free house ( march 22 , 1994 – july 19 , 2004 ) was an american thoroughbred racehorse that blood-horse publications called one of the best california-bred horses of all time .

free house ( horse )

mistery horse - mr . house ! ( original mix ) free progressive house music for monetize
in 1997 and 1998 , free house was named california - bred horse of the year .
2 , 178 horse ranch house stock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .
a horse ranch in washington state , usa with horse eating at the pasture and the house in the background .
shoot , the farthest free house ever ran was a mile and a half .
a horse ranch in washington state , usa with horse standing along the wood fence and the house in the background .
at that point , free house held a 2 - 1 lead in their rivalry .
nonetheless , free house won his share in top company including three wins against his rival . a two - time california - bred horse of the year , free house retired to stud in his native state but died young
portrait of lonely warmblood horse horse grazing on the lawn on the path to the house . a beautiful summer day in romanian village
free house has not achieved his top ranking in the typical fashion for a california stallion .
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it was the big cap , and it was vintage free house . it was also the final act
small horse farm in central florida showing pond , house and two horses grazing in the front pasture .
a horse grazing near a pond at a horse farm in the hills of kentucky usa in autumn .
before each of his races , free house got a kiss on the nose from co - owner trudy mccaffery .
free house died when , while being bathed , he reared over , fell backwards , and struck his head , according to rich decker , the farm manager at vessels . decker said free house would be buried on the farm .
truck approaches horse standing in pasture . farm house stands in background at foothills of the gallatin mountains in montana .
a horse ranch in kentucky , usa with horses standing along the white fence and the house in the background .
a win by house of fortune would indicate that free house ' s foals will only improve with distance and age . even though he won a maiden race over six furlongs at fairplex park at 2 , free house was best at 1 1 / 8 and 1 1 / 4 miles .
free house led the california freshman sire list in 2003 . according to jockey club records , free house sired 94 winners ( 51 . 1 % ) and 3 stakes winners ( 1 . 6 % ) from 184 named foals . his best runner was grade ii winner house of fortune .
' ' free house is the one to beat , ' ' said bob baffert , silver charm ' s trainer .
on saturday , free house could have his first winner of a six - figure stakes when house of fortune starts in the $ 125 , 000 california cup juvenile fillies at santa anita .
red horse barn vector illustration . wooden stables building with opened doors and haystack . old horse barns isolated on white background .
free house was able to beat silver charm in california - - in the santa anita derby and the big ' cap - - but out of town it was the other gray that prevailed . silver charm won the kentucky derby while free house ran third .
in his eight races against silver charm , free house won three and was third in the belmont , in which silver charm was second . free house was second to silver charm three times and was third in the kentucky derby with captain bodgit splitting the pair .
vector illustration of standing beautiful horse on the farm . nature landscape with hills , trees , bush , clouds , house , fence
free house ' s oldest crop is only age 3 , and is headed by the filly house of fortune , whose victories include oaklawn ' s fantasy stakes and the hollywood breeders ' cup oaks .
gonzalez believes that free house deserves a better fate than to play a supporting role in this year ' s triple crown drama . free house and silver charm have raced against each other five times . in their two races before the triple crown , free house defeated silver charm , first in the santa anita derby and then in the san felipe stakes at santa anita , where gonzalez has a stable of 20 .
through tuesday , free house was the top - ranked freshman stallion in california , with progeny earnings in excess of $ 200 , 000 .
since then , silver charm has become the sport ' s darling . on may 3 , he captured the kentucky derby , in which free house finished third , and in the preakness two weeks later , silver charm edged free house by a head after a stirring stretch drive .
two weeks later , in one of the most scintillating preaknesses , the crowd at pimlico watched silver charm , free house and captain bodgit finish 1 - 2 - 3 , separated by only a couple of heads . free house couldn ' t outrun silver charm in the belmont , either , with neither horse a match for the late - running touch gold .
' ' he wouldn ' t let them pass even when they galloped out , ' ' said paco gonzalez , free house ' s trainer .
gonzalez held free house yesterday morning as the colt grazed on grass outside barn 17 . the trainer was wearing a yellow hat with the words ' ' free house ' ' in silver letters . he is a lanky 5 feet 9 inches tall , has dark hair that is liberally spiked with gray , and has a similarly colored mustache . he spoke softly yet passionately about free house , a long - legged , gray - colored colt .
the horse trust is the oldest horse charity in the world and is committed to promoting education and welfare within the equine world and is the largest provider of equine welfare grants and horse research grants in the uk .
for my money , the best rivalry in horse racing over the last quarter century was waged between a pair of california grays . silver charm got the better of the rivalry , but free house certainly had his moments .
although free house had lost five of the seven previous meetings with silver charm , free house had beaten him in the 1997 santa anita derby . free house ' s biggest victory was last year ' s $ 1 million pacific classic at del mar , which will be the final race in this year ' s inaugural ntra champions series . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
vessels stallion farm took a hit this summer when its young stallion free house , a two - time california horse of the year , fractured his skull in an accident and died . a 10 - year - old smokester horse , free house had only four crops on the ground , and already one of his first foals , a 2001 filly named house of fortune , had become california ' s champion 2 - year - old filly in 2003 . given that promising outlook , free house ' s death was a hard loss . but vessels stallion farm , in bonsall , calif . , is unusually resilient , thanks to its solid roster of both thoroughbred and quarter horse stallions , and to the vessels family ' s philosophical view of the game .
because of his regional success , free house was kept in california for his stud career , going to vessels stallion farm in bonsall , near san diego .
the book on free house ' s racing career won ' t be closed until the california horse racing board ' s case is settled against john toffan and trudy mccaffery , the horse ' s breeders and owners , and their trainer , paco gonzalez . one of free house ' s eight stakes wins , the 1998 bel air handicap , was marred because of a positive postrace test for clenbuterol , a controversial breathing aid that is not allowed in california racing .
even without free house , the farm is keeping its sights high and its vision broad , even beyond the horse business . the 2 , 800 - acre vessels stallion farm also does business in avocados , flowers , and strawberries .
the shuffling to replace the retired skip away as the top older horse in the united states continued today as free house captured the $ 1 million santa anita handicap , outdueling event of the year and his longtime rival silver charm .
in 1998 , he garnered revenge over tough gold by beating that one in the pacific classic . he also beat gentleman . both touch gold and gentleman were going off at around even money in that race while free house went off at over 3 to 1 . free house’s best race of his career was the 1999 santa anita handicap . the race epitomized the horse . ridden by david flores in the derby , kent desormeaux in the preakness and the belmont , by the time free house had run in the pacific classic , chris mccarron had taken over riding duties .
house of fortune won the seven - furlong cover gal stakes on oct . 1 for owner arnold zetcher and trainer ron mcanally , giving free house his first stakes win as a stallion . the juvenile fillies ran at 1 1 / 16 miles .
silver charm would take his third straight over free house when he surged away from him in the stretch of the belmont stakes . full glory would not be his , though , as for the only time in the rivalry , neither silver charm nor free house won the race , due to a spirited late rush by touch gold .
just then , a cat scampered by . free house eyeballed him , but never moved . ' ' see what i mean ? ' ' gonzalez said , smiling .
two horses peek through the fence surrounding a horse farm in kentucky , usa .
i am going to rename this horse
justify joshua
. : - )
horse passports are issued by passport issuing organisations ( pio ) , such as the bhs . [ find a full list of organisations issuing horse passports in the urltoken
of one of the greatest rivalries of modern racing . like captain bodgit and touch gold of that great triple crown series , this santa anita handicap also brought in another very talented horse to the silver charm and free house show , in the form of
if there is a single horse that not only epitomized socal racing in the late 1990’s but also the socal underground club scene during that time , it had to be free house . owned by trudy mccaffrey and john toffan and trained by j . paco gonzalez , it’s difficult to know why or how free house got his name . but the name is truly one that worked perfectly with the burgeoning los angeles house music scene that developed in the late 1990’s , the music of choice for many of generation x .
even without breeders ' cup opportunities , free house won a couple of regular - season million - dollar races , and he goes to stud for a $ 15 , 000 breeding fee , a princely sum for a stallion standing in california . toffan says free house ' s book is full , with an emphasis on quality mares to breed to .
as a stallion , free house got off to a quick start . he led california ' s first - crop list last year by progeny earnings . his chief earner , house of fortune , has won three stakes this year , including the fantasy stakes ( gr . ii ) and hollywood breeders ' cup oaks ( gr . ii ) . free house is the sole winner out of stakes winner fountain gold ( by vigors ) .
in a four - year span in the late 1990 ' s , free house was a mainstay in california racing , winning major races annually from age 2 to 5 under the training of paco gonzalez . by smokester , whom mccaffery and toffan campaigned , free house is out of fountain lake , a daughter of vigors who was a minor stakes winner .
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house bathed in sunlight near waterfall background
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sprawling green pastures and a wood fence surround a horse farm in kentucky , usa .
sprawling acres of green grass pastures surround a horse farm ranch in kentucky , usa .
the bhs is a charitable organisation that represents the interest of every horse and rider in the uk . the bhs focuses on issues such as horse welfare and livery yards .
after free house ' s victory in the santa anita derby on april 5 , his trainer , paco gonzalez , could barely speak because he was so overcome with the emotion of winning the biggest race of his career . a similar torrent of feelings could be unleashed saturday if free house can capture the belmont stakes and stop silver charm from sweeping the triple crown .
it contains details of horse manure and waste management , land use and planning for livery stables . finally , you will find information on horse breeding , fallen stock and diseases .
free house won california horse of the year titles in 1997 - 98 racing as a homebred for john toffan and trudy mccaffery . trained by paco gonzalez , free house was a grade i winner three consecutive years , placed in all three triple crown events , and earned a career total of $ 3 . 1 million . he stood at frank
scoop
vessels ' vessels stallion farm near bonsall , calif . , prior to his death last july .
free house ' s first winner was head of the house , who won a maiden race over 5 1 / 2 furlongs at hollywood park during the summer . head of the house was expected to start in sprint stakes at hollywood park and del mar , but he went out of training with an ankle injury . he is preparing for a return with gonzalez .
free house had tested silver charm leading up to the classics and beat him in winning the santa anita derby ( gr . i ) and san felipe stakes ( gr . ii ) . the same was true after the triple crown . in the 1999 santa anita handicap ( gr . i ) , free house won the 1 1 / 4 - mile race with silver charm in the beaten field . free house ' s other grade i win came in the 1998 pacific classic when his beaten foes included touch gold , the belmont winner , and gentlemen .
royal ascot winner free eagle has arrived back at the irish national stud in fantastic form , following a successful southern hemisphere covering season at cornerstone stud , australia . free eagle excelled . . .
with in excess and free house both , our partners in the horses were a substantial help ,
vessels said , referring to mike pegram with in excess and john toffan and trudy mccaffery in free house .
they ' re the ones who really supported the horses by putting their good mares under them . that really got both those stallions off the ground .
house _ bathed _ in _ sunlight _ near _ waterfall _ background - 1126 . jpg
sprawling acres of fenced in green pastures surround a horse farm ranch in kentucky , usa .
a four - time champion , free house was 1997 - 98 california horse of the year and a champion 3 - year - old male and older male . he retired with nine wins , eight in stakes , from 22 starts and earnings of $ 3 , 178 , 971 .
he raced in the shadow of kentucky derby and preakness winner silver charm and belmont stakes winner touch gold , but free house finished that season with earnings of $ 1 , 336 , 910 .
silver charm broke alertly but fell back as free house and dr . fong ran one - two for the first mile . event of the year , the kentucky derby favorite last year until fracturing a knee eight days before the race , moved alongside the two leaders around the far turn and silver charm followed on the outside . those two were slowly closing on free house at the wire .
it helped that free house delivered in almost every race in which he entered . in 5 races as a 2 year - old , free house finished second his first ever lifetime race , won his second lifetime race and then won the norfolk stakes in his third lifetime race . his three - year - old campaign showed exactly how good he was when he won the san felipe stakes and beat the bob baffert trained silver charm in the 1997 santa anita derby . free house would lose to silver charm in both the 1997 kentucky derby and preakness stakes . he lost to touch gold in the 1997 belmont stakes . although free house didn’t win a classic race , he did finish in the money in all three races , including losing by less than a head in the 1997 preakness stakes .
free house , trained by paco gonzalez and owned by john toffan and trudy mccaffery , ran second to silver charm in that edition of the san vicente , but he would soon gain a measure of revenge when he turned the tables on his new rival in the san felipe stakes . their third meeting in a kentucky derby prep came in the grade 1 santa anita derby . silver charm ran a bang - up race on the front end , but could not hold off the determined run of free house . heading to louisville , the rivalry saw free house with a 2 - 1 edge .
exterior of horse ranch with french windows , green grass and fir trees around . northwest , usa
house is a type of music that people throughout the world know and love today . back in the late 1990’s , it was still played by dj’s like doc martin in warehouses in the garment district in downtown los angeles . on saturdays , horseplayers who were also into the underground club scene , i was in my mid - 20’s when free house ran , would bet on races at santa anita , have dinner , and then head to the garment district to listen to not only doc , but to also listen to dj’s like hawkeye and dj lillyanne . it’s fitting that one of the greatest california bred horses to ever run in the state is named free house . house dj’s will tell you that they believe that their music is free , that their music is for the masses . again , i’m not sure why mccaffrey and toffan named the brilliant son of smokester free house . but to people like me , who understand both worlds well , the name of the horse has a special meaning .
the california - bred free house , owned by trudy mccaffery and john toffan , dictated the pace and held on for a half - length victory over event of the year , with silver charm another half - length back . free house ran the 1 1 / 4 miles in 2 : 00 3 / 5 and paid $ 10 . 20 on a $ 2 bet to win as the third choice in the six - horse field . the $ 600 , 000 first - place purse gave him just over $ 3 million in earnings .
the irish national stud is delighted to report that the prince of wales’s winner free eagle has welcomed . . .
the impact of free house on the sport will not be known for years , but his owner - breeders - trudy mccaffery and john toffan - are optimistic that he can have a lasting influence on breeding and racing .
free house , a son of smokester , was bred and owned by trudy mccaffery and john toffan . at stud , he was owned by mccaffery , toffan , and the vessels stallion farm of scoop and bonnie vessels .
mistery horse - summer in san andres ! ( original mix ) creative commons free music music for monetize creative commons free music download ▼ artist : mistery horse ▼ track name : summer in san andres ! ▼ genre : tropical house music - tropical house music playlist : urltoken ▼ download mistery horse - summer in san andres ! ( original mix ) music for free : urltoken ▼ this track ' s license , creative commons attribution , requires attribution . if you use this song in a video , cite the creator using the info below :
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the irish national stud is delighted to announce that royal ascot hero free eagle has made the perfect start . . .
free eagle added group 1 success to his cv last wednesday when landing the prince of wales’s stakes at . . .
moyglare stud has entered an agreement with the irish national stud whereby free eagle will join the ins stallion . . .
papiano is trying to show that the racing board erred in sending one of free house ' s two tests to a denver laboratory that , he says , wasn ' t on the state ' s approved list for clenbuterol testing .
see the guide on farmed animal welfare during transportation which also includes guidance on the rules applying to horse transport .
' ' i think no . 1 is whoever won the last race , ' ' said chris mccarron , his jockey . ' ' free house won the last race , so i guess he ' s no . 1 . ' '
royal ascot winner free eagle has arrived back at the irish national stud in fantastic form , following a successful . . .
instead of producing precocious 2 - year - olds who dominated sprint races at hollywood park and del mar , free house ' s limited foals seem to be later - developing horses who want to run in longer sprints or around two turns .
isometric vector nature rural illustration of village ranch and farm countryside with 3d agriculture building house and barn , green field .
according to an older brother , sal - - the exercise rider for free house - - gonzalez ' s attention to detail borders on obsessive . after a workout at pimlico the week of the preakness in which paco thought sal went too fast with free house , paco yelled at his brother heatedly and sent sal scurrying to a corner of the barn for cover . yesterday , sal said paco is ' ' all the time very nervous . he was the same as a kid . ' '
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a gray , free house was a powerfully built horse standing 16 . 2 hands . both his eyes were ringed with white , giving him a wild look . he was a slow learner and inclined to spook easily as a youngster but proved a determined competitor on the track who according to co - owner trudy mccaffery “loved to run . ” he was a good mover .
the queen ' s carlton house will start favourite for the irish derby on sunday . photograph : alan crowhurst / getty images
a horse owner and graduate of depaul university , brian lives just outside of louisville with his wife candice and daughter kendra .
