the russian wheat aphid ( diuraphis noxia ) is an aphid that can cause significant losses in cereal crops .

the species was introduced to the united states in 1986 and is considered an invasive species there .

this aphid is pale green and up to 2 mm long .

cornicles are very short , rounded , and appear to be lacking .

there is an appendage above the cauda giving the aphid the appearance of having two tails .

the saliva of this aphid is toxic to the plant and causes whitish striping on cereal leaves .

feeding by this aphid will also cause the flag leaf to turn white and curl around the head causing incomplete head emergence .

host plants : cereal grain crops including wheat and barley and to a lesser extent , wild grasses such as wheatgrasses , brome-grasses , ryegrasses and anything in the grass family .

the russian wheat aphid is native to southwestern parts of asia .

it was introduced to many countries in europe and africa .

it was first found in the u.s in 1986 in texas .

the species was probably transmitted through wheat imports .

russian wheat aphid

damage from russian wheat aphid on wheat taken by phil sloderbeck kansas state university bugwood org 1 . jpg
see the webinar on recognising russian wheat aphid - available on youtube or podcast .
russian wheat aphid ( diuraphis noxia ) . frank peairs , colorado state university , urltoken
russian wheat aphid ( diuraphis noxia ) . phil sloderbeck , kansas state university , urltoken
russian wheat aphid is a serious pest of wheat and barley . limited problems also have been noted in triticale , oats and rye . russian wheat aphid is potentially a more severe pest than other aphids .
images left to right : 1 . russian wheat aphid on wheat near cressy . 2 . russian wheat aphid feeding symptoms on wheat near cressy . 3 . feeding symptoms on barley near launceston . photos : guy westmore , biosecurity tasmania
urltoken - russian wheat aphid university of georgia . center for invasive species and ecosystem health .
plantwise technical factsheet - russian wheat aphid ( diuraphis noxia ) cabi . plantwise knowledge bank .
emergency plant pests - russian wheat aphid south australia primary industries and regions ( australia ) .
russian wheat aphid - note the two tails . copyright : frank peairs colorado state university urltoken
russian wheat aphid ( diuraphis noxia ) . copyright : frank peairs , colorado state university , urltoken
russian wheat aphid is a major pest of wheat , barley and some grasses ( poaceae ) , which can cause significant yield losses .
primefact - russian wheat aphid ( sep 2016 ) new south wales department of primary industries ( australia ) .
russian wheat aphid damage on barley plant . copyright : howard f . schwartz , colorado state university , urltoken
we’ve created a fact sheet so you will be able to recognise russian wheat aphid if you see it .
colony of russian wheat aphids in a wheat leaf . photo : frank peairs , colorado state university , urltoken
the presence of russian wheat aphid was confirmed in victoria in 2016 . in 2017 cesar and sardi will be undertaking monitoring and providing the latest information and updates on russian wheat aphid activity . to access the latest information visit :
russian wheat aphid is approximately 2mm long , pale yellowish green with a fine waxy coating . the body is elongated compared with other cereal aphid species .
uc pest management guidelines - russian wheat aphid ( feb 2009 ) university of california . statewide integrated pest management program .
russian wheat aphid is not present in wa , but is widespread in south australia , victoria and new south wales .
destroy and remove volunteer cereals to help reduce or delay the buildup of russian wheat aphid populations . plants stressed for water or nutrients are more susceptible to and suffer greater damage from russian wheat aphid , so maintain adequate soil moisture and fertilization .
colony of russian wheat aphids ( diuraphis noxia ) in a wheat leaf . frank peairs , colorado state university , urltoken
the national management group agreed on 8 june 2016 that it is not technically feasible to eradicate russian wheat aphid from australia .
image : key identifying features of russian wheat aphid ( d . noxia ) . photo : nicholas a . 2011 ( oklahoma )
while aphid feeding damage generally results in yield losses of up to 10 per cent , in overseas crops russian wheat aphid has caused yield losses of more than 80 per cent .
russian wheat aphid ( diuraphis noxia ) is found in all major cereal production regions around the world however never in australia before now .
russian wheat aphid : an introduced pest of small grains in the high plains ( may 2005 ) kansas state university . cooperative extension service .
the australian pesticides and veterinary medicines authority ( apvma ) have issued an emergency permit ( 82792 ) for growers to control russian wheat aphid .
the effectiveness of biological control agents has not been fully evaluated . russian wheat aphid is attacked by several predators and parasites commonly associated with other aphid pests of small grains . efforts should be made to conserve these natural enemies as they are of great importance in controlling other cereal aphids and may reduce russian wheat aphid populations as well .
pest tracker - survey status of russian wheat aphid ( rwa ) usda . aphis . cooperative agricultural pest survey . national agricultural pest information system .
pike ks , allison d . russian wheat aphid . biology , damage and management . pacific northwest cooperative extension publication . 1991 ( pnw371 ) .
the detection of russian wheat aphid is not related to the interception of khapra beetle in adelaide and on kangaroo island . they are completely separate incidents .
the decision was made by the national management group on russian wheat aphid ( rwa ) based on advice from the consultative committee on emergency plant pests .
a new permit has been issued by the australian pesticides and veterinary medicines authority ( apvma ) for growers to control russian wheat aphid during seed treatment over winter .
tasmania has import requirements in place that reduce the likelihood of various pests including russian wheat aphid entering tasmania on live plants , which are treated with insecticide , or on agricultural machinery , which must be clean on arrival . russian wheat aphid is not moved via harvested cereal grain . it does however disperse widely on the wind .
in many cases growers will not need to spray to control russian wheat aphid . sprays are not preventative . spraying low populations of russian wheat aphid or other pests will kill predators and other beneficial insects , potentially causing resurgence to higher levels of russian wheat aphid and other aphids later in the life of a crop . save pesticide options until you need to protect the flag leaf to maximize grain fill . if spraying is warranted aim to use softer chemistry to encourage natural predators and beneficial insects .
an expert national working group is generating information on management of this pest . their information on the russian wheat aphid can be found at the plant health australia website .
primary industries and regions sa ( pirsa ) is currently responding to detections of russian wheat aphid ( diuraphis noxia ) in cereal crops in the state ' s mid north region .
utah pests fact sheet - russian wheat aphid ( jan 2008 ; pdf | 228 kb ) utah state university extension . see also : forage and field insects fact sheets for more species
unlike other aphids , russian wheat aphids inject a toxin into susceptible crops , like wheat and barley , which can severely retard growth or under heavy infestations , kill the plant .
reporting of suspect occurrences of russian wheat aphid is encouraged . the entomology team in plant diagnostic services of dpipwe will identify aphids suspected of being russian wheat aphid at no fee . for an initial opinion , photos ( with location ) can be sent to 0429 852 886 or emailed to guy . westmore @ urltoken . guy may request specimens before making a final identification .
trial work is underway in south australia to develop a range of insecticide options . more information on future management of the russian wheat aphid can be found on the plant health australia website .
in most areas of california , it appears that russian wheat aphid builds to damaging levels sporadically , much like the population cycles of bird cherry - oat aphid . the reasons probably involve natural enemies , pathogens , environmental conditions , and crop management techniques .
the best management strategy in areas where russian wheat aphid is a problem is early planting , avoiding water stress , and isolation from riparian or permanent pasture . the major problems generally occur in late - planted grains . in the high desert , most growers no longer plant highly susceptible barley . instead , they plant oats or an oat / wheat / barley mix . russian wheat aphid is frequently found on the barley and wheat plants in such mixes , but good forage yields can be obtained .
following its introduction into california , russian wheat aphid spread rapidly throughout the entire state , causing serious injury and crop loss . in recent years , however , russian wheat aphid populations have declined significantly throughout the central valley and the intermountain region . the situation in the low desert ( primarily imperial county ) is similar with spotty infestations appearing periodically , generally causing little or no damage . a few fields within each of these areas continue to have problems . russian wheat aphid appears in the high desert ( antelope valley ) , however , it is rarely a damaging pest because wheat heads are usually past the boot stage before damaging numbers can develop .
to help us determine the full extent of the spread of russian wheat aphid we need all cereal farmers and agronomists to keep a close and watchful eye on their emerging crops over the coming weeks .
hughes rd . a synopsis of information on the russian wheat aphid , diuraphis noxia ( mordwilko ) . ( revised edition ) . csiro australia division of entomology technical paper . 1996 ( 34 ) .
wingless adult russian wheat aphid adult , showing lack of siphuncles ( ‘exhaust pipes’ ) and the presence of a ‘double tail’ end ( cauda ) . photo : frank peairs , colorado state university , urltoken
the grains research and development corporation has developed the fite strategy against russian wheat aphids . the four steps of the fite strategy are :
russian wheat aphid , diuraphis noxia , is a small green aphid whose feeding produces strong plant symptoms due to the injection of saliva into the plant . symptoms include rolled leaves , chlorotic spots , leaf streaking , trapped awns giving a hooked appearance and a stunted crop .
figure 1 : the russian wheat aphid is elongated ( left ) ( source : helen degraaf , sardi ) compared with the globular body of the oat aphid ( rhopalosiphum padi ) ( top right ) , and lacks the siphuncles or ‘exhaust pipe’ structure shown on the corn aphid ( rhopalosiphum maidis ) ( bottom right ) ( source : cesar ) .
russian wheat aphid , a new pest of wheat and barley was first detected in australia , at tarlee in south australia , in may 2016 . a national management committee determined it was beyond eradication and expected to spread rapidly . by october 2016 it occurred across much of the wheat and barley belt of south australia , victoria and southern new south wales .
russian wheat aphid was first detected in tasmania in january 2017 . it is likely to have arrived naturally on northerly airflows . as of april 2017 it is known to occur at cressy , prospect and nile in northern tasmania .
russian wheat aphids on a leaf , showing damage to the leaf , and different forms and multiple generations of the aphid . photo : michael nash , south australian research and development institute , a division of primary industries and regions sa
