ethmia sattleri is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by kun in 2007 .

it is found in southern iran .

the wingspan is about 17 mm .

the forewings are pale brown with a brown pattern on the middle of the longitudinal axis and one brown dot at the distal part of the cell .

the hindwings are bright brown .

ethmia sattleri

ethmia sattleri kun , 2007 ; ann . hist . mus . nat . hung 99 : 106 ; tl : 100m , westl . shiraz , s . iran
ethmia tyranthes meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 459
ethmia clytodoxa turner , 1917 ; proc . r . soc . qd 29 : 89
ethmia falkovitshi ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 127
ethmia vidua flavilaterella ; shovkoon , 2010 , nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 140
ethmia atriflorella viette , 1958 ; bull . soc . zool . fr . 83 : 57
ethmia oberthurella viette , 1958 ; bull . soc . zool . fr . 83 : 58
ethmia saalmullerella viette , 1958 ; bull . soc . zool . fr . 83 : 54
ethmia shensicola amsel , 1969 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 28 : 75
ethmia palawana schultze , 1925 ; philippine j . sci . 28 : 574 ; tl : palawan
ethmia befasiella viette , 1958 ; rev . franc . ent . 25 ( 2 ) : 122
ethmia decui capuse , 1981 ; res . exp . biosp . cubano roum cuba 3 : 132
ethmia melanocrates meyrick , 1923 ; bull . mus . hist . nat . paris 29 : 565
ethmia paneliusella viette , 1958 ; commentat . biol . 17 : 5 ; tl : cap verde islands
ethmia lecmima sattler , 1967 ; [ mp2 ] , 60 ; tl : e . afghanistan , sarobi
i have just assumed that the ethmia funerella funerella in [ mp2 ] is simply replaced by ethmia quadrillella quadrillella , and that all other ssp ' s are not affectedother than by name . - - msa
ethmia candidella delicatella de lattin , 1963 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 22 : 53
ethmia pagiopa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 6 ) : 189 ; tl : kashmir
ethmia octanoma meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 55 ; tl : formosa , kosempo
ethmia clarissa busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 56 ; tl : cuba
ethmia submissa busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 57 ; tl : cuba
ethmia sporadica turner , 1942 ; proc . r . soc . qd 53 ( 4 ) : 94
ethmia pseustis turner , 1942 ; proc . r . soc . qd 53 ( 4 ) : 94
ethmia austronamibiensis mey , 2011 ; esperiana mem . 6 : 190 , pl . 31 , f . 2
ethmia bradleyi viette , 1952 ; mém . inst . sci . madag . ( e ) 1 : 162
ethmia iphicrates meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 473 ; tl : kenia colony
ethmia kabulica amsel , 1969 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 28 ( 2 ) : 119
ethmia namella mey , 2011 ; esperiana mem . 6 : 189 , pl . 31 , f . 1
ethmia vulcanica kun , 2004 ; esperiana mem . 1 : 104 , pl . 7 , f . 8
new moths of the genus ethmia hb . ( lepidoptera , ethmiidae ) from the ussr [ in russian ]
ethmia zygospila meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 459 ; tl : formosa , alikang
ethmia mansita busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 55 ; tl : tehuacan , mexico
ethmia sibirica zagulajev , 1975 ; nasekomye mongol . 3 : 347 ; tl : buryatiya , tunkinskie belki , 2000m
= ethmia abraxasella abraxasella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 217 ( list )
ethmia hiramella busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 56 ; tl : santiago , cuba
ethmia gigantea busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 54 ; tl : zacualpan , mexico
ethmia similatella busck , 1920 ; insec . inscit . mentr . 8 : 84 ; tl : cayuga , guatemala
ethmia linda busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 55 ; tl : caracas , venezuela
ethmia andranella viette , 1976 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 45 ( 7 ) : 244
ethmia baronella viette , 1976 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 45 ( 7 ) : 240
ethmia elimatella ; [ nhm card ] ; shovkoon , 2010 , nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 144
ethmia linosella viette , 1976 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 45 ( 7 ) : 239
ethmia novoryella viette , 1976 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 45 ( 7 ) : 242
ethmia soljanikovi danilevski & zagulajev , 1975 ; nasekomye mongol . 3 : 343 ; tl : mongolia , dzabhansky aimak
ethmia sotsaella viette , 1976 ; bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon 45 ( 7 ) : 243
ethmia thoraea meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 461 ; tl : queensland
ethmia crocosoma meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 173 ; tl : sikkim , darjeeling
ethmia phoenicura meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 346 ; tl : mexico , lower california
ethmia longimaculella longimaculella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 177 , 218 ( list )
ethmia elimatella danilevski , 1975 ; ent . obozr . 54 ( 3 ) : 615 ; tl : azerbaijan , ordubad
ethmia epiloxa meyrick , 1915 ; bull . mus . hist . nat . paris 20 : 121 ; tl : simba
ethmia oculimarginata diakonoff , 1948 ; mém . ins . sci . madagascar ( a ) 1 ( 1 ) : 30
ethmia penyagolosella domingo & baixeras , 2003 ; nachr . ent . ver . apollo nf 24 ( 4 ) : 184
ethmia pylonotella viette , 1956 ; bull . soc . zool . fr . 81 ( 2 - 3 ) : 98
ethmia pylorella viette , 1956 ; bull . soc . zool . fr . 81 ( 2 - 3 ) : 96
ethmia semitenebrella dyar , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 204 ; tl : arizona
ethmia subsidiaris meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 90 ; tl : china , nanking
ethmia afghana sattler , 1967 ; [ mp2 ] , 104 ; tl : afghanistan , 10km nw v . kabul , 1900m
ethmia galactarcha ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2004 , acta zool . hung . 50 ( 4 ) : 347
ethmia cellicoma meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : paraguay , chaco
ethmia transversella busck , 1914 ; insec . ins . menstr . 2 : 53 ; tl : juan vinas , costa rica
ethmia argomicta meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 90
ethmia cirrhosoma meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 88
ethmia glabra meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 89
ethmia hemicosma meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 89
ethmia spyrathodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 552 ; tl : spanish guinea , san thome
ethmia taxiacta meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 90
ethmia bipunctella iranella zerny , 1940 ; zs . wiener entver . 25 ( schluß ) : 43 ; tl : iran , elburs
ethmia wursteri amsel , 1956 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 15 : 61 ; tl : jordan valley , zerqa
ethmia dehiscens meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 4 ) : 120 ; tl :
kwanshien , china
ethmia dentata diakonoff & sattler , 1966 ; ent . ber . , amst . 26 : 189 ; tl : formosa , takow
ethmia subsimilis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 89 ; tl : west indies , jamaica
ethmia mnesicosma meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 4 ) : 119 ; tl : costa rica , san josé
ethmia striatella busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 11 ) : 141 ; tl : tehuacan , mexico
ethmia subnigritaenia powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 173 , 217 ( list ) ; tl : mexico
ethmia catapeltica meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 4 ) : 119 ; tl : costa rica , san josé
ethmia glandifera meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
ethmia judicialis meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 119 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma
ethmia candidella farinatella de lattin , 1963 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 22 : 54 ; tl : turkestan , usgent
ethmia autoschista meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 11 ) : 347 ; tl : china , szechwan , mt . omei
ethmia octanoma ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2002 , ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 176
ethmia stojanovitsi kun , 2002 ; ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 170 ; tl : indonesia , seram
ethmia reposita ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2002 , ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 177
ethmia nobilis ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2002 , ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 178
ethmia argopa meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 461 ; tl : malay states , padang rengas
ethmia dactylia meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : roiiplaat , pretoria district
ethmia leucocirrha meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 339 ; tl : sw . africa , otjituo
ethmia mariannae karsholt & kun , 2003 ; nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 208 ; tl : rhodos , kolombia , 40m
ethmia pullata meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 461 ; tl : guadalcanar , solomon is .
die afghanischen ethmia - arten ( lepidoptera : ethmiidae ) ergebnisse der 1 . und 2 . deutschen afghanistan expeditions der landessammlungen für naturkunde karlsruhe
ethmia angarensis caradja , 1939 ; dt . ent . z . iris 53 : 13 ; tl : china , shanis , mien - shan
ethmia candidella ; [ nhm card ] ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 127 ; [ fe ]
ethmia monachella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 12 ( 1 ) : 53 ; tl : boulder , colorado
ethmia albitogata walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 199 ; tl : california
ethmia aurifluella ; [ nhm card ] ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 127 ; [ fe ]
ethmia discrepitella ; [ nhm card ] ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 128 ; [ fe ]
ethmia asbolarcha meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 18 ; tl : china , n . yunnan , likiang
ethmia lineatonotella ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2004 , acta zool . hung . 50 ( 4 ) : 339 ( note )
ethmia mulleri busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 212 ; tl : tehuacan , mexico
ethmia flavicaudata ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 179 , 218 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ]
ethmia coscineutis meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 76 ; tl : waterberg ; durban , natal
ethmia penesella kun & szabóky , 2000 ; acta zool acad . sci . hung . 46 ( 1 ) : ( 53 - 78 )
ethmia pseudozygospila kun & szabóky , 2000 ; acta zool acad . sci . hung . 46 ( 1 ) : ( 53 - 78 )
ethmia susa kun & szabóky , 2000 ; acta zool acad . sci . hung . 46 ( 1 ) : ( 53 - 78 )
ethmia candidella wiltshirei de lattin , 1963 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 22 : 53 ; tl : iran , fars , shiraz
ethmia brevistriga clarke , 1950 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 40 ( 5 ) : 163 ; tl : bodega bay , california
ethmia dentata ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 256 ; [ nhm card ]
ethmia reposita diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 257 ; tl : mindanao , zamboanga
ethmia chalcodora meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 718 ; tl : argentina , la plata
ethmia acontias meyrick , 1906 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 2 ) : 409 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon
ethmia hamaxastra meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 563 ; tl : portuguese e . africa , shilouvane
ethmia pullata ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 255 ; [ nhm card ]
ethmia albistrigella albistrigella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 82 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 6c - d
ethmia albolinella shovkoon , 2010 ; nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 146 ; tl : bana - dzhun , kam , valley of goluboy river
ethmia galactarcha meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 418 ; tl : java , tjibodas , mt . gede
ethmia proximella busck , 1912 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 14 ( 2 ) : 84 ; tl : tehuacan , puebla , mexico
ethmia pericentrota meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 339 ; tl : sw . africa , ongka , mafa ovamboland
ethmia phricotypa bradley , 1965 ; br . mus . ruwensori exp . 1952 2 ( 12 ) : 108 ; tl : uganda , bugoyc , 4500ft
ethmia coquillettella busck , 1907 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 94 ; tl : los angeles , california
ethmia nykta shovkoon , 2010 ; nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 140 ; tl : bana - dzhun , kam , valley of goluboy r .
ethmia ubsensis zagulajev , 1975 ; nasekomye mongol . 3 : 347 ; tl : mongolia , ubsu - nurskii aimak , 30km ne barun - turuna , peski
ethmia anatiformis kun , 2001 ; ann . hist . nat . mus . nat . hung . 93 : 208 ; tl : nepal , 1750 - 1950m
ethmia trifida kun , 2004 ; acta zool . hung . 50 ( 4 ) : 340 ; tl : malaysia , pahang , cameron highlands , tanah rata
ethmia nigroapicella ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 925 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ afromoths ]
ethmia lapidella ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2002 , ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 173 ; [ afromoths ]
ethmia heptasema ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; kun , 2002 , ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 176
ethmia ditreta meyrick , 1920 ; in alluaud & jeannel , voyage afr . orientale , ins . lép . 2 : 88 ; tl : tanganyika , taveta
ethmia elutella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 35 ; tl : porto bello , panama
ethmia zebrata powell , 1959 ; wasmann j . biol . 17 ( 1 ) : 149 ; tl : mexico , 34 mi s of atlixco , puebla
ethmia conglobata meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 717 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft
ethmia joviella walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 90 ; tl : west indies , grenada ( mount gay estate )
ethmia hammella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 12 ( 1 ) : 53 ; tl : tuis , costa rica , 2400ft
ethmia ballistis meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 732 ; tl : german east africa , dar - es - salaam
interesting records of ethmiinae from the former ussr , with description of ethmia ustyurtensis nupponen , sp . n . from kazakhstan ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea , elachistidae )
ethmia nadia clarke , 1950 ; j . wash . acad . sci . 40 ( 5 ) : 161 ; tl : mccloud , siskiyou co . , california
ethmia umbrimarginella busck , 1907 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 94 ; tl : las cruces , new mexico
ethmia monticola monticola ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 104 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 1f , 8i - j
ethmia caliginosella busck , 1904 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 12 ( 1 ) : 44 ; tl : silverton , colorado , 12000ft
ethmia macelhosiella busck , 1907 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 93 ; tl : st . louis , missouri
ethmia josephinella dyar , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 205 ; tl : dripping spring , organ mts , new mexico
ethmia ungulatella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 34 ; tl : cambima ; alhajuela , panama
ethmia cypraspis ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 140 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12h ; [ nhm card ]
ethmia chalcogramma powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 142 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12j ; tl : bolivia , boyuibe
ethmia coranella dyar , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 207 ; tl : kerrville , ; shovel mt . , texas
ethmia semiombra dyar , 1902 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 10 : 206 ; tl : san diego , texas ; brownsville , texas
ethmia submersa diakonoff , 1966 ; tijds . ent . 109 ( 3 ) : 80 ; tl : w . celebes , paloe , mt . tompoe , 2700ft
ethmia pusiella deletella de lattin , 1963 ; beitr . naturk . forsch . südwdtl . 22 : 50 ; tl : asia centr . , ili - gebiet , djarkent
ethmia crocosoma resignata diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 256 ; tl : oriental negros , dumaguete , 390m
ethmia yeni kun , 2001 ; ann . hist . nat . mus . nat . hung . 93 : 215 ; tl : china , hainan , wuchistan , 230m
ethmia didyma kun , 2002 ; ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 171 ; tl : nepal , 150 - 300m , terai , chitwan
ethmia nobilis diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 258 ; tl : luzon , benguet , klondyke , 800ft
ethmia piperella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 102 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7i ; tl : jamaica , runaway bay
ethmia chemsaki powell , 1959 ; wasmann j . biol . 17 ( 1 ) : 148 , f . 4 ; tl : 34 mi s of atlixco , puebla
ethmia confusellastra powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 167 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 14h ; tl : mexico , chichen itza
ethmia hieroglyphica powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 175 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 16h ; tl : bolivia , incachaca cochabamba
ethmia prattiella busck , 1915 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 17 ( 2 ) : 85 ; tl : texas , zavalla co . , nueces river
ethmia zaguljaevi kostjuk , 1980 ; ent . obozr . 59 ( 4 ) : 858 ; tl : altai , kuraisky hr . u . rund . aktash , 2600m
ethmia praeclara ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 254 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
ethmia falkovitshi shovkoon , 2010 ; nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 138 ; tl : kazakhstan , mangistau , n 43°44 ' 04
e 53°37 ' 17
ethmia lassenella busck , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 9 ( 1 - 4 ) : 92 ; tl : redington , pima co . , arizona
ethmia umbricostella caradja , 1927 ; mem . sect . stiint . acad . rom . ( 3 ) 4 ( 8 ) : 421 ; tl :
szetschwan tatsienlu
ethmia bisignata kun , 2002 ; ann . hist . mus . nat . hung . 94 : 171 ; tl : sw . celebes , pangean , near maros , 2000ft
ethmia iridella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 131 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11i ; tl : mexico , puebla , tehuacan
ethmia janzeni powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 134 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12b ; tl : mexico , temescal , oaxaca
ethmia cypraspis meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 263 , pl . 1 , f . 31 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
ethmia cubensis busck , 1934 ; 164 , pl . 23 , f . 2 , pl . 26 , f . 3 ; tl : cuba , sierra maestra , comaquey
ethmia duckworthi powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 165 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 14g ; tl : panama , barro colorado island
ethmia julia powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 168 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15b ; tl : puerto rico , isabela substation
ethmia calumniella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 182 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 16d ; tl : brazil , santarem , para
ethmia clava powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 205 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18j ; tl : mexico , cordoba , veracruz
ethmia cassiopeia meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 362 ; tl : belgian congo , nw . kivu , upper oso r . , 4000ft
ethmia turkmeniella dubatolov & ustjuzhanin , 1998 ; nota lepid . 21 ( 2 ) : 101 ; tl : sw turkmenistan , sw . kopet - dag mts , kara - kala
ethmia papiella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 95 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7j ; tl : mexico , los mochis , sinaloa
ethmia notomurinella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 138 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12f ; tl : argentina , rio seco , cordoba
ethmia phylacops powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 143 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13a ; tl : mexico , chichen itza , yucatan
ethmia wellingi powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 158 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 14c ; tl : mexico , chichen itza , yucatan
ethmia nigritaenia powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 172 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15f ; tl : mexico , chichen itza , yucatan
ethmia semiombra nebulombra powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 190 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 17d ; tl : mexico , merida , yucatan
ethmia penthica walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 146 , pl . 5 , f . 9 ; tl : mexico , oaxaca
ethmia cordia powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 202 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18d ; tl : mexico , chichen itza , yucatan
ethmia discostrigella discostrigella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 92 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7f ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia volcanella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 97 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 8a - b ; tl : mexico , tehuantepec , oaxaca
ethmia hagenella hagenella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 109 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9f ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia abraxasella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 125 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia abraxasella abraxasella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 125 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11d ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia cupreonivella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 137 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia cellicoma ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 142 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia phylacis phylacis ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 146 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13c ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia farrella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 170 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15a ; tl : jamaica , nr farmouth , trelawny parish
ethmia antennipilosa wang & li , 2004 ; ent . news 115 ( 3 ) : 135 ; tl : china , hengxian ( 22 . 6°n , 109 . 2° ) , guangxi
ethmia cribravia wang & li , 2004 ; ent . news 115 ( 3 ) : 136 ; tl : china , lijiang ( 26 . 8°n , 100 . 2°e ) , yunnan
ethmia duplicata meyrick , 1914 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 130 ; tl : patipola ( 6200ft ) , maskeliya , puttalam , ceylon
ethmia ustyurtensis nupponen , 2015 ; shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 126 ; tl : sw - kazakhstan , 43°24 ' 27
n 54°33 ' 34
e , 80m
ethmia albistrigella icariella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 83 , 216 ( list ) ; tl : california , inyo co . , near mono pass , 12500ft
ethmia thomaswitti kun , 2004 ; acta zool . hung . 50 ( 4 ) : 343 ; tl : s . sulawesi , puncak palopo ( 2 . 55°s , 120 . 05°e )
ethmia clarkei powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 117 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 10d ; tl : mexico , quintana roo , isla de mujeres
ethmia scythropa walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 148 , pl . 5 , f . 13 ; tl : costa rica , banana river
ethmia phylacis walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 147 , pl . 5 , f . 12 ; tl : mexico , durango , presidio
ethmia phylacis ornata ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 147 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia baliostola walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 144 , pl . 5 , f . 5 ; tl : costa rica , banana river
ethmia omega powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 182 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 16e ; tl : brazil , pelotas , rio grande do sul
ethmia heptasticta walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 146 , pl . 5 , f . 8 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , tonalapa
ethmia ubsensis ; [ nhm card ] ; shovkoon , 2010 , nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 148 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 129
ethmia charybdis ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 972 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia hagenella ; [ nacl ] , # 989 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 109 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia perpulchra walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 146 , pl . 5 , f . 14 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , orizaba
ethmia ornata busck , [ 1934 ] ; ent . am . ( n . s . ) 13 ( 4 ) : 168 , pl . 35 , f . 2 ; tl : cuba
ethmia cyanea walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 144 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , atoyac
ethmia scutula powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 203 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18g ; tl : mexico , 6 mi s of culiacan , sinaloa
ethmia powelli heppner , 1988 ; j . lep . soc . 42 ( 4 ) : 281 , f . 1 - 4 ; tl : 1mi sw islamorada , upper matecumbe key , florida
ethmia ( ethmiinae ) ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 925 ; [ nacl ] , 12 ; [ richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ] ; [ fe ]
ethmia orestella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 84 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 6h ; tl : colorado , hall valley , 11500ft , park co .
ethmia plagiobothrae powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 77 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 5j , 22c ; tl : california , cool , el dorado co .
ethmia vietmiella kun , 2001 ; ann . hist . nat . mus . nat . hung . 93 : 213 ; tl : vietnam , vinh phu , tam dao , 55km nnw hanoi , 800m
ethmia linsdalei powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 116 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 10c ; tl : mexico , 20 mi e of el camaron , oaxaca
ethmia sandra powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 166 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 3d , 14i ; tl : el salvador , 13km n of san salvador
ethmia howdeni powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 176 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15h ; tl : mexico , 21 mi e of villa union , sinaloa
ethmia lichyi powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 180 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 2e , 4b , 16c ; tl : venezuela , cuenca del rio borborata
ethmia hodgesella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 196 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 17i ; tl : arizona , madera canyon , 4880ft , santa rita mtns
ethmia oterosella busck , [ 1934 ] ; ent . am . ( n . s . ) 13 ( 4 ) : 165 ; tl : estacion experimental agronomica , santiago de las vegas , cuba
ethmia epileuca powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 86 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 6j ; tl : california , surprise canyon , panamint mtns , inyo co .
ethmia tricula powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 79 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 6a ; tl : california , 3 mi ne of moreno , riverside co .
ethmia timberlakei powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 100 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 8g ; tl : california , citrus experiment station , riversite , riversite co .
ethmia mimihagenella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 111 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9h ; tl : new mexico , gran quivira national monument , socorro co .
ethmia burnsella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 111 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9j ; tl : texas , palo duro canyon , 2800ft , randall co .
ethmia cypraeella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 124 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11c ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia chalcodora ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 141 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12i ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia gelidella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 149 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13e ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia zebrata ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 151 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13g ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia humilis powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 169 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15c - d ; tl : jamaica , constant spring , st . andrew parish
ethmia coronata ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 171 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15e ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia conglobata ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 185 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 16i ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia cyanea ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 186 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 16j ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia baja powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 198 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18b ; tl : mexico , 26 mi w of la paz , baja california
ethmia pala powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 204 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18h - i ; tl : mexico , 6 mi s of culiacan , sinaloa
ethmia heptasticta ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 207 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 19b ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia joviella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 211 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 19f ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia comitella ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2002 , insecta koreana 19 ( 2 ) : ( 131 - 136 ) ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 129
ethmia sibirica ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 164 ; shovkoon , 2010 , nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 147
ethmia davisella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 115 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 10b ; tl : mexico , 6 mi s of ciudad victoria , tamaulipas , 1050ft
ethmia abraxasella clarissa ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 127 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11e ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia flavicaudata walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 145 , pl . 5 , f . 7 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , san juan , 600ft
ethmia sphenisca powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 205 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 19a ; tl : mexico , 10 mi w of el salto , durango , 9000ft
ethmia angustalatella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 214 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 19j ; tl : mexico , 3 mi e of galeana , nueva leon , 5000ft
ethmia brevistriga aridicola powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 76 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 5h ; tl : california , 2 mi ne of lakeside , san diego co .
ethmia ultima ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 169 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 129
ethmia geranella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 242 , pl . 27 , 34 ; tl : la puerta valley , california
ethmia subsimilis ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 117 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 10e - f ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia kirbyi ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 118 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 10g - h ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia nivosella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 129 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 2b , 11g ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia phoenicura ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 150 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 3b , 13f ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia paucella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 156 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 2c , 14b ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia semiombra semiombra ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 189 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 17b - c , 20g - h ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia punctessa powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 213 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 19h - i ; tl : mexico 3 mi e of galeana , nueva leon , 5000ft
ethmia discostrigella subcaerulea ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 93 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7g ; [ nacl ] , # 980a ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia scylla ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 12 ; [ nacl ] , # 966 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia brevistriga brevistriga ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 17 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 75 , 216 ( list )
ethmia minuta ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 970 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia monticola ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 104 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 987 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia monticola emmeli powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 106 , pl . 9a ; tl : arizona , fort valley , 7350ft , 7 . 5 mi nw of flagstaf , coconin co .
ethmia timberlakei ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 53 ; [ nacl ] , # 984 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia longimaculella ; [ nacl ] , # 999 ; [ nhm card ] ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 177 , 218 ( list ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia plaumanni powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 183 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 16f ; tl : brazil , nova teutonia , santa catarina ( 27°11 ' , 52°23 ' )
ethmia albicostella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 190 , 218 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 1001 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia playa powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 197 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18a ; tl : mexico , rio del fuertte , 13 mi n of los mochis , sinaloa
ethmia scylla powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 74 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 1d , 5f , 21a - d ; tl : california , russelmann park , contra costa co .
ethmia szabokyi kun , 2001 ; ann . hist . nat . mus . nat . hung . 93 : 212 ; tl : nepal , annapurna h , 1km n of syange , 1200m 84°25 ' e , 28°24 ' n
ethmia charybdis powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 80 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 1e , 6b ; tl : california , big panoche creek , at san benito - fresno county line
ethmia rhomboidella walsingham , 1897 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1897 ( 1 ) : 45 , pl . 3 , f . 15 ; tl : natal , malvern ; french congo , kangwé , ogowé river
ethmia palawana ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 253 ; [ nhm card ] ; kun , 2004 , acta zool . hung . 50 ( 4 ) : 347
ethmia epilygella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 137 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12e ; tl : brazil , nova teutonia , santa cathrarina ( 27°11 ' s , 52°23 ' w )
ethmia pyrausta ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 165 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 128 ; [ fe ]
ethmia nigripedella ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 166 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 128 ; [ fe ]
ethmia nigrimaculata ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 167 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 128 ; [ fe ]
ethmia macneilli powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 101 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 8d ; tl : california , rock cree , 1 mi w of tom ' s place , mono co .
ethmia persica kun , 2007 ; ann . hist . mus . nat . hung 99 : 102 ; tl : iran , büyer ahmad , 3km n of sisaht , 2700m , 51°23 ' 21
e , 31°09 ' 22
n
ethmia apicipunctella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 88 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7a ; [ nacl ] , # 978 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia euphoria kun , 2007 ; ann . hist . mus . nat . hung 99 : 104 ; tl : turkey , agri , karasu - aras mts . 5 km se of sarican , 2000m , 39°47 ' n , 42°28 ' e
ethmia zelleriella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 112 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9e ; [ nacl ] , # 992 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia mirusella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 192 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 17f ; [ nacl ] , # 1002 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia trifurcella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 193 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 17g ; [ nacl ] , # 1003 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia minuta powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 78 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 3e , 5k - l , 21e - f ; tl : california , 3 mi ne of moreno , riverside co .
ethmia hagenella josephinella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 110 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9g ; [ nacl ] , # 989a ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia fritillella powell , 1973 ; smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 136 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12d ; tl : brazil , nova teutonia , santa catharina , 300 - 500m ( 27°11 ' s , 52°23 ' w )
ethmia notatella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 154 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 4e , 13i ; [ nacl ] , # 995 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia marmorea ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 194 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 4a , 17h ; [ nacl ] , # 1004 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia monticola fuscipedella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 107 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9b - c ; [ nacl ] , # 987b ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia terpnota walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 147 , pl . 5 , f . 11 ; tl : costa rica , volcan de irazu , 6000 - 7000ft ; san josé , 4000ft ; tuis , 2400ft
ethmia confusella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 162 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 2d , 14d - e ; [ nacl ] , # 996 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia gigantea ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 63 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 187 , 218 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia semiombra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 127 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 188 , 218 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 1000 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia mansita ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 87 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 90 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7e ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia proximella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 117 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 122 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11a ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia submissa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 133 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 135 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12c ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia mnesicosma ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 148 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13d ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 24 , 10 ( list )
ethmia cubensis ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 41 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 161 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 16b ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia striatella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 133 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 164 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 14f ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia penthica ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 108 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 200 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 18c ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia oterosella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 104 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 208 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 19c ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia phylacis ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 146 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 23 , 10 ( list )
ethmia soljanikovi ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 164 ; shovkoon , 2010 , nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 149 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 127
ethmia zaguljaevi ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 164 ; shovkoon , 2010 , nota lepid . 33 ( 1 ) : 142 ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 128
ethmia umbrimarginella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 142 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 70 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 5a ; [ nacl ] , # 962 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia brevistriga ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 27 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 75 , 216 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 967 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia macelhosiella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 86 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 99 , 216 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 982 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia hiramella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 69 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 155 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 3a , 13j , 14a ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia terpnota ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 130 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11h ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 16 , 9 ( list )
ethmia ungulatella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 139 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 12g ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 19 , 9 ( list )
ethmia exornata ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 144 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13b ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 20 , 10 ( list )
ethmia chemsaki ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 154 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 13h ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 25 , 10 ( list )
ethmia catapeltica ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 174 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 15g ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 39 , 10 ( list )
ethmia bittenella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 217 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 994 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 12 , 9 ( list )
ethmia albistrigella ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 35 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 81 , 216 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 973 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia discostrigella ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 46 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 92 , 216 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 980 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia lassenella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 79 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 71 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 5b ; [ nacl ] , # 963 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia monachella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 94 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 73 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 5e ; [ nacl ] , # 965 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia caliginosella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 28 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 108 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 9d ; [ nacl ] , # 988 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia prattiella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 116 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 209 , 218 ( list ) , pl . 19d ; [ nacl ] , # 1007 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia cirrhocnemia ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 166 ; kun , 2002 , insecta koreana 19 ( 2 ) : ( 131 - 136 ) ; nupponen , 2015 , shilap revta lepid . 43 ( 169 ) : 128 ; [ fe ]
ethmia geranella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 62 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 99 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 8e - f ; [ nacl ] , # 983 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia bipunctella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 103 , 216 ( list ) ; [ nacl ] , # 986 ; [ nhm card ] ; dubatolov , ustjuzhanin & zintshenko , 1997 , atalanta 28 ( 1 / 2 ) : 165 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; [ fe ]
ethmia semilugens ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 40 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 85 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 6i ; [ nacl ] , # 976 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia delliella ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 114 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 10a ; [ nacl ] , # 993 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 11 , 9 ( list )
ethmia festiva ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 56 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 123 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11b ; [ nhm card ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 12 , 9 ( list )
ethmia albitogata ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 22 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 76 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 1c , 5i ; [ nacl ] , # 968 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia duckworthi ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 49 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 31 , 10 ( list )
ethmia scythropa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 126 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 127 , 217 ( list ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 14 , 9 ( list )
ethmia arctostaphylella ; powell , 1971 , j . lep . soc . 25 ( suppl . 3 ) : 42 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 88 , 216 ( list ) , pl . 7b - d , 21g - h , 22d ; [ nacl ] , # 979 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
ethmia perpulchra ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 110 ; powell , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 120 : 132 , 217 ( list ) , pl . 11j ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; phillips , powell , hallwachs & janzen , 2014 , zookeys 461 : 15 , 9 ( list )


malacolimax wiktori is a species of air-breathing land slug , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family limacidae , the keelback slugs .

this species is endemic to the canary islands .

malacolimax wiktori

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
hentoharjaetana
to
malacolimax tenellus
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
grauer pilzschnegel
to
malacolimax kostalii babor , 1900
.
alonso , m . r . and ibáñez , m . 1989 . malacolimax wiktori n . sp . , un nuevo limácido ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) de tenerife ( islas canarias ) . bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . paris 4 ( 11 . sect . a , 2 ) : 307 - 313 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
this species is believed to be restricted to the canary islands . it was described from north of tenerife where it occurs in the environments of the city of la laguna , mainly in agricultural areas next to the university . it was described from an area of c . 16 km 2 with two known locations in the 1980s . there are no further records from outside the zone . the origin of the species is unknown . the situation of detection arises some doubts on the endemic status of the species which also might have been introduced from unknown origin .
the description was based on more than 180 specimens , so the species is supposed to be represented in high number in the field . m . neiber ( pers . comm . 2016 ) reported that he failed to locate the species in the known habitats during optimum sampling conditions in 2015 . since then , ibáñez and alonso resurveyed in february 2016 and failed to locate the species again . they plan further to repeat this survey in spring 2017 ( m . neiber pers . comm . 2016 ) .
the species was detected in a rural , anthropogenic area nearby the city of la laguna , and in autochtonous lowland shrub vegetation ( piso - basal ) . the situation of detection arises some doubts on the endemic status of the species which also might have been introduced from unknown origin .
there are no known threats to the species , although the slugs of this genus can become a pest species in agricultural fields . in the intervening 30 years since it was described there has been large reduction in the agricultural area next to the university , as it is converted for industrial and university use , and hence the habitats and area of occupancy ( aoo ) have significantly declined .
research is urgently needed to establish the native status of the population , as well as the population trend and current distribution .
3 . shrubland - > 3 . 5 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 2 . artificial / terrestrial - pastureland suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 4 . artificial / terrestrial - rural gardens suitability : suitable 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 5 . artificial / terrestrial - urban areas suitability : suitable
1 . residential & commercial development - > 1 . 2 . commercial & industrial areas
1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats
groombridge , b . ( ed . ) . 1994 . 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 1990 . iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 2017 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 5 december 2017 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
references : zoological record 1989 / 90 : moll 390 , urltoken ( 6 - 2008 ) .
seven little - known species belong to this slug genus ( wiktor 1983 ) .
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to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
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natural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken
an open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .


the porbeagle ( lamna nasus ) is a species of mackerel shark in the family lamnidae , distributed widely in the cold and temperate marine waters of the north atlantic and southern hemisphere .

in the north pacific , its ecological equivalent is the closely related salmon shark ( l. ditropis ) .

the porbeagle typically reaches 2.5 m ( 8.2 ft ) in length and a weight of 135 kg ( 298 lb ) ; north atlantic sharks grow larger than southern hemisphere sharks and differ in coloration and aspects of life history .

gray above and white below , the porbeagle has a very stout midsection that tapers towards the long , pointed snout and the narrow base of the tail .

it has large pectoral and first dorsal fins , tiny pelvic , second dorsal , and anal fins , and a crescent-shaped caudal fin .

the most distinctive features of this species are its three-cusped teeth , the white blotch at the aft base of its first dorsal fin , and the two pairs of lateral keels on its tail .

the porbeagle is an opportunistic hunter that preys mainly on bony fishes and cephalopods throughout the water column , including the bottom .

most commonly found over food-rich banks on the outer continental shelf , it makes occasional forays both close to shore and into the open ocean to a depth of 1,360 m ( 4,460 ft ) .

it also conducts long-distance seasonal migrations , generally shifting between shallower and deeper water .

the porbeagle is fast and highly active , with physiological adaptations that enable it to maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water .

it can be solitary or gregarious , and has been known to perform seemingly playful behavior .

this shark is aplacental viviparous with oophagy , developing embryos being retained within the mother 's uterus and subsisting on non-viable eggs .

females typically bear four pups every year .

only a few shark attacks of uncertain provenance have been attributed to the porbeagle .

it is well regarded as a game fish by recreational anglers .

the meat and fins of the porbeagle are highly valued , which has led to a long history of intense human exploitation .

however , this species can not sustain heavy fishing pressure due to its low reproductive capacity .

direct commercial fishing for the porbeagle , principally by norwegian longliners , led to stock collapses in the eastern north atlantic in the 1950s , and the western north atlantic in the 1960s .

the porbeagle continues to be caught throughout its range , both intentionally and as bycatch , with varying degrees of monitoring and management .

the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has assessed the porbeagle as vulnerable worldwide , and as either endangered or critically endangered in different parts of its northern range .

porbeagle

the porbeagle is a protected species in u . s . waters . photo courtesy noaa
thats right porbeagle gets two videos why read the description . hungry shark world gameplay 4
temperature and depth associations of porbeagle shark ( lamna nasus ) in the northwest atlantic .
a porbeagle shark at 60 metres water depth in the uk part of the north sea .
distribution and trend in abundance of the porbeagle ( lamna nasus ) in the southern hemisphere .
winter migration and diving behaviour of porbeagle shark , lamna nasus , in the northeast atlantic .
the rise and fall ( again ) of the porbeagle shark population in the northwest atlantic .
133 porbeagle were tagged between 1970 - 2008 off the southwest , west and northwest coasts of ireland . all taggings took place between june and october . 2008 was a good year for porbeagle tagging as 35 % ( 47 porbeagle ) of all taggings took place in that year .
harvested porbeagle flesh is used for human consumption . the porbeagle is also used for its oil , to make fishmeal ( fertilizer ) , and its fins are used for shark - fin soup .
porbeagle head , also notice the white free rear tip of the dorsal fin . photo courtesy noaa
it comes after another porbeagle - weighing 450lbs - was caught off the coast of cornwall recently .
porbeagle shark sticking it’s head out of the water beside a boat . photo : s . campana
thats right porbeagle gets two videos why read the description . hungry shark world gameplay 4 - youtube
analysis of stomach contents of the porbeagle shark ( lamna nasus bonnaterre ) in the northwest atlantic .
analysis of stomach contents of the porbeagle shark ( lamna nasus bonnaterre ) in the northwest atlantic .
the reproductive biology of the porbeagle shark ( lamna nasus ) in the western north atlantic ocean .
35 . the rise and fall ( again ) of the porbeagle shark population in the northwest atlantic .
the porbeagle is a warm blooded , cold water dwelling shark hunted extensively for game and food purposes .
kitamura , t . , and matsunaga , h . ( 2009 ) . population structure of porbeagle (
i think that porbeagle sharks are valuable because they play an important role in maintaining healthy marine ecosystems .
i think that many people in canada value porbeagle sharks even though they may never personally see one .
changes in baseline growth and maturation parameters of northwest atlantic porbeagle , lamna nasus , following heavy exploitation .
validated age and growth of the porbeagle shark , lamna nasus , in the western north atlantic ocean .
the massive female porbeagle was caught off hartland point in devon on a fishing boat skippered by dan hawkins .
pons , m . , and domingo , a . ( 2009 ) . standardized cpue of porbeagle shark (
porbeagle sharks are members of the same shark family as great whites , which is why they look so similar .
please indicate your opinion about how significant a threat this factor is to the porbeagle shark population in canadian waters .
for each factor , please indicate what level of impact you think this measure will have on porbeagle shark recovery .
attack history : the porbeagle shark has very rarely , if ever , bitten swimmers or boats . as of 2016 , the international shark attack file attributes just two unprovoked attacks to the porbeagle shark both of which were non - fatal .
the porbeagle shark is vulnerable to fishing mortality ( discard ) due to its late age at maturity and low fecundity .
. report of the 2009 porbeagle stock assessments meeting . iccat , collective volume of scientific papers , 65 : 1909–2005 .
and beneath the surface . fisheries catches in europe indicate that the porbeagle has populational segregation by size ( age ) and
records of captures of porbeagle by the uruguayan pelagic tuna longline fleet declined significantly during 1981 to 1998 ( a . domingo undated ) . during the 1980s , only the two most valuable shark species were retained for their meat : porbeagle and mako
noaa ' s national marine fisheries service announced that it is reviewing the porbeagle shark ' s classification under the endangered species act . currently classified as a species of concern , the porbeagle shark is increasingly falling victim to the shark fin trade .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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title =
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paul ' s catch comes just days after another massive porbeagle shark was snared hunting for food off the coast of st ives .
at 1 . 8m ( 5 feet ) in length , the porbeagle was also significantly smaller than even a juvenile great white .
predators aside from humans , there is little known about predators of the porbeagle shark . because of its large size , an adult porbeagle would likely have very few predators . white sharks and orcas are potential candidates , but no records of predation by these species exist .
the porbeagle was listed as a migratory species under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) in january 2010 , thus prohibiting targeted fishing of the species in commonwealth waters . following this listing , new management arrangements were introduced . permits require commercial fishers to retain porbeagle individuals that are captured dead , but require any live sharks be returned to the water unharmed . small numbers of porbeagle continue to be killed by commercial longline fishing operations in australian waters , including the eastern tuna and billfish fishery ( five porbeagle deaths in 2011 ) ( woodhams et al . 2012 ) . an amendment to the epbc act was made in july 2010 to allow recreational fishermen to continue to target and kill the porbeagle in commonwealth waters . an unknown number of porbeagle sharks are taken annually by recreational fishermen .
5 . fishmarkets and seafood retailers should be aware that porbeagle shark ( lamna nasus ) is now listed under appendix ii of cites . this means porbeagle can only be imported into the uk with an appropriate permit . for more information contact your relevant fisheries management organisation .
catches of the porbeagle in the southern indian ocean are little reported and poorly known . it is a significant bycatch species of japanese longline fisheries and probably others . there is no regulation on catches of the porbeagle in the southern hemisphere , except for the new zealand fishery .
see the supplementary material for table 1 : bycatch of porbeagle in south african pelagic longliners ; and table 2 : seasonal trend in bycatch .
the marine management organisation has issued guidance following the recent landings of porbeagle sharks , a species considered critically endangered in the north east atlantic .
do you have any other comments about how other interventions might help porbeagle conservation and recovery ? if so , please use the space below .
campana se et al ( 2002b ) population dynamics of the porbeagle in the northwest atlantic ocean . nth am j fish mgmt 22 : 106–121
in the southern hemisphere , porbeagle is known to inhabit coastal and oceanic waters off the coast of southern africa , south america and australia .
like most other sharks , porbeagle sharks tend to avoid humans . so , there is no unprovoked attack ever recorded by them . but the shark is a powerful animal and if provoked can cause considerable damage . most of the porbeagle attack cases are due to provocation of some sorts .
jay oxenham , 46 , from berkshire , caught the enormous porbeagle , which is related to the deadly great white , one mile from shore .
predators : great white sharks ( carcharodon carcharias ) and killer whales ( orcinus orca ) are plausible , albeit undocumented , predators of the porbeagle .
iucn rating : porbeagle sharks are currently listed as ‘vulnerable’ to extinction and as either ‘endangered’ or ‘critically endangered’ in some parts of its northern range .
the porbeagle belongs to the family lamnidae , commonly called the mackerel sharks . the name porbeagle is derived from the cornish
porgh - bugel ,
and probably comes from a combination of
porpoise ,
referring to its shape , and
beagle ,
referring to its hunting prowess .
the porbeagle shark is one of the most cold tolerant pelagic shark species in the world , preferring water temperatures colder than 18 °c . the porbeagle has a countercurrent heat exchanger in its circulatory system that enables it to maintain a body temperature 7 to 10 degrees higher than the ambient water temperature .
' while supporting responsible angling , the shark trust discourages the targetting of porbeagle in these spring - summer months and encourages prompt release if hooked . '
the porbeagle shark - lamna nasus in latin - is classed by the international union for conservation of nature as critically endangered in the north east atlantic .
the fearsome 17 stone porbeagle was caught by paul rowse off hartland in devon on thursday on a boat run by dan hawkins of reel deal chartered .
[ … ] the marine scoop’s profile of the porbeagle shark , a shy relative of the great white . click here to watch the [ … ]
please choose an option that reflects your level of support for the government of canada listing porbeagle as an endangered species under the species at risk act .
porbeagles can raise their body temperature up to 12 . 5 o to 18 o f ( 7 o - 10 o c ) above the temperature of the surrounding water . this is an important adaptation to the cold waters that the porbeagle prefers and allows the porbeagle to be a very fast - swimming predator .
size and lifespan : the porbeagle shark typically reaches 2 . 5 m ( 8 . 2 ft ) in length and a weight of 135 kg ( 298 lb ) . north atlantic sharks grow larger than southern hemisphere sharks and differ in coloration and aspects of life history . the porbeagle lives around 30 years .
a porbeagle shark ( lamna nasus ) . ( photo : nmfs , e . hoffmayer , s . iglésias and r . mcauley , via wikimedia commons )
first results from satellite - linked archival tagging of porbeagle shark , lamna nasus : area fidelity , wider - scale movements and plasticity in diel depth changes .
do you have any comments about other possible activities or factors that may threaten porbeagle shark survival and recovery ? if so , please use the space below .
please choose an option that reflects your rating of the likely economic impacts ( direct and indirect ) of porbeagle conservation and recovery to this industry or group .
that runs along the flanks just under the skin . red muscle has substantially greater stamina than white . from opportunistic dissections of porbeagle , salmon , shortfin mako , and white sharks , i have noted that the length of this band of dark muscle varies considerably among the various genera . porbeagle and salmon sharks ( genus
adult porbeagle sharks commonly measure 200 - 219 cm ( female ) and 155 - 177 cm ( male ) , although the largest recorded specimen was 365 cm .
a porbeagle shark has a spindle shaped body . it is pointed in both sides . the streamlined body helped it to go fast and smooth in the water .
a porbeagle shark eats fishes and other marine vertebrates and invertebrates . their favorite food is bony fishes . the shark can be found in areas full with fish .
do you have any other comments about who might benefit from porbeagle conservation and how important this benefit might be ? if so , please use the space below .
porbeagle sharks are often referred to as canada’s shark because they spend the majority of their time in canada’s waters . they were reassessed as endangered by cosewic in 2014 , ten years after their first assessment . the recovery time is expected to take over 100 years . iccat members landed 64 tonnes of porbeagle sharks in 2014 .
the number of porbeagle tagged by the msf tagging programme is very low compared to blue shark ( 19 , 309 ) and tope ( 6 , 406 ) .
the porbeagle shark is listed as
near threatened
throughout its range and as
vulnerable
in the northeast atlantic ocean where the porbeagle is considered over exploited . in 2000 , catch rates of immature porbeagles were about 30 % of those in 1991 ; catch rates of mature porbeagles were about 10 % of those in 1992 .
like other large pelagic sharks , the porbeagle undertakes extensive seasonal migrations . in this species , these migrations appear to be largely longitudinal and are probably temperature - related .
biology : prey – small fishes , dogfish , tope and squid . reproduction – porbeagle sharks have long gestation periods , and generally bear litters of only 4 pups .
the biology and ecology of the porbeagle shark : - norwegians took over _ _ _ metric tons of fish and decimated the population . why did they give up ?
the biology and ecology of the porbeagle shark : - in response to fishing , age at maturity declined / increased in both sexes , more in _ _ _ .
porbeagle sharks , lamna nasus , are potentially dangerous to humans because of their large size , however human - shark conflicts with this species are extremely rare . only two unprovoked bites have been reported . the porbeagle is hunted commercially and caught as bycatch by commercial fisheries , and consequently , populations in the north atlantic have significantly declined .
please choose an option that reflects your rating of the likely benefits ( economic or social ) of porbeagle shark conservation and recovery to this industry or segment of society .
randhawa hs , brickle p ( 2011 ) larval parasite gene sequence data reveal cryptic trophic links in life cycles of porbeagle shark tapeworms . mar ecol prog ser 431 : 215–222
the porbeagle shark is the target of a directed fishery in atlantic canada , and has been the subject of considerable research in our laboratory . the porbeagle is often seen inshore and around mouths of estuaries in nova scotia and new brunswick in late summer . this shark is a fish eater and is not normally a problem for people , including swimmers .
francis mp ( 2015 ) size , maturity and age composition of porbeagle sharks observed in new zealand tuna longline fisheries . new zealand fisheries assessment report 2015 / 16 , 30 pp
this speciesâ€™ life history characteristics , including a late age of maturity and a small number of pups per litter ( average of 4 per litter ) make it particularly vulnerable to overexploitation . overfishing , in the form of directed fishing and bycatch in non - directed fisheries , has been identified as the most important threat facing porbeagle . although directed fisheries for porbeagle are suspended they continue to be caught as bycatch in multiple fisheries in canadian and international waters . although some porbeagle is retained , most incidentally caught porbeagle in atlantic canada is required to be returned to the water in a manner that causes the least harm . mortality rates for porbeagle in atlantic canadian fisheries are uncertain , but have been estimated at 110 t per year . although more recent estimates in population size are not available , population recovery has been predicted to occur over the next several decades if mortality rates are kept at this low level .
recently a huge porbeagle shark was caught by a fisherman of cornwallis , uk . the creature was 9ft long . the weight of the shark , as reported , was 450 lb !
francis , m . p . , natanson , l . j . , and campana , s . e . ( 2008 ) . the biology and ecology of the porbeagle shark ,
the porbeagle is a long distance migrant . it is distributed across temperate and sub - temperate waters worldwide . in the northern hemisphere , it can be found in the north atlantic .
aasen , o . , 1963 . length and growth of the porbeagle ( lamna nasus bonnaterre ) in the northwest atlantic . fiskeridir . skr . , 13 ( 6 ) : 20
in 2012 graeme pullen and wayne comben , from hampshire , caught what is thought to be the biggest shark caught off britain - a porbeagle - off the coast of boscastle , cornwall .
it was only when you read down the piece that the shark in question - found on aughacasla beach in castlegregory - was actually identified as a porbeagle shark , a common irish species .
this is because , within the north east atlantic , the porbeagle shark is listed as vulnerable on the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list . under the ec’s annual quota regulation for certain fish stocks ( council regulation ( ec ) 43 / 2012 ) porbeagle shark is subject to a zero total allowable catch in eu waters . it is also prohibited for eu - flagged fishing vessels , operating in all waters , to fish for , retain on board , tranship or land porbeagle sharks . a similar restriction exists for any third country vessels operating in eu waters .
the porbeagle is a large , powerful shark , mainly found in pelagic waters but sometimes in coastal areas . its most distinguishing feature is a white patch on the trailing edge of the dorsal fin .
common name : porbeagle shark latin name : lamna nasus status under sara : not listed , 2014 cosewic assessment endangered range : in the northwest atlantic , porbeagle sharks are found from northern newfoundland into the gulf of st . lawrence life span : estimated to be between 25 and 46 years size : up to 3 . 7 m ( 12 feet ) population estimate : 180 , 000 in northwest atlantic
sam narbett , 39 , and friend ian tyldesley , 55 , wrestled with the porbeagle , estimated to be 28st and more than 8ft long , for 90 minutes after snaring it on their line .
the porbeagle feeds mainly upon pelagic fishes such as herring , lancetfish and mackerel . however they also eat cod , redfish , haddock , squid and shellfish . they do not feed upon marine mammals .
the porbeagle is known to be particularly vulnerable to overfishing . the fins and meat of the species are highly valued and there have been documented rapid porbeagle fishery collapses in the past ( francis et al . 2002 ) . the estimated low abundance of the species , slow growth rate , late age at maturation and low fecundity indicate that sustainable yields of this species would be low ( francis et al . 2002 , 2007 ) . although most fisheries are now closed or highly regulated , the porbeagle is still taken as bycatch in longline fisheries targeting other species ( francis et al . 2002 ) .
the porbeagle feeds mainly upon pelagic fishes such as herring , lancetfish and mackerel ; however , they also eat cod , redfish , haddock , squid and shellfish . they do not feed upon marine mammals .
porbeagle are listed by the iucn as ‘critically endangered’ in irish and northeast atlantic waters due to their late maturation and small litter size . they are also in demand commercially as they have high commercial value .
since 2010 , commercial fishermen in the eu have been prohibited from landing porbeagle sharks . when accidentally caught , the species must be returned to the sea and , wherever possible , they should be released unharmed .
campana says the porbeagle is one group of sharks we can proudly call canadian . “it’s not one that spends most of its time in international waters ; it spends most of its time in canadian waters . ”
porbeagle is the only shark of its genus in the northwest atlantic ocean . primary and secondary keels on the tail fin and lateral denticles in the teeth help to differentiate this species from the shortfin mako shark .
squids and octopuses are also being eaten regularly . the shark also often eats other invertebrates like lobsters , mollusks , crabs etc . smaller sharks like dogfishes and top sharks are also not safe from a porbeagle .
as with most sharks , porbeagle will be attracted to chumming . once they ' re drawn to the surface , trolling or still fishing with bonito , herrings , mackerel or squid as bait will be effective .
porbeagles have been exploited in europe since the 1930s . market demand led to the development of a northeast atlantic porbeagle fishery based initially in norway ( ices , 2015a ) . after the second world war , danish vessels began to target porbeagle , and landings rose to a peak during the late 1940s . as catches declined through the 1950s , the porbeagle fishery remained predominantly scandinavian and located in northern european waters ( norwegian sea , north sea , northwest scotland and faroe region ) but expanded into western european waters ( bay of biscay , southwest ireland , celtic sea ) , in the early 1960s before landings declined further when the norwegian interest in the northeast atlantic fishery waned ( rae , 1962 ) . french vessels exploiting porbeagle in western european waters became the dominant source of fishing mortality in the 1970s . however , landings of porbeagle continued to decline through the 1980s and 1990s , eventually leading to concerns in the early 21st century that the north - eastern atlantic stock was at risk . in consequence , norway banned directed fishing for porbeagle in 2007 before the european union prohibited all catches in 2010 . however , at present , the true state of the stock still remains unknown ( ices , 2015a ) because a full assessment of stock status is not possible , predominantly because abundance indices for the stock are not available at the time the fishery was at its peak ( iccat , 2009 ; ices , 2015b ) . developing a greater understanding of porbeagle biology and ecology is therefore desirable .
the porbeagle has moderately large blade - like teeth with lateral cusplets , which are small bumps or
mini - teeth
on either side of the tooth . the first upper lateral teeth have nearly straight cusps .
the porbeagle shark is one of the fastest swimmers in the sea , but it can’t out swim the commercial fishermen who come to the northwest atlantic from around the world looking for its highly - valued meat . the shark’s population is nearly its lowest ever , but things are looking up for this endangered species . thanks to major cuts in fishing quotas of the porbeagle shark over the last several years , it is slowly recovering .
campana , s . & w . joyce ( 2004 ) . temperature and depth associations of porbeagle shark ( lamna nasus ) in the northwest atlantic . fisheries oceanography . 13 ( 1 ) : 52 - 64 .
international commission for the conservation of atlantic tunas ( iccat ) ( 2009 ) . report of the 2009 porbeagle stock assessments meeting . international commission for the conservation of atlantic tunas scrs / 2009 / 014 . available at
there is apparently little exchange between porbeagle populations . for example , populations of the northwest atlantic seem relatively segregated from those of the northeast , and populations in the northern hemisphere are separate from those in the southern hemisphere .
francis mp , clarke sc , griggs lh , hoyle sd ( 2014 ) indicator based analysis of the status of new zealand blue , mako and porbeagle sharks . new zealand fisheries assessment report 2014 / 69 , 109 pp
the porbeagle is dark grey on its dorsal side and white underneath . it has a pointed snout and a stocky body which can reach 3 . 5m long . the rear tip of its dorsal fin is abruptly white .
. 2002 ) . porbeagles tagged off southern england have been recaptured off spain , denmark and norway ( 2 , 370 km away ) , and a porbeagle tagged in ireland travelled 4 , 260 km kohler and turner 2001 ) , suggesting mixing throughout their range in the northeast atlantic ( stevens 1976 , 1990 ) . according to the canadian department of fisheries and oceans ( dfo 2001a ) , mature porbeagle sharks are rarely seen in winter and spring , with monthly catches exhibiting a seasonal and sex - specific migration of mature sharks towards the southern newfoundland mating grounds in spring . the birthing grounds for the porbeagle shark in the northwest atlantic remain unknown ( dfo 2001a ) . there is little known about the porbeagle shark in subequatorial africa . no information on mating or nursery grounds is available . porbeagles in the northwest atlantic make annual migrations along the coast between the gulf of maine and newfoundland ( campana
in 2007 , at cites cop14 , germany proposed the porbeagle shark for appendix ii , but the proposal failed to achieve the 2 / 3rds majority vote required for the listing . in 2009 , the international commission for the conservation of atlantic tunas ( iccat / ices specialist meetings ) recommended that high - seas fisheries stop targeting porbeagle sharks . in 2010 , at cites cop15 , the species was again proposed for appendix ii by sweden on behalf of european union member states and palau , and although the united nations food and agriculture organization ( fao ) determined that the porbeagle shark met the criteria for an appendix ii listing , the proposal was defeated by japan and its cohorts .
the biology and ecology of the porbeagle shark : - in response to fishing , age at maturity declined in both sexes , more in females . length at maturity declined in _ _ _ but not in _ _ _ .
identification : the porbeagle shark is commonly mistaken for a great white shark . it is grey above and white below and has a very stout midsection that tapers towards the long , pointed snout and the narrow base of the tail .
the porbeagle is a wide - ranging coastal and oceanic shark feeding on fish and cephalopods . it is streamlined and robust with large black eyes and a smoothly rounded snout . it is highly valued for game fishing and human consumption .
to address this gap , we undertook a psat tagging programme to study the migrations of adult porbeagle , with an emphasis on mature females . between 2011 and 2013 we tagged 13 large porbeagles ( 1 male and 12 females 197–265 cm tl ) in the region of the bay of biscay . our results show that porbeagles migrate widely across the northeast atlantic , but also that they exhibit site fidelity , a behaviour that is shown for the first time for porbeagle sharks .
porbeagle stocks in the north atlantic were seriously depleted due to over fishing in the latter half of the twentieth century . up until the mid - twentieth century , the porbeagle was intensively fished by norway , as well as denmark and sweden , in european waters . catches peaked in 1947 , and declined steadily thereafter , leading norway to expand its fishery to the northwest atlantic . when stocks there were similarly depleted , the norwegian fishery shifted to targeting other large pelagic fishes .
fisheries and oceans canada is currently undergoing a process to determine whether or not the western north atlantic population of porbeagle should be added to the list of wildlife species at risk as endangered under the species at risk act ( sara ) .
natanson , l . , j . mello & s . campana ( 2002 ) . validated age and growth of the porbeagle shark , lamna nasus , in the western north atlantic ocean . fishery bulletin . 100 : 266 - 278 .
that’s why we need more researchers to study porbeagles and other sharks , because you can’t prevent an extinction without good information . an equally important piece of the puzzle is people who can then act on that information to keep porbeagle populations safe .
porbeagle sharks feed on small pelagic schooling fishes such as : lancetfish , herring , sauries , mackerels , and groundfish such as : sand lances , lumpsuckers , flounders , hakes , and cod . they also prey on other sharks and squid .
the porbeagle primarily inhabits oceanic waters and areas around the edge of the continental shelf . they occasionally move into coastal waters , but these movements are temporary ( campana & joyce 2002 ; francis et al . 2002 ) . the porbeagle utilises a broad vertical range of the water column and is known to dive to depths exceeding 1300 m ( campana et al . 2010 ; saunders et al . 2011 ) . the porbeagle is thought to be reasonably flexible in the types of habitat used for foraging ( pade et al . 2009 ) . the surface temperatures of waters inhabited by the porbeagle typically range from 8 - 20° c ; however , the species has been captured in water temperatures between 2 - 23° c ( campana & joyce 2004 ) . it is noted that the lamna genus is the most cold - adapted of the lamnidae family and that they are able to access and exploit foraging habitats that are unsuitable for ectothermic predators ( saunders et al . 2011 ) .
the porbeagle is a popular gamefish , although less active than its relatives the shortfin mako and the white shark . there are recreational fisheries in the united kingdom , ireland , and the united states , and catch - and - release in canada .
neil wellum , head of marine conservation and enforcement for the marine management organisation , said
given the extensive coverage of restrictions around this critically endangered species of shark , we advise people in the seafood industry to avoid the sale or purchase of porbeagle shark unless the provenance of the fish has been clearly established as coming from non - eu waters and non - eu vessels . the measures in place are designed to give the porbeagle shark population in the north east atlantic a chance to rebuild .
cite this page as : bray , d . j . & gomon , m . f . , 2011 , porbeagle , lamna nasus , in taxonomic toolkit for marine life of port phillip bay , museum victoria , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken
current status porbeagle sharks are found in northern ireland coastal waters , the actual population is not known . its global status is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list of threatened species 2011 . is also has the following list of species designations :
francis , m . p . & j . d . stevens ( 2000 ) . reproduction , embryonic development , and growth of the porbeagle shark , lamna nasus , in the southwest pacific ocean . fisheries bulletin . 98 : 41 - 63 .
in french , the porbeagle is known as requin - taupe commun , in spanish , marrajo sardinero , and in german , heringshai . other english language common names include atlantic mackerel shark , blue dog , bottle - nosed shark , and beaumaris shark .
the porbeagle shark ( lamna nasus ) is a species of mackerel shark ; an order it shares with the goblin shark , the megamouth shark and the great white . they occur in most temperate waters but are rarely seen due to their timid nature .
porbeagle shark belongs to the shark order lamniformes or mackerel sharks . scientific name of the species is lamna nasus . it is an inhabitant of cold and temperate parts of the oceans , especially north atlantic . the shark is common in both the hemispheres .
porbeagle sharks can generate body heat by using the powerful muscles . the heat generated by muscle action is effectively circulated through the blood vessels . warm blood helps them to be faster and to live in cold waters . the process is known as thermoregulation .
saunders , r . , f . royer & m . clarke ( 2011 ) . winter migration and diving behaviour of porbeagle shark , lamna nasus , in the northeast atlantic . ices journal of marine science . 68 ( 1 ) : 166 - 174 .
stevens , j . d . , m . c . dunning and s . machida , 1983 . occurrence of the porbeagle shark , lamna nasus , in the tasman sea . jap . j . ichthyol . , 30 ( 3 ) : 301 - 7
today , the porbeagle is protected in u . s . waters and catches are regulated by the european community , which permits only a small regulated catch for norway and new zealand . also , since 1995 , canada has limited fishing licenses , gear , fishing areas and seasons for the porbeagle , prohibited finning of porbeagles and limited recreational fishing to catch - and - release only . in 1997 , the world catch reported to the fao was 1736 tonnes , while the current maximum sustainable yield is estimated at 1000 tonnes .
although the porbeagle is related to the much - feared shortfin mako and white shark , it rarely attacks humans . the international shark attack file ( isaf ) lists two unprovoked attacks by porbeagles off england and canada , both on divers and both non - fatal .
both upper and lower teeth of the porbeagle are narrow and smooth - edged . this indicates that both sets are used for grasping and that the prey is swallowed whole . the teeth are pointed and narrow and have small cusps on either side of each tooth .
the porbeagle is found at the surface down to the bottom , singly and in schools and feeding aggregations , and has been caught at depths down to at least 366 m . porbeagles may come inshore and to the surface in summer , but will stay in winter
o’boyle , r . n . , fowler , g . m . , hurley , p . c . f . , joyce , w . , and showell , m . a . ( 1998 ) . update on the status of nafo sa 3–6 porbeagle shark (
how the minister of the environment intends to respond to the assessment : the minister of the environment will forward the cosewic re - assessment of the porbeagle to the governor in council after the close of the extended consultation period . this species is currently not listed on the list of wildlife species at risk ( schedule 1 ) under the species at risk act . the minister of fisheries and oceans invites comments from provincial governments , aboriginal peoples , stakeholders , and the public on whether or not porbeagle should be listed on schedule 1 as endangered .
similar species the porbeagle has previously been confused with the mako shark ( isurus oxyrinchus ) . however the second dorsal fin of the mako is located in front of the anal fin , the first dorsal fin is behind the pectoral base and the teeth are long and pointed .
porbeagles inhabit waters both over continental shelves as well as ocean basins . they prefer cold water between 1 - 18 °c , however sightings have been reported in waters up to 23 °c . the depth range for the porbeagle shark appears to be between 0 - 715 m .
) , which only inhabits the northern pacific ocean . in the northern atlantic , the western boundary of the porbeagle ' s range is the northwest coast of north america , from new jersey ( and possibly south carolina ) to canada and greenland . the eastern portion of its north atlantic range includes the northwest coast of africa and the mediterranean , and proceeds up to waters off iceland to the north coasts of norway and sweden and the northwest coast of russia . in the southern hemisphere , the porbeagle ' s distribution is circumglobal , in a band from 30
the porbeagle is 1 of 5 shark species belonging to the mackerel shark family ( lamnidae ) . other sharks in this family that are found in canadian waters include the white shark ( carcharodon carcharias ) , salmon shark ( lamna ditropsis ) and shortfin mako ( isurus oxyrinchus ) .
in addition to threats posed by fishing activities , other human related activities could pose a potential threat to porbeagle habitat . these activities include noise associated with offshore petroleum exploratory seismic surveys , marine pollution caused by offshore petroleum exploration or development spills , and large scale marine development projects .
although there have been no broad genetic studies to determine the number of porbeagle populations ( or ‘stocks’ ) , morphological data and the species’ disjunct global distribution suggest that animals in the north atlantic are reproductively isolated from animals in the southern hemisphere ( francis et al . 2002 ) .
the egg of a porbeagle shark is hatched inside the mother’s body . the embryos were carried by the pregnant female for a period of 8 - 9 months . it is called the gestation period . during this period the babies inside the mother’s body get nourishment from yolk sacks .
thermoregulation as with all other members of the family lamnidae ( the mackerel sharks ) , the porbeagle has the ability to maintain its body temperature above ambient water temperature . this is an unusual trait among fishes , possessed by only a few other fast - swimming fish , like tunas .
citation :
porbeagle sharks , lamna nasus ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
porbeagle sharks generally do not like warm waters . they live in the temperate and cold zones of the north and south atlantic . some also can be seen in the cooler water of the south pacific and indian oceans . they prefer a temperature range of 5 to 10 degrees celsius .
the porbeagle has a diet similar to the shortfin mako ( isurus oxyrhinchus ) and is known to feed on a range of prey items including teleost fish ( mackerel , herring , cod , hake , lumpfish ) , elasmobranchs ( i . e . dogfish ) and cephalopods ( primarily squid ) ( joyce et al . 2002 ; last & stevens 2009 ) . similarly to other species in the lamnidae family , the species also appears to undergo a dietary shift as individuals mature . juvenile porbeagle sharks mainly consume cephalopods ; shifting to mainly consuming pelagic fish as the animal matures ( joyce et al . 2002 ) . unlike the larger members of the lamnidae family , the porbeagle is not known to consume marine mammals ( i . e . cetaceans and pinnipeds ) and elasmobranchs are only likely to form a small part of the diet ( joyce et al . 2002 ) . the porbeagle appears to feed at depths roughly aligned with the thermocline ( point in the water column where there is an abrupt decrease in temperature ) and can alter diving depths and patterns to account for variations due to seasonal mixing of the water column ( campana & joyce 2004 ) .
this species has virtually disappeared from mediterranean records . in the north tyrrhenian and ligurian sea serena and vacchi ( 1997 ) reported only 15 specimens of porbeagle during a few decades of observation . soldo and jardas reported only nine records of this species in the eastern adriatic since the end of 19
french and spanish longliners have operated directed fisheries for porbeagle since the 1970s . reported landings from the main french fishing grounds in the celtic sea and bay of biscay decreased from over 1 , 092 t in 1979 to 3 to 400 t in the late 1990s . spanish vessels appear to have taken porbeagle opportunistically both in the early and late 1970s and since 1998 . landings off spain tend to be greater during the spring and autumn , with a drop in the summer ( mejuto 1985 , lallemand - lemoine 1991 ) . it is unclear , however , whether the very variable early landings data from the spanish fleet ( from nil to nearly 4 , 000 t per year ) represents huge variations in catches , possibly the result of
boom and bust
fisheries removing different segments of the stock , or differences in catch reporting . bonfil ( 1994 ) estimated that 50 t of porbeagle were taken as a supplementary catch in the spanish longline swordfish fishery in the mediterranean and atlantic during 1989 . the long line fishery in the bay of biscay ( ices area viii ) , directed at the more abundant blue shark , also landed about 30t of mainly porbeagle and some shortfin mako
some people believe the name “porbeagle” ( lamna nasus ) comes from a combination of the word “porpoise” with “beagle , ” as in the small , playful hunting dog . it’s a great description of this unique shark—but there are far more cool things to learn about it ; so let’s dive in !
coloration the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the porbeagle are dark blue to gray in color . the first dorsal fin is dark with an abruptly white or gray free rear tip . in northern hemisphere porbeagles , the ventral surface of the head and abdomen are white , with the color extending dorsally to the rear of the pectoral bases . in some of the adults of the southern hemisphere , the ventral surface of the head is dark and the abdomen is white with dark blotches . the white free rear tip on the dorsal fin distinguishes the porbeagle from both the salmon shark and the white shark .
in addition to having different ranges , the porbeagle can be distinguished from its congener the salmon shark by its slightly longer , more pointed snout . this characteristic also differentiates it from the white shark , as well as the presence of the secondary caudal keels , which are absent in the white shark .
adults can attain a size of over 3 meters ( 10 - 12 feet ) but usually average between 1 . 5 - 1 . 8 m in length and about 135 kg . they have an average life expectancy of 30 to 40 years . age and growth rate has been confirmed in this species , indicating that growth rings in the vertebrae accurately indicate age for at least 26 years . the porbeagle has a heat regulating mechanism that raises the body temperature 3 to 8℃ above the surrounding water temperature . this allows the shark to be active and strong swimming in the cooler waters it inhabits . unlike many other sharks the porbeagle must swim at all times in order to breathe . the porbeagle undertakes extensive annual migrations in the north atlantic from massachusetts up along the scotian shelf to newfoundland . mature females migrate south to the sargasso sea ( between bermuda and cuba ) to give birth to their pups .
campana se et al ( 2008 ) the rise and fall ( again ) of the porbeagle shark population in the northwest atlantic . in : camhi md , pikitch ek , babcock ea ( eds ) sharks of the open ocean : biology , fisheries and conservation . blackwell publishing , oxford , pp 445–461
adults can attain a size of over 3 meters ( 10 - 12 feet ) but usually average between 1 . 5 - 1 . 8 m in length and about 135 kg . they have an average life expectancy of 30 to 40 years . age and growth rate has been confirmed in this species , indicating that growth rings in the vertebrae accurately indicate age for at least 26 years . the porbeagle has a heat regulating mechanism that raises the body temperature 3 to 8 degrees celsius above the surrounding water temperature . this allows the shark to be active and strong swimming in the cooler waters it inhabits . unlike many other sharks the porbeagle must swim at all times in order to breathe . the porbeagle undertakes extensive annual migrations in the north atlantic from massachusetts up along the scotian shelf to newfoundland . mature females migrate south to the sargasso sea ( between bermuda and cuba ) to give birth to their pups .
porbeagle and salmon sharks are the only two species in genus lamna , and both possess specialized anatomy and physiology for life in cold - water environments , and along with other members of family lamnidae , like the white shark and shortfin mako , are regionally endothermic . do you remember what this is ? j
in 2014 , the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) assessed the western north atlantic population of porbeagle as endangered . this population experienced a decline in abundance in the 1960s after it became targeted by the fishing industry . in the 1980s the population partially recovered before another collapse occurred in the 1990s . the exploratory directed fishery for porbeagle was suspended in 2013 , and no licences have been issued since that year . due to these reduced catch rates , porbeagle numbers are thought to have remained low but stable up to 2009 , the last year that population size was estimated . at this time , the total population size was estimated to be between 197 , 000 to 207 , 000 individuals , including approximately 11 , 000 to 14 , 000 spawning females . this represents a decline in total abundance of 73 to 78 % and 84 to 88 % of total individuals and spawning females respectively since 1961 .
porbeagle sharks , also known as mackerel sharks , are related to the mako , white and thresher shark families . within the northern hemisphere they are usually found in the north atlantic and mediterranean , as far north as iceland and russia , down to morocco and madeira , but not often in the north sea .
even facing the serious business of capturing food for itself and extensive human depredations , the porbeagle remains as curious and carefree as ever . ernest hemmingway often rhapsodized about the ideal of grace under pressure . given our long and deep appreciation of play as a pursuit worthwhile for its own sake and our warm admiration ( or is that envy ? ) of the ability of children to play happily no matter what societal horrors and adult stresses are going on about them , it is remarkable that we do not extend the porbeagle especially high accord . the world may well be a happier place if we could only learn to play under pressure .
the advice for commercial fishermen with regards to porbeagle sharks at this time is : if caught alive it must be returned to the sea unharmed – if in doubt , also return it to the sea if it is already dead , it must not be retained and landed the catch must be recorded in your logbook .
distribution : the porbeagle shark has an almost global amphitemperate distribution , i . e . it is absent from the tropics . unlike most fish porbeagles have the ability to maintain their body temperature above ambient water temperature ( up to up 10°c ) through thermoregulation . this helps them adapt to the cold waters they prefer .
threats / causes of decline the main threat is fisheries ( target and bycatch ) utilising its very high value meat . there is no direct fishery in northern irish waters however incidences of bycatch do occur . like many sharks porbeagle produce a fairly low number of young every year making this species highly vulnerable to over exploitation . porbeagle is a highly migratory and schooling species . the eastern and western north atlantic populations have both been seriously overexploited by direct longline fisheries . the north east atlantic population had been subject to unrestricted fishing pressure since its earlier crash in the 1960s . driftnets are also known to be a threat to this species .
the biology and ecology of the porbeagle shark : - research in the bay of fundy : l > figure : 6 average depths for day ( yellow0 and night ( black ) for 24 hours over the tagging period with associated temperatures during the day ( blue ) and at night ( purple ) for the tag .
commercial fishing has resulted in rapid decline of the number of the shark in the north atlantic . the shark is in the vulnerable list globally by iucn . in the north atlantic it is listed among the critically endangered . efforts are being made by governments to regulate the fishing to save the porbeagle shark from extinction .
“finally canada and iccat agreed to do something for porbeagle , known as canada’s shark , though we would have preferred a stronger measure , ” says schleit . “we hope to see that canada will also take actions domestically to rebuild populations of these sharks , to show their commitment to the conservation of the species . ”
joyce , w . , s . campana , l . natanson , n . kohler , h . pratt jr . & c . jensen ( 2002 ) . analysis of stomach contents of the porbeagle shark ( lamna nasus bonnaterre ) in the northwest atlantic . ices journal of marine science . 53 : 1263 - 1269 .