daphnia galeata is a small species of planktonic crustaceans .

it lives in freshwater environments across a large area of the northern hemisphere , mostly in lakes .

d. galeata comprises two subspecies : d. g. galeata , found in the old world , and d. g. mendotae , named after lake mendota near madison , wisconsin , in the new world .

d. g. mendotae may be a homoploid hybrid taxon .

in the lower great lakes , the populations are mostly hybrids of the european and american subspecies .

daphnia galeata

molecular genetic studies suggest daphnia galeata mendotae came from european stock . daphnia galeata has been proposed as a new species designation for daphnia galeata mendotae ( hebert 1995 ) .
quaternary diversification in a sexual holarctic zooplankter , daphnia galeata . - pubmed - ncbi
winter , non - helmeted forms of daphnia mendotae are difficult to distinguish from daphnia rosea .
diversification of mitochondrial genome of daphnia galeata ( cladocera , crustacea ) : comparison with phylogenetic consideration of the complete seque . . . - pubmed - ncbi
diversification of mitochondrial genome of daphnia galeata ( cladocera , crustacea ) : comparison with phylogenetic consideration of the complete sequences of clones isolated from five lakes in japan .
table 1 . states with nonindigenous occurrences , the earliest and latest observations in each state , and the tally and names of hucs with observations† . names and dates are hyperlinked to their relevant specimen records . the list of references for all nonindigenous occurrences of daphnia galeata galeata are found here .
relatedness among eight d . galeata populations from eastern china ( based on up to 15 microsatellite loci ) .
kipp , r . m . , j . larson , t . h . makled , and a . fusaro , 2018 , daphnia galeata galeata sars , 1864 : u . s . geological survey , nonindigenous aquatic species database , gainesville , fl , urltoken revision date : 5 / 2 / 2018 , access date : 7 / 9 / 2018
hulsmann , s . , and t . mehner . 1997 . predation by underyearling perch ( perca fluviatilis ) on a daphnia galeata population in a short - term enclosure experiment . freshwater biology 38 ( 1 ) : 209 - 219 .
citation : wei w , gießler s , wolinska j , ma x , yang z , hu w , et al . ( 2015 ) genetic structure of daphnia galeata populations in eastern china . plos one 10 ( 3 ) : e0120168 . urltoken
s1 fig . geographical position of the eight d . galeata populations examined in the present study ( see table 1 for lake abbreviations ) .
s1 table . list of the twelve sampling sites in eastern china , where no individuals from the daphnia longispina complex were detected .
daphnia mendotae is most commonly found in mesotrophic to eutrophic lakes , where it appears to coexist well in the presence of cyanobacteria such as microcystis .
. in : peters rh , de bernardi r , editors . daphnia : memorie dell ' instituto di idrobiologia . 1988 . pp . 439–460 .
collection of zooplankton ( daphnia ) in this study did not require specific permissions , and our study did not involve the use or collection of endangered or protected species .
leibold , m . , and a . j . tessier . 1991 . contrasting patterns of body size of daphnia species that segregate by habitat . oecologia 86 : 324 - 348 .
the observed exclusive presence of d . galeata might be driven by the ecological conditions , possible being optimal for this species . recent measurements of nutrients showed that all eight lakes are eutrophic ( wei et al . , unpublished data ) , and d . galeata is indeed known to be adapted to high trophy levels . specifically , d . galeata was able to invade lakes when they became eutrophic ( e . g . [ 30 ] ) , and also showed higher performance under eutrophic conditions in a laboratory experiment [ 55 ] . thus , in the studied area , d . galeata could have completely replaced other resident species from the d . longispina complex , when the lakes became eutrophic . although the twelve sampled lakes which did not contain daphnia are also eutrophic ( wei et al . , unpublished data ) , all these habitats ( except gaoyou lake ) are very small and had experienced recent and dramatic ecological changes , such as a significant reduction in area due to the upstream establishment of the three gorges dam . this could have resulted in the extinction of d . longispina populations .
ebert , d . 2005 . chapter 9 , population dynamics and community ecology in ecology , epidemiology , and evolution of parasitism in daphnia . national center for biotechnology information . bethesda , md .
this is the first study examining the genetic structure of populations of the d . longispina complex in eastern china . we found that daphnia individuals belonging to this complex were present in eight out of twenty lakes sampled . all eight lakes were inhabited exclusively by one species , d . galeata , in contrast to a historical study reporting more species . our finding calls for further studies to explore the genetic architecture of daphnia diapause egg banks produced over the last decades in those lakes ( such as in [ 30 , 31 ] ) . this will allow the detection of a potential biodiversity loss in these aquatic systems , caused by anthropogenic impacts , such as eutrophication .
mills , e . l . , and j . l . forney . 1983 . impact on daphnia pulex of predation by young yellow perch in oneida lake , new york . transactions of the american fisheries society 112 : 151 - 161 .
petrusek a , tollrian r , schwenk k , haas a , laforsch c . a
crown of thorns ' ' is an inducible defense that protects daphnia against an ancient predator . proc natl acad sci u s a . 2009 ; 106 : 2248–2252 . pmid : 19144929
most d . galeata populations investigated here showed high relative clonal richness ( average = 0 . 78 ) and clonal diversity ( average = 0 . 94 ) , independent of the time of sampling ( spring or autumn ) . this finding is in agreement with results of a recent study , where the clonal richness of d . galeata populations remained stable over the course of a year [ 56 ] . one reason for the high clonal richness of the studied populations could be that sexual reproduction recreates genotypic variation , and that clonal selection has little effect on the genetic diversity . indeed , we detected no deviations from hardy - weinberg equilibrium in six out of eight d . galeata populations , suggesting frequent sexual reproduction in this system . this finding is consistent with results from previous studies on the d . longispina complex , where genotype frequencies were in good agreement with hardy - weinberg expectations , as derived from allozyme markers ( e . g . [ 57 , 58 ] ) and recently confirmed by microsatellites [ 34 ] .
in the present work , we sampled and genotyped ( at 15 microsatellite loci ) populations from the d . longispina complex , originating from eight lakes in eastern china . first , we verified how many species of the d . longispina complex were present in our samples . we expected to detect several members of d . longispina complex coexisting in the investigated area , as it was observed in 1970s [ 24 ] . we then investigated the genetic structure of the sampled daphnia populations . our hypothesis here was to test if the daphnia assemblages can be associated to single lakes , and strong population genetic differentiation would be present , as it is typically observed in populations from lakes with a long natural history ( reviewed in [ 23 ] ) .
daphnia are cyclical parthenogens , meaning that most of the time females clone themselves , producing parthenogenetic daughters . during unfavourable periods , however , individuals switch to the production of males and sexual haploid eggs which must be fertilized [ 15 ] . these fertilized eggs are then released and sink to the bottom of a lake where they form an egg bank . the sexual phase can be triggered by a lack of food , overcrowding , or low temperature ( e . g . [ 16 ] ) . such eggs , known as diapause eggs , allow the persistence of a population across the seasons as well as the ability for populations to disperse into new habitats [ 17 ] , even on intercontinental scales ( e . g . [ 18 ] ) . wind and birds are believed to be the main vectors for the passive dispersal of diapause eggs ( e . g . [ 19 , 20 ] ) . the dispersal capabilities of d . galeata are high ( e . g . [ 17 , 21 ] ) , resulting in rapid colonisation of new habitats ( e . g . [ 21 , 22 ] ) . in contrast to its high dispersal capacity , however , d . galeata has been found to exhibit strong population genetic differentiation , even over small geographical scales ( reviewed in [ 23 ] ) .
this study tests the hypothesis that cyclomorphosis in daphnia galeata mendotae is equated with seasonal changes in the genetic structure of populations . multilocus electrophoretic genotyping of individual d . g . mendotae was used to identify related parthenogenetic lines . between different clones and genotypes , there was phenotypic variability in both laboratory and field populations . within clones and within genotypes , and in the absence of intense invertebrate predation , phenotypic expression was conservative . these patterns suggested that there was a correlation between phenotypic and genetic change . however , in the field , only two of three populations showed seasonal changes in genotypic frequency , whereas all three showed seasonal changes in phenorype . furthermore , the patterns of phenotypic change seen in the field populations were different and appeared to be correlated with changes in physical conditions and predation pressure . we conclude that helmet morphology within genotypes is plastic enough to account for much of the seasonal variability observed in three populations of d . g . mendotae and that genotypic frequency changes are not necessary to explain seasonal changes in d . g . mendotae phenotype .
based on three different methods ( bayesian assignment , discriminant analysis based on results from factorial correspondence analysis and cluster analysis based on genetic distances ) the d . galeata populations from two neighbouring lakes ( i . e . byh and hzh ) were genetically very similar , whereas other lakes were divided into two subgroups . potentially , this is due to a common history of the two neighbouring lakes in the past . in former times , a connecting river allowed the exchange of mlgs between byh and hzh in case of flooding . this could explain the similarity among the two populations , although the lakes have been artificially isolated since more than ten years , by a road constructed on a dam . the question why the other six lakes are divided into two subgroups cannot be answered from our study .
the dna extraction for each daphnia individual followed the protocol reported in yin et al . [ 10 ] . dna was then briefly centrifuged and stored at 4°c . fifteen microsatellites [ 29 ] were amplified in two multiplex polymerase chain reactions [ 10 ] . the pcr products were then analysed on an abi prism 3730 capillary sequencer , using a liz 500 labelled size standard . genotypes were scored using genemapper version 3 . 7 ( applied biosystems ) , and the alleles at each locus were defined by their fragment length ( in base pairs ) . we used a european reference clone ( g100 ) in each run to check the consistency of alleles before data sets from different plates and european reference clones were merged . all microsatellite markers passed the test for the absence of null alleles , using micro - checker [ 35 ] .
to determine the likelihood that an mlg encountered more than once was the result of sexual recombination , rather than clonal propagation , the p sex index [ 45 ] was calculated per lake in genclone 2 . 0 [ 46 ] . in this analysis ( as well as in the calculations of relative clonal richness and clonal diversity , see below ) , only individuals characterized at all 15 microsatellite loci were included ( i . e . 264 of 313 genotyped daphnia , see table 1 ) . the level of genetic diversity was evaluated per population by calculating the number of alleles ( n a ) , observed heterozygosity ( h o ) and expected heterozygosity ( h e ) , using genealex 6 [ 42 ] . the deviation from hardy - weinberg equilibrium ( hwe ) was examined in genepop 3 . 4 [ 47 ] . the inbreeding coefficient ( f is ) , which measures the extend of non - random mating within populations , was calculated by permuting the alleles among individuals within population in arlequin [ 44 ] . f is ranges from - 1 to 1 , where negative values indicate an excess of heterozygotes , positive values indicate a deficiency of heterozygotes , and value of zero indicates no deviation from hwe . moreover , relative clonal richness ( r ) was calculated per sample as r = ( g - 1 ) / ( n - 1 ) [ 48 ] , where g is the number of genotypes and n indicates sample size . the clonal diversity , as a complement of the maximum likelihood estimator of simpson’s index ( 1 - d ) [ 49 ] , was calculated in spade [ 50 ] .
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the nonindigenous occurrences section of the nas species profiles has a new structure . the section is now dynamically updated from the nas database to ensure that it contains the most current and accurate information . occurrences are summarized in table 1 , alphabetically by state , with years of earliest and most recent observations , and the tally and names of drainages where the species was observed . the table contains hyperlinks to collections tables of specimens based on the states , years , and drainages selected . references to specimens that were not obtained through sighting reports and personal communications are found through the hyperlink in the table 1 caption or through the individual specimens linked in the collections tables .
this waterflea has a short and prominent antennae mound . its helmet is narrow , pointed at the top , and somewhat undulating along the margins . the rostrum is blunt and obtuse . the ventral side of the head is convex above the optic vesicle and concave behind it . these features are important to note in order to avoid confusing
the north american and european subspecies have hybridized in the great lakes basin . morphologies and genetics of hybrid
can reach up to a maximum of 2 . 8 mm in length , although most females range from 1 . 3–2 mm . males grow up to 1 . 4 mm but most are around 1 . 2 mm . the hybrid
, which can grow up to a maximum of around 1 . 75–2 . 5 mm , depending on conditions , but is usually around 0 . 6–1 . 6 mm long ( heisey and porter 1977 ; flobner and kraus 1986 ; glagolev 1986 ; lynch et al . 1986 ; dodson 1988 ; leibold and tessier 1991 ; taylor and hebert 1993 ; boersma 1995 ) .
is native to the palearctic region , in northern africa , europe , and asia north of the himalayas ( taylor et al . 1996 ) .
was likely introduced to lake erie in the 1970s or early 1980s and subsequently spread from there . hybrid
was first noticed in the early 1990s in lake erie and outlying areas of the lake ontario watershed , in onondaga lake , oneida lake , and grenadier pond , toronto ( taylor and hebert 1993 ) .
is a planktonic species that prefers large lakes . however , some populations are found in ponds , relatively lentic rivers , and hyporheic zones , or regions of groundwater recharge . many populations occur in eutrophic habitats . this species has been recorded in european water bodies where bottom water can reach salinities of 3 . 6‰ but where surface salinities are lower than 1‰ . this species is typically found in freshwater ( lysebo 1995 ; dumont and negrea 1996 ; taylor et al . 1996 ; schwenk et al . 2000 ) .
cladocerans are capable of reproducing asexually through parthenogenesis . they can also produce resting eggs that are able to survive periods of desiccation in the sediment ( taylor and hebert 1993 ) .
spp . are generalist filter feeders on small particles and more selective feeders on larger particles . particle size selection varies with body size ( repka 1997 ) .
was very likely introduced to the great lakes basin in ballast water ( taylor and hebert 1993 ) .
. hybrid clones are now very common , especially during the summer months in lake erie ( taylor and hebert 1993 ) .
are more vigorous and fit than parent clones , especially in times of environmental stress . this could have led to rapid expansion of the hybrid population , especially in parts of lake erie ( taylor and hebert 1993 ) .
is so great within one region that it is not possible to differentiate subspecies from different regions . however , genetic studies indicate that there are true distinct forms of
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kipp , r . m . , j . larson , t . h . makled , and a . fusaro
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citation information : u . s . geological survey . [ 2018 ] . nonindigenous aquatic species database . gainesville , florida . accessed [ 7 / 9 / 2018 ] .
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copyright : © 2015 wei et al . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited
data availability : data is deposited in dryad ( doi : 10 . 5061 / dryad . v3c31 ) .
funding : this research was funded by the national natural science foundation of china grant to my ( 31200284 ) , the priority academic program development of jiangsu higher education institutions to ww , and the german science foundation grant to jw ( wo 1587 / 4 - 1 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
( a ) similarity of chinese samples to 49 reference clones representing three species and two hybrid taxa ( indicated by crosses ; for a list of all reference clones see yin et al . 2010 ) . factorial correspondence analysis scores from the first two axes are shown . fca based on allelic variation at up to 15 microsatellite loci was used to extract factorial axes . ( b ) individuals were reclassified by discriminant functions to taxa using fca scores from four axes to discriminate among groups . shown are values from the first two discriminant functions per individual and five group centroids representing the five taxa .
( a ) discriminant analysis on fca scores ( four factorial axes ) was used to discriminate among groups of individuals from eight lakes . shown are values from the first two discriminant functions per individual and eight group centroids ( full symbols ) representing the eight lakes . the predicted lake membership of individuals in open symbols . ( b ) upgma clustering of nei’s genetic distances .
a ) delta k values as a function of k , according to the method reported in evanno et al . ( 2005 ) . the highest peak was for k = 3 ; b ) assignment of each individual to any of the three groups ( i . e . k = 3 ) .
the genetic composition of populations relates to the percentage of individuals assigned to three genetic groups , as defined by structure analysis ( see also fig . 3 ) .
we thank dr . joachim mergeay for his constructive suggestions to improve an earlier version of the manuscript , a second reviewer for providing further helpful comments and dr . tomer czaczkes for english corrections .
