andraca chrysocollis is a moth of the endromidae family .

it is found in the philippines ( luzon ) .

the wingspan is 39 – 42 mm .

the wing shapes , ground colour and wing pattern are very similar to andraca apodecta , but the pattern is more vague and the bluish scales are mainly found in the basal part of the forewing .

the discal spot is small , dark grey and pointed with a few bluish scales .

adults are on wing in april and from september to october , probably in multiple generations per year .

andraca chrysocollis

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, w . cruz - santos , c . mcgeoch , and m . lanzagorta ,
a cross - disciplinary introduction . . .


megathura crenulata is a northeast pacific species of limpet in the family fissurellidae known commonly as the great keyhole limpet or giant keyhole limpet .

megathura is a monotypic genus , in other words , this is the only species in that genus .

this species occurs along the rocky coast of western north america , its distribution extending from southern california to the baja california peninsula in mexico .

it is found in the intertidal zone and in the sea up to a depth of 33 meters .

megathura crenulata

josefin stiller set
image of megathura crenulata
as an exemplar on
megathura crenulata ( sowerby i , 1825 )
.
megathura crenulata ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) – giant keyhole limpet
tyler , a . 1940 . sperm agglutination in the keyhole limpet , megathura crenulata . biological bulletin 78 : 159 - 178 .
klh is a very large , high molecular weight , oxygen - carrying metalloprotein from the hemolymph of the marine mollusc megathura crenulata .
hans - martin braun added the german common name
riesen - lochschnecke
to
megathura crenulata ( sowerby i , 1825 )
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
große kalifornische schlüssellochschnecke
to
megathura crenulata ( sowerby i , 1825 )
.
hans - martin braun marked the english common name
great keyhole limpet
from
megathura crenulata ( sowerby i , 1825 )
as trusted .
[ 14 ] oakes fr , et al . the effect of captivity and diet on klh isoform ratios in megathura crenulata . comp biochem physiol 138a : 169 - 173 ; 2004 .
the glycosuite database is an annotated and curated relational database of glycan structures . for the taxonomy entry megathura crenulata a number of glycan structures , glycoproteins and tissue source ' s have been curated .
brandon lincicum : take a look at some of these guys . okay , so , this is what you’ve been waiting to see . this is megathura crenulata right here , the giant keyhole limpet .
klh produced from sustainable , licensed aquaculture ( rather than from small and sensitive wild populations ) can protect the precious source species megathura crenulata and ensure long - term , quality supply of this important biomedical material .
this vitally important protein can only be derived from a limited natural resource – the giant keyhole limpet ( megathura crenulata ) which naturally lives only in the pacific coastal waters , from monterey bay , california to isla asuncion off baja california , mexico .
beninger , p . g . , r . cannuel , j . - l . blin , s . pien , and o . richard . 2001 . reproductive characteristics of the archaeogastropod megathura crenulata . j . shellfish res . 20 : 301 - 307 .
megathura crenulata , whose shell is shown ( below right ) is one of the largest known keyhole limpets . as can be seen in the linked site ( below ) a grayish mantle completely covers the shell in the live mollusc , leaving only the keyhole visible .
[ 2 ] kurokawa t , et al . hemocyanin from the keyhole limpet megathura crenulata ( klh ) carries a novel type of n - glycans with gal ( β1 - 6 ) man - motifs . euro j biochem 269 ( 22 ) : 5459 - 5473 ; 2002 .
citation :
giant keyhole limpets , megathura crenulata ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
giant keyhole limpet ( megathura crenulata ) . i find these guys every once in awhile over here in the southern california coast . they are quite interesting . their skin actually wraps around their shell , so in essence , there is no real point in having a shell because something can damage the skin anyways . i did a little reading on them and it seems that these guys are being used in cancer research . how cool is that ? filmed with canon sx150
research megathura crenulata » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
i am not aware of any published reports of natural or induced spawning of this species . it seems entirely possible that the peroxide method of morse et al . ( 1978 ) used to induce spawning of abalone would work for m . crenulata . beninger et al . ( 2001 ) state that eggs are oviposited as egg masses , though they provide no evidence in support of this statement . macginitie & macginitie ( 1968 ) state that m . crenulata
lays its eggs in oval capsules or cells in a slender thread of mucus . the capsules are very irregular in size and shape , and the number of eggs per capsule varies greatly , ranging up to 15 eggs per capsule .
better documentation of spawning behavior in this species seems warranted . i am also unaware of any descriptions of larval development or planktonic larval duration .
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a large protein in limpet hemolymph contains epitopes , which trigger an immune response in humans .
breaking tolerance can also be used to treat addiction . down the coast from stellar ' s lot , in la jolla , scientists at scripps research institute used klh to make a vaccine that cuts out the euphoric effects of a heroin high . in their experiment , researchers gave addicted rats a cocktail of heroin - like molecules attached to klh . like the cancer vaccine , the protein provoked an immune response to suppress the high . later , given the option to self - administer heroin , most rats stopped using the drug . human trials are under way for a similar klh - based vaccine to treat addiction to nicotine and cocaine .
klh is too big and complicated to synthesize , so giant keyhole limpets still offer the best , most stable supply of the protein . before extraction , stellar employees move the limpets to tanks indoors . researchers use a syringe to extract the limpet ' s blood and then isolate klh using a centrifuge . it takes about 16 weeks before the mollusk has fully recuperated and is ready for its next extraction . limpets can also be harvested in the wild , but they die during the extraction process . there aren ' t enough limpets in the sea to keep up this method .
more than a dozen vaccines that use klh are in clinical trials , and a treatment for bladder cancer is now approved for use in europe and asia . stellar currently has the capacity to make between one and two kilograms of klh a year . but if a klh cancer vaccine is fda - approved , oakes says it
will increase demand by orders of magnitude .
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turgeon , d . ; quinn , j . f . ; bogan , a . e . ; coan , e . v . ; hochberg , f . g . ; lyons , w . g . ; mikkelsen , p . m . ; neves , r . j . ; roper , c . f . e . ; rosenberg , g . ; roth , b . ; scheltema , a . ; thompson , f . g . ; vecchione , m . ; williams , j . d . ( 1998 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd ed . american fisheries society special publication , 26 . american fisheries society : bethesda , md ( usa ) . isbn 1 - 888569 - 01 - 8 . ix , 526 + cd - rom pp . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 58 [ details ]
susan hassler : sometimes new medical technology comes from very unexpected places . in southern california , researchers have found a way to grow an unusual marine snail that may play a major role in the vaccines of the future . lauren sommer went to explore this unique laboratory site .
lauren sommer : when you think of cancer treatment , this probably isn’t the scene you’d imagine . but this rocky strip of land in port hueneme in southern california is home to a unique medical facility .
brandon lincicum : so , what you’re seeing right now is—this is our primary production seawater system . essentially , we pump nutrient - rich seawater right over here from the port .
lauren sommer : brandon lincicum is the aquaculture manager for stellar biotechnologies . we’re standing next to large tanks just a stone’s throw from the pacific ocean .
lauren sommer : lincicum reaches into the tank and pulls out a round , purplish animal that looks like an abalone .
brandon lincicum : they do have a hard shell , but they have this mantle tissue that they can fold up over their shell so you know , when you touch these guys , they are almost soft . it’s almost . . .
lauren sommer : the limpet he’s holding weighs almost a pound , but it takes years for them to grow this large .
brandon lincicum : so i’ll show you some of our up - and - coming limpets right here . so , if we take a look in this tank , these are our limpets , and these guys are fairly slow growing , but you can see them . these guys are about three and a half years old or so . we produce these guys from sperm and egg—microscopic sperm and egg . these guys are teeny tiny .
lauren sommer : this is the only place in the world where giant keyhole limpets are bred and grown . and there are thousands here , each with their own unique tracking number . the question is , why ?
frank oakes : it pretty much is a nondescript member of the local california coastal environment but turns out to be really important when it comes to medical technology .
lauren sommer : frank oakes is the ceo of stellar biotechnologies . he says what’s special about giant keyhole limpets is their blood—or more specifically , something found in their blood called klh .
frank oakes : keyhole limpet hemocyanin . and then , hemocyanin is the protein from the blood , analogous to hemoglobin in humans .
lauren sommer : this unique blood protein , klh , has been studied since the 1950s , and it’s played a major role in immune system research . but the keyhole limpet is only found in southern california , which means there’s a limited supply .
frank oakes : it was harvested routinely for extraction of its blood , and with little regard to understanding the animal , its importance in the wild , or the perishability of the wild population .
lauren sommer : oakes has a background in aquaculture , so he began studying how to breed limpets in captivity .
frank oakes : in the late 1990s , we started work on developing nonlethal extraction methods for the animal , so we can take the blood without killing them .
lauren sommer : getting limpets to grow in captivity was no easy task . oakes had to learn how to coax them into reproducing . he had to learn what conditions they grow best in . and because the limpets are part of medical research , there has to be strict quality control to prevent contamination . today , thousands of limpets go through their entire life cycle in a controlled system , giving blood several times a year .
frank oakes : from a 50 - animal lot , we get about a liter of serum . and from that liter of serum , we will typically produce about 20 grams of protein . and at retail value , that 20 grams of protein for us is approximately $ 100 000 .
herb chow : without it , a lot of the vaccines will not work .
lauren sommer : herb chow is a vice president at stellar biotechnologies . he says to understand why klh is useful , you have to go back to the early days of vaccines . medical researchers would take something harmful like a virus , kill it , and then inject it into your body . your immune system would see the inactive virus and it would learn how to attack it .
herb chow : except if you use the dead virus or that bacteria , it does accomplish that activation or stimulation , but it comes with a price . the price is some level of toxicities : people get sick because the toxin is still there .
lauren sommer : so researchers took viruses apart , pulling off the small chunks that your immune system could attack . they injected those smaller pieces as the vaccine , but there was a problem .
herb chow : just too small . they don’t see it . so it becomes stealth to your immune system .
lauren sommer : and like a stealth plane , if your body doesn’t see it , it can’t learn to attack it . but attach those virus pieces to klh , and it’s like attaching reflectors to the plane .
herb chow : by putting two together , all of a sudden the radar starts seeing it .
lauren sommer : and your immune system mounts an attack or starts making antibodies . klh itself is neutral and doesn’t harm you . chow says it’s being used in vaccine research for alzheimer’s and autoimmune diseases . it’s also being used in cancer vaccine research .
herb chow : the problem with the cancer cells is a lot of the antigen that are expressed on the cancers is actually your own tissues . the body sees them : this is my own , i shouldn’t react to it .
lauren sommer : cancer cells are , in essence , your own cells . so your immune system doesn’t see them as foreign invaders .
herb chow : and , as such , it fools your immune system to kind of ignore them and let them keep growing . and when the tumor mass gets to be a certain size , then your body no longer be able to handle it .
lauren sommer : so doctors use treatments like radiation and chemotherapy , which target all fast - growing cells in your body . but chow says that’s why cancer vaccines have such promise .
herb chow : it’s something that it’s high on the radar screen because of the characteristics—that they can differentiate the normal cells from the tumor cells and be able to target the treatments to the tumors .
lauren sommer : cancer vaccines could train your body to only attack the cancer cells . chow says the challenge is finding something on cancer cells that would help your immune system differentiate them from your own cells .
herb chow : and there are differences , and it used to be we are looking at differences on the cell surface , and it seems like that difference is not big enough . there are some differences , now we’re going inside the cells , looking a lot—zillions of molecules inside the cells—and you find more differences .
lauren sommer : today , most of the cancer vaccines that use klh are still in the research phase or in clinical trials . but ceo frank oakes says the role of klh is looking promising .
frank oakes : the long - term commercial demand for klh looks very promising because it’s a key ingredient in a wide variety of drugs that are currently in clinical development .
lauren sommer : the challenge is that vaccines take decades to develop—and not all of them come to market .
frank oakes : unfortunately , in this business , more drugs fail in clinical development than succeed .
lauren sommer : but oakes says with the growth in cancer vaccine research , there’s a good chance that this mollusk from southern california will eventually play a role in keeping us healthy . in point hueneme , i’m lauren sommer .
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. in both cases , a flattened foot acts like a strong suction disk , which adheres them to rock surfaces . both move about in search of food , drawing in water around the foot , and they live either as scrapers of small detritus or as herbivores . in fissurellas , the volcano top is the exit port for waste products , rather than a mantle opening below the shell , as in the patellas . the internal organs of keyhole limpets are also modified to permit an exit channel through the body for waste products leaving at the top .
for the extraction of its hemolymph . the purified product , keyhole limpet hemocyanin ( klh ) has a long history of biomedical use as an immune potentiating molecule and carrier protein in the making of vaccines for cancer and other immunologic disuorders .
the giant keyhole limpet is a primitive type of snail , or gastropod , which lives from central california to baja . characterized by a slimy gray , black , or brownish skin covering its gray shell ( yes , its shell is under its skin ) , this animal is often found fastened onto rocks using suction , feeding off of algae with a radula , or tongue , that scrapes the algae into its mouth on the yellowish underside of its body . this limpet has a black central hole which is used to expel waste away from the gills and mouth to avoid the waste reentering its body . it can grow up to 10” in length . their shells were used as currency and decoration by native americans .
a highly derived genus within the order siphonophora , physalia are nevertheless . . .
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vial of klh ( klh is present by weight at approximately 1 part klh to 5 parts total solid . )
reconstitute with deionized water to a klh concentration of 10 mg / ml , to yield an opalescent solution in 31 mm sodium phosphate buffer , ph 7 . 4 , containing 0 . 46 m nacl , 2 % pvp and 41 mm sucrose . reconstituted protein solution may be stored up to 2 months at −20 °c .
keyhole limpet hemocyanin ( klh ) is a strong and well known immune - stimulant in both experimental animals and humans . it has been used as a hapten carrier protein to enhance antigen - specific t cell priming and is known to stimulate a cd4
hemocyanins stimulate th1 reactions without known side effects , which make them ideal for long - term continuous treatment of cancer .
gastropod hemocyanins are massive glycoproteins ( 4 to 8 mda ) designed by an intricate arrangement of 10 subunits that are self - assembled into hollow cylinders 35 nm in diameter .
hemocyanin is a high molecular weight copper containing glycoprotein . it reversibly binds oxygen and forms the extra - cellular respiratory protein of mollusks . keyhole limpet hemocyanin ( klh ) is filtered from the hemolymph of
, also called the giant keyhole limpet . it is native to the southern california coast and mexico .
immunoglobulins ( igs ) are produced by b lymphocytes and secreted into plasma . the ig molecule in monomeric form is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of approximately 150 kda that is shaped more . . . keywords : affinity chromatography , centrifugation , chromatography , digestions , direct immunofluorescence , gene expression , high performance liquid chromatography , immunofluorescence , ion exchange , microscopy , precipitation , purification , rheumatology , scanning electron microscopy
cells in suspension may attach to one another and form clumps for a variety of reasons . the most common cause of cell clumping is the presence of free dna and cell debris in the culture medium , which . . . keywords : adhesion , apoptosis , cell culture , cell disruption , culture media , environmental , flow cytometry
there is perhaps nothing more frustrating to a cell culturist than removing a dish from the incubator only to find that it’s full of dead cells . getting to the bottom of the problem can be very chall . . . keywords : antibiotics , apoptosis , autophagy , buffers , cell culture , cell disruption , cryopreservation , culture media , environmental , enzyme activity , filtration , metabolism , peptide synthesis , reductions
a few years after scientists working at johns hopkins established the first human cell line using cervical epithelial cells ( hela ) from cancer patient henrietta lacks in the early 1950s , it was obser . . . keywords : cancer , cell culture , cryopreservation , forensic , genetic , phase transitions , polymerase chain reaction
overview types of contamination common causes and prevention of contaminants microbial ( bacteria , fungi , yeast ) mycoplasma viral contamination chemical contamination general tips and tech . . . keywords : antibiotics , antifungals , apoptosis , buffers , cell attachment , cell culture , culture media , detergents , eliminations , environmental , filtration , fluorescent microscopy , gene expression , indicators , metabolism , microscopy , polymerase chain reaction , sterilizations
optimal cell attachment in vitro requires the interaction of healthy cells with a wide range of cell - derived attachment molecules present in media , serum , and supplements . cultureware surfaces are fr . . . keywords : buffers , cell attachment , cell culture , culture media , decarboxylations , environmental , growth factors , lipid peroxidation , peroxidations , precipitation , reductions , respiration
when contamination is ruled out , turbidity in cell culture media is often explained by the precipitation of metals , proteins , and other media components . precipitates can be harmful to cell health , a . . . keywords : antibiotics , cell culture , culture media , desiccation , evaporation , filtration , microscopy , nucleic acid denaturation , precipitation , purification
ensuring adequate cell growth is a critical part of collecting accurate data with cell cultures . cells can be cultured in suspension , or as a monolayer that attaches to cultureware , such as a flask , . . . keywords : antibiotics , apoptosis , buffers , cell attachment , cell culture , condensations , cryopreservation , culture media , evaporation , filtration , microscopy , phase transitions , reductions
search & filter by validated application ( ie , wb , if / icc , ihc , elisa , etc , ) host species , clonality ( monoclonal , polyclonal and recombinant ) and more . learn from technical information , product highli . . . keywords : amplification , buffers , enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay , immunocytochemistry , immunofluorescence , immunohistochemistry , phosphorylations , purification , western blot
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how yellow cowries bring money , luck & prosperity ? keep cowries in wallet or locker .
the giant keyhole limpet is more than just a black bump on a rock . it may hold the secret to curing 20 different types of cancer . who knew ? and , who knew that they moved ?
lovely little tortoiseshell limpets on the maine coast with tidepool tim of gulf of maine , inc .
turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
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> more . . . < / a > < / p >
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< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘function’ section indicates at which position the protein binds a given metal ion . the nature of the metal is indicated in the ‘description’ field . < p > < a href = ' / help / metal ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information inferred from a combination of experimental and computational evidence , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
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> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the < a href =
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> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =
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> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : ‘name’ , ‘synonyms’ , ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section describes post - translational modifications ( ptms ) and / or processing events . < p > < a href = ' / help / ptm _ processing _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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solution in pbs , ph 7 . 2 , containing 1mm cacl 2 and 0 . 5 mm mgcl 2 with 15 mm sodium azide as preservative
hemocyanin was used to study if antipeptide antibodies specifically recognize the l1 protein of the human papilloma virus of type 31 .
it was also used to study the acid - induced unfolding of didecameric keyhole limpet hemocyanin .
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⁎ corresponding author at : department of biomaterials , max planck institute of colloids and interfaces , research campus golm , 14424 potsdam , germany . department of biomaterialsmax planck institute of colloids and interfacesresearch campus golm14424 potsdamgermany ed . gpm . gkipm @ cedogramku . anit
received 2015 may 20 ; revised 2015 sep 21 ; accepted 2015 sep 30 .
the radula is a unique feeding apparatus specific to mollusks . it is an elongated flexible membrane to which numerous teeth are anchored (
) . limpets ( mollusca , gastropoda ) are a large group of primitive marine mollusks characterized by their inverted cone - shaped shells . they mostly inhabit intertidal zones but are also found in deep - sea hydrothermal vent sites (
) . during their growth and maturation , the teeth advance in position along the radula in a conveyor belt manner and eventually enter the scraping zone , i . e . the front end of the radula , which is in contact with the substrate while feeding (
, right panel ) has a variety of different teeth ( marginal , two types of lateral and central ) .
( a ) schematic of the limpet radula in feeding action . the blue arrow denotes the direction of radula movement during the stroke . ( b ) a photograph of extracted radula of three adult giant keyhole limpets depicting the inter - specimen variability . ( c ) optical micrograph of the mature end of the radula .
schematic representations of the two major types of herbivorous limpet radulae : ( left ) doccoglossane radula and ( right ) rhipidoglossane radula . the abbreviations denoting various teeth are : mt = marginal teeth , lt = lateral teeth , mlt = minor lateral teeth , mlt = major lateral teeth and r = central or rachidian tooth .
) . in some doccoglossate species , the central tooth is missing . the teeth are stiff and fixed , and of limited mobility due to the low number of radula muscles (
) , such that the doccoglossate limpets are less adaptable to different food resources , i . e . they are limited to feeding on larger algae . these early limpet families have mineralized teeth , containing either crystalline goethite and silica ( in shallow - water limpets (
) and is the most complex and structurally sophisticated among the radulae of herbivorous mollusks . it contains numerous different teeth per row and a myriad of muscles in the buccal mass (
) and the teeth have relatively narrow bases attaching them to the radular membrane . consequently while in function , it is sufficient to induce a small change in the tension applied to the radular membrane , to effect an extensive movement of the distal tips of the teeth (
) . the complex and well controlled protraction motion of the radular membrane give rise to sweeps , effectively collecting algae with a variety of sizes . larger rhipidoglossate gastropods are able to remove the tougher cortical algal cells (
here , using optical and scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) combined with laboratory x - ray micro - computed tomography ( μct ) , x - ray scattering and amino acid analysis to report on the anatomy and development characteristics of the radula of mcren . we describe the morphological changes and the evolution of the protein composition in the radular teeth during their evolution from immature to the mature fully - functional structures .
limpets were purchased from the monterey abalone company ( california , usa ) . the radulae were extracted from mcren , placed on petri dishes in order to preserve a flat shape and immediately transferred to a freezer at −80 °c until further use . for the analyses reported here , freshly defrosted radulae were thoroughly washed in 3 steps in order to remove all organic debris : ( i ) washed in water and gently brushed with an ultra - soft brush , ( ii ) immersed shortly in 1 % sds and ( iii ) washed again in water .
mature radula sections were dehydrated by a series of increasing ethanol concentrations ( 30 % , 50 % , 70 % , 80 % , 90 % and 100 % ) and embedded in polymethylmethacrylate ( pmma ) . the embedded samples were cut with a slow speed saw ( bühler isomet low speed cutter 1000 ) , ground with silicon carbide paper of increasing grit sizes and finally polished using 3 and 1 μm particulate diamond slurries .
optical images of segments of the radula containing teeth of varying maturity were obtained using a light microscope equipped with a digital camera ( leica dm rxa2 with ccd camera ) . the mature end of the radula was additionally imaged with a second lower magnification light microscope with a larger field of view ( leica m165 c with kl 1500 lcd illuminator ) to fit the entire end of the radula .
sem micrographs of the immature , maturing and mature sections of a dry radula were obtained using two sem instruments : ( a ) field emission sem ( fe - sem , supra35 vp , carl zeiss , germany ) operating at 3 kv , 5 kv and 10 kv ; ( b ) high - resolution sem ( hr - sem , jeol jsm7500f ) operating at 5 kv . the samples were mounted on an sem - sample holder with conductive carbon tape and sputtered with pt .
the fe content in major lateral teeth was determined using icp - oes optima 8000 ( perkin elmer ) . major lateral teeth were extracted from the front ( colored ) , middle and back ( immature ) parts of the radula . the extracted teeth were first placed in 0 . 5 ml of aqua regia ( 167 μl hno 3 + 333 μl hcl ) and heated at 40 °c overnight in order to achieve a better dissolution . afterwards the samples were diluted with 3 . 5 ml of water ( ddw ) and subsequently the fe content measured with icp - oes . the apparatus was calibrated for fe with icp multi - element standard solution ( carl roth , 28 elements in 5 % nitric acid , 100 mg / l ) and with an external standard with icp multi - element standard solution ( carl roth , 22 elements in 5 % nitric acid , 1 mg / l ) . measurements were performed on major lateral teeth from 3 different radula samples .
samples of mature teeth were imaged using a laboratory microct ( skyscan 1172 lab ct , brukerct , kontich , belgium ) . scans were performed using 50 kev , with an effective pixel size of 2 μm , 0 . 7 s exposure time . the data was reconstructed into isotropic voxels using the standard manufacturer reconstruction package ( nrecon , brukerct , kontich , belgium ) and the reconstructed volumes were visualized in 2d ( fiji ( schindelin et al . , 2012 ) ) and in 3d ( ctvox 2 . 6 , brukerct , belgium and amira 5 . 2 , visage imaging gmbh , germany ) .
the amino acid composition of the proteins comprising the teeth of different states of maturity was determined by genaxxon bioscience gmbh using an amino acid analyser lc3000 on non - embedded samples . five teeth of each stage of maturity were extracted with tweezers and gently air - dried . each sample was transferred into a hydrolysis glass tube and lyophilized prior to any further processing . the lyophilized samples were treated with hcl ( 700 μl 6 n ) , sealed under vacuum ( p < 20 mbar ) and hydrolyzed for 60 h at 110 °c . after hydrolysis , the samples were dried at 36 °c for 8 h ( vacuum centrifuge ) . each dried sample was immersed in a na - acetate buffer ( 500 μl , ph 2 . 2 ) for subsequent derivatization and high pressure liquid chromatography ( hplc ; polymeric cation exchange column ) . fragmented amino acids were detected by post - column ninhydrin derivatization at 125 °c and photometric measurement at 570 nm ( due to high glycine ( gly ) content gly was determined at 440 nm ) . data was monitored by the chromatography software chromstar 6 . 0 following calibration of the hplc using a commercial standard ( sigma–aldrich , a2908 ) . the calibration was performed prior to the evaluation of each sample .
x - ray scattering experiments were performed on the embedded thin samples at the myspot beamline ( paris et al . , 2007 ) at the bessy ii synchrotron radiation facility in berlin ( germany ) . a beam energy of 15 kev ( λ = 0 . 826 nm ) was defined using a multilayer monochromator . the beam was focused by a toroidal mirror and experiments were collected on the area detector ( marccd 225 , marusa , evanston ) situated approximately 325 mm away from the sample . the final beam size was defined by a pinhole of 30 μm diameter behind the sample . all measurements were calibrated using a quartz powder placed at the sample position . the software dpdak ( benecke et al . , 2014 ) was used for the analysis of the 2 - dimensional scattering data . the total scattering intensities of the ( 0 4 0 ) and ( 0 1 3 ) reflections were used to determine the relative chitin content ( seidel et al . , 2008 ) . the difference in the results obtained from both reflections was within the statistical error .
adult specimen is about 8 cm long and 0 . 5 cm wide . the color of the radula turns gradually from white in the immature end towards a brownish color at the mature end ( see magnification in
c ) . the intensity of the color varies somewhat between the species and does not appear to be correlated with the specimen size or the radula length . the observed coloration might be due to protein sclerotization (
) or due to the presence of fe or a combination of both . to test for the presence of fe we performed icp - oes . the average fe concentrations in solutions of dissolved major lateral teeth determined using icp - oed are 0 . 273 ± 0 . 093 mg l
in the front - most and colored part , 0 . 074 ± 0 . 032 mg l
in the immature region . it should be noted that the limit of detection of the experiment as determined by measuring a blank sample was 0 . 06 mg l
. therefore the coloration appears to be correlated with the presence of fe in the teeth .
g ) . the very high aspect ratio is likely the reason for their high flexibility . the marginal teeth have a characteristic appearance with small hair - like structures covering the tooth surface ( see inset of
b and d ) . the bases of consecutive major lateral teeth interlock , which probably enhances the stability and rigidity during scraping ( see
b and d ) . the tooth side facing the direction of scraping is termed the anterior or “leading side” and the side facing in the opposite direction is called the posterior or “trailing side” (
) enclosed by four small unicuspid lateral teeth , of which the outer pair appears to be less developed ( see figs .
e and f ) . the position and orientation of the rachidian tooth in the radula is depicted in the longitudinal cross - section


anegcephalesis is a genus of snout moths .

it was described by dyar , in 1917 , and contains the species a. arctella .

it is found in north america .

the wingspan is about 23 mm .

anegcephalesis

anegcephalesis arctella ( ragonot , 1893 ) = anegcephalesis cathaeretes dyar , 1917 = anegcephalesis catheretes .
zamagiria arctella ( ragonot , 1893 ) was formerly in the genus anegcephalesis , mona fascicle 15 . 5 .
genus : anegcephalesis dyar , 1917 . insec . inscit . menstr . 5 : 46 . [ bhl ]
type - species : anegcephalesis cathaeretes dyar , 1917 . insec . inscit . menstr . 5 : 46 . [ bhl ]
anegcephalesis dyar , 1917 ; insec . inscit . mens . 5 ( 1 - 3 ) : 46 ; ts : anegcephalensis cathaeretes dyar
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neunzig , h . h . , 2003 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 5 , p . 241 ; pl . 8 . 28 . order
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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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new phycitine records for the dominican republic and description of a new species of nefundella ( lepidoptera : pyralidae : phycitinae ) . | neunzig | tropical lepidoptera research
new phycitine records for the dominican republic and description of a new species of nefundella ( lepidoptera : pyralidae : phycitinae ) .
twenty - nine species of phycitinae are reported from the dominican republic for the first time . also , nefundella munroei n . sp . is described and illustrated , and a figure of the female genitalia of hemiptiloceroides deltus neunzig and dow is included .
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the spotted tody-flycatcher ( todirostrum maculatum ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae , the tyrant flycatchers .

it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname , trinidad and tobago , and venezuela , and is mostly a species of the amazon basin countries and guianan countries .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical mangrove forests , subtropical or tropical moist shrubland , and heavily degraded former forest .

the spotted tody-flycatcher is a bird of the amazon basin and in the east the neighboring araguaia river of the araguaia-tocantins river drainage .

it ranges on the caribbean coast into eastern venezuela and the guianas .

its range is mostly absent in the northeast amazon basin , which is known as the guiana shield region , where its sister species , the painted tody-flycatcher , has the center of its range .

spotted tody - flycatcher

walther , b . ( 2018 ) . spotted tody - flycatcher ( todirostrum maculatum ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species thrives in secondary and converted habitats ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) , and its population is thus suspected to be at least stable .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
tessaria scrub . reference : cxxvia 68 - 70 ( todmac3 ) . krabbe & nilsson ( 2003 ) ( isbn 90 - 75838 - 06 - 9 ) .
singing from trees at the edge of the lake , also edge of big forest . usually associated with river islands but not here . another birds was seen along the rio aguarico in similar habitat next day .
track t438 . habitat : a few mid - stature trees in tall cecropia woodland . weather : clear , humid . perch height : 5m . distance to observer : 12m . id - ed by : voice + sight . sex of main vocalizer : ? . number vocalizing : 1 .
recording high - pass filtered . vocalization from a thin strip of trees at edge of urban habitat and lakeshore , in malecón area . the call is a high - pitched doublet given at intervals of about one second . originally submitted as a mystery , identified by dan lane . may be a juvenile begging call .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
eisenmann & phelps , jr , 1971 – ne venezuela , trinidad and n guyana .
( desmarest , 1806 ) – suriname , french guiana and ne brazil ( from r xingu e to amapá , e pará and n maranhão ) .
p . l . sclater & salvin , 1881 – se colombia ( caquetá , amazonas ) , w brazil ( w amazonas , w rondônia ) , e ecuador , e peru and nw bolivia .
j . t . zimmer , 1940 – n brazil ( r branco and ne amazonas s to mouth of r negro ) .
j . t . zimmer , 1940 – c brazil from r negro e to r jamundá and , s of amazon , from e amazonas ( tefé and upper r madeira ) e to right bank of r tapajós .
8·9–10·2 cm ; 6·4–8·3 g . nominate race has grey head with some black and white crown streaks , small white supraloral spot ; olive upperparts , wings brownish - black , . . .
clear , sharp and loud “tee” or “peek” , repeated up to 12 times at 2 per second , often immediately . . .
usually associated with wet areas , e . g . dense shrubby thickets and second growth along edges of . . .
recorded foods include arachnoids , flies ( diptera ) , termites ( isoptera ) , butterflies ( lepidoptera ) . usually in pairs , independent of mixed . . .
eggs recorded in all months ; juveniles with adults in aug in colombia . nest built by both sexes , taking c . 2 weeks , an untidy elongated . . .
not globally threatened . fairly common to common . occurs in many national parks and other protected areas throughout its fairly large range . able to thrive in secondary and . . .
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highly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1–4 separate families .
varied assemblage of genera , most of which have traditionally been grouped together , but detailed sequence now modified on basis of genetic findings # r # r # r . type genus currently subsumed into mionectes .
name based on triccus , a junior synonym of todirostrum , whereas todirostrini is a junior synonym of triccini # r .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : todirostrum maculatum . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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