pethia nankyweensis is a species of cyprinid fish found in myanmar where it is known from smaller streams in the area of myitkyina .

this species reaches a length of 3.3 centimetres ( 1.3 in ) sl .

pethia nankyweensis

the following term was not found in genome : pethia nankyweensis [ orgn ] .
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' pethia nankyweensis
' is a species of cyprinid fish found in myanmar where it is known from smaller streams in the area of myitkyina .
like most small cyprinids pethia spp . are egg - scattering free spawners exhibiting no parental care .
in lake indawgyi it occurs syntopically with the similar - looking pethia nankyweensis but can be told apart by the curved course of the lateral line scales ( vs . straight in p . nankyweensis ) , absence of barbels ( vs . presence of small maxillary barbels ) , dorsal - fin patterning comprising two rows of dark spots ( vs . hyaline ) , plus some meristic counts .
pethia nankyweensis is thought to have a restricted range . although it is known only from four locations near myitkyina in myanmar , where its total extent of occurrence is approximately 6 , 000 km² , more research needed to determine its real distribution , population structure , and threats are needed to make a proper assessment . it is therefore listed as data deficient .
the majority of sub - himalayan puntius species were reclassified and new genera dawkinsia , dravidia , and pethia erected to accomodate some of them , with the remainder either retained in puntius or moved to the existing systomus assemblage , though the definition of the latter was altered meaning some southeast asian species formerly placed there are no longer members .
it was formerly included in the puntius conchonius ‘group’ of closely - related species alongside p . ater , p . bandula , p . conchonius , p . cumingii , p . didi , p . gelius , p . khugae , p . macrogramma , p . manipurensis , p . meingangbii , p . nankyweensis , p . nigripinnis , p . nigrofasciatus , p . padamya , p . phutunio , p . punctatus , p . reval , p . shalynius , p . stoliczkanus , p . thelys , p . tiantian , and p . ticto , but all of these were moved to the new genus pethia by pethiyagoda et al . ( 2012 ) , as were p . melanomaculata , p . pookodensis , p . muvattupuzhaensis , p . ornatus , and p . yuensis .
pethia species are defined by the following combination of characters : rostral barbels absent ; maxillary barbels minute or absent ; possession of a stiff , serrated last unbranched dorsal - fin ray ; presence of a black blotch on the caudal peduncle , and frequently , black blotches , spots or bars on the side of the body ; infraorbital 3 deep and partially overlapping the preoperculum .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .
species group . kullander and britz ( 2008 ) considered it as valid species .
barbhuiya , a . h . , juffe bignoli , d . , rema devi , k . r . , dahanukar , n . , chaudhry , s . & vishwanath , w .
more research into distribution , biology , population , trends and threats are required .
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named for the stream in which the type locality is situated , the nan kywe chaung near myitkyina .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 3 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 75627 )
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 12 ; anal soft rays : 8 . belongs to the puntius conchonius species group , distinguished from other members of that group by having lateral line scale row running straight from head to caudal fin base instead of curved , and first branched dorsal fin ray more than twice as long as last branched dorsal fin ray . this is similar to syntopic species puntius erythromycter in possession of dark band encircling caudal peduncle well posterior to base of anal fin , absence of humeral mark , and possession of 10 ( rarely 11 ) circumpeduncular scales . differs from puntius erythromycter by presence of short maxillary barbels ( vs . absence ) , transverse scale count ½ 3 / 1 / 4½ ( vs . ½ 4 / 1 / 3½ ) , scales in lateral row 20 - 23 ( vs . 18 - 20 ) , lateral scale row running straight ( vs . curved ) from head to caudal fin , caudal peduncle blotch positioned on scales 18 - 20 or 19 - 20 ( vs . 16 - 17 , 16 - 18 ) , last branched dorsal fin ray less than half length of first ( vs . more than half length of first ) , and very short anal fin ( 12 . 1 - 16 . 4 vs . 17 . 1 - 22 . 0 % of sl ) . can be differentiated from puntius yuensis and puntius ornatus , also with dark band around caudal peduncle , by presence of maxillary barbels ( vs . absence ) , transverse scale count ½ 3 / 1 / 4½ ( vs . ½ 4 / 1 / 3½ ) , last branched dorsal fin ray less than half length of first ( vs . more than half length of first ) , and lateral scale row running straight horizontal ( vs . curved ) ( ref . 75627 ) .
kullander , s . o . , 2008 . five new species of puntius from myanmar ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol . explor . freshwat . 19 ( 1 ) : 59 - 84 . ( ref . 75627 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01380 ( 0 . 00550 - 0 . 03466 ) , b = 2 . 95 ( 2 . 73 - 3 . 17 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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subadult individual . the reddish colouration in the dorsal - fin is lost as the fish mature .
erythromycter : from the greek erythro , meaning ‘red’ , and mykter , meaning ‘nose’ , in reference to the red snout in male specimens .
to date known only from the upper ayeyarwady river basin in northern myanmar with type locality ‘hap lap chaung just south of yuzana myaing village , 8 kilometers left from myitkyina - myitzon road kilometer 11 , ayeyarwaddy river drainage , kachin state , myanmar’ .
it’s been collected from small streams and tributaries close to the city of myitkyina in kachin state as well as in nearby lake indawgyi , the largest inland lake in southeast asia .
the lake and surrounding area were designated a protected zone by the ministry of ecotourism in 1999 and now form the indawgyi lake wildlife sanctuary .
kachin itself is one of the world’s great biodiversity hotspots and contains many endemic species although large portions of the area have already been decimated due to illegal logging by both myanmar and neighbouring china .
we haven’t yet been able to obtain clear information regarding the stream habitats in which the fish are found , but underwater images from lake indawgyi depict relatively clear water with dense growths of aquatic vegetation and various kinds of algae including vallisneria , elodea and spirogyra species .
at the north east end is a stream named indaw chaung which forms the outflow of the lake .
here the lake gives way to marshland and scrub swamp on either side of the stream which eventually empties into the river mogaung , a tributary of the ayeyarwady .
best - maintained in a densely - planted environment in order to provide plenty of broken lines of sight as fighting between rival males may prove too intense in open surroundings .
the addition of some floating plants and driftwood roots or branches to diffuse the light entering the tank also seems to be appreciated and adds a more natural feel .
temperature : in kachin the air temperature varies between 80°f / 26 . 6°c in summer and 60°f / 15 . 5°c in winter . under aquarium conditions this fish seems to be happiest between 18 – 24 °c .
ph : it’s been kept and bred successfully at a ph of around 7 . 0 – 7 . 5 .
like many barbs it’s a generalised omnivore likely to feed on a variety of small invertebrates , algae , diatoms and other organic debris in nature .
in the aquarium it’s easily - fed but the best condition and colours offer regular meals of small live and frozen foods such as bloodworm , daphnia , and artemia , alongside good quality dried flakes and granules , at least some of which should include additional plant or algal content .
can be kept in a community set - up provided tankmates are chosen with care since it may outcompete or nip the fins of slow - moving or long - finned companions .
however it does very well when kept alongside other small , robust species such as active cyprinids or nemacheilid loaches .
males are aggressive towards one another and tend to spar constantly during daylight hours , particularly when maintained in small numbers or if space is restricted .
the most favourable solution is to purchase more females than males with a ratio of at least four to each male recommended . keeping a large group comprising upwards of 20 individuals should also help .
males are more colourful than females , possessing red pigmentation around the mouth , with a thin strip of scarlet extending to the dorsal - fin in dominant individuals .
when in spawning condition the entire body of the male darkens to an inky - blue , and sexually mature females tend to be plumper and slightly larger than males .
when in good condition they will spawn often and in a mature aquarium it’s possible that small numbers of fry may start to appear without intervention .
the adult group can still be conditioned together but a smaller aquarium should also be set up and filled with mature water .
this should be very dimly lit and the base covered with some kind of mesh of a large enough grade so that the eggs can fall through but small enough so that the adults cannot reach them . the widely available plastic ‘grass’ - type matting can also be used and works well , as does a layer of glass marbles .
alternatively filling much of the tank with a fine - leaved plant such as taxiphyllum spp . or spawning mops can also return decent results .
the water itself should be of slightly acidic to neutral ph with a temperature towards the upper end of the range suggested above , and an air - powered sponge filter or air stone ( s ) should also be included to provide oxygenation and water movement .
when the adults are well - conditioned and the females appear gravid one or two pairs should then be introduced , and spawning should take place the following morning .
an alternative is to observe the group until a pair separates from the shoal to spawn before removing them .
in either situation the adults will probably eat the eggs given the chance and should be removed as soon as any are noticed .
these should hatch in 36 – 48 hours with the fry free swimming 24 - 48 hours later .
they should be fed on an infusoria - grade food for the first few days until large enough to accept microworm , artemia nauplii , or suchlike .
after 10 days or so they should be at a stage where crushed dry foods or grindal worms are accepted .
this species first appeared in the aquarium hobby in 2006 and is sometimes traded under the name ‘tulip barb ‘ .
it was officially described by kullander ( 2008 ) in a paper describing five new puntius species from kachin , all of which are superficially similar in possession of a dark band or blotch on the caudal peduncle .
p . erythromycter can be distinguished from all congeners by : a small adult size ( to 33 . 1mm sl ) , presence of a dark band around the caudal peduncle , an abbreviated , curved lateral line , males with a reddish snout with tubercules in nuptial individuals , and absence of barbels .
the presence of tubercules on the snout is interesting as it’s not often a feature among the very smallest cyprinids .
the genus puntius was for a number of years viewed as a polyphyletic catch - all containing over 100 species of small to mid - sized cyprinid until pethiyagoda et al . ( 2012 ) published a partial review covering south asian members .
it subsequently became clear that the name dravidia was preoccupied by a genus of flesh fly , therefore the replacement name haludaria was made available by pethiyagoda ( 2013 ) .
no species from indochina , china , or indonesia were included in the study meaning a significant number of former puntius are currently classed as incertae sedis , i . e . , of uncertain taxonomic placement , and this also applies to a number of south asian species of unresolved status .
they’re perhaps best referred to as ‘ puntius ‘ for the time being whereby the genus name is surrounded by quotation marks to denote its questionable usage , and that is the convention used here on sf at the moment .
kullander , s . o . , 2008 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 1 ) : 59 - 84 five new species of puntius from myanmar ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
kullander , s . o . and f . fang , 2005 - copeia 2005 ( 2 ) : 290 - 302 two new species of puntius from northern myanmar ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
kullander , s . o . and r . britz , 2008 - electronic journal of ichthyology , bulletin of the european ichthyology society 2 : 56 - 66 puntius padamya , a new species of cyprinid fish from myanmar ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
marcus knight , j . d . , k . rema devi , t . j . ingram , and m . arunachalam , 2012 - journal of threatened taxa 4 ( 3 ) : 2409 - 2416 a new species of barb puntius nigripinnis ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) from southern western ghats , india .
pethiyagoda , r . , 2013 - zootaxa 3646 ( 2 ) : 199 haludaria , a replacement generic name for dravidia ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
pethiyagoda , r . , m . meegaskumbura , and k . maduwage , 2012 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 23 ( 1 ) : 69 - 95 a synopsis of the south asian fishes referred to puntius ( pisces : cyprinidae ) .


the copper shark , bronze whaler , or narrowtooth shark ( carcharhinus brachyurus ) is a species of requiem shark , family carcharhinidae , and the only member of its genus found mostly at temperate latitudes .

it is distributed in a number of separate populations in the northeastern and southwestern atlantic , off southern africa , in the northwestern and eastern pacific , and around australia and new zealand , with scattered reports from equatorial regions .

this species can be found from brackish rivers and estuaries , to shallow bays and harbors , to offshore waters 100 m ( 330 ft ) deep or more .

a large species reaching 3.3 m ( 11 ft ) long , the copper shark is difficult to distinguish from other large requiem sharks .

it is characterized by its narrow , hook-shaped upper teeth , lack of a prominent ridge between the dorsal fins , and plain bronze coloration .

feeding mainly on cephalopods , bony fishes , and other cartilaginous fishes , the copper shark is a fast-swimming predator that has been known to hunt in large groups , utilizing their numbers to their advantage ; however for most of the time they remain solitary .

off south africa , this species associates closely with the annual sardine run , involving millions of southern african pilchard ( sardinops sagax ) .

like other requiem sharks , it is viviparous , with the developing embryos mainly nourished through a placental connection formed from the depleted yolk sac .

females bear litters of 7 to 24 pups every other year in coastal nursery areas , after a gestation period of 12 or perhaps as long as 21 months .

it is extremely slow-growing , with males and females not reaching maturity until 13 – 19 and 19 – 20 years of age respectively .

this species is valued by commercial and recreational fisheries throughout its range , and utilized as food .

the species population size is unknown , but the icun 's red list assesses the species as near threatened because it is very susceptible to population depletion due to its low growth and reproductive rates and because its numbers are believed to have declined in some areas .

copper sharks only attack humans infrequently , but the species places tenth in the number of unprovoked attacks on people .

copper shark

i ' m a copper shark . i ' m a copper shaaaark . thanks for the fiiiiiiiiish . i ' m a copper shaaaark
urltoken ( 9679029 ) i ' m a copper shark . i ' m a copper shaaaark . thanks for the fiiiiiiiiish . i ' m a copper shaaaark
after trying over 100 different substances—including common poisons—the researchers found several promising possibilities : extracts from decayed shark meat , organic acids , and several copper salts , including copper sulphate and copper acetate . after a year of field tests , the most effective repellent was copper acetate .
don ' t call it a copper shark , jeez . . . if you do those dumbass copper thieves are going to try stealing it for money .
a bona fide ocean tyrant , the copper shark king . king of the copper sharks , this huge fish is said to be able to swallow cattle whole .
iczer : don ' t call it a copper shark , jeez . . . if you do those dumbass copper thieves are going to try stealing it for money .
geddes said the department of fisheries confirmed his footage shows a bronze whaler shark , also known as a copper shark , measuring an estimated 8 feet long .
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phylogeography of the copper shark ( carcharhinus brachyurus ) in the southern hemisphere : implications for the conservation of a coastal apex predator .
cliff g , dudley sfj . sharks caught in the protective gill nets of natal , south africa . 6 . the copper shark (
in a given shark species . very few collections of fossil shark teeth include a '
fitzpatrick b , meekan m , richards a . shark attacks on a whale shark (
dusky shark – carcharhinus obscurus . dusky shark identification : the dusky shark is also known as a grey shark in some areas can be easily confused with other [ … ]
the copper shark ( carcharhinus brachyurus ) is a coastal species that can grow over three metres long . it is a
requiem shark
( family carcharhinidae ) , which are large sharks like the tiger shark that are usually found in warm seas .
cow shark or broadnose sevengill shark – notorynchus cepedianus . sevengill cow shark identification : cow sharks are a primitive form of shark of the order hexanchiformes , which comprises six [ … ]
the first major find was that sharks hate the smell of dead sharks . attaching a dead shark to one ' s life preserver hardly seemed a practical solution , so the scientists further analyzed what chemicals could be at work . copper compounds , such as copper sulfate and copper acetate , seemed to drive off sharks , but a man - made substance based on these compounds proved mostly impractical and ineffective .
disposition : danger to humans - because of its size and dentition the shark is considered potentially dangerous , and it has been implicated in a number of gsaf cases . in australia , both the dusky shark and the copper shark are referred to as bronze whalers .
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bronze whaler or copper shark – carcharhinus brachyurus bronze whaler identification : bronze whalers can attain a length of over 3m . the sleek body has a bronze - grey [ … ]
footage from auckland , new zealand shows the man splashing the sea water with a fish in order to attract a copper shark , also known as a bronze whaler to the surface .
he considers the paradox that while the copper shark is protected in namibian waters by the catch - and - release angling system , the resource is being commercially harvested in angolan waters .
this one is also known by many other common names including narrow tooth shark , bronze shark , cocktail shark , bronze whaler , and new zealand whaler .
copper shark pics facts it can grow up to 11 . 6 feet long . it lives in most salt water seas pics more pics facs and pics it is characterized by its narrow hook shaped upper teeth . it eats most any fish pics facs and pics they hunt in large groups a pack of copper sharks picture the end
global phylogeography of the dusky shark carcharhinus obscurus : implications for fisheries management and monitoring the shark fin trade .
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the bronze whaler shark is a large and powerful shark that is known for attacking spear fishers for their catch .
according to several memos from mid - to - late 1943 , bait tests showed copper acetate to be over 60 % effective in deterring shark bites . other field tests showed even more promising results . unfortunately , the copper acetate was deemed completely ineffective in deterring attacks from the other carnivorous fish of concern to the armed forces : barracudas and piranhas .
if you were treating a bony fish for a parasitic infection , you would probably use a copper - based medication , but copper can interfere with the feeding behavior of some sharks , “jamming” their keen electrical sense . the minute pores visible on the underside of the snout and around the mouth are openings to the small organs responsible for sensing electric fields . these electroreceptors are extremely sensitive to voltage gradients . with this sensory capability , a hunting shark can detect the weak electric field produced by a respiring flounder at a distance of several feet . a metallic ion , like copper , will jam these electrosensors . however , not all sharks are sensitive to copper . for example , wobbegongs , nurse sharks and epaulette sharks can be kept in water treated with copper with no apparent ill effects .
great white shark – carcharodon carcharias . great white shark identification : great white sharks are unmistakable . when you see one you’ll really know it . no other shark [ … ]
i have never heard of the copper shark . * google google * ah , because its taxonomy is a disaster and its range is a mystery . and that
daredevil
is in actuality just a silly person .
oceanic blacktip shark – carcharhinus limbatus . blacktip shark identification : the blacktip shark ( carcharhinus limbatus ) is often referred to as the oceanic blacktip to avoid confusion with the smaller [ … ]
the man struggled with the shark before it swam away . he was keeping his head above the water before the shark returned .
behavior : this is an active , fast and aggressive shark . it is frequently found with schools of tuna . the shark will give way to an oceanic whitetip shark , c . longimanus .
shortfin mako shark – isurus oxyrinchus . mako shark identification : the shortfin mako is a sleek , torpedo shaped pelagic shark of the lamnid family . mako sharks are brilliant blue dorsally [ … ]
a fast and agile predator , the spinner shark feeds unlike any other shark species by spinning out of the water in quick bursts of speed to catch a meal . this slender shark is often mistaken for a blacktip shark because its fins have gray or black tips . the spinner shark has a worldwide distribution and is frequently caught by commercial fishers , making the shark a near threatened species today .
the bronze whaler shark is a widely distributed fast - swimming species that belongs to the group of requiem sharks . this group includes species like the spinner shark , and the blacktip shark , etc .
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embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive photo - dusky sharks ( foreground ) and copper sharks feeding on sardines
> < img src =
urltoken
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arkive photo - dusky sharks ( foreground ) and copper sharks feeding on sardines
title =
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the shark is very similar to the camomile shark but usually larger in size and greyer , with shorter black streaks on the forewing tips .
the bronze whaler shark has been implicated in some attacks on swimmers . it is considered dangerous to humans but much less than a tiger shark ( galeocerdo cuvier ) or bull shark ( c . leucas ) . the international shark attack file has recorded 30 attacks linked to the narrowtooth shark since 1962 , however none of these attacks resulted in a fatality .
) meant that the presence of each tagged bull shark was unequivocally documented . prior to deployment , each acoustic receiver was wrapped with duct tape and then coated with a copper - based antifouling paint to prevent the growth of fouling organisms that can reduce acoustic detection efficiencies
behavior : the shortfin mako shark , like the white shark , is warm - bodied . this is an extremely active shark . it is the fastest of all the sharks and famed for its spectacular leaps from the sea .
disposition : danger to humans - unknown . the shark is aggressive when provoked . in australian and new zealand waters this shark is regarded as dangerous .
feeding mainly on squid , octopus and fish , the copper shark is a fast - swimming predator that often hunts in large groups , using their numbers to their advantage . off south africa , this species associates closely with the annual sardine run , involving millions of southern african pilchards .
predators some predators of the bronze whaler shark may include larger sharks and humans .
oceanic whitetip first shark listed as “threatened” in the continental u . s . atlantic
have distinctively elongated rear tips . the hardnose shark is widely distributed in the western
spatial and temporal overlaps between shark species , marine industries , ecotourism and fisheries .
wintner sp , dudley sfj . age and growth estimates for the tiger shark ,
smale mj , cliff g . cephalopods in the diets of four shark species (
disposition : in staged “shark feeds” in the bahamas the shark may make close passes at divers . it is rarely aggressive , but four incidents have been recorded .
a powerful shark with good speed and stamina . will often run several times .
english language common names for this species include narrowtooth shark , bronze , bronze whaler , bronze whaler shark , bronzie , cocktail shark , cocktail whaler , narrow - tooth shark , copper shark . the common name of copper shark is in reference to the coppery body color while the common name bronze whaler refers to the alleged habit of feeding on whale carcasses in australian waters . other common names include karcharinos vrachyouros ( greek ) , bacota , cazón , jaqueta , jaquetón , tiburón cobrizo and tollo mantequero ( spanish ) , bronzie and koperhaai ( afrikaans ) , cá mâp duôi ngan ( vietnamese ) , cacão and tubarão - cobre ( portuguese ) , horopekapeka , ngerungeru and toiki ( maori ) , kobberhaj ( danish ) , koperhaai ( dutch ) , kopparhai ( swedish ) , kupferhai ( german ) , kuroherimejiro ( japanese ) , requin and requin cuivre ( french ) , squalo ramato ( italian ) and zarlacz miedziany ( polish ) .
the shark went underneath me and to a guy on a long board .
reefquest centre for shark research text and illustrations © r . aidan martin copyright | privacy
the maximum reported age for a bronze whaler shark so far is 30 years old .
tricas tc , taylor lr , naftel g . diel behavior of the tiger shark ,
the service for shark attack victim adam strange was held today at muriwai surf club .
what to look for : a large fairly slender gray shark with a moderately broad rounded snout . the shark has no conspicuous markings on its fins . this species resembles the dusky shark , but it has a taller dorsal fin and a low interdorsal ridge .
what to look for : a stocky shark with protruding snaggle teeth . the shark has a pronounced hump to its back and both dorsal fins are about the same size .
bull shark or zambezi – carcharhinus leucas . bull shark identification : bull sharks may reach over 4m in length . the body is predominantly grey with a lighter [ … ]
spotted ragged toothed shark – charcharius taurus . ragged toothed shark identification : ragged toothed sharks are perhaps south africa’s best loved sharks . affectionately known as “raggies” to [ … ]
what to look for : a large shark with large rounded white - tipped fins . the shark has a high rounded first dorsal fin and very long paddle - shaped pectoral fins
tiger shark – galeocerdo cuvier . tiger shark identification : another unmistakable submarine presence , tiger sharks are thought attain 7m in length , however sightings in south africa are [ … ]
hammerhead shark – sp . sphyrna hammerhead shark identification : hammerhead sharks are unmistakable – for obvious reasons , although identifying exactly which species is another story . nine species [ … ]
the navy didn’t stop with shark repellent . shark attacks , although extremely frightening , were relatively rare occurrences . to help dispel the myths surrounding shark attacks , the naval aviation training division in march 1944 issued a training guide based on the ere research into sharks . called , “shark sense , ” the guide was filled with facts about sharks , advice on how to handle yourself when stranded in shark infested waters , and of course , cartoons .
behavior : the galapagos shark tends to be aggressive , but it will give way to a silvertip shark , c . albimarginatus . this species is dominant over the blacktip shark , c . limbatus . like the gray reef shark c . amblyrhynchos , the galapagos shark may make a threat display ( arched back , raised head , lowered pectoral and caudal fins while swimming in a twisting rolling motion ) . a charge may follow the threat display .
3 . the bull shark ( carcharinus leucas ) reaches a length of 3 . 5 m ( 12 ft ) and a weight of 316 . 5 kg or 650 pounds . this massive shark is a relative of the tiger shark , and these first three species account for 99 % of the annual victims of shark attacks , making a triangle of death .
• fatal shark attacks are rare , with 15 fatal attacks since records began in 1837 .
similar to the more slender galapagos shark , which has a very erect first dorsal fin .
a shark has been spotted 50 kilometres away from yesterday ' s fatal attack but department of fisheries believe it may be a differend shark to the one which killed kyle james burden .
global population genetic analysis of the smooth hammerhead shark ( sphyrna zygaena ) . abstract - poster
age validation in sand tiger shark , carcharias taurus , using bomb radiocarbon analysis . abstract .
offshore pelagic survey of the large pelagic finfish and shark assemblage in the great australian bight .
post - release survival and movement patterns of the school shark in the great australian bight .
what to look for : a stout shark with six gill slits . the shark has a short blunt snout and its single dorsal fin is set far back near the caudal fin .
namibia offers the best shark fishing in the world . come try it out for yourself .
off east asia , this shark is assessed as vulnerable ; although that data is not specific to just this shark since there is a general destruction of shark population around that region . there are hardly any adult individuals left there of any shark species to hunt commercially : the few being caught are juveniles . the same applies to the heavily - fished gulf of california .
walker , t . i . 1998 . can shark resources be harvested sustainably ? a question revisited with a review of shark fisheries . marine and freshwater research 49 : 553 - 72 .
disposition : the white shark is curious and it learns by experience . however the shark does not have hands and it often uses its teeth to inspect an unfamiliar object . danger to humans
whale shark – rhinocodon typus . whale shark identification : whale sharks are the worlds largest living fish , reaching lengths of 13m and weighing up to 13 tonnes . once you [ … ]
aside from black tips on the dorsal , pelvic and anal fins , the spinner shark is gray or tinted copper with faint bands of white coloring along the sides of its body . the spinner shark ' s slim body is essential to its feeding strategy , which involves leaping from the surface of the water . with its mouth wide open , this shark will pick up speed underwater through schools of fish , like sardines , herring and tuna , and spin in mid - air along the axis of its body while snapping its jaws for pieces of fish . the teeth of a spinner shark are narrow and triangular on both the upper and lower jaws . while this shark ' s jaws are powerful enough to cut through fish and even smaller sharks and squid , the spinner shark is not considered dangerous to humans .
a ferocious shark which lives offshore . the short but strong caudal fin is its unique feature .
eagle crew members spotted the shark while it was still near the man ' s body . a source told the herald the eagle stayed above the shark so police in the irb could locate it .
the large shark has since disappeared from the area and the beach has been closed for 24 hours as part of standard procedure after a shark sighting , according to the department ' s michael burgess .
this shark is one of the the slowest growing shark species . actually , they reach sexual maturity at between 13 and 19 years ( males ) , and 19 and 20 years ( females ) .
the evolutionary relationships of the hardnose shark have not been fully resolved . in a 1988 study based on
the hardnose shark is slender , with a long snout and elongated rear tips on the dorsal fins .
behavior this is an active fast - moving shark , and it can leap out of the water .
a bronze whaler shark in auckland ( author : robert nyman / wikimedia commons cc 2 . 0 )
what to look for : a squat - bodied shark with a large flattened head and fleshy beard .
accepts four electrons successively to form water . many of these steps are catalyzed by transitional metal ions ( e . g . , iron , copper , and magnesium ) . therefore , aerobic respiration , oxygen toxicity and radiation poisoning represent equivalent forms of oxidative stress (
a strange issue is the white shark ' s tail : in most sharks is asymmetrical , while in this case is symmetrical . like many shark species , the great white has to swim continuously so that oxygen - rich water enters into its gills through its mouth . that ' s why the sharks always display that freezing grin . what makes the great white shark and its relatives from the lamnidae family ( another two species of mako shark , porbeagle shark and salmon shark ) different is their circulatory system . the blood temperature of these sharks is 3 - 5 degrees c higher than that of the water . this explains the speed and power of the great white shark , by accelerating digestion and increasing muscular power and stamina .
females are found apart from males for most of the year , and conduct seasonal migrations . a large species reaching 3 . 3m ( 11 ft ) long , the copper shark is difficult to distinguish from other large requiem sharks . it is characterized by its narrow , hook - shaped upper teeth , lack of a prominent ridge between the dorsal fins , and plain bronze coloration .
the officer was out on the water in an irb with three lifeguards - and mr rutene said one of them saw a second shark . it was unclear whether the second shark had been involved in the attack .
the only thing i would be hand feeding to just about any shark is a lit stick of dynamite .
residency of white sharks in relation to the white shark cage - diving tourism industry at the neptune islands .
' i felt like i was digging out a cup of jell - o ' : shark . . .
at 1 . 15pm mr strange entered the water , mr jago said .
almost immediately adam was subjected to the first of two shark attacks by what we now know to have been a bronze whaler shark .
what to look for : a large shark with an extremely wide , blunt snout and a caudal keel .
what to look for : a stocky heavy - bodied gray shark with a short bluntly - rounded snout .
what to look for : a blue - colored shark with a long snout and very long pectoral fins .
behavior : this is an active fast - moving shark , and it can leap out of the water .
longfin mako ( isurus paucus ) , up to 4 . 1 m ( 14 ft ) long , is considered equally dangerous . so are the other sharks related with the great white , the salmon shark and porbeagle shark
a member of the public called police to report a man under attack by a shark at 1 . 24pm .
a memorial placed at bunker bay for the dead shark - attack victim , and inset , friend james cottrell .
population genetic structure and evolutionary history of the tiger shark ( galeocerdo cuvier ) on a global scale . abstract .
authenticated ( 09 / 04 / 08 ) by meaghen mccord , south african shark conservancy ( sasc ) . urltoken
this is a powerful predator and a fast moving shark . however , its exact swimming speed is not documented .
resolve the patterns of pelagic shark movement , residency and population structuring at state , national , and international scales .
holmes bj , pepperell jg , griffiths sp , jaine fra , tibbetts ir , bennett mb . tiger shark (
marshall ad , bennett mb . the frequency and effect of shark - inflicted bite injuries to the reef manta ray
what to look for : a large slim oceanic shark with a moderately long rounded snout and an interdorsal ridge .
what to look for : a large - headed shark with nasal barbels and dorsal fins about the same size .
color : a well - camouflaged shark . it is pale with a meshwork of darker narrow lines and spots .
teeth : this species has a narrow jaw and small narrow - cusped teeth of a fish - eating shark .
- sightings of a white shark does not mean that a bite is inevitable ; the shark is usually indifferent to divers . however , this species has been implicated in numerous unprovoked bites on swimmers , surfers and divers . most bites by white sharks are not fatal , but incidents in which a white shark partially consumed a human have occurred .
the bronze whaler ( also known as a copper or narrow - toothed ) shark is possibly the strongest fish you could ever encounter from the beach . these very powerful pelagic sharks feed close to shore on smaller sharks , fish and cephalopods . they are sleek and muscular with razor - sharp teeth designed to cut fish in half . namibia is the best place in the world to target bronze whaler sharks .
february 2003 bench island , foveaux strait scuba diver alistair kerr , 44 , was attacked by a mako shark as he was about to climb onto a boat . he suffered severe lacerations as the shark tore at him several times .
the spinner shark is listed as near threatened today by the iucn red list largely due to fishing pressures . this shark is commonly targeted by commercial fishers in the southeast u . s . and throughout the gulf of mexico . when caught , meat from a spinner shark is often sold under the name blacktip shark because the two species look so much alike , which means catch of this threatened species is likely underreported . dried fins from spinner sharks are shipped to the far east to be used in shark fin soup , a traditional delicacy in parts of asia . you can help prohibit the trade and sale of shark fins in the u . s . by signing our petition to congress .
copper sharks run close to shore all along the southern african coast , more so in the warmer months ) and are easily caught with fish and squid baits . they are incredibly strong and give the angler a fight to remember , often lasting over an hour until being brought onto the beach .
7 ) octopuses have blue blood . to survive in the deep ocean , octopuses evolved a copper rather than iron - based blood called hemocyanin , which turns its blood blue . this copper base is more efficient at transporting oxygen then hemoglobin when water temperature is very low and not much oxygen is around . but this system also causes them to be extremely sensitive to changes in acidity . if the surrounding water’s ph dips too low , octopuses can’t circulate enough oxygen . as such , researchers worry about what will happen to the animals as a result of climate change - induced ocean acidification .
5 . copper shark ( carcharhinus brachyurus ) reaches 3 . 25 m ( 10 . 8 ft ) in length and weighs up to 304 . 6 kg ( 660 pounds ) . it is found from japan and mediterranean to new zealand , australia and argentine , from the shore waters to depths of 100 m ( 330 ft ) . attacks on swimmers or people practicing nautical sky have been attributed to this species .
the victim of a fatal shark attack in muriwai this afternoon was an award - winning television and short film director .
mr mose said those who went out to retrieve the man ' s body fired about six shots at the shark .
the hardnose shark is a slim - bodied species with a long , narrow , and pointed snout . unlike in other
the bronze whaler shark is listed as number six on the list of sharks responsible for unprovoked attacks on humans worldwide .
s1 table . stomach contents of g . cuvier caught in the kwazulu - natal shark nets and drumlines , 1983–2014 .
stoskopf mk ( 1990 ) shark diagnostics and therapeutics : a short review . j aquaricult aquat sci 5 : 33–43 .
) as the large sharks you see when visiting an aquarium . they go by a number of names including grey nurse shark , ragged - tooth shark and blue - nurse sand tiger and are found in warm waters around the world .
what to look for : a streamlined shark with a conical snout , long caudal keel and large crescentic caudal fin .
what to look for : all fins except anal fins are black tipped , and the shark has an interdorsal ridge .
habitat : this is an inshore shark found in shallow coastal waters ; it often encountered in estuaries and river mouths .
the more obvious thing to consider when selecting shark tankmates is whether the animal selected is potential prey for your shark . smaller fish can become food for many sharks , and the more voracious species ( e . g . , wobbegongs , nurse sharks ) will consume or maul relatively large tankmates , such as moray eels ( another predator often selected to be kept with a shark ) . smaller anemones , crabs and shrimps , clams , sea stars and urchins may fall prey to a hungry shark , although larger crabs are good scavengers to include to clean up the leftovers . some of the cleaner shrimps and cleaner wrasses can be kept in a shark tank , and will even be allowed to pick at the shark’s skin , but they should be introduced before the shark to reduce the likelihood that they will be mistaken as food .
police have confirmed they shot and hit the shark , believed to be a great white , but said it swam away .
he said great whites are known in the area and it is likely the shark mistook the person swimming as a seal .
• non - fatal shark attacks are relatively common in new zealand , with one to two every year in recent years .
sign our petition to tell grubhub to take shark fin off the menu now – before the ocean’s most iconic predators disappear .
a multi - faceted approach for quantifying the estuarine - nearshore transition in the lifecycle of the bull shark , carcharhinus leucas .
a large shark with a long moderately rounded broad snout , and a bulge at the base of the upper caudal fin .
copyright © 2018 all rights reserved . shark research institute · genesis framework · log in · website designed by my virtual solution
lowe cg , wetherbee bm , crow gl , tester al . ontogenetic dietary shifts and feeding behaviour of the tiger shark ,
simpfendorfer ca , goodreid ab , mcauley rb . size , sex and geographic variation in the diet of the tiger shark ,
mr jago said an analysis of video footage by emergency services gave him confidence the shark had been killed by the gunfire .
what to look for : a big stocky short - nosed yellowish shark . its dorsal fins are about the same size .
what to look for : a long and slender shark with a very pointed snout . the pectoral , anal and lower caudal fins usually have black tips . similar in appearance to a blacktip shark ( c . limbatus ) which has a somewhat larger first dorsal fin with a falcate trailing edge , and the anal fin of a blacktip shark does not have a black tip .
disposition : a tiger shark is inquisitive , and it may approach submerged divers and circle slowly at close range . do not be lulled into a sense of security by its slow swimming movement and apparent lack of aggression ; this shark may nonchalantly take a bite while remaining cool and casual . tiger sharks have also become very aggressive toward spearfishermen and divers attracting the sharks in underwater photo sessions . danger to humans - the tiger shark , like its jungle namesake , can be dangerous ; its toll of victims throughout the world is second only to that of the white shark . it is considered the most dangerous tropical shark , and has been blamed for the majority of accidents in australia and hawaii . the shark ' s large size , inquisitiveness and often aggressive nature , combined with large cutting teeth and indiscriminate feeding habits , dictates that a tiger shark should always be treated with caution .
december 2008 maraetai beach , auckland ken lindberg was savaged by a shark which attacked his ankle as he set a fishing net . he needed four stitches to repair his achilles tendon and 10 stitches above his ankle . the shark was likely a bronze whaler .
often taken as bycatch in gill net , longline and trawl fisheries . they are taken in the shark fishery in western australia .
the idyllic bunker bay was the scene of terror yesterday after a 21 - year - old man was mauled by a shark .
team coors light : the only thing i would be hand feeding to just about any shark is a lit stick of dynamite .
this is the jaw - dropping moment a brave man fed a seven feet long shark like an owner feeds their hungry dog .
survivors of 1945 sinking of the uss indianapolis describe explosions and shark attacks during worst sea disaster in u . s . naval history
after sifting through the shark attack records held by the international shark attack file ( isaf ) and the global shark attack file ( gsaf ) it is clear that only a few species habitually attack people and that many of the other shark species need provoking before they will bite . statistically it is incredibly rare for any species of shark to attack , but when they do the results can be so horrific that it is burnt into the popular psyche . reports of victims bitten in two or half eaten by sharks the size of a school bus are always going to be at the back of many people’s minds as they dip their toe in the ocean .
february 2004 karitane , near dunedin surfer chris blair , 14 , punched a shark in the eye after it bit into his thigh while straddling his board about 100m offshore . he needed eight stitches . the shark was thought to be a broad - nosed sevengill .
paradoxically , the two largest species of shark , that make also the largest fish species , are harmless for people , being plankton feeders , like the whales : the whale shark ( rhincodon typus ) ( up to 20 m ( 66 ft ) long and 34 tonnes in weight ) , basking shark ( cetorhinus maximus ) ( up to 9 . 8 m ( 33 ft ) long and 4 tonnes ) . and also the megamouth shark ( megachasma pelagios ) ( up to 5 . 5 m or 18 ft ) .
) . nearly half of all enzymes must associate with a metal to function . all metalloproteins share a basic porphyrin - like ring with a transitional metal ion at the center ( e . g . , iron in heme , magnesium in chlorophyll , copper in hemocyanin , or manganese in catalase and superoxide dismutase ) attached to polypeptide chains (
because of this behavior , many human victims could be saved . this was possible also because the white shark does not hit feeding frenzy when smelling blood . this first bite also allows the shark to taste its victim . the white shark prefers fat preys , like seals , that provide the huge amount of energy necessary by its active lifestyle in cold waters . human flesh is not fatty , that ' s why most white shark attacks end after the fist bite , but what consequences can such a taste bite have on humans ?
he said there are few other species that grow to 12 - foot long - believed to be the length of the muriwai shark .
usernameguy : stevecore : ultimately sharks are amazing and i have hand fed them myself . if you don ' t make yourself appear to be bait , they ignore you . that ' s also something shark week pisses me off about . they try to show how good they are and how rare attacks are and how they are accidents . then show footage of shark attacks and glorify it . it ' s all people talked about from it . fark you animal planet i thought shark week was mostly ancient shark aliens at this point .
. off northern australia , the hardnose shark makes up 13 . 6 % of the gillnet catch and 4 . 0 % of the
sharks caught in the protective gill nets of natal , south africa . 4 . the bull shark ( carcharhinus leucas ) ( valenciennes )
as the shark rank ' s most inexpensive chest , the quality of materials salvaged from items obtained from this chest will be low .
an australian surfer captured video of an 8 - foot bronze whaler shark having a feeding frenzy in the waves at a popular beach .
survivors of 1945 sinking of the uss indianapolis describe terrifying explosions and shark attacks during worst sea disaster in u . s . naval history
behavior : this is an active shark and is often seen spinning and leaping above the surface . the shark migrates to deeper water in winter . in contests for food this species gives way to galapagos sharks , c . galapagensis , and silvertip sharks , c . albimarginatus
disposition : unknown . danger to humans - due to the shark ' s large size and dentition it should be treated with caution .
inspector shawn rutene confirmed police shot at the shark , measuring about 12 - 14 feet long , but could not say how many times .
all beaches on auckland ' s west coast had been closed until further notice . the shark responsible for the attack had not been located .
• not all shark attacks are recorded . a total of 44 unprovoked non - fatal attacks have been recorded in the last 150 years .
the species is similar to the galapagos shark , carcharhinus galapagensis , which has a more slender body and a very erect first dorsal fin .
) caught by the queensland shark meshing program off townsville , australia . aust j mar freshwater res . 1992 ; 43 ( 33–43 ) .
tuesday of the bronze whaler shark engaged in a feeding frenzy while hunting bait fish at tom ' s break at north beach in perth .
the footage shows the shark ' s fin traveling across the surface of the water before the entirety of the predator appears inside a wave .
according to the international shark attack file , run by marine biologists at the florida museum of natural history , there were 79 unprovoked shark attacks in 2010 ( and six fatalities ) . this was the highest since 2000 , when there were 80 unprovoked attacks . between 2001 and 2010 , an average of 4 . 3 people a year died as a result of shark attacks , with most attacks in north american waters .
what to look for : a large shark with a heavy spindle - shaped body , conical snout , caudal keel and lunate caudal fin .
color : brown gray above , white below . most fins have dusky tips and the shark has a faint white band on its flank .
color : dark brown to bronze above , white below . the shark has dusky fin tips and a faint white band on its flank .
behavior : the shark is sluggish , but it is a strong swimmer . apparently it is nocturnal and very sensitive to high light levels .
behavior : the shark is nocturnal ; it is an active strong swimmer at night , but is sluggish by day . the shark uses its muscular pectoral fins to clamber over the bottom , but divers usually see the shark lying motionless on the bottom , often with its head in a crevice . by day , nurse sharks may rest in aggregates of 2 to more than 30 individuals , leaning against or atop one another . the shark has a well - defined fixed home range and it may return to the same daytime resting site for long periods of time .
why does the great shark proceed like this ? it is believed that it is because of the eyes . unlike other sharks , this species does not have an eye protective nictitante membrane . the huge shark rotates its eyes in the socket when chocking with the prey . the eyes could be exposed to the blow of a seal claw , that ' s why after inflicting the deadly strike , the shark releases its prey .
research proved that the killer damage seems to be due rather to razor - sharp saw - like teeth and not the sheer bite force . when applying the bite , the shark often shakes the prey from side to side to produce a sawing action . after that , the shark lets the victim bleed to death . even so , the great white remains the most dangerous shark due to its size , massiveness and speed .
february 2010 oreti beach , invercargill lydia ward , 14 , was attacked by a shark which ripped though her wetsuit , biting her hip , after she stepped on it . she fought it off with her boogie board . the shark was thought to be a broad - nosed sevengill .
he said after being shot the shark
rolled away
, but refused to say whether it was still attacking the man at the time .
this large coastal shark occurs in coastal and continental shelf waters of southern australia . while not usually aggressive , they are potentially dangerous to humans .
surfers could only retrieve his upper body following the attack and beaches in the area remain closed as local authorities continue the search for the shark .
sousa mi , marshall nt , smale mj . the shark trade in mozambique . in : marshall nt , barnett r , editors . the trade in sharks and shark products in the western indian and southeast atlantic oceans . traffic east / southern africa : nairobi . 1997 . pp . 67–69
cliff g , dudley sfj ( 1991 ) sharks caught in the protective gill nets of natal , south africa . 4 . the bull shark (
behavior : the shark is nocturnal ; it is active at night close inshore : around docks , saltwater creeks , estuaries , bays and inlets .
disposition : danger to humans - aggressive actions by divers may startle the shark and it may circle back , bringing more sharks in its wake .
6 . the blue shark ( prionace glauca ) is one of the most elegant shark species , reaching a length of 4 m ( 13 ft ) and a weight of 205 . 9 kg ( 450 pounds ) . it lives out in the sea in tropical and temperate waters . it is one of the fastest shark species , known to attack both people and boats . its
exploring bites
are deadly in many cases .
4 . oceanic whitetip shark ( carcharinus longimanus ) can be 3 . 96 m ( 13 ft ) long and reach a weight of 167 . 4 kg ( 350 pounds ) . it is the most dangerous shark out of the deadly triad . this is the shark responsible for the classical open - ocean attacks after air or sea disasters ( so much presented in movies ) . these sharks are very active and almost nothing detains them .
he saw the
huge
shark attack a man alone swimming from the bay back to the beach about 50 metres from where he was standing .
, and anal fins sometimes have lighter margins , while the first dorsal fin and upper caudal fin lobe may have darker margins . the hardnose shark reaches
cleaned and dried jaws of the closest living ancestor of hemipristis serra , the snaggletooth shark ( hemipristis elongatus ) . most serious fossil shark tooth collectors also maintain a reference collection of jaws from extant species , a practical application of the dictum ,
the present is the key to the past .
dicken ml , cliff g , winker h . sharks caught in the kwazulu - natal bather protection programme , south africa . 13 . the tiger shark
wilson sg , newbound dr . two whale shark faecal samples from ningaloo reef , western australia . bull mar sci . 2001 ; 68 : 361–362 .
heupel mr , simpendorfer ca , heuter re ( 2004 ) estimation of shark home ranges using passive monitoring techniques . environ biol fishes 71 : 135–142 .
survivors of 1945 sinking of the uss indianapolis describe explosions and shark attacks during worst sea disaster in u . s . naval history | daily mail online
soon afterwards two more rescue craft were deployed and police fired 12 shots at the shark , as it was still
harassing the body ' ' .
behavior : the shark cruises leisurely near the surface with its huge pectoral fins outspread . it can be extremely fast and aggressive when competing for food .
what to look for : a large shark with a short bluntly - rounded snout , an interdorsal ridge , and no prominent markings on its fins .
disposition : the shark usually ignores divers but make may a threat display when approached by divers , however , it has been implicated in several incidents .
what to look for : a medium - sized to large shark with a moderately long , broadly rounded snout and a black - edged caudal fin .
what to look for : a large shark with a long moderately rounded broad snout , and a bulge at the base of the upper caudal fin .
the danger is increased by the fact that this shark prefers shallow waters , thus it can attack more than surfers and divers . it eats everything , like the tiger shark , and many past attacks of the sharks , put on other species , proved to have been the deed of this species .
to create the repellent , copper acetate was mixed with black dye , which was then formed into a little disk - shaped “cake” that smelled like a dead shark when released into the water . these cakes could be stored in small 3 - inch boxes with metal screens that allowed the repellent to be spread either manually or automatically when submerged in water . the box could be attached to a life jacket or belt , or strapped to a person’s leg or arm , and was said to keep sharks away for 6 to 7 hours .
it was the height of world war ii and reports of shark attacks consumed the media . at least twenty us naval officers had been attacked by sharks since the start of the war , raising alarm amongst sailors and airmen who increasingly found themselves conducting dangerous missions over shark - infested waters . to boost morale , the joint chiefs of staff requested the office of strategic services ( oss , cia’s predecessor ) to lead the hunt to find a shark repellent .
disposition : the species is thought to be dangerous , though relatively few incidents have been attributed to it or any other species of hammerhead sharks . the shark has approached divers without displaying aggression . however , due to its size and broad food spectrum the shark should be treated with caution . danger to humans - divers have observed this shark in unbaited situations and found it to be unaggressive . . due to its large size it is considered potentially dangerous .
when considering tankmates for a shark or ray , two things must be considered . first , will the prospective addition injure your shark or ray ? most aquarists don’t think of other fish as being a threat to a shark , but triggerfish , large angelfishes , wrasses and pufferfishes may maim your shark or ray , and groupers will eat them if they are small enough to be ingested . examples of bony fish inflicting mortalities include a blue angelfish ( holacanthus bermudensis ) that blinded a horn shark by nipping its eyes , and a queen angelfish ( h . ciliaris ) that bit and caused the death of a chocolate - chip ray . it was also reported to me that butterflyfish will nip and damage wobbegongs in captivity ( m . brown , personal communication ) .
habitat : the shark is generally found in 44 . 6º to 60 . 8ºf [ 7º to 16ºc ] seas , but it can tolerate water as warm as 77ºf [ 25º ] . the shark is usually found close to the surface in areas where the depth exceeds 600 ft [ 182 m ] .
mating for the bronze whaler shark starts from october to december in the southern hemisphere , and kicks off with the males biting the females of the species .
apart from the slow maturity rate of the bronze whaler shark , additional threats include the destruction of many of its coastal nurseries from human development , all kinds of water pollution , and aquaculture . in addition , mortality from entanglement in shark nets used to protect south african and australian beaches also compound the problem .
holmes bj , sumpton wd , mayer dg , tibbetts ir , neil dt , bennett mb . declining trends in annual catch rates of the tiger shark (
cliff g , dudley sfj , davis b . sharks caught in the protective gill nets of natal , south africa . 2 . the great white shark (


brachyiulus is a genus of millipedes , containing around eight species , most of which live in the mediterranean basin of europe and asia .

the species b. pusillus has been introduced widely around the world

brachyiulus

the recent discovery of brachyiulus lusitanus at a single site in britain means that the gonopods of mature males should be examined to be certain of the identification .
this recent british discovery is identical in appearence to the common brachyiulus pusillus only mature males of the two species can be separated ( immatures and females cannot be identified ) .
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fauna europaea is europe ' s main zoological taxonomic index . scientific names and distributions of all living , currently known , multicellular , european land and freshwater animal species are available in one authoritative database .
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the new fauna europaea portal first launched in late 2016 provides access to all taxonomic and geographic distribution information currently contained in the fauna europaea database by directly searching for individual taxa . through a search request , also the full taxonomic tree is available for further navigation .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
a small brown species ( to 10mm length ) with two pale yellow stripes running along the upper surface of the body . confusion is most likely with small immatures of tachypodoiulus niger or ommatoiulus sabulosus ( which both have a similar striped appearance ) , but both these species have a prominent pointed projecting telson .
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leach , w . e . 1815 ,
a tabular view of the external characters of four classes of animals , which linné arranged under insecta ; with the distribution of the genera composing three of these classes into orders & c . and descriptions of several new genera and species
, transactions of the linnean society of london , vol . 11 , pp . 306 - 400
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6f42808e - 398b - 44c9 - 934b - 90ab7b31c767
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 73cc6a53 - 0a3c - 4f0a - 8268 - 3a2f8332a88f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b45e389d - 2ed6 - 478e - 857a - 89f1e79465c6
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c7340ccc - c924 - 4a7c - a476 - 9897873689f5
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 86e8f5cc - 00be - 4edd - a728 - 118a614c6ba4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 374827
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
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full citation : shear , w . a . 2010 . the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 2 : the genera trichopetalum , zygonopus and scoterpes ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) . zootaxa 2385 : 1 - 62 .
the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n .
full citation - shear , w . a . 2003 . the milliped family trichopetalidae , part 1 : introduction and genera trigenotyla causey , nannopetalum n . gen . , and causeyella n . gen . ( diplopoda : chordeumatida , cleidogonoidea ) . zootaxa 321 : 1 - 36 .
shelley , r . ( 2000 ) . annotated checklist of the millipeds of florida ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) . insecta mundi , 14 ( 4 ) , 241–251 .
a detailed key to the millipedes of the british isles ( 52 species as of 1985 ) , with an introductory section on basic biology of millipedes . useful to students from north america and other areas due to widely introduced british species such as blaniulus guttulatus .
shelley , r . m . ( 2002 ) . annotated checklist of the millipeds of california ( arthropoda : diplopoda ) . monographs of the western north american naturalist , 1 : 90–115
hoffman , r . ( 1999 ) . checklist of the millipeds of north and middle america . virginia museum of natural history special publications 8 , 1–553 . full text pdf a modern annotated checklist of millipede species known from north and central america , including united states , canada , mexico , guatemala , el salvador , honduras , nicaragua , costa rica , panama , and the west indies .
chamberlin , r . , & hoffman , r . ( 1958 ) . checklist of the millipeds of north america . united states national museum bulletin , 212 , 1–236 . an outdated yet thorough , annotated checklist with taxonomic history , range information , and commentary . largely superseded by hoffman , 1999
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probably widespread in much of north america but records compromised by possibility of confusion with b . lusitanus .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
lohmander , h . ( 1928 ) . neue diplopoden aus ukraine und dem kaukasus . ( 2 . aufsatz über diplopoden aus dem sovjet - gebiet ) . académie des sciences de l ' ukraine . mémoires de la classe des sciences physiques et mathématiques , 6 ( 3 ) : 529 - 550 . kijew page ( s ) : 536 [ details ]
schubart , o . ( 1934 ) . tausendfüßler oder myriapoda . i : diplopoda . die tierwelt deutschlands und der angrenzenden meeresteile , 28 : 1 - 318 . jena page ( s ) : 277 ; note : description of species [ details ]
prisnyi , a . v . ( 2002 ) . a review of the millipede fauna of the south of the middle - russian upland , russia ( diplopoda ) . arthropoda selecta , 10 ( 4 ) : 297 - 305 . moscow page ( s ) : 301 [ details ]
enghoff , h . ( 2006 ) . the millipedes of turkey ( diplopoda ) . steenstrupia , 29 ( 2 ) : 175 - 198 page ( s ) : 180 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
ceuca , t . ( 1992 ) . quelques aspects sur la faunistique l ' écologie et la zoogeographie des diplopodes de la région balkanique . bericht des naturwissenschaftlich - medizinischen vereins in innsbruck , supplementum , 411 - 429 . innsbruck page ( s ) : 424 [ details ]
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
verhoeff , k . w . ( 1901 ) . beiträge zur kenntniss paläarktischer myriopoden . xvii . aufsatz : diplopoden aus dem mittelmeergebiet . archiv für naturgeschichte , 67 ( 1 ) : 79 - 102 . berlin page ( s ) : 99 [ details ]
moritz , m . ; fischer , s . - c . ( 1975 ) . die typen der myriapoden - sammlung des zoologischen museums berlin . i . diplopoda . teil 3 : julida , spirobolida . mitteilungen aus dem zoologischen museum in berlin , 51 ( 2 ) : 199 - 255 . berlin page ( s ) : 231 [ details ]
only known from the eden project ( outdoor biome ) , cornwall , where it occur in the gardens in association with b . pusillus .
barber , t . , gregory , s . & lee , p . ( 2010 ) reports on the 2009 bmig spring meeting in cornwall . bulletin of the british myriapod & isopod group . 24 : 65 - 74 .
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hoffman , r . l . 1999 . checklist of the millipeds of north and middle america . special publication no . 8 . , virginia museum of natural history , martinsville , virginia . 584 pp .
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distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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toxomerus marginatus , is a common species of hoverfly .

it is found in many parts of north america .

the larvae are predators of thrips , aphids , and small caterpillars .

adult feed on a wide range of flowers .

toxomerus marginatus

maggie whitson changed the thumbnail image of
flower flies ( toxomerus marginatus ) on narrowleaf silkgrass ( pityopsis graminifolia )
.
toxomerus marginatus is a small species ( less than 9 mm in lenght ) , scutum with lateral yellow vitta continuos from postpronotum to scutellum ; thorax with yellow macula above procoxa ; scutellum yellow , black pilose ; anepimeron black ; and abdomen with pale medial areas with submedial black vittate maculae .
toxomerus macquart , 1855 belongs to syrphinae ( syrphidae ) and it is the only genus included in tribe toxomerini , with approximately 150 species described in the world . it occurs mainly in the neotropical region with 143 species , followed by the neartic region with 16 species ( 9 endemic ) ( borges and couri 2009 ) .
the genus toxomerus is characterized by : eye with distinct triangular emargination on posterior margin ; gena narrow ; arista bare ; postpronotum bare ; meron bare ; anatergum bare ; katatergum bare ; posterior spiracle with short pile on margin ; metasternum bare ; metaepisternum pilose ; metaepimeron bare ; male genitalia well sclerotized , very short to long postanal process arising from fused surstylar apodemes and projecting caudad between bases of surstyli ( borges and couri 2009 ) .
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journal of natural history . ( ejournal / emagazine , 2000s ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : journal of natural history . publisher : abingdon : taylor & francis , [ 200 - ] - isbn / issn : 1464 - 5262 oclc : 818925243
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
when the pupa is exposed to heat , the adults look very pale and orange , if they develop under cold conditions , they turn much darker , sometimes nearly completely black . ( comment by martin hauser )
flower flies ( syrphidae ) and other biological control agents for aphids in vegetable crops r . bugg et al . 2008 . uc anr publication 8285 .
thompson f . c . , pape t . , evenhuis n . l . ( 2013 ) systema dipterorum , version 1 . 5
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