this is a nomen dubium , a name that is of unknown or doubtful application .

columbella nomanensis

columbella nomanensis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family columbellidae , the dove snails .
( of columbella ( mitrella ) nomanensis sturany , 1900 ) albano p . g . , bakker p . a . j . , janssen r . & eschner a . ( 2017 ) . an illustrated catalogue of rudolf sturany’s type specimens in the naturhistorisches museum wien , austria ( nhmw ) : red sea gastropods . zoosystematics and evolution . 93 ( 1 ) : 45 - 94 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
columbella zonata gould , 1860 : synonym of zafra mitriformis a . adams , 1860
columbella terpsichore : synonym of anachis terpsichore ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1822 )
columbella apicata smith , 1899 : synonym of mitrella apicata ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
columbella varians sowerby , 1832 : synonym of euplica varians ( g . b . sowerby , 1832 )
columbella is a genus of small sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family columbellidae , the dove snails .
columbella zebra ( wood , 1828 ) : synonym of anachis miser ( g . b . sowerby i , 1844 )
columbella richardi ( dautzenberg & fisher , 1906 ) : synonym of anachis richardi ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1906 )
columbella catenata g . b . sowerby i , 1844 : synonym of anachis catenata ( g . b . sowerby , 1844 )
columbella coronata g . b . sowerby i , 1832 : synonym of anachis coronata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 )
columbella dichroa g . b . sowerby i , 1844 : synonym of mitrella dichroa ( g . b . sowerby i , 1844 )
columbella duclosiana g . b . sowerby i , 1844 : synonym of pseudanachis duclosiana ( g . b . sowerby i , 1844 )
columbella fasciata g . b . sowerby i , 1825 : synonym of anachis fasciata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 )
columbella fluctuata g . b . sowerby i , 1832 : synonym of anachis fluctuata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 )
columbella guttata g . b . sowerby i , 1832 : synonym of mitrella guttata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 )
columbella harpiformis g . b . sowerby i , 1832 : synonym of microcithara harpiformis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1832 )
columbella impolita g . b . sowerby i , 1844 : synonym of mitrella impolita ( g . b . sowerby i , 1844 )
columbella jaspidea g . b . sowerby i , 1844 : synonym of metanachis jaspidea ( g . b . sowerby i , 1844 )
columbella kraussi g . b . sowerby i , 1844 : synonym of anachis kraussi ( g . b . sowerby i , 1844 )
columbella macandrewi g . b . sowerby iii , 1905 : synonym of mitrella macandrewi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1905 )
columbella ostreicola g . b . sowerby iii , 1882 : synonym of anachis ostreicola ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1882 )
columbella pupa g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 : synonym of pyreneola pupa ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 )
columbella semipicta g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 : synonym of pyreneola semipicta ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 )
columbella costellata broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 : synonym of anachis costellata ( broderip & g . b . sowerby i , 1829 )
genus : columbella j . b . p . a . lamarck , 1799 ( syn : colombella , columbellarius , columbus , peristera , citharopsis , pygmaea - db : 53 sp , 43 img )
vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
albano p . g . , bakker p . a . j . , janssen r . & eschner a . ( 2017 ) . an illustrated catalogue of rudolf sturany’s type specimens in the naturhistorisches museum wien , austria ( nhmw ) : red sea gastropods . zoosystematics and evolution . 93 ( 1 ) : 45 - 94 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
euplica festiva ( deshayes , g . p . in laborde , l . e . j . & m . linant , 1834 )
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genus : aoteatilia a . powell , 1939 ( db : 7 sp , 3 img )
genus : clavistrombina p . o . jung , 1989 ( db : 1 sp , 1 img )
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ampelita julii is a species of tropical air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family acavidae .

this species is endemic to madagascar .

ampelita julii

facts summary : ampelita is a genus of snails of concern and found in the following area ( s ) : madagascar .
wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
ampelita
.
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - ampelita spp . facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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the glossosomatidae are a family of the class insecta and order trichoptera.the family contains 23 genera in three subfamilies .

in the us alone , there are 76 spp. in 6 different genera .

glossosomatids , commonly known as the tortoise or saddle-case makers , and are worldwide in distribution .

the common names were derived from the domed shaped cases created by the larvae .

the first species was described by john curtis in 1843 , but the family was n't created until 1891 by hdj wallengren .

glossosomatidae

tree of life web project . 2010 . glossosomatidae . version 20 july 2010 ( temporary ) .
morse , j . c . and yang , l . , “higher classification of the chinese glossosomatidae ( trichoptera ) , ” in
a new species of synagapetus from spain with a key for the identification of the iberian and pyrenean species ( trichoptera : glossosomatidae ) .
major group : insecta order : trichoptera family : glossosomatidae genus : agapetus this family is represented in australia by a single genus , agapetus curtis .
a new species of synagapetus from spain with a key for the identification of the iberian and pyrenean species ( trichoptera : glossosomatidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
the adult trichoptera ( insecta ) of alberta and eastern british columbia , and their post - glacial origins . 2 . the families glossosomatidae and philopotamidae . supplement 1
robertson d . r . & holzenthal r . w . 2005 . the neotropical caddisfly genus tolhuaca ( trichoptera : glossosomatidae ) . zootaxa 1063 : 53 - 68 .
these photos supplement pages 119 - 135 of the guide to aquatic invertebrates of the upper midwest . information on the biology of glossosomatidae can be found on page 127 . glossosomatidae have a sclerotized pronotom , but a membranous meso and meta notum . the dorsum of segment 9 is sclerotized . the main identifying characters are the lack of prosternal horn and dorsal and lateral humps on abdominal segment 1 ( compare with phryganeidae ) and the fact that their anal prolegs are joined to abdominal segment 9 ( compare with rhyacophilidae ) . glossosomatidae build tortoise shell - shaped cases out of stones . these cases are diagnostic because all glossosomatidae build tortoise shell - shaped cases of stones and no other caddisflies build them in this shape .
friedlander , m . 1993 . phylogenetic position of rhyacophiloid caddisflies ( insecta , trichoptera ) , a spermatological analysis of rhyacophilidae and glossosomatidae . zoologica scripta , 22 ( 3 ) : 299 - 304 .
gonzález , m . a . & botosaneanu , l . ( 1994 ) revisión de las especies ibéricas y pirenaicas del género synagapetus ( trichoptera : glossosomatidae ) con la descripción de una nueva especie . graellsia , 50 , 9–19 .
ivanov proposed that hydroptilidae and glossosomatidae of the spicipalpia are sister taxa and allied to the integripalpia , and that rhyacophilidae and hydrobiosidae are sister taxa allied to the annulipalpia . he specifically challenged weaver ' s hypothesis of spicipalpian monophyly , providing evidence that each of weaver ' s 4 spicipalpian apomorphies are plesiomorphic . frania and wiggins similarly found hydroptilidae to be closely related to integripalpia , but the relationship of glossosomatidae was less certain , depending on the analysis performed . using selected characters they suggested that glossosomatidae might be allied to hydrobiosidae and rhyacophilidae and basal to annulipalpia , but were uncertain about the relationship of hydroptilidae . in the cladograms presented , it was sister taxon to the integripalpia , suggesting that spicipalpia may not be monophyletic .
morse , j . c . & yang , l . ( 1993 ) higher classification of the chinese glossosomatidae ( trichoptera ) . in : otto , c . ( ed . ) , proceedings of the 7th international symposium on trichoptera . backhuys publishers , leiden , pp . 139–148 .
a reexamination of the fossil mesozoic caddisfly dajella tenera sukatsheva , 1990 , formerly in philopotamidae , has revealed new characters showing this species to be a representative of the family glossosomatidae . it is a single species of the new subfamily dajellinae subfam . nov . the morphology of the head , thorax , and abdomen including the maxillary palp with well developed apical spine ( apical sensory complex ) , the integumental structures associated with sternal glands , and the male genitalia are described . the complicated cuticular structures associated with the sternal glands on abdominal sternite v suggest active secretion of the pheromone volatiles . short projection on sternite vi in this species might be used in the vibratory signaling which is known to occur in the behavior of the extant glossosomatidae .
morse ( 1997 ) provided a thorough summary of the hypotheses of relationships proposed for the major groups of trichoptera and also of the status of phylogenetic work at the family and genus level undertaken to date . ross ( 1956 ) was the first to identify explicitly any derived characters for caddisfly taxa . he recognized two monophyletic suborders , annulipalpia ( equivalent to his superfamily hydropsychoidea ) and integripalpia . these subordinal names were first established by martynov ( 1924 ) . ross ' s integripalpia contained two superfamilies , rhyacophiloidea and limnephiloidea . these superfamilies are equivalent to the suborders spicipalpia and integripalpia , as used here . however , ross ' s rhyacophiloidea ( spicipalpia ) was paraphyletic as originally defined . further , his hypothesis of the relationships among the three rhyacophiloid families ( rhyacophilidae [ including hydrobiosidae ] , glossosomatidae , and hydroptilidae ) and the limnephiloidea was based mainly on a presumed evolutionary transformation in larval case / pupal cocoon making behavior . ross lacked morphological synapomorphies at his glossosomatidae + hydroptilidae + limnephiloidea node and had only one at his hydroptilidae + limnephiloidea node . thus his behavioral transformation series is supported by only one non - behavioral character .
tortoise - case or saddle - case makers ( glossosomatidae ) - make a case that is constructed very much like the pupal cases of annulipalpia and the free - living spicipalpia , consisting of a dome of small sand grains and pebbles . however ( to complete the analogy to a tortoise ) the larva also makes a transverse strap beneath the dome , allowing the larva to carry it on its back . the tortoise - case makers construct a new and bigger case with each larval instar , and then pupate within the last larval case , after removing the ventral strap and attaching the case to the substrate .
. . . in the fossil record , the earliest evidence for the presence of palpal organs was recorded in two families of mesozoic caddisflies . in dajella tenera suk . , the only known early cretaceous species from the extinct subfamily dajellinae of the family glossosomatidae , the terminal segment of the maxillary palps bears a large terminal sensory complex ( ivanov and melnitsky , 2006 ) . a similar long terminal structure was found on the maxillary palp of the late jurassic spe - cies necrotaulius tener suk . from the composite mesozoic family necrotauliidae ( ivanov and sukatsheva , 2002 ; kozlov et al . , 2002 ) , in which it was strongly sclerotized . . . .
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case : dome - shaped , made of small stones referred to as
saddle cases
.
ecology : instream habitat : glossosomatid larvae are found on stones in cool , fast - flowing streams . feeding ecology : larvae are grazers feeding on algae and fine organic particles . habit : larvae construct dome - shaped cases of small stones , giving them the common names of ‘saddle - case makers’ or ‘stone dome caddis’ . life history : larvae possibly undergo five instars . shortly before pupation the larvae removes the flattened ventral part of its case and fastens the dorsal side to the rock . pupae are enclosed in grayish to brown silk cocoons . agapetus species are typically univoltine with a five up to ten month life cycle . adults emerge in autumn to early summer .
: wells 2010a , cartwright 1998 , dean et al . 2004 , neboiss 2003 , hawking & smith 1997 , marchant & hehir 1999
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distinguishing characteristics - one of the most distinguishing characteristics of the saddlecase makers is their tortoise - shell shaped case . unfortunately , they are rare in north dakota and we do not have a specimen with its ' case . features other than the case include : thoracic segments two and three usually fleshy or with small separated plates ( fig . b ) , the basal portion of their anal claw is broadly joined to the abdomen ( fig . c ) , anal claw hook shaped and bearing at least one accessory hook ( fig . c ) , they lack a posternal horn ( fig . d ) , and abdominal segment nine with sclerite on dorsum ( fig e ) .
notes - they are found in rivers and streams with fast currents where they feed on periphyton and detritus . their cases resemble tortoise shells in appearance and are made up of small rocks . we were only able to collect one genera from this family , protoptila . protoptila can be determined by its shell , which has two large rocks on each side . the size of the saddlecase makers at maturity is 3 - 6 . 5 mm .
this web site is funded by region viii epa section 319 funds administered by the north dakota department of health .
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this family is one of the primitive caddisflies of the rhyacophiloidea superfamily . however , they are not free - living like their better known cousins the rhyacophilidae ( green rockworm ) . instead they build rounded
turtle
shaped cases that do not surround the larvae but are rather attached to the rock surface at their margins . underneath is a sling made of secretions upon which the larvae ride , hence the common name saddle - case makers . there are four genera of possible interest but only one is generally recognized as important to anglers . see glossosoma ( little brown short - horned caddis ) for details . the other three are so tiny that they are also called pseudo - microcaddis . protoptila ( tiny spotted short - horned caddis ) is rarely important in trout streams and is generally found in warmer , larger water than the other two genera . agapetus ( tiny black short - horned caddis ) is quite common in many northern streams . matrioptila is an extremely tiny southern genus .
, though it is possible that we are looking at mixed species . the ones to the right with their aggregate of similar sized grains are classic