' ' he ' s a very happy horse , ' ' gonzalez said . ' ' nothing bothers him . ' '
horse welfare and rural organisations have published guidance on fly - grazed horses in england for the general public and private landowners .
if you suspect that a horse or other equidae has a notifiable disease then you must immediately notify your local ahvla office .
on the evening of monday the 7th of july , the irish national stud in association with the irish horse . . .
chris mccarron let free house do his thing on the lead , and he proved impossible to catch , despite constant pressure . as longshot dr fong finally dropped away , event of the year fired his best shot , but it wasn ' t good enough . silver charm ' s relentless late rally would also fall short this time . free house was as game as could be in winning by a half - length . it was one of his biggest career victories in his second to last career race . enjoy .
arcadia , calif . - free house was considered an overachiever as he rose to the top of california racing in the late 1990 ' s . when he went to stud in 2000 , the outlook had changed : the horse who hailed from modest bloodlines finished his career with eight stakes wins and earnings of $ 3 . 1 million , leading to high expectations for his stud career .
apollo and devon lane cover both thoroughbreds and quarter horses , and the rest of the quarter horse roster consists of first down dash ; his sons dash to chivato and fishers dash ; and former champion 2 - year - old quarter horse splash bac .
gonzalez , mccaffery and toffan are known for being patient with their horses , and showering them with the best of care . minutes after the emotional preakness , when they were back at the stakes barn , mccaffery threw her arms around free house and started sobbing .
foaled in california , free house was bred and owned by john toffan and trudy mccaffery . he was trained by j . paco gonzalez . he entered stud in california in 2000 at vessels stud farm . he died in 2004 after falling and striking his head .
cartoon illustration of spanish mediterranean house or mexican villa in a ranch during sunset . typical home design in california and hispanic countries .
barn and pasture ground at the horse ranch in washington state , usa with the wood fence and the houses in the background .
this horse was 4 - 5 and won by seven lengths ,
said papiano , reciting the bottom line to the $ 106 , 100 race , which because of free house drew only four other starters .
what are we talking about here ? then they found so little of the stuff in him that it was like a single blade of grass on an entire football field .
we are so deeply diversified that free house ' s death didn ' t hurt our core business , but it does put a hole there to lose a horse like that , and i think it leaves a hole in california ,
said frank
scoop
vessels iii , 54 , who owns the farm with his wife , bonnie .
our partners in him had taken a little bit of a leap of faith with him , and it was working . but this is the horse business , and things happen .
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mccaffery watched the cover gal stakes in person and was impressed with house of fortune . she expects her to win the juvenile fillies .
click on horse names for urltoken report options stakes results listed in order by the grade of the race and then by purse amount .
under uk legislation , a horse is an agricultural animal if it is used to farm agricultural land or farmed for meat or hides .
jeremy , the 2003 bay horse , sire of our conor and kool kompany died today . he sustained an injury at . . .
taylor made has acquired steve and carolyn coburn’s ownership interest in reigning horse of the year and dual classic winner california chrome . . .
when they start running a distance and going two turns , he ' ll be better there ,
toffan said of free house .
he has brilliant speed but not the speed that swiss yodeler or in excess had . i think they will prefer to run longer .
their paths crossed again in the fall of 1998 , when my guy was second behind an impressive victory of silver charm in the goodwood . that was it for the rivalry in their four - year - old seasons , but free house would get one more chance the following year .
horse breeding is a specialised activity and can be scientific when utilising artificial insemination . if you are a horse owner , you will want to know more about it if you decide to buy from a breeder or you want to carry on the bloodlines of a stallion or mare .
smokester , sire of california champion free house , died feb . 21 while breeding at the sahadi family ' s cardiff stud farms near atascadero , calif . the 17 - year - old stallion was coming off his best year , with 2004 progeny earnings of $ 2 . 6 million .
two story home with a mare and a pony standing along the fence in front of the house in the front yard in kentucky , usa .
a similar partnership is underway with momentum , whose owner , j . paul reddam , has remained involved in the horse ' s stud career .
the micro - chip is now used as the main form of identification and if a horse is micro - chipped then a silhouette showing the animal’s distinguishing marks is no longer required . some breed societies may still require both . find out more about keeping and moving horses and horse passport requirements
california chrome made history on saturday evening at the eclipse awards when he took home both horse of the year and older male honors . . .
a son of smokester , a sire toffan and mccaffery couldn ' t market for anything , free house wasn ' t nominated for the breeders ' cup before his first birthday . then the supplementary fees were prohibitive , depriving him of the chance to run in the high - profile year - end races .
' ' it would mean a lot , ' ' gonzalez said in a halting voice outside barn 17 at belmont park , where free house has resided since the preakness stakes . ' ' it means a lot just to be here . i would be very proud to win this one race . ' '
the department for environment , food and rural affairs ( defra ) code of practice for horse owners provides practical advice on how best to look after a horse’s health and wellbeing , including information on diet , exercise and the legal responsibilities of owners . compliance with this code can provide positive evidence of ensuring the welfare of your horse ( s ) whilst non - compliance could be used against you in any welfare prosecution under the animal welfare act .
having two breeding programs - thoroughbred and quarter horse - at a single operation was a conscious decision , scoop vessels said . the vessels family had made its name in quarter horses back in the 1930 ' s , after vessels ' s grandfather moved from kentucky to california , had some success in the oil business , and decided to buy a few horses . one of them turned out to be clabber , the american quarter horse association ' s first racing champion . vessels sr . went on to breed many more quarter horse champions and also built los alamitos race course . he also was an advocate of adding more thoroughbred blood to the quarter horse breed , an idea he put into practice by importing the mexican thoroughbred beduino to breed to quarter horse mares .
free house , the popular california - bred whose victories included the santa anita derby , santa anita handicap , and del mar ' s pacific classic , died in an accident on monday at vessels stallion farm in bonsall , calif . , where he had been standing at stud since his retirement . he was 10 .
and they are very durable . there were 35 , 296 foals born in north america three years ago and registered by the jockey club . only 13 made it to the kentucky derby . and only 2 of them - - silver charm and free house - - will have competed in all three triple crown races .
free house won the norfolk stakes at 2 , and as a 3 - year - old had his best season , winning the 1997 santa anita derby , swaps stakes , and san felipe stakes , finishing second in the preakness stakes , and coming in third in the kentucky derby , belmont stakes , and haskell invitational .
free house ( usa ) gr . h , 1994 { 8 - g } dp = 8 - 4 - 5 - 3 - 0 ( 20 ) di = 2 . 64 cd = 0 . 85 - 22 starts , 9 wins , 5 places , 3 shows career earnings : $ 3 , 178 , 971
when using or designing stables or stalls , you should consider the health and comfort of the horse . the basic requirements to prevent disease and injury include :
you should not transport a horse in a way that may cause harm or distress to the animal . it is an offence , under the animal welfare act , for any person who is responsible for a horse , either permanently or temporarily , to allow an animal to suffer or to not care for an animal .
typical countryside norwegian landscape with red painted wall house . cloudy summer morning in norway , europe . beauty of nature concept background . artistic style post processed photo .
you must provide secure and safe horse - proof fencing . if barbed wire is present , it must be separated by a secure guard fence or electric tape .
two of manzi ' s clients at the time were mccaffery and toffan , a couple from canada who made a fortune in oil exploration and then gold mining . they were in the process of acquiring more runners , and in 1991 decided to run a private stable , with gonzalez as their trainer . they bred and own free house .
the government supports the improvement of horse breeding and associated good practice . this is achieved through sponsorship of the hblb . the hblb assesses and collects a levy on bets on horse races . this levy is then distributed for the purpose of improving breeds of horses and horseracing and the advancement or encouragement of veterinary science and education .
the irish national stud is delighted to report that the prince of wales’s winner free eagle has welcomed his first foal . bred by gloria and stephen seymour of bickfield . . .
concept change of seasons . paper cut style . flat landscape illustration with smooth vector shadows . horse in the meadow . autumn time , fields and high mountains , countryside
free house , along with silver charm , captain bodgit , and touch gold , helped define the 1997 classics , placing in all three events . he missed winning the preakness stakes ( gr . i ) by a head to silver charm and finished third in the kentucky derby ( gr . i ) and belmont stakes ( gr . i ) .
invincible spirit €120 , 000 free eagle €20 , 000 dragon pulse €8 , 000 gale force ten €5 , 000 worthadd €5 , 000 famous name €4 , 000 elusive . . .
a 59 - second video featuring fan favorite and two - time horse of the year california chrome romping in his paddock at taylor made farm has gone viral . . .
taylor made farm’s and perry martin’s 2014 horse of the year california chrome drew post 11 of 12 for saturday’s $ 10 million dubai world cup ( g1 ) . . .
while free house lolls at the vessels stallion farm in bonsall , calif . , awaiting the february start of his first season as a breeding stallion , his owners ' lawyer fences in a downtown los angeles hearing room , in a prolonged dispute about whether the good - looking gray won a race on the up - and - up at hollywood park 18 months ago .
' ' the preakness was very hard , because i have a horse that i know can beat him , ' ' gonzalez said . ' ' they are very close . ' '
ahvla has the responsibility for ensuring that farmed animals in the uk are healthy , disease - free and well looked after . read about the work and services of ahvla on the defra website . .
meanwhile , the battle goes on downtown over a purse worth $ 63 , 600 . when they say it ' s not about the money , it usually is about the money , but this time the money really doesn ' t count . with the meter running furiously , the owners of free house probably have spent more on this fight than the value of the bel air purse .
to avoid any suffering , horses kept in a livery should be inspected at regular intervals . you should immediately care for any horse that shows signs of illness or injury . if they do not respond to such care , call for immediate veterinary advice . if necessary , a sick or injured horse should be isolated in suitable accommodation with , where appropriate , dry comfortable bedding .
no matter the outcome , it ' s unfortunate free house , a horse that came from the wrong side of the pedigree tracks , is going out with a messy footnote on his racing record . he was a tryer every step of every race on every track , and in each of his four racing years he won important races , piling up victories in the santa anita derby , the pacific classic and the santa anita handicap . he earned more than $ 3 million while campaigning with two albatrosses : his ineligibility to run in the breeders ' cup , and silver charm .
this year , free house has had five winners from 59 2 - year - olds . through tuesday , he ranked 26th on the national freshman stallion list , but his 16 starters are considerably fewer than the number of starters for each of the top three freshman stallions , all of whom stand in kentucky . stravinsky has 52 runners ; victory gallop , 31 ; and doneraile court , 34 .
of course , we all know what happened from there , as silver charm won the first two legs of the triple crown in tenacious style . free house , meanwhile , ran a very good race , holding on for a clear third against a loaded 1997 kentucky derby field . when they met two weeks later , the result was one of the best races this lifetime fan has ever seen .
real estate market concept flat line vector architecture design . outlined stroke icon . ranch house . property investment . for poster , flyer , web , banner , header , hero image , motion design
vector isometric farm elements : house , tractor , pickup , harvesting machine , windmill , hay , field , harvest , cart , spruce . agricultural and farming landscape . illustration agriculture and farm business
california chrome , the 2014 horse of the year and 3 - year - old champion male , is once again up for a pair of eclipse award honors for his stellar 2016 campaign . . .
after your free 30 day trial , all this from as little as £1 . 70 per horse per month . want even more information ? you can upgrade the basic race record for a one - off fee and get access to lifetime starts with links to full form charts for each run . and , view more detailed stud records along with access to a nicking report for a one - off fee . for more details , email richard scoble or call him on + 44 ( 0 ) 1933 440077 . alternatively , go to the wbr website , choose ‘my stable’ from the menu and register for your free trial .
carlton house ' s preparation for the derby was briefly interrupted by a minor setback less than a week before the classic . that has not been advanced as an excuse for his defeat by pour moi and treasure beach , but his trouble - free run towards the curragh is reflected in his odds , which strongly suggest he will find the three - quarters of a length that separated him from treasure beach at epsom .
what we will learn about is all the little issues that went against carlton house before he ran [ at epsom ] and during the race , that may or may not make a difference .
that almost happened with in excess , vessels said , but when breeders stepped up to buy shares in the horse , vessels stallion farm was able to keep the stallion in california despite bids from kentucky .
the newc has a base of over 60 welfare organisations , including equine welfare charities and organisations from the equestrian and veterinary sectors of the horse industry and provides advice and up - to - date information .
2014 horse of the year continued his 2016 campaign preparations with a solid three furlong work nov . 21 at los alamitos race course , getting the distance in : 37 3 / 5 seconds . . .
california chrome and dortmund staged a dramatic duel in saturday ' s $ 200 , 000 san diego h . ( g2 ) , with the 2014 horse of the year prevailing by a half - length . . .
in four years on the racetrack , free house won 9 times in 22 starts and earned $ 3 , 178 , 971 while trained by paco gonzalez . he won the norfolk stakes at 2 , finished second or third in all three triple crown races at 3 , won the pacific classic at 4 and the santa anita handicap at age 5 . with his near - white coat and expressive eyes , he had a legion of loyal fans .
from daughters of the sadler’s wells horse , el prado , there are two stakes winners , including grade one winner laragh . this would suggest trying mares by el prado sons medaglia d’oro , kitten’s joy and artie schiller .
if you can make a stallion in a regional market and get a kentucky farm to look at that horse , that can have a lot of upside ,
said rich decker , vessels stallion farm ' s manager .
horse of the year california chrome worked five furlongs in a breeze of : 59 . 20 saturday morning del mar in anticipation of his start in the $ 200 , 000 san diego h . ( g2 ) . . .
' ' the preakness hurt because it was so close , ' ' toffan said . ' ' i don ' t think there ' s much difference between him and silver charm . i ' m confident we have a very good horse . i know i ' m biased , because he ' s my horse , and i know silver charm has won the first two , but going into the belmont , i wouldn ' t trade horses . ' '
this guide provides information about horses kept for both agricultural and other business but non - agricultural purposes - eg in livery stables . it also explains animal welfare , health and safety and horse passports used for identification and international trading purposes .
horse passports include a section ( ix ) which allows the owner to declare as intended or not intended for the food chain - this must be signed if a veterinary medicine is administered which is not authorised for food - producing animals .
owners are encouraged to think carefully before they sign their animal out of the food chain . once it is signed , you cannot reverse this declaration and this may limit the disposal options when their horse reaches the end of its life .
invincible spirit €120 , 000 free eagle €20 , 000 dragon pulse €8 , 000 gale force ten €5 , 000 worthadd €5 , 000 famous name €4 , 000 elusive pimpernel €1 , 000 palavicini on application terms and conditions apply john osborne . . .
brian has been a passionate fan of horse racing his entire life . taken to the races at a very young age , he has been lucky enough to see all the greats in person from secretariat , forego , and ruffian through rachel alexandra
at 4 : 2nd dubai world cup ( uae - g1 , mey , 10f ) , san antonio invitational s . ( g2 , sa , 9f ) foaled february 18 , 2011 . trainer : art sherman the last horse to win a stakes race at betfair hollywood park , winning the king glorious s . on december 22 , 2013 . finished fourth in the belmont stakes after winning the kentucky derby & preakness . eclipse champion three year old male & horse of the year , 2014 .
a filly ( young female horse ) becomes sexually mature at around 18 months old . they can breed as a two year old , but it may hinder their growth , so it is best practice not to begin breeding until four years of age .
for the moment , though , all connected with carlton house have fixed their attention on his racing career , which extends to four races so far and could still lead him all over the racing world during the second half of the flat season and beyond .
silver charm ' s second consecutive third - place finish did nothing to dispel notions that his best races are behind him , two years after winning the kentucky derby and a year after a grueling victory by a nose in the dubai world cup . he is the leading active money winner , with $ 6 . 8 million . the trainer bob baffert , who blamed his horse ' s outside post position as a factor in the donn loss , said this time that his horse was compromised by drawing the rail .
if you store or spread horse waste near to water , it can be harmful to both the environment and human health . you must therefore comply with nitrate vulnerable zones ( nvz ) and groundwater legislation if your land falls under their remit when spreading either manure or slurry .
the nation , brian displayed his love for the sport through the development of his horse racing website , which quickly became one of the most popular blogs in the game . his new racing partnership venture , derby day racing , invites more fans to experience the thrill of racehorse ownership .
the one thing we do know is that he has come out of the derby extremely well ,
warren said .
sir michael [ stoute ] seems really pleased with the horse , as are all of his team at home who live with him day in and day out .
his owner , at least , has maintained a positive outlook since carlton house ' s defeat at epsom .
of course , she must have been disappointed ,
john warren , the queen ' s racing manager , said on friday ,
though i can ' t say exactly what she felt , only she could do that . but being as stoical as she is , i got the impression that she was also thrilled to have a horse that is actually of this calibre , and with his future in front of him after epsom since the margins were as close as they were .
artificial insemination uses frozen semen to inseminate a mare and is commonly used as a technique in horse breeding . in addition to veterinary surgeons , artificial insemination of mares can be carried out by a lay person , who holds an artificial insemination ( ai ) certificate following completion of an approved training course .
if your horse is a pet , you may be able to bury your animal . you will need to contact your local animal health office for advice . please note this applies only to england . if you live in wales , scotland or northern ireland , please contact your respective national agricultural departments for advice .
they ' re coming ,
mccaffery said .
just wait , people . how many horses do you see start in those four - furlong races and how many are running now ? they ' re not mentally and physically capable . people look at the free houses and say they are not going to be early .


paratrygon is a monotypic genus of the cartilaginous fish in the family of potamotrygonidae .

the sole currently recognized species is paratrygon aiereba , the discus ray , manzana ray or ceja ray , from the amazon and orinoco basins in south american , this large freshwater ray reaches up to 1.3 m ( 4.3 ft ) in disc width and 60 kg ( 130 lb ) in weight .

genetic evidence suggests that p. aiereba as presently defined is a species complex .

paratrygon

dasyatis orbicularis , disceus strongylopterus , disceus thayeri , elipesurus strogylopterus , ellipesurus strongylopterus , paratrygon aireba , paratrygon ajereba , paratrygon cf . aiereba , paratrygon strongylopterus , potamotrygon orbicularis , raia sloani , raja orbicularis , trygon aiereba , trygon orbicularis , trygon strogylopterus , trygon strongyloptera , trygon strongylopterus
previous taxonomic issues relating to paratrygon aiereba have been resolved by rosa ( 1985 ) .
this amended version of the 2004 assessment was created to correct the scientific name from paratrygon ajereba to p . aiereba .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
diskusstachelrochen
to
paratrygon aiereba ( müller and henle , 1841 )
.
please send your images of
paratrygon aiereba
to info @ urltoken paratrygon aiereba , inpa 40507 , field no . ixin13 - exp1 - 24 brazil : pará : rio xingu , deep channel along right bank of river ca . 38 km southeast of vitória do xingu . 3°5 ' 32 . 39 ' ' s , 51°44 ' 14 . 1 ' ' w , 21 sep 2013 ; © mark sabaj pérez ( ixingu project , nsf deb - 1257813 )
the partial sequence of atpase 6 was used for population genetic analyses , as well as to estimate intra - specific divergences and reconstruct phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus paratrygon . sequences of atpase 6 of potamotrygon and plesiotrygon were used as outgroup .
barbarino , a . & c . a . lasso . 2005 . la pesca comercial de la raya manta paratrygon aiereba ( müller & henle , 1841 ) ( myliobatiformes , potamotrygonidae ) , en el rio apure , venezuela . acta apuroquia , 1 : 24 - 31 . [ links ]
the genetic distances between paratrygon aireba from the sae system and neg were low ( table 2 ) . however , the divergence between xin - sae and xin - neg was 2 . 4 % and 2 . 1 % , respectively . the divergence between ara - sae and ara - neg was higher at 4 . 9 % and 4 . 7 % , respectively . additionally , genetic distances within the genus paratrygon were larger than those found among species of the rosette - spot group of potamotrygon ( cf . toffoli et al . , 2008 ) comprises the following species : potamotrygon motoro , p . scobina , p . orbignyi , p . leopoldi , p . falkneri , and p . henlei . within paratrygon , intra - clade divergences were less than 1 % , as were the inter - specific divergences observed in the rosette - spot group of potamotrygon ( table 2 ) ( toffoli et al . , 2008 ) .
the family potamotrygonidae is monophyletic comprising three genera : paratrygon duméril , potamotrygon garman and plesiotrygon rosa , castello & thorson . the distribution of most species in this family is restricted to a single basin or fluvial system . only potamotrygon motoro , potamotrygon orbignyi and paratrygon aiereba are found in more than one river basin . in this study we investigate genetic structuring of paratrygon aiereba , from five rivers of the amazon region : negro , solimões - amazon - estuary system , tapajós , xingu and araguaia . sixty - three individuals were sequenced for atpase 6 , and a representative subsample of 27 individuals was sequenced for coi . the coi dataset analysis indicated that paratrygon is sister to all other potamotrygonid genera and species . population parameters inferred from the analysis of atpase 6 sequences revealed that the populations of this species are structured within each river , with no or nearly non - existent gene flow occurring between rivers and a positive correlation between geographic and genetic distances . paratrygon aiereba is comprised of three geographically restricted clades with k2p interclade distances of at least 2 % . intraspecific divergence within p . aiereba is similar to the interspecific divergence observed in potamotrygon spp . sampled throughout the same geographic area . using the premises of coi barcoding and the allopatric distribution of the three p . aiereba clades , the taxon p . aiereba most likely comprises three distinct biological species . since freshwater stingrays of the family potamotrygonidae are highly exploited for the aquarium trade , management and conservation strategies need to be implemented at the level of each river basin , rather than at the level of the amazon basin .
a família potamotrygonidae forma um clado monofilético com três gêneros : paratrygon duméril , potamotrygon garman e plesiotrygon rosa , castello & thorson . a maioria das espécies dessa família possui distribuição restrita a uma única bacia ou sistema fluvial , e somente as espécies potamotrygon motoro , potamotrygon orbignyi e paratrygon aiereba estão presentes em mais de uma bacia hidrográfica . o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a estrutura genética de paratrygon aiereba em alguns rios da região amazônica : negro , sistema solimões - amazonas , tapajós , xingu , e araguaia . para tal foram utilizados como marcador molecular os genes de atpase subunidade 6 , e coi . as análises com o fragmento de coi indicaram que o gênero paratrygon é grupo irmão dos outros gêneros da família potamotrygonidae . os resultados para o fragmento de atpase mostraram que essas populações estão estruturadas dentro dos rios , com fluxo gênico restrito , ou mesmo sem fluxo gênico , apresentando uma correlação positiva entre distância genética e distância geográfica . paratrygon aiereba é composta por três clados com distância genética de pelo menos 2 % . a divergência encontrada dentro desse grupo é semelhante à observada entre potamotrygon spp . segundo as premissas para barcoding coi e a distribuição alopátrica de três clados em p . aiereba indicam que esse grupo pode ser um complexo de espécies . o rio negro é conhecido por sua pesca ornamental , e na calha solimões - amazonas , esses animais são utilizados como fonte de proteína e sofrem com a pesca comercial . em vista disso medidas de conservação para esta espécie devem ser tomadas em nível local , considerando cada rio separadamente , ao invés de empregar escalas regionais maiores .
the aims of the present study were to employ phylogeographic and population genetic analyses to obtain information on the distribution of genetic diversity of paratrygon aiereba ; to determine whether there is genetic structuring and whether such structuring is explained by river basins ; and to discuss how these results can be used for the conservation of this organism .
freshwater stingrays are endemic to the neotropical region and belong to the family potamotrygonidae ( carvalho et al . , 2003 ) . this group is monophyletic and comprises three genera : paratrygon duméril ( basal genus ) , potamotrygon german and plesiotrygon rosa , castello & thorson ( sister genera ) . these groups have 18 valid species , 15 of which are found in brazil . among these species , only potamotrygon motoro , potamotrygon orbignyi , and paratrygon aiereba have wide distributions and are found in more than one hydrological basin . the group is found in diverse habitats , including beaches , flooded forests with a rocky , clay bottom and lakes ( carvalho et al . , 2003 ) .
duncan , w . p . , o . t . f . costa , m . l . g . araújo & m . n . fernandes . 2009 . ionic regulation and na + - k + - atpase activity in gills and kidney of the freshwater stingray paratrygon aiereba living in white and blackwaters in the amazon basin . journal of fish biology , 74 : 956 - 960 . [ links ]
within the genus paratrygon , the group comprised of individuals collected from the solimões - amazon - estuary system ( sae ) and negro river ( neg ) formed a monophyletic group with a moderately high support value . the sae + neg clade was sister to individuals collected from xingu river ( xin ) , with high support values . the clade formed by individuals collected from araguaia river ( ara ) was sister to the sae + neg + xin clade ( fig . 2 ) .
cytochrome oxidase i - coi . considering that we were interested to check for inter and intra group divergences , we did not amplify all the individuals of p . aiereba for the coi gene . we randomly chose few individuals representative from each group . among the 610 bp sequenced for the coi gene in 27 specimens of p . aiereba , 570 sites were monomorphic and 40 variable . the model that best explained the patterns of nucleotide substitutions found in the coi sequences was hasegawa - kishino - yano . this model uses a variable nucleotide frequency and variable transition and transversion frequencies ( hasegawa et al . , 1985 ) , with the following parameters : ts / tv ratio = 7 . 7586 ; and nucleotide frequency of a = 0 . 2775 , t = 0 . 2817 , c = 0 . 2753 and g = 0 . 1655 . the topologies and support values generated in the nj ( fig . 2 ) and ml analyses ( not shown ) were very similar . the lineage formed by the genus paratrygon was monophyletic and sister to the genera potamotrygon and plesiotrygon . the genetic distances between paratrygon and the other genera and species of potamotrygon based in kimura - two - parameter model of evolution was very high , varying from 13 % to 22 % ( table 2 ) . the inter - locality paratrygon genetic distances varied from 0 . 37 % ( between sae - neg ) to 4 . 9 % ( between sae - ara ) , while intra - locality genetic distances raged from 0 . 17 % to 0 . 26 % .
using dna barcoding one could identify putative illegal stingrays catches and exports . although dna barcoding cannot discriminate between the species of the potamotrygon rosette - spot group , it can differentiate unambiguously between genera , as well as many species within the genus potamotrygon . in the case of paratrygon aiereba it can also differentiate between the geographic origins of the specimens . considering that dna barcoding is cheap and fast , it can be used to effectively implement conservation programs for freshwater stingrays by verifying that what is being exported or which areas are being fished , is in reality what is permitted to be sold .
paratrygon aiereba is found in all types of aquatic environments of the amazon basin ( carvalho et al . , 2003 ) . this distribution is probably due the ability to adjust to the diverse ionic characteristics of amazon river and its tributaries ( duncan et al . , 2009 ) . the wide geographic range allied with low fecundity makes this species vulnerable to different environmental risks such as persecution , direct and indirect fisheries and habitat degradation ( araújo et al . , 2004 ; martin , 2005 ) . because of their wide distribution and potentially vulnerable status , understanding how populations are structured has a high value for conservation .
although an exclusively freshwater group , these taxa share some biological characteristics with marine elasmobranches , such as low fecundity , late sexual maturation and slow growth rate ( araújo et al . , 2004 ) . such characteristics make the group vulnerable to commercial - scale exploitation . in the state of amazonas , the family potamotrygonidae is exploited by ornamental fisheries and is highly prized by the aquarium trade throughout the world . in the state of pará , this family is also used as a food source , with the targeting of species that reach larger sizes , such as paratrygon aiereba ( araújo et al . , 2001 ; carvalho et al . , 2003 ) .
in brazil , at the end of the 1990s , the fishing of freshwater stingrays was banned by the brazilian environmental agency ( instituto brasileiro de meio ambiente e recursos naturais renováveis - ibama ( araújo et al . , 2004 ) . since then , this activity has been permitted again and once again banned . currently , the activity is permitted through the normative instruction nº 204 / 2008 , which allows the capture of only six species from this family , with annual quotas , in the amazon and araguaia - tocantins river basins in the states of pará and amazonas , ( ibama , 2008 ) . however , this norm is currently under review by ibama . paratrygon aiereba is not among the six species that can be commercialized and its capture is prohibited . in brazil , p . aiereba has a vulnerable status and it is prohibited to be exported as ornamental fish , but has been exported by peru and colombia in small quantities in the last fifteen years .
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south america inland waters : amazon - solimões river and tributaries in brazil and the rio orinoco drainage in venezuela , northern bolivia , peru and ecuador . fao area : 03 .
this species is widespread around the amazonas - solimões river and tributaries . around the rio negro in brazil this species occurs in at least 42 tributaries , and is known to occur in high densities .
this species occupies shallow warm waters with temperatures around 25ºc . juveniles inhabit areas with sandy beaches and small creeks while adults inhabit main river channels and sandy beaches , mainly during the night when it uses these areas to forage . in the rio negro , the species apparently shows daily movements between deeper and shallow water . information on reproductive biology is known only from brazil and venezuela . reproductive mode is matrotrophic viviparity with trophonemata . the duration of the reproductive cycle is around two years . gestation period is estimated as nine months . ovarian fecundity is 3 - 5 and the average uterine fecundity is two embryos . sexual segregation has been observed in this species . size at birth 16 cm dw ; size at maturity 60 cm dw ( males ) and 72 cm dw ( females ) ; maximum size is 130 cm dw . diet includes small fishes , shrimps , worms and insect larvae .
habitat degradation . persecution in popular tourism areas due to fear of injury . this species is taken as bycatch in commercial fisheries with trawl nets along the solimões - amazonas river . commercial fisheries retain and market this species . its export for the ornamental fish trade is illegal from brazil , but it is regularly exported from peru and colombia .
the capture and exportation of this species for the ornamental fish trade is illegal in brazil . however , local people on brazilian borders complain that specimens captured in brazil are exported from colombia or peru . an international program to regulate the export of freshwater stingrays in the ornamental fish trade is necessary . there are no regulations or controls on catches by commercial fisheries . habitat protection and fisheries monitoring programs are recommended .
( amended version of 2009 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2018 : e . t161588a124329685 .
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renata g . frederico i ; izeni p . farias ii ; maria lúcia góes de araújo iii ; patricia charvet - almeida iv ; josé a . alves - gomes v
i instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia , programa de pesquisas em biodiversidade - ppbio / coleções zoológicas - coleção de peixes . av . andré araújo , 2936 , petrópolis , 69083 - 000 manaus , am , brazil . renatafrederico @ urltoken ii universidade federal do amazonas , departamento de biologia , laboratório de evolução e genética animal ( legal ) , av . rodrigo octávio jordão ramos , 3000 , 69077 - 000 manaus , am , brazil . izeni @ urltoken iii universidade do estado do amazonas , escola superior de ciências da saúde , laboratório de bases biológicas . rua carvalho leal , 1777 . 69000 - 000 manaus , am , brazil . mlpotamotrygon @ urltoken iv serviço nacional de aprendizagem industrial ( senai - pr ) - projeto trygon . rua senador accioly filho , 298 , cic , 81310 - 000 curitiba , pr , brazil . pchalm @ urltoken v instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia , laboratório temático de biologia molecular ( ltbm ) , av . andré araújo , 2936 , 69060 - 001 manaus , am , brazil . puraque44 @ urltoken
phylogeography deals with principles and processes governing the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages ( avise , 2000 ) . these analyses are aimed at investigating patterns of geographic distribution of taxa and understanding processes that have resulted in these patterns ( bermingham & moritz , 1998 ) . the neotropical region has been the object of a large number of biogeographic studies on fishes . the complex geomorphological history of this region is reflected in its ichthyofauna , which provides a rich source of material for the study of the neotropical biogeography ( vari & malabarba , 1998 ) . many studies have been carried out with the aim of discovering these biogeographic patterns and interpreting these patterns in light of geomorphological processes such as the formation of hydrographic basins . examples include studies of the genera brachyhypopomus , pimelodella , and roeboides in central america ( bermingham & martin , 1998 ) , fishes of the neotropical family rivulidae ( hrbek & larson , 1999 ) , potamorraphis in the river basins of the amazon and orinoco ( lovejoy & de araújo , 2000 ) , prochilodus in the amazon , orinoco , and paraná river basins ( sivasundar et al . , 2001 ) , leporinus in the paraná river basin ( martins et al . , 2003 ) , hypostomus in the main river basins of the neotropics ( montoya - burgos , 2003 ) , brachyplatystoma in the solimões - amazon - estuary system ( batista et al . , 2004 ; batista & alves - gomes , 2006 ) , arapaima gigas in the amazon river basin ( hrbek et al . , 2005 ) , cichla in the orinoco and amazon river basins ( willis et al . , 2007 ) , symphysodon in the amazon river basin ( farias & hrbek , 2008 ) and fishes of the order characiformes in the main river basins of south america ( hubert & renno , 2006 ) .
the biotic diversification of aquatic systems is directly related to the geomorphological history of rivers basins . inter - basin connections , alterations of drainage systems , and capture of rivers and basins promoted vicariance , and allopatric divergence . thus , the geomorphological history of river and river basin formation provides a good model for studies of diversification of aquatic fauna ( bermingham & moritz , 1998 ; lundberg et al . , 1998 ; montoya - burgos , 2003 ) .
according to lundberg et al . ( 1998 ) , a significant portion of the diversification of neotropical freshwater fishes and other aquatic organisms occurred due to the formation of south american rivers and river basins at the end of the cretaceous and the cenozoic . one of the most important events in the diversification of ichthyofauna during this period involved marine incursions onto the continent . these marine incursions led to origin of freshwater fishes derived from marine groups such as anchovies , needlefish and freshwater stingrays ( lovejoy et al . , 1998 ) .
tissue sampling . tissue samples were obtained from 65 specimens collected in several locations within the amazon basin . the collection sites ( fig . 1 ) included solimões - amazon - estuary system ( sae , n = 12 ) , negro river ( neg , n = 16 ) , tapajós river ( tap , n = 2 ) , xingu river ( xin , n = 20 ) , and araguaia river ( ara , n = 13 ) . the tissue samples are in tisseu collection of instituto nacional de pesquisas da amazônia inpa ( table 1 ) .
dna extraction and sequencing . muscle tissue was collected and conserved in absolute alcohol and frozen at - 20°c until dna extraction . tissue was dissolved using a sds / proteinase k solution , and total genomic dna was isolated using a standard phenol - chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation ( sambrook et al . , 1989 ) .
two gene fragments of mitochondrial dna were selected for the present study : cytochrome oxidase i ( coi ) and atpase 6 . partial sequences from coi gene were used to estimate genetic divergences , and to identify putative lineages or species within the p . aiereba , according to the dna barcode guidelines . other species of potamotrygonidae and two outgroup species ( himantura pacifica , himantura schmardae ) available in the genbank ( data from toffoli et al . , 2008 ) were also included in analyses .
fragments of approximately 800 base pairs ( bp ) of the gene for atpase 6 were amplified using the potaatpf2 _ lys ( 5 ' - gggtcyagcattagccttt - 3 ' ) and potaatpr2 primers ( 5 ' - gttagtggtcaggggcttgg - 3 ' ) ( toffoli , 2006 ) . dna amplification via polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) was performed with approximately 50 ng of total dna , 10x buffer ( 100 mm of tris - hcl , 500 mm of kcl , 15 mm of mgcl 2 ) , 0 . 3 mm of dntp ( 7 . 5µl ) , 0 . 3 mm of each primer ( 1 . 5µl ) , 3 mm of mgcl 2 ( 1 . 5µl ) , 1u of taq polymerase ( 1µl ) and ddh 2 o ( 8 . 5µl ) for a final volume of 25 µl . the temperature profile was as follows : denaturation at 94ºc for 4 minutes , annealing at 50ºc for 1 minute , elongation at 72ºc for 1 . 5 minutes , repeated 35 times and a final elongation at 72ºc for 5 minutes .
the primers coif . 1 ( 5´ - cttaacacaacwttctttgaccc - 3´ ) and coir . 3 ( 5´ - acgttttgatgcraakgcytctc - 3´ ) were kindly provided by tomas hrbek and used for the amplification of mitochondrial coi , using the same pcr conditions as for atpase , but changing the annealing temperature to 53ºc . these primers amplify the coi region spanned by the primers coif and coia reported in palumbi ( 1996 ) ; this region corresponds to the 3 ' half of the coi gene , while the standard coi barcoding region corresponds to the 5 ' half of the coi gene .
the bigdye cycle sequencing kit ( applied biosystems ) was used for the coi sequences and the dyenamic et terminator kit ( ge - healthcare ) was used for the atpase 6 sequences , following the manufacturers ' instructions . sequencing was preformed on the abi 3130 x l automatic sequencer ( applied biosystems ) and megabase 1000 ( ge - healthcare ) .
data analysis . the sequences were manually edited and aligned with the aid of the bioedit program ( hall , 1999 ) . the most appropriate model of molecular evolution for each gene was selected using modeltest ( posada & crandall , 1998 ) .
the haplotype tree phylogeny for coi sequences were constructed in treefinder ( jobb et al . , 2004 ) under the maximum likelihood ( ml ) model of molecular evolution with parameters selected in the program modeltest 3 . 7 ( posada , 2004 ) , and neighbor - joining ( nj ) method assuming the kimura - two - parameter model of molecular evolution ( barcoding standard - hebert et al . , 2003 ) . the nj tree topology and statistical robustness ( using 2000 bootstrap replicates ) were estimated in paup * 4 . 0b10 ( swofford , 2002 ) . sequence data of other potamotrygonid species available in the genbank ( data from toffoli et al . , 2008 ) , were included in the analyses to calculate genetic divergence between genera and for the identification of putative lineages or species within the p . aiereba , according to the dna barcode guidelines . the same two shark species used om toffoli et al . ( 2008 ) were used as outgroups .
a haplotype tree of atpase 6 was constructed in the program treefinder ( jobb et al . , 2004 ) under the maximum likelihood ( ml ) . the most appropriate molecular model was hky + g as inferred in the program modeltest 3 . 7 ( posada , 2004 ) .
based on the results obtained from the nj and ml analyzes and delimiting clades by river systems , we subdivided the data into the following groups for further population - level analyses : the solimões - amazonas - estuary system , negro , araguaia , tocantins , and xingu rivers . due to the small number of specimens from the tapajós river ( n = 2 ) , these individuals were excluded from the population level analyses . molecular population level analyses such as nucleotide diversity ( π ) , haplotype diversity ( h ) , and number of polymorphic sites were performed using the program arlequin 3 . 11 ( excoffier et al . , 2005 ) . tajima ' s d ( tajima , 1989 ) and fu ' s fs ( fu , 1997 ) neutrality tests were used to determine whether the samples from the different locations were at mutation - migration - drift equilibrium .
population subdivision and structure were examined using analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) ( excoffier et al . , 1992 ) and the pair - wise φ st , which is analogous to f st ( weir & cockerham , 1984 ) , both implemented in arlequin 3 . 11 ( excoffier et al . , 2005 ) . significance of the correlation between the matrix of genetic distance and geographic distance between p . aiereba localities was tested by the mantel test ( mantel , 1967 ) implemented in arlequin 3 . 11 ( excoffier et al . , 2005 ) . all tests that required multiple comparisons were corrected using the bonferroni procedure ( rice , 1989 ) .
atpase 6 . among the 584 bp sequenced for 63 individuals of p . aiereba considered for the analysis , 498 characters were constant and 86 were variable . the model that best explained the patterns of nucleotide substitutions found in the atpase sequences was hasegawa - kishino - yano + gamma ( hky + g ) with the following parameters : gamma = 0 . 35 , ts / tv ratio = 0 . 3006 ; and nucleotide frequency of a = 0 . 30900 , t = 0 . 25140 , c = 0 . 34030 and g = 0 . 09930 . these parameters were used for the maximum - likelihood ( ml ) analysis ( fig . 3 ) .
the haplotypes ml phylogenetic tree shows the same group observed in the coi tree , formed by sae and neg group , but with a low support value . another group was formed by the tap , xin and ara groups . a small group was formed by one individual from ara and one from sae showing no support values .
population parameters for atpase 6 . the results of the dna polymorphism are shown in table 2 . the greatest number of polymorphic sites ( s ) and greatest nucleotide diversity were found in the group from the araguaia river . the greatest gene diversity values were found in the groups from the solimões - amazon - estuary system , negro , and araguaia rivers . xingu river had the lowest dna polymorphism values . tajima ' s d was significant for the solimões - amazon system and negro river populations , the latter of which also had significant fu ' s fs values ( table 3 ) .
the amova results revealed strong genetic structuring ( φ st = 0 . 71697 , p < 0 . 001 ) , with 71 . 69 % variation between rivers and 28 . 30 % variation within rivers . pairwise φ st analyses also indicated strong differentiation among localities , and lack of exchange of individuals ( table 4 ) .
barcoding . in order to facilitate a more rapid identification of species , the use of the barcoding , which promises the discrimination of species through the analysis of a small segment of the mitochondrial coi gene , is an innovative and efficient approach for the characterization of biological diversity ( hebert et al . , 2003 ) . a growing number of studies have demonstrated that interspecific genetic distances observed between the coi mtdna fragments is generally higher than 2 % , which allows the differentiation of species that are more closely related and enables identification with a high degree of confidence ( urltoken ) .
according to moritz & cicero ( 2004 ) , a diagnosis with good accuracy depends on lower intra - specific variation in relation to inter - specific variation , the so called barcoding gap . pairwise distances found between the sae and neg groups in relation to xingu ( ~ 2 % ) and araguaia ( ~ 4 % ) clades were roughly 10 - fold greater than distances within each clade . according to hebert et al . ( 2003 ) , a threshold divergence 10 - fold greater between clades than within each clade is normally found between different species . however , diagnosability of potamotrygonid species through dna barcodes is not always efficient . species of the potamotrygon rosette - spot group composed of potamotrygon motoro , p . scobina , p . orbignyi , p . leopoldi , p . falkneri , and p . henlei , share haplotypes and thus are not monophyletic ( toffoli et al . , 2008 ) . haplotype sharing in this group could be due to incomplete lineage sorting in this recently diversified group , or due to introgressive hybridization . intraspecific divergences are as large as interspecific divergences , and also exceed the suggested 2 % divergence threshold ( toffoli et al . , 2008 ) , limiting the value of dna barcoding for the potamotrygon rosette - spot group .
although barcoding has not functioned well for rosette - spot group of potamotrygon ( toffoli et al . , 2008 ) , the identification system based on the coi fragment may be an initial step toward the delineation of species ( hebert et al . , 2003 ) . in p . aiereba , the sister group of potamotrygon + plesiotrygon , coi has proven to be a good tool for the determination of evolutionarily significant units , and even potential new species , as the geographically restricted clades have lower within - clade genetic divergence than between clades , which is one of the premises of diagnostic accuracy based on the barcoding system ( hebert et al . , 2003 ) .
biogeography . the results from the present study of the atpase 6 reveal a separation into two large groups : one formed by the solimões - amazon - estuary system and negro river ; and the other formed by the tapajós , xingu , and araguaia rivers , with the exclusion of the small group formed of one individual from sae and one from ara . these results match the pattern of distribution found by hubert & renno ( 2006 ) , who analyzed 345 species of characiformes using parsimony analysis of endemicity and also found a separation into two large groups : ( 1 ) one denominated
lower amazon
, corresponding to the amazon , negro , lower madeira , and branco rivers ; and ( 2 ) the other denominated
xingu - tocantins
, corresponding to the tocantins , araguaia , xingu , and tapajós rivers .
the xingu , tapajós , and araguaia rivers have their origin on the central brazilian shield . the individuals collected from the tapajós river , near the city of itaituba , pará state , and in the xingu river , above belo monte , pará , occur at the limit between the sedimentary basin and the brazilian shield , where large waterfalls are common , which may serve as a geographic barrier for this species , thereby playing an important role in the isolation of these populations .
the geomorphological events that resulted in the establishment of current river basins may have been agents of vicariant diversification , fragmenting and isolating these populations . thus , one of the hypotheses that could explain the genetic pattern found in the present study is allopatric fragmentation and diversification of the p . aiereba populations . a number of biogeographic studies ( lovejoy et al . , 1998 ; albert et al . , 2006 ; hubert & renno , 2006 ) have shown that the events of the miocene period are the most important for the modeling of the distribution and evolution of neotropical ichthyofauna .
according to wesselingh & salo ( 2006 ) , the amazon basin began to be delineated in their current configuration as a consequence of the emergence of the andes , together with a variation in sea level due to the glaciers of the quaternary , which carved out the rivers into what is more or less the current definition of the valleys . a number of authors agree with this formation process of the amazon basin , but the period in which it occurred is not yet well defined and ranges from 8 and 2 . 5 mya ( lundberg et al . , 1998 ; campbell jr . et al . , 2006 ; wesselingh & salo , 2006 ) .
the family potamotrygonidae is monophyletic , originating from a marine ancestor that colonized south america ( lovejoy et al . , 1998 ; marques , 2000 ; carvalho et al . , 2003 ; carvalho et al . , 2004 ) . the timing of the colonization remains tentative , ranging from 10 to 50 mya ( lovejoy et al . , 1998 ; carvalho et al . , 2004 ) . however , it uncontroversially precedes the final formation of the amazon basin drainage system , and thus vicariance driven diversification of the potamotrygonid stingrays is a likely hypothesis .
implications for conservation . as the genetic diversity of species represents the range of evolutionary and ecological adaptations in relation to a given environment , phylogeographic studies can generate useful information for the conservation of organisms ( avise , 2000 ) . based on the genetic divergence ( see urltoken ) of the populations from the xingu , araguaia , and the solimões - amazonas - estuary system , the present study indicates that there is more than one species within what currently is considered p . aiereba . if these lineages represent different species , management and conservation policies will need to be modified to reflect this .
in the brazilian state of amazonas , freshwater rays are exploited by the ornamental fish trade for export to europe , japan , and the united states ( araújo et al . , 2004 ; moreau & coomes , 2007 ) . in other regions of the amazon , this group is also exploited as a food source throughout the solimões - amazon system , however in a small scale compared with the commercialization for the ornamental fish trade . freshwater stingrays have also suffered from large - scale commercial fishing , in which they are caught as bycatch in gillnets ( araújo et al . , 2004 ) .
in other regions of south america , this species has been exploited by direct and indirect fisheries ( araújo et al . , 2004 ; barbarino & lasso , 2005 ) . however , other factors contribute to the vulnerability of this species : a low rate of population increment ( low fertility ) ( barbarino & lasso , 2005 ; charvet - almeida et al . , 2005 ) , low abundance rates ( almeida et al . , 2009 ) ; anthropogenic action in the environment ( damns , mines , dragging ) , persecution ( araújo et al . , 2004 ; martin , 2005 ) , and climate changes which affect the events of reproductive cycle . further , with the enormous area to be covered , protective policies in the amazon are very difficult to be implemented and reinforced . a large number of protected fish species , including the stingrays , are currently being unlawfully exported due to the lack of adequate infra - structure for fiscal policies in the region .
this work was supported by grants from fapeam ( 903 / 2003 ) and cnpq 56006 / 2006 - 2 to j . a . g . , cnpq 554057 / 2006 - 9 to i . p . f . , pirada project , and acepoam . permission to collect tissue samples was granted by ibama ( license n° 043 - difap / ibama ) . sampling carried out by p . c . - a . was supported by projeto trygon ( amazon estuary and xingu basin ) and by ibama - pnud bra / 00 / 008 / , ( provarzea / mpeg / fadesp ) . the authors thank fernando marques ( usp ) for contributing tissue samples , tomas hrbek ( upr ) for manuscript review , camila ribas ( inpa ) for comments , and carlos schneider ( inpa ) for helping in the earliest phase of this project . this work forms a portion of r . g . f ' s master ' s thesis in the ecology program at inpa ; r . g . f . was supported by a fellowship from capes .
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universidade estadual de maringá núcleo de pesquisas em limnologia , ictiologia e aquicultura / coleção ictiologia av . colombo , 5790 87020 - 900 maringá , pr , brasil tel . : ( 55 44 ) 3011 4632 neoichth @ urltoken
greek , para in the side of + greek , trygon = a sting ray ( ref . 45335 )
see name spelling and authorship in eschmeyer ( coff ver . oct . 2012 : ref .
south america : amazon river basin ( ucayali , solimões , amazon , negro , branco , madeira and its affluents in bolivia , and tocantins river ) and orinoco basin .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 80 . 0 cm wd male / unsexed ; ( ref . 36687 ) ; 78 . 0 cm wd ( female ) ; max . published weight : 14 . 0 kg ( ref . 27749 ) ; max . published weight : 14 . 0 kg
common in shallow areas and near banks ( ref . 27749 ) . reproductive biology in upper orinoco basin provided by lasso et al . ( 1997a ) , where females appear to bear only two young per gestation . larger individuals may attain 25 kg in weight . food includes insects , crustaceans and fishes ( ref . 36687 ) .
de carvalho , m . r . , n . lovejoy and r . s . rosa , 2003 . potamotrygonidae ( river stingrays ) . p . 22 - 28 . in r . e . reis , s . o . kullander and c . j . ferraris , jr . ( eds . ) checklist of the freshwater fishes of south and central america . porto alegre : edipucrs , brasil . ( ref . 36687 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 54 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : very low , minimum population doubling time more than 14 years ( fec = 2 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 68 of 100 ) .
common in shallow areas and near banks ( ref . 27749 ) . reproductive biology in upper orinoco basin provided by lasso et al . ( 1997a ) , where females appear to bear only two young per gestation . larger individuals may attain 25 kg in weight . food includes insects , crustaceans and fishes ( ref . 36687 ) .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( müller & henle , 1841 ) : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
south america : amazon river basin ( ucayali , solimões , amazon , negro , branco , madeira and its affluents in bolivia , and tocantins river ) and orinoco basin . first record : 2013 : bita river , orinoco basin of colombia
) ) ; 78 cm wd ( female ) ; max . published weight : 14 . 0 kg
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
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urltoken
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .