medionidus conradicus is a species of freshwater mussel , an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family unionidae , the river mussels .

this species is endemic to the drainages of the cumberland river and the tennessee river in the united states .

medionidus conradicus

medionidus conradicus ( i . lea , 1834 ) cumberland moccasinshell life mollusca bivalvia unionidae medionidus
recent references = medionidus conradicus ( lea , 1834 ) . — williams et al . ( 2017 ) . = medionidus conradicus . — chong et al . ( 2016 ) . = medionidus conradicus ( lea , 1834 ) . — roe ( 2013 ) . = medionidus conradicus . — haag ( 2012 ) . = medionidus conradicus ( i . lea , 1834 ) . — itis ( 2012 ) . = medionidus conradicus . — grobler et al . ( 2011 ) . = medionidus conradicus lea , 1834 . — bogan ( 2010 ) . ? medionidus conradicus ( lea , 1834 ) . — williams et al . ( 2008 ) . = medionidus conradicus ( lea , 1834 ) . — williams et al . ( 2008 ) . = medionidus conradicus ( lea , 1834 ) . — graf & cummings ( 2007 ) .
worms - world register of marine species - medionidus conradicus ( i . lea , 1834 )
margarita ( unio ) conradicus ( i . lea , 1834 ) ( recombination )
margaron ( unio ) conradicus ( i . lea , 1834 ) ( recombination )
‘lea’ haas , 1969 , treatise on invert . paleo : n455 [ as ‘medionidus’ ] .
this species is known from the tennessee and cumberland river drainages but some evidence of decline has occurred in certain tennessee river drainages and it is now extirpated from the eastern limits of its range ( in north carolina and georgia ) . it may also occur in the conasauga river along with medionidus acutissimus and medionidus parvulus , but this needs to be sorted out with genetic analyses .
johnson , r . i . 1977 . monograph of the genus medionidus ( bivalvia : unionidae ) mostly from the apalachicolan region , southeastern united states . occasional papers on mollusks , 4 ( 56 ) : 161 - 187 .
( of medionidus plateolus ( rafinesque , 1831 ) ) invertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]
( of medionidus conradianus ( i . lea , 1834 ) ) invertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]
( of unio conradicus i . lea , 1834 ) invertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]
( of margarita ( unio ) conradicus ( i . lea , 1834 ) ) invertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]
( of margaron ( unio ) conradicus ( i . lea , 1834 ) ) invertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]
( of medionidus plateolus ( rafinesque , 1831 ) ) williams , j . d . ; bogan , a . e . ; garner , j . t . ( 2008 ) . freshwater mussels of alabama and the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi and tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa . 908 pp . [ details ]
( of medionidus conradianus ( i . lea , 1834 ) ) williams , j . d . ; bogan , a . e . ; garner , j . t . ( 2008 ) . freshwater mussels of alabama and the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi and tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa . 908 pp . [ details ]
( of unio conradicus i . lea , 1834 ) williams , j . d . ; bogan , a . e . ; garner , j . t . ( 2008 ) . freshwater mussels of alabama and the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi and tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa . 908 pp . [ details ]
( of margarita ( unio ) conradicus ( i . lea , 1834 ) ) williams , j . d . ; bogan , a . e . ; garner , j . t . ( 2008 ) . freshwater mussels of alabama and the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi and tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa . 908 pp . [ details ]
( of margaron ( unio ) conradicus ( i . lea , 1834 ) ) williams , j . d . ; bogan , a . e . ; garner , j . t . ( 2008 ) . freshwater mussels of alabama and the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi and tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa . 908 pp . [ details ]
( of unio conradicus i . lea , 1834 ) lea , i . ( 1834 ) . observations on the naiades ; and descriptions of new species of that , and other families . transactions of the american philosophical society . ( ns ) 5 : 23 - 119 , pl . 1 - 19 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 63 [ details ]
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fm ( u ) otw ( aolcb ) is the web version of the mussel project database . follow the links to browse the data or use the search fields . either way , you win !
rafinesque , 1864 , [ in ] binney & tryon , reprint : 75 .
the mussel project  home page urltoken . site developed and maintained by dan graf & kevin cummings . hosted by the university of wisconsin - stevens point . funded by the national science foundation .
making the world a better place , one mollusk at a time .
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
johnson ( 1977 ) states this species was a common species in the upper and lower tennessee and cumberland river systems before impoundments including just below the falls of the cumberland river ( 1948 ) and beaver creek and the rockcastel river up as far as laurel fork .
barr et al . ( 1994 ) determined ( based on 1981 survey data ) that viable populations exist in elk , clinch , duck , powell , north fork holston , paint rock rivers , and copper creek . long - term viabilityof the foxtrap creek , alabama , population is questionable ( mirarchi et al . , 2004 ) . jones and neves ( 2007 ) summarize distribution in the upper north fork holston river ( smyth and bland cos . , virginia ) as rkm 135 . 8 to 190 . 7 where it is the fourth most abundant species .
this species is extirpated in north carolina where it formerly occurred in the french broad river in buncombe co . ( legrand et al . , 2006 ) .
identified hosts include etheostoma caeruleum ( rainbow darter ) , etheostoma virgatum ( striped darter ) ( luo and layzer , 1993 ) , etheostoma flabellare ( fantail darter ) , etheostoma rufilineatum ( redline darter ) ( zale and neves , 1982 ) , and lepomis gulosus ( warmouth ) ( infestation without transformation ) ( stern and felder , 1978 ) .
this species inhabits small streams , preferably in headwaters , in sand and gravel substrates ; often found in cracks or under rocks ( parmalee and bogan , 1998 ; johnson , 1977 ) .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached and / or nacre still glossy and iridescent without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
separation barriers within standing water bodies are based solely on separation distance ( see separation distance - suitable , below ) . separation barriers between standing water bodies and within flowing water systems include lack of lotic connections , natural barriers such as upland habitat , absence of appropriate species specific fish hosts , water depth greater than 10 meters ( cvancara , 1972 ; moyle and bacon , 1969 ) or anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams or other impoundments and high waterfalls .
contact jay cordeiro ( jay _ cordeiro @ natureserve . org ) for a complete list of freshwater mussel taxa sorted by flow regime .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
bogan , a . e . 2002 . workbook and key to the freshwater bivalves of north carolina . north carolina museum of natural sciences : raleigh , north carolina . 101 pp .
burch , j . b . 1975a . freshwater unionacean clams ( mollusca : pelecypoda ) of north america . malacological publications : hamburg , michigan . 204 pp .
fraley , s . j . and s . a . ahlstedt . 2000 . the recent decline of the native mussels ( unionidae ) of copper creek , russell and scott counties , virginia . pages 189 - 195 in r . a . tankersley , d . i . warmolts , g . t . watters , b . j . armitage , p . d . johnson , and r . s . butler ( eds . ) . freshwater mollusk symposia proceedings . ohio biological survey , columbus , ohio . 274 pp .
howard , a . d . 1915 . some exceptional cases of breeding among the unionidae . the nautilus 29 : 4 - 11 .
isom , b . g . , p . yokley , jr . , and c . h . gooch . 1973 . mussels of elk river basin in alabama and tennessee - 1965 - 1967 . american midland naturalist 89 ( 2 ) : 437 - 442 .
lefevre , g . and w . t . curtis . 1912 . studies on the reproduction and artificial propogation of fresh - water mussels . bulletin of the bureau of fisheries 30 : 102 - 201 .
luo , m . and j . b . layzer . 1993 . host fish of three freshwater mussels . ( abstract ) . page 182 in k . s . cummings , a . c . buchanan , and l . m . koch . ( eds . ) . conservation and management of freshwater mussels . proceedings of a umrcc symposium , 12 - 14 october 1992 , st . louis , missouri . upper mississippi river conservation committee , rock island , illinois . 189 pp .
moyle , p . and j . bacon . 1969 . distribution and abundance of molluscs in a fresh water environment . journal of the minnesota academy of science 35 ( 2 / 3 ) : 82 - 85 .
stansbery , d . h . and w . j . clench . 1977 [ 1978 ] . the pleuroceridae and unionidae of the upper south fork holston river in virginia . bulletin of the american malacological union 1977 : 75 - 79 .
stern , e . m . and d . l . felder . 1978 . identification of host fishes for four species of freshwater mussels ( bivalvia : unionidae ) . american midland naturalist , 100 ( 1 ) : 233 - 236 .
strayer , d . 1983 . the effects of surface geology and stream size on freshwater mussel ( bivalvia , unionidae ) distribution in southeastern michigan , u . s . a . freshwater biology 13 : 253 - 264 .
strayer , d . l . 1999a . use of flow refuges by unionid mussels in rivers . journal of the north american benthological society 18 ( 4 ) : 468 - 476 .
strayer , d . l . and j . ralley . 1993 . microhabitat use by an assemblage of stream - dwelling unionaceans ( bivalvia ) including two rare species of alasmidonta . journal of the north american benthological society 12 ( 3 ) : 247 - 258 .
van der schalie , h . 1938a . the naiad fauna of the huron river in southeastern michigan . miscellaneous publication of the museum of zoology , university of michigan 40 : 7 - 78 .
watters , g . t . 1992a . unionids , fishes , and the species - area curve . journal of biogeography 19 : 481 - 490 .
williams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi , & tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . 908 pages .
williams , j . d . , m . l . warren , jr . , k . s . cummings , j . l . harris , and r . j . neves . 1993b . conservation status of freshwater mussels of the united states and canada . fisheries 18 ( 9 ) : 6 - 22 .
zale , a . v . and r . j . nevesb . 1982b . identification of a fish host for alasmidonta minor ( mollusca : unionidae ) . american midland naturalist 107 ( 2 ) : 386 - 388 .
ahlstedt , s . a . 1995 - 1996 . status survey for federally listed endangered freshwater mussel species in the paint rock river system , northeastern alabama , u . s . a . walkerana 8 ( 19 ) : 63 - 80 .
barr , w . c . , s . a . ahlstedt , g . d . hickman , and d . m . hill . 1993 - 1994 . cumberlandian mollusk conservation program . activity 8 : analysis of macrofauna factors . walkerana 7 ( 17 / 18 ) : 159 - 224 .
biological resources division , usgs . 1997 . database of museum records of aquatic species . compiled by j . williams ( usgs - brd , gainesville , fl ) .
cicerello , r . r . and g . a . schuster . 2003 . a guide to the freshwater mussels of kentucky . kentucky state nature preserves commission scientific and technical series 7 : 1 - 62 .
hanlon , s . d . , m . a . petty , and r . j . neves . 2009 . status of native freshwater mussels in copper creek , virginia . southeastern naturalist 8 ( 1 ) : 1 - 18 .
johnson , p . d . , c . st . aubin , and s . a . ahlstedt . 2005 . freshwater mussel survey results for the cherokee and chattahoochee districts of the united states forest service in tennessee and georgia . report to the u . s . fish and wildlife service , daphne , alabama . 32 pp .
jones , j . w . and r . j . neves . 2007 . freshwater mussel status : upper north fork holston river , virginia . northeastern naturalist , 14 ( 3 ) : 471 - 480 .
jones , j . w . , r . j . neves , m . a . patterson , c . r . good , and a . divittorio . 2001 . a status survey of freshwater mussel populations in the upper clinch river , tazewell county , virginia . banisteria , 17 : 20 - 30 .
legrand , h . e . , jr . , s . p . hall , s . e . mcrae , and j . t . finnegan . 2006 . natural heritage program list of the rare animal species of north carolina . north carolina natural heritage program , raleigh , north carolina . 104 pp .
mirarchi , r . e . , j . t . garner , m . f . mettee , and p . e . o ' neil . 2004b . alabama wildlife . volume 2 . imperiled aquatic mollusks and fishes . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa , alabama . xii + 255 pp .
parmalee , p . w . and a . e . bogan . 1998 . the freshwater mussels of tennessee . university of tennessee press : knoxville , tennessee . 328 pp .
williams , j . d . , a . e . bogan , and j . t . garner . 2008 . freshwater mussels of alabama & the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi & tennessee . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 908 pp .
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williams , j . d . ; bogan , a . e . ; garner , j . t . ( 2008 ) . freshwater mussels of alabama and the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi and tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa . 908 pp . [ details ]
invertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]
( of obliquaria plateolus rafinesque , 1831 ) williams , j . d . ; bogan , a . e . ; garner , j . t . ( 2008 ) . freshwater mussels of alabama and the mobile basin in georgia , mississippi and tennessee . university of alabama press , tuscaloosa . 908 pp . [ details ]
( of obliquaria plateolus rafinesque , 1831 ) invertebase . ( 2015 ) . authority files of u . s . and canadian land and freshwater mollusks developed for the invertebase project ( invertebase . org ) . [ details ]
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graf , d . l . & k . s . cummings . 2013 . the freshwater mussels ( unionoida ) of the world ( and other less consequential bivalves ) , updated 8 august 2013 . mussel project web site , urltoken
turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
williams , james d . , arthur e . bogan , and jeffrey t . garner
williams , james d . , melvin l . warren , kevin s . cummings , john l . harris , and richard j . neves
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
isaac lea described this species in 1834 . the shell is elongate with a well - rounded
is golden brown to yellowish - green with green rays over most of the surface . the
of the shell is relatively straight in young animals but tends to become concave with age . the posterior slope has a corrugated appearance . there are two chunky
color is variable , ranging from bluish to dirty white . ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) .
to the cumberland and tennessee river drainages and is no longer found within north carolina .
historical distribution by county : tennessee river basin : buncombe co . ( french broad river )
typically found in small streams ( wilson and clark 1914 , ortmann 1918 , 1924 , 1925 from parmalee and bogan 1998 ) with substrates
of sand and gravel , often living in cracks in the bedrock or under flat rocks ( parmalee and bogan 1998 ) .
the cumberland moccasinshell is a long - term brooder ( ortmann 1921 as reported in parmalee and bogan 1998 ) . parmalee and bogan note that several darters have been identified as fish hosts including fantail darter , redline darter ( zale and neves 1982 ) , warmouth ( stern and felder 1978 ) , rainbow darter and striped darter ( luo 1993 ) .
shells for sale , shells online « shells for sale , conchology , inc .
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .
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hesperia sassacus , the indian skipper , is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family .

it is found from northeastern u.s. , and in canada in southwestern new brunswick and in a broad band from the eastern townships of quebec through to southern manitoba .

the wingspan is 25 – 30 mm .

the flight period is late may to early july .

the larvae feed on nodding fescue ( festuca obtusa ) , poverty grass ( danthonia spicata ) , and panic grass ( panicum ) , bouteloua , andropogon , aristida , and poaceae species .

hesperia sassacus

mainly in northern , but sometimes central wisconsin . ( wisconsin butterflies ) i’ve only seen it once at the farm .
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host plants include little bluestem , red fescue , poverty oatgrass , and various grasses in the genus digitaria ( cech and tudor , 2005 ) .
an indian skipper in frederick co . , maryland ( 5 / 31 / 2011 ) . photo by rick cheicante . ( mbp list )
an indian skipper in frederick co . , maryland ( 5 / 20 / 2015 ) . photo by rick borchelt . ( mbp list )
an indian skipper in washington co . , maryland ( 5 / 21 / 2011 ) . photo by jim brighton . ( mbp list )
an indian skipper collected in frederick co . , maryland ( 5 / 30 / 2002 ) . photo by mark etheridge . ( mbp list )
use of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .
the indian skipper is mainly a northern species in wisconsin . in 2004 , i saw my first example of this species in waushara county , in the center of the state ; although there was an historical record of this species in waushara county , this was my first sighting of the indian skipper in twenty years of observing .
below , this skipper is somewhat variable in color from yellow to orange with a thin , and lighter spot band . above , the male is yellow to orange with an irregular , wide black margin and a distinct stigma , while the female is similar , with a couple of darker spots instead of the stigma .
in wisconsin this species should only be confused with the long dash . i have received many long dash sightings that turned out to be indian skippers , as well as the reverse . the long dash appears several weeks later than the indian skipper , and fresh specimens have a slightly reddish appearance and an obvious contrasting spot band on the hind wing below . above , the long dash male has dark marks in line with the stigma , making it look like a long dash in the middle of the wing , quite unlike the thin stigma of the indian skipper .
roadsides , open areas in woodlands , old fields , and meadows , especially in the northern counties .
common in the northern counties , but less common farther south . i have seen more than 30 of these in a single day .
hwy 47 roadside , 3 miles south of hwy 70 , oneida co . , wi , june 13 , 2005 .
cedar springs fishery area , waushara co . , wi , june 3 , 2004 .
west of wazee park , jackson co . , wi , june 18 , 2004 .
moquah barrens , bayfield co . , wi . july 1 , 2008 . female .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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circanota undulata is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in costa rica and panama , at altitudes below about 900 meters .

the length of the forewings is 4.9 – 5.5 mm for males and 5 – 5.9 mm for females .

the forewings are fawn brown mixed throughout with pale orange brown , with faint , narrow , variable traces of slightly darker post-median and subterminal faciae , and a few short darker strigulae along the costa .

there is a well developed costal fold occupying the straight basal 0.4 of the costa .

the hindwings are uniform dark grey brown .

the female forewings are slightly darker overall .

adults have been recorded on wing from january to may .

circanota undulata

phrases that include undulata : hosta undulata , ameiva undulata , asthena undulata , circanota undulata , glycifohia undulata , more . . .
this is the place for circanota definition . you find here circanota meaning , synonyms of circanota and images for circanota copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word circanota . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word circanota and , of course , circanota synonyms and on the right images related to the word circanota .
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undulata
is defined .
technical abstract : circanota , new genus , and its two new species , c . undulata , new species ( type species ) , from costa rica and panama , and c . leuschneri , new species , from ecuador , are described and illustrated . although superficially similar to some species of platynota , circanota appears to be more closely related to a putative clade within sparganothini defined by a slender crescent - shaped signum in the corpus bursae of the female genitalia . the most conspicuous autapomorphies for circanota are the strongly undulate costa of the male forewing and the asymmetrical antrum in the female genitalia .
brown , j . w . 2014 . circanota : a new genus of sparganothini from the neotropics , and its two new species ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . zookeys . 462 : 125 - 134 .
brown , john w . , 2014 , circanota : a new genus of sparganothini from the neotropics , and its two new species ( lepidoptera , tortricidae ) , zookeys 462 , pp . 125 - 134 : 126 - 129
, new species ( type species ) , from costa rica and panama , and c . leuschneri , new species , from ecuador , are described and illustrated . although superficially similar to some species of platynota , circanota appears to be more closely related t . . .
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caterpillars of the moth family known as leaf - rollers cause millions of damage annually to crops , forest trees , and ornamental plants . i describe a new genus and two new species that are closely related to pest species in central america . this information will be valuable to those studying and identifying pests ( including potential invasive species ) and those interested in the diversity of the neotropical region .
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, is described based on light microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics . microscopic examination of parasitized individuals revealed two types of spores . the majority of the spores were of the first type , which are oval and measured 2 . 74 + / - 0 . 17 x 1 . 93 + / - 0 . 17 microm when fresh . fresh spores of the second type ( very rare ) are elongated and measured 4 . 39 + / - 0 . 18 x 1 . 61 + / - 0 . 20 microm . all life stages have single nuclei . sporogony ends with uninucleate single sporoblasts and spores . the spores were only observed in malpighian tubules . the isofilar polar filament of the parasite has six to eight coils , and a well - developed polaroplast was of the lamellated type , with closely packed anterior lamellae and loosely packed posterior lamellae . copyright ( c ) 2009 . published by elsevier gmbh .
flea beetles in several genera are known to possess male - specific sesquiterpenes , at least some of which serve as aggregation pheromones that attract both sexes . in continuing research on the chemical ecology of
flea beetles , six new male - specific sesquiterpenes were identified , one fro . . .
vittula redtenbacher and of ph . cruciferae goeze ( european population ) ( coleoptera , chrysomelidae ) . in previous european field tests with ph . cruciferae , only the major male - produced sesquiterpene identified from . . .
cruciferae ( goeze ) , was highly attracted by oilseed rape ( brassica napus l . ) when flea beetles were on the plant . this attraction was mediated by a flea beetle - produced aggregation pheromone based upon : ( 1 ) oilseed rape damaged mechanically , or byp . cruciferae , or by diamondback moth , plutella xylostella ( l . ) , did not attractp . cruciferae . ( 2 ) contact with the plants or feeding was required for the production of aggregation pheromone because oilseed rape alone was not attractive when separated from flea beetles by a screen . ( 3 ) equal numbers of males and females were attracted .
arif , ibrahim a . ; khan , haseeb a . ; williams , joseph b . ; shobrak , mohammad ; arif , waad i .
populations of houbara bustards have dramatically declined in recent years . captive breeding and reintroduction programs have had limited success in reviving population numbers and thus new technological solutions involving molecular methods are essential for the long term survival of this species . in this study , we sequenced the 694 bp segment of coi gene of the four specimens of asian houbara bustard ( chlamydotis
macqueenii ) . we also compared these sequences with earlier published barcodes of 11 individuals comprising different families of the orders gruiformes , ciconiiformes , podicipediformes and crocodylia ( out group ) . the pair - wise sequence comparison showed a total of 254 variable sites across all the 15 sequences from different taxa . three of the four specimens of houbara bustard had an identical sequence of coi gene and one individual showed a single nucleotide difference ( g > a transition at position 83 ) . within the bustard family ( otididae ) , comparison among the three species ( asian houbara bustard , great bustard ( otis tarda ) and the little bustard ( tetrax tetrax ) ) , representing three different genera , showed 116 variable sites . for another family ( rallidae ) , the intra - family variable sites among the individuals of four different genera were found to be 146 . the coi genetic distances among the 15 individuals varied from 0 . 000 to 0 . 431 . phylogenetic analysis using 619 bp nucleotide segment of coi clearly discriminated all the species representing different genera , families and orders . all the four specimens of houbara bustard formed a single clade and are clearly separated from other two individuals of the same family ( otis tarda and tetrax tetrax ) . the nucleotide sequence of partial segment of coi gene effectively discriminated the closely related species . this is the first study reporting the barcodes of houbara bustard and would be helpful in future molecular studies , particularly for the conservation of this threatened bird in saudi arabia
thunb . : review of its botany , ethnomedicinal uses , phytochemistry and biological activities .
) is traditionally used for the treatment of body pains , chest complaints , cough , diabetes , diarrhoea , headaches , heart diseases and toothaches in southern africa . this study was aimed at reviewing the botany , ethnopharmacology and biological activities of e . â
in southern africa . results presented in this study are based on review of literature using search engines such as science direct , springerlink , scopus , pubmed , web of science , biomed central and google scholar . herbal medicine is prepared from the decoctions of the roots , bark and leaves , and extracts of these plant parts have demonstrated anticholinesterase , anti - inflammatory , antimicrobial , antimycobacterial , antiplasmodial , antioxidant and hypoglycaemic activities . multiple classes of phytochemical compounds such alkaloids , diterpenes , fatty acids , flavonoids , glycosides , naphthoquinones , phenolics , phytosterols , reducing sugars , saponins and tannins have been isolated from the species . e . â
has a lot of potential as herbal medicine in tropical africa , and advanced research is required aimed at correlating its medicinal uses with the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties . copyright â© 2017 hainan medical university . production and hosting by elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .
striolata flea beetles use host plant defense compounds to create their own glucosinolate - myrosinase system .
the ability of a specialized herbivore to overcome the chemical defense of a particular plant taxon not only makes it accessible as a food source but may also provide metabolites to be exploited for communication or chemical defense .
flea beetles are adapted to crucifer plants ( brassicales ) that are defended by the glucosinolate - myrosinase system , the so - called
mustard - oil bomb .
tissue damage caused by insect feeding brings glucosinolates into contact with the plant enzyme myrosinase , which hydrolyzes them to form toxic compounds , such as isothiocyanates . however , we previously observed that
striolata beetles themselves produce volatile glucosinolate hydrolysis products . here , we show that p . striolata adults selectively accumulate glucosinolates from their food plants to up to 1 . 75 % of their body weight and express their own myrosinase . by combining proteomics and transcriptomics , a gene responsible for myrosinase activity in p . striolata was identified . the major substrates of the heterologously expressed myrosinase were aliphatic glucosinolates , which were hydrolyzed with at least fourfold higher efficiency than aromatic and indolic glucosinolates , and î² - o - glucosides . the identified beetle myrosinase belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 1 and has up to 76 % sequence similarity to other î² - glucosidases . phylogenetic analyses suggest species - specific diversification of this gene family in insects and an independent evolution of the beetle myrosinase from other insect î² - glucosidases .
beran , franziska ; pauchet , yannick ; kunert , grit ; reichelt , michael ; wielsch , natalie ; vogel , heiko ; reinecke , andreas ; svatoå¡ , aleå¡ ; mewis , inga ; schmid , daniela ; ramasamy , srinivasan ; ulrichs , christian ; hansson , bill s . ; gershenzon , jonathan ; heckel , david g .
flea beetles are adapted to crucifer plants ( brassicales ) that are defended by the glucosinolate - myrosinase system , the so - called âmustard - oil bomb . â tissue damage caused by insect feeding brings glucosinolates into contact with the plant enzyme myrosinase , which hydrolyzes them to form toxic compounds , such as isothiocyanates . however , we previously observed that
