the black pomfret , parastromateus niger , is a species of carangid native to reefs of the indian ocean and the western pacific ocean , where it is found at depths from 15 to 105 m ( 49 to 344 ft ) , though it is rarely found deeper than 40 m ( 130 ft ) .

this species grows to 75 cm ( 30 in ) in total length and is very important to local commercial fisheries .

black pomfret

english : black batfish , black pomfret , black pompano , blue skate , brown pomfret , butterfish , false buttefish , german - fish , halibut , jack - pomfret , pomfret , slade , sweep , turbot .
en - black pomfret , fr - castagnoline noire , sp - palometa negra .
figure 7 : the relationship between age and otolithweigth of black pomfret in oman sea .
figure 3 : the relationship between age and total length of black pomfret in oman sea .
figure 4 : the relationship between age and total weight of black pomfret in oman sea .
figure 5 : the relationship between age and otolith length of black pomfret in oman sea .
figure 6 : the relationship between age and otolith width of black pomfret in oman sea .
figure 8 : the relationship between total length and total weight of black pomfret in oman sea .
table 1 : frequency distribution of length , weight and age of black pomfret in oman sea - 2012 .
tan hh ( 2009 ) observations on the black pomfret , parastromateusniger ( teleosteiperciformescarangidae ) . nature insingapore 2 : 167 - 169 .
rawa fried black pomfret reminds me of the times when i was a kid . i used to hate pomfret like anything . i hardly used to eat it . soon after my marriage i started eating white pomfret . i started liking it . one fine day hubby dear got some black pomfret and asked me to cook . i cooked it like any other fish . while having lunch , he asked me to taste a bit . first i said no , then i tried . i really liked it a lot .
black batfish , blue skate , butterfish , doggie , halibut , slade , turbot .
juvenile and adult black pomfret look quite different . the head , body and caudal fin of juveniles are strongly banded . adults are not banded but are silvery - grey to bluish - brown all over .
was searching for black pomfret on google and this page showed up right below the wikipedia entry . second position in search results ! damn good job ! just go easy on the ' apostrophe s ' , if you know what i mean 🙂
citation : yadollahvand r , rahnama b ( 2014 ) the age determination of black pomfret ( parastromateus niger ) , based on otolith cross sections in iranian coast of oman sea . j aquac res development 5 : 261 . doi : 10 . 4172 / 2155 - 9546 . 1000261
amazing big black pomfret fish cutting , chanduva fish cutting , big pomfret fish cutting hd , the black pomfret fish cutting , pampus argenteus fish cutting , amazing cutting fish hd , this fish is a little different than most with hard keels , because the keel doesn ' t go all the way forward . if you don ' t intend to cook head - on you should cut the head off immediately ( make cuts around the collar , then cut the backbone from the side ) to make cleaning easy . thank you so much for watching please subscribe to my channel : urltoken more easy and tasty recipes videos click here : urltoken famous mutton recipes : urltoken amazing fish cutting videos : urltoken best non veg food recipes in village style : urltoken chicken vs goat meat recipes compilation : urltoken
g ' day raksha , googled black pomfret fish and found you ! unfamiliar with this chinese fish but is onsale everywhere for memorial day holiday . i stopped eating fried foods 40 years ago . do you have an alternative recipe for cooking this ? tempting as your fried recipe sounds ! thank you , raksha . robin
actually not a pomfret but a pompano ( the two families look a lot alike ) , this is an indo - west pacific fish ranging from the north coast of australia to southern japan and from africa to borneo . it can grow to 29 inches but the photo specimen was 10 - 1 / 2 inches and weighed just over 15 ounces , toward the large size seen in the markets . black pomfret vary in darkness - the photo specimen is darker than many . though highly commercial this is a fast breeding fish and not considered threatened . this is the fish we feature on our broiling fish page .
this study was conducted to determine the age of black pomfret ( parastromateus niger ) , based on otolith cross sections . the age of black pomfret was determined in the oman sea ( sistan and baluchistan province ) , examining 94 specimens , in september 2012 . from 94 otolith , 36 was sectioned and determined by age . the oldest specimen belonged to the female , with the total length of 56 cm , 6 years old and also the youngest specimen belonged to the female , with the total length of 21 cm , was estimated in 1 year . the smallest and largest specimens were 21 and 56 cm and 190 and 2161 g , respectively . the relationship between otolith size and the size and age of the fish showed that the otolith size has a strong and direct correlation with the age , total length and weight of the fish .
trevallys ( including bigeye , black , bluefin , bluespotted , diamond , giant , golden and silver trevallys ) , darts , jack mackerel , queenfish , samsonfish , turrum , yellowtail kingfish , yellowtail scad .
biometric characters include length , height and area of otolith that was determined from whole otolith against black background , using reflected light , viewed and photographed with a low power stereo - microscope with ez40 camera ( figure 2 ) .
deep or grayish brown with blue reflections ; cheeks , opercle and abdomen are likely in same color and pale or brownish . at the end region of dorsal and anal is stained towards their margins ; black color present in pectoral and caudal edge .
black pomfret , parastromateus niger , belongs to the class actinopterygii , order perciformes , family carangidae and genus parastromateus [ 1 ] . this species is the only known member of its genus . its coloration is silvery grey to bluish brown and attains 55 cm . it’s a pelagic species often occurring in large schools in 15 - 40 m , generally over muddy bottoms [ 2 ] . it is distributed from across the persian gulf and oman sea , tropical , subtropical and temperate seas of the world , indian and pacific oceans , china and the malay archipelago [ 3 ] and is one of the most important species to local commercial fisheries .
the ratio also between length of fish and the lengh of otolith was estimated from 15 species of rock fish , sebastes spp . studied by echeverria [ 16 ] that linear correlation was significant ( r 2 > 0 . 92 ) , but 13 species of rock fish indicated significant correlation ( r 2 > 0 . 8 ) , and in two of them calculated nearly significant correlation ( r 2 ≥ 0 . 61 ) . hunt [ 20 ] investigated that weight of otolith as the best indicator to determine the age and length of the fish and also the most easily measured parameter to be determined , that our results also confirm it . thus correlation between fish size and the size of the otolith ( ear stones ) resulted that the length , width , and weight , are standard indicators for the growth measurement . also this research studies showed in food habits and food chain of predators ( marine mammals , sea birds , fish and other predators ) , in order to determine the size of fish that are usually hunting according to length , width or weight of otolith achieved useful [ 21 ] . black pomfret is one of the most important fish species with high commercial value that catch throughout the iranian coastal strip of oman sea . due to the economic importance of this species and the lack of enough information of its population and operational status , this study was essential for correct management , for sustainable exploitation of its resources . also this suggests that otolith could be used in research on wild populations of other species for age determinations , birth date back - calculations , growth rate estimates in the early life history stages , population discrimination , spawning location investigation , etc in this area [ 22 ] .
greek , para in the side of + greek , stromatos = a fish flattened body with a lot of colours ( stromateus sp . ) ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; brackish ; reef - associated ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 15 - 105 m ( ref . 12260 ) , usually 15 - 40 m ( ref . 54702 ) . tropical ; 42°n - 30°s , 32°e - 154°e
maturity : l m ? , range 22 - 24 cm max length : 75 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5284 ) ; common length : 30 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3287 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 2 - 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 41 - 46 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 35 - 40 ; vertebrae : 24 . deep - bodied and strongly compressed fishes . lateral line ends in weakly - developed scutes on the caudal peduncle . pelvic fins lost in individuals over 9 cm . color is brown above , silvery - white below . the anterior parts of the dorsal and anal fins bluish - gray . the other fins yellowish .
adults inhabit coastal areas with muddy substrate . found near the bottom during daytime and near the surface at night . they also enter estuaries ( ref . 1479 ) . normally form large schools ( ref . 5213 ) . swim on its side near the surface ( ref . 3197 ) . feed on zooplankton ( ref . 30573 ) . excellent food fish ( ref . 3197 ) ; marketed fresh , may be dried or salted ( ref . 5284 ) .
paxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )
) : 24 . 3 - 29 . 1 , mean 28 . 1 ( based on 1436 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02630 ( 0 . 02143 - 0 . 03228 ) , b = 2 . 90 ( 2 . 84 - 2 . 96 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 35 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 6 ; fec = 1 , 692 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ) .
