the poplar kitten ( furcula bifida ) is a species of moth in the family notodontidae .

they are found throughout europe and in north africa , mongolia , kazakhstan and xinjiang .

poplar kitten

poplar kitten - tawneys road , harlow , essex , uk . - pictorial pub signs on urltoken
are you willing to write a short review of the poplar kitten harlow ? help create a directory of recommended pubs in harlow by adding your the poplar kitten harlow review today . are you the owner of the poplar kitten harlow , then claim it today . claiming a business will enable you to edit the contact details and update the description .
poplar species can be prone to a variety of fungal diseases , including cankers , leaf rusts and poplar scab .
the caterpillars of poplar kitten moths grow to around 38mm in length . they have a bright green body with a brown saddle . the pair of claspers at the back of the body are developed into whip - like extensions . poplar kitten caterpillars feed mainly on the leaves of poplar trees ( hence the name ) .
the owner / manager of poplar kitten in bush fair has not yet added a description . pub owners / managers should click here for more details .
could be confused with : the twigs can be confused with those of black poplar ( populus nigra ) , the leaves , however , are distinctly different . the buds of white poplar are also hairy unlike other poplar buds .
the 48 - year - old from harlow suffered a head injury during the altercation at the poplar kitten pub in tawneys road just after 22 : 40 bst on thursday .
the pub , poplar kitten , has not yet been surveyed . here ' s a document containing the data we need : survey data ( in . zip format ) .
native to morocco and the iberian peninsula , white poplar grows in moist conditions , often by watersides .
in ancient greek mythology the white poplar was consecrated to hercules after he destroyed cacus in a cavern next to the aventine hill , which was covered with white poplars . in his moment of triumph he bound his brows with a white poplar branch as a token of his victory . people offering sacrifices to hercules were always crowned with branches of white poplar , and all who had conquered their enemies in battle wore white poplar garlands .
poplar kitten moths is an off white coloured moth with an orange - brown band across the forewings and black dots around the wing borders . the thorax has tiger - like orange , brown and black markings . the male has feathered antennae .
white poplar is a deciduous broadleaf tree native to central and southern europe , though it is naturalised in the uk .
whether you ' ve got a cute kitten or a faithful hound , we know how important your pets are to you and your family .
identified in winter by : poplar twigs especially older ones are very knobbly . buds spiral around , and are closely pressed to the twig .
a variety of moth caterpillars feed on the foliage , including the puss moth , pink - barred sallow , poplar grey , yellow - line quaker , dingy shears and sallow kitten . the catkins provide an early source of pollen and nectar for bees and other insects , and the seeds are eaten by birds .
wingspan 35 to 45 mm . quite similar in appearance to sallow kitten , this species is however usually larger , and the outer edge of the grey wing bar is more smoothly curved .
one female kitten she was born on the 20th may , she is currently 6 weeks old and is eating wet and dry food . any questions feel free to contact me . thanks .
8 week old ready to leave now . female kitten very happy and calm not been outdoors yet but has been fleed and wormed . rehoming due to allergies . collection bow east london price negotiable first come first served x
flowers : white poplar is dioecious , meaning male and female flowers are found on separate trees . flowers are catkins ( male catkins are red and female catkins are yellow - green ) , and are pollinated by wind .
interesting fact : white poplar was widely thought to be non - native , however , references to ' abel ' trees in historic documents indicate it has been here much longer than previously thought , and so it could be native .
ecology : an attractive species similar in appearance to the poplar kitten f . bifida . this species favours damp woodland , where willows salix spp . are common . adults appear occasionally at light in very small numbers and also can be found resting on the trunks and stems of the foodplant . the larvae can be found from early july until august by examining the lower branches of small isolated bushes . it overwinters in a tough cocoon attached to the trunk or branch of a tree .
reposting due to having my time wasted ! ! i have a beautiful 13 week old kitten available . she has a lovely personality and loves to play . shes used to being around other cats and children . i will not be holding her for noone ! !
a wonderful maine coon x kitten is on sale . he is absolutely adorable . fully independent with a nice , tranquil and serene personality , he is surely only going to bring joy to your life . he eats both wet and dry foods and is well litter trained . de - wo
overview : white poplar can grow to 20m . it is the whitest tree in the landscape , and from a distance it can appear to be covered in snow . the bark is pale grey with lines of black diamond - shaped pores , called lenticels . twigs are white , and young twigs have a covering of dense white hair that last until their second year .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández
records of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .
hosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .
we hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .
hosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .
in text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .
hint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .
restrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .
hint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .
drill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .
the preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .
leguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .
all lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .
detailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]
beccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monografías tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomológica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .
gaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .
we are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .
we are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .
marian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .
we are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .
we thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .
brummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .
kartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .
kitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .
kitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .
letourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .
mabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]
nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .
nye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .
rawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .
robinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .
scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .
royal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /
we use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .
, this species is however usually larger , and the outer edge of the grey wing bar is more smoothly curved with a prominent darker edge .
it has a more restricted distribution than the above species , occurring mostly in southern england and wales , and scarce in ireland .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 20 19 : 27 : 31 page render time : 0 . 4794s total w / procache : 0 . 5223s
we noticed that you ' re using an unsupported browser . the tripadvisor website may not display properly . we support the following browsers :
the place has a decent atmosphere but it could use a bit of tlc as not all local patrons are as . . .
never been in this pub however on going in was told
gays to the right , straight to the left
so . . .
didn ' t like this pub at all ! the interior was in desperate need of modernisation , very shabby and dated . the toilets were smelly and not very clean at all and there was signs of drug use in them . the
regulars
weren ' t very welcoming at all , my . . .
never been in this pub however on going in was told
gays to the right , straight to the left
so did just that . . . . . . . . . left !
the place has a decent atmosphere but it could use a bit of tlc as not all local patrons are as caring as they should be . the staff seemed nice but only been in there a few times watching the football .
everyone is friendly and has a good sense of humour which creates a great atmosphere . pool table , juke box , big screens for sports and a disco every saturday with the occasional karoke ! not a posh , gastro pub and you can ' t pay by card but one of the last . . .
vary rarely can you go into a pub in sometimes without fearing that your life will be spoilt by some one who had too much to drink . this is a nice pub and good atmosphere . every weekend there is something going on like a disco . . .
note : your question will be posted publicly on the questions & answers page .
* tripadvisor llc is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site . . . (
tripadvisor llc is not responsible for content on external web sites . taxes , fees not included for deals content .
thank you very much for letting us have my sister in laws hen party here . . amazing and friendly pub . all staff make you feel so welcome . well done xx
uptown club do friday karaokes and saturday discos . always a fun night at a great central location . lots to do . now with big video screen disco karaokes
you think . its all over well it is now . . . . . semi finals
it looks like you may be having problems playing this video . if so , please try restarting your browser .
and you thought is was all over . . . well it is now . semi final
the wh - words are also called interrogatives . they are used for wh - questions . they can be determiners , adverbs , or pronouns . wh - determiners when used as determiners , what , which , or whose can b . . .
impress your friends , family and colleagues with this unusual collection of football lingo .
catch up on the latest words in the news this june with robert groves .
all the latest wordy news , linguistic insights , offers and competitions every month .
found mostly in england and parts of wales . scarce in northern ireland and absent in scotland
contact | links | advertise | terms of use | © copyright 2010 by g . bradley . all rights reserved
click here to support naturespot by making a donation - small or large - your gift is very much appreciated . thank you .
the larval foodplants are usually poplars including aspen , though sometimes willow is used .
occurs mostly in southern england and wales , and scarce in ireland . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as local .
fairly frequent but not common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = b ( scarce resident or restricted distribution or regular migrant ) .
he was flown to addenbrooke ' s hospital in cambridge where he died on saturday .
essex police said two men have been arrested on suspicion of causing grievous bodily harm and released on police bail .
the foreign secretary quits , telling theresa may
needless self - doubt
is leading to
semi - brexit
.
description : wingspan 35 - 42mm . adults are white with a broad pale brown central band ; there are also dark apical patches and a series of black dots above the band and along the outer edge of the forewing . the thorax is dark grey - brown and quite hairy . the abdomen is grey with darker banding between the segments . the hindwings are pale grey with brown veining and a series of black dots along the outer margin .
status : a scarce species , found mainly in eastern counties in low density at well - known sites such as seaforde and belvoir park , down , oxford island nnr , armagh and portmore lough , antrim . outside its strongholds of down and north armagh it has a scattered distribution . in the west it has been frequently taken at crom estate , fermanagh but there have been no other recent records from either tyrone or londonderry . it was recorded from banagher glen and traad point , londonderry in the 1970s .
get our free tree id app . our a - z guide in your pocket !
leaves : dark green - grey and white - ish on the underside , thanks to a bright white coating of woolly hair . most leaves have five lobes and have irregular teeth around the edge .
fruits : once fertilised , female catkins develop into fluffy cotton - like seeds , which fall in late summer .
look out for : the underside of the leaves is paler than the upper side . the stems of the leaves are also distinctly flattened .
trees are widely planted as a wind break as they produce suckers from the base . these young suckers give good ground cover , and grow into a dense thicket of trees .
whatever you choose to give , your donation will help us protect woodland and wildlife .
take part in nature ' s calendar and help scientists monitor the effects of climate change on wildlife .
the woodland trust is a charity registered in england and wales ( no . 294344 ) and in scotland ( no . sc038885 ) . a non - profit making company limited by guarantee . registered in england no . 1982873 . woodland trust ( enterprises ) limited , registered in england ( no . 2296645 ) , a wholly owned subsidiary of the woodland trust . registered office : kempton way , grantham , lincolnshire , ng31 6ll . the woodland trust and woodland trust nature detectives logos are registered trademarks . images © protected woodland trust . vat no . gb520 6111 04 .
on 23 - 11 - 2004 markl said :
mixed bag of punters . regular music / disco / karaoke nights . friendly staff . a very good pint of guiness . pool table .
the important bit ! - go to the pub , enjoy , and please fill in the form here .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
long description : harlow is one of the uk ' s towns built under the new towns act of 1946 , a measure brought in by a government having to deal with the wartime urban destruction , chiefly of london . planners would arrange towns with a recognisable commercial centre , industry separated out and built with good communications , so always convenient for rail , and with satellite housing estates , with smaller local shops , religious centres and of course , their own pub . it was decided that harlow pubs would be named after butterflies and moths .
visit instructions : to log a visit , a photograph of yourself or your gpsr by the pub sign is required . some description of your visit would be welcome .
side view - larva is green with reddish spots of varying sizes ringed with yellow . the larva shape is radial at the top , up to and in line with the secocond thoracic leg where it dips at about 30° to the head . the other end tapers from the last prolegs to the anal prolegs which stick out the rear of the larva like a couple of tails . top view - at the centre of the larvae is a saddle in reddish brown and yellow which tapers both ways before widening out at the head and the rear of the larva . this saddle like markings are edged all the way with a yellow band .
the cocoon is well camouflaged , spun against a branch of the larval food plant .
this cross - line fades towards the costa , sometimes vanishing altogether . the rearward facing median fascia cross line is wavy and vanishes towards the dorsum with
website where further information like photos , physical characteristics , habitats , edible uses , medicinal uses , cultivation , propagation , range , height etc . are clearly listed .
plant families - in bold red below takes the visitor to the relevant
lepi - plants
page where other butterflies & moths using the plants below are listed .
clerck , c . ( 1759 ) : icones insectorum rariorum cum nomibus eorum trivialibus , locique e c . linnaei :
all three kittens are female and have their own individual personalities , however , overall are very lively . may be a little shy at first but adapt to new surroundings quite quickly . friendly with children and people in general . they are litter trai
😻maine coon x bengal 😻ready in 8 weeks😻 our loved maine coon queen has given birth to 5 beautiful looking kittens . they are mixed maine coon with the father being bengal . they will be ready in 8 weeks will be discu
one year old . fabulous female . house cat and looking for a good home .
very tame male mojave fire rpyal pytho . eats sheds and poos fine very good to handle he eats a defrosted mpuse or rat every 10 days
i have 20 f1 tropheus kawasaki for sale collection only from east london e3 2 inch in size 15 . 00 each
beutiful female albino python doing all she should do very tame . she eats a defrosted rat every 10 days
very tame bananna cinny male python he loves to be held he does everything he shpuld do bery beutiful pattern . he eats a defrosted rat pup every week
© copyright 2000 - 2018 urltoken limited . all rights reserved . terms of use , privacy notice & cookies policy
we can help you find a great pet insurance deal for you , all in two shakes of a dogs tail .
sorry , the ad you are looking for is no longer available . please see similar ads below .
beautiful kittens boys looking for permanent loving houses kittens eating food and litter trained . ready new loving houses . kittens born 28 may
my beautiful baby has just had her first and last litter of kittens , i have 5 black and white babies will be ready in 8 weeks time . before they leave me and mum they will have had their 2 , 5 & 8 week worming treatment and will be due again at 12 week
two british short hair kittens one male one female . very friendly and litter trained , micro chipped and first vaccinations . mum can be seen which is a short british blue . dad is a short british blue cross . £300 each
we have 4 gorgeous kittens for sale . they are all 100 % litter trained , eating great solid food and jelly food . very playful kittens used to kids and other cats / dogs . they been first medical check and treatment for worme and flea . now ready to leave for
12 weeks old cute tabby . posted by anum in pets for sale , cats in barking . 9 july 2018
half british shorthair boy . ready for new home . male kittens . posted by stela in pets for sale , cats in orpington . 9 july 2018
hello . we are looking for nice family to look after these lovely kittens . they are litter trained . very playful . 07703352674
4 kittens for sale , 2 blacks and 2 tabbys . not too sure on the gender . very freindly . they have been deflead and dewormed . very healthy kittens , playful . they enjoy drinking milk and eating soft canned food . tabby kittens - £50 black kittens - £50
9 weeks old kittens . ( black and white are girls ) jet black ( boy ) eating dry and wet food . using toilet .
two darling little girl kittens available now beautiful and affectionate kittens , really clever too ! they love people and are great with kids . mum can be seen with them . they have been : * litter trained * deflead * dewormed * bathed * socialised in a fa
page accelerated by iispeed - page speed optimization by google for microsoft iis and asp . net
. instructions are not sent with each species , you need to acquire basic skills and this book is a simple way of doing so .
one of europe ' s grandest butterflies - exotic and powerful in flight . the larvae are vert easy to rear on its sole foodplant the strawberry tree arbutus unedo , which can be obtained from many plant nurseries .
in the wild , autumn larvae develop slowly in the mediterranean winter , and produce adults in spring . don ' t keep them outside in the cold autumn and winter days . if you keep the larvae indoors in long day length and temperature of 20 deg + , some or all will grow well to pupation .
you receive three live mated female brown hairstreaks . set them up in a laying cage , with a potted blackthorn bush , or cut twigs in water . some breeders sleeve the females on a blackthorn branch . provide nectar or sugar pads to feed the butterflies . store eggs for the winter in a cool place that is not totally lacking in moisture . the eggs are used to a cold , wet winter ! the larvae hatch when the blackthorn ( sloe ) buds open . supplies are limited - first come first served .
larvae are best sleeved on blackthorn . these will pupate and produce butterflies this year . overwinters in the egg stage .
now most difficult to obtain ! this is a rare opportunity ! spring orders have been supplied . we are now booking for summer brood larvae .
common dock is an acceptable foodplant , though if you have their natural foodplant great water dock rumex hydropathalum , that is even better . they can be reared in plastic boxes on fresh foodplant that is changed daily , but they do best , and are less trouble if you can pot up young fresh plants and keep the larvae on these , either in cages or covered with a sleeve . the larvae grow fast .
pupae are formed on the stems or sides of the cage . the first sight of the newly emerged butterflies is absolutely breath - taking ! july larvae may produce another partial brood if kept warm . otherwise they go into hibernation .
some eggs available immediately , for a short period . very difficult to obtain .
very seldom available . winter is passed in the eggs stage . feed spring larvae on elm and wych elm . ideally sleeve outside , or pot foodplant to feed sleeved larvae indoors or outside .
wych elm flower buds are breaking in early february , even in the north . these are sometimes on branches higher off the ground . some even start as early as november in milder winters . flowering trees need very little patience to search out . the larvae only require the buds to be “cracking open” for them to find a crevice to sit in and start burrowing further into the bud .
the larvae feed on walnut juglans , alder alnus , birch betula , and is reported to accept salix willows and sallows . mature larvae are extremely handsome and often varied in their colouring and pattern . the pupae , formed underground , are not only rather curious in shape and very rough texture , but they have the extraordinary habit of becoming active at night , particuarly if they are in the light . they wriggle , hiss and jump around and are able to burrow themselves into soil ! by day they are totally still and very well camouflaged as ground debris .
fast growing , the larvae feed on most willows and poplars . they do well in sleeves or caged .
this is one of the few hawkmoths that produce two broods of moths in the year .
the larvae become very fat and vary in both the ground colour , in shades of green or blue / green , and in their markings which often include red spots as well as the oblique stripes down the sides .
has only one spot on the forewings . both parents are the one - spot var , and a good proportion of the progeny should show this rare forewing pattern . these adults are also producing banded and brick red vars .
extremely easy to rear on lime or elm . other reported foodplants include cherry , alder , birch , oak , hazel , acer including sycamore , sorbus , apple , pear and ash ! in autumn the larvae will grow faster if kept warm .
the larvae do particularly well sleeved on growing foodplant but can be kept in plastic boxes or cages . beautiful streamlined larvae . larger larvae are often heavily marked with flame and scarlet spots and blotches . very variable . they pupate underground . in captivity they will pupate amongst folds of cloth or absorbent tissue . store pupae refrigerated for the winter . the moths normally emerge in may / june .
apple , willows , poplars . other reported foodplants are lime , privet , alder , birch , plum , blackthorn , some viburnums , various prunus , laurel .
at pupation time , provide a container of compost to a depth of about 10cm , with a lid . the larvae burrow to pupate .
one of the largest hawkmoths . the caterpillar becomes enormous and is characteristic of the name sphinx moths , by its sphinx - like resting position . adults emerge in june and july . they need nectar from the flowers of privet , valerian , buddleia .
larval foodplants : privet , lilac , ash , also reportedly spiraea , viburnum opulus , and other viburnums , holly , dogwood , snowberry , apple , pear , oleander , leycesteria , currant .
one generation in the year . privet hawks breed readily in a large cage with nectar and foodplant .
the large pupae are formed underground . store the pupae for emergence next summer .
extremely easy to rear on pine . the larvae change colour and pattern as they shed their skins and grow , each new attire demonstrating remarkable camouflage . they do best sleeved on growing pine but can also be reared on cut food as long as well cared for and hygienic conditions maintained . the larvae pupate in the soil .
when explorers first encountered this butterfly they were hugely excited by the iridescent blue and white markings . this is indeed one of the most beautiful tropical butterflies , even though quite widespread and common . the larvae can be reared on stinging nettle ! a
the female is larger than the male , with different patterning in blue , white and orange on black .
this blog is intended as a gallery of photos for all moths found in the county of kent . please send through your quality images ( and links to your websites ) of moth species caught yesterday or yesteryear in order that this can become a complete archive of kent ' s moth fauna . many thanks , tony morris ( admin ) & ross newham ( admin ) kentmothsgallery @ urltoken
- to complete the trio of
kittens
on the blog , slightly larger than the very similar sallow and a very welcome addition to the garden list .
- a large geometer which is well distributed over much of the british isles but is not particularly common .
- from ukmoths :
a highly distinctive moth , this species is restricted in britain to a few coastal localities in the south - east of england , where its preferred seaside habitats such as shingle beaches occur .
- as the name suggests this is a beast of a micro , such females being up to 46mm . another coastal speciality .
mere wainscot - the lewington guide suggests there is a population near sandwich but otherwise the occasional wanderer appears in kent . apologies for posting photos
in the pot
but i was under strict instructions not to lose the moth !
this colourful , well - marked and therefore easy to id micro is lozotaeniodes formosanus . it is fairly localised and shows preference to scots pine woodlands . it was trapped last night in pembury .
this species is not too easy to come by . it carries notable b status and was a surprise addition to the castle list last night ( 19 / 7 )
steve broyd
two splendid brocades were caught at the castle last night ( 18th july ) . with this species being recorded in double figures at dungeness at the moment it was not really surprising that it should be recorded inland
- only the second record in kent that i am aware of although it ' s undoubtedly under - recorded . this from ukmoths :
a very local species , occurring in a small number of localities in the south . it is known from the isle of wight , and west sussex . elsewhere it is found in the pyrenees of southern france and from austria where it was first named .
the adult moth is fairly distinctive , having a rectangular yellowish blotch against the forewing ground colour of brown or chestnut , and occasional smaller yellow markings .
the moth was taken at light in my paddock wood garden on 11th july .
waved carpet - this was the first record for the observatory , ' scarcely distributed throughout england and wales , and rare in ireland . ' (
fen wainscot - a non - descript but still rather pleasant species that occurs in reed - beds in south and east england , midlands and north wales . ( manley )
just a quick post to reiterate the purpose of this blog , which i should have made clear at the beginning .
the aim is to create an illustrated list of moths ( both macro and micro ) that occur in kent . the main priority is to keep adding species that have not featured on this blog yet . to find out which species are already on the blog there is a list on the right hand side under ' species photographed ' .
thanks for all your help . . . now lets start covering micro ' s a bit more !
4 males were lured by pheromone on the sandwich bay estate last saturday . these represent the first bay records of this species .
thanks to james hunter for all these photo , some depicting very good records .
tree - lichen beauty is a southern european species that occurs as a migrant , usually on the south coast , so this is a great record .
beautiful snout - sissinghurst castle 10 july 2010 . one of two recent records .
- a well distributed but local moth , this is the first one i ' ve had in the garden ( 11th july ) .
- or large tabby . this moth used to be a more common inhabitant of old barns etc but has declined in numbers in recent years . this one was found resting behind some wood in the garden ( 3rd july ) .
- a relatively common moth but can be quite variable in it ' s apperance ( 3rd july ) .
is listed as common but is only an occasional visitor to my garden in ruckinge .
six members of butterfly conservation joined teresa for another interesting series of butterfly and moth forays in june 2006 , based in the picos de europa but with side trips into the nearby castilian plains , during which we recorded 93 species of butterfly and some 140 moths ( both day flying and in the moth trap ) . once again we deal with the families in taxonomic order .
skipper , and the very similar large grizzled and oberthür ' s grizzled skippers . in the
, we had several sightings of all three picos species : apollo , swallowtail and spanish swallowtail . it ' s worth noting here that the recent guide by lafranchis considers our subspecies
to be a separate species , which he calls spanish swallowtail . eleven species of
were also recorded , with clouded yellow in extraordinary numbers in all habitats , mountain clouded yellow only seen above fuente dé at around 2 , 000 metres , and bath white rather commoner than usual this year .
, including four hairstreaks and five coppers . these jewel - like little butterflies were everywhere abundant , with long - tailed and
silver - studded blues very common in 2006 , while the gavarnie blues at the top of the cable car were very obliging for the photographers . as this trip took place earlier than last year ' s , only one individual of dusky large blue was found at the site we discovered last year ( see
) , but we also came across a single male baton blue - a species which we have not seen in the picos for almost a decade - in the mediterranean habitat near porcieda .
extremely obliging individual was very taken with teresa ' s sandal ! - and southern white admiral , with every habitat rich in fritillaries . cardinals were extraordinarily common this summer , as were queen of spain and high brown fritillaries . twin - spot fritillary was once again only seen on the castilian plains , but unfortunately we were just too late for bog fritillary . we also recorded 18 species in the
, although we were a little early for the main emergence of this high - summer family . worryingly , none of the ringlets at the top of the cable car was lefèbvre ' s , possibly as a result of the late snows followed by a prolonged dry period , but by contrast , chapman ' s ringlet - the largest of the genus
- was unusually common this year , flying well into mid - july . we were also delighted to find both male and female large ringlets at piedrasluengas , and several great banded graylings during the course of the week .
a distinct lack of identification guides for the micromoths in spain , this group was largely ignored , . we also recorded day - flying moths during our daily butterfly forays , doing particularly well with the burnet moths ( see below ) .
in 2007 will help to alleviate this problem in the future . among the rarer uk species to put in an appearance were great oak beauty , jersey emerald and portland ribbon wave , and we also recorded the first ever gems for the picos , both males and females .
) , among which was another new species for the picos : eyed hawkmoth . the diurnal hummingbird hawkmoth occurred in some abundance and in most habitats , and we also saw one of the beehawks - another day - flying species - although it was moving so fast that we couldn ' t determine whether it was narrow - bordered or broad - bordered . we were also delighted to locate some pretty - well full - grown larvae of spurge hawkmoth on the sand - dunes at liencres , right at the start of the tour ( see top of page ) .
) at san glorio . as well as rosy footman , dew moth and garden and ruby tigers , hundreds of both male and female four - spotted footmen came to our light , not a few of which were observed copulating in the morning ( not
( only recently added to the british list ) , the ni moth , dewick ' s plusia , bordered straw , scarce bordered straw , orache moth , the latin , bordered gothic , white - point , l - album wainscot , the cosmopolitan , great brocade and pearly underwing . also observed was the non - british species
important note : in spain it is illegal to use a butterfly net or moth trap without a permit from the relevant authorities , even if you do not take specimens .
all photos and text © copyright of the authors . home | about iberian wildlife tours | contact website by richard albion


the rainbow darter ( etheostoma caeruleum ) is a native north american fish found in small , fast-moving streams and small to medium-sized rivers .

it grows to 2 to 3 in ( 51 to 76 mm ) in length .

the species is very sensitive to pollution and silt , staying in clean , pollution-free water .

the rainbow darter is easily identified by three dark spots on the back , and blue and orange in the dorsal and anal fins .

it is a small perch-like fish found in freshwater streams in north america .

rainbow darter

proportions of gamete stages in the testes of male rainbow darter collected over an annual cycle .
haponski ae , bollin tl , jedlicka ma . stepien ca . landscape genetic patterns of the rainbow darter
a 3d principal component analysis of male rainbow darter gene expression profiles in gonad tissue across the annual cycle .
fun facts - the rainbow darter looks very similar to the orangethroat darter . it is called the rainbow darter because the male has about every color of the rainbow ( red , orange , yellow , green , blue , indigo , and violet ) on its body somewhere . darter refers to the way it moves . rather than swimming like most fish , the darter darts forward then sinks to the bottom ; having a reduced air bladder interferes with its ability to stay afloat . the rainbow darter prefers clean water , thus its presence indicates good stream health .
common name : rainbow darter - - named from the range of colors displayed by males during the spawning season .
ecological role - the rainbow darter is a carnivore , eating other animals . it actively forages for its food rather than lying in wait , like many darters . smallmouth bass , large stonerollers , and birds like the great blue heron eat the rainbow darter .
bahamonde pa , tetreault gr , mcmaster me , servos mr , martyniuk cj , munkittrick kr . molecular signatures in rainbow darter (
testis structure from male rainbow darter during the periods designated as “developing , pre - spawning , spawning , post - spawning and recrudescence” .
no special status , however the rainbow darter is commonly a biological indicator of water quality because it is not tolerant of most water pollutants .
bahamonde pa , mcmaster me , servos mr , martyniuk cj , munkittrick kr . molecular pathways associated with the intersex condition in rainbow darter (
returning to normal ? assessing transcriptome recovery over time in male rainbow darter ( etheostoma caeruleum ) liver in response to wastewater - treatment plant upgrades .
alexandra crichton ( 2016 ) . age determination and growth of rainbow darter ( etheostoma caeruleum ) in the grand river , ontario . uwspace . urltoken
the rainbow darter can be distinguished by its color pattern and its lack of a modified scales between the pelvic fins . see also similar species information .
most likely scarce in boneyard creek due to poor water quality . one male rainbow darter was caught via seine in fall 2014 by the uiuc icthyology class .
returning to normal ? assessing transcriptome recovery over time in male rainbow darter ( etheostoma caeruleum ) liver in response to wastewater - treat . . . - pubmed - ncbi
descriptions of 39 eastern sand darter collection sites sampled in this study ( see fig .
rainbow darters have the ability to sense chemical cues and behaviors from one another . in a situation where a rainbow darter is attacked by a predator , it can release a chemical cue that alerts other rainbow darters to the danger once the skin has been torn . other darters respond to this cue by decreasing activity , in an effort to hide from the predator . rainbow darters respond aggressively to similar species , such as
tonnis , b . microsatellite dna markers developed for the rainbow darter , etheostoma caeruleum ( percidae ) , and their potential utility for other darter species . molecular ecology notes . blackwell publishing , malden , ma , 6 : 230 - 232 , ( 2006 ) .
rainbow darters have the ability to detect chemical cues and behaviors from one another . in a situation where a rainbow darter is being attacked by a predator , it can release a chemical pheromone cue that alerts other rainbow darters to the danger once the skin has been torn . other darters respond to this cue by decreasing activity , in an effort to be less detectable by predators . rainbow darters respond aggressively to similar species , such as
hubbs , c . 1985 . darter reproductive seasons . copeia 1985 : 56 - 68 .
recovery strategy for the eastern sand darter ( ammocrypta pellucida ) in canada : ontario populations .
natureserve , 2013 .
rainbow darter
( on - line ) . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 . accessed march 31 , 2014 at urltoken .
rainbow darters live in creeks and small rivers of moderate gradient and riffles made of coarse gravel and rubble . under ideal habitat conditions of this type they may be locally the most abundant darter .
the rainbow darter is widely distributed through the uplands of the missippippi river basin , and is common across much of the eastern united states . it also occurs in many of the great lake tributaries with the exception of the tributaries flowing into lake superior . the rainbow darter can be found in small upland streams and rivers . adults prefer fast - flowing riffle habitat while young are usually found in slightly slower areas .
lake phalen in ramsey county is the only lake in the world where rainbow darters have been found .
704 ( percidae ) , and their potential utility for other darter species . mol ecol notes 6 : 230–232
reeves , c . d . 1907 . the breeding habits of the rainbow darter , etheostoma caeruleum ( storer ) , a study in sexual selection . biological bulletin 14 : 35 - 59 + figs . 13 .
rainbow darters have many predators in their habitats . they are fed upon by many larger fresh water fish including
rainbow darters are insectivores that consume many types of small invertebrates . a diet study showed a strong preference for
. these parasites damage the tissues and muscle layers on the rainbow darters . additional parasites are two freshwater mussels
tetreault gr , bennett cj , servos mr , mcmaster me . optimization of effects - assessment of greenside darter (
bobe j , montfort j , nguyen t , fostier a . identification of new participants in the rainbow trout (
johnson rl , mitchell rm . harp gl . genetic variation and genetic structuring of a numerically declining species of darter ,
larvae . however , the feeding habits of rainbow darters differ due to the time of day and time of year .
becker ( 1983 ) ; page ( 1983 ) ; page and burr ( 1991 ) ; etnier and starnes ( 1993 ) ; jenkins and burkhead ( 1994 ) . similar to orangethroat darter etheostoma spectabile , redline darter e . luteovinctum , and mud darter e . asprigine , but these three species lack red color on anal fin that is present in e . caeruleum .
braasch , m . e . & p . w . smith . 1967 . the life history of the slough darter .
burr , b . m . & l . m . page . 1978 . the life history of the cypress darter .
burr , b . m . & l . m . page . 1979 . the life history of the least darter .
page , l . m . & b . m . burr . 1976 . the life history of the slabrock darter .
page , l . m . & p . w . smith . 1970 . the life history of the dusky darter .
page , l . m . & p . w . smith . 1971 . the life history of the slenderhead darter .
the early development of rainbow darter , etheostoma caeruleum , was examined from an ecological perspective . steps and thresholds of ontogeny to completion of body squammation are defined , and related to environmental factors . rainbow darter eggs are about 2 mm diameter , considerably larger than those of related logperch ( percina caprodes ) . the embryonic vitelline respiratory plexus is much more extensive . the pelagic interval characteristic of logperch and ancestral percids is eliminated and onset of exogenous feeding is delayed . the larger larvae of the rainbow darter can begin feeding directly on aquatic insects , and complete their life cycle in streams . therefore , shifts in the timing of important thresholds ( e . g . exogenous feeding ) are ecologically important . furthermore , early maturation and / or delayed bone and scale formation may be responsible for reductions in the lateralis system and scalation in this and other darter species .
hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes ( p < 0 . 05 ) in the male gonad of rainbow darter over the different stages of development ( i . e . recrudescence , developing , pre - spawning , spawning and post - spawning ) .
the iucn red list considers rainbow darters to be a species of “least concern . ” its population is listed as stable and no management action is required at this time . in fact , they are one of the most abundant darter species in their range .
cool fact
: lake phalen in ramsey county is the only lake in the world where rainbow darters have been found .
citation : bahamonde pa , mcmaster me , servos mr , martyniuk cj , munkittrick kr ( 2016 ) characterizing transcriptional networks in male rainbow darter ( etheostoma caeruleum ) that regulate testis development over a complete reproductive cycle . plos one 11 ( 11 ) : e0164722 . urltoken
beneteau cl , walter rp , mandrak ne . heath dd . range expansion by invasion : genetic characterization of invasion of the greenside darter (
rainbow darters are not nesting fish . their eggs become buried along the streambed wherever they spawned . these fish offer no parental guidance .
rainbow darters may be sold as pets as an aquarium species , however , they do not have a major economic impact on humans .
there are 19 endangered fish species in illinois : lake sturgeon , western sand darter , bluebreast darter , harlequin darter , cypress minnow , bigeye chub , pallid shiner , northern brook lamprey , redspotted sunfish , sturgeon chub , greater redhorse , river chub , pugnose shiner , bigeye shiner , blacknose shiner , taillight shiner , weed shiner , northern madtom , and pallid sturgeon . the pallid sturgeon is also listed as federally endangered . an additional twelve fish species are threatened : eastern sand darter , longnose sucker , cisco , gravel chub , iowa darter , banded killifish , starhead topminnow , least brook lamprey , bantam sunfish , river redhorse , ironcolor shiner , and blackchin shiner . nine species have become extirpated ( extinct from illinois ) .
wood , r . m . 1996 . phylogenetic systematics of the darter subgenus nothonotus ( teleostei : percidae ) . copeia 1996 : 300 - 318 .
beneteau cl , mandrak ne . heath dd . the effects of river barriers and range expansion of the population genetic structure and stability in greenside darter (
2009 . life history and population dynamics of eastern sand darter ( ammocrypta pellucida ) in the lower thames river , ontario . master ' s thesis .
commens , a . , a . mathis . 1999 . alarm pheromones of rainbow darters : responses to skin extracts of the conspecifics and congeners .
rainbow darters are tiny relatives of the walleye . they typically grow 2 to 3 inches in length and rarely live beyond the age of three .
the average lifespan of wild rainbow darters is three years . their maximum recorded wild lifespan is five years . their captive lifespan has not been reported .
the orangethroat darter was formally described in the scientific literature from the osage river , missouri , in 1854 . the scientific name of the nominal species is etheostoma spectabile spectabile . as other populations of “orangethroat” darters were later discovered they may have been described as a different species , but the prevailing naming convention and the lack of formal taxonomic descriptions ultimately required that these populations all be named e . s . spectabile . this was the status quo until the 1960s , when a researcher formally recognized five subspecies , three of which were known from missouri . one of those has been described as a separate species , the current darter ( e . uniporum ) . later , the orangethroat darter from the black river system was named brook darter ( e . burri ) . at present , one other orangethroat darter is being recognized as a different species . it is known from the white river system and is being called the ozark darter , although a formal description has not yet been published . judging from the images in the figure , it is certain that other orangethroat darter populations will eventually be raised to the species level .
rainbow darters prefer the fast - moving currents of shallow riffles in creeks and small rivers . they also have a preference for gravel or rocky - bottom streams . typically , adult fish are found in faster and deeper running waters , while younger rainbow darters are more common in slower , shallower areas and pools .
as their name suggests , the rainbow darter is one of the most colorful fish in the boneyard creek . this species exhibits sexual dimorphism , with males exhibiting bright nuptial coloration during the breeding season ( in the spring , usually late february through may ) , whereas females remain a drab , cryptic brown color year round .
. if rainbow darters are threatened , they will hide and not move until the danger is gone . these darters can also give off a chemical signal to other darters alerting them to the danger . once a victim’s skin or tissue has been torn , the chemical is released , warning other rainbow darters of the danger .
adamson , s . , t . wissing . 1977 . food habits and feeding periodicity of the rainbow , fantail , and banded darters in four mile creek .
in general , members of this group live in riffles in headwater streams where they are sometimes the only or the most abundant darter . they can be found in medium - sized streams too , usually near riffles or in shallow , gravelly shoals and may occur near populations of rainbow darters ( e . caeruleum ) . these two species - groups look similar , possessing a kaleidoscope of colors and bluish bars laced with shades of oranges and reds . the easiest way to tell them apart is in the spring when in breeding colors . rainbow darter males have red on the mem - branes of the anal fin while orangethroat darters and their relatives typically have solid blue anal fin membranes . when these species occur in the same stream , rainbow darters are usu - ally more abundant in the larger reaches and in deeper , swift currents , usually over riffles .
cessna , j . f . , r . l . raesly , j . v . kilian , d . a . cincotta , and r . h . hilderbrand . 2014 . rapid colonization of the potomac river drainage by the rainbow darter ( etheostoma caeruleum ) following introduction . northeastern naturalist 21 ( 1 ) : 1 - 11 . urltoken
the rainbow darter resides in streams with clean gravel and riffles . it is native to the three western ny watersheds , where it is abundant . in tributaries of lake ontario its native range extends only as far east as rochester . it was introduced and is becoming more widespread in the genesee watershed and more recently in schoharie creek of the mohawk watershed .
the rainbow darter has been introduced into the genesee river system of new york . the species is now common from portageville to caneadea and in angelica and caneadea creeks ( smith 1985 ) . in 2009 , more than a dozen rainbow darters were collected in schoharie county in the hudson drainage . hocutt et al . ( 1986 ) listed this species only as questionably native in the potomac and the kanawha drainage above the falls . found throughout the potomac river drainage in maryland , pennsylvania , virginia , and west virginia ( cessna et al . 2014 ) .
paulson , n . , j . hatch . 2002 .
rainbow darters
( on - line ) . minnesota pollution control agency . accessed november 12 , 2002 at urltoken .
. these parasites enter through the gills , attaching to the inside of the darters for days at a time , until they reach the juvenile stage . researchers have found darter behavior may change with infections of these parasites , which could become fatal for the fish . it has been reported that the parasite reduces activity in rainbow darters and they lose body mass . they also show a weaker response to chemical alarm cues given in the presence of predators . more than half of the rainbow darters that were collected in the james river in greene county , missouri have these parasites .
the rainbow darter etheostoma caeruleum is a small fish in the perch family ( percidae ) that is adapted to fast - flowing streams in eastern north america . it is relatively sensitive to habitat degradation and is widely used as a sentinel of stream condition . information from molecular markers would provide a complementary tool for assessing the integrity of stream ecosystems . sixteen highly polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite markers were thus identified . between four and sixteen loci were found to be useful in five congeneric species . these markers will be useful for characterizing population genetic structure and diversity of rainbow darters and related fishes .
rainbow darters are considered “shy” and stay hidden for most the day between or along rocks unless they are actively foraging or reproducing . during their breeding season , they are more social ; at this time , males follow females in hopes of reproducing . males communicate with their vibrant colors and size . if rainbow darters are threatened , they will hide and not move until the danger has passed . darters are alerted of danger through pheromones emitted when another darter is injured and skin is torn . if they feel threatened by another species close to their own , males have been known to try and scare them away by flapping their gills . rainbow darters are crepuscular , active during dusk and dawn . they are active swimmers and do not defend territories except when breeding or finding food .
how big do they get ? how long do they live ? rainbow darters are tiny relatives of the walleye . they typically grow to about 55 - 60 mm ( 2 . 2 - 2 . 4 in ) and usually weight less than 3 g ( about 0 . 1 oz ) . rainbow darters commonly live for 2 to 3 years and in some rare cases 4 years .
rainbow darters are considered “shy” and stay hidden for most the day between or along rocks unless they are looking for food or reproducing . during their breeding season , they are more social ; at this time , males follow females in hopes of reproducing . males communicate with their vibrant colors and size . if rainbow darters are threatened , they will hide and not move until the danger has passed . darters are alerted of danger through chemicals released when another darter is injured and skin is torn . if they feel threatened by another species close to their own , males have been known to try and scare them away by flapping their gills . rainbow darters are crepuscular , active during dusk and dawn . they are active swimmers and do not defend territories except when breeding or finding food .
orangethroat darter and closely related relatives make up a few of the more than 40 darter species known to missouri . accurately identifying many of these darters requires some time , patience , and familiarity with fish taxonomic keys . but as the common name of this species - group implies , they all have bright orange gill membranes ( the approximate “throat” region ) and in some populations the orange color may extend onto the head .
committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ( cosewic ) 2011 . cosewic assessment and status report on the eastern sand darter ammocrypta pellucida , ontario populations and quebec populations , in canada . available from : urltoken .
due to their low tolerance for poor quality water , rainbow darters are used as an indicator of stream health . they act as a link in the food chain between low and higher trophic levels in stream ecosystems .
eggs . rainbow darters often eat twice a day : early in the morning and late in the afternoon or evening . their diets change seasonally due to changes in water temperatures and availability of invertebrates . in preparation for the decreased food supply in the winter , rainbow darters eat more between mid - august until mid - october . in april and may , their feeding habits increase and drop during the high temperatures of the summer .
pairwise f st values calculated among all sampled rivers ( 16 rivers with sample sites combined , drainages are indicated ) for eastern sand darter . bold - face type indicates significance following bonferroni correction ( p < 0 . 001 )
isolation by distance ( ibd ) relationships for eastern sand darter sampled from the ( a ) ohio drainage ( p < 0 . 004 ) and ( b ) great lakes drainage ( shallow water distance , p < 0 . 0001 ) .
young rainbow darters eat mostly small crustaceans . as they grow into adulthood the size of their food gets larger and they eat a greater variety of items including insect larvae , young crayfish , snails , and the eggs of other small fishes .
cosewic . 2009 . cosewic assessment and status report on the eastern sand darter ammocrypta pellucida , ontario populations and quebec populations , in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . ottawa . vii + 49 pp . available at urltoken .
cooper , j . e . 1979 . description of eggs and larvae of fantail , etheostoma flabellare , and rainbow , e . caerulum darters from lake erie tributaries . transactions of the american fisheries society 108 ( 1 ) : 46 - 56 .
rainbow darters have a wide range throughout the eastern united states that includes the g reat lakes and mississippi river basins from western new york and southern ontario to minnesota , and south to arkansas and northern alabama . isolated populations also occur along mississippi river .
adamson , s . w . and wissing , t . e . 1977 . food habits and feeding periodicity of the rainbow , fantail , and banded darters in four mile creek . ohio journal of science 77 ( 4 ) : 164 - 169 .
how do they reproduce ? spawning season for the rainbow darter here in minnesota is may to early june when water temperatures stay above 15° c ( 59° f ) . the brightly colored males set up their loose territories around rocks or depressions in the gravel of a riffle with medium current . males chase all other rainbow darter males from their territories . when a female enters a territory , the male swims to her and pokes her sides with his snout . if she is ready to spawn , she buries herself partially under the gravel . the male lies upon her , she vibrates and deposits her eggs while the male fertilizes them . the female moves from underneath the male to spawn again with the same male or with another partner . only about 3 to 7 eggs are laid with each spawning act , but a single large female may lay over a 1000 eggs in a single season . the fertilized eggs ( embryos really ) settle between the spaces in the gravel and receive no parental care . they hatch in 10 - 12 days depending on temperatures .
cross et al . ( 1986 ) reported the rainbow darter as introduced into the middle arkansas drainage . no records of this species were found from this drainage in arkansas ( robison and buchanan 1988 ) , oklahoma ( miller and robison 1973 ) , or kansas ( cross 1967 ; cross and collins 1995 ) . however , cross ( 1967 ) mentioned that e . caeruleum had been reported in kansas previously , but those records were based on misidentified e . spectabile . esmond and stauffer ( 1983 ) argue that the potomac river population is native based on morphometrics ; jenkins and burkhead ( 1994 ) suggest that the population in the new river drainage is introduced due to its recent appearance and spread . rainbow darters are abundant in walker creek , a tributary of the new river ( t . crail , pers . comm . )
grandmaison d , mayasich j . etnier d . 2004 . , and eastern sand darter status assessment . prepared for : u . s . fish and wildlife service , region 3 , fort snelling , mn , 55111 nrri technical report no . nrri / tr - 2003 / 40 .
rainbow darters are often used as biological indicators because they do not tolerate most forms of water pollution . they share their habitat with a variety of fish , including northern brook lamprey , white suckers , northern hogsuckers , stonerollers , blacknose dace , and other species of darters .
where do they live ? in southeastern minnesota streams and small rivers , like the cannon , zumbro , root , and cedar rivers , rainbow darters are one of the more common darters . they are much less common in the lower st . croix river and in the tributaries of the minnesota river . they also live in the red river drainage , but only in the otter tail river , where they are fairly common . rainbow darters prefer waters that are clear with moderate to fast current and a bottom made up of gravel and boulders over sand .
conservation and management rainbow darters have no special conservation status in minnesota , but are protected by state laws sa part of the perch family . they do well in an aquarium if provided with a modest current , but you must have a special permit to collect and keep them .
hook se , nagler jj , cavileer t , verducci j , liu y , hayton w , et al . relationships between the transcriptome and physiological indicators of reproduction in female rainbow trout over an annual cycle . environ toxicol chem . 2011 ; 30 : 309–318 . pmid : 21086553
this species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total adult population size is unknown but quite large ( likely greater than 100 , 000 ) . this darter is regarded as abundant ( page and burr 2011 ) . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable .
what eats them ? we have rarely found rainbow darters in the stomachs of other fishes . they may be eaten by young burbot , large stonecats , and smallmouth bass . fish - eating birds like great blue herons may also eat them . humans do not eat them , and they are illegal to use as bait .
rainbow darters are commonly found in cool running freshwater streams and small rivers . they are most common in gravel , rocky , or sandy substrates in fast - moving shallow riffles and can withstand freezing temperatures of an average of 15 degrees celsius . they avoid heavily polluted and silty waters . when nesting or feeding , these darters are more frequent in deeper , slow - moving pools . they are typically located around small confined areas in shallow , clear waters . rainbow darters are most common under or along the side of larger rocks and debris in small rapids . they are typically found at depths of 0 . 1 to 0 . 5 m .
these fish start breeding in early march when water temperatures just reach 55 f , and continue breeding through june . although this is a common fish , the biology dept at missouri state university ( with professor dr . chris barnhart ) funded cfi to propagate rainbow darters in 2010 to serve as fish hosts for their endangered mussel restoration program . cfi was quite successful in their production efforts and were able to document the life history characteristics of this darter . other agencies have used cfi to propagate fish as mussel hosts because it lessens the impact on native streams , as well as increases the mussel production given propagated fish have not developed immune responses to mussel glochidia exposure .
evaluating spatial genetic patterns is an important method to help inform management efforts for the conservation of native fishes . however , the present study demonstrates that it is vital to consider life history , distribution , and historical processes when interpreting the spatial distribution of genetic diversity . this study examined genetic variation in populations of the rainbow darter , etheostoma caeruleum , in tributaries of the upper mississippi river in northeast iowa in order to understand the influence of landscape alteration at multiple temporal scales . the diversity and distribution of fishes in this region are influenced by historical geologic and climatic events , and recent , intensive human activities , making this an excellent site for an investigation of this type . landscape genetic analyses of eight microsatellite loci from 14 localities detected a single genetic population . the amount of genetic diversity observed within localities and drainages was high , but the distribution of genetic variation was almost uniform across the study area . there was no evidence of population subdivision at any spatial scale . based on what is known about the life history of the rainbow darter and the geological history of the region , the best explanation for these results is that historical processes had a more pronounced influence on the observed genetic variation than contemporary impacts . specifically , the genetic signature supports a conclusion of population expansion into the region following the retreat of glacial advances during the pleistocene .
rainbow darters have only rarely been found in the stomachs of other fishes ; however , they are undoubtedly eaten by predatory fishes such as the burbot , large stonecats , and smallmouth bass . fish - eating birds such as the great blue heron are also likely predators . humans do not eat them , and they are illegal to use as bait .
a small fish , rainbow darters only grow to be 3 inches , or 5 to 7 centimeters long . they can be a very brightly - colored fish , depending on their sex and whether it is breeding season . their base color is olive - green and it is mottled with 6 to 10 brown saddles down the length of the body . they also have up to 14 vertical stripes down their body , which are perhaps more clearly visible than the saddles . females have brown stripes , while males usually have blue stripes that are separated by orange - coloring . the first dorsal fins usually have red - coloring close to the body , with a blue fringe . however , in female rainbow darters , this coloring is not very well developed and may simply appear as thin lines . in fact , many of their fins are colored differently depending on their gender . for example , the second dorsal fins on male rainbow darters are usually blue with a red stripe running down the middle , while females have thin black lines running across the second dorsal fins . in addition , the pelvic fins of males are usually blue , while female pelvic fins are usually clear . finally , males may also have a red spot on the center of their blue anal fins . all other fins are usually clear , with no coloring . rainbow darters have pointed snouts , and the greatest depth of their body usually occurs at the origin of the first dorsal fin .
rainbow darter spermatogenesis occurs over an annual cycle [ 22 ] . in this study , we examined 5 defined stages of the male reproductive cycle at the molecular level in order to better understand the mechanisms underlying testis development . the somatic indexes evaluated ( k , gsi and lsi ) showed expected patterns as previously reported by tetreault in 2013 [ 23 ] , confirming that the wild fish collected for the molecular analysis had the expected somatic changes over the year of monitoring . noteworthy was that we observed the same pattern of change between the lsi and the gene cluster 4 , suggesting that genes in that cluster are related to lsi . go terms represented in cluster 4 include an enrichment of genes related to lipid pathways and further investigation is warranted to describe this relationship .
eastern sand darter collection sites ( filled dots ) across the species range in north america . ellipses identify the four sampled drainages : great lakes drainage ( lake erie / lake st . clair ) , ohio drainage , wabash drainage , and st . lawrence drainage ( st . lawrence river / lake champlain ) . three major genetic discontinuities identified using barrier software are shown as black solid lines on the map .
what do they eat ? young rainbow darters eat mostly copepods and small midge larvae . as they grow into adulthood , the size of their food gets larger and they eat a greater variety of items . the items include midge , caddisfly , mayfly , and stonefly larvae ; waterfleas ; water mites ; young crayfish ; and snails . they also eat the developing eggs of minnows and other darters .
adult rainbow darters spawn between march and june . the eggs are clear or transparent with a yellow tent yolk and a small black drop in the middle of the yolk . the length of the eggs averages 1 . 7 to 2 mm . the larvae hatch after 10 to 12 days , in water temperatures of 17 to 19 degrees celsius . during the days before hatching , larvae develop a heartbeat on day 2 and their skeleton and teeth are apparent at day 8 . chromosomes determine the sex of rainbow darters . hatching larvae are 6 . 0 to 6 . 2 mm long . from larva to juvenile , the process takes about 18 to 21 days , with juveniles reaching lengths of about 13 . 0 to 15 . 0 mm . juveniles are known to eat aquatic water insects and small freshwater shrimp . juveniles reach adulthood about 47 days after hatching .
within - river genetic differentiation among eastern sand darter sample sites from three different drainages ( ohio , great lakes , and st . lawrence ; note the wabash drainage is not shown as each river had only one sampled site ) . within each river , pairwise f st values ( below diagonal ) were calculated among sites . significant results for pairwise f st estimates were also calculated , and significant results ( after bonferroni correction ) are indicated in boldface type
darters are arguably some of the most colorful and strikingly beautiful of missouri’s fishes . they are the smaller members of the perch family , percidae , which includes the more familiar and sought - after walleye , sauger , and yellow perch . among the darters , one group in particular is both showy and of great interest to taxonomists ( those who study the classification of organisms ) and ecologists ( those who study the relationship of the organism to its environment ) ; this group is known as the orangethroat darter complex or species - group .
it has been possible to generate the intersex condition in medaka ( oryzias latipes ) in the laboratory [ 31 , 32 ] , but it appears as though it is not as straightforward for other fish species [ 33 ] . in the field , roach ( rutilus rutilus ) germ cell disruption can be substantial [ 34 ] . the authors state that the lack of disruption in the laboratory might be due to the fact that the municipal wastewater effluents ( mwwe ) was not estrogenic or that the germ cell disruption is a consequence of prolonged , chronic exposure [ 33 ] . conversely , the early stages of testis differentiation may be most sensitive to endocrine disruptors and endogenous hormones , and the testis can be converted to an “ovary” most readily at this point in time . this is based on our data that show there are higher expression levels of androgen and estrogen receptors in this stage in rainbow darter testis compared to more advanced testicular stages . based on the molecular responses observed here , future studies into the induction of intersex condition should investigate the post - spawning season and perhaps , the immune system , as a novel mechanism of intersex .
perhaps minnesota ' s most colorful fish they are common in rivers like the cannon , zumbro , root , and cedar in the southeastern part of the state . they are much less common in the lower st . croix river and in the tributaries of the minnesota river . they have also been found in the red river drainage , but only in the otter tail river . rainbow darters prefer clear water in areas of moderate to fast current with a rocky stream bottom , habitat usually associated with riffles . their presence is often an indication of a high - quality resource because they do not tolerate most forms of water pollution or habitat alteration .
range - wide genetic structure analysis of the eastern sand darter ; panel ( a ) : results of structure analysis using 39 sample sites from 16 rivers across species range . structure simulation summary for each sample site , with different colors showing each genetic cluster at k = 2 and k = 7 , respectively . panel ( b ) : principle coordinate analysis ( pcoa ) performed using pairwise f st among all sampled sites across the species range . the range was separated into three drainages : st . lawrence , great lakes , and mississippi ( combination of wabash and ohio drainages ) . the proportion of genetic variance explained by the first two axes is 62 . 7 % .
dr . suess had it right . his famous children’s poem one fish two fish red fish blue fish taught us life lessons about diversity and wonder and that no matter our size , shape , or color , all things are important . this certainly is true of the small , nongame fishes of missouri , which can also be “black fish , blue fish , old fish , new fish . ” about 225 fish species can be found in missouri . they range in size from giant sturgeons , paddlefish , and catfishes , which may grow to more than 100 pounds in weight , to tiny species , some barely over an inch long ( and given appropriately descriptive names like banded pygmy sunfish and least darter ) .
) are native to the nearctic region . year - round , this species inhabits small rivers and streams in eastern north america . rainbow darters have been widely located in vast numbers in the ohio river valley and the tributaries of the great lakes . they are also found throughout the mississippi river , as far north as minnesota and as far south as southeastern louisiana . this species also is located in the potomac river in maryland and virginia , the little miami river in ohio , the hudson bay tributaries in minnesota , the missouri river in missouri , the kanawha river in west virginia and virginia , the wabash river in indiana , the green river in tennessee and kentucky , and the osage river in missouri .
adult rainbow darters spawn between march and june . the eggs are clear with a yellow yolk and a small black drop in the middle of the yolk . the length of the eggs averages 1 . 7 to 2 mm . the larvae hatch after 10 to 12 days , in water temperatures of 17 to 19 degrees celsius . during the days before hatching , larvae develop a heartbeat on day 2 and their skeleton and teeth develop on day 8 . hatching larvae are 6 . 0 to 6 . 2 mm long . from larva to juvenile , the process takes about 18 to 21 days , with juveniles reaching lengths of about 13 . 0 to 15 . 0 mm . juveniles are known to eat aquatic water insects and small freshwater shrimp . juveniles reach adulthood about 47 days after hatching .
rainbow darters’ reproduction is dependent upon water temperature and region . they spawn in temperatures between 15 to 18 degrees celsius , which across their range includes the months of march through june . at a particular locale , the breeding season is limited to around three months . after their eggs are fertilized , they are sticky and become buried in the sand or gravel stream bottom . the eggs are about 1 . 5 mm , with a mass of around 0 . 0001 grams . they have a spherical shape , with a pale yellowish - color and appear to have a large black drop in the middle . it takes several days , but a female can lay up to 800 eggs . each clutch includes around 14 to 60 eggs . researchers suggest juveniles reach adulthood 47 days after hatching and wait until the next spawning season to reproduce .
rainbow darters prefer to breed in water temperatures between 17 to 18°c . so , depending on their location , their ideal - breeding conditions occur at different times in the year . male fish are more brightly colored during the breeding season . in addition , males exhibit territorial behavior in shallow riffles ( about 25 to 55 cm deep ) during the breeding season , scaring off other males through various intimidation tactics . the larger the male , the better he is at intimidating other males . females swim into male territories from pools downstream . once in the riffle , the female buries the bottom half of her body into the gravel and the male fish mounts her . the two fish vibrate together ; the male deposits his sperm and the female deposits 3 to 7 eggs in the gravel . the two fish then swim upstream a short distance and repeat the process over and over again for several days until the female lays about 800 eggs .
a negative relationship was detected between the percent of spermatozoa and the percent of spermatocytes . this was expected since the spermatogenesis cycle involves the developmental process during which a small number of diploid spermatogonia stem cells produce a large number of highly differentiated spermatozoa carrying a haploid , recombined genome [ 3 ] . there are two major developmental steps between spermatocytes and spermatozoa ; the meiotic phase with the primary and secondary spermatocytes and the spermiogenic phase with the haploid spermatids emerging from meiosis and differentiating–without further proliferation–into motile , flagellated genome vectors , the spermatozoa . thus , the percent of spermatozoa is dependent upon the percent of spermatocytes . furthermore , it was hypothesized that there would be a relationship between the spermatogenic cell proportion and gsi ( since both endpoints increase with development ) ; however this was not observed in rbd . we were unable to locate any literature on multi - spawning , small - bodied fish that demonstrated the relationship between spermatogenic cells and gsi . in addition , no relationship was found between the proportion of spermatogonia and the proportion of any other cell type , since the mitotic phase can develop multiple generations of cells . a lack of a relationship between spermatogonia and the proportion of any other cell has also been reported in other fishes with an annual reproductive cycle , such as the dojo loach ( misgurnus anguillicaudatus ) [ 24 ] , and greenside darter ( etheostoma blennioides ) [ 25 ] .
as adults , rainbow darters can reach lengths of about 6 to 8 cm . both males and females have a frenulum , a little , folded portion of tissue that restricts movement in the mouth . they also have a straight tail , two anal spines , and two dorsal fins with 10 to 11 layered spines . breeding males are a brilliant combination of bright colors and stripes meant to stand out . specifically , they have brownish - olive green base saddles that lay vertically along the body . on the dorsal side , they have 8 to 13 dark blue - greenish bands that wrap around the body . towards the middle of the body , the color between the saddles shifts to reddish - orange that continues to the tail fin . the underside has an orange - yellow edge , transitioning to a blue - green belly . the first dorsal fin has a sliver of a reddish - orange , a horizontal layer that blends into a dark blue top . the second dorsal fin has a reddish - orange bottom layer , but covers most of the fin until it blends horizontally with a sliver of dark blue at the tip . the first anal fin is bluish green , while the second anal fin has a dark blue - green tip , with reddish - orange in the middle . in the non - breeding season , male patterns are less showy . oftentimes , they are described as clearer and more transparent . adult females also have duller , more brownish - olive green colors . they have similar saddle bands as males , but they are less obvious , more spread out , and have no dark blue bands . females have a bluish tint along their body . the two dorsal fins are almost transparent with dark brown spotted rows horizontally . the two anal fins are similar , with fewer brown horizontal spots . juveniles are more similar to females in their early stages , gaining vibrant colors as they age .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , apparently stable trend , and lack of major threats .
range includes the great lakes and mississippi river basins from minnesota to southern ontario and new york , south to northern arkansas , northern alabama , and northern georgia ; disjunct populations occur along the lower mississippi river in eastern louisiana and southwestern mississippi and in the upper potomac river drainage ( atlantic slope ) , west virginia ; abundant ( page and burr 2011 ) .
habitat includes gravel and rubble riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers ( page and burr 2011 ) . adults occur in fast and deep riffles , young in quiet shallow riffles and small pools . eggs are laid in gravel in riffles .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
during the breeding season , both male and female colors become brighter . when females are ready for spawning , they travel to pools where the males live . females spawn multiple times over the breeding season . males that are larger or more colorful have a higher chance of mating . they use their size and color advantages to scare off lesser males . multiple males will follow one female until she picks one , usually the brighter and bigger male . once the female picks the male , she then buries her fins and torso into the gravel or sand of the streambed , only her head and tail stay unburied as she faces upstream . she buries and unburies herself several times , until she signals to the male . the male proceeds behind the female and they begin the spawning process . the female releases her eggs , while the male releases his sperm , fertilizing the eggs . the male only has approximately 20 seconds to fertilize the eggs . the pair will repeat this process several times as they move upstream , a short distance at a time . they proceed until other males disturb them , which is very common .
breeding season these fish spawn between the months of march and june in temperatures of 15 to 18 degrees celsius .
( commens and mathis , 1999 ; crane , et al . , 2009 ; reeves , 1907 )
, by flapping their gills . they are seen as competitors and a threat to their food supplies and young . males and females also use their vibrant colors for communication . during the breeding season , these bright colors attract possible mates .
( commens and mathis , 1999 ; crane , et al . , 2009 ; gibson and mathis , 2006 )
( harding , et al . , 1998 ; kuehne and barbour , 1983 )
kayla mcneilly ( author ) , radford university , karen powers ( editor ) , radford university , leila siciliano martina ( editor ) , animal diversity web staff .
, from the homochitto river , mississippi , with evaluation of data from the literature .
katula , r . 2005 .
darters : aquarium care and design guidelines
( on - line ) . accessed july 31 , 2014 at urltoken .
. athens , ohio : ohio state university press , ohio grant program center for lake erie area research .
wynes , d . , t . wissing . 1982 . resource sharing among darters in an ohio stream .
mcneilly , k . 2014 .
etheostoma caeruleum
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .