the specific name stanleyi is in honor of explorer henry morton stanley .

this species is endemic to lake malawi .

gabbiella stanleyi

how can i put and write and define gabbiella stanleyi in a sentence and how is the word gabbiella stanleyi used in a sentence and examples ? 用gabbiella stanleyi造句 , 用gabbiella stanleyi造句 , 用gabbiella stanleyi造句 , gabbiella stanleyi meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
gabbiella stanleyi is a species of small freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family bithyniidae .

' gabbiella stanleyi
' is a species of small freshwater snails with an aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family bithyniidae .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species has a widespread distribution with no major widespread threats identified .
this is a freshwater species . it has been dredged from 310 feet , common in littoral zone down to 40 feet .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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author : ( benson ) | location : india : : : ; pondicherry [ puducherry ] approx . 11 . 93 ? n , 79 . 83 ? e ( 1 ) | collecting data : henderson , j . b . ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 1 | type status :
author : ( benson ) | location : india : : : ; ganges river approx . 23 . 36667 ? n , 90 . 53333 ? e ( 1 ) | collecting data : mac andrew ; | preparation : dry 5 . 0 | accuracy : 1 | type status :
author : dohrn , 1857 | location : sri lanka : : : ; unknown locality approx . 7 ? n , 81 ? e ( 1 ) | collecting data : quadras ; | preparation : dry 8 . 0 | accuracy : 1 | type status :
author : dohrn , 1857 | location : india : : : ; unknown locality ( 0 ) | collecting data : wetherby ; | preparation : dry 2 . 0 | accuracy : 0 | type status :
author : dohrn , 1857 | location : sri lanka : : : ; unknown locality approx . 7 ? n , 81 ? e ( 1 ) | collecting data : unknown ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 1 | type status :
author : dohrn , 1857 | location : south korea : gyeonggi - do : : ; chongpyung ( 0 ) | collecting data : unknown ; 00 / sep / 1981 | preparation : dry 1 . 0 | accuracy : 0 | type status :
author : benson , 1860 | location : ; unknown locality ( 0 ) | collecting data : linter , j . e . ; | preparation : dry 6 . 0 | accuracy : 0 | type status :
author : pilsbry | location : : : : ; bona , french west africa ( ) | collecting data : mac andrew ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 0 | type status :
author : ( smith , 1877 ) | location : kenya : : : ; kisumu , victoria nyanza approx . 0 . 10772 ? s , 34 . 74486 ? e ( 2 ) | collecting data : mac andrew ; 14 / oct / 1911 | preparation : dry 7 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( smith , 1877 ) | location : uganda : central region : kampala : ; entebbe , lake victoria [ victoria nyanza ] approx . 0 . 09235 ? n , 32 . 45773 ? e ( 2 ) | collecting data : mac andrew ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : smith , 1888 | location : uganda : : : ; lake albert , butiaba approx . 1 . 8114 ? n , 31 . 3306 ? e ( 2 ) | collecting data : mcclure , a . ; | preparation : dry ~ 150 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : pease | location : : : : ; lake tanganyika , ujiji , tanganyika territory [ tanzania ] approx . 4 . 9115 ? s , 29 . 6746 ? e ( 2 ) | collecting data : unknown ; 00 / _ _ _ / 1938 | preparation : dry 2 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : pease | location : cook islands : : : ; aitutaki approx . 18 . 85833 ? s , 159 . 79167 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : ponsonby ; | preparation : dry 5 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : m ? llendorf | location : micronesia : : : ; ponape [ pohnpei ] , caroline islands approx . 6 . 90694 ? n , 158 . 2325 ? e ( 2 ) | collecting data : ponsonby ; | preparation : dry 1 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( pease , 1865 ) | location : cook islands : : : ; rarotonga 21 ? 14 ' 5
s , 159 ? 46 ' 30
w ( 2 ) | collecting data : unknown ; | preparation : dry 1 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( pease , 1865 ) | location : cook islands : : : ; rarotonga 21 ? 14 ' 5
s , 159 ? 46 ' 30
w ( 2 ) | collecting data : rush ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( pease , 1865 ) | location : cook islands : : : ; rarotonga 21 ? 14 ' 5
s , 159 ? 46 ' 30
w ( 2 ) | collecting data : rush ; | preparation : dry 2 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( pease , 1865 ) | location : cook islands : : : ; unknown locality approx . 22 . 26876 ? s , 158 . 20312 ? w ( 1 ) | collecting data : tomlin & nason ; | preparation : dry 18 . 0 | accuracy : 1 | type status :
author : ( pease , 1865 ) | location : cook islands : : : ; aitutaki approx . 18 . 85833 ? s , 159 . 79167 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : ponsonby ; | preparation : dry 8 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( pease , 1865 ) | location : cook islands : : : ; unknown locality approx . 22 . 26876 ? s , 158 . 20312 ? w ( 1 ) | collecting data : rush ; | preparation : dry 2 . 0 | accuracy : 1 | type status :
author : ( pease , 1868 ) | location : cook islands : : : ; unknown locality approx . 22 . 26876 ? s , 158 . 20312 ? w ( 1 ) | collecting data : nason , w . a . ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 1 | type status :
author : ( pease , 1868 ) | location : cook islands : : : ; rarotonga 21 ? 14 ' 5
s , 159 ? 46 ' 30
w ( 2 ) | collecting data : ponsonby ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( c . b adams , 1849 ) | location : jamaica : : : ; bog walk approx . 18 . 10067 ? n , 77 . 01668 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : rush ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : c . b . adams , 1849 | location : jamaica : : : ; bellevue ( ) | collecting data : tomlin ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 0 | type status :
author : c . b . adams , 1849 | location : jamaica : : : ; bellevue ( ) | collecting data : wetherby ; | preparation : dry 23 . 0 | accuracy : 0 | type status :
author : c . b . adams , 1850 | location : jamaica : manchester : : ; mandeville 18 . 0333 ? n , 77 . 5000 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : wetherby ; | preparation : dry 5 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : | location : jamaica : : : ; creighton hall , st . thomas approx . 17 . 88343 ? n , 76 . 48321 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : brown , l . b . ; | preparation : dry 1 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : pfeiffer , 1845 | location : jamaica : : : ; unknown locality ( 0 ) | collecting data : unknown ; | preparation : dry 1 . 0 | accuracy : 0 | type status :
