the red turtle dove ( streptopelia tranquebarica ) , also known as the red collared dove , is a small pigeon which is a resident breeding bird in the tropics of asia .

red turtle dove

a pair of red turtle doves on a branch , female on the left .
from 1970 the turtle dove population has plummeted by nearly 80 % and is a species of high conservation concern ( red list ) .
the turtle dove arrives in late april and may , leaving again between july and september .
please help turn bad news into good for the puffin and turtle dove . both are now facing global extinction .
the turtle dove is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . it is listed on the birds of conservation concern red list and annex ii of the ec birds directive . protected in the uk under the wildlife and countryside act 1981 ( 3 ) .
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( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22690493a119292312 .
( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22690419a119457869 .
turtle doves breed in open country with trees or scrub , or at the edge of woodland areas , parks and large gardens . like the nests of most pigeons , the turtle dove ' s nest is a flimsy platform of fine twigs .
red turtle - dove ( streptopelia tranquebarica , resident ) habitat - open country or lawns . shooting info - candaba wetlands , pampanga , philippines , december 16 , 2008 , 5d2 + 500 f4 is + 2x tc , 1000 mm , bean bag . capture resolution - 1080 / 30p
the turtle dove is a summer visitor to mainly southern and eastern england , arriving in april - may , and returning to tropical africa for the winter in july - august .
1 in 4 uk birds are now on the red list of conservation concern . this is an emergency for uk bird life .
the turtle dove is mainly a bird of southern and eastern england , although it does reach as far as wales . best looked for in woodland edges , hedgerows and open land with scattered bushes .
cms appendix ii . eu birds directive annex ii . in the u . k . it is protected under the wildlife and countryside act 1981 and schedule 1 of the wildlife ( northern ireland ) order 1985 . a management plan for the species has been published ( lutz 2006 ) . national - scale awareness , conservation and research programmes are now underway in some countries , e . g . operation turtle dove in uk . in england , conservation actions , via a bespoke turtle dove species package in agri - environment schemes , are targeted at areas with recent turtle dove records ( j . dunn
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
little conservation action has been targeted at the turtle dove , as it was not recognised as a species for conservation concern until recently ( 3 ) . agri - environment schemes , such as the countryside stewardship scheme , should benefit this species by encouraging the retention of winter stubble fields . the turtle dove is a priority species under the uk biodiversity action plan ( uk bap ) ; the plan aims to halt the decline by 2003 and promote a sustained recovery ( 3 ) .
turtle doves feed almost entirely on the fruits and seeds of wild flowers and cereals , such as buttercup and chickweed .
mainly found in lowland agricultural land with copses , large hedgerows , and orchards near to cereal or weedy fields . dry sunny habitats are preferred by the turtle dove but it can also be found on heathland , and in gardens and parks ( 2 ) .
the head is blue - grey with a black and white patch on the side of the neck . the throat and breast are pale pink and the belly white . the wings and back have black and chestnut tortoiseshell - like markings , but this is not why it ' s called the turtle dove .
the cause of the decline is believed to be down to the birds not finding food and the loss of suitable nesting sites ( e . g . overgrown hedges ) , but turtle dove is also one of the species that are shot in large numbers in and around the mediterranean during their spring migration .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . red turtle - dove ( streptopelia tranquebarica ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the turtle dove is a widespread summer migrant throughout europe , common in the central and southern european lowlands ( 2 ) . the uk is the northern edge of its range , where it is found mainly in the south and east . this species spends the winter in sub - saharan africa ( 2 ) .
the turtle doves song is a soothing deep , cat - like purring ,
turr - turr
, and this gives the bird its name .
the small , delicate turtle dove ( streptopelia turtur ) is slightly larger than a blackbird . it has dark black and chestnut upper parts with a white belly and pink breast . the flight is characterised by flickering wing beats interspersed by short glides . the scientific name turtur comes from the soft ' turr turr ' call ( 2 ) .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : streptopelia tranquebarica . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
adult turtle doves feed on the ground , mainly on cereal and wildflower seeds and the occasional insect . during the first five days of life the young are fed on ' crop - milk ' which the parents regurgitate . they then eat small seeds and insects .
turtle doves return from their wintering grounds around late april and immediately start nesting . the nests are usually made in hedges or scrub , two broods may be produced in the season each consisting of two eggs . both parents share the incubation and feeding duties ( 2 ) .
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christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common to abundant ( gibbs et al . 2001 ) , while national population sizes have been estimated at c . 10 , 000 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs in china and c . 10 , 000 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs in taiwan ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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a very distinctive species , previously linked with the s . decaocto group , but apparently closer to s . bitorquata # r . birds of e himalaya formerly separated as race murmensis . two subspecies recognized .
( hermann , 1804 ) – sind and punjab e to w nepal , bihar and bengal , and s through peninsular india .
( temminck , 1824 ) – ne tibet , nepal , ne india ( sikkim and assam ) and andaman is to myanmar , thailand and indochina and on to n china , taiwan and n philippines .
also peninsular malaysia # r and sulawesi , where presumed to have been introduced .
20·5–23 cm ; 104 g . head bluish grey , merging into whitish grey above bill and in front of half - collar spanning hindneck ; throat whitish ; mantle , upper back , wing . . .
advertising call a continuously repeated three - or four - note phrase , with pause between phrases . . .
inhabits open country with trees , scrub , jungle and dry woodland . unlike its asian congeners , it is . . .
feeds on seeds of grasses and herbs , as well as cultivated seeds , including rice and maize , buds and young leaves . most if not all food . . .
s populations breed when food is available ; n populations await the favourable conditions of summer . nest is a skimpy saucer or platform of . . .
n populations migratory , most birds moving to s asia for winter . in pakistan , present only in . . .
not globally threatened . common to relatively abundant in some areas . abundant in pakistan , mainly in punjab ; not uncommon in andaman is ; very common in thailand ; fairly . . .
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phylogenetic study of genera columba and streptopelia led to extensive reorganization # r ; some species traditionally included within present genus are here transferred to reinstated genera spilopelia and nesoenas .
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a male and a female having a sunbath on the ground , and then preening .
josep del hoyo , alok tewari , éric roualet , joe angseesing , keith and lynn youngs , juan sanabria , mkennewell , pieter de groot boersma , greg baker , ram gopal soni , daniêl jimenez , yoël jimenez , jmperezdeana , green3birdy .
shantilal varu , lukasz michal pulawski , stanislav harvančík , alok tewari , lars petersson , arodris , mikko pyhälä , holger teichmann , david beadle , jugal tiwari , kavi nanda , wen qian he , joris bertrand , jacqueserard , marcos wei , yang weixing , alder , lchunfai , tomasz doroń , mayur patel , william bezodis , harisankar , marco valentini , sharad agrawal , éric roualet , fran trabalon , ken havard , john and jemi holmes , tom backlund , josep del hoyo , j . m . garg , jim watt , nikhil adhikary , bluefoot , paul van giersbergen , bhaskar bora , jaysukh parekh suman , don . sausa .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
agri - environment schemes these schemes allow the government to compensate farmers for using methods that benefit the environment . the two main initiatives in the uk are the countryside stewardship scheme and environmentally sensitive areas . since october 2000 these have formed part of the england rural development programme ( edrp ) , administered by defra , the department of environment food and rural affairs . for more on these initiatives see : urltoken incubation the act of incubating eggs , that is , keeping them warm so that development is possible .
nature picture library 5a great george street bristol bs1 5rr united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4675 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 117 911 4699 info @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
visitors to manchester city centre have just two weeks left to get up close to the cities’ popular pair of peregrine falcons .
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find out how you can help the birds in your garden in this summer heat .
a small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .
a nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .
male ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .
there ' s so much to see and hear at minsmere , from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .
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explore the little pools of amazing sea life that are left by the tide on the rocks around our coast .
* this map is intended as a guide . it shows general distribution rather than detailed , localised populations .
breeding populations of long - distance , trans - saharan migrant birds have declined sharply since the 1970s .
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© the royal society for the protection of birds ( rspb ) is a registered charity : england and wales no . 207076 , scotland no . sc037654
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the yellow eye is surrounded by orange - coloured skin . the bill is black and the legs pink .
juveniles are duller and browner , have no neck patch , and buff - coloured breast .
the white oval eggs are smooth and glossy , and about 30 mm by 23 mm in size . both parents share the duty of incubating the eggs and feeding the nestlings .
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aerc tac . 2003 . aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . available at : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls # .
butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , wright , l , pople , r . , burfield , i . , ashpole , j , ieronymidou , c . , wheatley , h . , westrip , j . , martin , r
justification : this species is listed as vulnerable . it has undergone rapid declines in much of its european range whilst in russia and central asia it is thought to have experienced further severe declines . declines are thought to be driven by a number of factors including loss of foraging and nesting sites as well as disease and hunting along its migration routes .
the species is a widespread migrant breeder across much of central and southern europe , central asia , the middle east and north africa , wintering mainly in the sahel zone of africa ( baptista et al . 2015 ) . it has undergone large range declines in nw europe , including the netherlands and uk ( e . g . balmer et al . 2013 ) , and the population continues to decrease throughout europe ( birdlife international 2015 ) .
breeding and staging habitats should be managed to ensure favourable conditions for the species ( lutz 2006 ) , including : ensuring the conservation and re - creation of hedges with hawthorn ( crataegus ) which is a favoured tree for breeding and a reduction in the use of agricultural herbicides ( tucker and heath 1994 ) . arable land under agri - environment measures can be managed to provide seed - rich foraging habitat ( dunn
2016 ) . restrictions on hunting to avoid affecting late breeding birds and birds during spring migration should be introduced and enforced . annual national bag statistics where hunting takes place must be collected in order to develop a level of hunting which is sustainable . research and population monitoring should be continued ( lutz 2006 ) , and extended into its non - european and eastern european range where little information is currently available ( j . dunn
2016 ) . workshops to plan coordinated conservation and research across flyways have been planned ( t . morris
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fusinus nicki is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

fusinus nicki

– fusinus nicki snyder , 2002 , moliuskų tipo pilvakojų klasės ( neogastropoda ) būrio ( fasciolariidae ) šeimos genties rūšis . angl . fusinus nicki
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^ fusinus nicki snyder , 2002 . retrieved through : world register of marine species on 18 april 2010 .
fusinus ( fusinus ) nicki : snyder , m . a . , 2002 : shell size 160 mm s red sea - mozambique - galapagos
species fusinus panamensis dall , 1908 accepted as fusinus spectrum ( a . adams & reeve , 1848 )
subgenus fusinus ( sinistralia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque , 1815
species fusinus sagamiensis kuroda & habe , 1971 accepted as fusinus nigrirostratus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )
species fusinus alternatus settepassi , 1985 accepted as fusinus alternatus buzzurro & russo , 2007 ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )
species fusinus colombiensis m . a . snyder & n . c . snyder , 1999
species fusinus altus p . marshall , 1919 † accepted as falsicolus alta ( p . marshall , 1919 ) †
species fusinus corrugatus p . marshall , 1918 † accepted as lepidocolus corrugata ( p . marshall , 1918 ) †
species fusinus orcutti dall , 1915 accepted as trachypollia lugubris ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) ( synonym )
species fusinus valdiviae hadorn & fraussen , 1999 accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
» species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 )
species fusinus hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )
species fusinus monksae dall , 1915 accepted as fusinus robustus ( trask , 1855 ) accepted as harfordia robusta ( trask , 1855 ) ( unnecessary nom . nov . for fusus robustus trask , 1855 , by dall believed to be preoccupied by f . robustus beyrich , 1856 . )
buzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p . [ details ]
species fusinus felipensis h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis felipensis ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus fredbakeri h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis fredbakeri ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
species fusinus maorium p . marshall & murdoch , 1919 † accepted as coluzea maoria ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1919 ) †
species fusinus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 ) accepted as granulifusus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 )
» species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
iczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of propefusus iredale , 1924 ) callomon p . & snyder m . a . ( 2008 ) . on the genus fusinus in japan iv : f . longissimus ( gmelin , 1791 ) and two new species . venus , 67 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 13 [ details ]
( of fusus bruguière , 1789 ) iczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
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a collection , from the literature and from individual experts , of traits relating to mineralogy , growth form , lifestyle and reproduction of marine or primarily marine taxonomic groups . last indexed march 16 , 2015
fusus bruguière , 1789 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . see nomenclatural note below . )
taxonomy established as a substitute name for
fusus lamarck
[ = fusus bruguière , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the . . .
taxonomy established as a substitute name for
fusus lamarck
[ = fusus bruguière , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the iczn on the official list by opinion 1765 , 1994 , bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 . [ details ]
( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) hinds r . b . ( 1843 ) . descriptions of new shells from the collection of captain sir edward belcher , r . n . , c . b . annals and magazine of natural history . 11 : 255 - 257 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 256 [ details ]
( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1884 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee . palermo , virzi , 152 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 117 [ details ]
( of exilifusus gabb , 1876 † ) gabb , w . m . ( 1876 ) notes on american cretaceous fossils , with descriptions of some new species . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 28 , 276–324 . [ details ]
( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 79 [ details ]
snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1–431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) couto d . , bouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , simone l . r . l . & giribet g . ( 2016 ) . a multilocus molecular phylogeny of fasciolariidae ( neogastropoda : buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 309 - 322 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) crosse h . ( 1885 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee , pel marchese di monterosato [ book review ] . journal de conchyliologie 33 : 139 - 142 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]
( of fusus bruguière , 1789 ) snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1–431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gracilipurpura jousseaume , 1880 ) jousseaume , f . p . ( 1880 ) . division méthodique de la famille des purpuridés . le naturaliste . 2 ( 42 ) : 335 - 338 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) cossmann , m . ( 1901 ) . essais de paléoconchologie comparée . quatrième livraison . paris , the author and société d ' éditions scientifiques . 293 pp . , 10 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 8 [ details ]


pseudotelphusa basifasciella is a moth of the family gelechiidae .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , arkansas , georgia , illinois , indiana , kentucky , louisiana , maine , mississippi , new hampshire , new york , north carolina , oklahoma , south carolina , tennessee and texas .

the wingspan is 10 – 15 mm .

the forewings are white with two black spots along the costa and smaller spots and speckling near the outer margin , as well as a thick black oblique band in the basal area .

the hindwings are whitish basally , shading to grey distally .

adults are on wing in late spring and summer .

pseudotelphusa basifasciella

by creating leaf - tie shelters early in the season , and then vacating them shortly afterward , larvae of an undescribed pseudotelphusa species in missouri make shelters available to various other insects , increasing the diversity of leaf - eating insects on oak trees during the summer ( see pdf article in print references below ) .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
lill , john t . and robert j . marquis . 2003 . ecosystem engineering by caterpillars increases insect herbivore diversity on white oak . ecology . 84 ( 3 ) : 682 - 690 . - available online in pdf format
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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eupithecia vinibua is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in kashmir .

the wingspan is about 15.5 mm .

the fore - and hindwings are dark greyish brown .

eupithecia vinibua

eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word vinaceata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word vinaceata and , of course , vinaceata synonyms and on the right images related to the word vinaceata .
this is the place for vinaceata definition . you find here vinaceata meaning , synonyms of vinaceata and images for vinaceata copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word viperea . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word viperea and , of course , viperea synonyms and on the right images related to the word viperea .
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this is the place for viperea definition . you find here viperea meaning , synonyms of viperea and images for viperea copyright 2017 © urltoken
nemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . various chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .
organic farming - externalities - biodiversity . . . nearly all non - crop , naturally occurring species observed in comparative farm land practice studies show a preference for organic farming both by abundance and diversity . . . an average of 30 % more species inhabit organic farms . . . many weed species attract beneficial insects that improve soil qualities and forage on weed pests . . .
nemertea - description - nervous system and senses . . . most nemertean species have just one pair of nerve cords , many species have additional paired cords , and some species also have a dorsal cord . . . in some species the cords lie within the skin , but in most they are deeper , inside the muscle layers . . . some species have paired cerebral organs , sacs whose only openings are to the outside . . .
orthoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . sound is generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and . . .
nemertea - taxonomy . . . comprises 100 marine species . . . comprises about 400 species . . . includes seven species , of which six live as commensals in the mantle of large clams and one in that of a freshwater snail . . .
of sensation . tis not solely in poetry and music , we must follow our taste and sentiment , but likewise in philosophy , when i am convincd of any principle , tis only an idea which strikes more strongly upon me . when i give the preference to one set of arguments above another , i do nothing but decide from my feeling concerning the superiority of their influence .


aldania thisbe is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in the amur and ussuri regions of russia , central and north-eastern china and korea .

the habitat consists of open landscapes and forest canopy in broadleaved or mixed forests with a mixture of oak .

adults are on wing from june to july .

the larvae feed on quercus mongolica .

aldania thisbe

neptis thisbe ménétriés , 1859 = aldania thisbe ( ménétriés , 1859 ) = ussuriensis kurentzov , 1970 .
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• similar species . aldania thisbe : larger ; one additional spot at end of subcostal blue stroke on unh ; male genitalia different . a . ilos : smaller ; no additional blue spot on subcostal blue strokes on unh .
habitat : polydominant broad - leaved and mixed forests . the butterflies usually occur together with n . thisbe but substantially less frequently .
i have no data regarding imitans , but certain other aldania species are known to use ulmus , betula and quercus as their respective larval foodplants .
[ in the bureinskye mountains and souther in the ussuri river basin ] . had been originally described as a subspecies of thisbe . d : ussuri region .
11 . helen 12 . julie 13 . maria 14 . marion 15 . mistress 16 . penelope 17 . pyramus 18 . pyramus and thisbe 19 . queen 20 . rachel
•similar species . aldania deliquata : two or three blue touches at distal end of subbasal blue stroke on unh . a . ilos : without blue touches at distal end of subbasal blue stroke on unh .
•taxonomic notes . kurentzov ( 1936 ) described his neptis tshetverikovi as a separate species but eliot ( 1969 ) , who had no sufficient material at hand , considered it as a subspecies of n . yunnana oberthur , 1906 . dubatolov ( 1997 ) has compared the male genitalia of both taxa ( fig . 3 ) and arrived at the conclusion that both are distinct species , same as aldania thisbe . in most cases these three species display differences in unh . the light form deliquata stichel , [ 1909 ] has been described from near the confluence of shilka and argun rivers as an aberration of neptis thisbe .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 27 - 35 mm . spots and bands on wing upperside orange - yellow ; on hind wing underside there is a lengthwise elongate blueish basal spot without brands at its distal end . similar species : n . thisbe , n . tchetverikovi .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 28 - 37 mm . spots and bands on wing upperside are orange - yellow ; on hind wing underside at the distal end of a short lengthwise blueish basal spot there are two or three small darker brands . similar species : n . thisbe , n . themis .
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•type locality . «des monts boureia , . . . et pres de 1 ' 0ussouri» [ bureinskie mts . , amur region ; ussuri region , russia ] .
•range . amur and ussuri regions ; central and ne . china , korea .
•habitats and biology . open landscapes and forest canopy in broadleaved or mixed forests with admixture of oak . flight period : june to july . host plant in the ussuri region ( graeser , 1888 ; dantchenko & nikolaevsky , in press ) : quercus mongolica . .
photo and text : guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories volume 2 . pensoft , sofia - moscow . 2000
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tuzov vk , bogdanov pv , devyatkin al , kaabak lv , korolev va , murzin vs , samodurov gd , and tarasov ea . 1997 . guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories ( lepidoptera , rhopalocera ) . pensoft , sofia .
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comprises of 7 species , found variously in china , tibet , amur , ussuri , korea or taiwan .
in which they were originally classified . the two remaining species are atypical in appearance -
both sexes probably spend most of their lives in the canopy , but males are sometimes observed imbibing mineralised moisture from damp ground .
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•type locality . « . . . rein weissen zeichnungen ( ust - strel - ka ) » . [ confluence of shilka and argun rivers , chita region , siberia ] .
• range . transbaikalia ( shilka and argun basins ) , amur and ussuri regions ; ne . china , korea .
•distribution and variation . the nominotypical subspecies inhabits transbaikalia ( shilka and argun basins ) . in the amur and ussuri regions , the ssp . tshetuerikovi ( kurentzov , 1936 ) is known to occur .
• habitats and biology . mountain or lowland mixed forests . in the sikhote - alin mts . , penetrating the spruce - fir taiga up to 1 , 000 m a . s . l . flight period : june to august . host plants ( korshunov & gorbunov , 1995 ) : betula spp .
regions of the russian federation : the trans - baikal , the lower amur , seaside , mid - amur .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
special thank to dr . cris guppy ( quesnel , canada ) who kindly corrected many spelling and other lingustic errors .
the butterflies of intermediate or , less frequently , small or large size , with f . w . l . of 13 - 48 mm . in colouration red and brown colours usually predominate . the fore legs are reduced to the so - called
brushes
and useless for walking . the veins at the wing bases are never swollen . imagines of some species are capable of far migrations .
the larvae usually bear spines or processes ; sometimes they are gregarious , especially in earlier instars . larvae of nymphalis , aglais , inachis , vanessa , araschnia , melitaea , argynnis have a
neck
gland in a special fold on 1st segment ventral side , with repellent secret , this fact was reported as long ago as in 1897 by i . porchinskii . the pupae are angular or with some prominences , they are always suspended head - downwards by the tail ( with the aid of hooks on the cremaster ) .
the family is distributed throughout the world and embraces about 2500 species , mostly tropical , somewhat more than 100 species inhabit the asian russia .
range : s primorye , korea , central , east , south - east and south china , the himalayan . a local species .
habitat : primary fir / broad - leafed mixed or oak forests on hill slopes ; only some imagines penetrate into the valley broad - leafed forests , where the males can congregate on river and brook banks and at pools on roads . the females keep to tree canopy and rarely descend to the ground .
preimaginal phases : studied in primorye ( a . danchenko ) . foodplants : quercus mongolica . larva : green with two brownish - red processes , set with sharp spinules , on the head
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 31 - 42 mm . wing upperside ochre - orange in males and whitish in females , with an ornament of black spots of different sizes ; fore wing outer margin substantially concave .
range : e and ne china , korea . on 23rd april 1991 at the town ussurisk ( s primorye ) a fresh individual of this species , probably a migrant , was observed among a group of roddia l - album ( masui , inomata , 1993 ) .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 30 - 38 mm . wing upperside is ochre - orange , with a dark border and separate spots , in males and brown with yellow and red spots in females ; fore wing outer margin concave , there are 2 - 3 oval silvery spots of different size at fore wing apex ; on hind wing underside there is a narrow straight stripe going from middle fore margin to anal angle .
range : priamurye ( from the bureya to the goryun rivers ) , primorye , the neighbouring regions of ne china , korea .
habitat : polydominant broad - leaved and mixed montane forests up to the dark - needle taiga belt ; the butterflies keep to river and brook banks , roads , edges , and open stand of trees .
preimaginal phases : studied in priamurye ( graeser , 1888 ; ruhl , 1895 ; seitz , 1908 ) . foodplants : in priamurye - ulmus propinqua and u . laciniata ( greaser , 1888 ) , in priamurye - carpinus cordata ( kurentzv , 1970 ) . larva : light - green , with pairs of dorsal processes set with timy hooks on segments 5 , 7 , 10 and two thin caudal spines . pupa : large , light green , on leaf underside .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 42 - 50 mm . wing upperside is dark - brown , almost black , with white spots not fused into bands ; hind wing underside has two vast light - blue areas on a brick - red background .
etymology : leopold ivanovich schrenk ( 1826 - 1894 ) - a famous russian naturalist , botanist , and zoologist , an explorer of the far east .
f . w . l . : 30 - 47 mm . wing upperside of brown tones with white or fulvous spots and bands , in males with a strong iridescent violet flush ; fore wing outer margin slightly concave ; hind wing has an ocellus at anal angle .
a palaearctic genus including about 10 species ; our species have similar ranges in the temperate eurasia with large gaps in the central part of the continent .
range : europe , middle and south ural , tyumen ' region ( yarkovskii , tobol ' skii and tyumenskii districts ( sitnikov , 1992 ) ) and , after a tremendous gap , e zabaikalye , priamurye , primorye , central and north - east china , korea , japan .
preimaginal phases : foodplants : salix ( s . caprea and others ) , populus . eggs are laid on leaf upperside , up to 4 m above the ground . second instar larva : green with a black head and a white transversal spot on 7th terite . larva : green , covered with yellowish dots , with two red spikes on rear segment and light - green horns on head ; the first four segments with lengthwise yellow streak on either side , further there are five slanting streaks of the same colour , the first of which being the longest .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 33 - 38 mm in males , 36 - 47 mm in females . spots and bands on fore wing upperside are usually white , in far - eastern specimens often yellowish ; outer edge of white band on hind wing has a sharp tooth .
geographical variation : in the western part of the range the nominotypical subspecies is distributed , while ssp . amurensis stichel in seitz , 1908 inhabits the eastern part .
range : europe , south ural , and then e zabaikalye , priamurye , primorye , sakhalin , s kuriles , central and ne china , korea , japan .
habitat : river and brook banks , wood edges , open poplar / willow , broad - leaved and mixed forests , riparian bird cherry / willow thickets .
preimaginal phases : foodplants : populus tremulae , p . nigra , salix . larva : resembles a . iris but lateral streaks margined with red or black , head horns longer , black or brownish at front side .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 31 - 41 mm . on wing upperside spots and bands are white or yellowish ( in an european form clyte denis et schiffermueller , 1775 and form praeclara moltrecht , 1927 in the far east ) . on hind wing the white band outer margin straight or smoothly curved .
geographical variation : the western part of the range is inhabited by the nominotypical subspecies , in the southern far east there ranges ssp . ussuriensis kurentzov , 1937 , differing by on average more stretched out and pointed fore wings and usually well expressed fulvous spots along outer margin on hind wing upperside .
range : se europe , the south of w siberia ( the irtysh valley , from the village kachiry in the pavlodar region of kazakhstan to the city tobol ' sk ) , and , after a gap , se zabaikalye , priamurye ( from the zeya to the goryun rivers ) , primorye , ne china , korea , japan .
preimaginal phases : studied in japan ( fukuda et al . , 1982 ) . foodplants : salix and populus . larva hibernates at the third instar in bark crevices on foodplant trunks . pupa : light - green with yellowish streaks along wing case margins and along a convex ventral side .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 26 - 39 mm . all spots and bands on wing upperside are ochre - yellow or fulvous ; on hind wing the band outer edge as a rule with blunt fractures or straight .
range : priamurye ( from the shilka and argun ' rivers junction downstream to the goryun river ) , primorye , ne china , n korea .
habitat : valley broad - leaved forests and montane mixed forests with participation of the elm .
preimaginal phases : studied in priamurye ( graeser , 1888 ) . foodplants : ulmus propinqua . larva : up to 52 mm long ; dark - green with light slanting streaks on sides ; with pairs of spiny processes on segments 6 - 12 , those on segments 6 , 8 , and 11 being larger , and two long caudal spines ; head with two long horns ending with rounded tubercles directed forward ; head and back set wt . short spinules , those on head sides being longer and denser ; there are thin yellowish hairs at spiracles ; pupa : whitish - green , resembles that of a . ilia or a . iris , abdomen back with a row of blunt projections .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 32 - 39 mm . wing upperside dark - brown with white bands ; wing underside brownish , there is no ocellus at hind wing anal angle ; fore wing outer margin slightly concave .
systematic note : athyma cassiope , described together with a . nycteis , is now considered by an aberration of the latter .
range : the sikhote - alin ' mountain chain northwards to the terney district ( the shumnyy spring ) , n , e and central china , n korea . a local species .
habitat : wide and windless brook valleys in the belt of montane korean stone pine / broad - leafed mixed forests at 400 - 1000 m above sea level on smooth elevations . imagines have a strong flight , especially active in sunny weather , often descend to wet ground ; females mostly keep to tree crowns .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 30 - 37 mm . wing upperside dark - brown with a transversal row of red spots and , proximally of it , a row of white ones ; hind wing underside has a narrow red postdiscoidal band .
sytematic note : primorye is inhabited by ssp . eximia moltrecht , 1909 ( = ussuriensis jefremovi nekrutenko , 1960 ) . its conspecificity to s . pratti was stated by prof . t . fujioka .
f . w . l . : 22 - 45 mm . wing upperside dark - brown , almost black , with white bands . fore wing with discoidal vein . females larger than males , with white marking wider . flight period usually in middle summer , in our climate in a single brood . similarly to apatura species , these butterflies are attracted by rotting organic matter and , in hot weather , by wet ground , where they form small swarms . in the majority of species males are seen more frequently than females , which behave more secretly .
the larvae of our species develop on lonicera , spiraea , less frequently on salicaceae , hibernate at the third or fourth instar . young larvae are dark , at the last instar as a rule green with paired processes or the back . pupae bear a blunt prominence on the 2nd abdominal tergite and a pair of short horns on head .
range : the temperate eurasia , in siberia as north as the middle taiga belt .
habitat : river banks , wood edges and open stands of different kinds of forests . the butterflies are most often seen on wet ground at forest roads and brook and river valleys . they can be rarely seen also on large inflorescences of umbelliferae ( korshunov , 1969 , and others ) . these butterflies migrate actively and so may occur in various open landscapes .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 33 - 45 mm . hind wing upperside has a submarginal row of orange - red lunular spots ; the wing underside ground colour is brick - red ; white bands sometimes much reduced ( f . tremulae esper , 1798 ) .
geographical variation : butterflies from ural and siberia , attributed to ssp . enapius fruhstorfer , 1908 , described from altai ( ? = eumenius fruhstorfer , 1908 ) differ from european ones by a somewhat widened white pattern and expansion of dark and greyish - blue elements over fulvous ones on hind wing underside . ssp . ussuriensis staudinger , 1887 is known from primorye and priamurye , which differs from the former only by some further widening of the white pattern .
range : lower priamurye ( not upstream of the minor hinggan mts . ) , primorye , adjacent regions of ne china and n korea . a local species .
habitat : edges and open stands in mixed and deciduous forests with a rich bush understory .
preimaginal phases : foodplants : lonicera praeflorens , l . chrysantha ( kurentzov , 1970 ) . the larvae were observed from late may to late june .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 28 - 35 mm . on fore wing upperside cell contains one elongate white spot ; hind wing upperside with a submarginal band composed of light lunules .
etymology : a . k . moltrecht ( 1873 - 1937 ) - an amateur entomologist who traveled in primorye in 1903 - 1930 .
range : w altai : the upper irtysh basin upstream of the city ust ' - kamenogorsk , on russian territory reported for the environs of the town zmeinogorsk and the settlement kolyvan , then , after a great range gap , e zabaikalye , priamurye , the southern ranges of the mountains of bureya , primorye , central and ne china , korea .
habitat : in altai , where this species is rare : book valleys and mountain slopes at 200 - 800 m above sea level with honeysuckle shrubbery , from where the butterflies often penetrate to open places . at hot daytime they keep to wet round , rest on stones and bushes , their feeding was observed on spiraea crenata , heracleum dissectum , etc . in the southern far east : montane oak woods , valley broad - leaved , mixed or , rarely , small - leafed forests . the imagines often visit the flowers of sorbaria sorbifolia and spiraea .
flight period : middle june / middle july in w altai ; early july / middle august in the far east .
preimaginal phases : studied in w altai by p . gorbunov and y . shevnin . foodplants : lonicera tatarica in w altai ; in the far east spiraea media and s . salicifolia was reported ( kurentzov , 1970 ) . mature larva : light green with a wide dark - green band along the back and a pattern of black dots and strokes ; there are 10 lengthwise rows of branched spines : three rows of light - coloured spines on either side and four rows on the back : two external ones consist of long ( 6 - 7 mm ) dark spines , two internal - of short spinules . head light - brown with black eyes and a black triangle between them ; set with light spinules , head top bears longer black spines . thoracic legs black . pupa : 22 mm long , nacreous with four rows of black spots on abdominal segments and along outer margins of wing cases ; placed on thin foodplant branches . its phase lasts for 10 - 12 days .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 26 - 31 mm . on fore wing upperside cell either contains a diffuse elongate white spot or lacks it ; in far eastern specimens white band on hind wing about 5 mm wide .
geographical variation : ssp . sydyi is known from w altai , in the far east there ranges ssp . latefasciata ménétriés , 1859 with a much widened white pattern .
range : europe , s ural ( the basins of the belaya and sakmara rivers ) and , after a tremendous gap , middle ( westwards to minor hingan ) and lower priamurye , primorye , the sakhalin , the kunashir , ne china , korea , japan .
habitat : in south ural : locally on wood edges and open slopes with the honeysuckle bushes ; in the far east : mixed and valley broad - leaved forests .
flight period : middle june / middle july in south ural , middle july / late august in the far east .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 23 - 30 mm . on fore wing upperside white band split at the middle owing to absence of a spot in one space ; cell contains no white spot or has a small whitish spot at discal vein .
geographical variation : the nominotypical subspecies ranges in the western part of the range ; ssp . japonica ménétriés , 1857 ( = angustata staudinger , 1887 ) , differing by a narrower white pattern , inhabits the southern far east , the sakhalin and kuriles .
range : priamurye ( from the zeya to the goryun river ) , primorye , central and ne china , korea .
preimaginal phases : foodplants : lonicera maackii is reported ( graeser , 1888 ) . the larvae were observed in may and june . larva : resembles l . camilla , with reddish - brown branched spines , those on segment 3 being double and larger . pupa : evenly white , very nacreous , especially on wing cases .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 25 - 32 mm . on fore wing upperside contains two white spots , distal of which stretched lengthwise ; on hind wing underside there are no black spots at wing base . similar species : limenitis helmanni , l . doerriesi .
habitat : open stands in montane mixed and deciduous forests , sometimes at rock outcrops .
preimaginal phases : foodplants : lonicera praeflorens is known ( kurezov , 1970 ) .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 23 - 32 mm . on fore wing upperside cell contains two white spots , area between them noticeably suffused by red scales ; white bands wider than in l . helmanni , about 5 mm on hind wing in males ; hind wing underside with black spots at wing base , as different from l . amphissa .
etymology : fritz doerries ( 1851 - 1949 ) , a naturalist from hamburg who , together with two his brother , collected butterflies in primorye , priamurye , and zabaikalye in 1877 - 1886 .
range : w and n altai mts . , the so - called kuznetskoe upland , including almost lowland area at the upper ob ' river right bank at barnaul , tal ' menka , novosibirsk , the mountains of east kazakhstan ( westwards to the north tien - shan ) , e transbaikalia , the southern ranges of the mountains of bureya , primorye , central and ne china , korea , reported for japan .
habitat : in the western part of its range the species locally occur at riparian thickets of honeysuckle , bushy hills and mountain slopes , on meadows in relic forest associations with the participation of linden ( tilia sibirica ) ; in the far east these butterflies inhabit various biotopes , mostly mixed and deciduous forests , reaching the tree - line in the mountains .
flight period : late june / late july or early august in the western range , early july / early september in the far east .
preimaginal phases : foodplants : lonicera tatarica in altai , l . maackii in the far east ( kurentzov , 1970 ) . according to observations of p . gorbunov in w altai , mature larva resembles that of limenitis camilla , it is bright - green with greenish - white stripe on either side of abdomen and whitish - green prolegs ; segments 2 , 3 , 5 , 10 , and 11 bear light - green or reddish spiny processes 2 - 3 mm long ; head whitish with four vertical reddish - brown stripes , set with minute spinules two of which , above eyes , are dark and longer . for pupation the larva usually attaches itself on leaf underside to the main vein . pupa : 19 mm long , green , with stripes on either sides of the abdomen , drop - like tubercle on the back and horns on the head reddish . its phase lasts for 10 days .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 24 - 32 mm . cell on fore wing upperside contains two white spots and no red suffusion ; white bands rather narrow , about 3 - 4 mm on hind wing in males ; hind wing underside with black spots at wing base . similar species : limenitis doerriesi , l . amphissa .
geographical variation : ssp . helmanni ranges in south siberia ; ssp . duplicata staudinger , 1892 - in the southern far east . the taxon pryeri moore , 1877 refers to the chinese fauna .
range : middle and lower priamurye ( known from the bureya river to the village kiselevka ) , primorye , central and ne china , korea . rather a rare species .
habitat : intermontane valleys and open tree stands in montane , the korean stone pine / broad leafed forests at 700 - 800 m above sea level and at higher altitudes in dark - needle taiga , in northern range at lower altitudes .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 22 - 29 mm . cell on fore wing upperside contains two white spots ; white bands are narrow , about 1 . 5 - 2 mm wide on hind wing in males , band on fore wing split into separate spots .
etymology : e . f . homeyer - a zoologist , explorer of the far east , e and s sibiria .
f . w . l . : 22 - 45 mm in our species . wings substantially elongate , their upperside dark - brown , almost black , with white or yellow bands and separate spots ; fore wing has no discoidal vein , its outer margin usually slightly convex . similarly to limenitis species , in hot weather these butterflies congregate on damp places on banks or roads in the woods and are attracted by rotting organic matter and flowing out tree sap , and , in a hot weather , by wet ground , where they form small swarms . the butterflies have a peculiar soaring mode of flying .
eggs laid singly , usually on leaf tips of the foodplants . the larva lives solitarily in a shelter made out of a leaf as follows : it eat the incisions from either side of a leaf to the central vein and down the edges of the resulting lobes together with silken threads . the larvae hibernate at the third or fourth instars ; they are variously coloured and bear pairs of processes on 2nd , 3rd , 5th and 11th abdominal segments . pupa : short and stout , with convex wing cases and usually a pair of short horns on the head .
the genus includes more than 100 species from eurasia , africa and australia , the majority of which inhabit east and south asia .
127 . neptis sappho ( pallas , 1771 ) ( = aceris esper , 1783 ; hylas auct . nec linnaeus , 1758 ) .
type locality : lower povolzhyethe lower volga basin ] : the mountain kabatskaya , environs of usolye , shigonskii district , samara region .
range : the temperate eurasia , in siberia as north as the southern taiga belt ; japan .
habitat : meadow patches , open tree stands , wood edges , and river valleys in the various type forests , mostly open . these butterflies tend to rest on broad leaves of herbs and often visit the inflorescences of apiaceae for feeding .
flight period : early june / middle july , in a single brood , in the most part of siberia ; in south ural and the southern far east two broods develop , late may / late june and july / august , respectively . in primorye the second brood butterflies are smaller and more numerous .
preimaginal phases : studied in europe ( lang , 1884 ; other authors ) . foodplants : lathyrus vernus , less frequently other fabaceae : vicia , caragana . eggs : greenish , covered with hairs and white specks , laid on the surface or tips of the foodplant leaves . the larvae before hibernation , which occurs among the leaf fall , live in leaf - made shelters . mature larva : greenish , brownish - grey or yellowish - brown with a whitish - green
saddle
on the back and spiny projections on the 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 5th and 11th segments . pupa : short , ground - yellow or yellowish with mate golden bloom , with two spots on the head and numerous ones on the thorax ; wing cases margined by brown line .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 20 - 27 mm . on fore wing upperside there is an even row of small white spots along outer margin and two large triangular spots in cell ; on hind wing there are two well developed bands .
geographical variation : ssp . sappho inhabits s ural and sieria . butterflies from the southern far east are characterized by somewhat reduced outer band on hind wing , especially in the second brood . some authors referred them to ssp . intermedia pryer , 1877 , described from central china , presence of which in our fauna is doubtful .
range : middle priamurye ( from the zeya to the goryun rivers ) , primorye , central and ne china , korea , japan .
preimaginal phases : studied in japan ( fukuda et al . , 1982 ) . foodplants : acer mono , a . japonicum , carpinus cordata . eggs : blueish with light and dark dots , laid singly on the foodplant leaf tips . larva : yellowish - brown with four pairs of processes on the back . pupa : contrastedly coloured , with a pale - brown thorax and abdomen and darker wing cases with conspicuous light veins .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 27 - 35 mm . on fore wing upperside cell contains an even and narrow white stripe , there are no white spots in front of it at costal margin ; on hind wing submarginal band consists of relatively large white spots . similar species : n . philyroides .
range : priamurye ( from the amursko - zeyskoe plateau to the goryun rivers ) , the southern ranges of the mountains of bureya , primorye , e china , n korea .
habitat : wood edges and open stands in mixed forests , montane oak woods , bushy mountain slopes .
preimaginal phases : foodplants : corylus manshurica ( graeser , 1888 ) , c . heterophylla ( e . novomodnyi ) .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 28 - 35 mm . on fore wing upperside cell contains an even white stripe , there are two small white spots in front of its distal end at costal margin ; on hind wing submarginal band consists of relatively large white spots . similar species : n . philyra .
range : primorye ( northwards along the coast to the kievka river and southwards along the usury river to khabarovsk ) and the adjacent regions of ne china . in n primorye this is a rare species
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 24 - 30 mm . on fore wing upperside white stripe in cell incised at its fore margin , white spots in front of its distal end are absent ; on hind wing submarginal band obscure , being a diffuse streak disappearing to costal edge .
131 . neptis rivalries ( scapula , 1763 ) ( = lucille denis et schiffermuller , 1775 ) .
range : the non - tropical eurasia northwards to the middle taiga belt , the sakhalin , the careless , japan . in 1994 the species was reported for the polar ural ( a . tatarinov ) .
habitat : river and brook valleys , bushy mountain slopes , wood edges and openings , in the mountains goes as high as 1700 m altitude .
flight period : two broods in the forest - steppe zone , in june and august ; one brood in the forest zone and in the mountains , in late jun / late july .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 20 - 29 mm . on fore wing upperside cell usually contain either one white spot at its distal end or a number of small spots ; on hind wing submarginal band absent or there are only traces of it , medial band is 3 - 5 mm wide in males ; on hind wing underside there is a light brand along fore margin ; black dots absent .
geographical variation : ssp . coenobita goeze , 1779 , close to the nominotypical and having widest white pattern , inhabits ural , west siberian lowland and the kuznetskoe upland ; in altai , sayans and eastwards ssp . magnata heyne in ruhl , 1895 ranges , with a reduced white pattern on wing upperside but well expressed white submarginal lunules on hind wing underside ; se zabaikalye , priamurye , primorye , the sakhalin and kuriles are inhabited by : ssp . bergmani bryk , 1942 , resembling coenobita with a wide white pattern . the status of neptis kusnetzovi kurentzov , 1949 , described by two males from a spruce / fir forest of the middle sikhote - alin ' mts . and combining the characters of n . rivalries and n . pryeri , is not clear .
range : priamurye ( from the lower selemdzha river ( sviridov , 1981 ) to the town sofiisk in the amur lower flow ) , primorye , central and ne china , korea , japan .
habitat : wood edges and openings in birch / oak , broad - leaved and mixed , mostly montane , forests .
preimaginal phases : studied in japan ( fukuda et al . , 1982 ) . foodplants : spiraea . eggs : greyish , covered with hairs , laid singly on leaf margins and tips . larva : dark , resembles n . rivalries but with longer processes on the back ; hibernates at the third instar .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 21 - 30 mm . on fore wing upperside white stripe in cell split into four spots ; hind wing underside has 8 - 10 large black spots at base .
geographical variation : for primorye and priamurye ssp . andetria fruhstorfer , 1909 ( = kusnetzovi kurentzov , 1949 ) is reported , which differs from the nominotypical one by a smaller size , reduction of submarginal band on hind wing upperside and darker ground colour o hind wing underside .
etymology : h . pryer - an english lepidopterologist of xix century , an author of works on japanese fauna .
range : priamurye ( at blagoveshchensk , kabarovsk , nikolaevsk - na - amure ) , primorye , central and ne china , korea , japan .
habitat : orchards with fruit trees , valley broad - leaved and pine / apricot forests .
preimaginal phases : studied in japan ( fukuda et al . , 1982 ) . foodplants : prunus , armeniaca , besides ( kurentzov , 1970 ) , spiraea and malus were also reported . eggs : blueish - green , covered with small hairs and white knobs ; laid singly on foodplant leaf margins . the larva overwinters at the third instar near a hibernating bud , then it constructs a shelter . mature larva : greenish with a brown ornament and four pairs of processes on the back . pupa : pale - brown , suspended on a foodplant branch .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 31 - 41 mm . on fore wing upperside white stripe in cell fractured ; at fore wing apex there is a white spot in males and a streak in females ; on hind wing submarginal band consists of relatively large white spots .
range : middle priamurye , the southern ranges of the mountains of bureya , primorye , central and ne china , korea .
habitat : montane oak woods , other types of broad - leaved and mixed forests . the butterflies keep to wood edges , open stand of trees , but occur under the wood canopy as well .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 31 - 43 mm . spots and bands on wing upperside orange - yellow ; on hind wing underside , at the base , at distal end of an elongate blueish basal spot there is one relatively large oval brand of the same colour . similar species : n . tchetverikovi , n . themis .
geographical variation : ssp . ussuriensis kurentzov , 1970 , described from primorye , most probably is a synonym for the nominotypical one .
135 . neptis tschetverikovi kurentzov , 1936 ( = yunnana auct . non oberthur , 1906 ) .
range : e zabaikalye ( the shilka and argun ' basins ) , priamurye , the mountains of bureya , the sikhote - alin ' , ne china , korea .
habitat : open woods , wood edges in birch , broad - leaves , mixed and dark - needle forests , in the mountains up to 1000 m above sea level .
etymology : sergey sergeevich chetverikov ( 1880 - 1959 ) - a prominent soviet geneticist and entomologist , he made a large collection of lepidoptera and transferred it to zoological museum ( st - petersburg ) .
range : priamurye ( between the zeya and goryun rivers ) , south primorye , ne , s and central china , korea .
range : middle and lower priamurye ( between the zeya and goryun rivers ) , the southern ranges of the mountains of bureya , primorye , the adjacent regions of ne china and n korea .
habitat : edges and openings in valley or , less frequently , montane polydominant broad - leaved and mixed forests .
flight period : middle june / middle august in primorye , in middle priamurye late may / early august .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 33 - 42 mm . both swing sides light - or dark - ash - grey with black veins .
etymology : gustav ivanovich radde ( 1801 - 1859 ) - a well - known russian naturalist , zoologist , and explorer of the far east .
our species are of an intermediate or relatively large size ( f . w . l . : 16 - 34 mm ) , with wings brightly and variously coloured , red , fulvous , dark - brown and cherry colours predominating . sexual dimorphism is weakly expressed .
the larvae have 6 - 7 lengthwise rows of spines ; the pupae bear pairs of sharp projections on the head and on the back of the abdominal segments and a large prominence on the back of the thorax . the imagines hibernate ( except for vanessa cardui ) , in many species they are capable of substantial migrations ( sometimes transoceanic ) , therefore they are widely distributed , their populations are not considerably isolated from each other , and geographic variation is weak . the abundance of individuals in a given locality fluctuates substantially from year to year .
range : the non - tropical eurasia northwards to the forest - tundra belt , the sakhalin , the kuriles , japan .
habitat : various forest biotopes , river valleys , bogs , settlements , waste lands ; in the north of east siberia and the far east - the riparian floodland poplar woods . imagines migrate actively , occurring in any open landscape .
flight period : in the most part of siberia in one brood , from late july to autumn and , after hibernation , until june ( or , in the northern range , july ) . in southern localities the second brood is possible , the butterflies of which being more lightly coloured ( f . hutchinsoni robs . - in south ural ; f . lunigera butl . - in primorye ) . in july and early august in such localities one can sometimes observe the butterflies of both seasonal forms flying together , although in various ratios . in spring and autumn only the darker form can be found . it is thought ( moucha , 1979 ) that in europe some larvae hatching from the eggs laid by overwintered butterflies develop rapidly to give rise to lighter second brood butterflies , while others result in darker butterflies appearing later ; the lighter butterflies give offspring which develops also rapidly to result in the same darker individuals in autumn . details of brood dynamics in siberia is waiting an investigation .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 21 - 29 mm . wing upperside fulvous or brick - red with dark spots ; outer margin with blunt teeth of different sizes ; wing underside greyish - black ( spring form ) or yellowish - brown ( summer form ) , with a white c - shaped mark in the center .
geographical variation : the nominotypical subspecies ranges on the most part of eurasia ( the form kultukensis kleinschmidt , 1929 , described from baikal , is its synonym ) ; ssp . hamigera butler , 1877 ( = ssp . sachalinensis matsumura , 1915 ) is reported for the southern far east , the sakhalin and kuriles ; the butterflies from priamurye and primorye differs from western ones by a larger size and a widened black pattern in a summer form , those from the sakhalin and s kuriles approach to japanese ones by longer wing teeth and a more motley ground colour of wing underside in a hibernating form .
range : priamurye ( from the amur - zeya plateau to the goryun river ) , the southern ranges of the mountains of bureya , primorye , ne and southern china , korea , japan .
habitat : different woody biotopes , orchards , parks , settlements , waste lands , dry meadows .
flight period : in one or two broods in july - october , and , after hibernation , until middle may .
preimaginal phases : studied in japan ( fukuda et al , 1982 ) . foodplants : cannabis sativa , humulus japonicus . eggs : green with tiny white dots and lengthwise striae ; laid singly on foodplant leaves or buds . larva : lives in a rolled leaf ; in the last instar it is dark - brown with yellowish streaks and seven rows of orange branched spines . pupa : brown with darker streaks along wing cases and sides of abdomen ; on dorsal side it bears sharp projections and small light knobs .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 22 - 29 mm . wing upperside fulvous with dark spots ; outer margin has sharp teeth of different sizes ; wing underside black ( spring form ) or ochre - coloured ( summer form ) with a golden l - or c - shaped mark in the center .
original description :
type species : papilio l - album esper , 1780 .
a monotypic holarctic genus . the imago fore wing length is 26 - 32 mm . the wing shape and pattern resemble those of both polygonia and nymphalis genera . the wing outer margin is toothed . the wing upperside is reddish - fulvous with rather large black spots and a white spot at the costal margin of each wing . the wing bases are covered with dense soft hairs . the wing underside is brown , the postdiscoidal area being lighter , with dark strokes or reddish - brown .
the genus is named in the honour of a forester and entomologist eugeniy georgievich rodd ( 1871 - 1933 ) , an explorer of altai and the upper priobye .
140 . roddia l - album ( esper , 1780 ) ( = vau - album ( denis et schiffermuller , 1775 ) - nomen nudum ( kocak , 1981 ) ) .
range : the temperate eurasia northwards to the middle taiga zone , the sakhalin , kuriles , japan , the temperate n america ; in its eastern range the species becomes in average more abundant .
habitat : various forest biotopes , in the mountains rises to the subalpine belt .
flight period : middle july / september and , after hibernation , until middle may .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 27 - 32 mm . on upperside of all wings there is a white spot at costal margin ; hind wing underside with a white l - shaped mark in the center .
range : europe , n africa , anterior asia , the pamiro - alai mts . , ne kazakhstan ( reported by v . dubatolov for pavlodar ) , south ural , reported for s siberia ( for altai by elwes ( 1899 ) and tomsk by m . ruzskii ( 1937 ) but the species was not recorded there in recent decades , most probably these records referred to n . xanthomelas .
flight period : in a single brood from late june to autumn and , after hibernation , until may .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 25 - 31 mm . wing upperside brick - red with black spots ; hind wing upperside with brownish - fulvous basal area ; legs black . similar species : n . xanthomelas .
range : the temperate and subtropical eurasia , the sakhalin , the kuriles , japan , more common the in eastern part of the range .
habitat : various forest biotopes , bogs . imagines migrate actively occurring in diverse landscapes , for instance , in steppes or even arctic tundras . their abundance fluctuates much from year to year , mass proliferations being recorded in the taiga zone of middle and eastern siberia and the far east .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 25 - 32 mm . wing upperside brick - red with black spots ; fore wing upperside with a reddish - brown basal area and apically with white spot at costal margin . legs yellowish - grey . similar species : n . polychloros .
geographical variation : the taxon sachalinensis matsumura , 1925 , was described from the sakhalin , ssp . japonica stichel , 1902 , reported for the kuriles .
range : the temperate eurasia , the sakhalin , the kuriles , japan , n . america . a migrating species having been observed as north as the southern tundras of the southern yamal peninsula , in ne asia does not reach polar regions , absent from the magadan region and kamchatka .
habitat : deciduous and mixed forests , birch / asp groves , pine woods , woody river valleys , gardens . butterflies tend to drink sap leaking from wounded trees , sometimes visit flowers of polygonum , crepis sibirica , sonchus , helianthus annuus .
flight period : from middle june to autumn and , after hibernation , until june or , locally in the north , until july .
preimaginal phases : foodplants : betula verrucosa , b . manshurica , b . dahurica , salix , besides , from europe ( niculescu , 1965 ) and n america reported are populus , alnus , urtica , humulus lupulus , ulmus , acer , tilia , fraxinus , spiraea , rosa , sorbus , rubus . eggs : at first ochre - yellow , later become reddish - brown ; laid by dense rings , containing up to 100 eggs , around the foodplant twigs . the larvae live gregariously until the last instar . mature larva : dark with numerous white dots and a row of red or reddish - brown spots on the back of segment 3 - 10 and with six rows of black spines ; ventral prolegs reddish - brown . in siberia the larvae develop usually during july . pupa : greyish or ochre - coloured , resembles n . xanthomelas but teeth - like projections on the head and abdomen are more long and more sharp .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 28 - 37 mm . wing underside black , upperside dark - brown with a cherry tint , both with yellow or whitish marginal band ; on upperside of both wing there is a row of blue spots distally of it .
geographical variation : a little variable species ; small butterflies from yakutia were described under the name borealis wnukowsky , 1927 ; those from the sakhalin and kuriles - as asopos fruhstorfer , 1909 .
range : north and central america , n africa , europe , anterior asia . in south and middle ural , the south of west siberia to the altai piedmonts and the yenisei river known by occasional findings . in 40ths these butterflies appeared in mass quantities in the omsk region .
habitat and flight period : imagines migrate actively occurring in various open landscapes , usually in the second half of summer , rarely in early spring after hibernation .
preimaginal phases : studied in europe ( lang , 1884 ; eckstein , 1913 , etc . ) foodplants : urtica , also reported are humulus , parietaria ( urticaceae ) , carduus , cirsium , helichrysum ( asteraceae ) , salix . eggs : greenish , almost spherical , with ten lengthwise ribs ; laid singly on the foodplant leaves . larva : black , red - brown , or yellow - green , with yellowish lateral stripes , yellow speckles , and rows of light spines rising from reddish warts ; lives in a rolled and silk - fastened leaf . pupa : grey or brown , with paired silvery spots on the back .
peculiar traits of imago : f . w . l . : 26 - 32 mm . wing upperside dark - brown or black ; fore wing with a slightly bent red band of even width throughout , going from the middle of costal margin to anal angle .
range : south siberia east of the pribaikalye ( migrating specimens ) , the southern far east , kamchatka ( migrating specimens ) , the sakhalin , the kuriles , mongolia , china , korea , japan , india ; known also from the canary islands and the madeira . the imagines migrate actively .
habitat : mixed forests , river valleys with alder and poplar , as active migrants present in such habitats as wasting lands , parks , settlements , wood edges , other open isotopes , in kamchatka - riparian poplar woods .