scrobipalpa latiuncella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by bidzilya and li in 2010 .

it is found in china ( ningxia ) .

the wingspan is about 7 mm .

the forewings are covered with light grey , black-tipped scales concentrated mainly along the costal margin .

there is a black spot at two-thirds near the dorsal margin and a small black spot at the base of the cell and a prolonged black spot at the corner of the cell .

there are ochreous scales along veins , mainly in the basal half .

the hindwings are grey .

adults are on wing in early june .

scrobipalpa latiuncella

figures 1–8 . adults of scrobipalpa spp . 1 , s . fusca sp . n . ( ht ) ; 2 , s . latiuncella sp . n . ( ht ) ; 3 , s . flavimaculata sp . n . ( ht ) ; 4 , s . sattleri ( lvovsky & piskunov ) 5 , s . divergens povolný ( ht ) ; 6 , s . erichiodes sp . n . ( ht ) ; 7 , s . nigrigrisea sp . n . ( pt ) ; 8 , s . distincta sp . n . ( ht ) .
bidzilya , oleksiy , li , houhun ( 2010 ) : the genus scrobipalpa janse ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) in china , with descriptions of 13 new species . zootaxa 2513 : 1 - 26 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 196088
figures 41–43 . female genitalia of scrobipalpa spp . 41 , s . fusca sp . n . ( pt , slide no . l06059 ) ; 42 , s . sattleri lvovsky & piskunov ( slide no . l06063 ) ; 43 , s . erichiodes sp . n . ( ht , slide no . 75 / 08 ) .
figures 17–24 . male genitalia of scrobipalpa spp . 17 , s . fusca sp . n . ( pt , slide no . 222 / 07 ) ; 18 , s . latiuncella sp . n . ( ht , slide no . 277 / 08 ) ; 19 , s . flavimaculata sp . n . ( ht , slide no . syw05309 ) ; 20 , s . sattleri lvovsky & piskunov ( slide no . syw05192 ) ; 21 , s . divergens povolný ( ht , slide no . 210 / 07 ) ; 22 , s . erichiodes sp . n . ( pt , slide no . 101 / 08 ) ; 23 , s . erichiodes sp . n . ( pt , slide no . 74 / 08 ) ; 24 , s . nigrigrisea sp . n . ( ht , . . .
figures 44–46 . female genitalia of scrobipalpa spp . 44 , s . strictella sp . n . ( pt , slide no . lzd01092 ) ; 45 , s . nigrigrisea sp . n . ( pt , slide no . 86 / 08 ) ; 46 , s . distincta sp . n . ( pt , slide no . l07016 ) .
figures 47–49 . female genitalia of scrobipalpa spp . 47 , s . nigripuncta sp . n . ( pt , slide no . l07022 ) ; 48 , s . flavidinigra sp . n . ( pt , slide no . 142 / 08 ) ; 49 , s . flavidinigra sp . n . ( pt , slide no . 124 / 08 ) .
figures 50–53 . female genitalia of scrobipalpa spp . 50 , s . caryocoloides povolný ( slide no . l06140 ) ; 51 , s . sinica sp . n . ( pt , slide no . 258 / 08 ) ; 52 , s . chinensis povolný ( slide no . 98 / 08 ) ; 53 , s . ochrostigma sp . n . ( ht , slide no . 87 / 08 ) .
figures 9–16 . adults of scrobipalpa spp . 9 , s . nigripuncta sp . n . ( ht ) ; 10 , s . strictella sp . n . ( ht ) ; 11 , s . flavidinigra sp . n . ( ht ) ; 12 , s . ochrostigma sp . n . ( ht ) ; 13 , s . chinensis povolný ; 14 , s . sinica sp . n . ( pt ) ; 15 , s . flavinerva sp . n . ( pt ) ; 16 , s . hoenei sp . n . ( ht ) .
figures 33–40 . male genitalia of scrobipalpa spp . 33 , s . reiprichi povolný ( slide no . l06011 ) ; 34 , s . ochrostigma sp . n . ( pt , slide no . l06039 ) ; 35 , s . chinensis povolný ( slide no . 106 / 08 ) ; 36 , s . sinica sp . n . ( ht , slide no . 208 / 08 ) ; 37 , s . sinica sp . n . ( pt , slide no . l07023 ) ; 38 , s . flavinerva sp . n . ( pt , slide no . 194 / 07 ) ; 39 , s . hoenei sp . n . ( ht , slide no . 91 / 08 ) ; 40 , s . paradoxa piskunov ( slide no . l07047 ) .
figures 25–32 . male genitalia of scrobipalpa spp . 25 , s . distincta sp . n . ( pt , slide no . 160 / 08 ) ; 26 , s . nigripuncta sp . n . ( ht , slide no . l06021 ) ; 27 , s . strictella sp . n . ( ht , slide no . lzd01055 ) ; 28 , s . strictella sp . n . ( pt , slide no . lzd01085 ) ; 29 , s . flavidinigra sp . n . ( pt , slide no . 119 / 08 ) ; 30 , s . flavidinigra sp . n . ( pt , slide no . 141 / 08 ) ; 31 , s . caryocoloides povolný ( slide no . l07026 ) ; 32 , s . chitensis ( povolný ) ( slide . no . l06079 ) .
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a new species of fish , pseudoliparis swirei , published in zootaxa ( 4358 : 161 - 177 ) by gerringer , m . e et al . was voted among top 10 new species described in 2017 .
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mariah o . pfleger , r . dean grubbs , charles f . cotton , toby s . daly - engel
identification of nipaecoccus ( hemiptera : coccomorpha : pseudococcidae ) species in the united states , with descriptions of nipaecoccus bromelicola sp . n . and the male of n . floridensis beardsley
ningxia ( pronounced ) , officially the ningxia hui autonomous region ( nhar ) , is an autonomous region of the people ' s republic of china located in the northwest part of the country .
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the yuan dynasty was a vast empire founded by mongol leader kublai khan in china .
africans in guangzhou are emigrants from africa residing in guangzhou , china for short and long term periods .
agropyron is a genus of eurasian plants in the grass family ) , native to europe and asia but widely naturalized in north america . species in the genus are commonly referred to as wheatgrass . ; species .
ailanthus altissima , commonly known as tree of heaven , ailanthus , or in standard chinese as chouchun , is a deciduous tree in the simaroubaceae family .
aksai chin ( अक्साई चिन , aksā ' ī cin ; urdu : اکسائی چن ; ﺋﺎﻗﺴﺎﻱ ﭼﯩﻦ ) is one of the two main disputed border areas between china and india , the other being a part of arunachal pradesh .
alan hammond nichols ( born february 14 , 1930 in palo alto , california ) is an american attorney , author , explorer and authority on sacred mountains .
allium eduardii is a plant species native to russia , mongolia , and northern china ( hebei , nei mongol ( inner mongolia ) , ningxia and xinjiang ) .
allium mongolicum is an asian species of wild onion native to mongolia , inner mongolia , tuva , kazakhstan , and parts of china ( gansu , liaoning , ningxia , qinghai , shaanxi , xinjiang ) .
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allium ramosum , called fragrant - flowered garlic or chinese chives is a northern asian species of wild onion native to kazakhstan , mongolia , siberia , the russian far east , and northern china ( gansu , hebei , heilongjiang , jilin , liaoning , inner mongolia , ningxia , qinghai , shaanxi , shandong , shanxi , xinjiang ) .
allium sikkimense is a plant species native to sikkim , tibet , bhutan , nepal , india and parts of china ( gansu , ningxia , qinghai , shaanxi , sichuan , xizang , yunnan ) .
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the alpine musk deer ( moschus chrysogaster ) is a species of musk deer .
alxa league or ālāshàn league is one of 12 prefecture level divisions and 3 extant leagues of inner mongolia .
an lushan ( 703– 29 january 757 ) was a general who launched a devastating rebellion against the tang dynasty in china .
the an lushan rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the tang dynasty of china .
an sishun ( 安思順 ) ( died april 6 , 756 ) was a general of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty during the reign of emperor xuanzong , probably of tujue ( göktürk ) extraction .
the anti - corruption campaign in china is a far - reaching campaign against corruption which began in china following the conclusion of the 18th national congress of the communist party of china .
the asiatic wildcat ( felis silvestris ornata ) is a wildcat subspecies that occurs from the eastern caspian north to kazakhstan , into western india , western china and southern mongolia .
at the 11th national games of the people ' s republic of china , the athletics events were held at the jinan olympic sports center in jinan , people ' s republic of china from 21–26 october , 2009 .
at the 12th national games of the people ' s republic of china , the athletics events were held at the crystal crown in shenyang , people ' s republic of china from 7–11 september , 2013 .
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an autonomous administrative division is an administrative division of a country that has a degree of autonomy , or freedom from an external authority .
autonomous administrative divisions of the people ' s republic of china are specific areas associated with one or more ethnic minorities that are designated as autonomous within the people ' s republic of china ( prc ) .
an autonomous region ( ar ) is a first - level administrative subdivision of china .
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blessed / good khan
in the mongolian language . his name
ayurbarwada
was from a sanskrit compound
āyur - parvata
, which means
the mountain of longevity
, in contrast with emperor wuzong ' s name qaišan (
mountains and seas
in chinese ) . ayurbarwada was the first yuan emperor who actively supported the adoption of confucian principles into the mongolian administration system . the emperor , who was mentored by the confucian academic li meng , succeeded peacefully to the throne and reversed his older brother khayisan ' s policies . more importantly , ayurbarwada reinstituted the civil service examination system for the yuan dynasty .
the badain jaran desert is a desert in china which spans the provinces of gansu , ningxia and inner mongolia .
bai lichen ( chinese : 白立忱 ; january 1941 - ) , hui nationality , is a politician of the people ' s republic of china , and the former chairman of ningxia hui autonomous region and the former president of all china federation of supply and marketing cooperatives .
baidu maps is a desktop and mobile web mapping service application and technology provided by baidu , offering satellite imagery , street maps , street view (
panorama
- : zh : 百度全景 ) and indoor view perspectives , as well as functions such as a route planner for traveling by foot , car , or with public transportation .
baima township is a township of zhongning county on the eastern bank of the yellow river in central ningxia , located from the river itself and northeast of the county seat .
baisigou square pagoda ( chinese ) was a brick pagoda in helan county , ningxia , china , built during the western xia period ( 1038–1227 ) .
baotou ( ᠪᠤᠭᠤᠲᠤ ) also known as bugthot is the largest industrial city in the inner mongolia autonomous region of the china .
the baotou–lanzhou railway , also known as the baolan line is a 995 kilometer railway that connects the cities of baotou in inner mongolia to lanzhou in gansu province .
the battle of guanzhong ( 关中战斗 ) was a battle fought between the nationalists and the communists during the chinese civil war in the post - world war ii era and resulted in communist victory .
the battle of west suiyuan was part of the second sino - japanese war .
baurchuk art tekin ( known also as idikut baurchuk , idikut barchuq ) was a ruler , with a title of idikut , of the buddhist uyghur kara - khoja kingdom ( 856 - 1389 ) in beshbalik ( near present - day urumqi ) , kara - khoja ( near present - day turpan , known also as idikut - shahri ) and kumul between 1208 and 1235 .
the bonan language ( pronounced , baonang ) ( chinese 保安语 bǎo ' ān , amdo tibetan dorké ) is the mongolic language of the bonan people of china .
the boxer protocol was signed on september 7 , 1901 , between the qing empire of china and the eight - nation alliance that had provided military forces ( austria - hungary , france , germany , italy , japan , russia , the united kingdom , and the united states ) plus belgium , spain and the netherlands after china ' s defeat in the intervention to put down the boxer rebellion at the hands of the eight - power expeditionary force .
the boxer rebellion , boxer uprising or yihetuan movement was an anti - imperialist uprising which took place in china towards the end of the qing dynasty between 1899 and 1901 .
wang szu - yi ( born wang hsin - ching on december 11 , 1972 ) , also known as brenda wang , is a taiwanese actress and former model .
cai ming ( born february 1957 ) is a politician of people ' s republic of china .
a camel train is a series of camels carrying passengers and / or goods on a regular or semi - regular service between points .
the campaign to suppress bandits in northwestern china ( 西北剿匪 ) was a counter - guerrilla / counter - insurgency campaign the communists fought against the nationalist guerrilla force that mostly consisted of bandits and nationalist regular troops left behind after the nationalist government withdrew from mainland china .
a cashmere goat is any breed of goat that produces cashmere wool , the goat ' s fine , soft , downy , winter undercoat , in commercial quality and quantity .
catalpa ovata , the yellow catalpa or chinese catalpa , is a pod - bearing tree native to china .
chaodaogou culture ( chinese 抄道溝 , chaodaogou wenhua ) was a late bronze age nomadic archeological culture in the northern hebei , shanxi , shaanxi , and henan provinces of china , its center is located between the bend of the river hunahe and the drainage basin of the liao 遼 / 辽 river .
chen jianguo ( born july 1945 ) is a chinese politician , serving since 2013 as the chair of the national people ' s congress agriculture and rural affairs committee .
chen lei ( chinese : 陈雷 ; born june 1954 ) is a politician of the people ' s republic of china , and the current minister of water resources of prc .
chiang kai - shek ( october 31 , 1887 – april 5 , 1975 ) was a chinese political and military leader who served as the leader of the republic of china between 1928 and 1975 .
china biosphere reserve network ( cbrn ) is a network established by the chinese national committee for unesco man and the biosphere programme in 1993 .
the following is a list of locations to which china eastern airlines operates ( as of january 2015 ) .
china national highway 110 ( g110 ) runs from beijing to yinchuan , via hohhot and baotou , in inner mongolia .
china national highway 211 ( g211 ) runs from yinchuan in ningxia to xi ' an in shaanxi .
china national highway 307 ( g307 ) runs west from qikou , hebei towards shanxi province , shaanxi province , and ends in yinchuan , ningxia .
china national highway 309 ( g309 ) runs west from rongcheng , shandong towards hebei province , shanxi province , shaanxi province , ningxia autonomous region , and ends in lanzhou , gansu .
china national highway 312 ( 312国道 ) , also referred to as route 312 or the mother road , is a key east - west route beginning in shanghai and ending at khorgas , xinjiang in the ili river valley , on the border with kazakhstan .
china national materials group corporation or sinoma , established in 1983 , is a central government - administered enterprise directly under the administration of the state - owned assets supervision and administration commission of the state council of the people ' s republic of china .
china northwest airlines co . , ltd . ( 中国西北航空公司 ) was an airline based in the people ' s republic of china , with its headquarters in xian .
china northwest airlines flight 2119 ( wh2119 ) was a flight from yinchuan xihuayuan airport , ningxia to beijing capital international airport , people ' s republic of china .
china proper , inner china , or the eighteen provinces was a term used by western writers on the qing dynasty to express a distinction between the core and frontier regions of china .
the list shows airports that are served by china southern airlines as part of its scheduled passenger and cargo services .
china western development , also china ' s western development , western china development , great western development strategy , or the open up the west program is a policy adopted for the western regions .
china ' s next top model cycle 4 is the fourth cycle of the chinese reality tv series , based on the international version and spin - off to the original , america ' s next top model .
the football association of the people ' s republic of china ( simplified chinese : 中国足球协会 ; traditional chinese : 中國足球協會 ; pinyin : zhōngguó zúqiú xiéhuì ; russian : китайская футбольная ассоциация ) , or commonly known as the chinese football association ( cfa ) , is the governing body of football in the people ' s republic of china .
chinese islamic cuisine is the cuisine of the hui ( ethnic chinese muslims ) and other muslims living in china .
chinese muslims in the second sino - japanese war were courted by both chinese and japanese generals , but tended to fight against the japanese , with or without the support of higher echelons of other chinese factions .
chinese nationalism is the form of nationalism in china which asserts that the chinese people are a nation and promotes the cultural and national unity of the chinese .
chinese pyramids are ancient mausoleums and burial mounds built to house the remains of several early emperors of china and their imperial relatives .
chinese surnames are used by han chinese and sinicized ethnic groups in mainland china , hong kong , macau , taiwan , korea , singapore , vietnam and among overseas chinese communities .
chinese university basketball association or cuba , was founded in 1996 and the league was launched in 1998 .
christianity in china has a history going back to the 7th century during the tang dynasty .
cistanche deserticola is a holoparasitic member of the orobanchaceae family of plants , commonly known as desert - broomrape .
in viticulture , the climates of wine regions are categorised based on the overall characteristics of the area ' s climate during the growing season .
a coal seam fire or mine fire is the underground smouldering of a coal deposit , often in a coal mine .
a county - level city , county city or county level municipal city is a county - level administrative division of mainland china .
cui dunli ( 崔敦禮 ) ( 596 – august 29 , 656 ) , né cui yuanli ( 崔元禮 ) , courtesy name anshang ( 安上 ) , formally duke zhao of gu ' an ( 固安昭公 ) , was an official , general , and diplomat of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty , serving as chancellor during the reign of emperor gaozong .
cui ning ( 崔寧 ) ( 723 – november 10 , 783 ) , né cui gan ( 崔旰 ) , was a general of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty .
cui zhiwen ( 崔知溫 ) ( 627 – april 27 , 683 ) , courtesy name liren ( 禮仁 ) , was an official of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty , serving as a chancellor during the reign of emperor gaozong .
the spotted lady ' s slipper ( cypripedium guttatum ) is a species of orchid .
darijaya ( 1904–1968 ) was an inner mongolian nobleman of alxa league and a politician under the republic of china and people ' s republic of china governments .
dawukou district is a district under the administration of shizuishan city in ningxia hui autonomous region of the people ' s republic of china .
dayan khan ( даян хаан ) ( given name : batumöngke ; 1464–1517 / 1543 ) was a mongol khan who reunited the mongols under chinggisid supremacy in the northern yuan dynasty based in mongolia .
the demographics of the people ' s republic of china are identified by a large population with a relatively small youth division , which is partially a result of china ' s one - child policy .
over the past decade there has been an explosion in the use of information and communications technologies ( icts ) in china .
ding is the simplest written chinese family name in existence ( the only two characters that are simpler are
一
and
乙
) .
the dongxiang people ( autonym : sarta or santa ( 撒尔塔 ) ; ; xiao ' erjing : دْوسِيْا ) are one of 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the people ' s republic of china .
du huangchang ( 杜黃裳 ) ( 728 or 729du huangchang ' s biographies in the old book of tang and new book of tang disagree as to his age at death — the old book of tang gave his age at death as 70 , while the new book of tang gave it as 69 . compare old book of tang , with new book of tang , . – october 12 , 808 ) , courtesy name zunsu ( 遵素 ) , formally duke xuan of bin ( 邠宣公 ) or duke xuanxian of bin ( 邠宣獻公 ) , was an official of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty , serving as a chancellor during the reigns of emperor shunzong and emperor xianzong .
dungan ( дунгане dungane , dungan : хуэйзў huejzw ) is a term used in territories of the former soviet union to refer to a muslim people of chinese origin .
the dungan revolt ( 1862–77 ) or hui minorities war was a mainly ethnic war fought in 19th - century china .
china ' s socialist market economy is the world ' s second largest economy by nominal gdp , and the world ' s largest economy by purchasing power parity according to the imf , although china ' s national bureau of statistics rejects this claim .
eid al - fitr ( عيد الفطر , ,
festival of breaking of the fast
) , also called feast of breaking the fast , the sugar feast , bayram ( bajram ) , the sweet festival or hari raya puasa and the lesser eid , is an important religious holiday celebrated by muslims worldwide that marks the end of ramadan , the islamic holy month of fasting ( sawm ) .
ejin or ejina ( mongolian ) is a banner of inner mongolia , china .
elachanthemum is a genus of asian plants in the chamomile tribe within the daisy family .
eleutherococcus brachypus ( chinese : 短柄五加 duan bing wu jia ) is a species of flowering plant in the family araliaceae .
emperor gaozong of tang ( 21 july 628 – 27 december 683 ) , personal name li zhi ( 李治 ) , was the third emperor of the tang dynasty in china , ruling from 649 to 683 ( although after january 665 much of the governance was in the hands of his second wife empress wu ( later known as wu zetian ) ) .
emperor gong of western wei ( ( 西 ) 魏恭帝 ) ( 537–557 ) , personal name né yuan kuo ( 元廓 ) , later changed to tuoba kuo ( 拓拔廓 ) , was the last emperor of the western wei - - a branch successor state to northern wei .
emperor taizong of tang ( r . 626 - 649 ) , the second emperor of tang china faced challenges throughout his reign from tang ' s western neighbor , the state of tuyuhun , whose busabuo khan murong fuyun constantly challenged chinese authority in the border regions .
emperor taizong of tang ( r . 626 - 649 ) , the second emperor of chinese dynasty tang dynasty , early in his reign , had allied with xueyantuo , a vassal of the powerful eastern tujue ( göktürk ) khanate , against eastern tujue , who tang defeated in 630 .
emperor wu of northern zhou ( ( 北 ) 周武帝 ) ( 543–578 ) , personal name yuwen yong ( 宇文邕 ) , nickname miluotu ( 禰羅突 ) , was an emperor of the xianbei dynasty northern zhou .
emperor xianzong of tang ( 778old book of tang , . –february 14 , 820 ; urltoken
emperor xiaomin of northern zhou ( ( 北 ) 周孝閔帝 ) ( 542–557 ) , personal name yuwen jue ( 宇文覺 ) , nickname tuoluoni ( 陀羅尼 ) , was an emperor of the xianbei dynasty northern zhou ( although he used the alternative title
heavenly prince
( tian wang ) . he was the heir of western wei ' s paramount general yuwen tai , and after yuwen tai ' s death in 556 , his cousin yuwen hu , serving as his guardian , forced emperor gong of western wei to yield the throne to yuwen jue in spring 557 , establishing northern zhou . later in 557 , however , yuwen jue , wanting to assume power personally , plotted to kill yuwen hu , who in turn deposed him and replaced him with his brother yuwen yu ( emperor ming ) . later that year , yuwen hu had yuwen jue executed .
emperor xiaoming of northern wei ( ( 北 ) 魏孝明帝 ) ( 510 – march 31 , 528 ) , personal name yuan xu ( 元詡 ) , was an emperor of the xianbei dynasty northern wei ( 386 - 535 ) .
emperor xiaozhuang of northern wei ( 507–531 ) , personal name yuan ziyou , was an emperor of china of the northern wei , a xianbei dynasty . he was placed on the throne by general erzhu rong , who refused to recognize the young emperor , yuan zhao , who empress dowager hu had placed on the throne after she poisoned her son emperor xiaoming . during his reign , general erzhu largely controlled the military and acted in a violent manner , leading emperor xiaozhuang to believe that he would usurp the throne . in 530 , emperor xiaozhuang ambushed general erzhu and killed him in the palace , but his cousin erzhu shilong and nephew erzhu zhao subsequently captured and killed xiaozhuang .
emperor xuanzong of tang ( 8 september 685 – 3 may 762 ) , also commonly known as emperor ming of tang , personal name li longji , known as wu longji from 690 to 705 , was the seventh emperor of the tang dynasty in china , reigning from 712 to 756 .
emperor xuānzong of tang ( july 27 , 810 – september 7 , 859 ) ( reigned april 25 , 846 – september 7 , 859 ) was a later emperor of the tang dynasty of china .
empress dowager hu ( 胡太后 , personal name unknown ) ( died 17 may 528 ) , formally empress ling ( 靈皇后 , literally
the unattentive empress
) , was an empress dowager of the chinese dynasty northern wei ( 515 - 528 ) .
empress erzhu ( 爾朱皇后 ) ( personal name unknown ) was briefly an empress of the chinese / xianbei dynasty northern wei .
ephedra przewalskii is a species of ephedra that is native to central asia , mongolia , pakistan , and parts of china ( gansu , inner mongolia , ningxia , qinghai , and tibet ) .
ephedra sinica ( also known as chinese ephedra or ma huang ) is a plant species native to mongolia , russia ( buryatiya , chita , primorye ) , and northeastern china ( gansu , hebei , heilongjiang , jilin , liaoning , nei mongol , ningxia , shaanxi , shanxi ) .
erzhu rong ( 爾朱榮 ) ( 493 – november 1 , 530 ) , courtesy name tianbao ( 天寶 ) , formally prince wu of jin ( 晉武王 ) , was a general of the chinese / xianbei dynasty northern wei .
erzhu tianguang ( 496–532 ) was a general of the chinese / xianbei dynasty northern wei .
ethnic chinese in russia officially numbered 34 , 577 according to the 2002 census .
ethnic groups in chinese history refer to various or presumed ethnicities of significance to the history of china , gathered through the study of classical chinese literature , chinese and non - chinese literary sources and inscriptions , historical linguistics , and archaeological research .
an ethnic township is a fourth - level administrative unit designated for ethnic minorities of political divisions in china .
the evolution of tetrapods began about 395 million years ago in the devonian period with the earliest tetrapods evolved from lobe - finned fishes .
the expressway network of china is an integrated system of national and provincial - level expressways in the people ' s republic of china .
fan yanguang ( 范延光 ) ( died september 30 , 940zizhi tongjian , vol . 282 . ) , courtesy name zihuan ( 子環 ) ( per the history of the five dynasties ) history of the five dynasties , vol . 97 .
fangqi ( also known as ; and ) is a strategy board game played traditionally throughout northern china as a training game for weiqi ( go ) .
figure skating was held as part of the 11th national games of the people ' s republic of china .
the first national population census of the people ' s republic of china ( prc ) , also referred to as the 1953 chinese census , was conducted by the people ' s republic of china with a zero hour of june 30 , 1953 .
the former liang ( 320–376 ) was a state of the sixteen kingdoms during the jin dynasty ( 265–420 ) in china .
freedom of religion in china is provided for by the country ' s constitution , constitution of china , chapter 2 , article 36 .
fritillaria yuzhongensis is a plant species native to china ( gansu , henan , ningxia , shaanxi , shanxi ) .
the yinchuan ring expressway , designated as g0601 is an expressway in ningxia , northern china orbiting the city of yinchuan .
the qingdao–yinchuan expressway , commonly referred to as the qingyin expressway is an expressway that connects the cities of qingdao , shandong , china , and yinchuan , ningxia .
the dingbian–wuwei expressway , commonly referred to as the dingwu expressway is an expressway that connects dingbian county , yulin , shaanxi , people ' s republic of china and wuwei , gansu .
the beijing - tibet expressway , commonly abbreviated to jingzang expressway , also known as beijing - lhasa expressway ( jingla expressway ; 京拉高速公路 ) or china national expressway 6 , is part of the chinese national expressway network and is planned to connect the nation ' s capital , beijing , to the capital of the tibet autonomous region , lhasa .
the yinchuan–baise expressway , commonly referred to as the yinbai expressway , is a partially completed expressway in the people ' s republic of china .
the fuzhou–yinchuan expressway , commonly referred to as the fuyin expressway is an expressway that connects the cities of fuzhou , fujian , china , and yinchuan , ningxia .
galeaspida ( from latin ,
helmet shields
) is an extinct taxon of jawless marine and freshwater fish .
gansu is a province of the people ' s republic of china , located in the northwest of the country .
the ganzu vole ( caryomys eva ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae .
gao huan ( 496–547 ) , nickname heliuhun ( 賀六渾 ) , formally prince xianwu of qi ( 齊獻武王 ) , later further formally honored by northern qi initially as emperor xianwu ( 獻武皇帝 , literally
the wise and martial emperor
) , then as emperor shenwu ( 神武皇帝 , literally
the unnamable and martial emperor
) with the temple name gaozu ( 高祖 ) , was the han chinese paramount general of the chinese / xianbei dynasty northern wei and northern wei ' s branch successor state eastern wei .
gao lishi ( 684–762 ) , formally the duke of qi ( 齊公 ) , was a eunuch official of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty and wu zetian ' s zhou dynasty , becoming particularly powerful during emperor xuanzong of tang ' s reign .
gao ying ( 高郢 ) ( 740both gao ying ' s biographies in the old book of tang and the new book of tang indicated that he was 71 years old at his death in 811 , which would indicate that he was born in 740 . however , the old book of tang also indicated that he was 14 at the time that his father was captured by yan forces during the anshi rebellion — which would be in 756 , thus making him born in 742 . the new book of tang contained no reference to his age at the time of the anshi rebellion . compare old book of tang , and new book of tang , . – july 24 , 811 ) , courtesy name gongchu ( 公楚 ) , was an official of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty , serving as a chancellor during the reigns of emperor dezong and emperor shunzong .
george w . hunter mbe ( chinese name : 胡进洁 ) ( 31 july 1862 - 20 december 1946 ) was a scottish protestant christian missionary in china and turkestan .
geshu han ( died december 1 , 757 ) , formally prince wumin of xiping ( 西平武愍王 ) , was a general of tang china who was of turgesh extraction .
goji , goji berry or wolfberry is the fruit of lycium barbarum and lycium chinense , two closely related species of boxthorn in the nightshade family , solanaceae .
gongbei ( from قُبّة ( qubba ) , گنبد gonbad , meaning
dome
,
cupola
) , is a term used by the hui people in northwest china for an islamic shrine complex centered on a grave of a sufi master , typically the founder of a menhuan ( a chinese sufi sect , or a
saintly lineage
) .
the great wall of china is a series of fortifications made of stone , brick , tamped earth , wood , and other materials , generally built along an east - to - west line across the historical northern borders of china to protect the chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the eurasian steppe .
greater administrative areas were early top - level administrative divisions of the people ' s republic of china that directly governed provinces and municipalities .
guo yuanzhen ( 郭元振 ; 656–713 ) , formal name guo zhen ( 郭震 ) but went by the courtesy name of yuanzhen , was an official , general , and diplomat of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty and wu zetian ' s zhou dynasty , serving as a chancellor during the reigns of emperor ruizong and emperor xuanzong .
( ) is a prefecture - level city in the ningxia hui autonomous region of the people ' s republic of china .
guyuan liupanshan airport is an airport serving guyuan , a city in ningxia hui autonomous region , china .
haicheng is a town in and the county seat of haiyuan county , in the southwest of ningxia , china .
hainan district ( mongolian ) is a district of the city of wuhai , inner mongolia , people ' s republic of china , bordering ningxia to the southwest .
haiyuan county is a county under the administration of zhongwei city in ningxia hui autonomous region of the people ' s republic of china .
in human genetics , haplogroup g ( m201 ) is a y - chromosome haplogroup none of the sampling done by research studies shown here would qualify as true random sampling , and thus any percentages of haplogroup g provided country by country are only rough approximations of what would be found in the full population .
he jintao ( 何進滔 ) ( died 840zizhi tongjian , vol . 246 . ) was a general of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty , who , as military governor ( jiedushi ) of weibo circuit ( 魏博 , headquartered in modern handan , hebei ) , ruled the circuit in de facto independence from the imperial government .
he long ( march 22 , 1896 – june 8 , 1969 ) was a chinese military leader .
he yong ( 何勇 ) ( born february 15 , 1969 in beijing ) is a chinese rock musician who has been particularly active in the 1980s and 1990s .
hešeri ( chinese : 赫舍里 ; pinyin : hesheli ; manchu : hešeri ) , is a manchu clan with jianzhou jurchens roots , originally hailing from the area which is now the modern chinese provinces of jilin and liaoning .
heicheng , formerly sanhe is a town in haiyuan county , ningxia , china , located southeast of the county seat and about the same distance north - northwest of guyuan as the crow flies .
helan county is a county under the administration of yinchuan city in ningxia hui autonomous region of the people ' s republic of china .
the helan mountains , frequently called alashan mountains in older sources , are an isolated desert mountain range forming the border of inner mongolia ' s alxa league and ningxia .
helian bobo ( middle chinese guangyun : ; 381–425 ) , né liu bobo ( 劉勃勃 ) , courtesy name qujie ( 屈孑 ) , formally emperor wulie of xia ( 夏武烈帝 ) , was the founding emperor of the xiongnu state xia .
helian chang ( died 434 ) , courtesy name huan ' guo ( 還國 ) , nickname zhe ( 折 ) , was an emperor of the state xia .
heshui campaign , consisted of several fierce battles fought between the communists and the nationalist ma clique’s force , which consisted mostly of cavalry .
hetao is a region in the upper reaches of the yellow river in northwestern china .
hexi corridor or gansu corridor refers to the historical route in gansu province of china .
the time zones of china refer to the time zone divisions used in china between 1918 and 1949 .
written records of the history of china can be found from as early as 1200 bc under the shang dynasty ( c . 1600–1046 bc ) .
the history of islam in china began when four ṣaḥābā—sa‘d ibn abī waqqās ( 594–674 ) , ja ' far ibn abi talib , and jahsh preached in 616 / 17 and onwards in china after coming from chittagong - kamrup - manipur route after sailing from abyssinia in 615 / 16 .
the history of the administrative divisions of china between 1912 and 1949 refers to the administrative divisions under the republic of china government control .
the history of the administrative divisions of china after 1949 refers to the administrative divisions under the people ' s republic of china .
the history of the great wall of china began when fortifications built by various states during the spring and autumn ( 771–476 ) and warring states periods ( 475–221 ) were connected by the first emperor of china , qin shi huang , to protect his newly founded qin dynasty ( 221–206 ) against incursions by nomads from inner asia .
the han dynasty ( 206 bce – 220 ce ) , founded by the peasant rebel leader liu bang ( known posthumously as emperor gaozu ) , from the shang to the sui dynasties , chinese rulers were referred to in later records by their posthumous names , while emperors of the tang to yuan dynasties were referred to by their temple names , and emperors of the ming and qing dynasties were referred to by single era names for their rule .
the kuomintang ( traditional chinese : 中國國民黨 ; simplified chinese : 中国国民党 ; hanyu pinyin : zhōngguó guómíndǎng ; initials : kmt or gmd ) is a chinese political party that ruled china 1927–48 and then moved to taiwan .
the history of writing is primarily the development of expressing language by letters or other marks and also the study and description of these developments .
professor yinsen is a fictional comic book character who appears in books published by marvel comics , usually as a supporting character of the superhero iron man ( tony stark ) , and plays a key role in iron man ' s origin story as a mentor and co - builder of his first armor .
the hongsibao solar park is a 50 mwp photovoltaic power station located in the ningxia region , in china .
hu qili ( born october 1929 in yulin , shaanxi ) is a politician of the people ' s republic of china and a member of the communist party of china ( cpc ) .
hu songshan ( 1880–1955 ) , a hui , was born in 1880 , in tongxin county , ningxia , china .
huaiyi ( 懷義 ) ( died december 25 , 694 ) , né feng xiaobao ( 馮小寶 ) , sometimes referred to as xue huaiyi ( 薛懷義 ) , was a buddhist monk who was known for being the lover of wu zetian , the only woman to be commonly recognized as
emperor
in the history of china .
huang nubo ( born 1956 ) is a chinese real estate developer , entrepreneur , poet , and mountaineer who founded and remains chairman of beijing zhongkun investment group .
the hui people ( xiao ' erjing : خُوِذُو / حواري , dungan : хуэйзў / huejzw ) are a predominantly muslim ethnic group in china .
huinong district is a district under the administration of shizuishan city in ningxia hui autonomous region of the people ' s republic of china .
huo shilian ( april 1909 - november 17 , 1996 ) was a people ' s republic of china politician .
professor ian swingland founded dice ( durrell institute of conservation and ecology ) at the university of kent in 1989 .
the illegal drug trade in china is influenced by factors such as history , location , size , population , and current economic conditions .
the relations between india and mongolia are still at a nascent stage and indo - mongolian cooperation is limited to diplomatic visits , provision of soft loans and financial aid and the collaborations in the it sector .
inner mongolia ( mongolian : in mongolian script , and in mongolian cyrillic ) , officially inner mongolia autonomous region or nei mongol autonomous region , is an autonomous region of the people ' s republic of china , located in the north of the country , containing most of china ' s border with mongolia ( the rest of the china - mongolia border is taken up by the xinjiang autonomous region and gansu province ) and a small section of the border with russia .
iris bungei is a beardless iris in the genus iris , in the subgenus limniris and in the tenuifoliae series of the species .
iris humilis is a species in the genus iris , it is also in the subgenus of iris and in the psammiris section .
iris lactea is a species in the genus iris , it is also in the subgenus of limniris .
iris loczyi is a beardless iris in the genus iris , in the subgenus limniris and in the tenuifoliae series of the species .
iris psammocola is a species in the genus iris , it is also in the subgenus of iris and in the pseudoregelia section .
iris tenuifolia is a beardless iris in the genus iris , in the subgenus limniris and in the tenuifoliae series of the species .
as the yuan dynasty ended , many mongols as well as the muslims who came with them remained in china .
islam in china has existed through 1 , 400 years of continuous interaction with chinese society .
islam in taiwan is a slowly growing religion and represents about 0 . 3 % of the population .
iso 3166 - 2 : cn is the entry for china in iso 3166 - 2 , part of the iso 3166 standard published by the international organization for standardization ( iso ) , which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions ( e . g . provinces or states ) of all countries coded in iso 3166 - 1 .
jahriyya ( also spelled jahrīya or jahriyah ) is a menhuan ( sufi order ) in china .
the japanese invasions of korea comprised two separate yet linked operations : an initial invasion in 1592 , a brief truce in 1596 , and a second invasion in 1597 .
jí is the mandarin pinyin romanization of the chinese surname written in chinese character .
ji hongchang ( 1895–1934 ) , born ji hengli , was a chinese general and patriot .
the jimi system ( chinese : 羁縻制 ) or jimifuzhou ( 羁縻府州 ) was a self - rule administrative and political organization system used in china between the 7th century and 10th century .
jinfeng district is a district under the administration of yinchuan city in ningxia hui autonomous region of the people ' s republic of china .
the jing river or jing he ( pinyin : jīng hé ) , also called jing shui , is a tributary of the wei river , which in turn is the largest tributary of the yellow river .
jingyuan county is a county under the administration of guyuan city in ningxia hui autonomous region of the people ' s republic of china .
jingzhou or jing prefecture ( 涇州 ) was a zhou ( prefecture ) in imperial china , centering around modern jingchuan county , gansu , china .
the kaifeng jews are members of a small jewish community in kaifeng , in the henan province of china who have assimilated into chinese society while preserving some jewish traditions and customs .
the kolan vole , inez ' s red - backed vole or inez ' s vole , ( caryomys inez ) is a species of rodent in the family cricetidae .
the kuomintang of china ( or ; kmt ) , or sometimes spelled as guomindang ( gmd ) by its pinyin transliteration , is a political party in the republic of china ( roc ) .
the kuomintang islamic insurgency refers to a continuation of the chinese civil war by muslim kuomintang national revolutionary army forces in northwest china , in the provinces of gansu , qinghai , ningxia , xinjiang , and another insurgency in yunnan .
lan & ndash ; yin mandarin ( lanyin ) is a dialect of mandarin chinese traditionally spoken throughout gansu province and in the northern part of ningxia .
lanzhou campaign was a series battle fought between the nationalists and the communists for the control of the largest city in northwestern china during the chinese civil war in the post world war ii era , and resulted in the communist victory .
the lanzhou military region is one of seven military regions in the people ' s republic of china .
lanzhou new area is the newly established state - level new area ( special economic and political administration zone ) under the direct control of lanzhou municipal government on august 3 , 2010 by the 7th session of the 11th convention of lanzhou municipal council .
latinxua sin wenz ( also known as sin wenz , latinxua sinwenz , zhongguo latinxua sin wenz , beifangxua latinxua sin wenz or latinxua ) is a little - used romanization system for mandarin chinese .
li baozhen ( 李抱真 ) ( 733 & ndash ; 794 ) , né an baozhen ( 安抱真 ) , courtesy name taixuan ( 太玄 ) , formally the prince of yiyang ( 義陽王 ) , was a general of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty .
li daozong ( 李道宗 ) ( 603 ? - 656 ? historical accounts indicate that li daozong died at the age of 53 , and died during the journey to his place of exile after he was exiled in 653 , without reaching the place of exile . that appears to be some evidence that he died in 653 , but is not conclusive . see old book of tang , vol . 60 . meanwhile , the new book of tang mentioned that he was 16 in 619 , and therefore these dates are used here . ) , courtesy name chengfan ( 承範 ) , was an imperial prince of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty .
li fuchun ( may 22 , 1900 – january 9 , 1975 ) was a chinese communist revolutionary and politician .
li guangbi ( 李光弼 ) ( 708 – august 15 , 764 ) , formally prince wumu of linhuai ( 臨淮武穆王 ) , was a general of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty , of ethnic khitan ancestry , who was instrumental in tang ' s suppression of the anshi rebellion .
li guangyan ( 李光顏 ) ( 761–826 ) , courtesy name guangyuan ( 光遠 ) , né adie guangyan ( 阿跌光顏 ) , was a general of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty .
li guochang ( 李國昌 ) ( died 887both the new book of tang , vol . 218 and the zizhi tongjian , vol . 256 gave li guochang ' s death date as 887 ( i . e . , the third year of the guangqi era ) , so that date will be used here , as the history of the five dynasties , vol . 25 and the new history of the five dynasties , vol . 4 , which gave a contrary 883 ( i . e . , the third year of zhonghe era ) , appeared to contradict the available chronology of the career of li guochang ' s son li keyong . ) , né zhuye chixin ( 朱邪赤心 ) , courtesy name dexing ( 德興 ) , posthumously honored by later tang as emperor wenjing ( 文景皇帝 ) with the temple name of xianzu ( 獻祖 ) , was a leader of the shatuo turks during the waning years of the tang dynasty .
li huaiguang ( 729 – september 19 , 785 ) was a leading general of the chinese dynasty tang dynasty , of mohe extraction .
li jianhua ( born september 1954 ) is a politician of the people ' s republic of china and the communist party chief of ningxia hui autonomous region .
li jing ( 571 – july 2 , 649 ) , courtesy name yaoshi , posthumously known as duke jingwu of wei , was a chinese general who lived in the early tang dynasty and was most active during the reign of emperor taizong .
li linfu ( died january 3 , 753 ) , nickname genu , formally the duke of jin , was an official of the chinese tang dynasty , serving as a chancellor for 18 years ( 734 & ndash ; 752 ) , during the reign of emperor xuanzong—one of the longest terms of service for a chancellor in tang history , and the longest during xuanzong ' s reign .


the sphecidae are a cosmopolitan family of parasitoidal wasps that includes sand wasps , mud daubers , and other thread-waisted wasps .

the name sphecidae was formerly given to a much larger grouping of wasps .

this was found to be paraphyletic , so most of the old subfamilies have been moved to the crabronidae .

sphecidae

the classifications of sphecidae and crabronidae are very confusing . sphecidae and crabronidae were in one family sphecidae and was the single family under former superfamily sphecoidea . as now most recognised , the former sphecidae
and crabronidae . the redefined sphecidae family constitutes only the subfamily sphecinae . the crabronidae constitutes the rest of the former sphecidae subfamilies .
digger wasps of kazakhstan and middle asia ( hymenoptera , sphecidae ) . a key
wasps in trinidad ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) . entomologist 109 : 194 - 199 .
lep . ( hymenoptera , sphecidae ) . revision de esta actividad en el genero .
nesting biology of podium angustifrons kohl ( hymenoptera , sphecidae ) in an araucaria forest fragment .
ebrahimi e . 1993a . the sphecid wasps of subfamily sphecidae in iran ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) . journal of entomological society of iran , 12 and 13 : 87 - 104 .
nesting biology of the solitary digger wasp , podalonia affinis ( k . ) ( hym : sphecidae )
lomholdt , o . 1982 . on the origin of bees ( hymenoptera : apidae , sphecidae ) .
scullen ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) . j . kansas entomol . soc . 65 : 91 - 92 .
pulawski , wojciech j . 2016 . catalog of sphecidae sensu lato : family group names and classification . urltoken
cresson ( hymenoptera , sphecidae ) . ann . entomol . soc . am . 49 : 71 - 84 .
nesting biology of the solitary digger wasp , podalonia affinis ( k . ) ( hym : sphecidae ) | bwars
nesting biology of podium angustifrons kohl ( hymenoptera , sphecidae ) in an araucaria forest fragment . - pubmed - ncbi
( hymenoptera , sphecidae ) new to the romanian fauna . nymphaea – folia naturae bihariae , 39 : 105–109 .
collection information of 10 collected populations of sphecidae family from different parts of golpayegan - isfahan province , iran have shown in table 1 . table 4 shows quantitative morpho - biometerical characters data ( m ± sd ) of studied sphecidae populations . total variance explained for principal component analysis for studied sphecidae population characters has been showed in table 5 . table 6 shows six components of pca test and correlating quantitative and qualitative morpho - biometerical characters of studied sphecidae taxa (
catalog of sphecidae ( s . l . ) ; family - group names / classification , website ( version 2016 )
digger wasps with emphasis on nest reutilization and nest sharing ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) . sociobiology 13 : 93 - 118 .
arnold , g . 1945 ( 1944 ) . the sphecidae of madagascar . cambridge university press , cambridge . 193 pp .
krombein , k . v . 1970 . behavioral and life - history notes on three floridian solitary wasps ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) .
richard c . miller , and frank e . kurczewski , “intraspecific interactions in aggregations oflindenius ( hymenoptera : sphecidae , crabroninae ) , ”
fernald 1927 ( hymenoptera : apoidea : sphecidae ) of the old world . linzer biologische beiträge , 42 ( 2 ) : 1241–1291 .
a synonymic catalog of neotropical crabronidae and sphecidae ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) . arq . zool . são paulo 37 : 1 - 139 .
callan , e . mcc . 1979 : the sphecidae ( hymenoptera ) of new zealand . νew zealand entomologist 7 : 30 - 41 .
kirby ( hymenoptera , sphecidae ) dans la faune de la republique populaire roumaine . travaux du muséum d’histoire naturelle “grigore antipa” , 2 : 229–244
what made you want to look up sphecidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
kirby 1798 ( hymenoptera : apoidea : sphecidae ) of the palearctic region and india . linzer biologische beiträge , 45 ( 1 ) : 383–564 .
pagliano , g . , e . negrisolo ( 2005 ) hymenoptera . sphecidae . fauna d’italia , calderini , bologna , 40 , 560 pp .
alexander ba . 1992 . a cladistic analysis of the subfamily philanthinae ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) . systematic entomology , 17 : 91 - 108 .
schmid - egger c . 2011 . order hymenoptera , families crabronidae and sphecidae , arthropod fauna of the uae , 4 : 488 - 608 .
lomholdt , o . 1975 : the sphecidae ( hymenoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark , part 1 . fauna entomologica scandinavica 4 : 1 - 224 .
lomholdt , o . 1976 : the sphecidae ( hymenoptera ) of fennoscandia and denmark , part 2 . fauna entomologica scandinavica 4 : 225 - 452 .
observations on the nesting habits of some digger wasps ( sphecidae ; hymenoptera ) . ann . entomol . soc . am . 38 : 305 - 313 .
can still be applied to the many members of this group , with three families , ampulicidae , crabronidae and sphecidae being widely distributed worldwide and in asia .
bohart rm & menke as . 1976 . sphecidae wasps of the world : a generic revision . berkeley : university of california press . p . 665 .
dollfuss , h . 2015 . revision of the wasp genus ammophila kirby , 1798 ( hymenoptera : apoidea : sphecidae ) of the sub - saharan region of africa .
shayestehfar , a . ( 2014 ) biosystematic study of sphecidae family in golpayegan – isfahan province , iran . research in zoology , 4 ( 1 ) : 20–28 .
arnold , g . 1930 . a check - list of the sphegidae of the ethiopian region . university press , cambridge , england . 21 pp . bibliography of sphecidae 30
cowley , d . r . 1961 : the associates of pison spinolae shuckard ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) . new zealand entomologist 2 ( 6 ) : 45 - 46 .
harris , a . c . 1992 : wasps of the genus sceliphron ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) intercepted in new zealand . new zealand entomologist 15 : 39 - 42 .
marshakov , v . g . , “a review of wasps of the tribe crabronini ( hymenoptera , sphecidae ) of the fauna of the ussr , ” entomol . obozr .
laing , d . j . 1988 : the prey and predation behaviour of the wasp pison morosum ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) . new zealand entomologist 11 : 37 - 42 .
pulawski , w . j . 1975 : synonymical notes on larrinae and astatinae ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) . journal of the washington academy of sciences 64 : 308 - 323 .
scobiola–palade , x . ( 1965 ) contribution à la connaissance des sphécides ( sphecidae , hym . ) de roumanie . travaux du muséum d’histoire naturelle “grigore antipa” , 5 : 107–113 .
ebrahimi e . 2005 . an identification guide to the sphecidae of iran ( insecta , hymenoptera ) . journal of entomological society of iran 24 ( 2 ) , 109 - 135 .
menke as . 1996 . the ammophilini of costa rica ; an identification guide ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ; sphecinae ) , j . hym . res , 5 : 190 - 202 .
vardy , c . r . 1987 : the new zealand fauna of thrips - hunting solitary wasp genus spilomena shuckard ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) . systematic entomology 12 : 249 - 256 .
danilov , yu . n . , “digger wasps ( hymenoptera : sphecidae , crabronidae ) from the altai forest - steppe in the environs of barnaul , ” evraziat . entomol . zh .
ian d . naumann , and robert w . matthews , “nesting biology and taxonomy of arpactophilus - mimi , a new species of social sphecid ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) from northern australia , ”
pulawski , w . j . 1977 : a synopsis of tachysphex kohl ( hym . , sphecidae ) of australia and oceania . polskie pismo entomologiczne ( warsaw ) 47 : 203 - 332 .
smith , f . 1856 : catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , part iv , sphecidae , larridae , and crabronidae , pp . 207 - 497 . london .
d . b . mccorquodale , and i . d . naumann , “a new australian species of communal ground nesting wasp , in the genus spilomena shuckard ( hymenoptera : sphecidae : pemphredoninae ) , ”
callan , e . mcc . 1980 : erroneous record of the mud - daubing wasp , sceliphron laetum ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) in new zealand . νew zealand entomologist 7 : 134 - 135 .
gayubo , s . f . , f . sanza ( 1986 ) esfecidofauna de la margen derecha de la cuenca alta del duero ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) . acta salmanticensia , 74 : 1–115 .
nemkov , p . g . , kazenas , v . l . , budris , e . r . , and antropov , a . v . , “family sphecidae , digger wasps , ” in
turner , r . e . 1908 : notes on the australian fossorial wasps of the family sphecidae , with descriptions of new species . proceedings of the zoological society of london 1908 : 457 - 535 .
tsuneki , k . 1971b : ergebnisse der zoologischen forschungen von dr . z . kaszab in der mongolei . sphecidae i - ii . acta zoologica academiae scientiarum hungaricae ( budapest ) 17 : 139 - 217 .
gayubo , s . f . , f . heras ( 1986 ) esfecidofauna de las áreas de cuéllar y segovia ( provincias de segovia y valladolid ) hymenoptera : sphecidae . acta salmanticensia , 78 : 1–106 .
danilov , yu . n . and chernyshev , s . e . , “digger wasps ( hymenoptera : sphecidae , crabronidae ) in the kulunda forest steppe , western siberia , ” evraziat . entomol . zh .
dollfuss , h . 2013 . revision of the wasp genus ammophila kirby 1798 ( hymenoptera : apoidea : sphecidae ) of the palearctic region and india . linzer biologische beiträge 45 ( 1 ) : 383 - 564 .
leclercq , j . 1955b : révision des rhopalum ( kirby , 1829 ) neozélandais ( hym . sphecidae , crabroninae ) . bulletin de institut royale des sciences naturelles de belgique ( bruxelles ) 31 : 1 - 18 .
table 6 . six components of pca test and correlating quantitative and qualitative morpho - biometerical characters of studied sphecidae taxa in golpayegan - isfahan province , iran , bold values are positive significant ( p < 0 . 05 )
ebrahimi e . 2008 . a contribution to the sphecid wasps of iran ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) including first record of six species , journal of entomological society of iran , 28 ( 1 ) : 93 - 97 .
shalan - augul r . 2013 . a new species of the genus sphex linnaeus , 1850 ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ; sphecinae ) from iraq , international journal of advanced research , 1 ( 5 ) : 475 - 484 .
cowley , d . r . 1962 : aspects of the biology of the immature stages of pison spinolae shuckard ( hymenoptera : sphecidae ) . transactions of the royal society of νew zealand ( zoology ) 1 : 355 - 363 .
leclercq , j . 1970b : quelques podagritus d ' australia et d ' amerique du sud ( hymenoptera , sphecidae , crabroninae ) . bulletin des recherches agronomiques de gembloux . , n . s . 5 : 271 - 280 .
pulawski , w . j . 1971 : les tachysphex kohl ( hymn . , sphecidae ) de la région paléarctique occidentale et centrale . polska akademia nauk , zaklad zoologii systematycznej i doswiadczalnej ( wydzial 11 ) : 1 - 464 .
) . analysing quantitative and qualitative morpho - biometerical characters using three different cluster analysing method showed the within group method provided the best data ( figure 1 ) . table 7 shows an identification key based on the studied sphecidae characters .
arnold , g . 1951 . sphecidae and pompilidae ( hymenoptera ) collected by mr . k . m . guichard in west africa and ethiopia . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . entomology 2 : 95 - 183 .
dollfuss , h . 1990 . aculeate hymenoptera collected 1985 in the republic of central africa ( sphecidae , eumenidae , vespidae , pompilidae , chrysididae and scoliidae ) . zeitschrift der arbeitsgemeinschaft österreichischer entomologen 42 ( 3 / 4 ) : 121–124 .
figure 1 . cluster analysis ( within group ) of 26 quantitative and 15 qualitative morpho - biometerical characters of studied sphecidae taxa in gopayegan - isfahan province , iran . scored characters for cluster analysis have been shown in tables 2 and 3
seyoum e & pulawski wj . 2001 . sphecid wasps ( hymenoptera : apoidea : sphecidae ) as potential control agent of acridid pests ( orthoptera : acrididae ) in ethiopia , the harwood academic publishers imprint , 34 : 319 - 326 .
the name sand wasp is applied to some of the thread - waisted wasps in the family sphecidae , and also to these digger wasps , which were formerly placed in the sphecidae but are now in the square - headed wasp family crabronidae . they are ( as are most wasps and bees ) solitary wasps , found in habitats with loose or sandy soil . while they are not social insects like honeybees , ants , and some hornets are , they will tolerate other wasps nesting nearby .
harris , a . c . 1990 : podagritus cora ( cameron ) and p . albipes ( f . smith ) ( hymenoptera : sphecidae : crabroninae ) preying on ephemeroptera and trichoptera . p an - pacific entomologist 66 ( 1 ) : 55 - 61 .
gadallah ns & assery bm . 2004 . a review of the sphecidae ( with the exception of larrinae ) of the jeddah region ( west of saudi arabia ) , with a checklist of the species known from saudi arabia–linzer biologische beitrage , 36 : 215 - 239 .
the immature s . opacus is different from other sphecidae , as isodontia auripes ( fernald , 1906 ) and podium rufipes fabricius , 1804 ( krombein 1970 ) , in abandoning the first prey before it has been totally consumed and consuming partially several preys at the same time .
scobiola–palade , x . ( 1959 ) contributions à la connaissance des sphecidae ( hymenoptera ) de la dobrogea . lucrările sesiunii ştiinţifice ( 15–17 . 09 . 1956 ) a staţiunii zoologice marine „prof . ioan borcea” agigea , universitatea „a . i . cuza” , iaşi , 495–501 .
dollfuss , h . 2015 . t he ammophilini wasps of the
biologiezentrum linz
- collection in linz , austria ( part 3 ) including the genera ammophila kirby , eremnophila menke , eremochares gribodo , hoplammophila de beaumont and podalonia fernald ( hymenoptera , apoidea , sphecidae ) .
ghazi - soltani g , ebrahimi e . & iranipur s . 2006 . a new record of a crabronid wasp hym . : sphecidae ) for iran from east azarbaijan province iii th european congress of entomology , izmir , turkey , supplementary abstract book 2 , rvpp - 08 .
this catalogue presents data on 15 romanian sphecid wasp species ( hymenoptera : apoidea : sphecidae ) preserved in the hymenoptera collection of “grigore antipa” national museum of natural history , bucharest . the collecting data , general distribution , distribution in romania and some ecological aspects are provided for each species .
bitsch , j . , y . barbier , s . f . gayubo , k . schmidt , m . ohl ( 1997 ) hyménoptères sphecidae d’europe occidentale , vol . 2 . paris : fédération française des sociétés des sciences naturelles , faune de france , 82 , 429 pp .
shalan - augul r , abdul - rassoul ms & khaddou ik . 2013 . a new species of ammophila kirby , 1798 with identification key to species of ammophilini ( hymenoptera : sphecidae : sphecinae ) in iraq , advances in bioresearch , 4 ( 1 ) : 12 - 27 .
menke , a . s . ; bohart , r . m . ; richards , o . w . 1974 : proposed emendation to nysson of the name nysso latreille , 1796 ( hymenoptera , sphecidae ) ( z . n . ( s . ) 2055 ) . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 30 : 217 - 218 .
sphecidae use a vast of insects and arachnids to feed their larvae , although prey selection is usually limited to members of a single family or order . prey is immobilized by the female wasps by stinging and then brought in to the nest ( some species are nest parasites , i . e . , they enter nests of other sphecid species and oviposit on the prey there ) . most species dig burrows actively in the ground for nesting or establish their nests in dead wood or in twigs , but some use preexisting cavities and other build nest out of mud because of their habits , sphecidae play an important role in their ecosystems [ 26 ] .
cite this paper : alireza shayestehfar , mitra noori , mahdi talebi , zahra moniri , biosystematic study of sphecidae family in golpayegan - isfahan province , iran , research in zoology , vol . 4 no . 1 , 2014 , pp . 20 - 28 . doi : 10 . 5923 / j . zoology . 20140401 . 04 .
are muddaubers . species of sphecidae prey upon a tremendous variety of terrestrial insects and spiders , with host specificity ranging from absolute species - specificity to capturing several orders of insects . some sphecids are large , showy and highly noticeable , even to a layman ' s eye , while others are small , obscure and rarely seen ( krombein 1979 ) [ 3 ] .
cameron , p . 1888 - 90 : insecta , hymenoptera , vol . 2 ( fossores ) . in godman , f . d . & salvin , d . , biologia centrali - americana . london , taylor & francis . xi + 413 pp . ( pp . 1 - 32 1888 , 33 - 64 1889 , 65 - 128 1890 , 129 - 176 1891 ; sphecidae , pp . 1 - 158 ) .
, which , together with the bees and the heterogynaidae , form the superfamily apoidea . this opinion was discussed by brothers ( 1999 ) [ 7 ] . to refer to the three families proposed by melo ( 1999 ) [ 8 ] , the term spheciformes has been used , a denomination already proposed by brothers ( 1975 [ 7 ] . based on some phylogenetic studies , the former family sphecidae is now divided into four families :
species in these two families , sphecidae and crabronidae , are solitary hunting wasps . female wasp makes nest in soil or build mud cells for her young . she paralyses host arthropod , usually other insects or spiders , by her sting . the sting is a modified ovipositor which injects venom paralyses but not kill the host . she keep the hosts in the nest and lay egg on hosts body . larva hatches and feeds externally on prey . larvae are legless and grub - like . see our
up to now 65 species of the family have been reported from iran by in - country authors [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , ] . meanwhile many european and other specialists have had contributions on iranian sphecids [ 20 ] . about 102 species in 11 genera occur in north america , including 34 species in 10 genera in canada [ 21 ] . also menke ( 1996 ) studied on family sphecidae ( sphecinae ) in costa rica . he recorded three genera (
sphecidae is a diverse group of solitary wasps which may be of different shaped , size and color ; the female digs it nest in sand , soil or wood and provisions each nest cell with paralyzed prey and lays a single on it . the wasps larva feeds on the provisions , adults feed on nectar , pollen and juices containing high amount of sugar while the larvae need adults or larvae of different insect orders and araneida [ 2 , 27 , 28 ] . the sphecinae wasps can be recognize by many diagnostic characters such as ; gaster with cylindrical elongate petiole composed of sternum only unless it has two section as in
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abdomen long and stalked ( petiolate ) , giving the body a
thread - waisted
appearance ; middle tibiae with two apical spurs ; body may be all black ( sometimes tinged with metallic blue or green ) , black and red , yellow and black , or white and black .
larvae feed on paralyzed arthropods ( the host varies according to wasp species ) provided by adult ; common hosts include spiders , grasshoppers , and caterpillars . adults feed on nectar from flowers and extrafloral nectaries , honeydew , and body fluids of their prey .
most are solitary nesters ; some species are kleptoparasitic , using prey caught by other wasps in order to provide it to their own larvae .
american insects : a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h . arnett . 2000 . crc press .
solitary wasps : behavior and natural history ( cornell series in arthropod biology ) kevin m . o ' neill . 2000 . comstock publishing .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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the catalog ' s main objective is to allow quick orientation in the vast body of the available literature on the four included families . the specific goals are :
1 . to list all the valid names since linnaeus ( 1758 ) and up to date , for both extant and fossil taxa ( family - group , genus - group , and species - group names ) .
2 . to list all the invalid and unavailable names ( including junior synonyms , junior homonyms , and nomina nuda ) for the same time period .
3 . to provide information , for each nominotypical species , about the types status and sex , type locality , and depository .
4 . to provide information about the actions affecting nomenclature ( authorship of synonymies , lectotype or neotype designations ) .
5 . to provide , for each species - group name , references to all subsequent publications with short information about the respective paper ' s content . this goal has been achieved only partially , but new data are being constantly added , both retrospectively and prospectively . the publications already cataloged are preceded by an asterisk ( * ) in the bibliography . the missing data are expected to be gradually filled in the future . many of the existing gaps are indicated by an ellipsis ( . . . ) . a number of references not included here can be found in dalla torre ' s ( 1897 ) catalog .
comments about the catalog , especially corrections of errors and omissions , would be greatly appreciated .
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this page contains pictures and information about mud - daubers and sand wasps that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia . they are also known as
wasps in these two families are from small to large in size and some species have long slender waist . adult wasps feed on nectar or honeydew . all wasps in this family will sting , although most australian species are not aggressive . they usually found hunting on ground or on leaves , or sometimes found dragging prey to their nest . nests are different for different species . some nests are made by burrowing in the ground , by using existing cavities in ground , in dead wood or in pith of plants . some species construct mud cells in open , on house walls or rocks or tree trunks , some use abandoned mud nests .
differ from other bees in apoidea in lacking branched hairs and broad , flattened hind legs .
wasps in this group usually have two spurs on hind tibia . pronotum more or less attached freely with mesothorax . antennae usually 12 segmented in female and 10 segmented in male . females often with specialised structures for digging .
. they have very long and slender petioles . they are the true mud - dauber , building their nest with moist clay in hollow tree - trunks , sheltered part of rocks or on walls of houses .
ammophylini are usually black / red or black / yellow in colours . they build ground burrows and provision with caterpillars .
wasps in subfamily sphecinae are usually black in colour , from medium to large size . they have the abdomen link with thorax with very slender cylindrical stalk - like petiole . they predatory on
, including grasshoppers and katydids . females build nest for their young by digging long tunnel in sandy ground .
they have spiny - legged and frequently with deformed ocelli . they generally provision with
sand wasps in this subfamily bembicinae are medium to large in size . they are ground nesters . females dig long barrow in sandy ground as nest for the young . they provision their nest with different insect prey , mostly
are medium in size . they are black with orange - yellow bandings . there is the petiole segment between the thorax and abdomen . the abdomen is constricted between segments . the head is relatively large and wide . those digger wasps nest in bare , firm ground . they nest communally and there is some division of labour .
csiro , division of entomology , melbourne university press , 2nd edition 1991 , pp 989 .
- r . j . tillyard , angus & robertson , ltd , sydney , 1926 , p297 .
all images on this website have been taken in leicestershire and rutland by naturespot members . we welcome new contributions - just register and use the submit records form to post your photos . click on any image below to visit the species page . the red / amber / green dots indicate how easy it is to identify the species , particularly from a photo . see our photo id page for more information .
these solitary wasps get their name because most nest in the ground . the female digs her own hole and stocks it with paralysed prey , usually other insects or spiders , for her young to feed on .
the galleries below lead you to information pages for every species recorded on naturespot .
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family - group names and classification , maintained by wojciech j . pulawski at urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
università degli studi di milano , dip . biologia , via celoria 26 , 20133 , milan , italy , manuela . giovanetti @ urltoken
cerceris is a large genus , including 850 species ( bohart & menke 1976 ) . females usually dig subterranean nests , whose entrances are often aggregated ; these nests end with pedotrophic cells where larvae develop . evans ( 1971 ) defined the general nest characteristics in this genus : burrows tend to be vertical or nearly so ; cells are constructed at the end of short side - burrows departing from the main tunnel ; each side - burrow is closed off with soil when the cell is fully provisioned ; cells may be of two sizes in case of sexually dimorphic species .
some species are solitary , a term that is applied when a female individually digs and provisions her own nest , without the help of other conspecifics . usually in these cases interactions among females are aggressive . when some kind of cooperation , and consequently tolerance among females , is detected , we are facing a presocial organization in which females are involved at different levels . this is the case of some cerceris living in australia ( mccorquodale 1989 ) .
cerceris is a very interesting genus , providing species living in all continents ( bohart & menke 1976 , amarante 2002 ) . data about it belong mainly to species living in temperate regions and we lack information about the tropical ones . the high number of species and their distribution suggest peculiar adaptations that should be analyzed deeper .
in the neotropics there are about 250 species ( amarante 2002 ) . cerceris binodis spinola nests from south america to mexico ( callan 1990 ) . there are only two brief notes about its prey : from mexico ( evans 1971 ) and trinidad ( callan 1990 ) . no details about the nest structure and nest site selection were provided by these authors . i observed this species in a protected area in panamá . during a long term study , i recorded nesting behavior and prey , using and comparing different methods of data collection . i will discuss a ) the peculiar nest structure and location , and b ) prey collection , both related to the ecological conditions of the tropical environment in which this species lives .
barro colorado nature monument ( one island and five main peninsulas ; 9º09 ' n , 79º51 ' w ) is situated in the middle of the gatún lake in the panamá canal . the observed nesting sites were located on the island and on peninsula gigante . my study was developed during three following dry seasons : 1996 / 1997 , 1997 / 1998 and 1998 / 1999 . i made 3 - 11h per day observations at eight different nesting aggregations during the three periods , totally 110 days and 365 active females observed . nest entrances were measured and marked . males and females were individually marked on their thorax with non - toxic dyes . head width and forewing length of 331 females and 101 males were measured as an estimate of size , using vernier caliper ( precision : ± 0 . 05 mm ) .
i divided prey in three groups ( ' prey types ' ) , on the base of their size and the color patterns of their elitra , for an immediate identification in the field . ' prey type 1 ' corresponds to large beetles , about half size of the female wasp carrying them , elitra being reddish or brown . ' prey type 2 ' corresponds to large beetles , also about half size of the female wasp carrying them , elitra being of a metal green - blue or red . ' prey type 3 ' corresponds to small beetles , the wasp often carrying them only by mandibles , elitra brownish with black spots . i adopted three different methods to identify prey , to assess their validity for further field studies . a detailed description of each method follows .
method 2 : c . binodis females approaching their nest entrance were visually inspected to identify the prey they were carrying . females were not overdisturbed by netting or handling , but the close proximity of the observer and the size of the species allowed visual identification of the prey characteristics described above . mis - identifications made using this method were small , given the low number of ' prey types ' and their conspicuous differences . this method allowed the identification of other 798 prey .
i excavated nests at different nesting sites and in different seasons . i assigned at each nest a letter for individual identification ( a , b , c , d ) and a number related to the year it was excavated ( 98 = 1998 ; 99 = 1999 ) . the excavation did not reach the end of the main tunnel of all nests . three nests ( nest a - 98 , b - 98 , c - 99 ) were part of aggregations , but somehow isolated from the main group of nests ( i . e . cells could be easily assigned to the nest ) . i excavated six more nests in the middle of a nest aggregation , an area of 2 m x 1 . 5 m , and data are combined ( nest d - 99 , corresponds to six different entrances , which cells could not be assigned to a single entrance ) . i analyzed 87 cells from the isolated nests ( nest a - 98 , b - 98 , c - 99 ) and 142 cells from nest d - 99 . nest subterranean structures were illustrated by hand - drawings and using a 3d software , created for the case by d . romani .
cells dimensions ( n = 55 ) were measured in the field with the caliper . cell shape is ovoid : i measured the length between the extreme edges and the width at its half ( cm ) . then the cell size was estimated as the volume of the cylinder according to the two measures taken in the field .
statistical analysis were performed using statistica ( statsoft inc . , tulsa , oklahoma , usa ) and following zar ( 1974 ) .
voucher specimens of the wasps and the beetles are deposited at the entomological collection of the smithsonian tropical research institute in panamá . the samples collected from the cells are in the private collection of m . giovanetti .
female head width ( mean ± sd : 5 . 1 ± 0 . 31 cm , n = 331 ) was significantly larger ( student t = 38 . 15 , df = 426 , p < 0 . 001 ) than that of male ( mean ± sd : 3 . 7 ± 0 . 30 cm , n = 101 ) . female wings ( mean ± sd : 13 . 5 ± 0 . 84 cm , n = 329 ) were significantly longer ( student t = 27 . 88 , df = 426 , p < 0 . 001 ) than that of male ( mean ± sd : 10 . 9 ± 0 . 83 cm , n = 100 ) . the species is then dimorphic with females larger than males .
prey specimens collected ( method 1 ) belonged to eight species of chrysomelidae , seven of them clytrinae ( table 1 ) . only one specimen collected belonged to a different subfamily , cryptocephalinae . some elytra ( contained in nests a - 98 and d - 99 , six and five respectively ; method 3 ) could not be matched with entire specimens . at least two more unidentified species from nest excavation records should then be added to table 1 .
prey are carried under the wasp body , their ventral side up , the body embraced by the middle legs of the wasp . the wasp hold a foreleg of the beetle between its mandibles and the clypeus . among the three seasons , there are not significant differences in number of provisioning females observed and number of prey collected ( chi - square contingency table : ÷ 2 = 2 . 59 , df = 2 ) or number of days of observation and number of prey collected ( chi - square contingency table : ÷ 2 = 4 . 27 ; df = 2 ) . number of females observed and number of days of observations are then not influencing the number of prey recorded across seasons . there are significant differences among the frequency of prey types across dry seasons ( chi - square contingency table : ÷ 2 = 52 . 03 ; df = 4 ; p < 0 . 001 ) . prey type 1 frequency declined in following seasons ( table 3 ) , especially in 1998 - 99 , while prey type 3 increased , especially in 1998 - 99 . interestingly , no individual of prey type 2 was recorded in 1997 - 98 .
data from cell content are analyzed across nests , and consequently sites ( table 3 ) . there are differences in the prey types present in the four nests ( chi - square contingency table : ÷ 2 = 510 . 11 , df = 6 ; p < 0 . 001 ) . prey type 1 was the most common in three nests , its percentage ranging from 70 to 93 per cent . in nest c - 99 ( observed during the season 1998 / 1999 , excavated in 1999 ) the percentage of prey type 1 declined abruptly to 5 % , while increased the amount of the other two prey types .
between the data obtained from method 1 ( collected ) and 2 ( from wasps ) , there is no significant difference among the prey types ( chi - square contingency table : ÷ 2 = 4 . 65 , df = 2 ) . highly significant differences are found between data from wasps and the ones obtained by nest excavation ( chi - square contingency table : ÷ 2 = 21 . 21 , df = 2 , p < 0 . 001 ) .
this study confirms that nesting characteristics of the genus cerceris follow general rules , but that adaptability plays an important role . tropical species show differences that allow them to nest in the distinct ecological conditions offered by the tropics . observations and comparison of more species in tropical and temperate areas may confirm a plastic behavior , possibly corresponding to a phylogenetic trait that permitted to this genus to spread in all continents and various climatic conditions .
i am indebted to w . t . wcislo and f . andrietti for the discussions and help during this work . thanks to the smithsonian tropical research institute ( stri ) for the logistic accommodation and to o . acevedo for the technical assistance ; to j . d . asís , j . dalling , j . l . andrade and e . lasso for suggestions and criticism . thanks to pedro méndez and alejandro almanza for data collection . w . j . pulawski kindly identified the wasp specimens and d . m . windsor and r . regalin the prey specimens . i also thank d . romani , who worked with me at the 3d software .
sphecid wasps of the world . a generic revision , berkeley , univ . california press . , 695p .
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paper wasps making a nest . watch pupa grow and spin cocoon ! hd time lapse
ella mai – boo ' d up ( remix ) ft . nicki minaj & quavo
predators of a variety of arthropods including spiders ( aranaea ) , cockroaches ( dictyoptera ) , grasshoppers ( orthoptera ) , and caterpillars of moths and butterflies ( lepidoptera ) or larvae of other wasps ( hymenoptera ) . most species mass provision their nest with prey items on which they lay a single egg , however , some sphecines rear multiple larvae in a single cell . nests are either constructed from mud or rarely resin , or are created by burrowing in the soil . pre - existing cavities are also used as nesting sites .
arnold , g . 1920 . a revision of the south african species of the genus sphex linn . ( olim ammophila kirby ) . proceedings of the rhodesia scientific association 18 ( 2 ) : 25 - 55 , 2 pls .
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kohl f . f . 1901 . zur kenntnis der sandwespen ( gen . ammophila kirby ) . annalen des k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums 16 : 142 - 164 . kohl f . f . 1906 . die hymenopterengruppe der sphecinen . iii . monographie der gattung ammophila w . kirby ( sens . lat . – ammophilinae ashmead ) . abteilung a . die ammophilinen der paläarktischen region . annalen des k . k . naturhistorischen hofmuseums 21 : 228 - 382 , pls . vii - xiii .
[ plates assigned to vol . 22 and dated 1907 in bottom line note , apparently in error ; plates numbered incorrectly as pl . vii also appears earlier in the volume ]
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rev . bras . zool . vol . 22 no . 3 curitiba july / sept . 2005
departamento de entomologia , museu nacional , universidade federal do rio de janeiro . quinta da boa vista , são cristóvão , 20940 - 040 rio de janeiro , rio de janeiro , brasil . e - mail : sbuys @ urltoken
aspects of the nesting behaviour of sphex opacus dahlbom , 1845 are presented for the first time , based on observations carried out in a coastal habitat from southeastern brazil . larval behaviour and development were studied in laboratorial conditions .
aspectos do comportamento de nidificação de sphex opacus dahlbom , 1845 são apresentados pela primeira vez , com base em observações feitas em um habitat costeiro do sudeste do brasil . o comportamento e o desenvolvimento da larva foram estudados em condições de laboratório .
sphex linnaeus , 1758 is a large and widely distributed genus of digger wasps that usually hunt on tettigoniidae ( ensiferae ) to provision the nests . although the behaviour of some species of sphex has been comprehensibly studied ( tsuneki 1963 , ribi & ribi 1979 , brockmann 1979 , 1980 , 1985 , chiappa & toro 1996 ) , the most remains unknown or poorly known . herein aspects of the nesting behaviour of the neotropical species s . opacus dahlbom , 1845 are presented for the first time .
the study was carried out in the restinga de barra de maricá ( municipality of maricá , rio de janeiro state , southeastern brazil ) . this is a coastal area covered with
restinga
, a vegetational formation derived from tropical atlantic rain forest that grows in quaternary soil of marine origin . this area was visited every month from may 2000 to may 2001 . one adult female was deposited in the entomological collection of the museu nacional , universidade federal do rio de janeiro ( mnrj ) , rio de janeiro , brazil .
the nests were observed along the margins of an unpaved road . in this site , the soil was composed of clay and sand compacted . usually , there was no vegetation around the nests , but , when present , the vegetation was composed of small herbaceous plants , which did not shadow the nests . thus , the most of the nests remained exposed to the sun the major part of the day .
nesting females were found from may to august 2000 . in september 2000 , nests were not observed , only one female flying around . females in nest activity were observed again in april 2001 . these observations suggest a seasonal pattern of reproduction , restricted to the coldest months of the year .
the nests are multicellular , consisting of a cylindrical principal tunnel transversal to the ground , with about 1 . 5 cm in diameter ( n = 3 ) and 11 - 16 cm in depth ( n = 3 ) , and secondary tunnels , which part from the principal tunnel and reach the cells . the cells are broader than the tunnels and parallel to the soil . from three excavated nests , two bore two cells and one bore one cell . however , all these nests were active still , and possibly they should be increased with new cells . the earth excavated from the nests usually forms a mound , which remains in a sector concentric to the nest entrance . accessory burrows were not observed .
in order to dig the nest , the female cuts the soil with the mandibles , holds a portion of earth between the forelegs and the head , and walks backward . in this moment , she maintains the mandibles open , apparently to help in the holding of the earth . when she arrives at 2 - 4 cm from the nest entrance , she throws the earth backward beneath the body , with a flip of the head and forelegs . the earth reaches up to 4 cm beyond the wasp body , but usually this distance is shorter . commonly , the wasp , immediately after throws the earth , synchronically moves the legs backward once more , as she does when she throws the earth . the function of this behaviour was not found . after digs for some time , the female scatters the mound of earth that accumulates around the nest due the excavation . in order to scatter the earth , the female walks backward and uses the forelegs to throw earth backward beneath the body and , at the same time , she uses the hindlegs to scatter earth to the sides . the distance and the trajectory the female walks scattering earth vary along the excavation of a cell . in one case , the female in the early excavation walked in a curved trajectory with about 10 - 13 cm long . after this , she scattered earth walking in a straight trajectory with about 9 cm long .