libellula cyanea , the spangled skimmer , is a species of dragonfly in the libellula genus , native to the united states of america .

males have blue a throax and admomen .

the females are brown with yellow stripes.they also have clear wings with brown wing tips .

libellula cyanea

spangled skimmer libellula cyanea male gus engeling w . m . a . , anderson co . , texas 9 june 2013
spangled skimmer libellula cyanea male gus engeling w . m . a . , anderson co . , texas 9 july 2013
spangled skimmer libellula cyanea male gus engeling w . m . a . , anderson co . , texas 9 july 2013e
libellula cyanea occurs at a wide variety of lakes and ponds , primarily those with silty / muddy bottoms , in open or woodland .
white - spangled skimmer ( libellula cyanea ) , a state special concern dragonfly has been found in still marshy or bog waters . the flight period extends from late may through late june .
l . cyanea is present in numerous state parks and nature reserves and apparently does not require further conservation measures at this time .
justification : libellula cynaea is widespread and common throughout its range , present in protected areas , and with no indication of any population decline .
the spangled skimmer ( libellula cyanea ) is a dragon of the eastern united states , occurring west to parts of east texas . the flashy black and white stigmas are quite conspicuous in flight or when perched . the first shot here was taken in uncertain , harrison co . , texas in june , 2003 , with a canon eos 10d and ef 70 - 200 mm f / 2 . 8 l is lens with 2x extender and 550 ex flash .
the table below provides information about the protected status - both state and federal - and the rank ( s and g ranks ) for spangled skimmer ( libellula cyanea ) . see the working list key for more information about abbreviations . counties shaded blue have documented occurrences for this species in the wisconsin natural heritage inventory database . the map is provided as a general reference of where occurrences of this species meet nhi data standards and is not meant as a comprehensive map of all observations .
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north american odonata - the odonata of north america , website ( version sept . 2006 )
garrison , rosser w . / poole , robert w . , and patricia gentili , eds .
nomina insecta nearctica : a check list of the insects of north america , vol . 4 : non - holometabolous orders
slater museum of natural history , university of puget sound , occasional paper no . 56
this is the third printing with revisions . publication was originally printed on 15 june 1999
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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male thorax and abdomen blue . eyes dark green to black ; face black .
eastern u . s . and as far west as kansas , oklahoma , and texas .
well - vegetated ponds and lakes ; occasionally slow - moving areas of streams .
primarily a summer species , but may be present in spring and fall as well .
dragonflies through binoculars : a field guide to dragonflies of north america sidney w . dunkle . 2000 . oxford press .
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this eastern north american species occurs from kansas , wisconsin and maine south to texas and georgia . it is known from 32 states and the district of columbia in the united states of america .
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total length : 40 - 48 mm ; abdomen : 29 - 34 mm ; hindwing : 31 - 37 mm .
comanche skimmer is larger and has a white face . yellow - sided skimmer ( l . flavida ) lacks a distinct bicolored pterostigma and the wingtips may be brown or clear . slaty skimmer ( l . incesta ) is much larger and lacks a bicolored pterostigma . bar - winged skimmer ( l . axilena ) has dark markings on the anterior edge of the wings , is larger and lacks a bicolored pterostigma .
this species is common around farm stock ponds and waters dammed by beavers . adults perch on top of grasses surrounding their usually marshy habitat . aspects of their reproductive behavior and biology that i have witnessed do not appear especially different from those of other members in the genus . females lay eggs alone , but guarded by the male .
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the male spangled skimmers in the next 3 shots were in the ouachita national forest , montgomery co . , arkansas , in june , 2009 . these images were taken with a canon eos 1d mark iii and ef 300mm f / 4 l is lens and 2x extender and 580 flash .
the next 4 images of male spangled skimmers were taken with the same gear as previously described , but along the little black river , ripley co . , missouri , in june , 2009 .
the male spangled skimmer shown here was in rockingham co . , new hampshire , in august , 2009 . this shot was taken with a canon eos 1d mark iii and an ef 300mm f / 4 l is lens and 2x extender and 580 flash .
the next three shots of female spangled skimmers were taken at red slough wildlife management area , mccurtin co . , oklahoma , in may , 2011 , with a canon eos 1d mark iii and a sigma 50 - 500mm lens and canon 580 flash .
the male spangled skimmer on the right and the female in the next shot were at unicoi state park , white co . , georgia , in may , 2011 . these shots were taken with a canon eos 1d mark iv and a sigma 50 - 500mm lens and canon 580 flash .
the female spangled skimmer in the next two shots was along big cypress creek , franklin co . , texas , in june , 2011 .
the male spangled skimmer on the right was at gus engeling wildlife management area , anderson co . , texas , in june , 2011 .
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .


the bolivian brush finch or rufous-naped brush finch ( atlapetes rufinucha ) is a species of bird in the family emberizidae .

it is endemic to bolivia and is found in humid andean forests .

it sometimes includes the rufous-naped brush finch , vilcabamba brush finch and grey-eared brush finches as subspecies .

bolivian brush finch

bolivian brush finch ( atlapetes rufinucha ) is a species of bird in the emberizidae family .
jaramillo , a . ( 2018 ) . bolivian brush - finch ( atlapetes rufinucha ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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clements , j . f . , t . s . schulenberg , m . j . iliff , d . roberson , t . a . fredericks , b . l . sullivan , and c . l . wood . 2017 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : v2017 . downloaded from
three checklists are available . the first is the 2017 edition of the clements checklist ( clements checklist v2017 ) ; the second is the 2017 edition of the ebird taxonomy ( ebird v2017 ) ; and the third is the “master” or integrated checklist , which includes all entries in both the clements checklist and the ebird taxonomy .
clements checklist v2017 ( 3 . 7 mb excel spreadsheet or 6 . 1 mb csv file ) includes species , groups , and subspecies , with brief range descriptions .
ebird taxonomy v2017 ( 1 . 4 mb excel spreadsheet and 2 . 5 mb csv file ) . includes all categories that are reportable in ebird ( including all taxa except subspecies from ebird / clements checklist ) and is formatted with additional fields from ebird . details of the ebird update will be posted soon on the ebird homepage .
ebird / clements checklist v2017 ( 3 . 1 mb excel spreadsheet or 6 . 2 mb csv file ) combines all taxa from the clements checklist and all additional categories from the ebird taxonomy , with brief range descriptions for all taxa .
( d’orbigny & lafresnaye , 1837 ) – subtropical zone of andes of la paz and cochabamba , in wc bolivia .
j . bond & meyer de schauensee , 1939 – andes of santa cruz , in c bolivia .
17 cm ; 20·9–22·2 g . nominate race has blackish forehead , striking rufous crown to nape ; face blackish , accented by bright yellow supraloral spot , yellow moustachial area . . .
song relatively simple , loud and often includes inflected or modulated notes at end , each song c . 1 . . .
edge of montane forest , and in moist highland thickets , overgrown pastures and second growth , and . . .
insufficient information on diet . forages on and near ground . usually found in pairs or family groups .
not globally threatened . fairly common to common . given its abundance , and adequately large range , this species is considered not to be at any immediate risk . as it prefers . . .
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interspecific taxonomy still requires considerable research so sequence below is provisional , especially as some purported relationships lack strong molecular support . as presently configured , appears to be paraphyletic with respect to pselliophorus , and latter may be better merged herein # r .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to the likelihood of ongoing habitat destruction .
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combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : atlapetes rufinucha . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 26 side b track 8 seq . a )
natural dawn song from a bird with a very fast song perched about 2 - 4m up in trees around edge of clearing that was recently burned in temperate humid habitat .
natural song and excitement duet from a pair about 1 - 2m up in short lower subtropical forest beside road .
habitat : cloudforest . weather : drizzling . perch height : 3m . distance to observer : 15m . id - ed by : sight . sex of main vocalizer : ? . number vocalizing : 1 .
habitat : cloudforest . weather : clearish , drizzle later . perch height : 2m . distance to observer : 12m . id - ed by : voice + sight . sex of main vocalizer : ? . number vocalizing : 1 .
habitat : cloudforest . weather : clearish , drizzle later . perch height : 3m . distance to observer : 15m . id - ed by : voice + sight . sex of main vocalizer : ? . number vocalizing : 1 .
habitat : cloudforest . weather : clear . perch height : 3m . distance to observer : 1m . id - ed by : sight . sex of main vocalizer : ? . number vocalizing : 1 .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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erythropitta is a genus of pitta .

