the river redhorse ( moxostoma carinatum ) is a species of freshwater fish endemic to the eastern half of the united states and southeastern canada .

their weight ranges from 2-10 lbs .

it is typically found in clear , large creeks and rivers , though it is sometimes also found in lakes .

they are sometimes speared or caught with hook and line using crayfish or worms as bait .

a bottom-feeder , it feeds on mussels , snails , crustaceans and immature aquatic insects .

its common names include big-sawed sucker , river mullet , greater redhorse , redfin redhorse and redhorse sucker .

it has the following characteristics :

river redhorse

the wi threatened river redhorse is one of the rare aquatic species inhabiting the biologically rich st . croix river system .
side view of golden redhorse ( top ) and black redhorse ( bottom ) : notice that the golden redhorse has a thicker caudal peduncle and larger scales than the black redhorse .
the river redhorse is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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the river redhorse is the one of the largest of the redhorses . a beefy , powerful fish , the river redhorse has a bright red tail and a olive - bronze body with large scales . the mouth is large and fleshy with thick , rubbery lips . river redhorse have a concave dorsal , a pointed tip to the tail fin , and six scales across the bottom of the tail . river redhorse are threatened or endangered in many areas , but in the few clean , free - flowing rivers that are left , populations of this fish can be very strong .
yoder , c . o . and beaumier , r . a . ( 1986 ) the occurrence and distribution of river redhorse , moxostoma carinatum and greater redhorse , moxostoma valenciennesi in the sandusky river , ohio . the ohio journal of science , 86 ( 1 ) : 18 - 21 .
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north america : st . lawrence river - great lakes and mississippi river basins from southern quebec in canada to central minnesota and western iowa in usa , and south to northern alabama and eastern oklahoma , usa ; gulf slope drainages from escambia river in florida to pearl river in louisiana and mississippi , usa .
the river redhorse has a bright red tail and a concave dorsal fin . coloration is dark - each scale has a dark patch at the base . rivers have a large mouth . river redhorse are most often confused with the greater redhorse . greaters can be distinguished by their convex dorsal fin , or by counting the scales across the base of the tail in a diagonal line . rivers have six scales along this line , while greaters have 8 . the upper lobe of the river redhorse ' s tail is distinctly pointed , unlike that of the greater redhorse , which has two approximately equal lobes .
management guidelines : this redhorse species is quickly restored to waters from which they have been eliminated if there is a reservoir population nearby . both the river redhorse and mollusks on which they feed are intolerant to siltation and turbidity .
the river redhorse occurs in the st lawrence and ottawa river basins , the great lakes basin and the mississippi river basin , from southern quebec in canada to central minnesota and western iowa in the united states , and south to alabama and oklahoma . it also occurs in gulf slope drainages in the united states , from the escambia river in florida , to pearl river in louisiana and mississippi ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 9 ) .
due to restrictive spawning habitat ( water depth and substrate ) preferences , river redhorse recruitment is vulnerable to changes in the flow regime and siltation of spawning habitats . large increases in discharge during the spawning period have been observed to prevent the spawning of other redhorse species ( bowman 1970 ; cooke and bunt 1999 ) . river redhorse is also a late spring spawner and as such is significantly smaller at the end of the first growing season than earlier spawning redhorse species ( vachon 1999a ) . as over - winter survival of yoy is size - selective ( sogard 1997 ) , yoy river redhorse are less likely to survive than earlier spawning species . lastly , river flows during spawning are lower compared to earlier spawning redhorse species and the river’s capacity to dilute chemicals is reduced . in the richelieu river , late spring spawning coincides with period of peak pesticide application . in the yamaska and richelieu rivers , gendron and branchaud ( 1997 ) provide evidence that the final steps of sexual maturation by copper redhorse ( another late spawner ) in these rivers is disrupted by exposure to agricultural , urban and industrial toxins as they congregate to spawn . in the mid - 1990s , poor river redhorse gonadal condition was observed in specimens collected from this area .
like other cyprinid fish ( species in the order cypriniformes ) , the river redhorse does not have teeth in its jaws . instead , it processes food using enlarged bones in the throat , known as ‘pharyngeal teeth’ ( 8 ) , which in the river redhorse are large and molar - like ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the shape of these teeth helps distinguish the river redhorse from similar redhorse species , such as the golden redhorse , black redhorse and greater redhorse ( moxostoma erythrurum , moxostoma duquesnii and moxostoma valenciennesi ) , which have more comb - or blade - like pharyngeal teeth ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . in addition to tooth shape , this species is also distinguished from the shorthead redhorse ( moxostoma macrolepidotum ) by its longer head , v - shaped rather than straight rear edge to the lower lip , and straighter edge to the dorsal fin ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .
the river redhorse would also benefit from more research into its life history , and from the protection of its habitat from activities that cause siltation and pollution ( 9 ) .
the table below lists the natural communities that are associated with river redhorse . only natural communities for which river redhorse is
high
( score = 3 ) or
moderate
( score = 2 ) associated are shown . see the key to association scores for complete definitions . please see the wildlife action plan to learn how this information was developed .
river redhorse populations may be at risk due to recreational angling activity , in particular the grand river population where angling for redhorse is reported to occur ( portt et al . 2003 ) . during spring spawning runs , congregative behaviour likely increases the susceptibility of river redhorse to recreational angling or spearfishing . the river redhorse is not afforded protection by catch limits , minimum size restrictions , or spearfishing regulations ( mcallister et al . 1985 ; ontario fishing regulations 1989 ) . due to lack of regulation and vulnerability during the spawn , populations may be affected to a degree . additionally , confusion with other sucker species may result in unknown harvesting and be a factor in decline of local populations ( parker and mckee 1984 ) . this potential threat has not been quantified . in quebec , to prevent accidental catch of the copper redhorse and river redhorse , sportfishing is prohibited for sucker species in the sectors of the richelieu , des mille iles , yamaska and noire rivers where both species cohabit . commercial catch of these two species is also prohibited in quebec .
in addition to adverse effects on spawning habitats , siltation can also result in decreased production of benthic macroinvertebrates and freshwater molluscs , the primary components of the river redhorse diet ( waters 1995 ; vachon 2003a ) . french ( 1993 ) suggested that declines in mollusc populations caused by pollution and siltation of habitat will likely factor in the decline of mollusc–feeding catostomids such as the river redhorse .
river redhorse ( moxostoma carinatum ) , a fish listed as threatened in wisconsin , prefers moderate to swift currents in large rivers systems , including impoundments and pools . river bottoms of clean gravel are preferred . spawning occurs from mid may through june when water temperatures reach 68 to 74 degrees fahrenheit .
it ' s extremely difficult to distinguish adult shorthead redhorse from small specimens of river redhorse . the key is comparing the length of the head to the overall length of the body . it ' s not an obvious thing , so we made this graphic to help out . measure the head from the snout to the back of the operculum , and then see how many times that length fits into the fish ' s overall length . anything less than 5 should be a river redhorse .
parker , b . and mckee , p . ( 1984 ) status of the river redhorse , moxostoma carinatum , in canada . the canadian field - naturalist , 98 ( 1 ) : 110 - 114 .
the black redhorse has a wide , but disjunct , distribution in eastern north america . it is found from alabama and mississippi in the south to ontario and michigan in the north , and from new york in the east to oklahoma and minnesota in the west . in canada , it is limited to southwestern ontario where it occurs in only six watersheds . in the lake huron drainage , it is found in the bayfield river , maitland river and ausable river watersheds . in the lake erie drainage , it is known from the catfish creek ( extirpated ) and grand river watersheds . it is also present in the thames river watershed in the lake st . clair drainage .
in canada , the river redhorse is not specifically protected , but it does receive some general protection under the fish habitat sections of the fisheries act ( 7 ) . there are not known to be any specific conservation measures targeting this large river fish , but further population surveys have been recommended to better determine its status throughout its range ( 9 ) .
the diet of the river redhorse includes small bivalve molluscs , snails , crustaceans and the non - native asian clam ( crobicula fluminea ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . the shells of its prey are crushed using the strong , molar - like pharyngeal teeth ( modified bones in the throat ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) . the river redhorse also eats aquatic insects and their larvae ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) , and mainly takes its prey from the river bottom ( 7 ) ( 9 ) .
