herina rivosecchii is a species of picture-winged fly in the genus herina of the family ulidiidae found in croatia , france , greece , italy , switzerland , and spain .

herina rivosecchii

в результате изучения мух - лентокрылок подсемейства otitinae в иране в 20082011 гг . , ceroxys robusta ( loew ) , с . munda ( loew ) , henna rivosecchii merz , melieria subapennina ( rondani ) и myennis octopunctata ( coquebert ) отмечены впервые для фауны ирана , а н . rivosecchii также впервые зарегистрирован в азии .
. . . type species : herina liturata robineau - desvoidy , 1830 , by designation of hennig ( 1939 ) . see merz ( 1996 merz ( , 2002 ) and kameneva ( 2006kameneva ( , 2007 ) for discussion of the taxonomic position of the genus , diagnosis and description of herina . herina monticola ( stackelberg ) from tadjikistan has not been included in the above - mentioned keys to species , and we therefore provide the following key to known species of herina from the central asian mountains . . . .
. . . the two new species are described here , and their possible relationships with other species of herina are briefly discussed . most known species of herina are preliminarily assigned to nine groups , of which two were defined by merz ( 2002 ) and seven are newly defined here , including herina dimorphica species group which is established here for the two new species . all the species groups and a few ungrouped species are keyed . . . .
a new species of herina ( diptera , ulidiidae ) from switzerland , with a key to european species and notes on nomenclature and distribution / / vestnik zoologii . — 2007 . —
a revision of the herina lugubris species group ( diptera , ulidiidae , otitinae ) , with the description of two new species / / revue suisse de zoologie . — 2002 . —
herina is a genus of flies in the family ulidiidae . it is possibly the largest genus in the family . it is a distinctive ulidiidae genus of small to medium - sized , dark species of about 3 . 5 - 5 . 5mm long , with patterned wings . the head is variably yellowish , reddish or darkened , whilst the body is either shining black or with black dusted . . .
. . . herina robineau - desvoidy is one of the largest genera of the old world ulidiidae with 36 species occurring in the palaearctic and oriental regions , and the papuan subregion of the australasian region . they were revised and keyed by merz ( 1996 merz ( , 2002 ) and kameneva ( 2006kameneva ( , 2007 ) . four new world species reviewed by mcalpine ( 1951 ) possibly belong to other genera ( kameneva , unpublished data ) . . . .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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. . . phillips ( 1946 ) gave extensive information on larvae and the host plants of many species , but much taxonomic and nomenclatural change since then makes this work difficult to use . recent works dealing with the taxonomy and biology of tephritidae of the west palaearctic were also consulted ( merz , 1994 ; white , 1988 ; freidberg & kugler , 1989 ) both for the purposes of identification and for obtaining information on biology where the species from malta have not been reared . . . .
ebejer , m . j . 2015 . the picture - winged flies and related families ( diptera tephritoidea : lonchaeidae , piophilidae , tephritidae and ulidiidae ) of the maltese islands . bulletin of the entomological society of malta , 7 : 73 – 91 .
. . . species groups : along with the lugubris group of species , defined and revised by merz ( 2002 ) , several additional groups of species can be recognized as is defined in the following key . however , nine species could not be placed into any of these groups . . . .
. . . the genus has been keyed or revised for north america ( mcalpine 1951 ) , western eurasia ( merz 1996 merz , 2002 kameneva 2007 ; kameneva and pljushtch 2010 ) , and eastern asia to papua new guinea ( kameneva 2006 ) . since then , nine groups of species were defined and keyed ( merz 2002 ; morgulis , freidberg and kameneva , in prep . ) , and a few previously undescribed species from different parts of the world were recognized in collections . . . .
. . . the genus has been keyed or revised for north america ( mcalpine 1951 ) , western eurasia ( merz 1996merz , 2002kameneva 2007 ; kameneva and pljushtch 2010 ) , and eastern asia to papua new guinea ( kameneva 2006 ) . since then , nine groups of species were defined and keyed ( merz 2002 ; morgulis , freidberg and kameneva , in prep . ) , and a few previously undescribed species from different parts of the world were recognized in collections . one of these species , from turkey , is described and figured below . . . .
. . . material was collected by standard sweeping net . species were identified according to hennig ( 1939 ) , kameneva ( 1996 ) , merz ( 2002 , kameneva , . . .
new species and records of microphorella becker ( diptera : empidoidea , dolichopodidae ) from the medit . . .
two new species of microphorella becker , m . ulrichi sp . n . from morocco and tunisia , and m . merzi sp . n . from cyprus , malta and turkey are described . two additional species from turkey and israel are not described because of inadequate material . m . curtipes ( becker ) is newly recorded from sardinia , and the genus is newly recorded from north africa , sardinia , malta , turkey , cyprus and israel .
additional observations of age - dependent migration behaviour in western honey buzzards pernis apivor . . .
the western honey buzzard pernis apivorus is a summer resident in europe that winters in west - central equator - ial africa ( cramp and simmons 1980 ) . individuals of different ages migrate in different periods . adults move about two to three weeks earlier than juveniles ( kjellén 1992 , agostini and logozzo 1995 ) . in a recent paper , hake et al . ( 2003 ) reported data on the autumn migration of nine . . . [ show full abstract ]
7 th international conference on the biology of butterflies biodiversity loss in the maltese islands . . .
biodiversity loss in the maltese islands hits relictual species voda , raluca ( 1 ) , dapporto , leonardo ( 2 ) , dinc˘a , vlad ( 1 , 3 ) , khaldi , mourad ( 4 ) , barech , ghania ( 4 ) , rebbas , khellaf ( 4 ) , sammut , paul ( 1 ) , vila , roger ( 1 ) ( 1 ) csic - universitat pompeu fabra , spain ( 2 ) oxford brookesuniversity , uk ( 3 ) university of guelph , canada ( 4 ) universityof m’sila , algeria raluvoda @ urltoken because of its . . . [ show full abstract ]
because of its biodiversity richness and high endemicity , the mediterranean basin is considered one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots . during the pleistocene this region encompassed several distinct glacial refugia which generated a mosaic - like structure of different subregions . this created strong genetic contrasts between them and produced biogeographic crossroads characterized by high . . . [ show full abstract ]
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persische dipteren von den expeditionen des herrn n . zarudny 1898 und 1901 / / ezheg . zool . muz . — 1913 . — 17 — p . 503 - 654 .
a contribution to the picture - winged flies ( diptera : ulidiidae ) from fars province , iran / / munis entomology and zoology . — 2012 . —
46 / 47 . otitidae ( 46 . otitidae und 47 . pterocallidae ) / / die fliegen der paläarktischen region / ed . e . lindner . — stuttgart : schweizerbart . , 1939 . —
revision of the palaearctic species of melieria r . - d . ( diptera , ulidiidae , otitinae ) . 1 . the groups of species assigned to hypochra loew / / vestnik zoologii . — 1996 . —
a new genus and species of the tribe lipsanini ( diptera . ulidiidae ) from central america / / vestnik zoologii . — 2005 . —
fauna europaea : ulidiidae / / fauna europaea : diptera cyclorrhapha . fauna europaea version 2 . 4 / eds . t . pape , p . beuk . —
myennidini , a new tribe of the subfamily otitinae ( diptera : ulidiidae ) , with discussion of the suprageneric classification of the family / / isr . j . entomol . — 2006 . —
family otitidae ( ortalidae ) / / eds á . soós , l . papp . catalogue of palaearctic diptera . vol . 9 . micropezidae—agromyzidae . — budapest : akadémiai kiadó , 1984 . — p . 45 - 59 .
cite score 2016 : 0 . 35 scimago journal rank ( sjr ) 2016 : 0 . 300 source normalized impact per paper ( snip ) 2016 : 0 . 496
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ameerega ingeri , sometimes known as the niceforo 's poison frog or brother niceforo 's poison frog , is a species of frog in the family dendrobatidae .

it is endemic to the colombian amazon and known from the andean foothills in caquetá and putumayo departments .

ameerega ingeri

the ameerega ingeri is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) , facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild .
phyllobates ( pseudendrobates ) ingeri — bauer , 1988 , het paludarium , netherlands , november : 6 .
epipedobates ingeri — myers , 1987 , pap . avulsos zool . , são paulo , 36 : 303 .
records from putumayo previously ascribed to this species likely pertain to ameerega bilinguis ( j . mueses - cisneros pers . comm . august 2016 )
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arkive species - oxapampa poison frog ( ameerega planipaleae )
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phyllobates ingeri — silverstone , 1975 , sci . bull . nat . hist . mus . los angeles co . , 21 : 11 .
dendrobates ingeri — myers , daly , and malkin , 1978 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 161 : 332 .
amézquita , rueda - almonacid , and rueda - martínez , 2004 , in rueda - almonacid et al . ( eds . ) , libro rojo anf . colombia : 346 - 349 , provided an account and map ( as epipedobates pictus ) , and who considered ameerega bilinguis ( as epipedobates ) to be a synonym , without discussion . lötters , jungfer , henkel , and schmidt , 2007 , poison frogs : 343 , provided an accountand placed this species in their ameerega picta group . see map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status ( as epipedobates ingeri ) in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 231 .
ameerega ingeri — frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de sá , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297 : 130 , by implication ; grant , frost , caldwell , gagliardo , haddad , kok , means , noonan , schargel , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 299 : 164 .
dendrobates ingeri cochran and goin , 1970 , bull . u . s . natl . mus . , 288 : 16 . holotype : usnm 146846 , by original designation . type locality :
aserrío , near río pescado , caquetá , colombia
.
it is known definitively from a single specimen which was described in 1970 . surveys in the region have not turned up any new specimens . however , the description of this species is somewhat vague , making it hard to determine if ameerega specimens collected from the region of the type locality pertain to this species . the original description states that the frog is coloured red ; however , individuals that are found today at the type locality are brownish or bluish . if these individuals prove to be conspecific with this species , it can be considered common , including during visits in 2016 ( d . mejía pers . comm . august 2016 ) .
justification : listed as data deficient because of the taxonomic uncertainty about the individuals that are found in the area of the type locality . these individuals do not perfectly match the original description , but the only difference is in coloration . if these individuals can indeed be referred to this species , then the species probably would be listed as least concern because of their abundance and occurrence in a large protected area . if they represent a different taxon , then a . ingeri may be extinct considering that it is a forest species and no forest remains at the type locality .
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niceforo ' s poison frog ( walls , 1994 , jewels of the rainforest : 25 ; frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 50 ) .
brother niceforo ' s poison - arrow frog ( ananjeva , borkin , darevsky , and orlov , 1988 , dict . amph . rept . five languages : 49 ) .
tropical forest on the eastern slope of the eastern andes , in southwestern caquetá and northern putumayo , southeastern colombia , at elevations of 100 - 400 m .
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for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
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frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 march 2016 ) . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
rymel acosta - galvis , a . , rueda - almonacid , j . v . & mejía , d .
the area where it was collected was lowland forest . it is probably a terrestrial and diurnal species , laying its eggs in leaf - litter . the males probably take care of the eggs and then move the larvae to pools of water in epiphytes for development . until the taxonomic status of individuals found at the type locality is worked out , we will not have better natural history information for this species ( colombia red list workshop august 2016 ) .
the entire region where the type specimen was collected has suffered from deforestation for cattle farming since 1978 . no forest remains at the type locality , and deforestation continues in the region as of 2016 , although some of the habitat is protected in a national park .
conservation actions the range of the species may include parque nacional natural alto fragua indiwasi , which is located in the region of the type locality . research needed taxonomic work is urgently needed to determine the status of the individuals found to be common in the vicinity of the type locality .
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frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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this species is known only from the type locality : asarrio , on the pescado river in the amazonian lowlands , caquet department , colombia , at 200m asl . it has not been found elsewhere , and probably has a very small range .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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is characterized by an incomplete light lateral stripe , differing from other members of the picta group . this species can also be distinguished from certain members of the group by its red dorsum in life and the presence of teeth . it differs from
by the presence of ventral marbling in life . this species can be further distinguished from
by a strongly granular dorsum , the first finger being longer than the second and having maxillary and premaxillary teeth present ( silverstonei 1976 ) .
in size and coloration . the two can be distinguished by small differences in the length of the second lower tooth row ( p - 2 ) . in
tadpoles . also , the two species can be distinguished by the relative width of their tail fins . the upper fin in
tadpoles can be diagnosed from other sympatric species based on body color and oral disc characteristics , such as papillae dorsal gaps or jaw sheath shape ( poelman et al . 2010 ) .
ranges from 17 . 5 mm to 24 . 0 mm in snout - vent - length . in males , the svl ranges from 17 . 5 mm to 22 . 5 mm and in females 19 mm to 24 mm . adult skin is strongly granular on the dorsum and on the dorsal surface of the hindlimbs ( silverstone 1976 ) . jungfer ( 1989 ) described the dorsal skin as densely covered in rounded or flattened , evenly distributed granules ( grant et al . 2006 ) . the skin is smooth on the ventral surface of the hind limbs ( silverstone 1976 ) . maxillary and premaxillary teeth are present in this species . the first finger is longer than the second ( silverstone 1976 ) , and the third finger of males is often swollen in frogs of this clade ( grant et al . 2006 ) . finger discs of adults in this clade are narrowly to moderately expanded . there is usually no toe webbing in adults of this clade , with at most basal webbing ( grant et al . 2006 ) .
coloration : adult frogs have a ground color of black , with a spotted dark red dorsum . the underside of the body and limbs can be either black with blue marbling or a blue with black marbling . this marbling extends partially onto the side of the body . there is an incomplete light blue stripe extending from the forelimbs along the upper lip , ending next to the outside of the eye or nostril ( silverstone 1976 ) . distinct dorsolateral stripes are absent ( brown and twomey 2009 ) . also usually absent are calf - spots . a yellow axillary spot is located on the upper arm and on the thigh . however this upper arm spot can also be blue and the thigh spot can be absent . juveniles are blueish black on the dorsum , with less blue on the underside compared to the adults . small juveniles may lack yellow arm and thigh spots ( silverstone 1976 ) .
live tadpoles have dark brown bodies , densely covered in darker brown to nearly black spots . the tail is pale brown at the body - tail junction , and fades to pale grayish tan at the tip . the tail musculature is covered in irregular small to medium - sized gray to dark brown specks . dark brown spots may connect to create blotches , most often on the upper part of the tail musculature . the tail fin is transparent with many irregular dark grey flecks or spots . tadpole hind legs are light tan , with irregular dark gray - brown flecks . the venter is transparent , and intestines are visible through the skin . the posterior end of the underside is slightly pigmented , with dark brown coloration on its anterior end ( poelman et al . 2010 ) .
coloration in preservation : in preserved adults , the ground color is similar to live specimens or dark brown . the upper arm and thigh - spots , if present , are usually white in color . the lateral “stripe” usually disappears . the ventral marbling is not distinct and grey but , the marbling may disappear ( silverstone 1976 ) .
tadpoles in preservation generally have a light tan body and tail . the body color gradually darkens as it develops . the tail has grayish brown to dark gray flecks , but sometimes has pale brown flecks . the body has many uniform dark brown spots on its dorsal side . there is little adult coloration in preserved tadpoles , such as pale red to orange brown markings on the dorsal side . the ventral side can have a pale blue - black flecked pattern that becomes bright blue and black in adults . the ventral , posterior side of the body has a moderate amount of pigment . the ventral , anterior side is transparent with few pale and dark gray spots . because of the transparency of its venter , guts can be seen on the ventral side . developing legs are dark gray , darkest at the tibia ( poelman et al . 2010 ) .
tadpole morphology : tadpole total length ranges from 12 . 10 to 27 . 13 mm in stages 25 - 40 . the body shape is depressed . the upper fin is deeper than the lower fin , and starts 0 . 11 mm posterior to where the body and tail meet . the tail is wide and deep at the body’s base , narrows slightly at the middle point ( 1 . 98 mm deep ) , then continues to decrease towards the slender , rounded tip . eyes are located on the dorsal surface . the snout is narrow and rounded on the dorsal side , whereas on the ventral side , the snout is broad and rounded . nostrils are tiny and not easily seen , located anterodorsally . on the ventral surface , the spiracle is sinistral and the vent is dextral ( poelman et al . 2010 ) .
the tadpole mouth is located on the ventral side . oral discs are present , and are normal and emarginate ( grant et al . 2006 ) . marginal papillae are small , and of equal size , with 6 papillae located laterally on each side of the mouth and 25 located ventrally . however , there is a good deal of variation in papillae number ( ranging from 12 to 78 ) . this variation may be due to observations of tadpoles at different stages of development . papillae are consistently absent on the upper lip , around the dorsal gap of tooth row a - 1 . an a - 2 gap is also present , roughly one - third the total length of the tooth row . the lower jaw sheath is v - shaped , and the upper jaw sheath is mostly straight , but can be slightly v - shaped . jaw sheaths are finely serrated ( poelman et al . 2010 ) .
inhabits the forests of the amazon drainage in columbia , in ecuador in the napo province ( poelman et al . 2010 ) and in peru’s santiago valley , east of the andes ( silverstone 1976 ; icochea 2010 ) . the species is found in terrestrial habitats including lowland tropical / subtropical forests ; in addition , they can be found in permanent wetland habitats such as rivers , streams , creeks , and waterfalls . they have also been found in old secondary forests ( icochea 2010 ) . as of 1976 , elevation records were from 330 to 1000 meters above sea level ( silverstone 1976 ) .
is a diurnal species ( lindquist and hetherington 1996 ) . this species is found on the ground in leaf litter near bodies of water , such as rivers ( poelman et al . 2010 ) . males have been observed by wevers ( 1988 ) to undergo
foot - waving
for visual communication , possibly as a display of aggression towards other males , or for courtship ( lindquist and hetherington 1996 ) . tadpoles are usually found in puddles or pools on the ground ( poelman et al . 2010 ) . these bodies of water are usually partially covered by the tree canopy ( poelman et al . 2010 ) . males carry the tadpole clutch on their backs from the terrestrial nets to water sources ( such as puddles or slow - moving rivulets ) in order to provide food for them ( poelman et al . 2010 ; icochea 2010 ) .
has bright , aposematic coloration and produces toxic compounds . its skin can produce lipophilic alkaloids , as can other species of the dendrobatidae family ( darst et al . 2005 ) .
this species is widespread , and its population is stable . there are no major threats ; large areas of suitable habitat remain . human activity , such as agriculture ( crops , livestock , etc . ) has led to some local areas of habitat loss . it is potentially threatened by an increase in the pet trade ( icochea 2010 ) . in ecuador ,
inhabits five protected areas , including parque nacional yasuní , parque nacional sangay and limoncocha reserva biológica .
species authority : this species was first described by boulenger ( 1882 ) , as dendrobates parvulus . phylogeny : in 1989 , jungfer determined
, a morphologically and geographically similar species , based on its vocalizations and adult morphology ( poelman et al . 2010 ) .
, and both are in the subfamily colostethinae ( grant et al . 2006 ; poelman et al . 2010 ) .
etymology : the name parvula derives from the latin word parvulus , meaning young or small .
ananjeva , n . b . , borkin , l . j . , darevsky , i . s . , and orlov , n . l . ( 1988 ) .
catalogue of the batrachia salientia s . ecaudata in the collection of the british museum , ed . 2 .
brown , j . l . , and twomey , e . ( 2009 ) . ' ' complicated histories : three new species of poison frogs of the genus
darst , c . r . , menendez - guerrero , p . a . , coloma , l . a . , and cannatella , d . c . ( 2005 ) . ' ' evolution of dietary specialization and chemical defense in poison frogs ( dendrobatidae ) : a comparative analysis . ' '
grant , t . , frost , d . r . , caldwell , j . p . , gagliardo , r . , haddad , c . f . b . , kok , p . j . r . , means , d . b . , noonan , b . p . , schargel , w . e . , and wheeler , w . c . ( 2006 ) . ' ' phylogenetic systematics of dart - poison frogs and their relatives ( amphibia : athesphatanura : dendrobatidae ) . ' '
icochea , j . , coloma , l . a . , ron , s . , jungfer k . - h . , and cisneros - heredia , d . ( 2004 ) .
. in : iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 . www . iucnredlist . org .
jungfer , k . - h . ( 1989 ) . ' ' pfeilgiftfrosche der gattung epipedobates mit rot granuliertem rücken aus dem oriente von ecuador und peru . ' '
lindquist , e . d . , and hetherington , t . e . ( 1996 ) . ' ' field studies on visual and acoustic signaling in the ' ' earless ' ' panamanian golden frog ,
poelman , e . h . , verkade , j . c . , van wijngaarden , r . p . a . , and félix - novoa , c . ( 2010 ) . ' ' descriptions of the tadpoles of two poison frogs ,
amelia chong , alexandra holycross , and leslie hill ( achong at ucdavis . edu , arholycross at ucdavis . edu , leshill at ucdavis . edu ) , uc davis
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed jul 9 , 2018 .
> university of california , berkeley , ca , usa . accessed 9 jul 2018 .
the alliance for zero extinction ( aze ) , a global initiative of biodiversity conservation organizations , aims to prevent extinctions by ident . . .
information on the oxapampa poison frog is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
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critically endangered cusuco national park endemic tree frog ( plectrohyla exquisita ) . andrew m . snyder / moment / getty images
frogs are the most numerous of the world ' s amphibians , but they are rapidly declining , and many species are actually facing the imminent threat of extinction .
pollution , global warming , and habitat destruction from human development have already taken a serious toll ,
reports animal planet .
frogs , in particular , have suffered , having lost an estimated 170 species in the last 10 years alone .
frogs are also affected by a singular danger that is threatening their populations worldwide : the chytrid fungus , which coats frogs ' skin and seals out vital moisture and kills frogs by dehydration .


the species inhabits a variety of sandy , silty and muddy substrates in depths from 0 to 15 m deep , with older fish inhabiting deeper waters .

western trumpeter whiting are benthic carnivores which take predominantly crustaceans and polychaetes as prey .

the species reaches sexual maturity at the end of its first year of age , spawning in batches between december and february the species is taken as bycatch with other species of whiting and shrimps in australia .

western trumpeter whiting

western trumpeter whiting , sillago burra . source : australian national fish collection , csiro . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
king george whiting , sand whiting , school whiting , western trumpeter whiting , yellowfin whiting and the other 20 or so species of whiting ( sillaginidae ) distributed throughout the indo - pacific region . blue weed whiting ( haletta semifasciata ) is a wrasse , not a whiting . in the northern hemisphere the name ‘whiting’ is also applied to various unrelated species , including pacific hake ( merluccius productus ) and english whiting ( merlangius merlangus ) .
spp ) in shark bay , western australia . m . sc . thesis , university of western australia .
the western trumpeter whiting , sillago burrus , is a species of marine fish of the smelt whiting family sillaginidae that is commonly found along the northern coast of australia and in southern indonesia and new guinea . as its name suggests , it is closely related to and resembles the trumpeter whiting which inhabits the east coast of australia and is distinguishable by swim bladder morphology alone .
the trumpeter whiting is silver grey above , pale below and usually has a silvery stripe along the side of the body . it is endemic to australia .
( valenciennes ) , in the swan - avon river system , western australia .
1986 . fisheries western australia 1984–85 . australian bureau of statistics , perth . 57 p .
( munro ) ( doromatinae ) , in the swan estuary , south - western australia .
. 1981 . estuaries and coastal lagoons of south - western australia , p . 307–321 .
1977b . fishes from the hypersaline waters of the stromatolite zone of shark bay , western australia .
. 1983a . abundance , distribution and age structure of fish populations in a western australian estuary .
whitley , g . p . 1948 ,
a list of the fishes of western australia
, western australia fish department . fisheries bulletin , vol . 2 , pp . 1 - 35 map
none . southern blue whiting , imported from new zealand , and north sea whiting , imported from europe , are not related to whitings of the sillaginidae family .
. 1979 . an annotated checklist of the fishes of the swan - avon river system , western australia .
. 1985 . community structure and zoogeographic affinities of the coastal fishes of the dampier region of north - western australia .
1982 . alternative non - estuarine nursery habitats for some commercially and recreationally important fish species of south - western australia .
production in tasmania from estuarine opportunist commercial fisheries , including australian salmon , garfish , varieties of morwong and trumpeter fish as well as school whiting were valued at $ 1 . 2m in 2000 - 2001 . catches have remained relatively stable between 1997 - 98 and 2000 [ 18 ] .
western central pacific : indonesia , southern new guinea and northern australia . frequently confused with sillago maculata which occurs in eastern australia .
western pacific : endemic to australia . records of this species from western australia or northern australia refer to sillago burrus . also very similar to sillago aeolus from southeast asia ( sunda shelf ) . occurrence in tanzania ( ref . 2871 ) is probably a misidentification .
categories whiting | humane killing of fish - freshwater - estuary - offshore maximum quality , minimum fuss .
lenanton and potter ( 1987 ) estimated that in temperate western australia , estuarine opportunist commercial fisheries were worth $ 3 . 7m per annum [ 12 ] . in western australia , these fisheries include cobbler , sea mullet , yelloweye mullet , australian herring , australian salmon and whiting . in 2000 - 2001 these fisheries are estimated to have been worth $ 3 . 7m [ 13 ] .
jamie henderson the fish whilst at times here in tasmania we feel as if we have been left out of some of the more romantic fisheries such as snapper , king george whiting , spanish mackerel and barramundi we do have a fish that very few other states have in good numbers and that is latris lineata or the striped trumpeter .
the family sillaginidae consists of more than 30 species of fish distributed throughout tropical and temperate coastal regions in the indian and pacific oceans , where they form the basis of important fisheries ( mckay , 1992 ; kailola et al . , 1993 ) . in australia , recreational fishers target several species of sillaginids and catch more than 17 million individuals each year ( henry and lyle , 2003 ) . much of this catch consists of king george whiting ( sillaginodes punctata ; caught from sydney , new south wales ( nsw ) to jurien bay , western australia ) and sand whiting ( sillago ciliata ; caught along the entire east coast of australia ) , but it can include yellowfin ( s . schomburgkii ) , trumpeter ( s . maculata ) , red spot ( s . flindersi ) , western school ( s . bassensis ) , and stout whiting ( s . robusta ) .
small - scale whiting . . . the small - scale whiting , sillago parvisquamis ( also known as the blue whiting ) , is a species of inshore marine fish of the smelt - whiting family sillaginidae . . . and colour to other species in the genus sillago , but is distinguished by having 12 or 13 spines in the first dorsal fin compared to 11 in all other species . . . been extensively studied in order to distinguish them from the more abundant sillago sihama . . .
slender whiting - taxonomy and naming . . . the slender whiting is a species of the genus sillago , which contains 29 other species of whiting . . . sillago is one of three divisions of the smelt - whiting family sillaginidae , itself a division of the suborder percoidei in the order perciformes . . . the species was first identified and named sillago attenuata by mckay in 1985 from the holotype specimen collected in 1948 from ras tanura , zaal island in the persian gulf , with a number . . .
western central pacific : indonesia , southern new guinea and northern australia . frequently confused with < i > sillago maculata < / i > which occurs in eastern australia . ;
estuarine opportunist commercial fisheries in south australia include the australian salmon , mullet , australian herring , king george whiting , yellowfin whiting , pilchards , snapper and garfish . these fisheries were estimated to be worth over $ 17 . 2m in 2000 - 2001 [ 17 ] .
the trumpeter whiting has a moderately elongate body and a deeply emarginate caudal fin . the short - based first dorsal fin has weak spines . the second soft - rayed dorsal fin has a longer base . the species is silver grey above , pale below and usually has a silvery stripe along the side of the body . there is a black spot on the pectoral fin base and large dark blotches on the body .
the oriental trumpeter whiting , sillago aeolus , is a widely distributed species of benthic inshore fish in the smelt - whiting family . the species ranges from east africa to japan , inhabiting much if the southern asian and indonesian coastlines . its morphology is very similar to other species within the genus sillago , with a long , compressed body and silvery overall colour . it can be distinguished from its relatives by colour patterns and particularly swim bladder morphology , which helps define most species of sillago . s aeolus is a benthic predator , consuming a variety of crustaceans and polychaetes . as with most members of the smelt whiting family , it is important to small coastal fisheries in various areas of its range .
1984 . the commercial fisheries of temperate western australian estuaries : early settlement to 1975 . west . aust . dep . fish . wildl . rep . no . 62 , 82 p .
1974 . the fish and crustacea of the western australian south coast rivers and estuaries . west . aust . mar . res . lab . fish . res . bull . no . 13 . 17 p .
small - scale whiting - taxonomy and naming . . . the small - scale whiting is a member of the genus sillago , which contain 29 other species . . . in 1913 when he mistook the species for sillago sihama . . . reference to the species ' smaller than average scales amongst the genus sillago . . .
once the last angler - caught sand whiting was released into the sea cages , similar numbers were caught by a hand - hauled seine over 2 days . like the hooked - and - released sand whiting , seined fish were measured ( tl ) , and approximately half were tagged before being transported in fish - holding tanks and released into four of the remaining sea cages ( two replicate cages each for tagged and non - tagged fish ) . these seined , tagged , and non - tagged sand whiting were used as controls . further , approximately 15 seined sand whiting were placed in the ninth sea cage and used as stock fish to replace mortalities in the treatment and control cages .
1977a . aspects of the ecology of fish and commercial crustaceans of the blackwood river estuary western australia . west . aust . mar . res . lab . fish . res . bull . no . 19 . 72 p .
fao species catalogue . sillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt or indo - pacific whiting species known to date
lenanton , r . c . j . , and potter , i . c . 1987 .
contribution of estuaries to commercial fisheries in temperate western australia and the concept of estuarine dependence
, estuaries , 10 : 28 - 35 .
mean ( ±s . e . ) continuous parameters for tagged and non - tagged sand whiting at the end of the experiment . tagged results were used in the exact logistic regression analyses .
categorical parameters for non - tagged and tagged hooked - and - released sand whiting at the end of the experiment . only the data from tagged fish were used in exact logistic regression analyses .
fisheries catch statistics for temperate western australia are considered in conjunction with life cycle data to elucidate the importance of estuaries to the commercial and recreational fisheries in this region . the data are used to discuss whether the term estuarine - dependent is strictly applicable to all species of finfish found in abundance in estuaries . between 1976 and 1984 , 96 species of finfish , 7 species of crustaceans and 12 species of mollusks contributed to the large commercial fishery in estuaries , protected coastal areas and open marine waters of temperate western australia . the mean annual weight and monetary value ( in 1984 terms ) of this fishery was 21 , 355 t and $ a151 . 3×10 6 . the contribution of the weight ( 4 , 340 t ) and value ( $ a3 . 7×10 6 ) of the estuarine - dependent species to the total fishery was 20 . 3 and 2 . 4 % , respectively . estuarine - dependent marine species frequently use protected inshore waters in temperate western australia , and have to do so when they occur in subtropical regions in western australia where there are no permanent estuaries . even the semi - anadromous perth herring and some species which are estuarine sensu stricto in south - western australia complete their life cycle within the marine waters of this latter more northern region . since virtually none of the commercially important marine species in temperate western australia can be considered to be entirely dependent on estuaries , and a similar conclusion is valid for many species of marine teleosts found in abundance in estuaries in temperate waters elsewhere in the world , these marine species would be best regarded as estuarine opportunists rather than estuarine dependents .
estuarine opportunist commercial fisheries in nsw include black and yellowfin bream , australian salmon , rubberlip morwong , snapper and sand whiting . in 2000 - 2001 , these fisheries were valued at $ 7 . 5m [ 15 ] .
because our study was restricted to common tackle configurations ( i . e . a long - shank j - hook and two bait types ) used to target sand whiting in one estuary during a single event , the results may not represent the fate of all sand whiting released in eastern australia . further work is required to determine the rates of ingestion of other tackle configurations at different times and places with different environmental conditions . nevertheless , the results do have implications in terms of promoting some existing angling practices . for example , henry and lyle ( 2003 ) estimated that , excluding king george whiting , at least 4 . 2 million unspecified sillaginids were released throughout australia in 2000 / 2001 , of which almost 1 . 8 million individuals were primarily sand whiting caught in coastal areas and estuaries throughout nsw . assuming similar mortality rates to those observed here and in related work ( broadhurst et al . , 2005 ) , potentially up to 1 . 7 million of these sand whiting would have survived hook and release . such numbers have obvious positive benefits for future stocks and the sustainability of non - consumptive angling for this species . nonetheless , additional efforts to reduce mortality through angler education and refinements in gear practices should be pursued .
total number , mean total length ( tl ) ± s . e . , longest , % legal , adjusted mortality rates , and mean time until the death of treatment ( hooked ) and control ( seined ) sand whiting . – , not applicable .
victorian commercial fisheries that are estuarine opportunist , including bream , australian salmon , king george whiting , pilchards , snapper and sea garfish , have remained relatively stable over the period 1997 - 2000 , valued at $ 5m in 2000 - 2001 [ 16 ] .
the mortality of hooked - and - released sand whiting ( sillago ciliata ) and the key contributing factors were determined during a recreational fishing event in northern new south wales , australia . participating anglers caught 124 sand whiting , of which 60 were tagged with plastic t - bar anchor tags , and then released into replicate sea cages . in all , 109 sand whiting were seined ( 54 were tagged ) and similarly released into replicate sea cages for use as controls . all fish were monitored for mortalities over 7 days . there were no measurable effects of confinement in the sea cages on the stress ( measured as concentrations of plasma glucose ) of hooked or seined fish . ten hooked - and - released ( four non - tagged , six tagged ) and two control ( both tagged ) sand whiting died during the monitoring period and mostly within 48 h of capture , providing adjusted mortality rates ( i . e . accounting for mortalities of control fish ) of approximately 6 % for total , tagged , and non - tagged fish . anatomical hook location ( oesophagus - ingested hooks ) and bait type ( beach worms , australonuphis teres ) were significant predictors of mortality ( p > 0 . 05 ) . the results support current recreational fishing gears and practices for the catch and release of sand whiting .
in queensland , these fisheries include bream , mullet , snapper , tailor and whiting valued at $ 12 . 3m to commercial fishers in 2000 - 2001 . production from these fisheries in 2000 - 2001 has increased by almost 250 % since 1999 - 2000 [ 14 ] .
paul a . butcher , matt k . broadhurst , craig p . brand ; mortality of sand whiting ( sillago ciliata ) released by recreational anglers in an australian estuary , ices journal of marine science , volume 63 , issue 3 , 1 january 2006 , pages 567–571 , urltoken
the aims of this study were therefore to assess the post - release mortality of angler - caught sand whiting and , using controlled tagging , to quantify the key contributing factors . the work was done during a tournament involving recreational anglers who fished according to conventional methods and with typical terminal rigs .
because of bag limits , minimum legal sizes , and a growing awareness by recreational anglers of the need to conserve stocks , up to some 32 % ( or 5 . 5 million individuals ) of all angler - caught sillaginids in australia are released ( henry and lyle , 2003 ) . the fate of some of these fish is known ; one study in south australia revealing post - release mortality rates of < 3 % for king george whiting ( kumar et al . , 1995 ) . the post - release mortality of other angler - caught sillaginids has not been examined in detail , although broadhurst et al . ( 2005 ) compared the fate of 10 sand whiting that were hooked , tagged , and released as part of a recreational fishing tournament with 14 seined - and - tagged “control” fish . during 10 days post - release , only one sand whiting died in each group .
species can be difficult , with many similar in appearance and colour , forcing the use of swim bladder morphology as a definitive feature . all whiting species are benthic in nature and generally coastal fish , living in shallow , protected waters , although there are exceptions . minor fisheries exist around various species of
in western australia , wild catch prawn fisheries were estimated to be worth over $ 46 . 4m in 2000 - 2001 with over half of this sourced from the shark bay prawn fishery and from the exmouth gulf prawn fishery , producing king and tiger prawns which are mostly exported . both of these fisheries are managed with spatial and temporal closures to protect spawning stock levels and catch sizes [ 6 ] .
no significant differences were detected in the mean ( ± s . e . ) concentrations of glucose among six wild ( 3 . 42 ± 0 . 32 mmol l −1 ) and 22 randomly selected sand whiting from eight cages ( 4 . 13 ± 0 . 23 mmol l −1 ) at the end of the experiment .
mckay , r . j . , 1992 . fao species catalogue . vol . 14 . sillaginid fishes of the world ( family sillaginidae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago , smelt or indo - pacific whiting species known to date . rome : fao . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 14 ) : 87p . ( ref . 6205 )
all sand whiting were fed a mixture of chopped yabbies and beach worms at a rate of approximately 1 % biomass per day , and monitored for mortality over 7 days post - release . all dead fish were measured ( tl ) , identified ( if tagged ) , and replaced by a stock fish of similar size that was either fin - clipped or tagged for identification .
with 29 species , the genus sillago has the widest distribution of any smelt - whiting genus , spanning much of the indo - pacific . the genus ranges from the east coast of africa to japan in the east and southern australia in the south , with most species concentrated around south east asia , the indonesian archipelago and australia . many species have overlapping distribution , often making positive identification hard .
related survival - type studies have also been done for sand whiting that escaped or were discarded from commercial fishing nets off nsw ( broadhurst et al . , 1997 ; kennelly and gray , 2000 ) . this work demonstrated a clear correlation between survival and the severity of particular treatments . specifically , fish that quickly escaped through the meshes of trawls during fishing sustained minimal physical damage and long - term mortality ( < 3 % ; broadhurst et al . , 1997 ) . in contrast , kennelly and gray ( 2000 ) observed that > 40 % of sand whiting died after being caught in seines , tangled in meshes , and then released . such treatment - specific differences are typical , and have been observed for several species after release or escape from various commercial fisheries ( chopin and arimoto , 1995 ; chopin et al . , 1996 ) .
as soon as an angler caught a sand whiting , they placed it in their fish - holding tank and recorded the playing and landing times , duration of exposure to air , anatomical hook location , and the presence or absence of blood and scale loss ( to the nearest 25 % ) . researchers immediately recorded the water temperature and level of dissolved oxygen in the fish - holding tanks , removed each fish , measured their total length ( tl , to the nearest 0 . 1 cm ) , then randomly tagged approximately half with numbered , 44 - mm plastic t - bar tags , inserted 10 mm below the dorsal fin . all tagged and non - tagged sand whiting ( termed “treatment” fish ) were transported by the marshal boats and released into four randomly selected sea cages ( two replicate cages each for tagged and non - tagged fish ) .
size frequency distributions ( 1 - cm tl intervals ) of treatment and control fish were compared using two - sample kolmogorov–smirnov tests . two - tailed fisher ' s exact tests were used to determine the independence of ( i ) the treatment of fish , and ( ii ) replicate cages on mortality . log - transformed concentrations of glucose ( mmol l −1 ) in wild and captive sand whiting were analysed by one - factor anova . all variables describing the hook and release of tagged , angler - caught sand whiting were separated as either categorical or continuous parameters . the independence of these parameters of mortality was examined using exact logistic regression models ( hirji et al . , 1987 ) . individual models were fitted using sas ( version 8 , 2003 ) , as described by derr ( 2000 ) , and compared using likelihood ratio tests and examination of deviance residuals .
most abundant on silty - sand or muddy substrates . large adults feed near gutters and sandbars inside shark bay and move into deeper waters of marine embayments . juveniles frequent seaweed banks and broken bottom and occur in large numbers near mangrove creeks . they enter coastal rivers in the swan and mandurah estuaries in western australia . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) , and are multiple spawners with synchronous development ( ref . 36823 ) . juveniles and adults are commonly trawled with s . robusta and s . lutea ( ref . 6205 ) . marketed fresh ( ref . 9679 ) .
most abundant on silty - sand or muddy substrates . large adults feed near gutters and sandbars inside shark bay and move into deeper waters of marine embayments . juveniles frequent seaweed banks and broken bottom and occur in large numbers near mangrove creeks . they enter coastal rivers in the swan and mandurah estuaries in western australia . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) , and are multiple spawners with synchronous development ( ref . 36823 ) . juveniles and adults are commonly trawled with s . robusta and s . lutea ( ref . 6205 ) . marketed fresh ( ref . 9679 ) .
the results confirm that common recreational fishing methods used to target sand whiting in nsw result in minimal mortality of released fish ( broadhurst et al . , 2005 ) . the low rate of mortality is comparable to that observed for hooked - and - released king george whiting in south australia ( kumar et al . , 1995 ) , but considerably less than that recorded for other key marine recreational species that live in similar habitats . for example , in a related study , broadhurst et al . ( 2005 ) observed mortality rates of 28–36 % for sparids ( yellowfin bream , acanthopagrus australis , and snapper , pagrus auratus ) and trevally ( pseudocaranx dentex ) . such variability is typical for a range of other marine species worldwide , and at least is partially attributable to the key factors associated with the catch - and - handling process ( for reviews see muoneke and childress , 1994 ; mcleay et al . , 2002 ) .
to provide some assessment of the physiological effects on sand whiting associated with the experimental design , six fish were ( i ) hooked from the wooli estuary at the start of the experiment , and then up to three were ( ii ) scooped from each sea cage 7 days post - release . blood was sampled from each fish according to the methodology of broadhurst et al . ( 2005 ) , and plasma glucose was measured by the methods described by moore ( 1983 ) .
production of prawns from the northern australian prawn fishery , the largest wild - harvested prawn fishery in australia , is estimated to have been worth over $ 164 . 6m in 2000 - 2001 . production has increased from 5 , 605 tonnes in 1999 - 2000 to 9 , 752 tonnes in 2000 - 2001 [ 4 ] . prawn fisheries are especially reliant on estuarine habitat areas , particularly tidal creeks and mud flats , for spawning and for the development of juveniles and on substantial fresh water flows to flush adult prawns into marine areas for commercial harvesting . native harvested prawn fisheries are located all around the australian coastline with significant catches from western australia , queensland , new south wales and south australia .
attributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 riede , klaus ( 2004 ) global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales . final report of the r & d - projekt ; 808 05 081 . 330 pages + cd - rom ♦ 2 fish diets and food webs in the swan–canning estuary , river science july 2009 , department of water , government of western australia ♦ 3 gibson , d . i . , bray , r . a . , & harris , e . a . ( compilers ) ( 2005 ) . host - parasite database of the natural history museum , london ♦ 4 species interactions of australia database , atlas of living australia , version ala - csv - 2012 - 11 - 19
sillago is one of three genera in the family sillaginidae containing the smelt - whitings , and contains 29 species , making sillago the only non - monotypic genus in the family . distinguishing among sillago species can be difficult , with many similar in appearance and colour , forcing the use of swim bladder morphology as a definitive feature . all whiting species are benthic in nature and generally coastal fish , living in shallow , protected waters , although there are exceptions . minor fisheries exist around various species of sillago , making them of minor importance in most of their range .
distinguished from other whitings , especially the similar looking school whiting , by multiple dark brown spots on the side with upper spots often joined to lower spots towards the back of the body . available wild - caught , it is a marine fish found mainly in sheltered bays and estuaries over mud or silt , especially in mangrove creeks and river mouths , along the east coast to 30m . caught mostly off southern queensland ( moreton bay ) , and central to northern nsw , as bycatch of prawn trawling , by haul seine in shallow waters and with hook - and - line . it is endemic to australia .
there was no significant interaction between anatomical hook location and bait type , but the significant main effect of bait on mortality might still reflect differences in the intensity of the hooking response , and a greater injury to fish by hooks ( irrespective of anatomical location ) baited with beach worms . this may have been influenced by a preference towards this type of bait , because burchmore et al . ( 1988 ) observed that polychaetes constituted up to 75 % of the diet of sand whiting of similar size in another estuary in southeastern australia . clearly more work is required to further examine this relationship as well as the potential for any interactions with hook type or the other various components of terminal rigs .
in all , 124 hooked and 109 seined sand whiting were released into the sea cages , of which 60 and 54 fish , respectively , were tagged ( table 1 ) . kolmogorov–smirnov tests detected significant differences between the size frequency distributions of fish that were ( i ) hooked vs . seined ( irrespective of tagging ) , ( ii ) hooked and tagged vs . hooked and not tagged , ( iii ) hooked and tagged vs . seined and tagged , and ( iv ) hooked and not tagged vs . seined and not tagged ( p < 0 . 05 ) . these variations in sizes reflected the different selectivities of the gears used as well as the selection of fish for tagging by researchers .
the experiment was done in the wooli estuary ( 29°52′s 153°16′e ) , nsw , between 5 and 13 march 2005 and involved a combination of 35 inexperienced and experienced anglers , 12 researchers , and three marshal boats . fish were released into nine anchored sea cages made from 16 - mm knotless polyamide netting and measuring 2 . 3 × 2 . 5 m . anglers were given 25 - l aerated fish - holding tanks , conventional long - shank j - hooks ( figure 1 ) , and yabbies ( callianassa spp . ) or beach worms ( australonuphis teres ) for bait ; they were asked to target sand whiting from either boats or the river bank between 06 : 00 and 18 : 00 local time .
potter and hyndes ( 1999 ) define estuarine opportunist fish , including such fish as trevally and crustaceans such as spanner crabs , as those that spend at least a part of their life cycle , particularly as juveniles , in an estuarine environment but could equally use protected marine waters as nursery areas [ 1 ] . these fisheries include some species of crab , the australian herring , the australian salmon and whiting . because these fish or crustaceans are not critically dependent on habitat areas provided by estuaries , their continued survival is not as threatened by the modification of estuaries . as the definition of estuaries for the information sheet is somewhat liberal , including a number of bays such as shark bay , hervey bay and port phillip bay , the species specified here as estuarine opportunist is somewhat broad .
during angling , more than 95 % of sand whiting were landed less than 30 s after being hooked , exposed to air for less than 1 min , and had no visible scale or blood loss ( tables 2 and 3 ) . most fish were hooked in the roof of the mouth or upper jaw ( table 2 ) . ten hooked - and - released ( four non - tagged , six tagged ) and two control ( both tagged ) sand whiting died 7 days post - release , providing adjusted mortality rates ( calculated from treatment and control mortalities ) of approximately 6 % for the two categories of hooked - and - released fish ( tagged and non - tagged ; table 1 ) . fisher ' s exact test revealed that mortalities were independent of replicate cages ( p > 0 . 05 ) . similarly , no significant differences were detected between the number of dead tagged and non - tagged treatment and control fish ( fisher ' s exact test ; p > 0 . 05 ) , but the total number of deaths in the treatment group was significantly greater than in the control group ( fisher ' s exact test ; p < 0 . 05 ) . more than 90 % of the mortalities occurred within 48 h of capture . of the six tagged hooked - and - released fish that died , two had ingested hooks into the oesophagus , while the remaining four were hooked in the mouth , gill arch , or body ( table 2 ) . exact logistic regression analyses failed to detect any significant interactions between the various categorical ( table 2 ) and continuous ( table 3 ) parameters ( p > 0 . 05 ) . the main effects of bait type and anatomical hook location were the only predictors of mortality , with three deaths out of eight individuals caught using beach worms as bait ( p < 0 . 01 ) , and two deaths out of three fish that had ingested hooks into the oesophagus ( p < 0 . 05 ; table 2 ) .
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marine ; demersal ; oceanodromous ; depth range 0 - 36 m , usually ? - 36 m ( ref . 6205 ) . tropical ; 0°s - 35°s , 111°e - 150°e ( ref . 6205 )
maturity : l m ? , range 13 - 13 . 9 cm max length : 36 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6205 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 19 - 21 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 18 - 20 ; vertebrae : 34 - 36 . swim bladder with four anterolateral extensions that are more complex than s . aeolus , but much shorter than s . maculata . body coloration is very similar to s . maculata and s . aeolus . body with oblique bars which are not joined as in s . maculata . the upper blotches are small , the black spot at the base of the pectoral fin is indistinct . the lateral silvery stripe is noticeable but may be quite faded .
) : 25 . 8 - 28 . 7 , mean 27 . 7 ( based on 550 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00851 ( 0 . 00350 - 0 . 02071 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 2 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
mckay , r . j . 1985 ,
a revision of the fishes of the family sillaginidae
, memoirs of the queensland museum , vol . 22 , no . 1 , pp . 1 - 73 figs 1 - 18
richardson , j . 1842 ,
contributions to the ichthyology of australia
, annals and magazine of natural history , ser . ns , vol . 9 , no . 56 , pp . 120 - 131
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2c1c2588 - e9ad - 4499 - b0b2 - 46c26f756d4a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f827886d - 9f92 - 4c0d - 8f56 - 5c7cc3a83cda
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 591398
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it is endemic to australia , occurring in tropical and warm temperate marine waters from northern queensland to southern new south wales .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
hutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .
kuiter , r . h . 2000 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . gary allen . pp . 437 .
mckay , r . j . 1985 . a revision of the fishes of the family sillaginidae . memoirs of the queenland museum . 22 ( 1 ) : 1–73 figs 1–18 . yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & r . d . ward . 1999 . australian seafood handbook , an identification guide to domestic species . csiro marine research . pp . 461 .
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learn about the following species groups ( including their most common members , as well as purchasing , storage and cooking information ) , or select a specific species from the species list on the right .
sold whole ( gilled and gutted ) , as trunks ( headless ) , and in single and butterflied fillets . in whole fish look for lustrous skin , firm flesh , and a pleasant , fresh sea smell . in fillets , look for white , firm , lustrous , moist flesh without any brown markings or oozing water and with a pleasant fresh sea smell .
make sure whole fish is scaled , gilled , gutted and cleaned thoroughly . wrap whole fish and fillets in plastic wrap or place in an airtight container . refrigerate for up to 3 days or freeze whole fish for up to 6 months , and fillets for up to 3 months , below - 18ºc .
average yield is 30 % . has a delicate , sweet , low oiliness and moist , soft flesh with fine bones , which are easily removed . the edible skin can be left on and the bones make excellent stock .
steam , poach , deep - fry , pan - fry , stir - fry , bake , braise , grill , barbecue . thin fillets are best wrapped in foil or banana leaves to protect them when barbecuing or grilling .
almonds , asparagus , beer - batter , butter , capers , citrus , eggs , garlic , herbs ( chervil , chives , dill , parsley , french tarragon ) , wine , verjuice .
and the second dorsal fin has 1 leading spine with 18 to 20 soft rays posterior . the
is similar to the second dorsal fin , but has 2 spines with 17 to 19 ( usually 18 ) soft rays posterior to the spines . other distinguishing features include 67 to 72
. examination of the gut of adults has shown the latter three items were the most important prey , together constituting more than 70 % of stomach contents by volume . there does not appear to be any
at around 130mm in 50 % of fish , with the minimum a length of 113mm in males and 109mm in females . they are multiple
, that spawn continuously throughout the year with peaks in reproduction that appear to vary geographically . studies in thailand indicate the peak is between july and december ,
attained 60 % and 91 % of individuals at maturity respectively at the end of their first year of life . the attainment of large size by the end of the first year of life is of considerable advantage , since many individuals do not survive until the end of their second year .
and is of minor importance to local fisheries . the flesh spoils easily and is not as highly rated as other sillaginids .
for local consumption . as opposed to most areas , the species is well known for its delicate texture in japan .
mckay , r . j . ( 1985 ) .
a revision of the fishes of the family sillaginidae
.
bleeker , with a synopsis of the fishes of the family sillaginidae of taiwan
.
mckay , r . j . ; in in k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds ) ( 1999 ) .
fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the wcp . vol . 4 . bony fishes part 2 ( mugilidae to carangidae )
kato , mitsuhiro ; hiroshi kohno ; yasuhiko taki ( 1996 ) .
juveniles of two sillaginids ,
tongnunui , prasert ; sano , m . ; kurokura , h . ( 2005 ) .
tongnunui , prasert ; sano , m . ; kurokura , h . ( 2006 ) .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 7 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
sillago - relationship to humans . . . various species of sillago represent minor local fisheries in their ranges , with many having commercial importance . . . recreational fishing for sillago is common , especially in australia where they are valued as food fish or for live bait for larger species . . . estuarine aquaculture in india , japan and taiwan has utilized sillagos as an important species , and similar trials have been conducted in australia . . .
sillaginidae - evolution . . . found , all of which are believed to be of the genus sillago based on the only remains found otoliths . . . only one species of extant sillaginid , sillago maculata , has been found in the fossil record , and this was in very recent pleistocene sediments . . . sillago campbellensis australia , miocene sillago hassovicus poland , middle miocene sillago maculata new zealand , middle pleistocene sillago mckayi australia , oligocene sillago pliocaenica australia , pliocene . . .
marine ; brackish ; demersal ; non - migratory ; depth range 0 - 50 m ( ref . 6205 ) . subtropical ; 12°s - 39°s , 143°e - 157°e ( ref . 6205 )
maturity : l m 19 . 0 range ? - ? cm max length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6205 ) ; common length : 25 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9679 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 - 13 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 19 - 21 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 19 - 20 ; vertebrae : 34 - 36 . anterolateral extensions of swim bladder recurved posteriorly to reach level of vent . base of pectoral fin with black spot , back and sides with dark blotches . the upper and lower blotches are frequently joined , at least posteriorly , the upper blotches are generally larger ; the opercle is dull or with an inner dark blotch showing through . coloration is similar to s . burrus and s . aeolus .
occur on silty and muddy substrates in the deeper water of bays , but also frequenting the mouths of rivers , estuaries , and mangrove creeks . juveniles abound in estuaries and shallow water during summer , moving deeper as they mature . diet of juveniles consist largely of small crustaceans and that of the adult fish consist mainly of polychaete worms and bivalve mollusks . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . spawn throughout the year with peaks in dec . - feb . ( ref . 6390 ) . marketed fresh ( ref . 9987 ) and chilled ( ref . 6390 ) .
) : 20 . 2 - 26 . 9 , mean 25 . 1 ( based on 98 cells ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 24 of 100 ) .
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& copy ; the state of queensland ( department of agriculture and fisheries ) 2010–2018 . queensland government
these fish are pale golden brown above , whitish or silvery below . their upper sides have numerous dark brown spots in several rows .
they reach sexual maturity at 3 to 4 years old at which time the male fish measure 28 - 32 cm and the females 34 - 38 cm . maximum age around 15 years .
this species has a silvery brown back and a pale belly . the back and sides have numerous dark blotches and the pectoral fin has a black spot at its base .
this species matures at around 15 - 18 cm long ( 1 - 3 years old ) . growth virtually ceases after the 4th year , and maximum age is around 12 years .
for assistance with identifying fishes , see urltoken . for information on size and bag limits , check out the website of your state fisheries department . we thank urltoken and australia ' s various fisheries departments for some of the thumbnail images used to assist with fish identification on this website and its applications , as licensed for use under creative commons attribution 3 . 0 australia . thanks also to michigan state university and georgia aquarium for generous donation of xrays of some us fish species .
series of brown rectangular blotches extends along centre of body , upper body with oblique brown bars , pectoral fin with black spot at base . length to 30 cm .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
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increasing our awareness of which fish are being harvested to the brink of extinction , can help us modify our fish eating and buying habits and cease plundering an invisible ecosystem that is in a state of stress and serious decline . becoming aware of the impact of caged fisheries on our estuaries , bays , oceans , pond systems and wetlands will help us make informed choices next time we are at the fishmongers .
australian marine conservation society is australia ' s only national charity dedicated exclusively to protecting ocean wildlife and their homes .
oceanwatch australia is a national environmental , not - for - profit company that works to achieve sustainability in the australian seafood industry by protecting and enhancing fish habitats , improving water quality and advancing the sustainability of fisheries through action based partnerships with the australian seafood industry , government , natural resource managers , business and the community . visit their website to get involved and informed . save our marine life is a growing community of people and organisations working to protect our unique marine life . visit their website and add your voice to protect australia ' s unique south west marine life by establishing a network of large marine sanctuaries .
establishing a sustainable balance in our harvesting of wild fisheries is essential to ward off the possibility of species collapse and the ramifications this may have on our ocean , estuary and river ecosystems . to treat the ocean as a
magic pudding
while defiling the rivers and estuaries where fish breed and spawn is irresponsible and short sighted .
through this action , we choose not to contribute to the decline of those fish species we know to be in trouble . whereas fifty years ago only coastal seas to a depth of 50 metres were fished , today ' s fishing covers the entire ocean with gillnet , deep - sea longline fishing to depths over 200 metres . put simply , we are sucking the ocean dry , with little or no understanding of the dangers of ecosystem collapse nor what sustainable fishing means in practice .
reducing the amount of fish we consume may be a prudent way to avoid some of the man - made toxins that are increasingly entering the coastal ocean areas and contaminating seafood . mercury turns into its organic form , methylmercury , and accumulates in the tissue of tuna , swordfish and shark ( large , old fish at the top of the food chain ) . chemicals such as ddt and pcbs ( polychlorinated biphenyl ) , dioxin , toxaphene , and dieldrin can accumulate in fish ( especially farm - fed fish ) and are all suspected to cause cancer in people .
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the sumatran woodpecker ( picus dedemi ) is a bird in the family picidae endemic to the island of sumatra in indonesia , where it is found in forest and woodland habitats in montane areas .

the species was , until recently , considered conspecific with the grey-headed woodpecker ( picus canus ) .

sumatran woodpecker

sumatran woodpecker - urdu meaning and translation of sumatran woodpecker , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of sumatran woodpecker and more .
this was my 5th visit to sumatra and i was targeting my last 3 mainland endemics – sumatran laughingthrush , sumatran woodpecker and roll’s hill partridge , i saw 2 out of 3 , the partridge being heard only . i then spent 5 nights on simeulue targeting the endemics and all possible taxa along with a day trip to babi island where the recently re - discovered babi monarch was seen along with a flock of critically endangered silvery pigeons .
26–30 cm . a highly distinctive , dark - coloured woodpecker . male has forehead to nape unstreaked black , small red forecrown patch ; rest of head grey , paler moustachial and . . .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . sumatran woodpecker ( picus dedemi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 7 july 2018 ) .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
picus canus , p . guerini and p . dedemi ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as p . canus following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
26 - 33cm . deep brownish red upperparts , greyish red underparts , bright red rump and greyish face with dark cap and black malar ; bright red forecrown in male . similar spp . p . canus robinsoni occurs in peninsular malaysia ( no overlap ) and has dark coppery - green plumage rather than red . p . miniaceus is barred black and white below and has a bright red head with crest .
butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , martin , r , taylor , j . , symes , a . , westrip , j .
justification : this newly - split species is listed as near threatened on the basis that it is suspected to be in moderately rapid population decline ( approaching 30 % over three generations [ c . 17 years ] ) owing to on - going habitat loss and degradation . the rate of decline is not thought to be more rapid because the species shows some tolerance of habitat modification and fragmentation , and occurs in montane areas , thus it is not exposed to the most rapid rates of deforestation in the region . further information on the population size , trend and severity of threats could lead to its reclassification to a higher category of threat .
p . dedemi is endemic to sumatra , indonesia , where it occurs in forest and woodland habitats in montane areas ( winkler et al . 1995 , del hoyo et al . 2002 ) .
occurs in evergreen montane forest from about 1 , 000 m up to 2 , 000 m in sumatra ( winkler et al . 1995 , del hoyo et al . 2002 ) . the species appears to tolerate some level of habitat modification , making use of bamboo groves in second growth ( winkler et al . 1995 ) .
deforestation and forest degradation are occurring rapidly in sumatra , with 35 . 7 % of the primary forest cover in 1990 lost by 2010 , and an additional 11 % of primary forest cover in 1990 degraded by 2010 , although much primary forest in highland areas remains intact ( margono et al . 2012 ) .
conservation and research actions underway no targeted conservation actions are known . the species occurs in kerinci - seblat and gunung leuser national parks ( d . l . yong in litt . 2014 ) . conservation and research actions proposed determine its precise ecological requirements and its ability to persist in degraded and fragmented habitats . ensure the effective protection of existing protected areas in which it occurs .
set range attributes ( aoo and area / quality of habitat ) to declining . added a facilitator / compiler .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22726521a117026086 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
this newly - split species is listed as near threatened on the basis that it is suspected to be in moderately rapid population decline ( approaching 30 % over three generations [ c . 17 years ] ) owing to on - going habitat loss and degradation . the rate of decline is not thought to be more rapid because the species shows some tolerance of habitat modification and fragmentation , and occurs in montane areas , thus it is not exposed to the most rapid rates of deforestation in the region . further information on the population size , trend and severity of threats could lead to its reclassification to a higher category of threat .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : picus dedemi . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 .
hitherto considered conspecific with p . canus and p . guerini , but differs from p . g . robinsoni ( geographically and morphologically closest form ) in its bronzy - red vs dull green upperparts and breast ( 3 ) ; brilliant red vs shining green rump ( 3 ) ; bronzy - black vs dull green mid - belly shading to blackish vs green on belly and vent ( 2 ) . monotypic .
upper montane forest , between c . 1000 m and 2000 m ; has been recorded at 2300 m on mt dempo . may at . . .
little information . feeds on small invertebrates , mostly ants and the like ; some fruit also taken . usually solitary outside breeding season . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . confied to mountains of sumatra , where rare to very rare . global population size not yet quantified . since the . . .
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previously included chrysophlegma , which was found in recent molecular analyses to represent a clearly divergent , separate clade # r ( see above ) .
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