ogyris genoveva , the genoveva azure or southern purple azure , is a butterfly of the lycaenidae family .

it is found in australia .

the wingspan is about 50 mm .

adult males are metallic purple , while females are black with metallic azure and a cream patch near the tip of each forewing .

the larvae feed on the foliage of various loranthaceae species , including amyema , dendrophthoe and muellerina species .

they are flattened and brown with darker brown dots .

the larvae live in the nest of camponotus species .

pupation takes place inside this nest in a dark brown pupa of about 25 mm .

ogyris genoveva

field , r . and phillips , k . ( 2016 ) ogyris genoveva southern purple azure in museums victoria collections urltoken accessed 10 july 2018
southern purple azure butterfly , ogyris genoveva duaringa , males . dorsal view ( left ) and ventral view ( right ) . registration nos . lep 5999 & lep 6004 .
a pair of binoculars is usually necessary to get a close look at this butterfly , unless you stumble upon a female laying eggs on the trunk of the mistletoe host tree . the butterflies are often seen to fly with ogyris olane about the tops of the host trees , as the larvae of both butterflies use the same mistletoe larval hostplant . these two butterflies are usually easy to differentiate due to their difference in size , with o . genoveva being much larger , or if you have a pair of binoculars then they can be differentiated by the hindwing tornal extension in o . genoveva which looks like a short stubby tail . this extension is absent in o . olane and other ogyris likely to fly with o . genoveva on hilltops , such as ogyris amaryllis .
waterhouse , g . a . 1941 ,
notes on australian lycaenidae viii . on ogyris zosine hew . and o . genoveva hew
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 66 , no . 3–4 , pp . 233 - 238
the presumed absence of o . genoveva from that area is puzzling suggesting that either this species is a recent immigrant to sa from the eastern states
the metallic blue colour of the females and other blue coloured ogyris butterflies is affected by moisture , and if the blue wing scaling somehow gets wet , it irreversibly changes to green .
bethune - baker , g . t . 1905 ,
a monograph of the genus ogyris
, transactions of the entomological society of london , vol . 1905 , pp . 269 - 292
butterflies emerging from the pupae are not covered in large quantities of fluffy grey ' down ' , which is known to occur in many other ogyris . ( this down helps protect the butterfly from being attacked by over - zealous attendant ants , or even other small predators , while the butterfly is expanding and hardening its wings in readiness for first flight . ) since o . genoveva often expands its wings within the presence of the protective attendant ants ( which will not bother the butterfly unless either become very agitated ) , there is apparently no need for the predator - repellent down .
the ants are nocturnal , large , only moderately ferocious ( but without a sting ) , although c . nigriceps can sometimes be aggressive . they have formed a symbiotic relationship with the butterfly , whereby the ants provide protection to the early stages of the butterfly from predators and parasitoids , and in return the ants receive sugary secretions from the median dorsal secretionary organ ( honey gland or newcomer ' s organ ) situated at the posterior end of the larvae . adult ants are able to live off these secretions . unlike the situation with ogyris subterrestris in which adult butterflies are often killed by the ants on contact , ogyris genoveva is not attacked unless it remains within the ant chamber after emergence from the pupa ( if deformed or blocked in by other pupae ) . however , the butterflies often become agitated in the presence of the ants and will distance themselves from any unnecessary attention . ( it only requires a bight from these large ants to inflict a mortal injury . )
the females are slower in flight ( unless disturbed ) , and when not feeding on the flowers of the mistletoe or other nearby flowering vegetation , they spend much of their time searching for places to lay eggs . they spend a lot of time on the mistletoes walking all over the plant testing the stems ( presumably for traces of ants ) with their ovipositor . in peak season within a major colony , many butterflies can be seen flying around a given host tree bearing mistletoe hostplant . they tend to favour mistletoe host trees in open woodland rather than those in a more constricted habitat , and like most ogyris they prefer smooth - bark eucalyptus rather than box or stringy - bark types .
during the day the larvae hide from predators by remaining in the ant chambers . the ants actively guard the entrances to the chambers . larval excrement ( frass ) and the discarded skins from the moulting larvae within the chambers are removed by the ants . in south australia , larvae attended by the less aggressive c . consobrinus have a high incidence of larval parasitisation by small braconid wasps ( apanteles sp ) . some 30 or more wasp larvae will parasitise within a single large o . genoveva larva , and all will exit at the same time then collect beneath the butterfly larva to pupate , creating a white silken mass of tiny wasp pupa - cases . the exiting of the wasp larvae paralyses the butterfly larva , but ants continue to attend the stricken larva , which will take a few days to eventually die . interestingly , the ants do not attack either the exiting wasp larvae or the adult parasitoid wasps , so it is likely the latter two have pheromones that mimic those of the butterfly larvae and attendant ants .
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tindale , n . b . 1923 ,
on australian rhopalocera
, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 47 , pp . 342 - 354 pls 28 - 30
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1a9273bf - fb9d - 4d62 - 9661 - 946dd5d01d67
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 27dda208 - dd8c - 48ce - 93de - d6a60b304d82
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d6237887 - 4f9c - 4482 - 8dd7 - b40563967f23
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ef606349 - 498a - 409d - 92c9 - 36dc1800719b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f6835085 - 745e - 452e - ab78 - 407696072ea2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c695dc61 - 71c7 - 4be0 - 82a4 - 2dcad3db68ed
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 303309
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interesting aspects : this is a large magnificent lycaenid . it is the largest conventionally blue coloured lycaenid to be found in australia , and some females can reach 6 cm measured across the open wings . ( the brown coloured liphyra brassolis is the largest lycaenid , which is found in the tropics . )
species subgroup within this group , as these two species have very similar adult morphology and early stages . the latter flies in tropical to subtropical areas , and takes over in distribution where
like all lycaenids , the adults are sexually dimorphic in morphology on the wing uppersides , and in this species the difference is very obvious . the males are purple coloured above , which can vary from pale to dark purple to indigo - purple , whereas the females have bright metallic blue uppersides with a large yellow patch in the apex of the forewing . in the females the metallic ' blue ' colour varies from blue to greenish blue to bluish green . the extent of the blue areas is variable . in form genua the blue area is always restricted . in form splendida the blue area is extensive as shown in the above image . in the females the intensity of metallic green colour can also be influenced by exposure to moisture .
the males will also patrol or congregate on hilltops near the hostplant . in the mt lofty range the males often simply congregate on the hilltops using the available trees as they would where the hostplant grows . in the flinders ranges males tend to include hilltops in their patrols , arriving every 20 - 30 minutes to check for the presence of newly emerged females , which they do by briefly circling the hilltop once or twice , and if no females are present then they continue on their patrol of the area . ( butterflies of many species use hilltops for mating purposes , particularly when either sex is in short supply . if either adult cannot find a mate near where they emerged from the pupa then they will fly to the nearest hilltop and settle and wait for an opposite sex companion to arrive to complete their courtship . )
larval food - host : in south australia , larvae have only been found on the mistletoes amyema miquelii ( box mistletoe ) and a . pendula pendula ( drooping mistletoe ) ( loranthaceae ) . the larvae eat the flower buds , flowers , leaves and soft stem parts of the mistletoe , but are particularly fond of the flower buds . the mistletoes usually associate with eucalyptus , although a . pendula will also parasitise acacia melanoxylon , particularly in the lower southeast region of the state ( where the butterfly has yet to be found ) .
in the eastern states other mistletoes are also utilised as hostplants , and those that can be found in s . a . comprise amyema miraculosa ( fleshy mistletoe ) and a . quandang ( grey mistletoe ) .
larval attendant ant : larvae found along the mt lofty ranges ( that generally equates to the distribution of form genua ) are attended by numerous large sugar - ants camponotus consobrinus . elsewhere in south australia ( that generally equates to the distribution of form splendida ) , larvae are attended by numerous , very large sugar - ants camponotus nigriceps . both these ants prefer heavy loam soils , although the latter also build nests in tree hollows above the ground if the soil is sandy . a similar ant attendance preference is also apparently found elsewhere in australia , with butterflies that occur in coastal and moist areas being mostly attended by c . consobrinus , whereas butterflies found in inland areas being usually attended by c . nigriceps . the very large and aggressive c . intrepidus is also an attendant ant in the eastern states , but this ant is not known to occur in south australia .
the ants essentially farm the larvae . they build separate chambers away from the ant nest to house the larvae . the ant chambers or galleries are specially constructed below ground around the base of the host tree by the attendant ants for sheltering the early stages of this butterfly . there can be multiple entrances , but they are always narrow and easily guarded by the large camponotus ants . these chambers can be quite extensive , circling the base of the tree and extending along parts of the roots . the gallery space between the tree and the ground is usually not much wider than the mature larvae or pupae . sometimes larvae will use hollowed out branches that are lying on the ground next to the base of the host tree . camponotus nigriceps will more often use hollows within the host tree for use as a gallery . these ant chambers are usually widely separate from the actual ants ' nests ( or ant brood ) , but sometimes butterfly larvae will occur near the nest , but in this situation the ants construct a separate chamber adjacent to the nest to house these larvae which is separate from the ant brood .
the ants provide 24 - hour protection , and when the larvae leave the chamber at night to feed on the mistletoe , they are guarded non - stop until they return to the chamber again before dawn . the ants also keep the chamber clean of larvae frass ( excrement ) and moult skins . studies have shown the incidence of larvae parasitisation , probably the main way the larvae are predated , are about 30 % with c . consobrinus , but can be reduced to as low as 5 % by the extremely aggressive c . intrepidus ( eastwood 1997 ) .
c . consobrinus is a common , large , orange and black coloured ant , that frequently enters houses at night in urban areas , where it is known as the sugar - ant . it is totally harmless to humans , unless one is allergic to formic acid . it should not be confused with the large stinging and dangerous bull - ants , inch - ants or jumping ants . the latter group have highly visible , very large and long jaws projecting down from the head . in c . consobrinus the jaws are not readily visible . c . nigriceps is common in pastoral areas , and is a large , yellow and black coloured ant . it is strictly nocturnal .
eggs : large , hemispherical shape , strongly flattened top and bottom , the sides are very finely reticulated in a hexagonal pattern , with each reticulation intersection having a small raised blunt projection , the facets on the top of the egg are smaller and these continue to the small - depressed micropylar area at the apex of the egg . the basal half of the egg is greyish white , the top half is mostly dark brown with a greyish white ring near the outer dorsal edge , and the micropylar area is greyish white . the eggs are typical for the species - group . some eggs may be a washed out grey or white colour , and near larval emergence the egg can sometimes turn pale grey . the larva emerges from the egg at night by eating out the dark brown coloured ( central ) dorsal area . ( the parasitic wasps , one per egg , emerge from the egg by eating out a smaller circular area in the dorso - lateral region . ) eggs hatch after 6 days in summer . ( the parasites emerge after about 20 days ) .
in major colonies , there is a large incidence of egg parasitisation , as the eggs are unprotected by the ants , and the parasitoid wasp is too small for the ants to regulate . in an ideal environment the egg parasitoid probably keeps the colony to reasonable size limits , as otherwise the larvae would likely build up to enormously large numbers that would quickly eat all its mistletoe hostplant and result in the demise of the colony . the downside is that if the colony is stressed , the wasps could actually cause the demise of the colony . during the 2003 flight season ( a drought season ) , a single large colony tree in the adelaide hills was examined late in the season , and from 265 eggs examined and it was found that 147 eggs had hatched normally , while 100 eggs had been parasitised and 18 eggs had remained unhatched .
larvae : the first instar is long onisciform shaped , weakly scalloped laterally , initially purplish brown coloured with a greyish white perimeter , and a broad broken greyish white longitudinal dorsal line that terminates at abdominal segment 6 . after eating the hostplant , the pale areas turn pale greyish yellow , and the pale broken dorsal line becomes a solid line . the anterior and posterior ends are dark brown . the posterior dorso - lateral organs are not developed . the head is large , smooth , yellowish brown , hidden beneath the body . there are long peripheral and dorsal setae ( hairs ) , which are longer anteriorly and posteriorly . the dorsal setae terminate at abdominal segment 6 . the peripheral setae are mostly white , with a few black setae at the posterior end . dorsal setae occur in two pairs , one black pair being long and recurved , the other pair being white coloured , short , recumbent and directed to the rear , except on the sixth abdominal segment where both pairs of setae are black , long and recurved .
the newly hatched first instars are believed to make their way down the trunks from the egg batches to the base of the trees to the ant chambers where they are probably rounded up by the ants and herded in with the rest of the larvae . the young larvae are very mobile due to well - developed thoracic legs , and are quite capable of climbing the host tree with ease every evening . ( the first instar is about 2 mm long when it hatches from the egg ) . however , as the first instars do not possess posterior dorso - lateral organs the ants do not show as much interest in them as they do with older larvae that possess these organs . first instar larvae eat by scouring the leaf or bud surface , but older larvae eat from the leaf edge or devour the entire bud .
intermediate instars gradually lose the long setae , and they are also strongly scalloped laterally . from the second instar , the dorso - lateral organs are prominent at the posterior end . the second , third and fourth instars have a similar colour to the fifth instar , but are mostly purplish brown coloured with the pale yellow markings being less obvious .
the butterfly tends to occur in colonies , of variable size , with some old colonies that have not been interfered with , reaching half a hectare or more in areal extent , with most of the mistletoe bearing trees in the area having early stages of the butterfly . due to past clearing and fragmentation of habitat , it can be many kilometres before another colony is encountered . however , females will disperse from the colonies and on occasions , solitary trees are found with early stages of the butterfly . some large individual trees in a colony can harbour enormous groups of larvae and pupae , and there are eastern states records of 200 or more individuals . in south australia the documented numbers are less than 100 , usually much less . colonies are prone to communal diseases like bacterial and virus infections , which are transmitted by all the chamber occupants , including the ants .
the final instar grows about 30 - 33 mm long , but larvae distended by parasites may reach 40 mm in length . they are mostly dull purplish brown coloured , with pale yellow dorsal chevron markings and other indistinct subdorsal markings , the chevrons on abdominal segment 6 are joined together to form a yellow triangular mark , the lateral and anterior extremities of the larvae are pale yellow , the prothoracic plate is dark grey with a yellow longitudinal dividing line , the anal plate is dark brown and yellow with a black longitudinal dividing line , and the spiracles are black . it is long onisciform shaped , with a thoracic dorsal furrow , the lateral edges are scalloped , the anterior and posterior areas are flattened , there are some short peripheral bristly hairs , and there are some short dorsal bristles on thoracic segment 3 and abdominal segments 1 - 6 . the body is covered in dark coloured , minute secondary setae , which consist of a short simple pointed shaft set on a protuberant , angular and ridged base . the secondary setae impart a scabrous appearance to the larvae . the posterior dorso - lateral organs are well developed . the head is small , smooth , brown , hidden beneath the body .
larvae seem to require six instars to fully develop , and records of seven instars are known . the larva period is variable , depending on the location , time of the year , and the condition of the hostplant . during winter , larval development is very slow , and essentially ceases once the average temperature drops below 15 c . over the warmer months the colonies usually contain larvae at all stages of development although mature larvae occurring outside of the main flight period are likely to be parasitised .
pupae : long cylindrical , rounded anteriorly and posteriorly , about 18 - 22 mm long , dark brown to blackish brown , with a few very short lateral hairs on the abdomen . the surface of the pupa bears a very fine reticulated pattern ( similar to the eggs ) that produces a scabrous appearance . the larvae are strongly attached to the silked substrate by anal hooks and a central girdle , usually to any non - earthen object or surface below ground level within the ant chamber , such as the bark of the host tree or rock or stick or vegetation caught up within the construction of the chamber , or if the colony is large , to the roots of the host tree . sometimes the larvae will pupate within white ant hollowed stumps or fallen boughs next to the base of the host tree , or in the case of camponotus nigriceps in hollowed boughs or cavities higher up in the tree trunk . occasionally the larvae will pupate beneath loose bark near the entrance to the chamber either on the host tree or on the ground , but often these larvae are parasitised . the larvae pupate gregariously together , and sometimes very large numbers of pupae can occur .
the butterflies usually emerge during the morning , and expand and harden their wings either within the chamber entrance if it is large enough , or on the mistletoe host tree up to 2 m above the chamber entrance . the ants do not normally attack the butterflies during this stage ,
although the ants will eventually destroy butterflies that emerge deformed or are unable to exit the chamber for any reason .
the empty pupa shells are also destroyed by the ants , or if they do not do it quickly enough then another pupating larva may remove it to make room for its own pupation .
the pupae are not known to audibly stridulate , although interestingly , the prepupae can stridulate , making a series of audible clicks , which are believed used as a means of communicating with the attendant ants .
the pupa period is highly variable , depending on the location and time of year . in the south mt lofty range the pupa period is about 34 - 35 days in late spring , reducing to about 14 - 24 days in mid - summer and early autumn . in the olary ranges the pupa period is about 33 - 38 days in early spring .
flight period in s . a . : the butterfly flies throughout the warmer months with records from september to early june . in hot northern areas there seems to be 3 flights starting in september - october , where the butterfly tends to start flying earlier and finish later in the season compared to southern areas . the main flight in cool , southern areas occurs in january and february to usually coincide with the flowering of the mistletoe hostplants , which are used for nectaring purposes by the adults . in captivity , a brood can be completed in 12 weeks over summer - early autumn in the south mt lofty range , and this could theoretically account for a much smaller secondary autumn flight that is sometimes witnessed in certain populations , but as with most colonistic lycaenids there is staggered larva development which could also lead to an autumn flight . in the south mt lofty range most of the larvae resulting from eggs laid during summer continue to develop over winter to form next seasons flight . the butterfly over - winters as larvae .
distribution : the butterfly is presently known from the mt lofty , flinders and olary ranges , and the riverland areas of the state . its hostplants are common in the southeast region , but the soil type is mostly white sand or ephemeral wetland in which the likely attendant c . consobrinus ants are unable to live . the butterfly also occurs in vic , nsw and southeast qld .
the habitat between the flinders ranges and broken hill / mildura where the butterfly occurs is similar to the habitat between the flinders range and the nullarbor plain but the butterfly has yet to be seen west of the flinders ranges , even though many concerted efforts have been made to try and find it .
or that the region west of the flinders ranges has suffered a previous relatively recent climatic event ( global warming ) that has eliminated the species from the area .
habitat : the butterfly can occur in a variety of habitats , from moist cool temperate to hot and dry semi - arid conditions . it is not found in arid or alpine areas . limiting factors to its range appear to be a requirement for an average annual minimum temperature between about 6 and 12 c . it is most frequently found in open ( eucalyptus ) woodland , and will sometimes briefly venture into the outer urban environment . the obligate attendant ants are widespread .
conservation status in s . a . : the butterfly is usually rare in its occurrence , but widely distributed . it can sometimes be locally common where it is well established in undisturbed colonies .
author : r . grund , © copyright 25 may 2002 , all rights reserved . last update 16 october 2007 .
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above : dark violet - purple with narrow black margins ( males ) or iridescent bluish - green basal areas of the wings and broad cream patch on the forewings ( females ) . below : grey , forewing basal area brownish - black with a series of pale iridescent bluish - white bars ( males ) females similar to males except forewing has a cream patch , hindwing markings more pronounced . wingspan up to 5 . 5 cm .
butterflies of this species are seldom seen close to the ground . females fly near mistletoe in eucalyptus trees . males can be seen combating rival males on hilltops . the larvae shelter near the base of eucalypt trees during the day and at night feed on mistletoe . they are always accompanied and protected by sugar ants during this journey to feed .
from south - east queensland to south - east south australia . uncommon in victoria .
though both sexes have iridescent wings , male and female butterflies of this species look quite different .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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the bright upper side is only seen when flying , males are distinctly purple , whilst females are aqua blue with a yellow spot . at rest only the underside is seen . caterpillars feed on yellow mistletoe amyema spp . growing on eucalypts . in sa prefer a . miquelii . associated with an attendant ant camponotus sp .
butterfly conservation sa inc . phone : 08 8297 8230 c / - south australian museum north terrace , adelaide south australia 5000 abn : 88 179 165 805
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fenestellidae is a family of bryozoans belonging to the order fenestrida .

the skeleton of its colonies consists of stiff branches that are interconnected by narrower crossbars ( or dissepiments ) .

the individuals of the colony ( or zooids ) inhabit one side of the branches in two parallel rows or two at the branch base and three or more rows further up .

zooids can be recognized as small rimmed pores ( or apertures ) , and in well-preserved specimens the apertures are closed by centrally perforated lids .

the front of the branches carries small nodes in a row or zigzag line between the apertures .

branches split ( or bifurcate ) from time to time giving the colonies a fan-shape or , in the genus archimedes , create an mesh in the shape of an archimedes screw .

like all bryozoans , fenestellids were epifaunal suspension feeders , that occurred between the early ordovician and the triassic .

fossils of this family have been found in marine sediments all over the world .

fenestellidae

tavener - smith , r . 1969 . skeletal structure and growth in the fenestellidae ( bryozoa ) . palaeontology , 12 , 2 , 281–309 .
suárez andrés jl ( 1998 ) briozoos fenestrados de la formación moniello ( devónico ) en el área de arnao . i : fenestellidae . rev esp paleontol 13 : 187–196
bock , p . ; gordon , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of bryozoa . fenestellidae king , 1849 † . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 467945 on 2018 - 07 - 09
the emsian–eifelian succession of nw spain contains an abundant and diverse bryozoan fauna , fenestrates being the most outstanding group . the fenestellidae of the moniello formation ( upper emsian–lower eifelian , asturias , nw spain ) comprise 13 species , four of which are new :
. taking into account species reported in previous studies , the assemblage of fenestellidae of the emsian–eifelian of nw spain is composed of nine genera and 21 species . this fauna shows affinities with that of the lower devonian of bohemia and also to those of the middle devonian of north america , russia , and asia .
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' s large relational database assembled by hundreds of paleontologists from around the world . the two websites and their predecessors have been used by professional researchers , students , and the public since 1998 . the fossilworks copy is refreshed daily . the data are owned by the contributors and the website and software were created by
the paleodb maintains a list of official publications . researchers ask to add entries to the list when they have used the site to download data or conduct analyses . large projects that involve documenting the taxonomic classification of an entire group are called online systematics archives .
kui ei ole märgitud teisiti , siis on lehe sisu kasutatav cc by - nc litsentsi alusel .
full reference : w . king . 1850 . monograph of the permian fossils of england . palaeontographical society 1 - 253
parent taxon : fenestrida according to e . h . gilmour and e . m . snyder 2000
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n . sp . is the earliest and westernmost reported species of the genus , which was previously known to occur in the carboniferous and permian rocks from hungary to tibet .
, particularly on specimen nhmuk pi bz 5834 . this research received support from the synthesys project
, which is financed by european community research infrastructure action under the fp7 “capacities” program , through a grant awarded to j . s . in 2012 ( gb - taf 2129 ) to visit the nhm ( london ) . paul d . taylor ( london ) is thanked for sem imaging of specimen nhmuk pi bz 5834 . catherine reid ( university of canterbury , christchurch ) and an anonymous reviewer are gratefully acknowledged for their helpful , constructive comments .
arbizu m , méndez - bedia i ( 2006 ) el patrimonio natural y cultural de castrillón ( asturias ) : geología , fósiles e historia minera . trab geol 26 : 73–91
arbizu m , garcía - alcalde jl , garcia - lópez s , méndez - bedia i , sánchez de posada lc , soto fm , truyols m , truyols j , álvarez f , méndez c , menéndez jr ( 1979 ) biostratigraphical study of the moniello formation ( cantabrian mountains , asturias , nw spain ) . a contribution to the lower / middle devonian boundary problem . geol palaeontol 13 : 103–124
astrova gg , morozova ip ( 1956 ) about systematics of the order cryptostomata . dokl akad nauk sssr 110 : 661–664 ( in russian )
( bryozoaire cryptostome ) dans le dévonien du sud - est du massif armoricain . bull soc études sci anjou n . s . 8 : 15–22
bigey fp ( 1985 ) biogeography of devonian bryozoa . in : nielsen c , larwood gp ( eds ) bryozoa : ordovician to recent . olsen and olsen , fredensborg , pp 9–23
borg f ( 1926 ) studies on recent cyclostomatous bryozoa . zool bidr uppsala 10 : 181–507
condra ge ( 1902 ) new bryozoa from the coal measures of nebraska . am geol 30 : 337–359
cuffey rj , mckinney fk ( 1979 ) devonian bryozoa . palaeontol spec pap 23 : 307–311
d’orbigny a ( 1850 ) prodrome de paléontologie stratigraphique universelle des animaux mollusques rayonnés , faisant suite ou cours élémentaire de paléontologie et géologie stratigraphique , vol 1 . victor masson , paris , p 392
ehremberg cg ( 1831 ) symbolae physicae , seu icones et descriptiones corporum naturalium novorum aut minus cognitorum , quae ex itineribus per libyam , aegyptum , nubiam , dongalam , syriam , arabiam et habessiniam studio annis 1820–25 redierunt . pars zoologica : v . 4 , animalia evertebrata exclusis insectis
ernst a ( 2010 ) trepostome bryozoans from the lower–middle devonian of nw spain . riv ital paleontol stratigr 116 : 283–308
ernst a ( 2011 ) cryptostome ( ptilodictyine and rhabdomesine ) bryozoa from the lower devonian of nw spain . palaeontographica ( a ) 293 : 147–183
ernst a ( 2012 ) fenestrate bryozoan fauna from the lower–middle devonian of nw spain . n jb geol paläontol abh 264 : 205–247
ernst a ( 2013 ) diversity dynamics and evolutionary patterns of devonian bryozoa . palaeobiodivers palaeoenviron 93 : 45–63
ernst a , buttler c ( 2012 ) cystoporate bryozoans from the lower–middle devonian of nw spain . n jb geol paläontol abh 263 : 261–285
ernst a , schroeder s ( 2007 ) stenolaemate bryozoans from the middle devonian of the rhenish slate massif ( eifel , germany ) . n jb geol paläontol abh 246 : 205–233
ernst a , dorsch t , keller m ( 2011 ) a bryozoan fauna from the santa lucia formation ( lower–middle devonian ) of cantabrian mountains , nw spain . facies 57 : 301–329
goldfuss a ( 1826–1833 ) petrefacta germaniae . zoophytorum reliquiae . 1st part , 1st div . arnz und cie , düsseldorf , 114 + xxxviii p
gen nov . from the upper carboniferous of the east european platform and problem of classification of bryozoans of the order fenestellida . paleontol j 46 : 16–18
hageman s , mckinney fk ( 2010 ) discrimination of fenestrate bryozoan genera in morphospace . palaeontol electron 13 : 1–43
hall j ( 1881 ) bryozoans of the upper heldelberg and hamilton groups . trans albany ( 1883 ) 10 : 1–36
hall j ( 1883 ) bryozoans of the upper heldelberg and hamilton groups . trans albany inst 10 : 145–197
hall j ( 1884 ) bryozoans of the hamilton group . report of the state geologist for the year , 1883 . weeds , parsons and co . , albany , pp 5–61
hall j , simson gb ( 1887 ) corals and bryozoa from the lower heldelberg , upper heldelberg and hamilton groups . geol surv state n y 6 : 265–288
horowitz as , pachut jf , anstey rl ( 1996 ) devonian bryozoan diversity , extinctions and originations . j paleontol 70 : 373–380
king w ( 1849 ) on some families and genera of corals . ann mag nat hist 2 : 388–390
krasnopeeva p ( 1935 ) bryozoans of the middle and upper devonian of altai . mat geol zapad - sibir kraya 20 : 43–84 ( in russian )
lonsdale w ( 1839 ) corals . in : murchison ri ( ed ) the silurian system . part 2 . organic remains . john murray , london , pp 675–694
m’coy f ( 1844 ) a synopsis of the characters of the carboniferous limestone fossils of the ireland . dublin university press , dublin , p 207
mckinney fk , kříž j ( 1986 ) lower devonian fenestrata ( bryozoa ) of the prague basin , barrandian area , bohemia , czechoslovakia . fieldiana geol n . s . 15 : 1–90
méndez - bedia i , soto f , fernández - martínez e ( 1994 ) devonian reef types in the cantabrian mountains ( nw spain ) and their faunal composition . cour forsch - inst senckenberg 172 : 161–183
morozova ip ( 1960 ) bryozoans from the devonian of kuznets and minusin basins . trudy paleontol inst akad nauk sssr 86 : 1–172 ( in russian )
morozova ip ( 2001 ) bryozoans of the order fenestellida . trudy paleontol inst 277 : 1–176 ( in russian )
morozova ip , weiss ob , racki g ( 2006 ) new devonian and carboniferous bryozoans of the holy cross mountains ( central poland ) . paleontol j 40 : 529–540
nekhoroshev vp ( 1926 ) bryozoans of the middle devonian of ne mongolia , with description of a microscopic method of study for fenestellids . trudy geol muz akad nauk sssr 1 : 1–28 ( in russian )
nekhoroshev vp ( 1948 ) bryozoans of the devonian of altai . paleontologiya sssr 3 ( 2 , 1 ) . izdat akad nauk sssr paleontol inst 3 ( 2 , 1 ) : 1–172 ( in russian )
pérez - estaún a , bea f , bastida f , marcos a , martínez - catalán jr , martínez - poyatos d , arenas f , díaz - garcía f , azor a , simancas jf , gonzález - lodeiro f ( 2004 ) la cordillera varisca europea . el macizo ibérico . in : vera ja ( ed ) geología de españa . sge - igme , madrid , pp 19–230
phillips j ( 1841 ) figures and descriptions of the palaeozoic fossils of cornwall , devon , and west somerset ; observed in the course of the ordinance geological survey of that district . longman , brown , green and longmans , london , xii + 231 p
plamenskaya a ( 1991 ) bryozoans of the lower and middle devonian of kazakhstan . in : dubatolov vn , stukalina ga ( eds ) biostratigraphy of the lower and middle devonian of the djulgaro - balkhash provinces . akad nauk sssr inst geol geof novosibirsk 91–111 ( in russian )
počta p ( 1894 ) systême silurien du centre de la bohême par joachim barrande . première partie : recherches paleontologiques , vol viii . tome 1 , p 230
prantl f ( 1928 ) some bryozoans from the koneprusy limestone ( bohemia ) . třídy české akad ročnik xxxvii 10 : 1–3 ( in czech )
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hall , 1885 ( bryozoa ) del devónico de la zona cantábrica . in : díez jb , balbino ac ( eds ) actas i congresso ibérico de paleontologia—xvi jornadas sociedad española de paleontología—viii international meeting of igcp 421 . universidade de évora , évora , pp 293–294
suárez andrés jl , wyse jackson pn , sendino c ( 2014 ) first record of a palaeozoic fenestrate with a secondary zooid - bearing meshwork . in : rosso a , wyse jackson pn , porter j ( eds ) bryozoan studies 2013 . studi trent sci nat 94 : 241–247
, a new unique fenestrate bryozoan genus and species with an encrusting growth habit from the emsian ( devonian ) of nw spain . n jb geol paläontol abh 271 : 229–242
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termier h , termier g ( 1971 ) bryozoaires du paleozoique superieur de l’afghanistan . doc lab géol fac sci lyon 47 : 1–52
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the west peruvian dove or pacific dove ( zenaida meloda ) was first described in 1843 by the swiss naturalist johann jakob baron von tschudi .

it is closely related to the north american white-winged dove ( zenaida asiatica ) , but is now considered a separate species by ornithologists due to genetic and behavioral differences .

specimens are brownish-gray above and gray below , with a bold white wing patch that appears as a brilliant white crescent in flight and is also visible at rest .

adults have a bright blue ( almost indigo ) , featherless patch of skin around each eye .

the legs and feet of adults are red , but unlike z. asiatica , their eyes are brown .

both sexes are similar , but juveniles have a lighter color than adults , they do not have blue eye rings , and their legs and feet are brownish-pink .

west peruvian dove

west peruvian dove ( zenaida meloda ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .
the west peruvian dove is common along the western lowlands . it ranges up to 1000 m along the western foothills of the andes . it also occurs in
the west peruvian dove has brownish - gray upperparts ; gray underparts ; white wing marking ; bright blue eye - patch . similar to : white - winged dove . range does not overlap .
the rest of the morning we spent exploring the azapa valley , where we found peruvian sheartail , burrowing owl and peruvian meadowlark , among others .
the white - winged dove has brownish - gray upperparts ; gray underparts ; white wing marking ; blue eye - patch . similar to : west peruvian dove . range does not overlap . similar to : white - tipped dove . the white - winged dove has conspicuous white on its wings ; white - tipped dove doesn ' t .
the key west quail - dove has dark rusty back , wings ; white cheek stripe ; greenish crown , nape ; pale underparts .
once on board our vehicle , we first drove east into one of the main agricultural valleys in the area , the valley of the lluta river , where we found birds such as west peruvian dove , cinereous conebill , peruvian meadowlark , vermillion flycatcher , bran - coloured flycatcher , hooded siskin , slender - billed finch , andean swift , groove - billed ani , croaking ground dove , chestnut - throated seedeater and the bird of the day , a pair of the very local and uncommon peruvian pigmy owl .
corbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .
the peruvian pigeon has mainly dull purple plumage ; gray wing covert , rumps ; dark gray lower back and tail ; light gray lower underparts ; black bill . similar to : peruvian pigeon . pale - vented pigeon has paler undertail coverts than belly ; peruvian pigeon undertail coverts and belly same color . ranges rarely overlap .
similar to : common ground - dove . the plain - breasted ground - dove does not have a scaly breast ; the common ground - dove has a scaly breast .
the male rudy ground _ dove has rufous upperparts ; gray head and neck ; black spotted wing coverts ; pale brown underparts ; cinnamon and black under - wings . female is gray - brown instead of rufous . similar to : common ground - dove . common ground - dove has scales on breast , common ground - dove does not . similar to : blue - eyed ground - dove . similar to : mourning dove . mourning dove is much larger than ruddy ground - dove .
the zenaida dove has gray and brown plumage ; black spots on back and wings ; blue patch on neck ; pale blue eye - ring . similar to : mourning dove . zenaida dove has blue patch on neck ; mourning dove does not .
the common ground - dove has brown back ; brown wings with black spots ; chestnut primary feathers ; yellow bill with black tip ; pink feathers around the bill . feathers on head and breast have scale - like appearance . north america ' s smallest dove . similar to : inca dove . inca dove has scales on back , common ground - dove does not . similar to : plain - breasted ground - dove . the plain - breasted ground - dove does not have a scaly breast ; the common ground - dove has a scaly breast . similar to : rudy ground - dove . common ground - dove has scales on breast , common ground - dove does not .
~ 28 cm ( 11 in ) . the west peruvian dove is mostly gray . the iris is brown . the orbital skin is broad and bright blue . the bill is black . the tail is gray with a pale terminal band . it has a white band on the wing , which is readily seen in flight . it is similar to the
the blue - eyed ground - dove can be differentiated from the ruddy ground - dove by its rufous head ; whitish throat , vent .
the peruvian pigeon has mainly dull purple plumage ; gray wing covert , rumps ; dark gray lower back and tail ; black bill ; red iris , eye - ring . similar to : pale - vented pigeon . pale - vented pigeon has paler undertail coverts than belly ; peruvian pigeon undertail coverts and belly same color . ranges rarely overlap .
the black - winged ground - dove has a yellow patch beneath the eye .
starting early morning , we devoted this last day of our birding trip to seabirds , taking a boat from the port of arica into the waters of the rich humboldt current in the pacific . this boat trip got us specialties such as humboldt penguin , inca tern , peruvian diving petrel , peruvian pelican , peruvian booby , southern and northern giant petrels , cape petrel ; white - chinned petrel , wilson’s , elliot’s and markham’s storm petrels , red - legged and guanay cormorants , south american tern and yellow - crowned night heron .
the white - faced dove has white tip on tail ; brown upperparts and wings ; purple gloss to hindneck ; light underparts ; whiteface ; white partial eye - ring . similar to : white - tipped dove . white - faced dove has white partial eye - ring ; white - tipped dove has no eye - ring .
the inca dove has a gray - brown body with a scaly appearance ; long tail ; white under - tail . despite the name they do not occur in any area were the inca empire used to be . similar to : common ground - dove . inca dove has scales on back , common ground - dove does not .
the white - tipped dove has broad white tip on tail , best seen from below or in flight ; gray - brown upperparts and wings ; light underparts ; rufous under - wing ; gray head , nape ; pale forehead , throat ; red or blue eye - ring . similar to : white - faced dove . white - faced dove has white partial eye - ring ; white - tipped dove has no eye - ring . similar to : white - winged dove . the white - winged dove has conspicuous white on its wings ; white - tipped dove doesn ' t .
dove is a brand of american ice cream ; their
dove bar
, featuring a vanilla ice cream filling with a thin chocolate coating , is particularly well known .
the bridled quail - dove is a shy , secretive , and inconspicuous medium - sized ground - dwelling dove typically found foraging among leaf litter in mountainous forests and lowland woodlands .
a rope bridge over a gorge in the peruvian andes snaps , sending five people plunging to their deaths . a priest sets out to find out more about the life of each of the victims .
the purple - winged ground - dove population is estimated to number 50 to 249 individuals .
the grenada dove has olive - brown upperparts ; dark wings ; white forehead , breast .
the tolima dove is found ( east slope of the colombian andes from tolima to huila .
the russet - crowned quail - dove is found at elevations of 750 to 1600 m .
common names for these birds involve much variation between
dove
and
pigeon
.
symbol of love and peace . according to the biblical story , a dove was released by
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . west peruvian dove ( zenaida meloda ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the ecuadorian ground - dove has smooth grayish - brown upperparts ; dull pinkish - gray underparts .
the golden - spotted ground - dove has a patch of golden colored spots beneath its shoulder .
the scaled dove has grayish - brown upperparts ; pinkish - gray face , breast ; white throat . the dove is gets its
scaled
appearance from the dark edges of the birds feathers .
the croaking ground - dove has yellow at base of bil ; black pimaries , wing - bar .
west nile virus ; though they can contract it , they do not appear to be able to transmit it . in fact , they are no longer monitored as an indication of the presence of the virus in the area ( as
the tuxtula quail - dove is an endangered species which is now severely fragmented in three areas on two volcanoes . it was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the purplish - backed quail - dove of central america .
the white - fronted quail - dove has dark purplish upperparts ; lack of facial stripes ; bold white forehead .
the lined quail - dove has a puplish mantle ; intricate face pattern . it is a poorly known species .
this lovely little dove was once considered a population of the white - winged dove . called the cuculí in peru for its lovely and distinctive song , it’s also sometimes called the pacific dove . well - adapted to both urbanization and agriculture , it’s expanding its range south in chile and has even been reported across the andes in northwestern argentina .
the mourning doves is name for their sound . it has gray and brown plumage ; black spots on back and wings ; pale blue eye - ring . millions are killed each year by hunters , but they are prolific breeders . similar to : eared dove . range does not overlap except near junction of north and south america and there interbreeding may be problematic . similar to : ruddy ground - dove . mourning dove is much larger than ruddy ground - dove .
the crested quail - dove has purple - rufous upperparts ; reddish primary and secondaries ; gray head with gray crest .
the gray - headed dove has gray - brown back , wings ; gray head ; pale underparts ; yellow eyes .
early morning we headed back west and spent the first hours of the day exploring the valley of chaca , looking for our main target , the critically endangered and scarce chilean woodstar , plus some other birds we saw like oasis hummingbird , cinereous conebill and hooded siskin .
the moreno ' s ground - dove has brown upperparts ; gray underparts ; orange orbital skn around eyes ; pnikish legs .
the buff - fronted quail - dove has dark reddish - brown upperparts ; gray underparts ; gray head with buff forehead .
the band - tailed pigeon has mainly gray plumage ; white belly ; green iridescence on back of neck with white arc above ; yellow bill , feet . similar to : rock dove . band - trailed pigeon has white stripe on nape ; rock dove does not . band - trailed pigeon has yellow bill with black tip ; rock dove does not have yellow on its bill .
the pallied dove has gray crown , nape ; chesnut - brown back , wings ; pale underparts ; white - tipped tail .
the olive - backed quail - dove has white forehead , throat , cheek stripe ; black malar stripe ; reddish - buff flanks .
the chiriqui quail - dove has maroon to rufous upperparts ; gray crown , nape ; rufous breast ; red eyes ; reddish legs .
the white - faced quail - dove has a pale face and does not have a dark malar stripe ; faint eye - line .
the quail - doves have ranges from southern mexico and central america to the west indies and south america . quail - doves are ground - dwelling birds that live , nest , and feed in dense forests . they are remarkable for their purple to brown coloration with light - and - dark facial markings .
noah after the flood in order to find land ; it came back carrying an olive branch , telling noah that , somewhere , there was land . a dove with an olive branch has since then come to symbolize peace . in christian iconography , a dove also symbolizes the
the gray - fronted quail - dove has dark gray upperparts with blue and purple iridescence ; paler underparts ; gray crown with white forehead .
the ruddy quail - dove has ruddy - brown upperparts , lighter underparts ; broad pale stripe under the eye . male darker than female .
the indigo - crowned quail - dove has brownish - purple upperparts ; purple crown ; white forehead , cheeks , belly ; black malar stripe .
columbiformes . in general parlance the terms
dove
and
pigeon
are used somewhat interchangeably . in ornithological practice there is a tendency for
dove
to be used for smaller species and
pigeon
for larger ones , but this is in no way consistently applied , and historically the
ecstasy pills are also sometimes referred to as
doves
, due to a well - known
brand
of pills featuring an embossed dove .
the blue - headed quail - dove has mainly cinnamon colored plumage ; white cheek stripe ; black eye - line ; cobalt blue head ; black bib outlined in white .
the purplish - backed quali - dove has brown upperparts with purplish tinged mantle ; gray breast ; light brown flanks ; white face ; black malar stripe and loral line .
several species of pigeon or dove are used as food , and probably any could be ; the powerful breast muscles characteristic of the family make excellent meat . in europe the
the violaceous quail - dove is foundin argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , costa rica , ecuador , nicaragua , panama , paraguay , peru , suriname , and venezuela .
the bare - faced ground - dove has grayish - brown upperparts with pale feather edges ; gray with pink or buffy tinged underparts ; yellow to orange orbital skin around eyes .
the eared dove has mainly olive - brown upperparts with black spots on wings ; gray crown ; black line behind eye ; pale blue - black spot at ear region ; reddish underparts ; black bill ; red legs . similar to : mourning dove . range does not overlap except near junction of north and south america and there interbreeding may be problematic .
the ochre - bellied dove has mainly dark olive upperparts ; whitish - pink forehead becoming rusty - pink on crown ; purple hindcrown , mantle ; buff neck ; vinaceous breast ; whitish or ochre belly .
the sapphire quail - dove has mix of green , gold , and purplish iridescences over the head and upperparts ; pale gray underparts ; white forehead ; broad white cheek stripe ; black below the cheek stripe .
the male socorro dove has deep crimson head , underparts ; blue - gray nape ; rufous brown underparts . female is slightly duller . it has been extinct in wild , but a reintroduction program has started .
olympic games , at various anti - war / anti - violence protests , etc . ) , and in pacifist literature . a person who is a pacifist is sometimes referred to as a dove ( similarly , in
the gray - fronted dove has a blue - gray crown ; whitish forehead , throat ; whitish underparts with pink - buff on the breast ; brown wings ; rufous under - wing ; yellow eyes with red eye - ring ; black bill ; legs red .
the columbiformes order contains just one family , the columbidae which is comprised of dove and pigeon species . they have small heads , short legs , and four unwebbed toes . all columbiformes are monogamous . unlike most other birds they are capable of drinking by sucking up water , without needing to tilt the head back .
the male blue ground - dove has blue - gray upperparts ; paler gray underparts ; gray - white face ; wings have bold black spots often arranged to form bands ; red or yellow iris ; green eye - ring ; pink legs . female has ruddy upperparts ; gray - brown breast , head , neck ; chestnut - brown wing spots ; pale blue - gray underwings , belly ; chestnut rump , tail .
the maroon - cheast ground - dove has reddish - eyes ; pink legs ; blackish - violet wing - bars . male has dark blue - gray upperparts ; whitish forehead , throat ; dark maroon breast ; blackish primary feathers ; dark gray on underwings . female has gray - brown head ; brownish forehead , mainly white throat ; dark brown crown , nape , back ; brown - gray breast , flanks ; paler and grayer belly ; grayish - ocre undertail coverts ; brownish rump .
departing from our scenic hotel in quintero , we drove east into the heart of mediterranean chile , la campana national park in the costal range . this is a hotspot for chilean endemics , and consequently produced chilean mockingbird , moustached turca , white - throated tapaculo and dusky - tailed canastero , all endemic to chile , plus the near - endemic chilean pigeon , chilean flicker , striped woodpecker and black - chested buzzard - eagle . after leaving the park we drove back west and then up north along the coast to cachagua , home to one of the few remaining breeding colonies of the endangered humboldt penguin . here we could watch several groups resting in the rocks of the islet where they nest in burrows . while at this , we watched a lone great shrike - tyrant fly from the coast to the rocky slope of the island in front of us , where it stood perched long enough to allow for good views through the scope . we later visited a little river where we had close views of red - gartered coot and great grebe , among others , and a pair of snowy plover in the sandy beach .
this day we birded the surroundings of putre , this picturesque village nestled in the hills of the pre - andean zone , and with several different habitats which produced specialties such as spot - winged pigeon , bare - faced ground dove , andean hillstar , plain - breasted earthcreeper , streaked tit - spinetail , creamy - breasted canastero , canyon canastero , yellow - billed tit - tyrant , spot - billed ground tyrant , d’orbigny’s chat - tyrant , white - browed chat - tyrant , chiguanco thrush , blue - and - yellow tanager , tamarugo conebill , black - throated flowerpiercer , mourning sierra finch , greenish yellow finch , band - tailed seedeater and hooded siskin .
previously considered conspecific with z . asiatica , and these two were thought perhaps to be more closely related to columba than to most other members of zenaida ; genetic data confirm monophyly of genus , and also suggest that present species and z . asiatica are each other’s closest relatives but separate species , thus backing up the differences noted between them in vocalizations and morphology # r . monotypic .
pacific coast of south america from sw ecuador to n chile ( arica s to coquimbo ) .
; lacks pink tinge on crown , and nape , and this is replaced by grey ; buff face and neck replaced by . . .
coastal valleys and plains , and arid open savanna ; frequents city parks in arica , n chile . . . .
no precise information available , but probably similar in habits to z . asiatica .
in sw ecuador , breeds as scattered pairs , never in colonies . lays 2 eggs , white rather than buffish as in
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . no population or census data available from ecuador or peru , but in chile species is rapidly expanding its range s , and has recently . . .
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josep del hoyo , daniêl jimenez , greg baker , juan sanabria , keith and lynn youngs , hector ceballos - lascurain , agustin carrasco , javier jerez cuzmar , keith blomerley .
hector ceballos - lascurain , auf , wim ten have , daniel martínez pina , jmm , oti , paul van giersbergen , mathieu waldeck , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , jorgeschlemmer , delareina , lochfitty , luis r figueroa , roger ahlman , jacob . wijpkema , igor alyson alencar oliveira , nature expeditions peru , lars petersson , lui pagano , helbert e . noventa , cock reijnders , agustin carrasco , samantha klein , ken havard .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
desert all green with herbs owing to
el niño
. reference : a : 118 - 123 ( zenmelx1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
desert all green with herbs owing to
el niño
. reference : b 526 - 533 ( zenmelq1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 521 side a track 24 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 521 side a track 23 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 521 side a track 5 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 24 side a track 24 seq . b )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
: in honor to the wife of french ornithologist prince bonaparte ( zenaide laetitia julie – princess bonaparte ) .
schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .
material published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )
contribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as uncommon to abundant ( gibbs et al . 2001 ) . trend justification : the population has expanded its range south ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) .
1 . forest - > 1 . 5 . forest - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 2 . savanna - > 2 . 1 . savanna - dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 5 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 5 . artificial / terrestrial - urban areas suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 6 . artificial / terrestrial - subtropical / tropical heavily degraded former forest suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : no
gibbs , d . ; barnes , e . ; cox , j . 2001 . pigeons and doves : a guide to the pigeons and doves of the world . pica press , robertsbridge , u . k .
iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .
stotz , d . f . , fitzpatrick , j . w . , parker , t . a . and moskovits , d . k . 1996 . neotropical birds : ecology and conservation . university of chicago press , chicago .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .
have you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 293 , 698 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
all writing , images , videos , and sound recordings by laura erickson ( unless otherwise noted ) , 1986 - 2018 . all rights reserved . for permissions , email laura .
birds are a facet of travel , like tasting a region ' s food or learning about it ' s architecture . look up in the sky when you travel , and ask yourself , ' what species of bird is that ? ' the act of asking that question is the act of keeping a bird life list . you don ' t need to be an avid birdwatcher to start a list . but the act of keeping one can become an amazing traveler ' s tool , helping you connect fragments of observed knowledge about botany , habitat and geography .
wherever you go . they are in the city and in the country ; they are in every habitat , including above the oceans far from land . you also cannot avoid birdwatchers wherever you go - they too are in the city and country , out there in the desert and above the ocean ; a constant in travel . as a traveler , i have learned to appreciate both birds and the people who pursue them .
in the form of a bird life list , i ' ve adopted the same passion and addiction as any birdwatcher out there , and i am not bothered by the strange way non - birdwatchers act around discussion of tallying a list of birds . however , i have always perceived birding differently than most birdwatchers . the way i approach it is not as a hobby , per se , but as an inseparable aspect of travel , as vital to the traveler ' s palette as tasting local food or talking to the locals .
birding is a life - long lesson in biology , distribution and geography , and keeping a list of all the birds i have seen in my life pushes me to find new places and habitats on the road . a birdwatcher learns to see in a very different way than non - birders ; making anybody who pursues birds on the road much more likely to observe things about a place than those who don ' t . i talk about this in my notes from the bahia palace in marrakech , morocco .
as of muscovy duck , my bird life list includes 1 , 161 species , or about eleven percent of the species in the world . my bird life list is organized by taxonomy , and includes marker and watercolor sketches throughout .
i also keep a butterfly life list , a dragonfly life list , a reptile life list and an amphibian life list , although i continue to work on identifying these challenging identifications .
i have photographed and written about green herons in several regions in notes from the road , as they were one of the first birds to spike my interest in habitat and distribution . check out my piece on bakers bay , bahamas , which includes a photo of a green heron in the abacos , and my other green heron sketch from costa rica .
also called the savannah vulture . i saw my first at , you guessed , it , the best place to find vultures - a garbage dump in mexico . lesser yellow - headed vultures are spectacular birds , with dense and varied coloration on their featherless heads .
tufted puffins are easier to see than you think . in the spring and summer in oregon , volunteers help people see these beautiful birds at haystack rock in cannon beach . but you don ' t need to sit in front of a scope to see one . i like to stand in the surf and watch them from there . they key is to differentiate them from the other seabirds . they are small , and they fly like a football being thrown : fast and determined . sometimes , they will drop low enough that you can see them up close from the surf . get your feet wet , and you ' ll see them without the aid of somebody else ' s scope .
i saw this species when birds of the north pacific were still considered thayer ' s gulls . they were lumped together in 2017 .
i love the mysterious potoos , and although i have only seen a few , i have managed to photograph each one . i write about them on my
read about how i discovered the northern - most record of the pearly - eyed thrasher on great abaco , bahamas .
i picked up my 1229th life bird in portland , oregon . this bird summers in the american desert southwest , but winters on the pacific coast of mexico , and as far south as belize . somehow , an individual went the wrong way and ended up helping to keep portland weird .
© 2018 erik gauger . all text , photographs , illustrations , sketches and design created by the author . css responsive web design by hans gauger .
for your convenience , all our tours can be paid with credit card , using our secure payment system and with no extra charge .
many thanks for making all the arrangements for our tour . we very much enjoyed the tour and our time in chile and hope to return some day to see other parts of your country
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after meeting at the hotel in santiago , we drove to el yeso valley in the andes mountains , to start our birding trip . we gradually started climbing up in altitude until reaching more than 2 , 500m above sea level , driving up a mountain road following the valley into the andes . on our way up we stopped several times to look for birds like the endemics chilean mockingbird and moustached turca , american kestrel , austral blackbird , long - tailed meadowlark and common diuca finch , but unquestionable the highlight was the endemic crag chilia , one of our target species for the day , of which we saw no less than five birds that presented us with very good and close views . further up the road we found snow blocking the way , and despite using a spade to clear it at times , the snow proved to be a little too much and we stopped a little bit below 3 , 000m above sea level .
early morning we headed back east to explore the wetlands of lampa in the vicinity of santiago , which produced andean goose , cinereous harrier , correndera pipit and winnowing south american snipes all around and above us . we then drove further east and again into the andes up the farellones road , climbing up to more than 3 , 000m above sea level winding our way up flanked by imposing peaks , and where we found black - billed shrike - tyrant , mountain caracara , greater yellow finch , rufous - banded miner , rufous - naped ground tyrant and one of the birds of the day , the majestic andean condor . after this we returned back to the hotel in the evening , thus ending our birding adventure in central chile .
after meeting at the airport in santiago , we flew to arica , capital of chile´s northernmost province , to start our birding trip .
after this promising start , we headed further east into the pre - andean or pre - puna zone , to the village of putre , to spend the night .
at the end of this productive day , we retired to the comfort of our hotel to rest and prepare for next day’s birding .
an early survey in the outskirts of town gave us the chance to see ornate tinamou , variable hawk and band - tailed seedeater , among others . we then started climbing to the high andean plateau or altiplano , stopping at an andean bog en route to parinacota for andean goose , rufous - bellied seedsnipe , grey - breasted seedsnipe , puna snipe , aplomado falcon , cream - winged and white - winged cinclodes , andean negrito , puna and white - fronted ground tyrant , plumbeous sierra finch , white - throated sierra finch , ash - breasted sierra finch and white - winged diuca finch . once in parinacota and chungara lake we found lesser ( puna ) rhea , puna teal , james’s and chilean flamingos , puna ibis , giant coot , slate - coloured coot , andean gull , andean flicker , puna miner , cordilleran canastero and andean swallow , before heading back to putre for the night .
to end this day we spent the afternoon birding the productive mouth of the lluta river , which yielded among others white - cheeked pintail , little blue heron , common gallinule , killdeer , american oystercatcher , greater and lesser yellowlegs , wilson’s phalarope , grey gull , belcher’s gull , dark - faced ground tyrant and american kestrel .
after sailing back to arica , we briefly stopped at the “morro” , the cliff which dominates the city , to enjoy the view and watch the hundreds of turkey vulture and the resident pair of peregrine falcon , after which we headed to the airport , ending this birding trip to northern chile .
bottle - nosed dolphin ( tursiops truncatus ) 10 ind . inside the bay of quintero
far south expeditions , manuel señoret # 610 , cp 6202473 , punta arenas , chile | send your correspondence to p . o . box 920 , punta arenas , chile | phone : + 56 . 61 . 261 - 5793
even though i’m afraid of the ocean , plesiosaurus is my absolute favorite dino . they just look like good long boys .
demisexual spinosaurus requested by @ poptart - puppy this one looks particularly happy with life and honestly , goals . click for better quality ! !
genderfluid therizinosaurus for @ a - dinosaur - a - day ‘s dinosaur pride month ! if rad scythe claws can be used multiple ways , you can identify as multiple genders .
in honor of pride month , we’d like to spotlight our two male therizinosaurus , logan and harvey . they’ve been partners for over a year now , and often show intimate behavior such as nuzzling . we love and support them .
had a great day at the field museum today with @ a - dinosaur - a - day , @ fezraptor , and @ artisticthingem . expect plenty of fails…
footage of @ fezraptor , @ a - dinosaur - a - day , and @ palaeofail - explained right before being eaten by sue the t . rex
selfie my face palaeoblr palaeofail fezraptor me sue field museum sue the t . rex tyrannosaurus rex
please support us on patreon . each and every donation helps to keep this blog running ! any amount , even one dollar is appreciated ! if you enjoy this content , please consider donating !
here it is - the last presbyornithid , potentially the largest , and definitely the weirdest . known from the namba and etadunna formations of south australia , it lived much later than any other presbyornithid we’ve seen - about 26 to 24 million years ago , in the chattian of the oligocene - w . prideauxi living in the earlier etadunna formation , and evolving directly into w . telfordi in the namba formation . wilaru prideauxi , the older species , was slightly larger than w . telfordi , but also more stout and bulky . both are more stout than their earlier cousin presbyornis . wilaru was also , morphologically speaking , similar to modern screamers , indicating it’s possible that the presbyornithids were more closely related to screamers than to the magpie - geese .
wilaru was adapted for a more terrestrial lifestyle than other presbyornithids , with a spur on its foot that could be used in fighting , a trait seen in some modern ducks and geese . wilaru probably had the sexes differ in terms of these spurs , with males having them and females having reduced ones . this also means that wilaru was an extremely aggressive genus of dinosaur - it would have used these spurs to fight between each other for mates and territory , as well as to fight off predators in their environment . however , given that mostly males appear to support these spurs , they probably did the bulk of the fighting . these spurs were also not present in earlier presbyornithids , such as presbyornis , indicating that wilaru was not very social either , and lived mostly alone or in pairs . wilaru , thus , would have been the presbyornithid you would not have wanted to mess with . the feet of wilaru were better adapted for supporting its weight on the land , similar to modern screamers , indicating it may have lived primarily in savannahs and wetlands , near sources of water but not in them . this is an utter disconnect from the semi - aquatic presbyornithids of the past .
this transition to a more terrestrial way of life may reflect a more specialized diet , as has occurred with other anseriformes ( the family of ducks and geese ) that transitioned to terrestrial life . it’s entirely possible that wilaru was a more specialized herbivore than its previous relatives . given that wilaru evolved a full 25 million years after other presbyornithids , this gave the wilaru lineage plenty of time to adapt to a more herbivorous and terrestrial lineage - and may have allowed wilaru to survive long after other presbyornithids had died out . whether or not they had webbed feet is in question , but it is still possible that they retained their webbing - or that they completely lost it . it appears that wilaru is most closely related ( or at least most similar ) to telmabates , another southern hemisphere presbyornithid ; indicating a separation in the northern and southern lineages of these birds .
boles , w . e . , m . a . finch , r . h . hofheins , p . vickers - rich , m . walters , t . h . rich . 2013 . a fossil stone - curlew ( aves : burhinidae ) form the late oligocene / early miocene of south australia . paleornithological research 2013 : proceedings of the 8th international meeting of the society of avian paleontology and evolution , vienna , 2012 . naturhistorisches museum wien : 43 - 61 .
de pietri , v . l . , r . p . scofield , n . zelenkov , w . e . boles , t . h . worthy . 2016 . the unexpected survival of an ancient lineage of anseriform birds into the neogene of australia : the youngest record of presbyornithidae . royal society open science 3 : 150635 .
referred species : p . isoni , p . mongoliensis , p . pervetus , p . recurvirostrus
here it is - the titular flamingo duck ! presbyornis was an extremely common and vital part of early paleogene communities , and given it has relatives from the late cretaceous , forms a bridge across to demonstrate a major group of dinosaurs that survived the end - cretaceous extinction . it is known from both asia and north america , a fairly wide distribution . specifically it’s been found in the naran bulak formation of mongolia ; the margaret formation of nunavut , canada ; the aquia formation of maryland ; the colton formation and green river formations of utah ; and the bridger formation and wasatch formation of wyoming . given these locations and the placement of presbyornis within them , it seems this bird lived from 62 million years ago to 48 . 6 million years ago - from the danian of the paleocene to the ypresian of the eocene . this indicates this bird was present immediately after the end - cretaceous extinction , and persisted through the early eocene .
presbyornis was very distinct in its appearance - a duck - like skull , long and slender neck , and extremely long legs , with shallow muscle attachment sites on the wings and less fused bones of the legs . some species were about goose sized , while others were larger , about the size of swans . they also have shorter bones around the eye sockets , thinner backs of the head , and larger holes on the sides of the skull than your usual bird . this gave presbyornis and its relatives a slightly more ancestral body plan than modern ducks , though it wouldn’t have been extremely evident on the outside . still , it’s unique combination of duck and flamingo - like characteristics decidedly make presbyornis ( and its relatives ) distinctive dinosaurs of the earliest part of the cenozoic era . presbyornis and its relatives were filter - feeding birds , feeding upon plankton in shallow lakes . it is possible , in addition , that while filter feeding they dabbled in the lakes they lived in , and had a lot of similarities in feeding style to the modern dabbling ducks .
given that presbyornis itself has been found in huge bonebeds of thousands of bones , especially in the green river formation , it was probably very social like modern ducks and geese - living in flocks of many hundreds , even thousands , of individuals . they also may have had webbed feet and large claws on these webbed feet , a distinct foot structure from modern ducks and geese . presbyornis was also probably sexually dimorphic in skeletal size , though that hasn’t been thoroughly studied yet . they primarily congregated around shallow bodies of water to feed , which were present extensively in north america at the time , and probably were in mongolia as well ( given the presence of fossil presbyornis there ) . presbyornis and its relatives are entirely absent from ocean environments , indicating they were strictly fresh - water or inland animals . this wasn’t an absolute rule , however - the weirdest , and one of the last , presbyornithids will break all the rules for the group , as we’ll see tomorrow .
dyke , g . j . 2001 . the fossil waterfowl ( aves : anseriformes ) from the eocene of england . american museum novitates 3354 : 1 - 15 .
hardy , j . w . 1959 . a previously undescribed recurvirostrid from the eocene of utah . auk 76 ( 1 ) : 106 - 108
kurochkin , e . n . , g . j . dyke , a . a . karhu . 2002 . a new presbyornithid bird ( aves , anseriformes ) from the late cretaceous of southern mongolia . american museum novitates 3386 : 1 - 11 .
kurochkin , e . n . , g . j . dyke . 2010 . a large collection of presbyornis ( aves , anseriformes , presbyornithidae ) from the late paleocene and early eocene of mongolia . geological journal 45 : 375 - 387 .
mayr , g . 2009 . paleogene fossil birds . springer - verlag berlin heidelberg .
murphy , p . c . 1996 . depositional setting and fauna on the omomys quarry , a possible owl site in the bridger formation ( middle eocene ) of southwestern wyoming . in : fifty - sixth annual meeting . society of vertebrate paleontology , abstracts of papers . journal of vertebrate paleontology 16 ( 3 , suppl . ) : 55a .
olson , s . l . 1994 . a giant presbyornis ( aves : anseriformes ) and other birds from the paleocene aquia formation of maryland and virginia . proceedings of the biological society of washington 107 ( 3 ) : 429 - 435 .
stidham , t . a . , j . j . eberle . 2016 . the palaeobiology of high latitude birds from the early eocene greenhouse of ellesmere island , arctic canada . scientific reports 6 ( 20912 ) : 1 - 8 .
wetmore , a . 1926 . fossil birds from the green river deposits of eastern utah . annals of the carnegie museum 16 : 391 - 402 .
an ongoing dinosaur encyclopaedia . by meig dickson ( she / her or ey / em ) , henry thomas ( he / him ) , josé c . cortés ( he / him ) , †jack wood ( he / him ) , scott reid ( he / him ) , and ripley cook ( she / her ) support us on patreon index faq
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : zenaida meloda . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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special thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .
range data provided by infonatura / natureserve and urltoken . ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa . additional updates and changes by urltoken 2016 .
birds of peru , thomas s . schulenberg , douglas f . stotz , daniel f . lane , john p . o ' neill , theodore a . parker iii
ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
claravis doves have red eyes and pink legs , and the plumages of the males are primarily light gray - blue , and the females are primarily brown . both sexes have a series of distinctive spots or bands on the wings . they are fairly arboreal for ground doves . claravis doves have a distinct fast and rocking flight pattern .
small ground doves found in the new world . their under - wings are reddish .
new world tropical and subtropical doves . mainly found in central america , northern south america , and the caribbean . they generally have pale forehead , underparts ; darker back , wings . these species are mainly ground dwelling .
new world pigeons . diverged from the genus columba over 8 million years ago .
the bare - eyed pigeon is found in aruba , colombia , netherlands antilles , and venezuela . it has blue scaled neck patch , white edged wing ; reddish - brown and black bare orbital skin .
the chilean pigeon has mainly dark gray plumage ; thin white collar on rear nape ; reddish underparts .
the plain pigeon has mainly blue - gray plumage with a rose wash ; white leading edge of folded wing ; dark red legs .