. regardless , they ' re all commonly referred to as saddle case makers .
in this picture : saddle - case maker genus glossosoma ( little brown short - horned sedges ) .
in this picture : saddle - case maker genus glossosoma ( little brown short - horned sedges ) and mayfly species ephemerella subvaria ( hendrickson ) .
i was thinking very dark olive w / a ginger shuck . sound right to any of you ? thanks jeff
jason just wanted to spread the word about agapetus . many trout streams have healthy populations of agapetus and there is no reason that some of these species are important to early season emerger / dry fly fishing . small ( # 18 - 22 ) black caddis dry or emerger patterns will mimic them nicely , as well as dolophilodes wormaldia and chimarra . my colleagues are describing 12 new species of agapetus , mostly from the southeastern united states . i would encourage troutnuts to attempt to collect and rear agapetus pupae . it is pretty easy to do , find pupating cases and remove them from the rocks using forceps and into a small jar of water . if you use a jar with a small amount of water ( just a little bit more than required to cover the pupae , removing the small stones around the puparium ) , then they will pupate in a refrigerator ( preferably 60 c or so ) . leave the lid loose to allow oxygen to equilibrate with the pupae . this also works for rhyacophila , which build a similar puparium . we are describing new species of both agapetus and rhyacophila and it would be great to have specimens from troutnuts ! ! ! if interested in doing this , and it is time , email me litobrancha @ urltoken you can send them to me in alcohol , who knows what else is out there ! ! ! !
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larvae : many classes of aquatic insects , such as caddisflies , midges , craneflies , dobsonflies , alderflies , and many more , are known as
larvae
rather than
nymphs
in their juvenile stages . they have mostly soft bodies rather than hard exoskeletons . these insects also advance through a
pupa
stage before reaching adulthood .
nymphs : the juvenile , underwater stages of mayflies , stoneflies , dragonflies , and damselflies and other aquatic insects whose juvenile stages are covered by hard exoskeletons . the word can also refer to the fishing flies which imitate these creatures , in which case it is used as a blanket term for flies imitating any underwater stage of an invertebrate ( except for crayfish and leeches ) .
swisher , doug and carl richards . 2000 . selective trout . the lyons press .
i outfish my daddy ! electric blue hendrickson dun . i love buggers . big , green , wooly ones . i outfish my husband ! be the trout . eat mayflies .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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original russian text © v . d . ivanov , s . i . melnitsky , 2006 , published in entomologicheskoe obozrenie , 2006 , vol . 85 , no . 2 , pp . 365–374 .
eskov , k . yu . , ivanov , v . d . , sukatsheva , i . d . , and wells , a . , “geographic history of the family hydroptilidae ( trichoptera ) , ” in
proceedings of 8th international symposium on trichoptera . minneapolis , st . paul and lake itasca minnesota , july 9–15 , 1995
proceedings of 10th international symposium on trichoptera , potsdam , 2000 , nova suppl . entomol .
, ed . by mey , w . ( keltern , 2002 ) , vol . 15 , pp . 277–292 .
ivanov , v . d . and melnitsky , s . i . , “structure of the sternal pheromone glands in caddisflies ( trichoptera ) , ”
ivanov , v . d . and melnitsky , s . i . , “structure of the pheromone glands in trichoptera , ” in
, ed . by mey , w . ( keltern , 2002 ) , vol . 15 , pp . 17–28 .
ivanov , v . d . and sukatsheva , i . d . , “trichoptera ( phryganeida ) , ” in
, ed . by rasnitsyn , a . p . and quicke , l . j . ( kluwer acad . publ . , dordrecht , boston , london , 2002 ) , pp . 199–220 .
kristensen , n . p . , “early evolution of the lepidoptera + trichoptera lineage phylogeny and the ecological scenaria , ” memoires museum nat . d’histoire naturelle , n . s . , zoologie
kristensen , n . p . and nielsen , e . s . , “a new subfamily of micropterigid moths from south america . a contribution to the morphology and phylogeny of the family ( lepidoptera : zeugloptera ) , ”
löfstedt , c . and kozlov , m . , “a phylogenetic analysis of pheromone communication in primitive moths , ” in
, ed . by carde , r . t . and minks , a . k . ( new york , 1996 ) , pp . 473–489 .
genera of the trichoptera of canada and adjoining or adjacent united states . the insects and arachnids of canada
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issn 0013 - 8738 , entomological review , 2006 , vol . 86 , no . 5 , pp . 568–575 . © pleiades publishing , inc . , 2006 .
original russian text © v . d . ivanov , s . i . melnitsky , 2006 , publishe
d in entomologicheskoe obozrenie , 2006 , vol . 85 , no . 2 , pp .
of science ( pin ) , no . 3063 / 178 ( sukatsheva , 1990 ) .
ivanov , v . d . and melnitsky , s . i . , “structure of the ster -
ivanov , v . d . and melnitsky , s . i . , “structure
kristensen , n . p . and nielsen , e . s . , “a new subfam
carde , r . t . and minks , a . k . ( new york , 1996 ) ,
. . . it is worth mentioning that traditionally the wing venation characters are widely used for the taxonomy of fossil trichoptera . however these characters can prove insufficient for family diagnoses , and should ideally be complemented by body characters ( ivanov & melnitsky 2006 ; also , the polarity of wing characters was never tested ) . regarding the current case , the family philopotamidae is characterized by 5 - segmented maxillary palps in both sexes , with the 1st segment being the shortest , the 2nd one being provided with a mesodistal brush of setae , and the 5th segment long , annulate and flexible , usually at least twice as long as preceding segment ( neboiss 1991 ; wiggins 2008 ) . . . .
new caddisfly species of the family philopotamidae , wormaldia pheromonia , w . vlipla , and w . sukatshevae , are described from the eocene baltic amber . all new species belong to the aequalis species - group and show fine structures of the genitalia , prominent sternal projections in males , and remnants of structures associated with the sternal pheromone glands on their abdominal segment 5 .
ten new species of caddisflies of the families polycentropodidae ( nine ) and molannidae ( one ) are described from the eocene baltic amber : holocentropus peregrinator sp . nov . , h . proximorepertus sp . nov . , h . dugoi sp . nov . , h . fundamentalis sp . nov . , h . telergon sp . nov . , plectrocnemia varigoria sp . nov . , p . synthesia sp . nov . , p . novokshonovi sp . nov . , nyctiophylax valideturbidus sp . nov . , and . . . [ show full abstract ]
structure and morphological types of the antennal olfactory sensilla in phryganeidae and limnephilid . . .
structure of the antennal segments and ultrastructure of the sensilla in representatives of phryganeidae and limnephilidae have been investigated using scanning electronic microscopy ( sem ) and optical microscopy . twelve types of antennal sensilla have been observed and their preliminary classification based on cuticular structures is discussed . all types of sensilla are unevenly distributed on . . . [ show full abstract ]
three new caddisflies species of the fossil genus archaeotinodes ( insecta : trichoptera : ecnomidae ) f . . .
three new caddisflies species of the fossil genus archaeotinodes : archaeotinodes petropolitana sp . nov . , archaeotinodes regiomontana sp . nov . , and archaeotinodes rossica sp . nov . from the baltic amber ( upper eocene , 40 million years old ) , are described and illustrated .
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university of minnesota ph . d . dissertation . june 2010 . major : entomology . advisor : ralph w . holzenthal . 1 computer file ( pdf ) ; xviii , 394 pages .
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laboratory measurements of dissolved oxygen ( do ) uptake by glossosoma nigrior banks were conducted in a sealed , recirculating flume under variable fluid flow velocities . measurements were performed in similar water temperatures , do concentrations and fluid flow velocities to field conditions in the stream where the larvae were obtained . total oxygen uptake by both cased larvae and corresponding cases without larvae were quantified . an increased fluid flow velocity corresponded to an increased larval do uptake rate . oxygen uptake by the larval cases alone was not as sensitive to changes in the peclet ( pe ) number , the dimensionless ratio of advective to diffusive do transport , as uptake by larvae themselves . the flux of do to larvae and their cases was up to seven times larger in a moving fluid in comparison to non - moving fluid conditions in the proximity of larvae for 0 < pe < 175 . a functional relationship was developed relating fluid flow and do uptake across a larval case . according to the proposed quantitative relationship , pe alone describes 91 % of the variation in the do flux to the larvae under variable fluid flow conditions . in response to fluid motion , larvae depicted two characteristic behavioral responses . when the ratio of advective do transport to diffusive transport was low ( pe < 87 ) , larvae occasionally abandoned their cases or spent more time partially extended from their cases . at pe > 87 , larvae typically remained in their cases . this indicates that oxygen delivery to the larvae at low pe is insufficient to satisfy the respiratory demands of cased larvae .
larvae of the above - mentioned order , the caddisflies , have earned the moniker ‘underwater architects’ through their construction of mobile cases and filtration nets ( wiggins , 2004 ) . case morphology varies greatly between genera , has been a topic of investigation and , in at least one species , dichosmechus gilvipes , has been shown to provide a functional advantage as larvae mature through different instars ( limm and power , 2011 ) . it has been noted by multiple studies that constructing and repairing cases is energetically expensive ( kwong et al . , 2011 ; statzner and doledec , 2011 ) .
cases built by another member of the trichoptera , glossosoma spp . , are well adapted for life in fast - moving fluid . glossosoma nigrior construct cases of rock , fastened together by a silk that they secrete . this rock armor may contribute to the success of g . nigrior , which outcompete other , more vulnerable soft - bodied macroinvertebrates that utilize the same resources but do not build cases ( mcneely et al . , 2007 ) . therefore , g . nigrior can have a large impact on energy and nutrient flow through aquatic ecosystems ( kohler and wiley , 1997 ) . furthermore , gaps in g . nigrior cases enhance water exchange efficiency , which is important for the pupal stage ( wiggins and wichard , 1989 ) . their bluff - bodied , oblong–hemispherical stone cases may , however , work to their disadvantage in slow - moving fluid . kovalak observed that at high water temperature and low current velocities , g . nigrior positioned themselves on more exposed surfaces of bricks , indicating that g . nigrior uses positioning to satisfy respiratory requirements ( kovalak , 1976 ) . at higher temperatures , saturated water contains less oxygen , but as temperature increases , g . nigrior respiration demands increase .
the positioning of g . nigrior on the stream bed has historically been thought to be a function of oxygen supply and demand , current velocity and food availability ( kovalak , 1976 ) . the risk of predation by predominantly day - feeding sculpin was not a factor in glossosoma positioning , but larval hunger level and food density were ( kohler and mcpeek , 1989 ) . regarding food availability , g . nigrior inhabited fast riffles to exploit the diatoms that colonize silt - free surfaces ( scott , 1958 ) . however , although g . nigrior larvae feed predominantly on diatoms , they are non - selective with regard to the type and size of diatom particle ingested ( tindall and kovalak , 1979 ) . non - selective feeding may be the optimal strategy for species that show large changes in diel and seasonal microdistribution controlled by factors other than food type and availability ( tindall and kovalak , 1979 ) .
given glossosoma ' s ecological significance , understanding the mechanisms behind their spatial distribution and population success would be valuable . because g . nigrior depend on cuticular respiration , it follows that they need to be in a location where oxygen is delivered to them by the flow in order to maintain a high concentration gradient across their permeable integument . furthermore , glossosoma do not undulate their abdomens , and larvae readily abandon their cases if damaged and rebuild from scratch ( okano et al . , 2010 ) . furthermore , the glossosomatid case impedes larval access to do and is abandoned in low fluid flow velocities ( okano and kikuchi , 2012 ) . more specialized research is necessary to determine the function of the dome - shaped case ( okano et al . , 2010 ) . the effect of moving fluid on the uptake of do by organism can be quantified by the established principles in fluid mechanics , including dimensionless numbers that integrate different modes of mass transport in moving and stagnant fluids .
this study investigated the role of the larval case and larval do consumption rate under different fluid flow environments in order to help explain the mechanism governing larval spatial distribution on the stream bed . the objective of this study was to determine oxygen consumption of larval g . nigrior under controlled but varying fluid flow velocities . to address this question , we manipulated fluid flow velocity and monitored do concentration in a laboratory setting where environmental variables such as light , velocity , temperature and do can be controlled . we hypothesized that fluid flow mediates do uptake by cased larval caddisflies and determines larval presence in their cases . this has implications for the mechanism underlying larval positioning on the stream bed , drift behavior and the role of the larval case . we investigated the lower extreme of flow conditions that larvae experience in their natural habitat . note that g . nigrior in this study refers to the mobile larval instars , not to pupae or the imago .
larvae were collected from valley creek at the belwin conservancy in minnesota during the late summer months of 2012 . this perennial trout stream has a watershed of ~ 161 km 2 , but with only 45 km 2 contributing to stream drainage ( zimmerman and vondracek , 2007 ) . the reference sites consisted of two ~ 8 m length riffles in a forested reach near the headwaters where the stream was still first order . prior to laboratory measurements , a 60 hz side - looking vectrino acoustic - doppler velocimeter ( nortek as , rud , norway ) was deployed to measure the variability of stream velocities in the proximity of the stream bed . one example of stream velocity , aligned with the mean downstream flow direction , that the larvae were likely to experience is depicted in fig . 1 . in this figure , z is the distance above the substrate , z c is the roughness crest elevation , l c is an empirically derived length scale related to fluid flow below z c ( raupach et al . , 1996 ; nikora et al . , 2007 ) , 〈 u 〉 is the velocity evaluated at z c , and 〈 u * 〉 is the shear velocity calculated from the reynolds stress profile ( nikora et al . , 2001 ) . field velocities were collected in december of 2010 in a riffle ~ 5 m from the downstream larval collection site . the spatially averaged ( over the stream bed ) and time - averaged linear velocity distribution depicted well the velocity in the proximity of the stream bed ( fig . 1 ) .
spatially averaged and time - averaged longitudinal velocity 〈 u 〉 profile in the proximity of the stream bed at valley creek , where z is the distance above the bed , z c is the roughness crest elevation , l c is an empirically derived length scale related to fluid flow below z c , 〈 u 〉 c is the velocity evaluated at z c and 〈 u * 〉 is the shear velocity . each measured stream velocity data point is a time average of 12 , 000 data points and a spatial average over a stream bed area of 0 . 2×0 . 2 m encompassing nine velocity time series .
the proposed linear velocity distribution was used to extrapolate the velocity at 0 . 3 cm above the stream bed in a region of high g . nigrior larval abundance . in this way we estimated a stream velocity of 0 . 04 m s −1 at a distance of 0 . 3 cm above the substrate . the average larval case height was 0 . 28 cm , based on measurements of 73 larval cases . the discharge velocity ( velocity averaged over the cross - sectional area of the test section ) in the experimental set up ranged from 0 . 001 m s −1 at the slowest pump setting above stagnant , to 0 . 062 m s −1 at the fastest pump rate ( table 1 ) .
a hydrolab ds5x multiparameter sonde was deployed for 3 days in each of the sampling riffles where g . nigrior larvae were sampled to capture the range of do and temperature that the larvae were naturally experiencing ( fig . 2 ) . stream temperatures ranged from 10 . 7 to 15 . 3°c , with a mean ( ±s . d . ) of 12 . 5±1 . 1°c . do ranged from 8 . 91 mg l −1 ( 88 . 7 % saturation ) to 10 . 40 mg l −1 ( 101 . 5 % ) with a mean ( ±s . d . ) of 9 . 61±0 . 35 mg l −1 ( 93 % ) . therefore , we conducted do consumption tests with temperatures constant within each treatment but ranging between treatments from 11 . 6 to 13 . 3°c with a mean ( ±s . d . ) of 12 . 4±0 . 3°c , and do ranging from 8 . 82 mg l −1 ( 85 . 1 % saturation ) to 9 . 74 mg l −1 ( 93 . 7 % saturation ) .
a recirculating chamber was constructed to measure do uptake by larvae and their cases over time in a setting where flow velocity could be controlled ( fig . 3 ) . the entire set up was enclosed in an incubator where temperature could be set and maintained constant during the different flow rate treatments . there was no light in the incubator to prevent any algal photosynthesis . one of two 0 . 02×0 . 02×0 . 57 m acrylic chambers , closed with tygon tubing , was filled completely with valley creek water filtered through a glass microfiber 0 . 7 μm filter . a peristaltic pump circulated the water inside the chamber . a smaller , 120 ml chamber was used for a stagnant fluid treatment in order to obtain the do flux in conditions where molecular diffusion was more significant for delivery of do to larvae and their cases .
oxygen consumption was measured with a needle - type presens microxtx3 sensor ( presens , regensburg , germany ) . the oxygen sensor was an optical do sensor of type pst1 with a resolving accuracy of 0 . 04 mg l −1 . the 90 % response time was < 30 s in liquid . our measurements were taken every 30 s and smoothed with a 2 min averaging window before the do concentration decrease over time was fitted by linear regression . linear regression was performed with originpro 8 . 6 ( originlab corporation , northampton , ma , usa ) software . larvae were held in a shallow , aerated , recirculating incubator at a controlled temperature of ~ 13°c through the use of a chiller . at the start of each replicate , 7–11 larvae were placed in the test section of the chamber , and subjected to specified fluid flow velocity ( table 1 ) . the change of do concentrations in the experimental set up was first recorded in the presence of larvae and cases together . after a satisfactory decrease in do concentration was achieved , larvae were removed from their cases , and measurements were immediately continued in the same water and flow rate conditions . hence , measurements with cases alone corresponded to each treatment of larvae and case together . in this way the oxygen consumption of the larvae was calculated by subtracting the oxygen uptake by cases alone from the corresponding oxygen uptake of cases with larvae inside . in the non - moving fluid treatment , five larvae in their cases were placed between two fine mesh ( 0 . 1 cm maximum pore size ) double - layered screens positioned ~ 0 . 5 cm apart that spanned the inner diameter of the vial .
dissolved oxygen ( do ) and temperature diel cycles in the upstream valley creek larval collection site from 17 : 00 h on 23 august to 10 : 00 h on 27 august 2012 .
is the total water volume in the experimental set up . integration leads to an expression for the total do flux to the larvae :
, can be thought of as the transport of oxygen to the case surface area due to molecular diffusion . the sherwood ( sh ) number is the ratio of advective flux to molecular diffusive flux ; therefore ,
can be interpreted as the sh number . the bracketed term on the right of
further explanation of these terms is included in the discussion . the form of the unknown function
experimental set up with magnified side view of a glossossoma nigrior larva extended from its case ( above ) , and a case in plan view ( below ) . j , do flux ; ñ , vector of unit length normal to a plane tangent to the case surface .
larval oxygen consumption rates were converted from per area oxygen uptake across the case into units of do consumption mg −1 larval tissue h −1 ( table 1 ) . this conversion was carried out using the average plan view surface area of the cases of the valley creek larvae and the mean larval dry mass from 235 larvae from two northern california streams ( 0 . 404±0 . 93 mg ) ( c . mcneely , unpublished data ) . california larvae were collected from two streams in the angelo coast range reserve and were of the species g . penitum banks ( fox creek , n = 193 ) and g . califica denning ( elder creek , n = 42 , where n represents the number of individuals of each species ) .
do concentration time series normalized by the initial do concentration for each experimental run with constant discharge and constant pe are depicted in fig . 4 . initial do concentration , temperature and velocity were within the range of observed corresponding variables in the field ( table 1 ) . all do concentrations decreased over time . the experimental set up was sealed , with constant temperature and therefore the decrease in do concentration is attributed to larval respiration in the test section . the decrease of do concentration was generally higher with increasing fluid flow velocities . for each specified discharge , each treatment was replicated at least three times and each time the set of larvae with their cases was replenished .
normalized do concentration for larvae in their cases . c o is the initial concentration of do ( mg l −1 ) . data were sampled once every 30 s and averaged over a 2 min interval . three example time series are presented from replicates of each treatment . pe is the peclet number ( see results ) . numbers next to symbols represent c o ( mg l −1 ) .
normalized do concentration in the experimental chamber with empty g . nigrior cases . numbers next to symbols represent pe . for each pe , one example time series is included .
the normalized do concentration time series for the cases alone is depicted in fig . 5 . at different fluid flow velocities and corresponding pe number the decrease of do concentration was similar . therefore , all treatments were included on one plot , with one example curve for each treatment . additionally , for pe = 34 , only two cases - only do time series were included in the larval flux calculations . therefore , an average of these two case uptake rates corresponded with the third replicate of the larval uptake for this treatment . because the quantity of interest is the oxygen drawdown slope rather than the absolute do concentration , for comparison of the slopes among replicates within each pe treatment , figs 4 and 5 depict the oxygen concentrations normalized by the initial concentration ( c o ) . the comparison illustrates the variability of the drawdown slope for the treatments with larvae in their cases ( fig . 4 ) relative to the treatments without larvae , for which do drawdown was nearly constant , independent of pe ( fig . 5 ) . oxygen consumption for stagnant fluid in a 120 ml vial with larvae in their cases is shown in fig . 6 . the transport of do to the larvae and cases was mostly , but not entirely , by molecular diffusion because there was still slight fluid motion resulting from larval movements . normalized do concentration shows a steady decrease at a much lower rate than in any other treatment in the presence of moving fluid .
mean ( ±s . d . ) larval plan - view case area was 0 . 22±0 . 05 cm 2 . the do concentration time series ( figs 4 , 5 and 6 ) provided the basis for estimating an average rate of change of do concentration ( d c / d t ) and corresponding flux of do to larvae and their cases . additionally , although the x - axis in figs 4 and 5 stops at 1 h , to maximize statistical significance the longest available time period for each treatment was used for the calculation of the reported do fluxes ( table 1 ) . we included 49 individual treatments in our study . for nine of the 49 treatments , slopes from which d c / d t was calculated spanned multiple non - consecutive portions of individual pe number treatments because of intervening temperature changes or other disturbances . in such treatments , the rate of change in do concentration was an average of multiple slopes weighted by the duration of each contributing time series segment . the minimum time span for treatments using larvae in their cases was 0 . 3 h , the longest was 3 . 2 h , with an average of 1 . 0 h .
normalized do concentration in a 120 ml vial with larvae in their cases in non - moving fluid ; c o = 9 . 8 mg l −1 ( y = 1–0 . 004 x ) .
illustrate an increased larval do consumption rate for increased discharge and corresponding velocities and pe numbers . for do flux to the larvae , a simple linear form of
the sherwood number ( sh ) , which is the flux of do in moving fluid ( j lc ) normalized by do flux in non - moving fluid ( j lc o ) , versus pe ( pe = u√a c / d , where u is discharge velocity , a c is larval case surface area and d is molecular diffusion of oxygen ) for larvae in their cases for each experimental treatment . the form of the equation for the fitted line ( eqn 8 ; see results ) is similar to michaelis–menten kinetics , where sh max = 6 . 8 is the maximum sh value and k 1 = 42 is the pe value corresponding to sh = 1 + sh max / 2 .
do flux to larvae ( j l ) normalized by flux in a stagnant fluid ( j lc o ) versus pe . the regression line is sh = 1 + 0 . 02pe , r 2 = 0 . 91 . j l is the difference between do flux to larvae with their cases and do flux to the corresponding cases alone .
the ratio of do flux to the larvae alone over flux to the cases alone is presented in fig . 9 . when this ratio was unity , the case consumed the same amount of do as the larva . larval oxygen consumption rates were highest at the pe of 178 , which corresponded to a discharge velocity of 0 . 062 m s −1 . at pe < 87 , larval consumption rates approached case consumption rates ; larvae were occasionally observed abandoning their cases or extending from case openings . for pe > 87 , larvae typically remained in their cases , with the exception of two out of 14 treatments for which pe≥148 .
manipulation of fluid flow velocity while all other variables were held constant isolated the influence of fluid flow velocity on larval do uptake and behavior . we expected to observe a higher respiration rate at higher water velocity , similar to the results of feldmeth , who reported that oxygen consumption ( mg g −1 dry mass h −1 ) in the laboratory was greatest for caddisfly species ( brachycentrus spp . ) at water velocities at which the species were found in the field ( feldmeth , 1970 ) . our data indicate a similar pattern ( table 1 ) . higher oxygen flux to larvae , which may be considered larval oxygen consumption , was associated with higher discharge velocities and higher pe numbers as illustrated in figs 7 , 8 and 9 .
the positive relationship between flow rate and larval oxygen consumption is supported by the higher larval oxygen consumption in lotic compared with lentic flow conditions ( okano and kikuchi , 2012 ) . oxygen consumption rate of g . nigrior measured in stirred vials from the hirose river , japan , was reported to be 11 mg o 2 mg −1 larval dry mass ( okano and kikuchi , 2012 ) . this is similar to the larval tissue consumption rate in our slower flow rate treatment ( table 1 ) . to convert do uptake per case area into consumption per mg larval tissue , we used larval dry mass available from california streams consisting of larvae from two different species but within the genus glossosoma . because the absolute quantity of oxygen consumed by larval tissue per time is not the focus of the study , but rather the relative oxygen consumption rate compared across multiple pe treatments , the assumption was made that larval dry mass is of the same order of magnitude between the three species .
the ratio of do flux to g . nigrior larvae ( j l ) divided by the corresponding flux of oxygen to the larval case ( j c ) .
from studies of water - side mass transfer to macrophytes and to sediment , a general trend is apparent , specifically that increased velocity in the proximity of filaments increases the flux of a substance ( steinberger and hondzo , 1999 ; hansen et al . , 2011 ) . our measurements support this pattern . in order to access oxygen - rich water , larvae must overcome the oxygen - depleted region surrounding them as well as that surrounding their cases . under magnification of the cases in our study it was apparent that the stones that comprise g . nigrior cases as well as the silk filaments attaching the stones to one another were populated by micro - organisms , including diatoms that g . nigrior feed upon . therefore , g . nigrior larval access to oxygen is limited not only by the physical boundary of the case stones but also by the respiration of the community of micro - organisms embedded in the case . although food was not provided in the chambers , larvae were frequently observed clinging to other larval cases . although this behavior was also observed in the field , albeit infrequently , access to the other larvae and their cases in each treatment introduced other variables into the system and weakened the conclusion about fluid flow effects on larval do uptake and behavior .


haementeria ghilianii , the giant amazon leech , is one of the world 's largest species of leeches .

it can grow to 450 mm ( 17.7 in ) in length and 100 mm ( 3.9 in ) in width .

as adults , these leeches are a greyish-brown colour , as opposed to juveniles , which do not have a uniform colour , but rather , a noncontinuous stripe of colour , and patched colouring .

they live from the guianas to the amazon .

the leech produces the anticoagulant protease hementin from its salivary glands .

haementeria ghilianii

no one has contributed data records for haementeria ghilianii yet . learn how to contribute .
the biological function of hementin in the proboscis of the leech haementeria ghilianii . - pubmed - ncbi
haementeria ghilianii de filippi , 1849 usnm 59930 . the orange bead was attached to
grandma moses
while alive and distinguished it from other members of the university of california - berkeley breeding colony .
sawyer , rt , jones cp , and munro r . ( 1991 ) . the biological function of hementin in the proboscis of the leech haementeria ghilianii . blood coagul . fibrinolysis . 2 : 153–159 .
the giant amazon leech was thought extinct because a specimen had not been collected since 1893 . in the 1970’s , dr . roy sawyer rediscovered two adult h . ghilianii in a pond in french guiana . how many are there now ? well a single brooding h . ghilianii produced 366 hatchlings . what were the chances that the two leeches found by dr sawyer were a mating pair ? extraordinarily good since h . ghilianii are hermaphrodites and as such are both male and female . sexual maturity was found to relate not so much to age as to weight . the male reproductive system matures at 3 - 5 grams and the female system at 10 grams ( sawyer et al . 1981 )
sawyer , rt , lepont , f . , stuart dk , and kramer ap . ( 1981 ) . growth and reprodution of the giant glossiphoniid leech haementeria ghiliannii . biol . bull . vol . 160 : 322 – 331 .
haementeria ghiliani de filippi , 1849 ( giant amazon leech ) , “grandma moses” founded a breeding colony at the university of california - berkeley , here seen on the arm of dr . roy t . sawyer . photo by timothy branning .
gasic , g . i . , viner , e . d . , budzynski , a . z . , gasic , g . p . ( 1983 ) . inhibition of lung tumor colonization by leech salivary gland extracts from haementeria ghilianii . cancer res . 43 : 1633–36
so where does that leave this amazing creature ? grandma moses ( pictured above ) had managed to produce over 750 offspring within the first three years of breeding . more than 46 medical , neurological and natural history research publications were based on data from specimens reared at the university of california - berkeley breeding colony ( invertebrates 2014 ) . so things are looking up for h . ghilianii . maybe one day you will have to worry about the amazon giant leech while swimming like the poor fellow in the hypothetical situation at the start of this article .
the giant amazon leech haementeria ghilianii feeds by inserting an exceedingly long tubular proboscis ( up to 10 cm ) deep into its mammalian host . the wound from its bite is not associated with prolonged bleeding because all antihaemostatic factors , including the fibrinogenolytic enzyme hementin , appear to be secreted exclusively into the lumen of the proboscis . it is in this narrow lumen that blood first comes into contact with hementin , the secretion of which is under neuronal control from the brain . during feeding , about 15 ml of blood are sucked through the proboscis at the rate of approximately 0 . 14 ml / min . a complete passage of blood takes less than 1 min , much faster than the approximately 6 min needed for coagulation ( fibrin formation ) . therefore , it is unlikely that hementin functions in the proboscis simply to prevent fibrin formation . of greater risk is platelet aggregation which can occur within 1 - 2 min . the formation of a platelet - rich clot within the proboscis could make the proboscis non - functional . hementin ' s unique ability to dissolve platelet - rich clots offers a way of restoring blood flow through the proboscis . hementin is able to disaggregate platelets by breaking the fibrinogen crosslink between platelets . hementin ' s unique cleavage site in the connector region of platelet - bound fibrinogen is thought to be a most effective mechanism for eliminating the crosslinking .
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physical characteristics : possibly the largest freshwater leech , the giant amazonian leech can grow up to 17 . 72 inches ( 450 millimeters ) long and 3 . 93 inches ( 100 millimeters ) wide . adults are dark gray - brown . younger individuals have a broken stripe down their backs and patches of color on every third body segment . they have only one pair of eyes .
geographic range : they live from the mouth of the amazon river , north to venezuela and the guianas .
possibly the largest freshwater leech , the giant amazonian leech can grow up to 17 . 72 inches ( 450 millimeters ) long and 3 . 93 inches ( 100 millimeters ) wide . ( illustration by bruce worden . reproduced by permission . )
diet : young leeches feed on amphibians . adults usually attack caimans , anacondas , capybaras , and domestic cattle .
behavior and reproduction : this species is a good swimmer and is usually found under rocks or in debris in the water while they digest their meals and carry their cocoons .
sperm packets are attached to the body of the mate . eggs are kept in a sac underneath the parent ' s body until they hatch and are carried to their first blood meal by the parent .
giant amazonian leeches and people : a special chemical isolated from the saliva of the giant amazonian leech is sometimes used as a medical treatment to break down blood clots in humans .
conservation status : the giant amazonian leech is not considered endangered or threatened . ∎
blaxland , b . earthworms , leeches , and sea worms . new york : chelsea house , 2002 .
sawyer , r . t . leech biology and behaviour . oxford , u . k . : the clarendon press , 1986 .
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the status of the medicinal leech hirudo medicinalis in europe and especially in the british isles .
biological conservation 29 ( 1984 ) : 15 - 26 .
wells , s . , and w . coombes .
the status of and trade in the medicinal leech .
traffic bulletin 8 ( 1987 ) : 64 - 69 .
all about leeches web page . urltoken ( accessed on december 26 , 2004 ) .
class hirudinea . leeches . urltoken ( accessed on december 26 , 2004 ) .
leeches . biological indicators of watershed health . urltoken ( accessed on december 26 , 2004 ) .
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halton , cheryl . 1989 . those amazing leeches . dillon press . reading level : ages 9 and up .
merrick , patrick . 2000 . leeches ( naturebooks ) . childs world . reading level : ages 9 - 12 .
davies , ronald w . and frederic r . govedich . 2001 . annelida : euhirudinea and acanthobdellidae . in : ecology and classification of north american freshwater invertebrates . second edition . thorp , j . h . and a . p . covich eds . academic press . pgs 465 - 504 .
klemm , d . j . 1985 . freshwater leeches ( annelida : hirudinea ) . pages 70 - 173 in d . j . klemm , ed . a guide to the freshwater annelida ( polychaeta , naidid , and tubificid oligochaeta , and hirudinea of north america . kendall / hunt publishing co . , dubuque , iowa , usa .
sawyer , r . t . 1972 . north american freshwater leeches , exclusive of piscicolidae , with a key to all species . illinois biological monographs 46 : 1 - 154 .
sawyer , r . t . 1986 . leech biology and behaviour . volumes i - iii . clarendon press , oxford , united kingdom . 1065 pp .
imagine you are at the amazon river and decide to go for a swim . just before you jump in the water you hear a bloodcurdling scream . your mind would automatically think of crocodiles or piranha , but instead out of the water runs a man screaming like a little child about a leech . you laugh thinking how bad could a single leech be . taking a quick look at what is attached to his leg you see said leech , but this is no normal leech . it is an amazon giant leech .
so what is the poor guy doing to do about his problem ? the common knowledge for removing a leech is that you pour some salt on it or burn it off . this is wrong and an overall bad idea . the use of fire or salt on a leech causes it to drop off , sure , but it also cause it to vomit up its meal into the open wound which may cause an infection . some advice most often given is to just leave it till it is full and falls off . that might be fine for a regular leech but this is a freaking big leech . simply sliding a fingernail under the anterior sucker and the leech will let go and take its 10cm long proboscis with it .
what is a proboscis you ask ? unlike the jawed leeches that bite using two or three rows of jaws ( depending on the species ) set in either a v for the two jawed leeches or an upside down y fashion for the three jawed leeches , this particular leech has a hypodermic needle lying in wait inside its mouth . when prey comes within range they extend their proboscis like a spear . once the leech is attached to the prey , the proboscis then functions much like a straw that releases anticoagulants and starts to suck up the blood at a rate of 0 . 14ml per minute and up to 15 ml ( sawyer et al . 1991 ) . what does this mean for medicine ?
leeches have been used since medieval times to remove blood . the lack of medical knowledge led to the belief that leeches were a cure all . leeches were used to treat a variety of disorders , ranging from tuberculosis to epilepsy and rheumatism . this of course was wrong and the belief came from not knowing about bacteria , and a lack of understanding about the human body .
in recent time the leech has made a comeback in the medical field in the use of plastic surgery and micro surgery . there is even some evidence that the amazon giant leech contains within its body various types of proteinase inhibitors that may be able to inhibit the spread of lung tumours , although this has not been proven by direct evidence ( gasic et al . 1983 ) .
invertebrates [ internet ] ( 2014 ) . smithsonian national museum of natural history . available from : urltoken accessed april 1 , 2015
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holding 17cm giant venomous centipede . . . barehanded ! australia ' s largest centipede
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that ' s just nasty . anybody ever encounter one of these bad boys ? what kind of damage can something like that inflict ? ? ?
i don ' t know how to keep this species but hirudo medicinalis can be kept several month in the fridge ( up to a year ) after being fed .
bet a nice chunk of fresh raw beef liver would be a tastey treat for them .
awesome ! i want one . . . . . . . . or 10 ; p
don ' t know , but fresh beef liver is lke a blood sponge and easily obtained from a butcher , so it seems likely that it would provide them with what they want . they live in water and wet places so they probably feed on fish so maybe a live fingerling bait fish . mice could fight back and hurt the leech .
i think you can order hirudo medicinalis at your local pharmacy , it is at least worth a try .
just talked to a friend who’s a pharmacist and she ordered a couple of medicinal leeches for someone ( or some company ) and they were around £200 a pair ! ! something to do with the fact that they have to be sterile .
i ' ve wanted to keep them for sometime ( they have got to be the coolist thing to watch swimming ) but at those prices i dread to think what the cost of the giant ones would be .
wow thats expensive that would be awesome to own one though think of all the blood it would drink . it could probably drink you dry in a couple of hours . . .
hmmm so what kind of enclosure for them ? they can climb glass and squeeze throgh very very tiny openings . 5 gall aquarium with screen lid on very tight or maybe with a cloth held on by rubber bands .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


the apple pith moth ( blastodacna atra ) is a moth of the elachistidae family .

it is known from most of europe .

it is an introduced species in north america , where it has been recorded from ontario and massachusetts .

the wingspan is 11 – 13 mm .

adults are on wing from may to september in western europe .

the larvae feed inside small twigs of malus .

they mine under the surface and cause the shoot to die off .

blastodacna atra

species blastodacna atra - apple pith moth - hodges # 1461 . 1 - bugguide . net
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
omenakirjokoi
to
blastodacna atra haworth 1828
.
blastodacna atra ( apple - pith moth ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
hans - martin braun added the english common name
apple pith moth
to
blastodacna atra haworth 1828
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
apfelknospen - fransenflügler
to
blastodacna atra haworth 1828
.
home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » twirler moths and kin ( gelechioidea ) » grass miner moths ( elachistidae ) » palm moths ( agonoxeninae ) » blastodacna » apple pith moth - hodges # 1461 . 1 ( blastodacna atra )
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the larvae feed inside small twigs of apple ( malus ) , mining under the surface and causing the shoot to die off .
recorded in 7 ( 10 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 1874 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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pyrausta flavofascialis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by grote in 1882 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from western texas to arizona .

it is also found in mexico .

the wingspan is about 21 mm .

the forewings are olivaceous at the base , shading to yellowish .

the median area and terminal space is purple .

the hindwings are pale with a fuscous terminal line .

adults are on wing in may and from july to september .

pyrausta flavofascialis

grote ( 1882 ) original description as botis flavofascialis is available online in the print references .
botis flavofascialis grote , 1882 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 3 ) : 577 ; tl : new mexico
pyrausta tithonialis ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 177
pyrausta cajelalis holland , 1900 ; novit . zool . 7 ( 3 ) : 590 ; tl : buru
pyrausta perlelegans hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 256 ; tl : colombia ; peru
pyrausta lithosialis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 263 ; tl : natal , northdene
pyrausta tetraplagalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 268 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury
pyrausta ( pyraustinae ) ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 252 ; [ globiz ]
pyrausta phaeophoenica hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 268 ; tl : brazil , castro paraña
pyrausta subsequalis subsequalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 18 , 22
pyrausta perrubralis perrubralis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 49 - 51
pyrausta scurralis scurralis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 130 , pl . 9 , f . 59 - 63
pyrausta unifascialis unifascialis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 73 - 80
pyrausta trizonalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 267 ; tl : mexico , cordoba , orizaba
pyrausta pyrocausta hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 264 ; tl : brazil , são paulo ; paraña
pyrausta nubigena rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 189 ; tl : algeria , guelt - es - stel
pyrausta cajelalis fortioralis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 227 ; tl : manusela , central ceram , 650m
pyrausta arenicola hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 28 ; tl : algeria
pyrausta coccinea warren , 1892 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 176 ; tl : california
pyrausta borealis packard , [ 1867 ] ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 11 : 53 ; tl : square island , labrador
= pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis ( packard , 1873 ) ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 133 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068a
pyrausta aurea butler , 1875 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 16 ( 96 ) : 414 ; tl : natal
pyrausta obtusanalis druce , 1899 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 100 , f . 12
pyrausta ploimalis dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 284 ; tl : trinidad r .
pyrausta flavibrunnea hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 32 ; tl : cuernavaca , mexico
pyrausta subsequalis plagalis haimbach , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 6 ) : 263 ; tl : miller ' s canyon , huachuca mts . , arizona
pyrausta unifascialis arizonensis munroe , 1957 ; can . ent . 89 : 93 , f . 5 ; tl : wildcat creek , white mts . , arizona
pyrausta perrubralis saanichalis munroe , 1951 ; can . ent . 83 : 166 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : ; duncan , british columbia
pyrausta perrubralis saanichalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 55 - 56 ; [ nacl ] , # 5064a
pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 133 , pl . 9 , f . 66 - 72 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068a
pyrausta unifascialis rindgei ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 81 - 82 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068b
pyrausta unifascialis arizonensis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 83 - 84 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068c
pyrausta scurralis awemealis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 130 , pl . 9 , f . 64 - 65 ; tl : aweme , manitoba
pyrausta californicalis californicalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 113 , pl . 6 , f . 16 , 19 - 223 , pl . t , f . 3
pyrausta perrubralis shastanalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 52 - 54 ; tl : mt . shasta , california
pyrausta unifascialis rindgei munroe , 1957 ; can . ent . 89 : 93 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : rancho la sierra , near arlington , riverside co . , california
pyrausta shirleyae munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 102 , pl . u , f . 1 - 2 , 5 - 7 ; tl : pensacola , florida
pyrausta retidiscalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 126 , pl . t , f . 7 ; tl : the basin , big bend national park , texas
pyrausta andrei munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 127 , pl . t , f . 8 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , texas
pyrausta socialis perpallidalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 141 , pl . 9 , f . 35 - 36 ; tl : kusshi canyon , yakima co . , washington
pachyzancla aurea hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 11 ( 66 ) : 515 ( ? preocc . pyrausta aurea butler , 1875 ) ; tl : presidio , mexico
pyrausta californicalis sierranalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 114 , pl . 6 , f . 17 - 18 ; tl : mineral spr . , tulare co . , california
pyrausta subgenerosa munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 118 , pl . k , f . 2 ; tl : chipmunk flat , near sonora pass , tuolumme co . , california
pyrausta fodinalis monticola munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 139 , pl . 9 , f . 30 - 32 ; tl : mt . shasta , siskiyou co . , california
pyrausta corinthalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 243 , pl . 1 , f . 27 ; tl : palmerlee , arizona
pyrausta pythialis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 , pl . 23 , f . 7 ; tl : cartwright , manitoba
pyrausta inveterascalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 165 , pl . 23 , f . 6 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania
pyrausta tuolumnalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 165 , pl . 23 , f . 11 ; tl : tuolumme meadows , california
pyrausta socialis socialis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 140 , pl . 9 , f . 33 - 34 , 37 , pl . k , f . 6 , pl . t , f . 10
pyrausta arizonensis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 131 , pl . 9 , f . 57 - 58 ( preocc . munroe , 1957 ) ; tl : prescott , yavapai co . , arizona
pyrausta sartoralis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 242 , pl . 1 , f . 26 ; tl : loma linda , san bernardino co . , california
pyrausta roseivestalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 94 , pl . 8 , f . 41 , pl . j , f . 3 , l . s , f . 5 ; tl : vidal , california
pyrausta zonalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 , pl . 24 , f . 10 ; tl : palm sprs . , riverside co . , california
pyrausta ochreicostalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 163 , pl . 23 , f . 8 ; tl : palm sprt . , riverside co . , california
pyrausta pilatealis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 242 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : loma linda , san bernardino co . , california
pyrausta subsequalis borealis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 19 - 21 , 23 - 25 , pl . 9 , f . 13 - 14 , 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 5060a
pyrausta pseudonythesalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 105 , pl . 6 , f . 28 - 29 , pl . j , f . 5 , pl . s , f . 7 ; tl : vidal , california
pyrausta pseuderosnealis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 114 , pl . 8 , f . 9 - 13 , pl . j , f . 8 , pl . t , f . 4 ; tl : georgetown , texas
pyrausta subsequalis plagalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 123 , pl . 9 , f . 4 - 6 , 10 - 12 , 15 - 16 , 18 , pl . k , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 5060b
pyrausta subsequalis petaluma munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 123 , pl . 9 , f . 1 - 3 , 7 - 9 , pl . t , f . 5 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california
pyrausta fodinalis septenrionicola munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 139 , pl . 9 , f . 27 - 29 , pl . k , f . 5 , pl . t , f . 9 ; tl : scandia , alberta
pyrausta klotsi munroe , 1976 ; : : mna13 . 2 : 108 , pl . 6 , f . 32 - 33 , pl . j , f . 7 , pl . t , f . 1 ; tl : ramsey canyon , huachuca mts . , arizona
pyrausta antisocialis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 141 , pl . 9 , f . 38 - 39 , pl . k , f . 7 , pl . t , f . 11 ; tl : mcgaffey , zuñi mts . , mckinley co . , new mexico , 7500 '
new york - to ( arizona , texas ) , tropical america . see [ maps ]
from ( washington - montana ) - to ( california - texas ) . see [ maps ]
washington - california , w . arizona , n . mexico . see [ maps ]
paraedis napaealis hulst , 1886 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 13 : 145 ; tl : california
loxostege linealis fernald , 1894 ; insect life 6 : 255 ; tl : argus mts . , california
california ( mojave desert , los angeles ) - s . nevada , s . arizona - texas ( big bend ) . see [ maps ]
botis lethalis grote , 1881 ; can . ent . 13 ( 2 ) : 33 ; tl : [ havilah ] , california
texas , colorado , arizona - mexico ( chiapas ) . see [ maps ]
botis volupialis grote , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 ( app . ) : 799 ; tl : hills w of denver , colorado
washington ( yakima co . ) , california - texas , nevada ( clark co . ) , mexico . see [ maps ]
metasia morenalis dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 58 ; tl : grapevine , california
botis atropurpuralis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 104 ; tl : texas , belfrage
from ( quebec - british columbia ) - utah , colorado , nevada , california . see [ maps ]
washington , california , utah , colorado , wyoming , arizona . see [ maps ]
botis augustalis grote , 1881 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 2 ) : 273 ( preocc . felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) ; tl : colorado
from ( british columbia - ontario ) - to ( north carolina , south carolina , texas , arizona ) . see [ maps ]
botys ( rhodaria ) vinulenta grote & robinson , 1867 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 17 ( ? repl . rhodaria signatalis walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; tl : north america
w . pennsylvania - s . ontario , illinois , missouri . see [ maps ]
syllythria rosa druce , 1895 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 60 , f . 19
nova scotia - michigan - to ( florida - texas ) . see [ maps ]
endotricha julialis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 17 : 389 ( part )
botys augustalis felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 134 , f . 26
pachyzancla xanthomela hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 11 ( 66 ) : 515 ; tl : purulha , guatemala
florida - na . georgia , iowa , kansas , oklahoma , texas . see [ maps ]
botys onythesalis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 18 : 734
california , nevada , arizona , new mexico , texas . see [ maps ]
south carolina - florida , west indies , ca , sa . see [ maps ]
rhodaria insignitalis guenée , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 8 : 173 ; tl : [ rio maroni ] , cayenne
florida - south carolina , louisiana , e . texas . see [ maps ]
na . georgia - florida , west indies , tropical , queensland . see [ maps ]
larva on hyptis capitata , dicerandra frutescens smedley , mccormick & eisner , 1990 , j . lep . soc . 44 ( 3 ) : 156
botys californicalis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 260 ; tl : california
larva on mentha sp . , ( california ) [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 114
texas , florida , louisiana , arkansas , missouri , illinois , oklahoma , mexico . see [ maps ]
botis dapalis grote , 1881 ; can . ent . 13 ( 1 ) : 17 ; tl : california
712x659 ( ~ 89kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 8 . 8 . 2009 , photo © d . smirnov
827x557 ( ~ 97kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 7 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
980x598 ( ~ 109kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 1 . 8 . 2009 , photo © d . smirnov
673x646 ( ~ 110kb ) russia , moscow area , 10 . 8 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
500x343 ( ~ 22kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , 27 . 7 . 1973 , markku savela leg .
herbula ? submarginalis walker , [ 1866 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 34 : 1286 ( preocc . walker , 1866 )
from ( ontario - alberta ) - florida , missouri . see [ maps ]
botys generosa grote & robinson , 1867 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 20 , pl . 2 , f . 10 ; tl : pennsylvania
newfoundland , s . canada - to ( florida , new mexico , california ) . see [ maps ]
larva on satureia hortensis , monarda [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 120
w . northwest territory , yukon , alaska ? , rocky mountains . see [ maps ]
500x318 ( ~ 18kb ) finland : om : perho jänkä , 7020 : 376 , 10 . 6 . 1971 , markku savela leg .
500x339 ( ~ 21kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 20 . 7 . 1970 , markku savela leg .
herbula subsequalis guenée , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 8 : 177 ; tl : north ameria
900x678 ( ~ 83kb ) usa : pike national forest , sugar creek on cr - 67 ( about 39°18 ' n 105°10 ' w ) , douglas co . , co , 29 . 7 . 2012 , photo © markku savela
s . nova scotia , s . ontario - to ( illinois - n . florida , mississippi , e . texas )
( deltoides & pyralides ) pl . 8 , f . 3 ( repl .
botis tatalis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 106 ; tl : [ texas , belfrage ]
botys perrubralis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 264 ; tl : california
botis scurralis hulst , 1886 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 13 : 155 ; tl : arizona
s . british columbia - california , nevada , colorado , arizona . see [ maps ]
botys semirubralis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 263 ; tl : california
botys unifascialis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 261 ; tl : california
s . new york - to ( illinois - florida , texas ) , mexico - venezuela , west indies . see [ maps ]
syllythria idessa druce , 1895 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 60 , f . 20
new jersey - florida , missouri , texas , oklahoma , s . california . see [ maps ]
from ( nova scotia - ontario , missouri ) - to ( n . florida - texas ) . see [ maps ]
s . canada - to ( florida - colorado ) . see [ maps ]
botis niveicilialis grote , 1875 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 2 : 232 ; tl : new york
botys fodinalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 369 , ( 12 ) : 461 , pl . 8 , f . 9 ; tl : california
larva on monardella villosa , ( reared ) [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 138
botis socialis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 107 ; tl : canada
= hapalia bicoloralis ; whalley , 1963 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 13 ( 11 ) : 446
botys tinctalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 371 , ( 12 ) pl . 9 , f . 5 ; tl : venezuela
botys extinctalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 372 , ( 12 ) pl . 9 , f . 18 ; tl : himalaya ?
botys catasemalis röber , 1891 ; tijdschr . ent . 34 : 334 ; tl : key i .
botys aulicalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 75 ; tl : jamaica
botys villicalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica
botys matronulalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica
botys collustralis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica
botys hilaralis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : jamaica
botys meropialis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : jamaica
botys janiralis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 78 ; tl : jamaica
this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome huitiéme . deltoides et pyralites
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
in uhler , p . r . report upon the insects collected by p . r . uhler during the explorations of 1875 , including monographs of the families
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2
histoire naturelle , générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes . ouvrage faisant suite a l ' histoire naturelle générale et particuliére , composée par leclerc de buffon , et redigée par c . s . sonnini , member de plusieurs sociétés savantes
descriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873
( a ) : 1 - 78 , pl . 1 - 4 , a - h , ( b ) : 79 - 150 , pl . 5 - 9 , j - u
list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement
whalley , 1963 a revision of the world species of the genus endotricha zeller ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 13 ( 11 ) : 395 - 454 , pl . 1 - 37
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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munroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2b , p . 110 ; pl . 6 . 34 - 35 . order
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grote , a . r . 1882 . new moths , with partial catalogue of noctuae . bulletin of the united states geological and geographical survey , 577 .
. the wedge entomological research foundation , p . 110 ; pl . 6 . 34 - 35 .
the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 13 . 2b . pyraloidea , pyralidae ( part ) , pyraustinae , pyraustini ( conclusion ) . . . munroe , eugene . 1976 . the wedge entomological research foundation .
check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . hodges , et al . ( editors ) . 1983 . e . w . classey , london . 284 pp .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 28 august , 2011 - 3 : 07pm last updated 12 november , 2013 - 10 : 48am
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
munroe ( 1972a ) fascicle 13 . 1a of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of scopariinae figured in munroe 1973 , fascicle 13 . 1c ]
munroe ( 1972a ) fascicle 13 . 1a of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of nymphulinae figured in munroe 1973 , fascicle 13 . 1c ]
munroe ( 1972b ) fascicle 13 . 1b of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of odontiinae figured in munroe 1973 fascicle 13 . 1c ]
munroe ( 1972b ) fascicle 13 . 1b of the moths of american north of mexico [ all species of glaphyriinae figured in munroe 1973 fascicle 13 . 1c ]
[ mona 5042 ] - - [ source uaic ] potential miss - ided , munroe ( 1976 ) seems to indicate texas as western limit .
( b & mcd . ) [ mona 5133 ] - - [ source c . ferris ]
from the pollination garden at the arizona sonora desert museum ( tucson ) from 28 oct 2006 . notice the hair - pencils at the end of the abdomen .
bruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page .