the long-billed forest warbler ( artisornis moreaui ) , also known as the long-billed tailorbird , is a songbird of the family cisticolidae , formerly part of the " old world warbler " assemblage .

it is found in mozambique and tanzania .

it is threatened by habitat destruction .

long - billed forest warbler

long - billed apalis , long - billed forest - warbler , moreau’s tailorbird .
long - billed apalis , long - billed forest - warbler , moreau ' s tailorbird , apalis moreaui , orthotomus moreaui ; french apalis long bec .
long - billed forest warbler ( artisornis moreaui ) is a species of bird in the cisticolidae family .
11–12 cm ; 8·3–10 g . an inconspicuous long - billed , long - tailed dark grey - brown warbler ; very long and slender bill relatively wide at base . adult has forecrown and area around . . .
benson , c . w . 1945 . a new race of long - billed forest warbler from northern portuguese east africa . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 66 : 19 .
the long - billed tailorbird is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
birdlife international 2015 . survey success in tanzania : 17 new territories found for critically endangered long - billed tailorbird . urltoken
singing male worm - eating warbler , vinton co . , oh , 1 may .
the long - billed forest tailorbird , orthotomus moreaui , is one of two tailorbird species in eastern africa . this rare bird exhibits the same nest - building skills as the rest of the genus . similar in shape and size to the common tailorbird , and with an equally long tail , this warbler is mainly grayish - brown above and paler below . rarely found near humans , it lives at altitudes between 2 , 500 - 3 , 500′ in restricted parts of the usumbara mountains and njesi plateau of tanzania . like its asian cousin , the long - billed forest warbler skulks in dense undergrowth using its needlelike bill to common ^ rv ^ long - billed tailorbird / j slean lnsects from stems and the undersides of leaves . tailorbird
this entry was posted in africa , archive , taxonomy and tagged long - billed tailorbird , mozambique , tanzania . bookmark the permalink .
cordeiro , n . j . 2000 . report on a preliminary census of the long - billed tailorbird orthotomus moreaui in the east usambara mountains .
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archived 2016 topics : long - billed tailorbird ( artisornis moreaui ) is being split : list a . moreaui as critically endangered and a . sousae as endangered ?
10 cm . small , rotund warbler of forest edge and canopy gaps . overall greyish , slightly paler below . warm brownish tinge on face and crown ( can be absent ) . very long , black bill . very rounded head , with filoplumes extending over to the back of the head . long tail invariably cocked when excited .
2 responses to archived 2016 topics : long - billed tailorbird ( artisornis moreaui ) is being split : list a . moreaui as critically endangered and a . sousae as endangered ?
long - billed tailorbird artisornis moreaui is being split into a . moreaui and a . sousae , following the application of criteria set out by tobias et al . ( 2010 ) .
ryan , p . g . and spottiswoode , c . 2003 . long - billed tailorbirds ( orthotomus moreaui ) rediscovered at serra jeci , northern mozambique . ostrich 74 : 141 - 145 .
the foraging behavior of the worm - eating warbler has been studied in both its summer and its winter habitats ( e . g . ,
greenberg , r . 1987 . seasonal foraging specialization in the worm - eating warbler . condor no . 89 : 158 - 168 . close
the long - billed tailorbird ( artisornis moreaui ) is a small , rather robust warbler , aptly named for its very long , slender beak . the plumage is greyish - brown in colour , paler on the underparts , and usually with a warm brown tinge on the face and crown . the beak is dark grey to black , and the legs and feet are greyish , while the long tail is typically held cocked ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . long , fine , hair - like feathers , known as ‘filoplumes’ , extend from the crown to the back of the head ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , although the significance of these is unknown ( 2 ) . male and female long - billed tailorbirds are similar in appearance , while the juvenile lacks the brownish head , and has darker grey underparts ( 2 ) .
archived 2016 topics : long - billed tailorbird ( artisornis moreaui ) is being split : list a . moreaui as critically endangered and a . sousae as endangered ? | birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums
probably the greatest threat to the forest areas is from logging and other harvesting of forest products . agriculture and fires are of less significance to the forest patches , which are already confined to steep , inaccessible slopes and ravines . it is thus likely that the quality rather than the extent of the remaining forest fragments is at risk .
ryan , p . g . and spottiswoode , c . n . ( 2003 ) long - billed tailorbirds ( orthotomus moreaui ) rediscovered at serra jeci , northern mozambique . ostrich , 74 : 141 - 145 .
madge , s . , sharpe , c . j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . long - billed forest - warbler ( artisornis moreaui ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
newmark w . d . ( 1992 ) recommendations for wildlife corridors and the extension and management of forest reserves in the eastern usambara mountains , tanzania . final report , east usambara catchment forest project .
mcentee , j . , cordeiro , n . j . , joho , m . p . and moyer , d . c . ( 2005 ) foraging observations of the threatened long - billed tailorbird artisornis moreaui in tanzania . scopus , 25 : 51–54 .
evergreen forest . occurs at 800–1000 m in dense undergrowth , especially with tangles of vines and . . .
this species has been confirmed to inhabit the forest canopy ( benson 1946 , ryan and spottiswoode 2003 ) .
archived 2016 topics : tahiti reed - warbler ( acrocephalus caffer ) is being split : list a . caffer as endangered , a . musae as extinct and a . longirostris as critically endangered ( possibly extinct ) ?
cordeiro , n . j . , pohjonen , v . m . and mulungu , e . ( 2001 ) is the endangered long - billed ( moreau’s ) tailorbird orthotomus [ artisornis ] moreaui safe in the east usambaras ? bulletin of the african bird club , 8 ( 2 ) : 91 - 94 .
prior to this taxonomic change , long - billed tailorbird was listed as critically endangered under criterion c2a ( ii ) , on the basis that it had a very small population , that was likely to be undergoing a decline due to habitat alteration and fragmentation , with > 90 % of the population in one subpopulation .
two subspecies of long - billed tailorbird are recognised : artisornis moreaui sousae is smaller and darker than artisornis moreaui moreaui , and has a more extensive brown tinge over the head and face ( 2 ) . the species is distinguished from the similar - looking african tailorbird , artisornis metopias , by its much longer beak , longer tail , and significantly less extensive brown colouration on the face and mantle ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the song of the long - billed tailorbird is described as a repeated , almost metallic tcheu or t’wee note , varying slightly in pitch ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . a rasping contact call is also produced ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
) . studies of forest birds conducted at sites in the ozarks , southern illinois , tennessee , ohio , and west virginia have provided important information about its breeding biology , response to prescribed fire , and how it is affected by habitat fragmentation and forest management . a long - term study of the species ' demography and population ecology has been conducted at the nature conservancy ' s devil ' s den preserve in southwestern connecticut since 1991 (
in the east usambaras , its primary habitat is forest edge and large canopy gaps ( cordeiro 2000 ) . it has been found in submontane and montane forest ( baker and baker 2001 ) , chiefly in open forest edge - type habitat with a high density of vines and climbers ( cordeiro 2000 , mcentree et al . 2005 ) such as clearings and drainage lines ( ryan et al . 1998 ) , in addition to glades on the edge of , or deep inside forest ( cordeiro 2000 , mcentree et al . 2005 , borghesio unpubl . data ) . it can also be found in degraded forest ( baker and baker 2001 , kyonjola and njilima 2010 ) , in habitats buffering tea plantations ( e . g . secondary lantana growth and eucalypt plantations ) ( cordeiro 2000 , borghesio unpubl . data ) , but never far from indigenous forest , as none of > 80 currently known territories is more than 100 m from forest edge ( borghesio unpubl . data ) . however forest areas consistently disturbed by humans , such as agricultural fields that are burned or weeded regularly , are clearly not favoured ( cordeiro 2000 ) .
the sole member of the monotypic genus helmitheros , the worm - eating warbler superficially resembles warblers of the genus basileuterus , all of which are restricted to central and south america . in eastern north america this species nests mainly where large tracts of deciduous and mixed forest overlap with moderate to steep slopes and patches of dense understory shrubs , although breeding populations are also found in low - elevation , coastal forests . it winters in forest and scrub habitats of the greater antilles and in moist forests of central america , particularly along the caribbean slope .
2012 ) . sensitize local farmers to conserve patches of bushy and regenerating vegetation in farms located along forest edges in amani , derema and nilo .
the long - billed tailorbird is a highly secretive bird , usually foraging alone in tangles of understorey vegetation , through which it travels with fast and deliberate movements ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . however , it may occasionally join mixed - species flocks ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , and while foraging in trees covered in dense tangles of vines , may climb to 20 to 30 metres high ( 8 ) . additionally , it forages in the forest canopy in mozambique ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the diet consists of invertebrates , probably insects , which are gleaned from the vegetation or obtained by thrusting the long beak into tightly packed foliage ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 8 ) .
in the east usambaras , this species inhabits submontane and montane forest at elevations of around 850 to 1 , 200 metres ( with most records from 900 to 1 , 100 metres ) , and favours forest edges and large canopy gaps , with high densities of vines and climbers ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . although sometimes found in degraded forest , large forest fragments and in habitats buffering tea plantations , but close to forest , such as dense lantana thickets ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) , it apparently avoids areas frequently disturbed by humans , such as regularly burned agricultural fields ( 3 ) . in mozambique , the species is found at an elevation of around 1 , 500 metres , and appears to inhabit the forest canopy rather than gap or edge habitats ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .
the long - billed tailorbird is found in just two forests , 1 , 000 kilometres apart : a . m . moreaui occurs in the east usambara mountains in north - eastern tanzania , and a . m . sousae in the njesi plateau ( serra jeci ) in northern mozambique ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) , where it was recently rediscovered ( 6 ) .
bond , w . j . , and d . euston - brown . 1993 . do forest species require minimum forest sizes ? a study in cape peninsula forests . d . a . everard , editor . the relevance of island biogeographic theory in commercial forestry . environmental forum report . foundation for research development , pretoria .
resettlement action plan for farm plots displaced for biodiversity conservation in the derema forest corridor ( 2006 ) . ministry of natural resources and tourism , forestry and beekeeping division .
this process is being concluded in 2008 – and farmers are being assisted with income generating projects and alterantive farming land on the misozwe sisal estate in the lowlands . the final gazettment process will lead to the derema forest becoming either a separate forest reserve , or a part of the amani nature reserve . this has still to be concluded .
. 2004 ) . as this forest becomes depleted , pressure on smaller forest reserves is likely to increase ( evans 1997b , kessy 1998 ) . in addition , the harvesting of plants for medicinal purposes may cause some disturbance , clearance of vegetation along powerlines has resulted in the loss of some territories . introduced species , such as the tree
with high densities of vines and climbers ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . although sometimes found in degraded forest
invertebrates animals with no backbone , such as insects , crustaceans , worms , molluscs , spiders , cnidarians ( jellyfish , corals , sea anemones ) , echinoderms , and others . mantle in birds , the wings , shoulder feathers and back , when coloured differently from the rest of the body . montane forest forest occurring in the montane zone , a zone of cool upland slopes below the tree line dominated by large evergreen trees . submontane forest forest occurring at elevations just below those of montane forest . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species . territorial describes an animal , a pair of animals or a colony that occupies and defends an area . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a colony .
villages have also used the land within the forest for cultivation of black pepper and banana , and they extracted firewood and non - timber forest products . actions by the forestry and beekeeping division ( fbd ) stopped cultivation within the derema forest in 2002 and a process of compensation and provision of alternative livelihoods and farmland has been going on ever since . more than $ 2 . 5 million has been paid to the affected farmers over the past 5 years , from the tanzanian government , finnish government , global conservation fund and the world bank .
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kessy , j . f . 1998 . conservation and utilization of natural resources in the east usambara forest reserves : conventional views and local perspectives . wageningen agricultural university , wageningen , netherlands .
pockets of forest survive mainly in deep , humid ravines and on isolated peaks higher than 1 , 800 m ( huntley and matos 1994 ) . the forest patches range from 1 to 20 ha in size and reach a canopy height of 8 m to 15 m . the dominant forest tree species is the yellowwood podocarpus latifolius . other common tree species include polyscias fulva , apodytes dimidiata , pittosporum viridiflorum , syzygium guineense afromontanum , halleria lucida , olea spp . , and ibex mitis . hardly any grass grows in these shady forests , and they are less heavily overgrown with epiphytes than similar forests elsewhere in africa ( huntley and matos 1994 ) . the canopy tends to be very irregular because of the steep and rocky slopes on which the forest patches are found .
description location and general description this ecoregion comprises a number of small montane forest patches surrounded by grasslands and protea savanna in the west - central highlands of angola . the forest patches are restricted to the deep ravines or remote valleys of the highest mountains in the huambo and cuanza sul provinces and an area of afromontane forest mosaic further south , on the serra da chela in huíla province . the ecoregion represents a small fragment of white’s ( 1983 ) afromontane archipelago - like center of endemism , which consists of widely scattered
islands
of forest on mountain systems in southern , eastern , and western africa ( werger 1978 ) . the characteristic elements of the ecoregion’s fauna and flora are more closely related to other such afromontane areas than to the surrounding angolan biomes ( huntley 1974a , dean 2000 ) .
stattersfield , a . j . , m . j . crosby , a . j . long , and d . c . wege . 1998 . endemic bird areas of the world : priorities for conservation . birdlife international , cambridge , uk .
five villages , kisiwani , msasa ibc , kwezitu , kwemdimu and kambai , lie around the edges of the derema corridor and in 2002 there was 1 , 567 farmers with cardamom plantations within the derema forest .
the amani nature reserve and the nilo forest reserve have been demonstrated as having the highest biodiversity values within the east usambaras , but all the remaining forests are extremely as rare and endemic species are found at all altitudes .
seddon , n . , ekstrom , j . m . m . , capper , d . r . , isherwood , i . s . , muna , r . , pople , r . g . , tarimo , e . and timothy , j . ( 1999 ) the importance of the nilo and nguu north forest reserves for the conservation of montane forest birds in tanzania . biological conservation , 87 ( 1 ) : 59 - 72 .
( baker and baker 2001 , cordeiro 2000 ) . engage stakeholders on the amani plateau in forest management and raise awareness of this species ' s status . consider methods to reduce disturbance in and around tea plantations ( cordeiro 2000 )
current status the forests of this ecoregion are highly fragmented as a result of fires , agriculture and woodcutting . the remaining forest patches seldom exceed 20 ha in size , and their total area is probably less than 200 ha ( huntley 1974a ) . the most extensive forest areas , at mt . namba , were exploited for timber during the colonial period and are devoid of pristine patches . relatively undisturbed patches remain at mt . môco between 1 , 800 and 2 , 400 m elevation ( huntley and matos 1994 ) . however , due to the lack of data , it is not known how extensive the forest patches once were , and at what rate their extent and quality have changed since the 1970’s . no protected areas currently exist in this ecoregion . unless drastic conservation efforts are implemented , it is possible that little or nothing will remain of the forest patches and their fauna ( huntley 1974a , huntley and matos 1994 ) .
gale , g . a . , l . a . hanners and s . r . patton . 1997 . reproductive success of worm - eating warblers in a forest landscape . conserv . biol . no . 11 : 246 - 250 . close
a bird in the bush the tailorbird lives in undergrowth that springs up in forest clearings . the common or long - tailed tailorbird is a familiar sight throughout its extensive range . it even thrives in urban gardens and parks , where it hunts and skulks in hedges , flowerbeds and tangled shrubbery the common tailorbird is adaptable , taking advantage of any dense vegetation , including forest clearings . it is also found in semi - desert scrublands and in clumps of bamboo woodland at altitudes of up to 6 , 000′ , provided that there is cover for nesting . despite its efforts to hide its nest , the tailorbird is often the victim of cuckoos , which lay their eggs in the tiny nests . the common tailorbird often steals fibers from house doormats , which it then uses to stitch up its nest pouch .
part of a continent - wide archipelago of afromontane vegetation , the angolan montane forest - grassland mosaic ecoregion shows more affinities to faraway mountain chains than to surrounding lowlands . open grasslands are widespread here and maintained by anthropogenic fires . forest patches survive only in isolated ravines and at high , inaccessible elevations . these forests harbor rare endemic birds , but the large ungulate populations indigenous to grassland areas have likely been extirpated . this area is largely unknown biologically due to social unrest and civil war that stems from angolan independence in 1975 .
male and female duetting ( initiating bird e . g . 0 : 04 , responder e . g . 0 : 09 ) . singing from mid - storey - canopy of territory in forest clearing [ mozambiquan tailorbird ] , recently split by hbw / iucn redlist - urltoken
two current projects in the east usambaras are working to increase the amount of forest , including all lowland remnants , in protected areas . in particular the amani nature reserve has an active conservation programme which attempts to engage with local stakeholders such as plantation owners ( cordeiro 2000 )
and appears to inhabit the forest canopy rather than gap or edge habitats ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . more > > species found in a similar habitatperegrine falcon ( falco peregrinus ) cotton deermouse ( peromyscus gossypinus ) kelaart ' s dwarf toad ( adenomus kelaartii )
the derema corridor area of forest has not been surveyed in detail for its biodiversity values , but is likely to possess many of the east usambara endemic species as it ranges in altitude from lowland ( c . 300 m ) to sub - montane ( around 1 , 000 m ) .
worm - eating warblers nest on steeper slopes and ravines in deciduous woodlands , with the core population in the appalachians . they also nest more sparsely in lowland forest . they sing an insect - like buzzy fast - paced trill . the following is a link to this photographer ' s website : urltoken .
1 tailor maid… selecting a large leaf in the middle of a bush , the female carefully brings the two edges together to form a pouch . 2 needlework… using her long , thin bill like a hole puncher , the female deftly jabs a line of small , precise holes along the edges of each side of the leaf . a constant fidget this restless , inquisitive bird is always on the move .
migdley , j . j . , r . m . cowling , a . h . w . seydack , and g . f . van wyck . 1997 . forest . r . m . cowling , d . m . richardson and s . m . pierce , editors . vegetation of southern africa . cambridge university press , cambridge .
speke bay features a number of western specialties not found elsewhere on the tour . birding is around the lodge grounds , including the gardens , along the shore of lake victoria including papyrus beds , and dry savanna with scattered trees . birds around the lakeshore include arican openbill , swamp flycatcher , golden - backed weaver , black - winged bishop , black bishop , red - billed firefinch , and bronze mannikin . birds around the lodge and nearby trees include blue - headed coucal , blue - naped mousebird , usambiro barbet , black - headed gonolek , black cuckooshrike , silverbird , red - chested sunbird ( a western specialty ) , slender - billed weaver , lesser masked - weaver , black - headed weaver , chestnut weaver , and eastern paradise - whydah . the striking african paradise - flycatcher is quite common . in drier open areas birds of special note are water thick - knee , spotted thick - knee , and three - banded courser . night at speke bay lodge .
the long - billed tailorbird is believed to be territorial , with individuals potentially maintaining the same territory over a number of years . however , little else is known about the breeding behaviour of this species ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . newly fledged young have been observed in october to november , suggesting that the eggs are laid in early september to october , and in one case the young remained with the adults until mid - march . territorial pairs have been recorded to call most frequently in october to november , indicating that breeding activity occurs during this period ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . although the nest of this species has not yet been reliably described ( 2 ) ( 4 ) , it is likely to be similar to that of other tailorbirds , the group being named for the habit of using plant fibres or spiders’ webs to sew leaves together into a cone , inside which the nest is built ( 10 ) .
morning bird mkomazi national park , an extension of tsavo national park in kenya . the park features heavily bushed savanna . depending on season , mammals may be abundant or sparse since they migrate north into tsavo during the long rains of april . target birds include ashy cisticola , tsavo sunbird , pangani longclaw , and jameson ' s firefinch . other likely birds include african goshawk , emerald - spotted wood - dove , northern red - billed hornbill , which is at the southern extent of its range in mkomazi , and rattling cisticola . after lunch transfer to the west usambara mountains , part of an ancient set of mountain ranges known as the eastern arc that is home to numerous endemic birds and plants . possibilities during stops en route include gray - headed kingfisher , little bee - eater , black - bellied sunbird , african golden - weaver , white - winged widowbird , and broad - tailed whydah . night at mueller ' s resort outside lesotho .
together derema and the kambai fr further north adds more than 2 , 000 ha to the amani nature reserve , and there are programmes on the ground trying to link the lowland reserves to the nilo nature reserve ( 2007 ) further north again . if successful , this would ensure the connectivity of the largest of the southern and northern forest areas in the east usambara mountains .
• the common tailorbird is 1 of 11 species in the genus orthotomus . of these , 9 occur in southeastern asia and 2 , the forest warblers , are found in east africa . orthotomus is 1 of 67 genera in the family sylviidae . most of these species are old world warblers — small , insect - eating birds . they include a number of familiar woodland species of europe .
the eastern arc chain of mountains contains extraordinarily high biodiversity with more than 100 endemic amphibians , reptiles , mammal and birds , and perhaps as many as 1 , 500 endemic plants . the east usambara mountains are on block within the eastern arc and are of exceptional importance for the conservation of biological diversity , generally ranked among the top 5 forest sites on the african continent in terms their biological values .
early departure for long drive across the western serengeti plains to speke bay on lake victoria , birding and game viewing en route . the most important target birds during the drive are karamoja apalis , an essentially ugandan species found in a small area of the serengeti , and eastern plantain - eater , found only around an oasis on the western plains . other interesting possibilities include senegal lapwing , black - winged lapwing , temminck ' s courser , wattled starling , and gray - headed social - weaver . scattered mammals , mainly impala and gazelles will be present , as will hippopotamus at the oasis . night at speke bay lodge .
justification of ecoregion delineation white ( 1983 ) mapped four areas of afromontane vegetation in the huambo and cuanza sul provinces and an area of afromontane forest mosaic further south , on the serra da chela in the huíla province . the extent of the ecoregion corresponds to the bailundu highlands portion of the western angola endemic bird area ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) , although it was modified to the 1 , 200 m elevation contour ( wwf 1998 ) . the ecoregion is distinguished from surrounding areas since its fauna and flora share closer affinities to other afromontane areas ( huntley 1974a , dean 2000 ) .
types and severity of threats the almost continuous civil war in angola since 1974 has led to great instability , poor security , economic depression , massive displacement of the rural population and a lack of infrastructure and basic services . as a result , water , sanitation , health , energy and food are the most important items on the environmental agenda , against which most other issues , including conservation , pale in significance ( moyo et al . 1993 ) . this , combined with the high population pressure in much of the ecoregion and the lack of protected areas , makes conservation of the forest fragments and surrounding grasslands a very daunting task .
biodiversity features the montane forests of angola are of great biogeographic interest as they are the sole surviving relics of a much larger moist forest biome that spread during more favorable past climatic conditions ( huntley 1974a ) . a few narrow endemic species and subspecies are found in the angolan montane forests , and many elements of their fauna and flora are shared not with the surrounding ecoregions but with afromontane vegetation occurring on mountain formations thousands of kilometers away . the ecoregion has been extremely poorly studied , with the exception of the avifauna that is described by hall ( 1960 ) . stuart et al . ( 1990 ) list the angolan montane forests among critical sites for biodiversity conservation .
seemingly tireless , the common tailorbird hops actively among bushes , hedges and trees in its ceaseless search for tiny insects , its tail cocked high above its back and wagging from side to side . the bird’s weak , erratic flight makes it an easy target for flying predators . therefore , it flits swiftly from one patch of undergrowth to another ; avoiding open areas . however ; where the tailorbird inhabits areas near human settlements , it is surprisingly tame . a tailorbird pair forms a long - term bond and lives within a static territory all year . the birds remain in constant contact with each other , uttering a surprisingly loud , monotonous call : chee - up , chee - up . when danger threatens , such as the appearance of a shikra — the common small sparrowhawk of southern asia — the pair makes noisy alarm calls of pit - pit - pit until the danger has passed .
the derema corridor links the amani nature reserve in the east usambara mountains with the kambai fr to the north , and hence helps maintain the connectivity of the east usambara forests .
the derema corridor is 960 hectares in extent and is almost all forested , 60 % on steep hills and the rest in lowland slopes below 850m altitude .
the conservation of the derema corridor is , thus , essential if these areas are to remain connected and to prevent the loss of species due to fragmentation , isolation and habitat area reduction .
more than 100 species of plants and animals are endemic to the 413 km 2 of remaining forests in the east usambaras . in the vertebrates 78 endemic and near - endemic species are present .
this website and the report was funded and co - produced by the wildlife conservation society .
song a rhythmic , almost mechanical , repeated “tcheu - tcheu - tcheu - tcheu - tcheu - tcheu - tcheu . . .
diet mainly insects . sometimes accompanies mixed - species flocks . forages by searching foliage , mainly in low and middle strata , but recent . . .
little known . family party with two recently fledged young in mid - oct suggests laying in early sept . nest not reliably described ; one . . .
critically endangered . restricted - range species : present in tanzania - malawi mountains eba . occurs only in e usambaras ( amani and nilo forests ) , in tanzania : population . . .
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sometimes included in orthotomus , but has ten ( not twelve ) rectrices ; genetically much closer to apalis and allies # r .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : artisornis moreaui . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
alarm call from bird in the hand . this bird was the presumed female ( responding to song bouts ) [ mozambiquan tailorbird ] , recently split by hbw / iucn redlist - urltoken
alarm call from bird in the hand . this bird was the presumed male ( initiating song bouts ) [ mozambiquan tailorbird ] , recently split by hbw / iucn redlist - urltoken
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
bird , j . , ekstrom , j . , evans , m . , shutes , s . , starkey , m . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , wright , l , ashpole , j , westrip , j . , wheatley , h .
, but still somewhat local and infrequent . recent records from mt nilo were followed by the discovery of territories around zirai in may 2009 , and later surveys located a total of 10 territories in nilo nature reserve , in the areas of nkombola , kweng ' wiza , kilangangua and kiziga and northward to lutindi ( kyonjola and njilima 2010 )
, and surveys in 2008 - 2009 found around 80 territories at amani and in the surrounding area . further survey work has since identified further territories , including 20 in the nilo nature reserve ; mt nilo covers 43 . 6 km
and may hold up to 75 % of the total east usambaras population , which has been estimated to number at least 371 individuals but these numbers have yet to be confirmed . intensive surveys during 2014 discovered 17 more territories ( torto 2015 ) . only c . 110 km
of suitable habitat remains in the east usambaras . given that it is uncommon , elusive and exists at low densities , it may yet be found in other forests of the eastern arc ( baker and baker 2001 )
cordeiro ( 2000 ) estimated 150 - 200 in amani nature reserve . the populations on mount nilo and the njesi plateau are unknown , but may be small , so the global estimate is placed precautionarily in the band 50 - 249 individuals . this equates to 33 - 166 mature individuals , rounded here to 30 - 200 mature individuals .
this species is suspected to be declining in parts of its range owing to strong pressures that are impacting unprotected forests in parts of the east usambaras , and recent disturbance within protected areas such as amani nature reserve . therefore , we employ a negative population trend overall ( though this may be slight ) . if further research confirms that the species ' s global population size is stable it may warrant downlisting in the future .
, appear to reduce habitat suitability ( kyonjola and njilima 2010 ) . nothing is known of the recent status of this species in forests in northern mozambique . having a montane distribution that is close to the maximum altitude within its range , this species is potentially susceptible to climate change ( birdlife international unpublished data ) .
. a population monitoring programme of this species by the wildlife conservation society of tanzania and the field museum has begun .
. research is also being undertaken to study whether habitat management will encourage the species to colonize new areas . the birdlife international project office in tanzania are working on a collaborative project with the rspb to conserve endemic and threatened biodiversity in the east usambaras , focusing on this species . the first action was to collect data on the species ' s distribution and create a high resolution distribution map indicating where levels of disturbance are likely to be greatest ( torto 2015 ) .
map edited : removed from west usambaras . eoo updated . edited conservation actions information text .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t103771879a118577476 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 291 , 825 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
authenticated ( 17 / 07 / 10 ) by dr norbert cordeiro , department of biology , roosevelt university , chicago , and departments of zoology and botany , the field museum , chicago . urltoken
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 2006 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 11 : old world flycatchers to old world warblers . lynx edicions , barcelona .
hirschfeld , e . ( 2008 ) birdlife international : rare birds yearbook . magdig media limited , shrewsbury .
borghesio , l . , john , j . r . m . , mulungu , e . , mkongewa , v . , joho , m . and cordeiro , n . j . ( 2008 ) observations of threatened birds in the east usambara mountains , tanzania . bulletin of the african bird club , 15 ( 1 ) : 59 - 70 .
cordeiro , n . j . ( 1998 ) a preliminary survey of the montane avifauna of mt nilo , east usambaras , tanzania . scopus , 20 : 1 - 18 .
perrins , c . ( 2009 ) the encyclopedia of birds . oxford university press , oxford .
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
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all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .
have you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .
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bird , j . , ekstrom , j . , evans , m . , shutes , s . , starkey , m . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , wright , l , ashpole , j & westrip , j .
this species is listed as endangered because it has a very small population size . the population is currently considered stable , but if there is any evidence for a population decline then this species may warrant uplisting . conversely , if there is any further evidence to suggest that the population size may be higher than stated , then the species may warrant downlisting in the future .
it was that suggested that the population is likely to be > 50 individuals when the population was rediscovered ( ryan and spottiswoode 2003 ) . a further visit in 2011 found that the population could be of a ' reasonable size ' and probably numbered in the hundereds ( j . mcentee
2016 ) . therefore it is conservatively placed in the range of 50 - 249 mature individuals .
the area is undisturbed by humans , and is rarely ever visited ( ryan and spottiswoode 2003 ) . as such the species may not be threatened by any habitat disturbance , and in the absence of any other known possible threats the population is suspected to be stable .
the area is undisturbed by humans , and is rarely ever visited ( ryan and spottiswoode 2003 ) . as such the species may not be threatened by any habitat disturbance . however , its limited elevational range mean that any changes in fire regime or climate may have a negative effect on this species in the future ( j . mcentee
the njesi plateau is due to be revisited in november 2016 ( s . jones
search for the species at monte sanga , the areas between monte gatala and chiconono , the lupilichi highlands and the serra juzagombe ( ryan and spottiswoode 2003 ) .
* this tour is available for any dates of your choosing provided guide services and accommodations are available .
travel day from the us / canada to arusha . with a 7 - 10 hour time difference between the us / canada and tanzania , flight will be overnight , arriving early the following morning in london or other connecting city in europe .
travel day from connecting city in europe . flight duration from london to kilimanjaro is over 9 hours with a 2 - hour time difference . everyone can expect to arrive in evening , where they ' ll be met at kilimanjaro international airport and transferred to the hotel in arusha located about 40 min away . night at korona guest house .
morning game drive through tarangire . mid - morning drive through the malanja depression onto the southern plains within the ngorongoro conservation area , birding en route . the road goes up and over the highlands before descending to ndutu . resident populations of blue wildebeest , plains zebra , grant ' s gazelles , and thomson ' s gazelles can be seen on the savanna . white - necked ravens are common in the highlands , while kori bustards are present on the dry plains . along the road is the best place to find chestnut - bellied sandgrouse , the hardest sandgrouse species to locate . night at ndutu safari lodge ( low season ) or ndutu tented camp ( high season ) .
morning birding around the lodge for any species missed the previous day . then transfer across western and central serengeti , birding and game viewing en route . it ' s about 100 miles and takes a half - day without stops . a late afternoon game drive in the central serengeti will focus on mammals , especially looking for leopard , which is most easily seen in this area . night at seronera lodge .
morning bird a different section of road around the resort looking for species missed the previous day . afternoon transfer back to arusha . evening international flights home .
expect 100 fewer species when palearctic migrants absent . prices higher during jan - mar ( high season ) - ask for quote .
all content and design © 2004 - 2017 by exotic birding , llc . original banner photo © laura l fellows . all rights reserved . no photos , descriptions , or other content may be copied or disseminated on any media without prior written permission . checklists may be copied or printed for personal use only but not for commercial purposes of any kind . website designed and produced by jim wittenberger and laura l fellows . photography by laura l fellows and jim wittenberger .
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the tailorbird owes its name to the female’s extraordinary sewing skills . using her bill as a needle , she stitches one or more leaves into a pouch to form the basis of the nest .
the tropical undergrowth where the tailorbird lives teems with nest robbers , such as snakes , lizards , mongooses and various predatory birds . to avoid these predators , the tailorbird constructs its nest deep in a thicket or tree up to 20′ high . pairs usually breed between february and may . after mating , the female begins the arduous work of nest - building . it takes her up to two days to stitch the pouch together , while the male defends the pair’s territory from other tailorbirds . once the pouch is complete , the male helps her construct the nest from grasses , and then line it with cotton , feathers and animal hairs . both parents incubate the clutch , and later bring food to the nestlings — an exhausting task that occupies them constantly until the chicks are fledged two weeks later . safety pouch the nest leaves provide excellent camouflage .
widespread in its range , the common tailorbird readily adapts to human habitation and benefits from jungle clearance , a process detrimental to many other animals . but clearance of scrubby undergrowth may cause declines in some areas . 3 sew sew good… the bird pushes binding material , such as plant fibers and spider silk , through the holes , drawing the edges of the leaf together . 4 hanging basket the ends of the stitching fray naturally into bunches , making a solid cradle in which both parents build the tiny nest .
like most warblers , the tailorbird feeds on insects and other small invertebrates that abound in its tropical habitat . creeping in the undergrowth , it uses its bill like a pair of forceps to pick off beetles , bugs , caterpillars and spiders from leaves , stems and branches . the bird is also able to reach deep into flowerheads and drink the sugary nectar swarms of flying termites provide food for many birds , and are particularly abundant in the rainy season . the tailorbird , being a less adept flier , must wait until the creatures land and shed j their wings before gorging itself . such gluts are essential to feed chicks , and may enable more young to survive to adulthood . gulp young battle for every scrap .
brown and olive - green plumage conceals the common tailorbird as it hunts tirelessly in undergrowth for food .
the ecoregion lies on the marginal mountain chain of angola , which is restricted to a narrow band running along the inland margin of the escarpment from 11° to 16° s . residual land surfaces that possibly date back to the gondwanan age ( king 1963 ) form the highest points here , reaching 2 , 620 m on mt . môco , 2 , 582 m on mt . mepo , and 2 , 554 m on mt . lubangue ( huntley 1974a ) . the mountain chain is part of the precambrian basement complex that comprises gneisses , gneissic granites and metamorphosed sediments ( barbosa 1970 ) . the soils are deep and highly weathered .
mean annual rainfall in the ecoregion is between 1 , 200 mm and 1 , 600 mm , increasing with elevation . rainfall is concentrated in the summer months , although precipitation from the mists , which rise as the cold benguela current meets warmer tropical waters offshore , occurs through most of the year . the coolest months are july and august , when sub - zero temperatures are frequently recorded in the mountains ( huntley 1974a ) . mean annual temperatures range from 17° to 20°c ( texeira 1968 ) .
open grasslands with widely scattered trees and shrubs cover large areas of the highland plateau above 1 , 600 m and make up most of the ecoregion’s area . in well - drained areas , this vegetation is generally fire - prone and includes shrub species such as philippia benguelensis , erica spp . , protea trichophylla , stoebe vulgaris , and cliffortia sp . and grasses themeda triandra , tristachya inamoena , t . bequertii , hyparrhenia andogensis , h . quarrei , festuca spp . , and monocymbium ceresiiforme . on waterlogged plateaus , representative plants include parinari capensis , myrsine africana , protea welwitschii , dissotis canescens , cyathea spp . , loudetia spp . , fimbristylis spp . , and xyris spp . ( huntley and matos 1994 ) .
the highest human population densities in angola outside luanda are encountered in the highlands of this ecoregion and adjacent parts of the angolan miombo woodland ecoregion . population densities here exceed 30 people per km2 ( moyo et al . 1993 ) as a result of the high agricultural potential of the area .


lepidochrysops chala is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in tanzania and zambia .

the habitat consists of rocky grassland and montane grassland at altitudes of 2,000 to 2,200 meters .

adults are attracted to flowers of low-growing plants .

they are on wing from august to early october .

lepidochrysops chala

chala district is one of thirteen districts of the province caravelí in peru . the capital town of the district is the port of chala .
the coastal fauna of the chala includes sea lions , the anchovy and several seabirds .
libert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .
chala ( ) is an uzbek term meaning
neither this nor that ,
referring to bukharan jews who were allegedly forcibly converted to islam beginning in the late eighteenth century . in response , these chala jews outwardly practiced islam , but secretly retained their jewish traditions . these crypto - jews married among themselves and lived in their own neighborhoods that bordered on existing jewish neighborhoods . the chala jews carry a very similar story to the marranos of spain .
the district is connected to the rest of the country for the panamerican highway . the highway is well signaled and it takes about 9 hours to arrive to the port of chala from arequipa the capital of the region .
following the installation of soviet rule in 1920 , the religious distinction among the population was no longer officially recognized . nevertheless , ethnic distinctions on passports enabled many chala jews to continue being counted as ethnic uzbeks and tajiks , rather than jews .
crocodiles were introduced to lake chala in the early 1900s , and all taken out in 2002 . the crocodiles in the lake were introduced from madagascar ( see ref ) , and the nile crocodile is the only species there - - > it is proven that no crocodiles remain in the lake today .
the chala or
coast
is one of the eight natural regions in peru . it is formed by all the western lands that arise from sea level up to the height of 500 meters . the coastal desert of peru is largely devoid of vegetation but a unique fog and mist - fed ecosystem called lomas is scattered among hills near the pacific coast as elevations up to .
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an extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .
ackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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in this region , the flora includes vegetation that grows near the rivers , like the carob tree , the palo verde , salty grama grass , manglar or mangrove tree , the carrizo or giant reed and the caña brava ( ditch reed ) ; and plants that grow in the hills , such as the amancay or peruvian daffodil (
hymenocallis amancaes
) , the wild tomato , the mito or peruvian papaya (
vasconcellea candicans
) , and the divi - divi (
cæsalpinia coriaria
) .
common trees in the north are the faique , the zapote , the zapayal , the
barrigon
and other thorny tropical savanna trees of the equatorial dry forests on the northern coast of piura and tumbes . páramo and the northern coast of the piura region are not under the influence of the cold humboldt current . páramo has a tree line at the border , even on the westside of the continental divide .
loma - vegetation , is found between and and it is situated at the first westside slope near the coast in peru . this subregion has a subtropical desert climate with little rainfall along the central and southern coast ( drier as one goes south ) . the average year round day temperature is ( max 33 °c , min 8 °c ) .