the members of the genus are found mostly in south-east asia , with one species ranging into australia .

the genus was formerly merged with the large genus pitta , but a 2006 study split the family into three genera .

erythropitta

the spatio - temporal colonization and diversification across the indo - pacific by a ' great speciator ' ( aves , erythropitta erythrogaster ) .
the spatio - temporal colonization and diversification across the indo - pacific by a ' great speciator ' ( aves , erythropitta erythrogaster ) . - pubmed - ncbi
n . j . collar , j . del hoyo & f . jutglar the number of species and subspecies in the red - bellied pitta erythropitta erythrogaster complex : a quantitative analysis of morphological characters forktail 31 : 13 - 23
range map of the erythropitta erythrogaster complex , showing the ranges of all 28 taxa mentioned in the text . sampling localities for the molecular analyses are indicated by coloured circles . colours represent the eight major phylogroups identified in the phylogenetic analyses ( ) .
range map of the erythropitta erythrogaster complex , showing the ranges of all 28 taxa mentioned in the text . sampling localities for the molecular analyses are indicated by coloured circles . colours represent the eight major phylogroups identified in the phylogenetic analyses ( figure 2 ) .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : erythropitta erythrogaster . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : erythropitta palliceps . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
erythropitta palliceps is found on the islands of siau , tagulandang and ruang , indonesia ( del hoyo et al . 2003 , j . kelly in litt . 2016 ) . it is frequently encountered in secondary forest on tagulandang , but is apparently scarcer on siau ( j . kelly in litt . 2016 ) .
erritzoe , j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . philippine pitta ( erythropitta erythrogaster ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . south moluccan pitta ( erythropitta rubrinucha ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
15·4–18 cm ; male 49·7–69 g , female 46–70·4 g . adult has crown , nape and neck - sides deep red - brown , lores and supercilium dark brown , . . .
song is a “wwaaaaauuup aaaaawwwwww” , or “oaaaaaaah - whoo” , the first note . . .
found in many habitats , from dense primary rainforest to logged or heavily degraded forest and . . .
stomach contents included small beetles , earthworms and plant material . foraging behaviour poorly known ; feeds mostly on forest floor , . . .
season nov–sept , based mainly on specimens and sight records from camiguin norte , luzon , palawan , samar and sibuyan . domed nest like . . .
some short local movements , at least on luzon , perhaps migrating between sierra madre and . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . fairly common locally in philippines , e . g . on sibuyan , but rare on mindoro , palawan , negros and leyte ; rare in rajah sikatuna . . .
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along with hydrornis , previously included in pitta , but genetic study # r suggests that recognition of three genera is more appropriate .
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formerly considered conspecific with e . erythrogaster ( which see ) ; recent molecular study # r elevated both of currently recognized races to species status , but , while split of present species is supported by its morphological distinctiveness , the further split of piroensis has been judged insufficiently justified due to closeness in plumage and structure # r . two subspecies recognized .
species complex , with dark reddish - brown head , obscure blue coronal - stripe and small bright . . .
inhabits dense , primary , forested habitats ; on seram , regularly recorded in bamboo thickets . . . .
few data . nest with eggs on buru in early may , with another also found with two eggs on the same island in mid nov ; the latter nest was . . .
presumably resident , although it has been suggested that some nomadic movements perhaps occur in . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . restricted - range species , with nominate race confined to the buru endemic bird area ( 8300 km² ) , and race
previously published on avocet as av5483 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question ; rises slightly in pitch and amplitude . gps : xeno - canto . habitat : primary forest , very swampy area after flooding .
previously published on avocet as av5484 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question ; increases in volume and amplitude , unlike eupetes . gps : xeno - canto .
secondary forest on ' gunung antan ' . two individuals calling to each other . bird was recorded at too high volume - hence the loud whistles sound rather poor .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
this species is listed as endangered as it has a very small population , which is considered likely to be declining in response to habitat clearance within its range .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
16 - 18 cm . small pitta . relatively pale , with a blue stripe from midcrown to nape and an especially blue breast .
justification : this species is listed as endangered as it has a very small population , which is considered likely to be declining in response to habitat clearance within its range .
a preliminary population estimate , based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance , eoo ( of which only a proportion is likely to be occupied ) , and recorded population density estimates for congeners , is 95 - 1 , 020 individuals . it is therefore best placed precautionarily in the band 50 - 249 mature individuals until a more accurate population estimate is available . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to small - scale clearance of suitable habitat on siau and tagulandang , but there is no information available to assess the rate of this decline .
the species is frequently encountered in secondary forest on tagulandang ( j . kelly in litt . 2016 ) , and so it is likely that , like its congeners , it is tolerant of a range of forest types . diet consists of insects , snails , earthworms and occasionally plant material . nest is usually built on the ground or low in a tree or shrub ( del hoyo et al . 2003 ) .
suitable habitat , including secondary forest , is being cleared for agriculture on a small - scale on both siau and tagulandang ( j . kelly in litt . 2016 ) .
conservation actions proposed protect suitable habitat throughout the species ' s range : there are currently no protected areas on siau , tagulandang or ruang . obtain a more accurate estimate of the population ' s size , threats to it , and its rate of decline .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
gill , f . and wright , m . ( 2006 ) birds of the world : recommended english names , princeton university press , →isbn
this page was last edited on 20 december 2015 , at 13 : 23 .
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d ' entrecasteaux archipelago ( fergusson and goodenough islands ; recent sight records from normanby island probably also refer this species ) , off of southeastern new guinea .
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the indo - pacific archipelagos have played a fundamental role in the formulation of modern biogeographic and speciation theories . observations of the complex distributions of asian and australian faunas in the centre of the region ( present - day wallacea ) inspired alfred russell wallace to develop his ideas on the connection between geography and animal distributions [ 1 , 2 ] . further east in melanesia , patterns of geographical variation in birds formed the basis of ernst mayr ' s highly influential allopatric model of speciation [ 3 ] .
many islands in the region are truly oceanic . consequently , the biota must have arrived by over - water dispersal and the importance of dispersal has been demonstrated for the distributions of many faunal groups in the region [ 6 ] . pleistocene climate oscillations have also influenced the population structure of many organisms [ 9 , 10 ] , and this influence is assumed to be particularly strong in the shallow parts of the indo - pacific , where lowering of sea levels connected islands that are currently separated by water barriers [ 5 ] .
here , we examine the population structure of e . erythrogaster based on molecular and morphological data within a spatio - temporal framework . we test alternative scenarios of the tempo and mode of colonization , and characterize the level of diversification among archipelagos and island populations . ultimately , we aim to test ( i ) how external factors such as pleistocene climate oscillation have influenced dispersal rates over time , and ( ii ) if dispersal followed a stepping stone pathway , as predicted by the theory of island biogeography [ 23 ] . finally , we define the genetic and morphological variation of e . erythrogaster in a geographical context , and discuss the taxonomic status of distinct populations .
for the molecular analyses , we aimed for dense geographical coverage and sampled 139 individuals of e . erythrogaster ( figure 1 ) , including all 28 described subspecies [ 15 – 19 ] . two closely related species , e . kochi and e . venusta , were also included to test the monophyly of the e . erythrogaster complex and to root the trees . for all samples , two mitochondrial regions were sequenced : the complete nadh dehydrogenase subunit 3 ( nd3 ) and partial cytochrome b ( cyt - b ) . for most samples , we also obtained partial sequences from two nuclear introns : myoglobin intron 2 ( myo 2 ) and csde1 ( cold shock domain containing e1 , rna - binding ) intron 5 .
we also analysed an extensive morphometric dataset from 440 study skin specimens ( 143 females and 297 males ) compiled by johannes erritzoe [ 15 ] , and examined the plumage variation of 210 study skins .
we analysed the mitochondrial dataset using beast v . 1 . 7 . 3 [
, applying the models selected above and assuming a yule speciation process for the tree prior . because a clock - like evolution of the mitochondrial dataset could not be rejected , we applied both a strict and a relaxed uncorrelated lognormal molecular clock to our data partitioning . because no fossils are available for this group , we used a rate of evolution of 1 . 05 per cent ( ±0 . 35 ) sequence divergence per lineage per million years for cyt -
complex across the indo - pacific . we assigned eight geographical areas for the l
] : philippines ( phi ) , sulawesi ( sul ) , south moluccas ( smo ) , north moluccas ( nmo ) , bismarcks ( bis ) , north new guinea ( nng ) , south new guinea and north australia ( sng ) , louisiades ( lou ) . analyses in b
] were run on 1000 trees ( stochastically sampled and disregarding the burin ) , from the posterior distribution of the beast analysis , to estimate the frequency of probability of ancestral areas for each clade .
we used multivariate statistics to analyse the population structure . to further complement the phylogenetic inferences , we obtained median - joining networks [
] for each gene to study the relationships between haplotypes and their geographical distribution . the level of population genetic structure [
a principal component analysis ( pca ) was conducted from the covariance matrix of the log10 - transformed variables from the morphometric dataset . we tested for significant mean differences among eight major phylogroups as well as for 17 species suggested by our integrative taxonomic approach ( see below ) . anova was employed for each morphometric variable and for the first four principal component axes . manova analyses were performed on the principal component scores to assess the effects of different phylogenetic and biogeographic factors .
in an attempt to identify populations of e . erythrogaster that may merit species rank , we employed a sequence - based species delimitation test developed by pons et al . [ 22 ] , applying a general mixed yule coalescent model . in addition , uncorrected intraspecific and interspecific distances in cytochrome b were calculated for the eight pre - assigned geographical areas and for the putative species detected in the molecular species delimitation test .
we used r [ 37 ] , ape [ 38 ] and the laser [ 27 ] packages to calculate the diversification rate . the analyses were computed on the maximum clade credibility tree as well as on 1000 phylogenies randomly sampled from the posterior distributions of trees ( disregarding the burn - in ) . we tested for constant diversification rates over time using both the γ statistic [ 39 ] and the maximum - likelihood method of the δ aic rc [ 27 ] by using a null distribution from 5000 simulated topologies of the same sample size ( n = 16 , based on the results from the molecular species delimitation test , see above and results below ) under a yule model . testing for undetected or extinct species , we used three further levels of total species richness representing 75 , 50 and 25 per cent of the true species number .
detailed descriptions of datasets , laboratory procedures and analyses , as well as voucher and genbank numbers , are given in the electronic supplementary material .
the phylogenetic results , divergence time estimates , biogeographic results and the haplotype network are summarized in figure 2 .
analyses of molecular variance ( amova ) in e . erythrogaster for ( a ) mitochondrial , ( b ) csde and ( c ) myo2 genes . df , degrees of freedom ; sq , sum of squares ; vc , variance components ; pv , percentage of variance . all components of variance were significant at p < 0 . 05 .
the molecular species delimitation test suggested 16 putative species ( figure 3 ) . the uncorrected , intraspecific and interspecific genetic distances in cytochrome b for these potential species as well as the eight pre - assigned geographical areas showed few cases where intraspecific and interspecific distances overlap ( one for the 8 pre - assigned geographical areas and three for the 16 putative species ) .
the macroevolutionary analyses did not recover any shifts in diversification rates within the e . erythrogaster complex ( figure 4 a ) , while the mantel test showed a correlation between genetic and geographical distances , which provides evidence for isolation by distance ( figure 4 b ) . more detailed information of the results from the phylogenetic , biogeographic , population , diversification rate , mantel test and species delimitation analyses can be found in the electronic supplementary material .
( a ) divergence rate plot . ( b ) relationship between geographical distance ( in kilometres ) and genetic ( uncorrected p ) distance in the e . erythrogaster complex . the line represents the fitted linear regression . the mantel test revealed a significant correlation ( r = 0 . 52 ; p < 0 . 0001 ) .
for the populations in south new guinea , north australia and new britain , we found significant support for population expansions . in this shallow part of the indo - pacific , pleistocene land connections at times of low sea levels promoted dispersal between australia and new guinea for many taxonomic groups [ 47 – 50 ] . it is possible that the population structure of e . erythrogaster was locally affected [ 5 , 51 ] by pleistocene sea - level fluctuations , but it cannot be ruled out that this pattern is the consequence of more recent dispersal , because e . e . digglesi in north australia is the only taxon within e . erythrogaster that migrates across water [ 18 ] .
comparison of threshold - based and integrative taxonomy of the e . erythrogaster complex . from left to right : the tree topology based on the beast analysis , species identified by the threshold - based approach , our proposed revision based on integrative taxonomy , groups characterized by exclusive coalescence in the ml analysis of the multi - locus dataset ( ec ) , groups diagnosable on the basis of plumage differences ( pl ) , groups differing statistically in morphometrics ( mm ) and sonagrams of songs . for two taxa , insufficient morphometric data were available for meaningful analyses .
© 2013 the author ( s ) published by the royal society . all rights reserved .
the birds of the philippine island : with notes on the mammal fauna . accipitriformes to passeriformes ( timaliidæ )
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16 cm . small , bright , forest - dwelling pitta . blackish head , upperparts and throat , maroon breast , sharply demarcated from bright crimson remainder of underparts . azure - blue postocular streak to nape , and blue gloss to wing feathers with azure - blue line on outer edge of closed wing .
this poorly known species qualifies as vulnerable because it is estimated to have a small population which is declining as a result of continuing forest loss and degradation .
( birdlife international 2001 ) . records are infrequent , and the species was thought to be rare or very local , occurring in pockets . the apparent paucity of records and known sites may largely reflect a lack of widespread survey coverage . increasing knowledge of the species ' s call has led to records at a number of new sites , suggesting that it may not be as rare as previously thought
. 2007 ) . given the destruction of lowland and lower - montane forest in sumatra , it must have declined .
the population is estimated to number 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : a moderate and on - going population decline is suspected , based on the continuing loss of forest cover within sumatra .
it inhabits the floor and undergrowth of hill dipterocarp and lower montane rainforest from 400 m to 1 , 400 m , frequenting dark , damp areas , in particular ravines under dense cover . it is assumed to be resident , but may perhaps make local altitudinal movements . in general , it is extremely skulking and difficult to observe .
forest loss , degradation and fragmentation are undoubtedly the main threats , as all have been extensive on sumatra . at least two - thirds to four - fifths of original lowland forest cover and at least one - third of montane forest has been lost , primarily to agricultural encroachment by shifting cultivators , a factor currently affecting large areas of hill dipterocarp and lower montane forest , even within protected areas . in 1984 , kerinci - seblat national park was cited as one of the ten most threatened protected areas in the indo - malayan realm , owing to illegal encroachment of farming . at gunung singgalang , forest had been cleared up to 1 , 800 - 1 , 900 m as early as 1917 , and indeed most recent records are from areas of broken forest with a high pressure from agriculture on their peripheries .
this species has been nominally protected under indonesian law since 1931 . it occurs in kerinci - seblat and bukit barisan selatan national parks , and there are at least 20 protected areas in the barisan mountain range , although most receive scant protection .
conduct extensive surveys for the species ( ensuring familiarity with vocalisations to aid detection ) in remaining tracts of hill dipterocarp and lower montane rainforest in sumatra to establish its distribution , status and ecological requirements . propose key sites for establishment as protected areas , or as extensions to existing reserves . ensure effective management for sumatran protected areas . promote a widespread conservation awareness campaign aimed at reducing rates of forest loss through shifting cultivation .
luzon , cagayan province , isabella , sierra madre mts . , mt . hamut
lost the original and this is a copy kindly provided to me by des allen .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3f0b21c3 - cc99 - 4466 - b83c - 4aba7a0f4900
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 92d076a1 - 6764 - 485d - a720 - 5c2e0df0451c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 427666df - d2db - 4adf - bc18 - a80fe7defd03
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 465148
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irestedt m 1 , fabre ph , batalha - filho h , jønsson ka , roselaar cs , sangster g , ericson pg .
department of biodiversity informatics and genetics , swedish museum of natural history , po box 50007 , 10405 stockholm , sweden . martin . irestedt @ urltoken
pmid : 23554394 pmcid : pmc3619518 doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2013 . 0309
full papers j . a . eaton , c . r . shepherd , f . e . rheindt , j . b . c . harris , s . ( b . ) van balen , d . s . wilcove & n . j . collar . trade - driven extinctions and near - extinctions of avian taxa in sundaic indonesia forktail 31 : 1 - 12
arne e . jensen , timothy h . fisher † & robert o . hutchinson notable new bird records from the philippines . forktail 31 : 24 - 36
ding li yong & yang liu passage of brown - chested jungle flycatcher rhinomyias brunneatus through singapore , with notes on wintering status in south - east asia . forktail 31 : 43 - 46
wu fei , liu luming , gao jianyun , yan dao , hu wanzhao , yang ting , xia ji , liu qiang & yang xiaojun birds of the ailao mountains , yunnan province , china . forktail 31 : 47 - 54
kirk a . hart , chang - yong choi , alexander l . bond , grant r . w . humphries , jeong - chil yoo & ki - baek nam streaked shearwaters calonectris leucomelas of the korean peninsula : distribution , status and potential threats . forktail 31 : 55 - 63
bea maas , teja tscharntke & christian h . schulze loss of remnant trees causes local population collapse of endemic grosbeak starling scissirostrum dubium in central sulawesi , indonesia . forktail 31 : 64 - 69
chris gooddie ornithological records from bukit barisan selatan national park , sumatra , indonesia . forktail 31 : 70 - 81
chong leong puan , ding li yong , badrul azhar , mui how phua & kim chye lim ecological correlations of nocturnal bird assemblages in malaysian borneo . forktail 31 : 82 - 86
paras bikram singh & david l . buckingham population status and habitat ecology of bristled grassbird chaetornis striata in chitwan national park , central nepal . forktail 31 : 87 - 91
david j . stanton , john a . allcock & paul j . leader wintering and migratory behaviour of eurasian bitterns botaurus stellaris at mai po nature reserve , hong kong , china . forktail 31 : 92 - 97
andrew hart reeve , john c . mittermeier , pierre - henri fabre , irfan rosyadi , jonathan d . kennedy & tri haryoko new additions to the avifauna of obi island , indonesia , with comments on migration and breeding seasonality of moluccan birds . forktail 31 : 98 - 102
le manh hung , mark b . robbins , nathan h . rice & diego roldán - piña survey of the avifauna of van ban nature reserve , lao cai province , vietnam . forktail 31 : 103 - 106
short notes j . a . eaton & n . j . collar the taxonomic status of pycnonotus bimaculatus snouckaerti . forktail 31 : 107 - 110
chang - yong choi , hyun - young nam & woo - shin le growth of chinese sparrowhawk accipiter soloensis nestlings . forktail 31 : 110 - 113
anthony m . lowney , merlijn van weerd & selvino r . de kort species rank of isabela oriole oriolus isabellae and white - lored oriole o . albiloris reinforced by song playback responses . forktail 31 : 113 - 116
xuesong han , yumin guo , lijia wen & chunrong mi new black - necked crane grus nigricollis subpopulation recorded in southern tibet , china . forktail 31 : 116 - 118
qiang liu , paul buzzard & xu luo rapid range expansion of asian openbill anastomus oscitans in china . forktail 31 : 118 - 120
n . namwong & g . a . gale nest - site selection and nesting ecology of red - breasted parakeet psittacula alexandri in dry dipterocarp forest , western thailand . forktail 31 : 121 - 124
d . m . brooks & h . c . miranda jr . distribution of palawan peacock pheasant polyplectron napoleonis morphs . forktail 31 : 124 - 126
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myrmecia impaternata is a species of ant in the genus myrmecia .

described by robert taylor in 2015 , the species is endemic to australia and is common in canberra and around armidale .

observations of the species have been confirmed in queensland .

myrmecia impaternata

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see myrmecia impaternata for further details
sympatric variously with myrmecia impaternata and eastern myrmecia pilosula , and with myrmecia haskinsorum ( and eastern pilosula ) at corang river bridge ( - 35 12 , 150 03 ) . most known records of m . impaternata were taken in sympatry with m . croslandi .
field associations . sympatric variously with m . impaternata and eastern m . pilosula , and with m . haskinsorum ( and eastern pilosula ) at corang river bridge ( - 35 12 , 150 03 ) . most known records of m . impaternata were taken in sympatry with m . croslandi .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see myrmecia pilosula for further details
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see myrmecia croslandi for further details
for significant scientific reasons discussed below investigation of the comparative biology of , and possible reproductive relationships between , m . impaternata and myrmecia croslandi is a prime scientific subject . the two species may be readily differentiated using the characters of couplet 2 of the key .
the name impaternata is based on the latinate ( not truly latin ) biological term “impaternate” ( = fatherless as a result of parthenogenesis ) . for explanation see the section on reproductive biology below .
brown , w . l . , jr . 1953j . revisionary notes on the ant genus myrmecia of australia . bull . mus . comp . zool . 111 : 1 - 35 ( page 6 , combination in myrmecia )
the type - locality is common also to m . croslandi ( see above ) . the site , also supports m . impaternata , m . croslandi and m . pilosula ( eastern race ) .
jack jumpers are ants well known to most people in australia . due to dramatic interspecific similarity , specimens have often been identified as myrmecia pilosula . in his latest work published in zootaxa , robert taylor reviews the present status of myrmecia pilosula complex and describes 4 new species bringing the species tally of this charismatic group to six : m . banksi , m . croslandi , m . haskinsorum , m . imaii , m . impaternata and m . pilosula .
details are provided by imai , taylor et . al . ( 1994 ) , and by taylor , imai and hasegawa ( in preparation ) . myrmecia impaternata has an allodiploid karyotype : n = 5 or 14 , 2n = 19 . the 5 - chromosome set closely matches one of the haploid sets of myrmecia banksi , while the 14 - chromosome haploid set is generally matched in the eastern race of myrmecia pilosula – most closely resembling chromosomes from a colony ( hi87–130 ) collected at wambrook creek ( 36º11 ' s , 148º56 ) , near cooma , nsw . on these grounds m . banksi and m . pilosula ( eastern race ) ( or close ancestral stocks ) are identified here as the parental species which hybridized to originate m . impaternata . see also imai , taylor et al . ( 1994 ) appendix and fig . 8 ( p . 150 ) .
ants with attitude : australian jack - jumpers of the myrmecia pilosula species complex , with descriptions of four new species ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmeciinae ) .
the eastern race of myrmecia pilosula is abundant at moderate to high elevations in components of the great dividing range in eastern victoria , eastern new south wales and the act . its most northern records are in the high ranges east of the new england tableland in northern central - eastern new south wales , including mile - high point lookout and nearby cathedral rock national park . it has not been collected at lower elevations westward on the tableland proper towards armidale , where myrmecia croslandi and myrmecia impaternata are sympatrically common . in the southwest of its range m . pilosula ( eastern race ) is found in the vicinity of melbourne , west to ballarat across central victoria and southeast to mornington peninsula , where its distributional range encounters that of the putatively conspecific western race .
myrmecia pilosula : lectotype ( designated by taylor , 2015 : 505 ) , worker , tasmania , australia , bmnh ( e ) 1015843 , the natural history museum .
ants with attitude : australian jack - jumpers of the myrmecia pilosula species complex , with descriptions of four new species ( hymenoptera : formicida . . . - pubmed - ncbi
there has been persistent historical failure by jacp researchers , and the author subsequently , to discover males in m . impaternata nests , despite targeted excavation of field colonies at appropriate seasons over many years . only two male - right colonies have ever been located and collected . both were closely adjacent at the canberra botanic gardens .
all m . impaternata sympatric associations throughout its known distribution are with m . croslandi . nests of both species are frequently encountered interspersed in canberra parks and gardens , suburban roadside grass lawn “nature strips” and in local grassy bushland . colonies of the two have often been encountered by the author and other researchers only a few meters apart .
figures 4 – 6 . myrmecia banksi , holotype , south nowra , nsw . standard views . hw 2 . 66 mm , wl 3 . 86 mm , pw 1 . 72 mm .
taylor rw . 2015 . ants with attitude : australian jack - jumpers of the myrmecia pilosula species complex , with descriptions of four new species ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmeciinae ) . zootaxa 3911 : 493–520 .
general features as illustrated and in key couplets 1 – 4 , which cover leg - coloration . the brassy color of the cephalic pubescence can be hard to discern stereomicroscopically using some types of illumination lamp , and color temperatures of the light provided . it is best observed beyond the near - side eye in acute diagonal lateral view of the head . this pubescence is arguably a legacy of the myrmecia banksi hybrid parentage . otherwise m . impaternata is similar in physiognamy and sculpturation to small / medium–sized workers of the second parental species , myrmecia pilosula ( eastern race ) . there is some size - related graded variation in cephalic and dorsal mesosomal sculpturation between small and large specimens , somewhat as in both races of m . pilosula but less extreme , especially at the high , more intensively - sculptured end of the range .
despite its apparent hybrid origin and reproduction by theletokous parthenogenesis , m . impaternata functions in nature as a biological species . it is accorded specific taxonomic status here following the precepts of maslin ( 1968 ) and cole ( 1985 ) , on the grounds that it is a genetically and historically unique , self perpetuating , separately evolving entity , reproductively isolated from its ancestors and sympatrically - associated related species .
taylor , r . w . 2015 . ants with attitude : australian jack - jumpers of the myrmecia pilosula species complex , with descriptions of four new species ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmeciinae ) . zootaxa , 3911 , 493–520 . pdf
ogata , k . 1991a . ants of the genus myrmecia fabricius : a review of the species groups and their phylogenetic relationships ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmeciinae ) . syst . entomol . 16 : 353 - 381 ( page 361 , see also )
narendra , a . , gourmaud , s . & zeil , j . 2013 . mapping the navigational knowledge of individually foraging ants , myrmecia croslandi . proceedings of the royal society b . 280 : 20130683 doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2013 . 0683
taylor , r . w . 1991c . myrmecia croslandi sp . n . , a karyologically remarkable new australian jack - jumper ant ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmeciinae ) . j . aust . entomol . soc . 30 : 288 ( page 288 , worker , karyotype described )
taylor , robert w . , 2015 , ants with attitude : australian jack - jumpers of the myrmecia pilosula species complex , with descriptions of four new species ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmeciinae ) , zootaxa 3911 ( 4 ) , pp . 493 - 520 : 501 - 503
myrmecia croslandi was described initially from the act , nearby nsw and warrandyte south , vic . it is now known also from the new england tablelands in northeastern nsw and upland localities on the darling downs of se qld , from glen innes in northeastern nsw , and from near cobangra , vic .
taylor , r . w . 2015 . ants with attitude : australian jack - jumpers of the myrmecia pilosula species complex , with descriptions of four new species ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmeciinae ) . zootaxa . 3911 : 493–520 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3911 . 4 . 2
crosland , m . w . j . ; crozier , r . h . ; imai , h . t . 1988 . evidence for several sibling biological species centred on myrmecia pilosula ( f . smith ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . j . aust . entomol . soc . 27 : 13 - 14 pdf
jayatilaka , p . , narendra , a . , reid , s . f . , cooper , p . , zeil , j . 2011 . different effects of temperature on foraging activity schedules in sympatric myrmecia ants . the journal of experimental biology . 214 : 2730 - 2738 . doi : 10 . 1242 / jeb . 053710 .
ruginoda . ponera ruginoda smith , f . 1858b : 93 ( m . ) australia . crozier , 1970 : 123 ( k . ) . combination in ectatomma : roger , 1861b : 168 ; in rhytidoponera : emery , 1911d : 38 ; in myrmecia : brown , 1953j : 6 . junior synonym of pilosula : brown , 1953j : 6 .
imai , h . t . ; taylor , r . w . ; crozier , r . h . 1994 . experimental bases for the minimum interaction theory . i . chromosome evolution in ants of the myrmecia pilosula species complex ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmeciinae ) . jpn . j . genet . 69 : 137 - 182 ( page 145 , karyotype described )
qian , z . - q . , schlick - steiner , b . c . , steiner , f . m . , robson , s . k . a . , schlüns , h . , schlüns , e . a . and crozier , r . h . ( 2012 ) colony genetic structure in the australian jumper ant myrmecia pilosula . insectes sociaux , 59 , 109 - 117 .
sculpturation of large individuals is more intensely developed than in small specimens , with gradation in intermediate series . large workers can be similar to those of myrmecia croslandi ( including details of leg coloration ) and readily misidentified ( see couplet 6 in the key to species above ) . such specimens can most confidently be identified if associated with smaller nest mates or field associates . single , unassociated large workers can be problematic .
qian , z . - q . ; ceccarelli , f . s . ; carew , m . e . ; schlüns , h . ; schlick - steiner , b . c . ; steiner , f . m . 2011 . characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in the giant bulldog ant , myrmecia brevinoda and the jumper ant , m . pilosula . journal of insect science ( available online : urltoken 11 : article 71 .
narendra , a . , reid , s . f . , greiner , b . , peters , r . a . , hemmi , j . m . , ribi , w . a . , zeil , j . 2011 . caste - specific visual adaptations to distinct daily activity schedules in australian myrmecia ants . proc . r . soc . b . 278 : 1141 - 1149 doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2010 . 1378 .
the western race of m . pilosula is the only jack - jumper taxon known from southern victoria west of port philip bay and contiguously from southeast sa east of spencer gulf , including kangaroo island . it is very common in the central and southwest districts of victoria ; spectacularly so in and around halls gap in the grampians . elsewhere in victoria it is known from the mornington peninsula and in west gippsland , where its range contacts or intersects the putatively conspecific eastern race . it is the only jack - jumper species known from south australia . myrmecia pilosula ( western race ) is widespread in tasmania , including king , flinders and bruny islands . it appears to be absent from well surveyed maria island ( testé b . b . lowery ) .
in other known sperm - dependent gynogenetic animals ( all of which are hybrid - originated allodiploid entities , including various fish and amphibian species , none of which are known to possess a male sex ) sperm is obtained for this unusual purpose by the females through parasitic copulation with males of other separate , sympatric , congeneric and usually closely related donor species . the distribution , stable presence and long - term population survival of such gynogenetic taxa is totally dependent on sympatric associations with sperm - donor host species , a factor which critically restrains their distributional ranges and dispersability , but ultimately ensures their survival as species in nature .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
( holotype , smallest paratype , largest paratype ( mm ) : tl = 13 . 01 , 10 . 87 , 13 . 04 ; hw = 2 . 47 , 2 . 22 , 2 . 49 ; hl = 2 . 27 , 206 , 2 . 27 ; ci = 108 , 107 , 109 ; el = 0 . 96 , 0 . 88 , 0 . 97 ; oi = 39 , 39 , 39 ; sl = 1 . 87 , 1 . 84 , 1 . 94 ; si = 76 , 82 , 78 ; pw = 1 . 58 , 1 . 42 , 1 . 59 ; wl = 3 . 52 , 3 . 34 , 3 . 75 ; petw = 0 . 97 , 0 . 83 , 0 . 96 ; ppetw = 1 . 39 , 1 . 22 , 1 . 33 .
holotype and paratypes in australian national insect collection , paratypes or type - compared vouchers in australian museum , museum victoria , melbourne , queensland museum , south australian museum , wama , tmha ) and in the natural history museum , california academy of sciences , museum of comparative zoology , musee d ' histoire naturelle genève .
this page was last modified on 19 august 2015 , at 14 : 04 .
colonies of the two races of m . pilosula appear to intersperse in victoria se of melbourne , on or immediately east of the mornington peninsula , which they enter from the east and west respectively .
taylor ( 2015 ) - research prospects . prospective research topics involving the eastern and western races of m . pilosula include ( 1 ) genetical investigation of both races , to challenge the tasmanian inrogression hypothesis discussed above , and to clarify whether these taxa are genuinely parapatric in distribution in victoria ; ( 2 ) investigation of the several implied victorian areas of geographical range contact or intersection , with search for possible genetical introgression between the two taxa , notably in west gippsland and areas between ballarat and the grampians , possibly also at other localities on the eastern flanks of melbourne ; ( 3 ) investigation of comparative bionomics of both taxa in contact versus non - contact zones ; and ( 4 ) locating the distributions of these two races and other jack - jumper species in the melbourne area and greater victoria , and of the eastern race in the act and surrounding nsw .
chromosome numbers determined for m . pilosula ( eastern race ) by imai are given in imai , taylor et al . , 1994 , appendix . the overall range is slightly greater than in m . pilosula ( western race ) , with 2n = 18 to 2n = 32 ( with all intermediate values represented except 2n = 27 and 2n = 31 ) , and with a single recorded haploid count of n = 15 . karyologically m . pilosula ( eastern race ) is distinguished from m . pilosula ( western race ) by remarkably elongated c - band polymorphisms and chromosome arrangements involving centric fusion ( fusion burst ) ( imai , taylor et al . , 1994 , fig . 11 ) . alternatively , “fission burst’ characterizes the karyology of m . pilosula ( western race ) .
smith , f . 1858b : 146 ( w . q . m . ) australia . wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . 1971d : 252 ( l . ) ; imai , crozier & taylor , 1977 : 345 ( k . ) . combination in
: brown , 1953j : 6 . see also : crawley , 1926 : 383 ; clark , 1951 : 202 ; crosland , crozier & imai , 1988 : 13 ; ogata , 1991a : 361 .
eastern race - general features as illustrated and in key couplets 1 , 2 , 5 & 6 . distinguished morphologically from the western race of m . pilosula largely by leg coloration ( see key ) . expression of this character - set in pilosula ( eastern race ) is generally similar to that of m . pilosula ( western race ) ( see below ) , but the tibiae and tarsi are dull medium brown in color , lighter than the proximal leg segments , where those of m . pilosula ( western race ) are brightly reddish - brown , much like the fore - tarsi . the color difference between these forms is clearly distinguishable even in old , dry cabinet specimens . they correlate exactly with the karyological differences distinguishing the two taxa .
( holotype , smallest paratype , largest paratype ( mm ) : tl = 1 27 , 10 . 27 , 12 . 26 ; hw = 2 . 28 , 2 . 04 , 2 . 37 ; hl = 2 . 07 , 1 . 81 , 2 . 14 ; ci = 110 , 112 , 111 ; el = 0 . 86 , 0 . 79 , 0 . 92 ; oi = 38 , 39 , 38 ; sl = 1 . 91 , 1 . 65 , 1 . 93 ; si = 84 , 81 , 81 ; pw = 1 . 42 , 1 . 18 , 1 . 53 ; wl = 3 . 28 , 3 . 02 , 3 . 47 ; petw = 0 . 86 , 0 . 68 , 0 . 87 ; ppetw = 1 . 38 , 1 . 10 , 1 . 38 .
western race - general features as illustrated and in key couplet 1 , 2 & 5 . morphologically distinguished from the eastern race of m . pilosula largely by leg coloration , and otherwise by convincing karyological differences . here all coxae and trochanters are typically dark brown , slightly paler but almost matching the body tagmata . the femoral apices are briefly flushed reddish - orange , slightly more so on the forelegs , and all tibiae and tarsi are similarly colored reddish - orange . that color is brightly clear in life , and usually somewhat faded in cabinet specimens . the recognition of faded museum specimens like the m . pilosula lectotype ( see above ) versus those of m . pilosula ( eastern race ) , which has brown tibiae and tarsi , is however not usually compromised .
sculpturation is more intense in large individuals than in small specimens , with intermediate gradation . in this regard large workers can resemble those of m . croslandi . the leg coloration in croslandi however resembles that of the eastern race of m . pilosula ( with brown hind tibiae – see above ) enabling distinction of pilosula . specimens of large workers of both races of m . pilosula can most confidently be discriminated from m . croslandi if accompanied by smaller nest mates or conspecific field associates . single large workers can be problematic .
dimensions of the smallest and largest available tasmanian workers are ( mm : tl = 10 . 31 , 13 . 97 ; hw = 2 . 04 , 2 . 63 ; hl = 1 . 81 , 2 . 36 ; ci = 89 , 90 ; el = 0 . 80 , 0 . 97 ; oi = 39 , 37 ; sl = 1 . 65 , 2 . 12 ; si = 81 , 81 ; pw = 1 . 22 , 1 . 70 ; wl = 3 . 06 , 3 . 99 ; petw = 0 . 69 , 1 . 04 ; ppetw = 1 . 11 , 1 . 55 . these dimensional ranges also apply to mainland specimens examined .
ponera ruginoda : syntype , male ( s ) , australia , australia , the natural history museum .
clark , j . 1943 . a revision of the genus promyrmecia emery ( formicidae ) . mem . natl . mus . vic . 13 : 83 - 149 ( page 109 , combination in promyrmecia )
clark , j . 1951 . the formicidae of australia . 1 . subfamily myrmeciinae : 230 pp . csiro , melbourne . [ ( 31 . xii ) . 1951 . ] pdf
crawley , w . c . 1926 . a revision of some old types of formicidae . trans . entomol . soc . lond . 1925 : 373 - 393 ( page 383 , see also )
imai , h . t . ; crozier , r . h . ; taylor , r . w . 1977 . karyotype evolution in australian ants . chromosoma ( berl . ) 59 : 341 - 393 ( page 345 , karyotype described )
smith , f . 1858a . catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part vi . formicidae . london : british museum , 216 pp . ( page 146 , worker , queen , male described )
wheeler , g . c . ; wheeler , j . 1971d . ant larvae of the subfamily myrmeciinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . pan - pac . entomol . 47 : 245 - 256 ( page 252 , larva described )
wheeler , w . m . 1922b . ants of the american museum congo expedition . a contribution to the myrmecology of africa . ii . the ants collected by the american museum congo expedition . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 45 : 39 - 269 ( page 195 , combination in m . ( halmamyrmecia ) )
wheeler , w . m . 1933i . colony founding among ants , with an account of some primitive australian species . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , viii + 179 pp . ( page 56 , combination in m . ( promyrmecia ) c )
this page was last modified on 21 june 2017 , at 02 : 00 .
it was discussed as “ m . pilosula ” by crosland and crozier ( 1986 ) , and as “ m . ( pilosula ) n = 1” by imai & taylor ( 1989 ) .
taylor , 1991c : 288 ( w . k . ) australia . imai , taylor & crozier , 1994 : 145 ( k . ) .
the holotype and smallest and largest available specimens have the following dimensions ( mm ) : tl = 13 . 54 , 12 . 46 , 13 . 53 ; hw = 2 . 63 , 2 . 54 , 2 . 79 ; hl = 2 . 35 , 2 . 37 , 2 . 51 ; ci = 112 , 107 , 111 ; el = 1 . 02 , 1 . 02 , 1 . 08 ; oi = 39 , 40 , 39 ; sl = 2 . 02 , 1 . 99 , 2 . 06 ; si = 77 , 78 , 74 ; pw = 1 . 70 , 1 . 60 , 1 . 81 ; wl = 3 . 88 , 3 . 73 , 4 . 06 ; petw = 1 . 06 , 0 . 93 , 1 . 14 ; ppetw = 1 . 59 , 1 . 43 , 1 . 69 .
holotype , worker , immediately ne of corang river bridge on braidwood - nowra road , near charleyong , new south wales , australia , australian national insect collection .
named for michael w . j . crosland , who as a student of r . h . crozier at the university of new south wales , sydney , discovered the 2n = 2 chromosome count while experimenting with the crozier / imai air - drying technique of chromosome preparation for microscopy ( to great initial consternation that the technique had failed , but later celebration ) . crosland had collected the subject specimens shortly before at tidbinbilla nature reserve near canberra .
ogawa , y . , m . falkowski , a . narendra , j . zeil , and j . m . hemmi . 2015 . three spectrally distinct photoreceptors in diurnal and nocturnal australian ants . proceedings of the royal society of london b : biological sciences . 282 : 20150673 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2015 . 0673
this page was last modified on 16 october 2015 , at 04 : 16 .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e508eeeb - 030d - 4561 - 870f - 7543a381c2a0
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a16922b1 - 2649 - 4403 - a63a - e8196796da90
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 636123
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research school of biology , australian national university , canberra , act 0200 . honorary fellow , australian national insect collection , csiro ecosystem sciences , canberra . ; email : bob . taylor @ homemail . com . au .
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etymology . named for michael w . j . crosland , who as a student of r . h . crozier at the university of new south wales , sydney , discovered the 2 n = 2 chromosome count while experimenting with the crozier / imai airdrying technique of chromosome preparation for microscopy ( to great initial consternation that the technique had failed , but later celebration ) . crosland had collected the subject specimens shortly before at tidbinbilla nature reserve near canberra .
this species was referred to in previous jacp publications as the
greenhead
form of m . (
south wales : south nowra , shortly north of the junction of forest road and bulldog avenue track ( - 34 56 , 150 37 ) , ca 800 meters west of the forest road / princes highway intersection . forest road marks the boundary between currambene state forest ( to the north ) and nowra state forest . the area is referred to locally as comberton ,
collections are from elevations below 70 meters . localities most distant from the coast are at wandandian ( ca 5km inland ) and leumeah ( ca 24 km ) .
will almost certainly range further north and south , and could occur more widely in the sydney area where records of jack - jumpers are currently sparse .
south wales : leumeah , e of railway station [ - 34 0 3 , 150 50 ] , hi– aagr 13 , aagt 11 ; nowra [ - 34 53 , 150 36 ] , hi 87–122 –127 , 91–057 ; south nowra [ - 34 55 , 150 36 ] , hi 99 –013 ; aavas accessions 145 , 147 , 148 , sb & sm ; wandandian [ - 35 5 , 150 31 ] , hi 89 –034 , hi 91 –048 , 100 , 101 ; west of nelligen [ - 35 39 , 150 8 ] , hi 85–213 , hi 91–191 ; sheep station creek near nelligen [ - 35 39 , 150 8 ] , hi 87–158 ; batemans bay [ - 35 42 , 150 11 ] , hi 87–160 ; catalina [ - 35 43 , 150 11 ] , aavas . the jacp “nowra” samples were collected near hmas
albatross naval air station ; the “south nowra” records from the vicinity of the type locality ; and the batemans bay sample from near the western end of maloneys beach .
worker diagnosis . general features as illustrated and in key couplets 1 , & 3 above .
complex by its dense , brassy - green cephalic pubescence . this produces strong greenish - yellow reflections , readily visible in living specimens with hand lens magnification , and encouraged imai’s field epithet “greenhead” . anterior femora chocolate brown , each with a reddish - orange apical section up to 1 / 3 its length , matching the adjacent tibia . middle tarsi and tibiae reddish - orange , matching those of fore legs . hind femora and tibiae dark brown , like anterior femora ; the tibiae sometimes a little lighter , with their apices and the tarsi progressively lighter in color towards the foot .
, which have similar but usually muchless dense brassy cephalic pilosity , and distinctive , very different karyology ( see below ) . the provenance of specimens and their comparison with confidently identified vouchers is important in differentiating these taxa .
dimensions . ( holotype , smallest paratype , largest paratype ( mm ) : tl = 13 . 04 , 11 . 81 , 13 . 45 ; hw = 2 . 66 , 2 . 26 , 2 . 76 ; hl = 2 . 44 , 2 . 48 , 2 . 77 ; ci = 109 , 109 , 111 ; el = 1 . 02 , 0 . 87 , 1 . 06 ; oi = 38 , 38 , 38 ; sl = 1 . 98 , 1 . 75 , 2 . 09 ; si = 74 , 77 , 76 ; pw = 1 . 72 , 1 . 70 , 1 . 77 ; wl = 3 . 86 , 3 . 33 , 3 . 92 ; petw = 0 . 94 , 0 . 77 , 1 . 01 ; ppetw = 1 . 50 , 1 . 19 , 1 . 60 .
karyology . most examined specimens ( sampled from all above localities except catalina and batemans bay ) had the monomorphic karyotype 2 k = 6 m + 2 m c + 2 a ( 2 n = 10 ) ( imai , taylor et al . , 1994 : 147 , fig . 5
h ) . one putative mutant individual from leumeah ( sample hi– aagh – 11 ) had a complicated translocation producing 2 n = 9 ( imai , crozier et al . , 1977 ) .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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indascia is a genus of hoverflies native to india and sri lanka .

indascia is very similar to paramicrodon .

the two known species are : indascia brachystoma wiedemann , 1924 indascia gracilis keiser , 1958

indascia

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indascia is an oriental genus that has postpronotum pilose ; face without tubercle ; occiput broad dorsally , narrow ventrally ; transverse suture distinct , continuous across scutum ; anepisternum uniformly pilose , without bare medially area ; anepimeron pilose ; metasternum bare ; thorax and abdomen without black bristle - like pile ; vein m without short appendix ; metatibia narrow , without distinct brush of long pile ; abdomen narrow , parallel - sided ; vein r4 + 5 without appendix and postmetacoxal bridge complete ( from cheng and thompson 2008 ) .
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
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