callinectes similis , sometimes called the lesser blue crab or dwarf crab , is a west atlantic species of blue crab .

it was described by austin b. williams in 1966 .

callinectes similis

bookhout cg and jd costow , jr . 1977 . larval development of callinectes similis reared in the laboratory . bulletin of marine science 27 : 704 - 728 .
guerin jl and wb stickle . 1997 . effects of salinity on survival and bioenergetics of juvenile lesser blue crabs , callinectes similis . marine biology 129 : 63 - 69 .
thermal biology of prey ( melongena corona bispinosa , strombus pugilis , callinectes similis , libinia dubia ) and predators ( ocyurus chrysurus , centro . . . - pubmed - ncbi
competitors of the ornate blue crab are other crustaceans , in particular c . sapidus and c . similis .
thermal biology of prey ( melongena corona bispinosa , strombus pugilis , callinectes similis , libinia dubia ) and predators ( ocyurus chrysurus , centropomus undecimalis ) of octopus maya from the yucatan peninsula .
callinectes similis has spring and fall spawning seasons ( williams 1984 ) . the egg carrying females migrate to nearshore waters with higher salinities to release their larvae ( hsueh et al . 1993 ) .
das t and wb stickle . 1993 . sensitivity of crabs callinectes sapidus and c . similis and the gastropod stramonita haemastoma to hypoxia and anoxia . marine ecology progress series 98 : 263 - 274 .
jennifer hammock chose to hide data on
callinectes sapidus rathbun , 1896
.
comparative detail of the reproductive structures of mature male callinectes . modified from williams 1974 .
callinectes sapidus
. ciesm : the mediterranean marine research network . august 2006 .
piller sc , henry rp , doeller je and dw kraus . 1995 . a comparison of the gill physiology of two euryhaline crab species , callinectes sapidus and callinectes similis : energy production , transport - related enzymes and osmoregulation as a function of acclimation salinity . journal of experimental biology 198 : 349 - 358 .
callinectes sapidus
. smithsonian marine station at fort pierce . october 11 , 2004 .
the lesser blue crab is common in marshes and estuaries . in the barrier reef marsh habitats of mobile bay , alabama , callinectes similis is reported to be the dominant crab in open bays ( hsueh et al . 1993 ) .
hsueh pw mcclintock jb and ts hopkins . 1993 . population dynamics and life history characteristics of the blue crabs callinectes similis and c . sapidus in bay environments of the northern gulf of mexico . marine ecology 14 : 239 - 257 .
it can be difficult to distinguish the juveniles , immature males , and adult females of c . ornatus from c . danae and c . similis ( williams 1984 ) . c . ornatus is very similar to c . similis and the two were confused until the 1960 ' s ( gore 1977 ) .
kento furui added the japanese common name
アオガザミ
to
callinectes sapidus rathbun , 1896
.
hsueh pw , mcclintock jb and ts hopkins . 1992a . comparative study of the diets of the blue crabs callinectes similis and c . sapidus from a mud - bottom habitat in mobile bay , alabama . journal of crustacean biology 12 : 615 - 619 .
the callinectes similis male grows to a maximum width of 122 mm and the female grows to a maximum width of 95 mm . a study of populations in mobile bay in the mississippi sound reported a larger female to male ratio ( hsueh et al . 1993 ) .
callinectes ornatus is usually found in tropical seas in temperatures ranging from 18 - 31°c ( william 1984 ) .
eduard solà added the catalan common name
cranc blau
to
callinectes sapidus rathbun , 1896
.
[ biodiversity , morphometry and diet of callinectes crabs ( decapoda : portunidae ) in santiago de cuba ] .
blue crab ( callinectes sapidus ) larval settlement in north carolina : environmental forcing , recruit - . . .
callinectes similis is an opportunistic predator feeding primarily on bivalves and other benthic macroinvertebrates crushing their prey with their claws . stomach content studies also show that the lesser blue crab diet includes fish , crustaceans , squid , detritus , and plants ( hsueh et al . 1992a ) .
hsueh pw , mcclintock jb and ts hopkins . 1992b . factors affecting the population dynamics of the lesser blue crab ( callinectes similis williams ) in barrier island salt marsh habitats of the gulf of mexico . journal of the alabama academy of science 63 : 1 - 9 .
citation :
lesser blue crabs , callinectes similis ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 3 / 26 / 2014 4 : 14 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from callinectes sapidus rathbun , 1896 to their own page .
gore rh 1977 . studies on decapod crustaceans from the indian river region of florida . vii . a field character for the rapid identification of the swimming crabs callinectes ornatus ordway , 1963 and c . similis williams , 1966 ( brachyura : portunidae ) . northeast gulf science 1 : 119 - 123 .
gore rh . 1977 . studies on decapod crustaceans from the indian river region of florida . vii . a field character for the rapid identification of the swimming crabs callinectes ornatus ordway , 1963 and c . similis williams , 1966 ( brachyura : portunidae ) . northeast gulf science 1 : 119 - 123 .
adult callinectes similis are not usually encountered in estuaries where salinities are below 15 ppt . like its congener c . sapidus , the lesser blue crab is a hyperosmoregulator able to respond to changes in salinity by maintaining a high hemolymph osmolarity by active ion pumping in the gills ( piller et al . 1995 ) .
c . similis can be distinguished from c . ornatus by the pale translucent blue dactyls of the swimming legs and the propodi that are olive on the ends and banded with translucent blue mesially .
[ biodiversity , morphometry and diet of callinectes crabs ( decapoda : portunidae ) in santiago de cuba ] . - pubmed - ncbi
juveniles of the lesser blue crab tolerate high levels of hypoxia but will die under anoxic conditions . in laboratory studies , there was a noticeable decrease observed in feeding , growth and molting rates below normoxia . this adaptation may allow populations of callinectes similis to survive seasonal occurrences of hypoxic water masses on continental shelves ( das and stickle 1993 ) .
williams ab . 1974 . the swimming crabs of the genus callinectes ( decapoda : portunidae ) . fishery bulletin 72 : 685 - 798 .
williams , a . b . ( 1974 ) .
the swimming crabs of the genus callinectes ( decapoda : portunidae )
. fishery bulletin 72 ( 3 ) : 685–692 .
because callinectes ornatus occupies the same habitats as the commercial species , c . sapidus , it is impacted by the crab fishery along western atlantic coast ( hsueh et al . 1992 ) .
callinectes ornatus is both a saprophagous species , feeding on decaying matter , as well as an active predator . c . ornatus will dig into the substratum in search of food , feeding on mollusks , especially bivalves , and other crustaceans , including brachyura ( true crabs ) , other species of callinectes , algae , polychaetes , echinoderms , and foraminifera ( branco et al . 2002 ) .
juveniles of the lesser blue crab exhibit a higher tolerance for salinity change than adults allowing them to inhabit estuaries with salinities as low as 10 ppt ( guerin and stickle 1997 ) . in mobile bay , alabama , juvenile c . similis were encountered in the barrier reef marsh habitats with salinities ranging from 8 - 28 5ppt ( hsueh et al . 1992a ) . in laboratory experiments , c . similis juveniles survived in near freshwater ( as low as 5 ppt ) to hypersaline conditions , but were reported to be best adapted to 35 ppt ( hsueh et al . 1993 ) .
millikin , mark r . ; williams , austin b . ( march 1984 ) .
synopsis of biological data on the blue crab callinectes sapidus rathburn
. noaa technical report nmfs 1 : 1–32 .
research callinectes similis » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
kennedy , victor s . ; cronin , l . eugene ( 2007 ) . the blue crab callinectes sapidus . college park , md . : maryland sea grant college . pp . 255–298 . isbn 978 - 0943676678 .
michelle sempsrott ( march 8 , 2011 ) .
florida ' s commercial blue crab ( callinectes sapidus ) fishery : managing harvest with output control
( pdf ) . oregon state university . capstone project – fw 506 .
negreiros - fransozo ml , mantelatto flm , and a fransozo . 1999 . population biology of callinectes ornatus ordway , 1863 ( decapoda , portunidae ) from ubatuba ( sp ) , brazil . scientia marina 63 : 157 - 163 .
gretchen a . messick ( 1998 ) .
diseases , parasites , and symbionts and blue crabs ( callinectes sapidus ) dredged from chesapeake bay
( pdf ) . journal of crustacean biology 18 ( 3 ) : 533–548 . jstor 1549418 .
gretchen a . messick & carl j . sindermann ( 1992 ) .
synopsis of principal diseases of the blue crab , callinectes sapidus
( pdf ) . noaa technical memorandum . national oceanic and atmospheric administration . nmfs - f / nec - 88 .
because callinectes ornatus occupies the same habitats as the commercial species , c . sapidus , it is impacted by the crab fishery along western atlantic coast . in the ubatuba region of brazil it is a major fishery ( negreiros - fransozo et al . 1999 ) .
male callinectes ornatus are usually slightly larger than the females measuring up to 60 mm while the female carapace can measure up to 58 mm ( williams 1984 ) . it is unknown whether males and females have different mortality rates ( negreiros - fransozo et al . 1999 ) .
gore rh and re grizzle . 1974 . studies of the decapod crustacean from the indian river lagoon region of florida . iii . callinectes bocourti a . milne edwars , 1979 ( decapoda , portunidae ) from the central east coast of florida . crustaceana 27 : 306 - 308 .
records of museum collections of oviparous females suggest that callinectes ornatus spawn year - round ( williams 1984 ) . adult females move offshore to find temperature and / or salinity conditions that are best for spawning . one female can mate with several males during the same reproductive period ( negreiros - fransozo et al . 1999 ) .
branco jo , lunardon - branco mj , verani jr , schveitzer r , f . souto fx , and wg vale . 2002 . natural diets of callinectes ornatus ordway , 1963 ( decapoda , portunidae ) in the itapocoroy inlet , pehna , sc , brazil . braz . arch . biological technology 45 : 35 - 40
the ornate blue crab is common in the indian river lagoon and shallow tropical habitats of warm waters in the eastern atlantic oceans . in a population of callinectes ornatus from ubatuba in brazil , the males made up 63 % of the population outnumbering the females 1 . 7 to 1 ( negreiros - fransozo et al . 1999 ) .
. . . two morphological characters used recently ( rostrum length [ rl ] and total carapace length [ tcl ] ) have been found to vary considerably with season and temperature , and their values for c . sapidus and c . similis can overlap , even within collections . the ratio of rl to tcl , which corrects for size , was found to better distinguish these species ( ogburn et al . 2011 ) . there are puzzling inconsistencies in the literature on settlement in blue crabs ( table 1 ) . . . .
johnson , david ( 2015 ) .
home > journals > the savory swimmer swims north : a northern range . . . advanced search the savory swimmer swims north : a northern range extension of the blue crab callinectes sapidus ?
. journal of crustacean biology 35 : 105 - 100 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 1937240x - 00002293 .
ecosystem‐based fishery management requires an understanding of relationships between fisheries and environmental variability . the purposes of this study were to investigate ( 1 ) how environmental forcing drives variability in larval settlement of the blue crab callinectes sapidus , ( 2 ) whether larval settlement data are useful for determining recruit–stock relationships , and ( 3 ) whether . . . [ show full abstract ]
callinectes ornatus is distributed from north carolina to rio grande de sul , brazil ( williams 1984 , branco et . al . 2002 ) living at depths of up to 75 meters on sand and mud bottoms ( branco et al . 2002 ) . the ornate blue crab is found in river mouths but more commonly occurs offshore ( negreiros - fransozo et al . 1999 ) . juveniles are usually found in shallower habitats .
james l . hench , richard b . forward , sarah d . carr , daniel rittschof & richard a . luettich ( 2004 ) .
testing a selective tidal - stream transport model : observations of female blue crab ( callinectes sapidus ) vertical migration during the spawning season
. limnology and oceanography 49 ( 5 ) : 1857–1870 . doi : 10 . 4319 / lo . 2004 . 49 . 5 . 1857 .
the first day of sampling day at each site for each year is given as the start date , and end dates were all the last friday in october of that year . number of pulses was calculated as the number of days with settlement numbers above the mean + 2 sd . median , mean and max units are all # callinectes spp . megalopae collector - 1 day - 1 . daily settlement time series for each site and year are in s1 fig .
yonathan zohar , anson h . hines , oded zmora , eric g . johnson , romuald n . lipcius , rochelle d . seitz , david b . eggleston , allen r . place , eric j . schott , john d . stubblefield & j . sook chung ( 2008 ) .
the chesapeake bay blue crab ( callinectes sapidus ) : a multidisciplinary approach to responsible stock replenishment
. reviews in fisheries science 16 ( 1 ) : 24–34 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 10641260701681623 .
specimens have been trapped in fresh water but most collections of c . ornatus come from waters with higher salinities ( william 1984 ) . laboratory experiments with portunid crabs in the genus callinectes demonstrated that c . ornatus has lower tolerance to hyposaline conditions ( reductions in salinity ) . individuals of c . ornatus were shown to begin dying off when seawater was diluted by 25 % ( 8 . 7 ppt ) whereas c . sapidus , c . exasperatus , and c . danae tolerated extreme hyposaline conditions of 3 . 5 ppt ( norse 1978 ) .
( a ) mean daily settlement rate and ( b ) mean individual weight of callinectes spp . megalopae at not oiled ( white , box , n = 2 ) and oiled sites ( grey box , n = 5 ) in 2010 . boxplots show the median ( black line ) , the first and third quartiles ( lower and upper box bounds , respectively ) and 95 % confidence intervals ( whiskers ) . for the not oiled sites ( galveston , apalachicola ) , the whiskers are right on the bounds of the box . there was no significant effect of oil status on either variable .
. . . corona bispinosa , s . pugilis , c . similis , l . dubia , o . chrysurus and c . undecimalis ) acclimated to 5 different temperatures ( 18 , 20 , 22 , 26 y 30 °c ) . * * * p o 0 . 001 ; the number of unique permutations to obtain the empirical distribution of pseudo - f values is given for each test . these temperatures coincide with those that favor the development of megalopa and early juveniles of greater size in wild populations ( 20 to 23 °c ) ( ogburn et al . , 2011 ) . also , temperatures preferred by l . dubia ( 23 to 24 . 6 °c ) coincided with greater detected abundance in the continental shelf of yucatán peninsula ( celis - sánchez et al . , 2014 ) and with temperature that favors the embryo development in females maintained in laboratory conditions ( carmona - osalde and rodríguez - serna , 2012 ) . . . .
mean dry weights varied among sites and across years ( s2 fig ) , with highest mean dry weights found at ocean springs ( 0 . 32 mg individual - 1 ± 0 . 06 sd in 2010 ) , followed by galveston ( 0 . 31 ± 0 . 05 in 2010 , 0 . 25 ± 0 . 04 in 2011 ) , apalachicola ( 0 . 28 ± 0 . 05 in 2010 ) , grand isle ( 0 . 27 ± 0 . 05 in 2010 , 0 . 29 ± 0 . 03 in 2011 ) , rigolets ( 0 . 26 ± 0 . 01 in 2010 ) and finally pensacola ( 0 . 21 ± 0 . 03 in 2010 , 0 . 20 ± 0 . 02 in 2011 ) and dauphin ( 0 . 19 ± 0 . 02 in 2010 , 0 . 21 ± 0 . 02 in 2011 ) . within a site , weights were generally lower in the warmer summer months , a pattern that corresponds to that of callinectes spp . sizes observed by ogburn et al . in both gom and atlantic coast samples [ 28 ] .
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
proceedings of the biological society of washington , vol . 116 , no . 1
williams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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h . h . hobbs ; joan p . jass and jay v . huner
it can be difficult to distinguish the juveniles , immature males , and adult females of c . ornatus from c . danae and
and the two were confused until the 1960 ' s ( gore 1977 ) .
juveniles of the lesser blue crab are common in seagrass beds in the indian river lagoon ( gore 1977 ) .
temperature may be a factor in the reproductive cycles of the lesser blue crab ( williams 1984 ) .
barnes rd . 1980 . invertebrate zoology . saunders college / holt , rinehart and winston , philadelphia , pa pp . 725
williams ab . 1984 . shrimps , lobsters , and crabs of the atlantic coast of the eastern united states , maine to florida . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . , pp 373 - 376 .
report by : melany p . puglisi , smithsonian marine station submit additional information , photos or comments to : irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated : october 1 , 2008
adults and juvenile of the ornate blue crab are common in seagrass beds in the lagoon ( gore 1977 ) .
barnes rd . 1980 . invertebrate zoology . saunders college / holt , rinehart and winston , philadelphia , pa . 725 p .
norse ea . 1978 . an experimental gradient analysis : hyposalinity as an
upstress
distributional determinant for caribbean portunid crabs . biological bulletin 155 : 586 - 598 .
scdnr . undated . blue crabs of the south atlantic bight . adobe pdf document available online .
williams ab . 1984 . shrimps , lobsters , and crabs of the atlantic coast of the eastern united states , maine to florida . smithsonian institution press , washington dc . 550 p .
report by : melany p . puglisi , smithsonian marine station submit additional information , photos or comments to : irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated : august 1 , 2008
welcome to the picture guide to shelf invertebrates of the northern gulf of mexico . the guide was developed to assist noaa / nmfs personnel in identification of invertebrates taken during resource trawl surveys in the northern gulf of mexico . the plates were designed for identification of fresh specimens at sea and to make use color characteristics as well as other taxonomic aids . current taxonomic standing has been verified through both the literature and the itis website ( urltoken ) .
the guide is a work in progress with new species added as they are collected .
most of the specimens were identified by the authors with some problematic taxa sent to various specialists for identification or confirmation of identification . any mistakes are the responsibility of the authors . a full reference list will be available in the near future .
we welcome any comments and ask you to please contact us with any corrections or feedback you may have at harriet . perry @ urltoken , or ( 228 ) 872 - 4218 .
carapace broader than long , compressed ; color olive green to brown dorsally , yellowish to white underneath ; legs olive , bluish or brown ; claws are long , palms with blue and white coloration , fingers blue in adult males , violet blue in adult females , juveniles with white fingers with blue spot at base of fingers ; last pair of legs flattened into paddle - shaped appendages ; 9 pair of spines ( including the outer orbital spines ) along the lateral edges of the carapace , the most posterior pair ( called the lateral spines ) being the longest ; 6 low blunt spines between the ocular orbits ( eye sockets ) , including the inner orbital spines , the center pair of spines very small ; spines on the inner margins of merus ( 2 segments from claws ) and outer carpus ( segment next to claw ) , no spine on inner dorsal carpus .
the blue crabs look similar , but have 4 low teeth between the ocular orbits , and juveniles have a reddish spot at base of fingers .
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distribution off delaware bay to key west , fla . , northwestern florida around gulf of mexico to off campeche , yucatan ; also isla de . . .
distribution off delaware bay to key west , fla . , northwestern florida around gulf of mexico to off campeche , yucatan ; also isla de providencia , colombia ; reported from northern jamaica . [ details ]
pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
felder , d . l . , álvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019–1104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
williams , a . b . ( 1984 ) . shrimps , lobsters , and crabs of the atlantic coast of the eastern united states , maine to florida . smithsonian institution press . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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noyola regil j 1 , mascaro m 1 , díaz f 2 , denisse re a 3 , sánchez - zamora a 1 , caamal - monsreal c 1 , rosas c 1 .
unidad multidisciplinaria de docencia e investigación , facultad de ciencias , universidad nacional autónoma de méxico , puerto de abrigo s / n , sisal , yucatán , méxico .
laboratorio de ecofisiología de organismos acuáticos . departamento de biotecnología marina . centro de investigación científica y de educación superior de ensenada , carretera ensenada - tijuana 3918 , ensenada , baja california , méxico . electronic address : fdiaz @ cicese . mx .
laboratorio de ecofisiología de organismos acuáticos . departamento de biotecnología marina . centro de investigación científica y de educación superior de ensenada , carretera ensenada - tijuana 3918 , ensenada , baja california , méxico .
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for all at last returns to the sea — to oceanus , the ocean river , like the everflowing stream of time , the beginning and the end .
- rachel carson
is distinguished from other portunid crabs by the lack of an internal spine on the carpus ( the middle segment of the claw ) , as well as by the t - shape of the male abdomen .
. males and females are easily distinguished by the shape of the abdomen ( known as the
apron
) and by color differences in the chelipeds , or claws . the abdomen is long and slender in males , but wide and rounded in mature females . a popular
claw color differences are more subtle than apron shape . the immovable , fixed finger of the claws in males is blue with red tips , while females have orange coloration with purple tips .
a female ' s abdomen changes as it matures : an immature female has a triangular - shaped abdomen , whereas a mature female ' s is rounded .
because of overlapping ranges and similar morphology . one species is the lesser blue crab (
) . it is found further offshore than the common blue crab , and has a smoother granulated carapace . males of the lesser blue crab also have mottled white coloration on the swimming legs , and females have areas of violet coloration on the internal surfaces of the claws .
, to form a greenish - blue coloration . when the crab is cooked , the alpha - crustacyanin breaks down , leaving only the astaxanthin , which turns the crab to a red - orange or a hot pink color .
it has recently been reported north of cape cod in the gulf of maine , potentially representing a range expansion due to climate change .
, especially females and older crabs , although it has little adverse effect on the crab .
undergoes a seasonal migration of up to several hundred miles . female blue crabs mate only once in their lifetimes . after mating , the female crab travels to the southern portion of the chesapeake , using ebb tide transport to migrate from areas of low salinity to areas of high salinity .
fertilizing her eggs with sperm stored during her single mating months or almost a year before .
up to two million eggs may be produced in a single brood , and a single female can produce over 8 , 000 , 000 eggs in her lifetime .
the female crab releases her eggs in november or december . the crabs hatch into
and float in the mouth of the bay for four to five weeks , after which the juvenile crabs make their way back into the bay .
cooked blue crabs , shown here on sale at a fish market in washington , d . c . , are red .
exist along much of the atlantic coast of the united states , and in the gulf of mexico . although the fishery has been historically centered on the
in 2002 , around two - thirds of the total u . s . market of
( 4 % ) ; no data are available on the amounts exported from the u . s .
louisiana has the world ' s largest blue crab fishery . the industry was not commercialized for interstate commerce until the 1990s , when supply markedly decreased in maryland due to problems in chesapeake bay . since then , louisiana has steadily increased its harvest . in 2002 , louisiana harvested 22 % of the nation ' s blue crab . that number rose to 26 % by 2009 and 28 % by 2012
. the vast majority of louisiana crabs are shipped to maryland , where they are sold as
chesapeake
or
maryland
crab .
the chesapeake bay , located in maryland and virginia , is famous for its blue crabs . the crab harvest constitutes the most important economic fishery for both states . in 1993 , the combined harvest of
was valued at around us $ 100 million . over the years , the population of
and the amount captured has fallen from over 125 , 000 t ( 276 , 000 , 000 lb ) in 1993 to 81 , 000 t ( 179 , 000 , 000 lb ) in 2008 .
many types of gear have been used to catch blue crabs along the atlantic and gulf coasts .
initially people used very simple techniques and gear , which included hand lines , dip nets , and push nets among a variety of other gear types . the trotline , a long baited twine set in waters 5–15 feet deep , was the first major gear type used commercially to target hard crabs .
chesapeake - a novel by james michener with a story about c . sapidus titled
jimmy the crab
.
maryland state crustacean
. maryland state archives . 2005 - 12 - 27 .
susan b . rothschild ( 2004 ) .
sandy beaches
. beachcomber ' s guide to gulf coast marine life : texas , louisiana , mississippi , alabama , and florida ( 3rd ed . ) . taylor trade publications . pp . 21–38 . isbn 978 - 1 - 58979 - 061 - 2 .
blue crab frequently asked questions
. blue crab archives . december 2008 .
a . brockerhoff & c . mclay ( 2011 ) .
human - mediated spread of alien crabs
. in bella s . galil , paul f . clark & james t . carlton . in the wrong place – alien marine crustaceans : distribution , biology and impacts . invading nature 6 . springer . pp . 27–106 . isbn 978 - 94 - 007 - 0590 - 6 .
catherine e . derivera , gregory m . ruiz , anson h . hines & paul jivoff ( 2005 ) .
biotic resistance to invasion : native predator limits abundance and distribution of an p . u . p . u crab
( pdf ) . ecology 86 ( 12 ) : 3367–3376 . doi : 10 . 1890 / 05 - 0479 .
number of blue brabs in bay remains below long - term average
. national oceanic and atmospheric administration . july 28 , 2008 .
vincent guillory , harriet perry & steve vanderkooy , ed . ( october 2001 ) .
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felder , d . l . , álvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . < em > felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . < / em > pp . 1019–1104 ( texas a & m university press : college station , texas ) .
pollock , l . w . ( 1998 ) . a practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern north america . rutgers university press . new brunswick , new jersey & london . 367 pp .
williams , a . b . ( 1984 ) . shrimps , lobsters , and crabs of the atlantic coast of the eastern united states , maine to florida . < em > smithsonian institution press . < / em >
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erin k . grey , 1 , * susan c . chiasson , 2 hannah g . williams , 3 victoria j . troeger , 4 and caz m . taylor 2
conceived and designed the experiments : eg sc hw vt ct . performed the experiments : eg sc hw vt ct . analyzed the data : eg hw vt ct . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : ct . wrote the paper : eg sc hw vt ct .
this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are properly credited .
has been challenging because its offshore life history is relatively poorly understood , particularly in the gom .
] , but there is little consensus on the causes of this variation . previous studies have attributed some of this variability to seasonal , lunar , meteorological , or hydrological drivers as outlined in
b quarters defined as : 1 ) lunar days 26–4 , 2 ) lunar days 5–11 , 3 ) lunar days 12–18 , 4 ) lunar days 19–25 .
. permission for sampling was obtained from texas a & m galveston ( galveston ) , sand dollar marina ( grand isle ) , fort pike state historic site ( rigolets ) , gulf coast research lab ( ocean springs ) , dauphin island sea lab ( dauphin ) , the environmental protection agency gulf ecology division ( pensacola ) and the apalachicola maritime museum ( apalachicola ) . at each site , for five consecutive days per week , 3–4 hogs hair collectors were deployed in the morning before 10am and then retrieved the following morning , resulting in five 24 hour sampling periods per week .
. megalopae were separated from other genera , counted , and stored in ethanol . we attempted identification of
sites sampled in 2010 ( n = 7 ) are denoted by a circle , while sites sampled in 2010 and 2011 ( n = 4 ) are denoted by a star . sites with baseline data from 1990–1992 ( galveston , dauphin ) are marked with a purple circle .
megalopal condition was measured as mean dry weight for each site from ethanol - fixed samples . to estimate individual weight , we grouped 100 megalopae per site over two - week intervals , including an equal number of individuals from each day when possible . for intervals with < 100 collected megalopae , samples of 20 megalopae were used , and intervals with < 20 collected megalopae were removed from the analysis . samples were dried at room temperature in a tissue - covered vial for three days , then dried with nitrogen gas for 15 minutes , and finally dried in a drying oven at 60°c for 30 minutes to obtain dry weight . samples were chosen randomly for re - weighing to ensure that they were dried to constant mass ( + / - 2 % mass difference ) . samples were weighed on a sartorius cpa2p balance that was covered to reduce air currents . to ensure that the air humidity had no effect on sample mass , humidity was recorded each day . a representative sample from a more humid day was selected and re - weighed on a less humid day . if the two masses were not within + / - 2 % of each other , then the samples from the more humid day were further dried and re - weighed . sample masses were then standardized by dividing the number of megalopae in each sample ( either 100 or 20 ) to attain the mean dry weight per individual for each biweekly period .
) using the buoy nearest to each site . only galveston ( buoy # 8771510 for 2010 and # 8771341 for 2011 ) , grand isle ( buoy # 8761724 both years ) , dauphin ( buoy # 8735180 both years ) , pensacola ( buoy # 8729840 both years ) and apalachicola ( buoy # 8728690 for 2010 ) had buoys within 10km . three wind metrics were calculated for each site from these datasets : the mean daily north - south wind component , [
= ws * cos ( θ– x ] , where x is the nearby coastline’s angle to true north . a positive
represents winds blowing northward parallel to the site whereby the ekman transport process would facilitate water movement landward . hourly observed sea heights relative to mean sea height ( meters ) were obtained for each site from nearest noaa coops buoys (
: galveston # 8771450 , grand isle # 8761724 , dauphin # 8735180 , pensacola # 8729840 , apalachicola # 8728690 ) , from which daily sea height flux ( maximum sea height—minimum sea height ) , maximum daily sea height , and mean sea level at night in meters ( averaged over the hours of 8 : 00pm and 6 : 00am local time ) were calculated . lunar day was downloaded from the us naval observatory astronomical applications department (
for the second dwh effects test , we compared the 2010 mean annual settlement rates and megalopal weights at sites exposed to dwh oil ( grand isle , rigolets , ocean springs , dauphin , pensacola ) to those from sites not exposed to dwh oil ( galveston , apalachicola ) . oil exposure at each site was determined by maps of shoreline surveys from the shoreline cleanup assessment technique program [ 5 ] . to test for dwh effects on mean megalopal settlement rates or weights , we calculated yearly daily settlement and weight averages for each site and conducted a one - way anova with oil status ( not oiled , oiled ) as a fixed factor . for this analysis , settlement rates were log - transformed . both analyses were conducted in the r version 3 . 1 [ 29 ] .
given low sample sizes due to limited baseline data and reference sites , we performed power analyses over a large range of effect sizes ( 0 . 1–0 . 8 , or 10 % - 80 % change in settlement rate ) for both dwh effects tests . for the baseline comparison , we used a two - sample t - test power analysis , with 4 replicates in each group . for the between - site comparison test , we used the two - sample t - test power analysis with 2 replicates in the first sample ( not oiled ) , and 5 replicates in the second sample ( oiled ) . all power analyses were conducted in the r pwr package [ 30 ] .
the first step in this analysis estimated the role of seasonality in explaining daily settlement within and among sites . to do this we fit a seasonal sine - cosine function [ sin ( 2π day / 365 ) + cos ( 2π day / 365 ) , where day represent the day since january of that year ] to log - transformed daily settlement rates . to determine whether the seasonal trend varied by site or year , we fit models with and without site , year and their interaction terms and selected the best model using akaike information criterion ( aic ) [ 31 ] .
the second step estimated lunar trends in settlement within and between sites . we did this by fitting seasonal model residuals to a sine - cosine function , [ sin ( 2π lunarday / 30 ) + cos ( 2π lunarday / 30 ) ] where lunarday is the number of days since the last new moon . again , aic model selection was used to determine whether site , year or interaction terms were informative .
daily settlement rate was highly variable within and among sites and years , with standard deviations between 1 . 5 and 6 . 5 times as large as yearly means (
± 3470 sd in 2010 , 1594 ± 2202 in 2011 ) , followed by grand isle ( 235 ± 1053 in 2010 , 75 ± 130 in 2011 ) , dauphin ( 131 ± 656 in 2010 , 73 ± 174 in 2011 ) , galveston ( 12 ± 43 in 2010 , 3 ± 5 in 2011 ) , apalachicola ( 7 ± 13 in 2010 ) , ocean springs ( 2 ± 5 ) and , finally , rigolets ( 1 . 1 ± 7 . 1 in 2010 ) . mean daily settlement was always much higher than the median value , indicating that , as found in previous studies (
) . within sites that were sampled in both 2010 and 2011 , mean and maximum settlement was noticeably lower in 2011 . however the number of pulse settlement events , which we defined as days with settlement greater than the mean plus two standard deviations , were generally similar except for at grand isle , where there were two pulses in 2010 and seven in 2011 (
) . for dauphin , the site within the spill zone , mean settlement rates for 1990 and 1991 were almost identical to those immediately after the dwh event in 2010 and 2011 ( 55 . 4 ± 103 . 8sd individuals collector
in 1990 , 207 . 4 ± 447 . 7 in 1991 , 207 . 1 ± 864 . 5 in 2010 and 46 . 2 ± 76 . 3 in 2011 ) . for galveston , the site outside of the spill zone , mean daily settlement rates were 25 . 5 ± 58 . 2 individuals collector
and 62 . 0 ± 168 . 0 in 1991 and 1992 , respectively . while mean settlement rates in 2010 and 2011 were lower ( 13 . 0 ± 47 . 6 and 2 . 6 ± 3 . 1 respectively ) , they were still well within the range of natural variation . anova results found no significant effects of site , year or a site by year interaction (
mean megalopal settlement rates before ( 1990–1991 for dauphin , 1991–1992 for galveston ) and after ( 2010–2011 for both dauphin and galveston ) the deepwater horizon event at an oiled site ( dauphin ) and a not oiled site located well outside of the surface oil’s extent ( galveston ) . there were no significant differences in mean settlement between sites , time period ( before / after ) , or their interaction .
analysis of variance for the effect of oiled / not oiled and before / after dwh on megalopal settlement .
the variables tested were site ( dauphin = oiled , galveston = not oiled ) , period ( before / after dwh ) and their interaction ( site * period ) . df = degrees of freedom . no significant effects were found ( p > 0 . 05 for all variables ) .
, anova oil effect on settlement rate : df = 1 , ss = 4 . 539 , f - val = 0 . 573 , p = 0 . 483 ; anova oil effect on megalopal weight : df = 1 , ss = 0 . 003 , f = 0 . 307 , p = 0 . 305 ) .
the statistical power for each test was found to be low , even for large effect sizes . for the baseline comparison test , the power to detect over the range of effect sizes ( 0 . 1–0 . 8 , or 10 % - 80 % difference ) ranged from 0 . 052–0 . 16 , indicating that we only had a 16 % likelihood of detecting an 80 % change in megalopal settlement rates . for the between - site comparison test , the power ranged from 0 . 051–0 . 123 over the same range of effect sizes , again indicating low power to detect even large effect sizes ( e . g . , only a 12 . 3 % likelihood of observing an 80 % change in settlement rates ) .
) . the full factorial model and the model with only site as a factor ( “site - only” model ) were found to be equivalent by aic , meaning that the variance explained by year was negligible . most sites had a peak in settlement from mid - august to early september ( grand isle–sep 3
. downstream analyses using residuals from the full - factorial and site - only seasonal models were similar , so we only present the site - only model for simplicity .
seasonal ( a - e ) and lunar ( g - j ) trends for each site in 2010 ( blue ) and 2011 ( orange ) .
the black line represents the average trend over the two years . for both seasonal and lunar trend analysis , the site - only and full - factorial ( site * year ) models were equivalent , and we have displayed the site - only model for simplicity . apalachicola was only sampled in 2010 .
the aics are ranked lowest to highest for the ( a ) seasonal and ( b ) lunar trend models . the variables , number of parameters ( k ) , akaike information criterion ( aic ) , and the difference from the lowest aic score are presented for each model ( δaic ) . models with aics within 2 points are considered equivalent .
) and the full - factorial and site - only lunar models were found to be equivalent . lunar trends appeared most similar among sites on either side of the mississippi river . the three sites east of the mississippi river delta had higher settlement in the days immediately following the new moon ( dauphin maximum settlement rate at lunar day = 3 , pensacola at 3 , apalachicola at 4 ) , which declined until a few days following the full moon ( dauphin minimum at lunar day 18 , pensacola at 19 , and apalachicola at 18 ) , after which settlement began increasing again . the sites west of the mississippi river delta had peak settlement just before the new moon ( galveston at lunar day 27 , grand isle at 30 ) , which declined to a minimum just prior to the full moon ( galveston at lunar day 11 , grand isle at 14 ) . again , downstream analyses for both the full - factorial and the site - only lunar models were similar , so we present the site - only model results for simplicity .


nesiarchus nasutus , the black gemfish , is a species of snake mackerel found in tropical and subtropical waters in most parts of the world , though not in east pacific and north indian waters .

it occurs at depths of from 200 to 1,200 metres ( 660 to 3,940 ft ) though they make diel vertical migrations from benthopelagic to mesopelagic depths at night .

this species can reach a length of 130 centimetres ( 51 in ) sl though most do not exceed 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) sl .

it is of minor importance to local commercial fisheries .

this species is currently the only known member of its genus , nesiarchus .

that genus is thus considered monotypic .

nesiarchus nasutus

no one has contributed data records for nesiarchus nasutus yet . learn how to contribute .
adult nesiarchus nasutus are bentho - to mesopelagic on the continental slope or underwater rises . nesiarchus nasutus migrate to midwater at night . nesiarchus nasutus reproduces year - round in warm waters . the maximum standard length ( sl ) is 130 cm . the diet consists of squid , fish and crustaceans ( nakamura and parin 1993 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures for nesiarchus nasutus , but its distribution may overlap marine protected areas .
adult nesiarchus nasutus are bentho - to mesopelagic on the continental slope or underwater rises . nesiarchus nasutus migrate to mid - water at night . nesiarchus nasutus reproduces year - round in warm waters . the maximum standard length ( sl ) is 130 cm . nesiarchus nasutus migrate to mid - water at night . this species feeds on squid , fish and crustaceans . the maximum standard length ( sl ) is 130 cm ( nakamura and parin 1993 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures for nesiarchus nasutus ; however , its distribution may overlap marine protected areas .
a black gemfish , nesiarchus nasutus . source : australian national fish collection , csiro . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
nesiarchus nasutus is very common in museum collections ( 287 lots with a maximum of 12 specimens in one lot ; fishnet2 2013 ) . the population trend is stable
rost , h . 1954 . nesiarchus nasutus johnson ( gempylidae ) a fish new to the norwegian fauna . astarte , tromsø , 7 : 1 - 8 .
nesiarchus nasutus johnson 1862 , proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the zoological society of london 1862 ( pt 2 ) : 173 , pl . 22 , madeira .
namngivning : nesiarchus nasutus johnson , 1862 . proceedings of the zoological society of london : 173 . etymologi : nasutus ( lat . ) = stornäst , långnäst ; nasus ( lat . ) näsa ; suffixet - atus ( lat . ) . uttal : [ nesiárkus nasútus ]
nesiarchus nasutus probably occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas . in the northeastern atlantic ocean , n . nasutus is distributed from iceland and norway to the canaries ( parin and bekker 1973 ) . large - sized strays are found in temperate waters ( nakamura and parin 2001 ) . it is found at depths ranging from 200 to 1200 metres .
from the latin , nasutus meaning
long - nosed
in reference to the prominent dermal process at the tip of each jaw .
scientific synonyms and common names nesiarchus nasutus johnson , 1862 synonyms : nesiarchus nasutus johnson , 1862 , proc . zool . soc . london , 1862 : 173 ( madeira ) . holotype : bmnh no . 1862 . 6 . 14 . 13 . prometheus paradoxus capello , 1867 , jorn . sci . math . phys . nat . lisboa , 1 : 260 , pl . 4 ( eastern atlantic ) . thyrsitops violaceus bean , 1887 , proc . u . s . natn . mus . , 10 : 513 - 514 ( le have bank , south of newfoundland ) . nesiarchus nasutus : fowler , 1936 : 633 - 634 , fig . 286 grey , 1953 : 135 - 137 , 139 ; 1955 : 298 , fig . 55 parin & becker , 1972 : 148 - 151 , fig . 12 - 13 . common names : pes espada picudo [ es ]
justification : european regional assessment : lc nesiarchus nasutus occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas . in the eastern atlantic is is distributed from ireland to the canaries ( parin and bekker 1973 ) . there is little species - specific information for nesiarchus nasutu s within the assessment zone , and this species is considered naturally rare . it has been recorded at depths ranging from 200 to 1200 metres . there are no known species - specific threats . it is found in marine protected areas throughout its range . therefore , this species is assessed as least concern .
grey , m . 1953 . fishes of the family gempylidae , with records of nesiarchus and epinnula from the western atlantic and description of two new subspecies of epinnula orientalis . copeia ( 3 ) : 135 - 141 .
voss , g . l . 1954b . the postlarval development of the fishes of the family gempylidae from the florida current . i . nesiarchus johnson and gempylus cuv . and val . bull . mar . sci . gulf caribb . , 4 ( 2 ) : 120 - 154 , 15 fig .
this species probably occurs worldwide in the tropical and subtropical seas except the eastern pacific and northern indian ocean . there have been large sized strays in cold - temperate waters off iceland , norway , northern japan and southern new zealand ( nakamura and parin 1993 ) it occurs in the eastern central atlantic along the slope of northwestern africa , in the equatorial area and on the walvis ridge ( parin in press ) . this species occurs in the western central atlantic , including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea ( nakamura and parin 1993 ) . nesiarchus nasutus is found from 200 - 1 , 200 m in depth ( nakamura and parin 1993 ) .
marine ; benthopelagic ; depth range 200 - 1200 m ( ref . 6181 ) . deep - water ; 70°n - 47°s , 180°w - 180°e
probably distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas except in eastern pacific and northern indian oceans . large - sized individuals stray in cold - temperate waters off iceland , norway , northern japan and southern new zealand ( ref . 6181 ) . reported from 19°41 ' s , 79°11 ' w ( ref . 11892 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 130 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6181 ) ; common length : 80 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6181 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 20 - 22 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 19 - 24 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 18 - 21 ; vertebrae : 34 - 36 . body fairly elongate and strongly compressed . mouth with fang - like teeth . the tips of both jaws with dermal processes . gill rakers degenerated . color is dark brown with violet tint ; fin membranes black ; margin of anus black ( ref . 6181 ) .
adults , benthopelagic to mesopelagic , dwell on the continental slope or underwater rises , migrating to midwater at night ( ref . 6181 ) . eggs are pelagic ( ref . 6766 ) . larvae and juveniles , epipelagic to mesopelagic , are rather common in oceanic ichthyoplankton and are only found in the tropics ( ref . 6181 ) . feed on squid , fish and crustaceans ( ref . 6181 ) . consumed as food ( ref . 4537 ) .
nakamura , i . and n . v . parin , 1993 . fao species catalogue . vol . 15 . snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world ( families gempylidae and trichiuridae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the snake mackerels , snoeks , escolars , gemfishes , sackfishes , domine , oilfish , cutlassfishes , . scabbardfishes , hairtails , and frostfishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 15 ) : 136 p . ( ref . 6181 )
) : 6 . 6 - 14 . 3 , mean 9 . 6 ( based on 988 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00398 ( 0 . 00195 - 0 . 00812 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 ±0 . 71 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 71 of 100 ) .
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collette , b . b . , pina amargos , f . , smith - vaniz , w . f . & barthelat , f .
this species probably occurs worldwide in the tropical and subtropical seas except the eastern pacific and northern indian ocean .
angola ; anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; australia ; bahamas ; barbados ; benin ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; brazil ; cameroon ; canada ; cape verde ; cayman islands ; china ; congo ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; cook islands ; côte d ' ivoire ; cuba ; curaçao ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; dominica ; dominican republic ; equatorial guinea ; france ( france ( mainland ) ) ; french guiana ; french polynesia ; french southern territories ( crozet is . ) ; gabon ; gambia ; ghana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; iceland ; indonesia ; ireland ; jamaica ; japan ; kiribati ; liberia ; malaysia ; martinique ; mauritania ; mexico ; montserrat ; morocco ; new caledonia ; new zealand ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; norfolk island ; norway ; palau ; panama ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint pierre and miquelon ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sao tomé and principe ; senegal ; sierra leone ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; solomon islands ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; suriname ; taiwan , province of china ; timor - leste ; togo ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united kingdom ; united states ; united states minor outlying islands ; vanuatu ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; viet nam ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s . ; western sahara
collette , b . b . , pina amargos , f . , smith - vaniz , w . f . & barthelat , f . 2015 .
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faroe islands ; france ( france ( mainland ) ) ; iceland ; ireland ; norway ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; united kingdom ( great britain , northern ireland )
smith - vaniz , w . f . & herrera , j . 2015 .
cosmopolitan distribution , found in tropical and sub - tropical areas , but also ranges into cold - temperate waters as an adult . an oceanic species , bentho - and mesopelagic as adults , found on the continental slope and sea mounts in depths of 200 to 1200 m . juveniles epi - and mesopelagic .
d xix - xxi , 0 , i , 19 - 24 ; a ii , 19 - 21 ; p 12 - 14 .
pelvic fins small with one spine and five soft rays . body elongate and strongly compressed . body depth 10 - 13 times into standard length . head length 4 . 2 - 4 . 6 times into standard length . lower jaw protrudes , both jaws with large , each with a conical dermal process . three pairs of rigid , and 0 - 3 pairs of depressible fang - like teeth in upper jaw , one pair of fang - like teeth in lower jaw . lateral line single , reasonably straight .
to at least 130 cm , but more commonly seen between 30 and 80 cm .
larvae of this species are found mainly in tropical waters , so presumably spawning takes place in tropical areas .
carpenter , k . e . ; niem , v . h . ( eds ) . fao species identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific . volume 6 . bony fishes part 4 ( labridae to latimeriidae ) , estuarine crocodiles , sea turtles , sea snakes and marine mammals . rome , fao . 2001 . pp . 3381 - 4218 .
hoese , d . f . , d . j . bray , j . r . paxton , & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
nakamura , i . and n . v . parin . fao species catalogue . vol . 15 . snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world ( families gempylidae and trichiuridae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the snake mackerels , snoeks , escolars , gemfishes , sackfishes , domine , oilfish , cutlassfishes , scabbardfishes , hairtails , and frostfishes known to date . fao fisheries synopis . no . 125 , vol . 15 . 1993 . 136 p . , 200 figs .
description adults , bentho - to mesopelagic , dwell on the continental slope or underwater rises , migrate to midwater at night . larvae . . .
description adults , bentho - to mesopelagic , dwell on the continental slope or underwater rises , migrate to midwater at night . larvae and juveniles , epi - to mesopelagic , are rather common in oceanic ichthyoplankton and are only found in the tropics . feeds on squid , fish and crustaceans . reproductive year round in warmer seas ( ref . 9784 ) . consumed as food ( ref . 4537 ) . [ details ]
distribution probably distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas except in eastern pacific and northern indian oceans . . . .
distribution probably distributed worldwide in tropical and subtropical seas except in eastern pacific and northern indian oceans . large - sized individuals stray in cold - temperate waters off iceland , norway , northern japan and southern new zealand ; found in canadian atlantic 43 . 3°n to 30 . 45°n [ details ]
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
gulf of maine biogeographic information system ( gmbis ) electronic atlas . 2002 . november , 2002 . [ details ]
king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of thyrsitops violaceus bean , 1887 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of bipinnula violacea ( bean , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of escolar violaceus ( bean , 1887 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of prometheus paradoxus de brito capello , 1867 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
habitat adults , bentho - to mesopelagic , dwell on the continental slope or underwater rises , migrating to midwater at night . [ details ]
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claro , rodolfo , and lynne r . parenti / claro , rodolfo , kenyon c . lindeman , and l . r . parenti , eds .
moore , jon a . , karsten e . hartel , james e . craddock , and john k . galbraith
snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world ( families gempylidae and trichiuridae ) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of snake mackerels , snoeks , escolars , gemfishes , sackfishes , domine , oilfish , cutlassfishes , scabbardfishes , hairtails . . .
snake mackerels and cutlassfishes of the world ( families gempylidae and trichiuridae ) : an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the snake mackerels , snoeks , escolars , gemfishes , sackfishes , domine , oilfish , cutlassfishes , scabbardfishes , hairtails . . .
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
processes , the lower much longer than upper . 3 fixed and 0 - 3 movable
and anal finlets . d xix - xxi + i - ii + 19 - 21 + 2 - 3 ; a ii + 16 - 20 + 2 - 3 , p 13 ; v i + 5 . scales small .
. grey , 1953 : 140 | voss , 1954 : 124135 , fig . ia , 2 - 7 .
bean , t . h . 1887 . description of a new species of thyrsitops ( t . violaceus ) from the fishing banks off the new england coast . proc . u . s . natn . mus . , 10 : 513 - 514 .
capello , f . de brito 1868b . catalogo dos peixes de portugal que existem no museu de lisboa . jorn . sci . math . phys . nat . , 1 : 233 - 264 , 307 - 313 .
fowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .
grey , m . 1955b . notes on a collection of bermuda deep - sea fishes . fieldiana , zool . , 37 : pp . 265 - 302 , fig . 45 - 56 .
johnson , j . y . 1862a . description of some new genera and species of fishes obtained at madeira . proc . zool . soc . lond . : 167 - 180 , pl . 22 - 23 .
parin , n . v . ; becker , v . e . 1972 . [ materials on taxonomy and distribution of some trichiuroid fishes ( pisces , trichiuroidae : scombrolabracidae , gempylidae and trichiuridae ) . trudy inst . okeanol . , 93 : 110 - 204 , 28 fig . ( in russian , english summary ) .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
compiled by roberts , c . d . ; paulin , c . d . ; stewart , a . l . ; mcphee , r . p . ; mcdowall , r . m . , king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicol , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , r . ; macadie , i . 24 : phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , checklist of new zealand chordata . living lancelets , jawless fishes , cartilaginous fishes , and bony fishes . in : new zealand inventory of biodiversity volume 1 .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6c90d521 - 4290 - 4c7a - ad8b - 0922c108fed9
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0f861466 - 35cb - 4063 - b8d1 - d0ed04c91909
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 347411
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this species probably occurs worldwide in the tropical and subtropical seas except the eastern pacific and northern indian ocean . there have been large sized strays in cold - temperate waters off iceland , norway , northern japan and southern new zealand ( nakamura and parin 1993 )
itoccurs in the eastern central atlantic along the slope of northwestern africa , in the equatorial area and on the walvis ridge ( parin in press ) .
this species occurs in the western central atlantic , including the gulf of mexico and the caribbean sea ( nakamura and parin 1993 ) .
is found from 200 - 1 , 200 m in depth ( nakamura and parin 1993 ) .
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havsgädda är en mycket långsträckt , helbrun fisk med spetsig nos , långa huggtänder och mjuka utskott framtill på käkarna . den förekommer sällsynt i skagerrak . totallängd ca 150 cm . kropp mycket långsträckt , starkt sammantryckt från sidorna . rygg - och buklinje relativt raka . huvud långt och smalt med lång , smal nos och utskjutande underkäke . båda käkarna avslutas med en kort och spetsig , mjuk förlängning . framtill i överkäken sitter tre fasta och upp till tre nedfällbara huggtänder på vardera sidan , och underkäken har en lång huggtand framtill på vardera sidan . främre ryggfenan är bred och kort med glest sittande taggstrålar . den börjar ovanför gällocken och är bara smalt åtskild från den betydligt smalare bakre ryggfenan , som huvudsakligen består av mjukstrålar . analfenan har två fria taggstrålar , vilka följs av en kort , mjukstrålig fena som sitter rakt under bakre ryggfenan . bakom både ryggfenan och analfenan sitter 2 - 3 småfenor . stjärtfenan är djupt inskuren med rundade lober . bröstfenorna är korta och smala , och bukfenorna är ännu mindre . sidolinjen är väl markerad . den börjar högt uppe på huvudet , sluttar därefter knappt märkbart nedåt och löper spikrakt längs mitten av sidan i bakre halvan . hela fisken är mörkbrun med en violett lyster , ibland något ljusare nedtill . såväl fenhuden som analöppningens kant är svart . fenstrålar och fjäll : d1 xix - xxi , d2 i . 19 - 24 , a ii . 16 - 20 , p 13 , v i . 5 . fjäll mycket små .
ett fåtal exemplar av havsgädda har rapporterats från skagerrak , närmast utanför koster och vinga . arten har en fragmenterad och huvudsakligen tropisk utbredning i atlanten , stilla havet och indiska oceanen .
sydfisk . förekommer i tropiska och subtropiska områden , förmodligen i alla världshaven . anträffad utanför norge ( 4 fynd ) och sverige ( 3 fynd ) .
havsgädda är en utsjölevande art som uppehåller sig nära bottnen längs kontinentalbranten eller vid undervattensberg på mellan 200 och 1 200 meters djup . den lever av bläckfiskar , fiskar och kräftdjur . leken sker året om .
länsvis förekomst och status för havsgädda baserat på sammanställningar och bedömningar av gjorda fynd .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
nationalnyckeln till sveriges flora och fauna . strålfeniga fiskar . actinopterygii . 2012 . artdatabanken , slu , uppsala .
längre texter , utöver kriteriedokumentation , har sammanställts av : sven o . kullander & bo delling 2012 ( bearbetad av tomas carlberg och ragnar hall , artdatabanken ) .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
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acleris nigrilineana is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in korea , japan , the russian far east and denmark , norway , sweden , finland , poland , european russia , estonia and latvia .

the wingspan is 23 mm for both males and females .

the larvae feed on abies sachalinensis and abies alba .

acleris nigrilineana

some sources list the species as a subspecies of acleris abietana . [ 4 ]
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2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr leif aarvik
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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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gatunek górski o szerokim zasięgu charakteryzującym się dużymi dysjunkcjami datowany dotychczas z pirenejów , gór włoch północnych , jugosławii , bułgarii ( europy ) i z kaukazu , a niedawno odkryty w tatrach polskich . omyłkowo wzmiankowany z babiej góry przez z . stebnicką ( 1976b ) , co obecnie autorka prostuje ( wiadomość ustna ) .
, pl , tatry , zielony staw gąsienicowy , utm dv25 ( stebnicka z . 1976a , burakowski b . et al . 1983 )
burakowski b . , mroczkowski m . , stefańska j . 1983 . chrząszcze – coleoptera . scarabaeoidea , dascilloidea , byrrhoidea i parnoidea . katalog fauny polski , xxiii , 9 , warszawa .
stebnicka z . 1976a . część xix . chrząszcze – coleoptera . żukowate – scarabaeidae . grupa podrodzin : scarabaeidae laparosticti . klucze do oznaczania owadów polski , 89 , 28a , warszawa .


ypsolopha amoenella is a moth of the family ypsolophidae .

it is known from japan , korea , north-eastern china and russia .

the wingspan is 18 – 20 mm .

the larvae feed on acer mono .

ypsolopha amoenella

ypsolopha helva j . c . sohn & c . s . wu , in sohn et al . , 2010
ypsolopha pseudoparallela j . c . sohn & c . s . wu , in sohn et al . , 2010
ypsolopha sordida j . c . sohn & c . s . wu , in sohn et al . , 2010
ypsolopha species are variable in shape and color and no exclusive superficial features have been established for the group . in contrast , the genitalia of both sexes are remarkably homogeneous .
ypsolopha is a genus of moth of the ypsolophidae family . it is the type genus of the ypsolophidae family and comprises over 120 described species ( about 95 % of the known world diversity of the ypsolophidae family ) .
adults are nocturnal or rarely diurnal . their resting postures are various , but they often have the head down and the lower body up . ypsolopha acuminata mimics a small broken branch at rest . the larvae usually live in open webs on the leaves of various , primarily woody , plants and mostly feed on a limited range of host plants . they are active primarily at night and have two defensive behaviors that involve wiggling and jumping .
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the generic name of maple is written in latin as : acer . and not aser . peter , you have to fix it .
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
photo , and identified by : yuri semejkin . image without retouching at the website
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cephalotes serratus is a species of arboreal ant of the genus cephalotes , characterized by an odd shaped head , and the ability to " parachute " by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they 're on .

giving their name also as gliding ants .

cephalotes serratus

senior synonym of † cephalotes elevatus , † cephalotes truncatus : de andrade & baroni urbani , 1999 : 522 .
de andrade m . l . , baroni urbani c . 1999 . diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beitrage zur naturkunde ( b ) , 271 : 1 - 889 .
full reference : c . baroni urbani and m . l . de andrade . 1999 . taxonomic names , in diversity and adaptation in the ant genus cephalotes , past and present . stuttgarter beiträge zur naturkunde serie b ( geologie und paläontologie ) 271
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vierbergen & scheven , 1995 pdf : 159 , fig . 1 ( w . )
holotype smns do - 5694 , paratype do - 5693 , in staatliches museum fur naturkunde , stuttgart , germany ; paratypes mczc - 2 , mczc - 11 , in museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , cambridge , massachussetts , usa .
vierbergen g . , scheven j . 1995 . nine new species and a new genus of dominican amber ants of the tribe cephalotini ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . creation research society quarterly , 32 ( 3 ) : 158 - 170 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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citation title :
renewed diversification is associated with new ecological opportunity in the 2 ! neotropical turtle ants
.
study name :
renewed diversification is associated with new ecological opportunity in the 2 ! neotropical turtle ants
.
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type specimen : poinar h - 10 - 199 , an exoskeleton . its type locality is dominican amber ( poinar coll ) , which is in a burdigalian / langhian terrestrial amber in the dominican republic .
list of ants from dominican amber ( miocene ) 20 - 30 million years ago . dominican amber differentiates itself from baltic amber by being mostly transparent and often containing a higher number of fossil inclusions . this has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long - vanished tropical forest . resin from the extinct species hymenaea protera is the source of dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics . it is not
succinite
but
retinite .
[ 1 ] ward , p . s . 1992 . ants of the genus pseudomyrmex ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) from dominican amber , with a synopsis of the extant antillean species . psyche ( camb . ) 99 : 55 - 85
[ 2 ] lattke , j . e . 1991b [ 1990 ] . the genus proceratium roger in dominican amber ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . caribb . j . sci . 26 : 101 - 103
[ 3 ] wilson , e . o . 1985a . ants of the dominican amber ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . 1 . two new myrmicine genera and an aberrant pheidole . psyche ( camb . ) 92 : 1 - 9
[ 4 ] wilson , e . o . 1985b . ants of the dominican amber ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . 2 . the first fossil army ants . psyche ( camb . ) 92 : 11 - 16
[ 5 ] wilson , e . o . 1985c . ants of the dominican amber ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . 3 . the subfamily dolichoderinae . psyche ( camb . ) 92 : 17 - 37
lattke , j . e . 2003a . the genus platythyrea roger , 1863 in dominican amber ( hymenoptera : formicidae : ponerinae ) . entomotropica 18 : 107 - 111
this page was last modified on 12 june 2018 , at 13 : 52 .
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