platyclymenia is a genus of ammonites belonging to the family platyclymeniidae .

these fast-moving nektonic carnivores lived in the devonian period , famennian stage ( 364.7 to 360.7 ma ) .

platyclymenia

platyclymenia annulata ( g . g . münster , 1832 † ) ( fossil )
platyclymenia nodosa ( g . g . münster , 1839 † ) ( fossil )
platyclymenia subnautilina ( c . l . f . von sandberger , 1855 † ) ( fossil )
prionoceras lamellosum n . sp . from the platyclymenia beds , madène el . . . | download scientific diagram
shells of platyclymenia species can reach a diameter of 0 . 7–47 millimetres ( 0 . 028–1 . 850 in ) .
name : platyclymenia ibnsinai ( korn ) age : upper devonian , fammenian location : erfoud , tafilalet , morocco this ammonite is 6 . 8 cm ; this is a big size for the species .
fig . 15 . 11 endemics of central kazakhstan and bashkortostan . ( la - lc ) . trigonoclymenia sheru - bensis nikolaeva et bogoslovsky ( xl ) : holotype pin no . 1683 / 8488 ; central kazakhstan , right bank of the sherubai - nura river , outcrop 6 ; prolobites - platyclymenia genozone , annulata zone . ( 2a - 2c ) . rectoclymenia tecta nikolaeva et bogoslovsky ; holotype pin no . 1683 / 7045 ( xl ) ; central kazakhstan , right bank of the sherubai - nura river , village of dzhalair , outcrop 10 ; prolobites - platyclymenia genozone . ( 3a - 3b ) . kazakhoclymenia medoevi bogoslovsky ; holotype pin no . 1683 / 6981 ( xl ) ; central kazakhstan , right bank of the sherubai - nura river , southwest of the village of dzhalair ; transitional beds between the prolobites - platyclymenia andclymenia - gonioclymenia genozones . ( 4a - 4b ) . platyclymenia tschernyschewi ( rzehak , 1910 ) ; specimen
sections in western kazakhstan display an uninterrupted transition from the prolobites - platyclymenia to clymenia - gonioclymenia genozones , which is marked by a gradual decline in diversity , although the proportion of the endemic taxa does not fall . the transition to the clymenia - gonioclymenia genozone in central
the faunas of bashkortostan and central kazakhstan are much less diverse than those of western kazakhstan . however , the assemblages in these areas can be as high in number of individuals as those of western kazakhstan , with hundreds of individuals of the same species , usually a species unknown in western kazakhstan . typical examples are numerous shells of rectoclymenia tecta nikolaeva and bogoslovsky and trigonoclymenia sherubensis nikolaeva and bogoslovsky in the prolobites - platyclymenia genozone in central kazakhstan ( fig . 15 . 11 ) and of platyclymenia tschernyschewi ( rzehak ) from the same genozone in bashkortostan .
fig . 15 . 11 ( continued ) pin no . 3754 / 1001 ; south urals , bashkortostan , terekly river ; prolobites - platyclymenia genozone ; annulata zone . ( 5a - 5b ) . cymaclymenia subcompressa nikolaeva et bogoslovsky ; holotype pin no . 1683 / 7008 ; central kazakhstan , sherubai - nura river ; outcrop 4 , sample 4b ; clymenia - gonioclymenia genozone , laevigata zone . ( 6a - 6c ) . rectoclymenia lyrata nikolaeva et bogoslovsky ( x1 ) ; specimen pin no . 1683 / 7043 ; central kazakhstan , right bank of the sherubai - nura river , village of dzhalair ; prolobites - platyclymenia genozone , annulata zone .
although few of the clymeniid genera of the delphinus - annulata interval were endemic to the uralian - kazakhstanian region ( e . g . , spinoclymenia , laminoclymenia , riphaeoclymenia ) , many were represented by endemic species ( fig . 15 . 10 ) . for instance , in the family cyrtoclymeniidae , four of eight platyclymenia , three of four trigonoclymenia , three of five cyrtoclymenia , and five of six pricella species are regional endemics . a similar pattern is observed in other families .
fig . 16 . prionoceras lamellosum n . sp . from the platyclymenia beds , madène el mrakib ( anti - atlas ) ; all x 2 . 0 . a – paratype mb . c . 22756 . 1 ( k orn 2006 coll . ) . b – paratype mb . c . 22756 . 2 ( k orn 2006 coll . ) . c – paratype mb . c . 22758 . 1 ( b ockwin - kel coll . ) . d – paratype mb . c . 22758 . 2 ( b ockwinkel coll . ) . e – paratype mb . c . 22756 . 3 ( k orn 2006 coll . ) .
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p . delph . - - low . platyclym . annulata iiib / iv , 367 . 6 million years
ud4a - - ud4b : dunkeri zone base [ 15 , 55 ] , 366 . 8 million years
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 7 . 00 , shell diameter 21 . 7
full reference : d . korn . 1999 . famennian ammonoid stratigraphy of the ma ' der and tafilalt ( eastern anti - atlas , morocco ) . abhandlungen der geologischen bundesanstalt 54 : 147 - 179
type specimen : gpit 1850 - 8 , a shell . its type locality is southwest of oum el hadj , which is in a famennian marine horizon in morocco .
average measurements ( in mm ) : shell width 10 . 7 , shell diameter 38 . 4
ud4b - - ud4c : serpentina zone base [ 16 , 45 ] , 366 . 4 million years
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middle famennian ( late devonian ) ammonoids from the anti - atlas of morocco . 1 . prionoceras
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progonioclymenia acuticostata ( g . g . münster , 1842 † ) ( fossil )
trigonoclymenia spinosa ( g . g . münster , 1842 † ) ( fossil )
nanoclymenia nana ( g . g . münster , 1839 † ) ( fossil )
pleuroclymenia americana ( w . j . raymond , 1907 † ) ( fossil )
pleuroclymenia brevicosta ( g . g . münster , 1842 † ) ( fossil )
pleuroclymenia costata ( c . n . lange , 1929 † ) ( fossil )
pleuroclymenia ohioense house , w . j . gordon & hlavin , 1986 † ( fossil )
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these fast - moving nektonic carnivores lived in the devonian period , famennian stage ( 364 . 7 to 360 . 7 ma ) .
fossils of species within this genus have been found in the devonian sediments of australia , china , morocco , poland and united states .
tournaisian stage ( carboniferous period ) – famennian age ( devonian period ) ( 346 . 7 – 372 . 2 ma b . p . )
mccoy 1851 c . annals and magazine of natural history ser . ( 2 ) vol . viii ( 1 ) :
mccoy 1851 c . annals and magazine of natural history ser . ( 2 ) vol . viii ( 1 ) : p . 488
mccoy 1852 a . a synopsis of the classification of the british palaeozoic rocks with a systematic description of the british palaeozoic fossils palaeontographical society monographs ( 2 ) : p . 403 pl . iia figs . 11 , 11a - b
mccoy 1854 a . contributions to british palaeontology ( 1 ) : p . 239
woods , h . 1891 . catalogue of the type fossils in the woodwardian museum , cambridge . henry woods with preface by t . mckenny hughes cup . 180 + xiv spl : ii . 16 ( 2 ) :
woods , h . 1891 . catalogue of the type fossils in the woodwardian museum , cambridge . henry woods with preface by t . mckenny hughes cup . 180 + xiv spl : ii . 16 ( 3 ) : p . 125
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whole well - formed ammonites with good detail . average size : 1
to 1 1 / 2
diamater . morocco .
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the first ammonoids in the uralian ocean appeared in the emsian . in the eifelian to frasnian , the paleogeographic settings were different from those in the famennian ( fig . 15 . 7 ) . the ocean was more open toward the east with ammonoid
fig . 15 . 7 paleotectonic reconstruction for the early - middle devonian modified from puchkov ( 2000 ) ; 1 - continents , microcontinents , island arcs ; 2 - other areas of continental crust ; 3 - areas with oceanic crust ; 4 - uralian ocean ; 5 - rifts , 6 - continental rifts ; 7 - zones of collision , 8 - zones of subduction ; landmasses : afr - africa , al - alai massif , ar - armorican massif , av - avalonia , ba - baltica , kaz - kazakhstania , la - laurentia , sam - south america , sib - siberia , tt - tadjik - tarim massif , uu - ust - urt , ur - uraltau .
faunas inhabiting regions near central asia , eastern kazakhstan , and northern urals , whereas coastal areas were occupied by huge reefs . no ammonoid faunas of this age are found in western kazakhstan .
fig . 15 . 8 paleotectonic reconstruction for the famennian modified after puchkov ( 2000 ) . for explanations see fig . 15 . 7 .
fig . 15 . 9 upper famennian succession in the karadzhar valley ( shiyli - sai locality ) . clymeniids appeared just above the level of the total disappearance of the goniatite pseudoclymenia . note the level with black shale and nodules .
events , such as significant sea level fluctuations or essential changes in quality or quantity of sedimentary material .
fig . 15 . 10 diagram showing the low proportion of endemic genera in the clymeniid faunas of the uralian - kazakhstanian region .
on the severnaya sos ' va river and its tributaries ) ( bogoslovsky , 1971 ; nikolaeva and bogoslovsky , 2005a ) . this was the first time that clymeniids appeared in the shallow terrigeneous - carbonate basins of central kazakhstan ( karaganda and semipalatinsk regions ) ( nikolaeva and bogoslovsky , 2005a ) .
kazakhstan is markedly different . for instance , clymenia laevigata and the diverse assemblage of kosmoclymenia species found in western kazakhstan are not found there . the assemblages are impoverished , and contain only few taxa rooted in the lineages that were previously abundant locally . this strongly suggests that these areas were colonized anew in the laevigata zone . a similar pattern is observed at the beginning of the kalloclymenia - wocklumeria genozone in bashkortostan .
the more shallow shoreward areas of the ocean . it is possible that the communities in the shallower zones did not survive long enough to produce stable lineages of descendants .
the environmental factors responsible for these distribution patterns were not uncommon in the phanerozoic , when epicontinental seas appeared as a result of major global - scale transgressions . it is not certain whether the basin of western kazakhstan was the global center of the primary radiation of clymeniids , but it was most certainly a secondary center , i . e . , an area with a favorable environment to which the newly appearing group migrated from its center of origin and primary distribution .
the evolution of ammonoid faunas in the uralian ocean was subject both to global oceanic events such as major transgressions but more so to local tectonic restructuring . the constant decrease in the diversity of ammonoids in this region in the famennian is interpreted as the aftermath of progressive reduction of the deep - and outer - shelf habitats resulting from the collision of baltica , kazakhstania , and the magnitogorsk island arc .


it was described by keifer in 1935 .

adults have been recorded on wing from march to june .

the larvae feed on lepechinia calycina .

anoncia sphacelina

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anoncia sphacelina is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family . it was described by keifer in 1935 . it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california .
anoncia sphacelina ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 60 , pl . 4 , f . 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 1531 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7642 genus : anoncia species : sphacelina sex : location : mt diablo , mitchell cyn county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : may 17 . . . more
borkhausenia
sphacelina keifer , 1935 ; calif . dept . agric . , mon . bull . 24 : 214 ; tl : 3 mi w shingle springs , el dorado co . , california
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11273 genus : anoncia species : sphacelina sex : location : coso county : inyo collector : pratt , leuschner coll _ date : mar 22 - 23 97 specimen _ loc . . . more
anoncia glacialis hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 100 ; tl : riverside , california
anoncia porriginosa hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 102 ; tl : claremont , california
anoncia brunneipes hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 99 ; tl : san diego , california
anoncia clarke , 1941 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 90 ( 3107 ) : 268 ; ts : hypatopa conia walsingham
anoncia alboligula hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 102 ; tl : olancha , inyo co . , california
anoncia ( cosmopteriginae ) ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 55 , 16 ; [ nacl ] , 18 ; [ richard brown ]
anoncia piperata hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 106 ; tl : smoky valley , 6200 ' , tulare co . , california
anoncia loexya hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 68 , pl . 4 , f . 29 ; tl : pine , gila co . , arizona
anoncia psepsa hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 65 , pl . 6 , f . 8 ; tl : white mts , 7000 ' , arizona
anoncia venis hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 70 , pl . 6 , f . 11 ; tl : quartzite , yuma co . , arizona
anoncia fregeis hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 67 , pl . 6 , f . 9 ; tl : carrizo plains , kern co . , california
anoncia naclia hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 64 , pl . 6 , f . 7 ; tl : baboquivari mts , pima co . , arizona
anoncia crossi adamski , 1989 ; j . lep . soc . 43 ( 2 ) : 109 , f . 1 - 6 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , zapilote canyon , 8km s mezcala
anoncia flegax hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 62 , pl . 6 , f . 5 ; tl : mt shata city , siskiyou co . , california
anoncia slales hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 61 , pl . 6 , f . 4 ; tl : mt hamilton , santa clara co . , california
anoncia furvicosta hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 108 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
anoncia nebritis hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 103 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mst , santa cruz co . , arizona
anoncia nocticola hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 109 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
anoncia psentia hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 73 , pl . 6 , f . 19 ; tl : 14 mi ne mojave , kern co . , california
anoncia smogops hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 72 , pl . 6 , f . 12 - 13 ; tl : baboquivari mts , pima co . , arizona
anoncia bitoqua hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 61 , pl . 4 , f . 20 ; tl : surprise canyon , inyo co . , panamit mts , california
anoncia diveni ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 66 , pl . 4 , f . 27 ; [ nacl ] , # 1549 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia fasciata ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 60 , pl . 4 , f . 21 ; [ nacl ] , # 1532 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia mosa hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 71 , pl . 4 , f . 22 ; tl : 2 mi w paso robles , san louis obispo co . , california
anoncia orites ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 67 , pl . 4 , f . 32 ; [ nacl ] , # 1550 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia mones hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 63 , pl . 6 , f . 6 ; tl : cherry canyon , 5096 ' , guadalupe mts , culberson co . , texas
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 29448 genus : anoncia species : orites sex : location : san bruno mts county : san mateo collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : in 1987 specimen . . . more
anoncia alboligula ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 60 , pl . 4 , f . 25 ; [ nacl ] , # 1533 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia callida hodges , 1962 ; ent . amer . ( n . s . ) 42 : 106 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
anoncia callida ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 64 , pl . 4 , f . 33 ; [ nacl ] , # 1542 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia furvicosta ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 66 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; [ nacl ] , # 1548 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia glacialis ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 61 , pl . 4 , f . 19 ; [ nacl ] , # 1535 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia leucoritis ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 66 , pl . 4 , f . 35 ; [ nacl ] , # 1546 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia nebritis ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 65 , pl . 4 , f . 26 ; [ nacl ] , # 1544 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia nocticola ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 65 , pl . 4 , f . 41 ; [ nacl ] , # 1543 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7641 genus : anoncia species : conia sex : location : 17 km n livermore county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 27 82 specime . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 33360 genus : anoncia species : mosa sex : location : stebbins cold cyn . res county : solano collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : 1989 - 94 spec . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 30779 genus : anoncia species : episcia sex : location : 2 mi n new almaden county : santa clara collector : opler , powell coll _ date : apr 18 69 . . . more
anoncia episcia ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 69 , pl . 4 , f . 24 , 28 , 30 - 31 ; [ nacl ] , # 1554 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 7643 genus : anoncia species : fasciata ? sex : location : mt diablo , trail above mitchell cyn county : contra costa collector : y . f . hsu coll _ da . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11276 genus : anoncia species : piperata sex : location : china l nwr birchum spr county : inyo collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : mar 21 97 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 2292 genus : anoncia species : bitoqua sex : m location : surprise cyn , panamint mtns county : inyo collector : j . powell coll _ date : apr 24 57 sp . . . more
anoncia conia ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 59 , pl . 4 , f . 14 - 16 ; [ nacl ] , # 1529 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia longa ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 66 , pl . 4 , f . 36 - 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 1547 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia noscres hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 68 , pl . 6 , f . 10 ; tl : piute mts , 4350 ' , rancheria creek , t29s , r33e , s23 , kern co . , california
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1411 genus : anoncia species : slales sex : f location : mt hamilton county : santa clara collector : w . c . gagne coll _ date : jul 11 67 specimen _ loc . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11272 genus : anoncia species : conia sex : location : lone pine county : inyo collector : v . albu coll _ date : may 15 2009 specimen _ loc : vxa url : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 2291 genus : anoncia species : alboligula sex : m location : olancha county : inyo collector : jun 24 - 30 coll _ date : jun 20 - 24 specimen _ loc : usnm . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11274 genus : anoncia species : noscres sex : location : piute mts county : inyo collector : coll _ date : specimen _ loc : url : https : / / essigdb . be . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11277 genus : anoncia species : psentia sex : location : lone pine cr county : inyo collector : r . h . leuschner coll _ date : jun 3 94 specimen _ loc : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 2293 genus : anoncia species : mosa sex : m location : bishop county : inyo collector : e . c . johnston coll _ date : jun 14 37 specimen _ loc : cas , lac . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 2294 genus : anoncia species : smogops sex : m location : olancha county : inyo collector : coll _ date : jun 8 - 30 specimen _ loc : lacm url : https : / / . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 11275 genus : anoncia species : venis sex : location : county : inyo collector : o . c . poling coll _ date : jun 1 - 15 22 specimen _ loc : usnm url : htt . . . more
anoncia brunneipes ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 27 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 59 , pl . 4 , f . 18 ; [ nacl ] , # 1530 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia piperata ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 113 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 71 , pl . 4 , f . 34 ; [ nacl ] , # 1556 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
anoncia porriginosa ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 115 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 62 , pl . 4 , f . 23 ; [ nacl ] , # 1537 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
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hodges , r . w . , 1978 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 6 . 1 , p . 60 ; pl . 4 . 17 . order
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 7 . 22m ; p . 83 . book review and ordering
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
. e . w . classey ltd . and the wedge entomological research foundation , p . 60 ; pl . 4 . 17 .
. university of california press , pl . 7 , fig . 22 ; p . 83 .
the moths of north america north of mexico . fascicle 6 . 1 , gelechioidea , antequerinae , cosmopteriginae , chrysopeleiinae . hodges , r . w . 1978 . london : e . w . classey ltd . and the wedge entomological research foundation , 166 pp .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 11 april , 2014 - 8 : 40am
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borkhausenia aciculata meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 468 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , texas
cryptolechia chordostoma meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 704 ; tl : argentina , parana
= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 59 ; [ nacl ] , # 1529 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on lepechinia calycina hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 59
borkhausenia diveni heinrich , 1921 ; j . agric . res . 20 : 814 , pl . 96 , f . c - f ; tl : brownsville , texas
larva on lantana hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 67
hypatopa episcia walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 211 ; tl : russian r . , sonoma co . , california
hypatopa fasciata walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 213 ; tl : head of noyo r . , mendocino co . , california
= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 66 ; [ nacl ] , # 1546 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on mentzelia laevicaulis hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 66
borkhausenia longa meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 381 ; tl : alpine , 7500 ' , texas
hypatopa orites walsingham , 1907 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 213 ; tl : mt shasta , sikiyou co . , california
larva on lepechinia calycina hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 60
? elachista texanella chambers , 1878 ; bull . geol . surv . terr . 4 : 96 ; tl : bosque co . , texas
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , cosmopterigidae
walsingham , 1907 descriptions of new north american tineid moths , with a generic table of the family blastobasidae proc . u . s . nat . mus . 33 ( 1567 ) : 197 - 228
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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compiled from kelly richers ' california moth specimen database . kelly has been compiling the database since 1996 from literature sources , museum collections , and ( i believe ) novel collections . these lists are probably not comprehensive ( if such a thing is possible for such a diverse group of organisms ) , but given kelly ' s dedication and the degree of sampling in the state , it ' s probably pretty close at the state and regional level , and approaching that degree at the county level , and thus i have marked them as comprehensive on inat . all errors are my own , and if you find any , please let me know .
many of the names in the cmsd have not bee included in the inat lists i ' ve created . i have tried to import every name from the catalogue of life , bugguide , and ubio , so any names that are still missing are not present in those sources . i have also tried to manually check the remainder against urltoken , i ' ve tried to manually add any taxa that have a species page on mpg , and i ' ve checked for simple misspellings of the kind the google can catch . for the remainder , here are some of the reasons the names are missing :
taxonomic ambiguity : sometimes a name was clearly in use in the past but i can ' t tell how it maps to a current name .
many names in the cmsd have specific epithets that exist in other , unrelatd genera , e . g .
acrolophus inquinatus ,
which may be mistaken entry for hellinsia inquinatus . i have not included these names in an effort to minimize assumptions about the collectors ' intents .
a full listing of all the names i was not able to import can be found here .
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 16329 genus : cosmopterix species : montisella sex : location : sam taylor sp county : marin collector : d . l . wagner coll _ date : mar 19 83 specim . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1840 genus : cosmopterix species : molybdina sex : m location : berkeley hills , back of u of cal county : alameda collector : c . w . o ' brien coll _ d . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 4887 genus : cosmopterix species : opulenta sex : m location : 2 mi se vacaville county : solano collector : p . a . opler coll _ date : jul 30 68 spec . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5566 genus : limnaecia species : phragmitella sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : jun 14 2000 specimen _ l . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5564 genus : stagmatophora species : iridella sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : mar 18 97 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5565 genus : pyroderces species : badia sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : sep 8 96 specim . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5568 genus : periploca species : ceanothiella sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : jul 20 60 specimen _ loc . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5570 genus : periploca species : nigra sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : p . a . opler coll _ date : jul 20 67 specimen _ loc : ucb . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5569 genus : periploca species : atrata sex : location : berkeley county : alameda collector : j . powell coll _ date : may 16 97 specimen _ loc : ucb . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 1539 genus : periploca species : juniperae sex : f location : stebbins cold cyn . res county : solano collector : j . debenedictis coll _ date : jul 1 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5572 genus : walshia species : miscecolorella sex : location : 2135 ca . st berkeley county : alameda collector : f . sperling coll _ date : aug 3 97 . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5573 genus : sorhagenia species : nimbosa sex : location : berkeley hills county : alameda collector : d . l . wagner coll _ date : jun 11 83 specimen . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 5571 genus : stilbosis species : dulcedo sex : location : berkeley campus county : alameda collector : d . l . wagner coll _ date : apr 6 84 specimen _ . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 94 genus : stilbosis species : extensa sex : f location : antioch county : contra costa collector : j . powell coll _ date : may 15 58 specimen _ loc : . . . more
source : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 22 2015 . ( link )
check lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .
birds of san francisco bay area
.
file should be in the following format : taxon name , description , occurrence status , establishment means . csv should not contain a header row . allowed occurrence status values : present , common , uncommon , irregular , doubtful , absent allowed establish means values : native , endemic , introduced
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 2290 genus : stagmatophora species : iridella sex : m location : olancha county : inyo collector : not given coll _ date : on may 1 - 7 specimen _ loc : . . . more
californa moth specimen database record details seq _ num : 2295 genus : walshia species : miscecolorella sex : m location : argus mts county : inyo collector : c . henne coll _ date : may 12 44 specimen _ loc : u . . . more
source : richers , k . ( 2015 ) . california moth specimen database . essig museum of entomology , berkeley , ca . accessed 24 14 2015 . ( link )
check lists for individual taxa that live here , e . g .
birds of inyo
.


urodeta gnoma is a moth of the family elachistidae .

it is found in kenya .

the wingspan is 5.2 – 5.9 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is pale ochre to ochre , mottled by brownish-black tips of the scales .

denser brownish-black scales form two irregular patches and brownish-black scales form two small spots .

the fringe scales are brownish grey with irregularly scattered brownish black-tipped scales .

the hindwings are blackish brown , with a brownish grey fringe .

urodeta gnoma

translation to the spanish term urodeta gnoma isn ' t available in any dictionary .
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urodeta gnoma ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55 ; [ afromoths ]
urodela [ = urodeta ] stainton , 1869 ; tineina south . europe : 226 ; ts : urodela [ sic ] cisticolella stainton
type species : urodeta cisticolella stainton , 1869 [ = u . hibernella staudinger , 1859 ] . the tineina of southern europe : 226 . by monotypy .
urodeta absidata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°23 ' n 012°49 ' e , 275m
urodeta aculeata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°25 ' n 012°47 ' e , 275m
urodeta crenata sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 7 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 275m , 08°23 ' n 012°40 ' e
urodeta cuspidis sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 4 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°25 ' n 012°47 ' e , 275m
urodeta falciferella ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 54 ; [ afromoths ]
urodeta faro sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 9 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°23 ' n 012°49 ' e , 275m
urodeta maculata ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55 ; [ afromoths ]
urodeta quadrifida sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 48 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1000m , tswaing crater reserve , 26°28 ' s 23°46 ' e
urodeta taeniata ; kaila & sugisima , 2011 , monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 16 ; de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 56 ; [ afromoths ]
urodeta tortuosa sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 10 ; tl : cameroon , north prov . , faro river camp , 08°23 ' n 012°49 ' e , 275m
urodeta trilobata sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 51 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1100m , tswaing crater reserve , 25°24 ' s 28°05 ' e
urodeta acinacella sruoga & de prins , 2012 ; zootaxa 3488 : 48 , 53 ; tl : s . africa , gauteng , 1100m , tswaing crater reserve , 25°24 ' s 28°05 ' e
urodeta acerba sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 5 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05°27 ' s 13°05 ' e , 320m
urodeta bucera sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 6 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05°27 ' s 13°05 ' e , 320m
urodeta talea sruoga & de prins , 2011 ; zootaxa 3008 : 9 ; tl : democratic republic of the congo , bas - congo , nature res . luki - mayumbe , 05°27 ' s 13°05 ' e , 320m
sruoga v . & de prins j . 2012 . a review of the taxonomic history and biodiversity of the genus urodeta ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) , with description of new species . - zootaxa : 1–22 .
urodeta inusta kaila , 2011 ; monogr . austr . lepid . 11 : 45 , pl . 1 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : western australia , 163km se by e broome , 18°49 ' s 123°17 ' e
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uganda , ruwenzori , 12 , 500 ft , viii , leg . g . l . r . hancock .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
larva on cistus monspeliensis [ me5 ] , 195 , cistus salviaefolius , c . ladaniferus , c . x _ ledon de prins & sruoga , 2012 , zootaxa 3488 : 55
phthinostoma maculata mey , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 4 : 21 , pl . 1 , f . 7 ; tl : namibia , waterberg national park
phthinostoma taeniata mey , 2007 ; esperiana memoir 4 : 22 ; tl : namibia , otavi mts . , varianto farm
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
staudinger , 1859 diagnosen nebst kurzen beschreibungen neuer andalusischer lepidopteren stettin ent . ztg 20 ( 7 - 9 ) : 211 - 259
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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stainton h . t . 1869 . the tineina of southern europe . - — : i ~ viii , 1–370 .
sruoga v . & de prins j . 2011 . new species of elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) from cameroon and the democratic republic of the congo . - zootaxa 3008 : 1–32 .
sruoga v . & de prins j . 2009 . the elachistinae ( lepidoptera : elachistidae ) of kenya with descriptions of eight new species . - zootaxa 2172 : 1–31 .
mey w . 2007b . microlepidoptera : smaller families . – in mey , w . ( ed . ) the lepidoptera of the brandberg massif in namibia . part 2 . - esperiana memoir 4 : 9–30 .
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
tineina southern europe , [ viii ] , 350 ( in err . as urodela p . 226 ) .
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the spotted owlet ( athene brama ) is a small owl which breeds in tropical asia from mainland india to southeast asia .

a common resident of open habitats including farmland and human habitation , it has adapted to living in cities .

they roost in small groups in the hollows of trees or in cavities in rocks or buildings .

it nests in a hole in a tree or building , laying 3 – 5 eggs .

they are often found near human habitation .

the species shows great variation including clinal variation in size and forms a superspecies with the very similar little owl .

spotted owlet

the spotted owlet is a small owl with a round head , yellow eyes and prominent white eyebrows . it is also known as the spotted little owl .
ecology of the forest owlet : a comprehensive study of the critically endangered forest owlet in central india .
the term owlet is also part of the common name of two dozen small owl species and many of their associated subspsecies , such as the spotted owlet , chestnut owlet , javan owlet , forest owlet , and long - whiskered owlet . when the term is part of the species name , however , it is applied to both mature and young birds , whereas all young owls of any species can be referred to with the generic term owlet .
if a barred owlet or spotted owlet is heard , then soon a child will fall ill . such small owls those with similar tooting calls are all referred to as nattu collectively .
the spotted owlet is well known for its loud calling and in some culture is perceived as a bad omen . photo by anvita paranjpe
the spotted owlet ( fig . 1a ) has a heavily spotted crown , a darkish facial disc bordered by white around its sides ; and curved white eyebrows ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ; this study ) .
spotted owlet call athene brama urltoken urltoken / search / label / l . . . urltoken / 2016 / 03 / the - sp . . .
: leica award of £500 by the oriental bird club , uk : the status and distribution survey of the forest spotted owlet heteroglaux blewitti in india .
peppe , j . h . h . ( 1962 ) : the spotted owlet , athene brama . newsletter for birdwatchers 2 ( 4 ) : 10 .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - pearl - spotted owlet ( glaucidium perlatum )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - pearl - spotted owlet ( glaucidium perlatum )
title =
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prakash , l . i . ( 1963 ) : competition between the spotted owlet and the common myna . newsletter for birdwatchers 3 ( 2 ) : 12 .
1998 - 1999 : research fellow , bombay natural history society , ecology and behaviour of forest spotted owlet ( heteroglaux blewitti ) funded by smithsonian institution , usa .
naturalist sunil laad , associated with the bombay natural history society ( bnhs ) , spotted the forest owlet in tansa wildlife sanctuary in maharashtra’s palghar district in october .
nilakan ta , s . v . ( 1972 ) : the spotted owlet , athene brama ( temminck ) . newsletter for birdwatchers 12 ( 2 ) : 4–6 .
jose , t . v . ( 1964 ) : a southern spotted owlet ( athene brama ) attacked by crows . newsletter for birdwatchers 4 ( 8 ) : 8 .
genetic identification of spotted owls , barred owls and their hybrids : legal implications of hybrid identity .
pande , s . , a . pawashe & a . mahaba l ( 2005 ) : melanism in spotted owlet athene brama . indian birds 1 ( 4 ) : 86–87 .
rasmussen , pc & ishtiaq , f . ( 1999 ) .
vocalizations and behaviour of forest spotted owlet athene blewitti .
( pdf ) . forktail 15 : 61–66 .
habitat : the pearl - spotted owlet frequents lightly wooded areas , open woodland and grassland , but also forest and dense woodland . it avoids moist forest and most arid areas .
samsoor ali , a . m . & r . san thana krishnan ( 2013 ) : on usage of perches by the spotted owlet . taprobanica 5 ( 2 ) : 154–155 .
protection / threats / status : the pearl - spotted owlet is widespread or locally common in some parts of the range . this species is not threatened by the usual degradation of habitat and deforestation . however , the western populations are less abundant and appear more vulnerable to changes in habitat and food resources . but currently , the pearl - spotted owlet is not threatened .
kumar , t . s . ( 1985 ) : the life history of the spotted owlet ( athene brama brama temminck ) in andhra pradesh . raptor research centre , hyderabad , india .
the genus of the forest owlet is another issue of recent contention . at the time of its discovery in 1872 , hume established the genus heteroglaux for the forest owlet based on its distinct morphology . although the forest owlet possesses superficial similarity to the much commonly seen spotted owlet ( athene brama ) , it has several distinctive features that distinguish it from the spotted owlet . the forest owlet has an unspotted crown , presence of full throat collar , and thickly feathered legs ; its lateral tail flicking habit and undulating flight are among the most visible characteristics that made taxonomists create a unique genus , heteroglaux , for a single species ! scientists are still undecided about the correct genus of the forest owlet . the ongoing molecular research on the phylogeny of the bird will help settle the long - standing dispute on the taxonomy of the forest owlet ! till then it is a serious case of identity crisis !
the family that defended the territory consisted of two adults and one recently fledged owlet .
allen , g . o . ( 1920 ) : hovering habit of the spotted owlet ( athene brama ) . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 26 ( 4 ) : 1045 .
an adult female california spotted owl and owlet on the nest . a uw–madison research group has documented an exodus of owls following the fierce , 99 , 000 acre king fire in california in 2015 .
threats : habitat destruction and deforestation are the main threats to the existence of the forest owlet . illegal wood cutting and expansion of agriculture has greatly reduced , and continues to reduce , the forest this owlet requires . superstitious beliefs among the local human populations also take a toll of the owlet . the eggs of the owlet are thought to boost one’s chances of winning when gambling , and killing a baby owlet is supposed to make the person more fertile . the forest owlet is also simply killed because it is thought to harm the soul .
jain , p . & r . advan i ( 1983 ) : winter food of spotted owlet athene brama indica . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 80 ( 2 ) : 415–416 .
for the study on ecology and behaviour of the forest owlet , bombay natural history society .
jadhav , a . & b . m . parasharya ( 2003 ) : some observations on the nesting behaviour and food of the spotted owlet athene brama . zoos’ print journal 18 ( 8 ) : 1163–1165 .
mahmood ul hassan , m . ( 2008 ) : some observations on behaviour of spotted owlet ( athene brama ) during its breeding season . journal of animal and plant sciences 18 ( 1 ) : 47–49 .
the head is very sparsely spotted and in many individuals it appears unspotted , as are the mantle and the back .
it is possible that dispersing individuals that do not find conspecifics set up territories and mate with the abundant spotted owlets .
spotted owls typically nest in forest stands dominated by large diameter trees with relatively high canopy cover and complex understory structure .
gupta , k . k . ( 1966 ) : aggressive behaviour of a spotted owlet [ athene brama ( temminck ) ] . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 63 ( 2 ) : 441–442 .
kumar , t . s . & j . v . ramana rao ( 1984 ) : diurnal changes in the body temperature of nestling spotted owlet athene brama brama ( t . ) . geobios 11 : 229–231 .
on our list of birds of prey , we have three major ones that frequent our part of the lakeshore . namely , the african fish eagle , the yellow - billed kite and the pearl - spotted owlet .
jathar , g . a . and a . r . rahmani ( 2004 ) . ecological studies of the forest spotted owlet athene ( heteroglaux ) blewitti . final report . bombay natural history society , mumbai , india .
the pearl - spotted owlet is most abundant in dry , open woodland , but is also found in wooded savanna , shrubland and dense forest , avoiding moist forest and the most arid areas ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .
jathar , g . a . & a . r . rahman i ( 2004 ) : ecological studies of the forest spotted owlet athene ( heteroglaux ) blewitti final report . bombay natural history society , mumbai . 77 pp .
the forest owlet is endemic to india and been classified as a critically endangered species by the iucn .
introduction : this small and stocky owlet shows very peculiar nape pattern , with two dark spots surrounded by white rim , described as “eye - spots” or “false - eyes” . this distinctive pattern is used by the owlet to escape predators , as it appears larger than it really is . like all glaucidium members , the pearl - spotted owlet is a very small , tiny bird . it is living in africa , south of sahara .
this has led us to believe that these are most probably hybrids of the forest and spotted owlets that coexist in the forests .
spotted owlets are offered at chowk market near charminar in hyderabad . indian shamans use owl parts to ward off illness and misfortune .
beg , m . a . , m . maqbool & m . mushtaq - ul - hassan ( 1990 ) : food habits of the spotted owlet athene brama . pakistan journal of agriculture and science 27 ( 2 ) : 127–131 .
nerlekar , a . n . , g . g . gowan de & p . s . joshi ( 2014 ) : diet of the spotted owlet athene brama in an urban landscape . indian birds 9 ( 2 ) : 45–48 .
the forest owlet is small ( 23 cm ) and stocky . it is a typical owlet with a rather unspotted crown and heavily banded wings and tail . they have a relatively large skull and beak . unlike the
kler , t . k . & m . kumar ( 2012 ) : breeding of spotted owlet athene brama in nest boxes and conservation aspects . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 109 ( 1 & 2 ) : 135–139 .
in the framework of this project , we undertook transects in mtr and mapped all known and newly discovered territories of forest and spotted owlets .
pande , s . , a . pawashe , m . n . mahajan & a . mahaba l ( 2006 ) : changing nest site preference for holes in earth cuttings in spotted owlet athene brama . indian birds 2 ( 1 ) : 7–8 .
the california spotted owl is a close relative of the northern spotted owl , which became the centerpiece of forest conservation battles in the northwest in the 1990s . both owls are indicator species whose presence is said to signify the ecological health of their required , old - growth forest habitat .
a forest owlet found in melghat , maharashtra . the discovery of ' forest owlet ' , listed as one facing a high risk of extinction , in the western ghats has brought new hope about its survival . photo : special arrangement
santhanakrishnan , r . , a . m . samsoor ali & u . anba rasan ( 2011a ) : food habits and prey spectrum of spotted owlet athene brama in madurai district , tamil nadu , southern india . chinese birds 2 ( 4 ) : 193–199 .
researchers have found the critically endangered ‘forest owlet’ in the northern part of the western ghats , 100 km from mumbai .
pande , s . , a . pawashe , d . b . bastawade & p . p . kulkarni ( 2004 ) : scorpions and molluscs : some new dietary records for spotted owlet athene brama in india . newsletter for ornithologists 1 ( 5 ) : 68–70 .
as africa’s most diurnal owl , the pearl - spotted owlet can be observed hunting both during the day and at night ( 4 ) . a generalist feeder , it will consume a variety of prey types , with lizards , rodents , insects and bats all targeted . despite its relatively small size , powerful talons allow the pearl - spotted owlet to hunt prey much larger than itself ( 4 ) ( 8 ) . whilst hunting , this tiny predator may be seen bobbing its head up and down and flicking its tail in excitement ( 9 ) .
jathar , g . a . & a . r . rahman i ( 2011 ) : ecology of the forest owlet : a comprehensive study of the critically endangered forest owlet in central india . lap lambert academic publishing gmbh , germany . 204 pp .
the forest owlet is a very small member of the owl family , measuring only 23 centimetres in length . this is a chunky little owl with a large head for its body . while the plumage of the owlet is rather drab , being a greyish - brown in colour , with some barring on the wings , the eyes of the owl are a bright and distinctive lemon yellow . the forest owlet has very large talons which it uses to catch prey that can sometimes be larger than the owlet itself .
by choice , this owlet prefers to inhabit drier forest areas , especially those with plenty of grass and brush in the under - story . however , due to human pressures , the forest owlet will live in wetter forests if its preferred habitat is unavailable .
santhanakrishnan , r . , a . m . samsoor ali & u . anbarasan ( 2010b ) : population densities of spotted owlet athene brama ( aves : strigiformes ) in madurai district , tamil nadu , india . middle - east journal of scientific research 6 ( 6 ) : 617–621 .
santhanakrishnan , r . , a . m . samsoor ali & u . anba rasan ( 2011b ) : breeding biology of the spotted owlet ( athene brama temminck , 1821 ) in madurai district , tamil nadu , india . international journal of environmental sciences 1 ( 7 ) : 1682–1691 .
santhanakrishnan , r . , a . m . samsoor ali & u . anba rasan ( 2010a ) : roost - site preference of spotted owlet athene brama ( aves : strigiformes ) in madurai district , tamil nadu , india . global journal of environmental research 4 ( 3 ) : 161–167 .
the juvenile owlet that we observed had a buff - colored central breast ; in adults the lower abdomen is white . tail wagging is
this suggests that the hybrids may have a much wider distribution that could equal or surpass the very limited one of the forest owlet .
zade , v . , v . thakare & p . chirde ( 2011 ) : prey preferences of spotted owlet athene brama in g . v . i . s . h . campus , amravati , maharashtra , india . middle - east journal of scientific research 10 ( 3 ) : 410–413 .
“…then came the ‘chipmunk’ squirrels… one took a brave stand and marched right in… onto the branch that the owlet was perching… ( above ) . the squirrel wanted to ‘peck’ the owlet on the face… the owlet flew across the road to another branch opposite… and guess who was ‘disturbed’ by all these but the orange - breasted trogon ( harpactes oreskios ) … perching and watching… the whole ‘ruckus’ in front . . ”
the story of its apparent extinction and rediscovery is equally dramatic . between 1872 and 1884 , six forest owlet specimens were collected from the country ; the first one in 1872 by blewitt as mentioned earlier . second one in 1877 by mr . valentine ball from orissa ( odisha ) and four more during 1880 - 1883 by mr . james davidson from central maharashtra . after 1884 , there were many reports of forest owlet sightings all over the country but all of them were cases of mistaken identity with that of the spotted owlet . in 1961 colonel richard meinertzhagen reported having collected a forest owlet way back in 1914 from mandvi in gujarat thus extending its range further west . once again an intensive search was carried out for the forest owlet all over the country but it drew a blank . finally , in 1972 , dr . s . dillon ripley considered the possibility that the forest owlet may have become extinct . so the blewitt’s owl became known as a possibly extinct species in india .
. no birds were found in a brief survey of its former eastern range in orissa which may be due to habitat degradation . the species was also reported from the chatwa and padwa forests near andhra pradesh by k . s . r . krishna raju . owever , it turned out to be spotted owlet h
. along with teak , a ground cover of weed like wild basil and grasses is typical of the known owlet sites ( d . patil
its dorsal color was brown and paler than that of the forest owlet , and was characterized by a grayish tinge and significant white spotting .
the forest owlet was known , until recently , only from specimens that had been collected in the 1800s . it was rediscovered in 1997 , and has since been the subject of much research . this owlet is extremely rare , and the populations are isolated and fragmented from one another . it is thought that the head - bobbing and tail flicks that the forest owlet engages in are a form of communication with other owlets .
abdul also noted that sometimes an owl - likely the smaller owls , such as asian barred owlet ( glaucidium cuculoides ) or jungle barred owlet ( glaucidium radiatum ) - might come into the house after insects . it is believed that when this happens , the owl will bring illness .
the logic that the forest owlet is ( i ) limited geographically to the satpura range , ( ii ) attitudinally to the higher , forested parts , ( iii ) limited to habitats in the proximity of humans and resulting clearings that facilitate foraging ( yosef et al . submitted ) , and ( iv ) limited demographically to low population levels wherein ( v ) neighbouring territories are located far apart , leads us to assume hybridization with the far more common spotted owlet .
19–21 cm ; 110–115 g . small owl with rounded head , heavily spotted crown , darkish facial disc bordered with white ; curved white eyebrows . greyish - brown above . . .
both sexes are similar , with the female slightly larger than male . the juvenile is duller , less rufous , less spotted on mantle and crown . it has shorter tail too .
2002 ) . along with teak , a ground cover of weed like wild basil and grasses is typical of the known owlet sites ( d . patil
reproduction of this species : the laying occurs between august and november , with a peak in september / october . the pearl - spotted owlet nests in cavities such as abandoned nests of barbet or woodpecker . the cavity is usually placed between 2 and 10 metres above the ground . the nest - site can be reused during several years .
a former spotted owl nesting site in the aftermath of the 2014 king fire . this site had been occupied by a pair of owls for 21 of 22 years prior to the fire .
the “false - eyes” are used for surprise attacks , while the prey believes it is looking away . but this morphological feature is also used to discourage the predators coming from behind . the pearl - spotted owlet also pursues preys in flight , and may sometimes steal food from other birds’ species or rob nest holes . it also eats carrion .
abundant throughout much of its extensive range , the pearl - spotted owlet is not under immediate threat of extinction ( 1 ) . however , there is a lack of data on threats and trends throughout the species’ range , particularly for western most populations . further surveys are therefore required to accurately determine the conservation status of this species ( 10 ) .
23 cm . typical owlet with rather plain crown and heavily banded wings and tail . dark grey - brown crown and nape , faintly spotted white . broadly banded , blackish - brown and white wings and tail , with a broad white tail - tip . dark brown breast with broad , prominent barring on flanks . rest of underparts are white .
the study’s lead author , uw–madison graduate student gavin jones , prepares to release an adult spotted owl after removing a mini - gps backpack that tracked the owl’s movements throughout the 2015 breeding season .
g . p . licua occurs in e sudan , ethiopia , s to n and e south africa , angola and namibia . this one is greyer than nominate , and more heavily spotted .
ishtiaq f & rahmani ar ( 2000 ) .
cronism in the forest owlet athene ( heteroglaux ) blewitti
( pdf ) . forktail 16 : 172–174 .
two subspecies are recognised , with glaucidium perlatum licua being distinguished from the nominate subspecies , g . p . perlatum , by a greyer , and more heavily spotted plumage ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
since january this year , a young pearl - spotted owlet has been frequenting our garden and become quite used to my presence . yesterday morning i heard a commotion at the birdbath and upon grabbing my camera and investigating , found that the pearly had pinned a lovebird to the ground by the birdbath . the hapless lovebird was still feebly flapping its wings but soon gave up the struggle . the owlet kept peering about as if deciding on the next course of action and eventually flew – with the lovebird trailing behind – onto the birdbath .
to address the issues above , it is important to generate awareness at various levels . in our ongoing forest owlet conservation work , the following measures are being initiated :
the controversy over the northern spotted owl follows on the heels of debates over dolphins , whales , snail darters , and desert tortoises , each raising questions concerning society ' s obligation to protect animals threatened by extinction . in the case of the spotted owl , we must ask whether and to what extent preserving endangered species and the wilderness they inhabit should take precedence over other considerations , such as major economic dislocations .
the pearl - spotted owlet is a resident of much of sub - saharan africa , with an extremely large range . g . p . perlatum ranges from gambia and senegal in west africa , towards western sudan in east africa , with g . p . licua ranging from eastern sudan , ethiopia and uganda , southwards to north , and eastern south africa ( 2 ) .
it was march 2008 and nelson khor was birding with a group of photographer buddies at bukit tinggit , pahang , malaysia when he encountered and photographed a collared owlet ( glaucidium brodiei ) ( above ) . roger moo a . k . a . cactus400d similarly managed to shoot the seldom seen owlet and wrote an interesting account of their encounter .
do you know of or are you a part of an organisation that work to conserve the forest owlet , then please contact us to have it featured on our endangered world .
ishtiaq , f . & a . r . rahman i ( 2005 ) : the forest owlet heteroglaux blewitti : vocalization , breeding biology and conservation . ibis 147 : 197–205 .
this owlet is nocturnal and crepuscular , meaning that it is active at night as well as during twilight and just before dawn . however , it often forages during the day .
the forest owlet is endemic to india , that is , it is not found anywhere outside india . this small sized owlet has been placed among the top seventeen birds in the world that are in the endangered category . the international union of conservation of nature ( iucn ) has declared it as a critically endangered species owing to its small and declining population .
jathar ga & rahmani ar ( 2012 ) .
habitat utilization by forest owlet heteroglaux blewitti in toranmal reserve forest , india .
. care4nature 1 ( 1 ) : 18–30 .
owlet - nightjars are more closely related to nightjars , frogmouths , and nighthawks rather than owls , and the use of the term owlet for these species is descriptive only . these birds have heavily camouflaged plumage similar to most owls , large eyes , and many show indistinct or incomplete facial discs , but they are not owls and their young offspring are not called owlets .
we aimed to study the food habits of the spotted owlet athene brama by combining the pellet analysis as well as direct / visual observation methods . both methods were used simultaneously for seven months . direct observations were carried out by visually monitoring the owlets for 214 days , over 642 hrs . all events of feeding were recorded , and prey identified using relevant field guides . 70 . . . [ show full abstract ]
scientists working on forest owlet too are excited over the discovery . “this species was for long known to be endemic to satpuda ranges and has now been recorded in northern western ghats . this clearly highlights the need to conserve crucial avian habitats such as tansa and other areas which are potential homes of forest owlet , ” girish jathar , an ornithologist with the bnhs , said .
domestic research in owls has grown since the forest owlet , thought to be extinct , was rediscovered in india in 1997 by american ornithologists ben f . king and pamela c . rasmussen .
rasmussen pc & nj collar ( 1998 ) .
identification , distribution and status of the forest owlet athene ( heteroglaux ) blewitti .
( pdf ) . forktail 14 : 43–51 .
as a resident of arid open woodland , a habitat less impacted by human encroachment than others , the pearl - spotted owlet does not appear to be effected by traditional threats , such as deforestation and habitat degradation ( 7 ) . however , populations in the western most areas of the species’ range are believed to be less abundant , and may be less resistant to subtle changes to habitat or prey abundance ( 2 ) .
after its rediscovery several organizations carried out surveys to determine the distribution of the forest owlet . the bombay natural history society ( bnhs ) initiated the surveys in 1999 and reported the presence of forest owlet from north - western maharashtra and melghat tiger reserve . our organization , the wildlife research and conservation society ( wrcs ) also carried out a survey of the forest owlet in five central indian states from which they were originally known to be present . we surveyed the states of odisha , chhattisgarh , madhya pradesh , maharashtra and gujarat . our surveys were successful in locating the forest owlets from khandwa and betul district in madhya pradesh and a few more locations in northern maharashtra . just when it began to appear that the forest owlet is confined to dry deciduous teak forests in central india , it threw another surprise . in 2014 , mr . sunil laad of the bombay natural history society ( bnhs ) stumbled upon the forest owlet from moist deciduous teak forests in tansa wildlife sanctuary , just outside the bustling metropolis of mumbai , making it a very first record of the species from the western ghats . soon after , there was a record of sighting the forest owlet from purna wildlife sanctuary in gujarat , again from the northern western ghats . at present the forest owlet is known from three states in india ; maharashtra , madhya pradesh and gujarat .
the owlet - nightjar family also uses the term , though they are aegothelidae birds and not considered true owls of either the strigidae ( typical owl ) or tytonidae ( barn owl ) families .
the forest owlet ( heteroglaux blewitti ) is a curious bird , both by name and nature . it has captured the imagination of many within and outside the country and for the right reasons .
the upper part of the chest was dark brown but fainter than in the forest owlet and the lower two - thirds of the chest had streaks shaped like inverted arrowheads on a white background .
our observations strongly suggest that the hybrids are fertile ; the female was subsequently observed ( and filmed ) while engaged in extra - pair copulation ( epc ) with the neighboring male forest owlet .
ishtiaq f & rahmani ar ( 2000 ) .
further information on the status and distribution of the forest owlet athene blewitti in india .
( pdf ) . forktail 16 : 125–130 .
mehta , p ; j . kulkarni ; d . patil ( 2008 ) .
a survey of the critically endangered forest owlet heteroglaux blewitti in central india
. birdingasia 10 : 77–87 .
this is remarkably similar to an owl myth told to v . b . sawarkar as a boy while growing up in pune , india . in that version , the culprit is the spotted owlet ( athene brama ) , a common resident of city and garden throughout greater india . instead of catching your name , it will catch a stone you throw at it and slowly grind down the stone . as the stone decays , so does your life .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the pearl - spotted owlet is mainly vocal after dark . it gives series of far - carrying rising whistles , ending in longer , descending notes “tu - tu - tu - tu - tu - tu - twee - twee - twee” . the alarm call is a repeated “peep - peep - peep” . it also gives a squeaky high - pitched note during the day . mates frequently perform duets .
in contrast , the forest owlet ( fig . 1b ) has a mostly white facial disc with fine light brown to dark - brown barring ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ; this study ) .
rasmussen , c . p . & king b . f . ( 1998 ) .
the rediscovery of the forest owlet athene ( heteroglaux ) blewitti .
( pdf ) . forktail 14 : 53–55 .
conservation efforts : efforts are under way to educate the villagers about the owlets so that they will stop killing them needlessly . the melghat tiger reserve has also received more protection since the discovery of the forest owlet , which has helped to stabilize the numbers of these small birds . the forest owlet is now not only protected by cites , but the indian government has awarded it full protection from trapping , egg collection , or hunting .
different owls have different juvenile periods and mature out of their owlet phase at different rates . smaller baby owls often mature more quickly and may be indistinguishable from adult birds within just a few weeks after hatching . larger owl species , however , may take several months to grow out of the owlet stage of development and gain complete independence . overall health , food availability , climate , and stress can all affect how quickly a baby owl matures .
behaviour in the wild : the pearl - spotted owlet feeds primarily on arthropods , but it also takes larger preys such as bats , birds , rodents and lizards . although being the most diurnal african owl , this species hunts usually at night , and sometimes by day . it hunts from a perch , searching for preys on the ground . once the prey is detected , it dives fast to strike . it is able to kill larger birds such as columbidae , thanks to its powerful feet .
prachi , m ; j kulkarni ; d . patil ; p . kolte ; p hatavkar ( 2007 ) . a survey of critically endangered forest owlet ( heteroglaux blewitti ) in central india . final report . pune : envirosearch .
brahmachary , r . l . , t . k . basu & a . seng upta ( 1972 ) : on the daily screeching time of a colony of spotted owls athene brama ( temminck ) . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 69 ( 3 ) : 649–651 .
shah , z . a . , m . a . beg & a . a . khan ( 2004 ) : prey preferences of the spotted little owl ( athene brama ) in the croplands near faisalabad - pakistan . international journal of agriculture and biology 6 ( 2 ) : 278–280 .
location : central india , particularly the melghat reserve in the narmada river valley , appears to be the place most likely to support the forest owlet . there are several small populations scattered through this area , but isolated from one another .
as resident in its range , the pearl - spotted owlet is territorial all year round . during the breeding season , both sexes call in duets . courtship feeding by male to female is observed too , often prior to copulation . while presenting food to the female , the male performs wing - and body - movements . they nest in natural cavities , especially old holes of barbets and woodpeckers . it may ravage these nests too to gain site . however , its own nest is sometimes usurped by other cavity - nesters or bees !
the place where it was located is a dry deciduous forest , with open patches , which is very similar to the typical forest owlet habitat in the satpuda ranges . however , this location in tansa is partially degraded due to human disturbances .
“we had this long - term demographic study , we knew all the owls in the 137 square mile study area , ” says peery . “the fire burned almost half the study area . on one side was the treatment , a large , high severity fire , and on the other side was the control , with little or no fire . almost all the owl territories within the megafire went from occupied to unoccupied . we can now say that megafires have a significant impact on the spotted owl , and so we think that forest restoration through fuel reduction benefits both the forest ecosystem and the spotted owl . ”
the adult of nominate race has chocolate - rufous plumage , mostly cinnamon - brown spotted white on back . the fairly long brown tail is narrowly barred white . the flight feathers are dark brown barred pale rufous . on the underparts , breast and belly are white streaked dark brown , with heavier streaking on breast .
“i am extremely delighted to know about the discovery of this extremely rare bird so close to mumbai . i hope the authorities will take proper steps to protect the forest owlet in tansa , ” dr . asad rahmani , director , bnhs , told the hindu
the pearl - spotted owlet breeds between august and november , with breeding peaking between september and october . pairs fiercely compete with other birds , such as woodpeckers and barbets , for holes in trees to make nests ( 2 ) ( 9 ) . nests may be reused each season , and pairs will maintain territories , often by destroying the nesting sites of competitors . between two and four eggs are laid , and the female will incubate the eggs for some 29 days , with offspring fledging after a further 31 days , and becoming fully independent two weeks later ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
it was late evening and they were looking for a spiderhunter . an owl flew in and chased away the spiderhunter . everyone rushed to the scene to record the owl but it flew away . later it returned and was again gone . then , according to roger , “out came the spiderhunter like f14 jet fighters zooming in onto the owlet… chasing it from one branch to another… the bulbuls called… out came the white - rumped shama ( copsychus malabaricus ) , not one but four or five…” these birds were obviously mobbing the owlet and scolding it ( above ) .
“there is new literature suggesting that even megafires are okay for spotted owls , ” says lead author gavin jones , a graduate student studying with peery , “but previous studies were limited because they lacked pre - fire data and had a small sample size of severely burned owl sites , among other reasons . this was a controversy waiting for good data . ”
kasambe , r . , pande . s . , wadatkar , j . & pawashe , a . ( 2004 ) additional records of the forest owlet heteroglaux blewitti hume , 1873 in melghat tiger reserve , maharashtra , newsletter for ornithologists 1 ( 1 - 2 ) : 12 - 14 .
the collared owlet is a small bird , about 16 - 16 . 5 cm high . it has a rounded head , somewhat large for the size of the body . it is reported to have a staring ‘dorsal face’ on the nape , although this has not been captured in the images .
the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) red list has named this bird as the one facing a high risk of extinction . till now , forest owlet was known endemic to satpuda mountain ranges in central india . its discovery in the western ghats has brought new hope about its survival .
rasmussen , p . c . & n . j . collar ( 1999 ) .
major specimen fraud in the forest owlet heteroglaux ( athene auct . ) blewitti
. ibis 141 : 11–21 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1474 - 919x . 1999 . tb04258 . x .
an 18 - year study of the illegal owl trade in india titled
imperilled custodians of the night ,
published last month by the world wildlife fund , says ,
owls and their body parts are primarily used for black magic .
it reports that the most popular owls for rituals among the 32 species that live on the indian subcontinent are ones with prominent ear tufts , such as the rock eagle owl , or feather tufts that stick up like long ears , such as the brown fish owl . the most common owl in india , the spotted owlet , does not have those characteristics , so traders sometimes use latex to make a few feathers stand up to resemble horns .
breeding : the female forest owlet prepares a nest in a tree cavity and lays two eggs between october and march . when the young hatch , the female not only provides most of the care they receive , but must also defend them against attacks by male forest owlets , even the father in some cases .
holt , d . w . , berkley , r . , deppe , c . , enríquez rocha , p . , petersen , j . l . , rangel salazar , j . l . , segars , k . p . , wood , k . l . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . pearl - spotted owlet ( glaucidium perlatum ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 7 july 2018 ) .
holt , d . w . , berkley , r . , deppe , c . , enríquez rocha , p . , petersen , j . l . , rangel salazar , j . l . , segars , k . p . , wood , k . l . , de juana , e . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . spotted owlet ( athene brama ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 7 july 2018 ) .
but if a small owl calls , polash told me , it signals that a young girl is about to reach puberty and womanhood , which in assamese culture is cause of celebration and a big party . polash imitated the chuckle call of a small owl , the asian barred owlet ( glaucidium cuculoides ) , to illustrate .
reuven yosef , satish a . pande , amit p . pawashe , raju kasambe and lynette mitchell ( 2010 ) .
interspecific interactions of the critically endangered forest owlet ( athene blewitti )
. acta ethologica 13 ( 1 ) : 63–67 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10211 - 010 - 0070 - 9 .
the biological implications of our discovery regarding conservation and our detailed description of the hybrids of the critically endangered forest owlet , thus confirming their existence , is of great interest in light of the fact that hybridization is rare in owls , but its consequences can be far - reaching and grave ( haig et al . 2004 ) .
for nearly 113 years , forest owlet was considered to be extinct , until researchers rediscovered it in 1997 in toranmal reserve forest near shahada in the satpuda ranges in nandurbar district , maharashtra . later studies established its presence across satpuda ranges from piplod in gujarat and toranmal to yawal and melghat in maharashtra and kalibhit in madhya pradesh .
rasmussen , p . c . and collar , n . j . ( 1999 ) .
major specimen fraud in the forest owlet heteroglaux ( athene auct . ) blewitti .
. ibis 141 ( 1 ) : 11–21 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1474 - 919x . 1999 . tb04258 . x .
jathar , g . a . and d . n . patil ( 2011 ) . reassessment of the status of forest owlet in its known distribution and evaluation of conservation issues . final report . foundation for ecological conservation and sustainable development , india . published by watershed organization trust . isbn 978 - 81 - 86748 - 28 - 2 .
this , incidentally , is the same pearl - spotted owlet which my rottweiler swallowed ; i will never forget the sight of two yellow feet sticking out of either side of its mouth and me galloping after dog and bird – on crutches and moonboot ( i had a broken foot since an unfortunate and very clumsy fall down the stairs in january ) . i think my voice could be heard in the whole neighborhood as i screamed for the dog to let go and eventually managed to just about wrestle him down to the ground and prise his mouth open , to have a very wet and bedraggled owl plop to the ground – alive and unhurt ! it squawked very indignantly and flew off into the nearest tree – but has amazingly not packed its bags and left for good .
on the rounded head , the ear - tufts are lacking . the head is cinnamon - brown with whitish facial disk edged brown . the white eyebrows are conspicuous . the crown is finely spotted white , giving the bird its name . the nape shows two typical “eye - spots” with dark centre and white rim . the bill is pale yellow horn . the eyes are yellow . the feathered tarsi are whitish and the feet are dull yellow .
farah ishtiaq , asad r . rahmani & pamela rasmussen ( 2002 ) . ecology and behaviour of the forest owlet ( athene blewitti ) in ecology and conservation of owls : proceedings of the owls 2000 , canberra , australia ( editors ian newton , rodney kavanagh , jerry olsen , iain taylor ) . csiro publishing . isbn 0 - 643 - 06794 - 9 .
wedging the lovebird into a secure position proved no easy task , and eventually – after much fluttering and hopping about with its prey – the owlet proceeded in no uncertain terms to decapitate the fated lovebird and to swallow its head – beak and all ! it seized the rest of the carcass later that afternoon and thus had a very productive day , all in all .
for hundreds of years , a handsome , dark - brown owl with white spots has made its home in the lush ,
old - growth
forests of the pacific northwest . under the multilayered canopies of these 200 - year - old forests , the owl , known as the northern spotted owl , has fed off the rich plant and invertebrate life created by decaying timber and has nested in the cavities of old trunks . but the towering cedars , firs , hemlocks , and spruces which have served as the owl ' s habitat , also have become a primary source of timber for a multi - billion dollar logging industry . over the last 150 years , as a result of heavy logging , these ancient forests have dwindled . only about 10 % of the forests remain , most on federally owned lands . and as the forests have dwindled , so too has the number of spotted owls . biologists estimate that only 2 , 000 pairs survive today .
in 1986 , a worried environmentalist group petitioned the u . s . fish and wildlife service to list the owl as an
endangered species ,
a move that would bar the timber industry from clearing these lands . in june 1990 , after years of heated negotiation and litigation between the government , environmentalists , and the timber industry , the northern spotted owl was declared a threatened species . under this provision , timber companies are required to leave at least 40 % of the old - growth forests intact within a 1 . 3 mile radius of any spotted owl nest or activity site , a provision that is vehemently opposed by the timber industry . industry representatives claim that the measure will leave thousands of northwest loggers and mill workers jobless , and insist that such protectionist policies thoughtlessly fail to take into account the dire economic consequences of preservation . environmentalists , on the other hand , argue that society has a fundamental obligation to preserve this rare species and the wilderness it inhabits .
as government officials , environmentalists , and industry representatives work out the details of implementing the new regulations designed to preserve the owl , we can expect the debate over the spotted owl to subside . but the ethical issues it raises will repeatedly appear as our natural resources dwindle . how we resolve these issues will depend on how we weigh the ecological , aesthetic , and scientific benefits of preservation , the rights of animals , and an obligation to preserve species , against economic interests and human needs .
one of sub - sahara’s commonest owls , the pearl - spotted owlet is characterised by two black patches with white rims on the back of the head , which appear as false eyes . this distinctive feature may help this diminutive owl to evade predators by making it appear larger than it actually is ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . otherwise , the plumage is cinnamon - brown , with white spots on the upperparts , and white on the underside with broad brown streaks . the flight feathers are dark brown with light rufous bars , and the comparatively long , brown tail has incomplete white bars ( 2 ) . the facial disk is whitish , while the bill and eyes are both yellow ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . the two sexes are very similar , but juveniles are identified by a less rufous plumage , with fewer white spots on the head and a shorter tail ( 2 ) .
( noun ) an owlet is a young baby owl , typically a recently hatched bird that has not yet developed its full mature plumage and is still dependent on its parents for feeding , care , and security . owlets do not usually leave the nest for long and cannot completely care for themselves , but as they get older they will explore near the nesting area and may even be found on the ground .
the problem of fire in the west is growing more severe for many reasons , but decades of fire suppression intended to protect communities and timber resources , and climate change are likely the ultimate drivers , says jones . “it’s amazing . on the study area there were several giant holes in the ground where nesting trees were the year before — enormous old - growth douglas firs or something like that . a spotted owl used the tree the year before and now it’s a crater . the tree got so hot , it exploded . ”
a duty to preserve rare species some environmentalists counter that we also have an obligation to preserve species . a species represents a vital , non - reproducible combination of genetic processes that has evolved over millions of years . it has an integrity and potentiality of its own , manifest in its unique stages of development and its intriguing adaption to the environment around it . the rarity of some species , such as the regal spotted owl , only increases its value . we have a duty to protect such genetically unique species and to ensure their continued existence .
, which is now recognised as the species ' s stronghold . the species has also been found breeding nearby at yawal wildlife sanctuary ( chavan and rithe 2009 ) , however recent surveys found no forest owlet in this area ( bombay natural history society 2013 ) . the species was recently recorded in tansa wildlife sanctuary , maharashtra ( laad and dagale 2014 ) and it was confirmed to occur in purna wildlife sanctuary , southeast gujarat in 2014 ( patel
2005 ) , which is now recognised as the species ' s stronghold . the species has also been found breeding nearby at yawal wildlife sanctuary ( chavan and rithe 2009 ) , however recent surveys found no forest owlet in this area ( bombay natural history society 2013 ) . the species was recently recorded in tansa wildlife sanctuary , maharashtra ( deshpande 2014 ) . modelling suggests that its remaining range is severely fragmented , and only c . 10 % is protected
as the federal government moves ahead with master plans for 11 national forests in the west , environmental organizations and scientists have been drawn into the dispute , says zach peery , principal investigator of the new study , which is now online in the journal frontiers in ecology and the environment . “proponents of fuel reduction say it’s going to benefit the owl by reducing the frequency and size of megafires , ” says peery , an associate professor of forest and wildlife ecology , “but there is this body of literature that says the california spotted owl does just fine following severe fires , even when they are large . ”
, the forest owlet has the fewer and fainter spots on the crown and back . the upperparts are dark grey - brown . the upper breast is almost solid brown and the sides are barred with a white central wedge in the lower breast that is sometimes unmarked , especially in males . the primaries are darker and distinct . the wings and tail are banded with white trailing edges . a dark carpal patch on the underwing visible in flight . the facial disc is pale and the eyes are yellow .
description : the facial disc is creamy - buff with brown concentric lines . the forehead and lores are white to pale buffy . eyebrows are white and curved . eyes are pale to deep golden - yellow . the sides of the face are dark , contrasting with white rear edges . the cere is dusky green or greenish brown , the bill being greenish - horn , but sometimes darker , and somtimes more yellow on the upper ridge . the crown , sides of the head , and upperparts are earth - brown to greyish or rufescent , marked with small white spots . the nape has very large white spots , forming a collar , while the back has large white spots , and the scapulars have broad white edges . the chin , throat , and front and sides of the neck are white , with a dark brown band below this . the remainder of the underparts are whitish , spotted and mottled with brown , sometimes with broken bars . the wings are spotted and banded white , and the tail has narrow white bars . the tarsi is feathered , and the toes bristled and dirty yellowish . claws are dark horn , and soles yellowish . [ note : above description is for race indica , nominate race brama is generally darker and smaller ]