author : ( poey ) | location : cuba : cienfuegos : : ; barajagua 22 . 1633 ? n , 80 . 1186 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : hills ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : c . b . adams , 1850 | location : jamaica : cornwall : westmoreland : ; fort william approx . 18 . 3000 ? n , 78 . 0667 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : jarvis , p . w . ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : c . b . adams , 1849 | location : jamaica : manchester : : ; mandeville 18 . 0333 ? n , 77 . 5000 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : wetherby ; | preparation : dry 13 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : c . b . adams , 1849 | location : jamaica : : : ; peach point ( ) | collecting data : jarvis , p . w . ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 0 | type status :
author : c . b . adams | location : jamaica : : : ; unknown locality ( 0 ) | collecting data : unknown ; | preparation : dry 1 . 0 | accuracy : 0 | type status :
author : c . b . adams , 1850 | location : jamaica : : : ; port antonio approx . 18 . 18214 ? n , 76 . 45862 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : rush ; | preparation : dry 9 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( c . b . adams , 1849 ) | location : jamaica : : : ; unknown locality ( 0 ) | collecting data : tomlin ; | preparation : dry 2 . 0 | accuracy : 0 | type status :
author : ( c . b . adams , 1849 ) | location : jamaica : cornwall : trelawny : ; spring garden approx . 18 . 29994 ? n , 77 . 56670 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : jarvis , p . w . ; | preparation : dry 3 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( c . b . adams , 1849 ) | location : jamaica : middlesex : saint ann : ; unknown locality approx . 18 . 34410 ? n , 77 . 30392 ? w ( 1 ) | collecting data : tomlin ; | preparation : dry 2 . 0 | accuracy : 1 | type status :
author : von martens | location : russia : siberia : : ; turkinsk , baikal approx . 51 . 8750 ? n , 104 . 7881 ? e ( 2 ) | collecting data : mac andrew ; 22 / jun / 1908 | preparation : dry 1 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( dillwyn , 1817 ) | location : united states : georgia : chatham : ; bgeo : wassaw island , oceanside on dead oak trunks approx . 31 . 90472 ? n , 80 . 98083 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : walker , randall ; 00 / oct / 1999 | preparation : dry 1 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1914 ) | location : united states : florida : manatee : ; bbra : bradenton , waterfront park oyster cover approx . 27 . 49861 ? n , 82 . 575 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : ? foighil , diarmaid ; 17 / nov / 2001 | preparation : dry 1 . 0 ; dry 1 . 0 ; dry 1 . 0 ; dry 1 . 0 ; dry 1 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1914 ) | location : united states : florida : collier : ; bmar : marco , oyster cover on island bridge approx . 25 . 965585 ? n , 81 . 709791 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : ? foighil , diarmaid ; 17 / nov / 2001 | preparation : dry 1 . 0 ; dry 1 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : stimpson , 1865 | location : united states : florida : : ; n st . petersburg approx . 27 . 8622 ? n , 82 . 7002 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : unknown ; | preparation : dry 16 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( i . lea , 1841 ) | location : united states : washington , d . c . : : ; potomac river approx . 38 . 888097 ? n , 77 . 052299 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : henderson , j . b . ; | preparation : dry > 50 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( i . lea , 1841 ) | location : united states : new york : : ; hudson river ( 0 ) | collecting data : unknown ; | preparation : dry 5 . 0 | accuracy : 0 | type status :
author : ( i . lea , 1841 ) | location : united states : maryland : : ; potomac river , washington d . c . approx . 38 . 8913 ? n , 77 . 0549 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : unknown ; | preparation : dry > 50 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( i . lea , 1841 ) | location : united states : pennsylvania : : ; unknown locality ( 0 ) | collecting data : unknown ; | preparation : dry 8 . 0 | accuracy : 0 | type status :
author : ( i . lea , 1841 ) | location : united states : virginia : : ; little hunting creek , near mt . vernon approx . 38 . 7132 ? n , 77 . 0739 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : hubbs , carl l . ; 00 / apr / 1927 | preparation : dry 8 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( i . lea , 1841 ) | location : united states : new york : onondaga : ; erie canal , syracuse approx . 43 . 161721 ? n , 76 . 363051 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : unknown ; | preparation : dry 6 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( i . lea , 1841 ) | location : united states : pennsylvania : warren : ; columbus gps 41 . 9409 ? n , 79 . 5817 ? e ( 2 ) | collecting data : streng , l . h . ; | preparation : dry 6 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
author : ( i . lea , 1841 ) | location : united states : pennsylvania : lancaster : ; columbia approx . 40 . 03361 ? n , 76 . 50472 ? w ( 2 ) | collecting data : lathrop , g . a . ; | preparation : dry 10 . 0 | accuracy : 2 | type status :
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bithynia fuchsiana is a species of small freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family bithyniidae .

bithynia fuchsiana

bithyniidae » bithynia fuchsiana , id : 648199 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
two important snail intermediate hosts , bithynia fuchsiana and melanoides tuberculata and a parapleurolophocercous cercaria ( photos by henry madsen ) .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : bithynia fuchsiana ( o . f . von möllendorff , 1888 ) - id : 5202000098
no one has contributed data records for bithynia badiella yet . learn how to contribute .
prevalence and density of fzt infection in fish ( a ) ; snail density for three groups of host species ( thiaridae , bithynia and stenothyra ) in ponds ( b ) , small canals ( c ) and rice fields ( d ) together with rainfall and air temperature from july 2005 to june 2006 in two communes in nam dinh province . the symbols for groups of snail hosts are the same in subfigures ( b - d ) and the black columns indicate density of fzt infected snails . ns = not sampled
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : the species is widely distributed and also found in human modified habitats , and is assessed as least concern .
2003 ) , but certainly much more widespread ) , taiwan ( province of china ) , and from viet nam ( the red river delta ( haskoning 2008 ) , nam dinh province ) .
there is no documentation on population structure for this species even though it is a medically ( disease transmission ) important species .
the species is found in lakes , rice fields , ponds and other lentic habitats . first intermediate host for opisthorchiid liver flukes clonorchis sinensis . clonorchiasis caused by clonorchis sinensis and opisthorchis viverrini is endemic throughout southeast asia in countries such as china , korea , japan , taiwan , vietnam , laos , thailand , and cambodia ( tinga et al . 1999 )
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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( trematoda : lecithodendriidae ) in conditions of southern far east of ussr ] .
olsson , 1876 ( pleurogenidae ) , parasites of frogs , in conditions of primorsky region ] .
yamaguti , 1939 ( cyathocotylidae ) in conditions of primorsky region ] . parasitologia . 37 ( 4 ) 346–351 ( in russian )
khotenovsky , 1967 ( pleurogenidae ) and its life cycle in conditions of primorsky region ] .
( digenea , notocotylidae ) under natural conditions in primorye region ( russia ) .
combes , c . , albaret , j - l . , arvy , l . , bartoli , p . , bayssage - dufour , c . , deblock , s . , durette - desset , m - c . , gabrion , c . , jourdane , j . , lambert , a . , leger , n . , malliard , c .
( looss , 1896 ) ( trematoda : heterophyidae ) in venezuela . revista científica , fcv - luz . xviii ( 1 ) : 35–42
( 1992 ) : larval stages of medically important flukes ( trematoda ) from vientiane province , laos . part ii . cercariae
( pallas , 1771 ) ( anura : ranidae ) , collected from denizli province , inner - west anatolia region , turkey .
] . m . - l . : nauka publishing : 411 pp . ( in russian )
. hanoi : science and technology publishing house , 8 : 385 pp . ( in vietnamese )
. hanoi : science and technology publishing house , 23 : 314 pp . ( in vietnamese )
( 1993 ) : the larvae of trematodes in the species of snail belonging to families pilidae and viviparidae in ha tay and hoa binh provinces . in :
( 1990 ) : examination of freshwater snails as intermediate hosts of trematodes , causing trematodosis in poultry . in :
( 1995 ) : the larvae of trematodes and cestodes in snails , lymnaea ( lymnaeidae ) . j . biol . 17 : 11–18 . ( in vietnamese with english abstract )
( 1952 ) : [ trematodes of superfamily heterophyoidea faust , 1929 ] . in . k . i . skrjabin ( ed ) . [
. london : british museum of natural history , oxford university press : 217 pp .
( 1924 ) : les helmithes des animaux domestiques et de i’homme en indochine .
( 1991 ) : larval stages of medically important flukes ( trematoda ) from vietnane provice , laos . p1 . metacercariae .
( 2009 ) : life cycle stages of heterophyid trematodes in vietnamese freshwater fishes traced by molecular and morphometric methods .
( 1953 ) : [ suborder notocotylidae skrjabin et schulz , 1933 ] . [
( 1956 ) : [ family echinostomatidae dietz , 1909 ] . in : skrjabin , k . i . ( ed . ) . [ trematodes of animals and man . fundamentals of trematodology ] . moscow : akademiya nauk publishing , 12 : 51–930 ( in russian )
( 2011 ) : mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood , evolutionary distance , and maximum parsimony methods .
( 1980 ) : identification of freshwater invertebrates in northern vietnam . science and technology publisher : 440–490 ( in vietnamese )
( 2003 ) : molecular phylogenetic analysis of the microphalloidea ward , 1901 ( trematoda : digenea ) .
world health organization ( 2004 ) : report of joint who / fao workshopon food - borne trematode infections in asia . hanoi , vietnam , 26–28 november , who rept . ser . no . rs / 2002 / ge / 40 ( vtn )
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china . shanghai . songjiang . in grass near lake . 2010 . - 10 , 5 mm
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according to gler and maasen ( 2009 ) , this species is endemic to lake pamvotis , greece . however older literature suggests a wider distribution , where
was also found in tenaghi philippon ( macedonia , northern greece ) ( schtt 1987 ) and in artificial lake kerkini ( serres , macedonia , northern greece ) ( eleutheriadis and lazaridou - dimitriadou 2001 ) . lake kerkini was formed by construction of a dam across strymon river valley . the water of this lake is used for irrigation purposes . according to frogley and preece ( 2007 ) , the identity of the above specimens need clarification in the light of the taxonomic revision made by gler and pei ( 2006 ) .
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distribution of freshwater snails in family - based vac ponds and associated waterbodies with special reference to intermediate hosts of fish - borne z . . . - pubmed - ncbi
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distribution of freshwater snails in family - based vac ponds and associated waterbodies with special reference to intermediate hosts of fish - borne zoonotic trematodes in nam dinh province , vietnam .
department of parasitology , institute of ecology and biological resources , vietnamese academy of science and technology , 18 hoang quoc viet , nghia do , cau giay , ha noi , viet nam .
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contact : university of copenhagen ku @ ku . dk tel . + 45 35 32 26 26
jesper hedegaard clausen , 1 , * henry madsen , 2 k . darwin murrell , 1 van phan thi , 3 hung nguyen manh , 4 khue nguyen viet , 3 and anders dalsgaard 1
3 centre for environment and disease monitoring in aquaculture ( cedma ) , research institute for aquaculture no . 1 , bac ninh , vietnam ,
conceived and designed the experiments : jhc kdm vpt ad hm . performed the experiments : jhc knv hnm . analyzed the data : jhc hm . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : jhc knv hnm . wrote the paper : jhc kdm ad hm vpt knv hnm .
this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .
fish - borne zoonotic trematodes ( fzt ) are a food safety and health concern in vietnam . humans and other final hosts acquire these parasites from eating raw or under - cooked fish with fzt metacercariae . fish raised in ponds are exposed to cercariae shed by snail hosts that are common in fish farm ponds . previous risk assessment on fzt transmission in the red river delta of vietnam identified carp nursery ponds as major sites of transmission . in this study , we analyzed the association between snail population density and heterophyid trematode infection in snails with the rate of fzt transmission to juvenile fish raised in carp nurseries .
snail population density and prevalence of trematode ( heterophyidae ) infections were determined in 48 carp nurseries producing rohu juveniles , ( labeo rohita ) in the red river delta area . fish samples were examined at 3 , 6 and 9 weeks after the juvenile fish were introduced into the ponds . there was a significant positive correlation between prevalence of fzt metacercariae in juvenile fish and density of infected snails . thus , the odds of infection in juvenile fish were 4 . 36 and 11 . 32 times higher for ponds with medium and high density of snails , respectively , compared to ponds where no infected snails were found . further , the intensity of fish fzt infections increased with the density of infected snails . interestingly , however , some ponds with no or few infected snails were collected also had high prevalence and intensity of fzt in juvenile fish . this may be due to immigration of cercariae into the pond from external water sources .
the total number and density of potential host snails and density of host snails infected with heterophyid trematodes in the aquaculture pond is a useful predictor for infections in juvenile fish , although infection levels in juvenile fish can occur despite low density or absence infected snails . this suggests that intervention programs to control fzt infection of fish should include not only intra - pond snail control , but also include water sources of allochthonous cercariae , i . e . canals supplying water to ponds as well as snail habitats outside the pond such as rice fields and surrounding ponds .
the public health aspects of infections with the liver flukes are severe and include life threating liver cancer [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] . diseases caused by the intestinal flukes ( hetereophyid trematodes ) are less well known , but clinical manifestations of infection in humans have been reported . infections with haplorchis can be responsible for significant morbidity [ 12 ] and cases from thailand show that human infection with h . taichui can cause mucosal ulceration , mucosal and submucosal haemorrhages , fusion and shortening of villi , chronic inflammation , and fibrosis of the submucosa [ 13 ] .
the study objective was to analyze the association between snail population density and heterophyid trematode infection in snails with the prevalence and intensity of fzt transmission to juvenile fish raised in carp nurseries .
) were selected for the study from a list of farms provided by the local department of agriculture and rural development . rohu was selected because this species is known to be a potential host for fzt and is a major species raised by the farmers in the area during the time of year for this study . however , it is expected that associations between snails and fzt infections in fish will be similar for other fish species . the data on fzt infection levels in juvenile fish and snails was obtained as part of a larger intervention program and the study was designed as a parallel group design of nurseries with one intervention group and one non - intervention group
. the study unit was one nursery pond in each household which were all family driven nurseries . in this paper we analyze snail data and fzt infections in fish irrespective of whether interventions were done or not .
the four red river delta provinces of nam dinh , thai binh , ninh binh and thanh hoa , vietnam .
the study was done following the european convention for the “protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes” . animals were handled with respect according to the study protocol which was approved by the aquatic animal scientific committee of research institute for aquaculture no . 1 , under ministry of agriculture and rural development , vietnam .
for the collection of snails a special dredge was designed . the dredge was composed of an iron frame made of flat iron with a width of 0 . 25 m and a net bag made from nylon - mesh ( mesh size about 1 mm ) was attached . the edge of the nylon net was enforced by a double layer of cloth ( 20 mm wide ) on each side of the net before made into a bag . a 3 - m long handle was attached to the frame such that the angle between the frame and the handle could be adjusted depending on depth of the individual pond .
the dredge was used to scrape the pond bottom from 2 m from the pond bank to the edge of the pond at five different positions in each pond ( i . e . the area sampled at each position was 2×0 . 25 m 2 = 0 . 5 m 2 ) . the content of the dredge was emptied into a white tray and sorted for live snails that were transferred to a labeled container . snail sampling was done 3 , 6 and 9 weeks after stocking juvenile fish .
) . thiarid snails were the most abundant in the nursery ponds followed by viviparid snails , while bithynid and pulmonate snails were less common . species of the thiaridae and bithynidae are known potential intermediate hosts for fzt (
) , but could not identify these to any particular species within the heterophyidae .
total snails collected and prevalence of infected snails with parapleurolophocercous , echinostome and other cercarial types .
a including : thiara scabra , tarebia granifera , melanoides tuberculata and sermyla riquetii .
f “n . d . ” indicate that shedding and crushing was “not done” .
the total number of juvenile fish analyzed during the study was 16 , 850 . from those , a total of 39 , 312 metacercariae were isolated and separated into four types (
) metacercariae were used . other metacercariae found could either not be identified or were non - zoonotic .
metacercariae of haplorchis taichui ( left ) and clonorchis sinensis ( right ) ( photos by ria1 ) .
number of metacercariae found in juvenile fish collected may–september , 2009 and may–september , 2010 .
a the other metacercariae group included those metacercariae that were identified as non - zoonotic ( e . g . exorchis spp . ) . dead metacercariae were not identifiable because of the loss of morphological clarity . neither of these two groups of metacercariae were included in the data analysis .
) shows intensity ( metacercariae / whole fish ) . both prevalence and intensity is shown against three categories of snails as infected snails / m
, low ( 0 ) , medium ( 0 . 14–1 . 07 ) and high ( > 1 . 07 ) at each of the three samplings at week 3 , 6 and 9 . the bars indicate 95 % ci . both the average prevalence and average intensity of infection in fish increased with density of infected snails and over time (
relationship between fzt infected snails and prevalence ( 4a ) and intensity ( 4b ) of metacercariae in fish .
associations between potential snail hosts and infected snails with prevalence and intensity of fzt in fish a .
a for data on prevalence of fzt in fish results are shown as odds ratios and for intensity of fzt in fish as count ratios . “no infected snails” is set at value 1 and all other ratios are in relation to the “no infected snails” .
, low ( 0 ) , medium ( 0 . 14–13 . 3 ) and high ( > 13 . 3 ) at each of the three samplings at week 3 , 6 and 9 . the bars indicate 95 % ci . variation of infection within each category of snail density was considerable (
prevalence ( 5a ) and intensity ( 5b ) of metacercariae in fish and its relation to potential snail host density .
the sampling of snails outside two nursery ponds showed that all five samples were found to contain snails infected with heterophyids . from a total of 48 nursery ponds , snails from 21 were not infected with heterophyids although the prevalence of heterophyid fzt in fish was high .
, the odds ratios and count ratios for prevalence and intensity of fzt in fish and their interactions with density of snails and infected snails are presented . the analyses were done after adjusting for year , sampling time ( 3 , 6 and 9 weeks ) and clustering within ponds .
there was a significant ( p < 0 . 001 ) association between prevalence of fzt in juvenile fish and density of infected snails in the ponds with the odds for infection in juvenile fish being 4 . 36 and 11 . 32 higher in the medium and high infected snail categories , respectively when compared with the low category group of infected snails . the correlation between increase in fzt intensity in fish and density of potential host snails was significant ( p < 0 . 001 ) with an odds ratio of 4 . 01 for ponds with the highest density of snails (
the association between the increase in the density of infected snails in the ponds and the increase in intensity of fzt in fish was significant ( p < 0 . 001 ) with a count ratio of 11 . 94 for ponds with high density of infected snails . similarly , an increase in density of snails was associated with an increase in fzt intensity in fish , i . e . the count ratio was 18 . 41 if 13 . 3 snails / m
there was a significant correlation between fzt infected juvenile fish from aquaculture ponds and the population density of potential host snails and density of heterophyid infected snails residing in the ponds , underlining that any integrated intervention program must include measures to control snail vectors . the data obtained in this study adds important information on the association between snails and transmission of intestinal fzt , a relationship that is likely also to be important for the zoonotic liver flukes [ 26 ] .
the heterophyid infections in snails may represent several species which may not all be zoonotic . therefore , future studies with snails should include molecular tools for identification of trematode infections to species level [ 26 ] . it would strengthen results if molecular technique was used to help speciation of the cercariae . however , we used only morphology to identify cercariae and metacercariae ; metacercariae could be identified to species while cercariae could only be identified to morphotype . to strengthen future studies even more , animal experimental life cycle studies can help in identification of these larval parasites . since the scooping method is arather insensitive method to verify the presence of fzt infected snails , an alternative method could be to analyse water samples for cercarial dna . however , this would not distinguish between autochtonous and allochtonous cercariae .
we would also like to acknowledge the support and hard work by the staff from research institute of aquaculture 1 ( ria1 ) , especially ms . nguyen thi thuy ha and ms nguyen thi nguyet and the fibozopa office staff , especially mr . bui ngoc thanh .
the “fishborne zoonotic parasites in vietnam” ( fibozopa ) , project no . 91140 / file no . 104 . dan . l . 8 . f , and the danish international development assistance ( danida ) are gratefully acknowledged for their financial support of this study . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
fao ( 2010 ) the state of world fisheries and aquaculture . the united nations food and agriculture organization ( fao ) . fao fisheries and aquaculture department .
fao / who ( 1999 ) food safety issues associated with products from aquaculture . report of a joint fao / naca / who study group . world health organization technical report series .
who / fao ( 2002 ) food - borne trematode infections in asia . world health organization technical report series .
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open access this article is distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution 4 . 0 international license ( urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided you give appropriate credit to the original author ( s ) and the source , provide a link to the creative commons license , and indicate if changes were made . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver ( urltoken ) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .
this is a longitudinal descriptive study on selected farms ( n = 30 ) in nam dinh province which is endemic for fzt . at each farm , we sampled one pond , a small irrigation canal used to supply the pond with water , and a nearby rice field . at each of these three sites , we estimated the density of the fzt intermediate snail hosts and determined their trematode infection status . comparative analysis was performed for the prevalence and density of fzt infections in fish and snails .
our findings highlight the complexity of fzt transmission within aquaculture farm settings and suggest that efforts to control these infections must take a holistic approach using interventions against all stages of the transmission cycle .
this longitudinal study attempted to determine whether snail density and prevalence of fzt infected snails in rice fields , small water canals and aquaculture ponds were associated with fzt prevalence or intensity of infection in fish from grow - out ponds in nam dinh province , an fzt endemic area in northern vietnam .
) is a coastal province located at the southeast of the red river delta ( 19°55′–20°16′n , 106°00′–106°33′e ) . the main stocking season for juvenile fish in grow out ponds is late spring ( april - may ) and beginning of summer ; during other times of the year , juveniles are stocked at convenience by farmers [
for snail sampling , we selected 30 fish farms ( study unit ) , 15 from nghia lac and 15 from nghia phu commune ( fig .
) . distance between any pair of two farms ranged from about 100 m to maximum 6–7 km . in each commune , two of the 15 farms were nursery farms producing juveniles while the remaining 26 farms were grow - out farms . each selected farm had a fish pond , a nearby small canal from where the pond was supplied with water and a closely located rice field ( not necessarily directly connected to the pond ) . distance from the canal to the pond ranged from a few metres to 20 m and the distance from the pond to the rice field ranged from about 10 m to 50 m . twenty - five of these grow - out farms were also sampled by phan
] to identify the main risk factors associated with fzt transmission . the sample size was mainly determined by the number of grow - out ponds sampled previously [
] and the capacity of the laboratory to process and analyse snail samples . fish were sampled every second month while snail sampling was less regular with more frequent sampling during the winter period , because we wanted to know how the agricultural activities and low temperature during the winter months affected fzt transmission .
fish were sampled using a cast net thrown 5 times as described by phan et al . [ 16 ] . all fish captured were pooled in a container and 10 fish were randomly picked for fzt examination ; if , however , less than 15 fish were caught , all were selected and analysed . the length and weight of each fish were recorded before being processed and digested in 1 % pepsin for the release of metacercariae [ 16 ] . small fish ( < 200 g ) were ground and digested whole . for larger fish ( > 200 g ) , the whole fish was ground using an electrical grinder , mixed well and a 50 g subsample was obtained and digested for recovery of metacercariae . metacercariae were identified [ 16 ] and counted by species and the density determined ( no . of metacercariae / g tissue ) .
the study was done following the european convention for the “protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes” . animals were handled with respect according to the study protocol which was approved by the aquatic animal scientific committee of research institute for aquaculture no . 1 , under the ministry of agriculture and rural development , vietnam .
shannon’s diversity index [ 25 ] was used to compare diversity of snails or trematodes ( as cercariae morphotypes ) among habitats ( pond , small canal and rice field ) . snail or cercariae counts were aggregated by sampling site and the shannon diversity index calculated for each site from where these calculations were possible , i . e . sites without snails or cercariae respectively were excluded . similarly , the diversity index for cercariae types was calculated by snail species by aggregating all cercariae infections found in a given snail species .
metacercariae counts in fish were analysed using negative binomial regression [ 26 ] with weight of tissue examined as an offset . predictors of metacercariae density in fish were tested individually together with the effect of sampling date and then jointly in one analysis , where insignificant predictors were removed and for categorical predictors , categories that did not differ significantly were combined . in all analyses , household was considered as a cluster . in the figures , snail density was expressed as number collected per 30 min search and metacercariae density as number per gram fish tissue . snail or metacercariae counts were log ( × + 1 ) - transformed ; the means of these transformed counts and their confidence intervals were then back - transformed to the original scale .
was common in fish ponds ( 29 / 30 ponds ) and in small canals ( 15 / 30 canals ) . the most common snail species in rice fields were
) . snails of at least one species were found in 22 / 30 sites in small canals , 19 / 30 rice fields and in 29 / 30 fish ponds . diversity of snails was slightly higher in small canals ( shannon’s diversity index 0 . 892 ± 0 . 195 ,
= 22 ) and rice fields ( shannon’s diversity index 0 . 887 ± 0 . 213 ;
= 19 ) than in fish ponds ( shannon’s diversity index 0 . 628 ± 0 . 103 ,
number of sites where a species was found , the total number of snails collected and the relative abundance ( in % ) , i . e . the contribution of each species to the total number of snails collected , are reported
) . diversity of cercariae types by habitat did not differ significantly , i . e . shannon’s diversity index 1 . 030 ± 0 . 333 , 0 . 949 ± 0 . 390 and 1 . 109 ± 0 . 191 in small canals (
( shannon’s diversity index 1 . 187 ) while shannon’s diversity index for the remaining species had scores below 1 . 000 .
initially , both cercarial emergence and snail dissection were used for detection of cercariae , but during the winter months , especially during the sampling in january , the snails with patent infections did not show cercariae emergence . therefore , only dissection was done in january . comparing the two methods for cercariae detection when adjusting for sampling time when both methods were used showed that 33 % ( p < 0 . 01 ) more snail infections were detected via dissection than by the cercarial emergence method .
) . about 20 % of the metacercariae could not be identified . a total of 1226 fish , mainly carp species , was examined ( table
a mean no of metacercariae per g fish ; * p < 0 . 05 ; * * p < 0 . 01 ; * * * p < 0 . 001
the first sampling of fish was carried out in july and at that time prevalence of fzt infection was already high , i . e . 78 . 8 % in the
= 43 ) with other fish species represented by relatively small numbers . mean metacercariae densities in july were 3 . 97 , 2 . 85 , 0 . 12 and 0 . 06 metacercariae / g for the four fish species , respectively . both trematode prevalence and density of metacercariae infection increased until november ( fig .
and all other fish species were combined into one group . in a model with these fish species categories , the count ratios between a sampling time and the july sampling were 1 . 71 ( 95 % cl : 0 . 93–3 . 13 ;
< 0 . 05 ) for the samples of september , november , january , march and may , respectively . in the same model
and other fish species had metacercariae counts of 0 . 23 ( 95 % cl : 0 . 01–0 . 05 ;
transmission appeared to be intense during the summer period as both the prevalence and intensity of infections in fish increased up to november ( fig .
) . during this period air temperature was high ( monthly mean air temperature range from 29 . 5 °c in june to 25 . 0 °c in november ) as was rainfall with a total of about 400 mm / month during both july and august sometimes resulting in flooding . during these two months , the maximum daily rainfall recorded was 127 and 140 mm , respectively . in october and november rainfall was relatively low ( 24 and 66 mm , respectively ) . density of intermediate host snails was high in august ( fig .
) where all habitats contained water and water level was generally high in the canals due to the requirement for irrigation water . in fish ponds , thiarid snails were most common and found throughout the study period ( fig .
there was a slight decline in prevalence and density of infection in fish from november to january ( fig .
) and this coincided with a lowering of the water level in canals in preparation for the rice harvest ( early december ) and the lower temperatures ( fig .
) during the winter months ( monthly average air temperature was 18 . 4 °c and 16 . 6 °c in december and january , respectively ) . during the december sampling for snails , all rice fields were dry and had been ploughed . rice fields lay fallow until february when they were prepared for rice planting in march . some farmers , however , grew vegetables in small plots in the rice fields during the winter season . the water level in most small canals was generally low in january and some were dry . snail density was high in canals and many snails were infected ( fig .
) , although this could partly be due to sampling efficiency being higher when the water level is low and only dissection was used to detect infections . some ponds had high water level depending on water level in surrounding canals , while others had lower levels . density of the thiarid snails was still high in december and infections were prevalent ( fig .
in mid - january , sites in rice fields were still dry and the water level in small canals was generally low ; this coincided with a decline observed in the density of the thiarid snails and prevalence of infection in canals ( fig .
) . many farmers removed bottom sediment from their fish ponds and spread it within their compound for germination of the rice seeds . the removal of mud from fish ponds was done after lowering the water level and this activity removed a considerable number of snails although this was not reflected in the estimated snail density ( fig .
) . during the sampling ( around january 20 ) canals were rapidly filled and the dry rice fields were flooded . no snails , however , could be found in the newly flooded fields .
prevalence and especially density of fzt infection in fish was lower in march ( not significant ) than in december but with the increase in temperature from march trematode transmission seemed to increase ( fig .
) . the snail sampling in march was just after rice had been transplanted and the water level was generally high in all habitats . farmers were observed to use pesticides in the rice fields .
since we did not have detailed information about activities related to the management in agriculture ( water management due to rice culture ) and aquaculture ( emptying of ponds or mud removal , possible selective removal of fish species and others ) , it was decided to test the effect of snail occurrence only during the period of intense transmission from july to november . for this analysis , snail density estimated from the sampling in august was used as predictor of infection in pond fish , but since host snails were found in relatively few sites in rice fields and small canals , snail counts were recoded as absent or present . for ponds , host snail counts greater than zero were split into two groups ( low and high density ) with the same number of ponds ; ponds without snails constituted the reference group . the results of this analysis are shown in table
a univariable tests are not really uni - variable because time of sampling was included as well ; * p < 0 . 05 ; * * p < 0 . 01 ; * * * p < 0 . 001
) . density of snails releasing pleurolophocercous cercariae did not provide significant prediction of infections in fish . the number of ponds from where snails were found positive for pleurolophocercous cercariae during the individual sampling rounds ranged from 4 to 6 ponds only , and for all sampling rounds combined , infected ( pleurolophocercous cercariae only ) snails were recorded at least once from 13 ponds . the number of sites with infected snails in small canals ranged from 1 to 5 in the individual rounds ; infected snails were recorded at least once from a total of 9 sites in small canals . similar figures from rice fields were 1–3 ( excluding rounds where rice fields were dry ) , and infected snails were recorded at least once at four sites .
similarly , host snails were recorded in 8 to 20 ponds during the six surveys , and host snails were recorded at least once in 23 / 25 ponds . for small canals , host snails were recorded in 4 to 10 sites , with infected snails being recorded at least once from 14 sites . during individual samplings , host snails were found in 3 to 8 sites in rice fields and from 13 sites host snails were recorded at least on one occasion .
some grow - out ponds are emptied during the winter period and mud removed from the bottom is spread in nearby gardens or fields as fertilizer but some may be used for germination of rice seeds , which are then later transferred to nurseries or fields . mud removal will also remove a substantial part of the snail population depending on how it is done [ 13 , 34 ] .
transmission of fzt in the fish ponds studied resumed after the winter period in late february / march and ponds that were emptied during winter would be restocked in march / april . in addition , other ponds may have their fish stock supplemented with juvenile fish . during the winter period fish harvest could result in reduced overall infection levels depending on the species harvested , i . e . selective harvesting of either ctenopharyngodon idellus ( grass carp ) or labeo rohita ( indian carp ) would reduce and increase respectively overall prevalence of fzt infection in the pond . alternatively , there could also be a die - off of established metacercariae in the fish flesh , but metacercariae seems to survive for a long time in carp [ 35 ] .
in small canals snail density and diversity can be high but can be affected by activities such as duck keeping , although that is more common in large canals . vegetation removal may be done as part of canal maintenance or for use as feed for c . idellus . small canals are also an important habitat and source for some small - sized fish species or juveniles of the cultured species . this natural occurring fish stock is exploited by farmers and fish is caught mainly with small seine nets . thus small canals could contribute significantly to fzt infections in the final hosts ( humans , dogs and cats ) .
in ponds , the presence of snails is influenced by activities such as introducing aquatic plants from other habitats as food for grass carp [ 16 ] and snails collected from other habitats and added as food for mylopharyngodon piceus , which primarily feed on snails [ 21 ] or for ducks [ 20 ] . other activities we observed that facilitate fzt transmission to snails is cleaning of slaughtered animals in ponds , especially intestines of dogs and cats , as these are important final hosts of both intestinal and liver trematodes .
the trematode fauna in our study area was quite diverse with 12 morphotypes , some of which might represent more trematode species and besides the fzt types other species are potentially zoonotic , such as the echinostomes [ 20 , 36 ] and fasciola spp . [ 37 ] . echinostome cercariae were commonly found in all habitats and have ducks and chickens as the main final hosts [ 20 ] which are infected when eating snails or fish containing echinostome metacercariae . ducks are often kept in pens in ponds or canals , but some may also forage freely in the rice fields . some echinostomes may also be zoonotic [ 36 ] . fasciolosis is prevalent in the red river delta [ 38 – 40 ] but although we examined about 1800 lymnaea viridis , primarily collected in rice fields , we did not detect cercariae that could be referred to fasciola spp . most likely rice fields are not contaminated with eggs of fasciola spp . as cattle are not allowed into the rice fields but farmers use cattle manure on the field before planting rice .
the “fishborne zoonotic parasites in vietnam” ( fibozopa ) project no . 91140 / file no . 104 . dan . l . 8 . f and the danish international development assistance ( danida ) are gratefully acknowledged for financial support of this study .
all authors contributed in development of the study design . hm , btd were dtt were primarily responsible for the snail part of the study , while ptv , nkv and ad were primarily responsible for the study of fish . btd was responsible for the field sampling of snails with assistance from hm and dtt . ptv and nkv did the fish sampling and examination for metacercariae . hm and ad took the lead in analysing and presenting the data with input from all authors . all authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript .
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the graceful underwing ( catocala gracilis ) is a moth of the erebidae family .

it is found from manitoba to nova scotia and maine , south through connecticut , new jersey to florida and west to mississippi and missouri .

the wingspan is 40 – 45 mm .

adults are on wing from july to september depending on the location .

there is one generation per year .

the larvae feed on leucothoe , vaccinium pallidum and possibly quercus .

catocala gracilis

edwards , w . h . , 1864 . descriptions of certain species of catocala , found within the united states .
barnes , wm . & j . h . mcdunnough , 1918 . illustrations of the north american species of the genus catocala .
on the north american species of catocala . augustus radcliffe grote . 1872 . transactions of the american entomological society 4 : 1 - 20 .
the genus catocala . george . d . hulst . 1884 . bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 7 ( 1 ) : 14 - 56 .
illustrations of the north american species of the genus catocala . william barnes , james halliday mcdunnough . 1918 . memoirs of the amnh 2 ( 1 ) .
descriptions of certain species of catocala , found within the united states . william henry edwards . 1864 . proceedings of the entomological society of philadelphia 2 : 508 - 512 .
gall , lawrence , f . database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths . entomology division , peabody museum , yale university , new haven , connecticut 06511 . accessed 1994 , july 1 .
systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . iii . gall , lawrence f . & david c . hawks . 2002 . journal of the lepidopterists ' society . 56 ( 4 ) : 234 - 264 .
habits for populations in suburban residential areas are hard to define , but otherwise the smallest habitat known to schweitzer to have supported a fully contained occurrence of any of these species was about 1 . 0 square miles for c . gracilis in pennsylvania . however habitat patches are often much smaller but clustered a few hundred meters or less apart in mostly wooded context obviously forming metapopulations . a few isolated bog occurrences , eg . in ohio , might be smaller but the habitat in such cases includes the surrounding woods , not just the bog . when the habitat is under 1000 hectares assume full occupancy . occurrences can be virtually undefinable in extensive forests that go for hundreds of kilometers in which the foodplant is sparsely scattered throughout - - for example in northern new england with c . c . crataegi or c . blandula utilizing naturalized apple trees and c . gracilis and c . andromedae in many acid soil regions . so some arbitrary limit is need and 2 kilometers seems reasonable when data are lacking . however , if contiguous habitat is more extensive , in reality so is the occurrence for the catocala . anything smaller than 2km would be assuming a truly miniscule , if not insufficient , habitat for this group . another consideration in recommending this relatively small distance is that usually one does not have good information on the extent of the foodplant , and often it is limited .
gall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2002 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( noctuidae ) . iii . the types of william h . edwards , augustus r . grote , and achille guenée . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 56 ( 4 ) : 234 - 264 .
gall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2010 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list . in : schmidt b . c , lafontaine j . d ( eds ) . contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .
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attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
adult - fw mottled and heavilly shaded along inner margin . usually has a basal dash . hw inner black band on yellow forms an incomplete loop .
n . s . to florida , west to man . and miss . common in the northeast , rarer westward .
notes on the life histories of north american catocalae , with descriptions of two new forms . t . d . mayfield . 1922 . bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 17 : 114 - 120 , 138 - 142 .
legion of night : the underwing moths theodore d . sargent . 1976 . university of massachusetts press .
field guide to moths of eastern north america charles v . covell , jr . 2005 .
updated as per personal communication from rick gillmore , may 7 , 2007 updated as per personal communication with dave small , athol , worcester co . , ma ; august 2 , 2011
specimen reported by charles w . bordelon jr . , may 25 , 1996 .
also tends to have a darker inner margin and there is frequently ( 99 % of the time , dale schweitzer , via joe garris ) , but not always , a basal dash .
in the form lemmeri , mayfield , the black border along the inner margin is very sharply defined .
flies as a single generation with moths on the wing from july to september ( late may and june in extreme south ) .
caterpillar shows a preference for blueberries and is probably host specific in north america , although oak and fetterbush have also been reported as hosts .
females emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .
eggs are deposited on bush bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .
listed below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .
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due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
little calumet - galien ( 04040001 ) + , st . joseph ( 04100003 ) + , cuyahoga ( 04110002 ) + , grand ( 04110004 ) +
a location where the species occurs , or has recently occurred , with potential for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a suitable habitat with larval foodplant where the species has been documented by a specimen or positively identifiable photograph of an adult and for some species larvae are also identifiable .
occasionally , especially with species feeding on aronia , the habitat may be very clear , for example around the edges of a midwestern bog or a palustrine forest in new jersey . adults of most of these species wander some distance from foodplants in forests , especially swamp species seem to often move into immediately adjacent upland forsts probably to feed . in such cases use the habitat where the foodplant occurs plus 100 meter wooded buffer ( if available ) as the eo .
these species often occur in well defined natural communities such as bogs , riparian forests , barrens or savannas on a generally wooded landscape . in such cases apply the suitable habitat distance across suboptimal wooded or brushy habitat if the larval foodplant is not completely absent over distances of > half the suitable habitat distance , except if the habitat is demonstrably unsuitable in some way for the adults . females of this group do move around and both sexes rest in the woods even if the breeding habitat is open .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
lafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .
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note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .
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to florida and west to mississippi and missouri ( texas specimen reported by charles w . bordelon jr . , may 25 , 1996 ) .
also tends to have a darker inner margin and there is frequently , but not always , a basal dash .
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .