the green hermit ( phaethornis guy ) is a large hummingbird that is a resident breeder from southern central america ( costa rica and panama ) south to northern south america ( north-eastern venezuela and trinidad , and the northern andes of eastern peru )

green hermit

green hermit hummingbird ( phaethornis guy ) feeding on bromeliad flower . costa rica .
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green hermit , phaethornis guy , flying and feeding at a flower in costa rica .
the green hermit ' s call is a loud zurk , and the display is a repeated swark .
green hermit sees the great outdoors as a kind of release , with a real light - weight philosophy .
green hermit ( phaethornis guy ) feeding at a flower while flying at the wildsumaco reserve in eastern ecuador .
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the green hermit averages 13 . 5 cm in length and weighs 6 . 3 g . their reddish beak is long and decurved .
this hermit inhabits forest undergrowth , is usually seen near water , and prefers hilly areas .
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a relatively large hummingbird , the green hermit is found in humid forests and forest edges , small clearings , secondary growth , shrubbery , and plantations with dense vegetation . this species has elongated , white - tipped central tail rectrices , which are prominently featured in displays at communal leks during the breeding season while males energetically compete for territories . there are currently four described subspecies of the green hermit .
c . 13 cm ; male 4–8·1 g , female 4–6·5 g . a medium - sized hermit very similar to
results of laboratory inclusion experiments . ( top ) average ( + 1 s . e . ) number of eelgrass shoots uprooted by an adult green crab . ( bottom ) average number of eelgrass shoots uprooted by a juvenile green crab . filled and open bars correspond to cages with and without green crabs , respectively ( one green crab per tank ) .
with the “green hermit” hummingbird as its brand image , it is devoted to developing and manufacturing lightweight outdoor travelling equipment . since green hermit was established it has always developed and designed every new product from the users point of view , we know they have high expectations . quality and workmanship are key to our products . our products include waterproof outdoor equipment , lightweight dry sacks , stuff sacks , biking gear , etc .
green hermit ' s plumage is mainly dark green with a blue - green rump . he has a dark mask through the eye , with buff stripes above and below and down the center of the throat . the central feathers of the tail are long and white - tipped , and are wiggled in display at the communal leks ( = gathering of males for the purposes of competitive mating displays ) .
results of laboratory inclusion experiments . ( top ) average ( + 1 s . e . ) percentage of biomass uprooted by a juvenile green crab ( in relation to intact eelgrass biomass ) . ( bottom ) average percentage of biomass cut by a juvenile green crab . filled and open bars correspond to cages with and without green crabs , respectively ( one green crab per tank ) .
reef safe . semi - aggressive toward other tankmates . will attack and kill snails and other hermit crabs for their shells .
similar species : adult male not easily confused with other western warblers . adult female and immature resemble black - throated green warbler , but townsend’s has distinct cheek - patch and lacks yellow wash on vent . black - throated green has yellow face , with less contrasting dusky olive auricular markings ; brighter , unmarked green back ; and yellow wash on vent . hermit warbler lacks yellow on breast and lacks distinct cheek - patch , and streaking on underparts is indistinct and restricted to sides , if present .
although the effect of native species seems to be sporadic or kept in check by natural predators , invaders such as green crabs may operate differently . the build - up of large populations of green crabs may imply a drastic change for eelgrass bed structure from pre - invasion situations . in areas where native bioturbators comparable with green crabs are not common , as in the shoreline system studied here , the effects of green crabs are most likely to be severe . in areas where there are native bioturbators , changes are still likely to occur because such species may interact and potentially be displaced by the growing populations of green crabs .
a . vaghela and r . kundu , “spatiotemporal variation of hermit crab ( crustaceae : decapoda ) inhabiting rocky shore along saurashtra coast , western part of india , ”
supplementary material is available at the icesjms online version of the paper in the form of a video of green crabs consuming eelgrass shoots .
provide an ample number of empty shells of various sizes . a hermit crab will moult from its exoskeleton in order to grow . good for it ' s sand sifting .
omnivore - shrimp matter , algae ( green hair ) , cyanobacteria and detritus . if there is insufficient algae to eat , their diet must be supplemented with seaweed .
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results of the field inclusion experiment . ( top ) average ( + 1 s . e . ) biomass of live uprooted eelgrass collected from inside the cages . ( bottom ) biomass of eelgrass shoots collected from the bottom . filled and open bars correspond to cages with and without green crabs , respectively ( one adult male green crab per cage ) .
) . green crabs are detrimental to eelgrass beds , and field and laboratory experiments have confirmed that the deleterious role of this invasive species is mediated by at least two mechanisms , depending on the size / age of the crabs : uprooting by adults and grazing by juveniles . eelgrass uprooting and grazing by green crabs are likely to contribute to further declines or a lack of recovery of eelgrass beds .
in the laboratory , adult green crabs uprooted ten times more eelgrass shoots than juvenile male green crabs ( figure 2 ) . in contrast , shoots in control tanks remained unaltered . the number of uprooted shoots by juvenile crabs did not differ significantly from that estimated in the control tanks , but the probability value was marginal ( figure 2 ; anova , p = 0 . 065 ; table 1 ) .
hinkelmann , c . , boesman , p . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . green hermit ( phaethornis guy ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 7 july 2018 ) .
as the highly descriptive name implies , the appearance of the black - throated green warbler is partly self - explanatory . the combination of black throat , black streaked flanks , yellow face with olive auriculars ( i . e . , feathers that covers the side of a bird ' s head ) , and unmarked olive - green crown and back are distinctive , even amongst other members of the superspecies complex .
the female is responsible for building the cup - shaped nest out of plant fibers woven together and green moss on the outside for camouflage in a protected location usually suspended under a large leaf , usually over water .
in tracadie harbour , nova scotia , green crabs have been estimated to be able to remove up to 87 000 eelgrass shoots per day ( garbary et al . , 2004 ) . however , the exact mechanism by which they cause such severe impacts is not clear . prince edward island ( pei ) has a well - established population of green crabs as well as abundant eelgrass beds , so it represents an ideal area to conduct manipulative experiments in which to study their interactions . in this study , we used field and laboratory experiments to measure the extent to which sediment disruption and direct feeding on eelgrass by green crabs mediate their potential effects on the critical habitat .
70 - 80 cm . large ibis . black overall , with iridescent tints of blue , green and copper in sunlight . red , naked face and crown . long , narrow feathers project from nuchal area to form ruff .
malyshev , a . , and quijón , p . a . 2011 . disruption of essential habitat by a coastal invader : new evidence of the effects of green crabs on eelgrass beds . – ices journal of marine science , 68 : 1852–1856 .
andrey malyshev , pedro a . quijón ; disruption of essential habitat by a coastal invader : new evidence of the effects of green crabs on eelgrass beds , ices journal of marine science , volume 68 , issue 9 , 1 september 2011 , pages 1852–1856 , urltoken
unlike many other north america wood warblers in this genus , the black - throated green warbler does not appear to follow spruce budworm ( choristoneura fumiferana ) outbreaks . therefore , this species does not display the large seasonal population fluctuations attributed to such outbreaks observed in similar congeners .
adult female : differs from male in that female has generally duller markings and colouration , crown is olive green with thin black streaks , cheek - patch is deep olive ( not black ) , throat is yellow and has variable amount of black markings , and back has less distinct black streaks than male .
morse , d . h . , and a . f . poole . 2005 . black - throated green warbler ( dendroica virens ) , the birds of north america online , . a . poole , ed . ithaca : cornell laboratory of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online database : urltoken
in the additional laboratory experiment run for video - recording ( results not plotted ) , juvenile green crabs grazed an average of 1 . 64 / 4 eelgrass shoots per tank ( i . e . ∼41 % of the planted shoots ) . eelgrass shoots were considered grazed only if clear shear marks were visible on the basal meristem of the eelgrass or if shoots were completely cut in half . for all laboratory experiments , very few leaf epiphytes were detected , but grazing was always on the basal meristematic tissue , not on the leaves . green crabs were recorded tearing the basal meristem and ingesting bits of plant tissue ( supplementary video s1 ) .
adult male : bright yellow stripes bordering black cheek - patch . crown and throat black ; yellow extends below throat to lower breast ; remaining underparts white ; sides and flanks streaked black . back olive green , with distinct black streaks or spots . two white wing - bars and extensive white in outer tail - feathers .
as expected from direct observations and published evidence ( e . g . davis et al . , 1998 ) , green crabs were detrimental to eelgrass beds . the field and laboratory experiments also confirmed that such a deleterious role is mediated by at least two mechanisms , depending on the size / age of the crabs : uprooting by adults and grazing by juveniles .
in the field - inclusion experiment , the biomass of fresh floating eelgrass shoots in cages containing green crabs was at least an order of magnitude greater than in control cages lacking crabs ( figure 1 ; anova , p = 0 . 034 ; table 1 ) . the biomass of eelgrass collected from the sediment within both cages ( above ground biomass ) was lower in the crab - included cages than in the control cages , but this difference was not significant ( figure 1 ; anova , p = 0 . 296 ; table 1 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) .
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be close to nature with a yearning for exploration in order to find yourself .
they see the outdoors as a kind of travel spirit , a stress free life , walking farther with less burden . the products are specially designed for outdoor enthusiasts who hope to reduce the weight , save space and organise everything during their travels , encouraging people to be free from the complexities of life , release themselves , to be close to nature with a yearning for exploration in order to find themselves .
ultralight outdoor gear limited registered office unit 9 pioneer court , morton palms business park , darlington , dl1 4wd , united kingdom . company registration number 6315295 vat no . 916065628
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
species name frequently emended to “ guyi ” , but this modification unjustified . race emiliae has often been merged into apicalis . four subspecies currently recognized .
( bourcier & mulsant , 1846 ) – colombia ( major river valleys in all three andean ranges ) .
( tschudi , 1844 ) – sierra de perijá , and e andean slopes from nw venezuela ( lara ) and colombia s to se peru .
song is a continuous series of nasal , rather low - pitched “kuek” notes , repeated at rate of c . 1 / . . .
understorey of mainly humid forest and adjacent forest edges , small clearings , secondary growth , . . .
season nov–jul , in particular jan–apr in trinidad ; feb–sept , dec in costa rica and panama ; data on gonadal activity . . .
records away from regular range reported from panama and n andes , but seasonality of these probably . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . uncommon to fairly common in most areas . in panama , common in darién foothills and in highlands above 600 m . occurs . . .
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this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : phaethornis guy . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 .
patch of semi - humid forest in cultivated area . filtered version on moore et al . ( 2013 ) urltoken
humid forest . reference : a : 634 - 679 ( phaguyy2 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
humid forest . reference : a : 564 - 596 ( phaguyy1 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 526 side a track 2 seq . a )
dos individuos en lek . a 5 m del mic . catalog number suaita 1801
lek de 4 individuos en sotobosque , 2 individuos vistos en persecusión . catalog number suaita 1794
lek en sotobosque , 9 individuos , grabados a 20 m de distancia . catalog number suaita 1793
un individuo perchado , no visto , en ramas bajas en sotobosque . periferia de lek , con otros 9 individuos . catalog number suaita1792
parque regional barbas - bremen , filandia , quindio . sector bremen - la popa
ref : ohm005b 0235 . low montane forest . 25m distace to mic . natural vocalization .
ohm001b 1634 . un individuo en vuelo , sotobosque . bosque montano bajo . a 30m del mic . vocalización natural .
ohm001b 0846 . un individuo en vuelo , sotobosque . bosque montano bajo . a 30m del mic . vocalización natural .
ohm 004b 0235 . un individuo en vuelo por el sotobosque . en borde de bosque . 10m del mic . vocalización natural . cerca al campamento bremen
ref : ohm003a 2634 . grupo de 3 a 5 individuos en sotobosque de heliconia sp y calathea sp , perchados a 50cm del suelo o mas bajo . interior de bosque secundario , dominado por guadua angustifolia . 10m del mic . vocalización natural . en el fondo canto de la rana cohete : colostethus fraterdanielli
ref : ohm003a 2107 . grupo de 3 a 5 individuos en sotobosque de heliconia sp y calathea sp , perchados a 50cm del suelo o mas bajo . interior de bosque secundario , dominado por guadua angustifolia . 10m del mic . vocalización natural . en el fondo canto de la rana cohete : colostethus fraterdanielli
ref ohm271 . natural vocalization . distance to mic : 5 m . a rare call , one bird perched in understory . low montane cloud forest . sunny weather . not filtering
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
field marks : the long and lean bird has a strongly decurved bill with a white tail . close
spanish : ermitaño verde . . . french : ermite de guy , ermite vert . . . italian : colibrì del sole verde , eremita verde . . . czech : kolibrík šedobrichý , kolib ? ík šedob ? ichý . . . danish : grøn eremit . . . german : graubrusteremit , graubrust - eremit , grüner schattenkolibri . . . finnish : vihererakkokolibri . . . japanese : midoriyumihachidori . . . dutch : groene heremietkolibrie . . . norwegian : grønneremitt . . . polish : pustelnik zielony . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : slnecnícek zelený . . . swedish : grön eremit
plumage is generally duller and sootier grey below . she has a longer beak and tail .
hummingbirds are solitary in all aspects of life other than breeding ; and the male ' s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female . they neither live nor migrate in flocks ; and there is no pair bond for this species . males court females by flying in a u - shaped pattern in front of them . he will separate from the female immediately after copulation . one male may mate with several females . in all likelihood , the female will also mate with several males . the males do not participate in choosing the nest location , building the nest or raising the chicks .
she lines the nest with soft plant fibers , animal hair and feather down , and strengthens the structure with spider webbing and other sticky material , giving it an elastic quality to allow it to stretch to double its size as the chicks grow and need more room . the nest is typically found on a low , skinny horizontal perch .
the average clutch usually only consists of one white egg , which she incubates alone for about 17 to 18 days , while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on . the young are born blind , immobile and without any down .
the female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food ( mostly partially - digested insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks ) . the female pushes the food down the chicks ' throats with her long bill directly into their stomachs .
as is the case with other hummingbird species , the chicks are brooded only the first week or two , and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size . the chicks leave the nest when they are about 21 - 23 days old .
many native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination . the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and , subsequently , from pollinating the plants .
they may also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water , or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge ; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds ; however , they only remain still for a short moment .
they also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein particularly needed during the breeding season to ensure the proper development of their young . insects are often caught in flight ( hawking ) ; snatched off leaves or branches , or are taken from spider webs . a nesting female can capture up to 2 , 000 insects a day .
males establish feeding territories , where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory . they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
benstead , p . , bird , j . , butchart , s . , calvert , r . , ekstrom , j . , pilgrim , j . , pople , r . , shutes , s . , taylor , j . , allinson , t , symes , a . , khwaja , n . , martin , r , ashpole , j
the historical range of the species probably extended throughout north africa and into the middle east . since the beginning of the 20
; three sub - colonies ) and at nearby tamri ( one colony , half the breeding population ) ( bowden 1998 ) , with some movement of birds between these two . in 1995 , the moroccan population was estimated at 300 individuals ( 74 breeding pairs that laid eggs ) ( bowden
1999 ) , but by 2015 there were 116 pairs that laid eggs ( el bekkay and oubrou 2015 ) . importantly , since 1980 there has been no overall decline in numbers at souss - massa np ( bowden
2003 ) . at present the population in morocco is stable and productivity is good with 148 young fledged in 2013 , and a total population at the end of the breeding season of 443 individuals ( seo / birdlife morocco 2013 ) . in 2014 , the total number of birds in morocco was estimated at 524 individuals , with 115 pairs successfully raising 192 young which went on to fledge ( oubrou and el bekkay 2014 ) . in 2015 there were 116 pairs , 205 fledglings and 580 birds at the end of the breeding season ( oubrou and el bekkay 2015 ) . these breeding numbers are the best since detailed records began 30 years ago ( safford unpubl . 2016 ) . there is some cause for optimism that former areas may soon be recolonised ( c . bowden
2006 ) , this is supported by observations of groups of up to 12 birds ( both adults and sub - adults ) in areas within the species ' s former range ( j . f . orueta
2003 ) . having barely been rediscovered this population it now looks as though it will once more be lost , with just a single individual returning to the colony in 2013 ( c . bowden
2013 ) and again in 2014 , and reportedly no birds returning in 2015 ( serra 2015 ) . being migratory , the syrian population is behaviourally distinct from the moroccan one , from which it is thought to have separated long ago . during the six breeding seasons following the rediscovery ( 2002 - 2007 ) , the three , and then two , pairs bred well and a total of 24 chicks fledged and left the breeding area successfully ( serra
( hirschfeld 2008 ) . the causes of failed breeding in 2009 are uncertain , but intraspecific disturbance and low spring rainfall are possible factors ( murdoch 2010 ) . in 2011 , a single breeding pair fledged two young ( r . grimmett
2011 ) , but the same pair failed to breed in 2012 ( c . bowden
2009 ) ; four adults were located in ethiopia in the winters of 2006 - 07 , 2007 - 08 , 2008 - 09 and january 2013 ( serra and wondafrash 2009 , seo / birdlife morocco 2013 ) , and three adults in winter 2014 ( bowden 2014 ) . records of untagged birds in
in late 2007 may relate to immature birds from the syrian colony or birds from an as yet undiscovered population ( hirschfeld 2008 ) . a semi - wild population numbering 91 individuals in 2006 exists at birecik , turkey ( j . tavares
2007 ) , where birds are free - flying for five months , breeding on natural nest sites and nest - boxes on cliffs , but are taken into captivity after the breeding season to prevent them from migrating ( g . eken
2007 ) . three birds from the colony migrated in 2009 travelling via the palmyra site . however , three were found dead in jordan ( niemann 2009 ) . in 2013 , six individuals were selected to remain in the wild and at least five of these migrated south in august stopping very close to the palmyra site ( c . bowden
2013 ) . however in september 2013 the birds moved westwards towards homs and a few days later all three tagged birds stopped transmitting ( bowden 2013 ) . it is not known why the birds stopped transmitting but hunting and electrocution on power lines are possible causes of mortality . historically , the species occurred across parts of southern europe , and reintroduction projects are underway for a migratory population in
, with a long - term aim to re - establish the species ( c . bowden
. 2016 ) . there are currently around 1 , 200 studbook registered individuals in european zoos ( wald 2014 ) and probably a further 800 unregistered birds of moroccan origin ( c . bowden
. 2016 ) . around 30 birds have now been released in the la janda area , spain , and in 2008 a released pair laid two eggs , perhaps the first breeding of the species in the wild in spain for 500 years ( hirschfeld 2008 ) .
in souss - massa national park and tamri , morocco in 2015 , 116 pairs raised 205 fledglings with a total of 580 individuals present at the end of the breeding season ( oubrou and el bekkay 2015 ) . in 2014 , 115 pairs produced 192 young which went on to fledge ( oubrou and el bekkay 2014 ) . in 2013 , 113 pairs ( i . e . 226 mature individuals ) nested , out of 319 adults , and produced 148 fledged young with a total of 443 birds at the end of the breeding season ( oubrou and el bekkay 2013 , j . f . orueta
. 2016 ) . in 2011 , 110 pairs produced 138 fledged young ( j . f . orueta
. 2016 ) , matching the breeding success of 2010 , when 105 pairs fledged 138 young ( r . grimmett
2011 ) . after the breeding season the total number of birds in the western population may have exceeded 500 in 2011 - 2012 ( iagnbi 2012 ) , and almost reached 600 individuals in 2015 ( oubrou and el bekkay 2015 ) . only a single mature female returned to syria in 2013 ( c . bowden
2013 ) and again in 2014 but reportedly no birds returned in 2015 ( serra 2015 ) . the last successful breeding record in syria is from 2011 when a single breeding pair fledged two young ( r . grimmett
2011 ) . the turkish population now numbers around 100 individuals ( iagnbi 2012 ) , but these managed birds are excluded from the total estimate . the species is considered regionally extinct in europe ( birdlife international 2015 ) .
an unquantified decline is indirectly estimated to have occurred over the last three generations . the moroccan population has been stable since 1980 , however serra ( 2003 ) provides reasonable evidence , including testimonies of local people , that in syria the species was still common 20 years ago and possibly quite abundant 30 years ago . colonies of several hundred probably existed up until 1980 . although the turkish population may be now recovering to levels it was at ten or more years ago , this heavily managed population is excluded from the overall trends .
2003 ) , but does not appear to be related to rainfall in the vicinity of the colonies as previously reported elsewhere . it is suggested that coastal fogs in the souss - massa region may buffer the adverse impacts of low rainfall , and may in part account for the year - round residency of the birds
it has declined for several centuries , perhaps partly owing to unidentified natural causes . however , the more recent rapid decline is undoubtedly the result of a combination of factors , with different threats affecting different populations . in morocco , illegal building and disturbance close to the breeding cliffs and changes in farming on the feeding grounds are the threats that may have the most severe impact on the population . hunting was the main threat to the tiny syrian population , and overgrazing and collecting of firewood have reduced habitat quality in feeding areas , with food availability declining during the pre - dispersal period when the species ' s nutritional requirements are high ( lindsell
. 2011 ) . a well was under construction at a main feeding site in syria in 2007 . this is likely to increase disturbance to the species and might render this important site unsuitable in the near future ( g . serra
2009 , murdoch 2010 ) . satellite tracking of juvenile birds indicates that the main threat to the eastern population is mortality from hunting in the arabian peninsula . three birds tagged in summer 2010 did not survive their first winter ( r . grimmett
2011 ) . breeding productivity in syria in 2005 was zero : local rangers reported predation as the cause .
in turkey , a major historical threat was poisoning and reduced breeding success caused by pesticides used against locusts and mosquitoes ( murdoch 2010 ) . in syria , the most serious nest predator is brown - necked raven
2009 ) . the birecik subpopulation has also suffered from losses to predation in some years ( j . tavares pers . comm . 2008 ) . at souss - massa np , the most recent causes of breeding failure have been loss of eggs to predators and , more importantly , poor chick survival as a result of starvation and predation ( bowden
. 2013 ) . illegal hunting in italy has been identified as a key threat to birds undertaking human - led migration from captive breeding populations in the alps ( wald 2014 ) .
cites appendix i . cms appendix i and ii . in 1999 , an international advisory group iagnbi was created to coordinate efforts and provide scientific advice ( bowden 2001 )
. 2016 ) . an international species action plan was published in 2006 . an african - eurasian migratory waterbird agreement ( aewa ) international working group was established in 2012 and a revised international single species action plan ( issap ) for the conservation of the northern bald ibis was approved by aewa in 2015 ( c . bowden
. 2016 ) . the revised issap has four objectives to be achieved by 2025 : increase reproductive success ; reduce adult / juvenile mortality ; establish new colonies ; fill key knowledge gaps ( bowden 2015 ) . the aewa international working group plans to meet in march 2017 ( c . bowden
. colour - ringing of young at birecik has begun and there were plans to attach satellite transmitters to a family party in july 2007 ( j . tavares
. a captive breeding centre has been built at ain tijja - mezguitem , north - eastern morocco , and is stocked with zoo - bred birds imported in 2000 and 2004 ( waza www . waza . org ) . in 2004 , an information centre was also constructed . six pairs bred in 2006 and successfully reared six offspring . in 2007 , the aviary contained 19 birds ( 13 adults and six juveniles ) . the centre was closed in 2016 with the remaining birds transferred to rabat zoo ( j . f . orueta
. 2016 ) . a reintroduction was planned once the population has reached around 40 birds ( waza www . waza . org ) . other captive breeding schemes exist or are planned in austria , spain and italy , and programmes of releasing captive birds are either in progress or in the experimental phase in bavaria , spain , and italy ( n . schaffer
. in southern spain a total of 190 birds were released between 2004 and 2009 ( boehm and bowden 2010 ) . although juvenile mortality has been high , the first breeding pair was formed on nearby cliffs in 2008 . a small independent non - migratory colony is now becoming well established in the area ( matheu
. 2014 ) . there are two introduced populations in the alps , totalling 30 individuals , in burghausen ( germany ) and salzburg ( austria ) ( wald 2014 ) . these birds have undertaken human - led migration to orbetello lagoon in tuscany , italy and in 2011 the first wild bird independently migrated from italy to burghausen ( waldrappteam 2014a ) . there have been experimental field studies of the feeding ecology of hand - raised individuals in potential summer and winter habitat in europe ( zoufal
. the palmyra project in syria has initiated a research and protection programme in collaboration with local communities , however the current security situation means any work on the species is very difficult . three birds were satellite - tagged there in june 2006 ( anon . 2006 )
, and one in 2007 ; giving an indication of the migratory route of syrian individuals . syria ' s first local conservation society , the palmyra society for the protection of environment and wildlife , aims to develop ecotourism in the area ( anon . 2008 )
. the breeding area in syria was declared a protected area in 2004 by ministry of agriculture and agrarian reform . it was also declared as an iba by birdlife in 2007 . ecotourism and awareness raising has been promoted throughout the range . conservation action to date has focused on reducing the negative influences on breeding success , but it is recognised that for such a long - lived bird adult survival is also likely to be an important limiting factor on the population size . plans to release young birds from the birecik colony in syria during 2009 were halted by delays in obtaining permissions from the turkish authorities , although it was hoped that this would be possible in 2010
( anon . 2008 ) . five birds were released from the birecik colony in 2013 and fitted with satellite tags but these birds were lost over syria and future releases halted to prevent further losses ( safford unpubl . 2016 ) .
2003 ) . study threats along the migration route and in the non - breeding range of the syrian population ( anon . 2008 )
2009 ) . ensure the moroccan breeding sites are protected and wardening operations are supported . employ management techniques such as the provision of drinking water ( serra
2007 ) . better link the birecik and syrian populations and projects ; research potential to supplement syrian colony with birds from turkey ( j . tavares
2009 ) . continue with current husbandry at birecik to increase colony to 150 - 200 birds ( j . tavares
2007 ) . protect wintering areas in ethiopia . raise awareness among hunters on the migration route ( anon . 2006 )
map edited : added passage range from syria to ethiopia ; added extinct breeding range in north africa and middle east . eoo updated .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22697488a118847366 .
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results of two - and one - way anova summarizing comparisons conducted in field and laboratory experiments , with each comparison making reference to the results presented in figures 1–3 , and dependent variables and the main anova components detailed .
eelgrass biomass loss as a result of juvenile burrowing / uprooting only reached ∼7 % , whereas biomass loss through feeding / cutting totalled ∼19 % ( figure 3 ) . feeding / cutting occurred evenly over the duration of the trials ( 6 d ) and was observed in seven of the ten experimental tanks . both losses contrast with the ∼1 % of biomass lost in the control tanks as a result of natural tissue necrosis , an average significantly lower than the biomass lost by feeding / cutting ( figure 3 ; anova , p = 0 . 006 ; table 1 ) .
we thank j . greenan , j . willis , v . lutz - collins , m . wadowski , c . pater , and d . mcneill for their help in the laboratory and / or the field . we also thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments improved the quality of an early version of the manuscript . this study was funded by a nserc discovery grant and ord - upei grants to paq , and a nserc usra to am .
geographical expansion of a nonindigenous crab , carcinus maenas ( l . ) , along the nova scotian shore into the southeastern gulf of st lawrence , canada
new additions to the feeding ecology of carcinus maenas ( l . , 1758 ) in a south - western europe estuary ( portugal )
annual life cycles of two zostera marina l . populations in the gulf of california : contrasts in seasonality and reproductive effort
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starksia grammilaga , the pinstriped blenny , is a species of labrisomid blenny native to the pacific coast of mexico including the gulf of california .

starksia grammilaga

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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
kuala lumpur , malaysia , 8th june 2018—the online pet trade has emerged as a pressing threat to otters in southeast asia with a new traffic - iucn otter specialist group ( osg ) study revealing hundre . . .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 27 august 2014 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 27 august 2014 ) .
justification : this species is relatively widespread in the eastern pacific . there are no known major threats to this species , and no current indication of widespread population decline . it is listed as least concern .
this species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found in the south - western gulf of california , and from mazatlan to oaxaca , mexico including the tres marias islands .
this benthic species inhabits rocky and adjacent sandy rubble areas to depths of 30m .
there are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) , including the islas marias biosphere reserve .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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cerdocyon avius is an extinct species of omnivorous mammal of the family canidae , which inhabited north and south america during the pliocene from 4.9 to approximately 2.6 ma .

it was similar to the modern crab-eating fox .

cerdocyon avius

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cerdocyon avius was about 80 centimetres ( 2 . 6 ft ) long and probably had habits similar to those of its extant relative . fossils of the species have been found in baja california and venezuela .
and other species of the genus cerdocyon underwent radiational evolution on the south american continent .
deniz martinez added the english common name
wood fox
to
cerdocyon thous ( linnaeus , 1766 )
.
michael wunderli marked
crab - eating fox
as trusted on the
cerdocyon thous linnaeus , 1766
page .
bruno marino added the brazilian portuguese common name
guaraxaim
to
cerdocyon thous ( linnaeus , 1766 )
.
c . avius was about 80 cm ( 2 ft 8 in ) long and probably had habits similar to those of its extant relative . it was found in baja california and venezuela .
this page is based on the copyrighted wikipedia article cerdocyon avius ; it is used under the creative commons attribution - sharealike 3 . 0 unported license ( cc - by - sa ) . you may redistribute it , verbatim or modified , providing that you comply with the terms of the cc - by - sa
) are extinct . it is the only representative at present of the genus cerdocyon . genetically , there are 74 diploid chromosomes ( 36 pairs ) .
cerdocyon was named by hamilton - smith ( 1839 ) . it was assigned to canidae by hamilton - smith ( 1839 ) and carroll ( 1988 ) .
cerdocyonina is a tribe which appeared around 6 . 0 million years ago ( mya ) in north america as cerdocyon avius becoming extinct by around 1 . 4—1 . 3 mya . living about 4 . 7 million years . this genus carried on in south america from an undetermined time , possibly around 3 . 1 mya and continues to present in the form or similar to the crab - eating fox .
maggie whitson marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
cerdocyon thous ( linnaeus , 1766 )
.
cerdocyon was named by hamilton - smith ( 1839 ) . it was assigned to canidae by hamilton - smith ( 1839 ) and carroll ( 1988 ) . [ 2 ]
courtenay , o . & maffei , l . ( 2008 ) . cerdocyon thous . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 22 march 2009 . database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
tejera - n , vh ; araúz - g . , v . león , a . r . rodríguez , p . gonzález , s . bermúdez & r . moreno . 1999 . primer registro del zorro cangrejero cerdocyon thous ( carnivora : canidae ) , para panamá . scientia 14 : 103 - 107
) , also known as the forest fox , wood fox , and the common fox , is an extant species of medium - sized canid endemic to the central part of south america , and which appeared during the pliocene epoch . cerdocyon comes from the greek words kerdo ( meaning fox ) and cyon ( dog ) referring to the dog and fox - like characteristics of this animal .
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( dog ) referring to the dog and fox - like characteristics of this animal .
. this genus carried on in south america from an undetermined time , possibly around 3 . 1 mya and continues to the present in the form or similar to the crab - eating fox .
its habitat also includes wooded river banks such as riparian forest . in the rainy season their range moves uphill , whilst in drier times they move to low ground ( nowak , 1999 ) . their habitat covers all environments except rainforests , high mountains and open grassy savannas . in some regions of their range they are threatened with extirpation .
short and thick fur . coloration varies from grey - brown , to yellow air raid , to pale , navy - blue spotted , to dark grey . there is a black streak along the back legs with a black stripe along the back . on muzzle , ears and paws there is more reddish fur . tail , legs and ear tips are black . the torso is somewhat narrow with strong short legs . the dense hairy tail stays upright when they are excited . the ears are wide and round .
the adult female gives birth to one or two litters per year , and the breeding pair is monogamous . the pair ranges the plains together . as a tropical animal , reproduction is not fixed to certain times of year , and takes place twice yearly . the reproductive period most often begins in november or december , and july . the birth of offspring follows after a 56 - day gestation , typically in january , february or sometimes march ( nowak , 1999 ) .
the crab - eating fox searches for crabs on muddy floodplains during the wet season giving this animal its common name . it is an opportunist and an omnivore preferring insects or meat from rodents and birds when available . other foods readily consumed include turtle eggs , tortoises , fruit , eggs , crustaceans , insects , lizards , crabs and carrion . their diet is varied and differs in different investigations , suggesting opportunistic feeding and geographical variation . during the wet season the diet contains more crabs and crustaceans , while during the dry season it contains more insects ( berta , 1982 ) . the crab - eating fox contributes to the control of rodents and harmful insects .
this fox is occasionally hunted , but the pelt is not valuable . the fox does not pose a danger to livestock . this is not currently a species of concern for conservation ; however , its habitat is slowly shrinking due to human forces such as agriculture , as well as feral dogs ' encroachment on its territory , though the population is still stable . despite the low value of their pelts , these canids can often be killed by locals , though there have been no unambiguous proof that they attack farm animals . they are easy to domesticate , and often bred by local people . this does not , however , remove the threat to their population . the species is not protected at present .
) lists the fox as not threatened by extinction - appendix ii ( cites , 2000 ) . the
c . t . thous , venezuela , guyana , surinam , french guiana north brasil .
c . t . entrerianus , brasil , bolivia . uruguay , paraguay and argentina .
wozencraft , w . c . ( 2005 ) .
order carnivora
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . p . 578 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
c . cartelle and w . c . hartwig . 1996 . a new extinct primate among the pleistocene megafauna of bahia , brazil . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 93 : 6405 - 6409
tedford , richard h . , wang , xiaoming , taylor , beryl e . , phylogenetic systematics of the north american fossil caninae ( carnivora , canidae ) . ( bulletin of the american museum of natural history , no . 325 ) pdf
nowak , ronald m . ( 2005 ) . walker ' s carnivores of the world . baltimore : johns hopkins press . isbn 0 - 8018 - 8032 - 7
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
file : crab - eating fox . jpg
.
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r . l . carroll . 1988 . vertebrate paleontology and evolution . w . h . freeman and company
lua error in package . lua at line 80 : module ' module : buffer ' not found .
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not a mod , nor do i play one on tv , but this really should be in new animal profiles .
could be that the harpy eagle evolved to take larger , more dangerous prey than is currently common in it ' s habitat .
as one of the species of the tribe canini , it is related to the canis genus . the crab - eating fox ' s nearest relative , theorized at present , is the
. this , however , has to be supported by mitochondrial investigations . all relatives of the crab - eating fox (
the crab - eating fox is a canid that ranges in savannas , woodlands subtropical forests , prickly , shrubby thickets and tropical savannas such as the caatinga , plains , and campo from colombia and southern venezuela to paraguay , uruguay and northern argentina . ( eisenberg , 1999 ) the crab - eating fox has also been sighted in panama since the 1990s .
its habitat also includes wooded river banks such as riparian forest . in the rainy season their range moves uphill , whilst in drier times they move to low ground ( nowak , 1999 ) . their habitat covers all environments except rainforests , high mountains and open grassy savannas . in some regions of their range they are threatened with extirpation .
the adult female gives birth to one or two litters per year , and the breeding pair is monogamous . the pair ranges the plains together . as a tropical animal , reproduction is not fixed to certain times of year , and takes place twice yearly . the reproductive period most often begins in november or december , and july . the birth of offspring follows after a 56 - day gestation , typically in january , february or sometimes march ( nowak , 199 ) .
the crab - eating fox searches for crabs on muddy floodplains during the wet season giving this animal its common name . it is an opportunist and an omnivore preferring insects or meat from rodents and birds when available . other foods readily consumed include turtle eggs , tortoises , fruit , eggs , crustaceans , insects , lizards , crabs and carrion . their diet is varied and differs in different investigations , suggesting opportunistic feeding and geographical variation . during the wet season the diet contains more crabs and crustaceans , while during the dry season it contains more insects ( berta , 1982 ) . the crab - eating fox contributes to the control of rodents and harmful insects .
the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) lists the fox as not threatened by extinction - appendix ii ( cites , 2000 ) . the iucn lists the crab - eating fox as
least concern
.
this fox is occasionally hunted , but the pelt is not valuable . the fox does not pose a danger to livestock . this is not currently a species of concern for conservation ; however , its habitat is slowly shrinking due to human forces such as agriculture , as well as feral dogs ' encroachment on its territory , though the population is still stable . despite the low value of their pelts , these canids can often be killed by locals , though there have been no unambiguous proof that they attack farm animals . they are easy to domesticate , and often bred by local people . this does not , however , remove the threat to their population . the species is not protected at present .
) , also known as the fanged deer , is a small ruminant found in tropical africa . it is the largest of the ten species of chevrotains , basal even - toed ungulates which are similar to deer but are barely larger than small dogs .
the water chevrotain is endemic to the tropical regions of africa . while it primarily lives in the coastal regions , the species can be found from sierra leone to western uganda . the water chevrotain can be found in closed canopy moist tropical lowland forest , and within this habitat , they only occupy areas within close range to streams or rivers . the area is rarely inhabited by the species if it is further than 250 m away from water . during the day , chevrotains can not be found outside of the dense forest ; but at night they can be observed in exposed clearings and open river banks .
unusually for most vertebrates , female water chevrotains are larger than males . on average , they weigh over two kilograms ( four pounds ) more than the 10 kg ( 22 lb ) males . their body length is about 85 cm ( 2 feet , 8 inches ) , and their shoulder height is around 35 cm ( 1 , 4 inches ) . water chevrotains have a rich , sleek red - brown coat on top , and the underside of the coat is white . on the body , there is a pattern of white stripes that run horizontally from the shoulder to the tail , with vertical rows of white stripes in the back . the chin , throat and chest are covered in very course hair with a pattern of white v shapes . the back end of the water chevrotain is full of powerful muscles and is quite a bit higher than the shoulders , which makes the body slope downward . the head is held down toward the ground while walking , which allows the water chevrotain to navigate easily through thickets of dense brush . there is a layer of thick , reinforced skin on the dorsal surface , which protects the back from injuries caused by the thick brush . the legs look short and thin compared to the bulky body , and the hooves are similar to a pig’s . the tail is short with a fluffy white underside that resembles a cotton ball .
the water chevrotain is exclusively nocturnal , and forages for food in clearings at night . during the day , the water chevrotain hides in the dense cover of the african brush . the resting postures of the species include lying down and sitting up . because they’re such a solitary species , the interactions between water chevrotains are only agnostic and reproductive encounters . males fight other males , mainly over territory . their fights are typically short , and in them the two competing males run at each other , mouths open . they poke each other with their muzzles and bite . these aggressive fights are thought to be the reason that mature male water chevrotains normally live no closer than several kilometers apart . the water chevrotain has several different noises that it makes , which include a scream when injured / wounded and an alarm bark . when females fight , they make a high pitched chattering noise , and when pursuing a female , males make a noise through a closed mouth .
it is estimated that the total population of the water chevrotain species is around 278 , 000 . the icun red list has given the status “least concern” to the water chevrotain . because of its solitary nature , there is very little information about its population in each individual country , but recently there has been evidence that shows the population is declining in some areas .
) , also called the red muntjac , common muntjac or barking deer , is the most numerous muntjac deer species . it has soft , short , brownish or greyish hair , sometimes with creamy markings . this species is omnivorous , feeding on grass , fruits , shoots , seeds , birds ' eggs as well as small animals . it sometimes displays even scavenging behavior , feeding on carrion . it gives calls similar to barking , usually upon sensing a predator ( hence the common name for all muntjacs of barking deer ) . sometimes these deer will bark for an hour or more .
this species is one of eleven different species of muntjacs spread across asia . the indian muntjacs specifically are widespread throughout southern asia , but are one of the least known asian animals . paleontological evidence proves that indian muntjacs have been around since the late pleistocene epoch at least 12 , 000 years ago . since then , they have played a major role in southern asia , being hunted for sport as well as for their meat and skin . often these animals are hunted around the outskirts of agricultural areas as they are considered a nuisance for damaging crops and ripping bark from trees . however , this animal is still in an abundance in southern asia , numbering anywhere from 140 , 000 - 150 , 000 in india alone as of 2004 .
the male indian muntjac has small , unbranched antlers which grow to about 15 centimeters ( 5 . 9 in ) in length . the antlers grow annually from a bony stalk on the top of the head . males are extremely territorial and—despite their diminutive size—can be quite fierce . they will fight each other for territory using their antlers or their ( more dangerous ) tusk - like upper canine teeth , and can even defend themselves against certain predators such as dogs .
the indian muntjac is among the most widespread but least known of all mammals in south asia . it is found in bangladesh , southern china , northeastern india , sri lanka , nepal , pakistan , cambodia , vietnam , the malay peninsula , the riau archipelago , sumatra , bangka island , belitung , java , bali , and borneo . this species is most densely located in southeast asia .
the indian muntjac is found in tropical and subtropical deciduous forests , grasslands , savannas , and scrub forests , as well as in the hilly country on the slopes of the himalayas . they are found at altitudes ranging from sea level up to 3 , 000 meters ( 9 , 800 ft ) . they never wander far from water . also , males usually have their own territory , which may overlap the territories of a few females but not of another male .
the indian muntjacs are classified as omnivores . they are considered both browsers and grazers with a diet consisting of grasses , ivy , prickly bushes , low growing leaves , bark , twigs , herbs , fruit , sprouts , seeds , tender shoots , bird eggs and small warm - blooded animals . indian muntjacs are typically found feeding at the edge of the forest or in abandoned clearings . the muntjac’s found in the nilgiri - wayand area of south india are always sited in the large tea estates , as they feed mostly the tea seeds . their large canine teeth help in the processes of retrieving and ingesting food .
the indian muntjacs are polygamous animals . females sexually mature during their first to second year of life . these females are polyestrous , with each cycle lasting about 14 to 21 days and an estrus lasting for 2 days . the gestation period is six to seven months and they usually bear one offspring at a time but sometimes produce twins . females usually give birth in dense growth so that they are hidden from the rest of the herd and predators . the young leaves its mother after about six months to establish its own territory . males often fight between one another for possession of a harem of females . indian muntjacs are distinguished from other even - toed ungulates in showing no evidence of a specific breeding season within the species .
other than during the rut ( mating season ) and for the first six months after giving birth , the adult indian muntjac is a solitary animal . adult males in particular are well spaced and marking grass and bushes with secretions from their preorbital glands appears to be involved in the acquisition and maintenance of territory . males acquire territories that they mark with scent markers by rubbing their preorbital glands ( located on their face , just below the eyes ) on the ground and on trees , scraping their hooves against the ground , and scraping the bark of trees with their lower incisors . these scent markers allow other muntjacs to know whether a territory is occupied or not . males will often fight with each other over these territories , sufficient vegetation , and for primary preference over females when mating using their short antlers and an even more dangerous weapon , their canines . if a male is not strong enough to acquire his own territory he will most likely become prey to a leopard or some other predator . during the time of the rut , territorial lines are temporarily disregarded and overlap while males roam constantly in search of a receptive female .
these deer are highly alert creatures . when put into a stressful situation or if a predator is sensed , muntjacs will begin making a bark - like sound . barking was originally thought of as a means of communication between the deer during mating season as well as an alert . however , in more recent studies it has been identified as a mechanism used solely in alarming situations meant to cause a predator to realize that it has been detected and move elsewhere or to reveal itself . the barking mechanism is used more frequently when visibility is reduced and can last for over an hour regarding one incident . muntjacs exhibit both diurnality and nocturnality .
heptodon is an extinct genus of tapir - type herbivore of the family helaletidae endemic to north america during the eocene epoch . it lived from 55 . 4—48 . 6 mya , existing for approximately 6 . 8 million years .
heptodon was named by cope ( 1882 ) . it was considered paraphyletic by colbert ( 2005 ) . it was assigned to helaletinae by radinsky ( 1966 ) ; to ceratomorpha by cope ( 1882 ) and colbert and schoch ( 1998 ) ; to heptodontidae by holbrook ( 1999 ) ; and to tapiroidea by colbert ( 2005 ) . m . w . colbert . 2005 .
heptodon was about 1 metre ( 3 . 3 ft ) in length , and closely resembled modern tapirs . the shape of the skull suggests that it probably lacked the characteristic tapir trunk . instead it probably had a slightly elongated , fleshy upper lip , like its relative helatetes . a single specimen was examined by m . mendoza , c . m . janis , and p . palmqvist for body mass . it was estimated to have a weight of 15 . 5 kg ( 34 lb ) .
) is a species of rodent in the sciuridae family . it is monotypic within the genus rheithrosciurus . it is found only on the island of borneo , in indonesia , brunei and malaysia . this 35 centimieter ( 1 ' foot
squirrel is reported to have the largest tail to body size ratio with its tail being 30 percent larger than its body . it is hypothosized that this squirrel uses it ' s extra large tail as either an anti - predator decoy , or possibly for maiting displays or communication . these animals are rarely observed so it ' s hard to be certain . local stories report that rheithrosciurus will sometimes attack larger animals , particularly chickens and muntjacs , severing their jugular veins and then eating some of the organs and stomach content . this has given it the nickname
vampire squirrel
but these stories are unproven .
this animal is listed by the iucn as vulnerable . it seems to occur at low population densities and it ' s habitat is under threat . it is unknown if it requires pristine habitat or can survive in degraded forests , but it seems likely that habitat fragmentation could be a serious problem for it . it has onlly been recorded from hilly primary forest areas .
) . the ganges river dolphin is primarily found in the ganges and brahmaputra rivers and their tributaries in bangladesh , india and nepal , while the indus river dolphin is found in the indus river in pakistan and its beas and sutlej tributaries . from the 1970s until 1998 , they were regarded as separate species ; however , in 1998 , their classification was changed from two separate species to subspecies of a single species ( see taxonomy below ) . the ganges river dolphin has been recognized by the government of india as its national aquatic animal .
the species was described by two separate authors , lebeck and roxburgh , in 1801 , and it is unclear to whom the original description should be ascribed . until the 1970s , the south asian river dolphin was regarded as a single species . the two subspecies are geographically separate and have not interbred for many hundreds if not thousands of years . based on differences in skull structure , vertebrae and lipid composition scientists declared the two populations as separate species in the early 1970s . in 1998 , the results of these studies were questioned and the classification reverted to the pre - 1970 consensus of a single species containing two subspecies until the taxonomy could be resolved using modern techniques such as molecular sequencing . thus , at present , this one species with two subspecies is recognized in the genus platanista , the
the south asian river dolphin has the long , pointed nose characteristic of all river dolphins . its teeth are visible in both the upper and lower jaws even when the mouth is closed . the teeth of young animals are almost an inch long , thin and curved ; however , as animals age , the teeth undergo considerable changes and in mature adults become square , bony , flat disks . the snout thickens towards its end . the species does not have a crystalline eye lens , rendering it effectively blind , although it may still be able to detect the intensity and direction of light . navigation and hunting are carried out using echolocation . they are unique among cetaceans in that they swim on their sides .
the body is a brownish color and stocky at the middle . the species has only a small , triangular lump in the place of a dorsal fin . the flippers and tail are thin and large in relation to the body size , which is about 2 - 2 . 2 meters ( 6 ' 6
- 7 ' 2
) in males and 2 . 4 - 2 . 6 m ( 7 ' 9
- 8 ' 6
) in females . the oldest recorded animal was a 28 - year - old male , 199 cm in length ( 6 ' 6
) . sexual dimorphism is expressed after females reach about 150 cm ( 59 in ) ; the female rostrum continues to grow after the male rostrum stops growing , eventually reaching approximately 20 cm ( 7 . 9 in ) longer .
occasionally , individuals swim along with their beaks emerging from the water , and they may
breach
; jumping partly or completely clear of the water and landing on their sides .
births may take place year round , but appear to be concentrated between december to january and march to may . gestation is thought to be approximately 9–10 months . after around one year , juveniles are weaned and they reach sexual maturity at about 10 years of age . during the monsoon , south asian river dolphins tend to migrate to tributaries of the main river systems . the south asian river dolphin feeds on a variety of shrimp and fish , including carp and catfish . they are usually encountered on their own or in loose aggregations ; the dolphins do not form tight interacting groups .
international trade is prohibited by the listing of the south asian river dolphin on appendix i of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) . it is protected under the indian wildlife act , although these legislations require stricter enforcement . both subspecies are listed by the iucn as endangered on their red list of threatened species . the indus river dolphin is listed as endangered by the us government national marine fisheries service under the endangered species act . on a positive note , in recent years , the population of blind indus dolphins in pakistan has increased .
the immediate danger for the resident population of p . gangeticus in national chambal sanctuary is the decrease in river depth and appearance of sand bars dividing the river course into smaller segments . the proposed conservation measures include designated dolphin sanctuaries and the creation of additional habitat . ministry of environment and forest declared gangetic dolphin as national aquatic animal of india . also , a stretch of ganges river between sultanganj and kahlgaon in bihar has been declared as dolphin sanctuary and named vikramshila gangetic dolphin sanctuary ( vgds ) . it is world ' s first dolphin sanctuary for conservation of gangetic dolphin p . gangeticus .
the species is listed on appendix i and appendix ii of the convention on the conservation of migratory species of wild animals ( cms ) . it is listed on appendix i as this species has been categorized as being in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant proportion of their range and cms parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals , conserving or restoring the places where they live , mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them . it is listed on appendix ii as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co - operation organised by tailored agreements .
the uttar pradesh government in india is bringing up ancient hindu texts in hopes of raising the community support to save the dolphins from disappearing . one of the lines being versed from valimiki’s ramayan , highlighted the force by which the ganges emerged from lord shivji’s locks and along with this force came many species such as animals , fish and the shishumaar—the dolphin .
both subspecies have been very adversely affected by human use of the river systems in the subcontinent . entanglement in fishing nets can cause significant damage to local population numbers . some individuals are still taken each year and their oil and meat used as a liniment , as an aphrodisiac , and as bait for catfish . irrigation has lowered water levels throughout both subspecies ' ranges . poisoning of the water supply from industrial and agricultural chemicals may have also contributed to population decline . perhaps the most significant issue is the building of more than 50 dams along many rivers , causing the segregation of populations and a narrowed gene pool in which dolphins can breed . currently , three subpopulations of indus dolphins are considered capable of long - term survival if protected .


dichomeris juncidella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by clemens in 1860 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from nova scotia , southern quebec and southern ontario to florida , texas and nebraska .

the wingspan is about 13 mm .

the forewings are dark brown almost blackish brown , with an ochreous orange spot on the disk , one on the subcostal nervure nearer the base , one beneath it in the fold , and one on the end of the disk , all of the same hue .

on the costa near the tip is a small ochreous orange spot .

the hindwings are dull yellowish brown .

adults are on wing from march to october .

the larvae feed on ambrosia artemisiifolia , artemisia trifida , solidago , aster , helianthus tuberosus and aralia spinosa .

dichomeris juncidella

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hodges , r . w . , 1986 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 7 . 1 , p . 110 ; pl . 3 . 16 . order
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records from southeastern canada and maine , south to florida , west to texas , oklahoma and illinois . colorado and arizona in the west .
larval hosts include scarlet oak ( quercus coccinea münchh . , fagaceae ) and northern red oak ( quercus rubra l . ) ( hosts ) .
. the wedge entomological research foundation . p . 75 ; pl . 1 . , figs . 37 - 40 .
walker , f . 1866 . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum 35 ( suppl . 5 ) : 1827 .
a list of the lepidoptera of maine . part 2 , the microlepidoptera . section 1 & 2 auburn e . brower . 1984 . maine agricultural experiment station technical bulletin 114 : 1 - 70 .
the moths of america north of mexico : fascicle 7 . 1 , revision of north american gelechiidae family and . . . hodges , r . w . 1986 . the wedge entomological research foundation .
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on sheet with uv black light . submitted for pa record . linked image 1 of 2 of same moth .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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hodges , r . w . 1986 . gelechiodea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae . in dominick , r . b . , t . dominick , d . c . ferguson , j . g . franclemont , r . w . hodges , and e . g . munroe ( eds . ) . moths of america , north of mexico . fascicle 7 . 1 . the wedge entomological research foundation , washington , 195 pp .
lee , s . , r . w . hodges and r . l . brown . 2009 . checklist of gelechiidae ( lepidoptera ) in american north of mexico . zootaxa 2231 : 1 - 39 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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netechma albitermen is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in zamora-chinchipe province , ecuador .

the wingspan is 17 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is white , slightly tinged with grey at the costa where it is dotted black .

the forewings are suffused rust cream in the basal area .

the markings are black-brown .

the hindwings are cream with greyish strigulation ( fine streaks ) .

netechma albitermen

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1 . nete 2 . nete mo samete mo 3 . nete river 4 . nete twins 5 . netease 6 . netebate 7 . netec 8 . netechma brevidagus 9 . netechma eurychlora 10 . netechma insignata 11 . netechma neanica 12 . netechma sulphurica 13 . neteg 14 . netegrity 15 . netel 16 . netela 17 . neteller 18 . neten 19 . neten chokling 20 . netequalizer 21 . neter 22 . neter - khertet 23 . neter khertet 24 . netering 25 . neterkheperre meryptah called pipi ii
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africolaria wattersae is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

africolaria wattersae

species fasciolaria rutila r . b . watson , 1882 accepted as africolaria rutila ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) ( original combination )
fasciolaria rutila r . b . watson , 1882 accepted as africolaria rutila ( r . b . watson , 1882 ) ( type by original designation )
( of fasciolaria wattersae kilburn , 1974 ) kilburn r . n . ( 1974 ) . taxonomic notes on south african marine mollusca ( 3 ) : gastropoda : prosobranchia , with descriptions of new taxa of naticidae , fasciolariidae , magilidae , volutomitridae and turridae . annals of the natal museum . 22 : 187 - 220 . [ details ]
( of fasciolaria ( pleuroploca ) wattersae kilburn , 1974 ) kilburn r . n . ( 1974 ) . taxonomic notes on south african marine mollusca ( 3 ) : gastropoda : prosobranchia , with descriptions of new taxa of naticidae , fasciolariidae , magilidae , volutomitridae and turridae . annals of the natal museum . 22 : 187 - 220 . [ details ]
( of fasciolaria wattersae kilburn , 1974 ) marais j . p . & r . n . kilburn ( 2010 ) fasciolariidae . pp . 106 - 137 , in : marais a . p . & seccombe a . d . ( eds ) , identification guide to the seashells of south africa . volume 1 . groenkloof : centre for molluscan studies . 376 pp . [ details ]
snyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]
fasciolaria ( pleuroploca ) p . fischer , 1884 accepted as pleuroploca p . fischer , 1884
kilburn r . n . ( 1974 ) . taxonomic notes on south african marine mollusca ( 3 ) : gastropoda : prosobranchia , with descriptions of new taxa of naticidae , fasciolariidae , magilidae , volutomitridae and turridae . annals of the natal museum . 22 : 187 - 220 . [ details ]
snyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] page ( s ) : 49 [ details ]
snyder , vermeij & lyons , 2012 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 607869 on 2018 - 07 - 09
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pleuroploca acutispsira ( strebel , 1911 ) : synonym of triplofusus princeps ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 )
pleuroploca lugubris ( a . adams & reeve in reeve , 1847 ) : : synonym of lugubrilaria lugubris ( a . adams & reeve , 1847 )
pleuroploca princeps ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) : : synonym of triplofusus princeps ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 )
subgenus fasciolaria ( pleuroploca ) p . fischer , 1884 accepted as pleuroploca p . fischer , 1884
species fasciolaria acutispsira strebel , 1911 accepted as triplofusus princeps ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 )
species fasciolaria distans auct . accepted as fasciolaria lilium fischer von waldheim , 1807 accepted as cinctura lilium ( fischer von waldheim , 1807 )
species fasciolaria hunteria ( g . perry , 1811 ) accepted as cinctura hunteria ( perry , 1811 )
species fasciolaria ligata mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 accepted as ptychatractus ligatus ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 ) ( original combination )
species fasciolaria lugubris a . adams & reeve , 1847 accepted as lugubrilaria lugubris ( a . adams & reeve , 1847 ) ( original combination )
species fasciolaria papillosa g . b . sowerby i , 1825 accepted as triplofusus papillosus ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) ( original combination )
species fasciolaria princeps g . b . sowerby i , 1825 accepted as triplofusus princeps ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) ( original combination )
lamarck [ j . - b . m . de ] 1799 . prodrome d ' une nouvelle classification des coquilles , comprenant une rédaction appropriée des caractères géneriques , et l ' établissement d ' un grand nombre de genres nouveaux . mémoires de la société d ' histoire naturelle de paris , 1 : 63 - 91 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 73 [ details ]