hodgson 's giant flying squirrel ( petaurista magnificus ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae .

it is found in mountainous areas of northern india , nepal , bhutan , myanmar and southern china .

its natural habitat is tropical and subtropical forests , where it is threatened by habitat destruction .

hodgson ' s giant flying squirrel

hodgson ' s giant flying squirrel by glen valentine - rockjumper worldwide birding adventures | animals and birds , insects etc . | pinterest | flying squirrel , …
hodgson ' s giant flying squirrel ( petaurista magnificus ) is a species of rodent in the family sciuridae . it is found in mountainous areas of norther… | pinteres…
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hodgson ' s giant flying squirrel
.
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - hodgson ' s giant flying squirrel facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
click here to see hodgson ' s pen and ink drawing of red pandas .
facts summary : the hodgson ' s giant flying squirrel ( petaurista magnificus ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
mammals
and found in the following area ( s ) : bhutan , china , india , nepal .
the japanese dwarf flying squirrel ( pteromys momonga ; japanese : ニホンモモンガ ; hepburn : nihon momonga ) is a type of flying squirrel .
hodgson ' s giant flying squirrel ( petaurista magnificus ) is a species of rodent in the sciuridae family . it is found in india and nepal . its natural habitat is temperate forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
from the 1847 description of the red panda by b . h . hodgson :
bandyopadhyay , s . and dasgupta , b . 1984 . three new coccidia from flying squirrel , petaurista magnificus ( hodgson ) in darleeling . journal of the bengal natural history society 3 : 19 - 27 .
, also known as the japanese flying squirrel , is found on honshu and kyushu islands .
the japanese dwarf flying squirrel ( pteromys momonga ; japanese : ニホンモモンガ ; hepburn : nihon momonga ) is one of two species of old world flying squirrels .
ty - jour ti - taxonomic review of hodgson ' s giant flying squirrel , petaurista magnificus ( hodgson ) ( sciuridae : rodentia ) , with description of a new subspecies from darjeeling district , west bengal , india t2 - the journal of the bombay natural history society . vl - 78 ur - urltoken pb - bombay natural history society , cy - bombay : py - 1981 sp - 93 ep - 102 sn - 0006 - 6982 au - ghose , r k au - saha , s s er -
other mammal species sharing this habitat : gray langur , dhole , himalayan black bear , yellow - throated marten , leopard , red deer , alpine musk deer , himalayan goral , spotted giant flying squirrel , eurasian shrew . overlaps with the giant panda in sichuan , china ( wei , 2000 ) .
* very few studies of red pandas in the wild . first serious study by brian hodgson in 1830s .
, and will eat whatever food they can find . the north american southern flying squirrel eats seeds , insects ,
japanese dwarf flying squirrels have evolved differently from other sciuridae . the differences between japanese dwarf flying squirrels and other sciuridae is evident when comparing morphology of the mandible and genetic code . the mandible of the japanese dwarf flying squirrel does not have a coronoid process unlike the dwarf tree squirrel . the marmota also has a more elongated mandible than the japanese dwarf flying squirrel . this is due to phylogeny and ecology .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
nepalinisoliituri
to
petaurista magnificus ( hodgson , 1836 )
.
this article is about the member of the animal kingdom . for other uses , see flying squirrel ( disambiguation ) .
this species of flying squirrel inhabits sub - alpine forests and boreal evergreen forests in japan , specifically on honshu and kyushu islands .
the largest of the species is the woolly flying squirrel ( eupetaurus cinereus ) . the two species of the genus glaucomys ( glaucomys sabrinus and glaucomys volans ) are native to north america , and the siberian flying squirrel is native to parts of northern europe ( pteromys volans ) .
roudabush , r . l . 1937 . two eimeria from the flying squirrel , glaucomys volens . journal of parasitology 23 : 107 - 108 .
its body is 14–20cm long and the tail length is 10–14cm . it weighs 150–220g . it is much smaller than the japanese giant flying squirrel which can reach 1500g . its back is covered with grey brown hair , and its belly is white . it has large eyes and a flattened tail .
choudhury , a . u . ( 2013 ) . description of a new species of giant flying squirrel of the genus petaurista link , 1795 from siang basin , arunachal pradesh in north east india . the newsletter & journal of the rhino foundation for nat . in ne india 9 : 30–38 , plates .
thorington and hoffman ( 2005 ) recognize 15 genera of flying squirrels in two subtribes .
soon , b . and dorney , r . s . 1969a . observations on a coccidium ( eimeria dorneyi ) from the northern flying squirrel in ontario . bulletin of the wildlife disease association 5 : 37 - 38 .
joseph , t . 1973a . eimerians occurring in or infective to both the fox squirrel sciurus niger rufiventer and the gray squirrel s . carolinensis . journal of protozoology 20 ( abstract 51 ) : 509 .
thorington , richard w . ; santana , erica m . ( 2007 ) .
how to make a flying squirrel : glaucomys anatomy in phylogenetic perspective
.
oshida , t . , yanagawa , h . , tsuda , m . , inoue , s . , & yoshida , m . c . ( 2000 ) . comparisons of the banded karyotypes between the small japanese flying squirrel , pteromys momonga and the russian flying squirrel , p . volans ( rodentia , sciuridae ) . caryologia , 53 ( 2 ) , 133 - 140 . retrieved from urltoken
wells - gosling , n . 1985 . flying squirrels . usa : smithsonian institute press .
three new species of flying squirrel have been found in the northeastern state of india of arunachal pradesh . [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] these are :
arbogast , b . s . ( 2007 ) .
a brief history of the new world flying squirrels : phylogeny , biogeography , and conservation genetics
.
stafford , b . j . , thorington jr . , r . w . , & kawamichi , t . ( 2002 ) . gliding behavior of japanese giant flying squirrels ( petaurista leucogenys ) . journal of mammalogy , 83 ( 2 ) , 553 - 562 .
flying squirrels throughout the world have been marketed in the pet trade and used for their fur .
the life expectancy of flying squirrels in the wild is about six years , but flying squirrels can live up to fifteen years in zoos . the mortality rate in young flying squirrels is high because of predators and diseases . predators of flying squirrels include tree snakes , raccoons , owls , martens , fishers , coyotes , bobcats , and feral cats . [ 2 ] in the pacific northwest of north america , the northern spotted owl ( strix occidentalis ) is a common predator of flying squirrels .
remarks : the species cannot be transmitted to tamiasciurus hudonicus ( red squirrel ) .
, which is a skin membrane used in gliding . in this particular species of flying squirrel their patagium spans between their wrists and ankles , but not between their legs and tail .
patrick , m . j . and wilson , w . d . 1995 . parasites of the abert ' s squirrel ( sciurus aberti ) and red squirrel ( tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) of new mexico . journal of parasitology , 81 : 321 - 324 .
duncan , s . 1973 . eimeria ontarioensis lee and dorney , 1971 , from the gray squirrel , sciurus carolinensis , in massachusetts . journal of parasitology 59 : 330 .
the japanese dwarf flying squirrel is nocturnal , and during the day it rests in holes in trees . it eats seeds , fruit , tree leaves , buds and bark . it can leap from tree to tree using a
flying squirrels ( scientifically known as pteromyini or petauristini ) are a tribe of 44 species of squirrels ( family sciuridae ) .
prior to the 21st century , the evolutionary history of the flying squirrel was frequently debated . [ 7 ] this debate was clarified greatly as a result of two molecular studies . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] these studies found support that flying squirrels originated 18–20 million years ago , are monophyletic , and have a sister relationship with tree squirrels . due to their close ancestry , the morphological differences between flying squirrels and tree squirrels reveal insight into the formation of the gliding mechanism . by comparing northern and southern flying squirrels to tree squirrels of similar size , flying squirrels show lengthening in bones , such as those of the lumbar vertebrae and forearm , while the feet , hands , and distal vertebrae are reduced in length relative to the tree squirrels . such differences in body proportions reveal the flying squirrels’ adaptation to minimize wing loading and allow for more maneuverability while gliding . [ 10 ]
this article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .
bond , b . b . and bovee , e . c . 1957 . a redescription of an eimerian coccidian from the flying squirrel glaucomys volcans , designating it eimeria parasciurorum nov . sp . journal of protozoology 4 : 225 - 229 .
colley , f . c . 1971 . eimeria callosciuri n . sp . ( protozoa : eimeriidae ) from prevost ' s squirrel callosciurus prevostii demarest , 1822 in malaysia . journal of protozoology 18 : 199 - 200 .
paskins , keith e . ; bowyer , adrian ; megill , william m . ; scheibe , john s . ( 2007 ) .
take - off and landing forces and the evolution of controlled gliding in northern flying squirrels glaucomys sabrinus
.
choudhury , a . u . ( 2007 ) . a new flying squirrel of the genus petaurista link from arunachal pradesh in north - east india . the newsletter & journal of the rhino foundation for nat . in ne india 7 : 26–34 , plates .
is lacking , but this species probably relies mainly on vocal communication , such as chittering noises . this would make them like other flying squirrels .
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choudhury , a . u . ( 2009 ) . one more new flying squirrel of the genus petaurista link , 1795 from arunachal pradesh in north - east india . the newsletter & journal of the rhino foundation for nat . in ne india 8 : 26–34 , plates .
ray , h . n . and singh , h . 1950 . on a new coccidium , eimeria petauristae n . sp . , from the intestine of a himalayan flying squirrel , petaurista inornatus ( geoffery ) . proceedings of the zoological society of bengal 3 : 65 - 70 .
todd , k . s . , jr . , and hammond , d . m . 1968a . life cycle and host specificity of eimeria callospermophili henry , 1932 from the uinta ground squirrel spermophilus armatus . journal of protozoology , 15 : 1 - 8 .
todd , k . s . , jr . and hammond , d . m . 1968b . life cycle and host specificity of eimeria larimerensis vetterling , 1964 , from the uinta ground squirrel spermophilus armatus . journal of protozoology , 15 : 268 - 275 .
reichenow , e . 1953 . doflein ' s lehrbuch der protozoenkunde . 5th edition . g . fischer verlag , jena .
stanton , n . l . , shults , l . m . , parker , m . and seville , r . s . 1992 . coccidian assemblages in the wyoming ground squirrel , spermophilus elegans elegans . journal of parasitology , 78 : 323 - 328 .
steppan , s . j . ; b . l . storz ; r . s . hoffmann ( 2004 ) .
nuclear dna phylogeny of the squirrels ( mammalia : rodentia ) and the evolution of arboreality from c - myc and rag1
.
seville , r . s . and stanton n . l . 1993b . eimerian guilds ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) in richardson ' s ( spermophilus richardsonii ) and wyoming ( spermophilus elegans ) ground squirrels . journal of parasitology , 79 : 973 - 975 .
thorington , jr . , r . w ; pitassy , d . ; jansa , s . a . ( 2002 ) .
seville , r . s . and williams , e . s . 1989 . endoparasites of the white - tailed prairie dog , cynomys leucurus , at meeteetse , park county , wyoming . proceedings of the helminthological society of washington , 56 : 204 - 206 .
joseph , t . 1969 . the coccidia of the grey squirrel sciurus carolinensis with descriptions of two new species . phd dissertation , boston university .
seville , r . s . 1997 . parasites of prairie dogs in wyoming . journal of parasitology , 83 : 163 - 165 .
joseph , t . 1971 . coccidial immunity studies in the grey squirrel . proceedings of the indiana academy of sciences 81 ( abstract ) : 341 .
mercer , j . m . ; v . l . roth ( 2003 ) .
the effects of cenozoic global change on squirrel phylogeny
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myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2006 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed february 16 , 2011 at urltoken . urltoken
lee , b . l . and dorney , r . s . 1971 . eimeria ontarioensis n . sp . , e . confusa joseph , 1969 and eimeria sp . ( protozoa : eimeriidae ) from the ontario gray squirrel sciurus carolinensis . journal of protozoology 18 : 587 - 592 .
seville , r . s . , thomas , d . m . , pickering , r . and stanton , n . l . 1992 . species of eimeria from the thirteen - lined ground squirrel , spermophilus tridecemlineatus , from wyoming . great basin naturalist , 52 : 309 - 312 .
todd , k . s . , jr . , hammond , d . m . and anderson , l . c . 1968 . observations on the life cycle of eimeria bilamellata henry , 1932 in the uinta ground squirrel spermophilus armatus . journal of protozoology , 15 : 732 - 740 .
biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
joseph , t . 1975 . experimental transmission of eimeria confusa joseph , 1969 to the fox squirrel . journal of wildlife diseases 11 : 402 - 403 .
webster , j . m . 1960 . investigations into the coccidia of the grey squirrel sciurus carolinensis gmelin . journal of protozoology 7 : 139 - 146 .
which can reach 1500 g . its back is covered with grey brown hair , and its belly is white . it has large eyes and a flattened tail . species of flying squirrels possess a
prasad , h . 1960 . a new species of coccidia of the grey squirrel sciurus ( neosciurus ) carolinensis . journal of protozoology 7 : 135 - 139 .
daxner - höck g . ( 2004 ) .
flying squirrels ( pteromyinae , mammalia ) from the upper miocene of austria
. annalen des naturhistorischen museums in wien 106a : 387–423 . pdf .
japanese dwarf flying squirrels make their nests in the cavities of trees , or at the cross point between branches and tree trunks . these squrrels also tend to line their nests with mosses and lichens .
molur , s . ( 2008 ) . petaurista magnificus . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 6 january 2009 .
pellerdy , l . 1954 . contribution to the knowledge of coccidia of the common squirrel ( sciurus vulgaris ) . acta veterinaria academiae scientarum 4 : 475 - 480 .
when it feeds , the japanese dwarf flying squirrel assumes a hanging posture . it will pull a twig to its mouth with its forepaws if the twig is not strong enough to support its weight and obtain food at the tip . while picking up food scattered on the ground , it will extend its body in an intermediate range around its body without moving its hind legs .
iwanoff - gobzem , p . s . 1934 . zum vorkommen von coccidien bei kleinen wilden saugetiere . deutsche tierarztliche wochenschrift , 42 : 149 - 151 .
mahrt , j . m . and chai , s . 1972 . prevalence of coccidia in red squirrels . canadian journal of zoology , 48 : 606 .
yakimoff , w . l . and terwinsky , s . k . 1931 . die coccidiose des zobeltieres . archiv fur protistenkunde 73 : 56 - 59 .
scheibe , john s . ; figgs , daylan ; heiland , jeff ( 1990 ) .
morphological attributes of gliding rodents : a preliminary analysis
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thorington , richard w . , jr . , and robert s . hoffman / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
ray , h . n . and das gupta , m . 1935 . wenyonella ( coccidia ) from an indian squirrel . science and culture 1 : 112 - 113 .
joseph , t . 1972b . observations on the endogenous stages of eimeria confusa joseph , 1969 from the grey squirrel sciurus carolinensis . journal of protozoology 19 : 408 - 413 .
joseph , t . 1972a . eimeria lancasterensis joseph , 1969 and e . confusa joseph , 1969 from the grey squirrel sciurus carolinensis . journal of protozoology 19 : 143 - 150 .
dorney , r . s . 1962 . a survey of some wisconsin sciuridae with descriptions of three new species . journal of protozoology , 9 : 258 - 261 .
mcallister , c . t . , upton , s . j . and earle , b . d . 1991 . eimeria callispermophili and e . morainensis ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from the mexican ground squirrel , spermophilus mexicanus ( rodentia : sciuridae ) , in south central texas , usa . transactions of the american microscopical society , 110 : 71 - 74 .
dorney , r . s . 1966 . quantitative data on four species of eimeria in eastern chipmunks and red squirrels . journal of protozoology , 13 : 549 - 550 .
seville , r . s . and stanton n . l . 1993a . synonymy of eimeria larimerensis with eimeria lateralis . journal of parasitology , 79 : 970 - 972 .
chowattukunnel , j . t . 1970 . eimeria malabaricas sp . n . and eimeria bandipurensis from the south indian tree squirrel , funambulus tristriatus . journal of protozoology 26 : 36 - 38 .
knipling , e . f . and becker , e . r . 1935 . a coccidium from the fox squirrel sciurus niger rufiventer , geoffrey . journal of parasitology 21 : 417 - 418 .
ray . h . n . and das gupta , m . 1937 . a new coccidian , wenyonella hoarei n . sp . from an indian squirrel . parasitology 29 : 117 - 120 .
dorney , r . s . 1963 . coccidiosis - - incidence , epizootiology , in two wisconsin sciuridae . north american wildlife natural resources conference , 28 : 207 - 215 .
joseph , t . 1973b . occurrence of eimeria ontarioensis lee and dorney , 1971 , in the fox squirrel , sciurus niger rufiventer , in indiana . journal of parasitology 59 : 584 - 585 .
sampson , j . r . 1969 . eimeria yukonensis n . sp . ( protozoa : eimeriidae ) from the arctic ground squirrel spermophilus undulatus . journal of protozoology , 16 : 45 - 46 .
duncan , s . 1968 . eimeria ovata n . sp . and other coccidia of the eastern chipmunk tamias striatus in massachusetts . journal of parasitology , 15 : 319 - 320 .
svanbaev , s . k . 1964 . a new species of coccidia from marmota menzbieri kaschkarov , 1925 . zoologiceskii zhurnal , 63 : 764 - 765 . ( in russian ) .
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soon , b . and dorney , r . s . 1969b . occurrence of eimeria tamiasciuriin ontario red squirrels ( tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) . canadian journal of zoology , 47 : 731 - 732 .
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wilber , p . g . , duszynski , d . w . , upton , s . j . , seville , r . s . , and corliss , j . o . 1998 . a revision of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the eimeria spp . ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from rodents in the tribe marmotini ( sciuridae ) . systematic parasitology 39 : 113 - 135 .
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mcmillan , b . 1958 . a new species of eimeria ( coccidiida , eimeriidae ) from the ground - squirrel xerus ( euxerus ) erythropus geoffroy , 1803 . annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 52 : 20 - 23 .
bandyopadhyay , s . and ray , r . 1982 . on a new coccidium , dorisiella bangalensis , from an indian palm squirril , funambulus pennanti wroughton . indian journal of parasitology 6 : 265 - 266 .
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the mating season for flying squirrels is during february and march . when the infants are born , the female squirrels live with them in maternal nest sites . the mothers nurture and protect them until they leave the nest . the males do not participate in nurturing their offspring . [ 20 ]
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habitat loss and degradation due to non - timber plantations ( cardamom and tea ) , small - scale logging , human encroachments , forest fires have been observed to be the major threats for this species in south asia ( molur et al . 2005 ) . habitat at the type locality is lost ( s . s . saha pers . comm . 2005 ) . it is hunted as a subsistence food source in some areas .
the colugos , petauridae , and anomaluridae are gliding mammals which are similar to flying squirrels because of convergent evolution . these mammals can glide through the trees , but they do not actually fly ( like birds and bats ) . they have a membrane of skin on either side of their body .
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matschoulsky , s . n . 1941 . coccidiosis of animals in buryat - mongolskoi , ussr . trudy buryat - mongol ' skoi zooveterinarnogo instituta , ulan - ude 2 : 134 - 142 . ( in russian ) .
svanbaev , s . k . 1956 . material on the fauna of coccidia from wild mammals from western kazakhstan . trudy instituta zoologii , akademii nauk kazakhskoi ssr , 5 : 180 - 191 . ( in russian ) .
svanbaev , s . k . 1963 . coccidia in the marmot ( marmota menzbieri , kaschkarov , 1925 ) . trudy instituta zoologii , akademii nauk kazakhskoi ssr , 19 : 51 - 54 . ( in russian ) .
hall , p . r . and knipling , e . f . 1935 . eimeria franklinii and eimeria eubeckeri , two new species of coccidia from the franklin ground squirrel , citellus franklinii sabine . journal of parasitology , 21 : 128 - 129 .
yakimoff , w . l . and sokoloff , b . d . 1935b . eimeria beckeri n . sp . , a new coccidium from the ground squirrel , citellus pygmaeus . iowa state college journal of science , 9 : 581 - 585 .
golemansky , v . and duhlinska , d . 1973 . on the coccidian parasites ( sporozoa , coccidia ) of the squirrels ( sciurus vulgaris ) in bulgaria . izvestiya na zoologisheskiya institut s museii 38 : 61 - 66 .
ball , s . j . and snow , k . r . 1984 . eimeria confusa joseph , 1969 and e . ontarioensis lee and dorney , 1971 , from grey squirrels in england . journal of parasitology 70 : 390 .
abenov , d . b . and svanbaev , s . k . 1979 . the coccidia of the yellow suslik from kazakhstan . izvsetiya akademii nauk kazakhskoi ssr seriya biologischeskik nauk , 4 : 22 - 30 . ( in russian ) .
habitat loss and degradation due to non - timber plantations ( cardamom and tea ) , small - scale logging , human encroachments , forest fires have been observed to be the major threats for this species in south asia ( molur et al . 2005 ) . habitat at the type locality is lost ( s . s . saha pers . comm . 2005 ) . it is hunted as a subsistence food source in some areas ( m . krishna pers . comm . ) .
ando , m . , shiraishi , s . , & uchida , t . a . ( 1985 ) . feeding behaviour of three species of squirrels . behaviour , 95 ( 1 - 2 ) , 76 - 86 . retrieved from urltoken
torbett , b . e . , marquardt , w . c . and carey , a . c . 1982 . a new species of eimeria from the golden mantled ground squirrel , spermophilus lateralis , in northern colorado . journal of protozoology 29 : 157 - 159 .
mullin , s . w . , colley , f . c . , and welch , q . b . 1975 . ecological studies on coccidia of malaysian forest mammals . southeast asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 6 : 93 - 98 .
svanbaev , s . k . and rachmatullina , n . k . 1971 . the question on coccidia from fur bearing animals in kazakhstan . trudy instituta zoologii , akademii nauk kazakhskoi ssr . , 31 : 165 - 170 . ( in russian ) .
ray , h . n . , banik , d . c . , and mukherjea , a . k . 1965 . a new coccidium , eimeria banipurensis n . sp . , from the indian palm squirrel , funumbulus palmarum . journal of protozoology 12 : 478 - 479 .
nowak , ronald m . ( 1999 ) . walker ' s mammals of the world / : ronald m . nowak . ( 6th ed . ed . ) . baltimore , md . : johns hopkins university press . p . 1297 . isbn 0 - 8018 - 5789 - 9 .
barta , j . r . , martin , d . s . , liberator , p . a . , dashkevicz , m . , anderson , j . w . , feighner , s . d . , elbrecht , a . , perkins - barrow , a . , jenkins , m . c . , danforth , h . d . , ruff , m . d . and profous - juchelka , h . 1997 . phylogenetic relationships among eight eimeria species infecting domestic fowl inferred using complete small subunit ribosomal dna sequences . journal of parasitology , 83 : 262 - 271 .
thorington , r . w . jr . and r . s . hoffman . 2005 . family sciuridae . pp . 754–818 in mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference . d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder eds . johns hopkins university press , baltimore .
thomas , d . m . and stanton , n . l . 1994 . eimerian species ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) in gunnison ' s prairie dog ( cynomys gunnisoni zuniensis ) and rock squirrels ( spermophilus variegatus grammurus ) from southeastern utah . journal of the helminthological society of washington , 61 : 17 - 21 .
japanese flying squirrels posses several features which are adapted to avoid predators . their cryptic coloration helps them blend into their environment , so that they are less easily detected by predators . they also lie so flat against the tree that they look like an inconspicuous lump on the bark . it is thought that their erratic , quick movements help them to avoid predators also . in addition , they might use their gliding ability to escapre from predators .
anderson , l . c . and hess , j . 1980 . development of first generation schizonts of eimeria bilamellata in the uinta ground squirrel , spermophilus armatus . in , proceedings of the 55th annual meeting of the american society of parasitologists , 4 - 8 august 1980 , berkeley , california . allen press , lawerence , kansas . abstract 140 , p . 63 .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the diet of japanese flying squirrels consists of nuts , pine seeds , the buds and bark of certain trees , fruits , and probably some insects . their forepaws may play only a supplemental role in holding food , which was exhibited by a study done using bait to observe how the species eats in comparison to others . the study also found that when the squirrels were on a perch , they had to turn their bodies sideways in order to bring food to the mouth .
wilber , p . g . , hanelt , b . , van horne , b . and duszynski , d . w . 1994 . two new species and temporal changes in the prevalence of eimerians in a free - living population of townsend ' s ground squirrels ( spermophilus townsendii ) in idaho . journal of parasitology , 80 : 251 - 259 .
shults , l . m . , seville , r . s . , stanton , n . l . and menkens , g . e . jr . 1990 . eimeria sp . ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from wyoming ground squirrels ( spermophilus elegans ) and white - tailed prairie dogs ( cynomys leucurus ) in wyoming . great basin naturalist , 50 : 327 - 331 .
flying squirrels can easily forage for food in the night , given their highly developed sense of smell . they harvest fruits , nuts , fungi , and birds ' eggs . [ 2 ] [ 22 ] gliding conserves energy . [ 3 ] many gliders have specialized diets and there is evidence to believe that gliders may be able to take advantage of scattered protein deficient food . [ 23 ] additionally , gliding is a fast form of locomotion and by reducing travel time between patches , they can increase the amount of foraging time . [ 23 ]
hoffman , r . s . , anderson , c . g . , thorington , r . w . , jr . , and heaney , l . r . 1993 . family sciuridae in : wilson , d . e and reeder , d . m . ( eds . ) . mammal species of the world . ( 2nd ed . ) . washington , dc : smithsonian institution press , 1207 pp .
at birth , flying squirrels are mostly hairless , apart from their whiskers , and most of their senses are not present . their internal organs are visible through the skin , and their sex can be signified . by week five , they are almost fully developed . at that point , they can respond to their environment and start to develop a mind of their own . through the upcoming weeks of their lives , they practice leaping and gliding . after two and a half months , their gliding skills are perfected , they are ready to leave the nest , and are capable of independent survival . [ 21 ]
this species is limited to northern south asia , southern china and western southeast asia . this species has been recorded from bhutan , india and nepal in south asia ( molur et al . 2005 ) from 400 m asl in arunchal pradesh in india ( m . krishna pers . comm . ) up to 3 , 700 m asl in nepal ( s . thapa pers . comm . ) . in china , it is found in southern xizang ( smith and xie 2008 ) . in southeast asia , the species is only found in western and northern myanmar .
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this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
it is a locally rare species over much of its range . in south asia , there has reportedly been a quantitative decrease in the population ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
this species lives in evergreen tropical and subtropical and broad - leafed forests from the lowlands up to 3 , 000 m . it seems to prefer deciduous forests ( molur et al . 2005 , smith and xie 2008 ) . they occupy nests with a round entrance at heights of 5–15 m above the ground ( smith and xie 2008 ) . they are reported to have a generation time of 7–8 years ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
the species is included in the schedule ii ( part ii ) of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 . it found in many protected areas in arunchal pradesh in india ( m . krishna pers . comm . ) . survey , taxonomic research and monitoring are recommended for this species ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
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the solenodon is a mammal found primarily in cuba and hispanola . the species was thought to be extinct until scientists found a few still alive in 2003 . solenodons only prefer to come out at night . they eat primarily insects and they are one of the few mammal species that are venomous , delivering a very powerful toxin . symptoms of a solenodon bite are very similar to a snake bite , including swelling and severe pain , lasting several days .
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a curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .
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little is known about the longevity of these animals , but one captive specimen lived 10 . 7 years [ 0671 ] .
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this species is limited to northern south asia , southern china and western southeast asia . this species has been recorded from bhutan , india and nepal in south asia at elevations of 1 , 500 to 2 , 240 m asl ( molur
2005 ) . in china , it is found in southern xizang ( smith and xie 2008 ) . in southeast asia , the species is only found in western and northern myanmar .
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donald w . duszynski 1 , lee couch 1 , and steve j . upton 2 1 department of biology , university of new mexico 2 division of biology , kansas state university
copyright notice : copyright 1998 - 2000 . material at this site is intellectual property and is protected by the international berne convention treaty and by copyright laws of the united states of america . permission hereby is granted by the authors for individuals to make copies of any portion of this work for personal or classroom use , without fee , providing that the information is not distributed for profit or for commerical advantage . any use of this information for scientific purposes , such as contained in taxonomic review articles , books , book chapters , or monographs , must be accompanied by an appropriate credit citing the above authors by name and acknowledging nsf grant peet deb 9521687 . any use of this information for profit or other commercial gain must be negotiated with the authors .
remarks : the author has drawn four unusually stubby sporozoites within each sporocysts , suggesting that the sporozoites and refractile bodies are being confused .
references : : abenov and svanbaev 1982 ; henry , 1932 ; hill and duszynski 1986 ; levine and ivens 1965 ; matschoulsky 1949 ; seville 1997 ; seville et al . 1992 ; seville and stanton 1993 ; shults et al . 1990 ; stanton et al . 1992 ; tanabe and okinami 1940 ; thomas and stanton 1994 ; wilber et al . 1994
references : abenov 1980 ; abenov and svanbaev 1979 , 1982 ; dorney 1965 ; dzerzhinsky and kairullaev 1989 ; frank 1978 ; glebezdin 1978 ; kartchner and becker 1930 ; kietzmann and kietzmann 1987 ; levine et al . 1957c ; matschoulsky 1941 , 1949 ; pellerdy and babos 1953 ; rysavy 1957 ; sassuchin and rauschenbach 1932 ; svanbaev 1960 , 1962 ; veluvolu and levine 1984 ; yakimoff and sokoloff 1935 ; zolotareff 1935 , 1938
references : anderson and hess 1980 , 1985 ; andrews 1928 ; hall and knipling 1935 ; henry 1932 ; hilton and mahrt 1971 ; kietzmann and kietzmann 1987 ; pellerdy and babos 1953 ; rysavy 1957 ; seville 1997 ; seville and stanton 1993 ; seville and williams 1989 ; seville et al . 1992 ; shults et al . 1990 ; stanton et al . 1992 ; thomas and stanton 1994 ; todd et al . 1968 ; torbert et al . 1982 ; vetterling 1964 ; wilber et al . 1994 , 1998
references : dorney 1965 ; fleming et al . 1979 ; mcquistion and wright 1984 ; nukerbaeva and abenov 1979 ; vetterling 1964 ; wilber et al . 1998
references : broda and schmidt 1978 ; dorney 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 ; duncan 1968 ; fleming et al . 1979 ; hill and duszynski 1986 ; hilton and mahrt 1971 ; levine et al . 1957a ; mcquistion and wright 1984 ; nukerbaeva and abenov 1979 ; seville 1997 ; seville and stanton 1993 ; seville and williams 1989 ; seville et al . 1992 ; shults et al . 1990 ; stanton et al . 1992 ; thomas and stanton 1994 ; todd and hammond 1968 ; velovolu and levine 1984 ; vetterling 1964 ; wilber et al . 1994 , 1998
references : bornand 1937 ; galli - valerio 1923 ; nukerbaeva and abenov 1979 ; wilber et al . 1998
references : crouch and becker 1931 ; dorney 1965 ; fish 1930 ; fleming et al . 1979 ; iwanoff 1934 ; levine and ivens 1965 ; mcquistion and wright 1984 ; matschoulsky 1949 ; nukerbaeva and abenov 1979 ; svanbaev 1963 ; wilber et al . 1998
references : mcallister et al . 1991 ; seville 1997 ; seville et al . 1992 ; sevillet and stanton 1993 ; shults et al . 1990 ; stanton et al . 1992 ; thomas and stanton 1994 ; torbett et al . 1982 ; wilber et al 1994 , 1998
references : crouch and becker 1931 ; dorney 1965 ; fleming et al . 1979 ; levine and ivens 1965 ; mcquistion and wright 1984 ; matschoulsky 1941 , 1949 ; nukerbaeva and abenov 1979 ; svanbaev 1963 , 1964 ; svanbaev and rachmatullina 1971 ; wilber et al . 1998
references : hilton and mahrt 1971 ; seville 1997 ; seville and stanton 1993 ; shults et al . 1990 ; stanton et al . 1992 ; thomas and stanton 1994
remarks : there is no illustration and the description too poor to show this to be a new species .
references : bullock 1959 ; dorney 1962 , 1963 , 1966 ; hill and duszynski 1986 ; levine et al . 1957 ; mahrt and chai 1972 ; patrick and wilson 1995 ; soon and dorney 1969b ; vance and duszynski 1985
( montane vole - muridae ) . it seems more likely that a morphologically similar species is involved .
remarks : there is no illustration or specimen for this oocyst and the description is lacking .
references : dorney 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 ; duncan 1968 ; fleming et al . 1979 ; hill and duszynski 1986 ; mcallister et al . 1991 ; mcquistion and wright 1984 ; seville 1997 ; wilber et al . 1994 , 1998
references : abenov 1980 ; abenov and svanbaev 1982 ; levine and ivens 1965 ; matschoulsky 1949 ; sassuchin and rauschenbach 1932 ; svanbaev 1965 ; wilber et al . 1998 ; zolotareff 1935 , 1938
remarks : the line drawing reveals sporocysts that are unusually small in proportion to oocyst size suggesting that this coccidian may have improperly sporulated .
remarks : the oocysts did not sporulate completely so sporozoites could not be examined .
remarks : the type host is only known to be some type of sciurus sp . ; the exact species is not known .
references : ball and snow 1984 ; carini 1932 , 1933 ; davidson 1976 ; duncan 1973 ; golemansky and duhlinska 1973 ; forrester et al . 1977 ; hill and duszynski 1986 ; joseph 1972 , 1973a , 1973b ; lee and dorney 1971 ; lubimov 1934 ; mikeladze 1977 ; nukerbaeva and svanbaev 1977 ; parker et al . 1972 ; pellerdy 1954 ; rysavy and cerna 1979
remarks : the oocysts failed to sporulate properly . however , except for size , the oocysts are remarkably similar to eimeria botelhoi carini , 1932 . it is possible that the measurements given are in error .
references : levine and ivens 1965 ; moller 1923 ; parker and holliman 1971 ; parker et al . 1972 ; yakimoff et al . 1931a , 1931b
remarks : the line drawings suggests that the sporozoites are long and double back along themselves within the sporocyst , thus appearing as another set of sporozoites . refractile bodies may also have been confused with sporozoites .
references : bullock ( 1959 ) ; dorney ( 1962 , 1963 , 1966 ) ; hill and duszynski ( 1986 ) ; levine et al . ( 1957 ) ; mahrt and chai ( 1972 ) ; patrick and wilson ( 1995 ) ; soon and dorney ( 1969 ) : vance and duszynski ( 1985 )
abenov , d . b . 1980 . materials on coccidia of citellus erythrogenys in kazakhstan . izvsetiya akademii nauk kazakhskoi ssr seriya biologischeskik nauk , 6 : 24 - 28 . ( in russian ) .
andrews , j . 1928 . new species of coccidia from the skunk and prairie dog . journal of parasitology , 14 : 192 - 194 .
arcay , l . 1981 . nuevos coccidia de roedores silvestres de venezuela : eimeria guerlingueti sp . nov . y wenyonella maligna sp . nov . de sciurus ( guerlinguetus ) granatensis y eimeria akodoni sp . nov . , de akodon urichi venezuelensis ( rodentia , myomorpha , cricetidae , cricetinae ) . acta biologica venezuelica 11 : 125 - 148 .
* arcay de peraza , l . 1970 . coccidia de roedores silvestres de venezuela : ciclo evolutivo de eimeria guerlingueti sp . nov . de sciurus ( guerlinguetus ) granatensis ( rodentia , sciuromorpha , sciuroidea , sciuridae ) y descripcion de eimeria akodoni sp . nov . parasito de akodon urichi venezuelensis ( rodentia , cricetomorpha , cricetidae ) . revista 2nd congreso latinamericano de parasitologia , p . 3 .
blackwelder , r . e . 1967 . taxonomy : a text and reference book . new york : john wiley and sons , 698 pp .
bornand , m . 1937 . sur quelques affections parasitaires du gibier observées en 1936 . bulletin de la societe vaudoise des sciences naturelles , 59 : 509 - 514 .
bullock , w . l . 1959 . the occurrence of eimeria tamiasciuri in new hampshire . journal of parasitology , 45 ( supp . ) : 39 - 40 .
carini , a . 1932 . eimeriose intestinal de um serelepe por eimeria botelhoi n . sp . revista de biologia e hygiene ( sao paulo ) 3 : 80 - 82 .
carini , a . 1933 . eimeriose intestinal de um serelepe por eimeria botelhoi n . sp . archivors de biologia sao paulo 16 : 32 - 34 .
crouch , h . b . and becker , e . r . ( 1931 ) three species of coccidia from the woodchuck , marmota monax . iowa state college journal of science , 2 : 127 - 131 .
davidson , w . r . 1976 . endoparasites of selected populations of gray squirrels ( sciurus carolinensis ) in the southeastern united states . proceedings of the helminthological society of washington 43 : 211 - 217 .
davronov , o . 1973 . coccidia of rodents from uzbekistan . parasitologiya , 7 : 79 - 82 . ( in russian ) .
duszynski , d . w . and wilber , p . g . 1997 . critical comment . a guideline for the preparation of species descriptions in the eimeriidae . journal of parasitology , 83 : 333 - 336 .
dzerzhinsky , v . a . and kairullaev , k . k . 1989 . coccidia of the wild animals in the lower regions of the turgai river . izvsetiya akademii nauk kazakhskoi ssr seriya biologischeskik nauk , 2 : 30 - 34 . ( in russian ) .
fish , f . 1930 . coccidia of rodents : eimeria monacis , n . sp . from the woodchuck . journal of parasitology , 17 : 98 - 100 .
fleming , w . j . , georgi , j . r . and caslick , j . w . 1979 . parasites of the woodchuck ( marmota monax ) in central new york state . proceedings of the helminthological society of washington , 46 : 115 - 127 .
forrester , d . j . , shamis , j . d . , hoff , g . l . , and bigler , w . j . 1977 . coccidia of urban gray squirrels in northern florida . journal of parasitology 63 : 1045 .
frank , v . c . 1978 . kleinsaugerprotozoen im neusiedlerseegebiet . angewandte parasitologie . jena , 19 : 137 - 154 .
galli - valerio , b . 1922 . parasitologische untersuchungen und beitrage zur parasitologischen technik . zentralblatt fur bakteriologie ii . abteilung 56 : 344 - 347 .
galli - valerio , b . 1923 . parasitologische untersuchungen und beitrage zur parasitologischen technik . zentralblatt fur bakteriologie , parasitenkunde , infektionskrankheiten und hygiene i . abteilung , originale , 91 : 120 - 125 .
galli - valerio , b . 1931 . notes de parasitologie . zentralblatt fur bakteriologie , parasitenkunde , infektionskrankheiten und hygiene i . abteilung , originale , 120 : 90 - 106 .
galli - valerio , b . 1935 . notes parasitologiques . schweizer archiv fur tierheilkunde 77 : 643 - 647 .
hafner , d . j . 1984 . evolutionary relationships of the nearctic sciuridae in : murie , j . o . and michener , g . r . , ( eds . ) . the biology of ground squirrels . nebraska : university of nebraska press , 459 pp .
henry , d . p . 1932 . observations of coccidia of small mammals in california , with descriptions of seven new species . university of california publications in zoology , 37 : 279 - 290 .
hill , t . p . and duszynski , d . w . 1986 . coccidia ( apicomplexa : eimeriidae ) from sciurid rodents ( eutamias , sciurus , tamiasciurus spp . ) from the western united states and northern mexico with descriptions of two new species . journal of protozoology , 33 : 282 - 288 .
hilton , d . f . j . and mahrt , j . l . 1971 . eimeria spermophili n . sp . and other eimeria spp . ( sporozoa , eimeriidae ) from three species of alberta spermophilus ( rodentia , sciuridae ) . canadian journal of zoology , 49 : 699 - 701 .
ivens , v . , kruidenier , f . j . and levine , n . d . 1959 . further studies of eimeria ( protozoa : eimeriidae ) from mexican rodents . transactions of the illinois state academy of science , 51 : 53 - 57 .
jirovec , o . 1942 . three rare coccidia from our vertebrates . priroda 35 : 72 - 73 .
kietzmann , g . e . , jr . and kietzmann , e . a . 1987 . parasites associated with thirteen - lined ground squirrels ( spermophilus tridecemlineatus mitchill ) from ames , iowa . proceedings of the iowa academy of sciences , 94 : 22 - 23 .
lainson , r . 1968 . parasitological studies in british honduras . iii . some coccidial parasites of mammals . annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 62 : 252 - 259 .
levine , n . d . and ivens , v . 1965 . the coccidian parasites ( protozoa , sporozoa ) of rodents . illinois biological monographs 33 . urbana : the university of illinois press , 365 pp .
levine , n . d . and ivens , v . r . 1987 . corrections in the names of rodent coccidia ( apicomplexa : coccidiasina ) . journal of protozoology 34 : 371 .
levine , n . d . and ivens , v . 1990 . the coccidian parasites of rodents . florida : crc press , 228 pp .
levine , n . d . , ivens , v . and kruidenier , f . j . 1957a . new species of eimeria from arizona rodents . journal of protozoology , 4 : 80 - 88 .
levine , n . d . , ivens , v . and kruidenier , f . j . 1957c . new species of eimeria ( protozoa : eimeriidae ) from mexican rodents . transactions of the illinois state academy of science , 50 : 291 - 298 .
lubimov , m . p . 1934 . diseases of squirrels and hares . in , biology of the hares and squirrels and their diseases . manteufel , p . editor . moscow and leningrad . pp . 80 - 140 .
mayberry , l . f . , marquardt . w . c . , nash , d . j . , and plan , b . 1982 . genetic dependent transmission of eimeria separata from rattus to three strains of mus musculus , an abnormal host . journal of parasitology , 68 : 1124 - 1126 .
mcquistion , t . e and wright , j . m . 1984 . the prevalence and seasonal distribution of coccidial parasites of woodchucks ( marmota marmota ) . journal of parasitology , 70 : 994 - 996 .
mikeladze , l . g . 1977 . studies of fauna of coccidia of squirrels in georgia . parasitologischeskii sbornik 4 : 79 - 82 .
* moller , j . 1923 . coccidien bei den saugetieren des zoologischen gartens zu berline . phd dissertation , berlin . 23 pp .
musaev , m . a . and veisov , a . m . 1965 . coccidia of rodents in the ussr . instituta zoologii , akadenaii nauk azerbaidskanskoi ssr . izdatelystvo akademii nauk azerbaidskanskoi ssr , baku , 154 pp . ( in russian ) .
nukerbaeva , k . k , and abenov , d . b . 1979 . coccidia in marmots in kazakhastan . izvsetiya akademii nauk kazakhskoi ssr seriya biologischeskik nauk , 5 : 30 - 35 . ( in russian ) .
parker , j . c . and holliman , r . b . 1971 . observations on parasites of gray squirrels during the 1968 emigration in north carolina . journal of mammalogy 52 : 437 - 441 .
parker , j . c . , riggs , e . j . , and holliman , r . b . 1972 . notes on parasites of gray squirrels from florida . quarterly journal of the florida academy of sciences 35 : 161 - 162 .
pellerdy , l . p . 1974 . coccidia and coccidiosis ( 2nd ed . ) . budapest : akademiai kiado , 959 pp .


the squalidae , also called dogfish sharks or spiny dogfishes , are a family of sharks in the order squaliformes .

they have two dorsal fins , each with smooth spines , but no anal fin , and their skin is generally rough to the touch .

unlike virtually all other shark species , dogfish sharks possess venom which coats their dorsal spines – this venom is mildly toxic to humans .

these sharks are characterized by teeth in upper and lower jaws similar in size ; a caudal peduncle with lateral keels ; the upper precaudal pit usually is present ; and the caudal fin is without a subterminal notch .

they are carnivorous , principally preying upon organisms smaller than themselves .

the livers and stomachs of the squalidae contain the compound squalamine , which possesses the property of reduction of small blood vessel growth in humans .

two genera are known : squalus , which contains numerous species , and cirrhigaleus , which has three species .

squalidae

the account of squalidae presented here follows the reviews of bigelow and schroeder ( 1957 ) and bass , d ' aubrey and kistnasamy ( 1976 ) . many writers separate the
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . squalidae de blainville , 1816 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 105716 on 2018 - 07 - 09
family squalidae ( spiny dogfishes , sleeper sharks , and relatives ) distinguished by having about as many upper teeth in anterior row as in succeeding rows . diverse forms , habits , and sizes . spiny dogfishes ( squalus ) grow to about 120 cm ( 47 . 25 inches ) , the greenland sleeper shark to over 6 metres…
this is a widely distributed family of small sharks . they are found in both the northern and southern hemispheres from the tropics to boreal latitudes . there are ten species in the squalidae . the spiny dogfish , our only puget sound dogfish , is one of the most widely distributed marine fishes in the world , although it is rare in the tropics and the indian ocean . like all members of its family , the spiny dogfish is ovoviviparous . it produces litters of usually 4 to 9 pups after a gestation of 22 to 24 months . this species may reach lengths of 1 . 6 meters and ages of 40 years or more . the spiny dogfish feeds on a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates . it often forms schools , particularly where food is abundant . this is a fairly common food fish in europe , but it is rarely eaten in north america , although it will feed on captured fish and damage fishing gear . this shark should be treated with some caution : its dorsal fin spines are sharp and mildly toxic , and it bites fiercely when threatened . the spiny dogfish is common in puget sound .
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distribution : atlantic , indian and pacific oceans , boreal to tropical . both dorsal fins with spines , not grooved ; teeth on lower jaw not much larger than those on upper jaw ; upper precaudal pit usually present ; caudal peduncle with a pair of lateral keels .
latin , squaleo , squalidus = with rough skin . 1591 ( ref . 45335 ) .
the list below must not be used as an authority reference synonymy list like those found in scientific published revisions , which must be the source to be used and cited eventually when they exist .
rather , it reflects the current content of fishbase , and the progress with respect to synchronization with the catalog of fishes . however , we think it can be useful for users to assess the quality of information in fishbase , to start new work on the family , or to cross - check with other lists .
but we appreciate to be cited in publications when this list has been of any working value . in particular , for published scientific , we suggest then to cite it in the material and method section as a useful tool to conduct the research , but again , not as a taxonomic or nomenclatural authority reference .
unless it is explicitly precised , the list is not complete , please search all original names published for the family in the catalog of fishes ( genera , species ) , including those with uncertain or unknown status , that are not included in fishbase when they are not attached to a valid species .
this list uses some data from catalog of fishes ( not shown but used to sort names ) .
in the column coff , the digit indicates the status of synchronization with coff : 0 : not checked ; 1 : same status ; 2 : different status ; 3 : other combination ; 4 : synonym in coff ; 5 : species / subspecies issue ; 6 : synonym of another species in coff ; 7 : not in coff ; 8 : should not be in coff . the coff version currently used is the one published on 23 - 07 - 2014 ( ref . 97102 ) .
when subfamilies are recognized , nominotypical subfamily first then other subfamilies by alphabetical order .
type genus of the family first ( or of subfamily when subfamilies are recognized ) then other genera by chronological order of description ( and alphabetical order ) .
type species of the genus first by chronological order ( and alphabetical order ) , with last listed misapplied names in a light gray font .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
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this group is characterized by the lack of an anal fin , combined with the presence of two dorsal fins , each of which is preceded by a fixed spine which is long and conspicuous in some , but so short in others that its presence can be detected only by touch . the teeth are alike in the two jaws in some , unlike in others .
distribution distribution : atlantic , indian and pacific oceans . no lateral teeth or barbels . dorsal fin with or without spines . the 5 . . .
distribution distribution : atlantic , indian and pacific oceans . no lateral teeth or barbels . dorsal fin with or without spines . the 5 gill openings anterior to pectoral fin . maximum length at 6 . 3 m , reported for somniosus microcephalus . this family includes the smallest sharks in the world . [ details ]
van der laan , r . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ( 2014 ) . family - group names of recent fishes . zootaxa . 3882 ( 1 ) : 1 - 230 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
floor at over 6000 m depth . a number of highly diverse small temperate and
at less than 20 cm long . in contrast are two gigantic sleeper sharks in the
in the tropics , where they may be displaced from inshore habitats by members of the families carcharhinidae , sphyrnidae , and other carcharhinoid families .
form immense schools that are highly nomadic , moving locally and on regular yearly migrations . all members of this family in which
have powerful lower cutting dentitions and can dismember large prey . schools of at least one deepsea lanternshark (
too large for an individual shark to overcome . none of the dogfish sharks are very dangerous to people ; some
as weapons when captured and can inflict punctures or lacerations on unwary fishermen . none of these sharks have been recently involved in unprovoked attacks onpeople ; there are old , unverified stories of sleeper sharks
spines on both dorsals of the former family . as noted by hubbs and mchugh ( 1951 ) , loss of
spines has probably occurred more than once among squaloids , and grouping squaloids by presence or absence of spines produces heterogeneous , polyphyletic groups . preliminary work on squaloid morphology led me to group the squaloids other than
forms a compact if morphologically varied group of highly derived sharks . pending completion and publication of my work on squaloid morphology i prefer to include the squaloid
chris taklis added an association between
image of centrophorus uyato , centrophorus cf . uyato , centrophorus uyato , centrophorus uyato , centrophorus uyato , centrophorus uyato , centrophorus uyato , and centrophorus uyato
and
centrophorus uyato ( rafinesque , 1810 )
.
chris taklis added an association between
image of centrophorus uyato , centrophorus cf . uyato , centrophorus uyato , centrophorus uyato , centrophorus uyato , centrophorus uyato , centrophorus uyato , and centrophorus uyato
and
centrophorus uyato
.
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diceratherium is an extinct genus of rhinoceros endemic to north america , europe , and asia during the oligocene through miocene living from 33.9 — 11.6 mya , existing for approximately 22.3 million years .

mass estimates for the type species , d. armatum average around 1 t ( 2,200 lb )

diceratherium

diceratherium petersoni : its type locality is diceratherium quarry , which is in a harrisonian terrestrial horizon in nebraska .
after publication , it came to the authors’ attention that the diceratherium specimens from the john day localities used in this study are now recognized as two species , diceratherium armatum and diceratherium annectens . diceratherium niobrarense is still applicable to other diceratherium populations during this time period , but is no longer considered appropriate for the john day specimens .
' aceratherium copei belongs to aceratherium ' according to osborn 1898 ' aceratherium copei is recombined as caenopus copei ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' aceratherium copei is recombined as caenopus copei ' according to osborn and matthew 1909 ' aceratherium stigeri belongs to aceratherium ' according to loomis 1908 ' aceratherium stigeri is a subjective synonym of diceratherium cooki ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' aceratherium truquianum is recombined as diceratherium truquianum ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' caenopus dakotensis belongs to caenopus ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' diceratherium aberrans belongs to diceratherium ' according to loomis 1908 ' diceratherium aberrans is a subjective synonym of diceratherium cooki ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' diceratherium arikarense is a subjective synonym of diceratherium cooki ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' diceratherium gregorii belongs to diceratherium ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' diceratherium loomisi is a subjective synonym of diceratherium cooki ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' diceratherium nanum is a subjective synonym of diceratherium annectens ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' diceratherium schiffi belongs to diceratherium ' according to loomis 1908 ' diceratherium schiffi is a subjective synonym of diceratherium cooki ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' metacaenopus egregius is a subjective synonym of diceratherium niobrarense ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' metacaenopus is a subjective synonym of diceratherium ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' rhinoceros annectens is recombined as diceratherium annectens ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' rhinoceros annectens is recombined as diceratherium annectens ' according to loomis 1908 ' rhinoceros hesperius is a nomen dubium ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' rhinoceros oregonensis is a nomen dubium ' according to o . a . peterson 1920 ' rhinoceros pacificus is a nomen dubium ' according to o . a . peterson 1920
diceratherium was named by marsh ( 1875 ) . it is not extant . its type is
diceratherium annectens ; ypm vp 012004 ; north america ; usa ; oregon ; sam h . snook ; 1874 - 07 - 06
diceratherium armatum ; ypm vp 010005 ; north america ; usa ; oregon ; leander s . davis , sam h . snook ; 1874
diceratherium annectens ; ypm vp 012019 . b ; north america ; usa ; oregon ; sam h . snook ; 1875 - 06 - 10
diceratherium sp . ; ypm vp 012021 . f ; north america ; usa ; oregon ; leander s . davis , sam h . snook ; 1874
diceratherium niobrarense : cmnh 1271 , a skull . its type locality is peterson ' s quarry a , which is in a harrisonian terrestrial horizon in the harrison formation of nebraska .
full reference : o . a . peterson . 1906 . preliminary description of two new species of the genus diceratherium marsh , from the agate spring fossil quarry . science 24 ( 609 ) : 281 - 283
the accompanying sketches represent the skull of a species of rhinoceros , diceratherium arikarense , supposedly new , discovered by the geological expedition of 1905 , sent from the university of nebraska by the hon . charles h . morrill to the loup fork beds at agate , nebraska , on the ranch of mr . james cook .
. it was assigned to rhinocerotidae by marsh ( 1875 ) and carroll ( 1988 ) ; to diceratheriinae by prothero ( 1998 ) ; to aceratheriinae by weidmann and ginsburg ( 1999 ) ; and to teleoceratini by sach and heizmann ( 2001 ) . diceratherium had a two horns side - by - side on it nose . it lived during the miocene epoch .
this amazing fossil represents the diceratheriine rhino subhyracodon occidentalis from the late eocene and early and middle oligocene of the usa . subhyracodon seems to have been ancestral to the better known diceratherium * , a very long - lived diceratheriine that appeared in the early oligocene and persisted into the middle miocene . diceratherium is well known for being one of the first rhinos to exhibit sexual dimorphism in horn and tooth form , so it may have had a complex social life ( or , a more complex social life than earlier kinds of rhino , anyway ) . these were the first big - bodied north american mammals to be ecologically important and abundant following the extinction of the brontotheres . they were also the first rhinos to have horns , though their horns are low , paired bony knobs only present in males , not tall keratinous spikes present in members of both sexes .
the genus diceratherium was established by marsh in 1875 on material from the miocene beds near the john day river in eastern oregon , and two species , armatum and nanum , were recognized . a third species , advenum , was based on material from the eocene ( possibly miocene ) of utah . difference of horizon , and distance seem to warrant the specific name herein proposed . in comparing numerous individuals such variation was noted as to justify the belief that this group might legitimately enough be divided into several species .
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full reference : o . c . marsh . 1875 . notice of new tertiary mammals , iv . american journal of science 9 ( 51 ) : 239 - 250
see also albright 1999 , fremd et al . 1994 , green 1958 , loomis 1908 , macdonald 1963 , macdonald 1970 , marsh 1875 , peterson 1920 , stock 1933 , troxell 1921 and wood 1960
average measurements ( in mm ) : p4 33 . 5 x 41 . 9 , m1 42 . 2 x 44 . 1 , m2 47 . 5 x 44 . 0 , m3 46 . 0 x 50 . 0 , p4 33 . 3 x 19 . 5 , m1 32 . 9 x 19 . 7
full reference : o . c . marsh . 1873 . notice of new tertiary mammals . american journal of science 5 ( 29 ) : 407 - 410
see also albright 1999 , fremd et al . 1994 , marsh 1873 , peterson 1920 , stock 1933 , strganac 2011 and troxell 1921
average measurements ( in mm ) : p2 19 . 1 x 27 . 5 , p3 22 . 1 x 33 . 0 , p4 20 . 5 x 35 . 0 , m1 36 . 9 x 41 . 0 , m2 41 . 0 x 42 . 0 , m3 33 . 5 x 37 . 5
aceratherium egrerius : its type locality is syndyoceras quarry , which is in a harrisonian terrestrial horizon in the harrison formation of nebraska .
average measurements ( in mm ) : m1 42 . 0 x 31 . 0
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* not to be confused with diaceratherium , an oligocene teleoceratine rhino from europe .
like so many fossil rhinos , subhyracodon has a confusing nomenclatural history and often went by the name caenopus in the older rhino literature . dental variation previously led to an over - splitting of subhyracodon ; prothero ( 1998 ) argued that these could mostly be regarded as populational variants .
the fossil specimen shown at the very top was discovered in the brule formation in wyoming ( this is a cast , photographed at the oxford university museum of natural history , uk ) . it’s a baby , reportedly not recovered from the body of a mother , but found on its own . its total length is 76 cm . this might represent a bit of a mystery : how did a baby in a foetal position get outside its mother’s body ? was it dragged out of a corpse by a predator ? or is it not an embryo at all , but a newborn that curled up into a foetal position to sleep ? i don’t know and wonder if anybody does . as an adult , subhyracodon was a big , reaching 4 m in total length .
rhino phylogeny is vast and sprawling : there are competing phylogenetic hypotheses , of course , but diceratheriines appear to be the sister - group to the major clade that includes aceratheriines , teleoceratines and rhinocerotines ( cerdeño 1995 , prothero 1998 ) . it is an aim of mine that i will one day get to comprehensively discuss rhino diversity . until then , here’s a highly simplified cladogram to whet your appetite .
artwork by ely kish ( paraceratherium , representing indricotheriidae ) and zdenek burian ( hyracodontidae and amynodontidae ) .
this graphic shows the number of rhinos killed in south africa > alone < during 2012 .
if you ' re interested in , or like , rhinos , you ' re surely aware that 2012 was a horrific year as goes rhino conservation and welfare . an unbelievable 455 african rhinos had been killed by october 2012 , surpassing the total for 2011 ( 448 ) and 2010 ( 333 ) . annual kills were previously on the order of 12 - 14 animals , so you can appreciate how things have spiraled into total crisis . the demand for horn is apparently being driven by wealthy socialites in vietnam who believe that spicing drinks with rhino horn powder will increase their sexual performance .
we need to act hard and decisively to stamp this out . i wish there was a way of poisoning exported rhino horn , but that would involve interacting with the black market . what about flooding the market with a fake alternative ? what about educating the morons who fuel the trade ? things are so bad that i also wonder whether the best thing might be to capture all surviving wild rhinos and relocate them on another continent ( north america or australia ) . this would require a huge amount of funding - ' all ' you need to do is divert some of the more than 1000 billion dollars the world spends annually on military funding ( seriously : human insecurity has made the world a screwed - up place ) . anyway , things aren ' t all bad as goes rhino conservation - there have been successes in india and elsewhere . check out , or consider supporting , bodies like the international rhino foundation . remember also to check out and use the excellent rhino resource center .
and seeing as brontotheres were mentioned here as well , check out . . .
cerdeño , e . 1995 . cladistic analysis of the family rhinocerotidae ( perissodactyla ) . american museum novitates 3143 , 1 - 25 .
prothero , d . 1998 . rhinocerotidae . in janis , c . m . , scott , k . m . & jacobs , l . l . ( eds ) evolution of tertiary mammals of north america . volume 1 : terrestrial carnivores , ungulates , and ungulatelike mammals . cambridge university press , pp . 595 - 605 .
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darren naish is a science writer , technical editor and palaeozoologist ( affiliated with the university of southampton , uk ) . he mostly works on cretaceous dinosaurs and pterosaurs but has an avid interest in all things tetrapod . his publications can be downloaded at darrennaish . wordpress . com . he has been blogging at tetrapod zoology since 2006 . check out the tet zoo podcast at tetzoo . com !
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science , new series , vol . 24 , no . 624 ( dec . 14 , 1906 ) , pp . 780 - 781
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science 14 dec 1906 : vol . 24 , issue 624 , pp . 780 - 781 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 24 . 624 . 780 - b
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
sn2000 : brands , s . j . ( compiler ) 1989 - 2005 . systema naturae 2000 . amsterdam , the netherlands ( 2006 version ) . available online at urltoken
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kelsey t . stilson , samantha s . b . hopkins , and edward byrd davis
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
this corrects the article
osteopathology in rhinocerotidae from 50 million years to the present
in volume 11 , e0146221 .
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examples of each pathology category and the 1 - 4 rating system are given along with a short description .
while rhino species evolved and increased in size over 50 million years , their bones may have strained to support their massive and active bodies , according to a study published february 3 , 2016 in the open - access journal plos one by kelsey stilson from the university of chicago and colleagues from the university of oregon .
the signs of bone health issues , like bone degeneration , inflammation , and infection have been observed in the bones of many extinct north american and living african and asian rhino species . scientists are interested in exploring the relationship between animal size , bone health , and bone function in an evolutionary context . the authors of this study evaluated seven physical indicators of bone health , rhino mass , and bone structure in six extinct and one living rhinoceros species from 50 million years ago to the present . for context , non - avian dinosaurs went extinct around 65 million years ago .
the authors found the incidence of osteopathology increased from 28 % to 65 - 80 % as new species evolved . the only living species in this study , the black rhino , displayed 50 % fewer osteopathologies than the more derived extinct taxa . the researchers also found that with increasing body mass , indicators of disease in the bones also significantly increased . the authors suggest these results may reflect a part of the complex system of adaptations in rhinos over millions of years , where increased mass , running , and / or increased life span are selected for , to the detriment of long - term bone health . the authors say this work has important implications for the future health of hoofed animals and possibly even humans .
plos .
significant changes in rhino bone health over 50 million years : bone health may have suffered as more active , massive rhino species evolved .
sciencedaily . urltoken ( accessed february 4 , 2016 ) .
kelsey t . stilson , samantha s . b . hopkins , edward byrd davis .
plos one , 2016 ; 11 ( 2 ) : e0146221 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0146221
the thicker bars indicate the actual first and last appearance data ( fad and lad ) of the fossil localities included , not the comprehensive range of the species . d . bicornis has no blue line because only modern bones were examined . tree was pruned from cerdeño’s 1998 [ 10 ] morphologic phylogeny or rhinocerotidae and time - calibrated in rstudio using the ‘equal’ setting in the function timepaleophy ( ) in the software package ‘paleotree’ [ 28 ] . tree was set to be fully dichotomous and to extend all the way to the lad .