eudonia manganeutis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1885 .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 17 – 18 mm .

the forewings are light grey , mixed with white and irrorated with black .

the first line is white , margined by dark posteriorly .

the second line is whitish and also dark-margined .

the hindwings are whitish-grey with a grey hindmargin .

adults have been recorded on wing in january .

eudonia manganeutis

vad betyder eudonia ? här finner du 2 definitioner av eudonia . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av eudonia själv
eudonia är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av gustaf johan billberg 1820 . enligt catalogue of life ingår eudonia i familjen crambidae , men enligt dyntaxa är tillhörigheten istället fami [ . . ]
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urltoken
[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 7 th august , 1884 . ]
family occupies an unusually prominent position in new zealand , and the principal genera attain here their maximum of development . the development is however mainly specific , and there is no large number of peculiar genera , as in some other groups . the family is undoubtedly of very ancient type , and the food of the larvæ , which probably consists wholly of mosses , will allow of a possible origin earlier in time than the appearance of flowering plants . it is probably due to this persistence of habit that the type has undergone so little generic modification ; specific change being sufficient to allow of all the adaptation required . the distribution of the family seems chiefly limited by the suitability of the climate for the growth of their food - plants ; hence they are found principally in cool temperate latitudes , or at considerable elevations .
as i have elsewhere pointed out , the oldest form of the family is probably nyctarcha , which is a singular synthetic type . xeroscopa is an early off - shoot from scoparia , and tetraprosopus a development of xeroscopa .
owing to the small range of colour , and great similarity of markings , which are moreover in most of the species more or less confused and ill - defined , being composed of black , white , and grey scales variously blended , the group is a difficult one either to study or to describe . in order to make this monograph more comprehensive , i have therefore included all the australian species of scoparia , tetraprosopus , and xeroscopa ( which are , however , much less numerous than those from new zealand ) , indicating them by an asterisk ( * ) as not occurring in new zealand . no species of the family is common to both regions . the australian species of nyctarcha and eclipsiodes , which i have already described elsewhere , and which are moreover very distinct from anything occurring in new zealand , i have not thought it necessary to include .
as the descriptions of walker , knaggs , and butler are hardly in any instance sufficiently precise for determination , i may add that the species of walker and butler have been identified from the types , and those of knaggs from types preserved by mr . r . w . fereday .
labial palpi , with hairs of second joint produced in front beneath . maxillary palpi large , triangularly scaled , porrected , not resting on labial palpi . forewings with 7 and 10 separate from 9 , 8 and 9 stalked . hindwings with 4 and 5 from a point or stalked ( except in nyctarcha ) ; lower median without basal pectination ( except in eclipsiodes and nyctarcha ) . genital uncus of male generally well developed .
distinguished from all the other families of the pyralidina by the character of the maxillary palpi , which are large , porrected , triangularly dilated , and obliquely truncate , standing out apart from the labial palpi ; differing also from the crambidæ ( which some species closely approach in type ) in the absence of the basal pectination on the lower median vein of the hindwings ( with the exceptions noted above ) , from the botydidæ in the development of the genital uncus of the male , and from the pyralididæ by the separation of vein 7 of the forewings from the stalk of 8 and 9 .
the following tabulation includes all the five australian genera , of which only three are represented in new zealand .
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forehead vertical . ocelli present . tongue well developed . antennæ short , less than 2 / 3 of forewings , in male stout , filiform , evenly ciliated ( ¼–1 / 3 ) , above pubescent ( n . atra ) or rough - scaled . labial palpi moderate , straight , porrected , second joint with dense projecting scales beneath , terminal joint exposed , thick , somewhat expanded towards apex , and obliquely truncate . maxillary palpi nearly as long as labial , terminally expanded , truncate . posterior tibiæ with outer spurs half inner ; legs short . abdomen short , stout . forewings with vein 11 moderately oblique . hindwings somewhat broader than forewings ; 3 , 4 , 5 approximated at base ; lower median and 1 b each with a strong pectination towards base , surface otherwise without hairs .
consists at present of two australian and one new zealand species , one of the australian species ( n . ophideres , walk . ) extending also into india and madagascar . the genus presents a singular combination of characters , and probably approximates to the ancestral form of the scopariadæ , crambidæ , and botydidæ . the new zealand species is characterized by the dark fuscous hindwings , which in the two australian species are partly orange .
( orosana atra , butl . , pro . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 . )
the markings of the under surface in this instance doubtless indicate the original type .
castle hill and lake wakatipu ( 1 , 200 to 3 , 000 feet ) , in december and january , on dry grassy slopes ; difficult to see ; six specimens .
forehead vertical . ocelli present . tongue well developed . antennæ moderate , 2 / 3 of forewings , in male filiform , evenly ciliated ( ¼–1 ½ ) . labial palpi moderate or long , straight , porrected , second joint beneath with long dense projecting scales , terminal joint moderate , exposed or resting in scales of second . maxillary palpi rather long , triangularly dilated . posterior tibiæ with outer spurs half inner . abdomen moderate . forewings with vein 11 rather oblique . hindwings from somewhat broader to nearly twice as broad as forewings ; 3 remote from 4 , 4 and 5 stalked or from a point ; lower median naked ; discal area above it without hairs ; internal area loosely haired .
although of universal distribution , this genus is little developed except in temperate latitudes , hardly occurring in the tropics except at a considerable elevation . over thirty european species are known , and scattered forms are found in most other regions . australia possesses at present sixteen , which number will be considerably increased , especially from the tasmanian mountains . in comparison with these the development of the genus in new zealand is extraordinary , forty - two species being here given , and it is unquestionable that the actual number is much larger , as each mountain seems to possess peculiar species . scoparia is in fact the largest genus of lepidoptera in new zealand .
notwithstanding the extent of the genus , i can find no structural characters for subdividing it into groups . the palpi vary in length , and the antennæ present some differences , being generally rough above , but sometimes pubescent , or serrate at joints , with the ciliations of variable length , but these points are simply specific . veins 4 and 5 of the hindwings are either from a point or stalked , but both forms often occur in the same species . roughly , the first 27 species belong to the same group as the european forms , being always of comparatively small size , with the typical markings well developed , whilst the remainder constitute a more specially new zealand group , usually of larger size , and more crambideous appearance , with the normal markings often obsolete , the palpi longer and hindwings broader ; but there is no definite distinction .
in the following descriptions the length of the labial palpi is stated in terms of the breadth of the eye , and the length of the antennal ciliations in terms of the breadth of the stalk ; the breadth of the hindwings in terms of the breadth of the forewings . typically , the markings consist of three transverse lines and three discal spots—viz . , ( 1 ) the first line , at about 2 / 5 , usually oblique and somewhat curved , more or less indented in middle ; ( 2 ) the orbicular spot , usually round , shortly beyond first line above middle ; ( 3 ) the claviform spot , usually linear , similarly placed below middle ; ( 4 ) the reniform spot , usually 8 - shaped , in disk beyond and above middle ; ( 5 ) the second line , at about 4 / 5 , tolerably parallel to hindmargin , usually somewhat curved , generally sinuate inwards below costa and above inner margin ; ( 6 ) the subterminal line , placed between second line and hindmargin , curved inwards in middle , often interrupted .
male . —14–17 mm . head white . palpi 1 2 / 3 , dark fuscous , basal and terminal joints white . antennæ white , annulated with dark fuscous , ciliations ½ . thorax white , irrorated with dark fuscous . abdomen whitish - grey . legs dark fuscous , banded with white . forewings elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; white , irregularly irrogated with fuscous and dark fuscous ; a short dark fuscous streak from base of costa parallel to inner margin ; first line white , oblique , rather indented , posteriorly margined with dark fuscous , which forms a triangular spot on costa ; orbicular elongate , touching first line , dark fuscous ; claviform strong , elongate , touching first line , dark fuscous ; reniform represented by a quadrifurcate dark fuscous mark , upper fork sometimes filled with fuscous ; a small dark fuscous spot on costa somewhat beyond middle ; second line white , tolerably distinctly margined with
dark fuscous ; subterminal line white , somewhat broader and more ill - defined , leaving a dark fuscous triangular blotch on hindmargin : cilia white , with a basal row of dark fuscous spots , and posterior row of grey spots . hindwings 1 1 / 3 , pale whitish - grey , greyer on hindmargin and towards apex ; cilia whitish , with a grey line .
not closely resembling any other , and recognizable by the character of the spots , which are conspicuous though not sharply defined .
sydney , new south wales , from may to august , so that it is a winter species ; five specimens .
a very distinct and elegant species , known by the whitish - ochreous colour and small round detached orbicular and claviform ; the hindwings are narrower than usual .
sydney , new south wales , in april , on sandstone rock - faces , to which its colouring is adapted ; two specimens .
female . —15–17 mm . head white , back of crown , a spot beneath each antenna , and a dot in middle of face black . palpi 1 2 / 3 , black , basal and terminal joints white . antennæ dark grey . thorax white , anterior margin irregularly black . abdomen ochreous - white , apex more ochreous . legs
white , anterior and middle tibiæ and tarsi banded with black . forewings rather elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin oblique , slightly rounded ; clear ochreous - white ; markings fuscous suffused with black , sharply defined ; a fascia from base of costa to inner margin before first line , narrow on upper half , irregularly dilated on lower ; a small spot on costa at ⅕ , and a sinuate erect mark on inner margin at ⅖ , indicating margins of first line ; orbicular and claviform represented by a large irregularly trilobate spot , connected anteriorly with a small spot on costa at ⅛ ; a small spot on costa slightly beyond middle ; a small spot on inner margin beyond middle ; reniform represented by an obtusely angulated linear mark , angle directed towards base ; anterior margin of second line indicated on costa by a small mark ; space between second line and hindmargin wholly blackish , except the irregular white subterminal line , which is broadly interrupted above middle ; cilia white , with a basal row of dark fuscous spots . hindwings 1 ¼ , grey - whitish , hindmargin suffused with grey ; cilia ochreous - whitish , with a grey line .
immediately known by the strongly contrasted and sharply defined markings , and the fusion of orbicular and claviform into a single blotch .
sydney , new south wales , in october , on tree - trunks ; three specimens .
nearly allied to s . exhibitalis , but smaller , with the markings less sharply contrasted , and without the defined white and black markings of head and thorax .
mount gambier , south australia , in november ; one specimen on a tree - trunk .
resembles s . aphrodes in the defined markings of the head , but larger , with the markings of the wings less clearly contrasted , and immediately separated by the dark suffusion of the inner margin between first and second lines .
sydney , new south wales , from august to october ; five specimens , mostly at light .
male , female . —20–21 mm . head and thorax whitish , densely mixed with dark fuscous . palpi 2 ¾ , white , second and terminal joints with blackish basal bands . antennæ grey , obscurely annulated with paler ; ciliations ½ . abdomen grey , segmental margins ochreous - white . legs
white , tarsi and tibiæ banded with blackish . forewings rather elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; white , densely irrorated with black , sometimes partially suffused with light fuscous ; several small black spots towards base ; first line well - defined , somewhat curved , sharply indented , posteriorly strongly black - margined ; orbicular moderate , circular , black , whitish - centred , almost touching first line ; claviform quadrate , black , detached ; reniform indistinct , irregularly 8 - shaped , lower half elongate , whitish , partially black - margined , posteriorly strongly , touching a small blackish spot on costa beyond middle ; second line well - defined , anteriorly black - margined ; terminal space wholly dark , except rather broad distinct subterminal line , entire or shortly interrupted , not touching second line : cilia white , sharply barred with dark grey , bars partially obsolete on terminal half . hindwings 1 ¼ , whitish - grey , becoming fuscous - grey posteriorly , postmedian line faintly darker ; cilia white , with a well - defined grey line .
this and the following species are characterized by the intensity of the irroration and markings , and especially by the subquadrate detached claviform .
sydney , new south wales , in september ; mount wellington ( 1 , 000 feet ) , tasmania , from december to february ; four specimens .
nearly allied to s . syntaracta , but distinguished by the much narrower wings , smaller size , greater concentration of the black colouring , and darker margin of hindwings .
mount wellington ( 3 , 200 feet ) , tasmania , in december ; one specimen .
male , female . —18–21 mm . head , palpi , and thorax whitish , densely mixed with dark fuscous ; palpi 3 . antennæ grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen grey , segmental margins whitish . legs dark fuscous irrorated with white , apex of joints white . forewings rather elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin almost straight , oblique ; fuscous - grey , irregularly sprinkled with white , veins obscurely lined with blackish ; several small cloudy blackish spots towards base ; first line narrow , whitish , ill - defined , posteriorly obscurely blackish - margined , moderately curved , somewhat indented ; orbicular moderate , circular , outlined with black , detached ; claviform smaller , round , almost wholly blackish , touching first line ; reniform obscure , tolerably 8 - shaped , obscurely blackish - margined ;
second line white , tolerably well - defined , obscurely dark - margined ; subterminal very ill - defined , cloudy , whitish , interrupted above middle , not touching second line : cilia ochreous - whitish , obscurely barred with grey , and with two grey lines . hindwings 1 ¼ , light grey , darker posteriorly ; cilia whitish , with a well - defined grey line .
compared with the neighbouring species a rather large and dull - coloured insect , with the lines more abruptly bent and angular than usual .
a comparatively short - winged species , allied to s . eremitis , but much smaller and more distinctly marked , the dark markings much blacker .
mount wellington , tasmania , from 3 , 000 to 3 , 800 feet , in december ; rather common , sitting on the rocks and readily disturbed .
male . —15 mm . head , palpi , and thorax grey , mixed with reddish - ochreous and black ; palpi 2 ¼ . antennæ grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen grey . legs white , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark grey . forewings triangular , costa hardly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin straight , rather strongly oblique ; fuscous - grey , with a few black and bluish - white scales ; a small reddish - ochreous spot near base ; first line not paler , curved ,
obscurely blackish - margined posteriorly ; orbicular and claviform irregular , reddish - ochreous , partially black - margined , touching first line ; reniform subquadrate , reddish - ochreous , anteriorly and posteriorly blackish - margined ; second line not paler , anteriorly blackish - margined ; terminal area rather densely irrorated with black , except subterminal line , touching second line in middle : cilia whitish - grey , with a broad interrupted dark grey line . hindwings 1 ¼ , grey , becoming darker on hindmargin ; cilia grey - whitish , with a grey line .
a peculiar and distinct species , with hindmargin of forewings more oblique than usual .
mount wellington , tasmania , ( probably about 2 , 000 feet ) , in february ; one specimen .
nearly allied to s . philerga , but readily distinguished by the longer and narrower forewings , and whitish hindwings , as well as the pubescence and longer ciliations of antennæ .
lake wakatipu , at 5 , 000 feet , in december ; one specimen .
male , female . —17–21 mm . head and thorax whitish , mixed with fuscous , and irrorated with black . palpi 2 ⅓ , dark fuscous , somewhat mixed with white , basal joint white . antennæ dark fuscous ; ciliations ⅔ . abdomen light fuscous - grey , segmental margins ochreous - whitish . legs ochreous - whitish , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings moderately
elongate , triangular , costa gently arched , apex rounded , hindmargin oblique , faintly sinuate ; white , mixed with grey , and coarsely irrorated with black ; a thick interrupted obscure blackish streak from base of costa ; first line white , obscure , somewhat curved , sharply indented , posteriorly blackish - margined ; orbicular round , whitish , blackish - margined ; claviform roundish , moderate or large , blackish , often suffused , tolerably detached ; reniform 8 - shaped , white , blackish - margined , connected with a small blackish triangular spot on costa ; second line white , tolerably distinct , anteriorly dark - margined ; terminal space wholly dark , except moderate tolerably defined subterminal line , entire or interrupted , touching second line in middle ; a hindmarginal row of white dots : cilia whitish , obscurely barred with grey , with an interrupted blackish and posterior grey line . hindwings 1 ¼ , pale whitish - grey , slightly ochreous - tinged , in female rather greyer , postmedian line and hindmargin obscurely darker grey ; cilia whitish , with a grey line spotted with darker .
a dull , obscure - looking species , but with the reniform very clearly defined .
auckland , hamilton , christchurch , nelson , otira river , dunedin , and lake wakatipu ; common in forest , in december , january , march , and april . near lake wakatipu i took one specimen at an elevation of 4 , 000 feet .
male , female . —13–14 mm . head , palpi , and thorax whitish - ochreous suffused with black ; palpi 2 . antennæ greyish - ochreous ; ciliations ½ . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs ochreous - white , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin straight , oblique ; ochreous - whitish ; basal half , bounded by a line parallel to hindmargin , suffused with blackish , except on an oval ochreous spot near middle of base ; a moderately broad fascia - like reddish - ochreous suffusion rather beyond and parallel to posterior edge of blackish patch ; an irregular reddish - ochreous suffusion towards middle of hindmargin ; a rather small triangular blackish spot on costa before apex , and some blackish scales on anal angle : cilia ochreous - whitish , mixed with reddish ochreous beneath and blackish above apex . hindwings 1 ¼ , whitish ; postmedian line and apical suffusion faintly grey ; cilia whitish .
arthur ' s pass ( 3 , 000 feet ) , in january ; three specimens .
male , female . —17–19 mm . head , palpi , and thorax ochreous - fuscous , mixed with whitish - ochreous and dark fuscous ; palpi 2 ½ , basal joint white .
this and the two following species are easily recognized by the yellow - ochreous blotch above lower portion of subterminal line ; s . minusculalis differs from the other two by its larger size , well - defined white postmedian band , and uniform dark suffusion of the whole anterior half of wing .
larva rather stout , cylindrical , wrinkled , somewhat attenuated towards extremities ; light whitish - brown ; spots large , round , brassy - fuscous , - each containing a black dot ; head ochreous - brown ; second segment dark fuscous . feeds in moss on tree - trunks ; pupa in same position ; taken in january , almost full - grown .
akaroa , bealey river ( 2 , 100 feet ) , and dunedin ; tolerably common in forest in january and february .
male , female . —15 ½–17 mm . head and thorax clear pale whitish - ochreous , with a few fuscous scales , shoulders with a small dark fuscous spot . palpi 2 ½–3 , ochreous - whitish , somewhat mixed with dark fuscous , base white . antennæ whitish , annulated with dark fuscous ; ciliations ⅔ . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs whitish , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings somewhat elongate , triangular , costa gently arched , apex rounded , hindmargin rather oblique , distinctly sinuate ; whitish - ochreous , mixed with pale yellowish , and thinly irrorated with dark fuscous ; basal area mixed with black , with a suffused black streak from
characterized by the concentration of the dark suffusion into a costal blotch ; differing from s . minusculalis by the distinct white first line , from s . chimeria by the white costal spot before second line .
christchurch , bealey river ( 2 , 100 feet ) , and otira gorge ( 1 , 600 feet ) , amongst forest in january ; eight specimens .
ochreous - yellow ; a terminal row of white semioval spots : cilia whitish , obscurely barred with grey , with a dark grey interrupted line . hindwings 1 ¼ , whitish - grey , postmedian line and hindmargin obscurely darker grey ; cilia grey - whitish , with a dark grey line .
taranaki , palmerston , masterton , christchurch , akaroa , dunedin , and lake wakatipu , not met with above 1 , 000 feet ; common in forest from december to march .
allied to the three preceding , but without the ochreous blotch , and specially characterized by the remarkably short antennal ciliations .
male . —17 ½ mm . head and thorax whitish - ochreous , shoulders dark fuscous mixed with black . palpi 2 ¼ , ochreous - whitish , second and terminal joints with dark fuscous basal bands , basal joint white . antennæ whitish - ochreous , ringed with dark fuscous ; joints short , subdentate , ciliations 1 . abdomen whitish - ochreous , irrorated with fuscous . legs ochreous - whitish , irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa gently arched , apex rounded , hindmargin rather obliquely rounded ; whitish - ochreous , scantily irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous ; a sharply defined oblique black spot from base of costa , inner edge straight , outer irregular ; first line indicated only by obscure dark posterior margin , slightly curved , somewhat indented , followed on
costa by a sharply - defined moderate triangular black spot ; orbicular round , pale , broadly black - margined , touching apex of costal spot ; claviform round , upper half margined with black , lower half obsolete , detached ; a very small dark fuscous spot on costa beyond middle , between which and first line the costa is narrowly suffused with fuscous ; reniform large , double , shaped like two adjacent figures of 8 , both irregularly black - margined , adjacent margins confluent ; second line pale , anteriorly dark - margined , forming a very small blackish spot on costa ; terminal space suffused with brownish - ochreous ; subterminal line cloudy , ochreous - whitish , somewhat interrupted , not touching second line ; hindmargin suffusedly blackish , with a row of ochreous - whitish marks : cilia pale whitish - ochreous , with a well - defined dark grey line and very faint grey posterior line . hindwings 1 ¼ , very pale whitish grey , central lunule obscurely indicated , postmedian line and a narrow hindmarginal suffusion distinct , darker grey ; cilia ochreous - whitish , with a distinct grey line .
a distinct species , characterized by the sharply defined black costal markings , double reniform , and relatively long antennal ciliations .
a very obscure species , best indicated by the fine dentation of the second and subterminal lines .
arthur ' s pass ( 2 , 500 feet ) and mount hutt , in january ; three specimens .
male . —15–16 mm . head , palpi , and thorax blackish - grey , irrorated with white ; palpi 2 ¼ , basal joint white ; thorax with a small posterior ochreous - yellow spot . antennæ dark grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen fuscous - grey . legs dark fuscous , irrorated with white , apex of joints white . forewings triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hind - margin slightly rounded , rather oblique ; blackish , finely irrorated with white ; a small ochreous - yellow spot near base , followed by a faint whitish transverse line ; first line whitish , slender , ill - defined , slightly curved , posteriorly indistinctly dark - margined ; orbicular and claviform both circular , ochreous - yellow , dark - margined , touching first line ; reniform 8 - shaped , ochreous - yellow , black - margined , each half containing a white dot , the lower one larger ; a small ill - defined whitish costal spot above reniform ; second line whitish , ill - defined , obscurely dark - margined , touching similar subterminal line in middle : cilia whitish , with two cloudy dark grey lines , and obscurely barred with grey . hindwings 1 ⅓ fuscous - grey , becoming darker posteriorly ; cilia grey , with a darker line , tips whitish .
easily recognized by the ochreous - yellow spots , and white dots in reniform .
christchurch in march , and lake wakatipu ( 1 , 000 feet ) in december , amongst bush ; two specimens .
female . —17 mm . head and thorax ochreous - fuscous . palpi 2 ¾ , dark fuscous mixed with white , basal joint white . antennæ dark fuscous . abdomen grey , terminal segment very elongate , ovipositor long . legs grey irrorated with whitish . forewings elongate - oblong , slightly dilated , costa hardly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin rather oblique , slightly rounded ; fuscous , with scattered pale ochreous - yellowish scales ; a cloudy blackish spot on inner margin near base , above which is a line of whitish scales ; a longitudinal median black streak from base to ⅓ a strong semicircular black streak from costa at ⅓ , passing through middle of disc and returning to costa at ⅔ , obscurely margined beneath with whitish , the included space also irrorated with whitish ; subterminal line indicated by a few whitish scales : cilia whitish - fuscous with two cloudy darker lines , tips whitish . hindwings 1 ½ , fuscous - grey , becoming - dark fuscous towards hindmargin ; cilia as in forewings .
arthur ' s pass ( 3 , 000 feet ) in january ; one specimen .
female . —13–17 mm . head , palpi , and thorax fuscous or fuscous - grey , slightly mixed with grey - whitish ; palpi 2 ½ , basal joint white . antennæ dark fuscous . abdomen light grey . legs whitish , irrorated with fuscous . forewings elongate , tolerably oblong , costa almost straight , apex obtuse , hindmargin straight , rather oblique ; light fuscous , thinly and irregularly irrorated with whitish and darker fuscous ; first line obscurely whitish , posteriorly rather broadly and suffusedly dark - margined , strongly curved ; orbicular and claviform obsolete ; reniform subquadrate , cloudy , dark fuscous ; second line whitish , anteriorly dark - margined , rectilinear , obtusely angulated above middle ; subterminal line obsolete : cilia light fuscous mixed with whitish . hindwings 1 ½ , light grey or fuscous - grey , rather darker posteriorly ; cilia fuscous - whitish , with a fuscous basal line .
allied to s . hemicycla , which it resembles in form , but quite differently marked .
castle hill ( 3 , 000 feet ) , on grassy slopes in january ; two specimens .
readily recognized by the intensity of marking , yellowish streaks on veins , reniform half white and half yellow , angulated first line , and pubescent antennæ of male .
arthur ' s pass ( 3 , 000 feet , and one specimen at 1 , 500 ) , in january ; common .
this and the following species have the hindwings proportionately narrower than in any other of the genus , and are characterized by the yellowish tint of their pale markings ; s . anaplecta especially also by the pale dorsal spots , and the ochreous - whitish dark - margined hindwings .
mount wellington , tasmania , at 3 , 200 feet , in december ; two specimens .
male , female . —9–12 mm . head pale yellow , with a dark fuscous streak across crown . palpi 2 ½ , dark fuscous , apex and basal joint whitish - yellow . antennæ whitish - yellow , annulated with dark fuscous ; ciliations ⅔ . thorax whitish - yellow , a central spot and one on each shoulder blackish . abdomen dark fuscous - grey . legs whitish - yellow , banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa almost straight , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; rather dark fuscous , irrorated with blackish ; a pale yellow streak from middle of base to ¼ of inner margin ; a pale yellow dot on costa near base ; first line sharply defined , pale yellow , regularly curved , not indented ; orbicular and claviform absent ; a cloudy pale yellow spot above middle of inner margin ; reniform narrow , pale yellow , sometimes touching second
line beneath ; second line strong , pale yellow , almost straight , somewhat sinuate inwards below middle ; subterminal line narrow , indistinct , pale yellow , hardly interrupted , not touching second line : cilia with basal third dark grey , remainder whitish - yellowish , with a grey posterior line . hindwings hardly over 1 , fuscous - grey , becoming dark fuscous towards hindmargin ; cilia grey - whitish , with two cloudy grey lines .
the smallest species of the genus known to me , not to be confused with any other .
sydney , new south wales ; fernshaw , victoria ; hobart , evandale , and deloraine , tasmania ; wirrabara forest and mount gambier , south australia ; from august to december , and in march , common in damp sheltered places , especially under wet and overhanging rock - faces .
palmerston , makatoku , christchurch , akaroa , and dunedin , amongst forest , in february and march ; eight specimens .
( scoparia ustimacula , feld . , reis . nov . , pl . cxxxv . , 17 ; scoparia conifera , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , 493 . )
also a very distinct and handsome species , characterized by the two conspicuous black fasciæ from costa to disc , and unusually long antennal ciliations , the longest in the genus . butler ' s description is hardly recognizable , but is intended for this species , as i have seen his type in the british museum .
castle hill ( mr . j . d . enys ) and dunedin ( mr . a . purdie ) , probably amongst bush ; i have not met with the species myself ; three specimens .
( scoparia pongalis , feld . , reis . nov . , pl . cxxxvii . , 33 . )
male , female . —15–19 mm . head , antennæ , and thorax whitish - grey , slightly ochreous - tinged , shoulders narrowly black ; antennal ciliations , ½ . palpi 3 , dark fuscous , apex and basal joint whitish . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs grey - whitish , tibiæ and tarsi somewhat suffused with darker grey . forewings somewhat elongate , triangular , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin rather oblique , faintly sinuate ; pale whitish - grey , slightly ochreous - tinged , with a few scattered grey and black scales ; first line only indicated by a short cloudy blackish oblique streak from inner
margin ; costa black from base to beyond middle , at first very narrowly , but shortly dilating to form a triangular sharply - defined patch , of which apex is in middle of disc ; claviform dot - like , black , or sometimes obsolete ; reniform 8 - shaped , obscurely outlined with blackish ; second line not paler , but distinctly dark - margined , somewhat bent but hardly sinuate ; a row of black dots immediately before hindmargin ; cilia grey - whitish , with a grey basal line . hindwings 1 ¼ , in male whitish , in female very pale whitish - grey ; postmedian line and hindmargin very faintly greyer ; cilia whitish , with a faint grey line .
very distinct by the peculiar black costal marking . felder ' s figure is very coarse , but indicates this correctly .
the blackish suffusion appears to form a very large blotch on costa beyond first line , nearly reaching to inner margin ; this distinguishes the species from all others .
arthur ' s pass ( 1 , 700 to 2 , 600 feet ) and lake wakatipu ( 4 , 200 feet ) , frequenting rocks in sheltered situations or amongst bush , in december and january ; rather common .
allied to s . melanægis , but much narrower - winged ( though the male may probably not differ so much in this respect ) ; immediately separated by the very different form of the black costal blotch , which does not pass downwards beyond middle of wing , and therefore appears very much more compressed longitudinally .
castle hill ( 3 , 000 feet ) , in january ; one specimen .
margined , forming a small blackish spot on costa ; terminal space grey , veins suffused with black ; subterminal line cloudy , whitish , somewhat interrupted , not touching second line : cilia whitish , with two dark grey lines . hindwings 1 ¼ , very pale whitish - grey , lunule , postmedian line , and hindmargin hardly darker ; cilia whitish , with two grey lines .
of somewhat doubtful affinity ; recognizable by the rather broad distinct lines , dark suffusion towards costa , and clear white lower half of reniform .
bealey river , amongst forest ( 2 , 100 feet ) , in january ; one specimen .
a sharply marked species , conspicuously distinct by the straight first line , and absence of all the discal spots .
lake wakatipu , in january ( mr . r . w . fereday ) ; two specimens .
male , female . —23–26 mm . head pale ochreous , face black . palpi 2 ¼ , black , mixed with white , basal joint white . antennæ black , beneath ochreous - whitish . thorax white , anterior half , a square central spot , and posterior extremity suffused with black . abdomen whitish - ochreous , slightly irrorated with grey , segmental margins more ochreous towards base . legs white , thinly sprinkled with black , tibiæ and tarsi banded with black . forewings elongate , triangular , costa hardly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin sinuate , slightly oblique ; white , irregularly irrorated with black scales which are ochreous at their base ; a triangular blackish spot on costa
a fine species , differing from all others by the peculiar prismatic spots preceding and following reniform .
hamilton , palmerston , napier , wellington , christchurch , and otira gorge , from . december to march , usually near forest ; common where it occurs , but i have never taken it except at lamps , and always females only ; i have seen one male , taken by mr . r . w . fereday , and perhaps sixty females .
( hypochalcia submarginalis , walk . , 48 ; nephopteryx maoriella , ib . , suppl . , 1720 . )
male , female . —21–25 mm . head and thorax whitish , mixed with pale ochreous , densely irrorated with grey or dark fuscous . palpi 3 , dark fuscous mixed with whitish , basal joint white . antennæ grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen ochreous - whitish suffused with grey , more ochreous towards base . legs whitish irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings elongate , triangular , costa hardly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin very faintly sinuate , rather oblique ; ochreous or ochreous - brown , more or less densely irrorated with black , and sprinkled irregularly with whitish ; a short obscure blackish line from base of costa ; a cloudy whitish line near before and partially confluent with first line , sometimes obsolete ; first line white , cloudy , posteriorly black - margined , somewhat
curved , irregular , bent outwards on inner margin ; orbicular roundish , not pale , finely black - margined , separated from reniform by a round black - margined spot , somewhat paler and more whitish than ground colour ; claviform roundish , cloudy , black , detached ; reniform 8 - shaped , not pale , black - margined ; often a clear whitish or ochreous streak from claviform along submedian fold to second line ; sometimes a rather broad dark fuscous streak above submedian fold from first to second lines ; second line rather narrow , white , dark - margined , generally suffused with ochreous towards submedian fold , rather abruptly bent above middle ; subterminal line broad , very cloudy and indistinct , whitish , interrupted , generally touching second line ; a waved whitish hindmarginal line : cilia pale greyish , with a dark fuscous interrupted line , basal and terminal thirds obscurely barred with whitish . hindwings 1 ½ , whitish - ochreous irrorated with grey ; lunule and postmedian line very indistinctly darker ; a tolerably well - defined dark fuscous hindmarginal band ; cilia whitish , with a dark grey line .
a variable species , but generally distinguishable from its nearest allies by the irregular dark suffusion of the forewings , and the ochreous tinge and dark marginal band of the hindwings .
cambridge , palmerston , wellington , christchurch , castle hill , mount hutt , and lake wakatipu , probably universally distributed at low levels , from november to march , on rock - faces , fences , etc . ; generally abundant .
male , female . —23–27 mm . head and thorax dark slaty - grey , somewhat mixed with grey - whitish . palpi 2 ⅓ , dark fuscous , slightly mixed with whitish , basal joint white . antennæ dark grey , ciliations ⅔ . abdomen whitish - grey . legs white , irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings very elongate , triangular , costa hardly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin almost straight , slightly oblique ; rather dark slaty - grey , with an indigo - bluish tinge ( strong in very fresh specimens ) , with fine scattered grey - whitish scales , the coalescence of which forms obscure first and second lines ; first line hardly curved , moderately indented ; second line tolerably distinct on costa and inner margin ; orbicular faintly perceptible as a slightly darker suffusion ; reniform 8 - shaped , slightly darker , lower or sometimes both halves centred with whitish ; subterminal line obscurely indicated , interrupted , not touching second line : cilia slaty - grey , tips paler . hindwings 1 ⅗ , whitish - grey ; postmedian line faintly indicated ; a narrow hindmarginal band suffusedly darker grey ; cilia white , with a grey line .
very obsoletely marked ; distinguished from all by the peculiar dark bluish - grey colouring , adapted for concealment on the bare slaty rocks of the mountain - range , which it exactly resembles . the same tint recurs with the same habits in several species of other groups .
otira gorge , castle hill , lake guyon , and lake wakatipu , in january and february , from 1 , 500 to 3 , 000 feet ; always on bare shingle , usually in the bed of a mountain stream , but sometimes also in a road - way , flying a short distance close to the ground and quickly settling again ; common where it occurs .
female . —25 mm . head , palpi , and thorax grey , densely irrorated with white ; palpi 3 , basal joint white . antennæ grey . abdomen pale grey , suffused with pale ochreous towards base . legs white irrorated with fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings very elongate , somewhat triangular , costa straight , apex obtuse , hindmargin straight , slightly oblique ; ochreous - grey , densely irrorated with whitish ; lines obsolete ; orbicular and claviform both round , whitish , black - margined ; reniform 8 - shaped , unusually oblique , whitish , obscurely black - margined : cilia ochreous - grey mixed with whitish , with an obscure darker line . hind - wings 1 ⅗ , pale fuscous - grey , hindmargin suffusedly darker ; cilia whitish , with a fuscous line .
characterized by the obsolescence of the usual lines , whilst the spots are all distinctly indicated , round , dark - margined .
( hypochalcia indistinctalis , walk . , 48 ; scoparia rakaiensis , knaggs , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , 80 . )
allied to s . submarginalis , but much lighter and greyer , with the dark suffusion confined to the anal angle , and always separable by the quite different form of the rather sharply angulated first line .
wellington , christchurch , and lake wakatipu ( 1 , 000 feet ) , from december to february , on rocks and fences ; rather common .
characterized by the comparatively small size , narrow pale forewings , dark veins , and wholly whitish hindwings .
wanganui , napier , christchurch , and mount hutt , from january to march ; six specimens .
generally darker , especially towards anal angle ; subterminal line very obscure , whitish , touching second line , not interrupted : cilia whitish , with a grey line . hindwings 1 ¾ , whitish - grey , postmedian line obscurely darker , hindmargin suffused with darker grey ; cilia as in forewings .
easily known by the narrow forewings , very oblique first line , and usually distinct blackish dot - like claviform .
hamilton , napier , masterton , and christchurch , in sandy grassy places or at lamps , from january to march , tolerably common .
male , female . —21–27 mm . quite similar to s . leptalea , but antennæ of male slender , filiform , ciliations 1 ; orbicular tolerably distinct , partially outlined with blackish .
this species so closely resembles s . leptalea , except in the considerably larger size , that it would probably pass for a local variety , but the structural difference in the antennæ of the male must be taken to warrant specific separation . the forewings are perhaps even somewhat narrower proportionately , and the claviform usually more conspicuous .
arthur ' s pass , on grassy slopes at 4 , 500 feet , in january ; three specimens ( 2 male , 1 female ) . a more ochreous - tinged female from near dunedin is probably also referable to this species .
male , female . —18–19 mm . head , palpi , antennæ , and thorax reddish - ochreous - brown ; palpi 4 , towards base white beneath . antennal ciliations ½ . abdomen ochreous - whitish , tinged with grey . legs white , tarsi and anterior tibiæ banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , narrow at base , costa almost straight , posteriorly moderately arched , apex rounded , hindmargin slightly sinuate , oblique ; light ochreous - grey ; basal third reddish - ochreous - brown , terminated by first line ; first line straight , slender , white , not oblique , followed by a narrow dark reddish - brown fascia edged with black posteriorly and suffused with black on inner margin ; median space irrorated with white , wholly suffused with white posteriorly ; reniform small , linear , transverse , reddish - ochreous ; a small triangular reddish - ochreous black - margined spot on costa beyond middle ; second line slender , whitish , anteriorly dark - margined ; terminal space greyish - ochreous , irrorated with blackish , subterminal line obscure , whitish , suffused into hindmargin : cilia ochreous - whitish , with an interrupted dark fuscous line . hindwings 1 ¼ , pale whitish - grey ; lunule , postmedian line , and hindmarginal band light grey ; cilia grey - whitish , with dark grey dots on veins .
conspicuously distinct , and of doubtful affinity , but perhaps allied to s . feredayi ; the straight perpendicular dark reddish - brown fascia beyond first line is a peculiar feature .
arthur ' s pass ( 2 , 600 feet ) , and dunedin , amongst bush in january ; four specimens .
( scoparia feredayi , knaggs , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , 80 ; scoparia moanalis , feld . , reis . nov . , pl . cxxxvii . , 34 . )
male , female . —18–21 mm . head , palpi , and thorax reddish - ochreous - brown : palpi 2 ¾ , basal joint white . antennæ grey ; ciliations ⅔ . abdomen whitish - ochreous . legs white , banded with ochreous - brown . forewings triangular , costa almost straight , apex obtuse , hindmargin almost straight , oblique ; reddish - ochreous , densely irrorated with dark reddish - brown ; first line very obscurely whitish , posteriorly suffusedly dark - margined , not oblique , angulated above middle ; orbicular and claviform small , roundish , very obscurely darker , touching first line ; reniform very obscure , somewhat 8 - shaped , suffusedly darker ; second line white , distinct , anteriorly suffusedly dark - margined , upper sinuation slight , lower angular ; terminal space wholly irrorated with white , except sometimes towards costa and narrowly along hindmargin : cilia grey - whitish , base white , with a reddish - fuscous anterior and grey posterior line . hindwings 1 ⅓ , very pale whitish - grey , ochreoustinged , postmedian line and hindmarginal band very suffusedly darker grey ; cilia white , with a faint grey line .
also a very distinct species , immediately known by the reddish - ochreous colour , with whitish lines and posterior irroration . as butler has quoted the name as a synonym of s . submarginalis , it may be worth while stating that there is not the least resemblance between the two species .
eketahuna , wellington , bealey river ( 2 , 100 feet ) , castle hill ( 2 , 500 feet ) , lake guyon , and lake wakatipu , amongst bush from january to march , not common ; eight specimens .
male . —17 ½—19 mm . head , antennæ , and thorax ochreous - fuscous , shoulders suffusedly dark fuscous ; antennæ deeply dentate , ciliations ⅔ . palpi 3 , ochreous - fuscous irrorated with blackish , internally and on basal joint white . abdomen whitish - ochreous . legs whitish - ochreous , irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa gently arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin almost straight , oblique ; ochreous - fuscous ; base irrorated with dark fuscous ; first line very slender , obscure , whitish , posteriorly finely blackish - margined , not oblique , somewhat curved , sinuate inwards above inner margin ; space between first and second lines fuscous , irrorated with dark fuscous , with a few pale scales ; orbicular and claviform both round , ochreous - brown , obscurely blackish - margined , touching first line ; reniform 8 - shaped , white ,
suffusedly blackish - margined ; second line very slender , obscure , whitish , anteriorly finely blackish - margined , rather abruptly curved above middle ; subterminal obsolete ; a slender interrupted white hindmarginal line : cilia ochreous - whitish , with two dark grey lines . hindwings 1 ⅓ , whitish - grey ; lunule , postmedian line and a hindmarginal line darker grey , distinct ; cilia whitish , with a dark grey interrupted line .
apparently allied to s . feredayi , but very distinct by the ochreous - fuscous ground colour , fine black margins of lines , and well - defined white reniform .
lake wakatipu , at 1 , 200 feet , in december ; two specimens .
allied to s . cleodoralis , but much larger , and differing in the longer palpi , much longer ciliations of antennæ , defined orbicular , sharp angulation of second line , and other characters .
mount wellington , tasmania , amongst rocky scrub at 3 , 000 feet in december ; apparently very local , being confined to a small patch of ground in which it was common , and readily disturbed from the herbage .
male , female . —18–21 mm . head and thorax light ochreous - brownish , slightly mixed with whitish . palpi 3 ¼ , dark fuscous , slightly mixed with whitish , apex of maxillary and basal joint of labial white . antennæ grey , ciliations ½ . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs whitish , anterior and middle pair suffused with dark fuscous . forewings elongate - triangular ,
costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; light ochreous - brownish , with a few irregularly - scattered white scales , veins more or less suffused with dark fuscous ; first line slender , whitish , posteriorly obscurely dark - margined , somewhat curved , not oblique ; orbicular and claviform obsolete ; reniform 8 - shaped , indistinct , somewhat whitish , obscurely dark - margined ; second line slender , whitish , obscurely dark - margined , sinuations very slight ; subterminal very indistinct , cloudy , whitish ; a row of cloudy dark fuscous dots before hindmargin : cilia ochreous - whitish , with two dark grey lines . hindwings 1 ½ , very pale whitish - grey ; postmedian line and hindmargin hardly darker ; cilia whitish , with a grey line .
an indistinct - looking species , yet hardly to be confused with any other .
blackheath ( 3 , 500 feet ) , new south wales ; mount macedon and fernshaw , victoria ; deloraine and mount wellington ( to 3 , 100 feet ) , tasmania ; amongst forest , from november to february , tolerably common .
characterized by the relatively small size , elongate forewings , strong white dentate first line , and the peculiarly serrate and strongly ciliated antennæ .
otira gorge , 1 , 600 to 2 , 600 feet , in january ; two specimens .
male . —23–24 mm . head white . palpi 2 ½ , dark fuscous , apex of maxillary and basal joint of labial white . antennæ grey ; ciliations ½ . thorax fuscous - grey irrorated with whitish , with a white anterior spot .
abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs whitish , anterior and middle pair suffused with dark fuscous . forewings very elongate , narrow , triangular , costa almost straight , apex obtuse , hindmargin very faintly sinuate , oblique ; light ochreous - grey , irrorated with white , veins slenderly but irregularly marked with blackish ; first line obscure , whitish , posteriorly suffusedly dark - margined , moderately curved , not oblique , somewhat indented ; orbicular very small , linear , blackish , detached ; claviform moderate , linear , black , detached ; reniform represented by a black x - shaped mark , lower fork filled with white ; second line broad , cloudy , whitish , anteriorly suffusedly dark - margined , somewhat angulated above middle ; subterminal very indistinct , whitish , not touching second line ; a hindmarginal row of cloudy blackish dots : cilia grey - whitish , with two fuscous - grey lines . hindwings 1 ½ , grey - whitish ; cilia whitish , with a faint grey line .
allied to s . axena , but readily recognized by the narrower forewings and distinct lines .
lake wakatipu ( 3 , 000 feet ) , and castle hill ( 3 , 000 feet ) , in december and january ; two specimens .
male . —24–26 mm . head and thorax greyish - fuscous , slightly mixed with whitish . palpi 3 , dark fuscous , apex of maxillary and basal joint of labial white . antennæ dark grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen whitish - grey , somewhat suffused with ochreous . legs pale grey , tarsi darker , posterior pair whitish . forewings elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin slightly rounded , oblique ; dull fuscous - grey , irrorated with whitish towards costa and hindmargin ; lines hardly perceptible , slightly whitish , faintly dark - margined internally , first line curved , rather irregular , second line preceded by a row of short linear obscure dark fuscous marks on veins ; orbicular and claviform represented by small obscure dark fuscous suffusions , detached ; reniform by an obscure dark fuscous x - shaped mark , lower fork sometimes filled with whitish : cilia whitish , with two grey lines . hindwings 1 ⅓ , grey - whitish ; cilia white .
closely allied to s . paltomacha , but separable by the larger size ; broader forewings , and absence of the distinct blackish lines on veins .
arthur ' s pass , on grassy slopes at 4 , 500 feet , in january ; three specimens .
male , female . —13–16 mm . head white . palpi 3 , fuscous , apex and basal joint white . antennæ dark grey , ciliations ⅔ . thorax fuscous , with a blackish central and white anterior spot . abdomen grey - whitish . legs whitish , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings elongate - triangular , costa very slightly arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin


the bushy-crested jay ( cyanocorax melanocyaneus ) is a species of bird in the family corvidae .

it is found in central america , where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest .

there are two subspecies , c. m. melanocyaneus which is found in guatemala and southern el salvador , and c. m. chavezi from honduras and northeastern nicaragua .

bushy - crested jay

bushy - crested jay ( cyanocorax melanocyaneus ) is a species of bird in the corvidae family .
c . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of
bushy - crested jay ( cyanocorax melanocyaneus )
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the bushy - crested jay is very similar in appearance to the other central american blue - and - black jays : san blas jay ( cyanocorax sanblasiana ) , yucatan jay ( cyanocorax yucatanicus ) , and purplish - backed jay ( cyanocorax beecheii ) . the geographic range of the bushy - crested jay does not overlap with any of these species , however . the bushy - crested differs from the other three species by its dark tarsi ; it also is smaller than yucatan and purplish - backed jays , although it is about the same size as the san blas jay . the blue belly of nominate melanocyaneus also distinguishes it from the other species , which have black underparts .
the bushy - crested jay is found in guatemala , el salvador , honduras , and northern nicaragua ( goodwin 1976 ) . the elevational range is 600 - 2400 m ( parker et al . 1996 ) .
the bushy - crested jay ' s original habitat was woodland dominated by oak trees ( goodwin 1976 ) . however , much of this habitat within its range has been converted to coffee plantations , to which this species has adapted ( goodwin 1976 ) .
the bushy - crested jay is a large , long - tailed jay . nominate melanocyaneus of guatemala and el salvador is mostly blue , with a black head , chest , bill , and legs , and yellow eyes . the subspecies found in nicaragua and honduras , chavezi , has a darker belly . juveniles have brown , rather than yellow , eyes and duller plumage .
bushy - crested jays forage both in trees and shrubs , and on the ground . the diet includes insects , seeds , and fruits such as figs . in captivity : paradise earth premium softball blend , mixed dried insects and fruit .
the bushy - crested jay can be found in a variety of habitats from arid to semihumid forests and forest edges and scrub ( howell and webb 1995 ) . they also tolerate disturbed habitats such as second growth forests and plantations ( howell and webb 1995 ) . they are rare in mature forests , however , and are found there only where clearings are present ( goodwin 1976 ) .
dos anjos , l . ( 2018 ) . bushy - crested jay ( cyanocorax melanocyaneus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
adult : the bushy - crested jay is named for the bushy crest , although this typically is held flat ( howell and webb 1995 ) . this species has a relatively long , graduated tail ( madge and burn 1994 ) . the sexes are similar in appearance ( madge and burn 1994 ) . the adult has a black chest , head , and legs with a dull blue belly and undertail coverts and a bright blue tail and upperparts ( howell and webb 1995 ) . the underparts , upperparts , tail edges , and eyes have sometimes been described as having a greenish tint ( goodwin 1976 ) .
bushy - crested jays lives in family groups up to 15 - 20 individuals and the entire flock helps to rear three to six eggs in a twig nest . the thin nest made of small sticks and twigs are mostly built by the female . they lay three to six pink to deep red eggs with red - brown markings and are laid april - may .
28–33 cm ; 80–115 g . looks bulky - headed when crown feathers erected ; feathers of forecrown somewhat stubble - like , but hardly crested . nominate race has black hood . . .
nestling care by florida scrub jay aphelocoma c . coerulescens breeders and helpers is quantified . breeding males and older male helpers deliver more food than first - year helpers and older female helpers . breeding males adjust the quantity of food they deliver inversely to that delivered by their helpers . older female helpers , who make many nest visits without delivering food , attempt to usurp the nest - sitting role of the breeding female . the advantages of group breeding to the breeders seem clear . pairs with helpers live longer and produce more fledglings . the advantages of being a helper , though obscure , probably include non - altruistic factors such as increased survival and , for males , increased chances of obtaining space for breeding . food contributions of helpers seem to parallel these opportunities .
along with c . yucatanicus , c . sanblasianus and c . beecheii , formerly separated in cissilopha ( the black - and - blue jays of middle america ) . acknowledged to be very similar to c . sanblasianus # r , but differs in its thick erectile crown feathers forming a “bushy” crest vs no obvious crest in adult sanblasianus although juveniles possess a wholly different crest involving a few floppy elongate erectile forehead feathers ( 3 ) ; dull blue vs black belly ( 3 ) ; richer blue upperparts and tail ( 1 ) ; and somewhat different voice , e . g . chattering call rather higher - pitched ( allow 2 ) . races intergrade in n & e el salvador and honduras . two subspecies recognized .
what do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .
( hartlaub , 1844 ) – mountains of guatemala and w el salvador ( coast range e to volcán de vicente ) .
( w . dew . miller & griscom , 1925 ) – mountains of honduras , n & ec el salvador and nw nicaragua .
cawing call ( social call ) , usually the most often heard vocalization , is short and inflected , and . . .
insects , including beetles ( coleoptera ) and grasshoppers ( orthoptera ) , other invertebrates ; also seeds , and fruits e . g . small figs (
eggs recorded late apr to mid - may , and in el salvador recently fledged juveniles in mid - jun ; season apparently of two overlapping nesting . . .
not globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in north central american highlands eba . not uncommon . in montecristo national park , in el salvador , estimated . . .
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includes uroleuca , psilorhinus , calocitta , xanthoura and cissilopha , as recommended in phylogenetic study # r .
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) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
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a group of at least 8 individuals , some adults and some juveniles . the bird in the foreground of the first part is an adult , later a juvenile is heard nearby ( they sound practically the same , though ; this is based on eye and bill color , not on call type ) . they were in second growth oak woodland , and decided to scold me .
this adult seemed alarmed with my presence . it constantly called loudly while watching me some 3 meters away . there were some juveniles in the group .
one of two birds seen at the edge of the parking area in open secondary habitat .
slightly different call type , magpie - like rattle call audible in background ; exact gps n14 32 34 . 1 , w090 42 51 . 5
commonest call type ; exact gps n14 32 34 . 1 , w090 42 51 . 5
calls from one individual in flock of 5 + , then second bird also calling from 25sec onward . considerable background stream noise .
whisper song given by a single bird within a group of roughly 5 individuals . habitat is highland pine - oak . filtered a bunch of wind noise .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cyanocorax melanocyaneus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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juvenile : the juvenile has a dark gray head and chest , smoky gray underparts , dull blue upperparts , and a blue tail with blue wings ( howell and webb 1995 ) .
formative plumage : acquired within a few weeks of leaving the nest . the plumage is similar to that of the adult , although with less of a sheen . birds at this age also differ from adults in soft part colors ; see bare parts . it has been hypothesized that delayed maturation in certain visual characters may serve to integrate young birds into the social groups ( peterson 1991 ) . retaining juvenile characteristics is theorized to ease the incorporation of the young birds into large social groups because juveniles are often shown less aggression than adult birds ( peterson 1991 ) . while many cyanocorax jays exhibit delayed maturation in beak and eye color , a relationship was not found between the degree of sociality and delayed maturation of these characters ( peterson 1991 ) .
the molts are described by hardy ( 1973 ) , based both on examination of museum specimens and on a small number of individuals raised in captivity .
preformative molt : incomplete , limited to the body . completed by early december , at least for members of the first brood .
iris : yellow in adults . the iris of hatchlings and of juveniles is dark brown . the iris remains dark , an olive - brown , through the first year . by the second year , the iris is yellowish , and reaches the adult color by the third year .
bill : black in adults . the bill of hatchlings is yellowish - horn , with a darker tip . the bill begins to darken , from the tip towards the base , within a few weeks of leaving the nest . a pale base to the bill may persist through the first year . the bill attains the adult color by the second year .
tarsus and toes : black in adults . the tarsi and toes are dull blackish - gray or dark gray in juveniles , and are dull black through the first year . the tarsi and toes attain the adult color by the second year .
total length : 28 - 30 cm ( madge and burn 1994 ) , 30 . 5 - 33 cm ( howell and webb 1995 ) .
mass : mean 101 g ( range 79 . 8 - 115 g , n = 16 ; dunning 2008 ) ; 103 - 115 grams ( madge and burn 1994 )
ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
taxonomic source ( s ) del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
population justification : the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .
trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat ( madge and burn 1993 ) .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
tammiharakka
from
cyanocorax melanocyaneus ( hartlaub , 1844 )
as trusted .
cyndy parr marked
file : xanthuramelanocyaneakeulemans . jpg
as trusted on the
cyanocorax boie 1826
page .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat ( madge and burn 1993 ) .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22705681a118811866 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .
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the following list includes bird species with a restricted range < 500 , 000 km 2 . these species are endemic to one of the following regions : highlands of southern mexico and northern central america , lowlands of the yucatan peninsula , lowlands of the pacific slope of southern mexico and central america , or the lowlands of the gulf of mexico and caribbean slope of southern mexico and central america . the nomenclature of this list follows ioc ( gill & donsker 2018 )
references gill , f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2018 . ioc world bird list ( v8 . 1 ) . doi : 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1 .
pink - headed warbler . goldman ' s warbler . blue - throated motmot . guatemalan pygmy - owl . bearded screech - owl . azure - rumped tanager . slender sheartail ( juvenile ) . wine - throated hummingbird . black - capped swallow . paltry tyrannulet .
cyanocorax melanocyaneus is considered by the iucn a species of least concern because of its large range and large population , which ( though unquantified ) appears to be increasing ( birdlife international 2010 ) .
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saphenista pyrczi is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in napo province , ecuador .

the wingspan is about 24 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is cream , tinged and sprinkled with brown and with brownish suffusions .

the hindwings are brownish cream , but browner in the apex area and on the periphery .

saphenista pyrczi

pyrczi razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 123 . tl : ecuador , prov . napo , papallacta . holotype : mzuj . male .
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burreus razowski , in heppner , 1995 ( saphenista ) , atlas neotropical lepid . checklist 2 : 140 . no type
milicha razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 211 tl : mexico , veracruz , banderilla . holotype : eme . female .
mira razowski , 1989 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 17 : 206 . tl : guatemala , volcn santa maria . holotype : usnm . female .
dexia razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 454 tl : costa rica , volcn turrialba . holotype : mnrj . female .
novaelimae razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 104 . tl : brazil , nova lima . holotype : vbc . male .
perlaria razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 442 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .
teopiscana razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 450 tl : mexico , chiapas , teopisca . holotype : mnrj . male .
alpha razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 101 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .
beta razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 102 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .
brunneomaculata razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 503 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , pululahua , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
carchiana razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 299 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
chiriboga razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 502 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , chiriboga , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . female .
chlorfascia razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 103 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
contermina razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 298 tl : ecuador , tungurahua province , patate . holotype : vbc . male .
cryptogramma razowski & becker , 1994 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 28 . tl : brazil , par , belm . holotype : mnrj . female .
fluida razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 402 tl : mexico , veracruz , fortn de las flores . holotype : eme . female .
lineata razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 300 tl : ecuador , azuay province , cajas . holotype : vbc . male .
livida razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 402 tl : mexico , durango , 11 mi e revolcaderos . holotype : eme . male .
merana razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 299 tl : ecuador , pastaza province , mera . holotype : vbc . male .
nauphraga razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 422 tl : brazil , santa catarina , brusque . holotype : mnrj . male .
nongrata razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 397 tl : mexico , veracruz , fortn de las flores . holotype : eme . female .
nuda razowski & becker , 1999 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 323 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : mrsn . male .
ochraurea razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 296 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . female .
pululahuana razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 503 . tl : ecuador , province pichincha , chiriboga , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
rufozodion razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 297 tl : ecuador , carchi province , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
scalena razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 103 . tl : ecuador , carchi , maldonado . holotype : vbc . male .
subsphragidias razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 298 tl : ecuador , tunggurahua province , patate . holotype : vbc . female .
turguinoa razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 69 . tl : cuba , santiago , turguino . holotype : vbc . male .
absidata razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 216 tl : mexico , sinaloa , 8 mi w el palmito . holotype : eme . female .
ceteora razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 297 tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima . holotype : vbc . female .
cnemiodota razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 214 tl : mexico , mexico , 10 air km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .
cyphoma razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 220 tl : mexico , mexico , 10 air km se amecameca . holotype : eme . female .
delapsa razowski , 1990 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 18 : 340 . tl : mexico , guerrero , 16 km nw iguala . holotype : eme . female .
embolina razowski , 1984 ( saphenista ) , ann . zool . 38 : 277 . tl : venezuela , merida , 4 km s santo domingo . holotype : usnm . female .
gilva razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 453 tl : costa rica , cartago province , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .
glorianda razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 401 tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . male .
illimis razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 400 tl : mexico , sinaloa , 8 mi w el palmito . holotype : eme . male .
imaginaria razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 452 tl : costa rica , cartago province , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .
mediocris razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 398 tl : mexico , nuevo leon , 4 mi w iturbide . holotype : eme . female .
ochrapex razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 443 . tl : ecuador , napo prov . , baeza . holotype : vbc . female .
parabeta razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 441 . tl : ecuador , loja prov . , loja . holotype : vbc . male .
paraconsona razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 296 tl : brazil , minas gerais , nova lima . holotype : vbc . female .
ryrsiloba razowski , 1990 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 18 : 339 . tl : mexico , mexico , chilpango de los bravos . holotype : eme . female .
saragurae razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 8 . tl : ecuador , province loja , saraguro . holotype : mzuj . female .
solisae razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 50b : 104 . tl : mexico , tamaulipas , gomez farias . holotype : vbc . male .
subperlaria razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 443 . tl : ecuador , loja prov . , loja . holotype : vbc . male .
temperata razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 399 tl : mexico , tamaulipas , 12 mi sw ciudad victoria . holotype : eme . female .
tufinoa razowski , 1999 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 42 : 323 tl : ecuador , carchi province , 35 km w tufino . holotype : cmnh . male .
amusa razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 170 tl : peru , dept . puno , 5 km w limbani . holotype : zmuc . female .
chasia razowski & becker , 2010 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo entomol . 79 : 444 . tl : brazil , rio de janeiro , nova friburgo . holotype : vbc . female .
consona razowski & becker , 1983 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 26 : 423 tl : brazil , paran , banhado , quatro barras . holotype : mnrj . male .
endomycha razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 96 . tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , monteverde . holotype : eme . female .
euprepia razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 171 tl : peru , dept . cajamarca , 10 km w huambos . holotype : zmuc . male .
juvenca razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 455 tl : costa rica , cartago province , volcn turrialba . holotype : mnrj . female .
lathridia razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 457 tl : costa rica , cartago province , volcn turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .
orescia razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 456 tl : mexico , distrito federal , parque nacional zoquiapan . holotype : mnrj . female .
rosariana razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 70 . tl : cuba , pinar rio , sierra rosario . holotype : vbc . male .
runtuna razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 124 . tl : ecuador , tungurahua , banos , runtun . holotype : mzuj . male .
sclerorhaphia razowski & becker , 1994 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 22 : 29 . tl : brazil , santa catarina , so joaquin . holotype : mnrj . female .
solda razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 212 tl : mexico , veracruz , 22 rd km w ciudad mendoza . holotype : eme . male .
splendida razowski & becker , 2002 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 45 : 297 tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , indanza . holotype : vbc . female .
allasia razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 205 tl : ecuador , napo province , via santa barbara - la bonita . holotype : eme . female .
consectaria razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , polskie pismo ent . 62 : 118 . tl : mexico , sonora , cuchujaqui , 8 rd mi e alamos . holotype : lacm . male .
consulta razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 400 tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , 6 km s san vito . holotype : eme . male .
leuconigra razowski & wojtusiak , 2008 ( saphenista ) , genus 19 : 502 . tl : ecuador , province carchi , res . forest golondrinas , west cordillera . holotype : mzuj . male .
multistrigata walsingham , 1914 ( saphenista ) , biol . centr . - am . lepid . heterocera 4 : 296 . tl : mexico , veracruz , atoyac . holotype : bmnh . male .
oreada razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 456 tl : mexico , chiapas , san cristobal de las casas . holotype : mnrj . female .
praia razowski , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 399 tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , 6 km s san vito . holotype : eme . male .
ambidextria razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 222 tl : mexico , veracruz , caon las minas , 13 km ne perote . holotype : eme . female .
burrens razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 169 tl : peru , huanuco , 25 km ne huanuco , cordillera carpish pattytrail . holotype : zmuc . female .
constipata razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 216 tl : mexico , veracruz , caon las minas , 13 km ne perote . holotype : eme . female .
cubana razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 71 . tl : cuba , santiago , sierra maestra p . cuba . holotype : vbc . male .
incauta razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 456 tl : costa rica , cartago province , santa cruz , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . male .
onychina razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 452 tl : costa rica , cartago province , santa cruz , turrialba . holotype : mnrj . female .
rafaeliana razowski , 1989 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 17 : 206 . tl : colombia , cauca , paramo de parace , lake san rafael . holotype : usnm . male .
rawlinsiana razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 211 tl : ecuador , azuay province , azuay pass , 8 km ne giron . holotype : cmnh . male .
simillima razowski & becker , 2007 ( saphenista ) , shilap revta . lepid . 35 : 71 . tl : cuba , santiago , sierra maestra p . cuba . holotype : vbc . male .
cuscana razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 78 . tl : peru , prov . cusco , cordillera vilcanota , marcapata . holotype : mzuj . male .
eranna razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 453 tl : costa rica , san jos province , parque nacional braulio carrillo . holotype : mnrj . female .
erasmia razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 92 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , 7 km se caon . holotype : eme . male .
omoea razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 169 tl : peru , dept . puno , 15 km e ayaviri , laguna huascacocha . holotype : zmuc . male .
orichalcana razowski & becker , 1986 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 451 tl : costa rica , san jos province , parque nacional braulio carrillo . holotype : mnrj . male .
peruviana razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 170 tl : peru , dept . apurimac , 12 km n abancay , cerro turonmocco . holotype : zmuc . male .
epiera razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 96 . tl : costa rica , alajeula province , n slope volcn de rincon . holotype : eme . male .
phenax razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 198 tl : costa rica , san jos province , estacin carrillo , parque nacional braulio carrillo . holotype : eme . male .
semistrigata forbes , 1931 ( saphenista ) , j . dep . agric . p . r . 15 ( 4 ) : 355 . tl : puerto rico , luquillo mountains . holotype : cuic . female .
xysta razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 202 tl : costa rica , alajuela province , ro sarapiqui , 6 air km san miguel . holotype : eme . male .
campalita razowski , 1993 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 36 : 171 tl : peru , dept . lima , 10 km n oyn , quabrada quichas , pueblo quichas . holotype : zmuc . male .
discrepans razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 196 tl : costa rica , alajuela province , ne slope volcn pos , 8 km n vara blanca . holotype : eme . male .
rufoscripta razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 78 . tl : peru , dept . huanuco , via huanuco - tingo maria , carpish . holotype : mzuj . male .
chloromixta razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 93 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . female .
eneilema razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 90 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .
ephimera razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 88 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .
epipolea razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 92 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .
ereba razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 94 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .
gnathmocera razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 92 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .
melema razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 94 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . female .
storthingoloba razowski , 1992 ( saphenista ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 93 . tl : costa rica , cartago province , cerro de la muerte , pension la georgina . holotype : eme . male .
pascana razowski & wojtusiak , 2010 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 53b : 78 . tl : peru , dept . pasco , p . n . yanachaga chemillen , refugio el cedro . holotype : mzuj . male .
peraviae razowski , 1994 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 37 : 202 tl : dominican republic , dominican republic ( peravia , 3 km sw la nuez , tributary ro las cuevas ) . holotype : cmnh . female .
bimaculata nishida & adamski , 2004 ( saphenista ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 106 : 136 . tl : costa rica , san jos province , cerro de la muerte , villa mills . holotype : inbio . male .
muerta nishida & adamski , 2004 ( saphenista ) , proc . ent . soc . wash . 106 : 135 . tl : costa rica , san jos province , cerro de la muerte , villa mills . holotype : inbio . male .
chanostium razowski & wojtusiak , 2009 ( saphenista ) , acta zool . cracov . 51b : 124 . tl : ecuador , prov . napo , morona - santiago , n . p . sangay , via guamote - macas . holotype : mzuj . female .
rivadeneirai razowski & pelz , 2001 ( saphenista ) , nachrbl . ent . ver . apollo ( n . f . ) 22 : 23 . tl : ecuador , morona - santiago province , macas , proao , alshi , 5 km sw alshi . holotype : vpc . male .
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aculeata razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 171 tl : ecuador , chimborazo province , huigra . holotype : bmnh . male .
aeraria razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 170 tl : peru , cuzco mountains . holotype : bmnh . male .
anaxia clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 32 . tl : guatemala , volcn santa mara . holotype : usnm . female .
cinigmula razowski & becker , 1986 ( lasiothyris ) , acta zool . cracov . 29 : 462 tl : mexico , veracruz , estacin biologica las tuxtlas . holotype : mnrj . female .
cordifera meyrick , 1932 ( phtheochroa ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 267 . tl : bolivia , ro songo . holotype : nhmv . unknown .
delicatulana zeller , 1877 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 137 . tl : colombia , bogot . holotype : bmnh . male .
deliphrobursa razowski , 1992 ( phalonidia ) , misc . zool . 14 ( 1900 ) : 97 . tl : costa rica , puntarenas province , monteverde . holotype : eme . female .
domna clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 34 . tl : colombia , nario , volcn galeras . holotype : usnm . male .
frangula clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 30 . tl : venezuela , aragua , rancho grande . holotype : usnm . female .
lacteipalpis walsingham , 1891 ( conchylis ) , proc . zool . soc . london 1891 : 500 . tl : west indies , st . vincent ( westward side ) . holotype : bmnh . male .
lactaipalpis razowski , 1967 ( phalonidia ) , acta zool . cracov . 12 : 175 no type
lassa razowski , 1986 ( aethes ) , ann . zool . 40 : 390 . tl : mexico , sinaloa , 8 mi w el palmito . holotype : eme . female .
nephelodes clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 27 . tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca , tropical cloud area . holotype : usnm . male .
nomonana kearfott , 1907 ( phalonia ) , can . ent . 39 : 84 . tl : usa , california , carmel . holotype : amnh . male .
voluntaria meyrick , 1912 ( phalonia ) , ent . mon . mag . 48 : 35 no type
parvimaculana walsingham , 1879 ( cochylis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 30 . tl : usa , california , shasta co . , hatchet creek . holotype : bmnh . male .
penai clarke , 1968 ( amallectis ) , proc . u . s . natn . mus . 125 : 28 . tl : bolivia , cochabamba , incachaca , tropical cloud area . holotype : usnm . female .
praefasciata meyrick , 1932 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 266 . tl : costa rica , irazu . holotype : nhmv . male .
pruinosana zeller , 1877 ( conchylis ) , horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 129 . tl : colombia , bogot . syntypes : bmnh . male , female .
saxicolana walsingham , 1879 ( cochylis ) , illust . typical specimens lepid . heterocera colln . br . mus 4 : 29 . tl : usa , south oregon . lectotype : bmnh . male .
sphragidias meyrick , 1932 ( phalonia ) , exotic microlepid . 4 : 265 . tl : bolivia , andes . holotype : nhmv . female .
substructa meyrick , 1927 ( phtheochroa ) , exotic microlepid . 3 : 367 . tl : colombia , mt . tolima . holotype : bmnh . female .
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