acasta is a genus of barnacles in the family archaeobalanidae , containing the following species : acasta alba barnard acasta armata gravier acasta conica hoek acasta crassa broch , 1931 acasta cyathus darwin , 1854 acasta daedalusa kolbasov , 1993 acasta denticulata hiro acasta echinata hiro acasta fenestrata darwin acasta flexuosa nilsson-cantell acasta foraminifera broch acasta hirsuta broch acasta idiopoma pilsbry acasta infirma kolbasov acasta japonica pilsbry acasta koltuni kolbasov acasta madagascariensis ren , 1989 acasta nitida hoek acasta pertusa kolbasov acasta porata acasta purpurata darwin acasta rimiformis kolbasov acasta semota hiro acasta serrata hiro acasta sinica ren acasta spongiteformis kolbasov , 1993 acasta spongites ( poli , 1795 ) acasta striata gruvel acasta sulcata lamarck acasta tzetlini kolbasov

acasta ( genus )

have a fact about acasta ( genus ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for acasta ( genus ) ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
revision of the coral - inhabiting genus conopea ( cirripedia : archaeobalanidae ) with description of two new species of the genera conopea and acasta .
revision of the coral - inhabiting genus conopea ( cirripedia : archaeobalanidae ) with description of two new species of the genera conopea and acasta . - pubmed - ncbi
the morphology of archaeobalanid barnacles of the genera conopea and acasta inhabiting cnidarians of the orders alcyonacea and antipatharia was surveyed . based on morphological characteristics , it became evident that the species of the nominal genus conopea fell into three natural groups affiliated to three archaeobalanid genera , conopea s . s . , acasta and solidobalanus . the relationships between the species of conopea s . l . and those of acasta inhabiting alcyanaceans are analyzed using a cladistic approach . the barnacles of the genus conopea s . s . are characterized by a strong , firm shell ; the orifice is not dentate ; rostral and sometimes carinal plates are often elongated in their basal parts ; the rostro - carinal axis of the basis is often elongated and clasps the axis of the host coral ; the radii have summits parallel to the basal margin of the parietes , and denticulated sutural margins ; the scutum has simple growth ridges without longitudinal striation or ribs ; the basitergal angle is truncated ( sinusoid ) ; and the basidorsal point of the penis is developed . the genus conopea s . s . encompasses 20 epizoic species from tropical and temperate seas , inhabiting alcyonaceans ( sea fans or gorgonians ) and antipatharians . a new species of conopea and a new species of acasta are described , and a key to the species of conopea s . s . is provided .
the relationship between sponge hosts and barnacles are investigated , and the dependence of the morphology of the barnacles on the skeletons of the sponges is shown . the evolutionary development of this group is analysed . five genera : archiacasta , neoacasta , euacasta , acasta and pectinoacasta , are distinguished from the original genus acasta on the basis of important morphological characteristics . the new sub - family acastinae is suggested for these genera . the vertical and horizontal distributions of the species of this sub - family are studied . about 150 sponge samples , containing 26 species of these barnacles , have been examined . eight new barnacle species have been described already in the russian zoological journal . this article provides illustrations of these , and descriptions with illustrations of a further five new species . this group of sponge - inhabiting barnacles , which is rather interesting in morphological and ecological aspects , has not hitherto been examined thoroughly .
leach , w . e . ( 1817 ) . distribution systématique de la classe des cirripèdes . journal de physique , de chimie , d ' histoire naturelle avec des planches en taille - douce . 67 - 68 . , available online at urltoken ; = pa67 & lpg ; = pa67 & dq ; = distribution + systematique + de + la + classe + des + cirripedes & source ; = bl & ots ; = e2kgvxexq2 & sig ; = aselbmim3lvg6u6z9hq4apfpnjm & hl ; = pt - pt & sa ; = x & ved ; = 0ahukewjvozd9xylcahxd2kqkhdksc1uq6aeiqdaf # v = onepage & q ; = distri page ( s ) : 67 - 68 [ details ]
southward , a . j . ( 2001 ) . cirripedia - non - parasitic thoracica , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 280 - 283 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
webber , w . r . ; fenwick , g . d . ; bradford - grieve , j . m . ; eagar s . g . ; buckeridge , j . s . ; poore , g . c . b . ; dawson , e . w . ; watling , l . ; jones , j . b . ; wells , j . b . j . ; bruce , n . l . ; ahyong , s . t . ; larsen , k . ; chapman , m . a . ; olesen , j . ; ho , j . ; green , j . d . ; shiel , r . j . ; rocha , c . e . f . ; lörz , a . ; bird , g . j . ; charleston , w . a . ( 2010 ) . phylum arthropoda subphylum crustacea : shrimps , crabs , lobsters , barnacles , slaters , and kin , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2010 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 2 . kingdom animalia : chaetognatha , ecdysozoa , ichnofossils . pp . 98 - 232 . [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .
copyright © 1993 the linnean society of london . published by elsevier ltd . all rights reserved .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
this page is based on a wikipedia article written by authors ( here ) . text is available under the cc by - sa 3 . 0 license ; additional terms may apply . images , videos and audio are available under their respective licenses .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
kolbasov ga 1 , chan bk 2 , molodtsova tn 3 , achituv y 4 .
white sea biological station , biological faculty , moscow state university , 119991 , moscow , russia . ; email : gakolbasov @ gmail . com .
biodiversity research center , academia sinica , taipei 115 , taiwan ; email : chankk @ gate . sinica . edu . tw .
biodiversity research center , academia sinica , taipei 115 , taiwan , chankk @ urltoken ; email : unknown .
the mina and everard goodman faculty of life sciences , bar ilan university , ramat gan 52900 , israel . ; email : achity @ mail . biu . ac . il .


feroponera is a monotypic afrotropical genus of ants in the subfamily ponerinae containing the single species feroponera ferox .

the genus is known only from a few specimen collected from an unoccupied termitary in cameroon .

feroponera

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see feroponera ferox for further details
barry bolton and brian fisher continue their taxonomic work on the african ponerines in a recent issue of zootaxa . the paper establishes a new genus , feroponera .
afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera centromyrmex mayr , promyopias santschi gen . rev . and feroponera gen . n . , with a revised key to genera of african ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae )
figures 17–24 in afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera centromyrmex mayr , promyopias santschi gen . rev . and feroponera gen . n . , with a revised key to genera of african ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae )
figures 25–32 in afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera centromyrmex mayr , promyopias santschi gen . rev . and feroponera gen . n . , with a revised key to genera of african ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae )
figures 17–24 in afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera centromyrmex mayr , promyopias santschi gen . rev . and feroponera gen . n . , with a revised key to genera of african ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae )
figures 9–16 in afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera centromyrmex mayr , promyopias santschi gen . rev . and feroponera gen . n . , with a revised key to genera of african ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae )
figures 1–8 in afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera centromyrmex mayr , promyopias santschi gen . rev . and feroponera gen . n . , with a revised key to genera of african ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae )
figures 17–24 in afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera centromyrmex mayr , promyopias santschi gen . rev . and feroponera gen . n . , with a revised key to genera of african ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) | zenodo
figures 25–32 . full face and lateral view of body . figs 25–26 : centromyrmex sellaris worker casent0066705 ; figs 27–28 : feroponera ferox paratype worker casent0102994 ; figs 29–30 : promyopias silvestrii worker casent0178751 ; figs 31–32 : promyopias silvestrii queen casent0178752 .
bolton , b . & fisher , b . l . 2008 . afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera centromyrmex mayr , promyopias santschi gen . rev . and feroponera gen . n . , with a revised key to genera of african ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 1929 : 1 - 37 .
bolton , b . and b . l . fisher . 2008c . afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera centromyrmex mayr , promyopias santschi gen . rev . and feroponera gen . n . , with a revised key to genera of african ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 1929 : 1 - 37 . pdf
068 bolton , b . & fisher , b . l . ( 2008 ) . afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera centromyrmex mayr , promyopias santschi gen . rev . and feroponera gen . n . , with a revised key to genera of african ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa , 1929 , 1–37 . published 10 nov 2008 pdf
bolton , barry , fisher , brian l . ( 2008 ) : afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera centromyrmex mayr , promyopias santschi gen . rev . and feroponera gen . n . , with a revised key to genera of african ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 1929 : 1 - 37 , doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 274588
bolton , b . & fisher , b . l . 2008c . afrotropical ants of the ponerine genera centromyrmex mayr , promyopias santschi gen . rev . and feroponera gen . n . , with a revised key to genera of african ponerinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa , 1929 , 1 - 37 - weblink - urltoken [ 10 nov . 2008 ]
the type - series was recovered from an abandoned termitary of cubitermes and was recorded in dejean , durand & bolton ( 1996 ) as “n . sp . ( near silvestrii ) ” . the termitary was not occupied , and provides no evidence that the species is termitophagous , but the modified condition of the mandibles and clypeus implies that its diet is carnivorous and specialised . ( bolton and fisher 2008 )
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
bolton & fisher , 2008c : 28 , figs . 27 , 28 ( w . ) cameroun .
unless otherwise noted the text for the remainder of this section is reported from the publication that includes the original description .
holotype worker , cameroun : ndupe , 25 . xi . 1990 , cubitermes survey ( a . dejean ) ( the natural history museum ) . paratypes . 4 workers ( one dissected ) with same data as holotype ( bmnh , california academy of sciences ) .
this page was last modified on 17 may 2015 , at 21 : 24 .
html public
- / / softquad / / dtd hotmetal pro 4 . 0 : : 19971010 : : extensions to html 4 . 0 / / en
hmpro4 . dtd
diagnostic features - mandibles subtriangular , short and stout , with 5 teeth ; the apical tooth much the largest , curved and acute so that the mandibles cross when closed . anterior clypeal margin on each side with a broadly triangular tooth projecting over the base of the closed mandibles . palp formula 2 , 3 .
© 2008 , 2012 - brian taylor cbiol fsb fres 11 , grazingfield , wilford , nottingham , ng11 7fn , u . k .
figures 17–24 . full face and lateral view of body . figs 17–18 : centromyrmex longiventris worker casent0178742 ; figs 19–20 : c . praedator worker casent0102928 ; figs 21–22 : c . raptor holotype worker casent0066716 ; figs 23–24 : c . raptor paratype queen casent0178746 .
figures 9–16 . full face and lateral view of body . figs 9–10 : centromyrmex angolensis queen casent0417149 ; figs 11–12 : c . decessor holotype worker casent0178744 ; figs 13–14 : c . ereptor holotype worker casent0081171 ; figs : 15–16 , c . fugator paratype worker casent0178747 .
figures 1–8 . full face and lateral view of body . figs 1–2 : centromyrmex bequaerti worker casent0005922 ; figs 3–4 : c . bequaerti queen casent006695 ; figs 5–6 : c . secutor paratype worker casent0178749 ; fig . 7–8 : c . angolensis worker casent0417147 .
147 peeters c . , foldi i . , matile - ferrero d . , fisher bl . 2017 . a mutualism without honeydew : what benefits for
( hymenoptera , formicidae ) of madagascar , using morphometry and qualitative traits . zookeys 681 : 119–152 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 681 . 13187 published : 21 june 2017
145 hita garcia f . , fischer g . , liu c . , audisio tl . , alpert gd . , fisher bl . , economo ep . 2017 . x - ray microtomography for ant taxonomy : an exploration and case study with two new
( hymenoptera , formicidae , myrmicinae ) species from madagascar . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0172641 . published : 22 mar . 2017
species groups ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) using qualitative and quantitative morphology . zootaxa . 4238 : 203 - 245 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4238 . 2 . 2 published : 3 mar . 2017
143 gibb h . , dunn rr . , sanders nj . , grossman bf . , photakis m . , abril s . , agosti d . , andersen an . , angulo e . , armbrecht i . , arnan x . , baccaro fb . , bishop tr . , boulay r . , brühl c . , castracani c . , cerda x . , del toro i . , delsinne t . , diaz m . , donoso da . , ellison am . , enriquez ml . , fayle tm . , feener dh . ,
. , fisher rn . , fitzpatrick mc . , gómez c . , gotelli nj . , gove a . , grasso da . , groc s . , guenard b . , gunawardene n . , heterick b . , hoffmann b . , janda m . , jenkins c . , kaspari m . , klimes p . , lach l . , laeger t . , lattke j . , leponce m . , lessard j - p . , longino j . , lucky a . , luke sh . , majer j . , mcglynn tp . , menke s . , mezger d . , mori a . , moses j . , munyai tc . , pacheco r . , paknia o . , pearce - duvet j . , pfeiffer m . , philpott sm . , resasco j . , retana j . , silva rr . , sorger md . , souza j . , suarez a . , tista m . , vasconcelos hl . , vonshak m . , weiser md . , yates m . , parr cl . 2017 . a global database of ant species abundances . ecology 98 : 883–884 . doi : 10 . 1002 / ecy . 1682 . published : 1 mar . 2017
142 sharaf mr . , fisher bl . , collingwood ca . , aldawood as . 2017 . ant fauna ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) of the socotra archipelago ( yemen ) : zoogeography , distribution and description of a new species . journal of natural history 51 : 1–62 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 00222933 . 2016 . 1271157 . published 27 january 2017
141 ward p . s . , brady s . g . , fisher b . l . , schultz t . r . 2016 . phylogenetic classifications are informative , stable , and pragmatic : the case for monophyletic taxa . insectes sociaux . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00040 - 016 - 0516 - 9 published : 19 sept 2016
, 512pp . berkeley : university of california press . isbn : 9780520278660 published 26 july 2016
136 amorim d . s . , santos c . m . d . , krell f . - t . , dubois a . , nihei s . s . , oliveira o . m . p . , pont a . , song h . , verdade v . k . , fachin d . a . , klassa b . , lamas c . j . e . , oliveira s . s . , carvalho c . j . b . de , mello - patiu c . a . , hajdu e . , couri m . s . , silva v . c . , capellari r . s . , falaschi r . l . , feitosa r . m . , prendini l . , pombal j . p . j . , fernández f . , rocha r . m . , lattke j . e . , caramaschi u . , duarte m . , marques a . c . , reis r . e . , kurina o . , takiya d . m . , tavares m . , fernandes d . s . , franco f . l . , cuezzo f . , paulson d . , guénard b . , schlick - steiner b . c . , arthofer w . , steiner f . m . ,
. , johnson r . a . , delsinne t . d . , donoso d . a . , mulieri p . r . , patitucci l . d . , carpenter j . m . , herman l . , grimaldi d . 2016 . timeless standards for species delimitation . zootaxa . 4137 : 121 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 4137 . 1 . 9 published : 8 july 2016
134 esteves f . a . , fisher b . l . 2016 . taxonomic revision of stigmatomma roger ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in the malagasy region . biodiversity data journal 4 : e8032 . doi : 10 . 3897 / bdj . 4 . e8032 published : 13 jun 2016
133 ward p . s . , fisher b . l . 2016 . tales of dracula ants : the evolutionary history of the ant subfamily amblyoponinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . systematic entomology 41 : 683–693 . doi : 10 . 1111 / syen . 12186 published : 2 june 2016
132 fisher b . l . 2016 . descriptive taxonomy : a golden or gold - plated age ? ecology . 97 : 1366–1367 . doi : 10 . 1002 / ecy . 1344 ( book review ) published : 9 may 2016 .
species group ( hymenoptera , formicidae , formicinae ) : integrating qualitative morphology and multivariate morphometric analysis .
129 maquart p . o . , réveillion f . , prendini l . , burger m . , fisher b . l . , noort s . van . 2016 . new distribution records for african whip spiders ( arachnida : amblypygi ) .
species group using the automated morphological species delineation protocol nc - part - clustering . peerj . 4 : e1796 . doi 10 . 7717 / peerj . 1796 published 10 march 2016 .
123 londe s . ; monnin t . ; cornette r . ; debat v . ; fisher b . l . ; molet m . 2015 . phenotypic plasticity and modularity allow for the production of novel mosaic phenotypes in ants .
121 esteves , f . a . ; fisher , b . l . 2015 a subfamília amblyoponinae na região neotropical . in : delabie , j . h . c . et al . as formigas poneromorfas do brasil . ilhéus : editus . p . 13 - 22 . doi : 10 . 5281 / zenodo . 32400 published 30 september 2015
120 hita garcia , f . & fisher , b . ( 2015 ) taxonomy of the hyper - diverse ant genus tetramorium mayr in the malagasy region ( hymenoptera , formicidae , myrmicinae ) – first record of the t . setigerum species group and additions to the malagasy species groups with an updated illustrated identification . zookeys 512 , 121–153 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 512 . 9860 , published 9 july 2015
overson , r . , and b . l . fisher . 2015 . taxonomic revision of the genus prionopelta ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) in the malagasy region . zookeys 507 : 115–150 .
blaimer , b . b . , s . g . brady , t . r . schultz , and b . l . fisher . 2015 . functional and phylogenetic approaches reveal the evolution of diversity in a hyper diverse biota . ecography : 38 : 001–012 . doi : 10 . 1111 / ecog . 01370 published online : 13 february 2015
117 heinze , j . , schrempf , a . , wanke , t . , rakotondrazafy , h . , rakotondranaivo , t . & fisher , b . l . ( 2014 ) . polygyny , inbreeding and wingless males in the malagasy ant cardiocondyla shuckardi forel ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) . sociobiology 61 : 300–306 . doi : 10 . 13102 / sociobiology . v61i3 . 300 - 306 published 22 oct 2014 pdf
116 sharaf , m . r . , fisher , b . l . & aldawood , a . s . ( 2014 ) . notes on ants of the genus strumigenys f . smith , 1860 ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in the arabian peninsula , with a key to species . sociobiology 61 : 293–299 doi : 10 . 13102 / sociobiology . v61i3 . 293 - 299 published 22 oct 2014 pdf
establishment and revision of the c . polita species group . zookeys 438 : 57–112 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 438 . 7922 published 1 sept 2014 access
114 helms , j . a . iv , peeters , c . & fisher , b . l . ( 2014 ) . funnels , gas exchange and cliff jumping : natural history of the cliff dwelling ant malagidris sofina .
113 ward , p . s . , brady , s . g . , fisher , b . l . & schultz , t . r . ( 2014 ) . the evolution of myrmicine ants : phylogeny and biogeography of a hyperdiverse ant clade ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . systematic entomology doi : 10 . 1111 / syen . 12090 published 23 july 2014 pdf
112 rakotonirina , j . c . & fisher , b . l . ( 2014 ) . revision of the malagasy ponerine ants of the genus leptogenys roger ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 3836 : 001
. , plowes , n . j . r . & fisher , b . l . ( 2014 ) . new exocrine glands in ants : the hypostomal gland and basitarsal gland in the genus melissotarsus ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . naturwissenschaften 101 : 527–532 doi : 10 . 1007 / s00114 - 014 - 1186 - y published 6 june 2014 pdf
109 lapolla , j . s . & fisher , b . l . ( 2014 ) . two new paraparatrechina ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) species from the seychelles , with notes on the hypogaeic weissi species - group . zookeys 414 : 139–155 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 414 . 7542 published 6 june 2014 access
108 hita garcia , f . & fisher , b . l . ( 2014 ) . the hyper - diverse ant genus tetramorium mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in the malagasy region - taxonomic revision of the t . naganum , t . plesiarum , t . schaufussii , and t . severini species groups . zookeys 413 : 1–170 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 413 . 7172 published 4 june 2014 access
107 hita garcia , f . & fisher , b . l . ( 2014 ) . taxonomic revision of the cryptic ant genus probolomyrmex mayr ( hymenoptera , formicidae , proceratiinae ) in madagascar . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift 61 ( 1 ) : 65–76 . doi : 10 . 3897 / dez . 61 . 7634 published 30 may 2014 pdf
106 hita garcia , f . & fisher , b . l . ( 2014 ) . the ant genus tetramorium mayr in the afrotropical region ( hymenoptera , formicidae , myrmicinae ) : synonymisation of decamorium forel under tetramorium , and taxonomic revision of the t . decem species group . zookeys 411 : 67–103 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 411 . 7260 published 28 may 2014 access
105 rocha , l . a . , aleixo , a . , allen , g . , almeda , f . , baldwin , c . c . , barclay , m . v . l . , bates , j . m . , bauer , a . m . , benzoni , f . , berns , c . m . , berumen , m . l . , blackburn , d . c . , blum , s . , bolaños , f . , bowie , r . c . k . , britz , r . , brown , r . m . , cadena , c . d . , carpenter , k . , ceríaco , l . m . , chakrabarty , p . , chaves , g . , choat , j . h . , clements , k . d . , collette , b . b . , collins , a . , coyne , j . , cracraft , j . , daniel , t . , de carvalho , m . r . , de queiroz , k . , di dario , f . , drewes , r . , dumbacher , j . p . , engilis , a . , erdmann , m . v , eschmeyer , w . , feldman , c . r . , fisher , b . l . , et . al . ( 2014 ) . specimen collection : an essential tool . science 344 , 814–815 . published 23 may 2014 pdf
104 brady , s . g . , fisher , b . l . , schultz , t . r . & ward , p . s . ( 2014 ) . the rise of army ants and their relatives : diversification of specialized predatory doryline ants . bmc evolutionary biology 14 : 93 . published 1 may 2014 pdf
103 bolton , b . & fisher , b . l . ( 2014 ) . the madagascan endemic myrmicine ants related to eutetramorium ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : taxonomy of the genera eutetramorium emery , malagidris nom . n . , myrmisaraka gen . n . , royidris gen . n . , and vitsika gen . n . zootaxa 3791 : 1–99 . published 24 april 2014 pdf
102 yoshimura , m . & fisher , b . l . ( 2014 ) . a revision of the ant genus mystrium in the malagasy region with description of six new species and remarks on amblyopone and stigmatomma ( hymenoptera : formicidae : amblyoponinae ) . zookeys 394 : 1–99 . published 31 march 2014 pdf
diversity of ants in burned and unburned grassland , and dry deciduous forest in the beanka reserve , melaky region , western madagascar . malagasy nature 7 : 171–183 . published 29 dec 2013 pdf
100 blaimer , b . b . & fisher , b . l . ( 2013 ) . taxonomy of the crematogaster degeeri - species - assemblage in the malagasy region ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . european journal of taxonomy , 51 : 1–64 urltoken published
099 blaimer , b . b . & fisher , b . l . ( 2013 ) . how much variation can one ant species hold ? species delimitation in the crematogaster kelleri - group in madagascar . plos one , 8 ( 7 ) , e68082 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0068082 published 9 july 2013
098 rakotonirina , j . c . & fisher , b . l . ( 2013 ) . revision of the pachycondyla sikorae species - group ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in madagascar . zootaxa , 3683 : 447–485 . published : 5 jul . 2013 pdf
097 fischer , g . & fisher , b . l . ( 2013 ) . a revision of pheidole westwood ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in the islands pheidole megacephala . zootaxa , 3683 ( 4 ) , 301–356 . urltoken published 5 july 2013
096 bouchet , d . c . , peeters , c . , fisher , b . l . & molet , m . ( 2013 ) . both female castes contribute to colony emigration in the polygynous ant mystrium oberthueri . ecological entomology , 38 , 408–417 doi : 10 . 1111 / een . 12033 . published online 21 may 2013 pdf
095 hita garcia , f . & fisher , b . l . ( 2013 ) . the tetramorium tortuosum species group ( hymenoptera , formicidae , myrmicinae ) revisited - taxonomic revision of the afrotropical t . capillosum species complex . zookeys 299 : 77–99 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 299 . 5063 published 14 may 2013
094 boudinot , b . e . & fisher , b . l . ( 2013 ) . a taxonomic revision of the meranoplus f . smith of madagascar ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmicinae ) with keys to species and diagnosis of the males . zootaxa , 3635 ( 4 ) , 301–339 . published 28 march 2013 pdf
093 rakotonirina , j . c . & fisher , b . l . ( 2013 ) . revision of the pachycondyla wasmannii - group ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) from the malagasy region . zootaxa 3609 : 101–141 . published 29 jan 2013 pdf
092 hita garcia , f . & fisher , b . l . ( 2012 ) . the ant genus tetramorium mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in the malagasy region—taxonomic revision of the t . kelleri and t . tortuosum species groups . zootaxa , 3592 , 1–85 . published 19 dec 2012 pdf
091 hita garcia , f . & fisher , b . l . ( 2012 ) . the ant genus tetramorium mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in the malagasy region—taxonomy of the t . bessonii , t . bonibony , t . dysalum , t . marginatum , t . tsingy , and t . weitzeckeri species groups zootaxa 3365 : 1–123 . published 4 july 2012 pdf
090 yoshimura , m . & fisher , b . l . ( 2012 ) . a revision of the malagasy endemic genus adetomyrma ( hymenoptera : formicidae : amblyoponinae ) .
089 smith , m . a . , bertrand , c . , crosby , k . , eveleigh , e . s . , fernandez - triana , j . , fisher , b . l . , gibbs , j . , et . al . ( 2012 ) . wolbachia and dna barcoding insects : patterns , potential , and problems . plos one , 7 ( 5 ) , e36514 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0036514 published 2 may 2012 access
088 bolton , b . & fisher , b . l . ( 2012 ) . taxonomy of the cerapachyine ant genera simopone forel , vicinopone gen . n . and tanipone gen . n . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 3283 : 1–101 . published 30 april 2012 pdf
087 yoshimura , m . & fisher , b . l . ( 2012 ) . a revision of male ants of the malagasy amblyoponinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) with resurrections of the genera stigmatomma and xymmer . plos one , 7 ( 3 ) , e33325 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0033325 published 29 march 2012 access
086 mindell , d . p . , fisher , b . l . , roopnarine , p . , eisen , . j . a . , mace , g . m . , page , r . d . m . & pyle , r . l . ( 2011 ) . aggregating , tagging and integrating biodiversity research . plos one 6 ( 8 ) : e19491 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0019491 published 1 aug 2011 access
: nylanderia in the afrotropics . zootaxa , 3110 : 10–36 . published 25 nov 2011 pdf
084 hita garcia , f . & fisher , b . l . ( 2011 ) . the ant genus tetramorium mayr ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in the malagasy region – introduction , definition of species groups , and revision of the t . bicarinatum , t . obesum , t . sericeiventre and t . tosii species groups . zootaxa 3039 : 1–72 . published 22 sept 2011 pdf
082 jenkins , c . n . , sanders , n . j . , andersen , a . n . , arnan , x . , brühl , c . a . , cerda , x . , ellison , a . m . , fisher , b . l . , fitzpatrick , m . c . , gotelli , n . j . , gove , a . d . , guénard , b . , lattke , j . e . , lessard , j . p . , mcglynn , t . p . , menke , s . b . , parr , c . l . , philpott , s . m . , vasconcelos , h . l . , weiser , m . d . & dunn , r . r . ( 2011 ) . global diversity in light of climate change : the case of ants . diversity and distributions 1–11 doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1472 - 4642 . 2011 . 00770 . x published online 16 may 2011 pdf
081 yoshimura , m . & fisher , b . l . ( 2011 ) . a revision of male ants of the malagasy region ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : key to genera of the subfamily dolichoderinae . zootaxa 2794 : 1–34 . published 18 march 2011 pdf
080 weiser , m . d . , sanders , n . j . , agosti , d . , andersen , a . n . , ellison , a . m . , fisher , b . l . , gibb , h . , gotelli , n . j . , gove , a . d . , gross , k . , guenard , b . , janda , m . , kaspari , m . , lessard , j . p . , longino , j . t . , majer , j . d . & menke , s . b . ( 2010 ) . canopy and litter ant assemblages share similar climate - species density relationships . biology letters 2010 6 , 769–772 doi : 10 . 1098 / rsbl . 2010 . 0151 published online 12 may 2010 pdf
079 ward , p . s . , brady , s . g . , fisher , b . l . & schultz , t . r . ( 2010 ) . phylogeny and biogeography of dolichoderine ants : effects of data partitioning and relict taxa on historical inference . systematic biology 59 : 342–62 doi : 10 . 1093 / sysbio / syq012 published 31 march 2010 pdf
078 lapolla , j . s . , cheng , c . h . & fisher , b . l . ( 2010 ) . taxonomic revision of the ant genus paraparatrechina in the afrotropical and malagasy regions . zootaxa , 2387 : 1–27 . published 3 march 2010 pdf
077 irwin , m . t . , wright , p . c . , birkinshaw , c . , fisher , b . l . , gardner , c . j . , glos , j . , goodman , s . m . , loiselle , p . , rabeson , p . , raharison , j . , raherilalao , m . j . , rakotondravony , d . , raselimanana , a . , ratsimbazafy , j . , sparks . , j . , wilmé , l . , & ganzhorn , j . u . ( 2010 ) . patterns of species change in anthropogenically disturbed forests of madagascar . biological conservation . 143 , 2351–2362 doi : 10 . 1016 / j . biocon . 2010 . 01 . 023 published feb 2010 pdf
spatial distribution of dominant arboreal ants in a malagasy coastal rainforest : gaps and presence of an invasive species .
075 fisher , b . l . ( 2010 ) . biogeography . in ant ecology ( eds l . lach c . parr & k . abbot ) , pp 18–37 . oxford uk : oxford university press . published jan 2010 . pdf
074 smith , m . a . & fisher , b . l . ( 2009 ) . invasions , dna barcodes , and rapid biodiversity assessment using ants of mauritius . frontiers in zoology 6 , 31 .
073 molet , m . , fisher , b . l . , ito , f . & peeters , c . ( 2009 ) . shift from independent to dependent colony foundation and evolution of ‘multi - purpose’ ergatoid queens in mystrium ants ( subfamily amblyoponinae ) . biological journal of the linnean society 98 , 198–207 . published 2 sept 2009 pdf
072 yoshimura , m . & fisher , b . l . ( 2009 ) . a revision of male ants of the malagasy region ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : key to genera of the subfamily proceratiinae . zootaxa 2216 , 1–21 . published 31 aug 2009 pdf
071 fisher , b . l . ( 2009 ) . ants . in the encyclopedia of islands ( eds r . gillespie and d . clague ) pp 35 - 41 . university of california press , berkeley . published aug 2009 pdf
070 fisher , b . l . ( 2009 ) . two new dolichoderine ant genera from madagascar : aptinoma gen . n . and ravavy gen . n . ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa 2118 , 37–52 . published 27 may 2009 pdf
, sanders , n . j . , menke , s . b . , weiser , m . d . , fitzpatrick , m . c . , laurent , e . j . , lessard , j . - p . , agosti , d . , andersen , a . , bruhl , c . , cerda , x . , ellison , a . , fisher , b . l . , gibb , h . , gotelli , n . , gove , a . , guénard , b . , janda , m . , kaspari , m . , longino , j . t . , majer , j . , mcglynn , t . p . , menke , s . b . , parr , c . , philpott , s . , pfeiffer , m . , retana , j . , suarez , a . , vasconcelos , h . ( 2009 ) . climatic drivers of hemispheric asymmetry in global patterns of ant species richness . ecology letters , 12 , 324–333 . published 10 march 2009 pdf
067 bolton , b . & fisher , b . l . ( 2008 ) . the afrotropical ponerine ant genus phrynoponera wheeler ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa , 1892 , 35–52 . published 6 oct 2008 pdf
066 allnutt , t . f . , ferrier , s . , manion , g . , powell , g . v . n . , ricketts , t . h . , fisher , b . l . , harper , g . j . , irwin , m . e . , kremen , c . , labat , j . - n . , lees , d . c . , pearce , t . a . & rakotondrainibe , f . ( 2008 ) . a method for quantifying biodiversity loss and its application to a 50 - year record of deforestation across madagascar . conservation letters , 1 , 173–181 . published 22 aug 2008 pdf
065 clarke , k . , fisher , b . l . & lebuhn , g . ( 2008 ) . the influence of urban park characteristics on ant ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) communities . urban ecosystems , 11 , 317–334 . published 29 july 2008
064 bolton , b . & fisher , b . l . ( 2008 ) . the afrotropical ponerine ant genus asphinctopone santschi ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . zootaxa , 1827 , 53–61 . published 23 july 2008
063 fisher , b . l . & penny , n . ( 2008 ) . les arthropodes . in histoire naturelle de madagascar ( ed . s . m . goodman ) , pp . 183–212 . paris : museum national de histoire naturelle . published 1 may 2008
s . m . goodman ) , pp . 249–271 . paris : museum national de histoire naturelle . published 1 may 2008
061 fisher , b . l . & smith , m . a . ( 2008 ) . a revision of malagasy species of anochetus mayr and odontomachus latreille ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . plos one , 3 ( 5 ) , e1787 . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0001787 published 28 may 2008
060 kremen , c . , cameron , a . , razafimpahanana , a . , moilanen , a . , thomas , c . d . , beentje , h . , dransfield , j . , fisher , b . l . , glaw , f . , good , t . c . , harper , g . j . , hijmans , r . j . , lees , d . c . , louis , e . , nussbaum , r . a . , phillips , s . j . , raxworthy , c . j . , schatz , g . e . , vences , m . , vieites , d . r . , wright , p . c . & zjhra , m . l . ( 2008 ) . conservation with caveats - response . science 321 : 341–342 . published 18 july 2008
059 kremen , c . , cameron , a . , moilanen , a . , phillips , s . j . , thomas , c . d . , beentje , h . , dransfield , j . , fisher , b . l . , glaw , f . , good , t . c . , harper , g . j . , hijmans , r . j . , lees , d . c . , louis , e . jr . , nussbaum , r . a . , raxworthy , c . j . , razafimpahanana , a . , schatz , g . e . , vences , m . , vieites , d . r . , wright , p . c . & zjhra , m . l . ( 2008 ) . aligning conservation priorities across taxa in madagascar with high - resolution planning tools .
058 yanoviak , s . p . , fisher , b . l . & alonso , a . ( 2008 ) . directed aerial descent behavior in african canopy ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . journal of insect behavior , 21 , 164–171 . doi 10 . 1007 / s10905 - 008 - 9116 - 5 published 20 march 2008
yanoviak , s . p . , fisher , b . l . & alonso , a . ( 2007 ) . arboreal ant diversity ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in a central african forest . african journal of ecology , 46 , 60–66 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2028 . 2007 . 00810 . x published march 2008
056 yoshimura , m . & fisher , b . l . ( 2007 ) . a revision of male ants of the malagasy region ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : key to subfamilies and treatment of the genera of ponerinae . zootaxa , 1654 , 21–40 . published 5 dec 2007
055 mony , r . , fisher , b . l . , kenne , m . , tindo , m . & dejean , a . ( 2007 ) . behavioural ecology of bark - digging ants of the genus melissotarsus . functional ecosystems and communities , 2 , 121–128 . published dec 2007
054 fisher , b . l . & cover , s . p . ( 2007 ) . ants of north america : a guide to the genera , pp 308 . berkeley : university of california press . published nov 2007
053 woodhead , c . , vences , m . , vieites , d . , gamboni , i . , fisher , b . l . & griffiths , r . a . ( 2007 ) . specialist or generalist ? feeding ecology of the malagasy poison frog mantella aurantiaca . herpetological journal , 17 , 225–236 . published oct 2007
051 molet , m . , peeters , c . , follin , i . & fisher , b . l . ( 2007 ) . reproductive caste performs intranidal tasks instead of workers in the ant mystrium oberthueri . ethology , 113 , 721–729 . published july 2007 pdf
050 snelling , r . r . , fisher , b . l . & ward , p . s . ( eds . ) ( 2007 ) . advances in ant systematics ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : homage to e . o . wilson – 50 years of contributions . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 80 , 1–670 . published july 2007
049 fisher , b . l . ( 2007 ) . a new species of probolomyrmex ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) from madagascar . in advances in ant systematics ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : homage to e . o . wilson – 50 years of contributions . ( eds . r . r . snelling , b . l . fisher & p . s . ward ) , memoirs of the american entomological institute , 80 , 146–152 . published july 2007 pdf
048 molet , m . , peeters , c . & fisher , b . l . ( 2007 ) . permanent loss of wings in queens of the ant odontomachus coquereli from madagascar . insectes sociaux , 54 , 183–188 . doi 10 . 1007 / s00040 - 007 - 0930 - 0 published may 2007 pdf
047 molet , m . , peeters , c . & fisher , b . l . ( 2007 ) . winged queens replaced by reproductives smaller than workers in mystrium ants . naturwissenschaften , 94 , 280–287 . doi 10 . 1007 / s00114 - 006 - 0190 - 2 published april 2007 pdf
046 fisher , b . l . & bolton , b . ( 2007 ) . the ant genus pseudaphomomyrmex wheeler , 1920 a junior synonym of tapinoma foerster , 1850 . zootaxa , 1427 , 65–68 . published 19 march 2007 pdf
045 lourenço , w . r . , goodman , s . m . & fisher , b . l . ( 2006 ) . a reappraisal of the geographical distribution of the endemic family microcharmidae lourenço ( scorpiones ) in madagascar and description of eight new species and subspecies . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 57 , 751–783 . published 28 dec 2006 pdf
044 brady , s . g . , fisher , b . l . , schultz , t . r . & ward , p . s . ( 2006 ) . evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america , 103 , 18172–18177 . 10 . 1073 / pnas . 0605858103 . published 28 nov 2006 pdf
043 underwood , e . c . & fisher , b . l . ( 2006 ) . the role of ants in conservation monitoring : if , when , and how . biological conservation , 132 , 166–182 . published oct 2006 pdf
042 fisher , b . l . ( 2006 ) . boloponera vicans gen . n . and sp . n . and two new species of the plectroctena genus group ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . myrmecologische nachrichten , 8 , 111–118 . published sept 2006 pdf
041 clark , v . c . , rakotomalala , v . , ramilijaona , o . , abrell , l . & fisher , b . l . ( 2006 ) . individual variation in alkaloid content of poison frogs of madagascar ( mantella ; mantellidae ) . journal of chemical ecology , 32 , 2219–2233 . doi 10 . 1007 / s10886 - 006 - 9144 - 6 published 30 sept 2006 pdf
040 patek , s . n . , baio , j . e . , fisher , b . l . & suarez , a . v . ( 2006 ) . multifunctionality and mechanical origins : ballistic jaw propulsion in trap - jaw ants . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america , 103 , 12787–2792 . 10 . 1073 / pnas . 0604290103 published 22 aug 2006 pdf
039 ouellette , g . d . , fisher , b . l . & girman , d . ( 2006 ) . molecular systematics of basal subfamilies of ants using 28s rdna ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 40 , 359–369 . published 21 april 2006 pdf
038 fisher , b . l . ( 2005 ) . a new species of discothyrea roger from mauritius and a new species of proceratium from madagascar ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 56 , 657–667 . published 30 dec 2005 pdf
037 lapolla , j . s . & fisher , b . l . ( 2005 ) . a remarkable new species of acropyga ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) from gabon , with a key to the afrotropical species . proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 56 ( 30 ) , 601–605 . published 30 dec 2005 pdf
036 ward , p . s . , brady , s . g . , fisher , b . l . & schultz , t . r . ( 2005 ) . assembling the ant “tree of life” ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . myrmecologische nachrichten , 7 , 87–90 . published sept 2005 pdf
035 smith , m . a . , fisher , b . l . & hebert , p . d . n . ( 2005 ) . dna barcoding for effective biodiversity assessment of a hyperdiverse arthropod group : the ants of madagascar . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london b biological sciences , 360 ( 1462 ) , 1825–1834 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rstb . 2005 . 1714 published online 8 sept 2005 . pdf
034 clark , v . c . , raxworthy , c . j . , rakotomalala , v . , sierwald , p . & fisher , b . l . ( 2005 ) . convergent evolution of chemical defense in poison frogs and arthropod prey between madagascar and the neotropics .
033 fisher , b . l . ( 2005 ) . a model for a global inventory of ants : a case study in madagascar . in biodiversity : a symposium held on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the california academy of sciences june 17–18 , 2003 ( ed . n . g . jablonski ) , proceedings of the california academy of sciences , 56 , 78–89 . published 3 june 2005 pdf
032 ferrier , s . , powell , g . v . n . , richardson , k . s . , manion , g . , overton , j . m . , allnutt , t . f . , cameron , s . e . , mantle , k . , burgess , n . d . , faith , d . p . , lamoreux , j . f . , kier , g . , hijmans , r . j . , funk , v . a . , cassis , g . a . , fisher , b . l . , flemons , p . , lees , d . , lovett , j . c . & van rompaey r . s . a . r . ( 2004 ) . mapping more of terrestrial biodiversity for global conservation assessment . bioscience , 54 , 1101–1109 . published 12 dec 2004 pdf
031 saux , c . , fisher , b . l . & spicer , g . s . ( 2004 ) . dracula ant phylogeny as inferred by nuclear 28s rdna sequences and implications for ant systematics ( hymenoptera : formicidae : amblyoponinae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 33 , 457–468 . published 3 aug 2004 pdf
030 thibault , m . , fisher , b . l . & goodman , s . m . ( 2004 ) . description of monts doudou , gabon , and the 2000 biological inventory of the reserve . in monts doudou , gabon : a floral and faunal inventory with reference to elevational variation , pp 3–15 . california academy of sciences , memoirs 28 . california academy of sciences , san francisco , california . pdf
029 fisher , b . l . ( 2004 ) . diversity patterns of ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) along an elevational gradient on monts doudou in southwestern gabon . in monts doudou , gabon : a floral and faunal inventory with reference to elevational variation , pp 269–286 . california academy of sciences , memoirs 28 . california academy of sciences , san francisco , california . pdf
028 fisher , b . l . ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . monts doudou , gabon : a floral and faunal inventory with reference to elevational variation , 295 pp . california academy of sciences , memoirs 28 . california academy of sciences , san francisco , california .
027 fisher , b . l . ( 2003 ) . ants ( formicidae : hymenoptera ) . in the natural history of madagascar . ( eds . s . m . goodman & j . p . benstead ) , pp . 811–819 . chicago : university of chicago press . pdf
026 fisher , b . l . ( 2002 ) . ant diversity patterns along an elevational gradient in the réserve spéciale de manongarivo , madagascar . boissiera , 59 , 311 - 328 . published 5 july 2002 pdf
025 vences , m . , glaw , f . & fisher , b . l . ( 2002 ) . notes on the distribution of dyscophus insularis ( anura : microhylidae ) . herpetological review , 33 , 18–19 . pdf
024 fisher , b . l . & robertson , h . ( 2002 ) . comparison and origin of forest and grassland ant assemblages in the high plateau of madagascar ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . biotropica , 34 , 155–167 .
023 delabie , j . h . , fisher , b . l . , majer , j . & wright , i . w . ( 2000 ) . sampling effort and choice of methods . in ants : standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity ( eds . d . agosti , j . d . majer , l . e . alonso & t . r . schultz ) , pp . 145–154 . washington d . c . and london : smithsonian institution press . pdf
2000 ) . applying the all protocol : selected case studies . in ants : standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity ( eds . d . agosti , j . d . majer , l . alonso & t . schultz ) , pp . 207–214 . washington d . c . : smithsonian institution press . pdf
021 fisher , b . l . & girman , d . j . ( 2000 ) . biogeography of ants in eastern madagascar . in diversity and endemism in madagascar ( eds . w . r . lourenço & s . m . goodman ) ,
020 fisher , b . l . ( 2000 ) . the malagasy fauna of strumigenys . in the ant tribe dacetini ( ed . b . bolton ) , pp . 612 - 710 . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 65 , 1–1028 . published 28 dec 2000 pdf
019 fisher , b . l . ( 2000 ) . ant inventories along elevational gradients in tropical wet forests in eastern madagascar . in sampling ground - dwelling ants : case studies from the worlds’ rain forests ( eds . d . agosti . , j . d . majer , l . alonso & t . schultz ) , pp . 41–49 . curtin university school of environmental biology bulletin n
018 fisher , b . l . ( 1999 ) . ant diversity patterns along an elevational gradient in the réserve naturelle intégrale d’andohahela , madagascar . fieldiana : zoology , 94 , 129–147 . published 30 june 1999 pdf
017 fisher , b . l . ( 1999 ) . improving inventory efficiency : a case study of leaf litter ant diversity in madagascar . ecological applications , 9 , 714–731 . pdf
016 fisher , b . l . & robertson , h . g . ( 1999 ) silk production by adult workers of the ant melissotarsus emeryi ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in south african fynbos . insectes sociaux , 46 , 78–83 . pdf
015 fisher , b . l . ( 1998 ) . ant diversity patterns along an elevational gradient in the réserve spéciale d’anjanaharibe - sud and on the western masoala peninsula , madagascar . fieldiana : zoology , 90 , 39–67 . published 30 june 1998 pdf
014 fisher , b . l . , ratsirarson , h . & razafimandimby , s . ( 1998 ) . les fourmis ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . in inventaire biologique de la forêt littorale de tampolo ( fenoarivo atsinaanana ) ( eds . j . ratsirarson & s . m . goodman ) , pp 107–131 . centre d’information et de documentation scientifique et technique , antananarivo , recherches pour le développement , série sciences biologiques , n
013 fisher , b . l . ( 1998 ) . insect behavior and ecology in conservation : preserving functional species interactions . annals of the entomological society of america , 91 , 155–158 . pdf
012 fisher , b . l . ( 1997 ) . biogeography and ecology of the ant fauna of madagascar ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . journal of natural history , 31 , 269–302 . published 16 jan 1997 pdf
011 fisher , b . l . & razafimandimby , s . ( 1997 ) . les fourmis ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . in inventaire biologique forêts de vohibasia et d’isoky - vohimena ( eds . o . langrand & s . m . goodman ) , pp . 104–109 . centre d’information et de documentation scientifique et technique and world wide fund for nature , antananarivo , recherches pour le développement , série sciences biologiques , n
fisher , b . l . ( 1997 ) . a comparison of ant assemblages ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) on serpentine and non - serpentine soils in northern california .
009 fisher , b . l . ( 1996 ) . origins and affinities of the ant fauna of madagascar . in biogéographie de madagascar ( ed . w . l . lourenço ) , pp . 457–465 . paris : editions orstom . published may 1996 pdf
008 fisher , b . l . ( 1996 ) . ant diversity patterns along an elevational gradient in the réserve naturelle intégrale d’andringitra , madagascar . fieldiana : zoology , 85 , 93–108 . published 30 sept 1996 pdf
007 fisher , b . l . & fisher , r . l . ( 1994 ) . conservation , insects , and the classroom . the science teacher , 61 , 22–23 .
006 molofsky , j . & fisher , b . l . ( 1993 ) . habitat and predation effects on seedling survival and growth in shade‑tolerant tropical trees . ecology , 74 , 261–265 . doi :
005 fisher , b . l . ( 1992 ) . facultative ant association benefits a neotropical orchid . journal of tropical ecology , 8 , 109–114 . doi :
004 davidson , d . w . & fisher , b . l . ( 1991 ) . symbiosis of ants with cecropia as a function of light regime . in ant‑plant interactions . ( eds . d . f . cutler & c . r . huxley ) , pp . 289–309 . oxford : oxford university press . pdf
003 fisher , b . l . , howe , h . f . & wright , j . s . ( 1991 ) . survival and growth of virola surinamensis yearlings : water augmentation in gap and understory . oecologia , 86 , 292–297 . pdf
002 fisher , b . l . , sternberg , l . s . l . & price , d . ( 1990 ) . variation in the use of orchid extrafloral nectar by ants . oecologia , 83 , 263–266 . pdf
001 fisher , b . l . & zimmerman , j . k . ( 1988 ) . ant / orchid associations in the barro colorado national monument , panama . lindleyana , 3 , 12–16 . pdf
kaspari et al . discover that coastal ants avoid salt while inland ants can’t get enough .
kaspari , m . , yanoviak , s . p . , and dudley , r . 2008 .
lach , l . and thomas , m . l . 2008 . invasive ants in australia : documented and potential ecological consequences . australian journal of entomology 47 : 275 - 288 .
all text and images appearing on myrmecos . net , except where indicated , are copyrighted © 2002 - 2018 alexander wild . image use policy copyright infringement policy
ponerinae is a subfamily of ants in the poneromorph subfamilies group , with about 1 , 600 species in 47 extant genera , including dinoponera gigantea - one of the world ' s largest species of ant .
they are most easily identified from other subfamilies by a constricted gaster ( abdomen ) . they are rare examples of stinging ants .


malo is a genus of box jellies .

it contains four species .

malo kingi and malo maximus ( previously malo maxima , corrected for gender ) were described by the australian marine biologist lisa-ann gershwin in 2007 and 2005 , respectively .

both species are extremely venomous irukandji jellyfish .

a third , malo filipina from the philippines , was described in 2012 , and a fourth species from northern australia , the smallest of the genus , was described in 2014 and named m. bella .

malo ( jellyfish )

the second newly discovered species , malo bella , belongs to a previously known genus of irukandji jellyfish .
malo bella has a small , bell - shaped body , about 19 mm in bell height . it is the smallest species yet described in the genus malo .
two malo kingi specimens , opaque due to preservation . credit : lisa - anne gershwin
the pharmacology of malo maxima jellyfish venom extract in isolated cardiovascular tissues : a probable cause of the irukandji syndrome in western australia .
malo bella – far smaller but probably just a lethal . ( john totterdell / mirg australia )
the two newly discovered jellyfish , keesingia gigas and malo bella , bring the total species known or believed to cause irukandji syndrome to at least 16 .
the pharmacology of malo maxima jellyfish venom extract in isolated cardiovascular tissues : a probable cause of the irukandji syndrome in western a . . . - pubmed - ncbi
malo kingi , the common kingslayer . credit : gondwanagirl ; distributed under a cc - by 2 . 0 license
the other new species belongs to the already - known malo genus . its name , malo bella , is a tribute to the creature ' s bell - like shape , its beauty and the montebello islands in western australia , where the species was first found , gershwin wrote .
the first - known of these jellyfish , carukia barnesi , was identified in 1964 by dr . jack barnes , who stung himself , his son , and a lifeguard , to prove the tiny jellyfish was the cause of irukandji syndrome . the malo kingi species , and possibly other jellyfish , may also produce the irukandji syndrome .
26 . gershwin , l . ( 2007 ) malo kingi : a new species of irukandji jellyfish ( cnidaria : cubozoa : carybdeida ) , possibly lethal to humans . zootaxa , 1659 , 55 - 68 .
two new species of jellyfish – keesingia gigas and malo bella , both believed to cause irukandji syndrome , have been discovered off western australia’s central coast by dr lisa - ann gershwin of csiro marine and atmospheric research .
the smaller of the two new species , malo bella is a member of the already - discovered malo genus , with the ‘bella’ part having a treble meaning – “reference to its small bell - like shape , its beauty , and the montebello islands in the pilbara region of western australia , where the species was first found” .
the first and smaller of the two , the malo bella , was found near exmouth , while the keesingia gigas was caught in a fishing net near shark bay .
( note : for two venomous species that are not bow jellyfish , see the linked article :
the largest jellyfish in the world
.
compared with k . gigas , this critter looks a lot more like the tiny irukandji jellies that scientists have already described . its bell is less than an inch long ( 19 millimeters ) . and though it has not yet been associated with any particular stings , its close relationship to the venomous malo kingi and malo maximus suggests it is highly toxic to humans .
the lion’s mane jellyfish ( cyanea capillata ) is probably one of the best known jellyfish in the world — largely owing to its large size . the species — also known as the hair jelly — is currently the largest known jellyfish species in the world .
( l ) the halo - form tentacle of an adult malo kingi . ( r ) . tentacle of a young pseudo - irukandji form lacking the species ' characteristic halos . credit : lisa - anne gershwin .
another two species of potentially deadly irukandji jellyfish have been discovered off wa ' s northwest coast .
as far as venom goes , the most - potent species are chironex fleckeri , carukia barnesi and malo kingi — all of which are amongst the most - venomous animals in the world . stings are sometimes fatal for humans .
44 . li , r . , c . e . wright , k . d . winkel , l . gershwin , et al . ( 2011 ) . the pharmacology of malo maxima jellyfish venom extract in isolated cardiovascular tissues : a probable cause of the irukandji syndrome in western australia . toxicology letters 201 : 221 - 229 .
the discovery of the malo bella and keesingia gigas , made by csiro scientist and director of marine stinger advisory services lisa - ann gershwin , brought to nine the number of irukandji species found in australian waters and at least 16 found globally .
previously , only two jellyfish species from western australia were known to cause irukandji syndrome . the discovery of the two new species brings the total number of irukandji jellies worldwide to 16 . [ see amazing photos of jellyfish swarms ]
this tiny box jellyfish is a highly poisonous predator which possesses 24 eyes , four parallel brains and 60 arseholes .
jellyfish deliver venom via nematocysts . when a jellyfish ' s tentacle touches its victim , these little harpoon - shaped darts fire into the victim ' s skin to deliver venom into the bloodstream . no nematocysts were recovered from jordan ' s body , which made it difficult to nail down a culprit , but it ' s widely assumed that he was stung by carukia barnesi , a box jellyfish species from the whitsundays area commonly known as the irukandji jellyfish .
dr gershwin named the keesingia gigas jellyfish after her csiro colleague dr john keesing , who provided her with the specimen .
that ' s not a plastic bag . that ' s a newly described species of box jellyfish , keesingia gigas .
because jellyfish are carnivores and feed on a large variety of prey - smaller fish , other jellyfish , plankton and other small organisms - , they have a stinging apparatus which , in 70 of the 200 known species , can affect humans .
head of the museum ' s aquatic zoology department dr jane fromont said the jellyfish discoveries could prove useful for beach users .
irukandji jellyfish are usually found near the coast , where they are attracted by the warmer water , and most stings occur in summer in shallow waters . however , this jellyfish can be found as far as five kilometers offshore and all year round .
scale illustration of the irukandji jellyfish , carukia barnesi . credit : anynobody ; distributed under a cc - by 2 . 0 license
“jellyfish always have tentacles … that’s how they catch their food , ” she said . “the tentacles are where they concentrate their stinging cells…
this box jellyfish lives in tropical mangrove swamps in central america , sheltered in between the roots of the trees , probably to avoid predators .
while irukandji jellyfish range from 5 mm to 2 . 5 cm in bell height , the size of keesingia gigas can reach about 50 cm .
the box jellyfish ( class cubozoa ) are probably the most infamous jellyfish in the world — though i guess that depends a fair amount on where you live . other than their incredibly potent venom they are perhaps most recognizable via their cube - shaped medusae — owing to the common - name .
irukandji jellyfish are able to fire their stingers into their victim . they are highly venomous and dangerous , hospitalizing up to 100 people annually in australia .
the sting of box jellyfish found in hawaii , carybdea alata and carybdea rastonii , is very painful and can even cause anaphylactic shock in some individuals .
23 . gershwin , l . ( 2006c ) jellyfish responsible for irukandji syndrome . quart . j . med . , 99 , 801 - 802 .
a number of nematocysts were recovered from king ' s body and clothing , and were examined by australian jellyfish expert and csiro researcher , lisa - anne gershwin . in her 2007 zootaxa paper she concluded that these nematocysts were like none she ' d ever seen before . she compared cells from these nematocysts with those from several specimens of a new species she had found in 1999 , and it was a perfect match . in 2007 , gershwin named this new species malo kingi , after the scientist it felled .
two new species of jellyfish have been discovered off the coast of western australia . one is surprisingly large . the other is tiny . both are extremely venomous .
owing to these facts , and — more importantly — their striking appearances i’ve created the list below compiling some of the most interesting species of jellyfish . enjoy .
two reported of encounters with k . gigas resulted in symptoms consistent with irukandji syndrome , gershwin wrote . though this jellyfish is painful to the touch for humans , other creatures seem to be able to get cozy with k . gigas without any problems . three small leatherjacket fish were found living inside the holotype jellyfish ' s umbrella .
those two tiny species of bow jellyfish are found mostly near australia . the name irukandji comes from the irukandji aborigines who inhabit the coastal strip north of cairns , queensland .
there ' s one thing about this species that gershwin said was
absolutely puzzling
: so far , the jellyfish has only been photographed and collected without tentacles . some jellyfish are tentacle - less and they ' ve evolved other ways to catch food . but all known cubozoans have tentacles that they rely on to capture food , gershwin said .
this box jellyfish is able to see through four eyes , one at the center of each side of the bell . it is not known how the animal processes the visual information without a brain , however , it can see better than most birds and manages to avoid even the tiniest objects . stings usually occur when people bump into the jellyfish .
they’re typically found in the northern parts of the atlantic ocean — and most especially in the upper epipelagic zone . they are known to sometimes occur in very large jellyfish blooms .
those complex eyes probably help this jellyfish to hunt . they are very effective for spotting large , stationary objects , while filtering out unnecessary detail such as plankton drifting with the current .
32 . gershwin , l . ( 2008 ) morbakka fenneri : a new genus and species of irukandji jellyfish . queensland museum memoirs , 54 ( 1 ) : 23 - 33 .
3 . gershwin , l . ( 1999 ) clonal and population variation in jellyfish symmetry . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom , 79 , 993 - 1000 .
another box jellyfish and sea wasp , chiropsalmus quadrigatus , is generally less common than chironex fleckeri , although it may outnumber them on cairns to port douglas beaches , in queensland , australia .
adult jellyfish spawn at river mouths in late summer , before dying . the fertilized eggs become tiny polyps and attach themselves to rocks in estuaries . in spring , these polyps develop into small swimming
gershwin speculated that the jellyfish may have shed their tentacles as a defence mechanism , but noted , “i think it’s probably a fairly tame explanation – i just don’t know what it is . ”
8 . gershwin , l . ( 2001 ) systematics and biogeography of the jellyfish aurelia labiata ( cnidaria : scyphozoa ) . biological bulletin ( woods hole ) , 201 , 104 - 119 .
crossota is a genus of jellyfish in the broader family of rhopalonematidae . there are currently 5 species listed in the genus . the various species of the genus are distributed broadly across the world’s oceans .
research scientist lisa - ann gershwin , who is director of the australian marine stinger advisory services , described the new box jellyfish , or cubozoans , last month in the records of the western australian museum .
the name moreton bay stinger comes from the australian bay where it is commonly found . this dangerous jellyfish , a close parent of the irukandji , occurs in tropical australian waters , all over queensland and in northern new south wales . though it rarely occurs in the gold coast , the fire jelly , like for other jellyfish , tends to move further and further south , as the sea temperatures heat up .
17 . gershwin , l . & alderslade , p . ( 2005 ) a new genus and species of box jellyfish ( cubozoa : carybdeida ) from tropical australian waters . the beagle , 21 , 27–36 .
[ it ] is absolutely humungous - the body is about 30 to 50 centimetres tall and that ' s not including the tentacles . it ' s an absolute whopper of a jellyfish ,
she said .
35 . gershwin , l . & dabinett , k . ( 2009 ) comparison of eight types of protective clothing against irukandji jellyfish stings . journal of coastal research , 25 ( 1 ) : 117 - 130 .
this tiny species of jellyfish is one of the most venomous creatures in the world . thanks to its role in the death of robert king , a nestlé research scientist from ohio , it has been nicknamed the common kingslayer .
37 . fenner , p . , lippmann , j . & gershwin , l . ( 2010 ) . fatal and non - fatal severe jellyfish stings in thai waters . journal of travel medicine 2010 : 1 - 6 .
jellyfish move through the water by opening and closing their bodies , or bells , using muscle contractions . most species have tentacles ( anything from 1 to hundreds ) that are attached to the edges of the bell , or subumbrella .
jellyfish are very simple animals which have been around for 700 million years ( before the dinosaurs ) . they have no bones or cartilage , no blood , no heart and no brain , and are made up of 95 % water .
contact with only 3 m of tentacles may be fatal for an adult , and even less is enough to kill a child . stings are fatal in 20 % of cases and a single jellyfish is venomous enough to kill 60 humans .
34 . gershwin , l . & gibbons , m . j . ( 2009 ) . carybdea branchi , sp . nov . , a new box jellyfish ( cnidaria : cubozoa ) from south africa . zootaxa 2088 : 41 - 50 .
tima formosa are a type of jellyfish ( in common language , not technically so ) that are currently classified as being in the family conica — and are actually a colonial species of marine hydrozoa . they are located in the order of leptomedusae .
52 . gershwin , l . & zeidler , w . ( 2011 in press ) . preliminary studies of the jellyfish fauna of tasmanian waters , with comments on pelagic endemicity and species introductions . records of the queen victoria museum and art gallery .
deepstaria enigmatica is a strange deep - sea jellyfish classified as being in the family ulmaridae . it was only just recently ( relatively ) scientifically described — in 1967 by fs russel . the name means something along the lines of “deep - staring enigma” .
furthermore , two people are believed from to have died from irukandji stings in 2002 , in australia . it is now thought that these very small jellyfish might , in fact , have been responsible for a number of other deaths wrongly attributed to other causes .
21 . gershwin , l . & alderslade , p . ( 2006 ) chiropsella bart , n . sp . , a new box jellyfish ( cnidaria : cubozoa : chirodropida ) from the northern territory , australia . the beagle , 22 , 15 - 21 .
two new species of jellyfish have been identified of australia’s western coast . one is described as “enormous” , with a sting that can kill , while the other is smaller but likely just as deadly , with both species believed to possess a sting which causes irukandji syndrome .
jellyfish are some of the most strange , interesting — and occasionally beautiful — animals currently living in the world . and they’ve been here for quite a long time — some species are , in many ways , unchanged from the way that there hundreds of millions of years ago .
the tentacles are armed with up to 5 , 000 million stinging cells , or nematocysts . these are triggered into action when in contact with certain chemicals found on the surface of fish , shellfish and humans - but turtles are not affected by their sting and feed on this jellyfish .
along with carybdea rastonii , this small box jellyfish often
swarms
to hawaii ' s leeward shores 9 or 10 days after the full moon . they occur mainly at waikiki beach , ala moana beach park , as well as hanauma bay , and sometimes in ocean areas and beach
51 . bridgewater , f . , gershwin , l . & tibballs , j . ( 2011 in review ) . a critical review of the role of hot water in the first aid management of jellyfish stings ( cnidaria : cubozoa ; scyphozoa ; hydrozoa : siphonophora ) . toxicon .
15 . goggin , l . , gershwin , l . , fenner , p . , seymour , j . & carrette , t . ( 2004 ) . stinging jellyfish in tropical australia . current state of knowledge . townsville , queensland , crc reef research centre : 6 pp .
they feed on shrimps and , unfortunately , often frequent beaches that are attractive to humans . these animals hunt passively , waiting for their prey to bump into their tentacles . since a struggling shrimp can tear a young jellyfish , it needs to be killed instantly with a very strong poison .
43 . lippmann , j . m . , p . j . fenner , k . winkel , & l . gershwin . ( 2011 ) . fatal and severe box jellyfish stings , including irukandji stings , in malaysia , 2000–2010 . journal of travel medicine 2011 : 1 - 7 .
in most cases , and for most species , the sting is not deadly , but causes anything from a mild skin irritation , to an excruciatingly pain . a few species , though , are considered extremely dangerous , and can potentially be fatal . many of those dangerous jellyfish fall under the box jellyfish family ( class cubozoa ) , which comprises some 20 species . many species , notably the two deadliest , have recently proliferated and considerably extended their natural range , probably benefiting from the global warming of the oceans , and are likely to cause serious problems in their interaction with humans in years to come .
in 2002 king had travelled to australia with his partner to spend some time snorkelling in opal reef , which is just off port douglas in queensland . earlier that year , british tourist richard jordan had been stung by a jellyfish 700 km away on hamilton island . the venom from the sting brought on irukandji syndrome , and jordon was its first documented fatality . named after a local indigenous australian tribe near cairns in queensland , irukandji syndrome is brought on by a sting from one of 10 species of venomous jellyfish found in tropical and temperate oceans around the world . many of them are found in australian waters .
the venom of this box jellyfish has cardiotoxic , neurotoxic and highly dermatonecrotic components . it is rapidly absorbed by the body and causes extreme pain . the tentacles that adhere to the skin should not be removed before their nematocysts are inactivated - by pouring vinegar on them - otherwise they may worsen the sting .
very little is known about the life cycle of these small , inconspicuous jellyfish . furthermore , they are so fragile that , in captivity , they must imperatively be kept in a bowl that has rounded edges , like a circle , because in a normal bowl the impact if they hit the side would kill them .
39 . galil , b . & gershwin , l . , et al . ( 2010 ) . marivagia stellata gen . et sp . nov . , a spectacular new genus and species of jellyfish ( cnidaria : scyphozoa : rhizostomeae ) from the eastern mediterranean . aquatic invasions . 5 ( 4 ) : 331–340 .
the portuguese man o’ war ( physalia physalis ) is a marine cnidarian of the family physaliidae . the species is well known for its powerful sting , and interesting appearance . it’s not actually a “jellyfish” in the scientific meaning of the word though — but instead a siphonophore , just as marrus orthocanna and deepstaria enigmatica are .
10 . winkel , k . d . , hawden , g . m . , fenner , p . j . , gershwin , l . , collins , a . g . & tibballs , j . ( 2003 ) jellyfish antivenoms : past , present , and future . journal of toxicology : toxin reviews , 22 , 115–127 . 2002
( and now would be a good time to mention that there ' s a book by sydney - based author , wendy lewis , that recounts king and jordon ' s tragic encounters with these jellyfish called see australia and die . see australia and die . help i live here and my cat brings spiders into my house through the window . )
the praya dubia ( giant siphonophore ) is a “jellyfish” that lives at great depths ( 700 - 1000 meters below ) in the atlantic ocean and the gulf of mexico . said organism — a member of the hydrozoa — isn’t actually an “animal” but instead a “colony made up of numerous small connected individuals , each with a specific function , such as feeding , attack , and defense” .
once upon a time , we believed deadly jellyfish were a problem only for those silly enough to go in the ocean off far north queensland . while we’ve known for a number of years now that this isn’t the case , gershwin believes research into these two new additions to the irukandji jelly family “should be considered a high priority , in order to manage their potential impacts on public safety” .
little is known about the ecology of these two species . learning more about the jellyfish ' s life history and how they behave could help scientists manage their potential impacts on public safety , gershwin wrote . each year , an estimated 50 to 100 people are hospitalized for irukandji syndrome in australia . though only two deaths have been reported ( the cases from 2002 ) , researchers suspect drowning or heart attacks may have masked several other deaths related to irukandji symptoms .
some species of box jellyfish ( cubozoans ) can weigh up to 2 kg , but many are absolutely tiny . like the bell - shaped body of c . barnesi , m . kingi ' s bell grows to no more than 3 cm high . and not only is m . kingi tiny , it ' s also transparent , making it extremely difficult to spot in the water . the species is distinguished from all others by having strange halo - like rings of tissue encircling its four tentacles .
gershwin reported that m . kingi ' s danger to humans has been ambiguous , citing several attacks that have resulted in only minor symptoms . in the 1960s , australian medical toxicologist , jack h . barnes , tested the venom of a m . kingi specimen in his collection , and got off lightly . in his report , barnes even named his attacker ' pseudo - irukandji ' , because of its inability to inflict the full force of irukandji syndrome . gershwin noted that barnes happened to choose the smallest , and likely youngest , specimen in his collection , and argued that a life in captivity could have messed with the jellyfish ' s toxicity levels :
16 . winkel , k . d . , tibballs , j . , molenaar , p . , lambert , g . , coles , p . , ross - smith , m . , wiltshire , c . , fenner , p . j . , gershwin , l . , hawdon , g . m . , wright , c . e . & angus , j . a . ( 2005 ) the cardiovascular actions of the venom from the irukandji ( carukia barnesi ) jellyfish : effects in human , rat and guinea pig tissues in vitro , and in pigs in vivo . clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology , 32 , 777 - 788 .
in 2002 a record number of jellyfish appeared in the tropical waters of northern australia , blown close to the coast and its tourist beaches by unusually strong and irregular winds . during the holiday season of november to may in a regular year , an average of 30 people are hospitalised with irukandji syndrome . but in 2002 between december and january alone , that number leapt to 80 victims at a single hospital in cairns . that year the world ' s first and only deaths from irukandji syndrome would be recorded . it ' s possible that jordon ' s death was brought on by the open heart surgery he had endured some months earlier , which could have made his symptoms much worse , but robert king was in perfect health when he was stung . he died in hospital with toxin - induced hypertension , which led to bleeding in multiple areas of the brain .
“how’s it feel , kingslayer , to have all the gold in the world but it won’t buy your sword hand back ? “ “a minor setback , if truth be told .
a minor setback , if truth be told . but look - i have spares !
while rarely fatal , irukandji syndrome sends most of its victims to hospital . it takes 5 - 10 minutes after the sting for symptoms to set in , but when they do , they ' re excruciating . a typical set of symptoms includes severe lower back pain , vomiting and muscle cramps , and if particularly serious , could result in toxic heart failure , fluid on the lungs or a brain haemorrhage . around 30 % of cases result in some form of heart failure , and one in five victims suffer life - threatening complications and end up on life support .
his specimens had been in captivity for hours prior to the stinging experiment ; the degree to which the condition of the animal affects its sting ability is undocumented , but i have often observed cubozoans stinging each other and the sides of the collecting container . it is not difficult to imagine that they could have expended much of their stinging ability without sufficient time to regenerate it .
in 2003 , while investigating king ' s death , gershwin suffered a m . kingi sting herself , and just like barnes , her symptoms were mild . her attacker was also small , and gershwin noted that it was missing the distinctive halo - form tentacles , plus gonads , suggesting to her that it was a juvenile .
i was personally stung quite extensively across the palms of both hands by this species in june 2003 at port douglas , without systemic effects ,
she wrote .
however , both hands blistered badly and several layers of skin completely peeled about one week after the sting event . the specimen proved to be immature when examined , and was subsequently used for dna analysis .
gershwin looked into a number of other non - fatal m . kingi attacks , and found that none of them could be attributed to an adult specimen .
it is possible that as pseudo - irukandji matures , it concurrently changes its physical and chemical properties , becoming lethal with halo - form tentacle bands ,
she concluded . so if you ' re going to have an encounter with the kingslayer , make sure it ' s a baby one .
order my book , zombie tits , astronaut fish and other weird animals from amazon .
the views expressed are those of the author ( s ) and are not necessarily those of scientific american .
bec crew is a sydney - based science writer and award - winning blogger . she is the author of ' zombie tits , astronaut fish and other weird animals ' ( newsouth press ) .
you’re about to get the stink bugs , america . but no , they won’t be man - faced .
discover world - changing science . explore our digital archive back to 1845 , including articles by more than 150 nobel prize winners .
scientific american is part of springer nature , which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications ( many of them can be found at urltoken ) . scientific american maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers .
keesingia gigas in bloom of sea tomatoes , crambione mastigophora . image credit : john totterdell / mirg australia .
their stings are only moderately painful . however , 20 - 30 min later some patients may develop systemic symptoms collectively known as irukandji syndrome .
the condition can cause severe abdominal pain , back , limb or joint pain , nausea and vomiting , profuse sweating and agitation . the patients may also experience numbness or paraesthesia . more severe reactions to irukandji stings can include hypertension and tachycardia .
“the genus name , keesingia , is named to honor dr john keesing of csiro marine and atmospheric research , who not only provided the holotype for this species , but has been of great assistance and inspiration to the author for nearly 20 years , ” dr gershwin wrote in a paper published in the records of the western australian museum ( full text in . pdf ) .
“the species name , gigas , is in reference to the enormous size of this species . ”
according to dr gershwin , three juvenile leatherjacket fish were captured with one specimen of this species , living inside the subumbrellar cavity .
“while the tendency of young leatherjackets to shelter with medusas has been previously reported , this is the first report of fish sheltering in an irukandji species . ”
to date , only two cases of stinging by keesingia gigas have been documented – one produced severe irukandji syndrome , whilst the other caused only local and groin pain .
“the species name , bella , is in triple reference to its small bell - like shape , its beauty , and the montebello islands in the pilbara region of western australia , where the species was first found . ”
“this species is not associated with any particular stings , but its phylogenetic affinity would suggest that it may be highly toxic . ”
“research into the biology and ecology of these species should be considered a high priority , in order to manage their potential impacts on public safety , ” dr gershwin concluded .
gershwin , lisa - ann . 2014 . two new species of box jellies ( cnidaria : cubozoa : carybdeida ) from the central coast of western australia , both presumed to cause irukandji syndrome . records of the western australian museum 29 ( 1 ) : 10 - 19
juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows
© 2011 - 2018 . sci - news . com . all rights reserved . | back to top
until now , there were only two species of irukandji known to be found off wa .
irukandji can deliver a painful and in some cases deadly sting , and tend to keep swimmers out of the ocean during the warmer months .
dr gershwin said the larger keesingia gigas , whose existence has been known for a while although it had never officially classified , was a
whopper
.
dr gershwin said it was only about a year ago that a good specimen of the keesingia gigas was caught by the csiro and able to be studied in depth .
the features it has put it in two quite distantly related families which is a great head scratcher ,
she said .
but in this case we were able to work out with dna what it actually is related to , so it had a really surprising aspect to .
both newly discovered species are able to deliver the trade - mark painful sting irukandjis are known for , but it is unknown whether a larger species can do more damage .
there doesn ' t appear to be a direct link between size and toxicity ,
she said .
he ' s just such an amazing scientist who ' s done so much . i think he was really chuffed - he certainly blushed ,
she said .
publishing this information means our beachgoers , fishers and surf lifesavers can be alerted about the fact that there ' s this really big jelly that looks kind of nice and you might want to touch , but maybe just leave that one alone ,
she said .
this means they can be compared to other specimens in the future to see if they ' re more widely distributed than we currently know ,
she said .
if you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news , contact the abc .
abc teams share the story behind the story and insights into the making of digital , tv and radio content .
world vision chief advocate tim costello says that only three jobs are generated for every million dollars spent on the pokies . rmit abc fact check investigates .
most people know smoking causes lung cancer and heart disease . but less than a third of australians realise it can also cause acute leukaemia and rheumatoid arthritis , a study has found .
it seems to be something of a global blood sport , and it has only intensified with the financial services royal commission . but take a look past the pin - striped - suit - wearing - cigar - chewing - fat - cat stereotype .
there ' s no magic pill for motivation — but there are ways you can stack the odds in your favour .
this service may include material from agence france - presse ( afp ) , aptn , reuters , aap , cnn and the bbc world service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced .
javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
these two newfound creatures are thought to pack painful stings that cause irukandji syndrome , a constellation of symptoms that includes lower back pain , vomiting , difficulty breathing , cramps and spasms . though irukandji syndrome usually isn ' t life threatening , two people who were stung in the great barrier reef in 2002 died from severe irukandji - related hypertension .
one of the newly identified creatures sports a clear , barrel - shaped body that is thick , warty and surprising large . found in the shark bay and ningaloo reef regions , it ' s called keesingia gigas . the name keesingia for the new genus is a nod to the biologist john keesing , who provided the first example of the creature , scooping up an immature specimen with a hand - held net in may 2012 ; gigas is latin for
giant ,
referring to the animal ' s impressive size . while most irukandji jellies are tiny and practically undetectable , adults of this species have a
bell
( the umbrella - shaped part of the body that doesn ' t include the tentacles ) that measures 20 inches ( 50 centimeters ) long .
however strange it seems now , gershwin thinks the answer to this riddle will probably turn out to be quite mundane .
we still have so few photos and specimens at this point that it is still within the range of ' just coincidence '
that delicate tentacles have been broken off in all cases , gershwin told live science in an email . or , perhaps , the tentacles are so fine as to have been easily overlooked .
follow megan gannon on twitter and google + . follow us @ livescience , facebook & google + . original article on live science .
megan has been writing for live science and urltoken since 2012 . her interests range from archaeology to space exploration , and she has a bachelor ' s degree in english and art history from new york university . megan spent two years as a reporter on the national desk at newscore . she has watched dinosaur auctions , witnessed rocket launches , licked ancient pottery sherds in cyprus and flown in zero gravity . follow her on twitter and google + .
elon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
li r 1 , wright ce , winkel kd , gershwin la , angus ja .
cardiovascular therapeutics unit , department of pharmacology , the university of melbourne , grattan street , parkville , victoria 3010 , australia . ranli01 @ urltoken
this species occurs , almost invisible , in shallow water at the edge of beaches in northern australia ( from exmouth , western australia , to gladstone , queensland ) and in the indo - pacific region , notably in thailand waters and malaysia .
in each corner of the box - shaped bell ( often as large as a basketball ) , which can weigh up to 2 kg , there is a bundle of ten to fifteen stinging tentacles , which extend for up to 5 m .
chironex fleckeri is the most lethal member in the cubozoa family , possibly the most venomous marine creature - some even say the deadliest animal on earth - . it can kill more people than stonefish , sharks and crocodiles combined .
there are many ( about 70 ) reported deaths that have occurred in northern australia , mostly in summer ( between november and april ) .
severe stings result in necrosis of the affected skin area . if untreated , the pain may last for weeks and often stings leave significant scars . other symptoms
a moderately effective antivenin is indicated for serious envenomations and should help in reducing the pain and the scarring . if it is not available , pressure - immobilization of the limbs may be used after inactivation of nematocysts while the patient is transported to hospital . local pain is best treated with ice packs .
it is smaller , with slimmer tentacles , but the two species are difficult to tell apart .
the tiny irukandji barely measure 2 cm across the bell , no more than the fingernail of an adult ' s little finger .
it is believed that the irukandji ' s venom is particularly potent - some say it is even stronger than the sea wasp ' s one - to enable it to quickly stun the small fast fish it preys on .
the irukandji has one tentacle at each corner of its bell and stinging cells ( nematocysts ) not only on their tentacles , but also on the bell .
since the venom is injected only from the tip of the stinger rather than the entire length , the initial sting is mild and only moderately irritating . however , after a delay of some 5 - 120 minutes , the venom starts acting .
only a very small amount of venom can cause severe pains at various parts of the body , notably excruciating muscle cramps in the limbs , severe pain in the back and kidneys , and a burning sensation of the skin and face . other symptoms
include headaches , nausea , restlessness , sweating , vomiting , high heart rate and blood pressure , anxiety and the feeling of impending death , and occasionally acute cardiac failure . the syndrome is in part caused by release of catecholamines but the cause of heart failure is undefined . the venom contains a sodium channel modulator .
last hours , or even days , and victims often have to be hospitalized .
vinegar can be applied to the stung site to deactivate any remaining enmatocysts on the skin , but there is no antivenin for the venom that has already penetrated the body . magnesium
might put victims into trouble if they are then in deep water or driving .
the stinger ' s box - shaped bell is between 6 cm and 18 cm . it has four tentacles up to 1m long . it could be mistaken for irukandji because of its shape and the identical number of tentacles . however , it is much bigger , since the irukandji is no larger than a thumbnail .
consequently , fire jellies are usually seen by their victims , unlike irukandji ' s victims .
fire jelly stings are painful but not as dangerous as irukandji , and are normally not life - threatening . stings leave a red mark on the skin , whereas stings by irukandji don ' t .
both species - and especially carybdea alata - have a very painful sting and can even cause anaphylactic shock in some individuals .
in case of a sting , it is advised to douse or spray the sting liberally with vinegar . then to pluck off any visible tentacles carefully - using fins , a towel , or anything else , rather than fingers - . a hot pack , or a cold pack or ice , can help reduce the pain . immediate medical attention may be required in cases of severe reactions .
see the preceding one . carybdea rastoni ' s toxins , crtx - a and crtx - b are large proteins . like numerous carybdeids , some unidentified , carybdea rastonii causes less severe illness .
( especialy in south and western australia ) where they are commonly called jimble .
the eyes are arranged in clusters on the four sides of the cube - like body . sixteen are simply pits of light - sensitive pigment , but one pair per cluster , though measuring hardly 0 . 1 mm in diameter , has a a sophisticated lens , retina , iris and cornea . the photoreceptors in their eyes are similar to those of vertebrates .
tripedalia cystophora is today threatened by the loss of its habitat . indeed , mangrove forests are everywhere being cleared for development , agriculture , and fish and shrimp farms . these fragile shallow coastal environments and their rich marine life are also threatened by pollution
according to the csiro’s lisa - ann gershwin , irukandji is painful , distressing , and in some cases fatal .
symptoms typically include severe lower back pain , nausea and vomiting , diffi culty breathing , profuse sweating , cramps and spasms , and a feeling of impending doom… some cases also have severe hypertension ( high blood pressure ) , which can be life threatening . two confirmed fatalities from irukandji - related hypertension occurred in 2002…
it is generally believed that additional fatalities have occurred , but have been masked as heart attack , stroke , or drowning .
named after csiro scientist dr john keesing , with gigas being a reference to its enormous size – around the length of an adult human’s arm .
discovered in the shark bay and ningaloo reef regions , the jelly shares characteristics with three jelly families , making it of particular interest to scientists .
in the two noted cases of a keesingia stinging , one resulted in “severed irukandji syndrome” , the other “caused only local and groin pain” .
strangely , all keesingia specimens found have lacked tentacles . gershwin told the guardian this may be a coincidence , or yet another new discovery .
“i think more probably it does have tentacles but by random chance the specimens that we photographed and obtained don’t have them any more . ”
however , apparently keesingia doesn’t need tentacles to sting , gershwin saying , “some of the people working with it through the years actually got stung by it and experienced rather distressing irukandji syndrome . ”
and while at this stage the bella does not have a documented history of what its stings affects have on people , “its phylogenetic affinity would suggest that it may be highly toxic” and “should be regarded as potentially dangerous” .
joe was junior vice - president at compu - global - hyper - mega - net until it was bought out by bill gates . he now subedits for conversant media and considers it a step up .
the movement of the animal is quite strange — and somewhat hypnotic — for lack of a better description i’d say that it looks like undulating waves in a sheet in the wind , but with a sort of living quality to it .
the bell ( body ) of the deepstaria enigmatica is fairly thin but can be be fairly large — around 2 - feet across . the species is typically found onky in the water around antarctic , or in the near - antarctic seas — but they have occasionally been seen elsewhere . living depths appear to be in 830 - 1830 meter / range .
the animal’s range is thought to be confined to the relatively cold boreal waters of the arctic , the northern atlantic , and the northern portion of the pacific ocean . it’s actually a fairly common species in the english channel , the irish sea , the north sea and in western scandinavian waters
there are also populations that live in the area around australia and new zealand — it’s currently thought that these are of the same species , or a very closely related one .
the biggest individual yet recorded scientifically had a body with a diameter of 7’6 , and tentacles that stretched out for 120 - feet — this individual was found washed up on the shore of massachusetts bay in 1870 .
most populations typically grow to be quite large — with individuals regularly reaching 6’7 in body size . the rule on body size with this species is pretty much the same as with most other animals — the further north you go , the bigger they get . tentacles typically grow to be more than 100 - feet - long .
that previously mentioned 120 - foot individual is actually one of the longest known scientifically - documented animals of any type — being exceeded only by a bootlace worm ( lineus longissimus ) that was found washed up on the shore of the scottish coast back in 1864 — that bootlace worm was ~ 180 feet long .
it’s one of the largest / longest known organisms in the world — regularly possessing a body - length of around / over 120 - 130 feet .
praya dubia catches its prey by first attracting it with blue bioluminescent light , and then delivering a powerful sting from the bell - like cells that line its body . the sting is powerful enough to cause death often enough , but when it doesn’t paralysis is pretty much a given for its prey .
their bodies don’t do well with relatively low - pressures — such as those at surface - level — and as a result when they are brought to the surface they tend to explode / burst . so no real chance of ever seeing one of these in person — unless you’re a blue whale , a walrus , or a giant squid i guess . or its prey , for that matter . the species has been known of since at least the 1800s .
of these , chironex fleckeri — the sea wasp — is probably the most infamous . said species is found throughout the coastal waters of northern australia and new guinea all the way north to the philippines + vietnam . the species possesses tentacles up to 10 feet in length — all of which are covered in millions of cnidocytes which when touched release microscopic darts that deliver the powerful venom .
to date , the species is known to have killed at least 63 people in australia since 1884 .
marrus orthocanna is a species of siphonophore — just as the previously mentioned praya dubia is . this species is typically found in the arctic — but in other cold , deep waters elsewhere as well .
like other siphonophores , marrus orthocanna is a colony composed of a number of specialized zooids linked together by a long stem . at the front is the pneumatophore , an orange - colored , gas - filled float . behind this is the nectosome , a region where there are a number of translucent nectophores with red , unlooped radial canals . these are bell - shaped medusae specialized for locomotion . when they contract , water is expelled which causes the colony to move . their contractions are coordinated which enables the animal to swim forwards , sidewards or backwards . the remaining region is the siphosome . most of the zooids here are polyps , specialized for collecting food . they do this for the whole colony , spreading their single long tentacles in the water to snare prey . other zooids in this region undertake digestion and assimilation of food items . reproductive medusae are found among the polyps in the siphosome and also various other specialised zooids . the various forms are all arranged in a repeating pattern .
the species can grow to be quite large — often growing to lengths of more than 10 - feet .
the organisms is a carnivore , and is thought to feed primarily on small crustaceans . interestingly , the individuals that make up the colonial - animal are all born from a single egg .
the tentacles of the species are covered in venom - filled nematocysts , which when touched deliver a powerful enough sting to paralyze the prey of the species . these stinging nematocysts remain viable well after the animal is actually dead — so if you see one on the beach , don’t touch it ,