the christmas imperial pigeon , ( ducula whartoni ) , is a large ( 39 cm in length , 450-700 g in weight ) pigeon , mainly dark grey in colour with an iridescent sheen .

christmas imperial pigeon

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the christmas island imperial - pigeon has recently been changed to the christmas imperial pigeon . it is in the
green - naped pheasant pigeon , pheasant pigeon ( s . l . ) , green - collared pigeon , grey - collared pigeon , magnificent ground - pigeon
nobody uploaded sound recordings for christmas imperial - pigeon ( ducula whartoni ) yet .
sri lanka green - pigeon , pompadour green - pigeon ( s . l . ) , pompadour green pigeon ( s . l . ) , pompadour pigeon ( s . l . )
grey - capped emerald dove , emerald dove ( s . l . ) , green - winged dove , green - backed dove , green dove , lilac - mantled pigeon , long - billed pigeon , little green pigeon , little green - winged pigeon
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the christmas imperial - pigeon is endemic to christmas island in the indian ocean . the species was unsuccessfully introduced to the cocos - keeling islands at the end of the 19 th century ( 3 ) .
it’s closest relative is the pink - headed imperial - pigeon ( ducula rosacea ) which is widespread but rather rare in the islands of indonesia and east timor . it has suffered from both habitat destruction and hunting . some authorities consider that the christmas island imperial - pigeon may be a race of the pink - headed .
ducula whartoni , the endemic christmas island imperial - pigeon , is seen foraging in a tree . some calls from fellow flock members can be heard in the background . date is early december 2007 .
threatened species scientific committee ( tssc ) ( 2006ji ) . commonwealth listing advice on ducula whartoni ( christmas island imperial - pigeon ) . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 17 - may - 2006 .
check out the doves and pigeon page . doves and pigeons are mentioned many times in the bible .
pied imperial pigeons ( ducula bicolor ) are found in the mangrove and coastal forests throughout south east asia and are members of the dove and pigeon family . both males and females are similar in appearance with mainly white bodies and black feathers at their wing tips .
commonwealth of australia . 2002 . christmas island national park management plan . parks australia north , christmas island .
the pied imperial pigeon is classified as least concern on the iucn red list . in some regions the population of these pigeons is still high . however , the population is declining in other areas because of hunting as pigeons are often considered pests and the human disturbance of breeding colonies .
the christmas imperial - pigeon is found in broadleaved rainforest . it is particularly abundant in plateau primary evergreen forest , and to a lesser extent , in secondary re - growth dominated by the introduced japanese cherry ( muntingia calabura ) ( 4 ) . it may also be found in coastal forest when food trees are in fruit ( 2 ) .
green imperial - pigeon ( ducula aenea , resident ) habitat - lowland and middle elevation forest . shooting info - subic rainforest , bataan , philippines , december 22 , 2008 , 5d2 + 300 - 800 + 2x tc , 1600 mm , 475b / 3421 support , mke 400 mic . capture resolution - 1080 / 30p
: to assess the potential impact on the christmas island pipistrelle of phosphate stockpile removal within and abutting the christmas island national park .
a control programme for the crazy ant was initiated after 2000 , effectively eliminating the ant from 95 % of its former extent on the island and slowing the impact of the ant on native species . these control measures may have allowed populations of christmas island imperial - pigeon ducula whartoni and christmas island hawk - owl to stabilise , and resulted in the downlisting of the christmas hawk - owl from critically endangered to vulnerable ( birdlife international 2008 ) . however , since that control programme was effected , the ant population has increased again and monitoring and control remain important priorities .
: an assessment of the impacts on the christmas island pipistrelle of proposed phosphate stockpile removal within and abutting the christmas island national park has been conducted .
with dark purple and green , iridescent plumage , the christmas imperial - pigeon can be seen perched conspicuously amongst the foliage of the christmas island rainforest . a mid - sized pigeon , with a distinctive bronzy green neck , the striking orange irises contrast sharply with a dark purplish grey head and a black bill . the underparts are dark sooty grey , with chestnut undertail - coverts , reddish brown legs and feet , and grey under the wings ( 2 ) . in common with most pigeons , the sexes are very similar , but juveniles have a duller plumage , particularly around the chin and forehead , with darker and browner feathers on the underparts , and grey - brown legs ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
no removal of rainforest within the christmas island national park ( epbc trigger ) .
the nicobar pigeon tends to move around in flocks during the day , spending the majority of its time on the forest floor , looking for seeds , berries , large nuts , fruits and insects .
christmas imperial - pigeons breed in august - february . they nest in a loose platform made of twigs , placed near the top of a tall rainforest tree . the female lays 1 egg which is incubated by both parents for 25 - 30 days . the chicks fledge 3 - 4 weeks after hatching .
: to increase protection of known and potential habitat outside the christmas island national park .
: protection of known or potential habitat is increased outside the christmas island national park .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . christmas imperial - pigeon ( ducula whartoni ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
to determine the roosting requirements of the christmas island pipistrelle , including seasonal and distributional differences .
lumsden , l . , silins , j . & schulz , m . 1999 . population dynamics and ecology of the christmas island pipistrelle pipistrellus murrayi on christmas island . report for parks australia north – christmas island . arthur rylah institute for environmental research , heidelberg , victoria .
schulz , m . 2002 . christmas island shrew recovery plan . environment australia , canberra .
this species has a very large breeding range and a global population of 10 . 000 - 20 . 000 individuals . although there is no reliable data on population trend , the species adapts well to secondary habitats and is thus now suspected to have a relatively stable population . the christmas imperial - pigeon is mostly threatened by forest clearing for phosphate mining . hunting was also a problem in the past , but is now believed to be less prevalent . the introduction of the yellow crazy ant anoplolepis gracilipes to christmas island could also have a negative impact as these ants can prey on young birds , and have further negative consequences for the overall ecological balance of the island .
: to determine the roosting requirements of the christmas island pipistrelle , including seasonal and distributional differences .
hill , r . 2002b . draft christmas island goshawk recovery plan . environment australia , canberra .
the ecological research and population monitoring for the christmas island pipistrelle , outlined as some of the primary actions in this recovery plan , may provide valuable incidental information on the current distribution , status and roost locations of the poorly known christmas island flying - fox pteropus melanotus natalis ( listed as data deficient in duncan et al . 1999 ) . nocturnal surveys and ecological research of the christmas island pipistrelle throughout the island and particularly in inaccessible regions may provide valuable information on other threatened nocturnal species such as the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis , the little known christmas island gecko lepidodactylus listeri , and enigmatic rainforest species such as the christmas island shrew crocidura attenuata trichura and the christmas island blind snake ramphotyphlops exocoeti .
primary and secondary rain forest on the inland plateau of christmas i , including areas planted . . .
cogger , h . & sadlier , r . 1999 . the terrestrial reptiles of christmas island – a reappraisal of their status . report to parks australia north – christmas island . australian museum , sydney .
hill , r . 2002a . draft christmas island hawk owl recovery plan . environment australia , canberra .
unfortunately , the a . gracilipes population has now partially recovered , and continues to threaten the christmas imperial - pigeon , while plans for further mining have been proposed , within the species’ range ( 3 ) . other threats that may have an impact on the population include hunting and predation by introduced feral cats , while its restricted distribution makes it vulnerable to the effects of chance natural events , such as disease and drought ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the introduced population on the cocos - keeling islands is believed to have gone extinct around 1900 , due to hunting and a lack of food sources ( 4 ) .
since the cause of the decline and westward contraction of the christmas island pipistrelle is still to be established , it must considered that the entire population is under threat . christmas island supports the only known location of the christmas island pipistrelle . therefore conservation of this population is essential to the survival of the species .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . white - bellied imperial - pigeon ( ducula forsteni ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
christmas island goshawk can be found sitting quietly in the forest . when found it can be quite tame .
this stage incorporates actions to be undertaken prior to the location of extant populations of the christmas island shrew .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . , kirwan , g . m . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . spice imperial - pigeon ( ducula myristicivora ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the christmas island pipistrelle pipistrellus murrayi is an endemic bat species that is listed as endangered under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 . due to taxonomic uncertainty the phylogenetic relationship of the christmas island pipistrelle with closely related southeast asia and northern
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . , kirwan , g . m . , boesman , p . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . green imperial - pigeon ( ducula aenea ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
4c ) evaluate the importance of nankeen kestrel control if this species is determined a key predator of the christmas island pipistrelle .
no instances of predation have been recorded . however , it is likely that introduced predators ( e . g . feral cat , black rat and wolf snake ) , the naturalised nankeen kestrel falco cenchroides , and endemic predators , such as the christmas island goshawk accipiter fasciatus natalis and christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis , may opportunistically predate on the christmas island shrew .
schulz , m . and lumsden , l . f . 2004 . national recovery plan for the christmas island pipistrelle pipistrellus murrayi .
the christmas island pipistrelle is likely to form maternity roosts ( where females give birth to their young ) during the wet season .
the proposed removal of phosphate stockpiles within and abutting the christmas island national park may adversely affect foraging , roosting and commuting habitat .
christmas island frigatebird can be found nesting behind the golf course . they are regularly seen soaring in the updraughts across the island .
closely related to d . poliocephala , with which sometimes considered conspecific ( but see that species ) ; also closely related to d . mindorensis and d . radiata ; this species - group may form a link between ptilinopus fruit - doves and other imperial - pigeons . recently discovered population of sula is may represent a distinct subspecies . monotypic .
the targeted survey for the christmas island shrew may provide additional information on the current distribution , status and habitat of the poorly known christmas island gecko lepidodactylus listeri and christmas island blind snake ramphotyphlops exocoeti . during the course of targeted field surveys for the shrew , incidental records of these poorly known reptiles should be entered into an ‘incidental flora and fauna database’ to be established by parks australia north ( pan ) on christmas island . the database should also include records of exotic species because of their potential threats as predators and competitors to native fauna .
threatened species scientific committee ( 2005 ) commonwealth listing advice on emerald dove ( christmas island ) ( chalcophaps indica natalis ) . available from :
andrews , c . w . 1900 . a monograph of christmas island ( indian ocean ) . british museum of natural history , london .
extensive nocturnal studies of the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis ( hill & lill 1998a , b ) , christmas island pipistrelle pipistrellus murrayi ( lumsden & cherry 1997 , lumsden et al . 1999 ) and reptiles ( cogger & sadlier 1981 , 2001 ) throughout primary rainforest .
schulz , m . ( 2004 ) . national recovery plan for the christmas island shrew crocidura attenuata trichura . department of the environment and heritage ,
the christmas island national park was established in 1980 , and has since been extended to cover more than 60 % of the island ( d . james
christmas island national park management plan ( commonwealth of australia 2002 ) to establish an integrated program of ‘eradication where possible , or control ( to an acceptable level ) of introduced or feral animals’ , especially the feral cat and black rat . the most important area to target for the christmas island pipistrelle is the
hill , r . and dunn , a . ( 2004 ) national recovery plan for the christmas island frigatebird fregata andrewsi . canberra : commonwealth of australia .
recommended citation : birdlife international ( 2008 ) endemic birds on christmas island are being devastated by introduced ants . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018
habitat critical to the survival of the christmas island pipistrelle based on closed forest and tall closed forest vegetation communities , including both primary forest and secondary rainforest regrowth . the shaded area shows the habitat critical to the survival of the pipistrelle , and thick grey line indicates the outline of the christmas island national park .
gibson - hill , c . a . 1947 . contributions to the natural history of christmas island . bulletin of raffles museum no . 18 . singapore .
kemp , d . 2003 . aerial campaign defeats devastating crazy ants on christmas island . media release , commonwealth minister for the environment and heritage , canberra .
the christmas island pipistrelle has not been recorded as a prey item of the christmas island goshawk accipiter fasciatus natalis or christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis ( hill 2002a , b ; hill & lill 1998 ) . however , it is possible that both species may opportunistically prey on this bat . the relationship between the pipistrelle and these potential natural predators is not likely to have altered recently , and hence they are not considered to be the cause of the recent decline .
the national recovery plan for the christmas island pipistrelle pipistrellus murrayi was made by the minister for the environment and heritage on 18 august 2004 : see supporting material .
the christmas island pipistrelle pipistrellus murrayi is a small ( weight 3 - 4 . 5 g ) insectivorous bat that is considered by most authorities to be endemic to
given these constraints , the evidence for a decline and range contraction in the christmas island pipistrelle is as follows ( taken from lumsden et al . 1999 ) :
the most important short - term objective of the recovery plan is to initiate targeted field surveys to determine the current distribution and status of the christmas island shrew .
it is believed that the nicobar pigeon mates for life and as a result the female lays a single white egg . both adults incubate the egg and it hatches after around two and a half weeks later . the chick is initially helpless and fed a rich fluid , regurgitated by the adults called crop milk , who will continue to tend the chick until it fledges at about three months old .
bell , d . b . 1976 . environmental reconnaissance – christmas island . report from the environment reconnaissance team to the secretary , department of administrative services , canberra .
the national recovery plan for the christmas island shrew crocidura attenuata trichura , was made by the minister for environment and heritage on 18 august 2004 : see supporting material .
the christmas island resort pool ( 10 0 27’s , 105 0 42’e ) ( rochford , m . pers . comm . 1997 cited in meek 1998 ) , and
there are differing opinions regarding the taxonomic status of the christmas island pipistrelle and taxonomic clarification is required . the most accepted view is that this species represents an endemic taxon on
removal of any primary plateau and terrace rainforest could result in a significant impact on the christmas island shrew and should be referred to the commonwealth environment minister under the epbc act . removal of primary plateau and terrace rainforest on vacant crown land or leasehold land should not occur without intensive targeted surveys for the christmas island shrew ( see appendix 1 ) .
lister , j . j . ( 1888 ) . on the natural history of christmas island in the indian ocean . proceedings of the zoological society 1888 , 512 - 513 .
the christmas island shrew crocidura attenuata trichura is the only member of the shrew family ( soricidae ) recorded in an australian territory . currently this species is listed as endangered under the environment protection biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) . due to current taxonomic uncertainty the phylogenetic relationship of the christmas island shrew with closely related southeast asian taxa requires resolution .
this instrument makes a national recovery plan for the christmas island pipistrelle ( pipistrellus murrayi ) , pursuant to section 269a ( 2 ) of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .
: this introduced predator became established soon after settlement , and is now common and widespread on the island . it is considered to pose a severe threat to native animals on christmas island
h ) decreasing population size : since this declining species is restricted to christmas island all areas of habitat currently supporting pipistrelles may be affected by the risks associated with small population size .
smith , l . a . 1988 . lycodon aulicus capucinus a colubrid snake introduced to christmas island , indian ocean . records of the western australian museum 14 , 251 - 252 .
this instrument makes a national recovery plan for the christmas island shrew ( crocidura attenuata trichura ) , pursuant to section 269a ( 2 ) of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .
39 cm . unmistakable , large , dark grey pigeon . sexes similar . purplish , greenish or reddish - brown iridescent sheen on upperparts and breast , depending on viewing angle . yellow or orange iris . red - brown undertail - coverts . juvenile more dull , more brown on underside , paler on lores , chin and forehead , with brown iris . legs and feet purplish - red in adults and grey - brown in juveniles . black bill .
the nicobar pigeon ( caloenas nicobarica ) is the closest living relative to the dodo , however it looks very different from its flightless cousin . they are large , mainly ground - dwelling birds due to a lack of natural predators and isolation on small islands . as a result of this , nicobar pigeons have developed a bright plumage , with dark green shimmering feathers on the body and a layer of pointed , greenish - blue feathers which have coppery overtones .
7a ) a genetic study of the christmas island pipistrelle and closely related species , using samples obtained from dry or ethanol preserved museum specimens . such a study would require genetic material of the christmas island pipistrelle , two australian and two southeast asian pipistrellus species , including p . tenuis . this investigation is recommended to be undertaken by , or in conjunction with , an experienced bat taxonomist .
fritts , t . h . 1993 . the common wolf snake , lycodon aulicus capucinus , a recent colonist of christmas island in the indian ocean . wildlife research 20 , 261 - 266 .
10a ) areas proposed for phosphate stockpile removal , other than those previously approved under the environment protection ( impact of proposals ) act 1974 , to be reviewed in terms of impact to the christmas island pipistrelle . any stockpiles considered to be important to christmas island pipistrelles , for example , those containing known roost areas , or important foraging or commuting areas are to be protected from phosphate extraction .
hill , f . a . r . & lill , a . 1998 . diet and roost site characteristics of the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis . emu 98 , 227 - 233 .
hill , f . a . r . & lill , a . 1998b . diet and roost site characteristics of the christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis . emu 98 , 227 - 233 .
the majority of funding outlined in the duration and costs section is aimed at identifying the threatening processes resulting in the decline and range contraction of the christmas island pipistrelle . research into this bat and reasons for its decline and westward range contraction have been identified as of high priority in the christmas island national park management plan ( commonwealth of australia 2002 ) . this research , particularly that proposed for the common wolf snake , may also identify threatening processes that are responsible for the decline and range contraction of the blue - tailed skink cryptoblepharus egeriae , forest skink emoia nativitatis and christmas island gecko lepidactylus listeri .
: the christmas island pipistrelle was formerly widespread and common throughout the island . extensive loss of habitat through clearfelling for phosphate mining has resulted in a reduction of suitable habitat available , particularly for diurnal and maternity roosting purposes . some areas identified as having high and moderate bat activity in 1998 occurred outside or along roads delineating the boundary of the christmas island national park ( lumsden et al . 1999 ) :
current evidence suggests that the christmas island pipistrelle is declining in both distribution and numbers . a small population size increases the risk of extinction through inbreeding depression and stochastic events ( caughley & sinclair 1994 ) .
( jenkins 1982 , corbet & hill 1992 ) . corbet & hill ( 1992 ) have since questioned the validity of the christmas island shrew being considered conspecific with c . attenuata based on morphological characteristics .
hill , f . a . r . & lill , a . 1998a . density and total population estimates for the threatened christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis . emu 98 , 209 - 220 .
although the exact population size is unclear , it is thought to be undergoing a slow decline in numbers . this is the result of land clearance for plantations which has reduced breeding and foraging habitats for the birds . there has also been an increase in the number of non - native predators such as rats and cats . this has increased the effects of habitat loss as the nicobar pigeon nest in large populations . hunting and trapping for food and the pet trade has also reduced the populations .
the proposed removal of phosphate stockpiles within the christmas island national park may adversely affect foraging and commuting habitat , and possibly roosting habitat . proposals currently under consideration to clear primary rainforest on vacant crown land may provide additional pressure on remaining christmas island pipistrelle populations and / or reduce suitable habitat available for the long - term recovery of the species . these proposals include phosphate mining at sites in the eastern section of the island , and activities associated with developments such as the siting of a mobile phone tower on limestone hill , south point ; the christmas island airport upgrade ; and linkwater road re - alignment north of the christmas island resort area . small numbers of pipistrelles have been sighted recently at limestone hill and in the proposed southern extension of the airport ( bamford & bamford 2002 ; m . bamford , pers . comm . ) .
evidence indicating a significant reduction in abundance using ultrasonic data as an index of abundance . using similar methodology to lumsden et al . ( 1999 ) the christmas island pipistrelle data collected by g . richards indicated :
c ) predators : the identified suite of potential predators occurs throughout the island in a range of habitats occupied by the christmas island pipistrelle as foraging or roosting habitat . the extent of areas occupied by the common wolf snake away from the christmas island research and education station , grants well and the settlement area are poorly known . it is not known whether this snake ranges into primary rainforest away from roads and disturbed edges .
new proposals to clear primary rainforest on vacant crown land may apply additional pressure on any remaining shrew populations . these proposals include phosphate mining at sites in the eastern section of the island , and activities associated with developments such as the siting of a mobile phone tower on limestone hill , south point ; the christmas island airport upgrade ; road re - alignment and new port facilities north of the former christmas island resort area .
lake , p . s . & o’dowd , d . j . 1991 . red crabs in rain forest , christmas island : biotic resistance to invasion by an exotic snail . oikos 62 , 25 - 29 .
. upgrade quarantine standards for the island . eradicate black rats from the island , and control or eradicate feral cats . create a multi - stakeholder team with responsibility for ensuring the conservation of threatened species on christmas island .
action 8 is supporting the ongoing management for the control of the yellow crazy ant supercolonies as outlined in draft yellow crazy ant action plan and the christmas island national park management plan . therefore , this action requires no additional funding from the christmas island pipistrelle recovery plan . however , it is essential that adequate funding be provided for this work from other sources , with the current plan used to assist in the procurement of the necessary funding .
lumsden , l . & cherry , k . 1997 . report on a preliminary investigation of the christmas island pipistrelle pipistrellus murrayi , in june – july 1994 . arthur rylah institute for environmental research , heidelberg , victoria .
o’dowd , d . j . & lake , p . s . 1989 . red crabs in rain forest , christmas island : removal and relocation of leaf litter . journal of tropical ecology 5 , 337 - 348 .
tidemann , c . 1985 . a study of the status , habitat requirements and management of the two species of bats on christmas island ( indian ocean ) . report to australian national parks and wildlife service , canberra .
the plan should also allow for adaptive management as better information becomes available on the christmas island shrew and other threatened species , in particular whether the shrew is extant , and if so what habitat is critical for survival .
: the westward contraction in the distribution of the christmas island pipistrelle corresponds with the westward expansion of the common wolf snake . however , it is currently unknown whether this snake is able to access pipistrelle roosts within primary rainforest .
o’dowd , d . j . & lake , p . s . 1991 . red crabs in rain forest , christmas island : removal and fate of seeds and fruits . journal of tropical ecology 7 , 113 - 122 .
pickering , j . & norris , c . a . 1996 . new evidence concerning the extinction of the endemic murid rattus macleari thomas 1887 , from christmas island , indian ocean . australian mammalogy 19 , 19 - 25 .
recent evidence suggests the christmas island pipistrelle is experiencing an ongoing population decline . as a result a recommended action within the plan is to re - evaluate the conservation status of the species since it potentially meets criteria for critically endangered .
there are no estimates of the population size of the christmas island pipistrelle , however recent data indicates a marked decline , and the plan therefore recommends re - evaluating the conservation status since the species potentially meets criteria for critically endangered .
the christmas island pipistrelle does not roost in caves or other situations where individuals can be readily observed and population trends assessed . instead the species roosts in small numbers in cryptic locations and regularly shifts between a number of roost sites .
rumpff , h . 1992 . distribution , population structure and ecological behaviour of the introduced south - east asian wolf snake lycodon aulicus capucinus on christmas island , indian ocean . report to australian national parks and wildlife service , canberra .
the most critical conservation problems facing the christmas island pipistrelle are from unidentified threatening process ( es ) resulting in decline and range contraction , and from habitat loss . actions taken to remedy these problems are likely to have positive benefits on a range of endemic rainforest fauna and flora species . some of the actions outlined in this plan are identified in the christmas island national park plan of management ( commonwealth of australia 2002 ) , the strategic nature conservation document for the island , as broader actions necessary for the maintenance of fauna biodiversity on the island . similarly , in this plan some of the actions recommended correspond with those identified in other recovery ( e . g . abbott’s booby and christmas island hawk - owl ) and action plans ( e . g . garnett & crowley 2000 ) . consequently , opportunities exist for sharing resources and a co - ordinated strategy to implement recovery plans for all threatened christmas island fauna requires investigation .
little information is available on the relative importance of various habitat types for roosting , foraging , commuting and maternity sites during all seasons of the year . until such information is available , habitat critical to survival of the christmas island pipistrelle ,
green , p . t . 2002 . the management and control of the invasive alien crazy ant ( anoplolepis gracilipes ) on christmas island , indian ocean : the aerial baiting campaign september 2002 – an appraisal of project objectives and key outcomes .
tidemann , c . r . , yorkston , h . d . & russack , a . j . 1994 . the diet of cats , felis catus , on christmas island , indian ocean . wildlife research 21 , 279 - 286 .
sites of high or moderate christmas island pipistrelle activity and roost areas ( from lumsden et al . 1999 ) that were subsequently infested with yellow crazy ant supercolonies , and those that were located nearby ( i . e . within foraging range ) .
tidemann , c . r . , yorkston , h . d . and russack , a . j . ( 1994 ) the diets of cats , felis catus , on christmas island , indian ocean . wildlife research , 21 : 279 – 285 .
orchard , m . , comport , s . and green , p . ( 2002 ) control of the invasive yellow crazy ant ( anoplolepis gracilipes ) on christmas island , indian ocean : progress , problems , and future scenarios . unpublished discussion paper .
o’dowd , d . j . , green , p . t . & lake , p . s . 1999 . status , impact , and recommendations for research and management of exotic invasive ants in christmas island national park . environment australia , darwin .
many of the objectives and actions outlined in part d are designed to identify currently undetermined threatening processes that are resulting in the decline and westward contraction of the christmas island pipistrelle . until these processes have been identified the following interim management initiatives and prescriptions are proposed . activities that may have a significant impact on the christmas island pipistrelle and would therefore trigger the requirement for environmental assessment and approval under the epbc act are indicated below ( epbc trigger ) . note that this listing is not in order of priority .
the endemic birds of christmas island are highly susceptible to introduced taxa , owing to their very small range and limited population size . past habitat destruction has already resulted in population declines , which are being further exacerbated by the impacts of the introduced yellow crazy ant .
c ) black rat rattus rattus : this exotic species has been attributed with the extinction of bats on islands elsewhere in the world ( e . g . daniel & williams 1984 ) , and is thought to be a severe threat to native animals on christmas island
site of high bat activity : secondary rainforest regrowth at the start of winifred beach track along the edge of the christmas island national park . the bat detector used to assess activity levels is shown on the left side of the track . ( photo : lindy lumsden ) .
the known distribution of the christmas island pipistrelle ( as at 1998 ) is shown in figure 3 , with all records combined , incorporating stationary detector sites , the driving searches , harp trapping and a limited number of roost sites that were located by tracking radio - tagged individuals .
establish and maintain a database using the cigis for common wolf snake records , with every sighting away from the settlement , grants well , and the christmas island research and education station areas to be recorded . such a database could provide important baseline information on the distribution of this species .
bamford , m . j . and bamford , a . r . 2002 . christmas island . fauna values at sites for the alternative port facility , the realignment of linkwater road and the extension of the airport runway . a report prepared for gutteridge haskins and davey pty ltd , perth .
threats identified and management actions proposed for the christmas island shrew are similar to those for other threatened endemic species that are restricted to rainforest vegetation communities on the island . actions affording protection to plateau and terrace rainforest will also provide protection for other rainforest - dependent species ( table 1 ) .
a decade ( fritts & rodda 1998 ) . of all the introduced predators on christmas island , the common wolf snake is the only species for which the timing of the introduction was immediately prior to the decline of the pipistrelle and whose distribution mirrors that of the pipistrelle ( figure 12 ) . having evolved in the absence of arboreal predators , the christmas island pipistrelle is likely to be naive to the risk of climbing snakes and would not have developed strategies to avoid such predation . the common wolf snake has had serious detrimental impacts when introduced to other islands . for example , on reunion island it has been attributed with causing a decline in endemic mice and the near extinction of a species of gecko ( cheke 1987 ) . weighing less than 5 g the christmas island pipistrelle is smaller than some of the other vertebrate species that the common wolf snake has been recorded preying upon .
lumsden , l . & tidemann , c . 1999 . christmas island pipistrelle . pp . 28 - 29 . in : duncan , a . , baker , g . b . & montgomery , n . ( eds ) . the action plan for australian bats . environment australia , canberra .
o’dowd , d . j . , green , p . t . and lake , p . s . ( 1999 ) status , impact and recommendations for research and management of exotic invasive ants in christmas island national park . cen . anal . & man . of biol invasiona , monash uni .
davis , n . , o’dowd , d . j . , green , p . t . & mac nally , r . n . 2002 . the invasive yellow crazy ant ( anoplolepis gracilipes ) on christmas island , indian ocean : impacts on endemic land birds . report to environment australia , canberra .
it’s endemic to christmas island , a mere speck – area 140 sq km – in the indian ocean 500 km south of java . because of its small range and therefore limited population , it is classified as vulnerable on the iucn red list . it seemed to be quite common on the island and the population is thought to be stable , though there are concerns that it could be affected by an infestation of yellow crazy ants on christmas island . control measures have reduced the ant infestation , but eliminating them has proved difficult and the baits used also affect other invertebrates such as the famous terrestrial red crabs .
degradation and loss of essential breeding habitat is the biggest threat facing endemic bird species on christmas island . among those affected are christmas island frigatebird fregata andrewsi , listed as critically endangered owing to its small and declining population , all of which breeds within just four sub - colonies ( hill and dunn 2004 ) and abbott’s booby papasula abbotti , listed as endangered owing to continuing declines in habitat quality within its highly restricted breeding range ( birdlife international 2008 ) . yellow crazy ant has been cited as a continuing threat to the small remaining fragments of breeding habitat that these species rely on ( birdlife international 2008 , hill and dunn 2004 ) . furthermore , crazy ants may also prey directly on nestlings of native birds , such as christmas island hawk - owl ninox natalis ( o ' dowd et al . 1999 ) , listed as vulnerable owing to its very small range and susceptibility to introduced taxa ( birdlife international 2008 ) .
the christmas island pipistrelle is an insectivorous bat that preys on a range of flying insects . it is an edge specialist favouring vegetation ecotones , tracks and other small gaps within primary rainforest . commuting or foraging individuals also range into adjacent habitats , including secondary regrowth , minefield rehabilitation sites and formerly the settlement area .
the christmas island pipistrelle was formerly distributed throughout the island , including around the settlement ( tidemann 1985 ) . however , recent surveys ( e . g . lumsden & cherry 1997 , lumsden et al . 1999 ) have indicated that the species predominantly occurs in primary plateau and terrace rainforest , adjacent areas of secondary rainforest
establish a christmas island pipistrelle database to record casual night - time observations , daylight foraging observations , predation incidences , sightings away from ecotones and roads , and other information that would be valuable in the context of this recovery plan . such a database could provide supplementary baseline information on critical components of the species’ ecology .
9b ) in accordance with the requirements of the epbc act development proposals likely to have a significant impact on the christmas island pipistrelle must be referred to the commonwealth environment minister to determine whether approval is required under the act . this includes actions likely to adversely affect habitat critical to the survival of the species , therefore d
although forest fires are uncommon on the island , during recent extended dry periods in 1994 and 1997 , fires occurred in terrace forest . the effects of forest fire on the christmas island shrew is unknown , but may result in adverse impacts due to the loss of ground cover and leaf litter , and by affecting invertebrate populations .
. the distribution of the common wolf snake up until 1998 , in comparison with activity levels of the christmas island pipistrelle at 84 detector sites sampled in 1998 ( from lumsden et al . 1999 ) . a record of the wolf snake from 2003 indicates a continued westward expansion ( m . jeffery , pers . comm . ) .
it is difficult to identify specific management practices to avoid adverse impacts on the christmas island shrew due to the lack of information on the species . many of the actions outlined above are designed to determine specific management practices . until these have been determined , the broad interim management practices below should be adopted to minimise potential further declines :
. wood jones ( 1910 ) reported that small bats “which are said to be the pipistrellus murrayi from christmas island” had been sighted on cocos and keeling islands as “waifs and strays” although they had never become established residents there . there have been no subsequent records and no specimens were collected to substantiate this report . therefore it is considered that t
studies of gut contents and / or faecal material of potential predators , including the feral cat felis catus ( tidemann et al . 1994 , data in the cip - commissioned 2002 fauna survey ) , christmas island hawk - owl ( hill & lill 1998b ) and the wolf snake lycodon capucinus ( rumpff 1992 , cogger & sadlier 2001 ) .
except for one death due to yellow crazy ants ( see above ) , no instances of predation have been recorded . however the likelihood of observing the predation of a small , cryptic nocturnal bat is extremely low , and predation is probably occurring but going unrecorded . the christmas island pipistrelle may be exposed to predation pressures from three categories of predators :
some of the actions outlined ( e . g . actions 4 ) in this plan are identified in the christmas island national park plan of management ( commonwealth of australia 2002 ) , the strategic nature conservation document for the island , as broader actions necessary for the maintenance of fauna biodiversity on the island . similarly , in this plan some of the actions recommended ( e . g . action 4 ) correspond with those identified in other recovery ( e . g . abbott’s booby and christmas island hawk - owl ) and action plans ( e . g . garnett & crowley 2000 ) . consequently , opportunities exist for sharing resources , and a co - ordinated strategy to implement recovery plans for all threatened
in addition to annual review , implementation of the plan should be reviewed at the end of 5 years ( as required under the epbc act ) . if the christmas island shrew is not found during the life of this plan ( see action 2 ) , the conservation status listing should also be reviewed , and if appropriate , the species nominated for listing as extinct .
the effects of drought as experienced in 1997 and early 1998 on the christmas island pipistrelle are unknown . it is likely that such conditions restrict prey numbers and may influence the thermal properties of roosts resulting in a population decline . although forest fires are uncommon on the island , during recent extended dry periods in 1994 and 1997 , fires occurred in terrace rainforest . the effects of forest fire on the christmas island pipistrelle is unknown , but may result in direct adverse impacts due to the loss of roost sites ( particularly exfoliating bark on tree trunks ) , and indirectly by affecting invertebrate populations . there may be an increased potential for wildfires in primary rainforest as a result of falling debris from wayward or failed launches from the proposed asia pacific space centre .
there appears to have been a dramatic change in the distribution and abundance of the christmas island pipistrelle since the mid - 1980s when tidemann ( 1985 ) undertook the original ecological study of the species . however , quantifying these changes are difficult as different techniques were used in that study , compared to the more recent studies ( lumsden & cherry 1997 , lumsden et al . 1999 ) .
11b ) upgrading of roads and construction of infrastructure along the route between the immigration reception and processing centre and the settlement should involve minimal rainforest clearance and night - time speed restrictions should be placed along sections supporting known populations of foraging and commuting bats . the christmas island shire and the australian federal police should form part of consultations for any proposed changes to traffic conditions or speed limits .
effective management of the christmas island pipistrelle will be ongoing and encompass both management practices covered as core parks australia north duties , and specialist actions that will only be identified following the outcome of actions identified in this recovery plan . costs associated with the management of currently unidentified threatening processes have not been included in this plan , and can only be determined once the threatening processes have been identified .
: the long - term viability of the christmas island pipistrelle may be threatened by the presence and spread of yellow crazy ant supercolonies . parks australia north in consultation with the crazy ant steering committee is undertaking surveys for the presence of yellow crazy ant supercolonies in both infested and unaffected areas following a successful aerial baiting campaign . all supercolonies encountered will be eliminated through ground - baiting techniques where possible .
the most appropriate way to monitor the pipistrelle population is to employ similar techniques to those used in the 1998 survey ( refer to appendix one for stationary sampling methods ) , so that results can be compared . it is recommended that two strategies be used to investigate aspects of the christmas island pipistrelle status : 1 ) decline in activity levels at known sites , and 2 ) contraction in distribution .
until it is determined whether the christmas island shrew is extant , it is difficult to comment on the social and economic impacts resulting from management actions . the last confirmed records are from plateau and terrace rainforest , suggesting any development proposals and threatening processes affecting these habitats must include consideration of this species until further information is available . similar to other endemic rainforest fauna that is threatened , the potential presence
current evidence strongly suggests that the christmas island shrew occurs in very low densities , compared to early observations made of the species . a small population size increases the risk of extinction through inbreeding depression and stochastic events ( caughley & sinclair 1994 ) . the network of wide mining haulage roads may have further isolated populations due to a possible reluctance of individuals to cross wide open spaces due to elevated predation risk .
anecdotal evidence also suggests a decline in the christmas island pipistrelle . for example , the species was regularly seen in the grounds of the parks australia north ( pan ) office at drumsite in the settlement until the mid - 1990s , but not seen subsequently ( m . orchard , pan , pers . comm . , cited in lumsden et al . 1999 ) . pipistrelles were regularly seen foraging in the clearing at the
it is currently not known what has caused the recent decline of christmas island pipistrelle . however , factors that may be influential and hence warrant investigation are listed below . it is likely that the decline of the species is the result of a combination of factors , and as the information available on species’ biology and conservation ecology is limited , it is possible that other hitherto unidentified threatening processes may be of additional importance .
: the christmas island pipistrelle forages on a variety of flying insects caught on the wing . however , it is not known whether the species is a specialist or generalist feeder . changes in the primary rainforest ecosystem ( e . g . through yellow crazy ant supercolony infestation ) may have altered the availability of prey items . if this resulted in prey being limited , it would impact on the status of the pipistrelle .
although there is no evidence for disease in the christmas island pipistrelle population the possibility that the decline in the species is due to an epidemic resulting from an introduced pathogen cannot be ruled out . it is believed that the extinction of the two native species of rats on christmas island was due to an introduced pathogen carried by the black rat ( pickering & norris 1996 ) . there was no obvious external sign of ill health in the pipistrelles caught during the 1994 or 1998 studies . if disease was a factor it could be expected that animals on the edge of the distribution , where the decline was most evident , would have been in a poorer condition ( as indicated by lower body weights ) than individuals in the west of the island . however , there was no difference between the two areas in the body weight of individuals captured .


stenocercus is a genus of south american lizards , commonly called whorltail iguanas , of the subfamily tropidurinae .

this genus has 62 valid described species .

stenocercus

stenocercus rosei - ventris d’orbigny in duméril & bibron 1837 : 350 steironotus ( stenocercus ) roseiventris — fitzinger 1843 : 133 stenocercus roseiventris — boulenger 1885 : 133 stenocercus atrigularis werner 1913 : 11 stenocercus roseiventris — peters et al . 1970 : 257 stenocercus roseiventris — dirksen & de la riva 1999 stenocercus roseiventris — torres - carvajal 2007
stenocercus santander torres - carvajal 2007 stenocercus erythrogaster — ayala 1986 : 563 ( part ) stenocercus erythrogaster — cadle 2001 : 217 ( part ) stenocercus erythrogaster — harvey et al . 2004 : 941 ( part ) stenocercus santander — torres - carvajal 2007
schlüter , u . 2005 . haltung und zucht einiger anden - kielschwanzleguane ( stenocercus ) aus dem peruanischen hochland . teil 5 : ergänzende bemerkungen zu stenocercus chlorostictus , zur jugendfärbung von stenocercus empetrus und zur variabilität von stenocercus chrysopygus . reptilia ( münster ) 10 ( 53 ) : 56 - 63 - get paper here
synonymy partly after peters et al . 1970 . type species : stenocercus rosei - ventris d’orbigny in duméril & bibron 1837 is the type species of the genus stenocercus duméril & bibron 1837 : 349 .
torres - carvajal , o . 2005 . a new species of stenocercus ( squamata , iguania ) from central - western brazil with a key to brazilian stenocercus . phyllomedusa 4 ( 2 ) : 123 - 132 - get paper here
scartiscus caducus cope 1862 : 182 scartiscus caducus — boulenger 1885 : 127 liocephalus bolivianus boulenger 1890 : 78 liocephalus caducus — boulenger 1894 : 342 scartiscus liocephaloides werner 1910 : 23 leiocephalus caducus — gallardo 1959 ophryoessoides liocephaloides etheridge 1966 ophryoessoides caducus — peters & donoso - barros 1970 ophryoessoides caducus — fritts 1974 stenocercus caducus — frost 1992 stenocercus caducus — dirksen & de la riva 1999 stenocercus caducus— torres - carvajal et al . 2006 stenocercus caducus — cacciali et al . 2016
torres - carvajal , o . ( 2004b ) stenocercus azureus ( ncn ) . reproduction . herpetological review , 35 ( 2 ) , 172–172 .
a new species of iguanid lizard , genus < i > stenocercus < / i > ( squamata , iguania ) , from the central andes in peru .
pelegrin , n . & bucher , e . h . ( 2010 ) stenocercus doellojuradoi ( ncn ) . clutch size . herpetological review , 41 , 86–87 .
torres - carvajal , o . ( 2007a ) a taxonomic revision of south american stenocercus ( squamata : iguania ) lizards . herpetological monographs , 21 , 76–178 . urltoken
fritts , thomas h . 1974 . a multivariate evolutionary analysis of the andean iguanid lizards of the genus stenocercus . san diego society of natural history memoir 7 : 1 - 89
a new species of iguanid lizard , genus < i > stenocercus < / i > ( squamata , iguania ) , from the central andes in peru . - pubmed - ncbi
torres - carvajal , o . ( 2007b ) phylogeny and biogeography of a large radiation of andean lizards ( iguania , stenocercus ) . zoologica scripta , 36 , 311–326 . urltoken
köhler , gunther & edgar lehr 2015 . two new species of lizards of the genus stenocercus ( iguania , tropiduridae ) from central peru . zootaxa 3956 ( 3 ) : 413–427
harvey , michael b . ; gilson a . rivas and jesus manzanilla 2004 . redescription of stenocercus erythrogaster ( hallowell ) . copeia 2004 ( 4 ) : 940–944 - get paper here
torres - carvajal , o . ( 2000 ) ecuadorian lizards of the genus stenocercus ( squamata : tropiduridae ) . scientific papers university of kansas museum of natural history , 15 , 1–38 .
torres - carvajal , o . 2007 . new andean species of stenocercus ( squamata : iguania ) from the eastern cordillera in colombia . copeia 2007 ( 1 ) : 56–61 - get paper here
stenocercus angulifer hs been previously synonymized with s . aculeatus ( e . g . by burt & burt 1931 and peters & donoso - barros 1970 ) but revalidated by torres - carvajal 2007 .
torres - carvajal , o . 2007 . a taxonomic revision of south american stenocercus ( squamata : iguania ) lizards . herpetological monographs 21 ( 1 ) : 76 - 178 - get paper here
torres - carvajal , omar 2000 . ecuadorian lizards of the genus stenocercus ( squamata : tropiduridae ) . scientific papers of the natural history museum , university of kansas , ( 15 ) : 1 - 38
köhler , g . & lehr , e . ( 2015 ) two new species of lizards of the genus stenocercus ( iguania , tropiduridae ) from central peru . zootaxa , 3956 ( 3 ) , 413–427 .
venegas , pablo j . ; lourdes y . echevarria & silvana c . alvarez 2014 . a new species of spiny - tailed iguanid lizard ( iguania : stenocercus ) from northwestern peru . zootaxa 3753 ( 1 ) : 047–058
daza - pérez , erika patricia ; ruth mariela castillo morales 2010 . aspectos de la ecología de stenocercus santander en un bosque húmedo montano bajo de los andes orientales de colombia herpetotropicos 6 ( 1 - 2 ) : - get paper here
justification : although it has an extent of occurrence of 13 , 000 km 2 , stenocercus crassicaudatus is listed as least concern because the agricultural activities that are taking place in its distribution do not fragment or affect in major ways its population .
fritts , t . h . ( 1972 ) new species of lizards of the genus stenocercus from peru ( sauria : iguanidae ) . occasional papers of the museum of natural history , the university of kansas , lawrence kansas , 10 , 1–21 .
cadle , j . e . ( 1991 ) systematics of lizards of the genus stenocercus ( iguania : tropiduridae ) from northern peru : new species and comments on relationships and distribution patterns . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 143 , 1–96 .
venegas , p . j . , duran , v . & garcia - burneo , k . ( 2013 ) a new species of arboreal iguanid lizard , genus stenocercus ( squamata : iguania ) , from central peru . zootaxa , 3609 ( 3 ) , 291–301 .
fritts , thomas h . 1972 . new species of lizards of the genus stenocercus from perú ( sauria : iguanidae ) . occasional papers of the museum of natural history , the university of kansas , lawrence , kansas ( 10 ) : 1 - 21 - get paper here
cadle , j . e . 2001 . a new species of lizard related to stenocercus caducus ( cope ) ( squamata : iguanidae from peru and bolivia , with a key to the ‘‘ophryoessoides group’’ . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 157 ( 3 ) : 183 - 222 - get paper here
torres - carvajal , o . , schulte ii j . a . & cadle j . e . ( 2006 ) phylogenetic relationships of south american lizards of the genus stenocercus ( squamata : iguania ) : a new approach using a general mixture model for gene sequence data . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 39 , 171–185 .
torres - carvajal , omar ; james a . schulte ii and john e . cadle 2006 . phylogenetic relationships of south american lizards of the genus stenocercus ( squamata : iguania ) : a new approach using a general mixture model for gene sequence data . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 ( 1 ) : 171 - 185 - get paper here
justification : stenocercus imitator is a common species that has been assessed as least concern owing to its tolerance of a broad range of habitats . although there is some habitat loss and degradation within its range , this species has been found in modified habitats including secondary forest and agricultural plantations and is therefore not likely to be experiencing significant population declines .
justification : stenocercus nigromaculatus has been assessed as data deficient . this species is known from only one river basin in peru , there is no population information , and the scale of threats from agricultural and urban expansion is not known . further research on this species ' distribution and population is required before a more accurate assessment of conservation status can be made .
justification : stenocercus festae has been assessed as vulnerable because its estimated extent of occurrence is approximately 14 , 850 km² , it is found in fewer than ten locations , and there is a continuing decline in the quality of its habitat due to agricultural expansion , logging , and mining . conservation measures are required to reduce the rate of habitat degradation and loss currently occurring .
cadle j e . 1991 . systematics of lizards of the genus stenocercus ( iguania tropiduridae ) from northern peru . new species and comments on relationships and distribution patterns . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 143 : 1 - 96 . ( erratum published in proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 144 ( 1993 ) : 345 ) . - get paper here
teixeira , mauro ; ivan prates , carolina nisa , nathalia suzan camarão silva - martins , christine strüssmann , miguel trefaut rodrigues 2015 . molecular data reveal spatial and temporal patterns of diversification and a cryptic new species of lowland stenocercus duméril & bibron , 1837 ( squamata : tropiduridae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 94 : 410 - 423 ( 2016 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2015 . 09 . 010 - get paper here
type locality : colombia , departamento santander , municipio piedecuesta , vereda tres esquinas , approximately 6°59’22’’n , 73°3’13’’w .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
holotype : uis - r 478 , adult male , 23 feb . 1999 , rances caicedo .
ayala , s . c . 1986 . saurios de colombia : lista actualizada , y distribucion de ejemplares colombianos en los museos . caldasia 15 ( 71 - 75 ) : 555 - 575
carranza , s . ; e . n . arnold & f . amat 2004 . dna phylogeny of lacerta ( iberolacerta ) and other lacertine lizards ( reptilia : lacertidae ) : did competition cause long - term mountain restriction ? . systematics and biodiversity 2 ( 1 ) : 57 - 77
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
boulenger , g . a . 1885 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 2 , second edition . london , xiii + 497 pp . - get paper here
etheridge , richard e . 1966 . the systematic relationships of west indian and south american lizards referred to the iguanid genus leiocephalus . copeia 1966 ( 1 ) : 79 - 91 - get paper here
hallowell , e . 1856 . notes on reptiles in the collection of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 8 : 221 - 238 - get paper here
medina - rangel , guido fabián 2013 . cambio estacional en el uso de los recursos de la comunidad de reptiles en el complejo cenagoso de zapatosa , departamento del cesar ( colombia ) . caldasia 35 ( 1 ) : 103 - 122
rivas , gilson a . ; césar r . molina , gabriel n . ugueto , tito r . barros , césar l . bar - rio - amorós & philippe j . r . kok 2012 . reptiles of venezuela : an updated and commented checklist . zootaxa 3211 : 1–64 - get paper here
torres - carvajal , o . 2004 . the abdominal skeleton of tropidurid lizards ( squamata : tropiduridae ) . herpetologica 60 ( 1 ) : 75 - 83 - get paper here
burt , c . e . & burt , m . d . 1931 . south american lizards in the collection of the american museum of natural history . bull . amer . mus . nat . hist . 61 ( 7 ) : 227 - 395
werner , f . 1901 . ueber reptilien und batrachier aus ecuador und neu - guinea . verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 51 : 593 - 614
type locality : el chorro , a village 1 km n ( airline ) monte seco , río zaña , 1350 m elevation , departamento cajamarca , perú .
avila , luciano javier ; lorena elizabeth martinez & mariana morando 2013 . checklist of lizards and amphisbaenians of argentina : an update . zootaxa 3616 ( 3 ) : 201–238
avila - pires , t . c . s . 1995 . lizards of brazilian amazonia ( reptilia : squamata ) . zoologische verhandelingen 299 : 1 - 706 - get paper here
catenazzi , a . , lehr , e . & von may , r . 2013 . the amphibians and reptiles of manu national park and its buffer zone , amazon basin and eastern slopes of the andes , peru . biota neotrop . 13 ( 4 ) : 269 - 283
cei , j . m . 1993 . reptiles del noroeste , nordeste y este de la argentina . museo regionale sci . naturale torino , monografie 14 : 1 - 949
dirksen , l . & de la riva , i . 1999 . the lizards and amphisbaenians of bolivia ( reptilia , squamata ) : checklist , localities , and bibliography . graellsia 55 : 199 - 215
duellman , w . e . 2005 . cusco amazónico : the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an amazonian rainforest . comstock pub assoc .
duellman , w . e . , & salas , a . w . 1991 . annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of cuzco amazonico , peru . occas . papers mus . of natur . hist . , univ . of kansas , lawrence ( 143 ) : 13 pp . - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . and g . bibron . 1837 . erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complete des reptiles . vol . 4 . libr . encyclopédique roret , paris , 570 pp . - get paper here
fitzinger , l . 1843 . systema reptilium , fasciculus primus , amblyglossae . braumüller et seidel , wien : 106 pp . - get paper here
prudente , a . l . c . ; f . magalhães ; a . menks ; j . f . m . sarmento . 2013 . checklist of lizards of the juruti , state of pará , brazil . check list 9 ( 1 ) : 42 - 50 - get paper here
ribeiro - júnior , marco a . 2015 . catalogue of distribution of lizards ( reptilia : squamata ) from the brazilian amazonia . i . dactyloidae , hoplocercidae , iguanidae , leiosauridae , polychrotidae , tropiduridae . zootaxa 3983 ( 1 ) : 001–110
werner , f . 1913 . neue oder seltene reptilien und frösche des naturhistorischen museums in hamburg . reptilien der ostafrika - expedition der hamburger geographischen gesellschaft 1911 / 12 . leiter : dr . e . obst . reptilien und amphibien von formosa . jb . hamb . wiss . anst . , 30 [ 1912 ] , 2 . beiheft : 1 - 39 , 40 - 45 , 45 - 51 - get paper here
type locality : ‘‘huamachuco , 3350 m elevation , departamento la libertad , perú . ”
sympatric with s . melanopygus . belongs to the clades scelotrema and microphractoides ( fide torres - carvajal 2006 ) .
abundance : only known from its original description ( meiri et al . 2017 ) .
meiri , shai ; aaron m . bauer , allen allison , fernando castro - herrera , laurent chirio , guarino colli , indraneil das , tiffany m . doan , frank glaw , lee l . grismer , marinus hoogmoed , fred kraus , matthew lebreton , danny meirte , zoltán t . nagy , cristiano d 2017 . extinct , obscure or imaginary : the lizard species with the smallest ranges . diversity and distributions - get paper here
distribution : has been erroneously reported from peru ( robert langstroth , pers . comm . ) most closely related to s . azureus ( fide torres - carvajal 2006 ) . map : see teixeira et al . 2015 : 417 .
beolens , bo ; michael watkins , and michael grayson 2011 . the eponym dictionary of reptiles . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , usa - get paper here
freiberg , m . a . 1944 . una nuevo especie de saurio del género proctotretus duméril & bibron . physis , buenos aires 19 ( 54 ) : 473
freiberg , m . a . 1962 . nuevos hallazgos y distribucion geografica del saurio “proctotretus doello - juradoi” freiberg en la argentina . revista museo argentino de ciencias naturales bernadino rivadavia 8 ( 9 ) : 107 - 111
kacoliris f . p . ; berkunsky i . & williams j . 2006 . herpetofauna of impenetrable , argentinean great chaco . phyllomedusa 5 ( 2 ) : 149 - 158 - get paper here
synonymy after cei 1993 . specimens from mato grosso represent a new species that was named s . sinesaccus by torres - carvajal 2005 . map : see teixeira et al . 2015 : 417 .
boulenger , g . a . 1894 . list of reptiles and batachians collected by dr . t . bohls near asuncion , paraguay . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 13 : 342 - 348 - get paper here
cacciali , pier ; norman j . scott , aida luz aquino ortíz , lee a . fitzgerald , and paul smith 2016 . the reptiles of paraguay : literature , distribution , and an annotated taxonomic checklist special publication of the museum of southwestern biology , number 11 : 1–373 - get paper here
cope , e . d . 1863 . contributions to neotropical saurology . proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia 14 [ 1862 ] : 176 - 188 . - get paper here
gallardo , jose m . 1959 . sobre un iguanidae del noroeste argentino , leiocephalus caducus ( cope ) . acta zoologica lilloana 17 : 484 - 497
hoogmoed , m . s . & n . vaca 1990 . herpetofauna : in : frey , r . ( ed . ) : report expedition perseverancia . 8 - 9 : 19 .
marcus , a . 1986 . nuevos datos sobre ophryoessoides caducus ( cope ) ( sauria : iguanidae ) y su presencia en argentina . acta zoologica lilloana 38 : 143–147
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aguilar , c . , quiroz rodriguez , a . & perez , j .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
this species is found in the state of cusco , southeastern peru . the area in which this species is distributed is a little over 13 , 000 km² , and is found between 1 , 060 and 2 , 500 m ( a . quiroz pers . comm . 2014 ) .
intensive agriculture , including coffee and achiote plantations , and cattle ranches , and associated deforestation are taking place within the range of this species . however , these activities do not seem to affect the species .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . part of this species ' range falls within the santuario historico machu picchu , where it is protected ( m . lundberg pers . comm . ) . conservation measures are needed to reduce the rate of habitat loss and change , such as the extension of protected areas . further research is required to monitor the population of this species .
aguilar , c . , quiroz rodriguez , a . & perez , j . 2016 .
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this species is known from one river drainage in the region of huancabamba , piura , peru , at elevations of 1 , 900 - 2 , 300 m ( fritts 1972 , cadle 1991 ) . the area in which this species is distributed is approximately 730 km²
this species is found within a habitat that has been converted to human use and degraded as a result of burning and deforestation for urban and agricultural expansion , as well as mining operations ( wwf 2001 ) .
this species is not known to occur in protected areas . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . conservation measures are required to reduce the rate of habitat loss and decline that is occurring within its range . research is needed to determine how widespread these pressures are and the lizard ' s ability to persist in disturbed habitats , and to determine its population status .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , powney , g . & munoz , g .
this species is known only from its type locality , from which it was collected in 1901 ; torres - cavajal ( 2000 ) visited the type locality in 1997 but found no specimens . most suitable habitat has been cleared both at the type locality and in surrounding areas . and if as suspected the species was endemic to this region it is likely to be extinct . nevertheless , a small number of forest patches remain and more intensive surveys are needed to confirm this species no longer survives here .
the type locality of this species is in humid premontane forest . while nothing else is known of its ecology , it belongs to a clade of arboreal lizards and is presumably incapable of surviving in deforested areas ( d . cisneros - heredia pers . comm . 2016 ) .
there is no known use of or trade in this species , which has not been recorded for 115 years .
torres - carvajal ( 2000 ) visited the type locality in 1997 and found that most of the natural vegetation had been replaced by orange , banana and coffee plantations . this disturbance extends for kilometres around the type locality , and only patches of forest remain in which a population of this arboreal lizard might persist ( d . cisneros - heredia pers . comm . 2016 ) .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . extensive surveys of suitable habitat in the region surrounding the type locality are required to ascertain whether this species survives and , if so , to characterize its distribution and population size .
justification : while this species has a small extent of occurrence , it is common , tolerant of habitat alteration , and faces no major threats , hence it is listed as least concern .
this species is known from the eastern cordillera of the central andes in northern peru ( 6° s–5° s ) . this species occurs in the valley of río utcubamba ( atlantic drainage ) at elevations between 2 , 200–2 , 900 m ( torres - carvajal 2007 ) . extent of occurrence is approximately nearly 2 , 000 km 2 .
this species occurs in moist montane forest and has been found in open areas at the bases of shrubs ( fritts 1972 in torres - carvajal 2007 , fritts 1974 ) .
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venegas pj 1 , echevarría ly , garcía - burneo k , koch c .
división de herpetología - centro de ornitología y biodiversidad ( corbidi ) , santa rita n°105 of . 202 , urb . huertos de san antonio , surco , lima , perú . user @ example . com .
pablo j . venegas división de herpetología - centro de ornitología y biodiversidad ( corbidi ) , santa rita n°105 of . 202 , urb . huertos de san antonio , surco , lima , perú
karla garcía - burneo división de herpetología - centro de ornitología y biodiversidad ( corbidi ) , santa rita n°105 of . 202 , urb . huertos de san antonio , surco , lima , perú
pablo j . venegas , lourdes y . echevarría , karla garcía - burneo , claudia koch
brack , a . ( 1986 ) las ecoregiones del perú . boletín de lima , 44 , 57–70 .
campbell , j . a . & lamar , w . w . ( 2004 ) the venomous reptiles of the western hemisphere . volume 1 . cornell university press , ithaca , ny , 976 pp .
de queiroz , k . ( 1998 ) the general lineage concept of species , species criteria , and the process of speciation . in : howard , d . j . & berlorcher , s . h . ( eds . ) , endless forms : species and speciation . oxford university press , oxford , pp . 57–75 .
de queiroz , k . ( 2007 ) species concept and species delimitation . systematic biology , 56 , 879–886 .
dixon , j . r . & huey , r . b . ( 1970 ) systematics of the lizards of the gekkonid genus phyllodactylus of mainland south america . los angeles county museum contributions in science , 192 , 1–78 .
duellman , w . e . ( 2004 ) frogs of the genus colostethus ( anura : dendrobatidae ) in the andes of northern peru . scientific papers of the natural history museum , university of kansas , 35 , 1–49 .
duellman , w . e . & pramuk , j . b . ( 1999 ) frogs of the genus eleutherodactylus ( anura : leptodactylidae ) in the andes of northern peru . scientific papers of the natural history museum , university of kansas , 1 , 1–78 .
gentry , a . h . ( 1992 ) diversity and floristic composition of andean forests of peru and adjacent countries : implications for their conservation . in : young , k . r . & valencia , n . ( eds . ) . biogeografía , ecología y conservación del bosque montano en el peru . memorias del museoo de historia natural , unmsm 21 , pp . 11–29 .
koch , c . , venegas , p . j . & böhme , w . ( 2006 ) a remarkable discovery : description of a big - growing new gecko ( squamata : gekkonidae : phyllopezus ) from northwestern peru . salamandra , 42 ( 2 / 3 ) , 145–150 .
koch , c . , venegas , p . j . & böhme , w . ( 2015 ) three new endemic species of epictia gray , 1845 ( serpentes : leptotyphlopidae ) from the dry forest of northwestern peru . zootaxa , 3964 ( 2 ) , 228–244 .
koch , c . , venegas , p . j . , garcia - bravo , a . & böhme , w . ( 2011 ) a new bush anole ( iguanidae : polychrotinae : polychrus ) from the upper marañón basin , peru , with a redescription of polychrus peruvianus ( noble , 1924 ) and additional information on p . gutturosus berthold , 1845 . zookeys , 141 , 79–107 .
koch , c . , venegas , p . j . , rödder , d . , flecks , m . & böhme , w . ( 2013 ) two new endemic species of ameiva ( squamata : teiidae ) from the dry forest of northwestern peru and additional information on ameiva concolor ruthven , 1924 . zootaxa , 3745 ( 2 ) , 263–295 .
lehr , e . ( 2002 ) amphibien und reptilien in peru . natur - und tier - verlag , münster , 208 pp .
mittermeier , r . a . , robles , g . p . & mittermeier , c . g . ( 1997 ) megadiversity : earth’s biologically richest nations . cemex , mexico city .
olson , d . m . , dinerstein , e . , wikramanayake , e . d . , burgess , n . d . , powel , l g . v . n . , underwood , e . c . , d’amico , j . a . , it - oua , i . , strand , h . e . , morrison , j . c . , loucks , c . j . , allnutt , t . f . , ricketts , t . h . , kura , y . , lamoreux , j . f . , wettengel , w . w . , hedao , p . & kassem , k . r . ( 2001 ) terrestrial ecoregions of the world : a new map of life on earth . bioscience , 51 , ( 11 ) , 933–938 .
peñaherrera del aguila , c . ( 1989 ) atlas del perú . lima , 400 pp .
torres - carvajal , o . ( 2004a ) the abdominal skeleton of tropidurid lizards ( squamata : tropiduridae ) . herpetologica , 60 , 75–83 .
uetz , p . & hošek , j . ( 2016 ) the reptile database . available from : urltoken ( accesed10 may 2016 )
venegas , p . j . , townsend , j . h . , koch , c . & böhme , w . ( 2008 ) two new sympatric species of leaf - toed geckos ( gekkonidae : phyllodactylus ) from the balsas region of the upper marañón valley , peru . journal of herpetology , 42 ( 2 ) , 386–396 .
peru ( huarmey ) type locality : malvas , - 9 . 91683 , - 77 . 65133 , 3200 m , departamento ancash , provincia huarmey , peru
holotype . musm 20229 , an adult male , collected 3 february 1997 by edgar lehr . field tag number el 99 . paratypes . 11 ( 5 males , 6 females ) . all from malvas , departamento ancash , provincia huarmey , peru , collected on 2–3 february 1997 by edgar lehr : musm 20225 , - 9 . 91833 , - 77 . 65800 , 3200 m . musm 20226 , - 9 . 92850 , - 77 . 64967 , 3055 m . musm 20227 , smf 80231–33 , - 9 . 92850 , - 77 . 64517 , 3120 m . musm 20228 , smf 80234 , - 9 . 93217 , - 77 . 65500 , 3130 m . musm 20229–30 , - 9 . 91683 , - 77 . 65133 , 3200 m . smf 80235 , - 9 . 93217 , - 77 . 65333 , 3140 m .
sympatry : epictia alfredschmidti , philodryas simonsii , and sibynomorphus petersi ( misidentified as s . vagus in lehr 2002 and lehr et al . 2002 as pointed out by cadle 2007 ) . abundance : only known from its original description ( meiri et al . 2017 ) .
the name johaberfellneri is a patronym for johannes haber fellner , germany , in recognition of his support of taxonomic studies through the biopat program .
cadle , j . e . 2007 . the snake genus sibynomorphus ( colubridae : dipsadinae : dipsadini ) in peru and ecuador , with comments on the systematics of dipsadini . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 158 ( 5 ) : 183 - 283 - get paper here
lehr , e . 2002 . amphibien und reptilien in peru . natur und tier - verlag ( münster ) , 208 pp . - get paper here
lehr , e . ; köhler , g . & streit , b . 2002 . die herpetofauna von mittelperu entlang eines transektes von der pazifischen küste bis in die hochanden ( amphibia et reptilia ) . faun . abh . mus . tierk . dresden 22 ( 2 ) : 361 - 392
cisneros - heredia , d . f . , valencia , j . , brito , j . , almendáriz , a . & munoz , g .
this species is known from the low inter - montane basins on both sides of the andes in the provinces of azuay , canar , and loja , southern ecuador ; it is found in the upper valleys of the rio paute ( atlantic drainage ) and rio jubones ( pacific drainage ) . this species is found between 2 , 300 and 3 , 200 m above sea level .
this species is found in paramo , moist montane forests , dry montane forests , and humid montane cloudforests .
this species is found in a region that is threatened by high rates of habitat loss ( including that caused by burning ) due to agricultural expansion and logging . mining is also prevalent in the region and may pose an additional threat to this species .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . the establishment and management of protected areas are required to reduce the rate of habitat loss occurring within this species ' range and provide safeguards for this species . monitoring of this species is recommended .
cisneros - heredia , d . f . , valencia , j . , brito , j . , almendáriz , a . & munoz , g . 2017 .
this species is known from the western slopes of the andes from monte seco and cajamarca to canchaque , piura , in northern peru . it is found between 1 , 200 and 2 , 600 m above sea level . extent of occurrence is approximately 3 , 300 km 2 .
cadle ( 1991 ) stated that this species is abundant in the vicinity of the type locality , and is common in secondary forest and agricultural plantations .
this species occurs in moist montane forest and scrub habitat , where it is found in more open areas where breaks in the canopy allow light to reach the ground . this species has been found in secondary forest and disturbed habitats including agricultural plantations , banana and coffee groves , and along roads .
it is unlikely that any major threat is impacting this species . loss and degradation of natural habitat is occurring within its range , however , this species is able to adapt to secondary forest and plantations and therefore habitat loss cannot be considered a major threat .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . monitoring is required to ensure that habitat loss and degradation is not having a greater impact on its population than previously thought .