the banded hare-wallaby or munning ( lagostrophus fasciatus ) is a marsupial that is currently found on the islands of bernier and dorre off western australia .

a small population has recently been established on faure island and it appears to have been successful .

it has also been reintroduced to wadderin sanctuary , near narembeen in the central wheatbelt , in 2013 .

evidence suggested that the mernine was the only living member of the sthenurine subfamily , and a recent osteology-based phylogeny of macropodids found that the banded hare-wallaby was indeed a bastion of an ancient lineage , agreeing with other ( molecular ) appraisals of the evolutionary history of l. fasciatus .

however , the authors analysis did not support the placement of the mernine within sthenurinae , but suggest it belongs to a plesiomorphic clade which branched off from other macropodids in the early miocene and put forward the new subfamily lagostrophinae .

recent analysis of mtdna extracted from fossils of the sthenurine simosthenurus supports this conclusion .

this new subfamily includes the banded hare-wallaby and the fossil genus troposodon .

banded hare - wallaby

pictures : banded hare wallaby # 1 ( 59 kb jpeg ) ( austral . wildl . cons . ) ; banded hare wallaby # 2 ( 82 kb jpeg ) ( terrambiente )
banded hare - wallaby , lagostrophus fasciatus , on lap of researcher undertaking a . . .
prince , r . 1983 . banded hare - wallaby . pp . 201 - 202 in r strahan , ed .
the banded hare wallaby is one of the species that live in the southwest australia biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . 2005 ) .
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - banded hare wallaby facts
( online ) . accessed
* * * it is referred to as a
hare
wallaby because of its hare - like speed and its jumping ability .
actor
wallaby approaches within 1 m ( 3 . 3 ft ) of
reactor
wallaby
banded hare wallabies currently live on uninhabited islands , so they have little interaction with humans .
this species is an herbivore that may impact its communities by grazing and browsing . competition between banded hare wallabies and similar rufous hare - wallabies (
banded hare - wallaby are quiet social unlike other wallaby . they usually move around in smaller groups . they keep themselves under the dense shrubs during the day and head out for the feed in the night time .
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on the mainland the banded hare wallaby inhabited prickly thickets on the flats and the edges of swamps . on the islands it lives in thorny acacia ligulata scrub .
wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
banded hare - wallaby
.
the rufous hare wallaby ( l agorchestes hirsutus ) is vulnerable . parma wallaby ( macropus parma ) is listed as near threatened , as is the brush tailed rock wallaby ( petrogale penicillata ) and the yellow footed rock wallaby ( petrogale xanthopus ) . the banded hare wallaby ( lagostrophus fasciatus ) is endangered , as is the bridled nailtail wallaby ( onychogalea fraenata ) , and the proserpine rock wallaby ( petrogale persephone ) . the eastern hare wallaby ( lagorchestes leporides ) is extinct , with the last known specimen collected in 1890 . the crescent nailtail wallaby ( onychogalea lunata ) is also extinct , possibly since the 1950 ' s . in all cases , the major threats were from introduced species that preyed on the wallabies or altered their environments .
the peron captive breeding centre was established in 1996 to provide animals for reintroduction to peron peninsula . the centre bred more than 300 animals from five species – the western barred bandicoot , bilby , rufous hare - wallaby ( mala ) , banded hare - wallaby and malleefowl .
banded hare - wallaby is a marsupial found in the australian islands . it was discovered in 1897 and belongs to macropodidae family . lagostrophus fasciatus is its biological name and it is a nocturnal . at present there are about 20 short faced kangaroos living in australia and banded hare - wallaby is the only survivor of that group . in 1966 it was declared as racoon due to the dark stripes present on its body . and in 1994 iucn declared banded hare - wallaby was declared as endangered .
awc ecologists completed another important step in the banded hare - wallaby translocation process , spending two weeks on the island as part of our post - release monitoring program .
unfortunately , the banded hare - wallaby could not defend itself against such a skilled hunter . they also need to feed on natural grasses , which were destroyed in vast quantities by the european colonists in order to grow their food and livestock . under this double pressure , the banded hare - wallaby was wiped out on the mainland by 1906 .
based on similarities in the dentition , tim flannery ( 1983b ) proposed that the closest living relative of sthenurines ( short - faced kangaroos ) was the tiny banded hare - wallaby ( lagostrophus fasciatus ) . still extant , the banded hare - wallaby survives on two islands off the coast of western australia . this proposal , however , is debated .
banded hare wallabies mainly browse or occasionally graze on foliage and grasses . individuals accumulate in areas with high densities of
while some female banded hare wallabies may produce 2 young in a year , they usually manage to rear only 1 .
banded hare - wallaby , lagostrophus fasciatus , on lap of researcher undertaking a population survey , bernier island , bernier and dorre islands nature reserve , shark bay area , western australia , australia .
banded hare - wallabies enjoy new island home | biological surveys : inventory and measuring health | newhaven wildlife sanctuary and more .
banded hare - wallaby are found in australian islands , specifically in dorre and bernier islands . they are usually seen wandering in bushes and grasslands . and they also find their place under these shrubs during the day . the places they live in generally has mediterranean climatic condition . some evidences say that banded hare - wallaby were one found in australian mainland but now they no more exist there .
banded hare - wallabies once occurred across southern australia from victoria to south - west western australia . mainland populations are now extinct . the only extant remnant populations are on bernier and dorre islands , shark bay , western australia . the banded hare - wallaby has been successfully reintroduced to awc’s faure island sanctuary in shark bay .
drawing of the banded hare - wallaby in 1853 from the book by john gould , f . r . s . , mammals of australia , vol . ii plate 60 , london , 1863 .
richards , j . 2007 . western barred bandicoot perameles bougainville , burrowing bettong bettongia lesueur and banded hare - wallaby lagostrophus fasciatus recovery plan 2007 - 2011 . department of environment and conservation , perth .
banded hare - wallabies are susceptible to predation by foxes and cats . reintroductions to dirk hartog island and peron peninsula in western australia were unsuccessful due to predation by feral cats , combined with drought . the south - west of western australia has experienced a decline in rainfall in recent decades ; further declines are likely to reduce population sizes of banded hare - wallabies . in the past , extensive areas of banded hare - wallaby habitat were cleared for agriculture .
one of our most endangered kangaroo species , the banded hare - wallaby , has made a historic return to mainland australia , more than 100 years after the last wild colony disappeared as a result of foxes and cats .
female banded hare wallabies have a yearly mortality rate of 25 % , while for males the figure is 30 % . ( flannery 1990 )
found on three islands the coast of western australia : bernier , dorre and faure islands . banded hare - wallabies live within dense shrubbery .
prince , r . i . t . ( 1995 ) . banded hare - wallaby . in : strahan , r , ed . the mammals of australia . page ( s ) 406 - 408 . reed : chatswood .
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arkive photo - spectacled hare - wallaby nocturnal feeding behaviour
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banded hare - wallabies are the only remaining members of a lineage called short - faced kangaroos . this group had about 12 species , some of which were huge megafauna – up to 200 kg in weight and three metres tall . yet banded hare - wallabies are smaller than a domestic cat .
awc has reintroduced a population of banded hare - wallabies to faure island , the original source of animals being bernier island . reintroductions occurred between 2004 and 2013 . in the latest reintroduction , 30 animals were translocated , 25 of which have been monitored with radiocollars . awc is planning to reintroduce the banded hare - wallaby to a large predator - free area on mt gibson sanctuary .
the banded hare - wallaby is extinct on the mainland but secure populations are found on offshore islands in western australia . the latter are being used to re - introduce the species into former habitat is south - western wa ( image :
procoptodon goliah is most closely related to other species of procoptodon ( procoptodon rapha and procoptodon pusio ) . the relationships of sthenurine kangaroos are debated , although they may be closely related to the living banded hare - wallaby , lagostrophus fasciatus .
gps tracking collars for banded hare - wallaby need to overcome two very important hazards . the first is the very aggressive behavior of the males and the second is the habitat . telemetry solutions uses very rugged materials to construct our banded hare - wallaby collars while at the same time keeping the collars light . as the animals are nocturnal and nest in very dense brush our smart gps feature overcomes the problem of missed gps location attempts during the daylight hours . this extends battery life .
the disappearance of the banded hare - wallaby on the australian mainland is thought to be the combined result of clearing of vegetation for agriculture , competition for food with introduced sheep and rabbits , and predation by introduced predators such as cats ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . although these factors have caused a dramatic decline in numbers of the banded hare - wallaby , causing their extinction on the mainland , those that remain on the uninhabited islands of dorre and bernier thankfully remain relatively secure ( 6 ) .
richards , j . d . ( 2003 ) report on threatened shark bay marsupials , western barred bandicoot perameles bougainville bougainville , burrowing bettong bettongia lesueur lesueur , banded hare - wallaby lagostrophus fasciatus fasciatus , and rufous hare - wallabies lagorchestes hirsutus bernieri and lagorchestes hirsutus dorreae . department of environment and heritage , canberra . available at : urltoken
red - necked wallaby distribution . click on map for detailed distribution from iucn macropus rufogriseus factsheet .
the banded hare wallaby is found on bernier and dorre islands in shark bay , western australia . adults weigh from 2 . 9 to 2 . 6 lbs and females are usually larger than males . it is referred to as a
hare
wallaby because of its hare - like jumping ability and speed . they also have a habit of sitting in well formed hare - like squats . the fur of the banded hare wallaby is long , soft , and thick and its ears are short . they can grow up to 46 cm in length and the tail is short . the banded hare wallaby prefers to feed at night and eats grasses , spinifex , fruit and a variety of shrubs and plants . it is a sociable animal and likes to congregate with other wallabies under bushes during the day . males are very aggressive toward each other and fight for food and for females to mate with . females give birth to one and sometimes two babies . the young spend about six months in the mother ' s pouch and are weaned at nine months . the banded hare wallaby has disappeared from most of its range because of the clearing of vegetation for agriculture , competition for food with nonnative mammals and predation by nonnative animals like cats and foxes . it is now protected by law in western australia . the last population estimate ( from 1992 ) was about 9 , 700 individuals . current population estimates are unavailable .
although female and juvenile banded hare wallabies maintain largely amicable relations , males exhibit a high degree of aggression towards each other . fighting seems to occur in competition for food .
richards , j . ( 2007 ) . western barred bandicoot perameles bougainville , burrowing bettong bettongia lesueur and banded hare - wallaby lagostrophus fasciatus recovery plan 2007 - 2011 . wildlife management program no . 49 . western australia : department of environment and conservation . available from : urltoken .
banded hare - wallabies are nocturnal . during the day , they sleep in long , shallow nests called runs made under scrub brush or thickets . small colonies of banded hare - wallabies will sleep in the same run . when night falls , the little marsupials hop out to feed on whatever vegetation they can find . they prefer grasses , fruits and shrubs .
habitat features critical to the survival of the banded hare - wallaby include areas of dense heath and shrub thickets to avoid predators . sites that might have suitable habitat include : faure island , peron peninsula and edel land in shark bay , and conservation reserves in the south coastal region of wa ( richards 2012a ) . however , the banded hare - wallabies are unlikely to persist at sites where introduced predators are present ( hardman & moro 2006 cited in richards 2012a ) .
an average wallaby dropped some 311 fecal pellets in a 24 hour period ( johnson et al . 1987 )
the disappearance of the banded hare wallaby may have been associated with the clearing of vegetation for agriculture , competition for food with introduced rabbits and livestock , and predation by introduced cats and foxes ( although its extinction on the mainland may have occurred before arrival of the fox in western australia ) .
. additionally , banded hare - wallabies form runs under the shrubs . the islands on which they live are of a mediterranean climate , warm with moderate rainfall and distinct wet and dry seasons .
the banded hare wallaby ' s weight ranges from 1 . 3 - 2 . 1 kg ( 2 . 9 - 4 . 6 lb ) , although females occasionally weigh up to 3 kg ( 6 . 6 lb ) and males occasionally weigh up to 2 . 5 kg ( 5 . 5 lb ) .
prince , r . i . t . & j . d . richards ( 2008 ) . banded hare - wallaby , lagostrophus fasciatus . in : van dyck , s . & r . strahan , eds . the mammals of australia . page ( s ) 407 - 8 . 3rd edition . new holland publishers .
short , j . and turner , b . 1992 . the distribution and abundance of the banded and rufous hare - wallabies , lagostrophus fasciatus and lagorchestes hirsutus . biological conservation 60 : 157 - 166 .
prince , r . i . t . and richards , j . d . 2008 . banded hare - wallaby , lagostrophus fasciatus . in : s . van dyck and r . strahan ( eds ) , the mammals of australia . third edition , pp . 407 - 408 . reed new holland , sydney , australia .
it is likely that the banded hare - wallaby was the first macropod to have been scientifically described . in 1699 , the british explorer william dampier described it as a “sort of a raccoon” due to the distinctive bands across the animal’s lower back . the species appears to be the sole survivor of a now - extinct group of macropods .
on the mainland the banded hare - wallaby inhabited prickly thickets on the flats and the edges of swamps ( 7 ) . on the islands , the species lives in woodlands with thick , dense shrubs , particularly those dominated by thorny acacia ligulata scrub , being dependent upon these dense thickets for shelter ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .
large destruction of habitat for agricultural purpose has been the main cause of their extinction . competition for food by goats , rabbits and other animals which have the same food habits are also a threat . and predators like cat which feed upon this animals also pose danger . all these have collectively cause the decline in the banded hare - wallaby population .
female banded hare - wallabies start breeding at one or two years old . they carry their single offspring in their pouch for six months after birth . in times of drought , these wallabies conserve their resources and stop breeding .
red - necked wallaby joeys begin to emerge from their mothers ' pouch at around 7 months and emerge permanently at around 9 months .
two of the four species of hare - wallabies that were identified at european colonisation of australia are extinct . the only species which retains a broad geographic range is the spectacled hare - wallaby which also has a small population is southern new guinea . the genus was once common in the deserts and tropics and south - west of western australia . pastoralism and the introduction of livestock grazing and concomitant changes in fire management and release of rabbits , foxes and cats have wrought a devastating impacts on the attractive small wallabies . a characteristic , emphasised in the spectacled hare - wallaby , is the rufous fur around the eye . the hare - wallabies have long feet with long claws but the fore - limbs are very delicate and short .
the banded hare - wallaby is grey marsupial with dark bands across its lower back . it grows up to 45 cm in length with a tail length of 20 cm . this marsupial weighs between 1 . 3 and 2 . 1 kg ( strahan 1998 ) , but males may weigh up to 2 . 5 kg and females up to 3 . 0 kg ( richards 2012a ) .
the banded hare wallaby is nocturnal . its diet consists of grasses , spinifex , fruit and a variety of shrubs and other plants . it seems to obtain the moisture it requires from the dew and water that is contained in its vegetarian diet . the animal ' s island habitat includes dense , thorny acacia scrub under which it forms runways that it uses for shelter during the day . other low - spreading shrubs and bushes may also be used . unlike other hare wallabies this one is sociable , often congregating under bushes during the day and emerging at night to feed . the banded hare wallaby was once common over the semi - arid regions of southern western australia . it was probably extinct on the australian mainland by 1963 ( it had not been recorded there since 1906 . ) . at that time it was known to occur on bernier and dorre islands in shark bay , western australia , where it remains to the present . attempts have been made to reintroduce it on dirk hartog island . the disappearance of the banded hare wallaby may have been associated with the clearing of vegetation for agriculture , competition for food with introduced rabbits and livestock , and predation by introduced cats and foxes ( although its extinction on the mainland may have occurred before arrival of the fox in western australia ) .
richards , j . d . ( 2012a ) . western barred bandicoot perameles bougainville , burrowing bettong bettongia lesueur and banded hare - wallaby lagostrophus fasciatus national recovery plan . department of environment and conservation ( western australia ) and the australian government department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 19 - sep - 2012 .
banded hare wallabies , like other kangaroos and wallabies , use their keen vision and senses of smell , touch , and hearing to perceive their environment . communication between conspecifics is poorly understood , but it is likely that they use chemical and visual cues .
females and young occupy overlapping home ranges but adult males are highly aggressive and territorial ( prince 1995 ) . the average home range of a small sample of banded hare - wallabies reintroduced to françois peron np was 11 ha ( hardman & moro 2006 cited in richards 2012a ) .
males become aggressive to other banded hare - wallabies during the long breeding season , which runs from december to september . this period can change depending if there has been a drought that year . females usually do not have their first offspring until they are two . males can breed at one year of age but usually cannot due to older , stronger males in the territory . the exact gestation length for banded hare - wallabies is unknown , but females nurse their young for six months . the one or two babies in each litter leave their parents’ protection when they are about 10 months old .
richards jd , short j , prince rit , friend ja , courtenay jm ( 2001 ) the biology of banded ( lagostrophus fasciatus ) and rufous ( lagorchestes hirsutus ) hare - wallabies ( diprotodontia : macropodidae ) on dorre and bernier islands , western australia . wildlife research 28 , 311 - 322 .
banded hare - wallabies are herbivorous , consuming grasses , malvaceous and leguminous shrubs and other dicotyledonous plants ( prince 1995 ) . in captivity at the peron captive breeding centre , banded hare - wallabies have been observed browsing on acacia sclerosperma , a . tetragonophylla , a . ramulosa , and a . ligulata ( c . sims , pers . comm . cited in richards 2012a ) . they will eat leaves ( live and dead ) , bark , flowers and seed - pods of many of these species ( richards 2012a ) . feeding occurs at night in open areas ( woinarski et al . 2014 ) .
the female banded hare wallaby usually gives birth in the latter half of summer , although those that fail to breed then may still produce young later in the first half of the year . females may also have an embryo in reserve in case something happens to their young . this leads to the occasional birth as late as september . while females are usually reproductively inactive in october and november , severe summer drought can disrupt this pattern with breeding occurring as soon as the drought is broken .
it has 200 t0 450 mm body length with a long tail of about 350 to 400 mm . it weighed about 1 . 3 - 3 kg on an average . banded hare - wallaby had a very thick grey fur with yellow and silver spots all over the fur and has black stripes at lower back . it has a small face with snout popped out , dark eyes and outward pointed ears . the back two limbs are longer than the front ones . this special feature makes it easy for movement .
helgen , k . m . , and flannery , t . f . 2003 . taxonomy and historical distribution of the wallaby genus lagostrophus . australian journal of zoology 51 : 199 - 212 .
helgen , k . m . & t . f . flannery ( 2003 ) . taxonomy and historical distribution of the wallaby genus lagostrophus . australian journal of zoology . 51 : 199 - 212 .
the banded hare - wallaby resembles a very small , striped kangaroo . when it was first seen by europeans , they mistakenly thought it was a kind of raccoon . the creature has a very small , doe - shaped head in proportion to the enormous round hindquarters and long , mostly hairless tail . the short fur varies in color with stripes or spots of yellow , grey , black and dark brown . the darkest and thickets stripes are on the hindquarters . the animal is darker on the back and sides than on the belly and chest .
the banded hare - wallaby formerly occurred in south - western australia , the nullarbor plain , southern south australia and western victoria ( helgen and flannery 2003 ) . sub fossil material suggests that it may have been more widespread in the eastern part of its range in the holocene and possibly also in early modern times . it is now restricted to bernier and dorre islands , shark bay , western australia . it was successfully introduced to faure island , shark bay , in several translocations between 2004 - 2012 ( s . legge pers . comm . 2014 ) .
short j , turner b ( 1992 ) the distribution and abundance of rufous hare - wallabies , lagostrophus fasciatus and lagorchestes hirsutus . biological conservation 60 , 157 - 166 .
the banded hare - wallaby became restricted to bernier and dorre islands , shark bay , western australia , following decline and extinction of populations on mainland australia in the nineteenth and early twentieth century . it has been successfully introduced to faure island via several translocations ( assisted colonization ) between 2004 and 2012 ; this subpopulation is still establishing . all three island subpopulations are subject to plausible threats , especially the drying climate and introductions of exotic predators which would make it become critically endangered or even extinct in a short time , hence it is listed as vulnerable under criterion d2 .
it is an herbivorous animal which largely feeds upon grass . it also eats fruits , shrubs , and other available plants in its habitat . it is during the night time that these wallaby emerge for feed .
the centre also improved understanding about reproduction , behaviour , diet and physiology of some arid environment species and has contributed to conservation of the hare - wallabies and other threatened species .
the banded hare - wallaby was formerly found across south - western australia , but now remains only on the islands of dorre and bernier in shark bay , 50 to 60 kilometres off western australia , having last been recorded on the mainland in 1906 ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . this species also occurred historically on dirk hartog island , south of dorre island and bernier island , but is thought to have died out there in the 1920s , and reintroduction attempts have so far been unsuccessful ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . a small , introduced population now occurs on faure island .
the banded hare - wallaby is the sole member of its genus and is thought to be the sole surviving species of the sthenuridae which numbered 20 species in the pleistocene . the taxonomic position is debated and it remains in the macropodidae in recent accounts . like the rufous hare - wallaby to which it is very distantly related , females are larger than males as females reach 3 kg but males only 2 . 5 kg . the overall colouration is dark grizzled grey - brown on the back with distinctive dark and light bands on the rump crossed by a dark back stripe . the fur is thick and soft and is a complex of underfur , coarse hair and long isolated guard hairs . the hair on the face , ears and fore - limbs is short and grizzled grey . the abdomen is a mix of grey and white and the arms and legs have a reddish tinge . the tail is covered in short yellow - grey hair but there are long black hairs on the tip .
banded hare - wallabies are characterised by a series of transverse dark bars that run from the middle of their back to the base of their tail . they have long , thick fur that is predominantly grey but also grizzled with pale yellow and silver ; and a rufous tinge on their flanks . adults have a head - body length of 400 – 450 mm and weigh around 2 kg .
richards , j . d . , j . short , r . i . t . prince , j . a . friend & j . m . courtenay ( 2001 ) . the biology of banded ( lagostrophus fasciatus ) and rufous ( lagorchestes hirsutus ) hare - wllabies ( diprotodontia : macropodidae ) on dorre and bernier islands , western australia . wildlife research . 28 : 311 - 322 .
the population abundance of the banded hare - wallaby fluctuates greatly with rainfall ( woinarski et al . 2014 ) . surveys in 1988 / 89 indicated a total population of 7700 animals on bernier and dorree islands ( short & turner 1992 ) , 9700 in 1991 / 92 ( short et al . 1997 ) , 2655 in 2009 ( dec unpub . data cited in richards 2012a ) and 4000 in 2011 ( roache 2011 cited in woinarski et al . 2014 ) . abundance on faure island is unknown , but 57 adults have been released on to the island ( legge pers . comm . cited in woinarski et al . 2014 ) .
the banded hare - wallaby is the only survivor of a group of at least 20 ‘short faced kangaroos’ ( subfamily sthenurinae ) that once existed across australia . however , the distinctive transverse dark stripes on the lower back of this grey - furred wallaby , for which the species gets its common name , led to its original ( erroneous ) description in 1699 as ‘a sort of raccoon’ ( 4 ) . the thick shaggy grizzled grey fur is otherwise speckled with yellow and silver , and shades to pale grey on the underbelly ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . two subspecies are recognised : lagostrophus fasciatus albipilis , which is now considered to be extinct ( 2 ) , was more reddish in colour with less pronounced stripes and a bigger hair crest on the head , than the remaining subspecies lagostrophus fasciatus fasciatus . the snouts of both are normally hairless and short ( 6 ) .
short , j . & b . turner ( 1992 ) . the distribution and abundance of rufous hare - wallabies , lagostrophus fasciatus and lagorchestes hirsutus . biological conservation . 60 : 157 - 166 .
banded hare - wallabies survive in the wild for at least 5 years ( richards et al . 2001 ) and individuals on bernier island have been estimated to be 4 - 5 years on the basis of dentition and skull measurements ( hughes 1965 cited in richards 2012a ) . in captivity at the peron captive breeding centre animals have survived for 15 years ( sims pers . comm . cited in richards 2012a ) .
richards , j . d . , short , j . , prince , r . i . t . , friend , j . a . and courtenay , j . m . 2001 . the biology of banded ( lagostrophus fasciatus ) and rufous ( lagorchestes hirsutus ) hare - wallabies ( diprotodontia : macropodidae ) on dorre and bernier islands , western australia . wildlife research 28 ( 3 ) : 311 - 322 .
once widespread across south - western australia and as far east as the murray basin , banded hare - wallabies are now restricted to just three west - coast islands . they are a relatively long - lived species ( up to six years ) but have suffered intense predation from introduced foxes and cats . they are also susceptible to drought , despite obtaining most of their water from their food , since drought kills the plants and shrubs they live among and feed upon .
the banded hare - wallaby occurs in all types of habitat on the islands including dunes , grassland and heathland . however , higher densities occur in areas of thicker vegetation ( short et al . 1997 ) . individuals shelter under dense thickets of dune wattle ( acacia ligulata ) , wirewood ( a . coriacea ) and bullock bush ( alectryon oleifolius ) on sandplains and diplolaena dampieri and bullock bush on dunes ( woinarski et al . 2014 ) . beneath these shrubs it forms runways and shelters ( prince & richards 2008 ) . several individuals may be found sheltering in one patch of shrub ( richards 2012a ) , but adults of each sex appear to live in well - defined individual home ranges or territories ( woinarski et al . 2014 ) .
the banded hare wallaby was once common over the semi - arid regions of southern western australia . fossils and a single specimen collected in south australia last century show that it once extended across the southern nullabor plain into the lower murray river region of south australia . it also occurred on dirk hartog , bernier and dorre islands , shark bay . after the granting of a pastoral lease on dirk hartog island in 1899 , it gradually declined and finally disappeared from the island in the 1920 ' s . it was probably extinct on the australian mainland by 1963 ( it had not been recorded there since 1906 . ) . at that time it was known to occur on bernier and dorre islands in shark bay , western australia , where it remains to the present . attempts have been made to reintroduce it on dirk hartog island .
banded hare - wallabies feed primarily on shrubs and , to a lesser extent , grasses . they obtain their water requirements through their food and from dew . during the day , animals shelter in dense shrubs on coastal sandplains and dunes . breeding can occur throughout the year , with a peak in late summer . embryonic diapause has been recorded in this species . this means that , soon after giving birth , the female mates and the resultant foetus stays dormant ( ‘quiescent’ ) whilst the pouch is occupied . in the wild , an individuals’ lifespan is approximately six years .
unfortunately , attempts made to reintroduce this species to dirk hartog island in the 1970s and to peron peninsula at shark bay in 2001 , failed . cat predation played an important part in these failures , as well as intensive browsing by sheep and goats , and a period of drought over the summer of 1979 / 80 on dirk hartog , resulting in the loss of 30 to 40 percent of the acacia shrub cover . captive populations are currently held at the peron captive breeding facility and the dryandra captive breeding facility , though the latter has experienced problems with aerial predation by the wedge - tailed eagle ( 8 ) . at last , in 2003 and 2004 , banded hare - wallabies from peron captive breeding facility and the shark bay islands were successfully reintroduced to faure island , after the removal of goats from the island ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . this population is now thriving and represents a remarkable victory for conservation . banded hare - wallabies have been so successful in adapting to their new environment that they bred in the first year after release , providing fresh hope for the long - term survival of this relic species of ‘short faced kangaroo’ ( 9 ) .
the banded hare - wallaby is restricted to the offshore bernier and dorre islands in shark bay , western australia ( prince & richards 2008 ) . there is doubt as to whether populations ever occurred on dirk hartog island ( maxwell et al . 1996 ) . several translocations to faure island occurred between 2004 and 2012 and the population is considered to be
establishing
( prince & richards 2008 ; woinarski et al . 2014 ) . unsuccessful reintroduction occurred at dirk hartog island , with the last individual dying there in 1980 . factors influencing the poor outcome of the program include predation , by feral cats ( felis catus ) and wedge - tailed eagle ( aquila audax ) , exacerbated by drought and intensive browsing by sheep and goats ( capra hircus ) ( prince & richards 2008 ; reinhold & thomas 2007 ; short & turner 1992 ) . a captive population is maintained at peron captive breeding centre and the dryandra field breeding facility ( reinhold & thomas 2007 ) .
they range in size from the tiny dwarf at only 18 inches , to the larger species that can reach over three feet to unusual lengths of even six feet . they can live in a variety of environments and are well adapted to each . rock wallabies have feet adapted to grip rocks in their rugged terrain while the red necked wallaby is almost indistinguishable from a kangaroo .
its diet consists of grasses , spinifex , fruit , and a variety of shrubs and other plants . it seems to obtain the moisture it requires from the dew and water that is contained in its vegetarian diet . unlike other hare wallabies it is sociable , often congregating under bushes during the day and emerging at night to feed .
unlike other hare - wallabies , this species is sociable , often congregating in small groups . during the day , these groups shelter in ‘runs’ formed beneath dense scrub , and emerge only at night to feed on grasses and shrubs , usually in open areas with scattered shelter ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . adults of each sex appear to live in well - defined home ranges or territories , and interactions between males are characterised by high levels of aggression , thought to be related to competition for food ( 2 ) .
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eldridge ( 2008 ) pointed out that lagostrophus differs from other members of the macropodidae on a number of criteria , genetic and morphological , and placed them in an unknown subfamily ; however , lagostrophus has recently been placed in a new subfamily , the lagostrophinae ( prideaux and warburton 2010 ) . otherwise , all species are placed in the subfamily macropodinae .
abundance on bernier and dorre islands fluctuates greatly with rainfall . surveys in 1988 / 89 indicated a total population of about 7700 animals , equally divided between the two islands ( short and turner 1992 ) , and 9700 in 1991 / 92 ( short et al . 1997 ) . recent surveys for this species estimated the number on bernier island as 1807 individuals and on dorre island as 2294 individuals ( reinhold 2010 in roache 2011 ) . reintroduction attempts to dirk hartog island and peron peninsula failed due to predation by the feral cat and drought ( prince and richards 2008 ) . the first translocation to faure island , from which feral cats have been eradicated , was in 2004 , and was seven animals ; these were supplemented every one to two years from the peron captive breeding facility , as animals became available , in order to boost founder size numerically and genetically . to date 57 adults ( plus 21 pouch young ) have been introduced to faure island in eight translocations ( s . legge pers . comm . 2014 ) . population size on faure island is unknown ; this island has an area of 58 km 2 , similar to the areas of each of bernier and dorre island .
on bernier , dorre and faure islands the species shelters under dense thickets of acacia ligulata , a . coriacea and alectryon oleifolius on sandplains and diplolaena dampieri and a . oleifolius on dunes . beneath these shrubs , it forms runways . several individuals may be found sheltering in one patch of shrubs , although adults of each sex appear to live in well - defined individual home ranges or territories . feeding takes place at night in open areas . grasses usually make up less than half the dietary intake with the remainder being composed of malvaceous and leguminous shrubs and other dicotyledons ( richards et al . 2001 ; prince and richards 2008 ) .
the current major threats to the subpopulations of the species include : the introduction of predators ( feral cats and red foxes , dogs ) to islands , destructive wildfire , and disease ( richards 2007 ) . introduced black rats and mice are also a concern , but to a lesser degree than the larger predators . extreme fluctuations in populations on islands are a threat , but this threat is seen as minor relative to the risk exotic predators being introduced ( short et al . 1997 ) . as extreme weather events become more common , and given that all locations for the species are nearby islands in shark bay , these fluctuations are a cause for concern as the area is predicted to continue to suffer reduced annual rainfall . the species presumably was extirpated from mainland australia by a combination of predation by the red fox and feral cat and habitat disturbance .
this species is listed as a threatened species under australian law . bernier and dorre islands are both protected areas . faure island is a pastoral lease managed by the australian wildlife conservancy as a wildlife sanctuary . regular monitoring of subpopulations is carried out . the species is listed on cites appendix i .
a multi - species recovery plan ( richards 2007 ) had the following actions relevant to l . fasciatus :
· use population viability analysis to compare the viability of wild and current and potential reintroduced populations .
the implementation of the recovery plan is well advanced with regards to managing the islands and implementing a monitoring program for the species . the captive colony at the peron breeding centre , near denham , shark bay , is being maintained . the introduction to faure island has been successful and is being monitored . a project to eradicate feral cats on dirk hartog island national park has commenced with assistance from the gorgon barrow island net conservation benefits fund . a reintroduction to a mainland island ( c . 6000 ha ) on mt gibson sanctuary is planned for 2014 / 2015 . no reintroductions to unfenced mainland sites are planned because of the threat of predation by the feral cat and red fox .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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although sexual maturity is reached at one year of age , breeding does not usually take place until the second year ( 5 ) . young may be born anywhere between december and september , after a gestation that appears to last several months ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . females usually raise one young each year , although it is possible to produce two young in a season ( 5 ) . young spend about six months in their mother’s pouch and are weaned around three months later ( 2 ) .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
authenticated ( 02 / 01 / 08 ) by professor john rodger , university of newcastle , australia . urltoken
subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .
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up to 13 new baby numbats have been confirmed at awc’s mt gibson wildlife sanctuary after ecologists sighted pouch young during trapping of ten adult numbats to undertake routine health checks .
australian wildlife conservancy ( awc ) has reintroduced the bilby to south - western australia – returning this threatened species to the region for the first time in several decades through an initial translocation of 16 bilbies from awc’s scotia wildlife sanctuary ( nsw / sa border ) to mt gibson wildlife sanctuary ( wa ) .
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is found only on dorre island and bernier island in shark bay , 50 - 60 km west of the australian mainland . on dorre island , the population is concentrated in the north , while on bernier island it is further south . the population on dorre island is less dense than bernier island . historically , members of this species also lived on the mainland of southwestern australia . the last recorded individual on the mainland was seen in 1906 . fossils of
have been found on dirk hartog island , south of their current location . current attempts are underway to reintroduce this species to the western australian mainland . attempts to re - introduce
( friend and beecham , 2004 ; helgen and flannery , 2003 ; menkhorst , 2001 ; prince , 1983 ; richards , et al . , 2001 ; short and turner , 1992 ; tyndale - biscoe , 1965 )
usually lives in woodlands with thick , dense shrubs , which it uses for shelter during the day . many of the shrubs are of the species
is usually 400 - 450 mm . tail length ranges from 350 - 400 mm , and tail diameter from 13 - 21 mm . the distance from the knee to the foot on the hind limb ranges from 96 - 146 mm and the pes length from 94 - 121 mm . the weight varies from 1 . 3 - 3 kg , although most specimens weigh under 2 kg . the fur is thick , shaggy , long , and gray with a few yellow and silver splotches .
is marked by transverse black stripes along the lower back . ventrally the fur has a grayish - white color . the face is gray and the flanks have a reddish tint . the snouts are normally hairless and short . canines are absent . the sexes are not dimorphic in color or size . the fifth metatarsal is partially ventral to the fourth and is cylindrical in shape . the metabolic rate is unknown . two subspecies exist :
. the latter is more reddish in color with less pronounced stripes and a bigger hair crest on the head . it may also have a shorter tail .
( flannery , 1983 ; helgen and flannery , 2003 ; menkhorst , 2001 ; prince , 1983 ; richards , et al . , 2001 )
the skull of this species has interorbital ridges that are almost parallel , a moderately large zygomatic arch , and a mandibular condyle that is lengthened transversely . on the upper jaw , the first incisor is larger than the third incisor , which is larger than the second incisor . the lower incisors line up below the upper incisors instead of lying behind the upper incisors . the crown of the first upper incisor is not completely surrounded by enamel . additionally , the second and third upper premolars are l - shaped . the lower premolars have a broad anterior cingulum .


crassicorophium bonellii is a species of amphipod crustacean in the genus crassicorophium .

it produces waterproof silk from its legs as an adhesive in constructing shelter for itself .

in a study published in the journal naturwissenschaften , it was found that silk is produced in a fashion very similar to spiders .

it has been suggested by dr fritz vollrath of oxford university that crassicorophium silk 's tolerance of salt water means it might find uses in medical applications where it would come into contact with salty bodily fluids .

crassicorophium bonellii

marbef data system - erms - crassicorophium bonellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 )
worms - world register of marine species - crassicorophium bonellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 )
the shrimp , crassicorophium bonellii , produces fibres that combine barnacle cement biology with spider silk production techniques .
the marine animal crassicorophium bonellii looks like a shrimp , but it acts more like a spider . the creature uses its legs to spin silk that ' s both incredibly hard and super sticky . . . and could be of great medical use to humans .
this way of spinning silk is remarkably similar to that used by spiders , which pull the material from their bodies using their legs . that similarity , though , is almost certainly the result of convergent evolution rather than a common origin , since the last joint ancestor of crassicorophium and spiders lived way longer ago than the ancestor of crassicorophium and barnacles .
fritz vollrath , of oxford university , hopes to find out . as he describes in n aturwissenschaften , he and his colleagues have found that a small marine crustacean called crassicorophium bonellii produces a material which has the adhesive characteristics of barnacle glue and the structural properties of spider - silk fibres . it is water - resistant and flexible , but also somewhat sticky , and is employed by the animals to construct tubular homes in the sediments of the sea bed .
dr vollrath ' s examination of crassicorophium showed that the material is secreted by glands similar to those used by barnacles to make their cement . given that crassicorophium and barnacles are both crustaceans , albeit ones whose common ancestor lived 100m years ago , that suggests a single origin for the ability to make this type of goo . indeed , it might explain the mystery of how barnacles settled down in first place . possibly , a crassicorophium - like ancestor used the material to anchor itself to rocks and feed on passing titbits by catching them with its legs , as modern barnacles do . ( the protective plates presumably came later . )
beyond its curiosity value , the discovery of crassicorophium silk could have practical benefits . there is great interest , in biotechnological circles , in using silk more extensively as an industrial material . its lightness , flexibility and strength would make it widely deployable . adding crassicorophium silk—or , at least , knowledge derived from its analysis—to the mix would extend that range . dr vollrath , for example , suggests that crassicorophium silk ' s tolerance of salt water means it might find uses in medical applications where it would come into contact with salty bodily fluids . thus , with luck , can curiosity - driven research of the most esoteric kind lead to good , solid human benefits .
in addition , whereas barnacles just ooze out their cement , crassicorophium processes its material in a spider - like spinning duct . the goo emerges from holes in the crustacean ' s legs and is spun into gossamer filaments by being stuck to a surface and then pulled out as threads .
to examine the relationship between the newly discovered goo and barnacle glue , dr vollrath ' s colleagues , katrin kronenberger and cedric dicko , took a look at the chemical composition of both . the proteins of barnacle glue , they discovered , are dominated by amino acids called proline and isoleucine . these like to form cross - links between protein molecules , and thus tend to hold such molecules together . crassicorophium goo , by contrast , is dominated by lysine , glycine and aspartic acid . these encourage protein molecules to stretch out and form fibres .
spider silk is impressive stuff . stronger than steel , flexible and exceedingly light . barnacle glue is equally special . it holds an animal whose ancestors swam freely in the sea to rocks that are often battered by powerful waves . what , then , might a combination of the two achieve ?
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milne edwards , h . ( 1830 ) . extrait de recherches pour servir à l ' histoire naturelle des crustacés amphipodes . annales des sciences naturelles . 20 , 353 - 399 ; pl . 10 - 11 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
horton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fišer , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garcía , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; lörz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; väinölä , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .
de broyer , c . ; lowry , j . k . ; jazdzewski , k . & robert , h . ( 2007 ) . catalogue of the gammaridean and corophiidean amphipoda ( crustacea ) of the southern ocean , with distribution and ecological data . in : de broyer c . ( ed . ) . census of antarctic marine life : synopsis of the amphipoda of the southern ocean . vol . i . bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , biologie . 77 , suppl . 1 : 1 - 325 . [ details ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
( of corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) lincoln , r . j . ( 1979 ) . british marine amphipoda : gammaridea . british museum ( natural history ) : london , uk . isbn 0 - 565 - 00818 - 8 . vi , 658 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) bellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) bachelet , g . ; dauvin , j . - c . ; sorbe , j . c . ( 2003 ) . an updated checklist of marine and brackish water amphipoda ( crustacea : peracarida ) of the southern bay of biscay ( ne atlantic ) . cah . biol . mar . 44 ( 2 ) : 121 - 151 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of corophium bonnelli h . milne edwards , 1830 ) lincoln , r . j . ( 1979 ) . british marine amphipoda : gammaridea . british museum ( natural history ) : london , uk . isbn 0 - 565 - 00818 - 8 . vi , 658 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of corophium bonelli h . milne edwards , 1830 ) brunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of corophium bonelli h . milne edwards , 1830 ) bousfield , e . l . ( 1973 ) . shallow - water gammaridean amphipoda of new england . cornell university press , ithaca . 312 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of corophium bonelli h . milne edwards , 1830 ) trott , t . j . ( 2004 ) . cobscook bay inventory : a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years . northeastern naturalist . 11 , 261 - 324 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
maris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index” . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 2 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 15 publications ) ( from synonym corophium bonelli h . milne edwards , 1830 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) to dyntaxa to encyclopedia of life to marine species identification portal ( from synonym corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 1 record ) ( from synonym corophium bonelli h . milne edwards , 1830 )
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a tiny underwater creature spins silk in order to bind together its sand grain house , researchers have discovered .
the oxford team says this is a new example of
nature ' s way of engineering a highly functional material
.
one of the authors of the study , prof fritz vollrath from the university of oxford , explained that the shrimp released the material through ducts on its legs .
it uses the fibres to tie together bits and bobs to make its house ,
prof vollrath explained to bbc .
it uses grains of sand , pieces of vegetation , algae , even its own faeces .
although it was already understood that the creature produced a sticky substance from its legs , the scientists discovered that it spins this substance into a silk , in much the same way that spiders do - pulling it through a duct to make a functional thread .
other than its resistance to salt and water , the team know very little about the properties of the material .
we suspect it will have comparable properties [ to spider silk ] - strong and stretchy ,
said prof vollrath .
but the thread has evolved to be spun underwater and to stay underwater throughout its life , so it will have a few tricks to be able to perform in marine environment .
the scientist and his team hope that by revealing the biological secrets of such materials , they might lay the foundations for useful products , such as marine glues or barnacle - resistant coatings for boat hulls .
understanding exactly how barnacles stick , for example , could enable scientists to develop surface coatings that they would be unable to stick to .
the extra costs of drag in shipping worldwide is about $ 400m ( £250m ) annually ,
dr vollrath said .
you could save that if you [ had a way ] to keep the bottoms of boats clean .
it ' s not that we want to copy things from nature ,
he added .
it ' s more that we want to be inspired by nature to see how she does the job .
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oxford silk group , department of zoology , university of oxford , tinbergen building , south parks road , oxford , ox1 3ps , uk .
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
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milne edwards , h . 1830 ,
extrait de recherches pour servir a l ' histoire naturelle des crustacés amphipodes
, annales des sciences naturelles , paris , vol . 20 , pp . 353 - 399 pls 10 - 11
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0284156f - ac8a - 418d - a1f9 - 1d07f19916fd
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2a84c64b - b9a7 - 4542 - 8ee0 - 8a4a546c1bc4
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4133e8c7 - 1079 - 4aff - 8a2e - d5169ef3d58f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c0b5f383 - fa72 - 41b2 - 9847 - 991f98456ecf
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c5f75058 - 96ed - 4f1c - b18b - e505e42e4696
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c7b8b281 - c4bb - 4fda - a04b - cfe098f49ee2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 12912cff - f26b - 4617 - 8ddc - 32281c5da1f3
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 432667
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looks like a shrimp , but it acts more like a spider . the creature uses its legs to spin silk that ' s both incredibly hard
super sticky . . . and could be of great medical use to humans .
kinja is in read - only mode . we are working to restore service .
researchers from the oxford silk group have studied the creature ' s silk - making , which it uses to construct the muddy tubes in which it lives . the silk shares some adhesive properties with the stuff barnacles use to stick to things . the fact that it can cement underwater already gives it some pretty impressive - and potentially useful - properties , but that isn ' t the end of it . the silk has the same strength and flexibility seen in spider silk , which is as strong as steel .
the shrimp ' s silk could come in very handy in the field of biomedicine , as the saltwater conditions in which the silk developed are surprisingly similar to those of the human body . the fact that the material can stick to anything and yet still remain simultaneously strong and flexible makes it potentially the perfect material for any number of medical applications — though of course , that ' s still a ways off .
an educational resource dedicated mainly to the photography and diversity of marine life that can be found in coastal waters and intertidal areas of great britain and ireland .
scroll down and rollover titles to change screen image or click on title to view image .
species found in a scrape sample taken from a pontoon at newlyn marina , newlyn , cornwall . 28 . 12 . 16 .
aphotomarine supports open source data recording and sharing for the benefit of wildlife , recorders , research , science and education . the project recommends the following websites and works with the following bodies and organisations .
the marine biological association or mba , based in plymouth , is one of the worldâ€™s longest - running societies dedicated to promoting research into our oceans and the life they support . since 1884 the mba has been providing a unified , clear , independent voice on behalf of the marine biological community . it has a growing membership in over 40 countries .
the cisfbr or cornwall and isles of scilly federation of biological recorders is an independent umbrella organisation supporting independent recorders and recording groups in the county of cornwall .
the cornish biodiversity network or cbn is the largest open source wildlife database in cornwall that sends open source data to the nbn ( national biodiversity network ) . it is a new recording system based on the erica database , the largest recording resource in cornwall . the cbn best supports the activities and needs of the independent recording community and recording groups in cornwall .
the national biodiversity network or nbn is a charity that supports open source data sharing and recording supporting conservation , science and education .
why do recorders need open source ?
. simply because it supports the core values of wildlife recording and the free use of records and data over a very wide network that includes partners like the natural history museum . the link here is to the nbn atlas . the link here is to the nbn atlas .
the taxonomy used here is based on that of the following database , which is also used by the mba , nhm and the nbn .
over 99 % of the species records on aphotomarine are open source but they are also copyright david fenwick . species records published on aphotomarine may not be used on any database , list or distribution map , without a signed user agreement . cornish records that appear on aphotomarine are recorded using the erica database to benefit recording in cornwall and scientific and historical recording in general . no financial benefit must be taken from any record produced by david fenwick , records are of educational benefit only . records by david fenwick must ' ' never ' ' be financially traded .
the main objective of this website is in furthering environmental awareness and education through the medium of photography . to increase awareness and access to the wildlife of the region and help
people find and identify it . sometimes the difference between species is obvious but many species can only be determined by observing microscopic characteristics that are specific to any one species .
( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) . accessed through : costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) european register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 237004 on 2018 - 07 - 09
costello , m . j . ; bouchet , p . ; boxshall , g . ; arvanitidis , c . ; appeltans , w . ( 2018 ) . european register of marine species .
( of corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) lincoln , r . j . ( 1979 ) . british marine amphipoda : gammaridea . british museum ( natural history ) : london , uk . isbn 0 - 565 - 00818 - 8 . vi , 658 pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
( of corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) bellan - santini , d . ; costello , m . j . ( 2001 ) . amphipoda . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels 50 : pp . 295 - 308 . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
( of corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) bachelet , g . ; dauvin , j . - c . ; sorbe , j . c . ( 2003 ) . an updated checklist of marine and brackish water amphipoda ( crustacea : peracarida ) of the southern bay of biscay ( ne atlantic ) . cah . biol . mar . 44 ( 2 ) : 121 - 151 ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
maris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index” . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in ror ) [ details ]
to barcode of life ( 2 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) to dyntaxa to encyclopedia of life to marine species identification portal ( from synonym corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym corophium bonnellii ( h . milne edwards , 1830 ) ) to pesi
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milne edwards , h . ( 1830 ) . extrait de recherches pour servir à l ' histoire naturelle des crustacés amphipodes . < em > annales des sciences naturelles . < / em > 20 , 353 - 399 ; pl . 10 - 11 .
de broyer , c . ; lowry , j . k . ; jazdzewski , k . & robert , h . ( 2007 ) . catalogue of the gammaridean and corophiidean amphipoda ( crustacea ) of the southern ocean , with distribution and ecological data . in : de broyer c . ( ed . ) . census of antarctic marine life : synopsis of the amphipoda of the southern ocean . vol . i . < em > bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , biologie . < / em > 77 , suppl . 1 : 1 - 325 .
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] .


it is endemic to new zealand .

p. flavitarsis was originally named erirhinus flavitarsis by broun in 1880 .

dorytomodes was subsequently sunk as a synonym of peristoreus by edward s. ( " ted " ) gourlay in 1950 .

p. flavitarsis has been reported from north island localities , including parua ( type locality ) and huia .

peristoreus flavitarsis

peristoreus flavitarsis is a species of true weevil . it is endemic to new zealand . the larvae are leaf miners of podocarpus totara . similar leaf mines have also been found on podocarpus acutifolius and podocarpus cunninghamii .
p . flavitarsis was originally named erirhinus flavitarsis by broun in 1880 . then , in 1926 , marshall described a new genus called dorytomodes , into which he provisionally transferred all species placed by broun in erirrhinus [ = erirhinus ] . dorytomodes was subsequently sunk as a synonym of peristoreus by edward s . (
ted
) gourlay in 1950 .
p . flavitarsis has been reported from north island localities , including parua ( type locality ) and huia .
at head of title : colonial museum & geological survey department . james hector . . . director .
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biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
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demimaea circulus ( schenkling & marshall g . a . k . , 1934 )


pandemis pyrusana , the apple pandemis or pandemis leafroller moth , is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alberta to british columbia , south through idaho , utah and colorado and california .

the habitat consists of forests with deciduous trees and shrubs .

the length of the forewings is 8 – 12.5 mm for males and 9.5 – 14 mm for females .

the forewings are brown with fasciate markings .

the hindwings are white .

adults are on wing from may to july and again from september to november in coastal california in one or two generations per year .

the larvae feed on alnus species , betula occidentalis , lonicera species , cornus sericea , ribes species , ceanothus cuneatus , malus species ( including malus pumila ) , prunus species ( including prunus avium and prunus virginiana ) , pyrus species , rosa species , populus tremuloides and salix species ( including salix lasiolepis and salix sessilifolia ) .

young larvae feed under a shelter which they construct along the mid-rib of a leaf .

older larvae feed on the foliage .

full-grown larvae reach a length of about 20 mm .

they are uniform green .

second generation larvae overwinter in shelters at the base of their host plant or under the bark .

pupation takes place inside a folded leaf .

pandemis pyrusana

species pandemis pyrusana - pandemis leafroller moth - hodges # 3596 - bugguide . net
pandemis pyrusana is distributed from alberta west to british columbia , south to idaho , utah , colorado , and california .
pandemis pyrusana completes one or two generations per year . adults are present in california costal areas from may to july and again in september to november .
pandemis pyrusana completes one or two generations per year . adults are present in the costal areas of california from may to july and again in september to november .
newcomer , e . j . , and f . w . carlson . 1952 . the leaf roller moth pandemis pyrusana . journal of economic entomology . 45 : 1079 - 1081 .
the forewing pattern of pyrusana is variable . most individuals have an orange - brown forewing with well defined fasciae . the hindwing is entirely white unlike similar pandemis species . males lack a forewing costal fold .
adults are brown with fasciate markings and white hindwings . pandemis pyrusana is similar to pandemis limitata and pandemis canadana , and the three species are not easily separated . a combination of geographic distribution and wing color can assist in identification ( see below ) . in the pacific northwest and central rocky mountains all three species are present and a reliable species - level identification is difficult or impossible .
this species is nearly identical to limitata and canadana . pandemis limitata ranges from eastern north america west to british columbia and south to arizona , while pandemis canadana has a more northern distribution . neither species are found in california . the ranges of pyrusana and limitata appear to overlap in british columbia and washington , however specimens of pyrusana have an entirely white hindwing , in contrast to the yellowish apical area found in the hindwing of limitata .
the parasitic wasp enytus eureka and a tachinid fly in the genus actia have been found parasitizing apple pandemis larvae ; neither is abundant .
species identification within the group is difficult . pandemis lamprosana , p . cerasana , and p . heparana , can be identified by wing color and male genitalia . the other three species , p . canadana , p . limitata , and p . pyrusana , exhibit variable wing patterns , share identical genitalia , and cannot be reliably separated where their distributions overlap . the following table lists a combination of wing color and geographic distribution that can be used to identify many pandemis individuals collected in the u . s .
a recent discovery has demonstrated that herbivore induced plant volatile compounds from apple trees infested with larvae were highly attractive to con - specific adult male and female leafrollers . however , this work ( conducted in new zealand and canada ) tested only low doses of kairomone . our us study here was conducted to assess the attractiveness of higher doses of the six apple volatiles putatively identified from apple trees infested by tortricid larvae to the leafroller , pandemis pyrusana kearfott . these volatiles included : β - caryophyllene , germacrene d , benzyl alcohol , phenylacetonitrile , ( e ) - nerolidol , and indole . no volatiles were attractive to p . pyrusana when used alone . however , traps baited with phenylacetonitrile plus acetic acid caught both sexes of p . pyrusana . traps baited with the other volatiles plus acetic acid caught zero to only incidental numbers of moths ( < 1 . 0 ) . interestingly , traps baited with phenylacetonitrile plus acetic acid caught significantly more p . pyrusana than traps baited with a commercial sex pheromone lure . the evaporation rate of the acetic acid co - lure was an important factor affecting catches of p . pyrusana with phenylacetonitrile , and studies are needed to optimize the emission rates of both lure components . further studies are warranted to develop phenylacetonitrile and possibly other aromatic plant volatiles as bisexual lures for the range of tortricid pests attacking horticultural crops .
the threelined leafroller ( pandemis limitata ) pheromone trap can be used to monitor apple pandemis . although this can give you an idea of when moths are flying , it will not provide an accurate assessment of populations in an individual block because traps draw moths in from native vegetation as well as from orchard trees .
apple pandemis is primarily a pest in central coast orchards where it occurs in higher populations in cooler years and in cooler locations . pandemis overwinters as first instar larvae in apple buds . larvae become active in spring as the buds open up . larvae are green caterpillars with a straw - or gold - colored head .
orange tortrix larvae are similar in appearance to apple pandemis but only occur together in the orchard during the month of july . there are two generations a year .
overwintering larvae can be controlled with a delayed dormant application of oil and insecticide ; however , these sprays pose water quality concerns and may pose some risks to raptors , aquatic invertebrates , beneficials , and other nontarget organisms . if a delayed dormant spray is not applied , sample for apple pandemis between green tip and pink bud ; examine 100 fruit clusters per block for larvae . treat if there are any apple pandemis larvae in the sample .
control measures aimed against first - generation apple pandemis during bloom and petal fall are generally more successful than in - season sprays because summer - generation eggs are laid in rolled leaves and larvae are protected from sprays when they hatch .
windowpaning may also be caused by eyespotted bud moth , however , especially in organic orchards . in addition , when apple pandemis tie leaves to fruit , they cause shallow feeding scars that are also similar to those caused by eyespotted bud moth .
overwintered larvae feed on blooms and on the surface of young fruit , causing them to drop or resulting in scarring and distortion . summer generation larvae feed on leaf tissue and cause windowpaning . this windowpane can be used to distinguish between apple pandemis and orange tortrix .
six species of pandemis occur in the nearctic . four , p . canadana , p . lamprosana , p . limitata , and p . pyrusana , are native , while two , p . cerasana and p . heparana , have been introduced from the palearctic . all species treated here have a straw ( yellow ) to brown forewing with brown to dark - brown markings consisting of a patch on the costa below the apex , a median band that extends from costa to dorsum , and a basal band . the two bands ( or fasciae ) may be lined with light or dark scales in some individuals , creating the appearance of three lines running vertically across the wing . males have a distinctive notch at the base of the antennae and modified dark scales on the ventral surface of abdominal segments 2 - 3 ( this character is absent in p . lamprosana and p . heparana ) . males lack a forewing costal fold .
monitor the summer generations once a month in june , july , and august in conjunction with orange tortrix and eyespotted bud moth : take the first sample no later than mid - june . examine 10 trees of each variety in each block for 4 minutes each . each larva found , whether orange tortrix , apple pandemis , or eyespotted bud moth , correlates to about 1 % fruit damage at harvest .
mackay ( 1962 ) examined several species of nearctic pandemis and could find no species - specific larval characters . diagnostic characters for the genus include : sd2 on a1 - 8 on same pinaculum as sd1 ; l1 and l2 anterior to spiracle on a2 - 8 ; sv group on a1 , 2 , 7 , 8 , 9 usually 3 : 3 : 3 : 2 : 2 ; d2s on a8 as far apart as d1s ; d1 on a9 on its own pinaculum ; anal setae very long ; anal comb with 6 - 8 teeth .
eastern u . s . and southern canada ; generally absent in the u . s . west of the rocky mtns .
late instar larvae are approximately 20 mm in length and are entirely green and unmarked with moderately large pinacula and long setae . earlier instars may have a dark lateral mark on each side of the prothoracic shield . a well developed anal comb is present with 6 - 8 teeth .
females deposit eggs in masses on the upper surfaces of leaves and on fruit . early instar larvae of the first ( summer ) generation feed under a shelter constructed along the mid - rib of a leaf . later instars feed on foliage in various locations on the host and may cause economic damage by feeding between clusters of fruit . larvae of the second generation overwinter in shelters at the base of trees or under bark . in the spring they begin feeding on terminal leaves and pupate in april or may inside a folded leaf .
dombroskie , j . j . 2011 . aspects of archipine evolution ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . university of alberta , department of biological sciences . ph . d . dissertation . 488 pp .
freeman , t . n . 1958 . the archipinae of north america ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . the canadian entomologist . 90 ( suppl . 7 ) . 89 pp .
mackay , m . r . 1962 . larvae of the north american tortricinae ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) . the canadian entomologist supplement 28 : 1 - 182 .
powell , j . a . 1964 . biological and taxonomic studies on tortricine moths , with reference to the species in california . university of california publications in entomology . vol . 32 . 317 pp .
tortricids of agricultural importance by todd m . gilligan and marc e . epstein interactive keys developed in lucid 3 . 5 . last updated august 2014 .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 19 . 16m ; p . 152 . book review and ordering
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
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forewing length : males 8 . 1 - 12 . 2 mm , females 9 . 5 - 13 . 6 mm .
alberta west to british columbia , south to idaho , utah , colorado , and california .
kearfott ( 1907 ) noted
larva on leaves of apple ,
and named the moth for pear , but likely a generalist of deciduous trees and shrubs .
new north american tortricidae . william dunham kearfott . 1907 . transactions of the american entomological society 33 ( 1 ) : 1 - 97 .
on some impossible specific names in micro - lepidoptera . edward meyrick . 1912 . the entomologist ' s monthly magazine 48 : 32 - 36 .
lbam id - tools for diagnosing light brown apple moth and related western u . s . leafrollers - epiphyas postvittana ( walker ) .
early instar larvae may have a dark lateral mark on each side of the prothoracic shield . later instars are entirely green and unmarked .
larvae of this species have been recorded from alder ( alnus sp . ) , apple ( malus sp . ) , apricot , cherry , and plum ( prunus sp . ) , birch ( betula sp . ) , ceanothus sp . , dogwood ( cornus sp . ) , honeysuckle ( lonicera sp . ) , pear ( pyrus sp . ) , quaking aspen ( populus tremuloides ) , ribes sp . , rose ( rosa sp . ) , and willow ( salix sp . ) .
figures 4 - 5 used with permission from university of california statewide ipm program . please visit the uc ipm web site for more information .
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sprays of bacillus thuringiensis , the entrust formulation of spinosad , and kaolin clay are organically acceptable .
the following are ranked with the pesticides having the greatest ipm value listed first—the most effective and least harmful to natural enemies , honey bees , and the environment are at the top of the table . when choosing a pesticide , consider information relating to air and water quality , resistance management , and the pesticide ' s properties and application timing . not all registered pesticides are listed . always read the label of the product being used .
comments : functions as a larvicide ( must be ingested for it to be effective ) .
comments : apply at petal fall when larvae are present . to prevent the development of resistance to this product , rotate to a material with a different mode of action after treating two consecutive generations . do not apply more than 3 sprays per season directed at leafrollers . do not apply more than 9 oz / acre per crop of entrust or 29 fl oz of success / acre per crop . toxic to bees ; do not spray directly or allow to drift onto blooming crops or weeds where bees are foraging .
comments : do not apply dilute applications of more than 200 gal / acre ; use 100–150 gal / acre for best results .
comments : toxic to bees ; do not spray directly or allow to drift onto blooming crops or weeds where bees are foraging .
comments : bacillus thuringiensis is a stomach poison and must be consumed by the leafroller ; therefore it is most effective when applied during warm , dry weather when larvae are actively feeding . most effective against young larvae . requires more than 1 treatment ; apply second application 7 to 10 days after first .
comments : serves primarily as a barrier to oviposition and / or to prevent larvae from entering the fruit so early application and good coverage are important . make the first application when larvae are detected and reapply in 7 to 14 days in 100–200 gal water / acre . a total of 3 treatments per generation may be required to keep fruit completely covered during the egg - laying period .
comments : to prevent the development of resistance to this product , rotate to a material with a different mode of action after treating two consecutive generations . do not apply more than 3 sprays per season directed at leafrollers . do not apply more than 9 oz / acre per crop of entrust or 29 fl oz of success / acre per crop . toxic to bees ; do not spray directly or allow to drift onto blooming crops or weeds where bees are foraging .
comments : toxic to bees ; do not spray directly or allow to drift onto blooming crops or weeds where bees are foraging .
comments : least harmful to beneficials . bacillus thuringiensis is a stomach poison and must be consumed by the leafroller ; therefore it is most effective when applied during warm , dry weather when larvae are actively feeding . most effective against young larvae . requires more than 1 treatment ; apply second application 7 to 10 days after first .
for dilute application , rate is per 100 gal water to be applied in 300 to 500 gal water / acre , according to label ; for concentrate applications , use 80 to 100 gal water / acre or lower if the label allows .
restricted entry interval ( rei ) is the number of hours ( unless otherwise noted ) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing . preharvest interval ( phi ) is the number of days from treatment to harvest . in some cases the rei exceeds the phi . the longer of two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest .
rotate chemicals with a different mode - of - action group number , and do not use products with the same mode - of - action group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance . for example , the organophosphates have a group number of 1b ; chemicals with a 1b group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a group number other than 1b . mode - of - action group numbers are assigned by
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for noncommercial purposes only , any web site may link directly to this page . for all other uses or more information , read legal notices . unfortunately , we cannot provide individual solutions to specific pest problems . see our home page , or in the u . s . , contact your local cooperative extension office for assistance .
the forewing varies from light to dark brown with prominent dark brown markings . the basal , median and upper postmedian lines are distinct and sharply defined with pale edging . the hindwing is white . the larva is indistinguishable from other species in this genus ( mackay 1962 ) .
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