the common periwinkle or winkle ( littorina littorea ) is a species of small edible whelk or sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc that has gills and an operculum , and is classified within the family littorinidae , the periwinkles .

this is a robust intertidal species with a dark and sometimes banded shell .

it is native to the rocky shores of the northeastern , and introduced to the northwestern , atlantic ocean .

there is another snail known as small periwinkle or melarhaphe neritoides that looks similar , but is smaller in size .

common periwinkle

the common periwinkle is a resident of rhode island salt marshes and intertidal zones .
jacobsen hp , stabell ob . predator - induced alarm responses in the common periwinkle ,
the common periwinkle is the most abundant and is the only one that is commercially harvested .
littorina littorea ( common periwinkle ) is too rare in the chesapeake region to have any economic importance .
the dynamics of the zonation of the common periwinkle ( littorina littorea ( l . ) ) on a stony beach
periwinkle is an herb . the parts that grow above the ground are used to make medicine . don’t confuse periwinkle with madagascar periwinkle ( catharanthus roseus ) .
these tidal boundaries are home to the common periwinkle ( littorina littorea ; below ) , a type of marine snail . it invaded
grazing of the invasive alga codium fragile ssp . tomentosoides by the common periwinkle littorina littorea : effects of thallus size , age and condition
many of the species of littorinids common to the western atlantic are found in the irl , including : the marsh periwinkle , littorina irrorata ; slender periwinkle , l . angustior ; lineolate periwinkle , l . lineolata ; white - spot periwinkle , l . meleagris ; and the zebra periwinkle , l . ziczac . all of these species share a similar shell shape and an intertidal distribution .
do not self - administer the plant periwinkle . physicians will inform patients using pharmaceutical forms of periwinkle of possible adverse reactions .
currently only located in the lower mainland of bc , common periwinkle can be found high soil moisture locations such as forested areas or water courses .
common periwinkles use their foot to hold securely onto rocks when waves crash over them or marsh grasses when the tide rises . they are closely related to the marsh periwinkle ( littorina irrorata ) , which is more common in salt marshes . common periwinkles are herbivores , using their file - like tongue , the radula , to feed on diatoms and algae attached to intertidal rocks . the common periwinkle breaks down its food by mixing it with mucous on the radula before bringing the food into its mouth . sea stars , whelks , and some fish eat common periwinkles . the shells of dead common periwinkles are often inhabited by hermit crabs .
common name : a dagger symbol ( † ) next to the common name identifies names that are prohibited by a law . a hyperlink provides access to the applicable law .
now that you know how to grow periwinkle and manage its growth , you can make an informed decision before planting the specimen in your landscape . periwinkle ground cover should not be confused with annual periwinkle , as annual periwinkle ( catharanthus roseus ) is a different plant .
vinca alkaloids are obtained from the madagascar periwinkle plant . they are naturally occurring or semi synthetic nitrogenous bases extracted from the pink periwinkle plant
the common periwinkle plant ( vinca minor ) is often spotted creeping down steep hillsides and banks , offering a green and growing affect in areas which might otherwise be bare . the periwinkle plant is exceptional as an erosion control specimen . periwinkle is also used as a spreading shrub in usda garden zones 4 to 8 . periwinkle is often also called creeping vinca .
the common periwinkle ( littorina littorea ) , also known as the edible periwinkle , is a frequent sight along the shoreline in some areas . have you ever seen these little snails on the rocks or in a tide pool ?
periwinkle is most often grown as a ground cover . the periwinkle plant takes its common name from the attractive blooms that dot the foliage in april to may , appearing in the color of periwinkle blue . more than 30 varieties of this plant exist , some with variegated foliage and other colors of blooms . when planting periwinkle , choose what best suits your landscape .
) . generally , it is most common in the lower half of the intertidal zone .
common periwinkle is an evergreen vine - like plant with glossy dark green leaves ; they have white or purple five pedalled flowers that are roughly 10cm in diameter .
the common periwinkle has a brownish shell with fine , whorled lines . the shell is very thick , allowing it to withstand the buffeting of waves and pebbles .
watson , d . c . & norton , t . a . , 1985 , dietry preferences of the common periwinkle , littorina littorea ( l . ) .
common periwinkle contains an alkaloid named vincamine , the source of the drug vinpocetine . both vincamine and vinpocetine are prescribed in europe to treat memory and cerebrovascular problems .
adapted from the uncommon guide to common life on narragansett bay . save the bay , 1998 .
trussell gc . phenotypic plasticity in an intertidal snail : the role of a common crab predator .
common periwinkle , earlyflowering , evergreen , herbe à la capucine , herbe de fidélité , lesser periwinkle , myrtle , petite pervenche , pervenche mineure , small periwinkle , vinca minor , vincae minoris herba , vincapervinca , violette des morts , violette de serpent , violette de sorcier , wintergreen . < br / > < br / >
tupper , e . j .
the intersite and intrasite variations in common periwinkle populations for three temperature sites in casco bay , maine .
( 2003 ) : unpublished .
the common periwinkle , littorina littorea , is a species of periwinkle gastropod mollusc . ( large periwinkle , littorina keenae or l . planaxis and black periwinkle , littorina scutulata or l . plena ) range & habitat : common periwinkles are mainly found on rocky coasts or sandy or muddy habitats on the shores of the atlantic ocean . they can also be found in brackish water . they also live in small tide pools which range from 1 to 2 m . periwinkles live in shallow tidepools in the splash zone .
common periwinkles live on rocky coastlines and in the intertidal zone , and on muddy or sandy bottoms .
investigating the ecology of chelydra s . serpentina , the common snapping turtle , in a highly urban setting
this shell boring polychaete may strongly decrease periwinkle shell strength ( buschbaum et al .
plant periwinkle 8 to 12 inches apart if using it as an edging plant .
