atheris squamigera , common names green bush viper , variable bush viper , leaf viper , and others , is a venomous viper species endemic to west and central africa .

no subspecies are currently recognized .

atheris squamigera

atheris squamigera squamigera ( hallowell 1854 ) echis squamigera hallowell 1854 : 193 toxicoa squamata cope 1859 : 341 atheris squamatus cope 1862 : 337 ? poecilostolus burtonii günther 1863 : 239 atheris burtonii — günther 1863 : 16 atheris polylepis peters 1864 fide broadley ( in golay 1993 ) atheris lucani rochebrune 1885 : 89 atheris proximus rochebrune 1885 : 90 atheris squamigera — schmidt 1923 : 144 atheris squamigera robusta laurent 1956 atheris squamiger — welch 1994 : 21 atheris squamiger — trape & roux - estève 1995 : 45 atheris squamigera — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 357 atheris squamigera — lawson & ustach 2000 atheris squamigera — wallach et al . 2014 : 62 atheris squamigera — spawls et al . 2018 : 593
atheris broadleyi lawson 1999 atheris squamigera hallowell ( 1854 ) ( part . ) atheris broadleyi — chirio & ineich 2006 atheris broadleyi — livigni 2013 : 287 atheris broadleyi — wallach et al . 2014 : 61
atheris squamigera ( hallowell ' s green tree viper ) subsp . squamigera [ original photo copyright © dr julian white ]
atheris squamigera ( hallowell ' s green tree viper ) subsp . squamigera [ original photo copyright © dr julian white ]
yellow bush viper ( atheris squamigera ) found in the democratic republic of congo .
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atheris squamigera - atheris squamigera ( green bush viper ) inhabits arts of western and central africa . its geographic range extends into kamanyola , a province of kivu , congo and takamanda forest reserve in cameroon . atheris squamigera has been recorded in the lower elevation forests of cameroon , particularly those with dense vegetation .
lawson , d . , p . ustach . 2000 . a redescription of atheris squamigera ( serpentes : viperidae ) with comments on the validity of atheris anisolepis .
kielgast , j . 2011 . atheris squamigera ( hallowell , 1854 ) . elaphe 19 ( 3 ) : 64
yes ! bush vipers are great ! the variable bush viper ( atheris squamigera ) is one of my favorites . the spiny bush viper ( atheris hispida ) is really cool too !
wang h , chen x , zhou m , wang l , chen t , shaw c . molecular characterization of three novel phospholipase a 2 proteins from the venom of atheris chlorechis , atheris nitschei and atheris squamigera . toxins . 2016 ; 8 ( 6 ) : 168 .
venomous ! subspecies and synonymy : atheris anisolepis has been removed from synonymy with a . squamigera by broadley 1998 but then again synonymized by lawson & ustach ( 2000 ) . some of schmidt’s atheris squamigera may be a . hispida ( laurent 1956 ) . atheris subocularis fischer 1888 has been removed from synonymy with a . squamigera by lawson et al . ( 2001 ) . broadley 1998 and lawson & ustach ( 2000 ) do not recognize any subspecies of a . squamigera . the type locality was originally given as “near the river gabon , guinea” .
lawson , d . , p . ustach . 2000 . a redescription of atheris squamigera ( serpentes : viperidae ) with comments on the validity of atheris anisolepis . journal of herpetology , 34 / 3 : 386 - 389 .
i wanted to have some fun with this . so i decided to base her on a bush viper ( atheris squamigera ) , their scales are really neat .
wang , h . ; chen , x . ; zhou , m . ; wang , l . ; chen , t . ; shaw , c . molecular characterization of three novel phospholipase a 2 proteins from the venom of atheris chlorechis , atheris nitschei and atheris squamigera . toxins 2016 , 8 , 168 .
wang , he ; chen , xiaole ; zhou , mei ; wang , lei ; chen , tianbao ; shaw , chris . 2016 .
molecular characterization of three novel phospholipase a 2 proteins from the venom of atheris chlorechis , atheris nitschei and atheris squamigera .
toxins 8 , no . 6 : 168 .
lawson , d . p . & ustach , p . c . 2000 . a redescription of atheris squamigera ( serpentes : viperidae ) with comments on the validity of atheris anisolepis . journal of herpetology 34 ( 3 ) : 386 - 389 .
lawson , d . p . & ustach , p . c . 2000 . a redescription of atheris squamigera ( serpentes : viperidae ) with comments on the validity of atheris anisolepis . journal of herpetology 34 ( 3 ) : 386 - 389 - get paper here
akani , g . 2000 . arboreal habits and viper biology in the african rainforest : the ecology of atheris squamigera . israel journal of zoology , 46 / 4 : 273 - 286 .
to cite this page : berces , m . and p . moore 2011 .
atheris squamigera
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
atheris ( tsn 634419 ) at integrated taxonomic information system . accessed 18 march 2007 .
atheris laboratories , case postale 314 , ch - 1233 bernex - geneva , switzerland .
together with atheris , these four genera are sometimes referred to as the tribe atherini . [ 11 ]
we ' re taking a closer look at the imports we got last week , so hang on to your hats as we get up close and personal with the variable bush viper ,
atheris squamigera
. hope ya ' ll enjoy ! osu !
atheris squamigera may change coloration throughout life from birth to adulthood . the scales are heavily keeled , which leads to a somewhat hairy appearance . the tail is also prehensile and is used for grasping , and sometimes hanging from , branches to ambush unsuspecting prey .
the venom of the snake genus atheris contains a new class of peptides with clusters of histidine and glycine residues .
a general overview of the captive husbandry of african bush vipers at the world of atheris . accessed 26 march 2007 .
relatively small in size , with adults ranging in size from 40 cm ( a . katangensis ) to a maximum of 78 cm ( a . squamigera ) . [ 2 ]
the venom of the snake genus atheris contains a new class of peptides with clusters of histidine and glycine residues . - pubmed - ncbi
members of this group come in an amazing variety of colors and patterns , often within a single species . a . ceratophora and a . squamigera are particularly variable . [ 6 ]
raab , g . , s . fitzal . 2005 . the bite of atheris squamiger . clinical toxicology , 43 / 5 : 476 .
venom while considered mildly venomous at one time , it has since been proven that atheris bites in general are serious bites . there is no antivenin manufactured specifically for the species , but it has been reported that echis polyvalent has been effective in treating bites of other atheris species .
just a picture from one . take at
vivarium de lausanne
switzerland . all breeders of atheris of venomland . thanks for your participation .
lanoie l , branch w . 1991 . atheris squamiger : fatal envenomation . journal of the herpetological association of africa , stellenbosch , 39 : 29 .
atheris squamigera is an arboreal venomous snake . the head is broad and flat , distinct from the neck . the mouth has a very large gape . the head is thickly covered with keeled , imbricate scales . the body color is quite variable , ranging from uniform green to red , yellow , blue , black , orange or any combination of these colors .
love , w . 1988 . bush vipers ( atheris ) : experiences in breeding and maintenance . vivarium . 1 ( 3 ) : 22 - 25 .
hello breeders of atheris , i send this message for have information about the parameter for a good captivity for a . squamigera ? - the good size of terrarium ? - the temperature ( night / day and season of the year ) ? - the humidity ? and all others informations important for this species . thanks a lot for your help . best regards david guerra
common names ( subsp . squamigera ) hallowell ' s green tree viper , hallowell ' s bush viper , green bush viper , variable bush viper , leaf viper , african bush viper , rough - scaled bush viper
luiselli , l . , g . akani , f . angelici . 2000 . arboreal habits and viper biology in the african rainforest : the ecology of atheris squamiger .
günther , a . 1863 . on atheris burtonii , a new snake from west africa . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 12 : 239 .
venomous ! has been considered a colour morph of a . squamigera by perret & mertens 1957 and broadley 1998 . distribution : has been erronously reported from gabon ( fide pauwels & branch 2003 ) . habitat : trees ( arboreal )
there are only rare reports of envenoming , but a few cases of atheris ( = proatheris ) superciliaris bites with severe hemostatic venom effects have been cited by warrel ( 2008 ) .
an african bush viper ( atheris squamigera ) is found in central and western africa . its prominent feature is its rough scales on the back . unlike other few species , it does not make a hissing sound by rasping the scales of its tail . it might be found in varied colors like red , yellow , green , orange , or combinations of these colors . this species may change its colors in its lifespan .
günther , a . 1863 . on atheris burtonii , a new snake from west africa . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 12 : 239 - get paper here
a . barbouri had been given the name adenorhinos barbouri and classified as its own , new genus , but was recently returned to the genus atheris ( lenk et al . 2001 ) .
freed p . 1986 . atheris chlorechis ( west african bush viper ) : herpetological review ( society for the study of amphibians and reptiles ) 17 ( 2 ) : ß47 - 48 .
large bowls of fresh clean water should be offered at all times . a . squamigera do venture to the ground . as they move around the bottom of their vivarium , they will find the water dish and drink from it if they need to .
a . squamigera is reported to do very well in captivity , needing only something to climb on and having no particular temperature requirements . captive specimens take mice and small birds . [ 3 ] however , there have been reports of cannibalism . [ 6 ]
pareti ks . 1994 . cannibalism in a captive west african bush viper ( atheris chloroechis ) . herpetological review ( society for the study of amphibians and reptiles ) 25 ( 1 ) : 17 .
ernst , r . & rödel , m . o . 2002 . a new atheris species ( serpentes : viperidae ) , from taï national park , ivory coast . the herpetological journal 12 : 55 - 61
broadley , d . g . 1998 . a review of the genus atheris cope ( serpentes : viperidae ) , with the description of a new species from uganda . herpetological journal 8 : 117 - 135 .
ernst , r . & rödel , m . o . 2002 . a new atheris species ( serpentes : viperidae ) , from taï national park , ivory coast . herpetological journal 12 : 55 - 61 .
broadley , d . g . 1998 . a review of the genus atheris cope ( serpentes : viperidae ) , with the description of a new species from uganda . the herpetological journal 8 : 117 - 135 .
lawson 1999 . a new species of arboreal viper ( serpentes : viperidae : atheris ) from cameroon , africa . proc . biol . soc . washington 112 ( 4 ) : 793 - 803 - get paper here
so if the video taylor posted really is a snake , it’s most likely a bush viper ( atheris squamigera ) . nocturnal venomous ambush predator , strikes very rapidly . when threatened , extends its body and raises the anterior portion of its body into the air . to communicate , it typically waves its tail or moves its body in rhythmic motions . has very few predators , humans being the most common . their camouflaging scale patterns allow for them to strike and surprise potential prey , and go unnoticed by potential predators
luiselli , l . , g . akani , f . angelici . 2000 . arboreal habits and viper biology in the african rainforest : the ecology of atheris squamiger . israel journal of zoology , 46 : 273 - 286 .
when husbandry is correct , atheris squamigera is a very hardy species . other than normal issues any species can have like mites , upper respiratory infections , and so on , wild caught specimens usually come in with large parasite loads . mostly nematodes commonly referred to as worms . if your husbandry is on point and the animals stress levels are kept to a minimum , their immune systems will normally keep parasite loads in check . if you acquire an animal that does have worms and it is affecting the health of your snake , it is advised to see a vet and get the proper medications .
all atheris species are ovoviviparous . [ 5 ] food may be refused during the african
winter
months of july and august . mating takes place in september - november and the females give birth to live young in march and april . [ 7 ]
just like with any venomous snake , great caution should be taken when handling this species . atheris squamigera is a highly toxic venomous snake that has caused a small number of reported human fatalities and a greater number of severe hematological complications in bite victims . there is also no antivenin for this species . this is not a species that should be taken lightly and it is definitely not a beginner species . handling should only be done with the use of hooks and other tools made specifically for the safe handling of venomous snakes . free handling and tailing is not recommended and should never be an option .
lawson , d . p . , b . p . noonan & p . c . ustach . 2001 . atheris subocularis ( serpentes : viperidae ) revisited : molecular and morphological evidence for the resurrection of an enigmatic taxon . copeia 2001 ( 3 ) : 737 - 744 .
treatment summary most bites minor , but at least some atheris species can cause major systemic envenoming , with severe local swelling , shock , coagulopathy , bleeding , renal damage . no antivenom is available , so treatment is symptomatic , supportive , and if severe coagulopathy , consider factor replacement .
lawson , d . p . , b . p . noonan & p . c . ustach 2001 . atheris subocularis ( serpentes : viperidae ) revisited : molecular and morphological evidence for the resurrection of an enigmatic taxon . copeia 2001 ( 3 ) : 737 - 744 - get paper here
adding hide spots on the ground is also recommended , for an arboreal species , atheris squamigera does spend quite a bit of time on the ground . many will go to the ground while in shed and will not perch again until the shed cycle is complete . gravid females will also tend to “ground” themselves for quite a bit of time . ground hides like flat pieces of cork bark should be added . they will use these as cover when on the ground . if your substrate is set up properly , these ground hides will make for perfect cool , humid spots where they can go to help retain their moisture , to shed , and to even give birth to their young .
humidity is somewhat variable in the wild with this species . their natural habitat is elevated montane forest at 1400 meters above sea level , and they experience dry and wet seasons , but not to the extent of the lower elevation areas . while not quite considered a “cloud forest” species , this species does like it damper and cooler than some other species of atheris .
atheris species have been known to prey upon a variety of small amphibians , lizards , rodents , birds and even other snakes . some species or populations may specialize in eating frogs , but most have been described as opportunistic feeders . [ 3 ] [ 6 ] prey is typically ambushed from a hanging position , held until it has succumbed to the venom and then swallowed . [ 6 ]
atheris squamiger is able to move quickly when necessity dictates , but in general this taxon is inactive to the point of lethargy . they will find a quiet elevated perch in their terrarium , coil , and may remain , barely moving , for several days . but , if disturbed , they can and will strike quickly and accurately . human fatalities have been attributed to envenomation by this viper .
i have begun work with both subspecies of atheris , and they have proven to be very interesting . thanks for the info , i ' m sure those of us working with them will take into account the methods you are using , keep us informed also on how your pairs continue to breed . could you also give us some insight on basking and temperatures during the cool period ? thanks
top lj , tulleken je , ligtenberg jjm , meertens jhjm , van der werf ts , zijlstra jg . 2006 . serious envenomation after a snakebite by a western bush viper ( atheris chlorechis ) in the netherlands : a case report . the netherlands journal of medicine , vol . 64 no . 5 : 153 - 6 ( pdf at the netherlands journal of medicine . accessed 9 august 2006 . ) .
mebs d , holada k , kornalik f , simak j , vankova h , muller d , schoenemann h , lange h , herrmann hw . 1998 . severe coagulopathy after a bite of a green bush viper ( atheris squamiger ) : case report and biochemical analysis of the venom . toxicon ( great britain ) 36 ( 10 ) : 1333 - 40 ( abstract at ncbi . accessed 9 august 2006 . ) .
menegon , m . ; loader , s . p . ; marsden , s . j . ; branch , w . r . ; davenport , t . r . b . & ursenbacher , s . 2014 . the genus atheris ( serpentes : viperidae ) in east africa : phylogeny and the role of rifting and climate in shaping the current pattern of species diversity . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 79 : 12 - 22 - get paper here
overall , the usambara eyelash viper is an impressive specimen and i have heard of a few reptile keepers that have had them in captivity for a number of years now without any issues . that being said , it seems they are still a challenge to breed and there is very little information about their cycling period for breeding . being an african species i would suggest cycling them in a similar way to other atheris species by providing them with a period of cooler night time drops not colder than 15°c . in conclusion , if you are fan of arboreal vipers the usamabara eyelash viper should definitely be at the top of your list !
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
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boulenger , g . a . 1897 . a list of reptiles and batrachians from the congo free state , with the description of two new snakes . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 276 - 281 - get paper here
broadley , d . g . 1996 . a review of the tribe atherini ( serpentes : viperidae ) , with the descriptions of two new genera . african journal of herpetology 45 : 40 - 48 . - get paper here
burger , m . ; branch , w . r . & channing , a . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of monts doudou , gabon : species turnover along an elevational gradient . california academy of sciences memoir 28 : 145–186
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fischer , j . g . 1888 . über zwei neue schlangen und einen neuen laubfrosch von kamerun . jahrb . hamburg . wiss . anst . 5 : 1 - 10 - get paper here
günther , a . 1896 . report on a collection of reptiles and fishes made by miss m . h . kingsley during her travels on the ogowe river and in old calabar . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 17 : 261 - 267 - get paper here
günther , a . 1863 . on new species of snakes in the collection of the british museum . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 11 : 20 - 25 - get paper here
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hoer , k . 2013 . 27 jahre terrarianer – eine zeitreise . ophidia 7 ( 1 ) : 25 - 33 - get paper here
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snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
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( green bush viper ) inhabits arts of western and central africa . its geographic range extends into kamanyola , a province of kivu , congo and takamanda forest reserve in cameroon .
has been recorded in the lower elevation forests of cameroon , particularly those with dense vegetation .
( chifundera , 1990 ; corniskey , et al . , 2003 ; cundall , 2009 ; spawls , 1978 )
occurs primarily in tropical forests and areas with dense vegetation where small rodents and other prey animals are abundant . this species is most commonly found at elevations ranging from 100 to 400 m in elevation . the climate of the takamanda forest reserve , cameroon , where this species is particularly abundant , alternates between rainy ( april to november ) and dry seasons . rainfall in the reserve varies from 1500 mm to 10 , 000 mm per year . in other forest habitats , such as the guinean forest in west africa ,
occurs most often at lower elevations , which tends to support greater vegetation densities . in general ,
( chifundera , 1990 ; corniskey , et al . , 2003 ; cundall , 2009 )
also has relatively large eyes . it has long , tubular , hollow fangs , which are supplied with venom by a gland located on the upper jaw , between the eyes and mouth . these retractable fangs are connected to a bone that can shift posteriorly within the upper jaw to house the fangs .
( branch and bayliss , 2009 ; chifundera , 1990 ; corniskey , et al . , 2003 ; cundall , 2009 ; ota and hidida , 1987 )
range length 50 to 79 . 9 cm 19 . 69 to 31 . 46 in
gives birth to live young ( ovoviviparous ) . growth is indeterminate , but slows as the snake matures . juveniles are born venomous and are responsible for capturing their own food . young snakes can be recognized by the unique coloration of their scales . in addition , the end of their tail is distinctly different and is used as a lure to attract small prey . time to maturity has not been documented . as individuals age , the coloration of their scales becomes more uniform and may change completely in some cases .
are typically seasonally monogamous . during courtship , male and female vipers face one another , followed by head and body gestures , which allow for mounting . for example , males often approach their mate while swaying their head side to side in order to engage a female .
reproduces once yearly , typically during the wet season ( may to august ) . mating occurs most often at night cycle , between 6 pm to 2 am . once the eggs are fertilized , gestation lasts for 2 months . on average , 7 to 9 offspring are produced . females reach reproductive maturity 42 months after birth . males are capable of reproduction much earlier , typically after 24 months .
as an ovoviviparous species , female green bush vipers carry their unborn young internally , protecting them in the pre - birth stage . like many
, green bush vipers abandon offspring immediately after birth . neonates are venomous and completely independent .
( graves and duvall , 1995 ; luiselli , et al . , 2000 )
live 10 to 20 years in the wild . it has been suggested that captive vipers may live longer because risk factors such as predation , disease , and diet are controlled .
, is an ambush predator . as such , it spends a large amount of time laying in wait for potential prey to enter its immediate environment . once in range ,
strikes very rapidly , with speeds recorded in milliseconds . it spends large amounts of time in one place due to this predatory behavior . except during mating periods ,
( chifundera , 1990 ; cundall , 2009 ; freiria , et al . , 2006 )
uses primarily vision for communication and perception , but also makes use of tactile and olfactory senses . when threatened , it extends its body and raises the anterior portion of its body into the air , settling into a striking position . posturing is used to ward of predators and during intrasexual competition for mates . during male - male competition , the individual that makes himself appear larger is most often dominant . communication between sexes is done primarily for reproduction . in order to attract potential mates , males perform a number of different motions , including tail waving , rubbing , biting , and rhythmic body motions .
species . instead , they rely on visual , tactile , and olfactory senses to detect and capture prey .
is carnivorous . it does most of its hunting at night and is an ambush predator . it feeds mainly on small , nocturnal mammals such as
is lethal and is used to subdue and kill prey prior to ingestion . in humans , the bite of
( akani , 2000 ; freiria , et al . , 2006 ; mueller , 1998 )
habitat sometime capture it for food , but typically only when it threatens fishing or agricultural activities .
to avoid predation , green bush vipers rely on the same mechanisms used for hunting . their camouflaged scale patterns allow them to blend in with the surrounding environment . this coloration serves a two - fold purpose , allowing the viper to strike and surprise potential prey , and go unnoticed by potential predators . this ambush - based hiding and hunting behavior allows the snake to sometimes hide rather than engaging in defensive or aggressive behavior . the bright coloration also serves as a warning of the snake ' s venomous nature to potentially threatening animals .
may help control pest species throughout its geographic range . parasites of this species have not been documented .
are farmed for their venom , a process is known as
milking
. the venom is used to produce antivenom and for medical and biological uses . although it is not hunted as a primary food source , it is occasionally captured in fishing nets as by - catch and thus sometimes used as food source .
. many unprovoked attacks occur during agricultural activities , as this species is an ambush predator and lies in wait for potential prey .
has not been evaluated by the iucn and is not listed as a species of concern on any known threatened species lists .
michael berces ( author ) , radford university , patrick moore ( author ) , radford university , christine small ( editor ) , radford university , john berini ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
having coloration that serves a protective function for the animal , usually used to refer to animals with colors that warn predators of their toxicity . for example : animals with bright red or yellow coloration are often toxic or distasteful .
having markings , coloration , shapes , or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment ; being difficult to see or otherwise detect .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent and hatch within the parent or immediately after laying .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
an animal which has an organ capable of injecting a poisonous substance into a wound ( for example , scorpions , jellyfish , and rattlesnakes ) .
branch , w . 2006 . reptiles of the gamba complex of protected areas , southwestern gabon .
buckley , l . , m . kearney , k . de queiroz . 2000 . slowly - evolving protein loci and higher - level snake phylogeny : a reanalysis .
cundall , d . 2009 . viper fangs : functional limitations of extreme teeth .
edirisinghe , j . , c . bambaradeniya . 2006 . rice fields : an ecosystem rich in biodiversity .
fowler , h . 1937 . zoological results of the george vanderbilt african expedition of 1934 .
mallet , j . , m . joron . 1999 . evolution of diversity in warning color and mimicry : polymorphisms , shifting balance , and speciation .
minakami , k . 1979 . an estimation of age and life - span of the genus trimeresurus ( reptilia , serpentes , viperidae ) on amami oshima island , japan .
mueller , d . 1998 . severe coagulopathy after a bite of a green bush viper .
ota , h . , t . hidida . 1987 . on a small collection of lizards and snakes from cameroon , west africa .
paukstis , g . , j . fredric . 1991 . environmental sex determination in reptiles : ecology , evolution , and experimental design .
serrano , t . 2008 . exploring snake venom proteomes : multifaceted analyses for complex toxin mixtures .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
general shape small in length , slightly compressed , relatively slender bodied snake with a relatively long prehensile tail . can grow to a maximum of about 0 . 80 metres . head is broad , flat , covered with strongly keeled overlapping scales and distinct from narrow neck . snout is broad and canthus is distinct . eyes are moderately large in size with vertically elliptical pupils . mouth is unusually large . dorsal scales are strongly keeled with apical pits and dorsal scales tend to be larger toward the vertebral line than laterally . ventrals are rounded . dorsal scale count usually ( 19 to 23 ) - ( 19 to 23 ) - ( 15 to 19 )
habits arboreal and mainly nocturnal ( often basks in the sun on top of vegetation in clearings during the day ) . often found up to about 6 metres above ground . it usually hangs head down and loosely coiled on a branch ready to ambush prey , but will descend to ground level to search for prey . it has a reputation for being easily angered and ill - tempered and will strike readily if threatened .
prey feeds mainly on small rodents , but will eat lizards , frogs and other snakes .
description : first aid for bites by viperid snakes likely to cause significant local injury at the bite site ( see listing in comments section ) .
general approach to management while most cases will be minor , not requiring admission , some cases will be more severe , requiring admission and treatment , so assess carefully before early discharge .
( cc by - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - noncommerical - sharealike
( cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 ) , or the attribution - share alike
( gpl3 . 0 ) , or in the public domain ( pd ) , as shown in the caption to the image displayed on www . toxinology . com .
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record in your own voice , pronunciation for this word now and play it back to check how you pronounced .
[ orgin : latin ] [ gender : neuter ] the scientific name for bush viper .
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the following bibliography has been generated by bringing together all references provided by our content partners . there may be duplication .
antonio , f . 1980 . mating behavior and reproduction of the eyelash viper bothrops schlegeli in captivity . herpetologica , 36 / 3 : 231 - 233 .
boettger , oskar . 1887 . diagnoses reptilium novorum ad ili . viro paul hesse in finnibus fluminis congo repetorum . zool . anz . 10 ( 267 ) : 649 - 651 .
boulenger , g . a . 1897 . a list of reptiles and batrachians from the congo free state , with the description of two new snakes . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 19 : 276 - 281 .
branch , w . 2006 . reptiles of the gamba complex of protected areas , southwestern gabon . bulletin of the biological society of washington , 12 : 309 - 318 .
branch , w . , j . bayliss . 2009 . a new species of artheris serpentes : viperidae from northern mozambique . zootaxa , 2113 : 41 - 54 .
broadley , d . g . 1996 . a review of the tribe atherini ( serpentes : viperidae ) , with the descriptions of two new genera . afr . j . herpetology , 45 : 40 - 48 .
buckley , l . , m . kearney , k . de queiroz . 2000 . slowly - evolving protein loci and higher - level snake phylogeny : a reanalysis . herpetologica , 56 / 3 : 324 - 332 .
butynski , t . , j . mccullough . 2007 . a rapid bilogical assessment of lokutu , democratic republic of congo . arlington , va : conservation international .
carpenter , c . 1977 . communication and displays of snakes . integrative and comparative biology , 17 / 1 : 217 - 223 .
chifundera , k . 1990 . snakes of zaire and their bites . african study monographs , 10 / 3 : 137 - 157 .
cope , e . d . 1859 . catalogue of the venomous serpents in the museum of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , with notes on the families , genera and species . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 1859 : 332 - 347 .
cope , e . d . 1862 . notes upon some reptiles of the old world . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 14 : 337 - 344 .
corniskey , j . , t . sunderland , j . sunderland - groves . 2003 . takamanda : the biodiversity of an african rainforest . washington , dc : smithsonian institution .
cundall , d . 2009 . viper fangs : functional limitations of extreme teeth . physiological and biochemical zoology , 82 / 1 : 63 - 79 .
douglas , m . , m . douglas , w . gordon , l . porras . 2009 . climate change and evolution of the new world pitviper genus agkistrodon viperidae . journal of biogeography , 36 : 1164 - 1180 .
edirisinghe , j . , c . bambaradeniya . 2006 . rice fields : an ecosystem rich in biodiversity . journal of the national science foundation of sri lanka , 34 / 2 : 57 - 59 .
fischer , j . g . 1888 . über zwei neue schlangen und einen neuen laubfrosch von kamerun . jahrb . hamburg . wiss . anst . 5 : 1 - 10 .
fowler , h . 1937 . zoological results of the george vanderbilt african expedition of 1934 . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences , 139 : 263 - 280 .
freiria , f . , j . brito , m . avia . 2006 . ophiophagy and cannibalism in vipera latastei bosca , 1878 . herpetological bulletin , 96 : 26 - 28 .
graves , b . , d . duvall . 1995 . aggregation of squamate reptiles associated with gestation , oviposition , and parturition . herpetological monographs , 9 : 102 - 119 .
günther , a . 1896 . report on a collection of reptiles and fishes made by miss m . h . kingsley during her travels on the ogowe river and in old calabar . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 17 : 261 - 267 .
günther , a . 1863 . on new species of snakes in the collection of the british museum . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 3 ) 11 : 20 - 25 .
hallowell , e . 1854 . descriptions of new reptiles from guinea . proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 1854 : 193 - 194
hallowell , e . 1854 . descriptions of new reptiles from guinea . proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 1854 : 193 - 194 .
herrmann , h . w . ; joger , u . ; lenk , p . & wink , m . 1999 . morphological and molecular phylogenies of viperines : conflicting evidence ? . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 21 - 30 .
ineich , i . , x . bonnet , r . shine , t . shine , f . brischoux . 2006 . what , if anything , is a
typical
viper ? biological attributes of basal viperid snakes ( genus causus wagler , 1830 ) . biological journal of the linnean society , 89 : 575 - 588 .
joger , u . & courage , k . 1999 . are palearctic ‘rattlesnakes’ ( echis and cerastes ) monophyletic ? . kaupia ( darmstadt ) ( 8 ) : 65 - 81 .
laurent , r . f . 1956 . contribution à l ' herpetologie de la région des grandes lacs de l ' afrique centrale . ann . mus . roy . congo belge ( sci . zool . ) , 48 : 1 - 390 .
loveridge , arthur . 1929 . east african reptiles and amphibians in the united states national museum . bull . us natl . mus . ( 151 ) : 1 - 135 .
loveridge , a . 1933 . reports on the scientific results of an expedition to the southwestem highlands of tanganyika territory . vii . herpetology . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 74 : 197 - 415 .
loveridge , a . 1936 . african reptiles and amphibians in the field museum of natural history . zool . ser . field mus . nat . hist . , chicago , 22 ( 1 ) : 1 - 122 .
mallet , j . , m . joron . 1999 . evolution of diversity in warning color and mimicry : polymorphisms , shifting balance , and speciation . annual review of ecological systems , 30 : 201 - 233 .
mallow , d . ludwig , d . & nilson , g . 2003 . true vipers : natural history and toxinology of old world vipers . krieger , malabar , florida , 410 pp . [ review in hr 35 : 200 , reptilia 35 : 74 ] .
mcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . touré . 1999 . snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1 . xi + 511
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
minakami , k . 1979 . an estimation of age and life - span of the genus trimeresurus ( reptilia , serpentes , viperidae ) on amami oshima island , japan . journal of herpetology , 13 / 2 : 147 - 152 .
mocquard , m . f . 1887 . sur les ophidiens rapportés du congo par la mission de brazza . bull . soc . philomath . paris ( 7 ) 11 : 62 - 92 .
mueller , d . 1998 . severe coagulopathy after a bite of a green bush viper . toxicology , 46 / 10 : 1333 - 1340 .
ota , h . & hikida , t . 1987 . on a small collection of lizards and snakes from cameroon , west africa . african study monographs 8 ( 2 ) : 111 - 123 .
ota , h . , t . hidida . 1987 . on a small collection of lizards and snakes from cameroon , west africa . african study monographs , 8 / 2 : 111 - 123 .
paukstis , g . , j . fredric . 1991 . environmental sex determination in reptiles : ecology , evolution , and experimental design . the quarterly review of biology , 66 / 2 : 149 - 179 .
pauwels , o . s . g . & vande weghe , j . p . 2008 . les reptiles du gabon . smithsonian institution , washington : 272 pp .
pauwels , o . s . g . ; kamdem toham , a . & chimsunchart , c . 2002 . recherches sur l’herpétofaune du massif du chaillu , gabon . bull . inst . roy . sci . nat . belgique ( biologie ) 72 : 47 - 57 .
rochebrune , a . t . de . 1885 . vertebratonum novorum vel minus cognitorum orae africae occidentalis in colarum . bull . soc . philom . paris 9 : 86 - 99 .
schmidt , k . p . 1923 . contributions to the herpetology of the belgian congo based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition , 1909 - 1915 . part ii . snakes , with field notes by herbert lang and james p . chapin . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 49 ( 1 ) : 1 - 146 .
serrano , t . 2008 . exploring snake venom proteomes : multifaceted analyses for complex toxin mixtures . proteomics , 8 / 4 : 909 - 920 .


ecsenius ops , known commonly as the eye-spot blenny or the yellow-eye combtooth-blenny in indonesia , is a species of combtooth blenny the family blenniidae .

it is found in the central indo-pacific area , specifically around indonesia .

it can reach a maximum length of 5.5 centimetres .

blennies in this species feed primarily off of plants , including benthic algae and weeds .

ecsenius ops

there are no major threats known for this species , although most species of ecsenius are likely to be collected for the aquarium trade .
citation :
yellow - eye combtooth - blennies , ecsenius ops ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
springer , v . g . and g . r . allen , 2001 . ecsenius ops , from indonesia , and e . tricolor , from western philippines and northwestern kalimantan , new species of blenniid fishes in the stigmatura species group . aqua , j . ichthyol . aquat . biol . 4 ( 4 ) : 151 - 160 . ( ref . 55736 )
the escenius ops is a fairly easy to care for fish which eats flakes and artemia . it‘s up to 5 cm in size and can be held single or as a pair in tanks from 300 liters .
research ecsenius ops » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
this species is found in clear coastal to outer reef habitats to about 20 m depth ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . for most species of ecsenius , juveniles and adults are almost entirely restricted to subtidal habitats with living coral . little information is available on the reproductive habits and the early life history of species of this genus ( springer 1988 ) .
name from the greek word meaning eye , refers to the dark spot on the dorsoposterior margin of the orbit ; noun in apposition .
marine ; demersal ; depth range 4 - 20 m ( ref . 48636 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48636 )
diagnosis : a black outer ring surrounding a bright yellow ring in iris of the eye ; faint to bright white stripe originating on snout below ventro - anterior margin of orbit and continuing posteriorly along ventral margin of orbit to preopercular series of pores , ending or continuing much diminished in intensity to posterior margin of opercle ; pale - margined , dark spot , smaller than pupil of eye , present on post - orbital margin at about 2 o ' clock position . body more or less uniformly olive - brown or with the indications of fine , greenish yellow , stripe - like area along dorsal body contour below dorsal fin , paralleled ventrally by broad , olive - brown area grading ventrally and narrowly to greenish yellow at body midline , then abruptly whitish below ( ref . 55736 ) .
adults are found in clear coastal to outer reef habitats to about 20 m depth ( ref . 48636 ) , perched on live corals in sheltered reefs ( ref . 90102 ) . oviparous . eggs are demersal and adhesive ( ref . 205 ) , and are attached to the substrate via a filamentous , adhesive pad or pedestal ( ref . 94114 ) . larvae are planktonic , often found in shallow , coastal waters ( ref . 94114 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00741 ( 0 . 00330 - 0 . 01663 ) , b = 3 . 00 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 ±0 . 00 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 12 of 100 ) .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .
justification : this species is locally abundant and while it has a very limited range , it has no known threats and occurs in marine reserves in parts of its distribution . it is thus listed as least concern .
this species is known only from indonesia : sulawesi , bali , kabaena , flores islands and waiiliti reef .
- - - other purpose text - - - this species may be collected for the aquarium trade .
there are no specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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this home page section for this species is currently being developed and will be completed asap ! if you would like to help out or know of a great video , photo or site about this species , let us know and we ' ll notify you as soon as it is finished . our current project plan is to have all marine species home pages finished before christmas this year . if you ' d like to find out more about our ongoing projects here at marinebio , check out our marinebio projects page .
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cephalotes curvistriatus is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to " parachute " by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .

giving their name also as gliding ants .

cephalotes curvistriatus

richness of cephalotes species ( countries with darker colours are more species - rich ) . for a list of species and subspecies see the checklist of cephalotes species or for valid names only see cephalotes species .
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see cephalotes sobrius for further details
more research examining all aspects of the biology of cephalotes is needed . our present understanding of these ants is largely based on species that live in locations other than the forest canopy , which is where cephalotes are most common and diverse .
de andrade , m . l . ; baroni urbani , c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde series b ( geolgie and palaontologie ) . 271 : 1 - 889 . ( page 602 , combination in cephalotes )
the behavioral repertoire of cephalotes varians has been examined in great detail ( ethograms from wilson 1976 , cole 1980 and cole 1983 ) . soldiers do little else besides defend the nest . this specialized soldier behavior is presumed to be the norm for most species . an especially interesting behavior occurs when workers are dislodged from trees : they
fly
towards the tree , often grabbing the trunk well above the ground ( video ) .
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only known from the type collection . these were found in plant material being imported into new jersey ( united states ) from guatemala .
worker castes typically include two forms , a worker and soldier , but there are a few species that are monomorphic . the larger soldier caste typically has an enlarged head disk . in some species the head of the soldier is very different from the worker while in others these differences are less pronounced . queens and soldiers tend to share similar head morphology . soldiers use their heads to plug the nest entrance . this can be very effective in excluding potential intruders . other morphological differences between the worker castes are present but these differences have not been studied as well as head moprhology .
mature nest size varies , by species , from less than a hundred to many thousands of workers . available evidence suggests most species are monogynous . queens may mate with multiple males .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - head subquadrate . vertexal angles round , with weakly crenulate borders . vertexal margin gently concave . cheeks marginate above and below frontal carinae upturned over the eyes . mandibles laterally carinate .
mesosoma almost flat in side view . pronotum in dorsal view with the anterior border convex . scapular angles absent or not visible in dorsal view . pronotal sides with a narrow lamella with three pairs of teeth , the anterior pair short , pointed , and slightly direct anteriorly , the second pair similar in size to the first , and the third almost round . sides of mesonotum with a pair of minute denticles . promesonotal suture superficially impressed . propodeal suture marked . propodeum with differentiate basal and declivous faces ; basal face narrowing backwards , with three or four pairs of teeth , the second pair larger than the others , the third and fourth pairs minute , rarely absent in some specimens ; declivous face converging posteriorly .
petiole anteriorly truncate ; its anterior border marked by a pair of small denticles . petiolar spines slightly shorter than the petiole , thin , pointed backwards and originating from the beginning of the petiolar sides . postpetiole broader than petiole , with thin , pointed spines arising anterolaterally and curved backwards . postpetiolar dorsum gently pointed dorsally .
gaster oval , with an antero lateral crest not surpassing the first gastral stigma backwards .
mid and hind femora angulate ; mid and hind basitarsi long and without flat and broad base .
sculpture . head dorsum superficially and minutely punctate , with foveae deep and broader than their interspaces , diminishing in size anteriorly . frontal carinae superficially punctate and with sparse , faint foveae and few , thin , oblique rugosities . ventral face of the head and sides of the mesosoma superficially punctate and with thick longitudinal striae , the striae less regular on the pleurae . mesosoma superficially punctate , with thick , longitudinal striae , rarely irregular . pedicel with the same sculpture as the mesosoma but more irregular and with few , irregular foveae .
first gastral tergite superficially and minutely reticulate , with thin , irregular , longitudinal rugosities . first sternite with longitudinal rugae on the sides and on the anterior half ; posterior half of the first gastral sternite superficially punctate and shining .
legs reticulate - punctate , with slightly shining anterior and posterior faces of the femora . distal part of the outer face of the femora and outer face of tibiae covered by small , irregular , superficial foveae .
pilosity . body with five types of hairs : ( 1 ) appressed and thick originating from each fovea ; many more similar but originating or not from foveae thinner and sparse on the mesosoma and on the pedicel , dense on the cheeks , on the mesopleurae , on the middle of the metapleurae , on the gaster , on the distal part of the outer face of the femora and on the outer face of tibiae ; ( 2 ) slightly clubbed on the sides of the frontal carinae , of the mesosoma , of the pedicel , on the anterolateral border of the first tergite , and on the legs ; ( 3 ) truncate and subdecumbent , as long as the clubbed ones , mixed with type ( 1 ) hairs , on the pedicel and on the gaster ; ( 4 ) minute and thin on the first gastral sternite ; ( 5 ) long and slightly pointed on the posterior border of the gastral sternites .
colour . dark brown . frontal carinae , tibiae , tarsomeres , mesosomal and peduncular spines yellowish - orange . first gastral tergite with a pair of yellow , oval spots anterolaterally . anterolateral crest of the first gastral tergite yellowish - transparent .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 3 . 92 - 4 . 68 ; hl 0 . 96 - 1 . 12 ; hw 1 . 12 - 1 . 24 ; el 0 . 28 - 0 . 31 ; pw 1 . 06 - 1 . 08 ; pew 0 . 56 - 0 . 62 ; ppw 0 . 65 - 0 . 742 ; hbal 0 . 40 - 0 . 44 ; hbaw 0 . 08 - 0 . 09 ; ci 110 . 7 - 116 . 7 ; pi 112 . 0 - 114 . 8 ; ppei 174 . 2 - 178 . 6 ; pppi 145 . 9 - 153 . 8 ; hbai 20 . 0 - 20 . 4 .
kempf ( 1958 ) - total length 6 . 3 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 85 mm ; maximum width of cephalic disc 1 . 86 mm ; maximum length of thorax 1 . 68 mm ; maximum width of thorax 1 . 71 mm . black ; the following fuscous ferruginous : mandibles , anterolateral portions of cephalic disc , tip of scape , tibiae , tarsi , tip of peduncular spines ; anterolateral corners of gaster with a yellowish - brown spot .
thorax opaque , finely reticulate - punctate throughout . anterior border convex mesially , slightly concave laterally . anterior corner with a prominent tooth . lateral border of pronotum subparallel , crenulate , in front of the transverse carina , straight , converging caudad behind the carina , the posterior corner separated by mesonotum by a deep and narrow excision . transverse pronotal carina not conspicuously crenate , sharply marginate , moderately prominent , shallowly excised medially . promesonotal suture vestigial . lateral lobes of mesonotum obliquely truncate and marginate . mesoepinotal suture impressed laterally , vestigial mesially . anterior corner of basal face of epinotum subrectangular , vestigially denticulate , followed behind by a broader , triangular projecting lobe , the posterior corner at most slightly dentate , practically unarmed . declivous face not excavate , its lateral borders submarginate . foveolae on dorsum of thorax slightly larger , and more crowded than on head disc , densely crowded on posterior half of basal face of epinotum , where the integument becomes reticulate - rugose . sides of thorax with occasional irregular rugosities and grooves . fore coxae with vestigial , fine , oblique rugulae on apical half of the outer face .
peduncular segments opaque . foveolae very dense , and irregular in shape . postpetiole broader than petiole , the latter on each side with a strong , obliquely reflexed spine , the spine itself not curved . anterior face of petiole obliquely truncate , bearing on the upper marginate border two minute denticles . postpetiole with conspicuously longer , rather delicate lateral processes , the tip of which is obliquely recurved caudad . body of postpetiole , as seen in profile , convex , the deepest portion just a little behind the anterior border .
gaster opaque , subovoid . anterior border moderately excised mesially , very narrowly crested laterally . first tergite finely reticulate - punctate , with slightly larger , yet very fine , rugosities , which form a scarcely raised network between the slightly impressed piligerous punctures . first sternite with a smooth posteromedian area , which is shiny , the rest subopaque , finely reticulate - punctate , with very fine longitudinal rugosities on the sides .
standing hair thick , obtuse on apex , around the rim of cephalic disc , up to the posterior border , on the lateral border of occipital lobes , on the anterior half of the border of pronotum , one or two on mesonotal lobes , tip of peduncular spines , and a few on the anterolateral gastral crests and along the posterior border of the gastral sternites and tergites , and sparsely on the posterior half of the first sternite . decumbent hairs scalelike , silvery , canaliculate , rather short in all foveolae of the head , thorax and peduncle . very conspicuous on mesopleura where they are largest . very fine and minute on the first gastral tergite . rather dense on the extensor faces of femora and tibiae .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 5 . 72 - 6 . 44 ; hl 1 . 48 - 1 . 60 ; hw 1 . 64 - 1 . 80 ; el 0 . 32 - 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 56 - 1 . 76 ; pew 0 . 72 - 0 . 76 ; ppw 0 . 84 - 0 . 92 ; hbal 0 . 33 - 0 . 48 ; hbaw 0 . 11 - 0 . 12 ; ci 110 . 8 - 112 . 5 ; pi 102 . 3 - 105 . 1 ; ppei 216 . 7 - 231 . 6 ; pppi 185 . 7 - 191 . 3 ; hbai 25 . 0 - 26 . 2 .
kempf ( 1958 ) - total length 6 . 5 - 6 . 8 mm ; maximum length of head 1 . 57 - 1 . 64 mm ; maximum width of cephalic disc 1 . 46 - 1 . 50 mm ; maximum length of thorax 1 . 89 mm ; maximum width of thorax 1 . 43 - 1 . 50 mm . in general resembling the soldier , with the peculiarities of the caste .
measurements ( in mm ) and indices : tl 6 . 56 - 7 . 08 ; hl 1 . 40 - 1 . 52 ; hw 1 . 40 - 1 . 52 ; el 0 . 33 - 0 . 36 ; pw 1 . 32 - 1 . 40 ; pew 0 . 68 - 0 . 72 ; ppw 0 . 84 - 0 . 88 ; hbal 0 . 48 - 0 . 56 ; hbaw 0 . 11 - 0 . 13 ; ci 100 . 0 ; pi 106 . 1 - 109 . 1 ; ppei 183 . 3 - 194 . 4 ; pppi 150 . 0 - 159 . 1 ; hbai 22 . 9 - 23 . 2 .
de andrade and baroni urbani ( 1999 ) - soldier and gyne . type locality : intercepted by the u . s . plant quarantine inspectors in new jersey on epidendrum aromaticum imported from guatemala . type material : holotype soldier and 5 paratype gynes ( museu de zoologia da universidade de sao paulo ) , examined .
hespenheide , h . a . 1986 . mimicry of ants of the genus zacryptocerus . j . n . y . entomol . soc . 94 : 394 - 408 ( page 395 , combination in zacryptocerus )
kempf , w . w . 1958a . new studies of the ant tribe cephalotini ( hym . formicidae ) . stud . entomol . ( n . s . ) 1 : 1 - 168 ( page 119 , pl . 4 , fig . 6 ; pl . 5 , fig . 6 ; pl . 6 , fig . 1 soldier , worker , queen described )
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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acrobasis romanella is a species of snout moth in the genus acrobasis .

it was described by pierre millière , in 1870 .

it is found in france , spain , portugal and italy .

acrobasis romanella

valter jacinto marked
borboleta noturna / / moth ( acrobasis marmorea )
as trusted on the
acrobasis marmorea
page .
no one has contributed data records for acrobasis marmorea yet . learn how to contribute .
acrobasis amplexella ragonot , 1887 ; n . amer . phycitinae galleriidae : 3 ; tl : north carolina
acrobasis vaccinii riley , 1884 ; can . ent . 16 ( 12 ) : 237 ; tl : massachusetts
acrobasis rufizonella ragonot , 1887 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 1887 : 227 ; tl : wladiwostok
acrobasis atrisquamella ragonot , 1887 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 1887 : 228 ; tl : asia minor
acrobasis carpinivorella neunzig , 1970 ; ann . ent . soc . amer . 63 : 1662 ; tl : madison , connecticut
acrobasis elyi neunzig , 1970 ; ann . ent . soc . amer . 63 : 1661 ; tl : maxton , north carolina
acrobasis nuxvorella neunzig , 1970 ; ann . ent . soc . amer . 63 : 1659 ; tl : rowland , north carolina
acrobasis caryalbella ely , 1913 ; ins . insc . mens . 1 ( 5 ) : 52 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis comptoniella hulst , 1890 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 17 : 125 ; tl : long island , new york
acrobasis irrubriella ; [ nacl ] , # 5676 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 58 , pl . 6 , f . 9
acrobasis ostryella ely , 1913 ; ins . insc . mens . 1 ( 5 ) : 54 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis kearfottella dyar , 1905 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 7 ( 1 ) : 34 ; tl : cleveland , ohio
acrobasis betulivorella neunzig , 1975 ; proc . ent . soc . washington 77 ( 2 ) : 238 ; tl : elizabethtown , north carolina
acrobasis amplexella ; [ nacl ] , # 5654 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 11 - 17
acrobasis elyi ; [ nacl ] , # 5666 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 34 , pl . 3 , f . 35 - 36
acrobasis stigmella ; [ nacl ] , # 5669 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 42 , pl . 4 , f . 12 - 16
acrobasis aurorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5670 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 43 , pl . 4 , f . 17 - 20
acrobasis exsulella ; [ nacl ] , # 5672 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 44 , pl . 4 , f . 21 - 29
acrobasis angusella ; [ nacl ] , # 5673 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 46 , pl . 4 , f . 35 - 37
acrobasis latifasciella ; [ nacl ] , # 5675 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 47 , pl . 4 , f . 38 - 39
acrobasis evanescentella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 44 ; tl : orlando , florida
acrobasis aurorella ely , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 12 ( 2 ) : 67 ; tl : waschington , d . c
acrobasis cunulae dyar & heinrich , 1929 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 31 ( 2 ) : 37 ; tl : mobile , alabama
acrobasis stigmella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 43 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis latifasciella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 45 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania
acrobasis palliolella ; [ nacl ] , # 5659 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : f . 13b , pl . 4 , f . 40 - 44
acrobasis cunulae ; [ nacl ] , # 5685 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 54 , 13e , pl . 5 , f . 29 - 30
acrobasis irrubriella ely , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 3 - 4 ) : 161 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis carpinivorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5665 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 61 , f . 14a , pl . 6 , f . 2023
acrobasis sylviella ely , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 3 - 4 ) : 161 ; tl : east river , connecticut
acrobasis coryliella dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 47 ; tl : ( new york ? )
acrobasis vaccinii ; [ nacl ] , # 5653 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 21 , f . 5a , pl . 2 , f . 1 - 10
acrobasis minimella ; [ nacl ] , # 5657 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 4a , 7c - d , pl . 3 , f . 17 - 22
acrobasis caryalbella ; [ nacl ] , # 5660 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 50 , f . 13a , pl . 5 , f . 11 - 13
acrobasis cirroferella ; [ nacl ] , # 5684 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 56 , f . 14e , pl . 5 , f . 38 - 39
acrobasis betulivorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5689 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 60 , f . 13h , pl . 6 , f . 18 - 19
acrobasis ostryella ; [ nacl ] , # 5680 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 63 , f . 14g , pl . 6 , f . 31 - 35
acrobasis coryliella ; [ nacl ] , # 5682 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 65 , f . 14i , pl . 6 , f . 41 - 43
acrobasis comptella ; [ nacl ] , # 5656 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 29 , f . 5d , 8b , pl . 3 , f . 7 - 16
acrobasis comptoniella ; [ nacl ] , # 5691 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 56 , f . 6c , 14c , pl . 5 , f . 31 - 37
acrobasis betulella ; [ nacl ] , # 5688 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 59 , f . 3e , 14f , pl . 6 , f . 10 - 17
acrobasis blanchardorum neunzig , 1973 ; proc . ent . soc . washington 75 ( 2 ) : 165 ; tl : sierra diablo wildlife mgt . area , culberson co . , texas
acrobasis blanchardorum ; [ nacl ] , # 5694 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 8a , pl . 3 , f . 23 - 28 , pl . e , f . 2
acrobasis evanescentella ; [ nacl ] , # 5668 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 36 , pl . 3 , f . 40 - 41 , pl . 4 , f . 1
acrobasis juglandis ; [ nacl ] , # 5661 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 50 , f . 3a , 5e , 13d , pl . 5 , f . 1 - 10
acrobasis kearfottella ; [ nacl ] , # 5663 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 51 , 13c , pl . 5 , f . 14 - 19 , pl . e , f . 3
acrobasis sylviella ; [ nacl ] , # 5662 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 61 , f . 14d , pl . 6 , f . 24 - 27 , pl . e , f . 5
acrobasis caulivorella neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 41 , f . 11a - b , 12a , pl . 4 , f . 9 - 11 ; tl : dellwood , florida
acrobasis tricolorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5655 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 28 , 7a - b , pl . 2 , f . 34 - 45 , pl . 3 , f . 1 - 6
acrobasis juglanivorella neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 38 , f . 9a - b , 10b , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : dane co . , wisconsin
acrobasis caryivorella ; [ nacl ] , # 5686 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 52 , f . 5f , 13f , pl . 5 , f . 20 - 28 , pl . b , f . 3 - 4
acrobasis texana neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 34 , f . 9c - d , 10a , pl . 3 , f . 37 - 39 ; tl : junction , kimble co . , texas
acrobasis demotella ; [ nacl ] , # 5674 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 5c , pl . 4 , f . 30 - 34 , pl . b , f . 1 - 2 , pl . e , f . 4
acrobasis rubrifasciella ; [ nacl ] , # 5690 ; [ mna15 . 2 ] : 57 , f . 3c , 5h , 14b , pl . 5 , f . 40 - 42 , pl . 6 , f . 1 - 8
acrobasis kylesi neunzig , 1986 ; moths america n of mexico 15 . 2 : 62 , f . 11c - d , 12b , 13g , pl . 6 , f . 28 - 30 ; tl : saline , bienville parish , louisiana
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tinea obtusella hübner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 6 ] : ( ? )
from ( nova scotia - florida ) - to ( wiscon - texas ) , introduced ? ( washington ) . see [ maps ]
larva on vaccinium corymbosum , v . macrocarpon , v . vitis - idaea , v . stamineum , gaylussacia spp . [ mna15 . 2 ] , 23
nova scotia , prince edward i . , new brunswick , quebec , ontario , maine , new hampshire , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , pennsylvania , mountains ( virginia , north carolina ) , florida ? . see [ maps ]
larva on kalmia angustifolia , k . latifolia [ mna15 . 2 ] , 24
larva on malus pumila , cydonia oblonga , prunus spp . , cotoneaster , pyracantha , crataegus spp . , eriobotrya japonica [ mna15 . 2 ] , 27
s . canada , n . usa , rocky mountains - new mexico , arizona , california . see [ maps ]
larva on prunus spp . , malus pumila , prunus armeniaca , sorbus americana , rosa sp . , amelanchier sp . , heteromeles arbutifolia , ( buds and fruits ) [ mna15 . 2 ] : 28
california , oregon , washington , nevada , arizona , utah , new mexico , w . texas , w . oklahoma . see [ maps ]
larva on quercus dumosa , q . douglasii , q . garryana , quercus x _ turbinella _ ajoensis , chrysolepis sempervirens [ mna15 . 2 ] , 29
cape cod , massachusetts - florida - e . texas - arkansas , tennessee , missouri . see [ maps ]
larva on quercus spp . , quercus marilandica , q . velutina , q . rubra , q . falcata , q . laevis , q . alba [ mna15 . 2 ] , 31
w . texas , new mexico , arizona , colorado . see [ maps ]
se . ontario , michigan , illinois - south carolina , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . cordiformis , c . tomentosa , c . pallida , c . glabra , c . ovata , carya carolinae - septentrionalis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 34
larva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 34
larva on carya spp . , carya illinoensis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 37
e . new mexico , texas , oklahoma , louisiana , missouri , s . illinois , mississippi , alabama , florida , na . georgia , south carolina , north carolina . see [ maps ]
ontario , connecticut , new york , new jersey , district of columbia , michigan , illinois , missouri , tennessee , arkansas , north carolina , south carolina , na . georgia , florida , e . texas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa , c . glabra , c . pallida , juglans regia ? [ mna15 . 2 ] , 43
massachusetts , connecticut , new york , new jersey , pennsylvania , district of columbia , west virginia , tennessee , north carolina , michigan , missouri . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa , c . illinoensis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 45
ontario , new hampshire , new york , pennsylvania , w . north carolina , michigan , illinois , missouri , arkansas , e . texas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . glabra , carya ovalis , c . tomentosa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 46
larva on juglans nigra , carya spp . ? [ mna15 . 2 ] , 57
ontario , new york , connecticut , pennsylvania , tennessee , n . north carolina , michigan , illinois , wisconsin , missouri , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . ovata , carya carolinae - septentrionalis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 49
ontario , from ( vermont - florida ) - to ( north dakota - new mexico ) . see [ maps ]
phycita juglandis lebaron , 1872 ; 2 nd ann . rept . noxious insects state of illinois : 123 ; tl : ( illinois ? )
larva on carya illinoensis , juglans nigra , j . cinerea , juglans microcarpa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 50
massachusetts , connecticut , new york , michigan , w . virginia , missouri , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . ovata , c . tomentosa , c . glabra [ mna15 . 2 ] , 51
from ( quebec - florida ) - to ( illinois , missouri , arkansas , e . texas ) . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , c . tomentosa , c . glabra , c . ovata , c . cordiformis [ mna15 . 2 ] , 52
se . ontario , massachusetts - florida - texas , missouri , new mexico . see [ maps ]
larva on carya spp . , juglans spp . [ mna15 . 2 ] , 53
ontario , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , na . georgia , alabama , florida , mississippi , texas . see [ maps ]
nova scotia , new brunswick , quebec , ontario , maine , new hampshire , vermont , massachusetts , connecticut , new york , new yersey , michigan , wisconsin . see [ maps ]
larva on myrica asplenifolia , m . gale , m . pensylvanica [ mna15 . 2 ] , 56
nova scotia - manitoba , from ( maine - n . florida ) - to ( minnesota - e . texas ) . see [ maps ]
larva on alnus spp . , alnus serrulata , a . rugosa [ mna15 . 2 ] , 58
larva on betula , b . populifolia , b . papyrifera [ mna15 . 2 ] , 60
e . north carolina , se . mississippi , e . texas . see [ maps ]
ontario , new york , michigan , massachusetts , connecticut , north carolina , louisiana . see [ maps ]
larva on ostrya virginiana , less corylus spp . [ mna15 . 2 ] , 62
ontario , massachusetts , connecticut , north carolina , florida , missouri , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
ontario , massachusetts , connecticut , n . north carolina , iowa , wisconsin , illinois , missouri . see [ maps ]
larva on corylus americana , c . cornuta [ mna15 . 2 ] , 64
massachusetts , connecticut , new york , north carolina , illinois , wisconsin . see [ maps ]
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fourth annual report on the noxious , beneficial and other insects of the state of missouri , made to the state board of agriculture . . . 4th ann . rep . , missouri :
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and the number of omitted authors .
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all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
we believe that this request has either come from an unwelcome search engine , from a data grabber , or that an attempt is being made to hack the site . as a result your request has been refused . please email us if you believe that our decision is incorrect .
wir glauben , dass dieser antrag que entweder von einer unwillkommenen suchmaschine gekommen ist , ab dem zeitpunkt grabber , oder que versuch wird gemacht , die website zu hacken . als ergebnis hat ihre anfrage abgelehnt . bitte mailen sie uns , wenn sie que unsere entscheidung glauben , ist falsch .
creemos que esta solicitud ha provenir de un motor de búsqueda no deseado , desde el capturador de fecha , o que un intento que se está haciendo para hackear el sitio . como resultado de su solicitud ha sido rechazada . por favor , correo electrónico si usted cree que nuestra decisión es incorrecta .
nous croyons que cette demande a soit provenir d ' un moteur de recherche importune , de la date grabber , ou que une tentative est fait pour pirater le site . en conséquence votre demande a été refusée . s ' il vous plaît nous contacter si vous croyez que notre décision est incorrecte .
crediamo que questa richiesta è sia venuto da un motore di ricerca sgradita , a partire dalla data grabber , o que un tentativo è stato fatto per hackerare il sito . di conseguenza la richiesta è stata rifiutata . vi preghiamo di inviarci se si ritiene que la nostra decisione non è corretta .
wij geloven que dit verzoek is ofwel afkomstig uit een onwelkome zoekmachine , vanaf de datum grabber , of que een poging wordt gedaan om de site te hacken . als gevolg van uw verzoek is geweigerd . stuur ons een email als u denkt que onze beslissing onjuist is .
que acreditamos que este pedido tem ou vir de um motor de busca desejados , a partir de uma data grabber , ou que uma tentativa está sendo feita para invadir o local . como resultado o seu pedido foi recusado . por favor envie - nos se você acredita que nossa decisão está incorreta .
actinic moth trap in the garden on a regular basis and below is a list of the species that have been identified so far . i am not an expert on moths ( but learning fast ) and have had a great deal of help from penny hale down at cacares in malaga province .