the taiwan thrush ( turdus poliocephalus niveiceps ) is a bird in the thrush family .

it is the most northerly subspecies of the island thrush ( turdus poliocephalus ) and is endemic to the island of taiwan .

taiwan thrush

t . p . niveiceps ( hellmayr , 1919 ) , taiwan island thrush . taiwan .
the taiwan whistling thrush , also known as the formosan whistling thrush , ( myophonus insularis ) is a species of bird in the family muscicapidae . it is endemic to taiwan .
taiwan yuhina one of over 30 endemics found on taiwan , and this species is one of the more numerous species .
the male eyebrowed thrush has a simple whistling song , similar to the related mistle thrush .
taiwan bush warbler taiwan ' s most recently described species , as recently as 2000 . since then over 15 species have been split .
chestnut quail - thrush cinclosoma castanotum : chestnut quail - thrush is split into two species , with copperback quail - thrush roughly in western australia and chestnut quail - thrush primarily in the east .
it was formerly classified as a member of the thrush family , turdidae , causing it to be commonly known as the white - rumped shama thrush or simply shama thrush .
range : the pale thrush is found in se russia , ne china and korea . it winters in s china , s japan and taiwan .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . restricted - range species : confined to the taiwan eba . this species , endemic to montane regions of taiwan , appears to be generally . . .
scaly thrush zoothera dauma : scaly thrush is split into four species : the migratory northern white’s thrush of eastern russia and northeastern china , wintering in southeast asia ; the largely resident scaly thrush that occurs from northeastern india ( wintering to central - northern india ) through malaysia and with an island endemic outlier population on amami island of southern japan ; the island endemic sri lanka thrush ; and the southern india endemic nilgiri thrush which occurs mostly in the western ghats .
this thrush is endemic to taiwan . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests . it is found at elevations of up to 2 , 700 m ( 8 , 900 ft ) .
chinese bamboo - partridge bambusicola thoracicus : the island - endemic form taiwan bamboo - partridge is split as a separate species .
t . p . erythropleurus sharpe , 1887 , christmas island thrush . christmas island .
the rufous - tailed rock - thrush is not currently considered threatened ( 5 ) .
diet : the pale thrush feeds on insects , mainly coleopterans , and spiders , worms , fruits , berries and seeds . it forages on the ground in typical thrush manner .
a characteristic also shown by the adults of the wood thrush and a few other species .
t . p . poliocephalus latham , 1801 , norfolk island thrush . norfolk island . extinct .
the taiwan whistling thrush was collected by robert swinhoe and described as myiophoneus insularis by john gould in 1862 . swinhoe called it the
formosan cavern - bird
because it inhabits the dark , forested ravines in the mountains . it was formerly considered a subspecies of the malabar whistling thrush ( myophonus horsfieldii ) . the species is monotypic .
“the taiwan whistling - thrush ( myophonus insularis ) is another delightful and common endemic . we saw it at three different locations and it has a number of habitats . these include the forest streams and gullies of low and middle altitude mountain forests where … continued
t . p . seebohmi ( sharpe , 1888 ) , borneo island thrush . mountains of northern borneo .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . restricted - range species : present in taiwan eba . reasonably common and widespread , mainly in lower - lying forests .
t . p . vinitinctus ( gould , 1855 ) , lord howe island thrush . lord howe island . extinct .
there are no known specific conservation measures currently in place for the rufous - tailed rock - thrush ( 5 ) .
ethiopian thrush is split based on deep genetic divergence , plumage and vocal differences ( nylander et al . 2008 , hbw )
protection / threats / status : the pale thrush is locally common or scarce throughout the range . this species was formerly trapped for food until mid - 20th century , involving reduction of populations . but currently , the pale thrush is not threatened .
three species of thrushes in two genera occur in the south pacific . the eyebrowed thrush occurs in palau as a rare migrant .
the rufous - tailed rock - thrush is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
praveen & nameer 2012 , robin et al . 2017 . change genus from trochalopteron to montecincla . restore previous english name nilgiri laughing thrush .
their popularity as a cage bird has led to many escaped birds establishing themselves . they have been introduced to taiwan where they are considered an invasive species , eating native insect species and showing aggression towards native bird species .
in north america , aside from the american robin and bluebirds , most thrushes are birds of woodland and forest . the wood thrush shares the eastern deciduous forests with the veery while out west , the ethereal tones of the varied thrush vie with the songs of hermit and swainson ' s thrushes in the tall coastal rainforests . the gray - cheeked thrush breeds further north in the boreal zone and the townsend ' s solitaire sings from the mountain conifers .
of the american robin , orange and gray of the varied thrush , and the earthy tones of other forest species . all juvenile thrushes are spotted on the
collar , n . ( 2018 ) . taiwan whistling - thrush ( myophonus insularis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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description : the pale thrush from e asia belongs to the family turdidae . this species is very typical of the genus turdus , and shows pale but warm - coloured plumage .
bao - sen shieh , ya - hui lin , tsung - wei lee , chia - chieh chang and kuan - tzou cheng ( 2006 ) .
pet trade as sources of introduced bird species in taiwan
. taiwania 51 ( 2 ) : 81–86 .
