macquaria is a genus of medium-sized , predatory temperate perches endemic to australia .

they are found in rivers and estuaries of the eastern part of the continent .

macquaria

macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) . an endangered species ( act government , 2014 ) [ information sheet ] .
macquarie perch , macquaria australasica . source : rudie h . kuiter / aquatic photographics . license : all rights reserved
macquarie perch ( macquaria australica ) : an endangered species . action plan no . 13 ( act government 1999d ) .
macquaria australasica cuvier , 1830 , histoire naturelle des poissons 5 : 377 pl . 131 . type locality : macquarie river , bathurst , nsw .
macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) : an endangered species . action plan no . 13 ( act government , 1999d ) [ state action plan ] .
act government ( 1999d ) . macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) : an endangered species . action plan no . 13 . available from : urltoken .
act government , 1999 . macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) : an endangered species . action plan no . 13 . environment act , canberra . pdf
department of the environment and heritage , 2005 .
macquaria australasica , macquarie perch
( on - line ) . accessed october 07 , 2005 at urltoken .
ingram , b . , j . douglas , m . lintermans . 2000 . threatened fishes of the world : macquaria australasica , cuvier 1830 ( percichthyidae ) .
to cite this page : kosakowski , l . 2006 .
macquaria australasica
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
wager , r . 1996 . macquaria australasica . in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . www . iucnredlist . org .
wharton , j . c . 1968 . spawning areas of the macquarie perch macquaria australasica above the eildon lake ( victoria ) . australian society for limology newsletter 6 : 11–13 .
department of the environment ( 2014 ) . macquaria australasica in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken accessed sun , 30 nov 2014
farrington , l . w . 2012 . microsatellite markers for the threatened australian freshwater fish , macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) . conservation genetics resources 4 ( 2 ) : 235 - 237 .
faulks lk , gilligan dm & beheregaray lb ( 2010 ) . evolution and maintenance of divergent lineages in an endangered freshwater fish , macquaria australasica . conservation genetics 11 ( 3 ) : 921–934 .
trueman , w . t . 2007 . a review of attempts at the artificial propagation of the macquarie perch macquaria australasica with recommendations for future action . native fish australia technical report # 2 .
act government , 1999 .
macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) : an endangered species
( on - line ) . action plan no . 13 . accessed october 08 , 2005 at urltoken .
broadhurst b . , ebner b . & clear r . 2012 . a rock - ramp fishway expands nursery grounds of the endangered macquarie perch macquaria australasica . australian journal of zoology 60 : 91–100 .
knight , j . , & bruce , a . 2010 . threatened fish profile : ‘eastern’ macquarie perch macquaria australasica cuvier 1830 . australian society for fish biology newsletter 40 ( 2 ) : 76–78 .
lintermans , m . , & ebner , b . 2010 . threatened fish profile : ‘western’ macquarie perch macquaria australasica cuvier 1830 . australian society for fish biology newsletter 40 ( 2 ) : 76–78 .
lintermans , m . 2013 . the rise and fall of a translocated population of the endangered macquarie perch , macquaria australasic a , in south - eastern australia . marine and freshwater research 64 : 838–850 .
lintermans , m . ( 2008 ) . the status of macquarie perch macquaria australasica in the mongarlowe river in 2007 and 2008 . consultants report to the friends of the mongarlowe river inc , canberra . canberra .
tonkin , z . , lyon , j . & pickworth , a . 2010 . spawning behaviour of the endangered macquarie perch macquaria australasica in an upland australian river . ecological management & restoration 11 : 223–226 .
faulks , l . k . , d . m . gilligan & l . b . beheregaray ( 2009 ) . evolution and maintenance of divergent lineages in an endangered freshwater fish , macquaria australasica . in press .
department of the environment and heritage ( deh ) ( 2006nv ) . macquaria australasica in species profile and threats ( sprat ) database . unpublished species profile . canberra , act : deh . available from : urltoken .
cadwallader , p . 1981 . past and present distributions and translocations of macquarie perch macquaria australasica ( pisces : percichthyidae ) , with particular reference to victoria . proceedings of the royal society of victoria 93 : 23–30 .
cadwallader , p . l . 1984 . use of scales and otoliths to age macquarie perch , macquaria australasica ( pisces : percichthyidae ) . arthur rylah institute for environmental research , technical report series no . 12 .
cadwallader , p . l . & rogan , p . l . 1977 . the macquarie perch , macquaria australasica ( pisces : percichthyidae ) , of lake eildon , victoria . australian journal of ecology 2 : 409–418 .
dufty , s . 1986 . genetic and morphological divergence between populations of macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) east and west of the great dividing range . hons . thesis . kensington nsw : university of nsw . unpublished .
act government ( n . d . ) . threatened species and communities of the act . fact sheet no . 13 . macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) : an endangereed species . environment act . available from : urltoken .
dufty , s . ( 1986 ) . genetic and morphological divergence between populations of macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) east and west of the great dividing range . hons . thesis . kensington nsw : university of nsw . unpublished .
cadwallader , p . l . & p . l . rogan ( 1977 ) . the macquarie perch , macquaria australasica ( pisces : percichthyidae ) of lake eildon , victoria . australian journal of ecology . 2 : 409 - 418 .
ingram , b . a . , douglas , j . w . & lintermans , m . 2000 . threatened fishes of the world : macquaria australasic a cuvier , 1830 ( percichthyidae ) . environmental biology of fishes 59 : 68 .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . macquaria australasica in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 03 : 12 + 1000 .
wharton , j . c . f . ( 1973 ) . spawning , induction , artificial fertilization and pond culture of the macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica [ cuvier 1830 ] ) . australian society of limnology bulletin . 5 : 43 - 65 .
cadwallader , p . l . ( 1981 ) . past and present distributions and translocations of macquarie perch macquaria australasica ( pisces : percichthyidae ) , with particular reference to victoria . proceedings of the royal society of victoria . 93 : 23 - 30 .
cadwallader , p . l . & eden a . k . 1979 . observations on the food of macquarie perch , macquaria australasica ( pisces : percichthyidae ) , in victoria . aust . j . mar . freshwater res . 30 : 401 - 409 .
cadwallader , p . l . & a . k . eden ( 1979 ) . observations of the food of the macquarie perch macquaria australasica ( pisces : percichthyidae ) , in victoria . australian journal of marine and freshwater research . 30 : 401 - 9 .
ingram , b . a . , m . a . rimmer & s . j . rowland . 1994 . induced spawning trials with captive macquarie perch macquaria australasica ( percichthyidae ) . proceedings of the linnean society of nsw 114 ( 2 ) : 109 - 116 .
broadhurst , b . t . , b . c . ebner & r . c . clear ( 2012 ) . a rock - ramp fishway expands nursery grounds of the endangered macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) . australian journal of zoology . 60 : 91 - 100 .
tonkin , z . & lyon , j . 2010 . population assessment and reproductive behaviour of macquarie perch macquaria australasica in lake dartmouth , victoria : 2009 progress report . arthur rylah institute for environmental research . unpublished report . department of sustainability and environment , heidelberg , victoria .
tonkin , z . , lyon , j . & o’mahony , j . 2012 . population assessment and reproductive behaviour of macquarie perch macquaria australasica in lake dartmouth , victoria : 2011 / 12 . arthur rylah institute for environmental research , department of sustainability and environment , melbourne .
ingram , b . a . , m . a . rimmer & s . j . rowland ( 1994 ) . induced spawning trials with captive macquarie perch macquaria australasica ( percichthyidae ) . proceedings of the linnean society of nsw . 114 ( 2 ) : 109 - 116 .
cadwallader , p . l . & j . douglas ( 1986 ) . changing food habits of macquarie perch macquaria australasica cuvier ( pisces : percichthyidae ) , during the initial filling phase of lake dartmouth , victoria . australian journal of marine and freshwater research . 37 : 647 - 657 .
cardno ecology lab ( 2014 ) . macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) caught during electrofioshing surveys in cataract creek and ballambi creek , new south wales , between 2008 and 2012 . datasheet prepared for the department of the environment , canberra . cardno , st . leonards , new south wales .
koster , w . m . , d . r . dawson , j . r . morrongiello & d . a . crook . 2013 . spawning season movements of macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) in the yarra river , victoria . australian journal of zoology 61 : 386 - 94 .
