the acrochordidae are a monogeneric family created for the genus acrochordus .

this is a group of primitive aquatic snakes found in australia and indonesia .

currently , 3 species are recognized .

acrochordidae

kento furui added the japanese common name
ヤスリヘビ科
to
acrochordidae
.
this taxon is misspelled ( specific epithet is rufozonatum , not rufozonatus ) and classified under the wrong family ( not acrochordidae ) .
file snakes ( acrochordidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
file snakes : acrochordidae .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
what made you want to look up acrochordidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
file snakes ( acrochordidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
file snakes : acrochordidae .
grzimek ' s student animal life resource . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
shine , richard .
ecology of a low - energy specialist : food habits and reproductive biology of the arafura filesnake ( acrochordidae ) .
copeia 1986 ( 1986 ) : 424–437 .
houston , d . and shine , r . 1994 . low growth rates and delayed maturation in arafura filesnakes ( serpentes : acrochordidae ) in tropical australia . copeia 3 : 736 - 731 .
houston , d . and shine , r . 1994 . population demography of arafura filesnakes ( serpentes : acrochordidae ) in tropical australia . journal of herpetology 28 ( 3 ) : 273 - 280 .
uetz , p . ( ed . ) ( 2018 ) . the reptile database . acrochordidae . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 342636 on 2018 - 07 - 09
ng , t . h . 2011 . a record of the banded file snake , acrochordus granulatus ( reptilia : squamata : acrochordidae ) in a freshwater habitat in singapore . nature in singapore 2011 4 : 91–93
shine , r . and lambeck , r . 1985 . a radiotelemetric study of movements , thermoregulation and habitat utilization of arafura filesnakes ( serpentes : acrochordidae ) . journal of thermal biology 15 : 301 - 305 .
ng , h . t . , 2011 . a record of the banded file snake , acrochordus granulatus ( reptilia : squamata : acrochordidae ) in a freshwater habitat in singapore . nature in singapore , 4 : 91 - 93 .
family : acrochordidae genus : acrochordus hornstedt neck not defined , no cephalic shields , scales are small , juxataposed or subimbricate and tri carinate , no ventral scutes , body is stout and covered by loose skin ( deraniyagala , 1955 ; smith , 1943 ) .
a ) aniliidae , tropidophiidae , calabariidae , candoiidae , sanziniidae , charininae , ungaliophiinae , erycidae , and boidae . b i ) cylindrophiidae + anomochilidae , uropeltidae , xenopeltidae , loxocemidae , and pythonidae . b ii ) bolyeridae , xenophidiidae , acrochordidae , xenodermatidae , and pareatidae .
this study considers any snakes with paddle shaped tail as marine snakes . the species acrochordus granulatus of the family acrochordidae has also been collected in the jaffna waters . it is one of the two species in the genera acrochordus restricted to marine environment . thus even though a . granulatus is not a true marine snake , the presence of dorso ventrally oriented tail justifies the definition .
species of acrochordidae are distributed in tropical waters , but there are important habitat distinctions . the range of the little file snake extends from the western coast of india through tropical asia to the philippines , south to timor , and east to papua new guinea , northern australia , the bismarck archipelago , and the solomon islands . the java file snake ranges from thailand through malaysia and the greater sunda islands of indonesia . the range of the arafura file snake appears confined to the freshwater drainages of papua new guinea and those of australia connected to the gulf of carpentaria and the arafura sea .
acrochordus javanicus hornstedt 1787 : 307 acrochordus javanicus — shaw & nodder 1793 : plate 148 acrochordus javensis ( sic ) — daudin 1803 acrochordus javanicus — kuhl 1824 potamophis javanica — schmidt 1852 acrochordus javanicus — duméril & bibron 1854 : 35 acrochordus javanicus — boulenger 1893 : 173 acrochordus javanicus — smith 1943 acrochordus javanicus — manthey & grossmann 1997 : 297 acrochordus javanicus — cox et al . 1998 : 17 acrochordus javanicus — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 228 acrochordus javanicus — sang et al . 2009 acrochordus javanicus — wallach et al . 2014 : 7
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
holotype : nrm 7263 , now lost ( according to some sources in zius , now lost fide erik åhlander , pers . comm . , 2 aug 2017 )
habitat : marine type species : acrochordus javanicus hornstedt 1787 is the type species of the genus acrochordus hornstedt 1787 .
augstenová , barbora ; sofia mazzoleniorcid , lukáš kratochvíl orcid and michail rovatsos 2017 . evolutionary dynamics of the w chromosome in caenophidian snakes genes 2018 , 9 ( 1 ) , 5 ; doi : 10 . 3390 / genes9010005 - get paper here
auliya , m . 2006 . taxonomy , life history , and conservation of giant reptiles in west kalimantan . natur und tier verlag , münster , 432 pp . - get paper here
bergman , r . a . m . 1941 . acrochordus javanicus hornst . treubia 18 ( 2 ) : 207 - 211 - get paper here
boulenger , g . a . 1893 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( nat . hist . ) i . london ( taylor & francis ) , 448 pp . - get paper here
chan - ard , t . , parr , j . w . k . & nabhitabhata , j . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of thailand . oxford university press , ny , 352 pp . [ see book reviews by pauwels & grismer 2015 and hikida 2015 for corrections ] - get paper here
cox , merel j . ; van dijk , peter paul ; jarujin nabhitabhata & thirakhupt , kumthorn 1998 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of peninsular malaysia , singapore and thailand . ralph curtis publishing , 144 pp .
das , i . 2012 . a naturalist ' s guide to the snakes of south - east asia : malaysia , singapore , thailand , myanmar , borneo , sumatra , java and bali . oxford j , ohn beaufoy publishing - get paper here
david , p . & vogel , g . 1996 . the snakes of sumatra . an annotated checklist and key with natural history notes . bücher kreth , frankfurt / m .
de rooij , n . de 1917 . the reptiles of the indo - australian archipelago . il . ophidia . leiden ( e . j . brill ) , xiv + 334 s .
dunaev e . a . , orlova v . f . 2003 . diversity of snakes ( on the materials of the exposition of the zoological museum of the moscow state university ) . moscow : moscow state university press , 376 pp
gower , d . ; garrett , k . & stafford , p . 2012 . snakes . firefly books , buffalo , ny , < br / > 144 p . .
hornstedt , c . f . 1787 . beskrifning på en ny orm från java [ also cited as “beschryving van een nieuwe slang van java” ] kongl . vetenskaps academiens nya handlingar viii ( also cited as “abh . akad . stockholm 4” ) : 306 - 308 [ plate xii on page 359 of the digital version ] - get paper here
longman , h . a . 1916 . snakes and lizards from queensland and the northern territory . memoirs of the queensland museum 5 : 46 - 51
magnusson , william e . 1981 . literature : production of an embryo by an acrochordus javanicus isolated for seven years . litteratura serpentium 1 ( 6 ) : 255 - get paper here
manthey , u . & grossmann , w . 1997 . amphibien & reptilien südostasiens . natur und tier verlag ( münster ) , 512 pp . - get paper here
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
rovatsos m , altmanová m , johnson pokorná m , augstenová b , kratochvíl l . 2017 . cytogenetics of the javan file snake ( acrochordus javanicus ) and the evolution of snake sex chromosomes j zool syst evol res . 00 : 1–9 - get paper here
sanders , kate l . ; mumpuni , amir hamidy , jason j . head , david j . gower 2010 . phylogeny and divergence times of filesnakes ( acrochordus ) : inferences from morphology , fossils and three molecular loci . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 56 ( 3 ) : 857 - 867 - get paper here
sang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .
shaw , george & nodder , frederick p . ( eds . ) 1794 . the naturalist ' s miscellany [ . . . ] , vol . v . london , nodder & co . , plates 147 - 182 , 158 unnumbered pages [ published in monthly issues between between august 1 , 1793 , and july 1 , 1794 ] - get paper here
shine , richard ; harlow , peter ; keogh , j . scott ; boeadi 1995 . biology and commercial utilization of acrochordid snakes , with special reference to karung ( acrochordus javanicus ) . journal of herpetology 29 ( 3 ) : 352 - 360 - get paper here
smith , m . a . 1943 . the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia . 3 ( serpentes ) . taylor and francis , london . 583 pp .
taylor , e . h . 1965 . the serpents of thailand and adjacent waters . univ . kansas sci . bull . 45 ( 9 ) : 609 - 1096 - get paper here
teynié , alexandre ; patrick david , & annemarie ohler 2010 . note on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from western sumatra ( indonesia ) , with the description of a new species of the genus bufo . zootaxa 2416 : 1–43 - get paper here
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
acrochordus arafurae mcdowell 1979 acrochordus arafurae — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 226 acrochordus arafurae — cogger 2000 : 615 acrochordus arafurae — wilson & swan 2010 acrochordus arafurae — wallach et al . 2014 : 7
viviparous . acrochordus arafurae may be the second parthenogenetic snake species ( after ramphotyplops braminus ) .
burger w . l . and natsuno , t . 1974 . a new genus for the arafura smooth seasnake and redefinitions of other seasnake genera . the snake 6 : 61 - 75 .
cogger , h . g . 2014 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , 7th ed . csiro publishing , xxx + 1033 pp .
cogger , h . g . 2000 . reptiles and amphibians of australia , 6th ed . ralph curtis publishing , sanibel island , 808 pp .
doody , j . sean , gary vas and phill mangion . 2015 . acrochordus arafurae ( arafura file snake ) foraging / prey coralling behavior . herpetological review 46 ( 3 ) : 441
dubach , jean , agatha sajewicz and ray pawley 1997 . parthenogenesis in the arafuran file snake ( acrochordus arafurae ) . herpetological natural history 5 ( 1 ) : 11 - 18 .
mcdowell s b 1979 . a catalogue of the snakes of new guinea and the solomons , with special reference to those in the bernice p . bishop museum . part 3 . boinae and acrochordoidea ( reptilia , serpentes ) . journal of herpetology 13 ( 1 ) : 105 - 111 - get paper here
o ' shea , m . 1996 . a guide to the snakes of papua new guinea . independent publishing , port moresby , xii + 239 pp . - get paper here
shine , r . 1986 . sexual differences in morphology and niche utilization in an aquatic snake , acrochordus arafurae . oecologia ( berl . ) 69 : 260 - 267
somaweera , r . 2009 . snakes of darwin . poster , university of sydney
wilson , s . & swan , g . 2010 . a complete guide to reptiles of australia , 3rd ed . chatswood : new holland , 558 pp .
hydrus granulatus schneider 1799 acrochordus fasciatus shaw 1802 pelamis granulatus — daudin 1803 chersydrus [ fasciatus ] — cuvier 1817 : 532 chersydrus granulatus — merrem 1820 : 138 acrochordus fasciatus — raffles 1822 hydrus granulatus — raffles 1822 acrochordus granulatus — cantor 1847 chersydrus annulatus gray 1849 chersydrus fasciatus — duméril & bibron 1854 : 41 chersydrus fasciatus — jan 1863 chersydrus granulatus — boulenger 1893 : 174 chersydrus granulatus — de rooij 1917 : 43 chersydrus granulatus — wall 1921 : 79 chersydrus granulatus granulatus — loveridge 1938 acrochordus granulatus granulatus — haas 1950 chersydrus granulatus — gruber in grzimek 1970 chersydrus granulatus — grandison 1978 : 285 acrochordus granulatus — manthey & grossmann 1997 : 296 acrochordus granulatus — cox et al . 1998 : 17 acrochordus granulatus — gaulke 1999 acrochordus granulatus — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 227 chersydrus granulatus — sharma 2004 acrochordus granulatus — murthy 2010 acrochordus granulatus — wallach et al . 2014 : 7
type locality : not given ( fide manthey & grossmann 1997 ) ; “madras , india” ( fide sang et al . 2009 )
distribution : does not occur in pakistan fide khan ( pers . comm . ) . habitat : marine
auffenberg w 1980 . the herpetofauna of komodo , with notes on adjacent areas . bulletin of the florida state museum 25 ( 2 ) : 39 - 156 - get paper here
clegg , jonathan r . and merlijn jocque 2015 . the collection of snakes made by benoît mys and jan swerts in northern papua new guinea in 1982–85 journal of herpetology sep 2016 , vol . 50 , no . 3 : 476 - 485 . - get paper here
dowling , h . g . , & jenner , j . v . 1988 . snakes of burma : checklist of reported species and bibliography . smithsonian herp . inf . serv . ( 76 ) : 19 pp . - get paper here
dunson , william a . ; minton , sherman a . 1978 . diversity , distribution , and ecology of philippine marine snakes ( reptilia , serpentes ) . journal of herpetology 12 ( 3 ) : 281 - 286 - get paper here
ferner , john w . , rafe m . brown , rogelio v . sison and robert s . kennedy 2000 . the amphibians and reptiles of panay island , philippines . asiatic herpetological research 9 : 1 - 37 - get paper here
garcia , vhon oliver s . ; rey donne s . papa ; jonathan carlo a . briones ; norman mendoza ; noboru okuda ; arvin c . diesmos 2014 . food habits and distribution of the lake taal sea snake ( hydrophis semperi garman 1881 ) and the sympatric little file snake ( acrochordus granulatus schneider 1799 ) in lake taal , philippines . asian herpetological research 5 ( 4 ) : 255 - 262 doi 10 . 3724 / sp . j . 1245 . 2014 . 00255 - get paper here
gaulke m . 1999 . die herpetofauna von calauit island ( calamianes - inseln , provinz palawan , philippinen ) ( amphibia et reptilia ) . faun . abh . staatl . mus . tierk . dresden 21 ( 19 )
gaulke , m . 2011 . the herpetofauna of panay island , philippines . edition chimaira , 390 pp .
grandison , a . g . c . 1978 . snakes of west malaysia and singapore . annalen des naturhistorischen museums in wien 81 [ 1977 ] : 283 - 303 - get paper here
koch , a . 2012 . discovery , diversity , and distribution of the amphibians and reptiles of sulawesi and its offshore islands . edition chimaira , 374 pp . [ isbn 978 - 3 - 89973 - 432 - 4 ] - get paper here
lang , r . de & g . vogel 2005 . the snakes of sulawesi . a field guide to the land snakes of sulawesi with identification keys . frankfurter beiträge zur naturkunde , 25 , edition chimaira , frankfurt am main , 312 pp .
lang , ruud de 2012 . snakes of the lesser sunda islands ( nusa tenggara ) , indonesia . edition chimaira , 349 pp .
lillywhite , harvey b . 2014 . how snakes work : structure , function and behavior of the world ' s snakes . oxford university press , new york , 256 pp
mccoy , m . 2006 . reptiles of the solomon islands . pensoft series faunistica 57 , 212 pp .
mccoy , m . 2015 . a field guide to the reptiles of the solomon islands . michael mccoy , kuranda - get paper here
mertens , r . 1930 . die amphibien und reptilien der inseln bali , lombok , sumbawa und flores . senck . naturf . gesell . , frankfurt am main , abhandl . 42 ( 3 ) : 117 - 344 .
murthy , t . s . n . 2010 . the reptile fauna of india . b . r . publishing , new delhi , 332 pp .
o’shea , mark ; caitlin sanchez , andrew kathriner , sven mecke , venancio lopes carvalho , agivedo varela ribeiro , zito afranio soares , luis lemos de araujo and hinrich kaiser 2015 . herpetological diversity of timor - leste : updates and a review of species distributions . asian herpetological research 6 ( 2 ) : 73–131
palot , m . j . 2015 . a checklist of reptiles of kerala , india . journal of threatened taxa 7 ( 13 ) : 8010–8022 - get paper here
pauwels , o . s . g . et al . 2000 . herpetological investigations in phang - nga province , southern peninsular thailand , with a list of reptile species and notes on their biology . dumerilia 4 ( 2 ) : 123 - 154 - get paper here
schmidt , kp 1932 . reptiles and amphibians from the solomon islands . field mus . nat . hist . zool . ser . - 18 ( 9 ) : 175 - 190 - get paper here
schneider , j . g . 1799 . historiae amphibiorum narturalis et literariae . fasciculus primus , continens ranas . calamitas , bufones , salamandras et hydros . frommanni , jena , 266 s . - get paper here
schneider , johann gottlob 1801 . historiae amphibiorum naturalis et literariae . fasciculus secundus continens crocodilos , scincos , chamaesauras , boas . pseudoboas , elapes , angues . amphisbaenas et caecilias . frommanni , jena . 374 pp . - get paper here
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voris , harold k . 2017 . diversity of marine snakes on trawling grounds in the straits of malacca and the south china sea tropical natural history 17 ( 2 ) : 65–87 - get paper here
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whitaker , romulus < br / > and ashok captain 2004 . snakes of india . draco books , 500 pp . , reprinted 2007 - get paper here
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zhao , e . & adler , k . 1993 . herpetology of china . ssar , oxford / ohio , 1 - 522
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mcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . touré
snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
andrew durso marked
image of dinodon rufozonatum walli
as hidden on the
dinodon rufozonatus ssp . walli
page .
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dinodon rufozonatus ssp . walli
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thumbnail description small to medium - sized aquatic snakes with blunt heads not distinct from the neck , dorsally directed small eyes and nares , flabby and roughened skin bearing small , spinate scales . body stout and capable of lateral compression for swimming . sluggish behavior .
taxonomy for these species : acrochordus arafurae mcdowell , 1979 , papua new guinea , western province , lake daviumbo ; commonly known as the arafura file snake . acrochordus granulatus schneider , 1799 ,
india
; commonly known as the little file snake . acrochordus javanicus hornstedt , 1787 , java ; commonly known as the java file snake , wart snake , or elephant trunk snake .
file snakes exhibit many fascinating and novel features of morphology , physiology , and behavior . the little file snake is the smallest of the three species . adults average 20–28 in ( 50–70 cm ) and grow to a maximum length of approximately 40 in ( 1 m ) . the other species are nearly twice this size , the arafura file snake reaching a maximum length of approximately 67 inches ( 1 . 7 m ) and the java file snake reaching a maximum length of nearly 80 inches ( 2 m ) . all three species
of file snake show sexual dimorphism , females having larger heads , shorter tails , and generally heavier bodies than males of the same species .
the tail is laterally compressed to assist swimming , although this feature is not as pronounced as it is in sea snakes . the nostrils are valved and located at the dorsal aspect of the snout . this feature enables these snakes to periodically breathe atmospheric air while the remainder of the body remains underwater . the vertebrae are relatively short and have a small condyle that is partially freed such that flexibility is enhanced for both swimming and constriction of fishes . the skull is flexible , quadrate bones are elongated , and features of articulation are well adapted for swallowing fishes .
file snakes have a heart similar to that of other snakes , but the position is more central ( mid - body ) than it is in many terrestrial species of snakes , in which the heart is closer to the head . unlike that of terrestrial snakes , the lung of file snakes contains vascularized tissue for respiratory gas exchange that extends almost the entire length of the body cavity . the veins are capacious and accommodate a relatively large volume of blood . this characteristic is presumed to be adaptive with respect to storage of oxygen in support of prolonged dives .
