attagenus is a genus of beetles .

this genus is found in tropical africa , the palearctic including europe , the near east , the nearctic , north africa and east asia .

there are nearly 200 species .

species include : attagenus abbreviatus heer , 1856 attagenus aboriginalis wickham , 1913 attagenus addendus j. sahlberg , 1903 attagenus adspersus blanchard , 1843 attagenus aeneus roth , 1851 attagenus afghanus háva , 2000 attagenus africanus mroczkowski , 1958 attagenus albofasciatus dahl , 1823 attagenus albonotatus pic , 1927 attagenus ambericus háva & prokop , 2004 attagenus antennatus laporte , 1840 attagenus anthrenoides wollaston , 1864 attagenus apicalis pic , 1942 attagenus apicebrunneus kalík , 1955 attagenus arboreus zhantiev , 2007 attagenus arcuatefasciatus pic , 1951 attagenus aristidis pic , 1894 attagenus asmaranus pic , 1942 attagenus assuanensis pic , 1899 attagenus astacurus peyerimhoff , 1931 attagenus atricolor pic , 1931 attagenus atripennis pic , 1938 attagenus attenuatus pic , 1894 attagenus augustatus ballion , 1871 attagenus aurantiacus reitter , 1900 attagenus aurofasciatus háva , 2005 attagenus australis montrouzier , 1860 attagenus barbieri pic , 1946 attagenus basalis pic , 1928 attagenus basimaculatus pic , 1952 attagenus beali zhantiev , 2005 attagenus bezdeki háva & kadej , 2007 attagenus bicolor dejean , 1821 attagenus bicolor harold , 1868 attagenus bifasciatus olivier , 1790 attagenus birmanicus arrow , 1915 attagenus biskrensis pic , 1904 attagenus brittoni kalík , 1954 attagenus brunneonotatus pic , 1894 attagenus brunneopunctatus pic , 1893 attagenus brunnescens pic , 1904 attagenus brunneus faldermann , 1835 attagenus calabricus reitter , 1881 attagenus capensis dejean , 1837 attagenus capensis reitter , 1881 attagenus caracal zhantiev , 1963 attagenus cayennensis dejean , 1821 attagenus chakouri pic , 1907 attagenus cinereus thunberg , 1815 attagenus civetta mulsant & rey , 1868 attagenus conradsi pic , 1951 attagenus coquereli mulsant & rey , 1868 attagenus cuneatus zhantiev , 2007 attagenus curvicornis j. sahlberg , 1913 attagenus cyphonoides reitter , 1881 attagenus decoloratus mulsant & rey , 1868 attagenus dichrous roth , 1851 attagenus dispar ( redtenbacher , 1843 ) attagenus diversepubescens pic , 1936 attagenus diversesignatus pic , 1942 attagenus diversus reitter , 1881 attagenus donckieri pic , 1916 attagenus doricus zhantiev , 2007 attagenus duplex reitter in heyden , 1890 attagenus endroedyi háva , 2003 attagenus ensicornis wollaston , 1867 attagenus eremivagus peyerimhoff , 1943 attagenus erevanicus zhantiev , 1963 attagenus extinctus c. heyden & l. heyden , 1865 attagenus fairmairei mroczkowski , 1958 attagenus fallax gené , 1839 attagenus fasciatopunctatus reitter , 1881 attagenus fasciatus thunberg , 1795 – wardrobe beetle attagenus fasciolatus solsky , 1876 attagenus flavicornis dejean , 1821 attagenus flexicollis reitter , 1881 attagenus fortis zhantiev , 2007 attagenus fossor zhantiev , 2005 attagenus fulvicollis reitter , 1881 attagenus fulvipes dahl , 1823 attagenus gilanicus zhantiev , 2007 attagenus globosus háva , 2003 attagenus gobicola frivaldszky , 1892 attagenus granarius dejean , 1837 attagenus grandjeani pic , 1942 attagenus grisescens pic , 1937 attagenus haladai háva , 2006 attagenus hargreavesi pic , 1935 attagenus havai kadej , 2006 attagenus heinigi herrmann & háva , 2007 attagenus heydeni reitter , 1881 attagenus hirtulus rosenhauer , 1856 attagenus hirtus sturm , 1826 attagenus hoffeinsorum háva , prokop & herrmann , 2006 attagenus holmi kalík & háva , 2005 attagenus hottentotus guérin - méneville , 1844 attagenus inapicalis pic , 1951 attagenus incertus mulsant & rey , 1868 attagenus incognitus háva , 2003 attagenus indicus kalík , 1954 attagenus insidiosus halstead , 1981 attagenus insignatus pic , 1942 attagenus ionicus zhantiev , 2005 attagenus irroratus blackburn , 1903 attagenus jacobsoni zhantiev , 1963 attagenus jelineki háva , 2004 attagenus jucundus péringuey , 1885 attagenus karnali háva , 2001 attagenus kephallenicus háva & kalík , 2006 attagenus korotyaevi zhantiev , 2005 attagenus kratochvili kalík , 1955 attagenus lategriseus kalík , 1955 attagenus latepubescens pic , 1952 attagenus leopardinus reitter , 1881 attagenus lepidus háva & kovarík , 2004 attagenus leprieuri reitter , 1887 attagenus lineatus pic , 1894 attagenus lobatus rosenhauer , 1856 attagenus longipennis pic , 1904 attagenus luctuosus dejean , 1837 attagenus luteithorax pic , 1931 attagenus luteofasciatus pic , 1937 attagenus lynx mulsant & rey , 1868 attagenus maculatus kalík , 2006 attagenus madecassus pic , 1916 attagenus madoni pic , 1942 attagenus maritimus gené , 1839 attagenus melanocerus dejean , 1837 attagenus mongolicus zhantiev , 1973 attagenus multifasciatus wollaston , 1863 attagenus nepalensis háva , 2001 attagenus nigripennis arrow , 1915 attagenus nigroapicalis pic , 1931 attagenus nigroluteus kalík , 1955 attagenus niseteoi dejean , 1821 attagenus obtusus gyllenhal in schönherr , 1808 attagenus orientalis reitter in schneider & leder , 1878 attagenus pallidus zhantiev , 2005 attagenus pantherinus ahrens , 1814 attagenus pardus arrow , 1915 attagenus pellio linnaeus , 1758 attagenus persicus reitter , 1881 attagenus pictus ballion , 1871 attagenus placitus normand , 1949 attagenus postfasciatus pic , 1951 attagenus posticalis fairmaire , 1879 attagenus prescutellaris pic , 1927 attagenus pseudomolitor zhantiev , 1963 attagenus pubescens pic , 1894 attagenus punctatus scopoli , 1772 attagenus pustulatus thunberg , 1815 attagenus quadricolor sumakov , 1907 attagenus quadrimaculatus kraatz , 1858 attagenus quadrinotatus pic , 1938 attagenus quadritinctus reitter , 1889 attagenus reitteri mroczkowski , 1968 attagenus rhodesianus pic , 1927 attagenus robustior pic , 1951 attagenus robustus pic , 1899 attagenus roeri kalík attagenus rossii ganglbauer , 1904 attagenus ruficollis christofori & jan , 1832 attagenus ruficolor pic , 1918 attagenus rufimembris pic , 1927 attagenus rufipennis leconte , 1859 attagenus rufipes sturm , 1843 attagenus rufiventris pic , 1927 attagenus rufomaculatus pic , 1907 attagenus scalaris ( pic , 1894 ) attagenus schaefferi herbst , 1792 attagenus seminiger fairmaire , 1863 attagenus seniculus solsky , 1876 attagenus sericeus guérin-méneville , 1844 attagenus sexnotatus pic , 1927 attagenus sieversi reitter , 1896 attagenus signatus dejean , 1837 attagenus silvaticus zhantiev , 1976 attagenus similaris mulsant & rey , 1868 attagenus simonis reitter , 1881 attagenus simplex reitter , 1881 attagenus sinensis pic , 1927 attagenus smirnovi zhantiev , 1973 attagenus somalicus háva , 2003 attagenus sopitus scudder , 1900 attagenus sparsutus reitter , 1881 attagenus stachi mroczkowski , 1958 attagenus steinbergi zhantiev , 1963 attagenus suspiciosus solsky , 1876 attagenus syriacus dejean , 1837 attagenus taeniatus dejean , 1837 attagenus tessellatus reitter , 1887 attagenus thunbergi mroczkowski , 1968 attagenus tigrinus fabricius , 1792 attagenus tomentosus sturm , 1843 attagenus trifasciatus fabricius , 1787 attagenus turcomanus zhantiev , 1963 attagenus undulatus motschulsky , 1858 attagenus unicolor ( brahm , 1790 ) – black carpet beetle attagenus unifasciatus sturm , 1843 attagenus uniformis fairmaire in fairmaire & coquerel , 1860 attagenus vagepictus fairmaire , 1889 attagenus vestitus klug , 1855 attagenus vestitus sturm , 1843 attagenus wollastoni mroczkowski , 1964 attagenus woodroffei halstead & green , 1979 attagenus xanthocerus dejean , 1837 attagenus zavattarii pic , 1952

