it was described by carl linnaeus in 1767 .

adults have blue-black wings with two transverse white or yellow bands on the distal part of the forewings .

the larvae are gregarious and mostly feed on passiflora species from the subgenus astrophea .

full-grown larvae have a yellow body with a black head and reach a length of about 12 mm .

heliconius antiochus

h . antiochus has formed several geographical races , as follows : heliconius antiochus antiochus ( linnaeus , 1767 ) widespread east of the andes from venezuela to peru heliconius antiochus aranea ( fabricius , 1793 ) eastern side of the cordillera de mérida , venezuela heliconius antiochus araneides staudinger , 1897 venezuela heliconius antiochus salvinii dewitz , 1877 eastern venezuela ( an interesting form with a broad transverse yellow band on the hindwing , reminiscent of the pattern of the allopatric h . cydno weymeri ) . lamas ( 2004 ) lists a further undescribed subspecies from eastern peru .
buy butterflies for sale heliconidae : heliconius antiochus zobeide from peru online . worldwide shipping ! beautiful insect butterflies for sale heliconidae : heliconius antiochus zobeide for sale at the bugmaniac , one of the world ' s largest dealers of preserved dried insects .
heliconius antiochus , the antiochus longwing , is a butterfly of the nymphalidae family . it was described by linnaeus in 1767 . it is found from panama to the amazon region . the habitat consists of riparian forests .
the yellow streak on the base of the fw subcosta suggests that this is h . antiochus
host plant : h . antiochus larvae feed primarily on plants from the genus passiflora , subgenus astrophea ( brown , 1981 ) .
heliconius antiochus is a member of the sara - sapho group , and a müllerian mimic of heliconius wallacei , h . sara and h . congener . the wings are blue - black , with two transverse white or yellow bands on the distal part of the forewings .
adults have blue - black wings with two transverse white or yellow bands on the distal part of the forewings . they are a müllerian mimic of heliconius wallacei , heliconius sara and heliconius congener .
in the genus heliconius most species rely entirely on airborne chemicals to locate mates . males of
heliconius antiochus is disributed from panama to the amazon . the map below shows an approximate representation of the geographic distribution of this species . the original data used to draw these maps is derived from brown ( 1979 ) which is available at keith s . brown jr . ( 1979 ) . ecological geography and evolution in neotropical forests .
heliconius butterflies with proboscis bearing pollen collected from flowers . the diets of most lepidoptera are very limited in nitrogenous compounds , and pollen feeding is thought to increase longevity and egg production in heliconius butterflies . images ©
all heliconius species have elongated black wings , marked with simple but striking patterns usually featuring streaks or patches of red and cream , or blue and cream . a few , such as sara , antiochus and wallacei have a metallic blue sheen over the basal area of both wings . all are characterised by their delicate fluttering flight , long straight antennae , and fondness for flowers .
all heliconius species have elongated black wings , marked with simple but striking patterns usually featuring streaks or patches of red and cream , or blue and cream . a few , such as sara , antiochus and cydno have a metallic blue sheen over the basal area of both wings . all are characterised by their delicate fluttering flight , long straight antennae , and fondness for flowers .
the 39 heliconius species are much studied by geneticists and taxonomists . many of them produce a staggering variety of colour forms - heliconius erato e . g . produces no less than 29 geographical forms , each of which corresponds almost exactly in colour and pattern to a ' sister ' subspecies of heliconius melpomene flying in the same area .
the 39 heliconius species are much studied by geneticists and taxonomists . many of them produce a staggering variety of colour forms - heliconius erato e . g . produces no less than 29 geographical forms , each of which corresponds almost exactly in colour and pattern to a
sister
subspecies of heliconius melpomene flying in the same area .
brown k . s . 1981 the biology of heliconius and related genera . annual review of entomology 26 , 427 - 456 .
hübner 1816 ts = papilio charithonia l . , 1767 ; junior objective synonym of heliconius ; suppressed ( iczn op . 381 )
ehrlich pr , gilbert le . 1973 population structure and dynamics of the tropical butterfly heliconius ethilla . biotropica 5 : 69 - 82 .
heliconius erato adults roost gregariously overnight , hanging in clusters of up to 10 from dry stems , usually quite close to the ground .
the heliconiini includes the genera heliconius , podotricha , dryas , agraulis , dione , dryadula , eueides , neruda , laparus and philaethria .
heliconius sapho male sitting on a female pupa . mating takes place as the female begins to eclose , and females mate only once . ©
h . antiochus occurs from sea level to 1 , 000 m in riparian forest . usually individuals fly slowly and in the canopy . the males sit on female pupae a day before emergence , and mating occurs the next morning , before the female has completely eclosed . adults roost at night in large groups on twigs or tendrils over water ( brown , 1981 ) .
brown ks , jr . 1981 . the biology of heliconius and related genera . ann . rev . entomol . 26 : 427 - 456 .
emsley mg . 1965 . speciation in heliconius ( lep . , nymphalidae ) : morphology and geographic distribution . zoologica ny 50 : 191 - 254 .
heliconius butterflies are characterised by having a very delicate fluttering flight , particularly when hovering around flowers . they commonly nectar at hamelia , lantana and palicourea .
mallet j . singer mc . 1987 . handling effects in heliconius : where do all the butterflies go ? j . animal ecology . 56 : 377 - 386 .
gilbert le . 1972 . pollen feeding and reproductive biology of heliconius butterflies . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 69 : 1403 - 1407 .
the heliconius butterflies are the most speciose genus within the heliconiini , displaying a dramatic diversity of colour patterns at species and sub - species level . they are also famous for müllerian mimicry , with many species converging on a common wing pattern where they live together . heliconius communities commonly consist of several ‘mimicry rings’ , groups of species that share a common pattern .
unlike other butterflies , heliconius females feed on pollen as well as nectar . studies of ethilla have shown that females deprived of pollen can only produce about 15 % of the number of eggs laid by females that have access to it . this probably applies equally to other heliconius species including melpomene . the pollen from psiguria , anguria and gurania flowers provides amino acids that can ' t be obtained from nectar or other sources , and contributes greatly to the longevity of the butterflies - some heliconius species are known to live for up to 9 months as adults .
heliconius are recognized by their large eyes , long antennae , characteristic elongate wing - shape , teardrop - shaped hindwing discal cell , and distinctive colour patterns . the hostplants are all passifloreae , and there is some phylogenetic association between species groups of passiflora and the heliconius species that feed on them ( benson et al . , 1976 ; brower , 1997 ) ( see each species for more details ) .
turner , j . r . 1976 . adaptive radiation and convergence in subdivisions of the butterfly genus heliconius ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 58 ( 4 ) : 297 - 308 .
brower , a . v . z . 1997 the evolution of ecologically important characters in heliconius butterflies ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae ) : a cladistic review . zool . j . linn . soc . 119 , 457 - 472 .
the tribe heliconiini , colloquially known as longwings , includes 71 species , all confined exclusively to the neotropics . the heliconiini includes the genera heliconius , podotricha , dryas , agraulis , dione , dryadula , eueides , neruda , laparus and philaethria .
studies of ethilla have shown that females deprived of pollen can only produce about 15 % of the number of eggs laid by females that have access to it . this probably applies equally to other heliconius species including melpomene . the pollen from psiguria , anguria and gurania flowers provides amino acids that can ' t be obtained from nectar or other sources , and contributes greatly to the longevity of the butterflies - some heliconius species are known to live for up to 9 months as adults .
the genus heliconius has been revised more than a dozen times , yet relationships among many of its species groups remain obscure . a reliable phylogenetic hypothesis is desirable , because the genus has been a model system for studies of tropical community ecology , mimicry , and ecological genetics for the last 3 decades . a new cladogram for 35 species of heliconius and the related genera eueides , laparus , and neruda is presented , based on mitochondrial sequences spanning part of the coi gene and the coii gene . the data support most traditionally recognized species groups and also the monophyly of the above four genera with respect to other heliconiine outgroups . however , heliconius is paraphyletic with respect to the other three genera . these data will allow a reinvestigation of problematical morphological , behavioral , and cytological traits in the group .
beltrán m , jiggins cd , brower avz , bermingham e , mallet m . 2007 . do pollen feeding , pupal - mating and larval gregariousness have a single origin in heliconius butterflies ? inferences from multilocus dna sequence data . biological journal of the linnean society in press .
brower avz , and egan mg . 1997 . cladistics of heliconius butterflies and relatives ( nymphalidae : heliconiiti ) : the phylogenetic position of eueides based on sequences from mtdna and a nuclear gene . proc . r . soc . lond . b 264 : 969 - 977 .
beltrán m , jiggins cd , bull v , linares m , mallet j , mcmillan wo , and bermingham e . 2002 . phylogenetic discordance at the species boundary : comparative gene genealogies among rapidly radiating heliconius butterflies . mol . biol . evol . 19 : 2176 - 2190 .
for discussion of the monophyly of the genus as presented here and relationships among heliconiine genera , see the heliconiini page . within heliconius the relationships presented here are based on molecular sequence data for 3 mtdna and 4 nuclear gene regions ( beltran et al . 2007 ) . there is also a highly supported monophyletic ‘pupal - mating clade’ suggesting that pupal mating behaviour evolved only once in the heliconiina ( see tree above ) . within heliconius , the absence of a signum on the female bursa copulatrix is a morphological character that defines the pupal - mating group ( penz , 1999 ) .
gilbert ( 1991 ) suggested that pupal - mating might play an important role in the radiation of heliconius as well as in the packing of heliconius species into local habitats . pupal - mating might enhance the possibility of intrageneric mimicry because in many cases , mimetic species pairs consist of a pupal - mating and a non pupal - mating species . the strikingly different mating tactics of these groups could allow phenotypically identical species to occupy the same habitats without mate recognition errors . second , this mating tactic may influence host - plant specialisation , as it has been suggested that pupal - mating species may displace other heliconiines from their hosts by interference competition ( gilbert , 1991 ) . males of these species sit on , attempt to mate with , and disrupt eclosion of other heliconius species of both mating types encountered on the host plant . this aggressive behaviour may prevent other heliconiine species from evolving preference for host plants used by pupal - mating species .
a second unusual trait found in some heliconius species is a unique mating behaviour known as pupal - mating . males of certain species search larval food plants for female pupae . the males then sit on the pupae a day before emergence , and mating occurs the next morning , before the female has completely eclosed ( gilbert , 1976 ; deinert et al . 1994 ) . various kinds of pupal - mating occur scattered across several insect orders ( thornhill & alcock , 1993 ) ; in passion - vine butterflies almost half the heliconius species ( 42 % ) are pupal - maters ( gilbert , 1991 , pupal mating clade marked in the cladogram above ) .
heliconius erato is probably the commonest and most widespread heliconiine . it ' s 29 subspecies are distributed across the neotropical region from mexico to brazil , bolivia and argentina . the illustrated subspecies luscombei is confined to the amazonian lowlands of south - eastern peru , while microclea is restricted to mid - elevation sites in central peru , and petiverana is central american .
hecale , ismenius and cydno are attracted by pheromones to the pupae of conspecific females . the day before emergence a female pupa will usually have several males in close attendance . a frantic battle takes place the instant she hatches , as the males all struggle to copulate with her , not even allowing her time to expand and dry her wings . in some other heliconius species such as
heliconius butterflies have two unique , derived ecological traits that may have facilitated rapid adaptive radiation : pollen feeding and pupal - mating behaviour ( gilbert , 1972 ) . adult butterflies systematically collect pollen from flowers , which they masticate on the proboscis to dissolve out amino acids . this allows caterpillars to develop relatively rapidly ( since they do not need to store nutrients for egg and sperm production ) , and allows adults to have a greatly extended lifespan – up to 8 months – in the wild .
studies have shown that heliconius butterflies have home ranges within which they can memorise the locations of nectar and pollen sources , host plants and communal roosting sites . they are able to plan the most efficient route by which to visit all nectar / pollen sources in the vicinity by using simple calculations akin to what mathematicians call the
travelling salesman algorithm
. erlich & gilbert demonstrated that individual butterflies memorise the location of particular psiguria plants , which they visit daily , following a predefined circuit through the forest .
joron m , papa r , beltrán m , chamberlain n , mavárez j , baxter , s , abanto , m , bermingham , e , humphray , sj , rogers , j , beasley , h , barlow , k , ffrench - constant , rh , mallet , j , mcmillan , wo , jiggins , cd . 2006 . a conserved supergene locus controls colour pattern diversity in heliconius butterflies . plos biology vol . 4 , no . 10 , e303 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pbio . 0040303
etymology : heliconius signifies dwellers on mount helicon ( turner , 1976 ) ( see each species for more information ) . helicon is a mountain in southern greece , in boeotia , regarded in ancient greece , as the source of poetry and inspiration . from it flowed the fountains of aganippe and hippocrene , associated with muses . the nine muses are daughters of zeus and mnemosyne , the goddess of memory . the muses sat near the throne of zeus , king of the gods , and sang of his greatness and of the origin of the world and its inhabitants and the glorious deeds of the great heroes . from their name words such as music , museum , mosaic are derived ( muses ) . the nine muses are :
heliconius butterflies show a continuum of geographic divergence and speciation ; they are unpalatable and exhibit inter - and intraspecific diversification of colour and patterns . bates’ classic paper ( bates , 1862 ) , reflecting observations during his stay in the amazon , showed a geographical pattern for the different colour forms : similar between species within any one area of the amazon basin , but the mimetic colour patterns themselves changed every 100 - 200 miles . beside this geographic divergence , closely related species within an area often belonged to mimicry “rings” ( groups of unpalatable species , together with some palatable species , that have converged on the same warning colour pattern ) ( brower et al . , 1964 ; mallet and gilbert , 1995 ) . bates’ system has all the intermediate stages between local varieties , geographic races , and sympatric species that make it an excellent biological model to study selection , hybridization and gene flow at the species boundary . see maps attached to each species .
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. the wings are blue - black , with two transverse white or yellow bands on the distal part of the forewings .
adults may be distinguished from mimics by the pattern of red basal spots and streaks on the ventral surface of the hindwing .
early stages : eggs are yellow and approximately 1 . 1 x 0 . 8 mm ( h x w ) . females usually place 5 to 40 eggs on growing shoots of the host plant . mature larvae have a yellow body with black scoli and head ; length is around 1 . 2 cm . caterpillars are gregarious ( brown , 1981 )
lamas , g . 2004 . atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea in j . b . heppner , ed . scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera , gainesville .
linnaeus c . 1767 . systema naturae . editio duodecima reformata . holmiae , laurentius salvius . 1 ( 2 ) : [ ii ] , 533 - 1328 , [ 36 ] pp .
correspondence regarding this page should be directed to margarita beltrán at and andrew v . z . brower at
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. full - grown larvae have a yellow body with a black head and reach a length of about 12 mm .
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ts = papilio charithonia l . , 1767 ( designated by hemming , 1933 )
the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
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colour pattern diversity of h . numata ( top two rows ) , and h . melpomene ( third row ) with its co - mimic h . erato ( bottom row ) .
mechanitis polymnia ( l . ) , 1758 ( ithomiini ) ( a variant spelling of polyhymnia )
members of the genus are found from the southern united states throughout central and south america and the west indies , with the greatest diversity of species in the amazon basin ( emsley , 1965 ; devries , 1987 ) .
many pairs or groups of co - mimetic species such as h . erato ( top ) and h . melpomene ( bottom ) have evolved a diversity of geographic races or subspecies . the two species look identical in any one locality but their patterns change in concert across their geographic range ; localities left to right : zamora , ecuador ; puyo , ecuador ; tarapoto , peru ; guayaquil , ecuador ; yurimaguas , peru . © 1999 james mallet
hübner 1816 ts = papilio erato l . , 1758 ; junior homonym of migonitis rafinesque 1815 ( hymenoptera )
hübner 1816 ts = papilio melpomene l . , 1758 ; currently viewed as a subjective junior synonym
hübner 1816 ts = papilio rhea l . 1758 ( = h . sara ) ; suppressed ( iczn op . 382 )
billberg 1820 ts = papilio doris l . , 1771 ; currently viewed as a subjective junior synonym
hübner 1825 ts = papilio melpomene l . , 1758 ; junior objective synonym of sunias
gistel 1848 ts = papilio charithonia l . , 1767 ; invalid junior homonym of podalirius latreille 1802
buchecker 1880 ts = heliconia choarina hewitson , 1872 ( = h . hecuba ) ; invalid junior homonym of blanchardia castelnau 1875
bates , h . w . 1862 . contributions to an insect fauna of the amazon valley . lepidoptera : heliconidae . trans . linn . soc . lond . 23 : 495 - 566 .
benson ww , brown ks , gilbert le 1976 . coevolution of plants and herbivores : passion flower butterflies . evolution 29 , 659 - 680 .
brower , l . p . , brower , j . v . z . & collins , c . t . 1963 experimental studies of mimicry 7 : relative palatability and mullerian mimicry among neotropical butterflies of the subfamily heliconiinae . zoologica 48 , 65 - 84 .
deinert ei . longino jt , gilbert le . 1994 . mate competition in butterflies . nature 370 : 23 - 24 .
devries p . j . 1987 the butterflies of costa rica and their natural history , volume i : papilionidae , pieridae , nymphalidae princeton university press , baskerville , usa .
linnaeus , c . 1758 systema naturae , ( 10th edn . , facsimile reprint , 1956 ) . london : british museum ( natural history ) .
muses .
encyclopedia mythica from encyclopedia mythica online . urltoken [ accessed may 22 , 2008 ] .
penz cm . 1999 . higher level phylogeny for the passion - vine butterflies ( nymphalidae , heliconiinae ) based on early stage and adult morphology . zoological journal of the linnean society 127 : 277 - 344 .
los heliconiini ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae ) de venezuela . an excellent resource for venezuelan species .
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correspondence regarding this page should be directed to margarita beltrán at , andrew v . z . brower at , and chris jiggins at
beltrán , margarita , andrew v . z . brower , and chris jiggins . 2010 .
each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
there are often striking differences between the different forms of each species , as can be seen in the illustrations here . in some subspecies of erato the cream patch on the forewing is reduced to a group of dashes in the shape of a claw . in others it is replaced by a pair of large orange patches or may even be entirely absent . the basal area of the forewings is usually red , but may be unmarked in some races . the hindwing markings may be red , orange or cream , either in the form of radiating lines , or as a solid median band . perhaps the most dramatic variety is cyrbia , which has a lurid pink band across the forewings , white submarginal rays on the hindwings , and a beautiful metallic blue sheen across the entire wing surface .
this species occurs commonly at elevations between 0 - 1800m on both sides of the andes . it can be seen flying in two ' s or three ' s around clearings , and along roads and tracks through primary forest . it is commoner however in secondary forest , and can be found flying in coffee plantations , gardens , orchards and along roadsides and forest edges . in regions such as guanacaste where seasonality is pronounced , it is common in forest / pasture mosaics during the rainy season , but abandons these in favour of more heavily forested areas in the dry season .
the eggs are yellow , and laid singly on the leaf tips of passiflora . the caterpillars are aggressively cannibalistic . when fully grown they are white , dotted with black and have branched black spines on the back and sides . the head is straw coloured with a pair of recurved black spines . the chrysalis is brown with golden spots on the abdomen and thorax . it has short black spikes on the abdomen and along the costa of the wing cases . the head is bifid , with the labial palpi extended and twisted . the overall impression is of a decaying dead twisted leaf , hanging from a stem .
are attracted by pheromones to the pupae of conspecific females . the day before emergence a female pupa will usually have several males in close attendance . a frantic battle takes place the instant she hatches , as the males all struggle to copulate with her , not even allowing her time to expand and dry her wings . in some other
the males don ' t even wait until the female emerges . instead they physically break open her pupa and copulate as soon as her genitalia are accessible .
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the tribe heliconiini , colloquially known as longwings , includes 71 species , all confined exclusively to the neotropics .
colombia , venezuela and ecuador . in some subspecies such as weymeri and zelinde from colombia the normally broad white band on the forewing is reduced in size or sometimes split into 2 distinct narrow bands resembling those of wallacei and sara . in hermogenes , also from colombia , the band is broken up into a series of widely scattered small white spots . most of the other races have a single broad white band as in galanthus , but have varying amounts of white on the hindwings .
the butterfly is found in forested areas at altitudes between sea level and about 1600m .
hecalesia , hewitsoni , erato , charithonia and sara the males don ' t even wait until the female emerges . instead they physically break open her pupa and copulate as soon as her genitalia are accessible .
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platynota viridana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in the united states in arizona , texas and south carolina .

the wingspan is 13 – 18 mm .

platynota viridana

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powell , j . a . & j . w . brown , 2012 . the moths of north america , fascicle 8 . 1 : p . 136 ; pl . f . 12 - 16 . order
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
lbam id - tools for diagnosing light brown apple moth and related western u . s . leafrollers - epiphyas postvittana ( walker ) .
cite : 1487214 todd m . gilligan & marc e . epstein provide plates , keys and fact sheets for 23 tortricids to aid in separating the invasive pest epiphyas postvittana ( walker ) from our native species . [ i ] acleris hastiana acleris robinsonana acleris senescens acleris variegana amorbia cuneana amorbia emigratella archips argyrospila argyrotaenia franciscana choristoneura rosaceana clepsis clemensiana clepsis fucana clepsis peritana clepsis persicana clepsis virescana cnephasia longana decodes basiplagana decodes fragariana epiphyas postvittana henricus umbrabasana
contributed by maury j . heiman on 14 november , 2012 - 10 : 02am
sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , errichtet von jacob hübner in augsburg ( 1793–1841 ) : updated plates legend .
seachable database with information on the general classification and the diet and feeding behaviour of the orders of insects and arachnids found in canada’s forest environments . cite : 1463600
an invaluable site for synonyms , links to original descriptions , literature , and other information . covers the entire world , but tends to have more complete information for european and north american species . a great place to begin literature searches . cite : 1329955
the best online resource for moths of great britain and ireland . cite : 1329952
includes data formerly on the u . s . geological survey ( usgs ) / the northern prairie wildlife research center ( npwrc ) website . cite : 1178378
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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approx . half inch long . san clemente , orange county , ca . 11 / 27 / 2013 . © robert gorman
[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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erebia ligea , the arran brown , is a member of the satyridae subfamily of the nymphalidae family .

this brown is widespread in south-eastern and northern europe .

it prefers mixed woodlands at low altitudes .

it is rarely seen on open areas .

this species was first described by linnaeus in his 10th edition of systema naturae in 1758 , and the type locality is sweden .

erebia ligea

habitat : erebia ligea colonizes open woods such as floodplain forests , forest gap systems , clearcuts , wooded bog edges , grove rich grasslands etc . erebia ligea is a montane species , which occurs in the low mountains and the alps ( including the northern foreland ) avoids hot , dry and low - lying habitats .
one of the largest erebia it has chequered fringes and a pure white streak on the underside hindwing .
remarks : the distribution ranges from central france across central and northern europe to kamchatka and japan . to the south erebia ligea occurs to northern greece ( own observations e . g . in the vicinity of mount vitsi in july 2011 ) .
a female , from the same location as 17812 . the ocelli are probably normal for female ligea .
clearly a female , based on the length of the unh white mark , although it could be mistaken for euryale subspecies adyte ( the white mark is much larger than that shown in t & l for ligea ) except for the very well - developed unh ocelli which clearly point to ligea .
this semi - obscured shot through the grass does at least show the strong red - ringed ocelli which confirm ligea ( compared to euryale ) beyond any doubt .
etymologi : ligea ( gr . ) = namnet har minst tre möjliga tolkningar , som namn på en nereid , en siren och på en bachantinna . uttal : [ erébia ligéa ]
it could be confused with the probably erroneously - named ( as i find ligea to be larger ) large ringlet ( e . euryale ) where the euryale ocelli are usually blind , at least in the nominate form . the euryale subspecies adyte , which occurs in south eastern france and has white - pupilled ocelli and generally more chequered fringes , is more likely to be confused with ligea , where adyte occurs . however , the ligea unh has a clear white streak from the costa to s5 , more pronounced in the female , which adyte has not .
endangerment factors : in the alps erebia ligea is not so endangered , at least at higher elevations . in the valley bottoms , the low mountains and foothills of the alps , however it is threatened by darkening of the forests , eutrophication , destruction of riparian forests and so - called natural forest management ( dark forest management , single tree selection without clearcutting , separation of forest and pasture ) . additionally , climate change affects especially the populations in lower elevations . on the lower eastern swabian alb a strong decline can be observed in recent decades .
ligea is a large erebia and can be identified by the strongly chequered fringes ( not very clear in 17812 above , as ageing can dull the contrast of the fringes ) , and the three large white - pupilled upf ocelli in s2 , s4 / 5 ( often fused in the female ) , plus possible ocelli of variable size in s3 and occasionally s1 . it also has a wide red upf post - discal band of almost constant width from s2 to s6 , tapering at s1 . the lower end of the altitude range given by lafranchis is 400m , although i have not encountered it below 1000m .
this is another misnamed butterfly as there is no conclusive evidence that it ever occurred on the isle of arran , and it certainly does not now . historically , some specimens from the 19th century purport to have been taken on arran . as the specimens exist , it is unlikely they have been misidentified ( the undersides would be definitive ) , but there may be doubt as to where they were taken . h & r casts doubt on the authenticity of these records , and lionel higgins was noted as being very rigorous in his approach . lowland specimens of the scotch argus ( e . aethiops ) , especially the female , can look remarkably like ligea . but the english names tend to stick , right or wrong , like bath white , camberwell beauty , essex skipper , lulworth skipper , etc .
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wing span : medium - sized , 36–46 mm ( 1 . 41–1 . 8 in . ) .
wing upper side : dark brown , forewing and hind wing with red strip along edge with black spots and eyespots with white centres .
wing underside : forewing dark brown . outer part with red strip with black , white - centred eyespots . hind wing brown , edge with row of clear or unclear eyespots . basal side of eyespots close to centre of wing with one or two white patches . basal part of females’ hind wing darker than outer margin area around eyespots .
the arran brown can be found anywhere in finland : it is common in the south and casual in lapland . annual numbers fluctuate biennially due to the fact that the larvae need two years to develop . the species is most abundant in oddly - numbered years .
like all the ringlets it has eyespots surrounded by a red or reddish yellow area . the arran brown’s flying time is usually later than the arctic or lapland ringlet’s . these and the dewy ringlet lack the arran brown’s continuous red strip along the underside of the forewings and hind wings . the arctic woodland ringlet’s can be continuous , but it lacks the white blotches on the underside of the wing that are typical of the arran brown .
of the butterflies that can be found in finland , several species – especially in lapland where the summers are short and cool – overwinter twice , usually as caterpillars ( sometimes the first year as an egg ) , but never as adults . other species that overwinter twice are :
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the presence of this butterfly in the british isles has long been disputed . however , there are several historical records that would suggest that it was once found in scotland . the first record is from the isle of arran , clyde isles , scotland , in 1803 , from where this butterfly gets its name . any confusion is not helped by the close similarity with the scotch argus , with some specimens of arran brown being discovered within series of scotch argus in old collections .
british specimens of this species are few and far between . there is certainly insufficient evidence to conclusively determine if the species was ever resident , a migrant , or accidentally or deliberately introduced .
this species was first defined in linnaeus ( 1758 ) as shown here ( type locality : sweden ) .
the table below shows a chronology of vernacular names attributed to this species . any qualification of the name ( e . g . male , female ) is shown in brackets after the name .
the primary larval foodplant is grasses ( various ) ( gramineae spp . ) .
boisduval , j . a . ( 1833 ) icones historiques des lépidoptères d ' europe nouveaux .
dalman , j . w . ( 1816 ) kongl . svenska vetenskaps akademiens handlingar .
rafinesque , c . s . ( 1815 ) analyse de la nature ou tableau de l ' univers et des corps organisés .
tutt , j . w . ( 1896 ) the classification of british butterflies . entomologist ' s record and journal of variation .
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the english name comes from the isle of arran in scotland from where it has been doubtfully reported .
with which it often flies . it shares the chequered fringes but the white markings in that species are generally diffuse and merge into the post discal band .
from southeast france eastwards and southwards to northern greece . also scandinavia ( except denmark ) . july / august .
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host plants : the caterpillars feed on grasses ( poaceae and cyperaceae ) . mainly cyperaceae ( e . g . carex alba and luzula spp . ) seem to be more important .
life cycle : the adults fly from june to august . a two - year development is obviously mandatory . the caterpillar overwinters in the egg shell for the first time and the second time in penultimate instar . i found a larva just in last instar , for example , in mid - may 2011 at the iller valley ( southern germany ) in a carex alba dominated light forest and a larva in penultimate instar in late october 2010 on the adelegg ( eisenbacher tobel , a low prealpine massif in southern germany ) ) probably already in hibernation in a pure luzula - spot in moss .
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this is from the same small colony as 17811 , so i have both an upperside and an underside to work on . i believe it is a male based on the body length and what is visible of the body shape , and the fact that the ocelli are not as pronounced ( c . f . 8479 , a known female ) .
a female , rather pale with some loss of scales , but this seems to be a species that is difficult to photograph with open wings .
clearly a female based on body shape and the four huge upf post - discal ocelli with large clear white centres . the edges of the red post - discal bands on both wings are quite jagged .
vingspann 36 - 48 mm . könen är lika . vingarna är på översidan svartbruna till mörkt chokladbruna med regelbundet vitfläckade vingfransar och ett tegelrött tvärband på båda vingparen som omsluter rader av svarta ögonfläckar . på framvingen är de 3 - 4 ögonfläckarna vitkärnade och vanligen något större än de tre ögonfläckarna på bakvingen . på undersidan är framvingen lik översidan , medan bakvingen har ett mer eller mindre tydligt vitt tvärband innanför de tre ögonfläckarna , vilka här endast omges av roströda ringar . i fjällkedjan förekommer underarten dovrensis som är mindre , med smalare tvärband och oftare helsvarta ögonfläckar på översidan och vanligen med det vita tvärbandet på undersidan svagare utvecklat . honan av dovrensis är något ljusare chokladbrun . ägget är avlångt rundat och med skiftande färg från orangegult till gulgrått med tilltagande ålder . larven är sandfärgad med små ljusa punkter ordnade så att den ser ut att vara tvärstrimmig . på ryggen har den en tydligare ljusbrun längslinje och på sidorna en antydan till vita , dubbelt brunkantade linjer . huvudet är ljusbrunt , andningsöppningarna svarta och hela kroppen täckt av kort behåring . puppan är blekt ockragul på vingslidorna med svarta strimmor och i övrigt blekgul med fina svarta punkter på den korta bakkroppen .
skogsgräsfjäril förekommer i hela sverige utom i skåne och på öland och gotland . vidare är det mycket glest med fynd i den nordliga barrskogstaigan mellan fjällkedjan och bottenhavskusten . i norge och finland är arten utbredd till norra finnmark och lappland . utbredningen i nordöst , inklusive kolahalvön , är dock mycket glesare än i nordväst , vilket är ovanligt bland dagfjärilsarter på dessa breddgrader . underarten dovrensis är utbredd från 64° n i fjällkedjan och norr om polcirkeln i finland . i danmark och skottland är arten endast tillfällig . världsutbredningen sträcker sig från europas bergsområden , centralmassivet i frankrike , apenninerna i italien , alperna , karpaterna och lägre bergsområden i södra tyskland , fennoskandien och baltikum genom ryssland och sibirien till kamtjatka , japan och korea . i västra sibirien når arten inte norr om polcirkeln . populationstrenden är stabil i flertalet länder i europa men vikande i belgien , tyskland , tjeckien och litauen .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
skogsgräsfjäril förekommer i hela sverige utom i skåne och på öland och gotland . vidare är det mycket glest med fynd i den nordliga barrskogstaigan mellan fjällkedjan och bottenhavskusten . i norge och finland är arten utbredd till norra finnmark och lappland . utbredningen i nordöst , inklusive kolahalvön , är dock mycket glesare än i nordväst , vilket är ovanligt bland dagfjärilsarter på dessa breddgrader . underarten
är utbredd från 64° n i fjällkedjan och norr om polcirkeln i finland . i danmark och skottland är arten endast tillfällig .
världsutbredningen sträcker sig från europas bergsområden , centralmassivet i frankrike , apenninerna i italien , alperna , karpaterna och lägre bergsområden i södra tyskland , fennoskandien och baltikum genom ryssland och sibirien till kamtjatka , japan och korea . i västra sibirien når arten inte norr om polcirkeln . populationstrenden är stabil i flertalet länder i europa men vikande i belgien , tyskland , tjeckien och litauen .
eliasson , c . u . , ryrholm , n . , holmer , m . , jilg , k . & gärdenfors , u . 2005 . nationalnyckeln till sveriges flora och fauna . fjärilar : dagfjärilar . hesperiidae - nymphalidae . artdatabanken , slu , uppsala .
längre texter , utöver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanställts av : claes u . eliasson , 2005 .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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monoplex corrugatus is a species of predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ranellidae , the triton snails , triton shells or tritons .

monoplex corrugatus

variety cymatium corrugatum var . tremperi dall , 1907 accepted as monoplex amictus ( reeve , 1844 )
( of triton corrugatus lamarck , 1816 ) beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of murex pairodoa risso , 1826 ) risso , a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 pp . , 1 map [ 1826 ] ; vol . 2 : vii + 482 pp . , 8 pls [ november 1827 ] ; vol . 3 : xvi + 480 pp . , 14 pls [ september 1827 ] ; vol . 4 : iv + 439 pp . , 12 pls [ november 1826 ] ; vol . 5 : viii + 400 pp . , 10 pls [ november 1827 ] . . 3 ( xvi ) : 1 - 480 , 14 pls . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cymatium corrugatum ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) lamarck j . b . p . a . de m . de . ( 1816 ) . tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature . vingt troisième partie . mollusques et polypes divers . mme veuve agasse , paris . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of simpulum corrugatum var . minima pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du départment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of simpulum corrugatum var . minor - obesa pallary , 1900 ) pallary p . ( 1900 ) . coquilles marines du littoral du départment d ' oran . journal de conchyliologie . 48 ( 3 ) : 211 - 422 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
beu , a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . comm . [ details ]
( of murex pairodoa risso , 1826 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of simpulum corrugatum var . minor - obesa pallary , 1900 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton affinis deshayes , 1835 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton corrugatum lamarck , 1816 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of simpulum corrugatum ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton corrugatum var . pantanellii de gregorio , 1884 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton corrugatum var . vivopse de gregorio , 1884 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton corrugatum var . intermidens de gregorio , 1884 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of triton corrugatum var . propetuberculifera de gregorio , 1884 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of simpulum corrugatum var . minima pallary , 1900 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 58 publications ) ( from synonym triton corrugatum lamarck , 1816 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 8 publications ) ( from synonym cymatium corrugatum ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym cymatium corrugatum ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym murex pairodoa risso , 1826 ) to clemam ( from synonym triton affinis deshayes , 1835 ) to clemam ( from synonym simpulum corrugatum ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) to clemam ( from synonym triton corrugatum var . pantanellii de gregorio , 1884 ) to clemam ( from synonym triton corrugatum var . vivopse de gregorio , 1884 ) to clemam ( from synonym triton corrugatum var . intermidens de gregorio , 1884 ) to clemam ( from synonym triton corrugatum var . propetuberculifera de gregorio , 1884 ) to clemam ( from synonym simpulum corrugatum var . minima pallary , 1900 ) to clemam ( from synonym simpulum corrugatum var . minor - obesa pallary , 1900 ) to clemam ( from synonym triton corrugatum lamarck , 1816 ) to encyclopedia of life to encyclopedia of life ( from synonym cymatium corrugatum ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym cymatium corrugatum ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym murex pairodoa risso , 1826 ) to pesi ( from synonym triton corrugatum var . pantanellii de gregorio , 1884 ) to pesi ( from synonym simpulum corrugatum ( lamarck , 1816 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym triton affinis deshayes , 1835 ) to pesi ( from synonym triton corrugatum lamarck , 1816 ) to pesi ( from synonym simpulum corrugatum var . minor - obesa pallary , 1900 ) to pesi ( from synonym simpulum corrugatum var . minima pallary , 1900 ) to pesi ( from synonym triton corrugatum var . propetuberculifera de gregorio , 1884 ) to pesi ( from synonym triton corrugatum var . intermidens de gregorio , 1884 ) to pesi ( from synonym triton corrugatum var . vivopse de gregorio , 1884 )
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
lamarck , j . b . p . a . de monet de 1816 . tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature . vingt - troisième partie . mollusques et polypes divers . - pp . [ 1 - 2 ] , 1 - 16 , 391 - 488 , pl . 1 - 98 . paris . ( agasse ) .
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cantabrian sea to angola , madeira to canarias . original taxon : triton corrugatum . synonym : affine . 80 - 100m deep , off malaga , andalucia , spain . 70mm .
an educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .
scroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .
specimen photographed in authors collection 14 . 03 . 16 . the specimen above was trawled by fishermen at a depth of 150m off tenerife , canary islands . august 2009 .
aphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .
the conchological society of great britain and ireland helping to understand , identify , record , and conserve molluscs .
the marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the worldâ€™s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .
the cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .
the cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .
the national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .
why do recorders need open source ?
. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .
the taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .
over 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .
the main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help
people find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .
the ibm strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at urltoken . this repository is populated with tens of thousands of assets and should be your first stop for asset selection .
beu a . ( 2010 ) . catalogue of tonnoidea . pers . com .
( lamarck , 1816 ) . in : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvantidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2014 ) european register of marine species , accessed through pesi at
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
the basic data of this taxon were not entered consulting the original description , but from secondary sources .
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do not be surprised to find cod or mackerel in paris in the late middle ages ( 14th - 15th c . ) . . . the sea did not come that far , but trade did .
in compliance with laws and intellectual property practices in the scientific world , unpublished data under five years ( from excavation reports , analyses , but also academia ) is never communicated .
the dots represent the sites for which a study ( or a simple recording ) of fauna and / or flora was performed ; these sites were recorded in the database zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical inventories of france ( i2af ) . the lack of dots can mean both a lack of data and / or lack of recording .
the dots remain gray when the selected species is absent from the site . symbols of different colour mark the presence of the species in different periods .
to select / deselect one or more periods or to remove the dots corresponding to the listed sites , check / uncheck in the right side .
hovering a dot reveals in the left corner at the bottom of the map , the name of the department or municipality . one click enables the list of sites present on the municipality .
the selection of a site opens a new page that displays general information relating thereto ( other name ( s ) known , location . . . ) , the bibliographical reference ( s ) connected to the species , and a summary of plant and animal species identified per large time period .
a timeline summarizes all known information on the species . the relevant periods or sub - periods when the detail is known , are highlighted in red . tool tip : passing over a period ( palaeolithic for example ) displays the date range of the period .
access to more detailed information is accessible only by convention , after login , for scientists affiliated to groups or institutional programs ( national center of scientific research , national institute of preventive archaeological research , for example ) or associations ( international council for archaeozoology , for example ) .
warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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lamarck j . b . p . a . de m . de . ( 1816 ) . tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature . vingt troisième partie . mollusques et polypes divers . mme veuve agasse , paris . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
note not stated ; stated as unknown in lamarck ( 1822 : . . .
distribution eastern atlantic , from southern portugal to southern morocco and the canary islands ; mediterranean ; uncommon in 20 - 100 m . . . .
distribution eastern atlantic , from southern portugal to southern morocco and the canary islands ; mediterranean ; uncommon in 20 - 100 m . josephine , ampère and seine seamounts , rare in 140 - 280 m [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
biology type of larval development : planktotrophic , inferred from multispiral protoconch . [ details ]