the bare-faced curassow ( crax fasciolata ) is a species of bird in the cracidae family , the chachalacas , guans , curassows , etc .

it is found in eastern-central and southern brazil , paraguay , and eastern bolivia , and extreme northeast argentina , in the cerrado , pantanal , and the southeastern region of the amazon basin .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

bare - faced curassow

bare - faced curassow - mangoverde world bird guide species page ; images & sounds .
bare - faced curassow ( crax fasciolata ) is a species of bird in the cracidae family .
this entry was posted in americas , archive , galliformes , south america and tagged bare - faced curassow . bookmark the permalink .
the bare - faced curassow is non - migratory , especially in pantanal of mato grosso , and probably throughout the whole range .
description : the bare - faced curassow is an inhabitant of humid forests and gallery forests in the pantanal in sw brazil , and in other neotropical regions .
diet : the bare - faced curassow feeds on fruits fallen from trees , seeds and flowers . it sometimes takes salt - rich earth at salt - licks .
archived 2014 discussion : bare - faced curassow ( crax fasciolata ) is being split : list c . pinima as critically endangered and c . fasciolata as near threatened ?
bare - faced curassow crax fasciolata is being split into c . fasciolata and c . pinima , following the application of criteria set out by tobias et al . ( 2010 ) .
4 responses to archived 2014 discussion : bare - faced curassow ( crax fasciolata ) is being split : list c . pinima as critically endangered and c . fasciolata as near threatened ?
although the bare - faced curassow has not yet reached the criteria for endangered status worldwide , it is considered rare and threatened in argentina where it occupies a small range in the extreme ne .
habitat : the bare - faced curassow frequents humid , semi - deciduous forest and gallery forest . it is often seen at woodland edges too . it may sometimes wander along beaches at dawn and dusk .
archived 2014 discussion : bare - faced curassow ( crax fasciolata ) is being split : list c . pinima as critically endangered and c . fasciolata as near threatened ? | birdlife ' s globally threatened bird forums
a third use for the razor - billed curassow is medicinal . the curassow bill , locally denominated as the nut (
• the great curassow is 1 of 7 species in the genus crax , including the yellow - knobbed curassow , c . daubentoni , the bare - faced curassow , c . fasciolata , and the red - billed curassow , c . blumenbachii . there are 11 genera and 50 species in the family cracidae , which includes chachalacas and guans . the curassows’ 4 genera include pauxi , mitu , crax and nothocrax .
the bare - faced curassow is distributed from eastern amazonia south through central brazil into paraguay and northern argentina . it forages on the ground in forest and forest edge , where it can be fairly common . it is easiest to detect in early morning and late evening , when individuals or pairs wander into clearings or deliver their deep , booming songs . like other crax curassows , this species is sexually dimorphic : the male is mostly black with a white vent , while the female is barred black above with orange to rufous underparts . the bare - faced curassow is the only curassow with extensive bare black skin on the face .
birding by boat is easy and relaxing . possibilities along shorelines in varzea ( seasonally flooded ) forest include red - throated piping - guan , razor - billed curassow , bare - faced curassow , bronzy jacamar , glossy antshrike , bare - eyed antbird , black - spotted bare - eye , white - chinned woodcreeper , amazonian umbrellabird , flame - crowned manakin , and mammals such as giant otter and various monkeys . the giant otters are mostly seen farther up river in an area where huge teak trees abound .
behaviour : the bare - faced curassow feeds mainly on plant matter , fallen fruits taken on the ground , seeds and flowers , especially those of tabebuia trees . it forages alone or in pairs , and they can be seen at salt - licks where they take salt - rich earth , probably in compensation for feeding fruits .
like its relative , the razor - billed curassow ( mitu tuberosa ) is also found in south america ; it ranges in amazonia , southeast colombia , brazil , peru and bolivia . like other curassows , this species favors humid forest and swampy areas in forests near streams . its diet and feeding habits are also similar to those of the great curassow’s , consisting mostly of fruits , seeds , leaves and insects . the razor - billed curassow is smaller than the great curassow at 33 - 35″ . while its crest is not as prominent as the great curassow’s , the razor - billed bird sports a massive casquelike red bill . its plumage is similar to the curassow’s , but not as glossy . great curassow razor - billed curassow
reproduction : breeding season varies according to the range . the bare - faced curassow builds a platform with sticks , twigs and leaves , and lined with leaves too . this flat structure is placed in a tree , at about 4 - 5 metres above the ground . the nest is often hidden in vegetation , usually a tangle of creepers .
the use of the p . tuberosa feathers as a domestic tool represents another ecosystem service important to the lives of the riverines and the presence of these tools in every visited house may be an indicator of the relative abundance of the species in the reserve . feathers of the bare - faced curassow ( crax fasciolata ) can also be used for the same function .
) , as well as worms . the interviewees reported that the curassow major predators are the margay (
finally we have an example of the bare - faced curassow - the first in corrientes for many decades . we were asked by parque ecologico el puma if we could house this endangered species after his enclosure was destroyed during a storm and his mate was killed . tito , as we have named him , was remarkably calm during his 2 hour drive from posadas in missiones .
the medicinal applications of the razor - billed curassow body parts , by the
riozinho do anfrísio
local community .
the juvenile is duller with shorter crest . the immature male resembles adult male , but it has some yellow on the bare facial skin , below the eye .
￼￼￼￼description : bare - faced curassows are sexually dimorphic ( males and females differ in appearance ) . males are mostly black ; have a very white belly ; a yellow bill with a dark tip ; a yellow cere ; and dark gray legs and feet . females have extensive barring on her upperparts ; a rufous chest and belly ; a black bill and cere ; and reddish - pink legs and feet . they both have curled crests and extensive bare black skin on the face , thus their common name .
protection / threats / status : the bare - faced curassow of nominate race always occurs in brazil , and can be locally common in some parts of this region . it is rare and threatened in argentina , and close to disappearing in paraguay . but the species is widespread in bolivian savannas and in several protected areas . the species is threatened by habitat loss and hunting pressure . currently , this species is not globally threatened , and evaluated as least concern by birdlife international .
del hoyo , j . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . bare - faced curassow ( crax fasciolata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
though not globally threatened , the great curassow is disappearing because of loss of habitat to the logging business ; the bird is also hunted for its high - quality meat . however , healthy populations exist in protected national parks and reserves . one female great curassow that was kept in captivity actually continued breeding until age 23 . the name curassow comes from the island of curacao , which is located in the caribbean , where europeans first discovered the bird . the great curassow is actually a relative of the domestic chicken , and is a prized game bird .
with his yellow bill knob , curly crest and glossy - black plumage , the male great curassow is a striking figure ; females blend better into their habitat .
considering its relatively massive size , the great curassow shows surprising agility as it moves among the branches of its lush forest home . in flight , however ; the large bird is nowhere near as elegant . with its rounded wings , the great curassow either glides or flutters awkwardly , with labored wingbeats , to the ground from its treetop perch . the mainly terrestrial curassow is not capable of sustaining prolonged flights and prefers to use its rather long legs to get around . in fact , when disturbed in its roost or while foraging for food on the ground , the great curassow will run , rather than fly , to safety . during elaborate courtship rituals and in the face of danger , males produce a loud , booming call that is amplified by an elongated trachea . on high the great curassow perches gracefully on a tree branch .
a very poor flier , the great curassow uses its long legs to forage for food on the ground and flee for safety into the deep cover of its forest home .
the curassow flies down from the trees in its forest habitat to forage on the ground for fruit , berries or leaves , but it prefers to walk from place to place once it is on the ground . using its powerful feet , the bird will scratch at the soil and leaf litter , picking up leaves and fallen fruit ; the curassow especially favors figs and the exotic fruit of the chione and casimira trees . the curassow will pluck fruit from low branches or shrubs and glean insects from foliage . by swallowing small stones from the forest floor and using them to grind food in its gizzard , the game bird is able to digest even unripened fruit that is still green and hard . the curassow usually forages alone or in small groups of up to six birds . low - down feeder the great curassow forages on the forest floor for fruits and leaves .
razor - billed curassow , pauxi tuberosa . the specimen on the photo belongs to one of the
riozinho do anfrísio
families , where it is raised as a pet . photo by fbb .
although the majority of the
riozinho do anfrísio
population may consider the razor - billed curassow as a type of food that , in some occasions , may even be harmful ( in a situation of disease , in postoperative periods , etc . ) , its meat is quite valued in the community , and is , most of the time , consumed boiled . we identified four common secondary uses for the razor - billed curassow .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto the bare - faced curassow gives low - pitched booming , similar to the sound produced by blowing across the mouth of an empty bottle . only the male booms . boomings of about 5 - 7 seconds are emitted at intervals of 12 seconds and during 30 minutes , usually in the early morning and / or in the evening . this sound can be heard sometimes during full moon nights . whistles are heard too . booming “oomh” is produced by powerful expulsion of air from the throat . the female utters low - pitched notes , in order to maintain vocal contact with her mate while foraging and walking through the forest . the song is closely related to breeding season , and is used as territorial call , but also to attract a female and to warn off other males .
the sedentary great curassow rarely strays far from its forest habitat . this shy and reserved bird favors undisturbed , humid evergreen forests in south america and areas off the mexican gulf coast . however , its primary habitat is the heavy rainforest in tropical and lower subtropical zones , particularly lowlands , and foothills up to 4000′ . sometimes it will stray higher— in panama , the bird has been spotted at 6 , 300′ . the great curassow also e can be found in mangroves on the pacific coast . it occurs seasonally in costa rica in drier forests and sometimes ventures into ravines and partially cleared areas . if left undisturbed , the curassow will even wander onto plantations . standout the bird’s bill and plumage contrast with its forest home .
] . this is , all information regarding the studied subjects was taken into account , even when it was provided by one person only . the scientific identification of the species described by the interviewees was made with the help of the relevant literature and , whenever possible , photos were taken and transferred to specialists , especially in the case of the cracidae birds . it is important to notice that when the interviewees refer to the curassow , they can be referring to two distinct species that co - occur in the reserve : the razor - billed curassow
) . it is important to note that the riverines include many venomous animals in the ethno - category
insects
, including spiders , scorpions , toads , snakes , etc . once the bird has been killed , the bill is removed , dried up and preserved . when an accident happens , with a snake for example , the dried curassow bill is used to make a tea , which is drunk by the victim . riverines believe that the tea is an antidote to the
insect
/ snake venom . the curassow gizzard is also used as medicine in order to cure various types of diseases ( table
examples of the uses that the razor - billed curassow fulfils in the
riozinho do anfrísio
local community . 4a ) two bills or
nuts
( castanhas ) , used as medicine . 4b ) tail feathers transformed into a duster ( domestic tool ) . 4c ) the hunted animal , used as food . photos : fbb .
adult male has black plumage with blue gloss , including head , wings and tail . the outer rectrices are narrowly tipped white . on the underparts , belly and vent are white . the head shows bare black area around the eye . the crest is black , formed with several feathers with curved up tips . the bill is black with conspicuous yellow cere , incipient knob and without wattles . the eyes are dark brown . legs and feet are dark grey .
regarding the population ' s ethnoecological knowledge of the razor - billed curassow , 81 % of the interviewees reported that this species raises two chicks at a time and that they reproduce only once each year . according to the interviewees , the species can either be seen inside the primary forest or inside shorter and more open vegetation at the river margins . the mean weights of
c . 75 cm . males are large , black curassows with bare skin surrounding the eye ; slick , curled crest and bright yellow skin at the base of the bill . females have similar curled feathers as a crest , but have buff underparts , white banded upperparts and white tips to the tail feathers . similar species . c . pinima was previously included with c . fasciolata ; the former is smaller , females have much reduced barring above and are almost white below , not buff .
show of style… a male great curassow walks through a forest clearing in front of two females that are peering at him through the undergrowth . making a move… in a seemingly simple gesture , the male picks up a pebble from the ground in his bill . the tail is raised in display . theatrical flair… the male dramatically throws his head against his back and drops the pebble to the ground , urgently flapping his wings several times . resounding boom the male squats and opens his bill , emitting a booming call that captures the attention of one of the nearby females .
morning will be spent birding the lodge grounds . chestnut - bellied guan and razor - billed curassow often appear during early morning . several species of parrots including the scarce black - hooded parrot are usually also present . birding the wooded entrance road may produce undulated tinamou , pale - crested woodpecker , rufous - fronted thornbird , and planalto woodcreeper . after early lunch , transfer to cuiaba for late afternoon flight back to sao paulo . tour ends at the airport in cuiaba . most international flights from sao paulo depart late at night . if desired , we can arrange for an overnight stay in sao paulo if your international flight is next morning .
the razor - billed curassow , as well as other species of the
riozinho do anfrísio
local fauna , is an important provider of ecosystem services to the studied community , particularly as a source of food and of alternative medicines . besides the species ' intrinsic ecological value to the amazonian forest , the provisioning of this kind of services to the human populations should be used as an additional argument to its conservation . studies on the population ecology of cracidae birds should be encouraged to effectively estimate the population size of these species , hence their conservation status , and to deepen our understanding of the role of cracidae in the forest equilibrium of this region of the oriental amazonia .
the first is for the feathers of its tail , which are generally used for making a duster , utilized for house cleaning . in all the houses that we visited , dusters made from razor - billed curassow feathers were present . another use of feathers , along with those of other birds , such as parrots , guans and tinamous , is as a symbolic tool for hunting rituals , in order to protect the hunters from bad luck ( panema in the local language ) . the ritual is private since the hunter must be alone and cannot be seen by anyone . the feathers are mixed and then burned by the hunter at a crossroad near the forest . during the ritual , he must receive the smoke of the burning feathers . once the ritual is performed , he is ready to enter the forest and start hunting , but he must return home through a different path .
the curassow’s courtship ritual involves a series of sequenced movements . the male adopts a display posture , leaning forward with his breast very low to the ground . he then raises his head and tail and fluffs out his white abdomen feathers . he may stop to pick up a pebble and then toss his head back ; he then drops the pebble before making the booming call . following these displays , the female will enter his territory . pairs are monogamous and breed from late winter to spring , depending on the region . both sexes build an untidy nest of twigs and leaves in a bush or tree , no more than 6′ above the ground . there , the female lays her two eggs , which she incubates for 32 days with the male remaining nearby . since the young are born with well - developed flight feathers , they are ready to leave the nest within a few hours . cozy couple the protective mother watches over her chick .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
crax fasciolata and c . pinima ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as c . fasciolata following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , fisher , s . , harding , m . , martin , r , taylor , j . & symes , a .
justification : based on a model of deforestation in the amazon basin , and the species’s vulnerability to hunting , it is suspected that its population is declining rapidly over three generations , and it has therefore been classified as vulnerable .
this species inhabits humid , semi - deciduous and gallery forests , and is often recorded in woodland edges ( del hoyo 1994 ) . primarily frugivorous but also noted feeding on seeds , flowers and invertebrates ( del hoyo & motis 2004 ) . breeding evidence noted in the southern hemisphere summer in paraguay and argentina ; nest is a platform located in a tree ( del hoyo & motis 2004 ) .
although the species occupies a relatively large range , it has disappeared from parts of its former range as a result of habitat destruction and hunting ( del hoyo 1994 ) . hunting pressure is an issue in goiás , tocantins and southern pará , but the nominate form is not considered to be particularly threatened in brazil ( f . olmos in litt . 2003 ) . the species remains relatively numerous in northern concepción department ( paraguay ) , however , human presence in this area has increased considerably over and hunting pressure may now be high ( clay 2001 ) . the species is listed as being of
high conservation priority
in the iucn cracid action plan , and more information on population size , trends and habitat loss are needed , especially for the core range in brazil .
conservation and research actions underway no targeted actions are known , but the species presumably occurs in a number of protected areas .
expand the protected area network to effectively protect ibas . effectively resource and manage existing and new protected areas , utilising emerging opportunities to finance protected area management with the joint aims of reducing carbon emissions and maximizing biodiversity conservation . conservation on private lands , through expanding market pressures for sound land management and preventing forest clearance on lands unsuitable for agriculture , is also essential ( soares - filho et al . 2006 ) . campaign against proposed changes to the brazilian forest code that would lead to a decrease in the width of the areas of riverine forest protected as permanent preservation areas ( apps ) , which function as vital corridors in fragmented landscapes .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
based on a model of deforestation in the amazon basin , and the species’s vulnerability to hunting , it is suspected that its population is declining rapidly over three generations , and it has therefore been classified as vulnerable .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : crax fasciolata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
at the lodge grounds . bird strolling by at very close range while male sings nearby .
wing flapping and high - pitched whistles from a close bird that frequents the lodge grounds near the dining hall .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 378 side b track 27 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 378 side a track 35 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 374 side a track 16 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 373 side a track 42 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 375 side a track 1 seq . a )
recording amplified 4x , filtered and spliced for clarity . forested parkland at the outskirts of an urban area .
recording edited . free - ranging bird acting tame near the cras forest reserve .
recording edited . free - ranging bird acting tame near animal cages at wildlife rehabilitation center .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
spix , 1825 – c & sw brazil ( s of r amazon ) , paraguay and n argentina ( in formosa , chaco , corrientes and misiones ) .
ogilvie - grant , 1893 – e bolivia ( beni and santa cruz ) .
male 77–85 cm , 2700–2800 g ; female c . 75 cm , 2200–2700 g . this species and
song sometimes heard throughout the night , and then for first hour after sunrise , more . . .
humid evergreen , semi - deciduous and gallery forests , sometimes with bamboo , to at least 800 m . . . .
chicks in dec in paraguay ; nest with eggs in late nov in argentina ; in brazil , adults with young in jul / aug ( minas gerais ) , nov ( s mato . . .
vulnerable . extirpated from parts of former range due to habitat destruction and hunting . race
said to occur in fairly good numbers in bolivia in 1986 . . . .
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genetic data support this genus as representing a monophyletic group # r . members considered to form a superspecies # r .
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reproduction : the nests are large and made of twigs and branches held in place by the stems of grasses , which are interwoven between them . the nest is lined with down feathers and leaves . the clutch size is usually two eggs that are incubated for about 30 days . the chicks are precocial ( born relatively independent ) at hatching .
habitat / range : they inhabit subtropical or tropical dry forests and moist lowland forests in brazil , paraguay , eastern bolivia and northern argentina .
status : categorized as vulnerable on the iucn red list . ￼￼ size : these turkey - sized birds weigh about 6 . 5 pounds ( 3 kg ) .
behavior : they forage on the ground and at night they roost in trees in order to be safer from predators . they live in small flocks .
diet : their diet consists of fruits that have fallen to the ground as well as flower , seeds and shoots . communication : their location call is a muffled “buitju , buitju , buitju” and a more simpler “bitt , bitt . ” they also utter “hm - hm - hm hm - hm hm - hm or hm - hm - hm hm - hm - hm . ” during the breeding season , males use a series of deep booming calls to attract a mate . they also use visual displays by flapping their wings , showing off the contrast between their black wings and white belly .
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zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2006 . 11 . 09 , website ( version 09 - nov - 06 )
zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource
maintained by alan p . peterson at urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
archived 2014 discussion : dark - winged trumpeter ( psophia viridis ) is being split : list p . obscura as critically endangered , p . dextralis as endangered and p . viridis as vulnerable ?
archived 2014 discussion : two amazona splits : list both amazona guatemalae and a . bodini as near threatened ?
lynx edicions and birdlife international will soon publish the hbw - birdlife illustrated checklist of the birds of the world , building off the handbook of the birds of the world series , and birdlife’s annually updated taxonomic checklist .
the new checklist will be based on the application of criteria for recognising species limits described by tobias et al . ( 2010 ) . full details of the specific scores and the basis of these for each new taxonomic revision will be provided in the checklist .
following publication , an open and transparent mechanism will be established to allow people to comment on the taxonomic revisions or suggest new ones , and provide new information of relevance in order to inform regular updates . we are also actively seeking input via a discussion topic here regarding some potential taxonomic revisions that currently lack sufficient information .
the new checklist will form the taxonomic basis of birdlife’s assessments of the status of the world’s birds for the iucn red list . the taxonomic changes that will appear in volume 1 of the checklist ( for non - passerines ) will begin to be incorporated into the 2014 red list update , with the remainder , and those for passerines ( which will appear in volume 2 of the checklist ) , to be incorporated into subsequent red list updates .
preliminary red list assessments have been carried out for the newly split or lumped taxa . we are now requesting comments and feedback on these preliminary assessments .
prior to the taxonomic change , c . fasciolata ( birdlife species factsheet ) was listed as being of least concern , on the basis that it was not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under any of the iucn red list criteria .
c . pinima occurs in north - eastern brazil , being known from eastern pará and western maranhão . according to lees et al . ( 2013 ) , this taxon is close to global extinction . it is extinct around belem , pará ( novaes and lima 1998 ) , and may survive only in western maranhão at reserva biológica do gurupi and adjoining areas ( birdlife international , lees et al . 2013 ) . the species was not found during extensive fieldwork around paragominas in eastern pará ( a . aleixo per f . olmos in litt . 2003 ) .
a model of forest loss in the amazon basin since 2002 ( soares - filho et al . 2006 ) , combined with the species’s approximate maximum range and data on its ecology and life history ( following the methods of bird et al . 2011 ) , suggests that the species will lose 78 - 88 % of suitable habitat in the amazonian portion of its range ( as defined by the model , and which accounts for c . 68 % of the total area of suitable habitat for this species ) over 35 years ( estimate of three generations ) . the pessimistic scenario for forest loss suggests that the species will lose at least 60 % of its global extent of suitable habitat over this period . by also factoring in additional declines owing to the species’s susceptibility to fragmentation , edge - effects and hunting , the suspected rate of population decline is thought to be 70 % over 35 years .
the amazonian forest loss analysis suggests that the species qualifies as endangered under criterion a4cd ; however , the information given by lees et al . ( 2013 ) implies that the species could qualify as critically endangered under the c criterion , if its population is estimated to include fewer than 250 mature individuals . further information would assist with this species’s red list assessment .
c . fasciolata ( as defined following the taxonomic change ) is known from central and southern brazil , eastern bolivia , and paraguay .
although this species survives in much of brazil , and can be locally common ( as in the northern pantanal and serra dos carajás ) , it is extinct , or nearly so , in sao paulo and paraná ( del hoyo 1994 , f . olmos in litt . 2003 ) . it is considered rare and threatened in argentina . in paraguay , the species has been extirpated , or is close to disappearing , from much of its range , although in 1999 the species was still relatively numerous in northern concepción department ( clay 2001 ) . in bolivia , the species is widely distributed throughout the llanos de moxos ( savannas ) , with many areas holding protected populations ( b . hennessey in litt . 2003 ) .
although the species occupies a relatively large range , it has disappeared from parts of its former range as a result of habitat destruction and hunting ( del hoyo 1994 ) . hunting pressure is an issue in goiás and tocantins , but this species is not considered to be particularly threatened overall in brazil ( f . olmos in litt . 2003 ) . despite the species’s abundance in northern concepción department ( paraguay ) , human presence in this area has increased considerably over the past few years , and hunting pressure may now be high ( clay 2001 ) .
a model of forest loss in the amazon basin since 2002 ( soares - filho et al . 2006 ) , combined with the species’s approximate range and data on its ecology and life history ( following the methods of bird et al . 2011 ) , suggests that the species will lose 24 - 36 % of suitable habitat in the amazonian portion of its range ( as defined by the model , and which accounts for c . 50 % of the total area of suitable habitat for this species ) over 35 years ( estimate of three generations ) . the pessimistic scenario for forest loss suggests that the species will lose at least 17 . 8 % of its global extent of suitable habitat over this period . by also factoring in additional declines owing to the species’s susceptibility to fragmentation , edge - effects and hunting , a suspected rate of population decline is calculated to be 27 . 8 % over 35 years .
the amazonian forest loss analysis suggests that the species qualifies as near threatened under criterion a4cd . however , given the evidence of declines in areas outside the amazon basin , it is suggested that this species could qualify as vulnerable if it is suspected to be declining at 30 - 49 % over 35 years .
bird , j . p . , buchanan , g . m . , lees , a . c . , clay , r . p . , develey . p . f . , yépez , i . and butchart , s . h . m . ( 2011 ) integrating spatially explicit habitat projections into extinction risk assessments : a reassessment of amazonian avifauna incorporating projected deforestation . diversity and distributions doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1472 4642 . 2011 . 00843 . x . urltoken
clay , r . p . ( 2001 ) the status and conservation of the cracids of paraguay . in : brooks , d . m . ; gonzalez - f , f . ( ed . ) , biology and conservation of cracids in the new millenium , pp . 124 - 138 . misc . publ . houston mus . nat . sci . no . 2 .
del hoyo , j . ( 1994 ) cracidae ( chachalacas , guans and curassows ) . in : del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; sargatal , j . ( ed . ) , handbook of the birds of the world , pp . 310 - 363 . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain .
lees , a . c . , de moura , n . g . , dantas , s . m . and thompson , i . ( 2013 ) capital birding : belém , pará , brazil . neotropical birding 13 : 32–42 .
soares - filho , b . s . , nepstad , d . c . , curran , l . m . , cerqueira , g . c . , garcia , r . a . , ramos , c . a . , voll , e . , mcdonald , a . , lefebvre , p . and schlesinger , p . ( 2006 ) modelling conservation in the amazon basin . nature 440 : 520–523 .
tobias , j . a . , seddon , n . , spottiswoode , c . n . , pilgrim , j . d . , fishpool , l . d . c . and collar , n . j . ( 2010 ) quantitative criteria for species delimitation . ibis 152 : 724–746 .
crax fasciolata inhabits gallery forests in eastern paraguay , even this region suffered from severe deforestation we continue to record the species in an annual basis in concepción and ñeembucú departments . rest of female was discovered in 2011 in the chaco - pantanal area confirming that the species is still present in the area in low numbers . it is considered to be vu in the country ( seam 2006 ) , a review made in 2011 resulted in this trend ; vu - nt .
the last confirmed record of pinima in the wild was made in 1978 – see references in lees et al . ( 2012 ) urltoken although there are persistent rumours that the species may be present in gurupi . if this is true it is still unlikely that more than 20 - 30 individuals exist if its not already extinct . a pinima - like crax taxon formerly occurred in pernambuco too . luis fabio silveira urltoken is your man to ask about this bird .
there is now a period for further comments until the final deadline of 14 may , after which recommended categorisations will be put forward to iucn .
following further review , there have been no changes to our preliminary proposals for the 2014 red list status of these species .
the final categorisations will be published in mid - 2014 , following further checking of information relevant to the assessments by birdlife and iucn .
this year , to celebrate world migratory bird day , we wanted to do something really special . so we asked schools and birdlife partners across the african continent to send in videos of them singing songs about the wonders of bird migration . the results blew us away . the videos were amazing – and all but one were [ … ]
a major stopover site of europe’s great white pelicans has recently been discovered in turkey . a count conducted by our turkish partner doğa derneği showed that more than 15 , 000 pelicans stop off at the karacabey floodplain to roost and feed during their spring migration . the sea of marmara may be the smallest sea in the [ … ]
read the project press release here the micronesian scrubfowl megapodius laperouse is a genius at inventing ways to keep its eggs warm . those on the northern mariana islands burrow into volcanic cinder fields or use the geothermal heat beneath the ground to warm their unhatched young . across the palau archipelago , they bury their eggs in large [ … ]
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the present study was conducted in a conservation unit named
reserva extrativista riozinho do anfrísio
( 54°39 ' 18 . 28
w , 4°45 ' 33 . 98
s ) . according to the brazilian national system of conservation units [
] ,
reserva extrativista
( which stands for
extractive reserve
) is a conservation unit in the category of
sustainable use
, since it allows the presence of human populations within the reserve , as well as the sustainable exploitation of its natural resources . the territorial size of this extractive reserve is of 736 340 ha and is located at the altamira municipality , in the state of pará , northern brazil ( figure
) . the altamira municipality is located at the southwest of the pará state , in the trans - amazonian and xingu region . altamira has a surface of 159 695 . 94 km
and a population of 98 . 750 people , the majority of which is living in urban areas [
) of the brazilian state , since they were threatening both the forest and the permanence of the traditional populations in the territory .
localization of the
riozinho do anfrísio extractive reserve
: altamira municipality , southwest pará state , northern brazil .
the study area is characterized by a hot and humid climate , with mean annual temperature of 27°c , and mean annual rainfall of 1 . 885 mm . the vegetation is of the tropical moist broadleaf forest type , but rather opened and mixed . the region is alluvial and submontane [ 37 ] .
the majority of the local population is illiterate , and until recently almost nobody owned a birth certificate or another civil document . there is no medical assistance , since there are no doctors , nurses and health centres [ 38 ] . in the study area there are , at present , 56 families , representing a total of 290 people , from which the majority are children and youngsters . the colonization of this amazonian region happened at the beginning of the xx th century , at the caoutchouc epoch . this had lead to the mixing of the indigenous population with the migrant people , which had come from other amazonian regions and from northeastern brazil .
) , among others . these products are important for the population ' s subsistence at many levels , being a source of food , alternative medicines and financial revenue . the activities of hunting and fishing are also important for their survival , since they provide a rich source of animal protein . family based farming is also part of this group of activities , with prevalence for the manioc (
) , but distant enough from the water level at the rainy season . they are built with wood or clay and covered with the straw of the babasu palm (
, this is , riverines exchange their products ( such as brazil - nut , honey , fish , etc . ) for other goods brought in by traders .
typical houses of the riverine population at the
riozinho do anfrísio extractive reserve
. photo by fbb .
this paper was produced within the scope of a research project entitled
biodiversity , use of natural resources and ethnoconservation in the riozinho do anfrísio extractive reserve
. research permits were obtained both from the ibama ( the brazilian institution for the environment and the renewable natural resources ) and from the
riozinho do anfrísio
local community . according to the agreed licence , researchers had to assume several ethical commitments with the community , such as the communication of the study results to the population and their transcription to the local idiom ( portuguese ) . the work was developed under the ethnoecological approach , following the methods proposed by huntington [ 39 ] , marques [ 6 ] and rodrigues [ 40 ] .
a total of 26 hunters were interviewed , from which 25 men and only one woman . whenever possible , the 25 hunters ' wives participated in the interviews as well . the age of the interviewees varied between 18 to 83 years old ( average 49 years ) , with 84 % of them being illiterate . the questions were general , always allowing an extensive dialog . we asked about which species were the most hunted , how useful they were to the community , their general knowledge about the most and least abundant species , their knowledge about the ecological and reproductive traits of those species , and so on . tape recorders were not used to avoid inhibiting the informants . the duration of the interviews varied from 30 to 80 minutes . in many cases the interviews allowed to confirm previous observations done during riverines ' activities .
) and as a magic - religious symbol . when eggs are found , they are collected and usually used as food , but , in alternative , they may also be preserved and hatched by chickens . the hatchlings are then raised as pets .
the first column describes the body parts that are used by the community as medicines ; the second column the medicinal applications of each body part ; and the third column the number of times that this medicinal application was reported by the interviewees .
n = 25 ( excluding one interviewee that did not know the answer ) . mean weight : 3 . 4 kg
although generally forbidden by law in brazil [ 45 ] , hunting is practiced by many populations , mainly by those that live in rural zones . in these regions , the traditional populations , including the indigenous ones , are , in fact , allowed to hunt , but only for their subsistence . as shown in many studies , hunting has an important function in the diets of many rural populations [ 8 , 23 , 46 - 48 ] . this raises the question of whether people living in protected areas are beneficial or detrimental to conservation [ 14 , 49 ] , a problem that is presently generating a large debate . in the brazilian amazonia , some studies suggest that local populations can be allies of the conservation process rather than threats [ 14 ] . as a matter of fact , the establishment of protected areas allowing for the presence of human populations has been progressively increasing . some examples of categories of protected areas in brazil that allow the presence of human populations are the national forests , the extractive reserves and the reserves for sustainable development .
the practice of rearing animals as pets is , in fact , common in rural populations , including in the indigenous ones [ 3 , 16 ] . the pets may be captured accidentally , when mothers with young broods are killed by mistake , or intentionally , as it usually happens with cracidae and psittacidae ( parrots , parakeets and macaws ) birds , as well as terrestrial turtles and some other species . these animals are generally captured / adopted very young or , in the case of birds , still in eggs in order to be hatched by chickens .


it is known from honshū , japan .

the wingspan is about 7 mm .

the larvae feed on ericaceae species .

parornix minor

parornix minor is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from honshū , japan .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
the larvae feed on ericaceae species . they probably mine the leaves of their host plant .
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. . . with the former state . the dif - ference between this taxon and the others is
at best , but in any case is simply an autapomorphy of o . sulcata . t . . . . . . ari - able within other polistine genera , and so we view these differences as
, hav - ing no more than specific value . nest architecture as already . . . . . . trary partition - ing of continuous variation . for the larvae , there are only
, specific differences between the two species known . and nest archi . . . . . . his world cat - alog of sphecidae , considered pison as neuter , and this , with
exceptions , has remained its gender for the last 100 years . a consi . . . . . . iidae ) on crataegus monogyna : 3 9 medmenham / bucks . / gb , wageningen / nl ( nms ) .
betulae ( stainton ) on betula sp . : 1 9 ad - derstonelee moss / roxb . . . . . . . x betulae ( stainton ) on betula sp . : 1 9 ad - derstonelee moss / roxb . / gb ( nms ) .
torquillella ( zeller ) on prunus spiiwsa : 1 9 wester frisk / fife / . . . . . . ix torquillella ( zeller ) on prunus spiiwsa : 1 9 wester frisk / fife / gb ( nms ) .
sp . on prunus spinosa or crataegus mon - og \ / na : 1 9 warton crag / . . . . . . ue to mine throughout their larval life and also pu - pate in the mine , while
species make one or more leaf folds following a rather small phy . . . . . . ( gracillariidae ) on dn / as octopetaln : 1 9 liiner see / vorarlberg / a ( huemer ) .
devoniella ( stainton ) ( syn . avellanella ( stainton ) ) on corylus a . . .
. . . . . . . 108 paraphytosus mihi . the genus : syuonymical note . . . , . . 233
finitimella z . , a species of cracilariadae new to the biitisji l . . . . . . oryzae 88 latliridius nodifer 60 lathrobium fraudulentum 170 , 277 labia crux -
57 , 58 leiopus nebulosus 163 leptura sangninolenta , 20 ; scutel - la . . . . . . crogiossa puua 41 , 109 miscodera arctica 59 mniophila museorum 277 molorchus
165 monochamus sutor 20 monomma resinorum 7 monotoma conicicollis 1 . . . . . . 8 , 174 ; similis 174 sipalia testacea 156 sipolisia serricornis 192 sitarida
122 sitones cambricns , cinerascens , 164 ; sulcifrons , suturalis , 27 . . . . . . a spinarum , etc 64 aylax glechomae , 200 ; graminis , 201 ; jaceae , 232 , 276 ;
, 201 ; rogenhoferii , 232 ; taraxaci . . . 200 , 237 banchus pictus 40 b . . . . . . es , harmodius , 187 ; lycophron , 22 ; polytes 81 , 187 pararge aegeria 21 , 167
finitimella 9 pieris brassicae , 20 , 196 , 259 ; can - idia , mesenti . . . . . . pompilus cardui , , ( sp . n . ) . 11 spbecodes scabricouis tfesm 47 lepidoptera .
finitimella zell list of new groups . genera , species , & c . ; , desc . . . . . . 1833 = oniix zeller , 1839 —finitimella zeller , stett . ent . zeit . , 1850 . 162 .
finitimella zeller . genitalia . s • valva pedunculate , the base b . . . . . .
by the rev . f . w . hope . — g ^ . c . champion , f . z . s 7 occurrence in england of
finitimella z . , a species of gracilariadae new to the british li . . .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 5 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
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the cantharidinae are a taxonomic subfamily of very small to large sea snails , marine gastropod molluscs in the family trochidae , common name top snails .

originally it was ranked as tribe of the trochinae , according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi from 2005 , but was elevated to the rank of subfamily following williams et al .

cantharidinae

phylogenetic relationships of mediterranean and north - east atlantic cantharidinae and notes on stomatellinae ( vetigastropoda : trochidae ) .
phylogenetic relationships of mediterranean and north - east atlantic cantharidinae and notes on stomatellinae ( vetigastropoda : trochidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
phylogeographic patterns in new zealand and temperate australian cantharidines ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochidae : cantharidinae ) : trans - tasman divergences are ancient .
phylogeographic patterns in new zealand and temperate australian cantharidines ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochidae : cantharidinae ) : trans - tasman diver . . . - pubmed - ncbi
classification cantharidinae gray , 1857 was ranked as tribe of the trochinae in bouchet & warén , 2005 , elevated to subfamily following williams et al . ( 2007 ) ) . [ details ]
bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2014 ) . cantharidinae gray , 1857 . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
uribe je , williams st , templado j , buge b , zardoya r ( 2017 ) phylogenetic relationships of mediterranean and north - east atlantic cantharidinae and notes on stomatellinae ( vetigastropoda : trochidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 107 : 64 - 79 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2016 . 10 . 009
genus mawhero b . a . marshall , 1998 accepted as micrelenchus ( mawhero ) b . a . marshall , 1998 represented as micrelenchus finlay , 1926
gray , j . e . ( 1857 ) . guide to the systematic distribution of mollusca in the british museum . part . i . london pp . xii . 230 : pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 157 [ details ]
williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]
( of gibbulinae stoliczka , 1868 ) williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]
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uribe je 1 , williams st 2 , templado j 1 , buge b 3 , zardoya r 4 .
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department of life sciences , natural history museum , cromwell rd , london sw7 5bd , uk .
muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , direction des collections , 55 , rue de buffon , 75005 paris , france .
museo nacional de ciencias naturales ( mncn - csic ) , josé gutiérrez abascal 2 , 28006 madrid , spain . electronic address : rafaz @ mncn . csic . es .
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phasianotrochus ( kelp - shells ) ( e . g . figures e - h )
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new zealand species fall into three genera ; no australian species are congeneric with any new zealand species .
these dates imply long - distance , trans - tasman , probably via rafting .
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williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 .
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project 223 : williams , s . t . , k . m . donald , h . g . spencer , and t . nakano . 2010 . molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 54 ( 3 ) : 783 - 809 .
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gray j . e . ( 1847 ) . a list of the genera of recent mollusca , their synonyma and types . proceedings of the zoological society of london . 15 : 129 - 219 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 146 [ details ]
( of korenia friele , 1877 ) friele h . ( 1877 ) tungebevæbningen hos de norske rhipidoglossa . archiv for mathematik og naturvidenskab , 2 : 199 - 317 , pl . 1 - 5 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 305 - 306 [ details ]
( of scrobiculinus monterosato , 1889 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1889 ( 1 gennaio ) ) . coquilles marines marocaines . journal de conchyliologie 37 ( 1 ) : 20 - 40 ; 37 ( 2 ) : 112 - 121 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 29 [ details ]
( of strigosella sacco , 1896 ) sacco , f . ( 1896 ) . i molluschi dei terreni terziarii del piemonte e della liguria . parte xxi . ( naricidae , modulidae , phasianellidae , turbinidae , delphinulidae , cyclostrematidae , tornidae ) . carlo clausen , torino , 64 pp . , 4 pl . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 49 [ details ]
( of gibbulastra monterosato , 1884 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1884 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee . palermo , virzi , 152 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 43 [ details ]
( of gibbula ( colliculus ) monterosato , 1888 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) . ( 1888 - 1889 ) . molluschi del porto di palermo . specie e varietà . bullettino della società malacologica italiana . 13 : 161 - 180 [ 15 october 1888 ] ; 14 : 75 - 81 [ 1889 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 171 [ details ]
affenzeller s . , haar n . & steiner g . ( 2017 ) . revision of the genus complex gibbula : an integrative approach to delineating the eastern mediterranean genera gibbula risso , 1826 , steromphala gray , 1847 , and phorcus risso , 1826 using dna - barcoding and geometric morphometrics ( vetigastropoda , trochoidea ) . organisms diversity & evolution . 17 ( 4 ) : 789 - 812 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gibbulastra monterosato , 1884 ) crosse h . ( 1885 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee , pel marchese di monterosato [ book review ] . journal de conchyliologie 33 : 139 - 142 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 140 [ details ]
( of colliculus monterosato , 1888 ) bucquoy e . , dautzenberg p . & dollfus g . ( 1882 - 1886 ) . les mollusques marins du roussillon . tome ier . gastropodes . paris , j . b . baillière & fils 570 p . , 66 pl . [ pp . 1 - 40 , pl . 1 - 5 , february 1882 ; pp . 41 - 84 , pl . 6 - 10 , august 1882 ; pp . 85 - 135 , pl . 11 - 15 , february 1883 ; pp . 136 - 196 , pl . 16 - 20 , august 1883 ; pp . 197 - 222 , pl . 21 - 25 , january 1884 ; pp . 223 - 258 , pl . 26 - 30 , february 1884 ; pp . 259 - 298 , pl . 31 - 35 , august 1884 ; pp . 299 - 342 , pl . 36 - 40 , september 1884 ; p . 343 - 386 , pl . 41 - 45 , february 1885 ; p . 387 - 418 , pl . 46 - 50 , august 1885 ; pp . 419 - 454 , pl . pl . 51 - 60 , january 1886 ; p . 455 - 486 , pl . 56 - 60 , april 1886 ; p . 487 - 570 , pl . 61 - 66 , october 1886 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 773 [ details ]
( of colliculus monterosato , 1888 ) affenzeller s . , haar n . & steiner g . ( 2017 ) . revision of the genus complex gibbula : an integrative approach to delineating the eastern mediterranean genera gibbula risso , 1826 , steromphala gray , 1847 , and phorcus risso , 1826 using dna - barcoding and geometric morphometrics ( vetigastropoda , trochoidea ) . organisms diversity & evolution . 17 ( 4 ) : 789 - 812 . , available online at urltoken note : synonymy herein , based on inclusion of the type species of colliculus in steromphala [ details ]
cunha rl , assis jm , madeira c , seabra r , lima fp , et al . ( 2017 ) drivers of cape verde archipelagic endemism in keyhole limpets . scientific reports , 7 : 41817 - 41817 . doi : 10 . 1038 / srep41817
sumner - rooney l , sigwart jd , mcafee j , smith l , williams st ( 2016 ) repeated eye reduction events reveal multiple pathways to degeneration in a family of marine snails . evolution , 70 ( 10 ) : 2268 - 2295 . doi : 10 . 1111 / evo . 13022
williams st , ito s , wakamatsu k , goral t , edwards np , et al . ( 2016 ) identification of shell colour pigments in marine snails clanculus pharaonius and c . margaritarius ( trochoidea ; gastropoda ) . plos one , 11 ( 7 ) : e0156664 - e0156664 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0156664
williams st ( 2017 ) molluscan shell colour . biological reviews , 92 ( 2 ) : 1039 - 1058 . doi : 10 . 1111 / brv . 12268
williams st , smith lm , herbert dg , marshall ba , warén a , et al . ( 2013 ) cenozoic climate change and diversification on the continental shelf and slope : evolution of gastropod diversity in the family solariellidae ( trochoidea ) . ecology and evolution , 3 ( 4 ) : 887 - 917 . doi : 10 . 1002 / ece3 . 513
molecular investigation on skewed sex ratio in mytilus spp . populations from the gulf of gdansk role : co - investigator funding : polish ministry of science and higher education total value & pound33 ; , 600 dates : 2009 - 2012
molecular diagnostics for species identification and evolutionary analysis course . role : leader funding : museum development dates : 2015 - 2015 .
chair of the awards committee , malacological society of london , 2012 - 2015 .
organising committee , colour and vision : through the eyes of nature , ( exhibition ) , 2016 - 2016 .
organising committee , seventh european conference of malacology , cambridge , ( conference ) , 2014 - 2014 .
organiser , speciation in molluscs . 115th agm , malacological society of london , ( symposium ) ,
organiser , species delimitation and chirality : molluscs as model organisms . 120th agm , malacologial society of london , ( symposium ) ,
organiser , resolving deep relationships in mollusca . 123rd agm , malacological society of london , ( symposium ) ,
head of invertebrate division , dept of life sciences , natural history museum , 2017 - on going .
scientific lead for temporary exhibition ,
colour and vision : through the eyes of nature
, 2015 - 2016 .
williams s , foster p , hughes c , harper e , taylor j , littlewood d , dyal p , hopkins k , briscoe a ( 2017 ) curious bivalves : systematic utility and unusual properties of anomalodesmatan mitochondrial genomes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 110 : 60 - 72 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2017 . 03 . 004
castelin m , williams st , buge b , maestrati p , lambourdière j , ozawa t , utge j , couloux a , alf a , samadi s ( 2017 ) untangling species identity in gastropods with polymorphic shells in the genus bolma risso , 1826 ( mollusca , vetigastropoda ) . european journal of taxonomy , doi : 10 . 5852 / ejt . 2017 . 288
cunha rl , assis jm , madeira c , seabra r , lima fp , lopes ep , williams st , castilho r ( 2017 ) drivers of cape verde archipelagic endemism in keyhole limpets . scientific reports , 7 : 41817 - 41817 . doi : 10 . 1038 / srep41817
uribe je , williams st , templado j , abalde s , zardoya r ( 2017 ) denser mitogenomic sampling improves resolution of the phylogeny of the superfamily trochoidea ( gastropoda : vetigastropoda ) . journal of molluscan studies , 83 ( 1 ) : 111 - 118 . doi : 10 . 1093 / mollus / eyw049
wort ejg , fenberg pb , williams st ( 2017 ) testing the contribution of individual genes in mitochondrial genomes for assessing phylogenetic relationships in vetigastropoda . journal of molluscan studies , 83 ( 1 ) : 123 - 128 . doi : 10 . 1093 / mollus / eyw044
taylor jd , glover ea , smith l , ikebe c , williams st ( 2016 ) new molecular phylogeny of lucinidae : increased taxon base with focus on tropical western atlantic species ( mollusca : bivalvia ) . . zootaxa , 4196 ( 3 ) : doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4196 . 3 . 2
williams st , ito s , wakamatsu k , goral t , edwards np , wogelius ra , henkel t , de oliveira lfc , maia lf , strekopytov s , jeffries t , speiser di , marsden jt ( 2016 ) identification of shell colour pigments in marine snails clanculus pharaonius and c . margaritarius ( trochoidea ; gastropoda ) . plos one , 11 ( 7 ) : e0156664 - e0156664 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0156664
glover ea , williams st , taylor jd ( 2016 ) lucinid bivalves of singapore and their relationships ( bivalvia : lucinidae ) . raffles bulletin of zoology , 539 - 565 .
ward gm , bennett m , bateman k , stentiford gd , kerr r , feist sw , williams st , berney c , bass d ( 2016 ) a new phylogeny and environmental dna insight into paramyxids : an increasingly important but enigmatic clade of protistan parasites of marine invertebrates . international journal for parasitology , 46 ( 10 ) : 605 - 619 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ijpara . 2016 . 04 . 010
vilvens c , williams s ( 2016 ) new genus and new species of solariellidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia , fiji , vanuatu , solomon islands , philippines , papua new guinea and french polynesia , in : tropical deep - sea benthos 29 . , héros v , strong e , bouchet p ( eds ) . null : 267 - 290 .
williams ph , byvaltsev am , cederberg b , berezin mv , ødegaard f , rasmussen c , richardson ll , huang j , sheffield cs , williams st ( 2015 ) genes suggest ancestral colour polymorphisms are shared across morphologically cryptic species in arctic bumblebees . plos one , 10 ( 12 ) : e0144544 - e0144544 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0144544
dibattista jd , roberts mb , bouwmeester j , bowen bw , coker dj , lozano - cortés df , howard choat j , gaither mr , hobbs j - pa , khalil mt , kochzius m , myers rf , paulay g , robitzch vsn , saenz - agudelo p , salas e , sinclair - taylor th , toonen rj , westneat mw , williams st , berumen ml ( 2016 ) a review of contemporary patterns of endemism for shallow water reef fauna in the red sea . journal of biogeography , 43 ( 3 ) : 423 - 439 . doi : 10 . 1111 / jbi . 12649
cunha rl , lima fp , tenorio mj , ramos aa , castilho r , williams st ( 2014 ) evolution at a different pace : distinctive phylogenetic patterns of cone snails from two ancient oceanic archipelagos . systematic biology , 63 ( 6 ) : 971 - 987 . doi : 10 . 1093 / sysbio / syu059
vilvens c , williams st , herbert dg ( 2014 ) new genus arxellia with new species of solariellidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia , papua new guinea , philippines , western australia , vanuatu and tonga . zootaxa , 3826 ( 1 ) : 255 - 255 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3826 . 1 . 8
williams s , foster p , littlewood d ( 2014 ) the complete mitochondrial genome of a turbinid vetigastropod from miseq illumina sequencing of genomic dna and steps towards a resolved gastropod phylogeny . gene , 533 ( 1 ) : 38 - 47 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . gene . 2013 . 10 . 005
bowen bw , shanker k , yasuda n , celia m , malay mcmd , von der heyden s , paulay g , rocha la , selkoe ka , barber ph , williams st , lessios ha , crandall ed , bernardi g , meyer cp , carpenter ke , toonen rj ( 2014 ) phylogeography unplugged : comparative surveys in the genomic era . bulletin of marine science , 90 ( 1 ) : 13 - 46 . doi : 10 . 5343 / bms . 2013 . 1007
helwerda ra , wesselingh fp , williams st ( 2014 ) on some vetigastropoda ( mollusca , gastropoda ) from the plio - pleistocene of the philippines with descriptions of three new species . zootaxa , 3755 ( 2 ) : 101 - 135 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3755 . 2 . 1
taylor jd , glover ea , williams st ( 2014 ) diversification of chemosymbiotic bivalves : origins and relationships of deeper water lucinidae . biological journal of the linnean society , 111 ( 2 ) : 401 - 420 . doi : 10 . 1111 / bij . 12208
williams st , smith lm , herbert dg , marshall ba , warén a , kiel s , dyal p , linse k , vilvens c , kano y ( 2013 ) cenozoic climate change and diversification on the continental shelf and slope : evolution of gastropod diversity in the family solariellidae ( trochoidea ) . ecology and evolution , 3 ( 4 ) : 887 - 917 . doi : 10 . 1002 / ece3 . 513
claremont m , houart r , williams st , reid dg ( 2013 ) a molecular phylogenetic framework for the ergalataxinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) . journal of molluscan studies , 79 ( 1 ) : 19 - 29 . doi : 10 . 1093 / mollus / eys028
claremont m , vermeij gj , williams st , reid dg ( 2013 ) global phylogeny and new classification of the rapaninae ( gastropoda : muricidae ) , dominant molluscan predators on tropical rocky seashores . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 66 ( 1 ) : 91 - 102 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2012 . 09 . 014
lasota r , piłczyńska j , williams s , wołowicz m ( 2013 ) fast and easy method for total dna extraction and gene amplification from larvae , spat and adult mussels mytilus trossulus from the baltic sea . oceanological and hydrobiological studies , 42 ( 4 ) : doi : 10 . 2478 / s13545 - 013 - 0105 - 8
taylor jd , glover ea , williams st ( 2013 ) taxonomy and phylogeny of western atlantic lucinidae : new genus for lucina costata d ' orbigny , 1846 , a new species of ferrocina and neotype designation for venus orbiculata ( montagu , 1808 ) . nautilus , 127 ( 4 ) : 131 - 146 .
