nests , and can burn out the upper peat layer of fens
a small geographically and probably genetically isolated subpopulation of the aquatic warbler exists in germany / northwest poland ( so - called pomeranian population ) , but is actually threatened by extinction ( 34 males in 2012 ) . another small satellite population in west siberia ( russia ) was latest confirmed in 2000 and is probably extinct in the meanwhile .
a detailed action plan is annexed to the mou . it summarizes the distribution , biology and conservation status of the aquatic warbler , and describes precise actions to be taken by relevant countries . the main objective of the action plan is to maintain the aquatic warbler throughout its range and , in the medium to long term , promote the expansion of the breeding population to other suitable areas . priority conservation actions to be taken by the signatories can be summarized as follows : legislative measures to ensure the species’ and habitat protection , conservation of all existing sites , increase of the area of suitable habitat at existing sites and restoration of additional sites , monitoring and research , and the establishment of a public awareness strategy .
like most warblers , it is insectivorous , however , it will eat other small food items such as berries . the aquatic warbler is a migratory bird and spends cold winters in west africa . after many years of uncertainty , the wintering grounds of much of the european population were finally discovered in djoudj national bird sanctuary , senegal , with between 5 - 10 , 000 birds present at this single site . the aquatic warblers south - westerly migration route means that it is regular on passage as far west as great britain .
the convention on migratory species ( unep / cms ) , also known as the bonn convention , aims to conserve terrestrial , aquatic and avian migratory species throughout their range .
the project “stepping stones towards ensuring long - term favorable conservation status of aquatic warbler in lithuania” ( life magniducatusacrola ) no . life15 nat / lt / 001024 is financed by the eu life programme , ministry of environment of the republic of lithuania and project partners . webpage authors take full responsibility for the content of this website . it does not necessarily reflect the opinion of european commission .
once widespread and numerous in fen mires and wet meadows throughout europe , the aquatic warbler has disappeared from most of its former range . nowadays , its world population of only 9 , 000 - 14 , 000 vocalising males is confined to fewer than 40 regularly occupied breeding sites in only five countries , covering together only less than 400 km2 ( area of occupancy ) with four sites supporting over 80 % of the global population .
at the end of june environmentalists from baltic environmental forum visited farmers , whose fields are inhabited by aquatic warblers . the environmentalists talked with the farmers and tried to convince them to delay their field - mowing as much as possible , in order to increase the chances for the offspring of aquatic warblers to survive . the farmers who agreed on protecting this rare bird species were given special flags to exp . . .
on july 15 , the ornithologist vytautas eigirdas caught the first aquatic warbler with slovak ring ( slovakia ) s221690 in lithuania , alka polder . this case is really interesting since all birds that had been caught previously in lithuania having foreign rings were from , so called , western european bird migration road ( which crosses poland , germany , france , spain and reaches west africa ) . this time the bird was ringed far more t . . .
we have plenty of good - quality habitats with a great potential to provide home for this rare bird , like territories here , in zuvintas , but the number of aquatic warblers is much lowe . . .
the second meeting of signatory states ( biebrza national park , poland , 2010 ) agreed to extend the geographical coverage of the agreement till the current scale and also adopted a new international species action plan for the aquatic warbler , prepared by cms’s partner birdlife international on behalf of the european union . during the meeting france and mali signed the agreement , with luxembourg joining them shortly after . during the cms cop10 in 2011 switzerland also became a signatory of the memorandum .
the aquatic warbler arrives at its european breeding grounds in april . migration starts in autumn and sometimes earlier with some males leaving breeding areas at the end of june and the majority in the second half of july . juveniles leave shortly after fledging . in the uk it is best looked for in late summer , especially the latter half of august . it can be difficult to see in thick vegetation as it tends to keep close to the ground or water and creep along .
during the breeding season , males attract mates with a song produced during a short song - flight . a single male will normally mate with more than one female ; mating amongst birds is usually a very brief affair , but for the aquatic warbler however , it can last around 25 minutes , taking place both before and after egg - laying . nests are constructed from reeds and tend to be placed over marshy ground or in a clump of sedge in shallow water ( 4 ) .
the aquatic warbler passes through the southern coast area of england during its annual migration between breeding sites in eastern europe and over - wintering grounds in west africa . although no definite figures exist , it was believed that the number of individuals arriving in britain could represent as much as 25 percent of the world population of this globally threatened species , but recent discoveries of large populations in eastern europe make this unlikely ( 3 ) . the main stronghold is in eastern poland ( 2 ) .
the aquatic warblers current status is that it is listed on the red list of birds of conservation concern . protected under the wildlife and countryside act 1981 , annex i of the ec birds directive and appendix ii of the berne convention .
why are aquatic warblers declining ? the main threat that the aquatic warbler face is the loss of their habitat . fen mires have been drained on a large scale during the last century , most often for conversion to agriculture . habitats deteriorate due to drainage , too frequent or too early mowing , or too intense grazing . during early mowing or intensive grazing in the breeding period , the birds are scared away and their nests are destroyed . only a small proportion of central european fen mires have escaped such a fate , although even those areas have been negatively affected by drainage in their surroundings . despite of this , favourable conditions for the species were to a certain degree sustained in those areas , thanks to traditional , low - intensity farming , based on hand - mowing and cattle grazing . as long as these agricultural practices continued , aquatic warblers could inhabit even slightly drained sites . however , cessation of extensive land use , which took place during the last decades , led to overgrowing of marshes with dense reeds or bushes and trees , which in turn results in a continuous loss of aquatic warbler habitat . modern mowing practices in fen mires that are not ( or are slightly ) drained differ substantially from traditional hand mowing due to the use of heavy tracked vehicles , and their effects on habitat conditions are not yet fully understood . an additional problem is habitat destruction in areas where the birds stopover during migration , and on their wintering grounds in western europe and in africa .
dyrcz , a . , christie , d . a . , de juana , e . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . aquatic warbler ( acrocephalus paludicola ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the aquatic warbler regularly breeds in belarus , lithuania , poland and ukraine ( irregularly in germany and hungary ; populations in west siberia and latvia are probably extinct ) , with major populations in belarus , ukraine and poland . the breeding distribution is fragmented because of habitat constraints . the species became extinct in western europe during the 20th century and has declined dramatically in central europe . it formerly bred in france , belgium , netherlands , former west germany , former czechoslovakia , former yugoslavia , austria and italy .
the aquatic warbler is a uk biodiversity action plan species , and a number of known key passage sites have been designated as sites of special scientific interest ( sssis ) ( 5 ) . key sites are being managed by organisations such as the rspb in order to maintain suitable habitat of sufficient size to support migration . a further priority is to more accurately assess the number of birds passing through britain and their ecological requirements so that the correct habitat can be identified as being in need of protection ( 3 ) .
12 - 13 cm . small , heavily streaked , buff - and - black warbler . strong black streaking on mantle bordered by pale
tramlines
. pale coronal stripe with black border . pale lores . streaked back , rump and uppertail - coverts . finely streaked breast .
during these counts , thanks to an enormous effort of over 120 volunteers , otop now estimates the population at 3 , 256 male birds . this result supersedes the count in both 2007 and 2009 ; so it seems the decline has stopped . compared to other countries it appears like the polish population of aquatic warblers is the only one that is stable . in belarus and lithuania the population decreased in 2012 . fortunately , conservation measures of restoration or increasing the quality of habitats are being implemented also there . in germany , after several years of absence , three singing males have been observed in the lower odra valley . due to lack of research the situation of the species in the ukraine and russia is not known at the moment . for more information , please contact antoni marczewski , otop . find out more about aquatic warbler migration .
this mou reflects the common concern over the dramatic decline of this bird species and the signatory states’ determination to reverse the current trend . the mou applies to 22 countries where the aquatic warbler breeds , rests on migration or winters . the mou area includes belarus , belgium , bulgaria , france , germany , hungary , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , mali , mauritania , morocco , the netherlands , poland , portugal , the russian federation , senegal , slovakia , spain , switzerland , ukraine and the united kingdom . cms and birdlife international , which also was involved in the mou’s development , have also signed the mou as collaborating organizations .
the majority of aquatic warblers now breed in europe , where data collated for the european red list of birds ( birdlife international 2015 ) estimated that populations are continuing to decrease by 30 - 49 % in 13 . 2 years ( three generations ) . outside europe remaining populations are small and considered at high risk of extinction .
outcomes on optimal habitats in eastern poland to identify optimal habitat , we related numbers of singing males to habitat variables in all core breeding sites in eastern poland . aquatic warbler densities were the highest in areas with extensive ground cover by water and mosses and a thick litter layer . optimal vegetation height was 60 – 90 cm . male densities increased with increased biomass of arthropods larger than 10 mm in length , as estimated by sweep netting , and with increased abundance of spiders , as estimated by pan trapping . we suggest that habitat management should take into account species - specific adaptations ( the behavioural and morphological adaptations that allow both climbing and running favour a specific vegetation structure and height ) , nest safety ( extensive ground cover by stagnating water deters predators , but too high a water level may flood nests ) and arthropod productivity . further research is needed to identify which fen mire characteristics are associated with high densities of large - sized arthropod prey , especially spiders . prevention of vegetation succession is a conservation priority for open fen mires . however , modern management practices to achieve this , especially mowing using tracked vehicles , should be evaluated and optimised to ensure that is does not adversely affect long - term development of moss cover and litter structure .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .
generally browner and less streaked . lacks strongly streaked mantle and pale
tramlines
, pale coronal stripe and streaks on breast . song more complex and varied with mimicry and distinctive
series of simple trills and short whistles , given from vegetation or short song flight . does not mimic extensively . low
the population is believed to continue to decline at a moderately rapid rate following a major decline caused by habitat destruction during the second half of the 19th century . the species therefore qualifies as vulnerable . targeted surveys with a consistent methodology have improved the estimates of the population size and with that monitoring of trends , however declines continue even in areas receiving extensive conservation efforts ; outside the core range rapid declines continue and further national extinctions are likely .
this species breeds across a highly fragmented range at fewer than 50 regular breeding sites in the following countries , with numbers given of singing males reported for the european red list of birds ( birdlife international 2015 ) or subsequent updates ( birdlife international 2008 , j . krogulec
, 4 - 5 ( 2004 - 2008 ) . the west siberian population in european russia is thought likely to have disappeared , with the last confirmed record in 2000 ( j . krogulec
2016 ) . in hungary , the population collapsed in the period 2002 - 2007 , and zero calling males were estimated in 2011 - 2012 ( birdlife international 2015 , végvári and flade 2012 ) . within europe declines are continuing , if at a slower rate than previously in the central european strongholds in eastern poland and ukraine , but in belarus the population declined by 47 - 55 % between 2000 - 2011 ( birdlife international 2015 ) and the pomeranian population of northwest poland and northeast germany has declined to critical levels .
2013 ) and it has been recorded from all european countries except malta and cyprus . the initial key stopover sites appear to be in west and southwest france ( jiguet
2012 ) , as are wetlands in south - west mauritania and the inner niger delta in mali ( u . malashevich
the global population is estimated at 11 , 000 - 16 , 000 singing males ( m . flade
2012 ) , equivalent to 22 , 000 - 32 , 000 mature individuals or 33 , 000 - 48 , 000 individuals in total . the european population is estimated at 9 , 000 - 13 , 800 calling or lekking males , which equates to 18 , 000 - 27 , 600 mature individuals or 27 , 000 - 41 , 400 individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) .
. in strongly euthrophic habitat the species is more or less dependent on human management to maintain open habitat , while in poorer areas water table variation may be sufficient to maintain suitability ; however the species avoids very poor mires ( birdlife international 2008 ) . targeted agri - environment schemes can maintain suitable breeding habitat for the species in central europe , especially where conservation action has already taken place ( birdlife international 2008 ) . the highest densities of singing males were found where vegetation was between 60 - 90cm high and densities increased with percentage ground cover by water ( kloskowski
2015 ) . on migration the species uses low stands of sedges and reeds , seemingly the latter for resting and the former for feeding ( bargain 2002 ) . the sites where it is found during migration are mostly coastal marshes , lagoons and estuaries , but there are also regular records at sites along large rivers ( de by 1990 ) . it winters in the grassy saline
2014 ) . similarly , grazing at too high an intensity , cutting too early or too frequently may cause significant local reductions in breeding success ( birdlife international 2008 ) . in the wintering grounds , agricultural cultivation and irrigation ( creation of rice and sugar cane plantations ) , drought , wetland drainage , intensive grazing , succession to scrub , desertification and salinisation of irrigated soils are all potential threats
cms appendix i and ii . eu birds directive annex i . it is legally protected in all countries of its breeding range except ukraine and russia ( u . malashevich
. in ukraine , 85 % of breeding habitat is within protected areas ( poluda 2015 ) . habitat is actively managed in poland , belarus , ukraine , lithuania , hungary and germany . all breeding range states but russia have monitoring programmes
2007 ) . a study to identify the wintering range of the species was conducted in 2007 ( flade 2008 ) . studies on halting succession have been conducted in belarus , poland and ukraine ( m . kalyakin
establish if the species continues to persist in west siberia . protect key breeding sites and develop management plans . promote protection of the species and its habitat in wintering areas and along the migration route . ensure full legal protection .
added new information and population estimates to the distribution and population , ecology , threats and conservation actions fields with updated references .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22714696a110042215 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
visitors to manchester city centre have just two weeks left to get up close to the cities’ popular pair of peregrine falcons .
the rspb wants to bring back the colour to the roadsides of east riding by returning verges to their former glory .
find out how you can help the birds in your garden in this summer heat .
a small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .
a nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .
male ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .
there ' s so much to see and hear at minsmere , from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .
this is a delightful oak woodland to walk through – especially in spring and early summer .
nature is an adventure waiting to be had . get out , get busy and get wild !
explore the little pools of amazing sea life that are left by the tide on the rocks around our coast .
* this map is intended as a guide . it shows general distribution rather than detailed , localised populations .
breeding populations of long - distance , trans - saharan migrant birds have declined sharply since the 1970s .
1 in 4 uk birds are now on the red list of conservation concern . this is an emergency for uk bird life .
the rspb is a member of birdlife international . find out more about the partnership
© the royal society for the protection of birds ( rspb ) is a registered charity : england and wales no . 207076 , scotland no . sc037654
we use cookies on our website to help give you the best online experience . tell me more
you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
for a healthy population , this species requires vast areas of wetland habitat . this is due to the large home ranges that males of this species occupy during the breeding season in order to gain access to several females . such habitat is increasingly under threat from modern agricultural practices and is often drained for commercial use . other threats may occur on the wintering grounds . the human population increase in west africa is putting pressure on the habitat needed by this species such as over - grazing , over - exploitation of water resources and desertification ( 3 ) .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
home range the area occupied by an animal during routine activities , which is not actively defended .
mullarney , k . , svensson , l . , zetterstrom , d . , & grant , p . j . ( 1999 ) collins bird guide . harpercollins publishers ltd , london .
moore , a . a field guide to the warblers of britain and europe , ( 1983 ) , oxford university press .
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : acrocephalus paludicola . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
piotr marczakiewicz sweep netting for arthropods , ławki mire , biebrza national park , poland . © anna wiśniewska
janusz kloskowski is a researcher at the institute of zoology , poznań university of life sciences , poland . his general interests span ecological aspects of behavior , such as evolutionary conflicts between family members , to cross - ecosystem interactions . currently his research mainly focuses on how behavioural decisions affect trophic interactions and community structure . he has been also involved in purely conservation projects like alleviation of wildlife - fisheries conflicts or wetland restoration . franziska tanneberger is based at the greifswald mire centre , institute of botany and landscape ecology , greifswald university , germany . she works on fen mire ecology , fen biodiversity , the climate relevance of peatlands , and peatland restoration , particularly within voluntary carbon schemes . she has contributed to various mire research and conservation projects in germany , russia , belarus , and poland .
blog posts express the views of the individual author ( s ) and not those of the bou .
if you want to write about your research in # theboublog , then please see here .
this website uses cookies to improve your experience . we ' ll assume you ' re ok with this , but you can opt - out if you wish . accept
normally considered probably closest to a . melanopogon , although genetic data are contradictory on this point # r # r . monotypic .
ne germany–poland border ( lower r oder ) e , very locally , to lithuania , sw & s belarus and nw & n ukraine ; distribution in e & s of range imprecisely known but the overall breeding range has contracted significantly during recent decades # r . winters in w africa s of sahara .
song , from perch or in flight , mostly in evening ( up to dusk ) , a churring “trrrrr” . . .
following items recorded in diet : spiders ( araneae ) , dragonflies ( odonata ) , grasshoppers and other orthopterans , earwigs ( dermaptera ) , . . .
in studies in ne poland , earliest clutch started 9th may , mean first - egg date in consecutive years between 15th and 22nd may , second broods . . .
migratory . c european populations migrate sw in autumn to wintering grounds in w sahelian wetlands . . .
vulnerable . probably c . 80 % of world population concentrated in relatively small area comprising valleys of r biebrza ( ne poland ) , r yaselda ( sw belarus ) and r pripyat ( nw . . .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
previously included in a broad sylviidae ; genetic data place this group as a family apart , perhaps closest to pnoepygidae , with locustellidae , donacobiidae and bernieridae as other near relatives # r # r # r .
based on genetic studies # r # r # r # r , comprises at least four subgenera , containing species as listed below : titiza ( name has priority over calamodus ) , streaked forms , plus unstreaked a . bistrigiceps ( species 18–22 ) ; notiocichla , small unstreaked forms ( species 23–29 ) ; calamocichla , african / malagasy forms ( species 30–36 ) ; and acrocephalus , large forms , including all australian and polynesian species , plus three from eurasia ( species 37–54 ) . further genetic work required in wallacea and australasia ; sequence of taxa in polynesia has been comprehensively reorganized following molecular analysis .
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
both males and females are similar in appearance , and juveniles lack streaking on the breast and flanks .
this small passerine bird is a species found in wet sedge beds with vegetation shorter than 30 centimetres . drainage has meant that this species has declined and its stronghold is now the polesie region of south belarus , where 70 % of the worlds population breeds .
the mou calls for cooperation among national authorities to promote the conservation of the species . it requires the strict protection of the species and the maintenance and restoration of its habitat .
the mou provides an intergovernmental framework for governments , scientists and other groups to monitor and coordinate ongoing conservation efforts . progress in mou and action plan implementation is described in the secretariat’s overview report provided at regular mou signatory meetings .
the discovery of the wintering sites contributes to implementing the mou and action plan . in 2010 , signatories included mauritania and mali into the geographical scope of the mou . this would allow senegal , mauritania and mali to coordinate their conservation efforts . additionally , the discoveries create an extra incentive for european conservation efforts to be extended into africa to truly encompass the bird’s full migratory range .
signed also by co - operating organizations : cms secretariat and birdlife international on 30 april 2003 . first meeting of the signatories mos1 ) , 25 - 27 june 2006 , griewen , germany second meeting of the signatories ( mos2 ) , 13 - 15 may 2010 , biebrza national park , poland
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .
have you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .
© 2018 birdguides , warners group publications plc . all rights reserved . company registered in england no . 2572212 | vat registration no . gb 638 3492 15
stichting birdlife europe gratefully acknowledges financial support from the european commission . all content and opinions expressed on these pages are solely those of stichting birdlife europe .
like most websites we use cookies . if you’re happy with that , just carry on as normal ( close this bar ) - otherwise click here to find out more .
to celebrate year of the bird , here are 12 simple actions you can take to make life better for birds .
discover the health of the world ' s bird species in our latest annual update .
help us to protect america ' s migratory birds on their epic journey across continents .
the three nature ' s heroes chosen by apb—birdlife belarus can be considered heroes in a more conventional sense . one climbs to dizzying heights to study the nests of raptors , with only a few old canvas straps to keep him . . .
today ' s bird bulletin presents birdlife ' s lastest publication ' the killing 2 . 0 - a view to a kill ' and more .
as the european union prepares to present its next budget , our head of conservation iván ramírez pens a satirical open letter about a very serious issue to president of the european commission , jean - claude juncker .
danara zharbolova and alyona koshkina from our kazakh partner acbk tell us about their first attempts to catch and tag the elusive white - headed duck with geolocators out on the lakes of the central kazakhstan .
an epic playground for seabirds , mediterranean monk seals , marine turtles and cetaceans – and humans for time immemorial – just received a major boost from the greek government .
awards season in europe is about to start ! and nature lovers are eagerly awaiting for the ‘green carpet’ event of the year – the european union’s annual ‘natura 2000 awards 2018’ on 17 may .
for the last few years , vbn / birdlife netherlands has been working closely with dutch farmers in the hopes of making the country’s world - famous dairy products as sustainable and nature - friendly as they are tasty . gerrit . . .
this week marks the 20th anniversary of the aznalcóllar disaster in spain , when the dumping of toxic sludge from a mining raft reached doñana national park , thereby threatening one of the most important biodiversity . . .
stichting birdlife europe gratefully acknowledges financial support from the european commission . all content and opinions expressed on the eca section of this website are solely those of stichting birdlife europe .
in the beginning of june , 50 juveniles were transferred from belarus to lithuania , žuvintas biosphere reserve . it is the first ever translocation of this globally threatened bird species . birds came from the biggest metapopulation in zvanec fen mire . the team led by an expert with a long - term experience in raising insectivorous birds is taking care of young birds .
when most people are grumbling about the cold weather , try to stay indoors and enjoy drinking hot tea , naturalists don’t have time for that . the cold has made the right conditions to continue habitat restoration works in bird conservation territories in klaipėda , ignalina and alytus regions . while it is freezing outside , naturalists have an opportunity to use wide - wheel tractors to remove shrubs and reeds . these works help to . . .
meeting took place in vilnius . during the event the team discussed project implementation , its ' challenges and planned the actions for the next year . when summarising the meeting project manager žymantas morkvėnas noted that 2018 seems to be the most intensive and interesting year during whole project .
the main goal of this blood testing is to determine the level . . .


posttaygetis is a monotypic butterfly genus of the subfamily satyrinae in the family nymphalidae .

its one species is posttaygetis penelea , which is found in the neotropical realm .

posttaygetis

the genus posttaygetis contains just a single species penelea . it cannot be confused with any other species .
posttaygetis penelea ; brown & mielke , 1967 , j . lep . soc . 21 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) : 90 ; [ bow ] : pl . 64 , f . 2 ; [ ecul ] ; freitas , 2003 , ( name ) ; [ nl4a ] , # 1467
ty - jour ti - immature stages and biology of posttaygetis penelea cramer ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : satyrinae ) t2 - proceedings of the entomological society of washington . vl - 105 ur - urltoken pb - entomological society of washington cy - washington , etc . : py - 2003 sp - 548 ep - 554 sn - 0013 - 8797 au - murray , debra l er -
@ article { bhlpart55588 , title = { immature stages and biology of posttaygetis penelea cramer ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae : satyrinae ) } , journal = { proceedings of the entomological society of washington . } , volume = { 105 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , etc . : entomological society of washington } , author = { murray , debra l } , year = { 2003 } , pages = { 548 - - 554 } , }
costa rica - amazon basin , surinam , brazil ( santa catarina ) . see [ maps ]
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
biologia centrali - americana . rhopalocera . vol . 1 . ( 1879 - 1886 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
this species breeds in primary rainforest at altitudes between sea level and about 800m .
his butterfly is a denizen of the dark undergrowth , and flies mainly in the early mornings , between about 0700 - 0900hrs . at other times it usually hides away amongst the rootlets of palms or amongst leaf litter around the base of trees . the adults fly only very short distances , rarely more than 2 - 3 metres at a time , and always close to the ground .
all photographs , artwork , text & website design are the property of adrian hoskins ( unless otherwise stated ) and are protected by copyright . photographs or text on this website must not be reproduced in part or in whole or published elsewhere without prior written consent of adrian hoskins / urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
lamas g ed . 2004 . atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea . gainesville : scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .
correspondence regarding this page should be directed to andrew v . z . brower at
. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the
each tol leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the tree of life . the major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the tree of life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
tree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .
biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
lamas ( 2004 ) has listed for the neotropic region 35 genera within 4 tribes of the pyrrhopyginae . more than 30 species in this subfamily have recorded occurrence at amazonas , pará , mato grosso , rondônia , where are contemplated the genera : aspitha , myscelus , passova , croniades , elbella , gunayan , jamadia , mysoria , nosphistia , parelbella , protelbella , pyrrhopyge , yanguna , zonia . c omplex mimetic groups .
two decades of work in costa rica provided great contribution especially in relation to immatures ( burns & janzen 2001 ) . notes about biology of some species from pará and amazonas can be found in moss ( 1949 ) .


zonites anaphiensis is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family zonitidae .

zonites anaphiensis

revision der gattung zonites montfort ( gastropoda , zonitidae ) : tuerkische arten . nebst ergaenzungen und verzeichnis aller zonites - arten
preliminary results indicate that taxonomy of zonites requires revision ( kornilios et al . 2009 ) .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
riesenglanzschnecke
to
zonites algirus
.
hans - martin braun added the english common name
algiers snail
to
zonites algirus
.
species zonites gemonensis ( a . férussac , 1832 ) accepted as aegopis gemonensis gemonensis ( a . férussac , 1832 )
formerly , the genus zonites was divided into two subgenera : zonites , distributed in greece and western asia minor as already described , and turcozonites , distributed in southeastern turkey and syria ( riedel , 1987a ) . these two taxa are now considered to be distinct genera ( riedel , 1995 ) .
subgenus zonites ( archaegopis ) wenz in k . fischer & wenz , 1914 † accepted as archaegopis wenz in k . fischer & wenz , 1914 †
map showing distribution of the genus zonites , sampling localities ( map codes are reported in appendix ) and several important regions and islands mentioned in text .
the genus zonites is believed to be of eastern origin ( riedel , 1987b ) and most probably descended from an ancestral form that was related to turcozonites , since the supposedly most basal zonites species ( z . osmanicus ) occurs at the eastern edge of the range , in asia minor ( riedel , 1992 ) .
the tree topology suggests that the genus zonites follows a phylogeographical pattern ( figs 2 and 3 ) that is consistent with the palaeogeographic history of the aegean area .
although preliminary , our results suggest that revision of the current taxonomy of the genus zonites is needed , since there are many inconsistencies between the molecular and the morphological groupings .
riedel , a . & mylonas , m . 1981 . eine neue zonites - art von kykladen , griechenland ( gastropoda , zonitidae ) . - annales zoologici 36 ( 13 ) : 247 - 253 . warszawa .
a geographical interpretation of the phylogenetic affinities among zonites species . the mid - aegean trench is shown as a thick dashed line . the main clades of the phylogenetic tree are indicated . long - distance affinities are indicated by narrow dashed lines .
despite the diversity and endemism of zonites , little work has been done on its phylogeny and phylogeography . nevertheless , terrestrial molluscs can be particularly informative in studies of the biogeography of islands , such as the aegean archipelago with its complex palaeogeographic history ( mylonas , 1982 ; riedel , 1992 ; riedel & mylonas , 1995 ) .
zonites is distributed in the northeastern part of the mediterranean region . in particular , it is found in central and southern peloponnisos ( six species ) , in evvoia and the adjacent coast of attica ( two species ) , in the aegean islands ( 15 species , including the two extinct species ) and in western turkey ( 10 species , three of which are endemic ) ( fig . 1 ) . zonites is found only as a fossil in the southwestern kyklades and in crete , and is absent from some areas whose malacofauna has been thoroughly studied , such as the northern kyklades , sterea ellada and some islands of the central east aegean ( riedel , 1992 ) .
the existence of a uniform molecular clock implying the homogeneity of evolutionary rates was tested with the lrt by calculating a χ 2 statistic . this test did not reject the null hypothesis of a homogeneous clock - like rate for the tree produced by the zonites sequences from the aegean region ( lrt = 2 * [ 1871 . 03 − 1849 . 76 ] = 42 . 54 , df = 43 , α = 0 . 05 , χ critical = 59 . 30 and p < 0 . 0001 ) , assuming clock - like evolution of the involved sequences . according to the calibration reference point , the diversification of the lineages of zonites included in this study occurred at c . 11 . 7 ma , during the late miocene ( fig . 2 ) .
zonites p . pergranulatus does not seem to have differentiated into significantly different forms in the central aegean islands , since the topology of lineage b2 . 1 does not reflect the different islands . this can be explained by the relatively recent isolation of these islands from each other , because the break - up of the kyklades plateau into separate islands occurred at about 11 , 500 year bp ( perissoratis & conispoliatis , 2003 ) .
the western clade b is subdivided into subclade b1 ( peloponnisos , kythira , evvoia , lesvos ) and subclade b2 ( aegean islands ) ( figs 2 and 3 ) . this separation , which seems to have taken place some 7 . 9 ma , reflects the isolation of island zonites taxa from those of the peloponnesian mainland , which must have occurred in the late tortonian ( 8 ma ) ( dermitzakis & papanikolaou , 1981 ) .
the genus zonites montfort , 1810 includes 28 species , of which 25 are found in greece ( seven of these also present in turkey ; 18 exclusively endemic to greece ) ( riedel , 1992 ; riedel & mylonas , 1995 , 1997 ; schütt , 2005 ) . two species ( z . santoriniensis and z . siphnicus ) are extinct and found only as subfossils ( riedel , 1985 ; riedel & mylonas , 1997 ) ( fig . 1 ) .
a fragment of the 16s gene was sequenced from 43 individuals of zonites . two individuals of the genus turcozonites were used as outgroup . all sequences were obtained from museum samples , deposited in the natural history museum of crete , preserved in 75 % alcohol . the sampling localities are shown in figure 1 and the specimens are listed in the appendix . the identification of species and subspecies was based on shell morphology and the anatomy of the genitalia ( riedel , 1987a , 1987b , 1992 , 1995 ; riedel & mylonas , 1995 , 1997 ) .
the 16s rrna gene is considered a relatively conserved region of the mitochondrial dna . numerous studies in the past have shown that land snails exhibit great levels of mitochondrial diversity , even for this relatively slowly evolving gene ( douris et al . , 1995 ; thomaz , guiller & clarke , 1996 ; parmakelis et al . , 2003 , 2005 ) . in our case , the genetic divergences among zonites specimens are extremely high ( mean 22 . 2 % , maximum 40 . 4 % ) . however , given the relative small size of the 16s gene segment analysed , these diversity and divergence estimates may be biased , particularly since rrna genes comprise both conserved and rapidly evolving regions ( smit , widmann & knight , 2007 ) .
finally , the eastern clade a , whose existence is not strongly supported ( fig . 2 ) , shows a subdivision , dating from 9 . 4 ma , into two lineages ( figs 2 and 3 ) : a lineage that comprises z . smyrnensis and z . chloroticus in the north ( chios , samos , turkey ) and another that includes z . festai , z . casius and z . caricus in the south ( kasos , rodos , kastelorizo ) . these two lineages are separated by a genetic divergence of 23 . 8 % . the lineage of z . festai , z . casius and z . caricus shows a mean divergence of only 8 . 0 % , while z . smyrnensis and z . chloroticus are divergent by 20 . 8 % . this high value and the co - existence of two genetically distant forms of zonites on chios ( z . smyrnensis and z . chloroticus ) can be explained by multiple colonizations by the genus from asia minor .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
bank , r . a . 2017 . fauna europeae project : checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : february 18th , 2017 . fauna europea project : urltoken hoogezand .
this species is endemic to the island of anafi in greece . it is most probably absent from the southern part of the island . any modification of its habitat may pose a serious threat to the species , given its very restricted range . the species is therefore assessed as vulnerable ( vu ) . more research is needed on the threats and distribution of this species .
the species is endemic to the island of anafi , part of the cyclades islands in the aegean sea , greece . most probably the species is absent from the southern part of the island ( mylonas 1982 , riedel 1992 , kornilios et al . 2009 ) .
the species is not common . there is no available information on the population trend .
the species is found in shrublands ( phrygana and maquis vegetation ) , especially in limestone areas .
grazing , tourist activities and fire can potentially restrict the population of the species but there is no evidence for any direct threats at present , or in the near future .
the species is present in at least one protected area . there are no conservation actions regarding the species . research is recommended upon the population trend and size , distribution , threats and ecology of the species . other species from its genus in the broad region of the aegean sea have been reported to decline or even to become regionally extinct , which may be regarded as an indication of vulnerability of these species to environmental alterations .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
( of aegophthalmus p . hesse , 1910 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
( of tragomma held , 1838 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
( of verticillus moquin - tandon , 1848 ) bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
the basic data of this taxon were entered by hand , consulting the original description , and following animalbase standard .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
total genomic dna was extracted from foot tissue ( tail tip ) . after homogenization , the macherey–nagel nucleospin tissue dna extraction kit was used .
pcr products were purified with the macherey–nagel nucleospin extract ii dna purification kit . sequencing was conducted on an abi prism automated sequencer using the big - dye terminator ( v . 3 . 1 ) cycle sequencing kit and the pcr primers . both forward and reverse strands of the pcr product were sequenced . we performed an ncbi - blast search ( urltoken ) to confirm that the obtained sequences belonged to pulmonate molluscan 16s rrna .
) and adjusted by eye . all dna sequences are deposited in genbank ( accession numbers : ef568962–ef569006 ) .
distance - based genetic divergences were estimated in mega v . 2 ( kumar , tamura & nei , 2004 ) using the kimura 2 - parameter model ( kimura , 1981 ) .
three methods were used to conduct the phylogenetic analyses : neighbour - joining ( nj ) , maximum likelihood ( ml ) and bayesian inference ( bi ) .
the selection of the most suitable model of dna substitution for the ml and bi analyses was done using modeltest 3 . 7 ( posada & crandall , 1998 ) , under the akaike information criterion ( aic ; akaike , 1974 ) . the best - fit model was k81 + g ( kimura , 1981 ) ( model parameters : ln l = −1855 . 670 , k = 93 , rmatrix a / c = 1 . 00 , a / g = 5 . 37 , a / t = 1 . 97 , c / g = 1 . 97 , c / t = 5 . 37 , g / t = 1 . 00 , a = 0 . 41 ) .
nj analysis was performed with paup * ( v . 4 . 0 b10 ; swofford , 2002 ) , with 1000 bootstrap replicates to estimate statistical support values ( felsenstein , 1985 ) .
ml analyses ( felsenstein , 1981 ) were conducted using paup * and garli v . 0 . 95 ( zwickl , 2006 ) . in paup * , heuristic ml searches were performed with 10 replicates of random sequence addition and tbr branch swapping , based on the successive - approximations strategy of swofford et al . ( 1996 ) and sullivan et al . ( 2005 ) . in garli , heuristic ml searches were performed with 10 5 replicates of random sequence addition using the garli algorithm . since a ml tree search with such a complex model would be computationally excessive in paup * , the confidence of the nodes was assessed only in garli based on 1000 bootstrap replicates .
the 16s segment provided 310 bp , containing 150 variable sites ( 48 . 4 % ) , 137 of which ( 44 . 2 % ) were parsimony - informative . excluding the outgroup , there were 129 ( 41 . 6 % ) variable sites , of which 116 were parsimony - informative ( 37 . 4 % ) . the mean values of a , t , g and c , within the ingroup , are 38 . 2 % , 34 . 2 % , 16 . 8 % and 10 . 7 % , respectively .
average genetic divergences ( % ) , based on the kimura 2 - parameter model ( kimura , 1981 ) , within ( bold text ) and between the geographical groups .
8 . naxos , amorgos , kinaros , levitha ( z . p . p )
9 . astypalaia , astakida ( z . p . c & z . ast )
maximum and minimum values between the groups are italicized . species abbreviations are shown in the appendix .
tree summarizing phylogenetic relationships among the 45 individuals studied with the genus turcozonites from syria as outgroup . the tree presented is the one produced from the bi analysis ( all methods of analysis , nj , ml and bi , produced trees of the same topology ) . bootstrap values of nj / ml analyses are shown , respectively , above branches , and posterior probabilities of bi are below branches . the numbers by some internal nodes ( with relative high statistical support ) , highlighted with a small circle , indicate age of that node in millions of years .
clade b is subdivided into two subclades , b1 and b2 , which comprise specimens from continental greece ( evvoia , peloponnisos , kythira ) along with lesvos ( a case of human dispersal ) , and from the aegean islands , respectively . the respective support values are 85 / 76 / 0 . 80 and 79 / 64 / 0 . 90 .
finally , two main lineages are present in the islands of subclade b2 : lineage b2 . 1 ( karpathos , kasos , naxos , amorgos , kinaros , levitha ) and lineage b2 . 2 ( anafi , astipalea , astakida ) ( 92 / 57 / 0 . 98 and 99 / 94 / 1 . 00 , respectively ) .
the sh test rejects the hypotheses that z . pergranulatus is a monophyletic taxon ( p > 0 . 05 ) , and that the species distributed east and west of the mid - aegean trench form monophyletic groups ( p > 0 . 05 ) .
the molecular phylogenetic hypothesis agrees to some extent with the current taxonomy of the genus based on morphological characters . in most cases , specimens of the same species group together , even if sampled from different regions or islands ( e . g . z . pergranulatus pergranulatus from naxos , amorgos , kinaros and levitha ; z . algirus from kythira and lesvos ; z . graecus from distant localities of peloponnisos ; z . chloroticus from chios and turkey ; z . smyrnensis from samos and chios ) .
as seen on subclade b2 ( figs 2 and 3 ) , individuals of z . pergranulatus pergranulatus ( naxos , amorgos , kinaros , levitha ) are more closely related to individuals of z . rhodius ( genetic divergence : 7 . 3 % ) than they are to the conspecific z . p . cycladicus ( astypalaia ) ( 19 . 7 % ) . a highly significant result of the sh test further rejects the hypothesis of monophyly of z . pergranulatus in favour of the topology of figure 2 . in other words , z . pergranulatus seems to be polyphyletic , suggesting that two ( cryptic ) species may be involved .
we suggest that the formation of the mid - aegean trench was also the cause of the separation of the putative eastern clade a and the western clade b which , according to our molecular clock data , began to diverge c . 11 . 7 ma , in agreement with the palaeogeographical data .
we are very grateful to all the people that donated samples for this study or helped in the field : r . belardinelli , r . cameron , a . parmakelis , k . triantis and a . riedel . we would also like to thank aristides kordomenidis for helping with the maps and james howlett for linguistic help . finally , we appreciate all helpful comments and suggestions of the anonymous reviewers . this work was funded by the animal biodiversity scholarship from the state scholarships foundation of greece to p . kornilios .
international symposium on biogeographical aspects of insularity , roma 1987 . accademia nazionale dei lincei
fauna graeciae . v . the zonitidae ( sensu lato ) ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) of greece .
molecular phylogeny and character evolution in the western palaearctic helicidae s . l . ( gastropoda : stylommatophora )
paup * : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony , * and other methods . 4 . 0 b10a
the specimens examined in the present study : taxon name , sampling localities and regions , population map codes ( fig . 1 ) , abbreviations and accession numbers .
oxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide
for full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .
enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
we are still having problems with the search feature . unfortunately we cannot give a timeline when the advanced search will be fixed .
museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken