the indian egg-eating snake or indian egg-eater ( elachistodon westermanni ) is a rare species of egg-eating snake found in the indian subcontinent .

it is also called westermann 's snake , reflecting its scientific name .

the snake belongs to the monotypic genus elachistodon .

indian egg - eating snake

2 jul 2009 indian egg - eater , indian egg - eating snake search for pictures : urltoken . com ; search for scholarly articles : google scholar egg - eating snake ( dasypeltis ) . referenced in ; related to . more
hyderabad : a rare species of egg - eating snake has been discovered in telangana .
feeds only on eggs of birds . due to its unique mechanism of feeding on eggs this species has recognition as indian egg eating snake .
indian egg - eating snake ( elachistodon westermanni ) 8 . indian soft - shelled turtle ( lissemys punctata ) 9 . indian tent turtle ( kachuga tecta tecta ) 9a . kerla forest terrapin ( hoesemys sylratiea ) 10 . more
the indian egg - eating snake is classified as data deficient ( dd ) , inadequate information to make a direct , or indirect , assessment of its risk of extinction .
a rare video of indian egg eater snake raiding a bird nest to eat eggs . the snake is one of the rarest snakes found in india .
the egg eating snake must be one of the nicest snakes we have ever come across . with no teeth , a calm nature and eating purely on eggs , means no more defrosting them rodents !
* indian egg - eating snake ( elachistodon westermanni ) . he said a snake cannot regurgitate re·gur·gi·tate v . 1 . to rush or surge back . 2 . to cause to pour back , especially to cast up partially digested food . more
an indian cobra in a basket with a snake charmer . these snakes are perhaps the most common subjects of snake charmings .
nande r . , deshmukh s . ( 2007 ) snakes of amravati district including melghat , maharashtra with important records of the indian egg - eater , montane trinket snake and indian smooth snake . zoos’ print journal 22 ( 12 ) : 2920–2924
the organisation reached the spot and rescued this unusual snake . on the same night , the snake reached the society’s shelter in sainikpuri , where it was identified as the indian egg - eater .
vyas r . ( 2006 ) story of a snake’s photograph from gujarat and notes on further distribution of the indian egg - eater snake . herpinstance 3 ( 2 ) , pp . 1 - 5
the indian egg eater ( elachistodon westermanni ) was thought to be extinct in 1969 . it was later rediscovered in amravati , maharashtra .
gartner g . e . a , greene h . w . adaptation in the african egg - eating snake : a comparative approach to a classic study in evolutionary functional morphology .
in india technically proscribes snake charming on grounds of reducing animal cruelty . other snake charmers also have a snake and
* indian egg - eating snake ( elachistodon westermanni ) disambig gray . svg this disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title . if an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . more
egg ( egg 1 ) at right pertains to the same clutch , which would have contained six to 12 eggs . a second uncrushed
indian egg eater is the unique snake which feeds on bird eggs . this snake has a very specific role in controlling bird population mainly in scrub lands and himalayan foothills . such role is not played by any other serpent .
does any one know were i could but an egg eating snake i would love one and i have been researching them for months but find it difficult to find one in england to bu .
has flexible jaws adapted for eating eggs much larger than the diameter of its head .
mohabey d . m . systematics of indian upper cretaceous dinosaur and chelonian eggshells .
* indian egg - eating snake ( elachistodon westermanni ) , return to its normal size . maybe , but we ' re not so sure that the future of the lausd lausd los angeles unified school district ( los angeles , ca ) will be so different from its past . more
narayanan a ( 2012 ) records of indian egg eater snake elachistodon westermanni in the localities of shegaon , district buldhana , maharashtra , india . reptile rap ( 14 ) , pp . 9 - 12
egg ( egg 3 , at the junction of three blocks ) , with its skull resting on the topmost loop of the coil . the uncrushed
vyas r . ( 2013 ) notes and comments on distribution of a snake : indian egg eater ( elachistodon westermanni ) . russian journal of herpetology vol . 20 ( 1 ) , pp . 39 – 42
some snakes have a venomous bite , which they use to kill their prey before eating it .
gartner g . e . a , greene h . w ( 2008 ) adaptation in the african egg - eating snake : a comparative approach to a classic study in evolutionary functional morphology . j zool 275 : 368–374 .
egg - eating snakes are primarily arboreal , and they are oviparous ( egg - laying ) , laying each egg in a separate place . all are slender and about 76 cm ( 30 inches ) long . although many other snake species eat the eggs of birds and other reptiles , no other type is so specialized as to feed on bird eggs alone and to fast between bird nesting seasons .
egg - eating snakes ( dasypeltis ) are fascinating , highly specialized colubrids that are featured in almost any book on snakes , due to their bizarre feeding habits . egg - eating snakes feed solely on bird eggs , and can swallow eggs several times the size of their heads . they are also undemanding and easy to keep , as long as you start with established specimens .
due to restricted and very selective diet , indian egg eater ' s population and distribution appears to be dependent on population and status of bird species providing eggs as its diet . road kill is one more significant threat for this snake .
endemic to indian subcontinent . recorded from bangladesh , india , nepal . probably found in pakistan also .
the egg - eating snakes , for example , have only a few peglike teeth left . the burrowing blind snakes have very reduced dentition and often have lost the teeth of one jaw entirely . …
sharma , r . c . 2004 . handbook indian snakes . akhil books , new delhi , 292 pp .
egg - eaters are not often kept , but wild caught imports are occasionally available . the rhombic egg - eater ( dasypeltis scabra ) and the east african egg - eater ( dasypeltis medici medici ) are the most frequently imported . their care is similar to other small colubrids ( such as african house snakes ) .
) . the two other eggs are uncrushed and unhatched , and we infer that the crushed egg encircled by the snake was exited by the sauropod hatchling found adjacent to it .
mohabey d . m ( 1998 ) systematics of indian upper cretaceous dinosaur and chelonian eggshells . j vertebr paleontol 18 : 348–362 .
on land , worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions , except in europe . sea snakes occur in the indian ocean and the pacific .
annandale , n . 1907 . a colour variety of typhlops braminus . records of the indian museum 1 : 397 - get paper here
) . the eggs represent part of a single clutch , which typically contains six to 12 eggs at dholi dungri . no nest structure is preserved at dholi dungri nor any other indian egg locality , owing to extensive postburial pedogenic modification of the entombing sediments
a chicken egg being swallowed is something to see , isn’t it ? ! glad to hear you are doing well .
indian egg eater is a unique and well known species specialized for feeding on eggs only . it is found in himalayan foothills and scrub forests of central - northern india . morphologically it can be identified by checking reddish - brown head patched with dark blotches , a yellow line running along the vertebra . due to its unique and very specific diet it comes under schedule 1 in indian wildlife protection act .
in this mode , the snake braces the posterior portion of its body against the tunnel wall while the front of the snake extends and straightens .
is a roadside show performed by a charmer . in such a show , the snake charmer carries a basket that contains a snake that he seemingly charms by playing tunes from his flutelike musical instrument , to which the snake responds .
probably the most common problem reported in keeping egg - eaters is simply that they refuse to eat . this is especially the case for freshly wild - caught imports . of course , you should make sure the snake is well hydrated and in a comfortable environment . here are a few tips for getting stubborn egg - eaters to eat .
when swimming , the waves become larger as they move down the snake ' s body , and the wave travels backwards faster than the snake moves forwards .
jayne , b . c . ( 1988 ) .
muscular mechanisms of snake locomotion : an electromyographic study of lateral undulation of the florida banded water snake ( nerodia fasciata ) and the yellow rat snake ( elaphe obsoleta )
.
thanks for another great post ; yes . egg - eaters are likely highly adapted to that diet ; rodent - eating snakes would almost certainly fare poorly , although some that we think of as typical actually consume an wide array of prey – anacondas , black racers and indigo snakes pop into mind .
caught thousands of snakes for the snake - skin industry . after the complete ban of the snake - skin industry in india and protection of all snakes under the
rod of asclepius , in which the snake , through ecdysis , symbolizes healing .
giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures .
sanders , kate l . ; arne r . rasmussen , johan elmberg , mumpuni , michael guinea , peter blias , michael s . y . lee & bryan g . fry 2012 . aipysurus mosaicus , a new species of egg - eating sea snake ( elapidae : hydrophiinae ) , with a redescription of aipysurus eydouxii ( gray , 1849 ) . zootaxa 3431 : 1–18 - get paper here
an older snake may shed its skin only once or twice a year . but a younger snake , still growing , may shed up to four times a year .
from sindu , referring to the indus river ( sanskrit ) : historically this river helped define the territory of the indian subcontinent , whose name is derived from it .
order , as a snake - like body has independently evolved at least 26 times .
terrestrial lateral undulation is the most common mode of terrestrial locomotion for most snake species .
bbc nature : snake news , and video clips from bbc programmes past and present .
fully prepared snake - egg - hatchling blocks . note addition of the “gandhinagar block” ( gsi / gs / 2906 ) and the different orientation and position of the cranial block ( gsi / gc / 2903 ) . scale is in centimeters .
this article is about the animal . for other uses , see snake ( disambiguation ) .
socha , jj ( 2002 ) .
gliding flight in the paradise tree snake
.
. below we describe this new snake and its association with a sauropod egg clutch , resolve its phylogenetic relationships to other early snakes , and explore its implications for the evolution of wide - gape feeding in snakes and predation risks on sauropod dinosaurs .
the snake exclusively feed on bird eggs . a specialized vertebral projection , hypapophysis , breaks the ingested egg and the yolk is pushed inward with the peristaltic movement of the oesophagus . once the entire yolk is ingested , the remaining shell is regurgitated .
the slowest mode of snake locomotion is rectilinear locomotion , which is also the only one where the snake does not need to bend its body laterally , though it may do so when turning .
the snake is one of the 12 celestial animals of chinese zodiac , in the chinese calendar .
online etymology dictionary , s . v .
snake
, retrieved on 22 september 2009 .
jayne , b . c . ( 1986 ) .
kinematics of terrestrial snake locomotion
.
apesteguía s , zaher h . a . cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum .
egg ( egg 2 ) from the same clutch is still at the site . at lower right are the front quarters of a titanosaur hatchling , including elements of the thorax , shoulder girdle , and forelimb preserved in anatomical articulation . the titanosaur hatchling was approximately 0 . 5 m long , or one - seventh the length of
this makes it difficult both for the snake to use its venom and for scientists to milk them .
is depicted often as sleeping on a seven - headed snake or within the coils of a serpent .
in neo - paganism and wicca , the snake is seen as a symbol of wisdom and knowledge .
gardner j . d , cifelli r . l . a primitive snake from the cretaceous of utah .
sometimes consume the eggs and adult forms of other animals . the mouth is enormously distensible and the teeth are greatly reduced to accommodate a bird’s egg as large as a chicken’s . ventral spines on the neck vertebrae extend into the esophagus and serve to break the eggshell . contents of the egg are squeezed from the shell , and the crushed shell is regurgitated .
because snakes cannot bite or tear their food to pieces , they must swallow prey whole . the body size of a snake has a major influence on its eating habits . smaller snakes eat smaller prey . juvenile pythons might start out feeding on lizards or mice and graduate to small deer or antelope as an adult , for example .
snake - egg - hatchling blocks collected at dholi dungri , gujarat state , india . this is a reproduction of a plate from [ 6 ] , showing the initial state prior to preparation . compare to figure s3 . gray boxes indicate field numbers assigned to blocks . scale is in centimeters .
despite the existence of snake charmers , there have also been professional snake catchers or wranglers . modern - day snake trapping involves a herpetologist using a long stick with a v - shaped end . some television show hosts , like bill haast , austin stevens , steve irwin , and jeff corwin , prefer to catch them using bare hands .
🍎 gummy food vs . real food challenge 🍏 shark , roaches , snake 🍕 funnel vision brother vs . sister
proto - ie : * ( s ) nēg - o - , meaning : snake , old indian : nāgá - m .
snake
, germanic : * snēk - a - m . , * snak - an - m . , * snak - ō f . ; * snak - a - vb . , russ . meaning : жаба ( змея ) , references : wp ( vergleichendes wörterbuch der indogermanischen sprachen ) ii 697 f .
the ouroboros is a symbol associated with many different religions and customs , and is claimed to be related to alchemy . the ouroboros or uroboros is a snake eating its own tail in a clock - wise direction ( from the head to the tail ) in the shape of a circle , representing the cycle of life , death and rebirth , leading to immortality .
last week a snake managed to enter inside the compound of a residence in bhel , patancheru , hyderabad . alarmed residents and neighbours were about to kill the snake , when a passerby stopped them and informed the friends of snakes society .
i suppose eggeaters and hognose aren’t too difficult to feed - imagine sourcing food for a centipede snake with any regularity .
carretero , m . a . ; harris , j . d . & rocha , s . 2005 . recent observation of reptiles in the comoro islands ( western indian ocean ) . herpetological bulletin ( 91 ) : 19 - 28
jackson f . d , varricchio d . j , jackson r . a , vila b , chiappe l . comparison of water vapor conductance in a titanosaur egg from the upper cretaceous of argentina and a
, the snake of brass is also a symbol of healing , of one ' s life being saved from imminent death .
sanaj , ancient , and jeh , gape ( sanskrit ) : named for the inferred feeding capabilities of this early snake .
lee m . s . y , scanlon j . d . snake phylogeny based on osteology , soft anatomy and ecology .
the wave speed is precisely the same as the snake speed , and as a result , every point on the snake ' s body follows the path of the point ahead of it , allowing snakes to move through very dense vegetation and small openings .
jackson f . d , varricchio d . j , jackson r . a , vila b , chiappe l ( 2008 ) comparison of water vapor conductance in a titanosaur egg from the upper cretaceous of argentina and a
snakes are worshipped as gods even today with many women pouring milk on snake pits ( despite snakes ' aversion for milk ) .
mc dowell , samuel ( 1972 ) .
the evolution of the tongue of snakes and its bearing on snake origins
.
wall , f . 1918 . a popular treatise on the common indian snakes . part xxiv . typhlops . ( with plate xxiv and diagram . ) . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 25 : 375 - 382 - get paper here
thanks ! ~ joseph ( btw - adult female medici “daisy” downed a chicken egg a few days ago . looking to get a few ch babies from an importer and also will try breeding the female again next spring .
russell , p . 1796 . an account of indian serpents collected on the coast of coromandel , containing descriptions and drawings of each species , together with experiments and remarks on their several poisons . george nicol , london , 90 pp . - get paper here
. it has many snake - like features , is adapted for burrowing and its stomach indicates that it was preying on other animals .
generally , vision is best in arboreal snakes and weakest in burrowing snakes . some snakes , such as the asian vine snake ( genus
when stalking prey across open ground as the snake ' s movements are subtle and harder to detect by their prey in this manner .
apesteguía s , zaher h . a ( 2006 ) cretaceous terrestrial snake with robust hindlimbs and a sacrum . nature 440 : 1037–1040 .
caldwell m . w , lee m . s . y . a snake with legs from the marine cretaceous of the middle east .
tchernov e , rieppel o , zaher h , polcyn m . j , jacobs l . l . a fossil snake with limbs .
molting occurs periodically throughout the snake ' s life . before a molt , the snake stops eating and often hides or moves to a safe place . just before shedding , the skin becomes dull and dry looking and the eyes become cloudy or blue - colored . the inner surface of the old skin liquefies . this causes the old skin to separate from the new skin beneath it . after a few days , the eyes clear and the snake
crawls
out of its old skin . the old skin breaks near the mouth and the snake wriggles out , aided by rubbing against rough surfaces . in many cases , the cast skin peels backward over the body from head to tail in one piece , like pulling a sock off inside - out . a new , larger , brighter layer of skin has formed underneath .
trape , jean - françois & cellou baldé 2014 . a checklist of the snake fauna of guinea , with taxonomic changes in the genera philothamnus and dipsadoboa ( colubridae ) and a comparison with the snake fauna of some other west african countries . zootaxa 3900 ( 3 ) : 301–338
gómez r . o , báez a . m , rougier g . w . an anilioid snake from the upper cretaceous of northern patagonia .
interesting on the monkeys ! i suppose proboscis monkeys probably require some kind of special mangrove leaf based chow ? i was watching david attenboroughs ‘life of mammals’ : life in the trees…which mentioned a cyanide laced bamboo eating lemur . what higher animals can actually survive on with only moderate modification is amazing .
(
cold - blooded
) , the surrounding temperature plays a large role in snake digestion . the ideal temperature for snakes to digest is
its prey to be able to escape the perceived threat . when undisturbed , the digestive process is highly efficient , with the snake ' s digestive
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scale counts can sometimes be used to tell the sex of a snake when the species is not distinctly sexually dimorphic . a probe is inserted into the
) , allowing them to open their mouths wide enough to swallow their prey whole , even if it is larger in diameter than the snake itself .
gardner j . d , cifelli r . l ( 1999 ) a primitive snake from the cretaceous of utah . sp pap palaeont 60 : 87–100 .
: this snake is nocturnal and gentle . very few specimen are reported to show aggresive nature . ( though i got this snap ) very less attacking incidents are being recorded . burrowing behaviour can be observed and this snake also shows a lot of arboreal character possibly for reaching the eggs of the birds .
the discarded skin gives a perfect imprint of the scale pattern , and it is usually possible to identify the snake if the discarded skin is reasonably intact .
merely have a groove on the posterior edge to channel venom into the wound . snake venoms are often prey specific—their role in self - defense is secondary .
in this mode , the body of the snake alternately flexes to the left and right , resulting in a series of rearward - moving
waves
.
gans c . , williams e . e . ( 1954 ) present knowledge of the snake elachistodon westermanni reinhardt . breviora , museum of comparative zoology 1 - 17
a line diagram from g . a . boulenger ' s fauna of british india ( 1890 ) illustrating the terminology of shields on the head of a snake .
hekrotte , carlton ( 1967 ) .
relations of body temperature , size , and crawling speed of the common garter snake , thamnophis s . sirtalis
.
lee m . s . y , scanlon j . d ( 2002 ) snake phylogeny based on osteology , soft anatomy and ecology . biol rev 77 : 333–401 .
thomas , robert a . 1994 . ramphotyphlops braminus ( braminy blind snake ) . usa : louisana . herpetological review 25 ( 1 ) : 34 - get paper here
n . b . ananjeva and n . l . orlov ( 1994 ) caudal autotomy in colubrid snake xenochrophis piscator from vietnam . russian journal of herpetology 1 ( 2 )
caldwell m . w , lee m . s . y ( 1997 ) a snake with legs from the marine cretaceous of the middle east . nature 386 : 705–709 .
tchernov e , rieppel o , zaher h , polcyn m . j , jacobs l . l ( 2000 ) a fossil snake with limbs . science 287 : 2010–2012 .
the legendary account of the foundation of thebes mentioned a monster snake guarding the spring from which the new settlement was to draw its water . in fighting and killing the snake , the companions of the founder cadmus all perished - leading to the term
cadmean victory
( i . e . a victory involving one ' s own ruin ) .
term
poisonous snake
is generally an incorrect label for snakes . a poison is inhaled or ingested , whereas venom produced by snakes is injected into its victim via fangs .
the speed of this movement depends upon the density of push - points in the environment , with a medium density of about 8 along the snake ' s length being ideal .
, a bronze snake on a pole that when looked at cured the people of bites from the snakes that plagued them in the desert . the serpent makes its final appearance symbolizing
meshaka , walter e . , jr 1994 . ramphotyphlops braminus ( braminy blind snake ) . usa : florida . herpetological review 25 ( 1 ) : 34 - get paper here
the scalation count determines whether the snake is a male or female as hemipenes of a male will probe to a different depth ( usually longer ) than the cloaca of a female .
each of these environmental objects , in turn , generates a reaction force directed forward and towards the midline of the snake , resulting in forward thrust while the lateral components cancel out .
gómez r . o , báez a . m , rougier g . w ( 2008 ) an anilioid snake from the upper cretaceous of northern patagonia . cret res 29 : 481–488 .
guzmán - guzmán , s . and l . a . delgado 2016 . geographic distribution : indotyphlops braminus ( braminy blind snake ) . herpetological review 47 ( 3 ) : 426 .
murty t . s . n . , sanyal d . p . , duttagupta b . ( 1993 ) “rare snakes of india , ” the snake , 25 , 135 – 140 .
wall f . ( 1913 ) a rare snake elachistodon westermanni from the jalpaiguri district , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . , 22 ( 2 ) , 400 – 401 .
this snake is sometimes mistakenly identified as a night adder , due to the similar markings . most are light brown , spotted and lined with black . teeth are not present in the mouth , but they do have teeth like projections along the backbone to help saw and break the eggs . these teeth start from the base of the skull and continue for approx . 3 inches in adults . a fully grow egg eater grows to a size of 60 - 76cm ( 24 - 30 inches ) in length .
“gandhinagar” block ( gsi / gc / 2906 ) . this block preserves fragments of the crushed megaloolithus egg and a chain of sanajeh vertebrae connecting the series on blocks gsi / gc / 2901 and gsi / gc / 2902 . this image shows the underside of the block shown in figure s3 . scale equals 5 cm .
a
海豹蛇
(
sea - leopard snake
, supposedly enhydris bocourti ) occupies a place of honor among the live delicacies waiting to meet their consumers outside of a guangzhou restaurant .
vyas , raju 2013 . snake diversity and voluntary rescue practice in the cities of gujarat state , india : an evaluation . reptile rap ( 15 ) : 27 - 39 - get paper here
crawford , daniel m . ; somma , louis a . 1993 . ramphotyphlops braminus ( brahminy blind snake ) . usa : florida . herpetological review 24 ( 2 ) : 68 - get paper here
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
zlotnik , s . , leavell , b . c . & peniston , j . h . 2017 . indotyphlops braminus ( brahminy blind snake ) predation . herpetological review 48 ( 3 ) : 675 .
snake vision varies greatly , from only being able to distinguish light from dark to keen eyesight , but the main trend is that their vision is adequate although not sharp , and allows them to track movements .
venom , like all salivary secretions , is a predigestant that initiates the breakdown of food into soluble compounds , facilitating proper digestion . even nonvenomous snake bites ( like any animal bite ) will cause tissue damage .
quijano , fernando mendoza ; moreno , mario mancilla ; rojas , alejandra rendon 1993 . ramphotyphlops braminus ( braminy blind snake ) . mexico : veracruz . herpetological review 24 ( 3 ) : 110 - get paper here
the skin of a snake is covered in scales . contrary to the popular notion of snakes being slimy because of possible confusion of snakes with worms , snakeskin has a smooth , dry texture . most snakes use specialized belly scales to travel , gripping surfaces . the body scales may be smooth , keeled , or granular . the eyelids of a snake are transparent
spectacle
scales , which remain permanently closed , also known as brille .
citation : wilson ja , mohabey dm , peters se , head jj ( 2010 ) predation upon hatchling dinosaurs by a new snake from the late cretaceous of india . plos biol 8 ( 3 ) : e1000322 . urltoken
quijano , fernando mendoza ; rojas , alejandra rendon ; mink , daniel g . 1994 . ramphotyphlops braminus ( braminy blind snake ) . mexico : oaxaca . herpetological review 25 ( 1 ) : 34 - get paper here
this species of snake is very active during the bird - breeding season , climbing through tree branches in search of freshly laid eggs . provide a daytime temperature of 28 - 30c ( 82 - 86f ) with a drop to 25c ( 77f ) during the night . it ' s best to place a hide / box for humidity , using vermiculite with moss on top . the snake will enter the hide while shedding of the old skin .
wynn , ah . , c . j . cole & a . l . gardner 1987 . apparent triploidy in the unisexual brahminy blind snake , ramphotyphlops braminus . american museum novitates 2868 : 1 - 7 - get paper here
the evolutionary transition from narrow - gape feeding to wide - gape macrostomy has remained controversial owing to disagreement about the interrelationships of snakes and paucity of well - preserved fossils and ecological data for basal and early appearing snake taxa .
documented deaths resulting from snake bites are uncommon . nonfatal bites from venomous snakes may result in the need for amputation of a limb or part thereof . of the roughly 725 species of venomous snakes worldwide , only 250 are able to kill a human with one bite . australia averages only one fatal snake bite per year . in india , 250 , 000 snakebites are recorded in a single year , with as many as 50 , 000 recorded initial deaths .
the hyoid is a small bone located posterior and ventral to the skull , in the ' neck ' region , which serves as an attachment for muscles of the snake ' s tongue , as it does in all other tetrapods .
snakes are limbless reptiles that first appeared in the fossil record in the middle of the cretaceous , approximately 98 million years ago [ 1 ] . most species of living snakes are macrostomatans , which consume large prey items using a specialized gape achieved via a posteriorly displaced jaw joint , increased cranial kinesis , and an elongated skull and lower jaws . the evolution of large - gape feeding in macrostomatans has remained controversial owing to the scarcity of cretaceous snake specimens preserving cranial and postcranial remains . phylogenetic interpretation of these early snake fossils as either basal to all living snakes or to its subgroup macrostomata has polarized views on snake origins , interrelationships , and ancestral habitat [ 2 ] – [ 6 ] .
, snakes recolonized land , and continued to diversify into today ' s snakes . fossilized snake remains are known from early late cretaceous marine sediments , which is consistent with this hypothesis ; particularly so , as they are older than the terrestrial
nussbaum , r . a . 1980 . the brahminy blind snake ( ramphotyphlops braminus ) in the seychelles archipelago : distribution , variation , and further evidence for parthenogenesis . herpetologica 36 ( 3 ) : 215 - 221 - get paper here
while snakes are limbless reptiles , which evolved from ( and are grouped with ) lizards , there are many other species of lizards which have lost their limbs independently and superficially look similar to snakes . these include the slow worm and glass snake .
caldwell , m . w . ; nydam , r . l . ; palci , a . ; apesteguía , s . ( 2015 ) .
the oldest known snakes from the middle jurassic - lower cretaceous provide insights on snake evolution
.
booth w , million l , reynolds rg , burghardt gm , vargo el , schal c , tzika ac , schuett gw ( 2011 ) .
consecutive virgin births in the new world boid snake , the colombian rainbow boa , epicrates maurus
.
joger , ulrich ; ismail bshenia and faussel essghaier 2008 . first record of the parthenogenetic brahminy blind snake , ramphotyphlops braminus ( daudin , 1803 ) , from libya ( serpentes : typhlopidae ) . herpetology notes 1 : 13 - 16 - get paper here
snakes do not ordinarily prey on humans . unless startled or injured , most snakes prefer to avoid contact and will not attack humans . with the exception of large constrictors , nonvenomous snakes are not a threat to humans . the bite of a nonvenomous snake is usually harmless ; their teeth are not designed for tearing or inflicting a deep puncture wound , but rather grabbing and holding . although the possibility of infection and tissue damage is present in the bite of a nonvenomous snake , venomous snakes present far greater hazard to humans .
, they formed the irula snake catcher ' s cooperative and switched to catching snakes for removal of venom , releasing them in the wild after four extractions . the venom so collected is used for producing life - saving antivenom , biomedical research and for other medicinal products .
i was wondering if you might have an idea on this question . various other snakes feed on bird eggs ( rat / kingsnakes for example ) at least occasionally . i would assume that if one were to feed them a diet solely of eggs eventually some kind of nutritional deficiency would come up . are eggeaters perhaps specially adapted physiologically to subsist on nothing but egg yolk and perhaps tiny fragments of shell they might occasionally ingest ? could be a neat experiment .
in egyptian history , the snake occupies a primary role with the nile cobra adorning the crown of the pharaoh in ancient times . it was worshipped as one of the gods and was also used for sinister purposes : murder of an adversary and ritual suicide ( cleopatra ) .
s . indicus is a ca . 3 . 5 - m - long snake with a rectangular juxtastapedial recess , broad and squared - off supratemporal , wide and dorsally concave basioccipital posterolateral process , and precloacal vertebrae with small parazygantral foramina and thin , posterodorsally angled neural spines .
( or antivenin ) , a serum made from the venom of the snake . some antivenom is species - specific ( monovalent ) while some is made for use with multiple species in mind ( polyvalent ) . in the united states for example , all species of venomous snakes are
in india have been hunter - gatherers in the hot , dry plains forests , and have practiced the art of snake catching for generations . they have a vast knowledge of snakes in the field . they generally catch the snakes with the help of a simple stick . earlier , the
modern snakes greatly diversified during the paleocene . this occurred alongside the adaptive radiation of mammals , following the extinction of ( non - avian ) dinosaurs . the colubrids , one of the more common snake groups , became particularly diverse due to preying on rodents , an especially successful mammal group .
the static nature of the contact points can be shown from the tracks of a sidewinding snake , which show each belly scale imprint , without any smearing . this mode of locomotion has very low caloric cost , less than ⅓ of the cost for a lizard to move the same distance .
afroosheh , mohadeseh ; mehdi rajabizadeh , nasrullah rastegar - pouyani , haji gholi kami 2010 . the brahminy blind snake , ramphotyphlops braminus ( daudin , 1803 ) , a newcomer to iran ( ophidia : typhlopidae ) . zoology in the middle east 50 : 135 - 137 - get paper here
snake , ( suborder serpentes ) , any of more than 3 , 400 species of reptiles distinguished by their limbless condition and greatly elongated body and tail . classified with lizards in the order squamata , snakes represent a lizard that , over the course of evolution , has undergone structural reduction , …
ziegler , thomas ; ralf hendrix , vu ngoc thanh , martina vogt , bernhard forster & dang ngoc kien 2007 . the diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central truong son , vietnam , with an identification key . zootaxa 1493 : 1 - 40 - get paper here
is located in fatty tissue above the heart and is responsible for the generation of immune cells in the blood . the cardiovascular system of snakes is also unique for the presence of a renal portal system in which the blood from the snake ' s tail passes through the kidneys before returning to the heart .
the lack of limbs does not impede the movement of snakes . they have developed several different modes of locomotion to deal with particular environments . unlike the gaits of limbed animals , which form a continuum , each mode of snake locomotion is discrete and distinct from the others ; transitions between modes are abrupt .
mcdiarmid rw , campbell ja , touré t . 1999 . snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1 . herpetologists ' league . 511 pp . isbn 1 - 893777 - 00 - 6 ( series ) . isbn 1 - 893777 - 01 - 4 ( volume ) .
ota , hidetoshi ; hikida , tsutomu ; matsui , masafumi ; mori , akira ; wynn , addison h . 1991 . morphological variation , karyotype and reproduction of the parthenogenetic blind snake , ramphotyphlops braminus , from the insular region of east asia and saipan . amphibia - reptilia 12 : 181 - 193 - get paper here
show , where both the animals have a mock fight ; however , this is not very common , as the snakes , as well as the mongooses , may be seriously injured or killed . snake charming as a profession is dying out in india because of competition from modern forms of entertainment and environment laws proscribing the practice .
in some asian countries , the use of snakes in alcohol is also accepted . in such cases , the body of a snake or several snakes is left to steep in a jar or container of liquor . it is claimed that this makes the liquor stronger ( as well as more expensive ) . one example of this is the
they are available , although not regularly ; a pair is being offered for sale now on urltoken ( this site is usually the best source ) . this is not an ideal species if you are new to snake - keeping , and you’ll need to have a steady supply of finch or quail eggs . please let me know if you need more info , best , frank
( a ) photograph of block gsi / gc / 2904 , showing elements of the anterior thorax and forelimb of the hatchling . the images at right are radial ( b ) and tangential ( c ) sections through an eggshell fragment removed from titanosaur egg 3 ( from block gsi / gc / 2905 ) . external is towards the top in ( b ) . hu , humerus ; il , incremental lines ; n , node ; pc , pore canal ; ra , radius ; ri , rib ; sc , scapula ; su , shell unit . scale bar equals 2 cm for ( a ) and 500 µm for ( b and c ) .
) when the snake must move in an environment that lacks irregularities to push against ( rendering lateral undulation impossible ) , such as a slick mud flat , or a sand dune , sidewinding is a modified form of lateral undulation in which all of the body segments oriented in one direction remain in contact with the ground , while the other segments are lifted up , resulting in a peculiar
rolling
motion .
medlineplus > snake bites from tintinalli je , kelen gd , stapcynski js , eds . emergency medicine : a comprehensive study guide . 6th ed . new york , ny : mcgraw hill ; 2004 . update date : 2 / 27 / 2008 . updated by : stephen c . acosta , md , department of emergency medicine , portland va medical center , portland , or . review provided by verimed healthcare network . also reviewed by david zieve , md , mha , medical director , a . d . a . m . , inc . retrieved 2010 - 03 - 09 .
characters used in this analysis come from evaluation of the two most recent comprehensive morphological analyses of snake phylogeny [ 4 ] , [ 16 ] and original specimen observations by jjh ( see text s6 for examined specimens ) . we used amphisbaenia and varanoidea as alternative outgroups to snakes on the basis of the most recent comprehensive analysis of squamate relationships [ 46 ] . we derived our phylogeny using a heuristic parsimony search in paup * 4 . 0 b using 10 , 000 random addition sequence replications . for additional information about the analysis , matrix , character list , and constraint trees , please see text s6 .
in 2004 , the specimen was brought to the university of michigan museum of paleontology , where it was prepared using a combination of chemical and mechanical techniques . the original lacquer preservative was removed from each block using zip - strip and then subjected to 3 % formic acid for approximately 2–3 h , which weakened calcareous cement . each block was then mechanically prepared using a micro - airscribe and needles to uncover the “up” surface of the bones . the blocks were fit together as they were found in the field and then molded and cast . the snake braincase and sauropod scapula and humerus were then fully freed from the matrix .
i have used a fine orchid bark substrate for the flooring with a water dish , and a humidity hide at the cool end of the viv . place branches , twigs and some artificial plants in the viv to simulate its natural environment , use cork bark on the floor to provide hides . you can even place a false birds nest within the braches and pop the eggs in here . move the nest around the viv to keep the snake active and healthy . if you do not have access to a false nest you can place the eggs on the floor , but make sure the eggs have been eaten and not pushed under the substrate .
no more defrosting rodents , they eat nothing but fresh bird eggs , be this finch , quail or small chicken eggs . you can feed this species two ways , a few eggs per week or allowing them to eat as much as them want for a few months , then no food while you simulate a wet season . in the wild , these snakes will only eat during the breeding season and must eat as many as they can , even if these means several eggs in one sitting . then during the rainy season , they basically hide away until the breeding season comes around again . you can feed your snake a few eggs every week if you are not planning on breeding . leave the eggs in the viv for a few days and then remove to prevent the eggs from going off and attracting bacteria .
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elachistodon westermanni was described by reinhardt in 1863 based on specimens collected from rangapur , bangladesh ( smith 1943 ) .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
occurs in south asia . in india , this species is known from purnea in bihar , mal , bardighi and calcutta in west bengal , wardha , akola and amravathi in maharashtra , and from corbett national park in uttaranchal ( sharma 2003 , captain
2005 , nande and deshmukh 2007 , dandge 2008 ) . this species has recently been recorded from surat and bhavnagar ( vyas 2006 ) , and also from jesar , mankhetra and sasan in gujarat ( vyas 2010 ) and the kanha tiger reserve in madhya pradesh ( s . thakur pers comm . march 2011 ) . there is a recent record from the buffer zone of the tadoba - andhari tiger reserve in chandrapur district , maharashtra ( s . wazalwar unpubl . data ) . it has also been recorded in rangpur , bangladesh ( its type locality ,
according to sharma ( 2003 ) , this species is rare . vyas ( 2010 ) reports it to have been collected from at least six different localities in gujarat over a last few years and reports it to be rare .
this diurnal and semi - arboreal species inhabits both dry and moist broadleaf forests . it is also known to occur in dry thorny scrub land and deciduous forest ( r . vyas pers . comm . february 2011 ) . animals have been recorded from urban areas .
it is unlikely that any major threat is impacting this species . some specimens have recently been collected as roadkill .
this species is listed in schedule i of the wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 , of india . it has been recorded from gir national park , gujarat and kanha tiger reserve , madhya pradesh . further research into the distribution , and population status of this species should be carried out , and population monitoring is recommended .
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the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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distributed in two major geographical regions himalayan foothills from rangpur ( bangladesh ) to hoshiarpur ( punjab ) and scrub plains of central - western and south india ( parts of gujarat , madhya pradesh , maharashtra and telangana ) . also found in bangladesh and nepal .
it can be identified by checking reddish - brown head patched with dark blotches , a yellow line running along the vertebra .
dorsal - body thin , stout , moderately long , covered with smooth scales . vertebral scales enlarge . dorsal glossy dark brown or grayish ; more exposed and least marked on the posterior side . regular large sized black and white patterns on flank starts from the neck in ziz - zag manner which loses their prominence on mid body and become totally absent on posterior half . one yellowish brown vertebral stripe starts from the neck usually in broken form , join at the start of mid body and reaches to the end of the tail .
ventral - belly glossy white , more or less marked with blackish - brown patches on the outer edge of most of scales , absent in the caudal region .
head - head broader than neck , not depressed , snout rounded , large eyes with elliptical pupil . top of the head glossy reddish - brown with large black patches on top scales , usually in touch with anterior edge of respective scale . upper lip white , margined on upper edges with black .
tail - long and thin tail of grayish color with no patterns found in dorsal body . the vertebral stripe continues till then end of it . subcaudal scales paired in zig - zag manner .
supralabial 6 or 7 ; 3rd & 4th in contact with eyes ; 1 large loreal in contact with eyes ; 1 preocular above loreal ( or 2 preoculars ? ) ; postocular 2 ; anterior temporals 2 , long .
smooth scales in 19 rows on neck and 15 on rest of the body ; vertebral scales hexagonal and larger than neighbour scales .
hides in tree holes , rock gaps at heights , dense bushes etc . lives both in dense and open forests ( dry - deciduous , scrub , semi - evergreen etc ) of low to moderate elevations . in central and western india it is more common in scrubs and ignored vegetation .


janolus is a genus of small to large sea slugs , or more accurately nudibranchs , marine gastropod mollusks , in the family proctonotidae .

the name janolus is derived from the two-headed god janus , in ancient roman mythology .

although these nudibranchs superficially resemble aeolid nudibranchs , this genus is in fact in the suborder arminina .

janolus

species janolus costacubensis ortea & espinosa , 2000 accepted as janolus comis er . marcus , 1955
genus janolus bergh 1884 janolus anulatus sp . nov ( figs 1a ; 2 - 5 )
jennifer hammock marked
image of janolus barbarensis
as visible on the
janolus barbarensis
page .
janolus hyalinus from the netherlands from : peter h . van bragt , september 3 , 1999
rudman , w . b . , 1999c . janolus cristatus [ on - line ] . urltoken
re : john chuk ' s janolus cf . novozealandicus from : richard willan , june 10 , 2001
this one is called janolus cristatus and it grows to around 75mm in length . what a tiny beauty !
the species janolus fuscus is found from the kenai peninsula , alaska to central california and also in northern japan .
a new species of the zephyrinid nudibranch genus janolus ( mollusca : nudibranchia ) from north america and costa rica .
in california , navanax is a known predator of janolus . navanax tracks the slime of janolus by using chemoreceptors . when janolus is about to be caught , it rolls into a ball , leaving its cerata exposed . if there is a water current , as if often the case , the sea slug may then be passively rolled away from the predator .
behrens ( 1991 ) and camacho - garcía et . al ( 2005 ) published a photo of a species of janolus from la jolla , california ( as janolus sp . 1 , page 82 ) and from méxico and costa rica ( as janolus sp . , page 98 ) . this species corresponds to the same species we are describing in this paper .
to my knowledge this is the first report of janolus ignis since its description in 1986 . i have prepared a fact sheet
this one ' s janolus ignis i think , although it looks a little different from the pics on your fact sheet .
valerie rosal added text to
morphology
on
janolus barbarensis ( j . g . cooper , 1863 )
.
see janolus cf . hyalinus for discussion on the identity of a species from australia and new zealand considered to be j . hyalinus .
janolus fuscus o ' donoghue , 1924 . in sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . accessed 27 / 01 / 2014 .
a new species of the zephyrinid nudibranch genus janolus ( mollusca : nudibranchia ) from north america and costa rica . - pubmed - ncbi
janolus fuscus is a species of sea slug , or more accurately a nudibranch , a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk , in the family proctonotidae .
image description : nudibranch species janolus . . . - urltoken blog . . . | dyr | pinterest | sea slug , creatures and beautiful creatures
without frosted tips , guy fieri would be nothing . the same is true of janolus fuscus , a toxic sea slug known as a nudibranch .
in nth america , janolus fuscus ranges from the kenai peninsula , alaska ( goddard & foster , 2002 ) to central california ( behrens , 1991 ) . it is also known from nthn japan . it preys on arborescent bryozoans , including bugula pacifica and species of tricellaria ( goddard , 1998 ) . it overlaps in distribution with the more southerly janolus barbarensis , but the two species can be distinguished externally by ceratal differences ; janolus fuscus having unbranched digestive gland ducts and orange and white tips and janolus barbarensis having branched digestive gland ducts and orange and blue tips ( gosliner , 1982 ; behrens , 1991 ) . janolus fuscus hatch from irregularly coiled , cylindrical egg masses as planktotrophic veligers with type 1 shells 138 microns long ( goddard , 2001 ) .
the other nice thing in your photos is the pink coiled string in the middle right photo . i am pretty sure this is the egg string of janolus .
the bodies of nudibranchs in this species are semi - translucent . the body is covered in short cerata . in janolus fuscus the cerata are orange and white tipped .
janolus fuscus has no such poison in its tips , but its neon coloration sends a clear signal to predators that it could contain multitudes of toxins if anyone strayed near .
perhaps the colour difference is directly related to pigments in their bryozoan food - orange janolus on orange bryozoans and red on red bryozoans . it would be an interesting research project .
to save further confusion i have renamed andrew green ' s species from janolus cf . hyalinus to janolus sp . 6 . hopefully i have made all the necessary ' behind the scenes ' changes . if by chance i haven ' t and someone notices a weird link , i would be very grateful if you could let me know . best wishes , bill rudman
and in janolus fuscus , these cerata end in a bright - orange tip almost like a candy corn , or like what guy fieri had in mind before his hairdresser took his revenge .
ortea , j . & j . espinosa . 2000 . nueva especie del género janolus bergh , 1884 ( mollusca : nudibranchia ) de cuba y costa rica . avicennia 12 / 13 : 79 - 83 .
wolf , m . and young , c . m . ( 2014 ) . impacts of an endoparasitic copepod , ismaila belciki , on the reproduction , growth and survivorship of its nudibranch host , janolus fuscus .
so it seems in some ways , frosted tips actually do make things look better . without frosted tips , guy fieri would be nothing . the same is true of janolus fuscus , a toxic sea slug known as a nudibranch .
looking almost like fleshy spines , cerata often contain outgrowths of the slug’s digestive system . in other words , when janolus fuscus eats , say , the marine equivalent of a jackass roll , it digests it literally in its frosted tips .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . janolus cristatus ( delle chiaje , 1841 ) . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
hi bill . in my message about palio dubia [ message # 16221 ] i mentioned that i only noticed it after the dive when i was looking at some photos i took of the common janolus fuscus on my computer screen , here are some photos of the janolus , and below is the photo with the palio . locality : whidbey island , puget sound , 6 feet , washington usa , eastern pacific ocean , 30 march 2006 , harbor seawall . length : 22 mm . photographer : jan kocian .
hi bill , more from coronation island in alaska , july , 2002 . the wall was absolutely covered in janolus fuscus . not sure whether they were eating the yellowish sponge or the hydroids . depth was maybe 12m and they were about 50mm in length .
janolus cristatus is a semi - transparent nudibranch growing to at least 7 . 5 cm . the body is oval and flattened . there are numerous swollen cerata , each with a central thin dark thread of digestive gland . the cerata tips contain an irridescent bluish - white pigment . similar patches of pigment are found on the back , between the cerata and in the head region . the lamellate rhinophores are especially large and conspicuous , non - retractile and without sheaths . a coarsely ridged , sensory cocks comb - like structure called a caruncle lies between the rhinophores , which is unique to janolus species .
a new species of zephyrinid nudibranch of the genus janolus bergh 1884 is described from the pacific coast of north america and costa rica . j . anulatus sp . nov . differs from other species of janolus by its external and internal morphology . j . anulatus has a brown or white body with pink , white , and brown spots , smooth papillae epithelium at the base and papillated in the distal part , unbranched digestive gland ducts , smooth jaws , and smooth rachidian and lateral teeth . the species is compared with other species from the panamic province and the western atlantic . a new extension range of j . barbarensis is documented .
una nueva especie de nudibranquio zefirínido del género janolus bergh 1884 es descrita de la costa pacífica de norte américa y costa rica . j . anulatus sp . nov . difiere de otras especies de janolus por su morfología externa e interna . j . anulatus tiene un cuerpo café o blanco con manchas rosadas , blancas o cafés , papila del epitelio lisa en la base y con papilas en la parte distal , ductos de la glándula digestiva no ramificados , mandíbulas lisas y dientes laterales y raquidios lisos . la especie es comparada con otras especies de la provincia panámica y el atlántico oeste . una nueva extensión de ámbito de j . barbarensis es documentada .
ty - jour ti - janolus rebeccae , a new species of arminacean nudibranchs from northern chile ( gastropoda , nudibranchia , zephyrinidae ) t2 - spixiana . vl - 19 ur - urltoken pb - zoologische staatssammlung münchen , cy - münchen : py - 1996 sp - 293 ep - 300 sn - 0341 - 8391 au - schrodl , m er -
oakley , j . a . 2005 . janolus cristatus a sea slug . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
hi , i thought you might be interested in some photos of what appears to be janolus ignis . it was observed at molly cap , bounty islands , new zealand . the islands are about 600 km from mainland new zealand , so it was certainly interesting to see what was around ! apologies for the poor quality of the photos - they were taken from video footage .
abstract : a new species of zephyrinid nudibranch of the genus janolus bergh 1884 is described from the pacific coast of north america and costa rica . j . anulatus sp . nov . differs from other species of janolus by its external and internal morphology . j . anulatus has a brown or white body with pink , white , and brown spots , smooth papillae epithelium at the base and papillated in the distal part , unbranched digestive gland ducts , smooth jaws , and smooth rachidian and lateral teeth . the species is compared with other species from the panamic province and the western atlantic . a new extension range of j . barbarensis is documented . rev . biol . trop . 54 ( 4 ) : 1295 - 1305 . epub 2006 dec . 15 .
this is an interesting find . you don ' t mention that the bounty islands are in the cold waters 600 k se of southern new zealand , which gives janolus ignis a huge distribution from the warm northern waters of the poor knights islands to far south of the south island of nz . if you have photos of any other opisthobranchs from the bounty islands they would be of great interest .
dear fraser , this is a form of janolus fuscus which is found from alaska to california . all the photos we have on the forum are of specimens in which the median line that runs from between the rhinophores back down the boody is dark brown . in your animal the line is bright orange . dave behrens has a photo of a similar coloured animal in his pacific coast nudibranchs . best wishes bill rudman
dear richard , thanks for this photo . the anterior cerata very happily show the blue and gold bands which link this with john chuk ' s photos of what looks on first sight a different species . i am glad you now agree with me that there are two unnamed species in the new zealand - sthn australian region , neither of which are janolus hyalinus . i am not quite sure why you have invoked
murphy ' s law
to explain why i have posted ' an undescribed species on the forum that nobody has ever seen before ' . one of the aims of the forum is to enable professionals and interested amateurs to share their ' puzzles ' and ' interesting finds ' with others . these janolus species , although a bit confusing initially , are an excellent example of how sharing ideas and information can significantly advance our knowledge .
here is a photo of janolus fuscus . it is very common in the spring . these animals range from 1 to over 10 cm . in length . they have lamellate rhinophores and a comb like sensory appendage between their rhinophores . this specimen was found on eastbourne wall , on keats island , british columbia , canada . depth about 60 feet . this specimen was about 5 cm . in length they react to divers by swelling their cerata .
the genus janolus bergh ( 1884 ) is comprised of 22 valid species that are distributed in tropical and temperate waters . six species of the genus janolus have previously been described from the atlantic and pacific coasts of the americas . two of these species are present in the panamic province and / or western north america , j . barbarensis ( cooper 1863 ) from california and costa rica and j . fuscus ( o´donoghue 1924 ) from canada and california . j . rebeccae ( schrödl 1996 ) has been described from chile . three other species have been described from the western atlantic and caribbean : j . comis marcus , 1955 from florida , curaçao and brazil , j . mucloc marcus 1958 from florida and brazil and more recently j . costacubensis ortea and espinosa 2000 from costa rica and cuba . the present material ( a new species and j . barbarensis ) , constitute two new records of the genus along the pacific coast of costa rica .
remarks : j . anulatus sp . nov . differs from other species of the genus janolus from the panamic province and the western atlantic in its internal and external morphology ( table 1 ) . j . anulatus is characterized by having a brown or white body with pink , white , and brown spots , smooth papillae epithelium at the base and papillated in the distal part of each papilla , unbranched digestive gland ducts within the dorsal papilla , smooth jaws , and smooth rachidian and lateral teeth .
@ article { bhlpart65854 , title = { janolus rebeccae , a new species of arminacean nudibranchs from northern chile ( gastropoda , nudibranchia , zephyrinidae ) } , journal = { spixiana . } , volume = { 19 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { münchen : zoologische staatssammlung münchen , 1977 - } , author = { schrodl , m } , year = { 1996 } , pages = { 293 - - 300 } , }
a semi - transparent nudibranch with numerous swollen cerata , each with a thin dark thread of digestive gland running through the centre . the tips of the cerata are coloured with an iridescent bluish - white pigment , and similar pigment patches are found on the back , between the cerata and in the head region . the rhinophores have lamellae set at an angle , giving the appearance of spiral grooves . between them is a cockscomb - like structure called a caruncle which is unique to janolus species . a large species , growing to at least 75mm .
description : a semi - transparent nudibranch with numerous swollen cerata , each with a thin dark thread of digestive gland running through the centre . the tips of the cerata are coloured with an iridescent bluish - white pigment , and similar pigment patches are found on the back , between the cerata and in the head region . the rhinophores have lamellae set at an angle , giving the appearance of spiral grooves . between them is a cockscomb - like structure called a caruncle which is unique to janolus species . a large species , growing to at least 75mm .
grows to75mm in length . feeds on erect bryozoans such as bugula . although species of janolus look very like aeolids , there is no close relationship . in this species , with transparent cerata , a digestive gland duct can be clearly seen running to the ceratal tip where it divides into a number of terminal branches . unlike aeolids , there are no terminal cnidosacs , and the cerata form a fringe around the anterior edge of the mantle . the anus also opens in the dorsal midline in the posterior half of the body , where in aeolids it opens in the right anterior quarter , usually on the side of the body .
dear ian , this is definitely janolus ignis . the name ignis refers to its fiery appearance , and in your photo it certainly looks like a ball of flame . i have included a close - up to show the characteristic colour markings on the head , including the bluish y shape around the rhinophores . i hae also included a close - up to show the arborescent bryozoans in which it is living . it feeds on the reddish orthoscuticella aff . margaritacea . i am not sure if there are two species of bryozoan in your photo . some branches are reddish and others are bluish . it may be two species are colour variation in one . best wishes , bill rudman
spindles are most abundant in nudibranchs that feed upon cnidarians , but spindles are also found in other nudibranchs ( martin et al . , 2007b ) . nudibranchs that browse on sponges or bryozoans might frequently come into contact with hydroids that are found in the same habitats ; for these slugs , those parts of the body most likely to come into contact with cnidarians contain spindles . for example , the stomach linings of hydrozoan - feeding aeolid nudibranchs contain spindle cells , as does the stomach lining of the hydrozoan - feeding dendronotid , doto acuta . in contrast , the arminacean janolus cristatus , which feeds on bryozoans , has no spindles in the cells lining the stomach , and the dorid nudibranch chromodoris krohni has a greatly reduced number of spindle - containing cells , compared to the hydrozoan feeders .
( of antiopa alder & hancock , 1848 ) alder j . & hancock a . ( 1848 ) . additions to the british species of nudibranchiate mollusca . annals and magazine of natural history , ( 2 ) 1 : 189 - 192 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 190 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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upper : eastbourne wall , keats island , in howe sound , british columbia , canada . photo : marli wakeling . lower : coronation island , alaska , depth 12m , length approx 50mm . july , 2002 photo : clinton bauder
( of eolis cristata delle chiaje , 1841 ) delle chiaje s . 1841 - 1844 . descrizione e notomia degli animali invertebrati della sicilia citeriore osservati vivi negli anni 1822 - 1830 . napoli , stabilimento tipografico di c . batelli e co . vol . 1 , 98 pp . ; vol . 2 , 146 pp ; vol . 3 , 142 pp ; vol . 4 , 142 pp . ; vol . 5 , 165 pp . [ 1841 ] ; vol . 6 - 7 , pl . 1 - 173 [ 1841 ] , pl . 174 - 181 [ 1844 ] ; vol . 8 ( appendici , osservazioni critiche , indice generale ) , 48 pp . [ 1844 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 7 , pl . 88 fig . 1 - 12 ; vol . 8 , p . 6 [ 1844 ] [ details ]
( of antiopa splendida alder & hancock , 1848 ) alder j . & hancock a . ( 1848 ) . additions to the british species of nudibranchiate mollusca . annals and magazine of natural history , ( 2 ) 1 : 189 - 192 , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of eolidia cristata delle chiaje , 1841 ) delle chiaje s . 1841 - 1844 . descrizione e notomia degli animali invertebrati della sicilia citeriore osservati vivi negli anni 1822 - 1830 . napoli , stabilimento tipografico di c . batelli e co . vol . 1 , 98 pp . ; vol . 2 , 146 pp ; vol . 3 , 142 pp ; vol . 4 , 142 pp . ; vol . 5 , 165 pp . [ 1841 ] ; vol . 6 - 7 , pl . 1 - 173 [ 1841 ] , pl . 174 - 181 [ 1844 ] ; vol . 8 ( appendici , osservazioni critiche , indice generale ) , 48 pp . [ 1844 ] , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of janus spinolae vérany , 1846 ) vérany g . b . 1846 . catalogo degli animali invertebrati marini del golfo di genova e nizza . tipografia ferrando , genova 1 - 30 : , available online at urltoken [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of janus spinolae vérany , 1846 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of eolidia cristata delle chiaje , 1841 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of eolis cristata delle chiaje , 1841 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of antiopella cristata ( delle chiaje , 1841 ) ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of antiopella cristata ( delle chiaje , 1841 ) ) harms , j . ( 1993 ) . check list of species ( algae , invertebrates and vertebrates ) found in the vicinity of the island of helgoland ( north sea , german bight ) : a review of recent records . helgoländer meeresunters . 47 : 1 - 34 . [ p . 25 , tab . 3 : gastrosaccus spinifer , mysis relicta , praunus inermis , schistomysis kervillei , schistomysis spiritus . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of antiopa splendida alder & hancock , 1848 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
maris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index” . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland marine life information network - uk to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) ( from synonym antiopella cristata ( delle chiaje , 1841 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 89 publications ) to clemam ( from synonym janus spinolae vérany , 1846 ) to clemam ( from synonym antiopa splendida alder & hancock , 1848 ) to clemam ( from synonym eolidia cristata delle chiaje , 1841 ) to clemam to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 2 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to opk opistobranquis to pesi to pesi ( from synonym eolidia cristata delle chiaje , 1841 ) to pesi ( from synonym antiopa splendida alder & hancock , 1848 ) to pesi ( from synonym janus spinolae vérany , 1846 ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to itis
recorded from most british and irish coasts except the southeast , reaching its northern distribution limit around the shetland isles .
recorded from southern norway , along the atlantic french coast to morocco . in the mediterannean sea from southern france and the bay of naples .
lives in shallow sublittoral conditions , especially on sheltered rocky coasts . they feed on erect tufted bryozoans such as
the body is pale brown or cream in colour but the rhinophores are darker , tending towards amber .
cerata extend across front of body , each with a central thin dark thread of digestive gland .
spawning has been recorded from april to september and in december ( thompson & brown , 1984 ) . the egg - mass contains a series of bead - like white or pale pink ovoids , each being a capsule containing up tp 250 separate individual spherical eggs ( ova ) . the spawn is wound in a wavy circle pattern ( thompson & brown , 1984 ) .
hayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
jncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken
marlin ( marine life information network ) , 2005 . searchable benthic data ( seabed ) map [ on - line ] . data access sub - programme , marine life information network for britian and ireland http : / / www . marlin . ac . uk ,
national biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . , 1994 . a field guide to the nudibranchs of the british isles . london : immel publishing ltd .
picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken
thompson , t . e . & brown , g . h . , 1984 . biology of opisthobranch molluscs , vol . ii . london : ray society .
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
oosterschelde , goese sas , the netherlands . depth 5 meters . photo : rené lipmann .
reference : • delle chiaje , s . ( 1841 ) . descrizione e notomia degli animali invertebrati della sicilia citeriore osservati vivi negli anni 1822 - 1830 , napoli , 7 : pls . 86 - 173 ( nudibranchia pls . 88 , 89 , 100 , 106 , 178 ) . text in vol . 8 , p . 6 ( 1844 )
eastern atlantic from isle of man , and northern ireland , france , western mediterranean and morocco . also recorded below from the netherlands .
zierikzee ( zeelandbrug ) , de oosterschelde , the netherlands . photo : peter van bragt .
grows to about 26mm . thought ( thompson & brown , 1984 ) to feed on species of the bryozoan , bugula , but bernard picton ' s message suggests they live and feed on scrupocellaria .
reference : • thompson , t . e . & brown , g . h . ( 1984 ) biology of opisthobranch molluscs , vol 2 . ray society : london .
habitat : found in shallow sublittoral conditions , especially on sheltered rockfaces . it feeds on erect bryozoans , especially bugula species . the spawn consists of a white or pale pink string wound in a wavy circle pattern , usually on the food . the eggs are in packets with clear patches between them , giving a beaded appearance to the spawn .
distribution : a common species in moderate depths around most of the british isles . recorded from norway to the mediterranean .
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
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do you believe this gorgeous shot ? man - o - live what a beauty . mike doesn ' t often repeat a
branch of the week
but with material like this , why not ?
) is the southern member of a strikingly similar two species complex found along the california coast . the northern species ,
( o ' donoghue , 1924 ) was only recently resurrected from the doldrums of taxonomic synonymy as an appropriately described and distinct species ( terry gosliner 1982 ) . while these two arminacean nudibranchs do look amazingly similar , they are best separated by : 1 ) the large orange - red crest between the rhinophores in j . barbarensis ( slightly visible in clark ' s fabulous photo above ) , and 2 ) the branching of the digestive gland in the cerata of this species ( seen here in perfect detail ) .
has no crest , only a thin orange line down the center of the back , and the digestive gland is unbranched as clearly seen in ron long ' s photo in
pacific coast nudibranchs
, species 161 , page 82 .
the ceratal colors vary somewhat in intensity in both species . in this specimen the yellow - gold sub - apical band is quite faint , as is color at the tip . in the typical specimen the sub - apical band is bright , almost metallic , and the tip of the cerata is darker blue . at first glance we thought this specimen was a
named for its type locality , santa barbara , california , the ranges of the two species overlap somewhat in the central portion of the state , san luis obispo to san francisco . it was this overlap that caused earlier taxonomists to think the two were just variations of a single species .
is known as far south as bahia san quintin , and from the gulf of california .
tracy clark was certified in 1986 , a month after being certified he rented a underwatercamera in hawaii and was hooked . his occupation is equipment operator . he dives mostly san diego areas , plus a few trips to hawaii . he has placed in the pcupc photo contest , and also the san diego unions nature and eye photo contest . he has had photos published in the pacific diver magazine and also espacio profundo . you will find him at la jolla shores almost every weekend .
this nudbranch along with three others of the same type , was photographed at la jolla shores at about 55 feet deep on the canyon wall , at la jolla shores . this photo was taken with a nikonos v , 1 - 1 macro , and dual mcd strobes , film fuji sensia 100 .
© the slug site , michael d . miller 1998 . all rights reserved .
m . j . de kluijver , s . s . ingalsuo & r . h . de bruyne
are numerous , finger - like , inflated and smooth . they are transparent , so that the central brown
and have a bluish iridescent quality . similar white pigment forms a line or blotches down the bare central
it is exclusively sublittoral , restricted to hard substrata under clean , calm water . the maximal recorded depth is 40 m .
hayward , p . j . , wigham , g . d . & n . yonow , 1990 . mollusca i : polyplacophora , scaphopoda , and gastropoda . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . ( ed . p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ) . clarendon press , oxford : 628 - 730 .
poppe , g . t . & y . goto , 1991 . european seashells . vol . i . 352 pp . wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .
seaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .
step , e . , 1927 . shell life . 421 pp . frederick warne & co . , ltd , london .
thompson , t . e . & g . h . brown , 1976 / 1984 . biology of opisthobranch molluscs , volume i and ii . ray society . london .
thompson , t . e . , 1988 . molluscs : benthic opisthobranchs ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . synopses of the british fauna ( ns ) , 8 : 1 - 356 .
dear bill , crispin middleton has posted the following message and photos on my website urltoken . it is from the poor knight ' s islands in northern new zealand and we can ' t identify it . wade doak wade @ urltoken
on a fantastic night dive last weekend at blue maomao arch [ poor knights islands , ne new zealand , may 2003 ] i spotted these small red nudibranchs on the underside of a rock , close to the entrance to the archway . i haven’t seen them before or managed to identified them . they were blood red and only about 2 - 3cm long . initially i thought they were some kind of anemone similar to waratah anemones , close inspection proved otherwise ! the pictures are not as clear as i hoped , it was quite a squeeze under a rock to reach the little fellas ! cheers crispin
dear wade & crispin , thanks crispin for permission to post your message and photos from wade doak ' s excellent divesite at urltoken .
on the species based on that description in which the colour is described as ' deep brick orange ' . the animal in crispin ' s description look more ' plum red ' to me but the brilliant violet markings , and colour of the rhinophores , match miller & willan ' s description well , so i have little doubt that this is
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yolanda e . camacho - garcía 1 & terrence m . gosliner 2 1 museo de zoología , escuela de biología , universidad de costa rica , san pedro de montes de oca , san josé , costa rica ; ycamacho @ urltoken 2 department of invertebrate zoology and geology , california academy of sciences , 875 howard street , san francisco , ca . 94103 , usa
type material : holotype isla ballena , parque nacional marino ballena , área de conservación osa , puntarenas , costa rica ( 9°0624 n , 83°4335 w ) , 16 january 2000 , 1 specimen , 4 mm preserved length , 6 meters depth , leg . m . calderón ( ucr - inb0001495772 ) bar code of holotype associated with three components : sem stub with radula ( ucrinb0003764987 ) , sem stub with a piece of jaw ( inb0003764958 ) and a slide preparation with a piece of jaw ( ucr - inb0003765066 ) ; paratypes .  isla ballena , parque nacional marino ballena , área de conservación osa , puntarenas , costa rica ( 9°0624 n , 83°4335 w ) , 16 january 2000 , 1 specimen , 5 mm preserved length , 6 meters depth , leg . m . calderón ( ucr - inb0003764915 ) . isla plata , sw side , guanacaste , costa rica ( 10°2648 n , 85°4820 w ) , 17 april 2004 , 1 specimen , 4 mm preserved length , 10 meters depth , leg . y . camacho ( ucr - inb0003836171 ) ; la jolla california , 1 specimen , 4 mm preserved length , leg . j . hamann ( casiz 170029 ) , la jolla california , may 1982 , 1 specimen 4 mm preserved length ( casiz 170028 ) .
geographic range : this species is known from la jolla , california ( behrens 1991 ) and the pacific coast of costa rica ( present study ) .
etymology : the name of the species anulatus refers to a ring that is found near the middle of each dorsal papilla that separates the smooth from the papillate portion .
in some specimens , the background color of the dorsum bears two colors : the anterior half dark brown , the posterior half light brown . in others , the background color is white with some brown spots ( fig 1a ) . around the eyes , there is a translucent light cream mask . a pink spot extends from behind the rhinophores to the anterior part of the cardiac area . there is another pink spot in front of the rhinophores with two opaque white spots to the sides . the cardiac area is opaque white in color . the anus is opaque white with a small stalk . rhinophores are dark cream with light apices and some central dark brown spots . the inter - rhinophoral crest is opaque white with a few cream spots . the digestive gland within the papillae is chocolate brown . the background color of the papillae is light cream with some large brown and opaque white spots . the smaller papillae on the digestive gland are yellow . there are some green reflective specks distributed homogenously on the body . dorsally , the foot is translucent with very small cream - colored spots around the margins . ventrally , the mouth has numerous light brown specks , the oral tentacles are opaque white , and the foot bears cream specks .
anatomy : the buccal mass is large and muscular with an oval opening and with small anterior oral glands in front of it ( fig . 3a ) . the strong jaws are amber in color . they are joined together and are devoid of any serial denticles ( fig 3b , 5d ) . the inner masticatory border is thick and smooth .
the radular formula is 13 x ( 19 . 1 . 19 ) in a 4 mm preserved length specimen . the rachidian teeth are small and somewhat amorphous in shape , without denticles ( fig . 5a ) . the inner lateral teeth are hook shaped , smooth , and arched ( fig . 5b ) . they gradually become larger from the innermost to the mid - laterals , then become smaller from the mid - laterals to the hook - shaped outermost teeth ( fig 5c ) .
the ampulla is thick and convoluted . it narrows into the bifurcation of the vas deferens and the thin oviduct . the distal vas deferens is short and enlarges into a much thicker , curved prostate . the prostate narrows into a convoluted ejaculatory duct that connects to the large , conical , unarmed penis ( fig 4 ) . the oviduct is short and expands into a tubular serial seminal receptacle . this duct again narrows and widens into the muscular , kidney - shaped vagina . a tubular bursa copulatrix enters the female atrium near its junction with the oviduct . the female gland mass is oval and exits into the female atrium .
j . barbarensis and j . costacubensis , two species present along the pacific and caribbean coasts of costa rica , respectively , differ from j . anulatus . j . barbarensis has a translucent white body with gold and blue cerata , markings on the dorsal papillae with branched digestive gland ducts , jaws with denticles , and lateral teeth with denticles . j . costacubensis has a cream body with a longitudinal white line , rhinophores with papillae on the bases , and lamellae in the distal part of the rhinophores . in this species , the entire epithelium of the dorsal papillae bears papillae , while in j . anulatus only the apical portion above the ring bears papillae . the digestive gland in the papillae of j . costacubensis extends for more of the length than does that of j . anulatus .
of the six species of j . described from the americas , only j . comis and j . costacubensis have dorsal papillae with a papillate rather than smooth surface . these two species , together with j . anulatus , are also the only american taxa with a smooth margin on the jaws .
j . fuscus differs from j . anulatus on the basis of its radular , external , and internal morphology . j . fuscus has a translucent white body with brown lines , yellow and white papillae , smooth papilla epithelium , jaws with 8 to 14 denticles , and denticulate rachidian and lateral teeth . this species lacks anal glands , which are present in j . anulatus .
j . comis resembles j . anulatus in that its epithelium of the dorsal papillae is papillated , but differs in that it lacks an anal gland and has denticulated rachidian and lateral teeth . it also lacks a bursa copulatrix .
j . rebeccae differs externally from j . anulatus by the presence of a white line on the posterior end of the foot , branched digestive gland ducts , and numerous smooth dorsal papillae , which have a golden brownish ring below the white - tipped papilla . j . rebeccae externally resembles j . barbarensis but differs to some extent in internal morphology and radular features discussed in detail by schrödl ( 1996 ) .
j . chilensis fischer , cervera and ortea 1997 , another species described from chile , is considered a junior synonym of j . rebeccae ( cervera 1997 ) . however , schrödl ( 2003 ) considered both species different due to differences in their reproductive system . more material from chile needs to be examined .
j . hyalinus ( alder and hancock 1854 ) , a species present in the atlantic and mediterranean waters of europe , also resembles j . anulatus because of the presence of papillae on the dorsal papillae . however , this species has many more dorsal papillae and these are more elongated and evenly shaped than those of j . anulatus , which has unevenly tapered papillae with more prominent tubercles . j . hyalinus also has a semiserial receptaculum seminis , while j . annulatus has a serial one and a distal bursa copulatrix , which is absent in j . hyalinus ( schmekel 1970 ) .
aeolis barbarensis cooper 1863 : 59 . antiopella coeruleopictus cockerell and eliot 1905 , o donoghue 1922 . antiopella aureocincta johnson and snook 1927 ; steinberg , 1963 , nomen dubium . antiopella aureotincta macginitie and macginitie 1949 ; steinberg 1963 , nomen dubium . antiopella aureocincta macfarland 1966 , in part . j . barbarensis ( cooper , 1863 ) ; odonoghue 1922 .
material examined : west side of isla ballena , parque nacional marino ballena , área de conservación osa , puntarenas , costa rica ( 9°0624 n , 83°4335 w ) , 16 january 2000 , 1 specimen , 4 mm preserved length , 6 meters depth , leg . m . calderón ( inb0001496134 ) .
geographic range : central california to bahía san quintín , baja california , the gulf of california , méxico , and costa rica ( present study ) .
natural history : it has been found on the upper surface of rocks in 6 meters deep .
the living animal of the specimen examined is translucent orange with a number of small brown specks homogeneously distributed over the dorsum . the inter - rhinophoral crest is pinkish . the light brown greenish pigment of the digestive gland is visible within the cerata . the ceratal surface bears an orange - yellow subapical band and a bluish white apical band . the middle part of each rhinophore is light yellow with black spots ; a number of minute brownish spots is located at the base of each rhinophore . the anus has a white ring around it . dorsally , the foot is translucent white with a light blue line extending to the posterior end . ventrally , the foot is light orange .
anatomy : the buccal mass is large and muscular with an oval opening and small anterior oral glands ( fig . 6e ) . the strong jaws are amber in color . they are joined together and have at least 7 strong and wide rectangular denticles around the masticatory border ( fig 7d ) .
the radular formula is 14 x ( 15 . 1 . 15 ) in a 4 mm preserved length specimen . the rachidian teeth are narrow with a pointed cusp , without denticles ( fig . 7a ) . the inner lateral teeth are hook shaped , smooth , and arched ( fig . 7b ) . they gradually become larger from the innermost to the mid - laterals , then become smaller from the mid - laterals to the hook - shaped outermost teeth ( fig 7c ) .
the reproductive system of the specimen was studied . however , some of the parts were not well developed because the specimen was immature . the ampulla is tubular and short . it narrows to the bifurcation of the vas deferens and oviduct . the vas deferens is short and convoluted . it narrows into a pear - like shaped penis ( fig 6f ) . the oviduct is short and expands into a tubular duct where the seminal receptacle is not clearly differentiated . this duct again narrows and widens into a globular bursa copulatrix and a globular vagina . the female gland mass is amorphous in shape and exits near into the female atrium .
natural history : this species was found in the subtidal zone around 6 meters depth where it feeds on ramified bryozoans .
remarks : the internal and external morphology of the single specimen collected in costa rica perfectly fits with the description of j . barbarensis ( cooper 1863 ) in gosliner ( 1982 ) . gosliner found and discussed in detail several consistent differences in the external morphology , coloration , digestive system and reproductive system that confirms that j . barbarensis is a distinct species from j . fuscus , another species found along the california coast .
this paper has been supported in part by the national science foundation through the peet 0329054 phylogenetic systematics of nudibranchia ,  to terrence m . gosliner and ángel valdés and the california academy of sciences . the fieldwork in costa rica was funded by the instituto nacional de biodiversidad ( inbio ) . maribel zúñiga helped with some technical aspects of the paper . david butvill made constructive comments to this manuscript .
behrens , d . 1991 . pacific coast nudibranchs : a guide to the opisthobranchs of the northeastern pacific . sea challengers , los osos , california . 112 p .
bergh , l . s . r . 1884 . report on the nudibranchiata dredged by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 . report of the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 , under the command of captain george s . nares , r . n . , f . r . s . and captain frank tourle thomson , r . n . prepared under the superintendence of the late sir c . wyville thomson , knt . , f . r . s . , & c . regius professor of natural history in the university of edinburgh director of the civilian scientific staff on board , and now of john murray one of the naturalists of the expedition , zoology 10 ( 26 ) : 1 - 154 , pls . 1 - 14 .
camacho - garcía , y . , t . gosliner & a . valdés . 2005 . fieldguide to the sea slugs of the tropical eastern pacific . california academy of sciences , california . allen press inc . 129 p .
cooper , j . g . 1863 . on new or rare mollusca inhabiting the coast of california . no . ii . proc . cal . acad . sci . 3 : 56 - 60
gosliner , t . 1981 . the south african janolidae ( mollusca , nudibranchia ) with the description of a new genus and two new species . ann . s . afr . mus . 86 : 1 - 42 .
johnson , m . e . & h . j . snook . 1927 . sea shore animals of the pacific coast . macmillan co . , new cork . 659 p .
macfarland , f . 1966 . studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america . mem . cal . acad . sci . 6 : 546 p . [
marcus , er . 1955 . opisthobranchia from brazil . boletim da faculdade de filosofia , ciencias e letras , universidade de são paulo , zoologia , 207 , 20 : 89 - 261 , pls . 1 - 30 .
marcus , er . 1958 . on western atlantic opisthobranchiate gastropods . amer . mus . nov . ( 1906 ) : 1 - 82 .
odonoghue , c . h . 1922 . notes on the taxonomy of nudibranchiate mollusca from the pacific coast of north america . proc . malacol . soc . lond . 15 : 133 - 150 .
schmekel , l . 1970 . anatomie der genitalorgane von nudibranchiera . ( gastropoda euthyneura ) . pubbl . staz . zool . nap . 38 : 120 - 217 .
, a new species of arminacean nudibranch from northern chile . spixiana 19 : 293 - 300 .
schrödl , m . 2003 . sea slugs of southern south america . : systematics , biogeography and biology of chilean and magellanic nudipleura ( mollusca : opisthobranchia ) . conchbooks . germany . 165 p .
steinberg , j . e . 1963 . notes on the opishobranchs of the west coast of north america . iii . further nomenclatorial changes in the order nudibranchia . veliger 6 : 63 - 67 . [ links ]
universidad de costa rica . escuela de biología , 2060 san josé , costa rica , san pedro , san josé , cr , 2060 , 2511 - 5500 , 2511 - 5550 rbt @ urltoken
description : a well camouflaged , brown - coloured nudibranch . the cerata are numerous , with rough , spiny surfaces and tapering to points , and extend across the front of the body . they fall off with the minimum of disturbance , and may poison other nudibranchs in a collecting dish . the rhinophores are brown , with spiral grooves and a crest structure as in the previous species . the digestive gland in the cerata is dark brown , and does not extend to the tip . grows up to 30mm in length .
habitat : found amongst the erect bryozoans scrupocellaria spp . which appear to be the food . it has been found on buoy ropes and man - made habitats in sheltered conditions and also on exposed rockfaces . the spawn is a wavy spiral thread , coiled round the food and with a beaded appearance .
distribution : recent records from st . kilda and the summer isles , lough hyne and lundy island . a rarely recorded species , also reported from france , spain and the mediterranean .
camera : olympus imaging corp . sp350 | datum : 3 - 8 - 07 17 : 49 | resolutie : 3264 x 2448 | iso instelling : 100 | belichtingsmodus : manual control | belichtingstijd : 1 / 100s | diafragma : 8 . 0 | focus afstand : 15 , 3mm
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tilly point bay - pender island , 30 ' , 2cm . i am amazed how many different nudibranch there are in this mud bottom clam shell bay .
description : tilly point bay - pender island , 30 ' , 2cm . i am amazed how many different nudibranch there are in this mud bottom clam shell bay .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed