diaulula sandiegensis is a species of sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family discodorididae .

the specific epithet sandiegensis means : " of san diego " , the southern california city .

diaulula sandiegensis

what type of species is diaulula sandiegensis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the diaulula sandiegensis species belongs to .
variety diaulula sandiegensis var . pallida bergh , 1894 accepted as diaulula punctuolata ( d ' orbigny , 1837 )
which photographers have photos of diaulula sandiegensis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species diaulula sandiegensis .
how to identify diaulula sandiegensis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species diaulula sandiegensis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species diaulula sandiegensis are marked in green .
where is diaulula sandiegensis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species diaulula sandiegensis can be found .
diaulula sandiegensis from british columbia from : j . hildering & g . miller , april 3 , 2003
worms - world register of marine species - diaulula sandiegensis ( j . g . cooper , 1863 )
diaulula sandiegensis , ( j . g . cooper , 1863 ) , photos , facts and physical characteristics
bill : just a note to make your california readers aware of a recent synonymy to diaulula sandiegensis ( cooper , 1863 ) .
example 2 . if the name of a species under the iczn is diaulula sandiegensis ( cooper 1863 ) , and if diaulula has not been established as a clade name under this code ( for example , because there is presently insufficient data to establish monophyly ) , and if the name discodorididae has been established as the name of a more inclusive clade under this code , then the name and relationships of the species could be indicated in any of the following ways ( not an exhaustive list ) : diaulula sandiegensis cooper 1863 , or discodorididae diaulula sandiegensis cooper 1863 , or discodorididae / sandiegensis cooper 1863 , or discodorididae sandiegensis cooper 1863 . for optional use of parentheses to indicate that a specific name or epithet was originally combined with a different generic name , see note 21a . 2 .
map showing the localities sampled for molecular analysis of the diaulula sandiegensis species complex . the circle sizes are proportional to the number of specimens sequenced ; black sector indicates ringed morph ( d . sandiegensis s . s . ) ; white indicates spotted morph ( d . odonoghuei ) .
photo above : the
many - spotted
morphs of diaulula sandiegensis tend to prefer the purple sponges haliclona spp . below : in comparison , the
few - spotted
morphs feed mainly on sponges neopetrosia problematica
comparing the internal anatomy of specimens with the identical coloration of the specimens pictured here and by macfarland , with variations of diaulula sandiegensis ( cooper , 1863 ) we found is that the internal features of doris ( s . l . ) species , including reproductive system and radular characteristics , fit perfectly those of diaulula sandiegensis , described much earlier . externally the variation in the ground color of the notum in diaulula sandiegensis ( white to pale yellow ) and the degree dorsal spotting ( from a very few donut shaped spots to hundreds of smaller spots ) encompass that of doris ( s . l . ) . the caryophylidia are identical in the two species .
for convenience , this section is separated by species , aplysia californica , corambe steinbergae , diaulula sandiegensis , melibe leonina , onchidoris bilamellata , and tritonia diomedea . a final short section deals with how to mark a nudibranch using stains and inks .
description of spotting pattern variability within diaulula sandiegensis s . l . , based on field photographs of 233 animals ( 169 spotted and 64 ringed morphs ) . distinguishing feature of the two morphs is presence or absence of mantle margin spots in spotted and ringed morphs , respectively .
haplotype network for coi sequence data of diaulula sandiegensis species complex showing two distinct networks . a . haplotype network for d . sandiegensis s . s . b . haplotype for d . odonohuei with three distinct groups of haplotypes ( a1–a3 ) . each circle represents a unique haplotype and its size indicates the number of specimens sharing that haplotype . each line between circles indicates a single substitution ; small white circles represent hypothetical haplotypes . ancestral haplotypes marked with an asterisk .
locations of field sites where 444 individuals of diaulula sandiegensis s . l . were photographed in california , oregon , washington and british columbia , and of locations of 88 photographs obtained from the world wide web ( asterisks ) . numbers in parenthesis on the left are sample sizes for each environment ( coastal subtidal , coastal intertidal , and bay ) . pie charts indicate frequencies of morphotypes . ringed morph corresponds to d . sandiegensis s . s . , spotted morph to d . odonohuei .
( of discodoris sandiegensis ( j . g . cooper , 1863 ) ) mcdonald g . ( 2006 ) nudibranch systematic index . 415 pp . urltoken [ details ]
lindsay l . , kelly j . , chichvarkhin a . , craig s . , kajihara h . , mackie j . & valdés á . ( 2016 ) . changing spots : pseudocryptic speciation in the north pacific dorid nudibranch diaulula sandiegensis ( cooper , 1863 ) ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) . journal of molluscan studies . 82 : 564 - 574 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
mating events between morphotypes of diaulula sandiegensis s . l . at field sites from northern california and oregon where ranges of morphotypes overlap ( 2009 , 2010 , 2011 ) and matings during two mating trials ( trial 1 in 2010 , trial 2 in 2011 ) in laboratory between nudibranchs that had met for the first time ( initial trials ) or had repeatedly mated ( extended runs using same individuals as initial trials ) .
hi bill , here is the diaulula sandiegensis , i mentioned in my palio dubia message [ # 16221 ] . as i was zooming in on it , there was that little dorid feeding on its favored bryozoan food , bugula nerita . locality : whidbey island , puget sound , 6 feet , washington usa , eastern pacific ocean , 30 march 2006 , harbor seawall . length : 22 mm . photographer : jan kocian .
bayesian phylogenetic tree of the diaulula sandiegensis species complex with d . hummelincki as the outgroup , based on concatenated sequences of mitochondrial coi and 16s genes . posterior probabilities ( pp > 0 . 5 ) are shown above the branches and maximum - likelihood bootstrap ( bs > 50 ) values shown below . ringed morph corresponds to d . sandiegensis s . s . , spotted morph to d . odonohuei . membership of the haplogroups of d . odonohuei recovered in the haplotype network analysis ( fig . 5 ) is indicated . specimens coded with symbols based on geographic location ; black triangles : eastern pacific , black circles : western pacific .
lindsay l . , kelly j . , chichvarkhin a . , craig s . , kajihara h . , mackie j . & valdés á . ( 2016 ) . changing spots : pseudocryptic speciation in the north pacific dorid nudibranch < i > diaulula sandiegensis < / i > ( cooper , 1863 ) ( gastropoda : heterobranchia ) . < em > journal of molluscan studies . < / em > 82 : 564 - 574 .
references cowles , d . ( 2005 ) . diaulula sandiegensis ( cooper , 1862 ) . invertebrates of the salish sea . rosario beach marine laboratory . accessed 05 / 06 / 2013 harbo , r . m . ( 1999 ) . whelks to whales : coastal marine life of the pacific northwest . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . p . 113 authors and editors of page kelly fretwell and brian starzomski ( 2013 ) .
photographs of live animals from across most of the range of diaulula sandiegensis species complex showing variation in colour pattern , classified into two colour morphs : spotted ( a , b , e–g ) and ringed ( c , d , h ) . note lack of spotting on mantle margin in ( c , d , h ) . a , b , e–g . d . odonohuei . c , d , h . d . sandiegensis s . s . a . russia ( cpic–01264 ) . b . japan ( tl267 ) . c . california ( cpic–00911 ) . d . california ( cpic–00910 ) . e . japan ( cpic–01263 ) . f . alaska ( cpic–01072 ) . g . washington ( cpic–00913 ) . h . california ( cpic–00888 ) . scale bars = 1 mm .
diaulula odonoghuei has a large geographic range across the north pacific , from korea ( koh , 2006 ) and onagawa , japan ( baba , 1957 ) to the pacific coast of north america southwards to bodega bay in northern california ( kelly , 2013 ) . in contrast , d . sandiegensis has a more restricted range along the pacific coast of north america , from the outer coast of baja california ( behrens & hermosillo , 2005 ) at least to barkley sound , british columbia ( fig . 3 ) . the ranges of the two species overlap between fort bragg and british columbia , although d . sandiegensis is difficult to find from northern california to washington , only to appear again subtidally in tatoosh island , washington , barkley sound and other areas in british columbia ( penney , 2013a ; fig . 3 ) .
the images from the 444 specimens of d . sandiegensis found during field investigations in 2009 , 2010 and 2011 and the 88 images from the world wide web ( see above ) provided a photographic record of morphotypic frequencies across 25 sites from san diego , california , to barkley sound , british columbia .
the ringed morph , in contrast , was found only on the pacific coast of north america , from barkley sound to san diego ( fig . 1 ) . in the northern portion of its range it was found primarily in subtidal habitats ; of the 161 d . sandiegensis found in coastal subtidal habitats 99 % were ringed morphs . in addition , all of the 161 d . sandiegensis found south of fort bragg , california , were ringed morphs . in most of california , where the spotted morph was absent , the ringed form occupied intertidal , subtidal and bay habitats ( fig . 3 ) . the ringed morphs seemed gradually to decrease in frequency in the intertidal zone north of trinidad , california ( fig . 3 ) .
note 21a . 1 . by combining the second part of a species binomen with the name of a clade that is not a genus under the appropriate rank - based code ( see variants that do not use the name diaulula in rec . 21a , example 2 ) , it is possible to provide phylogenetic information for a species without using a generic name ( bc , icbn ) or genus - group name ( iczn ) that has not been established as a clade name under this code .
to barcode of life ( 6 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 38 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) ( from synonym discodoris sandiegensis ( j . g . cooper , 1863 ) ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 4 nucleotides ; 1 proteins ) to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis
to further address whether there are one or more distinct species within nominal d . sandiegensis in the north pacific ocean , we studied its genetic structure across most of its range including populations from the northeastern pacific ( russia and japan ) . we also studied mating behaviour , habitat use and food preferences of the two colour forms in areas of the northwestern pacific where they co - occur . finally , we quantified variation in spotting pattern and radular morphology in the two forms .
to investigate the reproductive compatibility of the morphs in their natural environment , mating events were documented from 44 photographs of mating pairs taken in the field in 2009 , 2010 and 2011 . like other nudibranchs , d . sandiegensis is a simultaneous hermaphrodite and mates reciprocally . we defined two individuals as mating when they were positioned right side to right side , stationary and with the mantle margin of each pushed up to expose the white underside of the mantle . for these mating events , captured in photographs , it was impossible to confirm sperm transfer . however , animals in this position always showed copulation with at least one penis uniting them when they were pulled apart ( kelly , 2013 ) .
the second mating trial used eight new d . sandiegensis ( four spotted and four ringed morphs ) collected from the same sites as the first , in july 2011 . similarly , after the initial mate choices were documented , behaviour was recorded for a total of 232 h in four runs . the first run lasted 71 h ; the second used the same animals plus one additional spotted morph from humboldt bay and ran for 42 . 4 h ; the third used eight of these same animals ( minus one spotted morph that died ) and lasted 118 . 6 h . a fourth trial , using these same eight animals , was conducted in august 2011 , to observe mating among specific morph combinations . four pairs of dissimilar morphs were placed in individual aquaria and observed for 22 . 3 h .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
two colour forms . san miguel island off santa barbara , california , 60 feet . july 2000 . photos : bruce wight .
mantle has velvety appearance , similar to rostanga and jorunna , caused my minute spiculate papillae ( caryophyllidia ) . ranges in colour from white to yellow - brown with scattered brown rings or blotches . grows to 10 cm in length .
reference : • cooper , j . g . ( 1862 ) . some new genera and species of californian mollusca . proceedings of the californian academy of natural sciences , 2 : 202 - 207
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 128 [ details ]
dorsal side ( top by angeleen olson , left by gillian harvey ) and underside ( right , by thalia christou ) of a leopard dorid .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
aleutian islands , ak , to cabo san lucas , baja california , mexico ; japan .
carmel point , monterey co . , ca ; 31 july 2007 ; 31mm total length .
ground color varies from almost white to chocolate brown , but is most commonly pale cream to raw umber ; dorsum marked with brown to almost black rings or occasionally irregular blotches of various sizes , number and position ; most commonly these rings are arranged in 2 longitudinal rows , one on either side of median line , 3 - 4 in each row , but this is highly variable , and occasional individuals may lack the brown to black pigment . rhinophores with 9 - 30 lamellae . branchial plumes 6 - 7 , tripinnate , greyish - white to dusky , with whitish tips .
