the black-and-white tanager ( conothraupis speculigera ) is a tanager found in the tumbes region of southwestern ecuador and northwestern peru ; it migrates eastwards as far as acre .

the only other member of its genus is the recently rediscovered cone-billed tanager .

it has a total length of 16 cm .

( 6 ½ in ) and weighs 23 – 28 g. ( 0,8-1 oz ) .

the male is black with a grey rump , white underparts and a white wing-speculum .

it is longer-billed than the superficially similar black-and-white seedeater and lacks the black flanks and chalk-white bill of the related cone-billed tanager .

the female is olive with faintly mottled , yellow-tinged underparts .

both sexes have a reddish iris and a greyish bill .

the males ' song is distinctive , blackbird-like , loud and ringing .

this bird is found in scrub , woodland and forest borders at elevation of 100 – 1800 m. ( 330 – 5900 ft ) .

it is generally uncommon to rare and usually seen singly or in pairs , but may be found in flocks of up to 50 individuals .

it eats insects and seeds .

in the northern part of its range it breeds during the rainy season ( around march ) , after which it disperses .

the nest was only described in 2006 .

it is open and rather untidy and loosely woven , some 6 – 7 cm high and 10 – 11 cm wide outside , with a nest cup some 6 cm wide and 4 cm deep .

it is placed at medium height ( about 50 – 150 cm above ground ) in small shrubs .

it is built from sticks and leaf petioles , and lined with black rhizomorphs of fungi .

the clutch presumably consists of 2-3 eggs .

these are pale blue with heavy , quite evenly distributed brown blotching and measure c. 21 by 15.6 mm .

black - and - white tanager

it resembles the black - and - white seedeater ; except for a shorter bill . the black - and - white tanager lacks the black flanks and chalk - white bill of the related cone - billed tanager .
information on the black - and - white tanager is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the male is mostly black with a grey rump , white underparts and a white wing - speculum ( = distinctive wing patch ) .
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the black - and - white tanager ( conothraupis speculigera ) is a south american tanager that occurs naturally ecuador , peru and the brazilian state of acre . it inhabits scrub , woodland and forest borders at elevation of 100 - 1800 m . ( 330 - 5900 ft ) .
the black - and - white tanager measures about 16 cm . ( 6½ in ) in length and weighs 23 - 28 g . ( 0 , 8 - 1 oz ) . they have reddish eyes and a greyish bill .
16–16·5 cm ; 23–28 g . male has entire head to throat , upper breast and back black , lower back , rump and uppertail - coverts grey , contrasting black longest uppertail - coverts and . . .
throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
one of two species currently treated within the genus conothraupis , although there are doubts that either is a true member of the thraupidae , the black - and - white tanager is in many respects a highly unusual bird . it has been suggested to be partially ‘nomadic’ and it appears to breed solely in southwest ecuador to northwest peru , where the species occurs in bushy , herbaceous vegetation and second growth , and to migrate across the andes to spend the non - breeding season in amazonia , where the black - and - white tanager has been recorded , very locally , in southwest brazil , northern bolivia , and mainly in eastern peru . there is also a single record from southeast colombia . on the breeding grounds , the black - and - white tanager only seems numerous immediately following rains , and is sometimes encountered in large monospecific flocks , which show some similarity in their behavior to sporophila seedeaters . the species’ vocalizations also appear to be atypical for a thraupidae , but are more reminiscent of some icterids , especially to the solitary black cacique ( cacicus solitarius ) .
this species is generally uncommon to rare . the only other member of its genus is the recently rediscovered cone - billed tanager .
hilty , s . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . black - and - white tanager ( conothraupis speculigera ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
w slope of andes from w ecuador ( mainly el oro and loja , isolated records farther n ) s to nw peru ( lambayeque and la libertad ) ; migrates to e slope and base of andes ( very locally amazonas , cajamarca and san martín ) and e lowlands of ucayali and madre de dios , in peru , and also adjacent extreme w brazil and nw bolivia .
new subfamily ( “ornamented tanagers” ) characterized by social ornaments such as crests , enlarged lower mandibles , brightly coloured carotenoid patches , white plumage patches and partially concealed crown patches ; some taxa ( volatinia , rhodospingus and coryphospingus ) previously treated in emberizidae . two subclades in subfamily , of which the smaller is basal and comprises volatinia , conothraupis and creurgops # r .
dry deciduous woodland , arid semi - open scrub with grass and borders of humid forest , and second . . .
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of 30 stomachs examined , 23 contained only animal matter and seven contained a mixture of plant and animal matter ; items included smooth . . .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
this species is uncommon or rare throughout its range , and its moderately small population is likely to be declining owing to habitat loss and degradation . it is therefore considered near threatened .
the males ' song has been described as a distinctive , blackbird - like , loud and ringing .
not well understood ; in many areas perhaps only a seasonal or periodic visitor , erratic and . . .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
in past , included in a much broader emberizidae . probably sister to cardinalidae , with these two perhaps sister to mitrospingidae # r # r # r # r . family limits and internal structure extensively revised in recent years on basis of numerous genetic studies # r # r # r # r # r # r . these have led to subdivision into 15 subfamilies , as well as numerous other notable changes ( as compared to hbw ) including : relocation herein of parkerthraustes and saltator from cardinalidae , and of charitospiza , coryphaspiza , embernagra , emberizoides , incaspiza , porphyrospiza , tiaris , euneornis , loxipasser , loxigilla , melanospiza , certhidea , platyspiza , pinaroloxias , geospiza , volatinia , coryphospingus , rhodospingus , sporophila , piezorina , xenospingus , poospiza , donacospiza , sicalis , phrygilus , nesospiza , rowettia , melanodera , haplospiza , acanthidops , idiopsar , catamenia , lophospingus , diuca , gubernatrix and paroaria from emberizidae ( = passerellidae ) ; and also removal of chlorophonia and euphonia to fringillidae , of rhodinocichla to rhodinocichlidae , of chlorospingus to passerellidae , of phaenicophilus to phaenicophilidae , of spindalis to spindalidae , of nesospingus to nesospingidae , of calyptophilus to calyptophilidae , of lamprospiza , mitrospingus and orthogonys to mitrospingidae , and of habia , chlorothraupis and piranga to cardinalidae . generic limits within family also extensively revised , and associated sequence of species followed herein # r .
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breeds mainly during feb–may rainy period . nest in ecuador a loosely woven untidy cup made from small sticks , twigs and leaf petioles , . . .
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recent molecular analysis places at least c . speculigera ( c . mesoleuca unsampled ) close to volatinia and within present subfamily , to which it also conforms in various morphological features ; remarkable similarity to sporophila luctuosa , prompting suggestions of relationship to sporophila , now known to be a case of social mimicry # r .
conduct repeated surveys to determine seasonal movements , with a particular focus on identifying whether breeding populations occur on the east slope of the andes . conduct studies to identify precise habitat requirements and responses to habitat degradation or fragmentation . protect areas of suitable habitat ( in addition to the private reserves the species probably occurs in ) .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' uncommon and patchily distributed ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 10 . 6 - 10 . 7 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 11 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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butchart , s . , gilroy , j . , o ' brien , a . & sharpe , c j
1998 ) , which may be further isolating populations within its already disjunct range .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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song of male a loud , clear “kréé - uung , kréé - uung” , repeated several times , with loud , abrupt . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . rare to uncommon throughout much of range ; locally common in sw ecuador ( especially sw loja ) . status difficult . . .
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moore et al . 2013 : bird sounds of ecuador dvd 2 birds . edited
dry forest . reference : xxiiib 179 - 182 ( conspe3 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
semi - arid scrub . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken
dry forest . reference : xxiiia 460 - 470 ( conspe2 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
densely tangled arid scrub adjacent to densely tangled humid scrub on steep slope . reference : a 264 - 273 ( conspeq1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken
natural vocalizations from a male ( probably the same as in xc91666 , although there were other singing males in vicinity ) in dense , flowering guadua on flooded ground . in vicinity of a sporophila flock .
natural vocalizations from a male ( unseen until when it flew at the end ) in dense , flowering guadua on flooded ground . in vicinity of a sporophila flock .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : conothraupis speculigera . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
these birds are usually seen singly or in pairs , but occasionally also occur in flocks of up to 50 individuals .
in the northern part of its range it breeds during the wet season , after which it disperses .
the average nest consists of 2 - 3 brown - blotched pale blue eggs that are placed in a low , untidy nest ( greeney et al , 2006 ) .
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didymana ancepsa is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by chu and wang in 1987 .

it is found in china .

didymana ancepsa

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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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( hubei , sichuan , yunnan , shensi , fujian ) and . . .
by hong - fu chu and lin - yao wang in 1987 . it is
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pyrgus barrosi is a butterfly of the family of hesperiidae , first described in 1956 by emilio ureta .

it is found in chile , where it is found in sandy locations with leguminous plants .

pyrgus barrosi

heliopyrgus ( formerly pyrgus ) americanus bellatrix _ _ _ _ _ _ ( bb : 87 ) ( mm : 95 ) ch common name : hesperia gris comun ( range : in chile , from atacama to biobio ) the flight of heliopyrgus americanus in chile is from september to may . genus hylephila : branded skippers
erynnis funeralis _ _ _ _ _ _ ( bb : 83 ) ( mm : 94 ) ( wgc : 93 ) funereal dusky wing ch common name : hesperia negra ( range : southwest us to argentina . in chile , from atacama to araucania ) genus pyrgus : checkered skippers ( or grizzled skippers ) species in chile are dusky brown with pale squared spots . the larvae feed on mallows .
numbers noted as ( bb : xx ) refer to pages in
butterflies of buenos aires ( argentina )
, by gustavo canals numbers noted as ( c : xx ) refer to pages in
a world of butterflies
, with text by brian cassie , and photographs ( superb ) by kjell sandved numbers noted as ( dv : xx ) refer to pages in
butterflies of south america
, by bernard d ' abrera numbers noted as ( f : xx ) refer to pages in
the illustrated encyclopedia of butterflies
, by dr . john feltwell numbers noted as ( mm : xx ) refer to pages in
mariposas ( butterflies ) of missiones ( argentina )
, by gustavo canals numbers noted as ( s : xx ) refer to pages in the
smithsonian handbook , butterflies & moths
, by david carter . numbers noted as ( wgc : xx ) refer to pages in
a wildlife guide to chile
by sharon chester , an excellent book not just about butterflies and moths but all of the nature of chile
list of butterflies : family papilionidae : swallowtails ( and allies ) : worldwide , there are totally about 700 known species of swallowtails . genus battus : pipevine swallowtails
mathania leucothea _ _ _ _ _ _ ( wgc : 97 ) ch common name : mariposa del quintral ( range : in chile , from coquimbo to valdivia ) mathania leucothea can be common in gardens especially near quintral ( tristerix sp . ) , an epiphytic plant on which it lays its eggs . genus pieris
pieris brassicae _ _ _ _ _ _ ( wgc : 97 ) large white ch common name ; mariposa blanca de la col ( range : in chile , from coquimbo to valdivia , in vegetable gardens , along roadsides , and in towns ) pieris brassicae is an introduced species in chile , where it can be an agricultural pest . it is native to eurasia . genus tatochila : about 15 species endemic to the southern part of south america , from approximately southern brazil to tierra del fuego ; and at moderate to high altitudes from venezuela to peru .
tatochila mercedes ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ( wgc : 97 ) common white tatochila ch common name : mariposa mercedes ( range : in chile , from arica to magallanes ) genus hypsochila : 6 species are in this genus similar to tatochila , differentiated by their smaller size and generally more grayish ground color in both sexes . from peru to tierra del fuego .
hypsochila argyrodice _ _ _ _ _ _ pampas white ch common name : mariposa blanca de la estepa ( range : in chile , on the patagonian steppe , where it is uncommon ) genus phulia : a group of from 3 to 12 species . their most outstanding characteristic is that they occur at south american high elevations , up to 16 , 000 ft . ( 5 , 000 meters ) above sea level . so , observing these little butterflies in the wild would be beyond the capacity of most .
intraphulia ilyodes _ _ _ _ _ _ ch common name : fulia de pantano ( range : in chile , in high andean bofedales and marshes from arica to antofagasta ) subfamily coliadinae : sulphurs 300 species worldwide genus colias : sulphurs : this genus in south america tends to occupy temperate and / or high altitude habitats . essentially , this genus , of 10 species , is holarctic ( north american / eurasian ) .
, is common , particularly so where there is cattle ranching . the leguminous plants on which it breeds are used for cattle .
is lemon - colored . it has broad , irregular black margins on the forewings that suggest a dog ' s face in silhouette .
colias lesbia _ _ _ _ _ _ colias lesbia andina _ _ _ _ _ _ ( da : 56 ) lucen ' s butterfly ch common name : colias argentina ( range : bolivia to tierra del fuego ; in chile in nuble , malleco , and magallanes ) colias lesbia is sexually dimorphic . the wings of the male are orange with black margins . those of the female are gray with darker gray spots .
colias vauthierii _ _ _ _ _ _ ( wgc : 93 ) ch common name : colias de la alfalfa ( range : in chile , from atacama to chiloe ) colias vauthierii is sexually dimorphic . the wings of the male are orange with black margins . those of the female are gray with black or dark patches . colias vauthierii is found in alfalfa fields , as is the previous species , colias lesbia .
colias flaveola _ _ _ _ _ _ ch common name : colias de blanchard ( range : in high andean valleys in argentina & chile , where it is a common species ) colias flaveola is a pale grayish - green . males have an orange spot on the hindwing .
colias mendozina _ _ _ _ _ _ ch common name : colias de mendoza ( range : primarily an argentine species . in chile , rare on hillsides and quebredas of the aconcagua valley near portillo ) colias mendozina is a pale gray . genus phoebis : giant sulphurs : the most conspicuous tropical sulphurs , common , and found in open areas & forest edges , adult males cluster on moist sand along rivers & streams
phoebis sennae amphitrite ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ( c : 247 ) ( da : 57 ) ( f : 105 ) ( wgc : 93 ) cloudless sulphur ch common name : mariposa limonera ( range : southern us to argentina , also in antilles . in chile , from atacama to valdivia ) phoebis sennae can be abundant in both lowlands & highlands . it prospers in open land . cloudless sulphur genus eurema : small yellows
( range : south texas to southern brazil , also west indies . in chile , from arica to atacama )
ministrymon quebradivaga _ _ _ _ _ _ ( wgc : 97 ) ch common name : licena de la quebrada ( range : in chile , in the valleys of arica and tarapaca ) ministrymon quebradivaga flies above treetops . genus eiseliana
heoda wagenknecti _ _ _ _ _ _ ch common name : licena de wagenknect ( range : in chile , from atacama to coquimbo , in a variety of habitats ) heoda wagenkncecti is gray with a large spot of orange on the wings .
heoda nivea _ _ _ _ _ _ ch common name : licena nevada ( range : in chile , from coquimbo to aisen , in andean foothills ) heoda nivea is brown . genus strymon : scrub hairstreaks : in both north & south america . butterflies exhibit seasonal variation .
strymon crambusa _ _ _ _ _ _ ch common name : licena de atacama ( range : in chile , along the atacama coast near caldera , where it is rare ) subfamily polyommatinae : blues very small butterflies , mostly blue above . females of many are browner . genus itylos
itylos titicaca _ _ _ _ _ _ ( wgc : 97 ) dwarf blue ch common name : licena enana ( range : in chile , from arica to antofagasta ; also in peru & bolivia ) itylos titicaca is found in astagalus milk vetch on the puna steppe , and in bofedales and polylepis groves above 10 , 000 feet . genus leptotes
leptotes trigemmatus _ _ _ _ _ _ ( wgc : 97 ) tamarugo blue ch common name : licena del tamarugo ( range : in chile , from arica to santiago ) the larvae of leptotes trigemmatus live in association with ants . the larvae feed on buds , flowers , and leaves , of prosopis tamarugo , a tree cultivated for fodder in the atacama desert . these larvae are a major food source for the bird known as the tamarugo conebill . genus pseuolucia : there are 21 species in this genus in chile . they come in a broad range of colors , ranging from blue to brown to silver , often with orange , white , or brown patterns and an overlay of blue to silver iridescence . females and males differ in color or markings in most species .
pseuolucia collina _ _ _ _ _ _ ch common name : licena celeste ( range : in chile , from coquimbo to nuble ) pseudolucia collina butterflies are often seen resting on the ground , or flying around flowers and shrubs in open areas in the foothills .
pseudolucia aureliana _ _ _ _ _ _ aurelian blue ( range : in chile , in the atacama mountains ) both males and females of the aurelian blue are a deep lustrous blue with checkered fringes . the species is named for
the aurelian
, a short story in which pilgrim , an ardent butterfly collector , is unable to fulfill his dream of journeying to the tropics .
pseudolucia charlotte _ _ _ _ _ _ charlotte ' s blue ( range : in patagonian areas of argentina & chile ) pseudolucia charlotte is named for lolita ' s mother , charlotte .
pseudolucia zembla _ _ _ _ _ _ zembla blue ( range : in chile , in the andes ) family nymphalidae : brushfoots cosmopolitan , with subfamilies range from 8 to 25 , depending upon taxonomic treatment . this is the most diverse family of butterflies , with approximately 6 , 000 known species worldwide . brushfoot butterflies appear 4 rather than 6 - legged as their 2 front legs are much reduced . subfamily libytheinae : snouts genus libytheana : snouts
( range : southern us to argentina . in chile , locally in coastal linares )
vanessa carye ( * ) _ _ _ _ _ _ ( mm : 321 ) ( wgc : 101 ) four - eyed lady ch common name : mariposa colorada ( range : widespread in south america in a variety of habitats , including towns and cities . in chile , arica to magallanes ) vanessa carye is a smaller sister species of the painted lady , vanessa cardui . the larvae feeds on nettles and mallows . a four - eyed lady photographed on chiloe island during the font chile tour in november 2011 ( photo by frank stermitz )
vanessa terpsichore _ _ _ _ _ _ ch common name : mariposa colorada de philippi ( range : in chile , occurs commonly from coquimbo to magallanes ) vanessa terpsichore is very similar to vanessa carye , but it is paler . genus dione
yramea cytheris _ _ _ _ _ _ ( wgc : 101 ) cyntheris fritillary ch common name : mariposa pintada comun ( range : in chile , from santiago to magallanes ) yramea cytheris is often seen resting on the ground . a cyntheris fritillary at torres del paine park in southern chile ( photo courtesy of jim zuckerman )
( range : canada thru central & south america , also the west indies . in chile , from coquimbo to valdivia )
is a very strong flier with strong migratory tendencies in temperate regions , but not in the tropics or elsewhere in south america , such as chile , where it is usually a solitary flier and does not migrate .
are drab colored . the butterflies are brown or gray and have eyespots ( ocelli ) on both the upper and lower faces of the wings . their flight is fast and erratic , and they are most often seen at dawn and dusk .
argyrophorus argenteus _ _ _ _ _ _ ( wgc : 101 ) silver satyr ch common name : mariposa plateada ( range : in chile , from coquimbo to aisen , in a wide variety of habitats . argyrophorus argenteus has a very fast flight .
cosmosatyrus chilensis _ _ _ _ _ _ ( wgc : 101 ) common chilean satyr ch common name : satirido negro comun ( range : in chile , from atacama to magellanes ) cosmosatyrus chilensis is one of the most common butterflies in chile .
nelia nemyroides _ _ _ _ _ _ ch common name : satirido del sotobosque ( range : in chile , from cachapoal to llanquihue , in chusquea bamboo understory , where it can common ) family hesperiidae : skippers a very large family ( 3 , 000 species throughout the world ) of stout - bodied short - winged butterflies that resemble day - flying moths . the adult butterfly ' s flight resembles a ' skipping ' motion when going from flower to flower . their forewings are closed above their back when they are settled . genus urbanus : long - tailed skippers
( range : south texas to argentina , also florida & west indies . in chile , in the azapa and lluta valleys in arica , and in other similar habitats in northern chile )
( range : south texas to argentina , also in florida & the west indies . in chile , in the azapa valley , arica )
argopteron aureum _ _ _ _ _ _ ch common name : hesperia dorada ( range : in chile , in linares ) argopteron aureum is a rare species that is found in bamboo thickets in the cordillera de parral . genus erynnis : true dusky wings
lerodea eufala _ _ _ _ _ _ eufala skipper ch common name : hesperia eufala ( range : southern us to southern argentina , also cuba . in chile , from atacama to valdivia ) eufala skippers feed on nectar from flowering alfalfa and daisies . they occur in open , sunny areas in vacant lots , agricultural fields , road edges , and lawns . to top of page
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the grizzled and checkered skippers are holarctic with an additional group of species extending to southern south america .
lamas g ed . 2004 . atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea . gainesville : scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .
layberry ra , hall pw , and lafontaine jd . 1998 . the butterflies of canada . university of toronto press , toronto .
tuzov vk , bogdanov pv , devyatkin al , kaabak lv , korolev va , murzin vs , samodurov gd , and tarasov ea . 1997 . guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) . pensoft , sofia .
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lycaena mariposa , the mariposa copper , is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

it is found in western canada and the united states .

the wingspan is 23 – 28 mm .

adults are on wing from mid-july to august .

the larvae feed on vaccinium arbuscula and polygonum douglasii .

lycaena mariposa

mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) , female plumas co . , ca 15 july 2007
mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) near condon , missoula co . , mt 27 june 2015
mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) near condon , missoula co . , mt 11 june 2015
mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) mpg north , missoula co . , mt 19 july 2013
mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) near condon , missoula co . , mt 11 july 2014
mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) near condon , missoula co . , mt 2 july 2015
mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) near condon , missoula co . , mt 12 july 2015
# 2631 mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) lolo pass , idaho co . , id 23 july 2014
# 2666 mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) lolo pass , idaho co . , id 23 july 2014
# 3708 mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) seeley creek ponds , powell co . , mt 20 july 2013
mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) , female reflection lakes , mt . rainier , wa 10 aug 2004 # 1693
mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) near condon , north of seeley lake , missoula co . , mt 11 july 2014
# 0981 mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) near condon , north of seeley lake , missoula co . , mt 11 july 2014
# 1012 mariposa copper ( lycaena mariposa ) near condon , north of seeley lake , missoula co . , mt 11 july 2014
there are three subspecies in bc . the charlotte copper , l . m . charlottensis ( holland , 1930 ) ( tl : queen charlotte islands ) , is found on the queen charlotte islands , in the northern coast ranges , and on the west coast of vancouver island . the nominate subspecies , l . m . mariposa ( reakirt , 1866 ) ( tl : california ) , is found in the mountains of vancouver island , the lower mainland , and the cascades . the rocky mountain subspecies , l . m . penroseae field , 1938 ( tl : yellowstone park , wy ) , occurs in the rest of the province .
the name lycaena is most likely derived from the greek lukaios ( arcadian ) , as several of the species names are those of arcadian shepherds ( emmet 1991 ) . the common name refers to the copper - coloured wings of most species . it was first used in north america by emmons ( 1854 ) . the characteristics given for the subfamily also define the genus as used in bc . the larvae of northern palearctic species all feed on plants of the family polygonaceae , such as rumex ( dock / sorrel ) and polygonum ( knotweed ) . most north american species also feed on these genera , but some feed on eriogonum or oxyria ( polygonaceae ) , potentilla ( rosaceae ) , and vaccinium ( ericaceae ) . there are 15 north american species , of which nine occur in bc .
diagnosis : this small , western copper ( wingspan : 23 to 28 mm ) is most easily recognized by the greyish - brown hindwing underside with a submarginal row of white chevron markings . the upperside looks similar to other coppers , with the females having much more orange colouring than males .
is widespread throughout british columbia , alberta , and three records in northern saskatchewan . it ranges north to haines junction , yukon and fort smith , northwest territories . there is an isolated population in the cypress hills in alberta and saskatchewan .
very little is known about the life history of this species . the foodplant is usually reported to be douglas ' s knotweed (
in northern california , and three recently discovered colonies in bogs at the northern tip of vancouver island , as well as the colonies in the queen charlotte islands , are beyond the range of the knotweed .
abundance : this tends to be a local species , but it can be common where found .
flight season : the adults are normally on the wing from mid - july to the end of august .
is a bog inhabitant . hooper ( 1973 ) reports that it is frequently found near shrubby cinquefoil (
) . it can be encountered at sea level on the west coast . males can be found at wet patches on trails and the species regularly visits wildflowers .
© 2002 . this material is reproduced with permission from the butterflies of canada by ross a . layberry , peter w . hall , and j . donald lafontaine . university of toronto press ; 1998 . specimen photos courtesy of john t . fowler .
upperside of male iridescent purple with black borders and pale markings ; female yellow - orange with more distinctive markings . underside hindwing of both sexes is mottled gray .
vaccinium arbuscula in california , and other plants of the heath family ( ericaceae ) .
southern alaska south along the rocky mountains to wyoming ; washington , central oregon , northeastern california .
g5 - demonstrably secure globally , though it may be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .
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resident at only one site on the transect - donner - where it is confined to three tiny pockets where it has occurred for 35 years . this is a species of bogs and boggy meadows , often where california pitcher plant ( darlingtonia californica ) and buckbean ( menyanthes trifoliata ) grow . it has a single brood ( july - august ) and flies in the shrubby zone at the edge of the bog , usually adjacent to lodgepole pine . the host plants are supposed to be blueberries ( vaccinium ) . these do not occur at any of the three donner sites where it apparently breeds , so its presence there is an ongoing mystery . the semiaquatic cinquefoil ( potentilla palustris ) and twinberry honeysuckle ( lonicera conjugialis ) are regular associates in the sierra .
pelham , j . p . 2008 . a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature . the journal of research on the lepidoptera . volume 40 . 658 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
in bc , it is found in the northern coast ranges , the queen charlotte islands , and on vancouver island . in wa , it is found in coastal areas from the strait of juan de fuca to the mouth of the columbia river .
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
a small ( < 3 cm ) orange , gray , and black butterfly .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
opler , p . a . , and a . d . warren . 2002 . butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico . c . p . gillette museum of arthropod diversity , department of bioagricultural sciences and pest management , colorado state university , fort collins , colorado . 79 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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resident in northwestern north america ( scott 1986 ) . habitats are forest bogs and clearings . hosts plants are usually herbaceous with known hosts from ericaceae . individuals overwinter as eggs . there is one flight each year with the approximate flight time jul15 - aug31 ( scott 1986 ) .
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found in western open conifer forests from colorado to california and nearly reaching alaska .
species account authors : crispin guppy and jon shepard . extracted from butterflies of british columbia
reakirt ' s copper is easily distinguished from other small butterflies by the appearance of the ventral hindwing . it has a characteristic mottled grey pattern . on the upperside the wings of the male are a darker purple than those of other coppers . the females are brown on the upperside of the wings , with varying amounts of yellow / orange . the charlotte copper female has the most yellow and can be confused with females of the small copper in northwestern bc . the two species can be distinguished by the ventral hindwing pattern .
reakirt ' s copper flies from late june to early september , depending on elevation and the snow cover of the previous winter . there is only one generation each year . pratt and ballmer ( 1986 ) established vaccinium caespitosum as the larval foodplant for reakirt ' s copper in northern california . in burns bog , bc , on 22 - 23 july 1991 , four eggs were observed being laid on vaccinium uliginosum , five on v . oxycoccus , and two on andromeda polifolia , all of which are in the family ericaceae ( richard beard , pers . comm . ) .
reakirt ' s copper is found throughout bc in any forest opening or riparian situation where the larval foodplant , vaccinium ( ericaceae ) , occurs .
reakirt ' s copper is found from gravina island , ak , and extreme southeastern yt south to central ca and northwestern wy .
bc ministry of environment : bc species and ecosystems explorer - - the authoritative source for conservation information in british columbia .
recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
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the smoky jungle frog ( leptodactylus pentadactylus ) is a species of frog in the family leptodactylidae .

its local spanish name is sapo-toro comun ( roughly , " common bullfrog " ) .

it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , and peru .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical swamps , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , rivers , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marshes , and aquaculture ponds .

smoky jungle frog

smoky jungle frog found near monteverde , costa rica in 2013 . filmed by heidi rockney
the smoky jungle frog was recently split ( in 2005 ) from leptodactylus pentadactylus of the amazon basin .
“the smoky jungle frog ( leptodactylus pentadactylus ) in the photo below is too obvious to be a candidate for “spot the frog” .
smoky jungle frog ( heyer , 2005 , arq . zool . , são paulo , 37 : 322 ) .
we were pretty surprised to find this guy while out frogging one night . here is leptodactylus pentadactylus , the smoky jungle frog .
smoky jungle frog ( ananjeva , borkin , darevsky , and orlov , 1988 , dict . amph . rept . five languages : 89 ) .
smokey jungle frog image referenced from wikipedia and originally posted by d . gordon e . robertson
the smoky jungle frog can be found in a number of locations including : amazon rainforest , south america . find out more about these places and what else lives there .
the following habitats are found across the smoky jungle frog distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .
the cricket glass frog is one of the most spectacular glass frog species one can hope to encounter in costa rica . it is a true glass frog amongst glass frogs .
the smoky jungle frog is definitely one of our most impressive frogs . its enormous size and girth will consistently draw gasps of shock and , at times , horror from our guests on the night tour . they are costa rica ' s largest frog species and second largest amphibian . only the giant marine toad ( bufo marinus ) is larger . adult smoky jungle frogs may measure between 106 and 185 millimeters ! but it is not just their size that makes them intimidating .
andré pedro do couto and marcelo menin . predation on the lizard alopoglossus angulatus ( squamata : gymnophthalmidae ) by the smoky jungle frog , leptodactylus pentadactylus ( anura : leptodactylidae ) in central amazonia . pp . 37 - 39 ( published online 04 february 2014 )
smokey jungle frogs are collected for human consumption within the amazon basin , and possibly elsewhere .
human planet explorer : how humans interact with jungle environments ( bbc . co . uk )
the smokey jungle frog is long - lived once adulthood is reached , with 15 - year - old wild individuals on record . captive longevity exceeds 20 years .
couto , andré pedro do and marcelo menin . 2014 . predation on the lizard alopoglossus angulatus ( squamata : gymnophthalmidae ) by the smoky jungle frog , leptodactylus pentadactylus ( anura : leptodactylidae ) in central amazonia . herpetology notes 7 : 37 - 39 - get paper here
field research has shown smoky jungle frogs maintain an accurate map of their surroundings , and return to their burrows via a straight , direct path when displaced . the mechanics of this process are not yet understood .
in the picture , on the right , of two smoky jungle frogs mating , the female is below the male nearly submerged in the foamy nest . the tip of her snout and right eye is barely visible .
after all , frog choruses are some of the most fascinating songs in nature .
incredibly , they can also feed on snakes up to 500 millimeters in length ! it is also the only frog in latin america known to make scorpions a part of their diet . once , while on the night tour , we came across a smoky jungle frog struggling to ingest a very large jack - o - lantern land crab , about as big as the frog itself . other prey items may include : very large insects , bird nestlings , lizards , and bats .
steve backshall finds a frog with a big mouth and an impressive turn of speed .
chytrid fungus , which humans helped spread , has decimated frog populations around the world .
although quite cryptic on the forest floors it calls home , the smoky jungle frog ( leptodactylus pentadactylus ) in the photo below is too obvious to be a candidate for “spot the frog” . this large species of frog ( reaching over a 150 mm in snout - vent length ) sports what in the military would be called “defense in depth”– a series of defensive behaviors and adaptations that help the frog avoid becoming someone else’s meal . the one in the photo below i encountered at the lapa rios ecolodge , near the tip of the osa peninsula , on my recent trip to costa rica .
smokey jungle frogs they are one of the few animals known to consume the highly toxic poison frogs , dendrobates spp .
one of our largest amphibians , the smoky jungle frog , also known as savage’s thin - toed frog and central american bullfrog , is a fascinating creature ! growing up to 18 cm in length , this large frog has brown to bronzy coloration on its back with reddish - brown spots , has brownish thighs often with reddish spots , a black stripe on the tympanum ( ear ) , and brown spots along its upper lip . it is nocturnal and terrestrial in its habits . smoky jungle frogs are astounding jumpers and can evade capture and predation very quickly with long , fast jumps . generally , they are easy to approach , and if grabbed by a predator or curious herpetologist , they emit a loud , high - pitched scream that stuns the predator , allowing their release .
males will call from the water’s edge to attract females . females lay up to 1 , 000 eggs in a foam nest , which is located in a shallow depression near a water source . predators of smoky jungle frogs include snakes , caimans and coatimundis .
that ' s pretty complicated behavior for a tiny little frog ,
whitfield says .
more straight forward than the multi - layered defenses of the smoky jungle frog is the defense of poison dart frogs– aposematic , or bright , warning coloration , accompanied by very toxic skin secretions . we encountered two species at lapa rios . phyllobates vittatus , with bright orange stripes , is a member of the genus which contains the three species of the poison dart frog family , dendrobatidae , that are actually used by indians to make poison darts .
smoky jungle frogs are voracious feeders , eating almost anything they can catch in an ambush . their tadpoles are pretty vicious too . only a small number of eggs laid will hatch in the large foam nest . the rest remain as food for the cannibalistic tadpoles . if feeling threatened , the smoky jungle frogs inflates itself like a balloon , rising up on all four legs and emitting a high - pitched scream . if they are not too big to be swallowed , their noxious skin toxins might deter predators . they are one of the largest frog species , found in south america ' s tropical swamps and marshes .
these very large frogs are also very formidable predators . they prey on a variety of frogs , even large tree frogs such as gladiator tree frogs ( hypsiboas rosenbergi ) and masked tree frogs ( smilisca phaeota ) . they detect calling males and home in on their location using their keen sense of hearing . smoky jungle frogs are mostly sit - and - wait predators , though , and will take just about anything that makes the mistake of passing near enough for the frog to pounce upon . even members of the highly toxic dendrobatidae family , the poison - dart frogs , are not immune from the smoky jungle frogs ' voracious appetite .
whitfield can hear and identify frogs at great distance . there ' s the
chit - chit - chit
of the blue jeans frog ( the one with jeggings ) , the panicked meowing of a creature aptly nicknamed the
kitten frog .
he hears the slot - machine rattle of the
glass frog ,
which has a translucent belly , allowing you to see organs through its skin . smoky jungle frogs scream like human babies when they ' re threatened , and the tink frog seems to be named for its metallic call , which sounds like that ear - piercing noise a smoke detector makes when it wants you to change its battery .
when threatened , smoky jungle frogs will try to appear larger by inflating their lungs and standing tall on all four legs . they release a slippery , mucus - like secretion from their skin , which is noxious to many animals and will also emit a high - pitched shriek .
smoky jungle frogs contain a powerful toxin in their skin called leptodactylin . if you were to pick this frog up , it would immediately begin secreting large amounts of mucous from its skin . if the person handling the frog is unfortunate enough to have a cut or scrape on their hands , it will start stinging right away and they would probably end up with a very nasty rash . if you were in a closed room with someone handling the frog , it may vaporize its toxins and cause sneezing , swelling of the eyes , and runny nose even to innocent bystanders .
please see part 1 of this article for information on the natural history , amazing reproductive biology ( including terrestrial nesting ) and captive breeding of the smokey jungle frog ( a / k / a south american bullfrog , leptodactylus pentadactylus ) .
read more about this frog’s care and natural history on the website of the world association of zoos .
built like a tank , the smoky jungle frog is a force to be reckoned with ! it eats just about anything—birds , chicks , snakes , frogs , invertebrates , and is the only frog known to eat scorpions ! even the tadpoles are carnivorous , and feed on eggs and other tadpoles , even of their own species ! they , however , can also survive on a vegetarian diet . the tadpoles are tough—they are resistant to dehydration , and lab experiments show that they can last for up to 156 hours without water !
the smoky jungle frog ranges from honduras to panama and bordering colombia , and has a disjunct population in santa marta , colombia . it is found in a wide variety of lowland habitats to 600 m , including primary and secondary forest , premontane tropical forest , edges and deforested areas . large tadpoles can be found in streams , temporary ponds , swamps and foam nests , and can be seen around all canopy family lodges .
when threatened , smoky jungle frogs face their adversaries , inflate their bodies and rear up and down in a series of push - ups , thereby exposing the dorsal toxin glands to the enemy . they also emit loud , un - nerving screams when captured – inexperienced zoo keepers invariably drop the frogs upon hearing it !
while a number of the 100 + described species in the family leptodactylidae superficially resemble the smokey jungle frog ( i . e . the highly endangered mountain chicken , l . falax ) , the heavily - barred upper lip and paired dorso - lateral folds are distinctive .
frog populations at la selva biological station have plunged 75 % since the 1970s , according to steven whitfield , zoo miami .
the many frog species of costa rica come in a wide variety of colors - but one species has no color at all . known as the glass frog , this tiny amphibian is known for its translucent skin that allows people to see its inner organs .
it ' s underside lacks any pigment , as can be seen in the photograph on the left , and all of the frog ' s internal organs are clearly visible . the red heart lacks a lining and is visible near the frog ' s throat .
during their mating season , smoky jungle frog males will generally call from swampy areas , the edges of ponds , or marshes . sometimes they will call from their underground burrows . their call is a very loud
whroop !
which is repeated every few seconds . males are easily distinguished at this time because their arms become very swollen and they develop spikes near each thumb and two on their chest . the spikes are used in territorial clashes with other males as well as to better grasp females during mating .
the foamy nest will protect the eggs from predators and dehydration and will also provide the tadpoles with some nutrition after they hatch . once they do hatch , tadpoles will normally be washed out of the nest during a heavy rain . they develop in stagnant bodies of water where they feed on other tadpoles , including their own species , frog eggs and vegetable matter . it will take the tadpoles about 28 days to complete their metamorphosis and emerge from the water as tiny froglets . if they can avoid predation , smoky jungle frogs may live up to 15 years .
smokey jungle frogs are hunted by a variety of predators , including larger members of their own species , snakes , tegus , coatis , caiman and , in some parts of their range , people .
i had found them around the pond in the past . there are a lot of frogs that breed around the pond and consequently there are a lot of snakes which specialize in eating frogs and frog’s eggs . at night it is common to see large numbers of cat - eyed snakes , ( leptodeira septentrionalis ) , and during the day their diurnal counterpart , the parrot snakes , ( leptophis ahaetulla ) . on the odd occasion i will find a terciopelo , ( bothrops asper ) , by the pond as they too are not averse to eating some of the large frogs such as the smoky jungle frog , ( leptodactylus savegei ) . it is hardly surprising then that all this serpentine activity might attract a mussurana on the hunt .
i ' m grateful for the research whitfield and other field ecologists have contributed when it comes to frogs . their diligent , painstaking , searching - through - the - leaves work is how we know important ( and fun ) frog facts , like that the female blue jeans frog is an amphibian supermom .
the smokey jungle frog waits in ambush for its prey . it is a voracious feeder , eating almost anything it can catch , including frogs , snakes , lizards , small birds and mammals as well as big invertebrates . males are territorial . they call at night on the ground near rivulets and ponds within or adjacent to forests , during the rainy season .
slender - fingered bladder frog ( ananjeva , borkin , darevsky , and orlov , 1988 , dict . amph . rept . five languages : 89 ) .
smokey jungle frogs protect themselves by secreting copious amounts of mucus . the mucus renders them quite slippery and also contains toxins that irritate on contact ( causing rashes in people ) and even via indirect contact… people in the same room with an agitated frog may sneeze and experience irritated and swollen eyes and mucus membranes . other frogs are killed on contact with mucus residue .
the glass frog has a wide range , making its home in mexico , central america , ecuador , colombia , venezuela , guyana , suriname and french guiana . this critter is particularly prevalent in costa rica and panama , making it a symbol of amphibian life in those countries . in costa rica , the glass frog is most commonly spotted in
the diet consists of any animal that will fit in the mouth of the frog , including other frogs , snakes , birds , and small mammals ( savage 2002 ) .
villa , j . , mcdiarmid , r . w . , and gallado , j . m . ( 1982 ) . ' ' arthropod predators of leptodactylid frog foam nests . ' '
bruno f . camera , diones krinski and isabella a . calvo . diet of the neotropical frog leptodactylus mystaceus ( anura : leptodactylidae ) . pp . 31 - 36 ( published online 04 february 2014 )
take a look at what happens when you look at those years side by side . the red parts of the charts indicate more audible activity . the main frog frequencies grow much bluer , and quieter .
a collaborator of pijanowski ' s , michael towsey , tells me he has a file of an australian frog that ' s thought to be extinct - - a recording that already is an acoustic fossil .
one recording from the island of borneo - - called
dusk by the frog pond
- - was voted by the always - wise internet as
the most beautiful sound in the world .
roberta bisconti , gaetano aloise , paolo cipriani and daniele canestrelli . predation by the italian pool frog pelophylax lessonae bergeri on the valais shrew , sorex antinorii . pp . 159 - 160 ( published online 11 april 2014 )
javier méndez - narváez and adolfo amézquita . physical combat in the poison - arrow frog , kokoé - pá ( oophaga histrionica ) from arusi , choco , colombia . pp . 1 - 2 ( published online 25 january 2014 )
it doesn ' t take long to realize it ' s not easy work . when whitfield conducts a study , he often ropes off a small plot of land and then spends hours searching for every single frog he can find .
like the closely related reticulated glass frog ( hyalinobatrachium valerioi ) , cricket glass frogs are extremely territorial . if an intruder invades another male ' s territory , the confrontation could turn physical and wrestling matches may ensue . the battle will rage until the victor pins his opponent and holds him down for a short time . after it is clear which frog will get to keep the calling perch , the loser is released and will retreat to find another leaf to call from .
richard matthew lehtinen . confirmation of nest building in a population of the gladiator frog hypsiboas crepitans ( anura , hylidae ) from the island of tobago ( west indies ) . pp . 227 - 229 ( published online 16 april 2014 )
on one of the primary forest tours last week as the group i had out with me came towards the end of the trail i could hear the soft trilling call of a male golfo dulce poison arrow frog , ( phyllobates vittatus ) . we were approaching the creek which at this point is crossed by a small wooden foot bridge . i stopped to listen and ascertained that the frog was calling from just the other side of the bridge in the creek bed . sometimes the frogs call from under the leaf litter and other times they appear to be master ventriloquists , their calls seemingly coming from a location while the frog appears to be in another . on this occasion this one was not too hard to find and photograph .
did you know ? according to its mood , the cals of the smokey jungle frog can be different . when attacked by a carnivore it produces a loud alarming cry , that sounds like a loud and penetrating miaow of a cat . hereby it blows its body up like a balloon , prolongs and stiffens its extremities and thus it becomes quite difficult for its enemy to take it into the mouth and swallow it . when courting however , its calls sound like a melodic hooting or whistling . these calls are in a medium frequency range and can be heard over long distances .
rafael de fraga , miquéias ferrão , and vinícius tadeu de carvalho . geographic range extension of the toad leaf frog phyllomedusa atelopoides duellman , cadle and cannatella , 1988 ( anura , hylidae ) . pp . 203 - 205 ( published online 16 april 2014 )
davidson sodré , adriano augusto vilhena martins and marcelo vallinoto . heterospecific amplexus between the frog leptodactylus macrosternum ( anura : leptodactylidae ) and the toad rhinella cf . granulosa ( anura : bufonidae ) . pp . 287 - 288 ( published online 11 may 2014 )
with its close to 20 cm body length , the nocturnal and terrestrial smokey jungle frog is one of the biggest frogs . the basic color of the body is a dark brown with single reddish and black spots and stripes . from the snout to the end of the back there is a bright dorsal skin fold . the head and the snout are partly yellowish . the throat is covered by several bright and dark spots . the tympanum is dark brown to black . the eyes are quite large and are reddish . the limbs have dark stripes . in relation to the body the head is quite big .
la selva biological station , costa rica ( cnn ) the
blue jeans
frog is practically screaming to be noticed . its head is blood red , and its legs are denim blue . it looks like it ' s wearing jeggings . but this little critter , also known as the strawberry poison dart frog , is only about the size of a fingernail . it spends most of its time either high up in the trees in this central american rainforest or rooting around in the gooey
leaf litter
of the forest floor .
i ' ll hear [ a frog ] call and spend half an hour or more looking into a small patch of vegetation , knowing that it ' s right there and that i need to find it but unable to see it ,
he tells me .
breeding males are recognized by their largely swollen arms . male smoky jungle frogs call at night near ponds or small streams within or near forest during the rainy season . they give loud and ominous “whoop” calls to attract females and maintain their territories . when breeding , a male uses the spines on its thumbs to help grasp the female during amplexus . he also has a pair of small spines on his chest used in territorial conflicts . during breeding , the couple mixes water , air , sperm , eggs and secretions to create a foam nest containing 2 - 7 liters of foam , giving this group of frogs the common name “foam frogs” . the foam nest can contain up to 1000 eggs , each 3 mm in diameter , and it feeds and moistens the tadpoles during the whole metamorphosis process , which takes approximately 1 month .
this semi - transparency plays an important role in the glass frog ' s life cycle . predators often have a difficult time seeing these amphibians , as the frogs blend into their environment . in addition , the greenish tint of their bodies and the yellow color of their feet help camouflage them against the green and yellow leaves where they make their home . the size and shape of the glass frog ' s body also plays a part in its camouflage abilities . its body is generally flat and measures just one inch long , allowing it to cling closely to leaves and avoid detection .
is able to secrete huge amounts of mucus as an antipredator defense ( savage 2002 ) . in addition to making the frog slippery and difficult to hold , the skin secretions are toxic ( savage 2002 ) . savage ( 2002 ) points out that this toxicity is evident both from direct contact ( resulting in human skin rashes and stinging ) and indirect contact , from being in the same room when the frog is handled ( which results in sneezing and swelling of human eyes and mucus membranes ) . the residue from these skin secretions is lethal to other frogs which come in contact with it ( savage 2002 ) .
, we have also been having a blast learning all the different frog calls and tracing them back to the frogs , our tally is over 10 species as of right now ! we have also had a lot of fun with every new species , and have found some pretty crazy spiders , insects , lizards , and snakes .
sharma vivek , meena dinesh , kumawat rakesh kumar , yadav divaker and k . k . sharma . i nterspecies mating interactions between duttaphrynus stomaticus ( marbled toad ) and sphaerotheca breviceps ( indian burrowing frog ) at the central aravalli foothills , rajasthan , india . pp . 139 - 140 ( corrected verson published online 16 april 2014 )
it was a large individual ( well over 100 mm ) , and we found it at night in the rainforest . its first line of defense is that it’s quite hard to see against the variegated mixture of brownish leaves , twigs , and mud of the forest floor . ( the red shine of the eye is more noticeable , but fortunately for the frog , natural predators don’t carry flashlights ! ) when first seen , the frog was sitting up at attention , but when we approached , it pushed itself down flat against the substrate , and as i moved around in front of it for a picture , it really pushed its face into the ground , making itself less noticeable .
reblogged this on my selfish gene and commented : it’s easy to think of animals as detached players in a drama that they never know they participate in . this nice write - up of frog defense by greg mayer on why evolution is true shows that is not true . what would you do if you saw a toad rise up on all fours and start hissing ?
there are multiple causes of the amphibian apocalypse , but all the trouble points back to us . we ' ve helped carry a killer fungus , called chytrid , around the globe , with disastrous consequences . climate change has been implicated in frog die - offs . pollution is a big problem since frogs live part - time in water and basically breathe through their skin .
it is a nocturnal , terrestrial frog found in leaf - litter in primary , secondary , and seasonally flooded tropical rainforests . it has also been found in more open areas and in seasonally flooded forest . reproduction takes place in temporary waterbodies ; tadpoles are carnivorous and cannibalistic . eggs are found in foam nest and tadpoles are usually found in lentic water ( though in some places the larvae are terrestrial ) .
( also known as the hourglass tree frog or the pant - less tree frog ! ) . these frogs show an unusual tendency to lay eggs both in the water and terrestrially , which has some interesting implications for understanding the evolution of eggs that don’t depend on being in water to survive . we are placing breeding pairs in controlled field cages , and trying to isolate females who really prefer to lay their eggs in water , or prefer not to . we will keep the frogs in captivity here , and breed them again , to make sure we are finding the extremes . these lucky frogs get a plane ticket back to new york with us at the end of july to form a breeding colony at vassar . through longer term artificial selection we are hoping to be able to try to find the genetic basis for this phenotypic variation . phoebe will also be
this frog has a brown or bronze back , sometimes with reddish brown spots . it has brown spots in the lips and frequently a black stripe over the tympanum . the rear part of the thigh is brownish , however , it can has reddish colours . the males have an internal vocal sac and one of more corneous spines on the thumps and sometimes on the chest that helps the male to grasp the female during the amplexus .
we have really good long - term data on what ' s been happening with frog populations over four decades ,
he tells me .
in the forest here now , there ' s only about 25 % as many frogs as there were sustained throughout the 1970s . and for us , that ' s a concern because it says that something is happening to this rainforest but we don ' t fully understand what that is .
although the glass frog family is actually divided into 13 separate species , each shares several unique physical characteristics . what sets them apart from other amphibians is their unique coloration . in general , most glass frogs have a lime green tint , but their skin - particularly the skin of their abdomens - is translucent . this allows human observers to see inside the frogs ' bodies , giving them views of the animals ' hearts , livers , digestive tracts and more .
vitor freitas oliveira , tailise marques dias and tiago gomes dos santos . multiple amplexus and spawning in the leaf frog phyllomedusa iheringii ( hylidae , phyllomedusinae ) . pp . 119 - 120 ( published online 17 february 2014 ) r . graham reynolds , alberto r . puente - rolón , mike barandiaran and liam j . revell . hispaniolan boa ( chilabothrus striatus ) on vieques island , puerto rico . pp . 121 - 122 ( published online 11 april 2014 )
in the past 30 years or so , we ' ve seen really dramatic , really rapid extinctions for frog populations all over the world ,
says steven whitfield , a conservation ecologist at zoo miami who joined pijanowski and me on the visit to costa rica this summer .
many of these extinctions are due to habitat loss . but other extinctions have occurred in pristine rainforests like this - - places that look healthy but the frogs are telling us there ' s something clearly wrong .
while the glass frog may be most famous for its translucent skin , its reproductive practices have also drawn the attention of the scientific community . during breeding season , male frogs eschew their camouflage and make loud peeping sounds in an attempt to attract females . once two frogs have mated , the female deposits her eggs on a leaf hanging over a rushing stream . when the eggs hatch , the tadpoles fall from the leaf into the flowing water , allowing them to swim in an environment that fosters their growth into adult frogs .
since all we wanted was pictures , the frog did not move to its further lines of defense . had we provoked it , it would have assumed an elevated defense posture , with the back raised , also inflating its body and expelling air to make a hissing sound , similar to what is seen in some toads ( leptodactylus is not a true toad ) . i haven’t seen ( or at least can’t recall seeing ) this in leptodactylus — the behavior was described in this species by jaime villa ( 1969 ) – but i have seen it in giant toads .
whitfield is an expert at pulling frog sounds out of the edm freak - out that is the rainforest . if you ' ve been , then you know these places , in healthy conditions , are loud . i actually had a hard time falling asleep some nights in costa rica because it sounded ( awesomely ) like the forest was yelling at me ; and i woke up early to screams of howler monkeys . ( fun aside : researchers warn newcomers to always wear shoes - - because , vipers - - and to watch the trees , since the
bullet ant ,
which delivers the world ' s most painful bite , like a bullet , is all around . )
we found three of them , during the day , along the rio carbonero . we also found three dendrobates auratus along the paths at the lodge itself , wandering about during the day , bold as brass , as is their wont . i’ve seen them quite abundant in other parts of costa rica , but we saw only three during 4 . 5 days at lapa rios . for neither species of dart frog was i able to get a very good picture ; there’s a better picture of auratus in an earlier post , and , in another earlier post , more details and references on poison dart frogs . bbc earth has a nice explainer on poison dart frogs , with links to interesting papers
this large frog has been recorded from a wide variety of habitats including primary and secondary lowland to premontane tropical moist forests , forest edges and severely deforested areas ( mccranie and wilson , 2002 ; savage , 2002 ; heyer , 2005 ) . animals can often be found at some distance from waterbodies ( savage , 2002 ) . males call at night on the ground near rivulets and ponds within or adjacent to forest , during the rainy season ( ibaez et al . 1999 ) . the large larvae can be encountered in backwaters of small streams , temporary ponds , swampy areas , small man made ponds or in foam nests and burrows ( muedeking and heyer , 1976 ; mccranie and wilson , 2002 ; savage , 2002 ; heyer , 2005 ) .
. . . scavenging of anurans and rodents has been reported ( logan and montero , 2009 ; sasa et al . , 2009 ) . ryan et al . ( 2010 ) provided an account of a b . asper succumbing to the toxins of a leptodactylus savagei while preying on the frog , and boada et al . ( 2005 ) noted an observation in which a bufo marinus ( = rhinella horribilis ) was suspected in contributing to the death of a b . asper found dead on a road . beebe ( 1946 ) identified leptodacty - lus pentadactylus , ameivas and other unidentified lizards , a small snake , remains of mice , spiny rats , and fur of a small mammal as prey items of b . atrox from two localities , kartabo , british guiana and caripito , venezuela . . . .
rana pentadactyla laurenti , 1768 , spec . med . exhib . synops . rept . : 32 . type ( s ) : by indication including frog illustrated by seba , 1734 , locuplet . rer . nat . thesaur . descript . icon . exp . univ . phys . hist . , 1 : pl . 75 , fig . 1 , and ( laurenti ' s
var . b ) specimen ( s ) in
museo illustrissini comitis turriani
( current location unknown and presumed lost ) . neotype designated as rmnh 29559 , by heyer , 2005 , arq . zool . , são paulo , 37 : 310 . type locality :
indiis
; corrected to surinam by müller , 1927 , abh . senckenb . naturforsch . ges . , 40 : 276 . neotype from
suriname , marowijne , lelygebergte , suralcokamp v
.
the mission radeau des cimes to petit saut , french guiana , offered the opportunity to study the herpetofauna of the canopy of the tropical rainforest , an area hardly studied sofar . two localities at heights of 30 and 35 m could be studied , whereas data on a third site were obtained through information from other participants . the herpetological results of the research in the canopy were meagre . only the frog hyla leucophyllata ( beireis ) and the lizard mabuya bistriata ( spix ) were observed in the canopy . additionally the terrestrial herpetofauna was studied extensively and turned out to contain some species that had not been reported before from french guiana . also , for many species new distribution data within french guiana were obtained . le mission radeau des cimes à petit saut , guyane française , offrait l ' opportunite d ' étudier l ' erpétofaune de la canopée d ' une forêt pluviale tropicale , un domaine presque non étudie jusqu ' à présent . on étudiait deux sites à altitudes de 30 et 35 m , et on obtenait des dates sur un troisième site grace à d ' information des autres participants . les résultats erpétologiques de l ' étude de la canopée étaient pauvres . seulement la rainette hyla leucophyllata et le lézard mabya bistriata étaient observés dans la canopée . additionellement on étudiait intensivement l ' erpétofaune terrestre avec le résultat que nous avons encontré quelques espèces nouveaux pour la guyane française et aussi plusieurs pour lesquelles les dates de distribution constituaient d ' information nouveau .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
tadpoles of this species are giant and elongate , growing up to 83 mm at stage 40 ( savage 2002 ; hero and galatti 1990 ) . dorsally , the tadpole is brown , with a lighter ventral surface ( savage 2002 ) . the mouth is almost terminal , while the nostrils and eyes are on the dorsal side ( savage 2002 ) . the spiracle is located laterally and sinistrally and the vent is medial ( savage 2002 ) . this species has a long tail with low fins and a pointed tail tip ( savage 2002 ) . the oral disk is complete and moderate , having two serrated beaks and 2 / 3 rows of denticles , with a broad gap in the row of denticles immediately above the mouth ( savage 2002 ) . labial papillae are lacking above the mouth , but are usually found in two rows lateral to the mouth and a single row ventral to the mouth ( savage 2002 ) . the lateral line system is well - developed , particularly in comparison with larvae of other leptodactylus species ( heyer et al . 1975 ) .
is widespread in lowland rainforest on both atlantic and pacific slopes of costa rica from sea level to 1 , 200 m ( leenders 2001 ) . it prefers forest habitat near swamps and slowly flowing streams ( guyer and donnelly 2005 ) . it may also be found inhabiting areas distant from bodies of water ( galatti 1992 ) .
these frogs can be long - lived and have a potential life - span of at least 15 years ( leenders 2001 ) . adults are nocturnal and stay in hiding during the day , sheltering in subterranean burrows , beneath logs , in the spaces between tree roots , or under houses ( savage 2002 ) . juveniles , however , are active during the day and can be found on top of the leaf litter ( savage 2002 ) . this species prefers dimly lit forest ( jaeger and hailman 1981 ) . at the first sign of dusk , males of this species give off a loud
wrooop
( leenders 2001 ) . the call lacks pulses ( hero and galatti 1990 ) . males are territorial and call sporadically from burrows located underneath a log or rock , often in densely vegetated areas ( leenders 2001 ) .
galatti ( 1992 ) observed that the strong seasonality in leptodactylus pentadactylus reproduction in brazil coincided with arthropod prey availability . he observed two peaks in arthropod abundance , one in late september ( when the adults arrived at breeding sites ) , and the second in january and february , when tadpoles completed metamorphosis into juvenile frogs ( galatti 1992 ) . these peaks did not completely correspond to rainfall , as the first peak in arthropod prey abundance occurred during the late dry season and the second occurred during the wet season ( galatti 1992 ) .
also exhibits defensive behavior , which consists of facing the predator , inflating and elevating the body with all four limbs ( villa 1969 ; savage 2002 ) . this has the effect of raising the posterior , glandular surfaces above the level of the head since the hind limbs are longer ( villa 1969 ; savage 2002 ) . initial elevation is followed by repeated raising and lowering of the body ( villa 1969 ; savage 2002 ) .
these frogs are opportunistic feeders . adults consume anything that they can swallow , including bird chicks , snakes , other frogs ( particularly dendrobatids , despite their toxicity ) , and scorpions ( leenders 2001 ) . tadpoles initially feed on the foam produced by the male , but later will either eat algae ( vinton 1951 ) or become carnivorous , preying on eggs and tadpoles of their own species or other species ( muedeking and heyer 1976 ; heyer et al . 1975 ) .
clutches in costa rica and brazil ( villa et al . 1982 ) . predators on the adult frogs include coatimundis , snakes , and caimans . when discovered , these frogs often remains still and easily approached . if caught , however , they will emit an extremely loud , high - pitched scream to startle potential predators ( leenders 2001 ) .
research has shown that these frogs have an accurate visual image of their surroundings , though it is not known exactly what cues they use for orientation ( leenders 2001 ) . frogs taken from their burrows and displaced over short distances have managed to return to their burrow in a straight line ( leenders 2001 ) .
adult leptodactylus pentadactylus are negatively phototactic ( avoid light ) , unlike most anurans ( kicliter and goytia 1995 ) .
these frogs have been reported to be occasionally consumed by amazonian people ( leenders , 2001 ) [ 3324 ] . the karyotype is 2n = 22 ( bogart 1974 ) .
breder , c . m . jr . ( 1946 ) . ' ' amphibians and reptiles of the rï¿½o chucunaque drainage , dariï¿½n , panama , with notes on their life histories and habits . ' '
guyer , c . , and donnelly , m . a . ( 2005 ) .
amphibians and reptiles of la selva , costa rica and the caribbean slope : a comprehensive guide .
hero , j . - m . , and galatti , u . ( 1990 ) . ' ' characteristics distinguishing
heyer , w . r . , mcdiarmid , r . w . , and weigmann , d . l . ( 1975 ) . ' ' tadpoles , predation , and pond habitats in the tropics . ' '
heyer , w . r . , and rand , a . s . ( 1977 ) . ' ' foam nest construction in the leptodactylid frogs
jaeger , r . g . , and hailman , j . p . ( 1981 ) . ' ' activity of neotropical frogs in relation to ambient light . ' '
kicliter , e . , and goytia , e . j . ( 1995 ) . ' ' a comparison of spectral response function of positive and negative phototaxis in two anuran amphibians ,
muedeking , m . h . , and heyer , w . r . ( 1976 ) . ' ' description of eggs and reproductive patterns of
prado , c . p . de a . , uetanabaro , m . , and haddad , c f . b . ( 2002 ) . ' ' description of a new reproductive mode in
( anura , leptodactylidae ) , with a review of the reproductive specialization towards terrestriality in the genus . ' '
valerio , c . e . ( 1971 ) . ' ' ability of some tropical tadpoles to survive without water . ' '
kellie whittaker , peera chantasirivisal ( kris818 at berkeley . edu ) , uc berkeley
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
frost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
central american populations of leptodactylus formerly allocated to l . pentadactylus are now recognised as the distinct species l . savagei ( heyer , 2005 ) .
heyer , r . , azevedo - ramos , c . , coloma , l . a . & ron , s . r .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is widely distributed in the amazon forest . it ranges from southern colombia , eastern ecuador and eastern peru in the west of its range , into northern bolivia , much of central and parts of norther brazil , with records from french guiana .
this species is eaten locally in costa rica and colombia . in costa rica several attempts have been made to produce it commercially for export .
there are no threats . it might be locally threatened in colombia by consumption by amerindian people . it is sometimes found in the international pet trade but at levels that do not currently constitute a major threat .
many populations are protected within protected areas . no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .
heyer , r . , azevedo - ramos , c . , coloma , l . a . & ron , s . r . 2008 .
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reproduction takes place in temporary waterbodies ; males and females release eggs and sperm simultaneously . at the same time , the male , by alternatingly pushing its hind limbs , produces a big foam nest along the pond or the rivulet and the eggs are then deposited into this nest . the foam nests can indeed reach a diameter of 25 , 5 cms and a thickness of 11 , 5 cms . only about 6 , 5 % of the eggs are fecundated by the male . the rest serves as food for the carnivorous and cannibalistic tadpoles once hatched . with strong rainfall the tadpoles are then washed from the foam nest into the pond or lake and further development takes place there .
it is found in leaf litter in primary , secondary , and seasonally flooded tropical rain forests , but also in more open areas and in seasonally flooded forests , up to 1 . 200 m asl
it is an abundant species . it may be locally threatened in colombia by consumption by amerindian people . the population trend is stable ( red list iucn 2012 )
for air transport , container note 45 of the iata live animals regulations should be followed .
neotropical frogs are threatened by habitat distruction , disease and other factors . zoos and aquariums keeping these species want to build up reserve populations and to raise awareness of the global amphibian crisis . several zoos have also linked their ex situ activities with involvement in in situ conservation .
tracie
the bug lady
invites you on an out of this world walk on . . .
discover the hidden treasures of drake bay , costa rica with tracie
the bug lady
.
if a female is attracted into a male ' s territory they will mate right there . females normally lay about 1000 eggs .
as she is laying her eggs and the male is fertilizing them , with his back legs he will whip up a huge foamy nest . this foam is made up of eggs , sperm , toxic skin mucous , air and water and may measure up to 7 liters in volume .
© 2018 gianfranco gómez and tracie stice . all rights reserved . the use of any photographs , reproduced in any form or by any means , electronic or mechanical , or stored in a retrieval system , without prior consent of the owner - is an infringement of the copyright law and is forbidden .
justification : listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km2 , its distribution is severely fragmented , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its forest habitat .
this recently described species is endemic to the seasonal evergreen forests of western ecuador ( heyer 2005 ; cisneros - heredia 2006 ) .
this species is generally limited to the tropical seasonally evergreen forests found in the contact zone between the chocoan and tumbesian regions of ecuador ( cisneros - heredia 2006 ) . heyer ( 2005 ) reports that it hads been encountered in previously forested areas , although its persistence in these areas needs further investigation .
much of the forest ( ~ 70 % - diego cisneros - heredia pers . comm . 2007 ) within the known range of this species has been cleared for timber , or through conversion of land to agricultural use , with remaining forest remnants being greatly threatened by ongoing deforestation ( cisneros - heredia 2006 ) .
it is unclear if the species is present within any protected areas . there is an urgent need to conserve remaining areas of suitable forest for this species in western ecuador . additional studies are needed into the natural history of this recently described species .
this errata version of the 2008 assessment was created to correct the formatting used for the assessor names ( and hence the assessment citation ) and reviewer names .
heyer , r . & cisneros - heredia , d . f . 2008 .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2008 : e . t136080a114587263 .
adults can grow up to seven inches in length . they have brownish - colored backs with black markings and cream - colored underparts . males have black spines on their chests and thumbs to more easily grasp females during mating .
this nocturnal amphibian will spend the daytime hours in burrows , leaf litter , or under logs in subtropical or tropical lowland forests , swamps , riverbanks or marshes in northern south america . tadpoles are omnivorous , eating algae as well as eggs of their own species . adults are opportunistic feeders , eating insects and other small reptiles , amphibians , mammals , and even birds .