gonimbrasia belina is a species of emperor moth which is native to the warmer parts of southern africa .

its large edible caterpillar , known as the madora , feeds primarily but not exclusively on mopane tree leaves .

mopane worms are an important source of protein for millions in the region .

gonimbrasia belina

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beautiful big butterfly gonimbrasia belina is a species of moth found in much of southern africa , whose large edible caterpillar .
gonimbrasia belina ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : a nutritional food source rich in protein , fatty acids , and minerals .
gonimbrasia belina ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : a nutritional food source rich in protein , fatty acids , and minerals .
gonimbrasia belina ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : a nutritional food source rich in protein , fatty acids , and minerals . [ 1999 ]
chilumgulungu . caterpillars described under this name essentially relate to three species of gonimbrasia that are very similar .
gonimbrasia belina is a species of moth found in much of southern africa , whose large edible caterpillar , the mopani or mopane worm , is an important source of protein for millions of indigenous southern africans .
[ protein content , insects as food , nutrient content , amino acids , food composition , mineral content , amino acid composition , fatty acids , africa . , ethnic foods , gonimbrasia belina , cabt ]
the roles of the uukwaluudhi traditional authority ( uta ) and government institutions were assessed in the sustainable harvesting of the mopane worm imbrasia ( = gonimbrasia ) belina and in marketing this food item in northern namibia .
the larva of gonimbrasia belina , the emperor moth , is fat and spiny and mottled black and gray . it does not immediately spring to mind as food . but g belina , better known as the lowly mopane worm , is more than a gimmick to grace the starters menu at johannesburg’s gramadoelas restaurant . for many rural people , it is a delicacy and dietary staple .
( 2013 ) . sustainable harvesting and trading of mopane worms ( imbrasia belina ) in northern namibia : an experience from the uukwaluudhi area .
mwimanzi and musuka , 2014 , the potential of mopani worm ( gonimbrasia belina ) as an alternative protein source in fish feed , international journal of aquaculture , vol . 4 , no . 12 : 73 - 78 ( doi : 10 . 5376 / ija . 2014 . 04 . 0012 )
because of their spines the gonimbrasia caterpillars , as with mabwabwa , may often be described as malasalasa ( - lasa , to cut , wound ) .
glew , r . h . , jackson , d . , sena , l . , vanderjagt , d . j . , pastuszyn , a . and millson , m . , 1999 . gonimbrasia belina ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) : a nutritional food source rich in protein , fatty acids , and minerals . american entomologist 45 : 250–253 .
mujuru , f . m . , kwiri , r . , nyambi , c . , winini , c . , moyo , d . n . ( 2014 ) . microbiological quality of gonimbrasia belina processed under different traditional practices in gwanda , zimbabwe . int . j . curr . microbiol . app . sci 3 ( 9 ) 1085 - 1094
mujuru , f . m . , kwiri , r . , nyambi , c . , winini , c . , moyo , d . n . ( 2014 ) . microbiological quality of gonimbrasia belina processed under different traditional practices in gwanda , zimbabwe . int . j . curr . microbiol . app . sci 3 ( 9 ) 1085 - 1094
mopane worm is the common name given to gonimbrasia belina ( and sometimes other species of saturniidae ) caterpillars , which are harvested for food throughout southern africa . in zimbabwe , this practice is mainly found in the southwestern region of the country , near to the border with botswana , although the caterpillars are sold in their dried form across the whole of zimbabwe .
kwiri , clive winini , perkins muredzi , jeritah tongonya , wishmore gwala , felix mujuru , sha , raphael . mopane worm ( gonimbrasia belina ) utilisation , a potential source of protein in fortified blended foods in zimbabwe : a review . global journal of science frontier research , [ s . l . ] , jan . 2015 . available at : < urltoken > . date accessed : 09 july 2018 .
kwiri , r . , winini , c . , muredzi , p . , tongonya , j . , gwala , w . , mujuru , f . , gwala , s . t . ( 2014 ) . mopane worm ( gonimbrasia belina ) utilisation , a potential source of protein in fortified blended foods in zimbabwe : a review . global j . sci . fr . res . 14 ( 10 )
the nutritional composition of the insects here reviewed is shown in table 1 . most are rich in protein with varying quantities of carbohydrate , fat , ash , fibre and moisture . imbrasia belina contains = 38 + % protein , 16 + % fat , ca 13 % carbohydrate and some chitin ohiokpehai et al . [ 37 , 38 ] gave the nutritional composition of i . belina as 56 . 8 % protein , 16 . 4 % fat , 6 . 9 % ash and 9 . 6 % fibre . moisture content of i . belina was estimated at 83 . 1 % [ 25 ] .
raphael kwiri , clive winini , perkins muredzi , jeritah tongonya , wishmore gwala , felix mujuru & shannon t . gwala , ( 2014 ) . mopane worm ( gonimbrasia belina ) utilisation , a potential source of protein in fortified blended foods in zimbabwe : a review , global journals inc . ( usa ) . global journal of science frontier research : d agriculture and veterinary volume 14 issue 10 version 1 . 0 year 2014
man is a mammalian predator of lepidoptera . there is a big ‘ewww’ factor against eating insects , but we’ve all heard of the mopane worm , which is the larva of a big emperor moth , gonimbrasia belina . it’s not the only emperor moth that gets eaten – these fat , juicy caterpillars are popular ‘bush food’ , even the ones that look unpalatable , like the black , orange and red common emperor , bunaea alcinoe .
copyright : mark hyde , bart wursten , petra ballings and meg coates palgrave , 2002 - 18 hyde , m . a . , wursten , b . t . , ballings , p . & coates palgrave , m . ( 2018 ) . flora of zimbabwe : insect details : individual images : gonimbrasia belina image1 . urltoken retrieved 9 july 2018 site software last modified : 26 december 2016 8 : 34pm ( gmt + 2 ) terms of use
seeds are consumed by humans as famine food . colophospermum mopane is host of caterpillars of the mopane moth or emperor moth ( gonimbrasia belina ) which feed on its leaves . the caterpillars are widely dried , roasted and consumed in southern africa , and are collected and sold to generate income . the tree also hosts the psyllid retroacizzia mopani ( synonym : arytaina mopani ) , a sap - sucking insect that produces ‘mopane manna’ , a sweet wax - like cover on the leaves that is collected and eaten by people but also monkeys .
i ' ve written about the mopane tree before , in which article i mentioned the nice , fat , juicy caterpillars that feed on them – and on which people feed too – and there ' s a picture of one on my father ' s hand in there also . but the caterpillars , and also the moths that they turn into , deserve an entry of their own ! this moth , gonimbrasia belina ( or sometimes classified as imbrasia ) , is actually one of the handsomest and largest ones to be found in south africa .
gonimbrasia zambesina is probably commoner and more widespread . its head and body is black , with the body mottled with blue , yellow and red speckling , and with dark red to black spines . it has been noted on mango , oleander and msumwa ( diospyros mespiliformis ) trees .
gonimbrasia rectilineata has a similar mottled body , but has a pale red head and short red spines . it seems to be particularly associated with shrubby plants , nduma ( eriosema ellipticum ) and mphilipwiju ( mucuna stans ) , and to be collected mainly during the rains , february - march .
felix m mujuru , rapheal kwiri , clarice nyambi , clive winini , dinga n . moyo , ( 2014 ) . microbiological quantity of gonimbasia belina processed under different traditional practices in gwanda zimbabwe , international journal of current microbiological and applied sciences volume 3 number 9 ( 2014 ) pp . 1085 - 1094
the inhabitants make good use of them , storing and selling . this help the people to obtain income that is necessary in a subsistence economy . ancient mexicans were traded larvae of pantherodes pardalaria and aegiale hesperiaris [ 5 ] . peasants know very well when and where is the biggest and tasty larval stage . people even make long journeys to obtain them ; however , because of an over - exploitation , as in zambia happened , establish a law to enforce a closed season , to prevent extinction of gynanisa maja and gonimbrasia belina named
mumpa
[ 6 ] , exploiting it in a rational way to balance preservation and exploitation [ 7 ] .
ditlhogo m . , 1996 . the ecology of imbrasia belina ( westwood in north - eastern botswana in ; phane . gashe b . a . and mpuchane s . f . ( eds ) proceedings of the multidisciplinary symposium on phane , held in gaborone 18 june 1996 . department of biological sciences and kalahari conservation society .
gondo , t . , frost , p . , kozanayi , w . , stack , j . & mushongahande , m . , 2010 . linking knowledge and practice : assessing options for sustainable use of mopane worms ( imbrasia belina ) in southern zimbabwe . journal of sustainable development in africa 12 ( 4 ) : 127–145 .
riddoch , b . j . and solomon , j . , 1996 . genetic variation in the mophane moth , imbrasia belina . in : gashe b . a . , mpuchane s . f . ( eds ) , phane , proceedings of the multidisciplinary symposium on phane , held in gaborone 18 june 1996 . department of biological sciences and kalahari conservation society .
siame , a . b . , mpuchane , s . f . , gashe , b . a . , allotey , j . and teferra , g . , 1996 . nutritional quality of mophane worms , imbrasia belina ( westwood ) , and the microorganisms associated with the worms . in : in : gashe b . a . , mpuchane s . f . ( eds ) , phane , proceedings of the multidisciplinary symposium on phane , held in gaborone 18 june 1996 . department of biological sciences and kalahari conservation society .
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a burger made from c - fu foods ' bug - based protein . the c - fu model relies on a process that transforms edible insects – currently the company uses mealworms , waxworms , superworms , crickets and black soldier fly larvae – into a functional , non - insectlike form . image : c - fu foods / provided .
eli , left , and lee cadesky , m . s . ' 15 , launched c - fu foods , a company that turns bug - based proteins into foods from chili to chocolate mousse . image : provided .
c - fu foods , a company started by a cornell food scientist that turns bug - based proteins into foods from chili to chocolate mousse , took third place in the 2015 global business challenge in november .
the business case competition in brisbane , australia , challenged academic teams to design sustainable solutions that could help double global food production by 2040 .
lee cadesky , m . s . ' 15 , a lecturer in the department of food science , and his brother eli , a business student at the schulich school of business at york university , presented their vision of an insect - based food supply chain that can help feed an exploding human population expected to surpass 9 billion by midcentury . the competition ' s theme of food security fell in line with benefits the brothers see in a future food landscape where insects offer a more sustainable alternative to beef and better flavor than plant - based proteins like tofu .
according to the company ' s website , the name stems from both its first food product and reaction to it .
our first process yielded c ricket to fu ,
the site explains .
we added ' foods ' to our name because we wanted people to know that despite having crazy ideas , we were serious about insects as a food source .
we are headed toward a future that is going to have more water in the wrong places and less water in the right places . we need adaptable solutions ,
cadesky says of climatic changes that could make insect - based foods from companies like c - fu foods important additions to the global diet .
insects are more sustainable to farm , and the technology is just getting started .
at cornell , cadesky ' s research focused on dairy protein rheology and how protein networks form gels , a general term food scientists use for materials that are partly liquid and partly solid , such as cheese and pudding . while insect proteins are different in structure from dairy proteins , the general principles of polymer science as they apply to food proteins are adaptable , cadesky says , and informed his work developing c - fu .
c - fu foods ' chocolate mousse . image : c - fu foods / provided .
already an established food product in south africa , mopane is one of around 2 , 000 species of insects worldwide known to be edible , cadesky says . companies like c - fu see untapped opportunities for inexpensive and sustainable alternatives to replace or supplement other food sources , especially protein .
the c - fu model relies on a process that transforms edible insects - - currently the company uses mealworms , waxworms , superworms , crickets and black soldier fly larvae - - into a functional , non - insectlike form .
it ' s a general process , kind of like making cheese , only with bugs ,
cadesky says .
most current products on the market are relegated to protein bars . the hope is that bugs become an easy - to - use , protein - dense ingredient sparking the imagination of cooks and food - manufacturers everywhere , and just as likely to be crumbled and fried like ground beef or used as a base in ice cream .
the future , cadesky envisions , is of his company offering restructured insect protein as a meat , dairy and egg replacer with all the protein and nutrients of traditional foods - - and none of the squirmy resemblance to insects that make many blanch .
there ' s a reason we don ' t eat bugs now ,
cadesky says .
no one wants to look at them , no one certainly wants to eat a whole bowlful of mealworms . we can sympathize with that .
c - fu foods ' protein product in a more raw form .
it ' s a general process , kind of like making cheese , only with bugs ,
lee cadesky says . image : c - fu foods / provided .
the beauty of insects - as - food rests in part on the sustainability gains that can ' t be matched by traditional livestock . bugs , unlike animals , can be farmed vertically and require only a fraction of the land needed for mammals . there are similar savings with water : bugs get all their requirements from their feed , which in turn can be supplied through less resource - intensive means .
with their third - place finish , c - fu received a cash prize in australian dollars that converts to roughly $ 7 , 200 . cadesky said he and his brother plan to use the money to develop new technology to make spray - dried protein concentrates similar to dissolvable whey protein .
we are trailblazing this research ,
cadesky says of the science needed to fully functionalize insect protein .
we see ourselves on the forefront to really answer these questions no one thought needed answering before .
if the science presents a challenge , getting people accustomed to eating bugs may prove just as difficult . but , cadesky says , that job may get easier as consumers see
what they can be and what they can offer from a sustainable , nutritional , functional and culinary standpoint . we are just scratching the surface on a whole new universe of food .
1 . 95 gardenia avenue , new town , luanshya , zambia 2 . the copperbelt university , school of natural resources , p . o . box 21692 , kitwe , zambia author correspondence author international journal of aquaculture , 2014 , vol . 4 , no . 12 doi : 10 . 5376 / ija . 2014 . 04 . 0012 received : 27 & nbspdec . ; , 2013 accepted : 28 & nbspjan . ; , 2014 published : 22 & nbspmay ; , 2014
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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this is one of the monarchs of the niger delta and belongs to the family saturniidae . in its immature stage it is a serious defoliator of some economic plants of the niger delta . they occur seasonally and infest gmelina arborea and terminalia cattapa ( african almond tree ) . the larvae feed causing defoliation and loss of photosynthetic activities of the host plants . there are about three to four generations a year , appearing in january / april , may / july , august / october and november / january , depending on the availability of the host plant [ 28 ] . in parts of nigeria , including rivers state , some saturniid larvae are harvested as food supplement [ 28 ] . the larvae are a delicacy among some parts of rivers state and the tivs of the middle belt of nigeria . the larvae are either salted and roasted or fried with salt and onions and eaten as a snack .
commonly known as the pallid emperor moth or shea defoliator , c . forda larva is a heavy defoliator of shea tree ( vitellaria paradoxa ) . the shea tree is a traditional african food plant indigenous to africa , the larvae of c . forda feed on shea causing heavy defoliation . the larva is eaten in many homes in africa [ 32 - 34 ] . it is the most widely marketed edible insect in nigeria .
the termite , macrotermes natalensis is the most destructive group of insect pests of trees in nigeria . this winged termite which is a delicacy in nigeria and most african countries is collected mostly by women and children and strongly attracted to light sources .
this is a moth of the notodontidae family , the african silk worm . the larvae feed on the obeche tree ( triplochiton scleroxylon ) , known in ghana as wawa and cameroon as ayous . the moth lives in angola , east and west of africa .
table 1 : nutritional composition ( % ) of some edible insects , * from amadi , et al . [ 2 , 4 ] ; + reared under laboratory conditions cerda , et al . [ 5 ] ; b bukkens [ 19 ] ; quin [ 25 ] ; † ekpo and onigbinde [ 29 ] ; odwq ohiokpehai , et al . [ 37 ] ; dreyer and wehmeyer [ 38 ] ; * * wachukwu , et al . [ 39 ] ; †† agbidye , et al . [ 40 ] and nd : not determined .
available data , however , show that edible insects contain protein in the range 22 . 1 to 74 . 4 % amadi en , et al . ; ekpo and onigbinde ; dreyer and wehmeyer ; wachukwu , et al . ; agbidye , et al . ; [ 2 , 4 , 29 , 38 - 40 ] . this protein range by order translates to : lepidoptera ( = 38 + to 74 . 4 % ) , coleoptera larva ( 22 . 1 to 30 . 3 % ) , coleoptera adult ( 26 . 9 to 32 . 7 % ) , isoptera ( 35 . 1 % ) and orthoptera ( 65 . 6 % ) . moisture data for c . forda larva , b . membranaceus and m . natalensis are derived from their respective dry matter values . the fat values for the larvae of r . phoenicis shows a similar disparity .
the amino acid and fatty acid compositions of r . phoenicis are given in tables 2 and 3 . the ten essential amino acids are present in varying amounts while the major fatty acids are palmitic , oleic and linoleic which is highly unsaturated . for laboratory - reared r . palmarum the ten essential amino acids are not only present in varying amounts but in much more lower quantities . it would seem , therefore , that different species of rhynchophorus may have different quantities of amino acids . or indeed , domestication may affect the amino acids of rhynchophorus species . the amino acids , methionine and tryptophan are not present in the amino acid profile of a . venata [ 41 ] . the essential amino acids are higher in insects compared to what is obtainable in animals such as beef meat , pork meat and chicken meat . rhynchophorus phoenicis provides 3 . 44 g / 100 g of histidine , 3 . 99 g / 100 g of lysine and 2 . 05 g / 100 g of methionine [ 29 ] as against 0 . 82 g / 100 g of histidine , 1 . 94 g / 100 g of lysine and 0 . 61 g / 100 g of methionine in beef meat , 0 . 82 g / 100 g of histidine , 1 . 80 g / 100 g of lysine and 0 . 59 g / 100 g of methionine in pork meat and 0 . 69 g / 100 g of histidine , 1 . 79 g / 100 g of lysine and 0 . 62 g / 100 g of methionine in chicken meat longvah , et al . [ 42 ] .
table 2 : amino acid composition of r . phoenicis larva and anaphe venata ( g / 100 g protein ) , figures in brackets are data for r . palmarum reared under laboratory conditions , cerda , et al . [ 5 ] ; † from bukkens [ 19 ] ; * ekpo and onigbinde [ 29 ] ;
table 3 : fatty acid compositions of three edible insects ( % fatty acid ) , * ekpo and onigbinde [ 29 ] ; + zinzombe and george [ 43 ] , taken from allotey [ 7 ] ; * * ande [ 44 ] ; na : not available .
cereal proteins that are key staples around the world are often low in lysine , tryptophan and threonine [ 20 ] and can , therefore , be used for food fortification .
macro - elements and micro - elements of r . phoenicis occur at significant amounts . thus sodium , calcium , potassium , copper , cadmium and zinc occur at 773 . 49 ± 1 . 02 mg / 100 g , 60 . 81 ± 0 . 32 mg / 100 g , 26 . 65 ± 0 . 24 mg / 100 g , 1 . 26 ± 0 . 04 mg / 100 g , 0 . 039 ± 0 . 022 mg / 100 g and 10 . 57 ± 0 . 89 mg / 100 g , respectively [ 29 ] . the mineral contents of five other insects are given in table 4 . thus the five insects contain appreciable amounts of calcium , phosphorus , iron and magnesium . iron and magnesium occur more in coleoptera than the other orders of insects . vitamins a and e also occur in r . palmarum at 1 . 8 % and 34 . 7 % , respectively cerda , et al . [ 5 ] .
table 4 : mineral and ash contents of five insects ( mg / 100 g ) * ; * taken from alamu , et al . [ 10 ]
there seems to be a dearth of information on the macro - and micro - elements , amino acid and fatty acid compositions of the other insects so far studied .
the bacterial flora of the insects under review is a mixed population of both gram - positive and gram - negative bacteria with bacillus and staphylococcus species predominating . all the bacterial species isolated from the insects are not known to cause food - spoilage during storage and , therefore , pose no health problem [ 26 , 46 ] .
the microbial load of the skin and intestinal contents of b . alcinoe are 8 . 16 × 10 6 and 5 . 70 × 10 5 cfu / g while the fungal populations are 2 . 07 × 10 6 and 1 . 32 × 10 6 cfu / g , respectively . the predominant bacteria belonged to the genera acinetobacter , bacillus , micrococcus and staphylococcus ( table 5 ) . total heterotrophic bacterial , coliform and fungal counts of the skin of adult r . phoenicis are 9 . 20 × 10 5 , 5 . 30 × 10 5 and 7 . 30 × 10 5 cfu / g , respectively . the microbial loads of the gut for the same group of microorganisms are higher at 1 . 83 × 10 7 , 4 . 20 × 10 6 and 3 . 60 × 10 6 cfu / g . the skin microbial flora are heterogeneous and belong to the genera bacillus , klebsiella , pseudomonas , saccharomyces , serratia and staphylococcus while the gut content is predominantly bacillus sp , enterobacter sp , serratia sp and staphylococcus sp . yeast population in the intestinal contents of mopane range from 2 × 10 1 cfu / g to 5 × 10 3 cfu / g while molds range from 1 × 10 1 cfu / g to 2 × 10 2 cfu / g [ 31 ] . however , there appears to be a dearth of information on the bacterial flora of phane .
all the bacterial species isolated from the insects are not known to cause food - spoilage during storage and , therefore , pose no health problem jay , et al . ; prescott , et al . [ 26 , 46 ] .
microbiological data exist for only three ( 3 ) out of the eight ( 8 ) insects under review . based on the data available conclusive conclusion cannot be made . we , therefore , call for the determination of the microbial flora of all edible insects so that conclusive conclusion ( s ) can be made .
although there does not seem to be any recorded account ( s ) of food poisoning as a result of the consumption of insects , a good way to check the sanitary status of the insect is to compare the microbial flora of fresh and finished product . this is because extraneous microorganisms can be introduced into the insect during processing .
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akanbi mo , ashiru mo ( 2002 ) a handbook of forest and wood insects of nigeria . agboareo publishers , ibadan .
odeyemi mo , fasoranti jo ( 2000 ) distribution of the emperor moth caterpillar , cirinaforda ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) on sheanut tree canopy at ilorin , nigeria . nig j entomol 17 : 59 - 67 .
buttiker ww , bunzli gh ( 1958 ) biological notes on the tobacco cricket , brachytrupesmembranaceus ( dru . ) ( orthop ; gryllidae ) , in south africa . bulletin of entomological research 48 : 49 - 57 .
bunzli gh , buttiker ww ( 1955 ) the control of the tobacco cricket ( brachytrupesmembranaceus drury ) in southern rhodesia . acta trop 12 : 252 - 260 .
ohiokpehai o , bulawayo bt , mpotokwane s , sekwati b , bertinuson a ( 1996 ) expanding the uses of phane a nutritionally rich local food in botswana . proceedings of the first multidisciplinary symposium on phane .
dreyer jj , wehmeyer as ( 1982 ) on the nutritive value of mopanie worms . south african journal of science 78 : 33 - 35 .
wachukwu ck , thomas cn , kigigha lt ( 2002 ) microorganisms associated with palmwine weevil larvae ( ryhnchophorusphoenicis ) . journal of dairying food and home science 21 : 44 - 47 .
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zinzombe im , george s ( 1994 ) larval lipid quality of lepidoptera : gonimbrasiabelina . botswana notes and records 26 : 167 - 173 .
ande at ( 2003 ) the lipid profile of the pallid emperor moth cirinaforda westwood ( lepidoptera : saturniidae ) caterpillar . biokemistri 13 : 37 - 41 .
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© 2016 amadi en , et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
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little detailed research has been undertaken on the edible caterpillars of malawi , although the white father , louis denis , in his chewa dictionary , recorded the names of around twenty - five edible caterpillars . in a more recent survey gerald meke ( 1995b ) noted fourteen edible caterpillars from the chimaliro forest reserve , north of kasungu ( although his preliminary study is without scientific determinations ) , in what he describes as a declining food resource ( cf . abbot 1998 , appendix , for a similar listing ) .
in many areas of malawi , particularly where brachystegia woodland is still to be found , edible caterpillars form an important source of food , as well as of petty cash through their sale in local markets . about ten species of caterpillar are fairly common and widely recognized , though vernacular names vary according to locality . we might discuss each of these in turn
[ she ] cries , cries , cries , margaret , alluding to the fact that the child is unhappy if they fail to find the mpha - labungu caterpillar . among the mbunda of zambia this species is known as lixanjungu ( silow 1976 : 50 - 4 ) .
ntchiu family : thaumetopoeidae ( notodontidae ) . the caterpillar of the african silk moth or processionary moth ( anaphe panda ) is common
figure 2 meria white with nest of ntchiu ( anaphe panda , the processionary caterpillar ) , kapalasa .
throughout malawi , and is particularly associated with the nsopa tree ( bridelia micrantha ) . the caterpillars are gregarious , and are often seen moving in long processions , head to tail , with more than a hundred caterpillars in a line . the caterpillars are dark grey , almost black , and covered in fine , dirty white long hairs , with reddish - brown head and legs . they are
figure 3 mary malata , cooking ntchiu caterpillars ( anaphe panda ) , kapalasa .
around 35 mm long . at pupation the caterpillars come together to construct a collective cocoon , robust , oval - shaped , and pale yellowish - brown in colour ( figure 2 ) . not until they have formed the cocoon , when they have lost much of their hair , are the caterpillars usually collected as food . this usually takes place at the end of the rainy season , around april . meke notes that while in zomba and kasungu districts people wait until the collective cocoon has been constructed before collecting the caterpillars , in neno they collect the third and fourth instars as they feed ( meke et al . 2000 : 4 ) .
after collection or removal from the cocoon the caterpillars are first roasted ( - ocha ) or burnt ( - waula ) to remove the hairs , which are slightly irritant . the common lomwe name , awauleni , relates to this initial singeing of the hairs . after being dried in the sun , and then winnowed to remove the remaining hairs , the caterpillars are slowly fried ( - kazinga ) in a frying pan , together with a little salt ( figure 3 ) . the caterpillar is then eaten as relish , or , if fully dried and salted , may be kept for future use . as anaphe panda is particularly associated with the bridelia tree , it often shares its name : maleweza ( c ) , masopa ( nyanja ) . its local name in neno , ntchiu , refers to the tree dombeya rotundifolia ( torrida ) on which it also feeds .
another species of anaphe sp . , kamonde is associated with the msolo tree ( pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia ) . in zambia silow described a similar species , liungu luanda ( ' the caterpillar that spins a web ' ) - so called after its habits of spinning a cocoon - anaphe infracta , which is associated also with the msolo tree . as in malawi , it is greatly esteemed as food , as well as being utilized as medicine ( 1976 : 114 - 24 ) . as the processionary caterpillar has a high fat content , 35 per cent , it is well - liked , as well as being rich in protein ( 45 per cent ) . its calorific value is 543 kcal , which is higher than both meat ( 237 kcal ) and kidney beans ( 336 kcal ) ( latham 1999 : 138 ) .
the caterpillar of the allied hawk moth nthowa ( nephele comma ) is also commonly eaten in malawi . it is very variable in colour , but has a characteristic horn ( nyanga ) or tail ( chira ) at the end of its body , and is particularly associated with the thombozi tree ( diplorhynchus condylo - carpon ) , which shares the tumbuka name mtowa . in zambia the mbunda name for this caterpillar , chikilakila , refers to the conspicuous tail ( - kila ) ( silow 1976 : 1 - 2 ) . in malawi it is often gregarious , and is collected in the early part of the rains , october - december .
maphombo . the caterpillar of this emperor moth ( nudaurelia ( imbra - sia ) wahlbergi ) is similar to the mabwabwa , with a black body , but has red spines and white spiracles along the sides of the body . it is also 65 mm long . in tumbuka it is usually called viphombo , and is particularly associated by local people with the msuku tree ( vapaca kirkiana ) . but it is also found on mango trees , and is usually collected towards the end of the rains , march - june .
mopane worms are such a sought - after delicacy in southern africa that they form the basis of a huge cash industry , and , in good seasons , a person harvesting the caterpillars can earn in a few weeks a substantial income - almost equivalent to a year ' s income as a farm labourer . such systematic caterpillar collecting for the urban market as has developed in recent years may be having serious ecological consequences , particularly as more than 90 per cent of botswana ' s mopane caterpillar production is exported to south africa annually ( illgner and nel 2000 ; 340 - 9 ) . the
' mopane worm ' ( mbunda , muyaya , ) is equally popular in zambia , and is the most well known of all the spiny caterpillars . it is collected by men , women and children , for both subsistence and trade ( silow 1976 : 64 - 70 ) . given its cultural importance , it is of interest that the ' mopane worm ' is depicted on the botswana 5 pula coin ( green 2001 ) .
there is evidence to suggest , as with termites , that the person who first finds a tree in the woodland with caterpillars may lay claim to this resource by marking the tree , putting grass around its base . if the signs of proprietorship are not respected , then disputes may arise , which are taken to be heard by the local chief ( mfumu ) . in the case of mphalabungu , the children lay claim by making a loop , tying a knot in the grass ( berry and petty 1992 : 91 ) .
in the past controlled early burning , particularly through local chiefs , may have been encouraged precisely because late bush - fires tend to destroy the caterpillars ( holden 1991 ) .
we have discussed above the preparation and cooking of the various caterpillars . a common pattern tends to prevail . the gut contents are first squeezed out , and the caterpillars are then washed , and put in a pot with salted water and boiled until dry . sometimes potashes ( chidulo ) may be added . for future use - and when in abundance caterpillars are often stored or sold in local markets - the caterpillars are put out on rocks for a day to dry . caterpillars may also by roasted in an earthenware pot or frying pan . caterpillars are rarely eaten raw , and are either eaten as a snack in a crispy , dry condition , or eaten as a relish with maize porridge , when powdered groundnuts may be added . when stored they are often mixed with dried leaves ( mfutso ) and stored in a gourd cup ( chikho ) or in leaves ( chikwatu ) . people recognize that the taste of caterpillars varies with the tree on which the caterpillar feeds , and , as some trees have toxic qualities , such caterpillars are usually boiled thoroughly before eating .
all scholars have emphasized in recent years that edible caterpillars are an important food resource for local people , given that they have a very high protein value . the nutritive value of four edible caterpillars is indicated in table 2 . 1 .
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mopane worms , rural livelihoods and climate change : a firsthand experience . – disaster risk reduction , climate change adaptation and natural resources management
food , nutrition and income security of rural communities depend primarily on natural resources - based livelihoods . on this website i interrogate risk , vulnerablity and capacity of rural communities to climatological hazards . furthermore , i also talk broadly about sustainable developement issues with particular a focus on natural resources .
figure 1 : mopane worms on a mopane tree in shabwe village ; ward 15 – beitbridge district .
[ 1 ] wessels et al . ( 2006 ) . mopane woodlands and the mopane worm : enhancing rural livelihoods and resource sustainability .
[ 2 ] potgieter et al . ( 2012 ) . mopane worms . assessing the potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security . technical consultation meeting , 23 - 25 january 2012 , fao , rome , italy .
[ 5 ] unicef ( 2016 ) . el niño sweeps across parts of africa , destroying children’s futures . urltoken
[ 6 ] muponde ( 2016 ) . matabeleland south crops a write off due to erratic rains . urltoken
i am an ecologist by profession , driven by a passion to see marginalized communities achieving resilience , self sufficiency and development through sustainably utilizing natural resources in their vicinity .
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copaifera mopane benth . ( 1865 ) , hardwickia mopane ( benth . ) breteler ( 1997 ) .
mopane , turpentine tree , balsam tree , butterfly tree , ironwood ( en ) . mopane ( fr ) . mupane , chanate ( po ) .
colophospermum mopane is widespread in southern africa , where it occurs in zambia , malawi , southern angola , northern namibia , north - eastern botswana , zimbabwe , southern mozambique and northern south africa . it has also been planted in semi - arid regions of india .
colophospermum mopane is used in the preparation of traditional medicines . in namibia extracts from heated wood or the fibres from chewed leaves are used to treat slow - healing wounds or to stop bleeding of wounds . topnaar people in namibia drink a decoction of the leaves against colds . to treat pain of the eyes or headache , a leaf decoction is dropped in the eye or the head is washed with it . in south africa decoctions of the bark and wood are used to treat eye inflammations , venereal diseases , syphilis , diarrhoea and stomach pains . in zimbabwe bark infusions are sometimes given to cattle against diarrhoea . infusions or decoctions of the leaves are drunk or given as enema to treat constipation and stomach - ache . twigs are used as chew - sticks to clean the teeth . the venda people in south africa use the roots to stop bleeding of the gums . in mozambique roots have been used to kill intestinal worms .
colophospermum mopane wood is very attractive in appearance . the heartwood is medium to reddish brown , with black stripes , darkening with age ; it is clearly demarcated from the thin , off - white to pale brown sapwood . the grain is interlocked , sometimes nearly straight , texture coarse to moderately fine and even . the wood is oily and shows little lustre .
the wood is very heavy , with a density of 990–1230 kg / m³ at 12 % moisture content , and hard . it air dries slowly but well , although it may be liable to surface checking . it does not easily end - split during drying ; the oily content of the wood might explain this feature . kiln drying may cause moderate surface checking and distortion . the rates of shrinkage are low to moderate , from green to oven dry about 4 % radial and 5 . 2 % tangential . at 12 % moisture content , the modulus of rupture is 89–122 n / mm² , modulus of elasticity 10 , 880–14 , 000 n / mm² , compression parallel to grain 69–75 n / mm² , shear 17 n / mm² , janka side hardness 13 , 100–21 , 000 n and janka end hardness 19 , 400 n .
mopane wood is generally difficult to work with both hand and machine tools , mainly on account of its high density . machining has a severe blunting effect on saw teeth and cutting edges , and special tools are needed to obtain a fine surface and a good finish . planing is difficult due to the presence of interlocked grain . the wood is difficult to nail and screw due to its hardness , and requires pre - boring ; the nail - holding power is good . polishing gives fair to good results . the wood varnishes , glues and turns well . it is very durable as it contains chemicals that resist attacks by termites and powder - post beetles . the heartwood is extremely resistant to treatment with preservatives , the sapwood is moderately permeable .


coleophora lycii is a moth of the coleophoridae family .

it is found in turkestan and uzbekistan .

the larvae feed on lycium ruthenicum .

they create a leafy case , consisting of five or six pieces , the length of which is distinctly greater toward the front .

the valve is two-sided .

the length of the case is 10 – 12 mm and it is yellow to chocolate-brown in color .

larvae can be found from july to october and ( after hibernation ) from the end of april to may .

coleophora lycii

included type - species : coleophora calligoni falkovich , 1972 : 77 , figs 4 , 16 , 31 , 32 . coleophora tshogoni falkovich , 1972 : 82 , figs 7 , 20 , 37 , 38 . coleophora stegosaurus falkovich , 1972 : 84 , figs 8 , 20 , 39 , 40 . coleophora zhusguni falkovich , 1972 : 79 , figs 5 , 17 , 33 , 34 . coleophora lycii falkovich , 1972 : 85 , figs 9 , 21 , 41 , 42 . coleophora bojalyshi falkovich , 1972 : 81 , figs 6 , 19 , 35 , 36 .
coleophora is a very large genus of moths of the family coleophoridae . it contains some 1 , 350 described species . the genus is represented on all continents , but the majority are found in the nearctic and palaearctic regions . many authors have tried splitting the genus into numerous smaller ones , but most of these have not become widely accepted .
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as with most members of the family , the larvae initially feed on the seeds , flowers or leaves of the host plant , but when larger , they feed externally and construct distinctive protective silken cases , often incorporating plant material . many species have specific host plants ; discarded larval cases are often scattered thickly on affected plants .
soft rush ( juncus effusus ) inflorescence with feeding damage and cases of c . caespitiella
black alder ( alnus glutinosa ) with feeding damage ( center ) and case ( center - right ) of c . binderella
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lioestheria ( ' clam shrimp ' ) are an extinct genus of crustaceans that thrived from the carboniferous to the cretaceous ( 360.7 to 99.7 mya ) .

they fed on detritus , being very small slow moving , nektonic organisms that filter fed as they floated .

they have been found in both marine and freshwater environments .

first identified in 1912 , they have been found in germany , hungary , colorado , new mexico , montana , texas and china .

lioestheria

lioestheria ( ' clam shrimp ' ) are an extinct genus of crustacean that thrived from the carboniferous to the cretaceous ( 360 . 7 to 99 . 7 mya ) .
previously unknown minute ornamentation patterns of conchostracans are described based on sem investigation of several collections from the terminal permian volcanic deposits of the tunguska syneclise . lioestheria ( lioestheriidae ) shows ovally elongated cells arranged in rows along the growth bands , mimoleaia ( leaiidae ) has large polygonal cells with double walls , and echinolimnaia ( echinolimnadiidae fam . nov . ) displays a pattern with small polygonal cells bearing small spines along their walls . diagnoses of genera and species are refined . new data about their distribution are presented .
the upper part of the carboniferous anderson formation ( late visean to possibly early namurian ) , in its type section ( grant range no . i well ) , contains five , possibly six , conchostracan genera : leaia , monoleaia , rostroleaia , limnadiopsileaia , cyzicus , and possibly ellipsograpla . the ribbed genus hemicycloleaia raymond is reassigned as a subgenusi of leaia , and seven new carboniferous species are described : leaia ( leaia ) andersonae , leaia ( hemicycloleaia ) rectangellipla , leaia ( hemicycloleaia ) grantrangicus , leaia ( hemicycloleaia ) tonsa , leaia ( hemicycloleaia ) longicosta , monoleaia australiata , and limnadiopsileaia carboni / erae . the lower triassic blina shale , in scattered outcrops ( bell ' s ridge , erskine hill , wongil ridge , lake lones , and minnie range ) , and in meda no . i well , contains three conchostracan genera : estheriina , palaeolimnadia , and cyzicus . two new subgenera are established : estheriina ( nudusia ) , and palaeolimnadia ( grandilimnadia ) . estheriina ( nudusia ) is distinguished from e . ( estheriina ) lones by the absence of growth bands on the umbonal area ; and palaeolimnadia ( grandilimnadia ) is distinguished from p . ( palaeolimnadia ) raymond by its smaller umbonal area - without growth bands - relative to the entire valve , and its lower valve form ( height / length ) ratio . four new triassic species are described : cyzicus ( lioestheria ) erskinehillensis , palaeolimnadia ( grandilimnadia ) medaensis , and estheriina ( nudusia ) blina from the canning basin , and palaeolimnadia ( grandilimnadia ) mitchelli from the sydney basin . belgolimnadiopsis allstralensis novozhilov , present in the triassic of both the sydney and canning basins , is referred to the subgenus cyzicus ( lioestheria ) . the only genus that persisted from the carboniferous into the triassic of the canning basin was cyziclls . upper permian palaeolimnadids from the newcastle coal measures of the sydney basin were available for passive dispersal westward . the knocklofty formation of tasmania , a correlate of the blina shale , also has a palaeolimnadia - cyzicus fauna .
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original russian text © e . f . orlova , g . n . sadovnikov , 2006 , published in paleontologicheskii zhurnal , 2006 , no . 3 , pp . 45–52 .
v . p . belozerov and g . n . sadovnikov , “stratigraphy of the korvunchanskaya series in the lower nizhnyaya tunguska river basin , ” tr . vses . aerogeol . tresta , no . 8 , 24–42 ( 1962 ) .
ch . depéret and p . mazeran , “les estheria du permien d’ autun , ” bull . soc . hist . nat . d’ autun , no . 25 , 165–173 ( 1912 ) .
, etheridge , fil . , from the upper coal measures of the newcastle district , ” proc . linn . soc . n . s . wales , ser . 2
geological map of the ussr at a scale of 1 : 100000 ( new series ) : sheet r - 48 . 49 ( baikit )
geological map of the ussr at a scale of 1 : 1000000 ( new series ) : sheet q - 48 . 49 ( aikhal )
p . j . jones and chen pei - ji , “carboniferous and permian leaioidea ( branchiopoda : conchostraca ) from australia : taxonomic revision and biostratigraphic implications , ” rec . austral . mus .
v . i . kapel’ka and n . i . novojilov , “biostratigraphy of the paleozoic of the sayan - altai mountain region : vol . 3 . upper paleozoic , ” tr . sibirsk . nauchno - issled . inst . geol . geofiz . miner . syr’ya , issue 21 , 379–389 ( 1962a ) .
v . i . kapel’ka and n . i . novojilov , “triassic conchostraca of western siberia , ” tr . sibirsk . nauchno - issled . inst . geol . geofiz . miner . syr’ya , issue 22 , 19–26 ( 1962b ) .
t . kobayashi , “older mesozoic estheriae from eastern asia , ” j . fac . sci . univ . tokyo , ser . 2
t . kobayashi , “fossil estherians and allied fossils , ” j . fac . sci . univ . , tokyo , ser . 2
e . m . lutkevich , “triassic estheriae from the upper tungusskaya series , ” tr . arkt . inst .
( akad . nauk sssr , moscow , 1941 ) , vol . 5 , part 10 , issue 1 [ in russian ] .
f . b . meek and a . h . worthen , “fossils of the coal measures , ” geol . surv . illinois
j . mitchell , “the fossil estheriae of australia , part 1 , ” proc . linn . soc . n . s . wales
v . a . molin , “new branchiopoda from the ufimian stage of the mezen’ river , ” paleontol . zh . , no . 1 , 76–81 ( 1964 ) .
v . a . molin , “upper permian and lower triassic conchostraca in the mezen’ river basin , ” in v . a . molin and n . i . novojilov
( nauka , moscow , 1965a ) , pp . 77–102 [ in russian ] .
v . a . molin , a . b . virbitskas , l . i . varyukhina , et al . ,
n . i . novojilov , “new phyllopoda from the permian and triassic deposits of the nordvik - khatanga region , ” nedra arktiki , no . 1 , 172–200 ( 1946 ) .
n . i . novojilov , “a critical analysis of the papers of e . m . lutkevich on conchostraca in connection with his paper “stratigraphy of the upper permian deposits of the kama river region ( the urals ) , ” izv . akad . nauk sssr . ser . geol . , no . 3 , 148–152 ( 1952a ) .
n . i . novojilov , “new generic - level groups of conchostraca of the family leaiidae , ” dokl . akad . nauk sssr
n . i . novojilov , “a new conchostraca assemblage from the devonian of the karatau , ” dokl . akad . nauk sssr
n . i . novojilov , “leaiids ( conchostraca ) from the carboniferous deposits of the karaganda coal basin , ” dokl . akad . nauk sssr
n . i . novojilov , “conchostracans of the jurassic and cretaceous of mongolia , ” tr . paleontol . inst .
n . novojilov , “conchostraca du permien et du trias du littoral de la mer des laptev et de la toungouzka inférieure , ” ann . serv . inf . géol . brggm paris , no . 26 , 15–80 ( 1958 ) .
( moscow , 1959 ) , issue 3 , pp . 84–103 [ in russian ] .
( gosgeoltekhizdat , moscow , 1960b ) , pp . 216–253 [ in russian ] .
n . i . novojilov , “devonian conchostraca , ” tr . paleontol . inst .
n . i . novojilov , “permian and triassic conchostraca in the littoral of the laptev sea , ” in v . a . molin and n . i . novojilov
( nauka , moscow , 1965a ) , pp . 6–44 [ in russian ] .
( nauka , moscow , 1965b ) , pp . 45–56 [ in russian ] .
n . novojilov and v . kapel’ka , “crustacés bivalves ( conchostraca ) de la séric daido de l’ asie orientale dans le trias supérior de madygen ( kirghizie occidentale ) , ” ann . soc . géol . nord
e . f . orlova , “the use of replicas for the study of fossil conchostraca , ” paleontol . zh . , no . 3 , 124–127 ( 1978 ) .
from the volcanogenic permo - triassic deposits of the tunguska syneclise , ” paleontol . zh . , no . 1 , 66–75 ( 1990 ) .
e . f . orlova , “the first results in the sem study of the microsculpture of conchostracan carapaces from the northern siberian platform , ” dokl . akad . nauk sssr
e . f . orlova , “permian - triassic conchostracan faunas from the north of central siberia , ” stratigr . geol . korrelyatsiya
p . pruvost , “découverte de leaia dans le terrain houiller du nord de la france et du pas - de - calais , ” ann . soc . géol . nord
p . f . raymond , “the genera of fossil conchostraca—an order of bivalved crustacea , ” bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . coll .
g . n . sadovnikov and e . f . orlova , “the age of the continental volcanogenic deposits of the northern central siberia , ” izv . akad . nauk sssr , ser . geol . , no . 3 , 58–70 ( 1990 ) .
g . n . sadovnikov and e . f . orlova , “the taimyr stage—the terminal stage of the continental permian , ” dokl . akad . nauk earth sci .
g . n . sadovnikov and e . f . orlova , “new data in the stratigraphy of the volcanogenic deposits of the central part of the tunguska syneclise , ” stratigr . geol . korrelyatsiya
g . n . sadovnikov and e . f . orlova , “lower boundary of non - marine triassic of siberia , ” halle jb . geowiss . b , no . 5 , 156–157 ( 1998 ) .
g . n . sadovnikov and e . f . orlova , “stratigraphy and the upper boundary of the terminal permian in siberia , ” in
n . i . strok , t . e . gorbatkina , and v . r . lozovskii ,
p . tash , “novojilov’s classification of fossil conchostracans—a critical evaluation : part 1 . familie leaiidae , ” j . paleontol .
p . tash , “permian and triassic conchostraca from the bowen basin , queensland , ” bull . bureau miner . res . austral . , no . 185 , 33–47 ( 1979 ) .
p . tash and p . j . jones , “carboniferous and triassic conchostraca from the canning basin , western australia , ” bull . bureau miner . res . austral . , no . 185 , 3–20 ( 1979 ) .
b . i . tschernyschew , “on some branchiopoda from the kuznetsk basin , ” tr . leningr . ob - va estestvoispyt .
c . a . white , “the fossils of indiana rock , ” 13th annu . rept . dept . nat . hist . , part 2 , 167 ( 1883 ) .
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the dominican slider ( trachemys stejnegeri vicina ) is a subspecies of turtle in the emydidae family .

it is found in the dominican republic and haiti .

dominican slider

dominican republic flag slider style . waving in the win with cloud background animation stock video
dominican republic flag slider style . waving in the win with cloud background animation stock video - youtube
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extremely wary of suspicious movements , a female antillean slider ( puerto rican race , trachemys stejnegeri stejnegeri ) keenly watches me .
congratulations to dominican college griffith avenue who raised €1 , 580 . 000 in 48 hours for the philippines appeal .
antillean slider ( bahamian race , trachemys stejnegeri malonei ) . great inagua , the bahamas . ( photograph courtesy of mr . joseph burgess ) .
antillean slider ( puerto rican race , trachemys stejnegeri stejnegeri ) , juvenile . san juan botanical garden , san juan , north - eastern puerto rico .
froebel college 1943 – 2013 it is my greatest privilege to be here as congregation prioress of the dominican sisters , the dominican sisters here in ireland , south africa , portugal , argentina , bolivia , brazil and louisiana . many of our sisters were trained in the froebel . . .
child safeguarding policy everyone in the congregation of dominican sisters , cabra has an obligation to ensure that the fundamental rights of children are respected . each child shall be cherished and affirmed as a gift from god with an inherent right to dignity of life . . .
welcome failte welkom namkelekile bienvenida / do bemvenida / do you are welcome to the site of the congregation of dominican sisters . thank you for visiting us . our hope is that you find a word of inspiration and encouragement for your journey . we are a group of women who belong . . .
cabra dominicans , latin america and vatican ii my life as a dominican began with the opening of the second vatican council in october 1962 when i entered the congregation as a postulant . on our first day in kerdiffstown , we , the new postulants , together with all the community , . . .
sr noemi zambrano o . p being commissioned by sr m . therese clement o . p as the new co - ordinator of latin america and caribbean . also in the photo are the co - ordinators of europe , north america , africa and asia pacific . this photo was taken at dominican sisters international . . .
the genus trachemys is mostly confined to the caribbean islands . trachemys decussata is a cuban endemic , t . terrapen is jamaican , and t . stejnegeri is shared by hispaniola and puerto rico . hispaniola is the only island with two species , since it is also inhabited by the endemic t . decorata . , which lives only in the neiba valley - cul de sac . one outlying species , the red - eared slider , t . scripta , is native to north america but has been introduced to some of the antilles .
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i love to think of nature as an unlimited broadcasting station , through which god speaks to us every hour , if we will only tune in .
red - footed tortoise , chelonoidis carbonaria , male . morne du vitet , saint bartholomew , lesser antilles .
the lineage of turtles arose in the triassic period . even the largest of all modern species , the enormous leatherback turtle , dermochelys coriacea , is dwarfed by some extinct members of the order that were several times again its size .
all turtles belong to one of two suborders . members of the order pleurodira retract their necks in an horizontal , sideways fashion . there are rather few members of this group alive today , and many indeed have very long , almost snake - like necks . the other suborder , cryptodira , includes most modern representatives of the chelonians . their defining characteristic is that their necks are retracted into the shell in a vertical , sigmoid way . to this group belong all the turtles of the caribbean be they marine , freshwater , or terrestrial .
as a proof that a turtle ' s bodily structure can hardly be more efficient and successful , modern species resemble their most ancient predecessors to a remarkable degree . all possess a bony shell ( covered in leathery skin , in some species ) into which the head , limbs and tail can be pulled snuggly in order to protect them from attack .
no living turtle has any teeth . instead , they possess horny plates along the rims of their jaws , which effectively constitute a sort of bill . like a bird ' s , this arrangement suits a turtle very well when it seeks to ingest its favored food item , be it plant or animal .
most turtles have excellent eyesight and quite a remarkable sense of hearing . although the vast majority of species are usually silent animals , a number of tortoises emit growls and clucks as part of their mating rituals .
although fabled for their phlegmatic and docile disposition , in fact some of the larger turtles can be fast and dangerous when defending themselves . the largest living freshwater turtle , macroclemys temincki , the huge alligator snapper of temperate north america , can sever a human hand with one bite of its immensely powerful and sharp jaws . the aforementioned leatherback has been known to attack boats when cornered . of course , and like most animals , turtles tend to be shy when approached by humans .
while there are five species of sea turtles that nest in sandy caribbean beaches ( all of them are endangered due to direct predation by man and habitat destruction ) , there are few species of native antillean turtles that are terrestrial or confined to freshwater habitats .
terrestrial species are commonly called
tortoises
, and have strong legs and feet ending in flat soles and blunt nails , appropriate for carrying their - sometimes massive - bodies on land . aquatic turtles have more flattened shells and webbed feet ( modified into long , oar - like appendages in marine species ) , which enable them to be surprisingly fast and agile when swimming .
the red - footed tortoise , chelonoidis carbonaria , is found in south america , the lesser antilles , and north to the virgin islands . possibly , its presence in the islands is due to a combination of means of dispersal both anthropogenic and natural . it does not seem to be abundant anywhere within its antillean range , but is still common in some lowland regions with little human disturbance . it is sometimes seen crossing roads in coastal areas .
extinct , fossil members of this and related genera are known from both the lesser and greater antilles . some of them were quite large in size . like its relatives elsewhere , the red - foot is a slow mover that feeds mostly on plant material , particularly leaves , flowers , and fallen fruits .
the male tries to mount the female while she eats , uttering its peculiar calls somewhat between a pig ' s grunts and a hen ' s clucks .
several species of trachemys sliders inhabit the greater antilles and the bahamas . like many of their north and mesoamerican relatives , they are frequently seen basking on emergent logs and rocks along rivers and the margins of ponds and lakes . they are omnivores that feed on fish , shrimp , carrion and plant matter . juveniles will eat mostly fish , invertebrates , and other animal matter , while adults tend more toward feeding on plants , though they will sometimes devour small animals , even wading bird ' s chicks . sliders have excellent eyesight , are skittish in disposition , and frequently take to the water at the slightest disturbance . large individuals can bite and scratch viciously when captured . even juveniles are very agile swimmers and can stay submerged for several minutes at a time .
antillean sliders ( puerto rican race , trachemys stejnegeri stejnegeri ) , pair . florida , central puerto rico .
the male ( on the left ) can be told apart from the female by its smaller size and much longer front claws .
in the second photograph , a pierid butterfly sips the turtle ' s tears straight from its eyes , in search of salts .
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sr helen mary harmey o . p attending the usig conference in rome . sr helen mary with sr siobhan corkery mmm who is also attending the conference . sisters share wonderful testimonies and highlight areas of injustice in the world where many live and work .
homily at sr . sabine’s profession ephesians 3 : 14 - 21 today we are all praying with and for sabine as she crosses this important threshold in her life . we can hardly do better than the prayer of paul for the ephesians . we pray that ‘according to the riches of his . . .
baptism sunday sr edel o . p was asked to preach the homily on baptism sunday to share her reflections of her faith development in her home parish . sunday , january 13th , 2013 , the baptism of the lord , st michael’s parish last sunday we celebrated the feast of the epiphany . . . .
mark 10 . 2 - 16 a homily given by sr maeve mcmahon o . p in gardener street , dublin on october 7th
our emerging story , the promise and the hope : a day of reflection with sharon zayac op , 14 july 2018 .
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the rufous-fronted antthrush ( formicarius rufifrons ) is a species of bird in the family formicariidae .

it is found very locally in humid forest in southeastern peru , northwestern bolivia ( pando ) , and far southwestern brazil ( acre ) .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

rufous - fronted antthrush

wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
rufous - fronted antthrush
.
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - rufous - fronted antthrush facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
facts summary : the rufous - fronted antthrush ( formicarius rufifrons ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
birds
and found in the following area ( s ) : bolivia , brazil , peru .
has a black area around throat , lacks the rufous front and has black , instead of cinnamon - rufous underwing - coverts .
the rufous - fronted antthrush is distinguished from other species in the genus by its bicolored crown – orange rufous at the forecrown and olive brown toward the rear . its voice is distinctive as well . this species has proven to be very local and elusive : many records are of singing males that appear at gaps in tall floodplain forest on river floodplains , sing for a few weeks , and then disappear .
krabbe , n . k . & schulenberg , t . s . ( 2018 ) . rufous - fronted antthrush ( formicarius rufifrons ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
18 cm . a dark brown hen - like terrestrial bird . upperparts rich brown with orange - rufous forecrown . more rufescent on uppertail - coverts . underparts sooty grey , browner on lower belly . dark cocked tail .
18 cm ; one male 54 g , one female 57 g . adult has forehead bright orange - rufous , feathers along front edge of eye and down to base of bill dusky brown , side of head grey - brown . . .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
the song is a rising and then falling series of clear , monotonic whistles of c . 5 seconds .
this species is considered near threatened as it is known from only a small range , and is apparently rare and patchily distributed . however , the range is not yet severely fragmented or restricted to few locations ( collar
1992 ) . for these reasons , the species is classified as near threatened .
, greatly extending its known range . it is generally rare and localised within this range .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' rare ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 0 . 1 - 8 . 6 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 10 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . given the susceptibility of the species to fragmentation and / or edge effects , it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
in some areas , it is threatened by actual and impending human settlement and agricultural development , but most parts of the range are remote and as yet undisturbed .
significant populations are protected within manu national park and tambopata - candamo reserved zone in peru ( h . lloyd
conduct surveys of suitable habitats within and surrounding the known range to determine its true distribution and abundance . conduct ecological studies to determine this species ' s precise habitat requirements . increase the area of suitable habitat that has protected status .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
extreme w brazil in nw acre ( upper r juruá ) , se peru in madre de dios and cuzco ( r urubamba ) , and nw bolivia in w pando ( r tahuamanu ) .
song c . 5 seconds long , given at intervals of 14–16 seconds for many minutes at a time , a . . .
feeds on a variety of invertebrates , such as ants , orthopterans , weevils ( curculionidae ) and other beetles , pea bugs , snails , butterfly . . .
one specimen in sept had enlarged testes . sings from ground . no other information .
probably wanders short distances locally ; most observations are of single males trying to establish . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near - threatened . restricted - range species : present in south - east peruvian lowlands eba . rare to uncommon , and very local . study . . .
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previously treated as including all members of grallariidae and pittasoma , but dna studies indicate that the previous grouping was paraphyletic # r # r , and that the two genera currently retained herein may be closer to some members of rhinocryptidae # r .
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response to whistled imitation from a bird walking under dense guadua with 15cm - tall seedling bamboo on floor . species is incredibly dense here : i heard 4 - 5 within about 3 km of this spot .
response to playback from a male walking on ground through open understory with some palm under a mango tree beside field . noted singing while perched briefly on low bamboo stalk , but mostly singing even while walking . collected ( corbidi ) .
song in response to playback from a bird walking on the ground on guadua - dominated slope above creek with some heliconia growth . bird was collected ( lsu ) .
after playback , not seen . tangled undergrowth near edge of oxbow lake , heliconia patches nearby , but apparently no guadua .
response to playback . bird approached on playback . series of songs . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc5b414
response to playback . bird approached on playback . series of songs . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc6b082
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : formicarius rufifrons . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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the solenodon is a mammal found primarily in cuba and hispanola . the species was thought to be extinct until scientists found a few still alive in 2003 . solenodons only prefer to come out at night . they eat primarily insects and they are one of the few mammal species that are venomous , delivering a very powerful toxin . symptoms of a solenodon bite are very similar to a snake bite , including swelling and severe pain , lasting several days .
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