the smallest species , the little file snake , is primarily marine but tolerates water of varying salinity , including freshwater . these snakes are found in the sea but live more typically in mangroves or other areas of shallow coastal waters , including estuaries . little file snakes have been captured at depths of 13–66 ft ( 4–20 m ) as far as 1–6 mi ( 2–10 km ) offshore , but shallow waters of a few feet ( meters ) or less are more typical of primary habitat . populations enter rivers throughout the range , and a few populations are known to live in freshwater lakes in papua new guinea and the philippines . the inland distribution of this species is probably limited by waterfalls rather than by lack of tolerance for freshwater .
the java file snake is largely an inhabitant of lagoons and streams as well as other areas of permanent freshwater . the species also enters estuaries and the sea , but permanent occupation of marine habitats is unlikely . the java file snake should be considered a freshwater species .
the arafura file snake is a freshwater species that occupies tropical rivers and billabongs ( dry streambeds that fill only seasonally ) , reaching high population densities in some of the drainage systems of northern australia . much of this habitat is subject to periodic fluctuation in water level caused by seasonal aridity in parts of the range . the snakes live in billabongs during the dry season but disperse into inundated grassland with the onset of wet - season flooding .
little is known about predation on file snakes . they may be eaten by crocodiles , various birds , and other animals and be captured by humans . it seems likely that the physiological and behavioral adaptations for prolonged submergence are related to avoidance of predation in shallow - water habitats .
all three species of file snake feed almost exclusively on fishes , including carrion and a large variety of species . the little file snake appears to specialize on gobiid and goby - like fishes . stomach contents indicate that crustaceans may be eaten occasionally . australian arafura file snakes consume a diversity of fish species and act as scavengers as well as predators in watercourse systems where they have been studied . sleepy cod and barramundi are important prey . java file snakes specialize on freshwater eels and catfishes in malaysia . the spines of catfishes occasionally perforate the digestive tracts of these snakes and can cause wounds and abscesses .
file snakes feed by seizing fish rapidly with the mouth or by swiftly ensnaring fish in coils of the body or tail . in either
case , the body is wrapped quickly around the fish to subdue and to hold it . these snakes have been labeled constrictors , but the body coils function to hold and immobilize prey rather than to cause death . captured fish are swallowed very quickly , thus little water is ingested with prey . file snakes have been observed to forage nocturnally in areas of shallow water , and captive specimens feed more readily and capture fish more easily in shallow than in deep water . stomach contents indicate file snakes feed infrequently and appear to grow slowly .
female arafura file snakes are hunted by indigenous peoples and used as food in parts of australia . because of the pronounced sexual dimorphism that characterizes this species , the larger females are more easily found and captured by aboriginal hunters . such subsistence use of these snakes by relatively small numbers of people appears to have little effect on populations of this species .
the other two species of file snake are harvested commercially for their skins . the skin of the java file snake is used for karung , ornamental leather , and is heavily harvested in the indonesian archipelago . it has been difficult to estimate how widespread or intensive such exploitation has become .
both the java file snake and the little file snake have made occasional appearances in the pet trade , but use of these snakes as pets appears to be uncommon . given the difficulties associated with maintaining these snakes in captivity , exploitation related to the pet trade seems to have little importance and may likely disappear altogether .
dowling , herndon . g .
the curious feeding habits of the java wart snake .
animal kingdom 63 ( 1960 ) : 13–15 .
lillywhite , harvey b .
the biology and conservation of acrochordid snakes .
hamadryad 16 ( 1991 ) : 1–9 .
—— .
husbandry of the little file snake , acrochordus granulatus .
zoo biology 15 ( 1996 ) : 315–327 .
lillywhite , harvey b . , and tamir m . ellis .
ecophysiological aspects of the coastal - estuarine distribution of acrochordid snakes .
estuaries 17 ( 1994 ) : 53–61 .
mcdowell , s . b .
a catalogue of the snakes of new guinea and the solomons , with special reference to those in the bernice p . bishop museum : part iii , boinae and acrochordoidea ( reptilia , serpentes ) .
journal of herpetology 13 ( 1979 ) : 1–92 .
seymour , roger s . , g . p . dobson , and john baldwin .
respiratory and cardiovascular physiology of the aquatic snake , acrochordus arafurae .
journal of comparative physiology 144 ( 1981 ) : 215–227 .
shine , richard , and r . lambeck .
a radiotelemetric study of movements , thermoregulation and niche utilization in an aquatic snake , acrochordus arafurae .
herpetologica 41 ( 1985 ) : 351–361 .
voris , harold k . , and g . s . glodek .
habitat , diet and reproduction of the file snake , acrochordus granulatus , in the straits of malacca .
journal of herpetology 14 ( 1980 ) : 105–108 .
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aquatic snake with a stout body and very rough skin like a file . belongs to the subfamily acrochordinae . called also mehelya .
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they have loose , baggy skin covered with tiny , rasp - like scales .
two species are found in queensland ; one lives in freshwater ( acrochordus arafurae ) , the other in coastal , mangrove - lined habitats .
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the file snake inhabits the coastal regions of northern australia and also new guinea ( hoser , 1989 ) .
is non - venomous and reaches a maximum length of 2 . 5 meters , with 1 . 5 meters being the average length . they are sexually dimorophic with females generally the larger sex . file snakes are aquatic snakes with small , but very strongly keeled scales , which give them the texture of a file . the skin of file snakes is very loose and baggy . colors vary slightly , but most are light brown or gray with dark brown or black reticulations extending from a broad vertebral band that gives a cross - banded , or a blotchy appearance on the dorsal surface of the body . file snakes are somewhat lighter underneath , and the dark reticulations usually extend onto the ventral surface of the body ( vincent , 1999 ) .
file snakes are viviparous and give birth to between 6 and 27 young , which usually average about 36 centimeters svl . sexual maturity is reached by males at about 85 centimeters svl , and at about 115 centimeters svl in females . file snakes do not reproduce each year . in fact , it ' s believed that females reproduce only every eight to ten years in the wild . high population density , low metabolic rates , and poor feeding efficiency are thought to be possible causes for such low repreductive rates . males are also able to store sperm in their bodies for a number of years ( vincent , 1999 ) .
file snakes continue to be important food for aboriginal communities in northern australia . aboriginal people , usually the elder women , still hunt for file snakes by wading into the water and feeling under submerged logs and overhanging banks . once captured , the snakes are usually tossed onto the bank where they are easily collected due to their extremely slow movement on land . pregnant females are very valuable to the aboriginal people . the oviducts of reproductive females contain large , yolk - filled embryos in november , and these are considered a special treat to the aboriginies . most snakes are kept for a few days in large empty pots then tossed into a fire to cook ( shine , 1991 ) .
ryan holem ( author ) , michigan state university , james harding ( editor ) , michigan state university .
living in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
vincent , m . , j . birkett . june / july , 1999 . the arafura file snake , acrochordus arafurae . .
to cite this page : holem , r . 2000 .
acrochordus arafurae
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
the little file snake ( acrochordus granulatus ) used to be placed in the genus chersydrus .
grey / brown above with a broad , dark mesh - like pattern ; pale below , with the mesh - like pattern extending to the belly . very loose skin with numerous , fine scales ; scales pointed . no noticeable mid - ventral fold . deeply forked tongue .
grey / brown above with many narrow pale bands . the skin is loose , but not as loose as the skin of the arafura file snake ( acrochordus arafurae ) . scales are numerous and pointed . prominent mid - ventral fold .
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1 department of biological sciences , university of new orleans , new orleans , la , united states of america .
2 department of biology , the graduate school and center , city university of new york , new york , ny , united states of america .
3 department of biology , 6s - 143 , college of staten island , 2800 victory boulevard , staten island , ny , united states of america .
4 department of biology , la sierra university , 4500 riverwalk parkway , riverside , ca , united states of america .
conclusion : our analyses resulted in new topologies at higher - and lower - levels ; resolved several previous topological issues ; established novel paraphyletic affiliations ; designated a new subfamily , ahaetuliinae , for the genera ahaetulla , chrysopelea , dendrelaphis , and dryophiops ; and appointed hemerophis ( coluber ) zebrinus to a new genus , mopanveldophis . although we provide insight into some distinguished problematic nodes , at the deeper phylogenetic scale , resolution of these nodes may require sampling of more slowly - evolving nuclear genes .
abridged phylogeny on final dataset of 1652 snake species and seven outgroup taxa . . .
abridged phylogeny on final dataset of 1652 snake species and seven outgroup taxa displaying higher - level relationships .
maximum - likelihood phylogenetic estimate based on 10 concatenated genes . tips represent families and sub - families . commonly recognized higher - level clades are labeled in all caps and bold . species classified as lamprophiidae incertae sedis are also shown since they did not place within a subfamily . node values represent shl support values . skeleton of the species tree is displayed on the left , colored and labeled as they appear in figs – .
maximum - likelihood phylogenetic estimate based on 10 concatenated genes . node values represent shl support values . seven outgroup taxa are not shown . colors of clades indicate their position in the overall tree , shown at left . newly sequenced taxa are highlighted in bold . skeleton of the species tree is displayed on the left with displayed subfamilies / families highlighted . letters denoted by i and ii represent parts of the tree where external branches do not connect to the part of the tree immediately preceding it . a ) anomalepididae , epictinae , leptotyphlopinae , gerrhopilidae , xenotyphlopidae , and typhlopinae . b ) asiatyphlopinae i , afrotyphlopinae ; madatyphlopinae , and asiatyphlopinae ii .
a ) aniliidae , tropidophiidae , calabariidae , candoiidae , sanziniidae , charininae , ungaliophiinae . . .
a i ) viperinae . a ii ) azemiopinae and crotalinae . b ) crotalinae continued .
a ) homalopsidae , psammophiinae , buhoma procterae , prosymninae , pseudaspidinae , atractaspidinae . . .
a ) homalopsidae , psammophiinae , buhoma procterae , prosymninae , pseudaspidinae , atractaspidinae , and aparallactinae . b i ) oxyrhabdium leporinum and lamprophiinae . b ii ) ditypophis sp . + micrelaps bicoloratus and pseudoxyrhophiinae .
a ) grayiinae , calamariinae , ahaetullinae subfam . nov . , and colubrinae . . .
a ) grayiinae , calamariinae , ahaetullinae subfam . nov . , and colubrinae . b i ) colubrinae continued . b ii ) colubrinae continued .
snake diversity in the island of sri lanka is extremely high , hosting at least 89 inland ( i . e . , non - marine ) snake species , of which at least 49 are endemic . this includes . . .
the superfamily colubroidea ( > 2500 species ) includes the majority of snake species and is one of the most conspicuous and well - known radiations of terrestrial vertebr . . .
squamate reptiles ( lizards and snakes ) are one of the most diverse groups of terrestrial vertebrates . recent molecular analyses have suggested a very different squamate p . . .
two common approaches for estimating phylogenies in species - rich groups are to : ( i ) sample many loci for few species ( e . g . phylogenomic approach ) , or ( ii ) sample many spe . . .
this study analyzed 76 species of carnivora using a concatenated sequence of 6243 bp from six genes ( nuclear tr - i - i , tbg , and irbp ; mitochondrial nd2 , cytb , and 12s rrna ) . . .
a molecular phylogeny of the neotropical snail - eating snakes ( tribe dipsadini ) is presented including 43 ( 24 for the first time ) of the 77 species , sampled for both nucle . . .
relative to the commonly used mitochondrial and nuclear protein - coding genes , the noncoding intron sequences are a promising source of informative markers that have the p . . .
a new species of natricine snake of the southeast asian genus opisthotropis gü nther , 1872 is described from western hunan province of china based on bot . . .
specimens collected in the same locality showed that the dentition asymmetry of p . formosensis was significantly smaller than that of p . atayal . . .
the main ophidian taxa ( scolecophidia , henophidia and caenophidia ) , just like other squamate clades , seem to be evolutionarily conservative at some levels with respect to . . .
harvey ph , pagel md . the comparative method in evolutionary biology ( vol . 239 ) . oxford : oxford university press ; 1991 .
huelsenbeck jp , rannala b . phylogenetic methods come of age : testing hypotheses in an evolutionary context . science . 1997 ; 276 : 227–232 . - pubmed
pagel m . inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution . nature . 1999 ; 401 : 877–884 . - pubmed
whelan s , liò p , goldman n . molecular phylogenetics : state - of - the - art methods for looking into the past . trends genet . 2001 ; 17 : 262–272 . - pubmed
driskell ac , ane c , burleigh jg , mcmahon mm , o ' meara b , sanderson mj . prospects for building the tree of life from large sequence databases . science . 2004 ; 306 : 1172–1174 . - pubmed
this work was supported by national science foundation east asia & pacific summer institute ( oise - 1107819 ) ; university of new orleans college of sciences graduate student research grant ; university of new orleans department of biological science dissertation enhancement award ; university of new orleans dissertation improvement grant ; and university of new orleans latin american studies abroad program award . the funders had no role in the study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
how to cite this article : s . abyerami and k . sivashanthini , 2008 . current status of marine snakes from jaffna peninsula , sri lanka with description of hitherto unrecorded hydrophis fasciatus fasciatus ( schneider , 1799 ) . international journal of zoological research , 4 : 214 - 224 . doi : 10 . 3923 / ijzr . 2008 . 214 . 224 url : urltoken
the classification of sea snakes is far from settled ( mao and chen , 1980 ) . this is true for sea snakes of sri lanka as studies on marine snakes are scanty ( de silva , 1990 ) . ferguson ( 1877 ) listed 24 species of marine snakes in 4 genera in his reptile fauna of ceylon which is the first comprehensive work on herpetofauna of sri lanka . later wall ( 1921 ) recorded 22 species belonging to 16 genera where he has given detail description of species in the book titled ophidia taprobanica or snakes of ceylon . deraniyagala ( 1946 ) recorded 19 species within 8 genera and subsequently he ( deraniyagala , 1955 ) recorded only 12 species within 8 genera in his a coloured atlas of some vertebrates from ceylon . even though welch ( 1988 ) added another 6 species to sri lankan waters , it is well followed by de silva ( 1980 ) that the authentic records are only in respect to 13 species .
the study area in the present investigation is situated from valvettiturai to point pedro ( 80° 09 ` 06
- 80° 14 ` 08
e , 9° 49 ` 34
- 9° 49 ` 42
n ) in the vadamarachchi division and at the landing centres ( 80° 01 ` 06
- 80° 10 ` 09
e , 9° 39 ` 11
- 9° 51 ` 19
n ) of the jaffna lagoon in the jaffna division of the jaffna peninsula which are the northern part of sri lanka ( fig . 1 ) . the sea snakes were collected once a month as the by - catch of fisheries , from june 2003 to november 2004 in 8 landing centers in vadamarachchi division and one landing centre in jaffna division .
acrochordus granulatus ( schneider , 1799 ) ( fig . 2a ) three specimens were collected of which two were males and one was female from the jaffna lagoon . it is a rare snake ( deraniyagala , 1955 ; de silva , 2001 ) . this is not earlier reported from jaffna peninsula .
description : based on 3 specimens ( from 349 - 656 mm svl ) . in percentage of snout - vent length : head length 2 . 637 - 3 . 065 ; snout to post labial 1 . 631 - 1 . 891 ; snout to eye 0 . 838 - 1 . 088 ; inter orbit 0 . 868 - 1 . 060 ; total length to tail length ratio 8 . 58 - 9 . 75 .
head and body : all scales on head and body are granulated and tricarinated ; white rings encircling the body ; scales broader than long ; no cephalic scutes but series of supra and infra labial scales present .
the line of ventrals and sub caudals can be differentiated by a skin fold and represented by 3 - 4 rows of small spinuous scales projecting irregularly which are occasionally intersected by minute flat scales .
colour : alternate rings of brown or olive brown above and paler below ; coastal with a median spine which is the longest . in the young bands are contrasted and conspicuous , giving a zebra like appearance . the dark grey or black with white cross bars become indistinct in adults ( de silva , 1980 ; smith , 1943 ; wall , 1921 ; murthy , 1974 ) .
family : hydrophiidae genus : hydrophis latreille ventrals small distinct throughout and normally entire , hydrophis is the largest genus in the family hydrophiidae with approximately 30 species ( annonymous , 2007 ) .
hydrophis cyanocinctus ( daudin , 1803 ) ( fig . 2b ) this is one of the largest sea snakes known ( bussarawit et al . , 1989 ) and not reported from jaffna previously .
description : based on 09 specimens ( from 783 - 1087 mm svl ) . in percentage of snout - vent length : head length 2 . 066 - 2 . 522 ; snout to post labial 1 . 421 - 1 . 772 ; snout to eye 0 . 607 - 0 . 818 ; inter orbit 0 . 616 - 0 . 840 ; total length to tail length ratio 8 . 78 - 11 . 23 .
head and body : head somewhat smaller in size , snout elongate , projecting slightly ; neck not distinct , the extreme depth of the body 2 - 2½ times that of the anterior part . 7 - 8 supra labials of which 3 , 4 or 3 , 4 , 5 entering the orbit ; 1 pre and 2 post oculars ; 5 - 8 infralabials and 5 - 8 maxillary teeth behind poisonous fangs .
scale rows : 27 - 35 on neck , 37 - 47 on mid body , 34 - 37 on hind body .
colour : head black or yellow with black markings . body with 50 - 64 black rhombic bars which dilate dorsally . these bars can be encircling the body or appear only on the dorsal side , the dorsal bars are wider than the interspace ; yellowish white ventrally , tail black on the tip ( bussarawit et al . , 1989 ) .
hydrophis fasciatus fasciatus ( schneider , 1799 ) ( fig . 2c , d ) although , wall ( 1921 ) included this snake among the sea snakes of sri lanka , later he added that the species labeled as fasciatus was a different one . hence to date this species is no longer known in sri lankan waters . the specimen was collected in june 2003 and deposited at the national museum , colombo ( reg . no : 2005 - 21 - 1 ) .


gelophaula siraea is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is about 23 mm .

the forewings are pale greyish , mixed with yellow whitish and more yellowish tinged towards the dorsum .

the hindwings are whitish , tinged greyish on the dorsal half .

gelophaula siraea

the term
siraea
is composed of 6 letters . in alphabetical order , these 6 letters are :
♂ . 26–29 mm . superficially extremely like g . siraea meyr . , but a larger and less bright insect . the yellow median stripe of the forewings is not so bright as in siraea and tends to be more suffused , not infrequently occupying nearly all the lower half of the wing . the fringes of the hindwings are usually yellowish tinged , not white as in siraea .
siraea has been found in our term list . if you need a definition or a context on the term , you will find a list of external links below .
arthur ' s pass , 4 , 000 ft . , in february ( hudson ) ; one specimen . much shorter - winged than siraea ♀ , and with termen much less oblique than in tritochlora ♀ , which are the two species nearest to it .
the word
siraea
is a word starting by
s
. there are many other words starts
s
and if it is the only letter that you have to solve your game , you can take a look at the list of words starting in s .
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[ read before the wellington philosophical society , 22nd september , 1920 ; received by editor , 29th september , 1920 ; issued separately , 8th august , 1921 . ]
having by degrees received from mr . hudson a considerable series of this rather variable species , i am now of opinion that agana meyr . can only be regarded as a synonym of it , as i find no constant distinction .
♀ . 23 mm . head , palpi , and thorax yellow - whitish . abdomen whitish . forewings oblong , rather short , costa anteriorly gently arched , posteriorly nearly straight , apex obtuse , termen hardly oblique , rounded beneath ; pale greyish suffusedly mixed with yellow - whitish , more yellowish - tinged towards dorsum ; cilia white . hindwings whitish , very faintly greyish - tinged on dorsal half ; cilia white .
♂ . 22 mm . head dark grey . palpi grey - whitish , anteriorly suffused with dark fuscous , terminal joint hardly half as long as second . antennae fasciculate - ciliated ( 3 ) . thorax dark fuscous suffused with ferruginous . abdomen dark fuscous , segmental margins light grey , anal tuft grey . forewings elongate , gradually dilated , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , termen straight , hardly oblique ; dark fuscous , suffusedly overlaid with deep ferruginous ; extreme costal edge white anteriorly except at base , and whitish marks on costal edge at ⅔ and ¾ ; some scattered whitish hair - scales towards middle of disc , and between ¾ of costa and tornus ; cilia grey , basal half dark fuscous . hindwings blackish ; a suffused gradually expanded ochreous - whitish median streak from near base to beyond cell ; cilia ochreous - whitish , towards tornus and apex greyish , with dark - fuscous basal shade .
mount arthur , 3 , 600 ft . , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen . closely allied to illita , of which it might be supposed to be a mountain form with loss of orange colour of hindwings , but the difference in structure of palpi ( terminal joint in illita about ⅔ of second ) indicates that it is probably distinct .
i propose this name in place of philpottia meyrick ( trans . n . z . inst . , vol . 48 , p . 416 ) , which , as mr . hudson has kindly pointed out to me , was unfortunately preoccupied by philpottia broun in coleoptera the year before . i could not know this at the time .
with increased material i find that fusilis meyr . cannot be kept specifically separate from this .
an abnormal variety ( ♀ ) from the mataura river ( hudson ) has posterior ⅗ of forewing suffused with rather dark grey ; the normal type occurs in the same locality , and i am confident that it is only a variety , though of much interest , as it seems to connect the species with the dark - winged group .
a fine specimen now sent by mr . hudson shows that this species was wrongly placed in hyponomeuta , the maxillary palpi being well developed , curved , ascending , as usual in orthenches ; they must have been damaged in the original type .
head with dense loosely - appressed hairs ; ocelli posterior ; tongue absent . antennae ⅚ , in ♂ pubescent , basal joint short , without pecten . labial palpi rather long , slightly curved , subascending , with appressed scales , second joint rough beneath , with lateral series of rather short bristles , terminal joint as long as second , transversely flattened , obtuse . maxillary palpi rather long , several - jointed , folded , scaled . posterior tibiae clothed with hairs above . forewings with 2 from towards angle , 7 to costa , 11 from before middle . hindwings 1 , ovate - lanceolate , cilia nearly 1 ; 2 widely remote , 3–7 nearly parallel .
♂ . 13 mm . head , thorax , and abdomen dark fuscous . palpi whitish , anterior surface forming a strong black streak with whitish edges . fore - wings elongate , rather narrow , costa gently arched , apex obtuse , termen extremely obliquely rounded ; dark bronzy - fuscous , with some bronzy suffusion in disc posteriorly ; markings pale golden - metallic ; a slender streak along basal half of fold ; a slightly excurved transverse line before middle ; five transverse dots on posterior half of costa , second confluent with a transverse mark in disc ; a transverse mark from dorsum before tornus ; a small transverse apical spot : cilia light greyish , with dark - fuscous subbasal shade , and within this some golden - metallic basal marks . hind - wings dark purple - grey ; cilia grey .
mount arthur , 4 , 200 ft . , in january ( miss stella hudson ) ; one specimen . an interesting and beautiful insect .
day ' s bay , wellington , from december to february , on fagus trunks ( hudson ) ; seven specimens . although very dissimilar to the normal form of t . margaritis , i have a mottled variety of that species which made me at first doubtful whether this might not be a dark local form of it ; it may be useful , therefore , to point out that ( as i find on closer study ) the palpi in margaritis are much longer and more slender relatively , and the antennae in margaritis are relatively longer , with closer and much more numerous joints ( nearly 50 ) , whilst in this species they do not much exceed 30 and are more distinct .
♂ . 6 mm . head deep orange . antennae dark grey , eye - caps whitish . thorax dark purple - grey . abdomen dark grey . forewings lanceolate ; dark purple - grey : cilia grey , toward base mixed with dark purple - grey . hindwings with frenulum long , simple ; dark grey ; cilia grey .
mount arthur , 4 , 000 ft . , in january ( hudson ) ; one specimen .
♀ . 42–52 mm . head , thorax , and abdomen pale ochreous . fore - wings with costa almost straight , arched near apex , termen slightly rounded , oblique ; pale bronzy - ochreous ; an irregular - edged inverted - triangular patch of grey - whitish irroration extending beneath middle from base to ¾ , more or less partially edged above by a dark - fuscous line and also anteriorly beneath ; post - median and subterminal series of small whitish spots or marks finely edged with dark - fuscous irroration parallel to termen , placed in more or less developed bands of grey - whitish irroration : cilia pale ochreous sometimes mixed with dark fuscous , obscurely barred with whitish . hindwings very pale rosy - grey , tinged with pale ochreous towards termen ; cilia pale ochreous barred with whitish .
mount arthur , in january ( hudson ) ; two examples . although i have not seen a male , i venture to describe this , which is quite distinct from any other .
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here are some links that can help you understand the meaning of the term . please take into account that each corpus is different . some results may be empty .
the tortricidae are a group of small to medium moths , including the leafrollers and related species , whose larvae may feed in plant detritus or as borers in living plants . adult tortricids are usually a mottled or marbled brown ( grimaldi & engel 2005 ) .
( from grimaldi & engel 2005 ) : small to medium - sized ( 10–40 mm wingspan ) , usually with mottled and marbled brown colours . oviscapt large and flat ; eggs often flatted and scale - like , may be surrounded by the ovipositing female with specialised scales .
[ ay04 ] austin , a . d . , d . k . yeates , g . cassis , m . j . fletcher , j . la salle , j . f . lawrence , p . b . mcquillan , l . a . mound , d . j . bickel , p . j . gullan , d . f . hales & g . s . taylor . 2004 . insects ' down under ' - diversity , endemism and evolution of the australian insect fauna : examples from select orders .
[ j01 ] james , d . g . 2001 . history and perspectives of biological mite control in australian horticulture using exotic and native phytoseiids . in
( r . b . halliday , d . e . walter , h . c . proctor , r . a . norton & m . j . colloff , eds ) pp . 436 - 443 . csiro publishing : melbourne .
[ kn03 ] komai , f . , & y . nasu . 2003 . four species of olethreutinae ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) associated with viviparous seedlings of the mangrove rhizophoraceae in the ryukyu islands , japan .
[ l27 ] lindsay , s . 1927 . a list of the lepidoptera of deans bush , riccarton , canterbury .
[ m83 ] martin , n . a . 1983 . miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna : an annotated species list .
[ m27 ] meyrick , e . 1927 . descriptions of new zealand lepidoptera .
[ mc02 ] miliczky , e . r . , & c . o . calkins . 2002 . spiders ( araneae ) as potential predators of leafroller larvae and egg masses ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) in central washington apple and pear orchards .
[ p27 ] philpott , a . 1927 . the maxillae in the lepidoptera .
( l . ) t . norl . ( asteraceae : calenduleae ) , an invasive weed in new zealand .
[ z02 ] zherikhin , v . v . 2002 . ecological history of the terrestrial insects . in
( a . p . rasnitsyn & d . l . j . quicke , eds ) pp . 331 - 388 . kluwer academic publishers : dordrecht .
i ' m an entomologist and taxonomist , currently based in perth , western australia . if you ' d like to comment ( or offer work ) , i can be e - mailed at gerarus at westnet . com . au .
the information presented on this site has been collated from a number of external sources . apart from the time taken to bring it all together , very little of it represents my own work . all images and quoted text remain the intellectual property of their original owners , and remain subject to all relevant copyrights and controls . if you re - use anything taken from this site , please attribute it to the original owner . if you are the intellectual owner of anything presented and you are unhappy with the manner of its usage , please do not hesitate to contact me so that i may rectify things .
the apoditrysia is a large clade of lepidoptera characterised by the presence of two specialised apodemes with short , large bases on the abdominal sternum . major lineages within the apoditrysia include the obtectomera , members of which have pupae with abdominal segments 1–4 immobile and without a dorsal row of spines on the tergites ( grimaldi & engel 2005 ) . the tortricidae , leafrollers , are small moths whose vernacular name comes from the habit of larvae of many species of joining together the leaves of their food plant with silk .
[ ay04 ] austin , a . d . , d . k . yeates , g . cassis , m . j . fletcher , j . la salle , j . f . lawrence , p . b . mcquillan , l . a . mound , d . j . bickel , p . j . gullan , d . f . hales & g . s . taylor . 2004 . insects ‘down under’—diversity , endemism and evolution of the australian insect fauna : examples from select orders .
[ c62 ] clarke , j . f . g . 1962 . a new tortricid genus from south america .
[ c70 ] common , i . f . b . 1970 . lepidoptera ( moths and butterflies ) .
[ c74 ] common , i . f . b . 1974 . lepidoptera ( moths and butterflies ) .
the insects of australia : a textbook for students and research workers . supplement 1974
[ g10 ] gaimari , s . d . 2010 . odiniidae ( odiniid flies ) .
. privately published ( reprinted gordh , g . , a . s . menke , e . c . dahms & j . c . hall . 1979 . the privately printed papers of a . a . girault .
[ ir05 ] idris , a . b . , & a . rizki . 2005 . notes on the tribe ephialtini ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae : pimplinae ) of malaysia .
[ j01 ] james , d . g . 2001 . history and perspectives of biological mite control in australian horticulture using exotic and native phytoseiids .
[ m83 ] martin , n . a . 1983 . miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna : an annotated species list .
[ nc91 ] nielsen , e . s . , & i . f . b . common . 1991 . lepidoptera ( moths and butterflies ) .
ed . vol . 2 pp . 817–915 . melbourne university press : carlton ( victoria ) .
[ v09 ] verdcourt , b . ( ed . ) 2009 . additions to the wild fauna and flora of the royal botanic gardens , kew . xxvi . miscellaneous records .
[ wm66 ] wallace , a . r . , & f . moore . 1866 . list of lepidopterous insects collected at takow , formosa , by mr . r . swinhoe .
[ z02 ] zherikhin , v . v . 2002 . ecological history of the terrestrial insects .
epichorista fraudulenta ( philp . ) , trans . n . z . inst . , 58 , 363 . originally described as an eurythecta .
considered by hudson ( b . and m . n . z . , p . 238 ) to be a synonym of e , emphanes meyr . reference to the figures of the male genitalia ( trans . n . z . inst . , 55 , 665 ) will show markedly different structural peculiarities .
tortrix incendiaria ( meyr . ) , trans . n . z . inst . , 54 , 164 .
as intimated in “the male genitalia of the new zealand tortricidae” ( published elsewhere in this volume ) i propose the removal of this species from ecclitica to tortrix .
♀ . 29–32 mm . forewings pale yellow sprinkled with fuscous , the venation clearly marked in a paler tint . hindwings white , dusted with grey except apically .
hunter mountains . abundant at about 4 , 000 feet in december and january . for figures of the male genitalia see an article in this volume dealing with the new zealand tortricidae . holotype ( ♂ ) , allotype ( ♀ ) and a series of paratypes in coll . cawthron institute .
ecclitica torogramma ( meyr . ) , trans . ent . soc . lond . , 1897 , 388 .
reference to an article on the male genitalia of the tortricidae , to be found elsewhere in this volume , will show that i have thought it necessary to transfer this species from tortrix to its present position .


cryptomaster behemoth is an opilionid arachnid inhabiting large woody debris and bark microhabitat in mature coniferous or mixed coniferous and hardwood forests of the central cascade mountains of oregon , with all initially discovered localities in lane county .

as with the species name of the other species in the genus , c. leviathan , the specific epithet " behemoth " is derived from the name in the hebrew language of a large beast mentioned in the biblical book of job , referencing c. behemoth 's large body size compared to most travunioid laniatores .

even though of relatively large size , cryptomaster species are difficult to find , hence the genus name suggesting that they are masters at staying hidden .

cryptomaster behemoth

everything is relative , though . the cryptomaster behemoth is not very big compared to a human . in fact , cryptomaster behemoth has a body length of about four millimeters . at this size , the cryptomaster behemoth could sit comfortably on your smallest fingers nail .
in fact , its relatively huge body size has led to the critter being officially named cryptomaster behemoth .
a new monster from southwest oregon forests : cryptomaster behemoth sp . n . ( opiliones , laniatores , travunioidea )
the last part of the name and part that defines the species , behemoth was given due to the large size of this arachnid . similar to cryptomaster leviathan , the behemoth is much bigger than other arachnids that are genetically similar . according to the research team who discovered cryptomaster behemoth , both names , leviathan and behemoth , are from the book of job in the bible and describe two huge and strong beasts .
be afraid , be very afraid . you probably wouldn’t want to encounter a terrifying spider named the cryptomaster behemoth in a dark and lonely forest
a - male c . leviathan , b - male c . behemoth , c - female c . leviathan , d - female c . behemoth
the newly discovered ' behemoth ' species of cryptomaster is pictured with its closest relative . the top images show a male leviathan ( left ) next to a male behemoth ( right ) , while the bottom images show a female leviathan ( left ) next to a female behemoth ( right )
they think the behemoth developed differently when the population was divided by mountain ranges .
a new species of harvestmen dubbed the
cryptomaster behemoth
was recently found in oregon , according to a new study published jan . 20 in
zookeys
researchers are yet to determine why there are larger and smaller versions of the cryptomaster .
if you are scared of spiders [ even the ‘nice’ sounding ones like the daddy long - legs ] then you probably wouldn’t get along with the terrifying - sounding cryptomaster behemoth .
this hunt led them to the discovery of a completely new daddy longlegs species , also relatively huge , called cryptomaster behemoth . ( the behemoth , like the leviathan , is a biblical beast . ) both have the unusually short legs characteristic of arachnids of the laniatores order .
scientists have discovered a new species of daddy longlegs ( shown in b and d ) , cryptomaster behemoth , lurking in the leaf litter of southwest oregon forests . the species joins its close cousin , c . leviathan ( shown in a and c ) , in the genus cryptomaster
researchers collecting samples of c . leviathan ( pictured ) uncovered a new species , c . behemoth
perhaps you shouldn’t be too worried , however . they have a body size of just 4mm but the cryptomaster behemoth are much larger than other similar arachnids like ticks and mites , experts say .
the new daddy longlegs species , dubbed cryptomaster behemoth , towers over other creatures of its kind . and like its cousin , the equally elusive cryptomaster leviathan , the new species is incredibly difficult to find , because it hides out beneath the logs and leafy debris that blanket the forest floor .
scientists in oregon have discovered a new species of a spider - like beast that is almost twice the size of critters in the same group of arachnids . in fact , its relatively huge body size has led to the critter being officially named cryptomaster behemoth . pictured is a male c . behemoth
but closer inspection of the chunky bugs revealed the team had uncovered an entirely new species - the behemoth .
the species has not been researched very much since its relative the cryptomaster leviathan was discovered in one place in 1969 .
interestingly , both the c . leviathan and c . behemoth speciescome in two forms : a larger and a smaller one .
californian scientists found it when they went on an expedition to find out more about its close relative , the cryptomaster leviathan .
the creature was found by californian researchers on an expedition to study its close relation - the cryptomaster leviathan ( pictured above ) .
that led james starrett , an entomologist at san diego state university , and his colleagues to suspect there may be other undiscovered species in the cryptomaster genus . the researchers set out on an expedition to the region , on a hunt for new cryptomaster species .
while a mr daddy long - legs might invite you in for some tea and biscuits should you happen to drop by his door , the cryptomaster behemoth sounds like an evil mastermind who might crush a custard cream under his spindly legs [ just for fun ] .
researchers were actually looking for its close relative , or partner in crime , the cryptomaster leviathan , when they made the surprise discovery .
what comes to mind when you hear cryptomaster behemoth ? maybe you think of some kind of other - worldly guardian armed with a sword and shield while protecting a mausoleum . perhaps a very , very tall computer programmer who encrypts data comes to mind ? or maybe you think of both : a tremendous crypt - keeping beast that stays current with todays technology by having its tomb outfitted with high - speed internet and a wi - fi connection . i prefer to think that cryptomaster behemoth references the last one , mostly because of the visual it brings to mind .
both the leviathan and the behemoth are mentioned in the bible - one is a sea creature and the other is a different kind of large beast .
they revealed they had discovered the behemoth in their report in the scientific journal zookey , calling it
a new monster from southwest oregon forests
.
unusually , the scientists were mainly able to tell the two species apart because the leviathan has two spikes on its penis , which the behemoth does not have .
it is part of the same family as the cryptomaster leviathan , discovered in the 1960s , and has a similar body size of around 4mm in diameter .
the c . behemoth ( pictured ) is part of the same family as the cryptomaster leviathan , discovered in the 1960s and has a similar body size of around 4mm in diameter . the creatures belong to a huge group of arachnids called the laniatores , a subgroup which includes 4 , 100 species of relatively short - legged bugs
the genus portion of its name cryptomaster was named because it prefers to remain unseen . they always hide in the landscape , usually underneath some decaying , moist forest material such as stumps or leaves . clearly , since the leviathan species was thought to be the only cryptomaster for decades , the name is well - deserved .
scientists chose the name cryptomaster for the group of arachnids because they are
notoriously difficult to find
and usually hide under logs and leaves on the forest floor .
in a zookey article entitled
a new monster from southwest oregon forests
, it is suggested the behemoth developed differently from the leviathan as the populations were separated by mountain ranges .
' speciation may have occurred while c . leviathan and c . behemoth inhabited separate mountain ranges and c . leviathan later dispersed from the coast north - east to the cascade range .
the truth is the cryptomaster behemoth is not related to any of those . what it is related to is actually another previously recorded species of the cryptomaster genus called leviathan . cryptomaster leviathan was the first and original cryptomaster and it was not until january 2016 that an article citing the new species was approved . the cryptomasters are arachnids that are related to harvestmen , or what we commonly refer to as daddy long legs . harvestmen are probably best known for their recent videos that can be seen all across social media . each video is the same  the camera is focused on what looks like a large pile of pine needles until someone touches it and the whole mound comes to life ; each pine needle is actually one leg , belonging to a harvestman . it is at this point in the video that any nearby human starts running as if his or her life depended on it as hundreds of daddy long legs scatter in all different directions .
the cryptomaster is technically an arachnid , part of the same family as the spider , and are “notoriously difficult to find” . they are most often found under large woody debris associated with decaying logs and stumps .
' cryptomaster leviathan is comparatively much more widespread with populations in the klamath mountains , southern oregon coast ranges , and the cascade mountains , although these ranges appear to be connected by corridors of possibly suitable habitat . '
so , despite having a name suited for some kind of colossal monstrosity , the cryptomaster behemoth is really nothing more than a harmless daddy long legs . therefore , if you were hoping to see one on your next visit to the forests of oregon , you might want to practice your woodland hide - and - go - seek skills and bring a magnifying glass . truthfully , thank goodness these things are not as big as their name implies !
although their 4mm bodies look small , both kinds of cryptomaster are much larger than many other similar arachnids - and you can find smaller and larger version of each type even though the different sizes have the same genes .
the team collected close to 80 samples of cryptomasters from the coastal and cascade mountain forests of the pacific northwest state ( pictured main ) . black circles show location of c . leviathan and white circles show location of c . behemoth
though the 0 . 15 - inch - wide ( 4 millimeters ) body of the creature is relatively small compared to that of tarantulas or other arachnids , the daddy longlegs towers over other creatures in its laniatores suborder . as a result , its discoverers gave it the species name leviathan , after the serpentlike sea creature that prowls the deep in the bible . the genus name cryptomaster is a nod to the creature ' s elusive and reclusive nature .
the cryptomaster leviathan was discovered in 1969 at one location in the coastal town of gold beach , oregon . the mysterious creature belonged to one of the most diverse suborders , called laniatores , which contains at least 4 , 100 species . ( daddy longlegs belong to the arachnid order commonly known as harvestmen , so - called because they often emerge during the fall months during the harvest . ) [ in images : 4 - eyed daddy longlegs helps explain arachnid evolution ]
the team also extracted dna from the legs of multiple animals from each species . interestingly , the c . leviathan has relatively little genetic diversity , though the creature shows up in a wide range of habitats . by contrast , c . behemoth seems to have a more restricted range , yet has much more genetic diversity than does c . leviathan . the genetic analysis also revealed that the big and small versions of each species don ' t differ genetically , so some other factor must explain the size difference .
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the new species is not technically a spider , and belongs to a separate arachnid order commonly known as harvestmen , or ' daddy long legs ' .
while it only has a 4mm - log body , it is much larger than other similar arachnids .
but it ' s actually a newly - discovered species of spider - or more correctly arachnid - living in the forests of oregon in the us .
the cryptomasters are a type of arachnid - which are in the same family as spiders , scorpions , ticks and mites - living in the mountains of southwest oregon .
cryptomasters come from the harvestman family of arachnids , which are said to have got their name because they were seen most often during the harvest season .
they also belong to a wider group of spiders called laniatores , which are made up of more than 4 , 100 different kinds of arachnid .
when scientists sat down to examine nearly 80 cryptomasters they ' d collected from 14 different parts of the american state , they realised there was something different about some of them .
but don ' t confuse it with the crane fly - which is a flying insect that are also called daddy longlegs .
for more stories like this one you can now download the bbc newsbeat app straight to your device . for ios go here . for android go here .
scientists have unearthed a monstrous new arachnid lurking in the woods of southwest oregon — and it ' s a beast .
for 40 years , little else was known about c . leviathan . but in recent years , researchers have found more of these elusive creatures at multiple locations , including some as far off as the cascade mountains in southwest oregon .
one of the main differences between the two species is that c . leviathan sports two teensy , fully erect spines pointing upward on its penis . the purpose of those spines isn ' t clear .
the basis for these two forms is unknown — the different forms can be found in both sexes , in both species and from the same localities . additionally , the two forms are not genetically divergent ,
the researchers wrote in the paper , which was published online jan . 20 in the journal zookeys .
the new species reveal how much genetic diversity can be found within a relatively tiny area , the scientists wrote .
this research highlights the importance of short - range endemic arachnids for understanding biodiversity , and further reveals mountainous southern oregon as a hot spot for endemic animal species ,
the researchers wrote .
editor ' s note : this article was updated to correct james starrett ' s affiliation ; he is at san diego state university , not at the university of california , riverside as was stated .
follow tia ghose on twitter and google + . follow live science @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on live science .
tia has interned at science news , wired . com , and the milwaukee journal sentinel and has written for the center for investigative reporting , scientific american , and sciencenow . she has a master ' s degree in bioengineering from the university of washington and a graduate certificate in science writing from the university of california santa cruz .
the newly - discovered ' monster ' spider has been found living in the forests or oregon in the us .
it’s been called “the new monster from southwest oregon forest” in the zookeys research article , with experts believing they evolved differently to their relatives due to being separated by mountain ranges .
“the basis for these two forms is unknown - the different forms can be found in both sexes , in both species and from the same localities . additionally , the two forms are not genetically divergent , ” the paper explains .
it concludes : “this research highlights the importance of short - range endemic arachnids for understanding biodiversity and further reveals mountainous southern oregon as a hotspot for endemic animal species . ”
daddy longlegs risk life . . . and especially limb . . . to survive | deep look
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if you go out in the woods of oregon today , you ' re sure of a big surprise - in the form of a recently discovered ' giant ' daddy long - legs .
scientists in the western state have discovered a new species of mini - beast that towers over its relatives by measuring 4mm in diameter , twice the size of its cousins .
the creatures belong to a huge group of arachnids called the laniatores , a subgroup which includes 4 , 100 species of relatively short - legged creatures .
by comparison , an average harvestman spider from the same group is half the size , at 2mm .
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now that is a hot flush ! cold - blooded tegu lizard increases . . .
but despite their relative huge size and biblical nomenclature , these mega mini - beasts are tough to find .
they prefer to stick to the leaf litter blanketing the forest floor or hide under logs .
a team of scientists from the university of san diego describe the critter in open access journal zookeys .
despite being discovered in oregon more than 40 years ago , little was known about c . leviathan .
researchers in the us have discovered a new species of spider - like insects called cryptomasters .
its closest cousin , c . leviathan , was discovered in the 1960s and has a similar sized body of around 4mm in diameter .
the team believes that the two species may have diverged due to geographical separation by mountains in the region .
in an effort to uncover more about these elusive creatures , the research team collected close to 80 samples of cryptomasters from the coastal and cascade mountain forests of the pacific northwest state .
genetic analysis reveals the two daddy long - legs to be substantially different enough to be a separate species .
one of the main differences between the two is the spiky penis of c . leviathan , which has two spines on the tip .
however , both species have a larger and smaller forms , found in both sexes of species .
why there is an apparent size difference with no genetic difference between the sizes remains unclear , though .
one of the main differences between the two species is the spiky penis of c . leviathan , which has two spines on the tip ( pictured e and f ) . both species have larger and smaller forms , found in both sexes . but why there is an apparent size difference with no genetic difference between the sizes remains unclear
the research team believes that the two species may have diverged due to geographical separation by mountains in the region .
' it is difficult to decipher the processes that led to the division of these species , ' they wrote in the journal .
' alternatively , the two species may have diverged within the cascade range . '
' daddy long - legs ' describes a number of species of long - legged insects . it typically refers to harvestman spiders ( left ) but in the uk , the name is most commonly given to crane flies , the hovering insects with spindly legs which seem eternally trapped by the window ( pictured right )
daddy long - legs is something of a catch - all name for a number of species of long - legged bugs .
in the uk , the name is most commonly given to crane flies , the hovering insects with spindly legs which seem eternally trapped by the window .
these dainty arachnids scuttle around on their long delicate legs indoors and under rocks . they don ' t spin webs and their bodies are tiny in comparison to the length of their legs .
despite their frailty , daddy long - legs have managed to keep up a fearsome front , with whispers that they have the most powerful venom known to man .
unfortunately , and much to the detriment of their reputation , it is not true .
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harvestmen are arachnids that are often mistaken for spiders . however , they are not even in the same order — spiders belong to araneae , while harvestmen belong to opiliones . in the [ … ]
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moitessieriidae is a family of small freshwater snails , aquatic gastropod molluscs in the superfamily truncatelloidea .

there are known 55 freshwater species of moitessieriidae in the palearctic region .

moitessieriidae

according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) the family moitessieriidae has no subfamilies .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : spiralix rayi is considered to be endemic to france and is widespread in scattered localities in the departments of côte d ' or , nièvre , haute - marne and yonne . the scattered localities suggests that at present it should be regarded as least concern , however the use of aquifers for water abstraction for domestic water supplies puts considerable pressure on the aquifers . the species should be reviewed on a regular basis to see if the number of occupied sites decreases and whether it will then qualify as near threatened .
spiralix rayi is considered to be endemic to france and has been recorded from four departments ( côte d ' or , nièvre , haute - marne and yonne ) , where it is present in scattered localities .
subterranean habitats are vulnerable to water pollution from domestic ( sewage and run - off ) or agricultural ( nutrient loads , herbicide and pesticides ) sources . water absorption maybe another threat if the aquifers are overexploited .
this species is listed as a protected species in france . there are currently no known conservation actions . however habitat monitoring and further survey to determine the geographical range of this species would be recommended .
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bourguignat , j . - r . ( 1863 ) . monographie du nouveau genre français moitessieria . 18 pp . + 1 p . [ = 19 ; table alphabétique ] , pls 1 - 2 . , available online at urltoken ; = frontcover & dq ; = revue + et + magasin + de + zoologie + 1863 & hl ; = fr & sa ; = x & ei ; = sihyuyyno6fe0qwjy4hwca & ved ; = 0cdmq6aewaa page ( s ) : 435 [ details ]
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shell gallery view « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc . » conchological megadatabase on mollusks
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bourguignat j . r . ( 1863 ) monographie du nouveau genre français < i > moitessieria < / i > . < i > revue et magasin de zoologie < / i > , ser . 2 , 15 ( 11 ) : 432 - 445 , pls 20 - 21 . [ offprint : paris , savy . 18 pp . , 2 pls ] . [ december 1863 ]
bouchet , p . ; rocroi , j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . < em > malacologia . < / em > 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 .
bourguignat , j . - r . ( 1863 ) . monographie du nouveau genre français < i > moitessieria < / i > . 18 pp . + 1 p . [ = 19 ; table alphabétique ] , pls 1 - 2 .
sn2000 : brands , s . j . ( compiler ) 1989 - 2005 . systema naturae 2000 . amsterdam , the netherlands ( 2006 version ) . available online at urltoken
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