the broad-footed climbing mouse ( rhipidomys latimanus ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae .

it is found in colombia , ecuador , panama and peru .

broad - footed climbing mouse

broad - footed climbing mouse or rhipidomys latimanus is listed on the iucn red list ( 1996 ) as lower risk / least concern .
the broad - footed climbing mouse is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
a young / baby of a broadfooted climbing mouse is called a ' pinkie , kitten or pup ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a broadfooted climbing mouse group is called a ' nest , colony , harvest , horde or mischief ' .
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it includes scandens ( from panama ) previously considered ( tribe 1996 ) as a different subspecies . taxonomic status requires further study ( musser and carleton , 2005 ) .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this species occurs in mid - elevation andean forests , about 450 to 2 , 200 m , of central and west colombia , central ecuador , and extreme north peru ; allopatric populations in easternmost panama ( musser and carleton 2005 ) . in ecuador the highest elevation is 2 , 400 m ( d . tirira pers . comm . ) and up to 3 , 000 m in colombia .
it is rare in ecuador ( d . tirira pers . comm . ) but relatively common in colombia ( m . gómez - laverde pers . comm . ) .
it is an arboreal , nocturnal , and solitary rat ; it occurs in primary forest . high populations occurred during periods of maximum precipitation . reproduction was continual throughout the annual cycle ( montenegro - diaz et al . 1991 ) .
it is affected by general habitat destruction although this is not a major threat at this time .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t19609a115151910 .
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this species occurs in mid - elevation andean forests , about 450 to 2 , 200 m , of central and west colombia , central ecuador , and extreme north peru ; allopatric populations in easternmost panama ( musser and carleton , 2005 ) . in ecuador the highest elevation is 2 , 400 m ( d . tirira pers . comm . ) and up to 3 , 000 m in colombia .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
leveäjalkarattu
to
rhipidomys latimanus ( tomes , 1860 )
.
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musser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
status : iucn - vulnerable as r . scandens , lower risk ( lc ) as r . latimanus
comments : r . leucodactylus section sensu tribe ( 1996 ) . includes scandens goldman , previously recognized as a species ( e . g . , handley , 1966a ; musser and carleton , 1993 ) but which tribe ( 1996 ) placed in full synonymy under r . l . latimanus . cabrera ( 1961 ) also considered fulviventer and venustus as subspecies of r . latimanus , but these two forms are clearly distinct from the latimanus - venezuelae complex in northern south america ( handley , 1976 ; tribe , 1996 ) . karyotype reported by gardner and patton ( 1976 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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infonatura species index : 401 - 450 of 479 records in family muridae of order rodentia .
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sclerosponges are sponges with a soft body that covers a hard , often massive skeleton made of calcium carbonate , either aragonite or calcite .

because of their long life span ( 500-1,000 years ) it is thought that analysis of the aragonite skeletons of these sponges could extend data regarding ocean temperature , salinity , and other variables farther into the past than has been previously possible .

their dense skeletons are deposited in an organized chronological manner , in concentric layers or bands .

the layered skeletons look similar to reef corals .

therefore , sclerosponges are also called coralline sponges .

sclerosponges were first proposed as a class of sponges , sclerospongiae , in 1970 by hartman and goreau .

however , it was later found by vacelet that sclerosponges occur in different classes of porifera .

that means that sclerosponges are not a closely related ( taxonomic ) group of sponges .

like bats and birds that independently developed the ability to fly , different sponges developed the ability to build a calcareous skeleton independently and during different times in earth history .

fossil sclerosponges are already known from the cambrian period .

sclerosponges include the species ceratoporella nicholsoni , stromatospongia vermicola , hispidopetra miniana , s. norae , goreauiella auriculatra , and merlia sp. , which were described in detail by lang et al. in 1975 .

sclerosponge

coral and sclerosponge search engine search through coral and sclerosponge studies using investigator , title , location name , parameters , and latitude / longitude bounds .
ncei paleo web service harvest coral and sclerosponge study metadata records using an ncei paleo web service .
benavides , lm and druffel , erm , 1986 . sclerosponge growth rate as determined by 210pb and d
google earth map locate and download coral and sclerosponge studies using a google earth map interface . google earth must be installed to use this search tool .
investigators who wish to contribute their data to our coral and sclerosponge archive can find information on contributing below . data and study description information can be contributed by emailing completed data contribution templates to paleo @ urltoken .
a sclerosponge retrieved from the bahamas weighing over 200 lbs and measuring 24
in diameter . unfortunately this specimen was badly bioeroded . however , we estimate this specimen to be in excess of 1000 years old ! !
high - resolution measurements of the stable oxygen isotopic signature ( δ 18 o ) of two new 10 - year porites lobata coral cores and one previously studied multi - decadal sclerosponge acanthocheatetes wellsi from the republic of palau ( 7°16′n , 134°31′e ) located in the western pacific warm pool were analyzed and monthly interpolated time - series records developed . despite significant differences in collection depth and growth rates , both coral and sclerosponge faithfully recorded the interannual changes of sea surface salinity ( sss ) driven by the strong influence of the el niño southern oscillation ( enso ) . the strong relationship of coral skeletal δ 18 o with sss , but not sea surface temperature or precipitation , confirms previous findings that changes in palau regional surface water are driven by the advection of water masses into the area over interannual timescales associated with enso . opportunities exist for the expansion of short coral proxy records with longer sclerosponge records to verify the stability of enso - induced sss variability over longer timescales .
vacelet j . , garrone r . ( 1985 ) two distinct populations of collagen fibrils in a “sclerosponge” ( porifera ) . in : bairati a . , garrone r . ( eds ) biology of invertebrate and lower vertebrate collagens . nato asi series ( series a : life sciences ) , vol 93 . springer , boston , ma
a former bryozoan neuropora pustulosa ( roemer , 1839 ) from the lower hauterivian northwestern germany is redescribed as a ceratoporellid sclerosponge . the systematic replacement of n . pustulosa is justified by the discovery of monaxonid spicules entrapped in its calcareous skeleton . the relation of n . pustulosa to recent and fossil sclerosponges is discussed . new order muraniida including one new family muraniidae based on the recently established genus murania kaźmierczak is here proposed .
heterotrophic bacteria associated with the caribbean sclerosponge , ceratoporella nicholsoni ( hickson ) , were found to occur extracellularly and were confined to the mesohyl regions of the sponge tissue . physiological , metabolic , and morphological attributes of the culturable bacteria associated with the sponge were recorded by using numerical taxonomy methods for the analysis of 158 phenotypic attributes . morphometric methods were used to determine the proportion of the total sponge - associated bacteria that were culturable by the methods employed , with the results ranging from 3 to 11 % of the total bacteria inhabiting the sponge . approximately 78 % of the culturable bacteria clustered into four groups or phena , representing two previously undescribed vibrio spp . , an aeromonas sp . , and a coryneform - or actinomycete - like sp . most of the bacteria were facultative anaerobes , fermenting sucrose and fucose but unusual in an inability to ferment glucose . this study was the first comprehensive study of heterotrophic bacteria associated with a sponge from the caribbean basin , a region reputed to contain the most prolific sponge populations , with respect to biomass and diversity . the possible significance of these associations is discussed .
. these sponges were assigned to a new class of sponges - the sclerospongiae ( hartman and goreau , 1970 ) .
the biology and ecology of the sponges has been well described by lang et al . ( 1975 ) , dustan et al . ( 1975 ) , hartman and goreau ( 1970 ) , scoffin and hendry ( 1984 ) , wood ( 1990 ) , while their growth has been studied by dustan and sacco ( 1982 ) and benavides and druffel ( 1986 ) . lang et al . ( 1975 ) found the sponges growing within the framework and under coral talus in the shallower portions of the reef ( above 55m ) , while below 55m they are found on the steep surfaces of the deep fore - reef . they have been reported growing to depths of 145 m . of the six sclerosponges described by lang et al . ( 1975 ) , the largest and most visible is
which in jamaica was estimated to cover between 25 to 50 % of the available space , attaining a size in excess of 1 m in diameter . during our recent collection trips in the bahamas we retrieved one colony which we believe to be
, 1 m in diameter ( see figure 1 ) . unfortunately its internal structure was completely obliterated by bioerosion . based on our age estimates this sponge could have been 4 , 000 years old and therefore the ramifications for the use of sclerosponges as proxy indicators of climate obvious
show concentric growth bands apparently on a 4 to 5 year time scale . the significant of such banding is not known . these concentric growth patterns suggest that the growth is regular and that there is not significant diagenetic reactions affecting the sponge . in some instances we have found sponges in which the concentric rings are completely obliterated by bioerosion . the growth rate of
pb ( benavides and druffel , 1986 ) . both studies were conducted on sponges from jamaica . in the staining study , specimens of sponges were stained and collected some six years later . dustan and succo (
. ) estimated a growth rate of 0 . 1 to 0 . 2 mm / yr . the radiometric methods gave slightly higher growth rates ( 0 . 27 mm / yr using
sclerosponges have the ability to provide a valuable new geochemical proxy for the understanding of climate and ocean circulation . their important attributes are
long lived - the relatively low growth rate of the sponges ( 0 . 25 mm / yr ) means that a colony with a diameter of 10 cm may be 400 years old !
wide range of depths - sclerosponges live over a wide range of water depths and therefore unlike corals can provide information on different water masses .
resistance to diagenesis - the relatively dense skeleton of the sclerosponges means that they are resistant to diagenetic alteration .
equilibrium with the environment - studies conducted to date suggest that the sclerosponges are in equilibrium with their environment with respect to both oxygen and carbon isotopes .
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bohm , f . , joachimski , m . m . , lehnert , h . , morgenroth , g . , kretschmer , w . vaceot , w . c . , 1996 . carbon isotope records from extant caribbean and south pacific sponges : evolution of d13c in surface water dic , earth planetary science letters , 139 : 291 - 303 .
druffel , e . r . m . and benavides , l . m . , 1986 . input of excess co
dustan , p . , jaap . w , and halas , j . 1976 . the distribution of the class sclerospongia ,
dustan p and sacco , wk , 1982 . the sclerosponges of chalet caribe reef .
goreau , tf , 1959 . the ecology of jamaican reefs . i . species composition and zonation .
hartman , wd and goreau , tf , 1970 . jamaican coralline sponges : their morphology , ecology and fossil relatives , symp . zool . soc . lond . 25 : 205 - 243 .
keeling , c . d . , bacastow , r . b . , carter , a . f . , piper , s . c . , whorf , t . p . , heimann , m . , mook , w . g . , roeloffzen , h . , 1989 . a three - dimensional model of atmospheric co2 transport based on observed winds : 1 . analysis of observational data , in : aspects of climate variability in the pacific and the western americas , d . h . peterson , ed . , pp . 165 - 236 , am . geophys . union , washington d . c .
lang , j . c . , hartman , w . d . , land , l . s . , 1975 . sclerosponges : primary framework constructors on the jamaican fore - reef .
nozaki , y , rye , dm , turekian , kk and dodge , re , 1978 . a 200 - year record of carbon - 13 and carbon - 14 variation in a bermuda coral .
scoffin , tp and hendry , md , 1984 . shallow - water sclerosponges on jamaican reefs and a criterion for recognition of hurricane deposits . ,
study with calcein . proc . 5th int . coral reef congress , tahiti 1985 v 5 pp . 113 - 118
ph . willenz & w . d . hartman , 1989 . micromorphology and ultrastructure of caribbean sclerosponges . 1 .
wood , r . , 1990 . reef - building sponges , amer . scien . 78 : 224 . 235 . last updated january 20 , 1998 by peter swart
a sponge with a soft body that covers a hard , often massive skeleton made of calcium carbonate , either aragonite or calcite .
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a sponge with a soft body that covers a hard , often massive skeleton made of calcium carbonate , either aragonite or calcite .
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coral data at the world data center consist of stable isotope and trace metal analyses from corals located around the globe . corals serve as proxies of upper ocean environment , such as sea surface temperature and salinity , over the past several centuries .
interactive map select study locations by region , proximity to a point or , text - based attributes .
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additional sources outside of ncdc for data and information on corals , sclerosponges , and climate science .
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austin b , allen da , zachary a , belas mr , colwell rr . ecology and taxonomy of bacteria attaching to wood surfaces in a tropical harbor .
bertram jf , bolender rp . counting cells with stereology : random versus serial sectioning .
billy c . etude d ' une bactérie alginolytique anaérobie : clostridium alginolyticum n . sp .
bryant tn , lee jv , west pa , colwell rr . numerical classification of species of vibrio and related genera .
bryant tn , lee jv , west pa , colwell rr . a probability matrix for the identification of species of vibrio and related genera .
buck jd . nonstaining ( koh ) method for determination of gram reactions of marine bacteria .
hammel i . progression of errors in morphometry . estimation of particle number density .
humphreys t . chemical dissolution and in vitro reconstruction of sponge cell adhesions . i . isolation and functional demonstration of the components involved .
feeherry fe , munsey dt , rowley db . thermal inactivation and injury of bacillus stearothermophilus spores .
leifson e . motile marine bacteria . iv . ionic relationships of marine and terrestrial bacteria .
lemos ml , toranzo ae , barja jl . modified medium for the oxidation - fermentation test in the identification of marine bacteria .
liston j , wiebe w , colwell rr . quantitative approach to the study of bacterial species .
popoff m , véron m . a taxonomic study of the aeromonas hydrophila - aeromonas punctata group .
sneath ph , johnson r . the influence on numerical taxonomic similarities of errors in microbiological tests .
weibel er , gomez dm . a principle for counting tissue structures on random sections .
glenville m , broughton r , wing am , wilkinson rt . effects of sleep deprivation on short duration performance measures compared to the wilkinson auditory vigilance task .
wilkinson cr . interocean differences in size and nutrition of coral reef sponge populations .
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answers the question : who wrote ( i . e . , created ) the resource , such as a publication ?
provides calibration information , especially useful for legacy datasets where the raw measurements may not be available and for comparison of datasets .
answers the question : who contributed the resource ? a contributor may be the same as the authors of the resource or different . for instance , in the case of a legacy dataset , a linked earth member may contribute a previously - published dataset that he / she may not have authored
links the measuredvariable to its proxysystem . for instance , mg / ca measurements on foraminiferal shells have proxysystem : marinesediment . foraminifera . mg / ca
provides a link between the measured and inferred variables . for instance , sst is inferred from mg / ca measurements
links the inferredvariable values to their type . for instance , the value of 29 . 1 degc is of type sst . this is important to normalize the variations in variablenames ( e . g . sst , sst , sea - surface temp )
links the measuredvariable to the proxyarchive . refers to the specific archive ( i . e . the specific coral head , lake sediment . . . ) and a specific variable since proxyarchive provides a link to the proxysensor . in some instances , two measuredvariables on the same physicalsample may have different proxyarchive page . this would be the case for measurements on various species of foraminifera in a marinesediment
links a model to its publication . note : calibrationreferences and modelreferences in the calibration may not need to be the same . for instance , the calibration data and one mathematical formulation can be provided in one publication ( answering the calibrationreferences ) but a different mathematical model may be applied in another publication ( answering the modelreferences )
the need to link a measured variable or a proxy system to the proxy observation type being measured .
answers the question : what type of proxyobservation does the measuredvariable or proxy system belong to ? for example , the measured value of 5 . 63 mmol / mol is of type mg / ca , or the proxy observation of the current prpoxy system is mg / ca
separate compilation date from the publication year . an example is lr04 ( datsetdate in 2004 ) but published in 2005
separate dataset date from the publication year . an example is lr04 ( datsetdate in 2004 ) but published in 2005
answers the question : what is the version of the dataset ? it should follow the x . y . z notation where x refers to changes in metadata and data following a publication ( for instance , the creation of a new age model using a different code ) , y refers to changes to the data following a publication ( for instance , adding data further back in time without changing the model underlying the interpretation ) , and z refers to changes not associated with a publication ( for instance , typos ) .
this property may be used to provide further details on instrument descriptions , uncertainty description , etc .
answers the
of what
question for an interpretation . for intance , sea surface in sea surface temperature .
allows to rank the environmental variable controlling the interpretation . for instance , the d18o of coral aragonite responds to both temperature and the d18o of seawater ( closely linked to salinity ) . depending on the locale and / or timescale , one variable may dominate over the other .
useful if there is only a single value rather than a vector of numbers . often the case for analytical uncertainty or uncertainty reported as a rmse
lipd assigns a unique identifier ( tsid ) to each table column described in a lipd file . allows to assign a unique identifier to each series , facilitating data citation and recognition this allows someone to change every piece of metadata about column or dataset , including its names ( both dataset and variable ) and still get back to the right spot . itâ€™s fundamental to working with lipd data .
link to a particular laboratory . provides circumstantial information about the measurement technique and how it was applied . allows to give some information about the actual location of the sample
answer is only positive or negative . useful metadata when the calibration equation is not readily available . also applies to inferredvariable to faciliate the search in database
added to allow data analysis . is the interpretation relevant to these coordinates ? does putting a colored dot on the map here make sense ?
seasonality is critical to properly related measuredvariable and innferredvariable , as the former only senses part of the range of the latter .
subdivision between chronological and paleoenvironmental information reflects the fact that datasets are fundamentally characterized by two distinct components . agreed that the proxysystem concept applies to both chron and paleodata
the combination of proxyarchive , proxysensor , and proxyobservations pertaining to chronological information . for instance , measurements of radiocarbon on foraminiferal shells would have a chronproxysystem consisting of proxyarchive : marine sediment , proxysensor : foraminifera , proxyobservations : radiocarbon . ( ref : evans et al . [ 2013 ] )
encodes what data / metadata gathering effort / scientific project led to the curation of the datasets . examples : pages2k , iso2k , lr04 , oc3 , margo
fundamental unit at which we think about paleoclimate data . also tends to correspond to the scope of the study
added to allow outputs from bayesian model ( especially bchron ) to be saved as part of a dataset . required to encode irregular probability distributions
datatable containing the probability distribution of a single value of a variable . output of a model
datatable constaining many possible series of how the variable is modeled . output of a model
because of their population size , foraminifera produce a significant amount of oceanic carbonate , making them a valuable source of paleoceanographic information . the following parameters are used in paleoceanographic applications : * faunal assemblage * geochemical measurements : * isotopes * stable oxygen isotopes * stable carbon isotopes * radiocarbon * trace elements
inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ( icp - aes ) , also referred to as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry ( icp - oes ) , is an analytical technique used for the detection of trace metals .
an < b > isotope - ration mass spectrometer < / b > measures the relative abundance of isotopes in a given sample .
an inorganic substrate sensing enviromental changes . examples : karst , snow , watershed , ice sheet , rock , etc .
needed to categorize types of instruments used for taking the different measurements . see instrument ontology for concept description .
soilwater mixing above speleothems : although the sample might only represent 5 years of calcification , it can record 30 years of water mixing .
the time it takes for the proxysensor to imprint environmental information on the proxyarchive . it may be further qualified with time periods and units
used to describe the interpretation of the variable . for instance , radiocarbon is interpreted to represent age
a suite of metadata that describes which phenomena drove variability in this variable ( e . g . environmental drivers ) .
< p > atoms can be simply described as consisting of < a rel =
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href =
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> paleoceanographic < / a > data are derived from many sensors found in deep - sea sediments including trace metal and isotopic composition of foraminifera , alkenones , and tex86 . < / p >
subclass of variables . allows to make the disctinction between raw measurements ( e . g . , tree ring width , oxygen isotopes , trace elements ) and the variables being reconstructed ( e . g . , moisture , temperature )
variables that are measured by an instrument . measuredvariables are ssn : observations . they represent the values of a certain type of proxyobservations
allows to describe models whose outputs are stored in the dataset . one example of is bchron for age modeling
subclass of publication . allows to clearly mark datasets not generated as part of a peer - reviewed publication .
a publication that has not undergone a formal review process ; for instance , a dataset attached to a dissertation .
subclass of proxysensor . makes the distinction between organic and inorganic . see the proxysensor ontology for concepts
biologically - mediated proxysensor . examples include : foraminifera , trees , mollusks , polyps
gives a formal definition of climate proxy following the evans et al . ( 2013 ) framework . subclass of proxysystem , pertaining to climate information
climate observations prior to the instrumental era are necessarily indirect . these observations are made on climate proxies in various geological ( e . g . lake or marine sediments , living or fossil coral reefs , cave deposits ) , glaciological ( ice cores or snow pits ) or biological ( trees ) archives . many types of measurements can be made on each archives , each sensing a different aspect of the environment ( sometimes , several aspects at once ) . a paleoclimate dataset is a set of observations made on an archive .
subclass of publication . allows to clearly mark datasets generated as part of a peer - reviewed publication .
the actual sample on which the measurements are made . for instance , the lake core analyzed in the lab is the physical sample .
see proxyarchive ontology for details about the concept . we adopted the evans et al . ( 2013 ) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as
proxy
in the paleoclimate community
according to the evans et al . ( 2013 ) , the medium in which the response of a proxysensor to environmental forcing is recorded . example of archives include : marine sediments , corals , wood , lake sediments , speleothems , glacier ice
the medium in which the response of a sensor to environmental forcing is recorded . sensu evans et al . ( 2013 ) . examples of archives include : marine sediments , corals , wood , lake sediments , speleothems , glacier ice , etc .
we adopted the evans et al . ( 2013 ) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as
proxy
in the paleoclimate community
a model of how the proxysensor either creates or emplaces the signal into the proxyarchive . sensu evans et al . ( 2013 )
see proxyobservation ontology for details about the concept . we adopted the evans et al . ( 2013 ) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as
proxy
in the paleoclimate community
the type of measuredvariables measured on the proxyarchive , whether chemical ( e . g . mg / ca , d18o , sr / ca ) , physical ( e . g . density , layer thickness ) , or biological ( e . g . species abundance )
we adopted the evans et al . ( 2013 ) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as
proxy
in the paleoclimate community
the model of how proxyobservations are made on the archive . sensu evans et al . ( 2013 )
see proxysensor ontology for details about the concept . we adopted the evans et al . ( 2013 ) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as
proxy
in the paleoclimate community
the sensor comprises physical , chemical , and / or biological components that react to environmental conditions . sensors often respond to more than one environmental variable , and may have complex responses to the environment they sense , including thresholds ( record only part of the range of environmental conditions ) , seasonal biases ( record environmental conditions over a few months of the year ) , and / or nonlinear responses ( evans et al . ( 2013 ) )
the sensor comprises physical , chemical , and / or biological components that react to environmental conditions . sensors often respond to more than one environmental variable , and may have complex responses to the environment they sense , including thresholds ( record only part of the range of environmental conditions ) , seasonal biases ( record environmental conditions over a few months of the year ) , and / or nonlinear responses ( evans et al . ( 2013 ) ) . signals recorded by the proxysensor are imprinted onto the proxyarchive .
we adopted the evans et al . ( 2013 ) framework since this is the only published definition of what is most commonly referred to as
proxy
in the paleoclimate community
in the evans et al . ( 2013 ) framework , this is the combination of sensor , archive and observation models .
a generalized proxy system model encapuslates a simplified representation of prior physical , chemical , biological , and / or geological understanding of the ways in which environmental variation ultimately results in the observations used to retrieve paleoclimatic information .
a script that describes the model , in any programming language ( e . g . , excel , matlab , python , r )
< p > < a rel =
nofollow
class =
external text
href =
urltoken
> carbon < / a > in nature exists in oxidized ( i . e . , < a rel =
nofollow
class =
external text
href =
urltoken _ dioxide
> co < sub > 2 < / sub > < / a > and < a rel =
nofollow
class =
external text
href =
urltoken ate
> carbonates < / a > ) , elemental ( i . e . , < a rel =
nofollow
class =
external text
href =
urltoken
> graphite < / a > and < a rel =
nofollow
class =
external text
href =
urltoken
> diamond < / a > ) , and reduced ( i . e . , < a rel =
nofollow
class =
external text
href =
urltoken
> methane < / a > and organic matter ] ) forms . carbon has two < a href =
/ category : stableisotope
title =
category : stableisotope
> stable isotopes < / a > : the light isotope < sup > 12 < / sup > c ( abundance : 98 . 9 % , mass : 12 . 000000 amu ) and the heavy isotope < sup > 13 < / sup > c ( abundance : 1 . 1 % , mass : 13 . 003355 amu ) . since the mass of < sup > 13 < / sup > c is higher than the mass of < sup > 12 < / sup > c , the carbon isotopes are fractionated by chemical and biological processes . in general , < sup > 12 < / sup > c is strongly partitioned into organic matter ( reduced form ) while the heavy isotope is concentrated in the oxidized forms of carbon . < / p >
a datatable that contains summary information for the variable and is output from a model .
thermodynamic property allowing to quantitatively measure how warm or cold a material , fluid is .
to allow to describe the uncertainty on a variable or a model , would it be a single number ( e . g . , the uncertainty on the measurements are 0 . 1 per mil , one sigma confidence level , or reportedin an ensembletable and / or summarytable )
a state of incomplete knowledge that results from a lack of information or from different modeling choices . uncertainty may come from many sources , from imprecision in the data to ambigously defined concepts or terminology . uncertainty can be represented by quantitative measures ( e . g . , probability density function ) or by qualitative statements ( e . g . , reflecting the judgement of a team of experts ) . sensu ipcc ar5
quantities that may change from value to value . they are usually represented as column of values in a data table
the class ssn : observation provides the structure to represent a single observation . an observation is a situation that describes an observed feature , an observed property , a sensor and method of sensing used and a value observed for the property : that is , an observation describes a single value attributed to a single property by a particular sensor . observations of multiple features or multiple properties of the one feature should be represented as either compound properties , features and values or as multiple observations , grouped in some appropriate structure .
the currently accepted u37kprime ( prahl and wakeman , 1987 ) varies positively with temperature , and is defines as c ( 37 : 2 ) / ( c ( 37 : 2 ) + c ( 37 : 3 ) , where c ( 37 : 2 ) represents the quantity of the di - unsaturated ketone and c ( 37 : 3 ) the quantity of the tri - unsaturated form . herbet , t . d . , 2003 , alkenone paleotemperature determinations in treatise on geochemistry , volume 6 , pp 391 - 432
oxygen has three naturally - occuring stable isotopes : 16o , 17o , 18o , with 16o being the most abundant ( 99 . 762 % ) . two international reference standards are used to report variations in oxygen isotope standards : pdb and smow . the use of the pdb standard in reporting oxygen isotope composition is restricted to carbonates of low - temperature origins ( e . g . , oceanic , lacustrine ) . the conversion between smow and pdb scales is given by : \ delta ^ { 18 } o _ { smow } = 1 . 03091 ( \ delta ^ { 18 } o _ { pdb } ) + 30 . 91 î´18o may be measured on the shells of foraminifera
thermodynamic property which quantifies how cold or warm an object , a fluid , or a substance is .
an assemblage of “coralline sponges” has been discovered recently in the phylum porifera . these sponges contain , in addition to their discrete calcareous or siliceous spicules , a massive calcareous skeleton which offers some analogies with the skeleton of the mineralized cnidarians . “coralline sponges” are classified either among several groups of sponges ( vacelet , 1983 ) or as a new class , the sclerospongiae ( hartman and goreau , 1970 ; termier and termier , 1973 ) ; they are considered as the survivors of organisms which contributed to reef building during the mesozoic and paleozoic eras . the comparison of the collagen of these “living fossils” with the collagen of modern sponges , as well as with the collagen of other animals could yield interesting data on the evolutionary aspects of this protein and of the phylum porifera .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
garrone , r . , 1978 , “phylogenesis of connective tissue . morphological aspects and biosynthesis of sponge intercellular matrix” , s . karger , basel .
garrone , r . , huc , a . , and junqua , s . , 1975 , fine structure and physicochemical studies on the collagen of the marine sponge
hartman , w . d . , and goreau , t . f . , 1970 . jamaican coralline sponges : their morphology , ecology and relatives ,
: “the biology of the porifera” , w . g . fry ed . , acad . press , london .
hartman , w . d . , and goreau , t . f . , 1975 , a pacific tabulate sponge , living representative of a new order of sclerosponges ,
ledger , p . w . , and franc , s . , 1978 , calcification of the collagenous axial skeleton of
termier , h . , and termier , g . , 1973 , stromatopores , sclerosponges et pharetrones : les ischyrospongia ,
we thank the following people and organizations for their assistance : j . bauer , m . cathey , p . colin , o . gibb , d . idip , t . isamu , j . kloulechad , j . palardy , b . linsley , a . srock , palau international coral reef center , coral reef research foundation , palau division of marine resources , palau ministry of resources & development . we also thank two reviewers for their constructive feedback and comments on the manuscript . hcw was a graduate student in the lab of agg during the execution of this project . major funding for this work was provided to agg by the american society for mass spectrometry , the mellon foundation , and the national science foundation ( chemical oceanography , oce # 0426022 and 0610487 ) .
asami r , yamada t , iryu y , quinn tm , meyer cp , paulay g ( 2005 ) interannual and decadal variability of the western pacific sea surface condition for the year 1787 - 2000 : reconstruction based on stable isotope record from a guam coral . j geophys res 110 . doi :
bruno jf , siddon ce , witman jd , colin pl , toscano ma ( 2001 ) el niño related coral bleaching in palau , western caroline islands . coral reefs 20 : 127–136
cohen al , hart sr ( 1997 ) the effect of colony topography on climate signals in coral skeleton . geochim cosmochim acta 61 : 3905–3912
delcroix t , henin c , porte v , arkin p ( 1996 ) precipitation and sea - surface salinity in the tropical pacific ocean . deep - sea res 43 : 1123–1141
delcroix t , mcphaden mj , dessier a , gouriou y ( 2005 ) time and space scales for sea surface salinity in the tropical oceans . deep - sea res 52 : 787–813
druffel er ( 1997 ) geochemistry of corals : proxies of past ocean chemistry , ocean circulation , and climate . proc natl acad sci usa 94 : 8354–8361
dunbar rb , wellington gm , colgan mw , glynn pw ( 1994 ) eastern pacific sea surface temperature since 1600 a . d . : the δ
epstein s , buchsbaum r , lowenstam ha , urey hc ( 1953 ) revised carbonate - water isotopic temperature scale . geol soc am bull 64 : 1315–1326
fairbanks rg , evans mn , rubenstone jl , mortlock ra , broad k , moore md , charles cd ( 1997 ) evaluating climate indices and their geochemical proxies measured in corals . coral reefs 16s : 93–100
corals : inter - colony variability and correction for extension - rate effects . coral reefs 22 : 328–336
gagan mk , chivas ar , isdale pj ( 1994 ) high - resolution isotopic records from corals using ocean temperature and mass - spawning chronometers . earth planet sci lett 121 : 549–558
for the period of 1977 - 2001 . proc 10th int coral reef symp : 272–275
iijima h , kayanne h , morimoto m , abe o ( 2005 ) interannual sea surface salinity changes in the western pacific from 1954 to 2000 based on coral isotope analysis . geophys res lett 32 . doi :
ishii m , kimoto m , sakamoto k , iwasaki si ( 2006 ) steric sea level changes estimated from historical ocean subsurface temperature and salinity analyses . j . oceanography 62 : 155–170
lough jm ( 2004 ) a strategy to improve the contribution of coral data to high - resolution paleoclimatology . palaeogeogr palaeoclimatol palaeoecol 204 : 115–143
o isotopic disequilibrium in biological carbonates : 1 . patterns . geochim cosmochim acta 53 : 151–162
morimoto m , abe o , kayanne h , kurita n , matsumoto e , yoshida n ( 2002 ) salinity records for the 1997–98 el nino from western pacific corals . geophys res lett 29 : 31–34
reynolds rw , smith tm ( 1994 ) improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation . j clim 7 : 929–948
reynolds rw , rayner na , smith tm , stokes dc , wang w ( 2002 ) an improved in situ and satellite sst analysis for climate . j clim 15 : 1609–1625
rosenheim be , swart pk , thorrold sr , willenz p , berry l , latkoczy c ( 2004 ) high resolution sr / ca records in sclerosponges calibrated to temperature in situ . geology 32 : 145–148
swart pk , thorrold s , rosenheim be , eisenhauer a , harrison cg , grammer m , latkoczy c ( 2002 ) intra - annual variation in the stable oxygen and carbon and trace element composition of sclerosponges . paleoceanography 17 . doi :
wellington gm , dunbar rr , merlen g ( 1996 ) calibration of stable oxygen isotope signature in galapagos corals . paleoceanography 11 : 467–480
willenz p , hartman wd ( 1989 ) micromorphology and ultrastructure of caribbean sclerosponges . i . ceratoporella nicholsoni and stromatospongia norae ( ceratoporellida : porifera ) . mar biol 103 : 387–401


inape eltabloana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in ecuador ( tungurahua province ) .

the wingspan is 24.5 millimetres ( 0.96 in ) .

the ground colour of the forewings is cream , in the distal part of the wing irregularly suffused with pale orange ferruginous .

the hindwings are cream , with greyish dots .

inape eltabloana

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aethes shakibai sivashella budashkin & bidzilya , ssp . n . , is described based on 30 males and 3 females from the eastern crimea and the coast of the sea of azov ( ukraine ) . the external appearance of the adult , genitalia of the new subspecies and its habitat are illustrated . type material of the new subspecies is deposited in the collection of karadagh nature reserve and the collection of the zoological museum of kiev national taras shevchenko university . © 2016 , soc hispano - luso - amer lepidopterologia - shilap . all rights reserved .
budashkin & bidzilya , ssp . n . , is described based on 30 males and 3 females
from the eastern crimea and the coast of the sea of azov ( ukraine ) . the external appearance of the adult ,
genitalia of the new subspecies and its habitat are illustrated . type material of the new subspecies is
budashkin & bidzilya , ssp . n . , basada sobre 30 machos y 3
hembras del este de crimea y de la costa del mar de azov ( ucrania ) . de la nueva subespecie se ilustra la
apariencia externa del adulto , genitalia y su hábitat . el material tipo de la nueva subespecie se deposita en la
becker , 2007 , razowski & wojtusak , 2008 , 2009 ) . 79 species are known from the
one male was collected close to the coast of the sea of azov in 1999 . according to the genitalia
from northern iran ( huemer & wieser , 2004 ) . our specimens are similar extremally to the
darker forewing with weaker expressed silver markings . the male genitalia differ in the shape of
the triangle protrusion of the sacculus which is broader and shorter . moreover the median part of
zaporozhskaja obl . , pos . altagir , 6 - vi - 1999 , leg . v
, crimea , ustje arabatskoj strelki , bereg sivasha , 8 - viii - 2006 , leg .
description : adult ( figs . 1 - 3 ) . sexual dimorphism very slight . wingspan 9 . 0 - 12 . 0 mm . head
light brown rings and densely ciliated in male . forewing relatively short and narrow , apex
ariation : the specimens of the second generation differ in smaller size ( wingspan 9 . 0 - 10 . 0
mm ) , and brown rather than dark brown patterns of forewing ( fig . 3 ) .
male genitalia ( fig . 4 ) : tegumen trapezoidal , very broad . socii long and slender
part of transtilla relatively strong and wide , trapezoidal , terminal narrowing and forked . v
broad in basal part , very narrow beyond sacculus , slightly curved and narrowed apically . distal
part of sacculus shaped like a small almost right triangle protrusion . aedeagus moderately broad
ariation : there is a little variation in the shape of triangle protrusion of the sacculus .
female genitalia ( fig . 5 ) : papillae anales membranous , moderately long and wide , densely
thin . ostium bursae broad , more or less narrow - ovate . antrum broad , sub - quadrangular , its dorsal
short , tongue - shaped , with slender lateral branches . ductus bursae short , membranous , expanding
are similar externally to the nominate subspecies but are smaller ( 9 . 0 - 10 . 0 mm in contrast to 9 . 9 -
broader and shorter in the new subspecies . moreover the median part of the transtilla is longer ,
narrower terminally and more strongly forked in the new subspecies . the female genitalia are
( sometimes pounding in winter time ) salines . the habitats are strongly restricted with
l . ( chenopodiaceae ) community ( fig . 6 ) . the last plant is most likely the host for the
larvae of the new subspecies ( fig . 7 ) . adults fly in two generations : from second decade of may
to mid june and again in august . the hibernating stage is unknown . considerable long - term
collections in their habitats . the species appeared again in 2014 but was not abundant .
etymology : sivash , or “dead lake” covers a rather large part of the crimean peninsula . the
u . kostjuk ( ukraine ) for taking the photographs of adults and h - h . li ( china ) for
budashkin , yu . i . , 2009 . – revision of tortricid fauna ( lepidoptera ) of the crimean peninsula . –
byun , b - k . & li , ch - d . , 2006 . – taxonomic review of the tribe cochylini ( lepidoptera : t
tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the mountains of ecuador and remarks on their geographical distribution . part iv : eastern cordillera
systematic and faunistic data on neotropical cochylini , with description of new species . part 3 ( lepidoptera : tortricidae )
brown , j . , 2005 . – world catalogue of insects . tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) , 5 : 741 pp . apollo books , stenstrup .
razowski , j . , 2002 . – tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) of europe . tortricinae and chlidanotinae , 1 : 247 pp . f . slamka publ . , bratislava .
aethes shakibai huemer & wieser , 2004 a new species of leafroller for the european fauna razowski , j . & wojtusiak , j . 2008 . – tortricidae from the mountains of ecuador . part iii . western cordillera . – genus , 19 : 497 - 575 .
the holarctic genus agonochaetia is reviewed and a new species is described from québec , canada . in addition , a new related genus and species is described from the canary islands . comparative diagn…
[ more ]
chrysoesthia halimionella , sp . n . , megacraspedus uzunsyrtus , sp . n . , aristotelia confusella , sp . n . , and dirhinosia interposita , sp . n . , are described from ukraine . adults and genitalia of the new species are illustrated and compared with related species .
two new species of the genus scrobipalpa janse , 1951 from the eastern crimea ( lepidoptera : gelechiid . . .
scrobipalpa halimifolia bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . and s . griseoflava bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . are described from the eastern crimea ( ukraine ) . both species inhabit halophilic biotopes with halimione verrucifera ( m . b ) aellen ( chenopodiaceae ) , which is a host plant for s . halimifolia bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . the external appearance of the adult and the genitalia of the new species and . . . [ show full abstract ]
checklist of grass - mining moths of ukraine with description of one new species ( lepidoptera : elachis . . .
an annotated list of 71 species of elachistidae of ukraine is given . one species elachista laurii bidzilya & budashkin , sp . n . is described as new from the eastern ukraine ( luhansk region ) and volga area of russia ( ulyanovsk , saratov and volgograd regions ) . elachista purella sruoga , 2000 is recorded from europe for the first time and the hitherto unknown female of this species is illustrated . . . . [ show full abstract ]


it contains only one species , tacertaenia polonorum , which is found in brazil ( santa catarina ) .

tacertaenia

genus : tacertaenia razowski , 1997 . misc . zool . 20 : 127 .
tacertaenia is a genus of moths belonging to the tortricidae family . . . .
type - species : tacertaenia polonorum razowski , 1997 . misc . zool . 20 : 127 .
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by t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4
urltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .
t @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .
we are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .
gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken
1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk
unless noted , all images on these pages are copyright © 2003 - 14 by todd gilligan . please do not download , copy , print , or otherwise distribute any images from these pages without the permission of the author . contact form .
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urltoken
type specimens : holotype - male brazil : santa catarina , rio vermelho , ( vbc , planaltina ) . .
t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 2 . 0 )
by gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2012 .
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the black-collared swallow ( pygochelidon melanoleuca ) is a species of bird in the family hirundinidae .

it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , french guiana , guyana , paraguay , suriname , and venezuela .

its natural habitat is rivers .

black - collared swallow

black - collared swallow ( atticora melanoleuca ) is a species of bird in the hirundinidae family .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common but patchily distributed ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
map edited : shaded se bahia , and from upper r paraná in s goiás . eoo updated .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22712140a118843844 .
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there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pygochelidon melanoleuca . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 .
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five or six birds coursing over atures rapids on the rio orinoco . river noise filtered out .
natural vocalization . bird on rocks in teles pires river , lots of noise edited out .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 58 side b track 29 seq . a )
habitat : exposed rocks , middle of beni river . weather : clear ; hot . perch height : 1 to 10 m . distance to observer : 60m . id - ed by : sight . sex of main vocalizer : b . number vocalizing : 2 .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .


the elastic eel ( phaenomonas pinnata ) is an eel in the family ophichthidae ( worm/snake eels ) .

it was described by george s. myers and charles barkley wade in 1941 .

it is a tropical , marine eel which is known from the eastern central and southeastern pacific ocean , including colombia , ecuador , costa rica , and mexico .

it dwells at a depth range of 1-35 metres , inhabiting sandy bottoms .

males can reach a maximum total length of 53.5 centimetres .

due to the relatively wide distribution of the elastic eel , as well as a lack of known threats or observed population decline , the iucn redlist currently lists the species as least concern .

its distribution does , however , partially include marine protected areas , such as those in the gulf of california .

elastic eel

ultrastructural changes of the external elastic lamina in experimental hypercholesterolemic porcine coronary arteries . - pubmed - ncbi
functional medial thickening and folding of the internal elastic lamina in coronary spasm . - pubmed - ncbi
comparing these arteries to the elastic arteries , the sheet of elastin is now much reduced , and found at the border between the tunica intima and tunica media in a layer called the internal elastic layer ( iel ) which can be seen very clearly . less well defined is the external elastic layer ( eel ) , between the tunica media and tunica adventitia . there is a well defined circular layer of smooth muscle in the tunica media .
the external elastic lamina ( eel ) serves as a barrier for cells and macromolecules between the media and adventitia in the vascular wall . we evaluated the morphological changes and quantitative assessments of the eel architecture in the coronary circulation of pigs fed with a high cholesterol diet . confocal microscopy analysis of the eel from hypercholesterolemic coronary arteries revealed an altered pattern characterized by fragmentation and disorganization of the eel associated with an increase in the thickness . computerized digital analysis of the images obtained by confocal scanning microscopy demonstrated that compared to normal coronary arteries , the eel of hypercholesterolemic coronary arteries decreased in the percentage of their elastin content ( 30 . 80 + / - 1 . 64 % vs . 47 . 85 + / - 1 . 82 % , p = 0 . 001 ) . the percentage of elastin content was negatively correlated with the vessel wall area ( r = - 0 . 82 , p = 0 . 001 ) . the immunoreactivity for matrix metalloproteinase - 3 ( mmp - 3 ) increased in cholesterol - fed coronary arteries , predominantly in the neointima and adventitia . this study demonstrates that experimental hypercholesterolemia induced ultrastructural changes of the eel in coronary circulation . the eel may also be an atherosclerosis - prone area compared with the intima . the eel may play an important role in the development of structural changes which characterizes the early phase of coronary atherosclerosis and vascular remodeling .
mccosker , j . e . , 1975 . , the eel genus phaenomonas ( pisces , ophichthidae ) . , pac . sci . , 29 : 361 - 363 .
take a look at this cross - section through an elastic artery , and identify the three main layers - tunica intima , tunica media and tunica adventitia .
changes in volume of intestinal brush border membrane vesicles of the european eel anguilla anguilla were measured as vesicles were exposed to media with different osmotic pressures . preparing the vesicles in media of low osmotic pressure allowed the effects of a small hydrostatic pressure to become a significant factor in the osmotic equilibration . by applying laplace ' s law to relate pressure and volume and assuming a linear relation between membrane tension and area expansion , we estimate an initial membrane tension at 4 . 02 × 10 −5 n cm −1 and an area compressibility elastic modulus at 0 . 87 × 10 −3 n cm −1 . the elastic modulus estimate falls in the low range of values reported for membranes from other tissues in other species . this lower modulus quantitatively accounts for why eel intestinal vesicles show measurable changes in volume in hypotonic media while rabbit kidney vesicles do not .
this is an em of a a very small arteriole . there is only one layer of smooth muscle ( m ) , but there is still an internal elastic layer ( iel ) .
the tunica intima has an endothelium of flattened endothelial cells . the tunica media is primarily a layer of smooth muscle , with some elastin an collagen . muscle layer , and is sandwiched between the iel and eel . the tunica adventitia is very broad , and mostly contains collagen and elastin .
tunica adventitia - has small ' vasa vasorum ' as the large arteries need their own blood supply . tunica media is broad and elastic with concentric fenestrated sheets of elastin , and collagen and only relatively few smooth muscle fibres .
the tunica intima is very thin , and mostly consists of a single layer of squamous epithelium . the tunica media consists almost entirely of a single layer up to six layers of smooth muscle cells , and there is no eel . the tunica adventitia is about the same size as the tunica media layer , merges in with surrounding tissue .
between heart contractions , the elastic walls recoil , to maintain blood pressure , continuing to move blood even when ventricles are relaxed . the arterial hydrostatic pressure between contractions is the ' diastolic blood pressure ' ( diastole is greek for dilatation ) . the walls of these arteries have lots of elastin .
although there are a number of studies on vasospastic angina , the structural changes at the cellular level that occur in the coronary arterial wall during spasm are not well known . coronary spasm was induced by brushing the coronary adventitia in nine anesthetized beagles , and structural changes in the spastic coronary segments were examined by light and electron microscopy , making comparisons with the adjacent nonspastic segments . the % diameter stenosis of the spastic segments as measured angiographically was 79 . 4±12 % ( mean±sd ) . light microscopic changes in the spastic and nonspastic segments were as follows : medial thickness 1 , 512 vs . 392 μm ( p < 0 . 0001 ) and % diameter and % area stenoses of spastic segment 81 . 0 % and 96 . 5 % , respectively , indicating that spasm was induced by medial thickening . circular smooth muscle cells ( smcs ) in the media were arranged in parallel with the internal ( iel ) and external ( eel ) elastic lamina in nonspastic segments but radially rearranged in spastic segments . smcs were classified by their patterns of connection to iel into six types by electron microscopy . of these , three contracted and pulled the iel toward the eel , causing folding of the iel and waving of eel resulting in thickening of the media and narrowing of the lumen . we conclude that coronary spasm was elicited by radial rearrangement of the medial smcs due to their own contraction and resultant medial thickening and folding of iel , creating a piston effect to narrow the lumen , i . e . , spasm .
this shows a diagram of an arteriole . the internal elastic lamina layer is still present . the t . m . ( tunica media layer ) has no more than six concentric rings of smooth muscle , and the tunica adventia ( t . a . ) layer is approximately the same size as the t . m .
these need to be elastic because : they are relatively thin compared to their diameter . when the heart contracts , and ejects blood into these arteries , the walls need to stretch to accommodate the blood surge , storing energy . the arterial hydrostatic pressure that results from ventricular contraction is the ' systolic blood pressure ' ( systole is greek for contract ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
mccosker , j . , béarez , p . & and lea , b .
justification : this species is relatively widespread in the eastern pacific region . no major threats to this species are known , and there is no current indication of population decline . it is listed as least concern .
this species is found in the eastern pacific in the gulf of california , and in costa rica , colombia , and the galapagos and clipperton islands ( mccosker and rosenblatt , 1995 ) .
this species inhabits muddy and sandy substrate to depths of 35m , and may be found at reef edges feeding on invertebrates . it is a cryptic species and lives its adult life buried in the sand .
there are no major threats known for this species as it lives most of its adult life buried in the sand , and is therefore relatively protected from fishing activity and potential enso events .
there are no known specific conservation measures for this species . however , the species distribution falls within marine protected areas , including those in the gulf of california ( wdpa 2006 ) .
mccosker , j . , béarez , p . & and lea , b . 2010 .
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these arteries that receive blood directly from the heart - the aorta and the pulmonary artery . :
tunica intima is made up of an epithelium , which is a single layer of flattened epithelial cells , together with a supporting layer of elastin rich collagen . this layer also has fibroblasts and ' myointimal cells ' that accumulate lipid with ageing , and the intima layer thickens , one of the first signs of atherosclerosis .
these arteries distribute blood to various parts of the body . these include arteries such as the femoral and coronary arteries . the walls of these arteries have lots of smooth muscle , which means that they are able to contract or relax ( dilate ) to change the amount of blood delivered , as needed .
can you identify the tunica intima , iel and tunica media of this muscular artery .
this is a photo of some stained smaller arterioles . the ta layer is difficult to see , but concentric rings of muscle can be seen in the t . m . layer .
larger arterioles have a lumen less than 100 to 300 & microm ; in diameter . arterioles are small arteries that deliver blood to capillaries . arterioles control blood flow through capillary beds by contracting or dilating the the size of the lumen , and therefore the tunica media layer contains concentric rings of smooth muscle to do this . this compartment is important in determining your blood pressure as the narrow diameter of these blood vessels resists blood flow , and the back pressure helps to stretch the walls of the arteries during heart contractions .
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very elongate , cylindrical ; head compressed ; snout blunt , overhanging mouth , grooved below ; eye very small ; anterior nostril tubular , pointing down ; posterior nostril a round pore covered by a skin flap , under edge of top lip , inside mouth ; all teeth in single rows , small , pointed , close together , ~ 5 teeth on vomer ; pectorals absent ; only fin is a short dorsal originating just behind eye and ending less than a head length behind gill opening ; tip of tail finless , a blunt conical point ; tail ~ 30 % of total length .
lower 2 / 3 of the gulf of california to colombia , and clipperton and the galapagos .
attributes abundance : common . cites : not listed . climate zone : northern subtropical ( cortez province + sinaloan gap ) ; northern tropical ( mexican province to nicaragua + revillagigedos ) ; equatorial ( costa rica to ecuador + galapagos , clipperton , cocos , malpelo ) . depth range max : 50 m . depth range min : 1 m . diet : mobile benthic crustacea ( shrimps / crabs ) ; bony fishes . eastern pacific range : northern limit = 29 ; southern limit = - 2 ; western limit = - 112 ; eastern limit = - 78 ; latitudinal range = 31 ; longitudinal range = 34 . egg type : pelagic ; pelagic larva . feeding group : carnivore . fishbase habitat : demersal . global endemism : tropical eastern pacific ( tep ) endemic ; east pacific endemic ; all species . habitat : reef associated ( reef + edges - water column & soft bottom ) ; soft bottom ( mud , sand , gravel , beach , estuary & mangrove ) ; soft bottom only ; sand & gravel . inshore offshore : inshore ; inshore only . iucn red list : not evaluated / listed . length max : 54 cm . regional endemism : island ( s ) ; continent ; continent + island ( s ) ; tep endemic ; all species . residency : resident . salinity : marine ; marine only . water column position : bottom ; bottom only ;
allen , g . r . and robertson , d . r . , 1997 . , an annotated checklist of the fishes of clipperton atoll , tropical eastern pacific . , revista de biologia tropical , 45 : 813 - 843 .
findley , l . t . , hendrickx , m . e . , brusca , r . c . , van der heiden , a . m . , hastings , p . a . , torre , j . , 2003 . , diversidad de la macrofauna marina del golfo de california , mexico . , cd - rom versión 1 . 0 . projecto de la macrofauna del golfo . derechos reservados de los autores y conservación internacional .
lopez , m . i . and bussing , w . a . , 1982 . , lista provisional de los peces marinos de la costa rica . , revista de biologia tropical , 30 ( 1 ) : 5 - 26 .
love , m . s . , mecklenburg , c . w . , mecklenburg , t . a . , thorsteinson , l . k . , 2005 . , es of the west coast and alaska : a checklist of north pacific and artic ocena species from baja california to the alaska - yukon border . , u . s . department of the interior , u . s . geological survey , biological resources division , 288pp .
myers , g . s . and wade , c . b . , 1941 . , four new genera and ten new species of eels from the pacific coast of tropical america . , allan hancock pacific expeditions , 9 ( 4 ) : 65 - 111 .
robertson , d . r . and allen , g . a . , 1996 . , zoogeography of the shorefish fauna of clipperton atoll . , coral reefs , 15 : 121 - 131 .
villareal - cavazos , a . , reyes - bonilla , h . , bermúdez - almada , b . and arizpe - covarrubias , o . , 2000 . , los peces del arrecife de cabo pulmo , golfo de california , méxico : lista sistemática y aspectos de abundancia y biogeografía . , rev . biol . trop . , 48 : 413 - 424 .
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kwon hm 1 , kang s , hong bk , kim d , park hy , shin ms , byun kh .
department of internal medicine , yonsei university college of medicine , seoul , korea . hmkwon @ urltoken
am j physiol heart circ physiol . 2011 feb ; 300 ( 2 ) : h423 - 30 . doi : 10 . 1152 / ajpheart . 00959 . 2010 . epub 2010 dec 17 .
uchida y 1 , uchida y , matsuyama a , koga a , maezawa y , maezawa y , hiruta n .
japan foundation for cardiovascular research , 2 - 30 - 17 , narashinodai , funabashi , japan 274 - 0063 . uchiy @ urltoken