iodotropheus sprengerae , the rusty cichlid , lavender mbuna or lavender cichlid , is a species of cichlid endemic to the boadzulu and chinyankwazi islands and chinyamwezi island regions of lake malawi .

it prefers a temperature range of 24-26 °c .

rusty cichlids are elongate fish that can grow up to 10.8 centimetres ( 4.3 in ) sl .

juveniles and females are rusty brown color , while mature males have lavender purple hue .

rusty cichlids are mouthbrooders .

females hold their fertilized eggs and fry , in their mouth for a few weeks before releasing the fry .

iodotropheus sprengerae

iodotropheus sprengerae fighting , 3 males , about 12cm long ( 5 inch . )
iodotropheus sprengerae is associated with rocks and is found at boadzulu and chinyankwazi islands in lake malawi . there is debate over if the boadzulu variant is a separate species or not ( konings , 2007 ) .
appearance : named for the greek root iodes , meaning either the color iodine or iron rust , iodotropheus sprengerae is adorned with both colors . their faces are painted a rust color while their bodies take on a deep lavender purple .
iodotropheus sprengerae is an old fish in the hobby . being described in 1972 by oliver and loiselle , this fish is a classic . although the word rusty does not seem like it would depict this fish as colorful , adult males if kept with proper care have a beautiful purple sheen to them . out of the two species of iodotropheus , the rusty cichlid is the only one that is somewhat available in the hobby .
genus - iodo = iodine like or rusty ( greek ) , tropheus = nurture , as in the mouthbrooding done by cichlids ( greek ) . species - sprengerae = from stagnant water ( greek ) .
iodotropheus sprengerae is a great fish to keep . not only is it peaceful and pretty , but it is easy to keep . this is a good beginner cichlid , if you can find them . in the mid - late 90 ' s this fish was very popular , but now they are kind of difficult to find . occasionally they will pop up in a pet shop . if you see this fish available , be sure to pick it up .
rusty cichlids are very hardy and easy to keep . like all malawian cichlids , it hard water and temperatures of 76 to 80f is optimal . iodotropheus sprengerae is very peaceful for an mbuna . a group of 6 - 8 adults could easily be kept in a 40 gallon breeder , with very few issues . it can also be kept with some of the more peaceful malawians with no problem . the only time i observed aggression in this fish was during spawning , but even then , it was very minimal .
this lovely dwarf mbuna makes a great choice for newcomers to mbuna due to its temperament , subdued but unique colouration and the fact it can be kept in smaller tanks . iodotropheus is the only genus of mbuna which has a very limited distribution within lake malawi , with its three ( possibly two ; the validity of i . declivitas is disputed by some experts ) members being restricted to the south eastern arm of the lake . i . sprengerae is sometimes confused with certain populations of the similar looking and closely related labidichromis vellicans . it can be distinguished by the rounder shape of its head and lack of blue colouration on the rear half of the body .
a 90 x 30 x 50 cm aquarium is the smallest size suitable for a community of more peaceful mbuna ( a relative term ! ) such as labidochromis or iodotropheus , kept as single male , multiple female groups . as with tanganyikans , larger tanks are better . avoid housing similar species together and try to arrange rockwork into piles to break sightlines . on the subject of rockwork , bear in mind that the traditionally used coral sand / ocean rock set - up can make the fishes more nervous and less colourful than dark substrates and rocks - a number of authorities claim that coral sand irritates the gills and causes itching . feel free to show these fishes off with dark substrates and rockwork .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
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endemic to lake malawi . it’s found in the southern part of the lake around the islands of boadzulu , chinyankwazi and chinyamwezi .
4″ ( 10cm ) , although in the aquarium this would be considered very large . expect it to reach around 3″ ( 7 . 5cm ) .
a 36″ x 12″ x 12″ ( 90cm x 30cm x 30cm ) – 80 litre tank should suffice for a single male with a small group of females . if more than one male is to be kept , a tank measuring at least 48″ in length is advisable .
use sand as substrate and furnish the majority of the tank with piles of rock , arranged to form plenty of caves and hidey - holes . hard water tolerant plants such as vallisneria or anubias can be used , but aren’t essential . as with all rift lake cichlids , water quality is paramount so the tank should be fitted with a decent external filter . regular partial water changes must also be performed .
ph : 7 . 5 - 8 . 8 . don ' t attempt to keep it in acidic conditions , as it will fail to thrive .
omnivorous . it will accept most foods offered , but vegetable matter in the form of spirulina flakes , blanched spinach etc . should form a large proportion of the diet . this can be supplemented with small live and frozen foods , such as bloodowrm , daphnia , brine shrimp and the like . if a balanced diet isn’t offered the long term health of the fish will likely be affected .
one of the least aggressive mbuna available in the hobby , and also one of the smallest . it will easily be outcompeted by bigger , more boisterous species , so tankmates should be chosen wisely . possibilities include aulonocara , protomelas or copadichromis species and other quieter cichlids from lake malawi such as labidochromis caerulus . it can even be combined with some of the more peaceful tanganyikan species if you prefer .
rival males are territorial to a certain extent , but this behaviour is not as prominent as with most other mbuna . several can be kept in most tanks .
both sexes look similar at first glance , although males usually have more egg spots in the anal fin than females . they also tend to be the larger and more colourful sex , and some develop an elongated anal fin .
the species is a polygamous maternal mouthbrooder , and is easily bred . it can be sexually mature at only 1 . 5″ in length , so is a good choice for the beginner . if you want to raise good numbers of fry , use a species tank . this can contain more than one male if space permits , with several females being provided for each . a 48″ aquarium is a good size for 2 - 3 males and perhaps a dozen females . it should be furnished as suggested , along with some flat stones and areas of open sand to act as potential spawning sites . the ph should be around 8 . 0 - 8 . 5 and the temperature 77 - 80°f . bring the fish into condition with a high quality diet as above .
the males form loose territories , with a suitable spawning site ( usually a flat rock surface ) as the focal point . they’ll be seen displaying at passing females , showing intense colour and performing shimmying movements . when a female is receptive , she will show interest in the males’ efforts , before eventually approaching the spawning site . the eggs are laid here in small batches , the female gathering them into her mouth immediately . fertilisation occurs in typical mbuna fashion . the male has ‘ egg spots’ ( egg - shaped spots of colour ) on his anal fin and the female is attracted to these , thinking they are eggs she has missed . when she tries to add these to the brood in her mouth , the male releases his sperm . the female then lays her next batch of eggs and the process is repeated until she is carrying the full brood of between 5 - 60 .
the female will carry the eggs for up to 3 weeks before releasing the free swimming fry . she will not eat during this period and can be easily spotted by her distended mouth . if a female is overly stressed she may spit out the brood prematurely or eat them , so care must be taken if you decide to move the fish in order to avoid fry predation . wait as long as possible before moving a female unless she is being harassed .
the fry are large enough to accept brine shrimp nauplii or crushed spirulina flake from the day they are released . they grow quickly and will be ready to spawn themselves after only a few months .
how many african cichlids can i put in my tank tank talk 7 / 11 / 13 pres . by kgtropicals
setting up a new african cichlid tank ( decorating )
tank talk 9 / 10 / 13 pres . by kgtropicals
size : males - 4 . 5 inches , females - 4 inches maturity : 2 inches sexual dimorphism : sexing rusty cichlids can be difficult . males are larger than females , have more pronounced egg spots than females , and more of a purple tinge to them .
this fish is an alagae picker , but will do okay if fed some food higher in protein . keep the fish on a mostly fiber rich diet . i fed mine hbh graze , dianichi veggie deluxe , spectrum , and baby brine shrimp .
konings , a . ( 2007 ) malawi cichlids in their natural habitat . 4th ed . , cichlid press , el paso , texas , 424 pp .
oliver , michael k . & p . v . loiselle . ( 1972 ) . a new genus and species of cichlid of the mbuna group ( pisces : cichlidae ) from lake malawi . revue de zoologie et botanique africaines , 85 , 309 - 320 .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake malawi where it is only recorded at four locations .
endemic to lake malawi where it has been recorded at boadzulu island , chinyamwezi island , chinyankhwazi island and makokola reef .
found over large rocks and slabs where detritus and organic matter accumulate in pockets among rocks . most numerous between 3–15 m depth but can occur from the surface to at least 40 m . feeds on aufwuchs , insect larvae , benthic crustaceans and macrophytes . spawning occurs at any location in the rocky habitat . known as
rusty cichlid” , “petrotilapia tridentiger” and “ lodotropheus prengerae ”
in the aquarium trade .
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these beautiful mbuna , or rock - dwelling cichlids were one of the first species exported from lake malawi . the rusty cichlid has a rounder head and the . . .
specificationsmpnf90 0022 0098manufacturerthat fish placecommon namerusty cichlid - juvenilescientific nameiodotropheus sprengeraeoriginlake malawi ( a . . .
these beautiful mbuna , or rock - dwelling cichlids were one of the first species exported from lake malawi . the rusty cichlid has a rounder head and the basic shape of a pseudotropheus cichlid . males usually have intense rust - coloration around their head and violet - blue on the flanks . malawian and victorian cichlids are similar in care and temperament , leading to fish from these two lakes being grouped together in the hobby . several hundreds species of cichlid are found in lake malawi , along with many regional variations , but lake victoria has far fewer due to the introduction of invasive predators . most cichlids in both lakes are rock - dwellers . they seldom stray far from the rocky bottoms and sides of the lake and will quickly dart into the rocks to hide . as with all cichlids , they are very territorial and will not tolerate other cichlids around “their” crevice . two of the most popular groups of these cichlids are the “peacocks” ( mostly the aulonocara genus ) and “mbuna & apos ; s” ( native term for “rock fish” and including the genera pseudotropheus , labidochromis , maylandia , melanochromis and others ) . while aggression and compatibility can vary from species to species , mixing mbuna and peacock cichlids is not usually recommended . mbuna cichlids tend to be more aggressive and may bully the usually more passive peacocks but some mbuna cichlids are far more aggressive than others . several other groups of cichlids can also be found from these lakes , some of which can be large and aggressive predators ; research all choices carefully . decor for a malawi / victoria aquarium should be very rocky . rock “piles” and shelf - like backgrounds are common designs and can be made from tufa rock , lava rock or slate . substrates can range from the whitish coral sand used in saltwater aquariums to black freshwater sand or even regular decorative gravels . wood tends to lower ph and is not usually recommended for african cichlid aquariums . visit that fish blog for more information from our marine biologists and aquarium staff on african cichlids and many other topics !
i ordered 6 of these along with several other fish from thatpetplace . these fish have developed into nicely colored fish with bright lavander and orange / rust colors . they took to the aquarium right away . it has been a a couple of months now and these things are breeding all over the place . fun to watch the males court the females with their comical shimmering .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
water chemistry : ph 7 . 5 - 8 . 5 ; gh 100 – 300ppm ; temperature 23 – 28 ? c
natural habitat : lake malawi , africa . widespread , in an mixture of habitats anywhere rocks are present .
aquarium care : easy to keep . although one of the more peaceful mbuna , it is still advisable to keep them somewhat crowded and to provide plenty of hiding places to minimise aggression . rarely suffers from any diseases but is susceptible to bloat . maintain clean water , stress - free conditions and feed a good quality food such as new life spectrum to avoid bloat issues . an occasional light feeding of brineshrimp is fine but it is unnecessary if feeding a good quality prepared food .
other info : males and females look very similar . males generally display more purple colouration though . good quality specimens are deserving of the title ‘lavender cichlid’ , displaying a strong purple colouration on a rust - orange background . unfortunately , good quality stock can be hard to come by .
easy . malawi cichlids deteriorate under poor water conditions so frequent partial water changes are a must .
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from the day we opened the first store in maidenhead , we’ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers .
the cichlids of lakes tanganyika and malawi present challenges to the fishkeeper but are very rewarding when properly kept .
although broadly speaking these fish fall into three categories , there are two basic rules of compatibility that overrule all others – either the species in question is monogamous or polygamous .
when dealing with these cichlids , monogamous species are restricted to the substrate spawning tanganyikans . these fish need breeding territories and will defend them against most fishes perceived as a threat – particularly members of their own species . unlike the polygamous mouthbrooders , they need to establish a territory suitable for rearing fry and will normally claim as much space as possible using teeth and targeted aggression . as such , a well - stocked community of rock - dwelling species will have widely spaced rock - piles to allow easily defined areas of territory . most of these fishes have little interest in open areas of substrate and will be more tolerant of tank - mates if separated by such a ‘no mans land’ . such areas of sand can be used for shell - dwelling cichlids and in a large enough tank , midwater - swimming fish such as rainbows , danios or cyprichromis cichlids . these are only compatible if the height of the tank permits them to move beyond the territorial boundaries defined by the pairs of cichlids .
although they can be kept in pairs , a few fish in this group are haremic ( mainly shell - dwellers ) and if space permits are best kept in single male , multiple female groups .
most rift - lake cichlids ( and virtually all of the best - looking ones ) are polygamous mouthbrooders . in these fishes , males defend spawning territories from rival males and court any females they encounter . females unwilling to spawn are chased away and no pair bonds exist .
in the confines of an aquarium , a male will often kill females unable to leave his territory . these fish can only be kept in pairs in large tanks with lots of distractions for the male , such as rivals of other species or large amounts of rockwork . females are often harassed after spawning and many fail to recover due to this added pressure .
unlike monogamous cichlids , males only need a territory large enough to spawn in – normally centred on a cave , pit or rock . they will attempt to claim the largest area they can but in the face of evenly matched competition this can be quite small . a few species are less restricted and will court females outside their territory . these fish are best kept in crowded communities but avoid having multiple males of the same species or similar looking cichlids except in very large tanks . not only are their colours a badge of territorial ownership but a signal to potential mates – similar species will readily hybridise , particularly if the right male is unable to hold a territory .
remember that not all of these fish share a similar biology and levels of aggression can vary greatly depending on those found in the natural environment . generally speaking , mbuna are rock - dwelling fishes found at naturally high densities whereas most haplochromines are found in more open habitats , this makes them poor tankmates . if the two groups are mixed , it is a good idea to restrict the areas of rockwork and avoid the more aggressive species e . g . melanochromis auratus
the three basic set - ups . african lake fish can generally be split into three broad groups :
as with all tanks containing cichlids , a tanganyikan tank can never be too large . this is the group however that contains species suitable for smaller aquaria .
thanks to very stable pair bonds and a small adult size , some of these fish can be kept as pairs or small groups in tanks of around 60 cm . shell - dwellers are the ideal choice for this kind of set - up and exhibit interesting behaviours and real cichlid characters . another option is a pair of neolamprologus of the brichardi complex . these fish form colonies where juveniles defend their younger siblings and all individuals defend the territory .
note that when keeping haremic shell - dwellers , shells should be spaced far enough apart to stop females fighting . when kept as pairs , even smaller tanks can be used for these fish but they are easier to keep in larger aquaria where territorial males can work off their aggression on rival tankmates .
three pairs of colonial shell - dwellers e . g . n . multifasciatus or similis
one male and four ( or more ) female cyprichromis e . g . c . leptosoma
in such a community , all species of cichlids would successfully breed and a substantial colony of each of the cichlids could be expected . various permutations of this set up can be altered - cyprichromis and small shoaling fish can be replaced with a group of larger rainbowfish e . g . melanotaenia sp . or even platies or swordtails if colour is needed . planting around the rockwork breaks the sightlines and aids harmony . vallisneria is the most suitable plant for this purpose .
some tanganyikans are more solitary and only come together to breed . these fish need spacious aquaria to avoid aggression related losses . these include species such as neolamprologus leleupi , n . cylindricus and n . tretocephalus . these cichlids can be kept in tanks with plenty of rockwork alongside the masters of infra - specific aggression – tropheus .
the same 120 x 50 x 50 cm aquarium would make a suitable tank for a group of ten or more tropheus . as tank and group size increases , these fish become easier to keep . unlike the majority of tanganyikan cichlids , these fish are maternal mouthbrooders and have much in common with the malawian mbuna . one key difference is the fact that males actively court females anywhere in the aquarium and that females are much more aggressive to one another . this makes large , stable groups the best way to keep these fish and unlike mbuna , multiple males are the norm in such a set - up . rockwork reaching the waters’ surface provides refuge for harassed individuals and young fishes , large caves will be claimed as territory by males . aside from one another , the other major killer of tropheus is an unsuitable diet – these algae eating fishes need a high fibre diet and should never be fed bloodworm or brineshrimp . spirulina flake is the best staple diet and can be supplemented with mysis or krill occasionally . like all of these lake cichlids , nitrates should be kept as low as possible – preferably below 20 ppm .
cyphotilapia frontosa are an exception to most rules for tanganyikans and are best kept like the large predatory haplochromines dealt with below . although large and predatory , these fish are not particularly aggressive .
aside from the shoaling fishes mentioned above which can only be kept in tall tanks with appropriately peaceful tankmates , catfish are the other major group of fish suitable for mixing with tanganyikans . algae eating catfish can be useful additions for keeping things clean but will normally be harassed by substrate spawners and restrict their activities to after dark . care should be taken to ensure the welfare of plecs etc . in such communities and remove them if needed . given the feeding habits of tropheus , it is neither necessary or desirable to keep them with other algae eating fish . tanganyikan synodontis catfish make better companions and other endemic catfish such as lophiobagrus add variety where space and tankmates permit . tanganyikan spiny eels can also be kept but note that many of these fishes feed on young cichlids in the wild .
with much in common with marine fish , the bold colours and outgoing nature of these fish make them the most appealing to new cichlid keepers .
these fish are all openly polygamous maternal mouthbrooders and males are united in their attitudes to territory and females . keeping them in small tanks with too few females will lead to problems .
with these and many other cichlids , adding new fish to the tank can be difficult . the best strategy is to mature the tank prior to adding the fish – either using products or easily removed , hardy stock ( such as a couple of good - sized goldfish ) and then replace these with your intended fish . more peaceful mbuna can be stocked in the conventional way providing the least aggressive fish are added first and plenty of space is available for new territories . when adding new fish to existing territorial stock either re - arrange the rockwork to confuse the residents or attach a good - sized mirror to the outside of the tank to distract them .
this stocking allows plenty of room for the inevitable fry to develop and should provide females with areas free from excessive harassment . more females can be added if desired . alternative species for this tank could be taken from the following :
increasing the size of tank to 120 x 50 x 50 cm increases the number of species suitable . always remember to keep to a single male of each species and avoid males with the same colour pattern . a larger community could be stocked with the same species as listed above – perhaps six to eight single male / multiple female groups . or more aggressive species can be stocked - some of these fish are liable to bully those listed above and should be seen as alternatives rather than additions to the milder mbuna unless the tank is very large . stocking levels for these fishes can be as high as six individuals per square foot if filtration allows . the following species are suitable for aquariums 120 cm and over :
this is the largest grouping in terms of aggression and as long as males are evenly matched , a stable community can be achieved . note that species now in the genus metriaclima may be listed as pseudotropheus or even maylandia . the red zebra m . estherae has a few colour variants and the wild red form would normally have red females and blue males . this form is often listed as ‘blue / red’ and can be easily sexed – young males are brown ( blue when mature ) , females red . the more commonly seen form has red females and red ( salmon pink ) males . this form is listed as ‘red / red’ and is harder to sex – young males are orange before changing colour . ‘ob’ or ‘orange – blotch’ zebras are also likely to be estherae . the ‘zebra complex’ metriaclima are best kept apart to avoid hybridisation – particularly estherae and callainos .
avoid mixing these hardcore mbuna with the more peaceful species from the first list – they can be housed with the large predatory haplochromines in suitably massive tanks with good results .
unlike the mbuna , this group is found in more varied habitats and are often less aggressive , needing less crowded conditions . like them , they are polygamous mouthbrooders with no pair bonds and a tendency to harass females .
generally speaking , these fishes need large tanks with little rockwork and plenty of open swimming space . many species are found over sandy areas or inhabit open water unless breeding . sand dwelling species such as placidochromis can be kept with the more peaceful mbuna in large aquariums with restricted rocky areas . large predatory species such as nimbochromis can be kept with more aggressive mbuna in similarly furnished tanks . aulonocara are placid fishes and can be kept in tanks with rockwork arranged to form caves – these are the only species suitable for tanks smaller than 120 cm but need to be kept as single male groups in these smaller communities . a small quantity of peaceful mbuna can be kept alongside them as long as long as they remain the dominant fish .
a larger set up increases options . a 120 x 50 x 50 cm aquarium with a silver sand substrate and a few large rocks could contain :
like the mbuna , more females can be added if desired . alternative options could be taken from the following list :
these species prefer a more open aquarium . with more rockwork arranged to form caves the following species can be considered :
as with mbuna , avoid mixing similar species . the best option is to avoid keeping more than a single species of any genus together to avoid possible hybridisation and excessive competition . please note that many of the above are still referred to as haplochromis . although coming from a different lake , many victoria basin cichlids are suitable for this kind of community .
in a tank 150 – 200 cm and above , a number of the more robust predatory ‘haps’ can be kept – possibly alongside the moderately aggressive mbuna , although rockwork should be kept to a minimum . these include some familiar fishes :
the easy availability of these large predators mirrors the situation seen with the most aggressive mbuna and like them they should only be stocked in very large tanks .
as a general rule , malawi cichlids should only be mixed with one another and then with caution . tanganyikans are generally unsuitable as tankmates due to their different territorial requirements although tropheus can be mixed with some of the more placid mbuna . tanganyikan catfish such as synodontis multipunctatus mix well with most malawian cichlids and will often breed when kept as a group .
although many of the fishes listed above are held in stock in a few of our more cichlid - oriented stores , they can be supplied to order from a number of sources – ask your local branch for details .
please note that we are not able to answer questions or reply to any comments via this section - for any advice or information please call or visit your local maidenhead aquatics store . the information contained in this website is for general information purposes only . the information is provided by maidenhead aquatics and while we endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct , we make no representations or warranties of any kind , express or implied , about the completeness , accuracy , reliability , suitability or availability with respect to the website or the information , products , services , or related graphics contained on the website for any purpose . any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk .
reproduction : mouthbrooder : after spawning , the females incubate the eggs in their mouth until the fry are free - swimming . males will mate with multiple females . the fry are easily raised with first foods such as baby brine shrimp .
omnivorous - does well with flake or pellet foods designed for african cichlids . suppliment with fresh green vegetables such as peas , romaine lettuce , spinach or zucchini .
this species is not particularly aggressive and may be bullied by more aggressive tankmates . the base colour of this species is brown , but with the right feeding , the adults should develop an attractive purple sheen .
other african cichlids . some more timid species such as haps or peacocks would do well with this species .
malawi bloat can occur if this species is fed too much meaty , high fat foods .


abraliopsis atlantica is a species of enoploteuthid cephalopod found in the tropical and subtropical atlantic ocean , including the caribbean sea , the gulf of mexico and the benguela current .

female oocytes are around 1 mm in length and number between 4,000 and 29,000 in mature females .

there is a lack of information about the species and it is rated as data deficient by the international union for the conservation of nature ( iucn ) due to this .

it was described by nesis in 1982 .

abraliopsis atlantica

( pdf ) abraliopsis morisii vs . abraliopsis pfefferi ( cephalopoda : enoploteuthidae ) : which is the right name ?
arkhipkin , a . i . and murzov , s . a . 1990 . age and growth pattern of the micronectonic squid abraliopsis atlantica . biologiya morya , no . 5 , 19 - 25 .
( of abraliopsis ( micrabralia ) atlantica nesis , 1982 ) young , r . e . & tsuchiya , k . ( 2014 ) . abraliopsis joubin 1896 . version 21 january 2014 ( under construction ) . in the tree of life web project , urltoken , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of abraliopsis atlantica nesis , 1982 ) van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
abraliopsis morisii : dorsal ( left ) and ventral ( right ) views , 2 . 1 mm . . . | download scientific diagram
specimen count 1 site number 486 - 71 record last modified 8 oct 2014 nmnh - invertebrate zoology dept . common name cephalopods cephalopods taxonomy animalia animalia mollusca mollusca cephalopoda cephalopoda teuthida teuthida enoploteuthidae enoploteuthidae vessel walther herwig r / v ocean / sea / gulf north atlantic ocean depth ( m ) 1300 - 1300 preparation isopropyl alcohol see more items in mollusks invertebrate zoology place north atlantic ocean collection date 14 apr 1971 accession number 294756 usnm number 884928 published name abraliopsis atlantica nesis , 1982 abraliopsis pfefferi joubin , 1896
a . atlantica was based primarily on the illustrations of an enoploteuthid squid in chun ( 1910 ) . while the specimen illustrated ( mature male , 20 mm ml ) has been located and designated as the lectotype , no adequate description has been published in spite of the relatively common occurrence of this squid . we have seen several damaged squid . it appears to be very similar to abraliopsis sp . a .
justification : since the morphology of abraliopsis atlantica is not clear , all records should be treated with caution . because of this uncertainty , we know very little about this species . until clarity is provided , we must consider this species data deficient . further research is recommended in order to determine the taxonomy , precise distribution , population dynamics , life history and ecology , and potential threat processes affecting this species .
figure 5 . 21 . abraliopsis morisii : dorsal ( left ) and ventral ( right ) views , 2 . 1 mm ml ( a ) 3 . 1 mm ml ( b ) .
until the publication of the english translation of kir nesis '
cephalopods of the world
( 1987 ) the binomen abraliopsis morisii ( vérany , 1839 ) had been universally used to indicate the only species of the genus known to live in the mediterranean . nesis ' revision of the genus abraliopsis dismissed the binomen a . morisii ( vérany , 1839 ) on the basis that within it there were included more than one species . also , nesis indicated that abraliopsis pfefferi joubin , 1896 was the only mediterranean species and one of the two north atlantic species . despite it being impossible to examine vérany ' s type specimen because of its probable loss , the re - examination of the original description of a . morisii ( vérany , 1839 ) is indeed sufficient to recognise its identity with a . pfefferi joubin , 1896 and to distinguish it from the other north atlantic abraliopsis species , namely a . atlantica nesis , 1982 . hence a . morisii ( vérany , 1839 ) is the valid binomen to indicate one of the two atlantic species and the only mediterranean species of abraliopsis , whereas a . pfefferi joubin , 1896 is just a junior synonym of the former and should not be used .
( of abraliopsis atlantica nesis , 1982 ) judkins , h . l . , m . vecchione , and c . f . e . roper . 2009 . cephalopoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 701–709 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
figure . oral view of the highly modified left arm iv and the base of right arm iv ( hectocotylus ) of a . atlantica , mature male , eastern tropical atlantic . drawing from chun ( 1910 , plate x , fig . 1 ) .
young , r . e . & tsuchiya , k . ( 2014 ) . abraliopsis joubin 1896 . version 21 january 2014 ( under construction ) . in the tree of life web project , urltoken , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of abraliopsis atlantica nesis , 1982 ) roper , c . f . e . ; jereb , p . ( 2010 ) . family enoploteuthidae . in : p . jereb & c . f . e . roper , eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date . volume 2 . myopsid and oegopsid squids . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 4 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . pp . 183 - 200 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
figure . oral view of the tentacular club of a . atlantica . left - mature male , eastern tropical atlantic . drawing from chun ( 1910 , plate viii , fig . 5 ) . right - western tropical atlantic , showing small but distinct club and large differences in sizes of dorsal and ventral hooks . photograph by r . young .
justification : there is very little known about abraliopsis chuni , and this lack of information makes it impossible to make an accurate assessment of its extinction risk . we therefore list this species as data deficient . further research is recommended in order to determine the taxonomy , precise distribution , population dynamics , life history and ecology , and potential threat processes affecting this species .
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protective membrane and its spatulate trabeculae well developed on left arm iv , web - like ; minute conical papillae on trabeculae .
ventral mantle with six narrow longitudinal stripes of large integumental organs and scattered intermediate small organs between stripes and with a distinct wide mid - ventral photophore - less strip .
ventral head with three narrow , longitudinal stripes and some intermediate scattered organs between them .
stripes of organs along ventral side of arm iii and dorsal side of arm iv are interrupted .
sp . a and present information is insufficient to distinguish it . its identification rests on its location in the atlantic ocean .
( vérany , 1839 ) from atlantic and indian ocean specimens . the illustrations accompanying the text clearly show that more than one species was included in the description . subsequently , nesis ( 1982 ) named , primarily on the basis of these illustrations , two new species of
) . more recently , the squids that were illustrated were located and designated as lectotypes of their respective species ( glaubrecht . and salcedo - vargas , 2000 ) .
longetivity is up to 5 months in females and 3 . 5months in males ( arkhipkin and murzov , 1990 ) .
in the benguela area , equatorial east atlantic , this species is distributed vertically in the upper layer of the thermocline during daytime , and from the surface to 100 - 150m at night ( arkhipkin and murzov , 1990 ) .
tropical to subtropical atlantic , caribbean sea , and the gulf of mexico ( nesis , 1982 / 87 ) .
glaubrecht , m . and m . a . salcedo - vargas . 2000 . annotated type catalogue of the cephalopoda ( mollusca ) in the museum für naturkunde , humboldt university of berlin . mitteilungen aus dem museum für naturkunde berlin , zoologischen , 76 ( 2 ) : 269 - 282 .
chun , c . 1910 . die cephalopoden . oegopsida . wissenschaftliche eregebnisse der deutschen tiefsee expedition auf dem dampfer
valdivia
1898 - 1899 , 18 ( 1 ) : 1 - 401 .
nesis , k . n . 1982 . abridged key to the cephalopod mollusks of the world ' s ocean . 385 + ii pp . light and food industry publishing house , moscow . ( in russian . ) . translated into english by b . s . levitov , ed . by l . a . burgess ( 1987 ) , cephalopods of the world . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , nj , 351pp .
chun , c . 1910 . die cephalopoden . oegopsida . wissenschaftliche eregebnisse der deutschen tiefsee expedition auf dem dampfer
valdivia
1898 - 1899 , 18 ( 1 ) : 1 - 401 ( plate vi , fig . 1 ) .
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the morphology of this species is not clear , therefore all records should be treated with caution at this stage .
this species is apparently distributed in tropical to subtropical waters of the atlantic ( tsuchiya 2009 ) . its distribution range includes the caribbean sea , gulf of mexico and the benguela current ( tsuchiya 2009 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further research is recommended in order to determine the precise distribution , population dynamics , life history and ecology , and potential threat processes affecting this species .
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roper , c . f . e . ; jereb , p . ( 2010 ) . family enoploteuthidae . in : p . jereb & c . f . e . roper , eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date . volume 2 . myopsid and oegopsid squids . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes . no . 4 , vol . 2 . rome , fao . pp . 183 - 200 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
van der land , j . ( ed ) . ( 2008 ) . unesco - ioc register of marine organisms ( urmo ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
judkins , h . l . , m . vecchione , and c . f . e . roper . 2009 . cephalopoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 701–709 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
sweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .
systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )
young , r . e . , l . a . burgess , c . f . e . roper , m . j . sweeney et al . / n . a . voss et al . , eds .
taxon validity : [ fide young et al . ( 1998 ) ] . repository : zmb holotype . type locality : 01 51 ' n , 00 31 ' e ( gulf of guinea )
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. . . although according to nesis ( 1987 ) this species was misidentified as a . pfefferi , bello ( 2005 ) showed that a . morisii is the valid binomen to indicate one of the two atlantic species and the only one present in the mediterranean . the species is found distributed in the tropical to warm temperate atlantic ocean , including the gulf of mexico , and mediterranean sea ( tsuchiya , 2009 ) . . . .
biogeographical homogeneity in the eastern mediterranean sea - iii . new records and a state of the art of polyplacophora , scaphopoda and cephalopoda from lebanon
invalidity of the nominal species sepietta petersii ( steenstrup 1887 ) and nomenclatural revision of . . .
in the last quarter of a century , two different specific names have been used in the scientific literature to indicate the same sepioline species , that is sepietta obscura naef 1916 and sepietta petersi ( steenstrup 1887 ) . the original description of the latter binomen was reviewed , as well as other relevant literature , and s . petersii iuas shown to be an invalid nominal species according to . . . [ show full abstract ]
the occurrences of thysanoteuthis rhombus in the adriatic sea are critically reviewed and discussed in relation to the records of this cephalopod in the mediterranean during the last decade .
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atlantic research institute of marine fisheries and oceanography ( atlantniro ) , 5 dm . donskoy street , 236000 , kaliningrad , russia
felder , d . l . ; camp , d . k . ( eds . ) . ( 2009 ) . gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity .
, 5 round photophores , 1st and 5th somewhat larger than other . three round black photophores on ends of
, in larvae first 1 , appearing as a white ball , then 3 , becoming black . usual egg size 1 . 2 - 1 . 3 mm .
is based on the illustration of the enoploteuthid squid from the indian north equatorial current in chun ( 1910 ) . details of morphology and distribution are still unertain . chun ( 1910 ) redescribed
( vérany , 1839 ) from atlantic and indian ocean specimens . the illustrations accompanying the text clearly show that more than one species was included in the description . subsequently , nesis ( 1982 ) named , on the basis of these illustrations , two new species of
is uncertain but could stretch in equatorial waters from east africa to the line islands in the west pacific ( but see taxonomic notes , tsuchiya 2009 ) . the type locality is the indian north equatorial current ( tsuchiya 2009 ) .
members of the enoploteuthidae family occur in mid - depths in the ocean and occasionally over the continental shelf ( norman 2003 ) . they undergo diel vertical migrations , rising into the upper water column at night to feed ( norman 2003 ) . females spawn small eggs ( 0 . 9 and 1 . 5 mm in diameter depending on species , young et al . 1992 ) individually into gelatinous strings ( norman 2003 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further research is recommended in order to determine the taxonomy , precise distribution , population dynamics , life history and ecology , and potential threat processes affecting this species .
young r . e . , burgess l . a . , roper c . f . e . , sweeney m . j . & stephen s . j . ( 1998 ) classification of the enoploteuthidae , pyroteuthidae , and ancistrocheiridae . pp . 239 - 255 , in : voss n . a . , m . vecchione , r . b . toll & m . j . sweeney , eds ( 1998 ) systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology 586 : volume 1 : 1 - 276 ; volume 2 : 277 - 599 . [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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jereb , p . , allcock , a . l . , lefkaditou , e . , piatkowski , u . , hastie , l . c . , and pierce , g . j . ( eds . ) 2015 . cephalopod biology and fisheries in europe : ii . species accounts . ices cooperative research report no . 325 . 360 pp .


aethes spartinana is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from illinois , indiana , iowa , maine , massachusetts and south dakota .

the wingspan is 19 – 23 millimetres ( 0.75 – 0.91 in ) .

adults have been recorded on wing in january and from july to september .

the larvae feed on spartina pectinata .

they bore though the glumes and feed on the florets inside .

a single larva generally feeds on a series of consecutive spikelets .

later , they tunnel into the stem of their host plant .

aethes spartinana

home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » tortricid moths ( tortricoidea ) » tortricid moths ( tortricidae ) » tortricinae » cochylini » aethes » aethes spartinana - hodges # 3761 . 1 ( aethes spartinana )
revised identities and new species of aethes from midwestern north america ( tortricidae ) .
620095 . 97 – 3755 . 29 u . s . nat ' l . museum aethes n . sp . nr . bomonana
a few notes on the life history of phalonia spartinana ainslie , c . n . 1917 . the canadian entomologist , 49 : 93 - 96 .
seed reduction in prairie cordgrass , spartina pectinata link . , by the floret - feeding caterpillar aethes spartinana ( b . & mcd . ) prasifka , j . r . , lee , d . k . , bradshaw , j . d . , parrish , a . s . , gray , m . e . 2012 . bioenergy research , 5 : 189 - 196 .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
by michael sabourin , william e . miller , eric h . metzler , james t . vargo
contributed by maury j . heiman on 21 march , 2013 - 3 : 55pm
an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including . . .
metzler , e . h . & j . w . brown , 2014 . an updated check list of the cochylina ( tortricidae , tortricinae , euliini ) of north america north of mexico including greenland , with comments on classification and identification . journal of the lepidopterists’ society . 68 ( 4 ) : 274–282 abstract and pdf at urltoken here abstract and pdf at urltoken here
contributed by maury j . heiman on 16 may , 2013 - 9 : 34am
contributed by maury j . heiman on 25 september , 2013 - 8 : 39am
the moths of north america north of mexico fascicle 8 . 1 sparganothini and atteriini
contributed by maury j . heiman on 13 june , 2012 - 6 : 16pm
discovery of two new species and genera of shaggy tortricids related to synnoma and niasoma ( tortricidiae : sparganothini ) .
powell , j . a . , 1985 . discovery of two new species and genera of shaggy tortricids related to synnoma and niasoma ( tortricidiae : sparganothini ) . journal of research on the lepidoptera 24 ( 1 ) : 61 - 71 .
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alberta to nova scotia , south to massachusetts , missouri , and wyoming . this is mostly a great plains species with occasional eastern records .
type locality : elk point , south dakota ( c . n . ainslie ) .
barnes w . , mcdunnough j . 1916 . an apparently new species of phalonia . the canadian entomologist . 48 : 144
cochylini ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) of canada razowski , j . 1997 . acta zoologica cracoviensia . 40 ( 1 ) : 107 - 163 .
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description : this perennial grass is about 3 - 7 ' tall and unbranched . the central culm is light green , terete ( round in cross - section ) , and glabrous . the alternate leaves are located primarily along the lower half of the culm . the leaf blades are up to 2½ ' long and ¾
( 20 mm . ) across ; they are linear , flat , green to yellowish green , and glabrous . the leaf blades have a rather thick succulent texture , fine parallel veins , and prominent midribs ; they are typically arching ( curving upward from their bases next to the culm and then curving downward toward their tips ) . the leaf sheaths are green , yellowish green , or light brown ; they are glabrous with fine longitudinal veins . each ligule at the junction of the blade and sheath consists of a ring of dense white hairs . the culm terminates in a raceme of floral spikes up to 1½ ' long ; there are 10 - 30 alternating spikes per raceme . these spikes are widely spaced along the rachis ( central stalk ) of the raceme and they are erect , ascending , or widely spreading .
the floral spikes are 2 - 6
long . each spike consists of 10 - 25 pairs of narrow spikelets that are obliquely appressed together along one side of its rachilla ( secondary stalk ) . the rachilla is often pale red or burgundy . at the base of each spike , there is a glabrous peduncle up to 1
long . the spikelets are initially green and glabrous , although they later become light brown after the blooming period . each spikelet consists of a pair of glumes , a fertile lemma , a membranous palea , and a perfect floret . the first glume is 5 - 10 mm . long , linear - lanceolate in shape , strongly keeled , and tapering to an awn - like tip . the second glume is 10 - 25 mm . long ( including its awn ) , linear - lanceolate in shape , strongly keeled , and conspicuously awned . the keels of the glumes are rough - textured or bristly . the lemma is 7 - 10 mm . long , linear - lanceolate in shape , and keeled . each floret has 3 stamens with white anthers and 2 feathery stigmata . the blooming period occurs from mid - summer to early fall , lasting about 1 - 2 weeks . the florets are cross - pollinated by the wind . with maturity , the spikelets disarticulate below the glumes and fall to the ground with their grains . the root system is fibrous and strongly rhizomatous . clonal colonies of plants are often produced from the rhizomes .
the larvae of several moth species are oligoleges ( specialist feeders ) of prairie cordgrass . this includes
( panzer et al . , 2006 ; prasifka et al . , 2012 ) . other insect feeders include the leafhopper
, and other thrips ( dmitriev & dietrich , 2010 ; cedar creek , 2000 ; delong , 1948 ; hoffman , 1996 ; knight , 1941 ; vaurie , 1983 ; brust et al . , 2008 ; stannard , 1968 ) . the rootstocks and seedheads of prairie cordgrass are eaten by the canada goose . the seedheads are occasionally eaten by the black duck , mallard , and other ducks . muskrats feed on the rootstocks and foliage . the awned spikelets of the seeds can cling to the fur of animals or clothing of humans ; this spreads the seeds to new locations . because prairie cordgrass forms dense colonies of tall vegetation , it is an important source of protective cover and nesting habitat for many wetland birds and other kinds of wildlife .
photographic location : the red bison railroad prairie in savoy , illinois , where this grass occurs in wet to mesic locations . comments : prairie cordgrass has attractive foliage with a succulent appearance . it was the dominant grass of wet prairies in illinois and no other grass species in the state resembles it . there are similar spartina spp . ( cordgrasses ) in brackish and saltwater marshes along both the eastern and gulf coasts of the united states , but they don ' t occur in illinois . prairie cordgrass can be distinguished from other species of this genus by the longer awns of its second glumes ( 2 - 12 mm . in length ) and the relative length of its first glumes , which are about the same length as the lemmas ( 7 - 10 mm . in length ) . other cordgrasses have shorter awns and their first glumes are shorter than their lemmas .