the collared forest falcon ( micrastur semitorquatus ) is a species of bird of prey in the family falconidae .

it is the biggest member of the micrastur genus and a common inhabitant of tropical rainforests in south america .

collared forest falcon

other names : collared forest - falcon , lesson ' s hawk , mexican harrier hawk , micrastur melanoleucus , pied forest hawk .
in tikal national park , thorstrom ( 2001 ) found that the collared forest - falcon nested in larger trees than the barred forest - falcon . he explained this difference by the fact that the collared forest - falcon is larger in size than the barred forest - falcon , and therefore needs the larger nest cavities found in bigger trees .
the smaller barred forest - falcon fed more frequently on insects than did the larger collared forest - falcon . eight percent of prey delivered to female barred forest - falcons , nestlings and fledglings at tikal national park were insects , while no insects were recorded in the diet of the collared forest - falcon ( thorstrom 2000 ) .
in tikal national park , home ranges for the larger - sized collared forest - falcon were much greater in area than those of the smaller - sized barred forest - falcon ( thorström 2007 ) . in one case , the home range of a nesting male collared forest - falcon encompassed the home ranges of six nesting male barred forest - falcons .
xeno - canto vocalizations . vireo collared forest falcon photos . aves de rapina do brasil species account with emphasis on brazil .
mays nm ( 1985 ) ants and foraging behavior of the collared forest - falcon . wilson bulletin 97 : 231 - 232
i studied the breeding biology , food habits , and home ranges of the barred forest - falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) and the collared forest - falcon ( m . semitorquatus ) in tikal national park of northeastern guatemala from 1988 to 1992 . barred and collared forest - falcons are residents and maintain territories throughout the year .
recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : collared forest falcon micrastur semitorquatus . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018
micrastur semitorquatus ( collared forest - falcon ) . video taken today , february 6th , in residencial campisa , san pedro sula , honduras , central america
in guatemala , the collared forest - falcon occurs in a wide variety of tropical forests , including mature forests , forest edges , and secondary woodlands and thickets ( thorstrom 2000 ) . in contrast , the barred forest - falcon is generally restricted to mature tropical forests ( thorstrom 2000 ) .
cobb j ( 1990 ) a nest of the collared forest - falcon ( micrastur semitorquatus ) . aves mexicanas 2 ( 3 ) , 90 - 1 : 8
thorstrom r , turley cw , ramirez fg , gilroy ba ( 1990 ) description of nests , eggs and young of the barred forest - falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) and of the collared forest - falcon ( m . semitorquatus ) . condor 92 : 237 - 239
thorstrom r , ramos jd , castillo jm ( 2000b ) breeding biology and behavior of the collared forest - falcon ( micrastur semitorquatus ) in guatemala . ornitología neotropical 11 : 1 - 12
in acre , brazil , the barred forest falcon is reported to prefer
disturbed forest types , both natural secondary and man made , including bamboo and more open seasonally drier forest on rocky outcrops ,
while the newly discovered cryptic forest - falcon ( micrastur mintoni ) is
strongly associated with undisturbed terra firme forest with dense understory
( whittaker 2002 ) .
e flying attacks from concealed perches . although the collared forest - falcon also used this method of hunting , thorstrom observed it using other techniques such as running on the ground around trees after prey , and chasing prey on foot along large tree branches . he hypothesized that the long legs of the collared forest - falcon , and its long arched tail , gave it greater maneuverability while chasing prey on foot .
the collared forest falcons ( micrastur semitorquatus ) - also known as collared micrasturs or pied forest hawks - are large , distinctive falcons found in the tropical forested areas of the americas , where they are believed to be mostly resident ( non - migratory ) .
some individual forest - falcons deviated from the average diets just given . for example , thorstrom ( 2000 ) observed an adult collared forest - falcon helping a mated pair of collared forest - falcons feed their two offspring , 4 to 11 weeks after the latter had fledged ( left the nest ) . this third adult forest - falcon showed a preference for catching toucans . of 36 prey items it delivered to the young , 27 were keel - billed toucans ( ramphastos sulfuratus ) and 2 were collared aracaris ( pteroglossus torquatus ) . on some days it delivered 2 toucans to the young .
thorstrom , r . k . 2012 . collared forest falcon . pp . 250 - 254 in d . f . whitacre ( ed . ) , neotropical birds of prey : biology and ecology of a forest raptor community . cornell university press , ithaca , ny .
the collared forest - falcon is mainly sedentary in its range . it does not soar but flies mostly through the forest or above the canopy with short , buoying flight through the trees . the long tail gives the bird great manoeuvrability . it usually avoids crossing open areas .
thorstrom , r . 1996 . fruit - eating behavior of a barred forest - falcon . journal of raptor research 30 : 44 .
thorstrom , r . k . , c . w . turley , f . g . ramirez , and b . a . gilroy . 1990 . description of nests , eggs , and young of the barred forest - falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) and of the collared forest - falcon ( m . semitorquatus ) . condor 92 : 237 - 239 . pdf
lowland tropical rainforest , typically seen at forest edge ; second - growth forest , especially with . . .
habitat : the collared forest - falcon is usually seen at forest edge of lowland , moist to humid forest . it also frequents second growth woodland with well - developed understorey . it may occur in mangroves too . it is visible up to 2500 metres of elevation . it often perches quietly at lower or mid - level of vegetation .
thorstrom , r . 1996 . fruit - eating behavior of a barred forest - falcon . journal of raptor research 30 : 44 . pdf
. the main prey of the barred forest - falcon was reptiles , especially lizards , followed by birds and then insects , mammals and amphibians .
thorstrom , r . , j . d . ramos , and j . m . castillo . 2000 . breeding biology and behavior of the collared forest - falcon ( micrastur semitorquatus ) in guatemala . ornithlogia neotropical 11 : 1 - 12 . pdf
in mature , semideciduous tropical forest at tikal national park , guatemala , thorstrom ( 2000 ) studied the food habits of sympatric barred and collared forest - falcons . he found some similarities , but also significant differences .
in south america , however , the barred forest - falcon lives in other kinds of forests . for example , in amazonia it occurs most often in second - growth forests , gallery forests , tidal swamp forests , semideciduous forests and forest edges , while the closely - related lined forest - falcon ( micrastur gilvicollis ) is found in mature tropical forests ( bierregaard 1994 ) .
the collared forest falcons feed on various small mammals ( including rodents ) , birds ( up to the size of ibises ) , large lizards , snakes and large insects .
the photo at the top of the page shows a barred forest - falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) . the photo was taken by carlos reis of lisbon , portugul .
protection / threats / status : the collared forest - falcon is widespread and even locally common depending on the range . due to its secretive habits , it is difficult to see and is often regarded as uncommon for this reason . it is threatened by deforestation involving the loss of suitable nesting trees . the population is estimated to number 500 , 000 / 4 , 999 , 999 individuals by partners in flight ( 2008 ) . it is suspected to be declining due to habitat destruction . but currently , the collared forest - falcon is evaluated as least concern .
whittaker a ( 2002 ) a new species of forest - falcon ( falconidae : micrastur ) from southeastern amazonia and the atlantic rainforests of brazil . wilson bulletin 114 : 421 - 445
the collared - forest falcon has been observed and photographed in the lower rio grande valley of texas , usa ( e . g . bensten - rio grande valley state park , hidalgo county ) , but the species is not known to breed there ( lasley et al . 1994 ; debenedictis 1994 ) .
this is a forest bird . it prefers dense thickets , copses , and even impenetrable mangroves ; going around rather than across forest clearings . it usually stays at low levels and avoids tall forest with little undergrowth .
the collared forest - falcon - the largest member of the micrastur genus - occurs in three color morphs : pale , dark and tawny . the pale and tawny morphs have a pale collar across the back of the neck from which its common name has been derived . this collar contrasts strongly with the dark upperparts .
thorstrom , r . k . 2012 . barred forest falcon . pp . 234 - 249 in d . f . whitacre ( ed . ) , neotropical birds of prey : biology and ecology of a forest raptor community . cornell university press , ithaca , ny .
thorstrom r ( 2007 ) home ranges of barred ( micrastur ruficollis ) and collared ( micrastur semitorquatus ) forest falcons during the breeding season in tikal national park , guatemala . ornitologia neotropical 18 : 395 - 405
behaviour in the wild : the collared forest - falcon feeds on a variety of vertebrates , mostly birds , including large species such as chachalacas , toucans , caciques , curassows , ocellated turkey , guans , owls and others . other prey include squirrels , rats , bats , lizards and snakes . the prey is caught with the talons .
subspecies and range : the collared forest - falcon has two subspecies . m . s . naso is found in nw and ne mexico , s through central america to n and w colombia , w ecuador and extreme nw peru ( tumbes ) . this race is very similar to nominate , but it is slightly larger and darker in all plumages .
baker aj , aguirre - barrera oa , whitacre df , white cm ( 2000 ) first record of a barred forest falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) nesting in a cliff pothole . ornitología neotropical 11 : 81 - 82
haemig pd 2012 sympatric forest - falcons of the genus micrastur . ecology . info 8
thorstrom , r . 2007 . home ranges of barred ( micrastur ruficollis ) and collared ( m . semitorquatus ) forest - falcons during the breeding season in tikal national park , guatemala . ornitologia neotropical 18 : 395 - 405 . pdf
thorstrom , r . 2002 . comments on the first nesting record of the nest of a slaty - backed forest - falcon ( micrastur mirandollei ) in the ecuadorian amazon . journal of raptor research 36 : 335 - 336 . pdf
haemig pd ( 2012 ) sympatric forest falcons of the genus micrastur . ecology . info 8
important references : bierregaard , r . o . 1994 . collared forest - falcon . p . 254 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds ) . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .
reproduction of this species : the breeding season occurs at the end of the rainy season . it extends through the dry season until the rainy season in june / july . the collared forest - falcon usually occupies the nesting - sites in february / march . this species nests in natural cavities , often with several entrances , and about 12 - 24 metres above the ground . it usually nests in large mature trees .
