the large fig parrot ( psittaculirostris desmarestii ) , also known as flame-headed fig parrot and desmarest 's fig parrot , is a species of parrot in the family psittaculidae .

it is found in the west papuan islands , indonesia and in southern and western new guinea ( indonesia and papua new guinea ) .

large fig parrot

nobody uploaded sound recordings for large fig - parrot ( psittaculirostris desmarestii ) yet .
has dark eye - stripe and collar , and red throat . large fig - parrot
coxen ' s fig - parrot has been recorded in 16 conservation reserves ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
, but the parrotfinch does not appear to be a host of this large cuckoo .
other synonyms catalan : lloret de desmarest german : buntbrust - zwergpapgei , grünnacken - zwergpapagei english : large fig - parrot , large fig - parrot ( large ) , large fig - parrot [ desmarestii ] spanish : lorito de desmarest french : psittacule de desmarest , psittacule de desmarest [ desmarestii ] italian : pappagallo dei fichi maggiore japanese : kusabiohimeinko ( desmarestii guru - pu ) japanese : クサビオヒメインコ ( desmarestii グループ ) latin : psittaculirostris desmarestii , psittaculirostris desmarestii [ desmarestii group ] , psittaculirostris desmarestii [ desmarestii ] , psittaculirostris desmarestii desmarestii , psittacus desmarestii norwegian : oransjekronet fikenpapegøye ( desmarestii gr . )
coxen ' s fig - parrot occupies habitats that occur from sea level to approximately 900 m above sea level ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
there are three published recovery plans for coxen ' s fig - parrot ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; davidson 1993 ; nsw npws 2002 ) .
recovery plan for coxen ' s fig - parrot cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni 2001 - 2005 .
funding has been provided to investigate the genetic relationships between the australian subspecies of the double - eyed fig - parrot ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
fig . 16 . large leaves , light yellowish brown ; flowers with purple petals with black stamens and black stems covered with little purple leaves like petals .
captive breeding trials have been conducted . these trials have used another subspecies of the double - eyed fig - parrot , c . d . macleayana , to develop captive breeding techniques for coxen ' s fig - parrot ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
a recovery team has been formed ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
guidelines have been formulated for the establishment and operation of a coxen ' s fig - parrot records appraisal committee to appraise incidental sightings ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
jago , l . ( 1997 ) . lowland habitat requirements for the coxen ' s fig - parrot . interim report to coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team ( february 1997 ) .
martindale , j . d . ( 1996 ) . report on coxen ' s fig parrot search , stage 2 , 16 - 20 september 1996 . an unpublished report to the coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team , september 1996 . coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team .
coxen ' s fig - parrot cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni recovery plan 2001 - 2005 - 2 . description
the main aim of the recovery effort for coxen ' s fig - parrot has been to establish the size and distribution of the fig - parrot population , and to improve the quality and extent of the fig - parrot ' s habitat . however , because the status of the subspecies is so poorly known , it is difficult to predict if these measures are sufficient to secure the long - term survival of coxen ' s fig - parrot ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
there have been no published records of cross - breeding or hybridization between coxen ' s fig - parrot and any other subspecies of c . diophthalma , or between coxen ' s fig - parrot and any other species .
gynther , i . & p . o ' reilly ( 1998 ) . surveys for coxen ' s fig - parrot in queensland - 1998 summary report . unpublished report to coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team .
caged fig - parrots of the subspecies c . d . macleayana have been placed at some sites in an attempt to attract coxen ' s fig - parrots ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; martindale 1996 ) .
1995 ) , and have probably increased trade in the species . additional threats to lowland forests within its range include many large - scale logging and agricultural schemes
this treatment was rejected by forshaw ( 1967a ) , despite claims that the morphological differences between coxen ' s fig - parrot and the other subspecies of c . diophthalma were almost sufficient to warrant the recognition of coxen ' s fig - parrot as a distinct species ( keast 1961 ) . however , there has been an unconfirmed report that the eggs of coxen ' s fig - parrot may be larger than those of the other two australian subspecies , and may possess a unique shell morphology ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) . furthermore , the arrangement of the primary feathers in coxen ' s fig - parrot is different from the arrangement in the other two australian subspecies ( higgins 1999 ) , and it is claimed that these differences in feather arrangement may be sufficient to denote coxen ' s fig - parrot as a separate species ( nsw npws 2002 ) . the taxonomy of coxen ' s fig - parrot requires further examination ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
the desmarest ' s golden - headed or large fig parrot p . desmarestii ( psittaculirostris desmarestii ) is found in the subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest areas and moist montanes in indonesia and papua new guinea - locally up to 4 , 900 ft ( ~ 1 , 500 m ) .
irby , f . m . ( 1930 ) . coxen ' s fig - parrot . emu . 29 : 276 - 277 .
double - eyed fig - parrot - profile ( nsw office of environment and heritage ( nsw oeh ) , 2014ad ) [ internet ] .
the illegal collection of birds or eggs for the avicultural trade ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery plan 2001 ; holmes 1990 ) .
a study has been conducted conducted to identify potential lowland habitat and to determine the characteristics of fig - parrot habitats ( jago 1997 ) .
corfe , b . ( 1977 ) . a sighting of the fig parrot in south - east queensland . sunbird . 8 : 44 .
holmes , g . ( 1990 ) . the biology and ecology of coxen ' s fig - parrot . raou report series . 65 .
fig . 17 . large violet fruit with black spots , surmounted by a yellow and violet plume , the trunk of brown color with black veins , with six branches of the same character ending in a yellow hook . red - brick soil .
other factors that have the potential to impact upon the coxen ' s fig - parrot include disease , stochastic events such as drought , and potential changes in the social structure of the population caused by the decline in population size ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery plan 2001 ) .
hibbert , c . ( 1988 ) . breeding the double - eyed fig parrot at currumbin . australian aviculture . 42 : 133 - 134 .
coxen ' s fig - parrot is a small parrot that measures approximately 13 to 16 cm in length ( higgins 1999 ; pizzey & knight 1997 ) . no information is available on the weight of the birds , but measurements of the other australian subspecies suggest that coxen ' s fig - parrot is likely to weigh about 35 to 40 g ( higgins 1999 ) .
species : scientific : psittaculirostris desmarestii desmarestii . . . english : desmarest ' s fig - parrot , golden - headed fig - parrot . . . dutch : desmarests vijgpapegaai . . . german : desmarest keilschwanzzwergpapagei . . . french : lorillet de desmarest . . . cites ii - endangered species
nests of coxen ' s fig - parrot have been recorded in subtropical rainforest and dry rainforest , and in the ecotone ( i . e . the zone of transition ) between subtropical rainforest and sclerophyll forest ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; holmes 1994a , 1995 ) .
the loss of isolated stands of fig trees ( which are likely to be an important source of food over winter ) due to a lack of natural recruitment ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
double - eyed fig - parrot ( coxen ' s ) ( department of environment and heritage protection ( dehp ) , 2011c ) [ database ] .
the area of occupancy is likely to have declined around the turn of the 20th century , when numbers of coxen ' s fig - parrot are thought to have declined and reached critical levels ( cayley 1938 ; coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; illidge 1924 ; martindale 1986 ) .
it is possible that coxen ' s fig - parrot may also take some other food items . for example , other subspecies of the double - eyed fig - parrot have been recorded feeding on insect larvae ( gill 1970 ) and what appeared to be bark or fungus ( forshaw 1981 ) and , at the species level , the double - eyed fig - parrot is known to eat flies and weevil larvae ( barker & vestjens , undated ) .
the home range size of coxen ' s fig - parrot is unknown , and no information is available on the existence or use of territories ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) . the use of breeding territories has been recorded in the related subspecies c . d . marshalli ( forshaw & muller 1978 ) and , given this , it would seem likely that pairs of coxen ' s fig - parrot maintain breeding territories also .
davidson , c . ( 1993a ) . recovery plan for coxen ' s fig - parrot psittaculirostris diophthalma coxeni . australian nature conservation agency , canberra .
holmes , g . ( 1994b ) . saving coxen ' s fig - parrot . wildlife australia . 31 ( 2 ) : 20 - 21 .
. 2013 ) . in addition , recent information suggests that this species may be secure in the large areas of inaccessible forest within its range : it was recently found to be fairly common in the lowland forests along the idenburg and ruffaer rivers and it is noted that large - scale oil palm cultivation has not yet taken hold in the heart of the mamberamo ( b . beehler
habitat has been mapped at some sites in new south wales ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; horton 1996 ; jago 1997 ) .
forshaw , j . m . ( 1979 ) . eggs of the double - eyed fig parrot . australian bird watcher . 8 : 98 - 99 .
taylor , g . ( 1975 ) . a successful breeding of the red - browed fig - parrot . australian aviculture . 29 : 33 - 34 .
nsw national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) ( 1999aw ) . double - eyed fig - parrot threatened species information . available from : urltoken .
the distribution ( and , hence , total population ) of coxen ' s fig - parrot is severely fragmented ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; higgins 1999 ) . the fragmentation of the fig - parrot population and its habitat was caused by the widespread clearing of lowland rainforest and logging of rainforest trees that occurred around the turn of the 20th century ( cayley 1938 ; illidge 1924 ; martindale 1986 ) . however , the fragmentation of the fig - parrot habitat may be slowly decreasing in severity due to the introduction of government and privately sponsored programs to rehabilitate rainforest ecosystems ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
beruldsen , g . r . ( 2002a ) . erroneous clutch of coxen ' s fig - parrot . australian bird watcher . 19 : 196 - 198 .
coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team ( 2001 ) . coxen ' s fig - parrot cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni recovery plan 2001 - 2005 . report to environment australia , canberra , by queensland parks and wildlife service , brisbane . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 13 - oct - 2003 .
genus : scientific : psittaculirostris . . . english : fig - parrot . . . dutch : wigstaartdwergpapegaaien . . . german : keilschwanzzwergpapageien . . . french : lorillet
forshaw , j . m . ( 1967 ) . the subspecies of the fig parrot opopsitta diophthalma . memoirs of the queensland museum . 15 : 43 - 52 .
gynther , i . ( 1996b ) . surveys for nest sites of the coxen ' s fig - parrot cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni . stage 2 , queensland , 1996 .
gynther , i . ( 1997b ) . surveys for nest sites of the coxen ' s fig - parrot during the 1997 breeding season . stage 2 , queensland .
assessment of habitat . this will involve mapping the distribution of suitable habitat within the fig - parrot ' s range , and investigating the food resources used by the subspecies .
the total population of coxen ' s fig - parrot is estimated at 100 breeding birds . this estimate is considered to be of low reliability ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . the accurate estimation of total population size is made difficult by the extremely low number of records that are available for this subspecies : coxen ' s fig - parrot was recorded just over 200 times between 1866 ( when it was first discovered ) and the turn of the 21st century ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
seeds of figs and partial consumption of hard pericarp of fig noted ; and use of a fig species in which the fruit grows in clusters from the . . .
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gynther , i . ( 1997a ) . a survey for nest sites of the coxen ' s fig - parrot during the 1997 breeding season . stage 1 , queensland and nsw .
although currently considered to belong to cyclopsitta , in the past the double - eyed fig - parrot has been assigned to several other genera . these were psittacula , opopsitta and psittaculirostris .
most recent records of the fig - parrot have been from small stands of remnant native vegetation , at forest edges ( holmes 1994a ) , and in thin tracts of gallery forest ( at edges of rivers or streams ) ( norris 1964 ) . coxen ' s fig - parrot has also been recorded in other habitat types including sub - littoral mixed scrub ; corridors of riparian vegetation in woodland , open woodland or other types of cleared or partially - cleared habitat ; and isolated stands of fig or other trees on urban , agricultural or cleared land ( corfe 1977 ; coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; irby 1930 ) .
there are no captive populations of coxen ' s fig - parrot . the establishment of a captive breeding program has been advocated in all three published recovery plans ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; davidson 1993 ; new south wales national parks and wildlife service 2002 ) . however , the failure to locate active nests of the subspecies ( from which breeding stock could be acquired ) has impeded the initiation of a captive breeding population ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; new south wales national parks and wildlife service 2002 ) .
recovery plan for the coxen ' s fig - parrot cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni ( gould ) ( nsw national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) , 2002i ) [ state recovery plan ] .
gynther , i . ( 1996a ) . a survey for nest sites of the coxen ' s fig - parrot cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni . stage 1 , queensland and new south wales , 1996 .
gynther , i . & p . o ' reilly ( 1997 ) . surveys for nest sites of the coxen ? s fig - parrot in queensland during the 1997 non - breeding season .
collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . large fig - parrot ( psittaculirostris desmarestii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the distribution of coxen ' s fig - parrot ( and , hence , the extent of occurrence ) was thought to have undergone a substantial decline after the 1950s ( martindale 1986 ) . however , the number and geographic spread of recent records suggests that the distribution ( and , hence , the area of occupancy ) may not have changed , and that instead coxen ' s fig - parrot might be broadly dispersed , but in sparse numbers or small subpopulations , across a much greater area than was previously thought ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; higgins 1999 ) .
coxen ' s fig - parrot was probably never a common bird ( chisholm 1929 ; coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; irby 1930 ) , and may have been declining before the arrival of europeans ( new south wales national parks and wildlife service 2002 ) . nonetheless , it is likely that its numbers declined to critical levels around the turn of the 20th century due to the clearing of lowland rainforest for residential and agricultural purposes and the logging of rainforest trees ( illidge 1924 ; cayley 1938 ; coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; martindale 1986 ) .
no populations of coxen ' s fig - parrot have been identified as being of special importance to the recovery effort . the lack of knowledge about the subspecies and its distribution ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) makes it impossible to assess the importance of individual populations and , indeed , indicates that all remaining populations are important for the long - term survival of the subspecies .
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although the tenure of land has not been recorded for any discrete subpopulations , most records of coxen ' s fig - parrot have been obtained on public land ( i . e . national parks and state forests ) , although many sightings at the northern limits of the distribution ( from the gympie area northward ) have been on freehold land ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
efforts have been made to inform and educate the public about coxen ' s fig - parrot and its status . initiatives have included the publication of articles in ornithological and natural history periodicals , the distribution of more than 10 000 information brochures , coverage in the media in both queensland and new south wales , and presentations to various interest groups ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
the associated impacts of the fragmentation , poor quality and small area of the remaining habitat , and the small population size ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) . for example , the lack of connections between habitat patches may provide a barrier to dispersal ; the small population size and the fragmented state of the population and its habitat may make it difficult for birds to find sufficient food , particularly during winter ; the lack of habitat may have increased the amount of competition between the fig - parrot and other species of birds , and possibly between the fig - parrot and flying - foxes , for limited resources ; and the small population size ( or , more specifically , the lack of social interaction ) could inhibit birds from breeding ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; garnett 1993 ) .
the loss and degradation of habitat due to logging in the ecotone ( i . e . zone of transition ) between subtropical rainforest and eucalypt forest ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
cites lexicon of parrots birdlife international internet bird collection parrots : a guide to parrots of the world , juniper and parr , 1998 ml media collection catalogue 182614 large fig parrot ( psittaculirostris desmarestii ) , class , alexandra m . , chimbu , papua new guinea , july 11 2012 , cornell lab of ornithology . site parrots of the world , forshaw , 2006 . 2010 edition parrots in aviculture , low , 1992 . parrots : their care and breeding , low , 1986 .
all the more intensity , dating from the following nocturnal vision . ( see fig . 9 . )
habitat has been rehabilitated . this has been achieved through the implementation of fig tree planting programs in queensland and new south wales , and the funding of projects to rehabilitate and revegetate remnant gallery rainforest on the sunshine coast of south - eastern queensland ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; gynther 2006 ) .
coxen ' s fig - parrot is usually very quiet and inconspicuous when feeding . consequently , it may be less vulnerable to predators when foraging than it is at other times ( martindale 2002 , pers . comm . ) .
there have been two published major studies on coxen ' s fig - parrot ( holmes 1990 ; martindale 1986 ) . there have also been several unpublished surveys for coxen ' s fig - parrot , for example by gynther ( 1996a , 1996b , 1997a , 1997b ) , gynther and o ' reilly ( 1997 ) , gynther and colleagues ( gynther et al . 1998 ) , holmes ( 1994a , 1994b , 1995 ) and martindale ( 1996 ) .
click to enlarge fig . 19 . martian lamp , standing against a rose and blue - colored tapestry .
during mating , the male desmarest ' s fig parrot places one foot on the female ' s back , and one on its perch , unlike other parrots . they also nest communally , in groups of up to three pairs .
horton , s . ( 1996 ) . habitat mapping , coxen ' s fig - parrot cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni . unpublished report to new south wales national parks and wildlife service , hurstville , new south wales ( july 1996 ) .
the generation length is estimated to be two years . this estimate is considered to be of low reliability due to a lack of reliable data on the life history of coxen ' s fig - parrot ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
three recovery plans ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; davidson 1993 ; new south wales national parks and wildlife service 2002 ) and two recovery outlines ( garnett 1993 ; garnett & crowley 2000 ) have been produced .
holmes , g . ( 1994a ) . survey of the coxen ' s fig - parrot . project 312 . unpublished report to the queensland department of environment and heritage and the australian nature conservation agency , canberra ( august 1994 ) .
new south wales national parks and wildlife service ( 2002 ) . approved recovery plan for the coxen ' s fig parrot cyclopsitta diopthalma coxeni ( gould ) . new south wales national parks and wildlife service , hurstville , new south wales .
romer , l . & d . spittall ( 1994 ) . coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery program . pp . 274 - 277 . arazpa / aszk conference proceedings 17 - 22 april 1994 . territory wildlife park , northern territory .
species : scientific : psittaculirostris desmarestii cervicalis . . . english : southern fig - parrot . . . dutch : zuidelijke vijgpapegaai . . . german : südlicher keilschwanzzwergpapagei . . . french : lorillet à nule bleu . . . cites ii - endangered species
the two most recent recovery plans propose to continue with and expand upon the actions described above . the following recovery actions have been proposed ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; new south wales national parks and wildlife service 2002 ) :
click to enlarge fig . 20 . plant of martian design . fire - red flowers ; violet - gray leaves .
coxen ' s fig - parrot feeds on seeds and , occasionally , nectar and lichen . food is mainly taken from fig trees , especially ficus macrophylla and f . watkinsiana , but also f . rubiginosa , f . virens , f . obliqua , f . racemosa , f . coronata , f . opposita , f . fraseri , f . superba and the introduced f . carica . other food plants that have been recorded in the diet include elaeocarpus grandis , syzygium corynanthum , litsea reticulata and grevillea robusta , and the introduced species cotoneaster lacteus , eriobotrya japonica and syagrus romanzoffianum ( chisholm 1924 ; coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery plan 2001 ; forshaw 1969 ; gynther et al . 1998 ; holmes 1990 ; irby 1930 ; romer & spitall 1994 ) . it is possible that the fig - parrot feeds at introduced plants when native foods become scarce ( holmes 1990 ) .
species : scientific : psittaculirostris desmarestii godmani . . . english : godman ' s fig - parrot . . . dutch : godmans vijgpapegaai . . . german : godmans keilschwanzzwergpapagei . . . french : lorillet de godman . . . cites ii - endangered species
species : scientific : psittaculirostris desmarestii occidentalis . . . english : western golden - headed fig - parrot . . . dutch : westelijke vijgpapegaai . . . german : westlicher keilschwanzzwegpapagei . . . french : lorillet occidental . . . cites ii - endangered species
martindale , j . d . ( 1986 ) . a review of literature and the results of a search for coxen ' s fig - parrot in south - east queensland and north - east new south wales during 1985 . raou report series . 21 .
species : scientific : psittaculirostris desmarestii blythii . . . english : wallace ' s fig - parrot . . . dutch : wallace ' s vijgpapegaai . . . german : misool keilschwanzzwergpapagei . . . french : lorillet de blyth . . . cites ii - endangered species
species : scientific : psittaculirostris desmarestii intermedia . . . english : van oort ' s fig - parrot . . . dutch : van oorts ' vijgpapegaai . . . german : van oorts keilschwanzzwergpapagei . . . french : lorillet onin . . . cites ii - endangered species
in new south wales , it has been recorded in border ranges national park , nightcap national park , richmond range national park , tooloom national park , toonumbar national park , boatharbour nature reserve and booyong nature reserve ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
gynther , i . , j . martindale & p . o ' reilly ( 1998 ) . final report on the coxen ' s fig - parrot survey . project number 585 . unpublished report to threatened species and communities section , environment australia , canberra ( august 1998 .
astané ' s property is enclosed by large red stones , on the border of the water , where hélène loves to retire with her guide to converse in peace and to recall to mind with him the ancient and melancholy memories of their hindoo existence ; the general tone of these conversations is entirely the same as that of her conversations with leopold .
the flight call of coxen ' s fig - parrot is a short , clipped , two note call , variously described as a high - pitched ' zeet - zeet ' ( slater et al . 1986 , pizzey and knight 1997 ) , ' tcheek , tcheek ' ( norris 1964 ) , ' yyit - yyit ' ( corfe 1977 ) , a medium - pitched ' zzzt - zzzt ' ( martindale 1986 ) , or a rather soft lorikeet - like screech ( csiro 1996 ) . this call is reputedly indistinguishable from that of other australian subspecies of fig - parrot ( parker in holmes 1990 ) , but is harsher and more staccato than the screech of a little lorikeet ( martindale 1986 ) . coxen ' s fig - parrot does not always call while in flight ( brenan 1924 , peddie in lendon 1979 ) .
coxen ' s fig - parrot can be difficult to detect . this is because of its small size and predominantly green plumage , which makes it difficult to see against the foliage of the rainforest trees that it frequents ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery plan 2001 ; norris 1964 ) , and because it is generally quiet and unobtrusive when feeding ( chisholm 1924 ; irby 1930 ; magrath et al . 2004 ) . it can sometimes be detected by the falling debris that is discarded during feeding ( chisholm 1924 ; magrath et al . 2004 ) or by its soft , chattering call ( magrath et al . 2004 ) . it can be noisy and conspicuous when in flight ( magrath et al . 2004 ) , but it travels quickly and high above the forest canopy ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ; irby 1930 ) .
the apparent decline in coxen ' s fig - parrot numbers around the turn of 20th century was probably due to the loss of habitat caused by the clearing of lowland rainforest for residential and agricultural purposes and the logging of rainforest trees ( cayley 1938 ; illidge 1924 ; martindale 1986 ) .
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in queensland , the most recent reliable records of coxen ' s fig - parrot are from near imbil , kin kin creek , upper pinbarren creek , montville , the maleny area , mount glorious , main range national park and lamington national park ( gynther 2006 , pers . comm . ) .
the nest and eggs of the double - eyed fig - parrot have never been described . it is assumed the bird resembles northern subspecies of fig - parrots in excavating a nest chamber in a dead or decaying tree limb or trunk where two eggs are laid . nest construction is thought to commence in august , with breeding from october to december or january . no data exist for the duration of incubation or the period until fledging .
habitat rehabilitation and revegetation , incorporating specially propagated fig species , at selected locations to improve the extent , quality and connectivity of available habitat .
protection and enhancement of habitat . this will involve the development of management guidelines for logging operations in areas of identified fig - parrot habitat , the regulation of land - use by state and local authorities , the rehabilitation of habitat , and the implementation of programs to assist the propagation of food trees .
in queensland , it has been recorded in bunya mountains national park , burrum coast national park , conondale national park , deepwater national park , great sandy national park , lamington national park , main range national park , mapleton falls national park and mount pinbarren national park ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
