it is found in south-western texas .

the wingspan is about 16 mm .

adults have been recorded on wing from may to june .

prorella protoptata

prorella protoptata is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found in south - western texas .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
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the upland antshrike ( thamnophilus aroyae ) is a species of bird in the family thamnophilidae .

it is found in bolivia and peru .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest .

upland antshrike

the upland antshrike is uncommon in montane forests of the east slope of the andes at elevations ranging between 800 - 1700 m . it also occurs in
. the male upland antshrike is slaty gray . the wing coverts are black tipped with white dots that form wing bars . the tail feather are tipped with white . the female has olive - brown upperparts and a somewhat contrasting rufous crown . the wing coverts are tipped with rufous . it forages in humid forest on the east slope of the andes . its range does not overlap with that of the very similar
zimmer , k . & isler , m . l . ( 2018 ) . upland antshrike ( thamnophilus aroyae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 15 . 4 - 22 . 1 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 15 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to fragmentation and / or edge effects , it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
male and female mainly keeping to dense vegetation c . 2 m above ground ; the female apparently giving the slower of the two song - types .
old rd cochabamba - v . tunari , camp 4 ; carrasco np , cochabamba
male after playback . 1 - 2 m . up in dense secondary growth with bamboo . female also present but silent . hypocnemis in bg seen .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
oroya , inambari valley , 3000 ft [ c . 915 m ] , puno , peru
apparently sister to t . aethiops # r ; see also t . caerulescens . monotypic .
extreme se peru ( puno ) and nw bolivia ( la paz , cochabamba , w santa cruz ) .
13–14 cm ; 19–21 g . male is grey , crown sometimes blackish , pale interscapular patch vestigial or absent ; wings and tail brownish - black , wing - coverts dotted white . . .
loudsong a short ( 3–6 notes , duration highly variable ) series of evenly paced nasal . . .
montane evergreen - forest edge and adjacent second growth , typically in dense thickets , often those . . .
little known . feeds primarily on insects , probably also other arthropods ; six stomachs all contained insects , including beetles ( coleoptera . . .
not globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in bolivian and peruvian lower yungas eba . was possibly once restricted to shrubby habitats created by natural . . .
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recent phylogenetic studies # r # r # r have led to internal clarification of family and its division into two subfamilies , thamnophilinae and myrmornithinae ; subsequent work has erected a third , euchrepomidinae ( see below , euchrepomis ) .
recent phylogenetic studies # r # r # r have led to distribution of taxa included herein into five tribes , microrhopiini , formicivorini , thamnophilini , pithyini and pyriglenini .
sequence of species is based on a recent analysis of historical diversification in the genus # r .
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this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : thamnophilus aroyae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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: la aroya ( = la oroya ) , inambari valley , marcapata , peru .
schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .
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contribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :
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turricula catena is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family clavatulidae .

this is a species that needs further investigation ( species inquerenda )

turricula catena

[ lunatia catena , syn . : l . monilifera , euspira catena , natica castanea , n . catena , n . monilifera , polinices catena , p . monilifera , p . ( euspira ) catena ]
[ propebela turricula , syn . : buccinum minutum , lora turricula , murex turricula , oenopota turricula , pleurotoma angulata , p . castanea , turbo albus ]
[ propebela turricula , syn . : buccinum minutum , murex turricula , oenopota turricula , pleurotoma angulata , p . castanea , turbo albus ]
turricula schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : turricula javana linnaeus , c . , 1767
have a fact about turricula javana ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
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id : 281495 original name : turricula _ catena . jpg size 285x488 - 62604 bytes image manager : jan delsing directory : 3806 created : 2015 - 11 - 24 22 : 20 : 36 - user jan delsing last change : 2015 - 11 - 24 22 : 20 : 37 - user jan delsing url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 281495 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 281495 ] ] ( thumbnail )
turricula ceylonica is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family clavatulidae . this species occurs in the indian ocean along sri lanka . . . .
vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
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clavatula lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1801 type species : clavatula coronata lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1801
benthoclionella kilburn , r . n . , 1974 type species : benthoclionella jenneri kilburn , r . n . , 1974
clionella gray , j . e . , 1847 type species : clionella sinuata sinuata born , i . von , 1778
perrona schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : perrona tritonum schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817
pusionella gray , j . e . , 1847 type species : pusionella nifat nifat bruguière , j . g . , 1789
toxiclionella powell , a . w . b . , 1966 type species : unknowngenustype
toxiclionella ( toxiclionella ) powell , a . w . b . , 1966 type species : unknowngenustype
toxiclionella ( caliendrula ) kilburn , r . n . , 1985 type species : toxiclionella ( caliendrula ) elstoni barnard , k . h . , 1962
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saudi arabia , pictured by bosch , d . t . , dance , s . p . , moolenbeek , r . g . en oliver , g . , seashells of eastern arabia .
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[ castanea pumila , syn . : c . alnifolia , c . chincapin , c . floridana , fagus nana ]
[ castanea pumila syn . : c . alnifolia , c . chincapin , c . floridana , fagus nana ]
[ littorina saxatilis , syn . : l . ( littorivaga ) saxatilis , l . castanea , l . danieli , l . marmorata , l . patula , turbo jugosus , t . labiatus , t . rudis ]
dieses deutsch - englisch - wörterbuch basiert auf der idee der freien weitergabe von wissen . mehr informationen ! enthält übersetzungen von der tu chemnitz sowie aus mr honey ' s business dictionary ( englisch / deutsch ) . vielen dank dafür ! links auf dieses wörterbuch oder einzelne übersetzungen sind herzlich willkommen ! fragen und antworten
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cryptolechia modularis is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by edward meyrick in 1921 .

it is found on java .

the wingspan is about 24 mm .

the forewings are light ochreous-brown , the costa is more ochreous , at the base suffused with dark fuscous .

the stigmata is blackish , the plical somewhat beyond the first discal and there is an indistinct subterminal shade .

there is a marginal series of small blackish dots around the posterior part of the costa and termen .

the hindwings are grey .

cryptolechia modularis

cryptolechia modularis meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , gedeh
cryptolechia castella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107
cryptolechia pelophaea meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 6 ) : 192
cryptolechia straminella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 107
cryptolechia zeloxantha meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478
cryptolechia chlorozyga meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10
cryptolechia fascirupta ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231
cryptolechia gei ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 231
cryptolechia gypsochra meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10
cryptolechia hoplostola meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 10
cryptolechia isomichla meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11
cryptolechia prothyropa meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 11
cryptolechia stadaea meyrick , 1934 ; dt . ent . z . iris 48 : 39
cryptolechia stictifascia ; wang , 2004 , ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 232
cryptolechia coriata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo
cryptolechia fenerata meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 53 ; tl : suisharyo
cryptolechia metacentra meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo
cryptolechia mitis meyrick , 1914 ; suppl . ent . 3 : 52 ; tl : kosempo
cryptolechia epistemon strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 84 a ( 12 ) : 194 ; tl : suisharyo
cryptolechia fatua meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 172 ; tl : java , batavia
cryptolechia anticrossa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 10 ) : 304 ; tl : queensland
cryptolechia argometra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia centroleuca meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : sikkim , darjiling
cryptolechia chlorozyga ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia coriata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia epistemon ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia fenerata ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia gypsochra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia hoplostola ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia isomichla ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia metacentra ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia mitis ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia pelophaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia picrocentra meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 395 ; tl : assam , khasis
cryptolechia prothyropa ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia sperans meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 159 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft
cryptolechia stadaea ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia vespertina ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 196
cryptolechia zeloxantha ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197
cryptolechia municipalis meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 316 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
cryptolechia ? eningiella plötz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 7 - 9 ) : 306 ; tl : eningo
cryptolechia ichnitis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : french guiana , r maroni
cryptolechia laica meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 456 ; tl : borneo , kuching
cryptolechia perversa meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 222 ; tl : s . india , ootacamund
cryptolechia ferrorubella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 757 ; tl : australia
cryptolechia transfossa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : peru , cocapata , 12000ft
cryptolechia aeraria meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis
cryptolechia citrodeta meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 394 ; tl : brazil , obidos , r . trombetas
cryptolechia diplosticha meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 318 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6000ft
cryptolechia hemiarthra meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 546 ; tl : s . india , palnis , 7000ft
cryptolechia iridias meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : khasis
cryptolechia rhodobapta meyrick , 1923 ; trans . proc . n . z . inst . 54 : 166 ; tl : takapuna , auckland
cryptolechia temperata meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : simla
cryptolechia veniflua meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 227 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft
cryptolechia vespertina meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : khasis
cryptolechia asemanta dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador
cryptolechia semibrunnea dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 88 ; tl : loja , ecuador
cryptolechia taphrocopa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 317 ; tl : colombia , mt . tolima , 12500ft
cryptolechia micracma meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon ; khasis
cryptolechia orthrarcha meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : algeria , zebch , near sebdu
cryptolechia tyrochyta meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft
cryptolechia percnocoma meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn
cryptolechia sciodeta meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 578 ; tl : brazil , nova friburgo , organ mtn
cryptolechia coriaria meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 173 ; tl : victoria , mt . st . bernard , 5000ft
cryptolechia holopyrrha meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 704 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft
cryptolechia alphitias lower , 1923 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 47 : 56 ; tl : dorrigo , new south wales
cryptolechia cornutivalvata wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : quannan ( 24 . 7°n , 114 . 5°e ) , jiangxi
cryptolechia acutiuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 228 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55°n , 108 . 41°e ) , guizhou , 1300m
cryptolechia concaviuscula wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34°n , 105 . 42°e ) , guizhou , 390m
cryptolechia deflecta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1°n , 108 . 2°e ) , shaanxi , 1350m
cryptolechia denticulata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 225 ; tl : chishui co . ( 28 . 34°n , 105 . 42°e ) , guizhou , 390m
cryptolechia fasciculifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55°n , 108 . 41°e ) , guizhou , 1390m
cryptolechia fascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 204 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9°n , 103 . 5°e ) , sichuan
cryptolechia furcellata wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 226 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55°n , 108 . 41°e ) , guizhou , 530m
cryptolechia gei wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 210 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9°n , 103 . 5°e ) , sichuan
cryptolechia kangxianensis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : kangxian ( 33 . 4°n , 105 . 5°e ) , gansu , 800m
cryptolechia latifascia wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 227 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55°n , 108 . 41°e ) , guizhou , 530m
cryptolechia solifasciaria wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55°n , 108 . 41°e ) , guizhou , 1390m
cryptolechia spinifera wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 223 ; tl : chishui co . ( 23 . 34°n , 105 . 42°e ) , guizhou , 390m
cryptolechia varifascirupta wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 211 , 197 ; tl : mt . qingcheng ( 30 . 9°n , 103 . 5°e ) , sichuan
cryptolechia muscosa wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 221 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 19°n , 106 . 12°e ) , guizhou , 1200m
cryptolechia proximideflecta wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 219 ; tl : xishui co . , ( 28 . 34°n , 105 . 42°e ) , guizhou , 1200m
cryptolechia anthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 209 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0°n , 111 . 8°e ) , henan , 1350m
cryptolechia falsivespertina wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 199 , 198 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1°n , 108 . 2°e ) , shaanxi , 1750m
cryptolechia jigongshanica wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 207 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8°n , 114 . 1°e ) , henan , 700m
cryptolechia microbyrsa wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 198 , 197 ; tl : neixiang co . ( 33 . 0°n , 111 . 8°e ) , henan , 650m
cryptolechia mirabilis wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 208 , 197 ; tl : mt . jigong ( 31 . 8°n , 114 . 1°e ) , henan , 700m
cryptolechia murcidella christoph , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 12 ( 3 ) : 294 , ( 4 ) pl . 8 , f . 67 ; tl : rubas , derbent
cryptolechia neargometra wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 202 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3°n , 108 . 3°e ) , shaanxi , 880m
cryptolechia paranthaedeaga wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 203 , 197 ; tl : yushan co . ( 28 . 6°n , 118 . 2°e ) , jiangxi , 1120m
cryptolechia stictifascia wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 206 , 197 ; tl : ningshan co . ( 33 . 3°n , 108 . 3°e ) , shaanxi , 880m
cryptolechia zhengi wang , 2003 ; ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 201 , 197 ; tl : zhouzhi co . ( 34 . 1°n , 108 . 2°e ) , shaanxi , 1750m
cryptolechia hamatilis wang , 2004 ; ent . sinica 11 ( 3 ) : 230 ; tl : huguo temple , mt . fanjing ( 27 . 55°n , 108 . 41°e ) , guizhou , 1300m
cryptolechia hydara walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 11 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft
= ; [ nhm card ] ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195
= ( hysipelon ) ; wang , 2003 , ent . sinica 9 ( 3 ) : 195
phaeosaces aganopis meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
aliena diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87
leptosaces anticentra meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 155 ; tl : khasis
argometra meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 567
apiletria bibundella strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 84 ; tl : bibundi
leptosaces callixyla meyrick , 1888 ; trans . n . z . inst . 20 : 78 ; tl : whangarei ; nelson
phaeosaces chrysocoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : pundaly - oya , ceylon
coelocrossa meyrick , 1935 ² ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 82
phaeosaces compsotypa meyrick , 1886 ; trans . n . z . inst . 18 : 172 ; tl : hamilton
conata strand , 1917 ; arch . naturgesch . 82 a ( 3 ) : 152
eucharistis meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396
glischrodes meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 396
melaneulia hecate butler , 1883 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1883 ( 1 ) : 70 ; tl : valvidia
melaneulia hecate ; clarke , 1978 , smithson . contrl . zool . 273 : 38 , f . 28 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
phaeosaces liochroa meyrick , 1891 ; trans . n . z . inst . 23 : 98 ; tl : new zealand
leptosaces mataea meyrick , 1910 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 1 ) : 156 ; tl : cuddapah , 4000ft
mellispersa diakonoff , 1952 ; ark . zool . ( 2 ) 3 ( 6 ) : 87
phaeosaces orthotoma meyrick , 1905 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 16 ( 4 ) : 605 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon
brazil ( rio de janeiro , . . . ) . see [ maps ]
phaeocausta meyrick , 1934 ² ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 478
eulechria phoebas meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 742 ; tl : bhotan , 4500ft
praevecta meyrick , 1929 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 513
leptosaces pytinaea meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 157 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
depressaria remotella staudinger , 1899 ; naturhist . mus . hamburg 2 ( 6 ) : 111 , f . 27 ; tl : uschuaia
assam , china ( fujian , sichuan , zhejiang ) , taiwan . see [ maps ]
semioscopis viridisignata strand , 1913 ; archiv naturgesch . 78 a ( 12 ) : 83 ; tl : alen
australia ( queensland , new south vales , victoria ) . see [ maps ]
leptosaces schistopa meyrick , 1902 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 156 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; glen innes ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
h . sauter ' s formosa ausbeute . pterophoridae , tortricidae , eucosmidae , gelechiadae , oecophoridae , cosmopterygidae , hypomeutidae , sesiadae , glyphipterygidae , plutellidae , teneidae , adelidae ( lep . )
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn tessmann nach süd kamerun und spanisch guinea . lepidoptera . iv
h . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae
zeller , 1852 lepidoptera microptera quae j . a . wahlberg in caffrorum terra collegit k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 1 - 120
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
good news for a friday : plan to save species threatened with extinction awarded £4 . 6m from the national lottery - martin harper ' s blog - our work - the rspb community
good news for a friday : plan to save species threatened with extinction awarded £4 . 6m from the national lottery
you might be surprised to read that our work is far broader than nature reserves and big garden birdwatch . read more about what else we do .
my passion for wildlife was stimulated in my teenage years , mainly thanks to my mum ( a biology teacher ) who made me look at the world differently and being inspired by writers such as paul colinvaux . this early interest developed into biological research in my 20s , when i did practical conservation work in places such as the comores and mongolia .
today , any free time i have i spend pottering around the flatlands of east anglia or escaping to our hut on the northumberland coast looking for wildlife and castles with my wife and children .
i studied biological sciences at oxford and conservation at ucl , and worked at wildlife and countryside link before spending five years as conservation director at plantlife .
i joined the rspb as head of government affairs in 2004 , became head of sustainable development in 2006 , before becoming conservation director in 2011 .
i’ve been the rspb’s conservation director since may 2011 . as i settle into the job , i’ll be blogging on all the big conservation topics and providing an inside view of our conservation projects . i hope you enjoy reading it and feel inspired to join in t
as i reflected upon in yesterday’s blog , this week the uk government has formally started a process that will redefine our place in the world .
irrespective of our future relationship with the europe union , the uk has and will continue to have obligations to protect our most threatened species from extinction ( such as aichi target 12 under the un ' s convention on biological diversity ) . for us , the status of threatened species is a critical test of whether we are living in harmony with nature . it it is why , throughout our history , we have invested an enormous amount of effort to recover species such as great crested grebe , avocet , osprey , cirl bunting , stone - curlew , corncrake , red kite , white - tailed eagle , crane , albatrosses , gyps vultures and spoon - billed sandpipers .
yet , the number of threatened species within the uk has grown - for example , 361 species have been identified as in imminent danger of being lost from england whilst a further 785 are threatened , rare , range - restricted or declining . this is why we have had to think and act differently to scale up our conservation efforts .
black - tailed godwit - one of the species that will benefit from the funding - by gordon langsbury ( rspb - images . com )
today , i am delighted to report the fantastic news that the national lottery has agreed to invest £4 . 6m in backing one of the most ambitious conservation projects ever undertaken in the uk . the rspb has joined forces with natural england , the amphibian and reptile trust , bat conservation trust , buglife , bumblebee conservation trust , butterfly conservation and plantlife to develop new ways ways of working together to inspire people to take action for threatened species .
the project is a mix of targeted work for 20 of our most threatened species alongside action in landscapes across england from the yorkshire dales to cornwall to help a further 200 species including the grey long - eared bat , pine martin , willow tit , large garden bumblebee , lesser butterfly orchid and hedgehog . back from the brink is ambitious , it is exciting and i am confident will deliver fantastic results of nature .
we intend to pilot new approaches to inspire action from our own supporters , landowners , farmers and local community groups who will be recruited to observe and record these threatened species and help provide the habitats and help they need .
this has project has been a long time in development . with funding now in place , we can start to build the team to put life back into england ' s green and pleasant land .
i look forward to reporting more good news about this project soon . . .
hi martin , thank you for your blog . can you direct me towards a list of the 20 and the 200 species please ?
that is excellent news for threaten species such as our turtle doves , martin . while i do not think it is right that the conservation organisations you list and that will benefit from this lottery grant should merge in any way , nevertheless practising how to work together is so important and this practice can now take place in a meaningful way . experiencing how to work together may well prove very useful when and if it comes to defending our eu based wildlife and environmental laws during the negotiations for leaving the eu and after .
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ouranopithecus macedoniensis is a prehistoric species of ouranopithecus from the late miocene of greece .

see more detail at ouranopithecus .

this species is known from three localities in northern greece .

the material has been dated to the late miocene 9.6 – 8.7 million years old , so slightly earlier than o. turkae .

to some this suggests o. turkae is the direct descendant of o. macedoniensis , although it is generally accepted that they are sister taxons .

ouranopithecus macedoniensis

above , ouranopithecus fossil material and below , comparison of ouranopithecus to an orangutan .
metric variation and sexual dimorphism in the dentition of ouranopithecus macedoniensis . - pubmed - ncbi
no one has contributed data records for ouranopithecus macedoniensis yet . learn how to contribute .
first discovery of postcranial bones of ouranopithecus macedoniensis ( primates , hominoidea ) from . . .
an examination of dental development in graecopithecus freybergi ( = ouranopithecus macedoniensis ) . - pubmed - ncbi
new material of the hominoid ouranopithecus macedoniensis from the late miocene of the axios valley ( macedonia , greece ) with some remarks on its sexual dimorphism .
dental microwear analysis of bovids from thevallesian ( late miocene ) of axios valley greece . reconstruction of the habitat of ouranopithecus macedoniensis ( primates , hominoidea )
new material of the hominoid ouranopithecus macedoniensis from the late miocene of the axios valley ( macedonia , greece ) with some remarks on its se . . . - pubmed - ncbi
first discovery of postcranial bones of ouranopithecus macedoniensis ( primates , hominoidea ) from the late miocene of macedonia ( greece ) , journal of human evolution | 10 . 1016 / j . jhevol . 2014 . 05 . 015 | deepdyve
examination of dental remains of o . macedoniensis and associated bovid species indicate a habitat of low tree cover and a rich herbaceous layer .
during the last five years our continued excavations in the known late miocene mammal localities of macedonia ( greece ) provided several new specimens of the hominoid primate ouranopithecus macedoniensis . this new material includes maxillary and mandibular remains and it is described and compared to the old material of ouranopithecus in the present article . the material of ouranopithecus from the three known localities “ravin de la pluie” ( rpl ) , “xirochori 1” ( xir ) and “nikiti 1” ( nkt ) includes a complete series of tooth rows representing all wearing stages . thus , the study of the dental wear of ouranopithecus upper and lower teeth is studied and compared to that of the recent hominoids gorilla and pan , as well as to australopithecus afarensis . the latter species is well known by a series of tooth rows of different wearing stages . the canine’s attrition of ouranopithecus has a more derived pattern than that of the recent hominoids ( gorilla and pan ) and less derived than a . afarensis . the p3 of ouranopithecus has similar attrition to that of a . afarensis , the attrition of the molars in ouranopithecus , a . afarensis and pan follows a similar pattern , while in gorilla it is different .
above , full painting reconstruction for the gorilla - sized late miocene ape ouranopithecus from greece and turkey . below , ouranopithecus ' reconstructed skull and an interpretation of it as fleshed out in life . ( this is slightly altered from the original , chiefly by increasing the vertical height in both images correspondingly )
since then it’s been the target of some controversy , with some researchers denying it even exists . it’s been claimed it’s actually just an example of ouranopithecus macedoniensis . however , the two species are separated by a couple of million years ; with ouranopithecus clocking in at closer to 9 million years ago . as such , it seems fairly clear the two species are distinct . additionally , there’s also been disagreement with whether the tooth actually belongs to the species , with some claiming it is too small to fit .
smith , t . m . , martin , l . b . , reid , d . j . , de bonis , l . and koufos , g . d . , 2004 . an examination of dental development in graecopithecus freybergi ( = ouranopithecus macedoniensis ) . journal of human evolution , 46 ( 5 ) , pp . 551 - 577 .
gildas merceron , cécile blondel , laurent viriot , george d . koufos , louis de bonis . dental microwear analysis of bovids from the vallesian ( late miocene ) of axios valley in greece : reconstruction of the habitat of ouranopithecus macedoniensis ( primates , hominoidea ) . geodiversitas , museum national d ' histoire naturelle paris , 2007 , 29 ( 3 ) , pp . 421 - 433 . 〈hal - 00238501〉
this study presents a new , reliable method of dental microwear analysis , which is applied to one of the largest published primate databases and to a miocene hominoid , ouranopithecus macedoniensis . phase i and phase ii molar facets were considered . a strict protocol during the molding and casting steps enabled the capture of sharp photographs using light stereomicroscopy . a semi - automatic method allows the quantification of the microwear features on digitized photographs .
pendant les cinq dernières années , la poursuite des fouilles dans les gisements du vallésien ( miocène supérieur ) de macédoine a permis de mettre au jour un certain nombre de nouveaux spécimens dentaires du primate hominoïde ouranopithecus macedoniensis . ce matériel comprend des éléments de mandibules ou de maxillaires qui sont décrits et comparés aux spécimens déjà connus . les fossiles étudiés proviennent de trois localités : le « ravin de la pluie » ( rpl ) , « xirochori 1 » ( xir ) , « nikiti 1 » ( nkt ) et comprennent des séries dentaires présentant divers stades d ' usure . cette usure , sur les dents supérieures ou inférieures , est comparée à celle des deux hominoïdes modernes gorilla et pan , de même qu ' à celle de l ' espèce australopithecus afarensis connue par de nombreux spécimens représentant différents stades d ' usure . l ' usure des canines d ' ouranopithecus présente un aspect considéré comme plus dérivé que celui des grands signes modernes mais moins que celui d ' a . afarensis . l ' usure de la p 3 d ' ouranopithecus rappelle celle d ' a . afarensis et diffère de celle des grands singes tandis que sur les molaires on trouve un schéma analogue chez o . macedoniensis , a . afarensis et pan distinct de celui qui est présent chez le gorille .
ouranopithecus and graecopithecus are separated by a lot more than just 2 million years . the are very morphologically distinct from one another . their only real similarity , outside of the shared morphological features that unite them as hominoids , is that they were both found in greece .
two mandibular fragments with associated milk teeth assigned to the late miocene hominoid primate ouranopithecus macedoniensis are analyzed . the fossils , which belong to a single individual , were found in the vallesian locality of “ravin de la pluie” of the axios valley ( macedonia , greece ) . the material is described here and compared with extant and extinct hominoids , allowing assessment of the evolutionary trends in the deciduous lower dentition within the hominoidea . hylobatids represent the more primitive pattern . gorilla is slightly more derived than hylobatids , but less derived than pongo and pan , the latter being the most derived . with relatively smaller deciduous canines and more molarized deciduous premolars , ouranopithecus is more derived than both pan and gorilla . among the fossil hominoids , proconsul , representing the primitive condition , has a very simple dp 3 and a dp 4 that has a trigonid that is taller than the talonid and which lacks a hypoconulid . griphopithecus is more derived than proconsul in having a dp 4 with a lower trigonid , a hypoconulid , and a less oblique cristid obliqua . australopithecus and paranthropus possess a similar morphology to that of homo , while ardipithecus appears to be more primitive than the latter genera . ouranopithecus has a more derived lower milk dentition than proconsul and griphopithecus , but less derived than australopithecus and paranthropus . the comparison of the lower milk dentition of ouranopithecus confirms our previous conclusions suggesting that this fossil hominoid shares derived characters with australopithecus and homo .
two well preserved phalanges , one proximal and one intermediate , are identified and described . they constitute the first postcrania ever described of ouranopithecus macedoniensis ( primates , hominoidea ) from the late miocene locality of ravin de la pluie ( rpl ) , macedonia ( greece ) . they are isolated specimens , and the only ones known for their genus . the hypotheses that these specimens derive either from the hand or from the foot were tested . comparisons with living apes of known positional behaviour were made to assess the functional signal in these specimens . the proximal phalanx , either manual or pedal , closely matches the proximal phalanges of terrestrial quadrupedal primates or the bipedal primate homo . with respect to the intermediate phalanx we show that it closely matches phalanges of quadrupedal terrestrial primates . the terrestriality of ouranopithecus , here reconstructed from phalangeal remains , is in agreement with our previous results of dental studies ( thick check teeth enamel and microwear pattern of incisors and molars ) , which indicate that it was a hard object feeder living near the ground .
inter - specific analysis on extant primates enabled recognition of three clusters . primates feeding on soft fruits and leaves and having a low incidence of pitting on molar facets constitute the first cluster . a second group composed of the three sub - species of papio , differs from the others by a high incidence of pitting and scratching on both molar facets . this is related to the consumption of abrasive graminoids and hard items . pan troglodytes troglodytes and pongo pygmaeus have an intermediate microwear pattern and constitute a third group . ouranopithecus macedoniensis is close in dental microwear pattern to the three sub - species of papio . this suggests the importance of the consumption of hard and abrasive items . intra - specific analysis of dental microwear variations within a population of pongo pygmaeus reveals no significant differences related to sex and molar - wear stage . according to these results , this alternative method appears to be repeatable , and therefore reliable , for paleodiet characterization of fossil primates .
ouranopithecus and dating the splitting of the extant hominoids . studies of molecular biology allow us to calculate distances between the living beings from differences that they present at the molecular level . they are expressed by a set of dichotomies , which represent their phyletic relationships . while leaning on certain paleontological data that specify the geological age of one of dichotomies , these studies aim to give the date of all another one ( molecular clock ) . whatever is the used method , results are in agreement with regard to the phylogeny but very variable , for what is dating . the hominoïd primate ouranopithecus has some derived characters shared with australopithecines , and therefore with humans . so it must be placed into the clade of the homininae with them . insofar the separation of the human clade and the one of chimps should be older than this fossil , that is to say older than 9 . 6 ma . to cite this article : l . de bonis , g . d . koufos , c . r . palevol 3 ( 2004 ) .
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school of human evolution and social change , institute of human origins , arizona state university , p . o . box 874101 , tempe , az 85287 - 4101 , usa . caitlin . schrein @ urltoken
folia primatol ( basel ) . 2016 ; 87 ( 2 ) : 94 - 122 . doi : 10 . 1159 / 000446433 . epub 2016 jun 23 .
department of geology , laboratory of geology and palaeontology , aristotle university of thessaloniki , thessaloniki , greece .
smith tm 1 , martin lb , reid dj , de bonis l , koufos gd .
department of anthropology , stony brook university , stony brook , ny 11794 - 4364 , usa . tasmith @ urltoken
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
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, a late miocene ( 9 . 6mya - 8 . 7mya ) hominoid from greece and bulgaria , and
, also from the late miocene ( 8 . 7mya - 7 . 4mya ) of turkey . based on
' s dental and facial anatomy , it has been suggested that the ouranopithecines were actually dryopithecine . however , ouranopithecines are probably more closely related to the ponginae . some researchers consider
to be the last common ancestor of apes and humans , and a forerunner to australopithecines and man , although this is very controversial and not widely accepted . it is true that
shares derived features with some early hominins ( such as the frontal sinus , a cavity in the forehead ) , but they are almost certainly not closely related species . it has been suggested that it may be a synonym of
is known from three localities in northern greece . the type location is ravin de la pluie . the other localities are chalkidiki and xirochori . it is known from a large collection of cranial fossils and few post cranial . the material has been dated to the late miocene 9 . 6 – 8 . 7 million years old , so slightly earlier than
had a large , broad face with a prominent supraorbital torus . it also had square - shaped orbits .
may have had a relatively large body size . the post cranial evidence is thin , but the dentition of
suggests extreme sexual dimorphism , a far higher degree than that seen in any extant great ape . the ape was probably a quadruped . it is not possible to postulate on how
' s molar enamel cover was fairly thick and had low cusps . the male
, it is assumed that its diet consisted of harder foods such as nuts or tubers .
behaviour is very difficult to infer in species with such a small diversity of fossil remains . it is reasonable to suggest it may have been either solitary or group living . the large body size may have made climbing difficult in some aspects so it may have been a terrestrial forager but this is purely speculation within the literature .
is known from the corakyerler locality , central anatolia . it is known only from three cranial fossils . dated faunal remains associated with the
fossils have been attributed to the late miocene 8 . 7 – 7 . 4 million years ago , making
. turkae after the discovery of the holotype fossils in the republic of turkey .
is difficult to determine due to the complete lack of post - cranial remains . the post - canine dentary is second only to that of gigantopithecus in size , perhaps suggesting a large body size . it is unknown whether the species was sexually dimorphic as there are no known female fossils . the ape was probably a quadruped but there is no evidence to confirm this .
behaved . the fossils were not associated with any females of the species so it could be suggested that the males , at least , were solitary . it may also be assumed that
climbed trees , possibly to feed or to avoid predation , although their suggested large body size may have made climbing difficult . some believe
the search for the earliest fossil evidence of the human lineage has been concentrated in east africa . here we report the discovery of six hominid specimens from chad , central africa , 2 , 500 km from the east african rift valley . the fossils include a nearly complete cranium and fragmentary lower jaws . the associated fauna suggest the fossils are between 6 and 7 million years old . the fossils display a unique mosaic of primitive and derived characters , and constitute a new genus and species of hominid . the distance from the rift valley , and the great antiquity of the fossils , suggest that the earliest members of the hominid clade were more widely distributed than has been thought , and that the divergence between the human and chimpanzee lineages was earlier than indicated by most molecular studies .
we thank the chadian authorities ( ministère de l ' education nationale de l ' enseignement supérieur et de la recherche , université de n ' djaména , cnar ) . we extend gratitude for their support to the french ministries , ministère français de l ' education nationale ( faculté des sciences , université de poitiers ) , ministère de la recherche ( cnrs ) , ministère des affaires etrangères ( direction de la coopération scientifique , universitaire et de recherche , paris , and scac ambassade de france à n ' djaména ) , to the région poitou - charentes , the département de la vienne , the association pour le prix scientifique philip morris , and also to the armée française ( mam and epervier ) for logistic support . for giving us the opportunity to work with their collections , we are grateful to the national museum of ethiopia , the national museum of kenya , the peabody museum and harvard university , the institute of human origins and the university of california . special thanks to scanner - irm poitou charentes ( p . chartier and f . perrin ) , for industrial scanner to empa ( a . flisch ing . htl ) and to multimedia laboratorium - computer department , university of zurich - irchel ( p . stucki ) . many thanks to all our colleagues and friends for their help and discussion , and particularly to f . clark howell , a . garaudel , y . haile - selassie , d . johanson , w . kimbel , m . g . leakey , d . lieberman , r . macchiarelli , m . pickford , b . senut , g . suwa , t . white and lubaka . we especially thank all the other mpft members who joined us for the field missions , and v . bellefet , s . riffaut and j . - c . bertrand for technical support . we are most grateful to g . florent for administrative guidance . we dedicate this article to j . d . clark . all authors are members of the mpft .
institut des sciences de l ' evolution , cnrs umr 5554 , université de montpellier ii , place e . bataillon , 34095 montpellier cedex 5 , france
§§anthropologisches institut / multimedia laboratorium , universität zürich - irchel , winterthurer str . 190 , 8057 zürich , switzerland
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geodiversitas , museum national d ' histoire naturelle paris , 2007 , 29 ( 3 ) , pp . 421 - 433
paleoenvironment of dryopithecus brancoi at rudabánya , hungary : evidence from dental meso - and micro - wear analyses of large vegetarian mammals . - pubmed - ncbi
paleoenvironment of dryopithecus brancoi at rudabánya , hungary : evidence from dental meso - and micro - wear analyses of large vegetarian mammals .
zoological institute and museum , university of hamburg , martin - luther - king platz 3 , 20146 hamburg , germany . gildas . merceron @ urltoken
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bonis , l . de ; bouvrain , g . ; koufos , g . d .
bonis , l . de ; bouvrain , g . ; geraads , d . ; melentis , j .
bonis , l . de ; bouvrain , g . ; geraads , d . ; koufos , g . d .
pierolapithecus locomotor adaptations : a reply to alba et al . ’s comment on deane and begun ( 2008 )
haile selassie , j . ; beverly , z . ; saylor , b . z . ; deino , a . ; naomi , e . ; levin , n . e . ; mulugeta alene , m . ; latimer , b . m .
merceron , g . ; blondel , c . ; bonis , l . de ; koufos , g . d . ; viriot , l .
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moyà - solà , s . ; kölher , m . ; alba , d . m . ; casanovas - vilar , i . ; galindo , j .
catarrhines from the middle miocene ( ca . 14 . 5 ma ) of kipsaraman , tugen hills , kenya
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graecopithecus freybergi is an ape from greece and bulgaria . new research says it might be our distance ancestor , contrary to the idea we evolved in africa
humans are a species with strong african roots . our species evolved there . so did our ancestors , stretching back to before we split from chimps around 7 million years ago . but there’s one fossil that challenges this perspective . it’s called graecopithecus freybergi and – as the name suggests – it comes from greece ( graec = greek , pithecus = ape ) . despite this distinctly un - african heritage , new research suggests it may be a human ancestor .
the defining specimen of graecopithecus freybergi conists of a bit of mandible . despite these rather lacklustre remains , it’s already earned a nickname : el graeco . no word yet on if it’s connected to the infamous criminal with a similar title .
el graeco is not actually a new fossil . it was actually discovered back in 1944 , allegedly by occupying germans digging a bunker in athens . unfortunately , that bunker did a bit of damage to the site of the fossil making it impossible for further research to be done . i guess screwing with fossils is another crime the nazis were guilty of . however , it was coated in sediment that was dated to the miocene , around 7 million years ago . since then a tooth was found in bulgaria which has also been assigned to the species .
apart from that controversy , there’s not much else to note about the species 70 + year history . with so few remains attributed there’s not much more to add .
and that was the end of the story . el graeco was cleaned up by the natural history museum in london and we could all go home without re - writing any textbooks on human evolution . but everything changed when the computer scanners attacked . detailed models of the mandible revealed they had a unique tooth root . this confirmed that the bulgarian tooth was a match .
oh , and the tooth root was also a match for the human family . * record scratch *
see , early apes have two or three clearly diverging roots in their teeth . by modern apes this had become just two roots is two roots . whilst el graeco does have two roots , they’re fused halfway up . only 2 % of ape teeth have this fusion . however , this is seen in ~ 20 % of early members of the human family . meanwhile , ~ 20 % of modern humans have the similar but more derived from of this unique root ; called a “tomes root” .
in other words , if you don’t have a fused tooth root you aren’t necassarily a member of the human family . but if you do have one , odds are that you do belong to us . and since el graeco had one , well . . . i’ll let you figure that one out .
however , before we go running off and re - writing all the textbooks there are a few caveats to bear in mind . notably , we’re dealing with just one fossil ( and one tooth ) . given there’s a 2 % chance for this to happen in an ape , a sample size of 1 is a bit small for us to draw massive conclusions from it . additionally , that root seems more humans than that of the other known human “ancestors” from around this time . the chronology doesn’t quote add up .
( ancestors being in quotemarks because we don’t actually know they’re ancestors . just likely closely related to ancestors ) .
notably , there are issues that the authors are aware of . t he torygraph offers a fairly certain perspective that “these are totes human” , but the actual researchers are more cautious . they note that :
accordingly , the most parsimonious interpretation of the phylogenetic position of graecopithecus is that it is a hominin , although we acknowledge that the known sample of fossil hominin root configurations is too small for definitive conclusions .
well , it’s not as unlikely as it might seem . despite our strong african heritage , there were also many apes in europe during the early part of our evolution . the climate was fairly different back then , producing an environment favourable for apes . in fact , more than half a dozen ape species are known from across europe at this time .
increasing aridification at the time of el graeco was spreading across europe and north africa . thus , a species well adapted to that environment – as graecopithecus surely was – could have many habitats to choose from . perhaps even being able to expand back into africa , where the rest of human evolution occurred .
however , i do have to point out that this is a lot to infer from a single tooth . more fossils are needed . but since only one other has been found in the 70 + years since el graeco was found , i’m skeptical that we’d find more . it looks like the origins of our lineage are going to remain a mystery for a while longer .
böhme , m . , spassov , n . , ebner , m . , geraads , d . , hristova , l . , kirscher , u . , kötter , s . , linnemann , u . , prieto , j . , roussiakis , s . and theodorou , g . , 2017 . messinian age and savannah environment of the possible hominin graecopithecus from europe . plos one , 12 ( 5 ) , p . e0177347 .
fuss , j . , spassov , n . , begun , d . r . and böhme , m . , 2017 . potential hominin affinities of graecopithecus from the late miocene of europe . plos one , 12 ( 5 ) , p . e0177127 .
spassov , n . , geraads , d . , hristova , l . , markov , g . n . , merceron , g . , tzankov , t . , stoyanov , k . , böhme , m . and dimitrova , a . , 2012 . a hominid tooth from bulgaria : the last pre - human hominid of continental europe . journal of human evolution , 62 ( 1 ) , pp . 138 - 145 .
gu , y . , zhang , y . and liao , z . , 2013 . root and canal morphology of mandibular first premolars with radicular grooves . archives of oral biology , 58 ( 11 ) , pp . 1609 - 1617 .
even more grotesque ? the white nationalist sites promoting this find as proof that “out of africa” is false and europeans are a separate , “superior” species .
i’m lost for words . not only is it abhorrent on the face of it but it’s not even consistent . after all , this “superior” lineage was evidently killed off in europe ; being forced to retreat into an african “refugia” where the rest of human evolution occurred .
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homo naledi age has finally been discovered , revealing that the species is much younger than expected . what could explain this ?


agamura is a genus of geckos containing the species agamura persica .

it is native to iran , pakistan , and afghanistan , commonly known as the spider gecko or persian spider gecko .

the name derives from its strikingly thin , long limbs .

it inhabits desert areas .

geckos of the genus rhinogecko are sometimes classified in genus agamura .

agamura

gymnodactylus persicus duméril 1856 : 481 agamura cruralis blanford 1874 ( syn fide m . a . smith 1935 ) agamura persica — blanford 1876 : 358 agamura cruralis — boulenger 1885 : 50 agamura persica — boulenger 1885 : 51 agamura persica — smith 1935 : 61 agamura persica — anderson 1963 : 474 agamura persica — frynta et al . 1997 agamura persica — rösler 1995 : 95 agamura persica — sindaco & jeremčenko 2008 agamura persica — hosseinian - yousefkhani et al . 2017 agamura cruralis — hosseinian - yousefkhani et al . 2017
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meyer , m . 2004 . agamura persica - der spinnengecko aus dem mittleren osten . draco 5 ( 18 ) : 59 - 63 - get paper here
hosseinian yousefkhani , seyyed saeed ; mansour aliabadian ; eskandar rastegar - pouyani and jamshid darvish 2017 . geographic variation in morphology of the genus agamura blanford , 1874 in iran . amphibia - reptilia 38 : 449 - 459 - get paper here
hosseinian yousefkhani , seyyed saeed ; mansour aliabadian , e . rastegar - pouyani , jamshid darvish , 2017 . predicting the impact of climate change on the distribution pattern of agamura persica ( dumeril , 1856 ) ( squamata : gekkonidae ) in iran . belgian journal of zoology , volume ( 147 ) , no ( 2 ) , year ( 2017 - 11 ) , pages ( 137 - 142 ) - get paper here
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bauer , a . m . , masroor , r . , titus - mcquillan , j . , heinicke , m . p . , daza , j . d . and jackman , t . r . 2013 . a preliminary phylogeny of the palearctic naked - toed geckos ( reptilia : squamata : gekkonidae ) with taxonomic implications . zootaxa 3599 ( 4 ) : 301 - 324 .
papenfuss , t . shafiei bafti , s . , sharifi , m . & ananjeva , n .
cox , n . , temple , h . j . ( global reptile assessment coordinating team ) & böhm , m . , collen , b . , ram , m . ( sampled red list index coordinating team )
de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category . this species is used in the international pet trade and so more research should be carried out into the harvest levels of this species to monitor if significant population declines take place in the future .
this species is distributed on the central plateau of iran and adjacent areas of afghanistan and pakistan ( as far east as sind and waziristan ) ( minton 1966 , anderson , 1999 ) . it is found from around 30 to 1 , 900 m above sea level .
this is a largely nocturnal species found in a wide range of dry habitats , including plains , hillsides , cliffs , rocky terraces and slopes , gravelly creek beds , and silty , gravelly and sandy soil . the vegetation cover is largely open steppe scrubland ( minton 1966 , anderson 1999 ) .
there are currently no major threats to this species . this species is used in the commercial pet trade , but there is no information to suggest this is causing a significant decline in population abundance .
there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species , but it is likely that it occurs in several of the protected areas of iran . research into the harvest levels should be carried out to ensure it does not cause significant declines in this species .
papenfuss , t . shafiei bafti , s . , sharifi , m . & ananjeva , n . 2010 .
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note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
agarwal , i . , bauer , a . m . , jackman , t . r . & karanth , p . 2014 . cryptic species and miocene diversification of palaearctic naked - toed geckos ( squamata : gekkonidae ) in the indian dry zone . zoologica scripta doi : 10 . 1111 / zsc . 12062 - get paper here
anderson , s . c . & a . e . leviton 1969 . amphibians and reptiles collected by the street expedition to afghanistan , 1965 . proc . cal . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 37 : 25 - 56 - get paper here
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blanford , w . t . 1876 . eastern persia , an account of the journeys of the persian boundary comission , 1870 - 71 - 72 . vol . ii . the zoology and geology . london , 516 pp .
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boulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , second edition . london , xiii + 497 pp . - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . geckonidae , eublepharidae , uroplatidae , pygopodidae , agamidae . london : 450 pp . - get paper here
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nilson , g . & andren , c . 1981 . die herpetofauna des kavir - schutzgebietes , kavir - wüste , iran . salamandra 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 130 - 146 - get paper here
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šmíd , jiří ; jiří moravec , petr kodym , lukáš kratochvíl , seyyed saeed hosseinian yousefkhani , eskandar rastegar - pouyani & daniel frynta 2014 . annotated checklist and distribution of the lizards of iran . zootaxa 3855 ( 1 ) : 001–097
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werner , yehudah l . 2008 . tales of tails . gekko 5 ( 2 ) : 6 - 18
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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