the pallid sturgeon ( scaphirhynchus albus ) is an endangered species of ray-finned fish , endemic to the waters of the missouri and lower mississippi river basins of the united states .

named for its pale coloration , it is closely related to the relatively common shovelnose sturgeon ( scaphirhyncus platorhynchus ) , but is much larger , averaging between 30 and 60 inches ( 76 and 152 cm ) in length and 85 pounds ( 39 kg ) in weight at maturity .

this species takes 15 years to mature and spawns infrequently , but can live up to a century .

a member of the sturgeon family , acipenseridae , which originated during the cretaceous period 70 million years ago , the pallid sturgeon has changed little since then .

in 1990 , the u.s. fish and wildlife service placed the pallid sturgeon on its endangered species list because few young individuals had been observed in the preceding decade and sightings had greatly diminished ; the species is now rarely seen in the wild .

it was the first fish species in the missouri river drainage area to be listed as endangered , and a loss of its habitat is thought to be responsible for its decline .

the vast majority of the missouri river drainage system has been channeled and dammed , reducing the gravel deposits and slow-moving side channels that are its favored spawning areas .

until the middle of the 20th century , pallid sturgeon were common and anglers found catching such a large fish in fresh water a rewarding experience .

the species is considered to be good-tasting , and its eggs have been used as caviar , although less commonly than those of many other sturgeon .

efforts to prevent the species from becoming extinct have had modest success .

pallid sturgeon are actively being raised in a dozen hatcheries and the offspring are being released back to the wild every year .

to better understand pallid sturgeon behavior , researchers have implanted global positioning system transmitters to track their movements and help identify possible spawning areas .

federal and state agencies are working together to improve habitat by restoring spawning areas since restoration of these areas is required if the species is to survive in the wild .