attagenus

nutrition of attagenus ( ? ) sp . ii . ( coleoptera : dermestidae )
the black carpet beetle , attagenus unicolor , is a serious household pest , . . .
dana campbell marked
black carpet beetle ( attagenus unicolor ) adult ( top ) and larva ( bottom ) on wool material , united states
as trusted on the
attagenus unicolor
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dana campbell added text to
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attagenus unicolor ( brahm , 1791 )
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1 . attagenus woodroffei beetle 2 . bedbug 3 . indianmeal moth 4 . museum beetle 5 . sawtoothed grain beetle
figure 1 . adult black carpet beetle , attagenus unicolor ( brahm ) . photograph by james castner , university of florida .
nutrition of attagenus ( ? ) sp . ii . ( coleoptera : dermestidae ) | annals of the entomological society of america | oxford academic
figure 2 . larva of the black carpet beetle , attagenus unicolor ( brahm ) . photograph by clemson university ; www . insectimages . org .
the attagenus woodroffei beetle is not a domestic species and , therefore , it only inhabits warmed spaces , such as apartments and storages . it hides behind the skirting and in cupboards and similar dark spaces .
halstead , d . g . 1981 . taxonomic notes on some attagenus ssp . associated with stored products , including a new black species from africa . journal of stored products research . 17 : 91 - 99 .
warren moore ; nutrition of attagenus ( ? ) sp . ii . ( coleoptera : dermestidae ) , annals of the entomological society of america , volume 39 , issue 3 , 1 september 1946 , pages 513–521 , urltoken
bry re , jurd l , lang jh , boatright re . 1978 . mothproofing : candidate repellents against black carpet beetle larvae , attagenus megatoma ( coleoptera : dermestidae ) . journal of the georgia entomological society 13 : 63 - 66 .
bry re , lang jh , boatright re . 1983 . toxicity of three pyrethroid insecticides to eggs of the black carpet beetle , attagenus megatoma , and the webbing clothes moth , tineola bisselliella . journal of the georgia entomological society 18 : 394 - 398 .
the black carpet beetle , attagenus unicolor ( brahm ) , is the most common and most destructive of the five important species of carpet beetles in the united states . it damages household products containing keratin , a principal protein found in animal hair and feathers . plant products such as cereals and grains , as well as synthetic fabrics not derived from animal matter , may also be attacked . dried insect specimens , such as those found in insect collections , are also devoured .
the black carpet beetle , attagenus unicolor , is a serious household pest , the most common and most destructive of the carpet beetles in north america and mexico ( the other species being the common carpet beetle , furniture carpet beetle , the varied carpet beetle , all in the dermestid family ) . attagenus unicolor is thought to have been brought to the states from europe in the 1800s . this insect is particularly common in areas with lower relative humidity , as their eggs are susceptible to molding in humid conditions . the name carpet beetle derives from the damage these pests have historically incurred on wool carpets , but they are trouble in a much more general sense than simply carpets . in the larval stage , attagenus unicolor will damage any product containing keratin ( furs , feathers , leather , wool , silk , dried meat , dander , hair ) . they also do great damage to man - made synthetic products when they are mixed in with natural products ( e . g . wool - synthetic yarn blends ) because they need to eat more in order to satisfy their nutritional needs . in addition , black carpet beetles attack plant products ( grains and cereals ) , making them a kitchen pest as well as a general household pest . their destructive eating habits are much feared in museums . this species lives up to 650 days as a larva , depending on conditions . larvae are carrot shaped , may reach up to almost 13 mms , and are covered with bristles with a distinguishing tuft of long hair on the back segment . the adults , elongated dark beetles about 3 - 5mm long , live up to two months and feed on flower pollen . ( gahlfhoff 2010 ; bughelp ; dill and kirby 2010 ; koehler and oi 2003 )
in a preceding paper ( moore , 1943 ) , i described a partly synthetic ration which supported slow growth of attagenus larvae . work on the nutrition of the yellow species ( moore and moore , 1942 ) has been continued , the insects being handled approximately as already described . about 0 . 5 gm . of food and twenty newly - hatched larvae were placed in each 2 - dram vial . the incubator temperature has been raised from 87â° to 90â° f . to accelerate growth and , in the more recent work , the humidity has been reduced to 55 % to prevent deliquescence of certain amino acid mixtures and to minimize the growth of molds and other unwanted organisms .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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the black carpet beetle is found throughout the united states , canada , and mexico . it is believed that this pest may have been imported to the united states in the early 19th century from europe where it is not considered a major pest . humidity plays a large role for development of carpet beetles . in the southern states , high humidity may often cause the black carpet beetle ' s eggs to become moldy while in the northern states lower humidity is usually favorable for a successful egg hatch .
the black carpet beetle undergoes complete metamorphosis , passing through the egg , larva , pupa , and adult stages . this cycle requires two months to two years depending on temperature .
adults : dark brown or black adults are oval shaped and 1 / 8 to 3 / 16 inch in length . this stage feeds outdoors on pollen and nectar , migrating indoors to lay eggs about a week after emergence . adults can live nine months to three years depending on food availability and other environmental factors .
eggs : females lay about 50 small , white eggs which hatch in six to ten days . eggs are deposited in lint , cracks , and other areas near larval food supply where they are rarely seen .
larva : the larva of the black carpet beetle is the damaging stage of this pest . the cigar - shaped larva is long and narrow with short , stiff hairs on a dark brown to black body . long , bristlelike tails are visible on older larvae . a black carpet beetle larva may grow 1 / 2 inch long while undergoing five to 11 molts . cast larval skins are often seen on infested fabrics and can easily be mistaken for living larvae . the larval stage may require three months to nearly two years in order for pupation to occur .
pupae : the black carpet beetle pupates in its last larval skin after the majority of larval feeding and growth occurs . the pupal stage lasts six to 24 days .
the black carpet beetle is considered a general feeder but economic damage primarily occurs on fabrics in the household . they are known to eat large , irregular holes through any acceptable food material . they prefer to feed on the surface of wool products or at the base of furs , leaving bare spots on the hide . on most fabrics the nap is usually consumed leaving the base threads intact . additionally , the black carpet beetle may be a pest of stored products when it invades containers of cereals , nuts , and stored grain . black carpet beetle damage renders most fabrics aesthetically unappealing and useless . furthermore , those in close association with black carpet beetles may suffer allergic reactions as a result of exposure to beetle fragments , cast skins , or dust .
black carpet beetles can be detected by close inspection of susceptible household goods . depending on the value of the infested product , some may opt to discard the product while others may choose control options in an effort to salvage the goods .
careful inspection is the first step in controlling black carpet beetle infestations . all susceptible household fabrics ranging from rugs to mounted animal specimens must be inspected closely for presence of larvae , their cast skins , and damage . other food sources such as stored grains , bird seed , and cereals should also be examined . since adult beetles feed on pollen and nectar , all cut flowers from the outdoors should be inspected for black carpet beetle presence . screens should also be installed around windows , and doors should be tightly fitted to prevent adults from entering the structure . additionally , black carpet beetles favor animal nests such as those of birds and rodents and can be a source of infestation in the winter when the first sign of cold weather forces the beetles indoors . location and removal of such nests before winter can also prevent infestation .
vacuuming may be used to remove debris such as animal hair and lint that serves as a food source for black carpet beetles . when located , infested articles should be disposed of . however , if the item is of high value , several options are available . items such as furs can be placed in cold storage at temperatures around 40°f . also , some items may be frozen for a week in an effort to kill all beetle larvae .
in the case of a heavy infestation , insecticide treatment may be necessary . before using insecticide treatments for carpet beetles , the premises should be thoroughly vacuumed . cracks and crevices can be treated with a dust such as diatomaceous earth or silica aerogel . these dusts may also be applied at the edge of carpeting near the baseboards in infested rooms . spot treatment of rugs may be made with residual sprays . emulsifiable concentrates are the best formulations for treatment of carpets and rugs . some extreme cases may require fumigation by a pest control professional . fumigation offers elimination of the current infestation but no residual protection is provided , allowing for reinfestation .
paradichlorobenzene ( moth balls ) and napthalene offer little protection against black carpet beetles . paradichlorobenzene has been shown to slightly inhibit feeding but is not an effective repellent against the black carpet beetle .
baker je . 1986 . influence of larva weight and temperature change on survival and pupation in black carpet beetle ( coleoptera : dermestidae ) . environmental entomology 15 : 1166 - 1170 .
bennet gw , owens jm , corrigan rm . 1997 . truman ' s scientific guide to pest control operations , 5th ed . advanstar communications , cleveland .
black j . 2004 . fabric and museum pests . pp . 581 - 633 . in morland d ( ed . ) , handbook of pest control ( mallis a ) , ninth edition . gie media , inc .
robinson wh . 1996 . urban entomology : insect and mite pests in the human environment . chapman & hall , new york .
su ny , scheffrahn rh . 1990 . efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride against four beetle pests of museums ( coleoptera : dermestidae , anobiidae ) . journal of economic entomology 83 : 879 - 882 .
publication date : december 1997 . latest revision : november 2013 . reviewed : february 2017 .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
beal , r . s . 1970 . a taxonomic and biological study of species of attagenini in the united states and canada . entomologica americana . 45 ( 3 ) : 141 - 235 .
rees , d . , rangsi , t . v . 2004 . insects of stored products . csiro publishing , australia . 181 pp .
dictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .
american beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
the adult beetle is a dark brown , round beetle about half a centimetre in size , with a yellowish saw blade - shaped stripe on its back . it is covered with fine , thick hair . its antennas are short , filamentous and thicker towards the tip .
the larva will grow to be around one centimetre in length , it is dark brown and tapers off at the end . its end has tuft of hairs and the larva is clearly segmented and , therefore , looks like it has stripes . if bothered , the larva will curl up .
the larvae eat furs and wool , cotton and linen cloth , creating tiny , sharp - edged holes . the adult beetle does not require any sustenance .
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eupithecia neomexicana is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found in western new mexico and arizona .

the wingspan is about 15 – 17 mm .

adults have been recorded on wing from late august to early september .

eupithecia neomexicana

ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
guide to the geometridae of canada ( lepidoptera ) vi . subfamily larentiinae , revision of the genus eupithecia
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ferris , c . d . , 2018 . geometridae : larentiinae : eupitheciini ( part ) . lepidoptera of north america , part 14 . contributions of the c . p . gillette museum of arthropod diversity colorado state university ( over 116 color plates of adult moths w / genitalia - accessed 3 / 9 / 2018 )
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scoble , malcolm j . , ed . , 1999 : null . geometrid moths of the world : a catalogue ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) . 1016 .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
the species of the genus hydriomena occurring in america north of mexico ( geometridae , larentiinae ) .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 29 november , 2013 - 10 : 36pm
contributed by maury j . heiman on 2 june , 2013 - 1 : 34pm
contributed by maury j . heiman on 2 june , 2013 - 1 : 29pm
the canadian entomologist , vols . 42 ( 10 ) : 330 - 332 , ( cont . ) 43 ( 6 ) : 205 - 207 , 1910
pearsoll , r . f . , 1910 . a new geometrid genus and new species from the extreme south - west . the canadian entomologist 42 ( 10 ) : 330 - 332 . pearsoll , r . f . , 1911 . a new geometrid genus and new species from the extreme southwest . the canadian entomologist 43 ( 6 ) : 205 - 207 .
a new species of lambdina , and notes on two species of besma ( lepidoptera , geometridæ , ennominæ ) .
journal of the new york entomological society 52 ( 4 ) : 329 - 332 ; pl . 11 , 1944
rupert , l . r . , 1944 . a new species of lambdina , and notes on two species of besma ( lepidoptera , geometridæ , ennominæ ) . journal of the new york entomological society 52 ( 4 ) : 329 - 332 ; pl . 11 .
gaudet , e . , 1941 . geometrid notes and new species ( lepidoptera ) . pan - pacific entomologist 17 ( 4 ) : 190
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
packard . 1876 report us geol . geog . surv . tert . ( mon . geom . , moths us ) 10 .
our treatment follows ferguson ( 2008 ) , and is not yet fully entered on the website .
description : amnh nov . 1872 : 8 ( figures 5 , 15 - 17 )
type location : paradise ( chirichahua mts ) , redington ( pima co ) , baboquivari mts .
type location : redington ( pima co . ) , palmerlee ( huachuca mts . )
fernaldella fimetaria ( g . & r . , 1870 ) [ mona 6420 ]
rindge , fredrick h . 1965 . a revision of the nearctic species of the genus
rindge , fredrick h . 1973 . a revision of the moth genera nepterotaea and chesiadodes . bull . am . mus . nat . his . 152 ( 4 ) : 205 - 252 , figs 1 - 64 . pdf file ( 24 mb )
description : amnh nov . 1872 : 19 ( figs 7 , 18 - 20 )
: rindge ( 1968 ) maps show only from w . texas , central nm .
description : can . ent . 72 : 91 ( figured plate 7 , fig . 4 )
: rindge ( 1968 ) maps show only from central arizona , eastern nm .
description : can . ent . 72 : 91 ( figured on plate 7 , fig . 5 )
description : contr . nat . his . n . amer . lep 4 : 152 ( figured plate 21 , fig . 2 )
ron wielgus record from nw tucson , 7 january 2006 . det . ron leuschner
description : bull dep . ag . can . ent . brch 18 : 18 ( figured on plate 7 , fig . 9 )
day flier . cliff ferris record : cochise co . , ash cyn . , 12 oct . , 2007 ; also several records ( paradise , barfoot park ) from the chirichahua mts .
rindge , fredrick h . 1990 . a revision of the melanolophiini . bull . am . mus . nat . his . 199 ( 6 ) : 1 - 147 , figs . 1 - 174 . pdf file ( 47 mb )
description : am , mus . nat . his . nov . 1872 : 16
ferris record for arizona ( see photo ) . known only previously from holotype from sonora .
anavinemina acomos rindge 1990 [ no mona ] description : bull . am . mus . nat . his . 199 : 44 ( figures 55 , 56 , 67 ) type location : fly ' s peak ( chirichahua mts . )
ferris , c . d . 2010 . a new geometrid genus and species from southeastern arizona ( ennominae : nacophorini ) . j . lep . soc . 64 : 147 - - 153 .
from the western united states . am . mus . novitates 1784 : 1 - 19 , figs . 1 - 19 .
poole , robert w . 1987 . a taxonomic revision of the new world moth genus pero . usda techincal bulletin 1698 .
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figs / moths / geometridae / ennominae / i - adventaria . jpg ixala adventaria
posted photo from richard brown . data : 4 . 5 mi . s . w . portal , ix - 21 - 24 - 1981 , cochise co . mont a . cazier leg
pero pima poole 1987 [ no mona ] description : tech . bull . usda 1698 : 8 ( figures 12 , 448 ) type location : baboquivari mts .
rindge , fredrick h . 1961 . a revision of the nacophorini . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 123 : 87 - - 154 . ( covers the genus
rindge , fredrick h . 1983 . a generic revision of the new world nacophorini . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 175 : 147 - - 262 . pdf file ( 26 mb )
described by comstock 1959 ( bull so . cal . acad . sci 48 ; 101 - 106 . )
description : bull amer . mus . nat . hist . 123 : 122 ( figured plate 20 , fig 7 - 8 )
description : bull amer . mus . nat . hist . 123 : 115 ( figured plate 19 , fig 11 )
ron wielgus record from nw tucson , 7 april 2006 . det . ron leuschner
c . d . ferris and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . revision of the north american genera tetracis and synonymization of synaxis hulst with descriptions of three new species . zootaxa 2347 : 1 - - 36 . pdf file
[ mona 6866 ] ' ' are the same species . j . g . franclement has plates of the types , and i saw them . if there is another similiar species , it has no name ' '
an . inst . biol . univ . nal . auton . de mex . 54 ( 1983 ) , ser . zool . ( 1 ) : 141 - 151 . the male ht is from cerro del ajusco , mexico df , 3000m , 9 june , 1981 , and is placed in the coleccion entomologica del instituto de biologia de la universidad nacional autonoma de mexico .
( mcguffin , 1987 ) . smithsonian record from solider creek , mt graham 6 august 1974 .
known from only three specimens : the type ( sierra madres , tepic , mexico ) and two franclemont records for madera canyon ( santa ritas ) : 5 , 600 feet on 1 july 1960 and 5 , 800 feet on 1 july 1963 .
until recently , only two us records : the type location and one record from sunnyside canyon , huachuca mts . , july 1958 . however , in july of 2010 , john paulting found an actice colony on carr ridge in the huachuca mts .
cheteoscelis pectinaria ( grossbeck 1910 ) [ mona 7066 ] type location : redington ( pima co . )
lophochorista lesteraria [ mona 7069 ] description : j . ny ent . soc . 18 : 203 originally known only from 4 specimens ( santa catalinas , pinal co ; baboquivari mts ) . very rare , i know of only four recent records ( most recent brown canyon 20 aug 06 , by tomas mustelin ( not really fair that a noctuid guy would get the cool geo ) howard byrne ( in 1999 ) either took this or an undescribed species
mcdunnough , james h . 1954 . the species of the genus hydriomena occuring in american north of mexico ( geometidae , larentiinae ) . bull . am . mus . nat . his . 104 ( 3 ) : 237 - - 358 . pdf file ( 35 mb )
cliff ferris record : july 2007 , cunningham ampground , mt . graham . confirmed by dissection .
is slightly smaller , has darker markings above and below , and had an absence of bright red scales on the underside of both wings .
description : amnh nov . 1872 : 3 ( figures 3 , 4 , 11 , 12 )
description : cont . nat . his . n . amer . lep . 4 : 136 ( figured in plate 23 , fig . 1 )
stamnoctenis rubrosuffusa ( grossbeck 1912 ) [ mona 7358 ] description : j . ny ent soc . 20 : 282 type location : palmerlee ( huachuca mts . )
zeniophleps pallescens looks a little different from our se arizona material . smithsonian image of typical zeniophleps pallescens .
mcdunnough , james h . 1949 . revision of the north american species of the genus
of mississippi and louisiana . am . mus . novitates 2809 : 1 - 18 , figs . 1 - 38 .
ferris , c . d . 2007 . the new species of eupitheica curtis from arizona and new mexico with discussion of associated species . zootaxa 1516 : 49 - - 60 . pdf
record : upper pinery cyn . , chiricahuas , cochise co . , vii - 30 / viii - 2 - 99 ( opler )
record : onion saddle , chiricahuas , cochise co . , vii - 30 / viii - 2 - 99 ( opler )
upper pinery cyn . , chiricahuas , cochise co . , vii - 30 / viii - 2 - 99 ( opler )
record : onion saddle , chiricahuas , cochise co . , vii - 30 / viii - 1 - 99 ( opler ) , ferris record , az cochise co
c . ferris record , az cochise co , chirichahua mts , s . fk . cave creek canyon on 14 . vi . 83 . ferris states
at least it appears to be that species as it looks like what i get here in wyoming . i have one specimen from s . fk . cave creek canyon on 14 . vi . 83 . i also have one april , 2001 specimen of the same moth from grant co . , nm . i don ' t have specimens of 7638 c . anguilineata for comparison . i do have 7639 , and the az moth is not that .
bruce walsh . jbwalsh @ urltoken . comments , correction and additions most welcome . to get to my home page .


the olive colobus monkey ( procolobus verus ) , also known as the green colobus or van beneden 's colobus , is a species of primate in the family cercopithecidae .

its english name refers to its dull olive upperparts .

it is the smallest example of all colobine monkeys and is rarely observed in its natural habitat because of its cryptic coloration and secretive nature .

it is found in the rain forests of west africa , ranging from southern sierra leone to nigeria .

the olive colobus is classified as near threatened by the iucn red list , the cause of its decline attributed to habitat loss and hunting .

though much of the land within the range of the olive colobus has been affected by human activities , it retains its ability to thrive in small degraded forest fragments .

olive colobus

…red colobus ( genus piliocolobus ) , and olive colobus ( genus procolobus ) .
the black - and - white colobus monkeys are closely related to the red colobus monkeys of genus piliocolobus and the olive colobus of the genus procolobus . the red colobus monkeys were formerly placed together with the olive colobus in procolobus , but this genus is now limited to the olive colobus ( groves 2005 ) .
mating system of an exceptional primate , the olive colobus ( procolobus verus ) .
olive baboon ( papio anubis ) feeding young at the colobus trust conservation centre in diani kenya .
mating system of an exceptional primate , the olive colobus ( procolobus verus ) . - pubmed - ncbi
the olive colobus monkey has a multimale - multifemale social structure . females carry their infants in their mouth for a few weeks after they are born . the olive colobus monkey is not territorial ( estes , 1991 ) .
association between olive colobus ( procolobus verus ) , diana guenons ( cercopithecus diana ) , and other . . .
oates , j . 1988 . the diet of the olive colobus monkey , * procolobus verus * , in sierra leone .
olive colobus monkeys are arboreal and are restricted to rainforest habitat . they prefer the dense understory of the forest , often near water .
poster : massimin et al . 2015 microindentation testing of olive colobus mandibles suggests role for phylogenetic affinity in determination of mandibular bone material properties
the olive colobus monkey is found in the countries of ghana , guinea , ivory coast , liberia , and sierra leone . this species lives in the lower levels of the rainforest often near water . the olive colobus monkey likes to live in the undergrowth of the forest .
the name colobus ( or colobus monkey ) also is used as a collective term for members of this genus ; however , there also are red colobi that comprise the genus piliocolobus , and the olive colobus is the sole extant member of the genus procolobus .
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the olive colobus is listed as a class a species under the african convention , and under appendix ii of cites . it occurs in a number of protected areas .
blair , d . 2002 . colobus satanas ( black colobus ) . animal diversity web . retrieved february 13 , 2009 .
landes , d . 2000 . colobus polykomos ( king colobus ) . animal diversity web . retrieved february 13 , 2009 .
thompson , b . 2002 . colobus angolensis ( angolan colobus ) . animal diversity web . retrieved february 13 , 2009 .
nowak , r . 1997 .
walker ' s mammals of the world / olive colobus monkey
( on - line ) . accessed november 12 , 2001 at urltoken .
the olive colobus has the distinction of being the smallest colobus monkey ( 2 ) , a group of primates that primarily consume leaves and possess an unusual stomach that enables them to digest this plant matter efficiently ( 4 ) . the olive colobus has greenish - olive fur graduating to brown on the back , and dull grey undersides . the small , rounded head has a short , grey crest running down the crown with a swirl of light grey hair on each side of the forehead . a dull white ruff frames the hairless dark face ( 2 )
two types of black - and - white colobus monkeys are found in kenya , those that inhabit coastal forests and those in inland , high - country areas . red colobus monkeys are also found in east africa but are quite rare . two other types of colobus monkeys in africa are the black and the olive . the colobus monkey lives in all types of closed forests , including montane and gallery forests . bamboo stands are also popular dwelling spots for the colobus .
like many forest - dwelling primates , habitat loss and hunting pose the greatest threat to the existence of the olive colobus ( 1 ) ( 2 ) , and populations may be declining as a result ( 2 ) . however , a study revealed that the olive colobus may actually be very tolerant of hunting , but is greatly impacted by agriculture invading their natural habitat ( 10 ) .
noe , r . , r . bshary .
association of red and olive colobus monkeys with diana monkeys
( on - line ) . accessed 11 / 14 / 2001 at urltoken .
has a similar body structure to black and white colobus monkeys , but olive colobus monkeys have a small crest on top of the head and the most reduced thumb and largest feet of any colobine . males are equal in size to females with relatively larger canines than females .
the olive colobus occurs from southern sierra leone to ghana , just east of the volta river , and also in nigeria , on the south bank of the river benue ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
oates , j . , g . whitesides . 1990 . association between olive colobus , * procolobus verus * , diana guenons , * cercopithecus diana * , and other forest monkeys in sierra leone . .
the olive colobus occurs in a number of protected areas ( 5 ) , such as the taï national park in cote d ' ivoire ( 11 ) , and is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning that any international trade in this species should be carefully monitored ( 3 ) . otherwise , there are no known conservation measures in place specifically aimed at the rarely seen olive colobus .
korstjens , a . h . and noë , r . ( 2004 ) mating system of an exceptional primate , the olive colobus ( procolobus verus ) . american journal of primatology , 62 ( 4 ) : 261 - 273 .
the black colobus is one of the most endangered species of african primates and the king colobus also is considered to be highly endangered . major threats include habitat destruction and hunting .
colobine monkeys ( family cercopithecidae ; subfamily colobinae ) are found in africa and asia . african species include the olive , red and pied . the pied colobus include the black , western pied , angola pied , geoffroy ' s pied and the guereza .
is the smallest and the most drab colored of all african colobus monkeys , bearing olive colored hair with a tinge of brown on top and grayish underparts . weights range from 2 to 4 . 5 kg , and body lengths of 90 to 430 mm are reported .
which is divided into five species - olive , yellow , chacma , guinea and hamadryas - of which the olive and yellow are found in kenya . baboons are monkeys ( although they are often wrongly referred to as apes ) and are not threatened although their numbers have been declining in africa overall in the recent years because of eradication programmes .
juveniles of both sexes have perineal organs that mimics the adult female ' s sexual swelling ( estes , 1991 ) . it is thought that this functions for the males to keep adult males from evicting them because the adult would think that this may be a female ( estes , 1991 ) . this species has a sacculated stomach to assist in the breakdown of cellulose . the pelage color for this species is olive - brown . the infants of the olive colobus monkey have a little more yellow in their pelage color at birth . the average body mass for an adult male olive colobus monkey is around 4 . 2 kilograms , and for the female it is around 3 . 6 kilograms ( fleagle , 1988 ) .
kim , k . 2002 . colobus guereza . animal diversity web . retrieved february 13 , 2009 .
oates , j . f . and whitesides , g . h . ( 2005 ) association between olive colobus ( procolobus verus ) , diana guenons ( cercopithecus diana ) , and other forest monkeys in sierra leone . american journal of primatology , 21 ( 2 ) : 129 - 146 .
olive colobus monkeys have a gestation period of 5 to 6 months , with no specific breeding season . females reproduce about every two years and usually bear only one young at a time . females reach sexual maturity around 3 to 4 years old , males around 5 to 6 years old . female
. . . for many years researchers have explored the relationship between food choice and the concentration of tannins ( both condensed and hydrolysable ) of wild leaf - eating primates ; however , results remain conflicting and conclusions unclear in many cases . field investigations in colobines ( which are the most extensively studied leaf - eating primates with respect to the chemical content of their food ) have shown that tannins inhibit feeding in several species including black and white colobus colobus guereza ( oates , swain , & zantovska , 1977 ) , black colobus colobus satanas ( mckey , glasgow , gartlan , waterman , & choo , 1981 ) , and olive colobus procolobus verus ( oates , 1988 ) ; on the other hand , tannins seems had little inhibitory effect on food selection of other colobines including red colobus procolobus badius ( chapman & chapman , 2002 ) , tana river red colobus procolobus badius rufomitratus ( mckey et al . , 1981 ) , and the asian colobine presbytis rubicunda ( davies , bennett , & waterman , 1988 ) . . . .
material properties of the mandibular bone in two colobine and two cercopithecine monkeys ranging in côte d’ivoire’s taï forest have been investigated and interpreted in relation to diet . however , olive colobus ( procolobus verus ) mandibles have not been studied to date . consuming a relatively soft diet with an emphasis on young leaves , procolobus verus foods are less mechanically challenging than those selected by sympatric colobines and one cercopithecine ( cercocebus atys ) but are thought to be similar to those preferred by the diana guenons ( cercopithecus diana ) in being neither tough nor hard . the olive colobus thus provides a test case for whether mandibular stiffness variation tracks functional demands ( diet ) or phylogenetic affinity .
tree - dwelling olive colobus live in groups of 5 to 20 individuals with around half containing one adult male with several females and their young ( 2 ) , and the remaining groups having multiple breeding males ( 6 ) . members of a group communicate infrequently with very quiet chirping or burring calls ( 2 ) . little is known about reproduction in the olive colobus , but it is believed to be the only old world monkey in which the female carries the newborn in her mouth while she travels for the first month of life ( 5 ) ( 7 ) . as the infant grows , it may wrap itself around the female’s neck or cling to her body as she moves through the forest ( 2 ) .
members of the colobus genus have a complex stomach divided into two regions , allowing fermentation of foliage by anaerobic bacteria ( kim 2002 ) .
for humans , various species , such as the king colobus ( c . polykomos ) , angolan colobus ( c . angolensis ) , and black colobus ( c . satanas ) have been hunted by people for their fur , and sometimes for food and for rituals . the guereza ( c . guereza ) is used in animal testing and also is one of the monkey species that is sacred in hindu and buddhist religions . and more generally , the unique form and behavior of the black - and - white colobus , with their arboreal abilities of leaping long distances between branches , adds a value in ecotourism .
as are all colobus , the angolan colobus monkey is diurnal , they have flattened nails , pads on their buttocks , and their hind legs are longer than their fore limbs . these are typical characteristics of old world monkeys . however , the specific features of colobines are due to their unique dietary adaptations .
at one time , the colobus was hunted excessively for its beautiful fur . its skin has been used to make dance costumes , hats , and capes .
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 1999 . colobus illiger , 1811 . itis taxonomic serial no . : 572829 . retrieved february 13 , 2009 .
close association between olive colobus ( procolous verus ) and other monkeys ( especially cercopithecus species ) has been observed throughout the range of p . verus in the forest zone of west africa . to investigate the basis of this association , we made new observations in sierra leone , concentrated at tiwai island . we obtained data on the association patterns of monkeys over a large area of the . . . [ show full abstract ]
the report by sery et al . ( primate conservation 21 : 55–61 , 2006 ) that colobus polykomos dollmani had been observed in southern côte d ' ivoire during surveys in 2003–2004 is questioned . not only is this taxon of the black - and - white colobus monkeys of uncertain validity ( being regarded by some authors as a set of hybrids between colobus polykomos and c . vellerosus ) , but sery et al . also do not . . . [ show full abstract ]
black - and - white colobus ( plural : clobuses or colobi ) is the common name for any of the medium - sized , commonly arboreal , old world monkeys comprising the genus colobus of the colobinae subfamily , characterized by a slender body , long tail , absent or rudimentary thumbs , prominent rump callosities , and a complex stomach that aids digestion of cellulose . there are five extant species in the colobus genus . these primates are found in africa , often in tropical rainforests .
the angolan black and white colobus monkey has black hair with a white brow band , cheeks , and throat . long haired white epaulettes stream from the shoulders .
the diet of the olive colobus is dominated by young leaves and flowers , with one study showing 27 percent of their diet acquired from lianas , in the tangles of which they spend much of their time ( 9 ) . fruit and seeds are also eaten , with the quantities varying seasonally ( 2 ) , but mature leaves are rarely ingested ( 9 ) . they eat the food directly off the plant using their mouth , and do not pick it by hand ( 2 ) .
the olive colobus is confined to the forests of west africa , and is discontinuously distributed from southern sierra leone and guinea to south - east nigeria . oates ' ( 1982 ) map shows a more or less continuous range from sierra leone to ghana , extending just east of the volta river , and again in nigeria on the south bank of the benue river just above its confluence with the niger . he considered the distributional gap to be real rather than an artefact of collecting or observation ( groves 2001 ) . in a few localities ( e . g . , tai forest , côte d ' ivoire ) , it is only locally distributed , but numerous . in a recent survey of bénin and togo , campbell et al . ( 2008 ) found the olive colobus in 13 of the 26 localities surveyed in bénin ; no sightings were made in togo by campbell ' s team , although it was reported by hunters at one locality ( see campbell et al . 2008 for more details ) .
as human populations are growing and expanding , forests are cut down to make room for agriculture , settlements , and roads . the colobus monkey is losing its home as these developments progress .
mckey , d . b . ( 1978 ) . soils , vegetation , and seed - eating by black colobus monkeys . in montgomery , g . g . ( ed . ) ,
in this study , we examine bone stiffness in the postcanine corpus of four adult olive colobus operating under the null hypothesis of no interspecific difference . vickers microindentation was performed on rehydrated coronal sections taken between m 1 and m 3 . hardness values were converted to elastic modulus by established regression . elastic modulus was then compared among the colobines and cercopithecines . procolobus verus mandibular bone is not significantly different from that of colobus polykomos or procolobus badius ; however , as a group , these colobines have significantly more compliant bone than does cercocebus atys . three of the four procolobus verus mandibles have average stiffness values below those of cercopithecus diana . these data provide additional evidence that colobines have less stiff mandibular bone than cercopithecines irrespective of diet .
the black - and - white colobus is found in africa . common countries include senegal , ethiopia , tanzania , congo , malawi , uganda , and zambia . the king colobus ( c . polykomos ) is found from gambia to the ivory coast ( landes 2002 ) . the guereza ( c . guereza ) if found in equatorial africa , in cameroon , ethiopia , kenya , uganda , tanzania , congo , gabon , central african republic , zaire , rwanda , and sudan ( kim 2002 ) . the black colobus ( c . satanas ) is found in western africa in cameroon and gabon ( blair 2002 ) . the angolan colobus ( c . angolensis ) is found from eastern nigeria through cameroon , norther congo , gabon , zair , uganda , rwanda , ethiopia , kenya , tanzania , and the central african republic ( thompson 2002 ) . the ursine colobus ( c . vellerosus ) is found in benin , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , and togo .
bstracted from information compiled by r . eley and p . kahumbu - - the colobus isn ' t the only primate in diani . in fact , there are three primate families on the south coast at diani : 1 . ) family lorisinae ( bushbabies ) , 2 . ) family cercopithecidae ( vervets , sykes , baboons , colobus ) and 3 . ) family hominidae ( humans ) .
we studied the comparative feeding ecology of three species of colobus ( procolobus badius , procolobus verus , and colobus polykomos ) on tiwai island , sierra leone . we collected dietary data on each species by scan - sampling habituated groups . because these groups were observed in the same study area during overlapping time periods , the confounding effects of temporal and spatial variability in . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the olive colobus is the smallest of the three colobines ( oates et al . 1994 ) . the species have been studied before both on tiwai island ( sierra leone ) and in the taï national park , but their vocal behaviour has never been thoroughly investigated ( booth 1957 ; oates 1984 ; 1988 , oates & whitesides 1987 , 1990 , whitesides 1989 , mcgraw 1996 1998 , höner et al . 1997 , davies et al . 1999 , korstjens and noé , 2004 ) . their social behaviour is most remarkable . . . .
while colobus monkeys are found in various habitat types , they particularly are common in rainforest . other habitats include bamboo forests , montane forests , lowland forests , riperian forests , dry forests , and wooded grasslands .
mckey , d . b . , gartlan , j . s . , waterman , p . g . , and choo , g . m . ( 1981 ) . food selection by black colobus monkeys (
the black - and - white colobus monkeys generally have black fur with white markings . the king colobus ( colobus polykomos ) has the chest and whiskers that are white , while the rest of the body is black ; the ail is entirely white and not tufted ( landes 2000 ) . the guereza ( c . guereza ) has a gray face without fur , a glossy black coat , a u - shaped white mantle found on the sides , the face and callosities surrounded by white , and the tail a whitish or yellowish color form tip to base and a large white tuft on the end of the tail ( kim 2002 ) . the black colobus ( c . satanas ) has a black coat of fur and black tail ( blair 2002 ) . the angolan colobus ( c . sangolensis ) have long silky hair , a black body with white brow band , white cheeks , white throat , long - haired white epaulettes on the shoulders and the lower half of the tail is white ( thompson 2002 ) . young angolan colobi are born completely white ( thompson 2002 ) .
colobus eat mostly leaves ( and some fruits and flowers ) , have no cheek pouches , are arboreal ( live in the tree canopy and rarely come down to the ground ) and have a light - weight bone structure and elongated limbs - making it easier to leap from branch to branch . additionally , the colobus have no thumbs though they retain an opposable big toe .
colobus
in fact acquired their name from the greek word
kolobos
meaning maimed or mutilated . the reduction of the thumb is an adaptation to arboreal living as the fingers have become aligned into a single , narrow curved arc that allows the hand to act as a flexible hook .
colobus monkeys are strictly leaf - eaters and spend most of their time in treetops , preferring to eat young leaves found there . however , their complex stomachs enable them to digest mature or toxic foliage that other monkeys cannot .
here in diani there are approximately 450 colobus monkeys identified from the annual census , carried out every october - the second highest known concentration of this subspecies in kenya . overall , there are an estimated 2000 remaining in kenya . the angolan colobus is believed to be at risk from habitat loss and hunting . its highly fragmented range suggests that we expect to see declining numbers in association with the further fragmentation and loss of habitat in both kenya and tanzania .
the black - and - white colobus is very arboreal and jump long distances between branches . the angolan colobus monkeys are the most arboreal of all african monkeys , and generally remain in the canopy of trees , but will occasionally come to the ground near streams to eat vegetation ( thompson 2002 ) . however , the guereza ( c . guereza ) is known to feed and travel on the ground when the trees are not densely spaced ( kim 2002 ) . and the black colobus ( b . satanas ) spend much of their time on the ground as quadrupeds , although they occasionally swing through the canopy , particularly when food is scarce and they are dependent on more mature leaves ( blair 2002 ) .
black - and - white colobi are herbivorous . the angolan colobus is primarily folivorious , feeding on leaves , but they also feed on stems , bark , flowers , shoots , fruits , buds , and even some aquatic plant fruits and insects ( thompson 2002 ) . the black colobus prefers seeds , although it also feeds on leaves of climbing vines and immature leaves ; when food is scarce they will feed on mature leaves , immature fruit , and flowers ( blair 2002 ) .
the name “colobus” is derived from the greek word for “mutilated , ” because unlike other monkeys , colobus monkeys do not have thumbs . their beautiful black fur strongly contrasts with the long white mantle , whiskers , bushy tail , and beard around the face . the eastern black - and - white is distinguishable by a u - shaped cape of white hair running from the shoulders to lower back , whereas the angolan black - and - white has white hairs flaring out only at the shoulders .
with your help , awf can work on critical initiatives like providing education for sustainable agriculture and employing gis technologies to identify threatened areas . donate for a cause that will help with wildlife conservation and ensure the colobus does not become an endangered species .
myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2008 . colobus . animal diversity web . retrieved february 13 , 2009 .
groves , c . 2005 . colobus . pages 167 - 168 in d . e . wilson , and d . m . reeder ( eds . ) , mammal species of the world , 3rd edition . johns hopkins university press . isbn 0801882214 .
in diani , colobus are rarely a pest to tourists as they do not eat human food and remain in the tree canopy . due to their dependence on forests they are a true
flagship
species in which the overall health of the forest can be gauged .
. . . the colobine diet varies in species composition with the food resources available and the floristic composition of their habitats . colobine monkeys also eat fruits and other plant parts besides leaves ( for example , procolobus verus : oates 1988 , davies et al . 1999 colobus polykomos : dasilva 1994 , davies et al . 1999 procolobus badius : davies et al . 1999 ; colobus vellerosus : teichroeb et al . 2003 ) . sleeping sites ( nests of leaves , holes in trees , or the branches of trees ) are night refuges for diurnal animals , and affect habitat use . . . .
the black - and - white colobus monkeys provide important functions in their ecosystems , consuming plant matter and serving as prey for various mammals ( large cats such as leopards , chimpanzees ) , birds of prey ( eagles ) , and reptiles ( snakes ) . they also may disperse seeds that they consume .
it rarely descends to the ground and uses branches as trampolines to get liftoffs for leaps of up to 50 feet . colobus monkeys leap up and then drop downward , falling with outstretched arms and legs to grab the next branch . their mantle hair and tails are believed to act as a parachute during these long leaps .
skyes monkeys are highly territorial and live in female bonded , single - male troops ( averaging 20 individuals in diani ) although they tend to forage in a more dispersed manner . sykes troops are remarkably stable and peaceful groups , with resident males maintaining dominance for years on end and sub - adult males being evicted readily . outsider males often learn to imitate the dominant male ' s call to lure away females . interestingly enough , these monkeys sometimes associate with the colobus , grooming and playing with each other at times , especially juveniles . it is thought that the colobus tolerate the sykes monkeys because they are extremely vigilant and are usually first to notice any danger .
colobus monkeys live in troops of about 5 to 10 animals—a dominant male , several females , and their young . each troop has a well - defined territory , which is defended from other groups . adult troop members , especially males , make croaking roars that can be heard resonating throughout the forest . despite their territorial nature , fighting over mates rarely occurs .
. . . whether plant secondary compounds affect colobine food choice is controversial , however . some species , for example , were found to eat foods with low tannin concen - trations [ colobus satanas : mckey et al . , 1981 ; pro - colobus verus : oates , 1988 ] , while no correlation was found between tannin ( or phenol ) concentrations and food choice in several other species [ piliocolobus rufomitratus : mowry et al . , 1996 ; piliocolobus teph - rosceles : chapman & chapman , 2002 ; presbytis rubicunda : davies et al . , 1988 ] ; this confusion may be in relation to the methods used [ rautio et al . , 2007 ; rothman et al . , 2009 ] . . . .
a mature male baboon is an imposing sight , weighing 20 - 30 kg and a head - body length of 70 cm , standing 50 cm at teh shoulders . males are approximately twice the size and weight of females . apart from colour , the two kenyan species of baboon are very similar in appearance , although the thinner coat of the yellow baboon vs . the thick hair / manes of the olive baboon make it look smaller in comparison . it takes males around seven to eight years to reach maturity , although they will continue to grow for a few years after that as well . females reach sexual maturity at five years .
awf works with pastoralist people to develop appropriate sustainable solutions for agricultural and settlement growth by providing training on best practices and incentivizing conservation agriculture when appropriate , like in the congo where we provided pastoralists with increased seed varieties and new planting techniques . this allows for maximized productivity and less wasted land , leading to increased food and economic security for people and more space for the colobus .
the word
colobus
comes from greek ekolobóse , meaning
he cut short
or
mutilated ,
and is so named because its thumb is essentially absent or is a stump that is represented only by a small phalangeal tubercle that may at times bear a nail ( kim 2002 ) . this lack of a thumb may aid their moving quickly through the trees ( kim 2002 ) .
. . . selon oates ( 1996 ) et kingdon ( 1997 , la carte de répartition du colobe vert olive indique une distribution discontinue de la sierra leone et de la guinée jusqu ' au sud - est du nigeria . quelques études socio - écologiques concernant ce singe ont été réalisées dans le parc national de taï en côte d ' ivoire ( korstjens & schippers 2003 ; korstjens & noë 2004 ) tandis que son régime alimentaire a été étudié sur l ' île de tiwaï , en sierra leone ( oates 1988 ; oates & whitesides 1990 ; davies et al . 1999 ) . pendant longtemps , l ' étude des primates n ' était pas une préoccupation au bénin . . . .
in general , the size of a colobus monkey is roughly between 45 to 72 centimeters ( 17 . 7 - 28 inches ) in body and head length , and with a tail from 52 to 100 centimeters ( 20 . 5 - 39 . 4 inches ) . they may weigh between 6 and 11 . 4 kilograms ( 13 - 25 pounds ) , with the males slightly larger than the females .
a morphological study was performed using 97 colobus polykomos and 41 nasalis larvatus . the premolars and molars of these two taxa of leaf - eating monkeys were similar in that they possessed deeply grooved and highly pointed cusps . of 7 dental traits investigated , 4 were significantly different between the 2 forms . indeed , with 2 of these , the position of the lingual cusp on pm4 and the number . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . long resting time among colobines has been explained in a number of ways . some authors have linked it to the need to ferment leaves for their digestion or to the quality of the habitat ( marsh 1981 ; oates 1988 ; korsjtens et al . 2010 ) . it has also been considered a strategy of behavioral thermoregulation for colobus polykomos , as it may limit energy losses ( dasilva 1992dasilva , 1994 ) . . . .
black - and - white colobi are medium - sized monkeys with slender bodies and long tails . all five extant species in colobus are characterized by a reduced or absent thumb , prominent ischial callosities ( a callus , or piece of skin that has become thickened as a result of repeated contact and friction , occurring on the animal ' s buttocks ) , and a complex stomach that enables them to digest mature or toxic vegetation , aiding in the digestion of cellulose ( thompson 2002 ) .
the bark is grey , smooth and fibrous , often pock - marked and heavily folded . leaves are compound , ‘digitate’ , dark green and shiny . flowers are solitary , 5 waxy petals surrounding a ball of fine stamens , upside down on hanging stalks , unpleasant scented . fruits are large hard - shelled capsules up to 24 cm long , and remaining on the tree after ripening . their leaves are a favourite of the colobus , and the fruit of the other monkeys - though only the baboon can crack them open .
neem tree ( azadracta indica ) - common in the coast , though it is not indigenous to africa . it is a hardy tree which grows to 118 meters . it has a rough pale brown - grey bark , small fresh glossy - green compound leaves , small white or cream fragrant flowers and small oval greenish - yellow berries . it is widely planted at the coast for fuel , timber , shade , agroforestry in exhausted soils , and as traditional medicine for treating 40 diseases , including malaria . also used for soap making . colobus like to eat its leaves while its berries are a favourite for sykes and vervet monkeys .
prickly ash ( zanthozylum challybeum ) - an indigenous shrub or tree 1 . 5 to 10 meters or more , evergreen . found often in rocky sites ( the diani forests are full of coral rock ) . its trunk is furrowed with corky knobs or ridges crowned with spines . leaves compound with 5 to 11 leaflets . its flowers are yellow - green , usually borne below the leaves . the fruit is tinny , 5 – 8 mm long , obliquely ellipsoid with a shinny black seed . the leaves are eaten by colobus and used locally to treat chest infections and , because of their fresh citrus smell and taste , to spice tea .
flamboyant ( delonix regia ) - another exotic plant found in diani and a favourite of the colobus monkeys . it is one of the most beautiful trees , particularly when it flowers – brilliant scarlet - red , each flower up to 10cm across with wavy petals , of which the uppermost is creamy white and splashed with scarlet . it has a flat or umbrella shaped crown , its bark is grey and smooth , leaves twice compound light green and feathery , with leaflets mostly less than 1 cm long . they fruits are long brown heavy pods honeycombed into horizontal seed chambers . these seed pods are also favoured by baboons and sykes monkeys . vervets also eat them .
the lower part of the tail is white as is the band on the buttocks . this subspecies , palliatus , is only found in the south eastern kenya and tanzania coastal forests and the tanzanian eastern arc mountains of the east and west usambaras , south pares , nguru , nguu and uluguru mountains . although the palliatus were previously found along the entire coast , deforestation and hunting in the northern parts have resulted in their restriction to isolated pockets of forests south of mombasa . travelling further inland , the guereza black and white colobus occur . these are much bigger , have longer coats , have a full cape of white hair around their backs and full bushy white tail .
their stomach is large and has three chambers , which carries specific bacteria that helps to ferment and digest leaves , similar to rumination of , for example , cows . the majority of their diet is made up of young and mature leaves - 46 species eaten but only five species make the greatest proportion of their diet . because of the poor nutritional quality of their food , they browse intensively for many hours each day . they digest two to three kg of leaves per day ( one third of their full body weight ) , and also eat seeds , unripe fruits and flowers . some species of colobus are known to eat soil , clay and charcoal which is thought to assist in the digestion of toxic leaves .
there is no distinct breeding season , although most mating probably occurs during the rainy season . a female will give birth once every 20 months , on average . the newborn colobus monkey has a pink face and is covered with white fur . at about 1 month , it begins to change color , gaining the black - and - white adult coloration at about 3 months . the infant monkey is carried on the mother ' s abdomen , where it clings to her fur . as it matures , it spends a lot of time playing with its mother and other adults . in the first month , it may be handled 3 to 5 times an hour in resting groups . however , infant mortality is high even though the young are carefully tended .
. . . whether plant secondary compounds affect colobine food choice is controversial , however . some species , for example , were found to eat foods with low tannin concentrations [ colobus satanas : mckey et al . , 1981 ; procolobus verus : oates , 1988 ] , while no correlation was found between tannin ( or phenol ) concentrations and food choice in several other species [ piliocolobus rufomitratus : mowry et al . , 1996 ; piliocolobus teph - rosceles : chapman & chapman , 2002 ; presbytis rubicunda : davies et al . , 1988 ] ; this confusion may be in relation to the methods used [ rautio et al . , 2007 ; rothman et al . , 2009 ] . the sichuan snub‐nosed monkey ( rhinopithecus roxellana ) is a china‐endemic endangered colobine species . . . .
suni - suni are forest antelope 40cm tall and male ' s horns can reach 13cm . their facial glands are enormous , especially in the male and their fur is sleek , shiny , freckled dark brown with a lighter underside . they are browsers with a varied diet of leaves , shoots and herbs and gather under feeding colobus monkeys to pick up dropped leaves and shoots of brittlewood . the rely on smell for many social activities and visible and invisible scented pathways are followed with individual and communal dung middens tending to be on the peripheries of a territory . they feed in short bursts interspersed with rests and are most active after rainstorms and between dusk and 10 pm and after 4pm . they rest during the heat of the day . mainly pairs on territories of approximately 3 ha .
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mittermeier , r . a . , rylands , a . b . and wilson d . e . 2013 . handbook of the mammals of the world : volume 3 primates . lynx edicions , barcelona .
justification : listed as near threatened as this species is believed to have undergone a decline exceeding 20 % over the past 27 years or so , mainly as a result of hunting and extensive habitat loss , especially in the eastern parts of their range . their cryptic nature and ability to survive in small forest fragments and to adapt to some anthropogenic disturbance has no doubt enabled them to persist and remain common in parts of their range . almost qualifies as threatened under criterion a2cd .
this species is probably declining due to loss of its forest habitats and hunting , especially in the far eastern part of its range , towards nigeria .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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colobe à huppe , colobe de van beneden , colobe vert , colobe vrai .
inhabits forest , including rainforest , dry semi - deciduous forest , palm forest , forest margins , swamps forest , and abandoned cultivated areas ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
macdonald , d . w . ( 2006 ) the encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .
authenticated ( 26 / 03 / 09 ) by matthew richardson , primatologist and author .
deciduous a plant that sheds its leaves at the end of the growing season .
kingdon , j . ( 1997 ) the kingdon field guide to african mammals . academic press ltd , london .
stuart , c . and stuart , t . ( 1997 ) field guide to the larger mammals of africa . struik publishers , cape town .
davies , a . g . , oates , j . f . and dasilva , g . l . ( 1999 ) patterns of frugivory in three west african colobine monkeys . international journal of primatology , 20 ( 3 ) : 327 - 357 .
isaac , n . j . b . and cowlishaw , g . ( 2004 ) how species respond to multiple extinction threats . proceedings of the royal society of london b , 271 : 1135 - 1141 .
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primate info net is maintained by the wisconsin primate research center ( wprc ) library at the university of wisconsin - madison . wprc programs are supported by grant numbers rr000167 and rr015311 , national primate centers program , national center for research resources , the national institutes of health .
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is found on the western coast of africa , from sierra leone to tongo . there is also an isolated population in eastern nigeria .
sometimes travels into the middle canopy to sleep , but never ventures to the upper stratum .
species . as the young matures , it is carried on the abdomen of the mother . mothers provide milk , grooming and protection for the young . the role of males in care of infants has not been reported .
the lifespan of these animals has not been reported , but other leaf eating monkeys rarely live in excess of 30 years in captivity . it is likely that
consist of an old male , several females and their offspring . group size ranges from 10 to 15 individuals . this species is often seen grouping with other monkeys , especially
communication in these monkeys is not well described . however , we may assume that they are like other primates , and use various means of communication . included in these are visual signals , such as facial expressions and body postures , vocalizations , and tactile communication , including grooming , playing , and aggression .
forage in understory and middle canopy of the forest , feeding mainly on young leaves . these monkeys are highly selective feeder , but seasonally they will also eat seeds , flowers , and petioles . when young foliage is available , they ignore mature leaves .
has a sacculated stomach to assist in the breakdown of cellulose in its primarily folivorous diet .
is the most accomplished leaper in the tai forest , where it commonly lives . this capability of
allows it to avoid predators that share this habitat . it also frequently groups with diana monkeys to avoid predation .
the ecosystem role of these animals is not well understood . we may assume that to the extent that other animals prey upon these monkeys , they serve as a control on predator populations . they may also help to disperse seeds .
on humans . however , as primates , they may carry some of the same disease organisms which affect people .
although this species is not of special conservation concern , all primates are listed as cites appendix ii because they are vulnerable to habitat loss .
leah thompson ( author ) , university of michigan - ann arbor , kate teeter ( editor ) , university of michigan - ann arbor .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state ; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth / hatching . in birds , naked and helpless after hatching .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator , from 23 . 5 degrees north to 23 . 5 degrees south .
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female .
to cite this page : thompson , l . 2002 .
procolobus verus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
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dalcera semirufa is a moth in the dalceridae family .

it is found on the western slopes of the andes mountains in colombia .

the habitat consists of tropical wet and tropical rain forests .

the length of the forewings is 16 – 17 mm .

the forewings are deep reddish brown .

the hindwings are orange-yellow with a very broad dark fuscous border .

adults are on wing in may , june and august .

dalcera semirufa

this is the place for dalcera definition . you find here dalcera meaning , synonyms of dalcera and images for dalcera copyright 2017 © urltoken
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figures 129 - 134 . wing patterns . figure 129 . dalcera abrasa , male , brazil ( lacm ) . figure 130 . dalcera abrasa , female , brazil ( vob ) . figure 131 . dalcera canescens , male ( lectotype of d . consanguinea ) , brazil ( usnm ) . figure 132 . dalcera semirufa , male paralectotype , colombia ( bmnh ) . figure 133 . dalcerina tijucana , male ( lectotype of d . fumata ) , brazil ( usnm ) . figure 134 . dalcerina tijucana , female ( holotype of d . dlerrhyeoa ) , paraguay ( usnm ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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antaeotricha griseanomina is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by august busck in 1934 .

it is found in the guianas .

antaeotricha griseanomina

this is the place for griseanomina definition . you find here griseanomina meaning , synonyms of griseanomina and images for griseanomina copyright 2017 © urltoken
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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