an eyebrowed thrush was spotted in 2007 at the jerusalem bird observatory . this is the second recorded sighting in israel . the first sighting was in october of 1996 , at eilat .
the eyebrowed thrush has a current evaluation rating of least concern . this rating was downgraded in 2004 after a prior rating of lower risk . at this time the range of the eyebrowed thrush is estimated at about 10 million square kilometers . the population of the eyebrowed thrush has not yet been quantified . the bird has been described as frequent in its native range , which includes much of asia and parts of europe . it is also sometimes seen in the middle east . consequently , there is no immediate concern regarding the population of this bird species .
thrushes are excellent fliers and make use of this trait for short and long - distance migrations with species such as the veery and swainson ' s thrush wintering well south of the equator .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . taiwan thrush ( turdus niveiceps ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the island thrush is widely but patchily distributed across its range . it is present on the islands in samoa , fiji , vanuatu , new caledonia , the solomon islands , new guinea and surrounding islands , many indonesian islands , the philippines and taiwan . it is , however , restricted to areas with bird communities of less than 25 - 35 species . on the larger islands , like borneo or new guinea . this means that it is only found at high altitudes , above 2750m .
23 cm ; c . 60 g . distinctive thrush exhibiting strong sexual plumage dimorphism . male has white hood down to upper breast , contrasting strongly with all - black to dark blackish . . .
thrushes are most well known for their beautiful flute - like songs ; an attribute shared by many north american thrush species . the caroling song of the american robin is often viewed as a harbinger of spring .
although generally a shy and quiet species , the rufous - tailed rock - thrush may be heard making a short , squeaky whistle , but can also produce an enchanting soft and melodic song ( 4 ) .
the 49 subspecies of island thrush vary dramatically in appearance , but almost all resemble a typical turdus thrush and have a yellow bill , eye - ring and legs . the samoan subspecies , t . p . samoensis , is identical in appearance to the blackbird ( turdus merula ) , whereas t . p . seebohmi of northern borneo is dark above with a red breast and resembles the american robin ( turdus migratorius ) .
the rufous - tailed rock - thrush has a vast breeding range , extending from southern europe to central and western asia . most populations are migratory , spending winter in sub - saharan africa ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
the taiwan whistling thrush is monogamous . the breeding season is from late march to early september . there are two broods each breeding season . nests are usually built in holes in rocks or trees . nests are also built in human structures . they are made of twigs , roots , stems and moss . there are 2 to 4 eggs in a clutch . the eggs are pinkish with brownish or greyish marks . the female incubates the eggs . incubation takes about 12 to 14 days . newly hatched chicks are altricial . they have few feathers . both parents feed the nestlings . chicks leave the nest after about 21 days .
reproduction : the breeding season occurs from may to august . the pale thrush builds a cup - shaped nest in fork of small tree or bush , often near stream . the nest is made with grass , dry leaves and pine needles , rootlets and mud .
the international union for conservation of nature has assessed m . insularis to be of least concern . its population is estimated at 10 , 000 to 100 , 000 breeding pairs and is suspected to be decreasing due to habitat destruction . it was listed as other conservation - deserving wildlife in the schedule of protected species of the taiwan wildlife conservation act , but was removed from the list in 2008 .
the island thrush has a very catholic diet , taking a range of invertebrates such as insects ( mostly beetles ) , spiders , snails , earthworms , as well as carrion and even small reptiles . it will also take fruit and seeds , depending on what is locally available .
thrushes are well represented in north america with sixty species in thirteen genera ( including the extinct grand cayman thrush and amahui of hawaii ) . this family includes well known birds such as the american robin and bluebirds , and lesser known birds such as the townsend ' s solitaire of western mountain forests .
behaviour : the pale thrush feeds on insects , spiders and worms , and also takes fruits , berries and seeds . as numerous turdidae species , it forages on the ground in leaf - litter , in low vegetation and bushes for berries . it stands upright on the ground and searches for preys as other thrushes .
eyebrowed thrush : this species breeds in dense coniferous forests and taiga which extend eastward from siberia ; it winters from south to southeast asia and indonesia . it occurs as a rare vagrant to western europe , and is rare to casual in north america , but it is a regular visitor each spring in the western aleutian archipelago .
the rufous - tailed rock - thrush ( monticola saxitilis ) is most easily identified by its characteristic rusty or reddish - brown tail feathers , for which it is named . the male is unmistakeable in summer , with a striking blue - grey head , leading into dark brown wings and a white back , which contrast with a prominent orange breast . the female rufous - tailed rock - thrush is very different to the male , with a pale brown breast and underparts , a darker head , dark brown wings , and attractive reddish outer tail feathers . the juvenile has a very similar colouration to the female , but with noticeably lighter brown wings ( 3 ) .
smaller islands can only support much smaller bird communities , and on these the island thrush may be found at lower altitudes . two or more subspecies may exist on some islands , segregated into different habitats . the ranges of many subspecies may be as small as a single island – for example the kadavu subspecies t . p . ruficeps .
normally found breeding on steep and rocky mountain slopes or higher alpine meadows , the rufous - tailed rock - thrush prefers areas over elevations of 1 , 500 metres with open hills and light vegetation . however , it will occasionally breed on lower slopes , where there may be a reduced amount of foraging competition ( 3 ) ( 7 ) .
habitat : the pale thrush occurs and breeds in montane pine and deciduous forests , woodlands , thickets , secondary vegetation and parks . during the migration , it can be found among scrub in open woodland on hillsides , and mainly in berry - bearing bushes . in winter , it occurs at lower level but frequents similar habitats , forest edges , orchards , parks and gardens in urban and suburban areas .
three subspecies have become extinct , lord howe island thrush , t . p . vinitinctus , from lord howe island , t . p . mareensis from the loyalty islands and the nominate race t . p . poliocephalus from norfolk island . t . p . poliocephalus was relatively common as recently as 1941 , but by 1975 it had become extinct , due to introduced black rats , habitat loss and hybridization following colonisation by the closely related blackbird .
aside from open country species like the american robin and bluebirds , thrushes tend to be shy , inconspicuous birds that quietly forage for invertebrates on the forest floor . although robins use this foraging strategy , bluebirds snatch insects by flying to the ground and solitaires sally into the air to catch insects . solitaries also feed on fruit ; a trait many thrush species share , more so outside of the breeding season when they also tend to form loose flocks .
as a species the island thrush is not threatened , and many subspecies are locally very common . however , several subspecies are threatened , and t . p . erythropleurus is considered critically so . this subspecies is found on christmas island , and is threatened by the introduced yellow crazy ant , which is capable of killing nestlings . several other subspecies have declining ranges , including t . p . samoensis from samoa , and t . p . xanthopus from new caledonia , which is now extinct from grande terre and is restricted to 100 individuals surviving only on yande and neba .
small rock cavities are the favoured nesting locations for the rufous - tailed rock - thrush . sites like these are in ample supply on the rocky mountainside , and so competition for nesting sites is low ( 3 ) . the female will lay 4 to 5 eggs in a clutch , and the eggs hatch after an incubation period of 12 to 15 days . the hatchlings remain in the nest for another 15 to 18 days before fledging . the young are then dependent on the adults for another 14 days , during which time they are taught the foraging and hunting skills needed to survive ( 7 ) .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto the pale thrush’s call is a dry , sharp “tuck - tuck” or “chuck - chuck” , usually uttered softly . in flight , it gives “tzeee” notes . when alarmed , it utters a long , thin “seee” followed by loud “quack quack” notes , similar to those given by the blackbird . the song is a series of long , repeated whistles , involving monotonous phrases “tuvee - tulee - tulee - tuvee” or “trrer - treer - trrer - trudle” . the song is far - carrying and usually uttered from treetop , at dusk and dawn . several birds may sing in chorus .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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male , taken at mt . an - ma forest road 23 . 5k , taichung county .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the population has been estimated at < 10 , 000 breeding pairs ( brazil 2009 ) , or < 20 , 000 mature individuals . it is therefore placed in the band 10 , 000 - 19 , 999 mature individuals . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and degradation .
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this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : turdus niveiceps . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
was recording aquaponics system , hence the water in bg , and would like to let video viewers know the name of the bird calling ( i thought it was the formosan blue magpie , but not sure - it is a dark blue shiny colour ) . my location is in the hills at edge of taipei city ( beitou ) and yanmingshan mountain .
high - pitched begging call of a fledgling , with its parent nearby . probably the highest elevation breeding record of this species .
the screaming call of the fledgling ' s parent in xc127097 . later calls were the same individual as xc127097 .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
cabot ' s tragopan the flagship species of the tour , and one of the more reliable of the five species of tragopan due to a lack of hunting pressure at the site we will be visiting .
courtois ' s laughingthrush this critically endangered species is the only species of laughingthrush that breeds in colonies , unfortunately only 200 birds now remain .
reed parrotbill this charasmatic species is found in remnant pockets of reedbed along the eastern china coastline .
hitherto treated as conspecific with t . poliocephalus , but for long regarded as the most aberrant in that assemblage ( see hbw ) and recently indicated as being genetically removed # r ; differs in its pronounced sexual dimorphism , female strongly vs weakly different from male ( olive - brown vs white crown and head sides ) ( 3 ) ; male having dark band separating breast from belly vs no such band in other taxa ( 3 ) ; male with strongly vs either no or only moderately well - marked black and white undertail - coverts ( 1 ) . monotypic .
what do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .
song , often delivered from prominent perch in forest canopy , a short series of high - pitched . . .
inhabits middle and upper reaches of montane forest , at 1000–2500 m , mostly above 1800 m .
little information . diet mainly insects and other small invertebrates , including spiders , worms , small molluscs and the like ; also seeds , . . .
song period suggests that breeding season is apr–jul / aug . no other definite information .
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formerly included in an outsize muscicapidae . genetic studies show present family to be sister to a more narrowly defined muscicapidae # r # r # r # r ; in line with this proximity , many genera traditionally grouped herein have recently been transferred to muscicapidae , although some placements remain provisional .
main subject of several important recent studies # r # r # r from which the sometimes surprising sequence of species derives . currently includes platycichla , cichlherminia , nesocichla and mimocichla , among others .
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important note for ebird mobile and birdlog users : if you use ebird mobile or birdlog please make sure all your lists have been submitted . if you have problems submitting a list ( such as blank lines in the list ) this may be a result of the taxonomic update . please get in touch with us at ebird @ urltoken and we’ll help you work through the issues . ebird mobile is the * free * global data entry app for ebird that allows you to track your records and lists worldwide ( get it here ) . birdlog provides similar regional apps for android users until the release of ebird mobile in the fall ; get those at the google play store .
the clements checklist provides two update pages ( overview and 2015 updates & corrections ) and also provides all three files ( ebird / clements , clements , and ebird ) for download .
the clements checklist 2015 updates & corrections provides details ( including references ) for all species splits and lumps , new species descriptions , revisions to subspecies groups ( issfs ) or subspecies , and other changes relevant to the clements checklist . we refer anyone wishing to learn more about these splits to that page . one name change of interest concerns omani owl ( formerly strix omanensis , now strix butleri ) and hume’s owl , now known as desert owl , which was formerly strix butleri but is now strix hadorami ; see the clements updates for more on this .
a list of all the taxonomic changes is below . this is largely in sync with the
; references are not listed in full , but are included in the clements update . since this is a long article , here is a short index :
when the taxonomy is updated in ebird , many of the changes are fairly simple to implement . when a common name changes , a scientific name changes , or when the taxonomic sequence is revised , those changes roll through and start appearing in ebird output fairly quickly . keeping track of name changes is a challenge , and consulting avibase is one of the best ways to do so . just type any bird name in avibase and avibase will show you the history of that name , and–if it differs from ebird–it will show what the ebird equivalent is for that name . try it for “louisiana heron” , for example .
when species are lumped , ebird usually retains the former species as an identifiable group . in these cases , your records may shift to the lumped form and your totals may ( or may not ) drop by one . the actual entity that you observed and reported has not changed in any way other than being “demoted” from species to subspecies .
one issue with ebird is that reviewing your records of “subalpine / moltoni’swarbler” or of “short - billed / long - billed dowitcher” currently is not easy using the my ebird tools . if you know the checklist it is on , you can find the list in “manage my observations” and edit it as needed . if you can find your checklist on the range map of “subalpine / moltoni’s warbler” then you can just click on the stickpin for your list and open it from there . but the best option to review your records is to go to my ebird and then click “download my data” from the right side . this downloads your entire ebird database as a csv file that can be opened in excel or a similar spreadsheet program . from there , you should easily be able to sort by name or search for “subalpine / moltoni’s warbler” to find your records . then you can scroll to the correct date or just replace the submission id in the url for a checklist view .
for those who regularly use subspecies groups to report in ebird ( this is encouraged , with caution ! ) , please be sure to read the section on common name “ambiguation” and subspecies group lumps near the bottom of this story .
the species below were split in ebird . to see a map of the new species , click “map” . to see your personal lists in my ebird , just make sure you are logged in and click “my records” . if you have seen the species but don’t have any records shown , then please enter your sightings ! full details for can be seen at the clements updates & corrections page . below are the splits for this update :
common ostrich struthio camelus : somali ostrich , restricted to the horn of africa , is split .
gray peacock - pheasant polyplectron bicalcaratum : the island - endemic form hainan peacock - pheasant is split as a separate species .
townsend’s shearwater puffinus auricularis : townsend’s shearwater is split into three species . townsend’s is critically endangered species breeding on islands off west mexico ; newell’s shearwater is also endangered and breeds on hawaii ; and rapa shearwater breeds on rapa island in the central pacific . the at - sea ranges for all three species needs to be better elucidated .
olive ibis bostrychia olivacea : the island endemic species sao tome ibis is split as a separate species .
common buzzard buteo buteo : himalayan buzzard , which occurs in the himalayan region , and eastern buzzard , which occurs in east asia , are split from common buzzard which is now the species of europe , and western asia , wintering in india , the middle east , and africa . see the clements updates for details on the revised scientific name buteo refectus .
mountain buzzard buteo oreophilus : the southern african species forest buzzard is split from mountain buzzard of east africa .
purple swamphen porphyrio porphyrio : purple swamphen is split into six species with these ranges : western swamphen ( western europe and northwestern africa ) ; black - backed swamphen ( southeast asia ) ; african swamphen ( africa , mostly south of the sahara , north to egypt and israel ) ; australasian swamphen ( australia , new zealand , and south pacific islands ) ; philippine swamphen ( philippines ) ; gray - headed swamphen ( central asia , from eastern turkey through india to myanmar and northern thailand ; introduced to florida ) .
takahe porphyrio mantelli : the new zealand endemic takahe is further split into north island and south island species . the north island takahe has been extinct since 1894 ; note that south island takahe has since been introduced into some north island locations to better preserve the species , which is critically endangered :
dusky woodcock scolopax saturata : dusky woodcock is split into javan woodcock and new guinea woodcock .
dark - eared dove phapitreron cinereiceps : the island endemic tawitawi brown - dove is split from dark - eared dove , and the name of the philippine endemic dark - eared dove is changed to mindanao brown - dove .
asian koel eudynamys scolopaceus : some complicated changes occur here . both of the polytypic groups of asian koel , asian koel ( asian ) eudynamys scolopaceus [ scolopaceus group ] and asian koel ( pacific ) eudynamys scolopaceus [ orientalis group ] are recognized as species : asian koel eudynamys scolopaceus and pacific koel eudynamys orientalis . as part of the same revision , however , australian koel eudynamys cyanocephalus is lumped with pacific koel ; this taxon retains recognition , however , as a polytypic group , pacific koel ( australian ) eudynamys orientalis cyanocephalus / subcyanocephalus .
cave swiftlet collocalia linchi : the borneo endemic bornean swiftlet is split from cave swiftlet .
long - billed hermit phaethornis longirostris : the west mexico endemic ( nayarit to s . oaxaca ) mexican hermit is split from long - billed hermit .
blossomcrown anthocephala floriceps : blossomcrown is split into a santa marta endemic form in northernmost colombia and another from the central andes of colombia .
bahama woodstar calliphlox evelynae : the island endemic inagua woodstar is split from the more widespread bahama woodstar .
plovercrest stephanoxis lalandi : plovercrest is split into the brazilian endemic green - crowned plovercrest stephanoxis lalandi and the more widespread and more southerly violet - crowned plovercrest stephanoxis loddigesii .
plovercrest is a spectacular brazilian hummingbird that is split into two species with this update : green - crowned plovercrest ( shown here ) and violet - crowned plovercrest .
tuamotu kingfisher todiramphus gambieri : tuamotu kingfisher is split into niau kingfisher ( todiramphus gertrudae ) and the extinct mangareva kingfisher ( todiramphus gambieri ) .
collared kingfisher todiramphus chloris : collared kingfisher is split into six species ; click on the “map” link for each species or see the downloadable clements checklist for the ranges of each species . pacific kingfisher also includes three subspecies ( vitiensis , eximius , and regina ) that we previously classified as subspecies of sacred kingfisher ( todiramphus sanctus ) :
eurasian kestrel falco tinnunculus : the southern african species rock kestrel is split from the widespread old world eurasian kestrel .
bluebonnet northiella haematogaster : the western australia species naretha bluebonnet is split , and the eastern species takes the name greater bluebonnet .
blackish antbird cercomacra nigrescens : riparian antbird , a western amazonian lowland species with unique vocalizations , is split from the widespread species blackish antbird . note that blackish antbird may have additional taxa that could also involve additional cryptic species , although the vocalizations are fairly similar across its range :
lineated woodcreeper lepidocolaptes albolineatus : lineated woodcreeper is split into four species , and the newly described inambari woodcreeper lepidocolaptes fatimalimae which we recognized in ebird in 2013 is now ratified by the sacc . click on the “map” link for each species or see the downloadable clements checklist for the ranges of each of the four species split from lineated woodcreeper :
rusty - backed spinetail cranioleuca vulpina : the island endemic coiba spinetail ( coiba island is off central panama in the state of veraguas ) is split from rusty - backed spinetail , which is now restricted to south america .
white - naped honeyeater melithreptus lunatus : gilbert’s honeyeater , endemic to extreme sw western australia , is split from the eastern species white - naped honeyeater .
asian paradise - flycatcher terpsiphone paradisi : asian paradise - flycatcher is split into three species , with amur paradise - flycatcher breeding in eastern china , kamchatka , and japan , blyth’s paradise - flycatcher widely in southeast asia from s china , myanmar , and indochina to indonesia , and indian paradise - flycatcher in afghanistan and pakistan to bangladesh , including sri lanka and india south of the himalayas . all three taxa migrate through thailand and winter in malaysia . this species will be particularly complicated to assign in ebird . we also have the option japanese / amur paradise - flycatcher , which should be used in ebird to apply to all four species including indian paradise - flycatcher and blyth’s paradise - flycatcher ( essentially , a “paradise - flycatcher sp . ” for asia ) . we will update this species name in 2016 . until then we encourage careful documentation of paradise - flycatchers on migration and wintering grounds in asia .
northern scrub - robin drymodes superciliaris : the new guinea endemic papuan scrub - robin is split from its australia counterpart , northern scrub - robin .
subalpine warbler sylvia cantillans : moltoni’s warbler , which is resident on the balearic islands of spain , sardinia , coastal western italy , and parts of southern france and spain along the mediterranean coast , is split from the widespread subalpine warbler . records during migration are difficult to assign to species ( the wren - like call note of moltoni’s is the best field characteristic ) so we encourage liberal use of subalpine / moltoni’s warbler in such cases . see the clements update for the change in scientific name from moltonii to subalpina .
snowy - browed flycatcher ficedula hyperythra : the philippine subspecies of snowy - browed flycatcher are split as a new species , bundok flycatcher fidecula luzoniensis .
eurasian blackbird turdus merula : chinese blackbird , which occurs in eastern china and winters south to northern thailand and northern indochina , is split from eurasian blackbird of western asia and europe . eurasian blackbird is also introduced to australia and new zealand and several other places .
bay - winged cowbird agelaioides badius : bay - winged cowbird is divided into two species , now known as baywings . pale baywing , endemic to eastern brazil ( south to the state of minas gerais ) is split from the more widespread and more southerly grayish baywing .
apapane himatione sanguinea : the extinct laysan honeycreeper is recognized as a species distinct from the still common and widespread apapane .
nukupuu hemignathus lucidus : nukupuu is split into three island endemic species , all believed extinct ; the maui nukupuu is the one most recently reported in the wild .
greater akialoa hemignathus ellisianus : greater akialoa has long been extinct , but is now recognized as three island endemic species , further increasing the vast number of extinct species for the hawaiian archipelago .
akepa loxops coccineus : akepa is split into three island endemic species , with only the hawaii akepa still surviving ( the other two extinct ) .
several subspecies groups were split or lumped as well and these are summarized below . other subspecies are moved between species ( see especially caspian gull ) . to review your records of any of these , simply open your life list on ebird and use a browser search to search for the species name in question . click the species to open all reports for that species ; your subspecies reports will appear in this list and you can review those for accuracy . selected revisions are listed below ; for a complete listing of these changes see the clements updates .
helmeted guineafowl : the polytypic group helmeted guineafowl ( helmeted ) is restricted to the subspecies meleagris and somaliensis . change the scientific name of this group from numida meleagris [ meleagris group ] to numida meleagris meleagris / somaliensis .
crested guineafowl : the polytypic group crested guineafowl ( crested ) guttera pucherani [ edouardi group ] is divided into two groups : crested guineafowl ( western ) guttera pucherani verreauxi / sclateri , and crested guineafowl ( southern ) guttera pucherani edouardi / barbata .
pale - winged trumpeter : within trumpeters , the subspecies ochroptera was previously available in ebird as pale - winged trumpeter ( ochre - winged ) psophia leucoptera ochroptera but is now moved to gray - winged trumpeter as gray - winged trumpeter ( ochre - winged ) psophia crepitans ochroptera . as a result , pale - winged trumpeter now becomes monotypic within ebird and thus has no subspecies groups .
sharp - shinned hawk : subspecies madrensis , previously placed in a group with subspecies chionogaster , properly belongs in the group sharp - shinned hawk ( northern ) accipiter striatus [ velox group ] . consequently , the group sharp - shinned hawk ( white - breasted ) becomes monotypic , and the scientific name for this group changes from accipiter striatus chionogaster / madrensis to accipiter striatus chionogaster .
caspian gull : transfer the monotypic group caspian gull ( mongolian ) larus cachinnans mongolicus to herring gull larus argentatus , as herring gull ( mongolian ) larus argentatus mongolicus . in addition the monotypic group caspian gull ( steppe ) larus cachinnans barabensis is moved to lesser black - backed gull larus fuscus and thus becomes lesser black - backed gull ( steppe ) larus fuscus barabensis . caspian gull thus becomes monotypic .
barn owl : subspecies sumbaensis , previously included in the polytypic group barn owl ( eurasian ) tyto alba [ alba group ] , is moved to the polytypic group barn owl ( australian ) tyto alba [ delicatula group ] .
barred owlet - nightjar : subspecies terborghi , previously considered to be a subspecies of vogelkop owlet - nightjar aegotheles affinis , is transferred to barred owlet - nightjar aegotheles bennettii , and recognized as a new monotypic group , barred owlet - nightjar ( diamond’s ) aegotheles bennettii terborghi .
nutting’s flycatcher : nominate nuttingi properly belongs in a group with subspecies inquietus , not with subspecies flavidior . the names of the group nutting’s flycatcher ( west mexican ) myiarchus nuttingi inquietus change to nutting’s flycatcher ( nutting’s ) myiarchus nuttingi nuttingi / inquietus ; and the names of the group nutting’s flycatcher ( southern ) myiarchus nutting nuttingi / flavidior change to nutting’s flycatcher ( flavidior ) myiarchus nuttingi flavidior .
bismarck black myzomela : subspecies ernstmayri , hades , ramsayi , and nigerrima , which were formerly classified as subspecies of papuan black myzomela myzomela nigrita , properly belong as subspecies of bismarck black myzomela myzomela pammelaena .
in ebird taxonomic revision , lumps are very easy to deal with . usually the taxa become subspecies groups , so there is no changing of records necessary , just a recalculation of lists as the species drop to identifiable subspecies . whenever possible , we encourage birders to continue reporting at the subspecies level , but whenever you select these options , be sure you understand the taxa that you are using ; do not try to guess at the subspecies based on the name ! this section also includes invalid species descriptions : these are rare but occur when an original description of a species or subspecies is proven to be a hybrid , rare variant , or other form of natural variation that does not represent a species . full details for can be seen at the clements updates & corrections page .
kangaroo island emu dromaius baudinianus and king island emu dromaius ater are both lumped with emu dromaius novaehollandiae . both kangaroo island and king island emu are extinct and have no records in ebird , so this has no bearing n the lists of ebirders .
australian koel eudynamys cyanocephalus : see the above section on asian koel splits for information on the lump of australasian koel that was part of this same taxonomic revision for eudynamus koels .
sucunduri flycatcher tolmomyias sucunduri : sucunduri flycatcher is a recently described species that was added , provisionally , to ebird / clements checklist 6 . 8 , pending review by sacc of the proposed new species . sacc has voted to not recognize sucunduri as a species opting instead to consider it a subspecies of yellow - margined flycatcher tolmomyias assimilis . we retain it as a monotypic group yellow - margined flycatcher ( sucunduri ) tolmomyias assimilis sucunduri .
campina jay cyanocorax hafferi : campina jay is a recently described species that was added , provisionally , to ebird / clements checklist 6 . 8 , but sacc has voted to not recognize hafferi as a species . consequently we now classify hafferi as a monotypic group azure - naped jay ( campina ) cyanocorax heilprini hafferi along with the group azure - naped jay ( azure - naped )
inambari gnatcatcher polioptila attenboroughi : inambari gnatcatcher is a recently described species that was added , provisionally , to ebird / clements checklist 6 . 8 , pending review by sacc of the proposed new species . based on current information , sacc has voted to not recognize attenboroughi as a species . consequently we now recognize it as one of several subspecies groups within guianan gnatcatcher : guianan gnatcatcher ( inambari ) polioptila guianensis attenboroughi .
each year , a few newly described species or populations newly recognized for their distinctiveness are named and added to the ebird / clements taxonomy . this just goes to show how much remains to be learned about the birds of the world ! full details for can be seen at the clements updates & corrections page .
sichuan bush - warbler locustella chengi is described as a new species , closely related to russet bush - warbler locustella mandelli . this taxon has not previously been available in ebird , and we encourage those lucky enough to have seen this species ( which is apparently fairly common at higher elevations in sichuan and nearby chinese states ) .
sulawesi streaked flycatcher muscicapa sodhi : the taxon formerly available in ebird as sulawesi brown flycatcher ( undescribed form ) muscicapa [ undescribed form ] is now formally described and recognized as a species . its range is the foothill forests of sulawesi .
the following new subspecies groups are now available for data entry . when you are certain you have seen representatives of these groups , and ideally have identified them critically based on their field marks , please report them to ebird . please do not guess based on the name , such as “northern” and “southern” or “african” and “asian” ; make sure you understand the differences being represented before reporting at so specific a level .
within ebird , we also have forms for taxa that are field identifiable ( or likely potential species ) and worth tracking , but are not formally described . these include undescribed species ( noted with “undescribed form” ) , undescribed subspecies groups , and miscellaneous other options . this year’s update includes one “undescribed form” that has been described and accepted by the cbro ( brasilian records committee ) ; we include it without the “undescribed” note but it is not considered a valid species for ebird / clements…yet . forms are unique to the ebird taxonomy ; they are not found in the clements checklist .
pine siskin ( green morph ) is a distinctive but poorly known form of pine siskin . it appears similar to female eurasian siskin , but with less defined streaking on the flanks , broader and brighter yellow at the base of the primaries and a finer bill .
pine siskin ( green morph ) are most obvious when with flocks of normal pine siskins when their paler overall coloration and bright wings and tail stand out .
ebird has certain domesticated species that are regularly seen in a feral or wild state . the two parrots added here have multiple plumage variations that indicate domestic provenance ; individuals that match the wild type should not be reported using this option . domestics are unique to the ebird taxonomy ; they are not found in the clements checklist .
bronze - cuckoo sp . chrysococcyx sp . ( bronze - cuckoo sp . )
this is not a problem unique to willets . we often see birders assume an identification of a subspecies group with an “eastern” or “northern” moniker in the name , or appearing on the ebird filter , can be safely reported . while this is sometimes true , it is always important to understand the status and field marks for the subspecies you report . and since subspecies groups are often subtle , we always encourage adding photos or notes to support your identification .
a second process involved the removal of subspecies groups in places where the subspecies groups were not possible to safely identify in the field and not possible to validate in our review process , even with excellent documentation . the species involved in this include :
cattle egret : the cattle egret ( seychelles ) bubulcus ibis seychellarum subspecies is no longer considered valid , so cattle egrets from the seychelles are now considered part of the nominate subspecies , with the new common name “cattle egret ( western ) ” ; this form is sometimes split as a species from cattle egret ( eastern ) bubulcus ibis coromandus .


