danio margaritatus , the celestial pearl danio , often referred to in the aquarium trade as galaxy rasbora or microrasbora sp. ' galaxy ' , is a small cyprinid from myanmar .

it has so far been found only in a very small area near hopong east of inle lake , at an altitude of over 1,000 m ( 3,400 ft ) .

its habitat is part of the salween basin , namely the nam lang and nam pawn rivers .

discovered in 2006 , the species quickly appeared in the aquarium trade , where its small size and bright colours made it an instant hit .

danio margaritatus

danio margaritatus . aquarium fish . aqua life . the celestial pearl danio . galaxy rasbora . microrasbora galaxy .
danio margaritatus , the celestial pearl danio , a small cyprinid from burma . ( image credit : tropicalfiskkeeping . com )
my father and i breed danio margaritatus ( celestial pearl danio ) . this is our custom 100 gallon breeding setup ! x - post from / aquariums .
my father and i breed danio margaritatus ( celestial pearl danio ) . this is our custom 100 gallon breeding setup ! x - post from / aquariums . : plantedtank
a 20 . 5 mm mature female ( zrc 50707 ) used as the paratype specimen used to describe celesichthys margaritatus , later renamed danio margaritatus . ( image credit : kamphol udomritthiruj , published in roberts 2007 )
the stunning colors of danio margaritatus , whose specific name translates as “adorned with pearls” . ( image credit : unknown ; sourced from urltoken )
james rosindell changed the thumbnail image of
file : celestichthys margaritatus . jpg
.
a 21 . 2 mm mature male ( zrc 50706 ) that served as the holotype specimen used to describe the new species celestichthys margaritatus , later renamed danio margaritatus . ( image credit : kamphol udomritthiruj , published in roberts 2007 )
the locale near hopong , myanmar , where the type specimen of danio margaritatus was collected . ( image credit : kamphol udomrittthiruj , published in roberts 2007 )
here , researchers kevin conway , wei - jen chen and richard mayden reexamined celestichthys margaritatus and determined that it really doesn’t warrant a new genus , and reclassified the species as danio margaritatus — and this has since become widely accepted as the appropriate designation .
an exclusive in - depth look at the celestial pearl danio celestichthys margaritatus , separating fact from fiction about this beautiful new cyprinid , with an illustrated spawning account .
life spans and senescent phenotypes in two strains of zebrafish ( danio rerio ) .
phylogeography of danio species . the arakan mountains of myanmar separate d . rerio , d . aesculapii , and the large , basal danio species from all other danios in this study . danio rerio occurs in several basins to the west of the area shown . danio albolineatus occurs in several basins to the east of the area shown .
roberts’ danio diagnosis proved to be more accurate than he thought . in 2008 , researchers at st . louis university in missouri , united states , would conduct additional analysis on the body structure and genetics of the celestial pearl danio . they found it to be similar enough to known fish species in the genus danio and not different enough to warrant its own , unique genus , so they revised its name and classification to danio margaritatus ( conway et al . 2008 ) .
the closely - related c . erythromicron is not recommended as it’s probably capable of hybridising with c . margaritatus ( see ‘notes’ ) .
my favorite fish , danio margaritatus ( celestial pearl danio ) spawning . they are most active shortly after the lights go on in the morning . they are beautiful fish and display intriguing mating and display behavior . the are spawning in dwarf hairgrass ( eleocharis pusilla also known under the name e . parvula ) .
conway kw , chen wj , mayden rl . the “celestial pearl danio” is a miniature danio ( s . s ) ( ostariophysi : cyprinidae ) : evidence from morphology and molecules .
) . while the celestial pearl danio is only one - tenth the size of its much larger cousin ( the giant danio ) , its epaxial musculature holds more than six times as many mpcs . interestingly , intermediate - sized danionins’ ( e . g . , rosy danio ,
one last tidbit : there are no such etiquette or procedures for establishing english common names . an aquarium store can choose to advertise danio margaritatus as the “galaxy rasbora” or “fireworks rasbora” or “celestial pearl danio” — which ever one sells better , i suppose , although eventually , a name will stick in the public mindset or among professional enthusiasts .
adult male of an apparently wild - collected aberrant form which may or may not be conspecific with c . margaritatus ( see ' notes ' ) .
this danio species are a good source of proteins and locally used as a food in some areas .
/ mg - muscle can be found in the larger giant danio . with respect to other members of the danioninae subfamily , the trend is the same . the smallest species examined , the celestial pearl danio (
dr . roberts coined the common name of celestial pearl danio ( cpd ) to reflect that the fish are actually danionins , related more closely to the danios than to the rasboras . according to roberts he coined the generic name celestichthys from the latin and greek words meaning “heavenly fish . ” since the specific name margaritatus means “adorned with pearls , ” celestichthys margaritatus translates to “heavenly fish adorned with pearls . ” it’s a great descriptive name , but a bit awkward to use in conversation , hence the name “celestial pearl danio . ”
at first , the celestial pearl danio fish was considered as a species from the genus microrasboras . later within a year , this species was described scientifically as a celestial pearl fish , and was placed in the celestichthys genus . a comprehensive study done in the 2008 year , led to the discovery that this species is actually the relative of genus danio choprae and danio erythromicron , and it originally belonged to the genus danio .
growth curves of ( a ) zebrafish ( danio rerio ) and ( b ) giant danio ( devario aequipinnatus ) from hatch to 60 weeks of life . mean length in millimeter ; n = 10 per time point .
zebrafish and giant danio as models for muscle growth : determinate vs . indeterminate growth as determined by morphometric analysis .
conway , kw , wj chen , rl mayden . 2008 . the “celestial pearl danio” is a miniature danio ( s . s ) ( ostariophysi : cyprinidae ) : evidence from morphology and molecules . zootaxa 1686 : 1 - 28 .
one interesting , apparently wild caught , form has been sold as female c . margaritatus . it has no stripes in the fins plus a dark spot at the base of the caudal peduncle as in c . erythromicron , but spotted colour pattern on the body like c . margaritatus ( see images ) and it remains unclear if it’s conspecific with either described species or not .
the former species d . erythromicron , d . margaritatus , d . choprae and d . flagrans are grouped together in the revalidated genus celestichthys roberts , 2007 . these exhibit unique body patterning consisting of vertical bars ( c . erythromicron , c . choprae , c . flagrans ) or light spots ( c . margaritatus ) and possess either very short barbels or none at all .
) are able to increase mpc numbers by 127 and 177 % , respectively . most interestingly , the mpcs of the indeterminate giant danio undergo the most cellular proliferation ( fivefold greater increase in giant danio mpcs compared to zebrafish and 305 % of control levels ;
the habitat of celestial pearl danio consists of very few other fish species like a microrasboras , dwarf snakehead channa harcourt butler and the rosy loach . from this group , the dwarf snakehead channa harcourtbutleri fish is the only predator of the celestial pearl danio fish .
( moustached danio ) , which is the type species of the genus—are consistently recovered basal to all other danios . second , three species—
sen n , dey sc . two new fish species of the genus danio hamilton ( pisces : cyprinidae ) from meghalaya , india .
danio erythromicron , often known as emerald dwarf rasbora , is a species of cyprinid fish which is endemic to inle lake in myanmar .
conway , k . w . , w . - j . chen and r . l . mayden , 2008 - zootaxa 1686 : 1 - 28 the ' celestial pearl danio ' is a miniature danio ( s . s ) ( ostariophysi : cyprinidae ) : evidence from morphology and molecules .
( 2007 ) : the
celestial pearl danio
, a new genus and species of colourful minute cyprinid fish from myanmar ( pisces : cypriniformes ) .
roberts would describe the fish as a new genus and species , celestichthys margaritatus — which means “a heavenly fish adorned with pearls” ( roberts 2007 ) . roberts also suggested that “celestial pearl danio” be used as the english name , owing to his analysis that the new fish was more closely related to danios , a known group of cyprinid species , rather than rasboras , another group of cyprinid species .
the official description arrived in february 2007 and the fish was placed into new genus celestichthys by tyson roberts despite morphological and behavioural similarities with danio ( formerly microrasbora ) erythromicron .
after a few sceptics voiced concerns that it had been computer - generated or enhanced more - detailed pictures were supplied and these , along with the ensuing media reaction , caused c . margaritatus to quickly become one of the most hyped fishes the hobby has ever known .
meyer a , biermann ch , orti g . the phylogenetic position of the zebrafish ( danio rerio ) , a model system in developmental biology : an invitation to the comparative method .
the
celestial pearl danio - a new genus and species of colourful minute cyprinid fish from myanmar ( pisces : cypriniformes ) . raffles bulletin of zoology : roberts , tyson r . ( 2007 )
) , appear to be less sensitive to gh , as this cellular population is augmented by approximately 101 % following gh administration . similarly , the intermediate - sized fish such as the rosy danio (
even keept together , they dont seems to crossbreed , it desnt mean they * cant” but they surelly dont try to by themselves . also there is a lot of feedbacks on margaritatus and erythromicrons kept together in the french aquarist community , and not a single testimony or picture of an hybrid is known .
conway et al . ( 2008 ) revalidated the species based on aspects of its osteology and a phylogenetic analysis , concluding that it’s related to the genus danio and the closest relative of c . erythromicron .
afri : i have recently become entranced by the celestial pearl danios ( celestichthys margaritatus previously microrasboras sp . galaxy ) . from a wee bit of internet research it seems there was an be an issue regarding its conservation status . anybody know if that ' s the case currently ? is it now being bred commercially ?
the original habitat of this fish is the small ponds formed by the seeping water from the ground or by the overflowing water from the small springs or brooks . hence , the water may be shallow that quickly warms up to a temperature of around 20 degree c , which means these danio margaritatus species can tolerate temperature till mid 20 . these water bodies like the others from the inle drainage also have slightly alkaline water , and the habitat is found with dense vegetation of hydrocharitaceae , similar to the water weed known as elodea .
) are drastically different , with an obvious growth plateau being reached in the former . the larger , indeterminate giant danio , however , continues to grow without such an asymptote . under strong growth promotion ( i . e . , administration of growth hormone , gh ) , these differences hold true , with the determinate - like zebrafish maintaining a growth plateau while the indeterminate giant danio is able to modulate its growth trajectory (
the first contains those fishes which though small are essentially proportionally dwarfed versions of their larger relatives , e . g . , barboides , microdevario , microrasbora , horadandia , boraras , sawbwa , sundadanio , danio , laubuca and rasbora .
roberts , tr . 2007 . the “celestial pearl danio” , a new genus and species of colourful minute cyprinid fish from myanmar ( pisces : cypriniformes ) . the raffles bulletin of zoology 55 ( 1 ) : 131 - 140 .
the celestial pearl danio fish is a small and fleshy danionins . it has markedly blunt nose with a standard length of 2 to 2 . 5 cm . the body of this fish is three times as long as its height .
celestial pearl danio fish is also known as danio margaritatus . in the aquarium trade , it is often referred as galaxy rasbora . originally , this fish was known as galaxy rasbora , but on february 2007 , that was changed by tyson r . roberts with his formal description of the species . this beautiful , little and unique fish is a wonderful addition to the aquarium hobby . this fish originates from thailand and myanmar . it is sold as a protein snack and has been considered a food fish . the average lifespan of this fish is 3 to 5 years . in the aquarium trade , within six months of its appearance , species of this fish were falsely reported as having become so rare . it is a mild tempered , energetic and hardy fish and is a good fish for beginners in their first aquarium .
it is difficult work — imagine comparing the jaw bone shapes of these tiny danios . once the analysis is complete , the researchers will present the evidence in an article for publication in a scientific journal . in the article , the researchers also have the privilege of proposing a two - part scientific name ( like celestichthys margaritatus ) , and optionally , an english common name .
roberts , t . r . , 2007 - raffles bulletin of zoology 55 ( 1 ) : 131 - 140 the ' celestial pearl danio ' , a new genus and species of colourful minute cyprinid fish from myanmar ( pisces : cypriniformes ) .
the genus name devario was suggested for the larger species with danio being applied only to the smaller fish ( with the exception of the type species , d . dangila which can grow to around 89 mm sl ) . recent molecular studies by mayden et al . ( 2007 ) and fang et al . ( 2009 ) resulted in further changes , with the latter study considering the genus danio to be composed of three subclades . these were subsequently split into distinct genera by kottelat ( 2013 ) , as follows :
older , molecular , phylogenies tended to agree that it represented a monophyletic group consisting of two major clades ; the ‘ danio devario ‘ group containing the larger , deeper - bodied species and the ‘ d . rerio ‘ clade comprising the smaller , slimmer fish .
the three recent molecular phylogenetic studies of danio ( mayden et al . 2007 ; fang et al . 2009 ; tang et al . 2010 ) varied not only in the topologies they inferred but also in the numbers and types of loci investigated . mayden et al . ( 2007 ) used sequences from six genes but only the four mitochondrial genes , which are maternally inherited and segregate as a single locus , were sampled in more than one danio . fang et al . ( 2009 ) used one mitochondrial gene and one nuclear gene . tang et al . ( 2010 ) used two mitochondrial genes and two nuclear genes . the rad - tag data presented in this study are solely of nuclear origin . thus , the results of mayden et al . ( 2007 ) reflect historical relationships of danio mitochondria and the results of fang et al . ( 2009 ) and tang et al . ( 2010 ) are based on both mitochondrial and nuclear relationships ; in contrast the rad - tags results presented here reflect only the history of danio nuclear genomes . given the evidence for introgression and multiple gene trees uncovered in our data , it is not surprising that inferred topologies within danio using small data sets are variable across studies because the gene trees from which the species trees were inferred may well have been different for each study .
a little feedback about ( non ) crossbreeding . a year or two ago a friend and me rescued both c . margaritatus and c . erythromicron from the same tank . the tank was left unmanaged for months after the keeper had a car crash . both species managed to breed during this period , resulting in over more than 20 grown babies . none of them had a single trait from the other specie .
among bony fishes cyprinids are one of the few groups in which this phenomenon occurs repeatedly with all barboides , danionella , microdevario , microrasbora , horadandia , boraras , paedocypris , sawbwa and sundadanio species representing miniaturised taxa along with a few members of danio , laubuca and rasbora .
my pair of celestial pearl danios showed typical danio behavior with the male chasing the female . i did not witness spawning ( in the dense plants ) but did find two fry in the water drained for a cleaning on 11 / 24 / 12 . they then bred regularly .
roberts , t . r . , 2007 . the
celestial pearl danio
, a new genus and species of colourful minute cyprinid fish from myanmar ( pisces : cypriniformes ) . raffles bull . zool . 55 ( 1 ) : 131 - 140 . ( ref . 57973 )
but under zoological taxonomy rules , roberts’ name will always be attached to the celestial pearl danio , even if the species is reclassified yet again by another team . and to signify that the currently accepted scientific name was the work of researchers after roberts , roberts’ name is now put in parentheses .
however in 2003 fang conducted a more detailed study based on morphological characters which included members of other related genera , and the results suggested for the first time that the genus danio as previously considered represents a polyphyletic grouping , i . e . , not all members derived from a single common ancestor .
zebrafish ( danio rerio ) is an important model for vertebrate development , genomics , physiology , behavior , toxicology , and disease . additionally , work on numerous danio species is elucidating evolutionary mechanisms for morphological development . yet , the relationships of zebrafish and its closest relatives remain unclear possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting , speciation with gene flow , and interspecies hybridization . to clarify these relationships , we first constructed phylogenomic data sets from 30 , 801 restriction - associated dna ( rad ) - tag loci ( 483 , 026 variable positions ) with clear orthology to a single location in the sequenced zebrafish genome . we then inferred a well - supported species tree for danio and tested for gene flow during the diversification of the genus . an approach independent of the sequenced zebrafish genome verified all inferred relationships . although identification of the sister taxon to zebrafish has been contentious , multiple rad - tag data sets and several analytical methods provided strong evidence for danio aesculapii as the most closely related extant zebrafish relative studied to date . data also displayed patterns consistent with gene flow during speciation and postspeciation introgression in the lineage leading to zebrafish . the incorporation of biogeographic data with phylogenomic analyses put these relationships in a phylogeographic context and supplied additional support for d . aesculapii as the sister species to d . rerio . the clear resolution of this study establishes a framework for investigating the evolutionary biology of danio and the heterogeneity of genome evolution in the recent history of a model organism within an emerging model genus for genetics , development , and evolution .
the genus danio contains only the type species , d . dangila , separated on the basis of its larger size and the shape of the caudal - fin , which in adults is only slightly emarginate or even truncate in shape , a feature it shares only with tinca tinca ( the common tench ) among other cyprinids .
fang , f . , m . norén , t . y . liao , m . källersjö and s . o . kullander . 2009 - zoologica scripta 38 ( 1 ) : 1 - 20 . molecular phylogenetic interrelationships of the south asian cyprinid genera danio , devario and microrasbora ( teleostei , cyprinidae , danioninae ) .
other morphological similarities , such as the presence of the ‘danionin notch ‘ on the lower jaw , were also recorded , and as a result celestichthys was placed in synonymy of danio with the authors preferring to recognise a broader concept of the latter rather than maintain the former . this situation lasted until 2013 when kottelat revalidated celestichthys .
they also found that the combination of apomorphies characterising members of danio ( a stripe on the anal - fin , two or more p stripes on the caudal ; see below for explanation ) is present in this species , and that the spotted body patterning is not unique but a derivation of the striped pattern seen in other danios .
genome ( 15 . 8–29 . 1 % per danio sample , 49 . 4–76 . 8 % in the outgroups ) likely represent sequences from three sources : regions orthologous to unassembled zebrafish genomic scaffolds , loci orthologous to locations on the 25 zebrafish chromosomes but diverged beyond recognition , and sequences with no orthologous locus in the zebrafish genome .
what i do know is that the beautiful celestial pearl danio is just beginning its time as a magnificent addition to the variety of small fish perfect for aquarium life . it is beautiful , has interesting behavior that we are only beginning to learn about , is easy to care for , and easy to breed . what more could a hobbyist want ?
the celestial pearl danio fish thrives best in slightly alkaline and fairly soft water at not a high temperature . it can also tolerate a wide range of water conditions . it requires a water temperature of 73 to 79 degree f and a ph of around 6 . 5 to 7 . 5 . weekly water changes are essential to keep fish healthy .
communities : a relatively peaceful fish that does well in both species - only and non - competitive community aquariums with amiable , like - sized tankmates including boraras , small danionins and microrasboras . among d . margaritatus it is advisable to stock one male per every three females . while males spend most of their time courting females , they can be somewhat territorial and they participate in hierarchical forms of aggression where fin - nipping is common . aggression is most evenly distributed in tanks that are larger , heavily - planted and house larger numbers of fish . in these conditions , fish are more confident and more brightly colored .
the next morning , three of the danios were schooling together . the other one must have died . two of the danios were displaying similarly to what my male white cloud mountain minnows have done . they were more intense in color than the third danio . despite their tiny size , i think i have one female and two males who already want to spawn ! there was some chasing as well of the males after the female .
to varying degrees , all species in genus danio share with zebrafish the biological characteristics that allowed d . rerio to become a preeminent model organism ( e . g . , small size , high fecundity , externally developing transparent embryos , and ease of laboratory culture ) so many tools designed for zebrafish can also be used to study its closest relatives . because danios can hybridize with zebrafish , the natural genetic variation in evolutionarily important traits that these species possess can be seen as an extension to the genetic resources available for zebrafish including induced null activity alleles in over 45 % of its 26 , 000 genes , more than any other vertebrate ( kettleborough , busch - nentwich , et al . 2013 , and urltoken , last accessed december 1 , 2014 ) . these features , along with the phylogenetic context we provide in this work , promise to make danio the premier vertebrate “model genus . ”
rad - tag analysis of 12 species of danio and seven outgroups recovered well - supported species relationships and suggested an explanation for the disparate results of previous phylogenetic studies of this group . relationships among major clades within danio ( the basal danios , the d . choprae species group , and the d . rerio species group ) are consistent across previous studies and the present work . recovered associations within the d . rerio species group , however , vary across studies and involve nodes with low support both in previous studies and in our most restrictive data set . variable topologies and weak support for relationships within the d . rerio species group can be explained by two phenomena apparent in our rad - tag data : 1 ) different trees for different loci helps explain variable topologies across studies , and 2 ) short branches at the base of the d . rerio species group explain weak support for relationships within the group .
the celestial pearl danio fish has been found near hopong , east of inle lake in a very small area . its natural habitat is a part of the salween basin , namely the nam pawn and nam lang rivers . it was discovered in 2006 and its species rapidly appeared in the aquarium trade , where its bright colors and small size made it an immediate hit . in their homeland , this fish is found in a series spring fed ponds and groundwater .
rad - seq has been successfully used to answer biogeographic and phylogenomic questions for short timescales ( emerson et al . 2010 ; eaton and ree 2013 ; jones et al . 2013 ; keller et al . 2013 ; wagner et al . 2013 ; martin and feinstein 2014 ) , but its utility on longer timescales has been questioned ( rubin et al . 2012 ; cariou et al . 2013 ; jones et al . 2013 ) and remains largely unexplored . although a study has yet to explicitly estimate the root age of danio , investigations estimating the root ages of various cyprinid clades from relaxed molecular clock methods for the cytb gene placed the origin of genus danio in the mid miocene , at least 13 ma , and the last common ancestor of all taxa included in this study at more than 31 ma ( ruber et al . 2007 ) . if danio is indeed a 13 - my - old genus , this study represents , to the best of our knowledge , the longest timescale to which rad - seq has been empirically applied in vertebrates . despite the antiquity of this divergence time , we were still able to infer orthologous rad - tags across both ingroup and outgroup taxa through both our genome - assisted method and genome - independent , de novo method . application of rad - seq on this timescale empirically demonstrates its utility for answering phylogenomic questions across larger phylogenetic distances than those to which it has previously been applied .
recent danio phylogenies disagree on the sister group to zebrafish and other relationships . ( a ) topology from mayden et al . ( 2007 ) recovered by parsimony and ml from two nuclear and four mitochondrial genes that involved 6 , 921 positions . ( b ) topology from fang et al . ( 2009 ) recovered by ml from rhodopsin and cytb sequences that involved 1 , 542 positions . ( c ) topology from tang et al . ( 2010 ) recovered by parsimony based on two nuclear and two mitochondrial genes that involved 4 , 117 positions . ( d ) topology from tang et al . ( 2010 ) recovered by ml based on the same data as in ( c ) . to simplify comparisons across studies , all topologies are presented as phylograms and show support only for the sister group to danio rerio . in each phylogeny , tips labeled as d . albolineatus and d . choprae species groups include two or more taxa included in these groups .
the celestial pearl danio fish is an omnivore and it will eat everything which reaches the bottom . for food , this fish will not swim to the surface . generally , it will eat all kinds of sinking pellets , table food , flakes , algae and live foods . they also like frozen food . to keep a good balance , feeding of high quality flake food or tablet food is ideal for them . this fish likes brine shrimp , tubifex , daphnia , mosquito larvae and some vegetable foods like algae wafers .
the zebrafish , danio rerio ( hamilton 1822 ) , is an important model for understanding vertebrate developmental mechanisms ( kinkel and prince 2009 ) , genome evolution ( postlethwait et al . 2004 ) , physiology ( lohr and hammerschmidt 2011 ) , behavior ( norton and bally - cuif 2010 ) , toxicology ( peterson and macrae 2012 ) , and disease ( lieschke and currie 2007 ; santoriello and zon 2012 ) . furthermore , along with mouse and human , zebrafish has the best genome assembly and gene annotation among vertebrates ( howe et al . 2013 ) .
mayden , r . l . , k . l . tang , k . w . conway , j . freyhof , s . chamberlain , m . haskins , l . schneider , m . sudkamp , r . m . wood , m . agnew , a . bufalino , z . sulaiman , m . miya , k . saitoh , s . he , 2007 - journal of experimental zoology , molecular development and evolution 308b : 642–654 phylogenetic relationships of danio within the order cypriniformes : a framework for comparative and evolutionary studies of a model species .
we provide the first well - supported phylogeny of the cyprinid genus danio based on more than 30 , 000 nuclear rad - tag loci from 4 strains of d . rerio , 11 other danios , and 7 closely related outgroup species . our analyses of concatenated data sets all provide strong support for d . aesculapii as the sister species to d . rerio , a relationship that has not been recovered in previous phylogenetic studies . tests for introgression and analysis of phylogenies based on individual loci revealed striking asymmetries that are inconsistent with a single bifurcating species tree , suggesting that the diversification of danio involved instances of rapid speciation and introgression . the two inferred instances of introgression within the d . rerio species group both involve d . rerio , demonstrating the necessity of understanding the history of the genus as a whole to understand more fully this important model organism . given the evidence we see for multiple topologies explaining the recent evolution of d . rerio and its closest relatives , we infer that the seemingly incongruent results of previous phylogenetic studies , while likely to be correct gene trees for the loci included in each of those studies , are not accurate representations of the genome - wide species tree for danio . to better understand the recent evolutionary history of zebrafish , future work will necessarily include : further phylogenomic inferences involving increased taxon sampling to characterize the mosaic history of its genome ; whole - genome sequencing of several other danios to identify recent structural rearrangements ; hybrid studies and examination of natural isolates to explore the extent to which these species can and do interbreed ; as well as cellular and developmental studies to understand the evolution of pigmentation , size , and other phenotypic differences among these species .
to house a celestial pearl danio fish a 15 gallon tank is the minimum requirement . but , it’s better to start with one of 20 to 30 gallons . this fish lives in small ponds which are created by the overflow from small springs and seeping groundwater . the maximum amount of surface area is good for them because a large surface area of water helps the fish in taking oxygen easily . the tank must be well cleaned beforehand and it would be better to use table salt to disinfect and clean the tank . this will give the fishes a chance to grow into a healthy and full size .
species group ( 18 , 339 loci ) , the average across all danio species ( 17 , 734 loci ) , and the average for outgroup taxa ( 7 , 148 loci ) . this decrease in the number of rad - tag loci with increasing phylogenetic distance from the reference genome mirrors the increase in unmappable rad - tags mentioned previously . interestingly , in contrast to the high variability in repetitive rad - tags across species , the total number of nonrepetitive rad - tags ( mapped rad - tag loci and unmappable rad - tags ) was relatively constant across the phylogenetic distance investigated in this study with the mean across
we retrieved hydrological basin data from aquastat , the food and agricultural organization of the united nations’s global water information system ( fao . org / nr / water / aquastat / gis / index . stm ) and danio locality information from the global biodiversity information facility ( gbif . org ) and imported them into arcgis ( esri . com / software / arcgis ) for visualization and comparison . some additions and corrections were made to the locality information based on recent publications and redescriptions . namely , two localities of d . choprae from the western ghats were corrected to d . aesculapii according to kullander and fang ( 2009a ) .
ml phylogeny of the danio genus based on rad - tag sequences . unlabeled nodes have 100 % bootstrap support across all data sets . labeled nodes give the bootstrap support for the node in ( from top to bottom ) the min . taxa data set , the dre group data set , the all danios data set , and the pyrad data set . branch lengths are based on the ml analysis of min . taxa data set , the largest genome - based data set . the inset shows the support across data sets for the relationships within a subclade of the d . rerio species group . white scale bars in photos are 0 . 5 cm in length .
for each genomic locus with sequences from four or more samples , sequences were aligned against each other using muscle v 3 . 8 . 31 ( edgar 2004 ) with default settings . the resulting alignments were trimmed of their sbf i restriction sites and concatenated to give the min . taxa , dre group , and all danios data sets based on the number of samples and species possessing each locus . the min . taxa data set contained all 30 , 801 loci present in at least four samples ; the dre group data set contained the 3 , 406 loci present in all members of the d . rerio species group ; the all danios data set contained 1 , 720 loci present in all danio samples .
while the indeterminate rainbow trout has been utilized by fish biologists for decades , it has not received the attention of aging researchers , largely due to its size , somewhat difficult husbandry , and lack of genomic resources . even as the rainbow trout genome sequence nears completion , we are unaware of any directly comparable species within the salmonid family . capitalizing on the model organism status of the zebrafish , large , indeterminately growing danionins such as the giant and mustached danio hold much promise improving the efficacy of current sarcopenia / dynapenia treatments and advancing the discovery of new and innovative drug targets to combat these pervasive conditions , provided that the necessary husbandry and breeding protocols , life history , and senescence - related data are available .
in addition to zebrafish , the genus danio ( sensu fang 2003 ) contains several other species ( hereafter referred to as danios ) that differ from zebrafish in size , pigment patterns , skeletal morphologies , growth control , and behaviors ( fang 2003 ; rosenthal and ryan 2005 ; froelich , fowler , et al . 2013 ) . phenotypic differences in species closely related to zebrafish expedite the investigation of the molecular biology of evolution through comparative studies among related species coupled with functional tests in zebrafish . several developmental studies using various danios showed that seemingly homologous features can develop by different cellular , molecular , and genetic mechanisms : for example , striped pigment patterns derive from different primary cell populations in different species ( quigley et al . 2004 ) ; certain molecular pathways are crucial for pattern formation in some species but not others ( quigley et al . 2005 ; mcmenamin et al . 2014 ) ; and mutations in the same gene can reduce stripe formation in one species but increase stripe formation in another species ( mills et al . 2007 ) . other recent work studied the development of keratinized breeding tubercles ( a synapomorphy of danio ) and used gain - of - function and loss - of - function mutants in zebrafish to recapitulate the range of morphological variation seen in these structures in other danios ( rodriguez 2013 ) . another study used functional tests in zebrafish embryos to determine when regulatory modules arose in the lineage leading to zebrafish ( camp et al . 2012 ) .
the celestial pearl danio fish likes a heavily planted aquarium . and direct daylight is also favorable for them . this fish is not an active swimmer . the females are sometimes shy and the males are aggressive with each other in the aquarium , but they do not harm . it requires good water movements , because it provides plenty of oxygenation . an under - gravel filter is ideal for this , as it helps in reducing the waste and also creates a high oxygen presence throughout the aquarium . it is good to provide plenty of cover so that the fish feel secure . the small amount of tannin free wood and stones will provide fish additional hiding places . it is a peaceful fish and does well in community living . the like sized tank mates are microrasboras , boraras and small danionins .
in closing , i should mention one other neat little tidbit about the celestial pearl danio . it seems there is more than one color variant coming in now . at least right now , it seems that dealers will either get a shipment of all one type or all of the other . ( this backs up the idea that each is collected in different ponds , though i have been unable to verify to this point ) . the coloration on males of this new variant is more orange in areas that are red on the normal cpd males . they display a different distribution of this coloration on the body as well . most noticeably , instead of tiny round pearlescent spots , they are covered with long oval spots . the midnight blue coloration of males is less intense , almost an olive - blue .
in their homeland , celestial pearl danios are found in a series of groundwater or spring - fed ponds in the shan plateau where the salween river cuts a deep swath . it is important to note that the fish occurs in several ponds , not just one as has been widely reported . these ponds are found in the mountainous area around the town of hopong in the outskirts of the shan state capitol of taunggyi , at an elevation from just over a half mile to nearly a mile above sea level . the area is mostly grassland and rice paddies , so the ponds are open to the sun and filled with a rich variety of aquatic plants . the celestial pearl danio has evolved to take maximum advantage of this , and hobbyists should strive to remember their native habitat when setting up a tank at home .
the celestial pearl danio fish was discovered in august 2006 . so , in the wild this species is now at risk of extinction due to over collecting . in the captive breeding , the spawning behavior of this species has significant consequences . there are no constant breeding seasons for this species . even the females are not found laying eggs continuously , instead , a small batch of about 30 eggs , are formed by the female counterpart in each spawning episode . the duration between two spawning process is still unknown . the eggs cannot be found deposited on any surface , nor are they released freely into the water . the assumption is that the eggs are laid on the dense vegetation and kept hidden . though it is not quite sure , but the male fish are seen defending the dense vegetation to fertilize the eggs . unlike the courtship seen in the other species , the chasing of the male and the readiness of the female for mating is never seen in this species .
a feature of genus danio that facilitates evolutionary analysis is that zebrafish can form hybrids with its congeners and even more distantly related relatives ( parichy and johnson 2001 ; wong et al . 2011 ) . particularly informative studies identified genes involved in the evolution of species - specific pigment patterns by the strategy of mating zebrafish pigmentation pattern mutants to other danios to test for complementation of phenotypes ( parichy and johnson 2001 ) . similar strategies using more distantly related species elucidated the mechanisms that led to the evolution of different patterns of muscle growth ( froelich , fowler , et al . 2013 ; froelich , galt , et al . 2013 ) . a clear understanding of the historical relationships among species used in such experiments is necessary to interpret the results in an evolutionary context ( meyer , et al . 1993 ; conway , et al . 2008 ) . only with a well - supported phylogeny can we confidently infer ancestral states , distinguish synapomorphic traits from homoplasic traits , and determine the order of events in evolution .
on 11 / 24 / 12 , i was surprised to find two newborn fry in the drained water from the 20 gallon tank . i drain the tanks in to the bathtub so i can rescue any fry . i rinse it out between tanks . the only other species of fish that i have in the tank ( aside from a solitary female bristlenose pleco ) are panda cories which have fry that large and tadpole - like ( i have seen dozens of those in my life ) . these two fry were small , smaller than zebra danio fry , more like paradise fish fry size . they must be celestial pearl danios ! i put the two babies in a net breeder in the 20 gallon tank and hope they can beat the odds and grow . i put in another baby that was hanging on the tank glass after dark on 11 / 29 / 12 . when i cleaned the tank on 11 / 30 / 12 , i saw two babies swimming about . i was unable to catch them so i lowered the net breeder when i changed the water and brought it back up once i put water back in .
evidence for introgression from the partitioned patterson’s d - statistics demonstrated that a single bifurcating tree is unlikely to best describe the diversification of the danio genus . thus , although analyses of concatenated data sets can approximate underlying phylogenies , a more detailed methodology is required to surpass methods that assume a single underlying bifurcating topology . we therefore supplemented the concatenation - based phylogenomic approaches described above with bucky , a method based on posterior probabilities of topologies from multiple loci ( larget et al . 2010 ) . given topologies sampled by bayesian inference from the posterior distribution of topologies across all loci , bucky determines concordance factors ( cfs ) and confidence intervals ( ci ) for bipartitions in a topology based on the proportion of topologies that include each bipartition . we restricted our analysis to the d . rerio species group to reduce the effects of missing data while still maintaining sufficient loci for analysis and addressing the relationships of the species that interest us the most . all of our previous analyses concluded that the d . albolineatus species subgroup diverged basal to all other species in the d . rerio species group , so we therefore used d . albolineatus and the closely related d . kerri to root the tree .
for the min . taxa , dre group , and all danios data sets , we used the “ustacks” program in the stacks package ( catchen et al . 2011 ) to merge rad - tag alleles into loci within individuals allowing up to two mismatches ( - m 2 ) between alleles . we enforced a minimum stack depth of three reads ( - m 3 ) to account for possible read misattribution from other samples and rare sequencing artifacts . repetitive and overmerged stacks were accounted for with the parameters ( - r - d ) . for polymorphic loci , the consensus sequence was extracted from the output of stacks . following locus generation with ustacks , we removed sequences from repetitive regions of the zebrafish genome with repeatmasker v 3 . 3 . 0 ( smit et al . 1996–2010 ) ( urltoken , last accessed december 1 , 2014 ) using the zebrafish repeat database ( - species danio ) . for in silico rad - seq analysis of the zebrafish reference genome ( zv9 version 72 ) , we extracted sequences flanking sbf i sites and ran them through the ustacks and repeatmasker steps . in ustacks , the minimum stack depth requirement was removed to accommodate the 1× coverage of the in silico sequences .
the remaining member of the d . rerio species group used in this study , d . kyathit , was originally described as having morphs with different pigment patterns—spotted or continuous stripes—with the holotype being conspicuously spotted ( fang 1998 ) . this study included a pair of spotted d . kyathit individuals and a pair of striped individuals . we refer to the striped d . kyathit specimens as d . aff . kyathit to denote the difference in pigmentation pattern relative to the holotype while recognizing that the type series of the species included one striped individual . branch lengths separating striped d . aff . kyathit from spotted d . kyathit were greater than branch lengths separating any other conspecific samples , including the four d . rerio strains , but they are shorter than branch lengths separating any other two species in this study . the intermediate branch lengths separating d . kyathit morphs offer no solid answer as to whether spotted and striped d . kyathit pigment morphs are different species . the relatedness and species status of the spotted and striped d . kyathit morphs and taxa from other studies— d . aff . kyathit ( quigley et al . 2004 ) , d . kyathit “spotted” ( tang et al . 2010 ) , and danio sp . “ozelot” ( fang et al . 2009 ; tang et al . 2010 ) —remain unclear and warrant further investigation by the examination of morphologies , vigor , and fertility of hybrids .
all figures are live mid - market rates , which are not available to consumers and are for informational purposes only . to see the rates we quote for a money transfer , please sign up or log in to your xe money transfer account .
the dollar traded softer against most currencies as markets continued to digest friday ' s u . s . jobs report , the robustness of which lifted global equity markets ( taking investors attention off trade protectionism concerns for now ) while keeping the . . .
the dollar has traded softer following the solid u . s . jobs report on friday , which served to at once lift global equity markets , taking investors attention off trade protectionism concerns for now , and to keep fed tightening expectations at bay ( due . . .
the dollar slipped after the mix of data , where nfp were higher than forecast , and the the trade deficit narrowed slightly more than expected . average hourly earnings were softer than anticipated however . eur - usd rallied to three - week highs of . . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
some males display a greater proportion of red pigmentation on the body and fins than others , and this intensifies during bouts of sparring .
rival males spar often , especially when in spawning condition . these two have aberrant patterning in the anal - fin ( see ' notes ' ) .
note the split caudal - fin of the fish to the left ; minor injuries such as this are not uncommon .
the species is now known to occur in several water bodies other tha the type locality .
this species prefers small live foods if available , here a female hunting daphnia . . .
adult male ; aggressive mood . the aberrant patterning in the anal - fin of these fish maybe due to inbreeding for the aquarium trade ( see ' notes ' ) .
physically deformed specimens such as this male are increasingly common in the aquarium trade .
adult male with spotted , rather than striped , pattern in the anal - fin ; this may be an artefact of inbreeding ( see ' notes ' ) .
adult female with aberrant patterning in the anal - fin ( see ' notes ' ) .
celestichthys : from the latin caelestis , meaning ‘heavenly’ , and ichthys , meaning ‘fish’ .
type locality is ‘pools at foot of mountain near hopong town 30 kilometers east of taunggyi , myanmar , elevation 1040 meters’ , thought restricted to a single locality around 1 , 040 m amsl near the town of hopong in shan state , eastern myanmar .


maxates centrophylla is a moth of the family geometridae .

it is known from australia , including tasmania .

adults are pale brown with dark speckles forming indistinct zig-zag lines .

there is a dark spot near the centre of the wings .

the forewings each have a pointed apex and a recurved margin .

the hindwing margins are angled .

the larvae have been recorded feeding on aotus ericoides .

maxates centrophylla

maxates dysides ; [ mob9 ] : 276 , f . 349 , pl . 9
maxates veninotata ; [ mob9 ] : 276 , f . 348 , pl . 9
maxates waterstradti ; [ mob9 ] : 277 , f . 346 , pl . 9
maxates magnipuncta ; [ mob9 ] : 278 , f . 355 , pl . 9
maxates korintjiensis ; [ mob9 ] : 278 , f . 351 , pl . 9
maxates melancholica ; [ mob9 ] : 278 , f . 356 , pl . 9
maxates marculenta ; [ mob9 ] : 279 , f . 362 , pl . 9
maxates dysides prout , 1922 ; bull . hill mus . 1 ( 2 ) : 256
maxates coelataria trychera prout , 1933 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 12 : 111
maxates thetydaria ; [ mob9 ] : 276 , f . 352 , 366 , pl . 9
maxates coelataria ; [ aucl ] ; [ mob9 ] : 275 , f . 354 , 364 , pl . 9
maxates axyra ; han & xue , 2009 , ent . science 12 ( 4 ) : ( 482 - 410 )
maxates seria holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 281 , f . 357 ; tl : brunei , 3m , seria
maxates tristis holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 279 , f . 353 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates iridescoides holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 277 , f . 361 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates submontana holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 278 , f . 350 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates variegata holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 280 , f . 358 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates obliterata holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 280 , f . 363 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates muluensis holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 280 , f . 360 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates melinau holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 277 , f . 241 , 347 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
maxates lugubriosa holloway , 1996 ; [ mob9 ] : 279 , f . 359 , 365 , pl . 9 ; tl : sarawak , gunung mulu nat . park
the adult is green with dark speckles making an indistinct submarginal zig - zag line on each wing . there is a prominent dark spot near the centre of each wing . the forewings each have a pointed wingtip and the hindwings each have an angled margin . the wingspan is about 2 cms .
volume 8 , issues 2 & 3 , june 2004 , pp . 209 - 220 .
series 2 , volume 2 , part 4 ( 1888 ) , p . 880 ,
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
meyrick , e . 1888 ,
revision of australian lepidoptera . ii
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , ser . 2 - n . s . , vol . 2 , no . 4 , pp . 835 - 928
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b4cfb646 - 63f4 - 4060 - 8e8c - 95e6f52c1a6a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ee6b42a8 - 2bc6 - 42f9 - 849a - adfa1ceb30c6
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 70c1233d - 9544 - 4305 - 99eb - e5ea55dd7cc1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 560746
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
the source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .
thalerura swinhoe , 1894 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1894 ( 1 ) : 175 ; ts : timandra goniaria felder & rogenhofer
thalerura prasina warren , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 392 ; tl : bhutan
thalerura marginata warren , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 2 ) : 392 ; tl : bhutan
gelasma albistrigata warren , 1895 ; novit . zool . 2 ( 2 ) : 89 ; tl : japan
thalerura veninotata warren , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 4 ) : 678 ; tl : khasia hills
timadra goniaria felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 128 , f . 3 ; tl : bengal , kalitunga
gelasma waterstradti prout , 1933 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 12 : 77
gelasma korintjiensis prout , 1933 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 12 : 95
gelasma hemitheoides marculenta prout , 1933 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 12 : 96
gelasma hemitheoides ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 62
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . volume 9 . uranides et phalénites
( uranides & phalenides ) : pl . 1 - 10 , ( uranides ) pl . 1 ( 1858 ) ,
( uranides , phalenides , siculides ) : pl . 12 - 22 , ( 1858 ) pl .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
die gross - schmetterlinge der erde ; die gross - schmetterlinge des indoaustralischen faunengebieten ; 12 . band : die indoaustralischen spanner in seitz ,
warren , 1895 new species and genera of geometridae in the tring museum novit . zool . 2 ( 2 ) : 82 - 159
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
this page was last edited on 16 may 2017 , at 00 : 10 .
text is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .
this sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .