psammodynastes pulverulentus , the common mock viper , is a species of snake native to asia .

it is one of the few snake species to possess three hemipenes .

mock viper is a small snake ( total length up to 65 cm ( 26 in ) , less in males ) , but it will form defensive coils and strike in viper-like fashion when threatened .

psammodynastes pulverulentus

psammophis pulverulenta h . boie in f . boie 1827 : 547 dipsas ferruginea cantor 1839 : 53 psammophis pulverulentus — duméril & bibron 1854 : 895 dipsas ferruginea — blyth 1856 : 715 psammodynastes pulverulentus — günther 1858 : 140 psammophis floresianus bleeker 1859 ( nomen nudum ) psammophis floresianus — bleeker 1860 lycodon bairdii steindachner 1867 : 90 psammodynastes pulverulentus — boulenger 1896 : 172 psammodynastes pulverulentus — smith 1943 anisodon lilljeborgi rosen 1905 psammodynastes pulverulentus — stejneger 1907 : 383 psammodynastes pulverulentus — manthey & grossmann 1997 : 379 psammodynastes pulverulentus — cox et al . 1998 : 49 psammodynastes pulverulentus — ziegler 2002 : 248 psamodynastes pulverulentus pulverulentus — zhao 2006 psamodynastes pulverulentus — das et al . 2009 ( in error ) psammodynastes pulverulentus — wallach et al . 2014 : 585 psammodynastes pulverulentus pulverulentus — koch 2012 psammodynastes pulverulentus papenfussi zhao 1995 psammodynastes pulverulentus papenfussi — rodriguez - robles et al . 2003 psammodynastes pulverulentus papenfussi — zhao 2006
kingdom : animalia phylum : chordata class : reptilia order : squamata suborder : serpentes family : colubridae genus : psammodynastes species : p . pulverulentus binomial name : psammodynastes pulverulentus ( classified by h . boie , in year 1827 )
hans - martin braun marked the german common name
gewohnliche scheinviper , gewohnliche falschviper
from
psammodynastes pulverulentus boie 1827
as untrusted .
gaulke , m . 2006 . psammodynastes pulverulentus , gewöhnliche falschviper . reptilia ( münster ) 11 ( 59 ) : 51 - 54 - get paper here
wall , f . 1907 . viviparous habit of the false himalayan viper ( psammodynastes pulverulentus ) . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 : 204 - get paper here
after latin “pulverulentus” = “dusty” , probably after the the brown - powdered ventral side of the species .
rasmussen , jens b . 1975 . geographical variation , including an evolutionary trend , in psammodynastes pulverulentus ( boie , 1827 ) ( boiginae , homalopsidae , serpentes ) . videnskabelige meddelelser fra dansk naturhistorisk forening 138 : 39 - 64
dieckmann , simon ; gerrut norval and jean - jay mao . 2013 . notes on four psammodynastes pulverulentus papenfussi zhao , 1995 ( squamata : colubridae ) litters from eastern taiwan . herpetology notes 6 : 497 - 499 . - get paper here
jackson , k . and t . h . fritts 1996 . observations of a grooved anterior fang in psammodynastes pulverulentus : does the mock viper resemble a protoelapid ? . journal of herpetology 30 ( 1 ) : 128 - 131 - get paper here
miller , aryeh h . and george r . zug 2016 . morphology and biology of the asian common mockviper , psammodynastes pulverulentus ( boie , 1827 ) ( serpentes : lamprophiidae ) : a focus on burmese populations . proceedings of the biological society of washington 129 : 173–194 - get paper here
description : fairly variable species in various shades of brown with speckles . behavior : diurnal . taxonomy : this genus and species has been assigned to lamprophiidae , incertae sedis , by pyron et al . 2011 . distribution : see map in miller & zug 2016 , rasmussen 1975 . diet : frogs , lizards ( especially skinks , limnonectes , miller & zug 2016 ) type species : psammophis pulverulenta h . boie in f . boie 1827 : 547 is the type species of the genus psammodynastes günther 1858 .
ne india ( assam , sikkim , darjelling ; arunachal pradesh ( siddi ( = gandhigram ) , miao - changlang district , gobuk village , yingkiong – east siang district , chimpu– papum pare district ) [ a . captain , pers . comm . ] ) , bhutan ,
papenfussi : taiwan . type locality : kararu ( = kueitzuchiao ) , koshun district ( = henchun twon ) , takao - shu province ( now pintung hsien ) , taiwan , elevation 150 m .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
holotype : unknown ( fide sang et al . 2009 ) holotype : mvz 23857 [ papenfussi ]
anderson , j . 1871 . on some indian reptiles . proc . zool . soc . london 1871 : 149 - 211 - get paper here
beukema , w . 2011 . herpetofauna of disturbed forest fragments on the lower mt . kitanglad rnage , mindanao isand , philippines . salamandra 47 ( 2 ) : 90 - 98 - get paper here
binaday , jake wilson b . ; ace kevin s . amarga , ernesto s . barrameda jr . , and bobet jan m . bonagua 2017 . amphibians and reptiles in the vicinity of bulusan lake , bulusan volcano natural park , sorsogon , philippines . philippine journal of science 146 ( 3 ) : 339 - 351
blyth , e . 1856 . report for october meeting , 1855 . j . asiat . soc . bengal , calcutta , 24 : 711 - 723 [ 1855 ] - get paper here
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boulenger , g . a . 1894 . on the herpetological fauna of palawan and balabac . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 14 : 81 - 90 - get paper here
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bulian , j . 1999 . über die schlangenfauna eines gartens in südthailand . elaphe 7 ( 4 ) : 61 - 67
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das , i . & palden , j . 2000 . a herpetological collection from bhutan , with new country records . herpetological review 31 ( 4 ) : 256 - 258 - get paper here
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geissler , peter , truong quang nguyen , nikolay a . poyarkov & wolfgang böhme 2011 . new records of snakes from cat tien national park , dong nai and lam dong provinces , southern vietnam . bonn zoological bulletin 60 ( 1 ) : 9 - 16 - get paper here
grismer , l . lee ; chan k . onn , jesse l . grismer , perry l . wood , jr . , and a . norhayati 2010 . a checklist of the herpetofauna of the banjaran bintang , peninsular malaysia . russ . j . herpetol . 17 ( 2 ) : 147 - 160 - get paper here
grismer , l . lee ; thy neang , thou chav , perry l . wood , jr . , jamie r . oaks , jeremy holden , jesse l . grismer , thomas r . szutz and timothy m . youmans 2008 . additional amphibians and reptiles from the phnom samkos wildlife sanctuary in northwestern cardamom mountains , cambodia , with comments on their taxonomy and the discovery of three new species . raffles bulletin of zoology 56 ( 1 ) : 161 - 175 - get paper here
grismer , l . l . 2011 . amphibians and reptiles of the seribuat archipelago . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 239 pp .
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günther , a . 1858 . catalogue of colubrine snakes of the british museum . london , i - xvi , 1 - 281
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hartmann , timo ; flora ihlow , sarah edwards , sovath sothanin , markus handschuh and wolfgang böhme 2013 . a preliminary annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the kulen promtep wildlife sanctuary in northern cambodia . asian herpetological research 4 ( 1 ) : 36–55 - get paper here
hecht , vera l . ; cuong t . pham , tao t . nguyen , truong q . nguyen , michael bonkowski & thomas ziegler 2013 . first report on the herpetofauna of tay yen tu nature reserve , northeastern vietnam . biodiversity journal 4 ( 4 ) : 507–552
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this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
as with most other rear - fanged species , not much is known about the mock viper ' s venom . there are no reports of deaths or severe bites , but there may be swelling , redness and aching muscles in the bite area . the venom might contain some kind of anti - coagulant in the venom , because the bite wounds tend to bleed profusely .
a group living mainly in sandy , arid areas that could account for the unsuitable first part of the present name .
(
蛇 ( cha2ban1she2 ) literally means
tea - striped snake
, alluding to its coloration and pattern .
( 1 )
opisthoglyphous snakes are similar to aglyphous ( fangless ) snakes , but possess weak venom , which is injected by means of a pair of enlarged teeth at the back of the maxillae ( upper jaw ) . these
fangs
typically point backwards rather than straight down , possess a groove which channels venom into the prey , and are located roughly halfway back in the mouth , which has led to the vernacular name of
rear - fanged snakes
. ( source )
the number of species increased from 10 , 711 to 10 , 793 , i . e . an increase of 82 species . 66 new species have been described , 9 species have been revalidated from synonymy and 16 subspecies were elevated to full species . . .
over the past 4 months , the number of species increased from 10 , 639 to 10 , 711 .
the number of species has grown from 10 , 544 in the may release to now 10 , 639 ( + 95 species ) .
overall , 212 new taxa have been added or changed their status or name .
the reptile database is a taxonomic database that provides basic information about all living reptile species , such as turtles , snakes , lizards , and crocodiles , as well as tuataras and amphisbaenians , but does not include dinosaurs .
currently there are more than 10 , 000 species and an additional 2 , 700 subspecies . this is making reptiles the largest vertebrate group after fish ( ~ 25 , 000 species ) and birds ( ~ 10 , 000 species ) , and significantly larger than mammals ( ~ 5 , 000 species ) or amphibians ( ~ 6 , 000 species ) .
the reptile database provides taxonomic information for the catalogue of life and the encyclopedia of life . our taxonomic information has also been used by genbank and many other resources and is the only comprehensive reptile database on the web .
the reptile database can be used to find all species within a certain geographic area ( e . g . all snakes of egypt ) . its collection of more than 2 , 500 images allow users to identify a species or at least get an idea how the species or genus may look like . more than 30 , 000 references provide a guide to further information .
the mock viper has a very detailed pattern on the head , and somewhat distinctive pattern on the body . this snake is harmless for people , despite its resemblance to the malayan pit viper – dangerous and deadly .
range : all over thailand and southeast asia including indonesia , philippines , vietnam – even getting over to nepal and the other way , taiwan .
habitat : typically the mock vipers enjoy hilly regions . i found one at a local buddhist temple ( the mock viper you see in the images on this page ) at the bottom of a limestone mountain , with a skink it had just killed in southern thailand . mock vipers can also be found under leaves and brush . recently we found two of them in some leaf litter on a mountain . apparently they like a variety of habitat .
active time ? nocturnal primarily , but as i mentioned i found one during the morning about 10 : 30 am . , and i found two more at night around 10 pm . these thailand snakes are terrestrial – preferring the ground to trees .
food : skinks and other lizards , and of course , frogs – like nearly every other snake in thailand . the adult mock viper i found in the morning was eating a large skink . this mock viper also , occasionally eats other small snakes .
defensive behavior : slow to bite , they coil up as most snakes and strike . i handled mine repeatedly and didn’t get struck at but a couple of times .
venom toxicity : probably not toxic enough to hurt people or large pets . rear - fanged , but not know to cause medically significant bites .
offspring : this species is ovoviparous , embryos develop inside eggs which remain inside the mother where they hatch . mating has been observed occurring for over one hour in a tank for m / f mocks in captivity .
note – males have 3 hemi - penises , one of very few snakes with this anatomy .
notes : these are really beautiful snakes . mock vipers have a thick , strong body . they are not really vipers , but they do possess a weak venom that doesn’t affect humans much . they are rear fanged . female mock vipers are larger than the males on average at adulthood .
important : there is a chance you will confuse it with the highly toxic venomous snake , the malayan pit viper . it has markings that are very similar , though it doesn’t have the giant triangular head of the malayan pit viper – it is pretty close . i thought i had a mutant malayan pit viper when i first found this species .
he regurgitated that skink as some tourists poked him with a stick before i arrived .
snake posts by vern lovic . amateur herpetologist roaming about thailand on field herping tours and events to find king cobras , kraits , vipers , corals , keelbacks , and other snakes native to thailand . fyi - thailand has over 200 snake species . here ' s our latest book with detailed information on thailand ' s 35 deadly snakes .
is that snake in your house dangerous ? identify deadly thailand snakes in under 5 minutes !
info here .
snake posts by vern lovic . amateur herpetologist roaming about thailand on field herping tours and events to find king cobras , kraits , vipers , corals , keelbacks , and other snakes native to thailand . fyi - thailand has over 200 snake species . here ' s our latest book with detailed information on thailand ' s 35 deadly snakes .
is that snake in your house dangerous ? identify deadly thailand snakes in under 5 minutes !
info here . view all posts by vern
we have a small snake that came in with a shipment of crated driftwood from malaysia . wondering if you can assist with id ?
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click here . free ebook - photos of common thailand snakes . free pdf .
continent : asia distribution : bangladesh , burma ( myanmar ) , cambodia , china ( fujian , yunnan , guangxi , guangdong , hainan ) , hong kong ne india ( assam , sikkim , darjelling ; arunachal pradesh ( siddi ( = gandhigram ) , miao - changlang district , gobuk village , yingkiong – east siang district , chimpu– papum pare district ) [ a . captain , pers . comm . ] ) , bhutan , indonesia ( bali , bangka , borneo , butung , enggano , flores , java , kalimantan , komodo , lombok , mentawai archipelago , natuna archipelago , padar , riau archipelago , rinca , sangihe archipelago , sulawesi , sula archipelago , sumatra , sumba , sumbawa , togian archipelago ) , laos , nepal , philippine islands ( balabac , basilan , bohol , bongao , busuanga , dinagat , jolo , leyte , luzon , mindanao , negros , palawan , panay , polillo , samar ) taiwan ( incl . lanyu ) , thailand ( incl . phuket ) , vietnam , malaysia ( malaya and east malaysia , pulau tioman ) type locality : java papenfussi : taiwan . type locality : kararu ( = kueitzuchiao ) , koshun district ( = henchun twon ) , takao - shu province ( now pintung hsien ) , taiwan , elevation 150 m .
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agarwal i . , mistry v . k . , athreya r . ( 2010 ) a preliminary checklist of the reptiles of eaglenest wildlife sanctuary , west kameng district , arunachal pradesh , india . russian journal of herpetology , vol . 17 , no . 2 , 2010 , pp . 81 – 93
boulenger g . a . ( 1896 ) catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . 3 , london : taylor and francis .
corlett r . t . ( 2011 ) vertebrate carnivores and predation in the oriental ( indomalayan ) region . the raffles bulletin of zoology 59 ( 2 ) : 325–360
das a . , saikia u . , murthy b . h . c . k . , dey s . , dutta s . k . ( 2009 ) a herpetofaunal inventory of barail wildlife sanctuary and adjacent regions , assam , north - eastern india . hamadryad vol . 34 , no . 1 , pp . 117 – 134
das a . , basu d . , converse l . , choudhury s . c . ( 2012 ) herpetofauna of katerniaghat wildlife sanctuary , uttar pradesh , india . journal of threatened taxa , 4 ( 5 ) : 2553–2568
laltanpuia t . c . , lalrinchhana c . , lalnunsanga , lalrotluanga , hmingthansanga r . , kumari a . , renthlei v . , lalrintluangi s . , lalremsanga h . t . ( 2008 ) snakes ( reptilia : serpentes ) of mizoram university campus , tanhril , aizawl with notes on their identification keys . science vision 8 ( 4 ) 112 - 127 : snakes ( reptilia : serpentes ) of mizoram university campus
lawson r . , slowinski j . b . , crother b . i . , burbrink f . t . ( 2005 ) phylogeny of the colubroidea ( serpentes ) : new evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 37 ( 2005 ) 581–601
purkayastha j . , das s . , sengupta s . ( 2011 ) urban herpetofauna : a case study in guwahati city of assam , india . herpetology notes , volume 4 : 195 - 202
albert c . l . g . günther ( 1864 ) the reptiles of british india . london : published for the ray society by robert hardwicke
george a . boulenger ( 1890 ) the fauna of british india including ceylon and burma , reptilia and batrachia . london : taylor and francis .
jayaditya purkayastha ( 2013 ) an amateur’s guide to reptiles of assam . ebh publishers ( india )
malcolm a . smith ( 1943 ) the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region , reptilia and amphibia . vol 3 serpentes . taylor & francis , london .
romulus whitaker & ashok captain ( 2004 ) snakes of india , the field guide . draco books
back purplish , reddish or dark brown , with light grey spots . an additional lighter colour phase exist : back tan yellow , with irregular darker spots and two light - coloured lateral stripes extending from neck to tail . young snakes may be either the dark or the light colour phase . ventrals brown , with pale speckles . head angular somewhat like a viper , with pale lines forming a
v
on top . a broad reddish stripe may be present on the underside of body . dorsal scales smooth . mildly venomous with rear fangs , harmless to humans .
diurnal . prowls by day and occasionally basks in the sun or hides under objects . may perched on bushes over streams at night . a fierce - looking snake , sometimes strikes and bites when provoked , but mostly bluffs by assuming the s - shaped stance of a true viper ready to strike .
in captivity feeds on frogs , geckoes and skinks . will eat small snakes occasionally .
viviparous , giving birth to 3 - 10 young . young snake about 15 cm in total length .
in hong kong , generally uncommon . recorded from various localities on hong kong island , new territories and lantau island . also recorded from shek kwu chau , the only local occurrence on a small island . ranges from india to southern china including taiwan , and south throughout malay peninsula to indonesia .
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really interested in this species . but i couldn ' t find any detailed information ( care sheets for example ) just now that these snakes require a high level of humidity and don ' t tolerate high temperatures ( keepers said that 20 - 26c will be ok , so , if i have 24 - 25 * * * 1057 ; all year , will they be able to live without any heating ? ) also , i know that their diet is frogs and lizards , the person who is ready to sell this snake said me that it ' s possible to feed it with mice in future if i have enough patience to do it . either , i ' ll be very grateful if some people who have these amazing snakes share photos and give some advices as well .
interesting animal , are they rear fanged ? i think their might be some information on german forums if you search the name with ' haltung ' at the end , i didn ' t translate the content though .
rear fanged , nigh on impossible to keep alive for more than a few months .
is there any consensus on why they are so difficult ? i presume they come in with a high parastic load , if they are easily stressed that is only going to make matters worse . has anyone had any luck ? is much know about the venom ?
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doc ini dibuat dari hasil saduran buku the reptiles of the indo australian archipelago ii yg penamaannya sudah disesuaikan dengan synomin terupdate saat ini . dengan adanya doc ini diharapkan kita semua bisa lebih mengenali lagi jenis2 yg ada di indonesia beserta penyebarannya . karena sifatnya sharing dan sama2 belajar maka akan sangat bermanfaat jika turut membantu menambahkan jika ada yg kurang , membetulkan jika ada penulisan yg salah / penempatan lokaliti yg tidak seharusnya , buat yg req foto / gambar . . mohon maaf ga bisa ditampilin , silakan copas saja nama tsb di google tool bar .
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proceedings of the biological society of washington ; lawrence vol . 129 , iss . 2 , ( 2016 ) : 173 - 194 .


cyclopalpia violescens is a species of snout moth in the genus cyclopalpia .

it was described by george hampson 1897 , and is known from the brazilian state of são paulo .

cyclopalpia violescens

cyclopalpia hampson , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 680 ; ts : cyclopalpia violescens hampson
this is the place for cyclopalpia definition . you find here cyclopalpia meaning , synonyms of cyclopalpia and images for cyclopalpia copyright 2017 © urltoken
cyclopalpia violescens hampson , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 680 ; tl : são paulo
type - species : cyclopalpia violescens hampson , 1897 . proc . zool . soc . lond . : 680 , fig . 57 . [ bhl ]
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word cyclopalpia . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word cyclopalpia and , of course , cyclopalpia synonyms and on the right images related to the word cyclopalpia .
cyclopalpia is a genus of snout moths . it was described by hampson in 1897 . . . .
cyclopalpia ( chrysauginae ) ; hampson , 1897 , proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 680 ; [ globiz ]
genus : cyclopalpia hampson , 1897 . proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 639 [ key ] , 680 . [ bhl ]
cyclopalpia monotonalis dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 312 ; tl : taboga i .
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hampson , 1897 on the classification of the chrysauginae , a subfamily of moths of the family pyralidae proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 633 - 692
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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ansell 's mole-rat ( fukomys anselli ) is a species of rodent in the family bathyergidae .

it is endemic to zambia .

its natural habitats are moist savanna and miombo forests .

it is noted for its very long tunnels , up to 2.8 km ( 1.7 mi ) for a single colony of only ten individuals .

ansell ' s mole - rat

maggie whitson selected
ansell ' s mole rat
to show in overview on
cryptomys anselli
.
parentage analysis of ansell ' s mole - rat family groups indicates a high reproductive skew despite relatively relaxed ecological constraints on dispersal .
a maze - lover ' s dream : burrow architecture , natural history and habitat characteristics of ansell ' s m . . .
parentage analysis of ansell ' s mole - rat family groups indicates a high reproductive skew despite relatively relaxed ecological constraints on dispe . . . - pubmed - ncbi
[ 0941 ] dammann et al . ( 2012 ) , advanced glycation end - products as markers of aging and longevity in the long - lived ansell ' s mole - rat ( fukomys anselli ) ( pubmed )
mention the term ‘mole - rat’ ( or molerat , or mole rat ) and most people ( zoologists included ) will think of heterocephalus glaber , the remarkable naked mole - rat or sandpuppy of ethiopia , somalia and kenya . but this is merely one of a whole radiation of african mole - rats , the species of which occur right across sub - saharan africa . given that there’s an absolute crap - ton of information online about the naked mole - rat , i’m mostly going to avoid discussing that species here [ image used at top shows ansell ' s mole - rat fukomys anselli ; photo by headster , cc by 3 . 0 ] .
resource characteristics and foraging adaptations in the silvery mole - rat ( heliophobius argenteocine . . .
the zambian mole rat is related to the famous naked mole rat , one of only two mammals to live in “eusocial” colonies & colon ; like honeybees and termites , a single queen does all the breeding and the others work to maintain the colony . the other eusocial mammal is the damaraland mole rat .
. . . non - breeding ansell ' s mole - rats produce sperm of the same quality as breeders . the genetic structure and average size of an ansell ' s mole - rat colony in the wild suggest that many non - reproductive animals do not find a partner and remain within their natal family [ 10 ] . extra - pair paternities appear to be absent within the natal families , and 96 . 4 % of the juveniles are sired by the dominant ( founder ) male of the colony [ 10 ] . . . .
the benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .
among african mole - rats , the giant mole - rat fukomys mechowii is the largest social species . despite several attempts to study a free - living population , information on its biology from natural habitats is very scarce . we mapped two neighbouring burrow systems of the giant mole - rat in a miombo woodland in zambia . we provide information on the size and kin structure of the respective mole - rat . . . [ show full abstract ]
for a while the general assumption seemed to be that the eusociality of the naked mole - rat had evolved from the also eusocial but less ‘extreme’ biology of the cryptomys and fukomys common mole - rats… or , at least , evolved from common - mole - rat - like mole - rats . these eusocial mole - rats ( the eusocial common mole - rats and the naked mole - rat ) inhabit more arid places than most other mole - rats , and they’re the most specialised when it comes to reliance on geophytes and roots , so the idea of some sort of trend toward arid - land specialisation , ever - smaller size , geophyte / root specialisation and increasing eusociality looked like a possibility .
the zambian mole rats fit this to a tee , sherman says . šklíba found that the soil in the zambian mole rats’ habitat was easier to dig than in the naked mole rats’ habitat . what’s more , although the tubers eaten by the mole rats were widely spaced , there were lots of them .
mole rat colonies are generally isolated from one another , but the zambian mole rats may be an exception . unpublished telemetry data suggests that members of one colony visited neighbouring colonies . are they finding mates , socialising , or stealing food from rivals ? sherman says it’s also possible that the connecting tunnels are the mole rats’ way of starting new colonies . we don’t know yet , but it seems there’s an awful lot going on underground in zambia .
a naked mole - rat queen - either cute and nice to look at , or the grotesque stuff of nightmares . image by chomez , in public domain .
mole rats vary widely in how social they are , from the eusocial naked mole rats to the solitary small dune mole rat . according to paul sherman of cornell university in ithaca , new york , species living in harsh environments are more social . if the ground is hard to dig and food sources are widely separated , mole rats can only survive in groups .
the rather boldly marked cape mole - rat or blesmol ( georychus capensis ) in life . photo by nigel c . bennett , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .
the views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .
[ 0533 ] burda et al . ( 1999 ) , the karyotypes of cryptomys anselli sp . nova and cryptomys kafuensis sp . nova : new species of the common mole - rat from zambia ( rodentia , bathyergidae )
so the zambian mole rats live in a moderately tough environment , but not as tough as the naked mole rats . in line with that , they’re social but not eusocial .
. . . the genetic structure and average size of an ansell ' s mole - rat colony in the wild suggest that many non - reproductive animals do not find a partner and remain within their natal family [ 10 ] . extra - pair paternities appear to be absent within the natal families , and 96 . 4 % of the juveniles are sired by the dominant ( founder ) male of the colony [ 10 ] . also in the laboratory , non - breeding males do not mate with female family members based on incest avoidance due to individual recognition [ 7 , 29 ] . . . .
the zambian mole rat doesn’t dig all the way through mountain ranges , but it does dig some of the longest tunnels in the natural world , and the longest of any non - human mammal . a single underground colony can stretch for 2 . 8 kilometres . yet on average , each colony contains just nine or 10 mole rats . these guys are digging machines .
there are a lot of fossils of heterocephalus , the lineage that included the naked mole - rat . these partial skulls - both from the pliocene of tanzania - represent the extinct species h . manthii ( at left ) and h . quenstedti ( from denys 2011 ) .
mole - rats are herbivorous , and most species rely on geophytes ( storage organs ) and roots , though grasses , herbs and occasionally invertebrates and even other rodents are eaten by some species too . several species store plant parts in special burrow chambers and some will only eat part of a root or geophyte , apparently deliberately leaving it to recover and regenerate such that it can be exploited over the long term . the burrows they construct can be absurdly long : people have discovered common mole - rat burrow systems exceeding 1 km in length , and some naked mole - rat burrows are over 3 km long ( jarvis 2001 ) . not a typo : over 3 km .
dune mole - rats ( bathyergus ) also live in groups ( these consisting of around five individuals ) . they’re unusual in being restricted to the arid , sandy south - western corner of africa , and in being especially big : big males of the cape dune mole - rat b . suillus can reach 33 cm in length and 933 g in mass , making this species the biggest living subterranean rodent .
nowak , r . m . 1999 . walker’s mammals of the world , volume ii ( sixth edition ) . the john hopkins university press , baltimore and london .
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yet each colony had on average 9 . 7 mole rats , each of which must have done an awful lot of digging . naked mole rats produce tunnels of similar lengths , but their colonies average 80 individuals , which gives them an obvious numerical advantage .
< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
coterill , f . p . d . & maree , s . ( 2008 ) . cryptomys anselli . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 5 january 2009 .
burda , h . , zima , j . , scharff , a . , macholan , m . and kawalika , m . 1999 . the karyotypes of cryptomys anselli sp . nova and cryptomys kafuensis sp . nova : new species of the common mole - rat from zambia ( rodentia , bathyergidae ) . zeitschrift für säugetierkunde 64 ( 1 ) : 36 - 50 .
the first thing we have to say is that we’re talking specifically here about bathyergid mole - rats or blesmols , and bathyergid mole - rats or blesmols alone : other morphologically and ecologically similar rodent species are also called mole - rats , but they’re not part of bathyergidae . those species – they include the eurasian blind mole - rats of the genera nannospalax and spalax – are included within a group termed spalacinae or spalacidae . they appear to be muroids – part of the enormous rodent group that includes mice , rats , hamsters , voles , gerbils and so on – and hence are not even close to bathyergids .
[ 0702 ] begall and burda ( 1998 ) , reproductive characteristics and growth rate in eusocial zambian common mole - rats ( cryptomys sp . , bathyergidae )
if you’re wondering , bathyergids appear to be part of hystricomorpha or ctenohystrica , the gundi - porcupine - caviomorph clade also known as entodacrya . within this clade , bathyergids appear to be close to dassie rats ( petromuridae ) and cane rats ( thryonomyidae ) , and then to old world porcupines and caviomorphs ( huchon & douzery 2001 , huchon et al . 2002 , fabre et al . 2012 , patterson & upham 2014 ) . some ( but not all ) of these groups have conventionally been included within a hystricomorph assemblage termed phiomorpha . there’s more to say than that as goes phylogeny and taxonomy , of course , but we must move on .
patterson , b . d . & upham , n . s . 2014 . a newly recognized family from the horn of africa , the heterocephalidae ( rodentia : ctenohystrica ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 172 , 942 - 963 .
as with all mole - rats in zambia , heavy overharvesting for human consumption is a major threat to this species . the species is considered to be an agricultural and horticultural pest .
even with modern equipment , digging tunnels is hard work . it took swiss engineers 14 years to dig the world’s longest rail tunnel , the 57 - kilometre gotthard base tunnel under the alps . it was finished in 2010 , but construction began in 1996 .
jarvis , j . u . m . 2001 . african mole - rats . in macdonald , d . ( ed ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press ( oxford ) , pp . 690 - 693 .
< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
hystricomorph / ctenohystrican / entodacryan rodent montage . the groups shown here are cane rats , dassie rats , gundis , old world porcupines , african mole - rats and caviomorphs ( represented by the chinchillid lagidium ) . images from the tet zoo textbook project .
subterranean rodents are not especially familiar animals to the majority of we humans , but their diversity , widespread distribution and geological longevity show that they represent a hugely successful evolutionary event . and they harbour an amazing diversity of behaviours , social strategies , lifestyles , physiological regimes and anatomical adaptations . furthermore , evolutionary processes have – as hinted at in the article here – repeatedly invented similarly adapted rodents again and again and again , in different lineages , and on different continents . we will visit those other subterranean rodents at some point in the future , oh yes . and i didn’t even mention mole - rat jaw musculature ( apologies to philip cox ) .
why are bathyergids restricted to sub - saharan africa , if they’re so ancient ? they really should be more widespread , and we have tantalising indications that they were : a lower miocene mole - rat has been reported from israel , though it has yet to be described in detail ( to my knowledge ) . kingdon ( 1997 ) suggested that their absence from northern africa is due to their having been replaced by a younger group with a similar ecology , the root - rats or rhizomyids , while faulkes et al . ( 2004 ) proposed that the spalacine spalax might have been the ‘replacer’ . maybe both of those groups usurped bathyergids . alas , as always with proposals of this sort , they’re not especially satisfying since we have no real data showing that either root - rats or spalacines are in any way ‘superior’ to bathyergid mole - rats , nor ( at the moment ) is it clear why competitive replacement would occur and lead to the extinction of the group .
< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
šklíba also found evidence that the zambian mole rats might be unusually friendly towards their neighbours . nine of the colonies had a tunnel connecting them to one or two neighbouring colonies . in one case , four colonies were linked together in a daisy chain spanning 7 . 2 kilometres of tunnels .
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
faulkes , c . g . , verheyen , e . , verheyen , w . , jarvis , j . u . m . & bennett , c . 2004 . phylogeography patterns of genetic divergence and speciation in african mole rats ( family : bathyergidae ) . molecular ecology 13 , 613 - 629 .
they mapped out 16 colonies . on average , each had 1 . 2 kilometres of tunnels and covered an area of 6919 square metres . for comparison , the largest known badger sett spanned just 879 metres . the zambian mole rats’ tunnels were densely branched , particularly around the central nest where the breeding pair lived .
bathyergid mole - rats are compact , short - tailed rodents with tiny eyes and near - invisible ears . their large white incisors are exposed even when the mouth is closed , the lips actually closing behind the incisors . prominent grooves are present on the incisors of some species . the incisors in the lower jaw are able to move independently ( is this unique among mammals ? ) , their long roots occupying a huge portion of the skull’s interior and adding to its great strength ( “a steel rod , a square millimetre in section , only penetrated when a weight of 3 kg was applied – this is equivalent to about 8cwt per sq in” ( hanney 1977 ) ) . long claws are typical , as is very short , velvety fur of the sort present widely in subterranean mammals ( heterocephalus being the obvious exception ) .
seney , m . l . , kelly , d . a . , goldman , b . d . , šumbera , r . & forger , n . g . 2009 . social structure predicts genital morphology in african mole - rats . plos one 4 ( 10 ) : e7477 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0007477
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
zambian mole rats are less willing to sacrifice their own breeding rights for the good of the colony – colonies can have several breeding females – but they are still highly cooperative . jan šklíba of the university of south bohemia in české budějovice , the czech republic , and colleagues have carried out the first detailed study of wild colonies to find out how their societies work .
< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
> length < / a > and < a href =
urltoken
> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
urltoken
> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
the african mole rats ( bathyergidae ) is a rodent family unique for subterranean life and diverse social systems . solitary species are thought to be confined to areas with abundant , evenly distributed food resources and easily workable soils , which favors early natal dispersal and independent reproduction . however , there is a paucity of empirical data confirming this assumption . we examined . . . [ show full abstract ]
did members of either of these two subterranean rodent lineages - tachyoryctes ( at left ) and / or spalax - somehow displace bathyergid mole - rats from areas where they once occurred ? tachyoryctes image by eduard rüppell , in public domain ( i can ' t believe there are no good tachyoryctes photos in the public domain ) . spalax image by vivan755 , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .
the african mole - rats ( bathyergidae , rodentia ) are subterranean rodents that have evolved a wide range of social organisations varying from solitary to eusocial . due to some unusual features of their breeding and social systems , much attention has been focused on social species , with solitary species being virtually ignored . here , we present the first genetic study on the mating system of any . . . [ show full abstract ]
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> ' interaction ' < / a > section provides information about the protein quaternary structure and interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes ( with the exception of physiological receptor - ligand interactions which are annotated in the < a href =
urltoken
> ' function ' < / a > section ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / subunit _ structure ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
at left , a molecular phylogeny of bathyergid mole - rats - note how old the heterocephalus divergence is , and how heterocephalus is the sister - taxon to the rest of the clade . the images at right show ( b ) fukomys , ( c ) heliophobius , and ( d ) heterocephalus . b and c by sharry goldman ; d by radim šumbera . entire image from seney et al . ( 2009 ) , cc .
bold markings are present in some species , with dark masks , pale eye - rings and prominent dichromatism being obvious in georychus in particular . i wonder why this is – it isn’t what you’d expect for a subterranean group that are hardly able to see anything . mole - rats are said to make “interesting pets” , but that ( surprise surprise ) “some species bite unexpectedly ; even the newborn can inflict severe bites” ( nowak 1999 , p . 1636 ) .
< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
urltoken
> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
. . . in species where females only produce one or two offspring every year ( or every few years ) and the majority of females success - fully reproduce , such as in mountain brushtail possums ( blyton et al . , 2015 ; lindenmayer , lacy , & viggers , 1998 ) or white - tailed deer ( verme , 1965 ) , fine - scale genetic structure at maternally inherited markers would be expected to be low compared to species with large litters ( all else , including dispersal , being equal ) . conversely , in species where females produce thousands of offspring at a time , such as marine invertebrates ( hedgecock , 1994 ) , or in systems where a small number of females dominate reproduction , such as naked mole rats ( clarke & faulkes , 1997 ; patzenhauerov a , skl ıba , sumbera , 2013 ) , genetic structure at maternally inherited markers would be expected to be very high ( in the absence of differ - ences in dispersal ) . at y chromosome markers , promiscuity , polyan - dry , polygyny and the number of males contributing to reproduction are all important factors for shaping fine - scale spatial genetic struc - ture . . . .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )
justification : listed as near threatened because while its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km² , and there is continuing decline in the number of mature individuals , it is presumably present at more than ten locations , it is not severely fragmented , and populations are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category under criteria a or b .
this species is endemic to the zambezian region of africa , where it has been recorded from east and north of the kafue river in zambia , in a 100 km radius around the city of lusaka . it has been reported from the north - eastern suburbs of lusaka ( e . g . ngwerere , munguli ) .
while this species is known to be abundant in the lusaka and central provinces , there have been no systematic population surveys to date . although relatively abundant within parts of its range , there is reason to be believe the population is declining because of overharvesting
this is a species of savanna bushland ( moist miombo woodland ) , where mean annual rainfall is approximately 820 mm . it has been recorded in modified habitats such as rural gardens and golf - courses . it is a social , subterranean species that generally lives in colonies of up to 12 animals . the species is a seasonal breeder with a litter of two young .
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journal reference & colon ; mammalian biology , doi & colon ; 10 . 1016 / j . mambio . 2012 . 06 . 004
forests . it is noted for its very long tunnels , up to 2 . 8 km for a single colony of only ten individuals .
woods , c . a . and c . w . kilpatrick . 2005 . pp 1538 - 1600 in mammal species of the world a taxonomic and geographic reference 3rd ed . d . e . wilson and d . m . reeder eds . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c .
maggie whitson marked
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as trusted on the
cryptomys anselli burda , zima , scharff , macholán & kawalika , 1999
page .
maggie whitson marked
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as trusted on the
cryptomys anselli burda , zima , scharff , macholán & kawalika , 1999
page .
maggie whitson marked
file : cryptomys anselli . jpg
as trusted on the
cryptomys anselli burda , zima , scharff , macholán & kawalika , 1999
page .
maggie whitson marked
file : graumull img 4042 . jpg
as trusted on the
cryptomys anselli burda , zima , scharff , macholán & kawalika , 1999
page .
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institute of vertebrate biology , academy of sciences of the czech republic , květná 8 , 60365 , brno , czech republic .
a curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .
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projects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .
software for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .
a curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .
a high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .
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one male caught in the wild as an adult lived 19 . 6 years in the lab , making it at least 20 . 6 years old when he died . aged animals appear to lose weight , often have a humped backbone , and become less active . the record holding male stopped reproducing 2 - 3 years before he died . females have been known to breed until about 15 years of age . these animals become sexually mature in their second year of life , though they generally can only reproduce when somewhat older , depending on body weight and social environment : individuals left within their natal groups grow more slowly than individuals that have been separated early ( philip dammann and hynek burda , pers . comm . ) . both female and male breeders live longer and might age slower than non - breeders [ 0696 ] . the mrdt was estimated from mortality data of breeders . there is some controversy concerning the taxonomy of this relatively new species [ 0533 ] . it is also called coetomys anselli by some authors .
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hystricomorph / ctenohystrican / entodacryan cladogram , based on the molecular phylogenies published by huchon et al . ( 2002 ) and fabre et al . ( 2012 ) . this tree ( and several other rodent cladograms ) are from my in - prep textbook .
the skeleton and skull of bathyergus suillus , as illustrated by christian heinrich pander in 1821 ( image in public domain ) . i mostly see claws and incisors .
somewhat surreal image of a captive fukomys mechowi . photo by nikolai barbel , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .
heterocephalus is so distinct relative to all other members of the bathyergid lineage , by the way , that patterson & upham ( 2014 ) argued that it should be given its own ‘family’ : heterocephalidae . you can see their logic , even if ( like me ) you regard monotaxic ‘families’ like this as philosophically redundant ( by which i mean that the heterocephalus lineage already has a unique moniker , this being heterocephalus ) .
denys , c . 2011 . rodents . in harrison , t . ( ed ) paleontology and geology of laetoli : human evolution in context . volume 2 : fossil hominins and the associated fauna . springer , pp . 15 - 53 .
fabre , p . - h . , hautier , l . , dimitrov , d . & douzery , e . j . p . 2012 . a glimpse on the pattern of rodent diversification : a phylogenetic approach . bmc evolutionary biology 2012 , 12 : 88 .
hanney , p . w . 1977 . rodents : their lives and habits . david & charles , newton abbot , london , vancouver .
huchon , d . & douzery , e . j . p . 2001 . from the old world to the new world : a molecular chronicle of the phylogeny and biogeography of hystricognath rodents . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 20 , 238 - 251 .
huchon , d . , madsen , o . , sibbald , m . j . j . b . , ament , k . , stanhope , m . j . , catzeflis , f . , de jong , w . w . & douzery , e . j . p . 2002 . rodent phylogeny and a timescale for the evolution of glires : evidence from an extensive taxon sampling using three nuclear genes . molecular biology and evolution 19 , 1053 - 1065 .
kingdon , j . 1997 . the kingdon field guide to a frican mammals . academic press , san diego .
darren naish is a science writer , technical editor and palaeozoologist ( affiliated with the university of southampton , uk ) . he mostly works on cretaceous dinosaurs and pterosaurs but has an avid interest in all things tetrapod . his publications can be downloaded at darrennaish . wordpress . com . he has been blogging at tetrapod zoology since 2006 . check out the tet zoo podcast at tetzoo . com !
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. . . captured individuals were weighed , their sex was determined , and they were examined for their reproductive status . we considered breeding males as those with conspicuous head muscularity , pigmented corners of the mouth , and conspicuously large testes ; breeding females were recognized by perforated vagina and enlarged teats ( the breeding status was later confirmed by use of genetic methods , see patzenhauerová et al . , 2013 ) . all animals weighing more than 45 g were anesthetized for a short time by ketamine and xylazine , fitted with radio - collars ( brass collar , pip transmitter ; biotrack ltd , dorset , uk ) , and released back into the burrows where they were trapped within 48 h from capture . . . .
kristina kverková , tereza bělíková , seweryn olkowicz , zuzana pavelková , m . justin o ' riain , radim šumbera , hynek burda , nigel c . bennett , pavel němec
1 ) identify the small mammal taxa and determine their distributions in the simien mountains ; 2 ) use historical data to detect elevational range shifts and community responses to climate change .
european coordination and support action project 2010 - 2013 . still publishing and with a web site containing resources for policy makers and managers on genetics in conservation at : http : / / www . cong…
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burrow architecture , family composition and habitat characteristics of the largest social african mo . . .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
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< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the < a href =
urltoken
> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section denotes the presence of an n - terminal signal peptide . < p > < a href = ' / help / signal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘ptm / processing’ section describes the extent of a polypeptide chain in the mature protein following processing . < p > < a href = ' / help / chain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =
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> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
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> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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