lycia ursaria , the stout spanworm moth or bear , is a species of moth of the family geometridae .

it is found in southern canada and the northern united states , south to new jersey and iowa .

the wingspan is about 45 mm .

the forewings of the males are broad , evenly grey and heavily speckled with black .

there are three black wavy lines on the wing .

the hindwings are similar but are more muted in colour .

the females have reduced wings and are incapable of flight .

for a geometrid , this species has an unusually stout and hairy body .

adults are on wing from march to june in one generation per year .

the larvae feed on the leaves of various broadleaved trees and shrubs , including alnus , malus , fraxinus , tilia , betula , vaccinium , cornus , ulmus , crataegus , populus and salix .

lycia ursaria

species lycia ursaria - stout spanworm moth - hodges # 6651 - bugguide . net
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rindge , frederick h . 1975 . a revision of the new world bistonini , ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 156 , article 2 .
a revision of the new world bistonini , ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . frederick h . rindge . 1975 . american museum of natural history 156 ( 2 ) : .
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the eggs are laid in clusters of 150 to 200 in early spring before bud break , and hatch in about three weeks . the purplish - brown larvae are twig mimics , and develop slowly throughout the spring and summer , not pupating until mid july to early august ( prentice 1963 , mcguffin 1977 , wagner et al . 2001 ) . adults come to light . this is one of the first species to emerge in the spring , along with
across southern canada , from northern alberta south to new brunswick , colorado and washington ( mcguffin 1977 ) .
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 28 . 32m ; p . 211 . book review and ordering
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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bonagota arizonae is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in the united states in arizona where it was found in the huachuca mountains .

bonagota arizonae

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bonagota arizonae razowski & becker , 2000 n . sp . , polskie pismo ent . 69 : 70 .
figures 22 – 27 . female genitalia of haemateulia , acmanthina , apotomops , and bonagota . 22 , h . haematitis . 23 , h . barrigana ; 24 , acmanthina acmanthes ; 25 , apotomps boliviana ; 26 , apotomops spomotopa ; 27 , bonagota arizonae .
figures 36 – 41 . adults of haemateulia , apotomops , and bonagota . 36 , h . haematitis ; 37 , h . barrigana ; 38 , h . barrigana ; 39 . a . boliviana ; 40 . a . spomotopa ; 41 . b . salubricola .
brown , john w . & razowski , józef , 2003 , description of ptychocroca , a new genus from chile and argentina , with comments on the bonagota razowski group of genera ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : euliini ) , zootaxa 303 , pp . 1 - 31 : 15
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; clarke , 1958 : 127 ( illustration of adult and male genitalia ) .
( illustration of male genitalia ) ; brown , 2000 b : 110 ; brown and mcpherson , 2002 : 137 .
previously was known only from the holotype , we take this opportunity to present new distributional data and illustrate the female genitalia for the first time ( fig . 22
holotype , ɗ , chile , llanquihue province , casa pangue , 4–10 dec 1926 , f . and m . edwards ( bmnh ) .
) . 2 km se va . la angostura , 13 jan 1987 ( 1 ɗ ) , c . and o . flint ( usnm
) . chile : malleco province : nahuelbuta natl . park , pichinahuel , 1350 m , 31 jan– 5 feb 1979 ( 1 ɗ ) , d . and m . davis and b . akerbergs ( usnm
) . nahuelbuta natl . park , near los gringos camp , 1300 m , 29 jan– 5 feb 1979 ( 1 ɗ ) , d . and m . davis and b . akerbergs ( usnm
) . ñuble province : la trancas , 21 km e recinto , near waterfall , 1300 m , 17 jan 1979 ( 1 ɗ ) , d . and m . davis and b . akerbergs ( usnm
) . shangrila , sw side volcan chillan , 1600 m , 19–21 jan 1979 ( 1 ɗ ) , d . and m . davis and b . akerbergs ( usnm
figures 10 – 12 . male genitalia of haemateulia and acmanthina ; valvae spread , aedeagus removed ( to left of capsule ) . 10 , h . haematitis ; 11 , h . barrigana 12 , a . albipuncta .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .