the grey-headed bulbul ( pycnonotus priocephalus ) is a member of the bulbul family , pycnonotidae .

it is endemic to the western ghats in south-western india , and found from goa south to tamil nadu at altitudes up to 1200m .

it is found in dense reeds or thickets mainly near rivers and swampy areas inside forests .

they have a distinctive call that reveals their presence inside dense vegetation that makes them hard to spot .

their taxonomic position within the bulbuls is not clear .

grey - headed bulbul

select an image : 1 . grey - headed bulbul 2 . grey - headed bulbul > > feeding 3 . grey - headed bulbul 4 . grey - headed bulbul 5 . grey - headed bulbul 6 . grey - headed bulbul 7 . grey - headed bulbul > > adult 8 . grey - headed bulbul 9 . grey - headed bulbul 10 . grey - headed bulbul 11 . grey - headed bulbul 12 . grey - headed bulbul > > habitat 13 . grey - headed bulbul > > calling 14 . grey - headed bulbul 15 . grey - headed bulbul 16 . grey - headed bulbul 17 . grey - headed bulbul 18 . grey - headed bulbul 19 . grey - headed bulbul 20 . grey - headed bulbul 21 . grey - headed bulbul 22 . grey - headed bulbul 23 . grey - headed bulbul 24 . grey - headed bulbul 25 . grey - headed bulbul 26 . grey - headed bulbul 27 . grey - headed bulbul 28 . grey - headed bulbul 29 . grey - headed bulbul 30 . grey - headed bulbul 31 . grey - headed bulbul 32 . grey - headed bulbul 33 . grey - headed bulbul > > female at nest
nobody uploaded sound recordings for grey - headed bulbul ( brachypodius priocephalus ) yet .
grey - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus priocephalus ) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .
nesting success of grey - headed bulbul was estimated from 47 intensively monitored nests by different methods .
the grey - headed bulbul began arriving at the study sites by the third week of december .
however , no brood parasitism was observed in the grey - headed bulbul nests during this study .
the grey - headed bulbul is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
grey - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus priocephalus ) was sighted recently by c . subramanian at siruvani in coimbatore forest division .
behavioural plasticity , foraging behaviour , grey - headed bulbul , mixed - species flocks , pycnonotus priocephalus , western ghats .
within the study sites , the distribution and breeding of grey - headed bulbul was recorded only in the evergreen forests .
information on the grey - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus priocephalus ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
other synonyms catalan : bulbul de front groc czech : bulbul šedohlavý danish : gråhovedet bulbul german : graukopfbülbül english : gray headed bulbul , gray - headed bulbul , grey headed bulbul , grey - headed bulbul spanish : bulbul cabecigrís , bulbul de cabeza gris spanish ( spain ) : bulbul cabecigrís finnish : harmaakaulusbulbuli , harmaapääbulbuli french : bulbul colombar hungarian : szürkefejű bülbül italian : bulbul testagrigia , bulbul testagrigia indiano japanese : haigashirahiyodori japanese : ハイガシラヒヨドリ latin : b [ rachypus ] . priocephalus , brachypodius priocephalus , pycnonotus priocephalus lithuanian : pilkagalvis bulbiulis malayalam : ചാരത്തലയൻ ബുൾബുൾ dutch : grijskopbuulbuul , grijskop - buulbuul norwegian : gråhodebylbyl polish : bilbil szaroglowy , bilbil szarogłowy portuguese : tuta - de - cabeça - cinzenta russian : сероголовый бюльбюль , сероголовый настоящий бюльбюль slovak : bylbyl žltočelý swedish : gråhuvad bulbyl tamil : sambalthaalai chinnaan chinese : 灰头鹎 chinese ( traditional ) : 灰頭鵯
- morning visit to bondla wildlife sanctuary ( wls ) for malabar trogon , flame - throated bulbul , grey - headed bulbul , oriental dwarf kingfisher , blue - faced malkoha , crested hawk eagle , grey - fronted green pigeon . . .
i found 47 nests of grey - headed bulbul , 14 , 15 and 18 nests during 2003 , 2004 and 2005 breeding seasons respectively from silent valley .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - grey - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus priocephalus )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - grey - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus priocephalus )
title =
arkive species - grey - headed bulbul ( pycnonotus priocephalus )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
the results of the present study show that timing of breeding and developmental periods of grey - headed bulbul is similar to that of many congeners or other tropical species .
1998 ; mittermeier et al . 1999 ) suggests that any further deterioration of the breeding habitats might seriously hamper the long - term survival of grey - headed bulbul .
the average clutch size of grey - headed bulbul was 1 . 53 ± 0 . 50 eggs with half of the nests producing a single egg ( table 1 ) .
owing to these attributes together with continuing habitat loss and degradation , it is essential to understand key life history traits including developmental periods and survival rates of grey - headed bulbul .
i located and monitored nests of grey - headed bulbul during three breeding seasons from the arrival ( december ) to the dispersal of the birds ( june ) in 2003 through 2005 .
the grey - headed bulbul pycnonotus priocephalus is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds . it is endemic to the western ghats of south - west india , found from goa south to tamil nadu , at altitudes up to 1200m .
a grey - headed bulbul ( pyconotus priocephalus ) endemic to western ghats sighted near siruvani in coimbatore forest division recently . photo : special arrangement | photo credit : handout _ e _ mail
balakrishnan p . 2010 . parental care strategies of grey - headed bulbul , pycnonotus priocephalus in the western ghats , south india . current science , 98 ( 5 ) : 673 - 680 .
the overall mayfield nest success of grey - headed bulbul was low at 10 . 79 % ( with 24 . 97 % for egg stage and 60 . 01 % for the nestling stage ; table 2 ) compared to that of yellow - browed bulbul
i recorded 20 , 23 and 25 pairs of grey - headed bulbul from the intensive study area during 2003 , 2004 and 2005 breeding seasons respectively and a total of 54 nests during this period .
breeding of grey - headed bulbul is highly seasonal ( january - may ; fig . 1 ) and coincides with high fruit availability and absence of high rainfall ( fig . 2 , 3 ) .
“a pair of grey - headed lapwing ( vanellus cinereus ) preening and bathing in the very early morning light ( above , below ) .
balakrishnan , p . ( 2011 ) : breeding biology of the grey - headed bulbul pycnonotus priocephalus ( aves : pycnonotidae ) in the western ghats . india . journal of threatened taxa 3 : 1415–1424 .
balakrishnan , p . ( 2007 ) : status , distribution and ecology of the grey - headed bulbul pycnonotus priocephalus in the western ghats , india . ph . d . thesis , bharathiar university , coimbatore
the average clutch size of grey - headed bulbul was 1 . 53 ± 0 . 50 eggs ( range = 1–2 eggs , n = 47 ) , with 53 % of nests with two and remaining with one egg .
nest predation rates of grey - headed bulbul appear to be significantly higher than that of the average rates ( 71 % ) recorded for the open cup - nesting tropical birds ( robinson et al . 2000 ; stutchbury & morton 2001 ) .
since the bulbuls were not colour marked , the estimation of the nesting attempts per year was unclear . available data suggests that grey - headed bulbul is a single - brooded passerine , although , possibility of a replacement brood is not ruled out .
grey - headed bulbul exhibit life - history traits associated with low productivity such as short breeding season , low clutch size , fewer broods per year and high predation rates indicating that deterioration of breeding habitats might seriously hamper the long - term survival of the species .
an unusual new bulbul ( passeriformes : pycnonotidae ) from the limestone karst of lao pdr .
17–19 cm . small , active , peak - headed , olive - coloured bulbul . anterior lores and forehead are bright greenish - yellow , rest of lores dull greenish ( black feather bases . . .
this bulbul is resident in moist broadleaved evergreen forest with bamboo and dense undergrowth . its plumage is olive - green , with a medium - grey head , yellow - green forehead , black chin and grey tail . its bill and irises are pale yellow . the upper rump and lower back has blackish bars . the tail is grey with black outer feathers broadly tipped grey . both sexes are similar but juveniles have the head dark olive with the yellow on the forehead duller . ( length 143 - 152mm ; head 33 - 35mm ; tail 74 - 77mm )
c . 19 cm ; 31–46 g . a medium - sized species with whitish to pale grey eyering and yellow vent ; the only bulbul in its range . head is black , browner on hindcrown , . . .
although grey - headed bulbuls are reported from the moist deciduous , scrub , and evergreen forests in the rain shadow areas , the breeding of the species is restricted to the mid - elevation west coast tropical evergreen forests ( c . 50km