williams st ( 2013 ) margarellinae : a new calliostomatid subfamily . zoologica scripta , 42 ( 2 ) : 227 - 227 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2012 . 00566 . x
claremont m , reid dg , williams st ( 2012 ) speciation and dietary specialization in drupa , a genus of predatory marine snails ( gastropoda : muricidae ) . zoologica scripta , 41 ( 2 ) : 137 - 149 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2011 . 00512 . x
donald km , preston j , williams st , reid dg , winter d , alvarez r , buge b , hawkins sj , templado j , spencer hg ( 2012 ) phylogenetic relationships elucidate colonization patterns in the intertidal grazers osilinus philippi , 1847 and phorcus risso , 1826 ( gastropoda : trochidae ) in the northeastern atlantic ocean and mediterranean sea . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 62 ( 1 ) : 35 - 45 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2011 . 09 . 002
gower dj , johnson kg , richardson je , rosen br , rüber l , williams st ( 2012 ) biotic evolution and environmental change in southeast asia . the systematics association special volume 82 & cambridge university press : cambridge . i - 475 .
reid dg , dyal p , williams st ( 2012 ) a global molecular phylogeny of 147 periwinkle species ( gastropoda , littorininae ) . zoologica scripta , 41 ( 2 ) : 125 - 136 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2011 . 00505 . x
williams st ( 2012 ) advances in molecular systematics of the vetigastropod superfamily trochoidea . zoologica scripta , 41 ( 6 ) : 571 - 595 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2012 . 00552 . x
williams st , hall a , kuklinski p ( 2012 ) unraveling cryptic diversity in the indo - west pacific gastropod genus lunella ( turbinidae ) using elliptic fourier analysis * . american malacological bulletin , 30 ( 1 ) : 189 - 206 . doi : 10 . 4003 / 006 . 030 . 0117
claremont m , reid dg , williams st ( 2011 ) evolution of corallivory in the gastropod genus drupella . coral reefs , 30 ( 4 ) : 977 - 990 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00338 - 011 - 0788 - 5
taylor jd , glover ea , smith l , dyal p , williams st ( 2011 ) molecular phylogeny and classification of the chemosymbiotic bivalve family lucinidae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 163 ( 1 ) : 15 - 49 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 2011 . 00700 . x
williams st , apte d , ozawa t , kagilis f , nakano t ( 2011 ) speciation and dispersal along continental coastlines and island arcs in the indo - west pacific turbinid gastropod genus lunella . . evolution , 65 : doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1558 - 5646 . 2011 . 01255 . x
claremont m , williams st , barraclough tg , reid dg ( 2011 ) the geographic scale of speciation in a marine snail with high dispersal potential . journal of biogeography , 38 ( 6 ) : 1016 - 1032 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2699 . 2011 . 02482 . x
barco a , claremont m , reid d , houart r , bouchet p , williams s , cruaud c , couloux a , oliverio m ( 2010 ) a molecular phylogenetic framework for the muricidae , a diverse family of carnivorous gastropods . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 56 ( 3 ) : 1025 - 1039 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2010 . 03 . 008
reid d , dyal p , williams s ( 2010 ) global diversification of mangrove fauna : a molecular phylogeny of littoraria ( gastropoda : littorinidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 55 ( 1 ) : 185 - 201 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2009 . 09 . 036
williams s , donald k , spencer h , nakano t ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 54 ( 3 ) : 783 - 809 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2009 . 11 . 008
taylor jd , glover ea , williams st ( 2009 ) phylogenetic position of the bivalve family cyrenoididae - removal from ( and further dismantling of ) the superfamily lucinoidea . nautilus , 123 ( 1 ) : 9 - 13 .
williams st , karube s , ozawa t ( 2008 ) molecular systematics of vetigastropoda : trochidae , turbinidae and trochoidea redefined . zoologica scripta , 37 ( 5 ) : 483 - 506 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2008 . 00341 . x
reid d , dyal p , lozouet p , glaubrecht m , williams s ( 2008 ) mudwhelks and mangroves : the evolutionary history of an ecological association ( gastropoda : potamididae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 47 ( 2 ) : 680 - 699 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2008 . 01 . 003
claremont m , reid dg , williams st ( 2008 ) a molecular phylogeny of the rapaninae and ergalataxinae ( neogastropoda : muricidae ) . journal of molluscan studies , 74 ( 3 ) : 215 - 221 . doi : 10 . 1093 / mollus / eyn005
glover ea , taylor jd , williams st ( 2008 ) mangrove - assocated lucinid bivalves of the central indo - west pacific : review of the
austriella
group with a new genus and species ( mollusca : bivalvia : lucinidae ) . the raffles bulletin of zoology , 18 : 25 - 40 .
taylor jd , glover ea , williams st ( 2008 ) ancient chemosynthetic bivalves : systematics of solemyidae from eastern and southern australia ( mollusca : bivalvia ) . memoirs of the queensland museum — nature brisbane . , in : proceedings of the thirteenth international marine biological workshop , the marine fauna and flora of moreton bay , queensland , davie pjf , phillips ja ( eds ) . memoirs of queensland museum - nature , 54 ( 1 ) : 75 - 104 .
williams st ( 2008 ) the calcareous operculum as a character for defining subgenera in the marine gastropod genus turbo . vita malacologica , 1 : 1 - 13 .
williams st , duda tf ( 2008 ) did tectonic activity stimulate oligo - miocene speciation in the indo - west pacific ? . evolution , 62 : 1618 - 1634 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1558 - 5646 . 2008 . 00399 . x
williams st , karube s , ozawa y ( 2008 ) molecular systematics of vetigastropoda : trochidae , turbinidae and trochoidea redefined . zoologica scripta , 37 : doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2008 . 00341
williams s ( 2007 ) safe and legal shipment of tissue samples : does it affect dna quality ? . journal of molluscan studies , 73 ( 4 ) : 416 - 418 . doi : 10 . 1093 / mollus / eym039
taylor jd , williams st , glover ea ( 2007 ) evolutionary relationships of the bivalve family thyasiridae ( mollusca : bivalvia ) , monophyly and superfamily status . journal of the marine biological association of the uk , 87 ( 02 ) : 565 - 565 . doi : 10 . 1017 / s0025315407054409
taylor jd , williams st , glover ea , dyal p ( 2007 ) a molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves ( mollusca : bivalvia : heterodonta ) : new analyses of 18s and 28s rrna genes . zoologica scripta , 36 ( 6 ) : 587 - 606 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2007 . 00299 . x
vermeij gj , williams st ( 2007 ) predation and the geography of opercular thickness in turbinid gastropods . journal of molluscan studies , 73 ( 1 ) : 67 - 73 . doi : 10 . 1093 / mollus / eyl032
williams st ( 2007 ) origins and diversification of indo - west pacific marine fauna : evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells ( gastropoda , turbinidae ) . biological journal of the linnean society , 92 ( 3 ) : 573 - 592 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1095 - 8312 . 2007 . 00854 . x
reid dg , lal k , mackenzie - dodds j , kaligis f , littlewood dtj , williams st ( 2006 ) comparative phylogeography and species boundaries in echinolittorina snails in the central indo - west pacific . journal of biogeography , 33 ( 6 ) : 990 - 1006 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2699 . 2006 . 01469 . x
williams s , ozawa t ( 2006 ) molecular phylogeny suggests polyphyly of both the turban shells ( family turbinidae ) and the superfamily trochoidea ( mollusca : vetigastropoda ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 39 ( 1 ) : 33 - 51 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2005 . 12 . 017
taylor jd , glover ea , williams st ( 2005 ) another bloody bivalve : anatomy and relationships of eucrassatella donacina from south western australia ( mollusca : bivalvia : crassatellidae ) , in : the marine flora and fauna of esperance , western australia , wells fe , walker di , kendrick ga ( eds ) . western australian museum : perth . 261 - 288 .
reid dg , williams st ( 2004 ) the subfamily littorininae ( gastropoda : littorinidae ) in the temperate southern hemisphere : the genera nodilittorina , austrolittorina and afrolittorina . records of the australian museum , 56 ( 1 ) : 75 - 122 . doi : 10 . 3853 / j . 0067 - 1975 . 56 . 2004 . 1393
williams st , reid dg ( 2004 ) speciation and diversity on tropical rocky shores : a global phylogeny of snails of the genus echinolittorina . evolution , 58 ( 10 ) : 2227 - 2251 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 0014 - 3820 . 2004 . tb01600 . x
williams st , taylor jd , glover ea ( 2004 ) molecular phylogeny of the lucinoidea ( bivalvia ) : non‐monophyly and separate acquisition of bacterial chemosymbiosis . journal of molluscan studies , 70 ( 2 ) : 187 - 202 . doi : 10 . 1093 / mollus / 70 . 2 . 187
williams st ( 2002 ) the marine indo - west pacific break : contrasting the resolving power of mitochondrial and nuclear genes . integrative and comparative biology , 42 ( 5 ) : 941 - 952 . doi : 10 . 1093 / icb / 42 . 5 . 941
williams s , reid d , littlewood d ( 2003 ) a molecular phylogeny of the littorininae ( gastropoda : littorinidae ) : unequal evolutionary rates , morphological parallelism , and biogeography of the southern ocean . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 28 ( 1 ) : 60 - 86 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s1055 - 7903 ( 03 ) 00038 - 1
williams st , knowlton n ( 2001 ) mitochondrial pseudogenes are pervasive and often insidious in the snapping shrimp genus alpheus . molecular biology and evolution , 18 ( 8 ) : 1484 - 1493 . doi : 10 . 1093 / oxfordjournals . molbev . a003934
williams s , knowlton n , weigt l , jara j ( 2001 ) evidence for three major clades within the snapping shrimp genus alpheus inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequence data . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 20 ( 3 ) : 375 - 389 . doi : 10 . 1006 / mpev . 2001 . 0976
williams st ( 2000 ) species boundaries in the starfish genus linckia . marine biology , 136 ( 1 ) : 137 - 148 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s002270050016
williams st , knowlton n , weigt la ( 1999 ) indo - pacific molecular biogeography of the coral - dwelling snapping shrimp alpheus lottini ( decapoda : caridea : alpheidae ) . , in : ecology of the chagos archipelago , sheppard crc , seaward mrd ( eds ) . linnean society occasional publications 2 , westbury press : london . 195 - 206 .
benzie jah , williams st ( 1998 ) phylogenetic relationships among giant clam species ( mollusca : tridacnidae ) determined by protein electrophoresis . marine biology , 132 ( 1 ) : 123 - 133 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s002270050378
williams st , benzie jah ( 1998 ) evidence of a biogeographic break between populations of a high dispersal starfish : congruent regions within the indo - west pacific defined by color morphs , mt dna , and allozyme data . evolution , 52 ( 1 ) : 87 - 99 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1558 - 5646 . 1998 . tb05141 . x
williams st , benzie jah ( 1997 ) indo - west pacific patterns of genetic differentiation in the high - dispersal starfish linckia laevigata . molecular ecology , 6 ( 6 ) : 559 - 573 . doi : 10 . 1046 / j . 1365 - 294x . 1997 . 00221 . x
benzie jah , williams st ( 1997 ) genetic structure of giant clam ( tridacna maxima ) populations in the west pacific is not consistent with dispersal by present - day ocean currents . evolution , 51 ( 3 ) : 768 - 783 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1558 - 5646 . 1997 . tb03660 . x
benzie j , williams s ( 1996 ) limitations in the genetic variation of hatchery produced batches of the giant clam , tridacna gigas . aquaculture , 139 ( 3 - 4 ) : 225 - 241 . doi : 10 . 1016 / 0044 - 8486 ( 95 ) 01171 - 4
williams st , benzie jah ( 1996 ) genetic uniformity of widely separated populations of the coral reef starfishlinckia laevigata from the east indian and west pacific oceans , revealed by allozyme electrophoresis . marine biology , 126 ( 1 ) : 99 - 107 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00571381
benzie jah , williams st ( 1995 ) gene flow among giant clam ( tridacna gigas ) populations in pacific does not parallel ocean circulation . marine biology , 123 ( 4 ) : 781 - 787 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00349121
williams st , benzie jah ( 1993 ) genetic consequences of long larval life in the starfish linckia laevigata ( echinodermata : asteroidea ) on the great barrier reef . marine biology , 117 ( 1 ) : 71 - 77 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00346427
benzie jah , williams st ( 1993 ) allozyme electrophoretic methods for analysing genetic variation in giant clams ( tridacnidae ) . 50 .
benzie jah , williams st ( 1992 ) genetic structure of giant clam ( tridacna maxima ) populations from reefs in the western coral sea . coral reefs , 11 ( 3 ) : 135 - 141 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00255467
benzie jah , williams st ( 1992 ) no genetic differentiation of giant clam ( tridacna gigas ) populations in the great barrier reef , australia . marine biology , 113 ( 3 ) : 373 - 377 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00349161
macaranas jm , ablan ca , pante mjr , benzie jah , williams st ( 1992 ) genetic structure of giant clam ( tridacna derasa ) populations from reefs in the indo - pacific . marine biology , 113 : 231 - 238 .
williams st ( 1992 ) methods for analysis of genetic variation in the blue starfish , linckia laevigata , using allozyme electrophoresis .
williams st , lockyer ae , dyal p , nakano t , churchill ckc , speiser di ( 2017 ) colorful seashells : identification of haem pathway genes associated with the synthesis of porphyrin shell color in marine snails . ecology and evolution , 7 ( 23 ) : 10379 - 10397 . doi : 10 . 1002 / ece3 . 3552
short course : integrating molecules with taxonomy and systematics , london 5 / 2018 .
short course : molecular diagnostics for species identification and evolutionary analysis natural history museum , london 2 / 2018 .
postgraduate : integrating molecules with taxonomy and systematics : an introductory molecular phylogenetics course for species identification and evolutionary analysis 5 / 2017 .
postgraduate : an introductory molecular phylogenetics course : molecular diagnostics for species identification and evolutionary analyses natural history museum , london , london , united kingdom 2 / 2016 - on going .
doctorate ( phd ) co - supervisor to wort e co supervisor ( s ) : fenberg p the role of habitat gaps and oceanography on the biogeography of rocky intertidal species over historic time scales funding : spitfire 2014 - on going .
master ' s lead supervisor to braun l - m determining the origin of antarctic calliostomatids : a molecular phylogeny of carnivorous gastropods imperial college london , london natural history museum , london 2012 - on going .
master ' s adviser to pilczynska j co supervisor ( s ) : wolowicz m genetic structure of mytilus trossulus ( bivalvia ) from the gulf of gdańsk university of gdynia , poland 2008 - 2011 .
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this species was endemic to the coosa river , and was only known from a specimen collected in st. clair county , alabama in shallow , swift water .

coosa elktoe

the coosa elktoe ( alasmidonta mccordi ) is a species of freshwater mussel , an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family unionidae , the river mussels .
the coosa elktoe ( alasmidonta mccordi ) is a species of freshwater mussel , an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family unionidae , the river mussels . because no individuals have been seen recently , it is assumed to be extinct .
this species is now considered to be extinct . impoundment of the coosa river is thought to have caused the extinction of this species .
this species was endemic to the coosa river , and was only known from a specimen collected in st . clair county , alabama in shallow , swift water . no specimens have been found since the construction of impoundments on the river .
this species was known only from a single specimen collected from the coosa river in st . clair county , alabama , prior to its impoundment ( athearn 1964 , mirarchi et al . 2004 ) . it is currently believed to be extinct ( bogan et al . 2008 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the current spelling of the specific name is correct . clarke ' s ( 1985 ) spelling change , alasmidonta maccordi , was unjustified and constituted a recommendation only ( turgeon et al . 1998 ) . a list of synonyms for this species can be found on the mussel project web site ( graf and cummings 2011 ) .
bogan , a . e . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .
justification : alasmidonta mccordi was listed in 1996 ( baillie and groombridge 1996 ) as critically endangered due to insufficient survey information . in 2000 , surveys confirmed that a . mccordi is extinct ( bogan 2000 ) and there has been no further evidence in recent years to suggest otherwise ( bogan et al . 2008 ) .
the only known specimen of this species was collected alive from shallow , swift water in sand and gravel substrate in an area thickly strewn with rock debris ( athearn 1964 ) .
this species has been given a natureserve global heritage status rank of gx - presumed extinct ( natureserve 2009 ) , and was assigned an american fisheries society status of possibly extinct ( 1 jan 1993 ) , and a previous iucn red list category of ex ( 2000 ver 2 . 3 ) .
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