plestiodon callicephalus , commonly known as the mountain skink , is a species of lizard , a medium-sized member of the plestiodon skinks , endemic to north america .

plestiodon callicephalus

eumeces callicephalus bocourt 1879 eumeces callicephalus — günther 1885 : 32 eumeces callicephalus — taylor 1936 : 290 eumeces callicephalus — smith & taylor 1950 : 164 eumeces tetragrammus callicephalus — lieb 1985 eumeces callicephalus — stebbins 1985 : 147 eumeces callicephalus — crother 2000 plestiodon callicephalus — schmitz et al . 2004
goldberg , stephen r . 2015 . plestiodon callicephalus ( mountain skink ) reproduction . herpetological review 46 ( 1 ) : 93 - 94
kento furui added the japanese common name
ファイブラインスキンク
to
plestiodon fasciatus linnaeus 1758
.
jennifer hammock split the classifications by natureserve resource from plestiodon skiltonianus baird & girard 1852 to their own page .
taylor , t . 1985 . life history notes : eumeces callicephalus ( mountain skink ) . reproduction . herpetological review 16 ( 1 ) : 27 .
hans - martin braun added the english common name
common western skink
to
plestiodon skiltonianus baird & girard 1852
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
skilton - skink
to
plestiodon skiltonianus baird & girard 1852
.
bañuelos - alamillo , jorge a . , rubén a . carbajal - márquez , eric a . rivas - mercado , gustavo e . quinero - díaz and marco a . domíguez - de la riva . 2015 . geographic distribution : plestiodon callicephalus ( mountain skink ) . herpetological review 46 ( 3 ) : 384
smith , h . m . 2005 . plestiodon : a replacement name for most members of the genus eumeces in north america . journal of kansas herpetology 14 : 15 - 16 .
taylor , edward h . 1929 . a species of lizard new to the fauna of the united states : eumeces callicephalus bocourt . univ . kansas sci . bull . 19 ( 7 ) : 67 - 69 - get paper here
smith , h . m . 2005 . plestiodon : a replacement name for most members of the genus eumeces in north america . j . kansas herp . ( 14 ) : 15 - 16 .
baltosser , w . h . , j . w . eley , and j . p . hubbard . 1985 . mountain skink ( eumeces callicephalus ) . in : handbook of species endangered in new mexico , new mexico department of game and fish . rept / sc / eu / ca : 1 - 2 .
baird , s . f . , and c . f . girard . 1852 . characteristics of some new reptiles in the museum of the smithsonian institution . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 6 : 68 - 70 . ( plestiodon skiltonianum , p . 69 . )
brandley , matthew c . ; ota , hidetoshi ; hikida , tsutomu ; nieto montes de oca , adrian ; feria - ortiz , manuel ; guo , xianguang ; wang , yuezhao 2012 . the phylogenetic systematics of blue - tailed skinks ( plestiodon ) and the family scincidae . zoological journal of the linnean society 165 ( 1 ) : 163 - 189 - get paper here
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should be retained as a distinct species . lieb ( 1990 ) noted that additional sampling and study of material from chihuahua is needed to clarify the status of
. this was accepted by crother ( 2008 ) and collins and taggart ( 2009 ) . the change has thus been extended to the mexican species .
hammerson , g . a . , frost , d . r . , ponce - campos , p . & gadsden , h .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species mainly in northwestern mexico , extending into extreme southwestern united states ( lieb 1990 , stebbins 2003 ) . in mexico it is known from northwestern chihuahua south through western slope foothills and barrancas of sierra madre occidental of chihuahua , sonora , durango , sinaloa , nayarit , northern jalisco , and zacatecas . it is also present on the coastal plain of central sinaloa south through nayarit , south to bolaños and gaudalajara in jalisco . in the united states it is known from pajarito , baboquivari , santa rita , and the huachuca mountains in arizona , and from the peloncillo mountains ( guadalupe canyon , geronimo trail ) in new mexico . its elevational range extends from near sea level ( in mexico ) to above 1 , 980 m , but it is generally above ( 1 , 220 m in the united states ( degenhardt et al . 1996 , stebbins 2003 ) .
in the united states , this skink inhabits rocky pine and oak habitats in the mountains , particularly in canyon riparian and hillside situations ( degenhardt et al . 1996 , stebbins 2003 ) . in mexico , it ranges down through western slope foothills and barrancas and is known from the coastal plain in the south ( lieb 1990 ) . eggs are laid under rocks and in similar sites and are attended by the female until after hatching ( tanner 1987 ) ( live birth also reported ) . it is not found in agricultural habitats .
the species is probably secure throughout most of its range in mexico , although some local populations may be jeopardized by habitat loss . potential threats in the united states include uncontrolled wildfire and intensive cattle grazing of riparian zones in the limited areas where this species occurs . but overall it is not significantly threatened .
it occurs in a few protected areas . other than general research , no direct conservation measures are currently needed for this species as a whole .
hammerson , g . a . , frost , d . r . , ponce - campos , p . & gadsden , h . 2007 .
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bezy , robert l . and charles j . cole 2014 . amphibians and reptiles of the madrean archipelago of arizona and new mexico . american museum novitates ( 3810 ) : 1 - 24 - get paper here
bocourt , m . f . 1879 . etudes sur les reptiles , p . i - xiv , 1 - 1012 . in recherches zoologiques pour servir a l ' histoire de ia faune de l ' amérique centrale et du mexique . mission scientifique au mexique et dans l ' amérique centrale , recherches zoologiques . part 2 , sect . 1 ; in a imprimerie impériale , paris [ 3 , pt . 6 ] , pp . 360–440 . - get paper here
cobarrubias , edgar flores ; daniel cruz - sáenz , and david lazcano 2012 . notes on the herpetofauna of western mexico 6 : amphibians and reptiles of hostotipaquillo , jalisco , mexico . bull . chicago herp . soc . 47 ( 2 ) : 21 - 26 - get paper here
crother , b . i . ( ed . ) 2012 . standard common and current scientific names for north american amphibians , turtles , reptiles , and crocodilians , seventh edition . herpetological circular 39 : 1 - 92
enderson , erik f . ; thomas r . van devender , robert l . bezy 2014 . amphibians and reptiles of yécora , sonora and the madrean tropical zone of the sierra madre occidental in northwestern mexico . check list 10 ( 4 ) : 913 - 926 - get paper here
günther , a . c . l . g . 1885 . reptilia and batrachia . biologia centrali - américana . taylor , & francis , london , 326 pp . [ published in parts from 1885 - 1902 ; reprint by the ssar 1987 ] - get paper here
jones , l . l . & lovich , r . e . 2009 . lizards of the american southwest . a photographic field guide . rio nuevo publishers , tucson , az , 568 pp . [ review in reptilia 86 : 84 ] - get paper here
legler , john m . ; webb , robert g . 1960 . noteworthy records of skinks ( genus eumeces ) from northwestern mexico . southwestern naturalist 5 ( 1 ) : 16 - 20 - get paper here
lemos - espinal , julio a . , david chiszar , and hobart m . smith 2004 . selected records of 2003 lizards from chihuahua and sonora , mexico . bull . chicago herp . soc . 39 ( 9 ) : 164 - 168 - get paper here
lieb , carl s . 1985 . systematics and distribution of the skinks allied to eumeces tetragrammus ( sauria : scincidae ) . contributions in science nat . hist . mus . los angeles ( 357 ) : 1 - 19 - get paper here
mcdiarmid , r . w . , copp , j . f . , & breedlove , d . e . 1976 . notes on the herpetofauna of western mexico : new records from sinaloa and the tres marias islands . natur . hist . mus . of l . a . co . , contrib . in sci . ( 275 ) : 1 - 17
richmond , j . q . 2006 . evolutionary basis of parallelism in north american scincid lizards . evoluti on & development 8 ( 6 ) : 477–490
schmitz , andreas ; patrick mausfeld and dirk embert 2004 . molecular studies on the genus eumeces wiegmann , 1834 : phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic implications . hamadryad 28 ( 1 - 2 ) : 73 – 89 - get paper here
smith , h . m . & taylor , e . h . 1950 . an annotated checklist and key to the reptiles of mexico exclusive of the snakes . bull . us natl . mus . 199 : 1 - 253 - get paper here
stebbins , r . c . 1985 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians , 2nd ed . houghton mifflin , boston
taylor , e . h . 1936 . a taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan lizards of the genus eumeces with an account of the distribution and relationship of its species . univ . kansas sci . bull . 23 ( 14 ) : 1 - 643 [ 1935 ] - get paper here
taylor , e . h . 1943 . mexican lizards of the genus eumeces , with comments on the recent literature on the genus . univ . kansas sci . bull . 29 ( 5 ) : 269 - 300 - get paper here
valdez - lares , r . ; r . muñiz - martínez ; e . gadsden ; g . aguirre - león ; g . castañeda - gaytán ; r . gonzalez - trápaga 2013 . checklist of amphibians and reptiles of the state of durango , méxico . check list 9 ( 4 ) : 714 - 724 - get paper here
webb , r . g . 1984 . herpetogeography in the mazatlán - durango region of the sierra madre occidental , mexico . vetrebrate ecology and systematics - a ribute to henry s . fitch ; museum of natural history , university of kansas , lawrence , pp . 217 - 241
werning , heiko 2012 . die reptilien und amphibien des südwestens . draco 13 ( 50 ) : 18 - 60 - get paper here
zweifel , r . g . and norris , k . s . 1955 . contributions to the herpetology of sonora , mexico : descriptions of new subspecies of snakes ( micruroides euryxanthus and lampropeltis getulus ) and miscellaneous collecting notes . american midland naturalist 54 : 230 - 249 - get paper here
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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views of a juvenile mountain skink in the pajarito mountains of santa cruz county , arizona .
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collins , j . t . 1990 . standard common and current scientific names for north american amphibians and reptiles . 3rd ed . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles . herpetological circular no . 19 . 41 pp .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
pajarito , baboquivari , santa rita , and huachuca mountains , arizona ; peloncillo mountains ( guadalupe canyon , geronimo trail ) , new mexico ; and northeastern chihuahua south through western slope foothills and barrancas of sierra madre occidental of chihuahua , sonora , durango , sinaloa , nayarit , jalisco , and zacatecas ; coastal plain of central sinaloa south through nayarit ( lieb 1990 , stebbins 2003 ) . elevational range extends from near sea level ( in mexico ) to above 1 , 980 meters ( 6 , 500 feet ) ; generally above ( 1 , 220 meters ( 4 , 000 feet ) in the united states ( lowe 1964 , degenhardt et al . 1996 , stebbins 2003 ) .
lieb ( 1990 ) mapped 43 collection sites rangewide , all but 6 of which are in mexico . this is a secretive species and relatively difficult to collect , so undoubtedly there are many more occurrences or subpopulations than currently are known .
total adult population size is unknown but surely exceeds several thousand . skinks are secretive and can be numerous even in areas where they are difficult to detect by visual techniques . pifall traps are needed to determine abundance . for example , degenhardt et al . ( 1996 ) reported that most of the 89 specimens taken in new mexico were obtained in pitfall traps .
the species is probably secure throughout most of its range in mexico , although many local populations may be jeopardized by habitat loss ( baltosser et al . 1985 ) . potential threats in the united states include uncontrolled wildfire and intensive cattle grazing of riparian zones in the limited areas where this species occurs .
( 20 , 000 - 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( about 8000 - 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) pajarito , baboquivari , santa rita , and huachuca mountains , arizona ; peloncillo mountains ( guadalupe canyon , geronimo trail ) , new mexico ; and northeastern chihuahua south through western slope foothills and barrancas of sierra madre occidental of chihuahua , sonora , durango , sinaloa , nayarit , jalisco , and zacatecas ; coastal plain of central sinaloa south through nayarit ( lieb 1990 , stebbins 2003 ) . elevational range extends from near sea level ( in mexico ) to above 1 , 980 meters ( 6 , 500 feet ) ; generally above ( 1 , 220 meters ( 4 , 000 feet ) in the united states ( lowe 1964 , degenhardt et al . 1996 , stebbins 2003 ) .
note : range depicted for new world only . the scale of the maps may cause narrow coastal ranges or ranges on small islands not to appear . not all vagrant or small disjunct occurrences are depicted . for migratory birds , some individuals occur outside of the passage migrant range depicted .
lays and broods its eggs , or gives birth to its young ( stebbins 1985 ) .
in the united states , this skink inhabits rocky pine and oak habitats in the mountains , particularly in canyon riparian and hillside situations ( lowe 1964 , degenhardt et al . 1996 , stebbins 2003 ) . in mexico , it ranges down through western slope foothills and barrancas and is known from the coastal plain ( lieb 1990 ) . eggs are laid under rocks and in similar sites and are attended by the female until after hatching ( tanner 1987 ) ( live birth also reported ) .
lizards are inactive in cold temperatures and extreme heat . in new mexico , most active in may and early june ; apparently spen - ding much of the rest of the year under rocks , and leaf litter , etc . ( new mexico department of fish and game 1985 ) .
occurrences are based on evidence of historical presence , or current and likely recurring presence , at a given location . such evidence minimally includes collection or reliable observation and documentation of one or more individuals ( including eggs ) in or near appropriate habitat where the species is presumed to be established and breeding .
busy highway or highway with obstructions such that lizards rarely if ever cross successfully ; major river , lake , pond , or deep marsh ; densely urbanized area dominated by buildings and pavement ( but note that suburban areas are suitable habitat for some skinks ) .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
baltosser , w . h . 1980 . a biological inventory of endangered species occurring in guadalupe canyon ( hildago county ) , new mexico . new mexico department of game and fish , contract 519 - 68 - 06 , final report . 11 pp .
behler , j . l . , and f . w . king . 1979 . the audubon society field guide to north american reptiles and amphibians . alfred a . knopf , new york . 719 pp .
brandley , m . c . , a . schmitz , and t . w . reeder . 2005 . partitioned bayesian analyses , partition choice , and the phylogenetic relationships of scincid lizards . systematic biology 54 : 373 - 390 .
collins , j . t . , and t . w . taggart . 2009 . standard common and current scientific names for north american amphibians , turtles , reptiles , and crocodilians . sixth edition . the center for north american herpetology , lawrance , kansas . iv + 44 pp .
crother , b . i . ( editor ) . 2008 . scientific and standard english names of amphibians and reptiles of north america north of mexico , with comments regarding confidence in our understanding . sixth edition . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles herpetological circular 37 : 1 - 84 . online with updates at : urltoken
crother , b . i . ( editor ) . 2012 . scientific and standard english names of amphibians and reptiles of north america north of mexico , with comments regarding confidence in our understanding . 7th edition . ssar herpetological circular 39 : 1 - 92 .
degenhardt , w . g . , c . w . painter , and a . h . price . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of new mexico . university of new mexico press , albuquerque . xix + 431 pp .
griffith , h . , a . ngo , and r . w . murphy . 2000 . a cladistic evaluation of the cosmopolitan genus eumeces wiegmann ( reptilia , squamata , scincidae ) . russian journal of herpetology 7 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 .
lieb , c . s . 1985 . systematics and distribution of the skinks allied to eumeces tetragrammus ( sauria : scincidae ) . nat . hist . mus . los angeles co . , contr . sci . 357 : 1 - 19 .
new mexico department of game and fish . 1985 . handbook of species endangered in new mexico .
stebbins , r . c . 1954a . amphibians and reptiles of western north america . mcgraw - hill book company , new york .
stebbins , r . c . 1985a . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians . second edition . houghton mifflin company , boston , massachusetts . xiv + 336 pp .
stebbins , r . c . 2003 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians . third edition . houghton mifflin company , boston .
tanner , w . w . 1987 . lizards and turtles of western chihuahua . great basin nat . 47 : 383 - 421 .
de queiroz , k . and t . w . reeder . 2008 . squamata : lizard . in b . i . crother ( ed . ) , scientific and standard english names of amphibians and reptiles of north america north of mexico , 24 - 45 ssar herpetological circular 37 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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the taxonomy and nomenclature of the mountain skink is somewhat vague . some authors ( e . g . lieb 1990 ) refer to the species as a subspecies of the four - lined skink ( e . tetragrammus ) , which occurs throughout mexico and southern texas . however , it is considered by crother ( 2002 ) as a separate species based on tanner ( 1987 ) because it is allopatric ( geographically isolated ) from the four - lined skink and morphologically distinct .
crother , b . i . 2000 . scientific and standard english names of amphibians and reptiles of north america north of mexico , with comments regarding confidence in our understanding . society for the study of amphibians and reptiles , herpetological circular no . 29 : 82pp .
degenhardt , w . g . , c . w . painter , and a . h . price . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of new mexico . university of new mexico press , albuquerque , new mexico . 431pp .
lieb , c . s . 1990 . eumeces tetragrammus . catalogue of american amphibians and reptiles : 492 . 1 - 492 . 4 .
pough , f . h . , r . m . andrews , j . e . cadle , m . l . crump , a . h . savitzky , and k . d . wells . 2001 . herpetology . second edition . prentice - hall , inc . , upper saddle river , new jersey . 612pp .
stebbins , r . c . 2003 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians . 3rd edition . houghton mifflin co . , boston , massachusetts . 533pp .
tanner , w . w . 1987 . lizards and turtles of western chihuahua . great basin naturalist 47 ( 3 ) : 383 - 421 .
this species occurs widely in the eastern united states , and extending into southern canada . its geographic range extends from western new england and southern ontario to minnesota , and south through eastern kansas and eastern oklahoma to eastern texas , the gulf coast , and northern peninsular florida ( conant and collins 1991 ) .
classification from the reptile database selected by c . michael hogan - see more .
. it measures about 100 to 210 mm ( about 4 to 8 . 25 inches ) in total length ( body + tail ) . it is one of five species of
. western skinks are very adaptable . they spend much of their day basking in the sun . their diet ranges widely , including spiders and beetles . western skinks will bite if grasped and will flee if they feel threatened . it is a common but secretive species whose range extends throughout
it is widespread in northern california but restricted to the coast in central and southern california . found in a variety of habitats , this lizard is most common in early successional stages or open areas of late successional stages . heavy brush and densely forested areas are generally avoided .
western skinks are found from sea level to at least 2 , 130 m ( 7 , 000 ft ) .
baird and girard described skilton ' s skink in 1852 and named it in honor of dr . avery j . skilton , who had sent them specimens . tanner ( 1957 ) identified the subspecies interparietalis and utahensis .
coronado skink , p . s . interparietalis ( w . tanner , 1957 ) occurs in southern california and baja california , mexico .
great basin skink , p . s . utahensis ( w . tanner , 1957 ) occurs in utah .
skilton ' s skink , p . s . skiltonianus baird & girard , 1852
the most common is skilton ' s skink , which occurs throughout the western united states west of the rocky mountains and in southern british columbia , canada .
together with gilbert ' s skink ( p . gilberti ) , the san lucan skink ( p . lagunensis ) , and the four - lined asiatic skink ( p . quadrilineatus ) , the western skink belongs to the so - called
skiltonianus group
. the exact taxonomy within this group is being questioned and may need revision following dna analysis research .
it is a good burrower and sometimes constructs burrows several times its own body length .
found in a variety of habitats from sea level to at least 2 , 130 m ( 7 , 000 ft ) , the western skink is commonest in early successional stages or open areas within habitats in which it occurs . heavy
areas are generally avoided . the western skink seems to prefer a somewhat moist environment , although it can also be found on dry
aside from fading with age , color pattern of adults varies little . broad brown stripe down back , edged with black and bordered on each side by conspicuous whitish to beige
stripe that begins on nose and extends over eye and back alongside body onto tail . pale
stripes on joined halves of 2nd and 3rd scale rows . a second pale stripe , starting on upper jaw , occurs low on each side and is separated from the first by a broad dark brown or black band originating on side of head and usually extending well out onto tail . tail dull blue ( in juveniles ) or gray . in the breeding season reddish or orange color appears on side of head and chin and occasionally on sides , tip , and underside of tail . usually 7 upper
and 4 enlarged nuchals . young exhibit a striped pattern more vivid than in adult and tail bright blue . dark lateral stripe usually extends well out on side of tail .
the species occurs in the northwestern part at least as far south as colonia guerro and in the south in the cape and comondu regions , santa agueda , and san francisco de la sierra . on
young western skinks have a bright blue tail with color that fades with age . if seized by a predator its tail is deliberately cast and wriggles violently attracting attention while the lizard may escape .
the tail will grow back with time but is often darker in color and misshapen . it will play dead , but this behavior is rarely seen .
this skink is diurnal during the period of warm - season activity . during summer most activity is concentrated in the morning and late afternoon . where summer temperatures are not extreme , activity extends throughout the day . adult skinks usually become inactive by early fall but juveniles extend their period of activity several weeks .
season for this species varies geographically and from year to year depending on local conditions . mating probably occurs in the spring soon after emergence . males turn orange on the underside when they are breeding . females lay 2 - 6
during june and july . western skink females construct nest chambers that are several centimeters deep in loose moist soil . typically these chambers are located under surface objects , especially flat stones ,
young western skinks probably hatch in late summer , and sexual maturity may occur at 2 years of age , but most individuals probably do not reproduce until they are 3 years old . western skinks can reach an age of up to 10 years .
stebbins , r . c . 1985 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians , second edition , revised . houghton mifflin . boston , massachusetts . 336 pp .
tanner , w . w . 1957 . a taxonomic and ecological study of the western skink ( eumeces skiltonianus ) . great basin naturalist 17 ( 3 - 4 ) : 59 - 94 .
zeiner , d . c . ; w . f . laudenslayer , jr . ; k . e . mayer ; and m . white ; eds . 1988 . california ' s wildlife . vol . 1 . amphibians and reptiles . calififornia dept . of fish and game . sacramento , california . 272 pp .
taylor , e . h . 1936 . a taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan scincoid lizards of the genus eumeces with an account of the distribution and relationship of its species . univ . kansas sci . bull . 23 : 1 - 643 .
zweifel , r . g . 1952 . notes on the lizards of the coronados islands , baja california , mexico . herpetologica 8 : 9 - 11 .
stebbins , r . c . 2003 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians , third edition . peterson field guide series ® . houghton mifflin company . boston and new york . xii + 533 pp . isbn 0 - 395 - 98272 - 3 . ( eumeces skiltonianus , pp . 312 - 314 + plate36 + map 110 . )
behler , j . l . , and f . w . king . 1979 . the audubon society field guide to north american reptiles and amphibians . knopf . new york . 743 pp . isbn 0 - 394 - 50824 - 6 . ( eumeces skiltonianus , pp . 576 - 577 + plates 421 , 441 - 442 . )
boulenger , g . a . 1887 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . second edition . volume iii . lacertidæ , gerrhosauridæ , scincidæ , . . . trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers . ) london . xii + 575 pp . + plates i . - xl . ( eumeces skiltonianus , p . 373 . )
smith , h . m . , and e . d . brodie , jr . 1982 . reptiles of north america : a guide to field identification . golden press . new york . 240 pp . isbn 0 - 307 - 13666 - 3 . ( eumeces skiltonianus , pp . 78 - 79 . )
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .
in southern texas and northeastern mexico . dixon ( 1987 ) and conant and collins ( 1991 ) accepted the conspecific relationship between
should be retained as a full species . lieb ( 1990 ) noted that additional sampling and study of material from chihuahua is needed to clarify the status of
. this was accepted by crother ( 2008 ) and collins and taggart ( 2009 ) . the name is thus also used for mexican species .
hammerson , g . a . , lavin , p . & mendoza - quijano , f .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species occurs in the southern united states and in northeastern texas . the subspecies e . t . tetragrammus ranges from southern texas to northern veracruz and queretaro , and west to coahuila ( conant and collins 1991 ) . subspecies e . t . brevilineatus occurs from central and southwestern texas south through northern coahuila and northern nuevo leon , with an isolated population in the sierra del nido , chihuahua ( lieb 1990 , conant and collins 1991 ) . the species reaches an elevation of around 2 , 300 m ( 7 , 550 feet ) in the chisos mountains ( conant and collins 1991 ) . the two subspecies intergrade in southern texas and adjacent northeastern mexico .
no major threats have been identified . however , in some parts of the range the species is killed under the erroneous belief that it is venomous .
it occurs in many protected areas , both in the united states and in mexico . other than raising public awareness , no direct conservation measureas are needed for this species as a whole .
hammerson , g . a . , lavin , p . & mendoza - quijano , f . 2007 .
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90007 , usa ( e - mail : heloderma @ roadrunner . com ) ;
, desert biological consulting ( e - mail : barrettscurlock @ gmail . com ) ;
needles field oce , 1303 s . hwy 95 , needles , california 92363 , usa ( e -
and 3 . 32 km from the first adult . the location is part of the south
cas , méxico ( e - mail : j . alberto . ba @ gmail . com ) ;
book about the update knowledge of mammals from san luis potosí state : taxonomy , diversity , natural history , conflicts and conservation actions .
more than half of the lizard species found in the u . s . are present in arizona . they are a colorful group with fascinating life histories . lizards help control ants , termites , and other insects , and with only one exception , the gila monster , they are not venomous . field guides are available online ( arizona herpetological association , brennan , 2008 ) , and in print ( jones and lovich , 2009 , and stebbins , 1966 ) .
the photograph shows a plateau fence lizard . these lizards do like fences , but they will sit on any convenient object that gives them an elevated view . they are found throughout central and northern arizona .
lizards are not descended from dinosaurs . they appeared about the same time and lived with dinosaurs , but they are not closely related . lizard legs extend to the sides of the body rather than projecting downward or forward . lizards became a separate group in the late triassic , over 200 million years ago .
children like lizards almost as much as they like turtles . lizards are not as easy to play with , but they are very brave and colorful , and some are easy to catch . if you haven’t tried to pick up a ground hugging horned lizard ( aka horny toad ) , or seen one squirt blood from its eyes you’ve missed out on two of life’s finest experiences . it’s hard to imagine how blood squirting evolved as a defense , but i’ve read that the blood is distasteful to some predators . when threatened , horned lizards and many other lizard species puff up their bodies and do pushups to appear larger and scarier . some lizards have replaceable tails . when cornered , they wave their tails to lure predators into striking that detachable and replaceable appendage .
( numbers from gibbons et al . ( 2000 ) and azgfd ( 2012 ) . the arizona numbers include subspecies and sub populations ) .
almost all of arizona’s lizard species are declining in response to human developments . roads , houses , pesticides , invasive species , wildfire , energy development and transmission , and more human activities are steadily eroding their numbers . species such as the horned lizards have almost no ability to survive their encounters with people . easily captured , they are often taken as pets or specimens , an experience they often do not survive .
further information on conservation is available on the internet sites listed in the references . the parc ( partners in amphibian and reptile conservation ) website provides access to special reports and newsletters containing interesting information about lizards . a good discussion of lizard conservation is provided in the book by jones and lovich ( 2009 ) .
brennan , t . c . 2008 . online field guide to reptiles and amphibians of arizona : urltoken .
gibbons , j . w . , d . e . scott , t . j . ryan , k . a . buhlmann , t . d . tuberville , b . s . metts , j . l . greene , t . mills , y . leiden , s . poppy , and c . t . winne . 2000 . the global decline of reptiles , déjà vu amphibians . bioscience 50 : 653 - 666 .
jones , l . l . c . , and r . e . lovich , eds . 2009 . lizards of the american southwest : a photographic field guide . rio nuevo publishers , tucson , az . 567 p .
stebbins , r . c . 1966 . a field guide to western reptiles and amphibians . houghton mifflin , boston , ma . 279 p .
s1 critically imperiled : extremely rare or some factor ( s ) is making the species especially vulnerable to extirpation . typically 5 or fewer locations or very few remaining individuals ( < 1 , 000 ) .
s2 imperiled : rare or some factor ( s ) is making the species very vulnerable to extirpation . typically 6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals ( 1 , 000 to 3 , 000 ) .
s3 vulnerable : rare or found only in a restricted range ( even if abundant at some locations ) , or because of other factors making it vulnerable to extirpation . typically 21 to 100 occurrences or between 3 , 000 and 10 , 000 individuals .
s4 apparently secure : uncommon but not rare , and usually widespread . usually more than 100 occurrences * and more than 10 , 000 individuals . possible long - term concern .
s5 secure : common , widespread , and abundant . safe under present conditions . typically with considerably more than 100 locations and more than 10 , 000 individuals .
s # s # : indicates the range of uncertainty about exact status ( e . g . , s3s4 ) .
sc species of concern : describes the entire realm of taxa whose conservation status may be of concern to the us fish and wildlife service , but does not have official federal status .
pingback : deadly traffic : the u . s . plays an unwitting role in illegal wildlife trade | garryrogers nature conservation
interesting info on lizards . never knew much about them . think n ext time i will observe them more closely .
great read ! learned a bunch about lizards . we don’t have many ( if any ) in the midwest . 😦
look in rocky areas and on fences and tree trunks . lizards love to “bask”
reblogged this on wolf is my soul and commented : a little bit off topic , but still interesting to me .
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julio a . lemos - espinal , 1 geoffrey r . smith , 2 guillermo a . woolrich - piña , 3 and alexander cruz 4
1 laboratorio de ecología - ubipro , fes iztacala unam . avenida los barrios 1 , los reyes iztacala , tlalnepantla , edo . de méxico , mexico – 54090
3 instituto tecnológico superior de zacapoaxtla . carretera acuaco - zacapoaxtla km . 8 , col . totoltepec c . p . 73680 , zacapoaxtla , puebla , mexico
corresponding author : guillermo a . woolrich - piña ( xm . ude . zsti . evil @ hcirloowg )
copyright julio a . lemos - espinal , geoffrey r . smith , guillermo a . woolrich - piña , alexander cruz
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
chihuahua is mexico’s largest state , and its physiographic complexity affects the distribution of its herpetofauna . we list amphibians and reptiles for the state of chihuahua , with their conservation status . we also compare this list to those of six adjoining states in the united states and mexico ( new mexico , texas , coahuila , durango , sinaloa , and sonora ) . a total of 175 species of amphibians and reptiles is found in chihuahua . thirty - eight are amphibians , and 137 reptiles . chihuahuan amphibians and reptiles represent just over 37 % of such species from chihuahua and neighboring states . chihuahua shares the highest proportion of its herpetofauna with sonora and durango . most of the herpetofauna of chihuahua falls in iucns least concern category and is not listed by semarnat . however , turtles in chihuahua are a group of particular conservation concern .
( lying between 25°38 ' n to the south , 31°47 ' n to the north , and between103°18 ' w to the east , and 109°7 ' w to the west ) represent 12 . 6 % of the total territory of the nation . chihuahua is physiographically complex ( fig .
topographical map of the state of chihuahua , mexico : 1 chihuahuan desert 2 sierra madre occidental , and 3 cooper canyon ( inegi 2001 ) .
over half of the state of chihuahua , east of the sierra madre , is covered by high plains at ~ 1 , 200–1 , 700 m . from these plains arise a large number of small to medium - sized , isolated sierras , some of which reach altitudes of over 2 , 000 m . some are high enough to support coniferous forests , constituting continental “islands” surrounded by a “sea” of semiarid plains , where differentiation among populations is enhanced by isolation .
in extreme northeastern chihuahua , deep canyons , similar to those on the pacific side of the sierra madre occidental , cut into the edge of the high plains , and support their own distinct herpetofaunal assemblages . among them is the great cañón de santa elena , in the zona de protección de flora y fauna silvestre cañón de santa elena , an extension of the big bend national park of the united states .
in recent years , there has been a considerable increase in the study of mexican regional and state herpetofaunas such as sinaloa ( hardy and mcdiarmid 1969 ) , peninsula of baja california ( grismer 2002 ) , peninsula of yucatan ( lee 1996 ) , the valley of mexico ( ramírez - bautista et al . 2009 ) , aguascalientes ( mccranie and wilson 2001 ) , chihuahua and coahuila ( lemos - espinal and h . smith 2007a , b , 2015a , b ; lemos - espinal and g . smith 2016 ) , querétaro ( dixon and lemos - espinal 2010 ) , san luis potosí ( lemos - espinal and dixon 2013 ) , michoacán ( alvarado - díaz et al . 2015 ) , chiapas ( johnson et al . 2015b ) , oaxaca ( mata - silva et al . 2015 ) , nayarit ( woolrich - piña et al . 2016 ) , nuevo león ( lemos - espinal et al . 2016 ) , sonora ( enderson et al . 2009 , lemos - espinal and rorabaugh 2015 , lemos - espinal et al . 2015 , rorabaugh 2008 , rorabaugh and lemos - espinal 2016 ) , and tamaulipas ( farr 2015 , terán - juárez et al . 2016 ) .
a total of 175 ( 173 native , two introduced ) species of amphibians and reptiles is found in chihuahua . thirty - eight of these species are amphibians ( four salamanders , 34 anurans [ one introduced ] ) , and 137 are reptiles ( 13 turtles , 51 lizards [ one introduced ] , and 73 snakes ) ( tables
) . these represent 32 families : nine amphibians ( two salamanders ; seven anurans ) , and 23 reptiles ( five of turtles , 11 of lizards and seven of snakes ) , and 81 genera : 16 amphibians ( two salamanders , 14 anurans ) , and 65 reptiles ( seven of turtles , 20 of lizards and 38 of snakes ) . the introduced species are the american bullfrog (
checklist of amphibians and reptiles of chihuahua providing the habitat type ( cd = chihuahuan desert , smo = temperate forests of the sierra madre occidental , sbt = subtropics – canyons of the sierra madre occidental ; gen = generalist – occupies more than one habitat type ) , iucn status ( dd = data deficient ; lc = least concern , v = vulnerable , nt = neat threatened ; e = endangered ; ce = critically endangered ) according to the iucn red list ( the iucn red list of threatened species , version 2016 . 1 ; urltoken ; accessed 30 june 2016 ) , environmental vulnerability score ( evs ; the higher the score the greater the vulnerability ; ne = not evaluated ) from wilson et al . ( 2013a , b ) and johnson et al . ( 2015a ) , and conservation status in mexico according to semarnat ( 2010 ) ( p = in danger of extinction , a = threatened ; pr = subject to special protection , nl – not listed ) . source denotes whether the species was observed in the field by the authors ( a ) , documented in the conabio data base and / or museum collections ( c / m ) , or found in the literature ( citation of source ) .
a 1 = protected under the name pseudoeurycea bellii ; a 2 = protected under the name gopherus agassizii ; a 3 = protected under the name boa constrictor ; a 4 = protected under the name lampropeltis pyromelana ; pr 1 = protected under the name ctenosaura hemilopha .
summary of species present in chihuahua by family , order or suborder , and class . status summary indicates the number of species found in each iucn conservation status in the order dd , lc , v , nt , e , ce ( see table
for abbreviations ; in some cases species have not been assigned a status by the iucn and therefore these may not add up to the total number of species in a taxon ) . mean evs is the mean environmental vulnerability score , scores ≥ 14 are considered high vulnerability (
through the pacific coast to costa rica . another sixteen species occur from central or southern united states to northern , central or southern mexico (
) , this last species with isolated populations in the sierra madre occidental . only one of the amphibian species that currently inhabit chihuahua was introduced to the state (
terrapene ornata . rancho de flores magón , buenaventura , chihuahua . photo by julio lemos espinal .
barisia levicollis ( female ) . sierra del nido , chihuahua . photo courtesy of marisa ishimatsu .
crotalus willardi . sierra del nido , chihuahua . photo courtesy of robert bryson .
in terms of habitat types , 47 species are found in the temperate forests of the sierra madre occidental . forty - four are found in the subtropical canyons of the sierra madre occidental . fifty - eight species are found in the chihuahuan desert . one species is found in son . twenty - five species occupy more than one habitat type ( i . e . , are generalists ) .
it is likely that at least four other turtle species occur in chihuahua . three species have been taken close to the state line with sonora and sinaloa , in the extreme southwestern part of the state . kinosternon alamosae has been taken in the vicinity of álamos , sonora , about 35 km from the chihuahua border . trachemys hiltoni has been recorded from güirocoba , ~ 25 km from chihuahua , and from extreme northern sinaloa ( hardy and mcdiarmid 1969 ) . seidel ( 2002 ) mapped its range into chihuahua , but only conjecturally . legler and webb ( 1970 ) stated that the species is limited to the río el fuerte drainage . these last authors stated that trachemys yaquia is limited to the drainages of the río mayo , río sonora and río yaqui , however , seidel ( 2002 ) conjectured that the range of this species extended into chihuahua . in addition , the common snapping turtle ( chelydra serpentina ) occurs in the río grande at least in new mexico ( degenhardt et al . 1996 ) , and may well occur farther south in extreme northeastern chihuahua , where little turtle trapping has been done .


davies 's big-eared bat or the graybeard bat ( glyphonycteris daviesi ) is a species of bat in the family phyllostomidae .

it is named after james ( jim ) davies who discovered it whilst on expedition in french guiana .

it is found in brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , honduras , panama , peru , suriname , trinidad and tobago , and venezuela .

davies ' s big - eared bat

note : data presented in infonatura at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of april 2007 . note : this report was printed on .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
medellín , r . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its relatively wide distribution and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . however , this species is rare and its habitat type is threatened regionally . this species seems to be locally threatened ( as in bolivia ) .
occurs througout honduras south to peru , the guianas , brazil , and bolivia ; trinidad ( simmons 2005 ) . may be present in colombia . range is confined to eastern flanks of the andes . known from 0 - 300 m asl ( ochoa pers . comm . ) , and in ecuador up to 500 m ( pine et al . 1996 ) .
this species is relatively rare , which could be either an artifact of sampling methodology or local fluctuations in abundance . apparently very rare and patchily distributed ( reid , 1997 ) .
forest interior species . poorly known ; probably restricted to mature , evergreen forest . roosts in hollow trees ; occasionally caught in harp traps or mist nets set across forest trails . these bats feed on large insects and occasionally fruit ; they forage by gleaning large insects such as cockroaches , dragonflies , and katydids from the vegetation or ground , and they carry their prey back to a feeding roost before eating ( emmons and feer , 1997 ) . a small spotted frog was found in the stomach of one individual from panama ( reid , 1997 ) . has been found in secondary forested areas near primary forest ( ochoa pers . comm . ) , but seems to prefer primary forest . roost in hollow trees . record of males , females and juveniles roosting together ( solari pers . comm . ) . some records of ecoparasites ( solari pers . comm . ) .
in bolivia this species is considered vulnerable as it occurs in fragile ecosystems ( montane forests and flood plains aguirre 1998 ) . loss of primary forest , and reduction and fragmentation of habitat are localised threats , but there are no major threats throughout its range at present .
found in protected areas . conservation of habitat ( primary forests ) . the species occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range .
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the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
occurs througout honduras south to peru , the guianas , brazil , and bolivia ; trinidad ( simmons 2005 ) . may be present in colombia . range is confined to eastern flanks of the andes . known from 0 - 300 m asl ( ochoa pers . comm . ) , and in ecuador up to 500 m ( pine
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
isoleikkonen
to
micronycteris daviesi ( hill , 1964 )
.
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
infonatura species index : 51 - 100 of 162 records in family phyllostomidae of order chiroptera .
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citation : infonatura : animals and ecosystems of latin america [ web application ] . 2007 . version 5 . 0 . arlington , virginia ( usa ) : natureserve . available : http : / / infonatura . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
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data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
citation for mammal range maps : patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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