hemaris molli is a moth of the sphingidae family .

it is known from jordan .

it is not clear if hemaris molli is a valid species .

it looks superficially like hemaris fuciformis , although it lacks the dividing line of scales in the forewing cell .

furthermore , the genitalial preparation is close to that of hemaris radians .

the exact relationship between these taxa still needs to be clarified .

it is similar to hemaris galunae , but the antennae are somewhat shorter .

the forewing and hindwing marginal bands are broader than in related species .

the forewing has a vein remnant running through it longitudinally .

the basal field and inner edge angle of the hindwing upperside are extended , dark brown and scarcely lightened .

hemaris molli

hemaris ( mandarina ) molli eitschberger , müller & kravchenko , 2005 , atalanta 36 ( 1 / 2 ) : 201 .
individuals of hemaris fuciformis fuciformis resembling hemaris syra can occasionally be found in greece and italy , particularly in the second brood .
( ii ) the descriptions and illustrations provided by daniel ( 1932 ; 1939 ) of the turkish hemaris fuciformis subsp . syra ( daniel , 1939 ) , initially indicated that it could be a form of hemaris dentata ( staudinger , 1887 ) . however , daniel ( 1932 ) was of the opinion that it was closer to hemaris fuciformis , although the colour of the thorax and abdomen reminded him more of hemaris croatica ( esper , 1800 ) . danner , eitschberger & surholt ( 1998 ) treated hemaris syra as a good species , although they were uncertain of its exact status . kitching & cadiou ( 2000 ) compared hemaris syra , hemaris fuciformis and hemaris dentata ( staudinger , 1887 ) from turkey and concluded that hemaris syra probably represented the opposite sex of the sexually dimorphic hemaris dentata . with the capture of further specimens of both hemaris syra and hemaris dentata it is obvious that hemaris syra is not hemaris dentata , but in morphology much closer to hemaris fuciformis . furthermore , the results of recent dna barcoding studies indicate that although this taxon is close to hemaris fuciformis , it is sufficiently distinct to warrent specific status . )
hostplants . unknown , but possibly lonicera or rubia / galium as for hemaris radians .
the atlas mountains of morocco and algeria as hemaris fuciformis jordani ( clark , 1927 ) . ' subsp . ' ganssuensis grum - grshimailo , 1891 from xizang province / tibet is the eastern palaearctic hemaris affinis .
[ it is possible that most , if not all , populations of hemaris fuciformis fuciformis reported from central and southern turkey are , in fact , hemaris syra , and that hemaris fuciformis fuciformis is rare in turkey and confined to the northern pontic mountains fringing the black sea - - there is one confirmed record from ayancik near sinop . individuals have also been confirmed from the alborz mountains of northern iran ( lehmann & zahiri , 2011 ) . ]
wingspan : 35 - - 45mm . according to rothschild & jordan ( 1903 ) , black belt of abdomen much shaded with yellowish hairs , tail scarcely with any yellowish hairs ; thorax and posterior abdominal segments less bright yellow than in hemaris tityus . border of forewing noticeably broader than in hemaris tityus , as broad between r 3 and m 1 as this cellule is wide at end ; cross - veins with an obvious bar , which is nearly as prominent as in hemaris affinis ( bremer , 1861 ) . base of hindwing above and below less yellow than in hemaris tityus , border noticeably broader .
( taxonomic notes . ( i ) derzhavets ( 1984 ) considered hemaris alaiana to be merely a form of hemaris tityus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , at best a subspecies . however , eitschberger & churkin ( 2002 ) quite rightly treated alaiana as a distinct species . comparison of both male and female genitalia ( eitschberger , 1999 ) indicate that this species is related to the eastern palaearctic hemaris radians ( walker , 1856 ) , having evolved from an isolated population .
diurnal . an insect of montane meadows and woodland glades rich in flowers , where it flies with hemaris fuciformis ( eitschberger , 1999 ) . generally found at 1400 - 2200m altitude .
( taxonomic notes . ( i ) although very close , recent dna barcoding studies have demonstrated that hemaris fuciformis jordani ( clark , 1927 ) from morocco and algeria is sufficiently distinct from hemaris fuciformis fuciformis to warrent subspecific status . however , very similar - looking populations can be found in the montane coniferous forests of southern spain , central greece and turkey . this requires further study .
wingspan : 38 - - 48mm . distinguished from hemaris tityus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) by a much broader marginal band to the wings ; forewing discal cell divided longitudinally by a fold in most examples . more variable than hemaris tityus : in f . musculus wallengren , all olive green coloration is replaced by reddish grey ; in f . heynei bartel , black as opposed to normal brown is the dominant colour of the central abdominal belt .
pupa : 23 - - 25mm . similar to that of hemaris tityus : blackish brown with glossy highlights and brown , intersegmental cuticle . formed on the ground in a loosely spun silken cocoon interwoven with debris . the overwintering stage .
records from south korea ( kim et al . , 1982 ; kim , tshistjakov & kwon , 1999 ) are misidentifications of hemaris affinis ( bremer , 1861 ) , a distinct species occurring in japan , the russian far east and northeastern china ( chu & wang , 1980b ) .
synonymized with macroglossa alternata by bartel , 1900 , in rühl & bartel , 1899 - 1902 , die palaearktischen grossschmett . naturgesch . 2 : 232 . reinstated as a species by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 442 ( key ) ; 457 . erroneously transferred to haemorrhagia by zhu & wang , 1997 , fauna sinica insecta 11 : 285 . implicitly returned to hemaris by danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 , herbipoliana 4 ( 1 ) : 125 .
in behaviour , this species closely resembles hemaris tityus : active by day , usually from about 10 . 00 hours , it avidly searches along rides and forest edges for the flowers of rhododendron , silene , ajuga , lychnis and pulmonaria . some may even venture into gardens to be seen at syringa and phlox . it is in such situations that courtship and pairing take place ; the female then takes flight in search of lonicera growing in partial shade on which to lay her eggs . if disturbed at any time , this species flies off at great speed .
on hatching , the 3mm - long , whitish yellow larva rests along the midrib on the underside of a leaf , occasionally nibbling oval holes in the latter . most feed at night , resting during daylight hours in a typical sphinx - like attitude . fully grown , some have reddish spots and blotches bordering the dorso - lateral line and spiracles which , combined with a very rough , tubercled skin , camouflage the larva well . at this stage it generally sits under a twig . if disturbed or alarmed , it will drop to the ground , although not as readily as hemaris tityus .
gb : broad - bordered bee hawkmoth , f : sphinx bourdon , d : hummelschwärmer , ru : brazhnik shmelevidnyi zhimolostnyi , s : humlelik dagsvärmare , nl : glasvleugelige pijlstaart , cz : dlouhozobka chrastavcová , h : dongószender , e : cristalina borde estrecho ; esfinge abejorro de orla ancha , pl : fruczak bujankowiec , fi : kuusamakiitäjä .
holarctic ; western palaearctic region . pleistocene refuge : polycentric - - atlantomediterranean and pontomediterranean refugia .
in the male genitalia , uncus scarcely more than twice as long as proximally broad , the two halves separated only at the extreme apex . juxta rough with setiferous granules , a little more produced ventrally than dorsally . valves asymmetrical ; left valve spatulate ; right valve with concave dorsal margin , and ventral margin deeply sinuate just beyond middle , apical lobe spatulate . left harpe represented by a basal thickening that bears a few short setae ; right harpe represented by a conical process , individually variable and clothed with setae . aedeagus apical process flattened , obtuse .
diurnal . in northern europe , frequents the lonicera - entwined edges of sunny glades in open woodland . farther south , displays a marked preference for sand - and chalk hills lightly overgrown with conifers and shrubby honeysuckles , such as lonicera xylosteum and lonicera tatarica , where it is often extremely abundant . it was formerly also abundant in many marginal areas ( tatchell , [ 1926 ] ) , but modern practices of woodland management have severely reduced its numbers . generally avoids open meadows , preferring to fly along woodland margins or rides ; however , in turkey and the crimea it often breeds in meadows and gardens .
bivoltine throughout its southern range . in northern europe , late may to mid - june , with a partial second brood in august ; a single generation in june is normal for the mid urals ( eversmann , 1844 ) , tian shan ( grum - grshimailo , 1890 ) and higher altitudes in bulgaria ( ganev , 1984 ) . in the southern urals , from mid may until early july ( nupponen & fibiger , 2002 ) .
two individuals were captured on urltoken & 10 . vii . 1964 at oktyabr ' skoe in western siberia ( ob ' river , 62°30 ' n ) ( vladimir dubatolov , pers . comm 2012 ) .
in october 1994 , several adults were observed at nicotiana blossom in suffolk , england ( hagget , 1995 ) . these may have been part of an attempt at a partial third brood .
ovum : small ( 1 . 1 x 1 . 0mm ) , pale glossy green , spherical . laid singly on the underside of the leaves of its hostplant ; plants growing in either deep shade or in the open are avoided .
in some years brown ( illustrated ) or golden larval forms can be found , although this is rare . in 1999 , 5 - 10 % of larvae near toulon , france , were so coloured ( j . m . bompar , pers . comm . ) .
occurs from mid - june until early august over central and northern europe , but from may until september farther south .
major hostplants . lonicera spp . in northern europe , particularly lonicera periclymenum ; in central and southern parts of its range , the shrubby lonicera nigra , lonicera xylosteum and lonicera tatarica are favoured .
minor hostplants . symphoricarpos , galium , deutzia and knautia ; in turkey mainly cephalaria procera ( de freina , 1979 ) .
ichneumonidae : amblyjoppa fuscipennis ( wesmael ) ; braconidae : cotesia coryphe ( nixon ) ; tachinidae : tachina praeceps meigen .
extra - limital range . from the altai mountains , pamirs , hindu kush , and the kangra valley in himachal pradesh , india ( moore , 1888 ) , eastwards across southern siberia ( eversmann , 1844 ; zolotarenko , petrova & shiryaev , 1978 ; izerskiy , 1999 ) , southern yakutia ( kaimuk et al . , 2005 ) and transbaikalia to the russian far east ( izerskiy , 1999 ) , and sakhalin island ( chistyakov & belyaev , 1984 ; dubatolov , 1991 ) .
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type locality : alai mountains [ alayskiy khrebat , western tian shan , tajikistan . ]
holarctic ; western palaearctic region . pleistocene refuge : monocentric - - northern section of sindian refuge .
endemic to the alayskiy khrebat , tian shan , dzhungarskiy alatau , saur and altai mountains , from tajikistan ( rothschild & jordan , 1903 ) and eastern kazakhstan ( eitschberger , 1999 ) to western mongolia ( yakovlev and doroshkin , 2005 ; yakovlev , 2011 ) .
there is also the possibility of a disjunct population in northern jordan ( eitschberger et al . , 2005 ) ( see ' taxonomic note ( ii ) ' above ) ) .
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, are similar in appearance and habits . both genera have tails that are provided with an expansile truncated tuft of hairs ,
the eggs are small , spherical , and pale glossy green in color . host plants include shrub and vining honeysuckles and teasels .
the larvae are small , cylindrical , and covered in granules that often have small bristles . most larvae are green , brown , and gray , but there are many color forms . all have a distinctive pale dorso - lateral longitudinal stripe from head to horn .
the pupa is enclosed in a loosely spun cocoon , and is glossy in most species . there is a prominent tubercle or hook alongside each eye . the cremaster of the chrysalis is large and flattened .
the imagoes , or adults , are small , diurnal moths that resemble bumblebees in shape . they are often mistaken for hummingbirds . the forewings are fully scaled , but in some species patches of scales are lost during the first flight , leaving a glassy hyaline area on each wing . the antennae are strongly clubbed in both sexes and each has a small , recurved hook at the end . the abdomen ends in a large fan of setae .
the genitalia of the male are asymmetrical ; the uncus is divided into two subequal lobes and is sclerotized . the ostium bursae , or genital opening , of the female is angled to the left .
there are 24 accepted species . four species are native to north and south america , and three to europe .
kitching , i . j . and j . cadiou . ( 2000 ) . hawkmoths of the world . an annotated and illustrated revisionary checklist ( lepidoptera : sphingidae ) . cornell university press , new york . isbn 0 - 8014 - 3734 - 2
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cerithiopsis tenthrenois is a species of sea snail , a gastropod in the family cerithiopsidae , which is known from european waters , including the mediterranean sea .

it was described by melvill , in 1896 .

cerithiopsis tenthrenois

( of bittium tenthrenois melvill , 1896 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bittium tenthrenois melvill , 1896 ) melvill , j . c . ( 1896 ) . descriptions of new species of minute marine shells from bombay . proceedings of the malacological society of london . 2 : 108 - 116 , pl . 8 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 109 ; pl . 8 fig . 1 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . , m . e . çinar , m . a . pancucci - papadopoulou , j . g . harmelin , g . furnari , f . andaloro , n . bellou , n . streftaris & h . zibrowius . ( 2005 ) . annotated list of marine alien species in the mediterranean with records of the worst invasive species . mediterranean marine science 6 ( 2 ) : 63 - 118 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
galil , b . ( 2007 ) . seeing red : alien species along the mediterranean coast of israel . aquatic invasions . 2 ( 4 ) : 281 - 312 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
katsanevakis , s . ; bogucarskis , k . ; gatto , f . ; vandekerkhove , j . ; deriu , i . ; cardoso a . s . ( 2012 ) . building the european alien species information network ( easin ) : a novel approach for the exploration of distributed alien species data . bioinvasions records . 1 : 235 - 245 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 180 - 213
streftaris , n . ; zenetos , a . ; papathanassiou , e . ( 2005 ) . globalisation in marine ecosystems : the story of non - indigenous marine species across european seas . oceanogr . mar . biol . ann . rev . 43 : 419 - 453
( melvill , 1896 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
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coleophora corylifoliella is a moth of the coleophoridae family .

it is found in the united states , including kentucky , pennsylvania and virginia .

the larvae feed on the leaves of corylus americana .

they create a spatulate leaf case .

coleophora corylifoliella

species coleophora laticornella - pecan cigar casebearer - hodges # 1291 - bugguide . net
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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poole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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overwinters as larva in case on twigs of hickory and pecan trees . young larvae are leaf miners , older larvae feed externally .
contributed by john f . carr on 14 november , 2009 - 9 : 48am additional contributions by steve nanz , ceiseman last updated 12 october , 2015 - 6 : 03am
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the black monarch ( symposiachrus axillaris ) is a species of bird in the family monarchidae .

it is found in new guinea .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

black monarch

you are a black monarch . your desire to live freely and manifest your own destiny shifts your reality .
change the spelling of the english name of symposiachrus browni from kulambangra monarch to kolombangra monarch ( dutson 2011 ) .
monarch predation by invertebrates , parasitoids and disease .
monarch watch . web . accessed june 9 , 2018 .
wells dr . black - naped monarch . in the birds of the thai - malay peninsula . volume 2 . edited by black ac : christopher helm publishers ltd ; 2007 : 161–162
astrovirus was detected in one black - naped monarch from 119 birds tested with an overall prevalence of 0 . 8 % ( table
the monarch’s wingspan averages 90 to 100 mm ( about 4 inches ) . the coloration of the orange wings , marked by black veins and a black border with two rows of spots , warns predators of the
change the scientific name of black - tailed crake from amaurornis bicolor to zapornia bicolor .
insert a newly described subspecies , cowarie black 2016 , immediately following subspecies indulkanna , with range “northeastern south australia ( southern sturt stony desert ) ” ( black 2016 ) .
insert a newly added subspecies , curnamona black 2011 , immediately following subspecies raglessi , with range “east central south australia ( southwestern lake frome basin ) ” ( black 2011 ) .
subspecies iredalei is removed from the group black - throated tit ( black - throated ) aegithalos concinnus [ concinnus group ] and is recognized as a new monotypic group , black - throated tit ( red - headed ) aegithalos concinnus iredalei . reposition black - throated tit ( red - headed ) aegithalos concinnus iredalei immediately following the entry for aegithalos concinnus pulchellus .
insert a newly added subspecies , raglessi black 2011 , immediately following subspecies cowarie , with range “east central south australia ( northern periphery of the flinders ranges ) ” ( black 2011 ) .
15–16·5 cm . 12–17·5 g . small , black flycatcher , with long tail often held at an angle . male nominate race is almost entirely satin - black , except for white . . .
if you ' re raising monarch butterflies in a classroom or in your backyard butterfly garden , there are a few things you can do to lower the risk of your monarchs succumbing to the black death .
monarch butterfly : what is citizen science ?
usda forest service . web . accessed june 9 , 2018 .
- resistant crops in the united states has further placed the monarch’s long - term survival in jeopardy . but while the threats are many , evidence indicating that monarch populations are in decline is sparse . scientists’ ability to determine the monarch’s population status has been challenged by difficulties in monitoring populations accurately and by a limited knowledge of naturally occurring annual and geographical population fluctuations .
black death in monarch butterflies ( danaus plexippus ) is one of several recent threats to the one of our most popular and most important insect species . whether you are raising monarch butterflies in a classroom , observing them in your backyard milkweed garden , or taking part in one of the habitat restoration projects , you may have noticed that a percentage of your monarch caterpillars never reach adulthood as a butterfly . some just seem to disappear , while others show visible signs of disease or parasitism .
today there are several monarch preservation opportunities for students and ordinary citizens to take part in , from monitoring and reporting infestations like the black death , to tracking migrating butterflies , to getting grants to start new backyard gardens to promote butterfly health .
in most cases , black death is caused by either a bacterium in the genus pseudomonas or by the nuclear polyhedrosis virus .
black partridge is moved to a new position , immediately following crested partridge rollulus rouloul ( hosner et al . 2016 ) .
monarch® playing cards are made in the usa on fsc - certified paper derived from sustainable forests .
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change the english name of dicaeum haematostictum from red - keeled flowerpecker to black - belted flowerpecker ( cheke and mann 2001 ) .
招かれし最強の主賓の一人、それは復活した覇王だった。 one of the strongest guest of honor invited , was the revived tyrant . ( dmx - 24 ) つまらん。余が戦場に出たら、圧倒的に勝つに決まっている。 how boring . when i come to the battlefield , i overwhelmingly decide the outcome with our victory . - - - tyrant black monarch ( dmx - 24 )
virological surveillance was conducted in birds from two sites in cambodia in 2010 . samples were screened for influenza , astroviruses , coronaviruses , flaviviruses , and paramyxoviruses . a total of 199 birds were tested and an astrovirus was detected in a black - naped monarch ( hypothymis azurea ) .
) and the monarch share similar coloration . indeed , like the monarch , the viceroy is unpalatable to some of its predators . hence , it is believed that the two noxious organisms resemble one another as a form of defense against predators and that the relationship between them serves as an example of
in addition , millions of endangered monarch butterflies ( danaus plexippus ) migrate annually between regions of the united states and mexico’s western mesa central to overwinter on about a dozen forested peaks , particularly in eastern michoacán state . that state’s monarch butterfly biosphere reserve was designated a unesco world heritage site in 2008 . …
…understood examples of this concerns monarch butterflies ( although not the well - known north american monarch ) . males of these insects seek out plants containing a particular type of alkaloid known as a pyrrolizidine , which is highly toxic to mammals . the insect licks the plant with its tongue and accumulates small quantities of…
agreement : monarch butterfly to get endangered species act protection decision by 2019 .
center for biological diversity . web . accessed june 9 , 2018 .
this entry was posted in archive , asia , pacific and tagged blue - black kingfisher , indonesia , papua new guinea . bookmark the permalink .
the traditional genus myrmeciza is not monophyletic . in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 628 ) , based on isler et al . ( 2013 ) , change the scientific name of black - throated antbird from myrmeciza atrothorax to myrmophylax atrothorax . reposition black - throated antbird to follow yapacana antbird aprositornis disjuncta .
one day , your caterpillars are munching away on their milkweed , and the next , they turn lethargic . their colors seem a little off – the black bands look wider than usual . gradually , the entire caterpillar darkens , and its body appears deflated . right before your eyes , your monarch caterpillars turn to mush .
if you have evidence that your butterflies are suffering from black death , disinfect the cage with a 5 - 10 % bleach solution before raising any more .
black , a . b . 2012 . distribution of the thick - billed grasswren in the northern territory . australian field ornithology 29 : 15 - 22 .
of the forest have threatened the survival of monarch populations . likewise , ongoing land development in areas along the monarch’s different migratory routes is considered a serious threat to the species’s ability to successfully perform its annual migratory feat . some researchers also suspect that a loss of milkweed plants associated with the expansion in the early 21st century of the use of genetically modified
insert a newly added subspecies , obscurior matthews 1923 , immediately following subspecies curnamona , with range “southeastern australia ( grey range periphery , northwestern new south wales ) ” ( black 2011 ) .
black , a . 2011 . subspecies of the thick - billed grasswren amytornis modestus ( aves - maluridae ) . transactions of the royal society of south australia 135 : 26 - 38 .
clement , p . ( 2018 ) . black monarch ( symposiachrus axillaris ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
even after several years of raising bumper crops of monarchs in your own milkweed patch , you may still be in danger of infestations . in the worst case , a catastrophic parasite infestation can occur . you could see an overall decline in the health of your caterpillars . some or nearly all of the monarch caterpillars in your yard could slowly turn black and then die . chrysalis discoloration is another sign that things are very wrong . a healthy chrysalis does turn dark just before the adult butterfly is ready to emerge , but an unhealthy one turns solid black , and adult butterflies never emerge from them .
) . groups 1 and 2 are strongly supported as sister groups to each other and are in turn most closely related to the black - naped monarch virus sequences . group 3 avastroviruses are comprised entirely of ducks and supported as a sister clade to all other avastroviruses . phylogenetic reconstruction and the pairwise distance analysis both indicate that the passerine avastrovirus forms a novel lineage that is well differentiated from all previously described avastroviruses .
revise the range description for the monotypic group cockerell’s fantail ( black - breasted ) rhipidura cockerelli albina from “solomon islands ( kulambangra and rendova ) ” to “solomon islands ( kolombangra and rendova ) ” .
subspecies darienensis is transferred from the group white - breasted wood - wren ( cherrie’s ) to the group white - breasted wood - wren ( black - capped ) ; and two subspecies , eucharis and inornata , are removed from the group white - breasted wood - wren ( black - capped ) to form a new group , white - breasted wood - wren ( choco ) henicorhina leucosticta inornata / eucharis .
insert a newly added subspecies , indulkanna matthews 1916 , immediately following nominate modestus , with range “western lake eyre basin , south central australia” ( black et al . 2010 , austin et al . 2013 ) .
the monarch butterfly population has crashed in recent years , experiencing an 80 percent decline in north american populations over the past few decades . the only part of that is due to the
black death .
other parasites affecting monarchs include tachinid fly infections , ophryocystis elektroscirrha ( oe ) , and trichogramma and chalcid wasps . but the most serious threats to monarchs come from human activities , from insecticide and herbicide use to loss of habitat .
insert a newly added subspecies , inexpectatus matthews 1912 ( black 2011 ) , immediately following subspecies obscurior , with range “extinct ; last reported 1898 . formerly southwestern and north central new south wales” ( parker 1972 ) .
urltoken in monarch black players become a butterfly to explore ever changing abstract environments and do battle with swarms of laser firing insects . fly un - constrained through drowned cities and snowy forests to find glowing pollen grains . as you progress you ' ll unlock new weapons and capabilities to evolve your avatar and fly deeper into this strange and beautiful world . because the levels and power ups are randomly generated , no two play throughs are exactly the same .
blue - capped ifrita is removed from monarchidae ( monarch flycatchers ) and is recognized as a new monotypic family , ifritidae ( ifrita ) ( jønsson et al . 2011 , 2016 , aggerbeck et al . 2014 , schodde and christidis ) .
the monarch caterpillar is easily recognized by its vertical stripes of black , white , and yellow - green . after several molts , it attains a length of 45 mm ( almost 2 inches ) . the caterpillar usually leaves its milkweed plant to pupate elsewhere as a pale green , golden - spotted chrysalis . adults live only a few weeks , except for those that migrate south and overwinter in mexico , which live seven to nine months . thus , about four generations of monarchs occur annually .
revise the range description for nominate modestus from “central australia ( alice springs , n . territory to central nsw ) ” to “extinct ( last reported 1936 ) . formerly central australia ( southern northern territory ) ” ( black 2012 ) .
black , a . b . 2016 . reappraisal of plumage and morphometric diversity in thick - billed grasswren amytornis modestus ( north , 1902 ) , with description of a new subspecies . bulletin of the british ornithologists club 136 : 58–68 .
…danaine butterflies , including the familiar monarch and queen butterflies ( danaus plexippus and d . gilippus ) . the larvae consume the poison without ill effects and retain it through the pupal stage to adulthood . as adult butterflies , they enjoy protection from vertebrate predators . …
black , a . b . , l . joseph , l . p . pedler , and g . a . carpenter . 2010 . a taxonomic framework for interpreting evolution within the amytornis textilis–modestus complex of grasswrens . emu 110 : 358 - 363 .
revise the range description of the monotypic group black - naped oriole ( east asian ) oriolus chinensis diffusus from “e asia ; > to india , malaysia and indochina” to “breeds east asia ; winters from india to indochina and the thai - malay peninsula” .
an astrovirus positive pcr product from a black - naped monarch ( hypothymis azurea ) was purified using a qiagen pcr purification kit ( qiagen ) . this product was cloned using a promega p - gem t easy kit ( promega ) . plasmids were purified using an omega miniprep ( omega ) purification kit and sent for sequencing . two sequences generated from the same individual in this study were deposited in genbank ( accession numbers kt965674 - kt965975 ) . attempts to generate additional genetic data using a 3′ race pcr and culture in embryonated chicken eggs were unsuccessful .
andersen , m . j . , p . a . hosner , c . e filardi , and r . g . moyle . 2015 . phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major australo - pacific radiation . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 67 : 336–347 .
) . influenza viruses , coronaviruses , paramyxoviruses and flaviviruses were not detected . comparison of the 391 bp nucleotide alignment of the two passerine avastrovirus rdrp clones detected in the black - naped monarch identified no polymorphic sites . for the remaining avastroviruses , pairwise nucleotide p - distance computations showed that within group similarity varied from 69 . 2 % ( group 1 ) to 77 . 6 % ( group 3 ) . between group nucleotide pairwise distances varied from 51 . 7 % ( group 2 vs group 3 ) to 58 . 8 % similarity ( group 1 vs passerine avastrovirus ) ( additional file
turner , d . a . , b . w . finch , and n . d . hunter . 2011 . remarks concerning the all - black coastal boubous ( laniarius spp . ) of kenya and southern somalia . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 131 : 125 - 128 .
in north america , the monarch butterfly ( danaus plexippus ) is a well - known example of a wide - range migrant with an extensive breeding range . the number of generations varies with the latitude ; as many as five generations may occur each year in the south and only one in the north . in summer…
the american monarch butterfly ( danaus plexippus ) is the only species known to perform an annual long - distance two - way migration ; i . e . , the same individuals fly southward in the autumn and northward in the spring . monarchs have also crossed the pacific ocean , colonizing hawaii and australia ; occasionally they reach africa…
the traditional genus myrmeciza is not monophyletic . in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 628 ) , based on isler et al . ( 2013 ) , change the scientific name of gray - bellied antbird from myrmeciza pelzeni to ammonastes pelzelni . reposition gray - bellied antbird to follow black - throated antbird myrmophylax atrothorax .
revise the range description for subspecies arthuri ( now recognized as a monotypic group , black - billed thrush ( campina ) turdus ignobilis arthuri ) from “se venezuela ( mt . duida ) , adjacent guyana and french guiana” to “southern venezuela and guyana south locally to central amazonian brazil , from the east bank of the rio madeira to the east bank of the rio tapajós” .
thick - billed grasswren amytornis textilis is split into two species , following black et al . ( 2010 ) and christidis et al . ( 2013 ) : western grasswren amytornis textilis , including subspecies textilis and myall ; and thick - billed grasswren amytornis modestus , which includes subspecies modestus and six newly added subspecies : indulkanna , cowarie , raglessi , curnamona , obscurior , and inexpectatus .
studies of different populations of monarchs in north and central america and on certain islands have revealed differences in wing and body morphology in relation to migration patterns and breeding behaviour . for example , monarch populations in eastern north america , which undertake long - distance migrations , possess large bodies and large angular forewings . in contrast , nonmigratory monarchs found in puerto rico , southern florida , costa rica , and hawaii have smaller bodies and smaller forewings . monarchs found in western north america possess small bodies and large wings , an adaptation that scientists believe may be associated with a reliance on gliding flight . research has shown that the various body traits and wing traits of monarchs are inherited , indicating that they have evolved in response to a combination of factors , including migratory influences , genetic drift , and breeding behaviour .
blue - black kingfisher todiramphus nigrocyaneus is a little - known species of kingfisher with few scattered records from streams , swamps and ponds in forest to 600 m on new guinea and some adjacent islands such as salawati , batanta and yapen ( coates 1985 , beehler and pratt 2016 ) . while it is considered common in the west of its range there are a paucity of records in the east of its range , and there have been only three recent records from papua new guinea ( bellchambers et al . 1994 , mack 1998 , i . burrows in litt . 1994 ) . thus , the population size is tentatively assessed as < 10 , 000 mature individuals with the largest subpopulation maybe approaching < 1 , 000 mature individuals ( g . dutson in litt . 2016 ) .
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the ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction ( gill & wright 2006 ) .
the ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly . the updates include changes of recommended names or classification , additions of newly described species , corrections of nomenclature , and updates of species taxonomy .
the ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia .
ioc world bird list 8 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1
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gill f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2016 . ioc world bird list ( v 6 . 2 ) . doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2
a movement of artists set to change the course of music forever . artists : low - key @ higherhumble chi @ queenofglory vooms @ nfua dezmond @ nottheking to contact any of these artists / business inquiries : ceoblackmonarch @ urltoken
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despite it’s elegance , the bird is forced to abide in an environment in which it is continuously preyed by predators .
self belief is your wings . no matter what challenges you face , believe in yourself , then rise above .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be generally uncommon though locally common ( coates 1990 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
map edited : shaded fakfak mts , wandammen mts and foja mts . eoo updated .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22707231a118762427 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
profi , arfak mountains , 3400 feet [ c . 1035 m ] , new guinea
( salvadori , 1876 ) – w new guinea ( vogelkop , fakfak mts , wandammen mts , w snow mts , foja mts and torricelli mts ) .
( e . p . ramsay , 1885 ) – mountains of nc & e new guinea ( including adelbert mts and huon peninsula ) and d’entrecasteaux archipelago ( goodenough i ) .
fairly noisy and conspicuous , most frequent call a rapid series of up to 12 dry and harsh , insect - . . .
montane and submontane forests , usually within shaded parts and rarely at edges , between 750 m and . . .
food largely unknown , but includes small to medium - size invertebrates , particularly small beetles ( coleoptera ) . occurs alone , in pairs or . . .
fledged young seen in oct and nests with eggs in jul , nov and jan . clutch 1 or 2 eggs . one nest of subspecies
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . uncommon or locally common at lower altitudes .
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previously included in monarcha , but genetic studies # r # r indicate that such treatment renders monarcha polyphyletic , so separate genera required # r .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
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they look like they belong in a palace . gold foil surrounds the elegant , navy blue box design . the gold metallic foil is striking , with a vintage , timeless aesthetic . they ' re absolutely breathtaking - and they feel as good as they look .
look familiar ? monarchs were also featured throughout the blockbuster heist movie
now you see me
alongside jesse eisenberg , mark ruffalo , woody harrelson , isla fisher , michael caine , and morgan freeman . they also made a reappearance in the sequel !
these are - by far - the best playing cards ever produced .
illustrated by curtis jinkins , monarchs are elegant , breathtaking , and regal . urltoken called them
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it ' s no wonder that monarchs have become one of the most cherished luxury playing cards of our time .
we took the already gorgeous tuck case , amplified it four times the normal size , and filled it with four decks of the world ' s most regal playing cards . crisp gold foil and embossed edges highlight the jaw - dropping design .
monarchs will likely be the nicest deck you own . if you ' re buying multiple decks , the four - deck set is not only a great gift , but an excellent way to store and protect your monarchs when not in use .
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pseudomonas bacteria are ubiquitous ; they ' re found in water , in soil , in plants , and even in animals ( including people ) . they prefer moist environments . in humans , pseudomonas bacteria may cause ear , eye , and urinary tract infections , as well as other hospital - acquired infections . the opportunistic pseudomonas bacteria typically infect caterpillars that are already weakened by other diseases or conditions .
the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is usually deadly to monarchs . the virus resides within the caterpillar ' s cells , forming polyhedra ( sometimes described as crystals , but this is not quite accurate ) . the polyhedra grow within the cell , eventually causing it to burst open . this is why the infected caterpillar or pupa seems to dissolve–the virus ruptures the cells and destroys the cellular structure of the insect . fortunately , the nuclear polyhedrosis virus does not reproduce in humans .
the pseudomonas bacteria like moist environments , so keep your breeding environment as dry as possible , such as raising them in a ventilated mesh cage .
vacuum up any frass ( butterfly poop ) and old milkweed leaves , and wipe down and dry the cage daily .
if you see any signs of sickness in a caterpillar ( lethargy , discoloration , etc . as listed above ) , isolate it from the other caterpillars .
nuclear polyhedrosis virus .
international butterfly breeders association . web . accessed june 9 , 2018 .
parasites and natural enemies , monarchlab , university of minnesota . web . accessed june 9 , 2018 .
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christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally common in the north of its range and scarcer elsewhere ( flegg and madge 1995 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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beehler , b . m . ; pratt , t . k . 2016 . birds of new guinea . distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
bellchambers , k . ; adams , e . ; edwards , s . 1994 . observations of birds of coastal and lowland western province , papua new guinea . muruk 6 ( 3 ) : 28 - 38 .
coates , b . j . 1985 . the birds of papua new guinea , 1 : non - passerines . dove , alderley , australia .
mack , a . l . 1998 . a biological assessment of the lakekamu basin , papua new guinea . conservation international , washington , dc .
based on available information , our preliminary proposal for the 2017 red list would be to adopt the proposed classifications outlined in the initial forum discussion .
there is now a period for further comments until the final deadline of 4 august , after which the recommended categorisations will be put forward to iucn .
please note that we will then only post final recommended categorisations on forum discussions where these differ from those in the initial proposal .
the final 2017 red list categories will be published on the birdlife and iucn websites in early december , following further checking of information relevant to the assessments by both birdlife and iucn .
this year , to celebrate world migratory bird day , we wanted to do something really special . so we asked schools and birdlife partners across the african continent to send in videos of them singing songs about the wonders of bird migration . the results blew us away . the videos were amazing – and all but one were [ … ]
a major stopover site of europe’s great white pelicans has recently been discovered in turkey . a count conducted by our turkish partner doğa derneği showed that more than 15 , 000 pelicans stop off at the karacabey floodplain to roost and feed during their spring migration . the sea of marmara may be the smallest sea in the [ … ]
read the project press release here the micronesian scrubfowl megapodius laperouse is a genius at inventing ways to keep its eggs warm . those on the northern mariana islands burrow into volcanic cinder fields or use the geothermal heat beneath the ground to warm their unhatched young . across the palau archipelago , they bury their eggs in large [ … ]
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the updates and corrections are grouped into four sections . within each section , items are listed in the order in which they are encountered in the ebird / clements checklist v2016 spreadsheet , although we also continue to reference by page number the relevant entry in the last published edition of the clements checklist ( sixth edition , 2007 ) .
3 standard updates and correction – all other changes , listed in sequence as they occur in the spreadsheet ( posted april 2018 ) .
each of the two monotypic groups of great - winged petrel is elevated to species rank , based on differences in mitochondrial dna , vocalizations , plumage , morphometrics , and in other aspects of their biology ( wood et al . 2016 ; see also onley and scofield 2007 and howell 2012 ) : great - winged petrel ( great - winged ) pterodroma macroptera macroptera becomes great - winged petrel pterodroma macroptera , and great - winged petrel ( gray - faced ) pterodroma macroptera gouldi becomes gray - faced petrel pterodroma gouldi .
revise the range description of great - winged petrel from “breeds and ranges islands and seas in southern oceans” to “breeds on islands in southern atlantic and indian oceans ( tristan da cunha , gough , marion , crozet and kerguelen islands , and off southwestern australia ) ; primarily ranges from southern atlantic and indian oceans to tasman sea . ”
revise the range description of gray - faced petrel from “breeds on islands off north i . ( new zealand ) and sw australia” to “breeds on islands off north island ( new zealand ) ; ranges in tasman sea and southwestern pacific ocean . ”
howell , s . n . g . 2012 . petrels , albatrosses , and storm - petrels of north america : a photographic guide . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
onley , d . , and p . scofield . 2007 . albatrosses , petrels , and shearwaters of the world . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
wood , j . r . , h . a . lawrence , r . p . scofield , g . a . taylor , p . o’b . lyver , and d . m . gleeson . 2016 . morphological , behavioural , and genetic evidence supports reinstatement of full species status for the grey - faced petrel , pterodroma macroptera gouldi ( procellariiformes : procellariidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society .
the monotypic group leach’s storm - petrel ( townsend’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa socorroensis is elevated to species rank as townsend’s storm - petrel oceanodroma socorrensis . this split is in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , based on overlap of breeding range with ainley’s storm - petrel ( although with little seasonal overlap in the timing of breeding ) , and on differences in vocalizations and morphology , as documented by ainley ( 1980 ) . revise the range description for townsend’s storm - petrel from “summer breeder on guadalupe i . ( off w mexico ) ” to “summer breeder on islets off guadalupe i . ( western mexico ) ; ranges in eastern pacific north to southern california and south to ca 10º n . ”
similarly , the monotypic group leach’s storm - petrel ( ainley’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa cheimomnestes is elevated to species rank as ainley’s storm - petrel oceanodroma cheimomnestes . this split is in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , based on overlap of breeding range with townsend’s storm - petrel ( although with little seasonal overlap in the timing of breeding ) , and on differences in vocalizations and morphology , as documented by ainley ( 1980 ) . revise the range description for ainley’s storm - petrel from “winter breeder on guadalupe i . ( off w mexico ) ” to “winter breeder on islets off guadalupe i . ( western mexico ) ; nonbreeding range poorly known , but apparently disperses south in eastern pacific , to at least as far as the galapagos island . ”
following the split , leach’s storm - petrel now contains only two subspecies , each of which is recognized as a monotypic group : leach’s storm - petrel ( leach’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa and leach’s storm - petrel ( chapman’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani .
ainley , d . g . 1980 . geographic variation in leach’s storm - petrel . auk 97 : 837 - 853 .
chesser , r . t . , k . j . burns , c . cicero , j . l . dunn , a . w . kratter , i . j . lovette , p . c . rasmussen , j . v . remsen , jr . , j . d . rising , d . f . stotz , and k . winker . 2016 . fifty - seventh supplement to the american ornithologists’ union check - list of north american birds . auk 133 : 544 - 560 .
following nominate cajaneus , insert a previously overlooked subspecies , avicenniae ( stotz 1992 ) , with range “mangroves of southeastern brazil ( são paulo south at least to paraná , and possibly to santa catarina ) ” . we also recognize avicenniae as a new monotypic group , gray - cowled wood - rail ( gray - backed ) .
marcondes , r . s . , and l . f . silveira . 2015 . a taxonomic review of aramides cajaneus ( aves , gruiformes , rallidae ) with notes on morphological variation in other species of the genus . zookeys 500 : 111 - 140 .
stotz , d . f . 1992 . a new subspecies of aramides cajanea from brazil . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 112 : 231 - 234 .
based primarily on vocal differences , dusky cuckoo - dove macropygia magna is split into three species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic flores sea cuckoo - dove macropygia macassariensis , including subspecies macassariensis and longa ; a monotypic timor cuckoo - dove macropygia magna ; and a monotypic tanimbar cuckoo - dove macropygia timorlaoensis .
ng , e . y . x . , j . a . eaton , p . verbelen , r . o . hutchinson , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . using bioacoustic data to test species limits in an indo - pacific island radiation of macropygia cuckoo doves . biological journal of the linnean society 118 : 786 - 812 .
based primarily on vocal differences , slender - billed cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis split into two species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic amboyna cuckoo - dove macropygia amboinensis , including subspecies amboinensis , keyensis , maforensis , griseinucha , kerstingi , meeki , admiralitatis , hueskeri , carteretia , goldiei , cinereiceps , and cunctata ; and a polytypic sultan’s cuckoo - dove macropygia doreya , including subspecies sanghirensis , albicapilla , atrata , sedecima , albiceps , doreya , and balim . the sequence of subspecies within amboyna cuckoo - dove is revised , to reflect the order in which they are listed above .
revise the range description of subspecies maforensis from “numfor i . ( geelvink bay off n new guinea ) ” to “numfor i . ( geelvink bay off n new guinea ) ; population on biak island is not identified to subspecies , but vocally is similar to maforensis , and birds on yapen island presumably are the same subspecies as birds on biak” ( ng et al . 2016 ) .
add a previously overlooked subspecies , admiralitatis mayr 1937 ( ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “admiralty islands , bismarck archipelago . ” insert subspecies almiralitatis immediately following subspecies meeki .
revise the range description for subspecies carteretia from “bismarck archipelago ( except new hanover ) and lihir is . ” to “bismarck archipelago ( except admiralty islands and new hanover ) and lihir is . ”
add a previously overlooked subspecies , atrata ripley 1941 ( white and bruce 1986 , ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “togian island ( off sulawesi ) . ”
add a previously overlooked subspecies , sedecima neumann 1939 ( white and bruce 1986 , ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “sula islands . ”
change the name of the subspecies of the northern moluccas from batchianensis to the older available name albiceps ( mees 1982 ) .
add a previously overlooked subspecies , balim rand 1941 ( ng et al . 2016 ) , with range “balim valley , western new guinea . ”
mayr , e . 1937 . birds collected during the whitney south sea expedition , xxxvi . notes on new guinea birds 3 . american museum novitates number 947 .
mees , g . f . 1982 . bird records from the moluccas . zoologische mededelingen 56 : 91 - 111 .
newman , o . 1939 . a new species and eight new races from peleng and talaiboe . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 59 : 89 - 94 .
ripley , s . d . 1941 . notes on a collection of birds from northern celebes . occasional papers of the boston society of natural history 8 : 343 - 358 .
white , c . m . n . , and m . d . bruce . 1986 . the birds of wallacea . ( sulawesi , the moluccas & lesser sunda islands , indonesia ) . british ornithologists’ union check - list number 7 . british ornithologists’ union , london .
based primarily on vocal differences , ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana is split into three species ( ng et al . 2016 ) : a polytypic ruddy cuckoo - dove macropygia emiliana , including subspecies emiliana and megala ; a monotypic enggano cuckoo - dove macropygia cinnamomea ; and a polytypic barusan cuckoo - dove macropygia modiglianii , including subspecies hypopercna , modiglianii , and elassa .
white - faced cuckoo - dove is not monotypic ; sulaensis forbes and robinson 1900 , long considered to be a junior synomym of nominate manadensis , is vocally distinct ( ng and rheindt 2016 ) . therefore , white - faced cuckoo - dove is split into two species : white - faced cuckoo - dove turacoena manadensis , with range “sulawesi and the togian islands” ; and sula cuckoo - dove turacoena sulaensis , with range “banggai islands and sula islands . ”
ng , n . s . r . , and f . e . rheindt . 2016 . species delimitation in the white‑faced cuckoo‑dove ( turacoena manadensis ) based on bioacoustic data . avian research 7 : 2 .
emerald dove chalcophaps indica is split into two species ( rasmussen and anderton 2005 , beehler and pratt 2016 ) : a polytypic asian emerald dove chalcophaps indica , with subspecies indica , robinsoni , natalis , minima , and augusta ; and a polytypic pacific emerald dove chalcophaps longirostris , with subspecies rogersi , longirostris , and sandwichensis .
revise the range description of subspecies indica from “india to malaysia , philippines , indonesia and w papuan islands” to “india to southeastern china , south to the philippines , indonesia and western papuan islands . ”
beehler , b . m . , and t . k . pratt . 2016 . birds of new guinea : distribution , taxonomy , and systematics . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
rasmussen , p . c . , and j . c . anderton . 2005 . birds of south asia . the ripley guide . volume 2 : attributes and status . smithsonian institution and lynx edicions , washington d . c . and barcelona .
crimson - crowned fruit - dove ptilinopus porphyraceus is split into three species ( cibois et al . 2014 , hayes et al . 2016 , pratt and mittermeier 2016 ) : a monotypic purple - capped fruit - dove ptilinopus ponapensis ; a monotypic kosrae fruit - dove ptilinopus hernsheimi ; and a polytypic crimson - crowned fruit - dove ptilinopus porphyraceus , with subspecies porphyraceus and fasciatus .
cibois , a . , j . - c . thibault , c . bonillo , c . e . filardi , d . watling , and e . pasquet . 2014 . phylogeny and biogeography of the fruit doves ( aves : columbidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 70 : 442 - 453 .
hayes , f . e . , h . d . pratt , and c . j . cianchini . 2016 . the avifauna of kosrae , micronesia : history , status , and taxonomy . pacific science 70 : 91–127 .
pratt , h . d . , and j . c . mittermeier . 2016 . notes on the natural history , taxonomy , and conservation of the endemic avifaua of the samoan archipelago . wilson journal of ornithology 128 : 217 - 241 .
yellowbill ceuthmochares aereus is split into two species ( payne 2005 ) : the polytypic group yellowbill ( blue ) ceuthmochares aereus aereus / flavirostris becomes blue malkoha ceuthmochares aereus , with subspecies aereus and flavirostri s ; and the monotypic group yellowbill ( green ) ceuthmochares aereus australis becomes green malkoha ceuthmochares australis .
payne , r . b . 2005 . the cuckoos . oxford university press , new york and oxford , united kingdom .
each of the two monotypic groups of large hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx sparverioides is recognized as a separate species ( sorenson and payne 2005 , payne 2005 ) : large hawk - cuckoo ( large ) hierococcyx sparverioides sparverioides becomes large hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx sparverioides , and large hawk - cuckoo ( dark ) hierococcyx sparverioides bocki becomes dark hawk - cuckoo hierococcyx bocki . revise the range description of large hawk - cuckoo from “n pakistan to india , s china , myanmar , thailand and indochina” to “breeds from northern pakistan to india , southern china , myanmar , thailand and indochina ; winters to southern india ( eastern and western ghats ) , bangladesh , the malay peninsula , sumatra , java , bali , the philippines , borneo , and sulawesi” .
sorenson , m . d . , and r . b . payne . 2005 . a molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny . pages 68 - 94 in r . b . payne , the cuckoos . oxford university press , new york , new york , and oxford , united kingdom .
cleere , n . 2010 . nightjars : potoos , frogmouths , oilbird and owlet - nightjars of the world . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey .
dickinson , e . c . , and j . v . remsen , jr . ( editors ) . 2013 . the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . fourth edition . volume 1 . aves press , eastbourne , united kingdom .
sigurdsson , s . and j . cracraft . 2014 . deciphering the diversity and history of new world nightjars ( aves : caprimulgidae ) using molecular phylogenetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 : 506 - 545 .
green violetear colibri thalassinus is split into two species , a monotypic mexican violetear colibri thalassinus , which is equivalent to the former ebird group green violetear ( northern ) colibri thalassinus thalassinus ; and the polytypic lesser violetear colibri cyanotus , which includes the ebird groups green violetear ( costa rican ) colibri thalassinus cabanidis and green violetear ( andean ) colibri thalassinus cyanotus / crissalis . this split follows actions by aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) ; see also remsen et al . ( 2015 ) .
with the split of green violetear into two species , change the names of the monotypic group green violetear ( costa rican ) colibri thalassinus cabanidis to lesser violetear ( costa rican ) colibri cyanotus cabanidis ; and change the names of the polytypic group green violetear ( andean ) colibri thalassinus cyanotus / crissalis to lesser violetear ( andean ) colibri cyanotus cyanotus / crissalis .
remsen , j . v . , jr . , f . g . stiles , and j . a . mcguire . 2015 . classification of the polytminae ( aves : trochilidae ) . zootaxa 3957 : 143 - 150 .
in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , blue - crowned motmot momotus coeruliceps is split into two species . the monotypic group blue - crowned motmot ( blue - crowned ) momotus coeruliceps coeruliceps is elevated to species rank as blue - capped motmot momotus coeruliceps ; and the remaining taxa , of the polytypic group blue - crowned motmot ( lesson’s ) momotus coeruliceps [ lessonii group ] , become lesson’s motmot momotus lessonii , which includes the subspecies lessonii , goldmani , and exiguus . “ momotus coeruliceps is treated as separate from m . lessonii on the basis of strong differences in plumage maintained in apparent parapatry” ( chesser et al . 2016 ) .
in accord with aou - nacc ( chesser et al . 2016 ) , the extinct subspecies maugei , which formerly occurred on mona island and on adjacent puerto rico , is split as a separate species , puerto rican parakeet psittacara maugei . this split follows olson ( 2015 ) , who argued that maugei and chloropterus differ “in plumage and particularly in bill morphology , such that a probable difference in diet is suggested” . with this split , hispaniolan parakeet becomes monotypic .
olson , s . l . 2015 . history , morphology , and fossil record of the extinct puerto rican parakeet psittacara maugei souancé . wilson journal of ornithology 127 : 1 - 12 .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 589 ) , each of the three subspecies of stipple - throated antwren epinecrophylla haematonota is elevated to species rank , following whitney et al . ( 2013 ) : the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( negro ) epinecrophylla haematonota pyrrhonota becomes fulvous - throated antwren epinecrophylla pyrrhonota ; the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( napo ) epinecrophylla haematonota haematonota becomes rufous - backed antwren epinecrophylla haematonota ; and the monotypic group stipple - throated antwren ( madeira ) epinecrophylla haematonota amazonica becomes madeira antwren epinecrophylla amazonica . all of these english names are provisional , pending a final decision on this issue by aou - sacc ( see proposal 696 ) .
whitney , b . m . , m . l . isler , g . a . bravo , n . aristizábal , f . schunck , l . f . silveira , and v . de q . piacentini . 2013 . a new species of epinecrophylla antwren from the aripuanã - machado interfluvium in central amazonian brazil with revision of the “stipple - throated antwren” complex . pages 263 - 267 in j . del hoyo , a . elliott , j . sargatal , and d . christie ( editors ) , handbook of the birds of the world . special volume . new species and global index . lynx edicions , barcelona .
in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 684 ) , the monotypic group rufous gnateater ( ceara ) conopophaga lineata cearae is elevated to species rank as ceara gnateater conopophaga cearae . this split long was anticipated , based on vocal differences between cearae and other subspecies of rufous gnateater ( whitney 2003 ) , and was confirmed with genetic data showing that ceara gnateater is more closely related to ash - throated gnateater ( conopophaga peruviana ) than it is to rufous gnateater ( batalha - filho et al . 2014 ) .