typically about 25mm in length , but individuals up to 150mm have been reported .
pigeon pt . , san mateo co . , ca ; 26 oct 2007 ; ~ 43mm total length .
pigeon pt . , san mateo co . , ca ; 23 dec 2007 ; 30mm total length .
carmel pt . , monterey co . , ca ; 7 may 2008 ; 24mm total length .
pigeon pt . , san mateo co . , ca : 23 dec 2007 ; 34mm total length .
pigeon pt . , san mateo co . , ca ; 11 dec 2008 ; 18mm total length .
pigeon pt . , san mateo co . , ca ; 8 jan 2009 ; 31mm total length .
pigeon pt . , san mateo co . , ca ; 26 oct 2007 ; 36mm total length .
scott cr . , santa cruz co . , ca ; 26 apr 2009 ; 10mm total length .
asilomar , monterey co . , ca ; 27 apr 2009 ; 5mm total length .
great tidepool , pacific grove , monterey co . , ca ; 26 may 2009 ; 8mm total length .
turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
usually has a creamy or light brown base color with various sized rings or dots scattered across the dorsum .
this individual was photographed by adam harding . see his flickr site for more images of race rocks
common name : nudibranch , sea leopard . physical description : the body is usually 25 - 90 mm long but occasionally reach 125mm . they are white or grey to light brown or black in colour , with ring shaped markings on the dorsum . their texture is hard and described as gritty .
global description : they reach from japan and alaska to california and mexico . habitat : they are usually found on large rocks in pools , low inter - tidal zones and even subtidal to 35m along rock shores .
feeding : the main source of food is sponges ; they have been found on several species among them halichondria panacea , haliclona permollis and representatives of the genera myxilla and permollis .
reproduction : the egg ribbon is white , relatively narrow and attached by one margin under the rock ledges . completed egg ribbons typically form oval spirals . there is typically one or two eggs per capsule and up to 16 million eggs per ribbon . references : cooper 1862 , intertidal invertebrates of california
this file is provided as part of a collaborative effort by the students of lester b . pearson college
html public
- / / ietf / / dtd html 3 . 0 / / en
html . dtd
( cooper , 1863 ) ( = doris s . l . species ; and
species ( photo of typical specimen shown above ) was a valid and distinct species and should receive proper designation .
species was originally introduced in studies of the opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america by frank mace macfarland which was published posthumously in 1966 . referred to since as
macfarland ' s memoirs
, it is comprised of a series of unpublished notes dr . macfarland was preparing , at the time of his death . one of several of the undescribed species included was referred to as
, species . macfarland frequently used latin abbreviations in his notes and manuscripts , and in this instance
s . l .
of course , referred to the latin , sensu lato , or
in the greater sense .
in the memoirs , this species was not proposed as a specum novum , nor was a holotype designated . the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn , 1999 ) requires that the specific name consist of one word only and prohibits the use of single letters for species - group names . the use of the word
species
as a specific name , although not denied by the code , was in my opinion inappropriate . the name
species macfarland ( 1996 ) has been carried in the literature in numerous publications even though nomenclaturally incorrect by iczn rules .
while preparing our manuscript , another species emerged , adding mystery to the dilemma . prior to the publication of macfarland ' s memoirs , a species with similar external characteristics was described as
o ' donoghue ( 1922 ) . see if you can follow this trail of nomenclatural history . iredale & o ' donoghue ( 1923 ) reassigned this species to doridigitata d ' orbidny , 1839 , and changed the name ( without explanation ) to
and suggests further study . the o ' donoghue ( 1922 ) description of doris echinata was brief , and there was no description of the reproductive system . o ' donoghue stated that though he felt that the classification of the family was unsatisfactory ,
to rectify the preoccupancy issue of the names , discussed earlier , examined two specimens from the collection of the friday harbor marine laboratories . questioning the assignment of the species to
, she dissected the smaller of the two but came to no satisfactory conclusion . since that time no published accounts or casual observations have been made of this species . dr . sandra millen tells us that she had never collected specimens , in the vancouver , british columbia area , she could clearly identify as
© the slug site , michael d . miller 2001 . all rights reserved .
we use cookies to enhance your experience on our website . by continuing to use our website , you are agreeing to our use of cookies . you can change your cookie settings at any time .
a second possible effect of glacial cycles is the generation of biodiversity . speciation can occur allopatrically following vicariance between populations isolated in refugia by ice formation or changes in sea level ( liu et al . , 2011 ; shen et al . , 2011 ) , or sympatrically as a result of adaptive radiation during range expansion in interglacial periods ( schluter & rambaut , 1996 ; pigeon , chouinard & bernatchez , 1997 ) . sibling - species pairs arising from speciation driven by pleistocene glaciations should display low levels of genetic divergence .
radulae of ten specimens were prepared as follows . forceps were used to open the dorsum between the rhinophores and the buccal mass extracted through this incision , then placed in 10 % sodium hydroxide solution for 3 d to dissolve the tissue . radulae were mounted and images taken at the lacm scanning electron microscopy laboratory using a hitachi s - 3000n variable - pressure scanning electron microscope ( sem ) .
variation in morphotypes across different habitat types was observed by morris et al . ( 1980 ) , mcdonald ( 1983 ) and penney ( 2013a ) . therefore , morphotypic frequencies were compared across the same three habitat types used by these authors : ( 1 ) coastal subtidal sites , ( 2 ) coastal intertidal habitats ( mostly rocky shores ) and ( 3 ) bay habitats .
in the intertidal zone , a field investigation of nudibranch–sponge associations was conducted in 2009 using 178 animals found in intertidal habitats from san diego , california to barkley sound , british columbia . specimens were identified as feeding if they were found in proximity to sponges that had sections or paths removed , the width of which was similar to the width of the nudibranch ( see
for an example ) . since individual nudibranchs could be identified by their unique dorsal spotting pattern , it was possible to watch the progress of sponge removal over several days by the same nudibranch . a pearson chi - square test was used to compare sponge use by the two morphs . sponge spicules and skeletal structure ( from pieces of sponge obtained in the field ) were examined with light and sem to confirm field identifications (
dna extraction was performed using dneasy blood and tissue kit ( qiagen ) or a standard chelex ® extraction . a 1 mm 3 piece of foot or mantle tissue was used . for chelex extraction , the macerated tissue was transferred into a 1 . 7 - ml microcentrifuge tube containing 1 ml of 1× te buffer and agitated for 20 min to rehydrate the tissue and begin to disassociate the cells . samples were then vortexed for 5 s , centrifuged at 23 , 897 × g for 3 min and 975 μl of supernatant removed from each . 175 μl of 10 % chelex solution was added to each sample , vortexed and samples placed in a water bath at 56 °c for 20 min . after vortexing for 5 s they were placed in a heat block at 100 °c for 8 min , vortexed again for 5 s and then centrifuged at 23 , 897 × g for 3 min . the resulting supernatant was used for pcr . for dneasy extraction , the manufacturer‘s protocol for tissue samples was followed .
the best - fit models of evolution for each gene were determined by using the akaike information criterion ( akaike , 1974 ) implemented in jmodeltest ( posada , 2008 ) ; these were hky + g for coi and hky + i for 16s ; h3 and 18s were not included in the analyses because all sequences were identical and therefore not informative . maximum - likelihood ( ml ) analyses were conducted for the two mitochondrial genes ( coi , 16s ) concatenated with raxml ( stamatakis , 2006 ) with 10 , 000 bootstrap replicates and the gtrgammai model ( gtr + i + g ) . bayesian analyses were run using mrbayes v . 3 . 2 . 1 ( ronquist & huelsenbeck , 2003 ) , partitioned by gene ( unlinked ) , with two runs of six chains for 10 million generations , sampling every 1 , 000 generations . effective sample sizes and convergence of runs were assessed using tracer v . 1 . 4 . 1 ( rambaut & drummond , 2007 ) and the default 25 % burn - in was applied before constructing majority - rule consensus trees . bayesian posterior probability ( pp ) values greater than or equal to 0 . 95 ( alfaro , zoller & lutzoni , 2003 ) and ml bootstrap ( bs ) values greater than or equal to 70 ( hillis & bull , 1993 ) were considered significant .
a haplotype network was constructed for coi using tcs v . 1 . 21 ( clement , posada & crandall , 2000 ) , with the connection limit set to 95 % ( hart & sunday , 2007 ) . the same program was used to determine relationships between haplotype networks and the geographical location of haplotype groups .
found across its entire geographic range were classified into two distinct colour morphs based on spotting pattern ( fig .
a , b , e–g ) has solid dark spots ( or rarely ring - shaped spots ) on the centre of the dorsum and on the mantle margin , whereas the ringed morph ( fig .
c , d , h ) has ring - shaped ( or sometimes solid ) spots on the centre of the dorsum , but no spots on the mantle margin .
in the region of the northeastern pacific where both morphs occur , the field survey of 233 individuals revealed that 99 % of the 169 individuals identified as belonging to the spotted morph had solid dorsal spots . in contrast , 76 % of the 64 individuals identified as belonging to the ringed morph had ring - shaped spots , while 24 % had solid spots ( table
) . this conclusion was guided by the results of the molecular analyses ( see below ) . thus , the diagnostic trait separating the two morphs is not the shape of the spots , but rather the presence or absence of spots on the mantle margin : all of the ringed morphs ( even those with solid spots ) can be distinguished from the spotted morph by the absence of spots on the mantle margin . in addition , the number of spots in the spotted morph varied from 23 to 234 ( mean 78 ) , whereas in the ringed morph this varied from 4 to 41 ( mean 10 ) . the range of overlap ( 23–41 dorsal spots ) included 9 % of the spotted morphs and 1 % of the ringed morphs . these 9 % ( 15 of 169 ) of spotted morphs within this zone of overlap were also the smallest individuals , with rgl of less than 1 . 2 cm (
) ; they also had clear spots on the mantle margin . only three ringed morphs fell within this overlap zone and all lacked spots on the mantle margin (
= 321 ) . therefore , the presence or absence of spots on the mantle margin distinguished the two morphs over all sizes examined ( 0 . 2–8 . 3 cm ) .
dorsal background colour varied widely , but the spotted morph tended to have a darker colour than the ringed morph . of the 175 spotted morph specimens , 50 % had a dark brown background colour , 35 % light brown , 1 % orange and 15 % white . of the 146 ringed morphs , 56 % had a white background colour , 30 % light brown , 9 % orange and 5 % dark brown .
results of the laboratory ‘common garden’ experiment and field survey revealed that all 46 of the spotted morph and all 18 of the ringed morph maintained their spot type ( solid or ring - shaped ) as they grew , regardless of experimental conditions . dorsal spots enlarged with growth in both morphs . as spotted morphs grew , additional spots appeared on the edge of the mantle , to maintain spots over the whole dorsal surface . in contrast , the number of spots for all 18 of the ringed morph , from the field as well as the laboratory , remained the same regardless of increasing body length and were never present at the mantle margin .
the radula formula showed no consistent differences between the morphs , varying between 21 × ( 21–22 . 0 . 21–22 ) for the ringed morph and 20–23 × ( 29–35 . 0 . 29–35 ) for the spotted morph . also , no consistent differences were observed between the two groups in tooth morphology (
for which latitude and habitat type were known revealed that the spotted morph was found only from fort bragg , california , northward and was restricted to intertidal and bay habitats ( fig .
found in 8 intertidal habitats from fort bragg , california , northward , 87 % were the spotted morph . in contrast , the spotted morph made up only 5 % of the 38
found in four coastal subtidal habitats surveyed from fort bragg , california , northward ( fig .
field investigations revealed that both morphs from coastal intertidal habitats fed primarily on the intertidal sponge haliclona sp . a . of the 178 individuals found in the intertidal zone in 2009 , 51 % were found on or within 6 cm of sponge that showed signs of having been fed upon . of the 91 individuals found on or near sponge , 96 % were associated with haliclona sp . a . two spotted morphs from the intertidal zone of trinidad , california , appeared to have fed on a yellow sponge ( not identified ) and two ringed morphs from yaquina , oregon , appeared to have fed on a nearly white sponge ( not identified ) . at intertidal sites , frequencies of the two morphs on or near haliclona sp . a did not differ ( χ² = 2 . 289 , df = 1 , p = 0 . 130 ) .
faecal analysis indicated that the ringed morph from the subtidal of monterey bay fed on neopetrosia problematica . the primary spicule found in the faeces of seven nudibranchs was a strongyle with mucronate ends , which corresponded to the primary spicule of n . problematica , whereas none of the spicules found in their faeces corresponded to those of haliclona sp . a .
mating studies in the laboratory revealed positive assortative mating among morphs . during two mating trials , individuals that encountered one another for the first time always mated with like morphs (
) . mating events lasted from 9 min to 35 . 5 h ( mean 9 h ) . there were no observable premating behaviours . each nudibranch circled the aquarium , climbing over multiple other individuals of both morphs , until finding a mating partner . in the no - choice run with four isolated pairs of dissimilar morphs , 22 . 3 h of time - lapse photography showed only one mating event , lasting for 2 . 8 h .
at field sites where the ranges of spotted and ringed morphs overlapped , 26 mating events between unique individuals were photographed . of these , 25 were spotted with spotted and 1 was ringed with ringed ( table 2 ) . at yaquina point , oregon , there were more of the spotted than of the ringed morph ( n = 32 and 2 , respectively ) , but nevertheless the two ringed morphs were mating with one another .
) and ml tree ( not shown ) had similar topologies , recovering the same two clades , based on analysis of 16s and coi . the first clade includes specimens from the sea of japan to alaska and northern california ( pp = 1 , bs = 99 ) . the second clade includes specimens from northern to southern california ( pp = 1 , bs = 78 ) . specimens in the two clades consistently showed the distinguishing features of the spotted and ringed morphs , respectively ( see description above ) .
a ) includes specimens from northern to southern california , with no clear geographic structure and corresponds to the ringed morph . the second network ( fig .
b ) includes specimens from the sea of japan to southern california and corresponds to the spotted morph . in this network , three haplogroups diverging by at least three substitutions and showing geographic structure can be recognized . the most divergent is haplogroup a1 , from the sea of japan . haplogroup a2 includes specimens from the eastern pacific and haplogroup a3 is from the sea of japan .
using k2p , tn and uncorrected distance matrices , the coi and 16s sequences showed a barcode gap between a priori genetic distance thresholds of 0 . 01 and 0 . 02 . using a value of p between this range ( 0 . 0129 ) , two species groups were identified . for coi , assignment of individuals to the two groups matched the two colour - morph clades from the bayesian and ml analyses , but not for 16s . however , using a slightly higher value ( 0 . 0215 ) , the same two groups were identified for 16s as well . the geographic distribution of the two species is shown in figure 1 .
. the langley–fitch method , which estimates one substitution rate across the entire tree , yielded a rate of 0 . 25 % per myr for coi , which is similar to other fossil - calibrated phylogenies of tropical gastropods (
) . two nodes were dated , the first ( 1 . 5–1 . 76 ma ) between the two species here recognized and the second ( 0 . 31–0 . 35 ma ) between one of the western pacific clades of the transpacific species ( haplogroup a1 ) and the clade containing both eastern and western pacific specimens ( haplogroups a2 + a3 ) ( see
results from r8s molecular - clock analyses , including mean and standard deviation ( sd ) for divergences ( millions of years ago , ma ) using different methods and algorithms . for explanation of node codes see fig . 6 .
from vancouver island as an opaque white species with 12–40 small spots of a “warm brown colour” scattered irregularly over the dorsal surface .
failed ; the specimens are not housed at the royal ontario museum , the canadian museum of nature , ottawa or the royal british columbia museum ( formerly provincial museum of victoria ) . specimens examined from barkley sound ( near the type locality of
, vancouver island ) are of both morphs , but in this region the spotted morph is the only one present in intertidal environments , which is where o ' donoghue would have collected specimens .
is inconclusive , but more consistent with the characteristics of the spotted morph than with those of the ringed morph . the identity of
for the northern , transpacific species by the designation of a neotype . the neotype here designated ( lacm 3349 ) was collected in gig harbor , washington , and its identity as a member of the northern , transpacific species was verified with sequence data (
further research on other groups of benthic organisms is necessary to explore whether the northern hemisphere glaciations have acted as engines of evolution , resulting in the production of diversity . this has important implications for understanding the future of the north pacific biota as anthropogenic climate change may lead to further transpacific dispersal .
the identity of doris ( s . l . ) species macfarland , 1966 ( mollusca , nudibranchia , discodorididae ) : a persistent mystery from california solved
( j . b . c . jackson , a . f . budd & a . g . coates , eds ) , pp .
formal ratification of the quaternary system / period and the pleistocene series / epoch with a base at 2 . 58 ma
notes on the nudibranchiate mollusca from the vancouver island region . iii . records of species and distribution
notes on the opisthobranchs of the west coast of north america—iii . further nomenclatorial changes in the order nudibranchia
© the author 2016 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the malacological society of london , all rights reserved . for permissions , please email : journals . permissions @ urltoken
oxford university press is a department of the university of oxford . it furthers the university ' s objective of excellence in research , scholarship , and education by publishing worldwide
for full access to this pdf , sign in to an existing account , or purchase an annual subscription .
æné [ ' ñ¨¢¬òýw¤ëà4¦û ' ê ] ïûvl7f° : g ÿ ! özï¹ - ~ \ ·üp¤ , c ? ¦ ºztëzùjjs ( s ` ( t¢o¡üã¶ë£ _ íe¸9 & ãï©õe ëtnèê ) ¥b¤p·°v¥cçyôðbþcþá < : zoê¡ç { ²ó xjê¹ { } a·kwæàsêæ ^ áösµâñoc * ðx / ä - [ ÷þ¸ # £üv7b¿¯ühý ùíú a±ýõ _ ¿klè ã» ! c { ] ðàïm³òcyf4 ? ì > iù hló ,  ' kå¦¡m } 3ë¨ø8ò0pý > ðèçb¨ * cïow } ýìábó0 óâjé &  ~ ðõx ~ o > çæ¥ , jzþ¦¸í { àå ; q { m [ ; j³àêf×l < û2f : § > ãêl [ ózkñçäqë # ãh î # ½ð wu3î ¹lû % ~ l hc¬¢t ¿¹ { ¢¡tôz ^ 9vohr ? xpi + + àë n = æ4¿ k } ë1økçv9å ` ¶ @ dcefå @ lv & \ l×îujìåiºìêc * b & ¤·êøl co³ 0x = 1ò®¯æ ! u0ù6² u4ãxhú } íý [ ? ÷ & 6õ¦ÿ $ ó ¦xçº < «ut¥û + j×ðþ¦¯g ^ . ðà  [ nèj = ç \ òe bxà7§ | ä / ·ód < â <  / # çéafîtq < # gðë¼õøþ6aqàþøâañªõüñ _ ¦1æ» / ðq¿rç¾º2 | oºgch @ sçû åµü î8ç _ ñxïb9t¬4ãýó¶l¤ö6 ^ ^  = ì¼v4î # âæwî $ 3ãá % ú ) ë ' e l ` ¦ôað > ®y % : * âðüt8þdhóúù ! °ûes ] ãûp = * 7 @ ïì ; ój ônømèàã4tisôâjï ( * «äõsar gö×þ± béws { þvïdêþ¾ { ó ! ÷ymâfûseù°þ«è ë¾jdmz¾âøva } ài§ueuþz´ mêêáivù / > · $ / nñ { | èá $ # ò ' øïó»äx¢ïë³ÿ 0±£ * endstream endobj 1754 0 obj <
³70û + < : . ^ vù ' þì x púùañáñ± ©êx + ëqzpthþç } él¯î33nfzl /  [ ýyìðøèiïo ` öc·þàqª
àá _ ç³ ( ß´ \ & © \ w© 8 ï«8u - tµxö¥àèf ( »m | dóì¥ð¨ ? ífcù9ü ' öñít ` çðñc = ìààµ *  = æ· { è©yò88jz8·låòúõ»gûví ; tì¤ó ¢dðôïtîòµ÷ _ º¿ûã¯ = { õ ~ ïço¾ } ú¾ï÷a¿ýû8hðþñ ' # > ð÷ïfþü1 _  7 ~ âwarèäð° ) ás #
£¢§åän13nöì9ñsç } = áâe ß | û ] ââ % ÿhú > yiê²å ? ¤®øqåªõiékö® 36efmþ²u [ vnîö ; ¹¼ ] »÷äïý·ÿàác - : v | üäi8urº´ììùòsç / \ ¬kuõ¯ \ ½7n * ¦ [ æp»¤±ú²©jà¢m % ªæªvqüh . å - ä¹ . »à½t ; «gòn¼ / ã ó /  # wêhõ¥ @ ²i¢uºhý ) ] ¹î¦ _ ¤ _ ¯ïð ? ×¿ü0x ! æ ã ¯â¡d¨á©ðbh [ ñ ( ö {  } e ? ±8h cäeâ * ñ xx | & ñä !  $ £ô ] út - jòj ) × 2¡áõànè `  ] ý c ápo§§ $ ¬ [ è . r¹üiö½åþ² % ' èr
¯³ä
ggúyv¶cçúj ; ïî· íá . û | ð ] hùåñ [  ] ²ìëöûªýý»ý } - øü l v [  v© } ý¾aß´où·í ; ö ] »ì¾gû÷í ûýð ~ d ? diæòbr % mò % c2 % k²¥¥´ é < éuçæq×øººñíôzäæpoêe½©úp _ êgýi ¤ ª¤ * di ¥ [ h § [ é6ºfðèø ) b ) b ) ör * mä°ü ! gä¨ ¶r & íh & í¢ù4ær5í£ù´§ ´ó ´ ^ ¤w < xícaºªq ' õ ) µ ] vgôyu ^ õª ªn ] teª ^ ] rõu ±vx ° @ àªpà¡4 & m ! tkhfªtµ $ hh - ò 2
f { . blõvakõzaäb äcb´ò»lír \ nh¤up % ðj¡ ´ 2hí¡ \  éz àqoàðx & ádoãtú¦átzc ? ñzzgëim¤iýb¿òfúb¿ñvú¶ñvúa ; ií¦ = ´öñ ~ : @ é ¦ # tñq : a5tnñiß îðy : gç© . p ] g ` 6á8ª§køãé2 ] áläfd °bàdlaí1f6l9da1v l5 3øs # nìm0³0 [ r 7åxnàdnæiì ) ü [ p * §q : gp & gq6 ; ·ôè9ëyï \ èe \ 0k¸5rnëeüûs¾ ; òõ | _ ¹çø : ¾oàî | # wá® | wã¹»óü { zã ' ï > ôâ½¸7s îëý¸ ? à \ á \ åx0á¡þyïùæ | ãá | + ßæ·ó éwð < ïâ»ù ¾ïãñrïçøoüg ~  âù ~  ã1 < çál³aì jóa
®kô ) 8§á  sp já ^ ×àµ²lþårqêå \  + òupêá \  + ð 4hcpl # æc1vâëð¼1îý° ; öäþø + p0óx ; þ÷àýø > ãt nà ' ñ )  ò4 | åçpîáj ñò¢è4 _ ôeø2¾¯áø . ¾ á ' ø ~  _ á·ë¬áõ¸qà & üûpîómñ å < µx  ùè8oôqbò
/ êø > û´2¹ & ßbóú´ñ lio®éý»nìí¦»éaz ^ ¦· ) 7 } l _ óïô7ì @ sa * md ! f¨¹å  ^ ë ùðÿûñ¡íþ· s«iî2÷ñòo§ : vþå¹dâò \ ëqy®à¹r×îut \ gwëáê ] wé¸ánåîu£ý²ã ' ùdµcít»ônµgíå0u¡c !  & ´ ! ¡ . ôa£°qø $  ñaú§öçîçjcbu±±zy ' ëeleü
¿êfù
¿év8 à8 * + áð¬y©ú ßªáágáwò } 09ø & ®ûe & z ; õ @ ù¬t3õ , y¥éáz ª + uux % l 8§p ek ¾ =  | ! ñ§ + vh [ ëö¹õnc°88 ü ' xt«îálõessuµ§æÿr } ªoóé > ãgú , í [ úv > ççú < ï { ú ^ ¾· / ÷¾ðùb _ â [ ûrßæð } ¯ôu¾ / ó | ß×÷óýí3öïåsùl >  / äkù· | % _ ë7° ~ õð # ¬ ` - ¬õ°6âï° vâ . ø { ` / ìýpâ¡ ( ç×g¹®ä * ¤3t¦îòùqºgá ] xwøþ8fy  # ñ¨åøûf©ýwâ÷qrâµ¸ . jác8çf } x ægtî×º0êåã8 : 1ã¿ \ w ptç > çÿïýetd òtïzeqñ¯°°»øb«qa t4 : itt ' kºætcúöø ) ¨µ > ¢6¦ ¾jí8ê4äª : öèþ ~ wéøè = swþ½÷¿ÿîîùîù«k ) + dt
? þ©²¿lä @ 9hé÷ûêõ ! bÿ¶ú¢þaäg
æ»x {
â»ûæ êçú ^ íòîûðlä¸9ó¨ ^ u¯ ! ú
ú rô \ ûû @ dg2 # ù0â6ò6jfè ! ò ? ò¾úkê¡ ýr % wq¹7ùæcu . éá9f£êõvÿx % ¡»ï . ºó újhòrò¾4åvåhané¤óx * hêgoù } ë @ ºå¹ô ' ñdúb = iu¥lôð [ y´y = ø9® j | ½ ] ôæqù m¢ósìa4agp¼ gý¼ðjúè¤
ú¨nå * 4ær1å
n & òpå´½þajâwø¢ ~ êçx }  ' ëjseªúí5gàtæcî ~ º - r \ ó¹èâælp (  rg93¤
( { í¨éð1 , d úêe \ # # ìí°f ( ¸ì jäå | d8ô ê = s ) u } éð4fô £f¬ësä¼ ` 9ü3rèþú nî ( ä88ç ` åï wå | y +  { hÿe _ áëe¨tµ¾eî¥þ°ð 5æð4°¡ñ÷»x : ¾ý
þ°úy ' / + éê ] 3ó < f6jãüjð° : 0sè¿6ãùk± \ îvi . ¾iàx + ïú4pá | : ¥h < â²eà ' wñ - éâ ' géu¹ä |   ` p³áëvò * ðó ` ( íôö¢¡×êy \ ìyó @ by¥¸ * ¥z9ª
ü®¹ ` o ~  > ûô $ ·zñ4ó > ¤ à£àìà½tð * ' ¬æ > ~ o = áç @ û & ~ ®´è é ~ 0 _ £û» ª5ºìåoå ? ä # e : rîuïùìia 7· ^ r°
xülf m¼ ( ä \ : å æòáå2°ý×àv - »²qxùðô³ ? vp9¤¯ % 7áû ! f + àoã mºgü ? ã·m² + ùw¼²ÿà â | û8ä7¨i ` ¡ßí£aq . f @ frô¶kä è ) ñµ¸ä } $ # eg m é ? ïè4ä ùoy ^ éd + yê \ årç©cº¥ @ ìõmêqõkµ àzpízû { ¸ } ½à >  , éoööëv3¬âi < ´ïko¯õ < ] iëàêa÷ ! ±p ~ % 6põ33h @ 2 ) êåañû7×ékòcqi¤xb¯gåè¯ô s¢õtbäó àáy
¡ïå ! r²jiê , ûpaì¢3á4ãèßêktçz àlså® | dòú .  fn¥r íêp¡ ñû¼oj \ ¸ [ agè65 > õvikíy¶x±è6 úçì¢¯ù¬¿ê«è | ø ' pí¤oáõóî =   @ g | ýi3¢ö _ ¨ÿ×èk¥2èíét¤4âçizô r % ? ùpgl¹ ' zh þ¬²p4j @ pf7óiîs
  / ] ðúûø÷üèëãàå»³îâvøî ? ë 3äux z7 < üåââð * æq 2álùïf÷ãxeal¶k @ ) â9sö¥è©qm 8 ( ø } bªu < pd ] k 9èeûåüµ , d3wi ~ | bdt§ . / ï÷zyräaaé & ¹è¾è ²èay üøiè¥thuø9 { ¤2c ] ©8c < \ ú % ýcêx¸áäìz©äáæ ù1jþ ) qù :  5¢zèkøìæµ±j . j
wâjæègfuàæ1öôlôjã¬ú } ú¬ ) ° ] ©t - â _ mï / ® ¦çë¿í mû±¶gsµråb { à _ gàãô÷ðîïyªkgïrtý t ~ f : ëß ~ ºïnð { õðáú ~  { ´7p [  ; n ` o¤p2à± ' tòjî pkn¤³éù¶3m» @ ø©5 ìm & ûñe } böçu¾w * ¢¢¶säpóÿh ^ ez®¸ pª ; ] iï§ - c { yç7 = àíûkè ) aöj·k % ô
ë¿a & ±ÿ iípøþ ; ; 7åæoe ¡døàä3³g³ðzû } 1 $ ïuî | } ¾çì @  © n©ì3þ \ vvsc ? % ¿ ! 6 = ädì¤ü 2oë ? ÿ ! ÿ [ öl ^ ¤ ) ñðm¢n $ ¡eð6¢ ; söíd ) è ) åda «èýz * £d ) øùí±¨ ?  \  . 9îå8 ³ $ brýhjc # d ` 0 * f 2ìúû } 7ugm / ÷ _ h9gk o0hïfø = »¹¡kw24  \  = td¢eøò
eí $
d qü `  f . db¤æé $ ülæ° ! , 8 ! ãhrwv¸d1ð `  $ * e° @ ns - ïàmßrj ß¥x¯ } z»eã ¯õ»½ ] nws¼iðnxûò
! cëi | f¾ ( _  } ® < ' ³òµl6ßçà % ç»ä \ t . ; > ×sxç´v ÿ @ õg % [ > p½zeïvç«ku _ 6ëu _ u  - ²xèðf7yüëf un¬çéjó ¸ * ôg ? üy % ·jmý»ý×¼ê ( ð àfê , útäñpq¸½àmpq2¬6 + r± måiø1ûv se - lku + µe , &  òvpèp ' onùãjwk , 6âå° [ »
 & áñ¶ a©øìnpáq ~ :  9 : åµøhªkñ > ôs7ÿ¹möðzaùûøñþ < ñ ; æbó·®öséñï aæv» ! q þqôkã±ÿßé¬ââé¹»üöøã { g & ¿7ùà£ > lø { xµ² , ýb ? \ s½àûé ] [ víþ ; 9õ§ ' ¡g¬äèìã [ 3ããðádº @ / } ©»ftûñ = < ìyeá0k¼²ðäåð íú ) / ~ ð0øæ ! jióþisï = öï / êõeú® ÷¬ # p ] m - b2ä >  / â j¦ $ cãmv4õlxòcç4eç¨diëz & æ8 | ~ > ¹ö / , # o¾äî÷£c cs !  & £qâ¤úçjk % v¢h ) vj + % ·l % ê ¦dùr¢l ) q¶ $  ( pbíwø3¶tz4éexäiq¥ó¢h§en . ½o * t«íxy + mt0ìeóg¶°òla¥ùäi£lê½·qò£irnâµéûúòìhz < ¹f ¬¬6ñò ¦l72½î2ez ) 1ejls¦äw3 %  @ ga¬´¨¬ - 5ÿ ! ß«ùkµs ; ÷ } e
i« ? fd ; ± { »õß°zò < 6 > zpçà³ï ö2 ' ? î > zéhlæ ?
cøûo®ø ^  ¶3´ë¿ @ v fìväð1o ë÷¾7q¿kúeìgþn _ hg¿faø ÷itn»¼¤ / ë , £»úî \ ýõ±¨¬è . èk \ °®ai /  # eaîâ³ / zýðêùlþøêô8ygÿëª±u¦ êªw·¢ é±9mm« , ' uf ; y3©djnù8ü . zðºúdó : â ©¾ : c1ibóª1¶·óy¨p kýhmcûè±p ` «ëdfåæâsdv ~  } c õùö \ ïñ³í³x . dà g¦cn fùþ²ër0±æº ` f ò | ¨qü7 _ 8xüýß® \ »¼q [ ,
ôú õjì \ âwék | ûío < º / ½ìñ± ? ýúóó£ûåì } ûqæ º¥´ûýp # ô +  æéð8â®³ ëoab | á½®·¦7© ; §b | 35ã # ¤õ¸éxjæ ¡ûê4ºepádi¹äkni²4sòä´nãnx2¼ ^ ârq 2äwä3k3´ / - äó ^ < ó¨ ¦¼ög¦iv½ [ kí [ k [ kwüz  @ ¡dµ91pcfív6 { ãª³må´r½ñ  * lò çbý©å0ôúí & 7d¸ã£enêñºz7ë½þç¤º < £ | u±êöòwô§¤ ävîþðø±ô | öãô ! n
r ; ëmåà ] ïth & » ^ [ 8h¼ez ^ ¾ : ©ñ¹xqäæ 5¡o6nûýùç÷ìûùçæ¶løýð & ½
õýodï üõ×l ¡ l ( 0ß < âj¢8ä1 & ®åhü¯2hh1lswþðâ¯g 3ì÷ò ñx % ¤ç¸có üç ; äu«cqbdsåd± ) bk 4b© ' ëev¦x¶èµn ) ôb > dëaä þêªqâ¸â3ëýõçúvç ^ { ÷üµkï®í³ } g ; w { _ â ( âv¤bcó fzmpqô6ª ¤riòg¡wl¤ * òfªrsñöu§6¢¹4 ( ºsß¬÷h { ' íy¿ù7ï÷ ~ ¿ øµ _ ; il£ } ûec > ðü97´ó ^ t½ög + xè ¹¬eørïç
2»t r  ~ 1hqv´4 \ ò÷ºq0w »ì º < ém ùéê¹úl $  = s , ¬ > _ =  _ â ~ \ ý9w¶úâþª¾s ) «épzç * ö½«x÷®
½byþïæ $ ª ýãë£ dgämmê9èóþ ! æòªáõïíü | ðúóãs } §  [ »g $ nöºóëkf÷x ~ åiz§§ ~ ñbûèðð¯ { híã | > ] ý } uwa ^ ûøòû×ï¿»2ëûò } ¢ ^ âe ' $ q !  & 2 ö 3 ) ý®xl ìw¦õawñ :  % âz§slrá ' cfhtel ) 4tò3d # % çueækºæ õqié % z2f¨ _ r´pçòã éqj - p×2 ! ©boâmåû . ó _ óßðû þttt ] eô²it®árûvm * ëz¸è = kài # ñò¦ - . ¢t à ( éùy2çêz *  ~ èíaì© öå
ii ^ pü | < ®r
ããm¢fex { ] yzyè¸ðo } t¨ßö õwãúoâúå°¨p ¤ò + bßzâ®èè¯dô ý | dvnq wûcúïcú¯cúbú ! ýùþù ~ 8¤ ñ¡êñpw7su > ' t ] kêïúolýç¦þª©ûôz³rå6þ§ºò _ } 1qa | f¸ - ò / 0×®ûyað ëqps . mínhn - ©¥wgò¦mú ` û ' hlx«»i¶4iâo¼ê1iåofï ^ yòåßðý ~ ßv±kìj { - i¯ml¯½ * á ' þë6¢u× $ ïeµjfuâö ± à1fô1ð ( 3lfæò»nú ] hv´»2çõî ] ãìè > jfwÿåhà ³î2» à³ûns¸g¶aðoìðøryxü3r¤ 3z @ } åï¿ @ : þf ]  } ê ( çu > ft + àg > | è ( øùsì > ð ³o \ ` ê $ w ©
î9¤ì1 # ô3x # ìx àufä1ýàóor×øåðdcqqé ( ³ ) ð¯ò * r = b
òóìàwòçôöâté ) ä = n ` wd3ú4ètfnÿæc¶ðét¸cüáô9¸¹gk ¶óßïu¼êà¢ ^ aöv & f ; §âüú \ êztqô & f ; ¹ªñù × [ d¬f ¾pü qïé ~ »qoæü¡ \ & ¿cäãüwøâeò # hwtøækèô & ùþ ~  | kaoh + ùz9f < õy0 9öùü > sàyõ0x¿o¿dîqu < ^ ã ; ~ ç @ ³ôyc ! xòæi£äº ty¢gè ãpàµqzädåûè 2gèøâd / êxá } p =  ºà¹l×öø5 ~ gð© $ n ; ®kðwy4þü2x < 8 & àïíámáæ ` sp \ / ×éäõrµ , ëur , éhfòoµ× | zm©ªãpuá× ±¯ø ïi $ , kð³92 §cëxáõ§së8ò®½¦ñûî8kûqf , âüz¸z÷ §2àn } e !  ; ò [ fc¦w¹çlø©oã ' go9öí¶ , ô0ýê©×7íèk±ötj + ¦ = ôs£ónfðt > i´6¾ym´2îöáè°¹ ( mjó©eéë \ äãòdzûñxêy ! ] : 2dp4t . ûð2ì9åêº / ú ] . f§íñeées8 ) déà ) ! ór¨æ9¬rqvn yë \ eh¶â % nwiôî2úô % ¾äiã2 süju¤ ¤fû g6ñ ðb÷ôa3¦g¢é , ìçôôxè91¸§9qêèøþq£yg : m9£©ûm®aî¦ \ d¦l×gs¬ ; þ¦¬ þî©r¼«sf ` 3
> stream h \ ëjã @ e÷ú ^ &  [ êªj @ ühày0ùyj ; xmyá¿¾º !  # °uºû * \ î·ûý¾ï & ÿcs ; u } ãu¸å & ¸c8w } ¶ , \ û5óçóüý \ ê1ëóæãý : ë¾ ? yu¹üwzyâý = ¬ûá ³üglcìú³ { ø³ = < ºüpçp ýänµrm8¥¾õã÷ú \ > o { ú·é } 7ýò + ~ ßçàùyifhãu¬ëþ ²j®«þòµêbßþ÷ ^ kn ; ÷ : fuåeº % v²éïàò xkþwä øü¸ä % î , ä % ¸ à5yøsçï5 k | i . áìáb0 = ½ loï \ ? çnè0ëò¨ë³ . º < ëò¨ë¿sc + a þ¡¿à _ è / ðú ü þ¡¿à _ è / ðú ü þ¡¿à _ «èuæ * r¹ \ e®
w«èuæ * r¹ \ e®
w«èuöjñ + e¯½röjñ + e¯½röjñ + c¯ ½2 : îg£³áùèlp6 : îg£³áùèlp6 : ½2ôjã¬tãp | þú1 iý×ì5·óøí£ > ï & ëã×¿á8 . íâ ' û + àú  ' endstream endobj 1767 0 obj <
> stream h t× @ «º ^ k¢ ¢â2ó =  = n¨¢äàeý _ üîapqmt îw4» ( îû¢ 3²¸¶¢¸ ~ ·1ð èñäç ß9u ] õºª ^ ¿ { úõ *  ½ { õiîùòiâo | æêex ` x @ äÿxô¨ * nrd ] z ? çîv ) á # âqàþ _ jåy # â & ß¨¾ þñ ! aão ïv ¶¯ç â ' ª¶pèâþ ` î» gmz : ï¬3÷g4x  @ ïsâòëpyxà¤hçp * èýíãñáa¶bçüï `
# æeý´ @ ^ ò÷c
mãv7ý jé  $ . ½à õgj ` ¡ :  èd ±b°ç«lêä«ó¾þn ) e ä¤ò®èegäý ~  þð±gùjà¸ > æ3çç - ¬ë¥ò§
åå¡ < æil¬d ' éì + ; t©êètz çµj»ô© [ ¯¾þ + f«jnð°qã & îm5÷háéõ²wë6 > mûù ~ õþk¿ ; uîòõnß ~ ×½ï ^ ½ÿñï > } ÿõ } ¿÷ 0pðà ! càãg  > :
rìøqqã ' l4yê ? m6 = zæï3cfåî87i ^ òü _  , ü5eñâ % kaù¿¥®z½fíºõò6nú6oißºmû»vïéø» / sÿ 9zìø§n9 { îü ¬²áò«¹×®ãí < õv ~ 0¾q¾u ; pix & ( ba ¹r /  ñ4â ) vñezíª° ^ b q /  ¯ô¡úqúãúsú2ãtã2ãjãsã ; ¹¦¬»èþr ? ¹¿
? ' sò8yhgu \ j4 # . b5 +  , h·¡ õo õow + î¤ío % mµ6¦4crsöx # } öº· = ( b°í¢¤oñ1s6 ! n ïn ÿ } ] kp¶ øòø0ê = ¡ à f & b ; p < ðc®i ' ñø # áä©²a kè ' ¾nñ o ; ¯weoäã© + ld©µ6 _ ¼a ø«ö¹îe # £qòk _ ` kn¾æo¸ý ë¾2yª¯ ) % @ ãk¥¸¯8o ^ 2 l . û { ©¿åân # øí [ × \ aà4¸ßúíæ % î : ¹îäbb×újî # o ùuüðhzób & t ; ó @ é
f á $ bcç
à ~ ' ¡èæ % ôö ? ó * µî è { ý , ç ) öêì¤ \ yöbúi÷÷ôí´ød ! çß ! ~ ¬ö¢¾ % üjî ) îjþ ÷üçýï£÷½ ¢½ , ejõõóùäµ2£»ü°ã§û £ ±ä² k <  ' dai ; £ âè¸ =  úd ! 7e8yò _ ä«kç $ ëe b´l ` ê4òªçyoúæ - aøü
èµ³dývoù l 6u , t¬i ' ää å gæ > eân±¶å ( j kêayø¡aõëá±¹ ùz & íå¿ë©î¶gd áîjw
´a÷¾òúà ¬ùä |  | öúgó¥çâqxµ7ïîk5tçõèã»°gnñy f & * âj«û < ï ? ov ï ? ùùð  ' gñµêjõ××ót©m / å
ëéo½wau«ûu² , ù²µ @ ñ - å # ói0åp eqã ä , § $ ²f \ qäå ! ýl5 ? jä ñiäpese3û \ üóù¯ml e \ j²è aßáw # e ßüü < - ×à : ùrn >  / ys2ù 8æâáé eù ê ï ! ò - [ z ( èöµª ( è7úg : ¥du . ¹ßk ' ¾¶ { lù ïúðýéªõ¡³ïìªuîåh» yø
z ; èøõz»qk ? ¾¿9ïó¹øiâ \ êvìh§ sq { ; øñacêxüõ¤½ô ! 3 ! p } ¶ ñ7û7¾¹tý \ båå + ¨ { rñj , ^ [ xñ ²uá ã íì1 ëù ùkc : l `
ìb ; uòî { q3 , ' ' f {  - o¥ù×ï [ ½çòñ ' v / [ ' ç . ×îýýx90 ~ ðô rxáákd ] ¢¾u { d < õ¿ôôêüó { xç¯õöìë©llmo®¬ÿðoýx ½ = çhe1ì¬ [ »1ãæ´k úì | »çazÿèpáª ` ¯ãhlózÿiré©k5gg (  ` v s¼äq | $  * g æ < . ä91ô $ ïõúý ] úw4¦1ýuí
çêïùîx : y´iëñ \ û ¿ä ~ ïý # \ ßu > î© \ üý¤âg : éäëôìüêç·ú ; 7wm÷i÷ûìúê7æróøô³r° : º×j % ´¬nèå luô zròyqâè¢©ú¿é®öø¶ + ìkò¢d½ ( ² ´õ % y / ? d9²eñ # µ - + / çiø8o7út¤t7§k±¤ ^ ñ¬kem·¥i3»éuíº , ´ã là°nh ìãb ~ 4 ? ö övhéi ; `  . iñ ^ \ üï | ßùî ; ï¬þÿt©òñìsg 1ö %  º÷íc [ ²ãóbýñ¥âäà # g + ¿ / öico¦ý³ýiôúâøî¹£p { 3pösàûòk«0éjè äk ¢h0 êbyôq fcoãç < ß ^ àè¿ìzð3 . ì ; h {  # è © èñàlð¼¨¯cmò¹d % ô + ø (  ½âcþn * ! òõf ? m @ 1x & ñ / è ] hh±ü { p % ô9ýýv = iô»ô¸þñä±sªà¯jj«êùêeõ % õûª÷uu * { 8²±jðâõleåò
 ~ $  yãuótãæä1o @ ÷ì ) 3e + ¢
` ¨ãìwp¨ $ wpìe ; áïþãw¹ < çîâ®°1a³â¶· { ×  ,
£hëùî±î by - è | = u > 9 . * « / < \ üëtsîtþø + µf
càæf _ £ æ ììàìljo¦rêpe % õ + iª [ âìî·3ørðsîmí òz6
l´ ! öê2b6°  ( eðlº ap5ûa *  ÿñtnç»múpc¨él $ eù¡m c ì1 ! æsxin¶§ñ¶jb 4ª ^ a¿ % å÷sá ( g f \ g < 1êãüb <  ` mü9 jü
 { ¼ ! ölongä æ¦àg×üóá ) j : ú úµzl ( 7 . gþ , êîè % èsh * bmuzaàdid²
ó7ôní¦ þymàáì³î ; ph¡ _ cb ~ öôùot 9gðê ©éqï¨ ) ýè¾mwçëó ? ô ? ð¨áé¾ukx×®w : tìfy¾ # dµèîóêåc8eq + v < ¦¥õé 7 : oòv0oû òûiòðy þåt * ãïëë
<  ®ÿù2æascñ¨9 - 5 - ë { õ aðdëìøênìª2ï \ ïþ ækêz³ = tvõ¥68µadïqÿ¢íxð¶«öv³½©ç ;
4¦ d ` õr
¯ën°p ? ¾p3v ü· «8 ! ü $ > ' läptµ4áb»õüy«õ : r0p´³ @ èva  * púìjäg¬¼®àªª ] ¨ºæysû«ãêip } ³6a3ó÷ïvþû ` ¼gczñì ûu±kßi } àw | ®vöás ìåm } õ
¯ðf & í§º¶â $ á8ýû®©òíp á { ìì¨ ~ a : 4hú | < ®en vç 9íàá ` ©© ' kvßâc¦ @ y¥uà6à® îûrãìû±÷ë¦ëqû ~ ðû ; ôwk¯e ( ¾rú yómàmè¼2x¶¥i¤nóâ±îßòà ) * l % ³ðj > zµxi ) óñëòíöæ $ ` ±kêo ' õaöæ % k4j ` r÷hë÷ ©apò ` p¢fzú ~ âi ~ cñî5éº¿aãÿ¡ø´ ö = ô ) üû ' åpnupg·þøýx¦«i¯×mã = r«ådó¾²1¶ôìp 9q - è7àlôåô / iùïvgn ' és±t4½¼ys ? õ§wwm8gú±ö ì0¤þ < ôì¨â jw½éz0ô = ò¢ÿlà2qù÷ß2ê foø§üçk ; ) 3½dy ] ? d v ç = a»«£ãf ; 5 ¾ªöwjå¬õåò1ëi«éê48µå¢ud çu±¨øb %
ideî uè§ä§ ~ ¡fú¿2õÿls5ñyà¥lf } ÿ0üz½¥4é { k wnw§ _ ø ¸ðþhß [ _ ¯ + ýú´âdõ / ^ : ò > ¼¸¤òêèçkg ! o = b«kñßã ] à ( «¥uà ( ~ à ? vôå¼¥ÿ° ] í±müwü ~ ÷³ } ~ $ ç³ï¾ ; ßù¾ßùñùû _ qââ # °ñ ðaçb ) l - *  * êj6 zq6 : ²k5 «1 ¦q & zmcz ; ÿ©4mµcrf5êbö» ; t [ ¿ûé > kßï÷ûyéåþ¥ã¶¯ó / ð / gsöëé©æ
½02h¬¦aèg4úv & 8ïr ~ úõgià ] nd²ñ > ¢dt @ hixxèã h
jë¢äeimpºð¯ü
s id¦á ~ â  . pz _ ' í - nl  ( m . p @ £©ç© ê * e¥¦av $ © _ kñè¤ »ôzµ°·k4rah¡ümhè9ç $ l ? ·ú úpìþ§afçì®mý2 ââ ëãpþ m _ ö \ { u4ûàåàrr *  c7 ' 6 ¼¿hûé5kövôïö¾lççû õ¤sd ~ ã / £pþ¹yßèny9¿§eôï - ðð ' û6 þñj v«½ < ' { b1kûëptè ' ©ø »¬ } çø ? gozíí1ú 5§m² ; 5 [ âzf°²kyòepêókïùè ; êûñsí§óã®qõdú´7ýê÷ópi ` ´àrsgf1íîæl1 æé¸²n°g k ! qt3p & á¸æ±ph q | £¤ & az ; «ó»é &  ! . cîsàkd { ¹íì¾¡£©xé
y @ 8 _ x×úíw ] 9îúß \ - ¹aøyòp´àw ~ 5 / !  »¾8ïíþôó  ~ ) ¹eø ] r îó×c¯ - ríà8áhá9¼ùþ | ¿¬ / 5v þõ < \ k9þ»äæ¹ <  ¦·5 æó @ 6w } iæ£¡4ñ > d ursªuîû4á = y¹tçñ : . äñ¾èðï× | ³ß÷©ó & ò§½áhkÿâ5¯ì¢ ? êw ( oð2õçyyêupnï ®§î ^ § ýßçôaíå : wjntó ) qçç9 _ ¤zírn· . # ooe®p÷ós íbä $ jà $ ú¹ gbzz | , ß > çnä =  ) tmâ } & ó _ qzí ®ö ~ µq
¾áªãóg yçïiàgñ¾ð¹yj ìè§bíys @ _ æñi * ñ§wpî²  æj { 0in çý÷d } oµ ÷áìª ôò°ª¤dµ·øñ¼¾ëêê ÷¥ & zcjûméý \ ¡× |  : - òv2â2¦ªíàsôêþz¤èz¡ ~ , . u pß8õôyú½äóv» \ sswmî·ï± \  .  |  _ ³lêzù !  2üß { \ ìu ` rærv1 / ñ9s¯ ? a7ö4t } ¥t rzäûí
^ ¨æònu ? 0ï¢ ] fvìã + êco | eõj1ívãp7í uoª½ | âlnãí4 ^ ¯ ~ gyªkõ4r = ývð ~ õ _ p / r¡ * f ~ c { ôû¼ôêg»¬æøëuïrù *
în ägûié _ øiòøiôgt¤×ékñg } ò ) ü°£ ( @  æðl§ òüëc ~ ¾ * ñoh : þ½¼ ) ø¾ õ öòåøíaét¼¡r½4v¶ *  @ 5yñßø @ j # eø ] ¦ ! / @ ¹ÿmÿ ^ ÷æçõó¦çù½£¢93ýþä @ pf è + êôö & m ; îmëwtèmóúåþþ ) yãfdölïá / íá + 3¶wjoz ~ ö¨ô» { ò½xáuo¼ù ^ · ( èëñïð§y¹wîìÿp±2 ( ²°gp & õ¬µtöâõ , ûk½ ( õøpo > e£7éª¾ ) ô rxùî®®oòëodë²³w * rdgô×àßéôr 80los¾ % öï : 4 ~ è ^ ø½ýû = ¾ \ ½é ? ? ©ýxöø8® * | ëñcâõæ×q¼w½³3i < ±ùäîgg7 ^ º´ãy4ðtôtãªi7 ) d # þ ( âq  ýñl ãøøøñ ¨úpyåü ; v ? ìì9ß½ç | ç { ïyºæ @ ª 7aðøyb ð % reò¢»¡ [ dyn . ·6ø9ìj } ýælõð { ztmñ£j [ ì { ùv0àc ^ eêò¯ðu8 } nzu } æ
½bï¸iöí¤5¢ . ì¹ õõð - ÷ @ ê ¦óîû¯² : ã7 ! ë×ñ2¶ [ x9pn er¦dj8×¯ãn·ëéõ¯×úx ö } ¸ágôüét¿nªnò² = 58 ' úf { 5 7åºªïî²¾³ çäü & õëô¦½ [ ¡ð ki } ä \ ¦ / ó¥etùúa + êá >  ? wkúõsþål¯ð3pfç ^ çmfûæ - 7ã ÷ > b®ã ) æ¬ & »qßkµ = äqû¬0§á % h8¬úìmäh ;  ! moaïjú ^ ý vbë·zòù ívmû©hðv× 6»ò [ óãiñ : ! á¥ - ú°x¦gø4ù ! öêøâùifû - øõ jllû4¿rª v $ ~ ø¡ð / í¦ , næuãßrùýj óc ) »ñdûíõ¨aq8 þiå + ßgú6 + ûtñ . øøûàï ! $ må ²3£ ófg°äºtä× ~ ìág8h½vàné±âúvóëö0ôßnò¡x£þýk [ rùtøøbáá ` & h ; çh¬ $ 0g«tþ¤gõ : ¥ò ýg§hckvy¾ü ) ðs · @ ( yvìªðcí áí =  : # fþåâ3õ ! ÿ } ` êr¼·7d±7a´ û ` 1a2êìe¸m¶³íäe¢¢rððcbwûsêë ) åòtj ) ¦ ) å£ ) e [ jùr² ! ² o éæÿ ] è ½ _ èmöær / ¦¬ä¯äbêgcê ' cêtl ) yïæãha # boºk | ÿrë # ¨qß§¡bàh ;  # ®b iwõ ìfx¶qtæàm©öþ . ¸ £ $  à¿ ! ð - wïc þ¡3ûçî£ðpkßg1ÿ j üî ~ ûu°oqè6âo
 ( ò¼«û7ù ë¶áãpf aëcpì¬ ©nô < [ æ½ ( jø ] ò _ ` ÷ ! ^ sù _ - oæ . ûkâ # ýn÷0ì ~ ¾7 ] v ' 3»ý : y½ | ý \ ÷¾â ~ ¦ß ` 74 / ä«ia | ki . fáüóé # ìkúyöû \ b¾y±×³ak³ê 6itcgüto¨bý³ xà > k õyâõloò3ll¯° = él·z¥ø¯° ]  ; lhµtþ íáj¶ª¶9ya - ã 1ì© , } ^ ié¥r¿z¥v9 , äurü $ ërpèdfr»w¿m ~ íá ` ë×üo6¼c z9ëi & r ; îqð¤úgø ( 8ûm . ` üå
. 8× ?  9p = ü4þ¸ó æ° . âá \ èùñái×yäùn ' ¼g ^ bø > ûz7çâù×e´áùl $ þý¶klô ? ¨£kúxpe¿
= îw î ¢còa½§xpönäo . säåüè
9é¡8¹çè©ünçc£åhðp ' m } ò§qó »ëvä§1æóæ4ç9 úó * , ? ºààfpep * £ îýá4ð ] á¹ûå :  % j2á ) ñqá àv } ÷ ) ß } j¸ ? ÷àmùî ¾û¸ÿóõtî1òó9 \ ø ? ¹ £ \ qïa 7fv > h»
> stream hôytu×æ¿ = < @ dî { * ¢ (  ( â #
( 8è ( & pq
* i å $ xbôk¢m ! sl4ñth×jú¥ ` »º²¢i5ñf ¯ç = ©6ù£ ] ý³w÷îùû { ¾ûþýßo  ? tböpa ~ ié | n > k² 3ÿrýh : @ # ¯ï³wyë¿¼cw ^ ñòâ [ · } ð . liáê¼òó§p3äüüìæ ^ ! @ úu³ ^ \ ¾iø½æc®¥¸g ~ ayy¿üë3ñh psaqv & ö _ ? ä2ñ ååq $ ~ àª©f¾µ < ³0wé + ¦ø @ oöý * ¢ ] ×kr _ üõ²ìò > õ¤zøàeûk5¿
üþy . ¢áö·1³ kø«xkñv $ §ylâ®z tæ³ # - à×5i´µw© ` û & 2 #  { »¶ + 2³ù = büçãþ
såyi : löè3²nökyr
s¥ @ ¾kr ] ¾¯åïrcnê7òìù¨cu $ ëóp
¡èhôb _ ôçpäh $ b0ó0  | ¢ «±ë¥reì5tü ) â ( ¢ ( æó
zftd + h % = noñvúfµô ½a ' è $ ¥÷é # ©å²q6ïß¾èplf * iièfäaþbeºs - ¦ % e«i = £jª¢ ôhg©þ ò c²söê . ú # r / / ò öôqðgºnó : i ' ëa©é®i¼u§óeº¤3èªeº $ émwu¼¦j¾ , yæ - j @ fór & + e±dè | y :  > ä : ý # ¹c¤v * $ k²u8 < øñ 11é0uixbåñmsh ~ ä = ¸÷áîk÷ çì sg6ó¯¯3¿p9¹ ¿ïçøo¢â % ¾ $ !  % ²â¼ý - ²m ^  ¡ùºbwo¿ix ! vn9¬hk5üe % zåvuèn³û ; ù - »ã i±gø÷ : øááðw9â áhçdçgnïówõétwkq¿ã¡ | ö¨ÿa âív4êef } q¯¥ % z ^  ~ ã¨ [ ¡vwër«ks / ksïø @ = í ^ û¦ èèü @ = ç¨ãîr¿°ÿ * qg·ö / í÷
òoîuíëm¶«kfsróôf÷êí1íý¯ü½ò | ¥åï [ ý > ª 3¿ávqc ( öòqâüæ »¿ºc & k ; ½ . ôå£yzlør¬ez®ÿþdzövþéì > } ½mtboý ` nóÿ½eüî { ykìdo©§¯sìó7°©òùnèlù % ügnó % y¦ } µé¦æ = o¼üð7 èfha < 4 íc ] ¦¹ } t t , s»©ð8f . í1´pã c oãæã ëmå . bt3ìpyªò£j¨úp£ñå : g [ ½é > ôíéáô ! îôaôêîô = (  = © , r f 7íd jc4¥£ - @ - d , ebe # ro¹jyfk1 å ( * ¤åcåk % h ç0ê0j1va á $ * §µja16 ! 6» ( ´ hr 2h ' ð . dñndr òh réy , ¥ þärzeôé ]
 # w3ôæ # e¾aøÿ & / © < ¦5¬åjõ¼¥×ô , pmºbútµh ! ühð1î®õs±ý ? mëß * õ·9 4a©5º¶t ? ãuj ] ù¼ldý¼¯uüåôcoüád ' wßè0 kèãmòþ» > y ~ jöë > ½àf : ý¸¼ ; ± , viñä ; qvì
ufñüeeìè
²dïã _ ` « óài ` å4åæ4°bp5·àfc
eyên : aêô - ó®l [ ¥s ~ µj¥ $ »vèy + a ( ! «¬
¡ } ¬©¤òmwõy¡ | ìoßóé¦äìî + lqêpï ; ýy ` 0ªçûbî * l¿1sôþ u }  [ mëëë ; 3§þs³à¥¾8b«hí«éx »®4çòùôá4 ) 5  @ þj váqý ¸ðå ~ ù ¤ ; hm ) j # ¥ql½fõsåà ( ×ùóëôex ðnq®øçáaçã ] ¦ # & âdxìr vò¼mîª© % þ ) wè·qcò > ïzy¿n > âj«2ä | è¹ | ³¡pdlù ; 32 , m $ ã¦ ' æã¿z¥£kîê ? ù½f¾v¼ { g®¢wýk½19 - µùè : bîdùäñß ] ×ÿêï¦soµg3 ( 9ï¿ $ þôäü { óæ ! ªâ5×«n % jv & jd ; áíòó ª¨yjôz¥
7¨vûeäåäóæ / &  * öêç¦×v [ °ùª»«8päno3ö°hi¦zö ³ èá  ? ãqèjîøûzýf = ©3 vîà é±¯üòwoô , ò $ voz % ¿pï3¥éïmkífaä ` fk [ ù1yü3ãf±øcåj  èá # hyh¼¦ / 8 ? º å °tjí¼¸a¤ìda { 8¯¥ñ $ # l2j ! y ý ) ×¦ ç¹ ! ûÿa ÿôjýõn ~ ö5ø , õ ~ ô > ¼ý # ivì¼k¯x¿ | k >  ) 7¹÷eø« : ` l³u¢ ¢áïlvm ~ ¨r . ñj«ç²aä¡b5ns # fèdjwäeá | öçj ^ íì - öô¾ # zr / _  ; 8 ? á¼q ) k < þô³åðçx ~ ee¶ô : ³ïnæìã ; ç > âã o¯íäqç ?  = 1 qû , - ¾¢ðvoíì ù ( [ sþ \ { òé , fºw¥þ£½wåé¤ö¡¦û < áåé < ¡wfãmö > wkñ { zîuhæöúí | o4þ ub ±ñe { ìeá
ï ` uû ` ñ³lgxc³æ : ú ^ tø _ puûtç9 vaíhû5ïäõè¥þ \ ©vòªþré \ gëpkît ? \ : çl5 . m ; uô : « | & ì # óýþ© - ëªwöæïúÿ0 ^ õ±meü } ï | > ßùl } ¾ówb ; ¶cçq8 k7µ / $ iã8núnmw±ôkõ & ý ` ¡ - la .  @ saä _ h ±®iûm iµªp [ jüc  ! önãóßký´0
] þ÷þs . ~ ~ ïïù = ¿§ºéé¥üæêçx ; ×tô¾½xïäåyz9b ` ü + æjw£l× ( húæ¨ ©m¤túw * } ªªóe1¢ã _ fpùb @ ®øüzîp5¤ % s ? 8 ´ ] bf ` ! . ¯ @ éùxêk voìã \ © ; ] ëìü
óü §au¾zú ` qhßéúôéå¡½§wgøm7ú¾ö & jç°hy
r¦ú4zñhûj ! güäq ! èhó  . sïåät¨ * ïak¯tvêfkï6 3æôc8ò¬ ; þ5ñíá ' ^ úû5 > ª ' zèâuc > = ] ß = øý ] o¨»ôhæñgæê { aüáé· ^ ø
çâ²© 3 , ìùjw9n /  = 1ñõc # jz¬¿ñãg 94oõy ðdo \ 8çi èeqp¹ (  . é éz y `  ` § . d¦ . 5zui âe´¯ìi5ð +  + ócl6 _ { b äò¥øú¢é - û véâbö v  ` óönv ~ þ ` ù¼0 < r±6q ! ñöõeæd \ e×t©¯v©íô¯q£4àqà ( xß ! ¶fj±úéÿ g ) d & d ; ä % d ' dô * d * ( tÿ .  & / éfãû $ ¼¯
©÷ñïîmîýîãn¶à . ¸µß¸ôö× & µæewüù¬¼ , ¡ma8¾ç ( ¸³¾òc½vzou [ § ' / à | mpïé¹ý9m´xí¼ = sùµ¡ { | ò·íü®§ò ; ý , ¥u ^ / z øpµ¯ [ o« ] úè ) ìøäûð &
jpæcñ ' > ü êä2å ] # ùõ é£êký×ïµ¥ò ] ñx÷è£ $  «ÿ ` x ^ g % ôø 4rç³ó , íeæ
ku , ky % $  | ìr | ²ý±ìì _ âs | s®ú 6q¸úî @ ûòðñþ1ò ( @ rï ±éñt¯oó ! ½ý9³9l _ 5mçû6i°x \ ï¶øm ^  ' pï¶çd§ ` í¬ímeí ñ²l² ! îîdsúiüg @ ¿ _ eß÷ ¾fo¥r6â _  ï ^ lvz¢¡¨àzç¨m² ! °dìbp¾« j¶²s * ø îîºñá bë ¥î8òvë : ci ( õpaí } ÷´«¾v·µþ£ñþ¨ jõæëìà½¨ \ °ößníü : òôy + ÿù7öùønæybðé [  | & ðíkh ì & ¸ < \ ooà²vöâdnfq2alç©6üeái6â % ¼1gz° uq ] ¦ yu£ðùeéªkdúè±k´j | . ÿ±
ïèçäçe¬ { ´iy°úy - } ¯÷g = ¤ee | ªçt3§¾i { sjtöýjåjf6fø¬pdtáµ ~ 3xt ' k´6å³ti > åwp¢eë - x¸æg¬ã×t $ öm9ë : ép $ w»ü¯ - æ±±¿c _ 3ñøß2ø # ( a»gä { ] üôî´±sd¾ #  + sæ »ûåå ; ïi ` % ( ì _ hk + ~ ó± $ _ 1è¹ó¯úq v ? ôó @ ¾b§cøoo ? n : ljàa
¥ lucgªq©5ë ªqó [ 8øàh6óá6yxpi @ fúv < ¨4íë3 _ ¶ö£næ : / èlã69ç¼1 { çêeûnkãmùíi ^ ' . z <
û¸êwr¬íåxéen ) v * ó¼¼ú > þcvä ; ¬ãà «àbf¯b . eä¤eà < úw é % × - } ½pwöy¨î·¹ ( ìèkh âs1õýs8s¢¬à± ªàdw1ý + µµiïäñá < ®åq ) 3yádeá + º£ó
¼å $ mäcè ) l ] * ær \ r £óêñ % ¬ãö
è ) ö ffogÿdð äænüò . , ÿa¼zc£¸®ðüùýùýù } ? ¼ë } { íµ×k¯w×ëç ` ì c æôáå & íô @ òd - mekcªv´
jdy @ óªd¢ô¶jpêïüdiúnøî93³¶¢ªcý½3wææß9ßw¾ópyð ? ämêímó§÷ m¶ôº§nï÷ëµ ^ gèmü @ vì¥ájæ·b ` sãôw· & îºó # ] ñ¾n _ ¸s¼s ï  | ¦7ù7 } ä ' ãcoøöî6£õf²xíí ' iè ? ôö¨5è±w ~ ëk -  ] 1»òvøìt ] fp ' e1ôàv ï - p«èów¨
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al . , 1988 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . american fisheries society special publication 16 . vii + 277 .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .
turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . < i > american fisheries society special publication < / i > , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp .
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
please use this form only for a single type of error . if you see multiple errors on the page for this species , please report these in separate forms by clicking on this button again after submitting this form
thank you for highlighting this error . we appreciate your assistance in maintaining high quality control standards
it has a firm elongated body that is nearly white with dark brown scattered rings of various sizes .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
a large dorid ( up to 8 cm ) nudibranch . anus is on the midline about 1 / 4 from the posterior end and is surrounded by 6 gills which are fully retractible . usually pale gray (
) but may be yellow or white . its characteristic blackish - brown rings which are up to 1 . 5 cm diameter make it easy to recognize . dorsal surface is firm , spicules in it feel gritty . kozloff ( 1996 ) key says the rings usually are surrounded by a white ring but i have not often seen that .
how to distinguish from similar species : the large dark rings make this dorid easy to distinguish . however , it is very similar to another species , discodoris heathi , which has spots instead of rings . in my observations , spots seem to grade into rings .
depth range : low intertidal and subtidal to 35 m . mostly intertidal in the north , subtidal in the south
biology / natural history : feeds on halichondria , haliclona , myxilla , and petrosia sponges . the egg ribbon is narrow , white , attached in an oval spiral under rock ledges by one margin .
according to baltzley et al . , ( 2011 ) , many gastropods , including this species , have a special network of pedal ganglia in their foot which assists in crawling . the two main neurons involved produce pedal peptides which elicit an increase in the rate of beating of cilia on the foot , resulting in crawling .
general references : kozloff , 1993 niesen , 1994 morris et al . , 1980
baltzley , michael j . , allison serman , shaun d . cain , and kenneth j . lohmann , 2011
pedal peptides network in gastropods . invertebrate biology 130 : 4 pp . 313 - 324
this species is sometimes cream or even yellow . photo by dave cowles , balboa island , may 1999
this individual , from 10 m depth near northwest island , wa , is the color pattern i more typically see . photo by dave cowles , july 2005
photos : orange county , california , intertidal , 15mm ( d . w . behrens ) .
references : • behrens , david w . and angel valdes . 2001 . the identity of doris ( s . l . ) species macfarland , 1966 ( mollusca , nudibranchia , discodorididae ) : a persistent mystery from california solved . proceedings of the california academy of sciences : 52 ( 15 ) : 183 - 193 . • macfarland , frank mace . 1966 . studies of the opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america . memoirs of the california academy of sciences . vol . 6 . san francisco .
thanks dave , this may seem a strange thing to write a paper on . as an explanation to those of you with little experience in nomenclature here is a brief explanation . ' s . l . ' is an abbreviation for the latin phrase ' sensu lato ' which simply means ' in a loose sense ' , as opposed to ' s . s . ' which is an abbreviation for ' sensu stricto ' which means ' in a strict sense ' . these terms are used as nomenclatural shorthand much like ' cf ' . i am sure macfarland was not introducing a new name when he labelled this beast doris s . l . . all he was saying was that it seemed to be a distinct species of dorid , which superficially looked like a species of doris . best wishes , bill rudman
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
much research work has been published on the neurophysiology of learning and behaviour in sea hares in the laboratory , and is not included here . presented below are a few field studies on learning and behaviour of aplysia , and one involving field - collected animals .


cisthene conjuncta is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by barnes and mcdunnough in 1913 .

it is found in southern texas .

the wingspan is about 15 mm .

adults are on wing in march , july and october .

cisthene conjuncta

species cisthene conjuncta - white - streaked lichen moth - hodges # 8073 - bugguide . net
cisthene martini knowlton , 1967 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 93 : 96
cisthene bisigna berg , 1875 ; acta acad . nac . cordova , 1 ( 4 ) : 75
cisthene coronado knowlton , 1967 ; trans . am . ent . soc . 93 : 95 ; tl : arizona
cisthene petrovna schaus , 1892 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1892 : 283 ; tl : brazil , petropolis
cisthene lactea stretch , 1885 ; entom . amer . 1 : 103 ; tl : providence mtn , bernardino co . , california
illice conjuncta barnes & mcdunnough , 1913 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 3 ) : 102 , pl . 9 , f . 14 ; tl : san benito , texas
cisthene minuta butler , 1877 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1877 : 327 ; tl : colombia , sta . marta
cisthene hilaris felder , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 139 , f . 3
cisthene polyzona druce , 1885 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 123 , 3 pl . 12 , f . 13 ; tl : mexico , presidio
cisthene ( ozodania ) juanita barnes & benjamin , 1925 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 27 ( 6 ) : 123 ; tl : baboquivari mts , pima co . , arizona
cisthene metoxia hampson , 1898 ; trans . ent . soc . 1898 ( 3 ) : 243 , pl . 17 , f . 8 ; tl : st . vincent ; grenada , balthazar
cisthene unifascia ; godman & salvin , 1885 , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 123 ; [ nacl ] , # 8060 ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 3
a revision of the species of cisthene known to occur north of the mexican border ( lepidoptera : arctiidae : lithosiinae ) carroll b . knowlton . 1967 . transactions of the american entomological society , 93 ( 1 ) : 41 - 100 .
similar in size and general pattern to a few other cisthene species ( e . g . packardii ) but pale areas of fws whitish . head and thorax whitish , base of collar slightly pink ; fws dark gray with a squarish white spot on costa just beyond middle , and a broad white band along inner margin ( or just offset from it by gray ) , thinly connected to a large rounded white spot on the rear margin and separated from the latter by a small dark gray patch . [ adapted from barnes & mcdunnogh ( 1913 ) original description and online specimen images . ] original description as illice conjuncta is available online in the print references below .
cisthene ( cisthenina ) ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 3 ; scott , zaspel , chialvo & weller , 2014 , syst . ent . 39 : 288 ; turrent , 2016 , rev . soc . mex . lep . ( ns ) 4 ( 1 ) : 25
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
holotype ♂ labeled san benito , texas , united states , ( g . dorner ) .
barnes , w . & j . h . mcdunnough , 1913 . arctiadae . contributions to the natural history of the lepidoptera of north america . 2 ( 3 ) : 102 , pl . 9 , fig . 14 .
james halliday mcdunnough ( 1877 - 1962 ) a biographical obituary and bibliography douglas c . ferguson . 1962 . journal of the lepidopterists ' society , 16 ( 4 ) : 209 - 228 .
revised checklist of the tiger moths of the continental united states and canada b . christian schmidt & paul a . opler . 2008 . zootaxa 1677 : 1–23 .
annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . donald j . lafontaine , b . christian schmidt . 2010 . zookeys 40 : 1–239 .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 16 july , 2013 - 10 : 13am additional contributions by mike quinn , chuck sexton last updated 30 september , 2017 - 12 : 04am
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
following lafontaine and schmidt ( 2010 ) , the traditional arctiidae have been transferred to the family erebidae as a subfamily ( arctiinae ) , with former subfamilies such as lithosiinae now treated as tribes . the circumscription of arctiinae remains virtually identical to recent circumscriptions of arctiidae , but circumscriptions of some taxa within the arctiinae have changed .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
most members of the tribe lithosiini of the subfamily lithosiinae for whom any food habits are known are feeders on lichens . the larvae are crptically colored and feed on the lichens by scraping .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
lafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .
lafontaine , j . d . and m . fibiger . 2006 . revised higher classification of the noctuoidea ( lepidoptera ) . canadian entomologist 138 : 610 - 635 .
schmidt , b . c . and p . a . opler . 2008 . revised checklist of the tiger moths of the continental united states and canada . zootaxa 1677 : 1 - 23 .
the small print : trademark , copyright , citation guidelines , restrictions on use , and information disclaimer .
note : all species and ecological community data presented in natureserve explorer at urltoken were updated to be current with natureserve ' s central databases as of november 2016 . note : this report was printed on
trademark notice :
natureserve
, natureserve explorer , the natureserve logo , and all other names of natureserve programs referenced herein are trademarks of natureserve . any other product or company names mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners .
copyright notice : copyright © 2017 natureserve , 4600 n . fairfax dr . , 7th floor , arlington virginia 22203 , u . s . a . all rights reserved . each document delivered from this server or web site may contain other proprietary notices and copyright information relating to that document . the following citation should be used in any published materials which reference the web site .
natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .
no graphics available from this server can be used , copied or distributed separate from the accompanying text . any rights not expressly granted herein are reserved by natureserve . nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring by implication , estoppel , or otherwise any license or right under any trademark of natureserve . no trademark owned by natureserve may be used in advertising or promotion pertaining to the distribution of documents delivered from this server without specific advance permission from natureserve . except as expressly provided above , nothing contained herein shall be construed as conferring any license or right under any natureserve copyright .
all documents and related graphics provided by this server and any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server are provided
as is
without warranty as to the currentness , completeness , or accuracy of any specific data . natureserve hereby disclaims all warranties and conditions with regard to any documents provided by this server or any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantibility , fitness for a particular purpose , and non - infringement . natureserve makes no representations about the suitability of the information delivered from this server or any other documents that are referenced to or linked to this server . in no event shall natureserve be liable for any special , indirect , incidental , consequential damages , or for damages of any kind arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of information contained in any documents provided by this server or in any other documents which are referenced by or linked to this server , under any theory of liability used . natureserve may update or make changes to the documents provided by this server at any time without notice ; however , natureserve makes no commitment to update the information contained herein . since the data in the central databases are continually being updated , it is advisable to refresh data retrieved at least once a year after its receipt . the data provided is for planning , assessment , and informational purposes . site specific projects or activities should be reviewed for potential environmental impacts with appropriate regulatory agencies . if ground - disturbing activities are proposed on a site , the appropriate state natural heritage program ( s ) or conservation data center can be contacted for a site - specific review of the project area ( see visit local programs ) .
) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .
- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
fws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
= ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 254 ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 3
= ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 254
= ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 3 ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 254
= illice ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 668 ; [ nhm card ]
illice abala schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 200 ; tl : st . jean , french guiana
illice abala ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 670 , pl . 35 , f . 16 ; [ nhm card ]
illice albizonea hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 103 ; tl : peru , r . ucayale , contamino
illice angelus dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 4 ) : 198 ; tl : bright angel , arizona
illice batialis ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 371 , pl . 29 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]
illice biota dyar , 1910 ; zoologica , n . y . 1 ( 4 ) : 127 , pl . 41 , f . 5 ; tl : hoorie , british guiana
illice biota ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 672 , pl . 35 , f . 20 ; [ nhm card ]
illice bisigna ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 675 , pl . 35 , f . 28 ; [ nhm card ]
illice blanda jones , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 ( 1 ) : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 20 ; tl : alto da serra , santos
illice blanda ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 675 ; [ nhm card ]
illice bonitensis schaus , 1924 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 65 ( 2520 ) : 25 ; tl : bonito , pernambuco , brazil
hipocrita calochroma snellen , 1878 ; bol . acad . nac . cienc . argent . 2 : 391 ; tl : argentina , cordoba
illice calochroma ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 369 , pl . 29 , f . 28 ; [ nhm card ]
illice citrina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 372 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 677 ; [ nhm card ]
illice croesus hampson , 1914 ; cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 678 , pl . 35 , f . 36 ; tl : colombia , muzo
illice cryptopyra hampson , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 64 ) : 348 ; tl : brazil , organ mtns , tijuca
illice cryptopyra ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 676 , pl . 35 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ] ; beccacece & navarro , 2013 , shilap revta lepid . 41 ( 163 ) : 368
illice discistriga dognin , 1912 ; mém . soc . ent . belg . 19 : 126 ; tl : st - laurent du maroni , french guiana
illice discistriga ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 671 , pl . 35 , f . 17 ; [ nhm card ]
maepha ditrigona schaus , 1899 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 7 : 215 ; tl : brazil , novo friburgo
illice ditrigona ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 370 , pl . 29 , f . 8 ; [ nhm card ]
zanoda dives schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 ( 4 ) : 150 ; tl : são paulo , se . brazil
illice dives ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 364 , pl . 29 , f . 1 ; [ nhm card ]
illice dorsimacula dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 4 ) : 199 ; tl : los angeles , california
illice endoxantha hampson , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 64 ) : 347 ; tl : brazil , petropolis
illice endoxantha ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 669 , f . 210 ; [ nhm card ]
brazil ( são paulo , paraña , rio de janeiro ) . see [ maps ]
zanoda [ sic ] fasciata schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 ( 4 ) : 150 ; tl : brazil , são paulo
illice fasciata ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 364 , f . 280 ; [ nhm card ]
illice flagrans hampson , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 64 ) : 347 ; tl : argentina , goya
illice flagrans ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 674 , pl . 35 , f . 25 ; [ nhm card ]
illice flavizonata dognin , 1916 ; hét . nouv . am . sud 11 : 6 ; tl : pacho , colombia ( 2200m )
paraprepia fuscilingua dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 168 ; tl : panama , porto bello ; la chorrera
paraprepia fuscilingua ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 823 ( unrecognized ) ; [ nhm card ]
odozana griseola rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 196 ; tl : rio janeiro ; san jacinthe valley , theophil ottoni , minas geraes
illice griseola ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 674 , pl . 35 , f . 27 ; [ nhm card ]
illice hilaris ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 366 ; [ nhm card ]
illice introbasalis rothschild , 1916 ; novit . zool . 23 : 264 ; tl : manaos , river amazon
clemensia lactea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 712
illice leuconotum dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 167 ; tl : la chorrera , panama
illice leuconotum ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 823 ( unrecognized ) ; [ nhm card ]
illice lincea schaus , 1921 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 59 ( 2372 ) : 350 ; tl : chejel , guatemala
odozana longistriga rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 196 ; tl : rio huacamayo , carabaya , peru , 3100ft
illice longistriga ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 671 , pl . 35 , f . 19 ; [ nhm card ]
lycomorphodes ( draudt , 1918 ) ( illice ) ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 260 , pl . 33 d
illice mediofasciata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 199 ; tl : buenavista , east bolivia , 750m
illice mediofasciata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 668 , pl . 35 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]
illice metoxia ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 366 ; [ nhm card ]
illice minuta ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 369 , pl . 29 , f . 17 ; [ nhm card ]
nigromaculata ( reich , 1933 ) ( illice ) ; int . ent . zs . 27 : 364
maepha opulentana walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 30 : 1014 ; tl : amazons , ega
illice opulentana ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 372 , pl . 28 , f . 19 ; [ nhm card ]
illice orbonella hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 372 , pl . 29 , f . 32 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro
illice pacata schaus , 1929 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 31 ( 3 ) : 45 ; tl : santa catharina
hypoprepia packardii grote , 1863 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 2 : 31 , pl . 2 , f . 5 ; tl : pennsylvania
illice unifascia var . perrosea dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 4 ) : 198 ; tl : los angeles , california
illice persimilis hampson , 1903 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 11 ( 64 ) : 348 ; tl : brazil , rio janeiro
illice persimilis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 675 , pl . 35 , f . 30 ; [ nhm card ]
illice petrovna ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 371 ; [ nhm card ]
illice phaeoceps hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 366 , pl . 29 , f . 16 ; tl : mexico , presidio
texas , missouri , north carolina , maryland , wisconsin , . . . . see [ maps ]
= illice injecta ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 673 ; [ nhm card ]
mexico , dominica , brazil ( rio de janeiro ) . see [ maps ]
illice polyzona ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 367 ; [ nhm card ]
illice pygmaea schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 200 ; tl : st . jean , french guiana
illice pygmaea ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 672 , pl . 35 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ]
illice rhodocraspis hampson , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 89 ) : 436 ; tl : argentina , sta fé , ocampo
illice rhodocraspis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 674 , pl . 35 , f . 26 ; [ nhm card ]
talara rosacea schaus , 1896 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 4 ( 4 ) : 148 ; tl : são paulo , se . brazil
illice rosacea ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 367 , f . 282 ; [ nhm card ]
illice roseiceps hampson , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 89 ) : 436 ; tl : paraguay , sapucay
illice rubricollis schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 200 ; tl : cayenne , french guiana
illice rubricollis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 675 ; [ nhm card ]
illice ruficollis ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 373 , pl . 29 , f . 5 ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 678 ; [ nhm card ]
sexalata ( draudt , 1918 ) ( illice ) ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 257 , pl . 33 a
illice subrubra schaus , 1905 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 29 ( 1420 ) : 200 ; tl : cayene , french guiana
illice subrubra ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 671 , pl . 35 , f . 18 ; [ nhm card ]
ozodania subrufa barnes & mcdunnough , 1913 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 1 ) : pl . 2 , f . 18 ; tl : san benito , texas
illice tessellata dognin , 1912 ; mém . soc . ent . belg . 19 : 127 ; tl : ximenez , rio dagua , colombia ( 500m )
illice tessellata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 677 , pl . 35 , f . 35 ; [ nhm card ]
illice trimaculata jones , 1914 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1914 ( 1 ) : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 21 ; tl : castro , paraná
illice trimaculata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 668 ; [ nhm card ]
illice triplaga hampson , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 89 ) : 436 ; tl : paraguay , sapucay
illice triplaga ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 669 , pl . 35 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ] ; beccacece & navarro , 2013 , shilap revta lepid . 41 ( 163 ) : 368
illice triplagiata rothschild , 1913 ; novit . zool . 20 ( 1 ) : 200 ; tl : huatuxco , vera cruz , mexico
illice triplagiata ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 676 , pl . 35 , f . 32 ; [ nhm card ]
lithosia tyres druce , 1897 ; biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 2 : 400 , 3 pl . 78 , f . 14 ; tl : guatemala , dueñas
illice tyres ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 370 ; [ nhm card ]
uniplaga ( reich , 1936 ) ( illice ) ; ent . rundsch . 53 : 421
vilaricensis ( schaus , 1938 ) ( illice ) ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 11 ) 2 : 506
illice xanthospila hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 562 , pl . 35 , f . 8 ; tl : brazil , goyaz
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
lithosiine main lineages and their possible interrelationships . i . - definition of new or resurrected tribes ( lepidoptera : arctiidae )
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
additions to the catalogue of u . s . lepidoptera , no . 3 - 5
descriptions of new species of lepidoptera heterocera from brazil , mexico , and peru . part i & ii
list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement
characters of undescribed lepidoptera in the collection of w . w . saunders , esq
walker , 1864 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 27 : 1 - 286 ( 1863 ) , 28 : 287 - 562 ( 1863 ) , 29 : 563 - 835 ( 1864 ) , 30 : 837 - 1096 ( 1864 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .