farancia erytrogramma ( also known as the rainbow snake , and less commonly , the eel moccasin ) is a species of large , nonvenomous , highly aquatic , colubrid snake , which is endemic to coastal plains of the southeastern united states .

farancia erytrogramma

subspecies : only the common rainbow snake , farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma , occurs within louisiana .
farancia erytrogramma ( palissot de beauvois in : latreille 1802 ) coluber erythrogrammus daudin 1803 : 93 natrix erythrogrammus — merrem 1820 : 117 homalopsis erythrogrammus — boie 1827 : 528 helicops erythrogrammus — wagler 1830 : 170 calopisma erythrogrammum — duméril , bibron & duméril 1854 : 337 abastor erythrogrammus — gray 1849 : 78 hydrops erythrogrammus — garman 1884 : 35 abastor erythrogramus — cochran 1952 ( fide liner 2004 ) abastor erythrogrammus — cooper 1967 farancia erytrogramma — crother 2000 : 62 farancia erytrogramma — wallach et al . 2014 : 295 farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma ( palissot de beauvois in : latreille 1802 ) homolopsis parviceps blyth 1854 : 301 ( fide bauer & das 1999 ) abastor erytrogrammus — theobald 1868 hydrops erythrogrammus — sclater 1891 farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma — conant & collins 1991 : 183 farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma — crother 2000 : 62 farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma — tennant & bartlett 2000 : 297 farancia erytrogramma seminola neill 1964 farancia erytrogramma seminola — conant & collins 1991 : 183 farancia erytrogramma seminola — crother 2000 : 62 farancia erytrogramma seminola — crother et al . 2012 farancia erytrogramma seminola — tennant & bartlett 2000 : 299
auth , david l . ( 1997 ) geographic distribution . farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma . : herpetological review 28 ( 3 ) : 159
auth , david l . 1997 . geographic distribution . farancia erytrogramma erytrogramma . herpetological review 28 ( 3 ) : 159 - get paper here
garst , d . , j . willson . 2016 . farancia erytrogramma ( rainbow snake ) .
hutchens , s . , c . deperno . 2009 . farancia erytrogramma ( rainbow snake ) .
neill , w . 1964 . taxonomy , natural history , and zoogeography of the rainbow snake , farancia erytrogramma ( palisot de beauvois ) .
gutsche , alexander ( 2012 ) vermisst . südliche florida - regenbogennatter ( farancia erytrogramma seminola ) . : terraria elaphe 2012 ( 1 ) : 98 -
garst , david and willson , john d . 2016 . farancia erytrogramma ( rainbow snake ) seasonal activity herpetological review 47 ( 4 ) : 682 - 683
mitchell j c 1982 . farancia erytrogramma palisot de beauvois . rainbow snake . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 293 : 1 - 2 - get paper here
gutsche , alexander 2012 . vermisst . südliche florida - regenbogennatter ( farancia erytrogramma seminola ) . terraria - elaphe 2012 ( 1 ) : 98 - - get paper here
to cite this page : wood , j . 2017 .
farancia erytrogramma
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
preston , robert , jr . and dirk j . stevenson . 2011 . geographic distribution : farancia erytrogramma ( rainbow snake ) . herpetological review 42 ( 3 ) : 394 - get paper here
hammerson , g . 2007 .
farancia erytrogramma
( on - line ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2007 : e . t63780a12707838 . accessed september 13 , 2017 at urltoken .
- neill , w . t . , 1964 , taxonomy , natural history and zoogeography of the rainbow snake , farancia erytrogramma , the american midland naturalist , v . 71 , p . 257 .
neill , w . t . 1964 . taxonomy , natural history , and zoogeography of the rainbow snake , farancia erytrogramma ( palisot de beauvois ) . american midland naturalist 71 : 257 - 295 - get paper here
confusing species : no other virginia snake is as multicolored as f . erytrogramma . eastern mudsnakes ( farancia abacura ) have stout bodies and are shiny , but are uniformly black dorsally and red ventrally with some overlap on the sides .
gibbons , j . w . , j . w . coker , and t . m . murphy . 1977 . selected aspects of the life - history of the rainbow snake ( farancia erytrogramma ) . herpetologica 33 : 276 - 281 .
gibbons , j . w . , j . w . coker , and t . m . murphy , jr . 1977 . selected aspects of the life history of the rainbow snake ( farancia erytrogramma ) . herpetologica 33 : 276 - 281 .
erytrogramma combines two greek words , erythros which means red and gramma which means line or picture , referring to the dorsal red stripes .
gibbons , j . w . ; coker , j . w . ; t . m . murphy , jr . ( 1977 ) selected aspects of the life history of the rainbow snake ( farancia erytrogramma ) . : herpetologica 33 ( 3 ) : 276 - 281
in : latreille , hist . nat . rept . , vol . 4 fide duméril , bibron & duméril 1854 . conservation : farancia erytrogramma seminola neill 1964 is most likely extinct now . the subspecies is only known from 3 specimens that have been caught between 1949 and 1952 .
gibbons , j . w . ; coker , j . w . ; t . m . murphy , jr . 1977 . selected aspects of the life history of the rainbow snake ( farancia erytrogramma ) . herpetologica 33 ( 3 ) : 276 - 281 - get paper here
mitchell j c ( 1982 ) farancia gray . mud and rainbow snakes . : catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 292 : 1 - 2
mitchell j c 1982 . farancia gray . mud and rainbow snakes . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles ( 292 : 1 - 2 - get paper here
comparison with other species : mud snakes ( farancia abacura ) and swamp snakes ( seminatrix pygaea ) lack the rainbow snake ' s reddish - pink dorsal stripes .
it shares the genus farancia with one other species – the mudsnake , farancia abacura . this genus is distinguished by a primarily aquatic lifestyle , similar body shape and structure , and a spine at the end of the tail . the south florida rainbow snake’s specific name , erytrogramma , is actually a misspelling of the latin erythrogramma . the seminola subspecies was described by wilfred neill in 1952 . this subspecies is of particular interest because its rarity – only three specimens have ever been found , and those three were found between 1949 and 1952 , placing it firmly as a contender for the rarest snake in north america .
steen , d . , d . stevenson , j . beane , j . willson , m . aresco , j . godwin , s . graham , l . smith , j . howze , d . rudolph , j . pierce , j . lee , b . gregory , j . jensen , s . stiles , j . stiles , n . nazdrowicz , c . guyer . 2013 . terrestrial movements of the red - bellied mudsnake ( farancia abacura ) and rainbow snake ( f . erytrogramma ) .
the center for biological diversity in tucson and the center for snake conservation in louisville , colo . , have put up a $ 500 reward for evidence that the south florida rainbow snake ( farancia erytrogramma seminola ) is not extinct , as the u . s . fish and wildlife service declared in october [ pdf ] . the organizations are hoping that professional and amateur herpetologists will keep their eyes and camera lenses open around fisheating creek in glades county , fla . , the only site where the snake has ever been observed .
steen , david a . , dirk j . stevenson , jeffrey c . beane , john d . willson , matthew j . aresco , james c . godwin , sean p . graham , lora j . smith , jennifer m . howse , d . craig rudolph , josh b . pierce , james r . lee , beau b . gregory , john jensen , sierra h . stile 2013 . terrestrial movements of the red - bellied mudsnake ( farancia abacura ) and rainbow snake ( f . erytrogramma ) . herpetological review 44 ( 2 ) : 208 - 213
subspecies : rainbow snake ( f . e . erytrogramma ) - underside is predominantly red . found from southern maryland south to central florida , west to the mississippi river . photo . . . south florida rainbow snake ( f . e . seminola ) - belly scales and several rows of adjacent scales have heavy black pigment . found in vicinity of lake okeechobee , florida . photo . . .
a subspecies , the seminole or south florida rainbow snake ( farancia e . seminola ) , is limited in range to lake okeechobee in florida . it is known from only 3 specimens , and has not been seen since 1952 . some fear that the seminole rainbow snake is extinct , but i hold out hope that its secretive habits ( and lack of interest ! ) are responsible for the lack of recent sightings .
the south florida rainbow snake is a subspecies of the more common ( though itself on the decline ) rainbow snake ( f . erytrogramma ) , which can be found from northern florida up through delaware . the south florida subspecies has only been officially identified three times , the most recent of which was in 1952 . the photographs accompanying this article are of the only existing museum specimen , which is preserved at the florida museum of natural history in gainesville , fla .
common rainbow snakes will not bite , but will thrash about vigorously when picked up and attempt to scratch or poke the handler with the spine on the tail ( it will not pierce the skin ) . these snakes appear to be oblivious to humans unless picked up . richmond ( 1945a ) described following an adult f . erytrogramma as it traveled up a bank and into a strip of woods , completely oblivious to his presence . he stated ,
i crossed directly in front of it , but it merely paused long enough to let me pass , and then continued at its same steady rate , without even raising its head .
jacksonville , fla . — the u . s . fish and wildlife service announced today that two florida species , the south florida rainbow snake and the florida fairy shrimp , have been determined to be extinct . the finding came in response to a petition filed by the center for biological diversity in 2010 seeking endangered species act protection for the rainbow snake , fairy shrimp and more than 400 aquatic species in the southeastern united states . last week the service announced that 374 other freshwater species in the petition , including 114 in florida , may warrant protection under act . all of those species will now get an in - depth review .
“it’s heart - wrenching to learn that these two unique florida species have been lost forever . like most species that go extinct , these two were not protected under the endangered species act , which is the most powerful tool we have for saving our nation’s plants and animals from disappearing , ” said tierra curry , a conservation biologist with the center .
the south florida rainbow snake was known only from fish eating creek , which flows into the west side of lake okeechobee . the beautiful snake was iridescent bluish - black with red stripes on its back and sides , red and yellow patches on its belly and throat , and a yellow chin . adults were more than four feet long . it was last seen in 1952 .
the florida fairy shrimp was known from a single pond just south of gainesville . the pond was destroyed by development , and the species hasn’t been detected elsewhere .
“the government has to determine quickly whether the 114 other florida species it’s reviewing will get protection so that more of florida’s heritage isn’t erased by extinction , ” said curry . “the wellbeing of human society is deeply linked to the health of the natural systems we need to sustain life . in the end , saving species will help save us . ”
the southeastern united states is home to more unique species of freshwater animals than anywhere else in the world , including mussels , snails and crayfish . tragically , many of the region’s animals have already been lost to extinction .
earlier this year the center reached a landmark legal settlement with the fish and wildlife service to expedite protection decisions for 757 imperiled species across the country .
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description : the rainbow snake is a large ( up to 66 in – 168 cm ) , non - venomous , highly - aquatic snake that is seldom seen because of its secretive habits . rainbow snakes are among the most beautiful snakes in the united states . adults have three red stripes running down a glossy black back . the belly is red or pink with two or three rows of black spots . yellowish coloration is often present on the head and sides . they have small dark eyes , smooth shiny scales , and a pointed tail tip . male rainbow snakes are smaller than females but have relatively longer and thicker tails . young rainbow snakes resemble adults but generally lack any yellow coloration .
distribution and habitat : rainbow snakes are found in the coastal plain of the southern united states from southern virginia to eastern louisiana and are absent from the piedmont and mountains . a small population of rainbow snakes once inhabited the vicinity of lake okeechobee in southern florida . however , no snakes have been found there for several decades , and rainbow snakes are currently presumed to be absent from the southern half of the florida peninsula .
rainbow snakes are found in a variety of aquatic habitats but are most common in cypress swamps and flowing - water habitats such as blackwater creeks , streams , and rivers . in coastal areas , rainbow snakes can be found in tidal or even brackish water . in south carolina young rainbow snakes sometimes inhabit heavily - vegetated seasonal wetlands and move to more permanent water bodies as adults . although highly aquatic , rainbow snakes occasionally move overland and are sometimes found far from water .
habits : rainbow snakes are highly aquatic and spend most of their lives hidden amongst aquatic vegetation and debris . unlike many of the watersnakes in our region , rainbow snakes seldom bask out of the water and thus are seldom seen , even by dedicated naturalists and herpetologists . rainbow snakes are perhaps most frequently encountered crossing roads adjacent to aquatic habitats , particularly on rainy summer nights . when captured , rainbow snakes do not bite .
although large females may lay over 50 eggs , average clutch size is probably closer to 20 . young hatch in late summer but may overwinter in the nest before emerging . due to their secretive habits , relatively little is known about the ecology of rainbow snakes . much of what we know about this unusual species is from research conducted at the savannah river ecology lab where large numbers of rainbow snakes have been captured compared to other regions .
interesting facts : rainbow snakes are sometimes known as “eel moccasins” because of their tendency to eat eels .
conservation status : although seldom seen , rainbow snakes are fairly common in our region and are not protected throughout most of it . this species is protected throughout the state of georgia . rainbow snakes rely on aquatic habitats and eels for prey , which may put them at risk if wetlands are destroyed or degraded , or if damming rivers results in eel declines .
willson , j . d . , c . t . winne , m . e . dorcas , and j . w . gibbons . 2006 . post - drought responses of semi - aquatic snakes inhabiting an isolated wetland : insights on different strategies for persistence in a dynamic habitat . wetlands 26 : 1071 - 1078 .
seigel , r . a . , j . w . gibbons , t . k . lynch . 1995 . temporal changes in reptile populations : effects of a severe drought on aquatic snakes . herpetologica , 51 : 424 - 434 .
willson , j . d . , c . t . winne , and l . a . fedewa . 2005 . unveiling escape and capture rates of aquatic snakes and salamanders ( siren spp . and amphiuma means ) in commercial funnel traps . journal of freshwater ecology 20 : 397 - 403 .
record size is 51 . 5 inches ( 130 . 8 cm ) . adults are large and thick bodied . the back is iridescent blue - black with a red stripe or line of spots down the middle and an additional reddish - pink stripe on each side . black spots and speckles occur on every belly scale and lower two rows of scales on side of body . these black markings invade and breakup the red and yellow areas on the belly , throat and chin . the chin is yellow . the tail tip ends in a pointed , horny scale . the scales are mostly smooth , except on the posterior back and sides where they are weekly keeled . there are 19 dorsal scale rows at midbody . the pupil is round . juveniles are thought to be simlar in appearance to adults .
a . top of the head b . underside of the head ( chin and throat ) c . front ( face view ) of the head d . smooth scales e . elongated scales below the tail ( subcaudal scales ) are typically divided f . side of the head
range : in florida , this rainbow snake is known only from a single population in fish eating creek , glades county , flowing into the western side of lake okeechobee , in the southern peninsula .
habitat : it is very rare or possibly extinct . it has only been found in creeks , but it is believed it may also inhabit areas similar to other rainbow snakes .
comments : harmless ( non - venomous ) . virtually nothing is known about this snake , but it is believed its life history is simlar to that of other rainbow snakes .
division of herpetology • dickinson hall • gainesville , fl 32611 - 7800 • 352 - 273 - 1945 • dr . coleman sheehy , collection manager
the following key will separate the two rainbow snakes found in florida . if you are unable to distinguish between them based on the characteristics in the key below , you probably can do so using the geographic location alone .
belly and lower sides clear red except for 3 rows of black spots forming longitudinal stripes on belly scales ; central florida and the coastal plain to eastern louisiana and eastern virginia .
black spots and speckles on every belly scale and lower two rows of scales on side of body ; northern lake okeechobee .
i ' d like to start over from the beginning or i ' d like to try identifying my snake another way .
, inhabit the southeastern united states . the range of rainbow snakes extends from southern maryland to south - central florida , westward to louisiana , and the mississippi river . these snakes are also found in the eastern portion of virginia . additionally , they inhibit southern alabama , southeastern georgia , northeastern south carolina , and northern north carolina .
rainbow snakes are commonly found in swamps , open marshes , rivers ( especially slow - moving streams , blackwater creeks ) , and brackish water . they are more commonly associated with sandy soils . rainbow snakes can also be found on mountains , in deciduous forests , or burrowed into sand . rainbow snakes have been found in burrows up to 3 . 0 meters below the dry sand surface . young rainbow snakes are commonly found buried under debris , including logs . they may make shelter out of bald cypress (
( carmichael and williams , 1991 ; hammerson , 2007 ; linzey and clifford , 2002 ; palmer and braswell , 2000 ; richmond , 1945 ; steen , et al . , 2013 )
rainbow snakes are non - venomous , thick - bodied snakes with their main colors being red , black , and yellow . both sexes have 155 to 177 ventral spots , with females having more spots than males . scales are smooth and their heads are a little wider than their necks . their heads are black with red dots on both sides of their heads . there are three longitudinal red stripes across theirs backs . the anal scale is usually divided . female rainbow snakes have a greater number of posterior scale rows than the males . adult female rainbow snakes are larger than males , although males have longer , thicker tails . female total length averages 167 . 6 cm , while males average 107 . 4 cm .
at hatching , juvenile rainbow snake length ranges from 8 cm to 19 . 7 cm . juvenile rainbow snakes tail tips are pointed but , as they age their tail gradually becomes rounder . juvenile rainbow snakes resemble adult rainbow snakes but lack any yellow coloration .
little is known about the rainbow snake lifecycle . eggs incubate for 90 days . hatchlings stay in the nest during the winter and leave in the summer . hatchlings begin their first growing season at total lengths of 20 to 30 cm . a year later , rainbow snakes are 45 to 55 cm long . like all snakes , rainbow snakes exhibit indeterminate growth . the juvenile rainbow snakes look similar to the adult rainbow snakes , except the tail tips of the juveniles are sharper .
little is known about rainbow snake mating systems . male rainbow snakes fight each other to prove their strength to sexually - receptive females . both males and females mate with multiple individuals per breeding season .
rainbow snakes breed once yearly , in the late spring or summer months . their breeding season lasts for three months . female rainbow snakes are oviparous , laying an average of 20 eggs ( range 10 to 52 eggs ) . the gestation period for rainbow snakes is 60 to 80 days beginning in june to august . females will remain with the eggs for a period of incubation until the eggs hatch . female rainbow snakes will burrow their eggs from 10 . 16 to 45 . 72 cm underground . female rainbow snakes remain in the nest with the eggs until they hatch , after which females leave . eggs hatch in the early fall . once hatched , young receive no parental care . in winter , young hatchlings stay underground near their nest and move to rivers , streams , swamps , and marshes in the spring . both sexes reach their sexual maturity at 2 to 3 years .
after mating , the males will leave the females and provide no parental care . the females will lay their eggs somewhere damp in a nest , often stationed close to a wetland . females will protect and incubate eggs by coiling around them . once the eggs hatch , females leave and provide no further care .
not much has been reported about the lifespan of rainbow snakes in captivity or in the wild . another member of the genus ,
, the mud snake , is known to live 19 years in the wild . it is likely that rainbow snaked have a similar lifespan .
curl up with their head lowered beneath their coiled bodies and their tails in the air when a predator approaches . to catch prey , mud snakes (
) push their spear - like tails into the ground and push off to move forward . mud snakes can smell their prey using their tongue and sense movement via ground vibrations . it ' s likely that rainbow snakes have similar mechanisms . both rainbow snakes and mud snakes have spines on the end of their tails that they use to control prey that they have caught .
on average , rainbow snakes have been observed 44 m from the nearest wetland boundary ( sd 44 . 91 m , range 0 to 117 m ) . individuals have been observed up to 2000 m from the nearest body of water . they are not known to actively defend a territory .
not much has been reported about tactile , acoustic , chemical , or electric communication in rainbow snakes . other members of the genus
curl up with their heads lowered beneath their coiled bodies and their tails in the air when a predator approaches . to catch prey , mud snakes (
) push their spear - like tails into the ground and push off to move forward . both the rainbow snakes and mud snakes have spines on the end of thier tails that they use to control prey that they have caught . mud snakes can sense the heat of a prey . mud snakes use their tongue to smell any nearby prey and hear by sensing any ground vibrations . it ' s likely that rainbow snakes have a similar mechanism .
. rainbow snakes have been given the name eel moccasins because adults only eat american eels . rainbow snakes eat their prey alive , swallowing them head first . once rainbow snakes catch an eel , they climb out of the water and move onto shore or into exposed roots of a bald - cypress tree or underwater shrub to finish digesting their prey and to hide from predators .
rainbow snakes are preyed upon by many species . rainbow snakes give warning signals by coiling their bodies and placing their heads down and raising their tails in the air . they are defenseless ; they don ' t bite and their pointed tail does not inflict a wound . predators of rainbow snakes include raccoons (
rainbow snakes are purchased through the pet trade illegally . the harvest rates for rainbow snakes are very low . from 1990 to 1994 , in florida , only one rainbow snake was sold in the pet trade .
rainbow snakes are listed as a species of least concern on the iucn red list . they have no special status for us federal list , state of michigan or through cites . some rainbow snake populations have declined due to wetlands being drained , urbanization , and being collected for the pet trade . they can be affected by a snake fungal disease ,
. no other major threats are known and no conservation efforts are currently in place for rainbow snakes .
justin wood ( author ) , radford university , alex atwood ( editor ) , radford university , karen powers ( editor ) , radford university , joshua turner ( editor ) , radford university , tanya dewey ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
referring to a burrowing life - style or behavior , specialized for digging or burrowing .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
( as keyword in perception channel section ) this animal has a special ability to detect heat from other organisms in its environment .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
this terrestrial biome includes summits of high mountains , either without vegetation or covered by low , tundra - like vegetation .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets .
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males , each of which also pairs with several different females .
a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water , often dominated by woody vegetation .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
cooper , j . 1960 . another rainbow snake , abastor erythrogrammus , from maryland .
enge , k . 2005 . florida fish and wildlife conservation commission . pp . 198 - 211 in w meshaka , k babbitt , eds .
gibbons , j . , j . coker , t . murphy . 1977 . selected aspects of the life history of the rainbow snake .
guthrie , a . , s . knowles , a . ballmann , j . lorch . 2015 . detection of snake fungal disease due to ophidiomyces ophiodiicola in virginia , usa .
holman , j . 1977 . comments on turtles of the genus chrysemys gray .
richmond , n . 1945 . the habits of the rainbow snake in virginia .
willson , j . , c . winne , m . dorcas , j . whitfield gibbons . 2006 . post - drought responses of semi - aquatic snakes inhabiting an isolated wetland : insights on different strategies for persistence in a dynamic habitat .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
* the colored areas of the map above represent parishes with currently known records for the given species ( source : jeff boundy , la dept . of wildlife and fisheries ) . by no means does it represent the full range of the species in the state , nor does it necessarily mean that a species can be found throughout the parish with the record . this is provided as a guide to where you might be able to find these species in the state and to aid in identification . a descriptive explanation of the range of each species can be found in the text below .
global conservation status : rainbow snakes are listed as least concern by the iucn red list . their natureserve global conservation status rank is g4 ( apparently secure ) .
rainbow snakes have a ranking of s2 ( imperiled because of rarity – 6 - 20 known extant populations ) in louisiana .
* * * if you live in the range of this species in louisiana and believe you may have observed this species please let me know ( take a picture if possible ) , as there may be more unknown populations in the state . * * *
i have never observed this species in the wild . the pictures above came from an adult brought in by another student who found it in pearl river wma ( honey island swamp ) in st . tammany parish .
all images on site are sole property of b . m . glorioso . to use any images on this site please contact me at : gloriosob429 @ urltoken © 2017
this species is endemic to the southeast of the united states . its range extends along the coastal plain from southern maryland to florida , west to the mississippi river ( dundee and rossman 1989 , conant and collins 1991 , tennant 1997 , ernst and ernst 2003 ) .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
horn snake , mud snake , red - lined snake , red - lined horned snake , red - sided snake , sand hog , sand snake , striped wampum .
description : a large , robust snake reaching a maximum snout - vent length ( svl ) of 1 , 518 mm ( 59 . 8 inches ) and a maximum total length of 1 , 733 mm ( 68 . 2 inches ) . in this study , tail length / total length averaged 13 . 0 ± 2 . 0 % ( 10 . 5 - 17 . 4 , n = 18 ) .
scutellation : ventrals 157 - 175 ( ave . = 168 . 9 ± 4 . 9 , n = 35 ) ; subcaudals 35 - 50 ( ave . = 39 . 5 ± 3 . 8 , n = 34 ) ; ventrals + subcaudals 203 - 214 ( ave . = 208 ± 3 . 1 , n = 34 ) ; dorsal scales smooth , except keeled above the anal region in some individuals , scale rows 19 ( 100 % , n = 31 ) at midbody ; anal plate divided ( 90 . 7 % , n = 32 ) or entire ( 9 . 3 % ) ; infralabials 8 / 8 ( 73 % , n = 30 ) , 7 / 8 ( 13 . 3 % ) , or 7 / 7 ( 13 . 3 % ) ; supralabials 7 / 7 ( 86 . 6 % , n = 30 ) or 8 / 8 ( 13 . 4 % ) ; paired internasals ; loreal present ; no preoculars ; postoculars 2 / 2 ; temporals usually 1 + 2 / 1 + 2 ( 73 . 3 % , n = 15 ) , l + l / l + l ( 13 . 3 % ) , or 1 + 1 / 1 + 2 ( 13 . 3 % ) .
sexual dimorphism : sexual dimorphism is exhibited in size , pattern , and scutellation . adult females reached longer svls ( 781 - 1 , 518 mm , ave . = 1 , 051 . 1 ± 220 . 9 , n = 16 ) than males ( 722 - 730 mm , ave . = 726 , n = 2 ) . sexual dimorphism index was 0 . 45 . however , tail length / total length in males was higher ( 17 . 0 - 17 . 4 % , ave . = 17 . 2 , n = 2 ) than in females ( 10 . 5 - 15 . 8 % , ave . = 12 . 3 ± 1 . 3 , n = 16 ) . females had a higher number of ventrals ( ave . = 170 . 8 ± 2 . 3 , 167 - 175 , n = 31 ) than males ( 159 . 2 ± 1 . 5 , 157 - 161 , n = 6 ) but fewer subcaudals ( females 36 . 9 ± 6 . 3 , 35 - 41 , n = 28 ; males 46 . 7 ± 2 . 2 , 44 - 50 , n = 6 ) . counts of ventrals + subcaudals for males ( 204 - 210 , ave . = 206 . 3 ± 2 . 7 , n = 6 ) averaged slightly less than counts for females ( 204 - 214 , ave . = 208 . 8 ± 3 . 0 , n = 28 ) . the midventral spots were usually more distinct in males than in females . richmond ( 1954a ) reported that hatchlings from new kent county were sexually dimorphic in number of ventrals ( females 170 - 175 , ave . = 172 . 0 ± 1 . 2 , n = 39 ; males 155 - 162 , ave . = 159 . 3 ± 1 . 5 , n = 46 ) , subcaudals ( females 35 - 42 , ave . = 37 . 6 ± 1 . 3 ; males 44 - 49 , ave . = 46 . 5 ± 1 . 0 ) , and ventrals + subcaudals ( females 207 - 215 , ave . = 209 . 7 ± 1 . 6 ; males 202 - 210 , ave . = 205 . 8 ± 1 . 8 ) . the midventral row of black spots is more pronounced in male hatchlings than females , and males have less distinct spotting on the subcaudals than females ( richmond , 1954a ; gibbons et al . , 1977 ) . however , these are statistical differences and cannot be used to assign gender to single individuals .
juveniles are colored and patterned as adults . hatchlings from virginia averaged 196 . 3 ± 13 . 0 mm svl ( 170 - 222 , n = 81 ) , 231 . 3 ± 13 . 6 mm total length ( 197 - 270 , n = 81 ) , and 5 . 9 ± 1 . 1 g body mass ( 3 . 6 - 8 . 7 , n = 68 ) .
geographic variation : there is no geographic variation in pattern , color , or scutellation in virginia . neill ( 1964 ) noted that there is little variation in the ventral pattern from virginia through the florida panhandle . the number of ventrals ( males 162 - 165 , females 175 - 178 ) and subcaudals ( males 48 , females 39 - 41 ) in alabama common rainbow snakes were lower ( mount , 1975 ) than those in virginia , but the sample sizes were small .
nothing is known of the population ecology of this species anywhere in its range . richmond ( 1945a ) plowed up 20 rainbow snakes in a 10 - acre field ( 4 . 1 hectares ) on one day in new kent county .
remarks : other common names in virginia are striped horn snake ( dunn , 1936 ) ; sand snake and sand hog ( richmond and goin , 1938 ) ; and mud snake , hoop snake , horn snake , and red swamp snake ( linzey and clifford , 1981 ) .
the horn snake myth , described for the mud snake , f . abacura , may apply to this species as well .
conservation and management : this species appears secure in virginia despite the spotty occurrence of individual locality records . there is no information on loss of populations , but pollution of aquatic habitats is likely to have detrimental effects , especially if eels are affected . protection of freshwater wetlands and large terrestrial buffers would increase the probability that this species will remain a part of our natural heritage for the long term .
caroline county charles city county essex county franklin city hanover county james city county king and queen county king william county new kent county prince george county richmond city southampton county surry county sussex county virginia beach city williamsburg city verified in 16 counties / cities .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
type : not designated , present location unknown ( presumably lost ) ( a . m . f . j . palisot de beauvois ) ( fide v . wallach , pers . comm . ) holotype : florida state museum of natural history [ seminola ]
blyth , edward . 1855 . notices and descriptions of various reptiles , new or little known [ part 2 ] . j . asiatic soc . bengal , calcutta , 23 ( 3 ) : 287 - 302 [ 1854 ] - get paper here
boie , f . 1827 . bemerkungen über merrem ' s versuch eines systems der amphibien , 1 . lieferung : ophidier . isis van oken 20 : 508 - 566 . - get paper here
cochran , d . m . 1954 . our snake friends and foes . national geographic 106 ( 3 ) : 334 - 364
conant , r . & collins , j . t . 1991 . a field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern / central north america , 3rd ed . houghton mifflin ( boston / new york ) , xx + 450 p .
cooper , j . 1967 . another rainbow snake , abastor erythrogrammus , from maryland . bull . maryland herp . soc . 3 ( 3 ) : 72 - get paper here
crother , b . i . ( ed . ) 2012 . standard common and current scientific names for north american amphibians , turtles , reptiles , and crocodilians , seventh edition . herpetological circular 39 : 1 - 92
daudin 1802 . histoire naturelle , générale et particulière des reptiles . vol . 7 . paris : dufart [ 1802 ] , 436 pp .
enge , kevin m . 2009 . venomous and non - venomous snakes of florida . publication of the florida fish & wildlife conservation commission . 16 pp .
ernst , c . h . , & barbour , r . w . 1989 . snakes of eastern north america . george mason univ . press , fairfax , va 282 pp .
garman , samuel 1884 . the reptiles and batrachians of north america . mem . mus . comp . zool , cambridge ( massachusetts ) , 8 ( 3 ) : xxxiv + 185 pp . [ 1883 ] [ cnah reprint 10 ] - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1849 . catalogue of the specimens of snakes in the collection of the british museum . edward newman , london , i - xv ; 1 - 125 . - get paper here
jensen , john b . ; carlos d . camp , whit gibbons , & matt j . elliott 2008 . amphibians and reptiles of georgia . university of georgia press , 575 pp .
linzey , d . w . , & clifford , m . j . 1981 . snakes of virgina . univ . press of virginia , charlottesville 159 pp .
lönnberg , einar 1894 . notes on reptiles and batrachians collected in florida in 1892 and 1893 . proc . us natl . mus . 17 ( 1003 ) : 317 - 339 - get paper here
mcvay , john david ; bryan carstens 2013 . testing monophyly without well - supported gene trees : evidence from multi - locus nuclear data conflicts with existing taxonomy in the snake tribe thamnophiini . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , volume 68 , issue 3 , september 2013 , pages 425–431 - get paper here
merrem , b . 1820 . versuch eines systems der amphibien i ( tentamen systematis amphibiorum ) . j . c . kriegeri , marburg , 191 pp .
mitchell , j . c . & reay , k . k . 1999 . atlas of amphibians and reptiles in virginia . specialty publication 1 , va dept of game and fisheries , 122 pp . - get paper here
mitchell , j . c . 1994 . the reptiles of virginia . virginia department of game and inland fisheries , ca . 350 pp .
palmer , w . m . & braswell , a . l . 1995 . reptiles of north carolina . univ . north carolina press
perry , david a . 2013 . virginia herpetological society survey of back bay nwr and false cape state park . catesbeiana 33 ( 2 ) : 48 - 61 - get paper here
richmond , neil d . 1945 . the habits of the rainbow snake in virginia . copeia 1945 ( 1 ) : 28 - 30 - get paper here
richmond , neil d . 1954 . variation and sexual dimorphism in hatchlings of the rainbow snake , abastor erythrogrammus . copeia 1954 ( 2 ) : 87 - 92 - get paper here
sclater , w . l . 1891 . notes on a collection of snakes in the indian museum , with descriptions of several new species . j . asiat . soc . bengal lx : 230 - 250 - get paper here
sonnini de manoncourt , c . s . and latreille , p . a . 1801 . histoire naturelle des reptiles , avec figures dessinees d ' apres nature . 3 . paris , librairie encyclopédique de roret , 332 pp . - get paper here
tennant , a . 2003 . snakes of north america - eastern and central regions , revised edition . lone star books , 605 pp .
theobald , william 1868 . catalogue of reptiles in the museum of the asiatic society of bengal . j . asiatic soc . bengal , calcutta , 37 ( extra number 146 ) : ( 2 ) , vi , 7 - 88 - get paper here
wagler , jean g . 1830 . natürliches system der amphibien , mit vorangehender classification der säugetiere und vögel . ein beitrag zur vergleichenden zoologie . 1 . 0 . cotta , münchen , stuttgart , and tübingen , 354 pp .
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
update 1st june , 2018 : we just set up snake _ id , a cool new page that simplifies snake identification . be sure to check it out !
images provided by flickr - / inaturalist - api . sporadic false assignments may occur .
? ? ? to ? ? ? meter above sea level ( a . s . l . )
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collins , j . t . 1990 . standard common and current scientific names for north american amphibians and reptiles . 3rd ed . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . herpetological circular no . 19 . 41 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
middle savannah ( 03060106 ) + * , brier ( 03060108 ) + , lower savannah ( 03060109 ) + * , upper ogeechee ( 03060201 ) + * , lower ogeechee ( 03060202 ) + , canoochee ( 03060203 ) + , ogeechee coastal ( 03060204 ) + , lower oconee ( 03070102 ) + , lower ocmulgee ( 03070104 ) + , little ocmulgee ( 03070105 ) + , altamaha ( 03070106 ) + , ohoopee ( 03070107 ) + , satilla ( 03070201 ) + , cumberland - st . simons ( 03070203 ) + , lower flint ( 03130008 ) + , ichawaynochaway ( 03130009 ) +
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
alabama department of conservation and natural resources , division of wildlife and freshwater fisheries . 2005 . conserving alabama ' s wildlife : a comprehensive strategy . alabama department of conservation and natural resources , division of wildlife and freshwater fisheries . montgomery , alabama . 303 pages . [ available online at urltoken ]
behler , j . l . , and f . w . king . 1979 . the audubon society field guide to north american reptiles and amphibians . alfred a . knopf , new york . 719 pp .
collins , j . t . 1991 . viewpoint : a new taxonomic arrangement for some north american amphibians and reptiles . ssar herpetol . review 22 : 42 - 43 .
conant , r . 1975 . a field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central north america . second edition . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . xvii + 429 pp .
conant , r . and j . t . collins . 1991 . a field guide to reptiles and amphibians : eastern and central north america . third edition . houghton mifflin co . , boston , massachusetts . 450 pp .
crother , b . i . ( editor ) . 2008 . scientific and standard english names of amphibians and reptiles of north america north of mexico , with comments regarding confidence in our understanding . sixth edition . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular 37 : 1 - 84 .
crother , b . i . ( editor ) . 2008 . scientific and standard english names of amphibians and reptiles of north america north of mexico , with comments regarding confidence in our understanding . sixth edition . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular 37 : 1 - 84 . online with updates at : urltoken
crother , b . i . ( editor ) . 2012 . scientific and standard english names of amphibians and reptiles of north america north of mexico , with comments regarding confidence in our understanding . 7th edition . ssar herpetological circular 39 : 1 - 92 .
dowling , h . g . 1993 . viewpoint : a reply to collins ( 1991 , 1992 ) . herpetol . rev . 24 : 11 - 13 .
ernst , c . h . , and r . w . barbour . 1989b . snakes of eastern north america . george mason univ . press , fairfax , virginia . 282 pp .
fitch , h . s . 1970 . reproductive cycles of lizards and snakes . univ . kansas museum natural history miscellaneous publication 52 : 1 - 247 .
mirarchi , r . e . , m . a . bailey , t . m . haggerty , and t . l . best , editors . 2004 . alabama wildlife . volume 3 . imperiled amphibians , reptiles , birds , and mammals . the university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . 225 pages .
mirarchi , r . e . , editor . 2004 . alabama wildlife . volume 1 . a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates : aquatic mollusks , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , and mammals . the university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . 209 pages .
mount , r . h . 1975 . the reptiles and amphibians of alabama . auburn university agricultural experiment station , auburn , alabama . vii + 347 pages .
mount , r . h . 1975 . the reptiles and amphibians of alabama . auburn university agricultural experiment station , auburn , alabama . vii + 347 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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pseudophilotes vicrama , the eastern baton blue , is a small butterfly found from asia , east to tian shan and parts of china , west to the balkans , turkey , eastern europe to southern finland .

it belongs to the lycaenids or blues family .

pseudophilotes vicrama

pseudophilotes vicrama ( moore , 1865 ) = polyommatus vicrama moore , 1865 = turana baton anteschiffermulleri verity , 1936 = scolitantides vicrama .
( 1 ) pseudophilotes vicrama cashmirensis moore , 1874 – kashmir chequered blue ( 2 ) pseudophilotes vicrama vicrama moore , 1865 – kinnaur chequered blue this species is also known as the eastern baton blue .
pseudophilotes vicrama cashmirensis ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 80
pseudophilotes vicrama pallida ; [ bru2 ] , 146 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 80
pseudophilotes vicrama schiffermuelleri [ sic , recte schiffermulleri ] ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 80 ; [ fe ]
valter jacinto marked
borboleta / / false baton blue ( pseudophilotes abencerragus )
as trusted on the
pseudophilotes abencerragus
page .
valter jacinto marked
borboleta / / false baton blue ( pseudophilotes abencerragus ) , female
as trusted on the
pseudophilotes abencerragus
page .
pseudophilotes bavius casimiri , the most differentiated subspecies of the p . bavius species - group . pseudophilotes fatma , a distinct species ( lepidoptera : lycaenidae , scolitantiditi )
pseudophilotes ( inderskia ) panope ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 80
pseudophilotes ( inderskia ) marina ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 80
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
iberianharjusini
to
pseudophilotes abencerragus pierret 1837
.
vicrama pallida ( shchetkin , 1960 ) ( philotes ) ; tr . inst . zool . i parazitol . tadzhik . ssr 19 : 114 ; tl : s . tajikistan
= subgenus inderskia ( pseudophilotes ) ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 80
pseudophilotes ( scolitantidina ) ; stradomsky , 2016 , caucasian ent . bull . 12 ( 1 ) : 151
pseudophilotes abencerragus felix manil , 2006 ; bull . lepid . parisiens fr . 15 ( 34 ) : 58
pseudophilotes bavius bavius ; [ bru2 ] , 147 ; korb & bolshakov , 2011 , eversmannia suppl . 2 : 80
pseudophilotes bavius onalpae koçak , 1975 ; atalanta 6 : 51 ; tl : ankara prov . , beynam , ca . 1200m
pseudophilotes bavius eitschbergeri koçak , 1975 ; atalanta 6 : 50 ; tl : se . turkey , urfa prov . , camlidere , ca . 700m
pseudophilotes bavius vanicola koçak , 1977 ; atalanta 8 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : van prov . , vic . of çatak , ca . 2000m
pseudophilotes abencerragus ; [ bmat ] : 37 , pl . 11 , f . 60 - 68 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ fe ] ; [ afrl ]
pseudophilotes sinaicus nakamura , 1975 ; j . ent . ( b ) 44 ( 3 ) : 283 - 295 ; tl : st . katherine protectorate , south sinai
a few years ago this would have been called the baton blue - pseudophilotes baton - but the species has been separated into two , eastern and western . characteristic of the baton blues are the chequered fringe , the small size and the cell spots on the upperside and underside . this species is found , in europe , from austria eastwards . for the female , see the picture of baton blue here .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
van swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , verovnik , r . , wiemers , m . , lópez munguira , m . , maes , d . , sasic , m . , verstrael , t . , warren , m . & settele , j .
van swaay , c . & cuttelod , a . ( iucn red list unit )
justification : both at the european and eu27 member states level , a population decline of almost 30 % falls within the uncertainty limits for this species ' population decline . therefore , this species is considered as near threatened .
this species occurs in large parts of eastern europe : from the south of finland and the baltic states , via southeast germany , east austria and northeast italy and further eastwards in the balkans as far as greece , on many greek islands and on cyprus . 0 - 1 , 900 m . it is furthermore present through turkey and central asia to china . the global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside europe .
this is a local species , restricted to areas with good habitat . strong decline in distribution or population size of more than 30 % have been reported from czech republic , germany , latvia , poland , slovakia and ukraine . decline in distribution or population size of 6 - 30 % have been reported from austria , estonia , romania , slovenia and turkey ( european part ) ( data provided by the national partners of butterfly conservation europe ) .
this blue is found on dry grassland on sandy or stony soils , south - facing slopes with grassy vegetation , on steep slopes , in rocky gullies , on railway embankments , on road verges and in scrub . various species of thyme ( thymus spp . ) and savory ( satureja spp . ) are used as foodplant , the eggs being mostly laid on the flowerheads . the caterpillars feed on the flowers and ripening seeds and are often found with ants , amongst other myrmica sabuleti . this butterfly species has two generations a year . habitats : dry siliceous grasslands ( 30 % ) , dry calcareous grasslands and steppes ( 27 % ) , coniferous woodland ( 8 % ) , heath and scrub ( 8 % ) , sclerophyllous scrub ( 5 % ) , phrygana ( 5 % ) .
this species is threatened by changes in the management of semi - natural grasslands . both intensification and abandonment will have a negative impact on this butterfly , but abandonment is the most direct threat at the moment .
this species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range . in countries where the species is declining , important habitats should be protected and managed . the effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a butterfly monitoring scheme .
van swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , verovnik , r . , wiemers , m . , lópez munguira , m . , maes , d . , sasic , m . , verstrael , t . , warren , m . & settele , j . 2010 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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extremely similar to the baton blue , p . baton , but larger and the underside orange markings are brighter and bolder . the differences are subtle . there is a narrow overlap in distribution so butterflies from the eastern half of europe will be this species .
, flies west of a north - south line running from northeast italy to southern finland . the current species flies to the east of this line . it is also slightly larger with brighter bolder underside orange markings .
seu , ceu - sw . siberia , c . siberia . see [ maps ]
claraesimilis ( verity , 1943 ) ( philotes ) ; le farfalle diurn . d ' italia 2 : 119
: 103 , pl . 32 , f . 21 - 22 ( not in n . africa ? ) ; [
pamirs - alai , ghissar - darvaz , tian - shan , nw . india
scolitantides cashmirensis moore , 1874 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1874 ( 1 ) : 272 ; tl : soonamurg , ne . cashmere
se . europe , asia minor , caucasus , transcaucasia , w . siberia , altai
lycaena baton abencerragus f . famelica seitz , 1907 ; gross - schmett . erde 1 : 305 , pl . 79 [ e ] ; tl : s slopes of atlas mountains [ el kantara ] ( algeria )
larva on thymus vulgaris [ bhr ] , medicago cf . turbinata , m . hispidus , thymus cf . hirtus , salvia taraxacifolia , thymus fontanesii , cleonia lusitanica [ bmat ]
turania baton nabataeus graves , 1925 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1925 : 62
abencerragus cavazzae ( romei , 1927 ) ( scolitantides ) ; boll . lab . zool . portici 20 : 277
morocco , algeria , hungary , greece , asia minor , s . russia , n . kazakhstan . see [ maps ]
lycaena bavius eversmann , 1832 ; nouv . mém . soc . imp . nat . moscou 2 : 349 , pl . 19 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : orenburg province
marina ( zhdanko , 2004 ) ( paleophilotes ) ; helios 5 : 70 ; tl : e . kazakhstan , 45km se macanchi , arkaly mts , 500m
larva on thymus decussatus nakamura , 1975 , j . ent . ( b ) 44 ( 3 ) :
scolitantides baton f . obscurata verity , 1919 ; ent . rec . j . var . 31 : 29
scolitantides baton f . praecocior verity , 1919 ; ent . rec . j . var . 31 : 29
turania hylas madriti verity , 1928 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1928 : 143 ; tl : spain
turania hylas praepanoptes verity , 1928 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1928 : 143 ; tl : spain
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
studies on the family lycaenidae ii . new taxa and records from turkey lycaeniden - studie ii . neue taxa und meldungen aus der türkei ( lep . lycaenidae )
[ a catalogue of butterflies ( lepidoptera : papilioformes ) of the former ussr . second edition , reformatted and updated ] ( in russian )
list of diurnal lepidoptera collected by capt . a . m . lang in the n . w . himalayas
list of diurnal lepidoptera collected in cashmere territory by capt . r . b . reed , 12th regt . , with descriptions of new species
verity , 1936 the butterfly races of macedonia ent . rec . j . var . ( suppl . ) 48 : 1 - 8 ( 1936 ) , 49 : 9 - 22 ( 1937 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
uppvärmning , försurning , övergödning och syrefria bottnar är några av de förändringar som pågår i världens oceaner . nu lanserar ett internationellt forskarteam en modell för att förutse och få bukt med kommande förändringar i världshavens kustområden .
många djur har en iögonenfallande färgteckning som signalerar till t . ex . artfränder och potentiella fiender . frågan om hur det gått till när de fått sina signaler har studerats i över 150 år . nu har forskare vid zoologiska institutionen med hjälp av höns visat att en psykologisk mekanism vid inlärning hos signalmottagaren förklarar evolutionen av dessa färger , och kanske också andra signalsystem i naturen .
rike stelkens har utsetts till wallenberg academy fellow 2017 av knut och alice wallenbergs stiftelse . hon kommer att att undersöka om den genetiska mångfalden som härrör från hybridisering hjälper jäst att överleva i nya miljöer .
moore , 1865 – chequered blue . kunte , k . , s . sondhi , and p . roy ( chief editors ) .
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the main focus of the eunis species component is to provide relevant information about the european species protected by directives , conventions and agreements . the species assessed in the european red lists prepared by the iucn for the european commission are also included .
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the eu conservation status is assessed for species mentioned in the eu habitats directive annexes . the eu habitats directive does not cover this species .
van swaay , c . a . m . & warren , m . s .
template updated on 09 may 2018 14 : 41 from version 18 . 4 . 26
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van swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , wiemers , m . , katbeh - bader , a . , power , a . , benyamini , d . , tzirkalli , e . , balletto , e . , monteiro , e . , karaçetin , e . , franeta , f . , pe ' er , g . , welch , h . , thompson , k . , pamperis , l . , dapporto , l . , šašić , m . , lópez munguira , m . , micevski , n . , dupont , p . , garcia - pereira , p . , moulai , r . , caruana , r . , verovnik , r . , bonelli , s . & beshkov , s .
micevski , b . , darcemont , c . , john , e . , gilbert , f . , cassar , l . , tarrier , m . , ozden , o . , ten hagen , w . , romo , h . & garcía - barros , e .
justification : this species is listed as least concern , since it has not declined by more than 25 % in the last ten years , its mediterranean extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is larger than 20 , 000 km 2 and its population size is probably larger than 10 , 000 adult individuals .
it occurs in large parts of eastern europe : from south finland and baltic states , via southeast germany , east austria and northeast italy and further eastwards in the balkans as far as greece , on many greek islands and on cyprus . also it is found in turkey and the near east . it occurs from 0 - 2 , 300 m asl . furthermore it is found through central asia to china . the global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside the mediterranean region .
this is a widespread species in its mediterranean range , but in some regions it is local and restricted . a decline in distribution of 10 - 30 % is reported from montenegro ( franeta pers . comm . 2012 ) . an increase ( magnitude unknown ) in distribution is reported from former yugoslav republic of macedonia ( micevski , verovnik and darcemont pers . comm . 2012 ) .
this species occurs in a number of protected areas across its range . in countries where the species is in decline important habitats should be protected and managed . the effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a butterfly monitoring scheme .
van swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , wiemers , m . , katbeh - bader , a . , power , a . , benyamini , d . , tzirkalli , e . , balletto , e . , monteiro , e . , karaçetin , e . , franeta , f . , pe ' er , g . , welch , h . , thompson , k . , pamperis , l . , dapporto , l . , šašić , m . , lópez munguira , m . , micevski , n . , dupont , p . , garcia - pereira , p . , moulai , r . , caruana , r . , verovnik , r . , bonelli , s . & beshkov , s . 2014 .
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albania , austria , bulgaria , hungary , germany , greece , italy , crete , latvia , lithuania , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part of turkey - european part , finland , czech republic , estonia , yugoslavia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - west , the european central black earth , central european , western caucasus , krasnoyarsk , lower volga , prealtay , mid - volzhsky , tuva , south west siberian , south urals .
albania , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , hungary , greece ( mainland ) , dodecanese islands , italy ( mainland ) , cyprus , crete , macedonia , poland , romania , russia , north aegean , slovakia , slovenia , turkey ( european part ) , ukraine , finland , croatia , cycladic islands , czech republic , estonia , yugoslavia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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the range of the species includes eastern europe , balkans , turkey , central asia , tian shan and china . in bulgaria occurs in isolated colonies up to 1400 m in the mountains ( rila : raduil ) ( buresch & tuleschkow , 1930 : 161 ) . listed as vulnerable in red data book of european butterflies ( van swaay & warren , 1999 : 114 ) .
the area ( about 764 ha ) is located on the eastern slopes of zangezur mountains . the elevation range occupied by area is from 1325 to 2457 m above sea level . the average slope steepness of the area is from 20˚ to 35˚ . the area includes mixed oak - juniper woodlands and mountain steppes . dominant vegetation among herbs are various grasses ( poa sp . , festuca sp . , etc ) , and legumes ( astragallus sp . , onobrychis sp . , etc . ) ; among bushes are tragacanths ( astracantha sp . ) , rosehip ( rosa sp . ) , hawthorn ( crataegus sp . ) , honeysuckle ( lonicera sp . ) ; among trees are juniper ( juniperus polycarpos ) , oak ( quercus sp . ) , and maple ( acer iberica ) . the area is moderately warm and dry .
the area is situated at the age of a big open - pit mine that is used for exploring copper and molybdenum ore . there is a livestock grazing in the area , since three villages are situated in close proximity of the area . the extension of the operational zone of the open pit might cause complete habitat destruction for such sensitive and locally distributed species as
. the grazing causes a consistent degradation of the topsoil layer at slopes ; also it has a danger of reduction of the host plants of key species . the hairstreak tomares romanovi and the large blue maculinea arion seem to be the most vulnerable species in this area . both have restricted areas of distribution which is determined by range of host - plant for tomares romanovi , and probably host - plant and host - ant species for maculinea arion . both of the species occur only in two patches within the meghri district . the relatively small patches of their distribution make the species very sensitive towards habitat change , but meanwhile make their monitoring and protection relatively easy and cost - effective .
active conservation of sites of european significance with thermophilous species in lounské středohoří hills .
louny is a part of české středohoří hills , which is from the point of view of a biologist one of the most significant site in the world . we can find severeal steppes – dry grassy areas traditionally maintained by regular pasture – on the slopes of local hills .
most of these steppes are located on southern slopes of volcanic hills where the soil is very shallow a stony and the climate is extremly dry and hot . these areas have therefore never been suitable for growing crops or afforestation and thus were being used for pasture for many centuries . the pasture ( mainly the pasture of sheep and goat ) prevents the steppes of becoming overgrown with woody plants ( mainly of foreign origin ) and helps to spread plant seeds . our steppes are therefore a good example of natural environment that requires a human management .
the steppes are a home of a whole range of rare and protected species of plants and animals . the silver shell that ripples with the wind and covers the steppes every june is in fact a feather grass ( stipa pennata ) . there are all seven czech species of this grass growing in the region , some of ithem very rare . it is next to impossible to distinguish between them for a layman . by contrast , the yellow pheasant ' s eye , or very endangered small pasque flower bohemica can be easily identified by any visitor .
securing maintance of steppe habitats of european significance with the use of traditional ways of farming especially by pasture of goat and sheep .
augmentation of quantity of target species and general diversity of species by means of renewal and management actions .
improvement of general public ' s interest about the issues of sustainable care of thermophilous species .
creation of functional structure of thermophilous habitats consisting of areas of different sizes and character ( ranging from vast crucial areas to minor steppe fragments with the representation of different phases of succession ) distributed in the intensively agriculturaly cultivated region of southwestern part of české středohoří hills . this will apply to an area of 320 hectares .
expansion of functional steppe habitat areas of selected species of organisms and improvement of communication between metapopulations of target species . the aim is to increase the area of functional steppes , especially habitats 6210 - semi - natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates ( festuco - brometalia ) and 6110 * - rupicolous calcacerous or basophilic grasslands of the alysso - sedion albi
familiarization of general public with the problematics of steppes in an agriculturaly cultivated area and the importance of traditional forms of farming ( target subjects : 12 municipalities , 30 local farmers , 10 civic groups , other public – educational excursions for a total of 1200 persons . involvement of local farmers / agricultural subjects ) to care about project localities .
výzkumný ústav silva taroucy pro krajinu a okrasné zahradnictví , v . v . i .
comments on
nomina lepidopterorum nova
by s . k . korb ( papilionidae , nymphalidae )
first records of nola harouni from europe and comments on the taxonomic status of n . centonalis holsatica ( nolidae )
preimaginal stages of smerinthus kindermanni , and comparison with s . ocellata ( sphingidae )
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size : 18 - 22 mm . the underside of the wing like polyommatus and plebejus but ground - colour greyish - brown with spots ringed with white ; fringes chequered .
2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by
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university of amsterdam , inst . for biodiv . / ecosystem dynamics , po box 94766 , nl - 1090 gt amsterdam , netherlands university of salzburg , institute for zoology , hellbrunnerstrasse 34 , a - 5020 salzburg , austria