the kurrichane thrush ( turdus libonyana ) is a species of bird in the family turdidae .

it is found in angola , botswana , burundi , democratic republic of the congo , lesotho , malawi , mozambique , namibia , south africa , swaziland , tanzania , zambia , and zimbabwe .

its natural habitat is dry savanna .

its name is derived from kaditshwene ( rendered as ' kurrichane ' ) in botswana .

kurrichane thrush

kurrichane thrush nest with eggs , sericea farm , south africa . [ photo warwick tarboton © ]
a species of thrush , turdus libonyanus , native to sub - saharan africa .
1982 , tc boyle , water music , penguin 2006 , p . 336 : wild begonias and ferns along the road , stumps choked with purple and white convolvuli , a kurrichane thrush massaging the shadows with long liquid glides and quick curt mordents .
distribution of kurrichane thrush in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
mobbing spotted eagle owl , the same as in previous recording . the is a common thrush in both surrounding regenerating miombo woodland , but also in farming areas and gardens
collar , n . & de juana , e . ( 2018 ) . kurrichane thrush ( turdus libonyana ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 7 july 2018 ) .
the nest ( see image below ) is a bowl built solely by the female in about 1 - 2 days , consisting of a foundation of mud mixed with rootlets on which a cup of grass , twigs and leaves is built , occasionally also with string , plastic and paper as well . the nest is usually built after rainfall - if not , all the materials are dipped in water to make them damp . it is typically placed in the three - pronged fork of a branch near the tree trunk , or occasionally on a horizontal branch , and it may even use refurbished nests of other species , such as the groundscraper thrush , laughing dove and common fiscal .
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sister to t . bewsheri . hybridization with t . olivaceus claimed in zimbabwe and south africa . proposed race chobiensis ( from n botswana and w zimbabwe ) considered indistinguishable from verreauxii , and peripheris ( e south africa ) from nominate . original spelling misquoted in hbw and elsewhere # r as “ libonyanus ” ; correct original spelling now applied , and this is invariable # r # r # r . three subspecies recognized .
w . k . h . peters , 1881 – se burundi and tanzania s to c & e zambia , malawi , e zimbabwe and mozambique .
angola and se drcongo s to ne namibia , w zambia , n botswana and w zimbabwe .
( a . smith , 1836 ) – e & s botswana e to s mozambique , s to n & ne south africa and swaziland .
21–23 cm ; 46–82 g . head to breast and upperparts medium grey ; throat white , streaked blackish at sides ; orange - rufous flanks , whitish centre of belly ; . . .
song a series of short but very variable phrases , some rich and warbling , others thin and sweet , . . .
mainly invertebrates , particularly insects , including beetles , grasshoppers , locusts , crickets , ants , grubs and caterpillars , last . . .
oct–nov in angola , sept–nov in tanzania and sept–dec in drcongo ; aug–dec ( mainly sept–nov ) , rarely mar– . . .
sedentary over most of range . dispersal noted into se botswana dec–mar , and post - breeding . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . common in most of range ; uncommon in tanzania and parts of mozambique , malawi , zimbabwe and namibia . rare at edges of range at higher . . .
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formerly included in an outsize muscicapidae . genetic studies show present family to be sister to a more narrowly defined muscicapidae # r # r # r # r ; in line with this proximity , many genera traditionally grouped herein have recently been transferred to muscicapidae , although some placements remain provisional .
main subject of several important recent studies # r # r # r from which the sometimes surprising sequence of species derives . currently includes platycichla , cichlherminia , nesocichla and mimocichla , among others .
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bird seen singing from a low branch of a tree early in the morning in a large suburban garden .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : turdus libonyana . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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occurs in south - central africa , from tanzania and southern drc through angola , zambia and malawi to southern africa . here it is locally common in a wide variety of habitats , but it generally prefers miombo ( brachystegia ) , acacia ( to a lesser extent ) and moist woodland . it also occupies valley bushveld , alien plantations , gardens and parks .
it eats a variety of insect and fruit , doing most of its foraging on the ground , scratching in leaf litter and pecking the soil in search of food . it has been observed to kleptoparasitise , attempting unsuccessfully to steal food from a wasp and a pearl - spotted owlet . the following food items have been recorded in its diet :
egg - laying season is from august - march , peaking from september - december .
it lays 1 - 4 eggs , which are incubated solely by the female for about 12 - 15 days .
the chicks are brooded by the female , with both parents feeding their young on a diet of insects and worms , the size of which increase as the chicks age . they eventually leave the nest after about 12 - 16 days , after which they still remain dependent on their parents for at least 2 more months . parental devotion is very strong in this species , as a
lost
chick adopted by people was observed being fed by a parent through the bars of the cage days after they were separated .
not threatened , in fact it is quite common and has adapted well to the introduction of man - made habitats .
hockey par , dean wrj and ryan pg 2005 . roberts - birds of southern africa , viith ed . the trustees of the john voelcker bird book fund , cape town .
this page was last edited on 12 june 2018 , at 20 : 46 .
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from a corrupted of kaditshwene , a town in the north west province of south africa .
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© 2018 bird & wildlife photography by richard and eileen flack . all images are copyrighted to the author .


the jambu fruit dove ( ptilinopus jambu ) is a smallish colourful fruit dove .

it is a resident breeding species in southern thailand , malaysia , brunei and the indonesian islands of kalimantan , sumatra and java .

the jambu fruit dove inhabits mangrove swamps and lowland rain forests up to 1,500 m ( 4,900 ft ) and is also found in second growth woodland .

the male holds a breeding territory , advertised by raising its wings , bobbing its body and cooing .

it will defend its territory with a quick peck if the territorial display fails .

the female builds a flimsy nest of twigs , roots and grasses , which are collected by her mate , in a tree and lays one or sometimes two white eggs which are incubated for about 20 days to hatching , with a further 12 or more days to fledging .

the jambu fruit dove is 23 – 27 cm ( 9.1 – 10.6 in ) long and weighs about 42 g ( 1.5 oz ) .

it is a plump small-headed bird with soft feathers and very distinctive colouring including a white eye ring , orange bill and red legs .

the call is a soft , low coo .

the adult male has a crimson face with a black chin , unmarked green upperparts and white underparts , with a pink patch on the breast and a chocolate brown undertail .

the female differs from the male by having a dull purple face with a dark chin .

the underparts are green with a white belly and cinnamon undertail .

the immature jambu fruit dove resembles the female but has a green face .

the young male acquires its full adult plumage in about 39 weeks from fledging .

immature males are similar in appearance to females .

the jambu fruit dove is a shy and inconspicuous bird , camouflaged against the forest canopy by its green plumage .

it is usually seen alone or in pairs , but a sizable flock may gather when feeding at a fruit tree .

it eats fruit directly from the tree , or from the ground if items have been dropped by hornbills or monkeys .

like other doves , but unlike most birds , it can drink by sucking .

extensive deforestation in indonesia and malaysia means that this dove is now threatened , although its ability to live in second growth and at higher elevation means that its situation is not as critical as that of some forest bird species .

the jambu fruit dove is evaluated as near threatened on the iucn red list of threatened species .

jambu fruit dove

nobody uploaded sound recordings for jambu fruit - dove ( ramphiculus jambu ) yet .
asian rainforest : jambu fruit dove
, urltoken , ( nov . 2001 ) .
information on the jambu fruit - dove ( ptilinopus jambu ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
naturezoo . com - jambu fruit dove
, urltoken , ( nov . 2001 ) .
the jambu fruit - dove is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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the jambu fruit dove is a plump dove with a small head and a small yellow or orange beak . its eyes are located on the sides of its head , colored red or brown . it is medium sized for a dove , about 9 inches long , and weighs about 1 . 5 ounces . its
the jambu fruit dove is a forest dove that inhabits the second growth forests of mangrove swamps and rainforests on the indonesian islands of sumatra and western java , and the countries of thailand and malaya . they are easily recognized in the forest by their soft cooing .
although the jambu fruit dove isn ' t endangered , they are listed as threatened . they can still be found in borneo and sumatra , but are now rare on west java . their habitat , the rainforests of southeast asia , are rapidly being lost .
ramphiculus jambu ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously placed in the genus ptilinopus .
difficult to spot its green feathers among the foliage , the jambu fruit dove’s soft cooing gives it away . generally solitary or in pairs , a flock of doves will gather together at a fruiting tree to feed . they pluck fruits directly from the tree or feast on fruits knocked to the ground by monkeys and hornbills .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . jambu fruit - dove ( ramphiculus jambu ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 7 july 2018 ) .
jambu fruit doves have a breeding territory , which they announce by raising their wings , and cooing while moving their heads forward and bobbing the body up and down . they also aggressively defend their territory with a quick peck if their threat display doesn ' t work .
they are a shy and inconspicuous bird , their green feathers acting as perfect camouflage . they spend most of their time roosting , nesting and feeding . they are mostly seen alone or in pairs , but will gather into a large flock when feeding at a fruit tree . they eat fruit directly from the trees , or that which has been dropped to the ground by monkeys and hornbills . their nostril are raised high on their upper bill like most doves . the jambu fruit dove can put its entire bill in the water and drink by sucking it in . most birds can only dip part of their bill in water , so as not to submerge their nostrils , and then have to tip their heads up to let the water trickle down their throats .
the male ' s face and forehead are crimson to pink . the upper part of their throat and chin are black . their underparts are white with a pink breast patch . their upper parts are a forest green . the outer parts of their tails are a darker green than the body , and the underside is a chestnut color . the feet of the jambu fruit dove are a dark red . the female isn ' t as colorful . she is mostly a darkish green with a purple head , and a white to cream belly . the underside of her tail is a brown color .
a pair of jambu fruit doves will build a flimsy - looking nest of twigs , roots and grasses interwoven with branches of the tree . the male provides the material and the female builds the nest . they usually lay 1 egg , sometimes 2 . the egg is incubated by both the male and female for 2 - 3 weeks . the nest is never left alone during incubation .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ramphiculus jambu . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 .
both parents help in raising the hatchling . within an hour of its birth , the helpless hatchling will be fed dove ' s milk , a nutritious secretion that both parents make in their crops . the chick ' s early development concentrates on growing feathers and becoming coordinated instead of growth . around the 10th day its eyes open for the first time , but its wings will already be functional . shortly after that it leaves the nest with its parents , who stay very close . the chick is then weaned at 8 - 10 weeks . the young male will look a lot like a female in coloring , but by 9 months it will have its full coloring .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
deforestation has been extensive throughout this species ' s range ; it is therefore suspected to have undergone a moderately rapid population reduction and is consequently classified as near threatened . the species is not regarded as more threatened because it tolerates secondary growth and ranges into montane areas where forest is less threatened .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally uncommon , although locally and seasonally common and very rare in java ( gibbs et al . 2001 ) . trend justification : the species is suspected to be declining at a moderately rapid rate , owing primarily to habitat loss and degradation , as well as hunting pressure .
this frugivorous species inhabits evergreen and mangrove forests to c . 1 , 600 m ( gibbs
. 2001 ) . it is known to take fallen fruits from the ground as well as directly from branches . seasonal and fruiting - related movements have been noted . breeding takes place from november to february and in july ( gibbs
forest destruction in the sundaic lowlands of indonesia and malaysia has been extensive ( kalimantan lost nearly 25 % of its evergreen forest during 1985 - 1997 , and sumatra lost almost 30 % of its 1985 cover ) , because of a variety of factors . these include the escalation of logging and land conversion , with deliberate targeting of all remaining stands of valuable timber including those inside protected areas , plus forest fires ( particularly in 1997 - 1998 ) . declines as a result of forest loss may be being compounded by trapping for the cage - bird industry . however , the species ' s use of secondary growth and higher elevations implies that it is not immediately threatened .
conservation actions are known of , although the species occurs in a number of protected areas and will benefit from reforestation projects and efforts to increase the coverage of protected areas . the species has been kept in zoos affiliated to the association of zoos and aquariums since the early 1980s , with 22 of these institutions currently holding birds , although successful breeding is currently only achieved by a few captive pairs ( j . pribble
survey to assess population size . regularly monitor at certain sites throughout its range to determine population trends . investigate the extent of hunting by local residents . where relevant , control hunting where possible , perhaps using awareness campaigns . protect significant areas of suitable primary forest across its range .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22691341a111022249 .
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a distinctive form , previously of disputed affinities , but inclusion in present genus confirmed by molecular results # r ; has normally been placed in ptilinopus , and was considered perhaps most closely allied to p . melanospilus . proposed alteration of type locality seems to have been based on idea that species did not occur in java . monotypic .
peninsular thailand and malaysia s through sumatra ( including riau archipelago , nias , bangka and belitung ) and borneo . recorded ( status uncertain ) in w java .
22–28 cm . face , forehead and forecrown pinkish crimson ; narrow black throat patch ; nape and upperparts green ; underparts creamy white with large pink breast patch and . . .
a series of low - pitched hoots “whoo . . . . . whoo . . . . whoo” at a rate of c . 1 note / second , very different . . .
forest and wooded areas , including mangroves ; in indonesia reported to favour small islands , and to . . .
no precise information . has been reported to feed on the ground on fruits knocked down by monkeys and hornbills ; probably usually feeds on . . .
known to breed nov–feb and jul . nest of typical pigeon type placed in a tree or shrub . lays 1 white egg ; incubation by both parents . . .
at least partly migratory ; may migrate regularly between peninsular malaysia and sumatra . a bird . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . no precise details available . species reported to be locally common in borneo and sumatra ; very rare in w java . . .
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until recently subsumed within ptilinopus ( which see ) # r ; restricted to philippines and sulawesi , apart from one aberrant form from se asia , and characterized by relatively large size , and emarginated first primaries .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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rob hutchinson , josep del hoyo , tomasz doroń , johannes pfleiderer , marvinhyett , fran trabalon , jonathan .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
fran trabalon av / venezuela 10 . 6a tel : 0034 972 26 04 69 zagros . fran @ urltoken urltoken
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cincinnati zoo & botanical garden 3400 vine st . cincinnati , ohio 45220 ( 513 ) 281 - 4700
wingspan is between 3 to 6 inches . its feathers are downy soft and very colorful . the feathers come out easily , which makes them hard to catch .


the tree wasp ( dolichovespula sylvestris ) is a species of eusocial wasp in the vespidae family , found in the temperate regions of eurasia , particularly in western europe .

d. sylvestris is a medium-sized wasp that has yellow and black stripes and a black dot in the center of its clypeus .

it is most common to see this wasp between may and september during its 3.5 month colony cycle .

tree wasps carry out worker policing and have a haplodiploid sex-determination system ; this results in a high level of relatedness within the colony .

the workers will take over all of the foraging from the queen once the first workers reach adulthood .

worker wasps typically forage for other insects , the nectar of plants , and wood to digest for nest construction .

the tree wasp is sometimes a victim of the nest parasite dolichovespula omissa , who lays their eggs in the nest of d. sylvestris , as well as individual parasites including roundworms .

dolichovespula sylvestris

bunn ( 1982a ) notes on the nesting cycle of dolichovespula sylvestris scop . ( hymenoptera ; vespidae )
dolichovespula asiatica nom . nov . ( junior primary homonym vespula sylvestris intermedia birula ) , d . sylvestris ( scopoli ) s . str . , d . sylvestris sumptuosa ( buysson ) are dealt with in this paper . a key to the sylvestris group ( metavespula blüthgen ) is also given .
michаel frаnkis added the english common name
tree wasp
to
dolichovespula sylvestris ( scopoli , 1763 )
.
bunn ( 1982a ) notes on the nesting cycle of dolichovespula sylvestris scop . ( hymenoptera ; vespidae ) | anthony daglio - urltoken
queen and worker policing in the tree wasp dolichovespula sylvestris , behavioral ecology and sociobiology | 10 . 1007 / s00265 - 004 - 0892 - 4 | deepdyve
dolichovespula sylvestris is an aggressive species not normally encountered in the far south . it is most easily identified by its prominent black spot in the centre of its face .
d . asiatica nom . nov . ( junior primary homonym vespula sylvestris intermedia birula ) , d . sylvestris ( scopoli ) s . s . , d . s . symptuosa ( buysson ) are discussed . a key to the d . sylvestris group ( metavespula bluethgen ) is also given .
the
' tree wasp
' (
dolichovespula sylvestris
) is a species of eusocial wasp in the vespidae family , found in the temperate regions of eurasia , particularly in western europe .
the tree wasp is sometimes a victim of the nest parasite
dolichovespula omissa ,
who lays their eggs in the nest of
d . sylvestris ,
as well as individual parasites including roundworms .
in a species of tree wasp
dolichovespula sylvestris
, wenseleers et al . found that a combination of aggressive behavior and destruction of worker - laid eggs kept the number of worker - laid eggs low .
a medium sized , long - cheeked social wasp which is the most common species of the genus dolichovespula in britain .
despite being called the tree wasp ,
d . sylvestris
builds both aerial nests in trees and hedges , as well as underground nests .
the social parasite dolichovespula omissa attacks d . sylvestris in continental europe ( weyrauch 1937 ) , but has not yet been recorded in britain . other parasites are the roundworm , pheromermis pachysoma in britain ( welch 1958 ) and in germany , the ichneumonid sphecophaga vesparum ( schummel 1829 ) .
it is part of the genus
dolichovespula
, a small genus of only 18 social wasp species including species such as the tree wasp (
d . adulterina
) .
in common with all species of dolichovespula , d . sylvestris has a relatively short life - cycle with typical flight periods as follows : spring queens from early may to mid - june ; workers from the end of may / beginning of june to the end of september ; autumn queens end of july to the end of september ; and males mid - july to the beginning of september ( edwards 1980 ) .
once the caste is known , then a good view of the face will determine whether the wasp is a dolichovespula or vespula species . a much greater malar space ( the area between the bottom of the eye and base of the mandible ) means that the wasp is a dolichovespula species . these wasps are usually noticably larger than vespula species and facial length becomes easier to determine with practice .
. . . in the results ofperera ( 2006 ) ( see also carpenter , 1987 ) three synapomorphies are attributed to the maculata group : pronotal striae , emarginate apex of the seventh metasomal sternum in males , and aedeagal medial lobes . the other clade within dolichovespula corresponds , for the most part , to the norwegica group sensuarcher ( 1999 archer ( , 2006 ) , although d . pacifica , whicharcher ( 1999archer ( , 2006 ) places in a separate group , is also nested within the norwegica group ( figs . 3 and 4 ) . moreover , this dolichovespula clade also includes the sylvestris group , as its sister . . . .
. . . in the results ofperera ( 2006 ) ( see also carpenter , 1987 ) three synapomorphies are attributed to the maculata group : pronotal striae , emarginate apex of the seventh metasomal sternum in males , and aedeagal medial lobes . the other clade within dolichovespula corresponds , for the most part , to the norwegica group sensuarcher ( 1999archer ( , 2006 ) , although d . pacifica , whicharcher ( 1999 archer ( , 2006 ) places in a separate group , is also nested within the norwegica group ( figs . 3 and 4 ) . moreover , this dolichovespula clade also includes the sylvestris group , as its sister . . . .
. . . in the results of carpenter and perera ( 2006 ) ( see also carpenter , 1987 ) three synapomorphies are attributed to the maculata group : pronotal striae , emarginate apex of the seventh metasomal sternum in males , and aedeagal medial lobes . the other clade within dolichovespula corresponds , for the most part , to the norwegica group sensu archer ( 1999 archer ( , 2006 ) , although d . pacifica , which archer ( 1999 archer ( , 2006 ) places in a separate group , is also nested within the norwegica group ( figs . 3 and 4 ) . moreover , this dolichovespula clade also includes the sylvestris group , as its sister . . . .
. . . in the results of carpenter and perera ( 2006 ) ( see also carpenter , 1987 ) three synapomorphies are attributed to the maculata group : pronotal striae , emarginate apex of the seventh metasomal sternum in males , and aedeagal medial lobes . the other clade within dolichovespula corresponds , for the most part , to the norwegica group sensu archer ( 1999 archer ( , 2006 ) , although d . pacifica , which archer ( 1999 archer ( , 2006 ) places in a separate group , is also nested within the norwegica group ( figs . 3 and 4 ) . moreover , this dolichovespula clade also includes the sylvestris group , as its sister . . . .
hicks , b . j . and k . baker . ( 2014 ) . the nests of dolichovespula norvegicoides ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) from newfoundland . journal of the acadian entomological society 10 : 6 - 9 .
an investigation is made of male genitalia in the vespinae to determine whether male genitalic differences can be used to separate the genera and species groups . differences are found between the genera and species groups except for some groups within dolichovespula . a key based on male genitalic characteristics is presented . analysis of male genitalic structure indicates that dolichovespula stigma lee should be transferred from the d . arenaria species group to the d . norwegica species group .
the nests of tree wasps ( dolichovespula sylvestris ) are not always situated in trees , although they require some cover . many are found at ground level or even in cavities in the ground and in buildings . like most social wasp species they can often be seen on the flowers of hogweed , wild carrot and fennel , and they are important pollinators of common figwort . although common in the highland region of scotland , it is not widely recorded in the islands of the outer hebrides
ocular sinus with yellow line running from the clypeus to at least top of eye . clypeus yellow with indistinct , small central spot . head and sides of face with conspicuous long hairs , easily longer than on other dolichovespula species .
the article gives an annotated list of vespidae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) from the urbanized territories of chelyabinsk region , including 13 species belonging to 4 genera ( vespula , polistes , dolichovespula and vespa ) and 2 subfamilies . . . more
. . . the long - cheeked wasp genus dolichovespula rohwer ( vespidae : vespinae ) heretofore consisted of 20 valid species ( carpenter and kojima 1997 ; archer 2006 archer , 2012 ; kimsey and carpenter 2012 ) . in a highly developed eusocial wasp group such as dolichovespula with the three castes ( queen , drone and worker ) easily distinguished by their body size and different colour patterns , the knowledge of all castes is important to judge the validity of a species . . . .
the article gives an annotated list of vespidae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) from the urbanized territories of chelyabinsk region , including 13 species belonging to 4 genera ( vespula , polistes , dolichovespula and vespa ) and 2 subfamilies ( vespinae and polistinae ) .
despite being called the tree wasp , it builds both aerial and underground paper nests , and can be found in rural and urban habitats .
d . sylvestris
is a medium - sized wasp that has yellow and black stripes and a black dot in the center of its clypeus .
. . . the same species was described again byarcher ( 1987 ) as dolichovespula sinensis and is again based on only workers . no information was available on its male , queen , habitat and nest site characteristics , but the label data indicate that it occurs in mountainous regions between 1000 and 3000 m ( archer 2006 ) . another species , dolichovespula baileyi archer , 1987 , is only known from a queen and was also reported from sichuan ( archer 1999archer , 2006archer , 2012 ) . . . .
the cuckoo wasp dolichovespula adulterina is an obligate social parasite , or inquiline species which lacks a worker caste and is dependant on its hosts d . saxonica and d . norwegica to rear its brood . it recorded from the czech republic . . . more
genetic relationships of eight northern european yellowjacket species , representing vespula s . str . ( the rufa group ) , paravespula the vulgaris group ) and dolichovespula , are here studied by enzyme electrophoresis . the observed level of intraspecific genic variation is relatively low , and the southern finnish populations show no clear - cut geographic differences . the allozyme characters are further used to construct phylogenetic trees by four tree - building techniques . it is suggested that dolichovespula media is not phylogenetically closely related to other european dolichovespula species , and that paravespula and vespula s . str . may not form a single monophyletic group . two of the species studied , v . austriaca and d . omissa , are obligatory social parasites . in both cases the parasite is related to its host . this supports the hypothesis that the social parasite generally arises from the same ancestral stock as the host species .
les relations génétiques de huit espèces de guêpes d ' europe du nord , représentant vespula s . str . ( le groupe rufa ) , paravespula ( le groupe vulgaris ) et dolichovespula , sont étudiées ici par électrophorèse enzymatique . le niveau de variation génétique intraspécifique observé est relativement bas , et les populations du sud de la finlande ne montrent pas de différences géographiques nettes . les caractères d ' allozymes sont ensuite utilisés pour construire des arbres phylogénétiques par quatre techniques de construction . il est suggéré que dolichovespula media n ' est pas étroitement apparentée aux autres espèces de dolichovespula européens , et que paravespula et vespula s . str . ne forment peut - être pas un seul groupe monophylétique . deux des espèces étudiées , v . austriaca et d . omissa , sont des parasites sociaux obligatoires . dans les deux cas le parasite est apparenté à son hôte . cela appuie l ' hypothèse que le parasite social apparaît généralement à partir de la même souche ancestrale que l ' espèce hôte .
there is usually a pattern of veins on an insect wing . this pattern is species - specific and is used taxonomically . for example , the coordinates of some characteristic points on the wing are used to compare vein patterns . the characteristic points are often vein junctions or vein ends . a tool is presented that enables automatic identification of vein junctions . an image of an insect wing is used to determine the wing outline and veins . the vein skeleton is obtained using a thinning algorithm . bezier splines are fitted to both the wing outline and the vein skeleton . the splines are saved in an encapsulated postscript file . another output file in text format contains the coordinates of vein junctions . both the program and its source code are available under gnu general public license at urltoken the program presented in this paper automatically provides a numerical description of an insect wing . it converts an image of an insect wing to a list of coordinates of vein junctions , and a wing diagram that can be used as an illustration . coordinates of the vein junctions extracted by the program from wing images were used successfully to discriminate between males of dolichovespula sylvestris and dolichovespula saxonica .
hornet identification should not present a problem , even to the inexperienced observer . in flight , hornets are easy to identify through combination of size ( workers are usually over 2 . 5cm long ) and colouration . the only possible confusion can come from dolichovespula media queens seen during the spring and autumn , which exhibit similar colouration , although they are much smaller than hornet queens .
overall proportions of honey bees ( apis mellifera ) , five species of bumblebees ( bombus spp . ) , three species of wasps ( vespula vulgaris , v . germanica , dolichovespula sylvestris ) , three genera of other bees ( andrena , halcitus , lasioglossum ; there were also some that could not be identified ) and four species of hoverflies ( eristalis arbustorum , e . tenax , episyrphus balteatus , rhingia campestris ) which were positive ( coloured ) or negative ( white ) for the deformed wing virus ( dwv ) , ascosphaera fungus , microsporidia and wolbachia parasites . sample sizes for each host are given in parentheses . significant differences in incidence between species within each of the five host types ( honey bees , bumblebees , wasps , other bees , hoverflies ) are indicated to the right of the relevant bars ( * = p < 0 . 05 ; ns = p > 0 . 05 ) .
. . . no information was available on its male , queen , habitat and nest site characteristics , but the label data indicate that it occurs in mountainous regions between 1000 and 3000 m ( archer 2006 ) . another species , dolichovespula baileyi archer , 1987 , is only known from a queen and was also reported from sichuan ( archer 1999 archer , 2006 archer , 2012 ) . during the nearly 30 years since its description , there has been no additional information . . . .
. . . though ecologically important , the social wasps have been scarcely studied in bhutan . vespa fumida van der vecht , 1959 had been reported from padong , bhutan ( carpenter & kojima , 1997 ; das & gupta , 1989 ) , dolichovespula xanthicinta ( archer , 1981 ) ( archer , 1999 archer , , 2006 ) , polistes ( polistella ) adustus bingham , 1897 ( nguyen , kojima & saito , 2011 ) , polistes ( gyrostoma ) tenebricosus sulcatus smith , 1852 , polistes ( gyrostoma ) olivaceus ( de geer , 1773 ) , polistes ( gyrostoma ) rothneyi sikkimensis van der vecht , 1968 , polistes ( polistella ) santoshae das & gupta , 1989 , ropalidia fasciatus ( fabricius ) , r . rufocollaris ( cameron , 1900 ) , r . jocobsoni ( du buysson ) and ropalidia santoshae das & gupta , 1989 ( dorji , klein & nidup , 2016 ) were recorded previously from bhutan . in this study , three vespa , four vespula , one dolichovespula , four ropalidia , two parapolybia and one polistes species are reported as new records from bhutan . . . .
a total of 325 pollinators were collected by hand from flowers and by pan - trapping from 83 locations within 18 urban and arable sites ( up to 5 km 2 ) across the uk , during june / july 2007 and 2008 ( figure 2 , table s1 ) . hand - collected samples were stored immediately in 96 % ethanol . pan traps were checked every 48 h and samples then transferred to 96 % ethanol . all samples were stored at −20°c . the samples collected included representatives of five species of bumblebees ( bombus terrestris , b . pascuorum , b . lapidarius , b . pratorum , b . hortorum ) , honey bees ( apis mellifera ) , three genera of solitary bees ( andrena , halictus , lasioglossum ) , three species of social wasps ( vespula vulgaris , v . germanica , dolichovespula sylvestris ) and four species of hoverflies ( eristalis arbustorum , e . tenax , episyrphus balteatus , rhingia campestris ) . the species of white - tailed bumblebee cannot be distinguished morphologically , so we sequenced the host co1 gene for a subset of these individuals from each site . we compared their sequences to sequences in genbank using blastn and found that all were b . terrestris .
in addition , other authors such as kasper et al . [ 28 ] did not find any correlation with humidity , and lima and prezoto [ 22 ] , on the other hand , found correlation between these variables on polybia platycephala sylvestris only in hot and humid season . however , even with the separation of the year into hhs and cds , there are some climatic differences in the localities where our study and those by lima and prezoto were performed . our locality is hotter ( 23 . 5°c versus 19 . 3°c for annual mean [ 51 ] ) and drier ( 1 , 240 mm versus 1 , 644 mm for annual pluviosity [ 51 ] ) .
insect societies are sometimes exploited by workers who reproduce selfishly rather than help to rear the queen’s offspring . this causes a conflict - of - interest with the mother queen and , frequently , with the non - reproductive workers as well . one mechanism that can reduce conflict is policing , whereby either the queen or other workers aggress egg - laying workers or destroy worker - laid eggs . here we present the first direct observations of queen and worker policing in natural , unmanipulated colonies of a social insect , the tree wasp dolichovespula sylvestris . worker reproduction was common , with workers producing 50 % of all male eggs . however , most worker - laid eggs , 91 % , were policed within 1 day , whereas most queen - laid eggs , 96 % , remained unharmed . the workers were responsible for 51 % of all policing events and the queen for 49 % . the workers and mother queen also commonly aggressed ovipositing workers , and successfully prevented them from depositing eggs in 14 % and 6 % of all attempted ovipositions . hence , both queen policing and worker policing occur and policing acts via two distinct mechanisms : selective destruction of worker - laid eggs and aggression of ovipositing workers . at a general level , our study shows that both centralized and decentralized control can act together to suppress conflict within social groups .
insect societies are sometimes exploited by workers who reproduce selfishly rather than help to rear the queens offspring . this causes a conflict - of - interest with the mother queen and , frequently , with the non - reproductive workers as well . one mechanism that can reduce conflict is policing , whereby either the queen or other workers aggress egg - laying workers or destroy worker - laid eggs . here we present the first direct observations of queen and worker policing in natural , unmanipulated colonies of a social insect , the tree wasp dolichovespula sylvestris . worker reproduction was common , with workers producing 50 % of all male eggs . however , most worker - laid eggs , 91 % , were policed within 1 day , whereas most queen - laid eggs , 96 % , remained unharmed . the workers were responsible for 51 % of all policing events and the queen for 49 % . the workers and mother queen also commonly aggressed ovipositing workers , and successfully prevented them from depositing eggs in 14 % and 6 % of all attempted ovipositions . hence , both queen policing and worker policing occur and policing acts via two distinct mechanisms : selective destruction of worker - laid eggs and aggression of ovipositing workers . at a general level , our study shows that both centralized and decentralized control can act together to suppress conflict within social groups .
holding prey above the ground has been observed in some neotropical wasps ( richter and jeanne 1991 ) and the foraging in flies was similar with dolichovespula maculate ( stein and fell 1992 ) , while hunting close to the ground may be a widespread practice in wasps . this practice of carrying parts or remains of large prey above ground , rather than close to it ( where the captures usually take place ) must reduce the odds that the prey will be stolen . this results with the finding that ant predation pressure at each of 5 latitudes is higher on the ground than on the vegetation ( jeanne 1979 ) .
. . . we analysed gene expression in three vespine wasps , vespula maculifrons , vespula squamosa ( commonly known as yellowjackets ; macdonald & matthews , 1981 , 1984 ) and dolichovespula maculata ( hornets ; archer , 2006 ) , as well as one polistine wasp , polistes exclamans ( paper wasps ; turillazzi & west - eberhard , 1996 ; hunt , 2007 ) . relative levels of gene expression were determined for adult queens , workers and males in v . maculifrons and v . squamosa , in adult workers and males in d . maculata , and in adult females ( caste undetermined ) and males in p . exclamans ( table 1 , figs 1 , 2 ) . . . .
. . . некоторые виды в составе одного и того же рода могут быть факультативными ( vespa , polistes ) или облигатными ( vespula , dolichovespula , polistes ) гнездовыми паразитами , живущими в гнездах близкородственных видов . сведения о распространении общественных ос на территории сибири можно найти в ряде публикаций ( birula , 1925birula , , 1927birula , , 1930a eck , 1984 ; archer , , 1997 archer , , 1999 archer , , 2006 yamane et al . , 1980 ; курзенко , 1992 , 1995 , 2012 carpenter , 1996 ; рудоискатель , 2003 ; cervo , 2006 ; dvořák , castro , 2007 ; абашеев , 2007 , 2012 , 2013 и др . ) . в то же время , единственной специальной опубликованной работой , посвященной общественным осам сибири , является сводка в . в . . . .
the genus dolichovespula consists provisionally of 18 species . aerial nest site characteristics have been established for seven species but most of these species show flexibility in their choice of nest sites and two species often nest in shallow subterranean situations . colony length is usually just over 3 months to approximately 4 months , but at lower latitudes may extend to more than 5 months . mature colony size is usually approximately 1000 cells with more large cells than small cells . parasitized colonies have a shorter colony cycle and smaller colonies . during the production of the sexual brood the larva / worker ratio reaches its lowest value of approximately 2 . 5 larvae per worker . colonies often have upper mixed combs of small and large cells . total adult production is usually less than 2000 adults . colonies of d . arenaria and d . norwegica may specialize in mainly producing males or queens . variations in mature colony size and production of queens is probably a consequence of the number of workers present , particularly early in the colony cycle .
a photographic identification guide to the social wasps of nottinghamshire ' s , has really been brought about through a developing need by internet users across in the uk , who don ' t have access to the required literature .
uk wasp identification , wasp species uk and wasp identification uk , are three of the most regularly used search terms leading to urltoken and during the summer months , five out of the ten most regular web searches we get , are wasp related . searches for photographs of some of the less common , or less known wasps , often leads to incorrectly identified / labelled wasps .
wasp identification in the field is difficult and it must be pointed out at this early stage , that the correct identification from photographs is not 100 % accurate and this guide does not cover all the required identification features .
some of the facial features ( the anchor mark especially ) which are used to enable identification and which are often quoted in general insect field guides as being characteristic to a particular species , can vary between individuals of the same species . individuals of some other species can also have similar markings through variation . we have found that this undoubtedly leads to further observer frustration and confusion , but ( together with a combination of the amount of yellow on the ocular sinus and yellow thoracic markings ) is the best method of species identification .
whilst we have found that some species can be quite easily recognised with a good view of the face and a small hand lens whilst in the field , generally a very good digital photograph , or a dead specimen is required to make the identification .
before attempting any identification , it is best to determine the caste ( queen , male or worker ) of the wasp . queens are the largest of the three castes and are the only wasp caste found in spring . most identification queries leading to this website , come during the summer and early autumn and will most likely involve males and workers which are plentiful at this time . identification of just the workers will be discussed here .
many wasps found on flowers from august onwards will often be males . these tend to be more docile and slightly less active than workers and often make better photographic subjects . male wasps show seven obvious sections ( terga ) to the abdomen which consequently appears often noticably longer , with workers ( below ) showing just six .
males also have 13 segmented antennae , compared to just 12 segments in both queens and workers , so their antennae are longer and often held in a slightly droopy fashion .
males also seem less inclined to conspicuously bend their antennae in the manner of workers , but beware , as antennal length is not always obvious and depends on the angle of view to some degree .
the first antennal segment away from the antennal insertion point on the head is usually more obvious ( longer ) in both workers and queens . the underside of this antennal segment is either yellow or black in workers and predominantly yellow in males .
wasp facial patterns vary between individual workers of the same species , but variation is usually restricted to the amount of black markings on the clypeus ( see german wasp identification ) .
in many general insect guides , the anchor mark on the face of the common wasp is often quoted as a key identification feature , but the red wasp also has an obvious anchor - like mark , though this seems to be thicker in many of the red wasp workers we looked at . however , these markings do provide one of the most reliable identification features to the interested observer . markings on the clypeus are best used in conjunction with the amount of yellow on the ocular sinus and yellow thoracic markings , which do seem to be characteristic to species .
the thoracic markings seem to be as reliable an identification to species as are the facial markings , each being relatively distinct enough . but a good side photograph or actual specimen is usually still required to see the relevant features for accurate identification purposes , as the distinguishing markings are virtually impossible to see on an active wasp . once seen well enough , the combination of thoracic markings will help to clinch an identification when used in conjunction with facial markings .
all worker wasps apart from the hornet , have a black thorax which is covered in long hairs , especially on common wasp . points to note during identification are the yellow ( and distinguishing ) markings on the various sections of the thorax of each species . these can be either one or two lines on the edge of the pronotum , two spots on the metatonum ( note shape and size ) the presence and shape of a single spot at the top of the episternum and presence of an irregular blotch on the propodeum . note that the hornet has none of any of the above mentioned markings and the background colouration is chestnut brown .
the use of abdominal markings an an identification aid seems very limited in our experience . common wasp ( vespula vulgaris ) workers certainly show considerable variation in the amount and shape of any black on each tergum , which is well illustrated by the abdomens of three vulgaris workers taken from a single colony shown below , but note the extreme similarity to that of the worker germanica .
usually after size , the abdominal pattern is often one of the first aspects to be noted in the field and with experience , can sometimes provide the initial clue that the wasp is something other than a common wasp . red wasp workers tend not to have as much red on the first and second tergum as the one illustrated on this page .
the identifications of the wasps illustrated below are believed to be correct . in order to produce the following images , it was neccessary to kill one or two worker wasps of each species . this is something we don ' t like doing , but it would have otherwise have been an impossible task to produce the range of similar images of each species that we have .
in order for ease of comparison between species , we have initially grouped species together into three seperate sections showing facial features , thoracic features from above and thoracic features from the side . hornet is not included in the following quick comparison section . norwegian wasp is not included due to the lack of an available specimen .
the following section gives more detailed information on identification features . although hornet is visually totally different in colouration and size to the other social wasps , we have included it in the following section purely for completeness .
ocular sinus and front of head completely yellow , with distinct chestnut patch towards top of head . clypeus completely yellow .
thorax with no yellow lines or spots . pronotum wholly dark chestnut . episternum with areas of dark chestnut becoming almost black in places . metatonum chestnut with no elongated yellow spots . propodeum chestnut .
a large wasp . some workers can show an almost entirely black abdominal colouration leaving just thin yellow bands along each tergum , making them very distinctive .
ocular sinus largely yellow . clypeus yellow with thin black line or elongated central spot . side of head largely yellow immediately behind the eye .
thorax shiny in comparison to other species . pronotum with thin yellow borders from behind head and extending towards wings and downwards vertically behind head . metatonum with two elongated yellow / orange spots that nearly touch . episternum black with no yellow spots . propodeum black with no yellow spots or blotches .
ocular sinus short yellow line running from the clypeus to behind antennae , but not usually extending above the antennae . clypeus yellow with a small black spot or short , elongated central spot . small , dull yellow patch at top of head behind the eye .
thorax dull in comparison to median wasp workers . pronotum with thin yellow border from behind head and extending towards wings . metatonum with two small and well spaced yellow spots . episternum black with roughly triangular yellow spot below wings . propodeum black with yellow spots or blotches .
thorax shiny with long hairs . pronotum with yellow border from behind head , becoming notably broader towards wings . metatonum with no elongated yellow spots or blotches . episternum black with triangular yellow spot below base of wing . propodeum black with no yellow spots or blotches .
a fairly small wasp , which seems common in nottinghamshire . workers show some variation in the amount and extent of the red markings on the abdomen . the one illustrated shows quite an extreme amount of red .
ocular sinus with yellow line running above the eye , leaving clear space between the clypeus and the start of the line . clypeus yellow with thick black vertical line creating a broad anchor mark . yellow patch at front of head ( between antennae ) small in relation to other species . side of head with a small yellow spot , becoming white down length of the eye .
pronotum with yellow border from behind head and extending towards wings . metatonum with two very small yellow spots . episternum black with dull yellow triangular spot . propodeum black with no yellow spots or blotches .
a relatively small wasp which is very common throughout nottinghamshire and the most likely encountered . common wasp workers show quite a large amount of variation in abdominal colouration and markings .
ocular sinus largely yellow . clypeus yellow with black vertical line forming a characteristic anchor mark ( see also red wasp )
pronotum with quite a thick yellow border from behind head and extending towards wings . there is a small yellow patch at the wing joint and often a further tiny spot between end of yellow pronotum border and triangular spot on episternum . metatonum with two elongated yellow spots that nearly touch . episternum black with yellow triangular spot . propodeum black with irregular yellow blotch on either side .
a fairly small and common species . german wasp workers are very similar to some common wasps , although abdominal pattern seems to vary little in this species .
ocular sinus largely yellow . clypeus yellow often three black dots in the centre ( the lower two usually smaller ) . there is a black notch at the top of the clypeus , which on some workers can be extended or joined to the upper spot in the centre of the clypeus . in the more extreme cases , some german wasp workers can resemble common wasp workers and other facial features need to be checked .
pronotum with yellow border of irregular width from behind head and extending towards wing , meeting a yellow blotch at wing base . metatonum with two elongated yellow spots , with clear seperation . episternum black with yellow triangular spot and quite sharply angled . propodeum black with large yellow blotches , less irregularly shaped than on common wasp .
most books give the three dots on the clypeus as being diagnostic to vespula germanica . however , when comparing the three workers below and without looking at other facial and thoracic identification features , only worker a would probably be immediately identifiable in the field . workers b and c could both easily be mistaken for vespula vulgaris workers , with the anchor mark typical of that species being incomplete . they are however , all vespula germanica workers .
the species is widespread throughout the british isles including many of the smaller islands such as the outer hebrides , isle of man , isles of scilly and the channel islands .
overseas , the species occurs throughout most of europe , morocco , and across central asia to eastern china ; it is not found in japan ( archer 1999 ) .
this species is not regarded as being scarce or threatened , but has declined recently , as with other social wasps .
will utilise the majority of habitats and can often be very common in urban areas , particularly in domestic gardens .
contrary to its common name , the tree wasp , nests are not always situated in trees , but tend to require at least partial cover . many are found at ground level or even in cavities in the ground . other typical situations are in the eaves , roof spaces and cavity walls of buildings , and small bird nest boxes . the short life - cycle means that the maximum colony size achieved during peak activity is only a few hundred individuals ; nests are therefore quite small . due to the paper being made from mostly well - seasoned wood , nests are grey with some fine white and pale brown transverse bands .
typical of most social wasp species , individuals can often be seen in late summer at the flowers of wild parsnip , hogweed , wild carrot and fennel . in addition they also visit so - called ' wasp - flowers ' such as figworts , cotoneaster , snowberry etc . and are important pollinators of common figwort , scrophularia nodosa ( edwards 1980 , proctor et . al . 1996 and references therein ) .
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length 22 mm . the face of this species is usually clear yellow with one dot . antennae yellow right at the base . thorax with hairs at the sides and two yellow spots at the rear .
can be very aggressive . it builds its nest in trees and bushes as well as underground . adults forage flowers such as wild angelica , water figwort and rosebay willowherb .
science has been ahead of the political unification of europe for several centuries and required no highflying empty phrases or ( too ) expensive summit meetings . scientists’ deep commitment to their work , a passion for discovering new things and of course the need to share their findings and knowledge with other similar scientific souls around the old continent were sufficient . two great scientists of the 18th century – carl linnaeus and joannes antonius scopoli – were living proof of this . they established a link between uppsala in sweden and idrija through their letters 250 years ago , while politicians only recently achieved this when slovenia became a member of the eu on the 1st of may 2004 .
( content abstracted from
slovenija . svet january 2005
published by slovenska izseljenska matica . )
a widespread and locally common long - cheeked wasp found in a variety of habitats . it is one of the neatest and brightest - looking social wasps , with the yellow abdominal bands relatively straight and of similar width to the black bands , and without the large spots or irregular margins present on some other species . the rear of the thorax has two large yellow spots and the face is yellow usually with just a single small central spot . nests are constructed in a variety of places , sometimes suspended from twigs in trees and bushes , but also in a variety of cavities from ground level upwards . males are usually found on the flowers of umbellifers , thistles and brambles . workers and males avidly visit flowering figworts when available - indeed the wasps seem to be important pollinators and fit the flowers perfectly . they are also important pollinators of epipactis orchids such as broad - leaved and violet helleborines . bwars account : urltoken .
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the antennae are distinctive due their yellow base and pale hairs along the sides of the thorax together with two yellow spots at the rear complete the key features .
the spherical nest is commonly found , as the name suggests , hanging in shrubs and hedges and rather prominently in trees , although it has also been found nesting in holes in the ground .
nets are usually small and rarely exceed a hundred or so active workers , issuing in and out of the nest entrance which is characteristically at the base of the nest .
first is the bumble bee then honey bee and then a hornet and then a more common wasp . it is clear to see the differences between them . if you have bees
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environmental health services , are all about understanding the pests you are trying to eliminate or prevent so you can make the environment less conducive to them . wasps for example creates a wasp nest early in the year so if you wanted to exterminate wasps in the bristol area you would probably guess that checking for a new wasp nest in your loft in april and may would allow you to remove a wasp nest safely before it became too large . by understanding your pest , you are able to plan treatments in advance , before infestation occurs and the cost of elimination becomes high .
waspkill uk are always here to help - so why not give us a call or visit our bristol pest control blog .
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scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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antonio giordani soika ( 1970 ) ergebnisse der zoologischen forschungn von dr . z . kaszab in der mongolei , 223 , vespidae und eumenidae ( hymenoptera ) . : annls . hist . - nat . mus . natn . hung . 62 : ( 1970 ) : annales historico - naturales musei nationalis hungarici ( pars zoologica )
josef gusenleitner ( 1975 ) ökologisch bedingte verbreitungstypen europäischer aculeater hymenopteren am beispiel der diploptera ( faltenwespen ) . : lbb 0007 _ 3 : diverse ( 1975 ) : lbb 7 / 3 / 1975 224 pp .
. clozapine is a dibenzodiazepine neuroleptic with atypical pharmacological and clinical profiles . treatment with this drug may be complicated with agranulocytosis ( agr ) . it is likely that defective oxidative mechanism may be the cause of agr . a can . . .
. humans , like all mammals and birds , maintain a near constant core body temperature of 36 - 37 . 5°c over a broad range of environmental conditions and are thus referred to as endotherms . the evolution of the brain and its supporting structures in mam . . .
. observational epidemiological evidence supports a linear inverse and independent association between serum total bilirubin levels and coronary heart disease ( chd ) risk , but whether this association is causal remains to be ascertained . a mendelian . . .
. nine populations of n . viridescens were collected along the east coast from vermont to north carolina [ usa ] . allelic variation of 5 polymorphic loci coding for 4 proteins were analyzed for patterns of variation among the populations . heterozygote . . .
. lipid status and the fatty acid composition in different regions of the brain , viz . , cerebrum and cerebellum were studied in wistar cft rats fed diets incorporating rice bran , palm oil or peanut oil at 5 and 20 % levels for a period of 12 weeks . ra . . .
. a selection - index procedure was applied to milk production data of the & apos ; lesnoe & apos ; state breeding station in comparison with selection on individual traits . results of selection on milk yield and milk fat and protein contents at different c . . .
. isoaltes of armillaria obtained from a wide variety of material were identified by means of the mating test devised by korhonen and by their growth on various media . pathogenicity was tested by inoculating small pines . five species were found , of . . .
etebari , m . ; khodarahmi , g . a . ; jafarian - dehkordi , a . ; nokhodian , z .
. increased exposure to estrogen has been associated with the risk of breast cancer . substituted benzofuran derivatives with inhibitory effects on estrogen synthesis could be considered as a potential approach to reduce the risk of breast cancer . th . . .
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r . de jong ; r . i . vane - wright and p . r . ackery
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the completely yellow clypeus ( face ) entirely yellow , or with just a small black central spot is the key field identification character .
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. . . 3755 m ) , leg . : phurpa dorji & wim klein . distribution : india , china ( archer , 1999 archer , , 2006 archer , , 2012 carpenter & kojima , 1997 ; das & gupta , 1989 ) , new record for bhutan . . . .
antropov a . v . , proshchalykin m . yu . 2014 . to the fauna of social wasps ( hymenoptera : vespidae : vespinae , polistinae ) of southern siberia . a . i . kurentsov ' s annual memorial meetings , 25 : 127 - 133 .
. . . queens emerge from hibernation in spring and then search for suitable nesting sites . nests are typically found in shrubs or trees , under eaves of buildings , under porches or in wall cavities ( archer 2006 ) . once an appropriate nesting site has been found , the queen produces a first generation of workers , which then encloses and takes over foraging , nest construction and brood provisioning . . . .
. . . once an appropriate nesting site has been found , the queen produces a first generation of workers , which then encloses and takes over foraging , nest construction and brood provisioning . mature colonies typically consist of a single queen , up to a few hundred workers , one small - celled comb from which one to three generations of workers are reared ( as well as males at the end of the season ) , plus one to four combs consisting of large cells from which a single generation of sexuals are reared ( gynes and males ) ( greene 1991 ; archer 2006 ) . production of sexuals begins relatively early in colony life , overlaps substantially with the rearing of workers and occupies an increasing proportion of colony effort as the season progresses ( greene 1984greene , 1991 ) . . . .
the exchange of alimentary liquid among individuals of a social species has been recognized for more than two centuries as a promi - nent aspect of hymenopteran biology . wheeler ( 1918 ) coined the term trophallaxis , which is now widely and generally used in reference to lhis behavior . ljilson ( 1971 ) , spradbery ( 1973 ) , and jeanne ( 1980 ) have given recent and useful reviews of it . the term . . . [ show full abstract ]