the anopheles gambiae complex consists of at least seven morphologically indistinguishable species of mosquitoes in the genus anopheles .

the complex was recognised in the 1960s and includes the most important vectors of malaria in sub-saharan africa , particularly of the most dangerous malaria parasite , plasmodium falciparum .

it is one of the most efficient malaria vectors known .

anopheles gambiae

species and populations of the anopheles gambiae complex in cameroon with special emphasis on chromosomal and molecular forms of anopheles gambiae s . s
choose one > anopheles gambiae str . pest all lower taxonomy nodes ( 1 )
distribution of a knockdown resistance mutation ( l1014s ) in anopheles gambiae s . s . and anopheles arabiensis in western and southern kenya
development of a gravid trap for collecting live malaria vectors anopheles gambiae s . l .
top : anopheles egg ; note the lateral floats . bottom : anopheles eggs are laid singly .
christophides gk , et al . immunity - related genes and gene families in anopheles gambiae .
zoophily of anopheles arabiensis and an . gambiae in madagascar demonstrated by odour - baited entry traps
the distribution of insecticide resistance in anopheles gambiae s . l . populations from cameroon : an update
the pyrethroid knock - down resistance gene in the anopheles gambiae complex in mali and further indication of incipient speciation within an . gambiae s . s
figure 1 . female anopheles gambiae giles taking a blood meal . photograph by jim gathany , cdc .
figure 4 . female anopheles gambiae giles taking a blood meal . photograph by james gathany , cdc .
figure 7 . pupa of the african malaria mosquito , anopheles gambiae giles . photograph by ray wilson .
reduced recombination rate and genetic differentiation between the m and s forms of anopheles gambiae s . s .
unexpected anthropophily in the potential secondary malaria vectors anopheles coustani s . l . and anopheles squamosus in macha , zambia
mattingly pf . 1977 . names for the anopheles gambiae complex . mosquito systematics 9 : 323 - 328 .
members of the anopheles gambiae complex are found throughout tropical africa ( who 1989 ) , south of the sahara desert , with anopheles arabiensis extending across southern arabia . anopheles gambiae s . s . is distributed throughout sub - saharan africa , including madagascar ( who 1989 ) .
coetzee m , hunt rh , wilkerson r , della torre a , coulibaly mb , besansky nj . 2013 . anopheles coluzzii and anopheles amharicus , new members of the anopheles gambiae complex . zootaxa 3619 : 246 - 274 .
tu z . eight novel families of miniature inverted repeat transposable elements in the african malaria mosquito , anopheles gambiae .
the next step is to use the new nih funding to conduct extensive discovery of regulatory elements within anopheles gambiae .
ecological zones rather than molecular forms predict genetic differentiation in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s . s . in ghana
pipeline for the identification and characterization of transposable elements in the anopheles gambiae genome . flow chart indicating the steps followed for the characterization of repeats in an . gambiae .
figure 3 . adult female african malaria mosquito , anopheles gambiae giles . photograph by lyle buss , university of florida .
¶ numbers in parentheses represent the number of those an . gambiae orthologs that are present in the anopheles affymetrix array .
figure 8 . an example of the sunlit pools that are ideal larval habitats for anopheles gambiae giles . photograph by cdc .
quesneville h , nouaud d , anxolabehere d . detection of new transposable element families in drosophila melanogaster and anopheles gambiae genomes .
quesneville h , nouaud d , anxolabehere d . p elements and mite relatives in the whole genome sequence of anopheles gambiae .
marker and inversion chromosomal map locations . study microsatellite marker map positions alongside known inversions found in east african anopheles gambiae populations .
biryukova i , ye t , levashina ea . transcriptome - wide analysis of microrna expression in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae .
danielli a , et al . a modular chitin - binding protease associated with hemocytes and hemolymph in the mosquito anopheles gambiae .
field , genetic , and modeling approaches show strong positive selection acting upon an insecticide resistance mutation in anopheles gambiae s . s
results of the statistical analyses of the individual experiments implemented to develop a new gravid trap for anopheles gambiae s . s .
figure 6 . larva of the african malaria mosquito , anopheles gambiae giles . photograph by ray wilson , bird and wildlife photography .
winter f , edaye s , huttenhofer a , brunel c . anopheles gambiae mirnas as actors of defence reaction against plasmodium invasion .
multilevel analyses of genetic differentiation in anopheles gambiae s . s . reveal patterns of gene flow important for malaria - fighting mosquito projects
mead e , li m , tu z , zhu j . translational regulation of anopheles gambiae mrnas in the midgut during plasmodium falciparum infection .
insecticide resistance monitoring of field - collected anopheles gambiae s . l . populations from jinja , eastern uganda , identifies high levels of pyrethroid resistance
mapping the ranges and relative abundance of the two principal african malaria vectors , anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and an . arabiensis , using climate data
spatial and temporal variation in the kdr allele l1014s in anopheles gambiae s . s . and phenotypic variability in susceptibility to insecticides in western kenya
tuno n , kjaerandsen j , badu k , kruppa t . 2010 . blood - feeding behavior of anopheles gambiae and anopheles melas in ghana , western africa . journal of medical entomology 47 : 28 - 31 .
biedler j , tu z . non - ltr retrotransposons in the african malaria mosquito , anopheles gambiae : unprecedented diversity and evidence of recent activity .
tubio jm , costas jc , naveira hf . evolution of the mdg1 lineage of the ty3 / gypsy group of ltr retrotransposons in anopheles gambiae .
blumberg bj , trop s , das s , dimopoulos g . bacteria - and imd pathway - independent immune defenses against plasmodium falciparum in anopheles gambiae .
michel k , budd a , pinto s , gibson tj , kafatos fc . anopheles gambiae srpn2 facilitates midgut invasion by the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei .
tubio jm , naveira h , costas j . structural and evolutionary analyses of the ty3 / gypsy group of ltr retrotransposons in the genome of anopheles gambiae .
white gb . 1974 . anopheles gambiae complex and disease transmission in africa . transactions of the royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene 68 : 278 - 298 .
dong ym , aguilar r , xi zy , warr e , mongin e , dimopoulos g . anopheles gambiae immune responses to human and rodent plasmodium parasite species .
microarray analysis of hemocytes isolated from p . berghei - infected an . gambiae .
itis . ( 2013 ) . anopheles gambiae giles , 1902 . integrated taxonomic information system , united states geological survey , reston , va . ( 04 september 2014 ) .
blackwell , a . , s . johnson . june , 2000 . electrophysiological investigation of larval water and potential oviposition chemo - attractants for anopheles gambiae s . s . .
to cite this page : prior , j . 2003 .
anopheles gambiae
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
* * number of anopheles genes mapping to the set of hemocyte - enriched affymetrix probes .
rohr cj , ranson h , besansky nj . structure and evolution of mtanga , a retrotransposon actively rt expressed on the y chromosome of the african malaria vector rt anopheles gambiae .
christophides gk , vlachou d , kafatos fc ( 2004 ) comparative and functional genomics of the innate immune system in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae . immunol rev 198 : 127–148 .
the project is funded by a $ 449 , 000 grant from the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases . it focuses on anopheles gambiae , an important vector for malaria transmission .
olfactory sensitivities of mosquitoes with different host preferences ( anopheles gambiae s . s . , an . arabiensis , an . quadriannulatus , an . m . atroparvus ) to synthetic host odours
arensburger p , kim yj , orsetti j , aluvihare c , o ' brochta da , atkinson pw . an active transposable element , herves , from the african malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae .
coy mr , tu z . gambol and tc1 are two distinct families of dd34e transposons : analysis of the anopheles gambiae genome expands the diversity of the is630 - tc1 - mariner superfamily .
li b , calvo e , marinotti o , james aa , paskewitz sm ( 2005 ) characterization of the c - type lysozyme gene family in anopheles gambiae . gene 360 : 131–139 .
meister s , agianian b , turlure f , relogio a , morlais i , kafatos fc , christophides gk . anopheles gambiae pgrplc - mediated defense against bacteria modulates infections with malaria parasites .
cryptic species within anopheles longipalpis from southern africa and phylogenetic comparison with members of the an . funestus group
aga - mir - 305 acts as a negative regulator of the a . gambiae immune response
aga - mir - 305 potentially regulates known a . gambiae anti - plasmodium effector genes .
anopheles gambiae s . l . larval and adult population density in 2003 . a . density of a . gambiae s . l . larvae ( n = 1 , 719 ) in habitats sampled twice along a 12 km transect from asembo to seme . b . proportion of a . gambiae s . l . larvae that were a . gambiae s . s . ( as opposed to a . arabiensis ) . c . density of adult , female a . gambiae s . l . inside houses ( line ) , and proportion of them identified by pcr as a . gambiae s . s . ( bars ) , along the asembo - seme transect .
larvae of anopheles gambiae , the major malaria vector in africa , can breed in diverse habitats . three habitats are shown from left to right : tire tracks , rice fields , and irrigation water .
meijerink , j . , m . braks , a . brack , w . adam , t . dekker . june , 2000 . identification of olfactory stimulants for anopheles gambiae from human sweat samples .
schnitger ak , yassine h , kafatos fc , osta ma ( 2009 ) two c - type lectins cooperate to defend anopheles gambiae against gram - negative bacteria . j biol chem 284 : 17616–17624 .
vector abundance was low ( mean , 1 . 1 adult anopheles per house ) . proximity of larval habitats was a strong predictor of anopheles abundance . houses without an llin had more female anopheles gambiae s . s . , anopheles arabiensis and anopheles funestus than houses where some people used an llin ( rate ratios , 95 % ci 0 . 87 , 0 . 85–0 . 89 ; 0 . 84 , 0 . 82–0 . 86 ; 0 . 38 , 0 . 37–0 . 40 ) and houses where everyone used an llin ( rr , 95 % ci 0 . 49 , 0 . 48–0 . 50 ; 0 . 39 , 0 . 39–0 . 40 ; 0 . 60 , 0 . 58–0 . 61 ) . cooking in the house also reduced anopheles abundance across all species . the number of people sleeping in the house , presence of cattle near the house , and house structure modulated anopheles abundance , but the effect varied with anopheles species and sex .
in the 31 quadrats where ground surveys were conducted , 1673 larval anopheles habitats were observed , with a mean of 54 habitats observed per 500 by 500 m quadrat ( range 0–303 ) . anopheles larvae were present in 921 of the 1673 habitats on the day each habitat was recorded . anopheles larvae and pupae were identified from 141 of the habitats , 77 % of which were occupied by an . gambiae s . l . on the day of collection . most of the larvae and pupae were identified as an . gambiae s . l . ( 79 % ) . the other species collected were an . funestus ( 1 . 1 % ) , anopheles coustani ( 6 . 7 % ) , anopheles rufipes ( 5 . 3 % ) , anopheles maculipalpis ( 2 . 5 % ) and anopheles pharoensis / squamosus ( 3 . 9 % ) . the predictive landscape model for larval anopheles habitats had an auc of 0 . 808 , sensitivity of 0 . 750 , specificity of 0 . 725 , pcc of 0 . 726 and kappa of 0 . 145 .
table s3 : statistical analyses of oocyst loads in a . gambiae p . falciparum infection experiments .
a these specimens were identified morphologically as an . gambiae species complex but not identified further by pcr
figure 2 . the approximate distribution of anopheles gambiae s . s . giles in tropical africa . diagram by sabrina white , university of florida , based on maps and data from sinka et al . 2010 .
fanello c , santolamazza f , della torre a . 2002 . simultaneous identification of species and molecular forms of the anopheles gambiae complex by pcr - rflp . medical and veterinary entomology 16 : 461 - 464 .
citation : waldock j , olson ke , christophides gk ( 2012 ) anopheles gambiae antiviral immune response to systemic o ' nyong - nyong infection . plos negl trop dis 6 ( 3 ) : e1565 . urltoken
dong y , aguilar r , xi z , warr e , mongin e , et al . ( 2006 ) anopheles gambiae immune responses to human and rodent plasmodium parasite species . plos pathog 2 : e52 .
clayton am , dong ym , dimopoulos g . the anopheles innate immune system in the defense against malaria infection .
hemocyte transcriptome were found to have orthologs in the anopheles s list . orthology was even less prevalent when comparing the
chromosomal and cross - mating evidence for two species within anopheles ( a . ) coustani ( diptera : culicidae )
eggs : eggs are between 0 . 47 and 0 . 48 mm long , convex below and concave above , and the surface is covered with a polygonal pattern ( gillies and de meillon 1968 ) . similar to other anopheles species , anopheles gambiae lay their eggs singly and directly on the water , with each egg having floats on either side ( foster and walker 2009 ) . anopheles eggs are not drought resistant ( cdc 2010 ) .
parmakelis a , russello ma , caccone a , brisola marcondes c , costa j , forattini op , sallum m , wilkerson rc , powell jr . historical analysis of a near disaster : anopheles gambiae in brazil .
response of gravid an . gambiae s . s . to a pond with an operating box gravid trap
response of gravid an . gambiae s . s . to a pond with a soundless box gravid trap
dimopoulos g , christophides gk , meister s , schultz j , white kp , barillas - mury c , kafatos fc . genome expression analysis of anopheles gambiae : responses to injury , bacterial challenge , and malaria infection .
dong y , dimopoulos g . anopheles fibrinogen - related proteins provide expanded pattern recognition capacity against bacteria and malaria parasites .
ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer ( its2 ) sequences differentiate anopheles funestus and an . rivulorum , and uncover a cryptic taxon
blandin s , moita lf , köcher t , wilm m , kafatos fc , et al . ( 2002 ) reverse genetics in the mosquito anopheles gambiae : targeted disruption of the defensin gene . embo journal 3 : 852–856 .
to investigate whether this decline left a detectable population genomic signature , simulations were performed to compare the effect of population crashes on nucleotide diversity , tajima’s d , and linkage disequilibrium ( as measured by the population recombination parameter ρ ) . linkage disequilibrium and ρ were estimated for an . gambiae from kilifi , and compared them to values for anopheles arabiensis and anopheles merus at the same location , and for an . gambiae in a location 200 km from kilifi .
davidson g , paterson he , coluzzi ml , mason ge , micks dw . 1967 . the anopheles gambiae complex , in wright jw & pal r ( eds . ) genetics of insect vectors of disease . amsterdam , elsevier .
holt ra , subramanian gm , halpern a , sutton gg , charlab r , nusskern dr , wincker p , clark ag , ribeiro jm , wides r . et al . the genome sequence of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae .
povelones m , upton lm , sala ka , christophides gk ( 2011 ) structure - function analysis of the anopheles gambiae lrim1 / apl1c complex and its interaction with complement c3 - like protein tep1 . plos pathog 7 : e1002023 .
kabula b , tungu p , malima r , rowland m , minja j , et al . . . ( 2013 ) distribution and spread of pyrethroid and ddt resistance among the anopheles gambiae complex in tanzania . med vet entomol .
figure 5 . unhatched ( a ) and hatched ( b ) eggs of anopheles stephensi liston , showing the characteristic singly laid anopheles eggs with floats on both sides , and the split where the larva emerged . photograph by mark benedict , cdc .
garros c , ngungi n , githeko ae , tuno n , yan g . 2008 . gut content identification of larvae of the anopheles gambiae complex in western kenya using a barcoding approach . molecular ecology resources 8 : 512 - 518 .
pinto j , yawson e , vicente jl , gomes b , santolamazza f , et al . geographic population structure of the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae suggests a role for the forest - savannah biome transition as a barrier to gene flow
one important behavioral factor is the degree to which an anopheles species prefers to feed on humans ( anthropophily ) or animals such as cattle ( zoophily ) . anthrophilic anopheles are more likely to transmit the malaria parasites from one person to another . most anopheles mosquitoes are not exclusively anthropophilic or zoophilic . however , the primary malaria vectors in africa , an . gambiae and an . funestus , are strongly anthropophilic and , consequently , are two of the most efficient malaria vectors in the world .
as for all mosquitoes , the larvae of anopheles gambiae pupate after the fourth instar once they acquire an appropriate amount of nourishment ( foster and walker 2009 ) . the pupal stage is a non - feeding , mobile stage , during which the mosquito’s adult body is formed . anopheles gambiae can develop from egg to adult in 10 - 11 days , but development is temperature dependent and can take as long as three weeks under colder conditions ( gillies and de meillon 1968 ) .
response of gravid an . gambiae s . s . to a pond with a box gravid trap next to it
collins fh , paskewitz sm . a review of the use of ribosomal dna ( rdna ) to differentiate among cryptic anopheles species .
brault ac , foy bd , myles km , kelly cl , higgs s , et al . ( 2004 ) infection patterns of o ' nyong nyong virus in the malaria - transmitting mosquito , anopheles gambiae . insect mol biol 13 : 625–635 .
differential expression of a . gambiae mirnas in response to p . falciparum at 18 and 24 hr post - infection .
meister s , kanzok sm , zheng xl , luna c , li tr , et al . ( 2005 ) immune signaling pathways regulating bacterial and malaria parasite infection of the mosquito anopheles gambiae . proc natl acad sci u s a 102 : 11420–11425 .
the anopheles gambiae data and its display on ensembl genomes are made possible through a joint effort by the ensembl genomes group and vectorbase , a niaid bioinformatics resource center . the source data for this genome and other resources can be accessed via the vectorbase browser .
mitri c , jacques jc , thiery i , riehle mm , xu jn , bischoff e , morlais i , nsango se , vernick kd , bourgouin c . fine pathogen discrimination within the apl1 gene family protects anopheles gambiae against human and rodent malaria species .
citation : dugassa s , lindh jm , oyieke f , mukabana wr , lindsay sw , fillinger u ( 2013 ) development of a gravid trap for collecting live malaria vectors anopheles gambiae s . l . plos one 8 ( 7 ) : e68948 . urltoken
how to cite this article : gómez - díaz , e . et al . epigenetic regulation of plasmodium falciparum clonally variant gene expression during development in anopheles gambiae . sci . rep . 7 , 40655 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep40655 ( 2017 ) .
gonzalez - lazaro m , dinglasan rr , hernandez - hernandez fd , rodriguez mh , laclaustra m , jacobs - lorena m , flores - romo l . anopheles gambiae croquemort scrbq2 , expression profile in the mosquito and its potential interaction with the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei .
dong ym , das s , cirimotich c , souza - neto ja , mclean kj , dimopoulos g . engineered anopheles immunity to plasmodium infection .
volz j , muller hm , zdanowicz a , kafatos fc , osta ma . a genetic module regulates the melanization response of anopheles to plasmodium .
nucleotide distances ( p - distances ) among copia elements from anopheles gambiae . matrix with the p - distances among all the copia elements previously described in repbase ( copia1 - 5 + mtanga ) plus the novel copia elements described here ( clu134 and 149 from anotexcel ) .
baxter rh , steinert s , chelliah y , volohonsky g , levashina ea , et al . ( 2010 ) a heterodimeric complex of the lrr proteins lrim1 and apl1c regulates complement - like immunity in anopheles gambiae . proc natl acad sci u s a 107 : 16817–16822 .
f is and lositan values for an . gambiae s . s . ( a ) and an . arabiensis ( b ) .
garver ls , dong y , dimopoulos g ( 2009 ) caspar controls resistance to plasmodium falciparum in diverse anopheles species . plos pathog 5 : e1000335 .
keene k , foy bd , sanchez - vargas i , beaty bj , blair cd , et al . ( 2005 ) rna interference acts as a natural antiviral response to o ' nyong - nyong virus ( alphavirus ; togaviridae ) infection of anopheles gambiae . pnas 101 : 17240–17245 .
maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the pol region of bel elements from the genome of anopheles gambiae . the final alignment encompasses a region of 423 aa positions . refer to legend of figure 3 for detailed information . two sequences belonging to the gypsy superfamily were used as outliers for tree construction .
anopheles gambiae adults are active at night , with peak hours of activity from after midnight to 4 : 00 am , with activity continuing until just before dawn ( gillies and de meillon 1968 ) . the females prefer to bloodfeed indoors , but outdoor feeding also occurs ( tuno et al . 2010 ) . anopheles gambiae are anthropophilic , meaning they prefer to bloodfeed on humans as opposed to other animals ( white 1974 ) . this makes them very efficient vectors of the human malaria parasites and contributes to their status as one of the most important malaria vectors in the world ( cdc 2010 ) .
mawejje hd , wilding cs , rippon ej , hughes a , weetman d , donnelly mj . 2013 . insecticide resistance monitoring of field - collected anopheles gambiae s . l . populations from jinja , eastern uganda , identifies high levels of pyrethroid resistance . medical and veterinary entomology 27 : 276 - 283 .
high coverage of insecticide - treated bed nets in asembo and low coverage in seme , two adjacent communities in western nyanza province , kenya ; followed by expanded coverage of bed nets in seme , as the kenya national malaria programme rolled out ; provided a natural experiment for quantification of changes in relative abundance of two primary malaria vectors in this holoendemic region . both belong to the anopheles gambiae sensu lato ( s . l . ) species complex , namely a . gambiae sensu stricto ( s . s . ) and anopheles arabiensis . historically , the former species was proportionately dominant in indoor resting collections of females .
plots of homozygosity for three kilifi an . gambiae individuals . shaded areas show runs of over 4 . 5 mb where only homozygous sites are present
in africa in 2010 , there were an estimated 174 million cases of malaria and 596 , 000 deaths ( who 2012 ) . approximately 90 % of all malaria deaths occur in africa ( who 2012 ) . anopheles gambiae are considered to be one of the world’s most important human malaria vectors because of their susceptibility to the plasmodium parasite , their preference for humans as a host and their indoor - feeding behavior ( cdc 2010 ) . due to their short development time and their preference for developmental habitats near human dwellings , anopheles gambiae are considered effective vectors of human malaria , as well as lymphatic filariasis ( elephantiasis ) .
this study is the first step in elucidating the antiviral mechanisms of a . gambiae mosquitoes , and has revealed interesting differences between a . gambiae and other invertebrates . our data suggest that mechanisms employed by a . gambiae are distinct from described invertebrate antiviral immunity to date , and involve the complement - like branch of the humoral immune response , supressing the melanisation response that is prominent in anti - parasitic immunity . the antiviral immune response in a . gambiae is thus composed of some key conserved mechanisms to target viral infection such as rnai but includes other diverse and possibly species - specific mechanisms .
riehle mm , markianos k , niare o , xu jn , li j , toure am , podiougou b , oduol f , diawara s , diallo m , coulibaly b , ouatara a , kruglyak l , traore sf , vernick kd . natural malaria infection in anopheles gambiae is regulated by a single genomic control region .
changes in the feeding behaviour of a malaria vector , anopheles farauti lav . , following the use of ddt as a residual spray in houses in the british solomon islands protectorate
anopheles gambiae s . s . adult females from indoor collections predominated from 1970 to 1998 ( ca . 85 % ) . beginning in 1999 , a . gambiae s . s decreased proportionately relative to a . arabiensis , then precipitously declined to rarity coincident with increased bed net ownership as national bed net distribution programmes commenced in 2004 and 2006 . by 2009 , a . gambiae s . s . comprised proportionately ca . 1 % of indoor collections and a . arabiensis 99 % . in seme compared to asembo in 2003 , proportionately more larvae were a . gambiae s . s . , larval density was higher , and more larval habitats were occupied . as bed net use rose in seme , the proportion of a . gambiae larvae declined as well . these trends continued to 2009 . parity and malaria infection rates were lower in both species in asembo ( high bed net use ) compared to seme ( low bed net use ) , but host choice did not vary within species in both communities ( predominantly cattle for a . arabiensis , humans for a . gambiae s . s . ) .
sarkar a , sengupta r , krzywinski j , wang x , roth c , collins fh . p elements are found in the genomes of nematoceran insects of the genus anopheles .
jain s , rana v , shrinet j , sharma a , tridibes a , sunil s , bhatnagar rk . blood feeding and plasmodium infection alters the mirnome of anopheles stephensi .
most anopheles mosquitoes are crepuscular ( active at dusk or dawn ) or nocturnal ( active at night ) . some anopheles mosquitoes feed indoors ( endophagic ) while others feed outdoors ( exophagic ) . after blood feeding , some anopheles mosquitoes prefer to rest indoors ( endophilic ) while others prefer to rest outdoors ( exophilic ) . biting by nocturnal , endophagic anopheles mosquitoes can be markedly reduced through the use of insecticide - treated bed nets ( itns ) or through improved housing construction to prevent mosquito entry ( e . g . , window screens ) . endophilic mosquitoes are readily controlled by indoor spraying of residual insecticides . in contrast , exophagic / exophilic vectors are best controlled through source reduction ( destruction of the breeding sites ) .
habtewold t , povelones m , blagborough am , christophides gk ( 2008 ) transmission blocking immunity in the malaria non - vector mosquito anopheles quadriannulatus species a . plos pathog 4 : e1000070 .
utilizing oligonucleotides that are unique in having an intentional mismatch to both templates three bases from the snp at the 3 - prime end , three new pcr assays that distinguish snp targets using standard gel electrophoresis of undigested dna fragments were developed and tested . these were applied to : ( 1 ) an alternative ribosomal dna pcr assay to distinguish five members of the anopheles gambiae complex ; ( 2 ) detection of the mopti and savanna rdna types ; and ( 3 ) an assay to distinguish resistance to dieldrin ( rdl ) alleles in anopheles arabiensis .
mala ao , irungu lw , shililu ji , muturi ej , mbogo cc , njagi jk , githure ji . 2011 . dry season ecology of anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes at larval habitats in two traditionally semi - arid villages in baringo , kenya . parasites & vectors 4 ( 25 ) doi : 10 . 1186 / 1756 - 3305 - 4 - 25 .
anopheles mosquitoes can be distinguished from other mosquitoes by the palps , which are as long as the proboscis , and by the presence of discrete blocks of black and white scales on the wings . adult anopheles can also be identified by their typical resting position : males and females rest with their abdomens sticking up in the air rather than parallel to the surface on which they are resting .
proportion of a . gambiae s . l . adult females and larvae that were identified as a . gambiae s . s . ( top , black bars ) or a . arabiensis ( bottom , green bars ) from asembo and seme in 2003 , 2005 ( adults only ) , 2006 ( larvae only ) , 2007 , and 2008 .
adults : adult female anopheles can be differentiated from other mosquito genera because the palps ( appendages found near the mouth ) are as long as their proboscis ( feeding tube ) ( foster and walker 2009 ) . adult anopheles also have a distinguishable resting position where their abdomen is raised into the air ( foster and walker 2009 ) . anopheles gambiae have a variable body color , but it typically ranges from light brown to grey with pale spots of yellow , white or cream scales , and dark areas on their wings ( gillies and de meillon 1968 ) . in comparison to other species , adults are considered small to medium - sized mosquitoes with average wing length varying from 2 . 8 to 4 . 4 mm ( gillies and de meillon 1968 ) .
population genomic features such as nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium are expected to be strongly shaped by changes in population size , and might therefore be useful for monitoring the success of a control campaign . in the kilifi district of kenya , there has been a marked decline in the abundance of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae subsequent to the rollout of insecticide - treated bed nets .
mosquito - borne viral diseases cause significant burden in much of the developing world . although host - virus interactions have been studied extensively in the vertebrate host , little is known about mosquito responses to viral infection . in contrast to mosquitoes of the aedes and culex genera , anopheles gambiae , the principal vector of human malaria , naturally transmits very few arboviruses , the most important of which is o ' nyong - nyong virus ( onnv ) . here we have investigated the a . gambiae immune response to systemic onnv infection using forward and reverse genetic approaches .
llins are widely used in most parts of tanzania and especially in the kilombero valley . behavioural differences in the two species , which render an . gambiae s . s . more amenable to control by llins , may have contributed to the decrease in an . gambiae s . s . numbers relative to its sister species an . arabiensis [ 8 ] – [ 10 ] as described above . persistence of an . gambiae s . s . in more genetically isolated populations than found in an . arabiensis is consistent with the findings of the present study .
garver ls , bahia ac , das s , souza - neto ja , shiao j , dong ym , dimopoulos g . anopheles imd pathway factors and effectors in infection intensity - dependent anti - plasmodium action .
our observations of slow viral replication and restricted tissue tropism within the a . gambiae mosquito host are consistent with those observed for onnv infections in the past [ 19 ] ; it has been suggested that the robust rnai response observed in a . gambiae mosquitoes [ 27 ] may contribute to the poor vectorial capacity of these mosquitoes in comparison with other typical vector - virus combinations [ 6 ] . although not carried out in this study , dissemination rates for onnv infection in a . gambiae have also been shown to be low compared to other vector - virus combinations [ 19 ] . this indicates that a . gambiae is a poor vector of onnv , and may not be the natural vector of the disease outside of epidemics [ 28 ] .
seasonal abundance of anopheles gambiae varies depending on location , but generally the population decreases during the dry season and peaks during the wet season ( gillies and de meillon 1968 , yaro et al . 2012 ) . populations begin to increase as the rainy season commences , peak in mid - season , and decline as water levels stabilize and aquatic predators establish themselves ( gillies and de meillon 1968 ) .
previous analyses of tes in an . gambiae have identified several element families [ 3 , 18 - 24 ] ; however , the data are often scattered in the databases or clearly unavailable .
in summary , this study is the first step in elucidating the antiviral mechanisms of a . gambiae mosquitoes , and has revealed interesting differences between a . gambiae and other invertebrates . the finding that two pathways with known antiviral roles in other invertebrate - virus systems do not significantly modulate systemic onnv infection indicates that a . gambiae may use other immune mechanisms to recognise and fight viral infections . our data suggest that these mechanisms involve the complement - like branch of the humoral immune response , and that the melanisation response that is prominent in anti - parasitic immunity is suppressed . the antiviral immune response in a . gambiae is thus composed of some key conserved mechanisms to target viral infection such as rnai but includes other diverse and possibly species - specific mechanisms .
effective malaria vector control targeting indoor host - seeking mosquitoes has resulted in fewer vectors entering houses in many areas of sub - saharan africa , with the proportion of vectors outdoors becoming more important in the transmission of this disease . this study aimed to develop a gravid trap for the outdoor collection of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae s . l . based on evaluation and modification of commercially available gravid traps .
a marked decline of the a . gambiae s . s . population occurred as household ownership of bed nets rose in a region of western kenya over a 10 year period . the increased bed net coverage likely caused a mass effect on the composition of the a . gambiae s . l . species complex , resulting in the observed proportionate increase in a . arabiensis compared to its closely related sibling species , a . gambiae s . s . these observations are important in evaluating the process of regional malaria elimination , which requires sustained vector control as a primary intervention .
proportion of adult female a . gambiae s . l . mosquitoes collected west of kisumu and identified as a . gambiae s . s . ( top , black bars ) or a . arabiensis ( bottom , green bars ) . data from 1970 through 2002 are compiled from published data ( see additional file 1 ) , and data from 2003 onwards are from the current study .
the impact of morphologically indistinguishable specimens ( cryptic species or members of a species complex ) can be dramatic when trying to understand vector bionomics in a transmission system . the presence of specific an . gambiae s . l . complex members in kenya and the differential effect interventions had on the three primary vectors ( an . gambiae s . s . , an . funestus and an . arabiensis ) explained both the reduction and persistence of malaria transmission in the presence of high intervention coverage 3 . morphological identification alone could not have attributed persistence of transmission to a shift in species composition of the an . gambiae complex .
phylogenetic relationships of 6 dipteran species and numbers of one - to - one orthologous gene pairs analyzed . ( a ) schematic representation of the deduced evolutionary history of aedes aegypti , culex quinquefasciatus , anopheles gambiae , drosophila melanogaster , d . simulans , and d . virilis . the nodes and branches depicted in the tree are derived from published data ( 11 , 22 , 55 ) . d . melanogaster and d . simulans represent the most divergent species included in the drosophila 12 genomes consortium study ( 57 ) . ( b ) numbers of pairs of one - to - one orthologous genes between species considered for the discovery of conserved cis - regulatory elements . numbers in parenthesis give the gene pairs in the datasets before our screening procedures . abbreviations : aedes aegypti ( aa ) , culex quinquefasciatus ( cq ) , anopheles gambiae ( ag ) , drosophila melanogaster ( dm ) .
as with all mosquitoes , anopheles gambiae has four life stages : egg , larva , pupa , and adult . both male and female adult mosquitoes feed on nectar from plants , but only the female bloodfeeds on vertebrates , where she obtains nutrients for her eggs ( foster and walker 2009 ) . although adults can survive for up to one month in captivity , they usually survive around one to two weeks in the wild ( cdc 2010 ) .
this constitutes a rich resource that includes important information on the different families of tes present in the genome of an . gambiae besides serving as a platform for the analysis of tes present in other sequenced genomes .
blast searches of a list of 2 , 405 hemocyte - enriched d . melanogaster genes from ref . 4 were performed against the an . gambiae genome . 1 : 1 orthologs were defined by best reciprocal blast hits . similarly , blast searches of 2 , 686 ae . aegypti and 2 , 098 ar . subalbatus hemocyte sequences from est libraries ( 9 ) identified putative 1 : 1 orthologs in an . gambiae .
heavy reliance on insecticides in an area can lead to the development of insecticide resistant mosquito populations ( brogdon and mcallister 1998 , mawejje et al . 2013 ) . studies in eastern uganda have found that anopheles gambiae are extremely resistant to pyrethroid insecticides . such high resistance levels could decrease the efficacy of pyrethroid treated bed nets ( mawejje et al . 2013 ) . for this reason , studies monitoring resistance to insecticides in mosquito populations should be conducted regularly .
potential imd target genes were identified using in silico analysis of 66 a . gambiae mirnas ( accessed from mirbase urltoken using rnahybrid , miranda , and pita software . mirnas predicted by two and three of the programs are highlighted in red and blue , respectively . the software parameters used are detailed in materials and methods . a . gambiae immune gene names , accession numbers , and mirbase mirna names are given in the table .
number of mosquitoes collected per house by species and sex . each dot within a species by sex represents a sample by psc at one house . black horizontal lines show the mean of each species by sex . only those specimens identified morphologically as an . gambiae species complex and not identified further by pcr are counted for an . gambiae s . l . the sum total for each species by sex is shown at the top
transposable elements ( tes ) are dna sequences , present in the genome of most eukaryotic organisms that hold the key characteristic of being able to mobilize and increase their copy number within chromosomes . these elements are important for eukaryotic genome structure and evolution and lately have been considered as potential drivers for introducing transgenes into pathogen - transmitting insects as a means to control vector - borne diseases . the aim of this work was to catalog the diversity and abundance of tes within the anopheles gambiae genome using the piler tool and to consolidate a database in the form of a hyperlinked spreadsheet containing detailed and readily available information about the tes present in the genome of an . gambiae .
the molecular pathways controlling gender are highly variable and have been identified in only a few nonmammalian model species . in many insects , maleness is conferred by a y chromosome–linked m factor of unknown nature . we have isolated and characterized a gene , yob , for the m factor in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae . yob , activated at the beginning of zygotic transcription and expressed throughout a male’s life , controls male - specific splicing of the doublesex gene . silencing embryonic yob expression is male - lethal , whereas ectopic embryonic delivery of yob transcripts yields male - only broods . this female - killing property may be an invaluable tool for creation of conditional male - only transgenic anopheles strains for malaria control programs .
ag , an . gambiae ; aa , ae . aegypti ; as , ar . subalbatus ; dm , d . melanogaster ; og , orthologous group defined as a set of orthologous genes from at least two species .
in the first simulations ρ changed more rapidly after a population crash than the other statistics , and therefore is a more sensitive indicator of recent population decline . in the empirical data , linkage disequilibrium extends 100–1000 times further , and ρ is 100–1000 times smaller , for the kilifi population of an . gambiae than for any of the other populations . there were also significant runs of homozygosity in many of the individual an . gambiae mosquitoes from kilifi .
gel electrophoresis of an . gambiae species identification comparing products produced by the method of scott et al . and the imp method presented in this paper . lanes contain : ( 1 , 10 ) 1 kb ladder marker , ( 2–5 ) scott et al . method , ( 2 ) an . quadriannulatus , ( 3 ) an . merus , ( 4 ) an . gambiae ( kisumu1 ) , ( 5 ) an . arabiensis ( kgb ) , ( 6–9 ) imp method , ( 6 ) an . quadriannulatus , ( 7 ) an . merus , ( 8 ) an . gambiae ( kisumu1 ) , and ( 9 ) an . arabiensis ( kgb ) .
the aim of this work was to describe the diversity of tes within the an . gambiae genome following the use of the piler tool , which identifies repetitive elements in whole genomes [ 25 ] - - with a particular interest in the detection of new , active elements - - as well as to consolidate a database in the form of a hyperlinked spreadsheet containing detailed and readily available information about the te diversity and other repetitive elements found in the genome of an . gambiae . the purpose was to present the platform used in the identification and characterization of tes in the genome of an . gambiae , which , in turn , can be used to screen other sequenced genomes .
estimation of vectorial capacity . for illustrative purposes , vectorial capacity was calculated for a . gambiae s . s . and a . arabiensis before and after scale - up of bed nets , using data from asembo and seme .
by performing nca , we were able to confirm the range expansion between angola the islands of são tomé and príncipe and also another expansion across central and northwest africa ( della torre et al . 2005 ) . anopheles gambiae is thought to have only recently expanded across africa around 4000–10 000 years ago coincident with human agricultural expansion ( coluzzi et al . 1979 ; coluzzi 1982 ) and thus the historical evidence fits well with these inferences . nca has provided a statistical framework for testing these events .
aa : amino acids ; an . gambiae : anopheles gambiae ; est : expression sequence tags ; gb : giga bases ; go : gene ontology ; ir : inverted repeats ; ltr : long terminal repeat ; mb : mega base ; mite : miniature inverted terminal element ; ncbi : national center for biological information ; nltr : non - ltr ; nr : non - redundant ; nts : nucleotides ; orf : open reading frame ; pbs : primer binding site ; pep17 : peptidase - a17 ; rep : repetitive extragenic palindromic element ; rrna : ribosomal rna ; rt : reverse transciption ; rve : integrase ; rvt : reverse transcriptase ; te : transposable elements ; tir : terminal inverted repeats ; tsd : terminal site duplication .
several recent studies have shown that the a . gambiae humoral immune system exists in a delicate state of balance that can be diverted to lysis or melanisation against malaria parasites [ 25 ] , [ 26 ] . to investigate whether the differential regulation of several humoral immune factors observed during infection with onnv , including clips , ctls , lrims and teps , can influence this balance we utilised a . gambiae co - infections with onnv and the rodent malaria , p . berghei .
in the present study , we used a combination of transcriptional profiling , in situ hybridization , and rna interference to analyze the transcriptional expression and immune function of circulating hemocytes in naïve and plasmodium berghei - infected adult an . gambiae females .
an . gambiae s . s . has been systematically experiencing a remarkably rapid decline in the kilombero valley , with recent research showing this species comprises less than 1 % of the an . gambiae complex in some villages where it used to be the dominant species [ 77 ] . thus it might be expected that an . gambiae s . s . population in the valley would be experiencing a more isolated or patchy existence . however , we did not detect significant differentiation between samples within the valley . though based on only a single pair of sites , this mirrors findings from another recent study in the area [ 43 ] , which reported very low differentiation ( average f st = 0 . 006 ) .
table s1 : predicted targets of the toll pathway and antimicrobial peptides ( amps ) . potential toll and amp target genes were identified using in silico analysis of 66 a . gambiae mirnas ( accessed from mirbase urltoken ) using rnahybrid , miranda and pita software . mirnas predicted by two software programs are highlighted in red . the software parameters used are detailed in materials and methods . a . gambiae immune gene names , accession numbers , and mirbase mirna names are given in the table .
williams mc , woodall jp , corbet ps , gillett jd ( 1965 ) o ' nyong - nyong fever : an epidemic virus disease in east africa . 8 . virus isolations from anopheles mosquitoes . transactions of the royal scoiety of tropical medicine and hygiene 59 : 300–306 .
here , we report the discovery of two flavivirus - derived eves in the genomes of an . minimus and an . sinensis mosquitoes . we screened 24 publicly available anopheles genomes ( holt et al . 2002 ; zhou et al . 2014 ; logue et al . 2015 ; neafsey et al . 2015 ) for flaviviral sequences , and validated in silico hits both at the dna and rna levels in vivo . the two newly described flavivirus - derived eves are phylogenetically related to isfs , and support the existence of a previously unsuspected anopheles - associated clade of isfs .
larvae : all anopheles larvae lack the respiratory siphons used as breathing tubes in most other mosquito genera , and therefore the larvae lie parallel to the water surface in order to breathe ( foster and walker 2009 ) . anopheles mosquitoes develop though four larval sizes or instars before pupating ( foster and walker 2009 ) . larvae are very small in the first instar and increase in size until reaching 5 to 6 mm by the completion of the fourth instar ( gillies and de meillon 1968 ) . they feed on organic matter and algae ( garros et al . 2008 ) .
adult females lay their eggs on the surface of water in a variety of aquatic habitats , but prefer shallow sunlit pools of standing water ( gillies and de meillon 1968 ) . larvae hatch from eggs and develop within the aquatic habitat . studies have shown that anopheles gambiae larvae can develop in permanent man - made structures such as concrete tanks and drainage canals ( mala et al . 2011 ) and natural pools such as swamps , hoof prints ( kweka et al . 2012 ) , and marshes ( mala et al . 2011 ) .
how to cite this article : lobo , n . f . et al . unexpected diversity of anopheles species in eastern zambia : implications for evaluating vector behavior and interventions using molecular tools . sci . rep . 5 , 17952 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep17952 ( 2015 ) .
in anophelines , hemocytes engulf malaria sporozoites ( 10 ) and bacteria ( 11 ) and are associated with melanotic capsules ( 7 ) . interestingly , hemocytes also express and secrete several key agonists and antagonists of malaria parasite development ( 6 , 12 – 15 ) . three distinct morphological subpopulations of circulating hemocytes—granulocytes , oenocytoids , and prohemocytes—have been described in anopheles gambiae and can be distinguished by the presence or absence of certain enzymes ( 6 ) . however , none of these markers unambiguously stain a single cell population in naïve or bacteria - challenged mosquitoes , emphasizing the need to define cell population - specific markers . pan - specific hemocyte markers , which have been instrumental for detailed analysis of cellular responses in drosophila , e . g . , ref . 16 , remain to be identified in an . gambiae .
notably , although the an . gambiae genome has been scrutinized in search of tes before using several methodologies [ 22 - 24 , 26 ] , we have been able to identify novel te families that have not been previously identified , as detailed further below .
the ltr elements in the genome of an . gambiae constitute a numerous order , although there are only three superfamilies : ty1 - copia , pao - bel , and t3 - gyspsy , the last being the most diverse ltr superfamily within the mosquito genome .
in summary , this study provides an extensive catalog of hemocyte - enriched molecules and identifies two pan - specific markers for circulating hemocytes in an . gambiae . the data further support the hypothesis that mosquito circulating hemocytes contribute substantially to the immune responses against malaria parasites .
it is not possible to measure directly the life span of mosquitoes in nature . but indirect estimates of daily survivorship have been made for several anopheles species . estimates of daily survivorship of an . gambiae in tanzania ranged from 0 . 77 to 0 . 84 meaning that at the end of one day between 77 % and 84 % will have survived . ( charlwood et al . , 1997 , survival and infection probabilities of anthropophagic anophelines from an area of high prevalence of plasmodium falciparum in humans , bulletin of entomological research , 87 , 445 - 453 ) .
the anopheles hemocyte transcript catalog we have generated was used to identify molecular markers . two proteins with no assigned function were identified as pan - specific markers for circulating hemocytes . fourteen other genes were expressed in overlapping but distinct subsets of circulating hemocytes , indicating a complex and plastic population structure among these cells .


xyleutes strix is a moth of the cossidae family .

it is found in india , south-eastern asia , sundaland , the philippines , sulawesi , the moluccas and new guinea .

xyleutes strix

phalaena ( noctua ) strix linnaeus , 1758 , syst . nat . ( edn . 10 ) 1 : 508 .
xyleutes dictyotephra clench , 1959 ; veröff . zool . staatsamml . münchen 6 : ( 8 - 27 ) ; tl : okahandja , sw africa
xyleutes forsteri clench , 1959 ; veröff . zool . staatsamml . münchen 6 : ( 8 - 27 ) ; tl : okahandja , sw africa
this and the next species are similar in size and both have a rectangular black patch just postdiscally on the forewing . however strix has a black thorax and a bone white ground colour to the evenly reticulate forewings whereas persona has a white thorax and the forewings mainly dull dark brown except for a pale border on the dorsum and margin .
walker , 1856 , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 7 : 1537 .
roepke placed sulawesi ( tigrata houlbert ) and australasian ( bubo butler ) populations as distinct subspecies .
india , s . e . asia , sundaland , philippines ; sulawesi ; moluccas , new guinea .
during the mulu survey the species was recorded infrequently from various lowland forests , but most particularly alluvial forest .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
large , long moth . abdomen dark . forewings and hindwings cryptic with many dark spots . antennae plumose distally , wiry axially .
this page was last modified on 9 july 2010 , at 15 : 25 .
phalaena hyphinoe cramer , [ 1777 ] ; uitl . kapellen 2 ( 9 - 16 ) : 91 , pl . 154 , f . b ; tl : amboina
duomitus hyphinoe ; rothschild , 1915 , novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 222
duomitus benestriata hampson , 1904 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 14 ( 81 ) : 180 ; tl : abaco , bahamas
doratoperas xanthotherma hampson , 1919 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 9 ) 4 ( 20 ) : 62 ; tl : peru , yahuarmayo
psychonoctua poam dyar , 1918 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 54 ( 2239 ) : 366 ; tl : mexico
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
rothschild , 1915 on lepidoptera from the islands of ceram ( seran ) , buru , bali , and misol novit . zool . 22 ( 1 ) : 105 - 144 , ( 2 ) : 209 - 227
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
india , s . e . asia , sundaland , philippines ; sulawesi ; moluccas , new guinea this species was recorded infrequently from various lowland forest , but most particularly alluvial forest .
papua localities : jilloe island ( raja ampat islands ) ; batanta island ; waigeo island ; biak island : marauw ; new guinea : ampas , araucaria camp , benyas , bernhard camp , borme , depapre , dotir ( wandammen ) , getentiri , jayapura , katan ( mappi ) , kouh ( merauke district ) , kwerba , pass valley , pim , prafi , rotan camp , senopi , taja rifi , ubrub , uskwar , wambes , wondiboy mts . details in gazetteer .
external distribution : india , indo - australia , moluccas , papua new guinea , solomon islands .
data sources : ksp , rmnh , zman . literature ( see below ) .
schoorl , j . w . , 1990 . a phylogenetic study on cossidae ( lepidoptera : ditrysia ) based on external adult morphology . zoölogische verhandelingen 263 : 1 - 295 .
the ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .


brissopsis pacifica is a species of sea urchins of the family brissidae .

their armour is covered with spines .

brissopsis pacifica was first scientifically described in 1898 by alexander emanuel agassiz .

brissopsis pacifica

brissopsis pacifica ( a . agassiz , 1898 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life
brissopsis pacifica ( a . agassiz , 1898 ) - details - encyclopedia of life
worms - world register of marine species - brissopsis pacifica ( a . agassiz , 1898 )
. their armour is covered with spines . brissopsis pacifica was first scientifically described in 1898 by
kroh , a . ( 2010 ) . brissopsis pacifica ( agassiz , 1898 ) . in : kroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2010 ) world echinoidea database . at the world register of marine species .
an excellent revision of the atlantic and caribbean species has been given by chesher ( 1968 ) and coppard ( 2008 ) . coppard , s . e . 2008 . a comparative analysis of the spatangoid echinoid genera brissopsis and metalia : a new genus and species of spatangoid ( echinodermata : echinoidea : brissopsidae ) from the philippines and the reassignment of brissopsis persica to metalia . zootaxa 1760 , 1 - 23 .
[ = kleinia gray , 1851 , p . 133 , type species kleinia luzonica gray , 1851 ; = toxobrissus desor , 1858 , p . 399 , type species brissopsis elegans agassiz , 1847 , p . 184 ; = brissoma pomel , 1883 . p . 41 , type species brissopsis duciei wright , 1855 , p . 37 ; = zeugaster lambert , 1907 , p . 106 , type species = brissopsis lamberti gauthier , 1900 , p . 42 ; = bryssopsis meissner 1903 , p . 1343 ( nomen vanum ) ; = toxobryssus meissner , 1903 , p . 1395 ( nomen vanum ) ; ? = fernandezaster sanchez roig , 1952 , p . 18 , type species fernandezaster fernandezi sanchez roig , 1952 ]
chesher , r . h . 1968 . the systematics of sympatric species in west indian spatangoids : a revision of the genera brissopsis , plethotaenia , paleopneustes , and saviniaster . studies in tropical oceanography 7 , 1 - 168 , pls 1 - 35 .
( of kleinia pacifica ( a . agassiz , 1898 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1951 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . v , 2 . spatangoida ii . amphisternata ii . spatangidæ , loveniidæ , pericosmidæ , schizasteridæ , brissidæ , 593 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 420 - 424 [ details ]
( of toxobrissus pacificus a . agassiz , 1898 ) reports on the dredging operations off the west coast of central america to the galápagos , to the the west coast of méxico , and in the gulf of california , in charge of alexander agassiz , carried on by the u . s . fish commission streamer
albatross
, during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . n . , commanding . xxiii . preliminary report on the echini . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology 32 , 71 - 86 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 83 ; pl . 11 : figs 4 - 5 [ details ]
kroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database .
mortensen , t . ( 1951 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . v , 2 . spatangoida ii . amphisternata ii . spatangidæ , loveniidæ , pericosmidæ , schizasteridæ , brissidæ , 593 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 420 - 424 [ details ]
( of toxobrissus pacificus a . agassiz , 1898 ) mortensen , t . ( 1951 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . v , 2 . spatangoida ii . amphisternata ii . spatangidæ , loveniidæ , pericosmidæ , schizasteridæ , brissidæ , 593 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 420 - 424 [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 12 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 15 publications ) ( from synonym toxobrissus pacificus a . agassiz , 1898 ) to encyclopedia of life to the echinoderms of panama lifedesks to usnm invertebrate zoology echinodermata collection ( 43 records ) to itis
in panama this species was collected southwest of the point of the azuero penninsula ( usnm 21078 ; centroid latitude : 7 . 2056 , centroid longitude : - 80 . 9167 ) , eastern pacific , by the r . v . albatross , from a depth of 333 m .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
alvarado , juan josé , francisco a . solís - marín , and cynthia g . ahearn .
echinoderm ( echinodermata ) diversity in the pacific coast of central america .
marine biodiversity 40 . 1 ( 2010 ) : 45 - 56 .
gibson , r . n . , and r . j . a . atkinson .
oxygen minimum zone benthos : adaptation and community response to hypoxia .
oceanography and marine biology : an annual review 41 ( 2003 ) : 1 - 45 .
sato , k . n . , et al . , habitat compression and expansion of sea urchins in response to changing climate conditions on the california continental shelf and slope ( 1994–2013 ) . deep - sea res . ii ( 2016 ) , urltoken
mortensen , t . ( 1951 ) : a monograph of the echinoidea . v , 2 . spatangoida ii . amphisternata ii . spatangidæ , loveniidæ , pericosmidæ , schizasteridæ , brissidæ . - 593 pp . , copenhagen ( c . a . reitzel ) ; pages : 420 - 424 .
depth range based on 47 specimens in 1 taxon . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 2 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 17 . 4 - 1503 temperature range ( °c ) : 8 . 818 - 16 . 797 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 19 . 167 - 28 . 491 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 004 - 35 . 086 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 424 - 2 . 747 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 2 . 144 - 2 . 158 silicate ( umol / l ) : 34 . 269 - 35 . 209 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 17 . 4 - 1503 temperature range ( °c ) : 8 . 818 - 16 . 797 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 19 . 167 - 28 . 491 salinity ( pps ) : 34 . 004 - 35 . 086 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 424 - 2 . 747 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 2 . 144 - 2 . 158 silicate ( umol / l ) : 34 . 269 - 35 . 209 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
the checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .
these documents have a structure that includes a list of the authors , a description of the taxonomic group or subject , and a list of the species that are part of the list .
the checklists aren ' t updated regularly , since they require revisions from groups of authors before their publication .
a complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hernán vargas , howard l . snell .
nathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .
yves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .
frank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba yánez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andré aptroot .
anne guézou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo díaz , mark gardener .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .
to get up - to - date information about our work , please subscribe to our e - newsletter or follow us on our social media platforms .
every single donation we receive , no matter how small , counts as we are completely dependent on the generosity of others to carry out our scientific projects . we need your passion , loyalty and continual support .
the “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands” , in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos” , association international sans but lucratif ( “aisbl” ) , has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
apical disc ethmolytic with 4 gonopores . madreporic plate projecting well to the posterior of the other apical disc plates .
anterior ambulacrum narrow and shallowly sunken throughout ; pore - pairs differentiated and funnel - building tube - feet present ; pore - pairs uniserial adapically with broad perradial granular zone .
other ambulacra petaloid , the anterior pair forming an angle of around 90 degrees . petals sunken and straight - sided ; closed distally . the posterior pair often almost parallel and confluent adapically in some species .
periproct relatively small ; towards the top of the near - vertical truncate face .
labral plate mushroom - shaped ; short and wide , in broad contact with following sternal plates . not extending beyond first ambulacral plate in type species ( may sometimes reach second ambulacral plate in some species ) .
fully formed peripetalous and subanal fascioles . peripetalous fasciole indented by one plate behind the anterior petals . subanal fasciole bilobed .
brissus lyrifera forbes , 1841 , p . 187 , by subsequent designation of desor , 1858 , p . 378 .
distinguished from metalia and plagiobrissus in having a bilobed rather than shield - shaped subanal fasciole , and in having a subcentral apical disc , which makes the posterior petals generally shorter than the anterior petals . in metalia and plagiobrissus the posterior petals are much longer than the anterior pair . rhinobrissus also differs in having a shield - shaped subanal fasciole , and its anterior petals are much more widely divergent .
mortensen , t . 1950 . a monograph on the echinoidea . v , spatangoida 2 . c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . agassiz , l . 1840 . catalogus systematicus ectyporum echinodermatum fossilium musei neocomiensis , secundum ordinem zoologicum dispositus ; adjectis synonymis recentioribus , nec non stratis et locis in quibus reperiuntur . sequuntur characteres diagnostici generum novorum vel minus cognitorum , 20 pp . oliv . petitpierre , neuchâtel .
we use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .