vespula vulgaris , known as the common wasp , is a wasp found in various regions of the world including the united kingdom , germany , india , china , new zealand , and australia .

it is sometimes known as the european wasp ; the same name is used for the species vespula germanica , which is also known as the german wasp .

another name for vespula vulgaris is the " common yellow-jacket " .

it was discovered in 2010 that wasps in north america thought to be vespula vulgaris are actually a different species , vespula alascensis .

vespula vulgaris is a eusocial vespid that builds its grey paper nest in or on a structure capable of supporting it .

a founding queen searches for a hollow tree , wall cavity , rock crevice or even a mammal-made hole to build a nest .

one colony cycle lasts for approximately 6 – 11 months and each colony cycle consists of around 3000 – 8000 larvae .

the extraordinary adaptation skills of vespula vulgaris enable it to live in a wide range of habitats , from very humid areas to artificial environments such as gardens and human structures .

this species , along with other wasp species such as vespula germanica , has impacted the ecosystem , especially those in new zealand and australia , where they were imported by humans , and frequently cause damage to fruit crops and endanger humans .

vespula vulgaris

marie studer set
image of vespula vulgaris
as an exemplar on
vespula vulgaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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valter jacinto set
vespa / / common wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) , male
as an exemplar on
vespula vulgaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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vespula vulgaris ( common wasp ) ; portrait , depicting the characteristic facial markings .
looking and learning : a spatial pattern in the orientation flight of the wasp vespula vulgaris .
the behaviour of wasps ( vespula germanica l . and v . vulgaris l . ) when foraging
harris rj , , oliver eh . prey diets and population densities of the wasps vespula vulgaris and
walker , k . 2007 . english wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) pest and diseases image library . urltoken
informations on vespula vulgaris has been recorded for the following locations . click on the name for additional informations .
diet of the wasps vespula vulgaris and v . germanica in honeydew beech forest of the south island new zealand
variation in colour markings of german wasps vespula germanica ( f . ) and common wasps vespula vulgaris ( l . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) in new zealand
changes in the distribution and proportions of vespula vulgaris ( l . ) and vespula germanica ( fab . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) between 1987 and 1990 in new zealand
a study of the biology of the common wasp , vespula vulgaris l . , with special reference to the foraging behaviour
protein bait preferences of wasps ( vespula vulgaris and v . germanica ) at mt thomas canterbury new zealand . new zeal
11 - 9 - 2012 : yellow jacket ( vespula vulgaris ) , workers feasting on cockroaches , close up . [ unedited ]
maggie whitson marked
file : vespulavulgaris130504 . jpg
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vespula vulgaris ( linnaeus , 1758 )
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recommended citation : global invasive species database ( 2018 ) species profile : vespula vulgaris . downloaded from urltoken on 09 - 07 - 2018 .
the substance was collected in british columbia and the species identified as vespula vulgaris by michael g . shepard , r . p . bio .
i think the photo actually shows a vespula germanica ( german , or european , wasp ) , rather than a vespula vulgaris ( common wasp ) . but there isn’t much difference between them , i suppose .
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foraging behavior interactions between two non - native social wasps , vespula germanica and v . vulgaris ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) : implications for invasion success ?
there are seven species of social wasp in the uk . the commonest is the common wasp vespula vulgaris followed by the german wasp vespula germanica , both of which nest underground and in cavities in trees , walls and buildings .
reduced densities of the invasive wasp , vespula vulgaris ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) , did not alter the invertebrate community composition of nothofagus forests in new zealand .
please see padil ( pests and diseases image library ) species content page wasps : english wasp vespula vulgaris ( linnaeus ) for high quality diagnostic and overview images .
beggs , j . r . 1991 . altitudinal variation in abundance of common wasps ( vespula vulgaris ) . new zealand journal of zoology 18 : 155 - 158 .
beggs , j . r . 1991 . altitudinal variation in abundance of common wasps ( vespula vulgaris ) . new zealand journal of zoology 18 : 155 - 158 .
reduced densities of the invasive wasp , vespula vulgaris ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) , did not alter the invertebrate community composition of nothofagu . . . - pubmed - ncbi
local enhancement in the wasp vespula germanica . are visual cues all that matter ?
this species used to be kept in synonymy with vespula vulgaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . however , v . vulgaris is restricted to the palaearctic region ( accidentally introduced to australia and new zealand ) . the confusion was recently rectified by carpenter & glare ( 2010 ) . they showed that vespula alascensis differs from v . vulgaris by the male genitalia , and some not so reliable colour characters ( v . vulgaris often has yellow spots on the propodeum , v . alascensis [ almost ] never does ) . genetically , v . alascensis is more similar to v . flavopilosa than to v . vulgaris .
bees , wasps and ants recording society : urltoken ( http : / / urltoken / index . php ? q = wasp / vespidae / vespinae / vespula - vulgaris )
did you know ; the sting of the common wasp – vespula vulgaris – is actually the modified egg - laying organs of infertile female wasps . only females can sting .
contrasting foraging related behaviours in two sympatric wasps ( vespula maculifrons and v . germanica )
leathwick , d . m . 1997 . growth and development of queen colonies of vespula germanica and v . vulgaris . new zealand journal of zoology 24 : 17 - 23 . urltoken
the cuckoo wasp vespula austriaca does not have workers of its own and lays its eggs in the nest of another species - the red wasp vespula rufa - which nests underground .
greene a . dolichovespula and vespula . in : ross kg , matthews rw , editors .
foraging behavior interactions between two non - native social wasps , vespula germanica and v . vulgaris ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) : implications for invasion success ? | journal of insect science | oxford academic
vespula vulgaris , the common wasp , known in the us and canada as yellow jacket , is a eusocial insect found in the northern hemisphere . it has been introduced to australia and new zealand .
archer , m . e . 2005 . a numerical model of seasonal foraging characteristics of successful underground colonies of vespula vulgaris ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) in england . insectes sociaux 52 : 231 - 237 .
the remedy was prepared from a piece of yellow jacket paper nest . the substance was collected in british columbia and the species identified as vespula vulgaris by michael g . shepard , r . p . bio .
archer , m . e . ( 2005 ) . a numerical model of seasonal foraging characteristics of successful underground colonies of vespula vulgaris ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) in england . insectes sociaux 52 : 231 - 237 .
donovan , b . j . 1984 . occurrence of the common wasp , vespula vulgaris ( l . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) in new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 11 : 417 - 427 .
plunkett , g . m . , moller , h . , hamilton , c . and thomas , c . d . 1989 . overwintering colonies of german ( vespula germanica ) and common wasps ( vespula vulgaris ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) in new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 16 : 343 - 353 .
plunkett , g . m . , moller , h . , hamilton , c . and thomas , c . d . 1989 . overwintering colonies of german ( vespula germanica ) and common wasps ( vespula vulgaris ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) in new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 16 : 343 - 353 .
harris , r . j . 1991 . diet of the wasps vespula vulgaris and v . germanica in honeydew beech forest of the south island , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 18 : 159 - 170 .
the wasp , also known as vespula vulgaris , is native to the northern hemisphere , but has invaded temperate areas in the southern hemisphere , including new zealand , where the drag - and - drop behavior was observed .
the wasp , also known as vespula vulgaris , is native to the northern hemisphere , but has invaded temperate areas in the southern hemisphere , including new zealand , where the drag - and - drop behavior was observed .
to assess the response of v . vulgaris to v . germanica odors , we selected 42 sites where v . vulgaris was abundant . the experimental procedure is the same as that done to evaluate the response of v . germanica .
thirteen species of vespula in north america ( twelve native , and one exotic , v . germanica ) .
this dataset represents the terrestrial distribution of common wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) in northland as at 1 july 2007 . it represents this species ' final layer as part of the natural heritage management strategy of the department of conservation .
vespula vulgaris , the common wasp , is a eusocial insect found in the northern hemisphere . it has been introduced to australia and new zealand . this species and other wasps of the genera vespula and dolichovespula are known in the us as yellowjackets . their natural habitat is dry grasslands and woodlands , yet they easily adapt to urban environments .
spurr , e . b . , 1995 . protein bait preferences of wasps ( vespula vulgaris and v . germanica ) at mt thomas , canterbury , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 22 : 281 - 289 . urltoken
carpenter , j . m . & glare t . r . 2010 . misidentification of vespula alascensis as v . vulgaris in north america ( hymenoptera : vespidae ; vespinae ) . american museum novitates 3690 : 7 pp . available online
foraging and spatial dispersion in protein - scavenging workers of vespula germanica and v . maculifrons ( hymenoptera : vespidae )
harris , r . j . 1995 . effect of starvation of larvae of vespula vulgaris ( l . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) on subsequent survival and adult size . new zealand journal of zoology 22 : 33 - 38 . urltoken
vespula vulgaris is an invasive scavenging social wasp that has very recently arrived in patagonia ( argentina ) , a territory previously invaded – 35 yrs earlier – by another wasp , vespula germanica . although v . vulgaris wasps possess features that could be instrumental in overcoming obstacles through several invasion stages , the presence of preestablished populations of v . germanica could affect their success . we studied the potential role played by v . germanica on the subsequent invasion process of v . vulgaris wasps in patagonia by focusing on the foraging interaction between both species . this is because food searching and exploitation are likely to overlap strongly among vespula wasps . we carried out choice tests where two types of baits were presented in a pairwise manner . we found experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that v . germanica and v . vulgaris have an asymmetrical response to baits with stimuli simulating the presence of each other . v . germanica avoided baits with either visual or olfactory cues indicating the v . vulgaris presence . however , v . vulgaris showed no preference between baits with or lacking v . germanica stimuli . these results suggest that the presence of an established population of v . germanica may not contribute to added biotic resistance to v . vulgaris invasion .
buck , m . , marshall , s . a . & cheung , d . k . b . ( 2008 ) . identification atlas of the vespidae ( hymenoptera , aculeata ) of the northeastern nearctic region , 98 . vespula vulgaris (
harris , r . j . and oliver , e . h . 1993 . prey diets and population densities of the wasps vespula vulgaris and v . germanica in scrubland - pasture . new zealand journal of ecology 17 : 5 - 12 .
leathwick , d . m . 1997 . growth and development of queen colonies of vespula germanica and v . vulgaris . new zealand journal of zoology 24 : 17 - 23 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 18 february 2008 ]
a queen vespula alascensis ( vulgaris ) queen on my hand ! this is basically to show how docile these wasps can be if not tempered with . she was quite comfortable on my hand and i enjoyed filming her cleaning herself off : )
queen brood reared in worker cells by the social wasp , vespula germanica ( f . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae )
leathwick , d . m . and tilley , j . a . v . 1996 . overwintering colonies of the common wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) in palmerston north , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 23 : 355 - 358 . urltoken
clapperton , b . k . , lo , p . l . , moller , h . and sandlant , g . r . 1989 . variation in colour markings of german wasps vespula germanica ( f . ) and common wasps vespula vulgaris ( l . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) in new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 16 : 303 - 313 .
moller , h . , clapperton , b . k . , alspach , p . a . and tilley , j . a . v . 1991 . comparative seasonality of vespula germanica ( f . ) and vespula vulgaris ( l . ) colonies ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) in urban nelson , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 18 : 111 - 120 .
wasps are a large family of mainly helpful insects , of which two species are painfully familiar to gardeners . the most frequently seen wasps are the common wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) and the german wasp ( vespula germanica ) , two fairly similar types . the most abundant wasp in scotland is the norwegian wasp ( vespula norwegica ) . hornets ( vespa crabro ) are a large , uncommon and non - aggressive wasp species . there are also tree wasps ( dolichovespula sylvestris ) , red wasps ( vespula rufa ) and the cuckoo wasp ( vespula austriaca ) . they all look distinctively wasp - like , so telling them apart is an expert job . ordinary adults are female and 13mm long . males and queen wasps are slightly larger .
the fertilised queen emerges from hibernation in the spring and sets about looking for a suitable nest site . for the common wasp vespula vulgaris this is usually a hole in the ground but may be a cavity in the loft or in a garden shed .
toft , r . j . and rees , j . s . 1998 . reducing predation of orb - web spiders ( araneidae ) by controlling common wasps ( vespula vulgaris ) in a new zealand beech forest . ecological entomology 23 : 90 - 95 .
toft , r . j . and rees , j . s . 1998 . reducing predation of orb - web spiders ( araneidae ) by controlling common wasps ( vespula vulgaris ) in a new zealand beech forest . ecological entomology 23 : 90 - 95 .
note that some bees and hoverflies can be wrongly mistaken for wasps , although when viewing images closely , the differences may seem fairly obvious for some of the species . below is a picture of a commonly seen wasp ( a common wasp - vespula vulgaris ) :
vespula ( v . germanica and v . vulgaris in europe , v . maculifrons and v . germanica in usa ) are called wasps in europe and yellow jackets in the usa . they breed in the ground , in attics , or in shelters . the genus vespula is by far the most aggressive . stings occur not only near the nests , but more often while victims are eating outdoors .
queen brood reared in worker cells by the social wasp , vespula germanica ( f . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) | springerlink
donovan , b . j . , howie , a . m . e . , schroeder , n . c . , wallace , a . r . and read , p . e . c . 1992 . comparative characteristics of nests of vespula germanica ( f . ) and vespula vulgaris ( l . ) ( hymenoptera : vespinae ) . new zealand journal of zoology 19 : 61 - 71 .
barr , k . , moller h . , christmas , e . , lyver , p . and beggs , j . 1996 . impacts of introduced common wasps ( vespula vulgaris ) on experimentally placed mealworms in a new zealand beech forest . oecologia 105 : 266 - 270 .
harris , r . j . and beggs , j . r . 1995 . variation in the quality of vespula vulgaris ( l . ) queens ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) and its significance in wasp population dynamics . new zealand journal of zoology 22 : 131 - 142 . urltoken
barr , k . , moller h . , christmas , e . , lyver , p . and beggs , j . 1996 . impacts of introduced common wasps ( vespula vulgaris ) on experimentally placed mealworms in a new zealand beech forest . oecologia 105 : 266 - 270 .
clapperton , b . k . , tilley , j . a . v . , beggs , j . r . and moller , h . 1994 . changes in the distribution and proportions of vespula vulgaris ( l . ) and vespula germanica ( fab . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) between 1987 and 1990 in new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology , 1994 , vol . 21 : 295 - 303 urltoken
to assess the response of v . vulgaris to v . germanica visual cues , we selected 45 sites where v . vulgaris was abundant . we assessed the response to v . germanica dummies – odor extracted , posed , dried , and pinned wasp forager – by the same procedure as above .
the common wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) is found throughout the uk in almost all habitats , including woodland and urban areas . they are nicknamed jaspers in the midlands , deriving possibly from the latin for wasp , vespa , or from the similarity in looks to the striped mineral jasper .
thomas , c . d . , moller , h . , plunkett , g . m . and harris , r . j . 1990 . the prevalence of introduced vespula vulgaris wasps in a new zealand beech forest community . new zealand journal of ecology 13 : 63 - 72 .
spurr , e . b . , 1995 . protein bait preferences of wasps ( vespula vulgaris and v . germanica ) at mt thomas , canterbury , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 22 : 281 - 289 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 18 february 2008 ]
harris , r . j . 1995 . effect of starvation of larvae of vespula vulgaris ( l . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) on subsequent survival and adult size . new zealand journal of zoology 22 : 33 - 38 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 18 february 2008 ]
vespula vulgaris ( the common wasp ) nest underground and in the cavities of trees and buildings . in addition to causing painful stings to humans , they compete with other insects and birds for insect prey and sugar sources . they will also eat fruit crops and scavenge around rubbish bins and picnic sites .
leathwick , d . m . and tilley , j . a . v . 1996 . overwintering colonies of the common wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) in palmerston north , new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 23 : 355 - 358 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 18 february 2008 ]
buck , m . , marshall , s . a . & cheung , d . k . b . ( 2008 ) . identification atlas of the vespidae ( hymenoptera , aculeata ) of the northeastern nearctic region , 98 . vespula vulgaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . [ accessed 16 july , 2009 from urltoken summary :
the most offensive stingers are four introduced species of social wasp in the vespidae family . these are pests in urban , rural and natural ecosystems . the worst two are of european origin , the black - and - yellow german and common wasps ( vespula germanica and vespula vulgaris respectively ) , which attack and sting to defend their huge nests . both species , especially the common wasp , have invaded native forest – kauri forests in the north and beech forests in the south .
clapperton , b . k . , tilley , j . a . v . , beggs , j . r . and moller , h . 1994 . changes in the distribution and proportions of vespula vulgaris ( l . ) and vespula germanica ( fab . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) between 1987 and 1990 in new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology , 1994 , vol . 21 : 295 - 303 summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 15 august 2005 ]
temperature curves of thorax , head and abdomen of water foraging vespula ( top ) and polistes ( bottom ) from arrival till departure at the water barrel .
we found experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that v . germanica and v . vulgaris have asymmetrical foraging behavior abilities . v . germanica was deterred by cues indicating the presence of v . vulgaris . workers of v . germanica were able to detect both visual and olfactory cues used to simulate the presence of a congeneric wasp species , responding to these stimuli and consequently avoiding those baits . in contrast , v . germanica cues did not affect the foraging behavior of v . vulgaris workers on a given food patch .
ana julia pereira , gabriela i . pirk , juan c . corley ; foraging behavior interactions between two non - native social wasps , vespula germanica and v . vulgaris ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) : implications for invasion success ? , journal of insect science , volume 16 , issue 1 , 1 january 2016 , 78 , urltoken
matthews , r . w . , goodisman , m . a . d . , austin , a . d . & bashfo , r . 2000 . the introduced english wasp vespula vulgaris ( l . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) newly recorded invading native forests in tasmania . australian journal of entomology 39 : 177 - 179 .
beggs , j . r . in press . impact and control of introduced vespula wasps in new zealand . proceedings of the 4th international hymenoptera conference . csiro .
matthews , r . w . , goodisman , m . a . d . , austin , a . d . & bashford , r . ( 2000 ) the introduced english wasp vespula vulgaris ( l . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) newly recorded invading native forests in tasmania . australian journal of entomology 39 : 177 - 179 .
beggs , j . r . , alspach , p . a . , moller , h . , toft , r . j . and tilley , j . a . v . 1992 . impacts of the parasitoid sphecophaga vesparum on colonies of the common wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) . proceedings 41st annual conference entomological society of new zealand .
beggs , j . r . , alspach , p . a . , moller , h . , toft , r . j . and tilley , j . a . v . 1992 . impacts of the parasitoid sphecophaga vesparum on colonies of the common wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) . proceedings 41st annual conference entomological society of new zealand .
harris , r . j . and beggs , j . r . 1995 . variation in the quality of vespula vulgaris ( l . ) queens ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) and its significance in wasp population dynamics . new zealand journal of zoology 22 : 131 - 142 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 20 may 2007 ]
matthews , r . w . , goodisman , m . a . d . , austin , a . d . & bashfo , r . ( 2000 ) . the introduced english wasp vespula vulgaris ( l . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) newly recorded invading native forests in tasmania . australian journal of entomology 39 : 177 - 179 .
in europe nests of vespula vulgaris may contain 10 000 cells however when introduced to australia and new zealand they changed their life cycles adopting a two year life cycle , adapting to warmer climes and lack of competition to produce huge nests over 3 metres high and 2 metres wide containing millions of cells and sometimes thousands of queens in the second year .
just looked at the photo again conor and i think you may well be right… off out with the camera to try and get a shot of v . vulgaris to replace it .
leathwick , d . m . , godfrey , p . l . , fordham , r . a . and potter , m . a . 1999 . comparative growth and seasonality of vespula germanica and v . vulgaris ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) colonies in the manawatu region of new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 26 : 27 - 38 . urltoken
harris , r . j . , harcourt , s . j . , glare , t . r . , rose , e . a . f . and nelson , t . l . 2000 . susceptibility of vespula vulgaris ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) to generalist entomopathogenic fungi and their potential for wasp control . journal of invertebrate pathology 75 : 251 - 258 .
the term “yellowjacket” refers to a number of different species of wasps in the genera vespula and dolichovespula ( family vespidae ) . included in this group of ground - nesting species are the western yellowjacket , v . pensylvanica , which is the most commonly encountered species and issometimes called the “meat bee , ” and seven other species of vespula . v . vulgaris is common in rotted tree stumps at higher elevations , and v . germanica , the german yellowjacket , is becoming more common in many urban areas of california , where it frequently nests in houses .
during march 2012 , england has experienced sunshine over its towns , parks and beaches . however , the sun has also welcomed back a more familiar figure , and definitely not a pleasant one either , – vespula vulgaris , or , more commonly known as – wasps . wasps usually build their nests in spring , depending on climatic conditions . in this case , [ … ]
we determined that v . germanica significantly avoids baits with v . vulgaris visual and odor cues . on the other hand , wasps of the latter species were not deterred by stimuli indicating v . germanica presence and showed no preference among baits . throughout the experiments , we observed that workers of both species invariably hovered over the food before landing . remarkably , v . germanica hovered closer , over baits with the simulated presence of v . vulgaris but did not land on them . in contrast , v . vulgaris workers showed a behavior that was typical for this species ( collett and lehrer 1993 ) .
a comparison of the thermoregulation of water foraging wasps ( vespula vulgaris , polistes dominulus ) under special consideration of ambient temperature and solar radiation was conducted . the body surface temperature of living and dead wasps was measured by infrared thermography under natural conditions in their environment without disturbing the insects’ behaviour . the body temperature of both of them was positively correlated with t a and solar radiation . at moderate t a ( 22–28 °c ) the regression lines revealed mean thorax temperatures ( t th ) of 35 . 5–37 . 5 °c in vespula , and of 28 . 6–33 . 7 °c in polistes . at high t a ( 30–39 °c ) t th was 37 . 2–40 . 6 °c in vespula and 37 . 0–40 . 8 °c in polistes . the thorax temperature excess ( t th – t a ) increased at moderate t a by 1 . 9 °c ( vespula ) and 4 . 4 °c ( polistes ) per kw −1 m −2 . at high t a it increased by 4 . 0 °c per kw −1 m −2 in both wasps . a comparison of the living water foraging vespula and polistes with dead wasps revealed a great difference in their thermoregulatory behaviour . at moderate t a ( 22–28 °c ) vespula exhibited distinct endothermy in contrast to polistes , which showed only a weak endothermic activity . at high t a ( 30–39 °c ) vespula reduced their active heat production , and polistes were always ectothermic . both species exhibited an increasing cooling effort with increasing insolation and ambient temperature .
wasps are seasonal pests , becoming a nuisance from mid - summer onwards . the 2 most common species of wasp are the common wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) and the german wasp ( vespula germanica ) . they differ slightly in size and colour pattern but their behaviour is , for the most part , identical . lets face it , if you have a nest containing hundreds or thousands ( 3000 – 10 , 000 in a large one ! ) of these stinging psychos above your bedroom window , you’re not going to be bothered whether they are teutonic or just plain common .
vespula vulgaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) : lowe et al . ( 2007 ) [ [ sans objet ] ] lowe , s . , browne , m . , boudjelas , s . & poorter , m . 2007 . 100 espèces exotiques envahissantes parmi les plus néfastes au monde . une sélection de la global invasive species database . invasive species specialist group ( issg ) . 12 pp .
beggs , j . r . , toft , r . j . , malham , j . p . , rees , j . s . , tilley , j . a . v . , moller , h . and alspach , p . 1998 . the difficulty of reducing introduced wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) populations for conservation gains . new zealand journal of ecology 22 : 55 - 63 .
beggs , j . r . , toft , r . j . , malham , j . p . , rees , j . s . , tilley , j . a . v . , moller , h . and alspach , p . 1998 . the difficulty of reducing introduced wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) populations for conservation gains . new zealand journal of ecology 22 : 55 - 63 .
according to our results , v . germanica and v . vulgaris display different foraging behaviors on baits with cues simulating the presence of congeneric workers . while this could suggest some degree of improved competitive abilities of v . vulgaris when compared to v . germanica , such behavior may have important implications for the establishment and spread of either invasive wasp species . we observed that highly attractive protein - rich foods were avoided by v . germanica whenever there was some indication suggesting the presence of v . vulgaris . in sites where both species have successfully established , v . vulgaris could outcompete v . germanica and lead to the displacement of the latter species when food sources become limiting , as may occur at the end of the summer season , or when populations of v . vulgaris reach very high numbers as has been observed in the honeydew beech ( nothofagus spp . ) forests of new zealand ( harris et al . 1991 , clapperton et al . 1994 ) . also , monopolization of the best foods by v . vulgaris could affect the invasion process by slowing down the population spread of v . germanica , via a reduction of population growth . in sites where v . vulgaris arrived first , such behaviors could affect the probabilities of the establishment of arriving v . germanica populations . in all vespula spp . , the quality of the queens is critical to population growth . fertilized new queens appear at the end of the summer and look for dry and protected sites to overwinter until the following spring ( spradbery and richards 1973 ) . reproductive females must thus gain weight – usually through feeding by workers during the larval stage – to face the winter .
leathwick , d . m . , godfrey , p . l . , fordham , r . a . and potter , m . a . 1999 . comparative growth and seasonality of vespula germanica and v . vulgaris ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) colonies in the manawatu region of new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 26 : 27 - 38 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 18 february 2008 ]
beggs , j . r . 2001 . the ecological consequences of social wasps ( vespula spp . ) invading an ecosystem that has an abundant carbohydrate resource . biological conservation 99 : 17 - 28 .
beggs , j . r . and rees , j . s . 1999 . restructuring of lepidoptera communities by introduced vespula wasps in a new zealand beech forest . oecologia 119 : 565 - 571 .
beggs , j . r . 2001 . the ecological consequences of social wasps ( vespula spp . ) invading an ecosystem that has an abundant carbohydrate resource . biological conservation 99 : 17 - 28 .
to evaluate the response of v . germanica to visual cues of v . vulgaris workers , we tested baits of the first choice in 42 sites . treated and untreated baits consisted of : 10 g of minced beef and 10 g minced beef to which we added v . vulgaris dummies , which consisted of five odorless dead workers simulating foragers ( fig . 1b ) . since we offered the baits , we waited until the first wasp landed .
harcourt , s . j . , harris , r . j . , rose , e . a . f . , glare , t . r . and nelson , t . l . 1997 . the potential of beauveria bassiana for the control of common and german wasps ( vespula vulgaris l . and v . germanica f . ) in new zealand . proceedings of 4th international workshop on microbial control of soil dwelling pests .
beggs , j . r . ( 2001 ) . the ecological consequences of social wasps ( vespula spp . ) invading an ecosystem that has an abundant carbohydrate resource . biological conservation 99 : 17 - 28 .
beggs , j . r . ( 2001 ) . the ecological consequences of social wasps ( vespula spp . ) invading an ecosystem that has an abundant carbohydrate resource . biological conservation 99 : 17 - 28 .
beggs , j . r . and harris , r . j . 2000 . can the wasp parasitoid sphecophaga vesparum significantly reduce the density of vespula wasps ? new zealand journal of zoology 27 : 73 - 74 .
in new zealand , where both invasive wasps are also found , some studies have related the invasion process of these wasps ( harris 1991 , harris et al . 1991 ) . v . germanica was widely spread throughout the country when v . vulgaris arrived , some 30 yrs later , displacing the former from many – yet not all – environments ( clapperton et al . 1994 ) . only in a few given environmental conditions , v . germanica is still more abundant and both species coexist ( sandlant and moller 1989 , harris et al . 1991 ) . although both species are generalists , v . germanica commonly foraged for protein resources on the forest ﬂoor , while v . vulgaris foraged on shrubs and tree saplings ( harris et al . 1991 ) . however , both species compete for honeydew resources allowing v . vulgaris to displace v . germanica in honeydew beech forests . this probably is explained by the superior foraging efficiency of v . vulgaris in these habitats . v . vulgaris foragers were more active and fed at a faster rate than those of v . germanica . this greater feeding rate reduced the time needed by v . vulgaris to obtain a load of honeydew and return to its nest . a greater foraging rate may lead to improved quality and number of queens produced , and an increased probability that they will survive the winter and produce successful colonies in the following season ( harris et al . 1994 ) .
beggs , j . r . 1999 . the ecological impact and control of introduced wasps ( vespula spp ) in nothofagus forest . unpubl . phd thesis , university of otago , dunedin , new zealand . 197 pp .
beggs , j . r . 1999 . the ecological impact and control of introduced wasps ( vespula spp ) in nothofagus forest . unpubl . phd thesis , university of otago , dunedin , new zealand . 197 pp .
harris , r . j . & etheridge , n . d . ( 2001 ) . comparison of baits containing fipronil and sulfluramid for the control of vespula wasps . new zealand journal of zoology 28 : 39 - 48 .
harris , r . j . & etheridge , n . d . ( 2001 ) . comparison of baits containing fipronil and sulfluramid for the control of vespula wasps . new zealand journal of zoology 28 : 39 - 48 .
harris , r . j . 1996 . frequency of over wintered vespula germanica ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) colonies in scrubland - pasture habitat and their impact on prey . new zealand journal of zoology 23 : 11 - 17 . urltoken
the female castes are dimorphic , differing markedly in their appearance . generally , the queen is larger than any worker , as in vespines such as the european wasps ( vespula vulgaris and v . germanica ) , and honey bees ( apis spp . ) . the typical eusocial wasp queen has a differentially ( allometrically ) enlarged gaster ( abdomen ) . in worker wasps the bursa copulatrix is small , preventing mating , even though in the absence of a queen their ovaries will develop .
the common wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) is a familiar and much feared social insect ( 3 ) . they are quite large insects , with an obvious ' waist ' between the thorax and abdomen . they have bright yellow and black bands along the body , two pairs of wings and fairly long , robust antennae . the sting is located at the tip of the abdomen ( 4 ) . the queens ( reproductive females ) are larger than workers ( non - reproductive females ) ( 2 ) .
harris , r . j . , moller , h . and tilley , j . a . v . 1991 . weather - related differences in attractiveness of protein foods to vespula wasps . new zealand journal of ecology 15 : 167 - 170 .
competition for food resources between established species and a new invader is believed to be an important mechanism affecting the establishment probability , acting as biotic resistance ( elton 1958 , simberloff 1989 , davis et al . 2000 ) . for v . vulgaris , a wasp species that shares with v . germanica foraging habits and foods , establishment , and spread of their populations in invaded regions implies dealing with an additional biotic element : the prior successful arrival of v . germanica . while our experiments did not test biotic resistance , evidence of the avoidance foraging behavior shown by v . germanica coupled with a rapid population growth of v . vulgaris ( a . j . p . et al . unpublished data ) suggests that the former invader is unlikely to provide significant biotic resistance to the spread of v . vulgaris in nw patagonia . generally , we detect a new invasion when new species have already become established or even are spreading and the reasons behind such success are likely several ( e . g . , disturbances , environmental heterogeneity , enemy release , etc . ) ( lockwood et al . 2013 ) . however , to determine if the responses detected by this experiment are species - specific or a more general response to vespula sp . cues , additional studies on competitive relationships between v . germanica and v . vulgaris are needed .
several species of social wasps ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) have been highly successful invaders of new territories around the world ( spradbery and richards 1973 , clapperton et al . 1989 , wilson and holway 2010 , masciocchi and corley 2013 ) . in patagonia ( argentina ) , vespula germanica ( fabricius ; hymenoptera ) , a species native to europe and north africa , was first observed in 1980 ( willink 1980 ) and since then , it has established in a wide variety of habitats and spread throughout most of the patagonia at a remarkable rate ( masciocchi and corley 2013 ) . in 2010 , another wasp of the same genus and also native to europe , vespula vulgaris ( linnaeus ; hymenoptera ) , was found in nw patagonia ( masciocchi et al . 2010 ) .
vespula uses its own body fluids in the form of saliva for nest building and in food conditioning for the larvae . a water source is always near the nest . water was literally everywhere at the time of the proving due to recent severe weather conditions .
there are no native social wasps in new zealand – a very unusual situation compared with other parts of the world . however , there are four introduced species of social wasps established : two introduced species of paper wasps ( polistes ) and two vespula species .
glare , t . r . , harris , r . j . and donovan , b . j . 1996 . aspergillus flavus as a pathogen of wasps , vespula spp . , in new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 23 : 339 - 344 .
toft , r . j . and beggs , j . r . 1995 . seasonality of crane flies ( diptera : tipulidae ) in south island beech forest in relation to the abundance of vespula wasps ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . new zealand entomologist 18 : 37 - 43 .
molecular identification of the prey of social wasps has been examined recently by wilson et al . ( 2009 ) who examined the prey of the yellowjacket , vespula pensylvanica . molecular identification of prey balls showed the wide breadth of prey consumed and helped quantify the direct and indirect effects on native ecosystems in hawaii . however , while the collection and analyses of prey balls are suitable for vespula wasps ( because of their large nests and high foraging rates ) , the collection of prey balls is extremely time - consuming for paper wasps , which have much smaller colonies .
distinguishing marks on workers include a black mark behind the eye on the side of the head ; an anchor - shaped or dagger - shaped mark on the \
face \
; yellow pronotal bands which are almost parallel ; black dots and rings on the abdomen , which are usually fused . males can only be reliably distinguished by examining the aedeagus ( part of the genitals ) under a microscope . please see padil ( pests and diseases image library ) species content page wasps : english wasp \ r \ n vespula vulgaris ( linnaeus ) for high quality diagnostic and overview images
sequential invasion by these two eusocial wasps has also been observed elsewhere . in new zealand , invasive v . germanica spread widely throughout the country after its arrival in 1945 , until some 30 yrs later when v . vulgaris arrived and displaced it from many environments ( sandlant and moller 1989 , harris et al . 1991 ) . feeding activities of both wasp species were disrupted by each other rather than by conspecifics , suggesting that these two species could interfere directly . it has been suggested that differences in foraging behavior may give v . vulgaris a competitive advantage over v . germanica ( harris et al . 1994 ) .
harris , r . j . 1996 . frequency of over wintered vespula germanica ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) colonies in scrubland - pasture habitat and their impact on prey . new zealand journal of zoology 23 : 11 - 17 . summary : available from : urltoken [ accessed 18 february 2008 ]
resource competition is subtler than predation , parasitism , and herbivory , but many introduced insects outcompete natives . the european seven - spotted ladybeetle ( coccinella septempunctata ) , introduced to the united states for control of the russian wheat aphid ( diuraphis noxia ) , has locally outcompeted several native ladybeetles . european honeybees outcompete the native bee , osmia pumila , for pollen in the new york state . introduced insects can even outcompete vertebrates . the introduced wasps vespula germanica and v . vulgaris in new zealand outcompete an endemic parrot for honeydew produced by a scale insect ( ultracoelostoma assimile ) and have locally lowered parrot populations .
measuring location was an orchard on a farm in gschwendt / austria , middle europe . on 5 days in 2 different years we investigated wasps ( vespula vulgaris and polistes dominulus ) foraging water on a rainwater barrel . in order not to impair their behaviour during foraging we refrained from marking the individuals . we presume at least about 15–20 water collecting individuals of vespula and about 5–10 individuals of polistes to be included in this study . one of the measuring days in august 2003 was one of the hottest days of the year , with ambient air temperatures ( t a ) above 30 °c ( ~ 30–40 °c ) . on the other days we had moderate temperatures in the range of ~ 20–30 °c . in addition to water foragers , polistine wasps foraging nectar on raspberry and gathering sap on rhubarb , and another vespine wasp , dolichovespula saxonica , also foraging nectar on raspberry blossoms were measured for comparison .
to assess the response of v . germanica to v . vulgaris odors cues , we selected 51 sites where v . germanica was abundant . the offered treated and untreated baits consisted of : 10 g of minced beef with 100 μl of ethanol and 10 g of minced beef with 100 μl head pheromone extract of v . vulgaris ( approx . equivalent to five wasps ) . we chose this value because it is a dose that can be detected by foraging wasps with a minimum of extract usage ( see d’adamo et al . 2004 ) . once we placed the paired dishes , both the 100 μl of extract and ethanol were measured and placed on the minced beef with a 1 ml syringe . after we offered the baits , we waited until the first wasp landed . workers of both vespula species hover over food before landing ( collett and lehrer 1993 , pereira et al . 2013 ) , with the latter behavior a sign of food acceptance .
this study shows that v . germanica and v . vulgaris respond differently to the presence of individuals of other species on foods . past work has shown that both these species display different behavioral responses toward competitors . masciocchi et al ( 2010 ) found that v . germanica does not forage on baits when the native ant dorymyrmex tener was feeding on them . in contrast , grangier and lester ( 2011 ) noted that v . vulgaris in new zealand not only will not avoid baits with the native ants prolasius sp . , but may even pick up ants while foraging , using its mandibles , and then fly backward , dropping them at some distance away from the food . these authors suggested then , that one reason for this behavior is the bigger size of wasps compared to that of ants . in the present study , we observed that v . germanica avoids baits with the presence of v . vulgaris , despite being smaller ( see spradbery and richards 1973 ) . perhaps , v . vulgaris workers display a more aggressive behavior than v . germanica ones . the factors influencing aggressive behavior in wasps and the actual mechanisms involved are poorly known . future studies should consider observing both species during foraging and evaluating possible aggressive encounters . another explanation could be that v . germanica may identify in v . vulgaris , evolutionary phenotypic traits that convey information about the potential competitor , influencing their behavior ( grether et al . 2009 ) . the absence of direct evidence for competitive interactions should not lead us to think that competition is not important . it may well be that competition is manifested as avoidance responses such as those found in this study .
malham , j . p . , rees , j . s . , alspach , p . a . , beggs , j . r . and moller , h . 1991 . traffic rate as an index of colony size in vespula wasps . new zealand journal of zoology 18 : 105 - 109 .
donovan , b . j . and read , p . e . c . 1987 . attempted biological control of social wasps , vespula spp . , ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) with sphecophaga vesparum ( curtis ) ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) in new zealand . new zealand journal of zoology 14 : 329 - 335 .
common wasps collect protein and carbohydrate food . honeydew and nectar are important food sources . they have a broad invertebrate diet with an emphasis on diptera , lepidoptera and araneae . notorious for their scavenging . vespula wasps are also attracted to dead bait , such as chicken or fish meat ( toft and harris 2004 ) .
most species of dolichovespula ( d . media , d . sylvestris , d . saxonica in europe , d . maculata , d . arenaria in usa ) look very similar to vespula , with black and yellow stripes on the abdomen and only a slightly larger size . they can be distinguished from vespula by the larger distance between the eyes and the mandibles . only d . maculata , the bald - faced hornet in the usa , is easy to distinguish from other vespids by its mostly black abdomen . dolichovespula build their nests in tree branches or under the roofs of houses . they sting almost exclusively in the vicinity of their nests .
difference of the gradient between head , thorax , abdomen and ambient temperature ( t body – t a ) of living vespula and polistes during water foraging , and dead wasps , in dependence on solar radiation at two levels of ambient temperature ( a and b : 20–30 °c , c and d : 30–40 °c ) .
beggs , j . r . , rees , j . s . , toft , r . j . , dennis , t . e . & barlow , n . d . ( 2008 ) . evaluating the impact of a biological control parasitoid on invasive vespula wasps in a natural forest ecosystem . biological control 44 : 399–407 .
vespa vulgaris linnaeus , 1758 : linnaeus ( 1758 ) : 572 . [ description originale ] linnaeus , c . 1758 . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . holmiæ . ( salvius ) . tomus i : 1 - 824 . [ urltoken ]
in their native range , both vespula wasps coexist and show a considerable overlap in their distribution , although v . germanica has a narrower altitudinal foraging range than v . vulgaris ( archer 1978 ) . the latter appears to have taken longer to colonize the higher altitudes than the lower altitudes , but once there , it accounts for a larger proportion of the wasp population than at lower altitudes . in contrast with the invaded community , when in their native range , both wasp species share the area with a number of other vespidae , and are exposed to the presence of a suite of nest associates , parasites , and predators that may limit the impacts of competition among these species ( spradbery and richards 1973 ) .
beggs , j . r . , rees , j . s . , toft , r . j . , dennis , t . e . & barlow , n . d . ( 2008 ) . evaluating the impact of a biological control parasitoid on invasive vespula wasps in a natural forest ecosystem . biological control 44 : 399�407 . summary :
eusocial species of wasps usually have their hierarchy determined by morphology of individuals . in the european wasp , vespula vulgaris , the larvae that have been fed the most nutrients ( which eventually becomes the largest reproductive adult female ) will become the queen . the location of each cell is directly related to the amount of food a larva can receive , so the queen cells are usually located at the bottom of the nest which encounters most of the foragers . several candidates of queens arise , which then compete to create a hierarchy of queens for an ultimate queen to be selected . the precise reasons behind the variations in queens is unknown , but it is thought to be related to fat stores which elevate a queen’s quality .
fordham , r . a . , craven , a . j . and minot , e . o . 1991 . phenology and population structure of annual nests of the german wasp vespula germanica ( fab . ) in manawatu , new zealand , with particular reference to late summer and autumn . new zealand journal of zoology 18 : 127 - 137 .
in vespula foraging under warm conditions the t th increased on average from 37 . 2 to 40 . 6 °c as t a increased from 30 to 40 °c . the t hd increased from 34 . 7 to 38 . 2 °c , and the t ab from 34 . 0 to 38 . 7 °c , respectively . in polistes the t th increased from 37 . 0 to 40 . 8 °c , the t hd from 33 . 7 to 38 . 2 °c and the t ab from 35 . 3 to 39 . 5 °c . the abundance of foraging species was well - balanced at these conditions ( vespula n = 78 , polistes n = 68 measured foraging stays ) .


lepidocephalus is a genus of loaches native to rivers in the southeast asian countries of indonesia , malaysia and thailand .

members of this genus are known as " spirit loaches " .

they resemble the related kuhli loaches and lepidocephalichthys loaches ( some species in the latter genus were formerly placed in lepidocephalus ) , but are more robust and generally found deep in large rivers .

with little or no light in their habitat , their eyes and pigmentation are reduced to various extent .

one species , l. spectrum , completely lacks pigment and eyes , similar to cavefish .

they are generally poorly known , but based on the relatively few scientific museum specimens they can reach up to 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) in standard length .

lepidocephalus

a revision of the spirit loaches , genus lepidocephalus ( cypriniformes , cobitidae ) .
a revision of the spirit loaches , genus lepidocephalus ( cypriniformes , cobitidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
on a new species of pseudocapillaria ( nematoda : trichuroidea ) , p . lepidocephali , from the estuarine fish lepidocephalus ( lepidocephalichthys ) guntea ( hamilton )
on a new species of pseudocapillaria ( nematoda : trichuroidea ) , p . lepidocephali , from the estuarine fish lepidocephalus ( lepidocephalichthys ) guntea ( hamilton ) | springerlink
systematic position : phylum : chordata class : actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) order : cypriniformes ( carps ) family : cobitidae ( loaches ) genus : lepidocephalus species : l . guntea
synonyms : canthophrys olivaceus swainson , 1839 ; canthophrys vittatus swainson , 1839 ; cobitis balgara hamilton , 1822 ; cobitis guntea hamilton , 1822 ; cobitis maya sykes , 1839 ; cobitis phoxocheila mcclelland , 1839 ; lepidocephalichthys balgara ( hamilton , 1822 ) ; lepidocephalichthys guntea ( hamilton , 1822 ) ; lepidocephalichthys guntea balgara ( hamilton , 1822 ) ; lepidocephalichthys nepalensis shrestha , 1980 ; lepidocephalus dibruensis sen , 1979 ; lepidocephalus guntea balgara ( hamilton , 1822 ) ; lepidocephalus nepalensis ( shrestha , 1980 ) ; misgurnus lateralis günther , 1868 ; schistura aculeata mcclelland , 1939 and schistura balgara ( hamilton , 1822 ) .
range description : lepidocephalus guntea is present in sri lanka and throughout much of the western ghats of india . countries - native : india ( karnataka , kerala , maharashtra , tamil nadu ) ; sri lanka
deein , gridsada , weerapongse tangjitjaroen & lawrence m . page . 2014 . a revision of the spirit loaches , genus lepidocephalus ( cypriniformes , cobitidae ) . zootaxa . 3779 ( 3 ) : 341–352 .
deein , g . , w . tangjitjaroen and l . m . page , 2014 . a revision of the spirit loaches , genus lepidocephalus ( cypriniformes , cobitidae ) . zootaxa 3779 ( 3 ) : 341 - 352 . ( ref . 95334 )
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . lepidocephalus thermalis ( valenciennes , 1846 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
pseudocapillaria lepidocephali n . sp . , parasitic in the intestine of the loach lepidocephalus ( lepidocephalichthys ) guntea from the hooghly estuary at kalyani , west bengal , india , is described . the parasite is characterised mainly by its small body size , the structure of the male caudal end ( the presence of mediumsized ventro - lateral lobes and the absence of a dorsal membrane ) , the presence of a non - spinous spicular sheath , the structure of the stichosome ( 26–34 stichocytes present ) , and the size and structure of the eggs . this is the first species of the genus pseudocapillaria described from india and also from the genus lepidocephalus .
lepidocephalus has been assumed to include only two species and confined to peninsular malaysia and indonesia . however , based on records and collections reported herein , the genus contains five species and is most common in the chao phraya basin of thailand . large rivers seem to be the preferred habitat , and difficulty in collecting these rivers may account for the paucity of specimens in collections . the known range of these five species includes western and southern borneo , java , sumatra , peninsular malaysia , and central thailand .
distribution . lepidocephalus nanensis is found in thailand in the nan river and in the chao - phraya river below the confluence of the nan and yom rivers ( fig . 2 ) . to our knowledge , šlechtová et al . ( 2008 ) first recorded this species from thailand ( as l . macrochir ) and included molecular data from specimens collected at a fishpond at nakom savan ( nakon sawan , nakon sawan province ) , thailand . recent collections suggest that this species is common in the nan and lower chao phraya rivers . these large rivers seem to be the preferred habitat of the species .
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 8 . this species is distinguished from lepidocephalus spectrum by having eyes and dark pigment on the body and by the lack of tubules on the lateral line and large papillae on the lips ; from l . pahangensis by having scales on top of the head and by the lack of large papillae on the lips ; from l . pallens by having the dorsal - fin origin well behind ( vs . over ) the pelvic - fin origin ( predorsal length 68 . 1 - 71 . 3 vs . 59 . 9 % sl ) ; and from l . macrochir by having a longer snout ( 5 . 6 - 7 . 4 vs . 3 . 9 - 5 . 1 % sl ; 28 . 6 - 38 . 1 vs . 23 . 3 - 27 . 1 % hl ) ( ref . 95334 ) .
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 8 . this species can be easily diagnosed from lepidocephalus spectrum by the presence of eyes and dark pigment on the body , and absence of tubules along the lateral line ; from l . pahangensis by the presence of scales on top of the head ; from l . pallens by having the dorsal - fin origin well behind ( vs . over ) the pelvic - fin origin ( predorsal length 65 . 0 - 69 . 3 vs . 59 . 9 % sl ) ; and from l . nanensis by having a shorter snout ( 3 . 9 - 5 . 1 vs . 5 . 6 - 7 . 4 % sl ; 23 . 3 - 27 . 1 vs . 28 . 6 - 38 . 1 % hl ) . this species further differs from l . pahangensis in having 8 ( vs . 9 ) branched dorsal - fin rays and 5 - 6 ( vs . 4 ) branched anal - fin rays , and from l . pallens , l . pahangensis and l . spectrum in having a shorter head ( 16 . 6 - 18 . 8 vs . 23 . 2 , 21 . 8 , and 21 . 3 - 23 . 2 % sl respectively ) ( ref . 95334 ) .
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
kottelat , m . 2013 . the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology supplement no . 27 : 1 - 663 .
the identity of specimens from central thailand requires confirmation ( l . page pers . comm . 2012 ) .
justification : the species is known from a few scattered records across southeast asia . little is known of the species ' habitats , ecology , or threats , and it is considered data deficient .
the species is known from scattered records from the malay peninsula ( e . g . , the pahang river near mentakab , malaysia ) , and indonesia ( kalimantan ( kapuas river ) , eastern sumatra ( lamatang and enim rivers ; kottelat
1993 ) and java ( pepeh river , a tributary of the solo river , surakarta ) ) . the identity of records from thailand ( central thailand : chao phraya river ; nan river tributaries and nakon sawan ) requires confirmation , however the species is present in thai parts of the malay peninsula .
little information is available . although it is often sold in the ornamental fish trade as a cave loach , thai collectors have reported it inhabiting deep water , meaning it can only be caught during periods of extreme low water . under the latter scenario one would therefore expect it to be found in major river channels , with aquarium behaviour suggesting it buries itself into soft substrates ( seriously fish 2012 ) .
it is found very occasionally in the ornamental fish trade , and as small foodfish in local markets .
without greater information on the species ' distribution and ecology , nothing can be said of the threats to the species .
information on the species ' habitats , ecology , and its current population trends and full distribution is required .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
greek , lepis = scale + greek , kephale = head ( ref . 45335 )
the specific name refers to the river system where most specimens have been collected . an adjective
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 8 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 95334 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00562 ( 0 . 00256 - 0 . 01233 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 86 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 24 of 100 ) .
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gridsada deein inland fisheries research and development bureau , department of fisheries , nifi building , kasetklang , chatuchak , bangkok 10900 thailand .
weerapongse tangjitjaroen faculty of veterinary medicine , chiang mai university , chiang mai , 50100 , thailand .
lawrence m . page florida museum of natural history , university of florida , gainesville , fl 32611 - 7800 usa .
alfred , e . r . ( 1970 ) type specimens of fishes in the national museum , singapore . journal of the singapore national academy of sciences , 2 ( 2 ) , 68–73 .
armbruster , j . w . ( 2012 ) standardized measurements , landmarks , and meristic counts for cypriniform fishes . zootaxa , 3586 , 8–16 .
de beaufort , l . f . ( 1933 ) on some new or rare species of ostariophysi from the malay peninsula and a new species of betta from borneo . bulletin of the raffles museum , 8 , 31–36 .
de bruyn , m . , rüber , l . , nylinder , s . , stelbrink , b . , lovejoy , n . r . , lavoué , s . , tan , h . h . , nugroho , e . , wowor , d . , ng , p . k . l . , siti azizah , m . n . , von rintelen , t . , hall , r . & carvalho , g . r . ( 2013 ) paleo - drainage basin connectivity predicts evolutionary relationships across three southeast asian biodiversity hotspots . systematic biology , 62 ( 3 ) , 398–410 .
bleeker , p . ( 1860 ) de visschen van den indischen archipel beschreven en toegelicht . deel ii . acta societatis regiae scientiarum indo - neêrlandicae , 7 ( 2 ) , 1–492
bleeker , p . ( 1863a ) sur les genres de la famille des cobitioïdes . verslagen en mededeelingen der koninklijke akademie van wetenschappen , afdeling natuurkunde , 15 , 32–44 . [ also published in nederlandsch tijdschrift voor dierkunde , 1863 , 1 : 380–381 . ]
bleeker , p . ( 1863b ) atlas ichthyologique des indes orientales néêrlandaises , tome iii . cyprins , 3 , 1–150 . urltoken
fricke , r . & eschmeyer , w . n . ( 2013 ) guide to fish collections . available from : urltoken ichthyology / catalog / collections . asp ( accessed 10 february 2014 )
havird , j . c . & page , l . m . ( 2010 ) a revision of lepidocephalichthys ( teleostei : cobitidae ) with descriptions of two new species from thailand , laos , vietnam , and myanmar . copeia , 2010 ( 1 ) , 137–159 . urltoken
havird , j . c . , page , l . m . , tangjitjaroen , w . , vidthayanon , c . , grudpan , c . & udduang , s . ( 2010 ) a new species of lepidocephalichthys ( teleostei : cobitidae ) with distinctive sexual dimorphism and comments on relationships in southern lineages of cobitidae . zootaxa , 2557 , 1–18 .
hora , s . l . ( 1941 ) notes on malayan fishes in the collection of the raffles museum , singapore . parts 2 and 3 . bulletin of the raffles museum , 17 , 44–64 .
kottelat , m . ( 2012 ) conspectus cobitidum : an inventory of the loaches of the world ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cobitoidei ) . the raffles bulletin of zoology , supplement 26 , 1–199 .
kottelat , m . , whitten , a . j . , kartikasari , s . n . & wirjoatmodjo , s . ( 1993 ) freshwater fishes of western indonesia and sulawesi . periplus editions , hong kong , 293 pp .
roberts , t . r . ( 1989 ) the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) . memoirs of the california academy of sciences , 14 , 1–210 .
shrestha , t . k . ( 2008 ) ichthyology of nepal : a study of fishes of the himalayan waters . himalayan ecosphere , kathmandu , nepal , 390 pp .
šlechtová , v . , bohlen , j . & perdices , a . ( 2008 ) molecular phylogeny of the freshwater fish family cobitidae ( cypriniformes : teleostei ) : delimination of genera , mitochondrial introgression and evolution of sexual dimorphism . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 47 , 812–831 . urltoken 8
talwar , p . k . & jhingran , a . g . ( 1991 ) inland fishes of india and adjacent countries , v . 1 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam , 541 pp .
vaillant , l . l . ( 1902 ) résultats zoologiques de l ' expédition scientifique néerlandaise au bornéo central , poissons . notes from the leyden museum , 24 ( 1 ) , 1–166 .
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common names : gutum , gutia , gorkun , poa , puiya ( bangladesh ) ; guntea loach ( fishbase ) .
distribution : pakistan ; northern india ; nepal , myanmar , thailand and bangladesh ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .
morphology : body elongated and laterally compressed . dorsal and ventral profile almost straight and parallel . barbels 3 pairs including 2 pairs of rostral and a single pair of maxillary barbels . caudal fin rounded and with no lateral line . pectoral with an osseous spine in male ( rahman , 1989 ) .
body color is usually darkish yellow . a black colored spot ( ocellus ) on the upper half of caudal fin base . a light band runs from snout to the base of caudal fin and there are 2 dark blotches below and above this light band .
fin formula : d . 8 ( 2 / 6 ) ; p1 . 8 - 9 ; p2 . 7 - 8 ; a . 7 ( 2 / 5 )
maximum length : maximum length reported 15 cm ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ; shafi and quddus , 1982 ) , 9 . 2 cm ( hussain , 1999 ) , and 9 . 6 cm ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) . highest length measured 10 . 4 cm from chalan beel ( bangladesh ) in 2007 .
habitat : found in freshwater bodies . recorded from the chalan beel ( galib et al . , 2009 ) ; choto jamuna river ( galib et al . , 2013 ) ; halti beel ( imteazzaman and galib , 2013 ) , streams of mymensingh , sylhet , dinajpur and rangpur ( rahman , 1989 ) . shafi and quddus ( 1982 ) stated that this fish is found in abundance in canals , haor - baors , and rivers of bangladesh and prefers muddy bottom . found in flowing or clear standing waters ( talwar and jhingran , 1991 ) .
economics importance : as food and ornamental fish . used as food fish in bangladesh .
harvesting and marketing : marketed fresh or in dried ( samad et al . , 2009 ) conditions . harvested with different fishing traps especially kholsun . khepla jal ( net ) , hocha jal , tana jal and veshal jal were also reported to harvest this fish ( shafi and quddus , 1982 ) .
galib sm , samad ma , mohsin abm , flowra fa and alam mt ( 2009 ) present status of fishes in the chalan beel - the largest beel ( wetland ) of bangladesh . international journal of animal and fisheries science 2 ( 3 ) : 214 - 218 .
galib sm , naser sma , mohsin abm , chaki n and fahad mfh ( 2013 ) fish diversity of the river choto jamuna , bangladesh : present status and conservation needs . international journal of biodiversity and conservation 5 ( 6 ) : 389 - 395 . doi : 10 . 5897 / ijbc2013 . 0552
hamilton , f . , 1822 . an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches , edinburgh & london , fishes ganges , 405 p .
hussain , m . m . , 1999 . fishes and fisheries of the river atrai in rajshahi with reference to its limnology , unpublished ph . d . thesis , department of zoology , university of rajshahi , bangladesh , pp . 5 - 200 .
imteazzaman am and galib sm ( 2013 ) fish fauna of halti beel , bangladesh . international journal of current research 5 ( 1 ) : 187 - 190 . download this paper
rahman , a . k . a . , 1989 . freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 1st edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 123 .
samad ma , galib sm , flowra fa ( 2009 ) fish drying in chalan beel areas . bangladesh journal of scientific and industrial research 44 ( 4 ) : 461 - 466 . doi : 10 . 3329 / bjsir . v44i4 . 4599
shafi , m . and quddus , m . a . a . 1982 . bangladesher matshya sampad ( in bengeli ) , bangla academy , dhaka , pp . 1 - 444 .
talwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran , 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries , vol . i , oxford & ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . new delhi - calcutta , pp . 172 - 173 .
shams works in freshwater ecosystems , primarily on fish diversity in terms of their availability , and richness ; he is also interested in aquatic invasive species and their impacts on ecosystem . email : thegalib @ gmail . com . more . . .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
urltoken
> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
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we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
jennifer hammock marked
indus river demersal habitat
as unreviewed on the
schistura naseeri ( ahmad & mirza , 1963 )
page .
according to fishbase , the native status of this species in the indus is questionable . ( see references . )
jennifer hammock added an association between
indus river demersal habitat
and
schistura naseeri ( ahmad & mirza , 1963 )
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
indus river demersal habitat
and
sisor rabdophorus hamilton , 1822
.
jennifer hammock added an association between
indus river demersal habitat
and
nangra nangra ( hamilton , 1822 )
.
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maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7050 )
roberts , t . r . , 1989 . the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) . mem . calif . acad . sci . 14 : 210 p . ( ref . 2091 )
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 22 of 100 ) .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
inland fisheries research and development bureau , department of fisheries , nifi building , kasetklang , chatuchak , bangkok 10900 thailand . ; email : dgridsada @ hotmail . com .
faculty of veterinary medicine , chiang mai university , chiang mai , 50100 , thailand . ; email : weerapongse @ yahoo . com .
florida museum of natural history , university of florida , gainesville , fl 32611 - 7800 usa . ; email : lpage1 @ ufl . edu .
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
moravec , 1987 ( nematoda : trichosomoididae ) from the swimbladder of centrarchid fishes of the upper san marces river , central texas .
mamaev , yu . l . , parukhin , a . m . & baeva , o . m . ( 1963 ) parasitic worms from pleuronectid fishes of far - eastern seas . in : oshmarin , p . g . ( ed . ) [
. ] moscow : akademii nauk sssr , pp . 82–113 , ( in russian ) .
moravec , f . ( 1982 ) proposal of a new systematic arrangement of nematodes of the family capillariidae .
moravec , f . ( 1987 ) revision of capillariid nematodes ( subfamily capillariinae ) parasitic in fishes .
moravec , f . ( 1990 ) synopsis of type specimens deposited in the helminthological collection of the institute of parasitology , czechoslovak academy of sciences , in české budéjovice . iii nematoda .
orecchia , p . & paggi , l . ( 1978 ) aspetti di sistematica e di ecologia degli elminti parassiti di pesci marini studiati presse l ' istituto di parassitologia dell ' universitá di roma .
< a target = ' _ blank ' href = ' urltoken ' > iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . exported on 12 january 2012 < / a >
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year assessed : 2010 conservation actions : currently there is no specific action plan directed towards ambassis dussumieri . research on the population status , ecology and threats to the species is essential .
a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .
taxonomic notes : described as cobitis thermalis by valenciennes 1846 from the hot waters of cania , sri lanka .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
bibliography : iucn . 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species ( ver . 2011 . 1 ) . available at : http : / / www . iucnredlist . org . ( accessed : 16 june 2011 ) .
satara district of maharashtra state is a part of northern western ghats and deccan plateau biogeog . . .
length - weight and length - length relationships of seven loach species ( teleostei : cypriniformes ) from f . . .
length - weight ( lwr ) and length - length ( llr ) relationships of seven loach species ( teleostei : cyprin . . .
most parts of the adyar wetland complex—chembarampakkam tank , adyar river , adyar estuary and adyar . . .
population dynamics of the hill stream loach < i > acanthocobitis moored < / i > ( sykes , 1839 ) ( cypriniformes . . .
we have studied the sex ratio , length - weight relationship , growth pattern and mortality of a hill s . . .
the freshwater fish fauna of the indrayani river , a northern tributary of the krishna river system . . .
alien fish find their way into newer habitats and ecosystems opportunistically . once in a new habi . . .
previous checklists of fishes from the periyar tiger reserve , kerala merely included species from p . . .
the freshwater fish fauna of new amarambalam reserve forest ( narf ) in the southern western ghats ( k . . .
a note on the ichthyofauna of solapur district , with first report of a cyprinid fish < i > rasbora caveri . . .
a list of 41 species of fishes from solapur district housed at the western regional station of the . . .
a priliminary report on the ichthyofauna of yedayanthittu estuary ( tamil nadu , india ) and rivulets dra . . .
a total of 75 species of fish inhabiting the yedayanthittu estuary and lowland drainages into it ( b . . .
a study has been conducted on the freshwater fishes of ernakulam district , kerala . fishes were coll . . .
diversity , distribution and assemblage structure of fishes in streams of southern western ghats , india . . .
diversity , distribution and assemblage structure of fishes were studied in 10 selected streams of s . . .
fish diversity was explored in two rivers of the northeastern godavari basin : the adan , tributary o . . .
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new & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region
etymology . the name nanensis , an adjective , refers to the river system where most specimens have been collected .
wuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .
[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand
begonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .
chamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .
great - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .
endocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .
aristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .
bagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .
the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .
nipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .
begonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .
[ paleontology • 2014 ] anzu wyliei • a new large - bo . . .
[ botany • 2012 ] cycas sancti - lasallei • a new spec . . .
[ botany • 2014 ] studies in the recent new genus re . . .
[ herpetology • 2001 ] first record of the smooth - ba . . .
[ ornithology • 2014 ] elachuridae fam . n . • discove . . .
partial solar elipse to be visible from parts of australia , new zealand and antarctica on firday 13 july 2018 .
on this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
the benefits and costs of academic travel . or
there and back again ; again and again
canon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4
plants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .
i ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .
necps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden
this is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .