scopula asymmetrica is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is endemic to borneo .

the habitat consists of alluvial forests , wet heath forests and lower montane forests on limestone .

the wingspan is 8 – 9 millimetres ( 0.31 – 0.35 in ) .

adults are grey brown .

scopula asymmetrica

select a genus & species ignobilia prout - ignobilia urnaria guenže zythos fletcher - zythos turbata walker - zythos avellanea prout - zythos strigata warren - zythos obliterata warren antitrygodes warren - antitrygodes divisaria walker - antitrygodes pseudagrata sp . n problepsis lederer - problepsis plenorbis prout - problepsis apollinaria guenže - problepsis borneamagna sp . n - problepsis delphiaria guenže - problepsis achlyobathra prout scopula schrank - scopula inficita walker - scopula actuaria walker - scopula usticinctaria walker - scopula mecysma swinhoe - scopula opicata fabricius - scopula adeptaria walker - scopula insolata aequibrachiata ssp . n - scopula flavinsolata sp . n - scopula annularia swinhoe - scopula planidisca bastelberger - scopula pulchellata fabricius - scopula parodites prout - scopula pithogona prout - scopula brookesae holloway - scopula sp . ? albiflava warren - scopula coangulata prout - scopula voluptaria prout - scopula ? pallidiceps warren - scopula pauperata prout - scopula leucopis prout - scopula quadratisparsa holloway - scopula vacuata guenže - scopula subdecorata warren - scopula hyphenophora warren - scopula succrassula prout - scopula sp ? sybillaria swinhoe - scopula melinau sp . n - scopula nesciaroides sp . n - scopula asymmetrica sp . n - scopula phallarcuata sp . n - scopula deflavarioides sp . n - scopula 18361 - scopula 9015 - scopula 9012 , 18422
[ scopula falcovitshi viidalepp , 1992 is transferred from pseudocinglis to scopula . hausmann & lászló ( 1999 ) transferred scopula falcovitshi to pseudocinglis . ]
[ see scopula antiloparia ( wallengren , 1863 ) , scopula derasata walker , [ 1863 ] and scopula instructata ( walker , 1863 ) . ]
[ fidonia humifusaria eversmann , 1837 is transferred from cinglis to scopula . see scopula andalusiaria ( wagner , 1935 ) . ]
[ zygophyxia tornisecta , prout , 1916 is transferred from zygophyxia to scopula . see scopula palpata ( prout , 1932 ) . ]
[ scopula nachtigali herbulot , 1965 was downgraded to a subspecies of scopula nigrinotata ( warren , 1897 ) by hausmann ( 1999a ) . ]
[ janse ( 1933−35 ) considered scopula instructata ( walker , 1863 ) a possible junior synonym of scopula minorata ( boisduval , 1833 ) . ]
[ scopula eberti wiltshire , 1967 was downgraded to a subspecies of scopula ansulata ( lederer , 1871 ) by hausmann & lászló ( 1999 ) . ]
[ argyris indicataria walker , 1861 is transferred from somatina to scopula . the affinity of argyris indicataria with scopula was suggested by inoue ( 1992 ) . ]
[ acidalia ? relictata walker , 1866 is transferred from zygophyxia to scopula . ]
[ glossotrophia similata le cerf , 1924 is transferred from glossotrophia to scopula . ]
sarodria sodoffsky , 1837 . [ unnecessary replacement name for scopula schrank , 1802 . ]
[ trygodes agrata felder & rogenhofer , 1875 is transferred from antitrygodes to scopula . ]
[ acidalia asellaria herrich - schäffer , 1847 is transferred from glossotrophia to scopula . ]
[ acidalia confinaria herrich - schäffer , 1847 is transferred from glossotrophia to scopula . ]
[ geometra cuneilinea walker , [ 1863 ] is transferred from antitrygodes to scopula . ]
[ acidalia falsaria herrich - schäffer , 1852 is transferred from glossotrophia to scopula . ]
[ janse ( 1933–35 ) considered scopula impicta prout , 1922 an aberrative form of scopula picta ( warren , 1897 ) as a result of careful comparison of genitalia . ]
[ ephyra urnaria guenée , [ 1858 ] is transferred from ignobilia to scopula . ]
[ junior secondary homonym of scopula africana berio , 1937 , requiring a replacement name . ]
[ junior secondary homonym of scopula prouti djakonov , 1935 , requiring a replacement name . ]
[ acidalia ? dentisignata walker , [ 1863 ] is transferred from epicosymbia to scopula . ]
[ the inclusion of this species within scopula remains tentative ( sihvonen , 2001 ) . ]
[ papilio ( danaus ) helcita linnaeus , 1763 is transferred from aletis to scopula . ]
[ junior primary homonym of scopula turlini herbulot , 1978 , requiring a replacement name . ]
have a fact about scopula internataria ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
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scopula immistaria beshkovi ssp . n . –neu für bulgarien und den balkan ( lepidoptera : geometridae )
su un attacco di scopula ochroleucaria h . s . ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) al tabacco in campania
[ ptychopoda medioumbrata ( turati , 1930 ) was transferred from idaea to scopula by raineri ( 1996 ) . ]
[ according to janse ( 1933–35 ) , scopula ( acidalia ) derasata walker , [ 1863 ] is probably an aberration of scopula ( geometra ) minorata boisduval , 1833 . the male genitalia are shown on plate ix , fig . 3 in that publication . ]
[ described as scopula immistaria ssp . lehmanni hausmann , 1991 , but raised to species rank by gelbrecht & hausmann ( 1997 ) . ]
species can be found in forested and open habitats . a few scopula species are known to be of minor pest status ( see introduction ) .
pleionocentra warren , 1898 . type species : scopula plionocentra prout , 1920 . [ geometra minorata sensu warren , nec boisduval 1833 ] . niger .
according to this analysis there are two main lineages within scopulini ( figs 133 , 135 ; for supporting characters , see diagnoses ) . the first includes isoplenodia , dithalama , somatina and zythos . dithalama was found to be paraphyletic with regard to isoplenodia , and the relationships of somatina and zythos are unresolved . one taxon , somatina eurymitra , is incerta sedis ( see diagnosis of somatina ) . the second lineage includes lipomelia , problepsis and scopula . lipomelia and problepsis were recovered as sister groups . the sister group of scopula is unknown , as there is a trichotomy in this lineage involving lipomelia , problepsis , scopula , while two taxa ( somatina irregularis and scopula haemaleata ) are incertae sedis ( see diagnoses of somatina and scopula ) .
scopula schrank , 1802 . type species : phalaena paludata linnaeus , 1767 , a junior synonym of phalaena ornata scopoli , 1763 . [ portugal ] .
[ glossotrophia alba hausmann , 1993 is transferred from glossotrophia to scopula . junior secondary homonym of aletis alba druce , 1896 , requiring a replacement name . ]
[ glossotrophia gracilis brandt , 1941 is transferred from glossotrophia to scopula . junior secondary homonym of amnemopsyche gracilis möschler , 1887 , requiring a replacement name . ]
[ leucoxena lactea warren , 1900 is transferred from leucoxena to scopula . junior secondary homonym of lycauges lactea butler , 1879 , requiring a replacement name . ]
[ cartaletis nigricosta prout , 1916 is transferred from cartaletis to scopula . junior secondary homonym of synelys nigricosta dognin , 1911 , requiring a replacement name . ]
[ acidalia floccularia herrich - schäffer , 1870 is considered to be a junior synonym of scopula apparitaria ( walker , 1861 ) ( becker , 2002 ) . ]
[ acidalia ( scopula ) antiloparia wallengren , 1863 is possibly a junior synonym of geometra ( scopula ) minorata boisduval , 1833 , based on genital examination of type material at the natural history museum , london , and universitets zoologiska institut , uppsala , sweden . prout ( 1929–35 ) suggested that a . antiloparia ( wallengren ) could be conspecific with scopula sincera ( warren , 1901 ) . the opinion was based on a description of a . antiloparia , not on examination of the types . ]
[ cosymbia ? nitidata warren , 1905 is a replacement name for isoplenia albivertex warren , 1900 . cosymbia ? nitidata warren , 1905 is transferred from epicosymbia to scopula . ]
[ prout ( 1920−41 ) speculated that this taxon should perhaps be combined with scopula schrank , 1802 . i have not dissected the genitalia ; type specimens are at bmnh . ]
[ scopula ( acidalia ) parasira meyrick , 1889 was listed as a valid species in scoble ( 1999 ) by mistake ( linda pitkin , pers . comm . ) . ]
[ cinglis andalusiaria wagner , 1935 is transferred from cinglis to scopula . this species ' status needs to be revised . it is considered to be a valid species by redondo & gáston ( 1999 ) and scoble ( 1999 ) , whereas müller ( 1996 ) treats it as a subspecies of scopula [ cinglis ] humifusaria ( eversmann , 1837 ) . ]
[ acidalia chionaeata herrich - schäffer , 1870 is removed from synonymy with scopula eburneata ( guenée ) , and considered to be a valid species ( becker , 2002 ) . ]
distinct species groups can be defined within scopula . their description is , however , beyond the scope of this paper . they include the antitrygodes , epicosymbia , glossotrophia and aletis groups .
[ only the male type specimen of this taxon is known , deposited at bmnh . prout ( 1929−35 ) speculated that it should perhaps be combined with scopula schrank , 1802 . ]
pylarge herrich - schäffer , 1855 . type species : idaea commutata freyer , [ 1832 ] 1833 , a junior synonym of scopula ternata , schrank , 1802 . [ germany ] .
[ craspedia haemaleata ( warren , 1898 ) is retained in scopula until a comprehensive revision on the genus scopula is done . my results show that it shares two unique synapomorphies with somatina irregularis warren , 1898 . it is unknown whether this clade represents a larger species group . the synapomorphies may prove to be homoplastic if more taxa were included in a cladistic study . ]
this group of genera is characterized by one synapomorphy ( figs 133 - 135 ) : the fully developed cerata ( 79 : 2 , six occurrences , six reversals ) . within the group , the relationships are not resolved . lipomelia and problepsis form a compact group , somatina irregularis and scopula haemaleata are incertae sedis , and externally heterogeneous scopula is characterized by a combination of features .
i have been unable to find any references . nakamura ( 1994 ) described the pupa of somatina indicataria ( walker ) , but the taxon is considered to belong to scopula in the present study .
8 - 9mm . this is a medium sized , rather grey brown species with strongly bidentate postmedial fasciae , distal to which are similarly irregular and rather broad submarginal grey bands . in facies the species bears similarities to s . limbata warren ( taiwan ) , s . ophthalmica prout ( sulawesi ) and s . ocellata warren ( sumatra , java ) , but the last two are smaller , much more strongly marked , and all have the forewing discal spot blackish : in asymmetrica it is the same grey as the fasciae . the extreme asymmetry of the valves of the male genitalia is diagnostic , seen much more weakly in ophthalmica and ocellata ( left valves half size of right rather than vestigial ) .
[ aletis vicina gaede , 1917 is transferred from aletis to scopula . aletis vicina gaede , 1917 is a junior secondary homonym of trygodes vicina thierry - mieg , 1907 , requiring a replacement name . ]
the scopulini - the genus scopula schrank and its close relatives - is the largest tribe of the geometrid subfamily sterrhinae , with about 900 described species . species are found worldwide , although the group is mostly tropical .
all the synonymized genera were found to have diagnostic structural characters of scopula , although some of the taxa were found to have very divergent external appearance from the type species of the genus , s . ornata ( appendix ) .
[ only the female of s . sublucens ( warren ) was available for study ( bmnh 20648 ) . as features like spinose signum show affinity with scopula , the generic combination of this species remains to be tested . ]
monotypic leucoxena was considered a branch of scopula but retained as a separate genus as the hindwing veins sc + r 1 and rs were stalked for a longer distance than in the typical scopula . prout ( 1929 - 35 ) was the first to discuss the sterrhinae connection of brightly coloured , diurnal species of two - areole genus aletis and one - areole cartaletis warren , on the basis of wing venation characters and genitalic structures , although he still treated them as oenochrominae .
sterrhinae species with two areoles on the forewings have traditionally been considered to belong to somatina , in contrast to problepsis and scopula , which have one areole . since this character was shown to be homoplastic in the present study ( 48 : 1 ) , and as both states occur in many lineages , somatina was considered to be a polyphyletic assemblage of species , as noted by inoue ( 1992 ) , with many species formerly ascribed to it shown to belong to either problepsis or scopula .
[ somatina rosacea swinhoe has several features , including genitalia , that it shares with either somatina or scopula , thus making its generic combination difficult to judge . it also demonstrates that the generic association of somatina species needs to be studied further . ]
[ trygodes vicina thierry - mieg , 1907 is transferred from antitrygodes to scopula . this taxon was treated as antitrygodes agrata ssp . vicina thierry - mieg , 1907 in scoble ( 1999 ) , but raised to species rank by holloway ( 1997 ) . ]
prout included seven genera in the scopula - group ( scopulini ) in the palaearctic region , characterized by two socii and absence of uncus and gnathos . further , the valves were described as ‘flowing out’ ( ausgeflossene ) , the male 8th sternite as having mappa and cerata and the female hind leg as having two pairs of spurs except in glossotrophia . at the generic level , no delimiting characters were given to scopula , whereas glossotrophia was considered a natural genus and easy to delimit on the basis of one pair of spurs in the female hind leg . it was noted , however , that the apical portion of the sacculus of the valva ( fibula ) is melanized in a number of species in scopula , as well as in glossotrophia , thus obscuring the generic boundaries . holarctias , oar and stigma were characterized by absence of cerata , and as having varying degrees of valve differences relative to scopula . although the aberrant wing venation of cinglis was noted , prout concluded that this genus is appropriately combined with scopulini as it shares the typical condition of the male 8th sternite .
[ described as scopula submutata transcaspica prout , 1935 ; raised to species rank by hausmann & lászló ( 1999 ) . the page containing the description of s . transcaspica ( prout , 1934–39 ) was dated 1935 , not 1939 , as indicated by hausmann & lászló . ]
the glossotrophia species group of scopula has the unique condition of a free and loped elongated proboscis extending beyond the distal part of the pupa ( hausmann , 2001 ; patocka , 2003 ) . chaetotaxy and pupal characters are described under generic concepts , where data are available . the narrow larvae of many species rest in a stick - like posture at an angle of 45 ° . some specialization in larval host - plants can be seen : oleaceae in problepsis and rubiaceae in some somatina . however , frequent polyphagy in scopula and the worldwide distribution of the tribe make generalizations difficult .
[ rose ( 1985 ) , in his study on systematics of genus scopula , refers to s . nigrifrons pajni & walia from india without detailed reference . i have not managed to locate the description for this name from the literature , and therefore i consider the name tentatively invalid . ]
[ zygophyxia palpata prout , 1932 is transferred from zygophyxia to scopula . it is possibly a junior synonym of zygophyxia tornisecta prout , 1916 , based on examination of the genitalia of type material at bmnh : z . tornisecta paratype ( slide bmnh geo 9485 ) and z . palpata holotype ( slide bmnh geo 9486 ) . ]
in addition to these works , a few taxonomic treatments of single genera , focusing on regional faunas , have been published . these include revisions of nearctic species of scopula ( covell , 1970 ) , various studies on glossotrophia ( hausmann , 1993a , , b , 1994 ) and sundanean species of zythos ( yazaki , 1996 ) .
most importantly , a worldwide taxonomic revision of scopula , the largest genus of the tribe , is essential . many species of this genus are difficult to identify based on external features alone , and the lack of comprehensive identification literature has resulted in extensive synonymy . this practice still continues . if the defect is not corrected , future research on this group will be bedevilled with nomenclatorial problems arising from synonymies . the example of scopula floslactata is a case in point . in addition to the valid species name , this species was described 12 ( ! ) times between 1763 and 1951 . one can only imagine how much time it has taken for later authors to correct mistakes .
71 . pouch on male 2nd sternite anteromedially : ( 0 ) round ( fig . 116 ) ; ( 1 ) posterior margin elongated ; ( 2 ) absent . the surface of this pouch was found to be variable between species . it is smooth in the majority of taxa . it is not unusual for it to be round , with a granulate surface ( e . g . scopula eburneata ) or have star - shaped invaginations ( e . g . scopula achrosta ) . in a few species , such as aletis helcita and stigma kuldschaensis , it is covered with stout setae . due to the quantitative nature of this variation i was unable to code it unambiguously .
pierce ( 1914 ) arranged the british fauna into tribes based on a detailed examination of genitalic structures , a novel approach at that time . acidaliinae ( scopulini ) consisted of one genus , acidalia ( the author was not mentioned in this context , see appendix under scopula ) , and the species referred to it are nowadays considered to belong to scopula . he considered acidalia a natural genus due to the peculiar structures of the male and female genitalia . these include inter alia extreme fusion of the male genitalia , presence of coremata at the articulation of the sacculus with the tegumen , cerata and mappa on the male ' s eight sternite , and a spine - like signum on the female genitalia .
[ cosymbia ? irregularis ( warren , 1898 ) is retained in somatina awaiting a revision of the genus . i have found that it shares two unique synapomorphies with scopula haemaleata ( warren , 1898 ) . it is unknown whether this clade represents a larger species group . the synapomorphies may prove to be homoplastic if more taxa are included in a cladistic analysis . ]
79 . cerata : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) rudimentary ( fig . 72 ) ; ( 2 ) fully developed ( fig . 62 ) . there exists intraspecific variation in the shape and length of the cerata in many species of scopula and glossotrophia ( hausmann , 1999b ) . for this reason i did not include quantitative features of these structures in this study .
scopula includes species of both forested and open habitats as shown in the host - plant list . a number of species have been recorded feeding as adults on the tears , sweat and blood seeping from wounds of large mammals in south - east asia ( bänziger & fletcher , 1985 ) . many species are day - active , and the species of the african aletis and cartaletis groups are exclusively diurnal .
this group of genera , although not found to be supported by unique synapomorphies ( figs 134 , 135 ) , appears to be rather distinctive . cerata are absent in most cases , and the species have two areoles in the forewings . in the other group of genera ( i . e . scopula , lipomelia and problepsis ) the cerata are fully developed and in most species the forewings have only one areole .
characters used in the cladistic analysis . species are mentioned in their generic combinations prior to analysis . the numbers in the figures refer to the numbers of the character states . 118 . posterior margin of male 8th tergite . scopula submutata ( slide number ) ps693 . 119 . posterior margin of male 8th tergite . dithalama cosmospila ps707 . 120 . posterior margin of male 8th tergite . somatina eurymitra ps888 . 121 . posterior margin of male 8th tergite . zythos avellanea ps879 . 122 . posterior margin of male 8th tergite . antitrygodes divisaria ( slide number ) bmnh geo20375 . 123 . apex of coremata . scopula rhodocraspeda bmnh geo20700 . 124 . position of sacculus . zythos obliterata bmnh geo20591 . 125 . dorsally fused anterior margins of tegumen ( dorsal view ) . zythos turbata bmnh geo20371 . 126 . plate - shaped sclerotization at proximal end of ductus ejaculatorius . antilycauges pinguis bmnh geo20381 . 127 . sclerotization of vesica . scopula rivularia bmnh geo20684 . 128 . dorsal diverticulum of vesica with sharp sclerotization at apex . problepsis plagiata ps709 . 129 . parallel folds of vesica . zythos turbata bmnh geo20371 . 130 . signum . somatina indicataria ps834 . 131 . bare zone of signum . zythos obliterata bmnh geo20592 . 132 . flexible lamella antevaginalis divided into two parts . zythos avellanea ps880 .
as is evident from this study , species - level revisions of many genera in the tribe are still needed ( see also hausmann , 1999b ) . no doubt many species are still misplaced , although they can be associated with related species with the help of the generic diagnoses provided here . for example , somatina is a nonmonophyletic assemblage of species , whose generic association with scopula , dithalama and problepsis needs to be revised .
the number of analysed taxa is potentially adequate to recover the major groupings of the scopulini and reveal the morphological variation within them . the number need not be increased markedly in future studies . the geographical coverage of taxa analysed was also extensive and adequate to recover the generic relationships . however , more taxa and characters are going to be needed to establish the relationships of species within the large genus scopula ; these were largely unresolved in the analysis .
while the remaining species should be revised against the generic descriptions given here and , if necessary , transferred to the appropriate genera ( see appendix for examples ) , somatina is , however , likely to be a monophyletic group of species . it has a number of characteristic , although not unique , features . one such feature is the anterior margin of the juxta that is fused to sacculus of the valva ( 116 : 2 ) . the male of s . anthophilata , the type species of the genus , has small lateral pouches between sternites 3 and 4 ( holloway , 1997 ) , although as these were not seen in other studied taxa , this autapomorphy was not coded . traditionally , somatina has been considered a close relative of scopula or problepsis ( e . g . prout , 1920 - 41 , , 1934 - 39 ) , but in the present study species of the redefined genus are associated with zythos . this connection is supported by the sclerotized posterior part of male 8th sternite ( 85 : 1 , fig . 59 ) , which is found elsewhere only in dithalama desueta , and by the presence of parallel folds on the vesica ( 132 : 1 , 129 ) , found also in a few scopula taxa . several characters , e . g . the structure of the socii and signum , indicate a close relationship with scopula .
many characters previously used extensively in systematics of the scopulini were found to be homoplastic . one example is the number of forewing areoles . problepsis and scopula have been considered to be one - areole genera , whereas the two - areole condition was found to be true for somatina ( e . g . sterneck , 1941 ; prout , 1920 - 41 ) . however , two areoles are also present in a few taxa of problepsis and scopula ( ch . 48 , ci = 0 . 14 ; ri = 0 . 76 ) . in addition , the putative features of glossotrophia ( i . e . the absence of medial spurs of the female hindtibia and the presence of a dark terminal line that curves around the forewing apex ) appeared homoplastic , as already noted by hausmann ( 1993c ) . clearly , if species are associated with certain genera on the basis of one homoplastic character alone , nonmonophyletic groupings result .
the generic concepts adopted here inevitably result in groupings that contain externally different species . this is most pronounced within scopula , as it is considered to include species from previously recognized genera such as glossotrophia , antitrygodes and aletis . however , from the morphological point of view , the recognized genera appear to represent rather well the material i have examined . in most instances the main groups were fairly apparent from morphological study and comparison , and these groupings were confirmed later by cladistic analysis .
characters used in the cladistic analysis . species are mentioned in their generic combinations prior to analysis . the numbers in the figures refer to the numbers of the character states . 109 . base of male metafurca ( posterior view ) . idaea aversata ( slide number ) ps766 . 110 . base of male metafurca ( posterior view ) . cartaletis variabilis ( slide number ) bmnh geo20575 . 111 . membranous sac at posterior part of male metathoracic coxa ( dorsal view ) . scopula silonaria bmnh geo20433 . 112 . opening on dorsal sclerite of male metathorax ( dorsal view ) . scopula ternata ps718 . 113 . hair pencils of tibia on outer and inner margin of male hindleg . ignobilia urnaria bmnh geo20579 . 114 . pretarsus of male hindleg . zythos turbata bmnh geo20443 . 115 . pretarsus of male hindleg . problepsis achlyobathra bmnh geo20724 . 116 . pouch on male 2nd sternite with lateral invaginations . antitrygodes parvimacula ps883 . 117 . lateral appendices of socii . problepsis plagiata ps709 .
prout noted the structural similarity between scopula and epicosymbia , especially in features of the male genitalia , although the well - developed uncus of epicosymbia was interpreted as an unusual scopulini feature . the generic status of lissoblemma warren was questioned , and prout speculated that it would perhaps be better placed as a section within somatina , having in common with many somatina species the bipectinated male antenna and absence of male hind leg spurs . currently , lissoblemma is associated with rhodostrophiini ( sihvonen & kaila , 2004 ) .
prout ' s ( 1920–41 ) monograph of indo - australian fauna was the first comprehensive treatment of scopulini published in the region . he again adopted the approach he had used with the palaearctic material . antitrygodes was considered both as an offshoot of somatina and as closely related to problepsis , as it had only one areole present in the forewing . this compact group of cryptically coloured moths differed further from somatina by having a less serrated hindwing margin , although the male genitalia were found to be similar to scopula .
the relationships of species groups within scopula are largely unresolved , but the species groups themselves often have many supporting synapomorphies . many characters showed extensive homoplasy , for example the presence of a posteriorly directed lobes on top of the vinculum ( ch . 115 , ci = 0 . 05 ; ri = 0 . 37 , fig . 49 ) and the presence of sclerotized spines on the distal part of the aedeagus , i . e . carina ( ch . 122 , ci = 0 . 09 ; ri = 0 . 28 ) .
janse ( 1933–35 ) did not discuss the generic relationships of scopulini , but his work is significant due to the detailed descriptions and illustrations that he provided . species of problepsis , for example , were shown to have two fused , setose broad lobes , a unique feature that has been shown to support monophyly of the genus ( sihvonen & kaila , 2004 ) . the genera immediately preceding and following scopula in his publication included those that are still associated with the tribe , except discomiosis ( rhodostrophiini ) ( sihvonen & kaila , 2004 ) .
when hausmann ( 1994 ) described two new genera , namely scopuloides and pseudocinglis , he emphasized the quantitative differences of proboscis length and wing venation characters , in addition to number of hindtibial spurs . scopuloides was considered a close relative of glossotrophia , sharing with it two spurs in the female hind leg , although it was noted that species of scopuloides also had several features in common with scopula . pseudocinglis , although externally similar to glosstorophia , was considered to be morphologically intermediate between cinglis and antilycauges on the basis of genital and wing venation characters .
7 . usually cerata ( fig . 62 ) and mappa ( fig . 76 ) present ; valvae symmetrical ; forewing with one areole ; 8th tergite posterior margin concave with two round lateral lobes ( figs 118 , 122 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . scopula
consequently , the proposed classification has one large genus , scopula , that contains 800 valid species , i . e . over 85 % of the described fauna . problepsis , zythos and somatina are middle - sized genera that include together over 100 species . dithalama tentatively contains four species , whereas lipomelia is monotypic . isoplenodia is tentatively retained as a valid , monotypic genus although its recognition makes dithalama paraphyletic . more material on dithalama and isoplenodia is needed to better resolve the relationships . a few species are incertae sedis , but they are retained in their traditional generic positions until further evidence is available ( see appendix ) .
prout described four new scopulini genera - glossotrophia , antilycauges , holarctias and oar - the latter three being monotypic . the descriptions were based on external morphological features ; for example , the lack of medial spurs on the female hind leg in glossotrophia was considered exceptional . antilycauges was characterized by having numerous short , fasciculated sensilla in the male antenna , an elongated wing cell ( areola ) , and palpi which were stout and rough scaled . holarctias was differentiated from closely related taxa , namely section pylarpe herrich - schäffer of genus scopula , by having a hairy head and body , flat front , small eyes and moderately long palpi with attenuated terminal segments .
as already mentioned , the literature dealing with the generic classification and systematics of the tribe is limited , with most of the data drawn from checklists and similar treatments . careful examination of a few of these ( covell , 1983 ; wiltshire , 1994 ; mcquillan & edwards , 1996 ; viidalepp , 1996 ; leraut , 1997 ; hacker , 1999 ) reveals that there appear to be several well - recognized , possibly monophyletic groups within scopulini such as scopula , problepsis and zythos , although we are left with the problem of inferring whether the order of genera in the checklists reflects their phylogenetic relationships . i now summarize the historical classification of scopulini in chronological order . only papers with a broader systematic importance are discussed .
groups of species are here recognized as genera if they are monophyletic and supported by synapomorphies that are unique or have low homoplasy . i have emphasized similarities rather than differences . i have also tried to avoid making new generic synonyms if the material studied is somehow contradictory or insufficient . one could argue that instead of proposing new generic synonyms for scopula ( see appendix ) , i could have retained many of the traditional genera . however , had i done so , it would have either rendered the remaining taxa paraphyletic or split lineages into a large number of small , often new , genera . furthermore , a classification where genera are very narrowly delimited can lead to the frequent addition of new genera when new species with slightly differing character combinations are discovered .
somatina irregularis and s . eurymitra were considered incertae sedis , but were retained in their traditional generic combinations , as they did not group together with the recognized genera . somatina irregularis grouped together with scopula haemaleata , sharing with it a number of unique features , such as a bifurcated cerata ( 82 : 1 ) and a juxta with long processes laterally ( 117 : 1 ) . somatina eurymitra , meanwhile , showed affinities with somatina and problepsis ; for example , the male 8th tergite is concave with two sharp lateral projections ( 88 : 3 ) , a feature typical of somatina , while the cerata fused with the mappa ( 80 : 1 ) is a common condition in problepsis . females of s . eurymitra were not available for study . it remains to be tested whether these taxa actually represent larger monophyletic groups .
type species of genera included in the phylogenetic analysis . the numbers on the figures refer to the numbers of the character states . 1 . idaea aversata . 2 . somatina anthophilata . 3 . dithalama cosmospila . 4 . isoplenodia arrogans . 5 . zythos turbata . 6 . lipomelia subusta . 7 . problepsis ocellata . 8 . scopula ornata . 9 . ignobilia urnaria . 10 . antitrygodes divisaria . 11 . epicosymbia dentisignata . 12 . glossotrophia confinaria . 13 . isoplenia trisinuata . 14 . cartaletis libyssa . 15 . aletis helcita . 16 . leucoxena lactea . 17 . stigma kuldschaensis . 18 . dasybela achroa . 19 . pseudocinglis eurata . 20 . cinglis humifusaria . 21 . autanepsia poliodesma . 22 . antilycauges pinguis . 23 . oar pratana . 24 . zygophyxia tornisecta . 25 . scopuloides fucata . scale bars = 5 . 0 mm .
characters used in the cladistic analysis . species are mentioned in their generic combinations prior to analysis . the numbers in the figures refer to the numbers of the character states . 100 . extensions on the anterior part of dorsal sclerite between antennae . somatina microphylla ( slide number ) ps711 . 101 . structure of iridescent scales . zythos turbata . 102 . structure of iridescent scales . problepsis conjunctiva . 103 . chaetosemata . zythos avellanea . 104 . scales among chaetosemata . cartaletis variabilis . 105 . dark patch at forewing transverse median line that is separated by vein cua1 ( veins drawn on top ) . problepsis conjunctiva . 106 . dark patch at forewing m2 ( veins drawn on top ) . problepsis centrophora . 107 . anterior and posterior ventral lamina of metathorax metafurca . scopula imitaria ps779 . 108 . pouch on posterior margin of male metathorax coxa . problepsis ocellata ( slide number ) bmnh geo20421 .
female genitalia of type species of genera included in the phylogenetic analysis . the numbers in the figures refer to the numbers of the character states . 80 . idaea aversata ( slide number ) ps828 . 81 . somatina anthophilata ( slide number ) bmnh geo20472 . 82 . dithalama cosmospila ps832 . 83 . zythos turbata bmnh geo20483 . 84 . problepsis ocellata bmnh geo20485 . 85 . scopula ornata ps835 . 86 . ignobilia urnaria ( insert : signum ) bmnh geo20532 . 87 . antitrygodes divisaria bmnh geo20480 . 88 . epicosymbia dentisignata bmnh geo20462 . 89 . glossotrophia confinaria bmnh geo20476 . 90 . isoplenia trisinuata bmnh geo20464 . 91 . cartaletis libyssa bmnh geo20468 . 92 . aletis helcita bmnh geo20469 . 93 . leucoxena lactea bmnh geo20478 . 94 . pseudocinglis eurata ps895 . 95 . cinglis humifusaria ps644 . 96 . antilycauges pinguis bmnh geo20479 ( insert : corpus bursae spines ) . 97 . oar pratana ps804 . 98 . zygophyxia tornisecta bmnh geo20474 . 99 . scopuloides fucata ps59 . figures are not to scale .
many species are polyphagous , and recorded host - plants range from woody to herbaceous taxa . they include scrophulariaceae ( striga ) , sterculiaceae ( theobroma ) , asteraceae ( lactuca ) , polygonaceae ( rumex ) , lamiaceae ( thymus ) , poaceae ( zea ) , moraceae ( ficus ) rosaceae ( filipendula , sorbus ) , liliaceae ( litanthus ) and ericaceae ( vaccinium ) for scopula ; rubiaceae ( adina , breonia , mitragyna , hymenodictyon and mussaenda ) and marantaceae ( maranta ) for the antitrygodes - group ; rubiaceae ( oxyanthus , randia ) and sapindaceae ( blighia ) for the aletis - group ( staude , 1999 ; tanahara , 1999 ; robinson et al . , 2002 ) ; lamiaceae ( thymus ) , caryophyllaceae ( dianthus , gypsophila ) and brassicaceae ( alyssum ) for the glossotrophia - group ( king , 2000 ; hausmann & dötterl , 2003 ) and rubiaceae ( pygmaeothamnus ) for the epicosymbia - group ( staude , 1999 ) . a few species are known to be of minor pest status , attacking tobacco ( sannino & balbiani , 1984 ; , sannino & espinosa , 1999 ) and groundnut ( satpathi , 1995 ) .
male genitalia and aedeagus of type species of genera included in the phylogenetic analysis . the numbers in the figures refer to the numbers of the character states . 30 . idaea aversata ( slide number ) ps704 . 31 . somatina anthophilata ( slide number ) bmnh geo20369 . 32 . dithalama cosmospila ps707 . 33 . isoplenodia arrogans bmnh geo20527 . 34 . zythos turbata bmnh geo20371 . 35 . lipomelia subusta bmnh geo20530 . 36 . problepsis ocellata bmnh geo20370 . 37 . scopula ornata ps692 . 38 . ignobilia urnaria bmnh geo20531 . 39 . antitrygodes divisaria bmnh geo20375 . 40 . epicosymbia dentisignata bmnh geo20365 . 41 . glossotrophia confinaria bmnh geo20382 . 42 . isoplenia trisinuata bmnh geo20363 . 43 . cartaletis libyssa bmnh geo20372 . 44 . aletis helcita bmnh geo20360 . 45 . leucoxena lactea bmnh geo20376 . 46 . stigma kuldschaensis ps859 . 47 . dasybela achroa ps897 . 48 . pseudocinglis eurata ps894 . 49 . cinglis humifusaria ps648 . 50 . autanepsia poliodesma bmnh geo20526 . 51 . antilycauges pinguis bmnh geo20381 . 52 . oar pratana ps714 . 53 . zygophyxia tornisecta bmnh geo20380 . 54 . scopuloides origalis ps58 ( male of s . fucata type species of the genus was not available for study ) . figures are not to scale .
male 8th sternite of type species of genera included in the phylogenetic analysis . the numbers in the figures refer to the numbers of the character states . 55 . idaea aversata ( slide number ) ps704 . 56 . somatina anthophilata ( slide number ) bmnh geo20369 . 57 . dithalama cosmospila ps707 . 58 . isoplenodia arrogans bmnh geo20527 . 59 . zythos turbata bmnh geo20371 . 60 . lipomelia subusta bmnh geo20530 . 61 . problepsis ocellata bmnh geo20370 . 62 . scopula ornata ps692 . 63 . ignobilia urnaria bmnh geo20531 . 64 . antitrygodes divisaria bmnh geo20375 . 65 . epicosymbia dentisignata bmnh geo20365 . 66 . glossotrophia confinaria bmnh geo20382 . 67 . isoplenia trisinuata bmnh geo20363 . 68 . cartaletis libyssa bmnh geo20372 . 69 . aletis helcita bmnh geo20360 . 70 . leucoxena lactea bmnh geo20376 . 71 . stigma kuldschaensis ps859 . 72 . dasybela achroa ps897 . 73 . pseudocinglis eurata ps894 . 74 . cinglis humifusaria ps648 . 75 . autanepsia poliodesma bmnh geo20526 . 76 . antilycauges pinguis bmnh geo20381 . 77 . oar pratana ps714 . 78 . zygophyxia tornisecta bmnh geo20380 . 79 . scopuloides origalis ps58 ( the male of s . fucata . the type species of the genus . was not available for study ) . figures are not to scale .
[ antitrygodes restricta warren is a manuscript name . it is explicitly mentioned as such in prout ( 1934−35 : 162 : ‘ restricta warr . , ms . ( in mus . brit . ) ( celebes ) ’ ) and prout ( 1920−41 : 192 : ‘ restricta warr . , m . s . ’ ) , where he treated it as a synonym of a . agrata felder & rogenhofer , 1875 . as these works state that the name is disclaimed for nomenclatural purposes it is not available ( iczn 1999 : article 8 . 3 ) , nor does it meet the requirements of article 13 . 1 ( iczn , 1999 ) . the name a . restricta prout does not meet the requirements of article 13 . 1 ( iczn 1999 ) either . holloway ( 1997 ) considered a . restricta prout to be a valid name , and revised it as a distinct species from a . agrata as a . restricta prout stat . nov . holloway ' s ( 1997 : 69 ) short description of the male genitalia ( slide bmnh geo 18401 ) and diagnosis with closely related species meet the requirements of iczn ( 1999 : articles 13 , 15 ) , so holloway is to be considered the author of a . restricta . a . restricta holloway , 1997 is transferred from antitrygodes to scopula . ]
sarawak : gunung mulu nat . park , r . g . s . exped . 1977 - 8
( general data as holotype ) : 1 site 20 , mar - apr . w . melinau gorge , 150m , 422577 feg 3 , kerangas , slide 17793 ; 1 site 28 , may , nr . long palu , feg 1 , 328428 , 50m alluvial forest .
the three specimens are from widely different forest types : alluvial forest ; wet heath forest ( kerangas ) ; lower montane forest on limestone .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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* sentinus or sentia gives sentience or the powers of sense perception
( sensus )
.
em 295 a . c . , depois da batalha de sentino , foi conquistada pelos romanos , que estabeleceram algumas colônias e atravessaram o território com a via flamínia ( 220 a . c . ) .
the roman victory at sentinum started a period of integration under the roman rulers , who established some colonies ( e . g . , spoletium ) and built the via flaminia ( 220 bc ) .
since a ship of this size would leak a considerable amount of water through the hull , the archimedes ' screw was purportedly developed in order to remove the bilge water .
os cegos poderão «sentin > o que têm na mão . além disso , para ajudar os que não forem completamente cegos , mas apenas deficientes visuais , ficou decidido que as cores das sete notas serão realmente muito diferentes e fáceis de reconhecer , mesmo para quem veja de facto muito pouco . hautala ( v ) , relatora . - ( fi ) senhor presidente , é agora a altura de lembrar o que a união europeia prometeu aos seus estados - membros mais recentes , a áustria , a finlândia e a suécia , no momento da respectiva adesão , há quatro anos atrás .
president - mrs ferrero - waldner , this question of com pensatory measures on the abolition of duty - free sales is of great interest to this house , which means i have re ceived requests for four supplementary questions .
e nos tanques , semelhantes às caixas negras instaladas nos aviões , que permitam detectar crimes contra o meio marinho .
finally , with regard to that last aspect , i would like to insist that the commission propose legislation to oblige all ships to carry automatic devices for recording levels of liquid in bilge and tanks every hour , in the manner of black boxes like those carried by aircraft , to make it possible to detect crimes against the marine environment .
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there has been only one published study on the systematics of the tribe , a treatment based on palaearctic material ( sterneck , 1941 ) . other publications deal with generic or species descriptions , focusing mainly on regional faunas ( covell , 1970 ; hausmann , 1994 ; yazaki , 1996 ; karisch , 2001 ) . lack of a global view of the tribe ' s taxonomy has resulted in a relatively restricted generic classification . this is problematic because it can result in an unstable system in a group where new species are constantly being described and ascribed to genera that have traditionally been recognized in each region . a further consequence of regional classification has been a tendency towards describing new genera on an ad hoc basis , where new species are identified that do not fit the existing system . many generic concepts appear to have originated in this way and their status needs to be revised . a similar problem affects the systematics of the macariini ( scoble & krüger , 2002 ) .
there has hitherto been no attempt to synthesize and evaluate the findings of these regional studies , or to view the systematics of the tribe from a global perspective . a recent cladistic analysis by sihvonen & kaila ( 2004 ) attempted to redress this problem for the tribes of sterrhinae , in the course of which scopulini was recovered as a monophyletic entity . it was beyond the scope of the analysis , however , to resolve generic relationships within scopulini .
this is the first published study of the generic relationships of the tribe on a worldwide scale . its objectives are as follows : ( 1 ) to present a testable hypothesis of the tribe ' s phylogeny ; ( 2 ) to find characters that can be used to delimit natural , synapomorphy - based groups , and ( 3 ) to classify the extant , described fauna . it is hoped that this approach will lead to a more stable system in a species - rich group where generic concepts have hitherto been vague .
i will not discuss in detail here the characters that appear in the original generic descriptions . most of the latter were made in the 19th century , at a time when methods and generic concepts differed from ours . they often appear to be superficial ; in many cases , names were introduced in the form of simple lists .
in the context of these groups , he discussed generic relationships . for example , the one - areole genus problepsis was considered to be a straight derivative of two - areole genus somatina . these two genera were differentiated from acidalia by their larger size , and most species by the absence of spurs on male hind tibia , these being replaced by a hair pencil .
oar was considered an abnormal genus within the acidalia - group and possibly a derivate of emmiltis hübner ( sterrhini ) ( see sihvonen & kaila , 2004 ) , due to a shortened proboscis . furthermore , palpi were covered with moderate hair scales and male antenna were characterized by numerous long , fasciculated sensilla . the monotypic genus stigma alphéraky was considered the closest relative of oar , but differentiated from the latter by having palpi covered with long , erect hair scales . finally , cinglis guenée was associated with the cosymbia - group ( cosymbiini ) because of its bipectinated antenna and complex valve , although the systematic position was considered preliminary .
in a supplement to his monograph , prout ( 1934 - 39 ) redefined the generic concepts of the scopulicae ( scopulini ) , largely based on external characters , that he had adopted in his earlier work . this redefinition was based on utilization of genitalic structures , relying on sterneck ' s revisions of palaearctic sterrhinae ( sterneck ' s manuscript was widely distributed prior to its publication in 1941 and cited by prout , see below ) and on pierce ( 1914 ) .
prout ( 1929 - 35 ) subsequently treated the african scopulini . as with the palaearctic material , the generic descriptions emphasized differences in wing venation , male antennae , and hindtibial spurs . the majority of the genera that he associated with scopulini are still treated as such , except discomiosis prout and tricentroscelis prout , which are currently associated with rhodostrophiini ( sihvonen & kaila , 2004 ) . zygophyxia prout , on the other hand , was seen as a relative of sterrha ( = idaea [ sterrhini ] ) , although it is nowadays considered to be within the concept of the scopulini ( hacker , 1999 ; sihvonen & kaila , 2004 ) . the monotypic african genera isoplenia warren and isoplenodia prout were considered to be close relatives of epicosymbia warren , based on the pectinated male antennae and two - areole condition of the forewing .
when turner ( 1908 ) described autanepsia , he considered it to be closely related to rhodostrophia because the only species of autanepsia had two areoles . prout ( 1920–41 ) speculated whether autanepsia should be treated as a section of australian genus dithalama meyrick or somatina , because it shared with them all the diagnostic characters ( apart from its two terminal spurs , absent in the two latter genera ) . hairy species of dasybela turner from tasmania were noted to have superficial similarity with species of holarctias from the northern hemisphere . the compact , small , primarily malaysian genus nobilia walker ( zythos fletcher ) was diagnosed as having moderately short labial palps , hind tibia of males shortened and without spurs , and two - areole forewings . monotypic lipomelia warren , while smaller than nobilia , was diagnosed as having the same features .


this subfamily contains the following genera : cercophana c. felder , 1862 janiodes jordan , 1924 microdulia jordan , 1924

cercophaninae

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tree of life web project . 2005 . cercophaninae . version 01 january 2005 ( temporary ) .
saturniidae ; cercophaninae ; janiodes sp . ? 9532 . jpg photo - janis von heyking photos at urltoken
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janiodes was included within the subfamily saturniidae : cercophaninae by lemaire & minet , in kristensen ( 1999 ) .
cercophaninae is a subfamily of the family saturniidae , up until recently often treated as a separate family , cercophanidae .
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the nomenclatural ground of the campaign is based on an unpublished checklist assembled for the purpose of the campaign . this checklist can be downloaded from the link above . it was assembled by the campaign coordinator from major treatments and revisions of sections of the family as well as a number of isolated recent publications . it is a continuously evolving document , benefiting of updates and input from the community of experts involved in the campaign . we propose to cite this list of names as
rougerie , r . and collective of ibol saturniidae expert taxonomists [ updated 2009 ] : online list of valid and available names of the saturniidae of the world urltoken
. this checklist is the intellectual property of its authors / contributors and should not be posted , published or used for another purpose without their formal agreement . the saturniidae checklist is a dynamic document which will be , in the framework of the ongoing ibol project , further developed with the input of the community of expert taxonomists involved in the campaign . the primary goal of this checklist is to act as a nomenclatural gate keeper , to avoid conflicting classifications and typos among the taxon names entered in bold . as a document curated by expert taxonomists , it aims at integrating authoritative knowledge , although it should not be considered as authoritative by itself . as a working document , it is consensual at best , with conflicts resolved in the best possible way ( e . g . most recent / relevant publication , majority rule , preference of accurate revisions over short notes ) . if you detect errors or overlooked updates in taxonomic status , please contact the campaign coordinator . your comments will be directed to the appropriate taxonomic specialist for consideration .
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lemaire , c . and j . minet . 1999 . the bombycoidea and their relatives . pages 321 - 353 in : lepidoptera : moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics , and biogeography . handbook of zoology vol . iv , part 35 . n . p . kristensen , ed . de gruyter , berlin and new york .
minet , j . 1994 . the bombycoidea : phylogeny and higher classification ( lepidoptera : glossata ) . entomologica scandinavica 25 ( 1 ) : 63 - 88 .
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genus : janiodes jordan , 1924 . novit . zool . 31 : 186 . [ bhl ]
type - species : oxytenis laverna druce , 1890 . proc . zool . soc . lond . : 502 , pl . 43 , fig . 5 . [ bhl ]
type specimens : type ( s ) ecuador : intaj , ( ? depository ) . .
in the legend to plate 43 , the name of the type - species was listed as * leverna , an incorrect ( of a multiple ) original spelling .
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