plutella australiana is a moth of the plutellidae family .

it is found in eastern australia .

the length of the forewings 5.4 – 6.9 mm for males and 5.6 – 6.9 mm for females .

in external appearance p. australiana is indistinguishable from plutella xylostella .

both species exhibit significant , overlapping variation in forewing pattern .

most specimens of both species have the pale , scalloped band along the hind/dorsal margin typically used to recognize p. xylostella .

that band varies from strongly marked to nearly indistinct ( the latter particularly so in females ) in both species .

no reliable external difference was observed that permits the separation of the two species .

genitalia must be examined and they afford several good characters .

p. xylostella is thought to feed on a wide variety of cruciferous plants in australia , including native and introduced species .

however , australian records are in question because of the past oversight of p. australiana .

as a result , the host plants of both species are uncertain .

plutella australiana

male genitalia of plutella australiana and plutella xylostella . 23–24 , . . . | download scientific diagram
plutella australiana ( lepidoptera , plutellidae ) , an overlooked diamondback moth revealed by dna barcodes .
plutella australiana ( lepidoptera : plutellidae ) , an overlooked diamondback moth revealed by dna barcodes .
plutella australiana ( lepidoptera : plutellidae ) , an overlooked diamondback moth revealed by dna barcodes .
dorsal aspect of forewings of plutella australiana and plutella xylostella . specimenid ( sample id ) in parentheses . scale bar = 2 mm . 3 plutella australiana , male holotype , australia : canberra ( bioug00844 - c06 ) 4 plutella australiana , female paratype , australia : new south wales , bimbi state forest ( am 2272 ) 5 plutella australiana , male paratype , australia : canberra ( bioug00788 - f11 ) 6 plutella australiana , female , australia : canberra ( bioug02123 - e08 ) 7 plutella australiana , female , australia : canberra ( bioug02112 - f11 ) 8 plutella australiana , female , australia : canberra ( bioug02108 - c09 ) 9 plutella australiana , male , australia : canberra ( ccdb - 15830 - e08 ) 10 plutella xylostella , male , australia : canberra ( ccdb - 12828 - e05 ) 11 plutella xylostella , male , australia : canberra ( bioug02113 - f05 ) 12 plutella xylostella , female , australia : canberra ( bioug01172 - a09 ) 13 plutella xylostella , female , australia : canberra ( ccdb - 12828 - g07 ) 14 plutella xylostella , female , australia : canberra ( ccdb - 12828 - h01 ) 15 plutella xylostella , female , canada : québec ( cnclep00098486 ) 16 plutella xylostella , female holotype of plutella karsholtella , canary islands : tenerife ( zmuc00401145 ) .
plutella australiana ( lepidoptera , plutellidae ) , an overlooked diamondback moth revealed by dna barcodes . - pubmed - ncbi
male genitalia of plutella australiana and plutella xylostella . 17–18 tegumen - gnathos , ventral aspect 17 plutella australiana ( slide jfl1730 , specimen bioug00788 - f11 ) 18 plutella xylostella ( slide jfl1729 , specimen bioug02113 - a06 ) . 19–20 , tegumen - uncus - gnathos - vinculum complex , lateral aspect , valvae and phallus removed 19 plutella australiana ( slide jfl1732 , specimen bioug02248 - g03 ) 20 plutella xylostella ( slide jfl1733 , specimen bioug02248 - g02 ) . 21–22 vinculum–saccus , ventral aspect 21 plutella australiana ( slide jfl1730 ) 22 plutella xylostella ( slide jfl1729 ) . scale bar = 100µ ; all to same scale . at = anal tube ; gn = gnathos ; sac = saccus ; teg = tegumen ; tp = teguminal process ; vin = vinculum .
male genitalia of plutella australiana and plutella xylostella . 23–24 , valva , inner aspect 23 plutella australiana ( slide jfl1689 , specimen 08 - nswhh - 1277 ) 24 plutella xylostella ( slide jfl1733 , specimen bioug02248 - g02 ) . 25–26 , phallus , dorsal aspect 25 plutella australiana ( slide jfl1690 , specimen 08 - nswhh - 1340 ) 26 plutella xylostella ( slide jfl1688 , specimen 06 - tasb - 01769 ) . 27–28 , genitalia with phallus removed , ventral aspect 27 plutella australiana ( slide jfl1735 , specimen bioug00987 - e12 ) 28 plutella xylostella ( slide jfl1734 , specimen 09 - nswhh - 1674 ) . scale bar = 100µ ; all to same scale . at = anal tube ; scl = sacculus ; tp = teguminal process ; zss = zone of spiniform setae .
male genitalia of plutella australiana and plutella xylostella . 23–24 , valva , inner aspect 23 plutella australiana ( slide jfl1689 , specimen 08 - nswhh - 1277 ) 24 plutella xylostella ( slide jfl1733 , specimen bioug02248 - g02 ) . 25–26 , phallus , dorsal aspect 25 plutella australiana ( slide jfl1690 , specimen 08 - nswhh - 1340 ) 26 plutella xylostella ( slide jfl1688 , specimen 06 - tasb - 01769 ) . 27–28 , genitalia with phallus removed , ventral aspect 27 plutella australiana ( slide jfl1735 , specimen bioug00987 - e12 ) 28 plutella xylostella ( slide jfl1734 , specimen 09 - nswhh - 1674 ) . scale bar = 100µ ; all to same scale . at = anal tube ; scl = sacculus ; tp = teguminal process ; zss = zone of spiniform setae .
female genitalia . 29 plutella australiana , ventral aspect ( slide jfl1684 , specimen 07 - nswbb - 0046 ) 30 plutella xylostella , ditto ( slide jfl1685 , specimen 07 - nswbb - 0144 ) 31 plutella australiana , lateral aspect of antrum projection ( slide jfl1736 , specimen bioug00788 - g06 ) 32 plutella xylostella , ditto ( slide mic6811 , specimen bioug02113 - d10 ) . scale : figs 29–30 = 200µ ; figs 31–32 = 100µ .
sites in australia where specimens of plutella xylostella ( red ) and plutella australiana ( blue ) have been collected . the pie diagrams show the proportion of the two species at each site . these records only include specimens identified through dna barcode analysis .
nj tree based on k2p distances for the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase i gene among seven species of the genus plutella and one member of the closely allied genus eidophasia . because of the large number of specimens for both plutella xylostella and plutella australiana , the tree nodes have been collapsed and specimen records are plotted by state for australia and by country of origin in other cases . the bracketed numerals indicate the number of specimens from each site . the type specimen of plutella karsholtella is reassigned to plutella xylostella and is the only specimen of this species from spain ( canary islands ) .
landry , j . - f . and hebert , p . d . n . ( 2013 ) .
plutella australiana ( lepidoptera : plutellidae ) , an overlooked diamondback moth revealed by dna barcodes .
, zookeys , 327 , pp . 43 - 63 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 327 . 5831 access to full text
the genus plutella was thought to be represented in australia by a single introduced species , plutella xylostella ( linnaeus ) , the diamondback moth . its status as a major pest of cruciferous crops , and the difficulty in developing control strategies has motivated broad - ranging studies on its biology . prior genetic work has generally supported the conclusion that populations of this migratory species are connected by substantial gene flow . however , the present study reveals the presence of two genetically divergent lineages of this taxonin australia . one shows close genetic and morphological similarity with the nearly cosmopolitan plutella xylostella . the second lineage possesses a similar external morphology , but marked sequence divergence in the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase i gene , coupled with clear differences in genitalia . as a consequence , members of this lineage are described as a new species , plutella australiana landry & hebert , which is broadly distributed in the eastern half of australia .
the tiny diamondback moth ( plutella xylostella ) gets its common name from the array of diamond shapes along the margin of its forewing . despite their diminutive size , the caterpillars of the [ … ]
ty - jour ti - plutella australiana ( lepidoptera , plutellidae ) , an overlooked diamondback moth revealed by dna barcodes t2 - zookeys vl - 327 ur - urltoken pb - pensoft publishers py - 2013 sp - 43 ep - 63 do - 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 327 . 5831 au - landry , jean - francois au - hebert , paul kw - australia kw - karsholtella kw - new species kw - xylostella er -
the genus plutella was thought to be represented in australia by a single introduced species , p . xylostella ( linnaeus ) , the diamondback moth . its status as a major pest of cruciferous crops , and the difficulty in developing control strategies has motivated broad - ranging studies on its biology . prior genetic work has generally supported the conclusion that populations of this migratory species are connected by substantial gene flow . however , the present study reveals the presence of two genetically divergent lineages of this taxonin australia . one shows close genetic and morphological similarity with the nearly cosmopolitan plutella xylostella . the second lineage possesses a similar external morphology , but marked sequence divergence in the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase i gene , coupled with clear differences in genitalia . as a consequence , members of this lineage are described as a new species , p . australiana landry & hebert , which is broadly distributed in the eastern half of australia .
the genus plutella was thought to be represented in australia by a single introduced species , p . xylostella ( linnaeus ) , the diamondback moth . its status as a major pest of cruciferous crops , and the difficulty in developing control strategies has motivated broad - ranging studies on its biology . prior genetic work has generally supported the conclusion that populations of this migratory species are connected by substantial gene flow . however , the present study reveals the presence of two genetically divergent lineages of this taxon in australia . one shows close genetic and morphological similarity with the nearly cosmopolitan plutella xylostella . the second lineage possesses a similar external morphology , but marked sequence divergence in the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase i gene , coupled with clear differences in genitalia . as a consequence , members of this lineage are described as a new species , p . australiana landry & hebert , which is broadly distributed in the eastern half of australia .
< mods xmlns : xlink =
urltoken
version =
3 . 0
xmlns : xsi =
urltoken
xmlns =
urltoken
xsi : schemalocation =
urltoken urltoken
> < titleinfo > < title > plutella australiana ( lepidoptera , plutellidae ) , an overlooked diamondback moth revealed & # 160 ; by & # 160 ; dna & # 160 ; barcodes < / title > < / titleinfo > < name > < namepart > landry , jean - francois < / namepart > < / name > < name > < namepart > hebert , paul < / namepart > < / name > < typeofresource > text < / typeofresource > < genre authority =
marcgt
> < / genre > < note type =
content
> 327 < / note > < subject > < topic > australia < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > karsholtella < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > new species < / topic > < / subject > < subject > < topic > xylostella < / topic > < / subject > < relateditem type =
host
> < titleinfo > < title > zookeys < / title > < / titleinfo > < origininfo > < publisher > pensoft publishers < / publisher > < / origininfo > < part > < detail type =
volume
> < number > 327 < / number > < / detail > < extent unit =
pages
> < start > 43 < / start > < end > 63 < / end > < / extent > < date > 2013 < / date > < / part > < / relateditem > < identifier type =
uri
> urltoken < / identifier > < identifier type =
doi
> 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 327 . 5831 < / identifier > < / mods >
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
canadian national collection of insects , arachnids , and nematodes , agriculture and agri - food canada , eastern cereal and oilseed research centre , c . e . f . , ottawa , on k1a 0c6 , canada .
pmid : 24167421 pmcid : pmc3807746 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 327 . 5831
enter your email address to subscribe to entomology today . you ' ll receive notifications of new posts by email .
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
university of adelaide , australia . south australian research & development institute , australia ;
it is made available under a cc - by 4 . 0 international license .
note : your email address is requested solely to identify you as the sender of this article .
message body ( your name ) thought you would like to see this page from the biorxiv website .
( lepidoptera : plutellidae ) , an overlooked diamondback moth revealed by dna barcodes . - agriculture and agri - food canada ( aafc )
for full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .
join researchgate to access over 30 million figures and 118 + million publications – all in one place .
the lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 10 . a remarkable new white species of chionodes hübner ( gelechiidae )
like most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .
continuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .
1 tiroler landesmuseen betriebgsges . m . b . h . , naturwissenschaftliche sammlungen , feldstr . 11a , a - 6020 innsbruck , austria
corresponding author : peter huemer ( ta . neesumsednal - relorit @ remeuh . p )
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
the genus caryocolum gregor & povolný , 1954 is one of the most species - rich genera of european gelechiidae ( huemer and karsholt 2010 ) . having been revised in monographic papers ( klimesch 1953–1954 , huemer 1988 ) , its taxonomy seemed well established . however , in the last decade new species were found in , e . g . sicily , southern france and greece ( bella 2008 , grange and nel 2012 , huemer and nel 2005 , huemer and karsholt 2010 ) raising the number of described species to 51 . most of the species are considered indisputable based on their morphology and distinct biology – as far as known , these species are closely linked to caryophyllaceae as their exclusive larval host - plant family . we investigate , for the first time in caryocolum , the congruence of traditional morphological species delineation and molecular data from the coi barcode region for a vast majority of the european fauna , covering altogether 44 species , including four subspecies . surprisingly , the potential for cryptic diversity proved extraordinarily high for a supposedly well - known genus and we newly describe one of the hitherto overlooked species .
extensive generic descriptions and diagnoses of european species of caryocolum have been published in several reviews , particularly huemer and karsholt ( 2010 ) and huemer ( 1988 ) , and are thus not repeated here .
specimens . our study is based on about 50 specimens of the caryocolum amaurella ( hering , 1924 ) species - group and an uncounted number of european caryocolum , exceeding 1000 specimens , but only partially used for genetic analysis ( see below ) . most of the material was traditionally set and dried or alternatively spread ; a few specimens are only pinned . genitalia preparations followed standard techniques ( robinson 1976 ) adapted for male genitalia of gelechiidae and ( some ) female genitalia of caryocolum by the so - called “unrolling technique” ( pitkin 1986 , huemer 1987 ) .
dna barcodes . full - length lepidopteran dna barcode sequences are a 648 base - pair long segment of the 5’ terminus of the mitochondrial coi gene ( cytochrome c oxidase 1 ) . dna samples ( dried leg ) were prepared according to the accepted standards . legs from 250 specimens of caryocolum were processed at the canadian centre for dna barcoding ( ccdb , biodiversity institute of ontario , university of guelph ) to obtain dna barcodes using the standard high - throughput protocol described in dewaard et al . ( 2008 ) . sequences longer than 500 bp were included in the analysis . successfully sequenced voucher specimens are listed in suppl . material 1 . sequences were submitted to genbank ; further details including complete voucher data and images can be accessed in the public dataset “ lepidoptera of europe caryocolum ” urltoken in the barcode of life data systems ( bold ; ratnasingham and hebert 2007 ) . degrees of intra - and interspecific variation in the dna barcode fragment were calculated under kimura 2 parameter ( k2p ) model of nucleotide substitution using analytical tools in bold systems v3 . 0 . ( urltoken ) . a neighbour - joining tree of dna barcode data of european taxa was constructed using mega 5 ( tamura et al . 2011 ) under the k2p model for nucleotide substitutions .
photographic documentation . photographs of the adults were taken with an olympus szx 10 binocular microscope and an olympus e 3 digital camera and processed using the software helicon focus 4 . 3 and adobe photoshop cs4 and lightroom 2 . 3 . genitalia photographs were taken with an olympus e1 digital camera from olympus bh2 microscope .
) . nine shorter sequences were not included in the analysis and sequencing of 24 specimens failed . the maximum intraspecific k2p distance varies from 0 % in several species to 6 . 27 % in
. ten species have a high maximum intraspecific divergence greater than 2 % . in six species ( newly described species excluded ) with a medium divergence greater than 3 % potential cryptic diversity should be investigated . furthermore , the intraspecific divergence of more than 3 % in
, a species separated into 3 allopatric subspecies , is beyond variation typically found within species , supporting their status as valid species . the only other subspecies we have examined are nominotypical
neighbour - joining tree ( kimura 2 parameter , built with mega 5 ; cf . tamura et al . 2011 ) , with only sequences longer than 500 bp considered . the width of the triangles represents the sample size , and the depth the genetic variation within the cluster . currently recognized conspecific taxa with maximum divergence greater than 3 % are shown as separate clades . source : dna barcode data from bold ( barcode of life database , cf . ratnasingham and hebert 2007 ) .
intraspecific mean k2p ( kimura 2 parameter ) divergences , maximum pairwise distances and distance to nearest neighbor .
sequences of the coi barcode region of all analysed morphospecies reveal significant interspecific genetic distances with barcode gaps ranging from a minimum of 3 . 11 % to the nearest neighbour ( caryocolum pullatella – caryocolum marmorea ) to a maximum of 6 . 61 % ( caryocolum saginella – caryocolum cauligenella ) .
the caryocolum amaurella species - group as defined by huemer ( 1988 ) differs from other congeners mainly by the characteristic shape of the sacculus , which is unique in the genus . until now it only included caryocolum amaurella and caryocolum iranicum ( huemer 1988 , 1989b ) . based on the dna barcode divergence and diagnostic morphological characters combined with biological data we describe the new species caryocolum crypticum . due to the mix - up of caryocolum crypticum with caryocolum amaurella in recent identification guides the latter species is also re - described here in detail .
adults . 2 caryocolum crypticum sp . n . , holotype 3 caryocolum crypticum sp . n . , paratype , female , greece 4 caryocolum amaurella , male , finland 5 caryocolum amaurella , male , austria .
male genitalia . 6 caryocolum crypticum sp . n . , paratype , italy , slide gu 86 / 041 p . huemer 7 caryocolum crypticum sp . n . , paratype , italy , slide gel 1215 p . huemer .
details of male genitalia ( vinculum - valva - complex ) . 10 caryocolum crypticum sp . n . , paratype , italy , slide gu 86 / 041 p . huemer 11 caryocolum crypticum sp . n . , paratype , italy , slide gel 1215 p . huemer 12 caryocolum amaurella , finland , slide gu 14 / 1373 p . huemer 13 caryocolum amaurella , finland , slide gu 14 / 1374 p . huemer .
female genitalia . 14 caryocolum crypticum sp . n . , holotype , slide gel 1234 p . huemer 15 caryocolum crypticum sp . n . , paratype , italy , slide gel 1232 p . huemer .
10 . 5 . ) , leg . huemer , slide gel 1234 ♀ ( tlmf ) .
paratypes . italy : 1 ♂ , south tyrol , vinschgau , schleiser leiten , 1350 m , 6 . 7 . 2013 , leg . huemer , slide gel 1215 , dna barcode id tlmf lep 12313 ( tlmf ) ; 1 ♂ [ without abdomen ] , same data ( tlmf ) ; 1 ♀ , same data , but 18 . 8 . 2013 , slide gel 1232 , dna barcode id tlmf lep 11883 ( tlmf ) ; 1 ♀ , same data , but dna barcode id tlmf lep 11882 ( tlmf ) ; 1 male [ without abdomen ] , 8 ♀ , same data , but 7 . 9 . 2013 ( tlmf ) ; 1 ♂ , south tyrol , taufers , 1300 m , 22 . 8 . 1978 , leg . burmann , slide gu 86 / 041 p . huemer ( tlmf ) . switzerland : 2 ♀ , wallis , martigny - rosel , 460 m , 28 . 6 . –14 . 7 . 1983 e . l . ( silene otites ) , leg . whitebread ( naturhistorisches museum basel , switzerland ) . greece : 1 ♀ , larisa , ossa oros , 1 . 5 km n spilia , 940 m , 13 . 6 . 1988 e . l . ( silene nutans ) , leg . huemer ( tlmf ) .
sp . n . is externally similar to several other species of the genus and can be best recognized by the largely unmarked forewings with cream costal and tornal spots . from its closest relatives
it differs by the rusty brown distal half of the thorax and the concolorous tegulae , the dark brown forewings with rusty brown scales , and the cream colours of the costal and tornal spots . the male genitalia of
female genitalia . 16 caryocolum amaurella , finland , slide gu 14 / 1372 p . huemer 17 caryocolum amaurella , finland , slide gu 14 / 1371 p . huemer .
) . wingspan 10 . 5 - 14 mm . segment 2 of labial palpus with a few cream - coloured scales on inner and upper surface , blackish brown on outer and lower surface ; segment 3 almost black with light tip . antenna black , indistinctly lighter ringed . head with light yellow frons and black neck ; thorax blackish brown with rusty brown posterior part ; tegulae rusty brown except for blackish brown base . forewing blackish brown , mottled with some rusty brown , particularly in proximal half ; supplementary black spots in fold and in cell obscure ; costal and tornal spot small , cream , separated . hindwing light grey .
variation . no variation observed except for size , which differs considerably in two reared specimens from italy and greece .
) . uncus subovate ; tegumen stout ; transtilla membranous ; valva moderately short and slender , digitate , apex rounded ; sacculus short , with angular ventral and weakly convex dorsal margin , apically pointed ; posterior margin of vinculum with deep medial emargination and slight medial incision , two pairs of short processes developed ; saccus long , comparatively broad at base , distal part gradually tapered ; phallus long and slender , weakly curved , with some minute cornuti apically .
) . segment viii without processes , subgenital plate sub - triangular , with numerous narrow folds , separated from sclerotized lateral plates by membranous zone ; apophysis anterior about length of segment viii ; antrum short , about one quarter length of apophysis anterior , nearly cup - shaped ; posterior part of ductus bursae with pair of short sclerites , extending to middle of apophysis anterior , and with two tiny sclerites anteriorly ; signum with crescent - shaped base , long and slender , strongly bent hook .
molecular data . the intraspecific divergence of the barcode region is low with mean intraspecific divergence of 0 . 21 % and maximum intraspecific divergence of 0 . 31 % ( n = 3 ) . the distance to the nearest neighbour caryocolum mucronatella is 5 . 41 % , the divergence to the morphologically closest caryocolum amaurella is 6 . 82 % .
the name “ crypticum ” refers to the cryptic morphology of the species and is derived from the latinized adjective crypticus .
the species is known from widely separated localities in northern italy , switzerland and greece , indicating a more widespread distribution in sub - mediterranean and mediterranean europe . however , the host - plants are much more widespread , ranging to northern europe in the north and to central asia in the east . no sympatric occurrence with caryocolum amaurella is reported though the two taxa can occur close to one another in the alps .
the larva has been found in early spring , feeding in the stem of silene otites ( l . ) wibel ( caryophyllaceae ) ( burmann 1990 ) and silene nutans l . ( huemer 1989 ) but detailed descriptions of feeding habits and larval morphology are missing . the adult occurs from early july ( reared material dates from mid - june to mid - july ) to september and it is attracted to light . caryocolum crypticum prefers xerophilous steppes and rocky habitats with sparse vegetation . vertical distribution : from about 500 to 1300 m , restricted to mountainous areas .
huemer ( 1988 ) already examined females reared from silene otites in switzerland by whitebread but in the absence of males considered them as deviating caryocolum amaurella .
the majority of collected material belongs to females whereas caryocolum amaurella is mainly known from the male sex . this may indicate differences in attraction to artificial lights or a female - biased sex ratio in caryocolum crypticum .
male genitalia . 8 caryocolum amaurella ( hering ) , finland , slide gu 14 / 1373 p . huemer ; 9 caryocolum amaurella , finland , slide gu 14 / 1374 p . huemer .
lectotype ♂ [ with nine labels ] : ‘fennia ab bromarf’ ‘r . f : tius’ ‘21 . 7 . 21’ [ piece of celluloid where genitalia was mounted ] ‘type ♂’ [ red ] ‘lita amaurella m . det . mart . hering ♂’ ‘mus . zool . h : fors spec . typ . no 7016 lita amaurella hering’ ‘lita amaurella m . ♂ sch . - armatur bromarf 21 . 7 . 21 fabritius’ ‘lectotype o . karsholt design . ’ .
) . wingspan 10–14 mm . segment 2 of labial palpus bone - white on inner and upper surface , blackish grey on outer and lower surface ; segment 3 almost black with light tip . antenna black , indistinctly lighter ringed . head with light yellow frons and black neck ; thorax and tegula black mottled with brown . forewing blackish grey mottled with some light brown ; base black ; two indistinct black spots in fold ; one oblique spot above it and one in cell ; some white scales before and after these spots ; costal and tornal spot small , white , rarely fused . hindwing light grey .
variation . the colour of the forewings varies from greyish to blackish . worn specimens look lighter than fresh ones . sometimes there are no white scales in the middle of the wing .
) . uncus subovate ; tegumen stout ; transtilla membranous ; valva short , moderately stout , apex rounded ; sacculus short , with angular ventral and convex dorsal margin , apically pointed ; posterior margin of vinculum with deep medial emargination and slight medial incision , two pairs of short processes developed ; saccus long , comparatively broad at base , distal part gradually tapered ; phallus long and slender , weakly curved , with some minute cornuti apically .
) . segment viii without processes , subgenital plate sub - triangular , with numerous narrow folds , separated from sclerotized lateral plates by membranous zone ; apophysis anterior slightly longer than segment viii ; antrum moderately short , about one - third to one - quarter length of apophysis anterior , broadly funnel - shaped ; posterior part of ductus bursae with pair of lateral sclerites , extending to anterior third of apophysis anterior , and with two tiny sclerites anteriorly ; signum with crescent - shaped base , short and stout , strongly bent hook .
molecular data . the intraspecific divergence of the barcode region is high with mean intraspecific divergence of 3 . 01 % and maximum intraspecific divergence of 4 . 62 % ( n = 9 ) . the distance to the nearest neighbour caryocolum mucronatella is 5 . 21 % , the divergence to the morphologically closest caryocolum crypticum is 6 . 82 % . the extraordinary high intraspecific divergence with 4 haplotypes is partially related to geographical pattern . however , we also found two haplotypes within one population in finland and morphology does not support cryptic diversity .
with certainty known from scattered records from northern and central europe and turkey . all the specimens from north of the alps that we have been able to cross - check are correctly attributed to caryocolum amaurella . however , recent records from ukraine ( bidzilya and budashkin 2009 ) and russia ( southern ural mountains ) ( junnilainen et al . 2010 ) have to be re - examined due to a possible mix - up with caryocolum crypticum . records from switzerland are dubious , and at least in one instance refer to the new species , whereas those from france ( nel 2003 ) are confirmed ( see huemer and karsholt 2010 , fig . 154c ) .
bionomics . the larva has been recorded feeding on silene viscaria ( l . ) jess ( = lychnis viscaria l . ( caryophyllaceae ) ( huemer and karsholt 2010 ) , while the other stated host - plants , namely silene otites ( l . ) wibel ( burmann 1990 ) and silene nutans l . ( huemer 1989a ) , refer to caryocolum crypticum . schütze ( 1926 , 1931 ) gives a detailed account of the life - history . the larva feeds in april and may in the young terminal leaves which are – without spinning – attached to a tube where the larva is hidden . dark frass is frequently extruded at the tip of the larval dwelling . later it bores into the stem and the shoots often become swollen and stunted . pupation takes place on the ground in a cocoon among debris . the adult occurs from late june to early september and it is attracted to light . caryocolum amaurella is restricted to warm and sunny habitats such as dry meadows and pastures . vertical distribution : from lowland localities to about 2200 m in the alps .
lita amaurella was described from an unspecified number of specimens of both sexes ( ‘♂ , ♀’ ) from finland ( bromarf ) ( hering 1924 ) . in order to stabilize nomenclature , a male , labelled as type , in zmuh is here designated as lectotype ( see data above ) . lita viscariae was described from 67 specimens reared from silene viscaria from eastern germany ( near rachlau ) ( schütze 1926 ) . no type material was traced during this and earlier studies ( huemer 1988 ) , but the original descriptions and topotypical material leave no doubt about the identity .
turkish specimens of caryocolum amaurella examined by us differ from european specimens of this species by the thorax with rusty brown posterior part and the rusty brown tegulae with blackish brown base , similar to caryocolum crypticum , and they are thus hardly separable from the latter on external characters . the genitalia of both sexes of caryocolum amaurella from turkey agree in all details with those of european caryocolum amaurella and , because no contradicting genetic data is currently available , we consider them as belonging to that species .
one of the examined specimens of caryocolum amaurella from turkey was collected in the same locality ( kizildaĝ geçidi , prov . erzincan ) as a specimen caryocolum iranicum in zmuc . the latter species , which is only known from a few specimens , differs , as stated above , in characters of the male genitalia .
the genus caryocolum is a rare example of european microlepidoptera which has gained significant attention from specialists during the last decades . several monographic papers , from klimesch ( 1953–54 ) to huemer and karsholt ( 2010 ) , are a sound base for a stable taxonomy and a pre - requisite to test congruence of classical morphologically - driven species delineation with that of molecular data . dna barcoding has evolved as a widely accepted method for preliminary species delimitation ( monaghan et al . 2009 , hendrich et al . 2010 , kekkonen and hebert 2014 ) and therefore the animal dna barcode region seemed an appropriate genetic marker to be used for this purpose . indeed , barcoding resulted in an excellent support for all of the 44 studied species with a distinct barcode gap to the nearest neighbour ranging from about 3 % to nearly 7 % interspecific divergence .
intraspecific variation shows a different pattern . the majority of species has a low ( < 2 % ) maximum intraspecific divergence and thus seems taxonomically well defined . however , a remarkable number of species ( 8 species , nearly one quarter of all , 9 species with only one sample not considered ) is characterized by maximum divergence exceeding 3 % (
, proved the existence of a hitherto overlooked species with validity independently supported by morphology , biological data , and the dna barcode . the potential of dna barcoding for screening of cryptic diversity is obvious in this case , where morphological characters , particularly the normally well - separated male genitalia , are weak and thus have been neglected so far . although deep intraspecific splits may alternatively refer to mitochondrial introgression , historical polymorphism or
) , there is a considerable possibility of further cryptic diversity in the genus . in
it seems most appropriate that the three sequenced subspecies should be considered as different species since host - plants and genitalia morphology differ as well ( see i . e .
) . an integrative revision of this group is in preparation by the authors . in contrast , the expected low divergence in subspecies is reflected by a very low divergence in
with a maximum intrapecific divergence of 6 . 27 % and 5 . 69 % related to three deep phylogeographic splits in both species . similar deep splits are observed in
. for all these taxa with subtle character differences a careful re - examination of morphology has to be undertaken in the future .
we are particularly grateful to paul hebert and his team at the canadian centre for dna barcoding ( guelph , canada ) , whose sequencing work was enabled by funding from the government of canada to genome canada through the ontario genomics institute . we are also grateful to the ontario ministry of research and innovation and to nserc for their support of the bold informatics platform .
stefan heim ( tlmf ) is acknowledged for his kind assistance with photographic work . we thank robert j . heckford ( plymouth , gb ) , petri hirvonen ( porvoo , finland ) , thierry varenne ( nice , france ) , christian wieser ( klagenfurt , austria ) and josef wimmer ( steyr , austria ) for providing material for our examination , and lauri kaila ( zmuh ) for access to the type of lita amaurella .
we are particularly indebted to the promotion of educational policies , university and research department of the autonomous province of bolzano - south tyrol for helping to fund the project “genetic biodiversity archive - dna barcoding of lepidoptera of the central alpine region ( south , east and north tyrol ) ” . furthermore fundings from inatura erlebnis naturschau ( dornbirn , austria ) are acknowledged .
last , but not least , we thank martin corley ( faringdon , uk ) for linguistic improvement of the manuscript .
huemer p , karsholt o , mutanen m ( 2014 ) dna barcoding as a screening tool for cryptic diversity : an example from caryocolum , with description of a new species ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) . zookeys 404 : 91–111 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 404 . 7234
explanation note : process ids are sequence identifiers in bold ; sample ids are specimen identifiers ; bins are barcode identification numbers in bold . details of collecting data , images , sequences , and trace files for the barcoded specimens are available in the public bold dataset “ds - lecary” , accessed at urltoken .
this dataset is made available under the open database license ( urltoken ) . the open database license ( odbl ) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share , modify , and use this dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others , provided that the original source and author ( s ) are credited .
caryocolum siculum sp . n . ( gelechiidae ) , feeding on gypsophila ( caryophyllaceae ) in sicily .
beiträge zur microlepidopteren - fauna tirols . xiv . caryocolum gregor & povolný , 1954 ( insecta : lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) .
dewaard jr , ivanova nv , hajibabaei m , hebert pdn . ( 2008 )
dinca v , lukhtanov va , talavera g , vila r . ( 2011 )
species - level paraphyly and polyphyly : frequency , causes and consequences , with insights from animal mitochondrial dna .
caryocolum dauphini n . sp . , un endémique du sud - ouest alpin découvert dans le parc national du mercantour ( gelechiidae , gnorimoschemini ) .
systematische und zoogeographische studie über die gruppe der arten gnorimoschema busck mit rücksicht auf die richtige diagnostik des schädlings gnorimoschema ocellatellum boyd .
hausmann a , hebert pdn , mitchell a , rougerie r , sommerer m , edwards t , young cj . ( 2009 )
revision of the australian oenochroma vinaria guenée , 1858 species - complex ( lepidoptera : geometridae , oenochrominae ) : dna barcoding reveals cryptic diversity and assesses status of type specimen without dissection .
hendrich l , pons j , ribera i , balke m . ( 2010 )
mitochondrial cox1 sequence data reliably uncover patterns of insect diversity but suffer from high lineage - idiosyncratic error rates .
bemerkenswerte funde von caryocolum - arten aus den südalpen und dem mediterraneum ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) .
neue und wenig bekannte arten der gattung caryocolum gregor & povolný , 1954 , aus südwestasien .
caryocolum mazeli sp . n . , a new species from southern france ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) .
review of the eulamprotes wilkella species - group based on morphology and dna barcodes , with descriptions of new taxa ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae ) .
cryptic diversity and phylogeography of high alpine sattleria — a case study combining dna barcodes and morphology ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .
dichrorampha dinarica , new species , a century of confusion in european lepidopterology ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) resolved by combining morphology and dna barcoding .
problems with mitochondrial dna as a marker in population , phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies : the effects of inherited symbionts .
junnilainen j , karsholt o , nupponen k , kaitila jp , nupponen t , olschwang v . ( 2010 )
the gelechiid fauna of the southern ural mountains , part ii : list of recorded species with taxonomical notes ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .
dna barcoding and morphology support the division of elachista nuraghella sensu auct . ( lepidoptera : elachistidae : elachistinae ) into two vicariant species .
dna barcode - based delineation of putative species : efficient start for taxonomic workflows .
die an caryophyllaceen lebenden europäischen gnorimoschema busck ( = phthorimaea meyr . ) - arten .
monaghan mt , wild r , elliot m , fujisawa t , balke m , inward djg , lees dc , ranaivosolo r , eggleton p , barraclough tg , vogler ap . ( 2009 )
mutanen m , aarvik l , landry j - f , segerer a , karsholt o . ( 2012a )
epinotia cinereana ( haworth , 1811 ) bona sp . , a holarctic tortricid distinct from e . nisella ( clerck , 1759 ) ( lepidoptera : tortricidae : eucosmini ) as evidenced by dna barcodes , morphology and life history .
mutanen m , aarvik l , huemer p , kaila l , karsholt o , tuck k . ( 2012b )
dna barcodes reveal that the widespread european tortricid moth phalonidia manniana ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) is a mixture of two species .
mutanen m , hausmann a , hebert pdn , landry j - f , dewaard j , huemer p . ( 2012c )
allopatry as a gordian knot for taxonomists : patterns of barcode divergences in arctic - alpine lepidoptera .
wide - ranging barcoding aids discovery of one - third increase of species richness in presumably well - investigated moths .
segerer ah , haslberger a , grünewald t . ( 2011 . [ “2010” ] )
olethreutes subtilana ( falkovich , 1959 ) : unexpected occurrence of an ‘eastern’ leaf roller in central europe , uncovered by dna barcoding ( tortricidae : olethreutinae ) .
tamura k , peterson d , peterson n , stecher g , nei m , kumar s . ( 2011 )
mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood , evolutionary distance , and maximum parsimony methods .
wilson jj , landry j - f , janzen dh , hallwachs w , nazari v , hajibabaei m , hebert pdn . ( 2010 )
identity of the ailanthus webworm moth ( lepidoptera , yponomeutidae ) , a complex of two species : evidence from dna barcoding , morphology and ecology .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
abstoma n . gen . charact . ( cunningham ) 187 , 206 ; in key , 189 .
— sanguisorbae var . pilosa , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 81 .
— — var . pusilla , at mt . peel ( allan ) 74 , 76 , 77 , 79 .
aciphylla colensoi , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 74 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 84 , 87 .
— monroi , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 80 , 81 , 85 .
— scott - thomsonii sp . nov . ( ckn . and allan ) , 48 .
— squarrosa , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 74 , 84 .
agonostomus forsteri , in n . z . seas ( young and thomson ) , 315 .
— scabrum , at peel for . ( allan ) , 74 , 77 .
— muscosa , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 79 , 80 .
— subulata , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 80 , 81 , 84 .
— vulgaris , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 74 , 79 , 83 , 86 , 87 .
allocotocera ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 803 ; in key to genera , 756 .
— cephasi n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 803 .
— crassipalpis n . sp . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 804 ; in key , 803 .
— dilatata n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 804 ; in key , 803 .
allodia ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 834 ; in key to genera , 757 .
— flava ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 835 ; in key , 834 .
allodia quadriseta n . sp . , with figs . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 835 ; in key , 834 .
— rufithorax n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 834 .
analyses : coal from lower waihao ( allan ) , 283 ; rocks from western samoa ( bartrum ) , 262 ; waihao limestone ( speight and wild ) , 299 .
aneura ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 806 ; in key to genera , 756 .
— appendiculata n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 808 ; in key , 806 .
— bispinosa n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 808 ; in key , 806 .
— boletinoides , with figs . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 810 ; in key , 806 .
— defecta n . sp . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 809 ; in key , 806 .
— fagi , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 808 ; in key , 806 .
— filiformis n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 806 .
— fusca , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 807 ; in key , 806 .
— longicauda n . sp . , with figs . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 809 ; in key , 806 .
— longipalpis n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 809 ; in key , 806 .
— nitida n . sp . ( tonnoir and edwards ) 807 ; in key , 806 .
aneura pallida n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 810 ; in key , 806 .
— montana , at peel for . ( allan ) , 74 , 75 , 79 , 85 .
anisotome aromatica , at mt . peel ( allan ) 74 , 75 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 81 , 84 , 85 .
— enysii var . tennysonianum the same as angelica trifoliata ( ckn . and allan ) , 49 .
— filifolia , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 77 , 80 , 82 .
anomalomyia ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 820 ; in key to genera , 757 .
— affinis , n . sp . , with figs . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 822 ; in key , 820 .
— basalis , n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 821 ; in key , 820 .
— flavicauda n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 822 ; in key , 820 .
— minor , with figs ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 823 ; in key , 820 .
— obscura n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 821 ; in key , 820 .
— subobscura n . sp . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 821 ; in key , 820 .
— thomsoni n . sp . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 822 ; in key , 820 .
— viatoris n . sp . , with figs . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 822 ; in key , 820 .
anthornis melanura ( bell - bird ) fertilization of n . z . flowers ( thomson ) , 106 , 119 .
anthoxanthum odoratum , at mt peel ( allan ) , 74 , 77 , 78 , 86 , 87 .
aphelomera ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 813 ; in key to genera , 757 .
— elongata n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 815 ; in key , 814 .
— forcipata n . sp . , with figs . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 815 ; in key , 814 .
— longicauda n . sp . , with figs . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 815 ; in key , 814 .
— marshalli n . sp . , with figs . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 816 ; in key , 814 .
— opaca n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 814 .
— skusei , with figs . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 816 ; in key , 814 .
arachnocampa , charact . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 772 ; in key of genera , 755 ; key to species , 772 .
— reticulata , not a n . z . shell ( finlay ) , 472 .
aristotelia fruticosa , add . habitat ( ckn . and allan ) , 69 .
arthropteris tenella , add . habitat ( ckn . and allan ) , 69 .
arthur , w . , occ . of picton herring ( young and thomson ) , 317 .
ashby , e . , on names acanthochitonidae and cryptoconchidae ( finlay ) , 333 .
— richardi , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 78 , 85 .
— petriei , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 78 , 88 .
aston , b . c . , hector award for 1925 , 982 , 1004 .
astralium pyramidale , a juv . astrea sulcata davisii ( finlay ) , 365 .
austrofusus glans agrestior n . sub - sp . , with figs . ( finlay ) , 486 .
awanuia n . gen . ( powell ) , 538 ; in key , 535 .
— dilatata , type of awanuia ( powell ) , 538 ; description , with fig . 539 ; in key , 535 .
— turbator , n . gen . and sp . , with figs . ( finlay ) , 426 ; in classifn . , 424 .
azelina gallaria , caught on metrosideros scandens ( thomson ) , 108 , 119 .
— gallaria , ophiopa , caught on metrosideros scandens ( thomson ) , 108 , 119 .
bailey , l . h . , use of term cultigen ( ckn . and allan ) , 12 .
baker , h . b . , neritidae , radula of ( finlay ) , 373 .
— kegelensis , rel . of ogygites colling - woodensis ( reed ) , 311 .
— lawrowi , rel . of ogygites colling - woodensis ( reed ) , 311 .
bassina speighti , distrib . ( marwick ) 575 ; with figs . , 619 .
— yatei , distrib . ( marwick ) , 575 ; with figs , 618 .
benham , w . b . , trinomial system ( finlay ) , 330 .
benson , w . n . , fauna of tethys sea ( finlay ) , 323 ; tertiary isolation of n . z . , 325 .
— w . n . , elected fellow n . z . inst . , 1001 ; research grant , 1925 , 1031 .
bird protection : capture of saddlebacks on hen islds . , 987 ; whitney expedition , 989 .
birds , fertilization of n . z . flowers ( thomson ) , 106 .
— granarium , not a n . z . shell ( finlay ) , 380 .
— lawleyanum , not a n . z . shell ( finlay ) , 380 .
blechnum capense , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 77 , 79 , 83 , 88 .
— — phormium colensoi community , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 79 .
blechnum penna marina , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 84 .
board of science and art act , 1031 . boiler corrosion ( denham ) , 900 .
bolitophila luminosa , life - history by hudson ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 748 .
bovista , charact . ( cunningham ) , 187 , 202 ; in key , 189 .
bovistella , charact . ( cunningham ) , 187 ; in key , 189 ; descript . , 200 .
brachycome sinclairii , at peel for . ( allan ) , 75 , 78 .
brisling ( sprat ) in n . z . seas ( young and thomson ) , 318 .
— fossilis , wrongly incl . in aequispirella ( finlay ) , 365 –6 .
— prognata , new name for a doubtful shell ( finlay ) , 366 .
buck , p . h . , “the coming of the maori , ” 1006 .
— pellucidum , placed in venustas ( finlay ) , 360 ; comments on , 361 .
— selectum , placed in venustas ( finlay ) , 360 ; comments on , 362 ; syn . , 485 .
— spectabile , type of mucrinops , with fig . ( finlay ) , 362 .
— trepidum , a juv . — pellucidum ( finlay ) , 365 ; not a n . z . form , 361 .
— thomsoni , type of tikia ( marwick ) , 595 ; syn . , 595 .
callistina thomsoni , distrib . ( marwick ) , 574 ; with figs . , 595 .
— wilckensi , distrib . ( marwick ) , 574 ; with fig . , 596 .
calvatia , charact . ( cunningham ) , 187 ; in key , 189 ; descrip . , 190 .
cardamine depressa , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 84 , 85 .
— heterophylla , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 79 , 82 .
cardita aoteana , n . sp . , with figs . ( finlay ) , 459 .
carex breviculmis , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 74 , 77 , 80 .
— comans var . pulchella , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 88 .
— kirkii , distrib . ( wall ) , 98 , 100 ; origin of , 101 , 104 .
— oederi var . catarractae , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 83 .
— pterocarpa , distrib . ( wall ) , 98 , 100 ; origin of , 101 , 104 .
— ternaria , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 75 , 77 , 83 .
— wakatipu , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 79 , 80 , 81 .
— — var . montana , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 79 .
cawthronia n . gen . , charact . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 825 ; in key to genera , 757 .
— nigra n . sp . , with fig . ( tonnoir and edwards ) , 826 .
celmisia campbellensis , distrib . ( wall ) , 97 , 100 ; origin of 101 .
— coriacea , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 77 , 78 .
— — × lyallii , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 88 .
— discolor , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 78 , 80 , 81 , 85 .
— gibbsii distrib . ( wall ) , 96 , 100 ; origin of , 103 .
— haastii , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 81 , 82 .
— incana , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 81 , 84 , 88 .
— lyallii , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 77 , 78 , 80 , 81 .
— mcmahoni , distrib . ( wall ) , 97 , 100 ; origin of , 101 , 104 .
— parva , distrib . ( wall ) , 97 ; origin of , 101 .
— rupestris , distrib . ( wall ) , 96 , 100 ; origin of , 103 .
— spectabilis , at mt . peel ( allan ) , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 81 .


carabus latreilleanus is a species of beetle in the ground beetle family that is endemic to france .

this beetle is more common during the dry winter .

carabus latreilleanus

no one has contributed data records for carabus latreilleanus yet . learn how to contribute .
structure secondaire de l’arn 18s et phylogénie basale du genre carabus l . , 1758 ( coleoptera : carabidae )
winding up the molecular clock in the genus carabus ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : assessment of methodolo . . .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
maintaining and updating the site requires a lot of time and effort . therefore , we are forced to introduce a partially paid access . we expect that the costs will not be too burdensome for you , and your money will help us in the development of interactive keys , and more dynamic updates of the site .
your subscription will be activated when payment clears . view the status of your subscription in your account .
this project help increase the availability of scientific knowledge worldwide . contributions at any level help sustain our work . thank you for your support .
© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
your file was uploaded and will be processed shortly . you will get an e - mail after importing the file in our database . u can close this window now .
for full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .
. . . arrived there since last glaciation ) . indeed , several studies have reported the pre - pleistocene origin of mediterranean endemics ( andújar et al . 2012 ; condamine et al . 2013 ; hidalgo - galiana and ribera 2011 ; ribera et al . 2010 ) . in second place , glacial refugia have also acted as speciation centres ( gomez - zurita et al . 2012 ; ribera and vogler 2004 ) , increasing the singularity of southern faunas . . . .
. . . sampling also included populations of c . problematicus from spain , france , italy , belgium , great britain , czech republic and germany . two specimens of c . riffensis from north morocco , the sister group of european taxa ( and ujar et al . 2012a ) , were used as out - group in all analyses . . . .
catalog all the coleoptera of huelva , south - west of the iberian peninsula .
tiger beetles are a family of more than 2500 species of predatory adephagan coleoptera . they are characterized by their long , large sickle - shaped mandibles with a highly developed pre - oral mill ; th…
[ more ]
rates of molecular evolution are known to vary across taxa and among genes , and this requires rate calibration for each specific dataset based on external information . calibration is sensitive to evolutionary model parameters , partitioning schemes and clock model . however , the way in which these and other analytical aspects affect both the rates and the resulting clade ages from calibrated . . . [ show full abstract ]
1 . molecular clock calibration is a crucial step for placing phylogenetic reconstructions in the temporal framework required to test evolutionary hypotheses and estimate evolutionary rates . in general , most authors agree that the best approach is to incorporate multiple calibrations to avoid the risk of bias associated with a single dating source . however , the indiscriminate inclusion of as . . . [ show full abstract ]
integration of conflict into integrative taxonomy : fitting hybridization in species delimitation of . . .
testing introgressive hybridization hypotheses using statistical network analysis of nuclear and cyt . . .


sthenopis regius is a species of moth of the family hepialidae .

it was described by staudinger in 1896 , and is known from china .

sthenopis regius

no one has contributed data records for sthenopis thule yet . learn how to contribute .
no one has contributed data records for sthenopis argenteomaculatus yet . learn how to contribute .
north america north of mexico and central - eastern asia ( sthenopis of authors , not packard ) .
males have metatibial androconia . larval stage is described for sthenopis auratus by mccabe & wagner ( 1989 ) and leonard et al . ( 1992 ) . sthenopis of central asia as listed by nielsen et al ( 2000 ) are not defined with respect to species in north america . sthenopis auratus ( grote , 1878 ) and phassus eldorado pfitzner , 1906 are junior and subjective synonymies of sthenopis pretiosus ( herrich - schäffer , [ 1856 ] ) ( mielke & grehan , 2016 )
sthenopis is a genus of moths of the family hepialidae . there are eight described species found in north america and china .
description of a new species of phassus walker , 1856 from costa rica , pallas , gen . n . , with a new species from guatemala , and taxonomic notes on sthenopis packard , [ 1856 ] ( lepidoptera , hepialdiae ) . the european entomologist 7 , 113 - 134 .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
evidence for monophyly not yet established . north american species are all distinct from other north american genera , but no uniquely shared features have yet been designated .
early larval development is not recorded , but it is probable that the first and prehaps some later instars feed within the leaf litter zone before transition to root tunneling and feeding . first instart larvae of
have been observed to consume detritus and moss leaves under laboratory conditions ( jrg personal observtion ) .
) . the mature larva constructs an exit hole in the stem from where the adult emerges .
larvae of s . pretiosus feed on the leaf base / rhizome of various ferns in the polypodiaceae ( mccabe & wagner , 1989 ) .
, north dakota . collected by carl barrentine . image courtesy gerald fauske . click image for details .
jericho research forest , vermont . note young broadleaf forest with understory of ostrich fern ( host of s . pretiosus )
leonard , j . g . , j . r . grehan , and b . l . parker . 1992 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .


filopaludina sumatrensis is a species of large freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family viviparidae .

filopaludina sumatrensis

brandt ( 1974 ) described various subspecies of filopaludina sumatrensis ( dunker , 1852 ) ; f . sumatrensis speciosa , f . sumatrensis polygramma , and f . sumatrensis peninsularis .
viviparidae » filopaludina sumatrensis polygramma , id : 763521 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
he also mentions intermediate morphs between f . sumatrensis polygramma and f . sumatrensis speciosa and between the type form and continental taxa .
( of filopaludina ( filopaludina ) sumatrensis ( dunker , 1852 ) ) brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . [ details ]
( of filopaludina ( filopaludina ) sumatrensis polygramma ( martens , 1860 ) ) brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . [ details ]
[ f . filosa has often been confused with f . sumatrensis ( dunker , 1852 ) ]
( of filopaludina ( filopaludina ) sumatrensis peninsularis brandt , 1974 ) brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . page ( s ) : 23 , pl . 1 fig . 17 [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
. according to brandt this species was first described from sumatra and later also from java , malaysia , indochina and thailand under synonyms . though the continental taxa seem to be closely related to the indonesian type form , brandt ( 1974 ) found it more convenient to treat the continental taxa under different names . here we assess the nominate species until further taxonomic study resolves uncertainty . he also mentions intermediate morphs between
molecular as well as morphological studies will help to clarify the phylogenetic status of concerning taxa .
köhler , f . , sri - aroon , p . & simonis , j .
justification : the species has a wide range and is considered least concern . the identity and distributions of specimens from throughout the species ' range requires further study .
is known from much of eastern and southern thailand ( provinces of khon kaen , kalasin , mahasarakam , roi ett , nakon panom , ubon , buriram , surin , sri saket , chantaburi , prachinburi , nakhon si thammarat , phattalung , songkhla , yala , pattani , and narathiwat ) , lao pdr , cambodia and northern viet nam .
most records from malaysia refer to other species ( brandt 1974 ) , however the species is present in peninsular malaysia and indonesia ( sumatra ; type locality ) . further work is required to confirm the identity of specimens from throughout its range .
although likely to be threatened in parts of its range , the threats are not thought to be widespread .
surveys are required to confirm the distribution and taxonomic status of specimens from through its range .
köhler , f . , sri - aroon , p . & simonis , j . 2012 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
( of paludina lineolata reeve , 1863 ) brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . [ details ]
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
enter your email address and we will send you an email with your username and password .
e - mail jecilia sisican if you do not receive your email with your username and password .
thailand . eastern thailand . srakeo province . wattananakorn district . baan tam luang . 11 march 2011 .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . < i > archiv für molluskenkunde < / i > . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . [ details ]
thailand ( nan , prae , chiang rai , phayao , lampun , lampang , nakon sawan , nakhon ratchasima , tak , chiang mai , sukhothai , phitchit , phitsanulok , and mae hong song provinces ) and in regions bordering thailand in myanmar , cambodia ( tonle sap river at phnom penh , prek te ( on the mekong near kratie ) , and at stoeng sen , northern lao pdr and northern viet nam . in thailand , this species was found north of a line from nakhon sawan province to the border of myanmar and west of the mountain range between maenam pasak ( pasak river ) and maenam nan ( nan river ) , also nepal and northeastern india .
the species are poorly defined with respect to other described taxa in this family , and they are in need of revision .
eastern china ( guangxi , hebei , henan , shandong , anhui , jiangsu , zhejiang , jiangxi , hubei , hunan , fujian , hong kong , guangdong and yunnan provinces ) , taiwan , the korean peninsular , and japan ( kyushu ) . probably northern viet nam .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
javascript is turned off in your web browser . please turn it on to take full advantage of arctos , or try our html specimensearch option .
dunker , 1852 and , according to brandt ( 1974 ) , most reports from southeast asia refer to that species .
justification : the species is assessed as least concern because of its wide distribution . however the species limits are poorly defined with respect to other described taxa in this family .
2009 ) ) , northern lao pdr and northern viet nam . in thailand , this species was found north of a line from nakhon sawan province to the border of myanmar and west of the mountain range between maenam pasak ( pasak river ) and maenam nan ( nan river ) ( brandt 1974 ) . brandt ( 1974 ) also reports the species from nepal and northeastern india .
the species is used as food by locals living in the area of the ping river , thailand .
no species - specific conservation actions are known , but none are considered necessary .
brandt r . a . m . ( 1974 ) . the non - marine aquatic mollusca of thailand . archiv für molluskenkunde . 105 : i - iv , 1 - 423 . page ( s ) : 23 , pl . 1 fig . 17 [ details ]
using cookies on urltoken shellauction uses cookies only for technical reasons and to facilitate and speed up your site navigation . by continuing to browse , you accept the use of cookies ; if you do not wish to receive them please disable them or not navigate this website further . more info cookies on urltoken
utilizzo dei cookies su urltoken shellauction utilizza i cookies esclusivamente per ragioni tecniche e per facilitare e velocizzare la navigazione del sito . continuando a navigare accetti l ' utilizzo dei cookies , se non desideri riceverli ti invitiamo a disabilitarli oppure a non navigare questo sito ulteriormente . altre informazioni sui cookies di urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
bert van bocxlaer ; ellen e . strong : anatomy , functional morphology , evolutionary ecology and systematics of the invasive gastropod cipangopaludina japonica ( viviparidae : bellamyinae )
in the discussion we relate our anatomical and morphological observations on c . japonica to others made for this taxon , for other viviparids and for other basal architaenioglossa ( ampullarioidea gray , 1824 and cyclophoroidea gray , 1847 ) , to improve insights into the evolutionary ecology of the species and to establish a comparative framework for the study of viviparid natural history .
the mantle cavity of viviparids is comparatively longer than that of other basal architaenioglossans , where it usually occupies only ~ 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 whorl ( simone , 2004 ) . several functional reasons exist for an elongated mantle cavity : the ctenidium is the sole respiratory organ in viviparids and it also serves for suspension - feeding ; moreover , the ovoviviparous mode of reproduction , with juveniles developing in a brood pouch may have caused selective pressures on the volume of the brood pouch and , hence , the dimensions of the mantle cavity .
alimentary system . overall the alimentary tract of c . japonica is relatively similar to that of other viviparids . to our knowledge in the first comparative study of bellamyine taxa , rao ( 1925 ) claimed that no appreciable variation exists between bellamyines in alimentary organs , the kidney and the central nervous system , and this has been re - iterated by a number of other authors for specific parts of these organ systems . however , in what follows we will illustrate that this view cannot be maintained after in - depth study of these organs in c . japonica and comparison of our findings to published information for other viviparids .
overall kidney shape has recently been considered to be systematically informative in viviparids ( lu et al . , 2014 ) , but a detailed comparative framework , e . g . as to the relative positions of the reno - pericardial duct and the nephropore remains largely lacking . the reno - pericardial duct allows the passage of primary urine from the pericardium to the kidney ; the nephropore the passage of secondary urine from the main kidney chamber to a proximal expansion of the ureter ( fretter and graham , 1994 ) . in viviparids , the nephropore lies within a tubular , closed ureter , whereas other basal architaenioglossa have an open urinary gutter ( andrews and little , 1972 ; simone , 2004 ) . in viviparids the kidney is generally smaller and the pericardium greatly enlarged compared to those of ampullariids ( hayes et al . , 2012 ) .
the voluminous pericardium forms a storage chamber for primary urine before it is passed to the kidney for further modification ; formation of primary urine is described by andrews ( 1976 ) and fretter and graham ( 1994 ) . in viviparids , the auricle and ventricle lie more along a left - right axis whereas the arrangement in ampullariids is along a more ventral - dorsal axis , although much variation exists ( berthold , 1991 : 40 ) . in all basal architenioglossans the visceral aorta bifurcates in the proximity of the heart , but ampullariids possess ( consistently , but to varying degrees ) an ampulla in the anterior aorta in proximity to the heart ( berthold , 1991 ; hayes et al . , 2012 ) , which is lacking in viviparids .
as in other viviparids ( bouvier , 1887 ; moore , 1901 ; annandale and sewell , 1921 ; chang , 1929 ; savage , 1938 ; simone , 2004 ) , the nerve ring is positioned posterior to the buccal mass in c . japonica ( fig . 6 ) , which compares well to the positon of the nerve ring in basal sorbeoconchans , but not to that of ampullariids and cyclophorids , in which the nerve ring overlies the buccal mass ( strong , 2003 ; simone , 2004 ) . the position of the pleural ganglia near the cerebral ganglia in viviparids ( epiathroid or dystenoid ) more closely resembles the conditions in basal sorbeoconchans than those in ampullariids and cyclophorids , where the pleural ganglia are near the pedal ganglia ( hypoathroid ) ( haszprunar , 1988 ; berthold , 1991 ; strong , 2003 ; simone , 2004 ) . as a result of differences in the position of the nerve ring to the buccal mass , the buccal ganglia lie posterior to the nerve ring ( berthold , 1991 ; strong , 2003 ) and often dorsally along the medial line ( berthold , 1991 ; simone , 2004 ) in ampullariids and cyclophorids , whereas they are consistently anterior to the nerve ring and in a lateral position in viviparids ( fig . 6 ) , which again is more similar to the conditions in basal sorbeoconchans . furthermore , a fusion between the pleural and the sub / supraoesophageal ganglia is common in ampullariids ( berthold , 1991 ; simone , 2004 ) , but not in viviparids , and also the pleural commissure of ampullariids is lacking in viviparids . whereas only minor differences in the anatomy of the nervous system have been observed in ampullariids ( berthold , 1991 ) , major differences are observed in viviparids , but additional modern comparative work is required to verify these observations .
neumann ( 1928 ) suggested that the comparatively larger brood pouch of viviparus may relate to its palaearctic distribution , with winters being unfavorable for reproduction . however , c . japonica and some other bellamyinae which occur at higher latitudes likewise cease reproduction during winters ( stańczykowska et al . , 1971 ) , whereas subtropical and tropical viviparids display seasonal variation in reproductive activity ( berry , 1974 ; vail , 1978 ) . more comparative work within and between taxa at different times of the year is required to fully understand viviparid reproductive strategies .
allometry . substantial allometric variation is observed in c . japonica , as is the case in most viviparids , and given the linear relationship between pc1 and shell height ( fig . 15 ) , we can conclude that shell shape parameters in c . japonica are determined early in ontogeny , i . e . in the sheltered , homogenous environment of the brood pouch , reducing the morphological variation induced by ecophenotypy . however , some allometric changes were observed in pc2 , mainly for specimens with a shell height in the range of 2 . 7 - 4 . 5 cm . these changes may relate to sexual maturation .