pallid sturgeon

dams are assumed responsible for the pallid sturgeon ' s decline by isolating pallid sturgeon populations , altering flow regimes , and reducing habitat .
usfws biologists found pallid sturgeon larvae confirming the first known reproduction of the pallid sturgeon in the lower missouri river in at least the last 50 years .
listing of the pallid sturgeon was important for initiating recovery efforts that included water management changes that may be required to save the pallid sturgeon from extinction .
it is likely that both sturgeon species interbreed to varying degrees throughout the pallid sturgeon ' s geographic range .
like lake sakakawea , fort peck reservoir has also flooded pallid sturgeon rearing areas .
prior to 1988 little was known about the status of pallid sturgeon in montana .
an adult pallid sturgeon , an endangered species . credit : christopher guy , usgs
english : pacific sturgeon , columbia sturgeon , oregon sturgeon ; french : esturgeon blanc .
schrey aw , boley r , heist ej . hybridization between pallid sturgeon scaphirhynchus albus and shovelnose sturgeon scaphirhynchus platorynchus .
september 1 , 2010 : threatened status for shovelnose sturgeon under the similarity of appearance provisions of the endangered species act - - pallid sturgeon listed to protected pallid sturgeon by treating shovelnose sturgeon as a threatened species where their ranges overlap .
to facilatate this , the montana / dakota pallid sturgeon workgroup was organized in 1993 .
genetic differences between the pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon have recently been reported by campton et al . ( 2000 ) .
the pallid sturgeon is mostly similar to another sturgeon species , the shovelnose sturgeon . however , it is characterized by a longer and more pointed snout .
counts of observed mortal injury by treatment group ( proportion in parentheses ) for pallid sturgeon .
genotype the potential broodstock sturgeon and analyze the extracted genotypes against known genotypes of wild pallid and shovelnose sturgeon from correlating river regions .
aquatic insects and minnows have been found in the stomachs of pallid sturgeon ( brown 1971 ) .
pallid sturgeon are also found in several of the larger tributary rivers of these two great rivers .
implementing the pallid sturgeon recovery program in this area is a multi - state and agency task .
resource science assistant thomas huffmon holds a pallid sturgeon caught by a research crew on the missouri river .
tranah g , campton de , may b . genetic evidence for hybridization of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon .
independent organizations , and concerned individuals . pallid sturgeon caught on hook and line by anglers must be released
pallid sturgeon are a large river fish that reside in deep - water areas of the main channel .
although numerous studies have been completed on pallid sturgeon populations and behavior , few have addressed the potential for water - quality characteristics to limit recruitment and population success of pallid sturgeon . literature on sturgeon and water - quality data indicates recruitment of pallid sturgeon may be limited by several water - quality characteristics of the lower missouri river including : high summer water temperatures in excess of 30 degrees celsius , which likely are stressful to pallid sturgeon , turbidities that are more than an order of magnitude less than the unaltered missouri river and may no longer provide adequate cover for egg , larval , and young pallid sturgeon or for older pallid sturgeon attempting to capture [ . . . ]
the st . louis district , corps of engineers has assembled a pallid sturgeon expert team which developed a draft plan of study for pallid sturgeon research and monitoring in the mmr . the draft plan of study is titled ahabitat preference and demographics of pallid sturgeon populations in the middle mississippi river @ and includes the following components :
pallid sturgeon are slow growing fish that feed primarily on small fish and immature aquatic insects . this species of
construction of impoundments , and related changes in water flow . these changes have blocked the pallid sturgeon ' s
selection of pallid sturgeon in lake sharpe on the missouri river . project researchers tagged and have tracked eight pallids
habitats and movements of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon in the yellowstone and missouri rivers , montana and north dakota .
1997 summary report of work conducted by the missouri river fwmao on missouri and yellowstone rivers - pallid sturgeon .
the rare pallid sturgeon has started spawning in the missouri river between south dakota and nebraska , scientists said .
pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon in the missouri river from fort peck dam to lake sakakawea and in the yellowstone river from intake to its mouth .
the service is currently ( april , 2013 ) seeking comment on a revision to the 1993 pallid sturgeon recovery plan . most of the information found on this site has been taken from the draft revised pallid sturgeon recovery plan
pallid sturgeon were probably more abundant in the past , but no accurate records have been tabulated . at the time when pallid sturgeon were described , forbes and richardson ( 1905 ) stated that the ratio of pallid to shovelnose sturgeon in the catch at grafton , illinois , was 1 : 500 , but at the mouth of the missouri river the ratio was 1 : 5 . carlson et al . ( 1985 ) collected 4 , 355 sturgeon , of which 11 were identified as pallid sturgeon , for a ratio of 1 : 396 . watson and stewart ( 1991 ) found one pallid sturgeon among
deserved or not , the pallid sturgeon might best be known as one of the ugliest fish in north america .
the confluence of the missouri river with the yellowstone river – a very important area for pallid sturgeon recovery efforts .
the pallid sturgeon was added to the federal list of threatened and endangered species on september 6 , 1990 . federal
pallid sturgeon are also found in the lower yellowstone river from the state line upstream to near fallon , mt .
pallid sturgeon propagation and culture attempts for the montana populations were initiated in 1994 and were first successful in 1997 .
the pallid sturgeon might be considered ugly to some , but to most its recovery would be nothing less than beautiful .
eighty - four 6 year old pallid sturgeon raised at the gavins point nfh were stocked in the lower platte river .
a predator , the pallid sturgeon will feed on small fishes and immature aquatic insects sucked from the bottom muddy substrates .
pallid sturgeon are a bottom - oriented , large river obligate fish inhabiting the missouri and mississippi rivers and some tributaries from montana to louisiana ( kallemeyn 1983 ) . pallid sturgeon evolved in the diverse environments of the missouri and mississippi rivers .
over the past 20 years . nearly all of the pallid sturgeon ' s habitat has been modified through river channelization ,
adult pallid sturgeon populations in montana display a skewed size structure comprised of only large ( old - age ) fish .
altered flow regimes caused by the damming of large rivers have resulted in the decline of pallid sturgeon populations in montana .
wildlife officials are seeking volunteers to aid in pallid sturgeon restoration efforts on the missouri river in northwest missouri this spring .
the pallid sturgeon was listed as a federally endangered species in 1990 because of extensive habitat modification , a lack of reproduction , commercial harvest and hybridization with shovelnose sturgeon .
questions about the biology of the pallid sturgeon and the role of the lower platte river in its recovery are as follows .
since 1998 almost 400 , 000 hatchery reared juvenile pallid sturgeon have been released in waters of the missouri river upper basin .
please refer to the section listing requirements under the endangered species actheading for a complete description of the threats to pallid sturgeon .
juvenile pallid sturgeon . photo credit : linda beck , bozeman fish technology center , u . s . fish and wildlife service
little is known about the biology of the pallid sturgeon or specific causes for the species ' decline . this lack of information
the pallid sturgeon populations in montana are senescent , with no evidence of recent recruitment and are in danger of going extinct .
the federal agency has also committed millions of dollars to re - create shallow - water pallid sturgeon habitat on the lower missouri river in missouri . there , where most of the few remaining pallid sturgeon have cross - bred with shovelnose sturgeon , genetically pure pallids are in grave danger of disappearing .
critical habitat has not been designated for pallid sturgeon . however , recovery - priority management areas have included the mouth of the lower platte river and adjacent portions of the missouri river on the basis of the preponderance of collections of pallid sturgeon in the region . research has documented use of the lower platte by pallid sturgeon during april , may , and june in the last 3 years .
gardner ( 1999 ) monitored movements and habitat use of hatchery - reared yearling pallid sturgeon and he found that yearling pallid sturgeon used relatively deep channel areas ( average = 2 . 0 m ) near the channel thalweg which is similar to where adults reside .
the future for pallid sturgeon recovery may continue to be uncertain even after positive changes have been implemented because pallid sturgeon populations are so depleted and the newly stocked fish will take at least 15 years before the females first reach sexual maturity and begin to spawn .
a larval pallid sturgeon produced at blind pony state fish hatchery in missouri from adults caught during broodstock efforts on the missouri river .
listed as a threatened species , no commercial fishing activities are allowed in the us for the pallid sturgeon . the harvest of either the pallid or the shovelnose sturgeons for flesh or roe is restricted in the missouri and most parts of the mississippi river systems . very rare and an endangered species , the pallid sturgeon provides no sport fishing opportunity .
the gavins point national hatchery at yankton , sd is being prepared for pallid propagation .
management actions to increase reproductive success and survival of pallid sturgeon in the lower missouri river have been focused on flow regime , channel morphology , and propagation . integration of 2005–08 comprehensive sturgeon research program research provides insight into linkages among flow regime , re - engineered channel morphology , and pallid sturgeon reproduction and survival .
figure 7 - 3 locations of priority management areas 1 - 6 for recovery of pallid sturgeon . source : dryer and sandvol 1993 .
in this project , i worked with steve krentz to develop a population viability model for pallid sturgeon . the model which simulates hybridization between pallid and shovelnose sturgeon and hatchery stocking . the pallid sturgeon is listed under the endangered species act and its recovery is the concern of recovery teams throughout the mississippi and missouri river basins . this study was funded through the ornl state partnership program , and involved collaborators at the western area power administration ( ted anderson ) and us fish and wildlife ( steven krentz , pallid sturgeon recovery team leader ) .
in early 1991 , galen buterbaugh , u . s . fish and wildlife service regional director for region 6 , formed the pallid sturgeon
one of the most obvious detrimental changes in the pallid sturgeon environment was the damming of the missouri river and several other important tributaries .
volunteers chris name , jerrud king and colby whiteman help pull trotlines during the missouri department of conservation’s pallid sturgeon broodstock effort in 2015 .
surmise that smaller fishes that are found in habitats with pallid sturgeon are important food resources . in the platte river , fishes that use the habitats where pallid sturgeon have been found include speckled chubs ( macrhybopsis aestivalis ) , sturgeon chubs ( m . gelida ) , and a host of other minnow and sucker species .