ayres , r . 2009 . population status of macquarie perch , macquaria australasica , in king parrot creek , victoria , in june 2009 . arthur rylah institute for environmental research . confidential client report for the goulburn broken catchment management authority . department of sustainability and environment , heidelberg , victoria . pdf
farrington , l . w . , lintermans , m . & ebner , b . c . 2009 . characterising genetic diversity in the nationally threatened fish macquarie perch , macquaria australasica in the upper murrumbidgee river . final report for the natural heritage trust nht project no : 18152 . 35 pp .
koster , w . m . , d . r . dawson , j . r . morrongiello & d . a . crook ( 2013 ) . spawning season movements of macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) in the yarra river , victoria . australian journal of zoology . 61 : 386 - 94 .
gooley , g . j . & g . l . mcdonald . 1988 . preliminary study on the hormone - induced spawning of macquarie perch , macquaria australasica ( cuvier ) ( percichthyidae ) , from lake dartmouth , victoria . arthur rylah institute for environmental research technical report series 80 : 1 - 13 .
faulks , l . k . , gilligan , d . m . & beheregaray , l . b . 2011 . the role of anthropogenic vs . natural in - stream structures in determining connectivity and genetic diversity in an endangered freshwater fish , macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) . evolutionary applications 4 : 589–601 .
king , a . j . , tonkin , z . , mahoney , j . & raymond , s . 2011 . spawning and recruitment of the yarra river’s endangered macquarie perch macquaria australasica population – 2010 / 2011 . arthur rylah institute for environmental research client report , department of sustainability and environment , melbourne .
gooley , g . j . & g . l . mcdonald ( 1988 ) . preliminary study on the hormone - induced spawning of macquarie perch , macquaria australasica ( cuvier ) ( percichthyidae ) , from lake dartmouth , victoria . arthur rylah institute for environmental research technical report series . 80 : 1 - 13 .
trnski , t . , hay , a . c . & fielder , d . s . 2005 . larval development of estuary perch ( macquaria colonorum ) and australian bass ( m . novemaculeata ) ( perciformes : percichthyidae ) , and comments on their life history . fishery bulletin 103 : 183 - 194 . pdf
appleford , p . , anderson , t . a . & gooley , g . j . 1998 . reproductive cycle and gonadal development of macquarie perch , macquaria australasica cuvier ( percichthyidae ) , in lake dartmouth and tributaries of the murray–darling basin , victoria , australia . marine and freshwater research 49 : 163–169 . urltoken abstract
thiem , j . d . , broadhurst , b . t . , lintermans , m . , ebner , b . c . , clear , r . c . & wright , d . 2013 . seasonal differences in the diel movements of macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) in an upland reservoir . ecology of freshwater fish 22 : 145–156 .
gilligan , d . , mcgarry , t . , & carter , s . ( 2010 ) . a scientific approach to developing habitat rehabilitation strategies in aquatic environments : a case study on the endangered macquarie perch ( macquaria australasica ) in the lachlan catchment . a report to the lachlan catchment management authority . department of industry and investment ( industry & investment nsw ) .
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freshwater ; benthopelagic ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 4 m . temperate ; 4°c - 25°c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 34°s - 37°s
oceania : once widely distributed in the murray - darling basin and southeastern coastal drainages . now reduced to cooler upper reaches of murray - darling basin , new south wales , australia . introduced in the wannon , barwon , yarra rivers ( victoria ) and the nepean and shoalhaven rivers ( new south wales ) , australia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - 30 cm max length : 46 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 ) ; common length : 23 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5259 ) ; max . published weight : 3 . 5 kg ( ref . 2906 )
paxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01698 ( 0 . 00785 - 0 . 03674 ) , b = 3 . 05 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 01 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 2 - 3 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 49 of 100 ) .
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freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; potamodromous ( ref . 5259 ) . temperate ; 10°s - 40°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 75 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 ) ; common length : 40 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5259 ) ; max . published weight : 10 . 0 kg ( ref . 5259 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 11 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 9 ; vertebrae : 25 . dark gray on back , becoming paler below with overall silvery sheen ; lower sides and belly whitish ; fins dusky brown to dark brown , darker distally ( except pecorals ) .
occurs in lentic and lotic freshwater ( ref . 7300 ) . most commonly found in tidal waters , but also occurs in rivers and lakes with salinities less than 1 - 2 ppt ( ref . 5259 ) . occurs in estuaries and lower , tidal reaches of rivers . popular angling species that tends to swim near the bottom in deeper water . feeds on small fishes , molluscs , worms , shrimps and other crustaceans . during winter ( july and august ) they move to the mouth of estuaries to breed ( ref . 44894 ) . oviparous , egg is pelagic ( ref . 5259 ) and hatches in 2 - 3 days . male reaches maturity at a length of about 22 centimeters ; female at about 28 centimeters ( ref . 44894 ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00507 - 0 . 02483 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 63 of 100 ) .
often found far upstream in freshwater , the australian bass eats fishes , crustaceans and other invertebrates such as insects . it is a very popular recreational angling species .
the australian bass can be recognised by a combination of characters including an evenly arched dorsal profile , a snout that is straight or slightly concave and a forked caudal fin . it has a protruding lower jaw , moderately large eyes and a notch between the spiny first dorsal fin and the soft - rayed second dorsal fin .
the species is dark olive - green or greyish on the back and sides with darker scale margins . the belly is silvery or whitish , and the fins are mostly dusky brown to black . the tips of the anal and pelvic fins are white . juvenile fish under 12 cm long are banded and have a dark blotch on the gill cover .
it grows to 60 cm ( 3 . 8 kg ) in length , but fishes of 35 cm ( 1 kg ) are more commonly seen .
it is recorded in coastal rivers , lakes and estuaries of eastern australia from fraser island , queensland to wilson ' s promontory , victoria .
it can migrate considerable distances upstream and has been historically recorded up to an altitude of 600 m in the hawkesbury river drainage , new south wales .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .
in recent years , population sizes have declined as building of dams and weirs has made potential habitats inaccessible . river regulation is reported to interfere with spawning cues .
adult australian bass occur in coastal drainages of temperate south - eastern australia . they generally inhabit freshwater rivers , lakes and streams and move to brackish estuaries to spawn during winter . a full description of the larval australia bass can be found here .
allen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . t . f . h . publications . pp . 240 .
allen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & m . allen . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . western australian museum . pp . 394 .
harris , j . h . & s . j . rowland in mcdowall , r . m . 1996 . freshwater fishes of south - eastern australia . reed books . pp . 247 .
merrick , j . r . & g . e . schmida . 1984 . australian freshwater fishes . biology and management . john r . merrick . pp . 409 .
as its standard name implies , the estuary perch is usually found in coastal lakes and rivers . it is commonly confused with the australian bass .
the species has also been called the brackish water perch , estuarine perch and gippsland perch .
the estuary perch is greyish above , silvery on the sides and white below . its fins are darker than the body colour . the species looks similar to the australian bass but has a concave dorsal head profile rather than the straight dorsal head profile of the australian bass .
the species grows to about 75 cm in length and a weight of 10 kg . specimens are more commonly seen to 40 cm and 3 kg .
the estuary perch is endemic to australia , occurring in coastal drainages and estuarine waters from northern new south wales around the south east coast to eastern south australia . it is also recorded from northern tasmania .
adults occur in coastal drainages of south - eastern australia from the richmond river , nsw ( 28º53´s ) to the murray river , sa ( 139ºe ) . they are catadromous , generally inhabiting estuaries and tidal reaches of rivers and they move to estuary mouths to spawn during winter . a full description of the larval estuary perch can be found here .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
recovery plan required , included on the commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .
survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened fish . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 4
( department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .
ribbons of life : act aquatic species and riparian zone conservation strategy ( act government , 2007a ) [ report ] .
threatened fish and marine vegetation : nsw department of primary industries : macquarie perch ( nsw department of primary industries , 2005 ) [ internet ] .
endangered species - macquarie perch ( nsw department of primary industries ( nsw dpi ) , 2005h ) [ internet ] .
action plan for south australian freshwater fishes ( hammer m . , s . wedderburn & j . van weenen , 2009 ) [ state action plan ] .
listed as data deficient ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
preliminary studies found fixed allelic differences between fish taken from west of the great dividing range and fish taken from east of the great dividing range ( dufty 1986 ) . collaborative studies ( between the university of new south wales and nsw fisheries ) revealed further allelic , meristic ( quantitative features ) and morphometric differences ( dufty 1986 ) . it was concluded that three genetic stocks exist : west of the great dividing range , the hawkesbury river and the lower shoalhaven river ( dufty 1986 ) .
populations in the hawkesbury and shoalhaven river systems possibly constitute a separate species from fish in the murray - darling river system ( gehrke et al . 2001 ) . recent phylogeographical studies confirm that the remaining populations of macquarie perch are highly subdivided , with high levels of genetic diversity ( faulks et al . 2009 ) .
the macquarie perch was once widespread through the cooler upper reaches of the southern tributaries of the murray - darling river system in victoria and new south wales ( anonymous 1974 ; mcdowall 1996 ) , however its distribution did not usually extend to the sources of these rivers ( lake 1971 ) . although it was considered rare downstream in the murray river , in victoria the macquarie perch occurred in the barmah lakes area and tributaries such as broken creek ( cadwallader 1981 ; lake 1978 ; mcdowall 1996 ) . in new south wales , the species occurred in the upper reaches of the macquarie river system ( trueman 2007 ) .
in the australian capital territory , the macquarie perch is restricted to the murrumbidgee , paddys and cotter rivers ( lintermans 2002 ) . it was previously known to occur in the molonglo river , but was last recorded in the river in about 1980 ( lintermans pers comm 2009 ) .
other populations exist in cataract dam , including cataract and bellambi creeks ( cardno 2014 ) , in the nepean river catchment , as well as a record in 2008 from georges river near campbelltown ( nsw dpi 2008a ) . records have also been made in the dharawal state conservation area , the metropolitan special area and in adjacent areas around appin ( bio - analysis pty ltd 2009 ) .
of the many recorded translocations of this species from within and outside its natural range , few translocated populations remain or have self - sustaining breeding populations ( cadwallader 1981 ) . macquarie perch were translocated from the upper murrumbidgee river near cooma to two locations in the snowy river . however , no fish have since been recorded at that location ( lintermans 2006 ) . the populations in cataract dam ( nsw ) and the yarra river ( victoria ) were translocated from the murray river ( lintermans 2006 ) .
the macquarie perch is a riverine , schooling species . it prefers clear water and deep , rocky holes with lots of cover . as well as aquatic vegetation , additional cover may comprise of large boulders , debris and overhanging banks ( cadwallader & eden 1979 ) . spawning occurs just above riffles ( shallow running water ) . populations may survive in impoundments if able to access suitable spawning sites ( wager & jackson 1993 ) .
hatching commences 13 days after fertilisation and is completed by 18 days after fertilisation at water temperatures of 11–18 °c ( wharton 1973 ) . gooley ( 1986 ) noted that hatching commenced more quickly in higher water temperatures ( i . e . in 10–11 days at 15–17 °c and 5–6 days at 18–20 °c ) . newly hatched larvae range from 4 . 4–6 . 5 mm in total length ( gooley 1986 ) . in impounded waters , hatched fish soon moved back downstream to the lake habitat from upstream spawning sites ( cadwallader & douglas 1986 ) , but it is not clear if any of this movement was through active swimming or entirely passive ( i . e . taken by the current ) . juveniles in hatchery ponds averaged around 83 mm in length at seven months of age ( wharton 1973 ) .
during the initial filling phase of lake dartmouth , this species fed on typical river - dwelling organisms such as mayflies , stoneflies and caddisflies that were carried into the lake by inflowing rivers . however , they also consumed terrestrial organisms that became displaced as the water level rose , and still or slow water organisms such as shrimps ( order decapoda : family atyidae ) and cladocerans ( order crustacea : family daphniidae ) . the numbers of these latter aquatic organisms rapidly increased in the newly created lake ( cadwallader & douglas 1986 ) .
macquarie perch inhabiting lake eildon and lake dartmouth undertake an upstream spawning migration in mid spring to early summer when water temperatures reach around 16 . 5 °c ( cadwallader & douglas 1986 ; cadwallader & rogan 1977 ) , after which adults usually move from the streams to the lake ( cadwallader & douglas 1986 ) . migration may not be necessary in stream dwelling fish ( gooley & mcdonald 1988 ) .
in one study of 30 tagged fish in the yarra river ( outside of the species natural range ) , the fish typically occupied restricted reaches of stream ( < 450 m ) , with 16 undertaking movements of up to 1000 m in response to large flow variations during the spawning season ( koster et al . 2013 ) . in this study there was no evidence of syncronised migratory behaviour or movement of multiple fish to specific locations ( koster et al . 2013 ) .
successful use of a rock ramp fishway has been observed in the cotter river ( broadhurst et al . 2013 ) . the use of the fishway may mitigate the effects of inundation of spawning habitat . prior to the construction of the fishway , breeding habitat at the site was limited by a barrier caused by a raised road crossing ( broadhurst et al . 2013 ) .
surveys should not be conducted throughout the breeding season of october to mid january . surveys conducted during this period may disrupt the breeding cycle of the species , and could have a significant impact on the macquarie perch .
macquarie perch are difficult to survey since they are a furtive , nocturnal species . methods which do not enmesh fish but which collect an adequate sample size are limited . recommended survey methods include :
fyke nets can successfully capture large numbers of juvenile macquarie perch , but do not always collect a representative sample of adult fish . fyke nets should be equal to or less than 9 mm mesh to prevent mortalities
place traps in preferred habitat like emergent macrophytes and areas where banks are undercut . to prevent drowning of trapped non - target mammals ( such as platypus ) , fyke nets should be set partially out of the water to create an air space
catch - and - release angling by skilled anglers using lures with barbless hooks during february–april could also be considered .
altered flow regimes as a result of large dams and reservoirs have a major impact on macquarie perch ecology . altered regimes generally involve reduced flow of water downstream , and reduced frequency and magnitude of natural flooding , leading to reduced habitat quality , loss of spawning cues , and reduced opportunities for dispersal and migration ( lintermans 2008 ) .
the release of cold water from the base of water storages affects most river reaches where macquarie perch were historically found . macquarie perch rely on temperature cues to initiate spawning movements ( lintermans 2002 ) . discharge of cold water from large dams can prevent macquarie perch breeding ( lintermans 2008 ) . cold water release during spawning has been implicated in the disappearance of two separate populations of macquarie perch in the mitta mitta river following the construction of dartmouth dam ( koehn et al . 1995 ) .
additional habitat degradation in the murrumbidgee river catchment has resulted from the effects of sand and gravel extraction , heavy metal pollution and urban development ( act government 1999d ) .
the 2003 act bushfires resulted in reduced foliage cover of streams and extensive siltation of some macquarie perch habitats in the cotter and goodradigbee rivers . the fires also damaged riparian vegetation at these locations and probably reduced leaf litter inputs into streams for many years ( lintermans 2006 ) . water quality can also be affected by extreme bushfires resulting in consequent ash poisoning and siltation of waterways .
persistent drought has also impacted remnant populations in the queanbeyan river ( nsw ) with fish failing to recruit during the 2002 / 2003 spawning seasons , and possibly longer ( lintermans 2006 ) .
exotic fish introductions have occurred for recreational angling , commercial angling and biological control reasons , and as a result of accidental aquarium releases and interbasin water transfers . macquarie perch face competition and predation from species such as european carp ( cyprinus carpio ) , redfin perch ( perca fluviatilis ) , rainbow trout ( oncorhynchus mykiss ) , and brown trout ( salmo trutta ) ( gilligan 2005 ) .
three key management options are identified for the macquarie perch : stocking of hatchery - bred fish ; translocation of wild fish ; and habitat protection or enhancement ( lintermans 2006 ) .
total bans on the capture of macquarie perch exist in nsw and the act . the capture , keeping and trading of macquarie perch is controlled by legislation in victoria ( ingram et al . 2000 ) . aggregations of macquarie perch during spawning runs are particularly susceptible to fishing pressure ( act government 1999d ) .
ingram and colleagues ( 1994 ) noted that breeding programs had been unsuccessful in rearing large enough numbers of macquarie perch for reintroduction into areas within its former distribution .
the friends of the mongarlowe river received $ 11 400 through the threatened species network community grants in 2006–07 for habitat assessment and species monitoring , production of a conservation information package for the community , targeted and general community awareness , and identification of ongoing conservation needs for the macquarie perch .
threatened fish and marine vegetation : macquarie perch ( nsw department of primary industry 2005 ) .
allen , g . r . ( 1989a ) . freshwater fishes of australia . brookvale , nsw : t . f . h . publications .
anonymous ( 1974 ) . endangered native fish . freshwater fisheries newsletter . 7 : 9 - 15 .
appleford , p . , t . a . anderson & g . j . gooley ( 1998 ) . reproductive cycle and gonadal development of macquarie perch , cuvier ( percichthyidae ) , in l . dartmouth and tributaries of the murray - darling basin , victoria , australia . marine and freshwater research . 49 : 163 - 169 .
ashburner , l . d . ( 1970 ) . some aspects of fish diseases . australian society for limnology bulletin . 2 : 21 - 23 .
baumgartner , m . f . & n . reynoldson ( 2007 ) . fish communities of the nepean river in the vicinity of pheasants nest weir . nsw department of primary industries fisheries research report series 15 .
beumer , j . p . , l . d . ashburner , m . e . burbury , e . jette & d . j . latham ( 1982 ) . a checklist of the parasites of fishes from australia and its adjacent antarctic territories . commonwealth agricultural bureau , institute of parasitology technical communication no . 48 .
bio - analysis pty ltd ( 2009 ) . illawarra coal - bulli seam operations project - aquatic ecology assessment . illawrra coal and bhp billiton , eds . bulli seam operations - appendix d - aquatic ecology assessment . epbc referral 2010 / 5350 . narara , nsw : bio - analysis pty ltd .
broadhurst , b . t . , b . c . ebner , m . lintermans , j . d . thiem & r . c . clear ( 2013 ) . jailbreak : a fishway releases the endangered macquarie perch from confinement below an anthropogenic barrier . marine & freshwater research . 64 : 900 - 08 .
brumley , a . r . , a . k . morison & j . r . anderson ( 1987 ) . revision of the conservation status of several species of warmwater native fish after surveys of selected sites in northern victoria ( 1982 - 1984 ) . arthur rylah institute for environmental research technical report series . 33 : 1 - 53 .
butcher , a . d . ( 1967 ) . a changing aquatic fauna in a changing environment . iucn publications , new series . 9 : 197 - 218 .
department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2011i ) . survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened fish . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 4 . epbc act policy statement . canberra , act : dsewpac . available from : urltoken .
dove , a . d . m . , t . h . cribb , s . p . mockler & m . lintermans ( 1997 ) . the asian fish tapeworm , bothriocephalus acheilognathi , in australian freshwater fishes . marine and freshwater research . 48 : 181 - 183 .
gehrke , p . c . , d . m . gilligan , & m . barwick ( 2001 ) . fish communities and migration in the shoalhaven river - before construction of a fishway . port stephens : nsw fisheries office of conservation .
gilligan , d . m . ( 2005 ) . fish communities of the murrumbidgee catchment : status and trends . final report series ( no 75 ) . nsw department of primary industries .
gilligan , d . m . ( 2005a ) . fish communities of the lower murray - darling catchment : status and trends . final report to the lower murray darling catchment management authority . project no . md005 . 03 . nsw department of primary industries .
gooley , g . ( 1986 ) . culture methods for macquarie perch at dartmouth , victoria . australian fisheries . 45 ( 9 ) : 18 - 20 .
harris , j . h . & s . j . rowland ( 1996 ) . family percichthyidae - australian freshwater cods and basses . in : mcdowall , r . m . , ed . freshwater fishes of south - eastern australia . rev . ed : 150 - 163 . chatswood , sydney : reed books .
ingram , b . a . , c . g . barlow , j . j . burchmore , g . j . gooley , s . j . rowland & a . c . sanger ( 1990 ) . threatened native freshwater fishes in australia - some case histories . journal of fish biology . 37 : 175 - 182 .
ingram , b . a . , j . w . douglas & m . lintermans ( 2000 ) . threatened fishes of the world : maccullochella macquariensis ( cuvier , 1829 ) ( percichthyidae ) . environmental biology of fishes . 59 : 68 .
jackson , p . d . ( 1981 ) . trout introduced into south - eastern australia : their interaction with native fishes . victorian naturalist . 98 ( 1 ) : 18 - 23 .
koehn , j . d , t . j . doeg , d . j . harrington & g . a . milledge ( 1995 ) . the effects of the dartmouth dam on the aquatic fauna of the mitta mitta river . melbourne : murray - darling basin commission .
koehn , j . d . ( 2005 ) . threats to murray cod . in : lintermans , m . & b . phillips , eds . management of the murray cod in the murray darling basin . canberra : murray darling basin commission .
koehn , j . d . & a . k . morison ( 1990 ) . a review of the conservation status of native freshwater fish in victoria . victorian naturalist . 107 ( 1 ) : 13 - 25 .
koehn , j . d . & w . g . o ' connor ( 1990a ) . threats to victorian native freshwater fish . victorian naturalist . 107 ( 1 ) : 5 - 12 .
lake , j . s . ( 1971 ) . freshwater fishes and rivers of australia . page ( s ) 61 . melbourne : thomas nelson .
lake , j . s . ( 1978 ) . australian freshwater fishes . page ( s ) 160 . melbourne : thomas nelson .
langdon , j . s . ( 1989a ) . prevention and control of fish diseases in the murray - darling basin . in : proceedings of the workshop on native fish management , canberra . page ( s ) 163 - 173 . canberra : murray darling basin commission .
langdon , j . s . ( 1989b ) . experimental transmission and pathogenicity of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis , a new viral disease in redfin perch perca fluviatilis l . journal of fish diseases . 12 : 295 - 310 .
langdon , j . s . & j . d . humphrey ( 1987 ) . epizootic haematopoietic necrosis , a new viral disease in redfin perch , perca fluviatilis l . , in australia . journal of fish diseases . 10 : 289 - 297 .
lintermans , m . ( 2002 ) . fish in the upper murrumbidgee catchment . a review of current knowledge . page ( s ) 34 - 36 . environment act . available from : urltoken .
lintermans , m . ( 2006 ) . threatened fish in mountain streams : out of sight , out of mind . in : proceedings of the npa act symposium : caring for namadgi : science and people : canberra , 5 - 7 may 2006 . woden : national parks association of the act inc .
mcdowall , r . m . ed ( 1996 ) . freshwater fishes of south - eastern australia rev . edn . chatswood , nsw : reed books .
merrick , j . r . & g . e . schmida ( 1984 ) . australian freshwater fishes - biology and management . netley , south australia : griffin press .
nsw department of primary industries ( 2005 ) . threatened fish and marine vegetation : nsw department of primary industries : macquarie perch . available from : urltoken .
nsw department of primary industries ( nsw dpi ) ( 2008a ) . rare fish spotted for the first time in over 100 years . media release , viewed 22 december 2009 . available from : urltoken .
robinson , s . e . ( 1981 ) . the effect of the parasitic copepod lernaea cyprinacea on the survival and condition of fish stocked in an urban impoundment . australian society for fish biology newsletter . 11 ( 2 ) : 22 .
ryan , t . , j . o ' connor , j . lyon , r . lennie & j . lieschke ( 2003 ) . fish fauna and aquatic habitat in the yarra river and potential impact of the henley golf course development . arthur rylah institute for environmental research , department of sustainability & environment .
schiller , c . b . , a . m . bruce & p . c . gehrke ( 1997 ) . distribution and abundance of native fish in new south wales rivers . in : harris , j . h . & p . c . gehrke , eds . fish and rivers in stress - the nsw rivers survey . page ( s ) 71 - 102 . cronulla : nsw office cons . & crc freshwater ecology .
trueman , w . t . ( 2007 ) . some recollections of native fish in the murray - darling system with special reference to the trout cod maccullochella macquariensis . prepared as an interim report for native fish australia ( victoria ) incorporated .
wager , r . & p . jackson ( 1993 ) . the action plan for australian freshwater fishes . canberra , act : australian nature conservation agency .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .
epbc act email updates can be received via the communities for communities newsletter and the epbc act newsletter .
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is only found in australia . ( paxton et . al . , 1989 ) . in it ' s native range , this species occurs in highest abundance in the murray - darling basin in new south wales .
was introduced in the wannon , barwon , and yarra rivers in victoria , australia , as well as the nepean and shoalhaven rivers , in new south wales . within these areas , there are three different population areas that this species inhabits including ; west of the great dividing range , the hawkesbury river , and the lower shoalhaven river .
( department of the environment and heritage , 2005 ; paxton , et al . , 1989 )
some populations are the result of translocations , although few , healthy translocated populations remain .
two , genetically distinct groups of macquarie perch have been described from coastal and inland areas . although it is likely that they represent different species , those species have not been described yet .
this freshwater species lives in rivers and stream , preferring deep , rocky pools . ( reide , 2004 ) . they also favor cool and clear water with slow - moving riffles or shallow running water .
spawn in lakes and above holes in faster moving riffles at depths of 0 to 4 meters . ( deh , 2005 ) .
this species is a moderate - sized fish that is usually 25 to 40 cm in length and weighs about 1 . 5 kg . the coloration of
( allen , 1989 ; department of the environment and heritage , 2005 ; paxton , et al . , 1989 )
breeding fish migrate upstream and gather in schools which can last for several weeks . males nudge the female vent region which causes the release of eggs and then fertilization . females are oviparous and mate each year . ( merrick and schmida , 1984 ) .
spawning occurs in shallow upland streams and the fish usually migrate in order to spawn . many fish use the same river to spawn each year . this occurs in fast - flowing water over gravel beds and the eggs stick to the gravel on the bottom of the water ( demersal ) . ( merrick and schmida , 1984 ) . females produce , on average , 32 , 000 eggs per kg of fish .
( allen , 1989 ; department of the environment and heritage , 2005 ; merrick and schmida , 1984 ; paxton , et al . , 1989 )
usually mature around the age of two years old and 21 cm in length while females do not reach maturity until they are three years old and 30 cm in length .
during spawning females remain close to the area where they laid their eggs in groups of two or four . one or two males usually accompany the females during this time to make sure that nothing happens to the eggs . after the eggs hatch the larvae travel downstream either through swimming or from the current of the stream .
, but average lifespan has been reported at 20 years with a maximum recorded age of 26 years .
macquarie perch are schooling fish . they make small , seasonal migrations upstream to spawning sites .
research for how this species communicates and perceives its environment is insufficient . like most fish , they probably use chemical and visual input as important modes of perceiving and communicating .
( act government , 1999 ; department of the environment and heritage , 2005 ; paxton , et al . , 1989 )
the bulk of their diet consists of aquatic invertebrates such as caddisfly , stonefly and mayfly species , with a small quantity of terrestrial insects taken as well . adults feed at the bottom of lakes and rivers . young are zooplanktivores , and eat water fleas , rotifers and water mites by sucking them up into their mouths . ( merrick and schimda , 1984 ) .
( act government , 1999 ; department of the environment and heritage , 2005 ; merrick and schmida , 1984 ; paxton , et al . , 1989 )
macquarie perch are important predators in natural ecosystems , and prey to larger animals . the introduced fish species ,
macquarie perch have been and are still fished for food . they are important members of native australian freshwater ecosystems .
when this species is relocated to other ranges or even within its home range , diseases from other fish are sometimes spread as well , affecting other fish species and other populations of macquarie perch .
macquarie perch are considered endangered in australia , but this is not yet reflected in international conservation organizations .
) . they are also threatened by dams , habitat destruction , sedimentation , heavy metal pollution , and introduced diseases . dam removal is recommended for species recovery so that migration to spawning sites can occur . illegal fishing occurs in some areas and overfishing is considered one of the contributing factors to the rarity of this species .
. common names include : macquarie perch , macquarie - aborre , macquaries barsch , mountain perch , black bream , silberauge , silvereye , and white - eye .
leah kosakowski ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , kevin wehrly ( editor , instructor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
an animal which directly causes disease in humans . for example , diseases caused by infection of filarial nematodes ( elephantiasis and river blindness ) .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
animal constituent of plankton ; mainly small crustaceans and fish larvae . ( compare to phytoplankton . )
. neptune city , new jersey : t . f . h . publications , inc . . accessed october 08 , 2005 at
paxton , j . , d . hoese , g . allen , j . hanley . 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae .
global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales . final report of the r & d - projekt 808 05 081
. bonn , germany : federal agency for nature conservation . accessed october 08 , 2005 at
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
a genus , currently with four species , all confined to south - eastern australia .
allen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications 240 pp . , 63 pls
allen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & allen , m . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum 394 pp .
harris , j . h . & rowland , s . j . 1996 . family percichthyidae . pp . 150 - 163 in mcdowall , r . m . ( ed . ) . freshwater fishes of south - eastern australia . sydney : reed books 247 pp .
jerry , d . r . , m . s . elphinstone & p . b . baverstock . 2001 . phylogenetic relationships of australian members of the family percichthyidae inferred from mitochondrial 12s rrna sequence data . mol . phylog . evol . 18 : 335−347 .
macdonald , c . m . 1978 . morphological and biochemical systematics of australian freshwater and estuarine percichthyid fishes . australian journal of marine and freshwater research 29 ( 5 ) : 667 - 698 figs 1 - 11
merrick , j . r . & schmida , g . e . 1984 . australian freshwater fishes biology and management . sydney : j . r . merrick 409 pp . figs 280 col . figs
near , t . j . , sandel , m . , kuhn , k . l . , unmack , p . j . wainwright , p . c . , & smith , w . l . 2012 . nuclear gene - inferred phylogenies resolve the relationships of the enigmatic pygmy sunfishes , elassoma ( teleostei : percomorpha ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 63 : 388 - 395 .
scales mostly ctenoid , of moderate - size ; scales present on cheeks and opercula , absent from snout ; lateral line follows dorsal profile , continues on to base of caudal fin with 42 - 60 scales ; 9 - 11 transverse scales above lateral line , 18 - 22 below .
single dorsal fin , long - based with a spiny anterior section , 4th and 5th spines longest , separated from soft posterior section by moderate notch ; anal fin opposite soft portion of dorsal fin with 3 stout spines , 2nd spine longest ; pectoral fins elongate , upper rays longest ; ventral fins inserted slightly behind base of pectoral fins , first ray extended into 2 sensory filaments ; caudal fin rounded .
to 50 cm and 3 . 5 kg , commonly 20 - 25 cm and less than 1 . 5 kg .
colour ranges from almost black or dark silvery - grey , to bluish - grey or greenish - brown above , becoming paler to off - white below , often with a bronze or yellowish tinge . iris silver . pectoral fins grey to yellowish . pelvic fins often rosy with black margins . other fins generally greyish , often with purplish tinge . juveniles sometimes mottled on back and sides . macquarie perch in the murray - darling basin vary from being almost black or dark silvery - grey to bluish - grey or greenish - brown above , paler to off - white below , often with a yellowish tinge . individuals in the shoalhaven and hawkesbury river systems of new south wales have greyish - brown , buff and dark grey blotches on the head and body .


atypichthys is a genus of sea chubs native to inshore waters from australia to new zealand and the kermadec islands , with currently two recognized species : atypichthys latus mcculloch & waite , 1916 ( eastern footballer ) atypichthys strigatus ( günther , 1860 ) ( australian mado )

atypichthys

a new zealand mado , atypichthys latus , in the lagoon at lord howe island , tasman sea , 2010 . source : ian shaw / inaturalist . org . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
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cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
the australian mado is a schooling species that is particularly common on coastal reefs in southern new south wales . it is also commonly found under jetties in harbors and large estuaries .
the australian mado has a silver body with dark brown to black stripes , and yellow fins . it has large eyes , a small mouth and a forked tail .
the australian mado looks very similar to the new zealand mado but differs in colouration and fin ray counts .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .
it is found on coastal and estuarine reefs and is one of the most common species in new south wales .
edgar , g . j . 1997 . australian marine life ; the plants and animals of temperate waters . reed books . pp . 544 .
hutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .
kuiter , r . h . in gomon , m . f , glover , c . j . m . & r . h . kuiter ( eds ) . 1994 . the fishes of australia ' s south coast . state print , adelaide . pp . 992 .
kuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .
kuiter , r . h . 2000 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . gary allen . pp . 437 .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40611 ) ; common length : 20 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 40611 )
robins , c . r . , r . m . bailey , c . e . bond , j . r . brooker , e . a . lachner , r . n . lea and w . b . scott , 1991 . world fishes important to north americans . exclusive of species from the continental waters of the united states and canada . am . fish . soc . spec . publ . ( 21 ) : 243 p . ( ref . 4537 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02291 ( 0 . 00884 - 0 . 05937 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 77 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 41 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 40 of 100 ) .
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the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]
( of atypus strigatus günther , 1860 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
allen , g . r . , hoese , d . f . , paxton , j . r . , randall , j . e . , russell , b . c . , starck , w . a . , talbot , f . h . & whitley , g . p . 1976 ,
annotated checklist of the fishes of lord howe island
, records of the australian museum , vol . 30 , no . 15 , pp . 365 - 454 figs 1 - 2
whitley , g . p . 1931 ,
new names for australian fishes
, the australian zoologist , vol . 6 , no . 4 , pp . 310 - 334 1 fig . pls 25 - 27
compiled by roberts , c . d . ; paulin , c . d . ; stewart , a . l . ; mcphee , r . p . ; mcdowall , r . m . , king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicol , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , r . ; macadie , i . 24 : phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , checklist of new zealand chordata . living lancelets , jawless fishes , cartilaginous fishes , and bony fishes . in : new zealand inventory of biodiversity volume 1 .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 22747611 - b123 - 4e0a - 9822 - 39e0367b6eb6
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6c18d930 - bcfd - 423e - beba - f87f0329ad93
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ce593d92 - d465 - 40b4 - a850 - 17a7b223ba26
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b810d4f6 - b879 - 4c48 - 94f2 - ba8756290100
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 391870
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an australian mado at a depth of 3 m , plutus rocks , currarong , new south wales . video : mark mcgrouther © australian museum . view more information on this species on the australian museum website : urltoken
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january 2015 - african cichlid malawi peacock & hap show tank - wide view . january 26 , 2015 .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


the taipei tree frog , rhacophorus taipeianus , is a species of frog in the rhacophoridae family endemic to taiwan .

it is a medium-sized tree frog ; females are 4.5 – 5.5 cm ( 1.8 – 2.2 in ) in snout-vent length , and males are slightly smaller 3.5 – 4.5 cm ( 1.4 – 1.8 in ) .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , swamps , intermittent freshwater marshes , arable land , plantations , ponds , and irrigated land .

it is potentially threatened by habitat loss , although its population trend is stable .

taipei tree frog

“tree frog mom” hsiao su shu - chen displays a cutout photograph of a taipei tree frog at zhongqiang park in taipei’s xinyi district on dec . 13 last year .
73 taipei tree frog stock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .
he said that inexperienced people might misidentify the native brown tree frog ( brauer’s tree frog ) as the spot - legged frog , citing similarities in size and appearance between the two .
“in the early days , there were many frog species in zhongqiang park , including the taipei tree frog . their croaking sounds filled the air , ” she said .
taipei tree frog baby on a blade of grass . rhacophorus taipeianus ( liang & wang , 1978 ) , taiwan , asia .
a man holds a spot - legged tree frog in yunlin county on sunday .
1 . hi . today we will be introducing taipei tree frogs . their scientific name is rhacophorus taipeianus . hi . today we will be introducing taipei tree frogs . their scientific name is rhacophorus taipeianus .
2 . the female taipei tree frogs can live up to 5 to 6 years . they live in taipei basin and yangming waters . they eat bugs ants . and their backs are green . they are carnivorous animals . the female taipei tree frogs can live up to 5 to 6 years . they live in taipei basin and yangming waters . they eat bugs ants . and their backs are green . they are carnivorous animals . the male taipei tree frogs can live up to 4 to 5 years . the female taipei tree frogs can live up to 5 to 6 years . they live in taipei basin and yangming waters .
yet what the public is now discovering is that the tree - lined zhongqiang park ( 中強公園 ) next to the station is the last remaining , low - level breeding habitat of an endemic species of taipei tree frog .
for the past 11 years , hsiao was at the forefront of protecting the final wetland habitat for taipei’s tree frogs .
taipei tree frog david , teresa fan profile : - scientific name : rhacophorus taipeianus - features : 3 ~ 5 cm long , usually light green - endemic species - habitat : taipei city , nantou city - color : jade - green and yellow preadtors most important . . . conclusion introduction the rapid disappearance of taiwan tree frog is one of the most tragic loss of biodiversity . i have been live in taipei for years , and taipei tree frog is one of the most important species that live in my community . we should try to do something to help this endangered species and to find out the problem !
it is nothing short of remarkable that the threatened indigenous frog species , rhacophorus taipeianus , known for its jade - green back and yellow ventral side , can still be found in taipei , in a spot with a superb view of taipei 101 .
academically , the elusive tree frog was for decades mistaken for its japanese cousin , the japanese green tree frog . it was not until 1978 that ntu’s chin - jan wang ( 王慶讓 ) and prof . run - sheng liang ( 梁潤生 ) finally identified the tiny green croaker as an individual species endemic to taiwan . the two scholars thereby published their findings and entitled the frog the rhacophorus taipeianus .
an invasive species , the spot - legged tree frog , has reportedly disrupted the local ecosystem , prompting conservationists to track down and remove the animals from wetlands .
during the evenings , a unique vibrating melody from nature echoes through the urban surroundings of taipei city . the sound comes from the no more than five centimeter large taipei tree frog , whose calls are even more vibrant and energetic during mating season . while citizens of the city may be familiar with its croaks , the tiny creature is often elusive to the majority of the residents .
the discovery of the taipei tree frog was based on the two scholars’ many years of experience as well as careful observation in differentiating the two species . if it were not for their perceptiveness , we may have never been able to uncover this diverse and interesting aspect of taiwan’s biodiversity .
“as a tree - dweller , the spot - legged frog has no natural competitors for food in lower - elevation areas . insects are a staple of the frog’s diet , but researchers have discovered that they also feed on the eggs and tadpoles of other frog species , ” said chang heng - chia ( 張恆嘉 ) , a teacher and council member of the wild bird society of yunlin .
comparison of similar species : the irises of moltrechti’s green tree frog is reddish orange , with many black spots on the side of body and the color of internal thighs is reddish orange .
much of the credit is due to the tireless work of hsiao su shu - chen ( 蕭蘇淑貞 ) , whose conservation efforts have earned her the nickname of “tree frog mom” among locals .
in collaboration with the japanese scholar mr . kuramato , wang also published the important discovery of the mientien tree frogs ( kurixalus idiootocus ) , another species endemic to taiwan . the type specimens he created for both the taipei and mientien tree frogs are still stored at the museum of zoology .
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she said it was to test and determine which wetland environment the tree frogs liked the best .
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“it was a gathering of members of a conservation group , who were demanding that the city save the threatened taipei tree frogs . this really piqued my interest , because i was wondering what was so special about this particular species , ” she said .
“it is not recommended that you catch the frogs yourself . if you find what appears to be a spot - legged tree frog , please call the bird society or the county government and someone will be sent to investigate it for you , ” chang said .
for many passengers , it was puzzling to see sculptures of frogs at the new xiangshan mrt station at the eastern end of the recently launched xinyi line in taipei .
“these days , we are finding fewer tree frogs , maybe only about five or six are left in the park , ” she said .
rhacophorus prasinatus , the emerald tree frog , was found near the feitsui reservoir area , and was therefore given the chinese name ,
feitsui
tree frog . in english through , it is commonly referred to as the
emerald
tree frog due to its color . they are distributed primarily along the nanshih and peishih creek basins and low elevation areas such as xindian’s guangxin , wulai’s wa - wa valley , yi - lan’s fushan botanical garden and jiaoshi . it has an emerald green back , black pupils and golden iries , and yellow - golden skin folds behind the eyes . the breeding season is from march to november of each year . males and females vary in sizes , with the male body lengths reaching 5 to 6 centimeters , and females ' can grow to 6 to 8 centimeters . they often inhabit in bushes , water containers , and ditches . males croak in a short
gung” sound near waterside plants and females are attracted by it . females lay pinkish foamy on plants , attaching them on branches and leaves .
distribution : endemic species , mainly in still open water areas , such as the orchards , forest , or agricultural lands , near mountains under 1500 meters and north of nantou county , especially in the surroundings in taipei basin .
taiwan sustainable union secretary - general chan tsung - ta ( 詹宗達 ) said the spot - legged frog is indigenous to southern china , indochina and south asia and was first seen in taiwan in taichung in 2006 .
chan said that research has turned up traces of the spot - legged frog in the townships of cihtong ( 莿桐 ) , siluo ( 西螺 ) , erlun ( 二崙 ) , lunbei ( 崙背 ) and baojhong ( 褒忠 ) .
wang was a librarian at the department of animal science and technology library during his near four - decade career at ntu . during his residency , wang spared no efforts in introducing new methodologies and software programs to create an optimized environment for the department’s students and faculty . he also conducted extensive research into various amphibian species , including frogs , anura ( tailless amphibians ) , and enyalioides ( wood lizards ) . in addition to discovering the taipei tree frog , wang and liang contributed greatly to the vast collection of specimens at the museum of zoology . while most of the amphibious specimens were collected by prof . liang and his students during field studies , it was wang who conducted the identification and login process of the items .
“at that time , i got so caught up in it that i was like a crazy woman , totally absorbed in these tree frogs , ” she said . “once , i caught a bunch of tadpoles and took them home to observe their behavior . i was filled with excitement and stayed up all night . also when people mentioned they saw tree frogs at some place , i would rush over there to have a look . ”
“so it began as a ‘beautiful error , ’ an unintentional miscue . when environmentalists found the tree frogs here , they dug to enlarge the pond and planted aquatic vegetation to create a suitable habitat for the frogs , ” she added .
“originally , zhongqiang park was a wilderness . later , water accumulated due to leakages from local housing pipelines and created a small artificial wetland , thus attracting tree frogs from the nearby elephant mountain ( 象山 ) to breed here , ” hsiao su said .
she then invited volunteers from conservation groups to plant ginger lily , elephant ear taro and other wetland vegetation , providing protective cover , climbing structures and food sources for the frogs . she also initiated a program to sign up “adoptive parents” for the tree frogs .
members of the wild bird society of yunlin and the taiwan sustainable union on saturday launched an operation to remove the frogs from local forests , saying they were concerned that the frogs , which breed rapidly and feed on the eggs and tadpoles of local frog species , are a threat to the survival of the indigenous population .
behavior : normally live on trees or at the bottom of woods . during breeding seasons , male frogs would move to still open water areas nearby woods , and digging holes around grasses , crevices , or under fallen leaves near water and croak . when one frog croaks , the sound is low and monotonous , like “ge” , with one to two syllables . then turning out to be “ge - ge - ge” in chorus with three to four syllables , sometimes ending with “cluck , cluck , cluck” to add varieties and attraction . when females coming close , males would send out courtship calls more than ten syllables continuously . when two males encounter , however , their croaks change to hoarse , and fight to each other by forelimbs . female frogs prefer large - sized males with low croaks , so small - sized ones sometimes give up digging and croaking courtship and secretly climb into the holes of male frogs which have been matched , and then causing one female frog copulating with some males .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as near threatened because its extent of occurrence is considerably less than 20 , 000 km2 , but the species is adaptable and survives well in disturbed habitats .
this species is endemic to nantou county , northern taiwan , province of china , where it has been recorded below 1 , 500m asl .
it inhabits orchards , forests and arable lands in hilly areas . it breeds in still - water habitats such as blocked ditches , rain pools , paddy fields , ponds and marshes . paddy fields in the hilly areas are its major breeding habitat .
the main threat to this species is the decreasing area of paddy fields for breeding in as a result of market - based decisions on what crops will be cultivated in the fields .
several protected areas are present within its range and it is also a nationally protected species .
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adult characteristics : size : medium and slender , ♂ 3 . 5 - 4 . 5cm , ♀ 4 . 5 - 5 . 5cm
head : the head length is about the head width , and the snout is tapering tending to rounded . the pupils are horizontal and the color of irises is yellow . the temple pleats are obvious but the eardrums are not .
back : green , but will turn out to be dark brown or light green by the surroundings . some individuals have white , yellow or blue small spots . side of the body : the side of belly is yellow , with some small tiny brown spots .
forelimb : the back is green , with obvious white external skin flaps . there are slight webs between fingers and the acetabulums at the ends of fingers are yellow .
hind legs : the back is the green , with obvious white external skin flaps . the internal side of thighs are yellow with many small brown spots . the web between toes and the acetabulums at the ends of toes are well - developed .
secondary sexual characteristics : male frogs are smaller than female ones , with outer air sacs under single pharynx .
breeding seasons : in late fall and winter . frogs in mountains have longer breeding seasons , from october to next march . frogs in ground from december to february .
tadpoles : grayish brown and oval with slender tail scattered with many light and tiny spots .
a resident of the nearby sanli community ( 三犁社區 ) for more than 50 years , hsiao su has witnessed the area’s transformation .
however , construction of the xinyi expressway and for the mrt line seriously damaged the frogs’ natural habitat .
then , one day in 2003 , a crowd gathered in the park , and she thought maybe it was then - president chen shui - bian ( 陳水扁 ) coming for a visit . out of curiosity , she said she headed to the park to find out what was going on .
after that , hsiao su began a journey of ecological discovery by reading books , seeking guidance from experts and attending a training class of volunteers to protect the frogs .
later on , to build habitats for the frogs , she used hundreds of thousands of new taiwan dollars of her own money to hire excavators to dig five ponds . each pond had a different set - up , as advised by experts , underlined with concrete , plastic sheeting or other materials .
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given their rapid breeding habits , after just 10 years evidence of the species can be found in the farmlands of most low - elevation areas , wetlands and ponds across yunlin county .
on saturday , members of environmentalist groups braved rainy weather to hunt for the frogs along the riverbanks under siluo bridge and other low - elevation areas in siluo township .
the team said they discovered tadpoles in ponds at vegetable farms and in gardens , as well as finding adult frogs in bushes and papaya trees .
“any time a rapidly reproducing foreign species is introduced into a new environment like this it jeopardizes the survival of local species , ” chang said .
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3 . also , they lay 200 - 500 eggs at one time . they eat bugs ants . and their backs are green . they are carnivorous animals . also , they lay 200 - 500 eggs at one time
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q : what is a “type specimen” ? a : when scientists publish a new species , a type specimen is created to officially record the morphological characteristics and official title of the sample .
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threnosia myochroa is a moth in the arctiidae family .

it was described by turner in 1940 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales and victoria .

the wingspan is about 20 mm .

the forewings are brown with a zigzag submarginal band .

the hindwings are paler brown .

threnosia myochroa

threnosia myochroa turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 63
the map below shows the known distribution , within morwell national park , of threnosia myochroa . distributions are based on recordings on or close to the network of tracks and do not extend to the less accessible parts of the park .
threnosia agraphes turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 63
threnosia hypopolia turner , 1940 ; proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 63
threnosia ( lithosianae ) hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : viii , 82 , 96 ; ts : tigrioides heminephes meyrick
threnosia heminephes ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 96 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
the moths of this species have brown forewings , each with a vague zigzag submarginal band . the hindwings are a uniform paler brown . the moths have a wingspan of about 2 . 5 cms .
tigrioides heminephes meyrick , 1886 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 697 ; tl : new south wales , bathurst
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
turner , 1940 revision of the australian arctiidae ( lepidoptera ) proc . r . soc . qd 51 ( 6 ) : 51 - 131
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


achyra occidentalis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by packard in 1873 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona , california and nevada .

the length of the forewings is 10 – 12 millimetres ( 0.39 – 0.47 in ) .

there are two forms , a dark and pale form .

adults of the dark form are on wing from march to april , while those of the pale form are on wing from june to august .

achyra occidentalis

came to black light / mv trap . ( live oak / chaparral habitat ) . 100 % dna match at bold to achyra occidentalis , .
adults have a dark and pale form . pale form is very similar to achyra rantalis
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munroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2a , p . 48 ; pl . 3 . 26 - 30 . order
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 22 . 34f , 22 . 35f ; p . 174 . book review and ordering
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adults of dark form fly march and april ; pale form flies june to august .
. university of california press , p . 174 , pl . 22 . 34 , 22 . 35 .
munroe , e . , 1976 . the moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2a , p . 48 ; pl . 3 . 26 - 30 .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 1 november , 2009 - 8 : 22pm last updated 24 october , 2013 - 8 : 17pm
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