pseudogalleria inimicella , the inimical borer moth , is a moth in the tortricidae family .

it was described by zeller in 1872 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , arkansas , florida , georgia , illinois , indiana , kentucky , maine , maryland , new hampshire , north carolina , ohio , oklahoma , ontario , south carolina , tennessee , texas and west virginia .

the wingspan is 16.5 – 23 mm .

adults have been recorded on wing from january to october .

the larvae bore in the rootstocks of smilax species , including smilax herbacea .

pseudogalleria inimicella

species pseudogalleria inimicella - inimical borer moth - hodges # 3500 - bugguide . net
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maine to florida , west to texas and oklahoma , north to indiana , manatoba , and southern ontario .
forbes , w . t . m . , 1923 . the lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states .
heinrich . c . , 1923 . revision of the north american moths of the subfamily eucosminae of the family olethreutidae .
zeller , p . c . , 1872 . beiträge zur kentniss der nordamericanischen nachtfalter besonders der microlepidopteren .
beiträge zur kentniss der nordamericanischen nachtfalter besonders der microlepidopteren philipp christoph zeller . 1872 . wien : a . holzhausen .
revision of the north american moths of the subfamily eucosminae of the family olethreutidae carl heinrich . 1923 . united states national museum bulletin 123 : 1 - 298 .
the lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states william t . m . forbes . 1923 . cornell university , ithaca , new york ; memoir 68 .
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gilligan , wright & gibson , 2008 . olethreutine moths of the midwestern united states : p . 186 . 306 . ( out of print )
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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
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pterois miles , the common lionfish , or devil firefish , is a species of ray-finned fish native to the western indo-pacific region .

the common lionfish is frequently confused with its close relative , the red lionfish ( pterois volitans ) .

the scientific name is from greek pteron , meaning " wing , " and latin miles , meaning " soldier . "

pterois miles

schultz , eric t . 1986 . pterois volitans and pterois miles : two valid species . copeia 1986 : 686 - 690 .
the indo - pacific lionfishes pterois miles and p . volitans ( ( in the . . .
leo shapiro added text to
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pterois miles ( bennett , 1828 )
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pterois miles ( bennett , 1828 )
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collection code : v2llionfs . short name : lionfish ( pterios volitans and pterois miles ) distribution and behavior in the red sea . long name : lionfish ( pterios volitans and pterois miles ) distribution and behavior in the red sea .
lionfish ( turkeyfish ) , pterois miles , over soft corals photo by tim nicholson . taken on little brother in the egyptian red sea .
bernadsky , g . and d . goulet . 1991 . a natural predator of the lionfish , pterois miles . copeia 1991 : 230 - 231 .
since 2012 , considering this subtle difference in the number of dorsal fin rays and anal fin rays , i never find a pterois miles in guadeloupe .
do p . volitans and p . miles ( common invasive lionfish in . . .
the pterois miles is identifiable by its 10 dorsal fin rays and its 6 anal fin rays as shown in the image below . click image for larger view .
our mission the total eradication of pterois volitans ( red lionfish ) and pterois miles ( common lionfish or devil firefish ) from atlantic and caribbean waters to protect native coral reef ecosystems , local fisheries and the people who depend on them .
do p . volitans and p . miles ( common invasive lionfish in gomex ) vocalize ?
frontiers | reproductive biology of invasive lionfish ( pterois spp . ) | marine science
cornetfish ( fistularia commersoni ) is a natural predator of p . miles . photo courtesy national park service
. the name is from greek
pteron
, wing , and latin
miles
, soldier .
bariche , m . , m . torres and e . azzurro . 2013 . the presence of the invasive lionfish pterois miles in the mediterranean sea . mediterranean marine science 14 : 292 - 294 .
widely distributed throughout the western pacific from southern japan to micronesia , australia and the philippines . pterois volitans occurs throughout most of oceania ( including the marshall islands , new caledonia and fiji ) east to french polynesia . pterois miles is from the indian ocean and red sea , although its range extends to sumatra .
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potentially misidentified species : pterois volitans is unmistakable for any other marine fish of the western atlantic .
morris , j . a . , sullivan , c . v . , and govoni , j . j . ( 2011b ) . oogenesis and spawn formation in the invasive lionfish , pterois miles and pterois volitans . sci . mar . 75 , 147–154 . doi : 10 . 3989 / scimar . 2011 . 75n1147
ounifi - ben amor , k . ; ghanem , r . ( 2016 ) . new record of the lion fish pterois miles in tunisian waters . mms . 17 / 2 : 612 - 613 . [ details ]
non - native red lionfish ( pterois volitans ) photographed off jacksonville , florida . photo © don demaria
morris et al . ( 2009 ) provided an overview of the biology and ecology of p . volitans and p . miles .
golani , d . and o . sonin . 1992 . new records of the red sea fishes pterois miles ( scorpaenidae ) and pteragogus pelycus ( labridae ) from the eastern mediterranean sea . japanese journal of ichthyology 39 : 167 - 169 .
growth studies of the closely related p . miles indicate that post - larval growth of juveniles less than 80g in body weight is exponential .
corsini - foka , m . ; kondylatos , g . ( 2015 ) . first occurrence of the invasive lionfish pterois miles in greece and the aegean sea . medit . mar . sci . 16 / 3 : 692 - 702 . [ details ]
golani , d . , and sonin , o . ( 1992 ) . new records of the red sea fishes , pterois miles ( scorpaenidae ) and pteragogus pelycus ( labridae ) from the mediterranean sea . jpn . j . ichthyol . 39 , 167–169 .
devil firefish ( pterois miles ) is another species of lionfish . also native to the indo - pacific , a few have been found in the caribbean and western atlantic . however , more than 90 percent of lionfish sited in the introduced range are red lionfish .
kletou , d . , j . m . hall - spencer and p . kleitou . 2016 . a lionfish ( pterois miles ) has begun in the mediterranean sea . marine biodiversity records 9 : 46 doi : 10 . 1186 / s41200 - 016 - 0065 - y .
the problem isn ' t confined to the americas . pterois miles are now also being found in the mediterranean and scientists are urging divers and fishermen to remove them when they find them . research shows that culling can reduce lionfish abundance substantially , but removal rates must be high .
kletou , d . ; hall - spencer , j . m . ; kleitou , p . ( 2016 ) . a lionfish ( pterois miles ) invasion has begun in the mediterranean sea . marine biodiversity records . 9 ( 1 ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
bariche , m . , torres , m . , and azzurro , e . ( 2013 ) . the presence of the invasive lionfish ( pterois miles ) in the mediterranean sea . mediterr . mar . sci . 14 , 292–294 . doi : 10 . 12681 / mms . 428
non - native red lionfish ( pterois volitans ) photographed over the outer shelf reefs off cape fear , nc . photo courtesy noaa
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of pterois volitans / miles are found here .
steinitz , h . 1959 . observations on pterois volitans ( l . ) and its venom . copeia 1959 : 158 - 160 .
schofield , p . j . 2009 . geographic extent and chronology of the invasion of non - native lionfish ( pterois volitans [ linnaeus 1758 ] and p . miles [ bennett 1828 ] ) in the western north atlantic and caribbean sea . aquatic invasions 4 ( 3 ) : 473 - 479 . urltoken
reproduction red lionfish are external fertilizers that produce a pelagic egg mass following a courtship and mating process that is not well documented . the larvae of red lionfish , like those of many reef fishes , are planktonic . data recorded for the closely related pterois miles provide the best estimate of red lionfish early development . p . miles larvae settle out of the water column after a period of approximately 25 to 40 days , at a size of 10 - 12 mm in length .
bariche , m . ; torres , m . ; azzurro , e . ( 2013 ) . the presence of the invasive lionfish pterois miles in the mediterranean sea . mediterranean marine science . 14 ( 2 ) : 292 - 294 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
azzurro , e . , b . stancanelli , v . di martino , and m . bariche . 2017 . range expansion of the common lionfish pterois miles ( bennett , 1828 ) in the mediterranean sea : an unwanted new guest for italian waters . bioinvasions records 6 ( 2 ) : 95 - 98 . urltoken
schofield , p . j . 2010 . update of geographic spread of lionfishes ( pterois volitans [ linnaeus , 1758 ] and p . miles [ bennett , 1828 ] ) in the western north atlantic ocean , caribbean sea and gulf of mexico . aquatic invasions 5 ( supplement 1 ) : s117 - 122 . urltoken
poursanidis d . ( 2015 ) ecological niche modeling of the the invasive lionfish pterois miles ( bennett , 1828 ) in the mediterranean sea . eleventh panhellenic symposium on oceanography and fisheries , mytilene , lesvos island , greece , 13–15 may 2015 . anavyssos attiki greece ; hellenic center for marine research , pp . 621–624 .
kimball , m . e . , j . m . miller , p . e . whitfield and j . a . hare . 2004 . thermal tolerance and potential distribution of invasive lionfish ( pterois volitans / miles complex ) on the east coast of the united states . marine ecology progress series 283 : 269 - 278 .
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morris , j . a . , akins , j . l . , barse , a . , cerino , d . , freshwater , d . w . , green , s . j . , munoz , r . c . , paris , c . and whitefield , p . e . ( 2008 ) biology and ecology of the invasive lionfishes , pterois miles and pterois volitans . proceedings of the 61st gulf and caribbean fisheries institute , gosier , guadeloupe , french west indies .
further reading and references lionfish begin invasion into mediterranean sea : cyprus already colonised . scuba news coral reef fishes , indo - pacific and caribbean by ewald lieske and robert myers , harper collins 2 invasive species of florida ' s coastal waters : the red lionfish ( pterois volitans ) and devil firefish ( p . miles ) , university of florida .
whitfield , p . e . , j . a . hare , a . w . david , s . l . harter , r . c . munoz and c . m . addison . 2007 . abundance estimates of the indo - pacific lionfish pterois volitans / miles complex in the western north atlantic . biological invasions 9 : 53 - 64 .
turan , c . , d . erguden , m . gurlek , d . yaghoglu , a . uyan and n . uygur . 2014 . first record of the indo - pacific lionfish pterois miles ( bennett , 1828 ) ( osteichthyes : scorpaenidae ) for the turkish marine waters . journal of the black sea / mediterranean environment 20 : 158 - 163 .
schofield , p . j . , morris , j . a . , langston , j . n . , fuller , p . l . , and usgs–nas . ( 2013 ) . pterois volitans / miles point map . gainesville , fl : united states geological survey nonindigenous aquatic species database . available online at : urltoken ( accessed nov 15 , 2013 ) .
schofield , p . j . ( 2009 ) . geographic extent and chronology of the invasion of non - native lionfish ( pterois volitans [ linnaeus 1758 ] and p . miles [ bennett 1828 ] ) in the western north atlantic and caribbean sea . aquat . invasions 4 , 473–479 . doi : 10 . 3391 / ai . 2009 . 4 . 3 . 5
azzurro , e . ; stancanelli , b . ; di martino , v . ; bariche , m . ( 2017 ) . range expansion of the common lionfish pterois miles ( bennett , 1828 ) in the mediterranean sea : an unwanted new guest for italian waters . bioinvasions records . 6 ( 2 ) : 95 - 98 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scorpaena miles bennett , 1828 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
pterois volitans , the red lionfish , is a member of the scorpionfish subfamily pteroinae , which contains 5 genera representing a number of particularly interesting scorpionfishes . among this group , the genus pterois stands out in features of body shape ( dorso - laterally compressed ) , number of lengthy unbranched pectoral rays , and length of the dorsal spines in relation to body depth .
schofield , p . j . , j . a . morris , jr , j . n . langston , and p . l . fuller , 2018 , pterois volitans / miles : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 4 / 18 / 2018 , peer review date : 4 / 1 / 2016 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
turan , c . ; ergüden , d . ; gürlek , m . ; yağlıoğlu , d . ; uyan , a . ; uygur , n . ( 2014 ) . first record of the indo - pacific lionfish pterois miles ( bennett , 1828 ) ( osteichthyes : scorpaenidae ) for the turkish marine waters . journal of black sea / mediterranean environment . 20 ( 2 ) : 158 - 163 . [ details ]
albins , m . a . 2012 . effects of invasive pacific red lionfish pterois volitans versus a native predator on bahamian coral - reef fish communities . biological invasions ( online first : urltoken
the pterois volitans species of lionfish is distinguished by the 11 dorsal fin rays and by the 7 anal fin rays , as shown in the image below . click image for larger view .
ginat , n . , josef , n . , aruety , t . , shashar , n . 2016 . lionfish ( pterios volitans and pterois miles ) distribution and behavior in the red sea in : o ' dor , r . , whoriskey , f . , branton , r . , gross , t . 2008 . ocean tracking network global equipment deployments and data collection . retrieved : june 08 , 2016 from urltoken .
although yabe ( 1985 ) hardly discusses sound production , he describes on p . 95 - 97 intrinsic and extrinsic muscles to the swim bladder in pterois . these are probably involved in sound production .
fishelson , l . 1997 . experiments and observations on food consumption , growth and starvation in dendrochirus brachypterus and pterois volitans ( pteroinae , scorpaenidae ) . environmental biology of fishes 50 : 391 - 403 .
i have not found any research specifically on pterois vocalization , but ladich and fine 2006 have stated that order scorpaeniformes , to which lionfish belong to , have the largest diversity in sound producing mechanisms . so most likely pterois is able to vocalize . in ladich and bass 1998 see page 326 . rockfish in our waters do vocalize ( see sirovic et al 2009 ) so it is likely that lionfish do as well .
( of pterois muricata cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
guerrero , k . a . and a . luis franco . 2008 . first record for the indo - pacific red lionfish pterois volitans ( linnaeus , 1758 ) for the dominican republic . aquatic invasions 3 : 255 - 256
edwards , m . a . ( 2012 ) . age , growth , and diet of lionfish ( pterois spp . ) from little cayman island , b . w . i . thesis , university of florida , gainesville .
albins , m . a . and m . a . hixon . 2008 . invasive indo - pacific lionfish ( pterois volitans ) reduce recruitment of atlantic coral - reef fishes . marine ecology progress series 367 : 233 - 238 .
gonzález j . , m . grijalba - bendeck , a . acero p , r . betancur - r . 2009 . the invasive red lionfish , pterois volitans , in the southwestern caribbean sea . aquatic invasions 3 : 507 - 510 .
citation : dahl ka , patterson wf iii ( 2014 ) habitat - specific density and diet of rapidly expanding invasive red lionfish , pterois volitans , populations in the northern gulf of mexico . plos one 9 ( 8 ) : e105852 . urltoken
possible economic consequences of invasion : the potential economic impacts of pterois volitans in florida and elsewhere in the southeastern u . s . have yet to be assessed . the species is venomous and as such may pose a threat to fishermen and scuba divers .
maljkoviæ , a . , t . e . van leeuwen and s . n . cove . 2008 . predation on the invasive red lionfish , pterois volitans ( pisces : scorpaenidae ) , by native groupers in the bahamas . coral reefs 27 : 501 .
the genus pterois contains eight species variously referred to as lionfishes , turkeyfishes , or firefishes . relative to its seven congeners , pterois volitans is diagnosed largely by differences in number of fin spines or rays , coloration , and scale type . although not definitive , the presence of spots on the dorsal , anal , and caudal fins as well as the size of these spots ( larger in the red lionfish than in the most closely related species ) is useful in making a preliminary distinction between p . volitans and other lionfishes .
lasso - alcalá , o . m . , posada , j . m . 2010 . presence of the invasive red lionfish , pterois volitans ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , on the coast of venezuela , southeastern caribbean sea . aquatic invasions 5 : s53 - 59 .
kochzius , m . , r . söller , m . a . khalaf and d . blohm . 2003 . molecular phylogeny of the lionfish genera dendrochirus and pterois ( scorpaenidae , pteroinae ) based on mictochondrial dna sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 28 : 396 - 403 .
albins , m . a . and m . a . hixon . 2012 . worst case scenario : potential long - term effects of invasive predatory lionfish ( pterois volitans ) on atlantic and caribbean coral - reef communities . environmental biology of fishes ( available via online first : urltoken )
albins , m . a . , and hixon , m . a . ( 2008 ) . invasive indo - pacific lionfish pterois volitans reduce recruitment of atlantic coral - reef fishes . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 367 , 233–238 . doi : 10 . 3354 / meps07620
chevalier , p . p . , e . gutiérrez , d . ibarzabal , s . romero , v . isla , j . calderín and e . hernández . 2008 . primer registro de pterois volitans ( pisces : scorpaenidae ) para aguas cubanas . solenodon 7 : 37 - 40 .
morris , j . a . , and akins , j . l . ( 2009 ) . feeding ecology of invasive lionfish ( pterois volitans ) in the bahamian archipelago . environ . biol . fish . 86 , 389–398 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10641 - 009 - 9538 - 8
hi sean , yes , lionfish are only considered invasive in the western atlantic basin ( w . atlantic ocean , caribbean sea and the gulf of mexico ) . there have been numerous reports in the last several months about pterois in the mediterranean sea , where they would also be considered an invasive .
mediterannean sea : pterois miles has been reported from the mediterranean sea in israel ( golani and sonin 1992 ) , lebanon ( bariche et al . 2013 ) and turkey ( turan et al . 2014 ) . the species is reported from popular press articles in cyprus ( evripidou 2013 ) . kletou et al . ( 2016 ) reported that lionfish had recently increased in abundance and colonised almost the entire south eastern coast of cyprus . these fish are thought to have migrated into the mediterranean sea via the suez canal ( i . e . , lessepsian migration ) . azzurro et al . ( 2017 ) reviews the invasion of lionfish in the mediterranean , which currently extends to italy .
abundance : detailed abundance information for this recent invader to the u . s , atlantic coast is lacking , but collection data and anecdotal observations suggest pterois volitans is established and reproducing in florida waters and that local populations are likely growing ( whitfield et al . 2002 , ruiz - carus et al . 2006 ) .
lesser , m . p . , and slattery , m . ( 2011 ) . phase shift to algal dominated communities at mesotrophic depths associated with lionfish ( pterois volitans ) invasion on a bahamian coral reef . biol . invasions 13 , 1855–1868 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10530 - 011 - 0005 - z
barbour , a . b . , allen , m . s . , frazer , t . k . , and sherman , k . d . ( 2011 ) . evaluating the potential efficacy of invasive lionfish ( pterois volitans ) removals . plos one 6 : e19666 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0019666
age , size , lifespan : the largest pterois volitans specimen collected on the u . s . east coast , caught via hook and line off north carolina in 2004 , was over 43 cm long and weighed approximately 1 . 1 kg baker et al . ( 2004 ) indicate that the species typically grows to 15 - 30 cm .
given the tendency of the red lionfish to retreat to areas of hiding by day , this species is thought to be mostly nocturnal . however , red lionfish have been observed to feed during the day and studies of captive specimens imply that pterois that have taken up refugia may simply be those individuals that have recently fed and are sated .
edwards , m . a . , frazer , t . k . , and jacoby , c . a . ( 2014 ) . age and growth of invasive lionfish ( pterois spp . ) in the caribbean sea , with implications for management . bull . mar . sci . 90 , 953–966 . doi : 10 . 5343 / bms . 2014 . 1022
salinity : pterois volitans is a marine species , although it is found in inshore lagoons in its native range . juvenile individuals have been collected off the northeastern u . s . continental shelf where salinities are typically in the range of 30 - 33ppt , somewhat lower than salinities in southeastern coastal waters ( 34 - 36 ppt ) ( whitfield et al . 2002 ) .
trophic mode : pterois volitans is a predator on small fish , shrimps , crabs , and similarly sized animals . the species actively hunts in open water at night ( myers , 1991 ) . allen and eschmeyer ( 1973 ) note a hunting behavior in which p . volitans spreads its pectoral fins to corral prey items which it then ingests in a single rapid motion .
pterois volitans red lionfish the red lionfish has greatly elongated dorsal - fin spines . the membranes of all fins are often spotted . the body is white or cream coloured red to reddish - brown vertical stripes . the vertical stripes alternate from wide to very thin ( with the thin stripes being more numerous ) and sometimes merge along the flank to form a v - shape .
meister , h . s . , d . m . wyanski , j . k . loefer , s . w . ross , a . m . quatrini and k . j . sulak . 2005 . further evidence for the invasion and establishment of pterois volitans ( teleostei : scorpaenidae ) elong the atlantic coast of the united states . southeastern naturalist 4 : 193 - 206 .
potential to compete with natives : a broad array of suitable prey species for pterois volitans occur on florida reefs , as do a number of predatory fish with which this non - native species may come to compete over trophic resources ( fishelson 1975 , sano et al . 1984 ) . detailed information on florida p . volitans population sizes and their food habits remains lacking , however .
ruiz - carus , r . , matheson jr , r . e . , roberts jr , d . e . and whitfield , p . e . ( 2006 ) the western pacific red lionfish , pterois volitans ( scorpaenidae ) , in florida : evidence for reproduction and parasitism in the first exotic marine fish established in state waters . biological conservation , 128 : 384 - 390 .
ruiz - carus , r . , r . e . matheson , jr . , d . e . roberts , jr . , and p . e . whitfield . 2006 . the western pacific red lionfish , pterois volitans ( scorpaenidae ) , in florida : evidence for reproduction and parasitism in the first exotic marine fish established in state waters . biological conservation 128 : 348 - 390 .
whitfield , p . e . , t . gardner , s . p . vives , m . r . gilligan , w . r . courtenay , jr . , g . c . ray and j . a . hare . 2002 . biological invasion of the indo - pacific lionfish ( pterois volitans ) along the atlantic coast of north america . marine ecology progress series 235 : 289 - 297 .
kulbicki , m . , beets , j . , chabanet , p . , cure , k . , darling , e . , floeter , s . r . , et al . ( 2012 ) . distributions of indo - pacific pterois spp . in their native ranges : implications for the atlantic invasion . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 446 , 189–205 . doi : 10 . 3354 / meps09442
whitfield , p . e . , gardner , t . , vives , s . p . , gilligan , m . r . , courtenay jr , w . r . , carleton ray , g . and hare , j . a . ( 2002 ) biological invasion of the indo - pacific lionfish pterois volitans along the atlantic coast of north america . marine ecology progress series , 235 : 289 - 297 .
ferreira , c . e . l . , o . j . luiz , s . r . floeter , m . b . lucena , m . c . barbosa , c . r . rocha and l . a . rocha . 2015 . first record of invasive lionfish ( pterois volitans ) for the brazilian coast . plos one 10 ( 4 ) : e0123002 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0123002 .
lionfish invaders are perhaps most famous for the speed in which they have colonised the east coast of the americas , stretching from the delaware bay near philadelphia down to brazilian waters and everywhere in between . most of these are of the species p . volitans , but about 7 % are p . miles 2 . lionfish may have been introduced into atlantic waters from private owners who found they could no longer look after their pets when they became too big for their fishtanks . the invaders have reduced the abundance of small native reef fishes by up to 95 % at some sites .
embryology : embryonic development within the egg masses is evident around 12 hours post - fertilization , and larvae hatch out within around 36 hours of fertilization . the larvae become competent swimmers 2 - 3 days after hatching , capable of capturing and consuming ciliates and other small zooplankton ( fishelson 1975 ) . the typical larval duration of various lionfish species likely falls in the range of 20 - 40 days ( whitfield et al . 2002 ) . the congener p . miles is 10 - 12 mm at when metamorphosing from larva to adult ( fishelson 1975 ) , and the situation is probably similar for p . volitans .
an initial quantitative evaluation of reproduction was conducted on p . volitans and p . miles from the western atlantic . morris ( 2009 ) reported that females matured at approximately 175 mm total length or 1 year of age and released approximately 25000 eggs per spawning event . based on the presence of hydrated oocytes , mature females appeared capable of spawning every 3 . 6–4 . 1 days throughout the year , although the proportion of females with ovaries in spawning condition was higher in summer ( june–august ) . in contrast , the condition of testes in mature males , fish ≥ 100 mm total length , exhibited less variation throughout the year .
a striking , boldly - patterned fish , the common lionfish ( pterois volitans ) has distinctive bands of red and white stripes and conspicuous , elongated , fan - like fins ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the red and white stripes are intermingled with varying reddish , golden brown and black - brown bars or stripes , alternating against a pale yellowish - white background ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . a row of white spots is usually present along the lateral line ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
regional occurrence : pterois volitans is native to the western pacific ( from southern japan and southern korea to the east coast of australia , indonesia , micronesia and french polynesia ) and south pacific ( from western australia to the marquesas and oeno in the pitcairn islands ) ( schultz 1986 myers 1991 , ruiz - carus et al . 2006 ) . the species has recently been observed and collected from the u . s . east coast from florida north to long island , new york ( whitfield et al . , 2002 ) .
hello andy , i would be curious to know where you got your information , since you don’t sight your reference material . according to urltoken the ray fin counts for the two species are not as clear - cut as you state in your article . according to their description the volitans have been found with dorsal soft ray fins numbering from 9 - 12 and anal soft ray fins numbering from 6 - 8 . the miles dorsal ray fins have been found to number from 9 - 11 and anal soft ray fins from 6 - 7 . so the only positive id one could make would be a fish with 12 dorsal soft ray fins or 8 anal soft ray fins . they could be identified as volitans .
the third lionfish i completely stoned but was blind - sided by a 5 or 6 foot barracuda from behind that came , maybe , 1 foot from my head , going at least 20 miles an hour , and tore into the fish at the end of my spear so hard that it ended up taking the entire sling with it . there was no saving the spear . the 4 other lionfish i saw on the rest of the dive gave me the middle finger and , i swear , i heard them laughing at me . when i was talking with the other divemasters on the way back , several of them showed me some serious scars they had all received from the moray eels and barracudas trying to get at the lionfish they had speared and remarked that they were surprised that the sharks didn’t show up , too .
temperature : pterois volitans is a tropical species , but it nevertheless exhibits a fairly broad thermal tolerance across its native and introduced range . although juvenile individuals have been collected as far north as long island , new york , these individuals were almost certainly spawned in warmer waters of the u . s . southeastern coast ( meister et al . 2005 ) . thermal tolerance studies by kimball et al . ( 2004 ) reveal an average lethal low temperature for p . volitans of 10 . 0°c and a low temperature at which feeding ceases of 16 . 0°c . these findings suggest red lionfish should survive typical winter temperatures on the u . s . east coast as far north as cape hatteras , nc , while it remains unknown if animals can overwinter north of this point ( whitfield et al . 2002 ) .
the conservation biology research group at the department of biology , university of malta has discovered other alien species in maltese waters , as part of its biodiversity research .
the cbrg - uom presented several of its published discoveries at the international workshop on invasive species in ischia in may , so as to discuss the best way forward in the mediterranean to adapt to the various ongoing marine environmental changes .
such research is a long - term effort that needs responsible action from researchers and stakeholders in order to find ways to adapt and consider management measures in the face of observed impacts of increasing presence of new alien species and environmental changes in our seas .
this ongoing research has introduced two new additions to the list of alien tropical reef species found in maltese waters , which include the lowfin chub and the poisonous lionfish species . apart from identifying the species morphologically and genetically , the ongoing research also investigates the possible impacts of the different alien species on local fish communities and habitats as part of conservation research .
these research outcomes are leading to scientific publications which contribute new information to improve the species’ identification tools , apart from reporting their local presence .
collaboration with sea - users has been part of this research group’s achievements through the many years of research work , so as to allow greater stakeholder participation , learning and communication to efficiently target conservation measures in the near future .
alien species may be dangerous if not recognised as such by fishermen or sport fishers who are not familiar with the strange species in these waters . certain species , such as the lionfish , may be dangerous to handle but delicious to eat and therefore the latter may be exploited by fishers , to control their numbers using the necessary safety precautions . the toxins of the lionfish are contained only within the fish ' s spines , so lionfish are a common food item in their native range throughout the south pacific and indian oceans .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
family scorpaenidae ( scorpionfishes ) the head is large , from 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 the standard length . most species have numerous head spines . the dorsal fin has strong , venomous spines ( viii to xvii ) . the anal fin also has sharp , venomous spines ( usually iii ) . the caudal fin is usually rounded or squared , but not forked . this large family contains about 500 species .
two visually identical species have been introduced into the north - west atlantic ocean , caribbean sea and the gulf of mexico . although identification information is given below , this was derived for specimens from the native range . lionfishes in the invaded range may differ significantly from native range specimens . at this time , positive identification can only be achieved through genetic analysis . therefore , throughout this document , both species are referred to collectively as
lionfishes
.
schofield ( 2009 ) provides an overview of lionfish occurrences in the atlantic and caribbean through august 2009 . an update to this article ( schofield 2010 ) gives the current range of lionfish through november 2010 . in summary :
atlantic coast of usa : lionfishes have been established from miami to north carolina since 2002 . they established in the florida keys in 2009 . although present in atlantic waters north of north carolina , they are not likely to survive cold winter temperatures .
gulf of mexico : other than the anomalous treasure island specimen ( see schofield 2010 ) , the first confirmed specimens of lionfish taken from the gulf of mexico were in december 2009 . sightings of lionfishes are becoming common in the northern gulf of mexico , especially associated with artifical reefs ( including oil / gas platforms ) .
bermuda , bahamas , turks and caicos and cayman islands : lionfishes were numerous in bermuda by 2004 and established in the bahamas by 2005 , the turks and caicos by 2008 and the cayman islands by 2009 .
greater antilles : lionfishes are established off all islands in the greater antilles ( cuba [ 2007 ] , jamaica [ 2008 ] , hispañola [ haiti and the dominican republic ; 2008 ] and puerto rico [ 2009 ] ) .
lesser antilles : lionfish presence has been confirmed throughout the leeward and windward islands . for more details , see schofield ( 2010 ) .
caribbean coasts of mexico , central and south america : lionfishes are established from mexico through venezuela ( mexico [ 2009 ] , belize [ 2009 ] , honduras [ 2009 ] , nicaragua [ 2010 ] , costa rica [ 2009 ] , panamá [ 2009 ] , colombia [ 2010 ] , venezuela [ 2010 ] ) . one specimen was captured in southern brazil in 2014 ( ferreira et al . 2015 ) . it is unclear whether the species is established in brazil at this time ( 2016 ) .
bahamian ; cape canaveral ; carolinian ; charlotte harbor ; choctawhatchee bay ; crystal - pithlachascotee ; daytona - st . augustine ; everglades ; florida bay - florida keys ; florida southeast coast ; floridian ; greater antilles ; nassau ; northern gulf of mexico ; pensacola bay ; perdido bay ; sarasota bay ; st . andrew - st . joseph bays ; tampa bay ; vero beach
eastern caribbean ; greater antilles ; st . croix ; st . john - st . thomas
in the u . s . , lionfishes have rapidly increased in abundance and are now as abundant as many native grouper species in the atlantic ocean ( whitfield et al . 2007 ) . surprisingly , although it was thought the species ' northward expansion along the atlantic coast of the u . s . would be limited by cool water temperatures , lionfish have been observed in water as cold as 56 f off the southern coast of long island ( t . gardner , pers . comm . ) .
there is a tremendous amount of research on lionfishes in the invaded range , which has generated many scientific papers . for a quick summary of the basics , see reef ' s
lionfish quick facts
here : urltoken
morris , j . a . and p . whitfield . 2009 . biology , ecology , control and management of the invasive indo - pacific lionfish : an updated integrated assessment . noaa technical memorandum nos nccos 99 . 57 pp . available online : http / / : coastalscience . noaa . gov / documents / lionfish _ ia2009 . pdf
to see the latest updates and information from dr . mark hixon ' s lab at oregon state university , go here : urltoken
the new manual invasive lionfish : a guide to control and management includes the best available science and practices for controlling lionfish .
the most probable explanation for the arrival of lionfishes in the atlantic ocean is via the aquarium trade ( whitfield et al . 2002 ; semmens et al . 2004 ) . no one will ever know with certainty how lionfishes gained entry to the coastal waters of the u . s . ; however , as they are common aquarium fishes , it is possible they were released pets . the well - publicized report of lionfish establishment due to a breakage of a large aquarium by hurricane andrew is probably erroneous .
lionfishes are established along the atlantic coast of the usa ( from the florida keys to cape hatteras ) , the caribbean coasts of central and south america , the gulf of mexico , and throughout the greater antilles , leeward and windward islands . see schofield 2010 for details .
additional research in the bahamas has documented a marked impact on native fish communities . green et al . ( 2012 ) documented an increase in lionfish populations that corresponded with a 65 % decline in the biomass of lionfish prey ( 42 fish species ) over a two - year time period .
long - term effects of lionfish are unknown ; however , albins and hixon ( 2012 ) suggest that direct and indirect effects of lionfish could combine with the impacts of preexisting stressors ( especially overfishing ) and cause substantial deleterious changes in coral - reef communities .
ballew et al . 2016 examined the impact of lionfish on native fish abundance in across the southeastern united states ( north carolina to florida ) over the duration of the lionfish invasion ( 1990 - 2014 ) . they found that lionfish reduced the abundance of a native forage fish ( tomtate , haemulon aurolineatum ) by 45 % . tomtate was used as a model species , and it is likely lionfish had similar impacts on other native species .
aguilar - perera , a . and a . tuz - sulub . 2010 . non - native , invasive red lionfish (
[ linnaeus , 1758 ] : scorpaenidae ) , is first recorded in the southern gulf of mexico , off the northern yucatan peninsula , mexico . aquatic invasions 5 ( 2 ) : s9 - s12 .
ballew , n . g . , n . m . bacheler , g . t . kellison , and a . m . schueller . 2016 . invasive lionfish reduce native fish abundance on a regional scale . scientific reports 6 : 32169 doi : 10 . 1038
courtenay , w . r . , jr . 1995 . marine fish introductions in southeastern florida . newsletter of the introduced fish section , american fisheries society 14 : 2 - 3 .
evripidou , s . 2013 . toxic lionfish makes its way to cyprus waters . urltoken accessible here : urltoken
fishelson , l . 1975 . ethology and reproduction of pteroid fishes found in the gulf of aqaba ( red sea ) , especially dendrochirus brachypterus ( cuvier ) , ( pteroidae , teleostei ) . pubblicazioni della stazione zoologica di napoli 39 : 635 - 656 .
florida fish and wildlife conservation commission - fish and wildlife research institute ( fwri ) . 2006 . first - known lionfish caught in florida ' s gulf coast waters . [ a fish and wildlife research institute press release . ] urltoken
green s . j . and i . m . côté . 2008 . record densities of indo - pacific lionfish on bahamian coral reefs . coral reefs : published online 25 november 2008 .
green , s . j . , j . l . akins , a . maljkovic , i . m . côté . 2012 . invasive lionfish drive atlantic coral reef fish declines . plos one 7 : e32596 .
hamner , r . m . , d . w . freshwater and p . e . whitfield . 2007 . mitochondiral cytochrome b analysis reveals two invasive species with strong founder effects in the western atlantic . journal of fish biology 71 ( sup b ) : 214 - 222 .
harmelin - vivien , m . l . and c . bouchon . 1976 . feeding behavior of some carnivorous fishes ( serranidae and scorpaenidae ) from tuléar ( madagascar ) . marine biology 37 : 329 - 340 .
morris , j . a . and p . whitfield . 2009 . biology , ecology , control and management of the invasive indo - pacific lionfish : an updated integrated assessment . noaa technical memorandum nos nccos 99 . 57 pp . available online at urltoken
poss , s . g . 1999 . scorpaenidae . scorpionfishes . pages 2291 - 2352 in : carpenter , k . e . and v . niem ( eds . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . vo . 4 . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae ) . fao , rome .
pura vida divers . 2003 . lionfish sighting in west palm beach . pura vida divers .
reef environmental education foundation ( reef ) . 2008 . exotic species sighting program and volunteer survey project database . accessed march 10 , 2008 .
semmens , b . x . , e . r . buhle , a . k . salomon , c . v . pattengill - semmens . 2004 . a hotspot of non - native marine fishes : evidence for the aquarium trade as an invasion pathway . marine ecology progress series 266 : 239 - 244 .
sherman , b . 2007 . invasive lionfish species confirmed in gray ' s reef national marine sanctuary . noaa press release october 12 , 2007 . urltoken
schofield , p . j . , j . a . morris , jr , j . n . langston , and p . l . fuller
this information is preliminary or provisional and is subject to revision . it is being provided to meet the need for timely best science . the information has not received final approval by the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) and is provided on the condition that neither the usgs nor the u . s . government shall be held liable for any damages resulting from the authorized or unauthorized use of the information .
the data represented on this site vary in accuracy , scale , completeness , extent of coverage and origin . it is the user ' s responsibility to use these data consistent with their intended purpose and within stated limitations . we highly recommend reviewing metadata files prior to interpreting these data .
citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
contact us if you are using data from this site for a publication to make sure the data are being used appropriately and for potential co - authorship if warranted . for queries involving fish , please contact pam fuller . for queries involving invertebrates , contact amy benson .
the mediterranean sea represents around 0 . 82 % area and 0 . 3 % volume of the world ocean but it contains 4–18 % of described marine organisms and is a biodiversity hotspot with estimated 17 , 000 species ( coll et al .
) . mediterranean seawater temperatures are steadily increasing , and alien species are spreading , causing community shifts and tropicalization ( lejeusne et al .
) . there are now > 1000 alien species in the mediterranean and the majority are thermophilic species that have entered the eastern basin through the suez canal ( katsanevakis et al .
) . recent enlargement of this canal coupled with sea surface warming is raising concerns that this problem will get worse ( galil et al .
40 % of the 130 alien fish species now living in the mediterranean have been reported since 2001 and these have expanded their geographical range during this time ( zenetos et al .
) . some countries have initiated invasive fish eradication programmes , for example the cypriot authorities have been compensating fishermen for their pufferfish catches during the reproductive season , resulting in massive removals of pufferfish biomass from the eastern mediterranean ( rousou et al .
became fully established throughout the southeast united states and the caribbean sea , extending to south america and much of the gulf of mexico ( schofield et al .
) . the alien lionfish population has low genetic diversity and is thought to originate from a small founder population in the southeast united states ( betancur - r et al .
) . the lionfish are generalist carnivores and can feed on a large variety of fish and crustaceans although large individuals prey almost exclusively on fish ( côté et al .
) . lionfish spawn every 4 days year - round , producing around two million buoyant gelatinous eggs per year ( morris et al .
) . in western atlantic , lionfish are more abundant than in their native region and have become the dominant predator on coral reefs with a great impact on native reef fishes , decreasing the abundance of > 40 prey species by 65 % on average , in just 2 years ( green et al .
) . their dramatic invasive success results from a combination of factors such as early maturation and reproduction , anti - predatory venomous defences and ecological versatility of the lionfish coupled with naïve prey and the overfishing of native predators ( côté et al .
) . after two decades of silence , two specimens were captured off the coast of lebanon in 2012 ( bariche et al .
) . soon after , two more were reported in a newspaper article , captured off cyprus and in 2014 , another specimen was sighted in turkey , then in 2015 two more were captured in cyprus and then sighted in rhodes in greece ( turan et al .
in this article , we present evidence that the threat of lionfish invasion in the eastern mediterranean sea is real and is probably underway . sightings of the lionfish
) . furthermore , groups of lionfish have been sighted together for the first time in the mediterranean .
has spread rapidly and colonised almost the entire south eastern coast of cyprus , from limassol ( south ) to protaras ( south east ) in just 1 year ( fig .
) . divers and government officers that were questioned in this study mentioned > 10 additional lionfish sightings and captures that were unfortunately not photographed so are not included in our database .
) sightings are presented in grey . locality points on the map are roughly estimated based on the information provided by the person who reported the lionfish sighting . * indicates the presence of a lionfish pair
officers from dfmr provided four specimens for the purposes of this study . one is now alive in an aquarium at dfmr offices and another is among the first two undocumented reports made from cyprus back in february 2013 ( bariche et al .
. most validated reports of lionfish come from scuba divers and freedivers across south cyprus . here we list 24 new sightings of at least 19 different fish ( fig .
photographs of lionfish from the south cyprus captured by professional fishermen using trammel nets .
was captured in amathounta , limassol in february 2013 and it is one of the first two lionfish that were reported in cyprus ( bariche et al .
photographs of lionfish from the south coast of cyprus captured by recreational scuba divers , free - divers or spear - fishermen . further details on table
three pairs of lionfish have been photographed , one at zenobia wreck at 20 m depth , another near cape kiti at 42–43 m ( photo d , fig .
) and one more at cyclops caves near cape greco at 12–15 m depth . the cyclops pair has been photographed many times by different recreational scuba divers both as singletons or together ( photos c , i , j , o , q , w and x , fig .
) . the distinctive stripe pattern of these two individuals allows their identification through photos and the tracking of their movement . they were documented together at the same rock formation for a period of 2 months between july and september 2015 ( photos o , q , w and x , fig .
) . it is noteworthy that one individual from the pair named β with a unique stripe pattern on its left side , may have been reported on the other side of cape greco , around 10 km from cyclops caves , several months earlier in october 2014 ( photo c , fig .
) . the other individual , named α , has very distinctive stripes on its right side and was first sighted at cyclops caves on 7 of july 2015 and the next day it was reported towards green bay , about 2 km to the north east ( photos i and j , fig .
) . two weeks later it was found back at cyclops caves with β where they remained together for at least 2 months . about a week before the pairing was sighted at cyclops caves , a third lionfish was reported at the site but it was not sighted again thereafter ( photo l , fig .
) . recently , a different lionfish has joined the pair ( photo x , fig .
the possibility of a lionfish invasion in the mediterranean sea and the potential ecological and socio - economic impacts that may follow have been largely neglected by the regional scientific community , managers and other stakeholders . few validated reports of lionfish sightings exist from the region , which creates muted concern and uncertainty about the ability of the species to colonise the mediterranean . furthermore , model simulations have suggested that this would be unlikely to happen ( johnston & purkis
) . the lionfish first appeared in the eastern mediterranean at about the same time that they were first reported off florida . there they spread rapidly and colonised almost all warm parts of the east coast of united states , the gulf of mexico and the entire caribbean sea ( schofield et al .
) whereas more than two decades passed for a second sighting to occur in the mediterranean sea .
here , we present > 20 lionfish sightings ( mostly by divers ) from the coastal waters of south cyprus during over the past year , providing evidence that the lionfish invasion in the mediterranean sea is becoming a clear threat that requires the immediate attention of officials and the engagement of stakeholders . it appears that the lionfish have found their niche , formed reproductive populations and are now established . lionfish are normally solitary animals and only gather in groups to mate ( fishelson
) . while some lionfish stay put , like one that remained on the zenobia wreck for at least 6 weeks , some travel up to 2 km a day ( α from the cyclops pair ) .


the dwarf pygmy goby or philippine goby ( pandaka pygmaea ) is a tropical freshwater fish of family gobiidae .

it is one of the smallest fish species in the world by mass , and is also one of the shortest freshwater fishes .

mature males can reach up to 1.1 centimetres ( 0.43 in ) sl , while the females can grow up to 1.5 centimetres ( 0.59 in ) sl .

average weight is from 4 to 5 milligrams ( 0.00014 to 0.00018 oz ) .

it is known as bia and tabios in the philippines .

dwarf pygmy goby

dwarf pygmy goby live in brackish and mangrove areas around aquatic plants with soft muddy bottoms .
dwarf pygmy goby news letter .
scribd . web . 13 mar . 2011 . <
corona , lauren .
the adaptations of the dwarf pygmy goby
accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken
dwarf pygmy goby : great aquarium fish .
hubpages . web . 13 mar . 2011 . <
dwarf pygmy goby .
wikipedia , the free encyclopedia . web . 13 mar . 2011 . <
corona , lauren .
the adaptations of the dwarf pygmy goby .
animals - urltoken , http : / / animals . urltoken / adaptations - dwarf - pygmy - goby - 6753 . html . accessed 09 july 2018 .
corona , lauren . ( n . d . ) . the adaptations of the dwarf pygmy goby . animals - urltoken . retrieved from http : / / animals . urltoken / adaptations - dwarf - pygmy - goby - 6753 . html
the dwarf pygmy goby is an endangered fish primarily found in the philippines . it ' s one of the smallest fish in the world by mass , the largest measuring only a centimeter and a half . the dwarf pygmy goby has a nearly transparent body with four bands of brown spots , and have large , blunt heads . due to their small size , dwarf pygmy goby fish feed on plankton .
wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
dwarf pygmy goby
.
a colorless and almost reflecting type , with medium , long and robust the dwarf pygmy goby . more skinny men with nearly straight posterior and front features .
, is also known as the cherub pygmy angelfish , pygmy dwarf angelfish , and atlantic pygmy angelfish . it is from the pomacanthidae family , and was described by woods and kanazawa in 1951 . the genus
dwarf pygmy goby can live in an artificial marine environment , surviving best at temperatures between 75 and 86 degrees fahrenheit and a ph between 7 to 8 . 4
dwarf pgymy goby ( pandaka pygmaea ) – the dwarf pygmy goby is one of the smallest fish in the world , growing to a maximum size just over ½ inch . this is a freshwater goby found in the rivers of the philippines , though it has also been found in brackish waters and mangrove swamps . the dwarf pygmy goby is a colorless species , almost transparent , with a large blunt head . it may also have dark spots forming four cross - bands that run along the sides of the body .
though imported to germany , the highlighted areas are the only few habitats remanining for the critically endangered pygmy dwarf .
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - dwarf pygmy goby facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
pandaka pygmaea , the dwarf pygmy goby , is a tropical freshwater fish of the family gobiidae . it is one of the smallest fish in the world by mass , a… | pinteres…
the gold neon pygmy goby , sometimes referred to as the neon eviota goby , is endemic to the philippines and considered to be rare within the hobby . the gold neon pygmy goby is an excellent choice for a
nano
aquarium as they are a tiny species and will provide bright red and gold color with a very small biological impact on their habitat .
facts summary : the dwarf pygmy goby ( pandaka pygmaea ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
fishes
and found in the following area ( s ) : indonesia , philippines , singapore .
the dwarf dragon goby is typically a very peaceful fish and suitable for a small community aquarium . it will fare especially well in a heavily planted aquarium . good tank mates include adult dwarf shrimp , and other small fish such as celestial danios , pygmy cories , otocinclus , and ember tetras .
the dwarf pygmy goby had an elongated , robust body , with females being stouter than the males with a more protuberant belly . the males also only grow up to a tiny 1 . 1 centimeters in length , while females can reach 1 . 5 centimeters . dwarf pygmy goby fish have large blunt heads , and a jaw containing two rows of teeth . the first row is larger and widely spaced , while the second , inner row is minute . the dwarf pygmy goby also has two dorsal fins , the first being close to the head and extending all the way to the second fin . the base of all the fins ( excluding ventral fins ) are highly pigmented . these fish also have between 22 and 25 scales longitudinally . the dwarf pygmy goby is native to the freshwater philippines ( specifically those between 24 and 30 degrees celcius ) , but has been forced to travel and exist in saltwater habitats . the goby is oviparous , which means embryos don ' t grow inside the female ' s body .
flaming prawn goby ( discordipinna griessingeri ) – also known as the spikefin goby , the flaming prawn goby grows to a maximum length around 1 inch . these fish are known for their brilliant red fins and they have dark lateral lines running along the length of their bodies . the flaming prawn goby is an especially good choice for the nano reef tank .
the dwarf dragon goby prefers a temperature of 64°f to 75°f , a ph of 7 . 0 to 7 . 8 , and a hardness of 8 to 20°h .
the dwarf dragon goby is a small fish native to japan and taiwan . it is a temperate species that requires sub - tropical water conditions . it thrives in planted or heavily decorated aquariums with moderate to high water flow and requires soft sand or smooth gravel substrate in which it can bury itself . the dwarf dragon goby grows to an adult size of 1 to 2 inches .
the dwarf dragon goby is a truly scaleless fish with the ability to camouflage and dramatically change its color to match its surroundings . this small fish can achieve nearly any shade of brown , black , gray , and near white coloration . this is a true freshwater goby that is compatible with adult dwarf shrimp and even the smallest fish , making it a perfect nano aquarium inhabitant .
greenbanded goby ( tigrigobius multifasciatus ) – this species of goby is very peaceful and comes from the marine waters near puerto rico . the greenbanded goby is named for its vivid green body adorned with iridescent green bands running vertically along the fish’s length . this species enjoys tanks decorated with rockwork and they can be kept individually or in groups of 3 or more . the greenbanded goby is a carnivorous species and it breeds readily in the home aquarium .
the cherubfish or cherub pygmy angelfish is easy to find online and in stores , and moderately expensive .
the average length of the pygmy is 8 . 7mm . hardly enough to fix over your thumb nail
thousands of species of bony fishes are less than a few centimeters long as adults . among the smallest is the endangered dwarf pygmy goby ( pandaka pygmaea ) . adult males reach just 15 mm ( 0 . 6 in . ) , and adult females reach only about 9 mm ( 0 . 4 in . ) .
dwarf pygmy gobies are too small to be predatory fish ; they ' ve adapted to eat a diet that is always plentiful . dwarf pygmy gobies are plankton eaters . plankton is extremely abundant , which means they never run short on food . while having a varied diet can sometimes be a benefit to a species , having a specialized diet that rarely , if ever , runs out is equally advantageous .
threat - dwarf angelfish will be eaten by large fish that can fit them into their mouths .
threat - dwarf angelfish will out compete slow eaters , possibly leading to them starving to death .
panda goby ( paragobium lacunicolus ) – this goby grows up to 1 . 5 inches in length and it tends to inhabit coral colonies in the indo - pacific region . the panda goby is a peaceful species that does well in reef tanks outfitted with polyp corals and stocked with other peaceful species . this goby has a stocky build with a large head and they are usually yellow to white in color with black fins . panda gobies are carnivorous fish that require a varied diet of meaty foods .
why the only reasons i could find is that the pygmy goby thrives in brackish water and in the philippians the brackish and muddy water is cleaning up and going back to fresher water . also cause of industrialization and pollution . niche the gobies live in brackish rivers and eat small types of plankton . almost all types of fish eat the goby since it ' s so small . the female gobies have a oviparity reproduction system . bring the spices back there is not much being done to bring them back all that they are doing are importing them to places like germany that have brackish water . facts smallest fish by mass . nearly transparent . it is critically endangered . belongs to the family gobiidae . video sources dwarf pygmy goby urltoken urltoken
monitor - occasionally will nip at them , but they are safer with these fish than other dwarf angelfish .
red striped goby ( trimma cana ) – the red striped goby is named for its red - and - white striped appearance . this species grows to a maximum length of 1 inch and it is a very peaceful species of goby . these fish are very active and they generally do well in saltwater fish - only and reef tanks . the red striped goby needs plenty of rockwork to hide in and these fish do best in pairs or small groups , as long as they are introduced at the same time . this species should not be kept with large or aggressive species .
the cherub angelfish are very pugnacious little fish , so house them with more aggressive tank mates . the pygmy angelfish is more aggressive in smaller tanks , yet will pick on smaller tank mates no matter what . they will harass docile tank mates , even to death . two pygmy dwarf angelfish males will also fight to the death . they do not get along with another
the term dwarfgoby and dwarf goby are used interchangeably to refer to the smaller species of goby . a goby is a species of fish belonging to the family gobiidae . this family includes more than 2 , 000 separate species over 200 genera . gobies are typically small fish with most species growing to a maximum length under 4 inches . in fact , gobies are some of the smallest vertebrate animals in the world with several species growing to under 1 cm in length . for the most part , gobies are benthic species , or bottom - dwellers – they often burrow into the substrate to hide .
a dwarf angelfish - only community tank has rarely if ever been created and there is probably a good reason for this .
dwarf pygmy gobies survive in demersal , freshwater , brackish and marine water environments at a ph ranging from 7 . 0 – 8 . 4 , a dh range of 30 , and at tropical temperatures measuring from 24 to 30 °c ( 75 to 86 °f )
of the dwarf angels , coral beauties are generally recognised as the best behaved , with lemonpeel and bicolor angels the least trustworthy .
green clown goby ( gobiodon atrangulatus ) – this species of goby grows up to 1 . 75 inches in length and can be found in the waters off fiji and indonesia . the green clown goby is a very peaceful species and generally considered to be easy to care for . it follows a carnivorous diet and can be kept with other fish , though it may become territorial around others of its own species . these gobies spawn readily in the home aquarium , laying their eggs on the underside of coral branches .
red neon eviota goby ( eviota nigriventris ) – this goby belongs to the same genus as the newly discovered eviota gobies and it reaches a maximum length around 1 inch . the red neon eviota goby is named for its bright red horizontal bands running lengthwise along the opaque body . this species is very active and generally peaceful by nature , making it a great addition to the reef tank . these fish tend to fare best in small groups or pairs and they should not be housed with large or aggressive species .
dwarf angels are protogynous hermaphrodites , meaning that they all start life as females and can then change to male if the opportunity arises .
the dwarf dragon goby should be maintained in an aquarium of 5 gallons or larger . while not a schooling fish , it can easily be kept in groups . they should be kept on a soft , sandy substrate ( cs6631 ) with driftwood ( zm2000 ) , and other decorations in a well planted aquarium .
gold neon eviota goby ( eviota pellucida ) – related to the red neon eviota goby , this species also grows to a maximum of 1 inches in length and it is a peaceful and active species . the gold neon eviota goby has a largely opaque body with red vertical bands and large , gold - rimmed eyes . these fish do best in pairs or small groups and they prefer tanks with plenty of rockwork to hide in . they need a varied diet of fresh and frozen foods and should be fed twice daily .
gold neon pygmy gobies are highly active and also love to perch on coral and live rock while making sure they aren ' t missing anything as they keep an eye out for amphipod and copepod snacks . gold neon pygmy gobies are both beautiful and popular , but can be hard to find within the hobby .
this atlantic pygmy angelfish spends a good amount of time hiding from predators in the wild , so plenty of hiding spaces will make them happy . these fish favor an established reef environment with plenty of nooks and crannies to graze for food . these are very pugnacious little fish , so house pygmy angelfish with more aggressive tank mates .
the pandaka pygmaea ( english : dwarf pygmy goby ) is a type of tropical fish that live in fresh water from the family gobiidae . this one was once considered the smallest fish in the world , reviewed the masses , and also one of the shortest fresh water fish . the old man takes long to 1 . 1 cm , while the women grow up to 1 . 5 cm . the usual weight , it is from 4 to 5 mg . this is called bia and tobias in the philippines .
the gold neon pygmy goby should be housed in an aquarium of at least 12 gallons and be provided with a fine sand substrate and plenty of live rock for grazing , hiding , and perching . because of their tiny size , they have a relatively small impact on their environment and don ' t require any special filtration needs above a quality biological and mechanical system .
dwarf pygmy gobies are almost transparent , with black markings that form four cross bands . this coloration is useful as a form of camouflage , helping to keep them hidden from predators . the transparency of their bodies means they can blend in with their surroundings easily , their black markings accurately mimicking shadows falling underwater when sunlight hits the surface .
you will rarely see dwarf angels sold in pairs , though some specialist retailers will try to get fish to pair up from adding a group to a tank .
keeping gobies in the home aquarium presents a unique challenge . for one thing , you have to be careful about keeping them with other larger species that might view the goby as prey . you also need to be mindful of the type of substrate you choose because gobies like to burrow . fine - grain sand is the best substrate for gobies , though some species prefer to hide in rock caves . be sure to do some research on the particular species you plan to keep . there are many different species of dwarf goby , but not all of them are well - suited to the home aquarium . below you will find an overview of some of the top species of small and dwarf gobies that you can consider for your own aquarium :
if you want to mix different species of dwarf in the same tank you will need one of at least a 500 l / 110 gal , 150cm / 5’ .
their diminutive size puts dwarf pygmy gobies on the menu for almost any larger fish , but their relative smallness can also work to their advantage . being so small means they can dart into tiny cracks and crevices where potential predators can ' t follow . they also might be overlooked by much larger fish , who are looking for a more substantial dinner .
pygmy dwarf gobies are mostly found in mangroves and other brackish waters with muddy bottoms and plenty of aquatic plants . they ' ve adapted to living in these kind of environments as they provide these fish with some much needed cover . the more places they have to hide , the less likely it is for them to meet an untimely end from predators .
dwarf angelfish are omnivores that do well on a mixed diet of frozen and dry foods . feed a good brand of marine flake , along with frozen mysis , artemia and krill .
pygmy angelfish are easy to care for if you are careful to get a healthy specimen . when purchasing this dwarf angelfish , look for a specimen that is alert , active , and interested in its surroundings . their color should be rich , not faded , and they should be very difficult to catch . they should not be bloated of have reddened scale areas . be cautious of dwarf angels from the philippines . some collectors are known to have used improper capture techniques , such as not allowing the fish to decompress from deeper waters , as well as other mishandling techniques .
many dwarf angels live in mated pairs in the wild and can also do so in the aquarium . pfk even used a 1m / 39” tank with four flame angels as part of a breeding project .
maturing at less than half an inch in length , dwarf pygmy gobies ( pandaka pygmaea ) are one of the smallest fish in the world . they were originally thought to live in only one area of the philippines , but they ' ve recently been discovered in singapore , bali , sulawesi , fiji and papua new guinea . these tiny fish have adapted , through evolution , to be able to survive despite any challenges they face .
the bluefin pygmy angelfish is commonly referred to as the dusky cherub , manyspined angelfish , multi - spined angelfish , and black angelfish . it grows up to 6 inches in the wild but is imported at about 1 inch and needs to be kept in a tank not less than 30 gallon . the bluefin pygmy angelfish needs plenty of space to move around as it often likes to cruise the tank in search of algae and other bits of food . the ever inquisitive blue fin angelfish resembles the more popular coral beauty angelfish both in appearance as well as disposition . the blue coloration in its anal and caudal fins stands out and glows under intense aquarium lighting . since the bluefin pygmy angelfish mainly looks for algae , we suggest you to keep a few live rocks in the home aquarium where algae can grow naturally . the aquarium must contain a lot of crevices for the bluefin pygmy angelfish to seek shelter in . the bluefin pygmy angelfish thrives well in a temperature of 72 - 80 degree fahrenheit and ph value between 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 and the water hardness at 8 - 12 . keeping the centropyge angelfish in group or singly is recommended because if it is kept in more than one then they might end up in violence and aggression . the bluefin pygmy angelfish is not really considered reef safe , as it have the tendency to nip corals and other types of invertebrates . it is prone to nip stony and soft corals , and can also harm feather dusters and anemones . the bluefin pygmy angelfish feeds chiefly on algae and also ingest tiny organisms . additional meaty foods such as brine shrimp and mysis shrimps are also beneficial in its continued healthy growth .
the cherubfish or pygmy angelfish has the typical shape for dwarf angels , having a small elongated oval shape body , with rounded fins . they have gill covers with two opercular spines . in the wild they can reach up to about 3 inches ( 8 cm ) in length , but in the aquarium they are a bit smaller at about 2 1 / 2 inches ( 6 . 5 cm ) . this angelfish can live 5 or more years with good care .
for the smaller species like the pygmy angel and flameback , consider a 180 l / 40 gal , 100cm / 3 . 3’ tank as the minimum . for other species 240 l / 53 gal , 120cm / 4’ and upwards is better .
the key to mixing both freshwater or saltwater fish harmoniously is to vary colour , pattern and feeding requirements . a single dwarf angelfish will mix well with reef fish such as firefish , clowns , damsels , gobies and blennies .
3 . 2 inches ( 8 . 00 cm ) - the cherub pygmy angelfish can grow up to 3
( 8 cm ) in the wild , yet in captivity they rarely grow more than 2 . 5
( 6 . 5 cm ) .
gold neon pygmy gobies are carnivores and mainly eat amphipods , copepods , and other planktonic food among the corals and reefs within their natural habitat in the wild . a supply of live amphipods or copepods would be ideal in their aquarium , but they will accept other meaty foods such as live , frozen , freeze - dried , and vitamin enriched brine shrimp , finely chopped mysis shrimp , cyclops , and other finely chopped or prepared seafood as well as tiny pellets and flakes for carnivores and omnivores . gold neon pygmy gobies should be fed twice a day .
i have a cherub dwarf angel mixed with a variety of fish from long horn cowfish , filefish damsels and maroon clowns . i find it holds its own when it comes to feeding time etc . i have found this specimen very hardy and would highly recommend them .
hi , my pygmy angelfish is two weeks old . she is a very active swimer as well as a good algae eater . she is about 1 . 5in . long and very healthy . she eats algea , flakes and pellets . i also want to add that this sight is exceptonaly good .
cherub pygmy angelfish will spawn in captivity and they are now being raised in captivity , thus helping to preserve our ocean reefs . though raising the larvae is quite another task . these dwarf angelfish are paired according to size , not color . all are born female , then the larger fish becomes female . to make a pair is possible by buying a larger cherub angel and a smaller cherub angel , and within a few months they hopefully will assume their roles as male and female . this spit - fire cherubfish can be very protective of its territory , so docile fish beware .
providing a dwarf angelfish with plenty of places to hide and clean water is the best way to prevent illness . calm fish are healthy fish . if not stressed , they will have a stronger immune system to prevent infections . like other saltwater angelfish , dwarf angelfish can suffer any disease that captive saltwater environments have to offer . fish problems can be broken into one of ( or a combination of ) these types : parasites , bacterial and fungal disease , or physical ailments ( wounds and injuries ) . to learn all about fish problems and find specific answers , see aquarium fish diseases and treatments .
the tank needs to be at least 30 gallons for a single cherubfish , and at least 75 gallons to keep a male / female pair or two females . provide water parameters of : 72 - 82° f , ph 8 . 1 - 8 . 4 , sg 1 . 018 - 1 . 025 . this pygmy angel likes to have lots of rubble type areas to pick natural foods from and with several little caves in the rock work to hide in to feel secure . they are known to become aggressive to docile fish , so it is best to introduce this dwarf angel as the last inhabitant into a suitable , mature tank .
a very curious pygmy angelfish exploring his habitat in a captive reef environment . pygmy angelfish come from the atlantic ocean in florida , bahamas and the caribbean , making them one of the better fish that have not had to endure to much travel to get to aquarists in the united states . they still need a larger tank , of at least 50 gallons to get the nutrition from the live rock . they can be territorial , so a nano tank is a bad idea ! they have the most punch per inch , as far as aggression goes , which also facilitates a larger tank . they can be little monsters , attacking flasher wrasses , gobies , firefish and other docile fish .
dwarf dragon gobies are micro predators and should be fed small meaty foods including live blackworms , frozen cyclops ( sf1001 ) , and frozen baby brine shrimp ( sf1003 ) . for maximum color , growth , and health these fish will look their best when given probiotics ( al169 ) in addition to a balanced diet .
yes and no . generally , all dwarf angels can be kept in reef aquariums and a tank filled with live rock is the best place for them in terms of foraging and shelter . however , we sometimes have to avoid adding certain inverts as they will prove too tempting for the angels which try and nibble them .
many other species like the bicolor angel ( centropyge bicolor ) can grow to 15cm / 6” in length in the wild , but are much smaller in captivity . the cut - off point for any dwarf seems to be around 15cm and most belong to the genus centropyge which includes all the popular species , like the flame angel and lemonpeel .
in a reef environment , pygmy angelfish should avoid noxious soft corals as well as most mushrooms . a tank raised individual that is well fed may not even recognize corals as a snack . it ' s actually the mucous on the coral that they eat , not the flesh of the coral . nevertheless , nipping will cause the coral to retract and eventually die from the stress .
gobies are a unique and beautiful group of fishes that can be very entertaining to keep in the home aquarium . while there are some freshwater gobies , most species are marine fish and many of them thrive in reef environments . if you have a smaller reef tank and are looking for some new fish to stock in it , consider some of these dwarf gobies .
cherub pygmy angelfish are intelligent , active , and hardy as well . look for a specimen that will take an aggressive stance , such as a raise dorsal fin , and pay rapt attention as you approach the tank . if it does dart into a cave , it should come right back out to size you up promptly . their color should be rich , not faded , and they should be very interested in their surroundings and very difficult to catch .
one of the most interesting thing about the goby is that they have fused pelvic fins that form a sort of disc - shaped sucker that the fish uses to adhere to corals , rocks , and even the walls of the aquarium . gobies can be found in a variety of locations around the world . these fish can be found in both tropical and temperate regions in shore - marine environments as well as brackish and freshwater environments . most of the gobies kept for the home aquarium trade are marine species , though there are some freshwater gobies as well .
atlantic pygmy angelfish are omnivores , in the wild they feed on different algae , benthic inverts and detritus . this angelfish is very hardy and generally a good eater , taking all manner of offered foods and grazing on hair algae on live rock . they do well on frozen foods with marine or spirulina algae , mysid shrimp , shaved shrimp , and some micro algae growth in the tank . feed 3 times a day , and less only if natural foods are present in the aquarium .
the cherub pygmy angelfish is not as touchy as some of the other species of angelfish , but still needs good water . water changes of 30 % a month , or 15 % every 2 weeks is optimal in keeping nitrates lower . if there are corals in the tank , then 20 % every month , 10 % every 2 weeks or 5 % a week works great . of course , keeping up with your water testing will tell you when your tank needs a water change .
physical ailments are often the result of the environment , either water conditions or incompatible tankmates . poor quality water conditions can lead to fish gasping , not eating , jumping out of the tank , and more . dwarf angelfish when very stressed or being picked on will hover in the upper corner of the tank and should be removed if the fish bullying your angelfish is not . tank mate problems can result in nipped fins and bite wounds . .
cherubfish are found in the western atlantic from bermuda to florida ( usa ) to french guiana , gulf of mexico and caribbean sea . they prefer areas covered in rubble and feed on different algae , benthic inverts and detritus . the cherub pygmy angelfish prefer to pair up , one male to several females . being
snack size
they will dart into holes when startled , which is quite often . as adults they are found at depths of 16 to 148 feet ( 5 to 45 m ) .
are beautiful little fish . this wonderful dwarf angel has all the good looks of its larger cousins , making a great substitution for a large angelfish for those who don ' t have 200 gallons of tank space . with a deep blue body , yellow or orangish face , and blue rings around its eyes , the colors of the cherub angelfish are rich and vibrant similar to the asfur , maculosus , and even bluegirdled angelfish . you can get the same color combo in a
fun size
for your smaller tank .
as with all dwarf angels , they are also vulnerable to bacterial and fungal diseases . bacterial infections are often a secondary infection resulting from damage caused by a parasitic or protozoan disease . one of concern is the vibrio bacteria , which starts as an internal infection , turns into dropsy , popeye , bleeding or red streaks on the skin . it is a very fast acting bacteria that will kill your angelfish in days . one way it typically starts is with an innocently frayed back fin . this disease will quickly spread and kill a fish within 2 days .
dwarf angelfish are open spawners , releasing eggs and sperm simultaneously at dusk by rising into the water column and releasing the gamates at the top . a taller tank is needed as well as a proper lighting schedule to encourage spawning . you can mimic the proper dusk light cycle of your aquarium by having 1 / 2 the lights go out ( brighter lights ) then an hour later the other 1 / 2 ( actinic ) go out at a consistent time every day . the eggs hatch in just under a day . after hatching , within 2 to 3 days , they need microscopic algae for their very small mouths . this is where raising the babies becomes difficult .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 4 ; dh range : ? - 30 ; amphidromous ( ref . 46888 ) ; depth range 0 - 2 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical ; 24°c - 30°c ( ref . 2060 )
asia : indonesia and philippines . originally reported from the malabon river , rizal , philippines , which has meanwhile been reclaimed . according to ref . 6216 it has also been collected in the sea at culion island , off palawan , philippines . recently collected in bali ( 1991 ) , sulawesi ( 1988 ) , and singapore ( 1992 ) , m . kottelat , pers . comm .
maturity : l m ? , range 1 - 1 . 1 cm max length : 1 . 1 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2060 ) ; 1 . 5 cm tl ( female )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 6 - 7 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 6 - 7 . dark spots on sides of body somewhat forming 4 cross - bands ; heavy pigmentations on all bases of fins , except ventrals , apparently are continuation of body pigmentation . head and nape naked . 22 to 25 scales in longitudinal series ( ref . 4924 ) ; further characterized by presence of black spot at middle of caudal fin base ; first dorsal fin yellowish with black anterior ; rounded caudal fin ( ref . 90102 ) .
this is one of the smallest freshwater fishes : males are mature at 9 mm , females at 15 mm . the species used to frequent shady river banks in the malabon river , rizal province , luzon , philippines ; however , the type locality has been reclaimed and the remaining waters in the area are heavily polluted ; the species is considered extinct in the philippines ( rainer froese , pers . comm . , 2004 ) . it has been apparently imported into germany in 1958 ; a color photo of the fish was taken in an aquarium ( ref . 2060 ) . found in brackish waters and mangrove areas of indonesia ( m . kottelat , pers . comm . ) .
larson , h . k . , 2001 . a revision of the gobiid fish genus mugilogobius ( teleostei : gobioidei ) , and its systematic placement . rec . west . aust . mus . ( suppl . no . 62 ) : 1 - 233 . ( ref . 43716 )
) : 27 . 6 - 29 . 2 , mean 28 . 8 ( based on 873 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00392 - 0 . 01936 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .
justification : needs to be reassessed as this assessment was based on what happened at the type locality in the philippines . the species now appears to occur more widely than previously thought .
originally reported from the malabon river , rizal , philippines , an area which has since been ' reclaimed ' . it has supposedly also been collected in the sea at culion island , off palawan , philippines ( see account on fishbase ) . recently collected in bali , sulawesi and singapore ( m . kottelat , pers . comm . ) . according to fishbase there are also supposedly records from fiji and papua new guinea .
found in brackish waters and mangrove areas , usually in areas with soft muddy bottom and around aquatic plants . is reputed to be one of the smallest fish in the world ( about 1 to 1 . 5 cm in length ) .
the species used to frequent shady river banks in the malabon river , rizal province , luzon , philippines ( the type locality ) , however , the area has been ' reclaimed ' and the remaining waters in the area are heavily polluted ; hence the species is considered extinct in the philippines ( r . froese , pers . comm . ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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creatures with albinism and leucism are beautiful and rare animals . they have all the characteristics of others of their species except they are white in color . the lack of melanin generally results in the animal looking bleached all over , appearing white or pink . it happens in many animals ranging from squirrels to whitetail deer . here are ten incredible and rare , white - colored creatures that you ' ll probably never see in real life .
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the longest bony fish is the oarfish ( regalecus glesne ) , which can reach 11 m ( 36 ft . ) .
among the heaviest of the bony fishes is the common ocean sunfish ( mola mola ) , which lives throughout warm and temperate seas worldwide . a large sunfish can reach 3 . 3 m ( 10 . 8 ft . ) and 2 , 300 kg ( 5 , 071 lb . ) .
many sturgeons ( family acipenseridae ) grow very large . the largest is the beluga sturgeon ( huso huso ) , which inhabits the caspian , black , and adriatic seas and can reach 5 m ( 16 . 4 ft . ) and 2 , 000 kg ( 4 , 409 lb . ) .
black marlin ( makaira indica ) reach 4 . 7 m ( 15 . 4 ft . ) and 750 kg ( 1 , 653 lb . ) .
the european wels catfish ( silurus glanis ) reaches 5 m ( 16 . 4 ft . ) and about 300 kg ( 661 lb . ) .
bony fishes show great variety in body shape , but the
typical
fish body shape is roughly cylindrical and tapering at both ends . this characteristic fusiform shape is quite energy efficient for swimming . compared to other body shapes , this body shape creates less drag ( the opposing force an object generates as it travels through water ) .
various species of fishes deviate from the fusiform body shape in three ways : compression , depression , and elongation .
a laterally compressed ( flattened , side - to - side ) body shape is common in bony fishes that live in dense cover or within coral reefs . butterflyfishes ( family chaetodontidae ) are an example of bony fishes with a laterally compressed body shape .
a depressed ( flattened , top - to - bottom ) body shape is common in bottom - dwelling fishes . goosefishes ( family lophidae ) and batfishes ( family ogcocephalidae ) are examples of bony fishes with a depressed body shape .
the body shape of an eel ( for example , the morays , family muraenidae ) is an extreme example of an elongated shape .
the body shape of some species differs from or combines features of these typical fish body forms . examples include boxfishes ( family ostraciidae ) , ocean sunfishes ( family molidae ) , seahorses ( hippocampus spp . ) , the weedy seadragon ( phyllopteryx taeniolatus ) , and the leafy seadragon ( phycodurus eques ) .
pigment is mostly contained in cells called chromatophores . most fishes can contract and expand their chromatophores to change colors .
because the different wavelengths of light are absorbed at various depths , fishes may appear a different color underwater than at the surface .
some fish , such as the ghost glass catfish ( kryptopterus bicirrhis ) , lack pigmentation .
most species of fishes are countershaded : the dorsal ( top ) surface is darker than the ventral ( underneath ) surface . when light comes from above , the animal appears inconspicuous . the dorsal side of a countershaded fish blends in with the dark ocean depths or ocean bottom when viewed from above . the ventral side blends in with the lighter surface of the sea when viewed from below . a countershaded fish is harder for predators and prey to spot .
some fish are colored so that they blend in with their environment . many bottom dwelling fishes match the substrate and even change color when they move to a new location . the northern pike ' s ( esox lucius ) colors blend in with weedy areas where it lurks in wait for prey .
some fishes show disruptive coloration . their colors and pattern obscure the outline of the fish by contradicting the animal ' s body shape .
highly distinctive elements may confuse predators . for example , some fish have a false eyespot that can fool a predator into striking in the wrong direction , allowing the fish to escape .
some fishes rely on coloration for species recognition and sexual distinction . the stoplight parrotfish ( sparisoma viride ) female and male are completely different colors , although they are similar in shape and size . some species of fishes become brighter in color during breeding season to attract potential mates .
in some species , coloration may trigger behavior . after establishing a territory , the male stickleback ' s ( family gasterosteidae ) belly turns red . he then actively defends his territory only from other fish with red bellies , notably other male sticklebacks .
a garibaldi ' s ( hypsypops rubicundus ) bright orange color warns other fishes that the garibaldi will defend its territory .
some species change color and markings as they grow from juveniles to adults . juvenile garibaldi ( hypsypops rubicundus ) , for example , are dark orange with bright blue spots ; adults are bright orange .
fish of some species can change sex , which is accompanied by color change . examples include the angelfishes ( family pomacanthidae ) and most species of wrasses ( family labridae ) .
some color change may be rapid and temporary . alarmed fish , for instance , often change color . some bottom - dwelling fishes change color almost instantly to match the substrate .
some fish produce light in luminescent organs or in cells called photophores . in some fish , it is light - producing bacteria that live in or on the fish that actually produce the light .
depending on species , bioluminescence may attract mates , deter or confuse predators , attract prey , or act as
headlights
to help a fish see in the dark .
all fishes have fins . bony fish families show various degrees of fin fusion and reduction .
except in the lungfishes and the coelacanth , fins lack bones . in actinopterygians , fins are supported by structures called rays .
other bony fishes have spiny , rigid fin rays at the leading edges of the dorsal , anal , and pelvic fins .
the spiny fin rays of some species are associated with venom glands . fishes in the family scorpaenidae include the stonefish ( synanceja spp . ) , the lionfish ( pterois spp . ) , and the scorpionfish ( scorpaena spp . ) - some of the most venomous fishes in the world . glands in the dorsal , anal , and pelvic spines produce venom that is intensely painful and occasionally fatal to humans .