the black-chinned whistler ( pachycephala mentalis ) is a species of bird in the family pachycephalidae , which is endemic to halmahera and adjacent smaller islands in north maluku in indonesia .

black - chinned whistler

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the male black - chinned whistler has black head ; white throat ; black partial chest - band ; yellow rest of underparts . sometimes considered subspecies of ( australian ) golden whistler .
the male black - headed whistler has brownisj - black upperparts ; black head , neck , throat , upper - breast ; white rest underpart . female similar .
the male australian golden whistler has olive - green upperparts ; black head , white throat ; bordered below by black band ; yellow rear - collar ; yellow underparts . females have gray upperparts with pale olive tinge ; paler gray underparts . species sometimes still treated as subspecies of p . pectoralis are : black - chinned whistler , oriole whistler , rusty - breasted whistler , white - throated whistler , yellow - throated whistler , simialr to : samoan whistler . their range does not ovefrlap .
louisiade whistler is phylogenetically separate and split from bismarck whistler ( andersen et al . 201
lump fiji subspecies of white - throated whistler with fiji whistler . the combined species epithet is
change the english name from black - bellied cuckoo - shrike to black - bellied cicadabird .
the male rusty - breasted whistler has black head ; white throat bordered below by black ; rusty - tinged yellow breast ; yellow belly . sometimes considered subspecies of ( australian ) golden whistler .
the golden - backed whistler has black crown , face , neck ; yellow back , rump ; black tail , upper - wing , chin , side of throat ; broad black breast - band ; yellow remainder underparts ; brown eyes ; black bill ; dark gray legs . ;
the male black pitohui has slatly black plumage . female has olive - brown upperparts ; tawny - brown underparts .
the male tongan whistler has olive - green upperparts ; black head , throat ; yellow underparts . female has yellow underparts
new caledonian whistler is split from melanesian whistler ( mayr 1967 , sibley & monroe 1990 , andersen et al . 2013 )
bougainville whistler is split from hooded whistler ( dutson 2011 , andersen et al . 2014 , jønsson et al . 2014 )
revise the english name of black - backed kingfisher to black - backed dwarf - kingfisher , in accord with regional usage .
rennell whistler is split from oriole whistler . ( jønsson et al . 2008 , dutson 2011 , andersen et al . 2014 )
among the members of the golden whistler group , the yellow - throated whistler is bordered to the north by the black - chinned whistler , to the west by the rusty - breasted whistler , and to the south by the australian golden whistler . the only subspecies of the yellow - throated whistler where the male is yellow - throated is fuscoflava from the tanimbar islands . males of other subspecies are white - throated , except par ( romang island ) and compar ( leti islands ) where the plumages of the males are female - like . [ 1 ] . . .
change the english name of the monotypic group chlidonias niger surinamensis from black tern ( north american ) to black tern ( american ) .
a suite of subspecies ( mentalis , tidorensis , and obiensis ) , all previously classified as subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , are split as a separate species , black - chinned whistler ( pachycephala mentalis ) , following galbraith ( 1956 ) , dickinson ( 2003 ) , and jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) .
subspecies balim , previously classified as a subspecies of black - tailed whistler ( pachycephala melanura ) , is transferred to golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , following dickinson ( 2003 ) . this subspecies also forms a new monotypic group , golden whistler ( balim valley ) ( pachycephala pectoralis balim ) .
the lorentz whistler has olive - green back ; gray crown , nape , face ; black wings , tail ; white throat ; gray upper - breast ; remainder underparts dull yelliow ' darl brown eyes ; black bill .
the english name for the family is changed from cuckoo - shrike to cuckooshrike , and black - bibbed cuckoo - shrike becomes black - bibbed cuckooshrike .
the varied sittella has gray or whitish upperparts often streaked black and gray ; white , gray , or black crown and head ; black wings ; dark orange eyes ; orange - yellow eye - ring , legs , feet .
simialr to : australian golden whistler . the male samoan whistler has blacker upperparts , yellow or white to the forehead , a dull black throat that is strongly mottled with yellow or white , and no black chest - band . the female resembles a duller version of the male with a pale grey throat .
the male regent whistler dark olive - green upperparts with black wings ; black face , crown , throat ; white chin ; yellow hind collar ; black upper - breast ; rest underparts yellow . female has olive - green upperparts ; white chin ; gray head , upper - breast ; rest underparts yellow .
black - chinned monarch ( monarcha boanensis ) is transferred to the genus symposiachrus , following mayr and diamond ( 2001 ) , filardi and smith ( 2005 ) , and filardi and moyle ( 2005 ) .
the male crested bellbird has gray or olive - brown upperparts ; gray head ; black crest , breast . female more muted ; lacks black on breast .
crested pitohui is related to crested bellbird and rufous - naped whistler . reassign from
the male crested shriketit has black throat . female has olive - green throat .
the banda sea whistler has many subspecies ; only the male of p . m . fuscoflava has a yellow throat . sometimes considered subspecies of ( australian ) golden whistler .
the australian golden whistler is common to fairly common and is therefore not considered threatened .
subspecies fergussonis , previously classified as a subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , is transferred to the black - tailed whistler ( pachycephala melanura ) , where it is merged with pachycephala melanura dahli , following mayr ( 1967 ) and dickinson ( 2003 ) .
maroon - chinned fruit - dove ( ptilinopus subgularis ) is split into three species , following rheindt et al . ( 2011 ) : maroon - chinned fruit - dove ( ptilinopus epia ) , banggai fruit - dove ( ptilinopus subgularis ) , and sula fruit - dove ( ptilinopus mangoliensis ) .
the male rufous whistler has dark gray upperparts ; black head , breast - band ; white throat ; rufous underparts . female has dull gray or brown upperparts ; white underparts with streaks .
both males and females have red - brown eyes , a black bill and dark legs . ,
the rusty whistler has warm olive - brown upperparts ; dark slate - gray lores , crown ; dusky brown ear - coverts ; white throat ; light rufous underparts ; dark brown eyes ; black bill .
gray - headed whistler ( pachycephala griseiceps ) is lumped with gray whistler ( pachycephala simplex ) , following dickinson ( 2003 ) and christidis and boles ( 2008 ) . we continue to recognize this group of subspecies as a new polytypic group , gray whistler ( gray - headed ) pachycephala simplex [ griseiceps group ] .
delete subspecies manorina flavigula melanotis ; this is a synonym of black - eared miner ( manorina melanotis ) .
throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
the male white - bellied whistler has brownish - gray upperparts ; black head , hind - neck ; broad breast - band ; white throat ; dark brown tail , wings ; red - brown eyes ; black bill . female has dark gray upperparts ; whitish throat ; gray breast - band ; white or buffy rest of underparts .
species endemic to the north moluccas , indonesia . formerly considered conspecific with ( australian ) golden whistler pachycephala pectoralis .
- in that case it is the only member of the family . others place it in the whistler family :
revise the english name of black - billed kingfisher to great - billed kingfisher , in accord with regional usage .
subspecies feminina , previously classified as a subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , is split as a separate species , rennell whistler ( pachycephala feminina ) , following jønsson et al . ( 2008 ) and dutson ( 2011 ) .
the sooty shrikethrush has dark brown upperparts ; lighter brown underparts ; brownish - red eyes ; black bill ; gray legs .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . black - chinned whistler ( pachycephala mentalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
a notable exception is the norfolk island golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis xanthoprocta ) where the male has the same plumage as the female .
the male wattled ploughbill has olive upperparts ; black underparts , wings . female has olive - green upperparts ; pale olive underparts ; pink wattles on cheek . both sexes have wedge - shaped black bill used to plough into dead branches etc . searching for insects .
the male scalter ' s whistler has dark olive - green upperparts ; black head ; white throat ; yellow underparts . female has olive - green upperparts ; gray - brown crown ; brown face ; white throat ; yellowish - olive breast - band ; yellow belly .
a suite of subspecies ( littayei , cucullata , chlorura , intacta , and vanikorensis ) , all previously classified as subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , are transferred to new caledonian whistler ( pachycephala caledonica ) , following galbraith ( 1956 ) and dickinson ( 2003 ) .
a suite of subspecies ( utupuae , ornata , kandavensis , lauana , and vitiensis ) , all previously classified as subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , are split as a separate species , white - throated whistler ( pachycephala vitiensis ) , based in part on galbraith ( 1956 ) and dickinson ( 2003 ) .
add subspecies macrophrys to the group black - eared hemispingus ( piura ) hemispingus melanotis piurae ; change the scientific name of the group to hemispingus melanotis piurae / macrophrys .
dwarf whistler ( pachycare flavogriseum ) is not a member of pachycephalidae ( whistlers and allies ) , but is a member of the acanthizidae ( thornbills and allies ) , following norman et al . ( 2009 ) . position this species at the beginning of the family . as this species is not a whistler , change the english name to goldenface .
also , the black - and - chestnut warbling - finch , poospiza whitii , has been split from the black - and - rufous warbling - finch , poospiza nigrorufa based on jordan et al . ( 2017 ) , shultz and burns ( 2013 ) , and sacc proposal 753 . [ thraupidae , core passeroidea v , 3 . 05 ]
a suite of subspecies ( javana , teysmanni , everetti , fulvotincta , and fulviventris ) , all previously classified as subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , are split as a separate species , rusty - breasted whistler ( pachycephala fulvotincta ) , following galbraith ( 1956 ) , dickinson ( 2003 ) , and jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) .
the gray whistler has olive - brown upperparts ; gray - brown wings ; dark olive - brown tail ; grayish - brown lores , ear coverts ; off - white underparts .
rheindt , f . e . , j . a . eaton , and f . verbelen 2011 . vocal trait evolution in a geographic leapfrog pattern : speciation in the maroon - chinned fruit dove ( ptilinopus subgularis ) complex from wallacea . wilson journal of ornithology 123 : 429 - 440 .
a suite of subspecies ( tabarensis , ottomeyeri , goodsoni , citreogaster , sexuvaria , collaris , misimae , and rosseliana ) , all previously classified as subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , are split as a separate species , bismarck whistler ( pachycephala citreogaster ) , following galbraith ( 1956 ) , dickinson ( 2003 ) , and jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) .
the olive whistler has mainly olive - brown plumage . male has dark gray head ; pale gray breast ; red tinged belly , rump . female lacks red tinge and has brown underparts .
a suite of subspecies ( koroana , torquata , ambigua , optata , graeffii , aurantiiventris , and bella ) , all previously classified as subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , are split as a separate species , fiji whistler ( pachycephala graeffii ) , based in part on galbraith ( 1956 ) , dickinson ( 2003 ) , and jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) .
a suite of subspecies ( whitneyi , bougainvillei , orioloides , cinnamomea , sanfordi , pavuvu , centralis , melanoptera , melanonota , and christophori ) , all previously classified as subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , are split as a separate species , oriole whistler ( pachycephala orioloides ) , following galbraith ( 1956 ) , dickinson ( 2003 ) , and jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) .
black - backed monarch ( monarcha julianae ) , biak monarch ( monarcha brehmii ) , white - breasted monarch ( monarcha menckei ) , black - bibbed monarch ( monarcha mundus ) , and white - collared monarch ( monarcha viduus ) are transferred to the genus symposiachrus , following mayr and diamond ( 2001 ) , filardi and smith ( 2005 ) , and filardi and moyle ( 2005 ) .
thraupidae : still following ioc and ridgely and greenfield ( 2001 ) , yellow - tufted dacnis , dacnis egregia ( inc . aequatorialis ) has been split from black - faced dacnis , dacnis lineata .
rufous - naped whistler is related to crested bellbird and crested pitohui in new family oreoicidae ( norman et al . 2009 , schodde & christidis 2014 ) . accept consensus english name rufous - naped bellbird .
a suite of subspecies ( pelengensis , clio , buruensis , macrorhyncha , calliope , compar , par , dammeriana , sharpei , and fuscoflava ) , all previously classified as subspecies of golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) , are split as a separate species , yellow - throated whistler ( pachycephala macrorhyncha ) , following galbraith ( 1956 ) , dickinson ( 2003 ) , and jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) .
18–19 cm . male nominate race has forehead and crown to lores , sides of head and nape black , yellow hindcollar ; upperparts olive - green , remiges blackish , edged olive ( finely . . .
also the lord howe golden whistler ( p . p . contempta ) remains common , but was listed as vulnerable at one time due to its small range ; however , it has been taken off the list in recent history .
two subspecies of black - bellied whistling - duck are recognized almost universally , although these inadvertently were omitted from earlier editions of the ebird / clements checklist . add the following subspecies , each of which also forms a monotypic group :
the sicklebills now are shown to belong to two genera . black - billed ( epimachus albertisi ) and pale - billed sicklebills ( epimachus bruijnii ) are separated in the genus drepanornis , following irestedt et al . ( 2009 ) .
the male is bright yellow below and on the nape ( lower neck on the back ) . the wings and back are olive - green . it has a black head and band across the chest . its throat is white .
i have carved up xolmis . to do this , i moved the black - and - white monjita , now heteroxolmis dominicanus , to heteroxolmis and the fire - eyed diucon , now pyrope pyrope , to pyrope . i ' ve also moved the black - crowned monjita , neoxolmis coronatus , rusty - backed monjita , neoxolmis rubetra , and salinas monjita , neoxolmis salinarum , to neoxolmis from xolmis . finally , the gray monjita , now taenioptera cinerea , has been placed in taenioptera .
sangihe shrike - thrush ( colluricincla sanghirensis ) is not member of the genus colluricincla , but instead should be placed in coracornis . consequently , we change the english name to sangihe whistler . the sequence of genera within pachycephalidae ( whistlers and allies ) is revised .
white - tipped monarch ( monarcha everetti ) and black - tipped monarch ( monarcha loricatus ) are transferred to the genus symposiachrus , following filardi and smith ( 2005 ) , filardi and moyle ( 2005 ) , and coates et al . ( 2006 ) .
however , the populations of the norfolk island golden whistler ( p . p . xanthoprocta ) have declined for several years now due to habitat destruction and probably also due to introduced predators , such as rats . they are now mostly restricted to the norfolk island national park .
the members of family mohouidae were previously situated in the whistler family . all three of thesse new zealand species have been known to practice cooperative breeding . they are the sole host for the long - tailed cuckoo which pushes the host ' s eggs out of the nest before laying its single egg .
the male mottled berryhunter has brownish - olive upperparts , hind - neck ; gray forehead , crown ; brownish - gray tail . female has more pronounce markings on top of head ; underparts lighter with more distinct dark markings ; lower back streaked rusty outline black ; head and chin much brighter rufous .
the australian golden whistler ( pachycephala pectoralis ) is endemic to australia , where it is found in fforests , woodland , mallee , mangrove and scrub in ( except australia ' s interior and most of the north ) ; as well as the mountain fforests in the snow mountains in the papua province of indonesia .
the whistler family of birds includes whistlers and shrikethrushes . . they are found in australasia . they predominantly live in wooded areas and their diet consists mainly of insects . they are small stout birds with strong bills . why the stout bills if they mainly eat insects ? because they are opportunistic feeders and will eat snail and small vertebrates ,
mottled whistler ( rhagologus leucostigma ) has been shown not to be a member of the pachycephalidae ( whistlers and allies ) ( norman et al . 2009 , jønsson et al . 2011 ) . in the absence of a clear indication of where this species belongs , it is moved to a position of “limbo” ( incertae sedis ) at the end of the pachycephalidae .
the critically endangered and poorly known new zealand storm - petrel is not a member of the genus oceanites , but rather belongs with the genus fregetta . change the scientific name of new zealand storm - petrel to fregetta maoriana , and position this species between white - bellied storm - petrel ( fregetta grallaria ) and black - bellied storm - petrel ( fregetta tropica ) .
previously included in p . pectoralis ; sometimes still placed there , as part of the “ macrorhyncha group” # r . separable from others in the complex by a combination of ( in male ) black chin ( not in obiensis ) and long white throat feathers partly obscuring the breastband , and ( in female ) a lightly but densely barred throat . three subspecies recognized .
following jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) , black - bellied cuckoo - shrike ( coracina montana ) is removed from coracina , and repositioned . jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) proposed placing this species in the genus lalage , but that would result in a large and heterogenous assemblage . therefore , we place this species in the genus edolisoma ; the species name changes from montana to montanum .
following jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) , black - bibbed cuckoo - shrike ( coracina mindanensis ) is removed from coracina , and repositioned . jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) proposed placing this species in the genus lalage , but that would result in a large and heterogenous assemblage . therefore , we place this species in the genus edolisoma , and the species name changes from mindanensis to mindanense .
dumbacher et al . ( 2008 ) and jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) documented that the genus pitohui contains several different , unrelated clades ( lineages ) . jønsson et al . ( 2010 ) proposed that one of these clades , containing the black pitohui ( pitohui nigrescens ) , should be placed in the monotypic genus melanorectes . the sequence of genera within pachycephalidae ( whistlers and allies ) is revised .
revise the english name of rufous - backed kingfisher to rufous - backed dwarf - kingfisher , in accord with regional usage of the name “dwarf - kingfisher” for this and related species . also , revise the placement of this species , and move it to a position immediately after black - backed dwarf - kingfisher ; these two species appear to be closely related , and hybridize to some extent ( lim et al . 2010 ) .
bryan’s shearwater ( puffinus bryani ) is a newly described species ( pyle et al . 2011 ) , recently accepted as valid by nacc . position bryan’s shearwater between townsend’s shearwater ( puffinus auricularis ) and black - vented shearwater ( puffinus opisthomelas ) . this species was described on the basis of a single specimen , collected in 1963 , from midway island , where it may be only a vagrant . there are recent records of this species from the bonin islands , where it may breed .
kundu et al . ( 2012 ) demonstrated that the extinct mascarene parrot ( mascarinus mascarinus ) is embedded within the genus coracopsis ; since mascarinus is the older name , the scientific name for the genus of vasa - parrots changes to mascarinus . kundu et al . also demonstrated that the subspecies barklyi , of the seychelles , is only distantly related to other subspecies assigned to black parrot ( coracopsis nigra ; now lesser vasa - parrot mascarinus niger ) , and so is elevated to species rank as seychelles parrot ( mascarinus barklyi ) .
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christidis , l . and boles , w . e . 2008 . systematics and taxonomy of australian birds . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be scarce in the north of its range and commoner in the south ( flegg and madge 1995 ) . trend justification : this population is estimated to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat loss and degradation ( del hoyo et al . 2007 ) .
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
) from incertae sedis to follow campephagidae as a monophyletic family in core corvoidea ( aidala et al . 2013 )
wattled ploughbill is distantly related to sitellas ( neosittidae ) ( aggerbeck et al . 2014 , schodde & christidis 2014 ) . move from incertae sedis 2 to new monotypic family eulacestomidae following neosittidae .
. assign to oreoicidae ( jønsson et al . 2008 , dumbacher et al . 2008 , norman et al . 2009 , jønsson et al . 2010 , schodde & christidis 2014 ) . accept consensus english name piping bellbird . includes
sensu stricto ( oriolidae ) ( jønsson et al . 2008 , dumbacher 2008 ) ; also remove
see schodde and mason 1999 ; cf christidis & boles 2008 , hbw 12 for proposed split of northern shriketit . stet ssp
see schodde and mason 1999 ; cf christidis & boles 2008 , hbw 12 for proposed split of western shriketit . stet ssp
( norman et al . 2009 , jønsson et al . 2008 . dumbacher et al . 2008 , jønsson et al . 2010 )
nc new guinea , yapen and meos num is . ( geelvink bay nw of new guinea )
. andersen et al . 2014 ; jønsson et al . 2014 . beehler and pratt 2016 split
( jønsson et al . 2008 , 2014 ; andersen et al . 2014 ) . sexually monomorphic . also dutson , gregory comments . needs documentation
( andersen et al . 2014 , jønsson et al . 2014 ) . includes
] . temotu is the local name of the [ santa cruz ] islands and the current and official name of that province in the solomon islands .
( dumbacher et al . 2008 , norman et al . 2009 , jønsson et al . 2010 )
( jønsson et al . 2008 , 2010 , dumbacher et al . 2008 , norman et al . 2009 )
follows dickinson ( 2003 : 489 , footnote 2 ) . with transfer of morningbird to
little shrikethrush complex includes at least 8 separate clades that are potential splits pending continued research ( deiner et al . 2012 , beehler & pratt 2016 , marki et al . 2018 ) . subspecies here are grouped as proposed splits . sequence follows marki et al . 2018 .
d ' entrecasteaux arch . and trobriand is . ( off se new guniea )
as a junior synonym but resplit based on genetic evidence ( marki et al 2018 ) .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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josep del hoyo , pieter de groot boersma , john gregory , keith blomerley .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
subspecies p . m . mentalis occurs in morotai , halmahera and bacan . subspecies p . m . tidorensis occurs in ternate and tidore ( off w halmahera ) . subspecies p . m . obiensis occurs in obi and bisa .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species was reported to be common , prior to being split ( flegg and madge 1995 , coates et al . 1997 , coates 1990 , doughty et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
map edited : shaded ternate and bisa islands and deleted islands from moti south to mandoli ( except bacan ) and damar ( s halmahera ) . eoo updated .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t103693456a118690723 .
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reference : pzs part i , meeting of january 13 , 1863 , p . 30 ( footnote )
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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distribution maps should be very cautiously looked at . they do not provide with precise location but only give an idea of species global distribution . distribution areas are geopolitical ; as a consequence the whole of a country is selected if a species is only located in one single place . for more precise distribution areas please go to iucn site ( see link above ) .
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the information below includes the date and a brief description of each significant change , a link to the relevant page , and that page ' s new version number . neither minor spelling corrections nor additions to the references are noted on this page .
the updates for 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 have been archived separately .
as of may 28 , 2018 , the tif list contains 10928 species in 2406 genera , 251 families , and 46 orders .
( not updated since last year ) as of may 31 , 2017 , the tif list contained 10898 species . the differences between the tif and ioc lists involve over 270 species ( 103 species removed , 172 species added , compared to ioc 7 . 1 ) . of the 103 species on the ioc list that i have not included , about 75 % are new world species that neither of the aou committees has accepted . i will eventually reconsider both these and the extinct species . adding all of the extras would bring the tif list to 11000 species , 172 more than the ioc 7 . 1 list ( 10828 ) .
although i started with the howard - moore list , i am now using the ioc list as a baseline . every species gets an ioc - style name . that doesn ' t mean its the only name , or that it exactly matches the ioc name . four percent of the species have two names . this usually happens because of differences between the ioc name and the aou name ( nacc or sacc ) . in such cases , i usually give the ioc name second , even in cases where i think the aou name is stupid ( e . g . , redstarts for the myioborus whitestarts ) . a few other non - ioc names have also been retained .
some ioc - style names don ' t exactly match the true ioc name due to differences in taxonomy . for example , ioc recognizes two species of laniisoma —brazilian laniisoma and andean laniisoma . in this case , i currently follow sacc taxonomy which has only one laniisoma . however , their english name is entirely different ( shrike - like cotinga ) . keeping in mind that the species has been known as the elegant mourner , i added the ioc - ish english name elegant laniisoma .
the ioc - style names have been fully americanized ( gray , not grey ; aou - style hyphenation ) . i ' m also a little more aggressive than aou in adding hyphens to break up two - part names that don ' t scan well . i also favor hyphens when it makes the “last name” of the bird clear . hyphens greatly improve the results when sorting bird names by last name . i know some people fight flame wars about it , but to me , bird names that differ only in hyphenation and / or american vs . british spelling , such as grey pileated finch and gray pileated - finch , are essentially identical ( and are the ioc name ) .
stephen nawrocki has updated his enhanced excel spreadsheet of the tif world list to version 2 . 79 . numbering now matches the csv files .
four lists are also available in csv format . three of the lists use the tif species list for that area . the aba list has been modified to match the aba species list .
the aba list includes only aba species , but in tif order . the aou and south american lists have a slightly different species list than the aou ' s corresponding lists .
updated jackson spreadsheet : richard jackson has provided a new version of his spreadsheet comparing the tif , ioc , hbw , and hbw / birdlife illustrated checklist ( icbw ) bird lists .
birds - of - paradise : based on irestedt et al . ( 2017 ) , the riflebirds have been returned to genus ptiloris and the superb bird - of - paradise , lophorina superba is split into :
vogelkop superb bird - of - paradise , lophorina superba , inc . niedda .
greater superb bird - of - paradise , lophorina latipennis , inc . addenda , feminina and latipennis .
note that irestedt et al . argue that superba does not apply to birds from the vogelkop mountains , but to those usually called feminina . they establish a new name inopinata for the vogelkop birds and refer to the vogelkop bird - of - paradise as lophorina niedda . they also call the greater bird - of - paradise lophorina superba . given that the type of superba has been considered to be from the vogelkop , i didn ' t find their arguments convincing .
also , i ' ve added raggi ' s bird - of - paradise as the primary name of paradisaea raggiana , the point being that it is named for francesco raggi . [ paradisaeidae , corvida iii , 3 . 04 ]
scrub - robins : aedonopsis sharpe 1883 , replaces tychaedon richmond 1917 on the grounds that aedonopsis sharpe 1883 is not preoccupied by aedonopsis rey 1872 , which is not available due to the fact that it is merely an incorrect spelling of aedonops brehm 1863 . see raty , birdforum 2018 . [ muscicapidae , muscicapoidea ii , 3 . 13 ]
chaetura swifts : continuing the ridgely splits ( ridgely and greenfield , 2001 ) , i ' ve split tumbes swift , chaetura ocypetes , from short - tailed swift , chaetura brachyura . [ apodidae , apodiformes , 3 . 09 ]
cardinalidae : another ioc / ridgely and greenfield ( 2001 ) split is olive tanager , habia frenata , from carmiol ' s tanager , habia carmioli . [ cardinalidae , core passeroidea v , 3 . 05 ]
elaenias : based on tang et al . ( 2018 ) , i have rearranged elaenia and returned chilean elaenia , elaenia chilensis , to sierran elaenia , elaenia pallatangae . [ tyrannidae , tyrannida ii , 3 . 06 ]
furnariinae : i have accepted several splits from ioc and ridgely / tudor ( 2009 ) . subspecies are allocated as in ioc .
pacific tuftedcheek , pseudocolaptes johnsoni , is split from buffy tuftedcheek , pseudocolaptes lawrencii .
pacific hornero , furnarius cinnamomeus , and caribbean hornero , furnarius longirostris , are split from pale - legged hornero , furnarius leucopus .
striped woodhaunter , automolus subulatus , is split into western woodhaunter , automolus virgatus and eastern woodhaunter , automolus subulatus .
creamy - breasted canastero , asthenes dorbignyi is split into pale - tailed canastero , asthenes huancavelicae , rusty - vented canastero , asthenes dorbignyi , and dark - winged canastero , asthenes arequipae .
baron ' s spinetail , cranioleuca baroni , has been lumped into line - cheeked spinetail , cranioleuca antisiensis . see seeholzer and brumfield ( 2018 ) and sacc proposal 762 . [ furnariidae , furnariida ii , 3 . 05 ]
locustellidae : the grassbirds ( locustellidae ) have been rearranged based on alstrom et al . ( 2018a ) . two species have changed genera : the fan - tailed grassbird moves from schoenicola to catriscus and the bamboo warbler moves from bradypterus to locustella . the genera buettikoferella and megalurulus have been merged into cincloramphus . bowdleria and eremiornis have been merged into poodytes . amphilais has been merged into bradypterus . chaetornis has been merged into schoenicola . finally , part of locustella has been separated as the new genus helopsaltes alström et al . 2018 ( type species certhiola ) . [ locustellidae , paroidea & sylvioidea i , 3 . 11 ]
santa marta screech - owl : the recently described santa marta screech - owl now has a scientific name , megascops gilesi ( krabbe , 2017 ) . [ strigidae , afroaves ii , 3 . 09 ]
striped manakins : based on lane et al . ( 2017 ) , the striped manakin , machaeropterus regulus , has been split into
tinamous : hayes et al . ( 2018 ) showed that there is no reason to consider the chaco nothura , nothura chacoensis , distinct from the spotted nothura , nothura maculosa . as a result , i now consider the chaco nothura to be a subspecies of the spotted nothura , nothura maculosa . [ tinamidae , paleognathae , 3 . 03 ]
barn owls : the barn owls have been rearranged based on uva et al . ( 2018 ) . their results suggest that some adjustment to species limits will be needed , but it is not yet clear to me how best to do that . [ tytonidae , afroaves ii , 3 . 08 ]
owls : koparde et al . ( 2018 ) found that heteroglaux is embedded in athene . thus the forest owlet becomes athene blewitti . this causes a rearrangement of athene . [ strigidae , afroaves ii , 3 . 08 ]
gnatcatchers : the gnatcatchers have been restructured based on smith et al . ( 2018 ) . the yucatan gnatcatcher , polioptila albiventris , has been split from the white - lored gnatcatcher , polioptila albiloris . the tropical gnatcatcher , polioptila plumbea has been split into :
white - browed gnatcatcher , polioptila bilineata , including daguae , bilineata , cinericia , brodkorbi , and superciliaris .
a more complete description may be found in [ polioptilidae , certhioidea , 3 . 04 ]
hypogramma : the genus name hypogramma is preoccupied , and is replaced by kurochkinegramma ( kashin , 1978 ) . thus the purple - naped sunbird is kurochkinegramma hypogrammicum . [ nectariniidae , basal passeroidea , 3 . 02a ]
spiderhunters : based on campillo et al . ( 2018 ) , the purple - naped sunbird has been restored to genus hypogramma ( from arachnothera ) and is placed sister to arachnothera . [ nectariniidae , basal passeroidea , 3 . 02 ]
fluvicolinae : lopes et al . ( 2018 ) found that the chapada flycatcher was unrelated to the other suiriri taxa . rather , it is sister to sublegatus . lopes et al . established a new genus for it , guyramemua , so the chapada flycatcher moves from elaeniini to fluvicolini and becomes guyramemua affine . ( corrected )
oddly , although lopes et al . specify that guyramemua is neuter , they persist in writing guyramemua affinis rather than using the neuter affine .
the gray monjita becomes nengetus cinereus rather than taenioptera cinerea . the monotypic genus nengetus was established by swainson in 1827 . the gray monjita had historically been in the genus taenioptera ( bonaparte 1825 ) , of which it is the type ( e . g . catalogue of the birds in the british museum ) . however , although bonaparte alluded to taenioptera as a subgenus in 1825 , he did not actually establish the name until 1831 . thus nengetus has priority . [ tyrannida ii , tyrannidae , 3 . 05 ]
fluvicolinae : the fluvicolinae have been rearranged based on fjeldså et al . ( 2018 ) . although their phylogeny seems generally more reliable than what i cobbled together from previous work , some of the nodes are still poorly resolved . i have mostly followed their figure 2 . however , although their work suggests that empidonax is not monophyletic , i have not made changes to empidonax due to some weakly supported nodes .
finally , there are some splits . darwin ' s flycatcher , pyrocephalus nanus , the extinct san cristobal flycatcher , pyrocephalus dubius , and scarlet flycatcher , pyrocephalus rubinus , are split from the vermilion flycatcher , now called pyrocephalus obscurus . see carmi et al . ( 2016 ) .
further , the blackish chat - tyrant , ochthoeca nigrita , and maroon - belted chat - tyrant , ochthoeca thoracica , have been split from the slaty - backed chat - tyrant , ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris , based on a combination of fjeldså et al . ( 2018 ) , ridgely and greenfield ( 2001 ) , hilty ( 2003 ) , and garcia - moreno et al . ( 1998 ) . [ tyrannida ii , tyrannidae , 3 . 04 ]
shortwings : based on kyriazis et al . ( 2018 ) and the hbw - checklist ( del hoyo and collar , 2016 ) , i ' ve split the white - browed shortwing into :
yes , the typo has been fixed . the lesser shortwing , brachypteryx leucophris , is also embedded within this clade . [ muscicapidae , muscicapoidea ii , 3 . 12 ]
wagtails and pipits : the wagtails have been rearranged based on drovetski et al . ( 2018 ) and harris et al . ( 2018 ) .
based on van ells and norambuena ( 2018 ) , the new world pipits have been rearranged . futher , two species have been split and one has been lumped .
puna pipit , anthus brevirostris , has been split from short - billed pipit , anthus furcatus .
south georgia pipit , anthus antarcticus , has been lumped into correndera pipit , anthus correndera due to very small dna differences between them .
2012 updates and corrections , to accompany the ebird / clements checklist 6 . 7 spreadsheet posted september 28 , 2012
the updates and corrections are grouped into four sections . within each section , items are listed in the order in which they are encountered in the clements checklist 6 . 7 spreadsheet , although we also continue to reference by page number the relevant entry in the last published edition of the clements checklist ( sixth edition , 2007 ) .
in accordance with sacc , we elevate this monotypic group to species rank as tristan penguin eudyptes moseleyi .
the subspecies brevipes and magnificens are removed from gould’s petrel ( pterodroma leucoptera ) as a separate species , collared petrel ( pterodroma brevipes ) . each of the subspecies of collared petrel retains its status as a monotypic group , but the names for each group are changed :
gould’s petrel ( magnificent ) pterodroma leucoptera magnificens becomes collared petrel ( magnificent ) pterodroma brevipes magnificens .
references : watling , d . 1986 . notes on the collared petrel pterodroma ( leucoptera ) brevipes . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 106 : 63 - 70 .
bretagnolle , v . , and h . shirihai . 2010 . a new taxon of collared petrel pterodroma brevipes from the banks islands , vanuatu . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club 130 : 286 - 301 .
chikara , o . 2011 . little - known asian bird : possible records of the newly described bryan’s shearwater puffinus bryani in japan . birdingasia16 : 86–88 .
pyle , p . , a . j . welch and r . c . fleischer . 2011 . a new species of shearwater ( puffinus ) recorded from midway atoll , northwestern hawaiian islands . condor 113 : 518–527 .
elevate the monotypic group little eagle ( pygmy ) ( hieraaetus morphnoides weiskei ) to species rank as pygmy eagle ( hieraaetus weiskei ) .
gjershaug , j . o . , h . r . l . lerner , and o . h . diserud . 2009 . taxonomy and distribution of the pygmy eagle aquila ( hieraaetus ) weiskei ( accipitriformes : accipitridae ) . zootaxa number 2326 : 24–38 .
the northern subspecies , buteo nitidus plagiatus , is elevated to species rank as gray hawk ( buteo plagiatus ) ; the three southern subspecies adopt the english name gray - lined hawk but retain the scientific name buteo nitidus . the rationale for this split is explained in nacc proposal 2011 - a - 4 and sacc proposal 523 , and is based primarily on millsap et al . ( 2011 ) .
millsap , b . a . , s . h . seipke , and w . s . clark . 2011 . the gray hawk ( buteo nitidus ) is two species . condor 113 : 326 - 339 .
each of the two monotypic groups of xantus’s murrelet ( synthliboramphus hypoleucus ) is elevated to species rank . the research behind this split is summarized in nacc proposal 2011 - c - 10 . the two newly recognized species are scripps’s murrelet ( synthliboramphus scrippsi ) and guadalupe murrelet ( synthliboramphus hypoleucus ) .
birt , t . p , h . r . carter , d . l . whitworth , a . mcdonald , s . h . newman , f . fress , e . palacios , j . s . koepke , and v . l . friesen . 2012 . rangewide population genetic structure of xantus‘s murrelet ( synthliboramphus hypoleucus ) . auk 129 : 44 - 44 .
keitt , b . s . 2005 . status of xantus‘s murrelet and its nesting habitat in baja california , mexico . marine ornithology 33 : 105 - 114 .
subspecies streptopelia bitorquata dusumieri of island collared - dove is elevated to species rank as philippine collared - dove ( streptopelia dusumieri ) , following collar ( 2011a ) . also , revise the range of philippine collared - dove from “philippines and sulu archipelago ; vagrant to n borneo” to “philippines and sulu archipelago ; vagrant to n borneo . introduced to northern marianas ( guam n to saipan ) ” .
collar , n . j . 2011 . species limits in some philippine birds including the greater flameback chrysocolaptes lucidus . forktail number 27 : 29 - 38 .
pompadour green - pigeon ( treron pompadora ) is split into six species , following rasmussen and anderton ( 2005 ) and collar ( 2011 ) : sri lanka green - pigeon ( treron pompadora ) ; gray - fronted green - pigeon ( treron affinis ) ; andaman green - pigeon ( treron chloropterus ) ; ashy - headed green - pigeon ( treron phayrei ) ; phiippine green - pigeon ( treron axillaris , also including subspecies amadoni , canescens , and everetti ) ; and buru green - pigeon ( treron aromaticus ) . correct the range of sri lanka green - pigeon from “india to sw china , thailand , laos and s vietnam” to “sri lanka” . all of these newly recognized species formerly were groups in the clements taxonomy
rasmussen , p . c . , and j . c . anderton . 2005 . birds of south asia : the ripley guide . lynx edicions and smithsonian institution .
white - eyed imperial - pigeon ( ducula perspicillata ) is split into two species , spectacled imperial - pigeon ( ducula perspicillata ) and seram imperial - pigeon ( ducula neglecta ) , following rheindt and hutchinson ( 2007 ) .
rheindt , f . e . , and r . o . hutchinson . 2007 . a photoshot odyssey through the confused avian taxonomy of seram and buru ( southern moluccas ) . birdingasia 7 : 18 - 38 .
long - tailed mountain - pigeon ( gymnophaps mada ) is split into two species , buru mountain - pigeon ( gymnophaps mada ) and seram mountain - pigeon ( gymnophaps stalkeri ) , following rheindt and hutchinson ( 2007 ) .
philippine scops - owl ( otus megalotis ) is split into three species , following miranda et al . ( 2011 ) : philippine scops - owl ( otus megalotis ) , everett’s scops - owl ( otus everetti ) , and negros scops - owl ( otus nigrorum ) . also , subspecies boholensis is synonymized with everetti , following dickinson et al . ( 1991 ) , and the range of everetii is revised from “philippines ( samar , biliran , leyte , mindando and basilan ) ” to “philippines ( bohol , samar , biliran , leyte , mindando and basilan ) ” .
dickinson , e . c . , r . s . kennedy , and k . c . parkes . 1991 . the birds of the philippines . an annotated check - list . british ornithologists’ union check - list number 12 . british ornithologists’ union , london .
miranda , h . c . , jr . , d . m . brooks , and r . s . kennedy . 2011 . phylogeny and taxonomic review of philippine lowland scops owls ( strigiformes ) : parallel diversification of highland and lowland clades . wilson journal of ornithology 123 : 4441 - 454 .
moluccan hawk - owl ( ninox squamipila ) is split into three species : halmahera hawk - owl ( ninox hypogramma ) , tanimbar hawk - owl ( ninox forbesi ) , and hantu hawk - owl ( ninox squamipila ) .
norman , j . a . , l . christidis , m . westerman , and f . a . richard - hall . 1998 . molecular data confirm the species status of the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis . emu 98 : 197 - 208 .
moluccan swiftlet ( aerodramus infuscatus ) is split into three species , sulawesi swiftlet ( aerodramus sororum ) , halmahera swiftlet ( aerodramus infuscatus ) , and seram swiftlet ( aerodramus ceramensis ) , following rheindt and hutchinson ( 2007 ) .
silvery kingfisher ( ceyx argentatus ) is split into two species , northern silvery - kingfisher ( ceyx flumenicolus ) and southern silvery - kingfisher ( ceyx argentatus ) , following collar ( 2011 ) .
subspecies halcyon smyrnensis gularis of white - throated kingfisher is elevated to species rank as brown - breasted kingfisher ( halcyon gularis ) , following collar ( 2011 ) .
subspecies merops viridis americanus of blue - throated bee - eater is elevated to species rank as rufous - crowned bee - eater ( merops americanus ) , following collar ( 2011 ) .
sira barbet ( capito fitzpatricki ) is a newly described species . sira barbet has not yet been accepted as valid by sacc , but we are sufficiently confident that sacc will accept this species that we admit it to the ebird / clements checklist as a species . position sira barbet between scarlet - banded barbet ( capito wallacei ) and five - colored barbet ( capito quinticolor ) . the range of sira barbet is “southern cerros del sira , ucayali , peru” .
seeholzer , g . f . , b . m . winger , m . g . harvey , d . cáceres a . , and j . d . weckstein . 2012 . a new species of barbet ( capitonidae : capito ) from the cerros del sira , ucayali , peru . auk 129 : 551 - 559 .
subspecies dinopium javanense everetti of common flameback is elevated to species rank as spot - throated flameback ( dinopium everetti ) , following collar ( 2011 ) .
greater flameback ( chrysocolaptes lucidus ) is split into six species , following collar ( 2011 ) : greater flameback ( chrysocolaptes guttacristatus , also including subspecies socialis , chersonesus , and andrewsi ) ; javan flameback ( chrysocolaptes strictus , also including subspecies kangeanensis ) ; luzon flameback ( chrysocolaptes haematribon ) ; yellow - faced flameback ( chrysocolaptes xanthocephalus ) ; buff - spotted flameback ( chrysocolaptes lucidus , also including subspecies rufopunctatus and montanus ) ; and red - headed flameback ( chrysocolaptes erythrocephalus ) .
sooty woodpecker ( mulleripicus funebris ) is split into two species , northern sooty - woodpecker ( mulleripicus funebris ) and southern sooty - woodpecker ( mulleripicus fuliginosus ) , following collar ( 2011 ) .


farlowella is a genus of fish in the family loricariidae native to south america .

this genus is broadly distributed in amazon , orinoco , paraná and coastal rivers of the guyana shield .

it is absent from the pacific slope of the andes and from the coastal rivers of the brazilian shield .

many of these species are kept in aquarium .

this genus has a unique body shape that resembles of a thin stick of wood .

the body is slender and elongate , often with a pronounced rostrum and a brownish color with two lateral dark stripes beginning at the tip of the rostrum , passing over the eyes and ending at the tail , which are periodically interrupted on the caudal peduncle .

farlowella

how to keep farlowella catfish : species sunday . pumped update on the 220 as well
morphometric data for holotype and paratypes of farlowella gianetii , new species ( n = 18 ) .
how to keep farlowella catfish : species sunday . pumped update on the 220 as well - youtube
a new species of farlowella ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) of the f . nattereri species - group from the rio xingu basin , mato grosso , brazil , with comments on farlowella jauruensis , a poorly - known species from the upper rio paraguai basin
farlowella : named in honour of w . g . farlow of harvard university . acus ; pointed ; a neadle or spine .
one of the oddest looking fish we see available today the farlowella tries to mimic its surroundings by blending in with the twigs and plants it rests on . there are many different species of farlowella and identification can be difficult . this species can be hard to keep and should not be kept by new hobbyist
dorsal view of anterior portion of farlowella jauruensis , mzusp 59485 , 77 . 6 mm sl . note the distinctive coloration on snout . scale bar : 5 mm .
eigenmann , c . h . & l . vance . 1917 . some species of farlowella . annals of the carnegie museum , 11 : 297 - 303 . [ links ]
distribution of farlowella gianetii in the upper rio xingu basin and farlowella jauruensis in the upper rio paraguai basin . symbols represent the type - locality of f . gianetii ( star ) and f . jauruensis ( square ) , along with additional specimens of f . gianetii ( spots ) and f . jauruensis ( triangles ) . major rivers are indicated in the map .
; systematic of the stick catfishes , farlowella eigenmann & eigenmann ( pisces , loricariidae ) proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , vol . 147 , ( 1997 ) , pp .
retzer , m . e . 2006 . a new species of farlowella eigenmann and eigenmann ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) , a stickcatfish from bolivia . zootaxa , 1282 : 59 - 68 . [ links ]
farlowella and sturisoma spp . are bred in aquaria less frequently , probably because they’re more difficult to maintain properly . these whiptails spawn on flat surfaces , often vertical ones like the glass walls of the tank .
the genus was revised by retzer & page ( 1996 ) who proposed an intrageneric arrangement consisting of species groups . the taxonomy of these groups was based mainly on the number , shape , and location of dermal plates and odontodes . recent investigations conducted on collection material of the museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo ( mzusp ) assigned to the genus farlowella revealed an undescribed species from the rio xingu basin , mato grosso state , brazil . also among the farlowella specimens of mzusp , some unidentified specimens of the genus were found to be farlowella jauruensis eigenmann & vance , a species known only from its type locality at rio jauru , rio paraguai basin .
distribution . farlowella gianetii is known from the upper rio xingu basin , from rio couto de magalhães , rio culuene , and from smaller tributaries of the upper rio xingu , mato grosso state , brazil ( fig . 4 ) .
farlowella gianetii , brazil : mato grosso , campinápolis , rio couto do magalhães . mzusp 95564 holotype , 115 . 6 mm sl , a ) lateral , b ) dorsal , and c ) ventral views . scale bar : 1 cm .
comments on some species of the farlowella nattereri species group . the last revisionary work on farlowella suggests that f . jauruensis is a valid species from the rio paraguai basin , brazil . until the present contribution , this species was known only from the holotype , collected by john d . haseman in 1909 . this species is characteristic by its relatively short snout in contrast to species of the f . nattereri species group , that present a long snout ( retzer & page , 1996 ) . during the revision of comparative material , several unidentified specimens of short - snouted farlowella species collected in the rio paraguai basin were found at the mzusp ichthyological collection . analysis of these specimens revealed that they match the diagnostic characters reported by retzer & page ( 1996 ) . farlowella jauruensis is distinctive because of its dark snout , characteristic that was overlooked both by eigenmann & vance ( 1917 ) and retzer & page ( 1996 ) , and that further diagnoses this species from closely relatives of the f . nattereri species group . the discovery of this important material at the mzusp collection extends both the number of known specimens and distribution range of this poorly - known farlowella species . this species seems to be restricted to the upper rio paraguai basin .
uma nova espécie de farlowella é descrita de dezoito espécimes da bacia do alto rio xingu , estado do mato grosso , brasil . a nova espécie é membro do grupo de espécies da farlowella nattereri , e é diagnosticada de outros membros deste grupo , com exceção de farlowella jauruensis , por apresentar um focinho proporcionalmente mais curto . a nova espécie se diferencia de f . jauruensis por diferenças morfológicas do cleitro e de placas , pelas contagens de raios da nadadeira pélvica e caudal , e pelo padrão de colorido do focinho . a descoberta de novos lotes de f . jauruensis , uma espécie até então conhecida apenas pelo holótipo , também é aqui reportada . esta descoberta representa uma expansão considerável da distribuição geográfica e do número de espécimes conhecidos de f . jauruensis .
a new species of farlowella is described from eighteen specimens collected in the upper rio xingu basin , mato grosso state , brazil . the new species is a member of the farlowella nattereri species - group and can be distinguished from other members of the group , with exception of farlowella jauruensis , by exhibiting a proportionally shorter snout . the new species is distinguished from f . jauruensis by differences on the cleithrum and plate morphology , by counts of pelvic and caudal - fin rays , and by the color pattern of the snout . the discovery of new lots of f . jauruensis , a species so far known only from the holotype , is also herein reported . this discovery represents a considerable expansion of the geographic distribution and of the number of known specimens of f . jauruensis .
retzer , m . e . & l . m . page . 1996 . systematics of the stick catfishes , farlowella eigenmann & eigenmann ( pisces , loricariidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 147 : 33 - 88 . [ links ]
farlowella : erected by carl and rosa eigenmann ( 1889 ) as replacement for acestra kner , 1853 , the name honours the american botanist from harvard , william gibson farlow ( 1844 - 1919 ) , who specialized in algae plants , a reference to the principal diet of this fish .
the goal of this article is to provide a formal description of the new species of farlowella from the xingu basin and present the first records of f . jauruensis after its formal description performed by eigenmann & vance ( 1917 ) , representing a considerable expansion of the geographic distribution of the later species .
when i was a teenager during the 1980s , the giant twig catfish of the genus sturisoma were among the most highly prized catfish in the trade . these impressive catfish proved to be easier to keep than farlowella , they breed in captivity quite readily , and the farmed specimens in particular are not hard to maintain .
ballen , g . a . & j . i . mojica . 2014 . a new trans - andean stick catfish of the genus farlowella eigenmann & eigenmann , 1889 ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) with the first record of the genus for the río magdalena basin in colombia . zootaxa , 3765 : 134 - 142 . [ links ]
as mentioned several times already , the harttiini can be quite difficult to keep . the genus farlowella includes around 30 species , at least three of which are routinely traded : f . acus , f . gracilis , and f . vittata . telling them apart is difficult , and , as with rineloricaria whiptails , misidentifications probably happen all the time .
the harttiini are primarily represented in the trade by various farlowella species , usually called “twig catfish” without any attempt to tell the different species apart . a second genus , sturisoma , is also quite commonly seen . it is very rare to see any of the other harttiini in aquarium shops , though species of lamontichthys and sturisomatichthys are imported once in a while .
lateral plate series in farlowella gianetii ( holotype , mzusp 95564 , 115 . 6 mm sl ) . each color represents individual series or fusions referred in the text . plate series as follows : a ) dorsal , b ) dorsomedian , c ) median , d ) ventromedian , e ) ventral , f ) dorsomedian + median , g ) coalescent series ( dorsomedian + median + ventromedian ) . scale bar : 1 cm .
farlowella catfish species sunday . i ' m wrong ; ) after further review , and help from zane in the comments , this is not a farlowella , it is a royal loricaria - - however , it is certainly a similar fish . even still . farlowella catfish are great for your planted tank . you have to love a cool looking , algae eat , non - plant eating catfish . this is just one of the varieties of farlowella catfish that you can find . i have a couple of these up in the 125 as well . i forgot to mention , thanks for everyone that was around for the live , random spreecast last thursday , that was fun to get your feedback . make it a great week and tank on ! welcome to dustin ' s fish tanks youtube channel . my channel is made for fish tank people ! i try to focus on planted aquariums , how to grow aquarium plants , dirt as the planted tank substrate and low light aquarium plants . planted tanks shouldn ' t be difficult . my goal is to make the planted aquarium hobby easy .
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fortunately for the aquarist , basic care seems to be similar for all species . soft to moderately hard , slightly acidic to slightly basic water at middling temperatures suits them best . aim for a hardness of 3° to 10° , a ph of 6 . 0 to 7 . 5 , and a temperature of 75° to 79°f . good water circulation is critical , as all farlowella suffer if kept in poorly oxygenated , overstocked living conditions .
the identify of members of this genus is carried out by looking at the ventral plates ( underneath the mouth to anal area ) to identify to species . f . acus ( f . acus species group ) has two rows of abdominal scutes , no median scute at the base of the pelvic fins ( occasionally found in species of the farlowella curtirostra species group ) , and fairly long breeding odontodes on the snout ( found on no other species of farlowella ) . to sex out this species is comparatively easy as the male ( in breeding condition anyway ) has a broader snout ( rostrum ) from the female and is adorned with short bristles . sometimes it is hard in young specimens to tell this difference but i have always found a sure fire method by running your fingers along the snout of a captured specimen and you can feel the slight roughness of the male compared to the female .
this species is endemic to bolivia . it is currently known only from two localities , one in the río coroico ( type locality , río beni basin ) , and one in kikibey , la paz department , at 600 m asl ( retzer 2006 ) . even though it is known from relatively few specimens , farlowella species are not easy to recognize , reason why it is possible that the species exists in collections and several localities due to identification errors ( sarmiento pers . comm . 2014 ) .
this paper benefited from suggestions by osvaldo oyakawa . we are grateful to michel gianeti and osvaldo oyakawa for curatorial assistance . a specimen of farlowella jauruensis ( mzusp 115560 ) was collected during an expedition of the south american characiformes inventory project , sponsored by fapesp ( # 2011 / 50282 - 7 ) . the authors were funded through doctoral and bepe internship grants by fapesp ( 2014 / 11558 - 5 and 2016 / 02253 - 1 to gab ; 2013 / 09926 - 3 and 2015 / 24709 - 4 to lawp ) and capes ( mnlp ) .
remarks . position of the new species in the genus . the new species is allocated to the farlowella nattereri group of retzer & page ( 1996 ) because it exhibits the following characteristics : five lateral plates on the anterior portion of the body , three abdominal plate series , and diamond - shaped median plates . among the species of this group , the new species is most similar to f . jauruensis , sharing with that species a short snout and the apparent lack of breeding odontodes on body . the species is known only from around its type locality in the upper portion of rio xingu basin .
of the 27 described species of farlowella found throughout south america , only two are regularly exported . most of the existing literature refers to these as f . acus and f . gracilis . f . acus is a species that is highly endangered and imported very rarely , if at all , and f . vittata rather than f . acus is the most common representative of the genus in hobbyists’ tanks . the easiest way to distinguish the two is by comparing the shape of the rostrum , which is longer and more slender in vittata , although there are also differences in the arrangement of the ventral scutes .
many of the whiptails have extra - long fin rays projecting from their tail fins , but lamontichthys filamentosus has long extensions to its pectoral and dorsal fins as well . it’s a beautiful catfish that only gets to about 6 inches in length , but alas , it does poorly in captivity , even compared to farlowella . it is definitely a species for the experienced hobbyist with a mature tank having enough green algae to tide the fish over until it gets used to algae wafers and other prepared foods . to be on the safe side , don’t combine this catfish with anything likely to compete for food , even other whiptails .
generic key to farlowella based on covain & fisch - muller ( 2007 ) : caudal fin with i - 12 - i or i - 11 - i rays ; teeth pedunculated , bicuspid , numerous ( more than 10 per premaxillae ) , organized in comb and weakly differentiated ; sometimes with filamentous extensions on pectoral , dorsal , upper and / or lower caudal spines ; mouth shape elliptical ; caudal peduncle strongly depressed , elliptical in transverse section ( in average , the minimal depth of the caudal preduncle represents 1 to 3 percent of the sl ; rostrum present ; dorsal fin originating more or less in front of the anal - fin origin ; teeth not numerous ( around 20 per premaxillae ) ; two to three rows of abdominal plates ; gernal aspect slender , reminiscent of a stick .
meristics are reported followed by their frequencies in parentheses with an asterisk indicating the count of the holotype . measurements were taken with a digital caliper under a stereoscope . standard length ( sl ) is given in millimeters ( mm ) , and morphometric data are reported as percentage of sl , or head length for head subunits . museum acronyms follow sabaj - pérez ( 2014 ) . species groups herein discussed follow retzer & page ( 1996 ) , retzer ( 2006 ) , and ballen & mojica ( 2014 ) . statistical summaries were prepared with the program r v . 2 . 10 . 0 ( r development core team , 2012 ) , available at http : / / www . r - project . org . the code and data used to generate the table 1 are available at urltoken under the appropriate folder ( i . e . , fgianetii ) . given that some works on the taxonomy of farlowella have reported morphometric characters in the form of ratios instead of the percentages ( contra the standard practice in taxonomy ) , herein we provide the tables in percentages and a script and table in ratio form for facilitating comparisons whenever necessary ; such materials are also available in the github repository .
terminology , meristics and measurements follow boeseman ( 1971 , 1976 ) , retzer & page ( 1996 ) , schaefer ( 1997 ) , and paixão & toledo - piza ( 2009 ) ; osteological terminology follows geerinckx et al . ( 2007 ) . lateral plate series in farlowella show variation in the fusion between the dorsomedian and median plate series , exhibiting four series when the plates are fused anteriorly , or five series when the anteriormost dorsomedian plates are free . in such cases the fusion occurs further posteriorly , near the vertical through the dorsal fin ; posterior to dorsal - fin base only three lateral series remain free ( i . e . , dorsal , dorsomedian + median + ventromedian , and ventral ) . number of plates in each series is counted as presented in the fig . 1 : the dorsal , compound - median , and ventral series includes the longitudinal series of plates on the body , starting with the first plate posterior to the head limit and extending to the caudal - fin base . dorsomedian , median , and ventromedian series include all the plates present in line anterior to a fusion of plates ( fig . 1 ) . abdominal plates are those between pectoral - fin and pelvic - fin insertion in the ventral plate series , midabdominal plates are a series of minute plates located in between the two abdominal series ( retzer & page , 1996 : fig . 6 , a - f ) , and the coalescent series includes plates from the point of fusion of median and ventromedian series to the caudal - fin base .
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1 museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo , caixa postal 42494 , 04218 - 970 são paulo , sp , brazil . ( gab ) gaballench @ urltoken ( corresponding author ) , ( mnlp ) murilopastana @ urltoken , ( lawp ) luizwp @ urltoken
2 laboratorio de ictiología , departamento de biología , facultad de ciencias , pontificia universidad javeriana , carrera 7 n° 43 - 82 , bogotá , colombia .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : act : d0f55c0e - 2372 - 415d - a1de - 6dc532934ba2
holotype . mzusp 95564 , 115 . 6 mm sl , brazil , mato grosso , campinápolis , rio couto de magalhães , rio xingu basin , 13°50 ' 17
s 53°03 ' 53
w , f . lima , c . moreira , f . machado & a . ribeiro , 6 oct 2007 .
paratypes . brazil , mato grosso : mzusp 120420 , 7 , 63 . 4 - 103 . 4 mm sl , same data as holotype ; mzusp 87010 , 1 , 86 . 0 mm sl , gaúcha do norte , rio culuene , rio xingu basin , 13°30 ' 52
s 53°05 ' 34
w , o . oyakawa , j . birindelli & c . nolasco , 19 oct 2004 ; mzusp 98187 , 1 , 61 . 7 mm sl , campinápolis , rio culuene , rio xingu basin , 13°47 ' 50
s 53°14 ' 46
w , f . lima , f . machado , a . ribeiro , c . leite & c . moreira , 2 oct 2007 ; mzusp 97022 , 4 , 95 . 4 - 121 . 0 mm sl , campinápolis , rio couto de magalhães , rio xingu basin , 13°48 ' 02
s 53°03 ' 43
w , f . lima , a . ribeiro , c . leite & l . moraes , 10 oct 2007 ; mzusp 99065 , 2 , 82 . 7 - 90 . 3 mm sl , campinápolis , rio couto de magalhães , rio xingu basin , 13°55 ' 16
s 53°1 ' 27
w , f . lima , a . ribeiro , c . leite & l . moraes , 12 oct 2007 ; mzusp 97056 , 2 , 79 . 1 - 108 . 5 mm sl , campinápolis , córrego água fria , rio couto de magalhães , rio xingu basin , 13°49 ' 25
s 53°4 ' 30
w , f . lima , c . moreira , f . machado , a . ribeiro & c . leite , 6 oct 2007 .
description . morphometric data for the holotype and paratypes presented in table 1 . body very elongate , slender , dorsoventrally depressed . greatest body depth at region of pelvic - fin insertion ; greatest body width at region of pelvic - fin insertion . overall shape elongate and cylindrical . head slightly depressed , body cylindrical , tail depressed . dorsal profile from tip of snout to level of nares slightly concave , nearly straight from that point to dorsal - fin insertion ; straight from dorsal - fin terminus to anteriormost dorsal caudal - fin procurrent ray . ventral profile obliquely straight from tip of snout to pectoral girdle , straight from that point to anal - fin insertion ; straight from last anal - fin ray insertions to anteriormost ventral caudal - fin procurrent ray . body completely covered with plates except for tip of snout , gular region , and oval region surrounding urogenital aperture .
lateral margins of head paralleled from tip of snout to midpoint to vertical through nares in dorsal view , concave at this point , and nearly straight from such landmark to opercular region . snout short , papillae absent . preorbital ridge present . anterior and posterior nares of similar size , dermal flap separating openings . eyes lateral , not visible in ventral view , visible in dorsal view . eyes not raised above head surface ; iris operculum present . sixth infraorbital evident . dorsal surface of head with longitudinal keel on parieto - supraoccipital bone ; compound pterotic ornamented with reticulate pattern of ridges and pits . mouth ovoid , lower lip larger than upper lip ; ventral surface covered by wide oval papillae on upper lip and round papillae on lower lip ; round papillae decreasing in size from oral aperture to lip margin ; lip margin papillose . few platelets covering dorsal surface of upper lip . each premaxilla with 19 ( 1 ) , 20 ( 3 ) , 21 ( 3 ) , 22 ( 2 ) , 23 ( 2 ) , 24 ( 4 ) , 25 ( 1 ) , 27 * ( 1 ) , or 28 ( 1 ) bicuspid teeth , each dentary with 18 ( 3 ) , 19 ( 6 ) , 20 ( 4 ) , 21 ( 1 ) , 22 ( 3 ) or 23 * ( 1 ) bicuspid teeth ; premaxilla wider than dentary . buccal papilla present , with papillose surface . ventral surface of head completely covered by platelets without a particular arrangement . maxillary barbel present and projecting slightly from mouth margin .
five lateral plate rows on body , with 31 ( 1 ) , 32 ( 10 ) or 33 * ( 7 ) plates present on the medial line , and 13 ( 8 ) , 14 ( 6 ) , 15 * ( 3 ) or 16 ( 1 ) median plates before the coalescent series . dorsal plates distributed in 8 ( 15 ) or 9 * ( 3 ) predorsal plates , and 19 ( 2 ) , 20 * ( 10 ) or 21 ( 6 ) postdorsal plates . abdomen flat , covered with two lateral complete rows with 5 ( 2 ) , 6 ( 4 ) , 7 ( 9 ) , 8 ( 1 ) or 9 * ( 2 ) plates , and one midabdominal complete row with 6 ( 1 ) , 7 ( 9 ) , 8 ( 2 ) or 9 * ( 6 ) plates . lateral abdominal plates angled and delimiting abdomen laterally . anal plate inverted y - shaped with anterior margin straight . postanal plates 19 ( 3 ) , 20 * ( 9 ) or 21 ( 6 ) .
pectoral fin i , 5 ( 1 ) or i , 6 * ( 17 ) , with distal margin straight , leading ray longest , twice as thick as branched rays ; pelvic fin i , 5 * ( 18 ) [ two specimens with i , 6 in one side of the body ] , with posterior margin slightly curved ; dorsal fin i , 6 * ( 18 ) , with posterior margin straight , triangular in overall shape . anal fin i , 5 * ( 18 ) , similar in size and shape to dorsal fin . caudal fin i , 10 , i * ( 18 ) , emarginated , with dorsal and ventral lobes similar in size ; filaments present on both dorsal and ventral principal caudal - fin ray .
coloration in alcohol . head , dorsum , and caudal peduncle light brown ; sides of head and body with longitudinal dark brown stripe continuous from tip of snout to fusion of median and ventromedian plate rows ; ventral portions of head , body , and caudal peduncle light brown from snout to base of caudal fin ; some individuals show abdomen lighter than ventral portions of head , body , and caudal peduncle . head with dark pigment delimiting plates in dorsal and lateral views ; longitudinal dark brown stripe present from parieto - supraoccipital to dorsal - fin insertion ; light area more evident from tip of snout to posterior margin of nares , continuing along dorsum until caudal fin . dorsal , pectoral , pelvic , and anal fins with hyaline membranes and black spots on rays poorly arranged in bars , more evident in dorsal and anal fin . caudal fin with overall dark brown - black coloration on both membranes and rays ; area free of pigment present posteriorly at level of caudal emargination ; variable clear ocelli present on dorsal and ventral lobes toward margins of lobes .
etymology . the specific epithet , gianetii ( a patronym in genitive case ) , is after dr . michel donato gianeti , collection manager at the ichthyological collection of the museu de zoologia da universidade de são paulo , in recognition to all the kind assistance provided both during visits to the ichthyological collection of the mzusp and through loan / data request management .
additional records for f . jauruensis were collected in the córrego engano ( ribeirão do engano ) , rio taboco and rio taquari , all three localities in the state of mato grosso do sul , extending the known distribution of this species into the states of mato grosso ( type locality ) and mato grosso do sul ( remaining known records ) , rio paraguai basin , brazil ( fig . 4 ) .
boeseman , m . 1971 . the
comb - toothed
loricariinae of surinam , with reflections on the phylogenetic tendencies within the family loricariidae ( siluriformes , siluroidei ) . zoologische verhandelingen , 116 : 3 - 64 . [ links ]
boeseman , m . 1976 . a short review of the surinam loricariinae ; with additional information on surinam harttiinae , including the description of a new species ( loricariidae , siluriformes ) . zoologische mededelingen , 50 : 153 - 185 . [ links ]
covain , r . & s . fisch - muller . 2007 . the genera of the neotropical armored catfish subfamily loricariinae ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) : a practical key and synopsis . zootaxa , 1462 : 1 - 40 . [ links ]
eschmeyer , w . n . & j . d . fong . 2016 . species by family / subfamily . available from : available from : urltoken ( date of access - 15 january 2016 ) . [ links ]
eschmeyer , w . n , r . fricke , & van der laan . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . avaliable from : avaliable from : urltoken ( date of access - 15 january 2016 ) . [ links ]
geerinckx , t . , m . brunain , a . herrel , p . aerts , & d . adriaens . 2007 . a head with a suckermouth : a functional morphological study of the head of the suckermouth armoured catfish ancistrus cf . triradiatus ( loricariidae , siluriformes ) . belgian journal of zoology , 137 : 47 - 66 . [ links ]
haseman , j . d . & c . h . eigenmann . 1911 . a brief report upon the expedition of the carnegie museum to central south america . together with a list of localities at which mr . haseman collected . annals of the carnegie museum , 7 : 287 - 314 . [ links ]
paixão , a . c . & m . toledo - piza . 2009 . systematics of lamontichthys miranda - ribeiro ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) , with the description of two new species . neotropical ichthyology , 7 : 519 - 568 . [ links ]
queiroz , p . r . c . 2006 . mato grosso / mato grosso do sul : divisionismo e identidades ( um breve ensaio ) . diálogos , 10 : 149 - 184 . [ links ]
r core development team . 2012 . r : a language and environment for statistical computing ( v . 2 . 10 . 0 ) [ software ] . r foundation for statistical computing , viena . available from : available from : urltoken ( date of access - 15 january 2016 ) . [ links ]
rodriguez , m . s . , h . ortega & r . covain . 2011 . intergeneric phylogenetic relationships in catfishes of the loricariinae ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) , with the description of fonchiiloricaria nanodon : a new genus and species from peru . journal of fish biology , 79 : 875 - 895 . [ links ]
sabaj - perez , m . h . 2014 . standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology : an online reference . version 5 . 0 ( 22 september 2014 ) . american society of ichthyologists and herpetologists , washington , dc . available from : available from : urltoken ( date of access 15 january 2016 ) . [ links ]
schaefer , s . a . 1997 . the neotropical cascudinhos : systematics and biogeography of the otocinclus catfishes ( siluriformes : loricariidae ) . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 148 : 1 - 120 . [ links ]
universidade estadual de maringá núcleo de pesquisas em limnologia , ictiologia e aquicultura / coleção ictiologia av . colombo , 5790 87020 - 900 maringá , pr , brasil tel . : ( 55 44 ) 3011 4632 neoichth @ urltoken
photo by galvis , g . / mojica , j . i . / camargo , m .
, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
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cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
this page will give a completely detailed profile of the selected fish , from a to z . the profiled fish will be chosen randomly by badman , and will come from the complete genre of tropical fish . new profiles are added on a regular basis . if you would like to submit a profile for the site please contact me . don ' t forget to let us know you experiences with this fish by filling out the
very elongate and slender . the most distinguishing feature is the fishes nose . it is long and shaped somewhat like a needle .
this fish is not surprisingly colorful . it relies on camouflage for protection so it will not advertise itself . the basic colors are molted shades of brown . if you look real close you can see elaborate patterns on their body .
although a very interesting fish , they are not the easiest to keep . the tank set up should include long roots and plants that are placed horizontally . the roots are needed as they rasp the wood and it helps in their digestion . the tank should also have some slight water circulation . often called an algae eater the farlowellas do well if feed peas , lettuce and spinach they also will eat other types of food , including live , flake and frozen . they are always grazing and a constant food supply is a necessity . they are very timid in nature and starvation due to food competition is common , try feeding at reduced light levels and not only during the day . if you can meet their food needs they are an ideal community fish that gets along with all other species . it is best to keep only one pair as the males are territorial and will not allow rival males the chance to eat .
shallow water areas that contain a lot of driftwood or plants . usually found near the shore
the females are slightly more robust than the males and the males nose is thicker and is said to have whiskers . spawning occurs at night or in the very early morning . around 40 - 60 eggs are produced . the eggs will hatch in about a week and the yolk sac absorbed five days later . the fry now will have to be fed baby brine shrimp , fine vegetable matter or sinking pellets . the male guards the eggs until the fry are free swimming . the breeding aquarium should have dim lighting , a slight water current , very mature water and a neutral ph .
please remember that the following comments are personal experiences and may or may not apply to your setup . use them as guide to help better understand your fish , like us all individuals will behave differently under different circumstances .
privacy policy | contact badman ' s tropical fish copyright © all rights reserved . reproduction of any portion of this website ' s content is forbidden without written permission .
vittata : latin for banded , referring to the two lateral dark stripes beginning at the tip of the rostrum , passing over the eyes and ending at the tail .
orinoco river basin in colombia and venezuela . type locality : a tributary of río uribanto [ uribante ] , tachira state , venezuela .
inhabits areas of submerged vegetation , dead leaves and sticks or tangled roots along the banks of gently flowing streams and rivers .
largely inactive and can be kept in a tank measuring 36″ x 12″ x 12″ ( 90cm x 30cm x 30cm ) – 81 litres .
a dimly lit stream - type setup with a sand substrate , rounded stones and rocks and lots of driftwood branches would simulate its natural biotope . however , it is equally at home in a planted tank . it is essential that the water is well - oxygenated , preferably with a small degree of current running through the tank . tank maintenance must be of the highest order as the species is super sensitive to poor or deteriorating water conditions .
primarily vegetarian , so the bulk of the diet should be composed of vegetable matter in both fresh ( cucumber slices , kale , blanched spinach etc . ) and dried ( algae wafers , spirulina tablets etc . ) forms . it will accept small live and frozen foods such as bloodworm or daphnia and these should also be offered occasionally , although never as a main component of the diet .
this species will continually graze surfaces of plant leaves , wood , rock , the substrate and tank walls . it is an excellent consumer of diatoms and common green algae but will not eat troublesome algae like brush or beard .
very peaceful but unsuitable for the general community due to its rather specialised requirements and retiring nature . not only does it require pristine water , but it will easily be outcompeted for food by more vigorous or larger species . possible tankmates could include small characins , danios , devarios and other loricariids inhabiting similar waters , such as chaetostoma sp .
rival males can be somewhat territorial , but rarely is any damage done , and several can be kept in most tanks .
generally easy to sex , as the rostrum ( snout ) of the male is broader and develops rows of odontotes as the fish matures . these are absent altogether in females .
if kept in suitable conditions and fed well , the fish will breed quite easily , although the fry are notoriously difficult to raise . try starting with a group of 6 or more juvenile fish to give yourself the best chance of obtaining a pair . set up the tank as suggested above , and keep the water very clean . condition the fish on a diet of nutrient - rich greenstuffs , such as kale , spinach etc .
the fish tend to spawn at night and the eggs are almost always deposited on a vertical surface ( very often the tank glass ) . they’re tended by the male and he remains with them , fanning them with his fins , until they hatch in around 6 - 10 days . during this time , he may be visited by other females who will add their eggs to the existing brood .
the hatched fry will adhere themselves to surfaces close to where they hatched ; they have a very small yolk sac that is used up within a few days . unfortunately , this is where the problems begin . as well as being very sensitive to changes in water chemistry , the fry are particularly susceptible to starvation . they need constant access to large quantities of vegetable matter , of a consistency soft enough for them to digest . try pre - softened leaves of kale and spinach ( it’s better to soften these by soaking them in water for a couple of days , as blanching in boiling water tends to strip many of the nutrients away ) , but better results will occur with algae grown on rocks in a sunlit tank and / or dried leaves such as oak . even with the best diet and water quality , losses may still be high in the early days . if you decide to remove the fry to a separate tank , ensure that it contains identical water to the spawning tank .
this fish is truly a camouflage expert among aquarium fish ; hanging or sitting motionless on a branch they are easily unnoticed . they move from surface to surface , usually with short “hops ; ” swimming when necessary is achieved by body undulations and propulsion from the caudal fin . they are believed to have a lifespan of up to 15 years ; their frequent demise in aquaria is likely due to their demand for stable water parameters and conditions , and they should only be introduced to an established aquarium containing a good biofilm , algae or dried leaves . they do not appreciate being moved , and once introduced to an aquarium should be left alone .
like most of the south american catfish , they are sensitive to chemicals and medications ; when irritating substances are present in the water they will frequently select a plant leaf or object near the surface and remain motionless with their rostrum protruding above the water in an attempt to gain oxygen , and an immediate substantial partial water change should be undertaken .
despite their undeniably interesting shape and habits , they’re only recommended to the dedicated hobbyist who can provide them with the conditions they need to thrive . they are particularly sensitive when first imported and sadly losses are common in this initial period . only buy well - quarantined fish , and check the belly for signs of emaciation before parting with any money .
myers , george s . , 1942 - stanford ichthyological bulletin v . 2 ( no . 4 ) : 89 - 114 studies on south american fresh - water fishes . i .
how i cleaned up a few of my tanks . update on my planted aquariums
how to keep arowanas , tell me what you know about arowanas : species sunday .
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he common name of
twig catfish
certainly sums up this member of the loricariidae family as one look at the picture shows an animal reassembling a twig or stick and it is now sadly a forgotten
pleco
with the onslaught of the l - numbers in the last 10 years or so relegating this once sought after catfish to the memories of yesteryear .
also in the line drawing above you can see the differences between the elongated snouts of the two species with f . gracilis being the longer and slimmer with f . acus with the shorter snout , and also the threadlike appendages adorning the caudal fin of f . gracilis .
d1 / 6 ; a1 - 5 ; p1 / 5 - 6 ; v1 / 4 - 5 ; 33 - 34 bony scutes in a lateral series . on the belly the rows of of lateral scutes are closely aproximated . snout 4 - 4½ times in the distance from its tip to the anus ( snout tip to front of mouth ) .
olive - green to yellow - brown , underside yellowish . a very distict irregular dark band , often beset with blotches , extends from the head to the root of the tail . fins transparent , the rays with dark spots . each caudal lobe with a dark band .
genera . as this is a very timid species , if housed with other inhabitants you would be better keeping away from boisterous fish such as some of the barb species ( such as tigers ) and definately cichlids . better companions would be the unobstrusive
they are mostly vegetarian with algae being their number one source of food for adults and young fry so the above mentioned foods along with vegetable laden tablets should suffice .
1991 aquarien atlas . band . 1 . melle : mergus , verlag für natur - und heimtierkunde , germany . 992 p .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : the species is listed as least concern due to its presumed wide range and because it only has localized threats .
this species occurs in the amazon river basin in peru ( ortega et al . 2012 ) . its type locality is canelos , eastern ecuador ( steindachner 1882 ) .
tropical benthic freshwater fish . it occurs fast - flowing rivers and streams with clear and white waters and gravel , sandy or rocky substrate , among submerged vegetation . it feeds on aquatic arthropods , decaying organic matter , detritus and periphyton .
this ornamental fish is exported from peru ( campos 2005 , prang 2007 ) .
in part of its range , agriculture , cattle ranching and urban waste waters lead to habitat changes , such as increased turbidity , a reduction in water quality and an increase in nutrient loads .
the species probably occurs in at least one protected area ( bahuaja - sonene ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
mesa - salazar , l . , mojica , j . & alonso , j . c .
justification : this species is listed as data deficient given that there is no data on its population size and trends and the threats that may be affecting it .
this species occurs in the caquetá river basin , in the colombian amazon . the exact location of the its type locality is not known and has been the source of confusion . the specimen was labelled as
cauqueta
, which appears to be the caquetá river . however , some authors have interpreted it to be
cauquita river , cali in valley [ del cauca ] , a small tributary on the left margin of the upper cauca river
( ballen and mojica 2014 ) . however , the species has been collected recently in the hacha river and tributaries , in the upper caquetá basin ( gaspar et al . 2012 ) , which confirms the distribution for the species in the caquetá river basin .
there are no conservation measures in place for this species . it does not occur in any protected area . research is needed to better determine its distribution and population size and trend and the threats that may be affecting it .
mesa - salazar , l . , mojica , j . & alonso , j . c . 2016 .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 10 march 2014 . available at : http : / / urltoken .
carvajal , f . , maldonado , m . , sarmiento , j . & van damme , p .
the species is listed as data deficient due to doubts about the correct taxonomic identification of specimens that may change its known distribution range , and lack of data on its population trends and threats .
it is currently known for eight specimens from two localities . there are no data on population trends for this species .
this is a medium size ( 17 cm ) benthic fish that inhabits fast flowing rivers and streams ( clear waters ) , its diet is based on periphyton .
this species could be affected by habitat modification and pollution produced by cropland activities ( particularly the use of pesticides ) , although the concrete effect to this species has not been defined .
carvajal , f . , maldonado , m . , sarmiento , j . & van damme , p . 2016 .
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small tetras or rasboras are suitably mannered - perhaps hatchetfish are best . avoid fast or
nippy
fishes such as danios or barbs . will do well with corydoras catfish , but larger catfish or cichlids are to be avoided .
smallest 100mm , largest 265mm , average 178mm , most commonly 170mm . all sl .
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of decidedly different shape , many species of whiptail catfish are easy to maintain and make fantastic attention - getters due to their unique appearance .
whiptails are probably the most underrated catfishes in the hobby . they combine bizarre looks with hardiness , adaptability , and utterly peaceful temperaments . while generally they are carnivores rather than algae - eaters , their predatory instincts are directed toward worms and insect larvae , and whiptails won’t harm even the smallest tankmates , such as livebearer fry .
in short , they are excellent community tank catfish , among the best in fact , and i have to confess to having a very soft spot for them . watching them move about is quite a sight ; the smaller rineloricaria species , for example , walk along using their mouth and pelvic fins like stilts !
one of the best things about whiptails is the range of species available . true , there aren’t as many whiptails as there are corydoras catfish , but there’s a good range nonetheless . at the small end are dwarfs such as rineloricaria parva , which are only 3 to 4 inches long , while the biggest species , like pseudohemiodon laticeps , get to about a foot in length . so no matter how big your community aquarium , there’s a whiptail species for you !
ichthyologists divide the whiptails into two tribes , the loricariini and the harttiini . this division is actually quite informative and can be helpful when trying to decide on the best conditions for a given whiptail . the loricariini live in rivers , where they favor sandy substrates and leaf litter . the harttiini live on solid substrates , either wood or rocks , and are often found in fast - flowing habitats such as rapids and upland streams .
there are also differences between the two tribes in terms of diet . while the loricariini are carnivorous and feed extensively on insect larvae and worms , the harttiini instead consume green algae and what biologists callaufwuchs , the tiny organisms that live within the algal turf . broadly speaking , the loricariini are easy to maintain and adapt well to captivity while the harttiini tend to be much more challenging .