aedes japonicus was originally described in 1901 from tokyo , japan , the island of honshu being its native range , but is now found in belgium , china , france , japan , south korea , panama , russia , taiwan , and the contiguous lower 48 united states .

it was first recorded in new york and new jersey in 1998 .

its range is expected to eventually include much of north america , europe , asia , and parts of hawaii .

aedes japonicus

human bloodfeeding by the recently introduced mosquito , aedes japonicus japonicus , and public health implications .
figure 1 . locations of detection of la crosse virus ( lacv ) rna and virus isolation from aedes japonicus mosquito pools . the red stars represent counties of the ae . japonicus lacv isolates , and . . .
the asian bush mosquito , aedes ( hulecoeteomyia ) japonicus japonicus ( theobald , 1901 ) ( diptera : culicidae ) , was first identified in austria in august 2011 in the federal state of styria at the border to slovenia .
figure 1 . locations of detection of la crosse virus ( lacv ) rna and virus isolation from aedes japonicus mosquito pools . the red stars represent counties of the ae . japonicus lacv isolates , and the blue . . .
abundance and bionomics of ochlerotatus j . japonicus in two counties in southwestern virginia .
recently introduced aedes albopictus in the united states–potential vector of la crosse virus ( bunyaviridae , california serogroup ) .
aedes koreicus is known to bite humans , farm animals [ 8 ] and domestic animals [ 2 ] .
the role of aedes koreicus in the transmission of the above - mentioned viruses in natural conditions remains unclear .
harris m , dotseth ej , jackson b , zink sd , marek pe , kramer ld , et al . la crosse virus in aedes japonicus japonicus mosquitoes in the appalachian region , united states . emerg infect dis . 2015 ; 21 ( 4 ) : 646 - 649 . urltoken
harris m , dotseth ej , jackson b , et al . la crosse virus in aedes japonicus japonicus mosquitoes in the appalachian region , united states . emerging infectious diseases . 2015 ; 21 ( 4 ) : 646 - 649 . doi : 10 . 3201 / eid2104 . 140734 .
a rapid identification guide for larvae of the most common north american container - inhabiting aedes species of medical importance .
aedes japonicus has been reported in austria , belgium , canada , china , france , germany , korea , japan , new zealand , the netherlands , russia , switzerland , slovenia taiwan and the us .
laboratory transmission of la crosse virus by ochlerotatus j . japonicus ( diptera : culicidae ) .
experimental transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus by ochlerotatus j . japonicus ( diptera : culicidae )
laboratory transmission of la crosse virus by o chlerotatus j . japonicus ( diptera : culicidae )
as with other aedes species , aedes koreicus seems well adapted to surviving human - induced transport over long distances , winter temperatures in northern europe and organic - rich , artificial and semi - natural containers [ 1 ] . much like aedes albopictus , this species can exploit urban habitats and is reported to be more tolerant of cold temperatures [ 2 ] .
michael g . kaufman , william w . stanuszek , elizabeth a . brouhard , randall g . knepper , edward d . walker ; establishment of aedes japonicus japonicus and its colonization of container habitats in michigan , journal of medical entomology , volume 49 , issue 6 , 1 december 2012 , pages 1307–1317 , urltoken
repeated measures profile analysis results for percentage ae . j . japonicus and total larvae hatched from ovistrips
ae . j . japonicus collected from cdc gravid traps and njlt in saginaw county , mi .
aedes koreicus has been reported in belgium , china , japan , italy , republic of korea ( south korea ) and russia .
a rapid identification guide for larvae of the most common north american container - inhabiting aedes species of medical importance . - pubmed - ncbi
considering its strong ecological and genetic overlap with aedes japonicus [ 12 ] and its ability to survive northern european winters and human - aided transport , the species may be introduced and establish in other european countries [ 2 ] . there is , however almost no information on the biology and activity of aedes koreicus [ 2 ] and therefore it is impossible to predict future risk at this stage .
adults of aedes koreicus are relatively large and show a black and white pattern due to the presence of white scale patches on a black background on the legs and other parts of the body . they strongly resemble aedes japonicus in that they also several have clear longitudinal lines on the scutum ( dorsal part of the thorax ) , which is diagnostic for distinguishing between aedes aegypti and aedes albopictus . the main distinguishing feature between the two species is the presence of a complete basal band on hindtarsomere 4 . individuals of aedes koreicus from jeju - do island , southwest of the republic of korea ( south korea ) mainland , have a fifth hind tarsomere with an incomplete pale basal band which is not the case for the specimens from the mainland . this characteristic is present in all individuals within the belgian population and those from italy .
nothing is known of how the species was initially introduced into belgium / europe . the species was reported in italy in 2011 during surveillance for aedes albopictus . surveillance was carried out in the same municipality during 2009 and 2010 but aedes koreicus was not detected at that time [ 2 ] .
distribution of aedes japonicus japonicus in western austria , neighbouring germany and the principality of liechtenstein from 27 april to 20 september 2015 . the black - and - white overview map shows austria and its neighbouring countries ; the detailed map segment is delineated . the blue circle indicates the first detection site of ae . j . japonicus in the principality of liechtenstein ; red circles indicate further detection sites in western austria , bavaria , and liechtenstein ( black arrows point towards important detection sites ) ; grey circles mark sampling sites in which ae . j . japonicus was not detected . scale - bar : 50 km
in parts of russia aedes koreicus has been proven to be a vector for japanese encephalitis virus [ 3 , 4 ] but this has never been reported from the field in korea [ 5 ] . there are indications that the species could be able to transmit dirofilaria immitis to dogs [ 6 ] and brugia malayi to humans [ 7 ] . aedes koreicus can be found more in human - inhabited areas compared to aedes japonicus , and the species is known to bite humans [ 8 ] during daytime [ 9 ] , increasing the potential contact with humans .
distribution of aedes japonicus japonicus in southern austria and slovenia from 9 august to 25 october 2011 . the black - and - white overview map shows austria and its neighbouring countries ; the detailed map segment is delineated . blue circles indicate the first detection sites of ae . j . japonicus in slovenia and austria , respectively ; red circles mark further detection sites in austria and slovenia ; grey circles indicate sampling sites in which ae . j . japonicus was not detected . the cities of lavamünd ( detection site ) and jennersdorf ( absence of the subspecies ) are indicated by black arrows . scale - bar : 50 km
nothing is known of the feeding preferences of aedes koreicus , although there are reports of blood meals being taken from cattle and humans [ 8 ] .
there is currently no specific surveillance action for the species . in belgium , aedes koreicus is being monitored through a temporary , nationwide mosquito surveillance project ( modirisk ) . specimens found in italy were identified via routine surveillance for aedes albopictus by the public health service , i . e . passive detection [ 2 ] .
the primary vectors of lacv , aedes triseriatus mosquitoes , are present in southwestern virginia and west virginia , but 2 invasive congeners— ae . albopictus and ae . japonicus —have recently emerged ( 3 ) . both species have been shown to be competent experimental lacv vectors ( 4 , 5 ) . although lacv has been isolated from ae . albopictus mosquitoes ( 6 ) , previously it had only been detected in the asian bush mosquito ( ae . japonicus japonicus ) in tennessee ( 7 ) . ae . japonicus mosquitoes are mammalophilic container breeders that co - occur with the primary lacv vector ( ae . triseriatus mosquitoes ) . known to feed on humans ( 8 ) , ae . japonicus mosquitoes are found in woodlands ( where this “rural encephalitis” virus is endemic ) and urban areas ( 9 ) .
overall phenology of aedes koreicus at maasmechelen ; gravid = gravid traps representing female oviposition activity and larval eclosion ; mmlp = mosquito magnet liberty plus traps representing adult activity .
harris , m . , dotseth , e . j . , jackson , b . , zink , s . d . , marek , p . e . , kramer , l . d . . . . hawley , d . m . ( 2015 ) . la crosse virus in aedes japonicus japonicus mosquitoes in the appalachian region , united states . emerging infectious diseases , 21 ( 4 ) , 646 - 649 . urltoken
la crosse virus ( lacv ) , a leading cause of arboviral encephalitis in children in the united states , is emerging in appalachia . for local arboviral surveillance , mosquitoes were tested . lacv rna was detected and isolated from aedes japonicus mosquitoes . these invasive mosquitoes may significantly affect lacv range expansion and dynamics .
in 2011 we identified the asian bush mosquito , aedes japonicus japonicus ( theobald , 1901 ) ( diptera : culicidae ) for the first time in northern slovenia and in the bordering austrian federal state of styria . between may and july 2012 the distribution area of ae . j . japonicus was already found to be extended westwards into carinthia and eastwards towards burgenland and bordering hungary . in august 2012 the species was first detected in a western province of hungary . in subsequent years , follow - up field studies demonstrated an active spread westwards throughout carinthia , reaching the border to northern italy .
the success of the invasion of ae . japonicus , particularly in the us , has been due to a number of factors including its ability to withstand long distance dispersal and winter temperatures in temperate regions , and its high tolerance to organic concentrations in a number of natural and artificial containers [ 2 ] . aedes japonicus has less specialised requirements for aquatic habitats , compared to ae . albopictus , and this could facilitate furtherspread of this species [ 3 ] .
oviposition dynamics and colonization of container habitats by the invasive species , aedes ( finlaya ) japonicus japonicus ( theobald ) were examined through the use of ovistrips placed in buckets , and larval surveys of tree holes and tires at sites in central michigan . in general , oviposition and colonization increased during the study periods , with several sites showing large increases from < 10 % ae . j . japonicus initially to over 60 % in the following years . seasonally , higher proportions of ae . j . japonicus were found in spring and fall collection periods . ae . j . japonicus larvae co - occurred in the artificial containers with ae . triseriatus , ae . hendersoni , several culex spp . , and anopheles spp . recent surveys of tire and tree hole habitats at our study areas in mid - michigan revealed that ae . j . japonicus had colonized most of these habitats , but maintained relatively low populations in tree holes occupied by ae . triseriatus . trends seen in tires from 2008 to 2011 , and from gravid trap and new jersey light traps in 2005–2011 , suggest that ae . j . japonicus populations are stabilizing as they integrate into native michigan mosquito communities .
oviposition dynamics and colonization of container habitats by the invasive species , aedes ( finlaya ) japonicus japonicus ( theobald ) were examined through the use of ovistrips placed in buckets , and larval surveys of tree holes and tires at sites in central michigan . in general , oviposition and colonization increased during the study periods , with several sites showing large increases from < 10 % ae . j . japonicus initially to over 60 % in the following years . seasonally , higher proportions of ae . j . japonicus were found in spring and fall collection periods . ae . j . japonicus larvae co - occurred in the artificial containers with ae . triseriatus , ae . hendersoni , several culex spp . , and anopheles spp . recent surveys of tire and tree hole habitats at our study areas in mid - michigan revealed that ae . j . japonicus had colonized most of these habitats , but maintained relatively low populations in tree holes occupied by ae . triseriatus . trends seen in tires from 2008 to 2011 , and from gravid trap and new jersey light traps in 2005–2011 , suggest that ae . j . japonicus populations are stabilizing as they integrate into native michigan mosquito communities .
in july 2015 several aquatic - stage specimens of the species were discovered at three different sites in the friuli venezia giulia region , north - eastern italy . in september 2015 , co - occurrence of ae . j . japonicus and aedes albopictus ( skuse , 1895 ) was observed in the same sample in that region .
there is no specific guidance on control of this mosquito species in belgium , although future action is currently being discussed . aedes koreicus is not targeted for control within its native range .
12 . cameron ec , wilkerson rc , mogi m , miyagi i , toma t , kim hc , et al . molecular phylogenetics of aedes japonicus , a disease vector that recently invaded western europe , north america , and the hawaiian islands . j med entomol . 2010 jul ; 47 ( 4 ) : 527 - 35 .
there is limited information on environmental thresholds constraining the distribution of ae . japonicus . although this species is said to be increasing in abundance in some areas of the us compared to native species , it was found that habitats with water temperature over 30 oc did not yield any ae . japonicus [ 11 ] . this could be a limiting factor for future spread in southern europe . although ae . albopictus has been shown to be superior to ae . japonicus in competing for food resources in larval habitats in the us ( particularly in artificial container habitats ) , higher overwintering survival and earlier hatching means ae . japonicus is able to exploit larval habitats before ae . albopictus [ 25 , 34 ] . competition with larvae of other aedes species may affect ae . japonicus adult longevity , but exploitation of multiple aquatic habitats lessens the impact this may have on the success of ae . japonicus in new habitats [ 32 ] . it is also suggested that this species is outcompeting ae . atropalpus in some areas of the united states due to shorter larval development periods [ 27 ] .
distribution of aedes japonicus japonicus in southern austria from 29 april to 9 october 2012 , including the first records in hungary , and from 28 april to 2 november 2013 . the black - and - white overview map shows austria and its neighbouring countries ; the detailed map segment is delineated . the blue circle indicates the site of the first detection of ae . j . japonicus in hungary in 2012 ; red circles mark further detection sites in austria and hungary in 2012 , grey circles indicate sampling sites in which ae . j . japonicus was not detected in 2012 . orange triangles indicate detection sites of the subspecies in 2013 , grey triangles mark sampling sites in which ae . j . japonicus was not detected in 2013 . black arrows point towards three “control sites” , i . e . sampling sites established at a certain distance to the first detection sites of the subspecies in styria and carinthia , respectively . scale - bar : 50 km
seasonal trends of ae . j . japonicus hatched from ovistrips in 2006 through 2008 . percent ae . j . japonicus ( bars ) and total number of larvae hatched per ovistrip ( black boxes connected by a line ) are means ± 1 se . total hatch numbers were not measured in 2006 .
aedes japonicus has become the third invasive mosquito species to be reported in europe . its geographical expansion has been facilitated by human activities such as the international trade in used tyres . it is now listed as one of the top 100 invasive species by the invasive species specialist group [ 1 ] . its distribution in central europe is also expanding .
the asian bush mosquito aedes japonicus japonicus ( theobald , 1901 ) [ = ochlerotatus japonicus ( sensu reinert et al . , 2004 ) = hulecoeteomyia japonica ( sensu reinert et al . , 2006 ) ] , has invaded large parts of north america and has recently started to spread in central - western europe . the species is suspected to act as a bridge vector of west nile virus but nothing or very little is known about its vector competence for chikungunya and dengue viruses . here , we report on experiments of laboratory infections of ae . japonicus with chikv and denv , demonstrating that the species has a vector potential for both viruses . considering the high abundance of the species in urban environments and its ability to feed on human , these results plead to include this species when processing risk assessments for mosquito - borne diseases .
overall trends by year for percent ae . j . japonicus and total larval hatches from ovistrip collections in 2006–2008 . percent ae . j . japonicus ( bars ) and total number of larvae hatched per ovistrip ( black boxes connected by a line ) are means ± 1 se . total hatch numbers were not measured in 2006 .
ae . j . japonicus actively extended its geographic range from an established population in carinthia ( austria ) southwards to northern italy by crossing alpine ranges . since ae . albopictus and aedes koreicus ( edwards , 1917 ) are already well established in northern italy , it will be pivotal to monitor the consequences of a third invasive mosquito species trying to populate the same geographic region .
in north america this mosquito feeds on white - tailed deer , which are known reservoir hosts for a number of pathogens including jamestown canyon virus , cache valley virus and potosi virus [ 29 ] . aedes japonicus may also act as a possible bridge vector of eastern equine encephalitis virus , la crosse virus , and west nile virus , with field - collected ae . japonicus being frequently found in the united states [ 19 ] . dunphy et al . [ 14 ] suggests that it is a likely bridge vector for la crosse virus given that ( a ) its established range coincides with regions where the primary vector is also present and hence the virus amplification will be occurring , and ( b ) laboratory studies have shown it to be competent . la crosse virus has also been isolated from field collected ae . japonicus . one pool of ae . japonicus collected in eastern tennessee during 2010 tested positive by pcr [ 39 ] . this represents the first report of natural infection in this mosquito species . further studies are required to assess host preferences of this mosquito within the endemic area [ 14 ] . aedes japonicus have also been shown to be competent vectors of both chikungunya virus and dengue , both of which have been recently reported in europe [ 7 ] .
lacv rna was detected in a pool of ae . japonicus mosquitoes collected as eggs in august 2005 from wise county , virginia . lacv was also detected in a pool of ae . japonicus mosquitoes from montgomery county , virginia , in july 2008 . lacv rna was detected in 5 separate pools of ae . japonicus mosquitoes collected in west virginia in 2013 , representing 3 counties over a 4 - month period . of 3 , 529 ae . japonicus mosquitoes collected from montgomery county in 2009 , we isolated lacv from 1 pool ( n = 3 ) . in that same year , of 796 ae . japonicus mosquitoes from craig county tested , lacv was isolated from 1 pool ( n = 50 ) ( table ) . these isolations were verified by qrt - pcr at cdc ( montgomery county isolate ) and the wadsworth center ( craig county isolate ) .
mosquitoes are the single most important taxon of arthropods affecting human health globally , and container - inhabiting aedes are important vectors of arthropod - borne viruses . desiccation - resistant eggs of container aedes have facilitated their invasion into new areas , primarily through transportation via the international trade in used tires . the public health threat from an introduced exotic species into a new area is imminent , and proactive measures are needed to identify significant vectors before onset of epidemic disease . in many cases , vector control is the only means to combat exotic diseases . accurate identification of vectors is crucial to initiate aggressive control measures ; however , many vector control personnel are not properly trained to identify introduced species in new geographic areas . we provide updated geographical ranges and a rapid identification guide with detailed larval photographs of the most common container - inhabiting aedes in north america . our key includes 5 native species ( aedes atropalpus , ae . epactius , ae . hendersoni , ae . sierrensis , ae . triseriatus ) and 3 invasive species ( ae . aegypti , ae . albopictus , ae . japonicus ) .
in its native range , ae . japonicus colonise tree - hole habitats but this has not often been reported for newly established areas in the united states or europe [ 27 ] .
aedes koreicus overwinter as eggs and hatch during spring [ 2 ] . the species probably survive in the same manner as aedes japonicus ‒ e . g . as freeze - and desiccation - resistant eggs that are dormant during winter and hatch once environmental conditions become more favourable . larvae collected in early spring 2010 in local containers demonstrated the ability of the species to survive northern european winters [ 1 ] . in italy , this species was found in belluno , veneto province , which extends from 305 to 2 149 metres above sea level , is characterised by a temperate climate , with cold and often snowy winters and mild warm summers [ 2 ] .
larvae of the species have been found breeding at a number of artificial sites , such as garden ponds , water drums and other water - containing vessels [ 15 ] , and in natural sites such as tree holes and stone cavities containing rain water and decaying tree leaves [ 6 ] . tanaka et al . [ 8 ] stated that the larvae of aedes koreicus can be found more easily in areas inhabited by humans than the larvae of aedes japonicus . in belgium , immatures of aedes koreicus were found at artificial sites ( discarded tyres , old rusted construction equipment ) , as well as in more natural sites such as road tracks and ditches [ 1 ] ; in italy , larvae were found in manholes , a bucket in a private garden and flower pots in a cemetery . the bucket in the private garden was heavily infested and was said to be filled with clean water [ 2 ] .
it is suggested that ae . japonicus may expand beyond its current geographical distribution [ 5 ] but there is still a lack of information available on this invasive mosquito species [ 21 ] .
the isolation of lacv from field - collected ae . japonicus mosquitoes , and particularly from mosquitoes collected as eggs , is highly significant because of the pervasiveness of this species in the united states . the large number of lacv detections in this invasive species highlights the need for lacv mosquito surveillance and control efforts to include ae . japonicus in addition to ae . triseriatus mosquito populations . most ( 3 / 5 ) detections of lacv in west virginia were in mosquitoes from fayette county , where incidence of lacv among humans is high , suggesting that ae . japonicus mosquitoes may play a major role in transmission of lacv to humans . our detection of lacv in ae . japonicus mosquitoes from field - collected eggs in 2005 and the ability of lacv to be transmitted transovarially in ae . triseriatus mosquitoes suggests that future research should examine the possibility of vertical transmission of lacv in invasive ae . japonicus mosquitoes . in states east of the mississippi river , where ae . japonicus mosquitoes ( 9 ) and lacv ( 2 ) co - exist , this mosquito may play a major role in the maintenance , transmission , and range expansion of lacv .
between 2011 and 2015 the spread of ae . j . japonicus was monitored in southern , eastern and western austrian provinces as well as in neighbouring countries by checking natural and man - made container habitats for the aquatic stages . the search concentrated around the most recent occurrence of ae . j . japonicus and extended up to several kilometres until the subspecies could not be found anymore .
in japan and korea , its normal native range , ae . japonicus is not considered an important disease vector [ 3 ] . there is a concern however that this species may become a pest problem or be involved in the transmission of north american arboviruses such as west nile virus [ 4 ] . aedes japonicus colonises urbanised environments [ 5 ] and females are active during the day [ 6 ] , increasing the potential contact this species could have with humans which in turn may result in disease transmission . more recently , this species has shown vector competence for the transmission of dengue and chikungunya , both of which have been recently reported in europe [ 7 ] .
burger and davis ( 2008 ) point out a key competitive advantage that ae . j . japonicus has over ae . triseriatus and other species . they note , and we have observed the same here in michigan , that the invasive species hatches earlier and is active ( as larvae and as ovipositing females ) later into the fall than ae . triseriatus . this translates into at least one more generation per year for ae . j . japonicus . our data show that the seasonal range of both ovipositional activity and larval presence of ae . j . japonicus in artificial containers exceeds that of ae . triseriatus . this phenology may provide ae . j . japonicus an advantage in these habitats through avoidance or reduction of intense larval competition during some times of the year , and contribute to its successful integration into the new mosquito community .
burger and davis ( 2008 ) point out a key competitive advantage that ae . j . japonicus has over ae . triseriatus and other species . they note , and we have observed the same here in michigan , that the invasive species hatches earlier and is active ( as larvae and as ovipositing females ) later into the fall than ae . triseriatus . this translates into at least one more generation per year for ae . j . japonicus . our data show that the seasonal range of both ovipositional activity and larval presence of ae . j . japonicus in artificial containers exceeds that of ae . triseriatus . this phenology may provide ae . j . japonicus an advantage in these habitats through avoidance or reduction of intense larval competition during some times of the year , and contribute to its successful integration into the new mosquito community .
aedes japonicus is endemic to korea , japan , taiwan , southern china and russia [ 8 ] and has since spread to a number of other countries ( see above ) . this spread has occurred since the 1990s and like other invasive mosquito species , ae . japonicus has relocated to new geographical areas via the movement of infested tyres . it was first reported outside its native range in new zealand , where it was introduced via the used tyre trade [ 9 ] . once introduced to the united states , the standard - bred horse trade may have been contributed to expansion there , as early collection sites in new york and new jersey were associated with trailers and standard - bred horse breeding areas [ 10 ] .
aedes japonicus can produce freeze and desiccation - resistant eggs [ 11 ] that can remain dormant over winter and hatch once environmental conditions become favourable . this allows for the species to be transported in infested containers [ 24 ] . larvae also overwinter in its native range , in new jersey and north carolina [ 25 ] . during studies in belgium in 2008 , larval sampling during early spring confirmed that this species can overwinter as diapausing eggs in northern europe [ 2 ] . in parts of asia , ae . japonicus overwinters as eggs such as in north eastern japan but as larvae in other areas such as south western japan [ 3 ] . no larvae were found however during winter sampling in belgium [ 2 ] .
mean percent ae . j . japonicus hatched from ovistrips at each site from 2006 to 2007 . see table 1 for site codes and descriptions . filled symbols are rural sites , open symbols are urban or suburban sites .
1 . versteirt v , de clercq em , fonseca dm , pecor j , schaffner f , coosemans m , et al . bionomics of the established exotic mosquito species aedes koreicus in belgium , europe . j med entomol . 2012 nov ; 49 ( 6 ) : 1226 - 32 .
2 . capelli g , drago a , martini s , montarsi f , soppelsa m , delai n , et al . first report in italy of the exotic mosquito species aedes ( finlaya ) koreicus , a potential vector of arboviruses and filariae . parasit vectors . 2011 ; 4 : 188 .
larval surveys of tree holes and tires at hudson and toumey woodlots indicated that ae . j . japonicus maintained consistently low populations in natural tree holes , but was found in tires at significantly higher relative populations ( fig . 6 ; table 3 ) . tree holes in hudson woodlot , which also contained the tire array , had higher relative numbers of ae . j . japonicus than toumey woodlot . however , this difference was significant in 2010 only ( table 3 ) . ae . j . japonicus appeared to decline in hudson woodlot during 2011 and this was primarily related to low numbers in both tree holes and tires in the early part of the season ( april through june ) . during late season collections ( august through september ) in 2011 , the percentage of ae . j . japonicus larvae had returned to levels comparable to earlier years ( > 20 and 40 % in tree holes and tires , respectively , data not shown ) .
repeated measures manova and individual anovas by year results for container type effects on percent a . japonicus larvae collected from tree holes and tires in hudson woodlot ( h and ht , respectively ) , and tree holes in toumey woodlot ( t )
to ascertain the public health risk that ae . japonicus mosquito vectors represent for lacv transmission , we examined mosquitoes from west virginia and virginia for presence of this arbovirus . we report 2 independent isolations of lacv from adult ae . japonicus mosquitoes in southwestern virginia and 7 field detections of lacv rna from adults ( virginia and west virginia ) and adults reared from eggs ( virginia ) . our findings suggest a potential role of this invasive vector in the ecology of lacv in appalachia ( figure 1 ) .
larvae of ae . japonicus appear brownish - yellow or darker , with a slender appearance and long siphon . the head capsule has no bright areas on the dorsal side . eyes and mouthparts are not distinctly visible via the naked eye [ 19 ] .
13 . reinert jf . new classification for the composite genus aedes ( diptera : culicidae : aedini ) , elevation of subgenus ochlerotatus to generic rank , reclassification of the other subgenera , and notes on certain subgenera and species . j am mosq control assoc . 2000 sep ; 16 ( 3 ) : 175 - 88 .
cdc gravid traps and njlts monitored in saginaw co . from 2005 through 2011 ( fig . 7 ) indicated that ae . j . japonicus abundance has been roughly stable since 2006 , with some evidence of decline in females attracted to gravid traps in 2011 . we found no significant difference between total ae . j . japonicus numbers collected from njlts in urban or rural locations ( manova : year × site type ; f = 2 . 2951 ; p = 0 . 0832 ; df numerator / denominator = 6 / 17 ) .
ae . j . japonicus is a reported colonizer of tree hole habitats in its native range ( tanaka et al . 1979 , sota et al . 1994 ) , but this has not often been observed in previous studies in the united states or in europe ( bevins 2007 , verstreit et al . 2009 , andreadis and wolf 2010 ) . bevins ( 2007 ) found a high relative abundance of ae . j . japonicus in a small number of tree holes in the southeastern united states , but this is the only study that suggests the invading species may be very successful in these habitats . our results suggest that it will not displace ae . triseriatus from tree holes in michigan and similar northern areas . however , we consistently find ae . j . japonicus larvae in natural tree holes in our study area and it remains to be seen if some level of permanent integration into these habitats will occur . ae . j . japonicus is a very competent competitor with ae . triseriatus and other tree hole colonizers ( armistead et al . 2008b , alto 2011 , hardstone and andreadis 2012 ) .
v . versteirt , e . m . de clercq , d . m . fonseca , j . pecor , f . schaffner , m . coosemans , w . van bortel ; bionomics of the established exotic mosquito species aedes koreicus in belgium , europe , journal of medical entomology , volume 49 , issue 6 , 1 december 2012 , pages 1226–1232 , urltoken
site refers to rural or urban designation . numerator and denominator df for manova ( roy’s max root ) were 3 and 19–20 , respectively , for percent ae . j . japonicus , and 3 and 12 , respectively , for total larvae hatched . error df for contrasts in profile analysis were 21 .
in north america , larvae and biting adults have been collected between may–november in connecticut [ 26 ] and may–october in new york state [ 15 ] . larvae of ae . japonicus have also been shown to be the dominant species within rock pools during the early to mid - summer months when temperatures are lower [ 10 ] and also during spring and fall collections in the united states [ 27 ] . in switzerland , eggs were found until october during field studies in 2008 [ 5 ] and data from north american studies suggests ae . japonicus remains active through early autumn in northern temperate zones [ 14 ] .
aedes koreicus is endemic to japan , north - eastern china , the republic of korea ( south korea ) and parts of russia [ 8 ] . in the republic of korea ( south korea ) the species has frequently been found in the northern regions [ 10 ] and on the island of gyeongsangbuk - do [ 11 ] , but also on the island of jeju - do in the south [ 8 ] .
in its native region the species is trapped using cdc light traps , although large numbers are not caught [ 10 ] . in belgium , the species was monitored using co2 - baited traps , bg sentinels and john hock gravid traps . however , the species is never caught in large numbers ( versteirt et al . 2012 ) . this species was successfully detected using ovitraps set for aedes albopictus in italy [ 2 ] .
aedes koreicus was recently found established in a small area of eastern belgium although it does not seem to be spreading . this was the first report of the species outside its native region in korea [ 1 ] and the first worldwide report of the species arriving in a new area . the species has also recently been reported in veneto province , italy [ 2 ] but further surveillance is needed to assess the spread of the species in italy .
this study shows that ae . j . japonicus has established in many areas of michigan and continues to integrate itself into container habitat communities . we suggest that the species is reaching more stable populations , but additional monitoring will be needed to determine what will eventually be considered typical levels in our area . there is little evidence to indicate ae . j . japonicus will totally displace native species in michigan such as ae . triseriatus , cx . pipiens , or cx . restuans , even at a local level , but studies of its interactions with ae . atropalpus in michigan are lacking . however , it is very likely affecting local population levels of vector species and the effect on arbovirus transmission remains to be seen .
the species was found for the first time in 2008 and was reported again in subsequent years from the same area in belgium . larvae and adults of aedes koreicus were found within a 6km2 area , but the population was concentrated in an industrial zone at the initial reference site [ 1 ] . entomological investigations into the recent establishment of this species in belluno , veneto province , italy during 2011 also did not reveal introduction routes . this species has not yet been detected in the areas surrounding the initial site of detection [ 2 ] . morphological identification of these specimens suggests that they are the form reported from jeju - do island , korea ( due to the presence of a basal pale band on hind tarsomere v ) . in both cases of establishment outside the native range , introduction routes for aedes koreicus have not been identified , although international trade has been suggested as a possible route in belgium [ 1 ] .
light traps , grass infusion baited gravid traps , co2 cdc traps and encephalitis virus surveillance traps were used to collect specimens in new jersey [ 12 ] and ovitraps have also been widely used [ 36 ] . andreadis et al [ 26 ] found that grass - infused gravid traps and co2 light traps were the most successful , with little success with ovitraps . dunphy et al [ 14 ] also found gravid traps to be successful for collecting ae . japonicus and these were also used by falco et al . , [ 15 ] in new york . anderson et al . [ 40 ] used cdc miniature light traps baited with co2 plus traptech mosquito lure as an effective method to collect ae . japonicus under field conditons .
towards the north , four ae . j . japonicus females were attracted by a human bait created by one of the authors ( bs ) on 11 july 2012 in the city centre of graz , the capital of styria , alongside the main railroad station ( europaplatz , 47 . 072134n , 15 . 419154e ; 371 m . a . s . l . ) .
the percentage of ae . j . japonicus larvae hatched from ovistrips varied significantly between monthly period and year , with overall percentages increasing from 2006 to 2008 ( figs . 2 and 3 ; table 2 ) . rural sites generally had higher percentages of ae . j . japonicus than did the suburban / urban classification ( grand means for urban and rural ovistrip hatches ranged between 43–81 and 68–95 % , respectively , from 2006 to 2008 ) , but site types were not significantly different ( table 2 ) . however , it was clear that individual sites varied considerably and that all sites generally maintained similar levels or increased in ae . j . japonicus oviposition between 2006 and 2008 ( fig . 4 ) . the total number of larvae hatched varied significantly with monthly period , but this was not affected by year ( 2007–2008 ) or urban / rural classification ( figs . 2 and 3 ; table 2 ) . on a seasonal basis , the highest percentage of ae . j . japonicus occurred in the may through june and september through october periods ( fig . 2 ) . profile analysis contrasts ( table 2 ) showed that the mean for the may through june period was significantly different from july , september through october was significantly different from august , but july and august did not differ . the differences between monthly periods were not affected by year or site ( table 2 ) . total larvae hatched increased significantly between may through june and july , but not between the other monthly intervals , and year and site type did not affect this difference ( fig . 2 ; table 2 ) .
in this study , we began investigation into the potential interactions between ae . j . japonicus and ae . triseriatus by quantifying oviposition of these species in artificial containers at sites expected to harbor ae . triseriatus populations . we also surveyed co - occurring larvae in the artificial containers , and examined tree holes and tires at our long - term study sites for the presence and relative abundance of the invasive species .
we found that the use of plastic buckets with leaf material is an excellent means for determining the presence of this species because these monitoring devices are inexpensive , convenient , low maintenance , and colonized rapidly by ae . j . japonicus if present locally . occasional addition of water of rain or distilled water , and leaf material if necessary , is usually all that is required for season - long monitoring . ae . j . japonicus eggs hatch readily from may through october in our area , and regular larval collections , as opposed to the use of cloth ovistrips , can determine if the species is present in any number of locations . these observations are consistent with previous studies that have found gravid traps to be the most effective way to collect adults ( scott et al . 2001b , falco et al . 2002 , lee and kokas 2004 ) . although ae . j . japonicus females will oviposit in sunlit areas ( joy and sullivan 2005 ) , placement of the buckets in shaded or partially shaded areas is preferable . the proximity to human activity appears to be a nonfactor ( joy 2004 ) as containers at some of our sites were placed directly adjacent to occupied human dwellings and high numbers of eggs and larvae were still collected .
ae . j . japonicus appears to be well - established in areas of michigan and showed high or increasing levels of relative abundance at most of our study sites from 2006 through 2008 . notably , the site of our initial discovery in eaton county in 2003 continued to yield larvae in high numbers . we have sampled many other locations in michigan and have always found larvae or collected eggs of this invasive species , usually associated with artificial containers . in its native range and in the eastern united states , ae . j . japonicus is associated with rock pools along rivers and streams ( tanaka et al . 1979 , andreadis et al . 2001 , scott et al . 2001a ) , and we have also collected larvae from such habitats in michigan’s upper peninsula , showing that it has established well north of our current study areas .
ae . j . japonicus appears to be well - established in areas of michigan and showed high or increasing levels of relative abundance at most of our study sites from 2006 through 2008 . notably , the site of our initial discovery in eaton county in 2003 continued to yield larvae in high numbers . we have sampled many other locations in michigan and have always found larvae or collected eggs of this invasive species , usually associated with artificial containers . in its native range and in the eastern united states , ae . j . japonicus is associated with rock pools along rivers and streams ( tanaka et al . 1979 , andreadis et al . 2001 , scott et al . 2001a ) , and we have also collected larvae from such habitats in michigan ' s upper peninsula , showing that it has established well north of our current study areas .
culex spp . were the most common larvae found in the oviposition buckets , but their relative proportion declined seasonally as ae . j . japonicus generally increased ( fig . 5 ) . ae . triseriatus tended to be more prominent in july and august periods , and in 2007 compared with 2008 . in 2008 , identifiable larvae ( i . e . , third and fourth instars ) were dominated by culex spp . and ae . j . japonicus . the culex species present in both years were primarily cx . restuans and cx . pipiens , with rare collections ( < 1 % ) of cx . territans . cx . restuans comprised over 70 % of culex collected in the first two seasonal periods ( may through july ) , while cx . pipiens was over 70 % of identified culex in the last two periods ( august through october ) .
from our larval surveys in tree holes and tires in our study area , it might appear that ae . j . japonicus is experiencing a decline . because this is only one site , any conclusions are tenuous ; however , our general observations of larvae in early 2011 at other sites that normally produce large numbers of the species were that the spring brood was far below what we had seen in the past 5 yr . gravid trap data from saginaw co . also indicate a decline in 2011 ( fig . 7 ) relative to previous years . however , njlts at permanent locations in saginaw co . suggest populations between 2006 and 2011 were similar . whether these observations collectively indicate an overall trend toward stabilization at lower than initial densities as ae . j . japonicus permanently integrates into the areas is unknown , but similar patterns have been seen for other invasive organisms ( simberloff and gibbons 2004 ) .
although we did not find a significant positive association with ae . j . japonicus and rural sites , previous studies have reported that the species tends to be more abundant in rural versus urban areas ( e . g . , falco et al . 2002 ) . bevins ( 2007 ) has postulated that this species , because of its adaptability to rock pools , may use river corridors as well as normal transportation routes ( e . g . , commercial transport of tires and other containers ) to expand . the rapid establishment of the species in artificial containers in rural , agricultural areas ( kaufman et al . 2005 ) indicates that transport and storage of used tires in rural areas is also important . because ae . j . japonicus seems particularly sensitive to high temperatures , as reflected in the limited extent of its southern range both in asia and the united states ( tanaka et al . 1979 , andreadis and wolfe 2010 ) , it’s possible that less overall shaded areas and urban heat islands also play a role in limiting the species’ abundance in urban areas . we found no difference for urban and rural site designations in the saginaw njlt data , but these traps have very low capture rates ( average of < 1 individual for every 10 trap nights ) for ae . j . japonicus and are not the best measures of local abundance for this species .
collected ovistrips were incubated in closed plastic bags at 15°c , a photoperiod of 16 : 8 l : d h , for 4 wk ( shoyer and craig 1983 ) . they were then transferred to containers with dilute ( 1 : 10 ) nutrient broth ( bacterial growth medium ; bd difco , franklin lake , nj ) and allowed to hatch over several days . larvae were reared to third and fourth instar at low densities with food added ad libitum , preserved in ethanol , and later identified . in 2006 , ovistrips were reincubated after the first hatch attempt for an additional 2–3 wk and then resubmerged in nutrient broth to induce a second hatch . the percentage of ae . j . japonicus was consistent between the first and second hatches in 2006 ( analysis of variance [ anova ] ; p = 0 . 8117 ; error df = 285 ) , so we eliminated this practice in subsequent seasons . additionally , in 2006 , we recorded only the relative proportion of ae . j . japonicus larvae for each strip , based on 2–4 ml subsamples of the entire preserved larval hatch ( minimum of 10 larvae ) . in 2007 and 2008 , we either counted the entire hatch from each strip or used a constant volume subsample ( 5 ml from 20 ml preserved larval sample ) to determine total hatch numbers as well as the proportion of ae . j . japonicus .
although we did not find a significant positive association with ae . j . japonicus and rural sites , previous studies have reported that the species tends to be more abundant in rural versus urban areas ( e . g . , falco et al . 2002 ) . bevins ( 2007 ) has postulated that this species , because of its adaptability to rock pools , may use river corridors as well as normal transportation routes ( e . g . , commercial transport of tires and other containers ) to expand . the rapid establishment of the species in artificial containers in rural , agricultural areas ( kaufman et al . 2005 ) indicates that transport and storage of used tires in rural areas is also important . because ae . j . japonicus seems particularly sensitive to high temperatures , as reflected in the limited extent of its southern range both in asia and the united states ( tanaka et al . 1979 , andreadis and wolfe 2010 ) , it ' s possible that less overall shaded areas and urban heat islands also play a role in limiting the species ' abundance in urban areas . we found no difference for urban and rural site designations in the saginaw njlt data , but these traps have very low capture rates ( average of < 1 individual for every 10 trap nights ) for ae . j . japonicus and are not the best measures of local abundance for this species .


levinellidae is a family of sponges in the order clathrinida .

it includes the genera burtonulla , levinella , sycettaga .

it contains the following species : burtonulla borojevic & boury-esnault , 1986 burtonulla sibogae borojevic & boury-esnault , 1986 levinella borojevic & boury-esnault , 1986 levinella prolifera ( dendy , 1913 ) levinella thalassae borojevic & boury-esnault , 1986 sycettaga haeckel , 1872 sycettaga primitiva haeckel , 1872

levinellidae

van soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; rützler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; schönberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; díaz , m . - c . ; cárdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; ríos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database . levinellidae borojevic & boury - esnault , 1986 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 131622 on 2018 - 07 - 09
van soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; rützler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; schönberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; díaz , m . - c . ; cárdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; ríos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database . levinellidae borojevic & boury - esnault , 1986 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 131622 on 2018 - 07 - 09
borojevic , r . ; boury - esnault , n . ( 1986 ) . une nouvelle voie d’évolution chez les éponges calcinea : description des genres burtonulla n . g . et levinella n . g . bulletin du muséum national d’histoire naturelle . ( 4 , a ) 8 ( 3 ) : 443 - 455 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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a monofamilial order of sponges in the subclass calcinea having an asconoid structure and lacking a true dermal membrane or cortex .
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shake the yoke ( foaled 1 april 1993 ) was a british-bred thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare .

originally trained in france , she showed good form as a two-year-old , winning the prix d'aumale and finishing second in the prix marcel boussac .

in the following year she won the prix de la grotte by ten lengths and recorded her biggest success when taking the coronation stakes at royal ascot .

in the same year she finished second in both the poule d'essai des pouliches and the queen elizabeth ii challenge cup stakes and third in the prix du moulin .

she was then exported to the united states where she took time to adapt to her new conditions , but won the wilshire handicap as a five-year-old in 1998 .

she later had some success as a broodmare , producing several winners .

shake the yoke

‘kelsey fought to maintain control with the yoke that was trying to shake itself out of his hands . ’
the present invention relates to an image - shake correction device configured to shift a lens to correct image shake occurring due to camera shake in an optical apparatus such as a digital camera or a video camera .
put a yoke on ( a pair of animals ) ; couple or attach with or to a yoke .
it’s the shake i make every morning . it’s vegan , and you can find the ingredients anywhere .
‘the only noise was the snorting of oxen as they pulled against the yoke . ’
this protein shake made with protein powder is not chalky at all . it’s wonderful .
‘the more tightly you grip the yoke , the greater the tendency to make unintended inputs . ’
in connection with the lens barrel of an optical apparatus such as a digital camera , there is a method of correcting image shake occurring due to camera shake or the like during shooting , according to which an image - shake correction lens is shifted along a plane orthogonal to the optical axis .
3 . the image - shake correction device according to claim 1 , wherein the yoke of the first driving unit as projected onto the plane orthogonal to the optical axis is of a trapezoidal configuration .
‘zeke clutched the yoke and throttle , while jeff calibrated the weapons arrays . ’
‘keep the yoke or stick full aft to minimize weight on the nosewheel . ’
search to shake off the yoke and thousands of other words in english definition and synonym dictionary from reverso . you can complete the definition of to shake off the yoke given by the english definition dictionary with other english dictionaries : wikipedia , lexilogos , oxford , cambridge , chambers harrap , wordreference , collins lexibase dictionaries , merriam webster . . .
‘eliminate the collar and finish the neckline edge with the yoke lining according to the pattern guidesheet . ’
10 . a lens barrel equipped with the image - shake correction device as claimed in claim 1 .
the old noyoke shake * was similar . but this one fits my lifestyle and probably yours a bit better .
‘my feet and hands moved automatically , working the strafing pedals and the control yoke . ’
‘gilkie found the yoke wildly bucking as he attempted to hold on to the controls . ’
wherein the ball is held between the shift base and the magnet base by the magnetic attractive force generated between the magnet and the yoke .
magic isle ( gb ) , by zafonic ( usa ) . placed in france . half - sister to shake the yoke ( dam of shake off ) , tropical ( dam of tropical star ) , kournakova . dam of 9 foals , 7 to race , 1 winner , inc : -
‘we turn the control yoke just a little toward the wind and the aileron comes up a little . ’
f .
my yoke
here means
the service of god as i teach it
( the common interpretation ,
the sorrows that i bear ,
is utterly irrelevant ) and the emphasis is on
my .
the contrast is not between
yoke
and
no yoke ,
but between
my teaching
( light yoke ) and
the current scribal teaching ' ; ( heavy yoke ) .
‘the gang tries to throw off the yoke of racist oppression and control their own destinies . ’
‘the term is an antiquated yoke of oppression , politically , culturally and socially . ’
‘the club wore green guernseys with a red yoke , which was also distinctive . ’
9 . the image - shake correction device according to claim 1 , wherein the first direction and the second direction are orthogonal to each other .
something high above us - stars , to move the foundation or move greatly , to have a great impact - shake the yolk .
‘that part of the preflight where we bring the yoke all the way back just isn ' t happening . ’
‘fifty three years ago india shook off the yoke of british imperialism and became independent . ’
‘she saw herself bound to her routine like a bullock to its yoke . ’
essentially , to change his fate . to shake the yoke ( you know what a yoke is , right ? ) is like slapping the reins on a team of horses or oxen ; the equivalent of saying
giddyap !
and , inauspicious ( unfavorable ) stars refers to bad luck : his horoscope is against him ! p . s . i had better add that a yoke is not a yolk . a yoke is a wooden brace that holds two work animals together .
the detection of a shake angle in a photographing apparatus is performed through integration of the outputs of an angular velocity sensor such as a vibration gyro fixed to the photographing apparatus . the respective outputs of a pitch - direction shake angle detection sensor 114 and a yaw - direction shake angle detection sensor 115 are processed by the cpu 105 . according to the output from the pitch shake angle detection sensor 114 , a pitch coil driving circuit 116 is drive - controlled , so that the energization of the coil 28 p ( not illustrated ) is controlled . further , according to the output from the yaw shake angle detection sensor 115 , a yaw coil driving circuit 117 is drive - controlled , so that the energization of the coil 28 y ( not illustrated ) is controlled .
‘it ' s a triumphant moment of humanity unwilling to bow under the yoke of oppression . ’
‘individual senators have little or no incentive to yoke themselves together to advance the national interest . ’
‘this could be the catalyst needed for the revolution of the common people of the world to unite and throw off the yoke of government oppression . ’
neither shake the yoke nor antespend was scheduled to try a breeders’ cup championship day race . mcanally , antespend’s trainer , indicated she would be pointed for the nov . 3 yellow ribbon stakes ( gr . it ) at santa anita .
‘he turned his yoke to the right to try to bring the left wing up but received no response . ’
her dam , magic isle ( gb ) , is a half sister to three individual stakes winners , including shake the yoke ( caerleon ) , joint third top filly on the 1995 2yo and 1996 3yo european classification and herself the dam of 8 winners .
5 . the image - shake correction device according to claim 1 , wherein , to generate a magnetic attractive force for reducing a moment acting on the shift member due to the magnetic attractive force generated between the magnet and the yoke of the first driving unit when the second driving unit is driven , the yoke of the second driving unit is shaped such that when the yoke of the second driving unit is divided into two portions by a straight line parallel to the second direction and passing a middle of a width of the yoke of the second driving unit in a direction orthogonal to the second direction in the plane orthogonal to the optical axis , an amount of magnetic flux from the magnet of the second driving unit passing through the yoke of the second driving unit is larger in one of the two portions nearer to the first driving unit than in another of the two portions farther from the first driving unit .
‘get the yoke back and either ride it out or add power and fly out of it . ’
the draw with the old noyoke shake was the drink’s consistency . compared to powder - based alternatives , liquid pasteurized egg whites as the protein supplement made for smoother smoothies . less chalky .
2 . the image - shake correction device according to claim 1 , wherein the yoke of the first driving unit is shaped such that when the yoke of the first driving unit is divided into two portions by a straight line parallel to the first direction and passing a middle of a width of the yoke of the first driving unit in a direction orthogonal to the first direction in the plane orthogonal to the optical axis , a volume of one of the two portions that is nearer to the second driving unit is larger than a volume of another of the two portions that is farther from the second driving unit .
thus , any configuration of the yoke is to be covered by the scope of the present invention so long as it embodies the above technical idea .
6 . the image - shake correction device according to claim 5 , wherein the yokes of the first and second driving units as projected onto the plane orthogonal to the optical axis are of a trapezoidal configuration .
‘use rudders for heading control and only small jabs of the yoke to correct pitch and bank excursions . ’
figs . 7a through 7d illustrate examples of the configuration of a yoke according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention .
‘the yoke was fastened to the pole with a complex of knots so thoroughly tangled that it was impossible to unravel . ’
‘the god told him that he would meet a cow that had never borne the weight of a yoke or plough . ’
‘artistic approach to the style has been undergoing modern transformation , emerging out from under the oppressive yoke of postmodernist theory . ’
a shake signal of the photographing apparatus is output from the pitch - direction shake angle detection sensor 114 and the yaw - direction shake angle detection sensor 115 . further , a shift amount signal is output from the pitch - direction position detection sensor 118 and the yaw - direction position detection sensor 119 . based on a signal obtained through performing amplification and appropriate phase compensation on a signal corresponding to the difference between the shake signal and the shift amount signal , the cpu 105 causes the shift lens frame 22 to be shifted by the pitch coil driving circuit 116 and the yaw coil driving circuit 117 . through this control , poisoning control is performed on the third lens group l 3 so as to further diminish the above differential signal , thus maintaining the lens group at the target position .
wherein , to generate a magnetic attractive force for reducing a moment acting on the shift member due to the magnetic attractive force generated between the magnet and the yoke of the second driving unit when the first driving unit is driven , the yoke of the first driving unit is shaped such that when the yoke of the first driving unit is divided into two portions by a straight line parallel to the first direction and passing a middle of a width of the yoke of the first driving unit in a direction orthogonal to the first direction in the plane orthogonal to the optical axis , an amount of magnetic flux from the magnet of the first driving unit passing through the yoke of the first driving unit is larger in one of the two portions nearer to the second driving unit than in another of the two portions farther from the second driving unit .
starting to fulfill the promise she brought with her when she came over from europe nearly two years ago , shake the yoke demonstrated her talent with a comfortable victory over 14 - 1 shot traces of gold and seven others in the $ 110 , 400 wilshire handicap on saturday at hollywood park .
it was the fifth win in 15 starts for shake the yoke , and she has won two of five since joining ellis ' barn last year . she has been second in two of those defeats , including a four - length loss to fiji in the santa ana handicap on march 21 .
according to an aspect of the present disclosure , an image - shake correction device for correcting image shake includes a shift member configured to support a lens , a first driving unit configured to move the shift member in a first direction along a plane orthogonal to an optical axis , and a second driving unit configured to move the shift member in a second direction that is different from the first direction along the plane orthogonal to the optical axis , wherein each of the first and second driving units includes a magnet , a coil , and a yoke configured to generate a magnetic attractive force between the yoke and the magnet , with the shift member being moved by the magnetic attractive force developed as a result of energizing the coil , and wherein , to generate a magnetic attractive force for reducing a moment acting on the shift member due to the magnetic attractive force generated between the magnet and the yoke of the second driving unit when the first driving unit is driven , the yoke of the first driving unit is shaped such that when the yoke of the first driving unit is divided into two portions by a straight line parallel to the first direction and passing a middle of a width of the yoke of the first driving unit in a direction orthogonal to the first direction in the plane orthogonal to the optical axis , an amount of magnetic flux from the magnet of the first driving unit passing through the yoke of the first driving unit is larger in one of the two portions nearer to the second driving unit than in another of the two portions farther from the second driving unit .
further , the configuration of the yoke are not restricted to the above - mentioned ones . suppose , for example , the yoke 29 p is divided into two portions by a straight line parallel to the driving direction and passing the middle of the width of the yoke 29 p in a direction orthogonal to the driving direction . in this case , the overlapping area of the configuration ( shadow ) of the magnet 24 p and of the configuration ( shadow ) of the yoke 29 p as projected onto a plane orthogonal to the optical axis overlapping each other is smaller in the portion near the driving unit in the yaw direction than in the portion far from the same . this makes it possible to strengthen the restoring force of the portion far from the driving unit in the yaw direction of the magnet 24 p . as a result , it is possible to mitigate the moment generated by the driving unit in the yaw direction . that is , in the driving unit in the pitch direction , there are no particular limitations regarding the configuration of the yoke so long as the amount of magnetic flux passing through the yoke is smaller in the portion far from the driving unit in the yaw direction than in the portion near the same .
‘roman troops experienced the humiliation of having to walk like slaves under a yoke of spears after their defeat at the caudine forks . ’
‘this is a time full of lessons for those who day to day languish under the oppressive yoke of capitalism . ’
‘to those of us who have resented the yoke of parental tyranny , that doesn ' t sound so bad . ’
‘consider embroidering little trains or sailboats on overalls , or teddy bears or bunnies on the yoke of a dress . ’
showing page 1 . found 30 sentences matching phrase
shake off the yoke
. found in 1 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .
‘by day he was working in a limestone quarry , carrying buckets of stones on a yoke . ’
easton , matthew george .
entry for yoke
.
easton ' s bible dictionary
.
so i tried to make my breakfast shake with vegan protein powder . as with most criticism of shakes made with protein powder , they were chalky .
japanese patent application laid - open no . 2002 - 196382 discusses an image - shake correction device which is composed of a moving coil type shift unit ( an image - shake correction device ) , wherein a magnet is arranged on a base member on a stationary side , and a yoke and a coil are arranged on a shift member holding a lens on a movable side . three balls are arranged between the base member and the shift member , and the shift member is urged toward the base member to hold the balls therebetween by an attractive force magnetically exerted between the magnet and the yoke ( hereinafter referred to as the “magnetic attractive force” ) . thus , when the coil is energized , due to the lorentz force exerted between the coil and the magnet , the shift member is shifted along a plane orthogonal to the optical axis while rolling the balls , thereby effecting image - shake correction .
a yoke of an actuator for driving a shift moving frame in a pitch direction is shaped such that when the shift moving frame is moved in the pitch direction , a magnetic attractive force for reducing a moment acting on the shift moving frame due to a magnetic attractive force generated between the magnet and the yoke of an actuator for driving the shift moving frame in a yaw direction is generated between the yoke and the magnet of the actuator for driving in the pitch direction .
fig . 6b illustrates the driving unit in the pitch direction in the case where the center of the third lens group l 3 has moved in the pitch upward direction by the distance d by driving the driving unit in the pitch direction . from the state of fig . 6a , the positional relationship between the magnet 24 p and the yoke 29 p is changed to generate a restoring force between the magnet 24 p and the yoke 29 p . that is , there is exerted a force restoring a state that is magnetically stable . here , in the projection of the yoke 29 onto a plane orthogonal to the optical axis , the portion around the magnet restoring force 42 p is outside the range of the configuration of the yoke 29 p , so that the restoring force is large . as compared with the restoring force 42 p , the portion around the restoring force 41 p is on the inner side of the range of the configuration of the yoke 29 , so that the restoring force is small . thus , the restoring forces are in the relationship : 41 p < 42 p .
‘these reforms were intended to free the common man to pursue business opportunities without the oppressive yoke of high interest rates or excessive rents . ’
4 . the image - shake correction device according to claim 1 , wherein the magnet of the first driving unit as projected onto the plane orthogonal to the optical axis is of a rectangular configuration whose longitudinal direction is orthogonal to a driving direction .
shake the yoke , a 7 - 5 favorite for owner b . wayne hughes and trainer ron ellis , is a 5 - year - old daughter of caerleon , and she relaxed a few lengths off the moderate pace , then found room at the head of the stretch and went on to win by three lengths in 1 : 34 for the mile on turf .
7 . the image - shake correction device according to claim 5 , wherein the magnets of the first and second driving units as projected onto the plane orthogonal to the optical axis are of a rectangular configuration whose longitudinal direction is orthogonal to a driving direction .
through the control discussed herein , the shift lens frame 22 ( not illustrated ) moves along a plane orthogonal to the optical axis . the respective outputs of a pitch - direction position detection sensor 118 and a yaw - direction position detection sensor 119 are processed by the cpu 105 . when the third lens group l 3 held by the shift lens frame 22 ( not illustrated ) moves in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis , the light beam passing through the lens barrel is bent . thus , by shifting the lens group l 3 so as to compensate for displacement of a subject image ( image shake ) on the ccd 113 generated through generation of shake in the photographing apparatus , it is possible to perform image - shake correction .
‘the yearning of the poor that the independence of the country and the shedding of the yoke of an oppressive colonial past would bring wealth or at least a little more prosperity to them , still remain an unfulfilled dream . ’
‘sure , they may have chafed under the yoke of being jimi ' s ‘sidemen’ , but he simply never had any better . ’
in this way , in the present exemplary embodiment , due to the rotation moment acting on the magnet through the movement of the shift member , the rotation moment due to the restoring force exerted between the other magnet and the yoke is mitigated , whereby it is possible to reduce the rotational motion of the shift member .
further , in the above exemplary embodiment , the rotational motion of the shift member is reduced by using the rotation moment of the restoring force exerted between the magnet and yoke generated by making the configuration of the yoke substantially trapezoidal as seen in the direction of the optical axis . however , the gist of the present invention lies in the fact that , when driving the shift member , the moment attributable to the magnetic attractive force between the magnet and the yoke of the actuator is reduced through contrivance in terms of the configuration of the yoke . thus , the yoke configuration is not restricted to the substantially trapezoidal one ; for example , it is also possible to adopt a stepped configuration as illustrated in fig . 7a , a triangular configuration whose three corners are beveled as illustrated in fig . 7b , a flask - shaped configuration as illustrated in fig . 7c , and a substantially triangular configuration as illustrated in fig . 7d . in the yoke 29 of the driving unit in the pitch direction , for example , these configurations are ones gradually reduced in width as they extend away from the driving unit in the yaw direction . in such a configuration , as it extends away from the driving unit in the yaw direction in a direction orthogonal to the driving direction , the magnetic attractive force generated between the magnet 24 p and the yoke 29 p is stronger . thus , it is possible to exert a moment in an opposite direction to the moment due to the driving unit in the yaw direction .
smith , william , dr .
entry for ' yoke '
.
smith ' s bible dictionary
.
as taught by the coulomb ' s law , the attractive force exerted between the magnet 24 p and the yoke 29 p is in proportion to the magnitude of the magnetic load of two objects and the reciprocal of the square of the distance between them . thus , when the magnet 24 p is at the central position of the driving unit , the attractive forces in the pitch direction and the yaw direction are in equilibrium . in other words , the attractive forces 40 a and 40 b exerted between the magnet 24 p and the yoke 29 p are in equilibrium , and the positional relationship between the magnet 24 p and the yoke 29 p is determined . at this time , the restoring force 50 p in the pitch direction is approximately zero , and the restoring force 50 y in the yaw direction is also approximately zero .
‘let all who are under the yoke of slavery regard their masters as worthy of all honor , so that the name of god and the teaching may not be blasphemed . ’
fig . 6a illustrates the driving unit in the pitch direction in the case where the center of the third lens unit l 3 is on the optical axis . at this time , the magnet 24 p is at the central position with respect to the yoke 29 p , and the four corner portions of the magnet are substantially on the inner side of the projection of the yoke 29 onto the plane orthogonal to the optical axis , so that the restoring forces 41 through 44 at the four corner portions are in equilibrium . that is , the restoring force 50 p in the pitch direction and the restoring force 50 y in the yaw direction are approximately zero .
to take the yoke off of the stars . . even if they are inauspicious and nasty things . . and let there own fate decide the will of the universe . good luck ! : )
in the exemplary embodiment described above , the shift lens frame 22 is driven by using a moving magnet type actuator . however , the present invention is also applicable to a case where there is employed a moving coil type actuator , in which the coil 28 and the yoke 29 are arranged on the magnet base 18 side , with the yoke 23 and the magnet 24 being arranged on the shift base 21 side .
‘teresa was wearing a simple gown of emerald green with a white yoke and a black bow just below her throat . ’
‘not only do many pilots find the small stick to be more comfortable and ergonomic , but the lack of a standard yoke frees up all the space in front of the pilot for an unobstructed view of the instruments . ’
‘the worst abuses were officially abolished , but the yoke of oppression did return , and new laws depriving people of their freedom and their political rights were instituted . ’
next , an actuator for driving the magnet base 18 and the third lens group l 3 will be illustrated . as illustrated in fig . 4 , numeral 24 p indicates a magnet double - pole magnetized in the radiation direction from the optical axis , and numeral 23 p indicates a yoke for closing the magnetic flux on the front side in the optical direction of the magnet 24 p . the yoke 23 p is attracted by and fixed to the magnet 24 p . numeral 28 p indicates a coil bonded to a shift base 21 , and numeral 29 indicates a yoke for closing the magnetic flux on the rear side in the optical direction of the magnet 24 p . the yoke 29 is arranged on the opposite side of the magnet 24 p with the coil 28 being therebetween . the magnet 24 p , the yoke 23 p , the yoke 29 p , and the coil 28 p form a magnetic circuit . examples of a material suitable for the yoke include a magnetic material such as spcc , which has high magnetic permeability . when an electric current is passed through the coil 28 p , there is generated a lorentz force due to mutual repulsion of magnetic lines of force generated in the magnet 24 p and the coil 28 p in a direction substantially orthogonal to the magnetization boundary of the magnet 24 p , with the result that the magnet base 18 is moved in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis . this construction corresponds to a moving magnet type actuator . in the case of a moving coil type actuator , the wiring to the coil is moved , so that excessive force may be applied , whereas , in the case of a moving magnet type actuator , it is possible to reduce such an influence , making it possible to appropriately perform image - shake correction .
( in ancient rome ) an arch of three spears representing a yoke , under which a defeated army was made to march .
‘a virtual initiation rite in postwar italy , this is domenico ' s chance to yoke himself to secure , predictable manhood . ’
is quite obscure . possibly a horse ' s bit is meant ; possibly the phrase is a condensed form for
the yoke that prevents their feeding
; possibly the text is corrupt .
purchased for just £14 , 000 at the 2009 doncaster festival sale by jamie railton , move in time is the best of the four winners produced to date by the unraced mare tibesti ( machiavellian ) , a full sister to the dual group three winner and dubai golden shaheen runner - up tropical star ( machiavellian ) out of the four - time irish group three winner tropical ( green desert ) , herself a half - sister to the 1996 coronation stakes winner shake the yoke ( caerleon ) .
the figurative use of
yoke
in the sense of
servitude
is intensely obvious ( compare especially jer 27 , 28 ) . attention needs to be called only to
‘the pies wore white guernseys with a black yoke , with black and white striped socks , while swan districts wore their traditional black and white stripes . ’
brooklyn - based project yoke lore is the new musical venture of adrian galvin , previously of yellerkin and walk the moon . yoke lore layers the harmonies of panda bear , the soulful beats of m83 , and the modern pop of blackbird blackbird to tell “the stories of how we are bound , ” says glavin . his songs start with the folksy timbre of a banjo and add echoing waves of vocals and percussion to create unforgettable pop music with tactile sincerity and conviction . yoke lore’s latest ep , goodpain , is out today in canada via arts & crafts .
on the other hand , regarding the portions around the restoring forces 43 p and 44 p , they are both on the inner side of the range of the configuration of the yoke 29 as projected onto a plane orthogonal to the optical axis , so that the difference in magnitude between the restoring forces 43 p and 44 p is smaller than the difference in magnitude between the restoring forces 41 p and 42 p . thus , for the magnet 24 p to be magnetically stable with respect to the yoke 29 p , a rotation moment 52 is exerted such that the magnet 24 p rotates clockwise as illustrated in the diagram .
‘once the yoke of bondage was removed , we reached out through a network of world trade centers in 91 countries and 200 cities , all part of the world trade centers assn . ’
‘foam usually isn ' t recommended for use on lightweight fabrics ; however , it can be used in the yoke or neckline area of form - fitting garments . ’
dazzle will attempt to add more lustre to her reputation in the cherry hinton stakes at newmarket on tuesday . the pounds 35 , 000 contest has also drawn the paul cole - trained queen mary stakes runner - up , dame laura , and her highly rated stablemate more silver . the leading french jockey olivier peslier , on the mark with glory of dancer and shake the yoke in british pattern races this season , has the chance to add to his haul next week , having been booked to ride the richard hannon - trained lucky lionel in the july cup .
memories of silver held off hard - charging shake the yoke , the second betting choice , by a half - length . front - running antespend , who had looked like a sure winner before memories of silver got in gear , wound up third , five lengths behind the runner - up . true flare was fourth , followed by ms . mostly , careless heiress , sensation , cuando puede , gastronomical , and housa dancer .
next , with reference to figs . 1 and 4 , the construction of the shift unit 3 moving the third lens group l 3 , which is the lens group for image - shake correction , in a direction orthogonal to the optical axis , will be illustrated . fig . 4 is a sectional view along a plane parallel to the optical axis of the driving unit in the pitch direction when the center of the third lens group l 3 is on the optical axis of the variable magnification optical system . the third lens group l 3 is driven ( i . e . , moves ) along a plane orthogonal to the optical axis by an actuator for correcting image shake due to an angular change in the pitch direction ( the vertical direction of the lens barrel ) and an actuator for correcting image shake due to an angular change in the yaw direction ( the horizontal direction of the lens barrel ) . here , the pitch direction will be referred to as the first direction , and the actuator for moving the third lens group l 3 in the pitch direction will be referred to as the first driving unit . further , the yaw direction will be referred to as the second direction , and the actuator for moving the third lens group l 3 in the yaw direction will be referred to as the second driving unit . the actuators are controlled independently in the pitch direction and the yaw direction , respectively , based on information from their respective position sensors and shake detection sensors . the actuator and the position sensor for the pitch direction and the actuator and the position sensor for the yaw direction are arranged such that their positions around the optical axis make an angle of 90 degrees ; they are , however , of the same construction . in view of this , the following description will discuss the pitch direction . unless otherwise specified , the elements in the pitch direction are indicated by reference numerals with the additional character p affixed thereto , and the elements in the yaw direction are indicated by reference numerals with the additional character y affixed thereto .
‘two hundred years ago , following a slave uprising , haiti threw off the yoke of bondage to become a free black state and a haven for escaped african slaves . ’
fig . 5b illustrates the driving unit in the pitch direction in the case where the center of the third lens group l 3 has moved in the pitch direction by a distance d . from the state of fig . 5a , the positional relationship between the magnet 24 p and the yoke 29 p is changed to generate the restoring force 50 p . here , the configurations of the magnet 24 p and the yoke 29 p are symmetrical with respect to the driving direction , so that the magnitudes of the restoring forces 41 p and 42 p are substantially equal to each other , and the magnitudes of the restoring forces 43 p and 44 p are substantially equal to each other . since no movement has been made in the yaw direction , the restoring force 50 y is approximately zero as in the case of fig . 5a .
fig . 5a illustrates the driving unit in the pitch direction in the case where the center of the third lens group l 3 is on the optical axis of the variable - magnification optical system . at this time , the magnet 24 p is situated at the central position with respect to the yoke 29 p , so that the restoring forces 41 through 44 acting on the four corner portions are in equilibrium . that is , the restoring force 50 p in the pitch direction and the restoring force 50 y in the yaw direction are approximately zero .
[ shake the yoke ] didn ' t have any pace to run at the last time she met fiji ,
said ellis .
i sure wouldn ' t say that we ' re a cinch to beat her , but my filly is coming around . i really think she bounced a little [ in the santa ana ] . fiji has a tactical speed advantage , but this filly showed she likes this turf course and now fiji has to do the same .
‘it features a sueded finish , tailored collar with top button loop , a left chest pocket , and a double layer back yoke with extended shoulders . ’
, etc . ) is invariably zugos . egyptian monuments show a yoke that consisted of a straight bar fastened to the foreheads of the cattle at the root of the horns , and such yokes were no doubt used in palestine also ; but the more usual form was one that rested on the neck (
yoke - - a burden . a yoke is what they used on oxen and cattle , much like a bridle and bit on a horse ( not yolk , like that other guy said ) inauspicious stars - - bad fortune . referring to astrology - the stars . if they are inauspicious , that means a bad horoscope . . .
a diaphragm device 12 for varying the aperture diameter of the optical system is a guillotine type diaphragm device , which varies the aperture diameter by moving , for example , two diaphragm blades , in opposite directions . a voice coil motor ( vcm ) 13 drives the fourth lens group l 4 in the optical axis direction to perform a focusing action . the vcm 13 is composed of a magnet 13 a , yokes 13 b and 13 c , and a coil 13 d ; by passing an electric current through the coil 13 d , lorentz force is generated in the coil 13 d , thereby driving the coil 13 d in the optical axis direction . the coil 13 d is fixed to the moving frame 4 , which moves in the optical axis direction through the driving of the coil 13 d . the vcm 13 forces the yoke 13 b into the posterior fixed tube 7 for fixation , and the magnet 13 a and the yoke 13 c are fixed to the yoke 13 b by a magnetic force .
‘unfortunately , it is not always , or even usually , possible to yoke self - interest into such a self - enforcing mechanism to promote moral ideals . ’
07 . 110 sy2 silver yoke hd 230 v ac light and economic : the top selling yoke alternating magnetization with power supply at 230v ac direct magnetization from portable battery 12v protection system : ip65 maximum pole spacing : 11” – 285 mm dimension 216x195x56 mm . weight 2 , 9 kg - 6 , 39 lb sturdy construction and liquid - proof .
after all , memories of silver’s rivals were a tough bunch . they included antespend , a mcanally charge who is a grade i winner on dirt and turf ; shake the yoke , a group i winner in england as well as a multiple group iii winner in france ; north american graded winners careless heiress , cuando puede , ms . mostly , and true flare ; and sensation , a group winner in england and france .
next , fig . 5c illustrates the driving unit in the pitch direction in the case where the center of the third lens group l 3 has moved in the yaw direction by the distance d . in this case also , the positional relationship between the magnet 24 p and the yoke 29 p is changed to generate the restoring force 50 y . that is , there is exerted a force to restore the driving unit to the state of fig . 5a , where it is magnetically stabilized . here , the configurations of the magnet 24 p and the yoke 29 p are symmetrical with respect to the driving direction , so that the magnitudes of the forces 41 y and 43 y are substantially equal to each other , and the magnitudes of the forces 42 y and 44 y are substantially equal to each other . since no movement has been made in the pitch direction , the restoring force 50 p is approximately zero as in the case of fig . 5a .
next , fig . 6c illustrates the driving unit in the pitch direction in the case where the third lens group l 3 has moved in the yaw direction by the distance d . in this case also , the positional relationship between the magnet 24 p and the yoke 29 p is changed to generate a restoring force . that is , there is generated a force restoring the driving unit to a magnetically stable state . here , the configurations of the magnet 24 p and the yoke 29 p are symmetrical with respect to a center line parallel to the driving direction , so that the magnitudes of the forces 41 y and 43 y are substantially equal to each other , and the magnitudes of the forces 42 y and 44 y are substantially equal to each other . since no movement has been made in the pitch direction , the restoring force 50 p is approximately zero as in the case of fig . 6a .
however , the shift unit discussed in japanese patent application laid - open no . 2002 - 196382 has an issue in that it involves a rotational movement within the optical - axis orthogonal plane of the shift member holding the correction lens . the issue will be discussed below . first , a magnetic attractive force is exerted between the magnet arranged on the base member on the stationary side and the yoke arranged on the shift member . thus , there exists a magnetic equilibrium position for the magnet and the yoke . when the positional relationship between the magnet and the yoke deviates from the equilibrium position , there is exerted a force restoring them to the former position ( hereinafter referred to as the restoring force ) . thus , in the shift unit having two driving units respectively driving the shift member in the vertical direction ( hereinafter referred to as the pitch direction ) and the horizontal direction ( hereinafter referred to as the yaw direction ) along a plane orthogonal to the optical axis , a positional change in one driving unit generates a restoring force for the other driving unit . for example , when the shift member is moved in the yaw direction , the above - mentioned restoring force is generated for the pitch - direction driving unit , so that there is generated a moment causing the shift member to rotate in the optical - axis - orthogonal plane . thus , when there is no unit regulating the rotation of the shift member in the optical - axis - orthogonal plane , the shift member is allowed to rotate during the image - shake correction operation . if , as a result of this rotation , the shift member is brought into contact with the stationary member , there may be generated a collision sound or image disturbance . further , in the case where the components suffer damage from contact , there may be some problem involved in the driving of the shift member thereafter . thus , in order that the shift member may not come into contact with the peripheral stationary members if it rotates , the distance between them must be large enough . however , this results in an increase in the size of the components , which leads to an increase in the size of the lens barrel .
orr , james , m . a . , d . d . general editor .
entry for ' yoke '
.
international standard bible encyclopedia
. 1915 .
next , the relationship between the shift member ( shift lens frame ) and the restoring force due to the attractive force in a conventional example will be described with reference to figs . 5a through 5e . figs . 5a through 5c are diagrams illustrating the driving unit in the pitch direction as seen from the front side ( subject side ) of the shift unit . figs . 5d and 5e are diagrams illustrating the driving units in the pitch direction and the yaw direction and the shift member as seen from the front side ( subject side ) of the shift unit . the members other than the magnet 24 , the yoke 29 , and the third lens group l 3 are not illustrated . as illustrated in fig . 5a , in the conventional example , the projection of the yoke 29 onto a plane orthogonal to the optical axis is of a substantially rectangular configuration . here , as illustrated in the diagrams , the restoring forces acting on the four corner portions of the magnet 24 p will be referred to as restoring forces 41 through 44 . similarly , as illustrated in the diagrams , the restoring forces acting on the four corner portions of the magnet 24 y will be referred to as restoring forces 45 through 48 .
father ' s secret stung me to the quick , causing my heart to beat faster and my knees to shake . and my cousin ' s reply only increased my despair . “return home in peace , ” he told my father . “there is nothing to worry about—my cousin will not escape my watchful eye . beginning tomorrow he will take up the yoke of the torah . in this place there is neither river nor sea to attract his heart and befuddle his mind ; there is nothing to distract him from his studies . ”
next , with reference to figs . 6a through 6e , the relationship between the movement of the shift member and the restoring force due to the attractive force in the present exemplary embodiment will be illustrated . figs . 6a through 6c are diagrams illustrating the driving unit in the pitch direction ( first driving unit ) as seen from the front side ( subject side ) of the shift unit . figs . 6d and 6e are diagrams illustrating the driving unit in the pitch direction , the driving unit in the yaw direction ( second driving unit ) , and the third lens group l 3 as seen from the front side ( subject side ) of the shift unit . the members other than the magnet 24 , the yoke 29 , and the third lens group l 3 are not illustrated . as illustrated in fig . 6a , the projection of the yoke 29 , which constitutes a feature of the present exemplary embodiment , onto a plane orthogonal to the optical axis is substantially of a trapezoidal configuration . the projection of the magnet 24 onto a plane orthogonal to the optical axis is substantially of a rectangular configuration whose longitudinal direction is orthogonal to the driving direction . here , the yoke 29 and the magnet 24 are of a “substantially” trapezoidal and rectangular configuration since it is not necessary for them to be of a perfect trapezoidal and rectangular configuration ; for example , they may be of a configuration whose corner portions are rounded or beveled . here , as illustrated in the diagrams , the restoring forces acting on the four corner portions of the magnet 24 p are referred to as the restoring forces 41 through 44 . similarly , as illustrated in the diagrams , the restoring forces acting on the four corner portions of the magnet 24 y will be referred to as the restoring forces 45 through 48 .
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