the wandering salamander ( aneides vagrans ) is a species of salamander in the family plethodontidae .

it is found in canada and the united states .

its natural habitat is temperate forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

wandering salamander

the wandering salamander has toes with squared - off tips . compare with the more rounded toe tips of aneides flavipunctatus , the black salamander .
the wandering salamander is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
information on the wandering salamander ( aneides vagrans ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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two albino specimens , from two different egg clutches of the wandering salamander , were found in humboldt county , california ( houck 1969 ) .
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interspecific associations / exclusions . clouded and wandering salamanders overlap in a zone < 15 km wide in northwestern california . jackman ( 1999 ( 1998 ) ) reports evidence of introgression , but clear hybrid individuals have not been found . mitochondrial , allozyme , and karyotypic data distinguish the clouded from the wandering salamander ( sessions and kezer 1987 ; wake and jackman 1999 ( 1998 ) ) . in california , the range of the wandering salamander also overlaps with its congeners the arboreal salamander (
the wandering salamander does not occur north of the smith river , however a sibling species , called the clouded salamander , aneides ferreus is found in oregon . neither species occurs in washington or mainland british columbia , but the wandering salamander is found on vancouver island . genetic analysis indicates that this species was brought there in the mid to late 1800s in shipments of tanoak bark from humboldt county .
coloration of the wandering salamander is quite varied with a base color from dark brown to pale gray and mottles of greenish gray , pale gold or red - brown and flecks of brass .
in canada , the wandering salamander occurs along the west coast in southwestern b . c . , on vancouver island and on some of the gulf islands . this species canadian distribution is disjunct from populations in the united states , which are limited to northwestern california . it is possible that the wandering salamander is native to northern california and was introduced in canada in the late nineteenth century .
a couple of wandering salamanders discovered at the edge of a creek in the redwoods during a dry period in late june .
g . territories . studies on wandering salamanders indirectly suggest that they may not be as aggressive as clouded salamanders ; wandering salamanders do not use chemical signals in fecal pellets to delimit territory boundaries , as with other plethodontids ( ovaska and davis , 1992 ) .
the wandering salamander may be confused with the northwestern salamander , ensatina or blotched tiger salamander . the northwestern salamander is larger and heavier - bodied , has distinct parotid glands behind the eyes , lacks nasolabial grooves , and typically lacks patterning . the ensatina has a distinct constriction at the base and light flecking along the sides but otherwise lacks patterning . tiger salamanders are larger and heavier - bodied , lack nasolabial grooves , have a laterally compressed tail and the patterning consists of very large blotches and bars rather than mottling and speckles .
jackman ( 1999 [ 1998 ] ) suggests that there may be a difference in habitat preference between clouded and wandering salamanders—in northwestern california clouded salamanders are commonly found associated with both decaying logs and rocky slopes , while wandering salamanders are almost exclusively found associated with decaying logs .
below is a series of pictures all © spencer riffle showing a female wandering salamander in humboldt county brooding her eggs over a period of just over three months , when the eggs hatch and we can see the tiny hatchlings . click here
k . interspecific associations / exclusions . clouded and wandering salamanders overlap in a zone < 15 km wide in northwestern california . jackman ( 1999 [ 1998 ] ) reports evidence of introgression , but clear hybrid individuals have not been found . mitochondrial , allozyme , and karyotypic data distinguish the clouded from the wandering salamander ( sessions and kezer , 1987 ; jackman and wake , 1999 [ 1998 ] ) .
jackman ( 1999 ( 1998 ) ) suggests that there may be a difference in habitat preference between clouded and wandering salamanders– - in northwestern california clouded salamanders are commonly found associated with both decaying logs and rocky slopes , while wandering salamanders are almost exclusively found associated with decaying logs , not rocks .
are greater than 50 % in the wandering salamander ( stelmock and harestad 1979 ) . these nematodes infect the large intestine . there was no difference in infection rate between males and females . small animals ( < 30mm svl ) had no parasites ( stelmock and harestad 1979 ) .
three variations of adult wandering salamanders from del norte county : black on the left , brown in the center , and gold on the right . © alan barron
wandering salamanders do not appear to be as aggressive and territorial like a . ferreus , and they do not use chemical signals in their fecal pellets to mark their teritories .
4 . conservation . wandering salamanders have higher densities in old - growth forests , and while populations certainly have been lost due to forestry management practices and urban sprawl , animals can be found at high densities in regenerating forest . wandering salamanders now have a much wider distribution than in the past as a result of their introduction into coastal british columbia .
juvenile , humboldt county , on top , with a juvenile black salamander from the same location for comparison , on the bottom .
mathis a ( 1990 ) territoriality in a terrestrial salamander : the influence of resource quality and body size . behaviour 112 : 162–175
aneides : greek - lacking form or shape . vagrans : latin - wandering . from scientific and common names of the reptiles and amphibians of north america - explained © ellin beltz
the wandering salamander has a relatively slender body and can reach 13 cm in total length . individuals are dark brown to dark grey with light grey , bronze or gold mottling or speckles , and the belly is grey with light flecking . juveniles have a bronze dorsal stripe that fades with age . wandering salamanders have 14 to 16 ( usually 15 ) costal groves and long limbs . the innermost toe on each foot is short and the rest of the toes are long , and the toes have squared ends .
like other amphibians , this salamander has smooth skin that acts as a respiratory surface where oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide is released .
feeding behavior . as with most salamanders , the wandering salamander is a generalist feeder . in california , the wandering salamander’s diverse diet consisted primarily of hymenopterans ( ants ) , coleopteran adults and larvae , isopods , and collembolans ( bury and martin 1973 ) . in a population in british columbia , hymenoptera ( ants ) , coleopterans , and gastropods were significant prey items in terms of both frequency and prey volume ( stelmock and harestad 1979 ) . acarinians ( mites ) and collembolans had a high frequency of occurrence but their contribution to total prey volume was slight ( stelmock and harestad 1979 ) . juveniles eat smaller prey than do adults ( stelmock and harestad 1979 ) .
wake , david and jackman , todd - description of a new species of plethodontid salamander from california canadian journal of zoology vol . 76 , 1998
anti - predator mechanisms . several anti - predatory behaviors have been observed in the clouded or wandering salamander when individuals are startled or attacked : immobility , a defensive posture ( raising the body and undulating the tail ) , and flipping around followed by immobility ( brodie 1977 ) . skin secretions are thought to be noxious ( brodie 1977 ) .
wake , d . and jackman , t . ( 1999 ) . ' ' description of a new species of plethodontid salamander from california . ' '
p . anti - predator mechanisms . several anti - predatory behaviors have been observed in the clouded or wandering salamander when individuals are startled or attacked : immobility , a defensive posture ( raising the body and undulating the tail ) , and flipping around followed by immobility ( brodie , 1977 ) . skin secretions are thought to be noxious ( brodie , 1977 ) .
jaeger rg , kalvarsky d , shimizu n ( 1982 ) territorial behaviour of the red - backed salamander : expulsion of intruders . anim behav 30 : 490–496
jaeger rg , goy jm , tarver m , marquez ce ( 1986 ) salamander territoriality : pheromonal markers as advertisement by males . anim behav 34 : 860–864
in california , the range of wandering salamanders also overlaps with its congeners , arboreal salamanders ( a . lugubris ) and black salamanders ( a . flavipunctatus ; stebbins , 1985 ; wake and jackman , 1999 [ 1998 ] ) .
sub - adult , humboldt county . this salamander was found under a rock at the edge of a creek in early summer when the surrounding redwood forest was very dry .
this salamander is not included on the special animals list , meaning there are no significant conservation concerns for it in california according to the california department of fish and game .
jaeger rg , wicknick ja , griffiths mr , anthony cd ( 1995 ) socioecology of a terrestrial salamander : juveniles enter adult territories during stressful foraging periods . ecology 76 : 533–543
a medium - sized salamander . slim , long - legged , adapted for climbing with long squared - off toes and rounded prehensile tail . usually 16 costal grooves . two nasolabial grooves .
for example , the blunthead salamander , found in a small area of northwestern mexico , is listed as critically endangered because the species is severely fragmented and the population is on the decline . currently , there is no known population count . similarly , anderson ' s salamander , also of northwestern mexico , is critically endangered due to pollution of the lake in which it lives .
davis tm , gregory pt ( 1993 ) status of the clouded salamander in british columbia . wildlife working report number wr - 53 . ministry of environment , lands and parks , british columbia
n . feeding behavior . as with most salamanders , the wandering salamander is a generalist feeder . in california , wandering salamanders have a diverse diet consisting primarily of hymenopterans ( ants ) , coleopteran adults and larvae , isopods , and collembolans ( bury and martin , 1973 ) . in a population in british columbia , hymenopterans ( ants ) , coleopterans , and gastropods were significant prey items in terms of both frequency and prey volume ( stelmock and harestad , 1979 ) . acarinians ( mites ) and collembolans had a high frequency of occurrence , but their contribution to total prey volume was slight ( stelmock and harestad , 1979 ) . juveniles eat smaller prey than do adults ( stelmock and harestad , 1979 ) .
the species is abundant locally , but can be difficult to find if surface habitat is limited . studies of salamander abundance in different forest types and stages in oregon and northwestern california ( includes both
all salamanders lay eggs , with one exception . the fire salamander has live offspring and gives birth to 10 to 30 young at one time , according to the san diego zoo . depending on the species , other salamanders lay up to 450 eggs at a time . the santa cruz long - toed salamander , for example , lays 200 to 400 eggs at a time according to the adw .
the salamander’s habitat depends on what type of salamander it is . newts typically spend most of their time on land , so their skin is dry and bumpy . sirens have lungs as well as gills and spend most of their time in water . no matter the species , all salamanders need to keep their skin moist and need to have offspring in water , so a nearby water source is critical .
although populations have been lost due to logging practices and urban development , this salamander appears to thrive in regenerating forest . this species actually has a wider current distribution than historical distribution due to their introduction in british columbia .
some species can shed their tails during an attack and grow a new one . the axolotl , an aquatic salamander , can grow back limbs lost in fights with predators and damaged organs due to a special immune system .
were found in the more mesic habitats . recent work suggests that the wandering salamander inhabits the canopy of old - growth redwood forests year - round ( jim c . spickler , personal communication ) . in the canopy , salamanders have been found in humus accumulations in trunk crotches and on limbs , under bark , and in cracked and rotting wood of broken limbs and trunks . they have been found up to 87m and at some sites the canopy salamanders can be quite abundant ( jim c . spickler , personal communication ) .
( clouded salamander ) but have been reassigned based on allozyme , mitochondrial dna , and karyotypic evidence ( sessions and kezer 1987 ; jackman 1999 ( 1998 ) , wake and jackman 1999 ( 1998 ) ) . nearly all of the literature dealing with
r . parasites . infestation rates of the nematode thelandros salamandrae are greater than 50 % in wandering salamanders ( stelmock and harestad , 1979 ) . these nematodes infect the large intestine . there was no difference in infection rate between males and females . small animals ( < 30 mm svl ) had no parasites ( stelmock and harestad , 1979 ) .
salamanders live all over the world , but the united states has the largest number of different salamander families , according to the university of michigan ' s animal diversity web ( adw ) . all recognized families , except for hynobiidae ( asiatic salamanders ) are found in the united states .
with hundreds of different types of salamanders , there are many different sizes . most salamanders are around 6 inches ( 15 centimeters ) long or less , according to the san diego zoo . the largest is the japanese giant salamander ( andrias japonicus ) , which can grow up to 6 feet ( 1 . 8 meters ) from head to tail and can weigh up to 140 lbs . ( 63 kilograms ) . the smallest is the thorius arboreus , a species of pygmy salamander . it can be as small as 0 . 6 in ( 1 . 7 cm ) .
habitat requirements : adult . adults are found associated with stumps and logs in douglas fir forests ( welsh and lind 1988 ; welsh and lind 1991 ) , under rocks ( brown 1948 ; jackman 1999 ( 1998 ) ) , under redwood slabs in redwood forests ( storer 1925 ) , and in the forest canopy ( jim c . spickler , personal communication ) . wood ( 1939 ) found that adults have a tendency to be in , but not under , rotten logs . bury and martin ( 1973 ) found the wandering salamander associated with decaying stumps and logs in edge and open habitat ( e . g . , abandoned pastures , logging platforms in forest clearings ) , secondary forests , and in redwood forests . in coastal areas , welsh and lind ( 1988 ) captured more
) under bark on a log . if habitat selection preferences are similar to the clouded salamander’s preferences , then juveniles prefer bark litter over rock or leaf litter and subadults prefer bark litter at higher temperatures ( 20c , 25c ) , and show no preference between rock or bark litter at lower temperatures ( 10c , mckenzie and storm 1970 ) .
ii . parental care . if similar to the clouded salamander , variable . clutches have been found without a parent in attendance ( a . ferreus ; storm , 1947 ) , with a female in attendance ( a . vagrans ; dunn , 1942 ) , and with both a male and a female in attendance ( a . ferreus ; storm , 1947 ) .
salamander eggs are clear and jelly - like , much like frog eggs . in fact , baby salamanders are just like baby frogs ; their eggs are laid in water and the young are born without legs . young salamanders in the larval stage are called efts , according to the san diego zoo . they resemble tadpoles , and as they get older , they grow legs .
salamanders belong to the order caudata , one of three orders in the amphibia class , along with anura ( frog and toads ) and gymnophiona ( caecilians , which have no legs and resemble large worms ) . within caudata , there are nine families , 60 genera and about 600 species , according to the san diego zoo . newts , mudpuppies , sirens and congo eels ( amphiumas ) are all species of salamander .
d . juvenile habitat . brown ( v . , 1948 ) found three juveniles ( presumably a . vagrans ) under bark on a log . if habitat selection preferences are similar to the clouded salamander’s preferences , then juveniles prefer bark litter over rock or leaf litter ; subadults prefer bark litter at higher temperatures ( 20 ˚c , 25 ˚c ) and show no preference between rock or bark litter at lower temperatures ( 10 ˚c ; mckenzie and storm , 1970 ) .
age / size at reproductive maturity . based on follicle size , stelmock and harestad ( 1979 ) suggest that females greater than 50mm svl are sexually mature . this is slightly smaller than the data from mckenzie ( 1970 ) on the clouded salamander that suggest that females first reproduce in their third year , when they are approximately 55 mm svl . mckenzie ( 1970 ) estimated that male clouded salamanders mature during their second year , at lengths greater than 36 mm svl .
the canadian distribution of this terrestrial salamander is restricted mainly to low elevation forests on vancouver island and adjacent small offshore islands in southwestern british columbia . these salamanders depend on the availability of moist refuges and large diameter logs on the forest floor , as found in intact forests . the salamanders are threatened by logging , residential development , and severe droughts , and storm events predicted under climate change . low reproductive rate , poor dispersal ability , and specific habitat requirements contribute to the vulnerability of the species .
this is a moderately large salamander ( to about 80 mm snout - vent length ; 130 total length ) with long limbs , very long , slender digits , and a moderately long , prehensile tail . there are 14 - 16 ( usually 15 ) costal grooves , and the limbs touch or overlap when appressed to the trunk . the digits have expanded tips bearing a well developed subterminal pad . the tail is circular in cross section , and is strongly tapered to a blunt tip . the ground color of adults is dark brown or gray with irregular mottling or marbling of lighter gray .
the following account is modified from amphibian declines : the conservation status of united states species , edited by michael lannoo ( ©2005 by the regents of the university of california ) , used with permission of university of california press . the book is available from uc press .
the california populations now assigned to a . vagrans previously were considered to be a . ferreus ( clouded salamanders ) but have been reassigned based on allozyme , mitochondrial dna , and karyotypic evidence ( sessions and kezer , 1987 ; jackman , 1999 [ 1998 ] ) , wake and jackman , 1999 [ 1998 ] ) . nearly all of the literature dealing with a . ferreus from california and british columbia refers instead to a . vagrans .
populations have certainly been lost due to forestry management practices and to urban sprawl .
a . breeding . reproduction is terrestrial . two albino specimens from two different egg clutches were found in humboldt county , california ( houck , 1969 ) .
i . breeding migrations . do not occur . oviposition is thought to occur in spring or early summer in british columbia ( stelmock and harested , 1979 ) .
i . egg deposition sites . egg clutches have been found under the bark of a rotting douglas fir log ( wood , 1939 ; dunn , 1942 ) and at the base of a tree limb 30–40 m above the forest floor ( welsh and wilson , 1995 ) . davis ( 2003 ) has recently described the characteristics of three egg masses .
ii . clutch size . reported clutch sizes vary from 6–9 eggs ( dunn , 1942 ; welsh and wilson , 1995 ) . the average for the ovarian complement of eggs is 18 ( range 14–26 , stelmock and harestad , 1979 ) .
h . aestivation / avoiding dessication . aestivation is unknown ; animals likely avoid dessicating condition by seeking shelter under cover objects or in burrows .
l . age / size at reproductive maturity . based on follicle size , stelmock and harestad ( 1979 ) suggest that females greater than 50 mm svl are sexually mature . this size is slightly smaller than the data on clouded salamanders ( mckenzie , 1970 ) that suggest that females first reproduce in their third year when they are approximately 55 mm svl . mckenzie ( 1970 ) estimated that male clouded salamanders mature during their second year at lengths greater than 36 mm svl .
o . predators . poorly documented , but petranka ( 1998 ) suggests predators of aneides sp . include mammals , woodland birds , and snakes .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
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light juvenile , del norte county ( lying on one of the rare snows in the redwoods . ) © alan barron
adults are 1 4 / 5 - 3 inches long ( 4 . 6 - 7 . 6 cm ) from snout to vent , 3 - 5 inches ( 7 . 5 - 13 cm ) in total length .
dark brown , to pale gray ground color , clouded with greenish gray , pale gold , or reddish blotches scattered with brassy flecks .
active on wet nights . one of the most arboreal salamanders in california , found up to 40 m . above ground . often forages from beneath bark or logs , sitting still , waiting for small invertebrate prey to come close .
defense tactics include crawling away quickly , remaining motionless , raising up on the legs and waving the tail , and making fast jerky motions , then remaining still .
a generalist feeder , consuming a variety of small invertebrates , including ants , mites , beetles , and isopods . juveniles eat small prey items at first , with the size of prey increasing as the juveniles grow larger .
reproduction is terrestrial . breeding males have a well - developed mental gland . males appear to be sexually mature in their second year , females in their third year .
females lay from 6 - 9 eggs in moist places on land in spring and early summer . eggs have been found under the bark of a rotting douglas fir log and at the base of a tree limb high up a tree . females probably stay with the eggs until they hatch .
young develop completely in the egg and hatch fully formed . juveniles are likely to prefer bark litter over rock or leaf litter .
endemic to california , but introduced onto vancouver island and on neighboring islands and a small area of mainland british columbia . occurs along the coast from northwest sonoma county near stewart ' s point to the smith river northern del norte county . populations inhabiting most of vancouver island , b . c . , were probably introduced from california during shipments of tan oak bark in the late 19th century .
from near sea level to 5 , 400 ft . ( 1 , 700 m . )
the following status listings are copied from the april 2018 special animals list and the 2017 endangered and threatened animals list , both of which are published by the california department of fish and wildlife .
if no status is listed here , the animal is not included on either cdfw list . this most likely indicates that there are no serious conservation concerns for the animal . to find out more about an animal ' s status , you can go to the natureserve and iucn websites to check their rankings .
) bark , used extensively in the tanning of leather at that time ( jackman 1999 ( 1998 ) ) .
in slightly younger than older forests , but in inland forests , the opposite trend was evident . they suggest the differences are due to differences in moisture regimes between the different sites . in general ,
oviposition is thought to occur in spring or early summer in british columbia ( stelmock and harested 1979 ) . egg clutches have been found under the bark of a rotting douglas fir log ( wood 1939 ; dunn 1942 ) and at the base of a tree limb 30 - 40 m above the forest floor ( welsh and wilson 1995 ) . reported clutch sizes vary from 6 - 9 eggs ( dunn 1942 ; welsh and wilson 1995 ) . the average for the ovarian complement of eggs is 18 , ( range 14 - 26 , stelmock and harestad 1979 ) . clutches have been found without a parent in attendance (
the greatest threat to the species is habitat modification from logging , although it persists well in cut - over areas if sufficient woody debris remains . populations have certainly been lost due to both forestry management practices and to urban sprawl .
this species has successfully occupied many islands in canada as well as the mainland and appears to do well in the vicinity of humans so long as suitable seminatural habitat ( forests and logs ) persists .
climbing a tree , 91 meters above the ground , in bull creek grant , humboldt redwoods state park , california .
welsh , h . h . , jr . and wilson , r . a . ( 1995 ) . ' '
david b . wake ( wakelab at uclink4 . berkeley . edu ) , museum of vertebrate zoology
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
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the fact that aneides vagrans live high in the canopy of redwood trees is a recently discovered surprise , as they were previously known to dwell on large downed logs and occasionally on the ground in temperate conifer forests . they are the first temperate forest salamanders to be found living in the canopy , a phenomenon previously known only from the new world tropics . they range from stewart’s point in sonoma to the south fork of the smith river near the oregon border , occupying coastal forests of redwood , douglas fir and mixed hardwoods .
locally , they are known from the mattole valley and the eel river region at least as far south as branscomb . as they need a moist environment for their subcutaneous ( through the skin ) respiration , they seek out those areas and are rarely seen in the open except on wet nights . otherwise , they are found beneath bark or decaying logs , foraging or lurking in wait for prey . if you take a walk through the forest on a moist night they can be seen peeking out of bark furrows or tree cavities . their eyes will reflect a flashlight beam .
these salamanders have small sharp teeth , and may use them in disputes over territory or mates . and while they could bite , their usual defense is to run away , or try to be invisible . they may threaten the enemy by rising up on their legs and thrashing their tail . flipping around , followed by stillness , has also been observed . birds , mammals and snakes are presumed to be their predators .
hart welsh is a research biologist with the pacific southwest research station of the u . s . forest service . he specializes in herpetology : the study of amphibians and reptiles . hart lives in southern humboldt on the mattole river .
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the female lays a small clutch of 3 – 28 eggs in late spring or summer and attends to her eggs until they hatch in late summer or early fall . young undergo direct development and emerge from nests as independent juveniles . they take at least 3 years to reach sexual maturity . females reproduce every other year or less often . the average age of adults ( generation time ) is approximately 8 – 11 years . individual salamanders may live up to 20 years . ( updated 2017 / 08 / 04 )
more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available in the species at risk act : a guide .
to know if this species is protected by provincial or territorial laws , consult the provinces ' and territories ' websites .
please note : not all cosewic reports are currently available on the sara public registry . most of the reports not yet available are status reports for species assessed by cosewic prior to may 2002 . other cosewic reports not yet available may include those species assessed as extinct , data deficient or not at risk . in the meantime , they are available on request from the cosewic secretariat .
his excellency the governor general in council , on the recommendation of the minister of the environment , acknowledges receipt , on the making of this order , of the assessments done pursuant to subsection 23 ( 1 ) of the species at risk act by the committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) with respect to the species set out in the annexed schedule .
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salamanders are amphibians that look like a cross between a frog and a lizard . their bodies are long and slender ; their skin is moist and usually smooth ; and they have long tails . salamanders are very diverse ; some have four legs ; some have two . also , some have lungs , some have gills , and some have neither — they breathe through their skin .
most species live in humid forests , though there are some exceptions . the iranian harlequin newt lives in the zagros mountains of western iran , where there is only water for three or four months a year . during the wet times it mates and feeds , then goes into a deep sleep in a burrow during the dry times .
some salamanders — 16 species , according to the san diego zoo — live in caves and have adapted to living in total darkness with very pale skin and greatly reduced eyes . [ album : bizarre frogs , lizards and salamanders ]
salamanders are typically more active during cool times of the day and are nocturnal . during the day they lounge under rocks or in trees to stay cool . at night they come out to eat .
their bright , colorful skin warns predators to stay away , according to the san diego zoo . many salamanders have glands on their necks or tails that secrete a bad - tasting or even poisonous liquid . some can also protect themselves from predators by squeezing their muscles to make the needle - sharp tips of their ribs poke through their skin and into the enemy .
salamanders are carnivores , which means they eat meat instead of vegetation . they prefer other slow - moving prey , such as worms , slugs and snails . some larger types eat fish , small crustaceans and insects . some salamanders eat frogs , mice and even other salamanders .
spiny salamanders guard their eggs by curling their bodies around them . they also turn them over from time to time . some newts wrap leaves around each egg to keep them safe .
some salamanders don’t become sexually mature for up to 3 years and some live up to 55 years .
* some experts use urodela and caudata interchangeably as the name of the order . some have suggested using urodela to describe only extant , or living , forms , while using caudata to include all known extant and fossil species , according to the adw .
the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) lists hundreds of species on its red list of threatened species . while some are listed as least concern for extinction because their populations are stable , most species on the list are vulnerable , endangered or critically endangered .
some species of salamanders are shrinking from generation to generation in response to climate change . according to researchers at the university of maryland , salamanders that live in the appalachian mountains are shrinking because they must burn more energy as the local climate gets hotter and drier .
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aneides vagrans inhabits tree crowns . using cover objects and visual encounter surveys , i searched for a . vagrans in the angiosperm understory canopy at least twice monthly from february 2015 through june 2016 . all fieldwork was conducted at the redwood experimental forest , a us forest service property in klamath , california . i found no evidence that a . vagrans is present in this habitat , and thus i could not pit tag or track the movements of this species .