dankaro ( 8 may 1971 died 30 september 1976 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

one of the last champions bred by marcel boussac , he showed promise as a two-year-old in 1973 when he won the prix de cabourg .

in the following spring he established himself as arguably the best three-year-old colt in europe with successive wins in the prix greffulhe , prix daru and prix lupin .

he finished second when favourite for the prix du jockey club and was the first male horse to finish when third to dahlia in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes .

his racing career was then ended by injury and he was retired to stud where he had no success as a breeding stallion .

dankaro

dankaro died in 2006 at 76 years after having seven kids with late elizabeth nkechi dankaro .
dankaro missed the rest of the season with injury and did not race again .
how can i put and write and define dankaro in a sentence and how is the word dankaro used in a sentence and examples ? 用dankaro造句 , 用dankaro造句 , 用dankaro造句 , dankaro meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
architect aliyu sunday dankaro , the fourth child in the family of late sunday dankaro aptly captured the mood of the entire family when he said “the edifice has immortalised our late father” .
on 9 june , caracolero started a lengths dankaro , with kamaraan and in third and fourth .
his four opponents were the 1973 king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes winner highclere and dankaro .
in the straight , dankaro produced his usual strong finish to take third place behind the fillies highclere .
in the official french handicap she was rated the best three - year - old of either sex , a pound ahead of caracolero and dankaro .
rating of 131 pounds at 3 , tying him with comtesse de loir , dankaro , nonoalco and sagaro atop european 3 - year - olds of 1974 .
' dankaro
' ( 8 may 1971 died 30 september 1976 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and dahlia in the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes .
are strong indications that the nigeria football federation ( nff ) , will finally park out of its zone 7 abuja glass house into the new sunday dankaro house secretariat by the second quarter of this year .
dankaro was held up at the back of the field by rivases but when he began to move forward in the straight he struggled to obtain a clear run and had to be switched to the outside .
later dankaro was appointed chairman of the national sports commission where he worked assiduously to lay solid foundation for the growth of sports in the country . his uncommon passion for sports development distinguished him from his contemporaries .
a close family friend who pleaded for anonymity said the family of dankaro is indeed grateful to nigeria for deeming it necessary to honour their father for his commitment to sports , especially football when he was alive .
the late chief sunday dankaro was born 1930 in minna to a family of jukun heritage from takum . his father was a sudan interior mission printer . dankaro and his brothers grew up in the city of jos . he and his brothers , david and john enjoyed playing football at a young age , in which john later earned a shirt in the national team that toured europe in 1949 along with teslim balogun , etim henshaw and daniel anyiam .
consequently , the entire family of dankaro is still celebrating the posthumous honour bestowed on their father . this is expected because to be honoured alive means something but to honoured posthumously means something special . it means you live on even in death .
in july , dankaro was matched against older horses for the first time when he contested britain ' s most prestigious weight - for - age race , the king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes over one and a half miles at ascot racecourse .
dankaro ( fr ) ch . h , 1971 { 14 } dp = 4 - 10 - 16 - 2 - 0 ( 32 ) di = 2 . 20 cd = 0 . 50 - 8 starts , 4 wins , 2 places , 1 shows
celebrities like halle berry , thandie newton , mary j blige , paris hilton and janet jackson have won her work , but nigeria born elizabeth dankaro is no uppity los angeles girl ; she is down to earth and has a big heart and gift to create beautiful jewellery .
“for them the honour cannot be quantified . forever , ‘sunday dankaro house’ will remain in the consciousness of nigerians especially football stakeholders . it is a welcome development because it will motivate others to render selfless services to the country knowing that there is reward for them even posthumously” , he said .
although the federation had repeatedly picked fresh date for the relocation , a source at the glass house told sportingsun in confidence that with the level of renovation going on in the new building , there was no reason they should not relocate to the sunday dankaro football house latest second quarter of this year .
in 1974 , comtesse de loir was given a rating of 131 by timeform , making her their highest - rated three - year - old filly of the season , one pound ahead of paulista and two ahead of highclere and the joint - highest - rated three - year - old of either sex , the equal of the colts sagaro , nonoalco , dankaro ( prix lupin ) and caracolero ( prix du jockey club ) . [ 6 ] in the official french handicap she was rated the best three - year - old of either sex , a pound ahead of caracolero and dankaro . [ 5 ]
july 18 is a day that will remain indelible in the minds of the family of late chief sunday dankaro . it is the day the government of nigeria decided to posthumously honour their father by naming the newly built ultra - modern secretariat of the nigeria football federation , nff , in abuja after him .
on 9 june , dankaro started the 1 . 5 / 1 favourite for the prix du jockey club over 2400 metres at chantilly racecourse . , kamaraan , sean , moulines , steinway and d ' arras were again in opposition along with mount hagen ( prix de fontainebleau ) and un kopeck ( prix la force ) .
although the decision to name the new nff secretariat after dankaro is a well deserved honour , it no doubt took many by surprise . most nigerians never had any inkling that the building would be named after the late sports administrator . however , when it happened , there were no dissenting voices because he had paid his dues .
there was no international classification of european two - year - olds in 1973 : the official handicappers of britain , ireland and france compiled separate rankings for horses which competed in those countries . in the french free handicap caracolero was rated thirteen pounds behind the top - rated mississipian . [ 5 ] in 1974 he was rated level with dankaro as the best three - year - old colt in france , a pound behind the filly comtesse de loir . the independent timeform organisation gave him a rating of 131 , making him their top - rated three - year - old alongside dankaro , comtesse de loir , nonoalco and sagaro . [ 3 ] [ 6 ]
in 1974 , comtesse de loir was given a rating of 131 by timeform , making her their highest - rated three - year - old filly of the season , one pound ahead of paulista and two ahead of highclere and the joint - highest - rated three - year - old of either sex , the equal of the colts sagaro , nonoalco , dankaro ( prix lupin ) and caracolero ( prix du jockey club ) .
i have gone to this length on the “sunday dankaro house” not only because i am involved but also because it tells a compelling story about our country and the kind of waste that has become the defining feature of our public life . of the thousands of abandoned projects that lie fallow all over the country , many were actually completed before some people decided , for whatever reason , not to put them to use , like it is the case with the nff building .
on 9 june , caracolero started a 41 / 1 outsider in a fifteen - runner field for the prix du jockey - club over 2400 metres at chantilly racecourse . with saint - martin and piggott being claimed to ride other horses , the colt was ridden by philippe paquet . the favourite was the prix lupin winner dankaro , with the other contenders including mississipian grand criterium , poil de chameau ( prix hocquart ) , moulines ( poule d ' essai des poulains , d ' arras ( prix noailles , mount hagen ( prix de fontainebleau ) and un kopeck ( prix la force ) . in the early stages paquet settled caracolero in third behind steinway and kamaraan with mount hagen , top command and moulines close behind . mount hagen took the lead early in the straight but was soon overtaken by caracolero , who established a clear advantage 200 metre from the finish and stayed on strongly to win by one and a half lengths dankaro , with kamaraan and mississipian in third and fourth . [ 3 ]
i remember that at the time , only few people believed that we could build a house in abuja ( where the cost of such projects is usually in billions ) with n350 million . but after a long and painstaking process and having held several sessions with prospective contractors before picking one , we delivered the “sunday dankaro house” , right at the national stadium abuja in july 2013 . the conditions for the contract were very stringent with an undertaking signed by the contractor , messrs paul - b nigeria plc , that under no condition would there be a price variation .
on the ones currently abandoned without completion , the president should seek specific solutions to each of the projects , even if it means giving some of them away to stakeholders in the private sector at bargain prices so that they can , at least , be put to use and in the process , add some value to the economy . on the specific case of the “sunday dankaro house” , i hope the minister of sports ( whenever one is appointed ) will direct the nff to move in because if they don’t , in another year or two , some people may be asking for billions of naira to “rehabilitate and furnish” an edifice built with just about n336 million !
as a 4 year old , the great mare found her true form in july . now , the great lester piggott was assigned the task of riding the mare . she won the grand prix de saint cloud from a mediocre field . however , the empress regained her crown in the king george beating a high - class international field , consisting of the 1 , 000 guineas and french oaks winner , highclere , the 1974 epsom derby winner , snow knight , french derby runner - up , dankaro , and the leading 4 year od horse in britain , buoy . dahlia ' s trainer , ran the french 1 , 000 guineas runner - up , hippodamia in the king george to set a strong pace for dahlia to be well - settled in the earlier stages .
all four of those triumphs were achieved over a mile and a half against colts , and delving into her background , one has to wonder whether such a tradition isn ' t embedded in her dna . danedream comes from a family that owes its standing to some of the greatest french breeders , and a convenient start point to contemplate the female line comes in 1914 , with a young marcel boussac ' s acquisition of an interest in eight mares owned by the comte de catelbajac . among this group was diana vernon , a three - parts - sister to the top - class colt ossian ii . the descendents of diana vernon would continue to produce high - class runners for boussac over better than half a century , including one of boussac ' s last top - class performers , dankaro , winner of the prix lupin ( fr - i ) and rated the top french 3 - year - old colt of 1974 .
there was no international classification of european two - year - olds in 1973 : the official handicappers of britain , ireland and france compiled separate rankings for horses which competed in those countries . in the british free handicap , giacometti was assigned a weight of 123 pounds , placing him in joint - fifth place behind apalachee , mississipian , cellini and habat . the independent timeform organisation gave him a rating of 118 p , ( the
p
indicating that he was likely to make more than the usual improvement ) , eighteen pounds below their top - rated two - year - old apalachee . in the british handicap for 1974 he was rated the sixth - best three - year - old behind take a reef , bustino , nonoalco , dibidale and snow knight . timeform gave him a rating of 130 , level with bustino as the best british - trained three - year - old of the year , a pound behind the french horses nonoalco , sagaro , dankaro , caracolero and comtesse de loir . in their annual racehorses of 1974 , timeform commented
he isn ' t the world - beater that his stable has often claimed but that ' s no fault of his and he is , in fact , a genuine and consistent animal
. giacometti was rated on 125 by timeform after his abbreviated 1975 campaign .
the oldfield mare ( hale ' s bay turk ) old lady mare ( st . martin ) young lady mare ( pert ) look at me lads ( newton ' s bay arabian ) young look at me lads ( grasshopper [ ancaster ] ) starling mare ( starling [ ancaster ] ) mayfly ( matchem ) brunette ( amaranthus ) berenice ( alexander ) . . . . . 14 - d boadicea ( alexander ) etiquette ( orville ) | maid of honor ( champion ) | honoria ( camel ) . . . . . 14 - f | daphne ( laurel ) | pantaloon mare ( pantaloon ) | chaperon ( flatcatcher ) | wallflower ( rataplan ) | eye pleaser ( brown bread ) | gaze ( thuringian prince ) | admiration ( saraband ) . . . . . 14 - b | pretty polly ( gallinule ) . . . . . 14 - c bertha ( rubens ) . . . . . 14 - e banter ( master henry ) . . . . . 14 - a
c m prior records her corrected pedigree , collated from the duke of ancaster ' s stud book as :
chestnut mare , probably called young look at me lads , bred by the duke of ancaster in 174 - , got by ancaster grasshopper ( son of panton ' s crab ) , out of look at me lads ( chestnut , 1731 ) by sir michael newton ' s bay arabian , out of ( young ) lady mare ( chestnut ) by old pert ( son of champion ) , her dam ( old ) lady mare by st martin , out of the oldfield mare , who was got by sir edward hale ' s bay turk
[ history of the racing calendar and stud - book : 70 ] .
the general stud book entry for miss romp ( or romp ) has confused her dam , merlin mare , with the merlin mare of family 28 . her correct pedigree , above , is recorded in the duke of ancaster ' s stud book [ early records : 92 ] .
sally was got by blank ; her dam by ward ( son of mr panton ' s crab )
[ pick 1 : 238 ] . she was described in a letter from thomas panton to sir edward o ' brien ,
the only mare in england worth your having is my friend mr naylor ' s four year old [ sally ( 1755 ) by blank ] who is very near full sister to lottery , she is fifteen hands and a half and mistress of any weight
[ early records : 157 ] .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
for the dankaros , there couldn’t have been a better way for the government to remember and appreciate the selfless services their father rendered to nigerian football . indeed the decision by government to name the magnificent building after the late industrialist did not attract cat - calls from the public because a similar posthumous honour had been bestowed on some of his contemporaries . a good example is the luis edet house which is the headquarters of the nigeria police force named after the first indigenous inspector - general of police .
as the first indigenous chairman of the then nigeria football association , beginning from 1974 to 1980 , he led the country to her first victory in the africa nations cup in 1980 . the then green eagles captained by christian chukwu defeated algeria 2 - 0 at the surulere stadium lagos .
the family is indeed grateful to the president of nigeria , dr . goodluck ebele jonathan , other well meaning nigerians and the football fraternity for considering their father worthy of the honour seven years after his demise in 2006 .
arch . aliyu said the honour is a befitting way to celebrate the legacies of his late father and to assure all that although he is not alive to reap the fruits of his labour , he is living large in the hearts of nigerians .
he said “this is a big honour and beautiful tribute to our father , seven years after his death . celebrating our father’s life and huge legacy means he still lives . i believe his soul would be smiling where he is resting with the lord” .
“we are happy to see our father’s name beautifully adorning the nation’s all - important football house . we are indeed very grateful to president goodluck jonathan and vice president namadi sambo –who performed the ceremony” .
he said it is not every nigerian that can get such special recognition even in death . “i am very close to the family and i can tell you that every one of them is excited . the general feeling is that their father’s labour did not go in vain .
please include a contact number if you are willing to speak to a daily trust journalist .
if you are happy to be contacted by a daily trust journalist please leave a telephone number that we can contact you on . in some cases a selection of your comments will be published , displaying your name as you provide it and location , unless you state otherwise . your contact details will never be published . when sending us pictures , video or eyewitness accounts at no time should you endanger yourself or others , take any unnecessary risks or infringe any laws . please ensure you have read the terms and conditions .
for inquiries related to this message please contact support . for sales inquiries , please visit urltoken
if you believe this to be in error , please confirm below that you are not a robot by clicking
i ' m not a robot
below .
please make sure your browser supports javascript and cookies and that you are not blocking them from loading . for more information you can review the terms of service and cookie policy .
our story is pretty simple so i ' ll keep it short and sweet . michael and i met in church when we were 13 / 14 . we didn ' t talk all that much , only really when we were around our group of friends but i remember thinking how funny he was . funny but annoying !
over the years we became pretty good friends as we discovered how much we had in common : similar tastes in music , instruments , our views on a lot of stuff and our almost the same ( but poor michael missed out on the better day ) birthdays . p . s . it ' s the 8th and 9th of june in case you ' re wondering .
it wasn ' t like we spoke to or saw each other all the time ( especially during our uni years ) but when we did we certainly enjoyed each other ' s company .
i ' m not sure what changed and when exactly things changed but one summer we started to like each other . and i guess everyone saw it before we did because we got quite a few i - knew - its and saw - that - comings when we finally got together .
i remember when michael first told me how he felt . it was a chilly october day and we ' d just spent the day hanging out ( at that point he hadn ' t said how he felt yet so i was taking it to be a semi - friendly hang out ) . we went for a walk at the reservoir by my house and took some pictures and then we had some food after . he dropped me off and before he left he said he had something to tell me . he was really nervous and it took him forever to spit it out . finally he told me how he felt and i told him i felt the same way .
we took time to pray about it and then embarked on this journey we ' re on now . i thank god for his leading in our lives and for bringing me the most wonderful , handsome , caring , funny guy to share my life with , my best friend , michael .
my self and samira met early in our teenage years in church . i can remember her then being so calm / quiet .
we spoke on few occassions amongst friends , and mostly when i made fun of her and her sisters a lot - ( i was the annoying guy ) .
we were good friends as the years grew by and became involved in like minded things which strenghtened our friendship and communication .
we became buds with loads in common including celebrating birthdays a day apart on same month also played a part with our friendship .
we still kept in contact during and after our university years . i could remember her always telling me to move back home so we can hang out more , as we had a bucket list of things we wanted to do as friends which involved going on camping trips , jamming together on our guitars , seeing bands we both enjoyed and so many more .
in regards to how we really got hitched together and what really happened , well you ' ve heard samira ' s part of the story and as you know there ' s got to be a plot twist somewhere or something not adding up somewhere so i ' ll have to save it for my speech .
sign up below and we ' ll remind you a month before the wedding to check back for all the details you need to know .
created on the knot , designed by wedding paper divas . getting married ? create your wedding website for free .
owner : breeder breeder : m . boussac winnings : 8 starts : 4 - 2 - 1 prix lupin ( fr - g1 ) , prix daru ( g2 ) , prix greffulhe ( g2 ) , prix de cabourg ; 2nd prix du jockey club ( g1 ) ; 3rd king george vi & queen elizabeth diamond s . ( g1 ) ( to dahlia ) sire and died young at stud in 1976 leaving only 19 named foals behind . ( close )
the new secretariat , which was commissioned in 2014 during the tenure of alhaji aminu maigari , had faced one controversial circumstances or the other .
“it is true that so much has been said about the new secretariat , especially the anxiety over the relocation . as you can see , renovation work is still ongoing there and though there is still scarcity of fund , i am very sure that we will park into the secretariat latest the second quarter this year . we are expectedly looking at june , ” he said .
similarly , the general secretary of the federation , dr . mohammed sanusi said the just concluded africa nations cup had afforded the federation the opportunity to get first - hand information and knowledge of the fifa world cup group opponents .
according to him : “it was painful that the super eagles did not participate in afcon tournament . yes , every team , including algeria that did not do well in the tournament is still a big threat , but the good thing is that the tournament has given us the opportunity to have first - hand knowledge of the teams in our group . ”
“i am very happy that our technical adviser was invited as a pundit for the competition . when he wrote requesting for permission to honour the invitation , we did not waste time in accepting because , it will also give him the opportunity to appraise the technicalities of our opponents individually and collectively .
“some of us observing outside the pitch of play have been able to access the teams very well to know who is who among the players . by and large , we will say that the tournament has afforded us the opportunity to know more about the opponents in our group , ” he said .
wole balogun , ado ekiti the inspector general of police , mr . ibrahim idris , has vowed to dismiss any officer caught in cohort with politicians in acts geared towards manipulating the july 14 election in ekiti state . idris , who was speaking in ado ekiti during a lecture organised for divisional police officers ( dpos ) and other officers and…
adewale sanyaolu , abuja the nigerian national petroleum corporation ( nnpc ) , wednesday , said it is presently discussing with the world bank to determine the actual daily premium motor spirit ( pms ) consumption of nigeria . mr henry obih , the chief operating officer , downstream , nnpc said this at a panel section at the ongoing 2018 nigerian oil and gas conference…
the fifa recognised chairman of the nigeria football federation ( nff ) , amaju pinnick , has asked a court to vacate its order that sacked him from office . following his request , the jos federal high court on wednesday fixed july 10 for hearing of the motions filed by pinnick , challenging the ex parte order it granted chris giwa , …
nkiru odinkemelu to so many people , water is just that natural drink that quenches their thirst . but water does more than just quench your thirst . water is colourless and tasteless . it does not contain sugar or flavor , like other drinks , yet the world health organisation ( who ) describes it as a basic nutrient of the human body , …
nan the kaduna state environmental protection authority ( kepa ) has alerted residents of the state to the dangerous chemicals emitting from raging fire incident into the environment . mr yusuf rigasa , the kepa general manager , raised the alarm on wednesday in kaduna . rigasa said , “there is fire incident at a chemical dump location at no . 9 rafi…
tosin ajirire as afrobeat king , femi anikulapo - kuti is getting ready to host president emmanuel macron tonight at the afrika shrine , ikeja , lagos , he has exclusively opened up to the daily sun on what he would tell the french leader and the kind of songs he would play . you have the french president , emmanuel macron visiting…
olubadan of ibadanland , oba saliu adetunji aje ogungunniso i , and soun of ogbomoso , oba jimoh oyewumi ajagungbade iii , were absent , yesterday , as oyo state governor , abiola ajimobi , presented 36 vehicles to 36 royal fathers across the state . the cars were presented to the monarchs at the governor’s office , beside parliament building , secretariat , ibadan . the programme…
samuel bello , abuja mrs . betty ibi had a heart break last week . it was not about her husband or any of her family members . she had gone to utako market , abuja , with her two expatriate friends to purchase fruits and goat meat . she had wanted to go to the market alone but her friends , desirous…
jeff amechi agbodo , onitsha disturbed by the suffering and harsh treatment being meted out to widows , wife of the bishop on the niger , dr . elsie nonyelum nwokolo has taken up the campaign for the abolition of obnoxious widowhood practices in parts of igboland , beginning with anambra state . to this end , she appealed to the traditional…
give graphic details of bloody attack from jos hospital henry umahi and gyang bere even a heart made of stone will melt at the sight of victims of last weekend’s bloody attack by fulani herdsmen on 11 communities across three local government areas of plateau state . at the jos university teaching hospital ( juth ) , where scores…
damiete braide jacqueline agweh’s schedule is tight as a working class mother , but she remains dauntless in following her passion of creative writing . so far , she has these books to her credit : the brown family , a place for every girl ( 2012 ) , the colour of my tears ( 2014 ) , and a pelican of the wilderness ( 2014 ) . she…
nkiru odinkemelu three - year - old wilfred chisimdiri ugoh has been in agony since his first day on earth . the boy suffers from a congenital heart disease . to correct this and forestall irreversible and life - threatening complications , he needs n10 million for an open heart surgery in an indian hospital . a sight of him immediately tells you that all…
worried by the increasing spate of immoral behaviour among students , the university women association ( uwa ) , university of nigeria , nsukka recently organised a sensitization workshop to educate students on expected good moral conducts in the university . in his remarks at the workshop , the vice chancellor of the university , prof benjamin ozumba urged students to spend their…
after a successful run in lagos , the critically acclaimed musical , fela and the kalakuta queens , opened in abuja on friday june 8 , 2018 , courtesy of the mtn foundation and bolanle austen - peters production ( bap ) . fela and the kalakuta queens is a demonstration of the rich cultural heritage that nigeria is blessed with . the play , which tells…
law mefor “the heights by great men reached and kept were not attained by sudden flight , but they , while their companions slept , were toiling upward in the night . ” – henry wadsworth longfellow six years ago , the och’idoma , agabaidu elias ikoyi obekpa , and the idoma kingdom rolled out the drums to honour dr . goodluck ebele jonathan , …
“i want to share my testimony in your column because i am very convinced of the manifestation of the divine power of god via the use of some of your oils . i had total blockage in my business to the extent that to eat became a serious problem . i sold all i had and started…
i wrote on polygamy twice in the last five weeks in my eleven – part series on the bible , almighty god and i . these were on may 30 and june 6 and the reactions to the two articles came from nine readers . a big difference from the situation in 2009 when i first wrote on…
emma okocha these are interesting times in nigeria . in many ways , they are troubling times . but if history teaches anything , it is that trouble can be opportunity . the apparent threat to human progress by extant reality in nigeria could be the point of surge for progress , or , if inappropriately handled , the curvature from which we…
humphrey c . nsofor the people of ebonyi and anambra states have always enjoyed a wonderful relationship . it could not have been better . the media war , which the government of engineer dave umahi of ebonyi state launched against anambra state over the renaming of the hitherto obscure abakaliki street in awka is gratuitous and serves no…
when news broke last week of the massacre of more than 150 women , children , and men in remote communities of plateau state , everyone turned their attention to president muhammadu buhari for his explanation of how the mass murder of citizens on such a scale could take place in a country that is not at war… .
nigeria is at war with itself . like chickens , nigerians face the knife everyday . as a young adult , never in my life have i been this scared . the closest i have had was in 1993 - 1994 , when the election of moshood abiola was annulled . today , nigerians are poorer , more wretched , frustrated and now harbour suicidal thoughts . this…
he was president of the glamour boys of nigeria—a group of upwardly mobile young professionals who ruled the night and made waves at the old niteshift club in ikeja , lagos , where ken - caleb olumese once held sway as a self - styled “guv’nor . ” for a graduate of industrial mathematics who veered into sports writing , entertainment journalism and ended…
twenty - four hours to super eagles’ last group match against argentina on tuesday , which , eventually , ended the national team’s campaign at the world cup in russia , one post on facebook , and the reactions therein , attracted my attention . it was an expression of wish by a versatile journalist , emeka alex - duru , perhaps , borne out of frustration that the…
take advantage of our impressive statistics , advertise your brands and products on this site . get in touch . for print / online adverts inquires : 09070051404
her jewellery can be summed up as bold , eclectic and at the same time luxurious and elegant , a balance that is often difficult to maintain .
additionally , her work has been featured in in style , vogue , cosmo , ok ! magazine , hello , and los angeles magazine , a feat most designers can only dream of .
while some people know from the moment they are born what their destiny will entail , others fall into their calling by mistake , more like a game of chances , which is exactly what happened to tata , who is currently hitting international waves with her jewellery .
although she was always drawn to the arts from a young age , and even ended up studying industrial design / graphic arts at ahmadu bello university in nigeria , and then later graphic designs at university of california , los angeles ( ucla ) , it was not until she was forced by circumstances to take up a job as a jewellery assistant that she discovered her purpose in life .
“after i graduated in 1996 , i found it difficult to find a job , all the available jobs seemed to want experience , which i didn’t have . interestingly , the only job i could get was as a beader for wendy brigode in 1996 , and i ended up working for her for the next seven years , ” she recalls .
here she got a lot of exposure and learnt how to work with different metals . she also began creating her own personal designs after noticing a gap in the market . she would go out in search of unique jewellery pieces and often return empty handed , and that was what inspired her to start creating jewellery . this marked the beginning of her career in the jewellery design market .
“at the time , i did not know how big it would grow . i would make jewellery and sell it at street fairs for as little as seven dollars . i would also sell to friends and family and slowly the order began to expand and at this point , tebazile was born , ” says elizabeth .
“there is a lot of competition and the fear that everything will not work out haunts you ; you tend to easily get frustrated when everything does not happen as fast as you want . when i started , i did not have anyone to help me with orders . i also did not know how to market myself .
i thought the only way to penetrate the market and make a name for myself was through celebrities . i would give them my jewellery for free , but it become too much of a hustle . i knew time was nigh to change my strategy , ” she adds .
elizabeth got her first huge break in 2004 when her jewellery was featured in instyle magazine .
“after my jewellery appeared in the magazine , i got so many orders . at that time , i only had an assistant who helped me with the beading while i did everything else . it was a very busy time for me . i would be up very early and work until very late in the night , ” says elizabeth .
however , the hype and exposure would only last for a while as a new issue of the magazine followed with a new list of designers .
“as a designer , you cannot rely only magazines only . you need to work hard and create your fan base . when i got my first magazine appearance , it was an exciting time and i got so many orders . soon after , things quietened down . at first i thought the only way i could grow my business was through appearances in magazines , but i now realise that being featured is good , but it is more important to work on creating your brand and let your work speak for itself , ” says elizabeth .
los angeles lures great design talent from around the world , especially when it comes to jewellery , but what makes elizabeth’s designs stand out is her approach . she mixes utilitarian chic with her african influence to create exquisite modern jewellery .
her jewellery incorporates her passion for bold chunky stones with vibrant colours and metals that have clean lines , a combination that mirrors her roots in graphic design .
“i love to use gems from diverse places like china , india and brazil . turquoise onyx and a variety of agate , are signature elements often found woven throughout my collection , with accents of wood or leather , ” says elizabeth .
elizabeth’s eye for designing unique and wearable pieces has led to a jewellery line that is highly sought after in africa , europe and the united states .
in 2010 , she launched her company’s first showroom in accra , ghana and was commissioned to design and create , both the miss nigeria and miss ghana , pageant crowns . her products have also been featured at the prestigious south african fashion week . she has consistently featured in international magazines .
and like every artist needs a source of inspiration , elizabeth says her inspiration is god .
“whenever i am designing a new line and i do it on my own , i always get a creative block , but once i go and rest in god’s presence , everything just falls in place . you can be gifted but gifts can only take you to a certain point but god can take you all the way . i got saved in my high school days , but in the last three years , i discovered him afresh . it has been a real walk with god , ” says elizabeth .
how does she describe her designs ? “tebazile is elizabeth spelt backwards , and the essence of tebazile is the reflection of the strength in god’s female expression . this is the ability to exceed old boundaries of defined beauty , without giving offence , rather establishing a strong desire in others to explore till they find their full potential . it is for the assertive woman , who seeks a level of quality , sophistication with soul and individuality . ”
“the end of a marriage is difficult to deal with and women who go through divorce or separation often feel like failures . i have reached a point in my life where i am at peace . marriage is a wonderful institution and who knows , maybe one day it may happen for me again , but i am at a place where i am complete in god . if marriage does not happen again , i am still okay , ” says elizabeth .
what is her plan for kenya ? “my plan is to show the beauty of tebazille . i officially launched my jewellery line in kenya in september at sankara , and it is now available at mimi collection .
natalie was previously the executive headteacher of two primary free schools in west london , the west london free school primary and the earl ' s court free school primary . she has been on the same journey as us in starting a school from scratch .
jayde is another of our fantastic founding class teachers , and she leads hawking class . jayde’s background prior to joining the staff team at walthamstow primary academy was in supporting children with special educational needs , and she is passionate about using this insight to ensure all our children receive the experiences and support they need to make great progress within our highly supportive environment .
jazmin joined the wpa team in october 2017 . she previously worked as eyfs coordinator for a breakfast and after school club provider within local schools , supporting children with meeting their age related expectations and also supporting a child with autism . jazmin believes that every individual can reach their full potential in a safe and encouraging environment .
autumn joined the wpa team in november 2017 . she has many years’ experience supporting children in a variety of environments , including residential homes and special education needs schools . autumn , a qualified nursery nurse , has a helpful manner and gentle approach to help our children have a positive mealtime experience .
annie has been working with children since leaving full time education and finds them a joy and inspiration . prior to joining the staff team at walthamstow primary academy , annie was working in the independent sector teaching ks1 . annie is passionate that every child reaches their full potential and is given the opportunities and support to succeed .
leanne joined walthamstow primary academy in september 2017 as an administrative assistant . she provides valuable support to the business manager and headteacher and is the first point of contact when making enquiries in person or on the telephone . she has enjoyed working with children since 2008 , and has a caring approach to children ' s needs .
pembe joined walthamstow primary academy in january 2018 after completing two years of training to become a teaching assistant . during her training , pembe worked with children with a range of different needs and found it extremely rewarding . she believes it is important to support children in all areas ; social development , emotional wellbeing and academically , for them to reach their full potential .
charlotte has been at walthamstow primary academy since september 2015 . she joined the team as a nursery nurse and has progressed to being a member of the leadership team . charlotte led wpa to successfully achieving the healthy schools london bronze award and leads on p . e . within the school . incredibly dedicated to her role , charlotte is passionate that every child is given every chance to succeed at school .
razia has joined us as lunchtime support assistant and also plays a key role running intervention groups . razia is passionate about ensuring lunch and play time are an enjoyable and a pleasant experience for the children and is tireless in her efforts to support the class teachers with their intervention groups .
the school is part of united learning . united learning comprises : ucst ( registered in england no : 2780748 . charity no . 1016538 ) and ult ( registered in england no . 4439859 . an exempt charity ) . companies limited by guarantee . vat number 834 8515 12 . registered address : united learning , worldwide house , thorpe wood , peterborough , pe3 6sb . tel : 01832 864 444
comtesse de loir ( 1971 – after 1993 ) was a french thoroughbred racehorse and broodmare . in her three - year racing career , she won only one important race , the prix saint - alary in 1974 . but was placed in numerous major events including the criterium des pouliches , prix de diane , prix vermeille , prix de l ' arc de triomphe ( twice ) , prix ganay , canadian international stakes and washington d c international . her performance in the 1973 arc , when she was beaten a head by allez france , saw her rated the best three - year - old of either sex to race in europe that year .
comtesse de loir was a
lightly - made , quite attractive
[ 2 ] bay mare with no white markings bred in france by souren vanian . she was one of the best horses sired by val de loir who won the prix du jockey club in 1962 . comtesse de loir ' s dam neriad won only one minor race in the united states , but became a highly influential broodmare , whose descendants included miesque , good ba ba , kingmambo and east of the moon . [ 3 ]
as a yearling , the filly was offered for sale at deauville and bought for ₣ 180 , 000by representatives of the american financier george ohrstrom . [ 1 ] [ 4 ] she was sent into training with john cunnington and ridden in all her major races by jean - claude desaint .
comtesse de loir began her career as a racehorse by winning a race for newcomers over 1600 metres at longchamp racecourse in september , beating val divine by one and a half lengths . on 7 october , the filly was moved up sharply in class to contest the group one criterium des pouliches over the same course and distance . ridden by desaint she started at odds of 5 . 25 / 1 in a field of seventeen runners including challengers from britain and ireland . she had no chance with the winner hippodamia but held on to take second ahead of la tulipe and polygamy . [ 1 ]
in her first two starts as a three - year - old , comtesse de loir finished fifth behind paddy ' s princess in the prix de la grotte over 1600 metres at longchamp and third behind rose bed in the prix chloe over 1800 metres at évry . the filly was moved up in distance for the group one prix saint alary over 2000 metres at longchamp on 26 may . ridden by desaint , she started a 16 / 1 outsider against thirteen opponents including hippodamia , la tulipe , paddy ' s princess , rose bed , dumka ( winner of the poule d ' essai des pouliches ) and pale ale ( prix penelope ) . comtesse de loir was among the leaders from the start before taking the lead 400 metres from the finish ( when she had
the race at her mercy
) and went clear to win by two and a half lengths and three quarters of a length from hippodamia and la tulipe . three weeks later , the filly started 9 / 2 favourite for the prix de diane over 2100 metres at chantilly racecourse . hippodamia , la tulipe , paddy ' s princess , rose bed and dumka were again in opposition as well as the irish 1000 guineas winner gaily , but her most serious rival in the betting was the british filly highclere , the winner of the 1000 guineas . comtesse de loir took a narrow lead 200 metres from the finish but was overtaken in the closing stages and finished second , two lengths behind highclere , and half a length ahead of the 29 / 1 outsider odisea . [ 5 ]
after a summer break , comtesse de loir returned for the group one prix vermeille over 2400 metres at longchamp on 22 september in which she started second favourite behind daniel wildenstein ' s paulista , a filly who had won the prix minerve , prix de psyche and prix de la nonette . comtesse de loir looked fit to run before the race and finished strongly but proved no match for paulista and was beaten into second place by four lengths . two weeks later , over the same course and distance , the filly started a 53 / 1 outsider for the 53rd running of france ' s most prestigious race , the prix de l ' arc de triomphe . under a hard ride from desaint , comtesse de loir produced a strong run in the straight to challenge the odds - on favourite allez france in the last 100 metres . at the finishing post , comtesse de loir finished a head behind the older mare and clear of many notable performers including paulista , sagaro and highclere . timeform described her performance as
a revelation
. [ 5 ]


a bolas spider is any of several species of orb-weaver spider that , instead of spinning the typical web , hunt by using a sticky ' capture blob ' of silk on the end of a line , known as a ' bolas ' .

by swinging the bolas at flying male moths or moth flies nearby , the spider may snag its prey rather like a fisherman snagging a fish on a hook .

because of this , they are also called angling or fishing spiders ( although the remotely related genus dolomedes is also called a fishing spider ) .

the prey is lured to the spider by the production of up to three pheromone-analogues .

bolas spider

how big is the bolas spider ? the size of the bolas spider ranges with females reaching about 15mm and males only 2mm .
what do the bolas spider eat ? what is its prey ? the bolas spider catches and eats moths , month flies and other flying insects .
hutchinson , c . e . ( 1903 ) . a bolas throwing spider .
facts and information about the bolas spider did you know the following facts about the arachnid commonly known as the bolas spider ? description and key features for spider identification . the easy way to identify spiders !
bolas spiders have lots of other interesting tricks . for example , sometimes they use a passive bolas technique , spinning a horizontal line and hanging several bolas’ below it .
detailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the bolas spider .
eberhard , w . g . ( 1977 ) . aggressive chemical mimicry by a bolas spider .
the natural history and behavior of the bolas spider mastophora dizzydeani sp . n . ( araneidae )
the natural history and behavior of the bolas spider mastophora dizzydeani sp . n . ( araneidae )
view image of a bolas spider ( ordgarius furcatus ) ( credit : jiri lochman / naturepl . com )
the bolas spider catches its prey by lobbing at it a length of silk tipped by a sticky glob .
morphology of different silk materials produced by the bolas spider mastophora sp . ( araneae , araneid . . .
there are three species of bolas spider found in eastern australia : the magnificent spider , ordgarius magnificus , o . furcatus , and o . monstrosus .
to see a female bolas spider in action , check out this video clip from david attenborough’s “life in the undergrowth” series . ( the bolas spider segment starts at 3 : 00 , but the first few minutes about the redback spider are also worth a watch ! )
information on the bolas spider ( mastophora hutchinsoni ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
eberhard , w . 1977 . aggressive chemical mimicry by a bolas spider . science , 198 : 1173 - 1175 .
excellent and exciting description of an amazing spider ! wow that bolas line is strong , holding tight the fluttering moth .
does the bolas spider have good eyesight ? generally speaking the bolas spider has very good eyesight in order to catch its prey , they also have a good sense of hearing and some can hear when a flying insect is close by .
eberhard , w . b . aggressive chemical mimicry by a bolas spider . science 198 , 1173–1175 ( 1977 ) .
the bolas spider is only dangerous to your local moth , or whatever other insect just happened to fly into the neighborhood - - bolas spiders see very well , and will attempt to lasso any bugs that fly by . no complications from bolas have ever been reported .
in this highlight from bang goes the theory , jem collects spider silk from a golden orb spider . the spider wasn ' t harmed .
the bolas spider uses a droplet of strong adhesive on the end of a strand of silk to snag moths from midair .
bolas spider identification - what does it look like ? the bolas spider is an unusually looking spider , their abdomens are a very lumpy shape that almost looks like bird poo . this allows them to hide in plane site without being disturbed by predators . they are also a brown in colour .
the magnificent spider , as one of the bolas spider group , has evolved a highly sophisticated way of capturing prey using a single line of sticky silk to capture moths .
there are many different spiders which can be found in every region of the world . this article provides details , facts and information about the bolas spider including what the bolas spider looks like , it ' s description , classification , what it likes to eat and what are its natural enemies . there are also facts and information about the size of the bolas spider the habitat in which it lives and an indication of how long it might live . everything you wanted to know about the bolas spider - facts and info for kids , children and their teachers and for everyone interested in the facts about the bolas spider .
the sticky lure of the bolas spider attracts prey thanks to a coating that smells like the female sex pheromone of certain moths .
the bolas spider is the arthropod version of the gaucho . rather than spinning a web and waiting for a hapless insect to blunder into it , the bolas spider takes a more active approach . this eight - legged caballero makes biological bolas and brandishes them with dazzling skill and speed to rival the best gaucho on the south american plain .
female m . cornigera hunting with her bolas . ( photo : matt coors )
yeargan , k . v . ( 1994 ) . biology of bolas spiders .
, the bolas spider , probably venomous to humans ; many species make no webs but instead wait for prey to stumble into them .
contents of egg sacs of a bolas spider , mastophora sp . ( araneae , araneidae ) , infested with a parasi . . .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive video - bolas spider - overview
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive video - bolas spider - overview
title =
arkive video - bolas spider - overview
border =
0
/ > < / a >
today we take a look at the bolas spider , 66 species of tiny , nocturnal spiders from africa , the americas and southeast asia .
1987 . chemical mimicry : bolas spiders emit components of moth prey species sex pheromones .
yeargan kv ( 1994 ) biology of bolas spiders . annu rev entomol 39 : 81–99
the bolas spider ' s abdomen helps it lure prey into its delicate , hanging lines of silk , each strand tipped with a weighty ball .
the bolas spider dangles a glob of glue at the end of a line of silk . this is where they get their name from , the
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - bolas spider ( mastophora hutchinsoni )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - bolas spider ( mastophora hutchinsoni )
title =
arkive species - bolas spider ( mastophora hutchinsoni )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
the spider’s ‘bolas’ differs in that it never leaves its owner’s grip , and works by getting stuck to the target , which is invariably a moth .
their persistence pays off . a bolas spider in the genus mastophora captures about two moths per night ( they feed on other insects , too ) .
fact four - male bolas spiders hunt by grabbing their prey while sitting at the edge of leaves , its believed that they don ' t make bolas because they would dry them selves out .
gemeno , c . , yeargan , k . v . , and haynes , k . f . ( 2000 ) . aggressive chemical mimicry by the bolas spider
leroy , j . - m . , jocque , r . , and leroy , a . ( 1998 ) . on the behavior of the african bolas spider
i even tried to shoot video of the hunting bolas spider . my efforts were rewarded with a few short video segments of her hunting . the first video shows her spinning her bolas , pulling out silk and glue to fashion her bolas . this part takes quite a while , if you stick with it she eventually re - positions herself , holding the completed bolas below . near the end of this segment she tosses it at a moth , but misses .
on a few nights i saw the bolas spider hanging with her legs spread , but without a bolas . perhaps she was still emitting her pheromone lure because on at least two occasions i saw moths approach her in this pose . i never saw her capture a moth without a bolas , so i don’t know for sure if this is what she was doing .
so far , we’ve discovered some of the adult female bolas spider’s secrets to success , but what about juveniles and males ? they don’t use a bolas , but they are no less stealthy and deceitful than their counterparts . young bolas spiders are also employ aggressive chemical mimicry to attract prey , but they specialize on male moth flies in the family psychodidae . each bolas spider species is especially attractive to a particular species of moth flies . it appears to be a pleasing coincidence that small bolas spiders prey on moth flies until they graduate to real moths . whether or not the sex pheromones of the psychodids captured by each spider are similar to those of moths they specialize on is currently a mystery .
bolas spiders are among the most remarkable spiders in the world . these odd animals are in the family
yeargan kv , quate lw ( 1996 ) juvenile bolas spiders attract psychodid flies . oecologia 106 : 266–271
spider exterminators - pest control generally speaking , people do not like spiders especially bolas spiders and most of all , do not want them in their homes ! there are many forms of pest control and ways to exterminate spiders such as bolas spiders . there are spider exterminators , services , spider zappers , spider traps , spider repeller , spider catchers , spider traps for the removal and extermination process . advice is available on subjects such as pest controls , pest prevention , spider catchers , spider exterminators and how to kill spiders like bolas spiders . some people would like to eliminate spiders from there homes completely , this can be very difficult as an open window on a summers day will allow spiders in , even opening your front door when entering and leaving will allow pesky spiders in . it is very easy to get rid of bolas spiders by catching them yourself . its best not to kill spiders as they are very important in controlling the level of other insects that are pests .
we have been very lucky to have found bolas spiders in our rural ohio yard . back in 2001 we found females of the cornfield bolas spider , mastophora hutchinsoni . since that time we have found this species hunting in our yard on a number of different years .
martina g . ramirez , celina m . oliveri , dina mismar , amy barsoum , and jasmin abdulla , “ spiderling sex ratio and maternal investment in the bolas spider
the bolas spider dangles a strand of silk with a glob of strong adhesive on the end . as the moth approaches , it swings the glob in a circle .
rather than spinning a web and waiting for a hapless insect to blunder into it , the bolas spider takes a more active approach . this eight - legged caballero makes biological bolas and brandishes them with dazzling skill and speed to rival the best gaucho on the south american plain .
the bolas spiders can be found from new hampshire to minnesota to the southern states and west to california .
marbled spider genus and species : araneus marmoreus pictured below is the marbled spider , araneus marmoreus . this large , colorful spider is common in urban areas , and is over 1 / 2
long .
male bolas spiders are simply too tiny to use their own bolas . instead , they stick their legs out from the side of a leaf and grab hold of tiny flies . this is also what the babies do , so it may be the case that whatever tiny bolas they could produce would simply dry up too quickly .
vladimir a . basiuk , “morphology of different silk materials produced by the bolas spider mastophora sp . ( araneae , araneidae ) from central mexico : a scanning electron microscopy study , ”
now we get to appreciate their varied abilities for other reasons . consider just one group , the bolas spiders .
bolas spiders hunt at night , so their ability to lasso their prey in the dark is even more impressive .
fact two - the bolas spider dose not build a typical web of any kind , instead female create a sticky ball that they swing around and stick to moths and other flying insects .
this week we ' ll be taking a look at the bolas spider - - one in an irregular sub - series i intend to do concerning spiders with
alternative
hunting methodologies .
the common name ‘bolas spider’ is not particularly accurate , though . a real bolas – two or more weights connected by cord – is swung and thrown at an animal ( like a horse , in the image below ) in its entirety , and works by getting tangled around the legs of the target .
classification of the bolas spider species of spiders are classified according to shared physical characteristics . spider taxonomy is the science of finding , describing , classifying and naming organisms in a hierarchical system . this method of classification helps when a description of 40 , 000 spiders is required ! the organization of living things have seven major categories : kingdom , phylum , class , order , family , genus , species . the classification of the bolas spider is as follows :
the bolas spider has a solution . their bolas is covered in watery stuff that flows through the scales so that glue in the middle can stick onto the actual moth underneath . it ' s evil genius stuff ! but it ' s even worse because bolas spiders release pheromones to attract excited male moths hoping to get lucky with a nice female . they get eaten instead . still by a female though , so they were half right !
but here ' s the kicker : bolas spiders are extremely specialized ; each moth species produces a different pheromone , and bolas spiders produce the specific pheromones for the specific moth species on which they predate . so if you took an american bola spider to australia , or vice versa , the spiders would starve . but it gets better : some species of bolas spiders even have the ability to customize their pheromone output depending on food availability .
the bolas spider employs her line to catch flying moths . mark stowe and tonia hsieh have shown that the ball of glue actually has a long thin silk line coiled within . when the spider tosses her bolas the line unwinds and wraps around the moth . this is a very strong line with adhesive glue , and if successfully deployed , it will hold a large moth desperately trying to fly away .
a bolas spider doesn ' t build a web . it slings a single line of silk across a gap and waits on it , dangling another piece of silk with a sticky glob at the end .
the world spider catalog , version 12 . 0 . american museum of natural history
the egg sacs of o . magnificus are much larger than the spider herself :
in the image below , a fishing spider is eating a tadpole in gabon .
bolas spider s ( mastophora , ordgarius ) release a single thread with a sticky droplet at the end and hold it with one leg . some species swing this “bola , ” and others throw it when a moth approaches . male moths are attracted to this spider by its odour , which…
and that should just about do it for the bolas spider ! i ' m not sure what ' s going to happen next week , since i ' ll be in yearly kos - - but i ' ll try to do some spider blogging from las vegas if at all possible .
adult female bolas spiders have a unique hunting tactic that combines aggressive chemical mimicry of the sex pheromone blends of their prey moths with a specialized weapon ( the bolas ) and behaviors to capture attracted male moths . this report shows that female bolas spiders can release the attractive allomone before they make the bolas and that females detect moth wing vibrations from attracted prey . in response to this detection , females initiate the construction of a bolas . this ability to sample for prey presence may allow this predator to adapt its hunting activity to the temporal and spatial availability of its prey and , thereby , may reduce the constraints associated with extreme prey specialization .
infestation by a parasitic wasp , arachnophaga sp . ( insecta , eupelmidae ) on the eggs of a bolas spid . . .
bolas spiders aren ' t just strange in the way they hunt . their reproductive cycle is also a little on the strange side .
spinnerets : used in the production of spider silk for fashioning webs or catching prey .
barth fg ( 2002 ) a spider’s world : senses and behavior . springer , berlin
late - stage immature and adult female bolas spider s in the genus mastophora are known to produce some of the same components of the sex - attractant pheromone produced by females of some noctuid moths . the spider is active at night and hangs from a horizontal silk line . it produces a vertical thread , which…
the bolas spiders hunt by chemical mimicry , in addition to silk . despite their genetic presence in the araneidae family of orbweb weavers , bolas spiders get their name because they will hang upside - down dangling a sticky ball of silk from one of their legs , like so :
uhl g . ( 2013 ) spider olfaction : attracting , detecting , luring and avoiding . in : nentwig w . ( eds ) spider ecophysiology . springer , berlin , heidelberg
yeargan , k . v . ( 1988 ) . ecology of a bolas spider , mastophora hutchinsoni : phenology , hunting tactics , and evidence for aggressive chemical mimicry . oecologia , 74 ( 4 ) , 524 - 530 . urltoken
vladimir a . basiuk , “contents of egg sacs of a bolas spider , mastophora sp . ( araneae , araneidae ) , infested with a parasitoid wasp , arachnophaga sp . ( insecta , eupelmidae ) : a light microscopy examination , ”
university of kentucky entomology - k . yeargan - exploitation of chemical communication by a spider predator
really interesting , was unaware of this spider until recently , really cool pictures and description .
so what makes bolas spiders unique ? well , all spiders hunt by either either stealth or by trapping their prey in silk - - or some combination of the above , with interesting variations that i ' ll touch on in subsequent weeks . all spiders , that is , except the bolas .
next the spider releases chemicals that imitate the sex pheromones of female moths . male moths come in search of female company ; the spider swings its silky lasso and hauls in a meal .
todd a . blackledge , richard a . cardullo , and cheryl y . hayashi , “polarized light microscopy , variability in spider silk diameters , and the mechanical characterization of spider silk , ”
moth sex pheromones are typically blends of two or more chemical compounds in very specific ratios . the particular chemicals and ratios allow male moths to discriminate between females of their own and other species . if a bolas spider produced just one moth pheromone , they probably wouldn’t do very well , because their diet would be restricted to only a single moth species . it turns out that each species of bolas spider attracts several kinds of male moths , and the best studied of these is mastophora hutchinsoni .
bolas spiders have worldwide distribution ( except europe ) , with three different genera depending on location , as shown above . bolas spiders are quite small - - usually no more than 15mm at their largest - - and are strangely shaped , with bulbous , irregular abdomens , sometimes featuring knobs of varing shapes :
a common european garden spider , araneus diadematus ( araneidae ) , on her orb - web .
spider silk : evolution and 400 million years of spinning , waiting , snagging , and mating .
like an angler snagging a fish , the spider then reels in its catch of the day .
spiders are ordinarily solitary critters , but sometimes… science news – enormous spider web found in texas .
, the orb weavers . but unlike the majority of species in this large family , they do not build an orb web . instead , they hang in a very simple trapeze of silk just below a branch in a tree or shrub . they prepare for their hunt by spinning one silk line with a droplet of glue at the tip . this is their bolas . after preparing the bolas , they wait , hanging in mid air below the branch for a moth to come by , holding their bolas line in one of their front legs . when a moth approaches , they toss the bolas to snare the moth .
stowe mk , tumlinson jh , heath rr ( 1987 ) chemical mimicry : bolas spiders emit components of moth prey species sex pheromones . science 236 : 964–967
eberhard , w . g . ( 1980 ) . the natural history and behavior of the bolas spider mastophora dizzydeani sp . n . ( araneidae ) . psyche : a journal of entomology , 87 ( 3 - 4 ) , 143 - 169 . urltoken
haynes , k . f . et al . aggressive chemical mimicry of moth pheromones by a bolas spider : how does this specialist predator attract more than one species of prey ? chemoecology 12 , 99 - 105 ( 2002 ) . | article | isi |
great post ! ! nice to see ‘spider bytes’ off to such a great start . btw , the estimate of total # of known spider species is up to over 44 , 000 – > see urltoken
view image of a thomisus onustus crab spider ( credit : aviplot , cc by 2 . 0 )
here’s where the bolas spiders start to get really fancy . let’s join an m . hutchinsoni female for a night of hunting , and learn some of her secrets .
a spider lures two moth species to their doom by mimicking both their sex pheromones , researchers have discovered . the spider changes the blend through the night , to attract species that are active at different times .
view image of a peacock spider maratus nicromaculatus ( credit : graham wise , cc by 2 . 0 )
for jerome “dizzy” dean , one of the greatest baseball pitchers of all time ) , but to fully appreciate the wonders of bolas spider biology , we must delve into the secret lives of these aromatic and cryptic spiders . they are masters of deception , both olfactory and visual .
my favorite is the bolas spider which we have right here in alabama . they hunt for moths at night by dangling a single strand of silk which has a blob of stickum on the end - something like fishermen with bait and a hook on the end of the line .
on one evening i was able to take a photo of the bolas spider before she had completely wrapped her prey . it turned out that this photo was sufficient for john gilligan to provide me with an identification of the moth ( greater black - lettered dart , xestia dolosa ) .
soon , another hapless male moth picks up the scent and starts winging towards the bolas spider . when her sensory hairs tell her the time is just right , she takes a swing at the approaching moth and connects . although the moth struggles , shedding scales in its effort to escape , the wet stickiness of the bolas holds it fast . the spider reels the moth in and delivers a fatal venomous bite . she waits a few moments , then wraps her prize in swathes of silk and hangs it carefully from her trapeze line to eat later . the night is young , and the moths will continue flying for some hours yet . the bristly cutworms will remain active until 22 : 30 . our spider builds a fresh bolas , and settles in to wait . gradually , the smell of bristly cutworm sex pheromone coming from the spider fades . the smell never disappears entirely , but is soon faint in comparison to the scent of a female smoky tetanolita . the smoky tetanolita males will come out after 23 : 00 , and our spider will be ready for more deadly deception .
and that does not take long . bolas spiders are masters of deception , mimicking the sex pheromones of female moths and thereby enticing males to their location with these airborne aphrodisiacs .
: identification and quantification of a major prey ' s sex pheromone components in the spider ' s volatile emissions .
after removing a few of the silken structures from branches and leaves and placing them underneath drinking glasses , they soon had an answer . after three days , a tiny spider popped out . silkhenge is a spider egg sac .
i haven ' t begun to exhaust the uses of spider silk by spiders , but i feel obligated to at least mention a few human uses . in many places without modern medicine spider silk is used to bind wounds .
the female cobweb spider wraps her eggs in a silk case and attaches it to a point nearby her web .
schulz s , toft s ( 1993 ) identification of a sex pheromone from a spider . science 260 : 1635–1637
evolutionists say that all life came from a single ancestor , but we know that god created the various kinds of land animals on a single day of creation week ( genesis 1 : 24–25 ) . even if the first ancestors of the bolas spiders didn’t make bolas ( because they weren’t predators yet ) , they were at least endowed by god at creation with the programming for building bolas and adding scents . the fall may have triggered the expression of those abilities so the spider could make a living in a fallen world—and remind humans about the terror of the lord , who is both creator and judge . one thing remains perfectly clear . no random genetic changes could ever cause an orb - weaving spider to evolve into one that could construct and skillfully wield a bola .
hanging from this zipwire like a trapeze artist , females then craft a sticky yoyo - like weapon , known as a bolas , that they fling at moths that fly too close .
the bolas spider will lie there and wave the sticky ball of pheromones back and forth to waft the scent into the air . when a poor unsuspecting moth comes by - - thinking he ' s going to get a mate - - the spider will then throw the
bola
like a lassoo faster than the human eye can see , and will hit the moth with the sticky ball with uncanny accuracy :
but the bolas spider makes up for its unimpressive looks with a very impressive skill . many of us remember learning about argentinian gauchos in geography class . they were south american cowboys who hurled bolas from horseback to bring down cattle or large game . the bolas ( or bola ) is sort of like a lasso , but it has two or three cords with rocks or weighty balls tethered on the end of each . the gauchos would swing the balls in a circle like a lasso , then release them , aiming at the animal’s legs . when the bola hit , the cords would wind around the legs and lash them together to stop the animal in its tracks .
the mouth has several parts . the spider ' s jaws , called the chelicerae , are tipped with fangs , according to entomologists at the university of kentucky . these appendages are used to hold prey while the spider injects venom . behind the jaws are the labium and labrum , which work together to direct food into the spider ' s mouth .
when it comes to silk , bolas spiders are the most economical of eight - legged creatures . their web is just a single strand , stretched from one leaf or twig to another .
it ' s always a little creepy when a spider acquires an unusual skill . so let ' s get creepy !
a spider ' s abdomen is where most of its important internal organs are located , such as the reproductive system , lungs and digestive tract . also on the abdomen are the spinnerets , through which a spider produces its silken web .
view image of a net - casting spider ( deinopis sp . ) ( credit : konrad wothe / naturepl . com )
when the adhesive glob strikes , it sticks fast and the spider reels in its meal like a fish on a line .
clark rj , harland dp , jackson rr ( 2000 ) speculative hunting by an araneophagic salticid spider . behaviour 137 : 1601–1612
gaskett ac ( 2007 ) spider sex pheromones : emission , reception , structures , and function . biol rev 82 : 27–48
: identification and quantification of a major prey’s sex pheromone components in the spider’s volatile emissions . j chem ecol 26 : 1235–1243
yeargan , k . v . , & quate , l . w . ( 1996 ) . juvenile bolas spiders attract psychodid flies . oecologia , 106 ( 2 ) , 266 - 271 . urltoken
llandres , a . l . & rodríguez - gironés , m . a . spider movement , uv reflectance and size , but not spider crypsis , affect the response of honeybees to australian crab spiders . plos one 62 , 1–11 ( 2011 ) .
if you’re not familiar with spider systematics , it might seem odd that two groups of spiders that look so different and have such different prey - capture techniques share the amazing ability to lure male moths to their doom . in fact , bolas spiders are orb - weavers ( at least , they are members of the orb - weaver family araneidae ) , they just don’t build webs like most of their relatives . like orb - weavers , bolas spiders regularly eat their silken traps and recycle the silk proteins to use another day .
levi , h . w . 2003 . the bolas spiders of the genus mastophora ( araneae : araneidae ) . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , 157 ( 5 ) : 309 - 382 .
expecting a sexy tryst , male moths are instead whacked with a wet glob of sticky silk . the low viscosity of the bolas penetrates through the moth ' s outer scales and sticks like super glue .
so what ' s so bizarre about this ? well , the sexual dimorphism , for one thing . males are so small ( 1 - 2 mm ) that they are seldom observed , and because of that , bolas spider mating is an extremely rare sight . but in addition , male bolas spiders emerge from the egg sac ready to mate ! the vast majority of spiders have to go through at least a couple of months of maturing , and females and males generally mature at the same time - - but not these guys .
the mother spider usually dies off over winter . the baby spiders emerge in late winter to early spring and disperse by ballooning .
a female cellar spider , pholcus phalangiodes ( pholcidae ) carrying her egg sac . i grew up calling these spiders daddy long legs , but that name is also sometimes used to refer to harvestmen ( order opiliones ) , which are non - spider arachnids .
the spider will then wrap up its prey in silk to save for later , or consume immediately if it ' s hungry .
, namely , spider coating peptide 1 and 2 ( scp1 and 2 ) , with molecular weights of 3 . 8 and 2
a species of assassin bug purposely strums the edge of a trap web , grabbing the spider when she comes out to investigate .
this august i went out hunting with my headlamp for spiders . i was really hoping to find a bolas spider , because we had not seen one the past few years . i was rewarded with a beautiful adult female hanging from a low branch of a crab apple tree . as i approached , i realized that she didn’t look like the familiar m . hutchinsoni , it was actually a different species of bolas spider ! after consulting herbert levi’s monograph on this genus , i identified her as an adult female of mastophora timuqua . this was a very surprising find , the species had been previously known only from florida and north carolina , a very long way from ohio .
yeargan , k . v . , & quate , l . w . ( 1997 ) . adult male bolas spiders retain juvenile hunting tactics . oecologia , 112 ( 4 ) , 572 - 576 . urltoken
stowe , m . k . , tumlinson , j . h . , and heath , r . r . ( 1987 ) . chemical mimicry : bolas spiders emit components of moth prey species sex pheromones .
araneomorphae : these are the most common of spiders , making up more than 90 percent of all the species , according to biology of spiders . some of the most interesting species include the only known vegetarian spider , the bagheera kiplingi , as well as the most venomous spider , the brazilian wandering spider . scientists have found that the spider needs to inject only 6 micrograms of its venom to kill a 20 - gram ( 0 . 7 ounces ) mouse , and a full venom load is more than 10 times that .
. . . cyrtarachne is the only group that builds complete orb webs ( fig . 1c ) , pasilobus builds a triangular web with three radii ( robinson and robinson 1975 ) ( fig . 1b ) , and bolas spiders which are highly specialized to feed on moths , use only one thread attached with one to several droplets called
bolas
( fig . 1a ) . bolas spiders attract male moths by sex phero - mone mimicry and hunt them by flicking bolas at their approach ( eberhard 1977 ; stowe 1986 ; stowe et al . 1987 ; yeargan 1988 ) . cartan and miyashita ( 2000 ) reported that the properties of the spiral thread of the webs of species of cyrtarachne such as stickiness , strength , diameter , and droplet size were remark - ably greater than those of other orb - weaving araneids . . . .
as the summer progressed into autumn i was able to observe the spider hunting on many occasions . several times i saw moths approach , and observed the spider fling her bolas . most of these attempts were failures , but once while i was watching she managed to snag a moth . the moth flew in a circle , round and round , held by the silk line until it reached part of the branch and landed . he pulled himself free from the line and escaped .
the spider wraps the snack in a special silk to keep it fresh , then prepares another sticky strand for the next flying treat .
théry , m . & casas , j . predator and prey views of spider camouflage . nature 415 , 133 ( 2002 ) .
observed that a more appropriate name would be “sticky yo - yo spiders” . the sticky yo - yo prey capture technique is impressive enough ( inspired by their speed and accuracy with the bolas , eberhard named one species
in the link to the attenborough video at about 2 : 56 you can see what looks like a red hourglass on the underside of the spider’s abdomen . you can also see the red stripe that extends around to the top . i was wondering if this spider and the black widow spider are related , as the black widow’s hunting technique is very similar from what i have observed . any one know ?
star - bellied spider genus and species : acanthepeira stellata shown below is a common orb - weaver called the star - bellied spider , acanthepeira stellata ( 1 / 2
) . it was photographed in a meadow at the buckley wildlife sanctuary in franklin county , kentucky .
the bright yellow stripes on this spider ' s abdomen lure insects towards its web , possibly by mimicking the colours of certain flowers . however , the stripes on its legs are invisible to insects . this may help to camouflage the spider from its would - be victims .
cobweb spiders feed on insects , and occasionally other spiders . when an insect becomes ensnared in the sticky strands of the web , the spider quickly injects it with venom and wraps it tightly in silk . the meal can then be consumed at the spider ' s leisure .
. . . juvenile bolas spiders , which snatch flying insects from the air , use a firm grasp presumably enabled by strong bristles on their forelegs ( eberhard , 1980 ; main , 1982 ; stowe , 1986 ) . after switching to the bolas technique in a later juvenile instar , the bristles on the forelegs are reduced ( eberhard , 1980 ; yeargan , 1988 ) . a specific example of morphological adaptations is camouflage . . . .
female hobo spider , tegenaria agrestis ( agelenidae ) . her close relatives t . domestica and t . duellica are often found in homes .
brent d . opell , and amy d . ware , “changes in visual fields associated with web reduction in the spider family uloboridae , ”
homology , behaviour and spider webs : web construction behaviour of linyphia hortensis and l . triangularis ( araneae : linyphiidae ) and its evolutionary significance
rare spiders found in cemetery a rare species of spider which lives in darkness is found in the vaults of highgate cemetery in north london .
experimental work has shown that bolas spiders can vary the odor lure that they use to capture moths . they evidently choose from an arsenal of chemical attractants the one that is appropriate for the particular moth species flying that night .
researchers are investigating novel uses for spider venom , from an eco - friendly ( and bee - friendly ) alternative to pesticides , to treatments for alzheimer’s disease , cardiac arrhythmia and strokes . in addition , spider silk has lots of engineering uses , from body armor to optical communications .
but wait , what are those tiny red things ? at first glance , they could easily be mistaken for mites , but no ! these are tiny males , presumably interested in mating with the comparatively massive female . bolas spider males are usually less than 2 mm long , while females are typically 10 – 15 mm long , and sometimes as large as 2 cm !
bolas spiders , a group including five recognized genera , are known from most parts of the world outside temperate eurasia , but about half of the known species of mastophora occur in south america ( yeargan 1994 and references therein ) .
the name “bolas spiders” is a reference to the argentinean gaucho’s bolas , a line with heavy balls at the end which are used in hunting guanacos ( a south american relative of the camel ) or rheas ( a large flightless bird ) . if skillfully thrown the line with its balls wraps around the legs of the prey , hobbling them . there is evidence that this unusual hunting tool was invented by the inca civilization prior to the arrival of the spanish .
the bolas spider stayed on the same branch for weeks . even after very heavy rain and wind , she remained . on the early morning of the 9 th of september , amy noticed that she was building an egg case . she carefully attached it to the branch , walking around the case and branch laying down many layers of silk to form a sort of strap .
according to the australian museum , spiders capture prey using a variety of methods . they can trap small insects in sticky webs , lasso them with sticky bolas , or use their vibration - sensing skills to chase prey down . spider guts are too narrow to take solids , so they liquidize their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes and grinding it up with short appendages .
nikolaj scharff , and jonathan a . coddington , “a phylogenetic analysis of the orb - weaving spider family araneidae ( arachnida , araneae ) , ”
foelix rf , chu - wang i - w ( 1973 ) the morphology of spider sensilla . ii . chemoreceptors . tissue cell 5 : 461–478
foellmer mw , fairbairn dj ( 2003 ) spontaneous male death during copulation in an orb weaving spider . proc r soc lond b 270 : s183–s185
jackson rr , clark rj , harland dp ( 2002 ) behavioural and cognitive influences of kairomones on an araneophagic jumping spider . behaviour 139 : 749–775
. . . in mastophora hutchinsoni gertsch , the capture by forelegs and bolas are ontogenetically successive tactics . capture by forelegs is used by juveniles and males of m . hutchinsoni ( to catch psychodid midges , see section iv . 4 ) , whereas subadult and adult females switch to a bolas for the capture of moths ( yeargan , 1988 ) . both tactics are associated with attraction of males of the focal prey species ( midges or moths ) . . . .
- levi , h . w . , 2003 . the bolas spiders of the genus mastophora ( araneae : araneidae ) . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . 157 309 - 382 . [ available online from here ]
- gertsch , w . j . , 1955 . the north american bolas spiders of the genera mastophora and agatostichus . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 106 : 221 - 254 . [ available online from here ]
watching a bolas spider hanging motionless below her branch , waiting for a moth to fly by close enough to snag , one could be excused for being skeptical that this could ever work . the key to the hunting technique was revealed when bill eberhard discovered in 1977 that these spiders catch only male moths . why males ? because dr . eberhard determined that the spider produces a chemical perfume that mimics the sex pheromone of a female moth . the males home in on the odor and fly directly up to the waiting spider . even after she tosses and misses , the sex - starved male moths continue to approach , presumably still searching for the elusive female moth who isn’t there .
when night falls , bolas spiders prepare for a deadly seduction . they fashion a sticky lure suspended on a single line of silk . the lure is scented with a chemical that mimics the smell of a female moth . this draws in male moths looking to mate . as the prey approaches , bolas spiders swing their lure , trying to whack the moth with the sticky end . once a moth is stuck , the spiders move in to kill and wrap up their meal .
evolution beyond the orb - web : the web of the araneid spider pasilobus sp . , its structure , operation and construction , bo / ogica /
when this happens , the spider lets go of the coiled up dragline , firing itself – and the web – at high speeds into its prey .
people are most familiar with spider silk as it ' s used in webs for prey capture , but there are some bizarre variations on this theme .
but pheromone release is not the only way males and females of a particular spider species can initiate mating activities . a female spider rarely seeks out a male but is normally well aware when he is present and will sometimes tolerate his proximity nearby provided he avoids making provocative movements . for species such as
as a lining for their nests or shelters —one wolf spider that lives in sand dunes deposits her eggs in a tunnel that she lines with silk .
schneider jm , gilberg s , fromhage l , uhl g ( 2006 ) sexual conflict over remating in a cannibalistic spider . anim behav 71 : 781–788
- gemeno , c . , yeargan , k . v . , and haynes , k . f . 2000 . aggressive chemical mimicry by the bolas spider mastophora hutchinsoni : identification and quantification of a major prey ' s sex pheromone components in the spider ' s volatile emissions . j . chem . ecol . 26 ( 5 ) : 1235 - 1243 . [ article available online from the publisher ; if you don ' t have a subscription , you have to pay per view . see here for a link to purchase it . ]
haynes , k . f . , gemeno , c . , yeargan , k . v . , millar , j . g . , & johnson , k . m . ( 2002 ) . aggressive chemical mimicry of moth pheromones by a bolas spider : how does this specialist predator attract more than one species of prey ? chemoecology , 12 ( 2 ) , 99 - 105 . urltoken
the main goal of the present work was morphological characterization with scanning electron microscopy of very different types of silk objects produced by adult female and spiderlings of mastophora bolas spider from central mexico . the main silk objects included egg sacs together with their supporting web , the silk pad on which the female rested during the daytime , and silk lines produced by . . . [ show full abstract ]
bolas spiders mate late in summer . in late fall , the female ' s abdomen will swell much larger than it usually is , and she will produce egg sacs suspended from a retreat , each one usually containing a few hundred eggs :
. . . for example , in the bolas spider , tiny males and early instars of both sexes capture psychodid flies , whereas larger subadult and adult females are specialized exclusively on the capture of moths ( yeargan , 1994 ) . such a shift in prey preference linked to the spider size is associated with shift in predatory traits : ( 1 ) tiny individuals produce an allomonal blend of the psychodid fly sex pheromone , while large individuals produce sex pheromones of moths ( yeargan & quate , 1996 ) ; ( 2 ) tiny individuals possess strong spines on the forelegs , which are used for the firm capture of the flies , while these are absent in large individuals , which instead produce a bolas used in the capture ( eberhard , 1980 ; yeargan , 1988 ) . . . .
to begin orb - web construction , the spider releases a silk thread that is carried by wind . if the free end does not become attached to an object , the spider may pull it back and feed on it . if it becomes firmly attached—for example , to a twig—the spider secures the thread and crosses the newly formed bridge , reinforcing it with additional threads . the spider then descends from the centre of the bridge , securing a thread on the ground or on a twig . the centre , or hub , of the web is established when the spider returns to the bridge with a thread and carries it partway across the bridge before securing it ; this thread is the first radius , or spoke . after all the spokes are in place , the spider returns to the hub and constructs a few temporary spirals of dry silk toward the outside of the web . the spider then reverses direction , deposits ensnaring silk , and removes the initial spiral . the ensnaring threads form a dense spiral . it takes only about an hour to weave the radii and orb .
so called for their talent for producing a large , sticky , ball - shaped lure that is twirled around on the end of a silken rope , held by one of their eight legs , the cunning bolas spider coats the object with a special secretion that smells like the female sex pheromone of certain moths , thus attracting males of these species . when the spider detects their fluttering wing movements close by , it begins whirling its scented lure in the air . irresistibly drawn by the deceptive odor , the male moths come closer . when they are close enough , the spider deftly hits them with the lure , trapping them on its sticky surface . when satisfied with its catch of up to eight moths in one night , the spider hauls in the lure , and wraps each moth in silk , to be eaten later .
( shuker 2001 : 30 )
haynes kf , yeargan kv , gemeno c ( 2001 ) detection of prey by a spider that aggressively mimics pheromone blends . j insect behav 14 : 535–543
uhl g , elias do ( 2011 ) communication . in : herberstein me ( ed ) spider behaviour . flexibility and versatility . cambridge university press , cambridge
each species of bolas spider also secretes a chemical that mimics the smell of a female moth’s sex pheromone . the scent draws in male moths of that particular species . the moth will begin to fly around the spider , intent on finding the source of the lovely perfume . skillfully , the spider holds the thread with the tip of her leg and begins to whirl her weapon . when she senses a moth in range , she flings the bola at it . . . just like a gaucho . if her bola smacks the moth , she reels it in , bites it , and wraps it in silk to keep her food fresh . she may devour her moth meal immediately , but often she prepares another bola first .


tebenna submicalis is a moth of the choreutidae family .

it is known from china ( shaanxi , gansu , hubei ) , nepal , russia and japan ( hokkaido ) .

the wingspan is 9 – 11 mm .

the larvae feed on anaphalis margaritacea .

tebenna submicalis

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
ohdaketuikekoi
to
tebenna bjerkandrella thunberg 1784
.
tebenna gnaphaliella was described by kearfott in 1902 as choreutis gnaphaliella ( see reference to the original description below ) . the lecotype is deposited at the usnm ( see images ) .
keyword search - try again , but check your spelling , and / or use fewer search terms .
if we don ' t have it today , create a ' want ' and receive an automated email when the item is listed for sale .
find books from over 100 , 000 booksellers worldwide , for easy searches and price comparison .
by using the web site , you confirm that you have read , understood , and agreed to be bound by the terms and conditions . © 1996 - 2018 abebooks inc . all rights reserved . abebooks , the abebooks logo , abebooks . com ,
passion for books .
and
passion for books . books for your passion .
are registered trademarks with the registered us patent & trademark office .
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?
as part our commitment to scholarly and academic excellence , all articles receive editorial review .
copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from project gutenberg are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 5 / 9 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en