russian wheat aphid is best adapted to the dry climate of the mainland australian wheat belt and not well adapted to the moist tasmanian climate . its impact in tasmania , although undesirable , is anticipated to be less than in the dry wheat belt areas of the mainland . however , the lack of a gap between summer and spring cereal crops in tasmania may foster the pest .
light - green , elongated aphid ( up to 1 . 8 mm long )
the presence of the aphid is unlikely to seriously impede market access for australian exports of grain but feeding by the aphid will reduce yields and may increase crop management costs .
this new pest affects a major australian industry . a technical group has been established by plant health australia to assist growers . the russian wheat aphid technical group comprises representatives from several major industry and government organisations . updates from the group will follow as more is known .
following the decision that the newly arrived pest russian wheat aphid ( diuraphis noxia ) is not eradicable , growers are advised to seek advice from their department of agriculture or the grains research and development corporation ( grdc ) about how to manage the pest in cereal crops .
michaud , j . p . , and p . e . sloderbeck . 2005 . russian wheat aphid : an introduced pest of small grains in the high plains ( pdf | 326 kb ) kansas state university , agricultural experiment station and cooperative extension service . mf - 2666 .
diruaphis noxia infesting wheat plants in the usa . copyright : texas agrilife extension service
the third diagnostic feature is the presence of two caudae or a ‘double tail’ at the rear end of the aphid . this can be seen best when viewing the aphid from a profile perspective .
to report a suspect occurrence of this aphid and direction to an entomologist in plant diagnostic services .
symptoms could look like herbicide damage , thrips damage , mite damage or wheat streak damage .
aphid populations are also strongly regulated by weather conditions . rainfall and drying winds can kill rwa outside the shelter of leaf rolls , with heavy rain events able to cause 50 per cent mortality in the aphid .
russian wheat aphids spend their entire life on cereals and grasses . they survive only a few days without feeding on suitable plants . the hosts that are most severely affected are barley ( hordeum vulgare ) and wheat ( triticum ae stivum ) . other primary hosts include durum wheat ( triticum durum ) , field broom grass ( bromus arvensis ) , elymus sp . and jointed goatgrass ( t riticum cylindricum ) .
shufran , k . a . , l . r . kirkman , and g . j . puterka . 2007 . absence of mitochondrial dna sequence variation in russian wheat aphid ( hemiptera : aphididae ) populations consistent with a single introduction into the united states . journal of the kansas entomological society 80 ( 4 ) : 319 - 326 .
the russian wheat aphid is a small pale green insect with an elongated , spindle - shaped body that may be covered with a powdery coating of wax . it can be distinguished from all other cereal aphids by a second tail - like process ( supracaudal process ) located directly above the cauda , giving it a twin - tailed appearance when viewed with a hand lens . while easily seen in wingless aphids , in very small or winged forms the supracaudal process may be difficult to see . russian wheat aphid survives the summer on a variety of grasses and migrates to cereals in late fall as summer hosts die . it is tolerant of cold weather and can survive sub - freezing temperatures .
russian wheat aphid ( diuraphis noxia , rwa ) was first reported in paddocks in tarlee sa in may 2016 . after initial incursion management under the exotic plant pest response deed , determined that rwa had spread over considerable areas of south australia and victoria , it was deemed as a management issue and not feasible to eradicate on 8 june 2017 .
russian wheat aphids looks similar to other cereal aphids except it has two tiny tails at the rear end and lacks the usual excretion tubes or exhaust pipes on the top of the rear end of the body compared to other cereal aphids .
look for aphid damage symptoms near the base of newly emerged leaves and inspect the leaves and leaf whorls of tillers .
means of introduction : possibly arrived in wheat imported to mexico from south africa ( shufran et al . 2007 )
check fields regularly following seedling emergence . russian wheat aphids are often difficult to find , particularly when present in low numbers . look for the characteristic white stripes on the leaves and stem . the earliest infestations are often found on the edge of the field , particularly the upwind side . aphids rapidly spread across the entire field after their initial establishment . treatment thresholds have been developed for irrigated wheat ; while thresholds for irrigated barley may be similar , they are probably not the same . thresholds for dryland wheat or barley have not been developed .
the aphid releases a toxin during feeding causing the effects only on the infested leaf . so once controlled , new leaves do not show symptoms .
russian wheat aphid ( diuraphis noxia , rwa ) is one of the world ' s most economically important pests of wheat , barley and other cereal grains . it is native to southern russia , the middle east and central asia , but since the late 1970s and early 1980s , has rapidly spread to other major grain producing regions in europe , africa , north america and south america . around the world , the distribution of rwa is primarily associated with cereal production regions characterised by warmer , drier climates . it is less prevalent or non - existent in higher rainfall areas .
damage is restricted to specific members of the grass family . wheat and barley are the most susceptible ; rye and triticale , while susceptible , are usually less damaged ; and oats appear to sustain little or no injury . russian wheat aphid does not attack corn , sorghum , or rice . while feeding , russian wheat aphid injects a toxin into the plant . this toxin is responsible for many of the damage symptoms , the most characteristic of which are white , longitudinal streaks on the leaves and sometimes the stem . heavily infested plants are stunted , and sometimes exhibit a flattened appearance with tillers lying almost parallel to the ground . occasionally , particularly during cold weather , plants show a purple color . infested leaves curl up like a soda straw and remain in a rigid upright position rather than assuming the typical drooping posture . the tightly curled , upright leaves resemble onion leaves . if the awns are trapped in the curled flag leaf , the head is usually distorted and assumes a fish hook appearance . improperly timed applications of phenoxy herbicides may cause similar injury .
rwa can infest a large variety of cereal crops – wheat , barley , oats , rye , triticale and rice and other grass species .
rwa had not previously been reported in australia , prior to 19th may 2016 when it was identified in a wheat paddock near tarlee in the sa mid north region . further surveillance has lead to the detection of the species across much of the eastern half of south australia and western and central victoria . at the time of publishing this article rwa had not yet been found in the states of western australia ( wa ) , new south wales ( nsw ) , queensland ( qld ) or tasmania . a map of the known distribution of rwa is being regularly updated on the plant health australia website : ( russian wheat aphid distribution map )
when determining aphid densities in order to apply these thresholds , take a random sample across the field . sample a minimum of four locations ( quadrants ) in each field . take the sample in such a way as to avoid sampling only plants showing symptoms ( streaking ) of a russian wheat aphid infestation . one way to do this is to use a metal rod that has a ribbon attached for easy location . toss the rod backwards over your shoulder and select the plant it lands closest to as your sample plant . or if you prefer , with your eyes closed , reach out to select a sample plant . it is very important that the sample be taken
blindly
or the sample will be bias toward treating .
this surveillance operation will also broaden to other grain growing areas within the state as part of a broader national program to determine whether or not the aphid is only present in the mid north region .
at aphid is indigenous to central asia and southern russia . it was considered a minor pest until it appeared in south africa in 1978 where it became a major pest of wheat . in the last 30 years it spread to other parts of the world including north and south america . australia was one of the last major grain producing countries to remain free of the pest .
the first case of rwa was identified in a wheat crop at tarlee in south australia’s mid north on 13 may and it is now considered to be widespread in south australia .
secondary hosts are plants that only support adults and older juveniles . they allow the aphid to survive but not reproduce . secondary hosts include cereal rye ( secale cereale ) , triticale ( triticum aestivum x secale cereale ) and various grasses in the poaceae family , such as oats ( avena satv ia ) , tall wheat grass ( agropyron elongatum ) and indian rice grass ( oryzopsis hymenoide s ) .
figure 2 : streaking on wheat leaf ( left ) ( source : michael nash , sardi ) and flattened growth from rwa feeding ( right ) ( source : kym perry , sardi ) .
in its native range , the annual lifecycle of rwa includes sexual and asexual phases . however , like most other introduced aphid pests in australia , invasive populations of rwa reproduce asexually with females giving birth to live female offspring .
learn to recognize the symptoms in wheat and barley plants . , which can resemble herbicide damage . symptoms include rolled leaves , chlorotic spots , leaf streaking , trapped awns giving a hooked appearance and a stunted crop .
rwa resistant wheat and barley germplasm is available overseas and some has already been introgressed into certain australian cereal lines . grdc and commercial breeding companies are initiating screening and breeding programs to provide industry with resistant / tolerant cultivars in the future .
the advice on managing the aphid is that , like other pests , growers should consider the economic thresholds of when to spray for rwa . international advice suggests an economic threshold of 20 per cent of seedlings infested up to the start of tillering and 10 per cent infested after that .
although the aphid is considered a serious pest , it isn’t yet known how it will affect crops in australia . there are many factors that will impact how well it does in our environment including natural enemies which attack rwa including parasitic wasps , ladybird beetles , lacewings , damsel bugs , hoverflies and fungi .
comments : for use on wheat and triticale only . do not make more than two applications per year . do not graze within 14 days . highly toxic to bees ; do not spray directly or allow to drift onto blooming crops or weeds where bees are foraging .
non - chemical cultural control options include eliminating refuge volunteer cereals and grasses in fallows and other areas during summer and autumn ; later planting of winter cereals to delay and reduce early aphid infestation ; agronomic practices to promote crop vigour and dense canopy growth which inhibits rwa populations and reduces their impact on the crop .
comments : for use on wheat only . do not make more than two applications per crop . see label for other restrictions . highly toxic to bees ; do not spray directly or allow to drift onto blooming crops or weeds where bees are foraging . avoid drift and tailwater runoff into surface waters .
the host range of rwa includes more than 140 species of cultivated and wild plants within the family graminae ( grasses ) . these include wheat , barley , triticale , rye , oats , pasture grasses and wild genera including poa , bromus , hordeum , lolium , phalaris and others . wheat and barley are most susceptible , while triticale , rye and oats are less susceptible . this wide availability of host plants partly explains why rwa had a history of successfully invading new regions . bromus grasses , particularly perennial species , are important to rwa survival and population build - up . in south africa , native grasses apparently do not host rwa .
comments : may be used on wheat , barley , oats , and rye . if alfalfa is in bloom , apply during the night or early in the morning when bees are not foraging in the field . highly toxic to bees ; do not spray directly or allow to drift onto blooming crops or weeds where bees are foraging .
rwa has since spread across victoria into southern nsw and has recently been identified in tasmania . as the occurrence of rwa has been widespread , it is thought that it has been australia for at least a year if not longer but has gone unnoticed . it is still spreading and its final distribution could be across the whole of the australian wheat belt .
large populations in autumn can severely affect crop establishment . based on last years’ experience where management practices were taken , crops can recover and yield normally . currently recommendations are to use the threshold levels of 20 aphids per plant up to tillering , then 10 aphids per tiller after that . it was expected that the populations of rwa would increase in spring last year as this occurs elsewhere overseas . however the wet spring conditions in the south in 2016 caused a large decrease in population levels through displacement of aphids , but also due to beneficial fungal aphid attack . last season weather hampered testing of the above thresholds under australian conditions . the estimated yield losses in colorado are 0 . 5 % per each 1 % infested wheat tiller and 0 . 8 % per 1 % infested barely tillers ( peairs 2017 ) .
there are tools available to growers to help them control the aphid . an emergency use permit ( 82792 ) has been issued by the australian pesticide and veterinary medicines authority which allows the use of pirimicarb and chlorpyrifos products for control of rwa in winter cereals . the specific use of these chemicals , however , depends on the state in which the crop is grown , so growers will need to contact their local authorities for further information .
rwa is approximately two millimetres long , pale yellowish green with a fine waxy coating . the body is elongated compared with other cereal aphid species . it injects toxins into the plant while feeding , causing longitudinal rolling of leaves where the aphids shelter and whitish , yellowish to pink - purple chlorotic streaks along the length of the leaves . plants with heavy infestations of rwa have their growth stunted with tillers lying almost parallel to the ground .
in autumn , aphids may infest wheat or barley seedlings soon after emergence , usually from wingless aphids walking off nearby senescing hosts . aphids require actively growing plants for development ; populations start to increase from tillering and stem elongation . aphids regularly move by walking among leaves , tillers and plants , so that the percentage of infested plants increases during the crop cycle . population growth becomes most rapid from booting onwards . early in the crop cycle , the vast majority of aphids are wingless . later in the crop cycle as aphid population density increases , the proportion of winged aphids increases and may reach high levels prior to ripening ; at this stage , aphids emigrate in search of alternative summer hosts . alate rwa are weak flyers , but are thought to travel on wind currents efficiently enough for some aphids to locate isolated host plants .
grdc has previously invested in pre - emptive pre - breeding activities associated with varietal resistance to this pest in a partnership led by murdoch university and involving national and international collaborators . while no resistance to rwa was identified in a screen of major australian wheat and barley cultivars conducted several years ago , encouragingly the project did develop some material where resistance genes were introgressed into australian cereal backgrounds .
the primary hosts are wheat and barley but rwa also lives on triticale , oats and rye and can survive on a range of grass species including pasture grasses and wild genera including poa , bromus , hordeum , lolium , and phalaris . the full extent of the role of these other species on the invasion potential and survivability of rwa over summer and between crops is still to be determined under australian conditions .
the salivary toxins injected by rwa during feeding damage plant chloroplasts , resulting in reduced photosynthetic ability , delayed leaf initiation and tillering , and reduced numbers of fertile tillers , shoot and root biomass , grains per ear and grain weight . yield impacts are determined by the percentage of infested tillers and plants and crop development stage . heavy infestations during early growth can cause serious damage ( under usa conditions ) . from early booting to soft dough stage , feeding on upper leaves , in the leaf sheath and next to the developing head , can cause direct yield losses . in wheat and barley , damaged leaf tissue does not recover . if aphids are controlled , new growth proceeds normally ( new root and shoots are unaffected ) and plants may recover unless excessively stressed . after soft dough stage , further impact is minimal .
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cabi . invasive species compendium . diuraphis noxia . cab international . [ accessed feb 19 , 2015 ] .
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as a precaution , it is very important that growers , agronomists and consultants remain vigilant , and check cereal crops and grassy weeds for aphids and damage symptoms .
live colony - pic courtesy of helen degraaf , of sardi , a division of pirsa . jpg
these pests are approximately 2 millimetres long , pale yellowish green with a fine waxy coating .
the antennae are short , as are the cone - shaped siphunculi ( sometimes called cornicles ) .
look for a noticeable loss of green colouration across the crop and , on closer inspection , white , yellow , purple or red streaking , leaf curling , stunted plant growth and loss of vigour .
start plant inspections at the crop edge , where pests often colonise first , or where plants are under stress .
a shortened version of the url , helpful when communicating the url over email or verbally .
department of primary industries and regional development ' s agriculture and food division is committed to growing and protecting wa ' s agriculture and food sector .
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plant health australia is the national coordinator of the government - industry partnership for plant biosecurity in australia .
one sample to the west of ararat ; one sample to the west of daylesford ; one sample to the west of werribee ; and one sample to the south of inverleigh ( west of geelong ) .
victorian grain growers should be vigilant and follow good on - farm biosecurity practices .
the farm biosecurity website contains a guide for grain growers regarding good on - farm practices .
following changes to the victorian government structure , the content on this site is in transition . there may be references to previous departments , these are being updated . please call 136 186 to clarify any specific information .
the initial detection was reported to primary industries and regions sa ( pirsa ) by a local agronomist .
follow up surveys by pirsa biosecurity sa and sardi entomologists has since identified numerous infested sites .
pirsa is currently conducting a trace back operation to determine the source of this detection , however at this point it is too early to say how it came to be found in south australia .
damage symptoms include a noticeable loss of green colouration across the crop , and on closer inspection , stunted plant growth and loss of vigour .
staff from biosecurity sa , sardi and rural solutions are responding and assisting the affected growers in taking immediate action for control .
in addition pirsa has commenced a surveillance and tracing operation . this includes inspecting other properties located within the vicinity of the infected property and in particular targeting those crops which were sown early and so are already out of the ground and susceptible to attack .
if you observe anything unusual or any signs of damage , particularly if the plants show whitish , yellow or red / purple leaf markings and rolling leaves , along with any strange pest activity , please immediately phone our exotic pest plant hotline on 1800 084 881 .
once the nature of the crop damage has been determined , pirsa in liaison with industry and local agronomists , will then provide advice on the best treatment options .
when inspecting your crops remember that on - farm biosecurity measures are also essential to help protect your crops from pest and disease . so please do the right thing and inspect , report and decontaminate .
there are no expected trade impacts for the export of grain or other commodities as harvested grain and dried plant products are not a suitable host for the pest .
if you observe anything unusual , please phone the exotic plant pest hotline on 1800 084 881 .
it is a major pest of cereal crops that injects toxins into the plant during feeding which retards growth and with heavy infestations , kills the plant .
affected plants will show whitish , yellow and red leaf markings and rolling leaves .
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the following are ranked with the pesticides having the greatest ipm value listed first & —the most effective and least harmful to natural enemies , honey bees , and the environment are at the top of the table . when choosing a pesticide , consider information relating to air and water quality , resistance management , and the pesticide ' s properties and application timing . not all registered pesticides are listed . always read the label of the product being used .
restricted entry interval ( rei ) is the number of hours ( unless otherwise noted ) from treatment until the treated area can be safely entered without protective clothing . preharvest interval ( phi ) is the number of days from treatment to harvest . in some cases the rei exceeds the phi ; the longer of these two intervals is the minimum time that must elapse before harvest may take place .
rotate chemicals with a different mode - of - action group number , and do not use products with the same mode - of - action group number more than twice per season to help prevent the development of resistance . for example , the organophosphates have a group number of 1b ; chemicals with a 1b group number should be alternated with chemicals that have a group number other than 1b . mode - of - action group numbers are assigned by
statewide ipm program , agriculture and natural resources , university of california all contents copyright © 2017 the regents of the university of california . all rights reserved .
for noncommercial purposes only , any web site may link directly to this page . for all other uses or more information , read legal notices . unfortunately , we cannot provide individual solutions to specific pest problems . see our home page , or in the u . s . , contact your local cooperative extension office for assistance .
landholders and agronomists in victoria and nsw where rwa has not yet been detected are requested to check cereal crops and report any suspect aphids or unusual damage to their state’s exotic plant pest hotline .
wingless adults grow up to about 2mm long and have distinctively short antennae . they are light green in colour and can appear coated with a whitish wax . in addition , there are three other conspicuous features that can help distinguish rwa from other cereal aphids :
the first is its elongated body . while the bodies of established cereal aphids are often pear or globe - shaped , rwa is longer and more spindle - shaped .
the second feature is the apparent lack of siphuncles , which are commonly referred to as ‘exhaust pipes’ . these structures are notable on most aphids , however they are very difficult to see on rwa with the naked eye .
adult rwa can be winged ( alates ) which are also up to 2mm . however unlike wingless rwa , the antennae are body - length , and the body is generally darker in colour .
rwa are able to survive under a wide range of temperatures and may perform better at lower temperatures than the other cereal aphids . the optimum temperature range is considered to be around 18 - 21°c . rwa does not do well under higher temperatures ( > 25°c ) . under laboratory conditions , generation time ranges from approximately 20 days at 10°c and nine days at 20°c .
like other aphids , populations of rwa are strongly regulated by environmental conditions . survival of aphids outside the shelter of leaf rolls is affected by exposure to rainfall , drying winds , and predators and parasitoids . rainfall washes aphids from upper leaves , and heavy rainfall may cause mortality of up to half of the population . populations are generally reduced by cold and wet conditions .
unlike other cereal aphids that damage plants by removing nutrients , rwa also injects salivary toxins during feeding that cause rapid , systemic phytotoxic effects on plants , resulting in acute plant symptoms and potentially significant yield losses . even a few aphids can cause plant damage symptoms to appear as early as seven days after infestation . these include :
aphids feed in dense colonies , typically at the base and sheath of younger leaves and within leaves curled by their feeding . aphids prefer the newest leaves of plants , and are often found on the last two leaves unfurled . at high densities they can be found on any foliar parts .
aphids may infest crops during any stage of crop development , from early establishment to maturating flag leaf . check crops regularly following seedling emergence . rwa are often difficult to find when at low numbers so check for the characteristic and distinctive leaf streaking and rolling . infestations often begin along crop edges , usually on the windward side or adjacent to infested grasses . rwa also commonly occurs in areas of paddocks where plants are sparse , on sandy rises or adjacent to bare ground . after initial infestation , aphids can rapidly spread across a paddock .
sardi entomologists have observed weather conditions may affect distribution of aphids on plants . during inclement weather rwa on volunteer cereals ( gs5 to gs8 ) were only found on lower leaves and in their leaf sheaths , but were more broadly distributed over plants during fine weather .
consider international thresholds for control , factoring crop growth stage , crop yield potential and potential yield losses .
chemical control of rwa is effective however decisions on the need for foliar treatments are based on the proportion of seedlings or tillers infested . threshold guidelines ( et ) recommended in the usa vary somewhat between regions , but for early season growth we currently recommend an et of 20 per cent seedlings infested up to the start of tillering , and 10 per cent plants infested thereafter . local research will be required to test , and if required , to modify these thresholds for australian crop conditions .
due to the cryptic feeding habits of rwa , complete coverage and use of an insecticide with fumigant or systemic activity is required . an apvma permit ( per82792 ) has been issued for the use of products containing 500 g / l chlorpyrifos and 500 g / kg pirimicarb to control rwa in cereals . the results of rwa spray trials with a range of products and rates conducted in sa in july will be presented at the update . to maximize coverage , which is essential for rwa control , we advise using a high water volume ( minimum 100 l / ha ) , a non - ionic surfactant and a nozzle pressure that produces medium - sized droplets ( e . g . 2 . 5 - 3 . 0 bar pressure for flat fan nozzles ) .
rwa is attacked by a range of natural enemies in other parts of the world , many of which also attack other aphids . of these , groups that commonly occur in australia include the minute parasitoid wasps aphidius colemani , a . ervi , diaeretiella rapae and generalist predators including ladybird beetles ( e . g . coccinella spp . , hippodamia spp . ) , lacewings ( chrysopa spp . ) , damsel bug ( nabis sp . ) , hoverflies ( syrphus spp . ) , and also entomopathogenic fungi . we have already observed mummified and fungus diseased rwa . if spraying is warranted , aim to use the softer chemistry to maintain predators and beneficial populations .
we do not advocate the use of prophylactic sprays for managing invading or dispersing rwa . these sprays can create secondary pest outbreaks ( such as other cereal aphids or armyworms ) by removing beneficial species . invading ( winged ) rwa are expected to be more prominent later in the season .
crop aphids : the back pocket guide . grdc ( crop aphids back pocket guide )
rwa occurs in all other major grain - growing regions of the world , originating from southern russia , the middle east and central asia .
since the declaration that rwa can’t be eradicated , the grdc has commissioned several projects to enable grower’s better management of this pest this coming season and for the long term . these projects included biology & ecology ; economic thresholds , insecticide efficacy and plant resistance options . also a communications plan has been implemented which includes presentations at updates and provision of a best bet management guide for growers .
whilst rwa has originated from colder areas , it is associated with warmer drier climates preferring temperatures in the range 18 – 21 o c , with low survival when temperatures exceed 25 o c . in many areas , only females are present and reproduction is asexual , and this is what has been so far observed in australia .
infected leaves can be seen to have white to purple striping on leaves . leaves can be rolled , and later on , heads a can be trapped by a rolled flag leaf and can appear bleached .
the grdc commissioned sardi to conduct population studies across 16 sites in south australia and victoria during late winter and spring 2016 and this continued over summer to determine the survival of rwa .
maintaining a summer fallow clear of grasses will decrease the numbers of aphids surviving the summer months . due to the wide host range , it is not only volunteer cereals that need to be managed , but grass weeds and possibly also in pasture grasses that are adjacent paddocks intended for cereals .
the current emergency use permit apvma per82792 is for chlorpyrifos and pirimicarb and is in place until june 2018 . a range of other foliar insecticides registered for use in cereals have also been assessed in victoria and south australia . the results of these trials are included in both the best management practices guide and presented at the adelaide update . the summary of these trials was that chlorpyrifos was the most efficacious , but that pirimicarb also performed strongly and had the added advantage of being less harmful to beneficials .
water rate did affect efficacy with high water volumes ( 100 l / ha ) performing better than 60l / ha . adhere to spray volumes stated on per82792 . a medium coarse spray quality is recommended . the addition of adjuvants had variable results dependant on the insecticide used . there was an advantage in adding hasten® or bs1000® to pirimicarb and uptake® and sacoa biopest® to chlorpyrifos at some sites . adhere to adjuvant recommendations stated on per82792 and the insecticide labels .
information from 2016 indicated that the various seed dressings that include insecticides do have an effect on rwa . trials are currently underway in controlled environments to determine the length of control seed dressings will provide in rwa management . permit per82304 ( valid to march 2021 ) allows for seeds to be treated with seed dressing products containing 600 g / l imidacloprid .
unfortunately , rwa has many biotypes and can develop new biotypes in new environments which make plant breeding more difficult . currently , the grdc has commissioned several studies with sardi and nsw dpi to determine the biotype present in australia and levels of resistance in current varieties and elite germplasm .
a cautionary tale comes from the usa , where resistant varieties where developed to the original biotypes with > 25 % uptake by growers until a new biotype was found in 2003 . while germplasm was available , no commercial lines were developed ( peairs 2017 ) .
the grdc in conjunction with plant health australia and state agencies have provided continual updates on the distribution , spread and management advice since the incursion . the grdc have commissioned a best practice guide to be released around the time of this update . the information from the various projects commissioned by the grdc will be included in this best practice guide . for the southern updates , grdc has hosted prof . frank peairs from colorado state university to provide information from colorado’s 30 years’ experience in living with rwa to growers , advisers , entomologist and grdc staff and panels . some of frank’s information is presented here , but is also available from the adelaide update website .
the research undertaken as part of this project is made possible by the significant contributions of growers through both trial cooperation and the support of the grdc . the authors would like to thank them for their continued support .
grdc would like to thank our research collaborators in sardi , cesar , peracto agxtra and agcommunicators for the on ground work .
alternatively , specimens can be submitted to the devonport ( stony rise ) or new town laboratories in person or by post . samples of plants bearing aphids should be secured in sealed double plastic bags along with some absorbent paper towel .
consider the economics of control . international advice supports an economic threshold of 20 % of plants infested up to the start of tillering and 10 % of plants infested thereafter .
entomologist lionel hill 1 rundle road devonport tas 7310 phone : 03 6478 4118 email : lionel . hill @ urltoken
entomologist ( northern tasmania ) guy westmore mt pleasant launceston tas 7250 phone : 6777 2150 mobile : 0429 852 886 email : guy . westmore @ urltoken
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it has a high dispersal potential , including being carried large distances by the wind , and on machinery , equipment and live plant material .
entomologists from the south australian research and development institute ( sardi ) have already observed mummified and fungus infected rwa , and many of the rwa cases identified so far in south australia have lower population density than the economic threshold .
plant health australia has initiated the development of a management plan for rwa and will work with grain producers australia , grdc , the australian government and state and territory governments to deliver critical outcomes . the plan will include immediate control options , r & d to develop longer time control options and training to enhance early detection and best practice management .
according to sardi cereal pathologist dr hugh wallwork , rwa does not seem to be a good transmitter of viruses .
error : ( # 4 ) application request limit reached type : oauthexception code : 4 click here to troubleshoot .
a disease incursion can be a real night - mare for your property . make sure you have a biosecurity plan in place to help protect your animals . urltoken @ planthealthaust


neoarius berneyi , the highfin catfish , berney 's catfish , berney 's shark catfish , or the lesser salmon catfish , is a freshwater sea catfish that is commonly kept in aquariums .

the origin of the name neoarius berneyi is greek , with the genus name neoarius coming from the words neos meaning new and arios , meaning warlike or hostile , in reference to the well developed fin spines , and the species name , berneyi , comes from the ornithologist f. l. berney .

neoarius berneyi

illustration of a highfin catfish , neoarius berneyi . source : gilbert h . whitley . license : copyright expired
martin f . gomon & dianne j . bray , neoarius berneyi in fishes of australia , accessed 10 jul 2018 , urltoken
blue catfish , neoarius graeffei . source : neil armstrong . license : all rights reserved
most similar to neoarius berneyi but with a shorter dorsal fin , slightly smaller eye and difference in the shape of tooth patches on the roof of the mouth . the outer patches are larger than the inner in n . graeffei , but are about the same size in n . berneyi .
neoarius berneyi is similar to neoarius graeffei in appearance , but with a smaller eye and a taller dorsal fin . the palatal teeth patches are roughly the same size , inside larger than outside , and the fish is a silvery bronze to a dark gray overall , and paler below .
tachysurus ( pararius ) berneyi whitley , 1941 , aust . zool . 10 ( 1 ) : 9 , fig . 8 ( 5 ) . type locality : flinders river , near hughenden and richmond , qld
neoarius berneyi is found around the south pacific coast areas of northern australia and new guinea . the species also inhabits the coastal streams and rivers of the gulf of carpentaria , as far west as the mary river system . the species holotype , or the physical example of an organism used when the species was formally described , was found in pools of the flinders river , near hughenden and richmond , queensland , australia .
fuente : wikipedia . p ginas : 30 . cap tulos : ariopsis , arius , aspistor , cathorops , cephalocassis , cochlefelis , hemiarius , hemipimelodus , hexanematichthys , nemapteryx , neoarius , netuma , notarius , osteogeneiosus , plicofollis , potamarius , sciades , sciades proops , bagre marinus , sciades passany , galeichthys feliceps , aspistor parkeri , ariopsis felis , amphiarius phrygiatus , brustiarius solidus , amphiarius rugispinis , netuma bilineata , sciades couma , batrachocephalus mino , bagre bagre , notarius grandicassis , sciades herzbergii , plicofollis polystaphylodon , netuma thalassina , hemiarius sona , ariopsis seemanni , bagre panamensis , cinetodus froggatti , neoarius utarus , bagre pinnimaculatus , arius madagascariensis , sciades dowii , galeichthys peruvianus , notarius osculus , genidens barbus , neoarius velutinus , brustiarius nox , nemapteryx bleekeri , osteogeneiosus militaris , nemapteryx armiger , cephalocassis borneensis , ariopsis guatemalensis , notarius quadriscutis , genidens planifrons , cryptarius truncatus , cinetodus carinatus , potamarius grandoculis , arius arius , hexanematichthys sagor , notarius troschelii , arius microcephalus , plicofollis platystomus , potamarius izabalensis , ketengus typus , plicofollis tenuispinis , conorhynchos conirostris , arius arenarius , potamarius nelsoni , sciades platypogon , genidens genidens , sciades troschelii , cathorops spixii , plicofollis tonggol , cinetodus crassilabris , arius dispar , cathorops dasycephalus , arius gigas , ariopsis assimilis , neoarius coatesi , notarius kessleri , cochlefelis danielsi , sciades emphysetus , neoarius berneyi , hemiarius verrucosus , neoarius latirostris , cathorops steindachneri , nemapteryx augusta , cinetodus conorhynchus , notarius planiceps , amissidens hainesi , nedystoma dayi , nemapteryx nenga , notarius neogranatensis , arius parkii , neoarius taylori , aspistor luniscutis , plicofollis magatensis , nedystoma novaeguineae , cochlefelis spatula , plicofollis dussumieri , plicofollis argyropleuron , arius latiscutatus , arius sumatranus , c . . .
a survey of 18 lesser salmon catfish ( neoarius graeffei ) from ashburton river in northern australia , suggests the fish can consume large quantities of small land animals when given the chance — almost half of the catfish had mice in their bellies .
most similar to ariopsis graeffei but with a taller dorsal fin , slightly larger eye and difference in the shape of tooth patches on the roof of the mouth . the outer patches are larger than the inner in a . graeffei , but are about the same size in a . berneyi .
neoarius : neo means
new
in latin and arius is derived from the greek word a pelos ( pronounced araios ) which means
sanctified by the god of war
, and refers to the bony structure extending from the skull covering to the powerful thorn of the first dorsal fin ray .
the australian species of the ariidae family have been revised and placed in a new genus , neoarius .
neo
meaning new in latin . dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 16 - 19 . the species of neoarius can be differentiated from all other genera of ariidae by the combination of two shared characters : ( 1 ) lateral face of third pharyngobranchial conspicuous and acute ( shared with arius , brustiarius , nedystoma , netuma , plicofollis and potamosilurus ) ; ( 2 ) anterior process of first pharyngobranchial on the central part of this bone ( shared with netuma ) . occurs in rivers and smaller streams , frequently in slow - flowing , turbid conditions , and also in lakes and lagoons . sometimes found in brackish estuaries . feeds on aquatic plants , benthic crustaceans , insect larvae , bottom detritus and also fishes .
he ariidae family is wide spread , ranging throughout the continents of asia , africa , australasia , south and central america and there are about 80 species with the vast amount of them occurring along sea coastlines , estuaries and coastal lagoons hence one of the common name of this genus , sea catfishes . until 2007 this species was known as arius graeffei but there has been a name change for the members of the ariidae family who reside from southern new guinea and northern australia , arius to neoarius .
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it’s a cat - and - mouse tale with a difference . the lesser salmon catfish has been found feasting on mice . but how does it catch them ?
some catfish are known to ambush unwary pigeons at the water’s edge , giving them the nickname “ freshwater killer whales ” . but the lesser salmon catfish might just be an opportunist , gobbling up animals when they drown .
“that is a lot , and a rare finding , ” says peter lisi , an aquatic ecologist at the university of wisconsin - madison .
the stomachs of some catfish contained as much as 95 per cent small mammals , with two fish having three animals each in their stomachs .
lesser salmon catfish can grow to half a metre long and weigh up to 1 . 5 kilograms . they are a common species in dryland rivers of north - western australia , so their diet is important to understanding the local ecosystems .
they were thought to feed mainly on aquatic invertebrates and plants , with the occasional addition of fruit and terrestrial insects , especially during the floods in the wet season .
and though a few freshwater fish species are known to dine on land vertebrates — african tigerfish have been filmed plucking a swallow out of thin air , for example — it is rare for them to eat so many .
the catfish had been mostly eating spinifex hopping mice ( notomys alexis , pictured above ) , which are around 10 centimetres long . as their name suggests , the mice get around by jumping . there are no reports of these mice intentionally spending any time in the water .
but heavy rain might have a role to play . “these mice often live in small colonies within a single burrow system , ” says erin kelly of the centre for fish and fisheries research at murdoch university , perth , who led the research , “so collapse or flooding of one or multiple burrow systems along the ashburton river could have inadvertently introduced them into the water . ”
“when several catfish are targeting mice all at once , it suggests that a large pulse of mice are entering the river , ” says lisi . “we still do not know how catfish gain access to mice or how often it occurs , or at what scale mice support river food webs . because large fish often survive through feast and famine periods , big meals like this are ecologically relevant . ”
if this is what is happening , the mice could be in greater danger as climate change kicks in .
“climate projections for north - western australia indicate that we’re going to see both longer periods of drought and more intense rainfall events , ” kelly says . “changes in periods of flooding could possibly be altering the food web of these fish . ”
journal reference : journal of arid environments , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jaridenv . 2016 . 08 . 005
pools of flinders r . , near hughenden and richmond , queensland , australia .
arius : from the greek arios , meaning warlike or bellicose ; in reference to the well - developed fin spines . the species is named after the ornithologist f . l . berney .
380mm or 15
sl . find near , nearer or same sized spp .
similar to a . graeffei , but with taller dorsal fin and smaller eye . palatal teeth patches roughly the same size ( vs . outer patches larger than inner in a . graeffei ) . silvery bronze to dark gray overall and paler below .
active , shoaling species peaceful enough to be kept with other fish of equivalent size .
( 1 ) robdoran1 , ( 2 ) nvcichlids ( k : 5 ) , who also notes :
kept these years ago in my brackish biotope tank
, ( 3 ) andie6 , ( 4 ) jscoggs27 , ( 5 ) dasquee ( k : 5 ) , ( 6 ) jass . click on a username above to see all that persons registered catfish species . you can also view all
my cats
data for this species .
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maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 45 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 )
occurs in rivers and smaller streams , frequently in slow - flowing , turbid conditions ( ref . 5259 , 44894 ) , and also in lakes and lagoons ( ref . 2847 ) . sometimes found in brackish estuaries ( ref . 44894 ) . feeds on aquatic plants , benthic crustaceans , insect larvae , bottom detritus ( ref . 5259 ) and also fishes ( ref . 2847 ) .
allen , g . r . , 1991 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of new guinea . publication , no . 9 . 268 p . christensen research institute , madang , papua new guinea . ( ref . 2847 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5010 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00955 ( 0 . 00441 - 0 . 02066 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 20 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 44 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 53 of 100 ) .
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malipatil , m . b . 1994 ,
revision of australian geocoris fallén and stylogeocoris montandon ( heteroptera : lygaeidae : geocorinae )
, annals and magazine of natural history , vol . 8 , pp . 299 - 327
whitley , g . p . 1964 ,
a survey of australian ichthyology
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 89 , no . 1 , pp . 11 - 127
munro , i . s . r . 1961 ,
handbook of australian fishes . nos 1–42
, australian fisheries newsletter , vol . 15–17 , 19 , 20 , pp . 1 - 172
whitley , g . p . 1941 ,
ichthyological notes and illustrations
, the australian zoologist , vol . 10 , no . 1 , pp . 1 - 50 figs 1 - 32 pls 1 - 2
roberts , t . r . 1978 ,
an ichthyological survey of the fly river in papua new guinea with descriptions of new species
, smithsonian contributions to zoology , vol . 281 , pp . 1 - 72 figs 1 - 39
hoese , d . f . & gates , j . e . 2006 ,
ariidae
, ed . hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & allen , g . r . , fishes . in , beesley , p . l . & wells , a . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . vol . 35 , ser . volume 35 , no . parts 1 - 3 , , pp . 350 - 356 , abrs & csiro publishing , australia
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 46fa3905 - 48a8 - 4848 - 85e5 - 548a02253223
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 23cfad45 - 3cb6 - 4a01 - 9969 - a0e081586442
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 601051
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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oceania : northern australia , inhabits coastal rivers and streams in the gulf of carpentaria and northern areas of the northern territory as far west as the mary river system , and new guinea . type locality : pools of flinders river , near hughender and richmond , queensland , australia .
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2009 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . www . fishbase . org , version ( 05 / 2009 ) . marceniuk p . alexandre & menzes a . naircio . systematics of the family ariidae ( ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a redefinition of the genera ( zootaxa 1416 ) 126 pp . ; 30 cm . 2007
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common in lakes , lagoons and large rivers of the middle fly river system . also found in lowland habitats of the upper fly river as far as 850 km upstream from the sea . also ref . 6993 , 13533 .
伯尼海鲶 , berney ' s catfish , fork - tail catfish , . . . more
max length : 45 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 )
pd 50 = 0 . 5010 many relatives ( e . g . carps ) 0 . 5 - 2 . 0 few relatives ( e . g . lungfishes )
medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . )
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berney ' s catfish , lesser salmon catfish common names in mandarin chinese : 伯尼海鯰 description - family ariidae chiefly marine ; occasionally freshwater . more
identifying features : body stout with a bony head shield , snout rounded and slightly pointed , eye relatively large ; mouth with 3 pairs of long barbels ; dorsal and pectoral fins with robust venomous spines , dorsal fin tall , about equal to head length ; silvery - bronze to dark grey , paler below .
found in northern australia from the reynolds river , northern territory , to the archer river , cape york , queensland . found elsewhere in new guinea . usually inhabits freshwater rivers and stream , preferring slow - moving , turbid waters ; also occasionally found amongst mangroves in brackish estuarine habitats .
body stout , head ovate , snout rounded and slightly pointed , especially noticeable in juveniles ; a crescent - shaped groove often present on snout between posterior nostrils ; head 3 . 2 - 3 . 8 in sl ; eye rounded , large ( mean 4 . 3 in hl ) ; 3 pairs of barbels around the mouth ; barbels long and slender reaching back past the dorsal fin ( 2 . 1 - 3 . 1 in sl ) ; gill rakers developed on the back of all gill arches ; palatal teeth villiform , in transverse band of 3 - 4 patches , smaller inner patches at an oblique angle with outer patches , all patches joined on mid - line in larger fish . scales absent , covered in smooth skin . dorsal fin tall , fin height equal to head length .
omnivorous , feeds on prawns , insects , fish , worms , plant material and detritus .
spawns during the late dry season from september to october , sometimes extending into february , during the middle of the wet season . males incubate the developing eggs in their mouths . eggs large , 1 . 1 - 1 . 4 cm diameter .
allen , g . r . 1982 . inland fishes of western australia . perth : western australian museum 86 pp . 6 figs 20 pls .
allen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications 240 pp . , 63 pls .
allen , g . r . 1991 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of new guinea . madang : christensen research institute 268 pp . [ publication no . 9 of the christensen research institute ]
allen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & allen , m . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum 394 pp .
allen , g . r . , storey , a . w . & yarrao , m . 2008 . freshwater fishes of the fly river papua new guinea . tabubil , papua new guinea : ok tedi mining 216 pp .
burgess , w . e . 1989 . an atlas of freshwater and marine catfishes — a preliminary survey of the siluriformes . neptune city , new jersey : t . f . h . publications 783 pp .
ferraris , c . j . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1–628 .
hoese , d . f . & gates , j . e . 2006 . ariidae . pp . 350 - 356 in beesley , p . l . & wells , a . ( eds ) . zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 australia : abrs & csiro publishing parts 1 - 3 , 2178 pp .
hutchins , j . b . 2001 . checklist of the fishes of western australia . records of the western australian museum , supplement 63 : 9 - 50
kailola , p . j . 2000 . six new species of fork - tailed catfishes ( pisces , teleostei , ariidae ) from australia and new guinea . the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory 16 : 127 - 144 .
kailola , p . j . 2004 . a phylogenetic exploration of the catfish family ariidae ( otophysi : siluriformes ) . the beagle , records of the museums and art galleries of the northern territory 20 : 87 - 166 .
larson , h . k . & martin , k . c . 1990 . freshwater fishes of the northern territory . northern territory museum of arts and sciences handbook series number 1 . darwin : northern territory museum of arts and sciences 102 pp . 73 figs .
leggett , r . & merrick , j . r . 1987 . australian native fishes for aquariums . artarmon : j . r . merrick publications 241 pp . 142 figs .
marceniuk , a . p . & menezes , n . a . 2007 . systematics of the family ariidae ( ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a redefinition of the genera . zootaxa 1416 : 1 - 126 .
merrick , j . r . & schmida , g . e . 1984 . australian freshwater fishes biology and management . sydney : j . r . merrick 409 pp . figs 280 col . figs .
paxton , j . r . , hoese , d . f . , allen , g . r . & hanley , j . e . ( eds ) 1989 . zoological catalogue of australia . pisces : petromyzontidae to carangidae . canberra : australian government publishing service vol . 7 665 pp .
szelistowski , w . a . 1989 . scale - feeding in juvenile marine catfishes ( pisces : ariidae ) . copeia 1989 ( 2 ) : 517 - 519 .
whitley , g . p . 1941 . ichthyological notes and illustrations . the australian zoologist 10 ( 1 ) : 1 - 50 figs 1 - 32 pls 1 - 2 .
a stout dusky grey catfish often with a bluish tinge and occasionally irregular blotches , a rounded to slightly truncate snout , and a relatively small eye .
blue catfish have venomous serrated fin spines that may inflict a very painful wound .
found in the northern half of australia from the ashburton river and the houtman abrolhos islands , western australia , to the hunter river , new south wales . the species is also found along the southern coast of new guinea .
blue catfish occur in a variety of habitats from swiftly to slow - flowing clear or turbid freshwaters , estuaries and inshore coastal marine environments .
dorsal fin i , 7 ; anal fin 15 - 19 ; pectoral fin i , 10 - 11 ; caudal fin 15 ; gill rakers 17 - 22 . body robust , elongate ; anterior profile straight , moderately steep , elevated slightly before dorsal fin ; head ovate ; head shield finely and sharply granulated ; snout rounded ; upper lip moderately fleshy , extending beyond mouth gape ; a shallow groove may be present on snout between posterior nostrils ; head 3 . 2 - 3 . 8 in sl ; eye oval , dorsolateral ; 3 pairs of barbels around the mouth ; maxillary barbels moderately long , extending past head to base of pectoral fin or just beyond ( 2 . 5 - 5 . 8 in sl ) ; free vertebrae 45 - 48 .
jaw teeth fine , sharp and depressible , arranged in a curved band of 6 - 9 irregular series ; palatine teeth villiform , in transverse series of 4 oval patches , smaller inner patches may be fused in larger fish . scales absent , covered in smooth skin .
dorsal and pectoral fin spines thick ; pelvic fin spines stoutly serrate on back margin ; pelvic fin shape variable , in males base narrow , fin rays rarely reaching anal fin origin ; in females base broad , inner elements become thickened and develop a pad or hook with sexual maturity .
dusky grey above , often with a bluish tinge , pale creamy to pinkish below . a small number of albino and irregularly pigmented specimens have been recorded .
feeds opportunistically on small fishes , prawns , insects , worms , plant material , detritus and small mammals . almost half the lesser salmon catfishes sampled from the ashburton river , western australia , contained spinifex hopping mice , notomys alexis , presumably following collapse or flooding of one or multiple burrow systems along the river ( kelly et al . 2016 ) .
spawns occurs from the late dry to the end of the wet season . females lay large eggs ( to 14 mm in diameter ) . male parents brood the developing eggs and young fry in their mouths for 4 - 6 weeks until the young are able to fend for themselves .
arius graeffei kner & steindachner , 1867 , sber . akad . wiss . wien 54 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) : 383 [ 28 ] , pl . 4 ( fig . 12 ) . type locality : samoa ( doubtful ) .
allen , g . r . 1982 . inland fishes of western australia . perth : western australian museum 86 pp . 6 figs 20 pls .
allen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . neptune , new jersey : t . f . h . publications 240 pp . , 63 pls .
allen , g . r . 1997 . marine fishes of tropical australia and south - east asia . perth : western australian museum 292 pp . 106 pls . ( as arius graeffei )
allen , g . r . , midgley , s . h . & allen , m . 2002 . field guide to the freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum 394 pp . ( as arius graeffei )
allen , g . r . & swainston , r . 1988 . the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers . perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .
blaber , s . j . m . , d . t . brewer & j . p . salini . 1994 . diet and dentition in tropical ariid catfishes from australia . environ . biol . fish . 40 : 159 - 174 .
blaber , s . j . m . , j . w . young & m . c . dunning . 1985 . community structure and zoogeographic affinities of the coastal fishes of the dampier region of north - western australia . aust . j . mar . freshwat . res . 36 : 247 - 266 . ( as arius graeffei )
breder , c . m . & d . e . rosen . 1966 . modes of reproduction in fishes . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , new jersey . 941 p . ( as hexanematichthys australis )
ferraris , c . j . 2007 . checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types . zootaxa 1418 : 1–628
gittleman , j . l . 1981 . the phylogeny of parental care in fishes . anim . behav . 29 : 936 - 941 . ( as hexanematichthys australis )
johnson , j . w . 1999 . annotated checklist of the fishes of moreton bay , queensland , australia . memoirs of the queensland museum 43 ( 2 ) : 709 - 762
kailola , p . j . 1983 . arius graeffei and arius armiger valid names for two common species of australo - papuan fork - tailed catfishes ( pisces , ariidae ) . transactions of the royal society of south australia 107 ( 3 ) : 187 - 196 figs 1 - 6
kailola , p . j . 1999 . family ariidae . pp . 1827 - 1879 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes . rome : fao vol . 3 1397 - 2068 pp .
kner , r . & steindachner , f . 1867 . über neue fische aus dem museum der herren johann caesar godeffroy und sohn in hamburg . sitzungsberichte der akademie der wissenschaften in wien . mathematisch - naturwissenschaftliche klasse 54 ( 1 ) ( 1 ) : 356 - 395 4 pls
larson , h . k . & williams , r . s . 1997 . darwin harbour fishes : a survey and annotated checklist . pp . 339 - 380 in hanley , h . r . , caswell , g . , megirian , d . & larson , h . k . ( eds ) . the marine flora and fauna of darwin harbour , northern territory , australia . proceedings of the sixth international marine biology workshop . darwin : museum and art gallery of the northern territory 466 pp .
leggett , r . & merrick , j . r . 1987 . australian native fishes for aquariums . artarmon : j . r . merrick publications 241 pp . 142 figs .
marceniuk , a . p . & menezes , n . a . 2007 . systematics of the family ariidae ( ostariophysi , siluriformes ) , with a redefinition of the genera . zootaxa 1416 : 1 - 126
mcdowall , r . m . ( ed . ) 1996 . freshwater fishes of south - eastern australia . sydney : reed books 247 pp .
morgan , d . l . , allen , g . r . , pusey , b . j . & burrows , d . w . 2011 . a review of the freshwater fishes of the kimberley region of western australia . zootaxa 2816 . 1 - 64
morgan , d . l . , allen , m . g . , bedford , p . & horstman , m . 2004 . fish fauna of the fitzroy river in the kimberley region of western australia – including the bunuba , gooniyandi , ngarinyin , nyikina and walmajarii aboriginal names . records of the western australian museum 22 : 147 - 161
prokop , f . 2002 . australian fish guide . croydon south , victoria : australian fishing network 256 pp .
pusey , b . j . , kennard , m . j . & arthington , a . h . 2004 . freshwater fishes of north - eastern australia . collingwood , victoria : csiro publishing 684 pp . ( as arius graeffei )
rimmer , m . a . 1985 . reproductive cycle of the fork - tailed catfish arius graeffei kner & steindachner ( pisces : ariidae ) from the clarence river , new south wales . aust . j . mar . freshwat . res . 36 : 23 - 32 . ( as arius graeffei )
sumpton , w . & j . greenwood . 1990 . pre - and post - flood feeding ecology of four species of juvenile fish from the logan - albert estuarine system , moreton bay , queensland . aust . j . mar . freshwat . res . 41 ( 6 ) : 795 - 806 . ( as arius graeffei )
whitley , g . p . 1964 . freshwater fishes of australia . brisbane : jacaranda press 127 pp .
dorsal 1 / 7 ; anal 15 - 19 ; pectorals ; 1 / 10 to 1 / 11 ; gill rakers on first arch 17 to 22 ; raker like processes on back of all gill arches , 12 to 20 on first , 15 to 23 on second , 15 to 21 on third ; palatel teeth villiform , in transverse series of 4 oval patches , inner ( vomerine ) patches smaller than outer ( palatine ) patches , patches may fuse in larger specimens to form two patches or one large patch across palate ; maxillary barbels moderately long , 2 . 5 to 5 . 8 in sl , extending to edge of opercle , usually to above pectoral fin base or midway along pectoral fin length or below dorsal fin spine in juveniles ; head ovate , snout rounded or slightly truncate ; head 3 . 0 to 3 . 8 in sl ; eye oval , 3 . 7 to 8 . 4 ( mean 6 . 1 ) in hl .
dark brown , dark blue , fawn or ocher above , sometimes iridescent , fading to yellowish , cream or white ventrally ; some fish from western northern territory with black and cream blotches ; fins tan or bluish brown .
out of the 5 species are deemed appropriate for housing in an aquarium as the rest get way too big for captivity . you would need a good sized tank of course as
can grow to around 18
and if kept with other fish would need to be housed with larger cichlids for instance , as they can be carnivorous , but as far as my enquiry ' s have thrown up they can be a good addition to a larger tank .
this fish and some others of its genus have an unusual breeding pattern for a catfish , it is a mouthbrooder ! . the male incubates the eggs buccally for 2 - 4 weeks at at a temperature of 32c . when hatched the young are relatively large and at 2 months of age they are about 6cm long . the females ventral fins are modified into claspers to assist in the retaining of the eggs as they are extruded . the breeding season in the wild is reported to be the beginning of the wet season ( spring or early summer ) .
in its native habitat they feed on insect larvae , aquatic plants , prawns , crayfish , molluscs and small fish . in the aquarium they will eat anything given such as earthworms , chopped liver , frozen brine shrimp , prawns , pellets , tablets and large flake .
. 2007 checklist of catfishes , recent and fossil ( osteichthyes : siluriformes ) , and catalogue of siluriform primary types .
australia , from the houtman abrolhos islands , western australia to hunter river , new south wales . papua new guinea , in the purari river .
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sea catfish
redirects here . for other uses , see seacat ( disambiguation ) .
the ariidae or ariid catfish are a family of catfish that mainly live in marine waters with many freshwater and brackish water species . they are found worldwide in tropical to warm temperate zones . the family includes about 143 species .
is the only genus classified in the subfamily galeichthyinae , while the rest of the genera are classified in the subfamily ariinae .
ariids are found in most of the waters on earth mostly in tropical to warm temperate zones .
many other species of catfish are also present in freshwater habitats ; some species only occur in freshwater . in north and south america , about 43 species extend into brackish water or are found exclusively in fresh water .
are present . they possess some bony plates on their heads and near their dorsal fins .
superimposed where jesus is said to be depicted in an ariid catfish skull , while the right image is simply the skull . in the upper left hand corner , the small black line provides a scale of
because their dried skulls bones resemble a cruciform man . this is an example of
beyond their maritime habitat , ariid catfish have a number of unique adaptations that set them apart from other catfish . most , if not all species , are
fish , with the male carrying a small clutch of a few dozen , tiny eggs for about two months until the eggs hatch and the fry become free - swimming .
, abundant along the western atlantic coast from massachusetts to mexico . although hardhead catfish reach a weight of about
a less - abundant species , more highly regarded as a game and food fish , is the gafftopsail catfish , bagre marinus . the range of the gafftop extends further south , to venezuela .
ng , heok hee ; sparks , john s . ( 2005 ) .
revision of the endemic malagasy catfish family anchariidae ( teleostei : siluriformes ) , with descriptions of a new genus and three new species
.
acero p . , arturo ; betancur - r . , ricardo ( june 2007 ) .
sullivan , jp ; lundberg jg ; hardman m ( 2006 ) .
a phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes ( teleostei : siluriformes ) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences
.
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× list name fishbase list of freshwater fishes reported from australia owner miles . nicholls @ urltoken list type common trait of species description list of freshwater fishes reported from australia url urltoken date submitted 2016 - 02 - 16 date updated 2016 - 06 - 14 is private no included in species pages yes authoritative no invasive no threatened no part of the sensitive data service no region not provided metadata link urltoken
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should only be kept with similar sized fish or larger , smaller fish may be seen as prey . good tank mates are
. fresh chunks of meat , fish and prawns are good but live food is even better . some specimens are too slow to catch live prey .
active . fairly peaceful and does not bother tank mates , provided the latter are larger than the catfish ' s mouth .
but the eyes are smaller and the dorsal is slightly shorter . the colour is generally a deep grey - silver with a pale underside , the
are also lighter in colour . the caudal fin is edged in black . piebald and albino variations have been seen .
this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 02 : 42 .
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the featherfin squeaker is a fish for long time aquarists . it is a fun fish to have , but difficult to care for . it gets its name from the wonderful dorsal fin , which rays out , much like a fan . these include large african cichlids , as they are equally aggressive . featherfin squeakers get large , so keep them in large tanks . also , these fish have long life spans . as mentioned before , the featherfin squeaker has a beautiful dorsal fin , which rays out , much like a fan .
these are omnivorous and should be given a good quality flake food as the staple , or sinking catfish pellets . an occasional feeding of spirulina flakes or algae wafers would ensure the vegetable part of their diet . once weekly feeding of bloodworms , tubifex , brine shrimp and other meaty foods will complete the perfect diet .
the fish consumes benthic crustaceans , insect larvae , aquatic plants , mice and bottom detritus .
general information - featherfin squeakers are a fun fish to have , but difficult to care for . and are great additions to community tanks that house larger fish . description - the featherfin squeaker is a fish for long time aquarists . diet - these are omnivorous and should be given a good quality flake food as the staple , or sinking catfish pellets . tankmates - these bottom dwelling synodontis catfish should have their own territories . breeding - synodontis eupterus has never been bred naturally in captivity , so there is a likelihood that pet shop specimens were bred from hormone injected parents , which is not readily available or recommended for an inexperienced hobbyist to accomplish .
× list name queensland : conservation status owner miles . nicholls @ urltoken list type conservation list description classification codes under the nature conservation act 1992 : extinct in the wild , endangered , vulnerable , near threatened , least concern , special least concern , international and prohibited published on the queensland government data portal . learn more about the classifications used by the department of environment and science . url urltoken date submitted 2015 - 04 - 05 date updated 2018 - 05 - 31 is private no included in species pages yes authoritative yes invasive no threatened yes part of the sensitive data service no region queensland list editors noleen brown metadata link urltoken
note : wildlife statistics are based on information that has been submitted to the des wildnet database and converted to a 10km² grid . the grid information has been intersected with the mapping polygons to determine the species lists . click here to view the species grid metadata .
disclaimer : while every care is taken to ensure the accuracy of this product , the queensland government and australian government make no representations or warranties about its accuracy , reliability , completeness or suitability for any particular purpose and disclaim all responsibility and all liability ( including without limitation , liability in negligence ) for all expenses , losses , damages ( including indirect or consequential damage ) and costs which might be incurred as a consequence of reliance on the product , or as a result of the product being inaccurate or incomplete in any way and for any reason .
a small pale yellowish - brown cardinalfish with a reddish overlay , and clusters of red - margined whitish spots that are noticeably smaller on the head than on the body . foa nivosa was described in 2011 from palau , the marshall islands and fiji . specimens have also been collected on the great barrier reef .
a large fork - tailed catfish with venomous spines that may inflict a very painful wound . identifying features : head large , eye large , head shield granular with a long narrow median groove ; snout acutely pointed , lips fleshy and crenulated , lower jaw squarish ; inner margin of pectoral - fin spine with large flattened serrations ; caudal fin with slender pointed lobes ; dorsal , pectoral and inner caudal fin with distinct black margins .
identifying features : body stout with a bony head shield , snout rounded and slightly pointed , eye relatively large ; mouth with 3 pairs of long barbels ; dorsal and pectoral fins with robust venomous spines , dorsal fin tall , about equal to head length ; silvery - bronze to dark grey , paler below . the fin spines are venomous and may inflict a very painful wound .