agonum hypocrita is a species of ground beetle in the genus agonum that was discovered in 1904 .

the species can be found throughout southern , central and northern europe ( except for austria , montenegro , iceland , ireland , and the united kingdom ) .

it is also found in spain and turkey .

agonum hypocrita

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the carabidae or ground beetles are a world - wide assemblage of upwards of 30 , 000 species . these are often referred to colloquially as black beetles or clocks . the european fauna is relatively rich but the principal centres of diversity are in the south and east in areas such as the balkans which have escaped the full rigours of the last glaciation . there is evidence with respect to several groups of invertebrates that re - investment of pre - glacial ranges in europe is an ongoing process and that all the available niches in the north and west , particularly in britain and ireland , are by no means filled .
the summits of mountains in ireland support a mixture of species , some governed by the need for the better - drained conditions found on summit moraine and which are often also found in sandy places at lower altitudes , others for low temperatures and exposure in keeping with an arctic or montane distribution elsewhere . the high mountain fauna of ireland is , however , still poorly known , particularly in the west and north . the recent discovery of miscodera arctica in both down and antrim , of notiophilus aestuans in down , plus the staphylinid stenus glacialis in several irish mountain districts , illustrates this point . in the context of global warming , a more determined attempt to evaluate the fauna and its need for conservation , is required .
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© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018
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carabidae su velika familija insekata koja sadrži više od 40 . 000 opisanih vrsta . noge su im vitke i prilagođene za trčanje pa su po tome dobili narodni naziv – trčuljci . većina vrsta trčuljaka su predatori i hrane se drugim insektima ali i drugim beskičmenjacima ( puževima , glistama i dr . ) . nekoliko vrsta je prilagođeno lovu u vodi , a postoje i one koje se hrane biljkama . geografsko rasprostranjenje ove familije je veoma široko . ima ih na obalama mora pa sve do visina preko 5 . 000 metara . u fauni naše zemlje živi veći broj vrsta roda carabus koje su uglavnom veoma krupne . aktivni su po noći .
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corresponding author : andrey v . matalin ( ur . akhcot @ nilatam _ a ) .
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
pitfall trapping is one of the most commonly used techniques to quantify terrestrial arthropods ( barber 1931 ) . the simplicity of the method and the possibility of data standardization are the main advantages of their application in numerous entomological studies . pitfall trapping is easy , and as such arthropods can be captured in different places at the same time . this explains the extensive use of pitfall traps in ecological investigations of ground beetles ( scherney 1959 ; skuhravý 1959 ; novák 1964 ; kabacik - wasylik 1970 ; tietze 1973 ; den boer 1977 ; brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 ; østbye and hägvar 1996 ; gryuntal 2008 ; makarov and matalin 2009 ) .
the last case clearly illustrates the probable scales of migration in carabidae , showing that populations are often incapable of reproducing in such environments . however , it still remains unclear whether this situation is general or not . we can assume that the proportion of species with incomplete demographic spectra represented in pitfall traps is higher in disturbed habitats , while in undisturbed or moderately disturbed habitats , the sex and age structures of the populations are more or less balanced .
in the present study , we highlight a key methodological problem that the actual community structure ( e . g . , the roles of individual species ) cannot be understood based on pitfall counts alone . we also demonstrate how demographic analysis can be used to address this problem .
ground beetle communities in the lake elton region , volgograd area , south - eastern russia ( 49o12 . 47’n , 46o39 . 75’e ) were studied in 2006–2007 . lake elton is situated within the botkul - bulukhta drainless desert depression , which belongs to the caspian lowland . a strongly pronounced salt - dome structure is characteristic of this region , and desert steppes are typical plant associations in most of the habitats present ( nekrutkina 2006 ; safronova 2006 ) . dense reedbeds occur in the river valleys , in gullies at lakesides there are trees and shrubs , while lakesides near the mouth of most large rivers are characterised by salt - marshes . near the village of elton , all desert steppes are fragmented or transformed into pastures .
pitfall trapping was conducted in 10 habitats : six zonal characteristic of this particular biogeographical area , and four azonal present in a variety of biogeographical areas ( walter 1973 ; chernov 1975 ) . three selected habitats were located near the village of elton , while seven were placed on the north - western shore of lake elton , on the right bank of the river khara ( for more details see makarov and matalin 2009 ) . zonal habitats were represented by sagebrush and sagebrush - grassland steppe with varying degrees of anthropogenic disturbances ( strong near elton village , moderate on the northern slope of mt . ulagan , and weak in the watershed of river khara ) . azonal habitats were chosen along salinity and solar irradiation gradients ( strong in the lakeside salt - marsh , moderate in the salina on the floodplain terrace of river khara , and weak in reedbeds along river khara ) .
plastic cups of 0 . 5 l capacity and 95 mm upper diameter containing 4 % formaldehyde solution as a preservative were used . in each habitat , 10 traps were arranged along transects at 10 m intervals . the traps were checked every ten days from 10 may to 31 october in 2006 and from 1 april to 10 may in 2007 .
all captured carabids were dissected . based on gonad condition ( gilbert 1956 , skuhravý 1959 , van heerdt et al . 1976 , wallin 1989 ) , as well as on the degree of wear - and - tear of the mandibles , claws and cuticle ( houston 1981 , brandmayr and zetto brandmayr 1986 , butterfield 1986 , davies 1987 ) , six physiological states in the adults of both sexes were distinguished .
recently emerged beetles with soft and pale cuticle ; mandibles and claws sharp . ovaries thin , white or translucent without any trace of developing oocytes ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts very thin . testes thin and dull or relatively large and white ; accessory glands always thin and poorly visible .
cuticle fully hardened and coloured ; mandibles and claws pointed . ovaries compact , opaque and white , with or without distinctly visible oocytes , but always without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent ; lateral oviducts long and thin . testes opaque and white ; accessory glands no longer than half of the abdominal length , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .
cuticle slightly worn ; mandibles and claws hardly or distinctly dulled . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea absent or yellowish , hardly visible ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and white or cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and white or light - yellow , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .
cuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws dull . ovaries with ripe eggs ; corpora lutea distinctly light or dark brown ; lateral oviducts wide . testes large and cream - coloured ; accessory glands long and cream - coloured or light - brown , filling more than three - quarters of the abdominal space .
cuticle clearly worn ; mandibles and claws as a rule distinctly dull . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , often deposited above last developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and cream - coloured or yellow ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow or light - brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .
cuticle very worn ; mandibles and claws blunt . ovaries compactly opaque and cream - coloured or light - brown , without ripe eggs ; corpora lutea clearly visible and dark brown , as a rule deposited under the developing oocytes ; lateral oviducts wide . testes medium - sized or relatively small ( regressed ) , opaque and yellow or brown ; accessory glands thin opaque and yellow , yellow - orange or brown , occupying less than a third of the abdominal space .
the separation between parental and ancestral generations was somewhat subjective and should be interpreted with caution . however , in most cases this separation was not required for the reasonable interpretation of demographic structures of the studied populations .
detection of the chronology of the maximum activity of the above - mentioned groups of specimens in the key stages of their life cycles as a result of feeding , reproduction or preparation for hibernation , forms the basis of our analysis . in such an approach , the quantitative recording of eggs , larvae , and pupae is not required . moreover , we can evaluate the demographic spectra of a local population from small numbers ( several dozen ) of individuals .
) . during this sequence , the abundance of species can be high or low . for example , in the reedbeds along the river khara in early spring , peaks of abundance in the populations of
) . in spite of this , both species are characterised by a complete demographic spectrum .
chronology of changes in periods of activity of individual ‘age’ groups , characterised by female gonad condition , in ‘spring’ ( a ) and ‘autumn’ ( b ) breeding carabid beetles ( t – teneral , im – immature , m – mature , sp – spent beetles ) .
seasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of pogonus transfuga ( a ) and brachinus hamatus ( b ) from reedbeds along the river khara , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( t – teneral , im – immature , m – mature , sp – spent beetles ; solid lines below graphs parental generation , dashed lines below graphs – new generation ; n ( ex . ) – number of specimens ; 1 , 2 , 3 – first , second and third ten - day periods per month , respectively ) .
) , the same order of physiological conditions of the adults is observed , but without an aestivation parapause . as in the previous case , the abundance of species can vary widely . for example , in the grass - forb steppe , the abundance of
) , yet the sex and age structure in the populations of both species was complete .
seasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of calathus ambiguus from grass - forb steppe with amygdalus nana ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of ulagan mountain ( b ) , in 2006 ( breaks in the periods of activity of immature specimens correspond to the time of aestivation parapause ; see figure 2 for further explanations ) .
importantly , in all these cases there are clear changes in successive waves of activity of different adult ‘age’ groups . it should be noted that in populations of many carabid species , the individuals of ancestral generations ( which live and breed during two or more years ) are often represented . in these cases the pattern of change in the physiological conditions can be blurred because separate successive waves of activity overlap each other .
thus , it is not abundance , but rather a regular change in the physiological condition that allows for a reconstruction of the life cycle at the local population scale , and this must be regarded as the criterion for the successful existence and breeding of a population in a particular habitat . species that meet these demands are considered ‘residents’ and their habitats ‘residential’ .
an incomplete demographic spectrum of a population means that the probability of a complete life cycle in a particular habitat is low to zero . such a situation is often followed by extremely high abundance levels . in reedbeds from the end of june until the end of july ,
was by far the most numerous carabid beetle collected , with abundance levels of 1753 , 7047 , 3770 and 2830 for successive ten - day periods . without information on the physiological conditions of individuals , this species may be considered dominant in this habitat . however , mature females were completely absent from the demographic spectra in this local population of
) . in these cases a reproductive phase in the demographic spectra of the local populations was absent .
seasonal dynamics of activity , as well as the age structure of the populations of harpalus rufipes from reedbeds along the river khara ( a ) and pseudotaphoxenus rufitarsis major from the lakeside salt - marsh ( b ) , in 2006 ( see figure 2 for further explanations ) .
yet the presence of mature specimens is not necessarily evidence of successful breeding . for example , in lakeside salt - marshes , the demographic spectrum of
was mainly represented by mature specimens . the abundance of spent beetles was very low , while teneral and immature beetles were completely absent (
) . the lack of young specimens in the demographic spectrum of this species provides evidence of immigration of mature beetles . species with incomplete demographic spectra are here considered ‘migrants’ and their habitats as ‘transit’ .
the spatial distribution of carabid species is determined by the availability both of habitats and landscape suitable for the complete realization of their life cycle . so the same habitat can be residential for one species and transit for another . among the examples discussed above , reedbed is a residential habitat for
) . at the same time , various habitats offer different living conditions to the same species . the sagebrush - grassland desert steppe on the northern slope of the ulagan mountain is a residential habitat for
in summary , the demographic structures of 66 carabid species found in the lake elton region were analyzed . the other 109 carabid species were represented by only one or two individuals ( appendix ) . considering the differences in abundance and demographic structure of the populations , three groups of carabidae of the studied habitats can be distinguished :
residents with their life cycles completed in a given habitat . in such species , migration forms only a facultative part of the life cycle . the catches of different species vary widely and sometimes differ by two orders of magnitude .
migrants that are characterised by relatively high numbers , yet rarely dominant , but with an incomplete demographic structure in particular habitats . because their reproduction and development are observed in different habitats , their roles in specific assemblages would be minor . migration forms both facultative and obligatory parts of their life cycles .
sporadic species with very low numbers , probably not associated with a particular habitat , neither during migration nor reproduction .
without question , residents interact both with their prey and with each other in a particular habitat . sporadic species are hardly important to a carabid community because of their low abundance levels . the role of migrants in the local carabid community remains unknown , with possible interactions between the migrants and residents . first , even very high numbers of migrants in relatively small - sized habitats do not reflect the condition of the populations of other carabid species . for example , in reedbeds of an area of 1 km2 , more than 13 000 specimens of
were trapped . this equates to a population density of about six individuals per square meter . this is a very high value . for example , the pest threshold of
, is two - three individuals per square meter . hence , if the captured specimens of
fed in this habitat and interacted with other species , we would expect changes in the demographic parameters of residents during this period . however , this is not the case , because the dynamics of the demographic structure in the populations of resident carabid beetles failed to change during this period (
) . second , relatively high numbers and species diversity levels of migrants were recorded at some seemingly unsuitable sites . these sites included the lakeside salt - marsh with high salt concentrations , poor vegetation and soil , as well as occasional floods . under these conditions , only some specialist
seasonal variation in abundance curves and reproduction aspects in four resident carabid species coupled with abundance of a migrant - species harpalus rufipes from reedbeds , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( r and l right and left y axis , respectively ; n ( ex . ) – number of specimens ) .
habitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages with the labile component dominant and subdominant species ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .
habitat preferences of individual species and the composition of carabid assemblages without the labile component resident species only ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .
“stable” and “labile” components can be recognized in ground - beetles communities ( makarov and matalin 2009 ) . the former includes species whose life cycles are realized in certain habitats ( residents ) , while the latter comprises species that are not capable of breeding in particular habitats ( migrants and sporadic species ) .
the ratio of stable to labile components in the studied habitats varied strongly and was not always in favour of residents . resident species comprised only 6–35 % of the species list and 15–90 % of total abundance . in zonal habitats , residents formed the dominant part of the assemblage . more than 65 % of total abundance and 15–35 % of total species diversity consisted of resident species . in azonal habitats the labile component prevailed . these species accounted for about 75 % of the fauna and about 80 % of total abundance (
) . only in zonal habitats did results from pitfall trapping adequately reflect the state of the carabid community while azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .
species diversity and the share of labile / stable components in particular habitats in the lake elton region , combined data for 2006 / 07 ( black bars – labile component , white bars – stable component , line – number of species ; n ( sp . ) – number of species ) .
firstly , criteria for determining the most abundant , or dominant species inevitably vary . the abundance of migrants in some cases is one order of magnitude higher than that of residents . therefore , estimating the faunistic or community features based solely on abundant or dominant species , fail to solve the problem and can even worsen the situation . in reedbeds , for example , 36 migrant species made up about 83 % of the total abundance . the complex of dominants in this community , as identified by the usual criterion ( abundance exceeding 5 % ) while discarding the demography of individual species , contains only two polyzonal migrants
numbers of the 10 most abundantly collected carabid species in reedbeds with regards to migrants ( a ) and residents only ( b ) . dominant species are in bold text , combined data for 2006 / 07 ; n ( ex . ) – number of specimens ( after makarov and matalin 2009 ) .
secondly , common information regarding the habitat preferences of particular species , as well as indicator species , is considerably altered . in our case , all studied habitats belong to two contrasting groups : dry desert steppes and riparian , more or less halophilic habitats . as such , variation in carabid populations is expected . when analyzing the habitat distribution of all dominants - subdominants , we find more or less eurytopic species inhabiting both zonal dry steppes on floodplain terraces and azonal alluvial salt - marshes . the grouping of dry steppes is very poor and contains one or two species which occur in one to three habitats , as a rule . in contrast , the inhabitants of salt - marshes are very diverse and peculiar . interestingly , the woodland in the ‘biological’ ravine supports not only a native carabid beetle community , but also a peculiar species ,
) . results from an analysis of the habitat distribution based solely on residents are distinctly different . only one species ,
, can be labelled eurytopic because it reproduces in nine of the ten studied habitats . the communities of carabid beetles on floodplain terraces and in flood - plains are clearly isolated from each other . each of them includes the main body of oligotopic species and a few stenotopic ones . finally , the riverine woodland does not have a native carabid community and can be considered a transit habitat for practically all carabid species (
because we have only very few examples that illustrate more or less close relations between ground beetles and their habitats , we are unable to assess the commonality of the situation described in the present study . however , it is conceivable that migrants in a carabid beetle community contribute to diversity estimates . based on results from this study , some preliminary conclusions can be made .
a study of the demographic structure of local populations and an assessment of the migratory / residential status of particular carabid species are possible ways to increase the reliability of pitfall trapping information .
up to 65–75 % of species diversity , both of particular habitats and the landscape as a whole , can comprise of non - residential carabid species , i . e . migrants .
results from pitfall traps adequately reflect the state of carabid communities only in zonal habitats . azonal and apparently disturbed habitats are only transit sites for many species of ground beetles .
knowledge concerning the composition of carabid communities , as well as study techniques , need to be significantly updated . no statistical method is capable of correcting the errors inferred from direct interpretations of pitfall trapping results .
classification of the carabid species from the elton lake region in migrant ( m ) , resident ( r ) and sporadic ( s ) species , based on their abundance and demographic spectrum in each habitat type ( combined data for 2006 / 07 ) .
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the influence of different age classes on the seasonal activity and reproduction of four medium - sized carabid species inhabiting cereal fields .
work tt , buddle cm , korinus lm , spence jr . ( 2002 )
pitfall trap size and capture of three taxa of litter - dwelling arthropods : implications for biodiversity studies .


anceya is a genus of tropical freshwater snails with an operculum , aquatic gastropod mollusks in the family paludomidae .

the name anceya is in honor of césar marie félix ancey .

this genus is endemic to lake tanganyika .

anceya

paludomidae » anceya giraudi , id : 846699 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
subfamily : hauttecoeuriinae - genus : anceya j . r . bourguignat , 1884 ( db : 2 sp , 1 img )
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
justification : this species is assessed as data deficient , as it is only known from type specimens .
this species is known only from type locality in lake tanganyika , it is known from two empty shells . no locality information in west et al . ( 2003 ) . recent survey work has failed to find this species . the map cannot be plotted due to a lack of distribution information .
there is a possible threat from sedimentation in tanzania due to deforestation in the surrounding terrestrial environments .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
justification : although endemic to lake tanganyika , this species has a widespread distribution ( the lake has an area of approximately 33 , 000 km² ) . there are no known major widespread threats so listed as least concern .
this species is endemic to lake tanganyika . it is common on all shores . locality information in west et al . ( 2003 ) .
it is confined to hard substrates , cobbles , boulders and stromatolites in moderate to deep waters ( 5 - 100 m ) .
there is a possible threat from sedimentation in tanzania . it thrives up to 100 m deep , a level least influenced by most wetland threats like pollution and anthropogenic disturbances .
no specific measures known but probably benefits from general conservation measures implemented for lake tanganyika .
this species is known only from type locality in lake tanganyika , it is known from two empty shells . no locality information in west
( 2003 ) . recent survey work has failed to find this species . the map cannot be plotted due to a lack of distribution information .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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genus : lavigeria j . r . bourguignat , 1888 ( db : 5 sp , 4 img )
genus : vinundu c . michel , 2004 ( db : 2 sp , 1 img )
subfamily : hauttecoeuriinae - genus : martelia p . dautzenberg , 1908 ( db : 2 sp , 1 img )
subfamily : hauttecoeuriinae - genus : syrnolopsis e . a . smith , 1880 ( db : 3 sp , 2 img )
subfamily : hauttecoeuriinae - genus : tiphobia e . a . smith , 1880 ( syn : hilacantha , typhobia - db : 1 sp , 1 img )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : bathanalia j . e . s . moore , 1898 ( db : 2 sp , 1 img )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : bridouxia j . r . bourguignat , 1885 ( syn : giraudia - db : 7 sp , 2 img )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : chytra j . e . s . moore , 1897 ( db : 1 sp , 1 img )
subfamily : paludominae - genus : cleopatra f . h . troschel , 1856 ( db : 23 sp , 5 img )
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rhinopias is a genus of scorpionfish native to the indian and pacific oceans .

like other scorpionfish , rhinopias species are camouflaged to blend in with their surroundings .

rhinopias are rare fish , but sometimes appear in the aquarium trade , where they fetch high prices .

rhinopias

the other types of rhinopias are rarely encountered by scuba divers . these are rhinopias argoliba ( 1973 ) , found in sagami bay , japan rhinopias cea ( 1997 ) , possibly endemic to easter island rhinopias xenops ( 1905 ) , the strange - eyed rhinopias , hawaii and japan
the species that comprise the genus are : merlet’s scorpionfish ( rhinopias aphanes ) , the japanese scorpionfish ( rhinopias argoliba ) , eschmeyer’s scorpionfish ( rhinopias eschmeyeri ) , the weedy scorpionfish ( rhinopias frondosa ) and the strange - eyed scorpionfish ( rhinopias xenops ) . all of the rhinopias have deep , laterally compressed bodies and eyes set high on top of their heads , and some species have dermal appendages above their eyes , on the jaws and on the body surface .
photo showing an up - close view of the rhinopias eschmeyeri
claw .
there are 6 known species of rhinopias , whereas only three are usually found by scuba divers . the most commonly seen are the “weedy” and the “paddleflap” rhinopias .
the lacy rhinopias has been described by eschmeyer as well like the paddleflap ( or rhinopias eschmeyeri ) in 1973 . they grow to the same size like the weedy and paddleflap .
rhinopias shed the outer epidermal layer ( cuticle ) . this might help them to rid the body of algae , parasites and encrusting organisms . in the pictures below you can see the difference between a rhinopias full of algae and one without .
i hope you’re not too late to purchase a rhinopias . if you are and want to see more of these awesome fish i would recommend going diving in new guinea or visiting the waikiki aquarium . they often have specimens of rhinopias xenops on display .
the weedy is also difficult to tell apart from the lacy rhinopias . the easiest way to tell them apart are the markings .
one fish in particular , however , takes the cake because of its rarity in the hobby and overall uniqueness : the rhinopias scorpionfish .
since that fateful morning several more rhinopias have been discovered in the immediate area . my e - mail box has been filled almost daily with photos of rhinopias , late night phone calls and discussions have ensued and continuous contact with local dive guides have enabled me to keep close tabs on the quickly evolving frenzy . since then our tiny little macro haven has been rocketed into a fourth dimension of rhinopias fever .
the best destinations to see weedy and paddleflap rhinopias are ambon , alor and bali in indonesia . less frequently they can be encountered in anilao ( philippines ) and lembeh ( indonesia ) . the best place to see lacy rhinopias is milne bay ( papua new guinea ) .
rhinopias are actually a scorpionfish , and they are one of the top 10 critters that photographers come to lembeh for and so are pretty special .
one of my pet peeves is the misidentification of members of the scoprionfish genus rhinopias ( family scorpaenidae ) . there are 3 members of this genus that are commonly seen by divers in south east asia – rhinopias aphanes , r hinopias eschmeyeri and r hinopias frondosa . there are in fact a total of six species of rhinopias but the other three are very restricted in range and found only in japan ( rhinopias argoliba ) , hawaii ( r hinopias xenops ) and easter island also known as rapa nui ( r hinopias cea ) . actually geography plays a much greater part in the identification of rhinopias than people realise . i thought i would try and help people out with the identification of these interesting fish with some useful facts and information :
the rhinopias are at the top of the chart in more ways than one . once surviving the larval stage from cannibalistic siblings and hungry reef fish , the rhinopias grows into a benthic apex predator . with no other reef fish willing enough to consume them , they parade themselves around with daring impunity .
a single dive site in alor has been the most productive for me in finding rhinopias species . as well as the paddle flap individuals i have seen three weedy rhinopias . just round the corner i also found a small juvenile rhinopias frondosa . this juvenile was quite distinct in colouration , obviously going for typical drab browns for camouflage , rather than the gaudy colours of larger animals . check out my images from alor and lembeh of the weedy scorpionfish .
the paddleflap rhinopias has been first one to be described , as early as 1877 . they can grow up to a bit over 20 cm in length .
i’ve had only two myself . one was a beautiful brick - red rhinopias eschmeyeri that julian sprung located at a fish wholesaler in miami and was kind enough to send me , and the other was a rhinopias frondosa that was send to me by a purveyor of rare and unusual marines , dennis reynolds of aqua marines .
rhinopias are rare fish that belong to the family of the scorpionfish and a must - see for every diver who likes weird critters and of course for underwater photographers .
rhinopias ( weedy and paddleflap ) can now be seen frequently at samal island , davao philippines . the paddleflap also can be seen in puerto galera but very seldom .
the other four species of rhinopias are very restricted in range . three of them are not very well known , and there were no available photos for two of them !
all rhinopias have laterally compressed bodies with the eyes high on top of their heads and dermal appendages above the eyes , on the jaws and some also on the body surface .
the weedy rhinopias was the first one to be described back in 1892 . they can grow to the same size like the paddleflaps , which is a bit over 20 cm .
those wishing to keep rhinopias with tankmates should keep in mind four things . of course these are just my recommendations , but to me it seems to make the tank environment more harmonious .
justification : rhinopias aphanes is known from at least four widely - spaced localities . it is not uncommon , and there are no known major threats . it is listed as least concern .
the main concern when keeping a rhinopias are its venomous spines . i have never been stung by a rhinopias ( knock on wood ) , though i have talked to aquarists who have and the word “hospital” usually comes up during the conversation . where i live in maryland , most doctors or hospitals likely wouldn’t know what in the world you were talking about when telling them you got stung by your fish .
discussions have been raised if this and the weedy rhinopias really are separate species . in a following study the species have been confirmed and described in more detail . they can be told apart by the following
the rhinopias is a benthic animal spending its entire life on the substrate . it has developed particular characteristics that enhance its charm and enable it to survive , so let’s take look at a few of them .
feeding is often the main challenge when keeping a scorpionfish , especially for rhinopias . the bad news is that many specimens will never accept anything other then live fare . as you can imagine , constantly feeding any fish live foods is not only difficult but expensive . the good news is that these ambush predators do not need to eat every day . in fact , it is best to feed a rhinopias to satiation twice per week . typically when you first get one of these fish , it will only eat live foods . i chose to feed my rhinopias live mollies because they could be acclimated to salt water and were much cheaper then a diet of damselfish .
randall , j . e . and l . h . disalvo 1997 . rhinopias cea , a new species of scorpionfish from easter island . bulletin of marine science v . 60 ( no . 3 ) : 1035 - 1039 .
the lacy rhinopias are less often encountered by scuba divers as they can only be found in papua new guinea , new caledonia , vanuatu and northeastern australia . so the ones that are encountered in indonesia and the philippines are always weedy .
all the rhinopias readily adapt to captivity , and because of they are relatively inactive they can be kept in smaller aquariums ( dinesen and nash 1982 , howe et al . 1988 , personal observation ) . for example , i housed one of my rhinopias in a 10 - gallon tank and the other in a 20 - gallon . because these fish tend to spend most of their time out in the open , they would be great additions to the reef aquarium that did not contain small fish or ornamental shrimp .
rhinopias aphanes is found in the western pacific , from australia ( queensland ) , papua new guinea , new caledonia , and vanuatu ( motomura and johnson 2006 ) . it has been collected from 5 to 30 m depth ( motomura and johnson 2006 ) .
rhinopias aphanes is a reef - associated species ( rocky reefs ) found at depths of 5 to 30 meters . it prefers outer reef slopes , and is solitary . it can reach a maximum standard length of 16 centimeters ( motomura and johnson 2006 ) .
although live food ( e . g . , ghost shrimp , mollies , guppies ) may be necessary to initiate feeding , these fish can be trained to take pieces of shrimp , squid and fish off of a feeding stick . they can be housed with other fish , but i would avoid keeping them with species that eat encrusting invertebrates , because they mistake the rhinopias as a rock covered with food ! although on some occasions these fish may not harm your rhinopias , in my mind it is not worth the risk .
the number of appendages varies with their habitat . species living in algae rich environments have more weed - like appendages compared to the ones living around soft coral and sponges which have fewer appendages . weedy rhinopias with only a few appendaced might look more like the paddleflaps .
i always fed the mollies a garlic - infused pellet food and acclimated them to the marine environment before offering them to the rhinopias . eventually i switched over to offering non - living fish , and soon my fish began taking the dead mollies with as much zest as the live ones . i then transitioned the rhinopias over to frozen silversides . one thing i did notice when making the switch over to frozen foods was that only whole frozen silversides did the trick . anything else ( such as chopped silversides or squid ) did not work .
a popular aquarium fish , together with rhinopias frondosa , are collected from southeast asian waters , imported to japan where these are traded separately as different morphotypes ( ref . 57714 ) . found in coral reefs and ruble bottoms in 18 - 55 m ( ref 90102 ) .
rhinopias are scorpionfish that come in three flavors , the frondosa , aphanes , and the eschmeyeri . each ranging in coloration , pattern , and size . they are a widespread indo - pacific animal that have sporadic sightings by divers . speculation comes from academia which now thinks that the frondosa and the aphanes may be interbreeding . if so , this would nullify one of these two groups all together . leading scientists speculate that one of these two are not a true species . nevertheless , the rhinopias hold a top slot on the ' holy grail ' list of critters .
when i was diving in lembeh one of the guides found this weird thing everyone wanted to shoot . i was waiting forever it seemed , way above the critter to save some bottom time . when it was my turn i only had 3 minutes left before getting into deco . i had no clue what kind of critter i am taking pictures of , but it did look funny . after the dive we were told that this was a rhinopias . i wasn’t sure as the ones i have seen before did look different . some people even claimed it was a baby rhinopias .
i have seen this species several times . my first rhinopias eschmeyeri were a bright red pair in beang bay , alor , indonesia and subsequently i have seen , probably one of the most photographed fish of 2007 / 2008 , a pink animal in lembeh strait . link to alor and lembeh images .
this is video of my weedy scorpionfish ( rhinopias frondosa ) eating a poor little damselfish . ( hey gimme a break , it ' s nature ! ) these guys are very rare and extremely expensive ( check online , you ' ll see people that paid $ 1 , 000 and more for them )
eschmeyer , w . n . , y . hirosaki and t . abe 1973 . two new species of the scorpionfish genus rhinopias , with comments on related genera and species . proceedings of the california academy of sciences ( series 4 ) v . 39 ( no . 16 ) : 285 - 310 .
the paper describes many more differences between the species , but i think the ones above are the easiest for us to use to tell them apart . the most common color to see this rhinopias is pale pink , but they can also be yellow , green , brown , pink , red and maybe more .
another problem i had with one of the rhinopias i kept was that during the shipping process it had abraded the tip of the lower jaw by swimming up and down against the bag . this wound gradually healed , but for a while it was raw and bloody and i was concerned it might become infected .
rhinopias are
gape feeders
which may explain part of its behavior . the mouth opens and the jaws gape forward . the opening is so quick that it actually pulls in a mass of water , creating an extremely strong vacuum , therefore making it impossible for the intended prey to escape , usually reef fish .
weedy scorpionfish / rhinopias frondosa – basically this is the only species of filamentous rhinopias that is found in indonesia and philippines but is often incorrectly identified as the lacy / r . aphanes species . it shares the same habitat as r . eschmeyeri and the two often co - occur . this species is found in white , yellow , purple , red and all manner of other colours . it has circles rather than lines covering the body . it is also found throughout the indo west pacific as far west as mozambique . it can therefore occur in the coral sea but habitat type and body patterning easily distinguish it from r . aphanes .
like other scorpionfish , rhinopias utilize camouflage to blend in with their surroundings . they are a rare fish , and we have not had them in lembeh straits for a long time . we hope that they will not be scared away by all the photographers , but please do not be disappointed if they are not here when you visit .
the rhinopias spp . belong to the scorpionfish family , which is known scientifically as the scorpaenidae . the genus contains only five species , and none are considered to be common . however , their apparent rareness may be due in part to their cryptic behavior , excellent camouflage and the fact some species live in habitats that are not readily explored .
scorpionfish are bizarre , rare , and exceptionally magnificent aquatic predators . they quickly become living conversation pieces and many non - aquarists are shocked to learn that this unique animal is actually a living fish . even though rhinopias have some different and unusual care requirements , once acclimated to the aquarium they are very hardy and easily kept , given the right conditions .
finally , do not keep a rhino with any other predatory fish that may compete for food . my rhino is kept with a 6 - inch polleni grouper , and feeding time is pretty tricky . both the rhino and the grouper want the food , though the grouper moves more like a torpedo and the rhino more like an elderly man . being an ambush predator , rhinopias prefer to sit and wait for a meal to come to them rather than chase it down like groupers do . when keeping a rhino with another predator , you essentially have to feed the faster ( or possibly fatter ) predator to satiation , and then focus on the rhinopias . this of course takes much more time , and the other fish gets fed too much .
the second major consideration is , of course , the fact that scorpionfish eat other fish with gusto . just because a tankmate looks too big to fit in the rhino’s mouth doesn’t mean it won’t end up on the menu . rhinopias can open their mouths to a huge size . i have seen images from coral reefs around raja ampat , indonesia showing a scorpionfish ingesting prey nearly as large as itself .
no , it wasn’t . it was a hipposcorpaena filamentosus , another type of scorpionfish and the only one of its family . they do look similar to rhinopias and they behave similarly . this probably made people think it belonged to the same family . they look great anyway . i have only seen this critter twice , once in lembeh and once in alor . i heard that divers have seen it here in bali too .
a violet lionfish , ” i said ,
can i have a look at your lcd ?
straining to see through the back of her compact camera housing , the glowing distortion of her lcd was made worse by water droplets . but as my eyes adjusted , my suspicions were confirmed , and now became an overwhelming reality . the lcd glowed with the one of a kind image of a deep purple rhinopias frondosa . instantly my anticipation peeked and the obsession began to purr .
scorpionfish also often shed their cuticle ( an outer layer of skin ) . these animals spend so much time in one place that parasites and algae can easily accumulate on their skin , so to combat this problem , the rhinopias will shed its outer layer of cuticle . often before shedding , the fishes’ eyes will become cloudy and aquarists may even witness a fungus - like layer of skin coming off . don’t be alarmed ! in fact , regular shedding of the cuticle is a definite sign of a healthy scorpionfish .
while these fish are expensive , they tend to be very hardy once properly acclimated and will do well in a captive environment if their special needs are met . another argument in favor of keeping rhinopias is the fact that they do not require as large of an aquarium to survive as you might think based on their size . although they are far from tiny , they rarely move about the reef , so spacious accommodations are not as important as they would be for a more active , open - water - swimming species .
first , like all scorpionfish , rhinopias are venomous . luckily they are pretty laid back ( at least in my experience ) about arming their venomous dorsal spines and using them . one problem is that when the scorpionfish begins to grow algae on its outer layer of skin surgeonfish tend to take an interest in the algae . this increases the risk of the surgeonfish being stung by the scorpion’s venomous spines . i keep my rhino with two surgeonfish and have never had a problem with either of them getting stung , but they have gotten pretty close to those toxic spines .
this is the only species of filamentous rhinopias that is found in indonesia . specimens found in rocky , algae rich waters are covered in weed - like appendages , whereas specimens found in deeper soft - bottomed waters with soft corals and sponges have fewer appendages . the color can range vastly from dark red , white , yellow , and purple to yellow and lavender . the variations differ so vastly that the specimens are often misidentified as between this species and the lacy and eschmeyers scorpionfish . it shares the same habitat as eschmeyers scorpionfish and the two often co - occur .
focus and lock on your award winning subject , re - focus every few seconds and re - lock . achieving fast focus is key . once your rhinopias begins to yawn , there won ' t be anytime for autofocus and you will once again , miss the shot . there is nothing more frustrating then to see your subject blur through the viewfinder as the action begins , then sharpen once it ends . another benefit of focus - lock is compulsory strobe flash . this isn’t the case with compact shooters but turning the strobe power down will help the recycling speeds .
from time to time they yawn like it is known from other scorpionfish and frogfish . this is the moment the underwater photographer would like to capture . it is assumed that they just do this movement every so long ( like every half hour ) and also that they do it more often when disturbed by the photographers and lights / flashes / sand pushed in their faces . like always when diving close to the ground , make sure not to touch the ground , not even with your fins ( you might hit a second rhinopias ) and not to stir up sand .
i ' ve found a rhinopias . now what ?
portrait photos are a great way to catch striking images of these ornate creatures . look for contrasting backgrounds to make your subject
pop .
use your imagination with lighting . positioning your modeling light off - camera can lend some nice drama to the shot . incorporating a model can lend a whole new aspect to the shot as well . working the shot with a dive buddy can often yield some great fun photos , so be sure to keep your head in the game and get creative . read more about photographing behavior .
all pictures on this website are copyright protected . any unauthorized use or reproduction of the images is strictly forbidden .
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striking coloration and atypical looks make these predatory fish a holy grail for marine aquarists .
being a marine aquarist allows you to see and do things that very few people have . for me—someone who loves the recreational sport of scuba diving—waking up to a miniature coral reef each morning is a perfect way to expand upon my respect of the ocean .
the benefits of keeping marine aquaria are numerous , but often it is the combination of little things that adds up to a greater sense of reward than any one accomplishment could . on the one hand , many coral - reef fish come from some of the most pristine ecosystems on planet earth . keeping them healthy and active in an aquarium is an impressive feat , and having them spawn is nothing short of amazing .
another benefit to keeping a marine aquarium is getting to see fish that are exotic . they come from locations that are very remote , and they are often captured for the trade by people whose lifestyle is far more traditional and simple than our own . these animals are colorful , unique , strange , and exciting .
it is for that reason that i have become an aquarist who appreciates things that are rare and challenging to keep . over the years i have kept several not - so - common species in my aquarium , including a chevron tang , polleni grouper , achilles tang , and a blueface angelfish . several others have , of course , swum in the waters of my aquarium during my time as an aquarist .
is wide ranging , occurring in locations such as east africa up through to japan . many species that are collected for our aquariums come from sri lanka . these fish grow to a maximum size of around 9 inches . on the reef they can be found at a depth of about 10 feet all the way down to 300 feet , enjoying rocky or rubble - based bottoms .
eschmeyer’s scorpionfish has also been reported around sri lanka ranging into the philippines , with the species being observed in indonesia as well . they are usually a uniform purple or yellow in color . they can be found on the natural coral reef at a depth of about 10 to 130 feet and grow to about 7½ inches in the aquarium .
there are several characteristics these scorpionfish display that often worry many aquarists . first , they don’t swim much , if at all . they prefer to use their fins and slowly crawl along the bottom . typically these animals find a comfortable spot on a sandy bottom in the aquarium and set up shop . they rarely move and will sway to and fro in the tank’s natural current , mimicking a strand of algae .
sadly , i cannot guarantee that other scorpionfish are going to transition over to eating frozen foods . i found that not rushing my fish to transition and taking it slowly , one step at a time , was the best approach . don’t get discouraged if your animal doesn’t take frozen foods the first time you offer them ; it may take a while .
my third recommendation is to adhere to a strict water - change schedule . as scorpionfish are heavy feeders , waste levels in the aquarium will be high , requiring a lot of water changes . keeping the water pristine is not only great for the scorpionfish , but also benefits any tankmates as well .
gloves , tongs , portable barriers , and extreme caution are your best allies when working around or hand - feeding any scorpionfish .
as reefkeeping and live - fish collection progresses , hopefully we will enjoy more rare and unique species in the aquarium and have methods to keep them healthy . currently , you can’t get anything much more unique or rare in the aquarium hobby than one of these amazing underwater gems .
greek , rhinos = nose + greek , ops = appearance ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 10 - 297 m ( ref . 90102 ) . tropical ; 32°n - 6°n , 30°e - 155°e
indo - west pacific : south africa ( off durban ) east to southern japan , the caroline islands , and eastern australia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 23 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4313 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 . highly variable in color and in appendages in relation to habitat . covered with appendages on algae reefs , but plain when deep with sponges ( ref . 48635 ) . body highly compressed and covered with weed - like tassels ( ref . 37816 ) .
found in rich soft - bottom habitats in current prone channels ( ref . 48635 ) ; also in rocky or coralline habitats near algae where it camouflages itself . hunts prey at night like other species of scorpaenids , feeding on fish and small invertebrates . solitary among corals , rocks and weeds ( ref 90102 ) .
myers , r . f . , 1991 . micronesian reef fishes . second ed . coral graphics , barrigada , guam . 298 p . ( ref . 1602 )
) : 17 . 5 - 27 . 2 , mean 21 ( based on 186 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5156 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01778 ( 0 . 00680 - 0 . 04650 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 60 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 36 of 100 ) .
marine ; demersal ; depth range 18 - 55 m ( ref . 57714 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 23 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 90102 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 8 - 9 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 5 .
fricke , r . , 1999 . fishes of the mascarene islands ( réunion , mauritius , rodriguez ) : an annotated checklist , with descriptions of new species . koeltz scientific books , koenigstein , theses zoologicae , vol . 31 : 759 p . ( ref . 33390 )
) : 22 . 3 - 28 . 5 , mean 27 . 4 ( based on 238 cells ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 7 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
the weedy scorpionfish is easily overlooked by divers even though it sits on the coral , often in full view . the species varies in colour from yellow to brown , green or black and is covered by a camouflaging maze - like pattern .
the species has a distinctive head shape , an upturned mouth , tentacles on the snout , and skin flaps on the body . the species varies in colour from yellow to brown , green or black and is covered by a maze - like pattern . surprisingly , the weedy scorpionfish is easily overlooked by divers even though it sits on the coral , often in full view .
the weedy scorpionfish is recorded from north - eastern australia as well as other areas of the pacific and japan .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .
the species is found in coral reefs between depths of 6 m to 25 m .
allen , g . r . & r . swainston . 1988 . the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers . western australian museum . pp . 201 .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
kuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .
randall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & r . c . steene . 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press . pp . 507 .
this is also known as the paddle flap scorpionfish , and is the easiest species to identify . the body is generally only one colour with very few other markings , and red , pink and purple individuals have been reported . unlike the weedy scorpionfish , there are hardly any filaments on the skin and the dorsal fins are completely lacking in skin filaments or indentations adjacent to the spines . another way they differ from the weedy scorpionfish is that they have two tentacles on the underside of the lower jaw .
this is endemic to the coral sea area of papua new guinea , great barrier reef , solomon islands and new caledonia . they inhabit coral slopes or soft bottom habitat , and are found on rich coral bommies and walls sitting out in the open , mimicking crinoids . the patterning on the body is made up of a network of line rather than spots , and colouration is just as variable as the weedy and eschmeyer’s scorpionfish .
no photo found . distribution is northwest pacific : known only from sagami bay , japan .
no photo found . distribution is eastern pacific : known only from easter island .
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finding ' nemo ' in lembeh anenomefish were catapulted into the public eye after the release of the disney blockbuster , finding nemo . the story urltoken
anenomefish were catapulted into the public eye after the release of the disney blockbuster , finding nemo . but we also find nemo in lembeh , manado .
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welcome to the underwater photography guide . this online book and magazine is a complete underwater photography tutorial full of u / w photography tips and techniques . our idea is simple - learn , shoot , explore . we hope you enjoy and come back often - scott gietler , owner of uwpg and bluewater photo & travel .
a first person animal encounter write - up that will be updated each month , and includes amazing critters and underwater photography tips .
welcome to mike bartick’s water column , a first person animal encounter write - up that will be updated each month . i ' ll discuss my latest obsessions from the oceanic rainforests of the world . get up close and personal with some ' holy grail ' critters and chat about animal behavior .
my observations and quips are backed by research , but are from a naturalist’s point of view . join me as i travel through our planet ' s water column . now let ' s go and have an adventure !
obsession is a funny thing and divers can get it pretty bad . add in a diver with a camera , and now we have a whole new world of obsession . for me , every expenditure seems to be measured against my newest lens or modeling light . the cost of a new strobe is acceptable , whereas basic maintenance on my car can be a stretch . diopters are doable , although tires can wait . and when it comes to critters , that obsession works on me without mercy , sometimes quickly , sometimes slowly , but it’s always inevitable until i finally have that critter square in my lens .
several years ago i heard the term ' holy grail ' applied to marine wildlife , which in - turn led me to think about my current ' holy grail ' for critters . since then my list has changed several times over and continuously evolves , vacillating between animals and specific animal behavior .
we returned to the site to look for this special critter , amazing that i have dived this spot on numerous occasions , usually deep looking for unusual nudibranchs , and have never seen one here . but when i saw the photo , it all made sense .
like frogfish , another
gape feeder ,
the coveted shot seems to be the yawning behavior photo . photographers have been known to camp out waiting for the photo op which occurs randomly and without notice . is it stress that causes them to yawn ? are they creating a better seal for the strike ? perhaps we will never know the exact reason , but to watch one open up and yawn is too cool and really fun to photograph .
sometimes luck is in the cards and sometimes not . mother nature loves to play tricks on me , like when i look away . my wandering eye returns to the last frame of the yawn , or at other times , i ' m out of bottom time and begin backing away , too far for strobes to reach .
anticipate the shot by setting your camera up during the approach . i often do this by bracketing a few frames ( aka test shots ) on a piece of coral or anything near - by .
a deeper f - stop ( higher number aperture ) will require more strobe power , but will yield a better color profile . if your subject is shallow then you will need a lot of strobe power to sharpen and colorize your photos .
shooting the entire yawn series isn’t requirement either . a single well lit photo says it all , and being ready for it makes all the difference . stay tuned for next month ' s installment as i go after the flat faced frogfish of ambon .
a beautiful rhinopia will pop up now and then in anilao , philippines and lembeh , indonesia . however , ambon , indonesia may be the best place to see them - along with milne bay , papua new guinea or bootless bay , png . they have also been seen more than once in alor & bali , indonesia ; hin muag , thailand ; and zanzibar , tanzania . good luck searching ! and email us if you have a new rhinopia spot . - scott
please support the underwater photography guide by purchasing your underwater photography gear through our sister site , bluewater photo & video . click , or call them at ( 310 ) 633 - 5052 for expert advice !
is an avid and experienced scuba diver and marine wildlife photographer . he has an insatiable love for nudibranchs , frogfish and other underwater critters , and is the official critter expert for the underwater photography guide . mike is also one of the uwpg trip leaders . see more of his work at
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submitted by anonymous on fri , 2011 - 10 - 28 06 : 25 .
i have been trying to find these guys for years and have even looked in anilao and not even a glimpse . fantastic photography !
submitted by anonymous on wed , 2011 - 10 - 19 21 : 58 .
submitted by davidh on mon , 2011 - 10 - 17 07 : 34 .
oh my goodness . the creatures of the sea that you are capturing in these photo are amazing looking . i am sure though , that they might not be as harmless as they look . this is amazing .
the staff and the house advantage is available via chat anytime you are having issues or as a new gambler may be confused about something in the game .
submitted by smb2 on sun , 2011 - 10 - 09 20 : 22 .
will be in dumaguete in dec . can ' t wait . thanks for the great article .
submitted by anonymous on sat , 2011 - 10 - 08 23 : 08 .
they live in the indian and pacific oceans on the sea floor where they are well camouflaged to blend in with their surrounding . therefore they are not easy for scuba divers to find , even for the weedy and paddleflap that are sitting on sand , rubble or rocky seabeds ( muck diving ) .
like other scorpionfish they wait camouflaged into their surrounding for the prey to approach , then they open the mouth very wide and suck the prey in . they are mostly hunting small fish and invertebrates at night .
by scuba divers during the day they can mostly be seen sitting around . they rarely swim ( but they could if they wanted to ) but mostly move along the bottom in a hopping - like movement using their pelvic and pectoral fins to “walk” .
the weedys come in all kinds of colors , i have seen them in purple , red , yellow , brown and probably more .
and also the habitat differs between them . while paddleflap and weedy life in muck dive sites the lacy can be found on coral reefs mimicking crinoids ( featherstars ) .
and after reading all the information about how to tell them apart i go through my photos and for some i’m just not entirely sure . for example this yellow buddy :
for me it does look more like a weedy , but then there are not many circles , not many ( but some ) appendices and the color i have not seen for a paddleflap . what do you think ?
might they be the same after all ? they can often be seen close together as well… .
oh noooooo 🙁 but these can’t be bred in aquariums , right ? please don’t buy fish for your aquariums which have been caught in the wild .
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traveling full - time for 4 years now i explore dive destinations all over the world . i ' m a scuba instructor , biologist and underwater photographer . through my stories , reports and photography i show you the most beautiful destinations , fascinating marine life and hacks to enjoy scuba diving even more .
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. these well - camouflaged ambush predators seem to go through life with a carefree outlook and an awkward , lumbering gait . these are not your typical “reef fish” , as they generally occur in weedy or silty sites far removed from the fields of
three species are commonly collected for aquarists , though i use the word “common” loosely here . these are often quite expensive and are genuinely rare fish , even in the wild . there is definitely a case to be made that these belong in the ocean and not in an aquarium . additionally , many specimens seem to perish from undetermined causes within months of collection , even when fed to satiation regularly . as fascinating as these fishes are , i wouldn’t highly recommend them as aquarium inhabitants .
have the largest range in the genus , extending through much of the indian ocean , indonesia , australia and north to japan . these two are often found in mixed pairs , and , given the sympatric range , there is a strong reason to suspect this may in fact be a single heteromorphic taxon . there are other species in this genus which are mostly unknown to aquarists , many of which are poorly understood by ichthyologists…
known mostly from kashiwajima and the kii peninsula of japan at depths of 17 - 50m , this species is best recognized by the unmottled red coloration , the white marking beneath the eye resembling an exclamation point , and the relatively short height of the spiny dorsal fin . there are relatively few skin ornamentations in
, making it one of the smoothest species in the genus . the lower jaw is often completely devoid of any skin flaps or has , at most , a single small pair .
the species description was based on a single specimen collected in january , 1971 and brought to the enoshima aquarium . it lived there until it died of unknown causes in may of that year . the scientific name derives from the greek for “white tear” , in reference to the lachrymose pattern beneath the eye .
probably the only photo of a living specimen , the holotype , which was kept in an aquarium . credit : louis h . disalvo
. both share a low dorsal fin height and relatively unornamented skin . they differ in the much higher scale count of argoliba ( 80 versus 56 ) , though this is based on only a single individual for each species .
also differs in coloration , lacking the white marking beneath the eye and having a more mottled coloration . this species could conceivably occur in the depths of tahiti and the cook islands , both regions where deepwater fishes have been exported for the aquarium industry .
joe is classically trained in the zoological arts and sciences , with a particular focus on the esoterica of invertebrate taxonomy and evolution . he’s written for several aquarium publications and for many years lorded over the marinelife at chicago’s venerable old town aquarium . he currently studies prairie insect ecology at the field museum of natural history and fish phylogenetics at the university of chicago .
urltoken is the world ' s leading destination for sustainable coral reef farming and the aquarium hobby . we offer a free open forum and reef related news and data to better educate aquarists and further our goals of sustainable reef management . reefs® community system | copyright © 2018
r . xenops is found from the hawaiian archipelago , north to midway island , though it may also occur at nearby atolls like wake island and johnston atoll . this is the only species in the genus which occurs in hawaii ; compare that to japan , where no less than five distinct species abound . this hawaiian species shares with argoliba and cea a higher pectoral fin ray count . it o
ccurs more shallowly ( ~ 25m ) in the cooler waters of the northeastern hawaiian islands and deeper in the larger islands ( < 60m ) of hawaii .
the white markings appear to be somewhat consistent , though see the erythric specimen below . credit : atopapa
known from japan ( kashiwajima , sagura bay , ryukyu & izu islands ) , taiwan , and the macclesfield banks of the south china sea . depth range may be shallower in japan ( as shallow as 10m ) , while specimens outside japan are found from 50 - 80 meters .
. while examined specimens have similar morphological measurements , there are some consistent color differences , even given how variable these species are to begin with . hawaiian specimens seem to lack the white markings beneath the eye and dorsal fin which are common to these asian populations . furthermore , hawaiian specimens have less of the reddish hue than their asian counterparts .
the high pectoral ray count , dorsal fin shape and extensive skin flaps make this cf xenops . credit : makabe


the ailao toad ( bufo ailaoanus ) is a species of toads in the family bufonidae .

it is endemic to china .

it was discovered in the ailaoshan national nature reserve in ailao mountains , yunnan .

it is a small toad , about 40 mm ( 1.6 in ) in length .

ailao toad

ailao toad - the ailao toad is a species of toad in the bufonidae family . alto marañon toad - the alto marañon toad is a species of toad in the bufonidae family . amargosa toad - the amargosa toad is a species of toad in the bufonidae family . more
ailao toad - urdu meaning and translation of ailao toad , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of ailao toad and more .
the ailao toad ( bufo ailaoanus ) is a species of toad in the bufonidae family . more
cctv - is this the scariest frog ? the ailao mustache toad . . .
- > the ailao toad ( bufo ailaoanus ) is a species of toad in the bufonidae family userpolbot . - > the arabian toad ( bufo arabicus ) is a species of toad in the bufonidae family userpolbot . more
the ailao toad ( bufo ailaoanus ) is a species of toad in the family bufonidae . it is endemic to china . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers .
the ailao toad ( bufo ailaoanus ) is a species of toad in the bufonidae family . it is endemic to china . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . source - * datong , y . more
the ailao toad is classified as data deficient ( dd ) , inadequate information to make a direct , or indirect , assessment of its risk of extinction .
it is a small toad , about 40 mm ( 1 . 6 in ) in length .
. the toad was first described in 1984 and has not been seen since , as it is hard to find and thought to be rare .
ailao toadhas one synonym ↓ * bufo ailaoanus * suggest another synonym or correct a wrong one = bufo ads are not shown for registered users . more
kou , z . - t . 1984 . preliminary reports on the herpetofauna of shuitang and zhelong districts of the eastern slope of mt . ailao , with description of a new species . acta herpetologica sinica : 39 - 45 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this species perhaps belongs in the genus torrentophryne ( yang datong pers . comm . ) .
justification : listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .
this species is only known from shuangbai county in yunnan province , china , from 2 , 550 - 2 , 600m asl . it might occur more widely .
only one specimen has ever been collected , and this species is considered to be very rare and hard to find .
it inhabits bamboo forests and presumably breeds in the streams in bamboo forests and broadleaf forests .
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1 . forest - > 1 . 9 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist montane suitability : suitable 5 . wetlands ( inland ) - > 5 . 1 . wetlands ( inland ) - permanent rivers / streams / creeks ( includes waterfalls ) suitability : suitable
2 . land / water management - > 2 . 1 . site / area management
1 . research - > 1 . 1 . taxonomy 1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends
fei , l . , ye , c . - y . , huang , y . - a . and liu , m . - y . 1999 . atlas of amphibians of china . henan science and technical press , zhengzhou .
iucn . 2004 . 2004 iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 23 november 2004 ) .
mackinnon , j . , meng , s . , cheung , c . , carey , g . , zhu , x . and melville , d . 1996 . a biodiversity review of china . world wide fund for nature international , hong kong .
yang , d . - t . 1991 . the amphibia - fauna of yunnan . china forestry publishing house , beijing .
listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .
fei , l . ( 1999 ) . atlas of amphibians of china ( in chinese ) . zhengzhou : henan press of science and technology . p . 126 . isbn 7 - 5349 - 1835 - 9 .
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