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this delicious fish provides light colored flesh with a very pleasant flavor - mild but not bland . there is a dark strip under the skin but it is not noticeably stronger in flavor than the light flesh . the flesh holds together very well for all forms of wet cooking and pan frying but flakes easily on the plate . because the skin shrinks little it is an excellent fish for baking or steaming whole or pan dressed . it is a very good shape for cooking whole .
buying : these fish are very commonly available in asian markets . they come in two basic size groups , about 8 to 11 inches and 5 to 7 inches . the larger are usually on ice or frozen packed in foam trays , the smaller frozen in bags .
scales : this fish is completely covered with tiny scales with moderate adhesion . they scrape off fairly easily with only moderate flying around .
cleaning : this fish is a little different than most with hard keels , because the keel doesn ' t go all the way forward . if you don ' t intend to cook head - on you should cut the head off immediately ( make cuts around the collar , then cut the backbone from the side ) to make cleaning easy .
if , as is often the case , you wish to cook the fish head - on , this can be done in such a way as to have a fish with two good sides . make a cut from the vent to under the chin as for cleaning and filleting a round fish . then pull out the gills using your long nose pliers . this will free up the innards enough so you can hook them partially out with a finger and then all the way out with the pliers . there will be a little bit of soft stuff left in the cavity aft of the vent on each side of the keel , but you can scoop that out with a finger .
fillet : this is an easy fish to fillet , having a coherent and easy to follow fin / bone structure , outline the fillet by cutting through the skin top and bottom . cut down to the backbone from front to tail , then over the tail and work forward . when you get to the rib cage you can pretty much pull the fillet off the ribs , or cut them from the backbone with kitchen shears and pull them from the fillet . if you will be using fillets skin - on , cut away the hard skutes , just for the straight part at the tail . there are long centerline pin bones for the length of the body cavity that need to be pulled . farther back you can still feel them but they ' ll pretty much disappear in cooking , for details see our cleaning and filleting deep bodied fish page .
yield : three fish of almost the same size and averaging 10 - 1 / 4 inches long weighed 43 . 13 ounces . yield was 23 . 37 ounces ( 54 % ) skin - on and 20 . 25 ounces ( 47 % ) skin - off . a 14 inch 1 pound 10 - 3 / 8 ounce fish yielded only about 1 % more , but smaller fish will yield a slightly lower percentage .
skin : taste of the skin is stronger than that of the flesh but still fairly mild , and the skin has almost no shrink . this makes it an excellent fish for pan frying skin - on and for baking , poaching or steaming whole . a skin - on fillet will curl noticeably when poached but not nearly so much as most fish . the skin can be removed by the usual long knife and cutting board method , but with more care and effort than with most fish , because the skin adheres hard to the flesh . the knife blade must be held at a very shallow angle , almost horizontal to avoid cutting the skin , but it will come off with no flesh at all if you do it right .
stock : heads ( gills removed and split ) , bones , fins and skins make an excellent mild almost clear stock with almost no oil - one of the best for soup . do remove the little oil there is with your gravy separator . for details see our fish stock page .
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south africa , mozambique , kenya , the arabian sea , bay of bengal , indonesia , the philippines , china , southern japan and australia . most abundant on the west coast of india and indonesia .
pelagic on the continental shelf . generally near the bottom during the day , rising to near the surface at night . often occurs in large schools , and not uncommonly observed swimming on their sides . usually found in 15 to 40 m depth , generally over muddy bottoms . feeds on zooplankton . a large parasitic isopod is often present clinging to the tongue .
the total catch reported for this species to fao for 1999 was 54 280 t . the countries with the largest catches were indonesia ( 34 340 t ) and thailand ( 6 600 t ) . most be sold fresh ; a few are frozen .
malay / indonesian : bawar , bawal hitam , bawal tambak , dueh hitam .
catalog on line . fischer , w . ; g . bianchi ( eds . ) . - 1984 fao species identification sheets for fishery purposes . western indian ocean ( fishing area 51 ) . prepared and printed with the support of the danish international development agency ( danida ) . rome , food and agricultural organization of the united nations , vol . i - 6 : pag . var . fishbase : iclarm .
the species occurs in tropical waters of the indo - west pacific region . in australia , it is known from tropical waters of western australia , the northern territory and northern queensland .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . source : atlas of living australia .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
randall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press . pp . 557 .
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1 department of marine biology , faculty of marine sciences , tarbiat modares university , p . o . box 64414 - 356 , noor , mazandaran , iran
2 environmental sciences , baharan institute of higher education , p . o . box 49166 - 94187 , gorgan , golestan , iran
copyright : © 2014 yadollahvand r , et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
the age composition of a fish stock is an important parameter used in stock assessment models in fisheries management [ 4 ] . knowing the age of a fish provides a clue to its longevity , age at first maturity , age of recruitment , and growth . therefore , ageing fish accurately is indispensable to the understanding of the dynamics of their stocks [ 5 , 6 ] . changes in age structure of population or growth rates can be used to detect environmental changes and / or ecological conditions influencing the growth . slow growth may indicate limited food resources , overpopulation , competition with another species , or unfavorable environmental conditions [ 7 ] . age determination in bony fish can be carried out by counting seasonal growth annuli appearing on hard structures such as the otolith , scale , fin ray , and spine . otolith is the most preferred of these structures [ 4 , 5 ] .
otoliths are structures located in the inner ear cavity of all fish and serve as a balance organ and also aid in hearing . otoliths are composed mainly of calcium carbonate ( caco 3 ) mostly in the form of aragonite . they have been used traditionally to obtain information about the taxon , age and size of fish . the size and shape also vary considerably among species [ 8 ] . besides age and growth determination , otoliths have been the object of study in many different fields , such as fish biology ( hearing and balance in fish ) , larval fish ecology , species identification , fish stock identification , growth parameters and migration and environmental reconstruction of the fish habitat [ 6 , 8 ] . from its first documented use in 1899 , using fish otoliths as age structures has become ubiquitous [ 9 ] . investigations of the time - keeping properties of fish otoliths have indicated that age is explained principally in term of otolith weight and fish length [ 10 ] . on the other hand , otolith size is highly correlated with fish size since they are both controlled by the same metabolic process [ 11 ] . theoretically , a pair of annual rings is formed every year , an opaque summer ring and a hyaline winter ring . the opaque ring is formed during the growth season and is broader than the hyaline ring , which is formed during the winter period , where the growth slowdown . the age of the fish is usually determined by counting the hyaline rings [ 12 ] . any major change in the environment in which a fish lives is likely to produce a ring . in the earth’s temperate zones differences between summer and winter are marked by both changes in water temperatures and amounts of food available . also some when daily increments of growth have been detected on fish otoliths [ 8 ] .
the aim of this study is to examine the relationship between otolith length , width and weight and fish length and age in samples of p . niger collected from the commercial catch landed from the oman and tests the hypothesis that this strictly objective measurement can be used to determine age of this fish . this research was the first study of these relationships for p . niger from oman sea .
94 specimens were collected through commercial fisheries and fisheries research area of oman waters in september 2012 in sistan and baluchistan province ( figure 1 ) . the fish were measured ( total length , centimeter ) and weighed ( total weight , gram ) and the sex were identified with direct observation of gonads after dissection . from each fish , sagittal otolith were removed . of 94 otolith , 36 was cleaned , dried , weighed to nearest 0 . 1 mg and then stored dry in labelled envelopes .
figure 1 : map of sampling location of the p . niger in the oman sea , iran .
figure 2 : schematic picture of an otolith and its biometric parameters [ 22 ] .
the otoliths embedded in highly transparent resin and transversely sectioned through the nucleus , using a low - speed rotating precision saw ( 60 rpm ) . the section thus obtained , about 400 μm thick , is glued onto a glass slide by thermoplastic cement , ground and polished [ 13 , 14 ] . then sections were photographed with stereomicroscope at 10x magnification under reflected light . viewed thus , the hyaline ( winter ) zones appear as narrow dark bands and the opaque ( summer growth ) zones as broader milky zones . the age was estimated as the number of hyaline zones . the minimum number of readers is accepted as 5 persons .
images of cross sections were analyzed using adobe photoshop cs6 and spss ( version 21 ) and microsoft excel software package was used to analyze the data ( frequency distribution of length , weight and age ) and to examine the relationship between otolith and fish parameters and age ( linear regression ) .
of 94 specimens of p . niger , 57 specimens were females , 35 specimens were males and two species were not detectable . table 1 shows the frequency , mean , minimum , maximum and range of total length , fish weight and age .
there is a linear equation in the form of y = 6 . 0602x + 13 . 95 and correlation is ( r 2 = 0 . 8788 ) in relationship between age–total length ( male and female ) , so there is a strong and direct relationship between these two traits ( figure 3 ) .
there is a linear equation in the form of y = 424 . 99x + 548 . 21 and correlation is ( r 2 = 0 . 9085 ) in relationship between age–total weight ( male and female ) , so there is a strong and direct relationship between these two traits ( figure 4 ) .
there is a linear equation in the form of y = 0 . 7469x + 4 . 8111 and correlation is ( r 2 = 0 . 8384 ) in relationship between age–otolith length , so there is a strong and direct relationship between these two traits ( figure 5 ) .
there is a linear equation in the form of y = 0 . 2672x + 2 . 2026 and correlation is ( r 2 = 0 . 8604 ) in relationship between age–otolith width , so there is a strong and direct relationship between these two traits ( figure 6 ) .
there is a linear equation in the form of y = 0 . 0036x + 0 . 0006 and correlation is ( r 2 = 0 . 9383 ) in relationship between age–otolith weigth , so there is a strong and direct relationship between these two traits ( figure 7 ) .
there is an exponential equation in the form of y = 0 . 1381x 2 . 3869 and correlation is ( r 2 = 0 . 9824 ) in relationship between total length and total weigth and b = 2 . 3869 , that showed negative allometric growth ( figure 8 ) .
we wish to thank mr . taghi azhir from tonekabon coldwater fisheries research center , dr . mahmoud ghasempouri from tarbiat modares university and staff of baharan institute of higher education , for scientific and technical support and laboratory facilities .
smith mm , heemstra pc ( 1988 ) smith ' s sea fishes . southern book publishers , south africa .
bannikov af ( 1987 ) phylogenetic relationships of carangid fishes of the caranginae subfamily . paleontol j 3 : 48 - 59 .
metin g , ilkyaz t ( 2008 ) use of otolithlenthand weight in age determination of peor cod ( trisopterusminutus linn , 1758 ) . turk j zool 32 : 293 - 297 .
gaamour a , khemiri s ( 2004 ) age determination procedure for fishes at the sclerochronology laboratory of the instm .
li xq , chen yf , he dk , chen f ( 2010 ) otolith characteristics and age determination of an endemic ptychobarbusdipogon ( regan , 1905 ) ( cyprinidaeschizothoracinae ) in the yarlungtsangpo river , tibet . develop environ biol fishes 86 : 53 - 61 .
kruse cg , hubert wa , rahel fj ( 1997 ) using otoliths and scales to describe age and growth of yellowstone cutthroat trout in a high - elevation stream system , wyoming . northwest sci 71 : 30 - 38 .
mendoza rpr ( 2006 ) otoliths and their applications in fishery science . ribartsvo 64 : 89 - 102 .
munk k , smikrud km ( 2002 ) relationships of otolith size to fish size and otolith ages for yelloweye sebastesruberrimus and quillback s . maliger rockfishes . alaska department of fish & game , alaska , usa .
boehlert gw ( 1985 ) using objective criteria and multiple regression models for age determination in fishes . fish bull 83 : 103 - 117 .
mourad mh ( 1999 ) age determination of trachinotusovatus ( l . ) based on otolith weight . mar sci 10 : 149 - 155 .
hassager tk ( 1991 ) comparison of three different otolith - based methods for age determination of turbot ( scophthalmusmaximus ) . dana 9 : 39 - 43 .
rizzo p , gancitano s , badalucco c , fiorentino f ( 2005 ) age estimation from “hard struc - tures” of exploited marine organisms in the experience of cnr centre of mazara del vallo the procedures adopted and the maximum ages estimated . report of the workshop on standardization of fish age determination based on otolith samples in the medsudmed project area .
oliver p , alvarez f , morales - nin b ( 1989 ) report on the age - reading workshop on mediterranean european hake and sardine , palma de mallorca , spain . fao fisheries report 447 : 79 - 84 .
song z , fu z , li j , yue b ( 2008 ) validation of daily otolith increments in larval and juvenile chinese sucker , myxocyprinusasiaticus . environ biol fish 82 : 165 - 171 .
echeverria tw ( 1987 ) relationship of otolith length to total length in rockfishes from northern and central california . fish bull 85 : 383 - 387 .
casteel rw ( 1974 ) identification of the species of pacific salmon ( genus oncorhynchus ) native to north america based upon otoliths . copeia 2 : 305 - 311 .
mckern jl , horton hf , koski kv ( 1974 ) development of steelhead trout ( salmogairdneri ) otoliths , and their use for age analysis and for separating summer from winter races and wild from hatchery stocks . j fish res board can 31 : 1420 - 1426 .
spratt jd ( 1975 ) growth rate of the northern anchovy , engraulismordax , in southern california waters , calculated from otoliths . jcalif fish game 61 : 116 - 126 .
hunt jj ( 1992 ) morphological characteristics of otoliths for selected fish in the northwest atlantic . j northwatl fish sci 13 : 63 - 75 .
harvey tj , loughlin rt , perez am , oxman sd ( 2000 ) relationship between fish size and otolith length for 63 species of fishes from the eastern north pacific ocean . national marine fisheries service , usa .
short ja , gburski cm , kimura dk ( 2006 ) using otolithmorphometrics to separate small walleye pollock , theragrachalcogramma , from arctic cod , boreogadussaida , in mixed samples . alaska fish res bull 12 : 147 - 152 .
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research has shown that eating fish and shellfish regularly is beneficial to our bodies in many ways ; here are ten great reasons to introduce a little more seafood into your diet .
it ' s no coincidence that fish - eating inuit populations in the arctic have low levels of heart disease ; seafood is low in saturated fat and high in omega - 3 , ( which can both ) protect the heart from disease and lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood . one study has even suggested that an extra portion of fish every week can cut risk of heart disease in half .
eating fish can improve your circulation and reduce the risk of thrombosis . the epa and dha - omega - 3 oils - in seafood can save your body from having to produce eicosanoids , a hormone - like substance which can make you more likely to suffer from blood clots and inflammation .
eating fish as a regular part of a balanced diet has been shown to ease the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis , a condition which causes the joins to swell up . recent research has also found a link between omega - 3 fats and osteoarthritis , suggesting that eating more seafood could help to prevent the disease .
eating oil - rich fish regularly can help to keep the eyes bright and healthy . a recent study has suggested that omega - 3 fatty acids can help to protect the eyesight of those suffering from age - related macular degeneration ( amd ) , a condition which causes the retina to degenerate and the eyesight to become blurred . fish and shellfish also contain retinol , a form of vitamin a which boosts night vision .
seafood provides the body with many essential nutrients which keep us running smoothly , including iodine , selenium , zinc and potassium . iodine is important for the thyroid gland , and selenium makes enzymes which can help to protect us from cancer . fish and shellfish are also excellent sources of many vitamins , including vitamins a and d .
a number of studies have indicated that fish and shellfish may help to protect our lungs . not only can seafood relieve the symptoms of asthma in children , but it has shown signs of preventing it . eating a lot of fish can also keep your lungs stronger and healthier as you age in comparison to those who don ' t eat a lot of fish .
seafood may also play a large part in preventing depression ; research has highlighted links between low omega - 3 levels and a higher risk of depression . seafood could also help us to avoid seasonal affective disorder ( sad ) and post - natal depression .
not only does omega - 3 help to protect the skin from the harmful effects of the uv damage , but eating lots of fish can also help with the symptoms of skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis . fish is also a great source of protein , which is an essential ingredient of collagen , a substance which keeps the skin firm and flexible .
evidence suggests that a diet rich in fish oils can help to protect us against serious inflammatory bowel diseases ( bd ) including crohn ' s disease and ulcerative colitis . there is also evidence to suggest that omega - 3 could help to slow the progression of inflammatory bowel disease in some sufferers .
the human brain is almost 60 % fat , with much of this being omega - 3 fat . probably for this reason , research has indicated that people who eat plenty of seafood are less likely to suffer dementia and memory problems in later life . dha , an omega - 3 fat found in seafood , has also been linked to improvements in children ' s concentration , reading skills , behaviour , and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) .
now my kiddo is growing up , and i always try to give her almost all types of fish . since she is small she can’t identify the different types of fish . but she loves fish . from the smell of fish frying in kitchen , my toddler can identify that fish is cooked and she keeps waiting for her little share .
but the fish that we get here in bangalore is not that fresh and cheap as in goa . here it’s very costly . but we goan’s can’t do without fish . so atleast once in a while we get some fish and try out different things .
many people ask me about the smell of fish and how we eat them . this question is mostly asked by vegetarian people . but one thing is if the fish is washed well and marinated well with turmeric powder and salt , the smell ceases to appear . sometimes when i pass from near people’s house , i get dirty smell of fish frying in their kitchen . this is either because it’s not cleaned and marinated properly or because the fish is not fresh .
cleanliness is of utmost important if non - neg food is cooked in kitchen . the fish or any non - veg item should be cleaned thoroughly . then it should be cooked completely and the waste should be disposed off before it starts stinking . so every time i cook fish or chicken , i clean my kitchen very well with dettol or phenyl . we gsb’s i . e . “ goud saraswat bramhins ” in goa always cook fish and that too in a clean and hygienic way .
apply this to the fish and let it marinate for 30 min’s to 1 hour .
mix the rice flour , rawa , pinch of salt , 1 / 4 tsp each of turmeric powder and chilly powder . put this on a big plate .
coat the fish in this rawa . ensure that it is coated with rawa on both sides and the edges too .
heat the frying pan and spread 1 tablespoon oil . add more if required .
always fry fish on low flame and do not cover it while frying . marinated fish will stay fresh in deep freezer for upto 2 weeks . just thaw and fry .
wat a super tempting and inviting fish fry , seriously can have it anytime .
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i am a software engineer , a food blogger from bangalore , a food stylist , food photographer and a recipe developer . raksha ' s kitchen was created due to my passion for food and for documenting my experiments in my kitchen . you can find easy and yummy recipes on my website which are simple to cook .
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systematic position phylum : chordata class : actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) order : perciformes ( perches ) family : carangidae ( jacks and pompanos ) genus : parastromateus species : p . niger
distributions : india , malay archipelago and china ( day , 1958 ) ; distributed in bay of bengal , eastern sea of india , afirca and japan ( shafi and quddus , 2003 ) .
morphology : body deeply compressed . ventral and abdominal profiles equally convex . belly strongly keeled . eyes sub - cutaneous . mouth slighty oblique , maxillary enlarged at below front border of eye . needle like teeth present but almost absent in adult . teeth in jaws slender , pointed and inserted on a ridge . opercular bone smooth and contain deciduous scales .
dorsal and anal have very concave external margin which posteriorly very low and anteriorly much elevated . lateral line in form of a raised keel with lateral shields . caudal base is narrow and deeply forked , pelvic wanting in adults but in young it is well developed . pectoral fin started at the end of post orbital part of head .
head length 3 . 0 - 3 . 4 times in standard length . and 4 . 5 in total length ; height 1 . 5 - 1 . 8 in standard , 2 . 5 - 3 . 0 in total length ; eye diameter is 3 . 8 - 4 . 2 ; snout 1 . 1 - 1 . 3 ; interorbital 1 . 2 - 1 . 5 ; convex and keeled ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 )
fin formula : d . v / 42 - 44 ; p1 . 22 ; a . iii / 33 - 35 ; c . 19 ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 )
maximum length : 60 cm ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ; huda et al . , 2003 ) .
habitats : bay of bengal and estuaries ( rahman , 1989 and 2005 ) ; muddy bottom , form a colony to live , often found in estuary ( shafi and quddus , 2003 ) ; coast , gulf of manaar and trawling ( munro , 2000 ) ; lives in estuary ( iucn bangladesh , 2000 ) . available in the sundarbans ( huda et al . , 2003 ) .
food and feeding : thaliaceans42 . 8℅ , shrimp14 . 8℅ , scale of fish6 . 7 % , crustacean4 . 0 % , amphopodes3 . 7 % , cattle fish0 . 7 % , polychaeta0 . 4 % , medusa 0 . 2 % , and other dirty things25 . 6 % . fishes of different ages takes different food but thaliaceans are taken by fishes of all ages . during october to december their tendency of taking food becomes ( shafi and quddus , 2003 ) .
spawing : they lay eggs during july to october but mostly in august to september . this type of fish lays eggs only a specific time in a year ( shafi and quddus , 2003 ) .
fishery info : it is an important food fish and excellent in taste . it is also taken as food in dried condition .
bloch me ( 1795 ) naturgeschichte der ausländischen fische . berlin . naturgeschichte der ausländischen fische . 9 : i - ii + 1 - 192 , pp . 397 - 429 .
day f ( 1958 ) the fishes of india : being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and freshwater of india . , burma and ceylon . reproduced in 1958 by william dowson and sons , london . 247 pp .
evermann bw and seale a ( 1907 ) fishes of the philippine islands . bulletin of the bureau of fisheries 26 : 49 - 110 .
huda ms , haque me , babul as and shil nc ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) field guide to finfishes of sundarban , aquatic resources division , sundarban , boyra , khulna , bangladesh , p . 117 .
iucn bangladesh ( 2000 ) red book of threatened fishes of bangladesh , iucn - the world conservation union . xii + 116 pp .
munro isr ( 2000 ) the marin and freshwater fishes of ceylon . dept . of external affairs , canberra . 224 p .
rahman aka ( 1989 ) freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 1st edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 264 - 265 .
rahman aka ( 2005 ) freshwater fishes of bangladesh , 2 nd edition , zoological society of bangladesh , department of zoology , university of dhaka , dhaka - 1000 , pp . 288 - 289 .
shafi m and quddus mma ( 2003 ) bangopshagorer matsho shampad ( in bengali ) kabir publication . 393 p .
to md . abdus salam romel , student of b . sc . fisheries ( hons . ) part 4 , department of fisheries , university of rajshahi , bangladesh for providing me the photograph , used in this article .
ms student , department of fisheries , university of rajshahi , rajshahi - 6205 , bangladesh . email : smanaser @ gmail . com ; smanaser @ bdfish . org . more . . .
license . you may use any content ( of this site ) only non - commercial purpose with proper citation under the same license at your own caution . | the contents and opinions expressed herein are those of the author ( s ) and do not necessarily reflect the views of bdfish . |
learn about the following species groups ( including their most common members , as well as purchasing , storage and cooking information ) , or select a specific species from the species list on the right .
this brown - grey , diamond - shaped fish resembles the unrelated pomfrets of south east asia , which despite the name belong to a different family . available wild caught it is a free - swimming surface - dwelling fish usually found in shallow waters off northern australia , and caught mainly as bycatch of coastal net - fisheries .
commonly 25 - 35cm and 300g - 800g , but can grow to 2 . 6kg and 55cm .
sold whole ( gilled and gutted ) ; look for lustrous skin , firm flesh , and a pleasant , fresh sea smell .
make sure whole fish is scaled , gilled , gutted and cleaned thoroughly . lay fish in a single layer on a plate and cover with plastic wrap or place in an airtight container . refrigerate for up to 3 days or freeze for up to 3 months , below - 18ºc .
average yield is 35 % . has a slightly fishy flavour , and slightly oily , medium - textured flesh with medium flakes and few bones , which are easily removed . the thick skin is best removed .
steam , poach , deep - fry , pan - fry , bake , grill , barbecue , smoke , pickle , raw ( sashimi ) . it can tend to be dry so marinating prior to cooking helps prevent drying out , as does wrapping in foil or banana leaves if baking or barbecuing .
basil , caraway , chilli , coriander , cumin , curry , fennel , garlic , ginger , herbs ( such as coriander , dill , french tarragon , parsley , sage , thyme ) , lemon , lime , olive oil , onion , oregano , sesame oil , soy sauce , tamarind , teriyaki sauce , tomato , vinegar , wasabi , white wine .


dasypus bellus , the beautiful armadillo , is an extinct armadillo species endemic to north america and south america from the pleistocene , living from 1.8 mya — 11,000 years ago , existing for approximately 1.789 million years .

slightly larger than its living relative , the nine-banded armadillo , its fossils are known from bolivia , argentina , and brazil to florida .

records extend west to new mexico and north to iowa and indiana .

dasypus bellus

dasypus bellus looked like today’s modern nine - banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus , or common long - nosed armadillo ) , except it was much larger . the modern nine - banded armadillo is a cousin , if not a direct descendant of the “beautiful armadillo” .
dasypus bellus was morphologically very similar to the living nine - banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus ) except considerably larger ; in the late pleistocene , they were about twice the size of d . novemcinctus ( kurtén and anderson 1980 ) . a drawing comparing the two is shown on the illinois state museum site .
dasypus bellus–the supposedly extinct beautiful armadillo . note it is also 9 - banded . i propose it’s the same species as the modern day 9 - banded armadillo which is nothing other than a dwarf mutation of this pleistocene species .
the beautiful armadillo ( scientific name dasypus bellus ) was a larger cousin of the modern nine - banded armadillo ( scientific name dasypus novemcinctus ) . the latter species is still found throughout the southeastern u . s . the drawing above shows an extinct beautiful armadillo in the background with a modern nine - banded armadillo in the foreground .
this picture compares a few bony scutes from a beautiful armadillo , dasypus bellus , with similar scutes from a modern nine - banded armadillo , dasypus novemcinctus . the larger , more robust scutes to the left of the dime are beautiful armadillo scutes ; the smaller scutes to the right of the dime are from a modern nine - banded armadillo .
a recent dna study supports my hypothesis . brandon letts and betti shapiro were able to recover dna from a fossil specimen of dasypus bellus . they compared this dna with dasypus novemcinctus dna and concluded the 2 species showed a “surprisingly close relationship . ” surprisingly close enough to be considered the same species ? dna studies along this line are in their infancy . i hope more studies like this are on the way .
mcbee , k . and baker , r . j . 1982 . dasypus novemcinctus . mammalian species 162 : 1 - 9 .
the extinct taxon dasypus bellus has long been considered identical to the extant dasypus novemcinctus osteologically when disregarding allometric differences . in this study , we undertake a preliminary investigation into this extinct taxon and an extant relative d . novemcinctus , by comparing the calcanea of these two dasypodids . clear osteological differences are observed including a mediolaterally - reduced facet region , an anteriorly - shortened calcaneal head , a reduced peroneal process , and a curved and dorsoventrally - shortened calcaneal foot in d . bellus . such characters are not allometric and likely correlate to distinct behavioral differences . specifically , we suggest that d . novemcinctus maintains a more fossorial lifestyle , while the larger d . bellus was likely more terrestrial , with potentially little digging behavior . such lifestyle differences could not only explain the osteological differences present , but also why fossils of d . bellus have been recovered farther north than the present range of d . novemcinctus . fossils of dasypus may need to be re - evaluated to determine how these two taxa relate temporally and geographically , which may have further implications regarding some past interpretations and provide new details on the behavior and potential relationships between these ( and other ) xenarthrans .
[ … ] the pleistocene armadillo ( dasypus bellus ) has been found to be genetically similar to the modern day 9 - banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus ) . i hypothesize the modern species is simply a dwarf ecomorph of the larger pleistocene species . from a refuge located in south america this dwarf ecomorph has recolonized much of its former range . this scenario is similar to that of the big cats mentioned above , but it occurred within written historical times . ( see urltoken 😉 [ … ]
fig . 1 . nine - banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus ) . photo by john and karen hollingsworth , courtesy of the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
d . pilosus is listed as vulnerable by the iucn , but other species in the genus dasypus may be increasing in number . the hairy long - nosed armadillo is a protected species in peru .
the present day smaller armadillo is unknown as a fossil in the u . s . except for a possible texas occurrence based on a single scute , possibly actually from a small d . bellus ( kurtén and anderson 1980 ) . its present day u . s . distribution results from a combination of introductions into florida and natural expansion from south of the border in the late 1800s . slaughter ( 1975 ) hypothesized that cold temperatures to the north and dryness to the west limit the geographic range of d . novemcinctus and likely were as limiting to d . bellus .
beautiful armadillo ( dasypus bellus ) cloning ( continued ) if it were cloned , it is believed it should stay in a zoo / park due to different predators / prey it is a good idea , not very stable tho benefit would be studies of how they live / what they are like cloning we can obtain dna from fossils in the illinois state museum today ' s relative nine - banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus ) survival ( a failed attempt ) thought to have lived in southern u . s . no direct evidence of food source , but diet is thought to be similar to today ' s nine - banded armadillo it is believed that it could have swam across a river or even walked on the floor of the river
taulman , j f , and robbins , l w 1996 . recent range expansion and distributional limits of the nine - banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus ) in the united states . journal of biogeography 23 : 635 - 648 .
d . novemcinctus is the only xenarthran found in the united states . they are relatively recent arrivals , having expanded their range into texas around 1880 . d . novemcinctus was introduced into florida deliberately in the 1920’s . the nine - banded armadillo has expanded its range as far northwest as colorado , and currently is also found in oklahoma , missouri , arkansas , mississippi , louisiana , alabama , south carolina and georgia . ( for more information on the armadillo expansion into the united states , please see the armadillo expansion page . ) members of the genus dasypus have been present in what is now the us intermittently for about one million years . the last animal of this genus to live in central north america was d . bellus , the beautiful armadillo , during the pleistocene era , occupying basically the same range as d . novemcinctus does today . d . bellus is considered the historical counterpart of the nine - banded armadillo , as they are identical except for size .
in addition to dasypus bellus an even larger species of armadillo lived during the pleistocene in florida , the coastal plain of georgia and the carolinas , texas , louisiana , and southern arkansas . it was 3 feet tall , 6 feet long , and weighed up to 500 pounds . in georgia its fossil remains were found at the mayfair site in chatham county , and in south carolina its fossils have been found at edisto beach and 2 other coastal sites . to sustain its size , it likely ate more plants than invertebrates . glyptodonts , distant relatives of armadilloes , occurred within a similar geographic range . they grew to the size of a small car .
[ … ] ground sloth still exist in the amazon rain forestslow motion gait analysissloths saved by chocolateis the 9 - banded armadillo ( dasypus novemcinctus ) a dwarf mutation of the pleistocene species , dasypu… . wp - pagenavi { font - size : 12px ! important ; } [ … ]
most members of the genus dasypus have very little hair . almost no hair is present on the upper part of the body , while sparsely scattered and pale yellowish hair is present on the undersides . they range from mottled brown to yellowish white in carapace color . members of this genus are characterized by the long , pointed nose and relatively short legs . four toes are present on the front feet , five toes on the hind feet , all with well - developed claws . they may possess from 6 to 11 movable bands on the shell . d . kappleri has two to three rows of bony scutes on the knees , a trait not seen in other members of the genus dasypus .
armadillos in the genus dasypus are primarily nocturnal , but occasionally forage in the daytime . they emit almost constant grunting noises while they are foraging . if they feel threatened , they hurry to a nearby burrow . if there is no burrow nearby , they curl up as much as possible to protect their soft undersides . the animals do not seem to feel threatened by humans .
the scientist who originally described the specimen from florida noted its similarity to the 9 - banded armadillo but chose to identify it as a beautiful armadillo because that was the species thought to occur there during the pleistocene . this individual was as large as a beautiful armadillo , showing that size alone is not enough to diagnose correct species identification . unfortunately , most subfossil specimens no longer contain dna due to permineralization or decay . all the specimens labeled ” d . bellus ” in the scientific literature should be re - labeled as ” d . species ” until scientists make a more detailed anatomical analysis of the genus , so that these 2 species can be better distinguished .
armadillos in the genus dasypus are primarily nocturnal , but occasionally forage in the daytime . they emit almost constant grunting noises while they are foraging . if they feel threatened , they hurry to a nearby burrow . if there is no burrow nearby , they curl up as much as possible to protect their soft undersides . the animals do not seem to feel threatened by humans . the diet consists primarily of animal matter . the armadillos forage for insects , spiders , and small amphibians ; they predominately seem to prefer beetles and ants .
most members of the genus dasypus have very little hair . almost no hair is present on the upper part of the body , while sparsely scattered and pale yellowish hair is present on the undersides . they range from mottled brown to yellowish white in carapace color . members of this genus are characterized by the long , pointed nose and relatively short legs . four toes are present on the front feet , five toes on the hind feet , all with well - developed claws . they generally have 6 or 7 movable bands on the shell .
most members of the genus dasypus have very little hair . almost no hair is present on the upper part of the body , while sparsely scattered and pale yellowish hair is present on the undersides . they range from mottled brown to yellowish white in carapace color . members of this genus are characterized by the long , pointed nose and relatively short legs . four toes are present on the front feet , five toes on the hind feet , all with well - developed claws . they generally have 6 or 7 movable bands on the shell . the ears of d . hybridus are shorter than the ears of d . novemcinctus .
most members of the genus dasypus have very little hair . almost no hair is present on the upper part of the body , while sparsely scattered and pale yellowish hair is present on the undersides . they range from mottled brown to yellowish white in carapace color . members of this genus are characterized by the long , pointed nose and relatively short legs . four toes are present on the front feet , five toes on the hind feet , all with well - developed claws . they may possess from 6 to 11 movable bands on the shell . the ears of d . sabanicola are shorter than the ears of d . novemcinctus .
although most members of the genus dasypus have very little hair , the hairy long - nosed armadillo is an exception to this rule . almost no hair is present on the head , but long white and pale yellowish hair is present on the shell and undersides , giving this animal a distinctly furry appearance . they range from mottled brown to yellowish white in carapace color . members of this genus are characterized by the long , pointed nose and relatively short legs . four toes are present on the front feet , five toes on the hind feet , all with well - developed claws . they generally have 11 movable bands on the shell .
armadillos in the genus dasypus are primarily nocturnal , but occasionally forage in the daytime . they emit almost constant grunting noises while they are foraging . if they feel threatened , they hurry to a nearby burrow . if there is no burrow nearby , they curl up as much as possible to protect their soft undersides . the animals do not seem to feel threatened by humans . the diet consists primarily of animal matter . the armadillos forage for insects , spiders , and small amphibians ; they predominately seem to prefer beetles and ants . population densities in south america have been reported as high as 280 per square kilometer for d . sabanicola .
rapid evolution of size among the xenarthan order is well documented in the scientific literature . dr . hulbert of the university of florida catalogued the changes in size between presumed ancestral and later species of xenarthans . it’s astonishing to see that the average length of the femur from a northern pampathere ( holmesina floridanus –a species of extinct giant armadillo ) went from 20 . 3 cm during the late pliocene to 25 cm during the irvingtonian land mammal age of the mid - pleistocene ( when it evolved into holmesina septentrionalis ) to 33 . 2 cm during the late pleistocene rancolabrean land mammal age . the same size increases were found for giant ground sloths , glyptodonts , and the beautiful armadillo . the size increases likely evolved as a naturally selected defense against predation . the larger individuals were more likely to survive attacks from carnivores . in the case of dasypus novemcinctus the environment has naturally selected for a size decrease that fostered faster breeding .
d . novemcinctus has been accused of destroying eggs , burrowing under foundations , and crop destruction . members of the genus dasypus are generally considered to be ecologically important due to their destruction of unwanted insects . many other small animals use abandoned armadillo burrows as shelter . d . novemcinctus is easily tamed , but does not appear to do well in captivity . due to the unique production of four identical young , weak immune system and relatively low body temperatures , d . novemcinctus has proven useful as a medical research test animal for diseases such as leprosy , typhus , and trichinosis , as well as for research on multiple births , organ transplants , and birth defects . nine - banded armadillos carry relatively few parasites , despite the lack of a strong immune response . d . novemcinctus is particularly noted for its susceptibility to leprosy , both in laboratories and in the wild . d . novemcinctus is the most common armadillo held in zoos , especially in the us .
most members of the genus dasypus have very little hair . almost no hair is present on the upper part of the body , while sparsely scattered and pale yellowish hair is present on the undersides . they range from mottled brown to yellowish white in carapace color . members of this genus are characterized by the long , pointed nose and relatively short legs . four toes are present on the front feet , five toes on the hind feet , all with well - developed claws . because they walk on the tips of their feet , they tend to leave three - toed tracks that resemble bird footprints . they may possess from 6 to 11 moveable bands on the shell . d . novemcinctus generally has 8 bands in northern and southern parts of its range , and 9 bands in more central areas . the ears and tail of d . novemcinctus are very long . the ears may be 40 to 50 % of the length of the head , and the tail is around 70 % of the length of the body .
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full reference : g . g . simpson . 1929 . pleistocene mammalian fauna of the seminole field , pinellas county , florida . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 56 ( 8 ) : 561 - 599
type specimen : amnh 23542 , an osteoderm . its type locality is seminole field , which is in a pleistocene fluvial sandstone in florida .
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urltoken
the body of the beautiful armadillo was covered with armor composed of thousands of bony scutes . these were probably very effective in protecting the slow armadillo from predators .
the beautiful armadillo scutes are from heinze cave , jefferson county , missouri . the nine - banded armadillo scutes are from a modern specimen from central texas .
this map shows some of the sites at which the beautiful armadillo has been found in the midwestern united states . the sites on this map are all relatively well - dated and well - studied . these sites contain armadillo remains that are between 40 , 000 and 11 , 500 years old .
this
beautiful armadillo
had a height 3 . 3 feet ( 1m ) and it lived about 2 . 5 million to 11 , 000 years ago when it became extinct .
the body armor of this prehistoric armadillo was made up of hundreds of scutes or dermal plates that can fossilize over time . this armor was a great defense against pleistocene predators . the round holes found on individual scutes are for hair follicles . individual scutes are found more often than whole skeletons . each section of the body has a different type of scute . there were nine flexible bands on the carapace , like their modern cousins .
their snouts were long , round and narrow , along with their skulls . their jaw had 7 - 9 peg like teeth .
the extinct armadillo is thought to have migrated from south america and into florida some 2 . 5 million years ago , in the pliocene period .
armadillos always have a litter of four pups that are always the same sex . that is because they all develop from the same egg and share the same placenta .
armadillos have strong claws for digging and live in long tunneled burrows . they eat insects , some plants and fruits , and other small vertebrates like lizards and frogs . they are omnivores .
then don ' t worry — your e - mail address is totally secure . i promise to use it only to send you fossil - treasures - of - florida - newsletter .
we thank sandra swift and blaine schubert for help with the specimens and discussions involving this manuscript ; jun ebersole and the mcwane science center for loaning rmm 6356 for study ; sharon holte for discussion of acb - 3 cave ; and the individuals who collected the material , including “me” who is listed as having collected rmm 6356 on june 19 , 1987 . eric lynch and anneke van heteren both provided help with morphoj and analyses . the editor john r . wible and four anonymous reviewers provided helpful comments and suggestions that greatly improved this manuscript . this research was also supported in part by the national science foundation ( ear - 0958985 ) .
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webb sd ( 1974 ) chronology of florida pleistocene mammals . in : webb sd ( ed ) pleistocene mammals in florida . university of florida press , gainesville , pp 5–31
jasinski , s . e . & wallace , s . c . j mammal evol ( 2014 ) 21 : 285 . urltoken
a couple of weeks ago , i drove on highway 56 in augusta , georgia and saw a live armadillo roaming a damp meadow adjacent to a creek bottom . the setting sun and rising mist from a recently expired thunderstorm seemed like an appropriate atmosphere to witness this pleistocene relic . this was the first occasion i’d ever seen a live armadillo , though road - killed individuals are a common sight during summer when they become active at night . alarmed armadilloes jump vertically–an effective defense mechanism that thwarts big carnivores but it is a disaster if the danger is a passing car , straddling the dumb creature .
9 - banded armadilloes–now common from the coastal plain of the southeastern u . s . south to south america .
9 - banded armadilloes are members of the xenarthan order of mammals , also known as the edentates . the species in this order have teeth with no enamel . the xenarthan order includes sloths , anteaters , and the extinct glyptodonts as well as armadilloes . armadilloes eat insects , grubs , and worms ; and therefore require mild , moist climates where that kind of food is available year round . southeastern north america provides plenty of mesic habitats and soft soils favorable for this species . armadilloes survive hot summer days and cold winter nights by digging narrow burrows that shelter them . because they are relatively primitive mammals with low metabolic rates ( almost like reptiles ) , they have difficulty maintaining a constant body temperature , and extreme temperatures , especially hard frosts , can kill up to 80 % of the population .
mother armadilloes give birth to 4 identical clones from 1 egg , making them a particularly interesting creature for scientific study . scientists use armadilloes as lab animals to study leprosy because they’re one of the few animal species other than man that is susceptible to the bacteria responsible for causing leprosy . the leprosy thrives in armadilloes due to their low body temperatures .
jaw bone of the extinct northern pampathere–an armadillo that grew to the approximate size of a bear .
over 20 species of armadilloes live in south america . here are photos i found online of 3 interesting species .
the giant armadillo ( priodontes maximus ) found in the amazon jungle . it can weigh up to 130 pounds .
the pink fairy armadillo ( chlamyphorus truncatus ) . looks like something from the star trek episode , the trouble with tribbles .
this entry was posted on august 19 , 2012 at 1 : 55 pm and is filed under pleistocene mammals , uncategorized . you can follow any responses to this entry through the rss 2 . 0 feed . you can leave a response , or trackback from your own site .
your size comment makes sense too : cats , the most common meso - predator right now in most southern environments , can only take baby armadllos . the adults only real predators are jaguarundi ( very rare ) , the occassional large oscelot / bobcat ( even rarer ) and canids with enough size and bite pressure to turn them over and kill them…interesting to see if red wolves ( bigger than coyotes ) could pull this off . i’d also be interested to see any studies on florida panther predation on armadillos , as they would provide 1 of the 3 meat sources needed for a feline’s diet…and the panther’s movement northwards .
armadilloes along with alligators and marsh rabbits are considered an important secondary source of prey for florida panthers .
the primary sources of prey are white tail deer and feral hogs . feral hogs are more common in their diet north of alligator alley ; deer are more common south of alligator alley .
wow ! sounds like you’re right ! i would assume that given time and space these critter will regain the size they had before depredations by man caused them to retreat to a smaller body size .
maybe not . lots of them are still killed by cars . reaching breeding age faster is too big an advantage to lose in this modern environment .
[ … ] but instead are the same species that lived in north america during the pleistocene . ( see : urltoken ) armadillos are merely recolonizing lost territory . a study published in the southeastern [ … ]
[ … ] of the beautiful armadillo , and it was currently recolonizing former parts of its range . ( see : urltoken ; ) however , scientists were recently able to extract dna from 2 pleistocene - aged armadillo [ … ]
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one osteoscute associated with beautiful armadillo remains . specimen is early rancholabrean , late illinoian in age .
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six species of naked - tailed armadillos are recognized . the most familiar of these ( and the most widespread of any armadillo species ) is the nine - banded armadillo ( d . novemcinctus ) . the other five are the great long - nosed armadillo ( d . kappleri ) , the hairy long - nosed armadillo ( d . pilosus ) , the llanos long - nosed armadillo ( d . sabanicola ) , the seven - banded armadillo ( d . septemcinctus ) , and the southern long - nosed armadillo ( d . hybridus ) . a seventh species , yepes ' s mulita ( d . yepesi ) has been proposed based on some specimens from the jujuy and salta provinces of argentina , but to date insufficient taxonomic data exists to confirm the existence of these animals as a distinct species .
south - central and southeastern united states to peru and uruguay , grenada in the lesser antilles , trinidad and tobago .
head and body length : 240 — 573 mm ( 9 . 4 — 22 . 6 in ) . tail length : 125 — 483 mm ( 4 . 9 — 19 . 0 in ) . weight : 1 — 10 kg ( 2 . 2 — 22 . 0 lbs ) .
members of this genus appear to prefer dense shady cover and limestone formations , from sea level to 3000 meters in elevation . they dig burrows from 0 . 5 to 3 . 5 meters deep and up to 7 . 5 meters long . large nests of grass or leaves are often constructed in nest chambers within the burrow . d . novemcinctus has been observed to build nests outside of burrows , in clumps of saw palmetto , resembling small haystacks . they often share burrows with other armadillos , but not with members of the opposite sex .
the diet consists primarily of animal matter , but is adaptable based on foraging conditions . in areas with little insect prey but large amounts of berries or other plant material , the nine - banded armadillo will readily switch to a more vegetarian diet . the armadillos forage for insects , spiders , and small amphibians ; they predominately seem to prefer beetles and ants . they have been known to kill and eat young cottontail rabbits , and are also known to eat scraps of carrion . although the nine - banded armadillo is often accused of eating the eggs and young of ground nesting birds such as quail , birds and their eggs make up less than 0 . 4 % of the diet of an average armadillo . nine - banded armadillos have a salivary bladder surrounded by skeletal muscle , unique among mammals . the salivary bladder acts as a reservoir for the thick , sticky saliva used to capture small insects . when the armadillo is feeding , the muscles around the salivary bladder contract , squeezing the stored saliva out onto the tongue .
the average home range of 12 d . novemcinctus studied in florida is 5 . 7 hectares ( 12 . 4 acres ) . population densities in south america have been reported as high as 13 per square kilometer for d . novemcinctus . d . novemcinctus has been reported to be aggressive in high densities , and are frequently seen chasing or “boxing” one another by balancing on the hind legs and tails and striking out with the front claws . adult males were more aggressive towards subadult males ; lactating or pregnant females were aggressive towards young born the previous year .
mating in north america takes place in july and august , but implantation of the zygote is delayed until november . females can delay implantation of fertilized eggs for up to 4 months if conditions are currently unfavorable for rearing young . the gestation period is 120 days . d . novemcinctus is unique in that four identical young are produced from a single egg , producing litters of four identical young ( although occasionally only two to three or as many as six young have been found in a single litter ) . young are born with their eyes open , are weaned at 4 — 5 months , and are sexually mature at about 1 year of age . females have four mammae , one for each armadillo pup . the life span of d . novemcinctus is reported to be 12 to 15 years .
do you have a picture of d . novemcinctus that you would like to donate to this site ? please see the armadillos wanted page to see how you can help .
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east of the andes from colombia and northern bolivia to the guianas and northeastern brazil .
head and body length : 240 — 573 mm ( 9 . 4 — 22 . 5 in ) . tail length : 125 — 483 mm ( 4 . 9 — 19 . 0 in ) . weight : 1 — 10 kg ( 2 . 2 — 22 . 0 lbs ) .
members of this genus appear to prefer dense shady cover and limestone formations , from sea level to 3000 meters in elevation . they dig burrows from 0 . 5 to 3 . 5 meters deep and up to 7 . 5 meters long . large nests of grass or leaves are often constructed in nest chambers within the burrow . they often share burrows with other armadillos , but not with members of the opposite sex .
do you have a picture of d . kappleri that you would like to donate to this site ? please see the armadillos wanted page to see how you can help .
a photo of the hairy long - nosed armadillo may be found on the national geographic wild world website .
do you have a picture of d . pilosus that you would like to donate to this site ? please see the armadillos wanted page to see how you can help .
do you have a picture of d . sabanicola that you would like to donate to this site ? please see the armadillos wanted page to see how you can help .
do you have a picture of d . septemcinctus that you would like to donate to this site ? please see the armadillos wanted page to see how you can help .
in d . hybridus , implantation of the zygote occurs in june , and young are born in october , 4 — 12 young per litter .
do you have a picture of d . hybridus that you would like to donate to this site ? please see the armadillos wanted page to see how you can help .
nowak , r . m . 1999 . walker’s mammals of the world , 6th edition . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , md . 158 - 168 .
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the nine - banded armadillo ( d . novemcinctus ) has the widest distribution of any armadillo species . only two armadillo species occur outside of south america — the nine - banded armadillo and the northern naked - tailed armadillo ( cabassous centralis ) . c . centralis may be found in central america as far north as the extreme southern boundary of mexico . the nine - banded armadillo has expanded its range northward into the united states over the last 150 years . prior to about 1850 , the nine - banded armadillo was not found north of the rio grande river . the sudden and extremely rapid armadillo colonization of the southern united states has puzzled quite a few biologists . the degree of range expansion per year is nearly ten times faster than the average rate expected for a mammal . sightings of the animals farther north are reported every year , prompting many people to wonder just how far north the armadillo will go .
the nine - banded armadillo’s remarkable invasion of the united states appears to be due to a combination of factors . large rivers , hunting by humans , and unsuitable habitat probably contributed to the scarcity of armadillos in the us prior to 1850 :
rivers : although armadillos are good swimmers , the rio grande is a formidable barrier . large rivers such as the mississippi continue to deter or delay expansion in some areas of the us . it is likely that very few animals will attempt to cross such large rivers .
hunting and predation : in many parts of south and central america , armadillos are a valuable food source . overhunting has threatened many species . the hunting practices of native peoples of northern mexico and southern texas probably limited the number of armadillos in the area . large predators such as wolves and panthers also likely contributed to limit distribution .
lack of suitable habitat : nine - banded armadillos live in a variety of habitats , but prefer brushy or forested areas which provide lots of cover . due to yearly burnoffs ( both natural fires and those started by humans ) texas was largely covered by prarie grasses .
with the mass colonization of texas by american settlers in the late 1800’s , these physical , societal and ecological barriers to armadillo expansion were reduced or removed . increased travel across the rio grande resulted in more armadillos moving across the river . suppression of native american culture reduced hunting pressure on the armadillo , and the halting of yearly prarie fires allowed more mesquite brushland to invade the open grasslands . the majority of the animals were probably brought across the rio grande by humans as a food source . animals that attempted to swim across were not more successful than previous armadillos in swimming , but were lucky enough to find a more suitable habitat . decreased hunting pressure , coupled with a decrease in large predators due to human activity , allowed the armadillo population to increase on both sides of the river , resulting in a larger population base . armadillos do not tend to move from the area they are born in unless the population is high . a larger population resulted in an increased density of animals , prompting emigration and subsequent expansion of range .
the advancement of american settlers and farming practices also allowed the armadillos to invade the united states . colonization of other states was helped by the deliberate or accidental release of captive animals . the florida armadillo population , for example , was the result of a few animals released from a small zoo in 1924 , combined with several more that escaped from a traveling circus in 1936 . movement of cattle from texas to other states by railway also helped the armadillo . there are several reports stating that stowaway armadillos were fairly common in cattle cars . the armadillos would often escape when the cars were unloaded . the regular production of identical quadruplets , as well as the ability to delay implantation of fertilized eggs for 14 months or more give the nine - banded armadillo a high reproductive rate . life spans of up to twenty years , coupled with the reproductive success of the animals , means that it only takes a small number of armadillos to successfully establish stable populations in new areas .
does this mean we will see armadillos in new york’s central park ? armadillos digging up the potato fields in idaho ? armadillos sipping coffee in seattle ? armadillos riding the streetcars in san francisco ? enjoying the seashore in massachusetts ? perhaps some canadian armadillos in vancouver , eh ? only time will tell ! if you live in one of the areas targeted for armadillo invasion , keep your eyes open for invading armadillos . report sightings to your local wildlife officials to help keep range data current . if you don’t think that armadillos will ever make it in your neck of the woods , keep in mind that another south american mammal , the virginia opossum , successfully invaded the united states despite the cold winters and physical barriers to range expansion . for the nine - banded armadillo , it looks like it’s canada or bust !
nowak , r . m . 1999 . walker’s mammals of the world , 6th edition . johns hopkins university press , baltimore , md . 158 — 168 .
a few primarily eastern taxa reached into our region , apparently moving west along drainages that during the pleistocene shared more or less continuous habitat with more eastern areas . the beautiful armadillo is one such , along with the raccoon and probably the eastern gray squirrel or the fox squirrel . the only records for these forms are from the blackwater draw area of extreme eastern new mexico .
armadillo teeth are simple pegs and not differentiated morphologically into incisors , canines , premolars , and molars . the armor of armadillos is of dermal bone and consists of articulated plates and overlapping plates joined by flexible connective tissue ; the armor proper is overlain by dermal and epidermal tissue . virtually all of the light spots that can be seen in fig . 1 are on separate armor elements . if the armor becomes disarticulated after death , a single animal can produce hundreds of recognizable fossils .
fig . 2 . skull and mandibles of the nine - banded armadillo . utep biodiversity collections image .
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warm , humid regions are not ideal for long - term dna preservation . consequently , little ancient dna research has been carried out involving taxa that lived in , for example , tropical and subtropical regions . those studies that have isolated ancient dna from warm environments have mostly been limited to the most recent several thousand years . here , we discuss an ancient dna experiment in which we attempt to amplify mitochondrial dna from remains of armadillo , glyptodont , and pampathere from sites in florida , usa , all believed to be around 10 , 000–12 , 000 years old . we were successful in recovering dna from only one of these samples . however , based on the amount and distribution of dna damage , the ancient dna recovered was well - preserved despite the age and preservation environment . in this case study chapter , we discuss the experimental procedure we used to characterize the dna from the floridian samples , focusing on challenges of working with ancient specimens from warm environments and steps taken to confirm the authenticity of the recovered sequence .


the crescent-winged caudellia moth ( caudellia apyrella ) is a species of snout moth in the genus caudellia , described by harrison gray dyar , jr. in 1904 in honor of his colleague andrew nelson caudell .

it is found in north america .

the larvae feed on cuscuta compacta and cuscuta gronovii .

caudellia apyrella

crescent - winged caudellia - hodges # 6012 - caudellia apyrella - bugguide . net
species caudellia apyrella - crescent - winged caudellia - hodges # 6012 - bugguide . net
caudellia dyar , 1904 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 6 ( 2 ) : 116 ; ts : caudellia apyrella dyar
descriptions of and notes on larval habits of four immature phycitines in the southeastern united states ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) [ nephopterix rubrisparsella , chorrea estrincica , palatka nymphaeella , caudellia apyrella ] .
descriptions of and notes on larval habits of four immature phycitines in the southeastern united states ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) [ nephopterix rubrisparsella , chorrea estrincica , palatka nymphaeella , caudellia apyrella ] .
descriptions of and notes on larval habits of four immature phycitines in the southeastern united states ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) [ nephopterix rubrisparsella , chorrea estrincica , palatka nymphaeella , caudellia apyrella ] . [ 1979 ]
crescent - winged caudellia . photographed at thickson ' s woods , durham region , ontario on 30 august 2016 . a surprise catch and a new moth for the site .
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neunzig , h . h . , 1990 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 3 , p . 77 ; pl . 3 . 4 - 8 . order
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ephestia colorella dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 345 ; tl : taboga i .
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zeller , 1881 columbische , chiloniden , crambiden und phycitideen horae soc . ent . ross . 16 : 154 - 256
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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