sassi 's olive greenbul ( phyllastrephus lorenzi ) , is a songbird in the bulbul family , pycnonotidae .

it is found in north-eastern and eastern democratic republic of the congo and uganda .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

while it was formerly assessed as near threatened and its population is decreasing due to habitat loss , it is now considered a species of least concern by the iucn .

sassi ' s olive greenbul

sassi ' s olive greenbul ( phyllastrephus lorenzi ) is a species of bird in the pycnonotidae family .
among these are the ruwenzori tauraco musophaga johnstoni , sassi ' s olive greenbul phyllastrephus lorenzi , bedford ' s paradise flycatcher terpsiphone bedfordi , lioptilis chapini , grauer ' s green broadbill pseudocalyptomina graueri ( vu ) , rockefeller ' s sunbird nectarinia rockefelleri ( vu ) , grauer ' s warbler bradypterus graueri ( vu ) and shelley ' s crimsonwing cryptospiza shelleyi ( vu ; also the congo peacock afropavo congensis .
endemic to the ituri , are yellow - legged weaver ploceus flavipes and golden - naped weaver p . aureonucha ; endemic to the region are sassi ' s olive greenbul phyllastrephus lorenzi , bedford ' s paradise flycatcher terpsiphone bedfordi and ituri flycatcher batis ituriensis . .
among the birds , appert ' s greenbul ( xanthomixis apperti ) and the white - breasted mesite ( mesitornis variegata ) , are considered endemic to this ecoregion .
further , appert’s greenbul ( xanthomixis apperti ) , an endemic species with a very limited geographical distribution , is abundant on the upper reaches of the analavelona massif .
fishpool , l . & tobias , j . ( 2018 ) . sassi ' s olive greenbul ( phyllastrephus lorenzi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
c . 15–16 cm ; one female 19 g . a small greenbul with distinctive black cap . lores and ear - coverts are dull olive , some faint darker streaking on ear - coverts , . . .
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the most important of these include the yellow - headed rockfowl ( picathartes gymnocephalus , vu ) , rufous fishing owl ( scotopelia ussheri , en ) , and yellow - throated olive greenbul ( criniger olivaceus , vu ) .
the evolutionary history of the little greenbul illustrates the potential value in broad habitat and species protection .
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over 230 bird species have been recorded , 143 typical of primary forest , including white - breasted guineafowl agelastes meleagrides ( e ) , nimba flycatcher melaenornis annamarulae ( i ) , western wattled cuckoo - shrike campephaga lobata ( v ) , and yellow - throated olive greenbul criniger olivaceus ( v ) .
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there are also a number of endemic bird subspecies , the brown - chested alethe ( alethe poliocephala hallae ) , yellow - necked greenbul ( chlorocichla falkensteini falkensteini ) , grey - backed camaroptera ( camaroptera brevicaudata harteri ) and two subspecies of lühder’s bushshrike , laniarius luehderi brauni and l . l . amboimensis .
smith et al . looked at interbreeding populations of a common passerine , the little greenbul ( andropadus virens ) , which lives in both dense rain forest and in the forest - savanna ecotone of the cameroon mosaic .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
phyllastrephus icterinus and p . lorenzi ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) were previously lumped as p . icterinus following dowsett and forbes - watson ( 1993 ) , sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) and fishpool and tobias ( 2005 ) .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . although the population trend is thought to be decreasing , the rate of decline is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
p . lorenzi is apparently scarce , and is restricted to the eastern lowlands of democratic republic of congo ( drc ) and also at ntandi in semliki forest in uganda ( keith et al . 1992 ) . in the drc , there is a somewhat isolated record from bambesa as well as populations in the semliki / ituri forests and from the lowland parts of the itombwe mountains ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species prior to its split from p . icterinus was described as generally common to abundant ( del hoyo et al . 2005 ) , and it is found in several subpopulations . trend justification : the population is suspected to be decreasing as a result of habitat loss .
it is a species of lowland and transitional forest at altitudes of 600 - 1 , 580 m ( fishpool and tobias 2016 ) .
forest habitats occupied by the species are threatened by clearance for shifting cultivation and degradation through the removal of understorey tree species to create cacao plantations ( howard 1991 ) .
minor edit to red list rationale text and added taxonomic notes and associated references .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22712940a113102734 .
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relationship with p . icterinus requires further analysis ; the two are almost entirely sympatric , closely similar in structure , overlap in dimensions , and appear also to intergrade in crown colour ; possibility of lorenzi being an acromelanistic form of that species has been considered in detail # r , but molecular evidence # r appears to validate its status as a species . monotypic .
scattered localities in ne & e drcongo ; one record from extreme w uganda ( bwamba ) .
primary forest at c . 600–1580 m ; record at 1820 m requires confirmation . not recorded from . . .
little information ; likely to be mainly insectivorous . occurs in small groups in lower and lower - middle strata ; joins mixed - species flocks .
birds in breeding condition in jan , mar–may and aug . no other information .
not globally threatened . currently considered near - threatened . restricted - range species : present in eastern zaïre lowlands eba . poorly known . recorded from kibali - ituri . . .
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this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . although the population trend is thought to be decreasing , the rate of decline is not thought to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : phyllastrephus lorenzi . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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is one the finches unique to the galapagos islands . they are also known as darwin finches .
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phyllastrephus is a songbird genus in the family pycnonotidae . most of the species in the genus are typical greenbuls , though two are brownbuls , and one is a leaflove .
several species from madagascar that were formerly placed in the genus phyllastrephus have now been moved into bernieria and xanthomixis . commonly called the bernieria and the tetrakas , these species are not bulbuls but malagasy warblers similar to greenbuls due to convergent evolution . formerly , some authorities also considered the following species ( or subspecies ) as species within the genus phyllastrephus :


the red-faced barbet ( lybius rubrifacies ) is a species of bird in the african barbet family lybiidae .

it is found in burundi , rwanda , northwest tanzania , and southwest uganda .

its natural habitats are dry savanna , moist savanna , and arable land .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

red - faced barbet

nobody uploaded sound recordings for red - faced barbet ( lybius rubrifacies ) yet .
information on the red - faced barbet is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
african barbet information . . . african barbet species index . . . african barbet photo gallery
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white - cheeked barbet megalaima viridis | bird song - - barbet . | pinterest
the red - faced barbet ( lybius rubrifacies ) is an african barbet that is found in burundi , rwanda , tanzania and uganda . it inhabits dry savanna , moist savanna and arable land .
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the red faced barbet species are listed as the near threatened on the iucn red list with an average population noted to have faced a decline in 1990s . if the population conitnes to decrease , the species might be listed under the threatened . the decrease in species populations is believed to have accrued from the degazettment of the rwanda safari destination of akagera national park causing habitat loss . apparently , the red faced barbet is prominently found in the lake mburo national park where it is explored on uganda safari and the rwanda’s akagera national park
range of the red & yellow barbet : se sudan into central ethiopia and nw somalia , ne uganda , and n and e tanzania .
classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this forest dwelling bird could be seen up to 1300 m altitude in undisturbed wet zone forests and along few of the tall riverine vegetation areas in the dry zone forests . red - faced malkoha could be seen in the mixed species bird flock in sinharaja forest where it is often found in tall trees .
range of the d ' arnaud ' s barbet : ne uganda , se sudan , central ethiopia and s somalia and kenya .
short , l . l . & horne , j . f . m . ( 2018 ) . red - faced barbet ( lybius rubrifacies ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
description : sexes alike but female usually paler yellow and less red . immature birds have duller plumage overall . 23cm , 57 - 74g .
17·5–18·5 cm . both sexes entirely brown - black , except for red face and yellow edges of flight - feathers ; bill grey to horn - coloured . differs from
not globally threatened . currently considered near - threatened . has smallest range of any african barbet . perhaps locally common , but total population small . status uncertain . . .
18–19·5 cm ; 45–80·5 g . distinctive large - bodied , white - headed barbet with much white elsewhere in plumage . both sexes of nominate race white , apart . . .
range of the crested barbet : central angold , sw and e zaire , sw uganda , s and e rwanda , n tanzania , n and e south africa , s mozambique .
description : 25cm long ; 80 - 108g . although many barbet species have hair - like feathers over their bill , the bearded barbet ' s bristles are the most pronounced , especially from under the bill , giving them a ' beard like ' appearance . their plumage is dominated by black on their head , back , wings , tail and lower chest . the upper breast is red as is most of the lower breast , although the lower is mixed with white . a band of black feathers separates the two areas . yellow skin surrounds their eyes . the only difference between sexes is the female ' s black spots on their shared white flank patch . like many barbets , the bearded barbet has a strong bill with ' teeth ' or grooves .
fruits , berries , buds , flowers , nectar , insects ; larger species such as the lineated barbet have been known to consume tree frogs , lizards and even other smaller birds . certain genera may be more frugivorous or insectivorous .
a small , beautiful barbet common throughout the lowlands to the mid hills . the only endemic bird regularly seen in major cities like colombo . but easily overlooked due to its small size and colouration . predominantly green with red forehead , blue lower face , orange throat and “spectacles” . these features and uniform green underparts readily distinguish it from the coppersmith barbet in areas where both can be found . lives in pairs but often single birds are seen on tall trees . flocks may be found on fruiting trees . . the male has two songs , uttered from tall tree tops : a slow repeated ‘pop , pop , pop , …’ and a repeated rapid ‘popo - popo - popo - pop’ with a variable number of syllables .
description : 22 - 25cm , 72 - 120g . sexes alike but red sides on female have a series of short , fine black streaks that overlap onto the white mark on the side . immature birds same as adult but overall duller plumage .
bearded barbet range : senegal and gambia , guinea - bissau , s . mali , burkina , faso , sw niger , n nigeria , n cameroon , nw central african republic , guinea , ivory coast , c ghana , s togo , n benin .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : lybius rubrifacies . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
barbets are small , stocky - bodied birds with rather large heads which gives the appearance of a stubby neck . the majority of barbets are multicolored in striking plumage . the asian and american species are predominantly green with red , blue and yellow markings , usually around the head . african barbets are mainly yellow , black or red and are heavily spotted or streaked . their bills are stout and have bristles or tufts of feathers that lay forward over the nares , gape and chin region of the face . they possess zygodactylous toes ( two forward and two backward ) and with the exception of three species are arboreal .
range of the double - toothed barbet : across africa from guinea - bissau , sierra leonone and n liberia , through central cameroon and central african republic , s sudan and central ethiopia , southward to cabinda , n angola , congo , n and ne zaire , burundi , nw tanzania and w kenya .
found throughout the lowlands and ascends the lower hills . it is easily distinguished from the migrant barn swallow by the conspicuous red rump and chunkier build . it wanders about a great deal and is equally at home hawking over lightly forested valleys or over paddy fields . although it flocks , solitary individuals are just as likely to be seen .
habits and diet : lives in pairs or small groups and searches for foods in dense foliage ( usually below 10m ) . roosts communally in the same hole . perches quietly in dense foliage . consumes ants , temites , beetles and others as well as papayas , avocados , figs , and umbrella tree fruits ; also palm nuts and red peppers .
although certain barbet species have bred in captivity little is known about the courtship process in the wild . generally the male pursues the hen ; in ground barbets the male will posture and raise its crown feathers while strutting around her . duetting is common in barbets though its function isn ' t exactly known . because it is done throughout the year it is probably a territorial announcement .
because the bill of the barbet is not as ' chisel - like ' as a woodpecker they often dig their nesting holes into softer wood or plant materials ; an african species digs into a dirt bank . they have been known to use old woodpecker holes also . generally the holes are usually high above the ground . the hole is just large enough for a single bird to pass in and out of and is often placed under a branch to shelter from direct inclement weather .
short , l . l . , horne , j . f . m . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . white - headed barbet ( lybius leucocephalus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
due to the steep terrain , much of this forest remains unexplored , a well - laid out system of forest trails is to be found around the gisakura guesthouse and the uwinka campsite . along the trails , birders can seek red - throated alethe , archer ' s robin - chat and the elusive kivu ground thrush . in rank roadside herbage , look for the exquisite shelley ' s crimsonwing and its better - known relative , the dusky crimsonwing . the enormous ' psychedelic turkey - like ' great blue turaco a conspicuous forest inhabitant , and calls of barred long tailed cuckoo can often be heard . keep a lookout for white - bellied robin - chat , banded prinia , collared apalis and , high up in the canopy , slender - billed and waller ' s starlings . doherty ' s and lagden ' s bush - shrikes , the delicate white - tailed blue flycatcher , white - bellied crested flycatcher and dusky tit are further attractions . nocturnal specials include rwenzori nightjar , albertine owlet and fraser ' s eagle owl .
they are usually about 20 - 25 cm long , plump - looking , with large heads . their heavy bill is fringed with bristles .
these mostly solitary birds eat a variety of fruits , including figs . they will also visit plantations and feed on cultivated fruit and vegetables . fruit is eaten whole and indigestible material such as seed pits regurgitated later . they are believed to be important agents in seed dispersal .
in addition to fruit , they also eat a wide range of insects are taken , including ants , cicadas , dragonflies , crickets , locusts , beetles , moths , mantids , as well as scorpions and centipedes . on occasion , they may also feed on lizards , frogs and geckos .
they typically nest in tree cavities . the hen usually lays between 2 to 4 eggs that are incubated for 13 - 15 days . nesting duties are shared by both parents .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
baker , n . , collar , n . , vande weghe , j . & wallin , k .
evans , m . , o ' brien , a . , robertson , p . , starkey , m . , symes , a . , taylor , j . & westrip , j .
this species is listed as near threatened because it is thought to have a moderately small population which is suspected to have undergone a decline in the 1990s at least . if the population is found to be smaller , or declining faster , it may qualify for uplisting to a higher threat category .
1999 ) . although the species is locally common in rwanda ( n . baker
1999 ) ( in akagera np the population has been estimated at > 1 , 100 individuals [ k . wallin
, it has a restricted distribution and is presumed to have suffered a population decline since the mid - 1990s ( kanyamibwa 2001 , short et al . 1990 ) .
the total population size of this species has not been quantified , but it is described as locally common . trend justification : the populations is suspected to have been declining since the mid 1990s owing to ongoing habitat destruction ( kanyamibwa 2001 , short et al . 1990 ) .
, generally at altitudes of 1 , 200 - 1 , 500 m ( n . baker
. it occurs in pairs and groups of up to five or more , feeding on figs , berries and seeds as well as insects ( n . baker
. in tanzania , habitat for this species is not currently under threat , but it occurs at very low densities , due to unknown limiting factors ( j . p . vandeweghe
conduct surveys throughout its range to obtain a total population estimate . monitor population trends through regular surveys . investigate factors that are potentially responsible for the species ' s low densities in tanzania ( j . p . vandeweghe
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kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
punanaamaseppä
from
lybius rubrifacies ( reichenow , 1892 )
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there are 43 species of barbets and tinkerbirds that span the african continent from south of the sahara . they inhabit a broad range of biomes from thick jungle where they spend time in the canopy to the open scrub where some species prefer the ground . likewise there diets are just as varied as their habitat ; birds of the forests prefer fruits where some species in scrub areas may consume termites and ants , primarily .
in central and south america : panama , costa rica and nw south america . status in the wild
the average clutch is 2 - 4 whitish eggs . both parents generally incubate and both also spend the night in the nest hole . incubation lasts 13 - 15 days in some species and 18 - 19 days in others . the young are altricial and possess heal pads like toucans . fledging occurs differently within the family ; from 20 - 21 days , 24 - 26 days and 33 - 35 days respectively . second clutches can occur in certain species .
lybiidae the species highlighted below are ones that have a current tag status . our goal is to eventually have information on every piciformes species .
range of the yellow - rumped tinkerbird : senegal , gambia , s west africa , s nigeria , s cameroon and s sudan , uganda , kenya , n angola , n and e zambia , e south africa , s mozambique and zanzibar .
* question mark indicates uncertainty as to whether the species is in that area .
description : females and immatures have overall duller plumage with bill a light grayish - yellow as opposed to the male ' s black bill . 12cm , 11 - 15g .
habitat : found in most habitats of its range , but especially forest patches , dense woods , riverine woods , wooded grasslands , tree and coffee plantations and gardens .
habits and diet : it utilizes all levels of the forest foraging and moving about from one area to another . it eats a variety of insects including : ants , termites , flying insects and soft - bodied insects . it also feeds on fruits from mistletoe , lantana , figs and muhesu .
breeding : territories are maintained to a greater or lesser extent all year , but the extent to which paired birds remain together is unknown ( short / horne ) . season spans from almost year round depending upon the area . these territories are usually centered on a nest cavity arund 3m from the ground . both sexes excavate the hole , usually in the underside of a dead or decaying branch . the opening is about 2 . 5cm in diameter and the tunnel and chamber combine to a 40 - 100cm length . the chamber is lined with wood chips . 2 - 5 white eggs are laid and are incubated by both parents for 12 days . insects are fed to the young . fledging occurs around 18 days .
* question marks indicate uncertainty as to whether the species is in that area .
habitat : prefers forest with dense understorey at or near clearings and forest edges , dense forest thickets , dense woodlands , riverine woods , and some arboreal cultivation .
breeding : season spans from may - august . allopreening occurs and male will tap nest entrance to coax female to it . pair and helpers will defend nest hole , even leading up to copulation / egglaying . nests are generally excavated ( by both ) 2 - 20m from the ground in rotten trees or branches . the entrance hole is about 5cm with a cavity depth of up to 46cm . it is noted that insect remains sometimes line the nest .
2 - 4 white eggs are incubated for 13 days by both parents . chicks are fed insects in the beginning but are later switched to mainly fruits . the young fledge around day 37 and are fed for a while by the parents . in the evening the parents entice the young back to the nest hole for roosting .
habitat : bearded barbets live in dry , arid areas throughout western africa in trees like acacia , baobabs and figs . they prefer thickets , open woods and secondary undergrowth . suitable habitat must include dead trees , branches or stumps for nesting .
habits and diet : bearded barbets are primarily frugivorous . they will obtain their food from wild or cultivated trees . groups forage from tree to tree while dispersing seeds along the way . barbets use their thick bill to collect fruit . smaller barbets often forage with bearded barbets , because they take different sized fruits . insects may also be a part of their diet . they will drink at nearly every chance , usually from tree crevices .
breeding : very little is known about wild breeding behaviors of barbets . they require a dead tree in which to excavate a nest . bearded barbets tend to be territorial and will aggressively defend the nesting site . breeding in the wild occurs in nearly every month depending on range location , but most commonly between the months of may thru september .
courtship may include food offering , nest log drilling , and vocalizations . these usually occur one to two months prior to breeding season . copulation may occur after feeding or allopreening . clutch size is 2 eggs , with incubation lasting at least 16 days . chicks develop slowly on a diet of insects and fruit . chicks fledge at approximately 40 days .
status and conservation : bearded barbets are not globally threatened and may be common throughout range , especially in the reserves within its range . while clearing of trees , especially dead ones , could be detrimental to its population , the planting of fruit trees may actually help .
* question mark indicates uncertainty as to whether the species is in that area . ( note the arrow )
habitat : frequents thicket woodlands , termite mounds , streamside vegetation with sufficient cover and plantations .
habits and diet : forages on the ground , in trees and shrubs and on termite mounds . moves along tree trunks pecking and searching for termites or other insects . found in pairs ; roosts in excavated holes . in trees and shrubs they hang from foliage while foraging . crested barbets consume figs , berries and guavas as well as seeds ; also eats a wide variety of insects including : grasshoppers , locusts , beetles , larvae , wasps and termites .
breeding : season begins in march . males will courtship feed female . nest hole is 4 - 18m from ground , usually on the underside of a dead limb . in rural areas , garden nestboxes have been used . the cavity entrance is 6 . 4 by 3 . 8cm and the cavity itself is 15 - 100cm deep and lined with wood chips . 3 - 4 glossy , white eggs are laid . female generally incubates at night and both parents during the day . hatching occurs around 13 - 17 days . nestlings are fed mostly insects . fledging occurs 17 - 31 or more days ( prozesky 1966 , maclean 1985 ) . the young follow the parents for a period of time ; they remain in the territory if there is a second brood but are not permitted near the nest .
description : female lacks black forehead and crown ( marked yellow - orange instead , and rarely black lightly mottled in with y - o coloring ) as well as throat patch that male has . she is also less bright overall . immature birds less vibrant reds and yellows and also male immature black around face and throat is grey . 23cm , 40 - 72g .
habitat : common in scrub , savanna , streambeds , cliffs and open woodland of arid to semi - arid habitat .
habits and diet : seen in flocks of 2 - 10 ( usually a pair with subadult helpers ) foraging on the ground in or near cover . roosts in holes they dig in termite and ant mounds or even dry banks and cliffs . common around villages . aggressive towards other birds , especially around food sources . consumes various berries , figs , seeds , as well as a wide variety of insects , larvae , spiders , lizards , eggs and small nestlings .
breeding : in courtship there is allopreening as well as basic strutting displays by the male then a food gift offered . nest holes are constructed into earthen banks where 2 - 6 white , smooth and slightly glossy eggs are laid . male incubates more than the female and it is not known whether helpers incubate or not . exact incubation periods are not known but it is presumably 14 - 17 days . parents and helpers feed insects to the young . fledging occurs around 35 - 40 days at which time the young follow the group begging for food . some of the young are aloud to stay in the territorial group whereas others are eventually depart or are forced out of the area .
description : 14 - 17cm , 19 - 30g . sexes alike . immature birds overall duller as well as crown less spotted and yellows paler .
habits and diet : seen in pairs , family groups and small flocks feeding loosely in areas but will come together for interaction and mobbing predators ( especially terrestrial ones ) . this species feeds on or near the ground hopping to food items and carryng them to cover . consumes ants , temtes , grasshoppers and other insects as well as fruits and berries .
breeding : nest holes are excavated into the ground usually hidden by grass and in the open , hence the reason for their preference for dry areas . season is generally mar - june . pairs will duet . both sexes excavate a tunnel 45 - 90cm downward , then to one side above the bottom of the tunnel a chamber is dug and lined with pieces of grass . this practice allows rain and debris to trickle past the chamber to the bottom of the tunnel ( short / horne ) .
2 - 4 dull , white rounded - oval eggs are laid . incubation is sketchy but presumably about 13 days . insects are carried to the young . fledging occurs around day 30 but young return to nest to roost . young may remain in the area of the pair .
reichenow , 1921 – n & c nigeria e to s chad , w central african republic and nw drcongo .
( defilippi , 1853 ) – perhaps e central african republic , and south sudan and ne drcongo to nw tanzania and wc kenya .
c . h . b . grant & mackworth - praed , 1938 – c tanzania .
group “greeting ceremonies” with and without ensuing song , varying racially , with noisy . . .
open woodland , streamside trees , bushland with trees , open areas with fig or other fruiting trees , . . .
diverse fruits , including cultivated guavas and others , and figs , and berries ; also insects , including termites , flies , ants and others . . . .
feb–jun in n , also aug–dec in kenya ( before and after rainy seasons ) , dec–mar in parts of tanzania and uganda ( but also . . .
resident ; usually sedentary , but wandering occurs ( usually following fruiting trees ) .
not globally threatened . uncommon in nigeria ; locally fairly common in kenya and tanzania , albeit with some evidence of a range contraction in the extreme se of the first - . . .
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genetic data subdivide these taxa into three clades # r : buccanodon , gymnobucco and stactolaema ( with cryptolybia ) ; pogoniulus ; and tricholaema and lybius ( with pogonornis ) ; in same study , trachylaemus was included within trachyphonus , in subfamily trachyphoninae .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
related to l . leucocephalus group through l . chaplini , the combined group being fairly close to l . vieilloti ; also related to l . guifsobalito and l . torquatus . distinct from all , however , in morphology ; duet form nearest to that of l . chaplini , but songs of male and female of present species differ , as they do in l . guifsobalito . monotypic .
group greeting ceremonies with grating , “skizzy” notes , “eh” notes and . . .
diet composed of figs and other fruits , and undetermined insects . flycatches for insects at times , and plucks fruits from foliage of . . .
gonadal data of specimens indicate breeding in feb–mar and oct . social , in groups of up to 7 . tail - cocking , gliding - floating flight . . .
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includes j - card with numbers and english bird names ( as in track list ) , afrikaan bird names , and scientific bird names . 1 . bird no . bird numbers approved by the southern african ornithological society and used in roberts ' birds of south africa ( 5th edition ) 2 . names . english , afrikaans and scientific names are those approved by the southern african ornithological society and used in roberts ' birds of southern africa ( 5th edition ) . 3 . all the calls presented are len gillard ' s personal recordings except for a few of which i hold copyright . the contributors of these few calls are appreciatively acknowledged by initials after the english names of the relevant birds . ( fvn ) forsyth van nierop ; ( fdl ) francoise dowsett - lemaire ; ( wt ) warwick tarboton ; ( cjh ) clive hopcroft ; ( pf ) peter frost ; ( cv ) carl vernon ; ( jd ) john dunning .
birdsong is the soundtrack of the bushveld . one of the joys of birding in kruger is to be up early enough to experience the dawn chorus of doves and other early risers that mark the start of the bushveld day . at the other end of the spectrum are the haunting calls of owls and nightjars which continue long after the late - night campfire carousers have fallen silent .
birdsong can be defined as a series of notes that form a recognisable pattern . birds appear to both instinctively know how to sing , yet also acquire new singing skills through learning . robins in particular are good mimics , incorporating the calls of scores of other birds into their repertoires , with individuals may having up to eight different recognisable songs . some complex songs may include many notes per second !
birds generally make a noise when they lay claim to territory , try and attract mates or signal danger . each of these can trigger vastly different sounds from birds of the same species .
birdsong is generally a male phenomenon and is often linked to courtship . it ' s no surprise that humans associate birdsong with love . we share certain physiological structures of the ear with birds and can relate to their sound range and melody structure , but be warned of projecting the notion of love onto song birds - some scientists believe male birds sing more to keep other males out of their territory than to try and impress the females they ' re wooing !
' what about the dawn chorus ? why , stand at the edge of any indigenous forest on a bright november morning and hear the new day acclaimed by thirty or more different species of birds , the chorus of warblers , white - eyes , flycatchers and bulbuls forming a background to the loud , deep calls of turacos and trogons , the high whistles of cuckoos , the bell - like notes of shrikes , and the high , pure songs of thrushes and robins . these are but a few examples of what can be heard ; for those who would listen , the rewards are infinite . ' ken newman -
birdlife in south africa
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see secretary birds and a variety of raptors , bee - eaters , hornbills , eagles , ostriches , weavers , the big five mammals and a good sample of east africa’s bird species from dry savannah in the rift valley through tropical rainforest to mountain cloud forest and wetlands .
sites visited will include lakes naivasha , nakuru and baringo in the rich rift valley , mpala smithsonian research station in laikipia , kakamega forest and the famous maasai mara with its herds of wild mammals .
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rwanda has recorded about 650 species of bird . these include many of the sought - after albertine rift endemic ( ' are ' s ) and some west africa forest specials which reach their eastern most limits in rwanda . there is also a select band of localised rarities which , currently , may be seen ( safely ) only in rwanda .
a celebrated resident for mountain gorillas ! its two troops of recently habituated golden monkeys appreciated and not forgetting some 180 - bird species in this park . well placed in the virunga volcano chain , the terrain consists mainly of steep volcanic slopes . below 2 , 500m , much of the afro - montane forest has been cleared for agriculture . . higher up , there is moorland , marsh and grassland with giant lobelias a prominent feature in places . midst 2 , 500m and 3 , 500m , the habitat mainly consists of dense bamboo stands and hagenia woods . resident birds with many of the albertine rift endemics , such as the handsome francolin , the highly sought - after and spectacular , ' painted ' rwenzori turaco ; archer ' s robin - chat and both dusky and shelley ' s crimsonwings .
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it prefers large forested stretches in the highlands , but it makes seasonal movements to the lower hills , descending as low as sinharaja . generally likes well - forested areas , although it can be seen visiting gardens . it has a bluishgrey body with a black and white marking on the purplish hind - neck . the biggest pigeon on the island , distinctly larger than a feral pigeon . horton plains national park and the botanical gardens in hakgala are two of the most reliable sites for it . it often resorts to staying ‘frozen’ to avoid detection , but when busy feeding on a fruiting tree , is less likely to take notice of the presence of people . flies away with a clapping noise .
this bird is confined mainly to the cloud - forests in the central highlands and the knuckles . it has also been recorded in easetern sinharaja which is at a much higher elevation than the western end which is subjected to most of the visitation . the male is brownish - black , with a blue gloss on the fore parts and a blue shoulder patch . the female is brown with a blue shoulder patch . whistling - thrushes are sensitive to light at the ultra - violet end of the spectrum . their blue patches make strongly contrasting patterns when viewed in ultra violet , although in the range of human vision they can at times look nondescript . it is best located early in the morning or late in the evening by its shrill grating call , sree sree sree sree . it is mainly insectivorous , but will opportunistically eat vertebrate animals such as geckos and agamid lizards .
always found in noisy flocks . the orange bill and legs , rufous body and constant chattering help to separate it from the other babblers . this bird is an important nucleus species of mixed - species feeding flocks . the largest constituent of a feeding flock , its numbers help the sri lankan feeding flocks to be the largest in the world with an average total number of 41 birds . usually seen in the wet - zone rainforests , mainly in the lowlands but also in the highlands , and tends to occur only where extensive , undisturbed forests remain . it is almost absent from the extensive but heavily disturbed habitats , but always within a short flight from good quality forest .
this forest bird is usually found in small groups of 10 - 15 in undisturbed forests and peripheral villages where it is often heard before seen . it leads the mixed species bird flock of sinharaja forest where it could be seen along with some other endemic birds . it is found in most undisturbed wet zone forests up to 2100 - m altitude .
this bird prefers thick undergrowth and is distributed in both wet and dry zone habitats up to 1600 - m altitude . it utters a characteristic call which is heard like ‘pretty dear’ , often heard in the mornings and evenings . it is found even outside forests where suitable scrub vegetation provides the ideal habitat . the reforestation site in hunas falls hotel is one of the easiest places to spot it in the evenings .
this bird is found associated with orange - billed babblers in the mixed species bird flocks in sinharaja where it could be easily seen in the undergrowth often making constant chattering . it is recorded up to 1300 m altitude strictly in undisturbed forests of wet zone .
this fruit loving bird is restricted to the forests of wet zone from 300 - 1 , 600m altitude and is often found perched on tall trees . lowland forests of kithulgala , gilimale and sinharaja are some of the locations to catch a glimpse of this rare bird where the loud calls made from the top of the forest canopy are often heard a long distance away helping to locate it .
this montane bird is usually found in forested habitats above 1700 m in the higher hills . horton plains is probably the easiest location to see this endemic bird in large numbers . however it is also known to be present in higher elevations of sinharaja and knucles range below 1700 m .
this rare bird usually occupies the canopy of the forest and is an unmistakable member in the mixed species bird flocks in sinharaja . this strictly arboreal bird could be seen in undisturbed forests of wet zone from 300 - 1200 m altitude . it could be seen also in kithulgala and in the knucles range .
undoubtedly one of the most colourful endemics of sri lanka , the sri lanka blue magpie is a rare bird , which prefers undisturbed wet zone forests up to 2100 m altitude . their loud calls often betray their presence .
this primarily hill country bird is recorded mainly above 1000 m altitude . it could be seen in pairs in its breeding season and in large flocks during non - breeding season . horton plains national park is probably one of the best locations to see this small endemic bird .
this large terrestrial bird is found in both dry and wet zone forests up to 2100 m altitude . it is more often heard than seen in most of its range . sri lanka junglefowl could be seen on roadsides close to the forest in sinharaja often followed by its harem .
this shy terrestrial bird is mainly restricted to the undisturbed forests of the wet zone and is more often heard but rarely seen . like the former it could be seen on roadsides in forested areas . sinharaja , kanneliya and dombagaskanda are some of the locations to see this elusive bird .
this bird is found in undisturbed wet zone forests up to 800 m altitude , often in places where there is dense bamboo vegetation . one of the best locations to see this elusive endemic bird is dombagaskanda .
this confiding bird is not bothered the close presence of birdwatchers . it is normally found in forested areas between 1600m - 2000m altitudes : hakgala , corbett’s gap and horton plains are a few of the locations it could be observed with relative ease .
this hill country bird is found mostly above 1500 m in dense undergrowth . horton plains is arguably the best location to see this rare endemic bird where it is mostly found around bamboo vegetation along the streams .
this mostly terrestrial bird is mainly found in the wet zone forests between 300m - 1300m altitude and is often heard sinharaja , kithulgala and dombagaskanda are some of the locations where it could be seen at dawn and dusk especially along the forest footpaths .
one of the commonest endemic birds of sri lanka , yellow - fronted barbets could be observed in forests as well as peripheral villages . it makes a peculiar call , which is audible over a distance and could be observed in the mixed species bird flocks in sinharaja .
this parakeet is recorded up to 1700 - m altitude in forested and well - wooded garden habitats and could be easily identified by the call often made while on flight . it is also occasionally present in the mixed species bird flock in sinharaja .
this small bird is distributed widely in the wet zone where it is quite common , up to the mid hills . in the dry zone it is found in small isolated pockets , often in riverine areas or where intermediate forest is present . it roosts almost like a bat with the body hanging down : the reason for its common name . they make a sharp repeated call while in flight making it easy to notice a passing bird .
this rare bird is found up to 2000 - m altitude restricted to the undisturbed forests of wet zone where it can often be heard during the day sinharaja , gilimale and kithulgala are some of the locations it could be seen . it is found on tall trees of the forest canopy making it difficult to spot it in the dense foliage .
this large bird is mostly seen in pairs and is distributed in the dry and wet zone forested areas alike , ascending to an elevation of 1 , 200 m in the central hills . like most hornbills , the sri lanka grey hornbill nest in holes in big trees where the female imprisons herself up by building a wall like structure with its droppings covering the opening of the cavity , leaving only a small opening for receiving food brought by the male . when the young matures , the female breaks her way out and rebuilds the wall and joins the male in feeding the young . proposed endemic bird .
this is a fairly common species in forests and nearby gardens in wet lowlands up to the lower hills . it is also found in the dry zone forests of the north central province ( e . g . giritale ) , intermediate forests in the south ( e . g . kekunadura in matara ) and giritale , tall forests and riverine forests in udawalawe np and yala np ( blocks 1 & 3 ) . an easy bird to see as it frequents low trees and bushes in edge habitats . usually seen in pairs but sometimes seen in small flocks . the bird often hovers briefly like a sunbird as it picks off insects off a tree . in flight , the white tip to the tail is prominent . the call is a rapid ‘pit - pit - pipit - … . ’ and it has soft whistling songs , some of them sad - sounding .
the commonest of the green pigeons occurring in small flocks throughout the island up to the mid hills . in the dry lowlands large flocks may at times be encountered . see the orange - breasted for details on separating the females of the two species . visitors are most likely to see them in the national parks in the south . at times good numbers may be seen and at other times they may be virtually absent due to local migrations . the song is a beautiful , soft , modulated human - like whistle .
the serendib scops owl is known only from a few lowland wet zone forests . it seems to require fairly large , undisturbed tracts of forest .
distinguished from the similar black - rumped flamedback by its ivory coloured bill and different call . the females has a black crown flecked in white . it is found mainly in wet zone forests ascending all the way to the highlands . it prefers more heavily wooded habitats than the black - rumped flameback . although perceived largely as a wet zone bird , it does occur in suitable habitat in the dry zone as well , sometimes even wandering into coconut groves .
a rather small grey coloured bird fairly common in the dry zone . female is a little duller and browner than the male . both have a blackish stripe across the eye like that in the true shrikes . lives in pairs . the calls are a five - to - seven syllabled ‘chee - chee - … - chee’ with the first syllables hurried and the rest descending and a loud ‘twee’ sound often in the same pattern . scarce and scattered in the wet zone and ascends up to about the mid hills in dryer parts .
a secretive and fairly big ground thrush which has an attractive colour pattern . its golden - buff scaly pattern all over the body and stocky shape distinguish it from the other thrushes and immatures of similar birds , with pale spots or scaly pattern . it spends the day time in the undergrowth of thick wet forests and if it appears in the adjoining open patches , it is usually in the early morning . it is an uncommon bird confined to the forests in the lower hills and above of the wet zone . it has a rather soft plain whistle repeated several time at a stretch . it sings this song for few times only at dawn . it also has a short high - pitched alarm call which may be uttered any time of the day .
what better way to wake up in the hills than to the mellow , bubbling calls of the scimitar babbler , full of exuberance ! it has a variety of calls . in one of its duets , the male sings ‘woop - oop - oopoop’ , and in another ‘yok , ko - ko’ , and both are answered by the trilling sound of the female . it is found throughout the island ascending to the higher hills . it can be found in village gardens but is unlikely to be found in areas where good patches of forest are not nearby . the decurved bill and striped head make it distinctive .


rhyothemis phyllis , known as the yellow-striped flutterer or yellow-barred flutterer , is a species of dragonfly of the family libellulidae , widespread in south-east asia , including cambodia , china , india , indonesia , lao peoples democratic republic , malaysia , myanmar , singapore , taiwan , thailand , vietnam , and northern australia .

rhyothemis phyllis is a small to medium-sized dragonfly , commonly found at open ponds or marshes , and swamp forests .

its flight is usually fluttering .

there are two known sub-species in australia , rhyothemis phyllis chloe kirby , 1894 and rhyothemis phyllis beatricis lieftinck , 1942 .

rhyothemis phyllis

maggie whitson marked
rhyothemis phyllis
as trusted on the
rhyothemis phyllis
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maggie whitson marked
rhyothemis phyllis
as hidden on the
rhyothemis phyllis
page . reasons to hide : duplicate
maggie whitson marked
dragonfly0422
as hidden on the
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rhyothemis phyllis ( sulzer , 1776 ) , the yellow - striped flutterer , is a medium size dragonfly with size around 40mm .
yellow - barred flutterer ( rhyothemis phyllis , libellulidae ) dragonflies mating at pond ' s edge . after mating , the female remains perched . singapore , 5th december 2014 . documented by leong tzi ming .
rhyothemis phyllis is an extremely widespread species , known from myanmar , laos , thailand and vietnam southwards and eastwards throughout sundaland , the philippines and eastern indonesia to papua new guinea , australia , new caledonia and islands in the pacific .
there is a need for taxonomic research into the r . phyllis complex , but no conservation actions are necessary .
rhyothemis phyllis is an extremely widespread species , is common over much of its range , occurs a variety of standing water habitats including man - made and highly disturbed ones , and is not facing any threats . therefore it is assessed as least concern .
many subspecies of r . phyllis have been recognised at various times and places : r . p . apicalis kirby , 1889 , r . p . beatricis lieftinck , 1942 , r . p . chloe kirby , 1894 , r . p . dispar brauer , 1867 , r . p . ixias lieftinck , 1953 , r . p . marginata ris , 1913 , r . p . obscura selys 1878 , r . p . snelleni selys , 1878 , r . p . subphyllis selys , 1882 , r . p . vitellina brauer , 1868 ; the whole complex needs revision .
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2015 . world odonata list . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 10 july 2015 ) .
brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; fiji ; guam ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ( jawa , kalimantan , lesser sunda is . , maluku , papua , sulawesi , sumatera ) ; lao people ' s democratic republic ; malaysia ( peninsular malaysia , sabah , sarawak ) ; micronesia , federated states of ; myanmar ( myanmar ( mainland ) ) ; new caledonia ; palau ; papua new guinea ( bismarck archipelago , north solomons , papua new guinea ( main island group ) ) ; philippines ; singapore ; solomon islands ( south solomons ) ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; vanuatu ; viet nam
this species occupies a variety of standing water habitats , from marshes and ponds to wet rice fields and drains , including drainage ditches in oil palm plantations .
this species , which thrives in disturbed and artificial habitats , faces no threats .
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lieftinck , m . a . 1942 ,
the dragonflies ( odonata ) of new guinea and neighbouring islands part vi . results of the third archbold expedition 1938– ' 39 and of the le roux expedition 1939 to netherlands new guinea ( i . anisoptera )
, treubia , vol . 18 , pp . 441 - 608 pls 23 - 41
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 095454b6 - 8fc8 - 46f5 - a456 - a9477925c03d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d7339533 - 0c1f - 4e0d - bc00 - bf5119306f8a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6a3d5532 - ba8d - 45e9 - be25 - d7622664ce64
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 350689
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this dragonfly is easily recognized . the head and body are dark brown in colour . its wings are clear but tinged with yellow , with black tips . on the hind - wings base there are the yellow stripe on brown patterns . its wings are much longer than its body . usually flight with fluttering in slow speed , gliding most of the time size , can change direction quickly .
the species is widespread in southeast asia . it is recorded from viet nam , lao pdr , thailand , cambodia , malaysia , singapore , myanmar , india , southern china , and indonesia . it is also reported from japan and northern australia ( e . g . cairns , queensland ) .
the species is common throughout southeast asia and is assessed by iucn red list as least concern .
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an unmistakable dragonfly with very distinctive wing markings . males and females are very similar . eyes are reddish brown on top and light brown below . thorax and abdomen are dark , slightly metallic , almost black . base of hindwing has a distinctive barred pattern of yellow , dark brown and deep metallic blue .
this is more of a grassland and secondary forest species . parks where this dragonfly has been spotted include bishan park 1 , kent ridge park , ang mo kio town garden west and bukit batok nature park . it is also known to be able to breed in brackish water and has been sighted in pasir ris park .
tang , h . b . , wang , l . k . & hämäläinen , m . 2010 . a photographic guide to the dragonflies of singapore . singapore : raffles museum of biodiversity research . 222pp .
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yellow - barred flutterer is a very widespread and common dragonfly in singapore , and other south east asia regions . it is commonly found at marshy swampland , ponds , reservoirs , and open grasslands .
this species is unmistakeable . males and females look similar . the thorax and abdomen are dark , and the hindwing base has a very distinctive barred yellow and dark brown pattern .
a few years ago , i have often seen this species flying in swarms especially at the vicinity of bukit timah nature reserves , but this scene is more and more uncommon nowadays . they are sun - loving species and it is a sight to see them gather in swarms , gliding in the air and feeding small insects .
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the species is widespread in southeast asia . it is recorded from viet nam ( dong nai , kien giang , khanhs hoa and ho chi minh city ) , lao pdr , thailand ( bangkok , sriracha , pak nam poh , khao sabab , songkhla , sai yok , khao yai , tamai ( chantaburi ) , udorn thani , chantaburi , doi suthep , ayuttaya , si racha reservoir ( chongburi ) , huey kaeo , thung yai , hua hin ) , cambodia ( roland
2010 ) , malaysia , singapore , myanmar , india , southern china , and indonesia . it is also reported from japan and northern australia ( e . g . cairns , queensland ) , but the latter records require confirmation . not all parts of the species range ( e . g . , india , southern china ) have been mapped due to a lack of available records .
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by maggie whitson - see more .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .


rhopalovalva grapholitana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in china ( hebei , north-eastern china , shanghai , anhui , jiangxi , henan , shaanxi , gansu , ningxia ) , korea and russia .

the larvae feed on lespedeza bicolor .

rhopalovalva grapholitana

rhopalovalva rhombea zhang & li , 2010 , sp . nov . - plazi treatmentbank
figures 1 – 5 . adults and genitalia of rhopalovalva spp . 1 , 3 , 4 . rhopalovalva rhombea sp . nov . ( slide no . yhl 03482 , 3 ; zah 04317 , ƥ ) ; 2 , 5 . rhopalovalva triangulata sp . nov . ( slide no . zah 04094 , 3 )
zhang , aihuan & li , houhun , 2010 , two new species of rhopalovalva kuznetsov ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) from china , zootaxa 2718 , pp . 64 - 68 : 65 - 67
we report a species of the tribe eucosmini belonging to the family tortricidae for the first time from china : semnostola magnifisa ( kuznetsov ) and add four species for the northeast chinese fauna : ancylis badiana ( denis et schiffermuller ) , blastethia turionella ( linnaeus ) , eucosma aemulana ( schlager ) , and sillybiphora devia kuznetsov . also rhopalovalva grapholitana ( caradja ) is recorded for the first time from the province heilongjiang . adults and genital characteristics for species are redescribed and illustrated . all available information for their host plants and distributional ranges are given .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
, but it can be distinguished by the rhomboid cucullus without a ventral process and the socius broadening distally in the male genitalia ; and the corpus bursae elliptical and the signa long - horned in the female genitalia . in
, the cucullus is elliptical with a ventral process , and the socius is slightly narrowed distally ; the corpus bursae is round and the signa are conical .
) . head : vertex with grayish yellow scales tufted between antennae ; frons white . antenna light yellow . labial palpus gray ; second segment with light brown termination ; third segment porrect , concealed in the long scales of second segment . thorax : nota and tegula grayish yellow . legs gray , with brown scales on tibiae and tarsi . forewing length 7 . 0 mm ; forewing elongate triangular ; ground color grayish yellow , sprinkled with brown spots ; apex protruded , falcate ; termen concave below apex ; basal fascia and subbasal fascia forming a dark brown basal patch , extending from costal 1 / 4 to 1 / 3 of dorsum , protruded in middle on outer side ; median fascia degenerated to a short brown streak on costa ; tornus with an elliptic gray spot ; ocellus small , grayish yellow ; costa with nine pairs of white strigulae from base to apex ; strigulae 1–4 between base and the point where sc meets costa ; strigulae 5 and 6 between sc and r 1 points , each containing only one stria ; distal three pairs distributed between pairs of veins r 1 –r 2 , r 2 –r 3 , r 3 –r 4 , respectively . fringe grayish yellow , with brown subbasal line . hindwing and fringe grey . abdomen : male genitalia ( fig . 3
) with tegumen bearing a pair of long sclerites on top . uncus club - shaped , narrowed distally , ca . half length of socius . socius long , broadening to termination , ca . 2 . 0 times length of uncus , hairy . valva broad at base ; neck distinct ; the distal end of sacculus with a broad hairy , rounded lobe directed dorsad ; cucullus somewhat rhomboid , hairy . aedeagus slender , curved in distal 1 / 3 , abruptly narrowed in distal 1 / 6 , forming a pointed apex ; cornuti undetected . female genitalia ( fig . 4
) with papillae anales broad , short , hairy ; apophyses posteriores slightly shorter than apophyses anteriores ; 7 th sternite broadly sclerotized . ductus bursae slender ; antrum very short . corpus bursae elliptical ; two slender , horn - shaped signa of different size .
holotype . male , china : fujian province : mt . wuyi ( 26 . 54 ˚n , 116 . 42 ˚e ) , 1100 m , 23 . v . 2004 ( haili yu ) , genitalia slide no . yhl03482 .
paratypes . 1 female , china : fujian province : mt . wuyi , 740 m , 19 . v . 2004 ( haili yu ) , genitalia slide no . zah04317 ; 1 male , guangxi province : jinxiu county , 550 m , 15 . iv . 2002 ( shulian hao & huaijun xue ) ; 1 male , fujian province : yongtai county , 550 m , 18 . ix . 2002 ( xinpu wang ) .
etymology . the specific name is derived from the latin rhombeus = rhombiod , referring to the shape of cucullus .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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sepia simoniana is a species of cuttlefish native to the western indian ocean .

its natural distribution stretches from cape town to agulhas bank , north to northern kenya and southern mozambique .

it is also present in the saya-de-malha bank .

s. simoniana usually lives at depths of less than 100 m , although it has been recorded down to 190 m. s. simoniana grows to a mantle length of 185 mm .

the type specimen was collected off simon 's bay , south africa .

it is deposited at the zoologisches museum in berlin .

sepia simoniana

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sepia simoniana - buy sepia simoniana by surhone , lambert m . | editor ; tennoe , mariam t . | editor ; henssonow , susan f . | editor online at best prices in india - urltoken
sepia simoniana ( english , paperback , lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow )
the geographic distribution of sepia simoniana extends from cape town in the west of south africa eastwards and then northwards to northern kenya and southern somalia ( reid et al . 2005 ) .
( of sepia natalensis massy , 1925 ) massy , a . l . ( 1925 ) . on the cephalopoda of the natal museum . annals of the natal museum . 5 ( 2 ) : 201 - 229 , 5 plates . page ( s ) : 212 [ details ]
( of sepia natalensis massy , 1925 ) khromov d . n . , c . c . lu , a . guerra , zh . dong & s . v . boletzky ( 1998 ) a synopsis of sepiidae outside australian waters . pp . 77 - 157 , in : voss n . a . , m . vecchione , r . b . toll & m . j . sweeney , eds ( 1998 ) systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology 586 : volume 1 : 1 - 276 ; volume 2 : 277 - 599 . page ( s ) : 121 [ details ]
yes , it ' s a cephalopod ! this squid and other cephalopods are featured in the cephalopod pages maintained at the national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology ! see the following links for more information on cephalopods .
cephalopods in action . this is a multimedia appendix to published papers , that features video clips of cephalopods filmed from submersibles . included are :
the list of species featured in the videos , arranged as a taxonomic list , only relevant taxa included .
introducing an interactive key to the families of the decapodiformes . try this , it ' s exciting !
expedition journals from the search for the giant squid off new zealand , 1999 .
this page was created by jim felley , mike vecchione , clyde roper , mike sweeney , and tyler christensen . if you have questions or comments , contact mike vecchione .
thiele , j . ( 1920 ) . die cephalopoden der deutschen sudpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 . deutsche sudpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , . 16 ( 8 ) : 433 - 465 , 4 plates [ publication date december 1920 ] . page ( s ) : 436 [ details ]
depth range depth to 190 m ( usually less than 100 m ) . [ details ]
branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
steyn , d . g . & lussi , m . ( 1998 ) marine shells of south africa . an illustrated collector’s guide to beached shells . ekogilde publishers , hartebeespoort , south africa , ii + 264 pp . page ( s ) : 192 [ details ]
reid , a . , jereb , p . & roper , c . f . e . ( 2005 ) . family sepiidae . pp . 57 - 152 , in p . jereb & c . f . e . roper eds . cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . volume 1 . chambered nautiluses and sepioids ( nautilidae , sepiidae , sepiolidae , sepiadariidae , idiosepiidae and spirulidae ) . fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . 4 ( 1 ) : 262 pp . 9 pls . page ( s ) : 148 [ details ]
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has been assessed as data deficient because very little is known about this species .
this species attains a mantle length of up to 185 mm . although its depth distribution ranges to 190 m it usually occurs in waters of less than 100 m ( reid et al . 2005 ) .
ocean acidification caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is potentially a threat to all cuttlefish . studies have shown that under high pco
no conservation measures are currently needed for this species and none are in place . further research is recommended regarding the population trends , distribution , life history traits and threats impacting this species .
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khromov , d . n . , c . c . lu , a . guerra , zh . dong et al . / n . a . voss , m . vecchione et al . , eds .
systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii )
sweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds .
taxon validity : [ fide khromov et al . ( 1998 ) ] . repository : zmb holotype [ fide khromov et al . ( 1998 ) ] . type locality : simio ' s bay ( south africa )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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thiele , j . ( 1920 ) . die cephalopoden der deutschen sudpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 . < em > deutsche sudpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , . < / em > 16 ( 8 ) : 433 - 465 , 4 plates [ publication date december 1920 ] .
branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg .
branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg .
khromov , d . n . , c . c . lu , a . guerra , zh . dong et al . / n . a . voss , m . vecchione et al . , eds . , 1998 : a synopsis of sepiidae outside australian waters ( cephalopoda : sepioidea ) . systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii ) . 77 - 139 .
reid , a . , jereb , p . & roper , c . f . e . ( 2005 ) . family sepiidae . pp . 57 - 152 , in p . jereb & c . f . e . roper eds . < em > cephalopods of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cephalopod species known to date . < / em > volume 1 . chambered nautiluses and sepioids ( < em > nautilidae < / em > , < em > sepiidae < / em > , < em > sepiolidae < / em > , < em > sepiadariidae < / em > , < em > idiosepiidae < / em > and < em > spirulidae < / em > ) . < em > fao species catalogue for fishery purposes [ rome , fao ] . < / em > 4 ( 1 ) : 262 pp . 9 pls .
steyn , d . g . & lussi , m . ( 1998 ) marine shells of south africa . an illustrated collector’s guide to beached shells . ekogilde publishers , hartebeespoort , south africa , ii + 264 pp .
sweeney , m . j . and c . f . e . roper / n . a . voss , m . vecchione , r . b . toll and m . j . sweeney , eds . , 1998 : classification , type localities and type repositories of recent cephalopoda . systematics and biogeography of cephalopods . smithsonian contributions to zoology , 586 ( i - ii ) . 561 - 599 .
thiele , j . , 1920 : die cephalopoden der deutschen sudpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 . deutsche sudpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , 16 ( zoology 8 ) . 433 - 465 .
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heteroteucha parvula is a moth of the oecophoridae family .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland , new south wales , the australian capital territory , victoria , tasmania and south australia .

the wingspan is about 15 mm .

the forewings are yellow with a broad pink margin .

the hindwings are white , shading to pale brown at the margin .

the larvae feed on the leaves of leptospermum species .

heteroteucha parvula

heteroteucha common , 1994 ; monogr . austral . lepid . 3 : 115 ; ts : coesyrea anthodora meyrick
heteroteucha parvula ( meyrick , 1884 ) ( oecophoridae : oecophorinae ) , male - vic , little desert , 5 . nov . 1966 , i . f . b . common m . s . upton leg . ( anic ) .
coesyra parvula meyrick , 1884 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 9 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) : 783
the adult moths have yellow forewings each with a broad pink margin . the hindwings are white , shading to pale brown at the margins . the wingspan is about 1 . 5 cms .
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coesyra anthodora meyrick , 1884 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 9 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) : 769
coesyra aspasia meyrick , 1884 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 9 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) : 783
oecophora dichroella zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 389
philobota dimochla turner , 1944 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 69 ( 5 - 6 ) : 258
coesyra epistrepta turner , 1940 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 65 : 442
parocystola initiata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 382
ocystola leptobaphes turner , 1944 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 69 ( 1 - 2 ) : 54
philobota occidua meyrick , 1884 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 8 ( 3 ) ( 4 ) : 507
coesyra ophthalmica meyrick , 1884 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 9 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) : 775
ocystola paraclista meyrick , 1913 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 4 ) : 116
cormotypa rhoecosema turner , 1941 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 66 : 414
machimia rhoecozona turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118
coesyra stereomita turner , 1944 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 69 ( 1 - 2 ) : 58
ocystola subflava turner , 1944 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 69 ( 1 - 2 ) : 55
heliocausta xanthisma turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 114
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
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descriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera . ix & x . oecophoridae ( continued )
descriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera . xi & xii . oecophoridae - ( continued )
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
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