peleid ( foaled 1970 ) was a british thoroughbred racehorse and sire best known for winning the classic st leger stakes in 1973 .

after showing little promise in his early career he ran well in several important handicap races in 1973 before stepping up in class to record a 28/1 upset victory in the st leger on 15 september .

he was later sold and exported to stand as a breeding stallion in hungary .

peleid

the tim easterby - trained colt , ridden by kevin darley , became the first horse based in the county to win the 1m 6f classic since peleid in 1973 .
did you find the solution of frankie — jockey who rode st leger winners sodium and peleid ? go back to the main post of the mirror quiz crossword april 1 2017 answers .
peleid ( gb ) b . h , 1970 { 21 - a } dp = 6 - 1 - 5 - 2 - 0 ( 14 ) di = 2 . 11 cd = 0 . 79
he became the first locally - trained horse to be successful in the oldest classic since peleid won in 1973 , and added to that bollin eric posted first classic successes for both his trainer and his jockey .
the historic city of york was an important town in roman times , a fact that is reflected in the name of this race , for the roman name for york was eboracum . the race is now the most valuable handicap of its type in europe , and is a chance for progressive three - year - olds to take on the more seasoned staying handicappers . in 1973 peleid finished second in this event before going on the win the st leger , and in 1958 ebor handicap winner gladness went on to win the ascot gold cup . the race was run at pontefract in 1943 and 1944 .
check the answers for : frankie — jockey who rode st leger winners sodium and peleid crossword clue . this crossword clue belongs to the mirror quiz crossword april 1 2017 answers . the crossword we are sharing the answers for today is the mirror quiz a famous and well played crossword by many people . it has many tricky question which will get you confused . we have shared below a list for all the answers of this game . thank you for trusting our site with the solutions . crosswords are available everywear in the newspapers , smartphones with different operating systems like android and ios and also on your pc . the puzzles difficulties increases with the days passing for example monday crosswords are the easiest and the sunday crosswords are the most difficult ones .
owner : colonel w . behrens breeder : w . behrens st leger stakes ( gb - g1 ) exported to hungary ( close )
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supermodels have won the genetic lottery , and for the very best , it’s a lucrative sweepstake . take gisele bundchen , who by our estimation banked $ 44 million before taxes and expenses between june 2014 and june 2015 .
the brazilian out - earned second - ranked cara delevingne and adriana lima ( $ 9 million each ) by $ 35 million in the period for our ranking , making nearly five times quarterback husband tom brady ' s estimated $ 9 million payday over the same span . though reports swirled that gisele was retiring from the runway , the 35 - year - old ' s earnings have not been significantly dented , down just 6 % from 2014 . the blond bombshell , who has made more money than any other model since 2002 , continues to clock lucrative beauty and fragrance contracts with chanel and carolina herrera , supplementing those moneymakers with an under armour advertisement that pictured her attacking a punching bag while social media commentary blared in the background , among others . gisele has successfully turned herself into a brand : she gets a cut of sales from the jelly sandals she designs for brazilian shoemaker grendene , while her line of hope lingerie - - gisele bundchen intimates - - also plumps up her paycheck .
fellow brazilian lima may not design her own underwear , but she is the longest - running victoria’s secret angel in the brand ' s history . she clocks her largest payday ever this time thanks to recent supplementary deals with maybelline and vogue eyewear , and a kia commercial that aired during this year ' s super bowl .
our list tracks pretax earnings for women who make the majority of their income modeling , rather than acting , presenting or singing . we looked at income from cosmetics and fragrance contracts , advertising , endorsements and other ventures . earnings are tabulated from june 2014 to june 2015 and based on interviews with numerous managers , agents and brand executive ; m anagement , agent and attorney fees are not deducted .
delevingne only joined the highest - paid models ranking in 2014 but she has already skyrocketed to the top thanks to a busy 12 months of posing , acting - - and instagramming . her earnings increased 61 % to $ 9 million from june 2014 to june 2015 since appearing in campaigns for 13 different brands , including dkny , topshop and ysl beauty . delevingne is now pivoting from the page to the multiplex , starring in a spate of films including the recent john green adaptation paper towns .
we ' re getting to a point where image visibility is more potent - - it ' s not just the money you earn ,
explains ivan bart , president at img models . with 19 million instagram followers and 3 . 7 million twitter followers , delevingne is one of the most prominent models on social media , bested only by newcomer kendall jenner , who joins the ranking at no . 16 with an estimated $ 4 million in earnings - - and 36 . 4 million instagram followers .
kendall ' s generation is more influenced by digital media than television , magazines or any other forms of advertising ,
agrees chris gay , general manager of the society management , which represents jenner . indeed , jenner ' s following - - 58 million fans across instagram , twitter and facebook combined - - ensures any campaigns she appears in reach millions more , making her a smart bet for the likes of estée lauder , calvin klein and karl lagerfeld eyewear .
it also helps to be part of taylor swift ' s much - publicized girl gang , which includes jenner , delevingne and karlie kloss ( tied at no . 8 ; $ 5 million ) . though kloss is no longer a victoria ' s secret angel , having turned in her wings earlier this year , the 23 - year - old is flush from deals with l ' oréal , joe fresh and kate spade .
