the barred forest falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) is a species of bird of prey in the falconidae family which includes the falcons , caracaras , and their relatives .

it occurs throughout most of tropical and subtropical latin america , except the arid pacific coast in south america , northern and western mexico , and the antilles .

barred forest falcon

in tikal national park , thorstrom ( 2001 ) found that the collared forest - falcon nested in larger trees than the barred forest - falcon . he explained this difference by the fact that the collared forest - falcon is larger in size than the barred forest - falcon , and therefore needs the larger nest cavities found in bigger trees .
the smaller barred forest - falcon fed more frequently on insects than did the larger collared forest - falcon . eight percent of prey delivered to female barred forest - falcons , nestlings and fledglings at tikal national park were insects , while no insects were recorded in the diet of the collared forest - falcon ( thorstrom 2000 ) .
in tikal national park , home ranges for the larger - sized collared forest - falcon were much greater in area than those of the smaller - sized barred forest - falcon ( thorström 2007 ) . in one case , the home range of a nesting male collared forest - falcon encompassed the home ranges of six nesting male barred forest - falcons .
xeno - canto vocalizations . vireo barred forest falcon photos . aves de rapina do brasil species account with emphasis on brazil .
thorstrom , r . 1996 . fruit - eating behavior of a barred forest - falcon . journal of raptor research 30 : 44 . pdf
other names : barred forest - falcon , cassin ' s barred hawk , gray - throated harrier hawk ( guerilla ) , northern wood falcon , red - necked harrier - hawk ( ruficollis ) , rufous - faced harrier - hawk ( zonothorax ) .
i studied the breeding biology , food habits , and home ranges of the barred forest - falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) and the collared forest - falcon ( m . semitorquatus ) in tikal national park of northeastern guatemala from 1988 to 1992 . barred and collared forest - falcons are residents and maintain territories throughout the year .
. the main prey of the barred forest - falcon was reptiles , especially lizards , followed by birds and then insects , mammals and amphibians .
recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : barred forest falcon micrastur ruficollis . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018
in acre , brazil , the barred forest falcon is reported to prefer
disturbed forest types , both natural secondary and man made , including bamboo and more open seasonally drier forest on rocky outcrops ,
while the newly discovered cryptic forest - falcon ( micrastur mintoni ) is
strongly associated with undisturbed terra firme forest with dense understory
( whittaker 2002 ) .
in guatemala , the collared forest - falcon occurs in a wide variety of tropical forests , including mature forests , forest edges , and secondary woodlands and thickets ( thorstrom 2000 ) . in contrast , the barred forest - falcon is generally restricted to mature tropical forests ( thorstrom 2000 ) .
the photo at the top of the page shows a barred forest - falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) . the photo was taken by carlos reis of lisbon , portugul .
thorstrom r , turley cw , ramirez fg , gilroy ba ( 1990 ) description of nests , eggs and young of the barred forest - falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) and of the collared forest - falcon ( m . semitorquatus ) . condor 92 : 237 - 239
only two species have been adequately studied : the barred forest - falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) and the collared forest falcon ( micrastur semitorquatus ) . collared forest - falcons are 3 to 4 times larger than barred forest - falcons . in some tropical forests , both forest - falcons are found . when 2 or more species live in the same area , ecologists say they are sympatric . in this article , we compare the habits of sympatric barred and collared forest - falcons , and discuss the many important ways that they differ from each other . we also briefly mention interactions with some of the other forest - falcons .
the barred forest - falcon is sedentary in its range . its flight is fast and agile , and it often performs aerial pursuits . it does not soar . it flies quickly through the forest , thanks to the short wings .
protection / threats / status : the barred forest - falcon is relatively abundant in amazonian forests , and in most parts of the range . this species is suffering habitat loss throughout its range , but it is able to adapt to new habitats . however , the population is suspected to decline slowly . but currently , the barred forest - falcon is evaluated as least concern .
habitat : the barred forest - falcon frequents humid and moist tropical forest , varying from mature , second - growth , tidal swamp and gallery - forests to forest edge habitat , according to the range . it is often seen up to 2500 metres of elevation , rarely higher .
in south america , however , the barred forest - falcon lives in other kinds of forests . for example , in amazonia it occurs most often in second - growth forests , gallery forests , tidal swamp forests , semideciduous forests and forest edges , while the closely - related lined forest - falcon ( micrastur gilvicollis ) is found in mature tropical forests ( bierregaard 1994 ) .
mays nm ( 1985 ) ants and foraging behavior of the collared forest - falcon . wilson bulletin 97 : 231 - 232
other observers confirm that the barred forest - falcon is a frequent associate of army ants . willis et al . ( 1983 ) found barred forest - falcons most numerous as ant followers in
mesic woodlands of central and southern brazil ,
while in the wet forests of the upper amazon they did so only rarely . at reserva ducke , amazonas , brazil , these researchers reported seeing one or more barred forest - falcons associating with army ants on 78 different occasions .
baker aj , aguirre - barrera oa , whitacre df , white cm ( 2000 ) first record of a barred forest falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) nesting in a cliff pothole . ornitología neotropical 11 : 81 - 82
thorstrom , r . k . 2012 . barred forest falcon . pp . 234 - 249 in d . f . whitacre ( ed . ) , neotropical birds of prey : biology and ecology of a forest raptor community . cornell university press , ithaca , ny .
subspecies and range : the barred forest - falcon occurs in tropical and subtropical parts of america , from mexico , south through south america to colombia , ecuador , peru and bolivia , northern argentina , paraguay and brazil .
thorstrom , r . k . , c . w . turley , f . g . ramirez , and b . a . gilroy . 1990 . description of nests , eggs , and young of the barred forest - falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) and of the collared forest - falcon ( m . semitorquatus ) . condor 92 : 237 - 239 . pdf
thorstrom r , ramos jd , morales cm ( 2000a ) breeding biology of barred forest - falcons in northeastern guatemala . auk 117 : 781 - 786
laughing falcon / margaret n . parker , angel m . enamorado , and mario lima
in mature , semideciduous tropical forest at tikal national park , guatemala , thorstrom ( 2000 ) studied the food habits of sympatric barred and collared forest - falcons . he found some similarities , but also significant differences .
introduction : the barred forest - falcon , as other members of genus micrastur , has short , rounded wings and long graduated tail , allowing the bird to fly in the dense forest . endemic to the tropical forests of america , this one has grey ( here displayed ) and rufous morphs . six subspecies are currently recognized .
cobb j ( 1990 ) a nest of the collared forest - falcon ( micrastur semitorquatus ) . aves mexicanas 2 ( 3 ) , 90 - 1 : 8
in 2002 , a new species was described , found in the atlantic forest and the southeastern amazon of brazil , while later also confirmed for adjacent parts of bolivia . it has been named micrastur mintoni , the cryptic forest falcon .
in guatemala , thorstrom et al . ( 2000a ) reported predation on recently fledged barred forest - falcon young , 2 or 3 days after they left the nest . one was killed by a gray fox ( urocyon cinereoargenteus ) , the other by the snake boa constrictor .
most are restricted to humid tropical and subtropical forests , but the two most widespread species , the collared and the barred forest falcons , also range into drier and more open habitats .
range : latin america : south mexico to north argentina . the barred forest falcon is found in tropical and sub - tropical forests from south - eastern mexico , south through south america to colombia , ecuador , eastern peru and bolivia , northern argentina , paraguay , and east through brazil .
orange - breasted falcon / aaron j . baker , david f . whitacre , and oscar a . aguirre
adult forest - falcon with orange tinge on cere . i couldn ' t see the tail . there is a very similar recording from the same location urltoken any way to tell ?
whittaker a ( 2002 ) a new species of forest - falcon ( falconidae : micrastur ) from southeastern amazonia and the atlantic rainforests of brazil . wilson bulletin 114 : 421 - 445
at manu national park in the amazon region of peru , robinson ( 1994 ) twice observed barred forest falcons associating with army ant swarms , and saw one of these raptors catch a large katydid fleeing the ants . collared forest - falcons are seen less frequently at army ant swarms than barred forest - falcons and , when they are , seem more interested in catching the birds following the ants than the insects fleeing them ( willis et al . 1983 ) .
thorstrom r , ramos jd , castillo jm ( 2000b ) breeding biology and behavior of the collared forest - falcon ( micrastur semitorquatus ) in guatemala . ornitología neotropical 11 : 1 - 12
thorstrom , r . k . 2012 . collared forest falcon . pp . 250 - 254 in d . f . whitacre ( ed . ) , neotropical birds of prey : biology and ecology of a forest raptor community . cornell university press , ithaca , ny .
behaviour in the wild : the barred forest - falcon feeds mainly on lizards , birds and small mammals , but also arthropods , mice , bats , frogs and snakes . the birds include tinamou , pigeons , motmots , toucanets , robins , warblers and flycatchers . they regularly follow army ants swarms ( eciton burchelli ) .
thorstrom r ( 2007 ) home ranges of barred ( micrastur ruficollis ) and collared ( micrastur semitorquatus ) forest falcons during the breeding season in tikal national park , guatemala . ornitologia neotropical 18 : 395 - 405
the collared forest - falcon preyed upon both a larger number of species , and a wider size - range of species , than the barred forest - falcon . for example , the prey of collared forest - falcons ranged in size from frogs ( 20 grams ) to ocellated turkeys ( agriocharis ocellata ) at 3 kilograms . many other large birds were captured , including crested guans ( penelope purpurascens ) , plain chachalacas ( ortalis vetula ) ( see figure 2 ) , great curassows ( crax rubra ) , tinamous ( crypturellus spp . ) , keel - billed toucans ( ramphastos sulfuratus ) , collared aracaris ( pteroglossus torquatus ) , and brown jays ( psilorhinus morio ) . in contrast , the prey of barred forest - falcons ranged in size from insects ( 1 . 5 grams ) to doves ( 160 grams ) .
same individuals featured in xc366819 calling from different trees . habitat : primary forest .
e flying attacks from concealed perches . although the collared forest - falcon also used this method of hunting , thorstrom observed it using other techniques such as running on the ground around trees after prey , and chasing prey on foot along large tree branches . he hypothesized that the long legs of the collared forest - falcon , and its long arched tail , gave it greater maneuverability while chasing prey on foot .
some individual forest - falcons deviated from the average diets just given . for example , thorstrom ( 2000 ) observed an adult collared forest - falcon helping a mated pair of collared forest - falcons feed their two offspring , 4 to 11 weeks after the latter had fledged ( left the nest ) . this third adult forest - falcon showed a preference for catching toucans . of 36 prey items it delivered to the young , 27 were keel - billed toucans ( ramphastos sulfuratus ) and 2 were collared aracaris ( pteroglossus torquatus ) . on some days it delivered 2 toucans to the young .
haemig pd 2012 sympatric forest - falcons of the genus micrastur . ecology . info 8
thorstrom , r . , j . d . ramos , and c . m . morales . 2000 . breeding biology of barred forest - falcons ( micrastur ruficollis ) in northeastern guatemala . auk 117 : 781 - 786 . pdf
thorstrom , r . 2007 . home ranges of barred ( micrastur ruficollis ) and collared ( m . semitorquatus ) forest - falcons during the breeding season in tikal national park , guatemala . ornitologia neotropical 18 : 395 - 405 . pdf
haemig pd ( 2012 ) sympatric forest falcons of the genus micrastur . ecology . info 8
the barred forest - falcon has six subspecies which differ in size and especially the tail length , in density of barring , and rather grey or rufous colour of underparts . there are : m . r . guerilla , m . r . interstes , m . r . zonothorax , m . r . concentricus , m . r . ruficollis and m . r . olrogi .
thorstrom , r . 2002 . comments on the first nesting record of the nest of a slaty - backed forest - falcon ( micrastur mirandollei ) in the ecuadorian amazon . journal of raptor research 36 : 335 - 336 . pdf
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the barred forest - falcon’s usual call is a series of sharp barks , as those of a small dog . this call is frequently uttered at dawn and dusk , at short intervals . it also utters a kind of slightly laughing series “cah cah cah - cah - cah” when excited , like a nasal , chicken - like cackle .
important references : bierregaard , r . o . 1994 . barred forest - falcon . p . 253 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds ) . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .
thorstrom , r . , j . d . ramos , and j . m . castillo . 2000 . breeding biology and behavior of the collared forest - falcon ( micrastur semitorquatus ) in guatemala . ornithlogia neotropical 11 : 1 - 12 . pdf
bierregaard , r . o . , jr & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . barred forest - falcon ( micrastur ruficollis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
low - statured forest almost on top of the hill . bird very close but would not emerge from cover .
forest falcons are members of the genus micrastur , part of the family falconidae . forest falcons , like many accipiter ' s but unlike other falcons , are adapted for agility in thick cover rather than outright speed in clear air .
mader wj ( 1979 ) first nest description for the genus micrastur ( forest - falcons ) . condor 81 : 320
the collared - forest falcon has been observed and photographed in the lower rio grande valley of texas , usa ( e . g . bensten - rio grande valley state park , hidalgo county ) , but the species is not known to breed there ( lasley et al . 1994 ; debenedictis 1994 ) .
reproduction of this species : the breeding season varies , according to the range . the barred forest - falcon nests in natural cavities in trees , and may reuse the same nest for several years . it is placed under the dense canopy cover , and relatively high in tree , at about 12 to 23 metres above the ground . the entrance is fairly small , about 15 cm wide , in order to avoid predation . the female remains at nest and defends it against competitors such as toucans and parrots .
diet is a mixture of birds , mammals and reptiles . hunting is often performed in goshawk fashion : the bird takes up a perch in an inconspicuous position and waits for a prey species to pass , then strikes with a short , rapid pursuit . forest - falcons are inventive , flexible hunters , and at least some species ( such as the relatively long - legged collared forest falcon ) are also capable of catching terrestrial prey on foot .
humid forest . reference : jn2 . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
in the same park , thorstrom et al . ( 2000a ) observed 8 young barred forest - falcons associating with swarms of army ants ( eciton spp . ) , 3 to 4 weeks after fledging . these young forest - falcons usually perched 1 to 2 meters above the ant swarm , and fed on cockroaches , crickets and beetles that fled the advancing ant army . thorstrom and his colleagues also observed these young falcons chasing small birds that were often attracted to the army ant swarms .
thorstrom , r . k . 1996 . methods for capturing tropical forest birds of prey . wildlife society bulletin 24 : 516 - 520 . pdf
the adult male of grey morph has dark slate - grey upperparts . the long tail shows usually three narrow white bars and white tip . the underparts are paler . chin and throat are pale grey . breast , belly , undertail coverts and underwings are white , finely barred with black , more heavily barred on the breast and body sides , whereas belly and vent are almost pure white . the undertail feathers are blackish with white narrow bars . the head is slate - grey .
barred forest - falcons mainly utilize mature ,
upland
forest . forest - falcons , like most falconids , do not build a nest , and lay their eggs in cavities in trees . clutches are of two or three eggs . laying occurred mainly late in the dry season , with hatching taking place at the onset of the rainy season , a time of increasing prey abundance . eggs hatch 33 - 35 days after laying , and nestlings fledge 35 - 44 days after hatching . radio - tagged fledglings dispersed from their parents ' territories within four to seven weeks after fledging , presumably achieving independence at that time . nesting territories were occupied year after year . high nest and mate fidelity
on 5 november , the forest - falcons appeared to change their strategy for usurping the nest , at the same time as they reached a peak in courtship and mating . when the macaws left in search of food , the forest - falcons would occupy the area and attempt to prevent the macaws ' return . on 13 occasions , the macaws attempted to reach the nest but were interrupted by the forest - falcons ' flight attacks , sometimes chasing them up to 100 m from the nest . this caused the nestling to starve for three days . on 8 november , this strategy culminated in the female forest - falcon seizing the macaw chick , in the upper nest , in her talons and dropping it to the ground . the falcons immediately occupied the nest and , when checked 27 days later , were apparently incubating eggs .
although micrastur forest - falcons are secretive and often difficult to observe in dense vegetation , they are some of the most abundant raptors in neotropical forests .
thorstrom r ( 2001 ) nest - site characteristics and breeding density of two sympatric forest - falcons in guatemala . ornitología neotropical 12 : 337 - 344
in the forests of french guiana , larger forest - falcons ( m . semitorquatus and m . mirandollei ) are usually seen perched 15 - 35 meters above the ground , while smaller forest - falcons ( m . rufficollis and m . gilvicollis ) are usually seen perched 3 - 16 meters high ( thiollay 2007 ) .
thorstrom r ( 2000 ) the food habits of sympatric forest - falcons during the breeding season in northeastern guatemala . journal of raptor research 34 : 196 - 202
the adult male of rufous morph shows similar pattern , with rufous instead of slate - grey colour . it differs by head sides , nape , back , throat and chest which are cinnamon - rufous . the underparts are white , barred black . the head is rufous .
thorstrom , r . 2001 . nest - site characteristics and breeding density of two sympatric forest - falcons in guatemala . ornitologia neotropical 12 : 337 - 343 . pdf
thorstrom , r . 2000 . the food habits of sympatric forest - falcons during the breeding season in northeastern guatemala . journal of raptor research 34 : 196 - 202 . pdf
it is usually concealed within the forest , at low to mid - level , and it is difficult to detect , except by the voice . it usually avoids flying across open areas .
thorstrom , russell ,
breeding ecology of two species of forest - falcons ( micrastur ) in northeastern guatemala
( 1993 ) . boise state university theses and dissertations . 482 . urltoken
id 100 % certain ; filter : noise reduction and amplify ( + 7 . 0 db ) ; atlantic semideciduous forest ; 10m from mic . recorded with zoom h5n and sennheiser me66 shotgun mic .
id 100 % certain ; filter : noise reduction ; atlantic semi - deciduous forest ; 5m from mic . bird responded to playback own sound . recorded with zoom h5n and sennheiser me66 shotgun mic .
micrastur forest - falcons feed primarily upon birds , mammals and reptiles . like accipiter hawks , they often hunt prey by sitting quietly on tree branches and waiting for their victims to appear . when the latter arrive , the forest - falcons quickly ambush them , attempting to catch them with a brief , flying pursuit . however , forest - falcons also use other techniques to hunt prey , such as chasing prey on foot ( thorstrom 2000 ) , following army ant swarms ( willis et al . 1983 , see below ) , and acoustical luring of birds ( smith 1969 , atkinson 1997 ) .
although forest - falcons are members of the bird family falconidae , they do not resemble normal falcons . instead , they resemble accipiter hawks of the bird family accipitridae . both forest - falcons and accipiter hawks have long tails and short wings , adaptations for maneuvering among the dense vegetation of forests where they live . in contrast , hawks and falcons living in open country usually have long wings and short tails .
thorstrom r , morales cm , ramos jd ( 2001 ) fidelity to territory , nest site and mate , survivorship , and reproduction of two sympatric forest - falcons . journal of raptor research 35 : 98 - 106
willis eo , wechsler d , stiles f . g . ( 1983 ) forest - falcons , hawks , and a pygmy - owl as ant followers . rev . brasil . biol . 43 : 23 - 28
a pair of collared forest - falcons was observed over the course of 97 days ( 24 july - 8 november 1997 ) , while monitoring a great green macaw nest ( 12 hours per day ) . two hides were constructed at c . 60 and 200 m from the nest . the closer hide was used only to make detailed observations of the nest , while the farther one was used for watching general movements . binoculars and a telescope were used at both hides . sexual dimorphism ( in size and coloration ) permitted sexual identification of the forest - falcon pair after observing the initial copulation : the male had cinnamon - phase plumage and the female white - phase plumage . attacks on the macaw nest were analysed according to behavioural variables , several of which were also graphed against time .
the female resembles male but she is larger , sometimes with brownish tinge , according to the race , and she may be more densely barred than male . the immature is dark brown above with speckled white rump , and varies from white to cinnamon - buff on the underparts . the fine black bars are widely spaced . it may show whitish half collar on the nape .
this species feed primarily upon birds , mammals and reptiles . like accipiter hawks , they often hunt prey by sitting quietly on tree branches and waiting for their victims to appear . when the latter arrive , the forest - falcons quickly ambush them , attempting to catch them with a brief , flying pursuit . however , forest - falcons also use other techniques to hunt prey , such as chasing prey on foot , following army ant swarms and acoustical luring of birds .
distinctive genus , closest to herpetotheres # r # r # r ; specialized for life in dense forest , having long tail and short wings ( for manoeuvrability ) , large ear openings and facial ruff ( for hunting by sound ) .
for example , thiollay ( 2007 ) conducted surveys of all raptor species in many different forests of french guiana and found that , because of their high densities ( compared to other raptors ) , micrastur forest - falcons were the numerically dominant raptors in all forest types . he also found that the smaller - sized micrastur species ( m . rufficollis and m . gilvicollis ) were more abundant than the larger - sized ones ( m . semitorquatus and m . mirandollei ) .
micrastur forest - falcons nest in the holes of trees and cliffs , and usually have a clutch size of 2 or 3 eggs ( thorstrom et al . 1990 , 2000ab , 2001 ; baker et . al 2000 ; gerhardt 2004 ) .
thorstrom , r . k . 2012 . bicolored hawk . pp . 93 - 103 in d . f . whitacre ( ed . ) , neotropical birds of prey : biology and ecology of a forest raptor community . cornell university press , ithaca , ny .
thorstrom , r . k . 2012 . gray - headed kite . pp . 39 - 47 in d . f . whitacre ( ed . ) , neotropical birds of prey : biology and ecology of a forest raptor community . cornell university press , ithaca , ny .
thorstrom , r . , c . m . morales , and j . d . ramos . 2001 . fidelity to territory , nest site and mate , survivorship , and reproduction of two sympatric forest - falcons . journal of raptor research 35 : 98 - 106 . pdf
taxonomy : formerly considered to be conspecific with the lined forest falcon ( m . gilvicollis ) by sclater ( 1918 ) , peters ( 1931 ) , amadon ( 1964 ) , brown and amadon ( 1968 ) , meyer de schauensee ( 1970 ) , and blake ( 1977 ) , but as a separate species by pinto ( 1938 , 1947 , 1964 ) , hellmayr and conover ( 1949 ) , phelps and phelps ( 1958 ) , meyer de schauensee ( 1966 ) , and haverschmidt ( 1968 ) . schwartz ( 1972 ) showed that the two species are distinct , based on differences in voice , plumages , soft part colors , and mensural characters , including the wing / tail ratio . they are broadly sympatric throughout amazonia .
due to the lack of previous data , it is unknown whether either species - forest - falcon or macaw had previously used this nest cavity . therefore , it is impossible fully to comprehend the origins of this nest take - over behaviour . nonetheless , there is an apparent scarcity of acceptable nest cavities for these two species within the study area . thorstrom et al . noted that many m . ruficollis and m . semitorquatus have been observed pursuing parrots , woodpeckers and toucans , but do not mention any instances of nest take - over . data on the duration of copulation , in general , coincide with that indicated by thorstrom et al . , as does that on the considerable height of the nest , also noted by mader . as expected , the descriptions of the display and nest presented here in general do not differ from the species ' model .
the adult male is dark slate grey above ; his tail tipped with white and having three narrow white bars . the throat is pale grey , shading to the darker slate of the crown . the rest of his under parts , including the under - wing coverts are white , finely and clearly barred with black . the upper breast is a darker grey . primary flight feathers are dark brownish grey with off white bars on the inner webs . the eyes are light orange brown ; the bill black , becoming dull yellow at base of the lower mandible ; the cere , lores , orbit and legs are orange - yellow .
members of the genus micrastur are falcons varying in size from small to quite large . their wings are short and very rounded . the tail is often long , rounded and arched , but in some forms comparatively shorter . the beak is short , deep and ( unusually for a falcon ) untoothed . they have long legs . the crown feathers are slightly pointed ; those of ear region are narrow , stiff and upsurged , forming a slight ruff . they have large ear openings and hunt in part by sound . there are five species , all in the tropical forests of the americas .
in addition to their long tails and short wings , micrastur forest - falcons have other adaptations for living in tropical forests , where dense vegetation , and low levels of light may make it difficult for them to see prey . their ears have larger openings than other falcons , resulting in extraordinary hearing that enables them to better detect prey by sound . the facial ruff may also aid hearing , as it does in owls ( bierregaard 1994 ) .
the nest the nest was located in a 20 m - tall , stunted , living c . platanifolia tree ( 02º07 ' s 80º04 ' w ) . the diameter of this pigío tree was c . 2 m at human breast height and 0 . 9 m at the nest ' s height . the main trunk ' s bark was green , but the upper wood appeared to be rotting . the nest chamber was at the top of this trunk and open to the sky . the nest site was in a valley with many side ravines and the forest cover was secondary , consisting of scattered pigío trees and other species . in the early stages of ' the study , the nest cavity was hidden by foliage , but as the dry season advanced it became completely exposed . the isolated nest tree was situated at the foot of a ravine .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
partners in flight estimate the total population to number 500 , 000 - 4 , 999 , 999 individuals ( a . panjabi in litt . 2008 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 20 . 4 - 27 . 4 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 26 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . however , given the species ' s tolerance of fragmentation / degradation / edge - effects and / or the extent of overall losses , it is suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
not sure about the rising ' sweeet ' call , masked tanager ? amplified , high - pass 300 hz or so .
unmodified recording . three distinct call types from the same bird , calling from canopy above me .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
recent study indicated that this species is part of a clade with m . plumbeus , m . gilvicollis and m . mintoni , the four having diverged very rapidly # r . until recently considered to include m . gilvicollis as a race , but voice and morphology support species status for latter , which is widely sympatric with present species . possible races oaxacae and kalinowskii currently included in guerilla and zonothorax , respectively . six subspecies normally recognized .
( cabanis , 1866 ) – mountains of n colombia and n venezuela ( santa marta mts , sierra de perijá , coastal range ) , and s in e andean foothills to peru , possibly to bolivia .
( lesson , 1830 ) – s venezuela , the guianas and through amazonia .
( vieillot , 1817 ) – s of amazonia in brazil , paraguay and nc & ne argentina ( e formosa , e chaco , misiones ) .
amadon , 1964 – nw argentina ( subtropical forests in foothills of jujuy , salta and tucumán ) .
advertising call is a somewhat dog - like , monotonous yapping , “keyak” , “ark . . .
humid and wet tropical forests : in middle america , high , mature forests ; in amazonia and se brazil . . .
virtually all data from petén ( guatemala ) , where lays mid apr to mid may ( late dry season ) , hatching mid may to mid jun and fledging . . .
sedentary , but occasionally recorded outside generally known range , e . g . s rio grande do sul , . . .
, probably one of most abundant raptors in amazonian forests . average estimated density . . .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : micrastur ruficollis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america by steve n . g . howell , sophie webb - oxford university press - isbn : 0198540124
a guide to the birds of colombia by steven l . hilty and william l . brown - princeton university press – isbn 069108372x
in both morphs , we can see orange - yellow cere , lores and conspicuous eye - ring . the bill is blackish . the eyes are dark yellow to pale brown . legs and feet are yellow .
it often hunts from a perch , waiting for a prey . when the prey is detected , it performs a brief flying pursuit . it also follows army ants , and may attack the other birds which also follow the ants . it often runs after small preys which are flushed by the ants .
during the breeding season , male and female performs courtship displays , including callings before the sunrise , and courtship - feeding by the male . it is often seen solitary or in pairs . pair bonds last more than one season .
she usually lays 2 to 3 eggs . a second clutch can replace the first if there is nest failure . the incubation lasts about 33 to 35 days , usually by the female alone , but she is fed by the male near the nest . the young fledge about 35 to 44 days after hatching , ( 38 days in average ) . the young begin to catch arthropods on the ground about two weeks after fledging . one week later , they follow army ants and catch lizards . they begin to chase birds five weeks after fledging , and the male reduces the number of preys brought to the young . the male delivers all the food during the incubation and the nesting periods .
avibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com
world land trust ( wlt ) helps save endangered plants and animals by protecting habitat through its worldwide conservation projects . some of these species are new to science and are unique to the habitats saved by wlt funded land purchase .
these habitats are home to an enormous array of species , with hundreds of species of mammals , birds , reptiles , amphibians , invertebrates and plants ( and in places , fish ) . here is a small selection of some of the species wlt helps to protect .
world land trust ( wlt ) helps save endangered plants and animals by protecting habitat through its worldwide conservation projects . some of …
wlt is a limited company registered in england & wales no . 2552942 . registered charity no . 1001291 © copyright world land trust .
note : this online review is updated and revised continuously , as soon as results of new scientific research become available . it therefore presents state - of - the - art information on the topic it covers .
are found only in tropical and subtropical forests of the western hemisphere . this group of
species breeds from tamaulipas , mexico south to northern argentina , paraguay and brazil ' s southernmost state of rio grande do sul .
atkinson ec ( 1997 ) singing for your supper : acoustical luring of avian prey by northern shrikes . condor 99 : 203 - 206
bierregaard ro ( 1994 ) species accounts - genus micrastur . in : del hojo j , elliott a , sargatal j ( eds ) handbook of the birds of the world , volume 2 . lynx ediciones , barcelona , pp 252 - 254 .
debenedictis pa ( 1996 ) aba checklist committee report , 1995 . birding 28 : 399 - 405
gerhardt rp ( 2004 ) cavity nesting in raptors of tikal national park and vicinity , peten , guatemala . ornitologia neotropical 15 : 477 - 483
lasley gw , sexton c , luckner gd ( 1994 ) texas region . national audubon society field notes 48 ( 2 ) 224 - 228
robinson , s . k . ( 1994 ) habitat selection and foraging ecology of raptors in amazonian peru . biotropica 26 : 443 - 458
smith ng ( 1969 ) provoked release of mobbing - a hunting technique of micrastur falcons . ibis 111 : 241 - 243
thiollay j - m ( 2007 ) raptor communities in french guiana : distribution , habitat selection , and conservation . journal of raptor research 41 : 90 - 105
the author is : dr . paul d . haemig ( phd in animal ecology )
they are endemic to the americas , being found from mexico in north , south through central america , and large parts of south america , as far south as northern argentina .
they have short wings , long tails , and extraordinarily acute hearing . while generally highly inconspicious , their songs are commonly heard .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
please note : any content published on this site is commentary or opinion , and is protected under free speech . it is only provided for educational and entertainment purposes , and is in no way intended as a substitute for professional advice . avianweb / beautyofbirds or any of their authors / publishers assume no responsibility for the use or misuse of any of the published material . your use of this website indicates your agreement to these terms .
by bernabé lópez - lanús . published in cotinga , the journal of the neotropical bird club , ( pages 9 - 11 ) , number 14 , autumn 2000 .
se describe el cortejo , apareamiento y usurpación de un nido de ara ambigua por parte de una pareja de micrastur semitorquatus , en la reserva cerro blanco , guayas , sudoeste de ecuador . los nidos y comportamiento reproductivo de micrastur spp . son poco conocidos y escasos , aportándose nuevos conocimientos tanto para la especie como para el género , el cual presenta especies en peligro de extinción . la usurpación del nido se atribuye a la competencia por sitios aptos para anidar en dos especies que necesitan cavidades en arboles para su reproducción .
loro parque foundation and pro - bosque foundation sponsored and financed the guayaquil macaw project , thus making this note possible . jacqueline sócola and karl berg assisted in the fieldwork and provided valuable advice . eric horstman , raquel molinas and all the park rangers of the bpcb gave invaluable support and technical assistance . paul salaman contributed in various ways to this work . finally , chris canaday and kristin salaman translated the text into english .
bernabe lopez - lanus proyecto ognorhynchus , carrera 4 . nro . 5 - 48 , salento , quindio , colombia . e - rnail : bernabe @ urltoken / lopezlanus @ vahoo . com .
the actp team at schöneiche in germany together with the brazilian minister of environment , the hon . edson duarte , representatives from the german bfn , project p . . . read more »
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birding and wildlife quest around monteverde , costa rica . we offers . . .
birding and wildlife quest around monteverde , costa rica . we offers birding tours , natural history tours , night walks and wildlife photography tours in the monteverde region .
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responsibility edited by david f . whitacre ; foreword by j . peter jenny . imprint ithaca [ n . y . ] : comstock pub . associates / cornell university press : in association with the peregrine fund , 2012 . physical description xvi , 412 p . , [ 24 ] p . of plates : ill . ( some col . ) , maps ( some col . ) ; 29 cm .
contributor whitacre , david f . ( david frederick ) peregrine fund ( u . s . )
includes bibliographical references ( p . [ 379 ] - 399 ) and index .
gray - headed kite / russel k . thorstrom . . . [ et al . ]
swallow - tailed kite / richard p . gerhardt , dawn m . gerhardt , and miguel a . vásquez
double - toothed kite / mark d . schulze . . . [ et al . ]
plumbeous kite / nathaniel e . seavy . . . [ et al . ]
white hawk / gregory s . draheim . . . [ et al . ]
great black hawk / richard p . gerhardt , nathaniel e . seavy , and ricardo a . madrid
black hawk - eagle / david f . whitacre . . . [ et al . ]
ornate hawk - eagle / david f . whitacre . . . [ et al . ]
black - and - white owl / richard p . gerhardt . . . [ et al . ]
ecology and conservation of tikal ' s raptor fauna / david f . whitacre and william a . burnham .
subject birds of prey > guatemala > parque nacional tikal . birds of prey > ecology > guatemala > parque nacional tikal .
publication date 2012 note
published in association with the peregrine fund .
isbn 9780801440793 ( cloth : alk . paper ) 0801440793 ( cloth : alk . paper )
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distribution : neotropical . central mexico southern through central american lowlands to colombia and west of the andes to northwestern peru and east of the andes in northern venezuela and from eastern peru and central and eastern brazil ( south of the amazon ) to northern argentina and southern brazil . more . . . .
thorstrom , r . k . , j . d . ramos , and c . m . morales .
thorstrom , r . k . , c . w . turley , f . g . ramirez , and b . a . gilroy .
researchers : albuquerque , jorge gómez , césar quirós bazán , norman riba - hernández , laura thorstrom , russell valdez , ursula vargas g . , josé de j . whittaker , andrew
dénes , f . v . , l . f . silveira , s . seipke , r . thorstrom , w . s . clark , and j . - m . thiollay . 2011 . the white - collared kite ( leptodon forbesi swann , 1922 ) and a review of the taxonomy of the grey - headed kite ( leptodon cayanensis latham , 1790 ) . wilson journal of ornithology 123 : 323 - 331 . pdf
seipke , s . h . , f . v . dénes , f . pellinger , r . thorstrom , j . - m . thiollay , l . f . silveira , and w . s . clark . 2011 . field identification of white - collared kite leptodon forbesi and similar - looking species in north - east brazil . neotropical birding 8 : 29 - 39 .
rabearivony , j . , a . p . raselimanana , m . a . andriamazava , r . thorstrom , and l . - a . rene de roland . 2010 . a new locality for the endangered microhylid frog scaphiophryne boribory from northern madagascar and a rapid survey of other amphibians of the bemanevika region . herpetology notes 3 : 105 - 109 . pdf
rabearivony , j . , r . thorstrom , l . - a . rene de roland , m . rakotondratsima , t . r . a . andriamalal , the seing same , g . razafimanjato , d . rakotondravony , a . p . raselimanana , and m . rakotoson . 2010 . protected area surface extension in madagascar : do endemism and threatened species remain useful criteria for site selection ? madagascar conservation & development 5 : 35 - 47 . pdf
razafimahatrata , b . , g . razafimanjato , and r . thorstrom . 2010 . a new locality for the endangered day gecko phelsuma klemmeri from western madagascar . herpetology notes 3 : 197 - 199 . pdf
rené de roland , l . - a . , and r . thorstrom . 2010 . first record of torotoroka scops owl otus madagascariensis nesting on the ground . bulletin of the african bird club 16 : 87 - 88 . pdf
rene de roland l - a . , r . thorstrom , g . razafimanjato , mph rkotondratsima , tra andriamalala , the seing sam . 2009 . survey , distribution and current status of the madagascar harrier circus macrosceles in madagascar . bird conservation international 19 : 309 - 322 .
rene de roland l - a . , r . thorstrom . 2009 . first record of torotoroka scops owl otus madagascariensis nesting on the ground . bulletin of the african bird club 16 : 87 - 88 . pdf
rabearivony , j . , e . ranameha , j . mampiandra , and r . thorstrom . 2008 . taboos and social contracts : tools for ecosystem management - lessons from the manambolomaty lakes ramsar site , western madagascar . madagascar conservation & development 3 : 7 - 16 . pdf
thorstrom , r . and d . mcqueen . 2008 . breeding and status of the grenada hook - billed kite ( chondrohierax uncinatus mirus ) . ornitologia neotropical 19 : 221 - 228 . pdf
johnson , j . a . , r . thorstrom , and d . p . mindell . 2007 . systematics and conservation of the hook - billed kite including the island taxa from cuba and grenada . animal conservation 10 : 349 - 359 . pdf
pagel , j . e . , and r . k . thorstrom . 2007 . accessing nests . pp . 171 - 179 in d . m . bird and k . l . bildstein ( eds . ) , raptor research and management techniques . hancock house , surrey , british columbia , canada . pdf
razafimanjato , g . , l . - a . rene de roland , j . rabearivony , and r . thorstrom . 2007 . nesting biology and food habits of the peregrine falcons falco peregrinus radama in the south - west and central plateau of madagascar . ostrich 78 : 7 - 12 . pdf
razafimanjato , g . , t . s . sam , and r . thorstrom . 2007 . waterbird monitoring in the antsalova region , western madagascar . waterbirds 30 : 441 - 447 . pdf


the island mackerel ( rastrelliger faughni ) is a species of true mackerel in the scombrid family ( scombridae ) from the indo-pacific .

their maximum reported length is 20 cm , and the maximum reported weight is 0.75 kg .

while the fao report no commercial landings of island mackerel , the iucn report annual landings in excess of 800,000 tonnes .

island mackerel

en - island mackerel , fr - maquereau des îles , sp - caballa isleña .
please note the mackerel islands operates a no byo alcohol policy on thevenard island due to liquor licensing conditions , however we are happy to order in special items with notice . if you’re playing castaway on direction island , byo is acceptable .
direction island is where you can “rent your own island” with a sole beach shack , which is the only man - made structure on the island , allowing you to enjoy the ultimate wilderness experience in an almost untouched environment .
this for me was a fishing trip . i booked the 6 days on the island with 4 days charter fishing on the mackerel islands fishing charters boat . the fishing was sensational . we caught spanish mackerel and tuna on the troll and a huge range of bottom fish including . . .
for the ultimate wilderness experience , rent your own island with a sole beach shack on direction island . nestled within its own coral reef , you can have the entire island to yourself to explore with up to eight of your family and friends .
two of the ten islands – thevenard island and direction island – offer accommodation and access to an extraordinary experience , where rugged adventure meets isolation at its most splendid .
the mackerel islands are a coastal expression of the pilbara’s untamed beauty . whether you’re a local , travelling through the pilbara , or seeking to discover uncharted terrain , the magic of your time on the mackerel islands will stay with you forever .
the mackerel islands is not a hotel . it has a choice of cabins or rooms to stay in both doubles and singles .
the mackerel islands are a collection of 10 pristine islands and atolls scattered off the mid - coast of western australia , 22km from the mainland at onslow , or approximately 1 , 400km north of perth , in the spectacular pilbara region . two of the islands welcome guests – thevenard island and direction island – with accommodation , facilities and activities .
if you have your own boat , we offer excellent services for guests to explore the mackerel islands for a hassle - free , fun getaway .
a . for overnight guests : ferry transfers depart from onslow 4 times per week to the mackerel islands and take approximately 45 minutes . departure time from onslow to the islands is typically 12 : 00 noon , departure times returning to onslow are 10 : 00am from thevenard island and 10 : 30am from direction island * . bookings for our ferry transfers are essential .
we operate ferry transfers ( subject to weather conditions and demand ) departing from our private departure jetty at beadon creek , onslow . the boat trip takes 20 minutes to direction island and 45 minutes to thevenard island .
fabulous views of the atlantic ocean , block island sound , great salt pond , crescent beach and . . .
whether you’re seeking a family holiday , a group getaway , a castaway - style adventure or a romantic retreat , you’ll find your ideal escape at the mackerel islands .
direction island is the perfect hideaway . located 11km from the mainland , it is accessible by either charter boat or private vessel . direction island boasts clean sandy beaches and a surrounding coral reef that provides boundless opportunities for the evening dinner table .
a . located off the mid - coast of western australia , the mackerel islands comprise of 10 pristine islands and atolls , two of which have accommodation – thevenard and direction .
a . the 10 islands within the mackerel islands group are gazetted nature reserves , therefore no camping is allowed without a permit . we currently do not have camping facilities available .
west side house : unusual opportunity to own a part of block island ' s history . the house was a . . .
a . yes , we are sister properties ! we have a long and colourful history on the mackerel islands which includes the recent rebuilding of the onslow beach resort and the beach club .
discover the incredible sea life in the waters surrounding the mackerel islands , with turtles , dolphins , whales , dugongs ( sea cows ) stingrays , reef sharks , crays and huge fish .
a . thevenard island is located 22km ( 12 nautical miles ) from the coast of onslow and takes approximately 45 minutes by boat . direction island is approximately 10km ( 5 . 5 nautical miles ) and 20 minutes by boat . you can see both islands from onslow .
direction island is a small island with its own reef . with just one fully self - contained cabin you are free to enjoy the peace and tranquility . fish , swim , skin dive , view exotic shells or just relax in the fabulous north west sunshine secluded from the outside world .
a . we have communal freezer storage for the fishing fanatics out there , where we have large stores of fresh ice . thevenard island has a state - of - the - art desalination plant pumping huge quantities of fresh water around the island , so ice and fresh water just isn’t a problem !
we think planning your wedding should be fun ! that ' s why the block island wedding show is the perfect place to meet the . . .
we have all types of counter tops and can often install in just one day ! representative is on island once a week and offers . . .
the onslow beach resort has a tour desk and booking services , putting an unmissable mackerel islands experience at your fingertips ! add a few nights staying on the islands when planning your trip to onslow . you can book your accommodation and ferry transfers with us , plus fishing , diving and whale watching boat charters ( in season ) , and island activities like kayaking , sup boarding and snorkelling .
located 20 minutes from onslow , a holiday or day trip to the mackerel islands provides a wilderness - style experience boasting world–class fishing , diving , snorkelling , swimming , boating , nature watching and relaxation in protected , calm waters .
a . yes ! on thevenard island , you can order meals , wine and tap beer from the flying fish bar & restaurant ( open seasonally , times vary ) .
a . all permanent staff are trained in first aid for treatment of minor injuries . swift transport to onslow hospital is provided if required , which is a two - minute drive from the onslow jetty . for emergency situations mackerel islands is registered with the royal flying doctor service . there is an airstrip on thevenard island for the landing of aircraft in emergency situations . it is advisable to let staff know of any potential medical requirements as soon as possible .
enjoy an idyllic holiday without the distractions of life’s bustle on one of two spectacular islands . located 20 minutes from onslow and only 100km north of exmouth , a holiday or day trip to the mackerel islands provides a wilderness - style experience boasting world–class fishing . . .
need more to do ? partake in a little beachcombing , stargazing , bird watching , humpback whale or dolphin watching , see turtles nesting and hatching , or become part of history by scribing in our island diaries .
go wild in style on thevenard island in a choice of two , three , or five bedroom beachfront cabins overlooking the bay with stunning ocean views , or club village single and double rooms for the more budget conscious .
sections b . i . wind farm - b . i . times archive - national archive news - loose ends visitor information dining guide island transportation - new england airlines - pt . judith ferry - new london ferry - montauk ferry
ideal for families and groups of up to 10 - 14 people , with small group sizes allowing everyone a piece of the action and a unique , tailored adventure . the expert mackerel islands crew are solely devoted to your adventure – with many a tale to tell and tips to share , this is one charter to get excited about !
you can buy food items and liquor at competitive prices at the island general store , making it easy to help limit the amount of supplies you need to cart around with you on holiday , or if you forget or run out of something .
we also have an online grocery store so you can pre - order your food and drinks prior to your stay at either thevenard or direction island , and arrive to a stocked fridge and pantry in your own cabin . check out the online store !
thevenard island features 13 beachfront cabins , 34 single and double ensuite rooms , a general store , restaurant and bar ( open seasonally , times vary ) , swimming pool , activity hire centre , gym , guest laundry , bbqs , boat moorings , airstrip and fuel facilities .
we visited thevenard island with 3 other families during the september / october school holidays as part of a karijini and coral coast holiday . it is an absolutely wonderful place with great beaches , fish , coral , other wildlife and heaps to do . but the place is . . .
stayed in a beachfront cabin which was a 2 bed / 1 bath . full kitchen , bbq amenities , shop on the island . had the best weekend , walking the beaches , water temp was great and signs of turtles everywhere . staff are very accomodating and do their best for the . . .
a . lots ! one of the best things about visiting is that you can let the kids run free to explore and discover the island – they’ll squeal with delight at the sight of ghost crabs , turtle tracks , ta - ta lizards that “wave” hello , cool shells and googly eyed squid floating close to shore .
a . the mackerel islands are easily accessible from onslow , via our ferry boat transfers or your own private vessel or charter plane . from perth , you can fly daily direct to onslow with virgin australia , the flight time is 2 hours . if driving and heading north up the coast , onslow is located 1 , 400km from perth , 965km from geraldton and 400km from exmouth . if driving south from the north west region , onslow is located 1 , 130km from broome , 540km from port hedland and 300km from karratha . further information is available here .
a . we sell fuel for boats , ice , bait , tackle , food supplies , alcohol , and general groceries . on thevenard island , there is a restaurant and bar ( open seasonally , times vary ) , swimming pool , activity hire centre , gym , guest laundry , bbq facilities and even a communal freezer to store your fishing catch . we have a state - of - the - art solar power and desalination plant providing fresh water . you can travel over from onslow on our ferry transfer service , or bring your own boat over and hire a boat mooring in the main bay . we also have an airstrip welcoming private planes . on direction island , there is a boat mooring for private vessels under 6m in length , fresh water supply and solar power with a generator backup . bookings for our ferry transfers are essential on ( 08 ) 9184 6444 or
on direction island , the sole beach shack is a rustic a - frame cabin and features 2 bedrooms with queen and bunk beds , sleeping 2 - 8 people . the kitchen is fully self - contained with a stovetop , oven , full size fridge / freezer , seperate deep freezer and all cooking utensils . there is an indoor and outdoor dining setting , ceiling fans , weber bbq , raised balcony deck with panoramic ocean views and an outdoor private bathroom .
me and chief vin carlone go way back in this town . he was a cop , i was a teacher , our sons hung out and played guitars . vin jr . was a student of mine . moreover , we both play guitars , have dogs , and do some scribbling . so today in the damp drizzle , i was telling him about a new book of mine up at island bound , and we got to yakking about technical writing stuff : points of view , objectivity , subjectivity , and the merits of writing literary non - fiction as opposed to fiction .
a . on thevenard island , there is a choice of 2 , 3 or 5 bedroom beachfront cabins with spectacular ocean views , sleeping 2 - 10 people . the cabins are air - conditioned and feature a fully self - contained kitchen with a stovetop , oven , microwave , full size fridge / freezer , toaster , kettle , nespresso coffee machine , plus pots , pans , crockery , cutlery , glassware and utensils . all cabins have a dining and lounge area and their own private bathroom , with the larger cabins having additional bathrooms and toilets . outside there is a shaded entertaining area with a comfortable outdoor dining setting and a weber bbq .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
collette , b . , di natale , a . , fox , w . , juan jorda , m . & nelson , r .
this species is widespread in southeastern asia . there is no information on population or general abundance . it is targeted in commercial and artisanal fisheries throughout its range , but landings are primarily reported as mixed
species have steadily increased since 1950 to over 800 , 000 tonnes , but no effort information is available . given that effort is assumed to be increasing , it is not known how this species population is affected by current and historical fishing pressure . this species is listed as data deficient . given the absence of an international management body , further monitoring of this species is needed on the national level , in addition to species - specific data on landings , effort and population status .
this indo - west pacific species is found from india to fiji , and as far north as taiwan .
species , with combined reported landings increasing from 200 , 000 tonnes in 1950 to over 800 , 000 tonnes in 2006 ( fao 2009 ) .
this epipelagic , neritic species , occurs in waters where surface temperatures do not fall below 17°c . it forms schools of equally sized individuals . it feeds on the largest zooplankton organisms , thus complementing the planktonic food spectrum of the other two
little life history information exists for this species . longevity is estimated to be between 1 - 3 years in the philippines ( lavapie - gonzalez
this species is highly commercial , and is caught with a number of different gears including purse - seines , fish corrals , gill - nets , cast and drift nets , and by dynamiting . it is marketed fresh , frozen , canned , dried salted and smoked ( collette 2001 ) . it is taken along with other species of
species are increasing , and although there is no information on effort , it is also assumed to be increasing .
there are no species - specific conservation measures . although landings are increasing , without information on effort , it is not known if current fishing activities are affecting population abundance . better reporting is needed to determine species specific landings if possible . additionally , given the high combined landings for this species and unknown level of effort and the absence of an international management body , further monitoring of this species is needed on the national level .
collette , b . , di natale , a . , fox , w . , juan jorda , m . & nelson , r . 2011 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
marine ; pelagic - neritic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 150 - ? m . tropical ; 28°n - 19°s , 79°e - 170°e ( ref . 168 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 20 . 0 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 168 ) ; max . published weight : 750 . 00 g ( ref . 168 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 8 - 11 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 12 ; vertebrae : 31 . head longer than body depth . maxilla covered by lachrymal bone . swim bladder present . interpelvic process small and single . anal spine rudimentary . bristles on longest gill raker , 30 to 55 on one side . gill rakers do not extend far into mouth . a black blotch behind pectoral fin base . the belly is yellowish silver ; 2 to 6 large spots are at the base of the first dorsal fin ; tow faint stripes are at the level of the lateral line in some specimens .
epipelagic , neritic species , occurring in waters where surface temperatures do not fall below 17°c . forms schools of equally sized individuals . feeds on the largest zooplankton organisms , thus complementing the planktonic food spectrum of the other two rastrelliger species .
collette , b . b . and c . e . nauen , 1983 . fao species catalogue . vol . 2 . scombrids of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of tunas , mackerels , bonitos and related species known to date . rome : fao . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 2 ) : 137 p . ( ref . 168 )
) : 15 - 22 . 9 , mean 18 . 3 ( based on 44 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00912 ( 0 . 00418 - 0 . 01991 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( k = 1 . 45 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .
enjoy an idyllic holiday without the distractions of life’s bustle , staying on one of two spectacular islands .
explore the magnificent marine vistas surrounding the islands . underwater sea life at its most beautiful .
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a . of course ! we have a range of accommodation for you to find your ideal stay . we can accommodate solo travellers , couples , groups of friends , families , school groups , fishing or diving groups , retreats , corporate and team building escapades , weddings , special requests and more depending on your requirements .
( cnr second ave & third st ) right in the centre of town on the waterfront . go to reception where our friendly team will be expecting you . if you need to contact the onslow beach resort , call ( 08 ) 9184 6586 or email
a . no , sorry we don’t allow this , however do have a range of accommodation types to suit all budgets and requirements .
then , jump on a sup board or kayak , hire a plaka boat and cruise the waters to spot incredible marine life , take a nature discovery walk , reel in dinner from the beach , spend a few hours or a few days snorkelling , play a beach cricket or volleyball game , cook up a storm on your shaded cabin deck with a chilled drink , head out for a sunset 4wd tour , or join our skipper on one of our fishing charters or diving charters .
a . yes , we have all tours , activities and accommodation prices outlined on this printable list .
a . you can with sufficient notice . we will do our best to accommodate special requests , including special occasions , so please provide as much notice as possible .
a . for fishing and diving charters : we operate an 11m leisurecat accommodating up to 10 people with experienced and knowledgeable skippers . charters are seasonal so please contact us for the most up to date information or visit our fish or dive pages .
a . for day trips : half day and full day trips depart from onslow subject to availability and minimum numbers , and run for approximately 4 to 8 hours from departure to return . you will be advised of departure times upon booking as these vary .
a . yes , we offer secure overnight parking on the mainland in onslow for $ 10 per car or caravan , $ 15 per car and trailer . please note this is not a powered site .
a . our peak season runs from march to october , however the quieter months provide some amazing nature experiences , especially turtle hatchings . it is warmer during this time and there is a risk of cyclone activity between november – april ; however we have tight procedures and policies in place should this occur during your stay .
a . yes , our rates remain consistent during the week and on weekends . check out our day trips page for detailed information and inclusions .
the solar powered cabin is fully self - contained providing fresh drinking water , gas stove , refrigerator , freezer , 12v lights , toilet and shower with hot and cold water . the cabin is fully furnished and equipped with beds , mattresses , blankets , pillows and crockery , cutlery and cooking equipment . linen is also included in tariff . please indicate requirements when booking . the accommodation can cater for up to 8 people and the price is based on a weekly rate .
it ' s always great to know what others think . so here ' s some comments from those with experience here .
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stayed for a week in wonderful self contained unit . great time , awesome reef / ground . staff were the best - manager chris made sure we were well looked after even helped repairing of sons prescription glasses . ash helped out with knowledge of area and helped . . .
excellent fishing trip , stayed in chalets on beach front , clean and comfortable . we had 2 days on charter with excellent skipper chris who ensured that we had our essie’s full of premium fillets to take back home . rest of time we fished and snorkelled from . . .
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a beach front cabin , although on the expensive side , is perfect .
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watch sea turtles haul themselves up the beach to lay eggs , glimpse dolphins and whales playing in the blue - green waters , admire the kaleidoscope of colourful fish , crabs and stingrays among the coral reefs while you snorkel , or reel in the catch of your life from the pilbara’s fishiest waters . then as the sun goes down and the night sky lights up with a dusting of silver , you can simply stargaze in awe and breathe in the quietness . this is the amazing , off the beaten track experience you have been looking for .
this is the place to reconnect with loved ones , where you can experience true relaxation or be as active as you like surrounded by sand , water and nature .
with awesome fishing just a short distance from the islands , plus moorings , boat fuel and supplies , your days at the mackerels will be smooth sailing . to cap it off our crew will be there to welcome you back to shore safely .
speak to our friendly reservations team to find out more or make a booking for your unique adventure holiday .
this video contains content from wmg , who has blocked it on copyright grounds .
wmg ( on behalf of warner bros . label ) ; ascap , umpg publishing , ubem , umpi , cmrra , and 14 music rights societies
wmg ( on behalf of warner bros . label ) ; umpg publishing , ubem , cmrra , ascap , umpi , and 13 music rights societies
wmg ( on behalf of warner bros . label ) ; ascap , umpg publishing , ubem , cmrra , and 14 music rights societies
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our conversation , was a good one as far as ferry parking lot conversation goes with the chief . ya know , it wasn ' t about crime ; it was a good chat . so we ' re doing the yada yada thing , and suddenly i hear a swooshing sound from above . then , i hear a whoooomp . turns out that some gulls were having a battle royale with 4 , yes i said 4 , tinker mackeral . the gulls failed—after tearing apart the out gunned aquatic creatures they were trying to gobble down the gaping maw of their gullets—to keep the fish in their mouths . after dropping said fish , they were coming in hot , and all hit the chief ' s car in unison ; missing me and dave alpers by inches . we were noting the slop on vin ' s car , as i got a butler to sweep up the deceased tinkers .
there is a story here , right joe ,
laughed the chief .
as the chief was backing his car onto the boat , i noticed that besides the mound of gooey slime from this aerial assault , there was also a very small fish on his hood . i told him to let it stay there if anyone doubts the veracity of this story . it would be evidence .
feeling anxious ? try this ! mindfulness meditation is a simple practice used to calm the mind . science proves it provides . . .
spa services , heated pool , heated bathroom floors , onsite restaurant , luxurious linens , ocean views . . . all at a great price . . .
off cooneymus road : charming cape cod style home sited on knoll with pond and walking distance to cooneymus beach . . .
1629 pilot hill road - $ 1 , 195 , 000 located off pilot hill road on seaweed lane this wonderful 4 - . . .
perched on a knoll , this well - appointed contemporary home captures gorgeous views of the block . . .
wonderful vacation home tucked at the end of a four home subdivision offering privacy but is still . . .
gables inn with 13 rooms , 4 with private baths , parlor and storage areas for guests , office ; 1 br . . .
located high on a hill overlooking the southeast light , this wonderful property has spectacular . . .
this historic home , built in 1850 , overlooks a small pristine farm with horses , and a variety of . . .
part 2 recognizing a spirit - filled pastor chapter 3 what are some hindrances that inhibit the filling of the spirit ? a . . .
parte 2 reconociendo un llena del espíritu pastor capítulo 3 ¿cuáles son algunos de los obstáculos que inhiben la llenura . . .
daniel 3 : 16 - 18 , steve hollaway , harbor church , july 1 , 2018 the story of shadrach , meshach , and abednego is a story of . . .


the chloroperlidae are a family of stoneflies , commonly known as green stoneflies , with more than 180 species in 15 genera .

they appear green to yellow in color .

chloroperlidae

nelson , c . riley . 1996 . chloroperlidae . version 01 january 1996 ( under construction ) .
nearctic genera of chloroperlinae ( plecoptera : chloroperlidae ) . university of illinios press , urbana , il . 146 pages .
( plecoptera : chloroperlidae ) . proceedings of the entomolological society of washington 97 ( 1 ) , 161 - 177 .
they found chloroperlidae nymphs in the hyporheic zone of the south platte river in the front range of colorado at 1863 meters elevation .
quoted from page 165 :
the family chloroperlidae in the rocky mountains comprises two subfamilies , eight genera and twenty - three species .
new family characters of larval plecoptera , with an analysis of the chloroperlidae : paraperlinae . aquatic insects , 28 : 13 - 22 .
surdick , r . f . 1985 . nearctic genera of chloroperlinae ( plecoptera : chloroperlidae ) . illinois biol . monog . 54 : 1 - 146 .
i ' m just guessing this is chloroperlidae , since it ' s little and yellow . if anyone has a less haphazard identification , feel free to post it .
abstract :
larval structures diagnostic of several plecoptera families , subfamilies or genera are described and illustrated . they concern the following : distinction of larval leuctridae from capniidae ; an additional apomorphy of nemouridae ; a synapomorphy of perlidae and perlodidae ; monophyly of each of the two subfamilies of chloroperlidae , and the generic limits among chloroperlidae : paraperlinae .
type genus : chloroperla newman , 1836 ; priority for family - group names based on chloroperla dates from chloroperlinae okamoto , 1912 . first use as chloroperlidae by frison , 1935 .
zhiltzova , l . a . & zwick , p . ( 1971 ) notes on asiatic chloroperlidae ( plecoptera ) , with descriptions of new species . entomologisk tidskrift , 92 , 183–197 .
chen , z . t . & du , y . z . ( 2016 ) a new species of haploperla from china ( plecoptera , chloroperlidae ) . zookeys , 572 , 1–6 . urltoken
stark , b . p . & sivec , i . ( 2009 ) sweltsa wui and haploperla valentinae ( plecoptera : chloroperlidae ) , two new stoneflies from sichuan province , china . illiesia , 5 , 156–163 .
zhu , j . y . , zhang , j . h . & wang , w . ( 2007 ) two new record family of plecoptera ( plecoptera : chloroperlidae , perlodidae ) in xinjiang . journal of shihezi university ( natural science ) , 25 , 273–275 .
li , w . h . , yao , g . & qin , x . f . ( 2013 ) haploperla choui sp . n . ( plecoptera : chloroperlidae ) , a remarkable new stonefly from qinling mountains of china . zootaxa , 3640 ( 4 ) , 550–556 .
chloroperlidae consists of approximately 110 species divided between the nearctic , palearctic , and oriental regions . the nymphs are distinctive in having quite short legs and shortened cerci . some genera are a common part of the general benthos in streams and rivers while others , especially the paraperlinae , are exclusively hyporheic .
ty - jour ti - a new species of sweltsa from west virginia ( plecoptera : chloroperlidae ) t2 - entomological news . vl - 99 ur - urltoken pb - american entomological society , cy - [ philadelphia ] py - 1988 sp - 233 ep - 236 sn - 0013 - 872x er -
the nymphs of chloroperlidae differ from those of other families in systellognatha by their short cerci , lack of distinct color patterns , rounded wing pads and complete absence of external gills ( figs 15 , 478 ) . the body is tubular - shaped and bristled ; well adapted to burrowing in the fine gravel of streambeds .
at least some of the
green - winged stoneflies
( subfamily isoperlinae ) do have a yellowish / greenish anterior margin to the forewing , but never do they have the entire wing a brilliant green , as do the
green stoneflies
( chloroperlidae ) . - d . s . chandler , 25 . iv . 2008
@ article { bhlpart38933 , title = { a new species of sweltsa from west virginia ( plecoptera : chloroperlidae ) } , journal = { entomological news . } , volume = { 99 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ philadelphia ] american entomological society , 1925 - } , author = { } , year = { 1988 } , pages = { 233 - - 236 } , }
zwick ( 1973 ) lists two synapomorphies of the chloroperlidae as : 1 , last palpal segment minute , conical , inserted asymmetrically on second to las segment ; 2 , caecal sacs of gut reduced . he lists the synapomorphy for the paraperlinae as having the head elongate , with the temples parallel . he lists three synapomorphies for the chloroperlinae : 1 , tearing mandible of nymph secondarily present in adult ; 2 , distal portion of male epiproct no longer directed posteriorly but sharply bent to point forwar : basal rod flat and wide , largely fused to front margin of 10th segment ; 3 , anal fan of wing much reduced . surdick ( 1985 ) presents phylogenetic information for the nearctic genera .
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the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
you can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .
for more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .
nelson , c . h . 1984 . numerical cladistic analysis of phylogenetic relationships in plecoptera . ann . entomol . soc . amer . 77 : 466 - 473 .
zwick , p . 1973 . insecta : plecoptera . phylogenetisches system und katalog . das tierreich 94 . walter de gruyter and co . , berlin . 465 pp .
each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
2 subfamilies ( one very small ) , with > 100 spp . in 13 genera in our area
dewalt r . e . , maehr m . d . , neu - becker u . , stueber g . ( 2013 ) plecoptera species file online . version 5 . 0
how to know the insects roger g . bland , h . e . jaques . 1978 . wcb / mcgraw - hill .
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these stoneflies , the
little yellows
and
little greens ,
are quite common summer fauna . they are spread out in a mix between the different genera . the scientific common name for them is sallfly .
here ' s an underwater view of the pupal shucks of several already - emerged brachycentrus numerosus caddisflies .
: the shed exoskeleton left over when an insect molts into its next stage or instar . most often it describes the last nymphal or pupal skin exited during emergence into a winged adult .
early in the morning . there was also a yellow one with them , which i assumed was a different species . now that i ' ve seen how this one started changing from green to yellow , i have to wonder if they weren ' t the same species and the yellow one was just older .
at the top of the page to post . if you haven ' t registered yet , it ' s this easy :
swisher , doug and carl richards . 2000 . selective trout . the lyons press .
i outfish my daddy ! electric blue hendrickson dun . i love buggers . big , green , wooly ones . i outfish my husband ! be the trout . eat mayflies .
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the stoneflies ( plecoptera ) of the rocky mountains . memoirs of the american entomological society 31 , 1 - 208 .
most chloroperlid adults can be distinguished from other stoneflies by their reduced wing veination , oval pronotum and delicate yellow , green or olive drab coloration . the genus
by inexperienced students because of its dark coloration . forking in the second anal vein of the forewing easily separates the chloroperlids from the perlodids .
acute toxicity of zinc to several aquatic species native to the rocky mountains . archives of environmental contamination and toxicology , 62 ( 2 ) , 272 - 281 .
interstital faunal communities of the hyporheic and adjacent groundwater biotopes of a colorado mountain stream . archiv für hydrobiologie suppl . 74 3 , 356 - 396 .
an illustrated guide to the mountain stream insects of colorado . 2nd ed . university press of colorado , boulder , colorado . 219 pages .
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merritt , r w . , k w . cummins , and m b . berg . an introduction to the aquatic insects of north america . dubuque , iowa : kendall / hunt company , 2008
plecoptera species file ( version 5 . 0 / 5 . 0 ) home search taxa key help wiki
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zwick , p . 1990 . in campbell [ ed . ] . mayflies and stoneflies : life histories and biology . proceedings of the 5th international ephemeroptera conference and the 9th international plecoptera conference . ser . entomol . 44 : 141 - 148
zhiltzova . 1995 . katalog tipovykh ekzemplyarov kollektsii zoologicheskogo instituta ran . vesnyanki ( plecoptera ) [ catalogue of type specimens in the collection of the zoological institute , russian academy of sciences . plecoptera ] 14 - 16
stewart & stark . 2002 . nymphs of north american stonefly genera ( plecoptera ) . 2nd . ed . 248 > > note : key to genera , north america , nymphs
stewart & sandberg . 2006 . in drosopoulos & claridge . insect sounds and communication : physiology , behaviour , ecology and evolution 184 , 185
sheldon . 2008 . in hauer , stanford & newell [ ed . ] . international advances in the ecology , zoogeography , and systematics of mayflies and stoneflies 15 - 38
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zhi - teng chen school of horticulture and plant protection & institute of applied entomology , yangzhou university , yangzhou 225009 , china .
yu - zhou du school of horticulture and plant protection & institute of applied entomology , yangzhou university , yangzhou 225009 , china .
two new species of the chloroperline genus haploperla , h . tuanjiena sp . nov . from sichuan province , china and h . datongensis sp . nov . from qinghai province , china are described and illustrated . haploperla tuanjiena is characterized by terga 10 with a medially triangular sclerotized area and the epiproct subtriangular , anterolateral margin sclerotized with apex acute . haploperla datongensis is characterized by the epiproct tongue - shaped , anterior margin and anteroventrally strongly sclerotized . the new species are compared with similar taxa of the genus . an identification key is provided for the seven known chinese species of haploperla .
dewalt , r . e . , maehr , m . d . , neu - becker , u . & stueber , g . ( 2016 ) plecoptera species file online . available from : urltoken ( accessed 16 sept . 2016 )
navás , l . ( 1934 ) nevropteres et insects voisins ( chine et pays environments ) . notes d ' entomologie chinoise , 2 ( 1 ) , 1–16 .
stark , b . p . & sivec , i . ( 2008 ) new stoneflies ( plecoptera ) from asia . illiesia , 4 ( 1 ) , 1–10 .
zhiltzova , l . a . & levanidova , i . m . ( 1978 ) new species of stoneflies ( plecoptera ) from the far east . trudy zoologicheskogo instituta akademii nauk sssr ( leningrad ) , 71 , 3–29 .
zwick , p . ( 1977 ) ergebnisse der bhutan - expedition 1972 des naturhistorischen museums in basel . plecoptera . entomologica basiliensia , 2 , 85–134 .
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luposicya lupus is a species of goby native to the indian ocean and the western pacific ocean .

this species lives on large fan-shaped or floppy sponges growing on reefs at depths down to 15 metres ( 49 ft ) .

this species grows to a length of 3.5 centimetres ( 1.4 in ) sl .

this species is the only known member of its genus .

luposicya lupus

a cup - sponge gobies , luposicya lupus , in lembeh straits , sulawesi , indonesia . source : jim greenfield / fishbase . license : all rights reserved
latin , lupus = wolf + greek , sikya , - as = cucumber ( ref . 45335 )
showing page 1 . found 0 sentences matching phrase
luposicya lupus
. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .
luposicya lupus is found in the indo - west pacific from pinda , mozambique , red sea , chagos archipelago , indonesia , philippines and papua new guinea , north to japan , east to solomon islands and tonga , south to australia ( ashmore reef timor sea and great barrier reef ) ( randall et al . 2003 , allen and erdmann 2012 ) . it is recorded to depths of 1 - 15 m ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures for l . lupus ; however , its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas such as the great barrier reef marine park in australia ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 0 - 15 m ( ref . 48637 ) . temperate
indo - west pacific : pinda , mozambique to indonesia , north to japan . recently reported from tonga ( ref . 53797 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 3 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 48637 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 7 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 8 . characterized by semi - transparent head and body often covered with dense pepper - like spots ; presence of thin brown internal stripe interrupted by eight white dash - like marking along dorsal edge of vertebral column ; peritoneum silvery or whitish with pair of large brown blotches ; snout with a pair of narrow brown stripes ; 3 - 6 lowermost pectoral rays , unbranched and sometimes thickened ; longitudinal scale series 26 - 32 ; elongated oval or flattened cup shape formed by pelvic fins ; restricted gill opening , ranging from just past lower pectoral fin base to below preopercular margin ; fleshy snout overhanging lower jaw ( ref . 90102 ) .
inhabits large sponges , usually on the underside of floppy or fan types that grow on shallow reef flats and down on slopes that are subject to moderate currents ( ref . 48637 ) .
goren , m . , 1984 . three new species and two new records for the red sea of invertebrate associated gobies ( gobiidae , pisces ) . cybium 8 ( 1 ) : 71 - 82 . ( ref . 83991 )
) : 24 . 3 - 29 . 2 , mean 28 . 1 ( based on 2230 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00279 - 0 . 01364 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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justification : this species is distributed in the indo - pacific . it is fairly common . it is commensal on sponges of the genus phyllospongia . no major threats are known , and the species occurs in marine protected areas in parts of its range . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .
no specific - specific population data are available . however , the species is fairly common in collections .
this species inhabits large sponges , usually on the underside of floppy or fan types , especially phyllospongia foliascens and phyllospongia papyracea ( larson 1990 ) , that grow on shallow reef flats and down on slopes that are subject to moderate currents ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . it is a benthic spawner , that occurs solitarily ( allen et al . 2003 ) . the maximum recorded standard length of 3 . 5 cm ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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ce gobie a un corps semi - transparent avec une ligne interne brune rayé blanc . son museau est allongé , surplombant la mâchoire inférieure , avec 2 gros yeux cerclé de blanc et un cercle plus épais marbré brun blanc . taille 3 , 5 cm , profondeur 15 m
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