in the past 5 years , researchers identified the most important reason for pallid sturgeon population declines in the upper missouri river : the lack of survival of naturally produced hatched sturgeon embryos .
the pallid sturgeon is very long - lived fish and mature slowly . pallid sturgeon can live more than 40 years , reach five to six feet in length and weigh up to 65 pounds . in the missouri river along the nebraska border , they rarely exceed 10 pounds .
beginning in 1996 research efforts focused at pallid sturgeon recovery and preserving the pallid sturgeon genetic pool through stocking . the main purpose of the stocking program is to preserve the genetic pool and reconstruct an optimal population size within the habitat ' s carrying capacity ( krentz 1997a ) .
human - caused changes in our big rivers have brought the pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon in more direct contact than they were historically , and the two species now compete directly and also breed and hybridize with each other . hybridization could result in genetic swamping and eventually threaten the survival of the much less numerous pallid sturgeon species .
1993 - pallid sturgeon recovery plan ( 10 megabyte pdf file ) developed . this plan outlines the steps needed for recovery of this species .
in 1993 the service published the pallid sturgeon recovery plan . a partnership between federal , state and local organizations formed to implement the plan .
usfws , usgs , and montana fwp conduct population surveys of the pallid sturgeon in the yellowstone river and williston reach of the missouri river .
krentz ( 1997 ) estimated there were only about 300 ( 223 - 365 ) pallid sturgeon remaining in the missouri / yellowstone river population .
to address pallid sturgeon passage and entrainment on the yellowstone river , the usfws has begun consultation with bor regarding problems at intake diversion dam .
but those black buildings are in scandinavia or the netherlands , far from my pallid neighborhood .
tracking and recapturing a telemetry equipped pallid near the confluence of the missouri and the yellowstone .
in the platte river , catches of pallid sturgeon are uncommon but occur regularly . in 1979 - 2002 , anglers reported catching pallid sturgeon in the platte and elkhorn rivers . most of the catches have been in the reach of the platte river from the mouth upstream to about the mouth of the elkhorn river ( table 7 - 1 , figure 7 - 2 ) . as of 2003 , no wild pallid sturgeon have been
tews , a . 1994 . pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon in the missouri river from fort peck dam to lake sakakawea and in the yellowstone from intake to its mouth . fort peck pallid sturgeon study . montana department of fish , wildlife , and parks final rep . to u . s . army corps engineers . 87 pp .
pallid sturgeon are bottom dwellers in the missouri and mississippi rivers in missouri . found in areas of strong current that have firm sand substrates in the main river channels , such as along sand bars and behind wing dikes with deeply scoured trenches . compared to the shovelnose sturgeon , the pallid sturgeon is restricted to areas of strong current .
efforts are now being directed at propagation problems and evaluating the survival , acclimation and movements of the released juvenile pallid sturgeon in the wild . initial releases of 750 hatchery - reared yearling pallid sturgeon were accomplished for both the upper missouri river and missouri / yellowstone river populations during 1998 .
the endangered population of pallid sturgeon is exceptionally small and apparently declining . much of its original habitat in the missouri river has been altered by dams and their reservoirs . the lower platte river remains the habitat with a flow regime most similar to the original , unaltered habitat of pallid sturgeon . the braided channel of warm , sediment - rich waters with shifting sandbars and islands and a sandy substrate offers suitable habitat that serves as a refuge for pallid sturgeon and a possible starting point for expanding the population . for those reasons , the committee concluded that current habitat conditions in the lower platte do not adversely affect the likelihood of survival or recovery of the pallid sturgeon . the loss of lower platte river habitat would probably result in a catastrophic reduction in the pallid sturgeon population . any recovery effort for the pallid sturgeon will of necessity include the lower platte river .
there have been no direct observations of reproduction by pallid sturgeon in the wild , but movement patterns and collection of ripe females suggest that they spawn during june or july in south dakota and as early as march in louisiana . spawning in most sturgeon is not an annual event , and current evidence suggests that pallid sturgeon males spawn on a 2 - to 3 - year cycle and pallid sturgeon females on a 3 - to 5 - year cycle ( keenlyne and jenkins 1993 ) .
successful spawning by pallid sturgeon in the lower platte river has not been recorded . no spawning areas have been documented , and no trend data exist for pallid sturgeon , but scaphirhynchus sp . larvae have been collected from the lower platte river . until recently , collections of the larvae had been rare ; until 1999 , no larvae had ever been collected in the wild . in august 1999 , several pallid sturgeon larvae were collected at the
what is the connection between pallid sturgeon that use the lower platte river and those found throughout the middle and lower missouri river ? knowledge of the connection could help to answer the question of the importance of the platte for the recovery of the pallid sturgeon in this section of its range .
how does the year - to - year variability of the discharge in the platte river affect the reproduction of the pallid sturgeon ? concerted studies on the pallid sturgeon in the lower platte river started in 2000 , and the platte has since experienced some of the lowest discharge volumes on record .
1998 - 17 , 500 larval pallid sturgeon were hatched at garrison dam nfh . the fry were flown to gavins point nfh for further rearing .
keenlyne kd , jenkins lg ( 1993 ) age at sexual maturity of the pallid sturgeon . trans am fish soc 122 ( 3 ) : 393–396
historically , the pallid sturgeon geographic range was similar to the present range except all populations were connected and not fragmented as is the case today .
once pallid sturgeon spawn the resulting larvae have a strong tendency to drift great distances downstream over a long period of time ( kynard 1998 ) .
in 1992 , blind pony fish hatchery in southern missouri became the first hatchery in the nation to successfully spawn and rear pallid sturgeon in captivity .
english : freshwater sturgeon , great lakes sturgeon ; french : esturgeon jaune ; spanish : esturión lacustre .
“this research is a notable breakthrough in identifying the reason why pallid sturgeon in the missouri river have been declining for so many decades , ” said suzette kimball , acting director of the usgs . she said it will provide “vital information they can use as a focus of pallid sturgeon conservation . ”
the pallid sturgeon ( scaphirhynchus albus ) is one of the rarest and largest freshwater fish in north america . it and the smaller , more common shovelnose sturgeon ( scaphirhynchus platorhynchus ) , are the only sturgeon species native to the missouri and yellowstone rivers in montana . pallid sturgeon can live to be older than 50 years , can reach lengths of over 6 feet , and can weigh over 75 pounds .
tranah , g . , campion , d . e . , and may , b . , genetic evidence for hybridization of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon ,
tracking gravid ( reproductive ) female shovelnose and pallid sturgeon from 2004–07 narrowed delineations of spawning habitat . in 2008 , three separate pallid sturgeon spawning patches were resolved to areas of several hundreds of square meters by intensive tracking of three gravid female pallid sturgeon of hatchery origin . each of the three geographically separated patches was on the outside of a revetted bend , with deep , relatively fast , and turbulent flow . because this is a common habitat on the lower missouri river , these results support the hypothesis that spawning habitat availability is not a limiting factor in pallid sturgeon reproduction in the lower missouri river .
recovery of the endangered pallid sturgeon will require restoration of river flows , connectivity , temperatures , turbidity , and instream habitats in order to maintain a self - sustaining population . since 1994 , artificial propagation has been used to maintain the pallid sturgeon populations in montana until the needed improvements to habitat and river function can be made . each year , a few of the remaining wild adult pallid sturgeon are captured , spawned , and released in order to acquire the greatest remaining genetic variability . the fertilized eggs are hatched and the resultant fish are reared in state and federal hatcheries until they are large enough to stock . additionally , some individuals are retained and are incorporated into the pallid sturgeon broodstock . this broodstock will serve as a source of genetically - pure pallid sturgeon eggs after the existing wild adult populations go extinct . as the clock winds down for the remaining wild pallid sturgeon , as much information as possible is being gathered in efforts to effectively direct recovery objectives and conservation . ongoing projects include the collection of movement information from radio - telemetered juvenile and adult pallid sturgeon , monitoring drift - dynamics of larval pallid sturgeon , and understanding how reservoir management and flow - manipulation can aid in the species’ preservation .
350 sturgeon captured in the yellowstone river . in comparison , continuing studies in the platte river during 2000 - 2003 have captured four pallid and 929 shovelnose sturgeon , for a ratio of 1 : 232 .
factors contributing to the decline in abundance of pallid sturgeon are diverse and in some cases incompletely documented . the illegal harvest of adult sturgeon for their eggs is probably a serious drain on the breeding stock .
the pallid sturgeon is the larger of the two species of sturgeon found east of the continental divide . both sturgeon species , pallid and shovelnose , co - occur in the missouri and yellowstone rivers . pallid sturgeons have a unique dinosaur - like appearance and have been swimming around since the dinosuars . they have a flattened snout , long slender tail and are armored with lengthwise rows of bony plates instead of scales . their mouth is toothless and positioned under the snout for sucking small fishes and invertebrates from the river bottom . pallid sturgeon can weigh up to 80 pounds and grow to about 6 feet long .
“through the hatchery system , we’re making families of pallid sturgeon with the hopes of conserving the pallid’s genome with as much diversity as possible , ” jordan says . “maybe in the future , someone will wake up in the middle of the night with an idea about how to improve sturgeon habitat so these and future hatchery - raised fish can spawn and live on their own . the alternative is that we do nothing and the pallid sturgeon just winks out . ”
the pallid sturgeon ( scaphirhynchus albus ) is a large riverine fish that has survived for millions of years in large river systems . when one first sees a pallid sturgeon , its prehistoric roots are evident . the back and sides of pallid sturgeons are grayish - white , they have a compressed rostral area , a long slender tail and are armored with five lengthwise rows of scutes ( bony plates instead of scales ) . their mouth is located in a ventral position just forward of the eyes , is toothless and adapted for sucking small fishes and invertebrates from river bottoms . pallid sturgeon can reach weights up to 80 pounds and reach lengths of 6 feet . pallid sturgeon resemble the closely - related shovelnose sturgeon ( scaphirhynchus platorynchus ) in body shape , yet shovelnose sturgeon rarely exceed 8 pounds , and are predominantly brownish in color .
2003 amendment to the biological opinion - rpa v . a . identify the cause of pallid sturgeon lack of recruitment , hybridization , and identify restoration plans .
publication of the pallid sturgeon fact sheet was funded by the south dakota department of game , fish and parks , division of wildlife , pierre , sd .
“we’re increasingly sure that this ‘drift distance’ is critical to the pallid’s recovery , ” says the biologist .
habitat data are compared between these relocation sites and other areas known to be frequented by pallid sturgeons .
in response to the petition the service conducted a review of the status and threats to pallid sturgeon . the following known and potential threats that affect the habitat or range of pallid sturgeon were identified : 1 ) large river habitat alterations , including river channelization , impoundment , and altered flow regimes ; 2 ) water quality ; 3 ) entrainment ; and 4 ) climate change . on september 6 , 1990 , the service placed the pallid sturgeon on the endangered species list .
depths used by pallid sturgeon vary with river system and range from less than 1 m in the platte river to 12 m in the mississippi . table 7 - 2 summarizes depth use for pallid sturgeon habitat by river studied . snook ( 2001 ) and snook et al . ( 2002 ) found that the hatchery - reared pallid sturgeon in the platte river used depths of 0 . 15 - 2 . 75 m ; the average was 0 . 84 m . swigle ( 2003 ) found that wild pallid sturgeon caught in the platte river used water depths that averaged 1 . 29 m . bramblett ( 1996 ) and bramblett and white ( 2001 ) found that pallid sturgeon in the upper missouri and yellowstone rivers used depths that averaged 3 . 3 m ( range , 1 - 7 m ) , and hurley ( 1999 ) found that pallid sturgeon in the mississippi river used depths of 6 - 12 m . erickson ( 1992 ) studied habitats used by pallid sturgeon in lake sharpe , south dakota , and stated that they were found in water with an average depth of over 4 m in this lake environment .
the pallid sturgeon , which is protected under the u . s . endangered species act ( esa ) , has all but disappeared from the lower mississippi basin .
habitat loss and alteration due to the continued operation and maintenance of the nine - foot channel project are likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the pallid sturgeon .
a tem image of pallid sturgeon iridovirus ( psiv ) ; photo credit : linda beck , bozeman fish technology center , u . s . fish and wildlife service
heist , e . j . , eichelberger , j . 2012 . 2011 missouri river pallid sturgeon recruitment and broodstock management for the middle and lower missouri river .
pallid sturgeon have a widespread distribution occurring in low numbers in the missouri river from montana to its confluence and in the mississippi river from illinois to its confluence .
pallid sturgeon , native to the missouri and mississippi rivers , were listed as an endangered species in 1990 . the species has a lifespan of more than a century . according to the u . s . fish and wildlife service , fewer than 175 wild - spawned pallid sturgeon - all adults - live in the free - flowing missouri river above lake sakakawea . since 1990 , not a single wild - spawned pallid sturgeon is known to have survived to a juvenile , despite intensive searching .
because the pallid sturgeon was not recognized as a species until 1905 , little detailed information is available concerning early abundance . forbes and richardson ( 1905 ) suggested that the lack of prior recognition of the species might have been attributable to scarcity , noting that pallid sturgeon accounted for about one in five hundred individuals of the scaphirhynchus sturgeon collected from the central mississippi river . the species was reported to be more abundant in the lower missouri river where some fishermen reported one in five sturgeon as pallid sturgeon ( forbes and richardson 1905 ) . however , it is probable that commercial fishermen failed to accurately distinguish the species in their sturgeon catches . as late as the mid - 1900s , it was common for pallid sturgeon to be included in commercial catch records as either shovelnose or lake sturgeon ( keenlyne 1995 ) . correspondence and notes of researchers suggest that pallid sturgeon were often encountered in portions of the missouri river as late as the 1960s ( keenlyne 1989 ) . while there are fewer than 40 historical ( pre - listing ) records of pallid sturgeon from the mississippi river ( kallemeyn 1983 , keenlyne 1989 ) , this may be attributed to a lack of historical systematic fish collections from that portion of the range .
the lower platte river still maintains the braided channel pattern with abundant areas of converging currents that pallid sturgeon seem to select . the shifting sand has been noted as a preferred substrate by pallid sturgeon . patches of gravel substrate may afford habitats for spawning during the spring warmup of the platte river and allow spawning earlier in the season than in the missouri river . on the basis of surveys , the lower platte appears to afford pallid sturgeon usable habitat up to the vicinity of the loup power canal confluence near columbus , nebraska . flows upstream of this point are too unpredictable to provide reliable habitat , and diversion structures impose barriers to access . even though conditions in the lower platte may be appropriate for pallid sturgeon use , these areas of acceptable or even preferred habitat may be isolated by sections of inhospitable habitat during periods of low flow , such as those of the drought in 2002 and 2003 . the section of the lower platte downstream of the mouth of the elkhorn river appears to retain most of the appropriate habitat conditions and the connectivity that reliably allows use by pallid sturgeon . historically , those conditions may not have posed as much of a problem for the pallid sturgeon and other riverine fishes ; today , channelization and damming of the missouri river have depleted pallid sturgeon habitats throughout its former range . pallid sturgeon have been captured in the elkhorn river , but they must traverse the lower platte to reach it . there are no other known habitats for pallid sturgeon in tributaries of the lower platte river system or in nearby missouri river tributaries . for those reasons , the lower platte river may be even more important for the recovery of pallid sturgeon .
the question of the importance of platte river flows for the existence of the pallid sturgeon is still problematic . on the one hand , the lower platte river accounts for only a small fraction of the distribution of the remaining area available to the pallid sturgeon of the lower missouri population . on the other hand , the lower platte is the only tributary in this reach where pallid sturgeon are regularly captured , and the captures coincide with conditions and times that correspond to the presumed reproductive requirements of the pallid sturgeon . although there is no recorded documentation of pallid sturgeon reproduction in the lower platte river , it seems to be the tributary of the lower missouri river most likely to have the combination of discharge , substrate , and channel morphometry necessary for spawning to occur . there is recent evidence that sturgeon are spawning on sand and gravel bars in the lower missouri river and the mississippi river .
besides its importance as a natural member of the missouri and mississippi river systems , the pallid sturgeon has economic benefits for society . anglers who have landed an 80 - pound pallid sturgeon claim it to be an exciting , rewarding gamefish . if recovery efforts are successful , the fish may become delisted and available once again for sportfishing .
currently pallid sturgeon populations are fragmented by dams on the missouri river . pallid sturgeon are scarce in the upper missouri river above ft . peck reservoir ; in the missouri and lower yellowstone rivers between ft . peck dam and lake sakakawea ; in the missouri river downstream of gavins point dam ; and in the mississippi and atchafalaya rivers .
the pallid sturgeon is currently listed as
s1
in mt due to extremely limited and / or rapidly declining population numbers , range and / or habitat , making it highly vulnerable to global extinction or extirpation in the state . the pallid sturgeon is one of the rarest fishes in north america and was federally listed as endangered in 1990 . the pallid sturgeon has been declining during at least the past 50 years with only about 200 adults remaining in the upper missouri river and limited natural reproduction .
three fish larvae captured from the missouri river last year have been confirmed as those of the endangered pallid sturgeon , the u . s . geological survey said thursday .
nationwide , it is estimated that 36 % of historical pallid sturgeon habitat has been eliminated , 40 % has been channelized and the rest has an altered flow regime .
a fish health concern recently surfaced in 1999 with the detection of a new irido virus discovered in the gavins point national fish hatchery where pallid sturgeon were being reared .
pallid sturgeon , native to the missouri and mississippi rivers , were listed as an endangered species in 1990 . the species has a lifespan of as much as a century . according to the u . s . fish and wildlife service , fewer than 175 wild - spawned pallid sturgeon – all adults – live in the free - flowing missouri river above lake sakakawea . since 1990 , not a single wild - spawned pallid sturgeon is known to have survived to a juvenile , despite intensive searching .
general descriptions of current velocity often use terms like strong ( lee 1980 ) and swift ( carlson et al . 1985 ; pflieger 1997 ) , but these refer to the appearance of the river from the surface . in a laboratory study of swimming endurance , juvenile pallid sturgeon were able to sustain swimming at 0 . 25 m / s and attain burst speeds of up to 0 . 7 m / s ( adams et al . 1999 ) . it seems likely that pallid sturgeon are using low - velocity microhabitats near the substrate of higher - velocity river reaches . to describe the water velocities experienced by pallid sturgeon quantitatively , both column velocities and bottom velocities have been used to characterize pallid sturgeon habitats . column velocities tend to be more variable , as would be expected over the wide range of water depths where pallid sturgeon occur . bottom velocities , which more accurately describe conditions of the sturgeon near the substrate , generally are less variable . table 7 - 3 summarizes column velocities and bottom velocities from several studies across the range of the pallid sturgeon .
pallid sturgeon are primarily found in the mississippi river from louisiana upstream to iowa and in the missouri river from its confluence with the mississippi upstream to great falls , mont . pallid sturgeon also have been captured in downstream reaches of several major tributaries of the missouri river , such as the platte big sioux , james , and niobrara rivers .
pallid sturgeon seem to prefer “excessively turbid waters” ( lee 1980 ) and avoid areas that lack turbidity ( bailey and cross 1954 ; erickson 1992 ) . in the lower platte river , suspended - solids concentrations where hatchery - reared pallid sturgeon have been found ranged from 56 to 1 , 000 mg / l ( snook 2001 ) . suspended - solids concentrations at locations where wild pallid sturgeon were captured in the lower platte river range from 313 to 359 mg / l ( swigle 2003 ) . turbidity may act as a component of cover for pallid and shovelnose sturgeon . studies in the platte river ( snook 2001 ; swigle 2003 ) found sturgeon away from objects , such as submerged logs , that afford cover to many species of riverine fishes ( peters et al . 1989 ) , whereas studies in low - turbidity sections of the missouri river have noted use of such areas by telemetry - tagged pallid sturgeon .
overall habitat diversity , productivity , and availability have been severely impaired . although some spawning has been documented , few pallid sturgeon fry have been captured and no natural recruitment has been documented for at least 30 years . it is believed that young pallid sturgeon are drifting into the unsuitable habitats in the upper reaches of fort peck reservoir and lake sakakawea , where they do not survive . without recruitment , and without any recovery efforts , the two populations of pallid sturgeon in montana are expected to go extinct by 2018 .
a second release of 680 yearling and 2 - year - old hatchery - reared pallid sturgeon into the lower missouri / yellowstone river system was accomplished during fall , 2000 .
“this research is a notable breakthrough in identifying the reason why pallid sturgeon in the missouri river have been declining for so many decades , ” said suzette kimball , acting director of the usgs . “by pinpointing the biological mechanism responsible for the species’ decline , resource managers have vital information they can use as a focus of pallid sturgeon conservation . ”
the pallid sturgeon is one of the largest fish found in these river systems . old reports and photographs document fish weighing more than 80 pounds and reaching lengths of six feet .
“unless things change , ” says chris hunter , chief of the montana fish , wildlife & parks fisheries division , “we could see the pallid sturgeon disappear in our lifetime . ”
biologists admit they may not figure out what pallid sturgeon need to reproduce naturally—or be able to remove barriers to spawning success—before the remaining wild fish become too old to reproduce . george jordan , the pallid sturgeon recovery coordinator for the u . s . fish & wildlife service in billings , believes the stocking program is essential for preserving the species’ genetic identity .
pallid sturgeon use the lower yellowstone river primarily during spring and summer , but during fall and winter use the missouri river below the confluence with the yellowstone ( tews 1994 , bramblett 1996 ) . some pallid sturgeon use the fort peck tailrace yearlong , but others move downstream in spring ( in one case more than 300 kilometers ) ( tews 1994 ) .
recovery of the magnificent pallid sturgeon will require changes in the way dams and water are managed in the missouri and yellowstone rivers . just as bighorn sheep , mountain goats , mule deer , elk , and antelope are part of what makes montana the
last best place
, pallid sturgeon too are part of montana ' s wildlife legacy . learn more
pallid sturgeon tend to select main channel habitats in the mississippi river stretch and main channel areas with islands or sand bars in the upper missouri river system , including the platte .
because of unique biological characteristics , including obligatory lengthy migrations and larval drift distances , a high habitat specificity and late sexual maturity , pallid sturgeon is a species vulnerable to extirpation .
given what the new research shows about how no oxygen is available to hatched pallid sturgeon embryos , the authors of the paper propose that officials will need to consider innovative approaches to managing missouri river reservoirs for pallid sturgeon conservation to have a chance . it also could provide some guiding principles for the construction of new dams around the world , guy said .
guy said this most recent study of sturgeon built on research conducted by usgs fisheries biologist patrick braaten , which demonstrated not enough available drift distance exists between the reservoirs for hatched pallid sturgeon embryos before entering the reservoirs in the upper missouri river .
this research is a notable breakthrough in identifying the reason why pallid sturgeon in the missouri river have been declining for so many decades ,
said suzette kimball , acting director of the usgs .
by pinpointing the biological mechanism responsible for the species ' decline , resource managers have vital information they can use as a focus of pallid sturgeon conservation .
: proceedings of the first joint meeting of the montana / north dakota pallid workgroup and the fluvial arctic grayling workgroup .
missouri river over the last 60 years may eventually lessen the importance of the lower platte river for the recovery of pallid sturgeon in this part of its range . today , however , the lower platte habitat is important for the recovery of the pallid sturgeon by virtue of their relative abundance in the vicinity of the mouth of the platte river in the missouri river .
withstanding events that caused extinctions of many other fishes , the pallid sturgeon managed to survived over the millennia . yet in spite of its tenacity , its future is uncertain . in 1990 , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) added the pallid sturgeon to the federal endangered species list , which is reserved for species in danger of extinction .
1995 - efforts to collect adult pallid sturgeon are undertaken in the upper reaches of the missouri and yellowstone rivers . these fish are to be used as broodstock for future stocking efforts .
1997 - four hundred and twelve 10 inch pallid sturgeon were stocked in the lower platte river near highway 50 . these fish came from the missouri department of conservation blind pony hatchery .
the pallid sturgeon – recovery program © 2013 missouri river working groups 3425 miriam ave , bismark , nd 58501 • ( 701 ) 250 - 4419 info @ urltoken • www . urltoken
the pallid sturgeon will range anywhere between 30 and 72 inches , and can weigh up to 100 pounds . this species is a bottom dweller in the mississippi and missouri river systems .
it is believed that pallid sturgeon require a spring pulse flow for initiating migrations to up - river spawning areas ( gardner 1995 ) , however , no study has documented this assumption .
“after millions of years of success , the pallid sturgeon population stumbled and now we know why , ” guy said . “from a conservation perspective , this is a major breakthrough . ”
a platte river study evaluating pollution levels in sturgeon stated that “pallid sturgeon may be especially at risk to contaminants in the lower platte river that bio - accumulate and cause reproductive impairment because they eat more fish and are a long - lived species . ”
results of the analyses suggest that for the sels tested there was no additional effect on mortality or mortal injury to pallid sturgeon from exposure to the impulsive sound generated by the airgun array .
sand appears to be the substrate of choice for pallid sturgeon , in contrast with the preference of shovelnose sturgeon for gravel substrates ( bramblett and white 2001 ) . the most common feature of the substrate that characterizes pallid sturgeon habitat is an irregular bottom contour ( bramblett and white 2001 ; hurley 1999 ; snook et al . 2002 ) , which occurs at the downstream ends of sunken sand bars and open channels with dunes ( swigle 2003 ) .
once pallid sturgeon spawn the resulting larvae have a strong tendency to drift great distances downstream over a long period of time ( kynard 1998 ) . this behavior is thought to be one of the limiting factors affecting larval survival . it has been suggested that larval pallid sturgeon may end up being deposited in downstream reservoirs and consequently never reach suitable rearing habitat . pallid sturgeon are long - lived and are thought to spawn at several year intervals . females may not reach sexual maturity until they are 15 to 20 years old ( dryer and sandvol 1993 ) . because of unique biological characteristics , including obligatory lengthy migrations and larval drift distances , high habitat specificity and late sexual maturity , pallid sturgeon is a species vulnerable to extirpation ( montana afs species status account ) .
although numerous studies have been completed on pallid sturgeon populations and behavior , few have addressed the potential for water - quality characteristics to limit recruitment and population success of pallid sturgeon . literature on sturgeon and water - quality data indicates recruitment of pallid sturgeon may be limited by several water - quality characteristics of the lower missouri river including : high summer water temperatures in excess of 30 degrees celsius , which likely are stressful to pallid sturgeon , turbidities that are more than an order of magnitude less than the unaltered missouri river and may no longer provide adequate cover for egg , larval , and young pallid sturgeon or for older pallid sturgeon attempting to capture prey , dissolved oxygen that decreases to concentrations less than 2 milligrams per liter during some river rises in the late spring and summer , food webs altered by increased light availability and hypereutrophic conditions caused by or enhanced by impoundment , bank stabilization , nonnative species , and decreased allocthanous material from the basin , bioaccumulative contaminants , including polychlorinated biphenyls , chlordane , dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane ( ddt ) and its metabolites , mercury , and synergistic contaminant cocktails that are particularly damaging to long - lived fish , and other contaminants such as agricultural chemicals ( particularly atrazine ) and organic wastewater compounds that can disrupt endocrine systems of fish and limit reproduction at extremely low concentrations . additional research could be used to characterize and quantify the requirements , tolerance , and preferences of pallid sturgeon to these water - quality characteristics , especially during the egg and larval life stages . enhancements to existing water - sampling programs are needed to quantify the exposure of pallid sturgeon to many of these water - quality stressors .
syr darya sturgeon ( pseudoscaphrhynchus fedtschenkoi ) , and the dwarf sturgeon a member of the acipenseridae family , the syr darya sturgeon is native to kazakhstan , uzbekistan and tajikistani waters . the dwarf sturgeon a critically threatened species common in the same habitats as the syr darya .
figure shows a ventral dissection of a pallid sturgeon 4a5b2e2d02after exposure at a of 0 . 61m and a depth of 6 . 09 m . all tissues are healthy and no different from controls .
during research and monitoring studies , pallid sturgeon have been caught during spring , summer and fall months of the year on the lower platte river , indicating the importance of the lower platte to several life stages of the fish . ensuring high spring flows that scour deeper channels and deposit sandbars are critical to creating and maintaining the habitats favored by pallid sturgeon in the missouri and platte rivers .
before dams , hatched pallid sturgeon embryos would drift for hundreds of miles , eventually settling out of the river’s current in areas with low flow where they matured enough to negotiate the river’s flow .
“this research shows that the transition zone between the freely flowing river and reservoirs is an ecological sink – a dead zone – for pallid sturgeon , ” guy said . “essentially , hatched sturgeon embryos die in the oxygen - depleted sediments in the transition zones . ”
little is known of the dissolved - oxygen requirements of pallid sturgeon , but they are generally found in areas where dissolved oxygen is considered good for most species ( > 5 mg / l ) .
populations of the pallid sturgeon are now so small that the big fish are rarely seen or caught by anglers . the primary reason for their decline is believed to be habitat loss caused by man .
dryer , m . p and a . j . sandvol . 1993 . pallid sturgeon recovery plan . u . s . fish and wildlife service , bismarck , n . d . 55 pp .
after a long history of ancestral survival through environmental disruptions , mass extinctions and multiple glaciations of north america , this unique fish , the pallid sturgeon , is in murky water both literally and figuratively .
the pallid sturgeon range in montana and western north dakota has declined to 60 % of their historical range ( figure 1 ) with recent sightings concentrated in 27 % of their range ( tews ) .
pallid sturgeon can grow to be one of the largest fish species in the river system . historically , the fish have been documented to weigh more than 80 pounds and reach 6 feet in length .