striolata beetles themselves produce volatile glucosinolate hydrolysis products . here , we show that p . striolata adults selectively accumulate glucosinolates from their food plants to up to 1 . 75 % of their body weight and express their own myrosinase . by combining proteomics and transcriptomics , a gene responsible for myrosinase activity in p . striolata was identified . the major substrates of the heterologously expressed myrosinase were aliphatic glucosinolates , which were hydrolyzed with at least fourfold higher efficiency than aromatic and indolic glucosinolates , and î² - o - glucosides . the identified beetle myrosinase belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 1 and has up to 76 % sequence similarity to other î² - glucosidases . phylogenetic analyses suggest species - specific diversification of this gene family in insects and an independent evolution of the beetle myrosinase from other insect î² - glucosidases . pmid : 24799680
, with special reference to the systematic treatment of the dwarf form from yakushima .
siebold et zucc . was examined to evaluate the genetic basis for recognizing the dwarf variety , m .
, but no obvious morphological discontinuities , were found between the normal and dwarf varieties . instead , a weak cline running from the pacific ocean to the sea of japan was found . anatomical observations of leaf blades revealed that the large variation in leaf size can be attributed to variation in the number of leaf cells and not to differences in cell size . a molecular analysis based on sequences of rdna internal transcribed spacer regions indicated that there were two major genotypes in m .
with minor variation in haplotypes resulting from additional substitutions or putative recombination . the dwarf form from yakushima was neither genetically uniform nor apparently differentiated from other populations . from these results , we conclude that the dwarf form of m .
unfavorable fishy odour is an inevitable problem in aquatic products . in the present study , headspace solid - phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry ( hs - spme - gc - ms ) analysis of volatiles from untreated samples and three deodorized samples ( under the optimal conditions ) of paphia
enzymatic hydrolysate revealed that the compounds contributing to the distinctive odor were 1 - octen - 3 - ol , n - hexanal , n - heptanal , 2 , 4 - heptadienal , and 2 , 4 - decadienal , whereas n - pentanal , n - octanal , n - octanol , benzaldehyde , 2 - ethylfuran and 2 - pentylfuran were the main contributors to the aromatic flavor . the deodorizing effects of activated carbon ( ac ) adsorption , yeast extract ( ye ) masking and tea polyphenol ( tp ) treatment on a p .
enzymatic hydrolysate were investigated using orthogonal experiments with sensory evaluation as the index . the following optimized deodorization conditions were obtained : ac adsorption ( 35 mg ml - 1 , 80â°c , 40 min ) , ye masking ( 7 mg ml - 1 , 45â°c , 30 min ) and tp treatment ( 0 . 4 mg ml - 1 , 40â°c , 50 min ) . ac adsorption effectively removed off - flavor volatile aldehydes and ketones . ye masking modified the odor profile by increasing the relative contents of aromatic compounds and decreasing the relative contents of aldehydes and ketones . the tp treatment was not effective in reducing the odor score , but it significantly reduced the relative content of aldehydes while increasing that of alkanes . it is also notable that tp effectively suppressed trimethylamine ( tma ) formation in a p . undulate hydrolysate solution for a period of 72 h .
the net consequence of nectar robbing on reproductive success of plants is usually negative and the positive effect is rarely produced . we evaluated the influence of nectar robbing on the behaviour of pollinators and the reproductive success of tecomella
( bignoniaceae ) in a natural population . experimental pollinations showed that the trees were strictly self - incompatible . the three types of floral colour morphs of the tree viz . red , orange and yellow , lacked compatibility barriers . the pollinators ( pycnonotus cafer and pycnonotus leucotis ) and the robber ( nectarinia asiatica ) showed equal preference for all the morphs , as they visited each morph with nearly equal frequency and flower - handling time . the sunbirds caused up to 60 % nectar robbing , mostly ( 99 % ) by piercing through the corolla tube . although nectar is replenished at regular intervals , insufficient amount of nectar compelled the pollinators to visit additional trees in bloom . data of manual nectar robbing from the entire tree showed that the pollinators covered lower number of flowers per tree ( 5 flowers / tree ) and more trees per bout ( 7 trees / bout ) than the unrobbed ones ( 19 flowers / tree and 2 trees bout ) . the robbed trees set a significantly greater amount of fruits than the unrobbed trees . however , the number of seeds in a fruit did not differ significantly . the study shows that plant - pollinator - robber interaction may benefit the self - incompatible plant species under conditions that increases the visits of pollinators among the compatible conspecifics in a population .
roots . sample of roots from e . hirta was tested for phenolic compounds , and in vitro antioxidant activity by diphenyl - 1 - picrylhydrazyl ( dpph ) assay , abts , frap and reducing power was measured using cyano - ferrate method . the methanolic fraction exhibited the highest total phenol content ( 6 . 12 â±0 . 11 mg age / g dw ) . on the other hand , the highest flavonoids concentration was observed in ethyl acetate fraction ( 2 . 90 â±0 . 05 mg ce / g dw ) in addition to anthocyanins ( 28 . 56 â±3 . 96 mg / l ) . besides , the highest level of tannins content was measured in the polar aprotic solvent ethyl acetate extract ( 3 . 25 â±0 . 06 mg ce / g dw ) . the different extracts of s .
were evaluated for their radical scavenging activities by means of the dpph assay . the strongest scavenging activity was observed in methanolic fraction scavenged radicals effectively with icâ â values of 0 . 14 â±0 . 02 mg / ml . similarly , the potassium ferricyanide reduction ( frap ) and abtsâ¢ + of methanol extract . on the other hand , the total reducing power of ethyl acetate extract was found higher than of other extracts . this paper presents the application of the design - of experiment method for optimizing the extraction of phenolic content using methanol solvent . the resulting regression model has shown that the effect of temperature is not statistically significant ( with > 95 % certainty ) , while that of agitation speed is . the two main effects are contributed by the solvent concentration and the maceration period . our results clearly showed that the extraction of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant capacity is significantly affected by solvent combinations . s .
presented the highest total phenolic content , total flavonoids content and antioxidant capacity values . the resulting regression model has shown that the effect of temperature is not statistically significant ( with > 95 % certainty ) , while that of agitation speed is .
was cloned using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ( rt - pcr ) coupled with rapid amplification of cdna ends ( race ) . the full - length cdna is 2 , 351 bp , consisting of a 5 ' - untranslated region ( utr ) of 83 bp , a 3 ' - utr of 315 bp , and an open reading frame ( orf ) of 1 , 953 bp . this cdna encodes 650 amino acids with an estimated molecular weight of 71 . 3 kda and an isoelectric point of 5 . 51 . based on the amino acid sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis , this hsp70 gene was identified as a member of the cytoplasmic hsp70 family , being the constitutive expression , and it was designated as puhsc70 . the distribution of puhsc70 mrna in the mantle , digestive gland , adductor muscle , gonad , gill , heart , and hemocytes suggested that puhsc70 is ubiquitously expressed . the mrna levels of puhsc70 under high temperature and high salinity stresses were analyzed by real - time pcr . under high temperature stress of 32â°c , puhsc70 mrna in the mantle , digestive gland , gill , and heart was significantly up - regulated at 1h and 2h , and it was then progressively down - regulated . in the adductor muscle , the level of puhsc70 mrna gradually increased throughout the study period ; the mrna levels in the gonad and hemocytes increased significantly at 4h and 8h ( p < 0 . 05 ) and then decreased at 8h and 14 h , respectively , however they increased again afterwards , reaching the highest levels at 50h . under high salinity ( 32 â° ) stress , the mrna levels of puhsc70 in the mantle and gonad were increased significantly only at 24h and 48 h ( p < 0 . 05 ) , and at the rest of the study period they were slightly elevated . compared with the pretreatment level , the levels of expression in the digestive gland and gill were unchanged or reduced throughout the study period . the levels of puhsc70 mrna in the adductor muscle , hemocytes , and heart were significantly increased , reaching a maximum at 24h , and then they gradually decreased ; moreover , in the
) from sediment matrices in mudflat ecosystem of the west coast of peninsular malaysia .
( short - neck clam ) from six mudflat areas in the west coasts of peninsular malaysia . the concentrations of total pahs varied from 357 . 1 to 6257 . 1 and 179 . 9â â±â 7 . 6 to 1657 . 5â â±â 53 . 9â ngâ g - 1 dry weight in sediment and short - neck clam samples , respectively . pahs can be classified as moderate to very high level of pollution in sediments and moderate to high level of pollution in short - neck clams . the diagnostic ratios of individual pahs and principal component analysis indicate both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources with significant dominance of pyrogenic source . the first pahs biota - sediment accumulation factors and relative biota - sediment accumulation factors data for short - neck clam were obtained in this study , indicating a preferential accumulation of lower molecular weight pahs . evaluation of pah levels in sediments and short - neck clams indicates that short - neck clam could be introduced as a good biomonitor in mudflats . the results also demonstrated that under environmental conditions , the sedimentary load of hydrocarbons appears to be one of the factors controlling their bioavailability to biota .
holmes , together with two previously reported analogues , ( 24s ) - and ( 24r ) - saringosterol . their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis , with their absolute configurations at the stereogenic center c - 24 of the side chain being assigned by a direct comparison of 1 h nmr data with those of related known compounds . the absolute configurations of the steroidal nuclei of dictyopterisins a , b , and h were determined using the modified mosher ' s method . the mixture of dictyopterisins d and e and dictyopterisin i exhibited promising ptp1b inhibitory activities with ic 50 values of 1 . 88 and 3 . 47â î¼m , respectively , comparable to the positive control oleanolic acid ( ic 50 , 2 . 78â î¼m ) . in addition , the mixture of dictyopterisins d and e and dictyopterisins f - j displayed significant cytotoxicities against the human cancer cell lines hl - 60 ( ic 50 from 1 . 02 to 2 . 70â î¼m ) and a - 549 ( ic 50 from 1 . 35 to 2 . 85â î¼m ) . copyright â© 2017 elsevier ltd . all rights reserved .
) was used for the simultaneous removal of inorganic arsenic species ( as ( iii ) and as ( v ) ) from the stored rainwater in tharparkar , pakistan . the plackett - burman experimental design was used as a multivariate strategy for the evaluation of the effects of six factors / variables on the biosorption of inorganic arsenic species , simultaneously . central composite design ( ccd ) was used to found the optimum values of significant factors for the removal of as ( iii ) and as ( v ) . initial concentrations of both inorganic as species , ph , biosorbent dose , and contact time were selected as independent factors in ccd , while the adsorption capacity ( q e ) was considered as a response function . the separation of inorganic as species in water samples before and after biosorption was carried out by cloud point and solid - phase extraction methods . theoretical values of ph , concentration of analytes , biosorbent dose , and contact time were calculated by quadratic equation for 100â % biosorption of both inorganic as species in aqueous media . experimental data were modeled by langmuir and freundlich isotherms . thermodynamic and kinetic study indicated that the biosorption of as ( iii ) and as ( v ) was followed by pseudo second order . it was concluded that the indigenous biosorbent material efficiently and simultaneously removed both as species in the range of 70 . 8 to 98 . 5â % of total contents in studied ground water samples . graphical abstract optimizing the significant varable by central 2 ( 3 ) + star orthogonal composite design .
( o . f . mã¼ller , 1776 ) and limnesia fulgida ( c . l . koch , 1836 ) ( acariformes , limnesiidae ) .
( o . f . mã¼ller , 1776 ) and limnesia fulgida ( c . l . koch , 1836 ) and their secretion were studied by means of light microscopical , transmission electron microscopical ( tem ) and scanning electron microscopical ( sem ) methods . these mites possess two types of dermal glands - the ' common ' dermal glands in a number of 14 pairs and one pair of the so - called ' idiosomal ' dermal glands . the common dermal glands are bi - lobed organs and consist of high prismatic secretory cells directed to the gland mouth and mostly replacing the intra - alveolar lumen . the cells contain numerous cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum ( rer ) and specifically organized golgi bodies ( gb ) producing electron - dense elongated secretory granules . these granules are released from the cells via apocrine secretion and come to the gland mouth , where they are sometimes accompanied by secretory cell cytoplasm . the final secretion may show a fibrous character . the idiosomal glands are sac - like organs stretched along the ventral body wall in posterior direction from the gland orifice corresponding to the epimeroglandularia 4 . the secretory epithelium leaves a large intra - alveolar lumen filled with an electron - dense secretory material . golgi bodies are organized identically with those in the common glands , which indicates the general homology of these two types of dermal glands . the glands ' orifices are organized similarly in all glands and possess an internal funnel - shaped sclerite with muscle armament , an internal valve , medial epicuticular flaps and an external circular cuticular ring . all glandularia , except for e4 and v1 , are accompanied with a long and thin sensitive seta . during fixation , secretion of the common dermal glands is extruded to the exterior in the form of large amounts of convoluted tube - like structures . in the living organisms , being secreted in mass from the glands , this secretion acquires the form of long rigid mostly hollow un
ten insecticides were tested against larvae of calocalpe undulala ( l . ) . the decreasing order of toxicity at ld50 was : bioethanomethrin , phenothrin , pyrethrins , phoxim , tetrachlorvinfos , mexacarbate , carbaryl , phosmet , ddt , and malathion . at ld90 , the decreasing order of toxicity was the same , except that . . .
a vegetative population of cryptocoryne ( araceae ) , introduced at a florida spring , appeared to represent three closely related species in the c . beckettii complex : c . beckettii thw . ex trimen , c . wendtii de wit and c .
were true to type and could be delineated at the site . intergradation of diagnostic features was common in others , upon transplanting and flowering . while some transplants produced spathes characteristic of either c . wendtii or c . beckettii , intermediates between the two species were common . neither c . beckettii nor c . wendtii could be delineated at the site . the seclusion of the stream and the integrity of native plant communities have likely prevented dispersal downstream .
components : . acer glabrum , alnus tennuifolia , blepharoneuron tricholepis , ceano - thus fendlerif chamabati aria millef aim , festuca arizonica , holodiscus . . . southern part ) , ! j . occi - dentalis , orvzopsis hymeihiodes , purshia tridentata , quercus emorvi , _ q - gambelii , _ q . grisea , _ q .
, sporobolus . . . evergreen trees dominants : corkbark fir ( abies lasiocarpa var . arizonica ) engelmann spruce ( picea engel - mannii ) other components : abies lasiocarpa , acer
hepneriana dworakowska ( hemiptera : cicadellidae : typhlocybinae : erythroneurini ) , first record from china , with descriptions of eleven new species .
a redescription of the erythroneurine leafhopper genus hepneriana dworakowska and a key to chinese species of the genus are provided . eleven new species , hepneriana applanata , h . bicruris , h . concava , h . euryaedeaga , h . longa , h . menglunensis , h . paragamma , h . prostrata , h . robusta , h . taibaoensis and h .
spp . nov . are described and h . joannae ( dworakowska ) is newly recorded from china .
using alternating bands of weeds and broccoli i experimentally manipulated vegetation composition and the spatial scale at which the landscape was fragmented in a factorial design . this experimental approach allowed me to distinguish the effect of spatial scale from that of simple crop heterogeneity on crop herbivores . the importance of scale depended on which insect species were examined . cabbage aphids ( brevicoryne brassicae ) were influenced by vegetation composition at all tested scales of fragmentation ; cabbage butterflies ( pieris rapae ) were not affected by scale or by composition and flea beetles (
cruciferae ) revealed a striking dependence on scale of fragmentation as well as an interaction between scale and composition . this approach shows the importance of dissecting out the effects of scale from other aspects of landscape manipulation , and emphasizes the challenge of developing aâtheory that will enable prediction of species - specific responses to scale .
beran , franziska ; rahfeld , peter ; luck , katrin ; nagel , raimund ; vogel , heiko ; wielsch , natalie ; irmisch , sandra ; ramasamy , srinivasan ; gershenzon , jonathan ; heckel , david g . ; kã¶llner , tobias g .
sesquiterpenes play important roles in insect communication , for example as pheromones . however , no sesquiterpene synthases , the enzymes involved in construction of the basic carbon skeleton , have been identified in insects to date . we investigated the biosynthesis of the sesquiterpene ( 6r , 7s ) - himachala - 9 , 11 - diene in the crucifer flea beetle
species . a ( 6r , 7s ) - himachala - 9 , 11 - dieneâproducing sesquiterpene synthase activity was detected in crude beetle protein extracts , but only when ( z , e ) - farnesyl diphosphate [ ( z , e ) - fpp ] was offered as a substrate . no sequences resembling sesquiterpene synthases from plants , fungi , or bacteria were found in the p . striolata transcriptome , but we identified nine divergent putative trans - isoprenyl diphosphate synthase ( trans - ids ) transcripts . four of these putative trans - idss exhibited terpene synthase ( tps ) activity when heterologously expressed . recombinant pstps1 converted ( z , e ) - fpp to ( 6r , 7s ) - himachala - 9 , 11 - diene and other sesquiterpenes observed in beetle extracts . rnai - mediated knockdown of pstps1 mrna in p . striolata males led to reduced emission of aggregation pheromone , confirming a significant role of pstps1 in pheromone biosynthesis . two expressed enzymes showed genuine ids activity , with psids1 synthesizing ( e , e ) - fpp , whereas psids3 produced neryl diphosphate , ( z , z ) - fpp , and ( z , e ) - fpp . in a phylogenetic analysis , the pstps enzymes and psids3 were clearly separated from a clade of known coleopteran trans - ids enzymes including psids1 and psids2 . however , the exonâintron structures of ids and tps genes in p . striolata are conserved , suggesting that this tps gene family evolved from trans - ids ancestors . pmid : 26936952
[ the route of a bacterium holospora in the cell of paramecium ( ciliophora , protista ) from phagosome to the nucleus ] .
problems encountered at the initial stages of stable symbiotic system formation are discussed in the review . the most studied models for interaction between pathogenic bacteria and metazoan cells are compared with a similar system including paramecium ( a ciliatte ) - - holospora ( a bacterium ) . literary and our own data on the infection of p . caudatum with specific endocytobionts inhabiting the nuclear apparatus ( h . obtusa in the macronucleus ) , and h .
( in the micronucleus ) are analysed with respect to the modern understanding of the intracellular vesicle trafficking .
abstract to comply with the new phylogeny within the surirellales as supported by molecular and morphological data , re - evaluations and re - combinations of taxa from and within the genera surirella , cymatopleura , and stenopterobia and with the re - established genus iconella are necessary . since the african diatom flora is rich with taxa from these genera , especially iconella , and the authors have studied these taxa recently , describing also new taxa , a preliminary checklist of african iconella and surirella is here presented . 94 names are contained on this list . 57 taxa have been transferred to iconella ; 55 taxa were formerly ranked within surirella and two taxa within stenopterobia . 10 taxa have stayed within surirella and six taxa have been transferred from cymatopleura to surirella . 20 surirella and 1 stenopterobia names are listed which are either unrevised or unrevisable since morphological data is missing . four names and taxa described by ehrenberg are here typified . two had been transferred to iconella already : iconella bifrons ( ehrenb . ) ruck & nakov and iconella splendida ( ehrenb . ) ruck & nakov . two are re - transferred from cymatopleura to surirella : surirella librile ( ehrenb . ) ehrenb . and surirella
( ehrenb . ) ehrenb . ; both taxa are currently known by their younger synonyms : cymatopleura solea ( brã©b . ) w . smith and cymatopleura elliptica ( brã©b . ex kã¼tzing ) w . smith . lectotypes for iconella bifrons , i . splendida , surirella librile , and s .
thermal tolerance and preference of exploited turbinid snails near their range limit in a global warming hotspot .
predicted global climate change has prompted numerous studies of thermal tolerances of marine species . the upper thermal tolerance is unknown for most marine species , but will determine their vulnerability to ocean warming . gastropods in the family turbinidae are widely harvested for human consumption . to investigate the responses of turbinid snails to future conditions we determined critical thermal maxima ( ctmax ) and preferred temperatures of turbo militaris and lunella
from the tropical - temperate overlap region of northern new south wales , on the australian east coast . ctmax were determined at two warming rates : 1â°c / 30min and 1â°c / 12h . the number of snails that lost attachment to the tank wall was recorded at each temperature increment . at the faster rate , t . militaris had a significantly higher ctmax ( 34 . 0â°c ) than l .
( 32 . 2â°c ) . at the slower rate the mean of both species was lower and there was no significant difference between them ( 29 . 4â°c for t . militaris and 29 . 6â°c for l .
) . this is consistent with differences in thermal inertia possibly allowing animals to tolerate short periods at higher temperatures than is possible during longer exposure times , but other mechanisms are not discounted . the thermoregulatory behaviour of the turban snails was determined in a horizontal thermal gradient . both species actively sought out particular temperatures along the gradient , suggesting that behavioural responses may be important in ameliorating short - term temperature changes . the preferred temperatures of both species were higher at night ( 24 . 0â°c and 26 . 0â°c ) than during the day ( 22 . 0â°c and 23 . 9â°c ) . as the snails approached their preferred temperature , net hourly displacement decreased . preferred temperatures were within the average seasonal seawater temperature range in this region . however , with future predicted water temperature trends , the species could experience increased periods of thermal stress , possibly exceeding ctmax and
at - vessel mortality of skates ( rajidae ) taken in coastal fisheries and evidence of longer - term survival .
data on the vigour and at - vessel mortality ( avm ) of 6798 skates ( comprising raja clavata nâ = â 6295 ; r . brachyura nâ = â 208 ; r .
nâ = â 185 , r . montagui nâ = â 98 and r . microocellata nâ = â 12 ) captured by commercial fishing vessels in the inshore waters of the southern north sea and english channel were recorded . avm in longline fisheries averaged 0â·44 % across five vessels ( 0 - 1â·47 % ) , although skates were usually unhooked manually and did not usually pass through a bait - stripper . avm in otter trawls averaged 0â·76 % ( 0 - 2â·35 % ) , from four vessels fishing with tow durations of < 1â·5â h ( southern north sea ) or 1 - 4â h ( english channel ) . no avm was noted for skates taken as a by - catch in drift trammel nets ( soak times < 4â h ) . anchored tangle nets resulted in an overall avm of 2â·0 - 2â·7 % , but increased from 1â·47 % ( 13 - 28âh soak time ) to 6â·16 % ( 42 - 53âh soak time ) . there were significant differences in the vigour of skates between gears , with r . clavata caught by longline and tangle nets in better condition than those captured by otter trawl or drift trammel net . similarly , r .
caught by tangle net were in better condition than those caught by otter trawl . the vigour of r .
was also found to be higher than other skate species for both trawl and tangle net . in total , 5283 skates were tagged with petersen discs and released , with recapture rates for the various combinations of vessel and gear ranging up to 24â·8 % for r . clavata . whilst confirming a degree of post - release survival , quantitative estimates of post - release mortality for skates remain unknown . â© 2018 crown copyright . journal of fish biology â© 2018 the fisheries society of the british isles .
the entomopathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae ma05 - 169 is a transformant strain that has been metabolically engineered to express dihydroxynaphthalene - melanin biosynthesis genes . in contrast to the wild type strain , the transformant displays a greater resistance to environmental stress and a higher virulence toward target insect host . however , the underlying mechanisms for these characteristics remain unclear ; hence experiments were initiated to explore the possible mechanism ( s ) through physiological and molecular approaches . although both transformant and wild type strains could infect and share the same insect host range , the former germinated faster and produced more appressoria than the latter , both in vivo and in vitro . the transformant showed a significantly shorter median lethal time ( lt50 ) when infecting the diamondback moth ( plutella xylostella ) and the striped flea beetle (
striolata ) , than the wild type . additionally , the transformant was more tolerant to reactive oxygen species ( ros ) , produced 40 - fold more orthosporin and notably overexpressed the transcripts of the pathogenicity - relevant hydrolytic enzymes ( chitinase , protease , and phospholipase ) genes in vivo . in contrast , appressorium turgor pressure and destruxin a content were slightly decreased compared to the wild type . the transformant ' s high anti - stress tolerance , its high virulence against five important insect pests ( cowpea aphid aphis craccivora , diamondback moth pl . xylostella , striped flea beetle ph . striolata , and silverleaf whitefly bemisia argentifolii ) and its capacity to colonize the root system are key properties for its potential bio - control field application . pmid : 24662974
immune tolerance of vector beetle to its partner plant parasitic nematode modulated by its insect parasitic nematode .
immune response of insect vectors to transmitted pathogens or insect hosts against parasites are well studied , whereas the mechanism of tripartite interactions remains elusive . in this study , we investigated the immune interactions of the vector beetle monochamus alternatus ( ma ) to the devastating plant parasitic nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus ( bx ) and the insect parasitic nematode howardula
( hp ) . we report the unique immune mechanism by which the vector beetle tolerates many devastating bx in its trachea , yet that immune tolerance is compromised by the parasitic nematode hp . contact with either nematode species triggers epithelial reactive oxygen species ( ros ) production in ma . only the entry of bx , not hp , infection , induces increased expression of antioxidative genes , through which the ros levels are balanced in the trachea of beetles . furthermore , we found that up - regulation of antioxidative genes was induced by the interaction of toll receptors . in contrast , beetles infected by hp retain high levels of oxidative stress and melanization in trachea , and as a result , decrease bx loading . this study highlights the role of toll receptors in mediating the activation of antioxidative genes in immune tolerance to plant parasitic nematodes , and suggests the use of insect parasites as a biologic control . - zhou , j . , zhao , l . - l . , yu , h . - y . , wang , y . - h . , zhang , w . , hu , s . - n . , zou , z . , sun , j . - h . immune tolerance of vector beetle to its partner plant parasitic nematode modulated by its insect parasitic nematode .
the use patterns and role of insecticide seed treatments , with focus on neonicotinoid insecticides , were examined for canola / oilseed rape production in canada and the eu . since nearly all planted canola acres in western canada and , historically , a majority of planted oilseed acres in the eu , use seed treatments , it is worth examining whether broad use of insecticidal seed treatments ( ist ) is compatible with principles of integrated pest management ( ipm ) . the neonicotinoid insecticide ( nni ) seed treatment ( nni st ) use pattern has risen due to effective control of several early season insect pests , the most destructive being flea beetles (
sp . ) . negative environmental impact and poor efficacy of foliar applied insecticides on flea beetles led growers to look for better alternatives . due to their biology , predictive models have been difficult to develop for flea beetles , and , therefore , targeted application of seed treatments , as part of an ipm program , has contributed to grower profitability and overall pollinator success for canola production in western canada . early evidence suggests that the recent restriction on nni may negatively impact grower profitability and does not appear to be having positive impact on pollinator health . further investigation on impact of nni on individual bee vs . hive health need to be conducted . predictive models for flea beetle emergence / feeding activity in canola / oilseed rape need to be developed , as broad acre deployment of nni seed treatments may not be sustainable due to concerns about resistance / tolerance in flea beetles and other pest species . pmid : 27527233
. based on morphological and morphometric evidence , the placoderm specimens from strud are predominantly recognised as immature specimens and this locality as representing a placoderm nursery . the strud depositional environment corresponds to a channel in an alluvial plain , and the presence of a nursery in such environment could have provided nutrients and protection to the placoderm offspring . this represents one of the earliest pieces of evidence for this sort of habitat partitioning in vertebrate history , with adults living more distantly from the nursery and using the nursery only to spawn or give live birth . pmid : 27552196
evaluation of antimicrobial activity of selected plant extracts by rapid xtt colorimetry and bacterial enumeration .
the aim of this study was to screen and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of indigenous jordanian plant extracts , dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide , using the rapid xtt assay and viable count methods . xtt rapid assay was used for the initial screening of antimicrobial activity for the plant extracts . antimicrobial activity of potentially active plant extracts was further assessed using the
viable plate count
method . four degrees of antimicrobial activity ( high , moderate , weak and inactive ) against bacillus subtilis , staphylococcus aureus , escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa , respectively , were recorded . the plant extracts of hypericum triquetrifolium , ballota
, ruta chalepensis , ononis natrix , paronychia argentea and marrubium vulgare had shown promising antimicrobial activity . this study showed that while both xtt and viable count methods are comparable when estimating the overall antimicrobial activity of experimental substances , there is no strong linear correlation between the two methods .
understanding whether the sperm of older males has a diminished capacity to produce successful offspring is a key challenge in evolutionary biology . we investigate this issue using 10 years of reproductive data on captive long - lived houbara bustards ( chlamydotis
) , where the use of artificial insemination techniques means parents can only influence offspring quality via their gametes . here we show that paternal aging reduces both the likelihood that eggs hatch and the rate at which chicks grow , with older males producing the lightest offspring after the first month . surprisingly , this cost of paternal aging on offspring development is of a similar scale to that associated with maternal aging . fitting with predictions on germline aging , the sperm of immature males produce the fastest growing offspring . our findings thus indicate that any good genes benefit that might be offered by older ' proven ' males will be eroded by aging of their germline dna .
ateyyat , mazen a . ; al - mazra ' awi , mohammad ; abu - rjai , talal ; shatnawi , mohamad a .
aqueous extracts of nine plants , known to have medicinal activity , were tested for their toxicity against the sweet potato whitefly , bemisia tabaci genn . ( homoptera : aleurodidae ) compared to the toxicity of the insecticide , imidacloprid . extracts of lepidiuim sativum l . ( brassicales : brassicaceae ) killed 71 % of early stage nymphs , which was not significantly different from mortality caused by imidacloprid . treatment of pupae with three plant extracts , l . sativum , achillea biebersteinii l . ( asterales : asteraceae ) , or retama raetam ( forssk . ) webb and berthel ( fabales : fabaceae ) prevented adult development , and treatment with r . raetam extract killed adults , at levels that were not significantly different from imidacloprid . none of the other plants showed significant toxicity . however extracts of four plants , pimpinella anisum l . ( apiales : apiaceae ) , galium longifolium ( sibth . and sm . ) ( gentianales : rubiaceae ) , r . raetam and ballota
abstract the stylasterid fauna of alaska is revised , consisting of the description or redescription and illustration of 21 species , one additional subspecies , and a geographically adjacent species : stylaster venustus . six new species and one new subspecies are described : errinopora fisheri , errinopora
, errinopora disticha , errinopora dichotoma , stylaster crassiseptum , stylaster repandus , and stylaster parageus columbiensis . four subspecies are raised to species rank : stylaster leptostylus , stylaster trachystomus , stylaster parageus , and distichopora japonica , and five species and one subspecies were synonymized . a dichotomous key to the errinopora species and tabular keys to the errinopora and alaskan stylaster species are provided . the focus of the study was on the stylasterids from alaska , primarily those from the diverse aleutian islands , but also including records from british columbia . this is the first revisionary work on this fauna since the seminal report by fisher in 1938 . pmid : 22303109
antimycobacterial activity and low cytotoxicity of leaf extracts of some african anacardiaceae tree species .
treatment of tuberculosis ( tb ) is a challenge because of multidrug - resistant and extremely drug - resistant strains of mycobacterium tuberculosis . plant species contain antimicrobial compounds that may lead to new anti - tb drugs . previous screening of some tree species from the anacardiaceae family revealed the presence of antimicrobial activity , justifying further investigations . leaf extracts of 15 anacardiaceae tree species were screened for antimycobacterial activity using a twofold serial microdilution assay against the pathogenic mycobacterium bovis and multidrug resistant m . âtuberculosis and rapidly growing mycobacteria , mycobacterium smegmatis , mycobacterium fortuitum and mycobacterium aurum . the vaccine strain , m . âbovis and an avirulent strain , h37ra m . âtuberculosis , were also used . cytotoxicity was assessed using a colorimetric assay against vero kidney , human hepatoma and murine macrophage cells . four out of 15 crude acetone extracts showed significant antimycobacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration varying from 50 to 100ââµg / ml . searsia
had the highest activity against most mycobacteria , followed by protorhus longifolia . m . âfortuitum was the strongest predictor of activity against multidrug - resistant tb ( correlation coefficientâ = â0 . 65 ) . bioautography against m . âaurum and m . âfortuitum worked well as indicators of the rf values of active compounds yielding strong zones of inhibition . the leaf extracts of s . â
and p . âlongifolia had more than ten different antimycobacterial compounds and had low cytotoxicity with lc 50 values above 100ââµg / ml . copyright â© 2016 john wiley & sons , ltd . copyright â© 2016 john wiley & sons , ltd .
the pressures of selection acting on transmission of information by acoustic signals are particularly high in long - distance communication networks . males of the north african houbara bustard ( chlamydotis
) produce extremely low - frequency vocalizations called ' booms ' as a component of their courtship displays . these displays are performed on sites separated by a distance of on average 550âm , constituting exploded leks . here , we investigate the acoustic features of booms involved in species - specific identity . we first assessed the modifications of acoustic parameters during boom transmission at long range within the natural habitat of the species , finding that the frequency content of booms was reliably transmitted up to 600âm . additionally , by testing males ' behavioural responses to playbacks of modified signals , we found that the presence of the second harmonic and the frequency modulation are the key parameters for species identification , and also that a sequence of booms elicited stronger responses than a single boom . thus , the coding - decoding process relies on redundant and propagation - resistant features , making the booms particularly well adapted for the long - range transmission of information between males . moreover , by experimentally disentangling the presentation of visual and acoustic signals , we showed that during the booming phase of courtship , the two sensory modalities act in synergy . the acoustic component is dominant in the context of intra - sexual competition . while the visual component is not necessary to induce agonistic response , it acts as an amplifier and reduces the time of detection of the signaller . the utilization of these adaptive strategies allows houbara males to maximize the active space of vocalizations emitted in exploded leks .
insect pests cause billions of dollars in agricultural losses , and attempts to kill them have resulted in growing threats from insecticide resistance , dietary pesticide pollution and environmental destruction . new approaches to control refractory insect pests are therefore needed . the host - plant preferences of insect pests rely on olfaction and are mediated via a seven transmembrane - domain odorant receptor ( or ) family . the present study reports the cloning and characterization of psor1 , the first candidate member of the or gene family from
striolata , a devastating beetle pest that causes damage worldwide . psor1 is remarkably well conserved with respect to other insect orthologues , including dmor83b from drosophila melanogaster . these insect orthologues form an essential non - conventional or sub - family and may play an important and generalized role in insect olfaction . we designed double - stranded ( ds ) rna directly against the psor1 gene and exploited rna interference ( rnai ) to control p . striolata . the chemotactic behavioural measurements showed that adult beetles were unable to sense the attractant or repellent odour stimulus after microinjection of dsrna against psor1 . reverse transcription ( rt ) - pcr analysis showed specific down - regulation of mrna transcript levels for this gene . furthermore , host - plant preference experiments confirmed that silencing psor1 by rnai treatment impaired the host - plant preferences of p . striolata for cruciferous vegetables . these results demonstrate that this insect control approach of using rnai to target psor1 and its orthologues might be effective in blocking host - plant - seeking behaviours in diverse insect pests . the results also support the theory that this unique receptor type plays an essential general role in insect olfaction . â© 2010 fujian agriculture and forestry university . insect molecular biology â© 2010 the royal entomological society .


afrodon is an extinct genus of eutherians in the family adapisoriculidae .

its type species is afrodon chleuhi , known from the late palaeocene of morocco .

the other known species are afrodon germanicus from the late palaeocene of germany and france , afrodon tagourtensis from the early eocene of morocco , afrodon ivani from the late palaeocene of spain , and afrodon gheerbranti from the early paleocene of belgium .

afrodon

this is a ct - scan of an astragalus of afrodon n . sp .
@ donlemon you better shut him down with scripture . point out that hypocrisy # afrodon urltoken
afrodon was a small eutherian mammal that seems to have been spread at least across western europe to the western tip of north africa .  add into account the broad temporal range of this mammal ,  and it seems that afrodon was a very successful little mammal .
full reference : e . gheerbrant . 1988 . afrodon chleuhi nov . gen . , nov . sp . , insectivore ( mammalia , eutheria ) lipotyphlé ( ? ) du paléocène marocain : données préliminaires . comptes rendus de lacadémie des sciences de paris 307 : 1303 - 1309
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key words : mammalia , adapisoriculidae , phylogeny , early palaeocene , hainin , belgium .
eric de bast [ eric . debast @ urltoken ] and thierry smith [ thierry . smith @ urltoken ] , royal belgian institute of natural sciences , department of paleontology , rue vautier 29 , b - 1000 brussels , belgium ; bernard sigé [ bernard - sige @ urltoken ] , laboratoire de paléontologie , institut des sciences de l’evolution , cc064 , université montpellier ii , place eugène bataillon , 34095 montpellier cedex 05 , france .
this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( for details please see urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
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see also gheerbrant 1988 , gheerbrant 1995 , gheerbrant and russell 1989 , gheerbrant et al . 1998 , goswami et al . 2011 and lópez - martínez and peláez - campomanes 1999
type specimen : thr 161 , a tooth ( left m2 ) . its type locality is adrar mgorn 1 , which is in a thanetian peritidal limestone in the jbel guersif formation of morocco .
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( = cf . aboletylestes sp . in russell et . al . 1966 , ? jepsenella sp . in savage & russell 1983 )
sp . nov . ( = remiculus ? sp . nov . in russell et al . 1966 )
localites : campo age : thanetian , older than cernay ( but see lópez - martínez & peláez - campomanes 1998 p . 693 )
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don lemon started growing his hair out and getting more radical . we see you don
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biogeography of the northern peri - tethys from the late eocene to the early miocene : part 1 . late eocene
el género nesiotites ( soricidae , insectivora , mammalia ) en las islas baleares : estado de la cuestión . . .
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bermudagidiella bermudiensis is a species of crustacean in the family bogidiellidae .

it is the only species in the genus bermudagidiella , and is endemic to bermuda .

bermudagidiella

( of bogidiella ( antillogidiella ) bermudiensis stock , sket & iliffe , 1987 ) stock , j . h . ; sket , b . ; iliffe , t . m . ( 1987 ) . two new amphipod crustaceans from anchihaline caves in bermuda . crustaceana . 53 ( 1 ) : 54 - 66 . [ details ]
horton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fišer , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garcía , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; lörz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; väinölä , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .
( stock , sket & iliffe , 1987 ) . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 410496 on 2018 - 07 - 09
habitat habitat : anchialine , gravelly sediment . depth zone : littoral ( 0 to 30 m ) . [ details ]
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is a blind and unpigmented amphipod . the first antenna is about 1 / 3 of the body length , while the second antenna is shorter than the first . the mouthparts are minute with a wide upper lip and lower lip with fused inner lobes . the coxal plates are wider than they are long and non - lobate . sexual dimorphism is present only in pleopod 2 . endopodite is absent in all pleopods . the diagnostic structure of the male uropod is unknown because they were damaged in the only available specimen . the telson is wider than long with 2 distal spines on either side .
holotype , allotype and paratype from walsingham cave deposited in the zoological museum of amsterdam , amph . 107 . 874 .
body length : male 1 . 5 mm , female 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 mm .
known only from walsingham and roadside caves , hamilton parish , bermuda ( stock et al . , 1987 ) .
is the closest relative , known from wells on st . martin in the lesser antilles .
four specimens were found in washings of gravelly sediments from the border of the entrance lake in walsingham cave ( chlorinity at 17978 mg / l ) . one female was collected at roadside cave where it was washed from coarse sediments on the border of the terminal cave pool with salinity at the surface being 1 . 8 ppt and at 1 m , 20 . 62 ppt .
rare , known only in small numbers from two caves of the walsingham area of bermuda .
koenemann , s . and j . r . holsinger . 1999 . phylogenetic analysis of the amphipod family bogidiellidae s . lat . , and revision of taxa above the species level .
stock , j . h . , b . sket , and t . m . iliffe . 1987 . two new amphipod crustaceans from anchihaline caves in bermuda . crustaceana , 53 ( 1 ) : 54 - 66 , 45 figures .
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grzegorz jagodziński added the polish common name
bocian biały
to
ciconia ciconia ( linnaeus , 1758 )
.
grzegorz jagodziński added the polish common name
mewa zachodnia
to
larus occidentalis audubon 1839
.
megan wannarka marked the norwegian common name
pepperrot
from
armoracia rusticana p . gaertn . , b . mey . & scherb .
as trusted .
megan wannarka marked the japanese common name
wasabidaikon
from
armoracia rusticana p . gaertn . , b . mey . & scherb .
as trusted .
megan wannarka marked the japanese common name
seiyowasabi
from
armoracia rusticana p . gaertn . , b . mey . & scherb .
as trusted .
megan wannarka marked the german common name
kren
from
armoracia rusticana p . gaertn . , b . mey . & scherb .
as trusted .
megan wannarka marked the common name
raifort
in an unknown language from
armoracia rusticana p . gaertn . , b . mey . & scherb .
as trusted .
: what exactly kind of help do you need ? but before you answer browse a little bit and try to find by yourself some things how do they work .
zygoballus quaternus ( eol . org / pages / 1215058 / overview ) is a nomen dubium and should be deleted . it was removed from the itis catalog of life several years ago as well as from gbif .
kento furui added the japanese common name
スナオオトカゲ
to
varanus gouldii gray 1838
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
セグロジャッカル
to
canis mesomelas schreber , 1775
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
セイヨウミツバチ
to
apis mellifera linnaeus 1758
.
megan wannarka added the tonga common name
hone
to
apis mellifera linnaeus 1758
.
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the spring oak leafroller ( chionodes formosella ) is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it is found in north america from nova scotia to south-western manitoba , south to florida .

the wingspan is about 16 mm .

the larvae feed on oak species , particularly the red oak group .

recorded host plants include quercus rubra , quercus velutina , quercus alba , but also ostrya virginiana .

chionodes formosella

creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 2 . 0 generic ( cc by - nc - sa 2 . 0 ) · 1 chionodes formosella , spring oak leafroller
a chionodes formosella in middlesex co . , massachusetts ( 7 / 11 / 2007 ) . determined by steve nanz / bugguide . photo by tom murray . ( mbp list )
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
hodges , r . w . , 1999 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 6 , p . 50 ; pl . 1 . 1 . order
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photographed at portage lake , parry sound , ontario on 7 july 2007 . photograph © david beadle .
marsh fern moth ( fagitana littera ) . photographed at portage lake , parry sound district , ontario on 5 july 2015 . © david beadle .
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