similarly the incubation ( 13 days ) and nestling periods ( 12 days ) of grey - headed bulbul fall within the range of the developmental periods reported for pycnonotids ( 11–14 days and 10–13 days for incubation and nestling periods , respectively ; vijayan 1975 , 1980 ; ali & ripley 1987 ; fishpool & tobias 2005 ; p . balakrishnan pers . obs . ) .
grey - headed bulbuls are mostly found in moist broadleaved forests with dense undergrowth and bamboo stands . during the breeding season they are generally restricted to altitudes of 700 - 1 . 400 m , while outside the breeding season they move down to lower altitudes .
a pair of yellow - vented bulbul ( pyconnotus goiavier ) arrived in debby ng’s home grounds in singapore . . .
and 8 . 3 % ( 11 chicks out of 134 eggs ) for red - vented bulbul ( vijayan 1975 , 1980 ) and , this figure drops to 8 % in the introduced population of red - vented bulbul in fiji ( walting 1983 ) .
garrido , o . h . , kirwan , g . m . and capper , d . r . ( 2002 ) species limits within grey - headed quail - dove geotrygon caniceps and implications for the conservation of a globally threatened species . bird conserv . int . 12 : 169 - 187 .
fishpool , l . , tobias , j . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . grey - headed bulbul ( brachypodius priocephalus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
forehead olive - yellow ; chin blackish ; cheeks greyish yellow ; remainder of head clear bluish grey ; upper side of neck , back , and scapulars ( shoulder feathers ) olive - green ; rump - feathers black with broad pale yellow tips ; upper tail - coverts and the four middle tail - feathers bluish grey with dark shafts , the others black , broadly edged on both webs and tipped with bluish grey , the whole suffused with olive - green on the basal two thirds of their length ; wings black , all the quills and coverts margined with olive - green , the outer webs of the tertiaries being entirely of this colour ; breast , abdomen , and flanks oil - yellow ; under tail - coverts bluish grey . iris blue - grey ; bill pale green ; legs and feet fleshy tinged orange ; claws dusky ( davison ) .
okosodo e . f . , orimaye j . o . and obasogie f . o . ( 2016 ) . food and feeding ecology of common bulbul (
in southern india , the nesting success of lowland bulbuls was reported as 13 . 2 % ( 15 chicks out of 114 eggs ) for white - browed bulbul
grey - headed bulbuls breed in january - may . the nest is a platform made of vines , grasses , moss and green leaves , placed in a bamboo stand , 0 , 5 - 5 m above the ground . there the female lays 1 - 2 eggs which are incubated for 12 - 14 days . the chicks fledge 11 - 13 days after hatching .
king , b . and robson , c . ( 2008 ) the taxonomic status of the three subspecies of greater rufous - headed parrotbill paradoxornis ruficeps . forktail 24 : 120 - 122 .
louette , m . ( 2005 ) western black - headed batis batis erlangeri : a separate species consisting of two subspecies . bull . afr . bird club 12 : 99 - 105 .
bhatt , d . & a . kumar ( 2001 ) : foraging ecology of red - vented bulbul pycnonotus cafer in haridwar , india . forktail 17 : 109–110 .
williams , r . s . r . ( 2002 ) the rediscovery and doubtful validity of the blue - wattled bulbul pycnonotus nieuwenhuisii . forktail 18 : 107 - 109 .
21·5–22 cm ; 27·1–35 g . a medium - large , drab , relatively retiring bulbul with fairly stout bill , rather long and heavy tail , crown feathers often . . .
the results of this study clearly indicate that jungle common bulbul ( pycnonotus babatus ) consumed both plant and animal resources available to them in the study area . but , compared to insect’s foods , the plant food , mainly fruits and seeds are consumed in larger proportions . the common bulbul therefore help in the dispersal of seeds and keep check on various harmful insects like grasshoppers , beetles , termites , caterpillars etc . , which are injurious to the agricultural crops and stored grains . the common bulbul is a useful species for farmers .
liu xh . 1992 . a preliminary study on the ecology of red whiskered bulbul . journal of guangxi academy of science , 8 ( 1 ) : 54 - 62 . ( in chinese
chen , c . & f . hsieh ( 2002 ) : composition and foraging behaviour of mixed - species flocks led by the grey - cheeked fulvetta in fushan experimental forest , taiwan . ibis 144 : 317–330 .
chen , c . and f . hsieh ( 2002 ) : composition and foraging behaviour of mixed - species flocks led by the grey - cheeked fulvetta in fushan experimental forest , taiwan . ibis 144 : 317–330 .
the streaked bulbul , meanwhile , seems to be closer to hemixos and perhaps iole and maybe the hook - billed bulbul ( setornis criniger ) than to hypsipetes . thus , given the lack of study of the sunda bulbul ' s affiliations , ixos might eventually be reduced to the core group around i . virescens and kept well distinct from hypsipetes . or it may be that some species ( such as i . malaccensis ) will be split off into a distinct genus ( for which no scientific name exists yet ) , while hypsipetes is merged into the core group of ixos .
not globally threatened . common to abundant in n & c thailand and s laos . the commonest lowland bulbul in much of myanmar ; common throughout valleys of r irrawaddy and r . . .
red - whiskered bulbul ( pycnonotus jocosus ) . in : del hoyo j , elliott a , sargatal j , christie da , de juana e . handbook of the birds of the world alive
from this study the result showed that the common bulbul feed on variety of plants and insect species . plant provided highest source of food source ( 66 . 7 % ) and insects ( 33 . 7 % ) ficus exaparataa constituted the highest ( 8 . 7 % ) fruits consumed by common bulbul . the result revealed that these birds consumed flowers and leaves of moringa oleifera , delonis regia and boerhavia diffusa . it was observed that the common bulbul change food with season , depending on the available preferred food in the season . from the result obtained it showed that common bulbul utilized the three compartments in the study area . the secondary forest provided the highest food source of 69 . 8 % , followed by farmland 21 . 12 % and developed area 9 . 2 %
17·5–20 cm ; 28–36 g . medium - sized , nondescript , brownish bulbul . nominate has dark brown lores , dull white lower face washed greyish - brown ; ear - coverts and . . .
balakrishnan , p . ( 2007 ) : status , distribution and ecology of the greyheaded bulbul pycnonotus priocephalus in the western ghats , india . ph . d . thesis , bharathiar university , coimbatore .
melo , m . ; o ' ryan , c . 2007 . genetic differentiation between príncipe island and mainland populations of the grey parrot ( psittacus erithacus ) , and implications for conservation . molecular ecology 16 ( 8 ) : 1673 - 1685 .
three types of nests were constructed based on the variation in the microhabitat . the dominant ( n = 35 ) typical bulbul nests ( hereafter : vine nests ) were made mainly of vines and grasses and seen mostly in
crochet , p . - a . , lebreton , j . - d . and bonhomme , f . ( 2002 ) systematics of large white - headed gulls : patterns of mitchondrial dna variation in western european taxa . auk 119 : 603 - 620 .
lan ss , zhang q , huang q , chen sh ( 2013 ) . breeding ecology of chinese bulbul in the urban environment of hangzhou , china . zoological research , 34 ( 3 ) : 182 - 189 . ( in chinese )
according to mr . subramanian , a bird watcher , the bulbul is endemic to western ghats and is not found anywhere else in the world . though known for its presence in siruvani hills , this is perhaps the first time that the bird has been observed and photographed .
del hoyo , j . ( 1994 ) rufous - headed chachalaca ( ortalis erythroptera ) . pp . 344 in del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . , eds . handbook of birds of the world , vol 2 : new world vultures to guineafowl . barcelona , spain : lynx edicions .
an early start will enable us to check out some good roadside habitat on the way to mysore , where montagu’s harrier , pheasant - tailed jacana , malabar grey hornbill , blue - faced malkoha , malabar lark , and both blue - tailed and little green bee - eaters can be found . our initial exploration will concentrate on an open area for the tricky endemic yellow - throated bulbul , as well as rufous - tailed lark and long - billed pipit . in the afternoon we will go to an area where it is still possible to see white - rumped or indian vultures coming in to roost . night mysore .
. tree species provided the highest food source of 66 . 7 % and insects 33 . 7 % . the result revealed that the common bulbul utilized the three compartments within the study area and that secondary forest provided highest food materials of 69 . 68 % , farmland 21 . 12 % and developed area 9 . 2 %
the mountain bulbul and sunda bulbul – formerly h . mcclellandii and h . virescens – are provisionally placed in ixos until the genus limits in bulbuls are firmly established . they are often included in hypsipetes but this is an old error that was promoted in modern times by the sibley taxonomy . in fact , i . virescens is the type species of ixos , and though some sources advocate a complete merger of the two genera – and even the entire