implemention of an ecological assessment and monitoring strategy . this will involve ongoing survey of foraging and nesting sites , the ongoing use of caged c . d . macleayana at priority sites , the development and implementation of a formal records appraisal system , the development and maintenance of a records database , studies to determine the potential for prey remains discarded by forest - dwelling raptors to be used to identify locations and habitats occupied by the fig - parro , the collection of ecological data from known fig - parrot sites , the predictive computer modelling of the fig - parrot ' s distribution , the implementation of a monitoring strategy at occupied sites , the clarification of the taxonomic status of the subspecies , the introduction and implementation of remote survey techniques , studies on the related c . d . macleayana , and a search of the ornithological literature .
it was also in this same voice that alexis mirbel ( esenale ) spoke to his mother in the scenes of incarnation . ( see fig . 13 . )
click to enlarge fig . 10 . flying - machine held by astané , emitting yellow and red flames . [ from the collection of m . lemaître . ]
fig . 15 . light - brown and yellow trunk and leaves double - lobed flowers of a vivid red , out of which proceed yellow stamens like black threads .
19 cm . chunky , short - tailed parrot . largely green plumage . male has orange breast patch and yellow cheeks , and female has pale blue breast patch and greenish - yellow cheeks .
the queensland environmental protection agency and the new south wales department of environment and conservation have been involved in the conservation effort for coxen ' s fig - parrot . many other organizations have also been involved in the recovery effort ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; i . gynther june 2006 , pers . comm . ) , those that have received government funding are listed below .
fig . 14 . martian landscape . sky of yellow ; green lake ; gray shores bordered by a brown fence ; bell - towers on the shore , in yellow - brown tones , with corners and pinnacles ornamented with pink and blue balls ; hill of red rocks , with vegetation of a rather dark green interspersed with rose , purple , and white spots ( flowers ) ; buildings at the base constructed of brick - red lattice - work ; edges and corners terminating in brown - red trumpets ; immense white window - panes , with turquoise - blue curtains ; roofs furnished with yellow - brown bell - turrets , brick - red battlements , or with green and red plants ( like those of astané ' s house , fig . 12 ) . persons with large white head - dresses and red or brown robes .
gynther , i . c . ( 2006 ) . final report - natural heritage trust 2 - implementation projects : implementing priority actions for the recovery and management of nationally threatened species and ecological communities - queensland . project 3 . restoration of degraded habitats to support recovery of coxen ' s fig - parrot . unpublished report to the department of the environment and heritage , canberra .
barung landcare association ( qld ) received $ 35 000 of funding through the threatened species network community grants in 2000 - 01 , part of which was for enhancing the long - term health of 646 ha of significant council and state forest reserves ( inhabited by coxen ' s fig - parrot ) through the establishment of buffer zones and the linkage of remnant patches using local indigenous plants .
save today our parkland ( stop ) ( qld ) received $ 20 000 of funding through the threatened species network community grants in 2001 - 02 , part of which was for the restoration and expansion of coxen ' s fig - parrot habitat at three sites near kin kin in the noosa shire , as well as ongoing monitoring to assist in gauging the success of a revegetation program .
green eye in the middle ( like the eye of a peacock feather ) , and five or six pairs of paws , or ears all about ( see fig . 18 ) . this animal unites the intelligence of the dog with the stupidity of the parrot , since on the one hand it obeys astané and fetches objects at his command ( we do not know how ) , while , on the other hand , it knows how to write , but in a manner purely mechanical . ( we have never had a specimen of this handwriting ) . ( see fig . 18 . )
his house ( fig . 12 ) is quadrangular , with gates and windows , and reminds one by its exterior aspect of some oriental structure , with a flat roof embellished with plants .
double - eyed fig - parrot ( coxen’s ) subspecies is listed as endangered in queensland ( nature conservation act 1992 ) and nationally ( commonwealth environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ) . it is ranked as a critical priority under the department of environment and heritage protection back on track species prioritisation framework . in new south wales , it is listed as critically endangered ( new south wales threatened species conservation act 1995 ) .
illidge , r . ( 1924 ) . the blue - faced lorilet , also called coxen ' s fig parakeet ( opopsitta coxeni , gould ) . queensland naturalist . 4 : 113 - 114 .
fig . 11 . astané . yellow complexion , brown hair ; brown sandals ; roll of white paper in his hand ; variegated costume , or red and white ; brick - red belt and border .
. it will also take flower buds , berries and fruit , but is not the specialised fig - eater it was once thought to be . although it feeds mostly in trees , it will forage on the ground .
the extent of occurrence is suspected to be stable at present , but there is little evidence available to determine trends in the extent of occurrence ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . the area of occupancy is estimated to be 140 km² . this estimate is based on the number of 1 km² grid squares that the fig - parrot is thought to occur in at the time when its population is most constrained . the estimate is considered to be of low reliability ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
coxen ' s fig - parrot is estimated to occur in four subpopulations : greater bundaberg region , maleny / imbil / kin kin creek area , the qld / nsw border area ( lamington national park , whian whian state forest , alstonville plateau ) , and the upper hastings river catchment . this estimate is considered to be of low reliability ( i . e . there is uncertainty about the number of subpopulations and the extent of genetic separation between subpopulations ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
the anonymous and mixed crowd which forms the base of some of the martian visions only differs from that of our own country by the large robe common to both sexes , the flat hats , and the sandals bound to the feet by straps . the interest is confined to a small number of more distinct personages having each his own name , always terminating in an e with the men and in an i with the women , except only in the case of esenale , who occupies , however , a place by himself in his quality of disincarnated martian , fulfilling the function of interpreter . let us begin by saying a few words about him .
coxen ' s fig - parrots have also been recorded at trees in gardens , cultivated farmlands , and along streets in country towns ( forshaw 1969 ; gynther et al . 1998 ; holmes 1990 ; irby 1930 ; morris & mcgill 1980 ) .
this is a large and robust parrotfinch , 11 centimetres ( 4 . 3 in ) in length , with a long pale pink bill much larger than that of other parrotfinches . the adult has mainly olive - green plumage , but it has a black face , blue crown and nape , and the bright red rump typical of the genus . its eyes are brown or reddish - brown , and the legs and feet are pink or brownish - pink . the sexes are alike . the juvenile is like the adult , although its plumage is ; slightly duller , and it has a pale orange bill with a dark tip . the call is a typical parrotfinch high pitched
there have been a number of targeted surveys during the past two decades ( gynther 1996a , 1996b , 1997a , 1997b ; gynther & o ' reilly 1997 , 1998 ; gynther et al . 1998 ; holmes 1990 , 1995 ; martindale 1986 , 1996 ) . however , despite the intensive search effort in recent years , very few birds have been located . the lack of records makes it difficult to make an accurate estimate or assessment of the distribution and population size ( coxen ' s fig - parrot recovery team 2001 ) .
coxen ' s fig - parrot usually forages in twos , or in small groups of up to 12 birds ( holmes 1990 ; illidge 1924 ; lendon 1973 ) . it often forages in the company of other species including wompoo fruit - dove ptilinopus magnificus , topknot pigeon lopholaimus antarcticus and other pigeons , figbird sphecotheres viridis , green catbird ailuroedus crassirostris , and parrots including scaly - breasted lorikeet trichoglossus chlorolepidotus , musk lorikeet glossopsitta concinna , little lorikeet g . pusilla and crimson rosella platycercus elegans ( holmes 1990 ; irby 1930 ; lendon 1973 ) .
the area of occupancy is suspected to be stable at present , but there is little evidence available to determine any trends ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . there have been no estimates of the number of locations in which coxen ' s fig - parrot occurs . the number of locations is difficult to estimate because the movements of the subspecies are largely unknown , and hence it currently is not possible to determine whether sightings made in different locations are of the same , or of different , birds ( gynther 2006 , pers . comm . ) .
fig . 18 . astané ' s ugly beast . the body and tail are rose - colored ; the eye is green with a black centre ; the head is blackish ; the lateral appendices are brownish - yellow , covered . like the whole body , with pink hair .
based on published records , its historical distribution was known to extend from the mary river ( gympie ) in queensland , south to the richmond river in new south wales and west to the bunya mountains . other authors considered the distribution reached maryborough in the north and the macleay river in the south . unconfirmed records strongly suggest the range extends further north in queensland to the greater bundaberg area and to locations near rockhampton . its population levels may be very low but the double - eyed fig - parrot is by no means extinct , as several confirmed records exist and credible sightings continue to be reported .
gelis , s ; raidal , s r ( 2006 ) .
microsporidiosis in a flock of tricolor parrot finches ( erythrura tricolor )
. veterinary clinics of north america . exotic animal practice 9 ( 3 ) : 481–486 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cvex . 2006 . 05 . 032 . pmid 16931363 .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the bird’s preferred habitat was probably lowland rainforest , especially in alluvial areas , but little of this remains . recent records are from a spectrum of rainforest types ( araucarian ( coniferous ) rainforest , warm subtropical rainforest , cool subtropical rainforest and cool temperate rainforest ) from sea level to approximately 1000 m altitude . birds also use thin strips of gallery rainforest , littoral rainforest and coastal bloodwood , melaleuca and cabbage palm forest where fig densities are high ( e . g . near bundaberg ) . the subspecies has been reported from riparian corridors through woodland , open woodland and cleared land where fig or other food trees occur , as well as from isolated fruiting trees in gardens and cultivated farmlands .
fig . 9 . martian landscape . pink bridge , with yellow railings plunging down into a pale - blue and purple - tinted lake . the shores and hills of a red color , no green being visible . all the trees are of a brick - red purple , or violet tint . [ from the collection of m . lemaître ]
to these qualities of savant astané joins those of wise counsellor and of patriarchal governor . we also see a young girl named matêmi coming to consult him frequently ( texts 22 and 28 ) , perhaps on matrimonial affairs , since matêmi reappears on several occasions with her lover or her fiancé , siké , and , among others , at a great family fête , presided over by astané . ( see fig . 19 . )
fig 13 . martian landscape . greenish - yellow sky . a man with a yellow complexion . dressed in white , in a boat of brown , yellow , black , and red colors on a blue - green lake ; rose - tinted rock , with white and yellow spots ; dark green vegetation ; buildings of brown , red , and rose - lilac tints , with white window - panes and curtains of bright blue .
fig . 12 . house of astané . blue sky ; soil , mountains , and walls of a red color . the two plants , with twisted trunks , have purple leaves ; the others have long green lower leaves and small purple higher leaves . the frame - work of the doors , windows , and decorations are in the shape of trumpets , and are of a brownish - red color . white glass ( ? ) and curtains or shades of a turquoise - blue . the railings of the roof are yellow , with blue tips .
nevertheless , at his first apparition ( september 5 , 1896 , see p . 162 ) , he rises superior to the crowd , inasmuch as he alone possesses a flying - machine incomprehensible to us . in the following weeks mlle . smith hears his name , and sees him again on many occasions , as well as his house ( fig . 12 ) , but it is only at the end of two months and a half that his identity and his
evocative
powers become known , at a seance at which i was not present , and during which hélène did not , contrary to her usual custom , fall completely asleep . the following is a résumé of the notes , which i owe to the kindness of m . cuendet :
the following are some details concerning that vision , which occupied the greater part of a seance ( november 28 , 1897 ) . hélène sees , in a vast , red , initial light , a martian street appear , lighted neither by lamps nor electricity , but by lights shining through small windows in the walls of the houses . the interior of one of these houses becomes visible to her : a superb , square hall , lighted at each angle by a kind of lamp , formed of four superposed globes , two blue and two whitenot of glass ( fig . 19 ) ; under each lamp a small basin , over which was a kind of cornucopia pouring forth water . there were many ornamental plants . in the middle of the hall , a grove , around which are placed a number of small tables with a polished surface like nickel . there are young people in martian robes ; young
september 22 , 1896 . during these last days hélène has seen again on different occasions the martian man , with or without his flying - machine ; for example , he appeared to her while she was taking a bath , at the edge of the bath - tub . she has had several times visions of a strange house the picture of which followed her with so much persistency that she finally painted it ( see fig . 12 ) . at the same time she heard on three different occasions a sentence the meaning of which she does not know , but which she was able to take down with her pencil as follows :
dodé né ci haudan té méche métiche astané ké dé mé véche .
( as was ascertained six weeks after , by the translation given in the seance of the 2d of november , this phrase indicates that the strange house is that of the martian man , who is called astané . )
in the most touching fashion . when astané writes in martian by mlle . smith ' s right hand that the noise of the sitters threatens to make him insane ( see text 20 ) it is leopold who comes to his rescue in making them keep silent by his gestures with the left arm . when leopold indicates to me that the moment for pressing hélène ' s forehead has arrived , it is astané who lends him his pencil in order that the message may be written ( see below , seance of september 12 , 1897 , and fig . 23 ) , and the exchange of powers takes place between them without the medium experiencing the least shock , and without its betraying itself outwardly otherwise than by the difference of their handwriting . it is true that leopold ' s apparitions to hélène are infinitely more frequent and his incarnations much more complete than those of astané , who shows himself to her at increasing intervals , and has never attained to speaking by her mouth . it makes no difference : these two personages resemble each other too much for mutual tolerationif they are really two .
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p . d . desmarestii : both adults orange / red lores and forehead , merging to orange / yellow on crown and nape ; nuchal collar blue ; green hindneck ; blue spot below eye ; green cheeks and ear coverts , tipped with bronze / yellow ; bright paler green at tips of elongated feathers ; upper breast has pale blue stripe , bordered below by orange / red stripe ; yellow / orange inner wing coverts edged with yellow / orange ; underwing stripes wide and off - white / yellow . bill grey / black . eye dark brown . p . d . intermedia : both adults as in desmarestii , but much deeper orange crown and nape ; green cheeks and ear coverts with orange / yellow tips to a few feathers ; blue nuchal collar missing or minimal . p . d . occidentalis : both adults deep golden / yellow cheeks and throat , turning to bright yellow on elongated ear coverts ; paler blue below eye and more green ; blue collar absent . p . d . blythii : both adults as in occidentalis , but with brighter orange / yellow cheeks ; blue below eye absent . p . d . godmani : male - blue on occiput and below eye absent ; orange / red crown and nape with yellow stripe on hindneck ; bright yellow cheeks and ear coverts ; pale blue band across breast more extensive , but orange / red band below absent or minimal . female - green hindneck , yellow band absent . p . d . cervicalis : both adults as in godmani , but with blue nape and hindneck ; breast band darker blue ; orange / buff tinge to lower breast and abdomen .
p . d . desmarestii : as in adults , but with dull yellow crown . p . d . intermedia : as in adults . p . d . occidentalis : as in adults . p . d . blythii : as in adults but with blue below eye . p . d . godmani as in adult female . p . d . cervicalis : green crown and nape .
calls are described as high - pitched and thin , with down slurring contact call . also chattering and clinking notes , and oft - repeated chet - chet notes at the nest .
walk - in aviary , minimum length 2 . 1m ( 7 ft ) , or indoor enclosure minimum length 1 . 8m ( 6 ft ) .
dried figs soaked in filtered water a few hours , two or more per bird daily ; drop of vitamin k additive ; fruits such as : apple , pear , orange , banana , cactus fruits , pomegranate , forming at least 50 percent of diet ; soaked sultanas ; berries such as : elder , mountain ash , pyracantha ; spray millet ; small seed mix such as : canary , oats , safflower and a little hemp ; cooked pulses ; rearing food made from : hardboiled egg , wholegrain bread , low - fat cheese , carrot , all ground to crumbly consistency ; for breeding : mealworms and maggots ( only if well cleaned ) ; complete kibble .
are vigorous chewers so provide plenty of bird - safe , unsprayed fir , pine , willow and flowering branches , wooden and vegetable tanned leather toys , perches and heat sterilized pine cones . also provide overhead misters for bathing , or shallow bowls of water .
l - shaped box , floor area 5
x 10
and 5
high ( 12 . 7cm x 25 . 4cm x 12 . 7cm ) .
western subspecies is probably in decline because of deforestation and the wild bird trade .
p . d . desmarestii : northern and eastern regions of vogelkop peninsula , irian jaya . p . d . intermedia : onin peninsula , irian jaya . p . d . occidentalis : salawati and batanta , w papuan islands and western and southern vogelkop peninsula , irian jaya . p . d . blythii : misool , w papuan islands , irian jaya . p . d . godmani : s new guinea from mimika river , irian jaya , east to fly river , w papua new guinea . p . d . cervicalis : se new guinea , west to fly and noord rivers .


gnathifera australica is a moth in the epermeniidae family .

it was described by gaedike in 1968 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales .

gnathifera australica

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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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in 1982 , kenneth carpenter named a number of theropod teeth from the late maastrichtian lance formation of wyoming as the type species pectinodon bakkeri .

the generic name is derived from latin pecten , " comb " , and greek ὀδών , odon , " tooth " , in reference to the comb-like serrations on the rear edge of the teeth .

the specific name honours robert thomas bakker .

the holotype , ucm 38445 , consists of a 6.2 millimetres long tooth .

the paratypes include other teeth and also a front dentary and a lower braincase .

in 1985 lev nesov named a second species : pectinodon asiamericanus based on specimen ccmge 49/12176 , a tooth from the khodzhakul formation of uzbekistan , dating from the cenomanian .

this is today often considered a nomen dubium .

while historically considered synonymous with troodon or more specifically the species troodon formosus , philip currie and colleagues ( 1990 ) noted that the p. bakkeri fossils from the hell creek formation and lance formation might belong to different species .

in 1991 , george olshevsky assigned the lance formation fossils to the species troodon bakkeri .

in 2011 , zanno and colleagues reviewed the convoluted history of troodontid classification in late cretaceous north america .

they followed longrich ( 2008 ) in treating pectinodon bakkeri as a valid genus , and noted that it is likely the numerous late cretaceous specimens currently assigned to troodon formosus almost certainly represent numerous new species , but that a more thorough review of the specimens is required .

in 2013 currie and derek larson concluded that pectinodon bakkeri was valid and its teeth could be found both in the lance formation and the coeval hell creek formation .

some teeth from the older campanian dinosaur park formation could not be statistically differentiated from them , likely due to an insufficiently large sample , and were referred to a cf. pectinodon .

pectinodon

belongs to pectinodon according to d . w . larson and p . j . currie 2013
belongs to pectinodon according to p . j . makovicky and m . a . norell 2004
pectinodon is a genus of dinosaurs from the late cretaceous period ( 66 mya ) . it currently contains a single species , pectinodon bakkeri ( sometimes classified as troodon bakkeri ) , known mainly from teeth , as well as fragments of juvenile skeletons and eggshells .
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parent taxon : troodontidae according to d . w . larson and p . j . currie 2013
see also breithaupt 1985 , carpenter 1982 , carroll 1988 , currie 1987 , currie et al . 1990 , gauthier 1986 , longrich 2008 , longrich 2008 , makovicky and norell 2004 , nessov 1995 , paul 1988 , rauhut 2003 , russell 1984 , varricchio 1997 , williamson and brusatte 2014 and zanno et al . 2011
full reference : k . carpenter . 1982 . baby dinosaurs from the late cretaceous lance and hell creek formations and a description of a new species of theropod . contributions to geology , university of wyoming 20 ( 2 ) : 123 - 134
see also breithaupt 1985 , carpenter 1982 , currie 1987 , currie et al . 1990 , longrich 2008 , makovicky and norell 2004 , olshevsky 1992 , olshevsky 2000 , paul 1988 , peng et al . 2001 , varricchio 1997 , williamson and brusatte 2014 and zanno et al . 2011
type specimen : ucm 38445 , a tooth . its type locality is bushy tailed blowout , which is in a lancian terrestrial shale in the lance formation of wyoming .
full reference : l . a . nessov . 1985 . novye mlekopitayushchie mela kyzylkumov [ new mammals from the cretaceous of kyzyl - kum ] . vestnik leningradskogo universiteta , geologiia , geografiia , series 7 17 : 8 - 18
type specimen : ccmge 49 / 12176 , a tooth . its type locality is sshd - 8 , sheikhdzheili , which is in a cenomanian fluvial horizon in the khodzhakul formation of uzbekistan .
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discoserra is a member of the actinopterygian order guildayichthyiformes . this elegant little fish has a rounded body , abbreviate - heterocercal tail , pectoral fin high on the flank , and well webbed fins ; all of which are features of a fish adapted to living among weeds , sponges , or corals . the snout is like a pincers , with long but weak comb - like teeth , and the gape of the mouth is tiny , thus accentuating suction feeding on small food objects . the skull adaptations are a peculiar mixture of primitive and derived structures . scale in mm .
lund , r . 2000 .
the new actinopterygian order guildayichthyiformes from the lower carboniferous of montana ( usa )
. geodiversitas ( mnhn , paris ) 22 ( 2 ) : 171 - 206 .
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labidochromis mathotho is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi .

this species grows to a length of 8 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) tl .

labidochromis mathotho

= = species = = there are currently 18 recognized species in this genus : *
labidochromis caeruleus
fryer , 1956 ( blue streak hap ) *
labidochromis chisumulae
d . s . c . lewis , 1982 *
labidochromis flavigulis
d . s . c . lewis , 1982 ( chisumulu pearl ) *
labidochromis freibergi
d . s . johnson , 1974 *
labidochromis gigas
d . s . c . lewis , 1982 *
labidochromis heterodon
d . s . c . lewis , 1982 *
labidochromis ianthinus
d . s . c . lewis , 1982 *
labidochromis lividus d . s . c . lewis , 1982 *
labidochromis maculicauda
d . s . c . lewis , 1982 *
labidochromis mathotho
w . e . burgess & h . r . axelrod , 1976 *
labidochromis mbenjii
d . s . c . lewis , 1982 *
labidochromis mylodon
d . s . c . lewis , 1982 *
labidochromis pallidus
d . s . c . lewis , 1982 *
labidochromis shiranus
d . s . c . lewis , 1982 *
labidochromis strigatus
d . s . c . lewis , 1982 *
labidochromis textilis
m . k . oliver , 1975 *
labidochromis vellicans
trewavas , 1935 *
labidochromis zebroides
d . s . c . lewis , 1982there is also one potentially undescribed species : *
labidochromis sp .
labidochromis é um gênero de peixes endêmicos do lago malawi , pertencentes à família cichlidae .
labidochromis mathotho fatal error : call to undefined function session _ is _ registered ( ) in / var / www / vhosts / malawimayhem . com / httpdocs / profile _ show2 . php on line 48
this species previously appeared on the iucn red list under the spelling of mathotho but the species name should be mathothoi ( konings 2016 ) . an amended assessment was produced to reflect this change in spelling .
this species was described by burgess and axelrod from an unspecified location , however especially for
mbuna
it is important to specify locations when identifying species . the holotype of this species closely resembles subadults of labidochromis gigas lewis 1982 . this observation has yet to be proved ( konings 1990 ) . this species previously appeared on the iucn red list under the spelling of mathotho but the species name should be mathothoi ( konings 2016 ) .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
konings , a . 2016 . malawi cichlids in their natural habitat , 5th edition . cichlid press , el paso , usa .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake malawi where it is common in the southern arms . no widespread major threats identified .
endemic to lake malawi where it is common in the southern arms of the lake .
this species is restricted to shallow depths . large shoals are commonly seen swimming over rocks in less than 1m deep .
( amended version of 2006 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t61099a120696198 .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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species profiles presents in depth studies , articles , and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .
( usnm 215032 , said to be a male 68 . 2 mm sl ) . the type locality , unfortunately , was reported merely as
lake malawi .
was closely similar and possibly identical . photo by h . r . axelrod , reproduced with the permission of t . f . h . publications , inc . from
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is a genus of cichlid fishes that are endemic to lake malawi in east africa .
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the black caracara ( daptrius ater ) is a species of bird of prey in the falconidae family .

its genus daptrius is often considered monotypic today , though some also include the red-throated caracara otherwise separated in ibycter .

it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname , and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forests .

black caracara

black caracara limited , mitcheldean , the carlson suite the aspen building , vantage point b . v
vireo black caracara photos . xeno - canto vocalizations . aves de rapina do brasil species account with emphasis on brazil .
…eater ( milvago chimango ) , and the black caracara ( daptrius ater ) . the smaller south american species eat insects .
recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : black caracara daptrius ater . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018
although it looks like a long - legged hawk the crested caracara is actually a falcon .
throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
the black caracara is a distinctive member of the amazonian and guiana lowland raptor community . its piercing scream is often the first indication of its presence , and often is heard before a small group of black caracaras comes into view , flying along river courses or over edge habitats . in flight the species is easily distinguished from all other black raptors by its long angular wings , long tail and protruding head and , when close enough , by the orange facial skin and yellow legs . the black caracara is omnivorous and will feed on carrion , frogs , fish , birds , mammals , a variety of insects and even fruits . they will also pick ticks off tapir and deer .
taxonomy : formerly considered to be congeneric with the red - throated caracara on the basis of plumage color and by tarsal and toe characters ( friedmann 1950 , brown and amadon 1968 ) , but griffiths ( 1994 ) found that the two species are quite different in syringeal morphology in addition to having well documented differences in habitat preferences and behavior . her results suggested that this species is closely related to the milvago clade of caracaras , whereas the red - throated caracara is closer to polyborus ( now caracara ) . consequently , the two species , red - throated caracara and black caracara , are now placed in separate , monotypic genera , daptrius and ibycter , respectively .
black caracaras measure 16 . 5 - 19 inches ( ~ 42 - 48 cm ) in length , including the tail .
the black caracaras ( daptrius ater ) - also known as the yellow - throated caracaras - are south american birds of prey .
the crested caracara looks like a hawk with its sharp beak and talons , behaves like a vulture , and is technically a large tropical black - and - white falcon . it is instantly recognizable standing tall on long yellow - orange legs with a sharp black cap set against a white neck and yellow - orange face . the crested caracara is a bird of open country and reaches only a few states in the southern u . s . it flies low on flat wings , and routinely walks on the ground .
a common subject of folklore and legends throughout central and south america , the crested caracara is sometimes called the
mexican eagle .
the florida population–an isolated , relict group–is listed as a threatened species . the caracara’s habitat is under siege both from development and from increasing temperatures .
chinese : ? ? ? . . . czech : cimango / ? imango temný . . . danish : sort caracara . . . dutch : zwarte caracara . . . estonian : metskarakaara . . . finnish : mustakarakara . . . french : caracara à gorge jaune / caracara noir . . . german : gelbkehlkarakara , gelbkehl - wespenfalke , gelbkinn - karakara . . . italian : caracara golagialla / nero . . . japanese : kinodokarakara . . . norwegian : svartkarakara . . . polish : karakara czarna . . . portuguese : cã - cã , cará - cará , cancão - de - anta , corocotorú , cucurucuturi , gavião - de - anta , grogotori . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? / ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : karakara cierna / ? ierna / žltohrdlá . . . spanish : cacao negro , caracara negro , chupacacao negro . . . swedish : svart caracara
the plumage is shiny black except for the rump and base of the tail , which are white . the bare facial skin is red , and the throat and legs are yellow .
41–47 cm ; male 330 g , female 348–445 g ; wingspan 91–100 cm . all glossy black ; tail basally white ; bare skin of face orange , of throat yellow ; iris reddish . . .
important references : bierregaard , r . o . 1994 . black caracara . p . 249 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds ) . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .
the crested caracara is the only falcon that collects material to build a nest . other falcons lay their eggs in an old nest built by another species or in a scrape on the ground .
the oldest recorded crested caracara was at least 21 years , 9 months old when it was identified by its band in 2015 in florida . it was first banded in the same state in 1994 .
related to the typical falcons , but very different in shape and habits . the crested caracara is a strikingly patterned , broad - winged opportunist that often feeds on carrion . aggressive , it may chase vultures away from road kills . widespread in the american tropics , it enters our area only near the mexican border and in florida .
caracara
comes from a south american indian name , based on the bird ' s call .
these birds of prey prefer low and open countryside , such as savannas , pastures , river edges and ranches . the crested caracara can be found in the southwestern united states and florida , central america and south america .
bierregaard , r . o . , jr , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . black caracara ( daptrius ater ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
in contrast to its fast - flying relatives in the falcon family , the crested caracara is slow - moving and often forages on the ground . its common name comes from south america and probably imitates the sound of its call .
black caracaras usually nest in the crowns of trees or - depending on their habitat - in the top of palms . the average clutch consists of 2 - 3 white eggs that are suffused with reddish - brown pigments . the smallish nests are constructed out of sticks .
black caracaras inhabit the amazon forests - with an extremely large range that stretches from the guianas south to ecuador , eastern peru , northeastern bolivia and central brazil ( south to the states of maranhão in the eastern and northern mato grosso in the western part of the country . also from eastern colombia east through southern venezuela .
crested caracaras are not shy or reclusive and are generally easy to spot in the open landscapes they inhabit . they frequently perch on the tallest tree or structure around and fly low over the ground with their wings held flat ( a great way to distinguish them from nearby vultures ) . looking atop tall and isolated trees is one good way to find a crested caracara , but another good way is to look for vultures foraging on a carcass . there you will often find a caracara joining the feast . although crested caracaras are in the falcon family , they regularly walk on the ground , so don ' t forget to scan the ground for them .
they were formerly considered congeneric ( closely related ) with the red - throated caracara based on physical similarities , such as the color of the plumage and the red facial skin . however , based on differences in vocalizations , behavior and habitat preferences , these two species were separated by c . s . griffiths , ornithologist , in 1994 .
black caracaras eat just about anything they can get hold off - including eggs , nestlings and fledglings of other birds ( such as caciques , flycatchers , pigeons , and even other birds of prey ) , small mammals , smaller birds , carrion ( dead flesh ) , frogs , reptiles , insects , spiders , caterpillars , small fish picked up from shallow waters , as well as dendê nuts and fruit .
adults have black feathers on their body , wings and crown , with patches of white on their neck and tail . caracaras prefer carrion ( animal carcasses ) , but they will also feed on small mammals , reptiles , fish , crab , insects and young birds–or steal food from other birds . caracaras usually build large stick nests in cacti or trees , but , if necessary , they will nest on the ground .
breeding : a brazilian nest was a fairly small stick structure located in the top of a large clump of bromeliads in the crown of a tree ( whittaker 1996 ) . muņiz - lopez et al . ( 2007 ) mentioned a nest in ecuador containing three young and located in a palm ( mauritia flexuosa ) . eggs at the western foundation of vertebrate zoology have a white ground color , but are almost completely suffused with reddish - brown pigment , resembling eggs of caracara and herpetotheres .
help us protect important habitat in florida for the crested caracara and other animals . nwra’s beyond the boundaries : everglades program is working closely with the u . s . fish and wildlife service and other partners to conserve land , water and wildlife in the greater everglades . stretching from the kissimmee chain of lakes in the north to big cypress national preserve in the south , the greater everglades contains dry prairies , longleaf pine savannas , expansive working ranchlands and seasonally wet grasslands . this relatively intact landscape provides both a home and a corridor for the rare , isolated population of caracaras in florida .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be small , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the population is estimated to number 1 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals , roughly equivalent to 670 - 6 , 700 mature individuals . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 20 . 1 - 30 . 1 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 31 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be small , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : daptrius ater . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
ne & e colombia , nw , s & e venezuela # r and the guianas s through amazonia to e ecuador , e peru , n bolivia and c brazil ( maranhão s to n mato grosso ) .
forest , usually near edge or along larger rivers ; wooded savanna , gallery and secondary forest , . . .
omnivorous , feeding on carrion , frogs , fish , nestling birds and eggs , mammals , dragonflies , spiders , beetle and lepidopteran larvae , . . .
very poorly known . in guyana species said to nest high in trees , laying 2–3 eggs in mar–jun ; just - fledged nestling in surinam . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . status very poorly known . extensive range and catholic taste in terms of habitat and feeding habits suggest species . . .
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previously included ibycter , but the two differ significantly in syringeal morphology , habitat and behaviour , and are distinct genetically # r # r # r # r . closest to milvago .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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a close ventral view of a bird atop a dead tree , looking around .
pieter de groot boersma , juan sanabria , jacob . wijpkema , ron hoff , josep del hoyo , yoël jimenez , paul molina abril , will carter , thore noernberg , agustin carrasco , daniêl jimenez , mauricio rueda , keith blomerley .
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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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moore et al . 2013 : bird sounds of ecuador dvd 4 perched birds . edited
perched adult . edge of lake in humid primary forest . reference : cxvib 25 - 41 ( dapate2 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
adults with 2 fledglings . tall , humid primary hill forest admixed with smaller patches of
várzea
in valleys . reference : xcb 142 - 146 , - 155 , 160 - 171 ( dapate1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 524 side a track 119 seq . a )
perch height 20 m . distance to mike : 40 m . series of calls by pair : one perched and one flying . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , seasonally flooded forest . ref : nkm16a440
humid forest . reference : hyphypjn1 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
one bird perched . id accurancy : 100 % . habitat : second growth forest border near to rio puna puna . distance to mic : 80 m . tascam dr - 100mkii , sennheiser me66 . reference : 150403 _ 2288
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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distribution : neotropical . eastern colombia , southern venezuela , and the guianas south through amazonia to eastern peru , northeastern bolivia and central brazil . more . . . .
habitat and habits : occurs in lowlands and middle elevations , frequenting tall humid forest and forest edges , especially along river banks , sandbars , swamps , forest openings , and also near ranches . typically moves around in family groups of several birds . robinson ( 1994 ) and his colleagues found this species to be quite tame around their campsites in manu national park , peru . more . . . .
food and feeding behavior : a dietary generalist , preying on the larvae of large beetles , ants , amphibians , reptiles , passerine nestlings , small mammals , fish , and certain fruits , and taking carrion ( sick 1993 ) . picks ticks off tapirs and deer like other species may do from cattle , and tends to forage in burned - over areas . more . . . .
conservation : widespread , but status is not well defined in most areas . its population is increasing in ecuador ( ridgely and greenfield 2001 ) and venezuela ( hilty 2003 ) , as it moves into newly cleared areas , but thiollay ( 2007 ) suspected that its patchy distribution in french guiana may be due to human hunting pressure . categorized as a species of
least concern
by birdlife international ( 2007 ) . more . . . .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
these birds are often found high in trees located near rivers , on river banks , in moist lowland forests , forest openings and newly cleared areas , as well as near ranches .
in colombia up to 1969 meters / 600 meters where they are found east of the andes from norte de santander , western meta , and eastern vichada southward . populations are also believed to occur throughout the llanos in or near gallery forest .
in eastern ecuador on the lower slopes of the andes mountain range up to 3 , 940 - 4 , 430 feet ( 1 , 200 - 1 , 350 meters ) .
in peru , in humid lowland forests east of the andes up to about 3 , 000 feet ( ~ 900 meters ) .
in suriname along forest - fringed rivers and forest roads . avoid the cultivated coastal region .
in venezuela , where they are only regionally locally common . they usually occur in low densities , favoring lowland forest borders and deforested areas up to about 1 , 000 feet ( ~ 300 meters ) .
in the french guiana , these birds are rare and localized . less than 100 of them are believed to still exist in forests along some larger rivers , such as the litani river near mana from the far south to the estuaries .
they have been observed eating ticks and other parasites of deer and tapirs . the tapirs are said to call them , lay down belly up allowing the caracaras to pick the ticks off them .
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has declined in parts of u . s . range , owing to shooting and habitat loss . some evidence of recent increases in texas . the distinctive race on guadalupe island , mexico , became extinct in 1900 .
prairies , rangeland . lives in a wide variety of semi - open habitats offering open ground for hunting and dense cover for nesting . in our area these include wet prairies of florida , texas coastal plain , desert in arizona . found in other kinds of open terrain in american tropics .
an opportunist , hunting and scavenging in a variety of ways . often hunts by flying low , taking small animals by surprise . flies along highways early in morning , searching for road kills . may steal food from other birds . may scratch on the ground for insects , or dig up turtle eggs .
2 - 3 , rarely 4 . pale brown , blotched with darker brown . incubation is reportedly by both sexes ( although female may do more ) , about 30 days . young : both parents bring food to young in nest . age of young at first flight varies , probably usually 6 - 8 weeks . young may remain with parents for several weeks after fledging .
both parents bring food to young in nest . age of young at first flight varies , probably usually 6 - 8 weeks . young may remain with parents for several weeks after fledging .
carrion , small animals . feeds on a wide variety of smaller creatures , either captured alive or found dead . diet includes rabbits , ground squirrels , skunks , various birds ( plus their eggs and young ) , frogs , snakes , lizards , turtles , young alligators , fish , large insects .
in courtship , two birds may toss heads back repeatedly while giving guttural call . members of a pair may preen each other ' s feathers . nest sites vary , usually 8 - 50 ' above ground in top of shrub or tree , such as live oak , cabbage palm , acacia ; in arizona , sometimes in giant cactus . nest is a bulky structure of sticks , weeds , debris , sometimes built on top of old nest of other species . nest may be reused annually , with more material added each year .
adults are typically permanent residents on territory . young birds may wander considerable distances .
audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .
in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .
each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”
the darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .
the outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .
the first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .
you can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .
tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .
tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .
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the carlson suite the aspen building vantage point b . v . mitcheldean gloucestershire gl17 0dd
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