buckland - nicks , j . , et . al . 2013 . the living community inside the common periwinkle , littorina littorea . canadian journal of zoology . accessed june 30 , 2013 .
this winning entry in the museum ' s young naturalist awards 2004 investigates the common periwinkle . emily ' s narrative essay ( with photographs , illustrations , charts , and references ) includes :
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
commonly planted all across the united states and much of canada . you can find ornamental forms of periwinkle with variegated leaves and with flowers shading from deep blue - purple to white . vinca minor , the common periwinkle is a little smaller but more winter - hardy than the greater periwinkle , v . major . they are members of the dogbane family apocynaceae .
is also attempting to determine population and expanse of the rough periwinkle the bay area .
occurrence of random and directional movements in the periwinkle , littorina littorea ( l . )
department of marine resources state of maine , 2009 . historical maine periwinkle landings . urltoken
perennial periwinkle features five - petaled flowers in shades of blue - purple or white .
the common periwinkle , which first appeared in new england in the 1860s , is now found along the coast wherever there’s hard substrate–rocks , riprap , broken concrete , or docks–from labrador to . . .
also referred to as lochnera rosea reichb . , vinca rosea l . , and ammocallis rosea small . the related plant vinca minor ( common periwinkle , myrtle ) is used as a ground cover .
two examples of this cross over come to mind . aloe vera , the medicine plant , is both a latin name and a common name as is vinca minor , the common periwinkle . both names are simple , easy to pronounce and seem to have become firmly established as a part of our vernacular lexicon .
what most people don’t know is that there are three snails that live in the intertidal zone in the gulf of maine that go by the name
periwinkle .
the one most of us know is the common periwinkle ( littorina littorea ) . you can find these making trails in the sand along beaches , on docksides and on intertidal rocks . those who venture out into the seaweed - draped rocks of the intertidal might find the smooth periwinkle ( also called the northern yellow periwinkle ) , a small oval yellow or tannish - green periwinkle with the scientific name littorina obtusata or the even smaller rough periwinkle ( scientific name littorina saxatilis ) .
common periwinkle ( vinca minor ) is a small evergreen plant with showy white or purple flowers . this invasive plant is capable of forming dense mats which supress native plant species found on the forest floor .
littorina littorea ( common periwinkle ) is a frequent prey of carcinus maenas ( green crab ) ( vermeij 1982b ) , which also reaches the northern edge of the chesapeake bay region . references - vermeij 1982b
periwinkle care after planting may include the removal of tall weeds in the area . once established , growing periwinkle will likely shade out future growth of weeds and eliminate this chore .
the common periwinkle , related to limpets , whelks , and other marine snails , is the most common snail in rhode island . a single spiral shell that grows with their bodies protects these small snails . the body includes a fleshy foot , a short tail , and two antennae on the head . the cream - colored foot of the common periwinkle is divided into a right and a left half , which the snail moves alternately as the muscle ripples forward . their stalked tentacles are sensory organs that are used to see and taste .
there has been at least one report of persons attempting to smoke periwinkle leaves as an hallucinogenic substitute for marijuana , but this appears to have not become common because of a lack of any significant pharmacologic effect .
measuring periwinkle shell height from the base of the shell to the tip of the spire .
age - dependent zonation of the periwinkle littorina littorea ( l . ) in the wadden sea
the common periwinkle can be identified by its striped tentacles and a spire ( the pointy end of the shell ) that isn’t as sharp as that of the rough periwinkle , but not as smooth as that of the smooth periwinkle . smooth periwinkles are very smooth , they have a flattened spire and they can be a variety of colors - solid yellow to striped to brown , colors that all camouflage them nicely in the rockweeds they call home . rough periwinkles look a lot like common periwinkles but are smaller and bumpier .
carlson rl ; shulman mj ; ellis jc , 2006 . factors contributing to spatial heterogeneity in the abundance of the common periwinkle littorina littorea ( l . ) . journal of molluscan studies , 72 : 149 - 156 .
littorina littoria – european periwinkle , most common periwinkle in new england . it differs from saxatilis in that is has planktonic development . it can reach 2 - 3 cm in length and is generally found in the mid to high intertidal . this snail is an herbivore that feeds on algae that grows in the intertidal .
periwinkle .
oxford dictionary of rhymes . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
marine institute ireland , 2009 . periwinkle on all coasts ( subareas vi and vii ) . urltoken
ginsburg , elisabeth .
periwinkle ' s life cycle
accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken
: periwinkle can lower blood pressure . there is a concern that it might interfere with blood pressure control during and after surgery . stop using periwinkle at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery .
a ) the common periwinkle littorina littorea displays a high aspect ratio ; b ) the flat topshell gibbula umbilicalis displays a low aspect ratio ( discoid morphology ) ; and c ) evidence of crab predation on l . littorea .
rhizoctonia can cause the wilting death of periwinkles also , but typically rots the stems at ground surface . this fungus disease is common to local flower beds all year round , and periwinkle is one plant that is highly susceptible .
trussel gc ( 1996 ) phenotypic plasticity in an intertidal snail : the role of a common crab predator . evolution 50 : 448–454
, is the largest , most common and widespread of the northern species . it may reach a length of 4 centimetres ( 1
periwinkle is not known to interact adversely with any drugs or dietary supplements . periwinkle may be combined with cranesbill and agrimony . it may also be used in conjunction with beth root for menstrual problems .
watson , d . c . & t . a . norton , 1985 . dietary preferences of the common periwinkle , littorina littorea ( l . ) . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 88 : 193–211 .
several lesser periwinkle cultivars are available , but only two creeping jenny varieties are commonly grown .
goldilocks
