psammoperca waigiensis , the waigieu seaperch or waigeo barramundi , is a species of marine fish in family latidae of order perciformes .

the only species of genus psammoperca , it is native to tropical coastal waters from the bay of bengal south through indonesia to northern australia and north through the philippines and the south china sea to japan .

reaching a maximum overall length of 47 cm ( 19 in ) , p. waigiensis is of brownish to steel-grey colouration , sometimes with white vertical bars along the body .

with its typical centropomid body shape , it can be distinguished from the barramundi ( lates calcarifer ) from the same waters by its widely set nostrils and shorter maxilla which does not reach back farther than the eye ( which is reddish ) .

the waigeo " sea perch " occurs primarily among rocks and in coral reefs , preferring vegetated waters .

it is a nocturnal predator , feeding primarily on crustaceans and other fishes and hiding during the day .

the species is named for waigeo , an island in indonesia ; the common name is also spelled waigeo or weigeu seaperch .

it is also known as the sand bass , sand perch , or glasseye perch .

the generic name psammoperca derives from the greek ψάμμος ( sand ) and πέρκη ( perch ) .

psammoperca waigiensis

yan wong set
image of psammoperca waigiensis
as an exemplar on
psammoperca waigiensis ( cuvier , 1828 )
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sex steroid levels , oocyte maturation and spawning performance in waigieu seaperch ( psammoperca waigiensis ) exposed to thyroxin , human chorionic go . . . - pubmed - ncbi
a black , steely - grey or brownish bass with dark lateral line scales and dark fins . in australia , this species was previously considered to be psammoperca waigiensis .
the cryopreservation protocols have been applied for sperm prevervation of many fish species , but have not been developed for waigieu seaperch psammoperca waigiensis , an important aquaculture species in vietnam .
sex steroid levels , oocyte maturation and spawning performance in waigieu seaperch ( psammoperca waigiensis ) exposed to thyroxin , human chorionic gonadotropin , luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and carp pituitary extract .
differs from psammoperca waigiensis in having the following characters : more slender body ( mean depth 28 . 9 % of sl vs . mean depth 36 . 7 % of sl in p . waigiensis ) , pored lateral - line scales 49–54 ( vs . 46–48 in p . waigiensis ) , scale rows above and below lateral line 6½ / 10½–11½ ( vs 4½ / 9½–10½ in p . waigiensis ) , and vertical at hind margin of maxilla posterior / behind center of eye ( vs . vertical at hind margin of maxilla anterior to / in front of hind margin of eye in p . waigiensis ) . p . waigiensis also has a brownish to golden body with yellow - edged pored lateral - line scales .
a sand bass , psammoperca datnioides , on ningaloo reef , western australia , july 2017 . source : john turnbull / flickr . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial - sharealike
( of labrax waigiensis cuvier , 1828 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
psammoperca datnioides richardson 1848 , zool . voy . h . m . s . erebus and terror 2 : 116 , pl . 57 , figs 1 - 2 . type locality : australia .
( of psammoperca datnioides richardson , 1848 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of psammoperca waigensis ( cuvier , 1828 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
age , growth , and reproductive biology of the waigieu seaperch psammoperca waigiensis were studied using 291 specimens obtained around okinawa island , japan . otolith opaque zones that formed every year correlated with spawning activity and were thought to be annual rings . growth of this species was rapid during the first 2 years , reaching 186 . 2–270 . 3 mm in standard length ( sl ) . females ( 196 . 6–334 . 0 mm sl ) were larger than males ( 186 . 2–288 . 6 mm sl ) , caused by differential growth between sexes , which started before 2 years of age . most of the specimens were 1–11 years old and accounted for 96 % in total . spawning season was estimated to be from april to october by gonadosomatic index ( gsi ) and histological observation . the smallest mature female and male were 217 . 0 mm sl ( 2 years ) and 206 . 0 mm sl ( 2 years ) , respectively . after recruitment in rocky areas up to about 200 . 0 mm sl and 2 years of age , psammoperca waigiensis were then found to soon mature .
in the present study , we have investigated the sex steroid hormone levels , oocyte maturation and spawning performance in waigieu seaperch ( psammoperca waigiensis ) exposed to different doses ( 0 , ( control ) , 0 . 05 , 0 . 25 and 0 . 5 mg / kg fish ) of thyroxin ( t ( 4 ) ) both through diet ( continuously ) and injection ( single injection ) . in addition , we also studied plasma steroid hormone levels and spawning performances in female fish injected with a single dose of d - ala ( 6 ) , pro ( 9 ) - net - mgnrh ( lhrha : 50 microg / kg ) , human chronic gonadotropin ( hcg : 1 , 500 iu / kg ) and carp pituitary extract ( cpe : 10 mg / kg ) . in all experiments , samples were collected at 0 , 6 , 12 , 24 and 48 h after exposure . t4 exposure via dietary route produced differential and enhanced effects , compared with when the compound was injected to the broodstock . a significant association between exposure to dietary t4 , elevated plasma steroid hormone levels , maturation - , spawning - , fertilization - and hatching rate , egg diameter , embryogenesis and larval growth were observed . interestingly , we observed that broodstock groups fed with t4 doses spawned 20 days earlier than the control group . thus , we propose that these differences may be attributed to higher systemic availability of t4 due to dietary exposure that is easily transferable to eggs and embryos , as opposed to injection that require absorption to increase bioavailability . furthermore , our results show that lhrha , cpe and hcg produced significant increase in spawning rate , but significantly reduced fertilization - and hatching rates . waigieu seaperch is a new candidate for marine aquaculture in vietnam and relatively little is known about the reproductive biology and endocrinology of this species . therefore , the present study forms an integral basis for understanding the reproductive endocrinology of a tropical marine finfish with increasing aquaculture prospects and may also contribute in the development of sustainable aquaculture of this species in a developing country such as vietnam .
greek , psammos = sand + greek , perke = perch ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; depth range 3 - 12 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical
indo - west pacific : bay of bengal , indo - australian archipelago and northern australia to the philippines , china sea and japan ( ref . 2334 ) . found in the mekong delta ( ref . 12693 ) .
maturity : l m ? , range 28 - ? cm max length : 47 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2334 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9799 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 7 - 8 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 - 14 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 8 - 9 . one large flat spine at rear angle of preoperculum . color varies from light silvery gray to dark brown ; eyes reddish . lateral line extends onto caudal fin .
inhabits rocky or coral reefs , frequently in weedy areas , usually in holes and crevices by day . enters estuaries ( ref . 4833 ) . forages on fishes and crustaceans at night ( ref . 9710 ) . mainly marketed fresh . in hong kong sold live in fish markets ( ref . 27253 ) .
randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )
) : 24 . 7 - 29 . 3 , mean 28 . 4 ( based on 2981 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01023 ( 0 . 00511 - 0 . 02050 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 67 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 29 of 100 ) .
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recorded in australia from busselton , western australia , around the tropical north to moreton bay , queensland .
dorsal fin vii - viii , 12 - 14 ; anal fin iii , 8 - 9 ; lateral line scales ( pored ) 46 - 49 . head with a single large flat spine at rear angle of preoperculum . lateral line extends onto caudal fin .
. perth : western australian museum 292 pp . 106 pls . ( in part as
the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers .
perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls . ( as
bleeker , p . 1855 . over eenige visschen van van diemensland . verhandelingen der koninklijke akademie van wetenschappen 2 : 1 - 31 fig . 1 ( as
cuvier , g . l . in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1828 .
. paris : levrault vol . 2 xxi , 2 + 490 pp . , pls 9 - 40 .
brisbane : queensland government , co - ordinator general’s department 640 pp . ( as
s ( günther 1859 ) in the family latidae ( perciformes ) from the indo - west pacific . zootaxa 4402 ( 3 ) : 467–486
johnson , j . w . 1999 . annotated checklist of the fishes of moreton bay , queensland , australia .
johnson , j . w . 2010 . fishes of the moreton bay marine park and adjacent continental shelf waters , queensland , australia . pp . 299 - 353 in davie , p . j . f . & phillips , j . a . proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay .
. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp . ( as
larson , h . k . 1999 . family centropomidae . pp . 2429 - 2432 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes .
larson , h . k . & williams , r . s . 1997 . darwin harbour fishes : a survey and annotated checklist . pp . 339 - 380 in hanley , h . r . , caswell , g . , megirian , d . & larson , h . k . ( eds ) .
the marine flora and fauna of darwin harbour , northern territory , australia . proceedings of the sixth international marine biology workshop
larson , h . k . , williams , r . s . & hammer , m . p . 2013 . an annotated checklist of the fishes of the northern territory , australia .
linke , t . e . , platell , m . e . & potter , i . c . 2001 . factors influencing the partitioning of food resources among six fish species in a large embayment with juxtaposing bare sand and seagrass habitats .
richardson , j . 1848 . ichthyology . 75 - 139 pls 42 - 43 & 44 ( parts ) , 45 - 52 , 53 in richardson , j . & gray , j . e . ( eds ) .
the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . erebus and terror under the command of captain sir james clark ross , r . n . , f . r . s . , during the years 1839–43
. london : smith , elder & co . vol . 2 139 pp .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
inhabits rocky or coral reefs , frequently in weedy areas , usually in holes and crevices by day . enters estuaries ( ref . 4833 ) . forages on fishes and crustaceans at night ( ref . 9710 ) . mainly marketed fresh . in hong kong sold live in fish markets ( ref . 27253 ) .
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eds . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol 4 . bony fishes , part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae )
studies on the formation of fish eggs i . annual cycle in the development of ovarian eggs in the flounder , liopsetta obscura
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mcculloch , a . r . 1929 ,
a check - list of the fishes recorded from australia . part ii
, memoirs of the australian museum , vol . 5 , pp . 145–329
larson , h . k . 1999 ,
family centropomidae
, ed . carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) , the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes , vol . 4 , pp . 2429 - 2432 , fao , rome
richardson , j . 1848 ,
ichthyology
, ed . richardson , j . & gray , j . e . ( eds ) , the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . erebus and terror under the command of captain sir james clark ross , r . n . , f . r . s . , during the years 1839–43 , vol . 2 , pp . 75 - 139 pls 42 - 43 & 44 ( parts ) , 45 - 52 , 53 , smith , elder & co . , london
cuvier , g . l . in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1828 , vol . 2 , pp . xxi , 2 + 490 pp . , pls 9 - 40 , levrault , paris
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f90b6087 - 44ba - 4858 - 9692 - a50d180c61c4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 53557da8 - 1694 - 403f - 897d - 1f2f79acca0e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 416943
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comp biochem physiol a mol integr physiol . 2010 feb ; 155 ( 2 ) : 223 - 30 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cbpa . 2009 . 10 . 044 . epub 2009 nov 5 .
institute of aquaculture , nha trang university , nha trang city , vietnam . eamielhoanglm @ ntu . edu . vn .
the objectives of this study were to find the best cryoprotectant , extender , freezing method and dilution ratio for sperm cryopreservation of waigieu seaperch .
an effective protocol was established by comparing different cryodiluents created by mixing various cryoprotectants and extenders . the different freezing methods and dilution ratios were also used in an effective protocol . the motility ( mot ) , straight - linear velocity ( vsl ) and fertility rates of post - thawed sperm were comparable to that of fresh sperm .
the results indicated that at ratio of 1 : 3 in cryodiluent contained asp ( artificial seminal plasma ) as extender supplement 10 percent dmso as cryoprotectant and cryopreserved with the freezing method as two steps , reached the best mot and vsl of post - thawed sperm . the fertilization rate and hatching rate of the post - thawed sperm cryopreserved for 1 week , 1 month , or 1 year in liquid nitrogen ( 66 . 93 + / - 0 . 93 percent and 44 . 16 + / - 1 . 47 percent , 65 . 40 + / - 1 . 11 percent and 43 . 88 + / - 1 . 54 percent , or 65 . 13 + / - 1 . 31 percent and 43 . 24 + / - 1 . 41 percent ) were similar to that of fresh sperm ( 68 . 67 + / - 1 . 27 percent and 45 . 12 + / - 1 . 92 percent ) .
using cryodiluent contained the asp as extender and 10 percent dmso as cryoprotectant to semen at the ratio of 1 : 3 ( v / v ) in the freezing method as two steps ( - 76 degree c for 5 minutes and - 196 degree c ) is an effective protocol for cryopreservation , especially hatching success of egg fertilized by post - thawed sperm of waigieu seaperch .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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broad , g . ( 2003 ) fishes of the philippines . : anvil publishing , inc . , pasi city . 510 pp .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
conlu , p . v . ( 1986 ) guide to philippine flora and fauna . fishes . volume ix . : natural resources management center , quezon city . 495 p .
de bruin , g . h . p . , b . c . russell and a . bogusch ( 1995 ) fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes . the marine fishery resources of sri lanka . : rome , fao . 400 p .
department of fisheries malaysia ( 2009 ) valid local name of malaysian marine fishes . : department of fisheries malaysia . ministry of agriculture and agro - based industry . 180 p .
fao - fies ( 2017 ) aquatic sciences and fisheries information system ( asfis ) species list . : retrievef from urltoken ( accessed 08 / 06 / 2017 ) .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
ganaden , s . r . and f . lavapie - gonzales ( 1999 ) common and local names of marine fishes of the philippines . : bureau of fisheries and aquatic resources , philippines . 385 p .
hoese , d . f . , d . j . bray , j . r . paxton and g . r . allen ( 2006 ) fishes . : in beasley , o . l . and a . wells ( eds . ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . 2 australia : abrs & csiro publishing , 1472 p .
kailola , p . j . ( 1987 ) the fishes of papua new guinea : a revised and annotated checklist . vol . ii scorpaenidae to callionymidae . : research bulletin no . 41 , research section , dept . of fisheries and marine resources , papua new guinea .
larson , h . ( 1999 ) order perciformes . suborder percoidei . centropomidae . sea perches . : p . 2429 - 2432 . in k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 4 . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae ) . fao , rome .
lau , p . p . f . and l . w . h . li ( 2000 ) identification guide to fishes in the live seafood trade of the asia - pacific region . : world wide fund for nature , hong kong . 137 p .
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randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene ( 1990 ) fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . : university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p .
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machiavellian ( january 31 , 1987 – june 27 , 2004 ) was an american-bred thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

in a racing career which lasted from august 1989 to august 1990 he ran seven times and won four races .

he was the leading french two-year-old of 1989 when he was unbeaten in three races including the group one prix morny and prix de la salamandre .

he later became a highly successful sire of winners .

machiavellian ( horse )

4 . the thought has crossed your mind that your horse is actually cleverer than you are .
welcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .
[ 3 ] parel , anthony j . : the machiavellian cosmos . new haven 1992 . ( in the following quoted as : parel : machiavellian cosmos . ) p . 100 .
handsome bay horse with a good shoulder and the typically strong mr . prospector hindquarters and hind leg , machiavellian was strong and muscular . as a racehorse , he had excellent acceleration . he stood 15 . 3 hands .
as machiavellian was himself inbred 3x4 to native dancer , he had two lines to each of natalma’s parents .
machiavellian was foaled in 1987 , and his influence on the thoroughbred is being felt the world over . by
fudge e . ( 2000 ) judging like a malt - horse : the humanist interpretation of humanity . in : perceiving animals . palgrave macmillan , london
credits him with 78 stakes winners ( 10 . 3 % ) . machiavellian had a strong affinity for mares returning his ancestress
street cry ( c machiavellian ) dubai world cup ( g1 ) , stephen foster h ( g1 ) . champion sire .
horse - racing and its culture are the subject of much of wallinger’s work of the early 1990s . he has commented that horse - racing ‘has an extraordinary aesthetic frisson for me which covers everything from the gambling to the magical identification with the animal on which your money rides to the sheer beauty of the thoroughbred’ ( quoted in
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machiavellian , who was produced from the halo mare coup de folie , leaves his group i - winning son best of the bests at dalham hall .
the interesting aspect of justaroundmidnight’s pedigree is that she is out of a daughter of machiavellian , the champion european two - year - old of 1989 .
palmer , john : political and comic characters of shakespeare . london 1974 . parel , anthony j . : the machiavellian cosmos . new haven 1992 .
what stands out among all these sons of machiavellian , is their affinity for mares descending from the northern dancer male line . all of street sense , dutch art and emperor napoleon carry his blood in their immediate ancestries , and they also have in common the highly desirable attribute of being stallions that are free of the best cross for machiavellian himself , northern dancer . the circumstances of the situation are particularly fortuitous , since the pedigree of machiavellian reveals his granddam , raised the standard , as a half sister to northern dancer . in addition , machiavellian’s dam , coup de folie is by halo , who like northern dancer , is a grandson of the mare almahmoud .
bringing together the two halves of the horse . the horses are painted realistically in thin oil against a white ground . wallinger derived the horses from photographs in the jockey club’s official record of thoroughbred stallions . he projected the
foaled in kentucky , machiavellian was bred by the niarchos ' family ' s flaxman holdings ltd . and raced in the colors of stavros niarchos . he was trained by fran
the two lines of native dancer and almahmoud in machiavellian’s pedigree also encouraged the idea of coupling his descendants with those of danehill , a magnificent stallion inbred 3x3 to natalma .
darley stud’s stallion machiavellian ( mr . prospector - coup de folie , by halo ) , has been put down at the age of 17 after losing a battle with laminitis .
1st dam : taranto by machiavellian . 2 wins ( 8f - 9f ) at 2 , 2nd river eden s . dam of 9 foals , 6 to race , 5 winners :
danehill’s 10 foals out of machiavellian mares featured nine winners , including four at stakes level . these stakes winners comprised scintillation , a multiple group 1 winner in hong kong , his sister shania dane , a dual group 2 winner in australia , and the british listed winners miss pinkerton and coy . we also saw danehill do well with rafina , a sister to machiavellian .
in course preference , out of a machiavellian mare , general sherman , a proven winner with a deeper cut in the turf back in italy , should handle both dirt and soft goings .
europe was the domain of machiavellian , the former star among the stallions at sheikh mohammed’s dalham hall . although thanks to street cry and his son street sense , successful in the kentucky derby , his line now develops mainly in the united states , machiavellian has a strong position in the interior section of european pedigrees . there is just a single black - type winner with the 1989 champion of two - year - olds in the pedigree , but the horse is no lesser star than lope de vega , foaled at gestüt ammerland , germany , and the winner of the prix du jockey club and poule d’essai des poulains .
machiavellian ( usa ) january 31 , 1987 – july 25 , 2004 mr . prospector ( usa ) x coup de folie ( usa ) , by halo ( usa ) family 2 - d
although best known in america as the sire of street cry , machiavellian was certainly no one - hit wonder , and the influence of this son of mr . prospector is spreading far afield .
mark wallinger , half - brother ( exit to nowhere - machiavellian ) 1994 - 5 , tate . purchased 1995 © the artist , courtesy of anthony reynolds gallery , london . photo : tate photography
liam o ' rourke , managing director of dalham hall , said ,
machiavellian has been a super horse to have anything to do with . he ' s been a terrific stallion , one whose influence will be with us for years to come through his sons and daughters . but above all else he was a lovely animal . his loss is a huge blow to everyone at darley , particularly tommy sheridan who has looked after him since he first arrived here at the stud .
the horse’s head and shoulders are an ochre - brown , turning to black on its forelegs . the rear half of its body is a uniform rich , glossy black , broken only by a narrow white band above its left hoof . the painting’s title reflects on the significance of pedigree in horse breeding while the subtitle directs the work towards a particular reading . in racing terminology , ‘half brother’ may only be used for animals sharing the same mother . the words ‘exit to nowhere’ suggest that the inbreeding typical to pedigree animals ( not only horses ) may be ultimately unproductive . the appellation ‘machiavellian’ , evoking the italian political philosopher nicolo machiavelli ( 1469 - 1527 ) whose name has become synonymous with deviousness and expediency , hints rather ambiguously at cunning . the other subtitles in the series are
students of the “noble art” will recall our piece in the summerhill sire’s brochure of two years ago on the machiavellian and danehill factors . that announcement divulged the strategy behind our thinking , given the preponderance of northern dancer blood in the female strains on the farm , and the success which danehill and machiavellian had enjoyed with these internationally . this wasn’t happenstance . there was another factor , and that was the origins which all of northern dancer , machiavellian and danehill have in common ; last weekend in america , a filly by the name justaroundmidnight , revealed again the chemistry which a combination of these genes seems to inspire . before we hand you over to andrew caulfield and his insights in the thoroughbred daily news , there’s one statistic really worthy of notice , and it comes in his final paragraph . 40 % of danehill’s foals out of machiavellian mares are stakes winners , which provides the succour for next season’s matings . over to andrew :
onto the large canvases and copied them . in each painting , the horse’s forequarters appear on the left panel and its hindquarters on the right . the bodies’ outlines connect only approximately at the point where the canvases join . different colouring and variation in build between the horses’ halves result in incongruous blends . in
1992 ( saatchi collection , london ) consists of four large canvases depicting four life - sized stallions . each is a direct descendant of ‘eclipse’ , a horse painted by george stubbs ( 1724 - 1806 ) in the eighteenth century . the work’s title connects horse - flesh with human . like many of the owners of the hunting horses painted by stubbs in the eighteenth century , race horses have family trees describing their lineage and pedigrees in detail . union between horses is the result of calculation planned to maximise particular qualities in the breed and is carefully controlled . wallinger emphasised the political nature of his interest in racehorses with his photographic
even though anne repeatedly refers to richard’s dissembling nature , she still cannot resist him . [ 62 ] richard overcomes overwhelming odds against her in truly machiavellian style : anne literally becomes an embodiment of fortune and richard beats down her defences . [ 63 ]
a kentucky - bred and french champion , machiavellian stood his entire career at darley ' s dalham hall stud near newmarket , england . his 48 stakes winners include dubai world cup winners street cry and almutawakel as well as major european champions titus livius , whitewater affair , and susu . street cry , who stands at darley at jonabell near lexington , was a u . s . grade i winner . another machiavellian son , storming home , was a two - time grade i turf winner in the u . s .
in 1982 , j . k . galbraith critiqued contemporary american economic policy by comparing it to the ideas of the 1890s : “what an older and less elegant generation called the horse - and - sparrow theory : if you feed the horse enough oats , some will pass through to the road for the sparrows .
1 this idea is more popularly known as trickle - down economics . keynes and hayek , democrat and republican , labour and conservative have fought over this idea and its application for over a century , with no clear winner . one’s adherence to , or disavowal of , this idea largely comes down to what you perceive are the best markers for studying an intangible .
ken took over his current role as head stallion man in 1987 , following the retirement of tommy frood , and believes that the turning point in dalham hall stud becoming the commercial operation that it is today happened around four years later , when machiavellian retired to the stud .
fappiano , the product of mr . prospector’s second crop , features most frequently in the pedigrees of black - type horse . the blacktypepedigree database has 57 black - type horses inbred to fappiano , including 12 group winners and three gr . 1 winners . besides the already mentioned will take charge , these are the winner of the alfred g vanderbilt handicap justin phillip ( first samurai ) and warning flag ( war front ) , racing under the name of sweet orange in hong kong and the winner of the hong kong classic mile . a horse to be mentioned is tap attack ( tapit ) , placed in listed , who is inbred to fappiano three times and mr . prospector is respresented in his pedigree four times .
“the horse that they thought they were going to get didn’t materialise so i came here as a stallion man without a stallion ! ” ken recalls . “but then sheikh hamdan retired touching wood , who had just won the st leger , and he stood here for the 1983 season . he then went to aston upthorpe and shareef dancer came here in the autumn of 1983 . ”
machiavellian , one of europe ' s leading stallions and sire of two dubai world cup ( uae - i ) winners , was euthanized following a bout with laminitis . the 17 - year - old son of mr , prospector was withdrawn from covering duties early in the spring because of laminitis .
machiavellian ' s genetics have proved most successful with northern dancer / danehill mares . he is closely related to danehill from the family of the great northern dancer – coup de folie boasts the half - sisters cosmah and natalma ( dam of northern dancer and granddam of danehill ) as her grandams .
will take charge’s friday victory in the clark handicap at churchill downs meant not only the third gr . 1 victory for the horse but the colt trained by d . wayne lukas , losing by nose from mucho macho man in this year’s breeders’ cup classic , has confirmed his position as the best thoroughbred whose pedigree contains inbreeding to one of the sons of the legendary mr . prospector .
machiavellian ( usa ) br . h , 1987 { 2 - d } dp = 25 - 10 - 24 - 0 - 1 ( 60 ) di = 3 . 62 cd = 0 . 97 - 7 starts , 4 wins , 1 places , 0 shows career earnings : $ 357 , 023
until the late 1990s mark wallinger was widely known as
the horse bloke
for his large portraits of racehorses , after the 18th - century painter george stubbs . then he was given a shot at filling the fourth plinth in trafalgar square ; his ecce homo , a life - size sculpture of a milk - white christ , provoked thousands of letters from both admirers and critics in late 1999 .
machiavellian and his siblings are out of 1984 prix d ' aumale ( fr - iii ) winner coup de folie , whose full sister madam north is the second dam of south african group iii winner river crossing . coup de folie is also a half sister to bonita francita ( by halo ' s champion son
machiavellian peaked at fourth on the english / irish general sire list in 2001 ; he was also seventh in 2002 and 2005 , eighth in 2000 and 10th in 1997 . in addition , he was 10th on the english / irish broodmare sire list in 2010 . he reached 10th on the french general sire list in 1997 and was fourth on that country ' s broodmare sire list in 2005 . he was also ninth on the american broodmare sire list in 2017 . according to records kept by the jockey club , machiavellian sired 459 winners ( 60 . 5 % ) and 71 stakes winners ( 9 . 4 % ) from 759 named foals .
trained by francois boutin , machiavellian raced as a homebred for stavros niarchos , having been bred by niarchos ' flaxman holdings limited . machiavellian won all three of his 2 - year - old starts , all french stakes , including the prix morny agence francaise ( fr - i ) and prix de la salamandre ( fr - i ) , and was that country ' s champion juvenile male . as a 3 - year - old , he won the prix djebel and was second in the general accident two thousand guineas ( eng - i ) in four starts . he retired with four wins from seven starts and earnings of $ 355 , 790 .
, it’s little surprise then that kahal is not the only stallion on the farm carrying the blood of machiavellian . he is already accompanied by his highness sheikh mohammed bin khalifah al maktoum’s hobb alwahtan ( a half brother to dubai millenium ) and they are likely to be joined this season , by ( if he doesn’t carry on his racing career in europe ) , by the exquisitely bred and highly performed mullins bay . summerhill’s inclination towards the mr . prospector line as a source of complimentary blood for the vast concentration of northern dancer in the stud , appears to have hit the jackpot in its identification of machiavellian as one of the best “truckers” of this attribute
.
the winner of the 1982 belmont stakes , the u . s . horse of the year conquistador cielo , who was syndicalised for the then record sum of usd 36 . 4 million can be found twice in the pedigrees of two blacktype winners . these are the u . s . gr . 2 winners buckleupbuttercup and sky cape , both sired by najran ( runaway groom ) whose grand - dam circle command was sired by conquistador cielo .
the following lines show richard’s intention of achieving his aims by deceit and murder and ‘ [ . . . ] express the very core of what an elizabethan audience would recognise as machiavellian doctrine , as practised by italian despots , and by the french queen - mother in the treacherous massacre of st bartholomew in 1572 . [ 37 ] ’
1993 ( collection the artist ) . dressed as a jockey in the colours ( green , violet and white ) of the suffragette movement , he stood in front of the race - course at the point where the suffragette emily davison died after throwing herself in front of the king’s horse at the 1913 epsom derby . in 1994 he extended his interest in the sport to the purchase ( through a syndicate ) of a yearling filly which he named
the painting was executed in oil colours , principally white , black and browns and mostly used in a slightly diluted form . they were applied to the stretched face of canvas and extend just around the turnover edge , stopping just short of the edge of the white acrylic primer . on the inner edges of each canvas ( i . e . where they are joined during display ) , the paint used for the horse extends further around the tacking edge , well beyond the primer . the browns used for the front end of the horse ( i . e . the left canvas ) are more of a warmer , red - brown hue , whereas those used for the rear end ( i . e . right canvas ) appear cooler and more purple in hue . the painting of all areas of the horse was executed with reasonably small brushes and in a very precise manner . the oil paint would have been diluted with a little solvent thinner to give a fluid paint and the overall thickness is uniformly thin ( i . e . the canvas texture is clearly apparent through it ) , although the surface gloss is extremely varied . much of the application involved a wet - in wet technique , i . e . the paint layers were blended together on the canvas , although in many areas a wet on dry technique was also employed . the artist made wide use of transparent glazes , achieved through the addition of further medium ( probably oil ) , resulting in a much higher gloss in those areas . the painting of the rear end of the horse involved a much wider use of glazing and overall it is subsequently more glossy . the white background is slightly off white and has a very uniform gloss . this paint would not have been thinned as much and was presumably applied with a much larger brush .
from now on richard’s mind is free to focus on the goal which he has set for himself : the crown of england . ‘and in his final soliloquy in this play he reaffirms his resolve to remove both edward and clarence from his path , and again , in machiavellian terms , emphasises his immunity to normal human weakness . [ 41 ] ’
trained by francois boutin , machiavellian was a successful racehorse , winning at the age of 2 all 3 of his starts , including the longchamp prix de la salamandre grade 1 over 1400 metres , the deauville prix morny grade 1 over 1200 metres and the prix yacowlef listed over 1200 metres . he was crowned champion european 2 year old as a result .
in order to establish in how far shakespeare’s richard is a machiavellian villain it is necessary to examine those parts of machiavelli’s philosophy which are relevant to richard’s actions and to trace richard’s development from the young , enthusiastic warrior at the beginning of the third part of henry vi to the ruthless villain who murders and tricks his way to the throne in richard iii .
within historical and cultural studies , especially those dealing with identity , there is an equally long - standing and irreconcilable debate surrounding an intangible . one that is founded on similar mechanisms of interaction – that of the role of elite emulation in cultural change . both ideas , economic and acculturative , are basically about how many usable oats the lower orders can harvest from horse - shit . it is taken as a given that the lower orders are picking through it in the first place .
shakespeare’s richard iii is considered as the most notorious machiavellian villain of elizabethan and jacobean drama . by the time shakespeare wrote richard iii , the term ‘machiavel’ had already an established set of references . the term was , in fact , so deeply established in the mind of elizabethan audiences that it was enough to call someone a ‘machiavel’ in order to characterise him as an utterly amoral and clever villain . the ‘machiavel’ , however , is only one part of richard’s character as he is a combination of the traditional vice - figure of the moralities , a tyrant of senecan revenge tragedy and , of course , the machiavellian villain . these elements are , in fact , so tightly interwoven that it is very difficult to separate them and concentrate on a single one . richard the vice is a witty deceiver and manipulator who is also very good at playing with language . richard the ‘machiavel’ seeks his own personal advancement through the exercise of his wit and the role of the vice is just a part of his machiavellian tool chest . he is beyond conventional morality , and it is the end which for him justifies the means . the main difference between richard as the vice and richard as the ‘machiavel’ is that richard as the ‘machiavel’ is not a motive - less villain . he commits all of his crimes in order to reach his ultimate goal , the crown of england . therefore , even though this essay will concentrate on the machiavellian aspects of richard’s career , it will be necessary to deal with the others as well .
3 . …which is a mixture of not letting her push you around , and letting her think stuff is her idea , so she’ll actually do it with enthusiasm . to get the best out of your chestnut mare , it helps if you have mind - reading skills , a machiavellian ability to manipulate , and a grim determination to get your own way . ‘cos that’s exactly what she has .
easily the best french - raced juvenile of his year , machiavellian was probably unlucky not to win the classic two thousand guineas ( eng - i ) as a 3 - year - old , getting a rough trip behind winner tirol . he was not the same in two starts following that experience and was retired . at stud , he became the leading sire for the mr . prospector male line in europe .
as a girl , i read every horse book in print , but i never wrote a book on this subject until ride a dancing horse . let me say , right out of the gate , that i do not ride at the same level as the main characters in rdh ! i have ridden dressage for many years , though , and i was motivated by a desire to do a book involving this sport . i didn’t feel qualified to write about the politics of high - level , competitive dressage , and preferred to concentrate on the everyday breeding and training of horses . the idea of a spanish - born trainer working with andalusians added an exotic , glamorous note , and southern california seemed the most likely setting . these details also presented obstacles to overcome , because although andalusians were the original dressage horses in the royal courts of europe , and the forerunners of the famous lipizzaners , today they have been overshadowed by the bigger “warmblood” breeds . so the hero , diego , would face the challenge of persuading potential customers that his horses could compete successfully in the modern show ring .
‘we know that machiavelli’s work was frequently garbled ; we also know that his works circulated widely and were translated into several languages , so that garbling was not merely the result of ignorance , though this was certainly a factor , and i am sure that many elizabethans used the term ‘machiavellian’ much in the way that words like ‘freudian’ or ‘marxist’ are used at present by people who may not have read either writer . [ 21 ] ’
what makes machiavellian of particular interest to many breeders is the fact that his dam coup de folie - a two - year - old group winner with a timeform rating of 112 - was inbred 3x3 to almahmoud . this remarkable mare had only three daughters , but each of the three became the dam of a champion sire , with cosmah being responsible for halo , natalma for northern dancer and bubbling beauty for the french champion arctic tern .
the painting is in excellent condition . however , it is very vulnerable to marking on the white background and especially on the bare canvas edges , so precautions must be taken to ensure it is not touched or handled incorrectly . this includes its display behind a barrier . the edges already exhibit a certain number of finger marks , although many are probably the artist ' s own . for example , the set of brown finger marks visible on the left edge ( of the left canvas ) is a very similar colour to the brown used for painting the front half of the horse .
the element of conscience , as far as richard is concerned , is one of the main themes of shakespeare’s richard iii . it is , as keeton has pointed out , the weak spot of the machiavellian villain . [ 132 ] ‘in the end the machiavellian who thinks himself free from moral restraint is defeated by the moral order of the universe contained in little , microscopically , in his own self . [ 133 ] ’ in fact , it had been anne who had dropped the first hint that richard was haunted by his conscience earlier in the play , when she mentioned ‘his timorous dreams’ . [ 134 ] through richard’s inner conflict , until then well hidden from the attention of the people around him and the audience , shakespeare demonstrates the profoundly damaging effect which the exercise of power can have on the human soul . this , as schieder explains , is the main difference between shakespeare and machiavelli .
by sire of sires street cry ( ire ) ( machiavellian ) , he is out of a winning stakes placed half - sister to rafha ( gb ) ( kris { gb } ) , the dam of leading stallions invincible spirit ( ire ) ( green desert ) and kodiac ( gb ) ( danehill ) . pride of dubai retires with a race record of 5 - 2 - 1 - 1 and earnings of a $ 1 , 336 , 100 .
in the latter part of the 1880s , nietzsche’s health worsened , and in the midst of an amazing flourish of intellectual activity which produced on the genealogy of morality , twilight of the idols , the anti - christ , and several other works ( including preparation for what was intended to be his magnum opus , a work that editors later titled will to power ) nietzsche suffered a complete mental and physical breakdown . the famed moment at which nietzsche is said to have succumbed irrevocably to his ailments occurred january 3 , 1889 in turin ( torino ) italy , reportedly outside nietzsche’s apartment in the piazza carlos alberto while embracing a horse being flogged by its owner .
richard’s next step is to find himself a future queen . his obvious choice is anne , because , as the widow of the last prince of wales , she embodies the claims of the house of lancaster . apart from that , she would also make a beautiful trophy and richard could demonstrate that he was able to win her , despite his deformity and her hatred for him . in the end , she proved to be the ultimate proving ground for his talents as a dissembler , another key feature of the machiavellian villain .
) , and listed stakes winner glia ( by a . p . indy ) ; second dam of 2004 european champion 3 - year - old male bago and multiple french group i winner maxios ; and third dam of multiple grade i winner emollient and 2017 prix de diane longines ( french oaks , fr - i ) winner senga . machiavellian is also a full brother to french group iii winner ocean of wisdom ; to houdini ' s honey , dam of 2010 gotham stakes ( usa - iii ) winner awesome act ( by
buckingham is the perfect machiavellian agent [ 84 ] . he does the dirty work for richard and if something goes wrong , richard can easily find a pretext to get rid of him , while at the same time , he secures buckingham’s loyal services with the prospect of granting him favours in the future . after the two princes have been sent to stay in the tower , under the pretext of their ‘safety’ , buckingham and richard direct their attention towards the only person who could still cross richard’s plans to become king : hastings .
although i’ve ridden off and on ( another pun ! ) most of my life , i only had a horse of my own for a couple of years . brenda , a chestnut thoroughbred mare , came into my life in the spring of 1999 . i knew little about her history , but she’d obviously received some dressage training and had a wonderful temperament for learning more . unfortunately , she also came with a slight case of “heaves” or copd — a sort of horse emphysema — which rapidly worsened in spite of my best efforts to maintain her health . after the first year or so , i realized it was cruel to keep trying to ride or show her , and i retired her to a wonderful nonprofit facility , bright futures farm , in spartansburg , pa . she received the best possible care there , but finally passed away of natural causes , at only 14 , in november , 2003 . on her healthier days , brenda was a joy to ride , being intelligent and alert , but also gentle and trustworthy . when i took her into a show ring , i always felt we were a team , on the same side . brenda also showed an amazing gift for bonding and even empathizing with her fellow horses . if there’s anything to reincarnation , she’s going to come back as one hell of a nice human being ! ( see a moving tribute to brenda , by her last caretaker , at urltoken . )
by suppressing the moral implications of his actions richard had only deceived himself . in his dreams , however , his mind is no longer under his control and , consequently , it now confronts him with realities he cannot escape from . since richard had decided to dedicate himself to a career of machiavellian villainy , he had managed to alienate himself from everyone and everything in his world : his country , the audience and , ultimately , his own self . [ 145 ] at the end of his career , he is a lost soul . [ 146 ]
bred and raced early in his career by sheikh mohammed bin khalifa al maktoum , pride of dubai ran on late to be a neck second in the colts’ and geldings’ division of the g3 blue diamond prelude s . at caulfield , then came from well back in the field to score at odds of 5 - 1 in the g1 blue diamond s . a fortnight later . having decided that the g1 golden slipper would be too much , too soon , connections instead opted for a run in the g1 inglis sires’ produce s . at the championships and the colt rewarded the patience with a cozy 0 . 2 - length success last april . pride of dubai will stand as part of a syndicate including coolmore , china horse club and emmaroo bloodstock .
richard does not feel bound by any authority whatsoever . he is completely self - centered and also very straight - forward about his goals . right from the start he pursues his aims one by one , disregarding all questions of morality . the end for him always justifies the means . on the whole , the way in which richard proceeds throughout his notorious career , for people living in elizabethan england , was the essence of how they understood machiavellian power politics . to them , machiavelli , had been an advocate of cold - blooded murder as a legitimate means of pragmatic policies .
in 3 henry vi , i . 2 , richard begins to contest his brother edward’s position of supremacy . it is he who persuades his father to break the oath he has given to the king and brushes aside all moral issues which stand against doing so . richard argues that his father is the rightful king and , therefore , should not hesitate to take with force what really belongs to him . ‘moreover , this infant prodigy is given a speech which is to be the clue to the whole of his subsequent career , as the dramatist sees it . [ 25 ] ’ richard’s line of argumentation is truly machiavellian :
all the above mentioned sons of mr . prospector , successfully inbred by breeders , were foaled in the 1970s and 1980s and they launched their stud career in 1991 at latest – i . e . 22 years ago . despite this fact there is a stallion sired by mr . prospector who was not foaled until 1992 , left for stud five years later , but as early as 2004 , that is only 7 years after the start of his stud career , a horse was foaled inbred to this stallion and later placed in a black - type race . the name of the sire is always a rainbow . foaled in canada , he was the winner of the cup and saucer stakes and a half - brother to the canadian champion of two - year - olds and older horses and multiple champion sire in the czech republic , rainbows for life .
as keeton has pointed out , this skill of richard’s as a dissembler was understood in elizabethan england as one of the principle character traits of the machiavellian villain : ‘ [ . . . ] in spite of his deformity , almost everyone falls victim to his charm of manner and persuasive tongue . [ 71 ] ’ at the end of the scene , richard seals the fate of his brother clarence when he hands the execution warrant to the two murderers who then promptly set off towards the tower . this means , that throughout the whole scene he must have had the execution warrant in his pocket , and still he had no scruples about casting the blame on others .
although exterior - wise mr prospector was rather remote to the ideal of the english thoroughbred , inbreeding to him has become a mass matter . the blacktypepedigree contains as many as 4 , 652 black - type horse inbred in the first five generations to mr . prospector , 345 of these have mr . prospector in the first 5 generations more than twice , the argentinian gr . 2 winner emmanuel ( roman ruler ) even four times . same as today , inbreeding to sons and grandsons of northern dancer is to be found , increasingly , in pedigrees ( and if you look on the list of mares covered by the european star frankel , horses inbred both to northern dancer’s son sadler’s wells and his grandson danehill are soon to be foaled ) , mr . prospector , foaled nine years later , has a number of sons who feature in the pedigrees of black - type horses more than once .
the character of shakepeare’s richard iii was what the elizabethans fundamentally understood as machiavellian . he achieved his aims by deceit and murder . machiavelli , himself , would not have approved of everything richard did . [ 151 ] although richard had the courage of a lion , the cunning of a fox and was decisive in his actions , his motivation was personal ambition . he succeeded in becoming king but he neither won the support of the nobles or his countrymen nor were his actions in their interest . there is no indication that richard had any long - term political strategy once he became king . on the contrary , he destabilized a fragile peace and plunged his country back into civil war . as a result , he not only met his own downfall but he also caused the fall of the house of york .
according to keeton this scene ‘ [ . . . ] is inserted with the deliberate intention of showing how completely richard has mastered the machiavellian technique . it also strikingly illustrates the fact that although everything which richard does is evil , and although his appearance is repulsive and margaret habitually describes him as a monster , he is nevertheless generally trusted , has a reputation for blunt honesty and fidelity , and even has made himself attractive to women . equally notable is the fact that whenever he is taxed with some crime , his explanation is prompt and plausible . the whole scene with anne emphasises his mental agility and his readiness in repartee , and by the end of it even she has succumbed to the overpowering charm which he uses with such effect , and with such supreme insincerity ; [ . . . ] [ 57 ] ’
reading bram stoker’s dracula all the way through for the first time , during my freshman year in college , strongly influenced my decision to write horror . i don’t think it was the first horror novel i’d read — i know i already was familiar with rosemary’s baby by ira levin — but i’d never thought much about vampires before , and suddenly i found the theme compelling . over the years , though , i’ve been struck by the fact that most interpretations of dracula tend to ignore the character’s military background . even stoker presented him not as a romantic figure , but as a formidable leader of men who used clever strategy against his enemies . the wealth of information on the historical dracula that came to light ( ouch ! ) in the 1970s only reinforced this image of vlad as a fearless soldier and machiavellian diplomat . these are the traits i hoped to bring out in my homage , dance with the dragon .
the main goal of a ruler , according to machiavelli , was the defence of the common good . ‘the machiavellian monarchy does not set the ‘good life’ , the virtuous life , and and the common good in the classical sense , as its end . the end of the new state is the procurement of material satisfaction , political security , and historical greatness as if they were the organic , naturalistic , needs of state . [ 7 ] ’ for machiavelli , the worst vice in public life is ambition : ‘ambition , whether found in a faction or an individual , whether motivated by desire for power or by greed , destroys the virtuous quality of the public good . yet , at the same time , virtù is said to be compatible with cruelty , especially when it is ‘well used’ . a machiavellian founder could be inhumane , yet still be virtuous . [ 8 ] ’ however , even machiavelli was prepared to draw a line , as he shows when he presents the case of the syracusean tyrant agathocles . here , the term of ‘well used’ cruelty did most certainly not apply . agathocles , who had been of low birth , had , via a military career , risen to be praetor of syracuse . as soon as he had achieved this , he decided to become prince . so , one morning he gathered his people and the senate of syracuse , pretending that he wanted to discuss affairs of the republic with them . but instead , he had the senators and the richest of the syracusean nobility murdered by his troops . his people were so stunned by this display of action and determination , that they did not put up any resistance whatsoever and the rule of agathocles was secure for years to come . [ 9 ] machiavelli did not at all approve of what agathocles had done , even though he was impressed with his decisiveness :
for machiavelli , virtù was the sum of everything which enabled a ruler to establish stability and the continued existence of his state . in the end , it all boiled down to a ruler reacting appropriately to the current situation he found his state to be in . the most striking novelty in machiavellian politics was the total subordination of moral imperatives to those of political efficiency . it was the end which for him justified the means . therefore , if it served the interests of one’s own country , one also has the right ( if not even the duty ) to go to war with another country . ‘war , therefore , does not reveal the basis of any intrinsic ethical bankruptcy , since war can be used to defend the potential for good , and as such this type of the use of force is a virtuous use of force . [ 3 ] ’ as far as foreign policy was concerned , the principle of keeping open as many options as possible also applied to keeping promises :
therefore , in machiavellian terms , you can say that even though necessità forces him to act , he no longer has a sufficient amount of virtù to act appropriately . as a consequence , fortune begins to turn her back on him and richard will increasingly find himself fighting losing battles . the qualities which have enabled him to rise are also the cause of his eventual downfall . and this is where the element of tragedy comes in , as moseley illustrates : ‘it delineates the rise and deserved fall of richard and shows how even when he thinks he is most in control fortune can tip the scale against him [ . . . ] [ 131 ] ’ ironically , richard makes the same mistake as hastings and , yet again , pride comes before a fall – this time his own . in the end , he is only a tool of providence whose purpose is to weed out the consequences of the usurpation of henry iv . ironically , it is richard who brings down his own house and who paves the way for the reaccession of the house of lancaster .
it now becomes obvious that richard has a lot more talent as an actor than as a politician . he is in fact not quite as machiavellian as the elizabethan cliché of the term would have suggested . after all , one of the most important points which machiavelli had made was that a ruler should do everything he could in order to gain the support of the dominant social group . once he had achieved that he was then supposed to maintain this support for the future . ‘gut geordnete staaten und kluge fürsten waren mit eifer darauf bedacht , die großen nicht zur verzweiflung zu bringen , sowie das volk zufriedenzustellen und bei guter stimmung zu halten , denn dies ist eine der wichtigsten aufgaben , die ein fürst hat . [ 104 ] ’ furthermore , even though it was safer for a ruler to be feared than loved , he was still supposed to avoid anything which might have incurred the hatred of his people . [ 105 ] the latter was certainly not something you could have said about richard who had already burnt his boats long before he actually managed to become king . ‘richard the master of palace politics does everything possible to prevent himself from attaining his broad base in popular support , which in england was manifested in the strength of the nobility . [ 106 ] ’ although richard now has the power , this power of his lacks a proper base . in the end it is inevitable that he has to fall , as wheeler illustrates . ‘richard , politically , ironically is the ‘bottled spider’ that margaret calls him , able to poison whomever ventures into his web , but not able to extend this web as a means of embracing the power of the kingdom . [ 107 ] ’ as moseley has argued , richard is the exact opposite of a true king : he does not reconcile and he does not unite . ‘the opposite of a true king is the tyrant , for whom power and its exercise is merely selfish . richard as king demonstrates in his tyranny the true nature of machiavellian ambition and ignoring of the moral law , and as we have seen , it is when he became king that he ceases to personate ; he shows what he personally is . [ 108 ] ’ especially this last aspect is drastically demonstrated in the dialogue between richard and buckingham which immediately follows richard’s coronation . richard begins by hinting that his position is endangered by the young prince edward .
spawforth begins within his first chapter ( introduction : greece and the augustan age ) by clearly laying out his assumptions : his theory of romanisation , the mechanisms of cultural transformation as he sees them , the place of augustus within the greek world , and the character of the greek provincial elite , who he sees as increasingly influenced by the tastes and behaviours of their roman counterparts . strongly implicit in all of this is a machiavellian central ideology whose basic tenets were devised by augustus and his close circle , and whose spread was facilitated by targeted patronage and the strong desire amongst provincial elites to support the new system . rather than a reactionary principate that sees ideology accrete and cohere over time , this is a driven , far - sighted augustus who seeks to rework what it means to be roman from the beginning of his rule . within the context of greek provincial life , this can be seen in the careful application of civic benefaction and the increasing awareness of , and emphasis on , distinguished ancestors amongst provincial elites . spawforth emphases that this process began before augustus , but nevertheless it forms a central plank in his theory . augustus selects existing trends , and by his selection makes them policy .
no otherworldly measures exist , for nietzsche . yet , one should not conclude from this absence of a transcendental measure that all expressions of power are qualitatively the same . certainly , the possession of a machiavellian virtù will find many natural advantages in this world , but nietzsche locates the most important aspect of “overcoming resistance” in self - mastery and self - commanding . in zarathustra ’s chapter , “of self - overcoming , ” all living creatures are said to be obeying something , while “he who cannot obey himself will be commanded . that is the nature of living creatures . ” it is important to note the disjunction : one may obey oneself or one may not . either way , one will be commanded , but the difference is qualitative . moreover , “commanding is more difficult than obeying” ( bge 188 repeats this theme ) . hence , one will take the easier path , if unable to command , choosing instead to obey the directions of another . the exception , however , will command and obey the healthy and self - mastering demands of a willing self . but why , we might ask , are all living things beholden to such commanding and obeying ? where is the proof of necessity here ? zarathustra answers :
at the moment , however , there is not much that richard can do to achieve his aim . the most important thing for the time being is to keep his brother on the throne . richard has to be loyal to his brother for the moment , in order to be able to carry out his own plans , later . edward’s marriage to lady grey causes the king of france , to whose sister edward was betrothed , to switch his allegiance to the house of lancaster . it also causes warwick and clarence to defect . richard , however , stays . ‘the defection of clarence and warwick to the cause of lancaster provides him with further occasion to display his energy and resource . edward is captured by the lancastrians and king henry is restored to the throne . richard rescues his brother and urges him to reclaim at once the crown he has lost . [ 39 ] ’ richard’s patience is finally rewarded at the battle of tewkesbury . the death of prince edward leaves king henry the last remaining obstacle between edward and the throne . it is symptomatic for richard’s decisiveness that , after the battle , in truly machiavellian style , he immediately rides to london in order to take charge of the problem personally . richard’s killing of king henry marks his first political murder and his comments referring to it are very cynical :


exilisciurus is a genus of rodent in the family sciuridae native to asia .

the three species of exilisciurus include : the least pygmy squirrel ( e. exilis ) also known as the plain pygmy squirrel is olive-brown and endemic to forests in borneo and banggi island .

it is among the smallest squirrels in the world .

data regarding its population is deficient .

the philippine pygmy squirrel ( e. concinnus ) is endemic to the philippines and listed as " least concern " on the iucn red list .

the tufted pygmy squirrel ( e. whiteheadi ) is endemic to highland forest in borneo .

the common name of this tiny squirrel refers to its distinctive ear-tufts .

its diet consists mainly of the lichens and mosses which cover the trees it inhabits .

it is listed as " least concern " by the iucn .

exilisciurus

deniz martinez marked
file : sciuruswhiteheadismit . jpg
as trusted on the
exilisciurus whiteheadi
page .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
malesiankääpiöorava
to
exilisciurus whiteheadi ( thomas , 1887 )
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
filippiinienkääpiöorava
to
exilisciurus concinnus ( thomas , 1888 )
.
deniz martinez added the english common name
whitehead ' s pygmy squirrel
to
exilisciurus whiteheadi ( thomas , 1887 )
.
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tabaranza , b . , rosell - ambal , r . g . b . & balete , d . s .
justification : this species is listed as least concern because it is widespread and abundant . it does well in secondary habitats and has no major threats . although it may be affected by deforestation to some extent throughout its range , it is not causing the species to undergo a population decline which would qualify it for inclusion in a threat category . the species occurs in a number of protected areas .
this species is endemic to the philippines where it is found only in the mindanao faunal region and has been recorded from the islands of basilan , biliran , bohol , dinagat , leyte , mindanao ( agusan del norte , bukidnon , davao del sur , davao oriental , lanao del norte , lanao del sur , maguindanao , misamis occidental , south cotabato , surigao del norte , zamboanga del norte , and zamboanga del sur provinces ) , samar , and siargao islands ( heaney 1985 , heaney et al . 1998 ) at an elevational range from sea level to 2 , 000 m .
this is a locally moderately common species ( heaney et al . 1998 ) . it was not encountered in a recent survey between 100 - 400 m in primary forest on samar ( j . c . gonzalez pers . comm . 2006 ) .
it is a lowland and montane primary and secondary forest species , its highest abundance is at middle elevations in small clearings ( heaney 1985 , rabor 1986 , rickart et al . 1993 ) .
deforestation may affect the species to some extent , but this is not considered a major threat ( rickart et al . 1993 , heaney et al . 2006 ) .
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listed as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainties as to its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements . it was until recently thought to be endemic to borneo and restricted to lowland forest . however , a recent unpublished discovery revealed that the species also occurs on sumatra , where the original type specimen was in fact collected . whether or not the sumatran taxon is a close - related but taxonomically distinct species remains to be investigated . on borneo , the species’ lowland habitat is suffering heavy degradation and the effect on the species is not clear . further studies are needed to assess its adaptability to oil palm plantations .
this species is endemic to borneo , although recent surveys suggest that the species range may extend beyond the island of borneo to sumatra ( e . meijaard pers . comm ) . it occurs also on banggi island ( thorington and hoffmann 2005 ) .
the abundance and population size of this species are not well known . it is perhaps borneo’s most common squirrel at elevations below 1 , 000 m asl ( anwarali - khan et al . 2008 , phillipps and phillipps 2016 ) .
this diurnal species inhabits predominantly lowlands and lower hills , but has been found up to 1 , 700 m asl ( thorington et al . 2012 ) . it forages along tree trunks for insects and bark ( thorington et al . 2012 ) .
this species is threatened by the massive habitat conversion of lowland and lower hill forest in borneo . it is unclear whether the species can use replacement plantations ( w . duckworth et al . pers . comm ) .
it occurs in various protected areas but many of these may support only small populations as they may be above this species ' main altitudinal range ( w . duckworth et al . pers . comm ) .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t8437a115087769 .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . its altitudinal zones of occurrence lie above the main areas threatened by habitat degradation and conversion .
this species is endemic to borneo , where it is confined to the central mountain ranges ( payne et al . 2005 ) . it ranges in east kalimantan , sabah , sarawak and brunei . some records are reported from west kalimantan ( upper kapuas river and possibly from the area near sambas ) .
this species is not easily trapped in cage traps , but more often caught in mist nets ( han and giman pers . comm . ) . it might be rare , though the lack of records could be due to difficulty in trapping ( han pers . comm . ) .
this is a lower sub - montane species that can be found up to 3 , 000 m ( payne et al . 2005 , giman pers . comm . ) . it feeds on mosses , and is often found on tree trunks , it has been recorded once from peat swamp forest ( han pers . comm . ) .
this species has been recorded in lanjak entimau wildlife sanctuary and bukit sarang conservation areas in sarawak ( han and giman pers . comm . ) .
information on the least pygmy squirrel is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
classified as data deficient ( dd ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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thorington , richard w . , jr . , and robert s . hoffman / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
thorington , richard w . , jr . , john l . koprowski , michael a . steele , and james f . whatton
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
. 2005 ) . it ranges in east kalimantan , sabah , sarawak and brunei . some records are reported from west kalimantan ( upper kapuas river and possibly from the area near sambas ) .
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. 1998 ) at an elevational range from sea level to 2 , 000 m .