elephas is one of two surviving genera in the family of elephants , elephantidae , with one surviving species , the asian elephant elephas maximus .

several extinct species have been identified as belonging to the genus , including elephas recki , elephas antiquus , and the dwarf elephants e. falconeri and e. cypriotes .

the genus is very closely related to the mammoth genus mammuthus .

elephas

elephas is an extension of keras , which allows you to run distributed deep learning models at scale with spark . elephas currently supports a number of applications , including :
as can be seen below the elephas is almost 4x bigger than the pico genie .
save 15 % on elephas 3300lm hd projector when you purchase 1 or more elephas gm60 projector offered by glomark source . here ' s how ( terms and conditions apply )
the word elephant is derived from the greek word
elephas
that means ivory .
the elephantidae family includes the two genera of modern elephants ( loxodonta and elephas ) .
this elephas projector works well - the graphics are excellent . pictures are clear and projected well
note that in order to set up an elephas model , you have to specify two optimizers , one for elephas and one for the underlying keras model . individual workers produce updates according to keras optimizers and the
master
model on the driver uses elephas optimizers to aggregate them . for starters , we recommend keras models with sgd and elephas models with adagrad or adadelta .
at one point during development elephas was supposed to have a cross - generational evolution named mammudha .
for further information about this species , see 199856 _ elephas _ maximus _ sumatranus . pdf .
the asian elephant ( elephas maximus ) originated in africa and migrated to asia , where the species resides today .
this is the second projector i have purchased from elephas and they are both brilliant in terms of functionality and build quality .
elephas ' skin is thick , so it can resist electricity . despite its looks , they are really afraid of ghosts .
◆ full elephas warranty ◆ elephas provide 12 months warranty for the epr60 projector . if you ' re not completely satisfied with the order , please let us know and you ' ll be offered a refund or replacement alternatively within the first 2 months .
the elephas’ avocado brownies are a rich , creamy and indulgent post - workout snack .
get your afternoon tea snack /
home entertainment - elephas epr60 led mini projector is your exclusive private home theater . you may connect your pc / laptop . . .
elephas brings deep learning with keras to spark . elephas intends to keep the simplicity and high usability of keras , thereby allowing for fast prototyping of distributed models , which can be run on massive data sets . for an introductory example , see the following ipython notebook .
constructive feedback and pull requests for elephas are very welcome . here ' s a few things we ' re having in mind for future development
this elephas projector works well - the graphics are excellent . pictures are clear and projected well . the videos are as real as real life .
so , apart from the canonical spark context and keras model , elephas models have four parameters to tune and we will describe each of them next .
the most important test is brightness so we compared the popular pico genie p55 which is a genuine 50 lumens to the elephas full colour 130
which is stated as
1000 lumens
. the elephas is well priced at £54 on amazon which is impossibly cheap for a projector of
1000
lumens .
the elephas led projector equipped with upgraded led source , which projecting sharper image , as well as 1 . 2 times brighter than other ordinary mini projectors .
having said all that , we hope you learn to appreciate elephas as a pretty easy to setup and use playground for data - parallel deep - learning algorithms .
optimizer : the optimizers module in elephas is an adaption of the same module in keras , i . e . it provides the user with the following list of optimizers :
elephas has the highest base special defense stat of all non - legendary normal - type pokémon . it also has the highest mentions in dex entries of pokemon like deloris or yedoom .
one exception to this rule may be that you ' re already working within the spark ecosystem and want to leverage what ' s there . the above sparkml example shows how to use evaluation modules from spark and maybe you wish to further process the outcome of an elephas model down the road . in this case , we recommend to use elephas as a simple wrapper by setting num _ workers = 1 .
the elephas and amazon’s top 15 projectors often will have a fixed focus meaning it has to be an exact distance from the wall to be able to view it otherwise its out of focus . thus it has to be exactly 1 . 5m away to create an image of 50 - 60” . if the elephas is moved any closer to the projection surface , it is instantly out of focus so you just cant see it .
mode : currently , there ' s three different modes available in elephas , each corresponding to a different heuristic or parallelization scheme adopted , which is controlled by the mode parameter . the default property is ' asynchronous ' .
historically , elephants were classified into two species , the african ( loxodonta africana ) and asian ( elephas maximus ) elephants . however , genetic research has provided new insight to elephant
relatedness
and taxonomic classification at the subspecies level .
came really quick next day . picture is great compared to our last elephas projector . easy set up and easy to use . clear picture even in well lit room , even better in the dark . movie nights are amazing . would definitely recommend
the pico genie p55 makes very little fan noise when in use and can be used for as long as required on mains power . amazon’s top 15 projectors such as elephas are incredibly noisy and kick out a lot of heat . they also state they should not be used for more than 3 - 4 hours at any one time . this also highlights a major safety concern . we used the elephas for around 1 - 2 hours and it became very hot and produced some unusual burning smells .
weight – even with a battery this product is lighter and smaller than the majority of the top 15 projectors , it’s therefore ideal for quickly moving or taking away on your travels . unlike the elephas that would need a larger back to be transported .
ἐλέφας is greek for ivory and an accompanying project to κέρας , meaning horn . if this seems weird mentioning , like a bad dream , you should confirm it actually is at the keras documentation . elephas also means elephant , as in stuffed yellow elephant .
a sparkmodel is defined by passing spark context and keras model . additionally , one has choose an optimizer used for updating the elephas model , an update frequency , a parallelization mode and the degree of parallelism , i . e . the number of workers .
dlp is a premium image chip from texas instruments meaning your image quality will be viewable and far superior to the chinese versions listed on amazon . it usually also means the projector itself is much smaller as can be seen with the elephas versus the pico genie above .
note that right now elephas restricts itself to data - parallel algorithms for two reasons . first , spark simply makes it very easy to distribute data . second , neither spark nor theano make it particularly easy to split up the actual model in parts , thus making model - parallelism practically impossible to realize .
size at maturity in a marine reserve in the mediterranean , goñi et al . ( 2003 ) found that female palinurus elephas were able to reproduce at 76 - 77 mm cl and males were sexually mature at 82 . 5 mm cl . this size - specific fecundity was considered to be comparable to a lightly fished population off ireland . in britain and ireland , size at maturity is generally larger ( see hunter , 1999 ) . in cornwall , hunter et al . ( 1996 ) reported the smallest berried female to measure 90 mm cl whereas in wales , the smallest berried female measured 121 mm cl . the mean size of female , male and berried female palinurus elephas in cornwall was reported as 125 . 6 , 132 . 4 and 135mm respectively , and 155 . 8 , 138 . 7 and 138 . 6 mm respectively in wales ( hunter et al . , 1996 ) . mercer ( 1973 , cited in hunter , 1999 ) found that 50 % female maturity was reached between 82 - 86 mm cl in irish palinurus elephas , the smallest measuring ca 70 mm cl . female palinurus elephas are thought to be almost always mature by the time they recruit into the fishery ( hunter et al . , 1996 ) .
► hassle - free elephas warranty ◄ - - - this movie projector comes with full 36 - months warranty . if you ' re not completely satisfied with the order , please contact us , and you ' ll be offered a refund or replacement alternatively within the first 3 months . absolutely risk - free purchase .
◆ home entertainment ◆ elephas epr60 led mini projector is your exclusive private home theater . you may connect your pc / laptop / dvd player to enjoy videos , movies , tv series or football matches . connect your playstation ps3 ps4 or x - box one wii to enjoy games . not recommended for presentation or lecture .
building on the last section , it is possible to train ensemble models with elephas by means of running hyper - parameter optimization on large search spaces and defining a resulting voting classifier on the top - n performing models . with data and ` ` ` model ` ` ` ` defined as above , this is a simple as running
► enjoy your portable home theater ◄ - - - elephas yg400 mini led projector is light weight and simple operation . ideal for home entertainment as : movie time , parties , sports events , tv series and video games , turns your life into minimalist style . perfect for you to share happy hours with your family and friends .
elephas yg400 led video projector is ideal for home entertainment and gathering , portable and convenient for you to take it anywhere . provide your a better visual experience as in a cinema . built - in mercury - free led lamp cares for your eyesight while enjoying movies and games , without inflicting the same optical harm as tv or pc .
once constructed , each of these can be passed to the optimizer parameter of the model . updates in keras are computed with the help of theano , so most of the data structures in keras optimizers stem from theano . in elephas , gradients have already been computed by the respective workers , so it makes sense to entirely work with numpy arrays internally .
the costs of these dlp chips are high so as a rough guide anything advertised under £140 on amazon is more than likely not going to have a real dlp chip inside . its also likely to be a much larger size projector in terms of its dimensions ( as can be seen in the photos above the pico genie is tiny in comparison to the elephas ) .
migrations palinurus elephas is known to undertake migrations to deeper water in the atlantic ( ansell & robb , 1977 ) . females move to deeper waters during egg development and return inshore prior to egg hatching ( goñi et al . , 2001 ) . males are also thought to make onshore - offshore migrations although the timing in relation to female migrations is contentious ( goñi et al . , 2001 ) .
below the image shows the brightness difference between the pico genie p55 ( bottom image ) and the elephas ( top image ) . if anything , the pico genie p55 is brighter and also has a better resolution . this is fairly shocking when you consider the elphas is being listed as 20x brighter than the pico genie ? yes , 20 times ! amazon’s top 15 projectors state they have 800 - 1500 lumens which is simply false .
- elephas yg400 home cinema projector enables to connect amazon fire tv stick / roku streaming stick / chrome cast / laptop / dvd / ps3 / xbox / tv box via hdmi input ; connect to pc via vga jack ; hook up to headphone / outer speakers via audio port ; insert u - disk / hard disk device into usb slot . adapters are required if you connect the projector to a ipad , iphone or other tablets and smartphones
elephas implements a class of data - parallel algorithms on top of keras , using spark ' s rdds and data frames . keras models are initialized on the driver , then serialized and shipped to workers , alongside with data and broadcasted model parameters . spark workers deserialize the model , train their chunk of data and send their gradients back to the driver . the
master
model on the driver is updated by an optimizer , which takes gradients either synchronously or asynchronously .
hyper - parameter optimization with elephas is based on hyperas , a convenience wrapper for hyperopt and keras . make sure to have at least version 0 . 1 . 2 of hyperas installed . each spark worker executes a number of trials , the results get collected and the best model is returned . as the distributed mode in hyperopt ( using mongodb ) , is somewhat difficult to configure and error prone at the time of writing , we chose to implement parallelization ourselves . right now , the only available optimization algorithm is random search .
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announcing the release of cellprofiler version 3 . 0 , which adds the ability to analyze images in three dimensions , claire mcquin , allen goodman , vasiliy chernyshev , lee kamentsky , beth cimini , kyle karhohs , anne carpenter and co - authors describe the technological improvements that will make you want to upgrade this open - source software .
a neuroimaging study by daniel barry , martin chadwick and eleanor maguire reveals that the human ventromedial prefrontal cortex ( vmpfc ) has an unexpected time - dependent temporal profile of engagement during the recall of remote autobiographical memories , whereby vmpfc engagement subsides after one year but returns for memories older than two years .
the lack of diverse model microorganisms restricts our capacity to explore and understand cellular life . this community page article by ross waller , jackie collier and co - workers maintains that through coordinated , collaborative effort significant advancements can be made to this and other large challenges in biology .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
- - publisher ' s website .
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github is home to over 28 million developers working together to host and review code , manage projects , and build software together .
if nothing happens , download the github extension for visual studio and try again .
depending on what os you are using , you may need to install some prerequisite modules ( lapack , blas , fortran compiler ) first .
the brew version of spark may be outdated at times . to build from source , simply follow the instructions at the spark download section or use the following commands .
after that , make sure to put these path variables to your shell profile ( e . g . ~ / . zshrc ) :
the build takes quite a while to run the first time since many packages need to be downloaded and installed . in the same directory as the dockerfile run the following commands
the following command starts a container with the notebook server listening for http connections on port 8899 ( since local jupyter notebooks use 8888 ) without authentication configured .
memory in the dockerfile the following lines can be adjusted to configure memory settings .
env spark _ opts - - driver - java - options = - xms1024m - - driver - java - options = - xmx4096m - - driver - java - options = - dlog4j . loglevel = info
spark - submit - - driver - memory 1g . / your _ script . py
increasing the driver memory even further may be necessary , as the set of parameters in a network may be very large and collecting them on the driver eats up a lot of resources . see the examples folder for a few working examples .
to train a model with a sparkml estimator on a data frame , use the following syntax .
fitting an estimator results in a sparkml transformer , which we can use for predictions and other evaluations by calling the transform method on it .
frequency : the user can decide how often updates are passed to the master model by controlling the frequency parameter . to update every batch , choose ' batch ' and to update only after every epoch , choose ' epoch ' .
this mode implements the algorithm described as downpour in [ 1 ] , i . e . each worker can send updates whenever they are ready . the master model makes sure that no update gets lost , i . e . multiple updates get applied at the
same
time , by locking the master parameters while reading and writing parameters . this idea has been used in google ' s distbelief framework .
essentially the same procedure as above , but without requiring the locks . this heuristic assumes that we still fare well enough , even if we loose an update here or there . updating parameters lock - free in a non - distributed setting for sgd goes by the name ' hogwild ! ' [ 2 ] , it ' s distributed extension is called ' dogwild ! ' [ 3 ] .
in this mode each worker sends a new batch of parameter updates at the same time , which are then processed on the master . accordingly , this algorithm is sometimes called batch synchronous parallel or just bsp .
num _ workers : lastly , the degree to which we parallelize our training data is controlled by the parameter num _ workers .
the first part of this example is more or less directly taken from the hyperas documentation . we define data and model as functions , hyper - parameter ranges are defined through braces . see the hyperas documentation for more on how this works .
used in model function below . this function is separated from model ( ) so that hyperopt
- model : specify the model just created so that we can later use it again .
in this example an ensemble of 10 models is built , based on optimization of at most 5 runs on each of the spark workers .
premature parallelization may not be the root of all evil , but it may not always be the best idea to do so . keep in mind that more workers mean less data per worker and parallelizing a model is not an excuse for actual learning . so , if you can perfectly well fit your data into memory and you ' re happy with training speed of the model consider just using keras .
some real - world tests on ec2 instances with large data sets like imagenet .
[ 1 ] j . dean , g . s . corrado , r . monga , k . chen , m . devin , qv . le , mz . mao , m’a . ranzato , a . senior , p . tucker , k . yang , and ay . ng . large scale distributed deep networks .
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many of our customers have been asking us how is it possible that projectors listed on amazon ' s top 15 projectors are 1000 lumens yet only cost £50 .
we decided to investigate and have been monitoring this since september 2016 . we purchased one of the top 15 projectors on amazon to see what was going on . we discovered a large amount of false trades descriptions which we have reported to amazon . the list of these companies has since proliferated as amazon allows fake reviews and people just look at the star ratings rather than the details so it always shows 4 stars or higher in the review despite alluring to the odd minor negative point in the reviews .
unfortunately its not in amazons interests to do anything about these fake reviews as they get paid for every sale whether you return it or not . even when you return it they still take a 7 % to 15 % commission - so its a win win for amazon and a pain for you as the customer to be duped by false trades descriptions ! we reported the issue at the beginning of the year and years later later the problem still exists despite numerous complaints to amazon .
. this review highlights the major flaws in all amazon ' s best selling projectors and shows how many manufacturers are massively exaggerating features and specifications of these projectors . this review / guide will help you to avoid buying fake products and to understand how these companies selling on amazon ' s marketplace ( and even via amazon prime fba ) are breaching trading standards and are blatantly lying to customers .
the alarm bells should initially start ringing when you see a headline figure of 1000 lumens and a price of anything less than £400 .
to see what a real 1000 lumen projector looks like take a look at the vivitek qumi q8 - its a world apart , its like watching a home cinema and the brightness looks like a printed graphic showing perfectly and clearly in normally lit conditions . then take a look at a projector that does a real 500 or 650 lumens in this video and you will see instantly the difference .
unfortunately there is no limit to how much the lumens can be overstated by . this is shown clearly by the anker nebula projector .
regularly quoted at a massive 3000 lumens online the anker nebula actually has only 500 ansi lumens , putting it on par with the piqs tt or the qumi q3 . at it ' s rather large size not only is far from being a truly ultra portable projector , as both alternatives offer the same power from much smaller handheld devices .
in other words its useless if you want to put the projector anywhere other than 1 . 5m away from the wall .
on some of the other top 15 amazon projectors , if you have a small projection area you could end up with a screen size that is far too big for your projection space as well as it being out of focus .
pico genie and other premium brand projectors can be focused as small as 15cm from the projection surface to create a tiny image or over > 100
simply by moving them closer / further from the projected area .
the genuine pico genie p55 is a fraction of the size of most of the top 15 projectors listed on amazon and is more pocketable . also the quality is not compromised because of its size as pico genie projectors use dlp rather than poor quality lcos .
all pico genie products include a battery as standard . the pico genie p55’s inbuilt battery will last for up to 2 . 5 hours . in comparison to amazon’s top 15 which are 4x the size and do not have any battery at all . pico genie projectors are ultra portable and can be used anywhere .
the pico genie p55 is built to a high quality and is highly robust . aesthetically the p55 design is far superior to amazon’s top 15 .
below we have listed out a number of brands that have an excellent reputation across the projection market . click here for our full range of trusted ultra portable projectors .
below is a list of brands overstating the trade descriptions , often quoting lumens at over 10 times higher or suggesting its full hd or even 4k when its a much lower resolution , amongst others .
this is by no means an exhaustive list of dodgy projector brands . the same companies are using different brand names which get changed regularly to avoid detection . there are many more out there but if the number of lumens appears too high for the price then , unless its a used item , then you have to question whether it is a genuine or a fake description .
claims its new < £80 : if it ' s brand new and less than £80 , don ' t bother . the projector is more than likely being way over sold by a chinese company . led projectors of any decent quality that are new with dlp and a minimum genuine lumens of 50 lumens start at £150 / €180 / $ 195
dlp ? - ensure the projector has texas instruments dlp , this provides superior image quality and is the industry standard .
1080p - this is one of the biggest lies - there are very few 1080p models out there and certainly none by any lesser known brands not listed above . the likelihood is that if you ' ve not heard of the brand and its stating 1080p then its not 1080p . it should say
supports
1080p ie supports full hd but instead they just claim its full hd when in fact its probably 2 or 3 grades down from that at vga resolution - whats in a word eh !
catches fire - if it says
it needs to be turned off after 2 - 4 hours
, give it a miss . it is more than likely dangerous and prone to catching fire . it has been made very cheaply and so key safety processes can easily be missed .
common sense - if it sounds too good to be true , it is ! ! remember if you buy cheap you usually end up buying twice so just buy the product that ' s right for you first time around .
we spent 14 months writing to amazon to complain about fraudulent trades descriptions on amazon as they continue to allow resellers , predominantly chinese , to describe goods however they like without any resemblance to the truth . amazon fail to do anything about it whatsoever so here are some steps you can take if you have similar problems .
try raising a case through seller central if you are a reseller or via contact us on amazon as a consumer . if you get standard responses like we did for 14 months whereby its clear they are just not reading or listening to the complaint then go to step 2
report it to trading standards which has to be done via the citizens advice bureau either by phone 03454 04 05 06 or id recommend going to this online form at the bottom of their website . get a case number
write a letter to amazon uk’s offices . this address is quite well hidden and hard to find so we’ve listed it below . make sure you send it recorded delivery and inform them of the case numbers and the issues
the main issue is amazon’s hq is outside the uk so they often like to pass the buck so the next step is to also report it to cma - competition & markets authority and this can be passed onto the equivalent trading standards bodies in the relevant countries – email for cma general . enquiries @ urltoken and again get a case number to pass onto amazon
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this item at this price , sold by amazon . com , is currently reserved exclusively for prime members .
prime free trial and invitee customers : we will automatically apply an urltoken gift card to your gift card balance in the amount equal to the prime exclusive discount after you become a paid prime member . if you cancel your paid prime membership or return the qualifying smartphone within the first 3 months of your paid prime membership , we may void your gift card or charge you in the amount of the gift card . terms and conditions apply .
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5 . 4 kilowatt hours per year per year , based on the power consumption of the television operating 4 hours per day for 365 days . the actual energy consumption will depend on how the television is used .
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the only negative i would give is the fan is a bit noisey but for the price you cant go wrong here ! see my video review for more details . . .
excellent value . ideally needs to be positioned horizontally to avoid the top or bottom of the picture from being out of focus . internal speaker not great , but easy to hook up to a hi - fi .
i have been using this for a few weeks now and am very impressed . it is a good price compared to other projectors , i use it with an amazon fire stick and it works very well . it does come with a built in speaker which is not good enough for music or a movie , but i use a standard audio jack to output to a small external speaker and it works really well . there is some noise , but we place it on a high shelf and sit to the right of the device so we do not notice the noise at all . the heat and sound ( which you get on all projectors to different degrees ) comes out the left , as you look at the image on the wall it is projecting . as a techie myself i am impressed with the quality of this product at the price .
this is a great product for its price , depending on what you want to do with it . if you ' re looking for crisp texts , super crisp keystoning , super bright day - light compatible projection , ultra short throw , or similar professional digital - signage type of features . obviously that ' s not something you will get for this price . what it does is , it turns your bedroom into a 50 to 100 + inch movie theatre for 50 quid . the quality and performance for motion picture is much more than acceptable for its price . works perfectly with chromecast . i really love it , one of my best buys . the only issue is its fan is a bit loud .
for the price ? it is a working projector ! not much of a use in normal daylight , but in a darkened room , it is fine . i myself grown up on copied , copied copied vhs movies so i am not much in to 4k super hd movies . but on the big screen you can ' t notice that much if something is a lesser quality . note : that thie projector ' s own speaker is tiny , you probably won ' t hear the movie from the fan that ' s in there . : )
i bought this for my son ' s birthday as he loves watching movies . i only have this currently linked up to his dvd player and have the images projected onto a white wall . the picture quality is brilliant for such a low cost projector . he has watched all types of movies from old westerns such as sons of katie elder and classics such as jaws but also newer movies such as spectre and teenage mutant ninja turtles . we have no complaints regarding the picture quality . the sound is pretty good too . eventually i will link his xbox up to this as well but he is more than happy just being able to watch movies on a screen around 80 + inches compared to normally watching these on a 14in portable tv .
this is not one of the most expensive projectors out there . i was a bit pessimistic about purchasing this one because i wasn ' t sure about the quality . but , now that i have it and used it a couple of times , i ' m very happy with the product . positives - good picture quality , good brightness in dark conditions , surprising good sound , very portable , supports hd input negatives - complicated set up ( adjusting the position is a challenge , keystone adjustment could be better ) , video is not full hd this is my first projector . so , what i consider as negatives might as well be common to all projectors . i have no way to say for sure . but , if a friend asks me opinion on this product , i would definitely recommend this to him
this is a very nice projector . only perk is , the size of the projection is only adjustable by moving the projector front or back . but , the resolution support is excellent . i hooked my ps4 and it works perfectly . i have my speakers with i could easily connect to the projector ( and i do recommend doing that as the output sound quality is not reliable ) . it can even play videos of any format mounted from a usb . all in all , an excellent product in this price range .
this is good value for money . perfect entry projector or for the casual viewer .
item arrived on time and the picture quality was as expected . only gripe is when using the remote control to power on / off was also turning my lg tv on and off .
don ' t hesitate in getting this wow at watching films football and things better in a dark room but still very watchable with a light / lamp on worth the money treat yourself i have . . .
i was surprised on how good a picture this gives . normally you get what you pay for so i was expecting a low quality picture but this isn ' t that at all .
it works great , but if the remote breaks down then it . . .
it works great , but if the remote breaks down then it works but you can ' t alter any of the settings . such as colour balance etc .
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the somali bee-eater ( merops revoilii ) is a species of bird in the meropidae family .

it is found in ethiopia , kenya , saudi arabia , somalia and tanzania .

this is a small bee-eater that prefers arid country and desert areas where it may be locally common .

the international union for conservation of nature has assessed its conservation status as being of " least concern " , postulating that clearing of woodland and forest is creating new suitable habitat for the bird and that its population trend may therefore be rising .

somali bee - eater

somali bee - eater ( merops revoilii ) is a species of bird in the meropidae family .
the somali bee - eater is the second smallest bee - eater after the little bee - eater . it only measures 6 . 3 - 7 . 1 inches ( ~ 16 - 18 cm ) , including the tail .
jaynes gallery / danitadelimont – kenya samburu nr somali bee - eater tropical bird photo print ( 55 . 88 x 86 . 36 cm )
the somali bee - eaters ( merops revoilii ) are small african bee - eaters - so named for their favorite prey : bees .
jaynes gallery / danitadelimont - kenya samburu nr somali bee - eater tropical bird photo print ( 55 . 88 x 86 . 36 cm ) : urltoken kitchen & home
this species is sometimes considered to be conspecific with the blue - cheeked bee - eater , m . persicus .
the southern carmine bee - eater ( merops nubicoides ) ( formerly carmine bee - eater ) occurs across sub - equatorial africa , ranging from kwazulu - natal and namibia to gabon , eastern democratic republic of the congo and kenya .
the blue - tailed bee - eater ( merops philippinus ) is a near passerine bird in the bee - eater family meropidae . it breeds in southeastern asia . it is strongly migratory , seen seasonally in much of peninsular india .
the white - throated bee - eater ( merops albicollis ) is a near passerine bird in the bee - eater family meropidae . it breeds in semi - desert along the southern edge of the sahara , africa . the white - throated bee - eater is migratory , wintering in a completely different habitat in the equatorial rainforests of africa from southern senegal to uganda .
the european bee - eater ( merops apiaster ) is a near passerine bird in the bee - eater family meropidae . the genus name merops is ancient greek for
bee - eater
, and apiaster is latin , also meaning
bee - eater
, from apis ,
bee
. [ 2 ] it breeds in southern europe and in parts of north africa and western asia . it is strongly migratory , wintering in tropical africa . this species occurs as a spring overshoot north of its range , with occasional breeding in northwest europe .
is migratory in the southern areas of its range , migrating to indonesia and new guinea , but occurs year round in northern australia . several species of bee - eater , such as the white - throated bee - eater , are intra - african migrants .
bennett , gordon f . ( 1978 ) .
avian haemoproteidae . 8 . the haemoproteids of the bee - eater family ( meropidae )
.
dharmakumarsinhji , k . s . ( 1958 ) . bluetailed bee - eater merops philippinus linnaeus in western saurashtra . jbnhs 55 : 351 - 352 .
norris , c . e . ( 1963 ) . the bluetailed bee - eater merops philippinus linnaeus , nesting in ceylon . jbnhs 60 : 259 .
sihag , r . c . ( 1993 ) .
the green bee - eater merops orientalis orientalis latham - ( 1 ) - seasonal activity , population density , feeding capacity and bee capture efficiency in the apiary of honey bee , apis mellifera l . in haryana ( india )
.
ty - jour ti - somali bee - eater merops revoilii in tsavo west t2 - scopus . vl - 3 ur - urltoken pb - east africa natural history society ' s ornithological sub - committee . cy - nairobi : py - 1979 sp - 58 ep - 59 sn - 0250 - 4162 au - archer , a l er -
kossenko , s . m . ; fry , c . h . ( 1998 ) .
competition and coexistence of the european bee - eater merops apiaster and the blue - cheeked bee - eater merops persicus in asia
. ibis 140 ( 1 ) : 2–13 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1474 - 919x . 1998 . tb04535 . x .
the green bee - eater ( merops orientalis ) ( sometimes little green bee - eater ) is a near passerine bird in the bee - eater family . it is resident but prone to seasonal movements and is found widely distributed across sub - saharan africa from senegal and the gambia to ethiopia , the nile valley , western arabia and asia through india to vietnam . [ 2 ] they are mainly insect eaters and they are found in grassland , thin scrub and forest often quite far from water . several regional plumage variations are known and several subspecies have been named .
the green bee - eater was first described by the english ornithologist john latham in 1801 using its current binomial name . [ 4 ] several populations have been designated as subspecies : [ 5 ]
somali - beeaters feed primarily on bees , but will take other small flying insects - depending on availability of prey and season . insects are often caught in flight with short dashes from low perches .
kenya samburu nr somali bee - eater tropical bird was reproduced on premium heavy stock paper which captures all of the vivid colors and details of the original . the overall paper size is 55 . 88 x 86 . 36 cm and the image size is 55 . 88 x 79 . 81 cm . this print is ready for hanging or framing and would make a great addition to your home or office .
the bee - eaters are almost exclusively aerial hunters of insect prey . prey is caught either while in continuous flight or more commonly from an exposed perch where the bee - eater watches for prey . smaller , rounder - winged bee - eaters typically hunt from branches and twigs closer to the ground , whereas the larger species hunt from tree tops or telegraph wires . one unusual technique often used by carmine bee - eaters is to ride the back of
phillips , w . w . a . ( 1956 ) . prolonged stay of the blue - tailed bee - eater ( merops philippinus philippinus ) in eastern ceylon . spolia zeylanica 28 ( 1 ) : 109 .
neelakantan , k . k . ( 1948 ) . on the breeding of the blue - tailed bee - eater ( merops superciliosus javanicus ) in rajahmundri , east godavari district . jbnhs 47 : 741 - 742 .
fry , h . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . somali bee - eater ( merops revoilii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
santharam , v ( 1981 ) .
pellet casting by bee - eaters
.
24–27 cm ( with streamers , up to 9·5 cm ) ; 34–59 g . distinctive , long - winged bee - eater . adult has crown , chin , cheeks , rump and uppertail - coverts beryl - green . . .
bee - eaters may nest as single pairs , loose colonies or dense colonies . smaller species tend to nest solitarily , while medium sized species do so in the smaller colonies and larger and migratory species nest in large colonies that can number in the thousands . in some instances colonies may contain more than one species of bee - eater .
the bee - eaters are a fairly uniform group , morphologically . they share many features with related
the cinnamon - chested bee - eater ( merops oreobates ) is a species of bird in the meropidae family . it is found in burundi , democratic republic of the congo , ethiopia , kenya , rwanda , south sudan , tanzania , and uganda .
hegner , robert e . ; emlen , stephen & natalie j . demong ( 1982 ) .
spatial organization of the white - fronted bee - eater
. nature 298 ( 5871 ) : 264–266 . doi : 10 . 1038 / 298264a0 .
@ article { bhlpart118480 , title = { somali bee - eater merops revoilii in tsavo west } , journal = { scopus . } , volume = { 3 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { nairobi : east africa natural history society ' s ornithological sub - committee . } , author = { archer , a l } , year = { 1979 } , pages = { 58 - - 59 } , }
these bee - eaters are gregarious , nesting colonially in sandy banks or open flat areas . they make a relatively long tunnel in which the 5 to 7 spherical white eggs are laid . both the male and the female take care of the eggs . these birds also feed and roost communally . the call is similar to that of the european bee - eater .
bee - eaters spend around 10 % of their day on what are known as comfort activities . these include
somali bee - eaters mostly breed between march and june . they usually nest in the sides of deep wells ; they may dig holes in cliffs or banks of earth . they usually nest in small colonies that comprise family groups , known as
clans
. non - breeding adults or immature birds participate in raising the young of other members - something that is commonly referred to as
co - operative breeding .
casas - crivillé , a . ; f . valera ( 2005 ) .
the european bee - eater ( merops apiaster ) as an ecosystem engineer in arid environments
. journal of arid environments 60 ( 2 ) : 227–238 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jaridenv . 2004 . 03 . 012 .
avery , m . i . ; krebs , j . r . ; houston , a . i . ( 1988 ) .
economics of courtship - feeding in the european bee - eater ( merops apiaster )
. behavioural ecology and sociobiology 23 ( 2 ) : 61–67 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00299888 .
the blue - breasted bee - eater ( merops variegatus ) is a species of bird in the meropidae family . it is found in angola , burundi , cameroon , central african republic , republic of the congo , democratic republic of the congo , equatorial guinea , eritrea , ethiopia , gabon , kenya , nigeria , rwanda , sudan , tanzania , uganda , and zambia .
emlen , s . t . ; p . h . wrege ( 1996 ) .
forced copulations and intra - specific parasitism : two costs of social living in the white - fronted bee - eater
. ethology 71 ( 1 ) : 2–29 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1439 - 0310 . 1986 . tb00566 . x . issn 0179 - 1613 .
is red in the males and brown - red in the females , and in species with tail - streamers these may be slightly longer in males . both the european and red - bearded bee - eaters have differences in the colour of their plumage , and the rainbow bee - eaters have differently shaped tail - streamers .
kasambe , r . ( 2004 ) . nesting of blue tailed bee - eaters in amravati district of maharashtra . nlbw 44 ( 2 ) : 21 - 22
bee - eaters have a line through the eye and many have differently coloured throats and faces . the extent of the green in these varies from almost completely in the
the bee - eaters must rank among the most delightful birds on earth . indeed , my companion rita carratello considers them her favorite birds . they possess startling grace and beauty , well exemplified by these southern carmine bee - eaters in the okavango delta of botswana in southern africa ( left in a classic shot by greg lasley ) …
the red - throated bee - eater ( merops bullocki ) is a species of bird in the meropidae family . this species has a large range , and is found in benin , burkina faso , cameroon , central african republic , chad , democratic republic of the congo , ivory coast , ethiopia , gambia , ghana , guinea , guinea - bissau , mali , mauritania , niger , nigeria , senegal , sierra leone , sudan , togo , and uganda .
fry , h . , boesman , p . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . northern carmine bee - eater ( merops nubicus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
tendencies . shorter , rounder wings are found on species that are sedentary and make shorter foraging flights in denser forests and reedbeds . those with more elongated wings are more migratory . all the bee - eaters are highly aerial . they take off strongly from perches , fly directly without undulating , and are able to change directions quickly . bee - eaters rarely hover , however .
bee - eaters are fairly indiscriminate in their choice of habitat . their requirements are simply an elevated perch from which to watch for prey and a suitable ground substrate in which to dig their breeding burrow . because their prey is entirely caught on the wing they are not dependent on any vegetation type . a single species , the blue - headed bee - eater , is found inside closed rainforest where it forages close to the ground in poor light in the gaps between large trees . six other species are also closely associated with rainforest , but occur in edge habitat such as along rivers , in tree - fall gaps , off trees overhanging ravines or on emergent tree crowns above the main canopy .
in the feathers , making them easier to find and remove . due to their hole - nesting bee - eaters accumulate a number of ectoparasites such as mites and flies . together with sunning , bouts of
this bee - eaters is mostly green above , except for a blue rump , reddish - brown forehead and blackish bar that extends across the eyes down to the sides of the neck . the plumage below is cinnamon .
always nests on level ground . the burrows are dug by both birds in the pair as well as any helpers that have joined the pair . the soil or sand is loosened with jabs of the sharp bill , then the feet are used to kick out the loose substrate . there may be several false starts where nests are dug partway before being abandoned ; in solitary species this can give the impression of colonial living even when they are not . the process of nest building can take as long as twenty days to complete , during which the bill can be both blunted and shortened . nests are generally used only for a single season and are rarely used twice by the bee - eaters , but abandoned bee - eater nests may be used by a host of birds , snakes and bats as shelter and breeding places .
the bee - eaters are a group of near - passerine birds in the family meropidae . most species are found in africa and asia but others occur in southern europe , australia , and new guinea . they are characterised by richly coloured plumage , slender bodies , and usually elongated central tail feathers . all have long downturned bills and pointed wings , which give them a swallow - like appearance when seen from afar . there are 26 different species of bee - eaters .
watve milind ; thakar j ; kale a ; pitambekar s ; shaikh i ; vaze k ; jog m ; paranjape s ( 2002 ) .
bee - eaters ( merops orientalis ) respond to what a predator can see
.
depart early for lake nakuru , taking some back roads and driving up the access road into the foothills of the aberdare mountains . of particular interest is malachite sunbird , usually seen well up the road near the entrance to the national park . on the way there a likely possibility is long - tailed widowbird in full breeding plumage on the kinangop plateau . other birds usually present along the access road are jackson ' s francolin , black goshawk , nyanza swift , cinnamon - chested bee - eater , gray - backed fiscal , brown woodland - warbler , mountain yellow warbler , hunter ' s cisticola , schalow ' s wheatear , golden - winged sunbird , and northern double - collared sunbird .
flies to large beetles and dragonflies . at some point bee - eaters have been recorded eating beetles , mayflies , stoneflies , cicadas , termites , crickets and grasshoppers , mantises , true flies and moths . for many species the dominant prey item are stinging members of the order
chinese : ? ? ? ? ? . . . czech : vlha somálská . . . danish : somalibiæder . . . dutch : somalibijeneter , somalische bijeneter . . . estonian : somaali mesilasenäpp . . . finnish : somalianmehiläissyöjä . . . french : guêpier de revoil . . . german : blaßspint , somalispint . . . italian : gruccione della / di somalia . . . japanese : somariahachikui , somari - hachikui . . . norwegian : somalibieter . . . polish : zolna blada . . . russian : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . . . slovak : v ? elárik bledý . . . spanish : abejaruco somalí . . . swedish : somalibiätare . . . swahili : kerem somali
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, and some species are monogamous over multiple seasons . migratory species however are thought to form new pair bonds each breeding season . the courtship displays of the bee - eaters are rather unspectacular , with the exception of the
butterfly display
( where the wings of both sexes are held out while calling ) of the
siefferman , lynn ; wang , yuan - jyun ; wang , yi - ping ; yuan , hsiao - wei ( 2007 ) .
sexual dichromatism , dimorphism , and condition - dependent coloration in blue - tailed bee - eaters
. condor 109 ( 3 ) : 577–584 . doi : 10 . 1650 / 8201 . 1 .
bee - eaters may be killed by raptors , their nests are raided by rodents and snakes , and they can carry various parasites . some species are adversely affected by human activity or habitat loss , but none meet the international union for conservation of nature ' s vulnerability criteria , and all are therefore evaluated as ' least concern ' .
bee - eaters are fairly catholic in their habitat . their requirements are a simply an elevated perch from which to watch for prey and a ground substrate in which to dig their breeding burrow . because their prey is entirely caught on the wing they are not dependent on any vegetation type . a single species is found inside closed rainforest , the
as their name suggests , bee - eaters predominantly eat flying insects , especially bees and wasps , which are caught in the air by flights from an open perch . the stinger is removed by repeatedly hitting and rubbing the insect on a hard surface . during this process , pressure is applied to the insect thereby extracting most of the venom .
fry , hilary ( 2001 ) .
family meropidae ( bee - eaters )
. in del hoyo , josep ; elliott , andrew ; sargatal , jordi . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 6 , mousebirds to hornbills . barcelona : lynx edicions . pp . 286–325 . isbn 978 - 84 - 87334 - 30 - 6 .
they feed on flying insects and can sometimes be nuisance to bee - keepers . [ 20 ] the preferred prey was mostly beetles followed by hymenopterans . orthopterans appear to be avoided . [ 21 ] they are sometimes known to take crabs . [ 22 ] like most other birds they regurgitate the hard parts of their prey as pellets . [ 23 ]
this species , like other bee - eaters , is a richly coloured , slender bird . it is predominantly green ; its face has a narrow blue patch with a black eye stripe , and a yellow and brown throat ; the tail is blue and the beak is black . it can reach a length of 23–26 cm , including the two elongated central tail feathers . sexes are alike .
a study suggested that green bee - eaters may be capable of interpreting the behaviour of human observers . they showed an ability to predict whether a human at a particular location would be capable of spotting the nest entrance and then behaved appropriately to avoid giving away the nest location . the ability to look at a situation from another ' s point of view was previously believed to be possessed only by primates . [ 17 ] [ 18 ]
of bee - eaters are curved , long and end in a sharp point . the bill can bite strongly , particularly at the tip , and is used as a pair of forceps with which to snatch insects from the air and crush smaller ones . the short legs have weak feet , when moving on the ground its gait is barely more than a shuffle . the feet have sharp claws used for perching on vertical surfaces and also during nest excavation .
most bee - eaters are gregarious . they form colonies , nesting in burrows tunnelled into vertical sandy banks , often at the side of a river , or in flat ground . as they mostly live in colonies , large numbers of nest holes may be seen together . the eggs are white , with typically five to the clutch . most species are monogamous , and both parents care for the young , sometimes with assistance from related birds in the colony .
or bee - eaters are a group of near - passerine birds containing three genera and 27 species . most species are found in africa and asia , with a few in southern europe , australia , and new guinea . they are characterised by richly coloured plumage , slender bodies , and usually elongated central tail feathers . all have long down - turned bills and medium to long wings , which may be pointed or round . male and female plumages are usually similar .
the bee - eaters are a group of near - passerine birds in the family meropidae containing three genera and 27 species . most species are found in africa and asia , with a few in southern europe , australia , and new guinea . they are characterised by richly coloured plumage , slender bodies , and usually elongated central tail feathers . all have long down - turned bills and medium to long wings , which may be pointed or round . male and female plumages are usually similar .
this is an abundant and fairly tame bird , familiar throughout its range . it is a bird which breeds in open country with bushes . in africa and arabia it is found in arid areas , but is more diverse in its habitats further east . this species often hunts from low perches , maybe only a metre or less high . it readily makes use of fence wires and electric wires . unlike some other bee - eaters , they can be found well away from water . [ 5 ]
in the case of the bee - eaters the nests are burrows dug into the ground , either into the sides of earth cliffs or directly into level ground . both types of nesting site are vulnerable , those on level ground are vulnerable to trampling and small predators , whereas those in cliffs , which are often the banks of rivers , are vulnerable to flash floods , which can wipe out dozens or hundreds of nests . many species nest either on cliffs or on level ground but prefer cliffs , however the
this is a bird which breeds in sub - tropical open country , such as farmland , parks or ricefields . it is most often seen near large waterbodies . like other bee - eaters it predominantly eats insects , especially bees , wasps and hornets , which are caught in the air by sorties from an open perch . this species probably takes bees and dragonflies in roughly equal numbers . the insect that are caught are beaten on the perch to kill and break the exoskeleton . this habit is seen in many other members of the coraciiformes order .
the bee - eaters are diurnal ( active by day ) , although a few species may migrate during the night if the terrain on route is unsuitable for stopping or if they are crossing the sea . they are a highly social family . pairs sitting together are often so close together that they touch ( described as having an individual distance of zero ) . groups may roost together in a row in such a fashion as well . some species are highly gregarious in the non - breeding season , and many species are colonial in the breeding season as well .
the breeding season is from march to june . unlike many bee - eaters , these are often solitary nesters , making a tunnel in a sandy bank . the breeding pairs are often joined by helpers . [ 13 ] [ 14 ] they nest in hollows in vertical mud banks . the nest tunnel that they construct can run as much as 5 feet long and the 3 - 5 eggs are laid on the bare ground in the cavity at the end of the tunnel . the eggs are very spherical and glossy white . [ 3 ] clutch size varies with rainfall and insect food density . both sexes incubate . the eggs hatch asynchronously with an incubation period of about 14 days and the chicks grow fledge in 3 to 4 weeks and in the fledging stage show a reduction in body weight . [ 15 ] [ 16 ]
like other bee - eaters , this species is a richly coloured , slender bird . it is about 9 inches ( 16–18 cm ) long with about 2 inches made up by the elongated central tail - feathers . the sexes are not visually distinguishable . the entire plumage is bright green and tinged with blue especially on the chin and throat . the crown and upper back are tinged with golden rufous . the flight feathers are rufous washed with green and tipped with blackish . a fine black line runs in front of and behind the eye . the iris is crimson and the bill is black while the legs are dark grey . the feet are weak with the three toes joined at the base . [ 3 ] southeast asian birds have rufous crown and face , and green underparts , whereas arabian beludschicus has a green crown , blue face and bluish underparts . the wings are green and the beak is black . the elongated tail feathers are absent in juveniles . sexes are alike . [ 2 ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be widespread and common ( del hoyo et al . 2001 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be increasing as ongoing habitat degradation is creating new areas of suitable habitat .
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affinities uncertain , but some evidence that it is closest to the m . bulocki – m . bullockoides species - pair . possibly a close relative of m . albicollis . monotypic .
; looks somewhat leggy , often adopting attenuated , heat - shedding stance with body high above . . .
rather silent . call is a loud , clear , descending twittering “twee - twee - twee - tee” .
breeds in mar–jun in somalia and kenya , and fledglings once seen in oct . poorly known solitary nester . excavates burrow usually in . . .
not globally threatened . very common in nw somalia ; widespread and quite common in se ethiopia , and in e kenya locally common up to 1000 m and w to l turkana . in se kenya , . . .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : merops revoilii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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their range stretches from somalia east into southeastern ethiopia , west to saudi arabia , and south to northern and eastern kenya ( west of lake turkana south to tsavo national park ) and tanzania .
they prefer dry country and desert areas ; and are usually seen alone or in pairs ( during the breeding season ) .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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ioc world bird list ( v7 . 1 ) , gill , f and d donsker ( eds ) . 2017 .
* this tour is available for any dates of your choosing provided guide services and accommodations are available .
travel day from the us / canada to nairobi . with a 7 - 10 hour time difference between the us / canada and nairobi , flight will be overnight , arriving early the following morning in london or other connecting city in europe .
travel day from connecting city in europe . flight duration from london to nairobi is about 9 hours with a 2 - hour time difference . everyone can expect to arrive in evening , where they ' ll be met at jomo kenyatta international airport and transferred to the hotel located about 30 min away . those arriving a day earlier may want to relax and time - shift or take one of our available day trips out of nairobi . night at boulevard hotel in nairobi .
morning bird roadsides within mt kenya national park where good habitat offers many possibilities , including mountain buzzard , hartlaub ' s turaco , red - fronted parrot , black - backed puffback , gray cuckooshrike , african hill babbler , tacazze sunbird , and golden - breasted bunting . also possible is syke ' s monkey . after early lunch transfer to buffalo springs national reserve in the more arid north , arriving mid - afternoon in time for some exploration of the reserve .
are regularly encountered in the woodland , especially in early morning and at dusk . night at ashnil samburu tent camp .
arrive at lake nakuru in mid - afternoon . lake nakuru is an alkaline lake offering one of the great ornithological spectacles of the world . in typical years over a million lesser and greater flamingos line the shore of the lake . the afternoon will be devoted to a birding and game drive through the park . the habitat is acacia woodland , grassland , rivers , and marshes . in addition to flamingos , likely birds are black stork , white stork , helmeted guineafowl , long - crested eagle , striped kingfisher , common scimitar - bill , and greater blue - eared glossy - starling plus a variety of mammals . night at the luxurious lake nakuru lodge .
after a morning game drive through lake nakuru national park , transfer to lake baringo , one of only two freshwater lakes in the rift valley , arriving mid - afternoon . late afternoon birding around the lodge grounds . night at soi safari lodge .
with the help of a local guide who knows where to find roosting owls and nightjars , look for several difficult local specialties he can usually find . notable are african scops - owl , northern white - faced owl , spotted eagle - owl , pearl - spotted owlet , slender - tailed nightjar , and three - banded ( heuglin ' s ) coursers . birding around the grounds of soi safari lodge should yield giant kingfisher and many other species . a boat trip on the lake later in the day should offer up goliath heron , great cormorant , long - tailed cormorant , african fish - eagle , african jacana , african pygmy - kingfisher , gray - headed kingfisher , pied kingfisher and various other herons , storks , and shorebirds . night at lake baringo club .
lake naivasha is one of two freshwater lakes in the rift valley ( the other is lake baringo ) . the lake is fringed with papyrus reedbeds and surrounded by acacia woodland . birding the lodge grounds and some trails near the lodge should produce african hoopoe , green woodhoopoe , sulphur - breasted bushshrike , fork - tailed drongo , northern anteater - chat , arrow - marked babbler , rueppell ' s glossy - starling , amethyst sunbird , and red - headed weaver . the papyrus beds are home to greater swamp warbler and lesser swamp warbler . a mid - day boat trip on lake naivasha will be a pleasant interlude and good for african fish - eagle and many aquatic birds . an afternoon game drive in the national park offers some good mammal viewing as well as birds such as little sparrowhawk , black goshawk , giant kingfisher , and gray - backed fiscal . night at elsamere centre .
all content and design © 2004 - 2017 by exotic birding , llc . original banner photo © laura l fellows . all rights reserved . no photos , descriptions , or other content may be copied or disseminated on any media without prior written permission . checklists may be copied or printed for personal use only but not for commercial purposes of any kind . website designed and produced by jim wittenberger and laura l fellows . photography by laura l fellows and jim wittenberger .
clements , j . f . , t . s . schulenberg , m . j . iliff , d . roberson , t . a . fredericks , b . l . sullivan , and c . l . wood . 2014 . the ebird / clements checklist of birds of the world : version 6 . 9 . downloaded from urltoken
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
this bird occurs in upland regions and can be found associated with wooded hillsides and forest edges . it can be distinguished from the somewhat similar
by its larger size , darker colouring , white cheek patches and the upland habitat where it is found . its diet consists mainly of honeybees although it also eats moths , butterflies , dragonflies , beetles and other flying insects . it seems to be an adaptable species and able to withstand loss of its forest habitat .
it measures 22 cm ( 8 . 7 in ) in length and weighs 17–38 g ( 0 . 60–1 . 34 oz ) .
crc handbook of avian body masses by john b . dunning jr . ( editor ) . crc press ( 1992 ) , isbn 978 - 0 - 8493 - 4258 - 5 .
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( ants , bees and wasps ) comprise from 20 % to 96 % of all insects eaten , with honey bees comprising approximately one - third of the hymenoptera .
by repeatedly hitting and rubbing the insect on a hard surface . during this process , pressure is applied to the insect thereby extracting most of the venom .
notably , the birds only catch prey that are on the wing and ignore flying insects once they land .
by nesting in burrows tunnelled into the side of sandy banks , such as those that have collapsed on the edges of rivers . their eggs are white and they generally produce 2 - 9 eggs per clutch ( depending on species ) . as they live in colonies , large numbers of these holes are often seen together , white streaks from their accumulated droppings accentuating the entrances to the nests . most of the species in the family are monogamous , and both parents care for the young , sometimes with the assistance of other birds in the colony , a behavior considered unusual for birds .
, being large - headed ( but not as large - headed as their relatives ) short - necked , brightly plumaged and short - legged . their wings may be rounded or pointed , with wing shape closely correlated with foraging habitat and
of the family is generally very bright and in most species dominated or at least partly green . the two
. several species have long streamers in the tail , and in a few species these are ended with expanded spatulae .
found that males were more colourful when comparisons between males and females included a comparison of their plumage in the uv spectrum . overall colour also was affected by body condition , suggesting that there was a signalling component to plumage colour .
, although a number of species also occur in asia . a single species occurs in europe , the
, which has the majority of the species in the family , occurs across the entirely of the family ' s distribution .
, where it forages close to the ground in poor light in the gaps between large trees under the canopy . six other species are also closely associated with rainforest , but do so in edge habitat in this environment ; along rivers , in tree - fall gaps , off trees overhanging ravines or on emergent crowns above the main canopy .
. species that breed in subtropical or temperate areas of europe , asia and australia are all migrants . the
. another population of the same species breeds in south africa and namibia ; these birds move northwards after breeding . in australia the
, which has a three stage migration ; after breeding in a band between angola and mozambique it moves south to botswana , namibia and south africa before moving north to its main wintering grounds in northern angola , congo and tanzania .
have been described as
the most complex of any bird species anywhere in the world
.
the birds exist in stable colonies located on nesting cliffs , and have a stable structure year round . these colonies are composed of clans of two or three pairs , their
, and offspring . within the colony the males alternate between guarding their mate and attempting to make forced copulations other females .
, stealing prey collected by other colony members . the colony ' s daily routine is emerge from the nesting holes or roosting branches soon after dawn , preen and sun themselves for an hour , then disperse to feed . feeding territories are broken down by clan , with the clan defending the territories from all others of the same species , including clans of the same colony .
the clans return to the colony before dusk , and engage in more social behaviour before retiring for the night . colonies are situated several hundred metres apart and have little to do with each other , although young individuals may disperse between colonies . as such these species can be thought to have four tiers of social kinship , the individual pair , the family unit , the clan and the colony as a whole .
and water bathing . sunning behaviour helps warm birds in the morning , reducing the need to use energy to raise the temperature . it also has a social aspect , as multiple birds adopt the same posture . finally , it may help stimulate
( or water bathing where available ) , as well as rigorous preening , keep the feathers and skin in good health . bathing with water involves making shallow dives into a water body and then returning to a perch to preen .
have been observed flying out 100 m to catch large wasps . prey is approached directly or from behind . prey that lands on the ground or on plants is usually not pursued . small prey may be eaten on the wing , but larger prey are returned to the perch to be beaten against the perch to kill them and break them up . insects with poisonous stings are first smacked on the branch , then , with the eyes closed , rubbed to discharge the venom . this behaviour is innate , as demonstrated by a juvenile bird in captivity , which performed the task when first presented with wild bees . this bird was stung on the first five tries , but by ten bees , it was as adept at handling bees as adult birds .
. in a survey of 20 studies the proportion of the diet made up by bees and wasps varied from 20 % to 96 % , with the average being 70 % . of these
can comprise a large part of the diet - as much as 89 % of the overall diet .
. most members of the family engage in courtship feeding , where the male presents prey items to the female , and such feeding can account for much if not all of the energy females require for egg creation .
forshaw , j . & kemp , a . ( 1991 ) . forshaw , joseph . ed . encyclopaedia of animals : birds . london : merehurst press . pp . 144–145 . isbn 1 - 85391 - 186 - 0 .
hoare , ben ( 2009 ) . animal migration : remarkable journeys in the wild . university of california press . p . 148 . isbn 978 - 0 - 520 - 25823 - 5 .
eberhard , jessica ( 2002 ) .
cavity adoption and the evolution of coloniality in cavity - nesting birds
. condor 104 ( 2 ) : 240–247 . doi : 10 . 1650 / 0010 - 5422 ( 2002 ) 104 [ 0240 : caateo ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 . issn 0010 - 5422 .
this entry is from wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . it may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer )
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