creeping jenny is hardy in usda zones 3 through 9 and is similar to
aurea
but provides larger flowers , up to 1 inch across , that appear june through july . lesser periwinkle cultivars include
honeydew ,
bowles
common periwinkle and variegated common periwinkle .
honeydew
bears yellow - green leaves and is hardy in usda zones 4 through 8 .
bowles
bears deep violet - blue flowers , and
variegata
leaves are dark green with a creamy white margin . both cultivars are hardy in usda zones 4 through 9 .
an herbal remedy with a rich history in folk medicine , periwinkle is the common name for a pair of perennial flowering shrubs belonging to the dogbane ( apocynaceae ) family . the herb has been used for centuries to treat a variety of ailments and was a favorite ingredient of magical charms in the middle ages . the purple - flowered plant was called sorcerer ' s violet by superstitious europeans and was renowned for its power to dispel evil spirits . there are two main varieties : lesser periwinkle ( vinca minor ) , which is also called common periwinkle , and greater periwinkle ( vinca major ) . lesser periwinkle originated in spain , france , and other areas of europe but can now be found growing in many parts of the world , while greater periwinkle is native to southern europe . while not widely recommended for medicinal purposes today , periwinkle is sometimes used to improve brain circulation and alleviate heavy menstrual periods . only the aboveground parts of the plant are used as a drug .
i suggest you label this as “periwinkle snail” . periwinkle , the plant , is toxic . a casual glance at the main page could cause someone to think the plant , another invader , is edible .
periwinkle .
gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
) documented that strength and thickness of periwinkle shells may strongly depend on snail growth rates . fast growing
plant periwinkle in a bed with full or partial shade and moderately fertile , well - draining soil . avoid planting in full sun since periwinkle plants develop yellow leaves if grown under hot , bright conditions .
results the chart displays the size of each periwinkle against its intertidal position . this plot includes the data from all five of the study transects . each point represents one of the 398 periwinkles collected . on the x - axis is intertidal position as distance below the extreme high tide . the y - axis plots periwinkle shell height in millimeters . each blue data point represents a periwinkle from a ledge . each red point represents a periwinkle collected from a tide pool , while each green point represents a periwinkle found in a crevice . a visible trend in periwinkle shell height is noticeable according to intertidal position and type of substrate .
this broadleaf evergreen plant grows easily and periwinkle care most often involves keeping the prolific spreader in check . periwinkle , once established , is drought resistant and needs little other care if properly sited in the landscape .
henson m . c . , chedrese p . j . endocrine disruption by cadmium , a common environmental toxicant with paradoxical effects on reproduction .
periwinkle .
a dictionary of food and nutrition . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
smith , j . e . and g . e . newell .
the dynamics of the zonation of the common periwinkle littorina littorea ( l . ) on a stony beach .
j anim ecol 24 ( 1955 ) : 35 - 56 .
there is one local snail that i would bet everyone who lives in coastal new england knows and loves : the common periwinkle . what young person hasn’t picked up a periwinkle from the beach and tried to hum it out of its shell ? who doesn’t think that these are cute snails ? if you have been to a local beach and your eyes were open , you undoubtedly saw at least one periwinkle — given how many there are out there they are hard to miss .
common periwinkle is an evergreen to semievergreen trailing vine that reaches up to 6 . 6 ft . ( 2 m ) in length and 6 in . ( 15 . 2 cm ) in height . the stems are slender , somewhat woody , and green .
my findings are important because they suggest an alternative to a common methodology of periwinkle sampling . in some studies periwinkles are sampled through a process of random collection . this method often includes a set frame that is thrown haphazardly in the intertidal zone . the location where the frame lands is designated for periwinkle collection . this method may not control for intertidal position and substrate .
periwinkle .
the oxford pocket dictionary of current english . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
periwinkle .
the concise oxford dictionary of english etymology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
periwinkle .
the concise oxford dictionary of english etymology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
: periwinkle has a drying effect on tissues . this means it can make constipation worse . don’t use it .
madagascar periwinkle is indigenous to madagascar , but is cultivated and naturalised throughout the tropics and parts of the subtropics .
periwinkle is an early spring flower that doesn ' t get much notice . but it has long colorful history .
jackson , a . ( 2002 ) littorina littorea . common periwinkle . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme . [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . ( november , 2003 ) urltoken
the best known medical agents from rosy periwinkle arose from investigation into the plant’s use in jamaican folk medicine . known as periwinkle tea in jamaica , the well - known folk use of rosy periwinkle led researchers to delve into its natural chemical properties in the 1950s . scientific analysis of rosy periwinkle led to the discovery of two previously unknown compounds , vincristine and vinblastine , which have been subsequently developed into potent medicines to save lives from leukemia and hodgkin’s lymphoma , respectively .
of these three periwinkles , the most common - the common periwinkle - is the most numerous and the only non - native . the status of these periwinkles as either non - native or native has been debated for more than 100 years ; the most recent dna studies strongly suggest that these snails were introduced by human activity and are not native . it is thought that common periwinkles were accidentally introduced to new england from the ballast of ships in the early 1800s . adult periwinkles live on rocks and rocks were used as ballast in ships and most likely carried periwinkles with them .
periwinkle .
oxford dictionary of rhymes . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
madagascar periwinkle is grown as a bedding plant in tropical regions and cultivated indoors as a house plant in temperate areas .
