graham 's frog or diskless-fingered odorous frog ( odorrana grahami ) is a species of frog in the ranidae family .

it is found in china ( sichuan , yunnan , guizhou , and possibly hunan ) and vietnam ( in hoàng liên national park in the north ) .

presumably it is also found in myanmar in areas adjacent to its chinese distribution area .

odorrana grahami

rana ( odorrana ) grahami — dubois , 1992 , bull . mens . soc . linn . lyon , 61 : 329 .
rana grahami — zhao and adler , 1993 , herpetol . china : 142 .
how can i put and write and define odorrana andersonii in a sentence and how is the word odorrana andersonii used in a sentence and examples ? 用odorrana andersonii造句 , 用odorrana andersonii造句 , 用odorrana andersonii造句 , odorrana andersonii meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
odorrana grahami — fei , ye , and huang , 1990 , key to chinese amph . : 149 ; ye , fei , and hu , 1993 , rare and economic amph . china : 262 .
rana ( rana ) grahami — boulenger , 1920 , rec . indian mus . , 20 : 9 .
odorrana andersonii
are relatively large frogs : males grow to a snout vent length of about and females to .
odorrana grahami — chen , murphy , lathrop , ngo , orlov , ho , and somorjai , 2005 , herpetol . j . , 15 : 239 . che , pang , zhao , wu , zhao , and zhang , 2007 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 43 : 1 - 13 , by implication ; stuart , 2008 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 46 : 54 .
odorrana andersonii
is considered as being of
least concern
by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) , although over - exploitation for food and habitat change are threats to this species .
two antimicrobial peptides from skin secretions of rana grahami .
xu x . , li j . , han y . , yang h . , liang j . , lu q . , lai r . toxicon 47 : 459 - 464 ( 2006 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]
huia grahami — frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de sá , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297 : 368 .
antimicrobial peptides from diverse families isolated from the skin of the asian frog , rana grahami .
conlon j . m . , al - ghaferi n . , abraham b . , jiansheng h . , cosette p . , leprince j . , jouenne t . , vaudry h . peptides 27 : 2111 - 2117 ( 2006 ) [ pubmed ] [ europe pmc ] [ abstract ]
rana grahami boulenger , 1917 , ann . mag . nat . hist . , ser . 8 , 20 : 415 . syntypes : bmnh ( numerous specimens ) , mcz15360 ( on exchange from bmnh , according to barbour and loveridge , 1946 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 96 : 182 ) . type locality :
yunnan at yunnanfu
, yunnan , china . rendered as
tongchuan - fu , yunnan , china
by barbour and loveridge , 1946 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 96 : 182 .
] . transcriptomic and peptidomic analysis revealed that genera will have hdp families in common , apart from this , some unique peptides , such as neuroendocrine and smooth muscle active , are reported that serve a particular purpose in that habitat e . g . , bradykinin related peptides ( brps ) and trypsin inhibitors from odorrana genus . here we review the hdp families reported from asian frogs . despite the wealth of biodiversity , attempts to characterize hdps from asian frogs have been limited . in the present medical scenario there is an urgent need to uncover the hidden peptides that may lead to developing new and potentially crucial therapeutic agents .
antimicrobial peptide guentherin was first reported from h . guentherii and showed potent activity only against gram - positive bacteria ( mic : 33 . 5 µg / ml ) [ 33 ] . odorranain , another novel peptide of odorrana genus , was identified from h . spinulosa [ 30 ] . antimicrobial peptide esculentin 1 was identified in three hylarana species : h . latouchii , h . spinulosa and h . luctuosa [ 8 , 24 , 30 ] . palustrin 2 was reported from h . latouchii , h . signata and h . luctuosa [ 24 , 29 ] . palustrin 2 , found on h . latouchii , was active only against gram - positive bacteria ( mics : 1–14 µm ) . three peptide familes , ranateurin , ranacyclin , and spinulosain were uniquely found in h . spinulosa [ 30 ] . these three peptides did not show any antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogens but ranatuerin exhibited very low hemolysis of 10 % at 200 µm against rabbit rbcs .
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frost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as near threatened because this species is in significant decline ( but at a rate of less than 30 % over ten years ) because it is being over - harvested for food , and is facing habitat loss and degradation , thus making the species close to qualifying for vulnerable .
this species is known from hilly areas in south - western china in sichuan , yunnan , guizhou , and possibly hunan provinces , and from one location , hoang lien son national park , in northern viet nam ( ohler et al . 2000 ) . it has been recorded from 1 , 150 - 3 , 200m asl .
in china this species was formerly common , but it is now uncommon . in viet nam it was found to be relatively common in appropriate habitat ( s . swan pers . comm . )
it inhabits medium and small hill streams in montane forest , and sometimes also occurs near still - water pools . it may on occasion leave water to live in forest , shrubland and grassland , but it returns to breed in streams .
the main threats to this species in china are over - collecting for local consumption , and habitat destruction and degradation due to shifting agriculture and smallholder farming ( which might also be a threat in viet nam ) .
some protected areas are present within the range of this species in china . the one known location in viet nam is within hoang lien son national park .
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yunnanfu frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 107 ) .
diskless - fingered odorous frog ( fei , 1999 , atlas amph . china : 190 ) .
graham frog ( nguyen , ho , and nguyen , 2005 , checklist amph . rept . vietnam : 27 ) .
sichuan , guizhou , and central and western yunnan , china ; a distantly allopatric population present in southern shanxi , china and another in southwestern hunan : possibly to be found in eastern myanmar along the yunnan , china , border ; reported in lao cai and lai chau provinces , vietnam , 1150–3200 m elevation .
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2000 ) . it has been recorded from 1 , 150 - 3 , 200m asl .
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density but not kinship regulates the growth and developmental traits of chinese tiger . . .
phylogenetic relationships of the genus paramesotriton ( caudata : salamandridae ) with th . . .
research of right ear advantage for vocal communication in frogs results from both stru . . .
nest - site use by the chinese alligator ( alligator sinensis ) in the gaojingmiao breeding . . .
validity of pelodiscus parviformis ( testudines : trionychidae ) inferred from molecular a . . .
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1 molecular ecology lab , rajiv gandhi centre for biotechnology ( rgcb ) , thiruvananthapuram , kerala 695014 , india ; e - mail : ni . ser . bcgr @ vtramukhteeniv
2 emory vaccine center , department of microbiology and immunology , emory university , yerkes national primate research center , 954 gatewood rd , atlanta , ga 30329 , usa ; e - mail : ude . yrome @ ahtlohd
* authors to whom correspondence should be addressed ; e - mails : ude . yrome @ 3bocajj ( j . j . ) ; ni . ser . bcgr @ egroegs ( s . g . ) ; tel . : + 1 - 404 - 727 - 7919 ( j . j . ) ; + 91 - 471 - 252 - 9520 ( s . g . ) .
this article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) .
host defense peptides ( hdps ) are currently major focal points of medical research as infectious microbes are gaining resistance to existing drugs . they are effective against multi - drug resistant pathogens due to their unique primary target , biological membranes , and their peculiar mode of action . even though hdps from 60 asian frog species belonging to 15 genera have been characterized , research into these peptides is at a very early stage . the purpose of this review is to showcase the status of peptide research in asia . here we provide a summary of hdps from asian frogs .
the origins of the study into host defense peptides began with the pioneering studies of vittorio erspamer , who discovered biogenic amines and peptides secreted by the amphibian skin . the field later diversified when zasloff isolated magainin from xenopus laevis [ 1 , 2 ] . in our current era of multi - drug resistant bacterial strains , discovering new and effective treatments to replace traditional antibiotics is a critical area of research . host defense peptides ( hdps ) , such as those being found in the skin of asian frogs , have shown effectiveness in killing both gram - negative and gram - positive bacteria , as well as some viruses and cancers , without any of the drawbacks of antibiotic resistance [ 3 ] . these properties make them viable candidates as the next wave of therapies against infectious and non - infectious diseases that are the leading cause of death in developing countries .
research on how these anti - microbial peptides function is still in the early stages . most of the hdps are typically cationic , a feature which allows them to interact with the negatively charged bacterial and cancer cell membranes . this cationic nature allows some peptides to actually penetrate the surface of pathogens as a means of killing them [ 4 ] . asia is well known for its diverse amphibian populations and has been a resource for novel hdps . recently , potent hdps have been isolated from amphibians located in temperate regions ( traditionally believed to have low biodiversity ) and have proven to be efficient in combating many clinical pathogens , though research into these peptides is still at a very early stage . we hope as we continue to discover new peptides in this region we will also find more potential candidates for novel therapeutics .
in the tropics , especially in the rain forests of asia , effective host defense peptides have helped the frogs to survive within their environment and attain a rich diversity . however with the alarming rate of decline in amphibians globally , many identified and unidentified species have become extinct before researchers ever had a chance to isolate their hdps for study [
] . those peptides that have been isolated show a great degree of variability—even within a single genus , different species produce varied repertoires . these differences can be correlated to habitat specific challenges endured by each species , and how these frogs uniquely evolved alongside their environment [
] . even within the same frog , expression of several members of a particular family of hdp is observed . the variation in these peptide sequences is suggestive evidence for ancestral gene duplication [
] . no two peptides with identical amino acid sequences have been reported even from closely related species . such diversity provides broad - spectrum protection against the large pool of microbes / predators in their habitat (
genus amolops , which belongs to the family ranidae , is endemic to china . eight species of frogs from this genus have been studied and their hdps isolated (
* abbreviations used in the table : brp—bradykinin like peptide , blp—bombesisn like peptide , rcsk— r . chensinensis skin kinogen , mrp—mellitin related peptide . paralogs : peptides of a particular family with little sequence homology found within a species , orthologs : particular family of peptides found withi two different species or genuses . * * cdy in the peptide d - 1cdya was used to indicate that the peptides were obtained from chinese frog ( c ) found in dongbei region ( d , northeast ) , city of xifeng ( y ) .
list of peptides identified from the skin secretion of asian frogs with their corresponding mic and ic 50 / ld 50 values .
takykinin , trypsininhibitor , brp , blp : smooth muscle active peptides odorrnalectin : drug targeting grahamin : g + : 2 . 5 µg / ml g− : 1–8 µg / ml f : 7 . 5 µg / ml palustrin : g + : 12–100 µm g− : 100 µm f : 100 µm odorranain : g + : 2–90 µg / ml g− : 3–50 µg / ml f : 1–50 µg / ml
shuchin g + : 6–15 µg / ml g− : 3–50 µg / ml f : 6 . 25 µg / ml
japonicin : g + : 9–40 µg / ml g− : > 100 µg / ml parkerin : g + : 37 . 5 µg / ml g− : 37–100 µg / ml
g + : gram positive bacteria ; g− : gram negative bacteria ; f : fungi ; ld 50 : mean lethal dose against rbc ; ic 50 : drug concentration causing 50 % inhibition against cancer cell lines .
amolopins , a novel family of two peptides ( p1 and p2 ) , were isolated from a . loloesis and have shown potent antimicrobial activity [ 15 ] . both peptides were effective against the tested gram - positive bacteria over a range of 37–75 µg / ml , though they were found not to be effective against the tested range of gram - negative bacteria . amolopins also showed 3 % hemolysis at 200 µg / ml [ 15 ] . additionally , amolopin 1 and amolopin 6 were isolated from a . hainanensis [ 10 ] , and jindongenin—a novel family characterized from a . jindongensis— were found to be effective against gram positive ( minimal inhibitory concentration [ mic ] : 17–60 µm ) , gram - negative bacteria ( mic : 10–40 µm ) and fungi ( candida albicans : mic 60 µm ) . cytotoxicity analysis of jindongenin from a . jindongensis against k562 and ht29 revealed that ic 50 values ranged between 40–46 µm [ 11 ] .
hainanenins 1–5 were isolated from a . hainanensis [ 10 ] and also showed potent antimicrobial function against gram - positive bacteria , gram negative bacteria and fungi in the ranges 4–40 µg / ml , 4–75 µg / ml , and 2–75 µg / ml respectively . three bradykinin related peptides ( brps ) named amolopkinins were found in a . loloesis and a . wuyiensis [ 16 , 17 ] . amylopkinin from a . loloesis exhibited dose dependent contractile activity in guinea pig ileum [ 16 ] . the function of brps in frog skin secretion is thought to relate to smooth muscle contraction activity—if a predator swallows the frog , these peptides induce smooth muscle contractions that will result in a vomiting sensation , thereby allowing the frog to escape predation . two other amylopkinins from a . wuyiensis inhibited bradykinin induced contractile effects on isolated rat ileum smooth muscle preparations [ 17 ] .
the clinotarsus genus is endemic to the western ghats of india where new hdps are being discovered . the peptidomic approach revealed the presence of five novel peptide amides homologous to the brevinin 1 family from a single species ,
, it was shown that depolarization and bacterial killing are independent events . we are slowly beginning to understand the methods by which these hdps effectively fight disease .
. they showed that the lyophilized crude skin secretion was inhibiting the growth of pathogenic gram - positive and gram - negative bacteria , as well as fungal pathogens—which included plant fungal pathogens . the mic of the peptide against several human - relevant bacteria ranged from 128 to 512 μg / ml and for fungus it ranged between 32 to 64 μg / ml (
) . however it has not yet been reported what the composition of these skin secretions might be .
. the effects of a c - terminal amidation on both peptides include a decrease in mic against pathogens compared to their non - amidated counterparts . mics of non - amidated tigerinins against gram - positive bacteria , gram - negative bacteria and fungi ranged from 20–80 µg / ml , 10–40 µg / ml and 80–180 µg / ml respectively (
) and that of c terminally amidated peptides were 10–40 µg / ml , 5–40 µg / ml , and 15 µg / ml respectively . they also exhibited 10 % –12 % hemolysis against rabbit red blood cells ( rbcs ) at 100 µg / ml [
] . with this data we can better understand the influence of the peptide’s sequence on its function .
were found to be 6–50 µg / ml for gram - positive bacteria and 12 . 5–100 µg / ml for gram - negative bacteria (
h . nigrovittata and h . spinulosa also produce a novel family of antimicrobial peptides [ 27 , 30 ] called the nigroain family , which exhibited activity against gram - positive bacteria ( mics : 9–50 µg / ml ) , gram - negative bacteria ( mics : 25–110 µg / ml ) and fungi ( mics : 2–4 µg / ml ) . bradykinin - like peptides identified from this genus include ranakinin n and cholycytokinin from h . nigrovittata , as well as brps from h . guentherii [ 31 , 32 , 33 ] . ranakinin n induced dose - dependent contractile effects on guinea pig ileum [ 32 ] and brps from h . guentherii revealed dose - dependent contraction of intestinal smooth muscle but did not have any effect on rat arterial smooth muscle [ 33 ] .
h . temporalis is the first among the genus to be reported from western ghats , india . seven novel peptides are reported from h . temporalis , which include one brevinin 1 , two brevinin 2 peptides , three esculentin 2 peptides , and one hylaranakinin peptide [ 34 , 35 , 36 ] . the mics of brevinin and esculentin peptides ranges from 30 to 150 μg / ml .
) . these peptides were reported to have no antimicrobial activity towards gram - positive bacteria and fungi , but mics against gram - negative bacteria range between 35–70 µm . they exhibited no hemolysis up to a concentration of 160 µm .
) . japonicin 1 and parkerin peptides were reported to be effective only against gram - positive bacteria with mics in the range 9–37 µg / ml and 37–40 µg / ml respectively . 1 % –3 % hemolysis was observed for both peptides at 80 µg / ml . mast cell degranulation , which is thought to mediate antimicrobial activity of hdps , was exhibited by both the peptides .
is one of the well - studied species in asia . common peptide families include brevinin 1 and 2 , esculentin 1 and 2 , and nigrocin 2 [
] , all of which have been shown to be effective against gram - positive and - negative bacteria , as well as fungi . a novel antimicrobial peptide family , odorranain , was reported from four species of the genus [
] . mics of odorranain peptides against gram - positive bacteria , gram - negative bacteria and fungi were in the ranges 2–90 µg / ml , 3–50 µg / ml and 1–50 µg / ml , respectively . mic of odorranain towards
many novel peptide families were reported from o . grahamii such as tachykinin ( 2 peptides ) , odorranalectin ( the smallest lectin reported so far ) , 5 bombesin - like peptide , and 2 grahamins [ 37 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ] . odorranalectin coupled with a nanoparticle complex improved the therapeutic effects of ucn - loaded nanoparticle in treating parkinson’s disease . results also suggested the use of odorranalactin as a carrier in nasal delivery of macromolecular drugs to the brain [ 53 ] . antimicrobial activity of grahamins was reported against gram - positive bacteria ( mic : 2 . 5 µg / ml ) , gram - negative bacteria ( mics : 1–8 µg / ml ) and fungi ( mic : 7 . 5 µg / ml ) . trypsin inhibitor peptide was isolated from o . grahamii , o . versablis , and o . hejiangensis . these inhibitors are thought to protect the host from a range of proteases produced by invading pathogens [ 47 , 54 , 55 ] .
studies of the skin of o . tiannanensis also revealed a set of novel hdp families—margaretaein ( 2 peptides ) , pleurain , and tiannanensin [ 42 ] . tiannanensin , an antimicrobial peptide , showed activity against gram - positive bacteria and fungi with mics 75 and > 100 µm , respectively . in addition to these there are other novel hdp families including iksikawain , lividin ( first report ) , and ranateurin , found in o . ishikawae , o . livida , and o . versablis , respectively [ 41 , 43 , 56 ] . bradykinin related peptides were also isolated from o . grahamii ( 3 peptides ) and o . schmakeri ( 7 peptides ) [ 57 , 58 ] . three of the five bombesin - like peptides from o . grahamii induced contraction of the stomach muscle tissue . the other two blps , which have a c terminal octapeptide , antagonized stomach muscle contraction . inhibition of contraction is thought to be due to the presence of the octapeptide [ 37 ] .
] . brevinin 2 ( nigrocin 1 ) was reported to have antimicrobial activity towards gram - positive bacteria ( mic : 2 . 5 µg / ml ) , gram - negative bacteria ( mic : 10–100 µg / ml ) , and fungi ( mic : 100 µg / ml ) . nigrocin 2 was also reported to be effective against gram - positive and gram - negative bacteria as well as fungi in the ranges 2 . 5 µg / ml , 10–200 µg / ml , and 150 µg / ml , respectively . both of the peptides from
showed low hemolysis of 0 . 9 % –1 % at 100 µg / ml . a bradykinin antagonist named ranakenestatin was recently reported from
rana is one of the most diverse and well - studied of the amphibian genera in asia with respect to their host defense peptides . hdps have been isolated from 16 different species (
exhibited cytotoxic effects against 12 tested carcinoma cell lines . they also showed low hemolytic effect against human rbcs and no considerable cytotoxic activity against normal human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells ( huvsmcs ) .
japonicin 1 and 2 , first isolated from r . japonica , were isolated from three other species of the genus [ 62 , 64 , 65 , 74 ] . japonicins were found to be effective against gram - positive and gram - negative bacteria in the range of 25–100 µg / ml and 12–100 µg / ml respectively . they were also reported to be strongly hemolytic against mammalian rbcs .
amurins reported from r . amurensis and dybowskins from r . dybowsskii ( 1–6 : 6 peptides ) [ 62 ] have been reclassified to the brevinin 1 family [ 20 ] . palustrin 1 , first identified from r . palustris , was also reported from r . ornativentris [ 67 ] . mellitin related peptides ( mrps ) were isolated from r . tagoi and r . sakuraii [ 70 , 76 ] . mrps are active against gram - positive bacteria , gram - negative bacteria , and fungi . bradykinin related peptides were reported from r . okienensis , r . tagoi , r . chensinensis and r . sakuraii [ 69 , 71 , 72 , 77 ] . shuchin ( 5 peptides ) and pleuran , two novel peptide families , were identified from r . shuchinae and r . pleuridan , respectively , both of which are potent against gram - positive and - negative bacteria , as well as fungi [ 78 , 79 , 80 ] .
] . this peptide exhibited concentration - dependent relaxation effects on isolated rat ileum but did not show antimicrobial and serine protease activity . cationic antimicrobial peptides do not appear in the dermal immune system of
] which is evidence for the role of histones as antimicrobials in addition to their ability to remodel chromatin . this was the first report of histones from frog skin secretion .
vineeth t . v . kumar and sanil george are thankful to kerala state council for science , technology and environment ( kscste ) , govt . of kerala , india for financial assistance . grant no : ( no . 006 / srsls / 2011 / cste ) .
vineeth t . v . kumar , david holthausen , joshy jacob and sanil george wrote the paper .
aoki w . , kuroda k . , ueda m . next generation of antimicrobial peptides as molecular targeted medicines .
erspamer v . bioactive secretions of the integument . in : heatwole h . , barthalamus g . , editors .
volume 1 . surrey beatty & sons ; chipping norton , australia : 1994 . pp . 179–350 .
nicolas p . , vanhoye d . , amiche m . molecular strategies in biological evolution of antimicrobial peptides .
galdiero s . , falanga a . , cantisani m . , vitiello m . , morelli g . , galdiero m . peptide - lipid interactions : experiments and applications .
calderon l . a . , stabeli r . g . anuran amphibians : a huge and threatened factory of a variety of active peptides with potential nanobiotechnological applications in the face of amphibian decline . [ ( accessed on 2 december 2014 ) ] . available online : urltoken .
calderon l . a . , soares a . m . , stábeli r . g . anuran antimicrobial peptides : an alternative for the development of nanotechnological based therapies for multidrug—resistant infections . [ ( accessed on 2 december 2014 ) ] . available online : urltoken .
conlon j . m . , sonnevend a . clinical applications of amphibian antimicrobial peptides .
conlon j . m . , mechkarska m . , lukic m . l . , flatt p . r . potential therapeutic applications of multifunctional host - defense peptides from frog skin as anti - cancer , anti - viral , immunomodulatory , and anti - diabetic agents .
won h . , kang s . , lee b . action mechanism and structural requirements of the antimicrobial peptides , gaegurins .
conlon j . m . reflections on a systematic nomenclature for antimicrobial peptides from the skins of frogs of the family ranidae .
al - ghaferi n . , kolodziejek j . , nowotny n . , coquet l . , jouenne t . , leprince j . , vaudry h . , king j . d . , conlon j . m . antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretions of the south - east asian frog
conlon j . m . , power g . j . , abdel - wahab y . h . a . , flatt p . r . , jiansheng h . , coquet l . , leprince j . , jouenne t . , vaudry h . a potent , non - toxic insulin - releasing peptide isolated from an extract of the skin of the asian frog ,
( ranidae ) : phylogenetic relationships inferred from primary structures of ranatuerin - 2 and brevinin - 2 peptides .
zhou j . , b jourson a . j . , coulter d . j . m . , chen t . , shaw c . , rourke m . o . , hirst d . g . , zhang y . , rao p . , mcclean s . bradykinin - related peptides , including a novel structural variant , ( val1 ) - bradykinin , from the skin secretion of guenther’s frog ,
reshmy v . , santhosh kumar k . , george s . full length cdna derived novel peptides belonging to esculentin family from skin of indian bronzed frog
reshmy v . , preeji v . , parvin a . , santhosh kumar k . , george s . molecular cloning of a novel bradykinin - related peptide from the skin of indian bronzed frog
iwakoshi - ukena e . , ukena k . , okimoto a . , soga m . , okada g . , sano n . , fujii t . , sugawara y . , sumida m . identification and characterization of antimicrobial peptides from the skin of the endangered frog
iwakoshi - ukena e . , soga m . , okada g . , fujii t . , sumida m . , ukena k . characterization of novel antimicrobial peptides from the skin of the endangered frog
: proof for other survival strategy of the frog than merely anti - microbial .
chen t . , li l . , zhou m . , rao p . , walker b . , shaw c . amphibian skin peptides and their corresponding cdnas from single lyophilized secretion samples : identification of novel brevinins from three species of chinese frogs .
chen t . , zhou m . , chen w . , lorimer j . , rao p . , walker b . , shaw c . cloning from tissue surrogates : antimicrobial peptide ( esculentin ) cdnas from the defensive skin secretions of chinese ranid frogs .
chen l . , li y . , li j . , xu x . , lai r . , zou q . an antimicrobial peptide with antimicrobial activity against helicobacter pylori .
li j . , liu t . , xu x . , wang x . , wu m . , yang h . , lai r . amphibian tachykinin precursor .
li j . , wu h . , hong j . , xu x . , yang h . , wu b . x . , wang y . p . , zhu j . , lai r . , jiang x . , et al . odorranalectin is a small peptide lectin with potential for drug delivery and targeting .
li j . , xu x . , xu c . , zhou w . , zhang k . , yu h . , zhang y . , zheng y . , rees h . h . , lai r . , et al . anti - infection peptidomics of amphibian skin .
wen z . , yan z . , hu k . , pang z . , cheng x . , guo l . r . , zhang q . , jiang x . , fang l . , lai r . odorranalectin - conjugated nanoparticles : preparation , brain delivery and pharmacodynamic study on parkinson’s disease following intranasal administration .
chen m . , che q . , wang x . , li j . , yang h . , li d . , zhang k . , lai r . cloning and characterization of the first amphibian bradykinin gene .
: a prototype of a novel class of bradykinin b2 receptor antagonist peptide from ranid frogs .
conlon j . m . , al - ghaferi n . , abraham b . , sonnevend a . , coquet l . , leprince j . , jouenne t . , vaudry h . , iwamuro s . antimicrobial peptides from the skin of the tsushima brown frog
conlon j . m . , sonnevend a . , patel m . , al - dhaheri k . , nielsen p . f . , kolodziejek j . , nowotny n . , iwamuro s . , pal t . a family of brevinin - 2 peptides with potent activity against
conlon j . m . , al - ghaferi n . , abraham b . , jiansheng h . , cosette p . , leprince j . , jouenne t . , vaudry h . antimicrobial peptides from diverse families isolated from the skin of the asian frog ,
are not orthologous to bee venom melittin genes : developmental - and tissue - dependent gene expression .
sin y . , zhou m . , chen w . , wang l . , chen t . , walker b . , shaw c . skin bradykinin - related peptides ( brps ) and their biosynthetic precursors ( kininogens ) : comparisons between various taxa of chinese and north american ranid frogs .
ojo o . o . , abdel - wahab y . h . a . , flatt p . r . , mechkarska m . , conlon j . m . tigerinin - 1r : a potent , non - toxic insulin - releasing peptide isolated from the skin of the asian frog ,
srinivasan d . , ojo o . o . , abdel - wahab y . h . a . , flatt p . r . , guilhaudis l . , conlon j . m . insulin - releasing and cytotoxic properties of the frog skin peptide , tigerinin - 1r : a structure - activity study .
wei l . , dong l . , zhao t . , you d . , liu r . , liu h . , yang h . , lai r . analgesic and anti - inflammatory effects of the amphibian neurotoxin , anntoxin .
meng p . , wei l . , yang s . , liu h . , liu r . , lai r . a novel frog skin peptide containing function to induce muscle relaxation .
the herpetological journal is the society ' s prestigious quarterly scientific journal . articles are listed in biological abstracts , current awareness in biological sciences , current contents , science citation index , and zoological record .
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pp . 179 - 186 authors : katz , eric m . ; tolley , krystal a . & altwegg , res
pp . 193 authors : medina , regina g . ; ponssa , maría l . ; guerra , cecilia & aráoz , ezequiel
abstract : we analyze patterns of abnormalities in anurans from tucumán , argentina , deposited in the fundación miguel lillo collection . we examined 1651 specimens collected between 1940 and 2010 . overall abnormality prevalence was 4 . 4 % for post - metamorphic individuals . the most common types of abnormalities affected the hindlimbs , and concerned reductions in the number of phalanges . abnormality prevalence for post - metamorphic individuals did not vary by species or region , but varied temporally over the 50 year dataset . overall abnormality prevalence was higher for tadpoles ( 30 % ) , and the most common types of abnormality were extraneous projections in the marginal papillae of oral discs . in tadpoles , abnormality types varied among species , development stages and affected oral disc regions .
pp . 203 - 208 authors : rahman , shahriar caesar ; rashid , s . m . a . ; das , kanai ; jenkins , chris & luiselli , luca
abstract : during the last decades annual activity patterns of temperate snake species have received considerably more attention than those of tropical snakes . in this study , we document the monthly activity patterns of a species - rich assemblage of snakes from a tropical forest - plantation mosaic in bangladesh based on specimens collected by a systematic road kill survey for 14 months , and relate them to the climatic characteristics of the study area with special reference to monsoon regimes . we recorded 503 dead - on - road ( dor ) snakes , belonging to 30 different species , with a mean dor / km rate of 0 . 247 . overall , snake activity was uneven throughout the year , being particularly intense during july , august and october , and significantly reduced in december , january and february . five out of nine species with considerably robust sample sizes showed consistently uneven monthly activity patterns . monsoon seasonality deeply influenced the phenology of several asian - tropical snakes , with some species being active especially at the middle or end of the monsoon period while others are active throughout the monsoon period .
abstract : one of the key drivers of worldwide species loss is habitat change , defined as habitat deforestation , fragmentation and deterioration . we studied the effects of structural habitat change on herpetological richness and diversity in the yachana reserve , amazonian ecuador , using pitfall traps and visual encounter surveys between 2009 and 2010 , recording 1551 amphibians of 37 different species and 234 reptiles of 27 species . estimated species richness and diversity was less in pastureland and plantation habitats . abandoned plantations supported relatively high abundances of individuals , but were markedly depauperate in species richness and diversity . abandoned pastureland showed the opposite trend , retaining higher species richness and diversity than abandoned plantation sites , but in significantly lower relative abundances . we emphasize the importance of small reserves with a matrix of anthropogenic disturbance in preserving areas of primary habitat and providing areas of secondary regeneration . such reserves can aid in the identification of the factors that underlie inter - specific variation in response to habitat change at the species level .
pp . 221 - 227 authors : carne , liza & measey , g . john
abstract : chameleons exhibit unique foraging behaviour among lizards . they are classified as cruise foragers , an intermediate foraging mode between sit - and - wait and active foraging , but it is not known whether cruise foraging is seasonally adaptive . seasonal changes in stomach contents and available prey were quantified for two dwarf chameleon species : bradypodion ventrale from coastal thicket habitats and b . taeniabronchum from montane fynbos habitat . around twice the number of invertebrates were available in the fynbos and thicket habitats during summer ; moreover the volume of invertebrates available during summer was approximately double . we found that chameleons increased the number of food items in winter to equal summer stomach volumes , and these changes were particularly evident for the montane species b . taeniabronchum . winter austerity was shown for both chameleons as they were more likely to take hard prey in winter , compared to summer when hard prey items were avoided .
abstract : we used skeletochronology to determine age and body size of large - webbed bell toads ( bombina maxima ) from a subtropical , high - altitude population in southwestern china . mean age did not differ between the sexes . minimum age at sexual maturity was two years for both sexes , and maximum longevity was six years for males and five years for females . males were larger than females , also when accounting for the effect of age . a significant relationship between age and body size was only found for males . sex showed no interaction with age , and age - size relationships did not differ between the sexes . these results suggest that longevity is an important factor accounting for differences in body size between the sexes .
pp . 233 - 236 authors : gandola , robert & hendry , catriona r .
abstract : we present the results of the first survey undertaken to determine the status of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( bd ) on the island of ireland . all three species of ireland ' s native amphibian fauna were sampled , resulting in 195 skin swabs obtained from 22 locations in eight counties across the island . using bd - specific dna primers in quantitative real - time pcr ( qpcr ) analysis , all samples tested negative for the presence of chytrid . these results may be considered good news for ireland ' s amphibians , however we advise that the establishment of a long - term monitoring system will be essential for future management .
pp . 237 - 240 authors : obon , elena ; carbonell , francesc ; valbuena - ureña , emilio ; alonso , mónica ; larios , raquel ; fernández - beaskoetxea , saioa ; fisher , matthew c . & bosch , jaime
abstract : chytridiomycosis , a disease caused by the pathogenic fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( bd ) has caused significant declines of amphibian populations in different areas of spain . the critically endangered montseny brook newt ( calotriton arnoldi ) is endemic to the mountain region of montseny in catalonia , northeast spain . as part of its conservation plan , special attention was needed to evaluate the population health status , which remained uncertain . from 2007 to 2011 , we conducted a survey in montseny natural park and examined 158 montseny brook newts , 14 fire salamanders and 2 common toads for the presence of bd using quantitative real - time taqman pcr ( qpcr ) assay . all samples were negative to this pathogen suggesting that bd is absent in the region or present in such a low level that it was undetected . the implementation of disease surveillance in wildlife , especially in endangered species , is of crucial importance for the detection of subclinical infection and prompt adoption of counter measures .
