splendrillia campbellensis is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family drilliidae .

the species was named after the campell plateau were the holotype was found .

splendrillia campbellensis

how can i put and write and define splendrillia campbellensis in a sentence and how is the word splendrillia campbellensis used in a sentence and examples ? 用splendrillia campbellensis造句 , 用splendrillia campbellensis造句 , 用splendrillia campbellensis造句 , splendrillia campbellensis meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .

' splendrillia campbellensis
' is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family drilliidae .
two new species of splendrillia ( s . chathamensis n . sp . and s . campbellensis n . sp . ) are describe . . .
anatomy of molluscs of genus splendrillia ( gastropoda : toxoglossa : turridae ) with descriptions of tw . . .
two new species of splendrillia ( s . chathamensis n . sp . and s . campbellensis n . sp . ) are described from the bathyal zone ( 850 and 1026 m ) of new zealand . the anatomy of one of the species was studied . the principal structure of the splendrillia digestive system is similar to that of other previously studied “nontoxoglossate” turrids . the separate marginal teeth at the proboscis tip are shown . . . [ show full abstract ]
species splendrillia hypsela ( r . b . watson , 1881 ) accepted as syntomodrillia hypsela ( r . b . watson , 1881 )
two new species of splendrillia ( s . chathamensis n . sp . and s . campbellensis n . sp . ) are described from the bathyal zone ( 850 and 1026 m ) of new zealand . the anatomy of one of the species was studied . the principal structure of the splendrillia digestive system is similar to that of other previously studied “nontoxoglossate” turrids . the separate marginal teeth at the proboscis tip are shown to be functionally analogous to those previously described for “toxoglossate” and some “nontoxoglossate” turrids . each marginal tooth is attached at the proboscis tip to the epithelial “mat” ; thus , it can be stored before use . a possible mechanism for the digestive apparatus during feeding is discussed . the unusually large prostate is of special interest in the male reproductive system .
sysoev , a . v . , kantor , y . i . 1989 : anatomy of molluscs of genus splendrillia with descriptions of two new bathyal species of the genus from new zealand , new zealand journal of zoology , 16 ( 2 ) ( p . 206 )
( of melatoma ( splendrillia ) hedley , 1922 ) hedley c . ( 1922 ) . a revision of the australian turridae . records of the australian museum . 13 ( 6 ) : 213 - 359 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 250 [ details ]
the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .
note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .
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fallon p . j . ( 2016 ) . taxonomic review of tropical western atlantic shallow water drilliidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : conoidea ) including descriptions of 100 new species . zootaxa . 4090 ( 1 ) : 1 - 363 . ( look up in imis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
bouchet , p . ; kantor , y . i . ; sysoev , a . ; puillandre , n . ( 2011 ) . a new operational classification of the conoidea ( gastropoda ) . journal of molluscan studies . 77 ( 3 ) : 273 - 308 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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. . . it is worth mentioning the tendency in conoidea toward reduction and complete loss of different foregut structures . first , radula - less turrids without proboscis , venom , or salivary glands were found in raphitomidae ( smith 1967 ) ; later , this phenomenon was also recorded in several families of conoidea other ( raphitomidae ( kantor and taylor 2002 ; kantor and sysoev 1989 ) ; horaiclavidae ( fedosov andkantor 2008 ) ; borsoniidae ( medinskaya and sysoev 2003 ) ) . the loss of the venom gland is usually ( although not always ) accompanied by the loss of the radula and proboscis . . . .
. . . it is worth mentioning the tendency in conoidea toward reduction and complete loss of different foregut structures . first , radula - less turrids without proboscis , venom , or salivary glands were found in raphitomidae ( smith 1967 ) ; later , this phenomenon was also recorded in several families of conoidea other ( raphitomidae ( kantor and taylor 2002 ; kantor and sysoev 1989 ) ; horaiclavidae ( fedosov and kantor 2008 ) ; borsoniidae ( medinskaya and sysoev 2003 ) ) . the loss of the venom gland is usually ( although not always ) accompanied by the loss of the radula and proboscis . . . .
. . . evolutionary trends in the toxoglossa have been reconstructed primarily through studies involving radular formation and anatomy of the digestive system ( mills 1979 ; shimek and kohn 1981 ; kantor and sysoev 1989 ; taylor 1990 ; simone 1999 ; kantor and taylor 2000 ) . the molecular phylogeny presented here paints a plausible picture of how terebrids evolved such a diversity of feeding strategies . . . .
. . . appearance of specialized rhynchodeal structures in these representatives of conoidea most likely testifies the simultaneous origination of a principally new mode of feeding , independently in at least three lineages of conoidea . at the same time a lot of raphitominae representatives , demonstrating extremely reduced foregut without any additional rhynchodeal structures have been described [ kantor , sysoev , 1989 ; kantor , taylor , 2002 ] . existence of such species suggests that it is quite possible for at least some conoidea to feed without radula and venom secretion and without any additional organs as well . . . .
phylogeny and relationships of neogastropoda . in : taylor jd , editor . origin and evolutionary radiation of the mollusca
the presence of a ‘tertiary’ apertural ‘notch’ has been recorded in some species of gemmula ( subfamily turrinae ) and in aforia circinata ( turriculinae ) . studies of a large series of the new species gemmula lordhoweensis confirms the presence of the notch in adult females . the presence of the notch may be connected with the processes of fertilization or oviposition .
latiaxis ( babelomurex ) naskensis , a new species of coralliophilidae ( gastropoda ) from south - eastern . . .
on some species of prosobranchiate gastropods from russian waters described by c . w . s . aurivillius in . . .
9 species of molluscs from russian waters were described by aurivillius ( 1885 ) from the materials , collected by vega expedition ( 1878 - 79 ) . type material of some prosobranchiate gastropods were examined and status of the species was clarified . trichotropis solida ( current generic position — neoiphinoe ) — valid species , although the name is erroneously used in current literature . pleurotoma . . . [ show full abstract ]
abstract parasitic gastropods of the genus annulobalcis habe , 1965 ( family eulimidae ) , associated . . .
cone snail venoms have yielded pharmacologically active natural products of exceptional scientifi . . .
abstract examination of the holotype of sipho gaini lamy , 1910 , attributed by recent authors to t . . .
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the blotchy swellshark is found at depths of 90 – 200 m ( 300 – 660 ft ) in the northwestern pacific ocean , from japan to taiwan .

it is benthic in nature and favors rocky reefs .

reaching 1.4 m ( 4.6 ft ) in length , this thick-bodied shark has a broad head , large mouth , and two unequally-sized dorsal fins positioned far back past the pelvic fins .

it can be identified by its dorsal coloration , consisting of seven brown " saddles " and extensive darker mottling on a light tan background .

this species has often been confounded with the draughtsboard shark ( c. isabellum ) and the sarawak pygmy swellshark ( c. sarawakensis ) in scientific literature .

like other cephaloscyllium species , it is capable of rapidly inflating its body as a defense against predators .

this species is oviparous , with females laying encapsulated eggs two at a time .

there is no well-defined breeding season and reproduction occurs year-round .

the eggs hatch after approximately one year .

the blotchy swellshark is harmless and fares well in captivity .

it is caught as bycatch in commercial bottom trawls , though its population does not seem to have suffered from fishing activity .

the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) presently lacks sufficient information to assess its conservation status .

blotchy swellshark

the blotchy swellshark is oviparous , and reproduction proceeds throughout the year with no obvious seasonal cycling .
the blotchy swellshark , or japanese swellshark , ( cephaloscyllium umbratile ) is a common species of catshark , belonging to the family scyliorhinidae .
how can i put and write and define blotchy swellshark in a sentence and how is the word blotchy swellshark used in a sentence and examples ? 用blotchy swellshark造句 , 用blotchy swellshark造句 , 用blotchy swellshark造句 , blotchy swellshark meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
aquarium movies urltoken description of fish ( language：japanese ) ナヌカザメ blotchy swellshark , japanese swellshark cephaloscyllium umbratile メジロザメ目トラザメ科ナヌカザメ属 アクアワールド大洗水族館 ooarai aquarium copyright © 2014 - sasuke m tsujita all rights reserved .
the blotchy swell shark is a large animal that appears as juveniles in both endless ocean games .
voracious and opportunistic in feeding habits , the blotchy swellshark is known to consume numerous types of fishes and invertebrates , including an unusually high diversity of cartilaginous fishes .
the draughtsboard shark closely resembles the blotchy swellshark (
c . umbratile
) and the australian swellshark (
c . laticeps
) , both of which have been suspected to be the same species as
c . isabellum
by different authors at various times .
the whitefin swellshark is a poorly known species and its population size not known .
) . in any instance , it demonstrates the impact of upper slope commercial trawling on swellsharks , where the whitefin swellshark occurs sympatrically with the saddled swellshark . last
cephaloscyllium albipinnum last , motomura & w . t . white , 2008 ( whitefin swellshark )
cephaloscyllium pictum last , séret & w . t . white , 2008 ( painted swellshark )
cephaloscyllium signourum last , séret & w . t . white , 2008 ( flagtail swellshark )
cephaloscyllium speccum last , séret & w . t . white , 2008 ( speckled swellshark )
cephaloscyllium variegatum last , séret & w . t . white , 2008 ( saddled swellshark )
cephaloscyllium zebrum last , séret & w . t . white , 2008 ( narrowbar swellshark )
and unlike that shark , the swellshark is more tolerant of water temperatures below 20°c ( 70°f ) .
cephaloscyllium cooki last , séret & w . t . white , 2008 ( cook ' s swellshark )
. ( 2008 ) suggests that a listing of near threatened remains appropriate for the whitefin swellshark despite the confusion with the saddled swellshark . fishing effort on the new south wales upper slope remains high and ongoing .
during the time when the air is in its stomach , the swellshark floats upward to the water surface .
the hatching time for swellshark eggs solely depend on water temperature but usually will hatch between 7 . 5–12 months .
records of blotchy swell sharks from papua new guinea and new zealand probably refer to steven ' s swell shark c . stevensi and the draftboard shark c . isabellum respectively . abundant where is occurs .
the whitefin swellshark is a stocky species measuring up to 1 . 1 m ( 3 . 6 ft ) long .
( iucn ) has identified minimal threats the australian reticulate swellshark , and thus classifying it as
data deficient .
the blotchy swell shark generally inhabits sites too deep for observation by divers . it is occasionally seen within recreational limits by divers in chiba and on the izu peninsula on the south side of honshu island , japan .
spp . off new south wales over a twenty - year period . there has been some confusion with the similar saddled swellshark (
species , the cook ' s swellshark is capable of inflating itself as a defensive measure . almost nothing is known of its natural history .
because the sequel has no yearly time span , swellshark eggs can only be found closer to the start of the game and will never reappear .
there are no conservation actions for the whitefin swellshark . research needs to be conducted into the life history and levels of bycatch of this species .
in the water , the swellshark will become motionless . however , if it is threatened , it will swell up to double its regular size .
another hunting tactic used by the swellshark is to lie on the bottom of the ocean with its mouth open , waiting for a fish to swim into its mouth .
little is known of the natural history of the australian reticulate swellshark . like other members of its genus , this species can inflate itself with water or air as a defensive measure .
in length , the painted swellshark has a short , broad , strongly flattened head with a blunt snout . the slit - like eyes are placed high on the head and are followed by tiny
the swellshark , cephaloscyllium ventriosum , is a catshark of the family scyliorhinidae . it is found in the subtropical eastern pacific ocean between latitudes 40° n and 37° s , from the surface to 460 m .
a small species growing to 30 cm ( 12 in ) long , the cook ' s swellshark has a stocky body and a short , broad head . the snout is flattened and rounded , with the
sp . nov . , a new swellshark ( carchariniformes : scyliorhinidae ) from northwestern australia
in last , p . r . , w . t . white and j . j . pogonoski ( eds ) .
sp . nov . , a new swellshark ( carcharhiniformes : scyliorhinidae ) from southeastern australia
in last , p . r . , w . t . white and j . j . pogonoski ( eds ) .
worldwide , as it is usually not fished by divers and fishermen due to its poor flesh quality . however the occasional swellshark is killed by fishermen and this along with its low egg production may put the species at risk .
since the swellshark often enters lobster traps to find food , it will sometimes get caught incidentally and killed when brought to the surface . this accidental catching threatens the species mainly because of its age at maturity and the low number of eggs it produces .
however , the blotchy swell shark is a retained bycatch of commercial bottom trawl and longline fisheries off japan ( taniuchi 1988 ) . it is captured incidentally by shrimp bottom trawlers using nets with mesh ~ 2 - 4 cm in diameter , so both adults and juveniles are retained by the trawl ( s . iglúsias pers . obs . 2007 ) . the species is sometimes observed on the tachi and nan fang hao fish markets , taiwan . it is apparently still abundant in areas that are heavily fished by trawlers
the area inhabited by the whitefin swellshark is subject to intensive fishing effort . this bottom dwelling shark is susceptible to capture by trawlers and is a common component of trawl bycatch off southern australia ( last and stevens 2009 ) . in comparative surveys of the south east fishery trawl grounds from 197677 and 199697 ( graham
in length , this shark has a very thick body and a short , broad , flattened head with a large mouth . it is characterized by a dorsal color pattern of dark saddles and blotches over a brown to gray background , and light fin margins . when threatened the whitefin swellshark can inflate itself with water or air to increase its size .
the whitefin swellshark is endemic to southern australia on the outer continental shelf and upper slope in depths of 126554 m . very little is known about the biology of this species . it is susceptible to trawling and is known to be a common component of bycatch in southern australia . parts of its range are subjected to intensive benthic fishing . declines of > 30 % have been observed for catch rates of slope
. reaching 1 . 1 m ( 3 . 6 ft ) in length , this shark has a very thick body and a short , broad , flattened head with a large mouth . it is characterized by a dorsal color pattern of dark saddles and blotches over a brown to gray background , and light fin margins . when threatened the whitefin swellshark can inflate itself with water or air to increase its size .
i examined 356 specimens of the japanese swellshark caught off choshi , near tokyo , japan . the japanese swellshark cephaloscyllium umbratile attained maturity at a total length of 861 - 880mm size class for males and 921 - 940mm for females . all males over 960mm and females over 1040mm were mature . the largest male ( 1140mm ) was only slightly smaller than the largest female ( 1145mm ) . in males , both clasper length and testes weight increased rapidly with the onset of maturity . occurrence of ripe ova or egg cases in females and presence of semen in the seminal vesicle of males throughout the year , as well as the lack of seasonal changes in male gonad indices indicate that c . umbratile does not have a well - defined reproductive season . food items of the shark consisted of at least 71 prey species , principally fishes . pacific mackerel and japanese sardine were the dominant prey . ten species of chondrichthyan fishes were also important in their diet .
the observed declines discussed above are only over about one third of the known range of the whitefin swellshark although intensive fishing also occurs on the slope elsewhere across its range . there is also evidence of a slight downward trend in population size in the south east trawl fishery observer program off southern australia ( t . walker pers . comm . 2003 ) . catches of the species needs to be closely monitored in the future , given the intensity of trawling effort in its area of occurrence .
justification : the japanese swellshark ( cephaloscyllium umbratile ) is a locally abundant catshark , endemic to the northwest pacific . found from honshu , japan , south to taiwan , province of china , and possibly to new guinea . little is known of the biology but this is a relatively small oviparous species and may therefore be more productive than larger live - bearing sharks . although no data are available to assess population trends , the species is apparently still abundant in areas that are heavily fished by trawlers . small scyliorhinid species have proven resilient to population decline , even where they are heavily fished ( for example the smallspotted catshark ( scyliorhinus canicula ) in the northeast atlantic ) . however , records of japanese swellshark apparently include c . umbratile and a smaller undescribed sympatric species . the two species may be confused and c . umbratile is a larger catshark , and may be more vulnerable to depletion . therefore this species is assessed as data deficient until further information is available on its life - history , catches in fisheries and population trends .
the cook’s swellshark ( cephaloscyllium cooki ) is a little - known species of catshark , family scyliorhinidae , found in the arafura sea at a depth of 223–300 m ( 732–984 ft ) . it is a stocky - bodied shark with a short , broad head and a large mouth , and can be identified by the eight dark , pale - edged saddles along its grayish brown body and tail . the maximum known length of this species is 30 cm ( 12 in ) . like other swellsharks , it can inflate itself with water or air when threatened .
last , p . r . , h . motomura , and w . t . white ( 2008 ) .
cephaloscyllium albipinnum sp . nov . , a new swellshark ( carcharhiniformes : scyliorhinidae ) from southeastern australia
in last , p . r . , w . t . white and j . j . pogonoski ( eds ) . descriptions of new australian chondrichthyans . csiro marine and atmospheric research paper no . 022 : 147–157 . isbn 0 - 1921424 - 1 - 0 ( corrected ) isbn 1 - 921424 - 18 - 2 ( invalid , listed in publication ) .
common names : swellshark ( english ) , pejegato ( espanol ) , tiburón ( espanol ) cephaloscyllium ventriosum ( garman , 1880 ) swellshark a relatively large , stocky member of the catshark family ; snout broadly rounded when viewed from below , extremely short ; eyes oval , with ridge above each ; stomach inflatable with water ( or air ) ; no lip furrows ; no barbells ; front nasal flaps broadly lobate or triangular , overlapping mouth posteriorly ; teeth at front of jaws with dagger - like central point and 1 - 2 small points on each side ; two dorsal fins : first much larger , with origin over pelvic fins , second dorsal fin considerably smaller than first , its origin over origin of anal fin . yellow brown with variegated pattern of dark brown blotches , saddles , and spots on body and fins ; underside of head and abdomen spotted . size : grows to at least 110 cm . habitat : a sluggish bottom - dwelling shark found most often on algal covered rocky reefs . depth : occurs from 0 - 460 m . central california to the lower 2 / 3 of the gulf of california to central mexico ; and southern ecuador to chile .
a catshark with a stout body , no labial furrows , snout broadly rounded - angular in dorsoventral view , rather short and broad ; anterior nasal flaps subtriangular , not overlapping mouth posteriorly . claspers short and stout . colour pattern variegated , with up to 11 dark brown irregular saddles and laterally interdigitating blotches in a checkerboard pattern in the typical new zealand form , but with more irregular dark blotches and mottling in taiwanese and japanese representatives of the species ( if not distinct ) ; a scattering of numerous dark brown or blackish ' small spots on a grey or brown background ; underside of head and abdomen unspotted ; fins without conspicuous light margins . a large species ( see size below ) .
pseudo - umbratile
, pigmy swellshark western north pacific
umbratile
true isabellum from new zealand .
conservation status : listed as data deficient by the iucn . little is known of the biology but this is a relatively small oviparous species and may therefore be more productive than larger live - bearing sharks . although no data are available to assess population trends , the species is apparently still abundant in areas that are heavily fished by trawlers . small scyliorhinid species have proven resilient to population decline , even where they are heavily fished ( for example the smallspotted catshark ( scyliorhinus canicula ) in the northeast atlantic ) . however , records of japanese swellshark apparently include c . umbratile and a smaller undescribed sympatric species . the two species may be confused and c . umbratile is a larger catshark , and may be more vulnerable to depletion . therefore this species is assessed as data deficient until further information is available on its life - history , catches in fisheries and population trends .
nippon suisan gakkaishi is an official journal of the japanese society of fisheries science written in japanese only . the society publishes an english journal , fisheries science , as well , which accepts submissions from non - members of the society over the world . detailed information is available in urltoken .
edited and published by : the japanese society of fisheries science produced and listed by : komiyama printing co . , ltd .
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the species was formerly synonymized ( compagno 1984 ) with the similar cephaloscyllium isabellum ( compagno et al . 2005 ) . records apparently include at least two mostly sympatric species , the large c . umbratile and a smaller undescribed species ( compagno et al . 2005 ) .
northwest and western central pacific : from honshu , japan , south to korea and the yellow sea , china and taiwan , possibly to new guinea ( k . nakaya and s . tanaka pers . obs . 2007 , compagno et al . 2005 ) .
no specific information is available on the population , but the species is apparently locally abundant .
a bottom - dwelling catshark of the continental shelves , found offshore at depths of 90 - 200 m ( taniuchi 1988 ) . the reproduction and diet of this species was studied in choshi and suruga bay , japan ( taniuchi 1988 , horie and tanaka 2002 ) . in suruga bay the data collected from 1 , 377 specimens ( 992 and 385 specimens from western and eastern of the bay respectively ) indicates that the minimum size of adults was 82 . 4 cm total length ( tl ) for males and 90 . 6 cm tl for females . size at birth was about 18 cm tl ( horie and tanaka 2002 ) . reproduction is oviparous . in choshi , the study of 356 specimens suggests size at maturity is attained at 86 - 88 cm tl for males and at 92 - 94 cm tl for females ( taniuchi 1988 , horie and tanaka 2002 ) . all males measuring greater than 96 cm tl and females over 104 cm were mature ( taniuchi 1988 , horie and tanaka 2002 ) . the largest observed male in choshi was 114 cm tl and the largest female was 114 . 5 cm tl ( taniuchi 1988 ) . the species does not have a well - defined reproductive season ( taniuchi 1988 ) . in suruga bay , the species preyed on a wide variety of marine organisms such as gnathostomata , cephalopoda and crustacea . the diet of the young varies in different locations . in choshi , the food items of the species consisted of at least 71 prey species , principally fishes . pacific mackerel and japanese sardine were the dominant prey . ten species of chondrichthyan fishes were also important in their diet ( taniuchi 1988 ) .
this species is a retained bycatch of commercial bottom trawl and longline fisheries off japan ( taniuchi 1988 ) . it is captured incidentally by shrimp bottom trawlers using nets with mesh ~ 2 - 4 cm in diameter , so both adults and juveniles are retained by the trawl ( s . iglésias pers . obs . 2007 ) . the species is sometimes observed on the tachi and nan fang hao fish markets , taiwan . it is apparently still abundant in areas that are heavily fished by trawlers ( s . iglésias , s . tanaka and k . nakaya obs . 2007 ) .
none currently in place . further research is needed on the taxonomy of this species , as well as species - specific information on abundance , capture in fisheries and population trends .
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only four inches when young , this shark has narrow eyes and lies on the seabed near rocky and coral reefs . if it feels threatened , it can inflate its stomach by inhaling water or air .
a female can preserve a male ' s sperm inside her body for a long period of time after breeding , and fertilized eggs are known to have been laid two years after mating . the eggs are about four inches long , with tendrils connected to each corner that help to anchor the eggs to rocks and seaweed on the seabed to stop them from being carried away .
they can be found under glows in the ocean ' s graveyard area . .
they can be found under glows in valka castle , only at coordinates a - 2 , in the armory , or as b - 2 , in the room there . they mostly appear as eggs , but if you ' re lucky , you can find a young one under one of the glows there .
either the eggs sit there and do nothing ( as eggs do ) , or the sharks swim about in small patterns . the sharks respond well to being fed , and you can obtain their trivia by petting them .
in both endless ocean games , adults are never found . only young ones .
the eggs of sharks and skates are commonly called
mermaid ' s purses
, and the egg of this shark resembles the shape most commonly associated with a mermaid ' s purse .
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: urltoken contains images of sharks , skates , rays , and a few chimaera ' s from around the world . elasmodiver began as a simple web based
to help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .
there are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :
body blotched with shades of grey and brown . darker blotches form 7 poorly defined saddles on body and tail . ventrum lighter and mostly unspotted . first dorsal origin posterior to pelvic fin origin . second dorsal fin much smaller than first with origin slightly posterior to origin of anal fin . eye large and golden . spiracle small . body shape may appear much wider due to ingestion of water when threatened .
diet : varied . small fishes , crustaceans and cephalopods . known to prey on at least 10 other cartilaginous species including the lantern sharks and the cloudy catshark and its eggs .
oviparous . the japanese swell shark lays two flattened egg cases throughout the year with no apparent seasonal preference . captive female sharks held without a mate have continued to deposit egg capsules for multiple years implying that this species is able to store sperm .
reaction to divers : remains motionless . when harassed by divers the japanese swell shark may attempt to inflate but more commonly relocates .
citations : iglúsias , s . , tanaka , s . & nakaya , k . 2009 . cephaloscyllium umbratile . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2015 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > .
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the oceanic whitetip shark , carcharhinus longimanus , or carcharhinus maou is a large pelagic shark inhabiting tropical and warm temperate seas . its stocky body is most notable for its long , white - tipped , rounded fins .
after a polynesian word for
shark
. however , lesson ' s description and name were forgotten .
they were once extremely common and widely distributed , and still inhabit a wide band around the globe ; however , recent studies suggest that their numbers have drastically declined .
longline logbook data between 1992–2000 ( covering the northwest and western central atlantic ) estimated a decline of 70 % over that period .
in 2004 , an oceanic whitetip was discovered dead on the west coast of sweden—far beyond what was once considered the northern boundary of its range .
—and prefers off - shore , deep - ocean areas . according to longline capture data , increasing distance from land correlates to a greater population of sharks .
is narrow and there is access to nearby deep water . it is typically solitary , though gatherings have been observed where food is plentiful .
. the fins are significantly larger than most other shark species , and are conspicuously rounded . the shark ' s nose is rounded and its eyes are circular , with
body , often with a mildly humpbacked aspect . it is bronze , brown , bluish or grey dorsally ( the color varies by region ) , and white ventrally ( although it may occasionally have a yellow tint ) . its maximum size is 4 metres ( 13 ft ) , although usually it does not exceed 3 metres ( 10 ft ) . its maximum reported weight is 170 kilograms ( 370 lb ) . the female is typically larger than the male by 10 centimetres ( 4 in ) with males about 1 . 8 metres ( 71 in ) and females about 1 . 9 metres ( 75 in ) .
most of its fins ( dorsal , pectoral , pelvic , and caudal ) have white tips ( juvenile specimens and some adults may lack these ) . along with white tips , the fins may be mottled—and in young specimens can have black marks . a saddle - like marking may be apparent between first and second dorsal fins .
( lower jaw ) have a thin serrated tip and are relatively small and triangular ( somewhat fang - like ) . there are between 13 and 15 teeth on either side of the
. the teeth in the upper jaw are triangular , but much larger and broader with entirely serrated edges—there are 14 or 15 along each side of the symphysis .
. its feeding methods include biting into groups of fish and swimming through schools of tuna with an open mouth . when feeding with other species , it becomes aggressive .
exhibits dog - like behavior when its interest is piqued : when attracted to something that appears to be food , its movements become more avid and it will approach cautiously but stubbornly , retreating and maintaining a safe distance if driven off , but ready to rush in if the opportunity presents itself . oceanic whitetips are not fast swimmers , but they are capable of surprising bursts of speed . whitetips commonly compete for food with
may occur . this seems to be triggered not by blood in the water or by bloodlust , but by the species ' highly strung and goal - directed nature ( conserving energy between infrequent feeding opportunities when it is not slowly plying the open ocean ) . the oceanic whitetip is a competitive , opportunistic predator that exploits the resource at hand , rather than avoiding trouble in favor of a possibly easier future meal .
there does not seem to be segregation by sex and size . whitetips follow schools of tuna or squid , and trail groups of
, scavenging their prey . their instinct to follow is so strongly imprinted , from countless millennia following baitfish migrations , that they accompany ocean - going ships . when whaling took place in warm waters , oceanic whitetips were often responsible for much of the damage to floating carcasses .
have been found with embryos year round , suggesting a longer mating season there .
is one year . litter sizes vary from one to 15 with the young born at a length of about 0 . 6 metres ( 24 in ) .
sexual maturity is reached at close to 1 . 75 metres ( 69 in ) for males and 2 metres ( 80 in ) for females .
it is a commercially important species for its fins , its meat and oil . it is eaten fresh , smoked , dried and salted and its hide is used for leather .
than by design , since it is drawn to longline bait that is intended for other species .
and other sharks habitually found nearer the shore , the oceanic whitetip is suspected to be responsible for many fatal attacks on humans , as a result of predation on survivors of shipwrecks or downed aircraft .
though most reportedly died from exposure to the elements rather than from shark attacks .
, was sunk by a german submarine . with only 192 survivors , many deaths were attributed to the whitetip .
in 1969 , lineaweaver and backus wrote of the oceanic whitetip :
[ it is ] extraordinarily abundant , perhaps the most abundant large animal , large being over 100 pounds [ 45 kg ] , on the face of the earth
.
there was little further population study until 2003 when the numbers were estimated to have dropped by as much as 70 % in the northwest and western central atlantic between 1992–2000 .
, using a mix of data from us pelagic longline surveys from the mid - 1950s and observations from the late - 1990s , estimated a decline in numbers in this location of 99 . 3 % over this period .
was moved to
vulnerable
globally ( from
lower risk / near threatened
) and
critically endangered
in the northwest and western central atlantic areas .
under the 1995 un agreement on the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks ( unfsa ) , coastal and fishing states are specifically required to adopt measures to conserve listed species , but little progress is visible on the oceanic whitetip .
bass , a . j . , j . d . d ' aubrey & n . kistnasamy . 1973 .
sharks of the east coast of southern africa . 1 . the genus carcharhinus ( carcharhinidae ) .
invest . rep . oceanogr . res . inst . , durban , no . 33 , 168 pp .
baum , j . k . and myers , r . a . 2004 . shifting baselines and the decline of pelagic sharks in the gulf of mexico . ecology letters . 7 ( 3 ) : 135–45 .
leonard j . v . compagno ( 1984 ) . sharks of the world : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . food and agriculture organization of the united nations . pp . 484–86 , 555–61 , 588 .
stafford - deitsch , jeremy ( 1988 ) . shark : a photographer ' s story . sierra club books .
rf marx ( 1990 ) . the history of underwater exploration . courier dover publications . p . 3 .
cousteau , jacques - yves & cousteau , philippe ( 1970 ) . the shark : splendid savage of the sea . doubleday & company , inc .
stanton , doug ( 2003 ) . in harm ' s way : the sinking of the uss indianapolis and the extraordinary story of its survivors ( 1st owl books ed . ed . ) . new york : h . holt . isbn 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7366 - 9 .
thomas h . lineaweaver iii and richard h . backus ( 1969 ) . the natural history of sharks . lippincourt .
baum , j . k . , kehler , d . and myers , r . a . 2005 . robust estimates of decline for pelagic shark populations in the northwest atlantic and gulf of mexico . fisheries 30 : 27–30 .
leonard j . v . compagno , fao species catalogue , vol . 4 , parts 1 and 2 , sharks of the world , 1984 , rome : fao
william n . eschmeyer , special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1–3 , california academy of sciences , 1998 , isbn 0 - 940228 - 47 - 5
richard h . backus , stewart springer and edgar l . arnold , jr . a contribution to the natural history of the white - tip shark , pterolamiops longimanus ( poey ) , 1956 , deep - sea research vol . 3
a . j . bass , j . d . d ' aubrey and n . kistnasamy , sharks of the east coast of southern africa . 1 . the genus carcharhinus ( carcharhinidae ) , 1973 , oceanographic research institute , durban
froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2005 ) .
carcharhinus longimanus
in fishbase . 09 2005 version .
this entry is from wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . it may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer )
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the angular roughshark ( oxynotus centrina ) is a rough shark of the family oxynotidae . [ 1 ]
biologist carl linnaeus described the angular roughshark , o . centrina , in 1758 . this name was later finalized and accepted by the scientific community as the official name for the species in 1976 . [ 2 ]
at birth , they are less than 25 cm ( 9 . 8 in ) and they mature at about 50 cm ( 20 in ) . most records are of individuals less than 1 m ( 3 . 3 ft ) , but they can reach about 1 . 5 m ( 4 . 9 ft ) . their litter size is seven or eight pups off angola to 23 in the mediterranean . they have ridges over their eyes that expand into large , rounded knobs , which are covered with enlarged denticles – these are absent in other species of rough sharks . they possess very large spiracles that are vertically elongated , being almost as high as the length of their eyes . their first dorsal spine is oriented slightly forward . they feed on worms , crustaceans , and mollusks . [ 3 ]
oxynotus centrina has a compressed body , triangular in cross section , with a broad and flattened head . the snout is flat and blunt . just like all of the oxynotus species , they have two relatively large dorsal fins that are sail - like , and no anal fin . their color scheme is grey ogayr grey - brown dorsally with dark blotched on its head and sides . however , one identifying feature is the light horizontal line below the eyes on the cheek . [ 4 ]
since it shares the northeast atlantic with another species of oxynotus , other distinguishing features include the extremely large spiracles , their dorsal fins , and their large dermal denticles above their eyes . like most of the oxynotus species , o . centrina has lanceolate upper teeth and blade - like lower teeth , with 12 rows of teeth on either side . [ 4 ]
oxynotus centrina usually moves by gliding on the bottom of the sea , sometimes hovering over the sandy or muddy surfaces of the seabed . [ 5 ]
they occur in the eastern atlantic from norway to south africa , including the entire mediterranean . they may also occur off mozambique . they prefer coralline algal and muddy bottoms on continental shelves and upper slopes at depths of 50 to 660 m ( 160 to 2 , 170 ft ) , but occur mostly below 100 m ( 330 ft ) . [ 3 ]
male and female angular roughsharks are reported to mature at about 50–70 cm . although , some studies have shown that females mature at a slightly larger size than males . being an ovoviviparous species , o . centrina produces 10 - 12 pups usually between 21 and 24 cm in length . [ 4 ]
some data has been gathered on this species of oxynotus in the period from 1994 to 1999 in the mediterranean . o . centrina was only present in 0 . 6 % of the tows during this period at a depth of 100 to 200 m . regional indexes indicate this species is more common in the western central mediterranean and lower index in the western and eastern mediterranean . however , o . centrina was completely absent from the eastern central mediterranean . [ 2 ]
in 1948 , trawl surveys indicated that o . centrina was once present , but uncommon , in the adriatic . although , the species has been absent in subsequent studies in the adriatic , suggesting a possible extinction of that species in the area . however , recent studies , done by lipej in 2004 , show that some juveniles have been caught in the central adriatic . also , some data collected during the surveys in the balearic sea and the ionian sea found one specimen at 800 m in the western ionian sea , suggesting that the population of o . centrina , in the east - central mediterranean , has an unknown population . [ 2 ]
however , this species was absent in the northeast atlantic in a study of deepwater longline fishing for sharks near the canary islands . this is important because this species was abundant in this region until 1997 . [ 2 ]
oxynotus centrina in a minor bycatch of offshore fisheries such as trawl fleets . although this can have a negative impact on the species , as stated above , the species had been thought extinct in the adriatic , decreased fishing has led to their rediscovery . [ 2 ]
this species , sometimes caught by fishermen in the mediterranean , has little to no commercial value . also , it is thought to bring bad luck to fisherman if caught and kept . although when released , it has never been reported to survive . [ 2 ]
the iucn red list of threatened species has deemed this species of oxynotus as vulnerable due to consistent landings by fisherman and bycatch by deepsea fisheries . [ 2 ]
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2006 ) .
oxynotus centrina
in fishbase . july 2006 version .
oxynotus centrina .
( angular rough shark ) . n . p . , n . d . web . 1 december 2013 . < urltoken > .
compagno , l . , dando , m . and fowler , s . sharks of the world . princeton field guides isbn 0 - 691 - 12072 - 2
hurst , richard .
factsheet : angular roughshark .
factsheet : angular roughshark . n . p . , n . d . web . 30 november 2013 . < urltoken > archived december 5 , 2013 , at the wayback machine . .
angular rough shark ( oxynotus centrina ) .
angular rough shark videos , photos and facts . n . p . , n . d . web . 1 december 2013 . < urltoken > .
this page was last edited on 16 february 2018 , at 15 : 12 .
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101 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 76947 ) ) ; 102 . 5 cm tl ( female )
a large species with the following characters : head 8 . 6 - 13 . 5 % tl in height , trunk 16 . 1 - 23 . 8 % tl in width ; origin of first dorsal - fin usually forward of mid pelvic - fin base ; prenarial 4 . 5 - 5 . 1 % tl in length ; length of preorbital snout 1 . 4 - 1 . 7 times prenarial length , 2 . 5 - 3 . 1 in prepectoral length , 6 . 3 - 6 . 9 in pre - pelvic length ; snout - vent long , its length 48 . 1 - 52 . 4 % tl ; width of nostril 2 . 4 - 2 . 7 % tl ; eye - spiracle space wide , 1 . 01 . 4 % tl ; pectoral fin large , its height 12 . 6 - 13 . 6 % tl , posterior margin 12 . 0 - 13 . 6 % tl in length ; anal fin tall , height 3 . 84 . 4 % tl ; anal - caudal space 4 . 0 - 5 . 6 % sl ; precaudal length 74 - 78 % tl ; interdorsal space 6 . 3 - 7 . 6 % tl ; teeth with 3 - 5 cusps near symphysis of upper jaw ; mainly weak tricuspidate flank denticles ; back without greatly enlarged denticles ; long adult clasper , up to 8 . 8 % tl , almost reaching anal fin , interspace about 4 . 4 in anal - fin base ; vertebral centra 121 - 126 ; tooth count high , each jaw with 90 - 116 teeth ; strong pattern of saddles and blotches on upper half of body ; dark , transverse dorsal markings ( 9 - 10 ) on body and tail , interspaces between are narrow ; interspiracular saddle subequal to eye and spiracle length ; over and above gill slits with large circular blotch ; fins with variably developed , narrow pale margins ( ref . 76947 ) .
. 2008 ) . it grows to 110 cm total length ( tl ) ( last and stevens 2009 ) . although last and stevens ( 2009 ) reports that males mature by 70 cm tl , last
. ( 2008 ) states that the smallest adult male examined was ~ 89 . 5 cm tl and the largest immature male was 76 cm tl . females mature by 98 cm tl ( last and stevens 2009 ) . this species is oviparous . like other members of the genus , it is capable of swelling enormously by swallowing water or air . very little is known of its biology .
bathypelagic ; marine ; depth range 126 - 554 m ( ref . 76947 )
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
) is a recently described australian species . this assessment replaces the 2003 red list assessment for
) and it is not certain which species the declines are attributable to , but in any instance , it demonstrates the impact of upper slope commercial trawling on swellsharks . however , these declines are documented only over about one third of the known range of this species . there is also evidence of a slight downward trend in population size in the south east trawl fishery observer program off southern australia . given the intensity of trawling over its area of occurrence , the recent observed declines , and the likelihood that the threatening process is ongoing and may lead to a continued population decline , this species is assessed as near threatened . it is recommended that catches are monitored .
last , motomura & white , 2008 ) was 68 % of the 197677 rate , indicating a reduction in population size greater than 30 % over approximately 20 years . last
the head is short , very wide , and greatly flattened , with a broadly rounded snout . the slit - like eyes are positioned high on the head , and are followed by tiny
are preceded by laterally expanded flaps of skin that do not reach the mouth . the mouth is large and strongly arched , without furrows at the corners . there are 90–116 upper tooth rows and 97–110 lower tooth rows ; each tooth has three central cusps and often 1–2 additional small , lateral cusplets . the upper teeth are exposed when the mouth is closed . the fourth and fifth pairs of
the pectoral fins are large and broad , with gently concave posterior margins . the first
. the anal fin is larger than the second dorsal fin and is rounded in juveniles , becoming more angular in adults . the large
has a distinct lower lobe and a deep ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe . the skin is thick and made rough by widely spaced , arrowhead - shaped
with three horizontal ridges . the dorsal coloration is brown to gray with 9–10 dark saddles closely alternating with lateral blotches , including a large round blotch encompassing the gill slits ; the fins are dark above with variably pale margins . the underside is lighter than the back , sometimes with darker or lighter blotches . juveniles have more regular and better - defined blotches than adults .
9 . 8–11 . 6 cm ( 3 . 9–4 . 6 in ) long and 5 cm ( 2 . 0 in ) wide , with flanged edges and short horns at the corners that support long , coiled tendrils . the smallest known
males and females measure 70 m ( 2 , 800 in ) and 98 cm ( 39 in ) long respectively .
the australian south east trawl fishery , which operates off new south wales , over a third of this shark ' s range reported that its catch rate dropped over 30 % between 1967–77 and 1996–97 . the south east trawl fishery observer program off southern australia has also reported a slight population decline . as a result , the
barratt , p . j . and p . m . kyne ( 2003 ) . cephaloscyllium albipinnum . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 11 february 2010 .
last , p . r . and j . d . stevens ( 2009 ) . sharks and rays of australia ( second ed ) . harvard university press . p . 209 . isbn 0 - 674 - 03411 - 2 .
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schaaf - da silva , j . a . and d . a . ebert . 2008 ( 8 sept . ) . a revision of the western north pacific swellsharks , genus cephaloscyllium gill 1862 ( chondrichthys : carcharhiniformes : scyliorhinidae ) , including descriptions of two new species . zootaxa no . 1872 : 1 - 8
a common , sluggish inshore and offshore warm - temperate catshark found on rocky and sandy bottoms in deepish water on the continental and insular shelves , at depths of 18 to 220 m ; said to avoid open areas but favours reefs . can expand itself with air or w
note : many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite , within the wikipedia article ! this article doesn ' t yet , but we ' re working on it ! see more info or our list of citable articles .


paramelania damoni is a species of tropical freshwater snail with an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family paludomidae .

the specific name damoni is in honor of robert damon from weymouth , who collected the type specimen .

paramelania damoni

pleuroceridae » paramelania damoni damoni , id : 843147 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
paramelania damoni , lake tanganyiks . photos of living snails courtesy of gerald depaus .
species of the genus paramelania live in lake tanganyika , africa . [ 2 ]
paramelania is a genus of tropical freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family paludomidae . [ 3 ]
, nor whether the elevation of paramelania had already occurred . the author was probably c . r . boettger , who spent time in africa in 1914 . oskar was primarily a herpetologist , though he did describe several mollusk species .
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
2003 identify six . these are listed here under their previous names , which are likely to be resurrected in revision .
justification : this species has a widespread distribution with no major widespread threats identified .
this species is endemic to lake tanganyika . it is common on soft substrates it is known from all four countries coastlines ( burundi , tanzania , zambia and drc ) .
this species occurs in groups of 10s - 100s of individuals in appropriate substrates .
this species thrives from shore to about 60 meters in depth in fine sediment , rocky shores and sandy sites .
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remark : same family as melanoïds , its bad is similar but a little more massive . unlike the latter , it does not dig - in .
this prosobranch lives exclusively on or dug - in the substract . movement is slow . this snail takes no risk regarding predators , at the slightest sign of activity - besides other snails - it hides in its shell .
the shell worls are superb and make it as beatiful as some marine snails . the shell is thick , what may be explained by the original environment water conditions ; within these conditions , shells have a tendency to strenghten rather than corrode .
this type of gastropod may be considered as rare in aquaria ; endemic to lake tanganyika and seldom imported , it represents no interets to the aquaria hobbyist as snails are generally considered as pests . nevertheless , a
regional
aquarium is supposed to reproduce the living conditions for the species maintained in it . . . it might seem stupid to include snails in an aquarium that contains cichlids that would eat them , but these snails live near cichlids all their life . . . .
paramelanias mainly eat the fish food remainders , but they refuse any
aquarium
food or substitution food ( boiled lettuce , cucumber , etc . . . ) and never touch plants or algae . they live exclusively on the substrate but sometimes slightly dig - in in order to stand sudden changes in the water chemistry . their shell is very thick and it is sometimes useful to assist them turn over ( like turtles : - ) ) . i noted they are somehow able to evade this position , but i never had the chance to see the acrobacy : - ) .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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burundi . lake tanganyika . 30 km . south of bujumbura . diving . west kelly . 1993 . coll . m . verhaehge
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
tiphobia horei e . a . smith , 1880 lake tanganyika , deep water .
c entral africa has a great diversity of cerithioid snails . zoogeographically , they can be grouped into three categories . firstly , there are a number of widespread genera whose species inhabit rivers and lakes over large areas . secondly , a characteristic brackish water fauna inhabits mangrove swamps along the atlantic coast . finally , there is a remarkable fauna of endemic seashell - like snails living in and restricted to lake tanganyika .
pilsbry and bequaert ( 1927 ) tabulate species known to them from the large african lakes ( all mollusks are included ) .
they classify the endemic tanganyika genera as genera within the old all - inclusive family melaniidae . van damme ( 1984 ) and banarescu ( 1990 ) give them their own subfamily , the paramelaniinae , which they placed in the families thiaridae and pleuroceridae , respectively . the actual number of species is open to question , as many of them were named by bourguignat on the basis of what were more likely individual variations .
the lake malawi [ nyasa ] drilling project an nsf / icdp workshop on scientific drilling on lakes malawi and tanganyika , october 10 - 16 , 1999 . executive summary , a testable hypothesis for explaining the remarkable freshwater gastropod fauna of lake tanganyika :
pilsbry and bequaert ( 1927 ) include 16 potadoma species plus nine additional subspecies from various rivers of the congo basin .
cleopatra johnstoni smith . african lakes . many species exist throughout central africa and the nile , often variable .
the large pachymelanias are characteristic of brackish tidal waters and mangrove swamps along the western africa coast . there are only three species , with many variable forms ( pilsbry and bequaert , 1927 ) .
syrnolopsis minuta , bourguignat , 1885 . length 5 to 6 mm . two specimens .
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habitat and shell distribution was determined , standard lengths of nest males were measured , and the numbers of shells and females per nest were counted ( sato 1994 ; sato and gashagaza 1997 ; t . sato , personal communication ; the database at wonzye point was augmented by my own observations ) . the mean number of shells per nest at rumonge was high but uncounted . the existence of alternative male tactics was surveyed by extensive underwater observations using scuba .
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the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
f + , globose species ! specimen found by b . walker in 1920īs !
shell solid , ovate - conical , imperforate , longitudinally ribbed and transversely lirate , covered with a thin epidermis . aperture ovate , entire , indistinctly effuse at the base . last whorl sometimes slightly prolonged inferiorly . peristome thick , margins joined by a callosity . operculum like that of tiphobia .
smith e . a . ( 1881 ) .
descriptions of two new species of shells from lake tanganyika
. proceedings of the zoological society of london 1881 : 558 - 560 .
brown d . s . ( 1994 ) . freshwater snails of africa and their medical importance . taylor & francis . isbn 0 - 7484 - 0026 - 5 . pages 149 - 150 , 577 - 578 .
bouchet , philippe ; rocroi , jean - pierre ; frýda , jiri ; hausdorf , bernard ; ponder , winston ; valdés , ángel & warén , anders ( 2005 ) .
classification and nomenclator of gastropod families
. malacologia . hackenheim , germany : conchbooks . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1–397 . isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . issn 0076 - 2997 .
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i have finished a side project that i began in april and returned to the inventory of the freshwater snails . i came across a genus that has very few species , and our holdings include just one lot each of the three most populous , a total of seven shells .
( e . a . smith , 1881 ) . for this species the author reference is in parentheses because the genus name was changed by the elevation . smith ' s original designation was
. our lot is shown on the left here , and in the following photo in a bit more detail .
a word about assigning scientific names . at the time smith was working on african freshwater snails , the genus
was considered a large genus with several subgenera . smith had become familiar with exemplars of many of them . when he described the species
, and assigned it to the same subgenus . i have not determined which of two boettger men ( caesar r . or his uncle oskar ) named
from which it was extracted , and at least fifteen other genera are endemic to lake tanganyika in africa . lake tanganyika is the largest of the african great lakes , being the second , by volume , in the world ( lake baikal in russia is the largest ) . at 676 km ( 420 mi ) long and on average 50 km ( 31 mi ) wide , and an average 570 m ( 1 , 870 ft ) in depth , it is a huge lake , spanning more than five degrees of latitude . imagine a long , very deep , skinny lake spanning the entire eastern boundary of nevada ! lake superior is three times as wide , only 80 % as long , and not nearly as deep ; its volume is less than 2 / 3 that of lake tanganyika , which hosts numerous habitats for numerous species .
this lot and the next were purchased by the museum from new jersey shell collector clarence l . richardson in 1973 , during the early days of the museum .
has a rather heavy shell with modest ornamentation . lake tanganyika abounds with cichlids and other small - to medium - sized fish , and some of them eat snails . snails that live in shallow water among the vegetation there need to be heavy - shelled to resist the bite of the fish . these two shells give only a hint of the variation found in this species . the aperture , in particular , frequently has a bit of a
wing
at the top , which we see in the next species .
. i have not read any ecology studies of these snails , so i can only speculate that this species inhabits slightly deeper water . the ornamentation is less , but the closely - spaced ribs add strength without adding excessive weight . even for a small snail living in water , the weight of the shell is an important matter .
was named by boettger for having
small ribs
. these snails are very similar to
, although about 2 / 3 the length and 1 / 3 the weight . they probably inhabit either shallower waters , or a region more southerly than
this lot was a gift of john h . alexander , a few years before the richardson purchase . these two men are among the big names on the earliest collections that laid the foundation for the 240 , 000 - lot research collection at the museum .
we have few examples of an entire genus that fits in a shoe box , though a number of genera do contain but a single species . if we were to obtain specimens of the other four species that the contributors to discover life list in the genus
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