the buff-banded rail ( gallirallus philippensis ) is a distinctively coloured , highly dispersive , medium-sized rail of the rail family , rallidae .

this species comprises several subspecies found throughout much of australasia and the south-west pacific region , including the philippines ( where it is known as tikling ) , new guinea , australia , new zealand ( where it is known as the banded rail or moho-pereru in māori ) , and numerous smaller islands , covering a range of latitudes from the tropics to the subantarctic .

buff - banded rail

the buff - banded rail , gallirallus philippensis is also known as banded rail or moho - pereru ( māori ) .
buff - banded rail at lake moondarra , mt isa , queensland , australia .
the macquarie island subspecies of the buff - banded rail was possibly sedentary . other subspecies of the buff - banded rail are either resident or dispersive ( marchant & higgins 1993 ) .
the buff - banded rail is resident and possibly locally nomadic , though little is known of these movements .
banded rail ( also known as buff - banded rail ) subspecies are found on the cocos islands ( indian ocean ) , indonesia , philippines , melanesia , western polynesia , australia and new zealand .
the buff - banded rail ( gallirallus philippensis ) is found in much of australia and the south - west pacific region .
bird of the week : buff - banded rail . . . and why i hate cats . . . - the northern myth
geographical variation : two subspecies in the new zealand bioregion , new zealand banded rail ( naturally uncommon ) ; macquarie island banded rail g . p . macquariensis ( extinct ) .
the buff - banded rail is a demure , distinctively coloured medium sized rail of the rallidae family . it is found throughout many island of australasia and the south - west pacific region .
dozens of mostly broken isolated skull and limb bones of a rail or crake the size of a slaty - breasted or small buff - banded rail : worthy et al . ( 2007 )
there is no specific information available about the social structure of the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) ( reid 2000 ) .
the subspecies , buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) island ) occurs only on the north keeling island which is an australian external territory .
little is known of the habitat of the extinct buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) other than it inhabited subantarctic tussock grassland ( hamilton 1894 ) .
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the buff - banded rail feeds on a range of terrestrial invertebtrates and small vertebrates , seeds , fallen fruit and other vegetable matter , as well as carrion .
the buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) was formerly considered common ( scott 1872 ) , although no population estimate was ever made ( vestjens 1963 ) .
banded rail . adult . great barrier island , january 2014 . image © bartek wypych by bartek wypych
the orange - brown breast band distinguishes the buff - banded rail from the similar but smaller lewin ' s rail , dryolimnas pectoralis , which has a rich chestnut crown and nape and a proportionally longer pink bill .
reid , j . r . & b . m . hill ( 2005 ) . recent surveys of the cocos buff - banded rail . cres anu , canberra .
common name : buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) the macquarie island subspecies of the buff - banded rail ( gallirallus philippensis macquariensis ) is a conventionally accepted subspecies ( marchant & higgins 1993 ; ornithological society of new zealand 1990b ) . it was previously included in the genus rallus , but this has since been amended to gallirallus .
there is only one remaining population of the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) island ) and it is confined to north keeling island ( deh 2005d ) .
quadrate ( mnz s . 40957 ) and 2 femora ( mnz s . 42658 , s . 42785 ) of a rail or crake the size of a large buff - banded rail : worthy et al . ( 2007 )
commonwealth of australia . 2005 . national recovery plan for the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) gallirallus philippensis andrewsi . department of the environment and heritage ,
there is no information regarding the generation length of the buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) . the generation time of the closely related buff - banded rail ( cocos - keeling islands ) g . p . andrewsi is estimated to be three years ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . cross - breeding with other species was not recorded in the wild .
the buff - banded rail feeds on crustaceans , molluscs , insects , seeds , fruit , frogs , carrion and refuse . it mostly feeds early in the morning and the evening .
the buff - banded rail occurs in southeast asia , australasia and the pacific , from the philippines south to new zealand , and east to samoa ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the buff - banded rail occurs throughout much of australasia and the south - west pacific region , including the philippines , new guinea , australia , new zealand and numerous smaller island .
that evening – and the next morning – no buffy the buff - banded rail . nor since . but the cats are still around providing choice targets for the odd chunk of rock .
the buff - banded rail is usually shy , however in certain circumstances , such as near island resorts in the great barrier reef region , they are known to become tame and bold .
reid j . r . w . and hill b . m . 2005 . surveys of the buff - banded rail ( gallirallus philippensis andrewsi ) in the cocos ( keeling ) islands ,
elliott , g . 1987 . habitat use by banded rail . new zealand journal of ecology 10 : 109 - 115
commonwealth of australia . ( 2005 ) national recovery plan for the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) gallirallus philippensis andrewsi . department of the environment and heritage , canberra .
nothing is known of the sexual maturity , life expectancy or natural mortality of this extinct subspecies . other subspecies of the buff - banded rail probably breed when 1 year old ( dunlop 1970 ) .
( garnett & crowley 2000 ) provides a summary of ecological and biological data for the subspecies and marchant & higgins ( 1993 ) summarise all that is known about the buff - banded rail species .
the buff - banded rail is seen singly or in pairs in dense reeds and vegetation bordering many types of wetlands or crops . it makes widespread use of artificial wetlands like sewage ponds and drainage channels .
there were no known subpopulations of this subspecies . the buff - banded rail species occurs in several smaller populations , each is considered to be a separate subspecies ( marchant & higgins 1993 ; ripley 1977 ) .
bellingham m . 2013 . banded rail . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
gallirallus philippensis macquariensis ( buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) ) : species management profile for tasmania ' s threatened species link ( threatened species section ( tss ) , 2014up ) [ state action plan ] .
reid , j . r . w . ( 2000 ) . survey of the buff - banded rail ( gallirallus philippensis andrewsi ) in pulu keeling national park , cocos islands , indian ocean . author , canberra .
there have not been any comprehensive surveys for the buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) . there have , however , been a number of ornithological surveys on macquarie island since this subspecies became extinct , but there has been no sign of this bird . the buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) is known only from three specimens collected in the 19th century and some subfossil remains ( marchant & higgins 1993 ; oliver 1955 ; vestjens 1963 ) .
dunlop , r . r . ( 1970 ) . behaviour of the banded rail , rallus philippensis . sunbird . 1 : 3 - 15 .
dunlop , r . r . ( 1975 ) . a note on the breeding in banded rail . sunbird . 6 : 95 - 96 .
the buff - banded rail is widespread in mainland australia , particularly along the eastern coast and islands , and on norfolk and lord howe islands . it is also found in south - east asia , new guinea and new zealand .
department of the environment and heritage ( 2005d ) . draft national recovery plan for the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) gallirallus philippensis andrewsi . unpublished report . department of the environment and heritage , canberra .
the buff - banded rail is secretive but not shy and may be seen in places like the royal botanic gardens in sydney . it darts into cover when disturbed and the young will scurry into cover when adults give an alarm call .
schodde r . and de naurois r . 1982 . patterns of variation and dispersal in the buff - banded rail ( gallirallus philippensis ) in the south - west pacific , with description of a new subspecies . notornis 29 : 131 - 142 .
the remnant population on north keeling island occurrs within the national park . the abundance of buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) is monitored and visits to the park are regulated to reduce the potential of accidental invasion of threats .
elliott , g . p . ( 1987 ) . habitat use by the banded rail . new zealand journal of ecology . 10 : 109 - 115 .
dinkins , walter ( 2014 ) : the rail bird hunter ' s bible . a history of rail bird hunting in the usa . urltoken publishing .
on the southern atoll ( where the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) may occur and is planned to be introduced ) this species may be confused with the white - breasted waterhen which has similar chicks . the adults of the two species can be distinguished by plumage colour . white - breasted waterhens have black body feathers and a plain white breast , whereas buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) are smaller and have a predominantly brown appearance with a striped breast .
vestjens , w . j . m . ( 1963 ) . remains of the extinct banded rail at macquarie island . emu . 62 : 249 - 250 .
macquarie island was designated as a wildlife sanctuary in 1933 ( several decades after the last sighting of the buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) ) , declared a nature reserve in 1978 and listed as a world heritage area in 1998 ( aad 2009 ) .
roosting : the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) either roost in trees ( e . g . pisonia trees ) and shrubs to a height of 2 m above the ground , or on the ground amongst rank grass ( reid 2000 ) .
several limb bones of a smallish rail : gál et al . ( 1998–99 )
the recovery plan for the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) identifies the re - introduction of the species to an island on the southern atoll as a priority action for reducing the possibility of extinction . although no island has been specified in the plan , discussions have been held with the cocos ( keeling ) islands council about the possibility of reintroducing the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) to direction island initially and possibly horsburgh island in the future ( reid & hill 2005a , pers . comm . ) .
the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) has a range of fairly distinctive calls that are easily detected and recognised by a trained surveyor . in addition no other ground - dwelling land bird species occurs on north keeling island , making detection by sight easier .
botha , a . 2010 . foraging distances and habitat preference of banded rail in the ohiwa harbour . bay of plenty regional council environmental publication 2010 / 06 , whakatane . urltoken
this plan , under section 269a ( 2 ) of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 , provides for the research and management actions necessary to stop the decline of , and support the recovery of the cocos ( keeling ) islands buff banded rail ( gallirallus philippensis andrewsi ) .
genus cabalus - chatham rail ( sometimes included in gallirallus ; extinct c . 1900 )
the macquarie island subspecies of the buff - banded rail has not been seen since 1879 ( vestjens 1963 ) . however , the species is considered secure ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) , though populations in new zealand have declined ( heather & robertson 2000a ; marchant & higgins 1993 ) .
the upper plumage is mostly brown , with finely banded black and white underparts . it has white eyebrows , chestnut band running from the bill round the nape , with a buff band on the chest .
there are currently no conservation measures in place for the species as a whole , but efforts are being made to protect threatened buff - banded rail populations in parts of its range . for instance , subsequent to the australian government’s classification of the cocos buff - banded rail ( g . p . andrewsi ) as endangered , a recovery plan has been established for this subspecies . this proposes the continued protection of the surviving population , and the eradication of rats and cats from another suitable island in the atoll , with the view to carrying out a re - introduction program ( 5 ) .
rallidae are known for being secretive birds of wetlands , especially marshes . they are also known for being very difficult to see , the yellow rail and black rail notably so .
worthy , t . h . 1997 : a mid - pleistocene rail from new zealand .
there is nothing known of the home ranges , or territories , of the macquarie island subspecies of the buff - banded rail . in the new zealand subspecies ( g . p . assimilis ) , the mean size of breeding territories in hokianga harbour is 1 . 4 ha ( marchant & higgins 1993 ) .
but there were few ground - dwelling birds in my yard until a few months ago when i noticed a brief flash of feathered chestnut skulking in the ferns near the pool . i didn’t think much of it at the time until a few days later i saw this most beautiful bird – a buff - banded rail
woinarski j , i macrae , t flores , t detto , j reid , c pink , s flakus , m misso , n hamilton , r palmer , k morris , l znidersic & b hill ( 2015 ) . conservation status and reintroduction of the cocos buff - banded rail gallirallus philippensis andrewsi . emu .
the buff - banded rail has a large breeding range of nearly 2 million square kilometers . this common rail species is a resident of the philippines , parts of borneo , sulawesi , and other islands in eastern indonesia . it also occurs on new guinea , australia , new zealand , and various islands in the south pacific . this rail occurs in a variety of forested habitats . although the size of the population is unknown , it is believed to be large enough to warrant a conservation rating of least concern .
the undescribed fernando de noronha rail , genus and species undetermined , probably survived to historic times .
on north keeling island , the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) forages along the lagoon shore taking crustaceans from stranded sea grass , or on the forest floor and in open purslane herbland ; on west island , birds fed on the airstrip ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; reid 2000 ; stokes 1984 ) .
the macquarie island subspecies of the buff - banded rail is extinct and there is no estimate of the global population of this species . most of the other subspecies of buff - banded rail are secure , though the cocos - keeling islands subspecies g . p . andrewsi is listed as endangered under the epbc act 1999 . the population of the new zealand subspecies g . p . assimilis has declined , mainly due to drainage and other modification of habitat and hunting ( which are threats to all populations ) while predation by introduced predators is a threat to many island populations ( del hoyo et al . 1996 ; heather & robertson 2000a ; marchant & higgins 1993 ) .
nothing is known of the food of the buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) , but other subspecies mostly eat invertebrates such as crustaceans , molluscs , worms and insects , but also occasionally vegetable matter such as seeds , shoots or fruits , and frogs , eggs , carrion and refuse ( dunlop 1970 ; elliott 1983 ; guthrie - smith 1925 ; marchant & higgins 1993 ; vestjens 1963 ) . other subspecies of buff - banded rail have been observed foraging on the ground , or taking flying insects just above the ground ( dunlop 1970 ; elliott 1983 ; stokes et al . 1984 ) . it is likely that the macquarie island subspecies had similar feeding behaviours .
the guam rail is an example of an island species that has been badly affected by introduced species .
and buff - banded rails are pretty common in this part of the world and can be found around most of the australian coast and inland near to water . and they seem to have an affinity with – or supervisory caution – around snakes .
in general , buff - banded rails are omnivorous , taking mostly crustaceans , molluscs , worms and other invertebrates ( e . g . insects ) , but also plants , seeds , fruits , frogs , eggs , carrion and refuse ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; marchant & higgins 1993 ) . the cocos ( keeling ) islands population behaves like small chickens and the birds appeared to have a fairly generalised diet ( reid 2000 ) . the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) share a similar diet to that of jungle fowls which have been introduced to many islands on the southern atoll of the cocos ( keeling ) islands . although there have been no studies focusing on dietary overlap it is possible that the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) may have to compete with the larger jungle fowl where they co - occur in the low nutrient environment of the cocos ( keeling ) islands ( reid 2000 ) .
most rail species are short distance migrants to marshes and rice fields of the southern united states and mexico .
the extinct macquarie island subspecies of the buff - banded rail was a distinct subspecies of a species that is widespread in south - east asia and islands in the south - western pacific ocean ( marchant & higgins 1993 ; ripley 1977 ) ; given its endemism on macquarie island , it was geographically separate from other populations , and did not move to other regions .
the buff - banded rail is a medium - sized stout rail with short legs . it has a distinctive grey eyebrow and an orange - brown band on its streaked breast . the lores , cheek and hindneck are rich chestnut . the chin and throat are grey , the upperparts streaked brown and the underparts barred black and white . the eye is red . young birds are much paler to white underneath , with indistinct bars and only a faint orange - brown tint on the breast . downy chicks are fluffy black . this rail walks slowly , with tail raised and flicking constantly .
specimen qm f40203 . a left carpometacarpus piece of a bird about the size of lewin ' s rail . probably from a rail , but it is too damaged to determine its affiliations more precisely : boles ( 2005 )
if viewed clearly , the buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) would have been readily identified by its distinctive markings . however , as this species occurred in dense tussocks and was probably cryptic , it may possibly have been confused with the weka ( gallirallus australis ) , which was repeatedly introduced to macquarie island in the 19th century ( brothers & skira 1983 ) .
the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) was also once found on the southern atoll but is now considered extinct on this atoll ( reid & hill 2005 ) . the southern atoll was converted to broad scale coconut plantations in the 1800s and is now primarily residential and recreational , with a large commercial airstrip operating on west island ( bunce 1988 ) .
threatened species scientific committee ( 2016el ) . non - current approved conservation advice for gallirallus philippensis andrewsi ( buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) ) . canberra : department of the environment . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 15 - jul - 2016 . ceased to be in effect under the epbc act from 06 - dec - 2016 .
elliott , g . p . ( 1983 ) . the distribution and habitat requirements of the banded rail ( rallus philippensis ) in nelson and marlborough . m . sc . thesis . unpublished msc thesis , victoria university , wellington , new zealand .
many rail species are active at night and call more often at this time . this appears to be a means of avoiding predators , especially for the yellow rail , a species that even avoids calling on bright , moonlit nights .
these birds are ground dwelling nesting birds the size of a small domesticated chicken . they have mainly brown upper - parts , finely banded black and white underparts , a white eyebrow , chestnut brand running from the bill round the nape , with a buff band on the breast .
the buff - banded rail feeds on crustaceans , molluscs , insects , seeds , fruit , frogs , carrion and refuse and mostly feeds early in the morning and the evening . description : it has a distinctive grey eyebrow and an orange - brown band on its streaked chest . the lores , cheek and hindneck are rich chestnut . the chin and throat are grey , the upperparts streaked brown and the underparts barred black and white . the eye is red . young birds are much paler to white underneath , with indistinct bars and only a faint orange - brown tint on the chest . downy chicks are fluffy black . an easy way to identify a rail is in the way it walks , flicking its short tail constantly . the buff - banded rail is secure in its conservation status and is a most welcome visitor to our farms and gardens as a natural pest manager so enjoy watching the antics of this sweet bird .
saw something very similar last sunday at samsonvale cemetery ( se qld ) . marie and i were waiting for a spotless crake to reappear on the edge of a small wetland and i noticed a large snake ( probably an eastern brown ) moving slowly under the lantana . whilst trying to point the snake out to marie i noticed a buff - banded rail walking purposely behind it , obviously aware of the snakes presence . unfortunately we didn’t see the outcome of the encounter but i felt that the rail was actively ‘stalking’ it’s mortal enemy .
birdlife international ( bli ) ( 2007 ) : wake island rail birdlife species factsheet . retrieved 2007 - 07 - 04 .
banded rail are reluctant , but strong fliers that can travel considerable distances , mainly at night . they occasionally appear far from their normal breeding range ; many of these observations are juveniles moving about in autumn . they typically stay in dense vegetation and forage no more than 6 metres from the vegetation edge . rail have distinctive calls , but often don ' t respond to playback of taped calls .
loafing and perching : there is no specific information for the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) . in general , the species roosts , loafs and perches in thick , tall clumps of concealing vegetation , such as grass , reeds , rushes or shrubs . on raine island , rails have been recorded sheltering in petrel burrows and under coralline rocks during the heat of the day ( marchant & higgins 1993 ) .
similarly , nothing is known about the breeding system or breeding success of the subspecies . other subspecies of the buff - banded rail usually nest on the ground , or slightly above it , in tussocks of grass , or among other low or dense vegetation such as rushes , sedges and reeds , or in crops , usually near water . the nest is usually a platform or shallow cup made from grass stems , rushes and other herbage . they usually lay 58 cream or buff eggs marked with reddish dots and blotches ( bryant 1951 ; dunlop 1970 ; elliott 1983 ; north 1901 - 14 ) .
the macquarie island subspecies of the buff - banded rail was a medium - sized rail ( length 3033 cm , weight 4052 g ) with striking markings , including a rufous band across the breast . the head was chestnut on top with fine blackish streaks . it had a conspicuous white eyebrow and a chestnut eye - stripe ( which extended onto the sides of its neck ) and whitish or greyish cheeks , chin and throat . the upperparts , including the wings , were olive - brown , patterned with blackish patches and white spots . on the underparts , the breast had fine black and white barring , and a broad rufous band across it . the flanks had similar barring to the breast and the belly was white . the bill was dark pink , the eyes red and the legs and feet were greyish ( heather & robertson 2000a ; marchant & higgins 1993 ; ripley 1977 ) . other subspecies of the buff - banded rail are usually seen singly , in pairs or in small family groups ( marchant & higgins 1993 ) .
elliott , g . p . 1989 . the distribution of banded rails and marsh crakes in coastal nelson and marlborough . notornis 36 : 117 - 123
the cocos - keeling islands are situated in the tropics and comprise two coral atolls , the islands of which attain only a few metres height above sea level ( reid 2000 ) . on north keeling island , the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) occurs in all habitats , including pisonia grandis forest ( 53 % of north keeling island ) , cordia woodland ( 8 % ) , coconut plantation ( 5 % ) , mixed pisonia forest and coconut plantation ( 29 % ) and along the lagoon shore ( 5 % ) ; they appear to use each habitat in approximate proportion to each habitats ' occurrence ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; reid 2000 ; stokes 1984 ) . on west island , the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) formerly used an airstrip for feeding , and sheltered in thickets of scaevola taccada ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; stokes 1984 ) .
the rails have suffered disproportionally from human changes to the environment , and it is estimated that several hundred species of island rail have become extinct because of this . several island species of rail remain endangered , and conservation organisations and governments continue to work to prevent their extinction .
although the buff - banded rail is not globally threatened ( 4 ) , several subspecies have either already become extinct or are extremely vulnerable in the wild ( 2 ) . in particular , the subspecies gallirallus philippensis andrewsi on the cocos ( keeling ) islands has been extirpated by cats , rats , hunting and habitat destruction from all but one island in the atoll where the population is estimated to number just 850 to 1000 individuals ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
taylor , b . , bonan , a . & motis , a . ( 2018 ) . buff - banded rail ( hypotaenidia philippensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
along with the barred rail , this species is referred to as tikling ( in philippines ) or moho - pereru ( in maori ) .
in the animal kingdom . of the ~ 150 historically known rail species , 31 extant or recently extinct species evolved flightlessness from volant ancestors .
the macquarie island subspecies of the buff - banded rail was endemic to subantarctic macquarie island ( marchant & higgins 1993 ) . other subspecies are widespread in south - east asia , from the philippines to indonesia and nearby cocos - keeling island , new guinea , mainland australia , new zealand and its outlying islands , and many islands in the south - western pacific ocean , from the solomon islands east to tonga and samoa ( marchant & higgins 1993 ; ripley 1977 ) .
the buff - banded rail is an omnivorous feeder with an extremely varied diet that includes worms , molluscs , crustaceans , insects , spiders , small fish , amphibians , bird and turtle eggs , chicks of other birds , carrion , fruits , seeds and other plant matter ( 2 ) . although known to feed at all times of day , this rail generally concentrates its efforts around dusk and dawn ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . most prey is captured by a quick stab with a slightly open bill , or alternatively it will peck at food items such as snail shells until they crack open ( 2 ) .
breeding : in general , buff - banded rails often nest on or close to the ground ( < 1 . 5 m ) around wetlands or in pasture or crops among tall and dense clumps of grass , rushes , sedges , samphire , shrubs e . g . melaleuca or fallen timber ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; gibson - hill 1949 ; marchant & higgins 1993 ; reid 2000 ; stokes 1984 ) . on north keeling island , the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) nests in the fallen debris of pisonia trees , including among logs , in the hollows of stumps , and in the forks . they may also nest at the base of a frond in a coconut palm cocus nucifera or in grass tussocks or other similar ground vegetation ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; reid 2000 ; stokes 1984 ) .
as with other species dependent upon wetlands , many rallidae species have shown decreases in their populations because of drainage of their marshy habitats . the locally distributed black rail and the “yuma” subspecies of the clapper rail that occurs in the delta of the colorado river are of particularly threatened by habitat loss .
the banded rail is a medium - sized , intricately patterned rail . the crown and back are olive - brown , with the back streaked with black and finely spotted with white . a pale grey eyebrow stripe and cheeks and throat are separated by a rufous eye - stripe that runs from the bill back to the rufous nape . a broad buff - orange band lies across the breast , and is separated from the grey throat by a narrow band of black - and - white barring . this barring continues around and below the buff breast band , becoming bold zebra stripes on the belly . the long , stout bill is reddish - brown , the eye dark - red , and the legs pinkish - brown . immature birds are duller with a dark bill and legs , nestlings are sooty black , with black feet and bill .
inland populations in the north and south islands declined by the 1930s . in the waikato , banded rail were commonly seen in the drier rush wetlands around hamilton in the 1950s . banded rail were recorded inland occasionally in the new zealand wildlife service’s national fauna surveys in the 1970s e . g . whangamarino wetland ( waikato ) and waitakere wetland ( auckland ) , but they were absent from these habitats by the 1980s , and are now absent inland . this period also coincided with extensive wetland drainage nationally and the failure of fitch - farming where there was widespread release of ferrets . their current habitat on mustelid - free great barrier island is in mangroves , salt and brackish marshes , drier freshwater wetlands and rough pasture . this probably reflects 19th century rail habitats on mainland new zealand .
the extinction of the buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) is considered to have resulted from predation by introduced species such as rats , wekas and cats , combined with habitat destruction by the grazing of introduced rabbits ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; isc 2009 ; vestjens 1963 ) . the subspecies co - existed with feral cats on macquarie island for at least 70 years , but wekas were introduced in 1872 , and may have preyed on eggs and young . the decline of the subspecies was particularly rapid after 1878 , when rabbits became established . it is thought that rabbits reduced the area of suitable habitat by grazing tussocks and enabled the population of cats to increase . rabbits are scarce in winter and the cats may have hunted the birds ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . the buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) was last recorded in 1879 ( vestjens 1963 ) and was presumably extinct by 1894 ; it was not found in that year , or subsequently ( falla 1937a ; hamilton 1894 ) .
there were few ground - dwelling birds in my yard until a few months ago when i noticed a brief flash of feathered chestnut skulking in the ferns near the pool . i didn ' t think much of it at the time until a few days later i saw this most beautiful bird - a buff - banded rail gallirallus philipensis - in full view . over the next few weeks we got more and more familiar with each other ' s company . now it is dead . eaten by neighbourhood cats .
the extinct buff - banded rail ( macquarie island ) was endemic to , and occurred only on , subantarctic macquarie island in the southern ocean ( marchant & higgins 1993 ) . there were so few records of the species that it is unknown whether the species occurred over the whole island . other subspecies occur on mainland australia , on outlying islands such as norfolk , lord howe and cocos - keeling islands ( marchant & higgins 1993 ) . it was presumably extinct by 1894 ( falla 1937a ; hamilton 1894 ) .
banded rail ( known locally as mioweka ) became extinct on many muttonbird islands off stewart island ( including jacky lee , herekopare , kundy , solomon and big south cape ) following releases of weka or cats , or invasion by ship rats . mioweka were reintroduced to kundy island in 1999 following eradication of weka there . macquarie island rail was extirpated before 1890 following introduction of cats and weka . the conservation status of this species was changed from naturally uncommon to declining in 2013 .
elliot , g . ( 1989 ) . the distribution of banded rails and marsh crakes in coastal nelson and the marlborough sounds . notornis . 38 : 199 - 209 .
with a global distribution comprising numerous islands , the buff - banded rail exhibits substantial geographic variation , evidenced in the recognition of up to 26 subspecies . however , all the subspecies share a number of common traits that distinguish the species , as a whole , from other similar looking rails ( 2 ) . the head is distinctly patterned with chestnut and grey , while the upperparts and wing - feathers are variably spotted and barred rufous , blackish and white ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the chin is white , the throat grey , the breast normally banded buff , and the underparts intricately barred black and white . both sexes have a similar plumage , a pink bill , and pinkish - grey legs , but the female may be slightly smaller than the male . juveniles are duller than the adults , with a less distinct head pattern and a grey - black bill ( 2 ) .
the current area of occupancy is the whole of north keeling island , with an area of 1 . 20 km² , the sole island in the northern atoll of the cocos ( keeling ) islands in the indian ocean . the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) use all habitats on north keeling island . there is sparse but sufficient data to indicate no decline over the past 10 years ( reid 2000 ; reid & hill 2005 ) . there is no data to indicate future changes in area of occupancy .
the national recovery plan for the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) ( deh 2005a ) recommends translocation of the subspecies to the southern atoll . woinarski and colleagues ( 2015 ) report on the early success of a reintroduction to the 1 km² horsburgh island . thirty - nine birds were released in april 2013 and monitoring indicates successful recruitement with 121 birds recorded on the island in june 2015 ( woinasrski et al . 2015 ) . reintroductions require threats to be eliminated from suitable island prior to translocation ( deh 2005a ) .
elliott , g . p . ( 1989 ) . the distribution of banded rails and marsh crakes in coastal nelson and the marlborough sounds . notornis . 36 : 117 - 123 .
the buff - banded rail falls into the waterbird family as it just loves clean water - bodies such as ponds , drainage channels and billabongs in which it can clean and preen its plumage . their preferred habitat includes dense reeds and vegetation or crops near its water source in which it can hide , nest and breed . here it makes an unlined cup - shaped nest of grasses or reeds . both parents incubate the eggs and once hatched the young leave the nest within 24 hours . both parents then remain with the young , which usually feed themselves
the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) is a short billed rail , with a slight size difference between males and females ( male 300 - 316mm , female 280 - 294mm ) ( johnstone & darnell 2004 ) . both sexes are similar in appearance with russet - flecked dusky crown , a light rust nape and dark grey - black feathers with a tinge of brown on the mantle , back and scapular ( reid 2000 ; schodde & tidemann 1986 ) . the back is heavily spotted with white all the way down to , and including , the rump . prominent white barring occurs on the dark grey - black tail ( reid 2000 ) . wings are dusky with broad rust - buff bars grading whiter . the face has a prominent white - grey eyebrow , a broad rust stripe through the eye to the nape and grey cheeks . the eye is red . the sides of the throat and neck are pale grey ( johnstone & darnell 2004 ) . black and white bars cover the ventral surface broken at the breast centre by a wide vertical buff band . the bill is brown , and legs and feet are light brown . immature birds are duller without russet on the hind neck or buff band on the breast , and the eye is brown . downy young are sooty black ( schodde & tidemann 1986 ) .
buff - banded rails occupy permanent and ephemeral ( non - permanent ) , fresh and saline , terrestrial , estuarine and littoral ( costal ) wetlands . these include swamps , marshes , lakes , coastal lagoons , billabongs , rivers , creeks , pools , temporarily inundated depressions , saltmarsh , tidal mudflats and artificial wetlands , such as sewage farms , farm dams , channels and ditches ( marchant & higgins 1993 ) .
though the macquarie island subspecies of the buff - banded rail has been extinct since the late 19th century , if a survey were to be conducted , it should consist of crepuscular point surveys at various sites at least 250 metres apart where the observer listens for calls of rails rather than looking for birds , or possibly transect listening - surveys ; either method would be useful in establishing whether the species was present at a site ( magrath et al . 2004 ) . both methods have been used successfully to detect the presence of other cryptic or secretive species which inhabit low dense vegetation , such as ground parrots ( pezoporus wallicus ) ( jordan 1984 , 1987b ; watkins 1985 ) or noisy scrub - birds ( atrichornis clamosus ) ( smith 1985b ; smith & forrester 1981 ) . it would be advisable to use taped recordings of rail calls ( recorded from other subspecies ) during these surveys ( magrath et al . 2004 ) , as other subspecies of buff - banded rails are readily attracted to playback of their calls ( heather & robertson 2000a ) . area searches in suitable habitat for sightings , nests , indicative footprints and feathers may also prove useful ( magrath et al . 2004 ) .
in southern australia , the buff - banded rail is generally considered to be a spring - summer visitor . in nsw and tasmania , it arrives in august and departs in february . it is suggested that rails in southern australia move in response to the availability of water , and move into areas of high rainfall , leaving after drought and cold . around brisbane , most offspring disperse by the end of april . on islands , the number of rails tends to fluctuate , but the cause of this is not known , and may not be caused by movement of birds ( marchant & higgins 1993 ) .
breeding is poorly known , but the buff - breasted rail nests in long grass , tussocks , rushes or crops . it makes an unlined cup - shaped nest of grasses or reeds . both parents incubate and the young will leave the nest within 24 hours . both parents remain with the young , which usually feed themselves , though the female may feed them as well . two broods may be raised in some seasons .
our resident bb rail ( which has been seen around our garden area since july 15 ) is very intrigued with snakes . we have a couple of red - bellied snakes around the place which we know about by the alarm calls of fairy - wrens and scubwrens . on 2 occassions , we have seen the b - b rail follow the snake keeping only a few inches away while it can see it . yesterday ( 13 / 10 ) the snake had gone into a thick area where the rail could not see it . the rail anticipated where it might reappear and hurried around the area waiting for it to show , which indeed it did . it’s been fascinating to watch this activity . the rail has become much less timid since we first observed it . one can generally walk around and it does not bother to move and goes on feeding . it is a very relaxing bird to watch as it methodically works over an area .
a medium - sized rail with a long stout reddish - brown bill , dark red eyes , pinkish legs , a pale grey eyebrow stripe and cheeks , and a broad buff - orange band on the breast separated from the grey throat . it also has a rufous eye - stripe that runs from the bill back to the rufous nape and an olive - brown crown and back with black - streakijng on the back , finely spotted with white .
the cocos ( keeling ) islands comprise of a southern atoll of 26 islands , and a northern atoll of one island , north keeling island ( reid 2000 ) . transect counts of the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) conducted on north keeling island in may 2005 yielded a density estimate of 7 . 77 birds ha - 1 . this density translates to a population estimate of approximately 850 - 1000 birds on north keeling island ( reid & hill 2005 ) . the proportion of mature individuals in this population is not known ( reid & hill 2005 ) . north keeling island was declared a national park in 1985 ( director of parks 2004 ) .
breeding occurs at different times of the year in various parts of the buff - banded rail’s range , but has been recorded year round in the tropics . the nest is built in , or under , dense vegetation such as long grass , reeds , rushes , shrubs and trees . the female usually lays between four to eight eggs in the nest , which are subsequently incubated by both parents for around 18 to 19 days before hatching . the chicks are fed and cared for by both parents until they are evicted from the nest at five to nine weeks old . at two months old , the chicks are able to fly , and probably breed when just a year old ( 2 ) .
this subspecies of the buff - banded rail occurs on the cocos ( keeling ) islands , and currently thought to be restricted to north keeling island ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; marchant & higgins 1993 ; reid 2000 ) . located in the indian ocean ( lat . 12° 12 ' s , long . 96° 54 ' e ) , the cocos ( keeling ) islands are approximately 2900 km northwest of perth , 975 km west - southwest of christmas island and 1000 km southwest of java head . they are an australian offshore territory , comprising 27 separate islands , 26 in the southern atoll , and north keeling island , located 24 km to the north ( lat . 11° 50 ' s , long . 96° 49 ' e ) .
reid ( 2000 ) undertook multiple , distance - based line - transect counts on north keeling island in order to estimate population size and density , and recommended surveys be conducted on the island four times a year during 2000 - 01 . reid and hill ( 2005 ) resurveyed north keeling island in 2005 and analysed data from surveys conducted by parks australia north during 2000 and 2004 . given the small size of the island the number of transects conducted is sufficient for estimating the population size . reid and hill ( 2005 ) found no sign of the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) on the southern atoll , and believed new anecdotal observations reported may have been dispersing birds that had not or could not establish a population due to existing threats .
banded rail breed in spring and summer , constructing a rough platform of rush and reed fragments , usually in jointed rush thickets between 10 and 50 cm above ground or water . the 4 - 6 eggs are pale pinkish with dark blotches of brown and grey , and are incubated for 19 - 25 days . graeme elliott found in nelson / marlborough that 38 eggs in eight clutches produced 13 chicks that left the nest , with an average of 1 . 6 young per nest .
similar species : in the northern south island , the larger weka may overlap with banded rail , and throughout its range the much smaller marsh crake is also found in dense coastal rushes . weka are 3 - 6 times larger , with much more subdued markings , lacking any black - and - white barring . the tiny marsh crake has no rufous eye - stripe , plain blue - grey from the cheeks to the lower breast , and black - and - white barring is confined to behind the legs .
for the buff - banded rail ( cocos ( keeling ) islands ) , the genetic problems associated with small populations ( e . g . genetic and demographic failure , inbreeding depression , genetic bottlenecks ) , as well as environmental catastrophes ( e . g . cyclones , droughts ) also threaten this small and sole population ( reid 2000 ) . environmental catastrophes pose the biggest threat to the security of this population ( reid 2000 ) . rising sea levels associated with climatic change , poses a significant future threat to the islands , which attain no more than 4 m in height above sea level ( jr reid 2002 , pers . comm . ) . furthermore , the potential for more extreme cyclones in the cocos ( keeling ) islands region associated with climatic change warrants further investigation ( jr reid 2002 , pers . comm . ) .
inexperienced observers should undergo training in rail detection , by sight and hearing , and in estimation of perpendicular distance of each detection , again by sight and hearing , before their observations are used for rail monitoring . no formal analyses have been undertaken to statistically guide the survey - effort requirements of sampling . however , in consultation with parks australia north management staff , reid and hill ( 2005 ) advise that nine permanently marked transects on north keeling island should be counted once each , twice a year , for at least the next three years . provided between - transect variability does not differ greatly from that experienced to date , this sampling design will have sufficient power to detect a reduction in rail density of 30 % at the 5 % significance level .
banded rail are rarely seen , as they are well - camouflaged and remain under the cover of wetland vegetation , although their footprints are often seen . they are now mainly found in mangrove and saltmarsh vegetation in the upper north island . they have disappeared from most of new zealand since the 1970s , but remain in coastal wetlands in the upper north island , marlborough and nelson , in rush - covered areas and coastal wetlands on great barrier island and in forest and shrubland on the three kings islands and on four islands off stewart island .
rails are small to medium sized birds with short tails , rather short necks and short wings . some have laterally compressed bodies adapted for navigating the thick vegetation of marshes . bill shape varies from short and stout in the case of coots and gallinules and a few rail species such as the sora , to longish and thin as in the virginia rail and related species . depending on the species , their legs can be short or long but all have long toes ( which are lobed in the aquatic coots ) .
in addition to energy conservation , certain morphological traits also affect rail evolution . rails have relatively shortened wings to begin with , which , in combination with their terrestrial habits and behavioral flightlessness , lends speed to the evolution of flightlessness , making it remarkably fast ;
only one remaining population of the endemic cocos buff - banded rail ( gallirallus philippensis andrewsi ) is believed to exist . it is confined to north keeling island , with an area of 120ha and the sole island in the northern atoll of the cocos ( keeling ) islands ( cki ) in the indian ocean . as such , this population is crucial to the taxon’s survival . formerly a population believed to be much larger ( but never estimated ) , occurred over the much greater area of the southern atoll of the cki . the former distribution ( extent of occurrence ) on the southern atoll measured approximately 1400ha , so the geographic range has been reduced to less than 10 % of its historical extent . the population on north keeling island is believed to be stable , and there is no evidence for historical or recent decline ( marchant & higgins 1993 ; taylor & perlo 1998 ; reid 2000 ) .
feeding : in general , buff - banded rails forage around the vegetated margins of wetlands on mud among or adjacent to tall grass , rushes , sedges and samphire . they feed at grassy banks or flats next to wetlands , or among other concealing vegetation such as shrubs or willows salix . they also feed among mangroves at low tide ; on beaches and reef flats ; in heathlands , especially those intersected by creeks ; in pastures ; on lawns and pathways in gardens ; and in rubbish tips ( marchant & higgins 1993 ) . rails may also feed from the trunks of mangrove trees , from which they take encrusting invertebrates ( robertson 1985 ) .


pseudupeneus is a genus native to the atlantic ocean and the eastern pacific ocean .

the atlantic and eastern pacific .

these fish inhabit mainly the coastal waters of continental shelves , but can be found in deep waters , as well .

pseudupeneus

scientific synonyms and common names pseudupeneus prayensis ( cuvier , 1829 ) synonyms : upeneus prayensis cuvier , 1829 , in cuv . val . , hist . nat . poiss . , 3 : 485 ( ' iles du cap vert ' ) . holotype : mnhn no . a 1925 . upeneus prayensis : günther , 1859 : 409 cadenat , 1937 : 454 . pseudupeneus prayensis : bleeker , 1862 : 134 gruvel , 1927 : 9 fowler , 1936 : 873 dollfus , 1955 : 157 bauchot , 1967 : 21 - 28 , pl . iii b - g . common names : goatfish [ en ] rouget [ fr ] rouget - barbet du sénégal [ fr ] salmonete barbudo [ es ] salmonete [ fr ] west african goatfish [ en ]
pseudupeneus prayensis is a major commercial species in the eastern central atlantic . it is caught primarily by trawl , and is also occasionally taken by trammel and entangling nets ( golani in press ) . it is among the most important coastal demersal fishery resources exploited in ghana ( aggrey - fynn 2007 ) . in senegal , this species is an important demersal resource which is targeted by industrial and artisanal fisheries ( laurans et al . 2003 , niang 2009 ) .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
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cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
marine ; demersal ; depth range 10 - 300 m ( ref . 4845 ) , usually 20 - 75 m ( ref . 27000 ) . tropical ; 35°n - 17°s
eastern atlantic : agadir , morocco to angola ( ref . 7313 ) . reported from palamós , catalan sea , northwestern mediterranean ( ref . 45077 ) .
maturity : l m ? , range 13 - ? cm max length : 55 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4845 ) ; common length : 35 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4845 )
inhabits the coastal waters of the continental shelf , over sandy and muddy bottoms ( ref . 2683 ) . feeds on benthic invertebrates ( ref . 4845 ) .
ben - tuvia , a . , 1990 . mullidae . p . 827 - 829 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 2 . ( ref . 7313 )
) : 18 . 1 - 27 . 9 , mean 25 . 2 ( based on 104 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01072 ( 0 . 00643 - 0 . 01784 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 41 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 0 . 5 ; tm = 1 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ) .
camara , k . , carpenter , k . e . , djiman , r . , nunoo , f . , sagna , a . , sidibé , a , sylla , m . , de morais , l . , quartey , r . & lindeman , k .
pseudopeneus prayensis is distributed from mauritania south to angola , including the cape verde islands , sao tome and principe ( golani in press , socpa et al . 2009 ) . it is rarely found in the western mediterranean . it is found to depths of 300 m , but is more commonly found in the upper 50 m ( golani in press ) . it has recently been recorded off the tunisian coast ( azzouz et al . 2011 ) .
pseudupenus prayensis is found primarily over muddy or sandy substrates . it feeds on benthic invertebrates ( golani in press ) . it is also found over rocky reefs to depths of 300 m . this species is not common in estuaries .
fao , through the cecaf / copace group has instituted a system for evaluating stocks of p . prayensis in littoral northeast atlantic waters ( niang 2009 ) .
camara , k . , carpenter , k . e . , djiman , r . , nunoo , f . , sagna , a . , sidibé , a , sylla , m . , de morais , l . , quartey , r . & lindeman , k . 2015 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
dooley , j . , aiken , k . a . , collette , b . , marechal , j . , pina amargos , f . , kishore , r . & singh - renton , s .
justification : this widely distributed species is common and abundant where it occurs over shallow coral and rocky reefs and seagrass beds . it may be vulnerable to overexploitation as it is a slow growing species that reaches maturity at a late age and is targeted in some parts of its range , however , this is not considered to be a major threat to its overall population . therefore , it is listed as least concern .
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; suriname ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .
this species common and abundant in the caribbean ( a . acero and b . collette pers . comm . 2013 ) . the greatest abundance of this species occurs off northeastern brazil , especially off pernambuco ( santana
on deep shelf areas ( munro 1976 , gasparini and floeter 2001 ) . it was the second most abundant species , tied with
, on an artificial reef site in the virgin islands and majority were juveniles ( randall 1963 ) . it contributed 7 % in dominica west ( 62 species ) , 2 . 1 % in dominica east ( 59 species ) , 8 . 6 % in guadeloupe west ( 111 species ) , 5 . 5 % in guadeloupe east ( 90 species ) and 4 % in martinique ( 84 species ) of the species composition of the catch for traps hauled after 6 to 9 days in a study conducted in the lesser antilles ( gobert 2000 ) .
occurs in shallow coastal waters over sandy and rocky bottoms near reefs . juveniles occur in seagrass beds . it is rarely found deeper than 40 m depth . it feeds on bottom dwelling invertebrates and forms groups . it feeds only during the day on crabs , shrimps and small fishes and feeds for over a larger variety of substrates , has a lower feeding rate , roamed more per given time , spent less time in a feeding event , and has an array of more diverse feeding modes than
2006 ) . the age at first maturity is 3 . 6 years at a length of 20 cm for males and 21 cm for females ( munro 1976 ) . it can reach an age of at least seven years and is slow growing with a late maturation age ( santana
is of commercial importance to the fisheries industry and aquarium trade . it is caught in fish traps throughout the caribbean ( a . acero , b . collette , marechal pers . comm . 2013 ) . it is highly prized in jamaica ( k . aiken pers . comm . 2013 ) . a commercial fishery exists off vieques island , puerto rico ( noaa of response and restoration 2007 ) .
fisheries is 3 . 9 years and is commercially exploited off pernambuco , brazil . highest catch per unit effort ( cpue ) occurs off northeastern brazil from december to may , with a peak in may ( 6 . 8 individual per trap per day ) ( santana
. 2003 ) . fishing pressure is low throughout the gulf of mexico ( r . claro and t . camarena - luhrs pers . comm . 2014 ) .
this slow growing species matures at a late age which could make it vulnerable to overexploitation where it is targeted in many areas of the caribbean and brazil . degradation of seagrass and coral habitat may have localized impacts . juveniles are a prey item of the invasive lionfish in the bahamas and likely in the remainder of its range in the caribbean , however , this is not considered a major threat to its overall population
2012 , marechal and aiken pers . comm . 2013 , green and cote 2014 , bejarano
dooley , j . , aiken , k . a . , collette , b . , marechal , j . , pina amargos , f . , kishore , r . & singh - renton , s . 2015 .
justification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific , and is common in at least some parts of its range . there are no major threats for this species , and no current indication of population decline . it is listed as least concern .
this species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from southern california ( lea and rosenblatt 2000 ) , baja california , and the gulf of california to chile , including the galapagos , cocos and the revillagigedo islands .
this species is common in many parts of its range . a survey at gorgona island coral reefs , colombia ( rubio 1986 ) , showed that this fish seems to be frequent in rocky and sandy substrata while occasional in coralline bottoms . however , it may be rare in the galapagos islands as there are no recent records from there .
this demersal species inhabits sandy and muddy substrate near the coast and in deep waters ( schneider 1995 ) . this species is also occassionally observed in middle estuaries and mangroves ( cooke 1992 ) .
there are no major threats to this species . however , this species is considered important for artesanal fishing in gulf of montijo , panama ( vega 2004 ) and ecuador , and small numbers are regularly collected by shrimp trawlers along the continental part of its range .
there are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species ' distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) .
on mud and sandy bottoms at depths between 10 and 300 m , usually between 30 and 50 m . coastal waters of the
: in the area , southern coasts of morocco ( agadir ) , also along the west coasts of africa to angola ; frequent along mauritanian coasts . also recently found in western
( south - eastern coast of spain ) ( reina & nunnez , 1984 ) .
bauchot , m . - l . 1967 . catalogue critique des types de poissons du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . publs mus . natn . hist . nat . , paris , ( 21 ) : 70 p .
bleeker , p . 1862 - 1878 . atlas ichthyologique des indes orientales néerlandaises , publié sous les auspices du gouvernement colonial néerlandais , amsterdam . 1 , scaroïdes et labroïdes , 1862 : xx + 168 p . , pl . i - xlviii ; 2 , siluroïdes , chacoïdes et hétérobranchoïdes , 1862 : 112 p . , pl . xlix - ci ; 3 , cyprins , 1863 : 150 p . , pl . cii - cxliv ; 4 , murènes , synbranches , leptocéphales , 1864 : 132 p . , pl . cxlv - cxciii ; 5 , baudroies , ostracions , gymnodontes , balistes , 1865 : 152 p . , pl . cxciv - ccxxxi ; 6 , pleuronectes , scombresoces , clupées , clupésoces , chauliodontes , saurides , 1866 - 1872 : 170 p . , pl . ccxxxii - cclxxviii ; 7 , percoïdes i , 1873 - 76 : 126 p . , pl . cclxxix - cccxx ; 8 , percoïdes ii ( spariformes ) , 1876 - 1877 : 156 p . , pl . cccxxicccliv , ccclx - ccclxii ; 9 , toxoteoidei , chaetodontoidei , nandoidei , 1876 - 1878 : 80 p . , pl . ccclv - ccclix , ccclxiii - ccccxx .
cadenat , j . 1937 . recherches systématiques sur les poissons littoraux de la côte occidentale d ' afrique récoltés par le navire ' président théodore tissier ' au cours de sa 5e croisière . liste des poissons littoraux avec la diagnose de 6 espèces nouvelles . rev . trav . off . ( scient . tech . ) pêch . marit . , 10 ( 4 ) : pp . 425 - 562 , 61 fig .
chaine , j . 1938b . recherches sur les otolithes des poissons . étude descriptive et comparative de la sagitta des téléostéens ( suite ) . act . soc . linn . bordeaux , 90 : pp . 5 - 258 , pl . i - xviii .
dollfus , r . ph . 1955 . première contribution à l ' établissement d ' un fichier ichthyologique du maroc atlantique de tanger à l ' embouchure de l ' oued dra . trav . inst . scient . chérif . , zool , ( 6 ) : 227 pp . , 1 map .
fowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .
günther , a . 1859 . catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the british museum . 1 . gasterosteidae , berycidae , percidae , aphredoderidae , pristipomatidae , mullidae , sparidae . london , pp . xxxi + 524 .
gruvel , a . 1927 . le port d ' agadir et la région du sous considérés au point de vue de la pêche industrielle . faune colon . franc . , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 28 , pl . i - vi , i chart .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
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( of upeneus prayensis cuvier , 1829 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pseudopeneus prayensis ( cuvier , 1829 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
en - west african goatfish , fr - rouget du sénégal , sp - salmonete barbudo .