hypsipetes group
of bulbuls , which also includes hemixos , iole , microscelis and tricholestes – , being the oldest genus name ixos would apply to all of them , rather than hypsipetes as is often believed .
) in leventis foundation nigeria agricultural training school , south western nigeria . direct field observation method was used to collect data for 12 months on the food and feeding ecology of these bird species . the study area was divided into three compartments according to land use types ( secondary forest , farmland and developed area ) . the result showed that the common bulbul consumed variety of plants and insects ,
this morning will see us patiently waiting for a glimpse of grey junglefowl as it comes out to feed at the edge of a secluded forest track at first light and we have further chances to find species such as indian scimitar - babbler , white - spotted fantail , tickell’s leaf - warbler or olive - backed pipit . from here we will head to mudumalai and probably be able to take things a little easier today and relax around the resort for a while . in the afternoon we can explore some excellent dry scrub areas that are sure to add some new species to the list , such as woolly - necked stork , yellow - wattled lapwing , malabar parakeet , yellow - crowned woodpecker , jerdon’s bushlark , yellow - billed babbler , black - headed cuckooshrike and possibly white - bellied minivet if we are lucky . our last tour also produced the rare and very shy nilgiri thrush here as well . night at mudumalai .
fishpool , l . & tobias , j . ( 2018 ) . streak - eared bulbul ( pycnonotus blanfordi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
fishpool , l . & tobias , j . ( 2018 ) . white - spectacled bulbul ( pycnonotus xanthopygos ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the most drastic course hardly appropriate however , since alophoixus and setornis cannot be excluded from the
hypsipetes group
, and an all - out merge would turn the resultant
genus
ixos into an ill - defined
wastebin taxon
. the erroneous inclusion of i . virescens in hypsipetes has caused the nicobar bulbul to be listed under its invalid junior synonym h . nicobariensis rather than the valid names h . virescens or i . nicobariensis .
the red - whiskered bulbul ( pycnonotus jocosus ) is a small passerine in the pycnonotidae family , distributed in india , southeast asia and south china ( mark , 2009 ) . in south china it ranges from southeast tibet to south yunnan ( mackinnon & phillipps , 2011 ) . it inhabits wooded habitats , secondary forests , urban areas , parks , and gardens ( fishpool & tobias , 2005 ; mark , 2009 ) , commonly close to human populations .
predation was the major factor limiting the hatching and fledging success in our study . the total nest success of p . jocosus in our population was lower than that in india ( mazumdar & kumar , 2007 ) , but higher than other pycnonotus species ( kitowski , 2011 ; rao et al , 2013 ) . in our study site , the level of nest success was similar to the chinese bulbul ( pycnonotus sinensis ; lan et al , 2013 ) .
fishpool , l . , tobias , j . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . flavescent bulbul ( pycnonotus flavescens ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
we take an overnight flight from london to chennai arriving the following morning and then transfer to a nearby hotel . if time permits there is the chance of some optional birding this afternoon at vedanthangal bird sanctuary , which is around a 90 minute drive away . there is a large colony of breeding asian openbills , black - headed ibis , and both little and great egrets here , plus the surrounding fields and marshes hold montagu ' s harrier , yellow - wattled lapwing , wood sandpiper and a good variety of other indian birds . night in chennai .
similar to most bulbul species ( fishpool & tobias , 2005 ) , only one parent performed incubation in our population . parent p . jocosus only spent 58±13 % of daylight hours to incubate , less than the incubation time of some passerine species such as junco phaeonotus ( 76 . 9 % ) ( weathers & sullivan , 1989 ) , dendroica caerulescens ( 64 % ) ( joyce et al , 2001 ) , and anthus pratensis ( 77 . 19 % ) ( kovařík et al , 2009 ) . the shorter incubation time may result from the high ambient temperature , as the mean temperature was 28 . 07 o c ( range : 17 . 3 o c - 45 . 9 o c ) during 0700 - 1900h in our study site . previous research suggests that below 26 o c chicken embryos will suspend development ( conway & martin , 2000 ) . temperature fluctuations within an appropriate range during incubation would increase hatching success ( sun , 2001 ) . the embryo would not die from exposure when the parent left the nest in high ambient temperature , and it would benefit p . jocosus by permitting the parent to spend less time on incubation and more time on foraging in the study site .
doctype html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en
urltoken
the bookreader requires javascript to be enabled . please check that your browser supports javascript and that it is enabled in the browser settings . you can also try one of the other formats of the book .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
this species is listed as near threatened as it is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid population decline owing to forest clearance throughout its range . surveys are needed to accurately quantify its population size and establish population trends .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the population is thought to occur at low densities in suitable habitat which is patchily distributed throughout its range .
habitat destruction is thought to be causing moderately rapid population declines ( balakrishnan 2007 ) .
this species uses two distinct elevation zones during the breeding and non - breeding seasons . during the breeding season , individuals are restricted to the mid - elevation evergreen forests ( 700 - 1 , 400 m ) . during the non - breeding season , it is present in lower altitude moist deciduous and scrub forests . reed - bamboos (
spp . ) are thought to be an important nesting plant , and it is not seen in shola forests and altered habitats such as plantations , suggesting that it is a habitat specialist . individuals show local migration during breeding and non - breeding seasons in response to the variation in fruit abundance and adverse climatic conditions ( balakrishnan 2007 )
. it breeds from march to july and the female lays a clutch of one or two eggs . its diet consists of berries and other fruit , and also a small proportion of insects . it forages at all levels of forest and in tall vine - laden shrubs , often singly or in pairs , but sometimes in groups of four to eight individuals ( del hoyo
. accurately assess the current population size and establish regular surveys to quantify population trends .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
species name often misspelt “ poiocephalus ” owing to long - standing confusion in the literature , in part due to three attempted emendations by different authors . monotypic .
western ghats ( from extreme s maharashtra and goa s to kerala ) and palni hills ( tamil nadu ) , in sw india .
calls incessantly with shrill monosyllabic notes ; vocalizations include thin , explosive , metallic , . . .
usually confined to evergreen forest in areas receiving high rainfall ; scarce in deciduous forest . . . .
breeds mar–jul . nest a shallow cup , slight and flimsy , easily seen through from below , usually fastened with spider webs to branches . . .
not globally threatened . restricted - range species : present in western ghats eba . patchily distributed , but generally not uncommon in suitable habitat ; common in the higher . . .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
reported to have responded positively to increased conservation , after a period of ten years .
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
no flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .
vasanthan . p . j , vasanthan . j , josep del hoyo , lior kislev , paul van giersbergen , dave irving , prasanna parab , shah jahan , hal and kirsten snyder .
i played call of the bird , to which this individual responded . the call was slightly modified to remove noisy part . bird was perched right above me and i recorded call using smartphone app . bird remain perched for over 5 minutes at height of around 7 meters off the ground under the canopy .
more then two birds were calling . last five notes are different from first calls . may be different sexes ( ? )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : brachypodius priocephalus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
flpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
brachypodius priocephalus : sw pen . india ( s maharashtra and goa to w mysore and kerala )
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 919 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
he added that the bird was listed under near - threatened species by birdlife international and international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) in 2010 .
habitat destruction , particularly over - harvesting of ochlandra reed - bamboos - the most preferred nesting site for the species , was one of the reasons for decline in its population .
therefore the sighting of the bird in siruvani forest assumes significance and further surveys are necessary to ascertain their breeding in the locality .
corporation to take up construction of multi - level car parking facility on d . b . road
once a six - acre model farm for mulberry cultivation at nearly 4 , 500 feet above sea level , the area is now a tourist spot at yercaud . with ₹2 . 5 crore
birdlife international uses the taxonomy published in the two volumes of the hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world and subsequent updates .
birdlife uses this list as the basis for much of its global , regional and national priority - setting work , including , for example , the assessment of all birds for the iucn red list , and the identification of important bird and biodiversity areas ( ibas ) . however , some national birdlife partners may use other checklists and taxonomic sources that are particularly relevant in their context .
the excel version of the checklist includes the scientific and common names used , the authority ( for the original description of the taxon ) , the latest global iucn red list category ( e . g . extinct , vulnerable , least concern , etc . ) , taxonomic notes where relevant , and a record id number unique to the taxonomic entity . previously recognised taxa are also included and distinguished as ‘not recognised’ .
the hbw / birdlife international taxonomic working group makes decisions on modifications to the checklist , making extensive use of systematic criteria by which species rank can be consistently assessed where this is necessary ( e . g . for newly described species or proposed splits ) . these criteria ( tobias et al . 2010 ) involve weighting morphological and acoustic differences as compared with the nearest believed relative , and are particularly intended to help make decisions involving allopatric taxa ( as opposed to those in sympatric , parapatric or hybrid zone situations , where the situation is generally clearer ) .
prior to the publication of the first volume of the hbw / birdlife checklist ( for non - passerines ) in 2014 and the second volume ( for passerines ) in 2016 , birdlife published an annually updated taxonomic checklist based on the taxonomies followed in a number of regional lists .
we envisage two main types of comment : proposals to consider splitting or lumping of taxa which were not scored against the tobias criteria in the published volumes of the checklist ( 2014 , 2016 ) ; and , for those species that were scored in the checklist ( whether this resulted in a split , a lump , or no change ) , proposals involving new information which may lead to revisions of these scores . video and audio recordings , records of presence in key areas , and descriptions of key features , behaviour and ecology , are among the variety of ways in which fieldworkers , ornithologists and birdwatchers can supply new evidence to help resolve ongoing taxonomic challenges and uncertainties .
to contribute information to aid in future taxonomic revisions , please go to the relevant species or family page on the hbw alive website and add your comment in the ‘comment’ section , leaving your full name and a contact email address ( subscription to hbw alive is not necessary to access this ) . all comments will be taken into consideration , but please note that it will not be possible for birdlife or lynx to give online feedback to comments received , or to provide individual responses to all contributors . where taxonomic changes are to be adopted , note that there will necessarily be some lag time before revised taxa can be assessed against the red list criteria and published on the birdlife and iucn red list websites and in future updates to hbw alive .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . passerines
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
aerc tac ( 2003 ) aerc tac checklist of bird taxa occurring in western palearctic region , 15th draft . association of european rarities committees . available from : urltoken _ the _ wp15 . xls . checked : 11 / 5 / 2007 .
aou ( 1998 + supplements ) check - list of north american birds . seventh edition . washington , d . c . : american ornithologists ' union .
brooke , m . de l . ( 2004 ) albatrosses and petrels across the world . oxford : oxford university press .
brooks , t . ( 2000 ) extinct species . pp . 701 - 708 in birdlife international ( 2000 ) threatened birds of the world . barcelona and cambridge , u . k . : lynx edicions and birdlife international
christidis , l . and boles , w . e . ( 1994 ) the taxonomy and species of birds of australia and its territories . melbourne : royal australasian ornithologists ' union ( raou monogr 2 ) .
christidis , l . and boles , w . e . ( 2008 ) systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . collingwood , australia : csiro publishing .
cramp , s . and perrins , c . m . ( 1977 - 1994 ) handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford : oxford university press .
dowsett , r . j . and forbes - watson , a . d . ( 1993 ) checklist of birds of the afrotropical and malagasy regions . liège , belgium : tauraco press .
robertson , c . j . r . and nunn , g . b . ( 1998 ) towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses . pp . 13 - 19 in robertson , g . and gales , r . , eds . albatross biology and conservation . chipping norton , australia : surrey beatty & sons .
sacc ( 2006 + updates ) a classification of the bird species of south america . american ornithologists ' union . available from : urltoken
sibley , c . g . and monroe , b . l . ( 1990 ) distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . new haven , usa : yale university press .
sibley , c . g . and monroe , b . l . ( 1993 ) a supplement to ' distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world ' . new haven , usa : yale university press .
stotz , d . f . , fitzpatrick , j . w . , parker , t . a . and moskovits , d . k . ( 1996 ) neotropical birds : ecology and conservation . chicago : university of chicago press .
turbott , e . g . ( 1990 ) checklist of the birds of new zealand . third edition . wellington : ornithological society of new zealand .
agne , c . e . and pacheco , l . f . ( 2007 ) a homonymy in thamnophilidae : a new name for dichropogon chubb . rev . bras . ornitol . 15 : 484 - 485 .
agreement on the conservation of albatrosses and petrels ( 2006 ) report of the second meeting of the advisory committee , brasilia , brazil , 5 - 8 june 2006 . . available online at urltoken
allen , d . , oliveros , c . , española , c . , broad , g . and gonzalez , j . c . t . ( 2004 ) a new species of gallirallus from calayan island , philippines . forktail 20 : 1 - 7 .
alonso , j . a . and whitney , b . m . ( 2001 ) a new zimmerius tyrannulet ( aves : tyrranidae ) from white sand forests of northern amazonian peru . wilson bull . 113 : 1 - 9 .
alström , p . ( 1998 ) taxonomy of the mirafra assamica complex . forktail 13 : 97 - 107 .
alström , p . and olsson , u . ( 1995 ) a new species of phylloscopus warbler from sichuan province , china . ibis 137 : 459 - 468 .
alström , p . and olsson , u . ( 1999 ) the golden - spectacled warbler : a complex of sibling species , including a previously undescribed species . ibis 141 : 545 - 568 .
alström , p . , olsson , u . and colston , p . r . ( 1992 ) a new species of phylloscopus warbler from central china . ibis 134 : 329 - 334 .
alström , p . , olsson , u . and colston , p . r . ( 1997 ) re - evaluation of the taxonomic status of phylloscopus proregulus kansuensis meise . bull . brit . ornithol . club 117 : 177 - 193 .
alström , p . , olsson , u . and round , p . d . ( 1991 ) the taxonomic status of acrocephalus agricola tangorum . forktail 6 : 3 - 13 .
alström , p . , olsson , u . , rasmussen , p . c . , cheng - te yao , ericson , p . g . p . and sundberg , p . ( 2007 ) morphological , vocal and genetic divergence in the cettia acanthizoides complex . zool . j . linn . soc . 149 : 437 - 452 .
alviola iii , p . l . ( 1997 ) a new species of frogmouth ( podargidae , caprimulgiformes ) from busuanga island , palawan , philippines . asia life sci . 1 - 2 : 51 - 55 .
amadon , d . ( 1953 ) avian systematics and evolution in the gulf of guinea . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 100 : 393 - 452 .
andrew , p . ( 1992 ) the birds of indonesia : a checklist ( peters ' sequence ) . jakarta : indonesian ornithological society .
aou ( 1983 ) check - list of north american birds . sixth edition . washington , d c : american ornithologists ' union .
aou ( 2000 ) forty - second supplement to the american ornithologists ' s union check - list of north american birds . auk 117 : 847 - 858 .
aou ( 2002 ) forty - third supplement to the american ornithologists ' union check - list of north american birds . auk 119 : 897 - 906 .
aou ( 2003 ) forty - fourth supplement to the american ornithologists ' union check - list of north american birds . auk 120 : 923 - 931 .
aou ( 2004 ) forty - fifth supplement to the american ornithologists ' union check - list of north american birds . auk 121 : 985 - 995 .
aou ( 2005 ) forty - sixth supplement to the american ornithologists ' union check - list of north american birds . auk 122 : 1026 - 1031 .
aou ( 2006 ) forty - seventh supplement to the american ornithologists ' union check - list of north american birds . auk 123 : 926 - 936 .
archer , a . l . and turner , d . a . ( 1993 ) notes on the endemic species and some additional new birds occurring on pemba island , tanzania . scopus 16 : 94 - 98 .
athreya , r . ( 2006 ) a new species of liocichla ( aves : timaliidae ) from eaglenest wildlife sanctuary , arunchal pradesh , india . indian birds 2 : 82 - 94 .
austin , j . , bretagnolle , v . and pasquet , e . ( 2004 ) a global molecular phylogeny of the small puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the little - audubon ' s shearwater complex . auk 121 : 847 - 864 .
baillie , j . and groombridge , b . ( 1996 ) 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . cambridge , u . k . : international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources .
baker , a . j . , daugherty , c . h . , colbourne , r . and mclennan , j . l . ( 1995 ) flightless brown kiwis of new zealand possess extremely subdivided population structure and cryptic species like small mammals . proc . natl . acad . sci . usa 92 : 8254 - 8258 .
balouet , j . - c . and alibert , e . ( 1990 ) extinct species of the world . new york : barron ' s educational series .
balouet , j . - c . and olson , s . l . ( 1989 ) fossil birds from late quaternary deposits in new caledonia . washington , d . c . : smithsonian institute ( smithsonian contributions to zoology 469 ) .
banks , j . , van buren , a . , cherel , y . and whitfield , j . b . ( 2006 ) genetic evidence for three species of rockhopper penguins eudyptes chrysocome . polar biol . 30 : 61 - 67 .
barrera , l . f . , bartels , a . and fundación proaves de colombia ( 2010 ) a new species of antpitta ( family grallariidae ) from the colibrí del sol bird reserve , colombia . conserv . colomb . 13 : 8 - 24 .
beehler , b . m . , pratt , t . k . and zimmerman , d . a . ( 1986 ) birds of new guinea . princeton : princeton university press .
beehler , b . m . , prawiradilaga , d . m . , de fretes , y . and kemp , n . ( 2007 ) a new species of smoky honeyeater ( meliphagidae : melipotes ) from western new guinea . auk 124 : 1000 - 1009 .
benkman , c . w . ( 1994 ) comments on the ecology and status of the hispaniola crossbill ( loxia leucoptera megaplaga ) , with recommendations for its conservation . caribb . j . sci . 30 : 250 - 254 .
bensch , s . and pearson , d . ( 2002 ) the large - billed reed warbler acrocephalus orinus revisited . ibis 144 : 259 - 267 .
benson , c . w . and irwin , m . p . s . ( 1965 ) a new species of tinker - barbet from northern rhodesia . bull . brit . ornithol . club 85 : 5 - 9 .
beresford , p . and cracraft , j . ( 1999 ) speciation in african forest robins stiphrornis : species limits , phylogenetic relationships , and molecular biogeography . am . mus . novit . 3270 : 1 - 22 .
beresford , p . , fjeldså , j . and kiure , j . ( 2004 ) a new species of akalat ( sheppardia ) narrowly endemic in the eastern arc of tanzania . auk 121 : 23 - 34 .
bergmann , h . - h . and schottler , b . h . ( 2001 ) tenerife robin - a species of its own ? . dutch birding 23 : 140 - 146 .
birdlife international ( 2000 ) threatened birds of the world . barcelona and cambridge : lynx edicions and birdlife international .
birdlife international ( 2001 ) threatened birds of asia : the birdlife international red data book . cambridge , u . k . : birdlife international .
birdlife international ( 2004 ) threatened birds of the world 2004 . cd - rom . cambridge , u . k . : birdlife international .
boon , w . m . , daugherty , c . h . and chambers , g . k . ( 2001 ) the norfolk island green parrot and new caledonian red - crowned parakeet are distinct species . emu 101 : 113 - 121 .
boon , w . m . , kearvell , j . c . , daugherty , c . h . and chambers , g . k . ( 2000 ) molecular systematics of new zealand cyanoramphus parakeets : conservation of orange - fronted and forbes ' parakeets . bird conserv . int . 10 : 211 - 239 .
bornschein , m . r . , maurício , g . n . , belmonte - lopes , r . , mata , h . and bonatto , s . l . ( 2007 ) diamantina tapaculo , a new scytalopus endemic to the chapada diamantina , northeastern brazil ( passeriformes : rhinocryptidae ) . rev . bras . ornitol . 15 : 151 - 174 .
bornschein , m . r . , reinert , b . l . and pichorim , m . ( 1998 ) descriça1o , ecologia e conservaça1o de um novo scytalopus ( rhinocryptidae ) so sul do brasil , com comentários sobre a morfologia da família . ararajuba 6 : 3 - 36 .
bornschein , m . r . , reinert , b . l . and teixeira , d . m . ( 1995 ) um novo formicariidae do sul do brasil ( aves , passeriformes ) . rio de janeiro : instituto iguaçu de pesquisa e preservaçao ambiental .
borras , a . , cabrera , j and senar , j . c . ( 2008 ) local divergence between mediterranean crossbills occurring in two different species of pine . ardeola 55 : 169 - 177 .
bourne , w . r . p . , ashmole , n . p . and simmons , k . e . l . ( 2003 ) a new subfossil night heron and a new genus for the extinct rail for ascension island , central tropical ocean . ardea 91 : 45 - 51 .
bowie , r . c . k . , fjeldså , j . , hackett , s . j . and crowe , t . m . ( 2004 ) systematics and biogeography of double - collared sunbirds from the eastern arc mountains , tanzania . auk 121 : 660 - 681 .
bowie , r . c . k . and fjeldså , j . ( 2005 ) genetic and morphological evidence for two species in the udzungwa forest partridge xenoperdix udzungwensis . j . east afr . nat . hist . 94 : 191 - 201 .
bowie , r . c . k . , voelker , g . , fjeldså , j . , lens , l . , hackett , s . j . and crowe , t . m . ( 2005 ) systematics of the olive thrush turdus olivaceous species complex with reference to the taxonomic status of the endangered taita thrush t . helleri . j . avian biol . 36 : 391 - 404 .
brambilla , m . , janni , o . , guidali , f . and sorace , a ( 2008 ) song perception among incipient species as a mechanism for reproductive isolation . j . evol . biol . 21 : 651 - 657 .
brazil , m . a . ( 1991 ) the birds of japan . london : chistopher helm .
brooks , t . m . , evans , t . d . , dutson , g . c . l . , anderson , g . q . a . , asane , d . c . , timmins , r . j . and toledo , a . g . ( 1992 ) the conservation status of the birds of negros , philippines . bird conserv . int . 2 : 273 - 302 .
brown , l . h . , urban , e . k . and newman , k . ( 1982 ) the birds of africa vol i . london : academic press .
browning , m . r . ( 1993 ) species limits of the cave swiftlets ( collocalia ) in micronesia . avocetta 17 : 101 - 106 .
bunce , m . , szulkin , m . , lerner , h . r . l . , barnes , i . , shapiro , b . , cooper , a . and holdaway , r . n . ( 2005 ) ancient dna provides new insights into the evolutionary history of new zealand ' s extinct giant eagle . plos biol . 3 : 44 - 46 .
burbidge , l . , colbourne , r . m . , roberston , h . a . and baker , a . j . ( 2003 ) molecular and other biological evidence supports the recognition of at least three species of brown kiwi . conserv . genet . 4 : 167 - 177 .
butchart , d . ; mundy , p . 1981 . cape vultures in botswana . babbler : 6 - 7 .
cain , a . j . and galbraith , i . c . j . ( 1956 ) field notes on the birds of the eastern solomon islands . ibis 98 : 100 - 134 , 262 - 295 .
carantón - ayala , d . and certuche - cubillos , k . ( 2010 ) a new species of antpitta ( grallariidae : grallaria ) from the northern sector of the western andes of colombia . ornitol . colomb . 9 : 56 - 70 .
carswell , m . , pomeroy , d . , reynolds , j . and tushabe , h . ( 2005 ) the bird atlas of uganda . oxford , u . k . : british ornithologists ' club & british ornithologists ' union .
chapin , j . p . ( 1923 ) the olive ibis of dubus and its representative on sao thome . am . mus . novit . 84 : 1 - 9 .
chappuis , c . and erard , c . ( 1993 ) species limits in the genus bleda bonaparte , 1857 ( aves : pycnonotidae ) . z . zool . syst . evolut . 31 : 280 - 299 .
cheeseman , t . f . ( 1890 ) on the birds of the kermadec islands . trans . proc . n . z . inst . 23 : 216 - 226 .
cheke , a . s . ( 1987 ) an ecological history of the mascarene islands , with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates . pp . 5 - 89 in diamond , a . w . , ed . studies of mascarene island birds . cambridge , u . k . : cambridge university press .


orophia tranquilla is a species of moth in the family depressariidae .

it was described by meyrick in 1927 , and is known from south africa .

orophia tranquilla

cryptolechia tranquilla meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 383 ; tl : transvaal , blauwkop
orophia imbutella ; lvovsky , 2003 , nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 219
orophia denisella ; lvovsky , 2003 , nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 219 ; [ fe ]
orophia sordidella ; [ nhm card ] ; lvovsky , 2003 , nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 219 ; [ fe ]
orophia ferrugella ; [ nhm card ] ; [ spl , # 1424 ] ; lvovsky , 2003 , nota lepid . 25 ( 4 ) : 219 ; [ fe ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
[ south africa ] , transvaal , blauwkop , i , leg . a . j . t . janse .
[ south africa , western cape ] , cape colony , cape town , leg . r . m . lightfoot .
meyrick e . 1914b . descriptions of south african microlepidoptera . - annals of the south african museum 10 : 243–257 .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
this page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .
cryptolechia ammopleura meyrick , 1920 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 4 ) : 290 ; tl : cape colony , capetown
cryptolechia hadromacha meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 87 ; tl : portuguese e . africa
cryptolechia haemorrhanta meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 4 ) : 105 ; tl : belgian congo , luvua r . , 5700ft
cryptolechia haeresiella wallengren , 1875 ; öfvers . vet . akad . förh . 32 ( 1 ) : 128 ; tl : transvaal
depressaria imbutella christoph , 1888 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 22 ( 3 - 4 ) : 313 ; tl : borshom
cryptolechia languidula meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 101 ; tl : portuguese east africa , rikatla
cryptolechia madagascariensis viette , 1951 ; mém . inst . sci . madagascar ( a ) 5 ( 2 ) : 341
cryptolechia melicoma meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 5 ) : 125
cryptolechia ochroxyla meyrick , 1937 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 87
cryptolechia pachystoma meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 101 ; tl : rhodesia , umvuma
cryptolechia quadripunctella viette , 1955 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 123 : 104 ; tl : ne . madagascar , maroantsetra , ambodivoangy
cryptolechia roseoflavida walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 256 , pl . 12 , f . 25 ; tl : natal
seu , naf , asia minor , dagestan , georgia , azerbaijan . see [ maps ]
cryptolechia taurina meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 477 ; tl : sierra leone , njala
cryptolechia tetrasticta meyrick , 1917 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 1 ) : 6 ; tl : natal ,
durban
cryptolechia thesmophila meyrick , 1930 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 78 ( 2 ) : 318
cryptolechia toulgoetianum viette , 1954 ; mém . inst . sci . madagascar ( e ) 5 : 29
cryptolechia transfuga meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : woodbush village
cryptolechia xanthosarca meyrick , 1917 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 17 ( 1 ) : 7 ; tl : transvaal , johannesburg
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
check - list of the broad - winged moths ( oecophoridae s . l . ) of russia and adjacent countries
zeller , 1868 lepidopterologische ergebnisse einer reise in oberkärnthen stettin ent . ztg 29 : 121 - 149
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a fact about oropharyngeal ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for oropharyngeal ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
search their arrest records , driving records , contact information , photos and more . . .
copyright 2018 peekyou . com . a patent pending people search process . all rights reserved .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en


achatinella byronii is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family achatinellidae .

this species is endemic to the united states .

achatinella byronii is the type species of the subgenus bulimella .

achatinella byronii

maggie whitson set
image of achatinella byronii
as an exemplar on
achatinella byronii
.
achatinellidae » achatinella byronii byronii , id : 839920 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
maggie whitson added the english common name
byron ' s achatinella
to
achatinella byronii
.
information on achatinella byronii is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
maggie whitson selected
number of occurrences
to show in overview on
achatinella byronii
.
maggie whitson marked the classification from
iucn red list
as preferred for
achatinella byronii
.
maggie whitson marked
achatinella mustelina
as hidden on the
achatinella mustelina
page . reasons to hide : duplicate
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - oahu tree snail ( achatinella byronii )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - oahu tree snail ( achatinella byronii )
title =
arkive species - oahu tree snail ( achatinella byronii )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : achatinella byronii ( w . wood , 1828 ) - id : 5626000092
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive photo - < i > achatinella byronii < / i > shell
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive photo - < i > achatinella byronii < / i > shell
title =
arkive photo - < i > achatinella byronii < / i > shell
border =
0
/ > < / a >
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive photo - < i > achatinella byronii < / i > shell
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive photo - < i > achatinella byronii < / i > shell
title =
arkive photo - < i > achatinella byronii < / i > shell
border =
0
/ > < / a >
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive photo - < i > achatinella byronii < / i > shell
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive photo - < i > achatinella byronii < / i > shell
title =
arkive photo - < i > achatinella byronii < / i > shell
border =
0
/ > < / a >
information on achatinella fulgens is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
maggie whitson changed the thumbnail image of
file : achatinella lila . jpg
.
maggie whitson added the hawaiian common name
kahuli
to
achatinella mustelina
.
maggie whitson added the hawaiian common name
pupu kuahiwi ( mountain shells )
to
achatinella swainson , 1828
.
maggie whitson added the hawaiian common name
pupu kani oe ( the shell that sounds long )
to
achatinella mustelina
.
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - oahu tree snail ( achatinella fulgens )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - oahu tree snail ( achatinella fulgens )
title =
arkive species - oahu tree snail ( achatinella fulgens )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1992 .
recovery plan for the oahu tree snails of the genus achatinella .
u . s . fish and wildlife service , portland .
hart , a . d . 1979 . a survival status report on the endemic hawaiian tree snail genus achatinella ( swainson ) from oahu . unpublished report for u . s . fish and wildlife service , hawaii .
holland , b . s . & m . g . hadfield . 2002 . islands within an island : phylogeography and conservation genetics of the endangered hawaiian tree snail achatinella mustelina . molecular ecology 11 : 365 - 375 .
a biologist , who extensively surveyed the snails ' forest habitat in the early 1980s , has suggested that the most abundant of these endangered species are a . mustelina and a . sowerbyana , numbering perhaps 400 individuals each . estimated at about 200 individuals or less were the species a . curta , a . decipiens , and a . lila . the species a . fuscobasis and a . pupukanioe numbered perhaps 100 individuals each . achatinella concavospira and a . pulcherrima numbered 50 or less individuals each . achatinella bellula , a . bulimoides , a . byronii , a . fulgens , a . leucorraphe , a . lorata , a . swiftii , a taeniolata , and a . turgida , all numbered less than 20 individuals . there is no current population estimate for the species a . apexfulva , and population numbers for all species have probably declined from the 1980s estimates .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1993 . recovery plan . oahu tree snails of the genus achatinella . u . s . department of the interior fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon . 58 pp . + 64 app .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . ( 1992 ) recovery plan for the o’ahu tree snails of the genus achatinella . u . s . fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon , 64 pp . + 64 pp . of appendices + 5 figures . pdf
chiaverano l . m . & holland b . s . ( 2014 ) .
impact of an invasive predatory lizard on the endangered hawaiian tree snail achatinella mustelina : a threat assessment
. endangered species research 24 : 115 - 123 , doi : 10 . 3354 / esr00589 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . ( 1992 ) endangered species recovery plan for the o’ahu tree snails of the genus achatinella . u . s . fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon , 64 pp . + 64 pp . of appendices + 5 figures . pdf
holland , b . s . & m . g . hadfield . 2007 . molecular systematics of the endangered o‘ahu tree snail achatinella mustelina ( mighels 1845 ) : synonymization of subspecies and estimation of gene flow between chiral morphs . pacific science , 61 ( 1 ) : 53 - 66 .
members of the genus achatinella are classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) . a number of species are already classified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) .
those species still living , but in danger of extinction , are a . apexfulva , a . bellula , a . bulimoides , a . byronii , a . concavospira , a . curta , a . decipiens , a . fulgens , a . fuscobasis , a . leucorraphe , a . lila , a . lorata , a . mustelina , a . pulcherrima , a . pupukanioe , a . sowerbyana , a . swiftii , a . taeniolata , and a . turgida .
as a group , the achatinella are hermaphroditic ( with both male and female reproductive organs ) but not self - fertilizing . they breed year round and usually bear one live young , born complete with shell . studied species were found to grow at a rate of about 0 . 08 in ( 2 mm ) in length per year and to reach sexual maturity in six or seven years .
some species of achatinella , such as a . juncea , a . buddii , and a . papyracea , were rare as long ago as the 1930s . other extremely rare species , such as a . lehuiensis , a . thaanumi , and a . spaldingi , became extinct soon after being discovered . it is believed that only 19 of 41 documented species of the snail still exist . all surviving species are federally listed as endangered .
the achatinella are divided into three subgenera according to shell shape , which is either spherical , conical , or egg - shaped . adult shell length is 0 . 2 - 1 in ( 0 . 5 - 2 . 5 cm ) , depending on the species . the number of whorls varies between five and seven . all species are brightly colored and distinctively patterned . most species have glossy shells , but some have a sculptured surface .
the oahu tree snails are a classic example of the devastation of the native fauna and flora of the hawaiian islands that has occurred following human settlement of the archipelago . currently , only ten extant species of the genus achatinella are known ( 6 ) ; these vary greatly in pattern , colour and shape ( 2 ) , with white and brown shades amongst the commonest colours ( 6 ) . these small snails have a smooth , glossy shell , which is generally conical in shape ( 6 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
cowie , r . h . , n . l . evenhuis , c . c . christensen . 1995b . catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the hawaiian islands . backhuys publishers : leiden , the netherlands . 248 pp .
g1s1 . 1 only 4 current occurrences within a few localized populations which are threatened by euglandina ( a predatory land snail ) . the habitat of the species has also been drastically reduced . likely extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
historically this species was found from waimalu to south kaukonahua , a distance of seven miles . currently it has been found along the koolau summit trail , poamoho trail , and the schofield - waikane trail .
8 post - 1945 occurrences , including 4 current ( between 1988 and 1993 ) and 4 historical ( between 1960 and 1975 ) . likely extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .
this species is rarely detected . the last confirmed detection was in 1993 ; and 1976 on the manana trail and 1960 on the wahiawa trail ( usfws , 1993 ) .
( < 100 - 250 square km ( less than about 40 - 100 square miles ) ) historically this species was found from waimalu to south kaukonahua , a distance of seven miles . currently it has been found along the koolau summit trail , poamoho trail , and the schofield - waikane trail .
similar to a . decipiens , but found on leeward side of koolau mountains . shell yellow , green , black with thick corrugated periostracum .
any research into this species biology is justified since very little is now known .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
caum , e . l . 1974 . check list of hawaiian land and fresh water mollusca . bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu , 56 : 1 - 80 .
the small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .
note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on
trademark notice :
natureserve
, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .
copyright notice : copyright © 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .
natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .
no graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .
) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .
note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .
comments : 8 post - 1945 occurrences , including 4 current ( between 1988 and 1993 ) and 4 historical ( between 1960 and 1975 ) . likely extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
enter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .
e - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .
all achtinellidae are protected by cites . the shown pieces are from vintage and old collections . as such we still need to redeterminate this material , the reference work today is severns .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
brenden holland , phd center for conservation research & training mailing address : 3050 maile way , gilmore 408 university of hawaii honolulu , hi 96822 lab address : endangered hawaiian tree snail captive breeding and conservation genetics lab henke hall 336 / 337 fax : 808 - 956 - 2647 bholland @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken / eecb / facultypgs / brendenholland . htm
classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planetâ€™s species and habitats from destruction .
these nocturnal snails are found on native trees and large bushes , where they graze fungi from the surfaces of leaves and stems ( 2 ) . adults have both male and female parts ( they are hermaphrodites ) and give birth to live young ( 2 ) .
oahu tree snails are today restricted to mountainous forests above 500 metres ( 6 ) .
this genus of tree snails live in hawaii , and all are endangered species . they were once abundant . they were mentioned in hawaiian folklore and songs , and their shells were used in lei and other ornaments .
many of these arboreal snails are sinistral or left - handed in their spiral shell coiling , whereas most gastropod shells are dextral . ( see the section on chirality in the article gastropod shell . )
. all are endangered , there being only about hundred individuals of each species left .
o ' ahu tree snail shells collected ca . 1933 at an elevation of 1500 feet on waialae ridge in
ahu tree snails are diverse in patterns , colors , and shapes , but all average about 0 . 75 in ( 1 . 9 cm ) in length . most have smooth glossy , and oblong or ovate
which show a variety of colors , including yellow , orange , red , brown , green , gray , black , and white .
. shell color is in spiral bands or streaks in the direction of the growth lines . the lip is simple or thickened within and sometimes slightly expanding . the
pfeiffer , 1854 : the shell is imperforate , ovate - conic or oblong - conic and smooth . the
are not flattened . the outer lip is thin or only slightly thickened within the apex but not expanded . these are the most generally distributed of the
species and show a prolific area of intergrading color patterns . type species of the subgenus
these snails live in trees . currently they are only found in mountainous dry to moist forests and shrublands above 1 , 300 ft ( 400 m ) .
these tree snails are nocturnal , and feed by grazing fungus which grows on the surface of native plant leaves .
although these tree snails are occasionally found on introduced plants , it is unknown whether or not the fungus which grows on these plants can provide long - term support for healthy breeding populations of these snails .
adult snails are hermaphroditic ( having both male and female reproductive organs ) and can live for many years . these are live bearing snails ( give birth to live snails instead of laying eggs ) .
because growth rate and fertility are very low , these snails are especially vulnerable to loss of individuals through human collection , through predation , or because of other disturbances .
and loss of habitat due to the spread of non - native vegetation into higher elevation forests .
holland b . s . , montgomery s . l . & costello v . ( 2010 ) .
a reptilian smoking gun : first record of invasive jackson’s chameleon ( chamaeleo jacksonii ) predation on native hawaiian species
. biodiversity and conservation 19 ( 5 ) : 1437 - 1441 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10531 - 009 - 9773 - 5 .
régnier , benoît and bouchet ( 2009 ) . not knowing , not recording , not listing : numerous unnoticed mollusk extinctions . conservation biology 23 ( 5 ) : 1214–1221
holland , b . s . & m . g . hadfield . 2004 . origin and diversification of the endemic hawaiian tree snails ( achatinellinae : achatinellidae ) based on molecular evidence . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 32 ( 2 ) : 588 - 600 .
the oahu tree snails are a classic example of the devastation of the native fauna and flora of the hawaiian islands that has occurred following human settlement of the archipelago . currently , only ten extant species of the genus
are known ( 6 ) ; these vary greatly in pattern , colour and shape ( 2 ) , with white and brown shades amongst the commonest colours ( 6 ) . these small snails have a smooth , glossy shell , which is generally conical in shape ( 6 ) .
global range : ( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) the 7 current ( 1988 - 1993 ) occurrences are from the koolau summit trail , schofield - waikane trail , and nearby areas . this species was originally described kahana , oahu , hawaiian islands ( johnson , 1996 ) . it was recently collected in small numbers from eastern o ' ahu in the ko ' olau mountains ( holland and hadfield , 2004 ) .
non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
comments : 15 post - 1945 occurrences , 7 current ( 1988 - 1993 ) and 8 historical ( 1946 - 1975 ) . it was recently collected in small numbers ( 5 specimens ) from eastern o ' ahu in the ko ' olau mountains for a phylogenetic study ( holland and hadfield , 2004 ) .
comments : extremely small numbers in 1993 . presently , there is no estimate of population size .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 3 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
other considerations : malacologists believe that virtually all native terrestrial snails of hawaii are rare and in danger of extinction .
comments : this species is rarely detected . the last confirmed detection was in 1993 ; and 1990 in schofield - waikane trail , 1989 in puu kaaumakua area , 1986 on pomoho trail , and 1974 on waikane trail ( usfws , 1993 ) .
biological research needs : any research on the biology of this species is justified since very little is now known .
needs : this species needs better protection including protection from predators and from loss of suitable habitat .
is conically - elongate , solid , slightly rounded , and margined above . the shell has six
is slightly impressed with numerous longitudinal , oblique striae . shell color is white with yellow transverse bands , or yellow with white transverse lines and longitudinal chestnut colored stripes .
the height of the shell is 20 . 5 mm . the width of the shell is 9 . 0 mm .
the dextral shell is ovate oblong , subcylindrical and slender . some specimens are more ventricose than other . the shell has six whorls . the color is white or yellow with none to several broad bands of chestnut . the margin of the lip is brown . the ground color is a deep and rich chestnut , with from one to three bands of orange , yellow , fulvous or white . the marginal groove to the suture is very close and distinct in all .
the height of the shell is 20 . 0 mm . the width of the shell is 11 . 2 mm .
oahu tree snails live singly or in small clusters in the crevices of tree bark , on the undersides of branches and foliage , or in deep leaf litter around the base of the trunk . most species are nocturnal , grazing on leaf and bark surfaces for microscopic algae , fungi , liverworts , and detritis , but apparently do not feed upon the leaves or bark themselves . individual snails are sedentary and may spend their entire life on a single tree .
the island of oahu encompasses some 607 sq mi ( 1 , 433 sq km ) . over 35 % of this land area is devoted to urban areas or agricultural crops , 45 % to grazing land , and less than 20 % to forest lands , mostly at high elevations . only a small portion of this forest ( 2 - 3 % ) is still in relatively pristine condition .
oahu tree snails are dependent upon the remnants of undisturbed forests and upon native trees . a single species of snail is often associated with a specific tree species . rarely do any of these species cross over to trees that have been introduced from outside the island .
the snails occur primarily in subtropical moist or tropical wet evergreen forest land . the oahu tree snails usually occur at elevations above 1 , 000 ft ( 305 m ) where native species predominate . in mountain bogs , the snails may also inhabit forested wetlands .
much of the island of oahu , hawaii , was once heavily forested , and tree snails were dispersed throughout . it is estimated that the original extent of forested land has been reduced by about 85 % by agriculture and human settlement . native trees have declined in large numbers , losing ground to introduced , non - native trees .
tree snails survive in scattered enclaves throughout portions of the historic range , typically at higher elevations along the crests of ridges where the forests are least disturbed . only two such areas on oahu remain
the waianae range , and the koolau range . current population levels are low for all of the tree snails , perhaps only five to ten percent of 1960 levels .
the occurrence of snails on the makua military reservation and schofield barracks military reservation , as well as its possible occurrence at the mauna kapu communication station , was reported in detail in the 1970s and 1980s . snails also occur ( or occurred ) at the site of a now abandoned nike missile facility near peacock flats and in the vicinity of the access road to the air force / federal aviation administration facility on mt . ka ' ala . the snails ' occurrence on the lualualei naval reservation is probably restricted . virtually all snail populations occur on lands zoned by the state as conservation lands and as forest reserves , affording the snails and their habitat considerable protection . however , their ranges are greatly reduced and observations show their numbers to be rapidly declining .
the ancient hawaiians believed the tree snails sang , though later it was realized crickets were doing the
singing .
but their mystique lived on , and the richly colored shells made oahu tree snails attractive to collectors . while appreciation for tree snails helped inspire a greater awareness of the diversity and uniqueness of the hawaiian flora and fauna , collecting also reduced certain localized populations of tree snail species .
another obvious reason for the precipitous decline of tree snail populations is the loss of native forests on the island . oahu ' s lower elevation forests were long ago converted to agriculture , pasture , or for residences . much of the remaining forests have been degraded by the intermingling of non - native trees and plants , changing the composition of plants ; this in turn affects the abundance and dispersal of the snails ' chief food sources
hikers along forest trails often collect the brightly colored snails . but because of late sexual maturity and a slow growth rate ( natural replacement of a reproducing adult takes at least six years ) , tree snail populations can be quickly depleted by even casual collecting . several of these tree snails have come to the attention of more serious collectors , who seem willing to finance the depletion of these rare snails by purchasing specimens .
recovery for these tree snails will depend ultimately upon saving the remaining acreage of native forests on oahu , stopping collectors , and ridding the habitat of predators . the fish and wildlife service ( fws ) , the state of hawaii , and the nature conservancy of hawaii cooperate in an aggressive campaign to acquire and protect forest land . the results of these efforts are slow to materialize , and it remains an open question whether many of these tree snails will survive .
u . s . fish and wildlife service division of endangered species eastside federal complex 911 n . e . 11th avenue portland , oregon 97232 urltoken
hart , a . d . 1975 .
living jewels imperiled .
defenders 50 : 482 - 486 .
hart , a . d . 1978 .
the onslaught against hawaii ' s tree snails .
natural history 87 : 46 - 57 .
whitten , h . 1980 .
endangered hawaiian tree snail .
article . honolulu star bulletin july 14 , 1980 .
young , g . 1979 .
which way oahu ?
national geographic magazine 156 ( 5 ) : 652 - 679 .
oahu tree snails .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
oahu tree snails .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
urltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .
within the “cite this article” tool , pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style . then , copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list .
because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article , urltoken cannot guarantee each citation it generates . therefore , it’s best to use urltoken citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most - recent information available at these sites :
most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers . therefore , that information is unavailable for most urltoken content . however , the date of retrieval is often important . refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates .
in addition to the mla , chicago , and apa styles , your school , university , publication , or institution may have its own requirements for citations . therefore , be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list .