antrorbis breweri , common name manitou cavesnail , is a species of freshwater snail with gills and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family lithoglyphidae .

antrorbis breweri is the only species in the genus antrorbis .

the generic name antrorbis is derived from classical greek language word " antrum " , that means a cave and from greek language word " orbis " , that means circle .

the specific name breweri is in honor of dr. stephen brewer , the owner of manitou cave .

antrorbis breweri

antrorbis breweri hershler and f . g . thompson , 1990 ( tsn 567236 )
this taxon appeared twice in the 1996 red list , the generic name was incorrectly spelt as antrorbis in the threatened list , and the correct name was listed incorrectly in list 7 part ii as not evaluated . antrorbis breweri must now be recorded as antrobia breweri in list 1 : threatened species of the red list , with a red list category of vu b1 + 2c . also , the record of antrobia breweri ( not evaluated ) from list 7 in the 1996 red list must be removed . the record of antrorbis breweri ( vu b1 + 2c ) is now recorded as a synonym of antrobia breweri ( vu b1 + 2c ) .
hershler r . & thompson f . g . ( 1990 ) .
antrorbis breweri , a new genus and species of hydrobiid cavesnail ( gastropoda ) from coosa river basin , northeastern alabama
. proceedings of the biological society of washington 103 ( l ) : 197 - 204 . pdf .
mollusc specialist group ( 2000 ) . antrobia breweri [ sic ! ] . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 6 august 2007 .
holotype for antrorbis breweri hershler & thompson , 1990 catalog number : usnm 860429 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology preparation : dry collector ( s ) : r . hershler year collected : 1988 locality : little wills valley , fort payne , manitou cave , de kalb county , alabama , united states
paratype for antrorbis breweri hershler & thompson , 1990 catalog number : usnm 860430 collection : smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , department of invertebrate zoology preparation : dry ; alcohol ( ethanol ) collector ( s ) : r . hershler year collected : 1988 locality : little wills valley , fort payne , manitou cave , de kalb county , alabama , united states
ty - jour ti - antrorbis breweri , a new genus and species of hydrobiid cavesnail ( gastropoda ) from coosa river basin , northeastern alabama t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 103 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 1990 sp - 197 ep - 204 sn - 0006 - 324x au - hershler , r au - thompson , fred g . er -
hershler , r . and f . g . thompson . 1990 . antrobia breweri , a new genus and species of hydrobiid cavesnail ( gastropoda ) from coosa river basin , northeastern alabama . proceedings of the biological society of washington 103 ( 1 ) : 197 - 204 .
@ article { bhlpart45229 , title = { antrorbis breweri , a new genus and species of hydrobiid cavesnail ( gastropoda ) from coosa river basin , northeastern alabama } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 103 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { hershler , r and thompson , fred g . } , year = { 1990 } , pages = { 197 - - 204 } , }
a . breweri is presently known only from a single locality , however , it has only recently been described . its current restricted distribution and habitat disturbance qualify the species for vulnerable status . may meet criteria for critically endangered if area of occupancy is less than 10 km and confined to a single locality which is still declining in area or quality of habitat .
justification : a . breweri is presently known only from a single locality , however , it has only recently been described . its current restricted distribution and habitat disturbance qualify the species for vulnerable status . may meet criteria for critically endangered if area of occupancy is less than 10 km² and confined to a single locality which is still declining in area or quality of habitat .
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
this species , recently described in 1990 , is only known from a single cave locality with an occurrence extent of less than 100 square km and an occupied area of approximately 4 - 20 square km . it has a current restricted distribution and habitat disturbance could potentially cause its extinction .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
this species is poorly known from only type locality in a cave in fort payne , dekalb county , alabama ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ; mirarchi , 2004 ) .
it is presently known only from a single locality , a cave in fort payne , alabama ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ) , however , it has only recently been described .
the snails were extremely scarce when collected ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ) .
the cave habitat , when visited during the initial collection , was somewhat disturbed . the cave was formerly a commercial cave and , at the time of description of the species , had been closed to the public since 1980 with a large metal door over the opening serving as the entrance ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ) .
it is known from a single cave site subject to random deleterious events that could cause the extinction of the species .
( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) this species is poorly known from only type locality in a cave in fort payne , dekalb county , alabama ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ; mirarchi , 2004 ) .
the cave was formerly a commercial cave and , at the time of description of the species , had been closed to the public since 1980 with a large metal door over the opening serving as the entrance . on ground level below the door , a small ( < 1 m ) cool stream emerges amongst limestone rubble and the snail lives in the uppermost portion of cave stream where water cascaded from several narrow openings into a shallow ( 1 - 2 cm ) pool in a small , cement - lined , rectangular structure ( formerly served as municipal water source for fort payne ) ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ) .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
separation barriers are largely based on permanent hydrological discontinuity between water bodies , with distances of 30 meters or greater between maximum high water marks constituting a separation barrier . additional barriers are chemical and / or physical and include any connecting water body ( regardless of size ) with one or more of the following on a permanent basis : no dissolved calcium content , acidity greater than ph 5 , lack of dissolved oxygen , extremely high salinity such as that found in saline lakes and brine waters , or temperature greater than 45 an additional physical barrier , particularly for flowing water , is presence of upland habitat between water connections . high waterfalls and anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams are barriers as they limit movement in an upstream direction .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
mirarchi , r . e . , et al . 2004a . alabama wildlife . volume one : a checklist of vertebrates and selected invertebrates : aquatic mollusks , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , and mammals . university of alabama press : tuscaloosa , alabama . 209 pp .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 1991 . endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; animal notice of review . federal register 56 ( 225 ) : 58804 - 58836 . 50 cfr ( 17 ) .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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global range : ( < 100 square km ( less than about 40 square miles ) ) this species is poorly known from only type locality in a cave in fort payne , dekalb county , alabama ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ; mirarchi , 2004 ) .
paratype : hershler , r . & thompson , f . g . 2476 . proc . biol . soc . wash . 103 ( 1 ) : 197 - 204 .
holotype : hershler , r . & thompson , f . g . 2473 . proc . biol . soc . wash . 103 ( 1 ) : 197 - 204 .
comments : the cave was formerly a commercial cave and , at the time of description of the species , had been closed to the public since 1980 with a large metal door over the opening serving as the entrance . on ground level below the door , a small ( < 1 m ) cool stream emerges amongst limestone rubble and the snail lives in the uppermost portion of cave stream where water cascaded from several narrow openings into a shallow ( 1 - 2 cm ) pool in a small , cement - lined , rectangular structure ( formerly served as municipal water source for fort payne ) ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ) .
non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .
comments : it is presently known only from a single locality , a cave in fort payne , alabama ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ) , however , it has only recently been described .
comments : the snails were extremely scarce when collected ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ) .
reasons : this species , recently described in 1990 , is only known from a single cave locality with an occurrence extent of less than 100 square km and an occupied area of approximately 4 - 20 square km . it has a current restricted distribution and habitat disturbance could potentially cause its extinction .
comments : it is known from a single cave site subject to random deleterious events that could cause the extinction of the species .
comments : this is a troglobytic cave species ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ) .
comments : the cave habitat , when visited during the initial collection , was somewhat disturbed . the cave was formerly a commercial cave and , at the time of description of the species , had been closed to the public since 1980 with a large metal door over the opening serving as the entrance ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ) .
comments : the cave was formerly a commercial cave and , at the time of description of the species , had been closed to the public since 1980 with a large metal door over the opening serving as the entrance ( hershler and thompson , 1990 ) .
the width of the shell is 1 . 53 - 1 . 79 mm .
the height of the shell is 0 . 80 - 0 . 98 mm .
the length of the whole animal is 2 . 7 - 3 . 0 mm .
hubricht l . ( 1940 ) .
a subterranean snail from an artesian well
. the nautilis 54 ( 1 ) : 34 - 35 .
by : ponder , w . f . - hershler , r - jenkins , b
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the mimic cavesnail , scientific name phreatodrobia imitata , is a species of very small or minute freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family hydrobiidae . [ 1 ]
this species is endemic to the united states . [ 2 ] type locality is verstraeten well , bexar county , texas . [ 3 ]
the shell has 3 . 3 - 3 . 5 whorls . [ 3 ] the average height of the shell is 1 . 01 - 1 . 03 mm . [ 3 ]
bogan a . e . ( 1996 ) . phreatodrobia imitata . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .
hershler r . & longley g . ( 1986 ) .
phreatic hydrobiids ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) from the edwards ( balcones fault zone ) aquifer region , south - central texas
. malacologia 27 ( 1 ) : 127 - 172 . page 151 .
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in this paper , we further investigate the phylogenetic relationships of fluminicola and test for monophyly of the genus using mitochondrial dna sequence data . this study was prompted in part by the discovery of a new species belonging to the f . virens lineage , which is described herein .
fresh material of the new species was collected by hand and by washing rocks . subsamples were anaesthetized overnight with menthol crystals , fixed in dilute formalin and preserved in 70 % ethanol for morphological study , and in 90 % ethanol for molecular study . shells , radula , opercula and soft anatomy were studied using methods employed in recent taxonomic studies of fluminicola ( hershler & frest , 1996 ; hershler , 1999 ; hershler et al . , 2007 ) .
samples of fluminicola and rissooidean outgroups used for molecular analysis , with codes ( used in fig . 1 , table 2 ) , locality details and genbank accession numbers for coi .
ash creek , south culvert at ash valley road crossing , lassen co . , ca
willow creek at lower end of lower mcbride springs , lassen co . , ca
spring at west end of upper rush creek campground , modoc co . , ca
springs 1 . 8 km east of lower kalama hatchery , cowlitz co . , wa
choctawatchee river , 3 . 2 km north of geneva , geneva co . , al
genomic dna was extracted from entire snails using a ctab protocol ( bucklin , 1992 ) . amplifications were conducted in a 25 μl total volume , containing 5 µl of 5× buffer , 0 . 5 µl of dntps ( 10 mm ) , 2 µl of mgcl 2 ( 25 mm ) , 1 . 25 µl of each primer ( 10 µm ) , 1 unit taq polymerase , 1 μl of template dna ( c . 100 ng double - stranded dna ) and 13 . 8 µl of sterile water . coil1490 ( folmer et al . , 1994 ) and coh654 were used to amplify a 634 bp fragment ( excluding primers ) of the coi gene . coh 654 ( 5′aaa tgc tgr tat aaa att gg3′ ) was designed based on previously published f . coloradensis ( ay962915 ) and f . fuscus ( dq372901 ) sequences . thermal cycling was performed with an initial denaturation for 2 min at 94°c , followed by 35 cycles of 1 min at 94°c , 1 min at 50°c , 2 min at 72°c , with a final extension of 10 min at 72°c . the amplified pcr product was cleaned using the exonuclease i / shrimp alkaline phosphatase method . approximately 10–20 ng of cleaned pcr product was used as a template in a cycle - sequencing reaction using the bigdye terminator v . 3 . 1 cycle - sequencing kit ( applied biosystems ) . the following cycling conditions were used : 30 cycles of 96°c for 20 s , 50°c for 20 s and 60°c for 4 min . the cycle - sequenced product was cleaned using the ethanol - precipitation method and then run on an abi 310 genetic analyser . sequences were determined for both strands and then edited and aligned using sequencher™ v . 4 . 8 . two to four specimens were sequenced for samples of the new species .
base compositional differences were evaluated using the χ 2 - test . sequence divergences ( uncorrected p distance ) were calculated using mega5 ( tamura et al . , 2011 ) . phylogenetic analysis was performed using bayesian inference in mrbayes v . 3 . 2 . 1 ( ronquist et al . , 2012 ) . mrmodeltest v . 2 . 3 ( nylander , 2004 ) selected the gtr + i + g model which best fitted these data under the akaike information criterion . in the bayesian analysis , the run was conducted using the best - fit model selected by mrmodeltest v . 2 . 3 and the default random tree option . metropolis - coupled markov chain monte carlo simulations were performed with four chains for 5 , 000 , 000 generations and markov chains were sampled at intervals of 10 generations to obtain 500 , 000 sample points . at the end of the analysis , the average standard deviation of split frequencies was 0 . 0053 and the potential scale reduction factor was 1 , indicating that the runs had reached convergence . the sampled trees with branch lengths were used to generate a 50 % majority rule consensus tree with the first 25 % samples ( equal to 125 , 000 sample points ) removed to ensure that the chain sampled a stationary portion .
the posterior distribution of trees was used statistically to test fluminicola monophyly using the methods outlined by weisrock et al . ( 2006 ) and mcmahon , geheber & piller ( 2010 ) . a constraint ( fluminicola monophyly ) created in paup * v . 4 . 0 ( swofford , 2002 ) was used to count the number of bayesian trees that resolved fluminicola as a monophyletic group . monophyly was rejected under a bayesian criterion if < 5 % of the total number of generated trees resolved a clade containing all of the fluminicola sequences .
fifteen specimens of the new species described herein were newly sequenced for this study . five haplotypes were resolved and used in the phylogenetic analysis . the new sequences ( one example of each haplotype per population ) were deposited in genbank under accession numbers jq731609 - jq731615 ( table 1 ) . the alignment of coi sequences yielded 658 bp , of which 263 sites were variable ( 39 . 97 % ) and 242 were parsimony informative ( 36 . 78 % ) . average base frequencies for coi were 27 . 3 % a , 34 . 5 % t , 19 . 2 % c and 19 . 0 % g . base frequencies were homogeneous across all taxa ( χ 2 = 109 . 16 , df = 141 , p = 0 . 98 ) .
the fluminicola sequences were resolved as two evolutionarily distinct , well supported ( ≥95 % posterior probability ) clades in the bayesian tree ( fig . 1 ) . clade a contained f . virens and the new species described herein and was positioned as sister to the rest of the lithoglyphids ; clade b was composed of the rest of the fluminicola sequences and was positioned distally as sister to somatogyrus sp . although the basal branches of the tree were generally poorly supported ( < 0 . 95 posterior probability ) , only 1 , 248 out of 500 , 001 trees ( 0 . 25 % ) delineated fluminicola as a single clade , thus the hypothesized monophyly of this genus can be rejected .
phylogenetic analysis of fuminicola species . bayesian tree based on the coi dataset . posterior probabilities are provided when > 95 % . terminals and specimen codes are labelled as in table 1 .
fluminicola was previously hypothesized to be paraphyletic based on morphological data ( hershler & frest , 1996 ) . our findings , although based on a single gene fragment , provide independent , robust evidence that this genus is a composite of two separate lineages , one containing f . virens and the new species described below , and one containing 21 other congeners . the two lineages are genetically divergent ( differing by 17 . 1±1 . 3 % coi sequence divergence ) and do not appear to be closely related ( fig . 1 ) , although additional studies will be needed to resolve further their relationships within the lithoglyphidae . the average coi sequence divergence within clade a is 2 . 4±0 . 3 % ( congeners ranging from 6 . 2 to 6 . 6 % ) and 8 . 0±0 . 6 % within clade b ( congeners ranging from 1 . 5 to 14 . 3 % ) , suggesting that these clades are either fairly old or have accelerated evolutionary rates .
our results suggest that fluminicola needs to be revised . however , nomenclatural changes cannot be made until the phylogenetic relationships of the type species , f . nuttallianus , are resolved . this species is known only from specimens that were collected in the lower willamette river during the 1800s ( hershler & frest , 1996 ) . although this watershed has been severely degraded by urbanization , pebblesnails of uncertain taxonomic status have been recently collected in many of its streams ( waite et al . , 2008 ) . we are currently reviewing this material to determine whether f . nuttallianus is extant .
the discovery of these two divergent lineages underscores our limited knowledge of the diversity of the western north american component of the lithoglyphid radiation . more than half of the currently recognized species of fluminicola ( 15 / 24 ) have been described since the genus was last reviewed in 1996 ( hershler , 1999 ; hershler et al . , 2007 ) . the overwhelming majority of the pebblesnail populations in western north america are currently unassigned and the recognition of > 40 putatively new fluminicola species in recent contract reports ( e . g . frest & johannes , 1993 , 1995 , 2000a , 2005 ) suggests a considerable amount of undescribed diversity that may possibly include additional divergent lineages .
lithoglyphus nuttallianus — taylor , 1966 : fig . 14 ( clearwater river record ) .
fluminicola sp . — hershler & frest , 1996 : 12 ( salmon river records ) .
types : holotype ( fig . 2 a ) , usnm 905409 , salmon river at pine bar rapids , idaho county , idaho ( n 5082021 , e 551897 ) , coll . 23 april 2001 , coll . dg . paratypes ( from same lot ) usnm 1175400 .
scanning electron micrographs of shells and opercula of fluminicola gustafsoni new species . a . holotype , salmon river at pine bar rapids , idaho county , idaho ( usnm 905409 ) . b . clearwater river at spaulding mission pull - off , nez perce county , idaho ( usnm 883458 ) . c . clearwater river , jim ford creek , clearwater county , idaho ( usnm 1082623 ) . d . salmon river at pine bar rapids , idaho county , idaho ( paratype , usnm 1175400 ) ( shell cleaned with bleach ) . e , f . shell apex , clearwater river , jim ford creek , clearwater county , idaho ( usnm 1082623 ) . g , h . opercula ( outer , inner sides ) , clearwater river , orofino , clearwater county , idaho ( usnm 883460 ) . abbreviation : rm , rim along outer margin . scale bars a–d = 1 . 0 mm ; e , f = 200 µm , g , h = 1 . 0 mm .
etymology : named after daniel l . gustafson ( montana state university ) , who collected much of the material used in this project , including the type material .
diagnosis : a medium - sized fluminicola having a trochoidal to ovate - conic shell and large , gently tapered penis . differs from closely similar f . virens in its smaller size , medium - convex and prominently shouldered teleoconch whorls , weakly angled shell aperture , well developed rectangular wing on the outer marginal radular teeth , vertically oriented coiled oviduct , and in its mtdna sequences ( see remarks below ) .
description : shell trochoidal to ovate - conic , spire usually eroded ( fig . 2 a–d ) ; height 6 . 5–7 . 2 mm ; whorls about 4 . 0 . apex flat , slightly tilted . protoconch of 1 . 5 whorls , diameter 0 . 95 mm ; spiral striae numerous , well developed ( fig . 2 e ) , apical region sometimes also having weak transverse elements ( fig . 2 f ) . teleoconch whorls medium convex , shouldered , sculptured with well developed collabral growth lines . aperture ovate , weakly angled adapically . parietal lip complete , adnate , thin and curved across body whorl , or thickened and nearly straight . columellar lip usually somewhat thickened , straight , columellar shelf usually broad . outer lip usually thin , prosocline . umbilicus absent , umbilical region sometimes excavated . shell clear - white ( fig . 2 d ) , periostracum tan or light brown ( fig . 2 a–c ) . shell parameters are given in table 2 .
operculum thin , light amber , ovate , multispiral , nucleus eccentric , last 0 . 25–0 . 50 whorl weakly frilled ( fig . 2 g ) , outer margin sometimes having weak rim ( fig . 2 h : rm ) . attachment scar margin smooth ( fig . 2 h ) .
radula having about 65 well - formed rows of teeth ( fig . 3 a ) . central tooth ( fig . 2 b , c ) 75 µm wide , cutting edge concave , lateral cusps 3–7 ; median cusp rounded or weakly pointed , usually parallel - sided proximally , broader and longer than laterals ; basal cusps 2–3 , innermost cusp largest ; basal tongue rounded or v - shaped , approximately even with lateral margins . lateral tooth ( fig . 3 d ) face rectangular , outer wing flexed , about 125 % length of cutting edge , central cusp u - shaped , lateral cusps 2–6 ( inner ) , 3–7 ( outer ) . inner marginal teeth ( fig . 3 e ) with 11–17 cusps . outer marginal teeth ( fig . 3 f , g ) with 10–16 cusps ; inner edge of tooth having rectangular wing . radular data are from usnm 883460 and usnm 1175400 .
scanning electron micrographs of radula of fluminicola gustafsoni new species . a . portion of radular ribbon , salmon river at pine bar rapids , idaho county , idaho ( usnm 1175400 ) . b , c . central teeth , salmon river at pine bar rapids , idaho county , idaho ( usnm 1175400 ) ; clearwater river , orofino , clearwater county , idaho ( usnm 883460 ) . d . lateral and inner marginal teeth ( usnm 1175400 ) . e . inner marginal tooth ( usnm 1175400 ) . f , g . outer marginal tooth ( usnm 1175400 , usnm 883460 ) . scale bars a = 100 µm , b = 10 µm , c–g = 20 µm .
snout brown dorsally , ventral surface , small areas around eyes and distal tips pale . foot generally pale , anterior portion brown , sole pale . pallial roof and visceral coil black , pigment somewhat lighter on genital ducts . ctenidium abutting pericardium posteriorly ; ctenidial filaments 30–31 ( n = 5 ) , apices centrally positioned , lateral surfaces weakly ridged . osphradium narrow , elongate , anteriorly hooked , positioned along posterior half of ctenidium . renal organ with large pallial component . hypobranchial gland thin , large , overlapping most of rectum and pallial roof . pedal commissure short . cephalopedal ganglia pale or very lightly pigmented .
renal oviduct having connective tissues pigmented with black granules . ovary composed of 3–4 compound lobes occupying about 0 . 5 whorl , slightly overlapping stomach anteriorly . glandular oviduct and associated structures shown in figure 4 a , b . coiled oviduct ( cov ) narrow , nearly vertical , proximal arm kinked , posterior arm sometimes containing sperm . bursa copulatrix ( bu ) small , globose , partly overlapped by albumen gland ( ag ) . bursal duct ( dbu ) as long or slightly longer than bursa copulatrix , narrow , originating near anterior edge . seminal receptacle ( sr ) small , globose , duct ( dsr ) short , positioned between coiled oviduct and bursa copulatrix , completely overlapped by albumen gland . albumen gland ( ag ) having short pallial component . capsule gland ( cg ) about as long as albumen gland , composed of two glandular zones , ovate in section . rectum forming well - developed furrow on capsule gland ( not shown in fig . 4 a ) . ventral channel ( vc ) narrow . genital aperture ( ga ) a small , subterminal pore .
reproductive anatomy of fluminicola gustafsoni new species , salmon river at pine bar rapids , idaho county , idaho ( usnm 1175400 ) . a . female glandular oviduct and associated structures ( viewed from left side ) . b . bursa copulatrix and seminal receptacle . c . penis , dorsal surface ( pigment darkly stippled ) . abbreviations : ag , albumen gland ; bu , bursa copulatrix ; cg , capsule gland ; cov , coiled oviduct ; dbu , bursa copulatrix duct ; dsr , seminal receptacle duct ; ga , genital aperture ; pa , penial papilla ; pd , penial duct ; pw , posterior wall of pallial cavity ; sr , seminal receptacle ; vc , ventral channel of capsule gland . scale bars ( a–c ) = 500 µm .
testis composed of compound lobes , occupying 1 . 25 whorls , overlapping stomach chambers . seminal vesicle composed of thick coils occupying about 0 . 5 whorl , abutting posterior edge of stomach , opening little behind anterior edge of testis . prostate gland large , pear - shaped , with about 25 % of length in pallial roof . visceral vas deferens opening to ventral edge of prostate gland just behind pallial wall . pallial vas deferens opening from ventral edge of prostate gland in front of pallial wall , duct narrow , undulating . penis ( fig . 4 c ) large , nearly straight , gently tapering . base and median sections deeply folded along inner edge , distal tip weakly pointed . penial duct ( pd ) near centrally positioned , narrow , undulating , opening through small terminal papilla ( pa ) . distal section of penis having dense core of internal black pigment .
distribution and habitat : fluminicola gustafsoni is distributed in the clearwater river ( and its south fork ) , lower salmon river ( downflow from riggins ) , and the reach of the snake river between the mouths of these two streams ( fig . 5 ) . this species was collected in shallow water on rocks and cobbles . it occurs sympatrically with f . fuscus in both the snake river and salmon river .
map showing the geographic distributions of fluminicola gustafsoni new species and f . virens . data for the latter are from hershler & frest ( 1996 ) .
remarks : five haplotypes were detected for f . gustafsoni which differed from each other by 1–4 base pairs ( table 3 ) . one of the haplotypes ( ii ) was observed in three samples , the others were either private alleles ( iii , v ) or singletons ( i , iv ) ( table 3 ) . the five samples of this species that were analysed differed from each other by 0 . 1–0 . 6 % sequence divergence .
karolyn darrow ( smithsonian institution ) inked drawings ; yolanda villacampa ( smithsonian institution ) prepared scanning electron micrographs , counted radula cusps and measured shells . peter hovingh assisted the first author in the field . this project was supported , in part , by an award from the idaho department of fish and game ( agreement no . t - 3 - 7 0814 ) . the manuscript was improved by comments provided by david reid and an anonymous reviewer .
final report prepared for u . s . department of agriculture , forest service , pacific northwest region , forest ecosystem management working group , portland , oregon
a baseline mollusk survey of southwestern oregon , with emphasis on the rogue and umpqua river drainages . year 2000 report
springsnails of the cascade - siskiyou national monument and vicinity , oregon . 2004 report
a systematic review of the hydrobiid snails ( gastropoda : rissooidea ) of the great basin , western united states . part ii . genera colligyrus , fluminicola , pristinicola , and tryonia
the life history of neopaleorchis catostomi gen . et sp . n . ( trematoda : monorchiidae ) , an intestinal parasite of the coarsescale sucker , catostomus macrocheilus girard
paup * : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( and other methods ) . version 4 . 0b10
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proceedings of the biological society of washington . v . 103 ; suppl . : v . 103 ( 1990 )
on the validity of the indo - pacific cardinalfishes apogon aureus ( lacepède ) and a . fleurieu ( lacepède ) , with description of a related new species from the red sea
a redescription of tiron - antarcticus barnard , k . h . , 1932 ( crustacea , amphipoda , synopiidae ) with an updated key to the species of tiron liljeborg , 1865
redescription and new records of trichodiaptomus - coronatus ( sars , g . o . )
pycnogonida of the western pacific islands . 7 . on some rare species from the flores sea , indonesia
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taxonomic remarks on schizobopyrina markham , 1985 , with the description of s . bruscai ( crustacea : isopoda : bopyridae )
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labidochromis gigas is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it is only known to occur in areas with rocky substrates around likoma island and chisumulu island .

this species can reach a length of 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) sl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

labidochromis gigas

labidochromis gigas likoma 4cm - 8lei / . . . - ciclide africane romania | facebook
what ever you did to get your guys to spawn is working over here in marengo . came home to find out my labidochromis gigas had spawned for the first time !
african cichlid species - labidochromis sp .
hongi
male and female ( update video )
this is a large fish compared to other labidochromis with brown females . you probably want at least 2 more females .
75 gallon all male mbuna tank 55 gallon lab . gigas , met . zebra long pelvic galleriya reef , cyn . afra jalo reef f1 20 gallon long planted community tank 2x5 gallon beta fluval spec 5 gal planted shrimp tank
just got back from lfs and picked up the last 2 female gigas and got back home and one of my females is holding . . . . i have no clue what to do now i have never kept females let alone fry
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake malawi where it naturally occurs at only two locations : chizumulu island and likoma island .
endemic to lake malawi . occurs at likoma and chizumulu islands . introduced at thumbi west island .
common in the sediment free rocky habitat preferring depths of 5 - 20 m . it can , however , occur to depths of 30 m . feeds from the biocover on algae . males are territorial , defending small caves among rocks and feeding within their territories . has been exported , trade name not known .
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i dont see these on the profile page but if i google them i get lots of search results , what the story on these mbuna ' s ? i just picked up a sweet male and i think 2 females from a very reputable lfs and the owner bred these fish himself . he said they were pretty rare anyone have any experience with these fish ? right now they are 2in and he said they are already showing signs of breeding behavior . i have them in a 20long until i get my 55 set up and cycled . they are the only fish in this tank so i think they will be alright for a a few weeks .
thanks dj . . . will the females color up at all depending on their mood . . . if not i think maybe i got 2 males .
thanks . . . i have one that is clearly a male always colored up and the other 2 were brown but when i got them home they kind of squared off with each other and were strutting around and now one is hanging with the male and one is not . was wondering if this could be the females trying to establish a pecking order or if i have a sub dominant male .
venting is the only sure way to tell , if they are old enough to vent .
ahhh make that 2 holding females . . . what the . . . arent they to young for this ?
, holotype ( a male , 73 . 7 mm sl ; bmnh 1981 . 1 . 9 : 92 ) , from mbako bay , likoma island .
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here is a pic of the holding mama . i ' m guessing 10 to 20 eggs .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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