venomous mammals are animals of the class mammalia that produce venom , which they use to kill or disable prey , or to defend themselves from predators or conspecifics .

in modern nature , venomous mammals are rare .

mammalian venoms form a heterogeneous group having different compositions and modes of action and are present in three orders of mammals , eulipotyphla , monotremata , and chiroptera .

a fourth order , primates , is proposed to have venomous representatives .

to explain the rarity of venom delivery in mammalia , mark dufton of the university of strathclyde has suggested that modern mammalian predators do not need venom because they are able to kill quickly with their teeth or claws , whereas venom , no matter how sophisticated , requires time to disable prey .

in spite of the rarity of venom among extant mammals , venom may be an ancestral feature among mammals , as venomous spurs akin to those of the modern platypus are found in most non-therian mammaliaformes groups .

venom is much more common among other vertebrates ; there are many more species of venomous reptiles ( e.g. venomous snakes ) , and fish ( e.g. stonefish ) .

there is no known species of venomous bird .

however , some birds are poisonous to eat or touch , and sinornithosaurus , a dinosaur related to birds , may have had a venomous bite .

there are only a few species of venomous amphibians ; certain salamandrid salamanders can extrude sharp venom-tipped ribs .

venomous mammal

endangered venomous mammal predates dinosaurs’ extinction | carl r . woese institute for genomic biology
an artist ' s interpretation of euchambersia , a venomous mammal - like reptile that lived before the dinosaur age .
solenodon , a bizarre venomous mammal from the caribbean , survived extinction due to its generalist ecology . credit : alexis mychajliw
] posits that our knowledge of mammal venom is only in its infancy , and that even more species of mammals may harbour venomous adaptations .
what ' s cooler than a venomous , duck - billed mammal that lays eggs ? a giant one—and that ' s just what researchers have found .
venomous mammal , st . norbert professor to be featured in documentary a special is being filmed on the hispaniolan solenodon . check out this story on urltoken urltoken
all other species of venomous reptiles are considered to be nonnative . a license is required to capture , keep , possess or exhibit any poisonous or venomous reptiles .
st . norbert college assistant professor of biology adam brandt was interviewed about his research on the venomous mammal hispaniolan solenodon for australian documentary : 72 dangerous animals : latin america .
however , e . mirabillis , a mammal - like reptile , seems to have been the first example of a spine - owning , venomous beastie that we know of .
the study , published in mitochondrial dna , confirmed that the venomous mammal diverged from all other living mammals 78 million years ago , long before an asteroid wiped out the dinosaurs .
venomous mammals are animals belonging to the class mammalia that produce venom . venomous mammals use their venom to kill or disable prey , or to defend themselves from predators . in modern nature , venomous mammals are quite rare . venom is much more common among other vertebrates .
ligabue - braun r , verli h , carlini cr : venomous mammals : a review .
whittington c . m . , belov k . ( 2014 ) the platypus : a venomous mammal . in : gopalakrishnakone p . , calvete j . ( eds ) toxinology . springer , dordrecht
we all know that snakes , insects , and wasps can be venomous but what about a poisonous bird or turtle ? the stigma we have for creatures who pack a poisonous punch is reserved mostly for slithering reptiles or ominous spiders . however , venomous creatures run the gamete from insect to mammal .
listed below are mammals that are venomous or that use poisonous or noxious chemicals in some form .
see also these references to australian mammal books the australian mammal society was founded in 1958 to promote scientific study of the mammals of the australian region . see also the australian museum ' s comprehensive pages on australian mammals
the duck - billed platypus may well be poisonous but it is not a mammal . or a bird .
the water shrew is britain ' s only poisonous mammal . it has a mild venom in its saliva .
st . norbert college assistant professor of biology adam brandt discusses his research on the hispaniolan solenodon , a venomous mammal native to the caribbean island of hispaniola , during an interview wednesday with an australian film crew .
st . norbert college assistant professor of biology adam brandt talks about his research on the hispaniolan solenodon , a venomous mammal native to the caribbean island of hispaniola during an interview wednesday with an australian film crew .
whittington c . m . , belov k . ( 2016 ) the platypus : a venomous mammal . in : gopalakrishnakone p . , calvete j . ( eds ) venom genomics and proteomics . toxinology . springer , dordrecht
despite being a mammal , the platypus lays eggs ; it stores fat in its tail , hunts using electroreception , walks more like a reptile than a mammal , has fish - like eyes and sleeps for 14 hours a day .
the short answer is a vertebrate that gives milk to its young . a more detailed response is that a mammal :
i must say , the idea of venomous primates never crossed my mind . while venomous species do exist in mammals , it is much more common in insects , reptiles and fishes . in primates , slow lorises ( genus nycticebus ) are though to be venomous in thai folklore ( wilde , 1972 ) but are they really ?
some blood is drawn from a venomous , pokémon - esque solenodon at night . taras oleksyk and yashira afanador .
the world ' s first land - dwelling venomous vertebrate wasn ' t a snake , but a mammal - like , cat - size reptile that lived before the dinosaur age in what is now south africa , a new study finds .
it is suggested that venomous mammals were once more common . canine teeth dating back 60 million years from two extinct species , the shrew - like bisonalveus browni , once believed to be related to the modern pangolin ( scaly anteaters in the order pholidota ) and another unidentified mammal , show grooves that some palaeontologists have debated are indicative of a venomous bite .
so are slow lorises venomous or poisonous ? to answer this , let’s revisit the definitions of venomous and poisonous . a venomous animal injects toxins into its victim’s body by bite or sting . a poisonous animal , on the other hand , produces toxins that are poisonous once inhaled or ingested . medical literature shows that human – slow loris injuries come from slow loris bites and not from ingesting their toxins . so are slow lorises venomous ? well , not quite .
minton , s . a . ( 1990 ) venomous bites by nonvenomous snakes : an annotated bibliography of colubrid envenomation .
fossils are the best preserved remains of the extinct mammal . they include never - before - seen front teeth and a skull fragment containing the dagger - like grooved tooth that the paleontologists say is the tell - tale signature of a venomous bite .
whittington cm , belov k . platypus venom : a review . aust mammal . 2007 ; 29 ( 1 ) : 57–62 .
vampire bats are what you get if you turn a mammal into a tick . and i mean that as the highest compliment .
the duck - billed platypus , ornithorhynchus anatinus , is a primitive australian mammal ( a monotreme ) that lays eggs . males are venomous - thery have a poisoned spike on their ankles which the platypus can use to kill small animals in self - defense .
] suggested that local folklore may be the best starting point for uncovering new venomous taxa . adopting such an approach , dumbacher
shot on camera by professional nature photographer , nicolas reusens in mexico , the incredible images show the only parasitic mammal in its natural habitat .
i ' ve googled and discovered that there ' re more than one type of
the world ' s only venomous mammals .
what ' s up ? are there differing definitions of venomous beingused or are these people just not talking to one another ?
the iberian ribbed newt widens its ribs to push out spikes wolverine - style and nick predators with the venomous tips . though the newts ' toxins are less well studied , researchers think the animals may employ a similar venomous strategy to that of the hylid frogs .
it is the first time that this behaviour has been reported in a mammal , the researchers write in the proceedings of the royal society b .
analysis of these fossils showed the ancient creature to be a small mammal , possibly distantly related to the modern scaly anteater known as the pangolin .
the blue dart frog ( dendrobates azureus ) is a poisonous animal while the indian cobra ( naja naja ) is a venomous animal .
various members of the shrew family are apparently venomous , as is the duck - billed platypus which has poisonous spurs on its legs .
the discovery of a new species of mammal in alberta ' s fossil record has shaken up some long - held beliefs about other species in its lineage .
hurum jh , luo zx , kielan - jaworowska z . were mammals originally venomous ? acta palaeontol pol . 2006 ; 51 ( 1 ) : 1–11 .
there are many more species of venomous / poisonous reptiles such as snakes , amphibians such as toads and frogs and fish such as stonefish . there are no species of venomous birds , however some birds are poisonous to eat or touch , such as the pitohui , the ifrita and the rufous shrike - thrush .
the results ? nopcsa was right ,
benoit wrote in the conversation , naming euchambersia
officially the oldest venomous animal that ever roamed the earth .
both venomous and poisonous animals carry a chemical that is dangerous or deadly to another organism . the major difference is the way in which the toxin is shared .
venomous creatures – those that inject toxins into the victim’s bloodstream via a bite or sting – are extremely common things today , but back then there weren’t many at all . in fact , according to a new study in the journal plos one , e . mirabillis is the oldest example of a venomous vertebrate known to science .
de pere – the venomous hispaniolan solenodon and a st . norbert college professor are sharing the spotlight as part of a documentary series featuring 72 dangerous latin american animals .
whether or not the inland taipan is the world’s most venomous snake , it’s certainly one of the most dangerous . the snake lives in the arid environment of northeastern australia .
about 60 million years ago , a small shrew - like mammal captured its prey by stabbing it with dagger - like teeth that delivered a nasty dose of venom , paleontologists reported today .
when you think of a venomous animal , you probably think of snakes first , or perhaps other reptiles or amphibians . at the very least , mammals probably don ' t immediately come to mind . that may be because venomous mammals are so rare . read on to learn about eight mammals who hide painful stings and bites behind their fuzzy cuteness .
results showed that the anatomy of the mammal - like reptile had all the characteristics of a venomous animal , including the space for a venom gland , a mechanism to deliver the venom ( the link between the fossa and the canines ) and an apparatus that could inflict a wound for venom delivery ( its ridged teeth ) , the researchers wrote in the study .
historically , the komodo dragon was considered to be a non - venomous species ; now , however , the question of the reptile ' s toxicity has sparked a lively discussion .
brandt ' s fascination with the hispaniolan solenodon , a small , shrew - like mammal that survived the meteor that killed the dinosaurs 78 million years ago , began during a high school internship .
venoms are common in snakes and spiders , but only four living mammal species use venom today . according to fox , evolutionary biologists have long wondered why venom is so rare in modern mammals .
“along with the other species of solenodon , which is found in cuba ( solenodon cubanus ) , it is the only living mammal that can actually inject venom into their prey through specialised teeth .
although the words “venomous” and “poisonous” are used interchangeably in everyday speech , they are actually fundamentally different . by definition , venom has to be injected into the body , introduced by a bite or a sting . poison , on the other hand , is ingested or inhaled into the body by the victim . thus , venomous and poisonous animals are altogether different .
don’t let the adorable duck bill fool you . platypus venom , manufactured in the egg - laying mammal’s cural glands , briefly paralyzes mating rivals , allowing the victor to swoop in on a female .
a venomous animal has a dastardly delivery mechanism - fangs or a stinger , for instance - and the toxin is generally produced in the vicinity of this implement for ease of distribution .
it ' s all about evolution . it’s all about better understanding the animal’s place in the phylogenetic ( evolutionary ) tree . so , solenodons represent basically this early mammal divergence ,
he said .
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] . offensive and defensive venom systems in mammals are far rarer and are comparatively little known . of the species known or suspected to be venomous , virtually nothing is known about haitian solenodons (
pearson , o . p . ( 1956 ) a toxic substance from the salivary glands of a mammal ( short - tailed shrew ) . in e . e . buckley & n . porges ( eds . )
editor ' s note : this story was updated to clarify that euchambersia mirabilis is thought to be the first known land - dwelling venomous vertebrate , and not the first poisonous animal , on record .
from skeletal remains found among ancient owl pellets , a team of scientists has recovered the first ancient dna of the extinct west indian mammal nesophontes , meaning
island murder .
they traced its evolutionary history . . .
there’s a good chance that you’ve never heard of the solenodon before , and even if you have , you’re incredibly unlikely to have ever seen one in the flesh . these placental mammals , which are only found on the islands of cuba and hispaniola , physically resemble portly shrews with long , flexible noses and tails . they’re also extremely venomous , which is a thoroughly rare ability for a mammal of any sort to possess .
grützner f , deakin j , rens w , et al . the monotreme genome : a patchwork of reptile , mammal and unique features ? comp biochem physiol a comp physiol . 2003 ; 136 ( 4 ) : 867–81 .
this review draws attention once more to the pioneering work undertaken in the 1940s and 1950s , exploring in more detail than hitherto why the implications of mammal venom are just as important as the chemistry and pharmacology of the phenomenon itself .
some people use the words interchangeably because once in the body , the chemicals do similar damage , attacking the heart , brain or other vital targets . but the terms do mean very different things . traditionally , venomous creatures bite , sting or stab you to do their damage , while you have bite or touch poisonous critters to feel their effects . that means venomous organisms need a way in , like fangs or teeth . all octopuses are venomous , along with some squid , plenty of snakes , spiders , and scorpions , a few lizards , vampire bats and even the slow loris nycticebus kayan . some fish , including lionfish , use spines to sting attackers with venom . the brazilian frogs aren’t even the only venomous amphibians . when attacked , iberian ribbed newts push out their own ribs so that spikes on the ends jab a predator with toxin .
“they ( solenodon ) are one of a handful of venomous mammals . more specifically they produce oral venom … they are very similar to snakes , in that they can deliver venom via bite , ” he said .
in the case of the venomous frogs , both species were discovered in the 1800s , but they had hopped under the radar until now because no one had previously taken an in - depth look at their biology .
islands are natural laboratories of evolution and home to unique species of animals and plants . but since the arrival of humans , islands have lost many species . in the caribbean alone , more than half of the mammal species . . .
the chiropterans are one of the most distinguished mammals as they present special features that make them capable of true flight ( 19 ) . these animals play an important role in nature , specifically , in several tropical and subtropical areas , since they are responsible for spreading seeds , flower pollination and insect population control . they constitute somewhat wide range of mammal fauna , in the number of species and population density , representing approximately a quarter of mammal fauna worldwide ( 23 ) .
the duck billed platypus is a mammal . briefly , there are three types of mammals - placentals - like humans and cows - marsupials like kangaroos and koalas and monotremes - platypus and echidna - they lay eggs , but they are mammals
hi , i know that there are poisonous amphibians such as the poison dart frog . however , are there any venomous amphibians . i . e . that inject a toxin via a bite or other method ? thanks , nicol
the blue - ringed octopuses consist of at least three species of the genus hapalochlaena and live in the balmy waters of the pacific and indian oceans . they are considered to be planet earth ' s most venomous marine animals .
this is the first mammal that is borrowing a deadly poison from a plant and slathering it on itself without dying ,
said study researcher jonathan kingdon , of oxford university in england .
this is an extraordinary thing to have evolved .
the mammal was filmed in the summer of 2008 during a month - long expedition to the dominican republic – one of only two countries where this nocturnal , insect - eating animal ( solenodon paradoxus ) can be found ( the other is haiti ) .
the finding , from an analysis of the genes encoding the dangerous mixture , also reveals the striking similarities between the poisons of different animals . the genes resemble those of other venomous animals , such as snakes , lizards , starfish and sea anemones .
here , rather than focusing on the most toxic animals , we will cover five of the more surprising or unusual members of the venomous and poisonous family . in addition , we will learn how it is that their toxic capabilities can impact humans .
it is not widely appreciated that mammals can be venomous in the manner of snakes and lizards . however , it was first demonstrated scientifically 50 years ago in the case of the american short - tailed shrew . subsequently , similar evidence has been obtained from european shrews and the haitian solenodon , but research in this area has been almost completely neglected for the last 20 years . in complete contrast to what has been learned about other animal venoms , the identity and mode of action of mammal venom toxins are still unknown .
venomous critters are mostly insects , spiders , snakes , cephalopods , jellyfish , and lizards . so looking back in time , researchers long suspected that venom first evolved in more purely reptilian evolutionary lineages ( i . e . snakes ) , not mammalian ones .
the oldest venomous vertebrate yet found was a small - dog - sized early relative of mammals named euchambersia that lived some 260 million years ago , according to findings just published in the journal plos one by scientists from university of the witwatersrand ( wits ) .
however , other scientists have questioned this conclusion given that many living non - venomous mammals ( many primates , coatis and fruit bats ) also have deep grooves down the length of their canines , suggesting that this feature does not always reflect a possible venom delivery .
“the fossil record shows that some other now - extinct mammal groups also had so - called dental venom delivery systems . so this might have been a more general ancient mammalian characteristic that has been lost in most modern mammals , and is only retained in a couple of very ancient lineages . ”
when vampire bats dip their tongue into a wound , they don’t just draw out blood . they also put their saliva into their victim . and in this liquid are still more invisible adaptations for a blood - feeding life . vampire bats , you see , are venomous .
the ancient platypus belongs to a tiny group of egg - laying mammals called monotremes , of which only three modern species remain : the platypus and two species of echidna , all of which are found in australia and new guinea . ( see
platypus genome reveals secrets of mammal evolution .
)
don’t pet the platypus . i know it’s tempting : given the chance , i’d want to stroke their thick brown fur , tickle those big webbed feet , and pat that funny duck bill . and why not ? what harm could come from this cute , egg - laying mammal from eastern australia ?
because they could fly , bats reached australia quite early - at least 50 million years ago , and about a quarter of all native australian mammal species are bats . bats belong to two sub orders which are similar in having their fingers greatly extended and modified for flight but differ in some important ways :
before we did not know the detailed morphology of how the bones of the middle ear detached , or the purpose of the ossified cartilage ,
says meng .
liaoconodon hui changes previous interpretations because we now know the detailed morphology of the transitional mammal and can propose that the ossified cartilage is a stabilizer .
frustratingly , the soft tissue that makes up venomous glands do not fossilize over time . thanks to the clever use of ct scanning and 3d imaging techniques , this team of researchers nevertheless found that certain “gaps” in the fossilized skulls of e . mirabillis almost certainly fit the shape of several venom glands .
per rule 68a - 1 . 004 ( 87 ) , fac a venomous reptile is defined as : all members of the class reptilia including their taxonomic successors , subspecies , or any hybrid thereof , regardless of surgical alteration , determined to have the potential to cause serious human injury due to the toxic effects of its venom or poison . including all venomous reptiles of the class reptilia belonging to the families elapidae , crotalidae , viperidae , and hydrophiidae ; all reptiles in the genus heloderma ; and all reptiles in the family colubridae belonging to the genera : rhabdophis , boiga , dispholidus , thelatornis , and atractapsis .
two venomous mammals are the sorcidae and the duck - billed platypus . the sorcidae is a mouse - like creature about 7 - 10cm in body length and its ( weak ) venom is in the front teeth of the animal and flows out during biting , which might cause a little inflammation in humans .
as part of an international team , mychajliw gathered data on fossil mammal species and ancient human populations coexisting in the caribbean for 7000 years . she correlated changes in size and diversity of caribbean mammals over time with human population growth and climate change . she discovered that there have been extinctions on the caribbean islands associated with arrival of both indigenous and european human populations , wiping out many of the smallest and largest species .
by piecing together the radiocarbon record , our analysis makes it clear that people had a hand in caribbean extinctions—both before and after columbus ' arrival
, says collaborator dr . siobhan cooke . however , one mammal has persisted throughout , the enigmatic solenodon .
the platypus — a semi - aquatic egg - laying mammal found in australia — is one of few mammals to make venom , which males produce in abdominal venom glands and deliver through spurs on their hind legs . they only make the poison during breeding season , and warren thinks that males probably deploy it to defend their turf against other males .
if a venomous capability was a frequent feature of these creatures , it means their power - to - weight ratio was generally higher than thought previously ,
dufton wrote in an e - mail to national geographic news .
they could have posed a much more serious threat towards competing vertebrates within their niches .
euchambersia was about 16 - 20 inches long ( 40 - 50 centimeters ) and trod the land of modern - day south africa well before the dinosaurs . the animal has long been supposed to have been venomous , based on characteristics of its teeth and upper jaw , but the hypothesis had not until now been tested .
today , snakes are notorious for their venomous bite , but their fossil record vanishes in the depth of geological times at about 167 million years ago ,
benoit said .
so , at 260 million years ago , the euchambersia evolved venom more than 100 million years before the very first snake was even born .
wilde ( 1972 ) reports that the victim of a slow loris bite immediately succumbs to anaphylactic shock ( extreme allergic reaction ) followed by hematuria . in spite of that , the victim fully recovered . there is no clinical evidence of toxic substances in slow loris saliva to support the notion that they are venomous ( wilde , 1972 ) .
even more intriguing is that euchambersia is related to early mammals , not to snakes ,
benoit noted in the piece , adding that some scientists think all mammals were once venomous but over time lost their venom - producing glands , leaving a comparative few modern mammals – vampire bats , some shrews , for example – with poisonous ways .
venomous animals today are rarely mammals – think platypuses , vampire bats , a handful of shrews , and the caribbean solenodons . the extremely effective physical methods predatorial mammals use to kill their prey has rendered venom , which takes time to act on the victim , somewhat useless in this sense , and consequently few lineages still contain venom - producing glands .
it has also been suggested that modern animals do not need venom because they are smart and effective enough to kill quickly with tooth or claw , whereas venom , no matter how sophisticated , takes time to disable prey . indeed , the venomous insectivore , the solenodon , is now being driven from its native habitats by introduced dogs , cats and mongooses .
other dissenters from washington state university , including biologist kenneth v . kardong and toxicologists scott a . weinstein , state that the allegations that the komodo dragon is venomous
has had the effect of underestimating the variety of complex roles played by oral secretions in the biology of reptiles , produced a very narrow view of oral secretions and resulted in misinterpretation of reptilian evolution .
the platypus is a monotreme , an egg - laying mammal , found only in australia . males are venomous . during the breeding season they are able to deliver venom through spurs located on their hind legs . venom delivery is believed to provide individuals with an advantage over conspecifics throughout the breeding season . this paper reviews the current literature on platypus venom , focusing primarily on recent advances which have been made since the sequencing of the platypus genome and venom gland transcriptome . it first provides an overview of the genes and molecules involved in venom production and focuses on how these molecules explain the symptoms of envenomation : allodynia , hyperalgesia , swelling and changes to blood pressure . the paper concludes by providing insights into how these venom peptides could be developed into novel therapeutics for human use .
this is the first evidence of the oldest venomous vertebrate ever found , and what is even more surprising is that it is not in a species that we expected it to be ,
the study ' s lead researcher , julien benoit , a researcher at the bernard price institute for palaeontological research at the university of the witwatersrand in south africa , said in a statement .
prior to the description of v . antiquus , the earliest known gliding mammal was a rodentknown from a 30 - million - year old fossil preserving the gliding membrane . the earliest confirmed record of bats , also aerial mammals but capable of powered flight rather than gliding flight , dates to about 51 million years ago . the newly discovered fossil shows that mammals experimented with aerial life at least 70 million years earlier than previously thought . although the new gliding mammal is comparable in size and shape to flying squirrels ( which are members of rodentia , an order of placental mammals ) , v . antiquus is not a direct ancestor of these or any other living mammals , including flying marsupials , flying lemurs , or bats . instead , v . antiquus provides evidence for the independent origin of flight in this now - extinct lineage of mammals .
to be fair to home , he could only study dead platypuses . if home could have spent a year hanging out with living platypuses in their river homes , he would’ve seen that this “shy , semi - aquatic , mainly nocturnal” mammal is mostly interested in hunting on the river bottom for delicious insect larvae , crayfish , and shrimp . in other words , the platypus is usually an eater , not a lover .
javan slow lorises ( primates : nycticebus javanicus ) are heavily threatened by anthropogenic disturbance and the illegal animal trade , both of which may impact parasite loads . they are also venomous , which may have evolved to help reduce parasite burdens . we present analyses of faecal samples for evidence of gastrointestinal parasites and data based on ectoparasite inspections from wild javan . . . [ show full abstract ]
i suppose the surprising thing is that mammals generally aren ' t toxic . there ' s obviously no huge , insurmountable barrier to creating a mammal with deadly glands , so i suppose the reason that very few mammals do pack a poison punch is a simple accident of evolution . ( of course , being big enough and smart enough to become an apex predator would put a damper on the evolution of exotic toxins . )
about a quarter of all native australian mammal species are rodents ( which comes as a surprise to many suburban australians who usually only see the introduced rodent species ) . three of the world has a higher proportion - about half the world ' s mammal species are rodents , but they entered australia relatively recently , when australia and new guinea drifted close enough to south - east asia for temporary land bridges to form ) . in australia all native rodents are in the rats - and - mice family ( i . e . there are no squirrels , porcupines , beavers etc . native to australia ) . the ancestors of the native rats and mice appear to have arrived in australia around 4 million years ago and have diversified since then into many different species , especially in drier regions ( although several species are very common in our rainforests ) .
today , snakes are notorious for their venomous bite ,
said the study ' s lead author julien benoit in a statement ,
but their fossil record vanishes in the depth of geological times at about 167 million years ago . so , at 260 million years ago , the euchambersia evolved venom – more than a 100 million years before the very first snake was even born .
animals that live on islands are among the most at risk from extinction . a remarkable eighty percent of extinctions occurring since 1500ad have been on islands , with inhabitants facing dangers from climate change , sea level rise , invasive species , and human interactions . however , new research presented this week at the society of vertebrate paleontology conference in alberta , canada , suggests that one island mammal may hold the key to survival—a flexible diet .
what they do know is that any close ancestors are long gone , and today’s solenodons are the only remnant of a very ancient group of mammals . while the solenodon is venomous and resembles a “giant rat with freddy krueger claws” ( according to roca ) , it evolved in the absence of carnivores . today , it is threatened by cats and dogs introduced by humans as well as habitat loss .
a number of salamandrid salamanders ( most notably the sharp - ribbed newts and crocodile newts ) have poison glands on their flanks positioned adjacent to their rib tips . when picked up by a predator , the newt can extend the rib tip outwards through the poison gland , thereby using the sharp rib tip as a poisonous spike . so far as we know however , no amphibian has a venomous bite .
“today , snakes are notorious for their venomous bite , but their fossil record vanishes in the depth of geological times at about 167 million years ago , ” julien benoit , a paleontologist at the university of witwatersrand in south africa , said in a statement . “so , at 260 million years ago , the euchambersia evolved venom more than a 100 million years before the very first snake was even born .
an early paleontologist named franz nopcsa would likely be gladdened by the findings , were he alive today . nopcsa in 1933 studied an euchambersia fossil and averred that the creature was likely the oldest venomous animal anyone had ever documented . but venom glands don ' t fossilize , and fancy cat scans and 3d imaging systems did not exist in his day , so he could never know for sure if he was right .
these bizarre mammals resemble giant venomous shrews .
looking at solenodons today , you might think of them as a strange relictual creature that , like many ancient lineages , can ' t keep up with modern threats . but the recent fossil record tells a different story : the solenodon is a survivor , persisting when nearly every other mammal around it went extinct .
mychajliw explains . to understand the hardiness of solenodon documented in the fossil record , mychajliw turned to an unusual source of data—their feces . using a technique called ' metabarcoding ' , she could genetically analyze the feces of modern solenodon and piece together variations in their diet . based on this data , she classified solenodon as a ' flexible generalist ' —an animal capable of eating virtually anything . mychajliw thinks that it is this flexibility that allowed solenodon to survive human and climatic changes that made other species extinct .
the venom produced in the crural glands of the male platypus is not lethal to humans . however , it produces excruciating pain which does not respond even to morphine ; sometimes the pain develops into a long - lasting hyperalgesia that can persist for months . some biologists suggest that the venom may work directly on the brain ' s pain receptors . other venomous mammals are small insectivores and vampire bats , which produce toxic saliva .
platypuses are among the few venomous mammals . males have a spur on the back of their hind feet that is connected to a venom - secreting gland . more venom is secreted during mating season , leading researchers to think that the spurs and venom help males compete for mates , according to the australian platypus conservatory . the venom is not life threatening to humans , but it can cause severe swelling and
excruciating pain .
reports of slow loris bites are rare in literature . however , based on these published reports , it seems that slow loris bites are not venomous ( kalimullah et al . , 2008 ; wilde , 1972 ) . due to the high degree of similarity between the brachial gland exudate of slow lorises and the fel d 1 allergen in domestic cats , the anaphylactic shock expressed by victims is probably just a reaction to the exudate’s allergen .
dinosaurs are great . don’t get me wrong . but just as their bulk literally cast shade on many of their prehistoric neighbors , they continue to overshadow their mesozoic contemporaries in our imaginations . our ancestors and cousins are a perfect example . the popular image of a mammal in the time of the dinosaurs is of a shrew - like furball scurrying through the night in search of insects , waiting for the giant reptilian monsters to disappear so that the age of mammals can begin .
to the author of this article , i appreciate your research and wish that you spread your findings because i believe that domesticating this animal will save them from an inevitable extinction . unfortunately , there are a plethora of reasons why to not domesticate this animal , a big one being the assumption that it is poisonous / venomous . if you spread your findings , we can hopefully alleviate the negative attitudes towards saving this animal by domesticating it .
this research on g . elkema , along with the museum ' s recently published research on fossils of a dinosaur - eating mammal , a tyrannosaur covered with protofeathers , and a sleeping troodontid , is representative of the unprecedented quality and quantity of paleontological discoveries and research projects currently undertaken by museum scientists and their colleagues ,
said dr . novacek .
they also underscore the extraordinary quality and importance of fossils that have been recovered in recent years from mongolia and northern china .
the fossil of the gliding mammal , discovered in eastern mongolia , preserves the animal ' s skeleton , as well as an impression of most of a large fold of skin membrane that stretched between the animal ' s fore and hind limbs , the direct evidence that the animal was adapted for gliding flight . the membrane , known as a patagium , served as an airfoil to support the small animal ' s weight and generated lift for it to travel horizontally through the air . the fossil also preserves impressions of the fur that was found on the gliding membrane and on other parts of the body , one of the earliest records of the skin covering that is typical of mammals . the animal ' s limbs are elongated , which is typical for living gliding mammals . longer bones allow for more skeletal and muscular support of a glider ' s airfoil . the fossil vertebrae suggest that the animal had a long , stiff tail that served as a stabilizing rudder during gliding flight . the lengths of the animal ' s skull and skeleton suggest that v . antiquus weighed less than a pound , so it had a relatively light load in flight . being lightweight and possessing a relatively large airfoil , v . antiquus was likely an agile glider , but perhaps not agile enough to chase insects as prey through the air . unlike living mammal gliders that are predominately herbivorous , the unique , highly specialized sharp teeth of v . antiquus provide evidence that this mammal was undoubtedly an insectivore , like most known mesozoic mammals . other features of the animal ' s limb and finger and toe bones indicate it was a climber , which allowed it to forage on trees and obtain height for gliding , as in the case of flying squirrels . v . antiquus is the first known mesozoic mammal capable of gliding flight , indicating that early mammals were more diverse in their early evolution than scientists had previously thought and also that unknown groups of mammals still remain for paleontologists to discover , buried in geologic time .
am i required to complete the captive wildlife critical incident - disaster plan ( cidp ) ? yes . the cidp required of all new and renewal applicants wishing to possess captive wildlife ( for personal use , exhibition or public sale ) , venomous reptiles and / or reptiles of concern . part a must be submitted with each initial or renewal application . the “emergency contact” requested on part a must be someone other than the applicant . part b must be completed and kept at the facility location .
what are the caging requirements for the wildlife i want to possess ? caging , facility and housing requirements can be found in rules 68a - 6 . 0023 , 68a - 6 . 003 , 68a - 6 . 004 , florida administrative code ( f . a . c . ) . caging for venomous reptiles are found in 68a - 6 . 007 , f . a . c , and caging for conditional reptiles are found in 68 - 5 . 004 , f . a . c .
the platypus is among nature ' s most unlikely animals . in fact , the first scientists to examine a specimen believed they were the victims of a hoax . the animal is best described as a hodgepodge of more familiar species : the duck ( bill and webbed feet ) , beaver ( tail ) , and otter ( body and fur ) . males are also venomous . they have sharp stingers on the heels of their rear feet and can use them to deliver a strong toxic blow to any foe .
morganucodon was a hard biter . gill and colleagues found that the little mammal had a bite about 50 % stronger than that of kuehneotherium , although kuehneotherium made up for that relative weakness with a faster bite . and the jaws of the two mammals were different when it came to stress , too . the jaws of morganucodon were most resistant to bending stresses – created by , say , struggling prey – at the back of the toothrow , while the jaws of kuehneotherium were most resilient near the front molars , where the teeth meet to make a natural shear .
not only do we have mobs of great , two - legged hopping herbivores taking the place of deer and cattle , but we have a strange little furry creature that swims , lays eggs , give milk to its young , has a venomous spur , and uses electricity to find its prey , also small predators that revel in mating encounters only to have all males die of stress - related conditions within three weeks , a spiny but furry animal that develops a pouch shortly before laying an egg . . . . and much more
an american museum of natural history paleontologist and his colleagues have named a new order of mammals based on their description of a fossil of a bat - or squirrel - sized mesozoic mammal , called volaticotherium antiquus ( meaning
ancient gliding beast
) , which was capable of gliding flight . the rock beds that yielded the fossil date to at least 125 million years ago , so the new fossil extends the earliest record for gliding flight in mammals by 70 million years or more and indicates that mammals experimented with gliding flight and aerial life at about the same time that birds first took to the skies , possibly even earlier . the team also completed an analysis of the evolutionary relationships among major groups of known mesozoic mammals , which included the new data on v . antiquus . the results , described in a new paper in the journal nature , revealed that the gliding mesozoic mammal represents a previously unknown and highly specialized group of mammals that the authors recognize as a new order of mammals . this is a previously unknown group and one of the most important discoveries or designations of a major mammalian group since richard owen ' s review of mesozoic mammals in 1871 .
it gets worse . the slow loris is the world ' s only venomous primate . its venom is stored in an elbow patch : the loris will suck in the venom from the patch , then mix it around in its mouth before delivering a toxic bite . so , when illegal traders catch them and sell them on , they usually remove the hapless creatures ' teeth - with wire cutters . if ever an animal needed to be fast , it is the slow loris . unfortunately . . . well you ' ve probably guessed .
the new fossil described this week , liaoconodon hui , fills the gap in knowledge between the basal , early mammaliaforms likemorganucodon , where the middle ear bones are part of the mandible and the definitive middle ear of living and fossil mammals . liaoconodon hui is a medium - sized mammal for the mesozioc ( 35 . 7 cm long from nose to tip of tail , or about 14 inches ) and dates from 125 to 122 million years . it is named in part for the bountiful fossil beds in liaoning , china , where it was found . the species name , hui , honors paleontologist yaoming hu who graduated from the american museum of natural history - supported doctoral program and recently passed away . the fossil is particularly complete , and its skull was prepared from both dorsal and ventral sides , allowing meng and colleagues to see that the incus and malleus have detached from the lower jaw to form part of the middle ear . these bones remain linked to the jaw by the ossified meckel ' s cartilage that rests in the groove on the lower jaw . the team hypothesizes that in this early mammal , the ear drum was stabilized with the ossified cartilage as a supporting structure .
solenodon paradoxus while totally sounding like a sci - fi planet , solenodons are actually just insectivores . in the family solenodontidae , there is only one genus - solenodon and just two species . yes , solenodons come in just two flavors the hispaniolan ( solenodon paradoxus ) and the cuban ( solenodon cubanus ) . these shrew - like looking creatures have a venomous bite that emanates from a groove in their second incisors . solenodons are reported to eat plants , insects , small invertebrates , but also reptile , amphibians , and rodents . they kill prey larger than themselves most likely after inflicting a fatal bite . the toxin blarina produces a peptide called bradykinin and this bite then leads to paralysis and convulsions . these amazing creatures are usually solitary and are only thought to come together for mating . reproduction is slow and females have only 1 - 2 litters per year each time only giving birth to a few offspring . this weirdo mammal just gets weirder as her elongated teats are positioned near her groin . her maternal care knows no bounds as she drags along her one or two young on her rear . check out the video below to see a solenodon in action :
“it took me a long time to realize that the pain had a relationship with the intense and careless collection of these animals hitting the palm of my hands , ” recalls jared . the biologist fell prey to a totally unique defense mechanism : the helmet - headed frogs use spikes along their lips to inject potent chemicals , giving aggressors a mix between a head butt and a toxic smooch . after careful study , jared and his team found that c . greeningi and a related species of hylid frog , aparasphenodon brunoi , are the only venomous frogs known to science .
the hooded pitohui is the first documented venomous bird . found in new guinea , it acquires its poison from eating the same delicious treat responsible for the poisonous dart frog’s venom , the choresine beetle . a neurotoxin called homobatrachotoxin found in the bird’s skin and feathers causes an intense sensation of numbness or tingling in whoever touches it . while it is thought to feature such brilliant coloring as a warning of its venom , one can’t help but wonder just how good of a warning that is when the toucan’s even brighter colors threaten at most that it might try to sell you some fruit loops…
as if egg - laying , nippleless nursing and electroreception in a mammalian species weren ' t enough for you to wrap your mind around , the platypus has one more curve ball to toss your way . the male platypus has a spur on either hind foot that excretes venom . though females are also born with the spurs , they fall off before adulthood . aside from two other mammals - - certain species of shrew and solenodons - - harboring venom is a trait usually reserved for reptiles and amphibians . put all of these traits together and what do you have ? an animal that straddles three classes : mammal , bird and reptile .
how long does it take to receive my license after i apply ? it takes the captive wildlife office approximately 4 - 6 weeks to respond to applications . this time frame may be subject to change , depending on whether an application is new or a renewal , whether documents are missing , and whether or not an inspection is required . inspections are required for new class i , ii , and certain class iii species , venomous reptiles , conditional reptiles and rehabilitation facilities . all licensees and permittees are subject to initial and routine inspections . delays can be minimized by filling out applications completely .
paleontologists from the american museum of natural history and the chinese academy of sciences announce the discovery of liaoconodon hui , a complete fossil mammal from the mesozoic found in china that includes the long - sought transitional middle ear . the specimen shows the bones associated with hearing in mammals - the malleus , incus , and ectotympanic - decoupled from the lower jaw , as had been predicted , but held in place by an ossified cartilage that rested in a groove on the lower jaw . the new research , published in nature this week , also suggests that the middle ear evolved at least twice in mammals , for monotremes and for the marsupial - placental group .


pterophorus leucadactylus is a moth of the family pterophoridae .

it is known from sri lanka , sumba , new guinea , india , china , taiwan , malaya , sumatra , java , borneo , the philippines , micronesia , the bismarck islands , the solomon islands , australia and vietnam .

pterophorus leucadactylus

in the genus pterophorus , quite possibly pterophorus leucadactylus , although there are other species in malaysia . for another example , see urltoken @ n0 . . . .
a white - colored pterophoridae moth from the genus pterophorus . possibly pterophorus leucadactylus . it ' s white colors perfectly camouflage it against the wall . this skinny moth looks like a skeleton . wings folded up ( typical of plume moths ) and last pair of legs raised up parallel to it ' s abdomen . legs have long spikes . body length about 1cm .
three new species of the plume - moth genus pterophorus schäffer , 1766 ( lepidoptera , pterophoridae ) are described from the indo - malayan region : pterophorus vikhrevi sp . n . from malaysia ( sabah island ) , p . ceylonicus sp . n . from the republic of sri lanka , and p . laocaiensis sp . n . from vietnam . a list of all the species of this genus known for these countries is given .
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status : probably widely distributed in southeast asia . in papua known from one recent record only .
papua localities : new guinea : tandia ( wandammen peninsula ) . details in gazetteer .
gielis , c . , 2003 . review of the pterophoridae from new guinea , with descriptions of eight new species ( lepidoptera ) . zoologische mededelingen , leiden 77 ( 21 ) : 349 - 391 .
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project noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .
i found this moth on the wall during breakfast in aristo inn . this is my first and best plume moth photograph . some facts about plume moths : despite their tiny size , they are categorized under the larger moths ( apoditrysia ) . plume moths are much common in the highlands here like kundasang than the lowlands back in my hometown . > > > map accuracy : 10m radius .
thank you wilson w for suggesting an id but dhobern has already suggested a pterophoridae genus which is much more specific .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
original russian text © p . ya . ustjuzhanin , v . n . kovtunovich , 2015 , published in entomologicheskoe obozrenie , 2015 , vol . 94 , no . 4 , pp . 848–851 .
, ed . by amsel , h . g . , gregor , f . , and reisser , h . ( george fromme , vienna , 1995 ) .
ustjuzhanin , p . ya . and kovtunovich , v . n . , “on the plume moths ( lepidoptera , pterophoridae ) of vietnam , ” amurian zoological journal


aethes angulatana , the angular aethes , is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found from quebec and maine to florida , west to texas and north to minnesota .

the wingspan is 10 – 16 mm .

the forewings are pale yellowish or cream with dark brownish-grey markings .

the hindwings are drab grey with a paler fringe .

adults are on wing from june to september in the northern part of the range but earlier in the south .

aethes angulatana

aethes razowskii forewing has thinner and shorter patch midway along costa , and subterminal line is faint or lacking .
aethes sexdentata forewing lines are as thick as the spaces between them , and the basal dash and costal strip join to form an am line .
revised identities and new species of aethes from midwestern north america ( tortricidae ) . michael sabourin , william e . miller , eric h . metzler , james t . vargo . 2002 . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 56 ( 4 ) : 216 - 233 .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
meaning
angular ,
for the
angulated brown fascia
that crosses the forewing .
forewing pale yellowish or cream with dark brownish - gray markings ; dark strip along costa from base to one - quarter wing length , and thick basal dash runs parallel to costal strip ; dark triangular patches midway along costa and inner margin ; smaller dark patch along costa near apex ; subterminal line represented by thick irregular strip ; hindwing drab gray with paler fringe .
notes on american tortricidae . coleman t . robinson . 1869 . transactions of the american entomological society 2 : 261 - 288 .
cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) of canada razowski , j . 1997 . acta zoologica cracoviensia . 40 ( 1 ) : 107 - 163 .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
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biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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alicia pretiosa is a sea anemone species in the genus alicia which can be found in such seas as the red sea and south pacific ocean .

alicia pretiosa

( of actinia pretiosa dana , 1846 ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
daly , m . ; fautin , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of actiniaria .
den hartog , j . c . & van der land , j . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cereus pretiosus ) fautin , daphne g . ( 2013 ) . hexacorallians of the world . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc .
southern tip of the eastern side of the bay of sogod , most southern point of what is called leyte island . dramatic scenery of high steep mountains falling in the sea with a black sand beach below the rain of palm trees . overall atmosphere heavy and great . nice bay with a steep rock on the north side - having an eagle living there at the time of our visit .
all along the bay rocks near the coast ( near the beach in general ) , down to about 12 m . coral growth and good but sparse fishes . below the rock on the north side of the bay a sanctuary with fringing reefs . deeper sandy mud and gravel bottoms .
in the sanctuary a wealth of fishes . the other coasts are very good for small marine life in the shallows ( 2 - 5 m ) . whale sharks are regular visitors .
near naval , biliran , a little offshore , no in habitants , small and dreamstile : small beach with rocks and palm trees on top .
slope of sand , many rocks with corals in the shallow . from 12 m on sand slope going over into muddy sand .
good fishes : flashers and others . nudibranches , sea urchins and shells . average to good . very good during nightdives .
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