one of the largest redhorse ( moxostoma ) species ( 3 ) , the river redhorse ( moxostoma carinatum ) is a large , stout freshwater fish with a brownish , olive or bronze back , golden or brassy sides and a bright orange - red tail . the scales of the upperparts have dark bases , and the underside of the body is whitish ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . the dorsal fin and anal fin of the river redhorse are usually reddish , and the pelvic fins and pectoral fins are orange ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
a female river redhorse of about 45 to 65 centimetres in length can produce around 6 , 000 to 23 , 000 eggs ( 3 ) ( 7 ) . the eggs of this species are quite large , at about three to four millimetres in diameter , and hatch in three to six days ( 3 ) ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . the river redhorse probably reaches maturity at about five years old , and has been known to live for up to 29 years ( 3 ) .
the river redhorse usually spawns between april and june ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 9 ) , when the adults move upstream and the males maintain territories ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the river redhorse spawns over gravel substrates , and may make a small depression into which the eggs are deposited ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . in this species , two males often pair with one female ( 3 ) .
the river redhorse is locally common , but its populations are declining in some areas , particularly in the northern and western parts of its range ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 9 ) . the main threat to this species is likely to be habitat degradation in the form of siltation and pollution , to which the river redhorse is particularly susceptible , as is its mollusc prey ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 7 ) ( 9 ) . it may also be affected by the alteration of its river habitat due , for example , to channelization and the building of impoundments ( 9 ) .
the table below lists the ecological landscape association scores for river redhorse . the scores correspond to the map ( 3 = high , 2 = moderate , 1 = low , 0 = none ) . for more information , please see the wildlife action plan .
electrofishing collections at 10 locations in the middle sandusky river mainstem between tiffin and fremont revealed the presence of previously unknown populations of river redhorse ( moxostoma carinatum ) and greater redhorse ( moxostoma valenciennesi ) . the discovery of these populations expands the lake erie drainage distribution of both species which have been either declining in abundance or extirpated in many areas . it is doubtful that these species have recently invaded the middle sandusky river since barriers to upstream fish movements have been in place in the vicinity of fremont since the early 1800s . both species snowed a preference for locations with a moderate to swift current , pool - run - riffle habitat , and a convoluted bedrock channel with a boulder , rubble , and gravel substrate . sampling locations that were impounded or where the river was predominantly pooled contained comparatively few or no individuals .
diet : river redhouse eat mollusks , larval ephemeroptera , chironomids and trichoptera . their molar - like throat teeth are specialized for eating mollusks .
there are a total of seven redhorse species in canada , and the black redhorse is distinguishable based on a combination of tail colour , lip morphology and lateral line scale count . black and golden ( m . erythrurum ) redhorses are extremely difficult to distinguish from each other .
the river redhorse is at the northern limit of its distribution in canada with low numbers and disjunct distributions . tolerance for a narrow range of habitat characteristics , and a limited amount of suitable habitat restricts the distribution of river redhorse . it is an inhabitant of medium to large - sized rivers and intolerant of high turbidity levels , siltation and pollution ( trautman 1981 ; jenkins and burkhead 1993 ; mongeau et al . 1986 , 1992 ; vachon 2003a ) and likely disappeared from watersheds highly developed for intensive industrial agriculture , such as the yamaska and châteauguay rivers in quebec .
adult black redhorse are bottom feeders and eat crustaceans and insects . the younger fish ( less than 65 mm ) are thought to prefer plankton .
this species is considered a tasty food fish ( 3 ) ( 6 ) , but is not protected by fishing regulations such as catch limits or size restrictions ( 7 ) . in some areas , fishing may contribute to local declines in the river redhorse population ( 7 ) ( 9 ) .
differences in the life history strategies employed by otherwise ecologically similar species of a fish assemblage may be an important factor in the coexistence of these species and is an essential consideration in the conservation and management of these assemblages . we collected scales to determine age and growth of four species of the catostomid assemblage ( northern hogsucker hypentelium nigricans , spotted sucker minytrema melanops , notchlip redhorse moxostoma collapsum and robust redhorse moxostoma robustum ) of the savannah river , georgia - south carolina in spring 2004 and 2005 . robust redhorse was the largest species ; reaching sexual maturity at an older age and growing faster as a juvenile than the other species . spotted sucker did not achieve the same size as robust redhorse , but reached sexual maturity at younger ages . notchlip redhorse was intermediate between the abovementioned two species in age at maturity and size . northern hogsucker was the smallest species of the assemblage and reached the sexual maturity at the age of three . both robust redhorse and spotted sucker were sexually dimorphic in size - at - age . the range of life history strategies employed by savannah river catostomids encompasses the range of life history strategies exhibited within the family as a whole . ? ? 2007 blackwell munksgaard .
identification : red fins and thick fleshy lips distinguish river redhorse from other members of the sucker family . moderately stout , round body . bronze olive back , sides and belly yellowish or bronze . head has a squared snout . has molar - like throat teeth . adult size : 12 inches ( 30cm ) .
habitat alteration , such as channelization , impoundments , turbidity , siltation , and other forms of pollution are the major threats . these act as limiting factors because the redhorse seems to be inflexible in its habitat requirements and is intolerant of pollution and heavy siltation . siltation may be the reason the redhorse has such a disjunct distribution ( scott and crossman 1973 ) . one major reason for the river redhorse ' s intolerance of turbidity and siltation is that the major food items of this fish require clean gravel - sand stream bottoms and are very susceptible to reduction or extirpation through excessive siltation ( gilbert 1978 ) . food resources also are sensitive to toxicants . food resource reductions in turn reduce redhorse populations ( becker 1983 ) . shooting or gigging of spawners may contribute to local declines ( burkhead and jenkins 1991 ) . in oklahoma , the main threats are multiple impoundments in the illinois river and chicken - farm runoff that enters the river from arkansas ( vaughn 1993 , pers . comm . ) . in quebec , this species is declining due to the removal of adults and habitat deterioration ( parker and mckee 1984 ) .
the river redhorse prefers moderate to swift waters of large clean rivers , the lower portions of their main tributaries , reservoirs and pools over clean gravel and rubble . it is seldom found in deep water with mud , silt , or sand bottom . their favourite foods include clams , snails , insect larvae , and crustaceans .
adult river redhorses may move upriver into smaller streams and rivers during the spawning season ( 3 ) ( 9 ) . younger individuals are often found in shallower pools and backwaters ( 9 ) .
the river redhorse has a relatively large head and mouth , and the large , protruding lips are covered in folds ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the dorsal fin of this species is fairly short , and the tail is large and forked ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . breeding male river redhorses develop tubercles on the snout and cheek , as well as on the anal fin , tail fin , and sometimes on other parts of the body ( 3 ) . the breeding male is also reported to have a dark stripe along the side of the body ( 5 ) .
discontinuously distributed ; eastern gulf slope from the pearl river , louisiana and mississippi , to the escambia river , florida ; widespread in the central mississippi basin , oklahoma to alabama and north carolina , north to minnesota and pennsylvania ; several great lakes basin records ; also ottawa and st . lawrence drainages to southern quebec . locally common , but now extirpated in much of the northern and western parts of the range .
born and bred to live in swift current , this torpedo - shaped mauler has incredible strength and endurance . you should gear up well for pursuing these fish , equipping yourself not only with heavy enough tackle to handle them , but also with a large , soft - meshed net , some forceps for hook removal , and a pair of side - cutters for snipping off deeply imbedded hooks . consider the use of circle hooks to reduce damage to river redhorse you might catch , whenever fishing in waters where they can be found . always use great care when handling these fish . river redhorse will take a well - presented nightcrawler or crawfish . they also feed on certain species of river clams , crushing them with the molar - like pharengial teeth at the back of their throat . flies tied to resemble clams can be effective when drifted in the current . this fish can exceed ten pounds in weight . it ' s sheer strength , combined with the heavy currents they live in , demand great respect from the fly angler .
introgression among catostomid species due to habitat alteration has been identified as a conservation concern in western north america where hybridization between catostomid species is often common . however , hybridization is unknown or rare in most eastern suckers ( jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . of thousands of moxostoma specimens examined , only two cases of hybridization have been reported ( jenkins 1970 ; jenkins and burkhead 1993 ) . this included a single river redhorse hybrid with either a shorthead or greater redhorse . barriers to hybridization among moxostoma species include aggressive behaviour and differences in spawning time , temperature and habitat ( curry and spacie 1984 ; kwak and skelly 1992 ) .
the river redhorse is unique in having the combination of a red tail in life , a plicate lower lip with a straight margin or obtuse angle , 12 - 13 scales around the caudal peduncle , and a bulky head with a blunt snout . it can also be distinguished by its number of dorsal rays ( 13 - 15 ) and its lower lip that is broad and fleshy throughout . see also similar species information .
the availability of suitable habitat limits the distribution of the black redhorse in canada , rendering its distribution highly fragmented . habitat may be altered or impaired through urbanization and agricultural activities that increase siltation , turbidity , and change flow regimes . its restricted spawning habitat preferences make recruitment vulnerable to changes in flow regime . dams and impoundment of riverine habitats also restrict movements of fish . incidental catches of black redhorse by sport fishers have been reported and may impact populations .
the table below provides information about the protected status - both state and federal - and the rank ( s and g ranks ) for river redhorse ( moxostoma carinatum ) . see the working list key for more information about abbreviations . counties shaded blue have documented occurrences for this species in the wisconsin natural heritage inventory database . the map is provided as a general reference of where occurrences of this species meet nhi data standards and is not meant as a comprehensive map of all observations .
wwf is working to address these key questions by completing the first canada - wide assessment of the country’s watersheds , focusing on four indicators of river health and seven key threats . we have now completed watershed reports for all of canada’s 25 major watersheds .
every year between may and june , the sides of a male black redhorse darken to a greenish - black , and a pink stripe runs the length of its body . after spawning season is over , this colouration on the males’ sides fades to a bluish - silver .
as its common name suggests , the river redhorse most commonly inhabits large rivers ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 9 ) . it is typically found in rocky pools or areas with a moderate to swift current and a gravel , rubble or bedrock bottom ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) , although it has also been recorded in impoundments such as reservoirs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 9 ) . this species prefers clear water , without much silt or pollution ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .
the black redhorse usually lives in moderately sized rivers and streams , 25 to 130 m wide , up to 1 . 8 m in depth , and with generally moderate to fast currents . it is rarely found associated with aquatic vegetation . substrates include rubble , gravel , sand , boulders and silt . in summer , they generally prefer pools and overwinter in deeper pools . in the spring , black redhorse migrate to spawning habitats . spring spawning has been observed in riffle habitats at water temperatures between 15° and 21 ºc , and over a variety of substrates from fine gravel to large cobble . eggs are nonadhesive and range in size from 2 . 6 to 2 . 9 mm . the age at maturity is between two and six years . lifespan increases with latitude and some individuals reach 16 years of age .
fourteen states provided element occurrences or other confirmed records totaling over 250 occurrences . no good census figures ; usually uncommon or rare , occasionally common in certain areas ; declined greatly from past abundance . given estimate of 250 + occurrences , average population size of 40 individuals would bring abundance to 10 , 000 . numbers have diminished in the united states since 1925 ( scott and crossman 1973 ) . after severe declines in pennsylvania , during the 1970s and 1980s populations have increased ( barton 1993 , pers . comm . ) . populations in ohio are now believed to be stable after declines in the 1940s ( rice 1993 , pers . comm . ) . in kansas the river redhorse formerly was common ; in the last 20 years only one record has been documented ( busby 1993 , pers . comm . ) . populations are declining in canada ( parker and mckee 1984 ) .
the golden redhorse is unique in having the combination of a slate - colored tail in life , a plicate lower lip with an obtuse angle , 37 - 45 ( usually 40 - 42 ) lateral - line scales , 9 pelvic rays , and a relatively thick caudal peduncle ( > 63 % of sl ) . it can also be distinguished by its number of dorsal rays ( 10 - 15 ) and its lower lip that is broad and fleshy throughout . see also similar species information .
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ross , s . t . ( 2001 ) inland fishes of mississippi . university press of mississippi , jackson .
werner , r . g . ( 2004 ) freshwater fishes of the northeastern united states . syracuse university press , new york .
page , l . m . and burr , b . m . ( 1991 ) a field guide to freshwater fishes of north american north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , new york .
miller , r . j . and robison , h . w . ( 2004 ) fishes of oklahoma . university of oklahoma press , norman .
campbell , a . and dawes , j . ( 2004 ) encyclopedia of underwater life . oxford university press , oxford .
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this species is found in wisconsin ' s northwoods and has been profiled with the support of a wisconsin - based family who care deeply about the area . to learn more visit our eco - region pages .
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greek , myxo = to suckle + greek , stoma = mouth ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 77 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 48 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . published weight : 4 . 0 kg ( ref . 40637 ) ; max . reported age : 12 years ( ref . 12193 )
inhabits rocky pools and swift runs of small to large rivers . also occurs in impoundments ( ref . 5723 , 10294 ) . locally common but disappearing from northern and western parts of range ( ref . 5723 ) . adult feeds on small bivalve mollusks ( ref . 10294 ) .
page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00539 - 0 . 01856 ) , b = 2 . 95 ( 2 . 79 - 3 . 11 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 6 ±0 . 50 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tmax = 12 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 65 of 100 ) .
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note : a species guidance document is not available at this time . information below was compiled from publication er - 091 .
habitat : prefer moderate to swift waters of large rivers , lower portions of their main tributaries , reservoirs and pools over clean gravel and rubble . seldom found in deep water with mud , silt , or sand bottom .
state distribution : mississippi , rock , lower st . croix , sugar , wisconsin , black , chippewa and the yellow rivers . a map outlining pre - 1977 and 1997 to present distribution is available .
phenology : spawn during late march or early june . females lay from 6000 - 23 , 000 eggs on nests in gravel which hatch in three or four days . they may make upriver spawning migrations .
click to view a larger version . please considering donating a photo to the natural heritage conservation program for educational uses . photo use
close - up mouth / snout : the lower lips form an obtuse angle . they are fleshy and papillose and are overhung by the snout .
close - up mouth / snout : the lower lips form an obtuse angle . they are fleshy and plicate and are overhung by the snout .
close - up dorsal fin : there are 13 - 15 dorsal rays having a straight to slightly concave margin .
close - up flank : the flanks show a solid color with faint spots at the base of scales .
side view of a breeder : breeders develop tubercles on their anal and tail fins .
close - up caudal region : breeders develop tubercles on their anal and tail fins .
close - up tail : the tail is red in life ; there are 12 - 13 caudal peduncle scales .
ecological priorities are the combinations of natural communities and ecological landscapes that provide wisconsin ' s best opportunities to conserve important habitats for a given species of greatest conservation need . the 10 highest scoring combinations are considered ecological priorities and are listed below . more than 10 combinations are listed if multiple combinations tied for 10th place . for more information , please see the wildlife action plan .
* ecological priority score is a relative measure that is not meant for comparison between species . this score does not consider socio - economical factors that may dictate protection and / or management priorities differently than those determined solely by ecological analysis . further , a low ecological priority score does not imply that management or preservation should not occur on a site if there are important reasons for doing so locally .
conservation actions respond to issues or threats , which adversely affect species of greatest conservation need ( sgcn ) or their habitats . besides actions such as restoring wetlands or planting resilient tree species in northern communities , research , surveys and monitoring are also among conservation actions described in the wwap because lack of information can threaten our ability to successfully preserve and care for natural resources .
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the sides show a solid color and 41 - 46 ( usually 42 - 44 ) lateral line scales .
mouth and snout : inferior , no teeth on jaws . no barbels . body patterning , color , and scales : solid color or appearing faintly spotted ( see also breeding adults ) . body usually silvery , bronze , golden , or copper , grading from dark olive shades on the back to white on the belly . flank scales usually with a diffuse spot at their anterior exposed margin , often very faint in life but more pronounced in preserved specimens . tail and dorsal fin red ; other fins light yellow , orange , or red with limited dark pigment . 41 - 46 ( usually 42 - 44 ) cycloid lateral line scales . body shape and size : body fusiform or slightly dorsal - ventrally flattened and elongate ; approximately round in cross section ( flattened on ventral surface ) . typically 450 - 650 mm ( 18 - 26 in ) tl ; maximum in wisconsin about 760 mm ( 30 in ) .
tail , dorsal and other fins : forked tail . single dorsal with no spines and 13 - 15 rays . pelvic fins abdominal . adipose fin absent . anal fin with 7 rays .
males with large tubercles on snout and head and minute tubercles on upper body and fins ( photos ) . actively spawning males may also have a broad dark lateral stripe that fades quickly upon capture .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable , or the species may be declining but not fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories under criterion a ( reduction in population size ) .
generally confined to clearer large creeks and rivers ; occasionally in natural lakes and reservoirs ( lee et al . 1980 ) . adults generally occupy moderate to swift water over clean gravel , boulders , and rubble , or in deep , fast - flowing portions of pools . small individuals often are in pool shallows and backwaters ( burkhead and jenkins 1991 ) . spawns in excavated nest in gravel and gravel - rubble in shoals or large runs ( becker 1983 , lee et al . 1980 ) . some medium - sized creeks or small rivers are ascended for spawning , but juveniles do not stay long in these smaller waterways ( burkhead and jenkins 1991 ) . intolerant of pollution and heavy siltation .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research actions .
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the ohio journal of science . v86 , n1 ( march , 1986 ) , 18 - 21
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