at manu national park in the amazon region of peru , robinson ( 1994 ) twice observed barred forest falcons associating with army ant swarms , and saw one of these raptors catch a large katydid fleeing the ants . collared forest - falcons are seen less frequently at army ant swarms than barred forest - falcons and , when they are , seem more interested in catching the birds following the ants than the insects fleeing them ( willis et al . 1983 ) .
collared forest falcons generally occur along the edges of humid lowland rainforests , swamp forests and mangroves ; but - in the more arid parts of their natural range - are found in semi - deciduous , deciduous and riparian forests . they typically remain high up in the canopy .
other observers confirm that the barred forest - falcon is a frequent associate of army ants . willis et al . ( 1983 ) found barred forest - falcons most numerous as ant followers in
mesic woodlands of central and southern brazil ,
while in the wet forests of the upper amazon they did so only rarely . at reserva ducke , amazonas , brazil , these researchers reported seeing one or more barred forest - falcons associating with army ants on 78 different occasions .
in guatemala , thorstrom et al . ( 2000a ) reported predation on recently fledged barred forest - falcon young , 2 or 3 days after they left the nest . one was killed by a gray fox ( urocyon cinereoargenteus ) , the other by the snake boa constrictor .
the collared forest - falcon in pale morph ( displayed ) has blackish brown upperparts . the long tail is blackish with three narrow white bars and white tip . the uppertail - coverts are also tipped white . the underparts are white including face , cheeks and narrow collar on hindneck . the black of the crown extends diagonally forwards across the cheeks , forming a narrow , black crescent . on the underwing , the dark grey flight - feathers are barred white .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the collared forest - falcon is mainly heard at dusk and before dawn , calling from high perch at forest edge . it gives a loud , hollow “cohw…cohw…cohw…” slowly repeated and far - carrying . these calls are given by both adults and often in duet , especially during the period of displays . it also produces slightly laughing series “ka how ow ow ow” and an ascending laugh with lower , drawn - out note at the end “hoh - hoh - hoh - hoh - hoh…howh” . the juvenile utters plaintive “mehow” or “kyeoh” .
bierregaard , r . o . , jr , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . collared forest - falcon ( micrastur semitorquatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
mader wj ( 1979 ) first nest description for the genus micrastur ( forest - falcons ) . condor 81 : 320
thorstrom , russell k . – breeding ecology of two species of forest - falcons ( micrastur ) in northeastern guatemala . 1993 .
/ thorstrom , russell k . – breeding ecology of two species of forest - falcons ( micrastur ) in northeastern guatemala . 1993 .
thorstrom , r . k . 1996 . methods for capturing tropical forest birds of prey . wildlife society bulletin 24 : 516 - 520 . pdf
on 5 november , the forest - falcons appeared to change their strategy for usurping the nest , at the same time as they reached a peak in courtship and mating . when the macaws left in search of food , the forest - falcons would occupy the area and attempt to prevent the macaws ' return . on 13 occasions , the macaws attempted to reach the nest but were interrupted by the forest - falcons ' flight attacks , sometimes chasing them up to 100 m from the nest . this caused the nestling to starve for three days . on 8 november , this strategy culminated in the female forest - falcon seizing the macaw chick , in the upper nest , in her talons and dropping it to the ground . the falcons immediately occupied the nest and , when checked 27 days later , were apparently incubating eggs .
although micrastur forest - falcons are secretive and often difficult to observe in dense vegetation , they are some of the most abundant raptors in neotropical forests .
thorstrom r ( 2001 ) nest - site characteristics and breeding density of two sympatric forest - falcons in guatemala . ornitología neotropical 12 : 337 - 344
thorstrom r , ramos jd , morales cm ( 2000a ) breeding biology of barred forest - falcons in northeastern guatemala . auk 117 : 781 - 786
thorstrom , russell k . – breeding ecology of two species of forest - falcons ( micrastur ) in northeastern guatemala . 1993 . | raptor research center
dry forest . reference : liiib 144 - 151 ( micsem4 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
dry forest . reference : liiib 10 - 12 ( micsem3 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
in the forests of french guiana , larger forest - falcons ( m . semitorquatus and m . mirandollei ) are usually seen perched 15 - 35 meters above the ground , while smaller forest - falcons ( m . rufficollis and m . gilvicollis ) are usually seen perched 3 - 16 meters high ( thiollay 2007 ) .
thorstrom r ( 2000 ) the food habits of sympatric forest - falcons during the breeding season in northeastern guatemala . journal of raptor research 34 : 196 - 202
thorstrom , r . 2001 . nest - site characteristics and breeding density of two sympatric forest - falcons in guatemala . ornitologia neotropical 12 : 337 - 343 . pdf
wet submontane forest with clearings . reference : lviia 171 - 178 ( micsem5 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
thorstrom , r . 2000 . the food habits of sympatric forest - falcons during the breeding season in northeastern guatemala . journal of raptor research 34 : 196 - 202 . pdf
id accurancy : 95 % . habitat : subcanopy of low montane forest . code : ohm023a _ 2545 micrastur semitorquatus . equipment : marantz pmd 222 with sennheiser me 66 , tdk 60 sa - ii .
although forest - falcons are members of the bird family falconidae , they do not resemble normal falcons . instead , they resemble accipiter hawks of the bird family accipitridae . both forest - falcons and accipiter hawks have long tails and short wings , adaptations for maneuvering among the dense vegetation of forests where they live . in contrast , hawks and falcons living in open country usually have long wings and short tails .
thorstrom r , morales cm , ramos jd ( 2001 ) fidelity to territory , nest site and mate , survivorship , and reproduction of two sympatric forest - falcons . journal of raptor research 35 : 98 - 106
willis eo , wechsler d , stiles f . g . ( 1983 ) forest - falcons , hawks , and a pygmy - owl as ant followers . rev . brasil . biol . 43 : 23 - 28
black morph , same as micsem06 . patchy humid forest in cattle pasture . reference : clxxvia 234 - 270 ( micsem7 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
seipke , s . h . , f . v . dénes , f . pellinger , r . thorstrom , j . - m . thiollay , l . f . silveira , and w . s . clark . 2011 . field identification of white - collared kite leptodon forbesi and similar - looking species in north - east brazil . neotropical birding 8 : 29 - 39 .
thorstrom , r . , j . d . ramos , and c . m . morales . 2000 . breeding biology of barred forest - falcons ( micrastur ruficollis ) in northeastern guatemala . auk 117 : 781 - 786 . pdf
distinctive genus , closest to herpetotheres # r # r # r ; specialized for life in dense forest , having long tail and short wings ( for manoeuvrability ) , large ear openings and facial ruff ( for hunting by sound ) .
micrastur forest - falcons nest in the holes of trees and cliffs , and usually have a clutch size of 2 or 3 eggs ( thorstrom et al . 1990 , 2000ab , 2001 ; baker et . al 2000 ; gerhardt 2004 ) .
in the same park , thorstrom et al . ( 2000a ) observed 8 young barred forest - falcons associating with swarms of army ants ( eciton spp . ) , 3 to 4 weeks after fledging . these young forest - falcons usually perched 1 to 2 meters above the ant swarm , and fed on cockroaches , crickets and beetles that fled the advancing ant army . thorstrom and his colleagues also observed these young falcons chasing small birds that were often attracted to the army ant swarms .
dénes , f . v . , l . f . silveira , s . seipke , r . thorstrom , w . s . clark , and j . - m . thiollay . 2011 . the white - collared kite ( leptodon forbesi swann , 1922 ) and a review of the taxonomy of the grey - headed kite ( leptodon cayanensis latham , 1790 ) . wilson journal of ornithology 123 : 323 - 331 . pdf
thorstrom , r . k . 2012 . bicolored hawk . pp . 93 - 103 in d . f . whitacre ( ed . ) , neotropical birds of prey : biology and ecology of a forest raptor community . cornell university press , ithaca , ny .
dark morph ( black ) . patchy humid forest in cattle pasture . reference : clxxvia 157 - 208 ( micsem6 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken
thorstrom , r . k . 2012 . gray - headed kite . pp . 39 - 47 in d . f . whitacre ( ed . ) , neotropical birds of prey : biology and ecology of a forest raptor community . cornell university press , ithaca , ny .
thorstrom , r . , c . m . morales , and j . d . ramos . 2001 . fidelity to territory , nest site and mate , survivorship , and reproduction of two sympatric forest - falcons . journal of raptor research 35 : 98 - 106 . pdf
birds , including domestic chickens . said to specialise in chachalacas ( ortabs ) , birds which , like this falcon , are adapted for threading through thickets . also occasionally takes mammals . it seems also to be partial to lizards , snakes and insects . if prey is sighted , it bobs the head up and down like many falcons . it often plunges on prey from a perch , killing the victim with the feet and by a bite on the neck . extremely active and bold when hunting , otherwise lethargic . often seen in pairs , apparently at all seasons , the pair may perch within a meter or two of one another .
in addition to their long tails and short wings , micrastur forest - falcons have other adaptations for living in tropical forests , where dense vegetation , and low levels of light may make it difficult for them to see prey . their ears have larger openings than other falcons , resulting in extraordinary hearing that enables them to better detect prey by sound . the facial ruff may also aid hearing , as it does in owls ( bierregaard 1994 ) .
the nest the nest was located in a 20 m - tall , stunted , living c . platanifolia tree ( 02º07 ' s 80º04 ' w ) . the diameter of this pigío tree was c . 2 m at human breast height and 0 . 9 m at the nest ' s height . the main trunk ' s bark was green , but the upper wood appeared to be rotting . the nest chamber was at the top of this trunk and open to the sky . the nest site was in a valley with many side ravines and the forest cover was secondary , consisting of scattered pigío trees and other species . in the early stages of ' the study , the nest cavity was hidden by foliage , but as the dry season advanced it became completely exposed . the isolated nest tree was situated at the foot of a ravine .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : micrastur semitorquatus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
calls in response to playback from one ( buffy pale morph adult ) of a pair that had been giving full song pre - dawn . flew in to canopy ( > 15m ) of a large tree by road in response to playback , then called like this for the better part of 30 min .
siempre llegaba en lo hora crepuscular a dormir cerca de la torre de observación kekoldi .
this recording includes both types of this species ' songs : singles ( e . g . , 0 : 00 and following ) and series ( e . g . , 0 : 56 ) recording was edited for length and normalized to - 3db .
extended cut of song from bird perched nearly directly overhead in tree aside a wetland pond , at first light . probably only about 15m up .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 114 side b track 33 seq . a )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
partners in flight estimate the total population to number 500 , 000 - 4 , 999 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
recent study indicated that this species is closest to m . mirandollei , with m . buckleyi sister to this pair , all three forming a distinct clade # r . in the past , sometimes considered to include m . buckleyi . two subspecies recognized .
( vieillot , 1817 ) – e colombia e to the guianas , and s through e ecuador , e peru , n & e bolivia and brazil to paraguay and n argentina .
46–58 cm ; male 479–646 g , female 660–940 g ; wingspan 72–86 cm . sooty black above , with black crescents extending down from crown onto sides of head ; . . .
most common vocalization , given by both sexes often in duet , is a nasal , hollow and far - carrying . . .
mammals and birds , including large species , e . g . chachalacas , toucans , cocks - of - the - rock , caciques , great curassow (
virtually all data from petén ( guatemala ) , where lays in feb–mar ( early to mid dry season ) , hatching mid apr to mid may and . . .
generally considered to be sedentary , but there is single record from s usa , in texas , in jan . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . not uncommon over vast range ; secretive nature presumably reduces threat from hunters , thus deforestation is greatest . . .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
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a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america by steve n . g . howell , sophie webb - oxford university press - isbn : 0198540124
a guide to the birds of colombia by steven l . hilty and william l . brown - princeton university press – isbn 069108372x
birds of venezuela by steven l . hilty – ed . christopher helm – isbn : 0713664185
birds of peru by thomas s . schulenberg , douglas f . stotz , daniel f . lane , john p . o’neill , theodore a . parker iii – princeton university press 2007 - isbn : 978 - 0 - 691 - 13023 - 1
the tawny morph is similar but the underparts are cinnamon to buff , not white . the hind collar may be sometimes tawny , but it is usually white .
the dark morph is rare . it has sooty - black plumage overall , and the nuchal collar is absent . on the tail , the bars are mostly greyish - white . there is some weak barring on rump , flanks and belly .
all morphs have dull green facial skin . the bill is dark grey to blackish . the eyes are brown . legs and feet are yellow to greenish - yellow . the female is larger than male .
the immature resembles adult but it is brownish above , with buff - edged feathers . the nuchal collar is whitish to tawny , but it is sometimes indistinct or absent . the underparts are white to tawny and heavily barred brown or black . the breast is washed cinnamon or chestnut . the blackish tail is barred buffy - brown or white . immatures gradually lose the buff scaling on the upperparts . the dark morph immature is entirely dark brown with white barring on thighs and belly . the tail is like in adults .
m . s . semitorquatus ( described above and displayed ) occurs in e colombia , e to the guianas , and s through e ecuador , e peru , n and e bolivia , and brazil to paraguay and n argentina .
it flies from perch to perch . it hunts by stealth , followed by strong pursuit through the dense cover . it is reported running prey down on the ground too , with great speed and agility . it often runs along large branches . it usually hunts by ambush from concealed perch . it takes advantage of prey disturbed by swarms of ants .
the female lays 2 - 3 dark reddish - brown eggs with darker spots . she incubates alone during 46 - 48 days , and she is fed by the male during this period . at hatching , the chicks have white down , pale yellow legs and cere , and pale yellowish bill . they are fed by both parents , but the male hunts more than the female . the young fledge between 46 and 56 days after hatching , usually at about 50 days of age . they are still fed by the male for one month after fledging . they remain up to 3 kilometres from the nest during three months and start to pursue some prey six weeks after fledging . the same nest - site is often reused in several following years .
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distribution : neotropical . north - central mexico south through central america and west of the andes through colombia , ecuador , and peru , and east of the andes south through amazonia to northern argentina and peru . more . . . .
eastern colombia east to the guianas and south through eastern peru , northern and eastern bolivia and brazil to paraguay and northern argentina .
taxonomy : considered to include m . buckleyi by hellmayr and conover ( 1949 ) , despite arguments advanced by traylor ( 1948 ) that the latter form is a separate species , based on its smaller size and plumage differences . amadon ( 1964 ) described the first female and immature specimens of m . buckleyi and agreed that m . semitorquatus and m . buckleyi are indeed separate species , a treatment that has been followed by all subsequent authorities .
conservation : widespread and locally common in some areas , but generally regarded as uncommon , probably because it is often overlooked . categorized globally as a species of
least concern
by birdlife international ( 2009 ) . more . . . .
mendes de carvalho , e . p . , and c . e . alencar carvalho .
interior of rural habitat in the municipality of sete lagoas , minas gerais ] .
thorstrom , r . , j . d . ramos , and j . m . castillo .
thorstrom , r . , c . l . turley , f . g . ramirez and b . a . gilroy .
researchers : albuquerque , jorge aldana , fernando azevedo , marcos antônio guimarães beers , roy gómez , césar quirós bazán , norman riba - hernández , laura santos , kassius klay shrum , peggy thorstrom , russell valdez , ursula vargas g . , josé de j . whittaker , andrew
range : eastern colombia east to the guianas , and south through eastern peru , northern and eastern bolivia and brazil south to paraguay and northern argentina .
range : from the northwestern mexican state of sinaloa to the northeastern state of tamaulipas , south through central america to northern and western colombia and ecuador .
they nest in tree cavities and other cavities , such as holes in cliffs , caves and abandoned buildings .
a clutch consists of 1 - 3 ( mostly 2 ) white eggs heavily spotted with tan , brown , and chocolate . the female alone incubates the eggs for 46 - 48 days , while the male delivers food to then nest . as soon as the nestlings can be left alone for short periods , the female will also hunt and feed the young . the juveniles fledge when they are about 50 days old . the parents will continue to feed them for several more weeks until the young are fully independent .
they appear to locate their prey by their well - developed sense of hearing and large eyes . they ambush prey from concealed perches , but have also been observed running prey down on the ground .
chinese : ? ? ? . . . czech : sokolec lesní , sokolec obojkový . . . danish : halsbåndsskovfalk . . . dutch : grote bosvalk , kiekendiefvalk . . . spanish : collarejo , halcón collarejo , halcón de monte collarejo , halcón del bosque de collar , halcón montés , halcón montés collarejo , halcón montes grande , halcón montés grande , halcón selvático collarejo , halcón - montés collarejo , halcón - selvático collarejo , halcón - selvático de collar . . . estonian : suur - metspistrik . . . finnish : kaulushaukkanen . . . french : carnifex à collier , faucon des bois à collier . . . german : kappenwaldfalke . . . guarani : têi têi , toky kapata . . . italian : falco dal collare , falco di foresta dal collare . . . japanese : kubiwamorihayabusa . . . norwegian : halsbåndskogfalk . . . polish : trebacz zmienny , tr ? bacz zmienny . . . portuguese : falcão - relógio , gavião - da - mata , gavião - mateiro , gavião - mateiro - tem - tem , gaviao - relogio , gavião - relógio , tem - tem . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : sokolec obojkový . . . swedish : halsbandsskogsfalk
their repetitive , resonant calls are described as a human - like
aw
. they are most vocal in the early mornings and evenings .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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are found only in tropical and subtropical forests of the western hemisphere . this group of
species breeds from tamaulipas , mexico south to northern argentina , paraguay and brazil ' s southernmost state of rio grande do sul .
atkinson ec ( 1997 ) singing for your supper : acoustical luring of avian prey by northern shrikes . condor 99 : 203 - 206
bierregaard ro ( 1994 ) species accounts - genus micrastur . in : del hojo j , elliott a , sargatal j ( eds ) handbook of the birds of the world , volume 2 . lynx ediciones , barcelona , pp 252 - 254 .
debenedictis pa ( 1996 ) aba checklist committee report , 1995 . birding 28 : 399 - 405
gerhardt rp ( 2004 ) cavity nesting in raptors of tikal national park and vicinity , peten , guatemala . ornitologia neotropical 15 : 477 - 483
lasley gw , sexton c , luckner gd ( 1994 ) texas region . national audubon society field notes 48 ( 2 ) 224 - 228
robinson , s . k . ( 1994 ) habitat selection and foraging ecology of raptors in amazonian peru . biotropica 26 : 443 - 458
smith ng ( 1969 ) provoked release of mobbing - a hunting technique of micrastur falcons . ibis 111 : 241 - 243
thiollay j - m ( 2007 ) raptor communities in french guiana : distribution , habitat selection , and conservation . journal of raptor research 41 : 90 - 105
the author is : dr . paul d . haemig ( phd in animal ecology )
this hawk is sooty black above and white below , with a nuchal ( back of the neck ) white collar and a long black with white bars banded tail . three color morphs exist a ) white / black b ) all black with dark brown below and c ) tawny mprh with black above and buff below . all have yellow legs and feet , bare facial skin is dull green and iris is brown . sexes are similar , but female larger .
nest in caveties usually with more than one entrance . nest 12 - 20 meter above ground in large mature trees . one brood with a clutch of 2 - 3 eggs , incubated for about 46 days . the young fledge after about 48 days and are fed for one more moth . after this month other adults start feeding the young and the natural parents disappear .
avibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com
by bernabé lópez - lanús . published in cotinga , the journal of the neotropical bird club , ( pages 9 - 11 ) , number 14 , autumn 2000 .
se describe el cortejo , apareamiento y usurpación de un nido de ara ambigua por parte de una pareja de micrastur semitorquatus , en la reserva cerro blanco , guayas , sudoeste de ecuador . los nidos y comportamiento reproductivo de micrastur spp . son poco conocidos y escasos , aportándose nuevos conocimientos tanto para la especie como para el género , el cual presenta especies en peligro de extinción . la usurpación del nido se atribuye a la competencia por sitios aptos para anidar en dos especies que necesitan cavidades en arboles para su reproducción .
loro parque foundation and pro - bosque foundation sponsored and financed the guayaquil macaw project , thus making this note possible . jacqueline sócola and karl berg assisted in the fieldwork and provided valuable advice . eric horstman , raquel molinas and all the park rangers of the bpcb gave invaluable support and technical assistance . paul salaman contributed in various ways to this work . finally , chris canaday and kristin salaman translated the text into english .
bernabe lopez - lanus proyecto ognorhynchus , carrera 4 . nro . 5 - 48 , salento , quindio , colombia . e - rnail : bernabe @ urltoken / lopezlanus @ vahoo . com .
the actp team at schöneiche in germany together with the brazilian minister of environment , the hon . edson duarte , representatives from the german bfn , project p . . . read more »
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map created with arcgis . range map information for each species obtained from ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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a rear view of a perched adult light morph among branches , then flying away .
an adult bird of pale morph on a branch , with close - ups of the head , tail and talons .
a dorsal view of a perched adult bird of pale morph , then flying away .
bird singing near de una river , about 7pm . background we can hear several species of frogs .
josep del hoyo , pieter de groot boersma , stefan behrens , davidmolinaamav , alainbfosse , herve jacob .
carlos cuñado strelkov , orlando jarquín g . , josep del hoyo , joe tobias , jorge silva , rdrsouza , paul van giersbergen , josé m . formentí , roger ahlman , jacob . wijpkema , kperezleon , rolando chavez .
ciro albano , cid espínola , niels poul dreyer , rdrsouza , willian menq , antonio silveira , peter boesman .
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thorstrom r . , r . watson , a . baker , s . ayers , and d . l . anderson . 2002 . preliminary ground and aerial surveys for orange - breasted falcons in central america . journal of raptor research 36 : 39 - 44 .
thorstrom r . , j . hart , and r . t . watson . 1997 . new record , ranging behaviour , vocalization and food of the madagascar red owl ( tyto soumagnei ) . ibis 139 : 477 - 481 .
thorstrom , r . , r . t . watson , b . damary , f . toto , m . baba , and v . baba . 1995 . repeated sightings and first capture of a live madagascar serpent eagle ( eutriorchis astur ) . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 115 : 40 - 45 .
© 2018 boise state university 1910 university dr . , boise , id 83725 ( 208 ) 426 - 1000
rabearivony , j . , a . p . raselimanana , m . a . andriamazava , r . thorstrom , and l . - a . rene de roland . 2010 . a new locality for the endangered microhylid frog scaphiophryne boribory from northern madagascar and a rapid survey of other amphibians of the bemanevika region . herpetology notes 3 : 105 - 109 . pdf
rabearivony , j . , r . thorstrom , l . - a . rene de roland , m . rakotondratsima , t . r . a . andriamalal , the seing same , g . razafimanjato , d . rakotondravony , a . p . raselimanana , and m . rakotoson . 2010 . protected area surface extension in madagascar : do endemism and threatened species remain useful criteria for site selection ? madagascar conservation & development 5 : 35 - 47 . pdf
razafimahatrata , b . , g . razafimanjato , and r . thorstrom . 2010 . a new locality for the endangered day gecko phelsuma klemmeri from western madagascar . herpetology notes 3 : 197 - 199 . pdf
rené de roland , l . - a . , and r . thorstrom . 2010 . first record of torotoroka scops owl otus madagascariensis nesting on the ground . bulletin of the african bird club 16 : 87 - 88 . pdf
rene de roland l - a . , r . thorstrom , g . razafimanjato , mph rkotondratsima , tra andriamalala , the seing sam . 2009 . survey , distribution and current status of the madagascar harrier circus macrosceles in madagascar . bird conservation international 19 : 309 - 322 .
rene de roland l - a . , r . thorstrom . 2009 . first record of torotoroka scops owl otus madagascariensis nesting on the ground . bulletin of the african bird club 16 : 87 - 88 . pdf
rabearivony , j . , e . ranameha , j . mampiandra , and r . thorstrom . 2008 . taboos and social contracts : tools for ecosystem management - lessons from the manambolomaty lakes ramsar site , western madagascar . madagascar conservation & development 3 : 7 - 16 . pdf
thorstrom , r . and d . mcqueen . 2008 . breeding and status of the grenada hook - billed kite ( chondrohierax uncinatus mirus ) . ornitologia neotropical 19 : 221 - 228 . pdf
johnson , j . a . , r . thorstrom , and d . p . mindell . 2007 . systematics and conservation of the hook - billed kite including the island taxa from cuba and grenada . animal conservation 10 : 349 - 359 . pdf
pagel , j . e . , and r . k . thorstrom . 2007 . accessing nests . pp . 171 - 179 in d . m . bird and k . l . bildstein ( eds . ) , raptor research and management techniques . hancock house , surrey , british columbia , canada . pdf
razafimanjato , g . , l . - a . rene de roland , j . rabearivony , and r . thorstrom . 2007 . nesting biology and food habits of the peregrine falcons falco peregrinus radama in the south - west and central plateau of madagascar . ostrich 78 : 7 - 12 . pdf
razafimanjato , g . , t . s . sam , and r . thorstrom . 2007 . waterbird monitoring in the antsalova region , western madagascar . waterbirds 30 : 441 - 447 . pdf
rene de roland , l . , t . s . sam , m . p . h . rakotondratsima , and r . thorstrom . 2007 . rediscovery of the madagascar pochard ( aythya innotata ) in northern madagascar . bulletin of the african bird club 14 : 171 - 174 . pdf
thorstrom , r . , j . almonte , and s . balbuena de la rosa . 2007 . current status and breeding biology of the ridgway ' s hawk . pp . 33 - 39 in k . l . bildstein , d . r . barber , and a . zimmerman ( eds . ) , neotropical raptors . hawk mountain association , orwigsburg , pa . pdf
watson , r . t . , l . rene de roland , j . rabearivony , and r . thorstrom . 2007 . community - based wetland conservation protects endangered species in madagascar : lessons from science and conservation . banwa 4 ( 1 ) : 83 - 97 . pdf
rene de roland , l . - a . , j . rabearivony , h . robenarimangason , g . rasafimanjato , and r . thorstrom . 2005 . breeding biology and food habits of the madagascar kestrel ( falco newtoni ) in northwestern madagascar . journal of raptor research 39 : 149 - 155 .
rene de roland , l . - a . , j . rabearivony , h . robenarimangason , g . rasafimanjato , and r . thorstrom . 2005 . breeding biology and diet of banded kestrels falco zoniventris on masoala peninsula , madagascar . ostrich 76 : 32 - 36 .
thorstrom , r . , j . almonte , s . balbuena de la rosa , p . rodriguez , and e . fernandez . 2005 . surveys and breeding biology of buteo ridgwayi ( ridgway ' s hawk ) in los haitises , dominincan republic . caribbean journal of science 41 : 864 - 869 . pdf
rene de roland , l . a . , j . rabearivony , i . randriamanga , and r . thorstrom . 2004 . nesting biology and diet of the madagascar harrier ( circus macrosceles ) in ambohitantely special reserve . journal of raptor research 38 : 256 - 262 . pdf
tingay , r . e . , m . l . clarke , r . t . watson , r . thorstrom , and l . kalavah . 2004 . survival and behavior of a one - footed madagascar fish - eagle in the wild . journal of raptor research 38 : 85 - 88 . pdf
thorstrom , r . and l . - a . rene de roland . 2003 . falconiformes and strigiformes : ecology and status of raptors
in natural history of madagascar
. s . m . goodman and j . benstead ( eds ) . pp 1080 - 1085 .
thorstrom , r . and l . - a . rene de roland . 2003 . strigiformes : tyto soumagnei , madagascar red owl , vorondolomena
in natural history of madagascar
. s . m . goodman and j . benstead ( eds ) . pp 1110 - 1113 .
thorstrom , r . and l . - a . rene de roland . 2003 . eutriorchis astur , madagascar serpent - eagle , fandrasalambo
in natural history of madagascar
. s . m . goodman and j . benstead ( eds ) . pp . 1088 - 1091 .
rene de roland , l . a . and r . thorstrom . 2003 . accipiter spp . , goshawk and sparrowhawks
in natural history of madagascar
. s . m . goodman s . m . and j . benstead ( eds ) . pp 1091 - 1094 .
rafanomezantsoa , s . , r . t . watson , and r . thorstrom . 2002 . juvenile dispersal of madagascar fish - eagles tracked by satellite telemetry . journal of raptor research 36 : 309 - 314 . pdf


the blue-winged minla ( minla cyanouroptera ) , also known as the blue-winged siva , is a species of bird in the family leiothrichidae .

it is found in the indian subcontinent and southeast asia , ranging across bangladesh , bhutan , cambodia , china , india , laos , malaysia , myanmar , nepal , thailand , tibet , and vietnam .

blue - winged minla

blue - winged minla ( minla cyanouroptera ) is a species of bird in the leiothrichidae family .
the blue - winged minla ( minla cyanouroptera ) , also known as the blue - winged siva , is a species of bird in the leiothrichidae family . it has in the past been placed in the genus minla instead of the monotypic siva .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as common ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and fragmentation .
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previously published on avocet as av10511 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen calling . gps : google earth . habitat : montane hill dipterocarp forest .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : siva cyanouroptera . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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it is found in the indian subcontinent and southeast asia , ranging across bangladesh , bhutan , cambodia , india , laos , malaysia , myanmar , nepal , thailand , tibet , and vietnam . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .
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ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .