bombus sylvarum , the shrill carder bee or knapweed carder-bee , is a species of bumblebee with a wide distribution across europe , east to the ural mountains , and north to great britain , ireland , and southern scandinavia .

bombus sylvarum

the shrill carder bee , bombus sylvarum , is probably the uk’s rarest species of bumblebee .
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these are the sources and citations used to research conservation status of bombus sylvarum . this bibliography was generated on cite this for me on tuesday , november 24 , 2015
quantitative historical change in bumblebee ( bombus spp . ) assemblages of red clover fields
quantitative historical change in bumblebee ( bombus spp . ) assemblages of red clover fields
pinchen , b . ( 2015 ) . shrill carder bee videos , photos and facts - bombus sylvarum | arkive . [ online ] arkive . org . available at : urltoken [ accessed 25 nov . 2015 ] .
jncc uk biodiversity actionplan . ( 2010 ) . uk priority species pages – version 2 : species pages for 2007 uk bap priority species : bombus sylvarum . [ online ] available at : urltoken [ accessed 24 nov . 2015 ] .
nhm . ac . uk . ( 2015 ) . bombus ( thoracobombus ) sylvarum ( linnaeus , 1761 ) - shrill carder bee - natural history museum . [ online ] available at : urltoken [ accessed 25 nov . 2015 ] .
ellis , j . , knight , m . , darvill , b . and goulson , d . ( 2006 ) . extremely low effective population sizes , genetic structuring and reduced genetic diversity in a threatened bumblebee species , bombus sylvarum ( hymenoptera : apidae ) . molecular ecology , 15 ( 14 ) , pp . 4375 - 4386 .
grixti jc , wong lt , cameron sa , favret c . decline of bumble bees ( bombus ) in the north american midwest .
bombus ( th . ) bahiensis santos - junior et al . bahiensis santos - junior , santos & silveira , 2015 : 12 1 name
taxonomic status : recent studies of the secretions of the male cephalic glands by terzo et al . ( 2005 ) provide strong support for the interpretation that b . ruderarius and b . montanus are conspecific and a species separate from b . sylvarum .
a lowland species found mainly in southern england . queens and workers ( above ) have pollen baskets framed with reddish hairs . males ( below ) are similar to bombus lapidarius
grixti jc , wong lt , cameron sa , favret c ( 2009 ) decline of bumble bees ( bombus ) in the north american midwest . biol conserv 142 : 75–84 .
bombus ( th . ) hedini bischoff unicolor friese , 1905 : 514 examined not of kriechbaumer , 1870 : 159 ( = b . maxillosus klug ) hedini bischoff , 1936 : 15 2 names
bombus ( th . ) imitator pittioni imitator pittioni , 1949 : 251 , examined flavescens pittioni , 1949 : 254 , not of smith , 1852 a : 45 ( = b . flavescens smith ) 3 names
citation : dupont yl , damgaard c , simonsen v ( 2011 ) quantitative historical change in bumblebee ( bombus spp . ) assemblages of red clover fields . plos one 6 ( 9 ) : e25172 . urltoken
bombus ( th . ) dahlbomii guérin - méneville dahlbomii guérin - méneville , [ 1835 , see cowan , 1971 : 29 ] : pl . 75 nigripes haliday in curtis et al . , 1836 : 321 4 names
restricted to southern england coastal and chalkland areas , very similar to bombus muscorum ( above ) , no black hairs on abdomen . the uk status of this bumblebee is local . the preferred nest site is on or just below ground .
in fact , whatever the interpretation of the code , pragmatically it matters little which spelling of fervidus is used unless either of the spellings were to be published as the name of another taxon in bombus . see the comments on the spelling of b . pensylvanicus .
goulson , d . , hanley , m . , darvill , b . and ellis , j . ( 2006 ) . biotope associations and the decline of bumblebees ( bombus spp . ) . journal of insect conservation , 10 ( 2 ) , pp . 95 - 103 .
williams , p . , araújo , m . and rasmont , p . ( 2007 ) . can vulnerability among british bumblebee ( bombus ) species be explained by niche position and breadth ? . biological conservation , 138 ( 3 - 4 ) , pp . 493 - 505 .
bombus ( th . ) fervidus ( fabricius ) feruida [ fervida ] ( fabricius , 1798 : 274 [ apis ] ) ? californicus smith , 1854 : 400 , examined dumoucheli radoszkowski , 1884 : 78 sonomæ [ sonomae ] howard , 1902 : pl . ii , examined 13 names
bombus ( th . ) bellicosus smith thoracicus sichel , 1862 : 121 , not of spinola , 1806 : 30 ( = b . pascuorum ( scopoli ) ) bellicosus smith , 1879 : 131 , examined emiliae dalla torre , 1890 : 139 , replacement name for thoracicus sichel , 1862 : 121 7 names
bombus ( th . ) inexspectatus ( tkalcu ) lutescens krüger , 1939 : 105 , not of pérez , 1890 : 154 ( = b . flavidus eversmann ) inexspectatus ( tkalcu , 1963 : 187 [ agrobombus ] ) [ inexpectatus ( reinig , 1981 : 161 [ megabombus ] ) incorrect subsequent spelling ] 3 names
bombus ( th . ) trinominatus dalla torre modestus smith , 1861 : 153 , examined , not of eversmann , 1852 : 134 ( = b . modestus eversmann ) trinominatus dalla torre , 1890 : 139 , replacement name for modestus smith , 1861 : 153 xelajuensis asperen de boer , 1992 b : 162 3 names
bombus ( th . ) pauloensis friese ? azurea ( christ , 1791 : 129 [ apis ] ) atratus franklin , 1913 : 118 , examined , not of friese , 1911 : 572 ( = b . mucidus gerstaecker ) nigriventris friese , 1913 : 87 pauloënsis [ pauloensis ] friese , 1913 : 87 16 names
bombus ( th . ) humilis illiger ? fulvefcens [ fulvescens ] ( schrank , 1802 : 367 [ apis ] ) humilis illiger , 1806 : 171 , examined tristis seidl , 1837 : 69 variabilis schmiedeknecht , 1878 : 424 , not of cresson , 1872 : 284 ( = b . variabilis ( cresson ) ) subbaicalensis vogt , 1911 : 42 , 54 , examined 100 names
bombus ( th . ) deuteronymus schulz senilis smith , 1879 : 131 , examined , not of fabricius , 1775 : 382 ( = b . pascuorum ( scopoli ) ) deuteronymus schulz , 1906 : 267 , replacement name for senilis smith , 1879 : 131 [ superequester ( skorikov , 1914 c : 405 [ agrobombus ] ) infrasubspecific ] superequester ( skorikov , 1926 : 116 [ agrobombus ] ) bureschi pittioni , 1939 b : 1 , examined 13 names
bombus ( th . ) exil ( skorikov ) exiln . nov . ( skorikov , [ 1923 ] : 150 [ mucidobombus ] ) [ not a replacement name ] [ exul ( skorikov , 1931 : 216 [ mucidobombus ] ) incorrect subsequent spelling ] exil ( milliron , 1961 : 56 [ megabombus ] ) justified emendation [ exilis richards , 1968 : 254 , incorrect subsequent spelling ] exul ( tkalcu , 1974 a : 42 [ megabombus ] ) unjustified emendation 5 names
bombus ( th . ) mlokosievitzii radoszkowski mlokosievitzii radoszkowski , 1877 a : viii mlokassewiczi radoszkowski , 1877 b : 212 , redescribed pérezi [ perezi ] vogt , 1911 : 55 , not of schulthess - rechberg , 1886 : 275 ( = b . perezi ( schulthess - rechberg ) ) vogtiellus ( tkalcu , 1977 : 224 [ megabombus ] ) replacement name for perezi vogt , 1911 : 55 [ mlokossowiczi ( reinig , 1981 : 161 [ megabombus ] ) incorrect subsequent spelling ] 15 names
in fact , whatever the interpretation of the code , pragmatically it matters little which spelling of pensylvanicus is used unless either of the spellings were to be published as the name for another taxon in bombus . no doubt many will prefer to use b . pennsylvanicus , although the name does appear as b . pensylvanicus in the recent checklist by poole ( 1996 ) ( and by analogy , the similar spelling of vespula pensylvanica ( saussure ) has been accepted , e . g . by akre et al . , 1980 ; edwards , 1980 ) .
bombus ( th . ) persicus radoszkowski calidus eversmann , 1852 : 133 , examined , not of erichson in middendorff , 1851 : 65 ( = b . hypnorum ( linnaeus ) ) persicus radoszkowski , 1881 : v , examined persicus radoszkowski , 1883 : 214 , redescribed eversmanni friese , 1911 : 572 , not of skorikov , 1910 c : 581 ( = b . modestus eversmann ) , replacement name for calidus eversmann , 1852 : 133 eversmanniellus ( skorikov , [ 1923 ] : 149 [ mucidobombus ] ) replacement name for eversmanni friese , 1911 : 572 10 names
bombus ( th . ) pascuorum ( scopoli ) pafcuorum [ pascuorum ] ( scopoli , 1763 : 306 [ apis ] ) fenilis [ senilis ] ( fabricius , 1775 : 382 [ apis ] ) agrorum ( fabricius , 1787 : 301 [ apis ] ) not of schrank , 1781 : 397 ( = b . mesomelas gerstaecker ) thoracicus spinola , 1806 : 30 arcticus dahlbom , 1832 : 50 , not of quenzel in acerbi , 1802 : 253 ( = b . hyperboreus schönherr ) cognatus stephens , 1846 : 17 , examined smithianus white , 1851 : 158 112 names
the purpose of the current study is to compare present species composition and abundances of bumblebees in red clover fields to that of the study by skovgaard from the 1930 ' s . we use a similar sampling design to repeat the historical study at present , to make a quantitative assessment of changes in danish bombus populations in red clover fields in the last 80 years . we here report a significant change in local species composition and abundances of bumblebees . we found a marked decrease in abundances ( in some cases even absence ) of most long - tongued species at present , while short - tongued species remain unaffected .
in the original description of b . niger , franklin stated that ' atratus is possibly the male of niger ' ( p . 121 ) , whereas in the original description of b . atratus he stated both that ' niger may represent the females of this species ' ( p . 118 ) and that ' this may be the true male of kohli ' ( p . 119 ) . b . niger was described from a syntype series of four queens and four workers , of which one queen in the smithsonian collection carries , amongst others , a red label ' lectotype / bombus / niger franklin / h . e . milliron ' 59 ' and a label ' boquete / chiriqui ' . in my opinion , this lectotype of b . niger is conspecific with b . pullatus ( as suggested by labougle , 1990 , see also milliron , 1962 ) .
bombus ( th . ) muscorum ( linnaeus ) mufcorum [ muscorum ] ( linnaeus , 1758 : 579 [ apis ] ) examined pallidus evans , 1901 : 47 , not of cresson , 1863 : 92 ( = b . pensylvanicus ( degeer ) ) [ fulvofasciatus friese , 1905 : 520 , infrasubspecific ] laevis vogt , 1909 : 63 ? nigripes pérez , 1909 : 158 , not of haliday in curtis et al . , 1837 : 321 ( = b . dahlbomii guérin - méneville ) pereziellus ( skorikov , [ 1923 ] : 150 [ agrobombus ] ) replacement name for nigripes pérez , 1909 : 158 ? bannitus ( skorikov in popov , 1930 : 98 [ agrobombus ] ) ? liepetterseni løken , 1973 : 152 celticus yarrow , 1978 : 15 , replacement name for pallidus evans , 1901 : 47 agricolae baker , 1996 a : 14 , 19 17 names
fears about the future of bees , which are worth £7m to northern ireland ' s apple growers , have prompted a cross - border plan to address their decline .
a third of ireland ' s 98 bee species are threatened with extinction because places where they nest and feed have been greatly reduced .
the problem is so serious that authorities have drawn up a strategy to save bees .
that involves ideas on how to make farms , roadsides , public parks and private gardens more bee - friendly .
among the ideas are leaving roadside verges and field boundaries uncut to encourage wildflowers and create
pollinator highways
.
the department of the environment and the department of agriculture in northern ireland helped produce the plan .
environment minister mark h durkan said the statistics on the risk to bee populations were
startling
.
in coming together to protect pollinators , we will also protect the livelihoods of farmers and growers who rely on their free pollinator service , as well as improving the general health of our environment ,
he said .
twenty of them are species of bumblebee that make their nests on the ground , often in long grass , bracken or at the base of a hedgerow .
experts say importing more honeybees will not solve the problem because there needs to be a mix of wild and honeybees to maintain diversity and effective pollination .
it is estimated that in spring a queen bumblebee will need to visit up to 6 , 000 flowers a day to get enough energy to hatch her eggs .
they are the great yellow bumblebee , the shrill carder bee and the red shanked carder bee .
jeremy hunt is named as the new foreign secretary after boris johnson quits over the pm ' s brexit strategy .
a rather local lowland species of bumble bee which has shown a significant decline in range in recent years . identification keys and general biology are found in sladen ( 1912 ) , free & butler ( 1959 ) , alford ( 1975 ) and prŷs - jones & corbet ( 1991 ) . a very rare melanic form , f . nigrescens , was found a few times in east sussex in the 1920s . darker specimens were found again in 2011 on dungeness ( n gammans pers . comm ) and at deal ( rl evans & ed moss , pers . comm )
listed as a notable b species by falk ( 1991 ) ( now known as scarce ( nb ) ) , but has become much rarer in recent years and may now be in danger of becoming extinct in britain .
occurs in a variety of open , flower - rich situations such as sand dunes , edges of salt - marshes , shingle beaches , chalk downland and heathland .
pollen from plants of the families fabaceae , lamiaceae and scrophulariaceae is particularly favoured .
nests are usually built in a slight hollow on the ground amongst rough vegetation , or just underground , in early june . the workers , of which there are usually less than one hundred per nest ( f . smith , 1868 ; sladen , 1912 ; hasselrot , 1962 ; alford , 1975 ) , emerge from mid - june onwards and the new generation of males and females appears during late august and september .
the comb is light yellow with a neat appearance ; little wax is secreted , this being worked into thin sheets ( sladen , 1912 ; alford , 1975 ) . occupied nests are illustrated by e . von hagens ( 1986 ) and geiser ( 1988 ) . grandi ( 1961 ) has described and figured the prepupa .
a wide variety of flowers are visited , mainly from the families fabaceae , boraginaceae , lamiaceae , scrophulariaceae , dipsacaceae and asteraceae .
the shrill carder bee is one of the smaller members of the bumblebee family . it has a distinctive combination of markings , being predominantly grey - green , with a single black band across the thorax , and two dark bands on the abdomen . the tip of the abdomen is pale orange . the queens fly very quickly and produce an audible high - pitched buzz . although workers and males fly equally fast , they appear to be far less noisy . the combination of rapid flight and distinctive colouration make this species fairly easy to identify .
queens emerge from hibernation in mid to late april . nests are constructed from grass stems and other dead vegetation , either on the surface or slightly below ground . the old nests of mice or voles sometimes form the foundation , and the colony may only number fewer than 100 workers . however , nests can survive until late september .
the shrill carder bee is found throughout europe and is declining throughout its range . in the uk , it was considered a common species in the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century . however , records since 1970 indicate that it has declined drastically in the uk , and is now only known from seven populations . these are in kent , essex , wiltshire , somerset and south wales .
this bee is an insect of extensive areas of herb - rich grassland of the sort that used to be widespread in britain . today , populations are restricted to large military ranges , unimproved pasture across the somerset levels , and brownfield sites along the thames corridor .
formerly common and widespread meadow and hedgerow plants with long corollas , such as vetches , clovers , dead - nettles and the red bartsia , are essential sources of pollen and nectar . it has been estimated that , to remain viable , individual bee populations require an area of suitable habitat of at least 10 square kilometres . nectar and pollen supplies need to be available throughout the bee’s flight period of april to september .
the loss of unimproved flower - rich grasslands , unploughed and unsprayed field headlands and hedge banks , as a result of agricultural improvement and intensification , has been the major cause for the decline of this and many other species of bumblebee . heavy and continued grazing of flower - rich sites also poses a threat , and the existing populations along the thames corridor are presently being threatened by proposed development .
the shrill carder bee is listed in the uk biodiversity action plan ( ukbap ) and is included on english nature ' s species recovery programme . it is one of several species of bee that is threatened in britain , and in 1998 , the ukbap bumblebee working group was set up to discover more about the status of many endangered bees . the group consists of seven conservation bodies , including three of the uk statutory bodies ; english nature , countryside council for wales and scottish natural heritage .
survey work has begun to establish the true numbers and ranges of several species of bumblebee , and the working group has published a series of recommendations for restoring the bee ' s populations . these include encouraging the practice of leaving field margins undisturbed and free from herbicide and pesticide treatment , the re - creation of herb - rich meadows , and the modification of grazing regimes on existing grassland . they also suggest modifying the grazing patterns on existing grassland , and erecting artificial nest boxes to encourage queen bees to start a colony .
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john ascher , connal eardley , terry griswold , gabriel melo , andrew polaszek , michael ruggiero , paul williams , ken walker , and natapot warrit . additional credits noted at : urltoken ; = apoidea _ species
bulletin of the natural history museum ( entomology ) , vol . 67 , no . 1
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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number of species in equal - area ( 611 , 000 km² ) grid cells with an equal - interval blue scale .
habitat : open grassland , mountain meadow , semi - desert , and tropical montane and lowland forest , less often in temperate forests . thoracobombus includes the only species of bumblebees occurring in lowland tropical wet forest .
food - plants : medium to long tongue - length bumblebees visiting medium to deep flowers .
nesting behaviour : nests on the surface or sometimes underground . pocket - makers , although sometimes only early in colony development , or sometimes non - pocket makers . nests may be underground but are often on the surface in balls of grass or leaves collected by the bees ( hence the name ' carder ' bees used for some of the species ; sladen , 1912 ) . colonies of some neotropical species may be large and particularly aggressive . some of the neotropical tropical lowland forest species have colonies that persist for more than one year , with large nests on the surface of the ground . one species , b . inexspectatus , is believed to be an obligate parasite in colonies of other species ( müller , 2006 ) .
mate - searching behaviour : males patrol circuits of scent marks . males of some species congregate at the entrances of nests to pursue emerging queens .
taxonomic status : for a discussion of why several former subgenera have been synonymised within this subgenus see williams et al . ( 2008 [ pdf ] ) .
part of the bumblebee phylogenetic tree including available thoracobombus species from an analysis of dna sequence data for five genes ( cameron et al . 2007 [ pdf ] ) . values above branches are bayesian posterior probabilities , values below branches are parsimony bootstrap values . alternative resolution from parsimony analysis is shown with dotted lines .
nomenclature : cowan ( 1971 ) , considering guérin - méneville ' s insect volume , states that ' it is quite certain that valid publication [ of the insectes text ] under the international code of nomenclature did not take place until august or september 1844 . ' however , he lists plate 75 , on which b . dahlbomii appears as figure 3 together with a legend containing the name , as having been published in livraison 39 in june 1835 . this meets the criteria for valid publication ( iczn , 1999 : article 8 ) . therefore b . dahlbomii is the oldest available name for this species .
distribution : palaearctic region . b . pomorum has been recorded from britain ( last recorded in 1864 ) , but possibly only as a rare immigrant ( alford , 1975 ) ( see also declines in british bumble bees ) .
nomenclature : the orthography of linnaeus ( 1790 ) employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used ' s ' .
nomenclature : the orthography of linnaeus ( 1758 ) employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used ' s ' .
richards ( 1935 , 1968 ) , yarrow ( 1968 ) and løken ( 1973 ) recognised that none of the admissable syntypes in the linnean collection agreed with the traditional interpretation of b . muscorum , which is very rare in the parts of sweden where linnaeus collected ( richards , 1935 ; løken , 1973 ; day , 1979 ) , but took no action . when day ( 1979 ) came to fix the application of the name , he had no reason to believe that linnaeus had not described his a . muscorum from the syntype specimen that was subsequently described as lectotype ( = b . humilis illiger ) .
to reaffirm the traditional usage of b . muscorum , a case was made to iczn by løken et al . ( 1994 ) . this sought an opinion from iczn ( iczn , 1996 ) that set aside by use of its plenary power ( iczn , 1985 : articles 78b , 79 ) the lectotype designation for a . muscorum by day from application of the code ( iczn , 1985 ) and then designated a neotype ( iczn , 1996 : 64 ) to conserve the traditional usage of the name for even the narrowest concept of the taxon ( iczn , 1985 : article 75 ) ( in prep . ) .
nomenclature : the orthography of linnaeus ( 1761 ) employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used ' s ' .
nomenclature : the orthography of schrank ( 1802 ) employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used ' s ' .
when day ( 1979 ) came to fix the application of a . muscorum linnaeus ( see the comments on b . muscorum ) , he had no reason to believe that linnaeus had not described this taxon from the syntype specimen that was subsequently described as lectotype ( = b . humilis illiger ) . this action brought b . humilis illiger into subjective junior synonymy with b . muscorum ( linnaeus ) .
to reaffirm the traditional usage of b . muscorum and b . humilis , a case was made to iczn by løken et al . ( 1994 ) . this sought an opinion from iczn ( iczn , 1996 ) that set aside by use of its plenary power ( iczn , 1985 : articles 78b , 79 ) the lectotype designation for a . muscorum by day from application of the code ( iczn , 1985 ) and then designated a neotype ( iczn , 1996 : 64 ) to conserve the traditional usage of b . muscorum and b . humilis ( iczn , 1985 : article 75 ) .
however , warncke ( 1986 ) recognised b . fulvescens ( schrank ) as questionably conspecific with b . humilis . i have seen no type specimens , but the description is consistent with this interpretation . b . fulvescens is therefore likely to be the oldest available name for this species .
although b . fulvescens may be the oldest available name for the present interpretation of this species , the name b . humilis has been in common use for the species since 1950 ( e . g . case and references in løken et al . , 1994 ) . in contrast , i know of no publications using the name b . fulvescens ( schrank ) since 1950 . warncke ( 1986 : 98 ) followed the listing of this name with ' art . 23b ' , which is a reference to purpose of the principle of priority ( iczn , 1985 ) . i agree that , in the interests of stability ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 ) , prevailing usage be maintained ( see the comments on b . muscorum ) ( in prep . ) .
taxonomic status : warncke ( 1986 ) listed b . cognatus as a synonym of b . muscorum , possibly following stephens ( 1846 ) , who wrote of b . cognatus : ' closely allied to bo . muscorum , of which the examples i possess may be immature specimens ' . pagliano ( 1995 ) listed b . cognatus as a species separate from both b . muscorum and b . pascuorum , but without any explanation .
saunders ( 1896 : 366 - 367 ) wrote ' i have re - examined the type of cognatus , steph . , . . . f . smith placed it in the british museum collection . . . ' . saunders considered this specimen to be conspecific with b . agrorum ( fabricius ) , continuing : ' it is certainly not the species known on the continent as cognatus ' .
a female in the nhm collection bears the following labels : ( 1 ) a red - edged printed ' type ' ; ( 2 ) ' cognatus . ' in handwriting identical to that of f . smith ; ( 3 ) ' = agrorum / i . h . h . y . ' in handwriting identical to that of i . yarrow ; ( 4 ) ' b . m . type / hym . / 17b . 1163 ' . i have examined this specimen and am unaware of any reason ( other than minor differences in colour pattern ) why it should not be considered the type of b . cognatus and conspecific with b . pascuorum .
nomenclature : the orthography of scopoli ( 1763 ) and fabricius ( 1775 ) employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used ' s ' .
løken ( 1973 ) listed b . cognatus stephens , 1846 , as a nomen nudum , citing sherborn ( 1925 ) . however , the reference by sherborn is to stephens ( 1829 ) , therefore this does not affect the use of the name b . cognatus stephens , 1846 .
taxonomic status : b . honshuensis and b . schrencki have allopatric distributions in northern japan ( sakagami & ishikawa , 1969 ; ito & munakata , 1979 : fig . 6 ; ito , 1993 ) , with b . honshuensis being possibly a peripheral population of b . schrencki . the two taxa are closely similar , although despite variation in morphology , apparently consistent differences have been described ( tkalcu , 1968 a ; sakagami & ishikawa , 1972 ) .
distribution : palaearctic , japanese , oriental regions . this species is reported as spreading westwards in europe ( pawlikowski , 1994 ) .
comment : until 1990 this species was known from very few specimens . however , recent collections have shown it to have been overlooked .
nomenclature : the lectotype female of b . weisi by designation of milliron ( 1960 : 98 ) was considered conspecific with b . nigrodorsalis by labougle ( 1990 ) . he then used b . weisi ( the oldest available name ) as the valid name for this species . however , a case could be made in favour of the use of either name .
for labougle ' s ( 1990 ) use of this previously unused senior synonym to be considered by iczn as a prima facie case of upsetting the use of a long - accepted name in its accustomed meaning ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 ) , the name b . weisi should not have been used in this sense in the preceding fifty years ; and at least 10 authors should have used the junior name , b . nigrodorsalis , in at least 25 publications over at least 10 years ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 . 9 . 1 . 2 ) . as far as i am aware , no other admissable publications have used b . weisi ( williams , 1995 , disclaimed any nomenclatural action in a list of names for material examined ) , although publications using the junior name b . nigrodorsalis franklin for this species since 1950 are more common , including milliron ( 1961 , 1962 , 1971 , 1973 a ) , laverty et al . ( 1984 ) , labougle et al . ( 1985 ) , williams ( 1985 b ) and asperen de boer ( 1992 b ) . other such references may exist , therefore this may be seen as a borderline case .
on the other hand , a change of valid name from b . nigrodorsalis to b . weisi does not appear to be a serious disruption of common usage according to iczn ' s criteria , so there is no obvious need for action to retain b . nigrodorsalis and i have continued to use b . weisi .
taxonomic status : the description of b . xelajuensis shows that this nominal taxon , known from a single location , diverges only slightly in colour pattern and morphology from the otherwise restricted and uncommon mountain species b . trinominatus . therefore it seems most likely to be conspecific with b . trinominatus , with a slightly different colour pattern . from coi barcodes , these taxa appear likely to be separate species . more evidence is awaited .
taxonomic status : b . fervidus and b . californicus have been regarded both as conspecific ( e . g . milliron , 1973 a ; labougle , 1990 ) and as separate species ( e . g . franklin , 1913 ; stephen , 1957 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ; poole , 1996 ) . however , both franklin ( 1913 : 239 ) and stephen ( 1957 ) also considered the possibility that they are conspecific as quite reasonable ( click here for colour variation diagrams for workers ) .
many specimens from the north west of north america show a reduction in the extent of the yellow bands on the scutellum and gastral terga i - iii and appear to be intermediate or recombinant individuals . indeed , stephen ' s ( 1957 : 32 ) figure 2 shows several patterns that could represent a continuum in variation between the two forms ( see also the comments on b . terricola ) .
evidence from comparisons of dna sequences from the 16s gene is consistent with the two taxa being conspecific ( cameron et al . , 2007 [ pdf ] ) , a view supported by evidence from coi barcodes .
nomenclature : apis feruida is the original spelling in fabricius ( 1798 ) . the orthography of this publication employs ' u ' in place of ' v ' widely , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and subsequent authors have consistently used ' v ' for b . fervidus .
taxonomic status : b . rubriventris is known from a single female specimen from ' st . domingue ' . this specimen has dark brown wings and the pubescence is extensively black , except that most of the hairs of the thorax are grey - tipped , and the hairs of gastral terga ii - iv are bright red .
the colour pattern is very distinctive among non - andean bumblebees in south america and does not appear to be the result of abnormal colour development . the specimen has had the gaster glued back into place , although the characters of both the head and gaster appear to be distinctive , so there is no reason to believe that the specimen is a composite and not genuine ( williams , 2014 ) .
photograph : only a single specimen is known , in the hope museum collection , oxford .
iucn conservation status : preliminary assessment as presumed extinct ( williams & osborne , 2009 ; williams , 2014 ) because it is unrecorded ( iucn , 2001 , 2008 ) since lepeletier ( 1835 ) from the specimen of unknown date .
taxonomic status : b . medius and b . steindachneri have been regarded both as separate species ( milliron , 1973 a ; labougle , 1990 ) and as conspecific ( g . chavarría , pers . com . ) .
labougle ( 1990 ) reports that ' although the chromatic differences between b . medius and b . steindachneri are conspicuous , the male genitalia are extremely similar ' . labougle listed four character differences from the male genitalia and i can confirm two of these : ( 1 ) that the head of the penis valve of b . steindachneri has fewer fine teeth or serrations ; and ( 2 ) that the interior process of the volsella ( misinterpreted as the preapical tooth of the ' gonostylus ' ; for discussion of homologies see williams , 1991 [ pdf ] ) of b . steindacheri is narrower . however , i have examined only a few males and these characters might be expected to vary among other individuals . labougle ( 1990 ) continued : ' the lack of chromatic and morphological intermediates supports the idea of two different species ' .
until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as two separate species .
taxonomic status : the single known female of b . abditus was described as originating from ' rep . de guinée beyla ' ( equatorial africa ) . however , it is indistinguishable from b . brevivillus according to sakagami ( 1976 : 427 ) and probably represents an introduced or mislabelled individual ( michener , 1979 ) .
the recently described b . applanatus appears to be morphologically identical to b . brevivillus .
taxonomic status : b . pensylvanicus and b . sonorus have been regarded both as conspecific ( e . g . milliron , 1973 a ; labougle et al . , 1985 ; labougle , 1990 ; poole , 1996 ) and as separate species ( e . g . franklin , 1913 [ but see p . 239 ] ; stephen , 1957 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ; s . cameron in litt . ) ( click here for colour variation diagrams for workers ) .
nomenclature : apis penfylvanica is the original spelling in degeer ( 1773 ) . the orthography of this publication employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and subsequent authors ( e . g . cresson , 1863 ) have consistently used ' s ' for b . pensylvanicus .
technically , according to the code ( iczn , 1999 : article 32 ) , pensylvanicus with just two ' n ' s is the correct original spelling , to be preserved unaltered unless it is demonstrably incorrect under article 32 . 5 . article 32 . 5 . 1 states that clear evidence of an inadvertent error is only admissable if it lies within the original publication , without recourse to any external source of information ( degeer , 1773 , spelled penfylvanie and penfylvanica consistently in this way ) . any intentional change to that spelling in a subsequent publication is an unjustified emendation under article 33 . 2 .
introductions : this species was deliberately introduced into the philippines , but is not known to have persisted ( frison , 1925b ) .
taxonomic status : at least four species of the subgenus thoracobombus from central and south america have many individuals for which the pubescence is almost entirely black . the genitalia of the males are quite distinctive , but association of the conspecific females with these males has caused problems .
taxonomic status : this status of this species was confirmed recently from dna data ( santos - junior et al . , 2015 ) .
nomenclature : b . azureus is possibly the oldest available name for this species .
milliron ( 1962 ) , without mention of the name b . azureus , first regarded b . atratus and b . niger as conspecific and , following the principle of first reviser ( iczn , 1999 : article 24 ) , chose b . atratus as the valid name for the species .
unfortunately , b . atratus franklin , 1913 , is a junior primary homonym of b . mucidus var . atratus friese , 1911 ( deemed to be subspecific , see iczn , 1999 : article 45 . 6 ) , therefore b . atratus franklin is invalid ( iczn , 1999 : article 57 . 2 ) .
nomenclature : the orthography of olivier ( 1789 ) and fabricius ( 1798 ) employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used ' s ' .
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williams , p . h . ( 1998 ) an annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns of description ( hymenoptera : apidae , bombini ) : bulletin of the natural history museum ( entomology ) , vol . 67 , no . 1
williams , p . h . , 1998 : an annotated checklist of bumble bees with an analysis of patterns of description ( hymenoptera : apidae , bombini ) . bulletin of the natural history museum ( entomology ) , vol . 67 , no . 1 . 79 - 152 .
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flower visiting insects provide a vitally important pollination service for many crops and wild plants . recent decline of pollinating insects due to anthropogenic modification of habitats and climate , in particular from 1950 ' s onwards , is a major and widespread concern . however , few studies document the extent of declines in species diversity , and no studies have previously quantified local abundance declines . we here make a quantitative assessment of recent historical changes in bumblebee assemblages by comparing contemporary and historical survey data .
because bumblebees are important pollinators , historical changes in local bumblebee assemblages are expected to severely affect plant reproduction , in particular long - tubed species , which are pollinated by long - tongued bumblebees .
copyright : © 2011 dupont et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : the project was financed by the aarhus university research foundation ( auff - f - 2009 - fls - 5 - 7 ) . during the writing of the manuscript , yld was supported by the danish natural sciences research council ( grant number 09 - 063874 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
localities of red clover fields in the past [ 25 ] ( grey ) and the present study ( black ) .
on each sampling day , flowering was estimated by counting the number of red clover flower heads in three 1×1 m squares placed diagonally in each of the sub - plots . because red clover fields flower for a prolonged period , we assumed that each field was visited at least once during peak flowering . peak flowering was defined as the day of maximum flower head density of the 1×1 m squares ( mean ( sd ) ) . flowering of the field was categorized as early ( if flowering before mid , and mean ( sd ) flower head density not overlapping with mid flowering ) , mid ( maximum observed flower head density ) or late flowering ( if flowering after mid , and mean ( sd ) flower head density not overlapping with mid flowering ) .
sample specimens of bumblebees were collected at all sites and all sampling days for later identification by a taxonomic expert ( henning bang madsen , copenhagen university ) . bee species data were classified and aggregated into long - tongued and short - tongued bumblebee species ( table 2 ) . the recorded data from the same field and the same day of the present collections were aggregated , so that both the sampled area of past and present data were of the same order of magnitude and had the same level of aggregation .
total numbers of bumblebees observed in the red clover fields in the past and present .
we tested for differences in abundance ( bees / m 2 ) and species composition ( proportional representation of species ) of bumblebee groups . analyses were done for all species , in addition to long - tongued and short - tongued bumblebees and for queens and workers separately . for present data , differences among sub - plots at the edge , mid and centre of the field were tested . queens were more common at the field edges ( long - tongued : χ 2 = 13 . 00 , p < 0 . 001 ; short - tongued : χ 2 = 10 . 95 , p < 0 . 001 ) , but always numerically rare . abundances of workers did not differ significantly among sub - plots within a field on a given sampling day ( p > 0 . 01 ) ( figure s2 ) . only minor differences were found in species composition ( table s1 ) . hence , to enable comparison with past data , present data of sub - plots were aggregated within fields for each observation day . differences between jutland and funen were tested for present data ( all past data were from funen ) . no regional differences ( jutland versus funen ) were found in abundances of bumblebees ( p > 0 . 01 ) ( figure s3 ) , and only small differences in species composition ( table s2 ) , justifying a comparison to past data from funen .
the effect of season ( early , mid and late flowering ) was tested for both past and present data . generally , abundance and species composition of bumblebees were significantly affected by flowering season in both present and past . hence , we tested whether aggregated data differed between past and present in early , mid and late season , respectively .
we currently observed a total of 20516 workers ( 16 . 6 % long - tongued ) and 489 queens ( 8 . 6 % long - tongued ) , while skovgaard observed 7360 workers ( 40 . 3 % long - tongued ) and 100 queens ( 66 . 0 % long - tongued ) in the past ( table 2 ) . in all three periods during the flowering season of red clover , long - tongued workers and queens showed steep and significant abundance declines from past to present ( figure 2 ) . in contrast , we generally found no significant difference in abundances for short - tongued bumblebees from past to present , and even significant increase in abundance of short - tongued queens in mid season ( figure 2 ) . overall , no significant historical abundance declines of all bumblebee workers or queens were detected ( all p > 0 . 01 ) , possibly due to a general rarity of long - tongued species .
mean bumblebee abundance ( bees / m 2 ) of long tongued ( left ) and short tongued ( right ) workers ( top ) and queens ( bottom ) during the beginning , mid and late flowering season of the red clover fields in the past ( grey ) and at present ( black ) .
abundances ( bees / m 2 ) of long - tongued ( top ) and short - tongued ( bottom ) species and direction of change from past to present in early , mid and late flowering season of the red clover fields .
long - tongued bumblebees are important pollinators of several crops , including clovers ( trifolium spp . ) , field bean ( vicia faba ) , and a range of berries , fruits and vegetables [ 22 ] . long - tongued species prefer to visit long - tubed flowers [ 49 ] . for red clover , which has the longest floral tube among northern european plants , short - tongued bumblebees are not optimal pollinators and regularly act as non - pollinating nectar robbers [ 22 ] , [ 26 ] . decreasing seed yields have been reported , rendering red clover a crop of low profit [ [ 21 ] ( sweden ) , c . jørgensen and s . oddershede , pers . com . ( denmark ) ] .
many wild plants are visited and pollinated predominantly or exclusively by bumblebees [ 15 ] . in plant - flower - visitor networks , which encompasses all co - occurring species of plants and visitors , bumblebees are suggested as important hubs [ 3 ] , [ 50 ] or generalist core species [ 51 ] , [ 52 ] , which act as keystone pollinators in the system . hence , species extinctions , local decline and shifts in functional group composition of bumblebees are expected to heavily impact the structural organization and functioning of natural pollination networks .
results of the current study , thus , are strong direct evidence of extensive historical changes in abundance and species composition of local bumblebee populations in denmark , changes , which have previously been assumed but scarcely documented . although historical studies are highly variable in scientific quality , the use of appropriate historical survey data repeated at present , shows great potential for retrospective analyses , and hence “a look into the past” .
distributions of observed and expected abundances of bumblebees . histograms of observed abundances of bumblebees ( m −2 ) in mid season compared to the expected abundances under the assumption that data are exponential distributed . the same plots for early and late seasons were qualitatively similar .
within - field differences in bumblebee abundances at present . spatial differences in bumblebee abundances in sub - plots at the edge ( light grey ) middle ( dark grey ) and center ( black ) within fields . likelihood ratio test of the effect of subplot : * * p < 0 . 001 .
regional differences in bumblebee abundances at present . regional differences in bumblebee abundances between jutland ( grey ) and funen ( black ) . likelihood ratio test of the effect of subplot : * * p < 0 . 001 .
within - field differences in species composition of bumblebee assemblages at present . total numbers of bumblebees observed in sub - plots at the edge , middle and center of the red clover fields in the present study .
regional differences in species composition of bumblebee assemblages at present . total numbers of bumblebees observed in jutland and funen in the present study .
d . boll , k . wermuth , a . m . plejdrup , t . g . sørensen and m . thompsen are thanked for assistance in the field , and h . b . madsen for identification of bumblebees . we furthermore thank s . oddershede and c . jørgensen for providing lists of red clover farmers , and for valuable discussions . thank you to a large number of red clover farmers , who permitted us to work in their fields . we are grateful to m . hagen , c . e . kler and two anonymous referees for valuable comments on the manuscript .
conceived and designed the experiments : yld . performed the experiments : yld vs . analyzed the data : cd . wrote the paper : yld . contributed substantially to revisions of the paper : vs cd .
kremen c , williams nm , aizen ma , gemmill - herren b , lebuhn g , et al . ( 2007 ) pollination and other ecosystem services produced by mobile organisms : a conceptual framework for the effects of land - use change . ecol lett 10 : 299–314 .


amblypneustes ovum is a species of sea urchin of the family temnopleuridae .

their armour is covered with spines .

it came from the genus amblypneustes and lives in the sea .

amblypneustes ovum was first scientifically described in 1816 by jean-baptiste de lamarck .

amblypneustes ovum

subspecies amblypneustes ovum pachista h . l . clark , 1912 accepted as amblypneustes elevatus ( hutton , 1872 ) ( subjective junior synonym )
subspecies amblypneustes ovum pachistus h . l . clark , 1912 accepted as amblypneustes elevatus ( hutton , 1872 ) ( subjective junior synonym )
worms - world register of marine species - amblypneustes ovum grandis h . l . clark , 1912
taxon concept amblypneustes _ ovum last modified 2014 - 02 - 10 10 : 11 : 02 . 873
subspecies amblypneustes ovum grandis h . l . clark , 1912 accepted as amblypneustes grandis h . l . clark , 1912 ( accepted at species rank )
amblypneustes griseus blainville , 1825 , p . 81 [ = echinus ovum lamarck , 1816 , p . 48 ] , by monotypy .
a . a . ovum ( lamarck , 1816 ) ; recent , australia .
this species is proportionately less abundant than the closely related species , amblypneustes pachistus .
amblypneustes serialis l . agassiz in l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ( subjective junior synonym )
amblypneustes textilis l . agassiz in l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ( subjective junior synonym )
animalia ( kingdom ) » echinodermata ( phylum ) » echinoidea ( class ) » camarodonta ( order ) » temnopleuridae ( family ) » amblypneustes l . agassiz , 1841 ( genus ) »
( of echinus ovum lamarck , 1816 ) lamarck , j . b . m . de . ( 1816 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome troisième . paris : deterville / verdière . 612 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 48 [ details ]
a similar species to amblypneustes pachistus in also having dark green spines , however the plates of the test are wider and fewer and the colour of the test is darker green . test diameter up to 6 cm .
( of echinus ovum lamarck , 1816 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 2 . camarodonta . i . orthopsidæ , glyphocyphidæ , temnopleuridæ and toxopneustidæ . vii + 553 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 190 - 195 [ details ]
( of amblypneustes griseus ( blainville , 1825 ) ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 2 . camarodonta . i . orthopsidæ , glyphocyphidæ , temnopleuridæ and toxopneustidæ . vii + 553 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 190 - 195 [ details ]
( of amblypneustes textilis l . agassiz in l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 2 . camarodonta . i . orthopsidæ , glyphocyphidæ , temnopleuridæ and toxopneustidæ . vii + 553 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 190 - 195 [ details ]
( of amblypneustes serialis l . agassiz in l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 2 . camarodonta . i . orthopsidæ , glyphocyphidæ , temnopleuridæ and toxopneustidæ . vii + 553 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 190 - 195 [ details ]
( of amblypneustes serialis l . agassiz in l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ) agassiz , l . & desor , p . j . e . 1846 . catalogue raisonné des familles , des genres , et des espèces de la classe des échinodermes . annales des sciences naturelles , troisième série , zoologie 6 , 305 - 374 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 362 [ details ]
( of amblypneustes textilis l . agassiz in l . agassiz & desor , 1846 ) agassiz , l . & desor , p . j . e . 1846 . catalogue raisonné des familles , des genres , et des espèces de la classe des échinodermes . annales des sciences naturelles , troisième série , zoologie 6 , 305 - 374 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 362 [ details ]
kroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database .
( of echinus griseus blainville , 1825 ) blainville , h . m . d . d . 1825 . oursin , echinus ( actinozoaires . ) . pp . 59 - 98 in dictionnaire des sciences naturelles f . g . levrault , strasbourg & paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 81 [ details ]
mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 2 . camarodonta . i . orthopsidæ , glyphocyphidæ , temnopleuridæ and toxopneustidæ . vii + 553 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 190 - 195 [ details ]
( of echinus griseus blainville , 1825 ) mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 2 . camarodonta . i . orthopsidæ , glyphocyphidæ , temnopleuridæ and toxopneustidæ . vii + 553 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 190 - 195 [ details ]
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mortensen , t . ( 1943 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . iii , 2 . camarodonta . i . orthopsidæ , glyphocyphidæ , temnopleuridæ and toxopneustidæ . vii + 553 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 200 - 203 [ details ]
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lamarck , j . b . p . a . de m . 1816 ,
echinides . pp . 1–59 in , histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres
, pp . 1 - 59
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 35c6d375 - 2b1c - 4e08 - a8ed - 26eeb7cfa0fa
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : de218768 - 1989 - 47c4 - bbd4 - 983dc044b6e9
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4e2a9ca2 - b9fa - 4d9f - be97 - 13704203c743
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 336806
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test globular in form ; approximately as tall as wide or taller ; relatively thin - shelled .
apical disc small , dicyclic , usually lost ; gonopores at edge of genital plates . a distinct ring of tubercles on genital plates bordering the periproctal opening . gonopores in female generally marginal and breaking through edge of plate . periproctal opening subcircular ; periproctal plates small with no distinct suranal .
ambulacral zones almost as wide as interambulacral zones . plating trigeminate with plate compounding in echinoid style .
pore - zones broad , with pore - pairs in arcs of three forming a wide band ; not expanding adorally and no phyllode development .
ambulacral plates rather sparsely tuberculate ; each plate with primary tubercle adjacent to pore zone and usually with one or two slightly smaller tubercle towards the perradius forming a row in large individuals .
interambulacral plates wider than tall with small primary tubercle and other secondary tubercles ; these not forming well - defined rows .
tubercles small ; ambulacral and interambulacral tubercles of similar size ; imperforate and more or less non - crenulate .
plates appear rather naked especially interradially , but no well developed adapical naked zone in interambulacra .
sutural pits usually absent ; sometimes minute pits at triple suture points along the median sutures .
peristome rather small ( ca . 30 - 35 % test diameter ) , with buccal notches hardly developed .
perignathic girdle of apophyses and tall slender auricles that only just meet perradially at their tips .
very like holopneustes , but with a primary tubercle to every compound ambulacral plate rather than on every second or third plate as in holopneustes .
all of the recent species are virtually impossible to distinguish based on test characters alone . agassiz , l . 1841 . observations sur les progress récens de l’histoire naturelle des echinoderms . monographie d’échinodermes vivans et fossiles . seconde monographie , première section , 20 pp . petitpierre , neuchâtel .
mortensen , t . 1943 . a monograph of the echinoidea part iii . 2 , camarodonta 1 . c . a . reitzel , copenhagen .
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syntype ( s ) mnhp eces7780 , australia ( as seas of new holland ) ; mnhp eces7850 , australia ( as seas of new holland ) .
walkerville , vic to spencer gulf , sa . depth range 0 - 70 m
that conversion of the original afd map of states , drainage basins and coastal and oceanic zones to ibra and imcra regions may have produced errors . the new maps will be reviewed and corrected as updates occur .
baker , a . n . 1982 . sea - urchins ( class echinoidea ) . 437 - 454 - 6 figs pl . 29 ( 5 )
clark , h . l . 1946 . the echinoderm fauna of australia . its composition and its origin .


oreoceryx is a genus of moths in the family arctiidae .

it contains the single species oreoceryx aenea , which is found in the democratic republic of congo .

oreoceryx

oreoceryx aenea kiriakoff , 1953 ; lambillionea 53 ( 9 - 10 ) : 66 , pl . 1 , f . 3
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a junior subjective synonym of stilpnotia luteipes walker , 1855 , synonymized by swinhoe ( 1903 : 379 ) .
schaus w . & clements w . g . 1893 . on a collection of sierra leone lepidoptera . - — : i–vi , 1–46 , pls . 1–3 .
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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nannostomus britskii , commonly known as the spotstripe pencilfish , is a freshwater species of fish belonging to the lebiasinidae family of characins .

they were first described in 1978 by stanley h. weitzman along with two other new species ( nannostomus limatus and nannostomus nitidus ) , from a collection of specimens preserved in the são paulo museum .

they have been recorded from only two localities , both in brazil .

no live specimens have been seen , collected , or exported for the aquarium trade .

nannostomus britskii

the following term was not found in nucleotide : nannostomus britskii [ orgn ] .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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latin , nannus = small + greek , stoma = mouth ( ref . 45335 )
south america : known from two localities in brazil , the type locality and aripuana river , castanhal island , amazonas , brazil .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 2 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 27925 ) ; 2 . 4 cm sl ( female )
weitzman , m . and s . h . weitzman , 2003 . lebiasinidae ( pencil fishes ) . p . 241 - 251 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 37104 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 1 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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south america : known from two localities in brazil , the type locality and aripuana river , castanhal island , amazonas , brazil . ;
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the taxonomic information and the basic database has been provided by ; e - mail : igor sheremetyev ; this is a conversion from a database dump , and there are probably many odd things as result of automatic conversion .