pinza ( 1950 – 1977 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

in a career which lasted just over a year – from july 1952 until july 1953 – he ran seven times and won five races .

he was the best british colt of his generation in 1953 , when he won the epsom derby and the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes .

pinza

you can still order any pinza and will be delivered later once we are open .
not a pizza , not a flatbread , pinza is in a class all of its own . pinza is the modern foodie’s answer to a wholesome – and ridiculously delicious – hand - kneaded crust .
with a genius 80 % water , 20 % flour ratio , pinza ' s are guilt free and low in calories ! with incredible gourmet flavours , fresh ingredients , toppings and with the added option for vegans , pinza is the perfect go - to dinner option .
nourishing , wholesome and completely irresistible , pinza is on a mission to introduce our uniquely healthful menu to dubai’s community of thinkers , do - ers and lovers of life .
pinza was the best british colt of his generation in 1953 , and went on to win the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes . he was then retired to stud , where he had little success .
premonition and pinza started as 5 - 1 joint favourites , with aureole at 9 - 1 , but from the off there was only ever one winner . after nearly 30 years of blood , sweat and tears it was all remarkably easy and straightforward for richards . pinza tracked the leaders in sixth or seventh early in the race but then , with seven furlongs left , spotted a gap , accelerated through to take closer order and then simply cruised past shikampur with three furlongs remaining . the race was over , pinza was gone , the rest nowhere . aureole hung on for second , with pink horse third at 33 - 1 .
mint crisp ( 90f , great nephew , pinza ) . 5 wins , grand prix de vichy , gr . 3 , chateaubriant grand prix d ' anjou - bretagne , l , 3d bordeaux prix occitanie , l .
from this aureole finished runner - up to pinza in the 1953 derby and the following year won the coronation cup and king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes . and carrozza , ridden by lester piggott , won the 1957 oaks .
pinza , bred by the legendary fred darling and trained by his former head lad , norman bertie , had left his calling card . richards was impressed and excited . to discover and team up with such a horse in the autumn of his career - all dreams were permissible .
carla pinza is a native - born bronx new yorker . her contributions to the community cross new york state and the world of entertainment spanning her early years as a nine - year - old professionally trained child actor , followed by her early teen years as a ballet dancer , a singer with a recording hit and actress / writer in children’s theater and television . as a child , carla pinza , though professionally trained , was an active member of after - school community arts programs . those programs , along with her secret love - the neighborhood library - and museums where she enjoyed getting lost , as she traveled to foreign lands , with each book she read and each painting and statue she admired and investigated , sparked her creativity ! it was no wonder that at an early age in school , carla pinza was invited to attend the hunter college school for especially bright children .
that winter was not entirely straightforward . pinza fell heavily on a gravel path at newmarket and picked up a stubborn leg infection . he started the season backward and missed the 2 , 000 guineas but romped to a four - length victory in the newmarket stakes in may , easing up . very promising .
pinza ( gb ) b . h , 1950 { 3 - i } dp = 2 - 0 - 8 - 2 - 18 ( 30 ) di = 0 . 25 cd = - 1 . 13 - 7 starts , 5 wins , ? places , ? shows career earnings : $ 136 , 240
carla pinza , has received , numerous awards among them a new york state proclamation for her achievements and contributions ( this information sits in the nys archives in albany for future generations to review ) . most recently , carla received the raul julia award from the hope for families & children foundation , inc . in june 14 , 2017 .
hyperion ' s leading earner was aureole ( ch . c . 1950 - 1974 out of angelola by donatello ii ) . bred by his majesty king george vi , and the first foal out of his dam , aureole raced for his breeder ' s daughter , queen elizabeth ii . this royal connection made him a public favorite . aureole won seven races from two to four . at two , he won the acomb maiden stakes at york , but was unplaced in the middle park stakes , his only other start of the year . at three , he was second only to pinza , with wins in the lingfield derby trial and cumberland lodge stakes , with seconds in the derby and king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes ( both to pinza ) , and third in the eclipse and st . leger .
but could such a big horse handle epsom ' s fiendishly difficult tattenham corner - downhill , high - speed and off - balance . early on june 6 - d - day - richards rose and rode pinza flat out around the corner accompanied only by a stable companion in the peace and quiet of a dewy dawn . he returned for a frugal breakfast with a rare smile on his face . so far so good .
carla pinza ' s book “ziggy’s mundo” and her play “shakespeare give us a clue” ( for which she also wrote the music and lyrics ) , she confesses were undoubtedly inspired by her reading and writing while visiting the public institutions offered by the city of new york . this coupled with her joyful trips to city island , orchard beach , palm bay park and the island of puerto rico served as inspiration . she became fascinated with the world of birds , mainly the seagulls of city island that she writes about . pinza’s , ultimate goal as author of the book “ziggy’s mundo” and her musical play “shakespeare give us a clue” is to inspire , and encourage children / students , to read and write - as they , like the main characters in carla’s stories , are determined to explore the mysteries of our planets and of the world around them .
celebrations all round . for richards , for trainer norman bertie and owner sir victor sassoon who was to claim three more derby victories with crepello , hard ridden and st paddy before he died in 1961 . but there was sadness as well . three days after richards stormed home , darling , who bred pinza , finally succumbed to cancer . he had willed himself to live and applaud the victory . he could die in peace now .
after the formalities of westminster abbey and long hours standing in the rain outside to glimpse the dignitaries and visiting vips , it was off to sunny epsom downs for the big race and a party . funfair , frolics and a flutter . by the end of the afternoon richards , who had been trying since 1924 , had won his first derby , on pinza , beating the queen ' s horse , aureole , into second place . it was his 28th and last attempt to claim racing ' s holy grail .
as a broodmare at sandley stud , she produced 4 stakes winners from 11 foals before her death in 1963 . these included blue train ( 1944 c . by blue peter ) , gigantic ( 1946 c . by big game ) , landau ( 1951 c . by dante ) , and pindari ( 1956 c . by pinza ) . blue train got an irish oaks winner before he went sterile , was sent back in training , and broke down , having to be destroyed . gigantic went on to a successful stud career in new zealand , while landau did the same in australia . pindari was also useful in great britain before export to india .
his sire pardao ( tfr 120 ) , third in the derby , fourth in the st leger , winner of the jockey club cup ( 2400m ) and winner of a 2800m handicap in the us , showed his best form over 2400m . to analyse his damline we start with moultons granddam horama , a good sprinter , best over 1000 . horama produced the mare urshalim ( by nasrullah ) , a smart miler . mated to staying sires pinza , shantung and pardao , urshalim produced respectively violetta iii , irish 1000 guineas winner lacquer and the speedy 1000 guineas 3 rd sovereign , all of whom were milers . mated to nijinsky , sovereign became the dam of lucky wednesday , who took after his sire and stayed 2400m .
on the death of john arthur dewar in august 1954 , [ 2 ] shortly after festoon ' s last race , his bloodstock was dispersed at auction . at the newmarket sales in december festoon was bought by anthony askew for 36 , 000 guineas , [ 14 ] reported as a world record price for a broodmare . as a broodmare she produced five winners , two of which were close to top class : pindaric [ 15 ] ( sired by pinza ) , won the lingfield derby trial in 1962 , while atilla ( sic ) , [ 16 ] by alcide , was a successful international performer whose wins included the gran premio del jockey club and the grosser preis von baden . [ 5 ] festoon died in 1973 at the san quentin stud . [ 17 ]
carla states that like her , the students / children also
have a burning curiosity for the life that surrounds them . they should feel free to write whether it provokes anger , sadness , humor or just plain fantasy . they too have a story to tell ! the purpose of carla’s writing is to inspire and encourage the students to read and write ! carla pinza , as actress , producer , author , director , journalist , trail blazer and child activist is the founder of the children’s performing arts organization , luminous visions inc . which not only assists needy children of all cultural backgrounds , but also includes children with life threatening conditions . carla is also credited for creating the puerto rican bi - lingual theatre at henry street settlement–the first theatre organization on the east coast to present spanish theatre in the english language .
there was no stopping carla pinza . she was on a roll . next on her agenda was the latino playwrights organization , which she lead , and co - founded , with actor raul julia . she had faith and believe that this new organization would bring hope and change to many . the latino playwrights opened the doors for the writers and actors of hispanic background in the english language . while creating a data base with facts and figures of the latino’s buying power in the us and throughout the world . the latino playwrights sparked a hispanic explosion in the us entertainment industry . inherited by many , the likes of jennifer lopez , penelope cruz , eva longoria , antoino banderas , rosario dawson , topped off with the genius , of lin manual miranda’s record breaking box - office broadway success of his musical “hamilton” . the latino playwrights opened the doors for writers and actors of hispanic background in the english language throughout the united states and latin america . to quote carla , that was our mission , now it’s time to move on and help to protect the children .
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urltoken
the coronation of queen elizabeth ii 50 years ago heralded a memorable summer of sport in britain . brendan gallagher looks at four of the major events
there was never a day like it . saturday june 6 , 1953 . just four days earlier the queen had been crowned and the coronation honours list had been announced with a knighthood , at last , for gordon richards , britain ' s champion flat jockey for nearly three decades .
if the palace courtiers had possessed an ounce of savvy they would have produced a sword and her majesty could have tapped him on the shoulders there and then in front of his people and fans - a bit like sir gary sobers at the garrison savannah in barbados in 1975 . instead richards had to wait for the appointed hour at buckingham palace later that summer .
richards had been champion jockey on 26 occasions , the first being in 1925 , aged 21 . he had been denied by tuberculosis in 1926 , and by a broken leg in 1941 . the only jockey ever to win the title off him , fair and square , was freddie fox , who beat him by a single win in 1930 .
but somehow , despite 13 other classic wins , he appeared jinxed in the derby . bad luck , bad horses , who knows ?
going back through those past derby defeats in my own mind i feel sure there are none i should have won ,
insisted richards .
some of the horses were non - stayers , one or two faint - hearted , others plainly not good enough and a few just second or third - best in the year .
the only accusation levelled at richards was that he sometimes chose the wrong horse when offered the choice for the big race . apart from that he was blameless . every horse he ever rode - and there were 21 , 834 in his extraordinary career - got a true and full - blooded ride .
he never lost a race that he should have won ,
was the punters ' verdict . richards was universally respected and revered . but still no derby .
his luck was beginning to change , however . in 1952 richards was riding out over six furlongs at newmarket heath on fountain , who was much fancied for the champagne stakes at doncaster , when a huge bay colt ridden by george younger started matching him stride for stride .
give him his head george ,
shouted richards and younger ' s mount duly steamed past , devouring the ground with a massive stride .
the 27 - strong field that year was considered exceptional . there was the lightning - quick aureole , the highly fancied premonition and nearula , winner of the 2 , 000 guineas . there were three cracking french horses pharel , pink horse and shikampur - with the latter owned by the aga khan .
england had been waiting 20 years for a series win over australia and the ashes - three years longer than our current dismal run against the australians - so today ' s england cricket fan will identify immediately with the joyous scenes that greeted england ' s decisive seven - wicket win at the oval after the fifth and final test .
the sound of brian johnston screeching
it ' s the ashes , it ' s the ashes
as denis compton swept arthur morris to leg for the winning boundary is still one of the most requested radio clips in the game ' s history .
the 1953 australians were a powerful side , make no mistake . they won six of their first nine matches on tour by an innings and , though four of the five tests were drawn , the series was a titanic , hard - fought , battle . victory was hard - earned and not without a little controversy .
e w swanton , the former daily telegraph cricket correspondent , recalled overhearing a conversation between walter robbins , the former middlesex captain and england selector , and australia ' s popular captain , lindsay hassett , immediately after the latter had paid handsome tribute to england when addressing the oval crowd .
robins :
well done lindsay , you couldn ' t have said it better .
hassett :
yes , not bad i thought myself , considering lockie threw us out .
the australians had long been convinced , and were subsequently vindicated , that the surrey spinner , tony lock , threw his quicker ball . they were also a little agitated , though they secretly admired the man , with what they claimed were time - wasting tactics from trevor bailey , coming off the longest of long runs , when they were chasing 177 to win in two hours at the headingley test .
the indefatigable bailey proved a thorn in australia ' s side all summer . earlier in the headingley test , he had batted for 4hr 22min for 38 runs when england were in trouble , while he and willie watson led the resistance on the last day of the lord ' s test when they famously put on 163 for the fifth wicket in 245 minutes to save the game .
by modern standards that is not a bad scoring rate , the difference being that they faced 90 overs , which today is considered almost a full day ' s allotment . australia ' s bowling attack , lest the modern generation try to diminish watson and bailey ' s achievement , was keith miller , ray lindwall , bill johnston and alan davidson . enough said .
bailey had travelled to lord ' s from his southend home on the train that morning and was
narked
that all the papers appeared to have written england off . he also tells the story of an unnamed scotland rugby international who turned up primarily to quench his thirst at the all - day tavern bar , bought a pint at noon and didn ' t realise it had been knocked over until the tea interval .
it was an unbelievably absorbing and tense day . time stood still .
john arlott , some years later , said :
the second test was the most exciting drawn match i have ever seen . the amazing thing about 1953 was that no game ever seemed to run the same way for two successive days , often not for two consecutive sessions .
ultimately , all that mattered , in coronation year , was that on the last session of the last day it was england , captained by len hutton , who came out on top .
we are so used to teenage tennis prodigies these days that sometimes you can underestimate the achievements of maureen katherine connolly .
little mo
had won three consecutive wimbledon titles and claimed the first women ' s grand slam in history before her career was ended , still aged only 19 , when she was thrown from a horse near her san diego home and broke her leg so badly that she was never to play competitively again .
little mo was first spotted , aged 10 , by wilbur folson on a public court in san diego . after changing her from a left - hander to a right - hander , he passed her on to the formidable eleanor tennant , who had coached alice marble to the wimbledon championships before the war and was subsequently to guide karen susman to the 1962 title .
you are to coach me until i become a champion ,
declared the precocious connolly , 12 , when they first met and , for five years , that was exactly what happened . then came her first wimbledon in 1952 , when she was nursing a slight shoulder strain from the queen ' s tournament the previous week .
tennant announced that her star pupil would not be competing in a first - round match against yorkshire ' s c g moeller . little mo disagreed , swept to a routine victory and then called a press conference to announce :
miss tennant is no longer my coach .
she won the title at a canter , defeating louise brough in the final .
the full flowering of an extraordinary talent was seen in 1953 , even though little mo was just 18 . the australian and french titles were won for the first time , the wimbledon championship retained and the american title won for a third consecutive year . during the grand slam she conceded just one set .
wimbledon in 1953 was a breeze , at least to start with , and little mo conceded just six games in reaching the final . there , however , she did finally encounter serious resistance from fellow american doris hart , digging deep to win 8 - 6 , 7 - 5 . it was virtually the last time she was extended in a singles career which saw her win nine consecutive grand slam tournaments over three seasons before tragedy struck .
her aggressive , flawless groundstrokes and immaculate approach - play simply overwhelmed the opposition , and was proof that you do not need to be a natural serve - and - volley player to win wimbledon .
indeed , she was only adequate around the net and a very average doubles player - she and julie sampson lost the 1953 women ' s doubles at wimbledon 6 - 0 , 6 - 0 to shirley fry and doris hart . when it came to singles , however , she was so far ahead of the game that winning a point rarely came down to making a volley .
ben hogan was the taciturn , tough man of american golf and , after being nagged by walter hagen and tommy armour , finally made his solitary appearance at the open in july 1953 . aged 40 , and still in constant pain from injuries received in a car crash four years earlier , hogan systematically dismantled the formidable carnoustie course with rounds of 73 , 71 , 70 and 68 .
hogan had always fought for everything in life , from the moment when he was nine - years - old and his blacksmith father committed suicide . he was a perfectionist with a ferocious work ethic , who famously declared :
you get your fun out of golf from practice .
he would regularly hit 600 practice balls before lunch - 50 for each of the 12 clubs he carried - and then repeat the exercise in the afternoon before finishing the day with 18 holes .
he invariably shone in adversity . of the nine majors that he entered after his car crash in 1949 - when he suffered a double fracture of the pelvis , broken ribs , a broken ankle and debilitating blood clots in the leg - he won three us opens , two masters and the open . he finished third , fourth and seventh in the others . not bad for a man who was warned that he might never walk again .
the 1953 open was his crowning glory . having already bagged the masters and us open earlier in the year , he opted to miss the uspga in favour of the open and arrived in scotland two weeks before the start , virtually unheard of in those days . he promptly employed local caddie cecil timms , who was expected to be seen and not heard . constant demands for cigarettes were communicated by hogan with an impatient slap on his trouser pocket and the striking of an imaginary match . timms retained his dignity throughout by performing his duties in an immaculately pressed lounge suit .
no lover of links golf , hogan planned his assault assiduously , especially on carnoustie ' s signature hole , the long sixth . he would hit dozens of practice balls to the left , down the middle and to the right and evaluate every possible approach shot . in the heat of competition he had three birdies and just one par , in the second round , when he missed a six - foot putt . indeed , his putter was cold all week , which only underlines his supremacy elsewhere on the course .
on the final day , a friday , he woke with a temperature of 103 degrees and , after the daily ritual of bathing his battered and weeping legs in epsom salts and taking an injection of penicillin , he set off on 36 championship holes . he produced near - flawless golf - 70 in the morning followed by a course - record 68 - to finish four strokes ahead of peter thompson , dai rees , frank stranahan and antonio cerda .
the tournament was won and his place in history secure . the presentation party was in place and the crowd waited to acclaim a very special golfer . and they waited , and waited . ten minutes elapsed before hogan appeared . officially timms had been sent scurrying to collect a clean jacket for his master , but there are those who swear the iron man of golf was shedding tears at the back of the clubhouse and needed all those 10 minutes to compose himself .
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happy laughter ( foaled 1950 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare best known for winning the classic 1000 guineas in 1953 . as a two - year - old , happy laughter won five races but was badly affected by sinus problems which were only rectified by surgery in the winter of 1952 / 1953 . as a three - year - old she followed up her win in the guineas by taking the coronation stakes , falmouth stakes and nassau stakes before being retired to stud .
happy laughter was a medium - sized chestnut mare with no white markings [ 1 ] bred in ireland by e . c . shirley . her sire , royal charger was a successful sprinter and miler who was trained by jarvis to win the queen anne stakes and the ayr gold cup in 1946 . he made a promising start to his stud career in ireland and went on to greater success after being exported to the united states in 1953 . happy laughter ' s dam , bray melody was a great - granddaughter of the influential broodmare verve , whose other descendants include greek money , shirley heights and pentire . [ 2 ]
as a yearling , the filly was sent to the sales at doncaster where she was bought for 3 , 500 guinea by the newmarket trainer jack jarvis on behalf of the owner and breeder david wills . [ 3 ]
throughout the season , the filly had been suffering from a sinus problem , and when she was moved to her owner ' s stud to recuperate her condition deteriorated . veterinary examinations revealed three separate infections and the filly underwent trephining to drain her sinuses . her condition remained serious until aureomycin was imported from ireland to treat the infection . [ 3 ]
in february , happy laughter returned to jarvis ' stable cured of her infection but with a hole in her head which required constant attention . in april she made her first appearance of the season in the free handicap over seven furlongs at newmarket in which she finished second to good brandy , a colt who was carrying five pounds less than the runner - up . on 1 may happy laughter was one fourteen fillies to contest the 1000 guineas over newmarket ' s rowley mile course . she was ridden by manny mercer and started at odds of 10 / 1 with bebe grande , who had finished second in the 2000 guineas being made favourite at 4 / 1 and tessa gillian starting at 9 / 2 . the race was run in difficult conditions , with heavy , persistent rain and soft ground . happy laughter overtook tessa gillian two furlongs from the finish and defeated her stable companion by two lengths , with bebe grande five lengths away in third . [ 5 ]
happy laughter was then moved up in distance to contest the oaks stakes over one and a half miles at epsom on 4 june . she was strongly fancied for the race , but there were doubts whether , as the daughter of a sprinter , she would have the stamina to cope with the distance . [ 6 ] happy laughter finished fourth of the twenty - one runners behind ambiguity , kerkeb and noemi . [ 7 ] at royal ascot , happy laughter was brought back in distance for the coronation stakes over one mile and won from tessa gillian . [ 8 ] she then won the falmouth stakes at newmarket ' s july meeting and the nassau stakes at goodwood . [ 3 ]
in 1953 the independent timeform organisation awarded happy laughter a rating of 126 , two pounds below the top - rated three - year - old filly la sorellina . [ 9 ] in their book a century of champions , based on a modified version of the timeform system john randall and tony morris rated happy laughter an “average” winner of the 1000 guineas . [ 10 ]
happy laughter was retired from racing to become a broodmare , but she had no success as a dam of winners . [ 3 ]
mortimer , roger ; onslow , richard ; willett , peter ( 1978 ) . biographical encyclopedia of british flat racing . macdonald and jane’s . isbn 0 - 354 - 08536 - 0 .
morris , tony ; randall , john ( 1990 ) . horse racing : records , facts , champions ( third edition ) . guinness publishing . isbn 0 - 85112 - 902 - 1 .
morris , tony ; randall , john ( 1999 ) . a century of champions . portway press , . isbn 978 - 1 - 901570 - 15 - 1 .
this page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .
2000 guineas stakes ( 1931 ) epsom derby ( 1931 ) st . james ' s palace stakes ( 1931 ) champion stakes ( 1932 )
cameronian ( 1928–1955 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire . he won the 2000 guineas stakes and the derby in 1931 but finished unplaced in the st . leger in his attempt to win the english triple crown . he returned as a four - year - old to win the champion stakes in 1932 .
was a top class racehorse who won the champion stakes and went on to become a highly successful stallion .
, who became one of the most influential stallions of the 20th century . cameronian was the third of seven derby winners trained by
. he was not rated in that year ' s free handicap , a rating of the leading two - year - olds .
his effort was attracted attention and he was introduced into the derby betting as second favourite .
he broke quickly and was then steadied to track the leaders in the early stages before moving into the lead as the field entered the straight . orpen emerged as his main challenger , moving alongside cameronian two furlongs out but after a
terrific struggle
cameronian prevailed by three quarters of a length . sandwich , who had been badly drawn and been hampered during the race finished strongly to take third . the win for the favourite was extremely popular with the public , though not with the bookmakers , several of whom
welshed
( failed to pay out winning bets ) on the race . at the victory celebration , dewar , who described himself as
the most delighted man in the world
, decorated the
over one mile . he recorded a popular victory , winning by three lengths from trinidad in
brilliant
style .
, despite doubts from some experts about his ability to stay the one and three quarter mile distance .
however , ended in failure . he pulled hard on the way to the start where , according to fred fox , he
went mad
, becoming highly agitated and kicking out at other horses . in the race the colt fought fox ' s attempts to settle him . by the straight he was exhausted and dropped out to finish last of the ten runners behind sandwich .
although cameronian was found to be running a temperature after the race he soon recovered . his connections were unable to explain his poor effort , with darling explicitly ruling out the possibility of the horse having been
got at
.
at four , cameronian began in june by finishing third in a
stirring
finish to the coronation cup at epsom , beaten a head and a short - head by the five - year - old salmon leap and goyescas .
in september he ran a close third to firdaussi , when attempting to give the winner twelve pounds in the jockey club stakes .
on his final start he recorded his most important victory since the derby by beating the three - year - old dastur in the champion stakes .
, john randall and tony morris rated cameronian as an
average
derby winner .
mortimer , roger ; onslow , richard ; willett , peter ( 1978 ) .
randall , j and morris , t . . portway press , 1999 , p . 137 .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 19 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
sir thomas ( 1785 – after 1790 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse . in a career that lasted from october 1787 to may 1790 he ran thirteen or fourteen times and won nine or ten races . in 1788 he became the first horse owned by a member of the british royal family to win the epsom derby , having been bought as a two - year - old by the prince of wales who later became king george iv . following his win in the derby , sir thomas raced in the prince ' s ownership with some success until 1790 .
sir thomas was bred by mr dawson who owned him for his first race . sir thomas ' s sire pontac won several races at newmarket in 1776 and 1777 , before retiring to stud . as a stallion he was first based at
this probably took place in 1787 , although at this period thoroughbreds had their official
birthdays
on 1 may and that sir thomas would have been described as a
two - year - old
in the early part of 1788 .
, sir thomas started the 5 / 6 favourite in a field of 11 runners for the derby with lord grosvenor ' s colt aurelius the second favourite at 5 / 2 .
sir thomas is reported to have won 500 guineas and a
compromise
at newmarket .
the first of these was probably the result of a match race against aurelius which took place at the houghton meeting in late october or early november .
sir thomas reappeared as a four - year - old in the jockey stakes over the four - mile beacon course at newmarket on 28 april . eleven of the thirteen entries were withdrawn and sir thomas won at odds of 1 / 10 from his only remaining opponent , lord derby ' s horse director .
on the following day the prince collected a 25 guinea forfeit when lord grosvenor withdrew his colt by justice from a match against sir thomas .
two day later sir thomas was one of five runners for the claret stakes over the beacon course . he finished second to the duke of bedford ' s grey diomed , the odds on favourite , with aurelius finishing last .
at the next newmarket meeting on 13 may , sir thomas started the 6 / 4 favourite for the jockey club plate over the round course . he finished third of the six runners behind the duke of bedford ' s cardock .
. on 22 august he started 4 / 6 favourite for a 100 guinea sweepstakes and won from mr hutchinson ' s colt by alfred and three others .
more than his opponent , he won the one mile race at odds of 1 / 2 .
during 1789 he was reported to have won one other race at newmarket with a prize of 140 guineas .
sir thomas had four engagements at newmarket in the spring of 1790 . on 19 april he was defeated in a 500 guinea match race against mr wentworth ' s horse gustavus .
three days later he ran in a subscription race over the round course which he won by beating the favourite cardock .
on 7 may the prince received a forfeit when mr wilson withdrew his horse seedling from a three - mile match against the derby winner .
sir thomas ' s final appearance came on 10 may when he ran in a 50 guinea sweepstakes
from the end of the rowley mile to the end of the beacon corse
. he finished fourth of the five runners behind mr dawson ' s horse coriander .
nothing is recorded of sir thomas after his races at newmarket in the spring of 1790 . he does not appear in any list of stallions and had no foals recorded in the general stud book .
lot 2 : john francis sartorius ( british , d . 1831 ) – sotheby ' s
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
champagne stakes ( 1925 ) epsom derby ( 1926 ) st . james ' s palace stakes ( 1926 ) eclipse stakes ( 1926 ) st leger ( 1926 ) coronation cup ( 1927 ) hardwicke stakes ( 1927 )
winner preciptation , who sired four classic winners . coronach was the fifth foal of the mare wet kiss who finished fourth in the 1916
to describe him as
one of the best two - year - olds in england
.
, leading from the start and beating lex by four lengths without being seriously challenged .
coronach was coughing after his doncaster win but appeared to have made a full recovery by october .
. he had legitimate excuses however , as the contest was run at a
muddling pace
and he came back from the race a sick horse , with a high temperature .
at three , coronach won the column produce stakes at newmarket and started
the hottest favourite in years
.
. he started slowly and was beaten five lengths by the impressive winner colorado . colorado started favourite for the derby , run in heavy rain which kept away the normally huge crowds . over one and a half miles coronach led all the way to reverse the newmarket form , winning by five lengths
in a canter
he was never in danger of defeat in his remaining starts at three . at
nothing could ever get near him
and childs spent the closing stages looking round for non - existent dangers .
against eleven rivals . he started slowly , losing four lengths , but soon made up the lost ground and was in a clear lead ( estimated at six lengths ) by the time the field entered the straight . childs did not have to put the colt under any pressure as he won by two lengths from caissot in a record time 3 : 01 . 6 . the win took coronach ' s earnings for the year to over £40 , 000 and confirmed his status as
the best three - year - old this season .
was reported to have said
it is no secret that coronach is not sound in his wind .
he began the year by leading all the way to beat embargo and foxlaw in the coronation cup at epsom in june . his winning time of 2 : 34 . 0 was exceptionally fast by epsom standards .
in a much anticipated rematch with colorado in the princess of wales’s stakes at newmarket coronach made the running but was overtaken by his rival a furlong from the finish . he was eased in the closing stages and was beaten eight lengths .
in his last race he finished third to colorado in the eclipse stakes , beaten seven lengths .
his defeats led to opinions regarding his merit being revised : from being a potential
horse of the century
he was now seen as simply
a good horse .
, john randall and tony morris rated coronach the forty - second best british horse of the 20th century and the best derby winner of the 1920s .
, until 1940 when he became the first derby winner to be sent to new zealand .
randall , j . and morris , t . , a century of champions , portway press , halifax , 1999 , p . 111 isbn 1 - 901570 - 15 - 0
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 11 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
as a three - year - old in 1969 and was one of the few winners of the race to campaign successfully at four . he later had a successful stud career .
, was sent to the newmarket sales as a yearling . shortly before the sale the colt was kicked by another horse and the resulting swelling deterred potential buyers
. the colt ' s one eccentricity was that he refused to enter a horse box in the usual way , preferring to go in backwards .
blakeney did not appear on the racecourse until the autumn of his first season . in september he finished fourth in the clarence house stakes at
, he had problems finding a clear run , but then finished strongly to finish second to the elk . the performance convinced some observers that the colt had been a
desperately unlucky
loser and was a serious contender for the derby .
at epsom , blakeney was reunited with the twenty - one - year - old ernie johnson , who had been promised the ride after the win at newmarket , and started at odds of 15 / 2 . he was held up in the early stages as the pace was set by moon mountain . in the straight , johnson made his challenge on the inside and drove blakeney through a gap along the rails to take the lead inside the final furlong . the colt ran on strongly to win by a length from shoemaker , with prince regent third .
after the race , budgett described himself as
the luckiest man in the world .
in his three remaining starts in 1969 , blakeney failed to reproduce his derby - winning form . in the irish derby at the end of june he finished fourth of the fifteen runners behind prince regent . blakeney did not have a particularly clear run in the st leger in september , but his fifth place behind
blakeney started his four - year - old season disappointingly , finishing fifth in the jockey club stakes at newmarket in april . in may he recorded his first win since the derby when taking the ormonde stakes at chester . budgett then took the unusual decision to move blakeney up in distance for the two and a half mile ascot gold cup , a race which had not been won by a derby winner since ocean swell in 1945 . he appeared to cope with the extreme distance , but finished second , beaten three quarters of a length by precipice wood .
at ascot in july . although he was no threat to the odds on favourite
rated blakeney at 123 as a three - year - old ( their lowest rating for a derby winner ) and 126 as a four - year - old .
randall , j and morris , t . portway press , 1999 , p . 205
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timeform rating 133 in 1955 , 142 in 1956 la gazzetta dello sport poll : ranked no . 4 italian athlete of the 20th century premio ribot at capannelle racecourse ) horse of the century ( ita )
ribot was then retired to stud where he proved to be a highly successful breeding stallion . the performances of ribot ' s progeny saw him become the leading sire in great britain & ireland on three occasions ( 1963 , 1967 , 1968 ) .
ribot was bred by italy ' s leading thoroughbred breeder , federico tesio , who personally bred six of the horses that appeared in the first three generations of ribot ' s pedigree . ribot was foaled at the english national stud at newmarket , suffolk on 27 february 1952 . he was sired by tenerani an outstanding italian racehorse whose most notable international success came when he defeated the french champion arbar in the 1948 goodwood cup . ribot ' s dam romanella was a successful broodmare who also produced the premio regina elena winner rossellina and the premio parioli winner raeburn . [ 1 ]