abstract : aquatic funnel traps are an established technique for the capture of newts . in the united kingdom they are widely used for commercial surveys of great crested newts ( triturus cristatus ) to comply with eu regulations during land developments such as construction activities . the present study demonstrates that widely - used traps constructed from plastic bottles could become replaced by more efficient funnels such as collapsible nylon traps . to achieve this , we followed standard uk survey protocols to systematically compare bottle traps with nylon traps at six ponds with known t . cristatus occurrences in western france . out of 296 t . cristatus records , nylon traps yielded 79 . 7 % of all captures and 83 . 3 % of all recaptures . standardized population size class estimates based on capture numbers were equal to or higher using nylon traps than with bottle traps , and nylon traps outperformed bottle traps for more precise population size estimates based on capture - mark - recapture . we suggest that bottle traps could be replaced by nylon traps during standard surveys for aquatic newts in the uk and elsewhere .
note : as of january 2017 , all new editions of the hj are only available online via the bhs website . the bhs no longer has a commercial hosting agreement with ingenta - although editions prior to end 2016 remain accessible on ingenta . those editions are of course also accessible on the bhs website for subscribers with an active and valid membership . should you experience any difficulty accessing hj editions via the website or have any queries in this regard , please contact webmaster @ urltoken
rt @ ausherpetology : trophic specialization drives morphological evolution in sea snakes , some convergent some not . @ aussocherp @ asihcopeia… about 1 day ago
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antimicrobial peptide active at least against the gram - positive bacterium s . aureus but with otherwise unclear activity spectrum ( pubmed :
< p > manually curated information for which there is published experimental evidence . < / p > < p > < a href =
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> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > inferred from direct assay < / p > < p > used to indicate a direct assay for the function , process or component indicated by the go term . < / p > < p > more information in the < a href =
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> ptm / processing < / a > section describes a propeptide , which is a part of a protein that is cleaved during maturation or activation . once cleaved , a propeptide generally has no independent biological function . < p > < a href = ' / help / propep ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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lepidochrysops labeensis , the labe giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in guinea .

adults have been recorded in june .

lepidochrysops labeensis

libert , m . 2001 euchrysops butler et lepidochrysops hedicke : deux genres distincts ? description de quatre nouvelles especes et de deux nouvelles sous - especes ( lepidoptera , lycaenidae ) . lambillionea 101 , 351 - 371 .
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an extremely diverse african genus . most of the species are endemic to the cape region of south africa . larvae feed on lamiaceae and verbenaceae in early instars , and then are taken into ant nests , where they are tended by the ants , consuming ant larvae and pupae , until they pupate ( larsen 2005 ) .
ackery , p . r . , smith , c . r . & vane - wright , r . i . ( ed . ) 1995 carcasson ' s african butterflies . canberra : csiro .
larsen , t . b . 2005 butterflies of west africa . stenstrup , denmark : apollo books .
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haydon warren - gash ( born 8 august 1949 ) is a retired british diplomat , a noted lepidopterist who has described several new species .
haydon boyd warren - gash was educated at sidney sussex college , cambridge . he joined the foreign and commonwealth office ( fco ) in 1971 and after language training at soas served at ankara , madrid and paris as well as at the fco . he was deputy high commissioner at nairobi 1991–94 ; head of the southern europe department at the fco 1994–97 ; ambassador to côte d’ivoire , niger , burkina faso and liberia 1997–2001 ( during which he had to deal with a crisis when four britons were among a group taken hostage by liberian rebels ) ; ambassador to morocco and mauritania 2002–05 ; and ambassador to colombia 2005–08 .
warren - gash is a lepidopterist . while he was ambassador to colombia he was accused of collecting rare butterflies without a licence , which he denied . he has described the following species :
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eulima ephamilla is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .

the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the genus , eulima .

eulima ephamilla

worms - world register of marine species - eulima ephamilla r . b . watson , 1883
species eulima affinis c . b . adams , 1850 accepted as eulima caroli [ sic ] accepted as eulima carolii dall , 1889
species eulima chaskanon [ sic ] accepted as eulima chascanon r . b . watson , 1883
eulima risso , a . , 1826 type species : eulima subulata donovan , e . , 1804
species eulima bilineata grabau & s . g . king , 1928 accepted as eulima bilineata adams & reeve , 1850 accepted as leiostraca bivittata h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as eulima bivittata ( h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) ( invalid : junior homonym and synonym of eulima bilineata a . adams & reeve , 1850 , itself a junior homonym of eulima bilineata alder , 1848 )
species eulima balteata w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as melanella thalia bartsch , 1915
species eulima bonifaciae nordsieck , 1974 accepted as sabinella bonifaciae ( f . nordsieck , 1974 )
species eulima caledonica morelet , 1881 accepted as parvioris fulvescens ( a . adams , 1866 )
subgenus eulima ( mucronalia ) a . adams , 1860 accepted as mucronalia a . adams , 1860
species eulima arcuata g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 accepted as melanella dufresnii bowdich , 1822
species eulima bilineata adams & reeve , 1850 accepted as leiostraca bivittata h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as eulima bivittata ( h . adams & a . adams , 1853 )
species eulima angulata a . adams , 1861 accepted as melanella angulata ( a . adams , 1861 )
species eulima candida marrat , 1880 accepted as melanella martinii ( a . adams in sowerby , 1854 )
species eulima chrysallida a . adams , 1861 accepted as melanella chrysallida ( a . adams , 1861 )
species eulima clavula a . adams , 1861 accepted as melanella clavula ( a . adams , 1861 )
species eulima cuspidata a . adams , 1854 accepted as melanella cuspidata ( a . adams , 1854 )
species eulima debilis a . adams , 1861 accepted as melanella debilis ( a . adams , 1861 )
species eulima altavillensis seguenza g . , 1876 accepted as melanella doederleini ( brusina , 1886 ) ( dubious synonym )
species eulima balteata preston , 1908 accepted as melanella acuformis ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 )
species eulima anceps j . t . marshall , 1901 accepted as melanella frielei ( jordan , 1895 ) ( synonym )
species eulima conoidalis g . b . sowerby ii , 1865 accepted as melanella cumingii ( a . adams , 1851 )
species eulima acanthyllis r . b . watson , 1883 accepted as hemiliostraca acanthyllis ( r . b . watson , 1883 )
species eulima acuta a . adams , 1854 accepted as hypermastus acutus ( a . adams , 1854 ) ( original combination )
species eulima algoensis ( e . a . smith , 1901 ) accepted as melanella algoensis e . a . smith , 1901
species eulima arcuata c . b . adams , 1850 accepted as vitreolina arcuata ( c . b . adams , 1850 )
species eulima atlantica e . a . smith , 1890 accepted as melanella atlantica ( e . a . smith , 1890 )
species eulima badia r . b . watson , 1897 accepted as sticteulima badia ( r . b . watson , 1897 )
species eulima baptocephala dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1896 accepted as fuscapex baptocephalus ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 )
species eulima becki w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as melanella becki ( w . h . turton , 1932 )
species eulima costellata dautzenberg & fischer h . , 1897 accepted as melanella costellata ( dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1897 )
species eulima cumingii a . adams , 1851 accepted as melanella cumingii ( a . adams , 1851 ) ( original combination )
species eulima conica g . b . sowerby ii , 1866 accepted as eulima subconica e . a . smith , 1890 ( invalid : junior homonym of e . conica c . b . adams , 1850 ; e . subconica is a replacement name )
species eulima anglica sowerby g . b . ii , 1834 accepted as melanella alba ( da costa , 1778 ) ( synonym )
subularia monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : eulima subulata donovan , e . , 1804
species eulima brunnea g . b . sowerby i , 1834 accepted as niso brunnea ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 )
( of eulima rectiuscula dall , 1890 ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
species eulima acuformis g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 accepted as melanella acuformis ( g . nevill & h . nevill , 1875 )
species eulima amblia r . b . watson , 1883 accepted as melanella amblia ( r . b . watson , 1883 ) ( original combination )
species eulima convexa e . a . smith , 1907 accepted as melanella convexa ( e . a . smith , 1907 ) ( original combination )
species eulima acuta g . b . sowerby i , 1834 accepted as hypermastus acutus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 ) ( original combination )
species eulima articulata g . b . sowerby i , 1834 accepted as pictobalcis articulata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 ) ( original combination )
species eulima attenuata g . b . sowerby ii , 1866 accepted as melanella attenuata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1866 ) ( original combination )
species eulima brevis g . b . sowerby i , 1834 accepted as parvioris brevis ( g . b . sowerby i , 1834 ) ( original combination )
» species eulima ( mucronalia ) bulbula r . murdoch & suter , 1906 accepted as hypermastus bulbula ( r . murdoch & suter , 1906 ) accepted as hypermastus bulbulus ( murdoch & suter , 1906 ) ( original combination )
the museum has more than 80 million specimens , ranging in size from microbes to whales .
the majority of the museum ' s collections are based at south kensington and wandsworth in london , while the natural history museum at tring in hertfordshire is home to the world - class research and collections of the museum ' s bird group .
for information on visiting the collections or borrowing specimens , please see the accessing the collections section .
to allow efficient retrieval , the collection is arranged in systematic order where possible . the material is preserved in diverse ways , including :
maintain and develop the scientific scholarship and expertise of the departmental staff who research and manage the collections .
collecting is mainly done through fieldwork relating to active research programmes and consultancy contracts . these activities contribute specimens to almost the whole range of the department’s collections and result in a more focused range of material than previously added .
material seized by hm revenue and customs provides another source for the collections . although not all such material is appropriate for the collections , there is enough to warrant the development of more formal links with hm revenue and customs . the use of new non - destructive sampling - photography and forensic sampling - may be relevant in supporting such efforts .
the collections are enhanced by the acquisition of significant donations from institutions and individuals .
the museum acts as a custodian of its collections for the nation and the international scientific community . this is great responsibility and staff must carefully consider any item before it is accepted for the collection . we normally only acquire material that has a provenance - full details of where and when it was collected .
if you are considering bequesting material to the museum , please contact us so that we can help assess your generous offer , as we cannot accept gifts automatically . please do not send or bring specimens to the museum without an appointment .
when a specimen is accepted we have to go through the formal process to change its ownership . before accepting material we will ask you to complete a transfer of title form to show that the material was legally acquired and can be passed to us in line with wildlife laws .
if you require museum registration numbers to be released for publication before sending us the material we will normally send you the numbers on a ' loan ' receipt form to help us keep track of the material .
part 6 of the tribunals , courts and enforcement act 2007 provides immunity from seizure for cultural objects which are loaned from overseas to temporary public exhibitions in approved museums or galleries in the uk where conditions are met when the object enters the uk .
if you are considering bequesting material to the museum , please contact the registrar so that we can help assess your generous offer .
we use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .
warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
natural history museum , london ( nhm ) : collections management database system . [ details ]
risso , a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 pp . , 1 map [ 1826 ] ; vol . 2 : vii + 482 pp . , 8 pls [ november 1827 ] ; vol . 3 : xvi + 480 pp . , 14 pls [ september 1827 ] ; vol . 4 : iv + 439 pp . , 12 pls [ november 1826 ] ; vol . 5 : viii + 400 pp . , 10 pls [ november 1827 ] . . 3 ( xvi ) : 1 - 480 , 14 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 4 p . 123 [ details ]
( of subularia monterosato , 1884 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1884 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee . palermo , virzi , 152 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 103 [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 43 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
iczn 1993 . opinion 1718 . balea gray , 1824 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 50 ( 2 ) : 155 - 156 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 155 [ details ]
( of strombiformis da costa , 1778 ) iredale t . 1915 . some more misused generic names . proceedings of the malacological society of london , 11 : 291 - 306 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 293 [ details ]
( of leiostraca h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 43 , 51 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of subularia monterosato , 1884 ) warén , a . ( 1984 ) . a generic revision of the family eulimidae ( gastropoda , prosobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . suppl 13 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 43 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
mollusca of h . m . s . ' challenger ' expedition . part xvii zoological journal of the linnean society 17 112 - 130 . [ stated date : 31 jul 1883 . ]
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amamibalcis kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1950 type species : unknowngenustype
annulobalcis habe , t . , 1965 type species : annulobalcis shimazui habe , t . , 1965
apicalia adams , 1862 type species : apicalia gibba adams , a . , 1862
asterolamia warén , a . , 1980 type species : asterolamia hians warén , a . , 1980
asterophila randall & h . heath , 1912 type species : asterophila japonica randall & h . heath , 1912
auriculigerina dautzenberg , ph . , 1925 type species : auriculigerina miranda dautzenberg , ph . , 1925
batheulima nordsieck , f . , 1968 type species : batheulima fuscoapicata jeffreys , j . g . , 1884
bathycrinicola bouchet , ph . & a . warén , 1986 type species : bathycrinicola talaena dautzenberg , ph . & h . fischer , 1897
bulimeulima bouchet , ph . & a . warén , 1986 type species : unknowngenustype
campylorhaphion bouchet , ph . & a . warén , 1986 type species : unknowngenustype
chileutomia tate , r . in tate , r . , 1898 type species : chileutomia subvaricosa tate , r . & a . e . m . cossmann , 1898
concavibalcis warén , a . , 1980 type species : concavibalcis scalaris warén , a . , 1980
crinolamia bouchet , ph . & a . warén , 1979 type species : crinolamia dahli bouchet , ph . & a . warén , 1979
crinophtheiros bouchet , ph . & a . warén , 1986 type species : unknowngenustype
curveulima laseron , c . f . , 1955 type species : curveulima cornuta laseron , c . f . , 1955
echineulima lützen & nielsen , 1975 type species : echineulima mittrei petit de la saussaye , s . , 1851
echiuroidicola warén , a . , 1980 type species : echiuroidicola cicatricosa warén , a . , 1980
ersilia monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1872 type species : unknowngenustype
eulitoma laseron , c . f . , 1955 type species : eulitoma nitens laseron , c . f . , 1955
fuscapex warén , a . , 1981 type species : fuscapex ophioacanthicola warén , a . , 1981
fusceulima laseron , c . f . , 1955 type species : fusceulima jacksonensis laseron , c . f . , 1955
goodingia lützen , 1972 type species : goodingia varicosa schepman , m . m . & h . f . nierstrasz , 1909
haliella monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1878 type species : unknowngenustype
halielloides bouchet , ph . & a . warén , 1986 type species : halielloides ingolfiana bouchet , ph . & a . warén , 1986
hebeulima laseron , c . f . , 1955 type species : hebeulima inusta hedley , c . , 1906
hemiliostraca pilsbry , h . a . , 1918 type species : leiostraca distorta pease , w . h . , 1860
hypermastus pilsbry , h . a . , 1899 type species : hypermastus coxi pilsbry , h . a . , 1899
leutzenia warén , a . , 1980 type species : echineulima asthenosomae warén , a . , 1980
melanella bowdich , e . , 1822 type species : melanella dufresnei bowdich , e . , 1822
microstilifer warén , a . , 1980 type species : microstilifer auricula hedley , c . , 1907
mucronalia adams , 1860 type species : hypermastus bicincta adams , a . , 1860
nanobalcis warén , a . & c . mifsud , 1990 type species : nanobalcis nana monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1878
thyca adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1854 type species : thyca ( thyca ) astericola adams , a . & l . a . reeve , 1850
thyca ( thyca ) adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1854 type species : thyca ( thyca ) astericola adams , a . & l . a . reeve , 1850
thyca ( bessomia ) berry , s . s . , 1959 type species : unknowngenustype
thyca ( kiramodulus ) kuroda , t . , 1949 type species : thyca ( kiramodulus ) lacteus kuroda , t . , 1949
niso risso , a . , 1826 type species : niso eburnea risso , a . , 1826
niso ( neovolusia ) emerson , w . k . , 1965 type species : eumitra imbricata lozouet , p . , 1991
oceanida folin , l . de , 1870 type species : oceanida graduata folin , l . de in folin , l . de & l . périer , 1871
ophieulima warén , a . & m . sibuet , 1981 type species : ophieulima minima dall , w . h . , 1927
ophioarachnicola warén , a . , 1980 type species : ophioarachnicola biformis warén , a . , 1980
palisadia laseron , c . f . , 1956 type species : palisadia subulata laseron , c . f . , 1956
paramegadenus humphreys & lützen , 1972 type species : paramegadenus arrhynchus ivanov , a . v . , 1937
parvioris warén , a . , 1981 type species : parvioris fulvescens sowerby , g . b . ii , 1866
peasistilifer warén , a . , 1980 type species : peasistilifer nitidula pease , w . h . , 1860
pictobalcis laseron , c . f . , 1955 type species : pictobalcis articulata sowerby , g . b . i , 1834
pseudosabinella mclean , j . h . , 1995 type species : pseudosabinella bakeri bartsch , p . , 1917
pulicicochlea ( pulicicochlea ) ponder , w . f . & goodring , 1978 type species : pulicicochlea ( pulicicochlea ) calamaris ponder , w . f . & goodring , 1978
pulicicochlea ( pseudoretusa ) ponder , w . f . & goodring , 1978 type species : pulicicochlea ( pseudoretusa ) faba ponder , w . f . & goodring , 1978
punctifera warén , a . , 1981 type species : punctifera ophiomoerae warén , a . , 1981
pyramidelloides nevill , 1885 type species : pyramidelloides mirandus adams , a . , 1861
pyramidelloides ( teretianax ) iredale , t . , 1918 type species : pyramidelloides ( teretianax ) suteri oliver , w . r . b . , 1915
sabinella monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1890 type species : sabinella piriformis brugnone , g . , 1873
scalenostoma deshayes , g . p . , 1863 type species : scalenostoma carinatum deshayes , g . p . , 1863
sticteulima laseron , c . f . , 1955 type species : sticteulima cameroni laseron , c . f . , 1955
stilapex iredale , t . , 1925 type species : stilapex lactarius iredale , t . , 1925
stilifer broderip , w . j . in broderip , w . j . & g . b . i sowerby , 1832 type species : stilifer astericola broderip , w . j . , 1832
stylifer broderip , w . j . & g . b . i sowerby , 1832 type species : unknowngenustype
subniso mclean , j . h . , 2000 type species : subniso rangi folin , l . de , 1867
trochostilifer warén , a . , 1980 type species : trochostilifer domus warén , a . , 1980
umbilibalcis warén , a . & ph . bouchet , 1986 type species : umbilibalcis lata dall , w . h . , 1889
vitreolina monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : vitreolina incurva bucquoy , e . j . , ph . dautzenberg & g . f . dollfus , 1883
arcuella nevill , g . & h . nevill , 1874 type species : arcuella mirifica nevill , g . & h . nevill , 1874
bonellia deshayes , g . p . , 1838 type species : bonellia obtusa anton , h . e . , 1838
natural history museum ( 2014 ) . dataset : collection specimens . resource : specimens . natural history museum data portal ( data . nhm . ac . uk ) . urltoken
an open source project by the natural history museum ' s biodiversity informatics group .
sorry , the species or group that you asked for is not on the onezoom tree .
the open tree contains additional species not on the onezoom tree ( particularly subspecies and fossils ) . to check if this is why we cannot find your species or group , you can
, then chances are you have entered a wrong number or a misspelt name .