russograptis albulata is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in ethiopia , where it is only known from the bale mountains .

the wingspan is about 20 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is whitish with traces of greyish fasciae and with dull brown markings .

the hindwings are pale brownish .

russograptis albulata

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the journal of entomological and acarological research ( jear ) , formerly the bollettino di zoologia agraria e di bachicoltura of the institute of entomology of the università degli studi , milano , was founded in 1928 by remo grandori . thereafter , minos martelli and luciano süss hold the direction of the journal until december 2011 . in january 2012 the editor decided for the new open - access on - line version of jear .
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chemical composition and insecticidal activity mentha piperita l . essential oil against the cowpea seed beetle callosobruchus maculatus f . ( coleoptera : bruchidae )
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journal of entomological and acarological research . 2010 ; 42 ( 2 ) : 47 - 79 doi 10 . 4081 / jear . 2010 . 47
brachiolia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
panegyra is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
pareboda is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
apotoforma kakamegae is a species of moth of the tortricidae family that is endemic to kenya .
beryllophantis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
elaeodina is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
herotyda is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
anameristes is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
pseudocroesia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
aleimma is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
apotoforma is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
archigraptis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
sanguinograptis is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
( choristoneura fumiferana clemens ) . balsam fir trees ( abies balsamea ( l . ) miller ) injected with either 8 or 16 g per tree of rubidium chloride ( rbcl ) showed quick uptake and distribution throughout the crown , with no negative effects on tree shoot growth or spruce
that fed as larvae on trees injected with rbcl were clearly labeled , with significantly higher rb concentrations than the background levels found in adults that fed as larvae on control trees . rb concentrations in feral spruce
were not adversely affected by rb treatment . egg masses laid by feral females that fed as larvae on rb - labeled trees were also labeled with rb . injecting trees with rbcl is a viable technique for labeling feral spruce
populations to help distinguish local populations from immigrants to better evaluate the success of early intervention strategies such as mating disruption . â© crown copyright 2016 .
are examined with respect to their influence on the feeding behavior of the sixth - instar larva . both current and one - year old needles contain stimulating chemicals in their epicuticular wax layer . some pure fatty acids known to occur in balsam fir wax are stimulatory , and may serve to enhance . . .
schoenmaker , a . ; cusson , m . ; frankenhuyzen , van k .
we investigated interactions between bacillus thuringiensis berliner var . kurstaki and parasitoids that attack late instars of the eastern spruce
, choristoneura fumiferana ( clemens ) . in a petri - dish arena , females of tranosema rostrale rostrale ( brishke ) ( hymenoptera : ichneumonidae ) were
brian t . sullivan ; jeremy d . allison ; richard a . goyer ; william p . shepherd
) , is a specialist on taxodium distichum ( l . ) richard and has caused serious defoliation in swamps of southeastern louisiana , accelerating decline of baldcypress forests concurrently suffering from nutrient depletion , prolonged flooding , and saltwater . . .
) was caught at liã¨ge , leg . j . - y . baugnã©e . it was resting on hedera helix , in the vicinity of the kennedy bridge . during the following days , about 40 specimens were seen in two localities of the slope to the
: first record from chile and a newly documented host plant . strepsicrates smithiana walsingham , 1892 (
is recorded for the first time from chile . male and female adults were reared from leaf - tying larvae collected on myrica pavonis ( myricaceae , which is a new host plant record for s . smithiana .
) , were examined . eggs , neonates , third instars , fifth instars , and early and late stage pupae were irradiated at target doses of 50 , 100 , 150 , or 200 gy or left untr . . .
nancy e . gillette ; john d . stein ; donald r . owen ; jeffrey n . webster ; sylvia r . mori
two aerial applications of microencapsulated pheromone were conducted on five 20 . 2 ha plots to disrupt western pine shoot borer ( eucosma sonomana kearfott ) and ponderosa pine tip moth ( rhyacionia zowna ( kearfott ) :
) orientation to pheromones and oviposition in ponderosa pine plantations in 2002 and 2004 . . .
in mexico . larvae of cydia pomonella ( linnaeus , 1758 were discovered on floral cones of magnolia schiedeana ( schltdl , 1864 near the natural reserve of la martinica , veracruz , mã©xico . magnolia represents an unusual host for this moth species , which is known throughout the world as the
codling moth
, a serious pest of fruits of rosaceae , especially apples . the larvae were identified using taxonomic keys , and identification was corroborated using molecular markers . further sampling resulted in no additional larvae , hence , the observation was probably that of an ovipositional error by the female , and m . schiedeana is not at risk of attack by this important moth pest .
) , is a major pest of pome fruit worldwide . the inclusion of semiochemicals , including the main sex pheromone ( codlemone ) , in codling moth ipm programs has drastically reduced the amount of chemical insecticides needed to control this . . .
we assessed the efficacy of cultivation as a potential management strategy for codling moth , cydia pomonella l . (
silva , w . d . , e - mail : weliton . silva @ usp . b [ department of entomology and acarology , laboratory of chemical ecology and insect behavior , university of sao paulo , & apos ; luiz de queiroz & apos ; college of agriculture , padua dias avenue , 11 , 13418 - 900 piracicaba ( brazil ) ; arthur , v . ; mastrangelo , t . [ food irradiation and radioentomology laboratory , center for nuclear energy in agriculture ( cena / usp ) , centenario avenue 303 , 13400 - 970 piracicaba ( brazil )
as insects increase in radiotolerance as they develop and usually several developmental stages of the pest may be present in the fresh shipped commodity , it is important to know the radiation susceptibility of the stages of the target insect before the establishment of ionizing radiation quarantine treatments . this study was performed to determine the radiotolerance of eggs of the oriental fruit moth , grapholita molesta ( busck ) (
) , to gamma radiation . this species is considered as one of the most serious worldwide pests for temperate fruits , especially peaches . eggs ( 12 h old ) were exposed to 0 ( control ) , 25 , 35 , 50 , 75 , 100 , 125 and 150 gy of gamma radiation . surviving larvae were allowed to feed on an artificial diet . three days after irradiation , it was verified that larvae & apos ; s cephalic capsules were significantly affected by gamma radiation , and the estimated mean ld { sub 90 } and ld { sub 99 } were 66 . 3 gy and 125 . 8 gy , respectively . oriental fruit moth eggs revealed to be quite radiosensitive and very low doses as 50 gy were sufficient to disrupt g . molesta embryogenesis . at 25 gy , only male adults originated from the surviving larvae and , after mating with untreated fertile females , shown to be sterile .
) . larvae were exposed to apple ( malus spp . ) foliage collected at different intervals after an airblast sprayer application at the manufacturer - recommended field rate and half the field rate . a mortality of 100 % was recorded at field rate applications of spinetoram , chlorantraniliprole , and emamectin benzoate through 59 , 38 , and 10 d after treatment ( dat ) , respectively . significantly less foliage was consumed by c . rosaceana larvae surviving in the emamectin , chlorantraniliprole , and spinetoram treatments compared with those exposed to untreated foliage . third - instar c . rosaceana exposed to fresh residues on terminal foliage showed 100 % mortality after 5 - d exposure to spinetoram residues and after 10 - d exposure to chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate . the effects of larval movement from foliage with fresh residues was examined by transferring neonate larvae from foliage treated with spinetoram , chlorantraniliprole , or emamectin benzoate to untreated foliage after various exposure intervals . an exposure of 1 , 3 , and 6 d was required for spinetoram , chlorantraniliprole , and emamectin benzoate to cause 100 % mortality at the field rate , respectively . the higher the concentration of chlorantraniliprole and emamectin benzoate , the less exposure time was necessary to cause high levels of mortality in c . rosaceana neonates . our results indicate that these novel insecticides are highly toxic to c . rosaceana larvae . implications of these results for c . rosaceana management programs are discussed .
after identifying 114 microsatellite loci from choristoneura fumiferana expressed sequence tags , 87 loci were assayed in a panel of 11 wild - caught individuals , giving 29 polymorphic loci . further analysis of 20 of these loci on 31 individuals collected from a single population in northern minnesota identified 14 in hardy - weinberg equilibrium .
em pomar comercial de pessegueiros com seis cultivares de ciclos de maturaã§ã£o de frutos precoce ( ' sã£o pedro ' , mã©dio ( ' chimarrita ' , ' ouro ' , ' coral ' e ' marli ' e tardio ( ' br ii ' , no municãpio de araucã¡ria - pr . foram sorteadas cinco plantas por cultivar para serem avaliados os danos em brotaã§ãµes e frutos . os danos foram acumulados e avaliados em trãªs fases : prã© - raleio , endurecimento do caroã§o e colheita . os resultados mostraram que houve um nãvel diferenciado no ataque de g . molesta em brotaã§ãµes e frutos , entre as cultivares . as avaliaã§ãµes de danos em brotaã§ãµes mostraram que , atã© a fase de colheita , a cultivar ouro foi a mais atacada , sendo superada pela ' chimarrita ' quando se inclui os danos ocorridos na fase pã³s - colheita . em frutos , a ' marli ' apresentou o maior nãºmero de pãªssegos danificados entre as seis cultivares avaliadas . this paper deals with the occurrence and damage of grapholita molesta (
in a commercial peach orchard with six cultivars of different fruit ripening cycles : precocious ( ' sã£o pedro ' , medium ( ' chimarrita ' , ' ouro ' , ' coral ' and ' marli ' and late ( ' br ii ' , in araucaria , state of paranã¡ , brazil . five plants of each cultivar were selected for evaluating the damages in shoots and fruits . the damages were accumulated and evaluated in three phases : previous thinning , stone hardening and harvesting . the results were as follows : the cultivar
ouro
was the most damaged one up to the harvesting phase , although ' chimarrita ' surpassed ' ouro ' when the damages observed in the post - harvesting phase were included . among the six cultivars , ' marli ' was the one presenting the highest number of damaged fruits .
) ] ã©s una de les plagues mã©s importants dels fruiters de llavor ( pereres , pomeres i codonyers ) i dels noguers . el seu control ã©s crãtic per a assolir una producciã³ sostenible i amb qualitat per a lâexportaciã³ . la implementaciã³ de programes de control dâabast regional de grans ã rees ha demostrat ser una estratã¨gia molt efectiva que permet assolir molt bons resultats de control amb nivell de danys baixos i una reducc . . .
from the coastal valleys of northern chile , with the first continental record of e . galapagana razowski & landry
from the coastal valleys of northern chile , with the first continental record of e . galapagana razowski & landry . eccopsis zeller , 1852 is reported for the first time from chile . eccopsis razowskii vargas , n . sp . is described and illustrated based on specimens reared from larvae collected on native acacia macracantha willd . ( fabaceae in the coastal valleys of the northern chilean desert . eccopsis galapagana razowski & landry , 2008 , previously known only from the galapagos islands , ecuador , is recorded for the first time from continental south america . larvae of the latter were collected in northern chile feeding on prosopis alba griseb ( fabaceae .
) with entomopathogenic nematodes ( rhabditida : heterorhabditidae , steinernematidae ) in peach orchards .
) is considered a major pest in temperate fruit trees , such as peach and apple . entomopathogenic nematodes ( epns ) are regarded as viable for pest management control due to their efficiency against tortricid in these trees . the objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of native epns from rio grande do sul state against pre - pupae of g . molesta under laboratory and field conditions . in the laboratory , pre - pupae of g . molesta were placed in corrugated cardboard sheets inside glass tubes and exposed to 17 different epns strains at concentrations of 6 , 12 , 24 , 48 and 60 ijs / cm ( 2 ) and maintained at 25 â°c , 70 â± 10 % rh and photophase of 16 h . insect mortality was recorded 72 h after inoculation of epns . steinernema rarum rs69 and heterorhabditis bacteriophora rs33 were the most virulent strains and selected for field application ( lc95 of 70 . 5 and 53 . 8 ijs / cm ( 2 ) , respectively ) . both strains were highly efficient under field conditions when applied in aqueous suspension directed to larvae on peach tree trunk , causing mortality of 94 and 97 . 0 % , respectively . copyright â© 2013 elsevier inc . all rights reserved .
) is a bud borer that feeds on soybean and forage legumes . its economic importance is restricted to south america , where it can alternate throughout the year between forage and grain legumes . the sex pheromone of c . aporema females is composed of a 15 : 1 mixture of ( 7z , 9z ) - dodeca - 7 , 9 - dien - 1 - ol and ( 7z , 9z ) - dodeca - 7 , 9 - dienyl acetate . aiming at the development of a monitoring tool , it was synthesized both components of the pheromone and evaluated male captures in pheromone traps baited with different blends of synthetic pheromone , in an experimental soybean field in uruguay . the conjugated dienes were obtained from 2 - pentyn - 1 - ol and 1 , 7 - heptanediol , by oxidation of the former , wittig coupling and zn - catalyzed reduction of the triple bond . the 1 : 1 mixture was the most efficient in capturing males . the pheromone traps were attractive for up to 40 days , even with small septum loads ( 0 . 1 mg ) and low population levels . ( author )
, heliothis virescens ( f . ) , irradiated as diapause pupae , decreased proportionately with increasing doses of 3 , 5 , and 7 . 5 krad . also , the fertility of tobacco
irradiated as nondiapause pupae and of the f 1 progeny of such males decreased with increasing dose . when the female partner received eupyrene sperm , insects irradiated while the pupae were in diapause were fertile as were their progeny . therefore , it does not appear plausible to irradiate diapause pupae of our strain of tobacco
a 3 - yr field study was conducted at commercial grape ( vitis spp . ) farms to evaluate insect management programs for control of the grape berry moth , paralobesia viteana clemens (
rearing glypta fumiferanae [ hym . : ichneumonida ] on a multivoltine laboratory colony of the western spruce
, choristoneura occidentalis freeman . both host and parasite are univoltine and undergo diapause in nature . in this study , the parasite ' s voltinism was synchronized with that of a nondiapausing . . .
. understanding the potential impacts of alien wasps requires knowledge of ecological parameters that influence parasitism rates for species in their new environment . sophora seed - feeding cydia spp . (
arthur , valter ; silva , lucia c . a s . ; modolo , deborah m . ; leandro , rodrigo sebastiao rossi ; arthur , paula b .
as insects increase in radio tolerance as they develop and usually several developmental stages of pest may present in fresh shipped commodity , it is important to know the radiation susceptibility of stages of the target insect before the establishment of ionizing radiation quarantine treatments . this study was performed to determine the radio tolerance of pupae of the oriental fruit moth , grapholita molesta ( busck ) (
: tortricidade ) , to gamma radiation . this specie is considered as on of the most serious worldwide pests for temperate fruits , especially peaches . pupae of 3 days old were exposed to 0 ( control ) , 25 , 50 , 75 , 100 , 125 , 150 , 175 , 200 , 250 , 300 and 350 gy of gamma radiation of source cobalt - 60 , type gammacell - 220 at dose rate of 0 , 508 kgy / hour . each treatment had 4 repetitions with 10 pupae in the total 40 pupae per treatment . surviving pupae allowed to feed on an artificial diet . after irradiation the insects were keep in room with climatic conditions of 25 â±5 deg c and 70 â±5 % rh . the results showed that the sterilizing dose to adults was 200gy and that the dose of 350gy was not sufficient to kill all pupae of insects . ( author )
nanotechnology has recently allowed the production of formulations for controlled release of active ingredients . in the present study , the electrospinning technique was used to produce nanoscale dispensers for attract - and - kill strategies . non - woven nanofibres containing insecticide ( cypermethrin ) and ( e ) - 8 , ( z ) - 8 - dodecenyl acetate and ( z ) - 8 - dodecanol ( 0 . 87 mg l - 1 ) , the main components of grapholita molesta (
) ( busck ) pheromone , were evaluated in laboratory experiments . male electroantennographic ( eag ) responses and mortality ( tarsal - contact and attract - and - kill behavioural cages ) bioassays were performed for nanofibres ( with and without insecticide ) exposed for different periods ( 21 , 42 , 63 and 84 days ) in controlled and non - exposed conditions . there were no significant differences in g . molesta male eag responses based on the time of exposure within treatments . nanofibres with pheromone only and with pheromone plus insecticide elicited equal eag responses . mortality in tarsal - contact bioassays was greater than 87 % after exposure for 84 days . in the attract - and - kill bioassays , mortality ranged from 28 . 4 to 56 . 6 % , although no difference was observed on insect mortalities over time ( 24 , 48 and 72 h ) . incorporation of cypermethrin in nanofibres did not interfere with g . molesta attractiveness . both aspects of the strategy , the attractant and killing effects , were recorded using innovative nanofibres , and long - term effects suggest a controlled release of pheromone and insecticide . â© 2017 society of chemical industry . â© 2017 society of chemical industry .
a review of insect parasitoids associated with lobesia botrana ( denis & schiffermã¼ller , 1775 ) in italy . 1 . dipteratachinidae and hymenopterabraconidae (
a review of insect parasitoids associated with lobesia botrana ( denis & schiffermã¼ller , 1775 in italy . 1 . diptera tachinidae and hymenoptera braconidae (
) ] is the most important soybean pest in northeastern asia . silencing genes using plant - mediated rna - interference is a promising strategy for controlling spb infestations . the ribosomal protein p0 is important for protein translation and dna repair in the spb . thus , transferring p0 double - stranded rna ( dsrna ) into plants may help prevent spb - induced damage . we investigated the effects of spbp0 dsrna injections and spbp0 dsrna - expressing transgenic soybean plants on the spb . larval mortality rates were greater for spbp0 dsrna - injected larvae ( 96 % ) than for the control larvae ( 31 % ) at 14âdays after injections . transgenic t 2 soybean plants expressing spbp0 dsrna sustained less damage from spb larvae than control plants . in addition , the expression level of the spbp0 gene decreased and the mortality rate increased when spb larvae were fed on t 3 transgenic soybean pods . moreover , the surviving larvae were deformed and exhibited inhibited growth . silencing spbp0 expression is lethal to the spb . transgenic soybean plants expressing spbp0 dsrna are more resistant to the spb than wild - type plants . thus , spbp0 dsrna - expressing transgenic plants may be useful for controlling insect pests . â© 2017 society of chemical industry . â© 2017 society of chemical industry .
) after long - distance transportation : 1 . logistics of shipping procedures and quality parameters as measured in the laboratory .
the sterile insect technique ( sit ) is a proven effective control tactic against lepidopteran pests when applied in an areawide integrated pest management program . the construction of insect mass - rearing facilities requires considerable investment and moth control strategies that include the use of sterile insects could be made more cost - effective through the importation of sterile moths produced in other production centers . for codling moth , cydia pomonella ( l . ) (
generalist predators such as spiders may help mitigate the spread and impact of exotic herbivores . the lack of prey specificity and long generation times of spiders may allow them to persist when pests are scarce , and to limit the growth of pest populations before they reach damaging levels . we examined whether resident spiders are likely to play a role in maintaining populations of the invasive light brown apple moth , epiphyas postvittana ( walker ) (
, phalonidia manniana ( fischer von rã¶slerstamm , 1839 ) was found to comprise two genetically distinct clusters . morphological investigation further supports the existence of two distinct taxa , p . manniana and p . udana guenã©e . . . . . . , 1845 , sp . rev . their biologies also differ , p . manniana feeding in stems of mentha and lycopus ( lamiaceae ) and p . udana feeding in stems of lysimachia thyrsiflora and l . vulgaris ( primulaceae ) . we provide re - descriptions of both taxa and dna barcodes for north european phalonidia and gynnidomorpha . . . . . . . phalonidia tolli razowski , 1960 , syn . nov . , is considered a junior synonym of pudana . phalonidia udana is widely distributed in the north palaearctic , whereas it seems to be rare or missing in large parts of central europe . the study demonstrates the usefulness of dna barcoding in revealing cryptic species . . . .
, madeira and azores ) 21 . 6 % , north america 16 . 5 % , australasia 7 . 2 % and the neotropics just 5 . 2 % . th e route for almost all aliens to europe is via importation of plants or plant products . most alien
established in europe are also confi ned to man - made habitats , with 52 . 5 % occuring in parks . . .
e sua atuaã§ã£o sobre o parasitã³ide de ovos trichogramma pretiosum riley ( hymenoptera : trichogrammatidae , em laboratã³rio . os inseticidas natuneemâ® ( 1500ppm de azadirachta indica por litro e o extrato pirolenhoso ( biopirol 7 mâ® , nas dosagens de 250 e 500ml 100l - 1 , nã£o foram eficientes no controle de a . sphaleropa quando aplicados sobre folhas de videira ( vitis sp . cultivar
chardonnay
, enquanto que o piretro natural ( 250 e 500ml 100l - 1 resultou em mortalidade significativa de 77 , 65 e 85 , 88 % dos insetos , respectivamente , 120 horas apã³s a aplicaã§ã£o . o efeito secundã¡rio foi avaliado sobre adultos do parasitã³ide de ovos t . pretiosum , seguindo a metodologia da international organization for biological and integrated control ( iobc . os inseticidas natuneemâ® ( 500ml 100l - 1 , biopirol 7 mâ® ( 500ml 100l - 1 e dipel dfâ® ( 100g 100l - 1 foram inã³cuos ( 99 % de reduã§ã£o no parasitismo , respectivamente , equivalendo - se ao efeito do fosforado lebaycid 500â® ( 100ml 100 l - 1 . this work was conducted to study the effect of commercial formulations of insecticides with emphasis on that allowed in the organic production ( neem , natural piretro and pirolenhoso extract to control argyrotaenia sphaleropa ( meyrick (
and their performance on the egg parasitoid trichogramma pretiosum riley ( hymenoptera : trichogrammatidae adults . the insecticides natuneemâ® ( 1500ppm of azadirachtin l - 1 and the pirolenhoso extract ( biopirol 7 mâ® ( 250 and 500ml 100l - 1 were not efficient in the control of a . sphaleropa when applied over grapevine leaves ( vitis sp . cultivate chardonnay . natural piretro ( 250 and 500ml 100l - 1 resulted in a mortality of 77 . 65 and 85 . 88 % of insects , respectively 120 hours
recorded from this region of macaronesia , with references to the relevant literature . the checklist includes 37 families , 211 genera and 331 species . 31 spe . . . . . . . maderensis ssp . maderensis ( bethune - baker , 1891 ) ( n . syn ) . agrotis selvagensis pinker & bacallado , 1978 is a synonym of a . lanzarotensis rebel , 1894 ( n . syn ) and agrotis trux spp . maderensis pinker , 1971 is a synonym of a . trux ssp . trux ( hã¼bner , 1824 ) ( n . syn . ) . . . .
, therefore the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of doses of gamma radiation in the different phases of the evolutionary cycle of heliothis virescens and helicoverpa armigera , as well as to evaluate the sterility in generation p and the ability of insects to irradiate with non - irradiated insects . the pupal phase presented the best result because 75 gy achieved sterility in heliothis virecens and 100 gy sterilized helicoverpa armigera , therefore it contemplated the phase and dose chosen to evaluate the competition between the irradiated insects and the normal insects of both species . both heliothis virecens and helicoverpa armigera presented a satisfactory result , as the irradiated insects managed to significantly reduce the viability of the eggs in a ratio of 9 : 1 : 1 . ( author )
variation in phenology and monoterpene patterns of defoliated and nondefoliated douglas - fir ( pseudotsuga menziesii var . glauca ) .
foliage was collected from paired douglas - fir ( pseudotsuga menziesii var . glauca ( beissn . ) franco ) trees characterized as either
resistant
or
susceptible
western spruce
the genus cryptaspasma comprises moths of moderate or rather large size , mostly of a
dark and earthy appearance
, as edward meyrick once characterized them . these insects usually are of different shades of purplebrown to bronze - brown , with suffused blackish spots or retination . although distributed
nicholas l . crookston ; j . j . colbert ; paul w . thomas ; katharine a . sheehan ; william p . kemp
dynamics model . input to the first three programs and the output produced are described in this guide . a guide to the fourth program will be published separately . . . .
full text available forty - seven species are discussed . one new genus ( daedaluncus gen . n . and 15 new species ( adoxophyes vitilevu sp . n . , adoxophyes niuwudi sp . n . , atriscripta strigana sp . n . , helictophanes saccifera sp . n . , loboschiza oxybela sp . n . , epinotia prepuncus sp . n . , daedaluncus fijiensis sp . n . , coenobiodes vitiae sp . n . , tritopterna rakiraki sp . n . , spilosoma oligospina sp . n . , strepsicrates rotundata sp . n . , eccoptocera platamon sp . n . , herpystis sunia sp . n . , herpystis spinoa sp . n . , cryptophlebia ferrugulla sp . n . are described and illustrated .
two commercial preparations of bacillus thuringiensis ( bet . ) were aerially applied in 1980 to populations of spruce
( choristoneura fumiferana ( clem . ) ) in arizona , maine , new hampshire , and wisconsin . operations were conducted under the auspices of canusa - east with standardized procedures for spray application and population . . .
biology aspects of argyrotaenia sphaleropa meyrick fed on artificial diets with different protein sources were studied : d1 - white bean , wheat germ , soybean protein and casein ; d2 - common bean and yeast and d3 - common bean , yeast and wheat germ , evaluating the duration and viability of all developmental stages ( egg , larval , prepupa and pupa ) and of the total cycle ( egg - adult ) , sex ratio , pupa weight , fecundity , longevity and life table of fertility . tests were conducted in the laboratory at 25 â± 1 deg c , 65 â±10 % rh and 14h of photophase . duration of the egg stage was 6 . 6 days on all diets . the longest duration of larval and prepupal stages on d1 and pupal stages on d2 , resulting in a longer duration of the total cycle on these two diets ( 30 , 9 and 30 , 8 days ) . the total viability was higher than 62 % on all diets , and there was no statistical difference among the treatments . the number of instars was four or five on all treatments . the lowest fecundity was observed in d1 . based on the fertility life table , d3 was the most suitable diet for rearing a . sphaleropa , due to the lowest development time ( t ) , the highest finite increasing rate ( l ) , and total viability exceeding 75 % . ( author )
full text available thaumatovalva gen . n . is described and illustrated from the afrotropical region . as currently defined the genus includes four species : t . deprinsorum sp . n . from the democratic republic of congo ; t . albolineana sp . n . ( type species from the democratic republic of congo ; t . spinai ( razowski & trematerra , comb . n . , from ethiopia and nigeria ; and t . limbata ( diakonoff , comb . n . , from the seychelles and kenya . thaumatovalva limbata has been reared from the fruit of cordia somaliensis baker and c . monoica roxb . ( boraginaceae in kenya . although structures of the male and female genitalia are extremely similar among three of the four species , male secondary scales on the under surface of the hindwing easily distinguish them .
altesor , paula ; arcia , maria p . ; rossini , carmen ; gonzalez , andres ; horas , vanusa r ; zarbin , paulo h . g .
the oriental fruit moth ( ofm ) is a major insect pest of peaches in bulgaria . its control usually requires several insecticide treatments per season . this , however , gives rise to serious toxic residue problems . a program for suppression of ofm populations involving the use of sterile - insect technique ( sit ) has been developed as an alternative to the chemical methods for ofm . relevant information regarding laboratory rearing , radiation and basic biology are presented here . expected effects of some release programs are modelled using appropriate mathematical simulations . results obtained in a small field experiment showed high efficacy of a program integrating f 1 male sterility technique and classic sit . ( author )
twenty - one new species of chimoptesis are described and illustrated : c . costaricae ( tl : costa rica : san josã© ) , c . phanera ( tl : mexico : chiapas ) , c . rubigo ( tl : mexico : chiapas ) , c . rosariana ( tl : cuba : pinar rio ) , c . miniaula ( tl : mexico : chiapas ) , c . kallion ( tl : mexico : chiapas ) , c . potosiana ( tl : mexico : nuevo leon ) , c . obliquaria ( tl : mexico : nuevo leon ) , c . angulata ( tl : mexico : chiapas ) , c . dentitia ( tl : mexico : chiapas ) , c . faceta ( tl : mexico : nuevo leon ) , c . caera ( tl : mexico : chiapas ) , c . castanescens ( tl : mexico : chiapas ) , c . albomixta ( tl : mexico : distrito federal ) , c . cornigera ( tl : mexico : nuevo leon ) , c . mitrion ( tl : mexico : nuevo leon ) , c . setoses ( tl : cuba : santiago ) , c . juniptesis ( tl : mexico : chiapas ) , c . tamaulipasia ( tl : mexico : tamaulipas ) , c . zoquiapana ( mexico : distrito federal ) , and c . rufobrunnea ( tl : costa rica : san josã© ) . formerly known only from the u . s . , chimoptesis is recorded south to costa rica in central america and cuba in the caribbean .
taxonomy is the basic discipline in biology . the taxonomist defines each taxon and provides a unique name for it . of the systematic categories , the species level is crucial . when a species is described and named , great care should be taken to ensure that all information related to the name is correct . information on ecology , biology , distribution , etc . is linked to the name , and may be added and repeated in subsequent literature . great confusion may arise from ambiguous descriptions and / or mislabelled figures . therefore editors should take special care to ensure that taxonomic papers containing descriptions of new taxa receive careful refereeing and editing . here we present a case where descriptions of new species became misleading when the labels of the type specimens were switched . if the manuscript had been more thoroughly refereed , the mistake could have been discovered and avoided .
phalonidia manniana , een complex van twee soorten : ph . manniana en ph . udana (
tijdens het project om van alle noord - europese vlinders de dna - barcode te bepalen , zijn bij phalonidia manniana , in voornamelijk scandinavisch materiaal , twee clusters gevonden . bij verder morfologisch onderzoek zijn constante verschillen gevonden in het uiterlijk en de mannelijke en vrouwelijke
fifth - instar codling moth , cydia pomonella ( l . ) , larvae were exposed to 10 simulated heat treatments of apples and pears and co2 levels were monitored as a measure of respiration . marked increases in respiration rates ( microliter co2 / mg / min ) were noted during these treatments . respiration peaked between 3 . 5 and 4 . 8 microliters co2 / mg / min ; the amount of time to peak respiration depended on the heating rate and was correlated to the lt95 . no differences were observed between male and female larvae in the timing of the peaks of co2 production . in treatments where mortality occurred , co2 levels dropped to zero , but only after a considerable time after death . respiratory recovery rates , the time it took for co2 levels to return to normal , were recorded after treatments at time points where co2 production reached 3 / 4 and maximum peak . respiration rates at constant temperatures were recorded within the range of 10 - 30 degrees c . q10 over this range was 1 . 49 , whereas q10 was the greatest , 2 . 54 , between 10 and 15 degrees c .
studies in argentina and chile during 2010 - 11 evaluated a new trap ( ajar ) for monitoring the oriental fruit moth , grapholita molesta ( busck ) . the ajar trap was delta - shaped with a jar filled with a terpinyl acetate plus brown sugar bait attached to the bottom center of the trap . the screened lid of . . .
altesor , paula ; arcia , maria p . ; rossini , carmen ; gonzalez , andres , e - mail : paltesor @ fq . edu . u , e - mail : mparcia @ fq . edu . u , e - mail : crossini @ fq . edu . u , e - mail : agonzal @ fq . edu . u [ universidad de la republica , montevideo ( uruguay ) . fac . de quimica . lab . de ecologia quimica ; horas , vanusa r ; zarbin , paulo h . g . , e - mail : vanusa @ quimica . ufpr . b , e - mail : pzarbin @ quimica . ufpr . b [ universidade federal do parana ( ufpr ) , curitiba , pr ( brazil ) . dept . de quimica . lab . de semioquimicos
distribution characteristics of eggs and neonate larvae of codling moth , cydia pomonella ( l . ) (
sparganocosma docsturnerorum brown , new genus and new species , is described and illustrated from area de conservaciã³n ( acg ) in northwestern costa rica . the new genus shares a long , crescent - or ribbon - shaped signum in the corpus bursae of the female genitalia with aesiocopa zeller , 1877 , amorbia cle . . .
studies were conducted with codling moth , cydia pomonella ( l . ) , to examine the effects of gamma radiation on fertility and reproductive behaviour . data accumulated during these studies showed that egg production and hatch decreased with increasing radiation dose . females were more sensitive to radiation treatment than were males . a dose of 150 gy caused 100 % sterility in females and significantly reduced fecundity , and a dose of 350 gy reduced male fertility to less than 1 % . radiation dosages up to 400 gy had no adverse effect on male longevity or competitiveness in cages using laboratory reared moths . however , males exposed to a dose of 350 or 400 gy mated fewer times than unirradiated males . ( author )
, a species widely recognized as the most destructive defoliator in western north america . outbreaks of the western spruce
often occur synchronously over broad regions and lead to widespread loss of leaf area and decrease in growth rates in . . .
paniaqua voirol , luis r . ; frago , enric ; kaltenpoth , martin ; hilker , m . ; fatouros , n . e .
the insectâs microbiota is well acknowledged as a âhiddenâ player influencing essential insect traits . the gut microbiome of butterflies and moths (
patrick m . james ; brian r . sturtevant ; phil townsend ; pete wolter ; marie - josee . fortin
( choristoneura fumiferana clem . ) outbreaks over the last century are thought to be the result of changes in forest structure due to forest management . a corollary of this hypothesis is that manipulations of forest structure and composition can be used to reduce future forest vulnerability . . . .
egg masses was examined under two kinds of light - - black light and a combination of natural and fluorescent light . black light significantly increased the accuracy of count but not the efficiency of examination .
with pheromone - baited sticky traps and interpreting the results to predict defoliation the following year . information provided includes timing of the survey , how to obtain traps and baits , how many traps are needed , trap assembly , field placement of traps , and how to evaluate the catches .
mature grand firs ( abies grandis [ dougl . ex d . don ] lindl . ) were sampled in two stands , one cutover and one virgin , in the little salmon river drainage in west - central idaho , to estimate stem volume losses associated with topkilling . damage to the stands resulted from three outbreaks of western spruce
modeling system . this document describes how to use the weather model and illustrates some aspects of its behavior .
outbreak on private lands in eastern oregon . growth was negatively related to defoliation with differences between crown ratio and species . the mortality and salvage harvesting caused changes in stand structure on private lands . although many . . .
van schip , w . m . ; towill , w . d . ; zago , t .
. in 1976 - 77 , the investigators thinned two relatively pure , juvenile , second - growth balsam fir stands in northwestern ontario to four levels of basal area by girdling or felling . the stands were assessed in 1988 . annual aerial and ground monitoring of the study sites indicated that one area experienced a moderate to severe defoliation by spruce
sturtevant , brian r . ; miranda , brian r . ; shinneman , douglas j . ; gustafson , eric j . ; wolter , peter t .
insect disturbance is often thought to increase fire risk through enhanced fuel loadings , particularly in coniferous forest ecosystems . yet insect disturbances also affect successional pathways and landscape structure that interact with fire disturbances ( and vice - versa ) over longer time scales . we applied a landscape succession and disturbance model ( landis - ii ) to evaluate the relative strength of interactions between spruce
( choristoneura fumiferana ) outbreaks and fire disturbances in the boundary waters canoe area ( bwca ) in northern minnesota ( usa ) . disturbance interactions were evaluated for two different scenarios : presettlement forests and fire regimes vs . contemporary forests and fire regimes . forest composition under the contemporary scenario trended toward mixtures of deciduous species ( primarily betula papyrifera and populus spp . ) and shade - tolerant conifers ( picea mariana , abies balsamea , thuja occidentalis ) , with disturbances dominated by a combination of
defoliation and high - severity fires . the presettlement scenario retained comparatively more âbig pinesâ ( i . e . , pinus strobus , p . resinosa ) and tamarack ( l . laricina ) , and experienced less
disturbance decreased area burned and fire severity under both scenarios when averaged across the entire 300 - year simulations . contrary to past research , area burned and fire severity during outbreak decades were each similar to that observed in non - outbreak decades . our analyses suggest
disturbances within forests of the bwca have a comparatively weak effect on long - term forest composition due to a combination of characteristics . these include strict host specificity , fine - scaled patchiness created by defoliation damage , and advance regeneration of its primary host , balsam fir ( a . balsamea ) that allows its host to persist despite repeated disturbances . understanding the nature of the three - way interaction
are discussed . the review also points to a need to further investigate the mechanism of rnai in lepidopteran insects and its possible connection to the innate immune response . our general understanding of rnai in
will be further aided in the future as our . . . . . . experiments have not been collected in such a way that they are possible to analyze . in this review , we have collected detailed data from more than 150 experiments including all to date published and many unpublished experiments . despite a large variation in the data , trends that are found are that rnai . . . . . . is particularly successful in the family saturniidae and in genes involved in immunity . on the contrary , gene expression in epidermal tissues seems to be most difficult to silence . in addition , gene silencing by feeding dsrna requires high concentrations for success . possible causes for the variability of success . . .
larvae were collected from host plants along trails inside three preserved forest areas in the brazilian state of sã£o paulo . fifteen different species of ichneumonidae belonging to five subfamilies ( banchinae , campopleginae , cremastinae , mesochorinae and metopiinae were obtained . seven species of ichneumonidae were reared from leaf rollers : meniscomorpha sp . ( banchinae and leurus caeruliventris ( cresson ( metopiinae from dichomeris sp . ( gelechiidae ; mesochorus sp . 1 ( mesochorinae [ as a parasitoid of hypomicrogaster sp . ( braconidae , microgastrinae ] , campoplex sp . ( campopleginae and leurus sp . from olethreutinae sp . (
; sphelodon annulicornis morley ( banchinae and eutanygaster brevipennis cameron ( cremastinae were also reared from two unidentified species of gelechiidae . the other eight species were reared from the larvae of exposed feeders : diradops sp . ( banchinae from miselia albipuncta hampson ( noctuidae , casinaria sp . ( campopleginae from hymenomima conia prout ( geometridae , charops sp . ( campopleginae from bagisara paulensis schaus ( noctuidae and oxydia vesulia ( cramer ( geometridae , two species of hyposoter fã¶rster ( campopleginae from semaeopus sp . ( geometridae and h . conia , two species of microcharops roman ( campopleginae from b . paulensis and an unidentified species of limacodidae and mesochorus sp . 2 [ reared from what was probably aleiodes sp . ( braconidae , rogadinae ] from an unidentified species of noctuidae . parasitã³ides da famãlia ichneumonidae ( hymenoptera foram obtidos durante um inventã¡rio de larvas de
foram coletadas sobre as plantas que ocorrem nas bordas de caminhos em trãªs ã¡reas preservadas de mata do estado de sã£o paulo , brasil . quinze esp
woody plants regularly sustain biomass losses to herbivorous insects . consequently , they have developed various resistance mechanisms to cope with insect attack . however , these mechanisms of defense and how they are affected by resource availability are not well understood . the present study aimed at evaluating and comparing the natural resistance ( antibiosis and tolerance ) of balsam fir ( abies balsamea [ l . ] mill . ) and white spruce ( picea glauca [ moench ) voss ] to spruce
, choristoneura fumiferana ( clem . ) , and how drainage site quality as a component of resource availability affects the expression of resistance over time ( 6 years ) . our results showed that there are differences in natural resistance between the two tree species to spruce
, but it was not significantly affected by drainage quality . balsam fir exhibited higher foliar toxic secondary compounds concentrations than white spruce in all drainage classes , resulting in lower male pupal mass , survival and longer male developmental time . this , however , did not prevent spruce
from consuming more foliage in balsam fir than in white spruce . this response suggests that either natural levels of measured secondary compounds do not provide sufficient toxicity to reduce defoliation , or spruce
has developed compensatory mechanisms , which allow it to utilize food resources more efficiently or minimize the toxic effects that are produced by its host ' s defensive compounds . larvae exhibited lower pupal mass and higher mortality in rapidly drained and subhygric sites . drainage class also affected the amount of foliage destroyed but its impact varied over the years and was probably influenced by climatic variables . these results demonstrate the complexity of predicting the effect of resource availability on tree defenses , especially when other confounding environmental factors can affect tree resource allocation and utilization .
, ã© uma espã©cie freqã¼entemente encontrada danificando a cultura da videira e outras frutãferas de clima temperado na regiã£o sul do brasil e no uruguai . estudou - se a flutuaã§ã£o populacional de a . sphaleropa na cultura da videira com emprego do feromã´nio sexual sintã©tico . com base na avaliaã§ã£o semanal de machos de a . sphaleropa capturados em armadilha delta contendo o feromã´nio sexual sintã©tico ( z11 , 13 - 14ac + z11 , 13 - 14al + z11 - 14al na proporã§ã£o 4 : 4 : 1 , impregnada em liberadores de borracha na dose de 1 . 000âµg / septo , durante a safra 2003 - 2004 , foram observados quatro picos populacionais na cultura da videira cultivar cabernet sauvignon . o primeiro pico populacional ocorreu no inãcio do mãªs de outubro , o segundo no inãcio de fevereiro , o terceiro teve o acme em meados do mãªs de marã§o e o quarto no mãªs de junho . a temperatura mã©dia diã¡ria e a precipitaã§ã£o pluviomã©trica nã£o exerceram influãªncia sobre a captura dos insetos nas armadilhas . as informaã§ãµes deste trabalho permitem direcionar as tã¡ticas de controle para os perãodos em que a populaã§ã£o do inseto ã© mais elevada nos parreirais . the south american tortricid moth ( meyrick , 1909 (
is often found damaging vineyards and other temperate fruit orchards , in southern brazil and uruguay . this work was conducted to study the seasonal occurrence of a . sphaleropa adults in vineyards using sexual synthetic pheromone . based on weekly evaluation of a . sphaleropa adults caught in delta trap baited with synthetic sexual pheromone ( z11 , 13 - 14ac + z11 , 13 - 14al + z11 - 14al in a ratio of 4 : 4 : 1 , 1000âµg / septum , during 2003 / 2004 season , it was observed four populational peaks in a cabernet sauvignon vineyard . the first populational peak occurred in the beginning of october , the second in the beginning of february , the third occurred in middle of march and the forth in june
pastori , patrik l . [ universidade federal do parana ( ufpr ) , curitiba , pr ( brazil ) . setor de ciencias biologicas . dept . de zoologia ] . e - mail : plpastori @ urltoken ; monteiro , lino b . [ universidade federal do parana ( ufpr ) , curitiba , pr ( brazil ) . setor de ciencias agrarias . dept . de fitotecnia e fitossanitarismo ] . e - mail : lbmonteiro @ urltoken ; botton , marcos [ embrapa , bento goncalves , rs ( brazil ) . centro nacional de pesquisa uva e vinho ] . e - mail : marcos @ cnpuv . embrapa . br ; pratissoli , dirceu [ universidade federal do espirito santo ( ufes ) , alegre , es ( brazil ) . centro de ciencias agrarias . dept . de producao vegetal ) . e - mail : pratissoli @ urltoken
the parasitism capacity of trichogramma pretiosum riley strain bonagota on bonagota salubricola ( meyrick ) eggs was studied under the temperatures of 18 , 20 , 22 , 25 , 28 , 30 and 32 deg c . the number of days with parasitism , accumulated parasitism , total number of eggs parasitized per female and parasitoid longevity was evaluated . in the first 24h , parasitism ranged from 1 . 6 ( 32 deg c ) to 8 . 8 ( 22 deg c ) eggs of b . salubricola . accumulated egg parasitism of b . salubricola reached 80 % in 1st to 4th day at 20 deg c to 32 deg c , respectively , and in the 7th day at 18 deg c . temperatures from 18 deg c to 22 deg c were the best suited for the total eggs parasitized for female , resulting in 35 . 4 and 24 . 6 eggs / male respectively . t . pretiosum female longevity ranged from 7 . 8 to 2 . 5 days , at 18 deg c and 32 deg c , respectively . the results showed that t . pretiosum strain bonagota is better adapted to temperatures from 18 deg c to 22 deg c . ( author )
altafini , deisi l . ; sant & apos ; ana , josue ; redaelli , luiza r . , e - mail : deisila @ urltoken [ universidade federal do rio grande do sul ( ufrgs ) , porto alegre , rs ( brazil ) . dept . de fitossanidade . programa de pos - graduacao em fitotecnia
garcia , mauro s . [ universidade federal de pelotas ( ufpel ) , rs ( brazil ) . dept . de fitossanidade ; parra , jose r . p . [ universidade de sao paulo ( usp ) , piracicaba , sp ( brazil ) . escola superior de agricultura luiz de queiroz ( esalq ) . dept . de entomologia
the development of ecdytolopha aurantiana ( lima ) was compared among four artificial diets with different protein sources based on biological characteristics and fertility life table in order to have the insect available throughout the year for research in different areas . all diets with variable protein sources ( d1 = bean , yeast , wheat germ , soybean protein and casein ; d2 = corn flour , wheat germ , and yeast ; d3 = soybean protein , and wheat germ ; d4 = bean , yeast and wheat germ ) allowed the insect to developed at 27 + - 2 deg c ; rh 65 + - 10 % and 14 h photophase . in all diets the insect presented four instars with several other similar biological characteristics . since diet d2 ( corn flour , wheat germ and yeast ) provided the lowest development time , the highest viability , a high value of finite ratio of increase ( ll ) , besides being of low cost and easy preparation , it can be considered as the most adequate for laboratory rearing of e . aurantiana . balanced nutrients showed more important than the nutritional value of the components of the diet for this insect which is , for the first time , fed on artificial diet . ( author )