the false jacopever or cape redfish ( sebastes capensis ) is a marine fish belonging to the family sebastidae .

found only in waters off the western coast of south africa , tristan da cunha and southern south america , s. capensis lives in depths of 20 to 275 metres ( 66 to 902 ft ) .

it reaches up to 37 centimetres ( 15 in ) in length , and is reddish or brownish with 5-6 pale spots on the upper part of the body .

it has extremely prominent eyes .

it mainly feeds on mysids .

sebastes capensis

metazoan parasites of the red rockfish sebastes capensis off northern chile . - pubmed - ncbi
influence of host size and sex on the endohelminth infracommunities of the red rockfish sebastes capensis off northern chile .
three - way anova results for abundance of pre and post - flexion larvae of sebastes capensis during november 2002 .
influence of host size and sex on the endohelminth infracommunities of the red rockfish sebastes capensis off northern chile . - pubmed - ncbi
eschmeyer wn & jc hureau . 1971 . sebastes mouchezi , a senior synonym of helicolenus tristanensis , with comments on sebastes capensis and zoo - geographical considerations . copeia 1971 : 576 - 579 . [ links ]
distributions of larval rockfishes sebastes spp . across nearshore fronts in a coastal upwelling region
the potential use of otolith characters in identifying larval rockfish ( sebastes spp . )
diel vertical distribution of postflexion larval citharichthys spp . and sebastes spp . off central california
barsukov vv . 1988 . rockfishes of the sebastes inermis complex of the subgenus sebastodes ( sebastes , scorpaenidae ) . journal of ichthyology 31 : 1 - 23 . [ links ]
landaeta mf & lr castro . 2006 . larval distribution and growth of the rockfish , sebastes capensis ( sebastidae , pisces ) , in the fjords of southern chile . journal of marine science 63 : 714 - 724 . [ links ]
alvarado p . 1985 . aspectos tróficos y de morfología adaptativa de la cabrilla , sebastes capensis ( gmelin , 1788 ) m . s . thesis , facultad de ciencias , universidad austral de chile , valdivia , 70 pp . [ links ]
growth histories of larval redfish ( sebastes spp . ) on an offshore atlantic fishing bank determined by otolith increment analysis
narum sr , vp buonaccorsi , ca kimbrell & rd vetter . 2004 . genetic divergence between gopher rockfish ( sebastes carnatus ) and black and yellow rockfish ( sebastes chrysomelas ) . copeia 2004 : 926 - 931 . [ links ]
( of sebastes ( sebastomus ) capensis ( gmelin , 1789 ) ) hyde , j . r . ; vetter , r . d . ( 2007 ) . the origin , evolution , and diversification of rockfishes of the genus sebastes ( cuvier ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 44 ( 2 ) : 790 - 811 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
mauricio f . landaeta , leonardo r . castro ; larval distribution and growth of the rockfish , sebastes capensis ( sebastidae , pisces ) , in the fjords of southern chile , ices journal of marine science , volume 63 , issue 4 , 1 january 2006 , pages 714–724 , urltoken
interannual variation in growth rates and back - calculated birthdate distributions of pelagic juvenile rockfishes ( sebastes spp . ) off the central california coast
orr jw & je blackburn . 2004 . the dusky rockfishes ( teleostei : scorpaeniformes ) of the north pacific ocean : resurrection of sebastes variabilis ( pallas , 1814 ) and a redescription of sebastes ciliatus ( tilesius , 1813 ) . fishery bulletin 102 : 328 - 348 . [ links ]
length frequency of s . capensis larvae collected during ( a ) november 2002 , and ( b ) august 2003 in southern chile . shaded bars are pre - flexion larvae .
the rockfish , sebastes spp . , are highly diversified , viviparous fish with about 72 species that are mostly endemic to the north pacific ( nelson , 1994 ) , where they sustain fisheries that constituted nearly 20 % of the total commercial groundfish fishery in 2000 ( laidig et al . , 2004 ) . in the south pacific ocean , there are considerably fewer sebastes species . along the chilean coast , for instance , only one species has been recorded ( kong , 1985 ) : sebastes capensis ( gmelin 1788 ) . it supports a small artisanal fishery , 171 t being caught in 1999 , but just 45 t during 2002 ( sernapesca , 2002 ) .
kong i . 1985 . revisión de las especies chilenas de sebastes ( osteichthyes , scorpaeniformes , scorpaenidae ) . estudios oceanológicos 4 : 21 - 75 . [ links ]
pampoulie c & ak daníelsdóttir . 2008 . resolving species identification problems in the genus sebastes using nuclear genetic markers . fisheries research 93 : 54 - 63 . [ links ]
an hs , jy park , mj kim , ey lee & kk kim . 2009 . isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for the heavily exploited rockfish sebastes schlegeli , and cross - species amplification in four related sebastes spp . conservation genetics 10 : 1969 - 1972 . < doi 10 . 1007 / s10592 - 009 - 9870 - 8 > [ links ]
( of scorpaena capensis gmelin , 1789 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
kim ic & js lee . 2004 . the complete mitochondrial genome of the rockfish sebastes schlegeli ( scorpaeniformes , scorpaenidae ) . molecules and cells 17 : 322 - 328 . [ links ]
( of sebastichthys capensis ( gmelin , 1789 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( a ) age–frequency and ( b ) back - calculated birth month of larval s . capensis during november 2002 , captured at stations located inside ( grey bars ) and outside ( black bars ) the southern chilean channels .
the parasites of the red rockfish sebastes capensis off northern chile are described quantitatively for the first time and compared with those of congeneric species of the northern hemisphere as well as of other chilean marine fishes . sixteen species were recorded , including 8 ectoparasites ( 2 copepods , 2 isopods , 1 turbellarian , and 3 monogeneans ) and 8 endoparasites ( 2 acanthocephalans , 3 digeneans , and 3 nematodes ) . the ectoparasites lepeophtheirus chilensis and caligus cheilodactylus , and the endoparasites pseudopecoelus sp . and corynosoma sp . were predominant . eighty percent of the fishes harbored 3 - 6 parasite species . four parasite genera new to the genus sebastes were found in s . capensis , which also shares several parasite genera with its congeneric species from other geographic areas . however , in contrast to its congeners , s . capensis exhibits a lower helminth species richness , although when all the metazoan fauna is considered the species number and diversity are similar . when compared with other demersal fishes of the chilean coast , s . capensis shows a high number of species and high parasite abundance . diphtherostomum sp . and gnathia sp . are new generic records for the parasite fauna of chilean coast fishes and the finding of paramicrocotyle sp . , neobenedenia melleni , and interniloculus chilensis in this study represents a new geographical record for these parasites .
rockfishes of the genus sebastes cuvier , 1829 comprise over 110 species , constituting one of the most diverse genera of marine fishes ( nelson 1994 , kendall 2000 ) . most of this species diversity is explained by allopatric speciation ( narum et al . 2004 ) , although a few cases , mainly those described at local scale , are explained by reproductive isolation mechanisms such as complex mating behavior ( gingras et al . 1998 ) and pronounced color polymorphism ( orr & blackburn 2004 ) . sebastes species are mostly distributed across the continental shelf and shoreline waters ( less than 500 m deep ) of the northern hemisphere ( chen 1971 , johns & avise 1998 , hyde & vetter 2007 ) , but some rockfish species also occur in the western and eastern atlantic and eastern pacific basins of the southern hemisphere ( barsukov 1988 , stransky & maclellan 2005 ) . in fact , two closely related species of sebastes are currently recognized in the southern hemisphere : sebastes capensis ( gmelin , 1789 ) distributed from the tristan da cunha island to the southwestern coast of south africa , and sebastes oculatus ( valenciennes , 1833 ) distributed from the pacific coast of peru and chile to the falkland islands in the atlantic ( stransky & maclellan 2005 ) .
the early stages of development of the scorpionfish sebastes capensis in the southeast atlantic are described . a morphometric study of the larval stages , which includes the allometric relationships between different parts of the body and the standard length during development , are given . the larvae of this species were distinguished from those of other scorpionfish in the region on the basis of larval morphology and the pigmentation pattern , in conjunction with the bathymetric distribution of the adults . a comparative study of these larvae and those of other sebastes spp . from the southern coasts of south america is included . considering the usefulness of larval characters in systematic studies , the description presented here could contribute in elucidating the confused taxonomic status of the genus sebastes in the southern hemisphere . in the southeast atlantic spawning of s . capensis takes place all year long , but it is most intense in spring and summer , coinciding with maximum upwelling and lower temperatures inshore . the spatial distribution of the larvae revealed that they prefered cool south atlantic waters , with the 16 °c isotherm being the upper limit of their distribution .
sotka ee , ja hempelmann & ch biermann . 2005 . genetic evidence of postglacial population expansion in puget sound rockfish ( sebastes emphaeus ) . marine biotechnology 7 : 223 - 230 . [ links ]
cope jm . 2004 . population genetics and phylogeography of the blue rockfish ( sebastes mystinus ) from washington to california . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 61 : 332 - 342 . [ links ]
gilbert - horvath ea , rj larson & jc garza . 2006 . temporal recruitment patterns and gene flow in kelp rockfish ( sebastes atrovirens ) . molecular ecology 15 : 3801 - 3815 . [ links ]
hyde jr & rd vetter . 2007 . the origin , evolution , and diversification of rockfishes of the genus sebastes ( cuvier ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 44 : 790 - 811 . [ links ]
the relationship between host size and sex and the abundance , prevalence , species richness , diversity , and total number of parasites in the infracommunities of sebastes capensis was analyzed . nine helminth species were obtained from 180 red rockfish captured off coquimbo bay , northern chile . these included the digeneans pseudopecoelus sp . , diphtherostomum sp . , derogenes sp . , podocotyloides sp . , and lecithochirium sp . , the acanthocephalan corynosoma sp . , and the nematodes ascarophis sebastodis , hysterothylacium sp . , and anisakis sp . the abundances of pseudopecoelus sp . and anisakis sp . were significantly and positively correlated with the size of s . capensis , while corynosoma sp . correlated negatively with host size . only prevalence of anisakis sp . increased with host size . the number of parasite individuals increased significantly with size of s . capensis . however , species richness and diversity of the infracommunities was not affected by host size . these results suggest that red rockfish > 18 cm do not undergo significant ontogenetic changes in their diet . host sex did not seem to affect abundance and prevalence of infections . the presence of derogenes sp . and podocotyloides sp . are new records of digeneans for s . capensis .
genetic differentiation and species boundaries between atlantic and pacific lineages of the patagonian rockfish sebastes oculatus was investigated using mtdna d - loop partial sequences ( 541 bp ) . sequences were obtained for 47 individuals from seven locations off the pacific and atlantic coasts of south america ( s . oculatus ) and one off the coast of south africa ( s . capensis ) , and for two specimens of helicolenus lengerichi ( outgroup ) . these data were then combined with sequences from genbank corresponding to 21 sebastes species . maximum likelihood and bayesian phylogenetic approaches showed topological distinctiveness between south american and south african sebastes populations , supporting the existence of two phylogenetic species : s . oculatus and s . capensis . however , atlantic and pacific populations of s . oculatus , did not form reciprocal monophyletic assemblages . application of the wiens & penkrots protocol to test species boundaries within this species did not support the existence of two different phylogenetic taxa . gene flow between atlantic and pacific populations of s . oculatus could be explained by extensive larval dispersal , favored by both the humboldt current and the west wind drift current along the south american coast .
figure 2 . cumulative segregating sites curves for six localities of s . oculatus and one locality of s . capensis . punta arenas locality was not included because only one sample was available . sample codes as indicated in table 1 figura 2 . curvas acumulativas de sitios segregantes de seis localidades de s . oculatus y una localidad de s . capensis . la localidad de punta arenas no fue incluida , dado que solo una muestra fue disponible . los códigos de las muestras se indican en la tabla 1
( of sebastes darwini cramer , 1896 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
seeb lw . 1998 . gene flow and introgression within and among three species of rockfishes sebastes auriculatus , s . caurinus , and s . maliger . journal of heredity 89 : 393 - 403 . [ links ]
( a ) study area in southern chile , indicating the oceanographic station locations inside ( black dots ) and outside ( squares ) the channels ; integrated larval abundance ( number per 10 m 2 ) of ( b ) pre - flexion , and ( c ) post - flexion larval s . capensis during austral spring ( november 2002 ) in southern chile ; ( d ) integrated larval abundance ( number per 10 m 2 ) of s . capensis during austral winter ( august 2003 ) in southern chile .
sekino s , n takagi , m hara & h takahashi . 2001 . analysis of microsatellite dna polymorphisms in rockfish sebastes thompsoni and application to population genetics studies . marine biotechnology 3 : 45 - 52 . [ links ]
stransky c & se maclellan . 2005 . species separation and zoogeography of redfish and rockfish ( genus sebastes ) by otolith shape analysis . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 62 : 2265 - 2276 . [ links ]
se investigó la diferenciación genética y límites de especies entre los linajes atlántico y pacífico de sebastes oculatus a través de secuencias de la región d - loop del adn mitocondrial ( 541 bp ) . las secuencias se obtuvieron de 47 individuos de siete localidades de las costas del pacífico y atlántico de sudamérica ( s . oculatus ) y una localidad de sudáfrica ( s . capensis ) . adicionalmente , se obtuvieron dos secuencias de helicolenus lengerichi que fueron utilizadas como grupo externo . estos datos fueron combinados con secuencias disponibles en genbank correspondientes a 21 especies de sebastes . las aproximaciones de máxima verosimilitud y análisis bayesiano mostraron distintividad topológica entre las poblaciones sudamericanas y africanas de sebastes , apoyando la existencia de dos especies filogenéticas : s . oculatus y s . capensis . sin embargo , las poblaciones del pacífico y del atlántico de s . oculatus no formaron grupos monofiléticos recíprocos . la aplicación del protocolo de wiens & penkrot para evaluar límites entre especies no apoyó la existencia de dos especies en las costas de sudamérica . el flujo génico entre las poblaciones de s . oculatus podría ser explicado por una extensa dispersión larval favorecida tanto por la corriente de humboldt y la corriente de la deriva del oeste a lo largo de las costas de sudamérica .
the extrusion check observed in otoliths of larval sebastes capensis collected in november ranged from 10 . 2 to 16 . 8 μm ( mean ± s . d . : 12 . 5 ± 1 . 5 μm ; n = 67 ) . larval growth rate was estimated by a linear model of least squares fitted to the relationship between sl and age ( coefficient of determination r 2 = 0 . 92 , n = 102 ; figure 4a ) . this model estimated a growth rate of 0 . 15 mm d −1 and a larval extrusion length of 3 . 78 mm . otolith radius and standard length were related linearly ( figure 4b ) , and otolith area was related exponentially with sebastes larvae sl ( figure 4c ) .
chen lc . 1971 . systematics , variation , distribution , and biology of rockfishes of the subgenus sebastomus ( pisces , scorpaenidae , sebastes ) . bulletin of the scripps institution of oceanography 18 : 1 - 115 . [ links ]
rocha - olivares a , rh rosenblatt & rd vetter . 1999b . cryptic species of rockfishes ( sebastes : scorpaenidae ) in the southern hemisphere inferred from mitochondrial lineage . journal of heredity 90 : 404 - 411 . [ links ]
( of sebastes chamaco ( evermann & radcliffe , 1917 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
roques s , p duchesne & l bernatchez . 1999 . potential of microsatellites for individual assignment : the north atlantic redfish ( genus sebastes ) species complex as a case study . molecular ecology 10 : 1703 - 1717 . [ links ]
gómez - uchida d & ma banks . 2005 . microsatellite analyses of spatial genetic structure in darkblotched rockfish ( sebastes crameri ) : is pooling samples safe ? canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 62 : 1874 - 1886 . [ links ]
figure 3 . maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of s . capensis and s . oculatus mtdna control region haplotypes under the hky + γ model . bayesian analysis generated similar topologies . clade supports ( bootstrap proportions / bayesian posterior probability ) if > 50 % are indicated for each node figura 3 . árbol filogenético de máxima verosimilitud de los haplotipos mitocondriales de s . capensis y s . oculatus bajo el modelo hky + γ . el análisis bayesiano generó similar topología . el soporte de los clados ( proporción de bootstrap / probabilidad a posteriori bayesiana ) se indican sobre el 50 % en cada nodo
buonaccorsi vp , ca kimbrell , ea lynn & rd vetter . 2002 . population structure of copper rockfish ( sebastes caurinus ) reflects postglacial colonization and contemporary patterns of larval dispersal . canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences 59 : 1374 - 1384 . [ links ]
larval s . capensis showed growth rates during spring ( 0 . 148 mm d −1 , figure 4a ) within the range reported for other sebastes species . the growth rate observed during the first 40 days in s . saxicola was 0 . 125 mm d −1 ( laidig et al . , 1996 ) , sakuma and laidig ( 1995 ) reported growth rates of 0 . 135 mm d −1 for s . goodie , and laidig et al . ( 1991 ) documented a growth rate for s . jordani in its first 20 days of approximately 0 . 165 mm d −1 . older larvae grow faster . laidig et al . ( 1996 ) , kokita and omori ( 1998 ) , and plaza et al . ( 2003 ) observed that growth rates of s . saxicola , s . thompsoni , and s . inermis , respectively , increased from 0 . 32 to 0 . 47 mm d −1 in larvae and juveniles . whether or not this increase in growth rate with age also occurs in s . capensis is unknown . however , we suspect that the attainment of faster growth by older larvae is probably associated with coastward migration and later settlement , as described for other sebastes species .
sebastes capensis is a bottom - dwelling fish that inhabits shallow and rocky areas between 5 and 15 m deep . females retain the eggs until maturation , when embryos are extruded throughout most of the year ( sabatés and olivar , 1990 ) . pelagic larvae have been collected in coastal waters all along the chilean coast ( loeb and rojas , 1988 ; castro et al . , 2000 ; rodríguez - graña and castro , 2003 ) , and are particularly abundant at the southern tip of south america ( balbontín and bernal , 1997 ; bernal and balbontín , 1999 ) , where fjords and channels dominate the coastline .
