blastobasis glauconotata is a moth in the family blastobasidae .

it is found in kenya , where it is known from the central and western highlands and in the central mid-altitudes of the ngaia forest .

the length of the forewings is 6.8 – 9.1 mm .

the forewings are greyish brown intermixed with a few pale greyish brown and brown scales .

the hindwings are pale greyish brown basally , but gradually darkening towards the apex .

the larvae feed on afrocarpus falcatus , chaetacme aristata , cussonia spicata , drypetes gerrardii , elaeodendron buchananii , ekebergia capensis , mimusops kummel , prunus africana , rawsonia lucida , schrebera alata , solanum anguivi , stychnos mitis , toddalia asiatica , vepris nobilis , vepris simplicifolia , vepris trichocarpa and warburgia ugandensis .

blastobasis glauconotata

blastobasis glauconotata adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25 ; tl : kenya , chuka forest , 0°21 . 06 ' s , 37°35 . 80 ' e , 1600m
v i • s m i t h s o n i a n c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o z o o l o g y figures 28–30 . female genitalia of blastobasis acirfa , b . aynekiella , and b . determinata 53 figures 31–34 . female genitalia of blastobasis glauconotata , b . industria , holcocera irroratella , and b . byrsodepta 54 figures 35–37 . female genitalia of blastobasis catappaella , b . chuka , and b . mpala 55 figures 38–49 . adults of blastobasis millicentae , b . industria , b . eridryas , b . determinata , holcocera extensa , b . indigesta , b . chuka , b . egens , b . glauconotata , b . byrsodepta , h . irroratella , and b . elgonae 57 figures 50–58 . adults of blastobasis taricheuta , calosima arguta , b . trachilista , neoblastobasis ximeniaella , n . wangithiae , b . mpala , b . aynekiella , b . acirfa , and n . laikipiae 58 figures 59–62 . adults of blastobasis catappaella , b . kenya , b . fatigata , and neoblastobasis perisella 59
blastobasis anachasta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 467
blastobasis indigesta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 177
blastobasis roscidella magna amsel , 1952 ; fragm . ent . roma 1 : 130
blastobasis sprotundalis park , 1984 ; korean j . plant prot . 23 : 57
blastobasis ergastulella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 440
blastobasis millicentae adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 15 ; tl : verulam
blastobasis pannonica ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 166
blastobasis eridryas meyrick , 1932 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 80 ( 1 ) : 114
blastobasis parki sinev , 1986 ; trudy zool . inst . leningr . 145 : ( 53 - 71 )
blastobasis commendata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : brazil , parintins
blastobasis crypsimorpha meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 538 ; tl : punjab , murree
blastobasis inderskella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 122
blastobasis lavernella walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 547 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis syrmatodes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 538 ; tl : assam , shillong
blastobasis taurusella adamski , 2004 ; holarctic lepid . 7 ( 2 ) : 51 ; tl : texas , brownsville
blastobasis aequivoca meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 540 ; tl : british guiana , georgetown
blastobasis bassii karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 395 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis crassifica meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 595 ; tl : ceylon , madulsima
blastobasis fatigata meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 195 ; tl : pretoria
blastobasis industria meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 314 ; tl : barberton
blastobasis laurisilvae karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 424 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis luteella karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 401 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis rebeli karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 427 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis rubiginosella rebel , 1896 ; ann . mus . wien 11 : 130 , pl . 3 , f . 12
blastobasis serradaguae karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 431 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis splendens karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 426 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis subdivisus karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 435 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis virgatella karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis walsinghami karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 414 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis wolffi karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 415 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis wollastoni karsholt & sinev , 2004 ; beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 430 ; tl : madeira
blastobasis adustella ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 421 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis candidata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : peru , lima , 500ft
blastobasis cophodes meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 158 ; tl : peru , lima , 500ft
blastobasis insularis ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 438 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis lutiflua meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : punjab , murree , 7500ft
blastobasis ochrobathra meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 15 ) : 463 ; tl : british guiana , golden grove
blastobasis sardinica sumpich , 2012 ; ent . zs . 122 ( 5 ) : 229 ; tl : sardinia , témpio 1200m
blastobasis spiniella park , 2000 ; korean j . biol . sci . 4 ( 3 ) : ( 245 - 250 )
blastobasis transcripta meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 158 ; tl : kumaon , almora , 6000ft
blastobasis mesomochla turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 69 ; tl : south australia , adelaide
blastobasis aphilodes meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 159 ; tl : colombia , la crumbre , 6600ft
blastobasis determinata meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 116 ; tl : tranvaal , moorddrift
blastobasis gracilis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 93 ; tl : west indies , grenada
blastobasis incuriosa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 597 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
blastobasis leucogona zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 434 , pl . 6 , f . 152
= blastobasis marmosella ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 419 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis pallescens turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 68 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda
blastobasis pentasticta turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 70 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
blastobasis phaeopasta turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 70 ; tl : n . queensland , mackay
blastobasis scotia turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 68 ; tl : n . queensland , townsville
blastobasis semilutea meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 596 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore
blastobasis trachelista meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 117 ; tl : rhodesia , umtali
blastobasis albidella rebel , 1928 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 78 ( s . b . ) : 85
blastobasis anthoptera lower , 1907 ; trans . proc . r . soc . aust . 31 : 118 ; tl : townsville , queensland
blastobasis byrsodepta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 314 ; tl : waterval onder , barberton
blastobasis lecaniella busck , 1913 ; ins . inscit . menstr . 1 ( 7 ) : 89 ; tl : nonpareil , british guiana
blastobasis monozona lower , 1907 ; trans . proc . r . soc . aust . 31 : 118 ; tl : n . queensland
blastobasis tanyptera turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 68 ; tl : n . queensland , lake barrine
blastobasis argillacea walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 91 ; tl : west indies , st . croix
blastobasis dyssema turner , 1918 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 42 : 281 ; tl : lord howe i .
blastobasis episema turner , 1918 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 42 : 281 ; tl : lord howe i .
blastobasis grenadensis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 92 ; tl : west indies , dominica ; grenada
blastobasis legrandi adamski , 1995 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 97 ( 3 ) : 490 ; tl : seychelles , mahé
blastobasis subolivacea walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 92 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas
blastobasis triangularis walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 93 ; tl : west indies , st . thomas
blastobasis celaenephes turner , 1947 ; proc . r . soc . qd 57 : 69 ; tl : queensland , mcpherson range ( 4000ft )
blastobasis intrepida meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 287 ; tl : mahé , cascade estate
blastobasis taricheuta meyrick , 1909 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 ( 7 ) : 372 ; tl : cape colony , capetown
blastobasis centralasiae sinev , 2007 ; ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) , 1068 ; tl : kirgizia , osh
blastobasis confamulella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718
blastobasis confectella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 719
blastobasis decolorella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 400 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis desertarum ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 392 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis divisus ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 434 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis floridella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 719 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis glandulella ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 719
blastobasis helleri rebel , 1910 ; ann . mus . wien . 24 ( 3 - 4 ) : 356 , pl . 12 , f . 5
blastobasis lacticolella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 404 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis lavernella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 398 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis marmorosella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 418 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis maroccanella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 411 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis nephelias meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 170 ; tl : perth and albany , west australia
blastobasis nigromaculata ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 428 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis nothrotes ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis ochreopalpella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 417 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis pica ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 437 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis pulchella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis quaintancella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis repartella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis retectella ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
blastobasis salebrosella ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 425 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis vittata ; [ nhm card ] ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 408 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis balucis adamski , 2013 ; zootaxa 3618 ( 1 ) : 27 ; tl : est la casona , 1520m , res . biol monteverde , costa rica
blastobasis eridryas ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 33 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis yuccaecolella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 7 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; tl : texas
blastobasis acarta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , 1995 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 97 ( 3 ) : 493 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis intrepida ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , 1995 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 97 ( 3 ) : 497 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis molinda meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 145 ; tl : india , u . p . , dehra dun
blastobasis ochromorpha meyrick , 1925 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 5 - 7 ) : 145 ; tl : india , u . p . , dehra dun
blastobasis phycidella ; [ nhm card ] ; sinev , 2007 , ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) ; [ fe ]
blastobasis trachilista [ sic , recte trachelista ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 37
blastobasis atmosema meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 230 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
blastobasis echus adamski , 2013 ; zootaxa 3618 ( 1 ) : 50 ; tl : fca cafrosa , est . las melliza , p n amistad , 1300m , costa rica
blastobasis pacalis meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 539 ; tl : brazil , para ; peru , iquitos , jurimaguas ; british guiana , bartica
blastobasis ponticella sinev , 2007 ; ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) , 1066 ; tl : georgia , lagodekshskii nat . res .
blastobasis acirfa adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 20 ; tl : kenya , kakamega forest , 0°13 . 66 ' n , 34°53 . 12 ' e
blastobasis aynekiella adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 23 ; tl : kenya , kakamega forest , 0°14 . 16 ' n , 34°51 . 82 ' e
blastobasis chuka adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 29 ; tl : chuka forest , 0°21 . 06 ' s , 37°35 . 80 ' e , 1600m
blastobasis curta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 596 ; tl : kanara , ganesh gudi and belke ; s . india , nilgiris , 3500ft
blastobasis drymosa adamski & li , 2010 ; shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 151 ) : 345 ; tl : beijing , heiden - chui , jiu - feng forest park
blastobasis mpala adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 34 ; tl : kenya , laikipia plateau , mpala research centre , 0 . 293°n , 36 . 899°e
blastobasis sinica adamski & li , 2010 ; shilap revta . lepid . 38 ( 151 ) : 344 ; tl : beijing , heiden - chui , jiu - feng forest park
blastobasis byrsodepta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 38 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis catappaella adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25 ; tl : kenya , laikipia plateau , mpala research centre , 0 . 293°n , 36 . 899°em 1650m
blastobasis determinata ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 38 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis egens ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 36 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis fatigata ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 36 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis indigesta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 33 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis industria ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 39 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis taricheuta ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 37 ; [ afromoths ]
blastobasis elgonae adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 31 ; tl : kenya , mount elgon , 2450m , 1°01 . 73 ' n , 34°45 . 28 ' e
blastobasis tarda meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 170 ; tl : rosewood and brisbane , queensland ; newcastle and sydney , new south wales
blastobasis kenya adamski , 2010 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 17 ; tl : kenya , karu / brooks , ca . 0°8 . 87 ' s , 35°15 . 77 ' e
blastobasis leucotoxa meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 171 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; launceston , tasmania ; geraldton , west australia
blastobasis lygdi adamski , 2013 ; zootaxa 3618 ( 1 ) : 21 ; tl : est . cacao , 1000 - 1400 , lado so volcan cacao , p . n . , costa rica
blastobasis egens meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : natal , sarnia ; umkomaas ; verulam ; new hanover ; zululand , nkwaleni ; eshowe
blastobasis spermologa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 597 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya , madulsima , undugoda ; s . india , wainad , 2500ft ; china , hongkong
blastobasis velutina walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 952 , pl . 52 , f . 4 ; tl : tenerife , guimar ; tacaronte ; la laguna
blastobasis graminea adamski , 1999 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 101 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : colombia , inst . colombiano agropecuario , exper . station
palmira
, cauca valley
blastobasis sciota bradley , 1961 ; bull . brit . mus . ( n . h . ) ent . 10 ( 4 ) : 155 , pl . 7 , f . 7 ; tl : guadalcanal , tapenanje
blastobasis acarta meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 286 ; tl : mahé , morne blanc and cascade estate , 1000ft ; silhouette , mare aux cochons plateau , 1000ft
blastobasis homadelpha meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 171 ; tl : duaringa and brisbane , queensland ; murrurundi and sydney , new south wales ; port lincoln , south australia
blastobasis inana ; walsingham , 1907 , fauna hawaiiensis 1 ( 5 ) : 648 , pl . 25 , f . 3 ; zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 992 ; [ nhm card ]
blastobasis magna ; sinev , 2007 , ent . obozr . 86 ( 4 ) : ( 883 - 894 ) , 1065 ; sumpich , 2012 , ent . zs . 122 ( 5 ) : 231 ; [ fe ]
blastobasis yuccaecolella ; [ nacl ] , # 1154 ; [ nhm card ] ; adamski & pellmyr , 2003 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 105 ( 2 ) : 390 ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
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smithsonian contributions to zoology , vi + 68 pages ; no . 630 : 62 figures , 13 maps , 2 tables . twenty - five species of african blastobasinae ( lepidoptera : coleophoridae ) are reviewed ; 12 species are redescribed , and 13 species are described as new . date of publication march 30 , 2010 .
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= ; [ nacl ] , 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718
= ; [ nacl ] , 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718 ; [ richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]
= ; [ aucl ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 718 ; [ afromoths ]
larva on manilkara butugi , mimusops bagshawei , olea welwitschii , o . woodiana ssp . disjuncta , prunus africana , synsepalum cerasiferum , tiliacora funifera adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 23
larva on chrysophyllum albidum , mimusops bagshawei , olea welwitschii , prunus africana , tiliacora funifera adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 421
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 421 ; [ fe ]
atmozona meyrick , 1939 ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 58
bilineatella lucas , 1956 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 257
valentina bromeliae walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 149 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , cordova
larva on ( fruits ) terminalia catappa adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 25
larva on allophylus abyssinicus , chrysophyllum gorungosanum , dictyophleba lucida , diphasia sp . , drypetes gerrardii , flacourtia indica , garcinia volkensii , landolphia buchananii , passiflora mollisima , podocarpus latifolius , prunus africana , rawsonia lucida , vepris simplicifolia adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 31
cineracella amsel , 1953 ; bull . inst . fr . ar . noire , 15 ( 4 ) : 1450
auximobasis coffeaella busck , 1925 ; comm . est . debell . praga caféeira : 13 ; tl : brazil , são paulo
larva on coffea arabica busck , 1925 , comm . est . debell . praga caféeira : 13
holcocera confamulella heinrich , 1921 ; j . agric . res . 20 : 818 , pl . 99 e ; tl : texas , browsville , smith point
hypatima confectella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 303 ; tl : texas
larva on crotalaria juncea meyrick , 1916 , exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 595
laverna ( ? ) decolorella wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 122 ; tl : madeira
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 392 ; [ fe ]
epistetus divisus walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 552 ; tl : madeira
larva on ( fruits ) vepris nobilis adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 33
prosthesis exclusa walsingham , [ 1908 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1907 : 953 , pl . 52 , f . 5 ; tl : tenerife , puerto orotava
valentinia floridella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 17 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; tl : florida
= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720
= ; mcdunnough , 1961 , amer . mus . novit . 2045 : 11 ; [ nacl ] , # 1162 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 720
larva on afrocarpus falcatus , chaetacme aristata , cussonia spicata , drypetes gerrardii , eleaodendron buchananii , ekebergia capensis , mimusops kummel , prunus africana , rawsonia lucida , schrebera alata , solanum anguivi , stychnos mitis , toddalia asiatica , vepris nobilis , v . simplicifolia , v . richocarpa , warburgia ugandensis adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 29
colombia , venezuela , costa rica , mexico , louisiana . see [ maps ]
hawaii , new britain , . . . , bengal . see [ maps ]
larva on dioscorea zimmerman , 1978 , ins . hawaii 9 ( 2 ) : 992
indirecta meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 567
asychna insularis wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 123 ; tl : madeira
invigorata ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( auximobasis ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 316
larva on adenia sp . , calophyllum inophyllum , chrysophyllum viridifolium , cola minor , deinbollia borbonica , diospyros kabuyeana , diphasia sp . , dovyalis macrocalyx , draceana mannii , flacourtia indica , hirtella zanzibarica ssp . zancibarica , inhambanella henriquezii , landolphia sp . , lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius ssp . scassellatii , lepisanthes senegalensis , ludia mauritiana , manilkara sansibarensis , mimusops aedificatoria , olea woodiana ssp . disjuncta , oxyanthus goetzei ssp . keniensis , rourea minor , saba comorensis , salacia elegans , strychnos madagascariensis , terminalia catappa , toddalia asiatica , trichilia emetica , trilepisium madagascariense , vepris nobilis , ximenia caffra , xylopia sp . adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 20
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 419 ; [ fe ]
larva on hirtella zanzibarica adamski , copeland , miller , hebert , darrow & luke , 2010 , smithsonian contr . zool . 630 : 17
exinotis neozona meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 159 ; tl : british guiana , bartica , mallali
valentinia neptes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 149 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
gelechia nigromaculata wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : madeira ; s . dezerta
valentinia nothrotes walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 202 ; tl : arizona
oecophora ochreopalpella wollaston , 1858 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) : 121 ; tl : madeira
epistetus ( ? ) pica walsingham , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 : 553 ; tl : madeira
district of columbia , . . . , nova scotia . see [ maps ]
valentinia quaintancella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 15 , pl . 1 , f . 9 ; tl : -
valentinia repartella dietz , 1910 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 19 ; tl : colorado , denver
= ; adamski & hodges , 1996 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 98 : 721
opogona tabernatella legrand , 1966 ; mém . mus . hist . nat . paris ( a ) 37 : 114
valentinia tarachodes walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 148 , pl . 5 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
= ; karsholt & sinev , 2004 , beitr . ent . 54 ( 2 ) : 407 ; [ fe ]
larva on yucca baccata dietz , 1910 , trans . am . ent . soc . 36 : 8
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
blastobasinae ( lepidoptera : gelechioidea : coleophoridae ) of thailand , part ii . four new species of
pyrales and microlepidoptera collected by mr . e . w . classey in madeira , 1957
microlepidoptera from the solomon islands . additional records and descriptions of microlepidoptera collected in the solomon islands by the rennell island expedition 1953 - 54
in gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905
ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgeführt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera
notes on lepidoptera collected in madeira by t . v . wollaston , esq . ; with descriptions of some new species
further notes on some moths from lord howe and norfolk island in the s . ausralian museum
zimmerman , 1978 insects of hawaii . microlepidoptera . ( 1 ) : monotrysia , tineoidea , tortricoidea , gracillarioidea , yponomeutoidea , and alucitoidea , ( 2 ) : gelechioidea ins . hawaii 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 396 , ( 1 ) : 397 - 882 , ( 2 ) : 883 - 1430 , ( 2 ) : 1431 - 1903
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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david adamski , robert s . copeland , scott e . miller - smithsonian . . .
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the bay pipefish ( syngnathus leptorhyncus ) is a pipefish native to the eelgrass beds of the eastern pacific ( southern baja california to gulf of alaska ) , where its sinuous shape and green color allow it to blend in with the waving blades of eelgrass .

like other members of the seahorse family , male pipefish tend the eggs laid by their female partners in specialized pouches .

bay pipefish

pipefish are small , skinny fish found among bay grass beds throughout the chesapeake bay .
the northern pipefish is also known as the common pipefish . it is the more abundant of the two chesapeake bay pipefish species .
two species of pipefish can be found in the chesapeake bay : the northern pipefish , syngnathus fuscus , and the dusky pipefish , syngnathus floridae .
found in the chesapeake bay year - round . northern pipefish are found throughout the bay into fresh water , while dusky pipefish are restricted to the middle and lower bay , extending as far north as calvert county , maryland .
the chesapeake bay program is a unique regional partnership that has led and directed the restoration of the chesapeake bay since 1983 .
bay pipefish swim with a side - to - side wriggling motion similar to that of a snake .
eastern pacific : sitka , alaska to southern baja california in mexico ; the northern population ranges from alaska to monterey bay , southern population from morro bay southward .
the mission of the nonprofit monterey bay aquarium is to inspire conservation of the ocean .
no major commercial or sport fisheries exist for bay pipefish , but dried pipefish and seahorses are used for medicinal purposes in some cultures . pipefish , mixed with herbs , are used for whole body treatments , while seahorses are used for specific ailments . at this time pipefish are abundant . but if the demand for pipefish by alternative health care markets and collectors dramatically increases , pipefish might become as scarce as many of their seahorse relatives .
top : photo by christian kelly . bottom left : a male bay pipefish with a brood pouch full of developing young . photos by kelly fretwell . bottom right : an eelgrass isopod ( idotea resecata ) clings to a bay pipefish . photo by the hakai institute fabs ( fish assemblage beach seining ) team .
live among bay grass beds in shallow waters in summer , retreating to deeper channel waters in winter .
fishes of chesapeake bay by edward o . murdy , ray s . birdsong and john a . musick
the pipefish eats mostly tiny crustaceans . northern pipefish may also feed on fish eggs , very small juvenile fish and other small aquatic animals .
like lined seahorses , dusky pipefish are able to change color to match their surroundings .
pipefish eat tiny crustaceans , fish and fish eggs . some ( e . g . , janss ' pipefish ) even set up cleaning stations to eat parasites off other fish .
pipefish grow 6 to 8 inches in length and have long , thin bodies covered with rings of bony plates . they have long snouts and brownish , fan - shaped tail fins . northern pipefish vary in color from pale tan to brown , with mottled tannish and brown markings . dusky pipefish vary in color from whitish to brownish , with tan to nearly black markings . dusky pipefish have a longer snout and a shorter dorsal fin than northern pipefish .
pipefish were named after the long , slim pipes men smoked in the mid - 1700s .
pipefish are small , skinny fish with a long snout . ( eric heupel / flickr )
bay pipefish camouflage well in eelgrass beds by positioning themselves vertically and staying in place for long periods of time . to feed , they wait for small prey to swim within an inch and then suck them up with small , tube - shaped mouths .
there are over 200 pipefish species . here are some that are found in united states waters :
threats to pipefish include habitat loss , coastal development , and harvesting for use in traditional medicines .
at first glance , you might not notice a bay pipefish gliding through the eelgrass—its long , pencil - slim body and greenish color mimic a swaying blade of eelgrass . and in place of scales , jointed , bonelike rings encircle this fish ' s body . to eat , a hungry pipefish gets its tubular , toothless mouth an inch or so away from its prey—and slurps .
pipefish have long , thin bodies covered with rings of bony plates . ( eric heupel / flickr )
pipefish have tiny dorsal , pectoral and tail fins that beat rapidly as the fishes leisurely swim—usually in a vertical position .
harlequin ghost pipefish ( solenostomus paradoxus ) , komodo national park , indian ocean , indonesia . waterframe / imagebroker / getty images
pipefish are believed to have few predators due to their ability to camouflage themselves within grass beds . they imitate blades of grass by aligning themselves vertically within grass beds and swaying softly . bass , gars , perch , drums and weakfish may prey upon pipefish .
further dna data could provide greater detail on whether the southern population is in fact a separate species ( in which case the name syngnathus griseolineatus would be resurrected for that purpose ) . due to the large range of distribution of syngnathus leptorhynchus , scientists are debating whether there is a single species of bay pipefish or several subspecies . genetic evidence suggests that the southern population has been separated ( with a biogeographic boundary near point conception , ca ) from the northern populations for a significant period of time , although there is not enough evidence to conclude that the southern population is a genetically distinct species from the northern populations ( wilson 2006 ) . the northern population ranges from alaska to monterey bay , california , and the southern population from morro bay , ca to its southern extent in baja california , mexico ( wilson 2006 ) .
like their seahorse and seadragon relatives , pipefish have a fused jaw which creates a long , pipette - like snout that is used for sucking in their food .
like their seahorse and seadragon relatives , pipefish have a long snout and bony rings around their body and fan - shaped tail . rather than scales , they have bony plates for protection . depending on the species , pipefish can be from one to twenty - six inches in length . some even have the ability to change color to further blend in with their habitat .
like their seahorse relatives , pipefish are ovoviviparous , but it is the male who raises the young . after a sometimes elaborate courtship ritual , females place several hundred eggs on the male ' s brood patch or in his brood pouch ( only some species have full - or half - pouches ) . the eggs are protected there while they incubate , before they hatch into tiny pipefish that are miniature versions of their parents .
pipefish live in seagrass beds , among sargassum , and among reefs , estuaries and rivers . they are found in shallow waters up to waters over 1000 feet deep . they may move to deeper waters in the winter .
pipefish are a very slender fish that has an amazing ability to camouflage , blending in expertly with the slender seagrasses and weeds among which it lives . they align themselves in a vertical position and sway back and forth among the grasses .
spawning occurs between april and october , with a peak in may to june . the female lays her eggs into the male’s brood pouch , where they are fertilized . the male incubates the eggs for approximately two weeks before they hatch . he then releases a cloud of tiny , fully - formed pipefish from his pouch into the water .
while exact population numbers for syngnathus leptorhynchus are unknown , studies have reported the species as being locally common in some areas . the species has been reported as abundant in eelgrass beds sampled throughout barkley sound , southwestern vancouver island , british columbia ( n = 30 - 50 at each of 17 study sites ) ( de graaf 2006 ) . they were also found to be the most abundant species collected in a study in humboldt bay , northern california ( n = 3 , 654 of 15 , 935 fish caught of 12 species ; 22 . 4 % of all fish caught ) ( lomeli 2011 ) . further research is needed to determine abundances throughout the species range .
female pipefish court the males . if the courting is successful , she deposits up to 225 eggs in brood pouches on the underside of the male ' s body . then a protective tissue forms on the pouch opening , sealing the eggs inside . the male incubates the eggs and even supplies nourishment to the embryos via an attachment to his abdominal wall and bloodstream . the eggs hatch in about two weeks depending on water temperature .
greek , syn , symphysis = grown together + greek , gnathos = jaw ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; brackish ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 5 m ( ref . 96339 ) . subtropical ; 61°n - 22°n , 150°w - 109°w
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 32 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 93899 ) ; 38 . 5 cm tl ( female )
common in eelgrass of bays and estuaries , sometimes taken in shallow offshore waters ( ref . 5316 ) . feeds on crustaceans ( ref . 6885 ) . females larger than males ( r . c . de graaf , pers . comm . , 2001 ; ref . 93899 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) . the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is found under the tail ( ref . 205 ) .
a female wraps herself around a male in a rigid vertical s position . eggs are fertilised in the brood pouch of the male ( ref . 6885 ) .
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )
) : 8 . 3 - 18 , mean 10 . 2 ( based on 254 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00033 ( 0 . 00017 - 0 . 00065 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 40 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tmax = 2 ; ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 18 of 100 ) .
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sitka , alaska to southern baja california in mexico . common in eelgrass in bays and sloughs .
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dawson , c . e . 1985 . indo - pacific pipefishes ( red sea to the americas ) . the gulf coast research laboratory ocean springs , mississippi , usa .
is listed as least concern based on its large geographic range , lack of direct threats , and various studies reporting the species as common . habitat degradation of eelgrass (
spends much of its life , could produce future concern should habitat quality and quantity decrease . continued monitoring of eelgrass habitats is necessary to understand changes in the range and populations of
syngnathus leptorhynchus has the northernmost and one of the widest distributions of any syngnathus species ( orsi et al . 1991 ) . it is found in the coastal waters of the eastern pacific ocean , from prince william sound , alaska , usa to bahia santa maria , baja california , mexico .
there are no known conservation measures in place for this species . the range of the species does overlap with multiple protected areas .
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found in eelgrass or algae beds in shallow bays and inlets along the pacific coast from alaska to baja california .
after successfully courting a mate , the female deposits up to 225 eggs into brood pouches on the male ' s underside . the male
the eggs and provides nutrients , oxygen , and water to the embryos . about two weeks later , when the young are ready to hatch they emerge the males ' pouch as tiny versions of their parents .
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references lamb , a . and edgell , p . ( 2010 ) . coastal fishes of the pacific northwest . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . p . 88 . syngnathus leptorhynchus girard , 1854 . in klinkenberg , brian . ( ed . ) . e - fauna bc : electronic atlas of the fauna of british columbia . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . accessed 01 / 05 / 2014 . authors and editors of page kelly fretwell and brian starzomski ( 2014 ) .
waller , g . 1996 . sealife : a complete guide to the marine environment . smithsonian institution press . 504 pp .


abralia multihamata is a species of enoploteuthid cephalopod native to the northwest pacific ocean .

specificaly , it occurs in the east china sea , sea of japan and sagami bay .

the taxonomic relationship between a. multihamata and a. spaercki needs to be resolved .

it may spawn in the east china sea , as large numbers of spent individuals are collected there in october .

abralia multihamata

( of abralia multihamata sasaki , 1929 ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
figure . oral view of the tentacular club of a . multihamata , sagami bay . drawing from tsuchiya ( 2000 ) .
a . multihamata is possibly bottom associated or mesopelagic boundary species . specimens were collected by bottom trawl from the east china sea .
figure . oral view of the distal portion of the hectocotylus of a . multihamata , sagami bay . drawing from tsuchiya ( 2000 ) .
( of abralia multihamata sasaki , 1929 ) lu , c . c . & chung , w . s . ( 2017 ) . guide to the cephalopods of taiwan . national museum of natural science , taichung , taiwan , 560 pp . isbn 978 - 986 - 05 - 2569 - 4 . page ( s ) : 274 [ details ]
young , r . e . & tsuchiya , k . ( 2014 ) . abralia gray 1849 . version 21 january 2014 ( under construction ) . in the tree of life web project , urltoken , available online at urltoken [ details ]
sasaki ' s specimens of a . multihamata ranged from 25 - 32 mm ml . voss ( 1963 ) described a . lucens from specimens that ranged from 43 - 62 mm ml . the title illustrations show a 35 mm ml a . multihamata and a 62 mm ml a . lucens . the two look very different . tsuchiya and okutani ( 1988 ) suggest this difference is due to growth and a . lucens is included here as a junior synonym of a . multihamata . this status , however , needs confirmation .
tsuchiya , k . and t . okutani . 1988 . subgenera of enoploteuthis , abralia and abraliopsis of the squid family enoploteuthidae ( cephalopoda , oegopsida ) . bulletin of the national science museum , tokyo ( series a ) , 14 : 119 - 136 .
figure . ventral view of the head photophores of a . multihamata . sex ? , solomon sea off south new britain . the two distinct rows of lensed photophores define the midline bare stripe . photograph by jeffrey dubosc , spc .
( of abralia multihamata sasaki , 1929 ) roper , c . f . e . ; jereb , p . ( 2010 ) . family enoploteuthidae . in : p . jereb & c . f . e . roper , eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date . volume 2 . myopsid and oegopsid squids . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 4 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . pp . 183 - 200 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 192 [ details ]
figure . ventrolateral view of the ocular photophores of a . multihamata . left - male , japanese waters . drawing from sasaki ( 1929 ) . right - sex ? , solomon sea off south new britain . photograph by jeffrey dubosc , spc .
figure . ventral view of the head photophores of a . multihamata . left - male , japanese waters . drawing from sasaki ( 1929 ) . right - sex ? , solomon sea off south new britain . photograph by jeffrey dubosc , spc .
( of abralia multihamata sasaki , 1929 ) young r . e . , burgess l . a . , roper c . f . e . , sweeney m . j . & stephen s . j . ( 1998 ) classification of the enoploteuthidae , pyroteuthidae , and ancistrocheiridae . pp . 239 - 255 , in : voss n . a . , m . vecchione , r . b . toll & m . j . sweeney , eds ( 1998 ) systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology 586 : volume 1 : 1 - 276 ; volume 2 : 277 - 599 . [ details ]
a . multihamata is very similiar to a . spaercki but lacks the scattered photophores in the proximal half of each arm iv found between the medial and lateral ( not lateral membrane ) photophore series and lacks the single , large white photophore found in the funnel groove posteromedial to each first occipital lobe in a . spaercki .
a . multihamata is a species endemic to the shelf waters along the south of sagami bay , japan to taiwan and off papua new guinea . it is characterized by the scattered arrangement of ventral mantle photophores , six club hooks , and more than five eye photophores of two types . the taxonomic status with a . spaercki is problematic .
( of abralia ( stenabralia ) lucens voss , 1963 ) roper , c . f . e . ; jereb , p . ( 2010 ) . family enoploteuthidae . in : p . jereb & c . f . e . roper , eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date . volume 2 . myopsid and oegopsid squids . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 4 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . pp . 183 - 200 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 192 [ details ]
( of abralia lucens voss , 1962 ) young r . e . , burgess l . a . , roper c . f . e . , sweeney m . j . & stephen s . j . ( 1998 ) classification of the enoploteuthidae , pyroteuthidae , and ancistrocheiridae . pp . 239 - 255 , in : voss n . a . , m . vecchione , r . b . toll & m . j . sweeney , eds ( 1998 ) systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology 586 : volume 1 : 1 - 276 ; volume 2 : 277 - 599 . [ details ]
figure . spermatangia receptacles of a . multihamata . left - dorsal view with the mantle reflected posteriorly showing the collars on either side of the dorsal rim of the nuchal cartilage . the white arrow points to the pigmented inner lid of one of the two receptacles . right - dorsolateral view with one collar cut and its dorsal portion folded upward ( and impaled by a dissecting pin ) revealing the edge of the inner lid and the spermatangia beneath it which seem to be encased in a mucous mass .
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, but it occurs in areas and depths where there is considerable fishing effort . we therefore consider it data deficient . furthermore , the taxonomic relationship between this species and
needs resolving before this species can be properly assessed . further research is recommended in order to determine the precise distribution , population dynamics , life history and ecology , and potential threat processes affecting this species .
this species is endemic to the shelf waters of honshũ , japan and taiwan ( tsuchiya 2009 ) . its distribution range includes the east china sea , the eastern sea of japan and sagami bay on the east coast of japan ( tsuchiya 2009 ) .
the threats to this species are not known . however , it occurs in areas and at depths where there is a considerable fishing effort . it is unknown whether or not this constitutes a threat to this species .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further research is recommended in order to determine the taxonomy , precise distribution , population dynamics , life history and ecology , and potential threat processes affecting this species .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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five major organs : two large opaque , terminal organs and three intermediate silvery organs ; small silvery additional organs present .
ventral mantle with photophores with scattered arrangement of integumental organs but with distinct bare stripe in midline .
spermatangia receptacles . receptacles are located underneath the dorsal collar on either side of the nuchal cartilage . pigment marking the receptacles is visible through the muscular walls of the collar . within the collar pocket is an inner muscular ( ? ) lid that carries the pigment seen externally . the spermatangia seem to attach beneath the inner lid where it joins the lateral wall of the nuchal cartilage .
spent specimens are collected in large number from the east china sea in october by bottom trawl .
this species was first described from taiwan waters . it is distributed in shelf waters of the east china sea , northward to sagami bay and the eastern sector of the japan sea . it is also found in the south pacific off papua new guinea .
sasaki , m . 1929 . a monograph of the dibranchiate cephalopods of the japanese and adjacent waters . journal of the college of agriculture , hokkaido imperial university , 357 pp .
tsuchiya , k . 2000 . illustrated book of the enoploteuthidae . in : okutani t . , ed . true face of watasenia scintillans . tokai university press , tokyo , p 196269 . ( in japanese )
voss , g . l . 1963 . cephalopods of the philippine islands . united states national museum bulletin , 234 : 1 - 180 .
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, need resolving before an accurate assessment of the extinction risk of this species can be made . therefore , we list this species as data deficient . further research is recommended in order to determine the taxonomy , precise distribution , population dynamics , life history and ecology , and potential threat processes affecting this species .
this species occurs in the indo - pacific and has been caught over shelf waters off indonesia , the philippines and northern australia ( tsuchiya 2009 ) .
this species inhabits the demersal mesopelagic boundary region of continental or island shelves ( tsuchiya 2009 ) . enoploteuthids generally occur in mid - depths in the ocean and occasionally over the continental shelf ( norman 2003 ) . they undergo diel vertical migrations , rising into the upper water column at night to feed ( norman 2003 ) . females spawn small eggs ( 0 . 9 and 1 . 5 mm in diameter depending on species , young et al . 1992 ) individually into gelatinous strings ( norman 2003 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further research is recommended in order to determine the precise distribution , population dynamics , life history and ecology , and potential threat processes affecting this species . taxonomic issues , especially its relationship with
sweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .
systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )
young , r . e . , l . a . burgess , c . f . e . roper , m . j . sweeney et al . / n . a . voss et al . , eds .
taxon validity : [ fide young et al . ( 1998 ) ] . repository : fmt syntypes ( 12 ) . type locality : akocho , formosa [ taiwan ]
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
this species is endemic to the shelf waters of honsh , japan and taiwan ( tsuchiya 2009 ) . its distribution range includes the east china sea , the eastern sea of japan and sagami bay on the east coast of japan ( tsuchiya 2009 ) .
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paraneetroplus synspilus , the quetzal cichlid , redhead cichlid or firehead cichlid , is a species of cichlid native to central america where it occurs in the usumacinta river drainage in the countries of mexico , belize and guatemala .

this species can reach a length of 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) tl .

it is also popular in the aquarium trade .

it is one of the most colourful cichlid species with males displaying metallic green , blue , pink and orange along their flanks .

it has been used in creating new hybridized aquarium cichlids that became popular in asia in recent years and is probably one of the parents of modern blood parrot cichlids and flowerhorn cichlids .

paraneetroplus synspilus

this is a brief description of the paraneetroplus synspilus or redhead cichlid . please subscribe for more ! ! ! !
freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 9 - 20 . tropical ; 24°c - 30°c ( ref . 7335 )
central america : atlantic slope , in the usumacinta river drainage in mexico , guatemala and belize .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 )
inhabits lakes and the lower river valley with a slight tolerance for the brackish environment .
produces 300 - 500 fry per spawning ( ref . 7335 ) . reported to produce up to 1000 eggs and reach sexual maturity at 10 cm ( ref . 2060 ) .
conkel , d . , 1993 . cichlids of north and central america . t . f . h . publications , inc . , usa . ( ref . 7335 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5039 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 03162 ( 0 . 01397 - 0 . 07157 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 6 ±0 . 28 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 31 of 100 ) .
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i ' ve finally thinned down my synspila growouts down to this guy right here . i had a healthy batch of red head fry growing out for quite some time , but as they got bigger i thinned them down to keep up with the tank load . i had originally planned to continually post to a growout thread here but i just got busy and didn ' t really have the time . you can see this specific batch of fry this guy came from here :
anyways , when it would come time to thin the tank down , the bigger ones were always the first to go . so this guy right here is indeed a slow grower , but now that he ' s all shacked up by himself he ' s put some size on and recently started to show more color .
i ' m guessing its a male because of the color coming through but i ' m no quite sure . what do you all think ?
just looked at the old thread definitely not vieja melanura / synspilum the lateral line only extends 25 % of the body on vieja ' s . paratheraps sp extends over 50 % .
agree with dan that ' s not a melanura . looks like bifasciatus to me too .
the dark blotch above the lateral line , is also one of the major factors that suggest bifacsiata . ( a hybridization could of course skew that all to hell )
i believe the same dna research that has combined melanura and synspillum has also placed them , and bifasciata back in the genus vieja .
i thought vieja now consisted of melanura and maculicauda with bifasciatus still in paratheraps or am i out of date .
my understanding is its still undecided and depends on your view . to me they are veija . taxonamy is not an exact science , just an opinion really .
so many changes . i found this . could be out of date too . not sure .
oh wow , and here i ' ve been thinking they were synspila / melanura . the different names were a bit confusing . im new to this genus of cichlid .
lateral line only extends 25 % of the body on vieja ' s . paratheraps sp extends over 50 % .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36377 )
freshwater ; brackish ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 9 - 20
pd 50 = 0 . 5039 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )
medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . )
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the palmetto weevil ( rhynchophorus cruentatus ) is an insect native to florida , but has been found as far as southern texas to the west and south carolina to the north .

it is the largest weevil in north america and the only kind of palm weevil in the continental united states .

it infests palms and is considered a pest .

its main target is the canary island date palm , but date palms ( a different species than the canary island date palm ) , sabal palms ( the palmetto weevil 's traditional target ) , saw palmetto ( the palmetto weevil 's traditional alternative target ) , washingtonia , pritchardia , royal palms , latania , coconut palms , caryota , and bismarckia are also susceptible .

distressed palm trees are usually attacked , which makes transplanted trees a frequent target .

the palmetto weevils mate at the base of the palm branches where the females deposit their eggs .

the grubs then eat into the palm tree , killing it .

after the larvae have turned into adult weevils , the damage can be seen , but by then , it is considered to be too late for the tree .

the life cycle from egg to adult for a palmetto weevil is about 84 days .

for prevention , it is recommended an appropriate insecticidal crown drench is done twice a year for high value palms .

grubs of other species of palm weevils are considered a delicacy in countries outside the united states .

palmetto weevil are most active in late spring and early summer .

rhynchophorus cruentatus

aggregation pheromone of palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus ( f . ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) .
aggregation pheromone of palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus ( f . ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
figure 11 . pupal case of the palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
figure 2 . head ( and rostrum ) of the palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius . photograph by michael thomas , division of plant industry .
figure 8 . palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius , grubs in palm leaf base . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
figure 9 . palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius , grubs feeding in palm crown . photograph by robin m . giblin - davis , university of florida .
figure 10 . cocoons ( right ) of the palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius . photograph by robin m . giblin - davis , university of florida .
figure 6 . adults of the palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius , showing variable size . photograph by robin m . giblin - davis , university of florida .
figure 3 . lateral view of the palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius , with a solid black color . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
figure 4 . dorsal view of the palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius , with a variable black pattern . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
figure 5 . adults of the palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius , showing color and size variation . photograph by robin m . giblin - davis , university of florida .
figure 12 . damage to canary island date palm by larvae of the palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius . photograph by robin m . giblin - davis , university of florida .
figure 1 . sem of smooth and ventrally curved adult female rostrum of the palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius . photograph by robin m . giblin - davis , university of florida .
weissling tj , giblin - davis rm . 1993 . water loss dynamics and humidity preference of rhynchophorus cruentatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) adults . environmental entomology 22 : 93 - 98 .
weissling tj , giblin - davis rm . ( 1994 ) . fecundity and fertility of rhynchophorus cruentatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . florida entomologist 77 . ( 26 april 2013 ) .
figure 13 . sabal palm exhibiting
popped neck
condition due to damage by the palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius . photograph by robin m . giblin - davis , university of florida .
worldwide , there are ten described species of weevils in the genus rhynchophorus that feed on palms .
figure 7 . a comparison of the rostra of the female ( right ) and male ( left ) palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius . graphic by robin m . giblin - davis , university of florida .
giblin - davis rm , weissling tj , oehlschlager ac , gonzalez lm . ( 1994 ) . field responses of rhynchophorus cruentatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) to its aggregation pheromone and fermenting plant volatiles . florida entomologist
vanderbilt cf , giblin - davis rm , weissling tj . ( 1998 ) . mating behavior and sexual response to aggregation pheromone of rhynchophorus cruentatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . florida entomologist 81 . ( 26 april 2013 ) .
hunsberger agb , giblin - davis rm , weissling tj . ( 2000 ) . symptoms and population dynamics of rhynchophorus cruentatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) in canary island date palms . florida entomologist 83 . ( 26 april 2013 ) .
weissling tj , giblin - davis rm , center bj , hiyakawa t . 1994 . flight behavior and seasonal trapping of rhynchophorus cruentatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . annuals of the entomological society of america 87 : 641 - 647 .
woodruff re 1967 . a giant palm weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus ( fabricius ) , in florida ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . florida deptartment of agriculture division of plant industry entomology circular no . 63 . ( 26 april 2013 ) .
giblin - davis rm , howard fw . 1989 . vulnerability of stressed palms to attack by rhynchophorus cruentatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) and insecticidal control of the pest . journal of economic entomology 82 : 1185 - 1190 .
weissling tj , giblin - davis rm , scheffrahn rh . 1993 . laboratory and field evidence for a male - produced aggregation pheromone in rhynchophorus cruentatus ( fabricius ) ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . journal of chemical ecology 19 : 1195 - 1203 .
weissling tj , giblin - davis rm , gries g , gries r , perez al , pierce hd , oehlschlager ac . 1994 . aggregation pheromone of palmetto weevil rhynchophorus cruentatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . journal of chemical ecology 20 : 505 - 515 .
hunsberger , a . , r . m . giblin - davis , & t . j . weissling . 2000 . symptoms and population dynamics of rhynchophorus cruentatus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) infestation in canary island date palms . florida entomologist , 83 ( 3 ) : 290 - 303 .
the ' florida ' palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus , has been reported from coastal regions of south carolina south through the florida keys , and west into coastal texas . it is also present throughout the state of florida . fossil records suggest that the palmetto weevil was present in florida during the pleistocene ( about 1 million years ago ) .
wattanapongsiri , a . 1966 . a revision of the genera rhynchophorus and dynamis ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . department of agriculture science bulletin , bangkok , thailand . 1 , 328 pp .
thomas mc . ( february 2010 ) . giant palm weevils of the genus rhynchophorus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) and their threat to florida palms . fdacs - division of plant industry . ( 26 april 2013 ) .
5 - methyl - 4 - octanol is the major aggregation pheromone of the palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus ( f . ) . the pheromone ( cruentol ) was identified by coupled gas chromatographic - electroantennographic ( gc - ead ) analysis of male - produced volatiles , coupled gc - mass spectrometry ( ms ) in electron impact and chemical ionization mode , and coupled gc - high resolution ms . in laboratory and field assays , a diastereomeric mixture of synthetic cruentol greatly enhanced attraction of weevils to cabbage palmetto , sabal palmetto ( walter ) , stem tissue , indicating that cruentol and host volatiles are synergistically attractive . an attractive lure in combination with efficient traps should facilitate development of semiochemical - based management forr . cruentatus .
the larvae of r . cruentatus are about 5 cm long and make a clucking sound while boring in cabbage palms . these larvae are eaten , either fried or raw , by native peoples of tropical america . a similar species ( r . ferrugines ) has threatened copra ( dried coconut meat ) production in the…
the largest weevil in north america is the palmetto weevil , rhynchophorus cruentatus fabricius . the palmetto weevil is native to florida and until recently was the only species of palm weevil in the continental united states . once , the palmetto weevil was considered a minor pest , attacking only severely wounded and dying trees . however , it is now known to be a pest of stressed nursery and transplanted palms as well as apparently healthy canary island date ( phoenix canariensis hortorum ex chabaud ) , bismarck ( bismarckia nobilis hildebrandt & h . wendl . ) and latan ( latania spp . ) palms . the adults of this species display various color variations . they can also be quite variable in overall size .
giblin - davis , r m , faleiro , jr , jacas , ja , peña , je , and vidyasagar , pspv . 2013 . coleoptera : biology and management of the red palm weevil , rhynchophorus ferrugineus . in : potential invasive pests of agricultural crop species ( j . e . peña , ed . ) . cabi books .
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weevils are a family of beetle that have their mandibles at the end of a , sometimes , very long rostrum ( a snoutlike projection of the head ) . in fact , the rostrum of some weevils ( i . e . , nut weevils ) is as long as their bodies . these modified mouthparts are used for feeding and to prepare holes in host plant material in which eggs are laid . weevils are a large , diverse and important group of insects . most feed on plant material , and many are considered to be economic pests . while some adults feed outside the plant , the larvae ( or grubs ) , which have relatively large mandibles and are legless , feed cryptically within the host plant .
in 2008 , it was reported from the bahamas ( turnbow and thomas 2008 ) .
adults : the adults of the palmetto weevil vary in color from solid black to almost completely red with a variable black pattern . their total length from the tip of the rostrum to end of the pygidium ( the tergum of the last visible segment of the abdomen ) ranges from 1 . 9 to 3 . 0 cm .
adult males and females can be distinguished by the surface of the rostrum . the rostra of males are relatively straight and covered with tiny bumps while females have a ventrally bowed , tapering , and smooth rostrum .
larvae : the larvae , or grubs , are legless and creamy to yellowish in color . their prominent head is dark brown and very hard . they have large mandibles . mature larvae can be quite large , some with a mass close to six grams . while we are aware of no human consumption of palmetto weevils in the united states , larvae of palm weevils are considered a delicacy in other areas .
the palmetto weevil has a complete life cycle : with an egg , several larval instars , prepupal , pupal , and adult stages . eggs are laid in the bases of leaves or in wounds in a dying host palm . in the laboratory , a palmetto weevil female will lay an average of 207 eggs in her lifetime . eggs hatch in about three days and begin to feed on palm tissue . as they molt ( grow and shed their cuticle ) the larvae have an increasingly larger appetite and tend to feed primarily in the soft tissue surrounding the apical meristem . mature grubs migrate to the periphery of the stem or petioles and prepare a cocoon from palm fibers . after surrounding themselves with the cocoon , the larvae enter a prepupal stage , then a pupal stage . after a few weeks , an adult emerges from the pupal case and may immediately break free of the cocoon or wait within the cocoon for several days to weeks before emerging . the entire life cycle , from egg to adult , takes about 84 days . adults may live for several weeks to several months as long as moisture is available ( up to 26 weeks in captivity ) .
palmetto weevil adults are active fliers and can be found throughout the year in florida . however , adult activity is usually more noticeable in the late spring and early summer months and least noticeable in the cool and dry winter months . when not flying in search of a host palm , adults hide between the leaf bases and stems of healthy palms presumably to conserve water within their bodies .
the palmetto weevil is closely associated with the cabbage palmetto ( sabal palmetto ( walker ) loddiges ex j . a . et schultes ) , a palm native to the southeastern u . s . in addition , the native saw palmetto ( serenoa repens ( bart . ) small ) appears to be an acceptable alternate host . several other palms , most of them introduced species , have been observed with larval infestations . these include the canary island date palm ( phoenix canariensis hortorum ex chabaud ) , phoenix dactylifera , bismarck palm ( bismarckia nobilis hildebrandt & h . wendl . ) , pritchardia sp . , washingtonia sp . , royal palms ( roystonea sp . ) , latan palms ( latania spp . ) , coconut palm ( cocos nucifera linnaeus ) , florida thatch palm ( thrinax radiata lodd . ex schult . & schult . f . ) and caryota sp .
in undisturbed locations , palms are rarely observed with palmetto weevil infestations . trees struck by lightning have been observed with subsequent weevil infestations . the palmetto weevil has , in recent years , caused considerable damage to some newly transplanted or otherwise stressed palms as well as apparently healthy canary island date ( phoenix canariensis ) , bismarck ( bismarckia nobilis ) , and latan ( latania spp . ) palms .
the symptoms of a palmetto infestation vary , but commonly involve a general , often irreversible decline of younger leaves . in palm species with upright leaves , such as the canary island date palm , the older leaves begin to droop during the early stages of infestation but quickly collapse thereafter . as the infestation progresses , the larval feeding damage and associated rot is so severe that the integrity of the crown is compromised and the top of the palm falls over . this condition is termed
popped neck
. if the palm is pulled apart at this stage , larvae , cocoons , and even adults may be found within the crown region . early detection of weevil infestation is difficult , and treatment even in the early stages of infestation may be too late to save the tree depending upon the amount of damage to the apical meristem . this area needs more study , however .
in the early 1980 ' s , the silky cane weevil ( metamasius hemipterus sericeus ( oliver ) ) was accidentally introduced into dade county , florida . this insect is an important pest of sugarcane and other plants , including palms , in the neotropics . adults are attracted to and lay eggs in palm sheaths , petioles , or stems . within the host , larvae develop into adults in less than two months .
figure 14 . adult silky cane weevil , metamasius hemipterus sericeus ( oliver ) . photograph by robin m . giblin - davis , university of florida .
silky cane weevil adults appear to be attracted to palms by odors emanating from small wounds , such as those created by pruning leaves . while initial infestations of palms by the silky cane weevil is not usually lethal , we believe that the stress created by the infestation makes these palms susceptible to successful attack by the palmetto weevil . this association also needs further study .
volatile odors emanating from stressed , wounded or dying palms are attractive to palmetto weevil adults . the exact number and ratios of volatile compounds released from wounded trees are unknown but several compounds , known collectively as
palm esters
have been found to be attractive . in addition , an aggregation pheromone ( 5 - methyl - 4 - octanol , or
cruentol
) produced and released by male weevils attracts other male and female palmetto weevils . neither the
palm esters
or cruentol are very attractive by themselves . but when put together , they are synergistic , attracting many adult palmetto weevils .
as the story may go , a palmetto weevil adult male flying amongst many palms locates an attractive odor given off by a suitable , stressed , or dying palm . he flies upwind towards the odor source and eventually lands on the potential host palm . as he begins to feed he releases the aggregation pheromone which is attractive to other weevils at long distances . other weevils fly towards the pheromone source , and as they get closer , the pheromone /
palm esters
mixture takes over to guide them to the host . as more males land on the host , they also release pheromone attracting even more males and females . once a population has gathered on the tree , mating and egg laying take place .
insecticidal treatment of trees infested with the palmetto weevil is difficult , owing to problems with detecting a weevil infestation before lethal damage is done to the crown . the best recourse is to cut down infested palms and destroy them before adults emerge from the tree . prophylactic treatment of recently transplanted palms with insecticides is an option but the costs can quickly become prohibitive unless only a few trees are to be protected . curative and preventative treatments with systemic neonicitinoid insecticides is possible , but requires vigilance and persistence .
growers managing nursery plantings of palms may have the greatest potential to control the palmetto weevil by an integrated program . first , trees should be grown using cultural practices that promote vigor . this means following proper fertilization and irrigation guidelines . trees such as the canary island date palm are not adapted for the south florida climate . great care should be taken to ensure the health of these trees . secondly , wounding of trees , such as by pruning , should be avoided . following these two steps may help to prevent an infestation . if trees are infested with palmetto weevils , there is little if any chance of saving them . therefore , sanitation , as in removing and destroying infested plant material is crucial in preventing or reducing subsequent infestations to adjacent palms .
in january 2010 , the federal government prohibited the importation into the united states of live palms belonging to 17 genera , since it is it is suspected that the weevils are spread with imported palms ( turnbow and thomas 2008 ) .
figure 15 . bucket trap used to capture and monitor palmetto weevil adults . photograph by robin m . giblin - davis , university of florida .
brown sh . ( 2009 , december 8 ) . palmetto weevil in bismark palm [ video ] . urltoken . ( 26 april 2013 ) .
giblin - davis rm , oehschlager ac , perez a , gries g , gries r , weissling tj , chinchilla cm , peña je , hallett rh , pierce , jr hd 1996 . chemical and behavioral ecology of palm weevils . florida entomologist 79 . ( 26 april 2013 ) .
giblin - davis rm , peña je , duncan re . ( 1994 ) . lethal pitfall trap for evaluation of semiochemical - mediated attraction of metamasius hemipterus sericeus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . florida entomologist 77 . ( 26 april 2013 ) .
giblin - davis rm , peña je , duncan re . 1996 . evaluation of an entomopathogenic nematode and chemical insecticides for control of metamasius hemipterus sericeus ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) . journal of entomological science 31 : 240 - 251 .
meerow aw , weissling tj . ( 1998 ) . pests of palms in florida and the caribbean . ( 26 april 2013 ) .
turnbow rh , thomas mc . 2008 . an annotated checklist of the coleoptera ( insecta ) of the bahamas . insecta mundi 0034 : 1 - 64 .
publication date : august 1997 . latest revision : january 2015 . reviewed : june 2016 .
stephen brown , horticulture agent for lee county / ifas shows in this video a dying bismarck palm attacked by the palmetto weevil in cape coral , florida . this video belongs to the series : florida landscapes
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care for your own trees with our 3 - step do - it - yourself maintenance kit .
cabbage palm caterpillars , found throughout florida , target the cabbage palmetto almost exclusively . they rarely kill palm trees but the insects do destroy the trees ' blossoms . they are a nuisance to humans as well because they often enter homes looking for suitable places to pupate . control by insecticides is possible under certain circumstance if carefully managed .
the borer is a large and quite ugly beetle whose larvae have a taste for the wood of the washingtonia and phoenix varieties . borer grubs can live inside a palm trunk for up to nine years before exiting as beetles through quarter - sized holes .
the budworm is beetle whose larvae feed on the flowers of a range of fan palms . the caterpillars are about an inch long and a pinky - green in colour .
the palmetto weevil can be found throughout florida , as far west as southern texas and as far north as south carolina . it is north america ' s largest weevil . this pest has a taste primarily for the cabbage palm ( sabal palmetto ) although it will infest saw palmettos ( serrenoa repens ) and , occasionally , canary island date palms ( phoenix canariensis ) , washington palms ( washingtonia ) , royal palms ( roystonea ) , and some coconut palms .
the royal palm bug is an unusual insect . it feeds on only one plant , the royal palm , and the female lays one egg a day during the spring , a little like a chicken . the bugs rarely kill the host tree but the damage they do can be unsightly and they are difficult to control given the height of mature royal palms . these insects are the only north american members of the thaumastocoridae family .
north america ' s thrips make up an extremely large family of insects . of the plant feeders alone , there are 264 species . and some of these species have a taste for palm trees , feeding on flowers and leaves by puncturing the surfaces to suck out sap . thrips are not lethal to palms but the feeding of the adults can discolor and wilt leaves . in addition , in intensive infestations their unsightly black droppings can become noticeable on leaf surfaces .
bud rot bud rot is caused by a fungus which causes the heart fronds of a palm tree to wilt and die . tree death can occur soon afterward . california and mexican palms are the most vulnerable .
fusarium wilt fusarium wilt is another palm tree fungus . signs of wilt are fronds wilting , losing their green luster and , finally , dying . once a tree is infected , there is no cure and the diseased tree may have to be removed .
ganoderma butt rot ganoderma butt rot is a relatively new and lethal disease of florida palm trees . it is caused by a fungus , ganoderma zonatum , which invades the base or butt of palm trees up to a height of three to four feet above the ground . the disease was first discovered in florida in 1994 and in only a few years it has spread to infect palms throughout the state . at this time , it cannot be said with certainty that there are any palm trees resistant to ganoderma butt rot .
lethal yellowing lethal yellowing is a disease first noticed in the caribbean region of north america about 100 years ago . however , it was not until the 1950s and a devastating outbreak in jamaica and the florida keys that the economic consequences of lethal yellowing were recognized and intensive research begun .
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the rostrum of males is covered with tiny bumps , in females it is smooth and shiny . [ cite : 185010 ]
hosts include a wide variety of palms ( arecaceae ) [ cite : 185010 ] , but larvae are esp . destructive to cabbage palm : they tunnel the trunk and may kill the growing point
eggs are laid in the bases of leaves or in wounds in a dying host palm and hatch in ~ 3 days . larvae have tend to feed primarily on the soft tissue surrounding the apical meristem . mature grubs migrate to the periphery of the stem or petioles , build a cocoon from palm fibers and pupate . the adult emerges in a few weeks and may immediately break free of the cocoon or spend several days within the cocoon . the entire life cycle ( egg to adult ) takes ~ 84 days . adults may live for several weeks ( up to 26 weeks in captivity ) . [ cite : 185010 ]
composition of scientific words brown r . w . 1956 . smithsonian institution press , washington , dc . 882 pp .
american beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
weevils of south carolina ( coleoptera : nemonychidae , attelabidae , brentidae , ithyceridae , and curculionidae ) . janet c . ciegler . 2010 . clemson university , clemson , s . c . 276 pp .
garden insects of north america : the ultimate guide to backyard bugs ( princeton field guides ) whitney cranshaw . 2004 . princeton university press .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
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weissling tj 1 , giblin - davis rm , gries g , gries r , perez al , pierce hd jr , oehlschlager ac .
institute of food and agricultural sciences , fort lauderdale research and education center , university of florida , 3205 college ave . , 33314 , fort lauderdale , florida .
adrian g . b . hunsberger , robin m . giblin - davis , thomas j . weissling
world birding center hq bentsen - rio grande valley state park mission , hidalgo county , texas april 24 , 2008 ( joshua s . rose )
josh reported an additional record , same location , nov . 3 , 2008 .
mcallen , being the city of palms , likes to plant everything that looks like a palm . much palm nursery stock comes from or passes through florida . larry pressler , director of mcallen ' s parks and recreation department , reported ( pers . comm . apr . 2008 ) periodically finding the weevil in mcallen since ca . 1983 .
brownsville area - tong - xian liu , professor of entomology , texas a & m system , weslaco reported ( pers . comm . , apr . 2008 ) a palm nursery in brownsville ca . 2005 having weevil infested stock that came from the miami area .
mission area - joshua s . rose , ph . d . reported a palmetto weevil coming into bait at bentsen - rio grande valley state park on april 24 , 2008 .
1 - tx : galveston co . galveston , iii - 2004 , coll . w . johnson . 1 - tx : bexar co . , san antonio , near sea world , v - 2000 , n . riggs ,
found crawling in parking lot , may have been assoc . with introduced sabal palms
staff contacted april 2008 at both sabal palm audubon center and lennox foundation southmost preserve report no records of the palmetto weevil from their palm forests .
it ' s natural host is the cabbage palmetto - sabal palmetto , a palm native to the southeastern u . s . however , adults and larvae associated with a wide variety of genera and species in the palm family arecaceae . it is not known to be a pest of the texas sabal palm tree - sabal mexicana .
these active fliers and can be found throughout the year in florida . however , adult activity is usually more noticeable in the late spring and early summer months .
larvae feed in the crown of the palm . if infestation is severe , the the integrity of the crown is compromised and the top of the palm falls over . the entire life cycle , from egg to adult , takes about 84 days . adults may live for several weeks ( up to 26 weeks in captivity ) .
photos : adult palmetto weevils vary in color from solid black to almost completely red with a variable black pattern .
rhynch , - o , = us ( g ) . a snout , beak phor , - a , - e , - i , - o ( g ) . carry , bear cruent ( l ) . bleeding , bloody
arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley & j . h . frank . ( editors ) . 2002 . american beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea . crc press . 861 pp .
borror , d . j . 1960 . dictionary of word roots and combining forms . national press books , palo alto . v + 134 pp .
03 nov 2008 © mike quinn / mike . quinn @ urltoken / texas entomology / texas beetle information