thinobadistes is an extinct genus of ground sloth of the family mylodontidae , endemic to north america during the miocene-pleistocene epochs .

it lived from 13.6 — 5.3 mya , existing for approximately 8.3 million years .

thinobadistes and pliometanastes were the first of the giant sloths to appear in n. america .

both pliometanastes and thinobadistes were in n. america before the panamanian land bridge formed around 2.5 million years ago .

it is then reasonable to presume that the ancestors of thinobadistes island-hopped across the central american seaway from south america , where sloths in general first evolved .

thinobadistes

thinobadistes was named by hay ( 1919 ) . its type is thinobadistes segnis . it was assigned to mylodontidae by hay ( 1919 ) and carroll ( 1988 ) .
belongs to thinobadistes according to h . g . mcdonald and v . l . naples 2007
thinobadistes and pliometanastes were the first of the giant sloths to appear in n . america . both pliometanastes and thinobadistes were in n . america before the panamanian land bridge formed around 2 . 5 million years ago . it is then reasonable to presume that the ancestors of thinobadistes island - hopped across the central american seaway from south america , where sloths in general first evolved .
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full reference : s . d . webb . 1989 . osteology and relationships of thinobadistes segnis , the first mylodont sloth in north america . advances in neotropical mammalogy 469 - 532
thinobadistes is an extinct genus of ground sloth of the family mylodontidae , endemic to north america during the miocene - pleistocene epochs . it lived from 13 . 6—5 . 3 mya , existing for approximately .
webb , s . d . 1989 . osteology and relationships of thinobadistes segnis , the first mylodont sloth in north america . pp . 469—532 in j . f . eisenberg and k . redford ( eds . ) , advances in neotropical mammalogy . sandhill crane press , gainesville , florida .
from the giant ground sloth thinobadistes segnis of the late miocene of prehistoric florida . this was the very first species of mylodontid giant ground sloths to appear not just in florida 9 million years ago , but in all of north america . the main obvious trait of mylodont molars are their tri - lobed form .
specimen count 7 record last modified 5 jul 2018 skeletal morphology foot bones geological age cenozoic - neogene - pliocene - hemphillian nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia chordata mammalia pilosa mylodontidae collector l . c . johnson see more items in paleogeneral mammals terrestrial - neogene mammalia pliocene hemphillian mixon bone bed paleobiology place levy county , florida , united states collection date 1885 usnm number v2509 published name thinobadistes segnis hay
specimen count 1 record last modified 5 jul 2018 skeletal morphology appendicular element , left astragalus geological age cenozoic - quaternary nmnh - paleobiology dept . taxonomy animalia chordata mammalia pilosa mylodontidae collector mr . john b . hatcher see more items in paleogeneral types : mammals terrestrial mammalia primary type paleobiology place levy county , florida , united states collection date 1887 type status holotype type citation hay . 1919 . u . s . natl . mus . proc . 56 : 104 , pl . 27 , f . 1 - 2 . usnm number v3333 published name thinobadistes segnis hay
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parent taxon : mylodontidae according to h . g . mcdonald and v . l . naples 2007
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his specimen was found deep in a protective miocene layer at the bottom of the suwannee river . fossil bones do not come in finer preservation than this specimen . it is
. the surface is so perfect , it looks as though it came from yesterday instead of 9 million years ago . both ends have the smoothest articulating surfaces on the joints . surface detail is impossible to improve one . entire bone is whole and complete . perfect to accompany a tooth or claw from this animal but infinitely more rare than either . most fossil mammal bones are incomplete or repaired from multiple bones . this beauty is
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lm3 - 025 - ultra rare huge 6 . 2 inch lestodon fossil giant sloth claw
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is an extinct genus of ground sloth of the family mylodontidae , endemic to north america during the miocene - pleistocene epochs . it lived from 13 . 6—5 . 3 mya , existing for approximately
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reassessing the taxonomy and affinities of the mylodontinae sloths , glossotherium and paramylodon ( mammalia : xenarthra : tardigrada ) . | robert k . mcafee - urltoken
reassessing the taxonomy and affinities of the mylodontinae sloths , glossotherium and paramylodon ( mammalia : xenarthra : tardigrada ) .
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were the first of the giant sloths to appear in n . america . both
formed around 2 . 5 million years ago . it is then reasonable to presume that the ancestors of
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webb , s . d . 1974 . pleistocene llamas of florida , with a brief review of the lamini . pp . 170—213 in s . d . webb ( ed . ) , pleistocene mammals of florida . university presses of florida , gainesville .
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gillette , d . d . 1976 . a new species of small cat from the late quaternary of florida . journal of mammalogy 57 ( 4 ) : 664—676 .
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olson , s . l . 1976 . a jacana from the pliocene of florida . proceedings of the biological society of washington 89 : 259—264 .
reinhart , r . h . 1976 . fossil sirenians and desmostylians from florida and elsewhere . bulletin of the florida state museum 20 : 187—300 .
robertson , j . s . 1976 . latest pliocene mammals from haile xva , alachua county , florida . bulletin of the florida state museum 20 : 111—186 .
tedford , r . h . , and d . frailey . 1976 . review of some carnivora ( mammalia ) from the thomas farm local fauna ( hemingfordian : gilchrist county , florida ) . american museum novitates 2610 : 1—9 .
christman , s . p . 1977 . the status of the extinct rattlesnake , crotalus giganteus . copeia 1977 : 43—47 .
frazier , m . k . 1977 . new records of neofiber leonardi ( rodentia : cricetidae ) and the paleoecology of the genus . journal of mammalogy 58 : 368—373 .
martin , r . a . 1977 . late pleistocene eumops from florida . bulletin — new jersey academy of science 22 ( 1 ) : 18—19 .
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wolff , r . g . 1977 . function and phylogenetic significance of cranial anatomy of an early bear ( indarctos ) from pliocene sediments of florida . carnivore 1 ( 3 ) : 1—12 .
frailey , c . d . 1978 . an early miocene ( arikareean ) fauna from northcentral florida ( the sb—1a local fauna ) . occasional papers of the museum of natural history , university of kansas 75 : 1—20 .
holman , j . a . 1978 . the late pleistocene herpetofauna of devil ' s den sinkhole , levy county , florida . herpetologica 34 : 228—237 .
jackson , d . r . 1978 . evolution and fossil record of the chicken turtle deirochelys , with a re—evaluation of the genus . tulane studies in zoology and botany 20 : 35—55 .
martin , r . a . 1978 . a new late pleistocene conepatus and associated vertebrate fauna from florida . journal of paleontology 52 : 1079—1085 .
whetstone , k . n . 1978 . additional record of the fossil snapping turtle macroclemys schmidti from the marsland formation ( miocene ) of nebraska with notes on interspecific skull variation within the genus macroclemys . copeia , 1978 ( 1 ) : 159—162 .
clausen , c . j . , a . d . cohen , c . emiliani , j . a . holman , and j . j . stipp . 1979 . little salt spring , florida : a unique underwater site . science 203 : 609—614 .
frailey , c . d . 1979 . the large mammals of the buda local fauna ( arikareean : alachua county , florida ) . bulletin of the florida state museum 24 : 123—173 .
gillette , d . d . 1979 . the largest dire wolf : late pleistocene of northern florida . florida scientist 42 : 17—21 .
marshall , l . g . , r . f . butler , r . e . drake , g . h . curtis , and r . h . tedford . 1979 . calibration of the great american interchange . science 204 : 272—279 .
martin , r . a . 1979 . fossil history of the rodent genus sigmodon . evolutionary monographs 2 : 1—36 .
morgan , g . s . and t . h . patton . 1979 . on the occurrence of crocodylus ( reptilia , crocodilidae ) in the cayman islands , british west indies . journal of herpetology 13 ( 3 ) : 289—292 .
ahearn , m . e . , and j . f . lance . 1980 . a new species of neochoerus ( rodentia : hydrochoeridae ) from the blancan ( late pliocene ) of north america . proceedings of the biological society of washington 93 : 435—442 .
baskin , j . a . 1980 . the generic status of aelurodon and epicyon ( carnivora , canidae ) . journal of paleontology 54 : 1349—1351 .
baskin , j . a . 1980 . evolutionary reversal in mylagaulus ( mammalia , rodentia ) from the late miocene of florida . the american midlands naturalist 104 : 155—162 .
campbell , k . e . 1980 . a review of the rancholabrean avifauna of the itchtucknee river , florida . natural history museum of los angeles county contributions in science 330 : 119—129 .
macfadden , b . j . 1980 . an early miocene land mammal ( oreodonta ) from a marine limestone in northern florida . journal of paleontology 54 : 93—101 .
macfadden , b . j . , and j . s . waldrop . 1980 . nannippus phlegon ( mammalia , equidae ) from the pliocene ( blancan ) of florida . bulletin of the florida state museum 25 : 1—37 .
ritchie , t . l . 1980 . two mid—pleistocene avifaunas from coleman , florida . bulletin of the florida state museum 26 : 1—36 .
steadman , d . w . 1980 . a review of the osteology and paleontology of turkys ( aves : meleagrinae ) . natural history museum of los angeles county contributions in science 330 : 131—207 .
baskin , j . a . 1981 . barbourofelis ( nimravidae ) and nimravides ( felidae ) , with a description of two new species from the late miocene of florida . journal of mammalogy 62 : 122—139 .
berta , a . 1981 . the plio—pleistocene hyaena chasmoporthetes ossifragus from florida . journal of vertebrate paleontology 1 : 341—356 .
berta , a . 1981 . evolution of large canids in south america . pp . 835—845 , in y . sanguinetti ( ed . ) , anais do ii congresso latin—americano de paleontologia , porto alegre ( brasil ) .
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harrison , j . a . 1981 . a review of the extinct wolverine , plesiogulo ( carnivora : mustelidae ) , from north america . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 46 : 1—27 .
macfadden , b . j . , and h . galiano . 1981 . late hemphillian cat ( mammalia , felidae ) from the bone valley formation of central florida . journal of paleontology 55 : 218—226 .
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ray , c . e . , e . anderson , and s . d . webb . 1981 . the blancan carnivore trigonictis ( mammalia : mustelidae ) in the eastern united states . brimleyana 5 : 1—36 .
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webb , s . d . 1981 . kyptoceras amatorum , new genus and species from the pliocene of florida , the last protoceratid artiodactyl . journal of vertebrate paleontology 1 : 357—365 .
webb , s . d . , b . j . macfadden , and j . a . baskin . 1981 . geology and paleontology of the love bone bed from the late miocene of florida . american journal of science 281 : 513—544 .
baskin , j . a . 1982 . tertiary procyoninae ( mammalia : carnivora ) of north america . journal of vertebrate paleontology 2 : 71—93 .
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frazier , m . k . 1982 . a revision of the fossil erethizontidae of north america . bulletin of the florida state museum 27 : 1—76 .
hulbert , r . c . 1982 . population dynamics of the three—toed horse neohipparion from the late miocene of florida . paleobiology 8 : 159—167 .
macfadden , b . j . 1982 . new species of primitive three—toed browsing horse from the miocene phosphate mining district of central florida . florida scientist 45 : 117—125 .
macphee , r . d . e . and c . a . woods . 1982 . a new fossil cebine from hispaniola . american journal of physical anthropology 58 ( 4 ) : 419—436 .
marshall , l . g . , s . d . webb , j . j . sepkoski , and d . m . raup . 1982 . mammalian evolution and the great american interchange . science 215 : 1351—1357 .
meylan , p . a . 1982 . the squamate reptiles of the inglis 1a fauna ( irvingtonian : citrus county , florida ) . bulletin of the florida state museum 27 : 1—85 .
berta , a . , and h . galiano . 1983 . megantereon hesperus from the late hemphillian of florida with remarks on the phylogenetic relationships of machairodonts ( mammalia , felidae , machairodontinae ) . journal of paleontology 57 : 892—899 .
franz , r . and c . a . woods . 1983 . a fossil tortoise from hispaniola . journal of herpetology 17 ( 1 ) : 79—81 .
macfadden , b . j . , o . siles , p . zeitler , n . m . johnson , and k . e . campbell . 1983 . magnetic polarity stratigraphy of the pleistocene ( ensenadan ) tarija formation of southern bolivia . quaternary research 19 ( 2 ) : 172—187 .
mcphee , r . d . e . , c . a . woods , and g . s . morgan . 1983 . the pleistocene rodent alterodon major and the mammalian biogeography of jamaica . paleontology 26 ( 4 ) : 831—837 .
webb , s . d . 1983 . a new species of pediomeryx from the late miocene of florida , and its relationships with the subfamily cranioceratinae ( ruminantia : dromomerycidae ) . journal of mammalogy 64 : 261—276 .
webb , s . d . 1983 . rise and fall of the late miocene ungulate fauna in north america . pp . 267—306 , in m . h . nitecki ( ed . ) , coevolution . university of chicago press , chicago .
wilkins , k . t . 1983 . pleistocene mammals from the rock springs local fauna , florida . brimleyana 9 : 69—82 .
woodburne , m . o . , and b . j . macfadden . 1983 . a reappraisal of the systematics , biogeography , and evolution of fossil horses . paleobiology 8 : 315—327 .
berta , a . , and h . galiano . 1984 . a miocene amphicyonid ( mammalia : carnivora ) from the bone valley formation of florida . journal of vertebrate paleontology 4 : 122—125 .
hulbert , r . c . 1984 . paleoecology and population dynamics of the early miocene ( hemingfordian ) horse parahippus leonensis from the thomas farm site , florida . journal of vertebrate paleontology 4 : 547—558 .
jones , c . a . , j . r . choate , and h . h . genoways . 1984 . phylogeny and paleobiogeography of short—tailed shrews ( genus blarina ) . pp . 56—148 in h . h . genoways and m . r . dawson , eds . , contributions in quaternary vertebrate paleontology : a volume in memorial to john e . guilday . carnegie museum of natural history , pittsburgh , special publication 8 .
kurtén , b . . 1984 . geographic differentiation in the rancholabrean dire wolf ( canis dirus leidy ) in north america . pp . 218—227 in h . h . genoways and m . r . dawson , eds . , contributions in quaternary vertebrate paleontology : a volume in memorial to john e . guilday . carnegie museum of natural history , pittsburgh , special publication 8 .
macfadden , b . j . 1984 . systematics and phylogeny of hipparion , neohipparion , nannippus , and cormohipparion ( mammalia , equidae ) from the miocene and pliocene of the new world . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 179 : 1—196 .
macfadden , b . j . and c . d . frailey . 1984 . pyrotherium , a large enigmatic ungulate ( mammalia , incertae sedis ) from the deseadan ( oligocene ) of salla , bolivia . paleontology 27 ( 4 ) : 867—874 .
macphee , r . d . e . 1984 . quaternary mammal localities and heptaxodontid rodents of jamaica . american museum novitates 2803 : 1—34 .
ray , c . , and a . e . sanders . 1984 . pleistocene tapirs in the eastern united states . pp . 283—315 in h . h . genoways and m . r . dawson , eds . , contributions in quaternary vertebrate paleontology : a volume in memorial to john e . guilday . carnegie museum of natural history , pittsburgh , special publication 8 .
tedford , r . h . , and m . e . hunter . 1984 . miocene marine—nonmarine correlations , atlantic and gulf coastal plains , north america . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology 47 : 129—151 .
webb , s . d . , and s . c . perrigo . 1984 . late cenozoic vertebrates from honduras and el salvador . journal of vertebrate paleontology 4 : 237—254 .
webb , s . d . , and k . t . wilkins . 1984 . historical biogeography of florida pleistocene mammals . pp . 370—383 in h . h . genoways and m . r . dawson , eds . , contributions in quaternary vertebrate paleontology : a volume in memorial to john e . guilday . carnegie museum of natural history , pittsburgh , special publication 8 .
wilkins , k . t . 1984 . evolutionary trends in florida pleistocene pocket gophers ( genus geomys ) , with description of a new species . journal of vertebrate paleontology 3 : 166—181 .
wolff , r . g . 1984 . a new early oligocene argyrolagid ( mammalia : marsupialia ) from salla , bolivia . journal of vertebrate paleontology 4 ( 1 ) : 108—113 .
wolff , r . g . 1984 . new specimens of the primate branisella boliviana from the early oligocene of salla , bolivia . journal of vertebrate paleontology 4 ( 4 ) : 570—574 .
wright , d . b . , and s . d . webb . 1984 . primitive mylohyus ( artiodactyla : tayassuidae ) from the late hemphillian bone valley formation of florida . journal of vertebrate paleontology 3 : 152—159 .
becker , j . j . 1985 . fossil herons ( aves : ardeidae ) of the late miocene and early pliocene of florida . journal of vertebrate paleontology 5 : 24—31 .
becker , j . j . 1985 . pandion lovensis , a new species of osprey from the late miocene of florida . proceedings of the biological society of washington 98 : 314—320 .
berta , a . , and g . s . morgan . 1985 . a new sea otter ( carnivora : mustelidae ) from the late miocene and early pliocene ( hemphillian ) of north america . journal of paleontology 59 : 809—819 .
edmund , g . 1985 . the fossil giant armadillos of north america ( pampatheriinae , xenarthra = edentata ) . pp . 83—93 in g . g . montgomery ( ed . ) , the evolution and ecology of armadillos , sloths , and vermilinguas . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . , 451 p .
edmund , g . 1985 . the armor of fossil giant armadillos ( pampatheriidae , xenarthra , mammalia ) . texas memorial museum pierce—sellards series 40 : 1—20 .
hutchison , j . h . 1985 . pterosphenus cf . p . schucherti lucas ( squamata , palaeophidae ) from the late eocene of peninsular florida . journal of vertebrate paleontology 5 : 20—23 .
macfadden , b . j . 1985 . patterns of phylogeny and rates of evolution in fossil horses : hipparions from the miocene and pliocene of north america . paleobiology 11 : 245—257 .
macfadden , b . j . , k . e . campbell , jr . , r . l . cifelli , n . m . johnson , p . k . zeilfler , and d . siles . 1985 . magnetic polarity stratigraphy and mammalian biostratigraphy of the deseadan ( late oligocene—early miocene ) salla beds of northern bolivia . the journal of geology 93 ( 3 ) : 223—250 .
mcdonald , h . g . 1985 . the shasta ground sloth nothrotheriops shastensis ( xenarthra , megatheriidae ) in the middle pleistocene of florida . pp . 95—104 in g . g . montgomery ( ed . ) , the evolution and ecology of armadillos , sloths , and vermilinguas . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . , 451 p .
morgan , g . s . 1985 . fossil bats ( mammalia : chiroptera ) from the late pleistocene and holocene vero fauna , indian river county , florida . brimleyana 11 : 97—117 .
steadman , d . w . , and g . s . morgan . 1985 . a new species of bullfinch ( aves : emberizinae ) from a late quaternary cave deposit on cayman brac , west indies . proceedings of the biological society of washington 98 : 544—553 .
webb , s . d . 1985 . the interrelationships of tree sloths and ground sloths . pp . 105—112 in g . g . montgomery ( ed . ) , the evolution and ecology of armadillos , sloths , and vermilinguas . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . , 451 p .
webb , s . d . 1985 . late cenozoic dispersals between the americas . pp . 357—386 , in f . g . stehli and s . d . webb ( eds . ) , the great american biotic interchange . plenum publishing corp , new york .
werdelin , l . 1985 . small pleistocene felines of north america . journal of vertebrate paleontology , 5 : 194—210 .
wilkins , k . t . 1985 . pocket gophers of the genus thomomys ( rodentia : geomyidae ) from the pleistocene of florida . proceedings of the biological society of washington 98 : 761—767 .
baskin , j . a . 1986 . the late miocene radiation of neotropical sigmodontine rodents in north america . pp . 287—303 in k . m . flanagan and j . a . lillegraven ( eds . ) , vertebrates , phylogeny , and philosophy . university of wyoming contributions to geology , special paper 3 .
becker , j . j . 1986 . a new vulture ( vulturidae : pliogyps ) from the late miocene of florida . proceedings of the biological society of washington 99 : 502—508 .
becker , j . j . 1986 . reidentification of
phalacrocorax
subvolans brodkorb as the earliest record of the anhingidae . the auk 103 : 804—808 .
dalquest , w . w . 1986 . lower jaw and dentition of the hemphillian bear , agriotherium ( ursidae ) , with the description of a new species . journal of mammalogy 67 ( 4 ) : 623—631 .
ford , s . m . , and g . s . morgan . 1986 . a new ceboid femur from the late pleistocene of jamaica . journal of vertebrate paleontology 6 ( 3 ) : 281—289 .
macfadden , b . j . 1986 . late hemphillian monodactyl horses ( mammalia , equidae ) from the bone valley formation of central florida . journal of paleontology 60 : 466—475 .
martin , r . a . 1986 . energy , ecology , and cotton rat evolution . paleobiology 12 : 370—382 .
morgan , g . s . 1986 . the so—called giant miocene dolphin megalodelphis magnidens kellogg ( mammalia : cetacea ) is actually a crocodile ( reptilia : crocodilia ) . journal of paleontology 60 : 411—417 .
morgan , g . s . , and c . a . woods . 1986 . extinction and the zoogeography of west indian land mammals . biological journal of the linnean society 28 ( 1—2 ) : 167—203 .
webb , s . d . , and r . c . hulbert . 1986 . systematics and evolution of pseudhipparion ( mammalia , equidae ) from the late neogene of the gulf coastal plain and the great plains . pp . 237—272 in k . m . flanagan and j . a . lillegraven ( eds . ) , vertebrates , phylogeny , and philosophy . university of wyoming contributions to geology , special paper 3 .
becker , j . j . 1987 . neogene avian localities of north america . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c . , 171 p .
berta , a . 1987 . the sabercat smilodon gracilis from florida and a discussion of its relationships ( mammalia , felidae , smilodontini ) . bulletin of the florida state museum 31 : 1—63 .
edmund , g . 1987 . evolution of the genus holmesina ( pampatheriidae , mammalia ) in florida , with remarks on taxonomy and distribution . texas memorial museum pierce—sellards series 45 : 1—20 .
frailey , c . d . 1987 . the miocene vertebrates of quebrada honda , bolivia . part i . astrapotheria . occasional papers of the museum of natural history , the university of kansas 122 : 1—15 .
hulbert , r . c . 1987 . late neogene neohipparion ( mammalia , equidae ) from the gulf coastal plain of florida and texas . journal of paleontology 61 : 809—830 .
hulbert , r . c . 1987 . a new cormohipparion ( mammalia , equidae ) from the pliocene ( latest hemphillian and blancan ) of florida . journal of vertebrate paleontology 7 ( 4 ) : 451—468 . [ actually published in 1988 ]
macfadden , b . j . , and a . azzaroli . 1987 . cranium of equus insulatus ( mammalia , equidae ) from the middle pleistocene of tarija , bolivia . journal of vertebrate paleontology 7 ( 3 ) : 325—334 .
martin , r . a . 1987 . notes on the classification and evolution of some north american fossil microtus ( mammalia ; rodentia ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology 7 : 270—283 .
morgan , g . s . and r . b . ridgway . 1987 . late pliocene ( late blancan ) vertebrates from the st . petersburg times site , pinellas county , florida , and a brief review of florida blancan faunas . papers in florida paleontology 1 : 1—22 .
naeser , c . w . , e . h . mckee , n . m . johnson , and b . j . macfadden . 1987 . additional isotopic confirmation for a miocene age from the deseadan salla beds of bolivia . journal of geology 95 ( 6 ) : 825—828 .
white , j . a . 1987 . the archaeolaginae ( mammalia , lagomorpha ) of north america . journal of vertebrate paleontology 7 : 425—450 .
auffenberg , w . 1988 . a new species of geochelone ( testudinata : testudinidae ) from the pleistocene of florida ( u . s . a . ) . acta zoologica cracoviensia 31 : 591—604 .
bryant , h . n . 1988 . delayed eruption of the deciduous upper canine in the sabertoothed carnivore barbourofelis lovei ( carnivora , nimravidae ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology 8 : 295—306 .
domning , d . p . 1988 . fossil sirenia of the west atlantic and caribbean region . i . metaxytherium floridanum hay , 1922 . journal of vertebrate paleontology 8 : 395—426 .
emslie , s . d . 1988 . the fossil history and phylogenetic relationships of condors . journal of vertebrate paleontology 8 : 212—228 .
frailey , c . d . 1988 . the miocene vertebrates of quebrada honda , bolivia . part ii . edentata . occasional papers of the museum of natural history , the university of kansas 123 : 1—13 .
hulbert , r . c . 1988 . calippus and protohippus ( mammalia , perissodactyla , equidae ) from the miocene ( barstovian—early hemphillian ) of the gulf coastal plain . bulletin of the florida state museum 32 : 221—340 .
hulbert , r . c . 1988 . cormohipparion and hipparion ( mammalia , perissodactyla , equidae ) from the late neogene of florida . bulletin of the florida state museum 33 : 229—338 .
jackson , d . r . 1988 . a re—examination of fossil turtles of the genus trachemys ( testudines : emydidae ) . herpetologica 44 ( 3 ) : 317—325 .
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the bay-breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus rufigularis ) is a species of cuckoo that is endemic to the island of hispaniola in the caribbean .

it has a length of roughly 45 – 50 centimetres ( 18 – 20 in ) .

c. rufigularis possesses a curved bill , a burnt reddish throat and breast , a black tail , and white-tipped retrices .

in the dominican republic , it is known locally as " cúa " .

" cua " comes from the call it makes , followed by a " u-ak-u-ak-ak-ak-ak-ak-ak ak-ak " sound .

its preferred habitat seems to between dry forest and moist broad leaf forest .

the birds are common to lowlands , sometimes arid lowlands , and has been reported to be seen in mixed pine and montane rain forest .

they feed on insects and lizards .

their breeding period is short , which seems to be related to the onset of the wet season and arrival of cicadas ; cicadas are the most abundant food source for the bird .

the birds are very localized , and do n't spread out often .

there are only two confirmed breeding areas , near the villages of puerto escondido and rio limpio .

bay - breasted cuckoo

the bay - breasted cuckoo is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
information on the bay - breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus rufigularis ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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arkive species - bay - breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus rufigularis )
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develop and implement improved agricultural practices in buffer zones to reduce pressure on protected area resources . in the rio limpio area of nalgo de maco national park a land tenure study has been proposed to understand current ownership and use of lands that may contain bay - breasted cuckoo habitat . promote bird and nature tourism to areas where species is found as economic alternative .
payne , r . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . bay - breasted cuckoo ( coccyzus rufigularis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
information on the cocos cuckoo is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the black - billed cuckoo is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the yellow - billed cuckoo is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
information on the yellow - billed cuckoo ( coccyzus americanus ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
this large cuckoo with its heavy , curved bill , is endemic to the island of hispaniola , where it is now almost certainly more or less confined to the dominican republic , and even here the species appears to be in decline . in consequence , birdlife international currently considers it to be endangered . the bay - breasted cuckoo is principally gray above with a reddish - brown primary patch , throat and breast , and a glossy black tail with broad white tips to the feathers . females are slightly larger than males . this cuckoo is mainly found in the lowlands and foothills , and it appears to prefer the narrow transition zone between dry forest and moist broadleaf forest , but the species has also been reported from other forested habitats . it is most easily located by its most distinctive vocalization , a forceful cua , often followed by accelerating u - ak - u - ak - ak - ak - ak - ak - ak ak - ak .
urltoken loma charco azul reserve provides habitat for many rare bird species on hispaniola , the caribbean island shared by haiti and the dominican republic . supported by the ministry of environment , grupo jaragua and the sociedad de ornitologica hispaniola , this special place is one of the last refuges for the rare bay - breasted cuckoo . this is one of more than 50 bird reserves created by abc and partners across 15 countries . nearly half of the americas ' most endangered birds find shelter in these protected places . but more of the rarest of the rare need help . with your support , abc can protect habitat for more rare birds ! urltoken video footage courtesy of jorge luis brocca still photos courtesy of andrew rothman ( c ) american bird conservancy 2014
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the black - billed cuckoo breeds from alberta in canada and montana in the united states , east to the maritime provinces , and south to northern texas , arkansas and south carolina . a migratory species , it spends the winter in western south america . the black - billed cuckoo is a vagrant in western europe ( 2 ) ( 6 ) .
endangered . a shy species which remains in cover , this cuckoo is apparently rare to uncommon within its restricted range . it is considered endangered because of an evident . . .
the male and female black - billed cuckoo are indistinguishable , except for the fact that the female is slightly larger than the male . juveniles look a lot like the adults , but have a more brownish head and a yellowish eye ring . unlike the adult , the juvenile does not show white spots on its tail , which also helps separate the juvenile black - billed cuckoo from other , similar species ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
as the black - billed cuckoo preys largely upon insects , it is vulnerable to the use of pesticides depleting its prey base . other threats to this species include the degradation of riparian habitats by water diversion , flood control projects and ground water pumping , as well as deforestation in tropical regions . urbanisation is a further threat , and during migration the black - billed cuckoo may collide with tv towers and tall buildings ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 10 ) .
both adult black - billed cuckoos help build the nest , which is constructed from twigs and grasses and lined with leaves , pine needles , stalks , plant fibres , rootlets , mosses and spider webs . like many other cuckoo species , the black - billed cuckoo occasionally lays its eggs in the nests of other birds . the young leave the nest at six or seven days old , and are able to fly at around two weeks of age ( 2 ) ( 9 ) .
hughes , j . m . ( 2001 ) black - billed cuckoo ( coccyzus erythropthalmus ) . in : poole , a . ( ed . ) the birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca . available at : urltoken
45 - 50 cm . large cuckoo with heavy , curved bill and distinctive , reddish - brown throat and breast . grey above with reddish - brown primary patch . reddish - brown throat and breast . ochraceous belly and undertail . glossy black tail with broad white tips to rectrices . female slightly larger than male .
the black - billed cuckoo is found in woodlands , groves and thickets , often near water , and with a variety of trees , bushes and vines . it is often associated with species such as aspen , poplar , birch , sugar maple , hickory , hawthorn and willow ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) .
as its name implies , this cuckoo has a black bill . its upperparts are greyish - brown and its underparts are pale greyish ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . it can be separated from other , similar species by the bright red ring that surrounds the eye . in breeding adults , this ring may be yellowish ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
the black - billed cuckoo preys upon cicadas , crickets , grasshoppers , butterflies , fish and wild fruits and berries . it also consumes large numbers of spiny , noxious caterpillars . often the caterpillar spines become lodged in the stomach wall , so from time to time the stomach lining is shed to get rid of them ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .
a secretive and elusive bird found in dense vegetation , the black - billed cuckoo ( coccyzus erythropthalmus ) is more often heard than seen , producing a rhythmic “ cu - cu ” call to proclaim its arrival at its breeding grounds ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . this species can also be heard calling shortly before rainfall , a behaviour that has led it to being given the nickname of ‘rain crow’ ( 2 ) .
our 2004 canadian collection recipient and former canada’s new noah , lance woolaver , studied the ecology , distribution and breeding biology of seven of these rare species within the sierra de bahoruco and los haitises national parks . as part of a three - year phd . research project , he looked at the baybreasted cuckoo , hispaniolan parakeet , hispaniolan parrot , plain pigeon , grey - headed quail - dove , white - necked crow and bicknell’s thrush . however , his top priority was the critically endangered ridgway’s hawk .
as a result of its large range and large population , the black - billed cuckoo has not been the target of any specific conservation measures . however , in light of its decreasing population trend ( 1 ) , a number of conservation measures have been recommended for this species . for example , maintaining a diversity of habitats that include large trees as well as hedgerows will benefit this species and its prey base . reducing the use of chemicals and controlling undesirable pest insects and plants will also improve the quality of its habitat ( 2 ) ( 10 ) .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1
benstead , p . , isherwood , i . , mahood , s . , sharpe , c j , wege , d . & wheatley , h .
this species is considered endangered because it has recently been recorded from only two small areas where there is ongoing habitat loss and hunting . conservation action is urgently required to effectively protect known locations and locate additional populations .
) , and apparently suffered a dramatic decline in range and numbers during the 20th century . it is considered extremely rare , if not extinct , in haiti , and has already been extirpated from gonâve island . there are two known sites that support breeding populations , near the village of puerto escondido on the northern slope of sierra de bahorucos ( in loma charco azul biological reserve and sierra de bahoruco national park ) , and near the village of rio limpio at the base of nalga de maco national park on the lower northern slope of the cordillera central ( l . woolaver
. both known populations are very small ( likely to be fewer than 50 pairs at each site ) ( l . woolaver
. based on current knowledge , it is extremely localised , but there may still be other populations throughout the island , such as at el tetero on the lower southern slope of the cordillera central on the edge of josé del carmen ramírez national park , where there have been convincing local reports ( l . woolaver
. recently there have been records of individuals in the anacaona national park and in sierra de neiba national park ( miguel landestoy , pers . obs , 2014 , a . rothman
2016 ) and it is likely that small breeding populations remain at these sites ( a . rothman
according to the species ' s ' conservation management plan ' , if the localities at rio limpio and puerto escondido hold the only remaining populations , the total population can be estimated at no more than c . 120 - 150 pairs . this estimate could be increased to 335 - 400 pairs if expanded to include potential habitat along the northern slope of the sierra de bahorucos , and increased to 1100 - 1450 pairs if all historical localities have retained viable populations . the population is therefore estimated at 120 - 1450 pairs , which equates to 360 - 4350 individuals and 240 - 2900 mature individuals ( woolaver 2008 ) . since there have been reliable but unconfirmed records outside the rio limpio and puerto excondido populations , it is considered unlikely that the actual figure lies at the lower end of this band , so the population has been set to 300 - 2900 mature individuals . trend justification : there are no new data on population trends ; however , the species is likely to have undergone a rapid decline over the last ten years , owing to habitat loss and hunting . this decline may slow over the next ten years .
. its preferred habitat appears to be the narrow transition zone between dry forest and moist broadleaf forest , but it has also been reported from the arid lowlands , mixed pine and broadleaf forest , montane rainforest and even overgrown pasture in agricultural areas . it feeds primarily on lizards and insects ( l . woolaver
. birds have a very short breeding season which appears to be closely tied to the onset of the wet season and a bloom of cicadas , which is by far the most abundant food item fed to nestlings ( l . woolaver
. loose stick nests are built ( 3 - 11 m above the ground ) in trees that have concealing epiphytes or leaves , and are active in may - april . clutches of two eggs , greyish with a chalky white coating , are most common although a clutch of three has been recorded ( l . woolaver
its decline is probably associated with deforestation for agriculture and charcoal production , habitat degradation through high levels of grazing , hunting for food , and possibly the use of agrochemicals . habitat loss in the sierra de bahoruco has accelerated due to the development of commercial - scale agriculture ( s . c . latta
2016 ) . climate change is likely to be impacting on moisture regimes in areas where the bird is found ( a . rothman
2016 ) . natural and human - caused fire is a threat to habitat in sierra de bahoruco , loma charco azul and nalga de maco ( a . rothman
it occurs in the sierra de bahoruco and nalga de maco national parks ( s . latta
1998 ) and the loma charco azul biological reserve ( created in 2009 ) ( a . rothman
2016 ) . it may also breed in the newly created ( 2012 ) anacaona national park ( ministerio de ambiente y recursos naturales , 2014 ) and in sierra de neiba national park ( a . rothman
2016 ) . after the designation of loma charco azul biological reserve in 2009 there has been natural regeneration and recuperation of habitat in areas where the species is found . this regeneration may provide additional habitat for population expansion . additionally , improved patrolling and presence of park guards in the areas have reduced the threat of habitat loss from previous levels ( a . rothman
2016 ) . a programme is underway to provide additional infrastructure , supplies and staff to improve management of sierra de bahoruco national park and loma charco azul biological reserve ( a . rothman
2016 ) . around these reserves community education and awareness programs have begun , fire control infrastructure and planning has been improved , and guide training , tourism promotion and infrastructure development has occurred ( a . rothman
conduct a thorough , targeted survey using tape - playback throughout its potential range during the breeding season . confirm the presence of populations at el tetero , anacaona national park and sierra de neiba national park . effectively protect sierra de bahoruco , nalga de maco and anacaona national parks and loma charco azul biological reserve .
assess the impact of habitat modification , hunting and agrochemicals . initiate a community education and awareness programme in communities near remaining known populations . continue research on the basic ecology of the species and determine territory sizes so as to more accurately estimate population sizes for this species and consider establishing a captive population for future reintroduction and supplementation efforts .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22684360a119421716 .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : coccyzus rufigularis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
sometimes included within genus piaya . this species and c . pluvialis were previously placed together in hyetornis , but recent molecular analysis found that genus to be embedded within coccyzus # r . monotypic .
hispaniola : definitely present only at two sites in dominican republic ( sierra de bahoruco and n slope of cordillera central # r ) ; extremely rare , or even extinct , in haiti and extinct on gonâve i # r # r .
46–51 cm ; 128 g ( one male ) . adult grey above , chestnut on primaries , chin to breast dark chestnut , belly pale rufous , tail long with broad white tips ; eyelids yellow , iris . . .
guttural crow - like call , “ú - wack - ú - wack - ú - wack - ” ; also bleats like a lamb .
tropical deciduous forest in arid lowlands to mountain rain forest . lowlands to 900 + m .
insects , including grasshoppers , mantids , grubs and caterpillars , pentatomids and beetles ; also lizards , mice . one stomach contained 92 % . . .
virtually unknown . season feb–jun ( onset of wet season ) . one bird in may had an egg in the oviduct , ready to be laid . nests in trees . . .
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incorporates west indian genera saurothera and hyetornis , which were found in a recent molecular analysis to be embedded within coccyzus # r .
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' long ' song from one of a pair , in response to playback of the same vocalization . calls from both of the pair audible later in the cut . both birds were perched high and mostly hidden in tall , viny semi - humid forest .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
kaufmann , k . ( 2001 ) birds of north america . houghton mifflin , boston .
dunn , j . and alderfer , j . k . ( 2006 ) national geographic field guide to the birds of north america . national geographic books , washington .
peterson , r . t . ( 2010 ) field guide to birds of western north america . houghton mifflin , boston .
johnsgard , p . a . ( 2009 ) birds of the great plains . university of nebraska press , nebraska .
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this species is found in wisconsin ' s northwoods and has been profiled with the support of a wisconsin - based family who care deeply about the area . to learn more visit our eco - region pages .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planetâ€™s species and habitats from destruction .
this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the dominican republic is home to 30 species of birds found nowhere else in the world . unfortunately , 19 of these are in danger of becoming extinct . as forest is cut down to produce charcoal or create more farmland , there is less and less habitat for these birds . today , less than 10 percent of the native forest remains .
lance and his wife , rina nichols , monitored six pairs in los haitises national park throughout the 2004 breeding season with the help of six local biologists . this was the first time that nests had been monitored since the species became endangered . all six pairs tried to nest , but didn’t succeed at fledging any young . three nests failed during incubation , and three after hatching .
in 2005 , lance monitored 22 nests and collected dna samples from adult birds to determine the degree of inbreeding and loss of genetic variation in this very small remnant population . adult and juveniles were colour banded for long term monitoring , and a community education program was launched to make local people aware of how rare and unique this hawk is .
learning the basic biology of a rare species – nesting , feeding and breeding – is key to helping conserve it . and once we know more about it – what its ecological needs are , and why the population is declining – then we can determine what needs to be done to help the species rebound , and put that into action .
this small , elegant forest raptor is the most endangered hawk in the caribbean . it is brownish - grey on top and grey underneath , with a black and white barred tail . males also have reddish thighs . on average , ridgway’s hawks measure between 36 and 41 cm long , and females are somewhat larger than males .
ridgway’s hawks live in undisturbed forest , feeding on small mammals , birds , lizards and snakes and nesting in the crown of tall trees .
these hawks were once widespread throughout the dominican republic and haiti . in the dominican republic , they are now restricted to an area of just 120 square kilometres in the lowland rainforests of los haitises national park . there have been very few recent sightings outside this area . today , there are fewer than 50 hawks .
the ridgway’s hawk faces two main threats : pressure to convert the national park into agricultural land , which would destroy its vital habitat , and the risk of being shot by local people .
wildlife preservation canada saves animals on the brink of extinction . since 1985 , we’ve been saving critically endangered species – species whose numbers in the wild are so low that a great deal more than habitat protection is required to recover them .