orthomus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : orthomus abacoides lucas , 1846 orthomus achilles wrase & jeanne , 2005 orthomus anagae medina & oromi , 1991 orthomus annae ( donabauer , 2008 ) orthomus aquila coquerel , 1859 orthomus aubryi jeanne , 1974 orthomus balearicus ( piochard de la brulerie , 1868 ) orthomus barbarus dejean , 1828 orthomus bedelianus lutshnik , 1915 orthomus berrai f. battoni , 1987 orthomus berytensis reiche & saulcy , 1855 orthomus canariensis brulle , 1839 orthomus curtus ( wollaston , 1854 ) orthomus dilaticollis wollaston , 1854 orthomus dimorphus antoine , 1933 orthomus discors wollaston , 1864 orthomus gonzalezi mateu , 1954 orthomus gracilipes wollaston , 1854 orthomus hispanicus dejean , 1828 orthomus leprieuri pic , 1894 orthomus longulus reiche & saulcy , 1855 orthomus lundbladi jeannel , 1938 orthomus maroccanus chaudoir , 1873 orthomus martini machado , 1984 orthomus pecoudi jeannel , 1943 orthomus perezii ( martinez y saez , 1873 ) orthomus planidorsis ( fairmaire , 1872 ) orthomus poggii leo & magrini , 2002 orthomus pommereaui perris , 1869 orthomus rubicundus ( coquerel , 1859 ) orthomus sidonicus chaudoir , 1873 orthomus starkei wrase & jeanne , 2005 orthomus szekessyi ( jedlicka , 1956 ) orthomus tazekensis ( antoine , 1941 ) orthomus velocissimus waltl , 1835

orthomus

note1 : feronia varinii described from sardinia , is most probably a synonym of orthomus berytensis rather than of orthomus barbarus .
synonymy of orthomus susanae serrano & borges , 2009 with orthomus annae ( donabauer , 2008 ) ( coleoptera : carabidae ) .
note1 : feronia rectangulus described from batna , algeria , probably is to fall in synonymy with another species of orthomus , rather than with orthomus barbarus .
right paramere , internal face . 12 orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy , 1855 ) : lectotype of feronia berytensis 13 orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 , paralectotype of feronia longula reiche & saulcy 14 orthomus longulus ( reiche & saulcy , 1855 ) , male , “megiddo” 15 orthomus velocissimus akbensis mateu , 1955 , holotype of orthomus barbarus akbensis . scale bar = 0 . 2 mm .
median lobe of aedeagus , lateral view . 4 orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy , 1855 ) , lectotype of feronia berytensis 5 orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 , paralectotype of feronia longula reiche & saulcy 6 orthomus longulus ( reiche & saulcy , 1855 ) , male , “megiddo” 7 orthomus velocissimus akbensis mateu , 1955 , holotype of orthomus barbarus akbensis . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm .
median lobe of aedeagus , dorsal view . 8 orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy , 1855 ) : lectotype of feronia berytensis 9 orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 , paralectotype of feronia longula reiche & saulcy 10 orthomus longulus ( reiche & saulcy , 1855 ) , male , “megiddo” 11 orthomus velocissimus akbensis mateu , 1955 , holotype of orthomus barbarus akbensis . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm .
orthomus ; taxonomy ; new synonym ; lectotype designation ; palaearctic region ; spain .
orthomus sp . : wranik 2003 : 442 , plate 170 , fig . f .
pronotum posterior right angle . 16 orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy , 1855 ) , male , “tel - aviv” 17 orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 , male , “upper galilee , ya’ar bar’am” .
tree of life web project . 2006 . orthomus . version 07 july 2006 ( temporary ) .
the application of art . 72 . 4 . 4 specifies the type locality of orthomus malacensis jeanne .
type material . orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 ( specimens belonging to orthomus berytensis ) . the type series in mnhp contains 3 ♀♀ which belong to orthomus berytensis . these samples are considered syntypes of orthomus longior as they and a fourth specimen , which is here designated lectotype of orthomus longior ( for that specimen see under orthomus longior ) , were found alongside in the former collection of rené and charles oberthür who acquired the chaudoir collection . each of the three specimens bears the labels : “longior” [ red handwritten with ball - pen on white label by mateu ] , and , subsequently added : “paralectotype orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] , and :
orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy ) det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] .
type material . orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 ( specimens belonging to orthomus berytensis ) . the type series in mnhp contains 3 ♀♀ which belong to orthomus berytensis . these samples are considered syntypes of orthomus longior as they and a fourth specimen , which is here designated lectotype of orthomus longior ( for that specimen see under orthomus longior ) , were found alongside in the former collection of rené and charles oberthür who acquired the chaudoir collection . each of the three specimens bears the labels : “ longior ” [ red handwritten with ball - pen on white label by mateu ] , and , subsequently added : “paralectotype orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] , and : “ orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy ) det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] .
habitus . 1 orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy , 1855 ) , male , “tel - aviv” 2 orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 , male , “upper galilee , ya’ar bar’am” 3 orthomus longulus ( reiche & saulcy , 1855 ) , male , “upper galilee , ha khula valley , ma’agar einan lake” . scale bar = 2 mm .
orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 ( specimens belonging to orthomus longior ) . consists of 4 ♀♀ preserved in mnhp , investigation revealed non - conspecificity . three specimens are identical with the lectotype of orthomus berytensis ( for these specimens see under orthomus berytensis ) . the fourth female possesses labels : “sidon” [ handwritten on white label by chaudoir ] , “ longior ” [ handwritten in red with ball - pen on white label by mateu ] . this specimen is conspecific with the holotype of orthomus sidonicus . as only that bears a locality label we choose this one as lectotype of orthomus longior . this action led to the synonymy of orthomus longior with orthomus sidonicus . the two names are published on the same date in the same work ( chaudoir 1873 ) . as “first reviewing authors” , we give precedence of the former following the article 24 . 2 . 2 of the code ( iczn 1999 ) . hence , the specimen in question is supplied with additional label : “lectotype orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] .
orthomus barbarus andalusiacus mateu , 1957 : 103 ( type locality : “prov . de málaga : gobantes” ) , syn . n .
la genitalia femenina en los poecilini ( caraboidea , pterostichidae ) de la península iberíca i . el género orthomus chaudoir , 1838 .
a new species of orthomus chaudoir , 1838 ( coleoptera : carabidae ) from madeira island ( macaronesia ) and notes on related species .
orthomus sidonicus chaudoir , 1873 : 110 ( type locality : “sidon ( syrie ) ” [ saïda , lebanon ] , syn . n .
etude des organes génitaux des femelles et considérations sur la taxonomie de deux groupes d’orthomus chaudoir hispano - maghrébins ( coleoptera , harpalidae , pterostichini ) .
bonadona , p . ( 1979 ) a propos d’ orthomus barbarus ( col . carabidae ) . l’entomologiste , 35 ( 6 ) , 238–187 .
synopsis of the orthomus rubicundus group with description of two new species and a new subspecies from morocco and algeria ( coleoptera , carabidae , pterostichini ) .
mateu , j . ( 1957 ) notas sobre los orthomus chaudoir ( tercera nota ) . eos , revista española de entomologia , 33 , 87–112 .
the study of the type material of feronia proelonga found that this taxon is to be removed from synonymy with orthomus barbarus barbarus ( cfr . bousquet 2003 : 477 ) and treated as conspecific with orthomus berytensis . originally , it was separated by the authors in the relatively shorter size of body and pronotum seemingly more transversal , with two basal impressions distinct and strongly punctured . we found such variations in the populations of orthomus berytensis coming from modern - day israel .
tarsomeres of all legs glabrous dorsally . elytra with parascutellar striae well - engraved ( long in orthomus , abacillodes , parorthomus gen . n . , short in abacillius )
1 ♂ , “42 st . ” / “ orthomus berytensis reich . portugal dr stierlin ( above ) , 2 . b . ( underneath ) ” ( mhng ) .
type material . feronia longula reiche & saulcy , 1855 ( specimens belonging to orthomus berytensis ) . the type series in mhng contains two specimens belonging to orthomus berytensis : 1 ♀ , “jaffa , syrie” [ reiche ' s handwriting on yellow label ] , “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] , “ orthomus longulus reiche label mhng 2010” [ black print on white label by g . cuccodoro ] ; 1 ♂ , “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] , “ orthomus longulus reiche ‘egypte , syrie . ’ label mhng 2010” [ black print on white label by g . cuccodoro ] , and with labels subsequently added : “paralectotype feronia longula reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] , “ orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy ) det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] .
type material . feronia longula reiche & saulcy , 1855 ( specimens belonging to orthomus berytensis ) . the type series in mhng contains two specimens belonging to orthomus berytensis : 1 ♀ , “jaffa , syrie” [ reiche’s handwriting on yellow label ] , “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] ,
orthomus longulus reiche label mhng 2010
[ black print on white label by g . cuccodoro ] ; 1 ♂ , “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] ,
orthomus longulus reiche ‘egypte , syrie . ’ label mhng 2010
[ black print on white label by g . cuccodoro ] , and with labels subsequently added : “paralectotype feronia longula reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] ,
orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy ) det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] .
nine genera of the “african series” of subtribe euchroina chaudoir , 1874 are keyed for the first time . checklists of the species of orthomus and of the old world euchroine genera are given .
orthomus barbarus akbensis mateu , 1955 . holotype ♂ ( irsnb ) : “holotypo” [ print on red label ] , “syrie akbes” [ print on white label ] , “ orthomus barbarus subsp . akbesensis [ sic ! ] mihi j . mateu det . , 1951” [ mixed handwritten & print on white label ] . genitalia extracted , well preserved , glued to a separate card pinned beneath the specimen .
the east mediterranean species of orthomus chaudoir , 1838 are revised . the type series of feronia longula reiche & saulcy , 1855 , f . berytensis reiche & saulcy , 1855 , f . proelonga reiche & saulcy , 1855 , orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 , o . sidonicus chaudoir , 1873 , and o . berytensis akbensis mateu , 1955 were studied and lectotypes for the first four are designated . also , the following nomenclatural acts are proposed : feronia proelonga reiche & saulcy , 1855 , syn . n . of orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy , 1855 ) ; feronia elongata chaudoir , 1859 , syn . n . of orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy , 1855 ) ; orthomus sidonicus chaudoir , 1873 , syn . n . of orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 ; orthomus velocissimus andalusiacus mateu , 1957 , syn . n . of orthomus velocissimus akbensis mateu , 1955 , new assignment for orthomus berytensis akbensis mateu , 1955 . as a result , three species of the genus inhabit the east mediterranean biogeographical region : o . berytensis , o . longior , and o . longulus . a key to these three species is given . o . longior is recorded for turkey and syria for the first time . in addition , a new synonymy of two west mediterranean taxa is proposed : o . szekessyi ( jedlička , 1956 ) , syn . n . of o . balearicus ( piochard de la brûlerie , 1868 ) , and a new genus and a species are described : parorthomus gen . n . socotranus sp . n . ( type locality : republic of yemen , socotra archipelago , socotra island , fimihin env . , 530 m . a . s . l . ) . illustrations of the species dealt with here are provided including external characters , habitus , mentum and submentum , and genitalia are provided .
type material . orthomus sidonicus chaudoir , 1873 . holotype ♂ in mnhp , with extracted genitalia . the median lobe and parameres are well preserved and glued on a separate card pinned beneath the specimen . the specimen bears the following labels : “sidon . ” [ handwritten on white label by chaudoir ] , “ sidonicus chaud . ” [ handwritten in red with ball - pen on white label by mateu ] , and , subsequently added : “holotype orthomus sidonicus chaudoir , 1873” [ black print on red label by guéorguiev ] , “ orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] .
a prefix in apposition ( masculine ) , formed from the greek παρά - , meaning “beside” , “near” , “alongside” , and the name of the mediterranean pterostichine genus orthomus to which the new taxon is related .
revision of the east mediterranean orthomus ( coleoptera , carabidae , pterostichini ) , with description of parorthomus gen . n . socotranus sp . n . from socotra island and key to the old world genera of subtribe euchroina
type material . feronia elongata chaudoir , 1859 . we were unable to find any type specimen ( s ) of this taxon , but the description and especially the distribution chaudoir gave for his species ( chaudoir 1859 : 116 ) let us draw the conclusion that he dealt with orthomus berytensis . this view is consistent with that of chaudoir ( 1873 : 105 ) who synonymized his orthomus elongatus partly with orthomus longulus sensu wollaston ( 1864 : 47 ) , and wollaston ( 1865 : 39 ) , which concerns , according to machado ( 1992 : 259 ) , orthomus berytensis . on the other side , the first locality listed by the author from among the type one is “moräa” . morea was the name of the peloponnese peninsula in south greece during the early modern period ( ca . 1500–1800 ) . at present , based on recent data ( arndt et al . 2011 : 58 , present work : ‘other material studied’ ) , we certainly know that only orthomus berytensis inhabits this part of the east mediterranean . therefore we propose the synonymy of feronia elongata with feronia berytensis .
orthomus berytensis akbensis was described from “akbes , siria” , based on a male and a female specimen . mateu characterized it as having the pronotal base not bordered bilaterally , the pronotum widest at about middle , and with basal fovea punctured , the elytral striae hardly punctured , the metatibia in male crenulate at internal side , and the median lobe ( mateu 1955 : 75 , fig . 9 ) somewhat differing from orthomus barbarus berytensis .
note2 : pupier and coulon ( 2013 : 217 , 218 ) say that , according to zaballos and jeanne ( 1994 ) and ortuño ( 1996 ) , formenterrae and penibeticus are subspecies to orthomus abacoides . the contrary is the view of serrano ( 2003 ) and bousquet ( 2003 ) who treat these taxa as subspecies of orthomus barbarus . the last reviewing authors ( pupier and coulon 2013 : 218 , 219 , 223 ) say : “il en est de même de la subordination de penibeticus et formenterrae en tant que sous - espèces d ' orthomus abacoides ” , but also : “cependant l’incertitude du rattachement de ces formes à orthomus barbarus tel que le préconisent serrano ( 2003 ) et bousquet ne permet pas , sans etude suplementaire avec suffisamment de materiel , de fixer leur status . ” due to these uncertainties we follow the view of serrano ( 2003 ) .
type material . feronia elongata chaudoir , 1859 . we were unable to find any type specimen ( s ) of this taxon , but the description and especially the distribution chaudoir gave for his species ( chaudoir 1859 : 116 ) let us draw the conclusion that he dealt with orthomus berytensis . this view is consistent with that of chaudoir ( 1873 : 105 ) who synonymized his orthomus elongatus partly with orthomus longulus sensu wollaston ( 1864 : 47 ) , and wollaston ( 1865 : 39 ) , which concerns , according to machado ( 1992 : 259 ) , orthomus berytensis . on the other side , the first locality listed by the author from among the type one is “moräa” . morea was the name of the peloponnese peninsula in south greece during the early modern period ( ca . 1500 - 1800 ) . at present , based on recent data ( arndt et al . 2011 : 58 , present work : ' other material studied’ ) , we certainly know that only orthomus berytensis inhabits this part of the east mediterranean . therefore we propose the synonymy of feronia elongata with feronia berytensis .
article : revision of the east mediterranean orthomus ( coleoptera , carabidae , pterostichini ) , with description of parorthomus gen . n . socotranus sp . n . from socotra island and key to the old world genera of subtribe euchroina
type material . feronia longula reiche & saulcy , 1855 ( specimens belonging to orthomus longior ) . the following three male and one female specimen belong to the type series of feronia longula ( mhng , see below ) . the study of the genitalia of all males , as well as the external characters of both sexes proved that all specimens belong to orthomus longior : 1 ♂ , “beyrouth” [ reiche ' s handwriting on yellow label ] , “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] , “ orthomus longulus reiche label mhng 2010” [ black print on white label by g . cuccodoro ] ; 1 ♂ , “ longulus ” [ reiche ' s handwriting on white label ] , “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] , “ orthomus longulus reiche ‘egypte , syrie . ’ label mhng 2010” [ black print on white label by g . cuccodoro ] ; 1 ♂ , “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] , “ orthomus longulus reiche ‘egypte , syrie . ’ label mhng 2010” [ black print on white label by g . cuccodoro ] ; 1 ♀ , “nazareth” [ reiche ' s handwriting on yellow label ] , “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] , “ orthomus longulus reiche label mhng 2010” [ black print on white label by cuccodoro ] . all specimens with labels , subsequently added : “paralectotype feronia longula reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] , “ orthomus longior chaudoir , 1873 det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] .
the east mediterranean species of orthomus were the object of taxonomic reviews quite a while ago ( mateu 1955 ) . since then , however , new data and new material have accumulated . investigations of material in several european museum and private collections demonstrated that the identifications of the species from the area in question were often incorrect , our investigations proved the occurrence of only three species there . for example , a review of material from greece , formerly published or identified as orthomus barbarus and orthomus berytensis , revealed that only the latter species inhabits this country ( arndt et al . 2011 : 58 ) . hence , the necessity to improve our taxonomic knowledge of the east mediterranean representatives of the genus was the main reason to start this work . besides , a few years ago one of us ( dww ) received a series of orthomus - like specimens from socotra island . subsequent examination has proven that it belongs to a species and a genus new to science .
details - revision of the east mediterranean orthomus ( coleoptera , carabidae , pterostichini ) , with description of parorthomus gen . n . socotranus sp . n . from socotra island and key to the old world genera of subtribe euchroina - biodiversity heritage library
note3 : pterostichus ( orthomus ) szekessyi jedlička , 1956 was described from the balearic islands , based on a male without an exact locality ( jedlička , 1956 ) . the holotype is stored in the collections of the magyar természettudományi múzeum , budapest and one of us ( dww ) has examined it . it is in fairly good condition , the right last four antennomeres and the left metatarsus are lacking . the specimen was originally pinned and subsequently glued to card , with aedeagus not extracted ( now it is glued to a separate card beneath the specimen ) . it is labelled with : “balearen” [ handwritten on white label ] , “typus” [ black print on red label ] , “ pterostichus ( orthomus ) sze’kessyi sp . n . det . ing . jedlička” [ red label , species name handwritten in black by jedlička , the rest printed ] . it agrees in all characters , including the construction of the median lobe of the aedeagus , with these ones of orthomus balearicus . hence , we propose the synonymy of pterostichus ( orthomus ) szekessyi with feronia balearicus piochard de la brûlerie , 1868 . the specimen is additionally labelled with “ orthomus balearicus piochard de la brȗlerie , 1868 d . w . wrase det . 2014” [ black print on white label ] .
ortuño , v . m . ( 1996 ) la genitalia femenina en los poecilini ( caraboidea , pterostichidae ) de la península iberíca i . el género orthomus chaudoir , 1838 . nouvelle revue d’entomologie ( nouvelle série ) , 13 ( 3 ) , 261–274 .
feronia longula reiche & saulcy , 1855 ( specimens belonging to orthomus longulus ) . the type series of feronia longula consists of 11 syntypes , 4 ♂♂ , 6 ♀♀ of them in mhng and 1 ♂ in mnhp . the specimens in mhng are placed under a melly’s taxa label “ longulus reiche . , egypte , syrie” [ handwritten by melly with pen ] pinned to the bottom of the drawer , which thus are to be considered as pertaining collectively to all specimens . our revision revealed that the specimens in mhng are not conspecific but belong to three distinct species . three males and one female belong to orthomus longior ( for these specimens see under orthomus longior ) , while another male and another female belong to orthomus berytensis ( for these specimens see under orthomus berytensis ) . only four females are representatives of orthomus longulus , labelled individually as follow . one female selected for lectotype : “…” [ handwritten remnant on small quadratic yellow label ] , “beyrouth” [ reiche ' s handwriting on brown label ] , “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] , “ orthomus longulus reiche label mhng 2010” [ black print on white label by cuccodoro ] , “lectotype feronia longula reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] ; 3 ♀♀ , “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] , “ orthomus longulus reiche ‘egypte , syrie . ’ label mhng 2010” [ black print on white label by cuccodoro ] , “paralectotype feronia longula reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] . the specimen from mnhp is a male , with previously extracted genitalia and glued to a separate card pinned beneath the specimen . the most part of its aedeagus is destroyed , certainly by a species of the genus anthrenus geoffroy , 1762 , but the apical lamella is still preserved . this male is conspecific with the above last four females from mhng and it is designated as paralectotype , too : “ longulus type reiche” [ handwritten on white label by mateu ] , “paralectotype feronia longula reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] . all five specimens , pertaining to the true longulus , with a label , subsequently added : “ orthomus longulus ( reiche & saulcy ) det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] .
lorenz ( 1998 : 249 , 2005 : 265 ) combines orthomus malacensis jeanne with the year 1978 . though jeanne’s work is part of “tome viii , 1978 - 1980” of the bulletin de la société linnéenne de bordeaux , it was not printed until 1981 ( see last page of that paper ) .
a recent work on mitochondrial dna variations among species of eutrichopus , wolltinerfia and orthomus , found relatively high genetic divergence between them and suggested dealing with these as distinct genera ( moya et al . 2004 : 3163 ) . based on established phyletic distance , the last taxon is treated here as an independent genus .
pupier , r . & coulon , j . ( 2013 ) etude des organes génitaux des femelles et considérations sur la taxonomie de deux groupes d’ orthomus chaudoir hispano - maghrébins ( coleoptera , harpalidae , pterostichini ) . bulletin mensuel de la société linnéenne de lyon , 82 ( 9 - 10 ) , 215–228 .
orthomus hespericus motschulsky , 1849 , formerly placed by different authors as questionable synonym of either o . velocissimus akbensis mateu , 1955 or o . velocissimus andalusiacus mateu , 1957 , is treated here as junior subjective synonym of o . barbarus barbarus ( dejean , 1828 ) . a lectotype of o . hespericus motschulsky is designated . o . rectangulus ( fairmaire , 1859 ) represents a possible junior subjective synonym of o . berytensis ( reiche & saulcy , 1855 ) . the treatment of carabus rectangulus cuvier , 1833 , as a junior secondary homonym of feronia rectangula fairmaire , 1849 is rejected . a corrected version of the checklist of the species of orthomus is included .
guéorguiev b , wrase dw , farkač j ( 2014 ) revision of the east mediterranean orthomus ( coleoptera , carabidae , pterostichini ) , with description of parorthomus gen . n . socotranus sp . n . from socotra island and key to the old world genera of subtribe euchroina . zookeys 427 : 21–57 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 427 . 7618
mentum and submentum , ventral aspect ( gray arrow indicating labial pits ) : 25 orthomus barbarus barbarus ( dejean , 1828 ) , female , spain , “laguna salinas ( alicante ) ” 26 abacillius basilewskyi straneo , 1962 , holotype 27 abacillodes jocquei straneo , 1988 , holotype 28 parorthomus socotranus sp . n . , male paratype , “fimihin” . scale bar = 0 . 5 mm .
wrase , d . w . & jeanne , c . ( 2005 ) synopsis of the orthomus rubicundus group with description of two new species and a new subspecies from morocco and algeria ( coleoptera , carabidae , pterostichini ) . linzer biologische beiträge , 37 ( 1 ) , 875–898 . urltoken pdf _ frei _ remote / lbb _ 0037 _ 1 _ 0875 - 0898 . pdf
@ article { bhlpart133153 , title = { revision of the east mediterranean orthomus ( coleoptera , carabidae , pterostichini ) , with description of parorthomus gen . n . socotranus sp . n . from socotra island and key to the old world genera of subtribe euchroina } , journal = { zookeys } , volume = { 427 } , url = urltoken publisher = { pensoft publishers 2014 } , author = { gueorguiev , borislav and wrase , david and farkač , jan } , year = { 2014 } , pages = { 21 - 57 } , keywords = { carabidae | checklist | coleoptera | east mediterranean | key | lectotype designation | new genus | new species | new synonyms | orthomus | parorthomus | pterostichini | republic of yemen | spain | taxonomy | } , }
gueorguiev , b . v . ; wrase , d . w . & farkac , j . ( 2014 ) revision of the east mediterranean orthomus ( coleoptera , carabidae , pterostichini ) , with description of parorthomus gen . n . socotranus sp . n . from socotra island and key to the old world genera of the tribe euchroina . - : zookeys , 427 : 21 - 57 .
ty - jour ti - revision of the east mediterranean orthomus ( coleoptera , carabidae , pterostichini ) , with description of parorthomus gen . n . socotranus sp . n . from socotra island and key to the old world genera of subtribe euchroina t2 - zookeys vl - 427 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2014 sp - 21 ep - 57 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 427 . 7618 au - gueorguiev , borislav au - wrase , david au - farkač , jan kw - carabidae kw - checklist kw - coleoptera kw - east mediterranean kw - key kw - lectotype designation kw - new genus kw - new species kw - new synonyms kw - orthomus kw - parorthomus kw - pterostichini kw - republic of yemen kw - spain kw - taxonomy er -
in spite of all , special character states and main ecologic preference in parorthomus socotranus sp . n . suggest that it is phylogenetically closer to orthomus and abacillodes than to any other genus . the exact phylogenetic position within the euchroines can be disclosed only after investigation of more taxa , especially from the old world , including also genetic technics and providing cladistic analysis , this could probably also identify its sister taxon .
guéorguiev , b . , wrase , d . w . , farkač , j . ( 2014 ) revision of the east mediterranean orthomus ( coleoptera , carabidae , pterostichini ) , with description of parorthomus gen . n . socotranus sp . n . from socotra island and key to the old world genera of subtribe euchroina . zookeys , 427 , 21–57 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 427 . 7618
lorenz ( 2005 : 265 ) formally declared feronia hesperica as a nomen oblitum , in spite of the fact that a junior name has never been declared as nomen protectum . this statement is incorrect , since after 1899 this taxon was cited at least twice in the coleopterological literature . heyden et al . ( 1906 : 86 ) and csiki ( 1930 : 612 ) recorded it as synonym of pterostichus ( orthomus ) barbarus . the type locality cannot be fixed exactly geographically , motschulsky ( 1849 : 52 ) wrote that the coleopterological yields the collector handschuh made in 1847 in southern spain came from “principalement aux environs de carthagène“ , which means that other parts of southern spain cannot be excluded . thus , we accept the view of mateu ( 1957 : 103 ) and list feronia hesperica as a questionable senior synonym of orthomus velocissimus akbensis , before the identity of the former can be settled .
orthomus chaudoir , 1838 is a palaearctic genus of pterostichine carabid beetles with circum - mediterranean distribution , which includes 23 species ( bousquet 2003 , lorenz 2005 , wrase and jeanne 2005 , pupier and coulon 2013 ) . the greatest diversity of species is concentrated in the western mediterranean , mostly in the iberian peninsula and north - west africa . only a few species live in the eastern mediterranean . the group is often ranked as nominotypical subgenus of orthomus s . l . , together with the macaronesian eutrichopus tschitschérine , 1897 ( three species ) , gietopus machado , 1992 ( one species ) , nesorthomus bedel , 1899 ( eight species ) , wolltinerfia machado , 1985 ( two species ) , and the north - west african trichopedius bedel , 1899 ( one species ) ( bousquet ibid . , lorenz ibid . , serrano et al . 2009 , serrano et al . 2012 ) , but some authors accepted a generic status ( mateu 1954 , machado 1992 , ortuño 1996 , wrase and jeanne 2005 , donabauer 2008 ) .
the taxon haligena , described from the salvage islands belongs to orthomus berytensis ( see machado 1992 : 260 , lorenz 1998 : 249 , 2005 : 265 ) and not to orthomus barbarus where it was quoted by bousquet ( 2003 : 477 ) , as a subspecies , erroneously with the distribution data madeira . the examination of 13 specimens ( ilhas selvagens , selvagem grande , se . sublittoral zone , 65 - 90 m ( under stones ) , xi / xii 2006 , d . putzer leg . , dwbg ) in comparison with specimens from the canaries and from morocco revealed some differences , namely a smaller body size and a strong elytral reticulation in males , almost as strong as in females . these differences could suggest that we deal with a distinct taxon but further investigations are needed . the taxonomic status of the names atlantica and muluyensis , both partly considered in the literature as a “forma” or a subspecies of berytensis or as a synonym to this name must be cleared up by further investigation of a larger sample of material .
the taxon haligena , described from the salvage islands belongs to orthomus berytensis ( see machado 1992 : 260 , lorenz 1998 : 249 , 2005 : 265 ) and not to orthomus barbarus where it was quoted by bousquet ( 2003 : 477 ) , as a subspecies , erroneously with the distribution data madeira . the examination of 13 specimens ( ilhas selvagens , selvagem grande , se . sublittoral zone , 65 - 90 m ( under stones ) , xi / xii 2006 , d . putzer leg . , dwbg ) in comparison with specimens from the canaries and from morocco revealed some differences , namely a smaller body size and a strong elytral reticulation in males , almost as strong as in females . these differences could suggest that we deal with a distinct taxon but further investigations are needed . the taxonomic status of the names atlantica and muluyensis , both partly considered in the literature as a “forma” or a subspecies of berytensis or as a synonym to this name must be cleared up by further investigation of a larger sample of material .
type material . feronia proelonga reiche & saulcy , 1855 . consists of 2 ♂♂ , 2 ♀♀ preserved in mhng and 1 ♂ in mnhp , all conspecific . the specimens in mhng are placed under a melly’s taxa label “var : praelongus reiche , palestine” [ handwritten by a . melly with pen ] . one male specimen , chosen for lectotype bears the following labels : “jourdain” [ reiche’s handwriting on yellow label ] , “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] ,
orthomus praelongu [ sic ! ] reiche ‘palestine . ’ label mhng 2010
[ black print on white label by cuccodoro ] , “lectotype feronia proelonga reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] . one male and two females from mhng : “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] ,
orthomus praelongu [ sic ! ] reiche ‘palestine . ’ label mhng 2010
[ black print on white label by g . cuccodoro ] , “paralectotype feronia proelonga reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] are accordingly designated . all four specimens with a label , subsequently added :
orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy ) det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] . the genitalia of the lectotype and the male paralectype from mhng examined by ourselves ( the apices of both median lobes were found damaged ! ) and glued to cards together with the respective specimens . the specimen from mnhp , designated as paralectotype , was with previously extracted genitalia . its aedeagus and parameres are glued to a separate card pinned beneath the specimen . additionally , this paralectotype bears two old labels equal in size and type : “proelongus type reiche” [ handwritten on white label by mateu ] and “jourdain” [ handwritten on white label by chaudoir ] , as well as a new one : “paralectotype feronia proelonga reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] . all specimens with a label , subsequently added :
orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy ) det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] .
type material . feronia proelonga reiche & saulcy , 1855 . consists of 2 ♂♂ , 2 ♀♀ preserved in mhng and 1 ♂ in mnhp , all conspecific . the specimens in mhng are placed under a melly’s taxa label “var : praelongus reiche , palestine” [ handwritten by a . melly with pen ] . one male specimen , chosen for lectotype bears the following labels : “jourdain” [ reiche ' s handwriting on yellow label ] , “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] , “ orthomus praelongu [ sic ! ] reiche ‘palestine . ’ label mhng 2010” [ black print on white label by cuccodoro ] , “lectotype feronia proelonga reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] . one male and two females from mhng : “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] , “ orthomus praelongu [ sic ! ] reiche ‘palestine . ’ label mhng 2010” [ black print on white label by g . cuccodoro ] , “paralectotype feronia proelonga reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] are accordingly designated . all four specimens with a label , subsequently added : “ orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy ) det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] . the genitalia of the lectotype and the male paralectype from mhng examined by ourselves ( the apices of both median lobes were found damaged ! ) and glued to cards together with the respective specimens . the specimen from mnhp , designated as paralectotype , was with previously extracted genitalia . its aedeagus and parameres are glued to a separate card pinned beneath the specimen . additionally , this paralectotype bears two old labels equal in size and type : “ proelongus type reiche” [ handwritten on white label by mateu ] and “jourdain” [ handwritten on white label by chaudoir ] , as well as a new one : “paralectotype feronia proelonga reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] . all specimens with a label , subsequently added : “ orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy ) det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] .
feronia berytensis reiche & saulcy , 1855 . consists of six syntypes , 4 ♂♂ , 1 ♀ preserved in mhng and 1 ♂ in mnhp . the study revealed conspecificity . the specimens in mhng are placed under a melly’s taxa label “longulus reiche , var : berytensis reiche .
[ handwritten by melly with pen ] . further , all specimens bear individually the following two labels “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] and
orthomus longulus reiche var . berytensis reiche label mhng 2010” [ black print on white label by cuccodoro ] . in addition , the male selected as lectotype with label , subsequently added : “lectotype feronia berytensis reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] , the remaining five : “paralectotype feronia berytensis reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] . the genitalia of the lectotype and of a further male paralectotype from mhng were examined and glued to cards , pinned beneath the specimens from which they had been removed . the specimen from mnhp is a male , with previously extracted genitalia and glued on a separate card pinned beneath the specimen . this sample bears two old labels equal in size and type : “berytensis type reiche” [ handwritten on white label by mateu ] , “syrie” [ handwritten on white label by chaudoir ] , as well as a new one : “paralectotype feronia berytensis reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] . all six specimens with a label , subsequently added :
orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy ) det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] .
feronia berytensis reiche & saulcy , 1855 . consists of six syntypes , 4 ♂♂ , 1 ♀ preserved in mhng and 1 ♂ in mnhp . the study revealed conspecificity . the specimens in mhng are placed under a melly’s taxa label “ longulus reiche , var : berytensis reiche . ” [ handwritten by melly with pen ] . further , all specimens bear individually the following two labels “coll . reiche” [ black print on white label ] and “ orthomus longulus reiche var . berytensis reiche label mhng 2010” [ black print on white label by cuccodoro ] . in addition , the male selected as lectotype with label , subsequently added : “lectotype feronia berytensis reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] , the remaining five : “paralectotype feronia berytensis reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] . the genitalia of the lectotype and of a further male paralectotype from mhng were examined and glued to cards , pinned beneath the specimens from which they had been removed . the specimen from mnhp is a male , with previously extracted genitalia and glued on a separate card pinned beneath the specimen . this sample bears two old labels equal in size and type : “ berytensis type reiche” [ handwritten on white label by mateu ] , “syrie” [ handwritten on white label by chaudoir ] , as well as a new one : “paralectotype feronia berytensis reiche & saulcy , 1855 b . guéorguiev & d . w . wrase des . 2012” [ black print on red label ] . all six specimens with a label , subsequently added : “ orthomus berytensis ( reiche & saulcy ) det . b . guéorguiev” [ black print on white label ] .
we are grateful to all curators and collectors listed in the section ‘material and methods’ for sending us material for study upon their responsibility or helping us with useful information . ron felix ( berkel - enschot , the netherlands ) and manfred persohn ( herxheimweyher , germany ) who made a significant part of the type series of the new species available and paulo borges ( universidade dos açores , azores , portugal ) gifted us a series of cedrorum azoricum . we thank johannes bergsten ( naturhistoriska riksmuseet , stockholm , sweden ) , ron felix , jiří hájek ( nmpc ) , marc de meyer ( mrac ) , jose serrano ( universidad de murcia , murcia , spain ) , győző szél ( magyar természettudományi múzeum , budapest , hungary ) , and riccardo sciaky ( milano , italy ) for providing unavailable literature or for some advice concerning types . again thanks go to jose serrano for the useful discussion on the taxonomy of some west mediterranean taxa of orthomus . we are very obliged to hans fery ( berlin , germany ) for a discussion on nomenclatural problems and joachim schmidt ( universität rostock , germany ) and jiří hájek ( nmpc ) for much critical advice . we appreciate very much the support of jon cooter ( oxford , united kingdom ) for critical reading a previous draft of the manuscript on which this paper is based , and we are thankful to ricardo sciaky and kipling w . will ( university of california , berkeley , usa ) for reviewing the manuscript and making substantial and much appreciated critical comments .
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all the afore - enumerated taxa together with the afrotropical genera abacillius straneo , 1949 and abacillodes straneo , 1988 were referred as to the “african series” of subtribe euchroina chaudoir , 1874 ( will 2006 ) . the species included in euchroina share several derived characters that is exceedingly short or no coronal suture ( i ) , ventrally extended membranous band on the maxillary stipes ( ii ) in the larvae ( bousquet and liebherr 1994 ) , well - impressed frontal furrows of head , not or hardly attaining the level of anterior supra - orbital puncture ( iii ) , hind trochanters without setae ( iv ) , and “gooseneck” shaped bursa copulatrix ( v ) in the imago ( will 2002 , 2006 , frania and ball 2007 ) , which suggest monophyletic origin of the subtribe . besides , most old world euchroines have relatively large and prominent eyes compared to the size of the head , submentum without lateral setae , distinct parascutellar stria , sternites v - vii with transverse sulci ( complete or not ) , segment 5 of tarsomeres setose beneath and median lobe of aedeagus with dorsal ostium .
the genus cedrorum borges & serrano , 1993 from the azores does not belong to this series as its only species , cedrorum azoricus borges & serrano , 1993 , exhibits a set of features atypical of the euchroines , such as : superficial frontal furrows , submentum with lateral setae , left paramere with a slight transverse aphophysis , falcate right paramere , no transverse sulci on sternites v - vii ( contrary to the statement of borges and serrano 1993 : 320 ) and segment 5 of tarsomeres glabrous ventrally .
the lectotypes are designated and validated in order to stabilize the nomenclature in the genus according to article 74 . 7 . 3 of the code ( iczn 1999 ) . without this action , our concept of some “well - known” species would be uncertain , because in many instances , we dealt with type - series consisting of two or more species , and the series are divided between two museums .
solution , then washed and neutralized and then stored in glycerine . the figures were made with zeiss transmitted - light microscope . after that , the aedeagus and parameres were embedded in euparal either on the same card with specimen from which they were extracted or on a separate transparent label beneath the specimen from whom they were removed . the measurements and other drawings were made with the aid of an olympus szx10 stereobinocular . the photos of habitus and pronotum were made with a zeiss stemi 2000 microscope equipped with an axiocam erc 5s camera .
measurements : body length from the apex of the longer mandible to the apex of the longer elytron ( bl ) ; maximum linear distance across the head , including the eyes ( hw ) ; maximum width of pronotum ( pw ) ; length of pronotum , measured from the apical margin to the basal margin along the midline ( pl ) ; width of the pronotal base , between the tips of the hind angles ( pbw ) ; length of elytra , from a line connecting the apices of the humeral angles to the apex of the longer elytron ( el ) ; maximum width of elytra ( ew ) . the surface of the paramere close - fitting to the distal part of the median lobe of the aedeagus is denoted as internal face , on the contrary the second surface is the external face .
elytra with discal setiferous punctures in interval 3 / stria 3 . mentum tooth bifid
elytra without discal setiferous punctures . mentum tooth hardly excavate ( abacillodes aculeatus ) or round ( abacillius basilewskyi ) at tip
pronotum subquadrate ( sides straight or slightly narrowed towards hind angles ) , with anterior angles slightly to moderately prominent forward . abdominal sternites v - vii with transverse sulci complete and well - impressed
pronotum subtrapezoid ( sides broadened towards hind angles ) , with fore angles fairly prominent forward . abdominal sternites v - vii with transverse sulci distinct only laterally ( nesorthomus annae donabauer , 2008 , nesorthomus bedelianus lutshnik , 1915 and nesorthomus dilaticollis wollaston , 1854 ) or lacking ( remaining species )
head with distinct eyes and paraorbital sulci not extended behind posterior margin of eye . elytra truncate apically
head with very small or no eyes and paraorbital sulci grooved , extended behind posterior margin of eye toward neck . elytra rounded apically
feronia ( argutor ) proelonga reiche & saulcy , 1855 : 619 ( type locality : “des bords du jourdain” ) , syn . n .
feronia elongata chaudoir , 1859 : 116 ( type locality : “moräa , beyruth und alexandrien . ” ) , syn . n .
we got the information that the part of the reiche collection housed in mhng was integrated into the general collection ( which was build up essentially from the collection of andré melly ) with all specimens with : “coll . reiche” but usually there are neither locality , nor identification labels attached to individual specimens , and that identification and locality data figure only on the ' taxa labels ' ( handwritten by melly ) pinned to the bottom of the drawer , which have thus to be considered as pertaining collectively to the specimens pinned above ( cuccodoro in litt . ) . the species was described from “beyruth” , taking into consideration the above mentioned facts concerning labelling of the types we suppose the above mentioned typical specimens as coming from the type locality .
greece : 1 ♂ , “graecia” / “sammlung schroeder” ( miz ) ; 1 ♀ , “l . miller graecia” ( zman ) . atticí : 1 ♂ , “graecia attica” , von oertzen” ( zman ) ; 3 ♂♂ , 2 ♀♀ , “b . athen v . o . ” ( zman ) ; 1 ♂ , peloponnes” , x 2009 , umlauf leg . ( dwbg ) . crete : rethymno prefecture , 1 ♀ , “adele , iv . 1986 , egger leg . ” ( nmw ) .
northern cyprus : gazimağusa district : 2 ♀♀ , agia napa , 8 . iv . 1983 , j . nielsen leg ( dwbg ) ; 1 ♂ , 2 ♀♀ , 3 km w agia napa , 9 . - 14 . iv . 1999 , a . pütz leg . ( dwbg ) ; 1 ♀ , agia napa env . , middle iv 1998 , m . sieber leg . ( dwbg ) ; 6 ♂♂ , 1 ♀ , ydatodexameni kouklion , mantres tou prastio , ca 16 km w famagusta , 500 m , 35°07 ' n , 33°46 ' e ( fallow land with salicornia / sueda ) , 20 . ii . 2011 , d . w . wrase leg . [ 5 ] ( dwbg ) ; 2 ♂♂ , same data but : loamy field edge ( dwbg ) .
un buffer zone ( cyprus ) : 5 spec . , achna dam , 11 . 12 . 2006 , under stones , k . austin & e . small leg . ( bmnh , nmnhs ) .
republic of cyprus : larnaca district : 1 ♂ , 2 ♀♀ , pyla [ “pula” ] , 22 . i . 1992 , j . hořyna leg . ( dwbg ) .
syria : gouvernement dar ' a : 1 ♀ , buṣrā ( free zone ) , 100 km s damascus , 5 . xii . 2007 , r . kmeco leg . ( dwbg ) .
israel : 1 ♂ , palestine negev , 8 . 2 . 19 , leg . bythinsky - salz ( tau ) ; 5 ♂♂ , 5 ♀♀ , palestyna dzebata 25 . xii . 25 ( miz ) . - jerusalem district : 1 ♂ , kiryat anavim , 8 . 4 . 1948 ( tau ) . northern district : 1 spec . , golan , tel quazir , 29 . 3 . - 26 . 4 . 87 , richter leg . ( nmw ) . - tel aviv district : 1 ♂ , tel - aviv , 19 . x . 1987 , g . coulon leg . ( tau ) . - central district : 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ , sw khadera ( brackish pond ) , 27 . iii . 2008 , d . w . wrase leg . ( dwbg ) ; 2 ♂♂ , 1 ♀ , nitsanim , dunes betw . ashdod and ashkelon , 29 . iii . 2008 , d . w . wrase leg . ( dwbg ) . - haifa district : 2 ♂♂ , 1 ♀ , atlit , 16 . xi . 1998 , v . chikatunov leg . ( tau ) ; 2 ♀♀ , salines at atlit , s haifa , 30 . iii . 2008 , d . w . wrase leg . ( dwbg ) . - south district : 1 ♀ , revivim , 2 . 8 . 1958 , coll . krystal j . ( tau ) ; 1 ♀ , segula , qiryat gat , 5 . v . 1996 , v . chikatunov leg . ( tau ) ; 1 ♀ , ashdod , 7 . 12 . 96 , r . hoffman leg . ( tau ) ; 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ , ofaqim , 11 . ii . 1997 , l . friedman leg . ( tau ) ; 2 ♂♂ , 1 ♀ , ha bsor , nakhal bsor , ca 12 km sw ofakim ( banks , leaf litter , under plants , sifted ) , 22 . iii . 2008 , d . w . wrase leg . ( dwbg ) ; 1 ♂ , gilat , sw jerusalem , e gaza , 31°20 ' n , 34°40 ' e , olive plantation , 29 . iii . 2011 , m . kurtz leg . ( mphg ) .
gaza strip : 8 ♂♂ , 5 ♀♀ , env . gaza , 30 . iii . 1987 , w . heinz leg . ( dwbg ) ; 9 spec . , gaza umg . , 29 . 3 . –26 . 4 . 87 , richter leg . ( nmw ) .
libya : tripoli district : 8 spec . , tripoli , 0 - 20 m , 12 - 18 . 04 . 1998 , p . beron leg . ( nmnhs ) ; 1 ♀ , tripoli , iv 1982 , březina leg . ( dwbg ) ; 4 spec . , tripoli , soani road , 4 . xii . 1982 , v . pamukov leg . ( nmnhs ) ; 1 ♀ , 4 km w sidi muhammad al mabkhud , 32°28 ' 53 . 3
n , 20°56 ' 29 . 4
e , 333 m , 21 . v . 2002 , a . reiter leg . ( dwbg ) . - binghazi district : 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ , tolmeitha ( ptolemais ) , 19 . iii . 2000 , j . kny & p . rudich leg . ( dwbg ) . - jabal al akhdar district : 1 ♂ , susa , apollonia , 22 . ii . 83 , o . kodym leg . ( dwbg ) .
egypt : 2 ♀♀ , cairo - alexandria , 8 . 5 . 1956 , w . kühnell leg . ( nmw ) . - faiyum governorate : 4 ♂♂ , 2 ♀♀ , kom oshim , 1 . 5 . 1956 , w . kühnell leg . ( nmw ) . - north sinai governorate : 1 ♀ , el - arish 11 . 1 . 57 , a . sabay leg . ( tau ) . - alexandria governorate : 1 ♂ , 100 km s alexandria , 19 . i . 1994 , w . ullrich leg . ( dwbg ) . - beni suef governorate : 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ , el shanawaya , 1 . ix . 1994 , w . ullrich leg . ( dwbg ) ; 1 ♂ , the same but 29 . v . 1995 ( dwbg ) ; 1 ♀ , the same but 4 . vi . 1995 ( dwbg ) ; 5 ♂♂ , 3 ♀♀ , the same but 12 . v . 1995 ( dwbg ) . - cairo governorate : 1 ♂ , 1 ♀ , helwan , 19 . i . 1931 , w . roszkowski leg . ( miz ) ; 1 ♀ , el maadi , 8 . xi . 1993 , w . ullrich leg . ( dwbg ) . - ismaïlia governorate : 3 ♀♀ , abu suweir - el - mahatta , 19 . xii . 1995 , w . ullrich leg . ( dwbg ) ; 1 ♂ , waraura , 4 . vi . 1995 , w . ullrich leg . ( dwbg ) .


achatinella pulcherrima is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family achatinellidae .

this species is endemic to the island of oahu in hawaii .

henry augustus pilsbry considered this species to be a subspecies of achatinella byronii .

achatinella pulcherrima

information on achatinella pulcherrima is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
are we missing a good definition for achatinella pulcherrima ? don ' t keep it to yourself . . .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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title =
arkive species - oahu tree snail ( achatinella pulcherrima )
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arkive species - oahu tree snail ( achatinella pulcherrima )
title =
arkive species - oahu tree snail ( achatinella pulcherrima )
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/ > < / a >
maggie whitson marked
file : zoological illustrations volume iii series 2 123 . jpg
as trusted on the
achatinella pulcherrima swainson , 1828
page .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive photo - < i > achatinella pulcherrima < / i >
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— taxobox name = achatinella taeniolata status = cr | status system = iucn2 . 3 regnum = animalia phylum = mollusca classis = gastropoda ordo = stylommatophora familia = achatinellidae genus = achatinella species = a . taeniolata binomial = … …
— taxobox name = achatinella abbreviata status = ex | status system = iucn2 . 3 regnum = animalia phylum = mollusca classis = gastropoda ordo = stylommatophora familia = achatinellidae genus = achatinella species = a . abbreviata binomial = … …
a taxonomic species within the genus achatinella — a species of gastropod which is endemic to oahu in the us hawaiian islands and currently an endangered species .
maggie whitson marked
file : zoological illustrations volume iii series 2 123 . jpg
as trusted on the
achatinella bulimoides swainson , 1828
page .
maggie whitson added an association between
file : zoological illustrations volume iii series 2 123 . jpg
and
achatinella bulimoides ssp . rosea swainson , 1833
.
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 1992 .
recovery plan for the oahu tree snails of the genus achatinella .
u . s . fish and wildlife service , portland .
hart , a . d . 1979 . a survival status report on the endemic hawaiian tree snail genus achatinella ( swainson ) from oahu . unpublished report for u . s . fish and wildlife service , hawaii .
holland , b . s . & m . g . hadfield . 2002 . islands within an island : phylogeography and conservation genetics of the endangered hawaiian tree snail achatinella mustelina . molecular ecology 11 : 365 - 375 .
^ holland , b . s . & m . g . hadfield . 2002 . islands within an island : phylogeography and conservation genetics of the endangered hawaiian tree snail achatinella mustelina . molecular ecology 11 : 365 - 375 .
a biologist , who extensively surveyed the snails ' forest habitat in the early 1980s , has suggested that the most abundant of these endangered species are a . mustelina and a . sowerbyana , numbering perhaps 400 individuals each . estimated at about 200 individuals or less were the species a . curta , a . decipiens , and a . lila . the species a . fuscobasis and a . pupukanioe numbered perhaps 100 individuals each . achatinella concavospira and a . pulcherrima numbered 50 or less individuals each . achatinella bellula , a . bulimoides , a . byronii , a . fulgens , a . leucorraphe , a . lorata , a . swiftii , a taeniolata , and a . turgida , all numbered less than 20 individuals . there is no current population estimate for the species a . apexfulva , and population numbers for all species have probably declined from the 1980s estimates .
bland t . & binney w . g . ( 1874 )
on the lingual dentition and anatomy of achatinella and other pulmonata
. annals of the lyceum of natural history of new york . 10 : 331 - 351 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1993 . recovery plan . oahu tree snails of the genus achatinella . u . s . department of the interior fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon . 58 pp . + 64 app .
those species still living , but in danger of extinction , are a . apexfulva , a . bellula , a . bulimoides , a . byronii , a . concavospira , a . curta , a . decipiens , a . fulgens , a . fuscobasis , a . leucorraphe , a . lila , a . lorata , a . mustelina , a . pulcherrima , a . pupukanioe , a . sowerbyana , a . swiftii , a . taeniolata , and a . turgida .
chiaverano l . m . & holland b . s . ( 2014 ) .
impact of an invasive predatory lizard on the endangered hawaiian tree snail achatinella mustelina : a threat assessment
. endangered species research 24 : 115 - 123 , doi : 10 . 3354 / esr00589 .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . ( 1992 ) endangered species recovery plan for the o’ahu tree snails of the genus achatinella . u . s . fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon , 64 pp . + 64 pp . of appendices + 5 figures . pdf
holland , b . s . & m . g . hadfield . 2007 . molecular systematics of the endangered o‘ahu tree snail achatinella mustelina ( mighels 1845 ) : synonymization of subspecies and estimation of gene flow between chiral morphs . pacific science , 61 ( 1 ) : 53 - 66 .
members of the genus achatinella are classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) . a number of species are already classified as extinct ( ex ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) .
^ holland , b . s . & m . g . hadfield . 2007 . molecular systematics of the endangered o‘ahu tree snail achatinella mustelina ( mighels 1845 ) : synonymization of subspecies and estimation of gene flow between chiral morphs . pacific science , 61 ( 1 ) : 53 - 66 .
^ a b c d e f g h u . s . fish and wildlife service . ( 1992 ) endangered species recovery plan for the o’ahu tree snails of the genus achatinella . u . s . fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon , 64 pp . + 64 pp . of appendices + 5 figures . pdf
as a group , the achatinella are hermaphroditic ( with both male and female reproductive organs ) but not self - fertilizing . they breed year round and usually bear one live young , born complete with shell . studied species were found to grow at a rate of about 0 . 08 in ( 2 mm ) in length per year and to reach sexual maturity in six or seven years .
some species of achatinella , such as a . juncea , a . buddii , and a . papyracea , were rare as long ago as the 1930s . other extremely rare species , such as a . lehuiensis , a . thaanumi , and a . spaldingi , became extinct soon after being discovered . it is believed that only 19 of 41 documented species of the snail still exist . all surviving species are federally listed as endangered .
the achatinella are divided into three subgenera according to shell shape , which is either spherical , conical , or egg - shaped . adult shell length is 0 . 2 - 1 in ( 0 . 5 - 2 . 5 cm ) , depending on the species . the number of whorls varies between five and seven . all species are brightly colored and distinctively patterned . most species have glossy shells , but some have a sculptured surface .
the oahu tree snails are a classic example of the devastation of the native fauna and flora of the hawaiian islands that has occurred following human settlement of the archipelago . currently , only ten extant species of the genus achatinella are known ( 6 ) ; these vary greatly in pattern , colour and shape ( 2 ) , with white and brown shades amongst the commonest colours ( 6 ) . these small snails have a smooth , glossy shell , which is generally conical in shape ( 6 ) .
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baillie , j . and groombridge , b . ( eds ) . 1996 . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . pp . 378 . international union for conservation of nature , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
groombridge , b . ( ed . ) . 1994 . 1994 iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
iucn . 1990 . iucn red list of threatened animals . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
wells , s . m . , pyle , r . m . and collins , n . m . ( compilers ) 1983 . the iucn invertebrate red data book . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk .
a taxonomic species within the family achatinellidae – a species of gastropod which is endemic to oahu in the us hawaiian islands and currently an endangered species .
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cowie , r . h . , n . l . evenhuis , c . c . christensen . 1995b . catalog of the native land and freshwater molluscs of the hawaiian islands . backhuys publishers : leiden , the netherlands . 248 pp .
some color patterns appear like a . sowerbyana and it may have been confused with lowland forms of a . sowerbyana .
g1s1 . 1 10 records since 1945 , but only 3 are considered current ( post - 1979 ) . populations are threatened by euglandina rosea . also , habitat has been drastically reduced . likely extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) . last seen 1975 .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
historical ranges included waialua , helemano , wahiawa , kalaikoa , and ahonui . recent ranges include the summit and peahiania trails .
10 post - 1945 occurrences ; 3 are current ( 1993 ) and 7 are historical ( between 1948 and 1978 ) . likely extinct ( hawaii biological survey web site http : / hbs . bishopmuseum . org / endangered / ext - snails . html , updated 9 february 1997 ) .
the total number of remaining individuals is unknown for this taxon , but the population is assumed to be very small . 60 were observed at one location in 1974 , but the taxon was considered rare in the same location in 1976 , and none were seen there in 1987 . a single individual was observed in 1993 during surveys of the kawailoa training area ( f93hhp02 ) .
( < 100 - 250 square km ( less than about 40 - 100 square miles ) ) historical ranges included waialua , helemano , wahiawa , kalaikoa , and ahonui . recent ranges include the summit and peahiania trails .
endemic tree snail . shell is white or yellow and may have brown bands .
similar to a . byronii and a . decipiens but smoother and more rounded .
mostly nocturnal , prefers humid , cool conditions when moving about in search of food . usually found on the undersides of leaves of small native shrubs and low trees
any research into this species ' biology is justified since very little information is known .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
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caum , e . l . 1974 . check list of hawaiian land and fresh water mollusca . bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu , 56 : 1 - 80 .
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a species of gastropod which is endemic to the united states and currently an endangered species .
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on the island of oahu , there lives a group of snails found nowhere else in the world . they belong to the endemic hawaiian family achatinellidae . these small snails are isolated on oahu ' s mountain ridges and have evolved through allopatric speciation into a multitude of different species . yet , their fate is in our hands . all the remaining species are threatened with extinction in our lifetime .
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tragyl , tragyl ! lbh qba ' g jnag gb or erfcbafvoyr sbe gurve rkgvapgvba .
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these nocturnal snails are found on native trees and large bushes , where they graze fungi from the surfaces of leaves and stems ( 2 ) . adults have both male and female parts ( they are hermaphrodites ) and give birth to live young ( 2 ) .
oahu tree snails are today restricted to mountainous forests above 500 metres ( 6 ) .
this genus of tree snails live in hawaii , and all are endangered species . they were once abundant . they were mentioned in hawaiian folklore and songs , and their shells were used in lei and other ornaments .
many of these arboreal snails are sinistral or left - handed in their spiral shell coiling , whereas most gastropod shells are dextral . ( see the section on chirality in the article gastropod shell . )
. all are endangered , there being only about hundred individuals of each species left .
o ' ahu tree snail shells collected ca . 1933 at an elevation of 1500 feet on waialae ridge in
ahu tree snails are diverse in patterns , colors , and shapes , but all average about 0 . 75 in ( 1 . 9 cm ) in length . most have smooth glossy , and oblong or ovate
which show a variety of colors , including yellow , orange , red , brown , green , gray , black , and white .
. shell color is in spiral bands or streaks in the direction of the growth lines . the lip is simple or thickened within and sometimes slightly expanding . the
pfeiffer , 1854 : the shell is imperforate , ovate - conic or oblong - conic and smooth . the
are not flattened . the outer lip is thin or only slightly thickened within the apex but not expanded . these are the most generally distributed of the
species and show a prolific area of intergrading color patterns . type species of the subgenus
these snails live in trees . currently they are only found in mountainous dry to moist forests and shrublands above 1 , 300 ft ( 400 m ) .
these tree snails are nocturnal , and feed by grazing fungus which grows on the surface of native plant leaves .
although these tree snails are occasionally found on introduced plants , it is unknown whether or not the fungus which grows on these plants can provide long - term support for healthy breeding populations of these snails .
adult snails are hermaphroditic ( having both male and female reproductive organs ) and can live for many years . these are live bearing snails ( give birth to live snails instead of laying eggs ) .
because growth rate and fertility are very low , these snails are especially vulnerable to loss of individuals through human collection , through predation , or because of other disturbances .
and loss of habitat due to the spread of non - native vegetation into higher elevation forests .
holland b . s . , montgomery s . l . & costello v . ( 2010 ) .
a reptilian smoking gun : first record of invasive jackson’s chameleon ( chamaeleo jacksonii ) predation on native hawaiian species
. biodiversity and conservation 19 ( 5 ) : 1437 - 1441 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s10531 - 009 - 9773 - 5 .
régnier , benoît and bouchet ( 2009 ) . not knowing , not recording , not listing : numerous unnoticed mollusk extinctions . conservation biology 23 ( 5 ) : 1214–1221
holland , b . s . & m . g . hadfield . 2004 . origin and diversification of the endemic hawaiian tree snails ( achatinellinae : achatinellidae ) based on molecular evidence . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 32 ( 2 ) : 588 - 600 .
oahu tree snails live singly or in small clusters in the crevices of tree bark , on the undersides of branches and foliage , or in deep leaf litter around the base of the trunk . most species are nocturnal , grazing on leaf and bark surfaces for microscopic algae , fungi , liverworts , and detritis , but apparently do not feed upon the leaves or bark themselves . individual snails are sedentary and may spend their entire life on a single tree .
the island of oahu encompasses some 607 sq mi ( 1 , 433 sq km ) . over 35 % of this land area is devoted to urban areas or agricultural crops , 45 % to grazing land , and less than 20 % to forest lands , mostly at high elevations . only a small portion of this forest ( 2 - 3 % ) is still in relatively pristine condition .
oahu tree snails are dependent upon the remnants of undisturbed forests and upon native trees . a single species of snail is often associated with a specific tree species . rarely do any of these species cross over to trees that have been introduced from outside the island .
the snails occur primarily in subtropical moist or tropical wet evergreen forest land . the oahu tree snails usually occur at elevations above 1 , 000 ft ( 305 m ) where native species predominate . in mountain bogs , the snails may also inhabit forested wetlands .
much of the island of oahu , hawaii , was once heavily forested , and tree snails were dispersed throughout . it is estimated that the original extent of forested land has been reduced by about 85 % by agriculture and human settlement . native trees have declined in large numbers , losing ground to introduced , non - native trees .
tree snails survive in scattered enclaves throughout portions of the historic range , typically at higher elevations along the crests of ridges where the forests are least disturbed . only two such areas on oahu remain
the waianae range , and the koolau range . current population levels are low for all of the tree snails , perhaps only five to ten percent of 1960 levels .
the occurrence of snails on the makua military reservation and schofield barracks military reservation , as well as its possible occurrence at the mauna kapu communication station , was reported in detail in the 1970s and 1980s . snails also occur ( or occurred ) at the site of a now abandoned nike missile facility near peacock flats and in the vicinity of the access road to the air force / federal aviation administration facility on mt . ka ' ala . the snails ' occurrence on the lualualei naval reservation is probably restricted . virtually all snail populations occur on lands zoned by the state as conservation lands and as forest reserves , affording the snails and their habitat considerable protection . however , their ranges are greatly reduced and observations show their numbers to be rapidly declining .
the ancient hawaiians believed the tree snails sang , though later it was realized crickets were doing the
singing .
but their mystique lived on , and the richly colored shells made oahu tree snails attractive to collectors . while appreciation for tree snails helped inspire a greater awareness of the diversity and uniqueness of the hawaiian flora and fauna , collecting also reduced certain localized populations of tree snail species .
another obvious reason for the precipitous decline of tree snail populations is the loss of native forests on the island . oahu ' s lower elevation forests were long ago converted to agriculture , pasture , or for residences . much of the remaining forests have been degraded by the intermingling of non - native trees and plants , changing the composition of plants ; this in turn affects the abundance and dispersal of the snails ' chief food sources
hikers along forest trails often collect the brightly colored snails . but because of late sexual maturity and a slow growth rate ( natural replacement of a reproducing adult takes at least six years ) , tree snail populations can be quickly depleted by even casual collecting . several of these tree snails have come to the attention of more serious collectors , who seem willing to finance the depletion of these rare snails by purchasing specimens .
another immediate threat for these tree snails is an exotic , carnivorous snail ( euglandina rosea ) , that was introduced from florida in 1955 to control another snail pest , the giant african snail ( achatina fulica ) . this carnivorous snail had little impact on the african snail , but in areas where it has become established , oahu tree snails are now entirely absent . other predators , including additional alien land mollusks , a terrestrial flatworm , and ants are also thought to be a continuing threat to the tree snails . the snail ' s low reproductive rate and the unusually long period required for them to reach sexual maturity is another important factor rendering these snails extremely vulnerable to extinction under unnaturally high predation rates .
recovery for these tree snails will depend ultimately upon saving the remaining acreage of native forests on oahu , stopping collectors , and ridding the habitat of predators . the fish and wildlife service ( fws ) , the state of hawaii , and the nature conservancy of hawaii cooperate in an aggressive campaign to acquire and protect forest land . the results of these efforts are slow to materialize , and it remains an open question whether many of these tree snails will survive .
u . s . fish and wildlife service division of endangered species eastside federal complex 911 n . e . 11th avenue portland , oregon 97232 urltoken
hart , a . d . 1975 .
living jewels imperiled .
defenders 50 : 482 - 486 .
hart , a . d . 1978 .
the onslaught against hawaii ' s tree snails .
natural history 87 : 46 - 57 .
whitten , h . 1980 .
endangered hawaiian tree snail .
article . honolulu star bulletin july 14 , 1980 .
young , g . 1979 .
which way oahu ?
national geographic magazine 156 ( 5 ) : 652 - 679 .
oahu tree snails .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
oahu tree snails .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
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classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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this genus of tree snails live in hawaii , and all are endangered species . they were once abundant . they were mentioned in hawaiian folklore and songs , and their shells were used in lei and other ornaments .
ahu tree snail endemic to hawaiian island of o ` ahu . about hundred of each specie is left .
all 40 species are listed under united states federal legislation as endangered . the iucn lists a number of these species as extinct and the remainder as critically endangered .
these tree snails are nocturnal , and feed by grazing fungus which grows on the surface of native plant leaves .
, and loss of habitat due to the spread of non - native vegetation into higher elevation forests .
^ holland , b . s . & m . g . hadfield . 2004 . origin and diversification of the endemic hawaiian tree snails ( achatinellinae : achatinellidae ) based on molecular evidence . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 32 ( 2 ) : 588 - 600 .
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