richmond 's squirrel ( sciurus richmondi ) is a tree squirrel in the genus sciurus endemic to nicaragua .

its natural habitat is tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests .

richmond ' s squirrel

a young / baby of a richmond is called a ' pup , kit or kitten ' . the females are called ' doe ' and males ' buck ' . a richmond group is called a ' dray or scurry ' .
more taxonomic work is required to determine whether or not this taxon is conspecific with s . granatensis .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
this squirrel is poorly known . it is diurnal and probably solitary . it forages on the ground and in the understory and is seldom seen in the canopy . the breeding season is from february to september , and litters of 2 to 3 young have been reported ( genoways 1975 ; reid 1997 ) .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
mcknight , m . ( global mammal assessment team ) & amori , g . ( small nonvolant mammal red list authority )
justification : listed as near threatened because it has an extent of occurrence of close to 20 , 000 km 2 with few populations , and it could conceivably be in decline making it close to qualifying for vulnerable under criterion b1 .
this species occurs in nicaragua ( thorington and hoffmann 2005 ) . it occurs from lowlands to about 1 , 000 m ( reid 1997 ) .
deforestation is a major threat to this species . there is also a lot of subsistence hunting of this species .
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kento furui added an unknown common name in an unknown language to
sciurus richmondi nelson , 1898
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
nicaraguanorava
to
sciurus richmondi nelson , 1898
.
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disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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cryptobotys zoilusalis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by walker in 1859 .

it is found in cuba , jamaica , puerto rico , central america ( honduras , costa rica , mexico ) and the southern united states , where it has been recorded from florida .

adults are cinereous with whitish interior and exterior lines , slightly bordered with brownish .

the marginal line is brownish .

adults have been recorded on wing from february to august and from november to december in florida .

the larvae feed on xanthium struemarium .

cryptobotys zoilusalis

5282 – cryptobotys zoilusalis ? pretty beat up but if it is that species it ' s the only one in bugguide .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
walker , f . 1859 c : pyralides . – list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , london 18 : 603 .
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i ' ll make a page and place it there as a tentative id . i spent a week on captiva a few weeks ago and am just now posting images . as you are familiar with species in that area you might want to take a look at my other recent postings . after i get everything sorted out , i will submit useful images to mpg .
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subterranean fauna is referred to animal species adapted to live in underground environment .

troglofauna and stygofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna .

both are associated with hypogean habitats – troglofauna is associated with terrestrial subterranean environment ( caves and underground spaces above the water table ) , and stygofauna with all kind of subterranean waters ( groundwater , aquifers , subterranean rivers , dripping bowls , gours , etc. ) .

subterranean fauna

a review of subterranean fauna assessment in western australia summarises developments in subterranean fauna science , how the epa’s assessment of subterranean fauna has changed over time , concerns with current epa guidance statements , and provides some options for the future direction of subterranean fauna assessment . the epa invited comments on the discussion paper in march 2012 .
technical guidance - sampling methods for subterranean fauna ( pdf , 640 . 3 kb )
duality of terrestrial subterranean fauna
by tone novak , matjaž perc et al .
biodiversity below ground : probing the subterranean ant fauna of amazonia . - pubmed - ncbi
this guidance statement provides advice on survey design and sampling methods for subterranean fauna required for environmental impact assessment .
a review of subterranean fauna assessment in western australia - discussion paper ( pdf , 1012 . 34 kb )
subterranean fauna extracts : prepared for department of environment and conservation , western australia / prepared by stefan eberhard .
subterranean fauna extracts : prepared for department of environment and conservation , western australia /  prepared by stefan eberhard .
an industry - funded research program with the long - term aim of reducing uncertainty surrounding the conservation of subterranean fauna species in the presence of mining may assist with improving the currently limited scientific understanding of subterranean fauna across the state and inefficient sampling methods ,
the epa suggested .
a commitment by the proponent to support such a program could potentially and indirectly offset the local impacts it might have on subterranean fauna at yeelirrie to the broader benefit of subterranean fauna conservation state - wide .
in general , when considering subterranean fauna , most often species that are not adapted exclusively for the subterranean environment come to mind . these adaptations include a suite of features termed troglomorphy by christiansen (
subterranean fauna extracts : prepared for department of environment and conservation , western australia / prepared by stefan eberhard . - version details - trove
) gave a detailed discussion of a long list of potential threats to the subterranean ecosystems and the subterranean fauna . some of the issues raised are especially intractable . for example , culver and pipan (
the situation at robber baron cave illustrates some of the major issues in the management of subterranean fauna in karst areas . the first issue concerns the meaning of subterranean fauna itself in light of a historically biased research and management focus on only a subset of the subterranean fauna . the second issue concerns the importance of energy flow from the surface to subterranean ecosystems , the central theme of this chapter . the third issue concerns the apparency of different types of threats to the subterranean fauna and that threats to the paths of energy flow to the underground are usually less apparent than other threats , such as those that directly affect the physical integrity of the subterranean habitats . the last issue illustrated by robber baron cave is the potential resiliency of the subterranean fauna to disruptions of energy flow from the surface because of the metabolic adaptations of many subterranean species . these issues are discussed in turn below .
the content is the same as draft guidance no . 54a – sampling methods and survey considerations for subterranean fauna in western australia , august 2007 .
in a statement , cameco said it
respects the findings of the epa and acknowledges the complexity and uncertainty involved with assessing subterranean fauna
.
botosaneanu l , holsinger j . some aspects concerning colonization of the subterranean realm—especially subterranean waters : a response to rouch and danielopol , 1987 .
the feedback contributed to the development of the epa ' s subsequent guidance , which will provide advice to proponents on future requirements for environmental assessment of subterranean fauna .
k . , 2009 : vicariance , dispersal and scale in the aquatic subterranean fauna of karst regions . freshwater biology , 4 , 54 , 918 - 929 .
d . c . , 2007 : regional species richness in an obligate subterranean dwelling fauna – epikarst copepods . journal of biogeography , 34 , 854 - 861 .
fong d . w . ( 2011 ) management of subterranean fauna in karst . in : van beynen p . ( eds ) karst management . springer , dordrecht
) . chemoautotrophic systems are largely driven by microbial activity . the topic of management of the subterranean microbial fauna and flora in karst is discussed elsewhere in this volume .
the subterranean environment of christmas island is diverse and includes freshwater , marine , anchialine , and terrestrial habitats . previously poorly known , the cave fauna is shown to be a significant component of the island ' s biodiversity , and a significant cave fauna province in an international context . the cave fauna comprises swiftlets , and a diverse assemblage of invertebrates , both terrestrial and aquatic , which includes a number of rare and endemic species of high conservation significance . at least twelve species which are endemic to christmas island are probably restricted to subterranean habitats which ranks christmas island significant in term of its subterranean fauna .
beron , p . 1987 . results of the studies of the cave fauna of greece .
sket , b . 1999a . diversity and singularity of hypogean fauna in the dinaric region .
bennelongia staff have many years of policy and research experience in subterranean fauna , wetland ecology and invertebrate conservation gained while employed in the department of parks and wildlife prior to setting up bennelongia in 2007 . since then , they have undertaken more than 250 environmental impact assessments of subterranean fauna , short range endemic inverterbrates ( sres ) , waterbirds , shorebirds and wetlands and aim to continue undertaking high quality studies and assessments of fauna and wetlands .
however , it recommends that if the minister allows cameco to go ahead with the yeelirrie project ,
appropriate conditions
regarding the impacts on subterranean fauna should be imposed .
niemiller ml , miller bt , fitzpatrick bm . systematics and evolutionary history of subterranean
cameco australia managing director brian reilly said ,
sampling and impact management for subterranean fauna at yeelirrie is very complex and this is reflected in the epa ' s findings . we believe that with further sampling and research , subterranean fauna can be appropriately managed at yeelirrie and we will work with government agencies and stakeholders to find a way forward .
staff continue to publish widely in the scientific literature , describing new species , providing new methods of sampling fauna , and documenting the ecology of fauna to improve the context for impact assessments .
we undertake surveys and species identifications relating to subterranean , aquatic and short range endemic fauna . we also conduct broader assessments of wetland and river health and waterbird and shorebird monitoring .
the purpose of this guideline is to outline how the factor subterranean fauna is considered by the environmental protection authority ( epa ) in the environmental impact assessment ( eia ) process .
it said ,
the proposal has the potential to directly impact subterranean fauna by the removal of habitat during mining and temporary removal of habitat ( stygofauna ) during dewatering .
last night the conservation council of wa ( ccwa ) hosted a talk on subterranean fauna in their environment matters seminar series , titled wa’s unique subterranean fauna : current threats and future risks . stuart halse and michael curran attended . guest speakers comprised dr mark harvey ( wa museum ) , garth humphreys ( biota ) and bridget hyder ( epa ) . the first two speakers discussed questions like what are subterranean fauna , how have they evolved over millions of years , where do they live and what are the risks to these ancient animals . the night finished with a overview and open discussion of the new draft guidelines on the management of subterranean fauna . more information on the event can be found on here .
humphreys wf ( 2000 ) relict fauna and their derivation . in : wilkens h , culver dc , humphreys wf ( eds . ) subterranean ecosystems . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 417–432
novak , tone ; matjaž perc ; saška lipovšek ; and franc janžekovič . 2012 . duality of terrestrial subterranean fauna . international journal of speleology , 41 : 181 - 188 . available at : urltoken
figure 1 . ( a ) ecological classification of fauna living in subterranean ecosystems . ecological categories are defined as stygoxene and trogloxene species , which spend their complete life cycle in surface environments and are only accidentally found in subterranean habitats ; stygobite and troglobite species , which spend their complete life cycle in subterranean environments ; stygophiles and troglophiles may have several kinds of life cycles—some populations live in surficial habitats and others in subterranean habitats , or individual life cycles necessitate use of both surface and subterranean environments . ( adapted from claret et al . 1999 , botosaneanu 1986 , marmonier et al . 1993 , gibert et al . 1994 ) . ( b ) species formation in subterranean ecosystems
) . it is impossible to provide an in - depth discussion on managing subterranean fauna in karst areas to deal with all threats in one chapter in a collected volume . instead , this chapter stresses the importance of surface - subsurface connections and develops the central theme that ensuring the appropriate quantity and quality of energy flow from the surface to the subterranean environment is a universal challenge of managing subterranean fauna in karst . this is the general conclusion drawn by many researchers who have examined this issue ( elliott
this chapter begins with the example of robber baron cave and the management issues that arise , focusing on the path of energy from the surface to the underground . it then details the different ways that energy is transferred from the surface to the subterranean ecosystems , following the theme that a thorough understanding of the connections between the surface and the subterranean environments in terms of energy flow is the key to effective management and protection of the subterranean fauna . the chapter concludes with a discussion on management of the subterranean fauna in light of the different paths of energy flow from the surface to the underground .
) . troglomorphic specimens from different subterranean systems are more likely to constitute new taxa than non - troglomorphic specimens and may enjoy a higher priority for identification by taxonomic specialists . constraints in money and time are real impediments to a full description of the entire fauna in a subterranean ecosystem . for example , in a 3 - year survey of the invertebrate cave fauna of west virginia , fong et al . (
) . furthermore , the aquatic subterranean fauna , such as snails and amphipod and isopod crustaceans , actually depends on energy from the biofilm coating rocks and sediment in the cave stream ( simon et al .
bennelongia has extensive experience undertaking field and desktop surveys of stygofauna and troglofauna for resource development . subterranean fauna are sampled through suitable drill holes using nets and traps according to epa technical guidance – sampling methods for subterranean fauna here . the company operates a large laboratory with state of the art microscopes , photographic systems and extensive voucher collections for specialist invertebrate identification . bennelongia undertakes stygofauna and troglofauna identifications for other consulting firms .
dwelling in different subterranean habitats . j crustacean biol 2010 ; 30 ( 1 ) : 68–74 .
culver dc , pipan t . climate , abiotic factors , and the evolution of subterranean life .
iliffe , t . m . 1993 . fauna troglobia acuática de la península de yucatán . pp . 673–686 .
) . where bats do not form concentrated colonies and specialized guano communities are absent , it is assumed that dead bats represent a spatially and temporally unpredictable , high - quality energy resource utilized by the subterranean fauna .
oromi p , martin jl ( 1992 ) the canary islands subterranean fauna : characterization and composition . in : camacho ai ( ed ) the natural history of biospeleology . museo nacional de ciencias naturales , madrid , pp 529–567
deharveng l , bedos a ( 2000 ) the cave fauna of southeast asia . origin , evolution and ecology . in : wilkens h , culver dc , humphreys wf ( eds ) subterranean ecosystems . elsevier , pp . 603–632
christman mc , culver dc , madden mk , white d . patterns of endemism of the eastern north american cave fauna .
) indicates that the other members of the cave fauna must not be neglected . because bats are important vectors bringing in allocththouous energy into caves , the drastic reduction in bat population sizes means that the invertebrate cave fauna in infected caves will probably also suffer from the effects of wns well into the future . management of wns should include practices that recognize the fauna of the entire subterranean ecosystem in addition to the bats . a possible management practice to buffer the invertebrate cave fauna in infected caves may involve artificially supplying energy into these caves in the form of guano harvested from laboratory colonies of small mammalian insectivores such as shrews .
trajano , e . 1987 . fauna cavernícola brasileira : composição e caracterização preliminar . rev . bras . zool . 3 : 533–561 .
gibert j , deharveng l . subterranean ecosystems : a truncated functional biodiversity . bioscience . 2002 ; 52 : 473–481 .
culver dc , pipan t . the biology of caves and other subterranean habitats . oxford , new york . 2009 .
culver dc , pipan t . shallow subterranean habitats : ecology , evolution , and conservation . oxford university ; 2014 .
culver dc , pipan t ( 2009 ) the biology of caves and other subterranean habitats . oxford university press , oxford
culver dc , wilkens h ( 2000 ) critical review of the relevant theories of the evolution of subterranean animals . in : wilkens h , culver dc , humphreys wf ( eds . ) subterranean ecosystems . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 381–398
this exceptional richness in endemics is directly related to the fragmentation of the subterranean habitats , which fosters evolutionary drift in isolated populations . the long - term persistence and relative stability of subterranean environments compared to epigean ones allow this process to take place . subterranean populations are actually clusters of numerous metapopulations that may evolve into species with time . as a rule , endemicity is much higher in subterranean than epigean habitats for the lineages that have colonized both habitats in the same geographical area .
abstract : cape range peninsula contains a diverse troglobite ( obligatory cave inhabitants ) fauna , the only rich troglobite community known in western australia and in the semi - arid tropics . at least thirtyeight species of troglobite ( or stygobiont ) in this sparsely sampled area place it amongst the worlds faunistically diverse karst areas . the characteristics of the region and its subterranean fauna are broadly examined in this paper .
sket b ( 1999 ) the nature of biodiversity in subterranean waters and how it is endangered . biodivers conserv 8 : 1319–1338
impacts on subterranean fauna are assessed as part of the environmental protection authority ' s ( epa ) process to determine the environmental impacts of proposals . although subterranean fauna has only been a key environmental factor since the mid - 1990s , much has been learned in that time and about 40 major projects have included the factor . the epa is interested in understanding the changing state of knowledge , legal and policy drivers , effectiveness of current assessment practices and potential opportunities to improve the way in which assessment is done and prepared this discussion paper .
sweet ss ( 1986 ) caudata . in : botosaneanu l ( ed . ) stygofauna mundi : a faunistic , distributional , and ecological synthesis of the world fauna inhabiting subterranean waters ( including the marine interstitial ) . e . j . brill , leiden , pp 734–740
deharveng l , bedos a . the cave fauna of southeast asia . origin , evolution and ecology . ecosystems of the world 2000 ; 603–632 .
frequently , one management practice to protect a subterranean system and its fauna is gating cave entrances to minimize human activity . the assumption is that human activity inside a cave will have a negative impact on the cave fauna . however , robber baron cave still harbors a diverse cave fauna in spite of a long history of high - impact human visitation . the fauna in robber baron cave was in decline because of curtailment of energy flow into the cave due to urban development on the surface , not because of disturbance from human visitation inside the cave . a cave gate is effective in curbing incidences of vandalism , theft of speleothems and outright malicious attacks on large aggregations of animals such as roosts of bats ( elliott
nowadays , there are three categories of subterranean fauna accepted . troglobites live exclusively underground and are usually characterised with reduced or lacking eyes and pale or transparent colors ; troglophiles may live both in caves and on the surface , with individuals commuting between these habitats and promoting genetic interchange between subterranean and surface populations ; trogloxenes use caves regularly , but must leave them periodically in order to complete their life cycle .
it is unsurprising that , except for those based on chemoautotrophy , subterranean ecosystems are ultimately dependent on the surface ecosystem for energy . that they are intimately connected to surface ecosystems in myriad ways is less obvious . effective management of the subterranean fauna thus requires holistic approaches that emphasize these continuities between the surface and the subsurface . maintenance and protection of the physical integrity of the subterranean environment is obviously an important management practice , yet this must go hand in hand with the same for the surface environment and the paths that connect them .
the hallmark feature of the subterranean environment is constant darkness and thus the absence of primary production through photosynthesis . in most underground ecosystems , the base of the food web depends on input of allochthonous energy derived ultimately from photosynthesis on the surface . there simply is no other source of energy for the fauna in subterranean ecosystems except for systems based on chemoautotrophy ( see below ) . as the situation at robber baron cave illustrates , protecting the subterranean fauna requires management practices that maintain the ecological integrity of not only the subterranean system itself but also that of the surface terrane , which is the ultimate source of energy , as well as that of the natural paths of energy flow from the surface into the subterranean system . management of energy flow in situations similar to that of robber baron cave means ensuring sufficient energy input into the cave to support the underground trophic structure by biological vectors , such as the cave cricket , and by other means .
sket b . , paragamian k . , trontelj p . ( 2004 ) a census of the obligate subterranean fauna of the balkan peninsula . in : griffiths h . i . , kryštufek b . , reed j . m . ( eds ) balkan biodiversity . springer , dordrecht
, due to illegal dumping of sawdust into a cave entrance sinkhole in virginia , usa . organic pollution may also indirectly affect the cave fauna through excessive nutrient enrichment of the subterranean habitat , which then promotes invasion by surface species that may out - compete and displace resident species ( sket
the cave fauna and habitats are sensitive to disturbance from a number of threatening processes , including pollution , deforestation , mining , and human visitors . management recommendations are given for each of these threats . the major internal threat to cave fauna and habitats is human visitors . public education , habitat protection and monitoring are recommended for managing human visitors . for other , external threatening processes , survey and assessment of impacts on subterranean biota is required .
the lack of emphasis on non - troglomorphic species in the study and management of subterranean fauna may also partially follow from the tradition of ecological classification of the subterranean fauna into troglobites : obligate cave - dwelling species , troglophiles : facultative - cave dwelling species and trogloxenes : surface species that are occasionally found in caves . according to this scheme , troglobites , rather than troglophiles and trogloxenes , are the more interesting species , with the mindset that trogloxenes and troglophiles are merely troglobites in training and have not yet arrived at their destinations on their evolutionary paths . but as culver (
tercafs r ( 2001 ) the protection of the subterranean environment . conservation principles and management tools . p . s . publishers , luxembourg
pipan t . 2005 : epikarst – a promising habitat . copepod fauna , its diversity and ecology : a case study from slovenia ( europe ) . založba
christman mc , culver dc , madden mk et al ( 2005 ) patterns of endemism of the eastern north american cave fauna . j biogeogr 32 : 1442–1452
the parallel study of populations of subterranean species , especially when showing different levels of adaptation and overlapping ranges of distribution , may disclose new ways to understand patterns of biological diversification . future research may include new highly variable nuclear markers and analytical tools , and also consider other taxa showing similar distributions ( e . g . , doderotrechus beetles ) , to shed further light on the processes that shaped the present diversity of alpine subterranean fauna .
) . these life history characteristics are excellent adaptations to the subterranean environment , but they also lead to a slow population growth rate , and , in concert with the high degree of endemism and low dispersal ability , greatly reduce the ability of these organisms to rapidly recover from a reduction in population size for any reason . the vulnerability of the subterranean fauna is underscored by the fact that , a decade ago , over 20 subterranean invertebrate species were listed as federally threatened or endangered and about 600 were listed as critically imperiled in the united states alone ( culver et al .
the extent of the surface environment that must be comanaged with the subterranean environment will depend on the nature of the regional setting . in situations where sinking streams provide the main input of organic material into the subsurface , the scale of focus must be at the level of the drainage basin . it is uncommon , however , that an entire surface drainage basin in a karst area is protected and extremely rare that one is protected as part of a plan to manage the associated subsurface ecosystem . curiously , as pointed out above , maintaining the integrity of a surface drainage basin may be less important for the aquatic subterranean fauna but more so for the terrestrial subterranean fauna that patrol the riparian zone for organic matter carried in by sinking streams .
culver dc , masters ll , christman mc , hobbs hh iii ( 2000 ) obligate cave fauna of the 48 contiguous united states . cons biol 14 : 386–401
this following list contains a link to download the report : humphreys , w . f . , 1994 . the subterranean fauna of the cape range coastal plain , northwestern australia . report to the australian heritage commission and the western australian heritage committee . 202 pp . western australian museum , unpublished report .
effects of such human activities that pose direct physical threats to subterranean systems and the activities themselves have high apparency because they are usually overt , visible and some may even be well understood . likewise , point sources of pollution can be identified . this is not to minimize the complex issue of managing karst resources and the subterranean fauna in face of such overt threats . local , regional and national laws protecting karst resources , especially caves and associated fauna with threatened or endangered status , exist in many parts of the world . application and enforcement of such laws , however , are often tempered by social and economic realities at the local scale . but clearly all these threats have high apparency , and at the emotional level , at least , people are motivated to action for protecting a subterranean system or its fauna or both when the threats are identifiable and apparent . a good example is recounted by elliott (
sinking streams also inject more than particulate organic matter into subterranean habitats . it is common , especially after spring thaws and storm events , to find washed into cave streams numerous individuals of the surface aquatic fauna , such as larvae of aquatic insects , especially of mayflies , caddisflies and stoneflies and even some surface vertebrates such as amphibians and fish . their biomass , when consumed by resident subterranean species immediately as prey or later when they die , certainly represents a spatially and temporally unpredictable energy resource of high quality directly or indirectly through increased microbial activity similar to fungal colonies on particulate organic matter left on cave stream banks . possibly , some of the subterranean fauna are stimulated to initiate reproduction by such an influx of high - quality energy , but there is no direct evidence to support this . the relative importance of this resource for the diversity and abundance of the aquatic cave fauna has not been quantified .
culver d . c . , pipan t . 2009 : the biology of caves and other subterranean habitats . oxford university press , oxford .
t . , 2014 : shallow subterranean habitats : ecology , evolution , and conservation . oxford : oxford university press , pp . 258 .
giachino pm , vailati d . the subterranean environment : hypogean life , concepts and collecting techniques . wba handbooks 2010 ; 3 : 1–132 .
lineages ( especially northern population ) occurred approximately during the pleistocene glaciations . in this respect , it is worth noting that subterranean localities inhabited by
fišer c , blejec a , trontelj p . niche - based mechanisms operating within extreme habitats : a case study of subterranean amphipod communities .
the lack of emphasis on non - troglomorphic species is unfortunate . although the traditional view of the pinnacle of adaptation to the subterranean environment is that of troglomorphic species , such as the robber baron cave spider , many more non - troglomorphic species are also well adapted to this environment and are integral components of subterranean ecosystems . some of these non - troglomorphic species , such as the cave cricket in robber baron cave , are keystone species that play a critical role in supporting the entire subterranean fauna , including the endangered troglomorphic spider and harvestman , and they do so by serving as biological vectors bringing energy from the surface , or allochthonous energy , into the subterranean ecosystem . indeed , most of the troglomorphic taxa are effectively energy sinks , while many non - troglobionts , by serving as vectors of allochthonous energy , are effectively proximate energy sources of subterranean ecosystems . therefore , management practices need to consider all of the taxa in addition to the troglomorphic species and especially their ecological roles in the subterranean ecosystem .
of course , the mechanisms of energy transfer , as discussed , for any one setting are not exclusive to each . all the different paths of energy transfer linking the surface and the subsurface likely occur in any one setting but differ in relative importance . because some of these paths often have low apparency , recognizing the important links that may be impaired for a given situation is critical to the creation of management plans to protect subterranean fauna at risk . repairing any such impacted energy links may be extremely effective management practices in light of the metabolic adaptation of the subterranean fauna . their low metabolic rates may allow some of them to persist for a period of interrupted energy input and slowly recover upon restoration of the normal energy flow . once a subterranean system has been quarried away or drowned behind an impoundment , it is gone and unrecoverable . however , the potential resilience of some subterranean fauna to restricted energy input means that many of the impacted communities have a likelihood of recovery . karst resource managers just need to recognize the situation and make it apparent .
) . in addition , the study of troglomorphy may also provide information on the mechanisms of evolutionary loss of features in general , a common phenomenon not exclusive to members of the subterranean fauna ; the loss of hearing in moths on islands without bats is just one of many examples ( fong et al .
fong dw , culver dc ( 1994 ) fine - scale biogeographic differences in the crustacean fauna of a cave system in west virginia , usa . hydrobiologia 287 : 29–37
jasinska ej , knott b , mccomb aj ( 1996 ) root mats in groundwater : a fauna - rich cave habitat . j n am benthol soc 15 : 508–519
wilkens h . , culver d . c . , humphreys w . 2000 : ecosystems of the world . subterranean ecosystems . elsevier , amsterdam .
t . , 2009 : the biology of caves and other subterranean habitats , ( biology of habitats ) . new york : oxford university press ,
at the global scale , although much lower than the best studied surficial ecosystems , subterranean biodiversity is high . botosaneanu ( 1986 ) listed about 7000 species of aquatic subterranean dwellers worldwide ( table 1 ) . though no global data have been advanced for terrestrial dwellers , subterranean habitats probably host an even larger number of terrestrial species , as coleoptera alone include more than 1927 underground limited species ( juberthie and decu 1998 ) . an estimate of more than 21 , 000 subterranean species was given by juberthie and decu ( 1994 ) . this figure is actually very much underestimated . many areas are undersampled in the world , even in western countries , and there is a lack of faunistic and taxonomic knowledge of most subterranean groups . on the basis of nested regional estimates , culver and holsinger ( 1992 ) proposed a global total of 50 , 000 to 100 , 000 obligate subterranean species .
) , ensuring that they can seek out areas of high humidity and suffer low rate of water loss . thus , water entering subterranean systems either from sinking streams or the epikarst also serve to maintain a high humidity in cave passages , which is vital to the survival of some , if not most , of the terrestrial cave fauna . again , it is common experience among speleobiologists that both the diversity and abundance of the terrestrial fauna are lower in drier than in moister cave passages .
globally , there is growing awareness of a need for protection of organisms dwelling in subterranean habitats in karst regions . subterranean organisms appear to be especially at risk because most species exhibit a suite of characteristics that increase their vulnerability to anthropogenic disturbance . these characteristics include limited geographic range ( barr and holsinger
) . furthermore , the large number of water drips in cave passages point to the delivery of a potentially vast quantity of doc over time from the epikarst to cave streams . epikarst water is potentially a highly significant source of allochthonous energy for the aquatic subterranean fauna , especially at small , upper level headwater cave streams .
culver d . c . , pipan t . 2014 : shallow subterranean habitats . ecology , evolution , and conservation . oxford university press , oxford .
here we designed a comparative study aimed at providing insights on the origin and the evolution of the hypogean biodiversity . specifically , we focused on two alpine endemic species co - occurring in caves and other subterranean habitats across most of their known distribution range and exhibiting different levels of adaptation to subterranean life .
) . however , as the scenario at robber baron cave shows , if the integrity of the surface ecosystem is compromised and its ability to generate and provide allochthonous energy to support the subterranean ecosystem is diminished , even a perfectly designed gate is ineffective in protecting the community of organisms in the cave . thus , a thorough understanding of the connections between the surface and the subterranean environments in terms of energy flow is one crucial key to effective management and protection of the fauna .
christman mc , culver dc , madden m , white d . patterns of endemism of the eastern north american cave fauna . j . biogeogr . 2005 ; 32 : 1441–1452 .
fong dw , culver dc , iii hobbs hh et al ( 2007 ) the invertebrate cave fauna of west virginia , 2nd edn . west virginia speleological survey bulletin 16 , barrackville
of the nine [ key environmental ] factors assessed , one - subterranean fauna - was unable to meet the epa ' s environmental objectives ,
the agency said .
the other eight factors , including potential impacts to flora and vegetation and to human health , as well as rehabilitation and decommissioning , met the objectives .
the primary goal of this course is to give students the theoretical and practical knowledge for understanding the biology , ecology , and evolution of shallow subterranean habitats .
) pointed out , many troglophilic species are very successful in caves , and that many species are often assigned to one of these ecological categories based on morphology instead of ecology , circular reasoning at its most basic . furthermore , inherent in these designations is that evolution of subterranean organisms is a linear process , from trogloxene to troglophile to troglobite . however , adaptations to the subterranean environment surely follow multiple paths , with different species evolving different solutions at any one moment , thus what are designated as troglophiles or even some trogloxenes are no more but certainly no less adapted to the subterranean environment than are troglobites ; some troglophiles may evolve into troglobites but many may not . even entire subterranean communities without a troglobitic species may be severely constrained by the subterranean environment ( gunn et al .
following a brief from parks australia north , a survey was conducted to detennine the existence , affinities , significance and management implications of any subterranean fauna on christmas island ( indian ocean ) . the authors spent three weeks on christmas island in april 1998 examining a selection of the known access points to the subterranean environment such as caves , boreholes and springs . these were sampled using visual searching , trapping , haul netting and fixed nets , and some basic physico - chemical environmental parameters were measured .
a host of human activities unrelated to the energy base of the subterranean ecosystem in karst areas also affect the underground fauna . much of these activities causes physical disturbance of the karst terrane . examples include limestone quarrying , flooding of cave systems as a result of water impoundment behind dams , mining of groundwater aquifers and road building , among others . these activities have severe consequences for the subterranean fauna because they physically alter the landform at best and can completely obliterate a cave system at worst . the relative intensity and impact of these activities differ in different locations . for example , on a global scale , limestone quarrying is growing at the highest rate in southeast asia ( clements et al .
pipan t , culver dc . convergence and divergence in the subterranean realm : a reassessment . biol j linn soc 2012 ; 107 ( 1 ) : 1–14 .
) , in which dispersal is virtually absent and the different populations diverge in allopatry . under such conditions , it seems likely the subterranean habitat acted as an evolutionary
in situations where the main input into the subterranean ecosystem is via vertical movement of water , the focus of protection must be at the scale of the recharge area of the epikarst . the epikarst is beginning to be recognized as a subterranean ecosystem in itself with a community of endogenous species . it is also documented to be the major source of dissolved organic carbon needed to support the biofilm which is the base of the food web for the aquatic subterranean fauna , especially in small , upper - level cave streams . the physical extent of the recharge area of an epikarst zone is difficult to delineate ; however , at the very least , one or more epikarst zones must map onto the subterranean drainage basin as indicated by surveyed cave passages underneath . fortunately , extensive archives of such information exist and should be available to resource managers .
uncertainty surrounding the potential for serious or irreversible damage to subterranean fauna species may be mitigated by further scientific investigation , research and study to determine if the restricted species either extend beyond the impact area of the proposal , or a compelling case is made that their habitat is continuous and extensive well beyond the impact area ,
the epa said .
culver dc , christman mc , elliott wr , hobbs hh iii , reddell jr . the north american obligate cave fauna : regional patterns . biodiv conserv . 2003 ; 12 : 441–468 .
) . this region is considered a biodiversity hotspot for both surface and subterranean fauna and flora , because the limestone karst in the area is relatively untouched by other human activities and the fragmented nature of the karst terrane in the region promotes endemism . quarrying activities there have probably resulted in extirpation of numerous species before the species were discovered ( culver and pipan
) . these crickets are omnivorous , feeding on a variety of foods and bring energy resources into subterranean systems in two main forms : guano and eggs . poulson (
fong dw ( 2003 ) intermittent pools at headwaters of subterranean drainage basins as sampling sites for epikarstic fauna . in : jones wk , culver dc , herman js ( eds . ) epikarst . proceedings of the symposium held october 1 through 4 , 2003 , shepherdstown , west virginia , usa . karst waters institute special publications 9 , charles town , pp . 114–118
culver , d . c . & b . sket . 2000 . hotspots of subterranean biodiversity in caves and wells . j . cave karst stud . 62 : 11–17 .
ribera i , fresneda j , bucur r , izquierdo a , vogler ap , salgado jm , cieslak a . ancient origin of a western mediterranean radiation of subterranean beetles .
holsinger , j . r . & d . c . culver . 1988 . the invertebrate cave fauna of virginia and a part of eastern tennessee : zoogeography and ecology . brimleyana 14 : 1–162 .
trajano e , carvalho mr ( 2017 ) towards a biologically meaningful classification of subterranean organisms : a critical analysis of the schiner - racovitza system from a historical perspective , difficulties of its application and implications for conservation . subterranean biology 22 : 1 - 26 . https : / / doi . org / 10 . 3897 / subtbiol . 22 . 9759
graening go , fenolio db , slay me . 2011 cave life of oklahoma and arkansas . exploration and conservation of subterranean biodiversity . norman : university of oklahoma press ; 2011 .
although the previous sections emphasize the role of water as a vector of energy into subterranean systems , the presence of water itself is obviously vital to the cave fauna . this is self - evident for the aquatic cave fauna . many terrestrial cave species show a reduction in the thickness of the cuticle . the interesting question of whether this is an adaptation to the high humidity of caves or an adaptation to metabolic economy or simply a result of relaxed selection is not yet settled . in any case , a thinner cuticle clearly results in increased water permeability and thus a heightened sensitivity to desiccation ( howarth
in the context of cave biology the communities are not simple with up to seven troglobites occupying a single cave , together with many other speeies lacking such overt modification to cave life but seemingly out of place in a semi - arid climate . the affinities of the fauna are varied but a large element of the terrestrial fauna is derived from the humid tropics and is relietual from times when humid forest covered this region .
moldovan ot , jalžić b , erichsen e . adaptation of the mouthparts in some subterranean cholevinae ( coleoptera , leiodidae ) . nat croat 2004 ; 13 ( 1 ) : 1–18 .
admir brunelli ( malone ) is our friend and guide through the caves of the chapada . from parana ( londrina ) , he lives in iraquara in the chapada diamantina - ba , who always receives us and assists in research into the subterranean fauna of the region and surrounding areas . he is a speleologist , and has participated in many cave prospecting and mapping works in bahia and other states .
management of energy flow also means preventing excessive energy input , particularly in the form of organic pollution . this problem is especially acute in karst areas experiencing heightened intensity of agricultural activity or housing and industrial development . pollutants , both organic and inorganic , may be toxic by themselves or may alter the chemistry of the subterranean environment so as to pose a direct threat to the fauna ( pasquarell and boyer
culver dc , deharveng l , bedos a , lewis jj , madden m , reddell jr , et al . the mid - latitude biodiversity ridge in terrestrial cave fauna . ecography . 2006 ; 29 : 120–128 .
hutchins b , orndorff w ( 2009 ) effectiveness and adequacy of well sampling using baited traps for monitoring the distribution and abundance of an aquatic subterranean isopod . j cave karst stud 71 : 193–203
culver dc , deharveng l , bedos a , lewis jj , madden m , reddell jr , et al . the mid - latitude biodiversity ridge in terrestrial cave fauna . ecography 2006 ; 29 ( 1 ) : 120–128 .
elliott wr ( 2000 ) conservation of the north american cave and karst biota . in : wilkens h , culver dc , humphreys wf ( eds . ) subterranean ecosystems . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 665–689
) , including reduced - to - complete loss of eyes and body pigment , elaborated extra - optic sensory structures , elongated appendages and more slender body forms compared to related surface - dwelling taxa . the endangered harvestman and spider in robber baron cave both exhibit this classic troglomorphic phenotype . research on and management practices concerning subterranean fauna have and are mainly focused on troglomorphic troglobionts . less emphasis is placed on non - troglomorphic troglobionts , such as
, as well as a rich and abundant aquatic invertebrate fauna including three species of crayfish and a shrimp along with amphipod and isopod crustaceans . because of potential threats from encroaching urban development , the national speleological society bought the property around the cave entrance , and the entrance itself was gated in 1968 to protect the cave and its fauna . unfortunately , the bats abandoned the cave within 2 years , partially because the gate was ill - designed for transit by bats and because of accelerated urban development , and did not return even after a bat - appropriate gate was installed in 1981 . the subsequent demise of the aquatic cave invertebrate fauna was well documented in a series of studies ( see summary in mcgregor et al .
cameco said more than 850 samples have been taken from the yeelirrie project area , which has identified 73 species of stygofauna - fauna which occur below the water table . of these , 11 species are currently only known from the impact area .
jasinska ej , knott b ( 2000 ) root - driven faunas in cave waters . in : wilkens h , culver dc , humphreys wf ( eds . ) subterranean ecosystems . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 287–307
) . of course , such point sources of organic pollution are easier to identify than the nonpoint sources , such as the slow accumulation of pesticides and fertilizers from agriculture runoff that then drain into subterranean systems .
deprived of primary photosynthesizing producers , herbivores are therefore absent in subterranean habitats , cave root - feeders being the rare exception ( howarth 1983 ) . this functional deficiency at the base of the trophic web has a strong impact on the species richness of the system , as primary producers and herbivores usually contribute the most species to above - ground ecosystems . in this sense , subterranean biodiversity may be considered as strongly truncated basally .
occurs in less continental areas , characterized by relatively small seasonal variations and high mean annual temperatures ( i . e . , mediterranean climate ) . similar complete niche partitioning between congeneric subterranean spiders has been reported elsewhere (
faille a , ribera i , deharveng l , bourdeau c , garney l , quéinnec e , deuve t . a molecular phylogeny shows the single origin of the pyrenean subterranean trechini ground beetles ( coleoptera : carabidae )
hamilton - smith e , eberhard s ( 2000 ) conservation of cave communities in australia . in : wilkens h , culver dc , humphreys wf ( eds . ) subterranean ecosystems . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 647–664
huppop k ( 2000 ) how do cave animals cope with the food scarcity in caves ? in : wilkens h , culver dc , humphreys wf ( eds . ) subterranean ecosystems . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 159–188
cameco ' s proposal for uranium mining at the yeelirrie deposit should not be given the go - head because it does not adequately protect underground fauna , the western australia environmental protection authority ( epa ) has recommended to australia ' s minister for environment .
we have recently been successful in securing funding for two 3 - year research projects that will provide comprehensive analyses of poorly known amphipod crustaceans ; dominant members of a recently discovered and internationally significant underground fauna in the pilbara and yilgarn regions of western australia .
faille a , andujar c , fadrique f , ribera i . late miocene origin of an iberio - maghrebian clade of ground beetles with multiple colonizations of the subterranean environment . j biogeogr . 2014 ; 41 : 1979–1990 .
) . the same idea is further corroborated by the identification of each population as an independent coalescent lineage ( i . e . , gymc cluster ) . these results are in agreement with other studies on subterranean arachnids (
reddell jr . the cave fauna of texas with special reference to the western edwards plateau . in : elliott wr , veni g , editors . the caves and karst of texas . national speleological society , huntsville , alabama ; 1994 . p . 31–50 .
subterranean habitats predominate on the continental and ocean margins . considering the continental earth , 97 % of all unfrozen freshwater is subsurface , whereas lakes and rivers represent less than 2 % . terrestrial subterranean habitats encompass the whole unsaturated zone ( vadose zone ) of underground , most evident in karstic areas ( caves , fissures , cracks , etc . ) , which represent nearly 4 % of the rock outcrops of the world . because they develop in rocks or sediments that protect them against surface environmental changes , these subterranean ecosystems , in contrast to most surface ecosystems which are short - lived ( rivers , wetlands , or forests ) , may persist relatively unchanged for millions of years .
ashmole np , ashmole mj ( 2000 ) fallout of dispersing arthropods supporting invertebrates in barren volcanic habitats . in : wilkens h , culver dc , humphreys wf ( eds . ) subterranean ecosystems . elsevier , amsterdam , pp 269–286
citation : liu w , golovatch s , wesener t , tian m ( 2017 ) convergent evolution of unique morphological adaptations to a subterranean environment in cave millipedes ( diplopoda ) . plos one 12 ( 2 ) : e0170717 . urltoken
caves contain a unique and phylogenetically diverse fauna . successful long - term survival and reproduction in caves is contingent upon a strong environmental filter through which surface - dwelling populations must pass . one important element of this filter is the complete absence of light , and the surface ancestors of troglobionts ( obligate aquatic and terrestrial cave - dwelling taxa ) are usually species that themselves do not have a strong dependence on light , such as species living in forest leaf litter [ 9 ] . however , knowledge of the environmental filter and of the biology of potential colonizing species is not sufficient to predict the composition of the cave fauna , even at higher taxonomic levels ( e . g . , order or family ) . the fauna of caves is reduced in taxonomic richness compared to surface communities , especially at higher taxonomic levels [ 10 ] .
hypotheses presented lead to the following predictions : elements of the cape range stygofauna should be found on the coast bordering the pilbara craton ; elements of the cape range terrestrial freshwater fauna should occur along water courses that would have drained from the pilbara craton across the cape range formation .
in situations where bat guano is scattered rather than concentrated , no specialized guano community exists and the guano is certainly utilized by the usual cave fauna . the importance of this scattered resource , similar to particulate organic matter on cave stream banks , however , has not been quantified .
harvey ms , shear wa , hoch h . onychophora , arachnida , myriapods and insecta . in : wilkens h , culver dc , humphreys wf , editors . subterranean ecosystems . ecosystems of the world 30 ; 2000 . p . 79–94 .
citation : christman mc , doctor dh , niemiller ml , weary dj , young ja , zigler ks , et al . ( 2016 ) predicting the occurrence of cave - inhabiting fauna based on features of the earth surface environment . plos one 11 ( 8 ) : e0160408 . urltoken
during the last decade , molecular data have become available for subterranean taxa and their corresponding surface relatives , which has improved insights into the evolution of cave fauna [ 121 ] . finally , some transcriptomes are available for cave - dwelling animals , including a cave beetle species , an aquatic isopod crustacean , and three different species of cave fish [ 122 ] . comparing transcriptomes of troglobitic millipedes with those of epigean congeners might provide additional evidence of the genetic pathways that contribute to their survival and evolution in the unusual ecosystem of the cave .


agriocnemis pygmaea ( pygmy wisp ) is a species of damselfly in the family coenagrionidae .

it is also known as wandering midget , pygmy dartlet or wandering wisp .

it is well distributed across asia and parts of australia .

it breeds in marshes and ponds .

agriocnemis pygmaea

dragonflies & damselflies of thailand : 18 . agriocnemis pygmaea ( rambur , 1842 )
dragonflies and damselflies of bangladesh : 03 . agriocnemis pygmaea ( rambur , 1842 )
agriocnemis femina ( brauer , 1868 ) number : 02 family : coenagrionidae genus : agriocnemis species : agriocnemis femina ( braue . . .
agriocnemis kalinga ( nair & subramanian , 2014 ) number : 04 family : coenagrionidae genus : agriocnemis species : agriocnem . . .
agriocnemis pygmaea is distributed in south - west , central , south and southeast asia , as well as in north and east australia .
subramanian , k . a . 2013 . agriocnemis pygmaea ( rambur , 1842 ) ; the iucn red list of threatened species 2013 . urltoken accessed on 30 november 2017 .
number : 186 family : libellulidae genus : nannophya species : nannophya pygmaea common name ( s ) : the scarlet dwarf . . .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . agriocnemis pygmaea rambur , 1842 . [ online ] bhutan biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
the male is pretty easy to identify . it is similar to a . femina femina , but the anal appendages are different . a . pygmaea has two small anal appendages . the male ' s thorax becomes pruinosed as it matures .
joshi , s . , p . koparde , p . dawn , p . roy , and k . kunte ( eds . ) .
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amphibians & reptiles birds mammals dragonflies fishes plants world biomes bird wing & tail images library resources publications pacific nw moths ( external site ) bug guide ( external site ) a catalogue of butterflies of the united states and canada , j . pelham , 2012 usfws feather atlas an identification manual to the small mammals of british coumbia tags silphidae of washington state
note : please inform dennis paulson ( dennispaulson @ comcast . net ) of any errors of commission or omission . thank you .
we were recently presented with a list of
mystery synonyms
of species that had been posted on inaturalist but were not in this world list . considerable effort was expended to solve this problem , and it led to a substantial number of errors being corrected on this list . we thank matthew muir , greg lasley and john abbott for calling our attention to this and the opportunity to make the corrections . the list was considered updated as of 21 september 2017 .
subsequently an attempt was made to have the list of world odonata used by the iucn in its red list assessments conform to the world odonata list , and this also pointed out some errors in the wol . we thank caroline pollock of iucn for making this possible and k - d dijkstra , viola clausnitzer and rory dow for furnishing information of importance as we worked out the problems . as of 30 march 2018 , the list is considered updated .
genera modified after 30 march 2018 : amphicnemis , anisogomphus , argia , coeliccia , coenagrion , cora , drepanosticta , euthore , forcepsioneura , heliogomphus , indocypha , mattigomphus , microgomphus , miocora , nososticta , protosticta . genera in which the changes involve only addition of synonyms or orthographic changes are not listed here .
we have been asked if there is any way that revisions of the list can be shown clearly . right now this is impractical , both because the revisions are frequent , at least several times per month , and we have not come up with a method that would make this both easy on the compiler and easily recognized by the user . because of the volume of changes , we also cannot cope with the responsibility of informing other workers who are maintaining their own versions of the list about every little change ( e . g . , correcting typographical errors in names or dates ) . we are listing the genera in which substantive changes ( e . g . , new species , new synonymies , taxonomic changes ) have been made since the last
edition .
we have not recognized any subspecies of odonata . instead , we have listed all named subspecies as synonyms of the species under which they were named . we are not able to judge the validity of these subspecies , and as many of them have been questioned , we chose to treat them all in the same fashion .
the list includes zygoptera through coenagrionidae , then anisozygoptera for epiophlebiidae , then anisoptera . within each suborder the families are in some semblance of phylogenetic order , then the genera and species are in alphabetical order within the family . indented names ( not indented very far on some browsers ) indicate ( a ) generic placement in the original description if different from the current generic placement , and ( b ) synonyms following
syn .
you can use the find function in your web browser to locate families , genera , and species .
bridges , c . a . 1993 . catalogue of the family - group , genus - group and species - group names of the odonata of the world ( second edition ) . c . a . bridges , urbana , illinois .
davies , d . a . l . , & p . tobin . 1984 . the dragonflies of the world : a systematic list of the extant species of odonata . vol . 1 . zygoptera , anisozygoptera . societas internationalis odonatologica rapid comm . ( suppl . ) no . 3 , utrecht .
davies , d . a . l . , & p . tobin . 1985 . the dragonflies of the world : a systematic list of extant species of odonata . vol . 2 . anisoptera . soc . int . odonatol . rapid comm . ( suppl . ) no . 5 . , utrecht .
dijkstra , k - d . b . , g . bechly , s . m . bybee , r . a . dow , h . j . dumont , g . fleck , r . w . garrison , m . hämäläinen , v . j . kalkman , h . karube , m . l . may , a . g . orr , d . r . paulson , a . c . rehn , g . theischinger , j . w . h . trueman , j . van tol , n . von ellenrieder , & j . ware . 2013 . the classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies ( odonata ) . zootaxa 3703 ( 1 ) : 36 - 45 .
dijkstra , k - d . b . , v . j . kalkman , r . a . dow , f . r . stokvis & j . van tol . 2014 . redefining the damselfly families : a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of zygoptera ( odonata ) . systematic entomology 39 ( 1 ) : 68 - 96 .
garrison , r . w . 1991 . a synonymic list of the new world odonata . argia 3 ( 2 ) : 1 - 30 .
tsuda , s . 1991 . a distributional list of world odonata . published by author , osaka .
slater museum of natural history 1500 n . warner st . # 1088 tacoma , wa 98416 253 . 879 . 3356
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2015 . world odonata list . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 10 july 2015 ) .
( rambur 1942 ) by pinhey ( 1974 ) . dumont ( 1974 ) redescribed the taxon and elaborated on the differences between
, the latter being very abundant and widespread in asia . though more taxonomic work is needed , both species are currently considered as good species , with
justification : this widespread species is found in diverse wetland habitats and does not have any threats . hence the species is assessed as least concern .
afghanistan ; australia ( new south wales , northern territory , queensland , western australia ) ; bangladesh ; bhutan ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ( guangdong , guangxi , hainan , sichuan ) ; hong kong ; india ( andaman is . , andhra pradesh , arunachal pradesh , assam , bihar , chandigarh , chattisgarh , dadra - nagar - haveli , daman , darjiling , delhi , diu , goa , gujarat , haryana , himachal pradesh , jammu - kashmir , jharkand , karaikal , karnataka , kerala , laccadive is . , madhya pradesh , maharashtra , mahé , manipur , meghalaya , mizoram , nagaland , nicobar is . , orissa , pondicherry , punjab , rajasthan , sikkim , tamil nadu , tripura , uttaranchal , uttar pradesh , west bengal , yanam ) ; indonesia ( bali , jawa , kalimantan , lesser sunda is . , papua , sulawesi , sumatera ) ; iran , islamic republic of ; japan ( nansei - shoto ) ; lao people ' s democratic republic ; macao ; malaysia ( peninsular malaysia ) ; myanmar ; nepal ; oman ; pakistan ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; seychelles ; singapore ; solomon islands ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; thailand ; viet nam
this is a common species across much of its range , and is likely to be under - recorded due to its tiny size .
the species is found in diverse natural and man made habitats . larvae commonly occur among the aquatic weeds and algae .
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general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
this page contains information and pictures about pygmy wisp damselflies that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia . they are also known as
this is the smallest damselflies we found . for the male , the head and thorax are pale green in colour with black pattern . abdomen is pale blue with black with the orange - red tail light .
from the reference information , in australia there are three damselflies with orange - red tip . all three can be found in brisbane , although we need some luck to find either one of them . they are the pygmy wisp , the red - rumped wisp and the
female is pale black in colour with some pale red under the abdomen . we saw them once feeding on tiny
they are not easy to find for they are very small in size , even thinner than a needle . they usually hide at low positions near the water edge , among thick vegetations . so they can be seen only when you were standing in the water . once you find them you can always have a close look at them for they fly neither fast nor far .
province ( s ) sighted : widespread ( khon kaen ) ; nam nao np / environs ( petchabun ) ; khao yai np ( nakhorn ratchasima ) ; khao soi dao ( chantaburi ) ; widespread ( chiang mai ) ; widespread ( kanchanaburi ) ; koh chang ; bangkok .
which is extremely common throughout thailand . any waterway is sure to have one or two of these little fellows hanging around . they are not easy to spot and because of their size are difficult to photograph , but they are worth the effort .
here is a fully mature male . you can clearly see how the thorax takes on a whiteish colour . also , the orange end segments fade and become black .
the female takes on many colours throughout its life . below is the ' green ' adult female .
here is a slightly younger female . it still has a touch of brown .
this is a sub - adult female , which is more of a reddish - brown colour .
here is a newly emerged female . it will only be a few hours old . you can still make out the markings .
for the first recently , i saw a female that also had become pruinose . shows that i am still learning !
this is a fairly common sight , here in the
wheel
position . however , it is really difficult to get good photos as they are so small and live close to the ground in the grasses .
i am too lazy to write about my past , but i now love photographing dragonflies , manchester city football club , fishing and , of course , my girlfriend .
number : 182 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion malaisei common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
location : phu kao - phu phan kham national park , khon kaen date : saturday 28th may , 2016 habitat : lowland , shallow lake on the edg . . .
number : 176 family : lestidae genus : platylestes species : platylestes platystylus common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a . . .
location : phu khieo wildlife sanctuary , chaiyaphum date : saturday , 12th november , 2016 habitat : mid - to upland forested ponds . . .
number : 175 family : libellulidae genus : lyriothemis species : lyriothemis sp . common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : n / a ha . . .
location 1 : tat fa and pha ing waterfalls , tat ton national park , chaiyaphum date : saturday 26th march , 2016 habitat : lowlands ( a . s . l . . . .
number : 189 family : libellulidae genus : amphithemis species : amphithemis curvistyla common name ( s ) : n / a synonyms : . . .
number : 185 family : coenagrionidae genus : ceriagrion species : ceriagrion pallidum common name ( s ) : n / a syn . . .
number : 57 family : libellulidae genus : trithemis species : trithemis aurora common name ( s ) : crimson marsh glider , crimson dropwing , . . .
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lane cove river , lane cove np , nsw [ - 33 . 792250° ; 151 . 147083° ]
pond at lake eacham tourist park , lake eacham , qld [ - 17 . 296400° ; 145 . 636283° ]
pond near johnstone river , malanda , qld [ - 17 . 354533° ; 145 . 634217° ]
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
ris , f . 1916 ,
h . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute . odonata
, supplementa entomologica , vol . 5 , pp . 1 - 81
selys - longchamps , e . de 1877 ,
synopsis des agrionines , 5me légion : agrion ( suite et fin ) . les genres telebasis , argiocnemis et hemiphlebia
, bulletin de la classe des science , academie royale de belgique , vol . 43 , pp . 97 - 159
tillyard , r . j . 1913 ,
on some new and rare australian agrionidae ( odonata )
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 37 , no . 1912 , pp . 404 - 479 pls xliv - xlix
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1175d8ec - fd77 - 4b02 - b443 - 3f14cb98a33f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 42f477e1 - d10b - 475e - 809f - cc121b85a52a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6188a2fb - b764 - 46a3 - bfc0 - 247763699f05
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c8eaa62c - d807 - 4eb4 - 8fb5 - a94a9b666ce7
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 354454
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is a small damselflies often found in the grassland associated to water bodies . they are tiny , maintain small territory , stay close to ground and flight slowly within a short range . due to their small size often they become prey of many other damselfles and dragonflies .
the length of the abdomen is 16 - 17 mm and the length of the hind wing is 9 - 10 mm . the eyes are green , black capped , post ocular spot present . thorax is black dorsally marked with apple green antehumeral stripes and green laterally . legs are whitish . wings are transparent , pterostigma pale yellow in the fore wing , black in the hind wing , 6 - 7 post nodal vein in the fore wing 5 - 6 in the hind wing .
black stripe travels from segment 1 to segment 7 dorsally , pale yellow laterally , segment 1 and ventrally green . segment 8 - 10 and caudal appendages orange .
shows different color morphs , mainly red morph and green morph . eyes are pale green , brownish cap above . broad black stripe in the thorax , associated with adjacent thin bluish stripe . legs are whitish with black spines .
wings are transparent with golden pterostigma . abdominal segments are red , with apical black ring in segment 2 - 6 . abdominal segments 7 - 10 are dorsally black , caudal appendage
in green form blue post ocular spot are visible . the antehumeral stripes are blue , thorax is laterally green . the abdominal segments are dorsally black and laterally green .
both the red and green morph are seen in matting . they usually perched from the grass while matting . matting lasts for a few minutes .
rhyothemis variegata ( linnaeus , 1763 ) number : 30 family : libellulidae genus : rhyothemis species : rhyothemis variegata ( . . .
potamarcha congener ( rambur , 1842 ) number : 22 family : libellulidae genus : potamarcha species : potamarcha congener ( ramb . . .
number : 11 family : gomphidae genus : paragomphus species : paragomphus lineatus ( selys , 1850 ) common name : lined hooktail . . .
trithemis aurora ( burmeister , 1839 ) trithemis aurora ( burmeister , 1839 ) number : 37 family : libellulidae genus : trith . . .
pantana flavescens ( fabricius , 1 798 ) family : libellulidae genus : pantana species : pantana flavescens ( fabricius . . .
09 . brachydiplax chalybea ( brauer , 1868 ) number : 09 family : libellulidae genus : brachydiplax species : brachythemis chalyb . . .
brachythemis contaminata ( fabricius , 1793 ) number : 08 family : libellulidae genus : brachythemis species : brachythemis conta . . .
diplacodes nebulosa ( fabricius , 1 79 3 ) family : libellulidae genus : diplacodes species : diplacodes nebulosa ( fabr . . .
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