peachia quinquecapitata , also known as the twelve-tentacled parasitic anemone , is a species of sea anemone in the family haloclavidae .

it is found in the pacific northwest .

the larva is parasitic on certain species of anthomedusae .

peachia quinquecapitata

ty - jour ti - the life cycle of peachia quinquecapitata , an anemone parasitic on medusae during its larval development t2 - the biological bulletin . vl - 143 ur - urltoken pb - marine biological laboratory , cy - woods hole , mass . : py - 1972 - 10 - 01 sp - 440 ep - 453 do - 10 . 2307 / 1540065 sn - 0006 - 3185 au - spaulding , james g er -
@ article { bhlpart24673 , title = { the life cycle of peachia quinquecapitata , an anemone parasitic on medusae during its larval development } , journal = { the biological bulletin . } , volume = { 143 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { woods hole , mass . : marine biological laboratory , } , author = { spaulding , james g } , year = { 1972 - 10 - 01 } , pages = { 440 - - 453 } , }
( of peachia aequoreae mcmurrich , 1913 ) den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
juveniles of the burrowing anemone peachia parasitica , living on the scyphozoan cyanea capillata , were obtained from virginia , thus extending the southern limit for this species . anemones were easily maintained in the laboratory ; one lived for over four years . the feeding behavior is described .
daly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria .
den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bicidium aequoreae mcmurrich , 1913 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
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the disc and 12 tentacles are a translucent greyish - brown , cream or white . the tentacles have a w - shaped pattern in shades of brown , cream and white . this species has a translucent , flesh - coloured , buff or brownish column that is irregularly streaked and speckled with brown or a reddish colour . this anemone has no adhesive basal disc . a small lobed projection in the mouth , the conchula , is unique to this genus . the column is variable in form - when buried it elongates and is up to 30 cm in length and 2 . 5 cm in diameter . when not buried the column shape and size can vary from being fully elongated and sausage - shaped to short and almost spherical .
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captured in a surface plankton tow off rosario beach marine laboratory at night . diameter 6 mm .
with a diameter greater than its height . its numerous unbranched tentacles ( up to 80 ) are evenly distributed around the
do not have conspicuous lateral diverticula . the dark brown , gray , or yellow , elongated gonads are associated with the
is about 1 cm diameter , at which time it has less than 10 tentacles per quadrant ( and presumably less than 40 total ? ) .
, until it was discovered by t . c . frye that it is the
at least from san diego north to the salish sea . ( its sister species ,
live on the shells of living snails or clams , but do not seem to occur on stones or on dead mollusk shells . periodically the
, but this has been disputed ( arai and brinkmann - voss 1980 ) .
arai , m . n . and a . brinkmann - voss , 1980 . hydromedusae of british columbia and puget sound . canadian bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences 204 : 192 pp .
it is known that sea anemones ( anthozoa : actinaria ) are capable of reproducing in a variety of ways both sexually and asexually ( stephenson , 1928 ; hyman , 1940 ; uchida and yamada , 1968 ) . even in the same species the mode of reproduction may differ from population to population ( schmidt , 1967 ; rossi , 1975 ; personal observations ) . the versatility of reproduction can , perhaps , be best illustrated by stephenson’s comment ( 1928 ) : “ . . . breeding , from our imperfect knowledge of it , would appear to be erratic , the individual being a law unto itself . ”
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
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lives in soft sediments , up to 4 cm across the tentacles . very abundant in parts of vancouver harbour in the shallow subtidal .
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
disclaimer : the information contained in an e - fauna bc atlas pages is derived from expert sources as cited ( with permission ) in each section . this information is scientifically based . e - fauna bc also acts as a portal to other sites via deep links . as always , users should refer to the original sources for complete information . e - fauna bc is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the original information .
please note : entries in the above species list are the original binomina of species according to carlgren ' s 1949 catalog . nomenclatorial inconsistencies need to be resolved in a future revision of this genus ( see below ) .
carlgren , o . 1949 . a survey of the ptychodactiaria , corallimorpharia and actiniaria . kungl . svenska vetenskapsakadamiens handlingar , series 4 , volume 1 , number 1 .
collection and donation of this specimen by dr . r . dekker ( nioz , texel , netherlands ) is gratefully acknowledged .
the information provided on this page is based on oscar carlgren ' s 1949 catalog .
please note that carlgren ' s text contains a number of errors , and much of the information is now out of date . an update of the catalog is currently under preparation in daphne fautin ' s laboratory , and the results of this work will be incorporated in future versions of this page .
keyboarding of carlgren ' s catalog was done as part of a project to create an electronic database of the sea anemones of the world , funded by nsf grant deb9521819 , awarded to daphne g . fautin . this grant is in the program partnerships to enhance expertise in taxonomy ( peet ) . susanne hauswaldt , katherine pearson , and april wakefield - pagels contributed to the keyboarding effort .
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for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
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xi - ping dong , 1 , 2 john a . cunningham , 3 stefan bengtson , 4 ceri - wyn thomas , 3 jianbo liu , 1 marco stampanoni , 5 , 6 and philip c . j . donoghue 3
copyright © 2013 the author ( s ) published by the royal society . all rights reserved .
) , which increased in height through development , with growth at the aperture that appears to have been capable of opening and closure . the evidence of association between the later developmental stages rests with the presence of a characteristic stellate and ribbed integument as well as pentaradial symmetry in both the putative embryonic and the post - embryonic stages ; the attribution of associated cleavage stages to
embryos and polyps of olivooides . ( a ) cleavage - stage embryo ( gmpku3080 ) . ( b ) stellate embryo with raised apertural rays ( gmpku3081 ) . ( c ) stellate embryo with a raised apertural region ( gmpku3082 ) . ( d ) stellate embryo with an infolded apertural region ( gmpku3084 ) . ( e – f ) stellate embryo showing a characteristic pattern of bulges in ( e ) lateral , and ( f ) apertural aspect ( gmpku3083 ) . ( g ) embryo within fertilization envelope that preserves the characteristic pattern of bulges , but not the stellate tissue ( gmpku3085 ) . ( h–j ) early post - embryonic polyp stage exhibiting characteristic stellate integument of embryonic stage , but exhibiting the annulated striated adapertural tissue , and the pentamerally enfolded aperture , in ( h ) lateral , ( i ) apertural and ( j ) oblique aspects ( gmpku2317 ) . ( k ) later polyp - stage specimen in lateral aspect ( gmpku3086 ) . scale bars : ( a ) 69 µm , ( b ) 116 µm , ( c ) 139 µm , ( d ) 125 µm , ( e , f ) 132 µm , ( g ) 164 µm , ( h ) 275 µm , ( i ) 118 µm , ( j ) 250 µm , ( k ) 262 µm .
) . the anatomical structures are distinguished because of differences in the x - ray attenuation of mineral phases that replicate the biological structures versus later void - filling diagenetic mineralization . the features are interpreted to reflect original anatomical structure because they exhibit complexities that cannot be explained by mineralization that is random or templated on the preserved integument . furthermore , they exhibit the same radial symmetry manifest in the aperture of the integument .
embryonic olivooides specimens with internal preservation . ( a–f ) specimen with five - rayed internal structures ( gmpku3087 ) . ( a ) sem image of whole specimen in lateral view . ( b–d ) srxtm - based virtual thin sections with insets showing the positions of the sections within the specimen . ( b ) longitudial section showing biological preservation in the upper third . ( c ) transverse section showing apertural rays , arrows indicate primary rays which are intercalated by interrays . ( d ) transverse section showing the rays at depth . ( e , f ) srxtm renderings of a single ray in lateral ( e ) and adaxial ( f ) aspects ; arrows indicate the trough formed at depth within the ray . ( g , h ) specimen preserving a pentagonal axial mould ( gmpku3088 ) imaged using sem . ( g ) lateral view . ( h ) apertural view . scale bars : ( a , b , d ) 155 µm , ( c ) 132 µm , ( e , f ) 46 µm , ( g ) 150 µm , ( h ) 170 µm . ( online version in colour . )
embryonic olivooides specimen with internal preservation ( gmpku3089 ) imaged using sem ( a–c ) and srxtm ( d–l ) . ( a ) whole specimen in lateral view . ( b ) whole specimen in apertural view . ( c ) detail of the aperture . ( d ) surface rendering showing the internal anatomy . ( e , f ) longitudinal section and interpretative drawing . ( g , j ) transverse section and interpretative drawing showing paired projections from the inner wall and radial structures that connect the inner and outer walls . ( h , k ) transverse section and interpretative drawing in particular showing interadial canals . ( i , l ) transverse section and interpretative drawing showing the inner wall extending into the lumen to form the upper abradial ridge ; depressions in the lower surface of the ridge appear as paired circular structures in section . within the interpretative drawings , white represent a dense highly x - ray attenuating mineral phase , while grey reflects a more diffuse lowly attenuating mineral phase ; both are interpreted to reflect original biological structure . ab . r , abradial ridges ; cr , circumferential ridges ; irr , interradial ridge ; ps , polygonal axial structure ; rc , radial canal ; rcw , recurved wall ; rd , radial depression ; rl , radial lobe ; rw , radial wall . scale bars : ( a , b ) 153 µm , ( c ) 73 µm , ( d ) 78 µm , ( e , f ) 124 µm , ( g , j ) 119 µm , ( h , k ) 136 µm , ( i , l ) 143 µm . ( online version in colour . )
) , which appears to represent a directly preserved equivalent of pentagonal axial moulds that are more commonly preserved . if nothing else , these structures demonstrate that the pentameral symmetry of the lobes surrounding the orifice is fundamental to the organization of the internal anatomy . it is unclear whether these structures relate to the development of the integument or whether they represent aspects of the intrinsic internal anatomy of the organism .
in which the integument has been lost taphonomically , preserving only features of internal anatomy . this specimen exhibits a different preservation to the first , with two mineral phases preserving different aspects of anatomy ; there appears to be no void - filling mineral phase . these mineral phases differ in their density and x - ray attenuation (
) . a dense , highly attenuating phase preserves unequivocal anatomical structure . a more diffuse lower - attenuating phase exhibits a consistency of distribution reflecting the pentradial structure of the first , a feature that is difficult to explain away as void - filling mineralization . the terminal orifice preserves pentaradially arranged principal rays with paired subordinate intercalary rays (
) ; these have higher x - ray attenuation than the remainder of the specimen . in the portion below the oral constriction , five radial walls (
) that follow the folds in the wall ; close to the opening they are incompletely preserved . the outer wall exhibits similar canals , but these are less well preserved and only two are visible in the virtual sections . below the aperture , the inner wall extends into 10 lobes (
) appear to be distinct internal structures with the same pentaradial organization seen in other aspects of embryonic and post - embryonic anatomy . the external topography of the inner wall mirrors the bulges seen in the stellate ornament of embryos in
. the specimen has 10 rays , arranged in two whorls of five rays each . the two whorls are tightly adpressed to each other , but they can be distinguished by the manner in which the rays alternatively underlie or overlie adjacent arms (
) that we interpret tentatively as a mouth , making this the oral side . we ally this developmental stage with
two adpressed ephyra - stage olivooides specimens ( gmpku3090 ) . ( a ) sem image showing the whole specimen in aboral view . ( b ) sem image showing a detail of the aboral surface ; note the alternately overlying and underlying arms . ( c ) srxtm surface rendering showing a detail of the adoral surface including the presumed mouth . scale bars : ( a ) 49 µm , ( b ) 27 µm , ( c ) 28 µm . ( online version in colour . )
we resisted identifying anatomical homologies in our description of the fossil remains , because in doing so we would have prejudged the phylogenetic affinity of olivooides . below we consider our results in light of the three proposed hypotheses of affinity for olivooides , as a priapulid [ 7 ] , an echinoderm [ 8 ] and as a cnidarian [ 1 , 5 ] .
the free - living stage is obviously readily reconcilable within a cnidarian interpretative framework , with its two whorls reflecting two adpressed ephyra larvae ( juvenile medusae ) produced through a strobilation process by a pentaradial cnidarian .
the free - living ephyra larva - like stage is especially compatible with existing interpretation of the embryology of olivooides which inferred the existence of a medusoid sexual reproductive phase alternating with direct development from embryo to polyp [ 1 , 5 ] . this was originally interpreted to reflect retention of direct development from ancestral metazoans [ 1 , 5 ] , but it more likely represents loss of the asexual planula stage , which is general and therefore presumably primitive to medusozoans . development without a ciliated planula larva has evolved in at least three cnidarian clades : actinulida [ 35 ] , aplanulata [ 36 ] and stauromedusae [ 37 ] . each of these groups has a distinctive pattern of development , viz . actinulida develop directly into an adult with a mixture of polyp and medusa characters [ 35 ] , aplanulata form a cuticle stage after gastrulation from which emerges a hatchling that begins to develop tentacle bumps [ 36 ] , whereas stauromedusae have planulae that are unciliated .
we thank federica marone and neil gostling for assistance at the beamline , and jenny greenwood for help with picking . our interpretation of the fossil remains benefited from discussion with allen collins , annalise nawrocki and shuhai xiao ; nigel hughes provided constructive comments in review . this work was supported by the national natural science foundation of china ( grant no . 41072006 to x . p . d . ) , state key laboratory of palaeobiology and stratigraphy , nanjing institute of geology and palaeontology , chinese academy of sciences ( grant no . 103102 to x . p . d . ) , the research fund for doctoral program of high education ( grant no . 20060001059 to x . p . d . ) , a natural environment research council ( nerc ) standard grant ( no . ne / f00348x / 1 to p . c . j . d . ) , a nerc studentship ( to c . w . - t . ) , as well as through a beam time allocation on the tomcat beamline of the swiss light source , courtesy of the paul scherrer institut ( to p . c . j . d . and s . b . ) .
dong x - p , donoghue pcj , cheng h , liu j . 2004 .
( ed . briggs deg , editor . ) , pp . 81–99 new haven , ct : yale peabody museum of natural history , yale university
stampanoni m , borchert g , wyss p , abela r , patterson b , hunt s , vermeulen d , rüegsegger p . 2002 .
steiner m , zhu m , li g , qian y , erdtmann b - d . 2004 .
( eds harrison fw , ruppert ea , editors . ) , pp . 333–350 new york , ny : wiley - liss
( ed . young cm , editor . ) , pp . 189–194 san diego , ca : academic press
van iten h , leme jdm , simòes mg , marques ac , collins ag . 2006 .
leme jd , simoes mg , rodrigues sc , van iten h , marques ac . 2008 .
li p , hua h , zhang ly , zhang dd , jin xb , liu z . 2007 .
( ed . rees wj , editor . ) , pp . 119–133 london , uk : academic press
( ed . mackie go , editor . ) , pp . 319–329 new york , ny : plenum press
r . i . smith ( ed . ) , keys to marine invertebrates of the woods hole region . marine biological laboratory , woods hole , ma .
1950 . field book of seashore life . g . p . putnam ' s sons , new york . 888 p .
1948 . a manual of the common invertebrate animals ( excluding insects ) . the blakiston co . , philadelphia . 854 p .
1929 . a faunistic survey of the marine invertebrates of new jersey , with especial reference to the cape may region . m . s . thesis , univ . of pennsylvania , philadelphia .
1953 . the medusae of the british isles . anthomedusae , leptomedusae , limnomedusae , trachymedusae and narcomedusae . the university press , cambridge , 520 p .
1928 . the british sea anemones . volume i . ray society , london . 148 p .
1935 . the british sea anemones . volume ii . ray society , london . 426 p .
1976 . wirbellose meerestiere als parasiten , kommensalen oder symbioten in oder an scyphomedusen .
c . l . markert ( ed . ) , isozymes iv : genetics and evolution . academic press , new york .


herina nigrina is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus herina of the family ulidiidae found in most of western europe .

herina nigrina

how can i put and write and define herina nigrina in a sentence and how is the word herina nigrina used in a sentence and examples ? 用herina nigrina造句 , 用herina nigrina造句 , 用herina nigrina造句 , herina nigrina meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
ulidiidae _ herina nigrina ( female ) is the correct name ? slovak republic , malá fatra , approximately altitude cca 500 m a . s . l . thank you very much for your help . best regards . fote date : 02 . 07 . 2016 . mucha fero attached the following image : [ 182 . 7kb ] edited by mucha fero on 03 - 07 - 2016 11 : 51
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the greater yellowlegs ( tringa melanoleuca ) is a large north american shorebird .

the genus name tringa is the new latin name given to the green sandpiper by aldrovandus in 1599 based on ancient greek trungas , a thrush-sized , white-rumped , tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by aristotle .

the specific melanoleuca is from ancient greek melas , " black " , and leukos , " white " .

the greater yellowlegs is similar in appearance to the smaller lesser yellowlegs .

its closest relative , however , is the greenshank , which together with the spotted redshank form a close-knit group .

among them , these three species show all the basic leg and foot colors found in the shanks , demonstrating that this character is paraphyletic .

they are also the largest shanks apart from the willet , which is altogether more robustly built .

the greater yellowlegs and the greenshank share a coarse , dark , and fairly crisp breast pattern as well as much black on the shoulders and back in breeding plumage .

adults have long yellow legs and a long , thin , dark bill which has a slight upward curve and is longer than the head .

the body is grey-brown on top and white underneath ; the neck and breast are streaked with dark brown .

the rump is white .

it ranges in length from 29 to 40 cm ( 11 to 16 in ) and in weight from 111 to 250 g ( 3.9 to 8.8 oz ) .

their breeding habitat is bogs and marshes in the boreal forest region of canada and alaska .

they nest on the ground , usually in well-hidden locations near water .

the three to four eggs average 50 mm ( 2.0 in ) in length and 33 mm ( 1.3 in ) in breadth and weigh about 28 g ( 0.99 oz ) .

the incubation period is 23 days .

the young leave the nest within 24 hours of hatching and then leave the vicinity of the nest within two days .

they migrate to the atlantic and pacific coasts of the united states and south to south america .

they are very rare vagrants to western europe .

these birds forage in shallow water , sometimes using their bills to stir up the water .

they mainly eat insects and small fish , as well as crustaceans and marine worms .

it often walks in sand or mud and leaves clear tracks ; it can be possible to gather information about this species using its tracks .

the call is harsher than that of the lesser yellowlegs .

large sandpipers were once popular game for bird hunters .

in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , many a fashionable restaurant featured gourmet meals with willet or curlew .

now shorebirds are protected , but only after many species were brought to the edge of extinction .

the common names of large pipers often derive from the hunting era .

yellowlegs , for instance , are also called tattlers because these high-strung birds would be the first to raise a noisy alarm when shooters were spotted .

greater yellowlegs

a group of yellowlegs are collectively known as an
incontinence
of yellowlegs .
the greater yellowlegs is a slender shorebird with a long , upturned bill and distinctive yellow or orange legs .
jizz : on first impression , the overall jizz of the greater yellowlegs is a heavier , stockier , bulkier bird , while the lesser yellowlegs is more delicate and refined .
foraging : while foraging along mudflats or wet edges , the greater yellowlegs is a more aggressive , frantic feeder , while the lesser yellowlegs has more sedate movements and longer pauses .
bill : the greater yellowlegs ' bill is roughly 1 . 5 times the length of its head , while the lesser yellowlegs ' bill is barely longer than its head length . the greater yellowlegs ' bill also has a very slight upturn and is thicker , particularly at the base , while the lesser yellowlegs ' bill is straight and thinner . both bills are black , but in the winter , the greater yellowlegs ' bill lightens at the base to give it a two - tone appearance .
the greater yellowlegs feeds in shallows and mudflats on snails , shrimp , small fish and frogs . ( jack wolf / flickr )
the greater yellowlegs breeds on the tundra and marshy areas . during migration and in the winter it can be found on lakeshores and tidal mudflats .
greater yellowlegs are less social than many shorebirds , and small flocks form during migration . outside of the breeding season , most foraging takes place in shallow water . they often feed actively , running after fish or other fast - moving aquatic prey . greater yellowlegs swing their heads back and forth with the tips of their bills in the water , stirring up prey , but are less likely to use this foraging technique than are lesser yellowlegs . the greater yellowlegs bobs the front half of its body up and down , a characteristic behavior of this genus . greater yellowlegs are wary , often the first species to sound an alarm when a perceived threat approaches . greater yellowlegs are known for their piercing alarm calls that alert all the birds in the area . their flight call consists of a series of 3 or 4 notes .
the greater yellowlegs and lesser yellowlegs are one of the most confusing pairs of shorebirds , but it is possible to pick out characteristics that can distinguish between these two nearly identical species . by knowing what to look for , every birder can sharpen their skills and feel more confident when identifying yellowlegs .
a common , tall , long - legged shorebird of freshwater ponds and tidal marshes , the greater yellowlegs frequently announces its presence by its piercing alarm calls .
here is a long - billed greater yellowlegs above a typical lesser , shown at their true size as if they were standing together . these are easy to identify .
greater yellowlegs populations appear to have increased between 1966 and 2014 , according to the north american breeding bird survey . there is considerable variability among datasets on population counts , but a 2012 study estimates the north american population at 137 , 000 birds . greater yellowlegs is not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . back to top
flanks : during the breeding season , the greater yellowlegs has more extensive dark barring along its flanks , while the lesser yellowlegs has much plainer underparts . this can be deceiving , however , depending on the bird ' s posture and how the wings are held .
although the greater yellowlegs is common and widespread , its low densities and tendency to breed in inhospitable , mosquito - ridden muskegs make it one of the least - studied shorebirds on the continent .
nostrils : if the bird ' s nostrils can be clearly seen , look for how close the facial feathers reach along the bill . on the greater yellowlegs , the nostrils are well clear of feathering , but on the lesser yellowlegs , the feathers stretch much closer to the nostrils .
the greater yellowlegs is a mottled gray wading bird with long , bright yellow legs . it is similar in appearance to its smaller relative , the lesser yellowlegs . the bill of the greater yellowlegs is slender and longer than the diameter of its head , in contrast to the bill of the lesser yellowlegs , which is not significantly longer than its head . in breeding plumage , the bill is solid black , whereas in non - breeding plumage it may be lighter gray at the base . the bill may appear slightly upturned . the greater yellowlegs ' cryptic plumage is mottled brownish - gray and white , with the breeding plumage brighter and more heavily barred . an important field mark of the bird in flight is its white tail , which is barred at the end . relative to its size , the legs of the greater yellowlegs are shorter than those of the lesser , with the result that the toes do not project as far behind the tail in flight .
the greater yellowlegs breeds from south - central alaska east to newfoundland . it winters on the pacific coast from washington south , on the atlantic coast from virginia south , and along the gulf coast .
most of what you read about yellowlegs will tell you to look at bill length to distinguish the species . the bill of greater yellowlegs is actually longer ( 50 mm or more , compared to lesser’s 40 mm or less ) but birders deal with impressions of size , not absolute measurements , so we rely more on the fact that greater’s bill is relatively longer ( compared to the head ) .
primary feathers : when seen in profile , the primary feathers of the greater yellowlegs extend just to the tip or only very slightly beyond the tail when folded . the lesser yellowlegs , on the other hand , has slightly longer primary feathers that extend more distinctly beyond the end of the tail .
wings : when in flight , the greater yellowlegs is more likely to show white speckles along the secondary feathers , while the lesser yellowlegs has much plainer wings . this varies greatly with the bird ' s age , however , as well as how worn the feathers are when the bird is seen .
here are the same two birds , greater above , with the size of the heads matched . obviously the bill of the greater is still relatively longer , and these
classic
individuals are easily identified by relative bill length .
voice : when these birds can be heard , voice is a clear indication of identity . the greater yellowlegs has a higher pitched , more strident voice and tends to speak in 3 - 4 syllable phrases , while the lesser yellowlegs has a softer voice and favors 1 - 2 syllable phrases with a more hesitant tone .
there is much overlap between the distinguishing characteristics for both the greater and lesser yellowlegs . many times , just seeing one or even two field marks is not typically enough to feel confident about the correct identification for these birds . when watching yellowlegs in the field , remember these tips to be more certain about which bird is which :
here are five yellowlegs , all traced from photographs , showing variation in bill length . the upper three are greater , the bottom two are lesser . there seems to be more variation in greater , with some short - billed greaters causing real id problems . still , combined with the smaller size of the lessers , bill length is a strong clue .
range : both these birds prefer similar habitats and have a similar range . the greater yellowlegs , however , is generally more widespread and is found more to the north in winter than the lesser yellowlegs , particularly along the pacific coast . during migration periods , however , range is much more fluid and the birds often mingle in the same flocks .
yellowlegs have also been called
tattlers ,
because they would raise a noisy alarm when bird hunters were near . although shorebirds are now protected from hunting , yellowlegs may annoy birders by spooking other shorebirds with their alarm calls .
two species of yellowlegs , traced from photographs . can you tell which is which ? original pencil drawing copyright david sibley .
the loud , clear call of the greater yellowlegs consists of three descending notes , a whew - whew - whew or tew - tew - tew . call variations include alarm , breeding , take - off , landing and migratory calls , as well as conversational murmuring .
greater yellowlegs breed in muskeg bogs in the northern boreal forest . their wintering and migration habitats are more general ; they can be found in many fresh and saltwater wetland habitats , including open marshes , mudflats , estuaries , open beaches , lakeshores , and riverbanks . in comparison to lesser yellowlegs , greaters are typically found in more open areas , on larger bodies of water , and on more extensive mudflats .
elphick , chris s . and t . lee tibbitts . 1998 . greater yellowlegs ( tringa melanoleuca ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
i primarily rely on bill length to identify yellowlegs but you’re right , it’s always good to consider other fields to better identify them .
size : the greater yellowlegs is significantly larger than its lesser cousin , as well as having a wider wingspan and bulkier build . this is a great way to tell these birds apart in a mixed flock , but can be less reliable if they are at different distances or only one species is seen .
greater yellowlegs : breeds from south - central alaska to newfoundland . spends winters mainly along the pacific and atlantic coasts and across the southern states , along the gulf coast , and into mexico and the caribbean . breeds on tundra and marshy ground ; frequents pools , lakeshores , and tidal mudflats on migration .
the greater yellowlegs feeds during day and at night in shallows and mud flats , moving head in side - to - side or sweeping motion while seeking insect larvae , worms , snails , shrimp , small fish and frogs . it also probes aquatic vegetation to dislodge hidden fish . it swallows prey whole , headfirst .
the greater yellowlegs has a large range , estimated globally at 4 , 100 , 000 square kilometers . it is native to the americas and nearby island nations , though it has been spotted throughout europe and asia . this bird prefers forest , shrubland , wetland , and marine ecosystems , though it has been known to live near water storage areas and flooded agricultural land . the global population of this bird is estimated to be 100 , 000 individuals and the population does not show signs of decline that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . because of its population status , the current evaluation level of the greater yellowlegs is least concern .
most importantly , don ' t get discouraged if it is not always possible to tell the two yellowlegs species apart . even experienced birders can have trouble with these confusing species , but the more familiar you become with both of them , the more confident you will eventually feel with every yellowlegs you see .
greater yellowlegs are common migrants throughout washington ' s lowland wetlands . greatest densities are seen from mid - march through mid - may , and again from late june through october . some birds remain in washington through winter , along the coast or in the puget trough , and occasionally east of the cascades along the columbia river .
greater yellowlegs tringa melanoleuca in the morro bay , ca state park marina by the natural history museum , morro bay , ca – mon . nov . 19 , 2007 19nov2007 – photo by mike baird , canon 1d mark iii w / 600mm is lens w / 1 . 4x ii te on tripod at ground level - urltoken flickr . urltoken urltoken urltoken
practice shorebird identification as often as possible , not only with yellowlegs , but with other sandpipers , plovers and different types of shorebirds to get more experience understanding their peculiarities .
the point of this discussion is not to discourage you from using bill length as a field mark to identify yellowlegs . most yellowlegs can be identified that way , but it’s always good to use some other field marks to confirm your impressions of bill length . don’t be surprised to encounter a yellowlegs that is difficult to pin down on bill length alone . you can help prepare yourself for those cases by learning some of the other field marks , including voice , that can be used along with bill length to identify the species .
the greater yellowlegs is a medium - sized wading bird that is about 11 - 14 inches in length . it has very long yellow legs and a long , slightly turned up bill . its tail is marked with black bars . its back and wing areas are a streaked grayish - brown . its face , neck , chest and belly are white with brown and gray speckles .
a long - distance migrant , greater yellowlegs begin moving south from the breeding grounds in late june . during migration , they are found in appropriate habitat from coast to coast . while some stay in washington through winter , most continue on to the southern us and central and south america . in spring , they leave south america by march and start heading back to the breeding grounds .
take the time to listen to recordings of yellowlegs ' calls to become familiar with the two distinct voices , and listen carefully in the field to note which birds are making noise .
hunting led to population declines in the 19th century , but protection in the form of the migratory bird treaty act of 1918 has helped the population recover . christmas bird count data suggest that greater yellowlegs are becoming more common in washington in winter . the canadian wildlife service estimates the population to number 100 , 000 birds in north america . throughout their range , greater yellowlegs are common and widespread , but their low density , remote breeding grounds , and lack of major stopover or wintering areas make the population difficult to survey . fortunately , these traits also protect the population from many threats , and their flexibility in migration and wintering habitat will help the population in the face of increased wetland habitat destruction . protection of this habitat remains important to maintain numbers of this and other shorebird species .
at ponds and tidal creeks , this trim and elegant wader draws attention to itself by bobbing its head and calling loudly when an observer approaches . in migration , the greater yellowlegs is common from coast to coast . sometimes it may annoy the birder by spooking the other shorebirds with its alarm calls ; usually it is a pleasure to watch as it feeds actively in the shallows , running about on trademark yellow legs .
the greater yellowlegs wades through the shallow water with its long legs , sweeps its head back and forth and skims up small fish and aquatic animals in its turned up bill . it will also run after fish and stab them with its long , pointed bill . it swallows its prey whole . sometimes it has to reposition a fish a couple of times before it can swallow it . it feeds during the day and the night .
the greater yellowlegs is a medium - sized , slender shorebird that measures about 14 inches long . its long bill is slightly upturned and measures about one and a half times the length of its head . it has long legs that are yellow to orange in color . its back is brown and checkered with white , its neck and breast are white with brownish gray streaks , and its belly and rump are white . its tail is white and crossed with thin black bars .
the majority of sandpipers , phalaropes and allies occur in flocks outside of the breeding season . they can often be seen foraging in mixed flocks for a variety of invertebrates and crustaceans , each species searching for food in a different manner or in different habitats . for example the least sandpiper probes just below the mud at water’s edge , dowitchers probe deep into the mud further out in the water , and the greater yellowlegs chases small fry with its bill held below the surface of the water .
this is the same image seen at the start of this post . it shows the shortest - billed greater ( upper ) and a long - billed lesser ( lower ) , with head sizes matched to emphasize relative bill length . in this case the relative bill length is essentially identical .
due to its low densities and remote nesting areas , the breeding biology of the greater yellowlegs is not well studied , and much is unknown about it . they are presumed to be monogamous , and pairs form shortly after they arrive on the breeding grounds . the nest is on the ground , close to the water . it is well concealed in a shallow depression , under a low shrub or next to a moss hummock . the nest is sparsely lined with grass , leaves , lichen , and twigs . both parents probably help incubate the 4 eggs for 23 days . the young leave the nest soon after hatching and find their own food . the parents appear to tend the young at least until they are capable of fluttering flight , at 25 days , and may stay until they are strong flyers , at 35 - 40 days . pairs raise a single brood a season .
the greater yellowleg ' s call is a series of musical whistles . it is a very noisy bird . it often runs in shallow water and bobs its head up and down when it spots a potential predator . it is more solitary than most shorebirds , but it does migrate in groups . it has a high - stepping walk and will sometimes run with its neck stretched out . it also swims on the water from time to time to get to more shallow waters or to escape predators .
this is very useful , and with a little practice virtually all yellowlegs can be identified correctly by bill proportions . an important point to understand , however , is that bill length is simply a “handle” or starting point that we grab onto as we take in the overall impression of size and shape . as we become more familiar with all aspects of the species , we can rely on body shape , movements , facial expression , leg length , and so on . these are more subtle , ephemeral , or subjective things , hard to put into words , but once we gain that level of familiarity these other clues supplement our judgment of bill length . we might still say we are identifying the species by bill length , but it’s really a combination of many subtle hints , and if we encounter a yellowlegs that doesn’t trigger a strong match on bill length , we subconsciously shift to rely more on other clues .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; argentina ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; bolivia , plurinational states of ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; canada ; cayman islands ; chile ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; ecuador ; el salvador ; french guiana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; paraguay ; peru ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint pierre and miquelon ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; suriname ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; uruguay ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .
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is a motivating introduction to the natural history of coastal georgia . it is perhaps the most in - depth yet friendly natural history that i have ever read , and the scope will expand the knowledge and understanding of everyone with an interest in the coast . ”
“this book , ” writes marine biologist evelyn b . sherr , “is meant to give others an understanding of the fascinating life of the region , from the smallest creatures in marsh mud and estuarine water , to the mummichogs and multitudes of other animals that find food and shelter in the vast expanses of marsh grass , in the sounds , and along the beaches of the georgia isles . ” sherr not only spent years doing research in coastal georgia , she began her family there . although sherr’s career would take her around the world , this special place stuck with her . here she shares her deep knowledge of the remarkable environment that she , her scientist husband , and their two children explored time and again .
dr . sherr is the ideal companion with whom to discover coastal georgia . she points out its swimming , running , flying , drifting , and wriggling wildlife—and tells how it all exists in balance in a landscape subject to its own daily ebbs and flows , its own seasonal cycles . as we learn about georgia’s distinctive intertidal salt marshes , subtidal estuaries , and open beaches and dunes , sherr reveals the creatures that support—and are supported by—these habitats : the microbes in estuarine water and in marsh mud ; the zooplankton swarming in the tidal rivers and sounds ; and numerous fish , reptiles , birds , and mammals .
this engaging and curiosity - rousing book blends scientific fact with a timely conservation message and anecdotes of a family’s encounters with nature .
hardcover list price : $ 26 . 95 978 - 0 - 8203 - 4767 - 7 5 / 15 / 2015 view shopping cart
paper list price : $ 24 . 95 978 - 0 - 8203 - 5140 - 7 4 / 15 / 2017 view shopping cart
ebook list price : $ 26 . 95 978 - 0 - 8203 - 4768 - 4 5 / 15 / 2015 check ebook availability
evelyn b . sherr , an emeritus professor of oceanic and atmospheric sciences at oregon state university , has published widely in the fields of ocean ecology and biogeochemistry . she was a research scientist at the university of georgia marine institute from 1974 to 1990 .
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breeds in muskeg , wet bogs with small wooded islands , and forests ( usually coniferous ) with abundant clearings . winters in wide variety of shallow fresh and saltwater habitats . back to top
small aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates , small fish , frogs , and occasionally seeds and berries . back to top
downy and able to walk . leave nest in a few hours after hatching and feed themselves .
wades in water and picks up prey it sees , sweeps bill side - to - side through water to catch prey by feel . back to top
andres , b . a . , p . a . smith , r . i . g . morrison , c . l . gratto - trevor , s . c . brown and c . a . friis . 2012a . population estimates of north american shorebirds , 2012 . wader study group bulletin no . 119 ( 3 ) : 178 - 194 .
north american bird conservation initiative . 2014 . the state of the birds 2014 report . us department of interior , washington , dc , usa .
sauer , j . r . , j . e . hines , j . e . fallon , k . l . pardieck , jr . ziolkowski , d . j . and w . a . link . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966 - 2013 ( version 1 . 30 . 15 ) . usgs patuxtent wildlife research center 2014b . available from urltoken
sibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .
open marshes , mudflats , streams , ponds ; in summer , wooded muskeg , spruce bogs . during migration and winter , found in wide variety of settings , including tidal flats , estuaries , open beaches , salt and fresh marshes , shores of lakes and ponds , riverbanks . breeds in boggy and marshes places within northern coniferous forest .
typically forages in shallow water . often feeds very actively , sometimes running after minnows . may forage by walking forward while swinging its head back and forth with the tip of the bill in the water .
usually 4 . buff , blotched with gray and dark brown . incubation is probably by both parents , about 23 days . young : downy young are able to leave nest soon after hatching . both parents tend young , and protest noisily with attacks or distraction displays if predators or humans come anywhere near . young find all their own food . age at first flight probably about 18 - 20 days .
downy young are able to leave nest soon after hatching . both parents tend young , and protest noisily with attacks or distraction displays if predators or humans come anywhere near . young find all their own food . age at first flight probably about 18 - 20 days .
includes insects and small fish . in breeding season , probably feeds mostly on insects and their larvae . in migration and winter , often feeds on small fishes such as killifish , minnows . diet also includes crustaceans , snails , tadpoles , marine worms , sometimes berries .
on breeding grounds , male performs display flight , alternately rising and falling with flutters and glides as it gives a loud , ringing , whistled song . nest site is on ground , usually close to water , often placed close to log or other object . nest is well concealed in hummock of moss , a shallow depression lined sparsely with grass or leaves .
usually migrates in small flocks . in fall , a few may linger in the north quite late in the season .
audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .
in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .
each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”
the darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .
the outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .
the first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .
you can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .
a stunning collection of decoys and bird - themed art , collected by a leading conservationist , is up for sale in july .
a decade after the devastating hurricane , new orleans is still more vulnerable than it should be . david yarnold explains what still needs to be done .
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tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .
tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .
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this is a large and highly varied group of birds that do not have many outward similarities . most are water birds that feed on invertebrates or small aquatic creatures . the order is well represented in washington , with seven families :
this large and diverse family of shorebirds is made up mostly of northern breeders that migrate long distances . their highly migratory nature leads them astray fairly frequently , and rarities often show up outside their normal range . many of these mostly coastal birds forage in relation to the tides , rather than the time of day . they use a variety of foraging techniques , but the most common techniques are picking food from the ground or water , or probing into wet sand or mud . those that probe generally have sensitive bills that open at the tips . most members of this group eat small invertebrates . many make dramatic , aerial display - flights during courtship . nesting practices vary , but both parents typically help raise the young . clutch size is usually four , and both parents generally incubate . the young are precocial and leave the nest within a day of the hatching of the last chick . most feed themselves , although the parents generally tend the young for a varying period of time . the female typically abandons the group first , leaving the male to care for the young until they are independent .
during the breeding season , insects and insect larvae are the primary sources of food . during winter and migration , small fish , crustaceans , snails , and other aquatic animals round out the diet .
use a spotting scope and study the birds thoroughly , noting as many details as possible to compare between them for appropriate identification .
compare individual birds to other nearby species to be able to judge their size more accurately , and use those comparisons for general measurements .
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the male will run around the female in circles while holding up his wings to attract her . the female lays 4 eggs in a depression in the ground on a damp , open spot . the chicks hatch in 23 days and fledge in 18 - 20 days . both parents incubate the eggs and feed the chicks .
the flippant answer is “…because they look alike” , and they can be very alike .
bill size , not shape , distinguishes cackling and canada goose i recently checked the bill length to bill depth ratios of cackling and canada geese , . . .
relative size and proportions when considering impressions of shape and size as in optical illusions and bird identification or . . .
can short - tailed shearwater be identified in the field ? usually . experienced observers can almost always identify these species correctly based on careful judgment of . . .
the two stages of field identification as i work on the revision of my field guide i’ve been giving a lot . . .
identification of female bluebirds by wing structure a pale and grayish female bluebird found in north carolina recently ( march 2012 ) provided a . . .
identification of white geese recent discussion of the identification of a white goose in ohio ( beginning here ) prompted me . . .
what about the slightly upturned bill in the gyl ? that seems to be a pretty good mark .
are white with dark streaks and spots . the bill is slightly upturned and the legs are long and yellow . its long barred tail and white
are conspicuous in flight . it feeds on insects , insect larvae and small fish . it has a swift direct flight , sometimes at great heights . sexes are similar .
typical call is a high - pitched
tew - tew - tew
.
they often feed actively , running after fish or other fast - moving aquatic prey .
the gulls , plovers , sheathbills of the antarctic , predatory skuas , and sandpipers are five of the nineteen families in the taxonomic order charadriiformes ( pronounced kah - rah - dree - ih - for - meez ) .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies are in the scolopacidae ( pronounced skoh - loh - pay - suh - dee ) family , a group of ninety - one species of wading birds in twenty - one genera occurring nearly worldwide .
in north america , sixty - five species of sandpipers , phalaropes and allies in eighteen genera have occurred . included among these birds are the large , long - billed godwits and curlews , the harlequin - like ruddy turnstone , and a variety of sandpiper species .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies are known for their affinity for the water’s edge . the sanderling is known for its habit of running on beaches to pursue and retreat from waves in its attempt to remain at the very edge of the water .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies range from the sparrow - sized “peeps” to the heron - sized curlews . in general , they have plump bodies , short tails , longish necks with small heads , and long , pointed wings for fast , long distance flight . leg length varies among species although most have fairly long legs suited for wading . sandpipers also demonstrate a wide variety of bill sizes and shapes that reflect different feeding behaviors ; there are species with short , stubby bills , thin medium length bills , long , thin bills , and decurved bills .
aside from the ruddy turnstone with its striking black , white , and orange plumage with red legs and bill , most sandpipers are plumaged in browns , gray , white , and black although dark red - orange colors are also shown by the breeding plumages of dowitchers and the red knot . in most species , these colors are combined for handsome , intricate patterns that act as camouflage and attract mates in the breeding season . during the winter , most species molt into drab gray and white plumages .
sandpipers , phalaropes and allies occur in a wide variety of aquatic habitats that include mudflats , beaches , shores of ponds , lakes and rivers , and marshes although two members of the family , the long - billed curlew and upland sandpiper , are grassland birds . most members of this family breed in the extensive wetlands of the arctic tundra , utilizing other wetland habitats during migration and winter .
most members of this family are migrants , several species flying to south america for the winter .
although not considered endangered , populations of the red knot in eastern north america have been steeply falling because of over harvesting of the horseshoe crab ; the eggs of which serve as their main food source during a critical migration stop - over in the delaware bay .
the eskimo curlew plays a role similar to that of the enigmatic and controversial ivory - billed woodpecker . a historically common bird , by the start of the twentieth century , it became very rare due to overhunting . since then , unlike other shorebird species that were also heavily hunted , it has not recovered and might be extinct . a sliver of hope is kept alive , though , by documented sightings in the 1960’s , undocumented sightings since then , and the fact that it breeds and winters in very remote areas .
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found in the chesapeake bay in spring and fall but are uncommon in summer and winter . breeding range is a band that stretches from southern alaska and british columbia in the west to newfoundland and nova scotia in the east . winter along the ocean coasts of north america , from california south to central america and from virginia south to the gulf of mexico .
during courtship , a male will run in circles around a female and pose while quivering its upheld wings . pairs are thought to mate for life and take joint care of young . nests are made on the ground in a shallow scrape or depression in moss or peat . nests lined with dead leaves , lichens , grasses and short , thin twigs . female lays one brood per season , consisting of three or four spotted eggs in a clutch . incubation period lasts 23 days ; chicks take 18 to 20 days to fledge .
chesapeake bay : nature of the estuary , a field guide by christopher p . white
the chesapeake bay program is a unique regional partnership that has led and directed the restoration of the chesapeake bay since 1983 .