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leibniz - institute of freshwater ecology and inland fisheries , department of ecosystem research , berlin , germany .
fudan university , school of life science , moe key laboratory for biodiversity science and ecological engineering , shanghai , china .
pmid : 25768727 pmcid : pmc4358959 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0120168
taxon identity of individuals from the d . longispina complex sampled from eight lakes in eastern china .
tokishita si 1 , shibuya h 2 , kobayashi t 2 , sakamoto m 3 , ha jy 4 , yokobori si 2 , yamagata h 2 , hanazato t 5 .
school of life sciences , tokyo university of pharmacy and life sciences , 1432 - 1 horinouchi , hachioji , tokyo 192 - 0392 , japan . electronic address : shinichi @ ls . toyaku . ac . jp .
school of life sciences , tokyo university of pharmacy and life sciences , 1432 - 1 horinouchi , hachioji , tokyo 192 - 0392 , japan .
department of environmental engineering , toyama prefectural university , 5180 kurokawa , imizu , toyama 939 - 0398 , japan .
department of environmental sciences , faculty of science , shinshu university , matsumoto asahi 3 - 1 - 1 , nagano 390 - 8621 , japan .
suwa hydrobiological station , shinshu university , 5 - 2 - 4 kogandori , suwa , nagano 392 - 0027 , japan .


graecoanatolica kocapinarica is a species of freshwater snail , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae .

the species is endemic to a spring outside aşağı gökdere village in turkey .

graecoanatolica kocapinarica

graecoanatolica kocapinarica is endemic to turkey and confined to kocapınar spring , aşağı gökdere village 25 km south of eğirdir , isparta ( kebapçı et al . 2012 ) .
subfamily : belgrandiinae - genus : graecoanatolica p . radoman , 1973 ( db : 12 sp , 8 img )
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radoman , p . 1973 . new classification of fresh and brackish water prosobranchia from the balkans and asia minor . pos . izdanja prir . muz .
lopes - lima , m . , numa , c . , seddon , m . b . & van damme , d .
this species is known from a single spring , situated in the centre of a village and its area of occupancy is less than 1 km² . this spring is captured to supply water for the village , and in the future increasing water abstraction is likely to affect the quality of the habitat of this species , therefore this species is considered to be vulnerable ( vu d2 ) .
the only known locality is in a village , where the spring is captured as a water source therefore it could be inferred that in the future increasing demands for water abstraction could affect the quality of the habitat of this species .
habitat monitoring is needed to monitor both the level of water abstraction and water quality , and appropriate water management is needed to prevent habitat degradation . research is required on the population trends of this species .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
radoman , p . ( 1973 ) . new classification of fresh and brackish water prosobranchia from the balkans and asia minor . prirodnjacki muzej u beogradu , posebna izdanja . 32 : 3 - 30 . page ( s ) : 24 [ details ]
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subfamily : belgrandiinae - genus : bythiospeum j . r . bourguignat , 1882 ( syn : vitrella - db : 118 sp , 21 img )
subfamily : belgrandiinae - genus : cavernisa p . radoman , 1978 ( db : 1 sp , 0 img )
subfamily : belgrandiinae - genus : cilgia h . schütt , 1968 ( db : 1 sp , 0 img )
subfamily : belgrandiinae - genus : dabriana p . radoman , 1974 ( db : 1 sp , 0 img )
subfamily : belgrandiinae - genus : dalmatella f . velkovrh , 1970 ( db : 1 sp , 0 img )
subfamily : belgrandiinae - genus : daphniola p . radoman 1973 ( db : 5 sp , 1 img )
subfamily : belgrandiinae - genus : fissuria h . d . boeters , 1981 ( db : 3 sp , 1 img )
subfamily : belgrandiinae - genus : gocea s . hadžišce , 1956 ( syn : ohridohoratia - db : 3 sp , 0 img )
subfamily : belgrandiinae - genus : hadziella l . kušcer , 1932 ( db : 8 sp , 3 img )
définition , traduction , prononciation , anagramme et synonyme sur le dictionnaire libre wiktionnaire .
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the non - marine molluscs of the country of turkey are a part of the molluscan fauna of turkey . the biodiversity of non - marine molluscs of turkey is richer than in surrounding european states . [ 1 ]
there are at least 825 species of non - marine molluscs living in the wild in turkey . an approximate guess to the total number , however , is of about 1030 non - marine molluscs in turkey ( see the table below ) . there are a total of 825 species of gastropods , which breaks down to 95 ( counted 80 [ 2 ]
prosobranchia
only and at least 15 other freshwater snails from this list ) taxa of freshwater gastropods ( including brackish water species ) , [ 2 ] and 730 species ( and subspecies ) [ 3 ] of land gastropods . there is also relevant number of freshwater bivalves living in the wild in turkey .
according to gümüş et al . ( 2009 ) , [ 3 ] the turkish malacofauna of land gastropods currently comprises 730 valid species and subspecies of terrestrial snails , belonging to 36 families .
gümüş et al . ( 2009 ) [ 3 ] stated that turkey has a very rich freshwater malacofauna with a very large proportion of endemic species . [ 3 ] those authors estimated that turkey is inhabited by at least 300 species of freshwater molluscs . [ 3 ]
730 valid species and subspecies [ 3 ] and estimation is over 1 . 000 including species and subspecies waiting to be recovered [ 3 ]
at least 825 gastropods plus unknown number of freshwater bivalves . ( 730 [ 3 ] taxa of land gastropods + approximate guess 300 [ 3 ] freshwater molluscs = gives approximate guess of about 1030 taxa of non - marine molluscs . )
there are also significant numbers of non - indigenous species , including bivalves and various synanthropic gastropods and bivalves .
a country such as turkey , with a highly variable relief and a diversified climate and vegetation , can support a similarly rich and diversified malacofauna of terrestrial gastropods . consequently , the recent changes in both land use and climate ( which is gradually shifting from semi - arid and winter - cold central turkey to a subtropical periphery with high humidity during winter ) have immediately affected the malacofauna , causing area shifts following the unstable environmental conditions , including depletion or even complete loss of some populations . increasing pasture farming leads to a loss of forest vegetation , and thus to a loss of those molluscan species which are adapted to such conditions . [ 3 ]
the recent rise of average summer temperature resulting from global warming may particularly affect the mediterranean species . [ 3 ] gümüş et al . ( 2009 ) [ 3 ] speculated that both the average length of the dry summer period and the absolute temperature are rising , and that the aestivation period of species adapted to the mediterranean drought is now too long . the animals die from starvation or desiccation , and several species or subspecies may already be approaching the verge of extinction . [ 3 ]
as far as nomenclature , an average of two to three additional synonym names for each taxon are available to land gastropods in turkey . [ 3 ]
administrative regions of turkey differ climatologically and geographically . [ 4 ] land snails of those regions ( with black sea region divided into two : west and central black sea and eastern black sea ) were examined biogeographically by cook ( 1997 ) . [ 4 ]
the degree of endemism for the area of turkey is about 65 % . [ 3 ] the degree of endemism on the species level is relatively high and is comparable to that of greece , which houses the highest number of terrestrial snail taxa in europe , with a similarly high value of endemism . [ 3 ] in turkey , several pulmonate families reach a maximum of biodiversity . the biodiversity has been able to develop there without any major interruptions since the pliocene . [ 3 ]
the malacofauna of some areas , such as the inner anatolian steppe areas , and many of the densely forested mountain ranges , is incompletely ascertained or almost completely unknown . [ 3 ] as research progresses , records of species new to science can be expected , and the knowledge of the ranges of already - known taxa will increase . another accretion in taxa numbers may be caused by the resolution of cryptic species clusters with the help of dna sequencing methods , the barcoding project , and other related activities . [ 3 ]
melanoides tuberculata ( o . f . müller , 1774 ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
valvata piscinalis ( o . f . müller , 1774 ) [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
radix peregra ( o . f . müller , 1774 ) - synonym : radix labiata ( rossmässler , 1835 ) [ 1 ]
175 species of clausiliidae in turkey . [ 3 ] turkey is home to 95 % of the subfamily mentissoideinae . [ 3 ]
papillifera bidens ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - synonym : papillifera papillaris ( o . f . müller , 1774 ) [ 14 ]
turkey has 112 species of hygromiidae [ 3 ] and it is strong for several endemic genera of hygromiidae . [ 3 ]
this articles incorporates cc - by - 3 . 0 text from reference . [ 3 ]
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geographic and ecological patterns in turkish land snails
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the rediscovery of zonites algirus in i̇stanbul , turkey ( gastropoda : pulmonata : zonitidae )
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harmozica occidentalis new species from the eastern pontus mountains in turkey ( gastropoda : hygromiidae )
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monacha oecali new species from southern turkey ( gastropoda : hygromiidae )
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certain reproductive characteristics of the freshwater mussel unio terminalis delicates ( lea , 1863 ) in gölbasi lake , turkey
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gittenberger , e . ; menkhorst , h . p . m . g . ( 1993 ) .
schileykula aculeata spec , nov . , a conspicuous species from turkey with spiny ribs on its shell ( mollusca : gastropoda pulmonata : orculidae
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the great pondhawk ( erythemis vesiculosa ) is a dragonfly of the family libellulidae .

it is distributed throughout the americas as far north as the united states .

erythemis vesiculosa

great pondhawk erythemis vesiculosa male hornsby bend , austin , travis co . , texas 1 may 2014
erythemis vesiculosa occurs at lakes and marshy ponds , including temporary ones , usually with much aquatic vegetation and in open or woodland ; also fly over pools in streams , although may not breed there . appears to need woodland for feeding and refuge during dry season .
justification : e . vesiculosa is a widespread and common species throughout its range , and there is no indication of any population decline .
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this widespread neotropical species occurs from california , colorado , missouri and tennessee south to argentina ; also florida and west indies . it is known from 12 states in the united states of america and 20 states and the distrito federal in mexico .
the species is present in many protected reserves in the united states ( national and state parks , national wildlife refuges , private reserves ) . it is an abundant and widespread species , so is likely to be found in most lowland reserves throughout tropical america . no further conservation actions are needed .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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this species occurs in many locations across south america , the greater and lesser antilles , mesoamerica and united states of america .
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north american odonata - the odonata of north america , website ( version sept . 2006 )
garrison , rosser w . / poole , robert w . , and patricia gentili , eds .
nomina insecta nearctica : a check list of the insects of north america , vol . 4 : non - holometabolous orders
slater museum of natural history , university of puget sound , occasional paper no . 56
this is the third printing with revisions . publication was originally printed on 15 june 1999
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the great pondhawk in the next two shots shown here was in gonzales , gonzales co . , texas , in july , 2004 . these shots were taken with a canon eos 1d mark ii and ef 300mm f / 4 l is lens and 2x extender and 550 flash .
the great pondhawk shown here was near austin , travis co . , texas , in july , 2008 . this image was taken with a canon eos 1d mark iii and ef 300mm f / 4 l is lens and 2x extender .
the male great pondhawk shown here was at santa ana n . w . r . , hidalgo co . , texas , in april , 2009 . this image was taken with a canon eos 50d and an ef 70 - 200mm f / 2 . 8 l is lens and 580 flash .
the male great pondhawk shown here was perched on a barbed wire fence in gonzales , gonzales co . , texas , in july , 2009 . this shot was taken with a canon eos 1d mark iii and ef 300mm f / 4 l is lens and 2x extender and 580 flash .
the male great pondhawk in the next 2 shots had captured a male blue dasher and was having lunch . these images were taken in san antonio , bexar co . , texas , in august , 2009 , with the same photo gear described previously .
the female great pondhawk shown here was at santa ana n . w . r . , hidalgo co . , texas , in october , 2009 . this image was taken with a canon eos 1d mark iii and an ef 300mm f / 4 l is lens and 2x extender and 580 flash .
the female great pondhawk shown here was in weslaco , hidalgo co . , texas , in september , 2010 . this shot was taken with a canon eos 1d mark iv and a sigma 50 - 500mm lens and canon 580 flash .
the male great pondhawk on the right was in gonzales co . , texas in august , 2011 . this shot was taken with a canon eos 1d mark iv and a sigma 50 - 500mm lens and canon 580 flash .
the male great pondhawk on the right was in austin , travis co . , texas , in march , 2012 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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this is the biggest family of dragonflies , with many large and colorful species . besides a good number of species , there are often numerous individuals of several types around any body of water . while the larvae are not often casually encountered , as they are aquatic , they are still the most commonly seen of any odonate group . most skimmers live in still water instead of flowing , so they are usually seen around ponds , from tiny garden pools to lakes .
unless a person is actually hunting the larvae in water , the immature insects are most likely to be seen when they emerge to molt into adulthood . they climb out of the water and cling to vegetation or rocks along the shore . not only are the larvae found , but so are their shed skins , which are called exuviae . occasionally , it is even possible to witness the molting process , or find a fresh adult still hanging around near its exuviae .
most skimmers are rather robust , with fairly thick abdomens . however , some species are much more slender . probably the species most easily misidentified at the family level is the pale - faced clubskimmer (
) . this libellulid has a slender abdomen , swollen at the base , which is widely clubbed near the tip in males , making it look like it belongs in the gomphidae . the females do not have the club , and the eyes of both touch at the top of the head , unlike the separation on clubtails . the eyes are light blue and the abdomen sports a pair of large pale bluish spots near the tail end . i ' ve only seen this species once .
) . i have observed this species in florida , which is where the accompanying photo was taken . the identifying characteristics are a long thin abdomen and black thorax , as well as small black patches at the bases of the wings , the largest being on the hind wings . the female is black only on the sides of the thorax . the abdomen has broad tan and black bands .
) . for some reason , i ' ve never photographed a female , but the males are quite distinctive . they are all green , with a long and slender brown - banded abdomen , swollen at the base . the thorax is solid green with no stripes or markings .
) . the female of this species is also brilliant green , with a black - banded abdomen . however , the eastern pondhawk female usually has more white on the abdomen , and always has a white tip . the shape is shorter and more squat , and the whole insect is a bit smaller . of course , the biggest difference between the two is the sex , evident from the tip of the abdomen as well as the underside of the base . the female eastern pondhawk is highly variable , although most that i ' ve seen look like the one just described . however , the other photo shown here is so different that i find it hard to believe it is the same species , as it completely lacks the distinct black markings and the abdomen is quite wide . dragonflies can spread and flatten their abdomen to some extent when they want to soak up some sun .
the eastern pondhawk is by far the most common species in that genus , and is often present along with several other species at ponds . males are easy to identify , as they are a chalky blue , with a white tip on their abdomen . very young males have a green thorax , which makes for a more colorful specimen , but the green soon fades beneath the blue pruinescence . the face remains bright green , though .
) . they sometimes fly right along with the eastern pondhawk , inviting comparison between the species . the blue dasher is smaller but often more aggressive , and seems to like taking over prime perches from the eastern pondhawk . when seen close , it is easy to identify the blue dasher , which has a white face , striped yellowish and dark thorax , and brilliant green eyes . the abdomen is blue , but the tip is often very black and the base has yellow at the sides .
the females and young males of the blue dasher are patterned in dark brown and pale yellow or greenish . this exceedingly common dragonfly is often present at very small garden ponds . the females and young males of course have different genitalia , but mature females can also be recognized by their bright blue eyes . when both males and females are very young , their eyes are brown instead .
) . males and females of this species superficially resemble female blue dashers , as they are strongly patterned in light and black . however , the easiest way to recognize the thornbush dasher is by the extra large light spots near the tip of the abdomen , which connect together to create a large white patch on the male and almost connect on the female . these same spots are relatively small on blue dashers . males can also be distinguished by their more slender abdomen . both sexes have blue eyes , but the male ' s are more intense .
there are actually some skimmers that cannot easily be confused with any others . the black saddlebags (
) is one . these large dragonflies can often even be identified in flight . both genders have large black markings at the base of the wings : the
saddlebags .
the female tends to be more brown while the male turns bluish black .
one other saddlebags species is common here : the red saddlebags ( tramea onusta ) . the thorax color is brown ; the abdomen color of females and immature males is golden brown while that of mature males is red . the saddlebag markings on the wings are matching colors , but they may vary in size a bit , sometimes extending all the way to the rear margin of the wing and sometimes stopping short . if the wing markings are not enough for identification , both male and female red saddlebags have black marks on the tops of the two abdominal segments just before the tip .