anoiapithecus is an extinct genus of ape thought to be closely related to dryopithecus .

both genera lived during the miocene , approximately 12 million years ago .

fossil specimens named by salvador moyà-solà anoiapithecus brevirostris are known from deposits from spain .

the discoverers described anoiapithecus brevirostris as a hominoid ( superfamily hominoidea ) in the dryopithecine tribe .

they believe that it has more modern traits than the kenyapithecines from which kenyapithecus wickeri from kenya brings fragmentary information .

the african specimens are considered a sister taxon to the hominids , and 2 million year younger european specimens must be from after the time that these two groups split .

this means that hominids may have evolved in europe .

the name comes from the anoia river region in catalonia , where the fossil was found .

it has been given the nickname lluc ( since it is a male individual ) .

the name lluc is the catalan form of luke , which in latin suggests " light " , as this discovery enlighted our early evolution .

the modern anatomical features that characterized the family hominidae visible in lluc 's fossil among others are : unique facial pattern for hominoids , nasal aperture wide at the base , high cheek bone , and deep palate .

anoiapithecus

the face of anoiapithecus . from moya - sola et al . ( 2009 ) .
new dental remains of anoiapithecus and the first appearance datum of hominoids in the iberian peninsula .
new dental remains of anoiapithecus and the first appearance datum of hominoids in the iberian peninsula . - pubmed - ncbi
dental measurements ( in millimeters ) of anoiapithecus brevirostris gen . et sp . nov . from acm / c3 - aj
physorg . com is reporting on the discovery of a new , and important , hominoid . the new hominoid has been named anoiapithecus brevirostris :
given the distinctiveness of the facial morphology of anoiapithecus , as compared to both living and fossil hominoids , it is likely that it represents an autapomorphically derived condition of this taxon . to ensure that great differences found by the canonical analysis between anoiapithecus and other extinct taxa cannot be accommodated by the normal range of variation that is customarily found within extant hominoid genera , we followed a randomization approach on the basis of discriminant scores . the results of this analysis ( si text ) allow us to refute the hypothesis that differences between anoiapithecus and pierolapithecus might be attributable to interindividual variation within a single genus with p < 0 . 001 , which confirms the need to erect a previously undescribed taxon .
if we could see a living anoiapithecus today it would look quite a bit different from the other apes you might see at the zoo or on television . while it did have some classic ape traits like the heavy brow ridges , low forehead , and large canine teeth , what sets anoiapithecus apart is an extraordinarily short face . its jaws did stick out a bit in front , but much less so than is seen in living great apes like gorillas , chimpanzees , or orangutans . ( see comparison below . ) this contrast can also be seen when the face of anoiapithecus is compared to another middle miocene fossil ape from spain described by some of the same authors in science in 2004 , pierolapithecus . pierolapithecus has a face that is more similar in proportions to living great apes ( and also , oddly enough , the controversial hominid sahelanthropus ) , while anoiapithecus was a flat - faced ape . ( see comparison above . )
on the one hand , anoiapithecus displays a very modern facial morphology , with a muzzle prognathism so reduced that , within the family hominidae , we can only find comparable values within the genus homo , whereas the remaining great apes are notoriously more prognathic . this extraordinary fact does not indicate that anoiapithecus has any relationship with homo , but it might be a case of convergence . probably , the evolutionary meaning of this finding is a different one , but not for this reason it is less interesting .
significantly , anoiapithecus also exhibits the basic facial hominid synapomorphies ( 8 ) , indicating that this taxon is a stem member of the great ape and human clade : high face , high zygomatic root , pyriform nasal aperture widest at the base , deep palate , and nasals that project slightly anteriorly beneath the level of the lower orbital rims ( observed from the nasomaxillary sutures ) . the same modern facial pattern is also shared by pierolapithecus ( 5 ) , despite the striking differences in facial profile as compared to anoiapithecus .
indeed , the facial features of anoiapithecus make it starkly different from almost every other fossil ape known , but what extinct apes was it most closely related to ? unfortunately comparisons among fossil apes are limited by the fossil material available ( many miocene apes are only known from teeth and a few fragments ) , so even if you have a relatively complete skull or even skeleton you still have to compare it to more scrappy species and genera . this is especially problematic since the face of anoiapithecus is so unique , but aspects of its teeth appear to make it an early hominid close to kenyapithecine apes like equatorius and kenyapithecus . if this hypothesis is correct , then anoiapithecus would be an early member of the evolutionary group that presently contains us and the other great apes , the hominids .
the proposed evolutionary position of anoiapithecus ( denoted by the skull ) . the authors propose that it and its kin represent a part of early hominid evolution that occurred in eurasia before some later hominids dispersed back into africa . from moya - sola et al . ( 2009 ) .
tooth - specific measurements of two - dimensional aet and ret in anoiapithecus , pierolapithecus and dryopithecus . ( measurements based on upper molars and mesial sections , except in one tooth , where this was not possible owing to preservational reasons . l , left ; r , right ) .
…the only known specimen of anoiapithecus brevirostris , a species that dates to the middle of the miocene epoch ( roughly 11 . 9 million years ago ) . it was recovered during a salvage operation designed to rescue fossil specimens and associated data threatened by impending construction activities . in latin the name lluc means “the…
the face of anoiapithecus is actually quite similar to that of the smaller pliopithecus well - known in europe at the same time . pliopithecus was once thought to be a gibbon ancestor but is now widely seen as a stem catarrhine . without post - crania it is very difficulto evaluate the new find’s phylogenetic affinities .
the profile of anoiapithecus ( top left ) compared to pierolapithecus ( top right ) and a virtual reconstruction of sahelanthropus ( bottom ) . not to scale . from moya - sola et al . ( 2009 ) , moya - sola et al . ( 2004 ) , and zollikofer et al . ( 2005 ) , respectively .
i’ll be closing the comment thread on this post so as to carry the discussion over on primatology . net , so hop on over and discuss where you think humans evolved and what you think about lluc , anoiapithecus brevirostris ( ips43000 ) — a fossil that deserves more ‘human evolution’ centered discussion than ida , a . k . a . darwinius massillae .
ct scans in a parasagittal plane of ( a ) the left maxilla of anoiapithecus brevirostris gen . et sp . nov . ( ips43000 , holotype ) and ( b ) the right maxilla of pierolapithecus catalaunicus ( ips21350 , holotype ) , to the same scale . each ct scan is accompanied by a virtual model showing the plane represented by the scans . note the lack of sinus over the molar roots in the preserved maxilla of anoiapithecus . the more completely preserved pierolapithecus specimen similarly shows a small and restricted maxillary sinus ( the lower and anterior limits of the sinus are marked by white points ) , which does not reach the apices of the dental roots and anteriorly does not surpass the level of posterior m 1 .
the profile of anoiapithecus ( top left ) compared to a drawing of a female gorilla skull ( top right ) and a sagittal section through the skull of a female chimpanzee ( bottom ) . not to scale . from moya - sola et al . ( 2009 ) , the dental cosmos , and the origin and evolution of the human dentition , respectively .
the hypothesis that anoiapithecus and pierolapithecus are part of an early hominid radiation in europe has some interesting implications . based upon the relationship of these two apes to earlier apes found in europe and africa , the authors suggest that some kenyapithecine apes left africa , gave rise to a radiation of forms in eurasia ( like anoiapithecus ) , and that some of these early hominids migrated back into africa to give rise to the ancestors of modern african apes and humans . anoiapithecus and pierolapithecus would not be our direct ancestors , but rather representative of an evolutionary radiation of which our ape ancestors were a part . the picture is still a little fuzzy , but the authors feel that a few million years before the first members of our species came “ out of africa ” our more ancient ape ancestors spread back into africa from a layover in eurasia . ( again , it would be interesting of sahelanthropus and pierolapithecus had a close relationship , as this would support the dispersal of at least some apes back into africa even if they were not the ones that gave rise to the earliest hominins ) .
to take into account the range of variation displayed by extant taxa when interpreting the differences found between different fossil individuals ( particularly between the holotypes of anoiapithecus and pierolapithecus ) in the geometric morphometrics analysis , we followed a randomization approach . in particular , on the basis of the discriminant scores of the cva , we computed the squared distance for each pair of individuals within several genera ( pan , gorilla , pongo , and macaca separately ) . the distribution of these distances was then used to test the null hypothesis that the distance between anoiapithecus and pierolapithecus fits interindividual variation within a single extant genus . this null hypothesis was rejected when the probability of finding such a distance was lower than 5 % , on the basis of the distribution of the selected extant genera separately .
the fossil , named anoiapithecus brevirostris by salvador moyà - solà of the catalan institute of palaeontology in barcelona , spain , and his colleagues , dates from a period of our evolution for which the record is very thin . only the animal’s face , jaw and teeth survive , and their shape places it within the african hominid lineage that gave rise to gorillas , chimps and humans . but it also has features of a related …
the fossil remains investigated in this paper were recovered from several sites of the abocador de can mata section ( els hostalets de pierola , catalonia , spain ; alba et al . 2009 ) , corresponding to the following taxa : pierolapithecus catalaunicus , anoiapithecus brevirostris and dryopithecus fontani ( moyà - solà et al . 2004 , 2009 a , b ; alba & moyà - solà 2009 ) . pierolapithecus is recorded by a face and partial skeleton from a single individual , whereas anoiapithecus is recorded by a partial face and associated mandible , and dryopithecus by a lower face . cranially , pierolapithecus shows a plesiomorphic prognathic facial profile but an essentially modern great - ape - like morphology displaying several synapomorphies of the hominidae or great ape and human clade ( moyà - solà et al . 2004 ) . anoiapithecus shares several hominid facial synapomorphies , but further displays an autapomorphically very orthognathous face coupled with several kenyapithecine - like primitive retentions ( moyà - solà et al . 2009 b ) . finally , dryopithecus displays a derived - hominid , gorilla - like facial morphology , interpreted as indicating that it is either a stem hominine or a stem hominid convergent with gorillas ( moyà - solà et al . 2009 a ) . until recently , dryopithecus included the middle miocene d . fontani and several late miocene taxa from europe , but the previously unknown cranial morphology shown by the spanish remains recently led moyà - solà et al . ( 2009 a ) to restrict this genus to the type species and resurrect the genus hispanopithecus for late miocene taxa . most recently , begun ( 2009 ) has suggested that both pierolapithecus and anoiapithecus are junior synonyms of dryopithecus , but this taxonomic opinion is not followed here given the striking craniofacial differences shown by these taxa .
as the authors of the study note more fossil discoveries will be essential to testing this hypothesis . while they focus on eurasia , it would be wonderful if more complete remains of middle miocene apes from africa were discovered for comparison . nothing is written in stone yet , but if the authors of this new paper are correct , anoiapithecus and its kin could provide important clues to the evolution of some of our ape ancestors outside africa .
on the basis of industrial computed tomography , relative enamel thickness ( ret ) is computed in three middle miocene ( ca 11 . 9–11 . 8 ma ) hominoids from abocador de can mata ( vallès - penedès basin , catalonia , spain ) : pierolapithecus catalaunicus from bcv1 and anoiapithecus brevirostris from c3 - aj , interpreted as stem hominids ; and dryopithecus fontani from c3 - ae of uncertain phylogenetic affinities . pierolapithecus displays an average ret value of 19 . 5 , anoiapithecus of 18 . 6 and dryopithecus of 10 . 6 . the thick - enamelled condition of pierolapithecus and anoiapithecus is also characteristic of afropithecids , including the more derived kenyapithecins from the early middle miocene of eurasia ( griphopithecus and kenyapithecus ) . given the presence of other dentognathic and craniofacial similarities , thick enamel may be interpreted as a symplesiomorphy of the hominidae ( the great ape and human clade ) , which would have been later independently modified along several lineages . given the correlation between thick enamel and hard - object feeding , our results suggest that thick enamel might have been the fundamental adaptation that enabled the out - of - africa dispersal of great - ape ancestors and their subsequent initial radiation throughout eurasia . the much thinner enamel of dryopithecus is difficult to interpret given phylogenetic uncertainties , being either a hominine synapomorphy or a convergently developed feature .
anoiapithecus differs from all known miocene eurasian hominoids by the very orthognathous face , because of reduced mid - and lower facial prognathism , with the glabella and orbits situated very anteriorly ( close to the premolars and c 1 on the vertical plane ) ; it further differs from the above - mentioned taxa except oreopithecus by the presence of a sagittal crest . more specifically , anoiapithecus further differs from proconsulids and afropithecids by the possession of hominid facial synapomorphies , including the wide nasal aperture widest at the base , the high face , the deep palate , and the configuration of the nasals . with regard to kenyapithecins , it further differs from kenyapithecus by the reduced heteromorphy of the upper premolars and low - crowned canines and from griphopithecus by the strongly reduced cingula and the high zygomatic root . as compared to other middle miocene dryopithecins , among others it differs from pierolapithecus by the presence of a frontal sinus , by the thicker enamel , the less peripheralized cusps , and the downward inclination of the zygomatic root ; and from dryopithecus by the lower degree of nasoalveolar prognathism and the more posteriorly situated anterior zygomatic root . finally , as compared to the short - faced , late miocene oreopithecus , anoiapithecus further differs by the higher face , the shorter muzzle , the reduced maxillary sinus , the vertical nasals , the lack of a nasoalveolar clivus covering the palatine fenestra , and the morphology of the dentition .
dennis ; yes , some post - crania would be nice , but i think the authors do a good job underlining that their hypotheses are provisional in the paper itself . they also make some convincing arguments that anoiapithecus is very similar to pierolapithecus ( from which postcrania are known ) and that this new fossil has aspects of its teeth that place it among the dryopithecini . as the authors themselves note , further fossils discoveries will help resolve some of these issues .
craniofacial angle ( cfa ) in living and fossil catarrhines . cfa is the angle formed by the line joining glabella and prosthion with the tooth row plane ( in lateral view ) . extinct taxa are represented by individual values , whereas living taxa are represented by the mean and the 95 % confidence interval for the mean . note that anoiapithecus differs from both extant cercopithecoids and nonhuman hominoids by displaying a cfa well above 60° , most closely resembling members of the genus homo .
results of the geometric morphometrics analysis . ( a ) scatter diagram showing the 2 first canonical axes ( ca ) of a canonical variate analysis ( cva ) , reflecting the differences in the facial profile of living and fossil catarrhines ( see materials and methods and si text for further information ) . visualizations of the shape changes along the ca are also shown ; to facilitate the interpretation , the grids are rotated so that the alveolar plane is horizontal . ca1 reflects the degree of midfacial concavity , while ca2 reflects the degree of alveolar prognathism . note that , regarding these axes , anoiapithecus closely approaches hylobatids and colobines , far away from stem hominoids , extant great apes , and pierolapithecus . ( b ) upgma cluster based on euclidean distances computed from centroids ( for extant taxa ) and discriminant scores ( for extinct taxa ) . note that anoiapithecus clusters with colobines , unlike both african stem hominoids ( which cluster with macaca and stem catarrhines ) and eurasian fossil great apes ( which cluster with living great apes ) .
cranium and mandible of anoiapithecus brevirostris ( ips43000 , holotype ) . ( a ) right lateral view . ( b ) frontal view . ( c ) left lateral view . ( d ) superior view . ( e ) palatal view . ( f ) occlusal view of the mandible . ( g ) ct scan of the right m 2 , showing enamel thickness . all photographs were taken with the tooth row oriented horizontally . for safety reasons , the cranial reconstruction ( a–d ) is based on casts of the original specimens .
during the miocene the earth was , to an extent , a “ planet of the apes . ” there was a greater diversity of apes occupying a much wider geographic range than living apes , so much so that paleoanthropologists have long been debating whether apes first evolved in africa or in eurasia ( with some , including our ancestors , moving back into africa before seven million years ago and others dispersing eastward towards the pacific ) . according to the authors of the new pnas paper , anoiapithecus may shed some new light on this contested question .
both pierolapithecus and anoiapithecus have been recently considered junior synonyms of dryopithecus by begun ( 2009 ) . this issue cannot be discussed here at length , and the reader is referred to the original descriptions of the two former taxa ( moyà - solà et al . 2004 , 2009 b ) , as well as to the description of the d . fontani palate ips35026 ( moyà - solà et al . 2009 a ) , for further details on the morphological features that justify a taxonomic distinction at the genus level between the three taxa . the results of ret reported in this paper , however , are relevant regarding the recent erection of the subtribe dryopithecina and the emended diagnosis of the genus dryopithecus by begun ( 2009 ) . according to the latter author , both taxa would be characterized by thin - enamelled teeth ( begun 2009 , pp . 794–795 ) . this is clearly contradicted by the results published in this paper , which suggest that both pierolapithecus and anoiapithecus ( further lacking other putatively diagnostic features of the dryopithecina , such as a large maxillary sinus ) should be removed from this subtribe .
over at urltoken , i’ve written about a new ‘missing link’ , anoiapithecus brevirostris ( ips43000 ) from abocador de can mata , spain . i’m cross posting it here for two reasons , one to generate traffic and interest in that post but also to let you know that the specimen which is 11 . 9 million years old has a wide array of modern and derived characteristics that the authors argue suggest that the origin of our family is a phenomenon that took place on the mediterranean region during the time span comprised between their arrival from africa by about 15 ma , and about 13 ma . wacky .
the new genus and species , anoiapithecus brevirostris , has been described on the basis of a partial cranium that preserves most of the face and the associated mandible . this cranium was recovered during the works of paleontological control that are customarily carried out at acm , due to the fossiliferous richness of the area of els hostalets de pierola . the process of preparation was long - lasting and complicated , due to the fragility of the remains , but once the material were available for analysis , the surprise was enormous . the specimen ( ips43000 ) combined a set of features that until now had never been found from the fossil record .
to further evaluate the uniqueness of the pattern of anoiapithecus , we analyzed the shape of the facial profile using a geometric morphometrics approach ( fig . 3 ; see also si text and tables s4 and s5 ) . extant great apes are characterized by strong alveolar prognathism , because of the posteriorly placed rhinion and nasion in relation to the more anterior glabella , thus forming the midfacial concavity typical of this group ( fig . 3 a ) . several miocene great apes such as hispanopithecus , ouranopithecus , ankarapithecus , and sivapithecus fit this pattern . more primitive taxa , however , such as the stem hominoids afropithecus , turkanapithecus , and proconsul rather match the pattern of extant cercopithecines , whose facial profile is characterized by strong alveolar and midfacial prognathism , with glabella placed posteriorly from nasion , and rhinion being much more anteriorly situated . the stem hominid pierolapithecus displays a similar or even higher degree of alveolar prognathism , while the degree of midfacial concavity is intermediate between stem hominoids and living great apes . anoiapithecus differs from great apes by the lack of midfacial concavity , but unlike pierolapithecus , it displays a very orthognathous face , with rhinion situated very close to and vertically aligned with nasion . it , thus , approximates the pattern observed in colobines and , to a lesser extent , gibbons ( fig . 3 b ) .
the study of dental enamel has played an important role in studies of hominoid evolution . on the basis of non - invasive techniques ( industrial ct scans ) , we investigated two - dimensional aet and ret in the middle miocene great apes p . catalaunicus , a . brevirostris and d . fontani , which have been recovered from three similarly aged ( ca 11 . 9–11 . 8 ma ) localities of abocador de can mata . our results indicate that both pierolapithecus and anoiapithecus display thick enamel ( mean ret of 18 . 6 and 19 . 5 , respectively ) , whereas dryopithecus displays a thin - enamelled condition ( mean ret of 10 . 6 ) .
the most outstanding characteristic of a . brevirostris is the strong reduction of the facial skeleton , because of the combination of an anteriorly positioned glabella with limited nasal and reduced alveolar prognathism . measurements of the craniofacial angle ( cfa ) clearly show this pattern ( fig . 2 ; see also si text and tables s2 and s3 ) . in fossil and living catarrhines , cfa does not surpass 60° , with colobines and hylobatids displaying the highest values , because of their anteriorly placed glabella . the value of a . brevirostris is even higher and only comparable to that of fossil homo . the differences in cfa between anoiapithecus and other fossil taxa included in the analysis clearly exceed the normal range of variation within extant taxa , as reflected by their 95 % confidence intervals , thus confirming the distinctiveness of the unique taxon .
ultimately , you can see how this specimen ( ips43000 ) , anoiapithecus brevirostris , has a combined a set of features that until now had never been found from the fossil record . the array of features allows us enables to identify two possibilities to be the ancestral form to our family ( kenyapithecus and griphopithecus ) . the authors take a leap of faith here arguing that when one takes into account that these two genera cannot be considered members of the family hominidae yet , because they lack its basic diagnostic features , they find it obvious that the origin of our family is a phenomenon that took place on the mediterranean region during the time span comprised between their arrival from africa by about 15 ma , and about 13 ma , when we began to find in els hostalets the first members of our family .
there is a general consensus on the relevance of middle miocene hominoids for understanding hominid origins ( 1 , 2 ) . however , the question of the initial great - ape / human radiation still remains elusive . in this paper we describe a previously underscribed middle miocene thick - enameled hominid [ see supporting information ( si ) text and table s1 , regarding the systematic framework used in this paper ] , which displays a unique and unusual combination of facial characteristics with significant phylogenetic implications . anoiapithecus brevirostris gen . et sp . nov . shows the basic great - ape synapomorphies and some generalized afropithecid and several kenyapithecine - derived features , coupled with a striking reduction of the face . this combination is unknown from any fossil or extant great ape , which has important implications for reconstructing the initial evolutionary history of the great ape and human clade .
kenyapithecus has been considered a good candidate for the ancestral form of the hominidae because it shares several features with hominids , including the moderately high zygomatic root , the high - crowned canine , the reduced molar cingula , and distal humeral morphology ( 2 , 6 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 25 ) . the hominids anoiapithecus and pierolapithecus retain plesiomorphic low - crowned canines and heteromorphic premolar cusps , although they do not exhibit the autapomorphies of kenyapithecus . furthermore , pierolapithecus catalaunicus shares with g . alpani the highly distinctive spatulate central incisor with a lingual pillar continuous with the lingual cingulum . this is a feature shared with later , more derived , eurasian hominoids ( 26 – 27 ) . this contradictory evidence makes it difficult to determine which of the 2 kenyapithecin genera is more closely related to hominids , while it clearly stresses the role of homoplasy in hominoid evolution .
hominoids constitute a natural group of primates that includes gibbons and siamangs ( hylobatids or lesser apes ) , great apes ( orangutans and african apes ) , and humans . apes currently display a low biodiversity and limited geographic distribution ( restricted to southeastern asia and equatorial africa ) . however , in the miocene [ 23–5 million years ago ( mya ) ] , hominoids were much more diverse and widely distributed across africa , asia , and europe . unfortunately , ape fossil remains are usually scarce , given their low population densities and frequent association with ( sub ) tropical environments , which are unfavorable for fossil preservation . this frequently hinders an accurate assessment of hominoid paleobiodiversity or a conclusive decipherment of hominoid phylogenetic relationships . two new genera of large - bodied apes from the miocene of spain , pierolapithecus ( fig . 1 ) and anoiapithecus ( fig . 2 ) , were described during the 2000s , having significant implications for understanding the role of european apes in the radiation of the great ape–human clade .
simplified cladogram depicting the phylogenetic hypothesis and biogeographic scenario favored in this paper . the afropithecinae include the afropithecini ; the equatorini include equatorius and nacholapithecus ; the kenyapithecini include kenyapithecus and griphopithecus ; and the dryopithecini include pierolapithecus , dryopithecus s . s . , and anoiapithecus . nodes : 0 , taillessness and other postcranial and cranial features ; 1 , thick enamel , dental morphology , robust mandible , procumbent premaxilla ; 2 , anterior position of the zygomatic root , strong mandibular inferior torus ; 3 , reduction of maxillary sinus , very deep canine fossa , reduced mandibular length ; 4 , high face , high zygomatic root , wide nasal aperture ( widest at the base ) , flat nasals that project anteriorly beneath the level of the inferior orbital rim , orthograde - related features ( as judged from pierolapithecus ) . this hypothesis implies a back - to - africa dispersal of the homininae and a reversal of some features of node 3 in this group , but assumes that features of node 4 are homologous between pongines and hominines .
hominoids generally display thicker enamel than other primates , and among extant great apes , orangutans display a thicker condition than african apes . many fossil great apes , however , display a thicker enamelled condition than orangutans . from a palaeobiological viewpoint , the thick - enamelled condition shared by early miocene afropithecines , middle miocene african and eurasian kenyapithecines , the middle miocene european putative stem hominids pierolapithecus and anoiapithecus and many middle to late miocene asian pongines might be indicative of hard - object feeding and its biomechanical requirements . other studies ( microwear and shearing crest analyses ) , however , would be required in order to confirm this hypothesis , as well as to decipher whether the taxa investigated in this paper were habitual sclerocarpic foragers ( as inferred for the thicker enamelled , fossil great ape ouranopithecus ) or whether they only seasonally consumed hard - food items as fallback foods ( as in orangutans ) . the much thinner enamelled condition displayed by dryopithecus , in any case , is highly suggestive of dietary differences relative to the two other taxa included in this study , thereby suggesting that the middle miocene evolutionary radiation of great apes in europe did not merely consist of a taxonomic diversification , but was also accompanied by some degree of feeding niche divergence .
it is difficult to reconstruct the evolutionary history of enamel thickness , given current uncertainties regarding the phylogeny of miocene apes . when taken as a whole , and despite the numerous uncertainties , hominid phylogeny indicates that thin enamel must have independently evolved several times . the retention of kenyapithecine features in pierolapithecus and anoiapithecus , interpreted as stem hominids ( moyà - solà et al . 2004 , 2009 b ) , is consistent with chronological and palaeobiogeographical evidence favouring the view that kenyapithecins ( griphopithecus and kenyapithecus ) are the most likely sister taxa of hominids . from the viewpoint of enamel thickness evolution , this phylogenetic link indicates that thick enamel may be a symplesiomorphy of the great ape and human clade , having been inherited from their african afropithecid ancestors . this suggests that thick enamel ( and its associated dentognathic features ) might have been the fundamental adaptation that facilitated the out - of - africa dispersal of large - bodied apes , by enabling them to inhabit the relatively drier and seasonal environments that they must have encountered on their way into eurasia . this condition might have been inherited by the earliest pongines , but later modified in hominine ancestors , although both thick enamel and thin enamel must have convergently evolved several times along different lineages ( perhaps including dryopithecus and hispanopithecus , depending on their correct phylogenetic position ) .
systematic paleontology is as follows : order primates linnaeus , 1758 ; suborder anthropoidea mivart , 1864 ; infraorder catarrhini geoffroy , 1812 ; superfamily hominoidea gray , 1825 ; family hominidae gray , 1825 ; subfamily incertae sedis ; tribe dryopithecini gregory and hellman , 1939 ; anoiapithecus gen . nov . type species a . brevirostris gen . et sp . nov . etymology is from anoia ( the region where the site is situated ) and the greek pithekos ( ape ) . generic diagnosis is as for the type species , a . brevirostris gen . et sp . nov . holotype is ips43000 , a partial face with mandible of an adult male individual , housed at the institut català de paleontologia ( fig . 1 ; see table 1 for dental measurements ) . type locality is acm / c3 - aj ( abocador de can mata , cell 3 , locality aj ) , in the municipal term of els hostalets de pierola ( catalonia , spain ) . age is subchron c5r . 3r ( middle miocene , ≈11 . 9 ma ) , on the basis of the local acm magnetostratigraphic series ( 4 ) , corresponding to the local biozone megacricetodon ibericus + democricetodon larteti ( mn 7 mammal neogene biozone ) , on the basis of biostratigraphic data ( 3 , 4 ) . etymology is from the latin brevis ( short ) and rostrum ( snout ) .
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millions of years before early humans evolved in africa , their ancestors may have lived in europe . a 12 - million - year - old fossil hominid from spain provides the strongest evidence yet for this idea .
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dipartimento di scienze della terra , università degli studi di firenze , via g . la pira 4 , 50121 florence , italy ;
fossilia serveis paleontològics i geològics , s . l . c / jaume i núm 87 , 1er 5a , 08470 sant celoni , barcelona , spain
the description of this taxon is based on a hominoid partial face with mandible ( ips43000 ) discovered at locality abocador de can mata ( acm ) / c3 - aj , in the area of els hostalets de pierola ( vallès - penedès basin , catalonia , spain ) . this region is characterized by thick middle to late miocene stratigraphic sequences . the construction of a rubbish dump ( acm ) near the country house of can mata (
) prompted a paleontological intervention to control the removal of miocene sediments by the diggers and bulldozers . after 6 years of fieldwork , 150 fossiliferous localities have been sampled from the 300 - m - thick local stratigraphic series of acm , which spans an interval of 1 million years ( ≈12 . 5–11 . 3 ma , late aragonian , middle miocene ) . to date , 38 , 000 macrovertebrate remains and thousands of small mammal teeth have been recovered from the above mentioned localities , some of which have yielded primate remains (
) . an age close to 11 . 9 ma can be estimated for acm / c3 - aj , from which ips43000 was excavated .
the face of ips43000 ( fig . 1 ) lacks the nasals and the right maxilla , some parts of the orbits , and parts of both zygomatics . the palate is nearly complete , lacking only the left c 1 and m 3 , as well as the incisors ; part of the frontal also is preserved . the mandible preserves the symphysis and a large portion of the 2 corpora , but lacks the 2 rami ; the left i 1 and c 1 - m 2 series and the right c 1 - m 1 series are preserved . complete eruption of the m 3 indicates that ips43000 belongs to an adult individual , because the slight displacement of this tooth from the alveolar plane merely results from bone distortion at the level of m 2 - m 3 .
the face is characterized by reduced nasal and alveolar prognathism with a very short premaxilla . the anterior border of the orbit is situated over the p 3 –p 4 limit , the glabella is over the p 4 , and the anteriormost nasomaxillary contact is over the posterior part of the c 1 ( with the alveolar plane horizontal ) . nasal aperture edges are vertical . the zygomatic root is moderately high and situated over the m 1 . the anterior surface of the zygomatic root is downwardly inclined . the frontal sinus is well developed , filling the glabellar area and part of the frontal squama . the maxillary sinus is reduced , situated well above the roots of the molars , occupying a small area below the medial side of the orbit . the zygomatic root is not pneumatized . coalescent temporal lines indicate the presence of a sagittal crest . thin superciliary arches are evident . a large and open incisive foramen , with the posterior border located at the level of the p 3 , is shown . the palate is short , wide , and deep . the pyriform aperture is wide , widest close to the base . dentition is characterized by thick enamel ( relative enamel thickness , ret = 20 ) with low dentine penetrance . low crowns show globulous cusps , blunt crests , and restricted basins with nonperipheralized cusps ; there are remnants of cingula in lower teeth . canines and p3 are low - crowned whereas upper canines are relatively small and very compressed . a robust mandible shows highly divergent rami and reduced mandibular length ; strong and long inferior torus and weak superior torus that forms a simian shelf .
and canines ) , cheek teeth with flaring labial and lingual walls , short canine roots converging toward the midline , heteromorphic upper premolar cusps , and a frontal sinus that invades the glabella and the frontal squama . these features , like the autapomorphic facial pattern , are not phylogenetically informative (
for further details on the systematics used in this paper ) . these features are lacking in early miocene proconsulids (
) . this feature is further combined with other shared dentognathic features , such as low dentine penetrance , globulous and nonperipheralized cusps with restricted basins , thick and rounded crests , a robust mandible , and a procumbent premaxilla .
) . the extent of the maxillary sinus should be interpreted with great care , because it can increase throughout life . nevertheless , the holotype of
( albeit with no dentine exposure , given the thick - enameled condition of this taxon ) . moreover , additional ct scans of the skull of
) have revealed that this stem hominid also retains this kenyapithecin trait . further synapomorphies of
has important implications for understanding the origin of the hominidae . the presence in eurasia of kenyapithecin hominoids (
provides strong support for a sister - group relationship between the kenyapithecini and hominidae . additional support for this hypothesis comes from the association of kenyapithecine traits with cranial and postcranial great - ape synapomorphies in the stem hominid
, 11 . 9 ma ; and late miocene hominids , < 11 . 1 ma ) . kenyapithecins retain not only a primitive facial pattern for hominoids , but also—as far as it can be ascertained—a pronograde postcranial body plan (
this scenario entails a subsequent “back to africa” dispersal of the hominine clade ( african apes and humans ) ( 9 , 18 ) . alternatively , the basic putative facial and postcranial synapomorphies of the hominidae could be homoplastic between pongines and hominines , with both groups having independently evolved in eurasia and africa , respectively , from different afropithecid ancestors . independent evolution of suspensory capabilities has been previously hypothesized ( 5 ) . however , given the lack of both cranial and postcranial crown - hominid synapomorphies in afropithecids , this alternative , to the back - to - africa hypothesis would entail a more pervasive role for homoplasy than previously suggested . if so , parallelism and convergence would be far more common during hominoid evolution than the principle of parsimony , customarily applied to cladistic analyses , generally assumes . we expect that future discoveries , particularly in the long middle to late miocene stratigraphic sections of els hostalets de pierola section ( catalonia , spain ) ( 3 , 4 ) , may help to disentangle the complex question of the initial diversification of the great apes .
the facial profile of a . brevirostris was compared to that of living and extinct catarrhines by means of univariate and multivariate techniques ( see below ) . several fossil specimens and many different individuals from several living genera ( table s6 ) were included in the analyses . data were taken from photographs of crania in lateral view , taken with the lens parallel to the midsagittal plane . regarding the extant comparative sample , photographs were taken by the authors at the koninklijk museum voor midden - africa ( tervuren , belgium ) and at the anthropologisches institut und museum ( zürich , switzerland ) , were kindly provided by xavier jordana ( in the case of living humans from the colecções osteológicas identificadas from the museu antropológico of the universidade de coimbra ) , and were taken from the “mammalian crania photographic archive” second edition , which is available from the internet ( urltoken ) .
to quantify the degree of orthognathism / prognathism , we measured cfa as the angle comprised between the plane defined by the nasion–prosthion and that defined by the occlusal plane . it was measured in 256 individuals belonging to 11 extant genera ( table s6 ) , including the 5 extant genera of hominoid primates , 3 cercopithecines ( cercopithecus , macaca , and papio ) and 3 colobines ( the latter being grouped into a single group colobinae ) . comparisons were carried out by means of anova and post hoc multiple comparisons ( bonferroni method ) .
we used a thin - plate spline approach with generalized least - squares ( gls ) procrustes superimposition . a canonical variate analysis ( cva ) was performed on the resulting matrix of partial warp scores and the similarities between the several taxa were depicted by means of a cluster analysis based on centroids ( extant taxa ) and discriminant scores ( extinct ones ) .
seven landmarks , defined on the lateral facial profile and projected onto the midsagittal plane , were used ( fig . s2 ) . most of these landmarks ( nos . 2–7 ) are located at intersections between bones or bone tissues and must be therefore considered type 1 landmarks following bookstein ' s classification ( 30 ) , while landmark no . 1 ( glabella ) is of type 2 . these landmarks were measured in 255 individuals from the same genera included in cfa analysis ( table s6 ) except for papio and homo , which were excluded given their extreme condition as compared to the remaining taxa ; similarly , fossil hominini were also excluded from the analysis . landmarks were digitized using the tpsdig software ( 31 ) . landmark configurations were superimposed by means of gls procrustes superimposition ( 32 ) . gls was conducted using the tpsrelw program ( 33 ) . a thin - plate spline approach ( 30 , 34 ) was adopted for visualizing shape differences and producing a set of variables ( the partial warps , including the uniform components of deformation ) amenable to statistical analysis . the partial warp scores ( weight matrix ) , indicating the position of each individual relative to the reference along the partial warps , were calculated using the program tpsrelw ( 33 ) .
the canonical variate analysis was performed with spss 15 . 0 on the basis of the weight matrix for extant taxa alone , to define a morphospace reflecting the facial differences between living catarrhines . groups were defined on the basis of the different genera included in the analysis , except for colobus , presbytis , and procolobus , which were grouped as colobinae . extinct genera were left ungrouped and classified on the basis of squared mahalanobis distances a posteriori . a cluster analysis was also performed with spss 15 . 0 on the basis of euclidean distances computed from centroids ( for extant taxa ) and discriminant scores ( for extinct taxa ) for all canonical axes , by means of the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean ( upgma ) and by rescaling distances to values comprised between 0 and 25 ( tables s4 and s5 ) .
ret was measured in a coronal plane through the mesial cusps of the right m 2 as ( area of the enamel cap / length of the dentinoenamel junction ) / ( area of the dentine ) 1 / 2 × 100 ( 35 ) . the teeth were scanned with high - resolution computed tomography ( xylon compact ) at burgos university ( spain ) . images were analyzed with nih image software ( developed at the u . s . national institutes of health and available from the internet at urltoken ) .
we thank d . pilbeam and 3 anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and suggestions . we are also indebted to cespa gestión de residuos , s . a . for financing the fieldwork and to the ajuntament dels hostalets de pierola , the departament de cultura i mitjans de comunicació de la generalitat de catalunya , the mútua de terrassa , and the staff of the institut català de paleontologia m . crusafont for their collaboration . we thank i . pellejero and s . val for the excellent preparation of the specimens , w . van neer and ana luisa santos for access to collections , and john kappelman and xavier jordana for kindly providing photographic material . this study has been supported by the comissionat d ' universitats i recerca [ predoctoral fellowship 2006 fi 00065 ( to s . a . ) , postdoctoral grant 2005 bp - b1 10253 ( to d . m . a . ) , the searching for the origins of modern hominoids initiative project , and grup de recerca consolidat 2005 00397 - ggac ] , the national science foundation ( rhoi - hominid - nsf - bcs - 0321893 ) , and the spanish ministerio de ciencia e innovación ( cgl2008–00325 / bte ) .
author contributions : s . m . - s . designed research ; s . m . - s . , d . m . a . , and m . k . performed research ; j . f . contributed new reagents / analytic tools ; d . m . a . , s . a . , i . c . - v . , s . d . e . - t . , j . m . r . , j . g . , and j . f . analyzed data ; and s . m . - s . , d . m . a . , and m . k . wrote the paper .
the fossil vertebrates from abocador de can mata ( els hostalets de pierola , l ' anoia , catalonia ) , a succession of localities from the late aragonian ( mn6 and mn7 + 8 ) of the vallès - penedès basin . campaigns 2002–2003 , 2004 and 2005
hominoid evolution and environmental change in the neogene of europe . volume 2 . phylogeny of the neogene hominoid primates of eurasia
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researchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .
a survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .
a study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .
the mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
dog , ( canis lupus familiaris ) , domestic mammal of the family canidae ( order carnivora ) . it is a subspecies…
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
kerfuffle has been the primate’s proposed status as “the ancestor of us all . ” the fossil , named “ida” , has been popularly touted as the “missing link” connecting us to all other mammals , but how can we really know if
, and it is nearly impossible to parse direct ancestor - descendant relationships among fossil vertebrates , especially when we’re talking about a fossil that lived over 40 million years before the first hominins evolved .
indeed , the frenzy over ida has just been made all the more unfortunate by the announcement of a fossil primate in the journal pnas that is much , much more closely related to us . called anoipithecus brevirostris , this short - faced ape was recently discovered in 11 . 9 million - year - old ( middle miocene ) strata in spain . it doesn’t have a book , a flashy website , or a prime - time tv slot , but it could have some very interesting implications for the origins of our ape ancestors .
moya - sola , s . , alba , d . , almecija , s . , casanovas - vilar , i . , kohler , m . , de esteban - trivigno , s . , robles , j . , galindo , j . , & fortuny , j . ( 2009 ) . a unique middle miocene european hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade
> during the miocene the earth was , to an extent , a “planet > of the apes . ” there was a greater diversity of apes > occupying a much wider geographic range than living apes ,
strange that ( non - human ) apes , in spite of their intelligence and prodigious physical strength , were so thoroughly outcompeted by the cercopithecines ; retaining only a pale shadow of their former glory .
nice post brian , it’s shame that this fossil isn’t getting more attention , i imagine the public is a bit “linked” - out .
@ johannes i suspect that the success and spread of one particular ape might have something to do with the decline of many of the others . certainly , that’s what is going on today .
i’m having trouble accessing pnas this morning , do the authors discuss potential deformation of the fossil ? indeed that profile is so extreme relative to other primates that i wonder if it has been flattened during burial . see boyd and motani 2008 .


nearula ( 1950 – 1960 ) was an irish-bred british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire , best known for winning the classic 2000 guineas in 1953 .

trained in yorkshire , he was the top-rated british two-year-olds of 1952 when he won the middle park stakes .

in the following year he won the 2000 guineas and the st. james 's palace stakes over one mile and the champion stakes against older horses over ten furlongs .

he won two further races as a four-year-old before being retired to stud , where he had some success as a sire of winners before dying at the age of ten .

nearula

nearula for stud london . thurs nearula . winner of the 2 . 000 guineas this year , is to be retired to stud , it was announced today . ap
nearula , 3 w - r , , photo : j . n . hancock and co . , victoria , australia
abstract london , thursday ( aap ) . —nearula , winner of the 2 , 000 guineas , the champion stakes and other races this season ,
abstract london , mon . —nearula , who is a 4 to 1 favourite for the english derby , is lame again , his trainer , charles elsey , said
nearula ( gb ) b . h , 1950 { 1 - u } dp = 22 - 8 - 8 - 4 - 2 ( 44 ) di = 3 . 40 cd = 1 . 00 - 14 starts , 7 wins , ? places , ? shows career earnings : $ 78 , 620
on his final start of the season at newmarket in october , pinza won the dewhurst stakes by seven lengths . he was given a rating of 128 pounds in the free handicap , a ranking of the year ' s best two - year - olds , five pounds below the top - weight nearula . [ 2 ]
aureole began his three - year - old season in the 2000 guineas , in which he finished strongly to take fifth place behind nearula . he was then moved up in distance for the lingfield derby trial over one and a half miles . he won easily to establish himself as a leading contender for the epsom derby . [ 5 ]
won taipa the chaiwan ( 1000 m . ) , the cessnock ( 1200 m . ) , the admiralty ( 1200 m . ) , the floribunda ( 1050 m . ) , the barra ( 1050 m . ) . 2d taipa the nearula , the chaiwan , nittan capital asia cup , the < st1 : place w : st =
on
> dundee
aureole made his first appearance at york racecourse in august . he delayed the start by
playing up
, but won comfortably . he was then off the course for two months before running in october at newmarket racecourse here he contested the middle park stakes , one of the year ' s most important two - year - old races . he finished sixth behind nearula , a colt who went on to win the 1953 2000 guineas .
aureole made his first appearance at york racecourse in august . he delayed the start by
playing up
, but won comfortably . he was then off the course for two months before running in october at newmarket here he contested the middle park stakes , one of the year ' s most important two - year - old races . he finished sixth behind nearula , a colt who went on to win the 1953 2000 guineas . [ 4 ]
charles elsey was born in lincolnshire where his father was friendly with the breeder of galopin . his elder brother became a bishop , but charles assisted his father william edward elsey at first and then started to train in his own right in 1911 . his classic wins did not include the derby , a race nearula might have won but for lameness . he was champion trainer in 1956 , but could always be relied upon to send out plenty of winners , especially stayers . captain elsey ( who was decorated with the mc during the first world war ) retired in 1960 , handing over his highfield stable to his son charles william carlton elsey .
tracing back dunaden ' s dam lineage… caprera - gb foaled : 1967 pedigree : abernant - gb ( a 1946 chef de race sire ) x primula - fr ( 1960 ) by nearula - gb ( 1950 ) background : race earnings not shown ( 10 starts : 2 wins , ? places , ? shows ) . won the falmouth stakes ( g3 ) and came in 2nd in the blue seal stakes . famous offspring : romildo - fr : a 1980 colt by busted - gb ( 1963 ) . race earnings : ₣1 , 441 , 450 ( 14 starts : 4 wins , 5 places , 1 show ) . won the prix ganay ( fr - g1 ) , the prix du prince d ' orange ( fr - g3 ) among other wins . went to stud in france from 1986 . romildo is the grand damsire of la marlia . pevero - ire : a 1975 colt by busted - gb ( 1963 ) . race earnings : ₣672 , 000 & £3 , 855 ( 17 starts : 4 wins , 4 places , 1 show ) . won the prix foy ( fr - g3 ) , the prix de conde ( fr - g3 ) among other wins . stood at stud in new zealand from 1980 . caprera from sport horse data stats from pedigree query
at the epsom derby meeting , aureole recorded his most important win up to that time as he won the coronation cup by five lengths from chatsworth , with nearula in third . after the race , boyd - rochfort professed himself to be
delighted
by the performance . [ 11 ] aureole was then sent to royal ascot to contest the hardwicke stakes . smith struggled to obtain a clear run until the closing stages , and aureole was a narrow winner from the french colt janitor . aureole returned to ascot in july for the fourth running of the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes for which he was made 9 / 2 favourite against sixteen opponents . aureole ' s behaviour before the race was as bad as ever and he unseated smith on the way to the start . [ 12 ] in the race he started slowly but recovered well , took the lead entering the straight , and won by three - quarters of a length from vamos , with the 2000 guineas winner darius in third . after the win , described as
one of the most popular victories in british turf history
the queen was heard to remark
wasn ' t it a wonderful performance , i hope all sandringham are on it
. as part of the victory celebration , the queen sent a crate of champagne to the press tent . [ 12 ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
the mtdna haplotype reported by bower et al . 2012 in two samples from family 1 - u was not the haplotype expected for family 1 .
color : b ( gb ) won : middle park stakes ( eng ) , st . james ` s palace stakes ( eng ) , thirsk classic trial stakes ( eng ) , two thousand guineas stakes ( eng ) , burwell stakes ( eng ) , march stakes ( eng ) ( close )
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cho : there ' s pineapple on it . grace : you can take it off . cho : i ' ll know it ' s been there .
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ingrid klimke 2010 world equestrian games - eventing - cross counrty 10 - 3 - 10 . . .
michael jung 2010 world equestrian games - eventing - cross country 10 - 3 - 10 . . .
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winnings : 14 starts : 7 - ? - ? , $ 78 , 620 at 2 : middle park s . ( eng ) 6f . , at 3 : 3x8f and 1x10f inc 2000 guineas ( eng ) 8f , champion s . ( eng ) 10f . , at 4 : 10f and 12f ( class unknown ) . ( close )
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the new zealand thoroughbred industry is one of the most successful in the world . in 2010 - 11 , the industry produced over 4000 foals and exported 1600 horses at an estimated value of $ 150 million . so , what is the secret of new zealand ' s remarkable success as a thoroughbred breeding nation ? learn more ›
welcome to the gallery section of the website . here you can search the historical library for images of horses and participants by entering a key word in the search function eg . sunline . many of these photos have been provided by the new zealand press association and our friends at race images . if you would like to contact us about any of these images please email : office @ urltoken
fertility rate : this is worked out as the total number of foals ( live , dead or slipped ) as a percentage of total mares covered less exported , not returned , dead or indeterminate results .
indeterminate result : this exists where a mare is covered by more than one stallion and the result of these services is unable to be accurately credited to either of the respective stallions .
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algiers 3 w - o j . lionel richardson , ireland year registered : 1938 forfar x open pollinated
mahmoud 3 w - r j . lionel richardson , ireland year registered : 1937 folly x sunstar
fl . forming a double triangle ; perianth segments broadly ovate , blunt or slightly truncate , prominently mucronate , spreading , a little concave , overlapping one - third to a half ; the inner segments more narrowly ovate , shouldered at base , slightly inflexed , with margins incurling ; corona almost disc - shaped , ribbed , cerise red , frilled , with rim minutely crenate .
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a tribute to cigar and his damline ancestors glamour foaled : 1953 pedigree : nasrullah - gb ( a 1940 chef de race sire ) x striking ( a 1947 reine de course mare ) by war admiral ( a 1934 chef de race sire ) background : a
reine de course mare
. race earnings : $ 60 , 775 ( 37 starts : 6 wins , 7 places , 4 shows ) . at age 2 : came in 2nd in the matron stakes . at age 3 : won the jasmine stakes and the test stakes ( sar 7f ) among other wins . glamour produced 17 foals , the last one at age 24 . she was bred by ogden phipps and wheatley stable . famous offspring : poker : a 1963 colt by round table ( a 1954 chef de race sire ) . race earnings : $ 111 , 097 ( 36 starts : 7 wins , 4 places , 4 shows ) . won the ventnor handicap and the bowling green handicap . poker defeated champions assagai ( came in 2nd ) and buckpasser ( came in 3rd ) in the 1967 bowling green handicap . he was a leading broodmare sire and was the sire of my charmer ( a 1969 reine de course mare ) , the dam of seattle slew , lomond , seattle dancer and bonnie ' s poker ( dam of silver charm ) . poker died in 1986 at the age of 23 . glamour image from pedigree query stats from pedigree query and sport horse data
the following will be the last of the golden girls as part of the memorial tribute to cigar .
the dam of a recent stallion . . . bodemeister ! untouched talent foaled : 5 / 2 / 2004 pedigree : storm cat ( 1983 ) x parade queen ( 1994 ) by a . p . indy ( a 1989 chef de race sire ) background : race earnings - $ 243 , 550 ( 4 starts : 2 wins , 2 places , 0 shows ) . in 2006 at age 2 : won the sorrento stakes ( g3 ) , the juan gonzalez memorial stakes and came in 2nd in the del mar debutante stakes ( g1 ) and 2nd in the alcibiades stakes ( g2 ) . in november 2012 was purchased for $ 5 , 000 , 000 and sent to ireland . famous offspring : bodemeister : a 4 / 28 / 2009 colt by empire maker ( 2000 ) . race earnings : $ 1 , 304 , 800 ( 6 starts : 2 wins , 4 places , 0 shows ) . in 2012 at age 3 : won the arkansas derby ( g1 ) and came in 2nd in both the kentucky derby and the preakness stakes . retired from racing due to a nerve injury in his left shoulder on august 21 , 2012 . entered stud in 2013 at winstar farm , kentucky . untouched talent photo by frances j . karon stats from pedigree query
i tried as well but i have a
cluster
of new stallions for 2014 / 2015 lined up . please check with me ahead of researching the horse as i may have the mare researched . : od
was already posted in this thread . it ' s with a cluster of stonestreet farm broodmares i posted earlier .
stormy sunday foaled : 2002 pedigree : sir cat x thinkin ' strait by highland park background : won her maiden claiming race her first time out , claimed for $ 5 , 000 , won her final start on august , 5 , 2005 , dam of 2 year old champion hansen here is a picture of of stormy sunday pictured with her foal hansen famous offspring hansen : 2009 colt by tapit . race earnings : $ 1 , 660 , 700 ( 9 starts - 5 wins - 2 places - 0 shows ) , in 2011 won breeders cup juvenile against union rags by 13 lengths , in 2012 won the gotham stakes , iowa derby , second in the blue grass stakes , and second in the holy bull stakes . hansen ' s first foal hansen ' s nickname is the white lightning or the great white hope
cc1121 - stormy sunday was posted earlier in this thread on page 12 by rachel on june 2 , 2014 . perhaps you should use the search mode we discussed in in memorium using the search window at the top when you click on the recent discussion and type in the horse ' s name in quotes : example -
stormy sunday
. you will see all forum entries with her name and you will see rachel ' s entry . i tell you what . i am leaving for a doctor ' s appointment . maybe it ' s better for now if you work on the
old friends
and research horses that fall into that category . i do have a list of names at the very beginning of that thread that needs to be input into this thread . for example : john henry . for my current series of new stallions for 2014 / 2015 i already have the following ready for golden girls and i want to keep them together in a sequence : zenda ( kingman ' s dam ) sanwa ( sea the moon ' s dam ) along with sacarina , mosella , angelola as part of lineage la marlia ( dunaden ' s dam )
the dam of a new stallion for 2015 . . . dunaden la marlia - fr foaled : 1997 pedigree : kaldounevees - fr ( 1991 ) x la rotunda - fr ( 1993 ) by romildo - gb ( 1980 ) background : an unraced mare from family number tb - 4d she was bred by comte edouard decazes famous offspring : dunaden - fr : a 2 / 26 / 2006 colt by nicobar - gb ( 1997 ) . race earnings : £5 , 268 , 572 ( 46 starts : 10 wins , 11 places , 8 shows ) . in 2010 at age 4 : won the pr du grand camp . in 2011 at age 5 : won the melbourne cup among other wins . in 2012 at age 6 : won the caulfield cup . in 2013 at age 7 : came in 2nd in the coronation cup and the grand prix de saint - cloud . dunaden originally sold for $ 1 , 500 at the 2006 arqana sale , but in 2010 was sold for the equivalent of $ 202 , 000 to pearl bloodstock . dunaden will enter stud duties in 2015 at overbury stud in gloucestershire . photos below : la marlia and her 2014 filly , galilia from haras du grand courgeon from haras du grand courgeon from urltoken stats from pedigree query
tracing back dunaden ' s sire lineage… juliette marny - gb foaled : 1972 pedigree : blakeney - gb ( 1966 ) x set free - gb ( 1964 ) by worden - fr ( a 1949 chef de race sire ) background : race earnings - $ 130 , 466 ( 5 starts : 3 wins , ? places , ? shows ) . won the oaks trial stakes ( gb - g3 ) , oaks stakes ( gb - g1 ) and the irish oaks ( ire - g1 ) . juliette marny was one of 3 classic winners for her dam , set free - gb ( 1964 ) . juliette marny is the great grand dam of dunaden . famous offspring : duchess of alba - gb : a 5 / 13 / 1992 filly by belmez - usa ( 1987 ) . race earnings : £5180 ( 4 starts : 1 win , 1 place , 1 show ) . her lineage goes back to family number tb - 6b . she is the dam of nicobar - gb ( 1997 ) , who sired dunaden . juliette marny from sport horse data stats from pedigree query
the dam of a new stallion for 2015…seville silverskaya - ger foaled : 1 / 17 / 2001 pedigree : silver hawk - usa ( 1979 ) x boubskaia - gb ( 1987 ) by niniski - usa ( a 1976 chef de race sire ) background : race earnings - $ 142 , 857 ( 8 starts : 5 wins , 0 places , 0 shows ) . won the prix de royaumont ( fr - g3 ) , the prix minerve ( fr - g3 ) among other wins . silverskaya was sent to japan in 2009 in foal to galileo resulting in a 2010 filly named virginia39 - jpn . famous offspring : seville - ger : a 2008 colt by galileo - ire ( 1998 ) . race earnings : $ 1 , 188 , 759 ( 20 starts : 2 wins , 6 places , 1 show ) . in 2013 won the ajc metropolitan handicap ( aus - g1 ) . seville raced in australia , england , france and ireland . was retired to stud for 2015 at heritage stallions in maryland . silverskaya from sport horse data stats from pedigree query
the dam of a new stallion for 2015…sea the moon sanwa - ger foaled : 2004 pedigree : monsun - ger ( 1990 ) x sacarina - gb ( 1992 ) by old vic - gb ( 1986 ) background : an unraced mare . full sister to german derby winners samum and schiaperelli and german oaks winner salve regina . famous offspring : sea the moon - ger : a 4 / 29 / 2011 colt by sea the stars - ire ( 2006 ) . race earnings : €525 , 000 = $ 666 , 235 . 50 ( 5 starts : 4 wins , 1 place , 0 shows ) . in 2014 at age 3 : won the deutsches derby ( ger - g1 ) , the oppenheim - union - rennen ( ger - g2 ) among other wins . sea the moon was retired from racing due to injury in september 2014 . he now stands at lanwades stud , newmarket . sanwa ( her foal looks just like mama ) . i just love this photo of sanwa and her foal enjoying themselves in the open field ! photos from sport horse data stats from pedigree query
tracing back sea the moon ' s dam lineage… sacarina - gb foaled : 1992 - 2011 pedigree : old vic - gb ( 1986 ) x brave lass - gb ( 1974 ) by ridan - usa ( 1959 ) background : an unraced mare . dam of german g1 winners : samum and schiaparelli and german oaks ( g1 ) winner salve regina . all these progeny were by the same stallion , monsun ( 1990 ) . she was the german broodmare of the year for 2002 . she died on october 14 , 2011 ( euthanized due to cancer ) . she was only 19 years old . famous offspring : sanwa - ger : an unraced 2004 filly by monsun ( a 1990 chef de race sire ) . she was a full sister to german derby ( g1 ) winners : samum and schiaparelli and the german oaks ( g1 ) winner salve regina . she was sold for 400 , 000gns in foal to dansili at tattersalls in december 2008 mare sale . she was bred to lord of england in 2014 . she is famous for being the dam of sea the moon ( 2011 ) . schiaperelli 4 - ger : a 1 / 3 / 2003 colt by monsun ( a 1990 chef de race sire ) . race earnings : €1 , 065 , 048 = $ 1 , 3566 , 658 ( 21 starts : 12 wins , 3 places , 3 shows ) . won the deutsches derby ( ger - g1 ) , the deutschlandpreis ( ger - g1 ) , the preis von europa ( ger - g1 ) among other wins . samum - ger : a 1997 colt by monsun ( a 1990 chef de race sire ) . race earnings : €980 , 891 = $ 1 , 249 , 199 ( 14 starts : 6 wins , 2 places , 1 show ) . won the 2000 german derby ( g1 ) , the grober preis von baden ( g1 ) among other wins . samum went to stud in 2003 . salve regina - ger : a 1999 filly by monsun ( a 1990 chef de race sire ) . race earnings : €541 , 700 = $ 689 , 977 ( 8 starts : 3 wins , 5 places , 0 shows ) . won the preis der diana / german oaks ( ger - g1 ) among other wins . in 2013 , she was retired from broodmare duties and pensioned at gestut hoeny hof , germany . sacarina from sport horse data sacarina in foal to dansili at tattersalls in the december 2008 mare sale from urltoken from sport horse data stats from pedigree query
tracing back sea the moon ' s damsire lineage… mosella - ger foaled : 1985 pedigree : surumu - ger ( 1974 ) x monasia - ger ( 1979 ) by authi - ire ( 1970 ) background : race earnings - €10 , 533 ( 5 starts : 1 win , 2 places , 1 show ) . came in first in the las vegas - slenderella - rennen / oaks trial ( ger ) . owner / breeder was listed as gestüt isarland . famous offspring : monsun - ger : a 1990
chef de race sire
by konigsstuhl - ger ( 1976 ) . race earnings : dm2 , 088 , 594 ( 23 starts : 12 wins , 5 places , 1 show ) . won th europa - preis ( ger - g1 ) twice , the aral - pokal ( ger - g1 ) , the gerling - preis ( ger - g2 ) twice among other wins . monsun was listed as the leading sire in germany in 2000 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 . he stood at stud at gestüt schlenderhan . monsun was euthanized on 9 / 11 / 2012 after suffering from an acute neurological disease . mosella from sport horse data stats from pedigree query
tracing back sea the moon ' s damsire lineage… monasia - ger foaled : 1979 pedigree : authi - ire ( 1970 ) x monacensia - ger ( 1969 ) by kaiseradler - ger ( 1957 ) background : race earnings not shown ( ? starts : 4 wins , ? places , ? shows ) . monasia won races at age 2 - 3 including the rheinboden - rennen , l . cologne , germany . she is famed as the grand dam of monsun out of her daughter mosella . famous offspring : mosella - ger : a 1985 filly by surumu - ger ( 1974 ) . race earnings : € 10 , 533 ( 5 starts : 1 win , 2 places , 1 show ) . famous as the dam of monsun ( a 1990 chef de race sire ) . monasia from all breed pedigree stats from pedigree query
@ paniolo _ gal . thank you so so much for these
golden girls
. i love to take a look back at the broodmares that made the breed . just wanted to thank you for all your hard work , time and effort that goes into these . thanks to anyone posting here .
denada marepower . i enjoy researching the backgrounds of these beautiful race warriors and their ancestry . i wish i could post all the wonderful dams of the past and recent winners but often we can ' t find any photos of these golden girls . . . sorry !
tracing back sea the moon ' s damsire lineage… angelola - gb foaled : 1945 pedigree : donatello - fr ( a 1934 chef de race sire ) x feola - gb ( a 1933 reine de course mare ) by friar marcus - gb ( 1912 ) background :
an unraced
reine de course mare
. she is from family number tb - 2 . famous offspring : aureole - gb : a 1950 colt by hyperion - gb ( a 1930 chef de race sire ) . race earnings : $ 119 , 458 ( 14 starts : 7 wins , 3 places , 2 shows ) . won the lingfield derby trial and the cumberland lodge stakes . he was the leading sire in great britain in 1960 and 1961 . aureole is the sire of st . paddy ( 1957 ) , saint crespin ( 1956 ) , aurelius ( 1958 ) and vienna ( 1957 ) among other winners . in this lineage review , aureole is best known as the sire of authi - ire ( 1970 ) out of virtuous . authi is the sire of monasia . angelola from sport horse data stats from pedigree query
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british classic race wins : 2000 guineas ( 1 ) 1000 guineas ( 2 ) epsom oaks ( 2 ) st . leger stakes ( 1 )
. the son and father of successful trainers , elsey was one of the dominant racing figures in the north of england for more than thirty years in a career which lasted from 1911 until 1960 . he trained the winners of six
, where his father , william elsey ran a very successful racing stable . elsey was a heavily - built man , with brown eyes , dark eyebrows and an
. after the end of the war , he did not return immediately to racing , spending two years farming in lincolnshire .
. at the end of the year the highfield stable was badly damaged in a fire .
in 1954 he won the chester cup with his own horse peperium a four - year - old who was chronically unsound and required the most gentle and careful training . elsey won a fifth classic in 1956 when the filly honeylight recorded an upset victory in the 1000 guineas . elsey won the title of
for the first and only time at the end of the 1956 season at the age of seventy - four . in the following year , the highfield three - year - old tenterhooks emerged as one of the year ' s best stayers , winning the
from 1958 . he retired from training in 1960 at the age of 78 , leaving the highfield stable to his son charles william carlton
bill
elsey who had acted as his assistant trainer for several years . he continued to pursue an interest in
. elsey ' s right leg was amputated in october 1965 and he died at highfield on 14 february 1966 .
mortimer , roger ; onslow , richard ; willett , peter ( 1978 ) .
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autumn stakes ( 1988 ) 2 , 000 guineas ( 1989 ) epsom derby ( 1989 ) eclipse stakes ( 1989 ) k . george vi & q . elizabeth stakes ( 1989 )
nashwan ( 1 march 1986 – 2002 ) was an american - bred , british - trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire . after winning both his starts as a two - year - old , he developed into an outstanding performer in the spring and summer of 1989 , completing a unique four - timer when winning the 2000 guineas , epsom derby , eclipse stakes , and king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes . after sustaining his only defeat in the prix niel in september , he was retired to stud where he was a successful sire of winners .
nashwan was a large , powerfully built chestnut horse with a white star and a white sock on his right foreleg bred by his owner hamdan al maktoum at his shadwell farm in lexington , kentucky . he was sired by the 1977 poule d ' essai des poulains winner blushing groom . blushing groom became an exceptionally successful breeding stallion , siring rainbow quest , blushing john , arazi , and many other leading horses . nashwan ' s successes made him the leading sire in great britain & ireland in 1989 . [ 1 ] nashwan ' s dam was height of fashion , a daughter of bustino previously owned by queen elizabeth ii . he was thus a half - brother to the group race winners alwasmi , unfuwain , and nayef , and a close relative of the japanese champion deep impact and the 1000 guineas winner ghanaati . [ 2 ]
nashwan was trained throughout his racing career by major dick hern at west ilsley in berkshire , england , and was ridden in all of his races by willie carson . his name was reported to be an arabic word meaning
joy
. [ 3 ]
nashwan made his debut in the yattendon maiden stakes at newbury in august 1988 . he started 6 / 4 favourite in a field of 27 runners and won by three quarters of a length from young turpin , with the unplaced runners including the subsequent derby italiano winner prorutori . [ 4 ] on 8 october , nashwan was moved up in class to contest the listed autumn stakes over one mile at ascot . starting the odds - on favourite , he took the lead inside the final quarter mile and drew away to win by four lengths from optimist , with cacoethes in third . [ 5 ]
in the spring of 1989 , reports of impressive work at home saw nashwan ' s odds for classic races continually shorten , and when he began his three - year - old campaign in the general accident 2000 guineas at newmarket on 6 may , he started the race as 3 / 1 favourite . he took the lead approaching the final quarter mile and won by a length , with exbourne in second and danehill a further half length behind in third . [ 6 ]
a month later , nashwan was moved up in distance for the ever ready derby over one and a half miles at epsom downs racecourse . despite the unseasonably cold , damp weather , the race attracted an estimated 500 , 000 spectators including queen elizabeth ii . [ 7 ] nashwan started 5 / 4 favourite against eleven opponents , with the biggest danger expected to come from cacoethes , winner of the lingfield derby trial . carson positioned the favourite just behind the leaders before moving up to take the lead from cacoethes in the straight . he pulled
effortlessly
[ 8 ] clear in the closing stages to win by five lengths from the 500 / 1 outsider terimon , who finished well to deprive cacoethes of second . [ 9 ] he was the first horse to complete the guineas - derby double since nijinsky ii in 1970 , [ 8 ] though he was emulated by sea the stars in 2009 and camelot in 2012 .
nashwan ' s next task was to prove himself against older opposition , starting with the eclipse stakes over one and a quarter miles at sandown park on 8 july . despite having recently recovered from a foot infection and facing both the outstanding racemare indian skimmer and the champion miler warning , he was sent off the 2 / 5 favourite . [ 10 ] nashwan took the lead approaching the final furlong and won by five lengths from the outsider opening verse , who later won the breeders ' cup mile . [ 11 ] two weeks later , nashwan contested britain ' s most prestigious all - aged race , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes over one and a half miles at ascot . with the late withdrawal of prix du jockey club winner old vic , nashwan was expected to win easily and started as 2 / 9 favourite . this time he had to fight for his victory , with old rival cacoethes challenging him throughout the final two furlongs . nashwan was driven out by carson to win by a neck , with the subsequent prix de l ' arc de triomphe winner carroll house a further eleven lengths back in fifth . [ 12 ] his narrow margin of victory lead some critics to question his status as a
super - horse
. [ 13 ]
nashwan ' s owner decided not to attempt the triple crown in the st leger stakes , and the colt was instead aimed at the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp in october . to prepare for this race , he was sent to the prix niel over the arc course and distance on 17 september . racing on soft ground , nashwan moved up to challenge in the straight but made no further progress and finished third , beaten one and a half lengths and half a length by the french - trained colts golden pheasant and french glory . [ 14 ] neither hern nor carson could offer any explanation for the
lifeless
performance with the jockey commenting that the 1 / 5 favourite
didn ' t have any energy
. [ 15 ] nashwan missed the arc , and , as had been announced in summer , he was retired from racing at the end of the year . [ 13 ]
nashwan was rated the third best british - trained three - year - old of 1989 . the independent timeform organisation gace him a rating of 135 , behind zilzal ( 137 ) and old vic ( 136 ) . [ 16 ] the official international classification also placed him third behind the same two colts . [ 17 ]
dick hern called nashwan
the best horse i ' ve ever trained
. [ 3 ]
nashwan was retired from racing to become a breeding stallion at his owner ' s shadwell stud . his most successful racehorses were swain ( foaled 1992 ) , dual winner of the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , and bago ( 2001 ) , winner of the prix de l ' arc de triomphe . the best of his fillies was the international stakes winner one so wonderful . [ 18 ]
nashwan died while at shadwell stud on july 19 , 2002 , after suffering complications following an operation on a minor leg injury . [ 19 ]
british computer game developer bitmap brothers included references to nashwan in many of their games . for example , super nashwan power in xenon 2 megablast , super nashwan in speedball 2 , and
nashwan
is used as a password in gods .
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blazing saddles is a friendly , helpful , talkative neighborhood that is very derby - focused . we enjoy helping each other in the game and in the derby . we are always in champs league and usually place in the top 3 . we accept only tasks over 305 and require all members to complete all 9 tasks . many of us are willing to gem a 10th task if the derby is close !
our required level is 30 and we range in level from 30 - 118 . we are english - speaking and adult only . if you are also a helpful farmer that enjoys derbies and being competitive , we would love for you to join our team !
join our awesome neighborhood greg land ! ! ! ! ! we accept anyone no matter what level ( 18 min ) i am eager to donate anything and am absolutely committed to my neighborhood .
i am looking for active and helpful farmers ! we would really like some serious derby players but we do not require that you play the derby as long as you opt out . for those of you out there who are derby players , we are not highly competitive . we do not make everyone do 320 tasks or make people do a 10th task , we just like for people to finish any tasks that they can . we are currently in the championship league . we are a very friendly and helpful neighborhood . the neighborhood is currently set at request to join and at lvl 30 but i am open to lowering that for people if you are really active and helpful . we do require you to speak english though as the neighborhood is mostly english speakers . the neighborhood tag is 90qqclr8 . please give our neighborhood a try and i ' m sure you will love it ! please put in the request that you saw my post ad thats why you are requesting .
hello farmers ! we are looking for more active and competitive derby players who love 320 points only + extra task . our level is 133 , 114 , 112 , 92 . required level is 80 , hood tag # 28r90v00 . ty can ' t wait too see new friends .
hi all ! neighborhood moe is looking for members who are friendly and hospitable . we are not a competitive one so relax and enjoy the game . we will help you with all we have . our level are 52 , 42 , 30 and 24 . anyone can join , level 18 + pls . derby log is not shared and english only .
p / s : moe is not abandoned ~ . ~ i ' m not always around to say hi so don ' t join just to leave .
hope to meet you soon . our hood is no ultra competitive . help each other , communicate and just have fun !
if you are looking for a nice and active neighbourhood , you are at the right place . our neighbourhood
, # 8rqq8qg0 , is recruiting some new active players ( 30 + ) . currently we are in the
( at the moment , it will go up as the hood grows ) . we are aiming to go to the champions league and stay there but the main goal is to keep it
therefore we need some more players who are committed . it is also important for all of us that you treat the other neighbours with
adults only ! chat sometimes gets naughty / nerdy / playful . no need to watch your language here ; - )
opt - in / opt - out : real life got you too busy ? just opt out for the week .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
aureole was a bright chestnut horse with a white blaze and three white socks , bred by king george vi . when the king died in 1952 , the ownership of the unraced two - year - old colt passed to his daughter , queen elizabeth ii . aureole was sired by hyperion who won the derby and the st leger in 1933 before becoming a highly successful breeding stallion . [ 1 ] he was leading sire in great britain and ireland on six occasions . [ 2 ] aureole ' s dam , angelola , finished second in the oaks and came from the same branch of thoroughbred family 2 - f which produced round table , highclere and pebbles . [ 3 ]
aureole was sent into training with cecil boyd - rochfort at freemason lodge stables at newmarket , suffolk . in training , the colt was temperamental and excitable : boyd - rochfort , however , reportedly welcomed these attributes as he believed that the best of hyperion ' s offspring tended to be difficult and high - spirited characters . [ 4 ]
in the week of his owner ' s coronation aureole started at odds of 9 / 1 for the derby , [ 6 ] with pinza and premonition being made 5 / 1 joint - favourites in a field of twenty - seven runners . aureole became highly agitated before the race , but ran well to finish second , four lengths behind pinza . he developed a slight cough after the derby and ran disappointingly in the eclipse stakes at sandown , finishing third to the french challenger argur . in late july at ascot he was again matched against pinza in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes , a race named after his owner ' s parents . he finished second again , this time beaten three lengths . [ 7 ] later in the summer , he was treated by a neurologist in an attempt to improve his temperament . [ 4 ]
in the st leger at doncaster in september , aureole was made 6 / 4 favourite ahead of the grand prix de paris winner northern light . both the queen and sir winston churchill were in attendance on a fine autumn day which attracted a crowd of 250 , 000 to the yorkshire course . [ 8 ] aureole again became agitated in the preliminaries and refused to settle in the race , fighting the attempts of his jockey harry carr to restrain him . he challenged for the lead in the straight but faded to finish third behind his stable companion premonition , beaten six lengths . [ 9 ] he ended the season with a win in the cumberland lodge stakes at ascot , where he was ridden by eph smith , as carr was unable to make the weight . smith got along so well with the colt that he replaced carr as aureole ' s regular jockey . [ 4 ]
aureole made his first appearance of 1954 in the coronation stakes over ten furlongs at sandown in april . the race was extremely rough and aureole , the 4 / 5 favourite , appeared to be an unlucky loser [ 4 ] as he finished second to the irish derby winner chamier . he then returned to one and a half miles to win the victor wild stakes at kempton . [ 10 ]
aureole did not race again and was retired to stud . his season ' s winnings of £30 , 092 enabled the queen to be the leading owner in britain in 1954 . [ 13 ]
aureole was given a rating of 132 by timeform in 1954 , making him the highest - rated older horse in europe . [ 14 ]
aureole proved to be a highly successful stallion , being champion sire in 1960 and 1961 . [ 2 ] his progeny included st . paddy ( epsom derby ) , saint crespin iii ( prix de l ' arc de triomphe ) , aurelius ( st leger ) , provoke ( st leger ) and vienna , the sire of vaguely noble . [ 15 ]
mortimer , roger ; onslow , richard ; willett , peter ( 1978 ) . biographical encyclopedia of british flat racing . macdonald and jane’s . isbn 0 - 354 - 08536 - 0 .
morris , tony ; randall , john ( 1990 ) . horse racing : records , facts , champions ( third edition ) . guinness publishing . isbn 0 - 85112 - 902 - 1 .
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this article is about the racehorse . for the opera singer , see ezio pinza .
dewhurst stakes ( 1952 ) newmarket stakes ( 1953 ) epsom derby ( 1953 ) k . george vi & q . elizabeth stakes ( 1953 )
pinza ( 1950–1977 ) was a thoroughbred racehorse and sire . in a career which lasted just over a year– from july 1952 until july 1953– he ran seven times and won five races . he was the best british colt of his generation in 1953 , when he won the derby and the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes . he was then retired to stud , where he had little success .
pinza a massive bay colt standing over 16 hands was sired by chanteur out of the mare pasqua . he was officially bred by the notable trainer fred darling , but the mating which produced pinza was actually arranged by pasqua ' s previous owner , mrs h . e . morriss , who sent the mare in foal to the newmarket sales in december 1949 . darling was impressed by pasqua ' s pedigree and bought her for 2 , 000 guineas , acting through a representative as he was out of the country at the time . when darling saw pasqua , he was not impressed and sold her at a loss , [ 2 ] but not before she had produced the colt foal who was later named pinza . as a yearling , the colt was sent to the newmarket sales where he was bought for 1 , 500 guineas by the businessman and hotelier sir victor sassoon . sassoon named the colt after the ezio pinza after seeing the singer performing in south pacific on broadway . [ 3 ]
chanteur ( also known as chanteur ii ) was a high class stayer who won the coronation cup and ran third in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe . he was a success at stud , siring the classic winners cantelo ( st leger ) and only for life ( 2000 guineas ) . apart from pinza , pasqua produced only one minor winner .
pinza made his debut in a maiden race at hurst park in july , in which he showed some promise but finished unplaced . he reappeared two months later in a race at the doncaster st leger meeting which was restricted to horses sold at the newmarket sales , and he won by six lengths . two weeks later , he was sent to ascot for the royal lodge stakes and started 2 / 5 favourite against three opponents . he finished second to the filly neemah , having been apparently unsuited by the slow pace . [ 2 ]
in early 1953 , pinza fell on a gravel path in training . although the initial injuries sustained were minor , he picked up a leg infection which took a long time to heal so that it was not possible to train him for the 2000 guineas . [ 4 ]
the colt made his first appearance of the year in the newmarket stakes in may . he looked to be very big ( lacking fitness ) before the race but recorded a four length win . as a result of his performance , the bookmakers cut his odds for the derby from 33 / 1 to 8 / 1 . [ 2 ]