now common periwinkles range along the eastern coast of the u . s . and canada from labrador to maryland , and are still found in western europe .
chaplets , circlets of leaves or flowers for the head , were very common in europe from roman times through the middle ages but have largely been forgotten .
due its rapid growing capability and its ability to withstand poor growing conditions , common periwinkle continues to spread through bc . in order to prevent further spread of this species please be ‘ plantwise ’ when selecting ornamental plants for gardens . use alternative non - invasive species in place .
moore m . n . cytochemical demonstration of latency of lysosomal hydrolases in digestive cells of the common mussel , mytilus edulis , and changes induced by thermal stress .
periwinkle .
gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
the mangrove periwinkle can be found along the shores and spoil islands of the irl on red mangrove branches and prop roots .
the periwinkle plant grows best in a partially shaded area in acidic soil ; however , it can thrive in a variety of sunlight and soil conditions . growing periwinkle in partial shade creates more vigorous growth . in many instances , extreme vigor may not be desirable unless the periwinkle plant needs to cover a large area . one small plant can spread to 8 feet across .
if spacing for faster coverage , be aware that you may have to remove some of the periwinkle plants to prevent overcrowding .
raquel a . f . neves , jean louis valentin , gisela m . figueiredo , hélène hégaret ; responses of the common periwinkle littorina littorea to exposure to the toxic dinoflagellate alexandrium minutum , journal of molluscan studies , volume 81 , issue 2 , 1 may 2015 , pages 308–311 , urltoken
growing periwinkle as a ground cover is common as it rarely reaches more than 4 inches in height . periwinkle is best used for controlling erosion as described above . do not plant near other specimens in the flower bed or garden , as it may overtake and choke out valuable plantings . this plant may be used as a climber on a non - living support and is useful for blocking views when used in this way .
periwinkle .
a dictionary of food and nutrition . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
tupper , e . j .
temperature effects on periwinkle activity : behavior and metabolism .
( 2002 ) : unpublished .
) attributed this pattern to high crab predation on juvenile snails in the subtidal zone and to preferential periwinkle settlement in the intertidal zone to prevent crab predation . on the rocky shore , by contrast , periwinkle size classes were more equally distributed indicating that predation and active habitat choice of juvenile snails are of minor importance and do not determine a specific periwinkle size distribution along the tidal gradient .
ginsburg , elisabeth .
periwinkle ' s life cycle .
home guides | sf gate , urltoken accessed 09 july 2018 .
say , the salt marsh periwinkle . ph . d . dissertation , duke university , durham , north carolina . 99 p .
jackson , a . 2008 . littorina littorea . common periwinkle . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 01 / 07 / 2013 ] . accessed june 30 , 2013 .
common periwinkles are native to the north - eastern coasts of the atlantic ocean , including northern spain , france , england , scotland , ireland , scandinavia , and russia .
english holly is an escaped ornamental species common in north vancouver and is known to invade upland forests and the edges of wetland areas . it is found throughout mahon park .
the seafood list data for type , market name , common name , and scientific name may be downloaded as an excel spreadsheet ( . csv format ; see below ) .
given the abundance of the common periwinkle and the havoc it can wreak in that abundance , one tactic toward controlling them is to eat them . periwinkles are commercially harvested in new england and sold , primarily , to europe and asia . i recommend trying them steamed and dipped in butter - they’re delicious .
periwinkle ( in zoology ) .
the columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
periwinkle .
the oxford pocket dictionary of current english . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
periwinkle .
the concise oxford dictionary of english etymology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
periwinkle .
the concise oxford dictionary of english etymology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
periwinkle ( in botany ) .
the columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
petraits , p . s . , 1982 , occurrence of random and directional movements in the periwinkle littorina littorea ( l . ) .
before planting periwinkle , make sure it is what you want in the area , as it is difficult to remove once established . periwinkle appears low on the exotic invasive list , but can escape cultivation in the garden . it is rarely found escaping into undisturbed woodlands .
madagascar periwinkle is a popular ornamental plant found in gardens and homes across the world , and is used in the treatment of cancer .
scheibling re ; lyons da ; sumi cbt , 2008 . grazing of the invasive alga codium fragile ssp . tomentosoides by the common periwinkle littorina littorea : effects of thallus size , age and condition . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 355 ( 2 ) : 103 - 113 . urltoken ; = 08fd4b866e0389e3874c884018b69eb2
common periwinkle is native to europe and was first introduced into north america in the 1700s as an ornamental . it is still commonly sold as an ornamental ground cover . this trailing vine reaches lengths up to 3 feet . the stems are slender , somewhat woody and green in colour . the opposite , glossy leaves are approximately 1 inch long and narrowly elliptical in shape . some varieties have variegated leaf colours . flowers are violet to blue ( possibly white ) in colour , 1 inch wide , and 5 - petaled . common periwinkle invades open to shady forests , forming dense and extensive mats along forest floors that exclude native vegetation .
jackson , a . ( 2002 ) littorina littorea . common periwinkle . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme . [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 27 / 11 / 2003 ] . available on - line at : urltoken
the range of the mangrove periwinkle extends from florida to brazil , throughout the caribbean and bermuda ( abbot & morris 1995 , tanaka & maia 2006 ) . the species is also found in the eastern atlantic from senegal to angola ( merkt & ellison 1998 ) . as its common name implies , l . angulifera is a common inhabitant of mangrove forests , mainly above the water line on trunks and prop roots of the red mangrove , rhizophora mangle ( kaplan 1988 , merkt & ellison 1998 ) .
substrate results my previous observations made me question differences in periwinkle shell height according to substrate type . in this study i found that periwinkle size does vary according to substrate . the data showed that , on average , periwinkles from the ledges were larger than periwinkles from crevices or tide pools , and periwinkles from tide pools were the smallest . this trend also supported my hypothesis and led to further questions about periwinkle morphology .
ginsburg , elisabeth . ( n . d . ) . periwinkle ' s life cycle . home guides | sf gate . retrieved from urltoken
periwinkle is typically sold in one of two fashions - clumps and liners . because of the plant ' s dense , spreading habit , it is often difficult to distinguish between one individual specimen and another . like most plants , periwinkle can be sold as bareroot or by container .
periwinkle is a plant species originally native to parts of central and southern europe . transported by colonists to north america around the 1700s , periwinkle is considered a naturalized invasive species in some regions of the united states . used and referred to as a ' groundcover ' , periwinkle is most often used to cover bare places of ground and is dense in its nature of growth . with a habit that most often chokes out competing plants and weeds , periwinkle is also excellent for preventing soil erosion . because of these characteristics , perinkle was often used as a ' groundcover ' which did not require mowing in cemetaries - giving it the common name grave yard vine . periwinkle also remains aesthetically pleasing most of the year , as it tends to bloom with a light blue - violet flower throughout the spring and summer months . according to the encyclopedia britannica , the name periwinkle is possibly taken from pervinka , the russian name of the flower , which in turn is derived from pervi , “first , ” as it is one of the first flowers of spring . periwinkle should not be used as an edging for the lawn , as it will easily spread into the grass .
common on all rocky british coasts , but is absent from the channel isles and isles of scilly ( 4 ) . elsewhere it is found around north - west europe ( 2 ) .
common on all rocky british coasts , but is absent from the channel isles and isles of scilly ( 4 ) . elsewhere it is found around north - west europe ( 2 ) .
the mangrove periwinkle is most commonly found in brackish estuaries ( andrews 1994 ) , with larger individuals in less saline waters ( chaves 2002 ) .
warren , j . a . , 1985 , climbing as an avoidance behavior in the salt - marsh periwinkle , littorina irrorata ( say ) .
periwinkle can lower blood pressure . it can also help reduce swelling ( inflammation ) and have a drying ( astringent ) effect on the tissues .
considered a delicacy in europe , common periwinkles are edible after a light boiling in seawater . regularly harvested in narragansett bay , their local popularity as a food source has grown in recent years .
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while not approved by the food and drug administration ( fda ) , periwinkle has been reported to have a number of beneficial effects . unfortunately , there is scarcely any scientific evidence to support these claims . both forms of the herb have been used as an astringent for centuries and may be useful in alleviating excessive bleeding during menstruation , according to some herbalists . lesser periwinkle is generally recommended for improving circulation , particularly in the brain . greater periwinkle has been used to combat nervousness or anxiety and help reduce high blood pressure . periwinkle is also reputed to be effective in treating diabetes , perhaps by stimulating the pancreas .
madagascar periwinkle was for many years grown simply as an attractive bedding plant in tropical areas . it comes in a range of pinks and reds that give rise to its other common name , rosy periwinkle . but today it has a more serious purpose ; planted around the world during colonial times , it quickly became known at the same time as a useful folk medicine for diabetics . american and canadian researchers during world war two became aware that soldiers stationed in the philippines were using it instead of insulin during shortages .
periwinkle is not known to be harmful when taken in recommended dosages , though it is important to remember that the long - term effects of taking the herb ( in any amount ) have not been investigated . periwinkle should not be used by people with low blood pressure or constipation . due to lack of sufficient medical study , periwinkle should be used with caution in children , women who are pregnant or breast - feeding , and people with liver or kidney disease .
periwinkle ( in zoology ) .
the columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
periwinkle ( in botany ) .
the columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
ah , there ' s a task for you : stop at the next periwinkle , regard it carefully . . . and note what you suddenly remember .
urltoken gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association ( mla ) , the chicago manual of style , and the american psychological association ( apa ) .
saranchova ol ; ushakova oo ; belyaeva dv , 2006 . resistance of larvae of common species of white sea invertebrates to extreme changes in salinity . biologiya morya ( vladivostok ) , 32 : 428 - 435 .
taking too much periwinkle can cause a potentially dangerous drop in blood pressure ( symptoms include dizziness and fainting ) . in case of overdose , seek emergency care .
this trend is not reported in the literature , and my findings suggest that in order for periwinkle morphology to be effectively compared among sites , the periwinkles ' intertidal position and substrate must be taken into account . the experimental design developed in this study seems to provide adequate sample size and control for intertidal position and substrate . it seems to allow periwinkle morphology to be investigated effectively , and i intend to further test this methodology in a follow - up investigation of periwinkle distribution trends .
vermeij gj , 1982 . environmental change and the evolutionary history of the periwinkle ( littorina littorea ) in north america . evolution , 36 : 561 - 580 .
in italy the rosy periwinkle was traditionally referred to as the “flower of death . ” this is due to the extreme toxicity of the flower and the whole plant . while rosy periwinkle is a valuable medicine , it is also extremely poisonous . consumption of the plant , other than in small amounts , can be fatal .
in medieval europe periwinkles were frequently made into garlands for the burial of children and planted on graves . furthermore periwinkle branches adorned the condemned . an english rhyme went
the plant story of the merry periwinkle , vinca is very interesting . i never know that much about this plant . keep posting these kind of blogs . thanks
what makes bowles vinca minor vigorous is that it appears to be a naturally occurring hybrid with vinca major , the other periwinkle we sometimes grow in our gardens .
the common periwinkle , which first appeared in new england in the 1860s , is now found along the coast wherever there’s hard substrate–rocks , riprap , broken concrete , or docks—from labrador to maryland . about the diameter of a quarter , the snail can be recognized by the blunt shape of its shell and a white inner lip . when disturbed , it retreats into its shell .
the common periwinkle plays a significant role in the ecology of the maine shore . periwinkles help to control the abundance of the algae community . foraging by dense populations of periwinkles removes large quantities of green algae and loosens sediment from the substrate . this causes increased water flow over the shore bottom , washing sediment away and leaving exposed rocky shores ( chenoweth and mcgowan , 1993 ) .
the flat periwinkle grazes on detritus and microorganisms . it also feeds on green seaweeds such as sea lettuce ( ulva lactua ) and species of enteromorpha ( 2 ) .
the name periwinkle began as vincapervinca , the name in latin that pliny the elder used in the first century ad . pervinca is from vincire , to bind or entwine ( ancestor of our words vine and bind ) . in middle english it had become pervenke and in modern english periwinkle . the sea shell , by the way , started out called pina , its colloquial latin name , to which old english added wincel , a sea shell . pinawincel morphed into periwinkle , converging with the plant name .
in traditional medicine , madagascar periwinkle has been used to treat a variety of ailments in madagascar as well as in other parts of the world where the plant has naturalised .
there are various subspecies of rough periwinkles which are difficult to distinguish from one another . the ' authentic ' rough periwinkle is very common along the north sea coast . their shells have obvious grooves and ribs . sometimes , the grooves are darker than the rest , appearing as stripes . the shape and color are not always the same : some are truncated while others are peaked , gray or colorful .
gardeners generally resist using latin names , preferring instead the easier to pronounce and remember colloquial names attached to their favorite plants . but occasionally , a latin name will cross over that divide and become the common name for a plant .
the white - spot periwinkle is also small like the slender periwinkle , measuring about 0 . 8 cm in length ( abbott 1974 ) . the shell has a pointed spire with a thin periostracum or organic covering . the aperture is reddish brown and the exterior of the shell is brown with large , irregular white spots , often arranged in spiral roles .
periwinkle , any of a group of marine gastropod mollusks having conical , spiral shells . periwinkles feed on algae and seaweed . they are found at the water ' s edge ; out of water , they resist drying by closing themselves into the shell with a horny plate . the edible european species , called the common periwinkle , has become well established on the atlantic coast of north america . about 12 other species are found on rocky beaches of both the atlantic and the pacific coasts . periwinkles are classified in the phylum mollusca , class gastropoda , order mesogastropoda , family littorinidae , genus littorina .
petraitis , peter s .
effects of intraspecific competition and scavenging on growth of the periwinkle littorina littorea .
mar ecol prog ser 236 ( 2002 ) : 179 - 187 .
= 45 snails per site ) . to determine the force necessary to break periwinkle shells , investigations were performed with the same methods and measuring device used by buschbaum et al . (
) . to determine the prevalence of trematodes , periwinkle shells were carefully cracked with a hammer and the entire soft body of each snail was checked for trematodes under a stereo microscope .
) . this indicates that a genetic exchange between both periwinkle populations is very likely . thus , several other factors than genetic differences seems to be responsible for phenotypic variations in the studied
the zebra periwinkle has a shell length of about 1 . 3 cm , and is whitish with dark brown or black wavy stripes ( andrews 1994 ) . the aperture is small and oval , and the operculum is chitinous . this species is often confused with l . lineolata , but has a lighter colored shell with a narrower apical angle than the lineolate periwinkle .
sharp g , 1998 . periwinkle ( littorina littorea ) . department of fisheries and oceans , canada , dfo science stock status report , c3 - 46 . 1 - 5 . urltoken
dig up a clump of periwinkle and plant it in areas where none grow after a month or so of growth . this allows for complete coverage without having to purchase more plants .
common periwinkles were introduced to north america from western europe in the 1800s . before their introduction , it is believed that rhode island ' s rocky shores were covered with lush green algae , unlike the gray , bare rocks we see today .
littorina saxatilis crawling on a high intertidal rock in san francisco bay . note the shoulders where one whorl joins the preceding one , and the pattern of spiral ridges . the yellow lower whorl is a common color form in san francisco bay .
in the field of medicine , many life - saving drugs have been developed from plants . in this category , few have been as successfully employed as the rosy periwinkle , cathanthus roseus .
nesting stuff too deep is a very common problem , but easy to overcome . we learned to get over that when we were css intermediates afraid that one class properties would interfere on another ( and used to create 8 levels css rules ) .
in its non - native habitat ( i . e . , the u . s . and canada ) , the common periwinkle is thought to have altered the ecosystem by competing with other species , and grazing on green algae , which has caused other algae species to become overabundant . these periwinkles can also host a disease ( marine black spot disease ) which can be transferred to fish and birds ( you can read more here ) .
common periwinkle , a common invader throughout most of the united states , is an evergreen to semievergreen trailing vine that reaches up to 6 . 6 ft . ( 2 m ) in length . vines can reach a height of 6 in . ( 15 . 2 cm ) . the stems are slender , somewhat woody , and green . the opposite , glossy leaves are approximately 1 in . ( 2 . 5 cm ) long and narrowly elliptical . some varieties have variegated leaf colors . flowers are violet to blue ( possibly white ) , 1 in . ( 2 . 5 cm ) wide , and five - petaled and develop in the spring . fruits are slender and cylindrical and about 2 in . ( 5 cm ) long . the fruit becomes dry and splits to release three to five infertile seeds . common periwinkle invades open to shady forests , often around former plantings at old homesites . it forms dense and extensive mats along forest floors that exclude native vegetation . it is native to europe and was introduced in north america in the 1700s as an ornamental plant . it is still commonly sold as an ornamental ground cover .
mixin is a common name used to describe that an object should copy all the properties from another object . to sum up a mixin is nothing more than an advanced copy and paste . “all” the famous pre - processors have some kind of mixin .
as is the case with many intertidal gastropods , littorina sitkana shows remarkable colour variablity which is a common occurance in both microhabitats sheltered and exposed to wave action . some specimens are monotonously brown or grey , but others have lighter bands especially on the upper sides of whorls . the lighter areas and occasionally much of the body may be a rather pretty orange or yellow . another periwinkle which is often found in the same intertidal area is littorina scutulata
the mangrove periwinkle can be found along the shores and spoil islands of the india river lagoon on red mangrove branches and prop roots . age , size and lifespan : the maximum age of l . angulifera is unknown , and the lifespan can vary with food availability and environmental factors . the maximum reported length for the mangrove periwinkle is about 3 cm ( eg . kaplan 1988 ) .
lesser periwinkle and creeping jenny have similar growth habits . they spread via thin shoots , called runners , that root where leaf nodes come into contact with the ground . new plants develop and slowly cover all available space . creeping jenny grows 3 to 6 inches tall and 12 to 18 inches wide . lesser periwinkle grows to the same height and 6 to 18 inches wide . both plants can be invasive , growing into lawns and garden borders , and suit growing in containers or hanging baskets , where they can be kept under control . lesser periwinkle is an effective erosion control plant .
overall view of the midgut gland / gonad complex stained with hematoxylin - eosin . ( a ) control periwinkle ( male ) ; ( b ) a periwinkle of the cdh group after 21 days of exposure ( female ) . scale bars : 200 µm ; abbreviations : dd : digestive tubular diverticula , ca : connective tissue calcium cells , ct : connective tissue ; go : gonad tissue .
gallagher , sb & gk reid . 1979 . population dynamics and zonation in the periwinkle snail , littorina angulifera , of the tampa bay , florida region . nautilus . 94 : 162 - 178 .
macdonald ja ; storey kb , 1999 . cyclic amp - dependent protein kinase : role in anoxia and freezing tolerance of the marine periwinkle littorina littorea . marine biology , 133 : 193 - 203 .
for a bottom - feeder , what is the good life ? the common carp isn’t very demanding : any body of water that’s sluggish and murky will do . if the water is clean , and you’ve got corn for bait , try one of these recipes .
, competition can be a possible reason for why one species is more common than the other within a certain area . this might be the result of a more effective exploitation of food resources , or that one species prevents the other from fully utilizing the resources .
fill in one or more of the criteria to search for . separate multiple word ( or character string ) entries with spaces . ( character strings may be whole or partial words or numbers , and may include common punctuation as is found in chemical names . )
van bergen , m . & snoeijer , w . ( 1996 ) . catharanthus g . don . the madagascar periwinkle and related species . wageningen agricultural university papers 96 - 3 : 1 - 120 .
periwinkles are among the most abundant snails on the coasts of western and northern europe ( sommer , 1999 ) . the common periwinkle , littorina littorea , inhabits rocky shores in the high and middle intertidal zones , rock pools and mud - bottom habitats in estuaries ( moore , 1937 ) . this herbivorous species has a mixed diet ( davies & beckwith , 1999 ) including benthic macroalgae and a wide variety of benthic microalgal species ( norton et al . , 1990 ) .
periwinkle by barlow is a wholesale fashion accessories company that has been bringing women on - trend accessories for over 13 years . we introduce 2 catalogs each calendar year with over 800 new products every six months .
note : the basic data in the seafood list is available to download . this includes type , common name , fda market name ( s ) , and scientific name . the seafood list data is updated twice a year , and the available download data will reflect those changes . a ( * ) symbol next to the market name indicates that a regulation pertains to that species ; a dagger symbol ( † ) next to a common name indicates that a law pertains to that species . see the introduction above or the seafood list guidance for additional information .
while they do not recommend periwinkle for a wide variety of ailments , some practitioners of alternative medicine claim that the herb is useful in treating certain conditions . periwinkle has been used as an effective astringent that can be used orally or topically . it is mainly used to treat excessive menstrual bleeding but may also be a helpful choice in cases of colitis , diarrhea , bleeding gums , nosebleeds , sore throats , and mouth ulcers .
exactly how vinpocetine works is unknown . according to one theory , vinpocetine may protect brain cells from damage caused by oxygen deprivation . the apparent effectiveness of vinpocetine , which is made partly from a chemical contained in lesser periwinkle , may help to explain the herb ' s traditional reputation as a brain booster . it is important to remember , however , that periwinkle itself has not been proven to have the same effects as vinpocetine .
kohlmeyer , j & b bebout . 1986 . on the occurrence of marine fungi in the diet of littorina angulifera and observations on the behavior of the periwinkle . mar . ecol . 7 : 333 - 343 .
robertson , j . h . and mccarthy , g . m . periwinkle alkaloids and the platelet - count . lancet 8 - 16 - 1969 ; 2 ( 7616 ) : 353 - 355 . view abstract .
is now the most common marine snail along the north atlantic coast . it has changed north atlantic intertidal ecosystems via grazing activities , altering the distribution and abundance of algae on rocky shores and converting soft - sediment habitats to hard substrates , as well as competitively displacing some native species .


the pomona roundleaf bat , pomona leaf-nosed bat , or andersen 's leaf-nosed bat ( hipposideros pomona ) is a species of bat in the family hipposideridae .

it is found in india , bangladesh , nepal , myanmar , southern china , thailand , cambodia , laos , vietnam , and peninsular malaysia .

it roosts in small colonies , consisting of a few individuals , in caves and crevices .

it appears to tolerate modified habitats well , even occurring in urban areas .

pomona roundleaf bat

the pomona roundleaf bat ( hipposideros pomona ) is a species of bat in the family hipposideridae . it is found in bangladesh , cambodia , china , india , laos , malaysia , myanmar , nepal , thailand and vietnam .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
bengalinkarkko
to
hipposideros pomona k . andersen , 1918
.
· this is a small or medium bat . average forearm length 39 . 0mm ( 38 . 1 - 43 . 2mm ) ( bates & harrison , 1997 ) . average wingspan is cm . we caught 10 individuals from yunnan in september 2003 , with 41 . 5 - 44 . 2mm .
· pomona leaf - nosed bats are at lr / lc , assessed by the red list of threatened species ( iucn , 2006 ) and are not listed in the law of the people ' s republic of china on the protection of wildlife in 1989 .
although hipposideros pomona is widespread , little is known about the habitat or ecology of this species except that it roosts in small colonies of a few individuals in caves and crevices in subterranean habitats ( molur et al . 2002 , bates and harrison 1997 ) . in southeast asia it roosts predominantly though not exclusively in caves , and is considered to be very tolerant modified habitats and can even occur in urban areas .
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this species belongs to bicolor species group . this species was listed under hipposideros bicolor ( temminck , 1834 ) , but is now considered distinct following hill et al . ( 1986 ) ( srinivasulu et al . in press ) .
hutson , a . m . , racey , p . a . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & cox , n . ( global mammal assessment team )
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this very widespread species ranges from south asia , through southern china , and much of mainland southeast asia . in south asia it is known from bangladesh ( sylhet division ) , india ( andhra pradesh , assam , arunachal pradesh , karnataka , kerala , meghalaya , nagaland , nicobar islands , tamil nadu , sikkim and west bengal ) and nepal ( western nepal ) ( molur et al . 2002 ) . in china , it has been recorded from yunnan , guangxi , guangdong , fujian , hunan , and hainan island ( smith and xie 2008 ) . in southeast asia , the species ranges through myanmar , thailand , lao pdr , cambodia , viet nam and northern peninsular malaysia .
the abundance , population size and trends for this species are not known in south asia ( molur et al . 2002 ) . in southeast asia the species is common throughout its range . in northern myanmar , the population seems to be stable ( k . m . swe pers . comm . , molur et al . 2002 ) .
there are no major threats to this species as a whole . in south asia , the habitat of this species is under threat from human activities in nepal . in northern myanmar some colonies are threatened by hunting for local consumption as food and medicine , and due to tourism related developmental activities ( k . m . swe pers . comm . , molur et al . 2002 ) .
the species is present in a number of protected areas in southeast asia . research into the taxonomy , distribution , abundance , reproduction , ecology , population monitoring and habitat management are needed ( molur et al . 2002 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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· dorsal fur is brown - grey . ventral fur is grey or white - grey .
· the ears are relatively large , 20 - 23mm in length ( yunnan ) .
the distribution in china is shown by the dots on the map ( as given by zhang et al . 1997 ) .
· caves are the typical diurnal roosts . a roost containing about 300 bats was found in a cave in yunnan .
· most hipposiderid bats have wing shapes that make them adept at foraging in cluttered environments .
the echolocation call is a short constant frequency signal , with a brief frequency - modulated start and tail .
call frequencies : frequencies of most energy at 120 . 8 - 125 . 6 khz in yunnan .
, 2001 ) , so their taxonomy and nomenclature should be treated with caution .
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gonojana velutina is a moth in the eupterotidae family .

it was described by walker in 1869 .

it is found in the democratic republic of congo .

adults are fawn , the forewings with an oblique , nearly straight postmedial line .

the hindwings are ochraceous , except along the interior border .

gonojana velutina

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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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walker f . 1869b . in : chapman t . , on some lepidopterous insects from congo . - proceedings of the natural history society of glasgow 1 : 325—378 , pls 5—7 .
hampson g . f . 1910c . zoological collections from northern rhodesia and adjacent territories : lepidoptera phalaenae . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1910 ( 2 ) : 388—510 , pls . 36—41 .
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the eupterotidae are a mostly old world family of moths , the majority of species of which are nocturnal though a small number are day - flying .
, cup vestigial or absent , two anal veins . larva with dense secondary setae , often branched , dorsal verrucae of abdominal segment 1 simialr to those of 2 - 8 , crochets biordinal , shorter series with subapical spur or dentate . pupa in flimsy cocoon of silk mixed with larval hairs .
[ no08a ] nässig , w . a . , & r . g . oberprieler . 2008a . an annotated catalogue of the genera of eupterotidae ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea ) .
[ no08b ] nässig , w . a . , & r . g . oberprieler . 2008b . errata et addenda .
[ ns07 ] nässig , w . a . , & w . speidel . 2007 . on the authorships of the lepidoptera atlas of the
reise der novara
, with a list of the taxa of bombycoidea [ s . l . ] therein described ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea ) .
, 2nd ed . , vol . 2 , pp . 817 - 915 . melbourne university press .
( t . p . lucas ) , with a revised classification of the family eupterotidae ( lepidoptera ) .
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islamia trichoniana is a species of small freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum , an aquatic gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family hydrobiidae .

islamia trichoniana

islamia trichoniana radoman , pseudoislamia balcanica radoman and trichonia trichonica radoman are local endemics and threatened hydrobiids living in lake trichonis , western greece . the rough initial description of their reproductive organs ( i . e . penis , bursa copulatrix and receptacula seminis ) is supplemented with new data . the radulae of i . trichoniana and p . balcanica are described in detail for the first time . new records of the three species are given and preliminary data about their feeding regime are provided .
species islamia adelmuellerae a . reischütz , steiner - reischütz & p . l . reischütz , 2018
arconada b . & ramos m . a . ( 2006 ) . r evision of the genus islamia radoman , 1973 ( gastropoda , caenogastropoda , hydrobiidae ) , on the iberian peninsula and description of two new genera and three new species . malacologia . 48 ( 1 - 2 ) : 77 - 132
( of adriolitorea radoman , 1974 ) arconada b . & ramos m . a . ( 2006 ) . revision of the genus islamia radoman , 1973 ( gastropoda , caenogastropoda , hydrobiidae ) , on the iberian peninsula and description of two new genera and three new species . malacologia . 48 ( 1 - 2 ) : 77 - 132 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of mienisiella schütt , 1991 ) arconada b . & ramos m . a . ( 2006 ) . revision of the genus islamia radoman , 1973 ( gastropoda , caenogastropoda , hydrobiidae ) , on the iberian peninsula and description of two new genera and three new species . malacologia . 48 ( 1 - 2 ) : 77 - 132 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
boeter h . d . & beckmann k . - h . ( 2007 ) .
islamia archeducis n . sp . , ein neuer kleinprosobranchiervon der balearen - insel mallorca ( gastropoda : hydrobiidae ) . pp . 175 - 177 . in : beckmann k . - h . : die land - und süßwassermollusken der balearischen inseln . conchbooks , hackenheim , 255 pp . , isbn 978 - 3 - 939767 - 05 - 3 .
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radoman , p . ( 1973 ) . new classification of fresh and brackish water prosobranchia from the balkans and asia minor . prirodnjacki muzej u beogradu , posebna izdanja . 32 : 3 - 30 . page ( s ) : 10 [ details ]
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