rounding out the top five is dutch powerhouse doutzen kroes ( no . 4 ; $ 7 . 5 million ) and russian natalia vodianova ( no . 5 ; $ 7 million ) . former victoria’s secret model kroes still makes a pretty penny from a lucrative l ' oréal cosmetics contract , tiffany & co . deal and a steamy calvin klein fragrance ad . alongside geurlain and etam deals , vodianova spritzes for two fragrances : calvin klein euphoria , which she first sprayed on in 2006 , and guerlain shalimar souffle de parfum . her earnings jumped to $ 7 million from $ 4 million in 2014 .
this year , the world ' s 21 highest - paid models earned a combined $ 147 million pretax between june 2014 and june 2015 . kate moss is the only model in this year ' s ranking who featured in forbes’ first - ever celebrity 100 list back in 1999 , alongside four other models - - claudia schiffer , cindy crawford , christy turlington and niki taylor . in 2015 , the 41 - year - old brit earned an estimated $ 4 . 5 million from a 14 - year - long deal with rimmel cosmetics , plus campaigns for david yurman and decorté skincare .
besides jenner , the only newcomer is lithuanian model edita vilkeviciute who joins the list tied at no . 17 thanks to fragrance contracts with roberto cavalli and viktor & rolf , plus calvin klein and h & m ads . among the near - misses for this year ' s ranking were guess and maybelline model gigi hadid , plus victoria secret models elsa hosk , martha hunt , behati prinsloo and jasmine tookes , who earned just below this year ' s $ 3 . 5 million cut - off .
save for joan smalls , liu wen and jourdan dunn , our list of the 21 highest - paid models is overwhelmingly white , reflecting the lack of diversity on catwalks and in campaigns . a recent survey by fashionspot , which examined 460 fall 2015 print ads , found that nearly 85 % of the models featured are white , while asian models comprised about 6 . 2 % , black models made up 4 . 4 % and latina models accounted for 1 . 7 % of those featured .
bundchen alone has earned $ 430 million from modeling since 2001 . still , her highly paid cohort are very much the minority elite–models are rarely paid for editorial shoots or catwalk appearances , while gigs with prestigious design houses don’t pay much but give models exposure they can leverage .
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, whose price had drifted in the half - hour before the off , trailed in well behind .
pat [ eddery ] reported the ground was just too fast for balakheri ,
stoute explained .
easterby , having just trained his first classic winner , said it was
like a fairytale .
it is a fabulous feeling to have won a st leger ,
said the english jockey .
when i got to bandari i knew he would fight on , but luckily we had enough left to see him off , and though highest was coming back at us at the end it was all over by then .
bollin eric was bred at home by his owners sir neil and lady westbrook , who have had horses with the easterby family for 40 years .
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champagne stakes ( 1925 ) epsom derby ( 1926 ) st . james ' s palace stakes ( 1926 ) eclipse stakes ( 1926 ) st leger ( 1926 ) coronation cup ( 1927 ) hardwicke stakes ( 1927 )
winner preciptation , who sired four classic winners . coronach was the fifth foal of the mare wet kiss who finished fourth in the 1916
to describe him as
one of the best two - year - olds in england
.
, leading from the start and beating lex by four lengths without being seriously challenged .
coronach was coughing after his doncaster win but appeared to have made a full recovery by october .
. he had legitimate excuses however , as the contest was run at a
muddling pace
and he came back from the race a sick horse , with a high temperature .
at three , coronach won the column produce stakes at newmarket and started
the hottest favourite in years
.
. he started slowly and was beaten five lengths by the impressive winner colorado . colorado started favourite for the derby , run in heavy rain which kept away the normally huge crowds . over one and a half miles coronach led all the way to reverse the newmarket form , winning by five lengths
in a canter
he was never in danger of defeat in his remaining starts at three . at
nothing could ever get near him
and childs spent the closing stages looking round for non - existent dangers .
against eleven rivals . he started slowly , losing four lengths , but soon made up the lost ground and was in a clear lead ( estimated at six lengths ) by the time the field entered the straight . childs did not have to put the colt under any pressure as he won by two lengths from caissot in a record time 3 : 01 . 6 . the win took coronach ' s earnings for the year to over £40 , 000 and confirmed his status as
the best three - year - old this season .
was reported to have said
it is no secret that coronach is not sound in his wind .
he began the year by leading all the way to beat embargo and foxlaw in the coronation cup at epsom in june . his winning time of 2 : 34 . 0 was exceptionally fast by epsom standards .
in a much anticipated rematch with colorado in the princess of wales’s stakes at newmarket coronach made the running but was overtaken by his rival a furlong from the finish . he was eased in the closing stages and was beaten eight lengths .
in his last race he finished third to colorado in the eclipse stakes , beaten seven lengths .
his defeats led to opinions regarding his merit being revised : from being a potential
horse of the century
he was now seen as simply
a good horse .
, john randall and tony morris rated coronach the forty - second best british horse of the 20th century and the best derby winner of the 1920s .
, until 1940 when he became the first derby winner to be sent to new zealand .
randall , j . and morris , t . , a century of champions , portway press , halifax , 1999 , p . 111 isbn 1 - 901570 - 15 - 0
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william hill futurity ( 1986 ) dante stakes ( 1987 ) epsom derby ( 1987 ) k . george vi & q . elizabeth stakes ( 1987 ) great voltigeur stakes ( 1987 ) st . leger stakes ( 1987 ) [ 1 ]
reference point ( 26 february 1984– december 1991 ) was a british thoroughbred race horse and sire . in a career which lasted from august 1986 to october 1987 he ran ten times and won seven races . as a three - year - old he overcame sinus problems before winning york ' s dante stakes , the derby , ascot ' s king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes , the great voltigeur and st . leger in 1987 . it was not until 2012 that another derby winner contested the st . leger ; when camelot attempted , and failed , to win the english triple crown . his final race of the season resulted in failure in the prix de l ' arc de triomphe at longchamp , paris when an abscess was later found to have been responsible for his below - par performance .
reference point was a dark - coated bay horse bred by his owner , louis freedman , at his cliveden stud in berkshire , england . [ 2 ] [ 3 ] he was sired by mill reef the 1971 epsom derby winner who went on to be leading sire in great britain and ireland in 1978 and 1987 . reference point ' s dam , home on the range , was a high class racemare who won the sun chariot stakes in 1981 . apart from reference point , the best of her progeny was known ranger , who won nineteen races in europe and north america . [ 4 ]
reference point ran three times as a two - year - old in 1986 . he was the beaten 11 / 10 favourite when finishing third behind port helene and brother patrick on his debut in the ebf heart of variety stakes over a mile at sandown park on 30 august 1986 . on his second outing of 1986 he returned to the same course and distance on 23 september and won the dorking stakes by eight lengths from mulhollande . his final two - year - old run saw him step up to group one class in the william hill futurity at doncaster . he was sent off 4 to 1 second favourite behind henry cecil ' s first string , suhailie but ran out the five length winner from bengal fire , with love the groom in third . his win at doncaster led to reference point being the highest rated european two - year - old of 1986 , [ 5 ]
in early 1987 , reference point ' s training was disrupted by sinus problems , which required surgery , ruling out any possibility of a challenge for the 2000 guineas . [ 6 ] on his three - year - old debut , reference point ran in the dante stakes at york , a recognised trial race for the epsom derby . reference point led from the start and ran on strongly in the closing stages to win by a length from ascot knight .
at epsom , reference point started 6 / 4 favourite in a field of nineteen runners . cauthen sent the colt into the lead from the start , and in the straight he turned back a series of challenges [ 7 ] to win by one and a half lengths from most welcome and bellotto . the winning time of 2 : 33 . 90 was the fastest since mahmoud ' s hand - timed record of 2 : 33 . 8 in 1936 . [ 8 ]
on his first start after his derby win , reference point raced against older horses for the first time in the eclipse stakes at sandown over ten furlongs . reference point led from the start , setting such a
furious gallop
[ 9 ] that the designated pacemaker , media starguest was unable to reach the front . two furlongs out he was challenged by mtoto , ridden by michael roberts . the two horses raced together in the closing stages before mtoto pulled ahead to prevail by three quarters a length , with triptych taking third . [ 10 ] three weeks later , reference point returned to twelve furlongs in the king george vi and queen elizabeth diamond stakes at ascot . starting the 11 / 10 favourite , he led the field into the straight and then pulled clear in the final quarter mile to win by three lengths from celestial storm and triptych . [ 11 ]
reference point was given a timeform rating of 139 , the eleventh highest awarded to any horse up to that time , and higher than those of nijinsky , alleged and troy . [ 16 ] in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated reference point the thirty - sixth best british horse of the 20th century and the second best derby winner of the 1980s behind shergar . [ 5 ]
the bbc sport correspondent lee mckenzie rated him as one of his
six of the best
recent derby winners ' [ 17 ] and explained that his
workmanlike
racing style sometimes led to his being overlooked . steve cauthen ranked reference point as a
great champion
and one of the best horses he rode in his career . [ 18 ]
reference point was voted 1987 british horse of the year by the racecourse association , attracting twelve of the twenty votes . [ 16 ]
reference point made little impact in four seasons at stud , with his only group one winner being ivyanna , who won the 1992 oaks d ' italia . [ 19 ] he died after fracturing a leg in an accident in december 1991 at the dalham hall stud [ 20 ] where he was buried . [ 21 ]
. queen anne press . 1986 . pp . 480 , 554 , 634 .
powerful force in industry ; louis freedman was one of britain ' s foremost owner - breeders , with a stream of top - class performers emanating from his cliveden stud . - free online library
late arrival who found his feet at the right time . - free online library
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airborne ( 1943–11 september 1962 ) was an irish - bred british - trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire . after showing little worthwhile form as a two - year - old , airborne improved to become one of the leading three - year - olds in britain in 1946 . he won five successive races including two classics : the derby at epsom and the st leger at doncaster . he was the most recent of four greys to have won the epsom classic . [ 2 ] airborne went on to have a stud career of limited success .
airborne was a tall , rangy grey horse bred at castletown geoghegan , county westmeath , [ 3 ] in ireland by harold boyd - rochfort , the brother of the successful trainer cecil boyd - rochfort . as a yearling he was sent to the sales where he was bought for 3 , 900 guineas [ 4 ] by the british plastics manufacturer and racehorse - breeder john ferguson . ferguson sent the colt to be trained by the former jockey richard “dick” perryman [ 5 ] at his beaufort house stables at newmarket , suffolk .
airborne’s sire precipitation was a top class racehorse , best known for winning the ascot gold cup in 1937 . he went on to become a successful stallion , siring three other classic winners in why hurry ( epsom oaks ) , premonition ( st leger ) and chamossaire ( st leger ) . precipitation himself was sired by the unbeaten champion , hurry on , making him a representative of the godolphin arabian sire line . [ 6 ] airborne’s dam , bouquet , from whom he inherited his grey colour , never ran in a race , but produced nine winners , the best of them , apart from airborne , being a sprinter named fragrant view . [ 4 ]
as a two - year - old , airborne was extremely backward ( immature ) and failed to win in four starts , giving little indication of classic potential , [ 4 ] although he did finish fourth to the future 1000 guineas winner hypericum in the dewhurst stakes . [ 7 ]
airborne’s three - year - old debut showed little evidence of progress as he finished third in a moderate race at newmarket in april . two weeks later he showed the first signs of ability when he returned to newmarket and won a maiden race over one and a half miles , indicating that at the very least , he had no problems with stamina .
the derby of 1946 was the first to be run at epsom since 1939 , the course having been used as an anti - aircraft battery position during the war , [ 8 ] and the race attracted a huge crowd , estimate at up to 500 , 000 , including the king and queen . [ 9 ] airborne , ridden by tommy lowrey , was an unconsidered outsider , starting at odds of 50 / 1 in a field of seventeen , in a race run on soft ground . [ 10 ] in early stages , airborne was held up and was still well back turning into the straight . gulf stream took the lead in the last quarter mile as lowrey pulled airborne wide to produce a sustained run down the centre of the course . he caught gulf stream inside the final furlong and won by a length . [ 11 ]
airborne reappeared in the princess of wales ' s stakes at newmarket in july where he took on older horses . he won his third successive race by beating the five - year - old hardwicke stakes winner priam ii . the following month he ran at newmarket for the fourth time that season and dead - heated with fast and fair in the stuntney stakes . [ 12 ] at doncaster in september he started 3 / 1 favourite for the st leger which was run before another huge crowd . he tracked the leaders before being sent to the front in the straight and winning
in magnificent style
[ 13 ] by one and a half lengths from murren , with fast and fair third . it was a second win in the race for perryman and lowrey , who had been successful with chamoissaire the previous year . on his final start of the season airborne was matched against the grand prix de paris winner souverain in the king george vi stakes over two miles at newmarket in october . airborne started 4 / 5 favourite for a race which was publicised as an
international championship
for three - year - olds but was well beaten , finishing third to the french colt , with the irish derby winner bright news taking second . [ 14 ]
attempts to train airborne as a four - year - old , with the ascot gold cup as his target , [ 15 ] ended in failure and he was retired to stud without racing again .
in their book a century of champions , john randall and tony morris rated airborne an “inferior” derby winner . [ 16 ]
airborne was not a success as a stallion . the best of his runners on the flat was the filly silken glider who finished second in the oaks and won the irish oaks in 1957 . the best horse he sired however , was the irish - trained jumper flyingbolt . airborne ' s progeny had won approximately £25 , 000 in stakes up until the end of 1955 . [ 17 ] his last recorded foals were conceived in 1961 . [ 18 ] he died on 11 september 1962 of heart failure . [ 19 ]
birch , franklin e . , pedigrees of leading winners 1912 - 1959 , the thoroughbred breeders assoc . , london , 1960
oscar time primed for his chance in the grand national spotlight
. telegraph
mortimer , roger ; onslow , richard ; willett , peter ( 1978 ) . biographical encyclopedia of british flat racing . macdonald and jane’s . isbn .
by nigel pullen
. pedigreepost . net . 2001 - 11 - 04
50 / 1 shot airborne wins derby
. st . joseph news - press
morris , tony ; randall , john ( 1999 ) . a century of champions . portway press , . isbn .
leicester , sir charles ( 1974 ) . bloodstock breeding . london : j . a . allen & co . p . 365 . isbn .
weatherby ( 1965 ) .
obituary of stallions
. the general stud book 35 : 1089–1092 .
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the town moor at doncaster served as a race course since the late sixteenth century . by the mid - eighteenth centuy racing was firmly established on the site , supported by the doncaster corporation , which offered plates and money as prizes to encourage it . the doncaster gold cup is the oldest still - recognizable race held there , first run in 1766 ; the st . leger , which began as a sweepstakes on a course nearby , was moved to the site in 1778 . the course is about a mile and seven and one - half furlongs in circumference , and is mostly level , with the exception of a low hill a mile and one - half from the winning post .
as its name implies , this handicap was originally run at lincoln racecourse . the 1902 renewal saw the three - year - old debut of a filly named sceptre , who , after trying to make all was caught in the last stride by the year older st . maclou . sceptre soon made up for this defeat by becoming the only horse to have won four of the five english classics outright . sceptre returned to contest the lincoln the following year , conceding over a stone to the entire field , and could do no better than fifth . with the closure of lincoln racecourse the race was moved to doncaster in 1965 , to be run on the straight mile . today it is the first major handicap of the english flat racing season , and is a race in which the draw plays a key role . it always draws a large field , although nothing like the 58 runners in 1948 , which was record for a race run under jockey club rules .
the oldest english classic , the st . leger was first run on cantley common , doncaster , in 1776 , as
a sweepstakes ,
before transferring to its present location on the town moor two years later . it was renamed at that time after a prominent local sportsman , lieutenant general anthony st leger , and was run over two miles until 1813 , when its distance was shortened to 1 mile 6 furlongs and 193 yards . those 193 yards were reduced to 132 in 1826 and further down to 127 in 1970 , before reverting back to 132 in 1991 . moved around the country during the war years , the st leger was run at newmarket from 1915 to 1918 , at thirsk in 1940 , manchester in 1941 , back at newmarket in 1942 to 1944 , and york in 1945 . in 1989 subsidence in the doncaster straight forced the race to be abandoned , and run at ayr the following saturday . with the 2000 guineas and epsom derby it forms the third leg of the english triple crown , a title last won in 1970 by nijinsky ii . doncaster is a wide , galloping track with a daunting 4 furlongs home straight , and this makes the race a real test of stamina .
first run in 1766 as the doncaster gold cup , this is one of the oldest races still run under jockey club rules . together with the ascot gold cup and the goodwood cup , it forms the stayers '
triple crown
of
cup
events , and the only horses to achieve this honour in the same season are isonomy ( 1879 ) , alycidon ( 1949 ) , souepi ( 1953 ) , le moss ( 1979 and 1980 ) , longboat ( 1986 ) and double trigger ( 1995 ) . the great 19th century mare beeswing won the race four times .
run on the straight course at doncaster , this race usually draws a large field of the best sprint handicappers . it only ran once during world war ii , in 1941 at newmarket . there were problems of a different kind in 1989 , when a subsidence of the course , due to drainage work , caused three of the horses to fall , and resulted in subsequent races , including the st . leger , being transferred to ayr .
originally the brainchild of timeform founder phil bull , this race was introduced in 1961 to provide a worthwhile opportunity for high - class two year olds bred to stay . then known as the timeform gold cup , subsequent change of sponsorship meant it was run as the observer gold cup between 1965 - 1975 and the william hill futurity from 1976 - 1988 ; adopting its present title in 1989 . it is run over the one mile round course at doncaster , a flat galloping track which makes it a tough test for a juvenile , especially as the race is often contested on soft ground .
originally known as the manchester november handicap , the race was transferred to doncaster in 1964 , after the closure of manchester racecourse . there was a change of venue between 1942 and 1945 , when the race was run at pontefract . always scheduled for the final day of the english flat racing turf season , it has lost much of its prestige in recent years , now drawing a field of ordinary handicappers .
a relatively new race established in 1972 . the first running of this event saw the only defeat of the mighty brigadier gerard , when he finished second to roberto . the race quickly became a target of the top middle distance horses .
this race was really established in 1922 , although between 1903 and 1921 , york did host an event known as the nunthorpe selling stakes . during 1943 - 1944 the race was run at newmarket . it has now developed into one of the major sprint races of the season . the race is one of the few group races where two - year - old are allowed to take on their elders , and juveniles to win the event include high treason , my beau , ennis and lyric fantasy .
york races were first run on the knavesmire in 1731 , and they are still held on that same expanse of common land , which was originally a site of public hangings . the course is left - handed , wide , flat with easy sweeping turns . originally a race for three - year - old fillies , this event was opened to older fillies and mares in 1991 . it provides an interesting opportunity to compare the merits of classic middle distance fillies of different generations .
solario stakes ( 1984 ) fillies ' mile ( 1984 ) nell gwyn stakes ( 1985 ) 1 , 000 guineas ( 1985 ) epsom oaks ( 1985 ) st . leger stakes ( 1985 )
, despite failing to reproduce her best form . she was retired at the end of the season and became a successful broodmare . oh so sharp died in 2001 at the age of nineteen .
the leading british miler of 1979 : the chestnut oh so sharp came from his first crop of foals . her dam was the american - bred mare oh so fair , making her a half - sister to roussalka a filly which won the
in the mid - 1970s . she later became a successful broodmare , whose descendants include
oh so sharp was sent into training at henry cecil ' s warren place stables in newmarket , suffolk . she was ridden in all of her races as a three - year - old by the american jockey steve cauthen . lester piggott had ridden oh so sharp during 1984 , his last season as stable jockey at warren place .
favourite and won easily , despite being given a very gentle introduction by her jockey .
took the lead approaching the final furlong and drew clear to win by two lengths at odds of 6 / 4 .
in which she started at odds of 6 / 5 . the contest was then a group three race , but has subsequently been promoted to group one . the filly raced in second place before taking the lead at the start of straight and won by one and a half lengths from the
more than the winner . in the international classification produced by the official handicappers of france , ireland and the united kingdom , oh so sharp was given a rating of 77 , five pounds behind the year ' s highest - rated two - year - old filly
in which she met helen street at level weights and was ridden for the first time by cauthen . she won at odds of 8 / 13 , beating bella colora by a length , with helen street two and a half lengths back in third .
two weeks later , oh so sharp was one of seventeen fillies to contest the 1000 guineas over newmarket ' s rowley mile course . racing on unusually firm ground , oh so sharp was not among the early leaders and appeared to be struggling in the final quarter mile when the race seemed to lie between bella colora and al bahathri . in the closing stages however cauthen produced the favourite with a powerful late run and she caught the leaders in the last stride to win a three - way
from al bahathri and bella colora . the runner - up , owned by sheikh mohammed ' s older brother
in autumn . oh so sharp ' s win gave sheikh mohammed a first win in a british classic and her winning time of 1 : 36 . 85 broke the race record which had stood since 1950 .
. cauthen settled the 6 / 4 favourite behind the leaders and tracked across to the stands side ( furthest away from the inside rail ) to take advantage of a strip of better ground . oh so sharp overtook triptych two furlongs from the finish and quckly went clear , increasing her advantage throughout the closing stages to win by six lengths .
over the same course and distance three days earlier . cecil said he would
do his damnedest
to the keep the pair apart in future races .
at ascot on 27 july . she started 4 / 5 favourites in a field of twelve , with her main rivals in the betting being
winner law society . oh so sharp took the lead early in the straight and got the better of a prolonged struggle with the four - year - old rainbow quest , but was caught in the closing stages and beaten a neck by petoski .
, but oh so sharp was sent off the 2 / 5 favourite . piggott set an unexpectedly slow pace on commanche run before accelerating early in the straight . oh so sharp chased the leader throughout the closing stages , but was never able to draw level and finished second , beaten three quarters of a length .
oh so sharp ended her racing career in the st leger on the 14 september when she was opposed by five colts in the 209th running of the st leger over fourteen and a half furlongs . as she had already won the 1000 guineas and the oaks she was attempting to complete the fillies ' version of the
. oh so sharp moved past lanfranco in the straight but was unable to draw away from the colt and quickly came under renewed pressure from her stable companion and from the outsider phardante . oh so sharp hung to the right in the closing stages before winning by three - quarters of a length and a head from phardante and lanfranco . the racecourse stewards called an inquiry into possible interference caused by the winner but the result was allowed to stand .
cecil admitted that the filly ' s form had been declining and said that
another week and it might have been too late
.
organisation in 1985 , making her the highest - rated three - year - old filly of the year .
in the official international classification for 1985 she was the top rated filly of her generation by a margin of six pounds . in their book
, based on a modified version of the timeform system john randall and tony morris rated oh so sharp a “superior” oaks winner and an
average
winner of the st leger . they placed her twenty - eighth in their list of the best female racehorses trained in britain and ireland in the 20th century .
steve cauthen called her ,
without doubt , the best filly i have ridden .
she was retired from racing at the end of 1985 to become a broodmare at the dalham hall stud . none of her progeny have been as successful on the track as she was , but she has produced winners in rosefinch , who won the
) , sacho ( ire ) ( 1993 , by sadler ' s wells ) and felitza . shaima , sired by
. oh so sharp is dam of savoire vivre who is enjoying some success at stud in tasmania , australia .
mooney , bill and ennor , george . the complete encyclopedia of horse racing carlton books ltd ( 2006 ) isbn 978 - 1 - 84442 - 117 - 6
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 10 / 21 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
middle park plate ( 1875 ) 2000 guineas ( 1876 ) prince of wales ' s stakes ( 1876 ) st . leger stakes ( 1876 ) ascot gold cup ( 1877 ) rous memorial stakes ( 1878 )
in 1876 . in a career that lasted from october 1875 to october 1878 he ran sixteen times and won eight races . in 1875 , petrarch won the
on his only appearance of the season . as a three - year - old in 1876 he won two of the three races which comprise the
after winning once as a five - year - old in 1878 he was retired to stud where he became a successful sire of winners .
petrarch was a difficult horse to bring to peak condition , as he suffered throughout his racing career from intermittent kidney trouble .
at newmarket . the race was the most prestigious two - year - old race of the season in britain and attracted a field of thirty runners . with first prize money of £3 , 404 , the race was the most valuable of the season outside the classics .
petrarch ' s victory established him as one of the best colts of his generation and a leading contender for the following year ' s classic races .
early in the year , petrarch was favourite in the betting lists for both the 2000 guineas and the derby .
in april however , he took part in a public trial race in which he was beaten by lord dupplin ' s other classic entry kaleidoscope . although dawson had warned the owner that petrarch was not fully fit , the trial convinced dupplin that kaleidoscope was the better horse and he wagered accordingly .
as a result , kaleidoscope was made favourite for the 2000 guineas , with petrarch starting a 20 / 1 outsider in a field of fourteen runners . ridden by the little - known lightweight jockey harry luke ,
petrarch moved alongside the early leader camembert three furlongs from the finish and then accelerated clear of the field . he won
in a canter
by three lengths from julius caesar , with kaleidoscope third . contemporary reports described his victory as one of the easiest ever seen in the race . the crowd ' s response to the upset was muted , and the bookmakers were almost equally subdued , as some had taken bets at odds of up to 40 / 1 on the winner .


favonigobius is a genus of gobies native to fresh , brackish and marine waters around the indian ocean and the western pacific ocean .

commonly called " sand gobies " , this term more alternatively refers to the family kraemeriidae , a relative of the true gobies .

favonigobius

a male southern longfin goby , favonigobius lateralis , from mallacoota inlet , november 2013 . source : david paul / museum victoria . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
the eastern longfin - goby looks very similar to the southern longfin - goby , favonigobius lateralis . the two species can be separated by colouration and distribution . the southern longfin - goby has dark spots on the sides of the body ( rather than bars ) and occurs along the southern coast of the australia from victoria and tasmania to western australia .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .
cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
latin , favonius = gentle , propicious and latin , favonianus = the west wind ; 1656 + latin , gobius = gudgeon ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9002 )
found in coastal bays and sandy estuaries sometimes in seagrass ( ref . 9002 ) .
kuiter , r . h . , 1993 . coastal fishes of south - eastern australia . university of hawaii press . honolulu , hawaii . 437 p . ( ref . 9002 )
) : 16 . 1 - 23 . 1 , mean 18 . 3 ( based on 36 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .
the southern longfin goby is a small , bottom - dwelling species that lives on shallow , usually sandy substrates in marine waters of southern australia .
the species is mottled above with a pale belly . there are two diagonal lines below the eye and a series of dark spots on the side of the body . a dark , elongated blotch is usually present on the operculum .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
gomon , m . f . , bray , d . & r . h . kuiter ( eds ) . 2008 . the fishes of australia ' s southern coast . reed new holland . pp . 928 .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this species appeared in the iucn red list prior to 2008 under the generic name papillogobius .
justification : this is a widespread species with no known major threats to population stability . it is therefore assessed as least concern .
this species is found in the indo - west pacific from east africa to the philippines ( kottelat 1993 ) , north to japan ( masuda et al . 1984 ) , and south to northern australia ( fricke 1999 ) .
this species is found over sandy and muddy bottoms , often in weedy areas of the intertidal zone , as well as in mangroves , estuaries , lagoons and rivers ( maugé 1986 ) . it feeds on amphipods amongst other things ( klumpp and kwawk 2005 ) .
this species is rarely used ( if ever ) for aquaculture or for the aquarium trade .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
a sandy brown goby with dark brown and white speckling above , pale below , a brown stripe from the eye to above the middle of the jaws , about 5 pairs of black spots on the midside , and the belly and lower sides often with irregular , more or less vertical thin white lines . the first dorsal fin of males is dark first dorsal fin with a pale margin , and the first spine is elongate .
endemic to southern australia from wilsons promontory , victoria , to denham , western australia , and throughout tasmania . inhabits sandy areas in estuaries and bays , often in association with seagrass beds .
dorsal fin vi + i , 9 ; anal fin i , 9 ; caudal fin ( segmented rays ) 17 ; pectoral fin 15 - 17 ; pelvic fin i , 5 . body slender , head broader than deep , cheeks not bulbose ; eyes close together ; gill opening on each side extending forward to below gill cover ; mouth small , reaching to below front quarter of eyes . first dorsal fin of males dark with a pale margin , first spine elongate .
gobius laterali s macleay , 1881 , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 1 5 ( 4 ) : 602 . type locality king george sound , wa .
gill , h . s . 1993 . description of a new genus of goby from southern australia , including osteological comparisons with related genera .
hoese , d . f . & larson , h . k . 1994 . family gobiidae . pp . 781 - 810 , figs 690 - 714 in gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) .
hoese , d . f . & larson , h . k . 2008 . family gobiidae . pp . 749 - 773 in gomon , m . f . , bray , d . j . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) .
macleay , w . j . 1881 . descriptive catalogue of the fishes of australia . part 2 .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of gobius gymnauchen bleeker , 1860 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
lam c . ( 1990 ) . intertidal gobies ( pisces : gobiidae ) from hong kong . in : morton b , editor . proceedings of the second international marine biological workshop : the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china . the marine flora and fauna of hong kong and southern china ii . hong kong university press , hong kong . 2 : pp 673 - 690 . [ details ]
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of papillogobius gill & miller , 1990 ) eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]
( of papillonigobius ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of papillogobius gill & miller , 1990 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
the eastern longfin - goby can be recognised by its colouration . it is sandy brown above and pale below . the species occurs in tropical and temperate marine waters of australia and new zealand .
the eastern longfin - goby can be recognised by its colouration . it is sandy brown above and pale below . there are many thin white bars and about five dark brown bars on the sides of the body . brown diagonal lines cross the head .
in australia the eastern longfin - goby is known from the northern great barrier reef , queensland south to the southern coast of new south wales .
hoese d . f & h . k . larson . in gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & r . h . kuiter ( eds ) . 1994 . the fishes of australia ' s south coast . state print , adelaide . pp . 992 .
paulin , c . , stewart , a . , roberts , c . & p . mcmillan . 1989 . new zealand fish : a complete guide . national museum of new zealand miscellaneous series 19 . pp . 279 .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
macleay , w . j . 1881 ,
descriptive catalogue of the fishes of australia . part 2
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , ser . 1 , vol . 5 , no . 4 , pp . 510 - 629 pls 13 - 14
francis , m . 1993 ,
checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean
, pacific science , vol . 47 , no . 2 , pp . 136 - 170 figs 1 - 2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 80c0481d - a3b4 - 42ef - af9b - 4cf75f0bb572
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 63aa9583 - 4ee0 - 4d71 - 92a4 - 27c5cb21e53e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 411508
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 3167042e - 79b8 - 42c2 - 8f5d - c25066b2ad37
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oligoria is a genus of butterflies in the hesperiidae family .

it contains only one species , the twin-spot skipper ( oligoria maculata ) which is found in the united states along the coast of north carolina south through florida and west along the gulf coast to east texas .

strays can be found as far north as pennsylvania , maryland and new jersey .

the wingspan is 35-42 mm .

the wings are rounded and brown black .

there are four transparent spots on the upperside of the forewings .

the underside of the hindwings has a pale red-brown overlay and three white spots .

adults are on wing from april to september in two or possibly three generations per year .

they feed on flower nectar of various plant species , including pontederia species .

the larvae feed on various poaceae species .

oligoria

twin - spot skipper oligoria maculata ( w . h . edwards , 1865 )
oligoria maculata ( w . h . edwards , 1865 ) ( tsn 706556 )
oligoria maculata ( w . h . edwards , 1865 ) – twin - spot skipper
twin - spot skipper oligoria maculata ( w . h . edwards , 1865 ) | butterflies and moths of north america
[ g . oligoria , negligence , slight esteem , fr . oligos , little , + ora , care , regard ]
oligoria scudder , 1872 ; 4 th ann . rep . peabody acad . sci . ( 1871 ) : 82 ; ts : hesperia maculata edwards
kuiper ) reads : [ greek : all haege gar to daimonion hen te oligoria auto hepoihaesato chai es polin moundan pros machaen dae chatestae ] .
oligoria maculata ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 54 ; [ bow ] : pl . 22 , f . 20 ; [ nacl ] , # 4114 ; [ opler ]
wings are rounded and brown - black . upperside of forewing has 4 transparent spots . underside of hindwing has a pale red - brown overlay and 3 oval white spots , 2 of which are close together .
coastal north carolina south through florida and west along the gulf coast to east texas . a rare stray to pennsylvania , maryland , and new jersey .
g5 - demonstrably secure globally , though it may be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .
a rarely used term for an abnormal indifference toward or dislike of persons or things .
[ g . oligōria , negligence , slight esteem , fr . oligos , little , + ōra , care , regard ]
- - alors que vous n ' auriez jamais du en faire l ' objet , vous conduisez cette evaluation a partir de l ' idee que vous vous faites de vous - meme .
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definition : a rarely used term for an abnormal indifference toward or dislike of persons or things .
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[ opler ] opler & warren , 2003 ( april ) butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .
descriptions of certain species of diurnal lepidoptera , found within the limits of the united states and british america . no . 4
scudder , 1872 a systematic revision of some of the american butterflies ; with brief notes on those known to occur in essex county , mass . 4 th ann . rep . peabody acad . sci . ( 1871 ) : 24 - 83 , errata
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dio ' s rome , volume 2 an historical narrative originally composed in greek during the reigns of septimius severus , geta and caracalla , macrinus , elagabalus and alexander severus ; and now presented in english form . second volume extant books 36 - 44 ( b . c . 69 - 44 ) .
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check list of the lepidoptera of north america . . . ms , database ( version 2003 )
ongoing developmental version with contributions by don lafontaine , jean - françois landry , jim troubridge , paul opler , ron hodges , john brown , et al . higher classification does not yet reflect recent and substantial changes that have been published
other contributing editors : tatiana dominick , donald , r . davis , douglas c . ferguson , john g . franclemont , eugene g . munroe , and jerry a . powell
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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opler , p . a . , and a . d . warren . 2002 . butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico . c . p . gillette museum of arthropod diversity , department of bioagricultural sciences and pest management , colorado state university , fort collins , colorado . 79 pp .
this skipper is not as common as has been supposed , and it is very likely that old reports of strays are largely or entirely errors . it notably has not turned up in coastal plain new jersey in modern times . this skipper has a fairly limited range more or less as shown by brock and kaufman ( 2003 ) and glassberg ( 1999 ) . it is not all that abundant even in florida although it is not rare there ( glassberg 1999 ) , and is mostly uncommon or questionably reported otherwise .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
pine woods and coastal sawmps ( opler , 1999 ) . foodplant unknown and habitat therefore poorly understood .
a location where the species occurs , or has occurred , where there is potential for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a suitable habitat with the larval foodplant where at least one adult has been verified by a photograph or preferably a specimen . photographs must be diagnostic and will probably need to show both wing surfaces , and there will be circumstances where only a specimen will suffice . specimens are usually much easier to obtain . sight records are not an acceptable basis for a new occurrence . note that these specs should not be applied to temporary seasonal colonies of common migratory species .
note the suitable habitat distance will not apply often since most habitats today are no more than a few hundred hectares . however , many were once major landscape features . suitable habitat distances may be used for barrens , savanna , and prairie species across degraded portions of these habitats that still contain some of the foodplant grasses or nectar flowers . usually habitat boundaries are fairly obvious based on vegetation ( e . g . suitable grassland ) . with metapopulations map the main breeding sites separately within the overall occurrence . consult the habitat and food comments fields for species - specific information on what constitutes suitable habitat when mapping occurrences for individual species . note many , if not most , habitat specialists feed one more than one grass genus at many or all occurrences . note some species readily and some almost never entere wooded areas , so check habitat fields for the species before mapping .
when multiple occupied habitats occur within a large community complex or remnants of one such as patchily within a barren , savanna , or prairie remnant use the suitable habitat distance . when occurrences in a region are all small ( under 10 hectares ) and are widely scattered and there is some actual evidence of persistent patch vacancy , a separation distance of one kilometer may be used instead of two .
in most cases the inferred extent is simply all contiguous or nearly contiguous habitat and usually this will be a few to a few hundred hectares which for almost all species is likely to be fully occupied even if at uneven densities . use this distance only where the habitat is that extensive , but generally if the taxon is present any habitat patches within a kilometer will be occupied unless the species is excluded for example by extremely high fire frequencies or complete burns or lack of nectar . this figure is based in part on observations for atrytone arogos arogos in new jersey where it occurs in clusters of patches up to about a kilometer apart with within cluster patch occupancy nearly 100 % , except approaching zero where fire intervals are about two years or less . this is one of the most imperiled skippers in north america and it is highly likely most other taxa are at least as effective colonizers . another consideration in inferring any extent is that often the exact habitat is not clear and since it cannot be defined on the basis of any particular grass species there may be some doubt . one should not infer across any large distance based on one observation but if the habitat extends that far , a kilometer seems safe and most species can cover that distance in a few tens of seconds .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
brock , j . p . , and k . kaufman . 2003 . butterflies of north america . kaufman focus field guides , houghton mifflin company , new york , ny 284 pp .
glassberg , j . 1999 . butterflies through binoculars : the east . oxford university press , new york , new york . 400 pp .
pelham , j . p . 2008 . a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature . the journal of research on the lepidoptera . volume 40 . 658 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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