the lingcod or ling cod ( ophiodon elongatus ) , also known as the buffalo cod or cultus cod , is a fish of the greenling family hexagrammidae .

it is the only extant member of the genus ophiodon .

a slightly larger , extinct species , ophiodon ozymandias , is known from fossils from the late miocene of southern california .

ophiodon elongatus is native to the north american west coast from shumagin islands in the gulf of alaska to baja california , mexico .

it has been observed up to a size of 152 centimetres ( 60 in ) and a weight of 59 kilograms ( 130 lb ) .

it is spotted in various shades of grey .

the lingcod is a popular eating fish , and is thus prized by anglers .

though not closely related to either ling or cod , the name " lingcod " originated because it somewhat resembles those fish .

around 20 % of lingcods have blue-green to turquoise flesh.p .298 the colour is destroyed by cooking .

the colour may be due to biliverdin , but this has not been established beyond doubt .

lingcod

a lingcod , location unknown ; blue lingcod fillets . ed bierman / flickr ; via teachagirltofish hide caption
close the fishery during spawning and nesting seasons to protect spawning female lingcod and nest - guarding male lingcod .
it’s best to buy lingcod headed and gutted ; the shelf life of lingcod is shortened once a fillet is taken off the bone .
this fishery uses hooks , lures and lines , trailed behind vessels at low speed , to catch lingcod . each lingcod is individually hooked and hauled aboard by hand .
properly handled and chilled on ice , fresh lingcod has a shelf life of 7 to 12 days . frozen lingcod maintains its quality for up to 18 months if properly packaged and stored . when choosing fresh lingcod , look out for the following quality controls :
lingcod are voracious predators , feeding on nearly anything they can fit in their mouths .
whether snowy white or tinted green , lingcod always makes for a flavourful and healthy dinner .
the lingcod was around 27 inches long and was the first keeper that day for matthew .
like most bottom dwellers , lingcod are solitary fish and usually stray only a short distance from their rocky home base . young lingcod prefer sandy or muddy bottoms in bays and inshore areas .
female lingcod lay eggs , but the male of the species guards the nest until the juveniles hatch .
lingcod hatch in late winter or early spring . newly hatched larvae are approximately ¼ to ½ inch ( 7–10 mm ) and passively move with surface ocean currents . during this period , lingcod larvae grow rapidly feeding primarily on copepods and other small fish . by mid - summer , at lengths of about 3 inches ( 80 mm ) , the larval lingcod settle on the bottom in kelp or eelgrass beds and begin feeding on juvenile herring or other small fish . by age 2 , the juvenile lingcod begin to use habitats similar to those used by adult lingcod , though in shallower water . their diet begins to resemble that of adult lingcod .
although most lingcod have snowy white meat ,
capt . burkosky writes in the book illustrated by his wife peggy ,
some shallow - water lingcod living in kep beds develop a light green or blue tint to their flesh . dedicated lingcod connoisseurs prize these ' green lings ' as some of the firmest and tastiest .
size increases rapidly during the first years of life . throughout this period , both sexes display similar growth patterns . however , by about age 4 , female lingcod begin to grow faster than the males . the maximum age of lingcod reported is 25 years . the largest reported fish caught was 60 inches long ( 150 cm ) and weighed 85 pounds ( 32 kg ) . adult lingcod are voracious predators and eat almost anything , including other lingcod . results of tagging studies have indicated the majority of lingcod are fairly sedentary and do not wander far from their home reef .
blue lingcod : though usually white - hued like halibut or cod , lingcod , a west coast bottom - dwelling species , occasionally looks as though it ' s been marinated overnight in a tray of blue no . 2 food dye .
this is the incredible moment a fisherman discovered an octopus inside the mouth of a massive lingcod he had just reeled in .
the total landings of u . s . west coast lingcod were ~ 15 % of the total allowable catch ( tac )
the state of alaska manages the lingcod fishery in both state and federal waters of alaska . to protect this species from overharvest , lingcod fisheries in alaska are conservatively managed to ensure enough fish are left to reproduce and replenish the population . management measures :
lingcod grow quickly and can reach lengths of five feet weighing 80lbs . lingcod can live up to 20 years with males reaching maturity around age 2 ( 20
long ) and females age 3 ( 30
long ) . the spawing process of lingcod involves males claiming suitable territory for nesting , females making only a brief appearance to lay eggs , and males guarding the nests until they hatch in 8 - 10 weeks . as lingcod develop they move from eating zooplankton as larvae , shellfish as small juveniles , small finfish ( such as herring ) as large juveniles , until they become aggressive predators as adults feeding on bottom dwelling fish and shellfish . larval and juvenile lingcod are important food sources for salmon and rockfish , while marine mammals and sharks rely on large juvenile and adult lingcod as food sources .
the name “lingcod” is deceiving : this fish is actually part of the greenling family , and is not even a relative of true cod .
perfect serve : given its mild flavour , lingcod is perfect for recipes using strongly flavoured sauces , as the flavour of the fish does not detract from the sauce . try lingcod paired with a cumin - spiced garlicky tomato sauce . it has been used as a fish and chip mainstay for years .
our seafood watch program rates lingcod as a sustainable seafood
good alternative .
 the population of lingcod on the u . s . west coast has experienced long - term declines due to overfishing but appears to be stabilizing . about half of the lingcod that is caught by commercial fisheries is caught using bottom trawling a fishing method that results in considerable habitat damage . as a result , lingcod is not a
best choice
until measures are taken to minimize damage from trawling gear along their rocky habitats on the seafloor . for more details , visit the seafood watch section of our web site .
male and female lingcod mature at different lengths and ages . female lingcod begin to mature at 3 to 5 years of age at an average length of 24 to 30 inches . males begin to mature at age 2 at a length of 20 inches . the number of eggs per mature female increases with both size and age . along the alaska coast , lingcod begin spawning in early december , with peak spawning occurring from mid - january to mid - march . during spawning , male and female lingcod gather along rocky reefs affected by wave action or strong tidal currents . after the eggs are deposited and fertilized in nests in crevices along the reefs , the female lingcod disperse to other areas and leave the male lingcod to guard the egg nests until the eggs hatch which takes from 5 to 11 weeks . thus , while most egg masses hatch between mid - march and mid - may , some hatching occurs into june .
while challenging and elusive , the lingcod are still not match for our knowledgeable captains . the lingcod are not schooling fish , so it takes considerable skill and effort to find the beasts ' lair . we won ' t reveal out hot spots here , but rest assured , if the lingcod are biting , the channel islands sportfishing skippers will place you in position for the perfect ambush . book online or call ( 805 ) 382 - 1612 to make reservations .
yellowfin tuna ; chinook salmon ; lingcod ; pacific halibut . chang / istockphoto ; debbi smirnoff / istockphoto ; via teachagirltofish ; andrea pokrzywinski / flickr hide caption
from the shores of vancouver island , captain bob and peggy burkosky bring us a light and zesty lingcod dish from their book cooking fish & brewing tales .
the highest quality lingcod is caught by hook - and - line gear and when the fish is bled and put on ice immediately . most lingcod is caught as bycatch in other fisheries , but there are some targeted fisheries , namely southeast alaska . raw lingcod flesh can have a blue - green tint , this is perfectly normal , and when cooked it turns a snow white color . look for a grayish flesh color and / or blood spots to signal mishandling and d
“lingcod” is somewhat of a misnomer , as it is neither a ling or cod , but a a member of the greenling family . it actually gets its name from the similar taste and texture of its meat to that of the cod . the lingcod is only found off the west coast , from alaska to baja .
lingcod are actually not cod at all - - they are in the same group of fishes as sablefish , pacific rockfish and scorpionfish . this bottom - dwelling fish only occurs on the west coast of north america and can be found at depths of 1500 feet or more . lingcod flesh is naturally blue - green prior to cooking .
critical habitat for species of rockfish , lingcod , and kelp greenling . not knowledgeable of fish distribution through lifecycle . about 95 known species of near - shore fish ;
starting in october , lingcod begin to migrate to spawning grounds near the shore . the males lead the way , establishing nests in rock crevices or on ledges with strong currents . the females follow , laying between 150 , 000 and 500 , 000 eggs , but then immediately take off . male lingcod are left to guard the nest from predators until the eggs hatch from early march to late april . larvae initially inhabit eelgrass beds and then move to flat sandy areas . young lingcod remain in shallower depths for several years , but eventually settle in similar habitats to older lingcod . the species lives for 14 to 20 years and averages about 10 pounds ( 4 . 53 kg ) . the largest lingcod on record is almost 60 inches ( 152 cm ) long , weighing in at just over 80 pounds ( 36 . 3 kg ) .
lingcod are found in the northeastern pacific ocean from northern baja california to kodiak island and the aleutian islands in alaska , but they are most abundant between washington and british columbia . adult lingcod prefer rocky bottoms at depths of 30 - 300 feet with males showing very little movement from where they were born and females migrating seasonally to spawn .
male lingcod , which guard egg nests after spawning , are aggressively protective : a male lingcod has even been observed using its mouth to pick up a sea star that was feeding on eggs , carrying the predator over two metres away from the nest site before releasing it . they’ve also been known to chase , and even bite , divers .
lingcod live in rocky seafloor habit and camouflage themselves in mottled colours ranging from mustard yellow and deep browns to varied greys and dark greens . the local marine environment often influences its colouring and markings . fresh lingcod fillets have a natural blue - green shimmer that disappears with cooking . it’s mild flavour and dense flesh is a favourite for fish and chips .
there are currently no population estimates of lingcod in alaska and the populations along the u . s . west coast are estimated from analyzing data from resource surveys and fishery monitoring .
lingcod are only found on the west coast of north america . they can be found from the alaska peninsula / aleutian islands south to baja california and are common throughout southeast alaska , the outer kenai peninsula , kodiak , and prince william sound . while found to depths of 1 , 000 feet , lingcod typically inhabit nearshore rocky reefs from 30 to 330 feet .
lingcod otolith complexity varies by location . “region 1 ( southeast alaska ) lingcod are hard to age , region 2 ( central alaska ) ling cod are easier . ” according to hilwig , this could be attributed to differences in latitudes with northerly fish otoliths expressing clear slower growth patterns and southerly otoliths showing fast growth noisy patterns because of differences in the growth environment .
anglers fishing the southern california fishing grounds prize the lingcod , and favor the challenge of catching what is sometimes called the “dragon of the deep . ” the lingcod has the heart of a warrior and bursts from the depths with a wrath that pins anglers to the rail , destroying lines in seconds , and giving even the most experienced angler a run for their money .
lingcod are unique to the west coast of north america . they dwell on rocky reefs and ocean bottoms , in depths between 30 and 300 feet ( 9 to 100 m ) . their color ranges from dark brown or black to blue or green . their underbellies are lighter . a lingcod ' s coloration makes this ambush predator well camouflaged in its rocky hideaway . lingcod rely on surprise to capture prey—and on their large mouths , which have 18 sharp teeth to hold their catch securely . their small , pointed teeth are interspersed with large , fanglike teeth .
~ 7 . 5 % of north american lingcod landings and ~ 60 % of u . s . west coast landings are msc - certified ( u . s . west coast trawl - caught )
lingcod is actually a bottom - dwelling pacific greenling harvested from alaska to california with the most concentrated around british columbia and washington . they grow quickly , the females are fairly fertile and the males guard nests until the eggs hatch although many animals eat the eggs . seafood watch reports from 2014 give lingcod a medium inherent vulnerability score overall . in 1999 lingcod was declared overfished but several years of strict catch limits helped the fishery get rebuilt ahead of schedule in 2005 . assessments from 2009 showed the stock to be well over target levels , according to the u . s . national marine fisheries service .
although bycatch used to be an issue in the lingcod fisheries , bycatch went down 75 % following the implementation of a management plan on the u . s . west coast in 2011 , the environmental defense fund noted . improved gear has also helped trawlers targeting lingcod avoid bycatch hotspots . there are generally few true “bycatch” species caught in substantial amounts in the groundfish fisheries , seafood watch reports from 2014 noted .
from the shores of vancouver island , captain bob and peggy burkosky bring us a light and zesty lingcod dish from their book cooking fish & brewing tales : recipes and stories from professional fish catchers and eaters .
lingcod ( ophiodon elongatus ) belong to the family hexagrammids . contrary to their name , they are not true cods , but are greenlings . lingcod are voracious predators and can grow to weigh over 80 pounds ( 35 kg ) and measure 60 inches ( 150 cm ) in length . they are characterized by a large mouth with 18 sharp teeth . their color is variable , usually with dark brown or copper blotches arranged in clusters .
mcfarlane , g . a . and j . r . king , 2001 . the validity of the fin - ray method of age determination for lingcod ( ophiodon elongatus ) . fishery bulletin , 99 ( 3 ) .
lingcod are voracious predators , feeding on nearly anything they can fit in their mouths , including invertebrates and many species of fish , such as herring , clupea harengus , salmon and pacific hake , merluccius productus . one of their favorite foods are smaller octopuses , and they will also readily devour large rockfish . lingcod that survive the larval stages have few predators themselves , and are vulnerable mainly to marine mammals , such as sea lions and harbor seals .
key sustainability sourcing notes for lingcod based on combining landings data from 2012 - 2015 and the most recent 2014 ( u . s . ) and 2016 ( b . c . ) seafood watch assessments and msc certification ( 2014 ) :
in alaska , lingcod is managed by the department of fish and game . the lingcod fisheries are managed with other groundfish by the noaa fisheries and the pacific fishery management council on the u . s . west coast , and by fisheries and oceans canada in british columbia . the catch - share management plan implemented in 2011 on the u . s . west coast has been credited with bringing down bycatch numbers in the fishery . management measures include gear and catch restrictions , minimum size limits , and seasonal closures . seafood watch found that the west coast and canadian lingcod management regimes had strong aspects . however , a 2014 report noted challenges with management strategy , implementation , and recovery of stocks of concern in british columbia .
lingcod are most vulnerable to predation during the egg and larval life stages . egg nests , if left unguarded , are generally decimated within 48 hours by rockfish , starfish , sculpins , kelp greenling , and cod . the presence of a male to guard the nest from these predators appears essential for successful spawning . unfortunately , nest - guarding males are extremely aggressive and vulnerable to predation by seals , sea lions , and anglers . removal of a male during the nest - guarding period not only results in removal of the fish from the adult spawning population but also results in the likely loss of that male’s nest , thereby affecting future recruitment . larval and juvenile lingcod are preyed upon by fishes such as salmon , rockfish , and other lingcod .
rob dinneford , a fish and wildlife technician , has been at the lab for three and a half years , but just started age reading this summer , when his job duties expanded to include lingcod age reading . unlike rockfish , lingcod only live to be about 35 years of age . “they are a lower - priority species with less complex age patterns , ” dinneford said . “it’s an incredibly intriguing biological and spatial challenge , ” he said of trying to discern three - dimensional accretion patterns . “it’s just a fantastic puzzle . ”
red fish , blue fish : where the fish flesh rainbow comes from : the salt from ruby red tuna to turquoise lingcod , the fish we eat can span the color spectrum . flesh color can also tell us something about where a fish came from , its swimming routine and what it ate .
love writes in his book that a bile pigment called biliverdin seems to be responsible for turning the blood serum of these fish their stunning color — but how this pigment gets into the tissues and flesh of the fish , or why only some lingcod turn this striking shade , is a mystery to biologists .
lingcod — a member of the greenling family — isn ' t the only west coast species to turn up with blue - green meat . its cousins , the rock greenling and the kelp greenling , are sometimes tinted turquoise , as is an unrelated sculpin called the cabezon , which shares the same habitat .
worthington says the rare turquoise individuals taste the same as their white brethren . and during cooking , the blue color vanishes entirely . those lucky enough to encounter a blue fillet at the fish counter may be drawn to it for its aesthetic appeal ; worthington says turquoise lingcod fillets always sell faster than their white counterparts .
on the west coast , lingcod are now managed under an innovative new ‘catch share’ management plan . bycatch is down 75 % , and conservative catch quotas have limited the catch of overfished rockfish . additionally , an innovation boom in gear design and fishing behavior has helped trawlers avoid bycatch hotspots and keep sensitive species out of nets .
the female usually produces between 60 , 000 and 500 , 000 eggs . the gelatinous egg mass weighs up to 15 pounds ( 7 kg ) and measures 2 . 5 feet ( 76 cm ) across . raw lingcod flesh sometimes has a greenish color , but it ' s harmless . the flesh turns white when cooked .
during spawning season , lingcod migrate into nearshore areas . the male arrives first and establishes a territory on a rocky substrate in strong water currents . as long as a month later , the female arrives and chooses a male partner , then swims over the site and deposits a layer of eggs . the male follows and deposits a layer of sperm . they repeat their layers until spawning is over , whereupon the female leaves . the male aggressively guards the egg mass for eight to 10 weeks until the eggs hatch . males attack fish predators but allow sea urchins , sunflower stars and snails to feed on the eggs . while guarding eggs , lingcod have been known to attack humans .
range / habitat : lingcod range from kodiak island to northern baja , california and possibly to the bering sea . they are found on the bottom , with most individuals occupying rocky areas at depths of 10 to 100 m ( 32 - 328 ft ) . they have been found at depths of 427 m ( 1 , 400 ft ) .
lingcod is a pacific species whose scientific name – ophiodon elongatus – says it all . its roots – the greek “ophis” for snake , “odons” for tooth , and the latin word “elongatus” or elongated – provides a fitting description for this odd - looking fish . the only thing not serpentine about this bottom - dweller is its large head , which is why it is also known as “buckethead . ”
lingcod are mainly caught by bottom trawls and handlines in the groundfish fishery . they can get accidentally caught by the bottom longline and salmon troll fisheries , the u . s . national marine fisheries service reported . bottom trawlers can have a significant impact on the ocean habitat but restrictions in place limit the use of this gear , somewhat mitigating the effect , according to 2014 seafood watch reports for the u . s . west coast and british columbia .
description : lingcod are a large and elongate species . the body is gray to brown , greenish or bluish , with darker and lighter spotting . the belly is lighter . there is a prominent whitish lateral line and the body is covered with cycloid ( round ) scales . the dorsal fin is long with spinous and soft - rayed parts nearly separated by a notch . the anal fin has 3 spines . the mouth is large with the upper jaw extending rearward past the eyes . teeth are large and canine - like . the head is unscaled and there is a cirrus above the eye .
since january 2011 , the west coast groundfish trawl fishery has been managed under a trawl rationalization catch share program . managers establish annual catch limits based on the health of each fish stock and then allocate a share of this catch limit to individual fishermen or groups of fishermen . fishermen can decide how and when to catch their share – preferably when weather , markets , and business conditions are most favorable , allowing the fishery the flexibility to be more environmentally responsible , safer , more efficient , and more valuable . the goal is to allow fishermen to catch more of the healthy target stocks ( such as lingcod ) without increasing their harvest of overfished stocks .
females and males mature at age three to five years ( 61–75 cm ) and two years of age ( 45 cm ) , respectively . an adult male can be distinguished externally from a female by the presence of a small , conical papilla behind the anal vent . up to age two , males and females grow at similar rates , with both reaching an average length of 45 cm . after age two , females grow faster than males , with the growth of males tapering off at about age eight , and females continuing to grow until about age 12 to 14 . lingcod live a maximum of about 14 years for males and 20 years for females , reaching a maximum size of approximately 90 cm and 120 cm , respectively . off alaska , many reach 70 pounds ( 32 kilograms ) .
keith symmington asked to have these comments read into the minutes :
cpaws believes that the new round of mpa consultations should be with a view to advance the designation of a full no - take mpa at race rocks ( without prejudice to constitutional and treaty rights of first nations ) . we believe that the closures on groundfish and shellfish in the existing er are not insufficient in realizing one of the main conservation objectives for the site , namely the restoration of commercial groundfish species , particularly rockfish and lingcod . by allowing salmon and halibut sportfishing to continue ( given the documented bycatch of these species in non - targeted scenarios , and the low expectation for survival once caught ) , this particular ( and essential ) mpa management goal will not be realized . judging from consultations initiated to date , and direct feedback from stakeholders , there is considerable support for such a designation .
this chart shows how much can safely be eaten each month ( assuming no other contaminated fish is consumed ) . the advice is based on epa guidance and the latest mercury data . more on contaminants »
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overfishing is a serious problem , but there is reason for hope . edf offers a better way to manage fisheries . fish catches and revenue increase , wasted fish go down , and fisherman are safer .
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from red to white to orange to blue , fish flesh can land almost anywhere on the color spectrum .
what ' s behind this huge variation ? a lot of things — from genetics to bile pigments . and parsing the rainbow can tell us something about where a fish came from , its swimming routine and what it ate .
a yellowfin tuna caught in the gulf of mexico ; a yellowfin tuna steak . noaa / flickr ; chang / istockphoto hide caption
a yellowfin tuna caught in the gulf of mexico ; a yellowfin tuna steak .
red yellowfin tuna : a classic of the sashimi counter , the yellowfin tuna is also the michael phelps of the fish world . and its athletic prowess has a lot to do with its ruby red flesh .
bruce collette , a zoologist with the national marine fisheries service , tells the salt that the endurance - swimmer tuna need lots of oxygen to feed their muscles . the protein called myoglobin stores oxygen for muscles and acts as a pigment , turning the flesh of most tuna , and other open - ocean fishes like mako sharks and swordfish , pinkish red .
it ' s true of land animals , too : if they ' re walking around a lot , they ' ll have more myoglobin and their meat will be darker ,
collette says . but as michaeleen doucleff has reported , more muscle activity also makes meat tougher . that ' s why the lazy belly muscle of the tuna , known as otoro , is exceptionally soft .
pacific halibut from cook inlet , alaska ; pacific halibut fillet from seldovia , alaska . jlikes2fish / wikipedia ; andrea pokrzywinski / flickr hide caption
pacific halibut from cook inlet , alaska ; pacific halibut fillet from seldovia , alaska .
the pigmented flesh in tuna occurs throughout the body but is concentrated in a head - to - tail strip of brownish flesh along each side — strong - tasting meat that ' s often discarded .
but take heed : some sneaky seafood hawkers artificially enhance the color of tuna meat by exposing it to carbon monoxide gas . this method restores meat that has faded to an over - the - hill brown back to a fresh , luscious red . the practice is illegal in some nations , such as singapore , but not in the u . s . so be wary of any tuna cut that seems just a tad too cherry - red to be real — it could be less fresh than advertised .
off - white pacific halibut : while dark red muscle is associated with long - distance swimming , the off - white , almost colorless flesh of most fishes signals a life of languid swimming and idleness .
the thickly muscled pacific halibut has coveted flanks of choice white meat , which come in handy for short bursts of activity . but it spends much of its time either slowly moving or at rest on the seafloor — the opposite of a tuna .
when halibut meat is raw , it isn ' t actually white but rather glossy and translucent . but cooking the flesh causes proteins in the meat to coagulate , creating that dense , snow - white color and firm texture we see in so - called
white meat fish .
a similar process occurs in all types of meats from both land and sea . and it ' s why tuna flesh turns grayish when cooked , why salmon goes soft pink , and why beef becomes brown .
a chinook salmon , location unknown ; a chinook salmon fillet . emma forsberg / flickr ; debbi smirnoff / istockphoto hide caption
orange chinook salmon : salmon flesh owes its brilliant pink - orange hue to a unique combination of genetics and diet . milton love , a biologist with the university of california , santa barbara and author of certainly more than you want to know about the fishes of the pacific coast , says that when salmon eat krill , a major part of their diet , pigments called carotenoids in the crustaceans turn the fish ' s flesh orange .
why doesn ' t this happen to all krill - eating fish ? love explains that salmon contain a
color gene
that allows the carotenoids to show through in their muscle tissue .
however , among chinook , or king , salmon , some individuals lack the color gene , and as a result , the occasional chinook has grayish - white meat . called
ivory kings ,
such salmon can reportedly draw a higher price than red - fleshed salmon at retail markets . however , tom worthington , co - owner of the monterey fish market in san francisco , sometimes has to drop the price a tad to move his ivory king fillets .
that red color of salmon is so attractive to consumers ,
he says ,
ivory salmon can be a really tough sell .
are there any fish we ' ve left out ? let us know if you have other brilliantly hued suggestions for the fish rainbow .
alastair bland is a freelance writer based in san francisco who covers food , agriculture and the environment .
with a pinch of skepticism and a dash of fun , the salt covers food news from the farm to the plate and beyond . you can connect with senior editor and host maria godoy via our contact form or directly by email . you can also reach correspondent allison aubrey via email .
greek , ophis = serpent + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; oceano - estuarine ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 475 m ( ref . 6793 ) . temperate ; 61°n - 31°n , 172°w - 116°w
northeast pacific : shumagin islands in the western gulf of alaska to ensenada , baja california , mexico . possibly occurring in the bering sea ( ref . 6793 ) .
maturity : l m ? , range 61 - 76 cm max length : 152 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 ) ; max . published weight : 59 . 1 kg ( ref . 40637 ) ; max . reported age : 25 years ( ref . 55701 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 24 - 27 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 21 - 24 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 21 - 24 ; vertebrae : 55 - 59 . anal spines of adults buried in flesh , third spine closely applied to first ray ( ref . 6885 ) . head without scales ; fleshy cirrus above each eye ; large mouth ; maxilla reaching almost to vertical from posterior margin of eye . jaws with small pointed teeth interspersed with large fanglike teeth ( ref . 48751 ) .
ranges from the intertidal to 475 m depth ( ref . 6793 ) . adults are found near rocks , inshore and to 427 m ( ref . 2850 ) . young occur on sand or mud bottom of bays and inshore areas ( ref . 2850 ) . both migratory and non - migratory populations exist ( ref . 6885 ) . adults feed mostly on other fishes but also take crustaceans , octopi and squid ( ref . 4925 ) . young feed on copepods and other small crustaceans ( ref . 6885 ) . a very important sport and commercial species ( ref . 2850 ) . the liver is rich in vitamin a ( ref . 6885 ) . marketed fresh and frozen ; eaten steamed , fried , broiled , boiled , microwaved and baked ( ref . 9988 ) . has sharp teeth and gill rakers that can cut fingers if handled .
eggs are deposited in crevices or under rocks ( ref . 6885 ) . male guards the eggs until they hatch .
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )
) : 4 . 5 - 8 . 6 , mean 5 . 9 ( based on 184 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0002 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 5 ±0 . 6 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tm = 4 ; tmax = 25 ; ) .
prior r = 0 . 45 , 2 sd range = 0 . 25 - 0 . 82 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 8 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 3 , based on : 1 m , 2 k , 4 tgen , 1 tmax , 2 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 63 of 100 ) .
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no signature - $ 29 . 95 standard - $ 29 . 95 mildly edgy : guava lipstick color - $ 29 . 95 mildly edgy : rhubarb lipstick color - $ 29 . 95
yes , here it is , the steroid - stuffed new version of the classic probably more than you want to know about the fishes of the pacific coast . here is the low - down ( and for that matter the high - down ) on a mind - numbing 490 species , with 688 color images , in 672 pages . be the first person on your block ( neighborhood or cell ) to really understand what these fishes do , where they go , and how they feel about life .
“i’ve enjoyed working with dr . milton love for over 40 years . through his participation in our education programs thousands of students and educators better understand the role of fishes in our coastal ecosystems . milton love has created a fascinating new book : certainly more than you want to know about the fishes of the pacific coast . it has thorough descriptions of our pacific coast fishes , hilarious stories , and elegant photos . when one thinks of wit and wisdom , the names benjamin franklin and winston churchill may come to mind . but these intellectual heavyweights with a sense of humor have a contemporary peer , at least in the domain of fishes , and it is dr . milton love . milton has his own unique twist on just about everything , but in the world of fishes his style of communication and depth of knowledge are without peer . i highly recommend dr . love’s new book and suggest it even if you are not a fish hugger . ” jean - michel cousteau , ocean futures society
this fishery uses a bottom longline that is baited with hooks and anchored to the ocean floor . a longline can be from 1 to 3 miles ( 1 . 6 to 5 km ) long and have up to 2 , 000 hooks .
this fishery uses a rod , reel and lure or baited hook trailed behind a vessel at low speed to catch fish . each fish is individually hooked and hauled aboard by hand .
this fishery uses hooks , lures and lines , trailed behind vessels at low speed , to catch salmon . each salmon is individually hooked and hauled aboard by hand .
this fishery uses a large cone - shaped net that is dragged along the seafloor to catch fish . as the net is towed at low speed , hydrodynamic forces push two
otter boards
outwards opening the mouth of the net and capturing fish in its path .
colour : white fillets that may have a blue - green shimmer which disappears with cooking .
texture : a very lean fish with a dense , medium - firm texture and large flakes .
look for flesh that is firm in its raw state , not flaky or soft in any way .
flesh should be white or green , with many connoisseurs preferring the green flesh .
bake in oven for 15 to 20 minutes or until just turning opaque ( fish continues to cook through after removal from heat ) .
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for more information on fishing , please contact the wdfw fish program . 360 - 902 - 2700 fish program district biologists
commonly caught off the washington coast by commercial harvesters using otter - trawls , handline jig , and longline gear . commonly caught by recreational harvesters within puget sound .
maximum size : to 152 cm ( 60 in or 5 ft ) in length , and 59 kg ( 130 lbs ) in weight .
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 336 p .
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the snap shows the sharp - toothed fish with its mouth open - and inside an octopus ' head and tentacles still in tact .
matt mertz was fishing off the coast of santa cruz , california , in the pacific ocean last month when he made the catch .
shocked at the bizarre sight , matthew took a photo before he grabbed the dead octopus out of its mouth and used the eight - armed mollusc as bait .
the 24 - year - old angler , from palo alto , said :
this fish must have just eaten that octopus before hitting our jig because it was in almost perfect condition in his mouth .
everyone was even more excited after seeing the octopus - like a good omen for the day to come .
matthew , who has seen the image go viral after he shared it online , said :
i had no idea people would like the image as much as people have .
i thought it was a pretty cool picture when i captured it , but i was not expecting so many people to ask me about it or comment .
one of their favourite foods is smaller octopuses and they also readily devour large rockfish .
earlier this year , a monster shark was caught by two stunned fishermen just a few hundred metres off the coast of cornwall , while a 23 - stone relative of the great white was snared by another angler near devon .
gunman shoots 3 times at woman at point blank range . . . and misses
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our recommendations help you choose seafood that’s fished or farmed in ways that have less impact on the environment .
the monterey bay aquarium seafood watch program helps consumers and businesses make choices for a healthy ocean .
the mission of the nonprofit monterey bay aquarium is to inspire conservation of the ocean .
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limit the minimum size of fish that can be caught to protect immature fish from being harvested and allow fish to spawn at least once before being subject to harvest .
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serving oxnard , ventura , santa barbara , los angeles , bakersfield , fillmore , westlake , camarillo .
all boats in the channel islands sportfishing fleet are independently , privately owned and operated .
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a female red king crab with an egg clutch under her abdominal flap . the eggs are carried for approximately one year . once the larvae are released in the early part of the year , the female will molt her carapace , mate , and immediately produce another egg clutch .
a ten - month - old red king crab embryo . the black ovals are eyespots on the developing crab and the yellowish mass is the yolk . the heartbeat becomes visible halfway through development .
red king crab larva – one to ten days old . after hatching , larvae stay in the water column through their four shrimp - like zoeal stages , each stage lasting around ten days . after the fourth stage , the zoeae molt to the glaucothoe stage . read more on crab molting .
a red king crab glaucothoe . a glaucothoe looks like a tiny crab but it can extend its abdominal flap like a tail and swim . the glaucothoe stage is a transitional larval phase that lasts three to eight weeks . a glaucothoe continuously tests habitats until it finds a suitable settling spot . then it molts into a small crab and loses its ability to swim .
microalgae or phytoplankton , provide crab larvae with nutrients essential to their development and survival . many crustacean larvae consume microalgae as part of their diet . the kodiak laboratory raises microalgae to include in the larval crab diets . read more on culturing larvae and microalgae .
one - year - old lab - raised red king crabs clustered on a hydroid . these crabs were raised in the lab to test for substrate preference and settling behavior . the lab tests demonstrated that red king crab prefer to settle on hydroids and algae , rather than worm tubes , sand or mud .
two - year - old juvenile red king crab . this crab will continue to molt and grow larger . at two - years old the juveniles raised in the kodiak laboratory are just about the size of a penny , like this crab hatched in early 2005 ( this photo taken in february 2007 ) . we do not know if the juveniles raised in the laboratory experience the same growth as in the wild .
adult mature male red king crab . at around four or five years old the male red king crab will be developmentally mature enough to mate . at this point it is considered a mature or adult crab .
marc pakenham read the draft terms of reference and indicated that it is a rough draft and still requires the input from the rrab and tor sub - committee . comments from jenny sparkes and gord hansen have been received . jenny sparkes wasnt clear what the rrab outcomes were supposed to be from the tor and has suggestions for each point .
angus matthews suggests that the tor are quite adequate and dont need revision . he is keen to move on with rest of process .
jenny sparkes indicated that it is important in this process that people are clear of the game rules from the outset .
howard breen agreed that the tor is good and need to move forward with this process .
anita voss inquired if there was a time frame for the goals set out in the tor . marc pakenham replied that the goal was to have the recommendations completed by march 10 . kelly francis indicated that the future evolution of the rrab was not entirely clear .
angus matthews re - iterated the importance of moving forward with this process . pearson college is currently funding the caretaker and bearing responsibility for the operating costs at race rocks . they are unable to raise further funds until this site is designated . he suggested that governments have to understand that private funds are driving this process .
howard breen suggested that in regards to the first nations paragraph it is important to identify which first nations are being affected by this process ( i . e . tsouke , esquimalt , beecher bay , and songhees first nations ) .
tom sampson indicated that it is important to have first nations mentioned in this process being that it may be a template for future processes . he suggested that first nations do not need to be identified directly because the first nations will know which ones are directly involved .
jim morris would like to see it spelled out in the tor that race rocks is an ecological reserve and that the establishment of a mpa will enhance and / or preserve the current status .
angus matthews believes consensus is where everybody is reasonably content and walks away from the table satisfied . being that this is a pilot process the consensus
bar
should be set higher than is stated in the draft tor . marc pakenham suggested that recommendations will probably not please everyone 100 % , but this process will respect and provide the opportunity to indicate their views .
howard breen suggested that if the rrab could endorse the recommendations 100 % they would be accepted much more broadly throughout the community .
keith symmington asked to have these comments read into the minutes :
cpaws supports the establishment of a ' protocol agreement ' between the province and fisheries and oceans canada , as well as the recognition of the constitutional and treaty rights of first nations and their interest in a cooperative management regime , within the terms of reference
.
marc pakenham asked the rrab members to send comments to him by friday january 7 , 2000 . he will synthesize the comments and have a conference call on tuesday jan 11 with the tor sub - committee and will have a revision out to rrab board members by tuesday afternoon .
cindy wrights contract to synthesize the ecosystem overview into a written report format which outlines major gaps in our current knowledge and provides general recommendations on future research . the report does not address socio - economic information , nor does it provide strategies or actions for implementing research recommendations .
cindy wright described the report and it was based on a similar report prepared for sable gully . it is oriented for aquatic issues .
high velocity currents up to 6 knots . high velocity currents create turbulence which mixes water column , prevents stratification , delivers high nutrients , and high oxygen content to support benthic community ;


betta raja is a species of betta endemic to the island of sumatra in indonesia .

it is an inhabitant of swamps in lowland forests .

this species grows to a length of 6.4 centimetres ( 2.5 in ) sl .

it is used as bait by local fishermen and has also been found in the aquarium trade .

despite its scientific epithet " raja " meaning " prince " or " king " , this species is not identical to the aquarium breed - the king betta .

the derivation of the king betta is not fully known and may or may not involve crossbreeding with b. raja .

betta raja

named from the malay vernacular raja , meaning king or prince ; also from the indonesian vernacular for this species chupang raja .
i’ve got a new mouthbrooding betta – now what ? . michael hellweg . 2003 .
been surfing around , looking at betta raja . and it seems that the male will have the presence of bluish scales on the gills cover whereas the female is lacking or minimal . not sure though .
raja is a paternal mouthbrooder and the male incubates from 12 to 18 days with 14 days being consistent . incubation time can vary with water temperature . females normally initiate spawning .
in a black water lake draining into the batang hari river b . raja was recorded alongside numerous other species including osteochilus spilurus , parachela oxygastroides , ‘ puntius ‘ johorensis , rasbora cephalotaenia , mystus bimaculatus , pseudomystus leiacanthus , kryptopterus macrocephalus , silurichthys indragirensis , pseudeutropeus brachypopterus , p . moolenburghae , chaca bankanensis , nandus nebulosus , helostoma temminkii , belontia hasselti , betta coccina , betta renata , luciocephalus pulcher , parosphromenus sumatranus , sphaerichthys osphromenoides , trichopodus leerii , channa lucius and c . striata .
not critical , raja is very tolerant of water chemistry and thrives in almost any type of water as long as it is clean and well filtered . they should be kept at cool to mid 70s f .
betta raja can be housed in pairs , species tanks , and community tanks . pairs can be housed in a 10 gallon tank , groups should be housed in a 30 gallon tank or larger . pairs should be given cover such as caves and plants . in a pair or species situation it is possible that fry could be discovered in the tanks . for best results remove a brooding male .
the genus betta is the most speciose within the family osphronemidae with almost 70 recognised members and looks set to grow further with new ones continuing to be described on a regular basis since the turn of the century .
schindler , i . and j . schmidt , 2006 - zeitschrift für fischkunde 8 ( 1 / 2 ) : 47 - 69 review of the mouthbrooding betta ( teleostei , osphronemidae ) from thailand , with descriptions of two new species .
found in lowland forest swamps containing both clear and black water . presumably it prefers the type of habitat favoured by most other betta species ie . shaded , quiet waters where overhanging / marginal vegetation grows thickly or among leaf litter and submerged roots .
tan , h . h . and p . k . l . ng , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement ( 13 ) : 43 - 99 the fighting fishes ( teleostei : osphronemidae : genus betta ) of singapore , malaysia and brunei .
witte , k . - e . and j . schmidt , 1992 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 2 ( 4 ) : 305 - 330 betta brownorum , a new species of anabantoids ( teleostei : belontiidae ) from northwestern borneo , with a key to the genus .
b . raja has also been collected from various localities in riau province ( river indragiri basin ) , northern sumatra selatan province and sumatra barat province , in the eastern regency of sawahlunto sijunjung . populations from the different localities should ideally be labelled as such by collectors / enthusiasts in order to maintain accuracy and preserve pure bloodlines .
small insects such as crickets or drosophila fruit flies are also suitable to use ; it’s best to fill the stomachs of these by feeding them fish flakes or some kind of vegetable matter before offering them to the fish . take care not to overfeed as betta spp . seem particularly prone to obesity .
copyright ©2004 - 2007 international betta congress inc . all rights reserved . the ibc & ibc - smp logo used on these pages are the registered property of the ibc inc . and can not be used without permission . for questions in regards to this website , contact the smp chairperson last update :
filtration need not be too strong , with an air - powered sponge filter set to turn over gently adequate . keep the tank well - covered and do not fill it to the top as like all betta spp . it requires occasional access to the layer of humid air that will form above the water surface , and is an excellent jumper .
the fry are large enough to accept motile foods such as microworm and artemia nauplii immediately , though it should be noted that there exist reports of young betta developing health issues if fed excessive amounts of the latter . offer small amounts of different foods 2 - 3 times per day for optimal growth rate , and don’t change too much water at once , with regular , small changes preferable to intermittent larger ones .
hmm , quite difficult to say . . at first glance i would have said you were right , first one male , second and third female , judjing from the overall shape ( fatter belly in the last two pics ) , but generally males will have extended anal and caudal fins , so that would make the second photo a male for me . but im not a specialist in raja ( mine are still juveniles so quite difficult to tell ) . if you wait a while longer for them to mature you will definitely see more of a difference .
b . raja can be told apart from other members of the b . pugnax group by the following characters : mature males with very long pelvic fins covering 15 - 23 anal - fin rays or even longer than the base of the anal - fin in some cases ; anal - fin and lower caudal - fin with black marginal bands ; 25 - 28 anal - fin rays ; 30 - 32 lateral scales ; head length 33 . 9 - 37 . 4 % sl ; predorsal length 20 . 0 - 24 . 6 % sl ; preanal length 46 . 1 - 52 . 4 % sl ; length of body 62 . 8 - 70 . 7 % sl .
prior to description this species was widely misidentified as betta fusca . it’s included in the b . pugnax complex of closely - related species within the genus , an assemblage of which members share the following set of characters : relatively large head measuring 28 - 40 % sl ; live colouration usually brown with green or blue iridescent spots ; male with similarly - coloured scales on opercle , sometimes extending to abdomen ; juveniles and females usually brown with two central body stripes and a dark marking on the caudal peduncle ; anal - fin in mature specimens pointed and often elongated ; caudal - fin lanceolate .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56386 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 1 - 2 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 7 - 10 ; anal spines : 2 ; anal soft rays : 23 - 26 ; vertebrae : 28 - 30 . pelvic fin very long in mature males ( 15 - 23 anal fin rays at pelvic fin end , even exceeding anal - fin base in some specimens ) ; anal fin and lower half of caudal fin with dark margins ; anal fin rays 25 - 28 ( mode 26 ) ; lateral scales 30 - 32 ( mode 31 ) ; head length 33 . 9 - 37 . 4 % sl ; predorsal length 20 . 0 - 24 . 6 % sl ; preanal length 46 . 1 - 52 . 4 % sl ; and body length 62 . 8 - 70 . 7 % sl ( ref . 56386 ) .
tan , h . h . and p . k . l . ng , 2005 . the labyrinth fishes ( teleostei : anabantoidei , channoidei ) of sumatra , indonesia . raffles bull . zool . supplement ( 13 ) : 115 - 138 . ( ref . 56386 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00514 - 0 . 02450 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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endemic to parts of the island of sumatra , indonesia . the type specimens were collected from a stream named ayer merah which is a tributary of the danau souak padang , jambi province , and it’s found throughout the lowland swamp forest formed by the batang hari river in jambi .
can be maintained in a fully - decorated aquarium although many breeders prefer not to use a substrate for ease of maintenance . driftwood roots and branches can be used and placed such a way that a few shady spots are formed .
if you can’t find driftwood of the desired shape common beech or oak is safe to use if thoroughly dried and stripped of bark . clay plant pots or lengths of piping can also be included to provide further shelter .
the addition of dried leaf litter , with beech , oak or ketapang almond leaves all suitable , can further emphasise the natural feel and as well as offering additional cover for the fish brings with it the growth of microbe colonies as decomposition occurs . these can provide a valuable secondary food source for fry and the tannins and other chemicals released by the decaying leaves are also considered beneficial .
like others in the genus this species seems to do best under fairly dim lighting . you could add aquatic plant species that can survive under such conditions such as microsorum pteropus , taxiphyllum barbieri or perhaps some potted cryptocoryne spp . , and a few patches of floating vegetation would be useful to diffuse the light entering the tank .
ph : values over the range 4 . 0 – 7 . 0 have been recorded in its natural waters .
hardness : 0 – 179 ppm . captive - bred fish have spawned in water with a value of 20°dh .
likely to prey on insects and other small invertebrates / zooplankton in nature . captive fish will normally accept dried products once they’re recognised as edible , but should be offered plenty of small live or frozen foods such as daphnia , artemia or bloodworm regularly to ensure development of optimal colour and condition .
not recommended for the standard community set - up for reasons already touched upon . it’s requirements and disposition mean it’s best kept alone or with very peaceful species since much bigger or more vigorous fishes are likely to intimidate and outcompete it . some small cyprinids and loaches that inhabit similar environments in nature are compatible .
it can be maintained in a pair or group and will display some interesting behavioural interactions under the latter circumstances .
males grow larger , possess a greater amount of iridescent scaling on the head , a broader head shape , and more extended fins than females .
paternal mouthbrooder . ideally organise a separate tank for breeding purposes , unless the fish are already being maintained alone , setting this up as suggested above .
the tank should have the tightest - fitting cover you can find ( some breeders use clingfilm instead to ensure no gaps ) as the fry need access to a layer of warm , humid air without which development of the labyrinth organ can be impaired .
following a protracted courtship , eggs and milt are released during an ’embrace’ typical of osphronemids in which the male wraps his body around that of the female . several ‘dummy’ embraces may be required before spawning commences .
fertilised eggs are caught on the anal fin of the male then picked up in the mouth of the female before being spat out into the water for the male to catch . once the male has all the eggs in his mouth the cycle is repeated untill the female is spent of eggs , a process which can take some time .
a brooding male may swallow or release the eggs prematurely if stressed or inexperienced , so it’s preferable to leave the female and any other fishes in situ . the incubation period is 9 - 16 days at the end of which the male will begin to release fully - formed , free - swimming fry . at this point they can be removed or left to grow alongside the parents , though some may be lost to predation under the latter circumstances .
it should be noted that not all authors consider the b . pugnax group to contain the same species , with some placed in the b . picta complex by schindler and schmidt ( 2006 ) , for example .
member species have successfully adapted to inhabit a variety of ecological niches from stagnant ditches to flowing hill streams including some extreme environments such as highly acidic peat swamp forests .
the referral of members to a number of groups containing closely - related species is now generally accepted but largely based on morphological / behavioural characters . molecular phylogenetic work is thus required and would undoubtedly prove useful in more precisely determining relationships between these fishes .
a full list of the species groups as currently recognised can be found here .
like others in the suborder anabantoidei this species possesses an accessory breathing organ known as the labyrinth . so - called due to its maze - like structure this organ allows the fish to breathe atmospheric air to a certain extent .
comprising paired suprabranchial organs formed via expansion of the epibranchial ( upper ) section of the first gill arch and housed in a chamber above the gills , it contains many highly - vascularised , folded flaps of skin which function as a large respiratory surface . its structure varies in complexity between species , tending to be better - developed in those inhabiting harsher environments .
tan , h . h . and p . k . l . ng , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement ( 13 ) : 115 - 138 the labyrinth fishes ( teleostei : anabantoidei , channoidei ) of sumatra , indonesia .
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males have a broader head then females and have a caudal spike typical of pugnax complex and longer pelvic fins . females ovaries might be visible via spotlighting .
sungai ayer merah , feeder stream to danau souak padang , ca . 15 mins . by boat upstream , 1°36 ' 45 . 7
s , 103°27 ' 00 . 0
e , sumatra .
last modification submitted by gerald griffin 05 . 17 . 08 ( mm . dd . yy )
bettas are sold in small cups at the store , this is not the way to keep them . while they can survive for a time in a small space it is hardly ideal and borders on cruelty . they should be kept in an aquarium with filtration and heating just like any other tropical fish . do not fall prey to the novelty aquariums sold to house these animals .
omnivorous , flake foods , frozen or live . will also accept some fresh vegetables if in small enough pieces .
peaceful . can be kept in small groups if the aquarium is large enough .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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these nice bettas were given to me by a fellow forumer . but i can ' t tell which is male and female . is this first picture a male and the second and third a female ?
thanks greend . these guys are pretty young too . around 6 to 8cm .
you are absolutely right leeruisheng . i think it is a little early to tell from the photos . a couple more months and it should be really easy to tell
i ' ve bred rajas and the body is actually brownish too on top of the green cheek . . . , even the sub - adults are brownish as well . .
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kf204380 genomic dna translation : agt55472 . 1 kf204381 genomic dna translation : agt55473 . 1 kf204382 genomic dna translation : agt55474 . 1
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xerocrassa seetzeni is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .

xerocrassa seetzeni

ty - jour ti - note on feeding habits of the desert snails sphincterochila - boissieri and trochoidea - xerocrassa - seetzeni t2 - the veliger . vl - 14 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society . cy - berkeley , ca : py - 1971 sp - 86 ep - 88 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - yom - tov , y au - galun , m er -
@ article { bhlpart93619 , title = { note on feeding habits of the desert snails sphincterochila - boissieri and trochoidea - xerocrassa - seetzeni } , journal = { the veliger . } , volume = { 14 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { berkeley , ca : california malacozoological society . 1958 - } , author = { yom - tov , y and galun , m } , year = { 1971 } , pages = { 86 - - 88 } , }
pfeiffer , l . 1847 . diagnosen neuer heliceen . - zeitschrift für malakozoologie 4 ( 1 ) : 12 - 16 . cassel .
shell white , often with blurry brown spiral bands , striated , globular and solid , initial whorls flat , juveniles can be bluntly keeled , last whorls rounded , aperture with weak lip inside , umbilicus almost completely covered by the reflected columellar margin . vagina twice as long as penis . the shell is globular and thick - walled . the protoconch is smooth , white with a deep suture . the initial teleoconch whorls are flat , in some specimens bluntly keeled with a shallow suture . the last whorls are rounded , with a deeper suture . the sculpture of the teleoconch consists of fine axial riblets on the first whorls which subsequently become rugose and irregularly spaced . the aperture is subglobular with a sharp peristome . internally , a weak lip is present . the columellar rim of the peristome extends over the periomphalum and nearly covers the umbilicus . the basic colour is chalky white . very often , obscure brown spiral bands occur . the genital organs are described and depicted by hesse ( 1934 : 8 , taf . 2 , fig . 12 a - c ) . forcart ( 1976 : 145 ) reports that the sole of the ( living ? ) animal is coloured violet .
biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
brown km ( 1983 ) do life history tactics exist at the intraspecific level ? data from freshwater snails . am nat 121 : 871–879
cameron rad , carter ma ( 1979 ) intra - and inter - specific effects of population density on growth and activity in some helicid land snails ( gastropoda : pulmonata ) . j anim ecol 48 : 237–246
caswell h ( 1983 ) phenotypic plasticity in life - history traits . am zool 23 : 35–46
caswell h ( 1989 ) matrix population models . sinauer , sunderland , mass .
clark pj , evans fv ( 1954 ) distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations . ecology 35 : 445–453
cohen d ( 1967 ) optimizing reproduction in a randomly varying environment when a correlation may exist between the conditions at the time a choice has to be made and the subsequent outcome . j theor biol 16 : 1–14
at different population densities in the laboratory , and the depression of activity of helicid snails by other individuals , or their mucus . j moll studies 48 : 257–265
danin a ( 1983 ) desert vegetation of israel and sinai . canaan press , jerusalem
evenari m , shanan l , tadmor n ( 1982 ) the negev : the challenge of a desert . harvard univ . press , cambridge , mass .
fenchel t ( 1974 ) intrinsic rate of natural increase : the relationship with body size . oecologia 14 : 317–324
friedman i , lipkin y , ocampo - pau r ( 1967 ) desert algae of the negev . phycologia 6 : 185–200
genot - lahav s ( 1986 ) morphological variation in a desert snail . m . sc . thesis , ben - gurion univ . , beer sheva , israel ( in hebrew )
hermoni i ( 1987 ) habitat selection of desert snails . m . sc . thesis , ben gurion univ . , beer sheva , israel ( in hebrew )
kaplan rh , cooper ws ( 1984 ) the evolution of developmental plasticity in reproductive characteristics : an application of the adaptive coin - flipping principle . am nat 123 : 393–410
lloyd dg ( 1987 ) selection of offspring size at independence and other size versus - number strategies . am nat 129 : 800–817
machlis l , dodd pwd , fentress jc ( 1985 ) the pooling fallacy : problems arising when individuals contribute more than one observation to the data set . ethology 68 : 201–214
moller h , smith rh , sibly rm ( 1990 ) evolutionary demography of a bruchid beetle . iii . correlated responses to selection and phenotypic plasticity . funct ecol 4 : 489–493
osenberg cw ( 1989 ) resource limitation , competition and the influence of life history in a freshwater snail community . oecologia 79 : 512–519
price t , schluter d ( 1991 ) on the low heritability of life - history traits . evolution 45 : 353–861
reznick d ( 1985 ) costs of reproduction : an evaluation of the empirical evidence . oikos 44 : 257–267
shachak m , safriel un , hunum r ( 1981 ) an exceptional event of predation on desert snails by migratory thrushes in the negev desert , israel . ecology 62 : 1441–1449
schmidt - nielsen k , taylor cr , shkolnik a ( 1972 ) desert snails : problems of survival . symp zool lond 31 : 1–13
stearns sc ( 1976 ) life - history tactics : a review of the ideas . q rev biol 51 : 3–47
stearns sc ( 1980 ) a new view of life - history evolution . oikos 35 : 266–281
( l . ) . ( gastropoda , helicidae ) in southern finland . ann zool fenn 15 : 8–16
thomas jd , goldsworthy gj , aram rh ( 1975 ) studies on the chemical ecology of snails : the effect of chemical conditioning by adult snails on the growth of juvenile snails . j anim ecol 44 : 1–28
tuljapurkar tj ( 1989 ) an uncertain life : demography in random environments . theor popul biol 5 : 227–294
walker tj ( 1986 ) stochastic polyphenism : coping with uncertainty . fl entomol 69 : 46–62
yom - tov y ( 1970 ) effect of predation on population densities of desert snails . ecology 51 : 907–911
yom - tov y ( 1971b ) annual fluctuations in the water content of desert snails . malacol rev 4 : 121–126
yom - tov y ( 1983 ) life history tactics in two species of desert snails . j arid environ 6 : 39–41
zangvil a , druian p ( 1983 ) meteorological data for sede boqer . desert meteorology papers , series a , no . 8
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microcolona trigonospila is a moth in the elachistidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1897 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales and victoria .

the wingspan is 8-10 mm .

the forewings are light reddish-ochreous , the margins suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous .

the stigmata is raised , black and edged with whitish-ochreous .

the first discal is somewhat before the middle , the second at three-fourth and the plical obliquely before the first discal .

the hindwings are fuscous .

microcolona trigonospila

microcolona trigonospila meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 376 ; tl : glen innes ( 3000ft ) , new south wales ; mount macedon , victoria
microcolona tumulifera meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 169 ; tl : java , pekalongan
microcolona emporica meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 50 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya
microcolona porota meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 50 ; tl : assam , khasis
microcolona aurantiella ; sinev & park , 1994 , korean j . appl . ent . 33 ( 3 ) : 197
microcolona leucosticta meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : madras , coonoor
microcolona phalarota meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 335 ; tl : assam , khasis
microcolona spaniospila turner , 1923 ; proc . r . soc . victoria ( n . s . ) 36 : 75
microcolona technographa meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 13 ) : 391 ; tl : bihar , pusa
microcolona pantomima meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 51 ; tl : french congo , fort crampel
microcolona aurantiella sinev , 1988 ; vestn . zool . 1988 ( 5 ) : 19 ; tl : primory area , khasan , andreyevka
microcolona omphalias meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 309 ; tl : barberton , three sisters
microcolona polygethes turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 81 ; tl : tasmania , tasman peninsula
microcolona eriptila meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 334 ; tl : s . india , shevaroys , 4500ft
microcolona autotypa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 575 ; tl : s . india , palnis , kodaikanal , 7000ft
microcolona citroplecta meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 49 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; bengal , pusa
microcolona cricota meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 50 ; tl : coorg , dibidi , 3500ft ; assam , khasis
microcolona pycnitis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 11 ) : 334 ; tl : ceylon , markeliya and namunukuli ( 6000ft )
microcolona transennata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 575 ; tl : brazil , para , santarem ; peru , jurimaguas
microcolona celaenospila turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 255 ; tl : ebor scrub
microcolona embolopis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 372 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
microcolona leptopis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 374 ; tl : albany , west australia
microcolona limodes meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 372 ; tl : christchurch , new zealand
microcolona ponophora meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 375 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
microcolona thymopis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 375 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
microcolona crypsicasis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 373 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; deloraine , tasmania
microcolona epixutha meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 376 ; tl : sydnaey and blackheath ( 3500ft ) , new south wales
microcolona sollennis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 377 ; tl : sydney and blackheath ( 3500ft ) , new south wales
microcolona transennata ; [ nhm card ] ; hodges , 1997 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 99 ( 2 ) : 275 ( list ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
microcolona arizela meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 378 ; tl : bathurst ( 2000ft ) , new south wales ; hobart , tasmania
microcolona leucochtha meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 377 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; adelaide and port lincoln , south australia
microcolona nodata meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 373 ; tl : sydney , new south wales ; deloraine , tasmania ; albany , weswt australia
microcolona characta meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 374 ; tl : sydney and blackheat ( 3500ft ) , new south wales ; nelson , new zealand
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elachista toropis meyrick , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 336 ; tl : albany , west australia
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
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phylogeny and classification of the elachistidae s . s . ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea )
new taxa of the blastodacninae moth subfamily ( lepidoptera , momphidae s . l . ) of the ussr [ in russian ]
a third contribution to a knowledge of the lepidopterous fauna of ebor scrub , n . s . w .
turner , 1939 a second revision of the lepidoptera of tasmania pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 57 - 115
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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