the european bullhead ( cottus gobio ) is a freshwater fish that is widely distributed in europe , mainly in rivers .

it is a member of the cottidae family , a type of sculpin .

it is also known as the miller 's thumb , freshwater sculpin , common bullhead and european bullhead .

the european bullhead is a small demersal fish that lives both in cold , clear , fast-flowing small streams and in middle-sized rivers .

it also occurs on gravelly shores of cold lakes .

further , it thrives in diluted brackish water of the northern baltic sea .

european bullhead

video shows what european bullhead means . a european species in the cottidae family , cottus gobio . . european bullhead synonyms : bullhead , miller ' s thumb , tommy logge . european bullhead meaning . how to pronounce , definition audio dictionary . how to say european bullhead . powered by marytts , wiktionary
. european standard – en 14011 : 2003 . european committee for standardization , brussels .
) and cottidae in fresh waters . this is particularly relevant to the european bullhead
morphological variability of black bullhead ameiurus melas in four non - native european populations .
) . this includes poland , where the european bullhead is listed as vulnerable ( witkowski et al .
morphological variability of black bullhead ameiurus melas in four non - native european populations . - pubmed - ncbi
are we missing a good definition for european bullhead ? don ' t keep it to yourself . . .
) . reported declines in european bullhead populations , coinciding with goby invasions of the rivers danube ( jurajda et al .
) suggest that ponto–caspian gobies are having a similar adverse impact on european as on north american cottidae . however , studies on the potential impacts of gobies on european bullhead ( henceforth simply ‘bullhead’ ) are limited to one experimental study ( van kessel et al .
conservation units based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna variation among european bullhead populations ( cottus gobio l . , 1758 ) from flanders , belgium
multi - biomarker approach in wild european bullhead , cottus sp . , exposed to agricultural and urban environmental pressures : practical recommendations for experimental design .
conservation units based on mitochondrial and nuclear dna variation among european bullhead populations ( cottus gobio l . , 1758 ) from flanders , belgium | springerlink
front . mar . sci . conference abstract : xv european congress of ichthyology .
) in lake constance from two european glacial refugia . molecular ecology 15 : 3583–3600 .
multi - biomarker approach in wild european bullhead , cottus sp . , exposed to agricultural and urban environmental pressures : practical recommendation . . . - pubmed - ncbi
knaepkens g . , bruyndoncx l . , bervoets l . and eens m . 2002 . the presence of arti cial stones predicts the occurrence of the european bullhead (
bravničar j , palandačić a , marić s , šanda r and snoj a ( 2015 ) . phylogeny of european bullhead ( cottus sp . ) in western balkans .
the brown bullhead is a sleek mottled brown color . the black bullhead is green to black on the back with paler sides and a white belly . the yellow bullhead is mottled yellow . the flat bullhead is similar to the yellow but has a dark patch on the lower section of its dorsal fin .
xv european congress of ichthyology , porto , portugal , 7 sep - 11 sep , 2015 .
and guarders—nest spawners e . g . brown bullhead , round goby , monkey goby
our laboratory observations have shown that racer goby do constitute a real threat for bullhead , providing direct experimental evidence to the hypothesis that the decline of bullhead in european waters could be partially attributed to the recent invasions of the invasive ponto–caspian gobiids ( jurajda et al .
the bullhead fish is classed as a panfish , the bullhead tribe are a group of small catfish . there are 4 different bullhead fish : the brown bullhead , black bullhead , yellow bullhead , and the flat bullhead . the bullheads are similar in shape to other catfish but are stockier . in recent years their range has grown due to restocking policies . the black bullhead was found from north dakota south to texas and then northeast to new york , has now become widespread . the same fish was introduced into france and multiplied very fast . but the bullheads make great eating and are sought after by anglers . this has helped to keep their numbers in control .
( pisces : teleostei : cottidae ) suggests a pre - pleistocene origin of the major central european populations .
based on fish faunistic lists , seven main bioregions were defined for european freshwater fish ( reyjol et al .
genetic variability in european sculpin , cottus gobio ( pisces : cottidae ) : assignment of population s . . .
craven represents bullhead cottus gobio in calcareous , upland becks and streams in the northern part of its range in england . the clean calcareous waters with their stony bottoms support good numbers of bullhead .
. these species have invaded or expanded their range in large european rivers such as the danube ( ahnelt et al .
( pallas ) : a review of european and north american literature . ill nat hist surv spec publ no . 20
the european bullhead , cottus gobio , is a fish of the cottidae family that is widely distributed in europe . it is a type of sculpin and has two alternative names : miller ' s thumb and tommy logge .
jermacz ł , kobak j , dzierżyńska a , kakareko t ( 2014 ) the effect of flow on the competition between the alien racer goby and native european bullhead . ecol freshw fish ( early view ) . doi :
g , h ) . this observation clearly confirms that bullhead feeding behaviour was affected by goby presence .
genetic differentiation of the bullhead cottus gobio l . across watersheds in central europe : evidence for two taxa
) for interactions between round goby and the mottled sculpin . indeed , compared to racer goby , european bullhead never exhibited any attacks towards any other co - existing fishes . the bullhead is known to establish its domination structure using sound and visual threat displays ( spreading gill covers and darkening ) and rarely resorting to a direct fight ( ladich
) . top mouth gudgeon have expanded to almost all european countries except for scandinavia , also reaching northern africa ( gozlan et al .
appearance : like other members of the family the bullhead has a broad head , eyes located almost on top of the head , and large , rounded pectoral fins resembling wings when the fish is at rest on the bottom . closely resembles the alpine bullhead and may also be confused with the lake form of the fourhorn sculpin . innermost and outermost rays of the pelvic fin are of equal length in the common bullhead , while in the alpine bullhead the innermost ray is shorter . in both the common bullhead and alpine bullhead the caudal peduncle measured from the trailing edge of the anal fin to the base of the caudal fin is shorter than the anal fin itself ; in the lake form of the fourhorn sculpin it is the same length as the anal fin . the spine projecting backwards from the operculum curves upwards in the bullhead and alpine bullhead while in the fourhorn sculpin it is straight .
bisazza a . and marconato a . 1988 . female mate choice , male–male competition and parental care inthe river bullhead
genetic differentiation of the bullhead cottus gobio l . across watersheds in central europe : evidence for two taxa | heredity
) have noticed that european bullhead was displaced from their preferred shelter places to less suitable habitats by bighead and tubenose goby , which suggests that these two species might also exert aggressive pressure on the cottid species and force them to use less preferred habitats .
) , making them potential competitors to native european species of similar environmental biology , such as gobiidae in brackish waters ( corkum et al .
let me tell you about a little fish that lives in the brook behind my house . i am reading the wikipedia article about this kind of fish . ( groppe : german wikipedia as of 29 june 2017 ) . other english names for the european bullhead are the miller ' s thumb , freshwater sculpin and common bullhead . the binomial name is ' cottus gobio ' .
environment agency . ( 1998 ) species awareness leaflet number 3 : spined loach and bullhead . environment agency , peterborough .
in polish inland waters , the gobiid species most likely to have deleterious consequences for the native bullhead is the racer goby , which has established itself in parts of the river vistula catchment where the bullhead is native ( marszał et al .
) . considering the 52 native freshwater fish species occuring in poland , only six exhibit some form of parental care , i . e . pikeperch , three - spined stickleback , nine - spined stickleback , sunbleak , european bullhead and alpine bullhead . it is believed that parental care evolved in fish as a strategy to enhance the survival of eggs and offspring in variable environments and under high predation pressure ( wooton
the usk represents bullhead cottus gobio in the southern part of its range in wales . it is considered to have exceptionally high - quality habitat with good water quality , abundant cover and a variety of aquatic habitats . bullhead are widespread throughout the usk system .
bǎnǎrescu ( 1991 ) suggested that many central european fish species were displaced from the atlantic–baltic drainages during the pleistocene and recolonized this area after the main glaciations . this refugium–recolonization hypothesis implies that the major events structuring the european fish fauna should date back to the pleistocene . however , the calculated divergence time of the two major bullhead stocks suggests an older origin . only the divergence time between the populations in the danube and elbe drainages supports this hypothesis .
colouring : irregular dark brown markings on back and sides , belly pale . pelvic fins colourless , no stripes as in alpine bullhead .
summary of the best linear mixed‐effects model explaining variation of food resource partitioning between atlantic salmon parr and alpine bullhead . standard error = se
diet segregation between introduced bullhead ( cottus gobio l . ) and atlantic salmon parr ( salmo salar l . ) in a sub‐arctic river
blank a , tedesco pa , lamouroux n ( 2007 ) relationships between life - history strategies of european freshwater fish species and their habitat . freshw biol 52 : 843–859
reynolds jd , webb tj , hawkins la ( 2005 ) life history and ecological correlates of extinction risk in european freshwater fishes . can j fish aquat sci 62 : 854–862
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the european bullhead is a small fish , with a large mouth , large pectoral fins , prominent eyes and a wide flattened head ; hence the common names ' bullhead ' and ' miller ' s thumb ' . they are brownish in colour with mottling or barring , and pale undersides . during the spawning period males become black in colour with a white - tipped dorsal fin , and females become plump . they rarely grow to more than 10 cm long .
the avon represents bullhead cottus gobio in a calcareous , relatively unmodified river in the southern part of its range in england . the river avon has a mosaic of aquatic habitats that support a diverse fish community . the bullhead is an important component of this community , particularly in the tributaries .
resource partitioning between siberian bullhead ( cottus poecilopus heckel ) and atlantic salmon parr ( salmo salar l . ) in a sub‐arctic river , northern norway
tomlinson m , perrow m ( 2003 ) ecology of the bullhead . conserving natura 2000 rivers . ecology series no . 4 . english nature , peterborough
the comparisons of life - history traits of non - native versus native fish species occurring in european inland waters have already been completed for catalonian streams ( vila - gispert et al .
, which is listed in annex ii of the european habitats and species directive ( 92 / 43 / eec ) because of declines in various parts of its range ( e . g . lelek
) suggest that the abundance of surface prey in the diet of salmon and fish abundance ( salmon , bullhead , and arctic charr abundance ) may have had some influence on food resource partitioning . the abundance of surface prey in the diet of salmon gave a significant negative correlation with dietary overlap between the salmon and bullhead ( figure
) are similar with respect to ecological requirements and behaviour . therefore , we suspect that the aggressive pressure exerted by racer goby on european cottid species would be similar to that reported by dubs and corkum (
the camel represents bullhead cottus gobio in the extreme south - west of its range in england . the river encompasses a range of ecological conditions with both upland and lowland characteristics . the clean , fast - flowing , relatively oligotrophic waters with their stony bottoms are particularly suitable for bullhead , which forms an important part of the total fish biomass .
the bullhead is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . listed on annex ii of the ec habitats directive ( 3 ) .
number of attacks ( a ) and threatening acts ( b ) ( back - transformed means ± 95 % confidence intervals ) displayed by racer goby and european bullhead in the two - species and single - species trials ( n = number of replicates ) . roman numbers at the data points indicate the period of a trial ( first or second ) in which the measurement was made
) , both native and non - indigenous , occurring in poland and in other central european countries were examined . data were obtained from the main works summarizing information on the freshwater fishes occurring in poland ( brylińska
) . one of them , the central european bioregion , consists of drainages from the r . elbe on the west , through the rivers oder , vistula , neman to narva on the east , as well as of swedish and finnish baltic river systems . this region is characterized by a highly homogenous fauna , rather low species richness , and the lowest level of endemism when compared with other european bioregions ( reyjol et al .
) . as a note of caution , unsuccessful , unintentional introductions that have gone unrecorded are not included in this survey . however , some fish species native to the central european bioregion sensu reyjol et al . (
the eden represents bullhead cottus gobio in a high - quality , relatively unmodified river in the northern part of its range in england . the presence of extensive areas of gravel and generally good quality water provides good habitat for bullheads , which are widely distributed throughout the system . the tributaries , in particular those flowing over limestone , hold abundant numbers of bullhead .
the aim of the present study was to examine the interactions between these two species under experimental conditions in order to assess whether racer goby ( henceforth referred to collectively as ‘gobies’ ) has an adverse impact on bullhead feeding behaviour ( time and location ) when food resources are limited . the working hypothesis was that racer goby would be more aggressive than native bullhead of comparable size , the former being a stronger competitor and displacing the latter from the profitable feeding areas , and this is expected to have adverse consequences for bullhead foraging efficiency and fitness .
taking into account the geographical position of poland and its hydrological system , it offers a good model for the analysis of life - history traits of fish species in the central european biogeographical region sensu reyjol et al . (
) . in the central european bioregion , nest spawning and paternal care , or the other ‘unusual’ reproductive strategies , i . e . unisexuality , may contribute to such ‘fitness differences’ as suggested by macdougall et al . (
) and their distributions may overlap ( t . kakareko , pers . observ . ) , it is probable that racer goby are forcing bullheads to abandon their most profitable habitats and to occupy energetically inferior locations , and may even be eliminating the bullhead from parts of its native european range . there is strong evidence that the interference competition of introduced fishes , which use aggression in their interactions with native species ( connell
the lambourn represents bullhead cottus gobio populations inhabiting chalk streams in central southern england . good water quality , coarse sediments and extensive beds of submerged plants again provide excellent habitat for the species .
vonlanthen p , excoffier l , bittner d , persat h , neuenschwander s , et al . ( 2007 ) genetic analysis of potential postglacial watershed crossings in central europe by the bullhead (
mean dietary overlap between salmon and bullhead was 36 . 8 % , but overlap varied quite widely among sampling sites , ranging from 11 . 5 % to 62 . 5 % ( table
food resource partitioning between stream‐dwelling arctic charr salvelinus alpinus ( l . ) , atlantic salmon salmo salar l . and alpine bullhead cottus poecilopus heckel , 1836 : an example of water column segregation
. . . perifretum = c . gobio pro parte ; see freyhof et al . 2005 ) and b . barbatula occur in high densities in some river sections , whereas only an isolated population of brook bullhead ( c . rhenanus = c . gobio pro parte ; see freyhof et al . 2005 ) is present in the upper stretches of the river geul , a tributary of the river meuse . both cottus species are protected under the european habitats directive ( hd ; annex ii ; 92 / 43 / eec ) and are important target species according to the european water framework directive ( wfd ; 2000 / 60 / ec ) . . . .
the bullhead is a common fish of stony bottoms and easily seen by careful wading and turning over likely - looking stones . if this is done quietly , the occupant will generally remain motionless .
the bullhead is widely distributed in england and wales but in scotland is only known from the forth and clyde catchments . it is less common in the rest of europe . red data book species .
knaepkens g , verheyen e , galbusera p , eens m ( 2004 ) the use of genetic tools for the evaluation of a potential migration barrier for the bullhead . j fish biol 64 : 1737–1744
citation : westram am , jokela j , baumgartner c , keller i ( 2011 ) spatial distribution of cryptic species diversity in european freshwater amphipods ( gammarus fossarum ) as revealed by pyrosequencing . plos one 6 ( 8 ) : e23879 . urltoken
the cleddau differs from the teifi system , also in south - west wales , in its gentler gradients and more meso - eutrophic nature . the generally finer substrates present and more widespread shading means that bullhead cottus gobio in the cleddau rivers are more likely to depend on macrophytes and woody debris for cover , and represent a lowland type population . electrofishing data indicates that bullhead are very widespread throughout the catchment .
) . thus , the total extirpation of one species by the other at a large spatial scale seems unlikely . however , bullhead also occur in larger rivers with lentic habitats and lakes ( tomlinson and perrow
) , and thus the alien species does not appear to have any physiological advantage during nocturnal foraging . although it is unknown whether the same relationship holds for the racer goby and the european bullhead , our results suggest that the bullhead’s noctural habits do not appear to protect the species from interference competition presented by the racer goby . interestingly , the aggressive behaviour of gobies was much more common during daylight , contrary to their nocturnal feeding activity . this might be explained by the fact that light affects aggressor - defender interactions in a similar manner as the relationships between predators and their prey . light enhances the visual capabilities of predators and therefore increases the risk of predation ( culp
the teifi represents bullhead cottus gobio in west wales . water quality is generally good , and the diversity of semi - natural habitat and predominance of stony substrates provides excellent bullhead habitat throughout much of the catchment . environment agency electrofishing data shows this species to be widespread throughout the system . bullheads show marked differences in growth and longevity between upland and lowland streams , and the teifi includes sections representing both types of habitat .
spatial variation in the abundance and population structure of bullhead cottus gobio l . , 1758 ( actinopterygii : cottidae ) from the iskar river basin ( danube river drainage , bulgaria ) : implications for monitoring and conservation
) . gibel carp , brown bullhead and pumpkinseed are also widely distributed in europe , and the ponto - caspian gobies are still expanding their range , not only in the vistula drainage ( grabowska et al .
tomlinson , m . l . and perrow , m . r . ( 2003 ) ecology of the bullhead . conserving natura 2000 rivers ecology series no . 4 . english nature , peterborough . available at : urltoken
tomlinson , m . l . and perrow , m . r . ( 2003 ) ecology of the bullhead . conserving natura 2000 rivers ecology series no . 4 . english nature , peterborough . available at : urltoken
) . the racer goby may possess enhanced sensory systems that facilitate better detection and capture of prey at night compared to the bullhead . the round goby has a well - developed lateral line system ( jude et al .
prey diversity emerged as the strongest predictor of resource partitioning between salmon and bullhead , although resource partitioning was also influenced to some extent by surface prey use , and fish and prey abundances . prey diversity and surface prey may have operated synergistically to enhance food resource partitioning between salmon and bullhead . additional work will be needed to explore and enhance our understanding of how the interface between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems influences ecological processes , such as resource partitioning .
. . . only river bullhead ( c . perifretum = c . gobio pro parte ; see freyhof et al . 2005 ) and b . barbatula occur in high densities in some river sections , whereas only an isolated population of brook bullhead ( c . rhenanus = c . gobio pro parte ; see freyhof et al . 2005 ) is present in the upper stretches of the river geul , a tributary of the river meuse . . . .
the wye represents bullhead cottus gobio in an extensive river system crossing the border between england and wales . the wye is one of the most diverse river systems in the uk , with a range of nutrient conditions and aquatic habitats and generally good water quality for fish species . the diversity of habitat types in the wye means that it is likely to represent most of the habitat conditions in which bullhead occurs in britain , highlighting the conservation importance of this river .
utzinger j . , roth c . and peter a . 1998 . effects of environmental parameters on the distribution of bullhead ( cottus gobio ) with particular consideration of the effects of obstructions . journal of applied ecology 35 : 882–892 .
freyhof , j . , m . kottelat and a . nolte , 2005 . taxonomic diversity of european cottus with description of eight new species ( teleostei : cottidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 16 ( 2 ) : 107 - 172 . ( ref . 55856 )
a possible explanation for the divergence time of the ‘northern stock’ and the ‘southern stock’ of the bullhead starts with the assumption that the bullhead invaded europe via the danube drainage . bǎnǎrescu ( 1990 , 1991 ) suggests that most of the primary freshwater species with an eastern radiation centre used this biogeographical pathway . when the ancient main / regnitz system changed its direction from the danube to the rhine drainage , bullheads were able to invade the rhine drainage . this would agree with the calculated divergence time . in conclusion we suggest that , although pleistocene events may have influenced the genetic structure of the bullhead populations , the major events are much older and connected to palaeogeographical events influencing the catchment areas of the drainages .
. . . this has been demonstrated for round goby in the great lakes , with empirical evidence of adverse impacts on the mottled sculpin cottus bairdi ( reviewed in kornis et al . , 2012 ) , which is a native cottid with very similar biology to that of the european bullhead cottus gobio 1 ( mills and mann , 1983 ; miller , 2003 ; carter et al . , 2004 ) . c . gobio is a vulnerable and protected species not only in poland ( witkowski et al . , 2009 ) but also elsewhere in europe ( e . g . the uk . 1 the proposed separation of european bullhead cottus gobio into several new species ( freyhof et al . , 2005 ) is not universally accepted due to shortcomings in the genetic and morphological approaches used . so , until the genetic and morphological variations in c . gobio are corroborated by further peer - reviewed studies that consider not only genetics and morphology , but also physiology , behaviour and ecological interactions , c . gobio is considered a single species . . . .
populations of c . gobio were sampled in north - east bavaria . this area is well suited for our study because it includes three important unconnected european drainage systems ( danube , elbe and rhine ) , and although the bullhead is endangered in germany ( bless et al . , 1994 ) it is common in the investigated area ( schadt , 1993 ) . thus , we were able to collect between 12 and 25 individuals ( overall 296 ) at each of 16 sites across the three drainage systems ( fig . 1 ) .
starch gel electrophoresis and morphological characters were used to analyse the geographical variation of 16 populations of cottus gobio , the bullhead , across three central european drainage systems . twenty out of 31 screened allozyme loci were polymorphic . genetic variability differed considerably among populations ( h e between 0 . 008 and 0 . 099 ) . populations of the danube and elbe were significantly less variable than the rhine populations . this is interpreted as a consequence of the smaller population sizes of the bullhead within the parts of the danube and elbe investigated . an f st value of 0 . 73 showed that the bullhead is one of the most highly structured freshwater fish species . high genetic distances and morphological differences indicated the existence of two well - defined taxa , one within the rhine system and one within the danube and elbe systems . genetic distance between these two taxa is about 0 . 24 ( nei ' s unbiased distance ) . time estimates showed that the two taxa were probably originally separated by palaeogeographical events at the pliocene / pleistocene change .
due to river regulation , the natural habitat of the european bullhead ( cottus gobio ) has been degraded and often there is an apparent lack of suitable spawning substrates ( hard objects like stones ) . addition of artificial structures to degraded habitats may be a very promising tool for habitat enhancement . in this study , we evaluated the use of ceramic tiles as artificial spawning substrates in canalised and ( remaining ) meandering parts of anthropogenically perturbated lowland rivers in flanders ( northern part of belgium ) . furthermore , we examined whether water depth and velocity were important determinants for the choice of tiles in these different river trajectories . tiles were successfully used by the bullhead as spawning substrates . in the meandering parts of the river , the number of egg deposits was significantly positively correlated with water depth , while in canalised river parts , water depth and velocity were of no importance for tile usage . in general , supplementation of rivers with artificial substrates like tiles may be a promising , inexpensive and easy - to - use enhancement technique for degraded bullhead spawning habitat .
) . the predominance of such large , long - lived , late - maturing species results from the postglacial recolonization history of the central european biogeographical region . the formation of large periglacial lakes during interglacials and at the end of the pleistocene enabled migration of species preferring standing or slowly flowing waters ( rolik and rembiszewski
there was a negative correlation between prey diversity and dietary overlap of salmon and bullhead , supporting the hypothesis that high prey diversity may enhance food resource partitioning between sympatric species and thereby facilitate their coexistence . in previous studies , high dietary overlap was observed between salmon and bullhead at a homogeneous river site with a low diversity of zoobenthos ( gabler & amundsen , 1999 ) , whereas strong dietary segregation was observed between salmon and european bullhead ( cottus gobio linnaeus , 1758 ) in a more heterogeneous river that had relatively high diversity of zoobenthos ( gabler , amundsen , & herfindal , 2001 ) . thus , resource partitioning between salmon and bullhead species may be related to between‐river differences in prey diversity and habitat characteristics ( gabler & amundsen , 1999 ; gabler et al . , 2001 ) . the present study reveals that food resource partitioning between salmon and bullhead can vary within a river system , between sites at relatively short distances from each other , and between seasons at a given site , with resource partitioning being strongly dependent on prey diversity at different sites . studies on other species have given indication that high prey diversity may enhance food resource partitioning ( see , e . g . , hillebrand & shurin , 2005 ; jiang et al . , 2008 ; martin & garnett , 2013 ; zapata et al . , 2005 ) and that competition for food is high when prey diversity is low ( barili et al . , 2011 ; hillebrand & shurin , 2005 ; targett , 1981 ) . our study corroborates these findings and supports the notion that high prey diversity may promote consumer coexistence through food resource partitioning .
european bullhead were collected whilst scuba diving in a tributary of the lower river vistula , the river brda , near the city of bydgoszcz ( central poland ) , where stones were overturned and bullhead specimens were captured by manoeuvring them into an aquarium dip net . racer gobies were collected by electrofishing ( iup - 12 , radet , poznań , poland ) from the włocławek reservoir , which is located in the lower river vistula , central poland about 100 km from the river brda site . immediately after capture , the fish were transported to the laboratory in aerated plastic 5 - l bottles ( 1 . 5 h transport time ) , immediately placed in 80 - l tanks ( filtered , aerated water at 17–19 °c ; 20 % of water exchange per week ) , with 5–8 specimens per tank ( segregated by species ) and fed with live chironomid larvae .
reyjol y , hugueny b , pont d , bianco pg , beier u , caiola n , casal f , cowx i , economou a , ferreira t , hidvogl g , noble r , sostoa a , vigneron t , virbickas t ( 2007 ) patterns in species richness and endemism of european freshwater fish . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 65–75
the itchen is a classic chalk river that supports high densities of bullhead cottus gobio throughout much of its length . the river provides good water quality , extensive beds of submerged plants that act as a refuge for the species , and coarse sediments that are vital for spawning and juvenile development .
the bullhead ( cottus gobio ) is the only freshwater member of the family cottidae that is native to the uk . it is a small fish , with a large mouth ( 4 ) , large pectoral fins , prominent eyes ( 5 ) and a wide flattened head ; hence the common names ' bullhead ' and ' miller ' s thumb ' ( 4 ) . they are brownish in colour with mottling or barring , and pale undersides ( 6 ) . during the spawning period males become black in colour with a white - tipped dorsal fin , and females become plump ( 4 ) .
fish were collected using portable backpack electrofishing gear with pulsed direct current ( geomega backpack model ; 700–1 , 400 v , 5 a maximum intensity , 40–80 hz ) and a single anode of 30 cm diameter . three‐pass removal electrofishing was conducted at each sampling site with 30 min between passes following the standardized procedures described for the eu water framework directive ( european commission ,
) proposed a typology for freshwater species living in western europe based on the analysis of their reproductive traits , as a framework for the future domestication of other fish species . however , such an analysis and comparison of native and invasive fish fauna life - history traits has never been conducted for the central european biogeographical region , the second largest region identified by reyjol et al . (
the bullhead is widely distributed in england and wales but in scotland is only known from the forth and clyde catchments ( 7 ) . elsewhere , the species is found in europe , but it does not have such a favourable status there , and so it is listed in annex ii of the habitats directive ( 4 ) .
carter , m . g . , copp , g . h . and szomlai , v . ( 2004 ) seasonal abundance and microhabitat use of bullhead cottus gobio and accompanying fish species in the river avon ( hampshire ) , and implications for conservation . aquatic conservation : marine and freshwater ecosystems , 14 : 395 - 412 .
schematic illustration of the potential influence of prey diversity on resource partitioning between two stream‐dwelling fish species in sympatry ( here atlantic salmon parr and alpine bullhead ) . for example , if prey diversity is low , it is probable that there will be strong competition because prey diversity is insufficient to allow sympatric consumers to specialize and segregate in prey use
. . . about 15 species of the genus cottus l . , 1758 ( scorpaeniformes : cottidae ) are found in european waters ( freyhof et al . 2005 ) . they are relatively small , bottom - dwelling fish that prefer mainly cold , well - oxygenated streams , medium - sized rivers , and , much more rarely , lakes , channels , and large rivers ( e . g . . . .
based on allozyme genetics , european sculpins or bullheads ( cottus gobio linnaeus , 1758 ) from the brenta river system ( adriatic basin , north east italy ) cluster with population sam - ples collected in the middle danube catchment ( sava , slovenia ) and the danubian headwaters , and with sculpins from the lake constance , but are more deeply differentiated from sculpins collected in the neckar . . . [ show full abstract ]
the mease is an example of bullhead cottus gobio populations in the rivers of central england . bed sediments are generally not as coarse as other sites selected for the species , reflecting the nature of many rivers in this geographical area , but are suitable in patches due to the riverís retained sinuosity . the patchy cover from submerged macrophytes is also important for the species .
) , which can be invaded by racer goby . in such places , gobies could strongly affect bullhead limiting their ranges , decreasing abundances , causing local population extinctions and perhaps also lowering the genetic diversity of the species . thus , the invasion of racer goby is likely to weaken the condition of the native species considerably and increase their vulnerability to other environmental threats .
in this study , we aimed to delineateevolutionarily significant units ( esus ) andmanagement units ( mus ) for the europeanbullhead in flanders ( belgium ) . therefore , wedetermined the genetic interrelationshipsbetween 11 bullhead populations , using lengthvariation at 7 polymorphic microsatellite lociand sequence variation in the d - loop of themitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) . despite therelatively small geographical scale of ourstudy , the analysis of the d - loop sequencesshows that the flemish bullhead populationscontain 3 haplotype groups , which can beassigned to 3 previously described europeanmtdna clades . because of the importantdifferences between these clades , they may bedefined as evolutionarily significant units , which should be managed separately . analysis ofmicrosatellite data reveals very high degreesof isolation between populations , with theexception of 3 pairwise comparisons whichinvolved adjacent populations . our data suggestthat the 3 haplotype groups probably qualify asesus , as they show phylogeographicdifferentiation for mtdna variants as well assignificant divergence of allele frequencies atnuclear loci . however , one of these units , limited to a single population , may be ofcentral european origin . all populations of thescheldt basin meet the criteria for murecognition , since significantly differentmicrosatellite allele frequencies as well asprivate alleles are found . in contrast , geneticdifferentiation among the 3 populations of themeuse basin is very low .
the bullhead ( cottus gobio ) appears to be an appropriate species in which to study geographical variation within and across drainages , for three reasons . ( i ) despite its wide distributional range , the bullhead has a narrow ecological niche . the favoured habitats of this small , bottom - dwelling species are small brooks and the headwaters of rivers . ( ii ) no long - distance migrations have been recorded ( downhower et al . , 1990 ; waterstraat , 1992 ) . transport of spawn by waterfowl is also unlikely because of the low number of eggs laid on the undersides of stones ( lelek , 1987 ) . ( iii ) because c . gobio has no economical importance the original genetic population structure is not influenced by artificial stocking .
full list of explanatory variables used to explore their possible influence of on food resource partitioning ( measured as dietary overlap ) between juvenile atlantic salmon ( salmo salar ) and alpine bullhead ( cottus poecilopus ) . significant explanatory variables after stepwise variable selection ( * ) . pearson ' s rank correlation between each explanatory variable and food resource partitioning is shown ( significant ones marked in bold )
= < . 001 ) . thus , at sampling sites with relatively high prey diversity , the salmon and bullhead segregated in resource use and food resource partitioning was high , whereas when prey diversity was low , food resource partitioning was also low . our sensitivity analyses did not alter the results , and the best model was also the model including only prey diversity as explanatory variable ( aic
) . fish measurements were taken when the specimen was located in front of an underwater scale situated on the tank bottom near the feeder , so as to ensure a constant measurement distance between the camera and all measured fishes . fish used in the experiments were not in spawning condition , exhibiting no symptoms such as dark colouration of males or courtships . mean lengths were 83 mm ( min–max : 58–125 mm tl ) and 81 mm ( 60–111 mm tl ) for gobies and bullheads , respectively . capture and use in this study of european bullhead , a legally protected species in poland , was under permit ( no . dopozgiz - 4200 / v - 20 / 3068 / 10 / ls ) , as was the experimental procedure ( statements nos . 6 / 2010 and 8 / łb507 / 2010 of the local ethics committees for bydgoszcz and łódź , poland ) .
food resource partitioning ( measured as dietary overlap , % ) between atlantic salmon parr and alpine bullhead , prey availability ( prey diversity— measured as shannon ' s diversity index , and abundance—estimated as ind . / m 2 ) , fish abundance ( fish / 100 m 2 ) , and dietary metrics of the two fish species ( levins’ index , individual dietary specialization , and surface prey contribution ) from the different sampling sites ( ss ) in the reisa river . 1‐ is = prevalence of individual dietary specialization , where 1‐ is is given as mean ± sd . alpine bullhead ( bul ) , atlantic salmon ( sal ) , contribution of surface prey in the diet ( surface ) . overlap total = dietary overlap calculated using all prey . overlap aquatic = dietary overlap calculated without surface prey
distribution and habitat : found in inland waters throughout finland with the exception of northernmost lapland . also in coastal waters and even the åland islands . young may occur in large numbers on suitable stony bottoms with plenty of cover . in flowing water several individuals may be found per square metre of bottom . where alpine bullheads are present , the common bullhead usually predominates in shallower water and further downstream .
. . . for this purpose , individuals of alpine bullhead were split in to three size classes : small ( body length range 40 - 65 mm ) , medium ( body length range 70 - 90 mm ) , and large ( body length range 95 - 125 mm ) . alpine bullhead can start to spawn when they reach a body length of 40 mm , but probability of maturity and number of eggs pro - duced by females is positively correlated with body size ( freyhof , kottelat , & nolte , 2005 ) . the models contained abundance of individuals as response variable and the year of sampling ( two levels ) , size class ( three levels ) , level of habitat degradation ( four levels ) as independent variables ( see table 2 for detailed model structure ) . . . .
the feeding activities of individual bullhead were clearly shorter than those shown by coexisting gobies . nevertheless , it remains possible that bullheads , despite being chased away from the feeding area and threatened by gobies , would be able to fulfil their nutritional needs , for instance by more efficient feeding in periods when gobies are less active , particularly if they could get to the feeder earlier than the invader . however , the negative influence of gobies on bullheads was confirmed by the reduction of bullhead feeding time in the presence of gobies compared to the single - species trials . moreover , gobies exhibited a tendency to attend the feeder before bullheads , particularly in light . thus , they were more likely to benefit from getting to the richest food resources . this further supports the evidence for the negative impact of gobies on the foraging efficiency of bullheads . this impact was observed both in light ( day ) and darkness ( night ) , showing that if any differences in diurnal activity occur between these species , they were not sufficient to reduce the competitive interactions for food . in our study , both fishes spent more time in the feeders in darkness , showing that they are both nocturnal species . indeed , the bullhead has been reported as a dark - active species ( andreasson
. . . about 15 species of the genus cottus l . , 1758 ( scorpaeniformes : cottidae ) are found in european waters ( freyhof et al . 2005 ) . they are relatively small , bottom - dwelling fish that prefer mainly cold , well - oxygenated streams , medium - sized rivers , and , much more rarely , lakes , channels , and large rivers ( e . g . tomlinson & perrow 2003 , kotusz et al . 2004 , freyhof et al . 2005 ) . . . .
our results indicate that the freshwater fish fauna of the central european biogeographical region comprises five different suites of life - history traits . the majority of native fish species are relatively medium or large , long lived , reproduce at an older age , have high fecundity , scatter their eggs on the substrate and exhibit no post - spawning care of eggs and young stages ( groups d1 and d2 ) . they account for ca . 50 % of native fish species found in polish waters listed by witkowski et al . (
1 , 000 ) on the best linear mixed‐effects model explaining variation of food resource partitioning between atlantic salmon parr and alpine bullhead . the model was applied on the bootstrapped data following the same modeling procedures as described above . residuals of the final selected model ( original data , bootstrapped data , and sensitivity analyses ) were visually inspected for deviations from normality and heteroscedasticity , without finding any evidence for violation of model assumptions ( see fig .
to conclude , in spite of varied origins , taxonomy , mode of arrival , vectors and pathways of dispersal the group of non - indigenous invasive fish species occurring in poland appeared to share life - history traits and certain other biological attributes . moreover , this suite of life - history traits differentiated them from the majority of native freshwater species of the central european biogeographical region . these findings support the theory that diverging in at least one biological attribute ( assuming that this difference increases competitive superiority ) is essential to invasion success . invasion by most of the non - native species in our study did not appear to be facilitated by high human - mediated propagule pressure , as happens in the case of commercial fish species , which are typically intentionally introduced several times into many localities . successful reproductive tactics , diet breadth and environmental tolerance combine to create a high invasive potential for the exotic species that have established in poland and other central european countries . this combination of attributes seem to be especially advantageous since the species listed as naturalized non - natives in poland are the most widespread invasive fishes in europe ( copp et al .
a number of areas have been selected as candidate special areas of conservation ( sacs ) ( 7 ) in order to reflect a variety of ecological situations and the geographical range of the bullhead ( 7 ) . this should help to secure a strong conservation status for this fish , but it is thought that further measures will be required to maintain the uk population ( 7 ) . the life in uk rivers project is helping to conserve this species ( 8 ) .
good water management is necessary for human development to be sustainable : factors affecting rivers have led to the disappearance or decline of important species and to a loss of biodiversity . water management , in particular , requires the protection and conservation of species that are reliable indicators of the ecological status of rivers . thus , three species , identified as priority for conservation by the habitats directive , are targeted by this project : the white - clawed crayfish ( austropotamobius pallipes ) , freshwater pearl mussel ( margaritifera margaritifera ) , and the thick shelled river mussel ( unio crassus ) . other important species are also concerned : brook lamprey ( lampetra planeri ) , european bullhead ( cottus gobio ) , and , indirectly , brown trout ( salmo trutta fario ) . all of these species , which are in significant decline , are very sensitive to physical modifications of their environment and / or to water quality . this project applies at the catchment area level the experience acquired from a previous project life04 nat / fr / 000082
headwater streams and associated faunistic heritage
.
the bullhead is crepuscular ; it spends the day under stones or in vegetation and emerges at dusk to feed on small bottom - dwelling invertebrates such as insect larvae and crustaceans , as well as the eggs and larvae of other fish ( 5 ) ( 8 ) . they are occasionally cannibalistic , particularly of eggs in other nests ( 5 ) . bullheads are visual , ambush predators , and are good swimmers , moving quickly in short , sharp darts along the bed ( 5 ) .
proportion of different prey groups in the stomach contents of atlantic salmon parr ( white bars ) and alpine bullhead ( black bars ) ( the category “others” includes chydorids , water mites , and unidentified prey taxa ) . data are presented for each sampling site ranked from the highest to the lowest food resource partitioning ( dietary overlap value ) . the presented dietary overlap values are calculated with all prey types included ( i . e . , with the highest taxonomical resolution as in table s2 )
we collected gammarids from 62 sites in swiss streams by kick - sampling all available microhabitats ( e . g . stony areas and macrophytes ) and stored them in 70 % ethanol ( table s1 ) . to increase the european dataset , we also added samples from several sites outside of switzerland ( table s1 ) . these included five french populations ( rhone drainage ) , one population from southern germany ( rhine drainage ; provided by andreas bruder , eawag , switzerland ) and nine populations from the very north of the rhine drainage in germany ( provided by michael zeidler , university of münster , germany ) .
to check whether the aggressive behaviours of gobies against bullheads differed from those exhibited by gobies in the presence of conspecifics , mixed - model anovas were carried out with the same four factors described here above except with the first factor ( ’species’ ) replaced by ‘accompanying species’ , a between - subject factor ( a bullhead or goby ) . as gobies always dominated bullheads in the two - species trials , the results obtained for the dominating goby specimens from each single - species pair were used for this analysis .
) , only individuals < 100 mm were used for diet analysis . in total , 179 salmon parr and 341 bullheads were caught , of which 142 salmon and 341 bullheads were used for stomach content analyses ( sca ) . we attempted to collect at least ten individuals of each fish species from each sampling site . although this goal was not always achieved for salmon ( successful in seven of eleven sampling sites ) and bullhead ( nine of eleven sampling sites ; see sampling sizes of each locality in table
relationship between prey diversity and food resource partitioning ( measured as dietary overlap ) between atlantic salmon parr and alpine bullhead at ( a ) eleven sites in river reisa , ( b ) with data on seasonal variation included ( filled circles ) , ( c ) between abundance of surface prey in the diet of atlantic salmon parr and food resource partitioning . both food resource partitioning and prey diversity have been estimated with the highest taxonomical resolution of the prey . significant linear trends with 95 % confidence limits are shown


aponoea pruinosella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by chrétien in 1915 .

it is found in algeria .

the wingspan is 11-12.5 mm .

aponoea pruinosella

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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dolichoderus gordoni is a species of ant in the genus dolichoderus .

described by shattuck and marsden in 2013 , the species is only known from southern queensland in australia , mainly around forested areas .

dolichoderus gordoni

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see dolichoderus gordoni for further details
this species is most similar to dolichoderus etus and dolichoderus doriae . they differ in that d . gordoni lacks fine pubescence on the first gastral tergite but has a few scattered , very small appressed hairs . in addition , the overall colour of the body is a lighter red - brown , rather than a dark brown - black . additionally , variation in pronotal spine length is displayed between d . gordoni and d . etus . dolichoderus gordoni appears to have shorter , straighter pronotal spines , whereas d . etus has long spines with a distinct curve near the base of the spine . spine length between d . gordoni and d . doriae appear similar .
clark , j . ( 1930 ) the australian ants of the genus dolichoderus ( formicidae ) . subgenus hypoclinea mayr . australian zoologist , 6 , 252–268 .
cavill , g . w . k . & hinterberger , h . ( 1960a ) the chemistry of ants . iv . terpenoid constituents of some dolichoderus and iridomyrmex species . australian journal of chemistry , 13 , 514–519 . urltoken
shattuck , s . o . & marsden , s . 2013 . australian species of the ant genus dolichoderus ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 3716 , 101–143 ( doi 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3716 . 2 . 1 ) .
dazzini valcurone , m . & fanfani , a . ( 1982 ) nouve formazioni glandolari del gastro in dolichoderus ( hypoclinea ) doriae em . ( formicidae , dolichoderinae ) . pubblicazioni dell ' istituto di entomologia agraria dell ' università di pavia , 19 , 1–18 .
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andré , e . ( 1896 ) fourmis nouvelles d ' asie et d ' australie . revue d ' entomologie ( caen ) , 15 , 251–265 .
blum , m . s . & hermann , h . r . ( 1978 ) venoms and venom apparatuses of the formicidae : dolichoderinae and aneuretinae . handbuch der experimentellen pharmakologie , 48 , 871–894 . urltoken
cavill , g . w . k . & hinterberger , h . ( 1960b ) dolichoderine ant extractives . in : pavan , m . & eisner , t . ( eds . ) , xi . internationaler kongress für entomologie . wien 1960 . verhandlungen . band iii . symposium 3 , symposium 4 . istituto di entomologia agraria dell ' università di pavia , pavia , pp . 53–59 .
clark , j . ( 1934 ) new australian ants . memoirs of the national museum of victoria , 8 , 21–47 .
crawley , w . c . ( 1922 ) new ants from australia ( concluded from vol . ix . p . 449 ) . annals and magazine of natural history , ( 9 ) 10 , 16–36 . urltoken
crozier , r . h . ( 1970 ) karyotypes of twenty - one ant species ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , with reviews of the known ant karyotypes . canadian journal of genetics and cytology , 12 , 109–128 . urltoken
don , w . ( 2007 ) ants of new zealand . otaga university press , dunedin , new zealand , 239 pp .
emery , c . ( 1887 ) catalogo delle formiche esistenti nelle collezioni del museo civico di genova . parte terza . formiche della regione indo - malese e dell ' australia . [ part ] . annali del museo civico di storia naturale , 24 , 209–240 .
fanfani , a . & dazzini valcurone , m . ( 1991 ) metapleural glands of some dolichoderinae ants . ethology ecology and evolution special issue , 1 , 95–98 . urltoken
forel , a . ( 1902 ) fourmis nouvelles d ' australie . revue suisse de zoologie , 10 , 405–548 .
forel , a . ( 1907 ) formicidae . in : michaelsen , w . & hartmeyer , r . ( eds . ) , die fauna südwest - australiens . vol . 1 . jena , g . fischer , pp . 263–310 .
forel , a . ( 1915 ) results of dr . e . mjöbergs swedish scientific expeditions to australia 1910 - 13 . 2 . ameisen . arkiv för zoologi , 9 ( 16 ) , 1–119 . urltoken
freeland , j . , crozier , r . h . & marc , j . ( 1982 ) on the occurrence of arolia in ant feet . journal of the australian entomological society , 21 , 257–262 . urltoken
heterick , b . e . ( 2009 ) a guide to the ants of south - western australia . records of the western australian museum supplement , 76 , 1–206 .
imai , h . t . , crozier , r . h . & taylor , r . w . ( 1977 ) karyotype evolution in australian ants . chromosoma ( berlin ) , 59 , 341–393 . urltoken
lowne , b . t . ( 1865 ) contributions to the natural history of australian ants . entomologist , 2 , 331–336 .
mann , w . m . ( 1916 ) the stanford expedition to brazil , 1911 , john c . branner , director . the ants of brazil . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 60 , 399–490 .
mayr , g . ( 1876 ) die australischen formiciden . journal des museum godeffroy , 12 , 56–115 .
mcareavey , j . ( 1949 ) australian formicidae . new genera and species . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 74 , 1–25 .
roger , j . ( 1862 ) einige neue exotische ameisen - gattungen und arten . berliner entomologische zeitschrift , 6 , 233–254 . urltoken santschi , f . ( 1916 ) deux nouvelles fourmis d ' australie . bulletin de la société entomologique de france , 1916 , 174–175 .
wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1951 ) the ant larvae of the subfamily dolichoderinae . proceedings of the entomological society of washington , 53 , 169–210 .
wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1966 ) ant larva of the subfamily dolichoderinae : supplement . annals of the entomological society of america , 59 , 726–732 .
wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . ( 1974 ) ant larvae of the subfamily dolichoderinae : second supplement ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . pan - pacific entomologist , 49 , 396–401 .
wheeler , w . m . ( 1934 ) contributions to the fauna of rottnest island , western australia . no . ix . the ants . journal of the royal society of western australia , 20 , 137–163 .
this species is known from a single collection from a forested area of extreme south - eastern queensland . nothing is known concerning its biology .
pronotum and propodeum with elongate spines ; the short pronotal spines are directed anteriorly and approximately parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body , in dorsal view a line drawn between their tips intersects the pronotal collar ; the first gastral tergite generally lacking hairs , but with a few scattered , very small appressed hairs .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
shattuck & marsden , 2013 : 120 , fig . 12 ( w . ) australia .
measurements ( n = 5 ) . ci 99–100 ; ei 17–19 ; el 0 . 27–0 . 31 ; hl 1 . 60–1 . 66 ; hw 1 . 59–1 . 64 ; ml 2 . 46–2 . 61 ; mtl –1 . 75–1 . 71 ; proni 67 . 30–71 . 06 ; pronw 1 . 07–1 . 15 ; si 103–108 ; sl 1 . 64–1 . 77 .
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shattuck & marsden , 2013 pdf : 120 , fig . 12 ( w . ) additional type locality data : fletcher , 28°46 ' s 151°51 ' e , queensland , e . sutton ( anic , anic32 - 066637 ) ; 18paratype workers , same data as holotype except anic32 - 061389 ( 15 in anic , 3 in mczc ) .
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