the inner and seaward stations along the ninualac channel had similar total numbers of smaller copepods , high stratification levels , and large numbers of pre - flexion s . capensis larvae . alternatively , to seaward in this channel , the greater abundance of larger copepods and the older , post - flexion larval stages coincided . in contrast , in the pulluche channel , although smaller copepods were more abundant in the high stability areas ( at the inner part of the channel ) , smaller s . capensis larvae were distributed throughout the channel . however , most of the older , post - flexion larvae were to seaward , where copepods were larger and the waters were more stable .
rocha - olivares a , rh rosenblatt & rd vetter . 1999a . molecular evolution , systematics , and zoogeography of the rockfish subgenus sebastomus ( sebastes , scorpaenidae ) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and control region sequences . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 11 : 441 - 458 . [ links ]
the search for consistent patterns of organisation in parasite communities remains a central theme in parasite community ecology . however , to date , much evidence comes from studies without replication in both space and time ; when replicate communities are examined , repeatable patterns are rarely observed . here we determine , using nested subset analyses , whether the infracommunities of ectoparasites and endoparasites of a benthic marine fish ( sebastes capensis ) show non - random structure . then we examine the spatial repeatability of parasite community structure across the host ' s distribution in the southern pacific , and the temporal repeatability of ectoparasite community structure from one locality . in total , 537 fish were captured from different latitudes ( between 11 degrees s and 52 degrees s ) along the pacific coast of south america ; a further 122 specimens were captured in two other years from one of the sampling localities , valdivia ( 40 degrees s ) . in spite of variation in fish sizes among samples , fish size generally did not correlate with either ecto - or endoparasite species richness . the ecto - and endoparasite species richness of the component communities were also not correlated with fish sample size across the nine localities . significant nested patterns were found in the ectoparasite communities of s . capensis at all eight localities , except at latitude 52 degrees s . significant nested patterns were also found in the endoparasite infracommunities of s . capensis at seven of the nine localities , the exceptions being those from latitudes 11 degrees s and 20 degrees s . on a temporal scale , significant nestedness was observed in the ectoparasite infracommunities of s . capensis during each of the 3 years of sampling at valdivia . in general , the same parasite species are responsible for the repeatability of nested patterns , though their importance varies among localities . the spatial and temporal predictability of the parasite community structure in s . capensis may be associated with the fish ' s benthic habitat and territorial behavior , suggesting that host biology may be a key determinant of the structure of parasite communities .
. . . these results coincide with the higher abundance of larger sized food items ( small and large copepod abundances ) present in offshore waters . the trend of an increase in the size of larval food items seawards has been reported before in the same patagonian area for other fish species , such as larval sebastes occulatus ( capensis ) , which has been associated with the ontogenetic change in larval distribution from inner to outer waters as they grow ( landaeta and castro , 2006a ) . however , in larval s . fuegensis collected inshore in the baker channel , small and large copepods were the most frequent items in the diet . . . .
this study examines the early life history of the rockfish sebastes capensis in the patagonian fjord waters of southern chile . based on data from two oceanographic cruises ( winter and spring ) , our objectives were ( i ) to obtain information on adult reproductive locations and seasonality ( winter and spring ) by examining potential differences in larval distribution and abundance , ( ii ) to identify potential ontogenetic changes in larval distribution within and between seasons , and ( iii ) to determine if differences existed in environmental characteristics between the inner and outer ( seaward ) zones of the channels during the main reproductive season that could be related to the changes observed in larval distribution and back - calculated birthdates estimated from otoliths .
rocha - olivares a , ca krimbell , bj eitner & rd vetter . 1999c . evolution of a mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence in the species - rich genus sebastes ( teleostei : scorpaenidae ) and its utility in the testing the monophyly of the subgenus sebastomus . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 11 : 426 - 440 . [ links ]
the changes in distribution observed in larval s . capensis suggest that different habitats are being occupied during the early life stages . this change in ontogenetic larval distribution is probably similar in essence to the changes reported for other sebastes species around the world . however , this similarity is intriguing given that the environmental conditions in the different areas are so different , varying from warmer coastal waters of the tropics ( rodríguez - graña and castro , 2003 ) to high - latitude areas such as the chilean fjords and channels ( this study ) . the evolutionary forces that drive such habitat change during early ontogeny , and which seem so common for a large number of even non - related taxa ( i . e . decapod larvae ) , remain to be explained .
counting and measurement of growth increments began with the conspicuous dark mark ( extrusion check ) , which has also been observed in otoliths of other larval sebastes ( penney and evans , 1985 ; kokita and omori , 1998 ; laidig and sakuma , 1998 ; plaza et al . , 2003 ; laidig et al . , 2004 ) . although we did not attempt to validate the daily periodicity of growth increments in s . capensis , other authors have confirmed the daily nature of growth increments in s . melanops ( yoklavich and boehlert , 1987 ) , s . jordani ( laidig et al . , 1991 ) , s . thompsoni ( kokita and omori , 1998 ) , s . paucispinis , s . goodie , s . entomelas , and s . flavidus ( woodbury and ralston , 1991 ) .
haplotype ( h d ) and nucleotide diversity ( π , nei 1987 ) , number of segregating sites ( s ) for s . oculatus and s . capensis , and tajimas d ( tajima 1989 ) were estimated using dnasp 5 . 0 ( librado & rozas 2009 ) . additionally , to evaluate whether sufficient samples for each locality were collected to characterize genetic diversity ( s ) , was plotted against number of sequences for each population .
( a ) plot of the standard length and age of rockfish , s . capensis ( n = 102 ) collected during november 2002 . the solid line indicates the predicted values from a linear model . ( b ) plot of otolith radius against standard length . the solid line indicates the predicted values from a linear model . ( c ) plot of otolith area against standard length . the solid line indicates the predicted values from an exponential model .
despite the recognition of both entities , the specific boundaries and geographic limits of s . oculatus remain unclear and controversial . rocha - olivares et al . ( 1999a ) , using mitochondrial dna sequence genetic analysis , proposed that the populations from off south africa waters should be considered s . capensis , and those populations from off western and southeastern south america waters should be named s . oculatus . posteriorly , rocha - olivares et al . ( 1999b ) performed a geographically more extensive genetic analysis and recognized three distinctive lineages as possible cryptic species : a s . capensis lineage found around tristan da cunha and off the coast of southwestern south africa , a southwestern atlantic oculatus lineage from the falkland islands and argentina , and a southeastern pacific oculatus lineage from chile and peru . however , due to their limited sampling along the southeastern pacific coast , rocha - olivares et al . ( 1999b ) concluded that these results must be interpreted with caution and would require further comparative studies .
fjord and channel systems in scandinavia , iceland , greenland , british columbia , alaska , and chile form some of the largest estuarine areas in the world ( cameron and pritchard , 1963 ) . these systems are utilized for spawning , nursery , and recruitment by many marine fish with contrasting life histories , varying from mesopelagic ( lopes , 1979 ) and pelagic ( brown , 2002 ) to demersal fish ( marteinsdottir et al . , 2000 ; boje , 2002 ) . the fjords of southern chile are less well studied , but reports on ichthyoplankton indicate that fish eggs and larvae of small pelagic fish such as sardine ( strangomera bentincki ) , mesopelagic fish such as lightfish ( maurolicus parvipinnis ) , and economically important demersal fish such as merluccius australis and macruronus magellanicus are abundant within the fjords and channels ( balbontín and bernal , 1997 ; bernal and balbontín , 1999 ) . of the shallow - water species , sebastes capensis has been reported to be the most abundant ( balbontín and bernal , 1997 ) .
vertical distribution of pre - and post - flexion larval s . capensis ( number per 1000 m 3 ) during austral spring ( november 2002 ) and winter ( august 2003 ) in the moraleda channel ( a , d , and g ) , the ninualac channel ( b , e , and h ) , and the pulluche channel ( c , f , and i ) . crosses ( + ) indicate salinity data used from the ctd profiler . also shown are day ( white square ) and night ( black square ) tows . salinity isolines are superimposed .
in our study , rockfish larvae were found during august and november , although abundance was greater in november . previous work on chilean fjords also found abundant rockfish larvae throughout the region during spring ( balbontín and bernal , 1997 ; bernal and balbontín , 1999 ) , including in the northern part of the moraleda channel , where we missed two stations in november . in contrast , in central chilean coastal waters ( 33°s–36°s ) , larval s . capensis are most abundant earlier in the year ( i . e . mid to late winter , castro et al . , 2000 ; hernández - miranda et al . , 2003 ) . in southern chile , there is a marked seasonality in primary production and microphytoplankton composition and abundance ( toro et al . , 1999 ) , winter phytoplankton being characterized by low salinity diatoms and spring and summer phytoplankton by marine diatoms ( cassis et al . , 2002 ) . this change in microplankton composition and production is coincident with the increase in abundance of larval s . capensis in november ( figure 1b–d ) . our results , therefore , suggest a potential delay in peak reproduction of this species as latitude increases .
we found a linear relationship between otolith radius and sl , similar to that described for s . saxicola ( laidig et al . , 1996 ) , s . rastrelliger ( laidig and sakuma , 1998 ) , and sebastes spp . from the north atlantic ( penney and evans , 1985 ) . our estimate of the extrusion check radius of s . capensis in the patagonian fjords ( 10 . 2–16 . 8 μm ) is in the range observed for other species of the northeast pacific , which vary from 10 . 5 μm in s . wilsoni ( laidig et al . , 2004 ) to 16 . 9 μm in s . jordani ( laidig and ralston , 1995 ) . interestingly , species from the northwest pacific , particularly off japan , show larger extrusion check radii ( 17 . 6 ± 0 . 3 μm in s . thompsoni , according to kokita and omori , 1998 ; 26 . 1 ± 1 . 4 μm in s . inermis , according to plaza et al . , 2001 ) , probably because larvae from the latter species extrude at larger sizes than eastern pacific species .
the vertical distributions of pre - and post - flexion sebastes capensis larvae differed during november 2002 . pre - flexion larvae were encountered in all strata sampled in all channels ( figure 2a–c ) , and their abundance was significantly greater in the upper 50 m ( anova , f = 229 . 83 , p < 0 . 05 ) in the pulluche and moraleda channels . in the ninualac channel ( figure 2b ) , pre - flexion larvae were evenly distributed throughout the water column only inshore . no differences associated with diel vertical migration or salinity were detected in pre - flexion larvae ( table 1 ) . post - flexion larvae collected in november had a different vertical distribution : most were in the upper ( < 50 m ) layer to seawards , and there was a significant reduction in abundance in surface water where the salinity was < 30 ( anova , f = 12 . 35 , p < 0 . 01 ; table 1 ) . this distribution was particularly evident in the inner part of the channels ( figure 2d–f ) , where post - flexion larvae were collected mainly in deeper , more saline water .
. . . less abundant , but larger - at - age showed faster growth rates and were more asymmetrical than those individuals collected in the open sea and along channels of chilean patagonia . this bio - physical interaction seems to be species - specific ; freshwater runoff in fjords may reduce recent growth rates in larval stages of rockfish sebastes oculatus and lightfish maurolicus parvipinnis , but it has no effect in clupeid larvae sprattus fuegensis ( landaeta & castro , 2006 ; landaeta et al . , 2012 ) . why does freshwater input appear to benefit larval growth rate in austral hake from this region ? . . .
finally , if atlantic and pacific s . oculatus lineages are accepted as valid species alternative interpretations of our phylogenetic results would include : ( 1 ) overlapping distributional ranges of both taxa , ( 2 ) introgressive hybridization among the lineages or ( 3 ) incomplete lineage - sorting of ancestral polymorphisms due to recent processes of speciation . the first and second alternatives can be tested upon a reliable identification and description of both sibling species and the posterior establishment of their distributional range . a molecular phylogeny using nuclear genes and fast - evolving markers , such as microsatellites , as have been used in other studies ( roques et al . 1999 , an et al . 2009 ) could also give clues about the potential of interbreeding between these the nature of microsatellite dna loci has made them particularly amenable for genetic analyses of natural marine populations , and the applications of these markers are increasing in evaluating genetic structure of rockfishes ( sekino et al . 2001 , gómez - uchida & banks 2005 , sotka et al . 2005 ) , and species identification problems ( pampoulie & daníelsdóttir 2008 ) . no doubt , these analyses can be strongly recommended to address the genetic divergence and speciation of southern rockfishes in more detail . nevertheless , until new evidence is presented , we conclude that , based on our results , sebastes oculatus constitutes a single species in both the atlantic and pacific waters and is phylogentically distinct from its sister species , s . capensis , from southern south africa .
during the austral spring ( november 2002 ) , 1505 s . capensis larvae were collected ( 1327 pre - and 178 post - flexion ) . standardized integrated abundance among stations ranged between 35 . 8 and 664 . 2 per 10 m 2 ( figure 1b ) . pre - flexion larvae were collected at all stations sampled , although abundance was greatest in the northern part of the moraleda channel , high throughout the ninualac channel , and high also towards the outer end of the pulluche channel ( figure 1b ) . post - flexion larvae were absent in the southern part of the moraleda channel and inside the pulluche channel . towards the outside of the ninualac and pulluche channels and in the north of the moraleda channel near the corcovado gulf , densities of post - flexion larvae were highest ( figure 1c ) .
hydrographic cross - sections were generated from ctd profiles using contouring functions in surfer 8 . in order to detect potential effects of depth ( above and below 50 m ) , time of day ( day / night samples ) , and salinity ( above or below 30 ) on the abundance of pre - and post - flexion s . capensis larvae during the austral spring cruise of november 2002 , a three - way anova was performed on log - transformed larval density data from the positive stations . the analysis was performed separately for pre - and post - flexion rockfish . factors were fixed , except salinity ( above or below 30 ) , which was a random factor . the salinity value represented the average for the depth strata . vertical migration of larvae was examined through an interaction term for the effects of depth and day / night stations in the anova analysis ( table 1 ) .
we used wiens & penkrot ( 2002 ) protocol to test species boundaries between pacific and atlantic oculatus lineages . this method is based on a sampling design that includes : ( a ) focal species ( the species of interest in the study , s . oculatus ) and nonfocal species ( closely related reference species , s . capensis ) to apply the exclusivity test ( i . e . , all members of a group share a more recent common ancestor with every other member of that group than any of them does with any non - member ) for the focal species , and ( b ) at least two individuals per locality to make the between - population gene flow inferences . it requires a phylogeny of haplotypes of known locality and taxonomic designation . a topology that fails to recover haplotypes from a given locality as a clade is taken as evidence for potential gene flow between populations ( i . e . , focal species = single species ) . the method is implemented using dichotomous flow charts that lead to several alternatives for making species - level decisions .
the chilean fjord zone ( 41°s–55°s ) is a highly heterogeneous system consisting of several microbasins ( sensu antezana , 1999 ) , forming one of the largest estuarine areas in the world . the ecosystem is more than 1600 km long and covers an area of about 240 000 km 2 ( palma and silva , 2004 ) . surface forcing is dominated by strong poleward winds , heavy precipitation ( 2 . 5 m year −1 ; strub et al . , 1998 ) , freshwater run - off , and river discharge ( guzmán and silva , 2002 ) . the complex fjord coastline is sheltered and increases the influence of the tidal forcing ( amplitudes from 1 . 5 to 8 . 0 m ; strub et al . , 1998 ; valle - levinson et al . , 2001 ) . two - layer estuarine circulation patterns are found in many of the fjords ( strub et al . , 1998 ) . although larvae of s . capensis are among the most abundant taxa in ichthyoplankton samples throughout the area ( balbontín and bernal , 1997 ) , there is no information on its ecology in southern chile .
recent development of theoretical and operational approaches to species delimitation ( wiens & penkrot 2002 , sites & marshall 2004 , wiens 2007 , bond & stockman 2008 , ross et al . 2008 ) coupled to sequence data analyses , have allowed to test the validity of taxonomic nomenclature against phylogenetic hypotheses . in this sense , due that mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) coalesce faster than nuclear dna ( palumbi et al . 2001 ) , mtdna markers offer diagnostic characters that satisfy the requirement of lineage - based species definition ( sites & marshall 2004 , pons et al . 2006 ) , showing to be an useful tool to assist traditional taxonomy in separating species where there is little discriminatory morphological variation ( hillis & wiens 2000 , ferguson 2002 , blaxter & floyd 2003 ) . thus several studies have used these markers , particularly control region sequence data , to gain insight into molecular evolution of sebastes speciation ( rocha - olivares et al . 1999a , kai et al . 2002 , cope 2004 , gharrett et al . 2005 , hyde & vetter 2007 ) .
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saiab 33489 ( 1 ; 138 mm sl ) ; inaccessible isl . ; lobster trap ; 27 feb . 1989 . saiab 74972 ( 1 ; 96 mm sl ) ; off nightingale isl . ; icefish - 04 sta . 85 / bt45 ; 37° 19 . 2 ' s , 12° 29 . 9 ' s ; 210 - 223 m ; 7 july 2004 .
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en - cape redfish , fr - sébaste du cap , sp - gallineta del cabo .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sebastichthys chamaco evermann & radcliffe , 1917 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sebastodes chamaco ( evermann & radcliffe , 1917 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sebastodes chilensis steindachner , 1898 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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departamento de biología marina , universidad católica del norte - sede coquimbo , chile .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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( scorpaenidae ) , of the gulf of california , including three new species , with a discussion of their origin . proc . calif . acad . sci . 40 : 109–141
eschmeyer , w . n . ( 1969 ) . a systematic review of the scorpionfishes of the atlantic ocean ( pisces : scorpaenidae ) . occ . pap . calif . acad . sci . 79 : 1–130
eschmeyer , w . n . ( 1986 ) . scorpaenidae . in : smith , m . m . , heemstra , p . c . ( eds . ) smith ' s sea fishes . springer - verlag , berlin , p . 463–468
gould , s . j . ( 1966 ) . allometry and size in ontogeny and phylogeny . biol . rev . 41 : 587–640
) from the southern california bight . noaa tech . rep . nmfs 87 : 1–38
norman , j . r . ( 1937 ) . coast fishes . part ii . the patagonian region . discovery rep . 16 : 1–150
shannon , l . v . ( 1985 ) . the benguela ecosystem . i . evolution of the benguela , physical features and processes . in : barnes , m . ( ed . ) oceanography and marine biology . an annual review , 23 . university press , aberdeen , p . 105–182
shelton , p . a . ( 1986 ) . fish spawning strategies in the variable southern benguela current region . ph . d . thesis , university of cape town , cape town
sparta , a . ( 1956 ) . sottordine : scleroparie . famiglia 1 : scorpaenidae . in : uova , larva e stadi giovanili de teleostei . fauna e flora del golfo de napoli . monogr . 38 : 599–626
steindachner , f . ( 1881 ) . beiträge zur kenntnis der meeresfische afrika ' s und beschreibung einer neuen sargus - art . von den galapagos - inseln . denkschr . akad . wiss . , wien 44 : 19–58
washington , b . b . , eschmeyer , w . n . , howe , k . m . ( 1984a ) . scorpaeniformes : relationships . in : moser , g . h . , richards , w . j . , cohen , d . m . , fahay , m . p . , kendall , a . w . jr . , richardson , s . l . ( eds . ) ontogeny and systematics of fishes . [ proceedings of an international symposium in la jolla , california , august 1983 . ] am . soc . ichthyol . herpet . spec . publ . 1 , p . 439–447
washington , b . b . , moser , h . g . , laroche , w . a . , richards , w . j . ( 1984b ) . scorpaeniformes : development . in : moser , g . h . , richards , w . j . , cohen , d . m . , fahay , m . p . , kendall a . w . jr . , richardson , s . l . ( eds . ) ontogeny and systematics of fishes . [ proceedings of an international symposium in la jolla , california , august 1983 . ] am . soc . ichthyol . herpet . spec . publ . 1 , p . 405–428
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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description : base colour variable : grey / brown . dark brown mottling along upper back with 4 or 5 distinct white blotches .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
cuvier , g . ; latreille , p . a . ( 1829 ) . le règne animal distribué d ' après son organisation , pour servir de base à l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction à l ' anatomie comparée , par m . le cher , cuvier . . . avec figures , dessinées d ' après nature . edition 2 . v . 2 : i - xv + 1 - 406 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 166 [ details ]
the present study analyzes mitochondrial control region sequences under traditional phylogenetic methods ( maximum likelihood and bayesian analyses ) adopting the concept of species as independent evolutionary lineages ( de queiroz 1998 ) and apply the wiens & penkrot protocol ( wiens & penkrot 2002 , sites & marshall 2003 ) , to assess boundaries between pacific and atlantic s . oculatus .
table 1 . locality , haplotype code , number of haplotypes , and genetic diversity parameters for each analyzed locality tabla 1 . localidad , código del haplotipo , número de haplotipos y parámetros genéticos para cada localidad analizada
figure 1 . map of the study area indicating the localities ( solid circles ) . sample codes as indicated in table 1 figura 1 . mapa del área de estudio indicando las localidades ( círculos sólidos ) . los códigos de las muestras se indican en la tabla 1
maximum likelihood ( ml ) trees ( felsenstein 1981 ) were estimated using garli v0 . 94 ( zwickl 2006 ) under the hky + γ model ( hasegawa et al . 1985 ) , as suggested by modeltest v3 . 7 under the akaike information criterion ( posada & crandall 1998 , posada & buckley 2004 ) . likelihood topology tests were conducted using our molecular data and the shimodaira & hasegawa ( 1999 ) test as implemented in paup * v4b10 ( swofford 2002 ) . confidence in the resulting relationships was assessed using the nonparametric bootstrap procedure ( felsenstein 1985 ) with 100 bootstrap replicates . bayesian phylogeny estimation was performed using mrbayes v3 . 0 ( ronquist & huelsenbeck 2003 ) . each markov chain was started from a random tree and run for 1 . 0x10 7 cycles with every 1 , 000th cycle sampled from the chain . model parameters were treated as unknown variables with uniform priors and were estimated as part of the analysis . we ran four chains simultaneously and each analysis was repeated three times . stationarity was checked using tracer v1 . 3 ( rambaut & drummond 2003 ) . after initial inspection , the first 200 trees from each chain were discarded ( burn - in phase ) .


the band-tailed nighthawk ( nyctiprogne leucopyga ) is a species of nightjar in the family caprimulgidae .

it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , paraguay , peru , and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , rivers , and swamps .

band - tailed nighthawk

the band - tailed nighthawk is native to the amazon basin which is located in the south american countries of bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , peru and venezuela . this nighthawk also occurs in the french guiana , guyana and paraguay .
band - tailed nighthawk is a small , dark nightjar of forest and savanna , generally near water . it occurs through much of northern south america east of the andes , from venezuela south to bolivia and central brazil . the song is frog - like and might be overlooked . the band in the tail is inconspicuous , although it sometimes is visible in actively feeding birds at dawn or dusk . more often , this species simply appears all dark as it flies in an erratic , bat - like flight , sometimes in rather large groups . like other caprimulgids , band - tailed nighthawk feeds on aerial arthropods , although it sometimes takes prey directly from vegetation .
band - tailed nighthawks don ' t actually construct a nest , as most other bird species do . they simply place the eggs on the ground on open soil covered with dead leaves .
the band - tailed nighthawk is a small nocturnal bird with long pointed wings and a very short bill - as is typical of nighthawks . their brownish - buff mottled plumage is cryptically colored to resemble bark or leaves . the underside is barred . there is a white band on the tail , shaped by three white spots on the three outermost tail feathers . the legs are short and feet are small , and are of little use for walking .
cleere , n . & bonan , a . ( 2018 ) . band - tailed nighthawk ( nyctiprogne leucopyga ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common but patchily distributed ' ( stotz et al . 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is suspected to lose 21 . 7 - 26 . 1 % of suitable habitat within its distribution over three generations ( 16 years ) based on a model of amazonian deforestation ( soares - filho et al . 2006 , bird et al . 2011 ) . it is therefore suspected to decline by < 25 % over three generations .
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phelps , sr & phelps , jr , 1952 – w & c venezuela and possibly ne colombia .
( spix , 1825 ) – e venezuela to french guiana and n brazil .
pinto & camargo , 1952 – ne peru and w & c brazil s to n & e bolivia and n paraguay .
16–20 cm ; male 23–24 g , female 23–26 g . sexes similar . upperparts brown , speckled pale brown , greyish - brown and cinnamon , no nuchal collar ; wing - coverts . . .
song of male is a treble - noted “gole - kwoik - kwak” ; calls include soft , guttural “ . . .
typically forest and savanna , usually near water : rainforest , gallery forest , forest edges , . . .
diet includes beetles , bugs and ants . forages in erratic flight , hunting over open country , marshland and riverside vegetation , along . . .
poorly known . breeds jan to probably mar in venezuela and perhaps guyana ; a chick recorded in oct in n brazil ; tawny down . eggs whitish , . . .
not globally threatened . locally numerous to fairly common near water in e colombia ; fairly widespread but local in venezuela ; locally common in amazonian brazil and widely . . .
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phylogenetic analysis and molecular studies carried out by sigurðsson and cracraft suggest the status of species for n . l . latifascia
source : sigurðsson , s . & j . cracraft . 2014 . deciphering the diversity and history of new world nightjars ( aves : caprimulgidae ) using molecular phylogenetics . zoological journal of the linnean society 170 ( 3 ) : 506 - 545 .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 378 side b track 4 seq . b )
natural flight calls from several birds foraging about 4 - 20m over water on flooded blackwater arm of rio nanay . the quiet trilling vocalization ( 1 : 04 , 1 : 23 , 1 : 27 ) was given as two birds performed a flight display where they glided one just above the other ( one slightly ahead of the other ) with wings slightly bowed below horizontal and tail spread , usually descending towards the water , within 2 - 5m of the water ' s surface .
natural flight calls from one of 10 + birds foraging about 4 - 20m over water on flooded blackwater arm of rio nanay .
id certainty 80 % . ( archiv . tape 378 side b track 7 seq . a )
id certainty 80 % . ( archiv . tape 378 side b track 4 seq . a )
natural song ( from unseen , presumed perched birds , different from xc286982 ) and some call notes ( from flying birds , at start and end of cut ) , just predawn from various individuals over a blackwater channel amid forested islands . an unseen dactylomys dactylimus ( bamboo rat ) calls at 1 : 10 .
natural song ( from unseen , presumed perched birds ) and some call notes ( from flying birds , 0 : 23 ) , just predawn from various individuals over a blackwater channel amid forested islands .
normally i saw them here fly low over the ponds along the road , at up to about 5 meters . but these calls were made by a bird that flew high up in the air above my head . at dusk , but still quite light .
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) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
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it is a member of the nightjar or goatsucker family - so named as they were often seen in fields together with goats and sheep , and the myth was born that they were there to suck milk from the teats of goats ( the latin word for goat - sucker or goat - milker is caprimulgus ) . however , instead they fed on the insects that were attracted to livestock . in the past , night - flying birds - such as the nightjars - were suspected of witchery .
this nightjar is commonly heard within its range , but less often seen - due to its nocturnal habits . its brown - mottled plumage keeps it well camouflaged during the day , when it is also usually hidden away sleeping . they are most easily detected at night when light from car headlights are reflected ruby - red from their eyes , as they are sitting on tracks or roads . however , their presence is most often made known by their loud calls given at dusk .
chinese : ? ? ? ? . . . czech : lelek pruhoocasý . . . danish : amazonnathøg . . . dutch : staartbandnachtzwaluw . . . estonian : laiksaba - videvikusorr . . . finnish : juovapyrstökehrääjä . . . french : engoulevent leucopyge . . . guarani : yvyja ' u . . . german : bindenschwanz - nachtschwalbe . . . italian : caprimulgo - sparviero codafasciata , succiacapre codabarrata . . . japanese : obioyotaka . . . norwegian : dryadenatthauk . . . polish : lelczyk amazonski , lelczyk amazo ? ski . . . portuguese : bacurau - barrado , bacurau - cauda - barrada , bacurau - d ' agua , bacurau - d ' água , bacurau - de - cauda - barrada . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? , ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : súmracník pásochvostý . . . spanish : añapero cola blanca , añapero colibandeado , añapero enano , chotacabras coliblanco , pale - rumped warbler . . . swedish : bandstjärtad falknattskärra
it usually occurs along rivers , n swamps and marshes , as well as in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .
range : western and central brazil and northern and eastern bolivia . recently also recorded in northeastern peru .
the male establishes his territory and sings at night to keep rivals away and at the same time to attract a female .
nesting appears to be timed in such a way that the moon is more than half full at the time they are feeding their young - likely as the additional light during the night facilitates caring for the young and foraging for food .
the female may lay one to two eggs ( mostly two ) that are whitish or creamy in color , with brown and grey spots or blotches .
during the day , the incubation of the eggs is undertaken by the female , while both parents share the incubation at night . the incubation period is about 19 to 21 days .
the chicks s are covered in down and are capable of short - distance movements within 24 hours of hatching . the parents also shove them apart with their feet as they flush from the nest . the male usually stands guard and defends the nest and the young . the parents communicate with their chicks via soft clucking sounds to which the chicks respond .
the parents feed the nestlings regurgitated insects , and they continue to brood them until fledging . the chicks take their first flight when they are about 20 to 21 days old .
if conditions are favorable , the female may lay a second clutch close to the first and while she is incubating the new set of eggs , the male continues to care for the young from first brood .
their nocturnal ( night ) lifestyle reduces the likelihood of being detected by daytime predators . during the daytime , they typically sleep on the ground where they are perfectly camouflaged by their
earthy
colored plumage . they almost always change their roost sites on a daily basis .
when nesting , they sit quietly on the eggs , minimizing any movements that could get them detected .
if an intruder does get close to the nest , the parents may try to lead them away by first flushing off the nest and when landing feigning injury as they lead the potential thread away from the nest . while the parent performs this distraction display , the young may scatter and freeze .
the parent who is not incubating the eggs or brooding the young will roost away from the nesting area .
they may also move the eggs or young to prevent them from being preyed upon .
nightjars avoid voicing when they hear the calls made by predatory nocturnal animals , such as owls .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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