fraus polyspila is a moth of the hepialidae family .

it is endemic to new south wales , south australia , victoria and western australia .

adults are on wing in may .

the larvae have been recorded feeding on erharta species .

they create tunnels of about 20 cm deep .

fraus polyspila

fraus sp . photo courtesy of david fischer fraus simulans . victoria . march 31 , 2017 photo courtesy of nick temby©
fraus nanus ( herrich - schäffer , [ 1853 ] ) = epiolus nanus herrich - schäffer , [ 1853 ] .
adults fly mostly in the autumn and a few species occur in large numbers . larvae of fraus simulans construct vertical silk - lined tunnels in the soil and feed on surface grasses from within silk lined webbing ( grehan , 1989 )
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
meyrick , e . 1890 ,
revision of australian lepidoptera . iii
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , ser . 2 - n . s . , vol . 4 , no . 4 , pp . 1117 - 1216
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 10294c0b - 58c0 - 4e4d - 8ea1 - a635b8cb3b9a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2e46bafe - 8257 - 4efc - 93dc - cdc0717c7575
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 81d84d61 - 5262 - 4354 - 914b - 1d278670f4d8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c2795748 - 0876 - 4529 - 9fb8 - d3135ae85b5d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 175f1cef - 2b9a - 4adc - b765 - 672d6b4e8636
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 300331
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is monophyletic with respect to ( 1 ) elongate elliptical scales with a short , finely serrated apical margin and ( 2 ) patch of hair - scales at the base of the female hindwing ( nielsen & kristensen , 1989 ) .
nielsen , , e . s . and kristensen , n . p . 1989 .
s . e . big desert at 15 . 5 km . w . s . w . of rainbow , victoria , australia , 22 april 2008
paratype . australia : coolgardie , june 5 , 1965 . image courtesy of thomas j . witt©
det . e . s . nielsen , 1983 . new zealand arthropod collection . image : jane hyland ( cmnh )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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the arctic flounder ( liopsetta glacialis ) is a flatfish of the family pleuronectidae .

it is a demersal fish that lives on coastal mud bottoms in salt , brackish and fresh waters at depths of up to 90 metres ( 300 ft ) .

its native habitat is the polar waters of the northeastern atlantic and arctic oceans , from the white and barents seas to the coasts of siberia in russia and queen maud gulf in canada , and from the chuckchi and bering seas to bristol bay in alaska and the northern sea of okhotsk .

it can grow up to 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) in length .

arctic flounder

arctic flounder , pleuronectes glacialis arctic flounders are long - lived fish that can be found almost anywhere in the marine waters of the arctic . more
arctic flounder at the port of quebec city on 2011 - 01 - 15 .
an arctic flounder , of a liver - brown color , about a foot long . more
arctic flounder live in the extremely cold waters of the arctic and have an anti - freeze in their blood to keep them from freezing . more
arctic flounder , outbound , between the water breakers of ijmuiden . name : arctic flounder / call sign : v7rj8 / owner : arctic flounder shipping inc - athens / greece / ship manager : prime marine management inc - athens / greece / gross tonnage : 42827 gt / home port : majuro / flag : marshall islands / build : 2009 .
arctic flounder current position and history of port calls are received by ais . technical specifications , tonnages and management details are derived from vesselfinder database . the data is for informational purposes only and vesselfinder is not responsible for the accuracy and reliability of arctic flounder data .
esculentum , doesn ' t balk at the thought of arctic flounder genes in his tomatoes .
very provencal , fish and tomatoes ,
he said . more
what is the ship ' s current position ? where is the ship located ? arctic flounder current position is 26 . 1532 n / 55 . 41687 e on jul 9 , 2018 19 : 59 utc . vessel arctic flounder ( imo : 9332638 , mmsi : 538003523 ) is a oil products tanker built in 2009 and currently sailing under the flag of marshall islands . below you can find more technical information , photos , ais data and last 5 port calls of arctic flounder detected by ais .
the arctic flounder uniquely evolved through time to thrive in freezing waters . it ' s safe to say that , until recently , this fish has never had any contact with tomatoes . and tomatoes have never considered the flounder a partner in procreation . more
narwhals spend their whole lives in arctic waters , bordering russia , north america , and greenland .
narwhals are one of three whale species that spend their entire lives in the arctic—the others being bowhead and beluga whales .
northeast atlantic and arctic : white sea and barents sea eastward along the coasts of siberia and north america to queen maud gulf in arctic canada . north pacific : chukchi and bering seas to bristol bay , alaska and the northern sea of okhotsk .
included a modified gene from a breed of arctic flounder that , it was hoped , would allow the tomatoes to be more resistant to frost and cold storage . activists decried these so - called
fish tomatoes ,
protesting their entry into our food supply . more
unlike most species of flatfish , winter flounder populations throughout the north atlantic often demonstrate strong spawner : recruit relationships wherever the appropriate data is processed . in the bay of fundy we don ' t have enough data on winter flounder size at maturity to properly separate spawners and recruits .
oil product tanker for navigation in ice waters , newbuilding 458 , with name ' ' arctic flounder ' ' and capacity of 74 . 999 tons , was delivered at brodosplit - shipyard ltd . , on april 9 , 2009 for cyprian orderer company salute shipping company limited .
as their name suggests , arctic flounder live in frigid water . the fish have a gene that helps them resist the cold . that gene sounds perfect for tomatoes , which are vulnerable to frosts . that ' s where genetic engineering ( ge ) enters the picture . more
arctic flounders are long - lived fish that can be found almost anywhere in the marine waters of the arctic . there have been reports of individuals reaching an age of 26 years ! they are characterized by an asymmetrical mouth and an almost straight lateral line with a distinct branch that points towards the dorsal fin .
narwhals create a sort - of vacuum and suck up their food which includes squid , greenland halibut , shrimp , arctic cod , rockfish , flounder , and crab . narwhals only have two vestigial teeth . the male narwhal tusk is thought to play no role in feeding because males and tuskless females consume the same diet .
scholander pf , flagg w , hock rj , irving l ( 1953 ) studies on the frozen plants and animals in the arctic . j cell comp physiol 42 : 1–56
winter flounder are distributed from the coast of newfoundland and labrador in the north to georgia in the south . their range is limited to the western atlantic . winter flounder live on a variety of substrates : muddy , sandy or pebbled bottoms at fairly shallow depths ( usually less than 100 metres ) . they have been known to venture into the brackish waters near rivers or estuaries .
by burying itself in the mud , the arctic flounder can ambush fishes , but it prefers to hunt clams , crustaceans , sea squirts , and worms . spawning takes place under the ice during the months of january to june when females may shed up to 200 , 000 eggs . young males begin their own spawning after five years , while females reach maturity after eight .
the frb surveys indicated that winter flounder in the bay of fundy spawned inshore in the spring ( may ) . tagging studies conducted during these surveys , concentrated in the annapolis basin and passamaquoddy bay , gave very few recoveries to the east of the respective tagging locations . although no winter flounder from minas basin itself were tagged , it appeared unlikely that much interchange occurred with the other concentrations .
haynes tb , rosenberger ae , lindberg ms , whitman m , schmutz ja ( 2014a ) patterns of lake occupancy by fish indicate different adaptations to life in a harsh arctic environment . freshw biol 59 : 1884–1896
winter flounder has an interesting history in canada . being concentrated in coastal areas of the bay of fundy , inside the 12 - mile limit in effect prior to 1977 , these fish were largely ' off the map ' to the foreign fisheries that dominated the industry before world war ii . a canadian commercial fishery for winter flounder did not exist until 1948 , when exploratory surveys by the fisheries research board ( frb ) revealed large concentrations of winter flounder in certain parts of the bay of fundy . the development is described on an annual basis in the frb series report of the atlantic biological station ( known today as the st andrews biological station ) , and was accompanied by extensive tagging studies .
narwhals may live for 30 - 40 years . the only real animal predator of narwhals are killer whales that journey up to the arctic regions . narwhals are hunted by inuit people for their skin , oil , meat , and tusks .
haynes tb , rosenberger ae , lindberg ms , whitman m , schmutz ja ( 2013 ) method - and species - specific detection probabilities of fish occupancy in arctic lakes : implications for design and management . can j fish aquat sci 70 : 1055–1062
since 1970 we have depended on summer surveys of the bay of fundy to monitor trends in winter flounder abundance . these surveys are timed for optimal sampling of groundfish species in general . unfortunately winter flounder favour inshore areas during the summer , and these waters are too shallow for the survey vessels to fish . thus we are sampling the outer margins of the population distribution of this species . as a relative index of abundance this may be fine , just so long as the population remains large enough to exhibit an outer margin . but it is very uncertain how representative any associated biological sampling ( i . e . length , weight , maturity , sex , age , diet ) of these fish would be of the population . the survey abundance time series shows a decline in larger sizes of winter flounder since the 1990 ' s , but an increase in abundance of pre - fishery sizes in the last decade . it will be interesting to see if the spike in abundance of small fish in 2009 translates into increased abundance of fishable winter flounder in the next few years .
we discovered a hermaphrodite liopsetta glacialis while examining tissues from a sample of 30 representatives of this species for a histopathological survey of fishes from the beaufort sea , alaska . l . glacialis occurs in the arctic ocean from queen maude gulf in arctic canada , along the north american and siberian coasts to the white sea and barents sea ( morrow , 1980 ) . the specimen was collected from beaufort lagoon on july 29 , 1984 , weighed 15 , measured 100 mm ( total length ) and was between 3 and 4 years old .
the canadian winter flounder fishery began in st mary ' s bay in 1948 , as did the tagging studies . the frb exploratory surveys , continuing throughout the late 1940 ' s and early 1950 ' s , also found winter flounder concentrations in minas basin and annapolis basin , and fisheries initiated in these basins in 1949 . it became obvious from high tag recapture rates and rapidly declining commercial catch rates from 1948 - 1950 that st mary ' s bay could not sustain the fishing pressure directed on it . and results of the tagging studies made a clear argument for a discrete st mary ' s bay population . seasonal movements of short distances were apparent , associated with adjustments to depth . in 1952 32 boats took a million lbs of winter flounder , but about half of this came from a new fishing area discovered by the frb off cape st mary , which tagging indicated was another population discrete from that in st mary ' s bay . by this time the frb had formed the opinion that winter flounder contracted in range with declining population ( limited preferred habitat ) , such that densities ( and thus catch rates ) could be maintained if a long enough break occurred between fishing periods .
leatherwood , stephen . reeves , randall r . perrin , william f . evans , william e . whales , dolphins , and porpoises of the eastern north pacific and adjacent arctic waters ; a guide to their identification . dover publications , inc . , new york , ny . 1988 .
concentrated in coastal bays and inlets around the bay of fundy , winter flounder have a wide salinity tolerance , and occur in waters ranging from typically oceanic to brackish estuaries . sight feeders , they are usually dormant at night and active by day , except when spawning , which is conducted mostly at night .
this species reaches a length of 44 cm and has the typical body shape of a righteye flounder . its dorsal fin has 48 to 62 rays , its anal fin has 33 to 46 rays and its pectoral fins have 8 to 12 rays . the eyed side is olive brown with dark spots that may form wide bands , while the blind side is white . this species prefers shallow , mud - bottomed coastal waters and may even enter rivers . they can be found off most northern asian coasts and in the canadian arctic from the beaufort sea east to dease strait . it is speculated that it has a circumpolar distribution .
there are many fish in the sea , but the most common types of fish used in commercial dog food are shorter - lived species like salmon , ocean whitefish , lake whitefish , herring , walleye , flounder , and arctic char . longer - lived fish species , like tuna and swordfish on the other hand , can contain heavy metals like mercury . mercury builds up over time in the fish’s system and can lead to heavy metal toxicity , which is why feeding a shorter - lived fish species is preferable to tuna or swordfish . with so many fish to choose from , it is better to be safe than sorry .
some of the fish most commonly found in dog foods as the main protein include ocean whitefish , lake whitefish , herring , walleye , flounder , arctic char and salmon pike . you can also steam , bake or grill these types of fish at home for your dog , just keep in mind that seasonings , like salt and pepper , and greasing options , like butter , oil and oil sprays , should be avoided . when feeding your dog a piece of fish ( or any at - home - prepared protein ) , keep it plain and simple , remember to buy boneless fillets and inspect the fish before and after cooking to be sure no bones were missed .
distribution : arctic , atlantic , and pacific . both eyes normally on the right side . preoperculum with a free margin . fins without spines . dorsal fin extends on head . swimbladder absent in adults . eggs without oil globule in yolk . benthic , from a few to more than 1 , 000 m . almost all species important to fisheries .
by 1963 it had been determined that winter flounder moved offshore when the water got above 15°c and returned to the shallows when the water cooled . usually this would result in a winter / deeper / offshore and summer / shoaler / inshore pattern . however the inshore summer water temperature does not always reach beyond 15°c , in which case the winter flounder would remain inshore . the preferred temperature range was determined to be a very narrow 12 - 15°c , across several populations throughout the nw atlantic . this means a narrow depth range , accounting for the all - or - nothing nature of winter flounder catches , and confounding interpretation of catch rate ( catch per unit effort , or cpue ) trends once the distributional range was known to the fishing industry . thus cpue declined drastically in the early years of the fishery , but by later years the fish locations could be predicted accurately enough to compensate for population decline . the narrow temperature preference was later ( 1988 ) disputed , it being argued that the offshore movement in summer was for the purpose of feeding . in the end both temperature and feeding appear relevant .
. what you want to do is eat fish with scales and only eat these types of fish . nothing else . you can eat salmon , sole , tuna , catfish , red snapper , tilapia , flounder , whitefish , haddock and so many other fish . these fish have anywhere between 50 to 150 milligrams of purines for every 100 grams . nothing to worry about , believe me !
winter flounder are oval - shaped fish , strongly compressed and with a fairly straight lateral line leading to a rounded tail . they have a small mouth with few teeth ( sometimes none at all ) . their body colour varies according to that of the ocean floor . usually winter flounders are brown , reddish - brown or olive green - nearly black in some cases - with a pale white underside . sometimes they are mottled or speckled . on the eyed side , their scales are rough . they can grow to a length of 50 cm or more . they have an average lifespan of 11 years for males and 12 years for females .
understanding the dietary habits of yellow - billed loons ( gavia adamsii ) can give important insights into their ecology , however , studying the diet of loons is difficult when direct observation or specimen collection is impractical . we investigate the diet of yellow - billed loons nesting on the arctic coastal plain of alaska using quantitative fatty acid signature analysis . tissue analysis from 26 yellow - billed loons and eleven prey groups ( nine fish species and two invertebrate groups ) from arctic lakes suggests that yellow - billed loons are eating high proportions of alaska blackfish ( dallia pectoralis ) , broad whitefish ( coregonus nasus ) and three - spined stickleback ( gasterosteus aculeatus ) during late spring and early summer . the prominence of blackfish in diets highlights the widespread availability of blackfish during the early stages of loon nesting , soon after spring thaw . the high proportions of broad whitefish and three - spined stickleback may reflect a residual signal from the coastal staging period prior to establishing nesting territories on lakes , when loons are more likely to encounter these species . our analyses were sensitive to the choice of calibration coefficient based on data from three different species , indicating the need for development of loon - specific coefficients for future study and confirmation of our results . regardless , fish that are coastally distributed and that successfully overwinter in lakes are likely key food items for yellow - billed loons early in the nesting season .
laboratory preparation and analysis were possible thanks to the assistance of j . morehouse , b . baker , s . merrill , the causey lab , s . al - shaghay and the iverson lab . field data were collected by t . buckley , e . dykstra , s . furusawa , i . isler , l . koloski , c . margolin , j . mccarter , k . overdjuin , b . price , t . shoemaker , s . stortz , a . tate , b . uher - koch and k . wright . this project was funded by a state wildlife grant awarded through alaska department of fish & game and the u . s . geological survey’s changing arctic ecosystem initiative , supported , in part , by the wildlife program of the usgs ecosystem mission area . s . wang made helpful suggestions during our analysis stage . j . pearce , m . lindberg , k . titus , and two anonymous reviewers provided useful reviews that improved the manuscript . tbh was funded by a postgraduate scholarship provided by the natural sciences and engineering research council of canada ( nserc ) and a changing alaska science education graduate fellowship provided by the national science foundation . additional support was provided by nserc research and equipment grants to sji . any use of trade , firm or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the u . s . government .
greek , leio = smooth + greek , psetta = grouper ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 90 m ( ref . 50550 ) . polar
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2058 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 50 - 62 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 35 - 44 ; vertebrae : 37 - 38 . distinguished by the presence of both eyes on the same side of the head , normal scales and generally plain coloration ( ref . 27547 ) . lateral line with a very low curve above pectoral fin , straight behind and with a short accessory branch on head ; 73 - 76 pores on main portion ; it is complete in males but in females as large as about 20 cm it is an open groove on the posterior part of the body ( ref . 10319 ) . most anterior dorsal ray above eye ; anal with an embedded forward - pointing spine before first ray ; caudal rounded ( ref . 27547 ) . eyed side dark olive green to brown , sometimes with scattered black dots or indefinite dark blotches ; blind side white , rarely with brown lappings over from the eyed side ; fins pale brownish , sometimes with a somewhat yellow tinge or traces of dark spots ( ref . 27547 ) .
a coastal species not found far offshore ( ref . 27547 ) . occurs at shallow depths on mud bottoms , often in brackish water ( ref . 4705 ) and frequently entering freshwaters ( ref . 59043 ) . benthic ( ref . 58426 ) . feeds on small fishes and bottom invertebrates ( ref . 4705 ) . moves closer inshore in the evenings , especially on a rising tide ( ref . 27547 ) . appears to move offshore in the fall and inshore in the spring ( ref . 27547 ) .
reproduction cycle believed to occur only every second year ( ref . 27547 ) .
cooper , j . a . and f . chapleau , 1998 . monophyly and intrarelationships of the family pleuronectidae ( pleuronectiformes ) , with a revised classification . fish . bull . 96 ( 4 ) : 686 - 726 . ( ref . 30193 )
) : - 1 . 7 - 4 . 3 , mean - 0 . 1 ( based on 2772 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00249 - 0 . 00609 ) , b = 2 . 96 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 09 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 06 ; tm = 2 ; fec = 31 , 000 - 230 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 3 , 2 sd range = 0 . 11 - 0 . 79 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 2 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 49 , based on : 1 k , 1 tgen , 2 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 65 of 100 ) .
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adult pleuronectids have the eyes and color pattern on the right side of the body . like the hatchlings of other flatfishes , at an early age pleuronectid larvae begin to lean to one side as one eye ( the left eye in the case of pleuronectids ) migrates across the crown to a position beside the other eye . in addition , the front of the skull twists , bringing the jaws into a sideways position , and the side of the fish that faces down when it is in a resting position turns whitish . ( chapleau and amaoka 1995 )
. they are called
righteye flounders
because most species lie on the sea bottom on their left sides , with both eyes on their right sides .
are the opposite , with their eyes on the left side . a small number of species in pleuronectidae can also have their eyes on the left side , notably the members of the genus
are long and continuous , with the dorsal fin extending forward onto the head . females lay eggs that float in mid - water until the larvae develop , and they sink to the bottom .
, being found down to 2 , 000 m ( 6 , 600 ft ) . the smaller species eat sea - floor invertebrates such as
, which grows up to 4 . 7 m ( 15 ft ) in length ,
they include many important commercially fished species , including not only the various fish called flounders , but also the european plaice , the halibuts , the lemon sole , the common dab , the pacific dover sole , and the flukes .
the name of the family is derived from the greek πλευρά ( pleura ) , meaning
rib
or
side
, and νηκτόν ( nekton ) , meaning
swimming
.
in some classifications , the last three subfamilies are raised to the level of families .
froese , rainer , and daniel pauly , eds . ( 2012 ) .
pleuronectidae
in fishbase . october 2012 version .
eschmeyer w . n . ; herald , e . s . ; and hammann , h . ( 1983 ) . a field guide to pacific coast fishes . peterson field guides . isbn 978 - 0618002122
muus , b . j ; nielsen , j . g . ; dahlstrøm , p . ; nyström , b . o . ( 1991 ) . sea fish . isbn 978 - 8790787004
chapleau , francois & amaoka , kunio ( 1998 ) . paxton , j . r . & eschmeyer , w . n . , ed . encyclopedia of fishes . san diego : academic press . p . 224 . isbn 0 - 12 - 547665 - 5 .
j . a . cooper and f . chapleau ( 1998 ) .
monophyly and intrarelationships of the family pleuronectidae ( pleuronectiformes ) , with a revised classification
. fish . bull . 96 ( 4 ) : 686–726 .
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narwhals have small rounded heads , short flippers with upturned tips , and no dorsal fin but an uneven dorsal ridge along the spine . males are larger than the females , with largest whales reaching roughly 16 feet ( 4 . 9 meters ) . skin color changes with age ; newborns are blotchy slate or bluish gray , juveniles become completely bluish - black , adults are mottled gray and old narwhals are nearly all white .
narwhals are animals of myth and legend and could have been the basis for the mythical unicorn . narwhal males ( and some females ) have two teeth , the left of which grows into a long clockwise - spiraled tusk extending forward from the head .
scars on narwhal males suggest that they use their tusks to joust . narwhals are hunted for their ivory tusks , blubber , and meat .
narwhals are not considered an endangered species but certain populations have been heavily hunted .
male narwhals are easy to identify because of their long , ivory tusks . the tusks tend to be covered in algae except for the tip . adult male and female narwhals are mottled and spotted with gray - green , black , and cream colors . narwhals are born gray , darken in color and then , starting with the belly , whiten with age .
female narwhals are old enough to reproduce after 5 years , males after 8 years . most narwhal females conceive in mid - april . calves are born in mid - july in the following year ( after a 15 month gestation period ) . female narwhals usually give birth every three years .
books and the world wide web are excellent places to learn more about marine mammals .
leatherwood , stephen . reeves , randall r . foster , larry . the sierra handbook of whales and dolphins . sierra club , san francisco , ca . 1983 .
wynne , kate . folkens , pieter . guide to marine mammals of alaska . alaska sea grant program . university of alaska fairbanks , fairbanks , ak . 1992 .
there are many more sources to learn about cetaceans . check with mml ' s online library or your local librarian for her or his recommendations .
this portion of the mml website is intended for a student audience and their educators . information within the education website should not be cited in scientific journals or publications .
bailey am ( 1922 ) notes on the yellow - billed loon . condor 24 : 204–205
ball j , esler d , schmutz j ( 2007 ) proximate composition , energetic value , and relative abundance of prey fish from the inshore eastern bering sea : implications for piscivorous predators . polar biol 30 : 699–708
) . the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology . retrieved from the birds of north america online :
barrett rt , camphuysen k , anker - nilssen t , chardine jw , furness rw , garthe s , huppop o , leopold mf , montevecchi wa , veit rr ( 2007 ) diet studies of seabirds : a review and recommendations . ices j mar sci 64 : 1675–1691
beck ca , iverson sj , bowen wd , blanchard w ( 2007 ) sex differences in grey seal diet reflect seasonal variation in foraging behaviour and reproductive expenditure : evidence from quantitative fatty acid signature analysis . j anim ecol 76 : 490–502
bolnick di , svanbäck r , fordyce ja , yang lh , davis jm , hulsey cd , forister ml ( 2003 ) the ecology of individuals : incidence and implications of individual specialization . am nat 161 : 1–28
) in the salish sea revealed by analysis of fatty acid signatures . fish bull 111 : 13–26
budge sm , iverson sj ( 2003 ) quantitative analysis of fatty acid precursors in marine samples direct conversion of wax ester alcohols and dimethylacetals to fames . j lipid res 44 : 1802–1807
budge sm , iverson sj , bowen wd , ackman rg ( 2002 ) among - and within - species variability in fatty acid signatures of marine fish and invertebrates on the scotian shelf , georges bank , and southern gulf of st . lawrence . can j fish aquat sci 59 : 886–898
budge sm , iverson sj , koopman hn ( 2006 ) studying trophic ecology in marine ecosystems using fatty acids : a primer on analysis and interpretation . mar mamm sci 22 : 759–801
) using fatty acid signature analyses ; validation with controlled feeding studies . can j fish aquat sci 69 : 1033–1046
cottam c , knappen p ( 1939 ) food of some uncommon north american birds . auk 56 : 138–169
craig pc ( 1984 ) fish use of coastal waters of the alaskan beaufort sea : a review . trans am fish soc 113 : 265–282
dunshea g ( 2009 ) dna - based diet analysis for any predator . plos one 4 : e5252
haynes tb , schmutz ja , lindberg ms , wright kg , uher - koch bd , rosenberger ae ( 2014c ) occupancy of yellow - billed and pacific loons : evidence for interspecific competition and habitat mediated co - occurrence . j avian biol 45 : 296–304
iverson sj , frost kj , lang s ( 2002 ) fat content and fatty acid composition of forage fish and invertebrates in prince william sound , alaska : factors contributing to among and within species variability . mar ecol prog ser 241 : 161–181
iverson sj , field c , bowen wd , blanchard w ( 2004 ) quantitative fatty acid signature analysis : a new method of estimating predator diets . ecol monogr 74 : 211–235
iverson sj , springer am , kitaysky as ( 2007 ) seabirds as indicators of food web structure and ecosystem variability : qualitative and quantitative diet analyses using fatty acids . mar ecol prog ser 352 : 235
jehl jr jr ( 1970 ) a mexican specimen of the yellow - billed loon . condor 72 : 376
kenow kp , wilson jm , meyer mw ( 2009 ) capturing common loons during prenesting and nesting periods . j field ornithol 80 : 427–432
korschgen ce , kenow kp , gendron - fitzpatrick a , green wl , dein fj ( 1996 ) implanting intra - abdominal radiotransmitters with external whip antennas in ducks . j wildl manag 60 : 132–137
meynier l , morel pch , chilvers bl , mackenzie dds , duignan pj ( 2010 ) quantitative fatty acid signature analysis on new zealand sea lions : model sensitivity and diet estimates . j mamm 91 : 1484–1495
) . the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online :
north mr ( 2008 ) activity budgets and habitat use by yellow - billed loons in alaska . big deep lake publishing , pillager
owen e , daunt f , wanless s ( 2010 ) sampling avian adipose tissue : assessing a nondestructive biopsy technique . j field ornithol 81 : 92–98
reist jd , bond wa ( 1988 ) life history characteristics of migratory coregonids of the lower mackenzie river , northwest territories , canada . finn fish res 9 : 133–144
rizzolo dj , schmutz ja ( 2009 ) monitoring marine birds of concern in the eastern chukchi nearshore area ( loons ) . annual report for 2009 to minerals management service , alaska region , p 55
. the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online :
salyer jw ( 1962 ) a bow - net trap for ducks . j wildl manag : 219–221
uher - koch bd , schmutz ja , wright kg ( 2015 ) nest visits and capture events affect breeding success of yellow - billed and pacific loons . condor 11 : 121–129
uspenskii ss ( 1969 ) life in high latitudes , a study of bird life . transl . from russ . by amerind publ . co . pvt . ltd . , new delhi , for u . s . dept . int . and natl . sci . found . washington , d . c
white tcr ( 1978 ) the importance of a relative shortage of food in animal ecology . oecologia 33 : 71–86
wiens ja , rotenberry jt ( 1979 ) diet niche relationships among north american grassland and shrubsteppe birds . oecologia 42 : 253–292
woo kj , elliott kh , davidson m , gaston aj , davoren gk ( 2008 ) individual specialization in diet by a generalist marine predator reflects specialization in foraging behaviour . j anim ecol 77 : 1082–1091
vaccines are not a replacement for vigilance , but they are an important part of your pet’s healthcare .
the topical products we use on ourselves and even our pets could cause big problems if accidentally ingested or administered incorrectly .
the following breeds tend to top the charts when it comes to their affection connection with humans .
symptoms and treatment for kidney disease vary depending the specifics of the case , but oftentimes , a diet change can help .
having a pet as part of your family has many well - documented health benefits .
when it comes to traveling in a car with your dog , safety should be paramount for you both . however , a recent study from volvo car usa found some surprising statistics .
use our handy tool to help determine whether your pet is at an ideal weight or needs a change in diet and lifestyle .
whether you’ve caught your dog sniffing the air and pining after your plate of grilled salmon or spotted a few dog food brands touting it as the main protein , you may wonder if you can in fact feed your dog fish , and if so , how healthy it is healthy for him . dr . ann hohenhaus , staff doctor at nyc ' s animal medical center shares the answer and provides a few nutritional and safety facts to consider before making fish a regular part of your dog’s diet , below .
the simple answer : yes , dogs can eat fish . “fish can form the basis for a healthy and nutritious diet for your dog , ” hohenhaus said . not only can you cook up a fresh piece of fish for your furry friend , there are also are many complete and balanced fish - based dog foods on the market , she added .
heavy metals accumulate in long - lived fish like tuna and swordfish and can raise some health concerns , particularly when it comes to mercury . because of the high levels of mercury found in these long - lived fish , as seen in this list of mercury levels released by the fda , it might be wise to avoid giving your dog tuna and similar fish to eat . fortunately , today’s dog foods tend to contain shorter - lived fish ( like those listed above ) to decrease the risk of heavy metal toxicity , hohenhaus said .
in the case of feeding your dog raw fish , it’s better to be safe than sorry and properly cook all fish before feeding it to your pet . “feeding [ a dog ] raw fish carries the concern for parasites being ingested that are normally killed by cooking , ” hohenhaus said . additionally , the fda believes that raw meat foods for animals can actually endanger the general public , putting the pet’s owner’s health at risk when the raw meat is not tended to or cleaned up after properly .
if you stick to the list of shorter - lived fish and cook them properly , fish can be a sustaining , healthy meal for your dog . “fish is an excellent source of protein rich in omega - 3 fatty acids , which have health benefits like decreasing inflammation , ” hohenhaus said . additionally , fish - based foods may also be a good option for dogs with food allergies .
“fish is not commonly in standard dog food and provides an alternative protein source to beef , chicken and turkey , ” hohenhaus said . just read the label of your dog’s food carefully to be sure that it doesn’t contain other protein sources ( those labeled as “fish recipe” or “fish formula” may also have other protein sources in them ) . “if your dog has allergies and your veterinarian recommends a homemade fish diet , be sure to follow the recipe exactly or you risk causing nutritional deficiencies , ” she added . “for a long - term home cooked diet , you may want to have a recipe made by a board - certified veterinary nutritionist . ”
if your dog loves the taste of fish , let him gobble up all of the healthy benefits like omega - 3 fatty acids and protein , but don’t forget about the other nutrients he needs like vitamins and antioxidants . “dogs need more than just fish – they need a complete and balanced diet , ” hohenhaus said . “any food you choose for your dog ( fish - based or otherwise ) should have the aafco label indicating the diet is complete and balanced for your dog’s life stage . ”
blog community where gout sufferers can educate themselves on the causes and preventions of gout in order to live a healthier life .
you often read on other websites that if you suffer from gout you should avoid eating fish since it is considered high in purines . in this post we will examine this issue and take a closer look and see if fish does belong in a gout diet . first of all fish has been consumed by humans for thousands of years and is we all know it is very healthy for you . let’s see some of the health benefits that fish provides .
fish is loaded with nutrients and is considered on the healthiest foods in the world . it is high in protein , vitamin d and is considered the best source for omega - 3 fatty acids which is linked to reducing the risk of developing many diseases . omega - 3 fatty acids also helps keep your brain working well reducing the risk of developing dementia or alzheimer’s . many
fish also is good for the heart , in fact it is considered one of the best foods to eat in order to have a healthy heart . again many
in order to avoid a heart attack or stroke . gout sufferers should take note since we are at a higher risk of developing a heart attack or stroke .
did you know that fish is also high in vitamin d ? a single 4 ounce serving of cooked salmon ( which is one my favorites ) contains 100 % of recommended intake of vitamin d . for more information on important vitamin d is to gout sufferers make sure to read my post titled “
which is closely related to gout . in addition , fish is very good for your eyes . a
! fish is also helpful in controlling insulin levels in the body which decreases the risk of developing diabetes .
as you see fish has so many health benefits that i can’t even list them all . so why would you want to avoid such a healthy food cause some idiot told you it’s high in purines and should be avoided ? obviously if you suffer from gout , you know eating too much protein can harm you and fish is high in protein but you still need to eat protein . to enjoy fish all you have to do is make sure that you eat my recommended portion of 4 ounces and you’ll be just fine . if you have fish for lunch don’t be going and eating a steak for supper cause that is too much protein for a gout sufferer to handle .
choose one day to eat either a nice cut of meat or fish . don’t be a glutton eating fish at every meal but eat wisely as i have taught you in this website and my ebook . meaning eat fish in moderation , although it is high in purines , you can’t afford to skip on it since it offers so many other health benefits for you .
a gout sufferer should avoid seafood , shrimp , lobster and other shellfish which raises uric acid and is simply not healthy for you .
there are fish that are higher on the purine scale like anchovies , sardines , mackerel and herring , octopus which you should limit since they are over 150 milligrams of purines for every 100 grams . whatever you do do not eat fish that comes from a can like canned sardines or herring with added oils . always eat your fish fresh . do not deep - fry your fish , instead either grill it or simply bake it in the oven . i season my fish with fresh herbs , freshly squeezed lemon juice and some extra virgin olive oil . you don’t need more than that . try and avoid high sodium seasoning mixes or fish sauces high in sugar .
purines are found in the meat of the fish but not in distilled fish oil . if you wish to supplement epa or dha which are two fatty acids found in fish , then buy only pharmaceutical - grade molecularly distilled fish oil supplements . some fish oils are also very high in vitamin d , providing you with 200 % of the recommended daily intake . before buying make sure to research what you are getting by checking out the provider’s website , checking reviews online and checking product labels properly . before
make sure to speak to your doctor about it so it doesn’t affect any other medications you may be taking .
some gout sufferers claim that fish oil can fight gout flares since it is a powerful anti - inflammatory . regardless , anything that has omega - 3 fatty acid is good for gout as explained in other posts on this website as well .
in conclusion , you often hear health experts or dieticians say “you should only eat fish no more than two times a week” . why ? fish is the healthiest meat , healthier than beef , lamb and chicken . if you like fish , you can eat it every day but make sure it is the only meat you eat that day since gout sufferers should not eat more than 4 ounces of meat in any given day to avoid higher uric acid levels in the bloodstream .
as for mercury in the fish , it depends in which part of the world you are located in . i recommend you buy organic fish and make sure it is always labeled as “wild caught” instead of “farmed” . like fishing ? here in north america we have plenty of clean lakes where you can fish from and enjoy some good quality fish . i’m kinda getting hungry and think i might just go and prepare myself some pacific salmon that i bought the other day . to your health !
yeah that is usually served fried i presume . avoid it ! as for lunch meat it is processed meat so avoid it like the plague .
yes vegetable based burgers are an excellent choice to avoid eating meat but still enjoy the same taste . i eat at least one every week . enjoy !
i looove sushi ! as long as there is no seafood in it like crab or shrimp . yes those pieces of salmon and tuna are so small that your kidneys can tolerate it . so enjoy some sushi from time to time . i eat them with brown rice as well !
my uric acid is 8 . 6 . medicine ? ? or diet ? ?
i went to my doctor today with experiencing severe pain in my right big toe . he’s not sure that it’s gout but i did a blood sample today for his analysis . anyway , my wife and i have a favorite asian buffet here in las vegas that we go to often . we love the steamed sea bass and salmon . i know that salmon is beneficial but i can’t find anything about sea bass . would you advise that it’s ok ? thanks on advance for your advice .
sea bass is fine ricardo . make sure to not eat more than 4 to 6 ounces in a day . that is all the protein you need .
i did a test a couple of years back , i overdosed on squid over one weekend at the cabin ie . squid for breakfast , lunch an dinner . by tuesday i was crawling on all fours . no more squids for me since .
yes squid falls in the seafood category of gout triggers . see my post on gout and seafood .
is there maybe a book from you to download on the web ? i do suffer from gout regularly . please can you help me ? i live in new zealand . love your articles .
yes i do have a book titled “gout and you : the ultimate gout diet & cookbook” . you can buy through here– > urltoken
thanks for the info , spiro . i have been missing fish from my diet as a gout sufferer . glad i can add it back , like everything else , with moderation .
my uric acid level is 7 . 9 . please help me with diet and medicine . i am having joint pain which came during dengue fever . your help will be much appreciated .
hi few vegetables , legumes and beans are considered high in purine , should i avoid them if my uric level is above 5 .
no vegetables , beans and legumes are perfectly fine . eat more of them !
good day / evening , i have 9 . 1mg / dl of uric acid . i’m eating almost chicken everyday . chick meat , chick gizzard and chick liver . is all of this triggering my uric acid ?
protein from meat and fish should be no more then 10 % of your daily calories , so figure about 200 calories a day . remember too much protein in your diet worsens your gout cause it strains the kidneys .
so about 4 to 6 ounces of fish in one day to answer your question . now don’t go eating chicken every day and fish , that is too much protein .
this is all so overwhelming . i am a vegetarian and having to decide which beans , is tomato ok ? wish i could get a meal plan for vegans .
tomatoes is the only vegetable that can cause uric acid levels to go higher and causing gout . learn more .


syllepte orbiferalis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by hampson in 1898 .

it is found on la réunion and in south africa .

the wingspan is about 36 mm .

the forewings are pale greyish fuscous with a yellowish tinge , the forewings with an obscure oblique antemedial dark line defined by whitish on the inner side and almost obsolete towards the costa .

there is a white orbicular spot and a large lunulate discoidal spot .

the postmedial line has three conjoined dentate white marks on the outer edge below the costa , excurved and more or less strongly defined by white between veins 5 and 2 , then retracted to near the base of vein 2 and with a white spot in the angle .

the hindwings have a prominent white discoidal spot .

the postmedial line is strongly bent outwards between veins 5 and 2 , then retracted to near the angle of the cell and terminating on the inner margin above the tornus , more or less strongly defined by white on the outer side , usually expanding into a dentate patch below the costa .

syllepte orbiferalis

children syllepte trifidalis , syllepte ovialis , syllepte undulalis , syllepte straminea , syllepte sp . 01 , syllepte rogationis , syllepte purpurascens , syllepte nasonalis , syllepte xylocraspis , syllepte orbiferalis , syllepte polycymalis , syllepte mysissalis , syllepte mysisalis , syllepte mesoleucalis , syllepte cinnamomalis , syllepte butlerii , syllepte butleri , syllepte patagialis , syllepte pataginalis
sylepta [ sic ] orbiferalis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 715 ; tl : karkloof , natal
syllepte machinalis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
syllepte mimalis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
syllepte opalisans ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
syllepte palmalis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
syllepte pseudauxo ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
syllepte incomptalis hübner , 1823 ; zuträge samml . exot . schmett . 2 : 18 , pl . [ 50 ] , f . 285 - 286
syllepte - species dictionary - southern africa : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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[ democratic republic of congo , equateur ] , congo belge , eala [ 5 km e of mbandaka ] , vii . 1935 , leg . j . ghesquière .
ghesquière j . 1940a . lépidoptères microlépidoptères ( première partie ) . - annales du musée du congo belge , zoologie [ 3 , arthropodes ] section 2 , catalogues raisonnés sér . iii ( ii ) 7 ( 1 ) : 1–120 , pls . i–v .
sylepta [ sic ] ochrotozona hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 724 ; tl : cedar bay , cooktown , queensland
coptobasis ridopalis swinhoe , 1892 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1892 ( 1 ) : 18
sylepta [ sic ] polydonta hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 721 ; tl : amboina ; fergusson i . ; queensland
sylepta [ sic ] plumifera hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 712 , pl . 49 , f . 10 ; tl : amboina ; fergusson i .
pramadea denticulata moore , 1888 ; descr . indian lep . atkinson ( 3 ) : 211
crocidocnema pellucida warren , 1889 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1889 ( 2 ) : 269
arthriobasis lactiguttalis warren , 1896 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 17 ( 98 ) : 131
polycorys seminigralis warren , 1896 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 18 ( 104 ) : 172
pramadea [ ? ] carbatinalis swinhoe , 1890 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1890 ( 2 ) : 288
salbia straminalis guénee , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 8 : 200
botys tabiusalis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 18 : 715
neomabra nitidalis dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 67
troctoceras occlusalis dognin , 1905 ; ann . soc . ent . belg . 49 ( 3 ) : 69
hedylepta pilocrocialis strand , 1918 ; dt . ent . z . iris 32 ( 1 - 2 ) : 44
epherema abyssalis snellen , 1892 ; tijdschr . ent . 35 : 172 , pl . 10 , f . 11 - 12
erilusa mimalis felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 136 , f . 33
halisidota secta ; godman & salvin , 1884 , biol . centr . - amer . , lep . heterocera 1 : 93
erilusa radialis felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 136 , f . 30
nacoleia perdentalis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 697 ; tl : amboina ; bourou ; fergusson i .
sylepta [ sic ] purpurascens hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 714 ; tl : british east africa , dar - es - salaam
sylepta [ sic ] torsipex hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 715 , pl . 49 , f . 12 ; tl : sierra leone
sylepta [ sic ] solilucis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 719 , pl . 49 , f . 13 ; tl : humboldt bay , new guinea
sylepta [ sic ] hyalescens hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 719 ; tl : niger , warri
haliotigris cometa warren , 1896 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 18 ( 104 ) : 164 ; tl : assam
sylepta [ sic ] picalis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 719 ; tl : khasis
sylepta [ sic ] bipartalis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 720 ; tl : pulo laut
sylepta [ sic ] ochrifusalis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 721 ; tl : fergusson i .
sylepta [ sic ] nasonalis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 724 ; tl : natal
sylepta [ sic ] mesoleucalis hampson , 1898 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1898 : 724 ; tl : karkloof , natal
botys straminea butler , 1875 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 16 ( 96 ) : 416 ; tl : natal
this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome huitiéme . deltoides et pyralites
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1
descriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr . w . s . atkinson
catalogue of eastern and australian lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the oxford museum . part ii : noctuina , geometrina and pyralidina
list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement
on the pyralidina colleced in 1874 and 1875 by dr . j . w . h . trail in the basin of the amazons
warren , 1896 new species of pyralidae from khasia hills ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 17 ( 102 ) : 452 - 466 , 18 ( 103 ) : 107 - 119 , 18 ( 104 ) : 163 - 177 , 18 ( 105 ) : 214 - 231
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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this is a list of moths of the family crambidae that are found in south africa . it also acts as an index to the species articles and forms part of the full list of moths of south africa .
this page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .
— ( 1943 2008 ) est un entomologiste et un écologiste français . une biographie est publiée sur le web par vincent albouy [ 1 ] . quelques précisions sont également apportées par gérard grolleau et ch . jeanneret [ 2 ] . sommaire 1 sa vie …
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hippotion velox ( dark striated hawkmoth , ) is a species of sphingid moth or the family sphingidae .

it is found throughout the indo-australian tropics of india , sri lanka and east to fiji and new caledonia , north to hong kong , taiwan , sumatra southern japan and northern australia from western australia to queensland .

hippotion velox

no one has contributed data records for hippotion velox yet . learn how to contribute .
sphinx velox fabricius , 1793 , ent . syst . , 3 : 378 . hippotion velox fabricius ; rothschild & jordan , 1903 : 749 .
💛 books box : hippotion velox chm by gerd numitor
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very similar to hippotion saclavorum but immediately distinguishable by the darker reddish0brown colour of the upperside of the body and forewings . forewing upperside with only the fifth postmedian line distinct and conspicuous ; less oblique than in hippotion saclavorum . very similar to hippotion saclavorum .
synonym . hippotion ocys hübner , [ 1819 ] , verz . bekannter schmett . : 135 .
sphinx velox fabricius , 1793 , ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 378 . type locality :
india orientali
.
dvo & rcaron ; ák ( 2014 ) lists cayratia trifolia and colocasia esculenta as the main hosts for metro - manila , the philippines , as well as mitragyna speciosa , pisonia grandis and pisonia umbellifera [ syn . pisonia alba ] . on the latter two species , often in the company of hippotion velox .
transferred to hippotion by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 748 ( key ) , 760 .
male genitalia similar to hippotion velox but uncus shorter and stouter . gnathos shorter and stouter , much more abruptly narrowed into a sharp hook . harpe much stouter , almost straight , compressed , upperside hollowed apically , with the edges raised . in the female genitalia , ostium bursae ovate , edges raised to form a low , horseshoe - shaped ridge . sterigma with no processes .
transferred to hippotion by hübner , [ 1819 ] , verz . bekannter schmett . : 135 . this name can also be used in a varietal sense for the form with the whitest forewing oblique band .
very similar in appearance to the african hippotion osiris , but distinguished by its smaller size and black venation on the hindwing . there is some variation in hippotion celerio . in f . pallida tutt , a pale terracotta ground coloration is present ; in f . rosea closs , the wings are suffused with red and , in f . brunnea tutt , with deep brown . in f . augustei trimoul , the black markings are so extensive as to cover the entire wings ; in f . luecki closs , the silver markings are absent and in f . sieberti closs , the oblique stripe on the forewing is yellowish instead of silver .
foreleg basitarsus with external row of spines accompanied by a row of smaller spines . forewing upperside with lower edge of the discal cell highlighted in white and black ; discal spot a small but conspicuous black dot ; oblique postmedian band also highlighted in silver - white ( occasionally reduced ) , angled at cua1 . hindwing upperside with a bright pink basal and tornal area ; black median and submarginal bands separated by a pink postmedian band that is divided into sharply delimited pink spots by sharp black lines along the veins . similar to hippotion velox but : uncus shorter and stouter . gnathos shorter and stouter , much more abruptly narrowed into a sharp hook . harpe much stouter , almost straight , compressed , upperside hollowed apically , with the edges raised . ostium bursae ovate , edges raised to form a low , horseshoe - shaped ridge . sterigma with no processes .
in the male genitalia , uncus gradually narrowed , as in hippotion geryon , but apex sharply sinuate with acute angles . gnathos abruptly narrowed distally into a slender , pointed , triangular , medial process that is somewhat curved dorsad . harpe slender , apex somewhat dilated and spatulate . aedeagus apically with a row of teeth on the right side and a shorter , subapical row on the left . in the female genitalia , ostium bursae narrow , with a weakly sclerotized , rather prominent lobe on each side .
wingspan : 54 - - 76mm . very variable in size and pattern . forewing upperside typically similar to hippotion geryon but the oblique pale postmedian band narrow and crenulated between rs4 and cu2 . however , the ground colour can be pale rosy - grey , with all pattern elements weakly visible except for the dark brown or black first and second postmedian lines ( f . rosea ) . alternatively , the entire forewing pattern as far as the marginal band can be overlaid by uniform pale grey , with only the discal spot visible ( f . swinhoei ) . intermediates between these three forms also exist . hindwing upperside typically dark brown with a paler brown basal and tornal area and a very poorly developed postmedian band . however , the tone is very variable and when at its palest , a distinct buff or slightly rosy postmedian band is visible . head and thorax brown , with pale lateral streaks in typical individuals ; abdomen brown , with numerous dark strigae and pairs of pale lateral strigae on each segment .
forms rosea and swinhoei can dominate insular populations ( taiwan , christmas island , many pacific island groups ) , with typical moths being almost or entirely absent .
the moth has been caught at flowers after dark , but does not appear to be attracted by light ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
china : 29 . v ( hong kong ) ; 19 . x ( yunnan ) . taiwan . iii - v ( kaohsiung hsien ) ; iv ( kaohsiung hsien ; pingtung hsien ) ; vii ( pingtung hsien ) . japan : 18 - 24 . iv ( ryukyu archipelago ) ; 12 . x ( ryukyu archipelago ) .
larva : full - fed 60mm , width 12mm , horn 7mm . according to bell & scott ( 1937 ) , in the first instar yellowish - white , becoming green after feeding , with a short , straight , black horn .
in the final instar , head small and round ; clypeus triangular , one - half length of head ; false clypeus with apex acute ; labrum one - half length of clypeus , narrowing frontad ; ligula as long as labrum , broader than front margin of labrum , kidney - shaped , the lobes rather broad ; cutting - edge of mandible slightly waved . surface of head slightly shiny , smooth with very minute hairs . body dull and smooth ; segments 4 and 5 very swollen . horn straight , rather short and stout , evenly tapering , dull , and covered with minute , conical , setiferous tubercles .
there are green and dark forms . in the green form , head and body bright grass - green , body with a transverse row of obscure yellow dots along each secondary ring . there is a narrow , neutral tinted dorsal stripe from segment 6 to base of horn , darker at the front margin of each segment . a longitudinally oval eye - spot occurs dorso - laterally near the front margin of 6 , which is yellow irregularly centred with plum - colour . horn violet , paler at base , darker at tip . true - leg basal segments whitish , second and third dark purple , claw black ; prolegs green , feet soiled whitish . spiracles narrowly oval , whitish with a broad , diffuse brown band across the middle ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
in the dark form the head is smoky - brown ; body yellowish - white with short , black or dark brown , parallel lines on each secondary ring ; a narrow black dorsal stripe on 2 to 4 , appearing only as a black spot at the front margin of the remaining segments . there is a broad , pale yellow , dorso - lateral stripe on 2 to 4 appearing again on 6 to 11 as a short length only on each segment , continuous again on 12 to base of horn . the eye - spot on 5 with dark brown centre , bordered narrowly with first pale yellow , then black . there are pale , narrow , oblique stripes on 6 to 11 , and a similar subspiracular stripe , the angles between this stripe and the oblique stripe filled in with brown speckled with white . horn blackish - brown ; the tip and sides of base paler .
in the last instar the larva rests on the stem and hidden among the leaves . in the resting position the horn is held horizontally , but when the larva is moving it is bent forwards over the dorsum at each forward movement of the claspers ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
pupa : 48mm , width 11 mm . bone - coloured , closely spotted and speckled with brown and some black dots . tongue - case brown , paler basally , the edge whitish ; bases of legs and veins of wings dotted with black ; shoulder fuscous ; abdomen with a broad greenish , dorsal stripe ; a narrow , interrupted , black ventral stripe ; a broad , interrupted , black latero - ventral stripe ; spiracles , and a patch round each and cremaster black . tongue - case projecting slightly in front of head , more projecting ventrally , semicircular in a side - view , narrow , its edge finely channelled . antenna slightly shorter than fore leg , which reaches to one - third length of wing - case , mid - leg to one - half ; a short , narrow coxal piece . surface slightly shiny , head , thorax and wing - ease superficially shagreened ; front bevel of segment 9 with a series of ridges - parallel with the margins of the bevel , bevels of 10 and 11 tuberculate ; the surface of the pupa round the spiracles of 8 to 10 striate ; 13 and 14 pitted as well as shagreened . spiracle of 2 a narrow slit , the hind margin of 2 slightly raised in front of it , the front margin of 3 thickened behind it . remaining spiracles elongate - oval , flush , central slit with a narrow rim . cremaster triangular , ending in two long , nearly parallel shafts , each shaft with two minute hooks at tip and one on each side at the middle ; lower surface of cremaster deeply hollowed ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
larval hostplants . many species in the genera pisonia , alocasia , brassica , ipomoea and morinda . in india on pisonia morindifolia and pisonia aculeata ( nyctaginaceae ) ; in bangkok , thailand , on pisonia umbellifera [ syn . pisonia alba ] . these shrubs , known locally in india as the ' lettuce tree ' owing to the leaves resembling those of the lettuce , are grown in gardens in bombay , belgaum and other places ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
china : yunnan ( yingjiang , 1680m ) ; hong kong ( lantau island ) ; guangxi ( longshen ) ; hainan ( xisha island ) .
taiwan : kaohsiung hsien ( nr . tuona , 12km se of shanping , 750m ; shanping , 640m ; liukuei ) ; pingtung hsien ( kenting ) ; nantou hsien ( chichi ; tatachia , 2650m ) .
virtually the entire oriental and australasian biogeographical regions , i . e . from india to australia , new caledonia and fiji , and north to hong kong , taiwan and southern japan .
these caterpillars have eyespots along the sides , and uniquely : a horn on the tail that curves forwards . in australia , the caterpillars feed on :
the adult moth is brown with a paler marginal half to each of the forewings . the moth has a wingspan of about 6 cms .
melbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 41 . 8 , pp . 43 , 410 , 414 .
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urltoken
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boisduval , urltoken in boisduval , urltoken & guenée , a . 1875 ,
histoire naturelle des insectes . species géneral des lépidoptères hétéocères . tome 1 . sphingides , sésiides , castnides
, pp . ii + iv + 568 + 6 , pls 1 - 11
clark , b . p . 1922 ,
twenty - five new sphingidae
, proceedings of the new england zoological club , boston , vol . 8 , pp . 1 - 23
rothschild , l . w . 1894 ,
notes on sphingidae , with descriptions of new species
, novitates zoologicae , vol . 1 , pp . 65 - 98 pls 5 - 7
clark , b . p . 1932 ,
a review of some sphingidae described by dr . s . matsumura
, proceedings of the new england zoological club , boston , vol . 13 , pp . 43 - 46
clark , b . p . 1923 ,
thirty - three new sphingidae
, proceedings of the new england zoological club , boston , vol . 8 , pp . 47 - 77
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 16726d26 - c68d - 4227 - 91dc - 65bd0ee325e3
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2dd02bce - f831 - 4f16 - b494 - e1c65b377d12
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b4caeae3 - dae2 - 41c2 - 8780 - 6d53bb810715
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 301070
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papua localities : roon island : yende ; supiori : nansfori ; biak : base biak ; new guinea : abmisibil , bilogai , genyem , iebele camp , jayapura , langda , mabilabol , manokwari , pass valley , senopi , sentani , sorong , tanah merah , taritatu river , ubrub , walmak , wamena , wasior . details in gazetteer .
external distribution : indo - australia ( from india to the solomon islands ) .
data sources : ksp , rmnh , zman . website sphingidae of southeast asia . literature ( see below )
gorbunov , o . g . & a . n . zamesov , 2014b . to the knowledge of macroheterocera of southeast asia and new guinea . ii . hawk moths ( lepidoptera : sphingidae ) of papua province , indonesia . biodiversity , biogeography and nature conservation in wallacea and new guinea 2 : 167 - 185 .
the entire oriental and australasian biogeographical regions , i . e . from india to australia , new caledonia and fiji , and north to hong kong , taiwan and southern japan .
no part of this website or any of its contents may be reproduced , copied , modified or adapted , without the prior written consent of the author .
sphinx celerio linnaeus , 1758 , syst . nat . ( edn 10 ) 1 : 491 . type locality : not stated .
synonym . sphinx tisiphone linnaeus , 1758 , syst . nat . ( edn 10 ) 1 : 492 .
synonym . phalaena inquilinus harris , 1780 , an exposition of english insects : 93 .
synonym . elpenor phoenix oken , 1815 , okens lehrbuch naturgesch . 3 : 760 .
synonym . deilephila albo - lineata montrouzier , 1864 , annls soc . linn . lyon ( 2 ) 11 : 250 .
wingspan : 60 - - 80mm . forewing upperside with lower edge of the discal cell highlighted in white and black ; discal spot a small but conspicuous black dot ; oblique postmedian band also highlighted in silver - white ( occasionally reduced ) , angled at cu1 . hindwing upperside with a bright pink basal and tornal area ; black median and submarginal bands separated by a pink postmedian band that is divided into sharply delimited pink spots by sharp black lines along the veins . foreleg basitarsus with external row of spines accompanied by a row of smaller spines .
no particular habitat preference is shown by the adult which may occur wherever flower - beds are plentiful ; however , for breeding colonies to become established , the presence of cultivated or wild vitaceae is essential .
its cryptic coloration , whatever the variation , makes this species difficult to see as it rests during daylight hours on stones , walls , tree - trunks , or amongst foliage . at dusk it takes flight in search of tubular nectar flowers . although active for only short periods , its powerful and rapid flight enables it to cover great distances ; it is frequently attracted to light . pairing commences a few hours after dusk and lasts only a short time , the pair remaining in copula 1 - - 3 hours .
in metro - manila , the philippines , this synanthropic species is common in suburban parks after 23 . 00h at flowers of clerodendrum and quisqualis indica ( dvo & rcaron ; ák , 2014 ) .
in northern borneo , moths of this species are collected when abundant , their heads and wings removed , before being gently fried and eaten ( chey vun khen , 2003 ) .
china : iv ( yunnan ) ; ix ( yunnan ) ; 29 . ix ( hong kong ) ; x ( guangdong ) . taiwan : vi ( tainan ) . japan : vii ( ryukyu archipelago ) .
ovum : variable in size and shape , ranging from near spherical to distinctly oval ; clear , glossy , bluish green , assuming a greenish yellow hue prior to emergence . laid singly on both the upper and lower surfaces of leaves near a growing tip , with rarely more than one to a shoot . the lowest shoots , usually of a vine growing along a wall or fence or along the ground , are preferred . incubation lasts for 5 - - 10 days .
larva : full - fed 80 - - 90mm . dimorphic : brown or green . on hatching , the 4mm - long larva is pale yellow with a disproportionately long black horn . it immediately consumes its eggshell , then moves off to find a resting place on the lower surface of a leaf . a period of several hours elapses before any plant material is consumed , after which the body becomes glossy green . in the second instar , eye - spots appear on the first and second abdominal segments ; the long dark horn becomes bifurcated at the tip and waves up and down as the larva moves . in the third instar the eye - spots assume their final coloration and a yellow , dorso - lateral line appears , running from thoracic segment 3 to the base of the horn .
in the final instar most assume a mid - to dark brown coloration , while a few remain green . the head is broadly semi - elliptical ; true clypeus an equilateral triangle , one - half length of head ; false clypeus forming a semi - elliptical arch over the apex of true clypeus , reaching two - thirds length of head ; labrum one - half length of clypeus ; ligula slightly longer than labrum , lobes broadly rounded ; cutting edge of mandible toothed . surface of head dull and smooth . body shaped as in others of the genus ; dull and smooth , no visible hairs . horn straight , of medium length , stout at base , tapering evenly to a blunt tip ; covered , except at base , with small tubercles directed distad .
in the green form , head green , labrum and ligula green ; basal segment of antenna green , other segments brownish ; mandible green , tip narrowly dark reddish brown ; eyes brown , except 5 , which is black . body grass - green with an obscure , darker green dorsal stripe . there is an eye - spot on 6 which is longitudinally oval , primrose yellow with a large oval , dark been pupil , the dark green pupil containing five or six round , bluish or pale green dots ; the whole edged narrowly with black . the smaller eye - spot on 6 half as long and as broad as that on 5 , yellow edged with black , the green pupil . on the abdomen there is a white dorso - lateral stripe from 6 to base of horn , thus stripe sharply defined above , but lower edge diffuse . on segments 7 to 11 there are a number of short , black lines which cross the secondary rings ; the subspiracular region is sparsely dotted with white . horn blackish , base shortly pink ; legs red , prolegs and claspers green , venter yellowish - green ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
unlike most other species there is very little change in colour prior to pupation , even in the green form .
as with most larvae exhibiting anterior eye - spots , the head is retracted when the larva is alarmed , expanding the large eye - spots on the first abdominal segment . when feeding , it rarely consumes the whole of a leaf ; shoots with quarter - or half - eaten leaves often indicate the presence of a larva . whereas young larvae may be found beneath a leaf , fully - grown specimens usually rest by day away from the feeding area , farther down the stem , even near the ground .
larval hostplants . mainly species of vitis and parthenocissus . in india also on spermacoce hispida , boerhavia , rumex and caladium ; the latter also in malaysia ( chey vun khen , 2003 ) . in pakistan , it has also been recorded from mirabilis jalapa at islamabad ( muhammad ather rafi , pers . comm . 2014 ) .
china : sichuan ( huili ) ; yunnan ( dali ; gaoligong shan ) ; tibet / xizang ( nyingchi , namjagbarwa region , 3050m ; yadong , 2900m ; zhangmu , 2200m ) ; hunan ; guangdong ; hong kong .
apparently a rare migrant to southern china , taiwan and southern japan . it was recorded from the latter country for the first time in 1988 ( masaya , 1990 ) .
a notable migrant in most years from africa , india and south east asia north into the palaearctic region .
are called hawk moths because they can fly very fast , and can also hover in flight . they use this latter ability to sip nectar from flowers using their long
( tongue ) , when they fly in the evening . they are large moths with long narrow fore wings , and smaller hind wings . when at rest , they hold their wings over the body like a tent .
horn on the last segment . it looks quite dangerous , but is quite harmless . many of the caterpillars are brightly coloured , with diagonal stripes and eyespots . the caterpillars grow to a length of 5 cms . or more . when disturbed , they commonly rear up with their anterior segments arched and their head facing the disturbance . the scientific name of the family is derived from this sphinx - like posture . uniquely , keys have been published for identifying many of the caterpillars . keys for 21 species of australian
the caterpillars pupate in the soil or amongst litter at the base of the foodplant . the pupae are enclosed in a thin cocoon or have no cocoon at all .
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