the steppe wolf ( canis lupus campestris ) , also known as caspian sea wolf , is a subspecies of grey wolf native to the caspian steppes , the steppe regions of the caucasus , the lower volga region , southern kazakhstan north to the middle of the emba , the northern urals , and the steppe regions of the lower european part of the former soviet union .

rueness et al. ( 2014 ) showed that wolves in the caucasus mountains of the putative caucasian subspecies , c. l. cubanensis , are not genetically distinct enough to be considered a subspecies , but may represent a local ecomorph of c. l. lupus .

in kazakhstan villagers keep them as guard animals .

steppe wolf

steppe wolf 1 . 11 in game front steppe wolf 1 . 11 in media fire [ don ' t have permission to edit my posts ]
the steppe wolf was classified as gray wolf subspecies canis lupus campestris in 1804 by russian scientist ivan dwigubski . it is also known as the caspian sea wolf and the caucasian wolf . most taxonomists recognize the canis lupus campestris , canis lupus bactrianus , canis lupus cubanensis , and the canis lupus desertorum as being one and the same subspecies . the steppe wolf is commonly mistaken as being canis lupus chanco which is the tibetan wolf or mongolian wolf .
steppe wolf 1 . 16 from 15 . 10 . 2012 for europa universalis iii : dw 5 . 1 from 22 july
the eurasian wolf ( canis lupus lupus ) , also known as the common wolf , european wolf , carpathian wolf , steppes wolf , tibetan wolf and chinese wolf is a subspecies of the grey wolf ( canis lupus ) . currently , it has the largest range among wolf subspecies and is the most common in europe and asia , ranging through western europe , scandinavia , russia , china , mongolia and the himalayan mountains .
the steppe wolf ( canis lupus campestris ) is a subspecies of grey wolf native to the pri - caspian steppes , the steppe regions of the caucasus , the lower volga region , southern kazakhstan north to the middle of the emba , the northern pri - urals , and the steppe regions of the lower european part of the former soviet union . it may also occur in northern afghanistan and iran and occasionally the steppe regions of romania and hungary .
steppe wolf : the coin , the sabre & the pigeon version 1 . 13 beta ( test version , working only under english language )
link to steppe wolf : the coin , the sabre and the pigeon by selecting a button and using the embed code provided more . . .
there are only four species of wolves . there ' s the grey wolf ( canis lupus ) , the red wolf ( canis rufus ) , the eastern wolf ( canis lycaon ) and the ethiopian wolf ( canis simensis ) .
diet they eat almost every animal they can catch . wolves usually hunt in packs , but the steppe wolf will hunt on its own when food ( especially large prey ) is scarce . the steppe wolf usually feeds on herd animals , rodents , and fish . when food is scarce , it may also eat berries and other fruits .
steppe wolf : the coin , the sabre & the pigeon is master mod for one of most popular strategy games - europa universalis iii . it is not just the first . . .
check the official website ( pm me if you don ' t know it ) there have been many new improvements and versions , as well as a side mod of steppe wolf by me ( aka kristal ) , called steppe wolf : blue skies , with many new interesting additions . as for the decision to unify serbia with raska , i am planning to add it to my mod in the next patch .
steppe wolf : the coin , the sabre & the pigeon version 1 . 13 beta ( test version , working only under english ) - the sequel of vsemirna vlast ( latest mod for dw v 5 . 1 )
steppe wolves are almost universally luperci ; their central location in asia made them an early adopter of not only the virus but also various human technologies . steppe wolves are very often merchants , traveling to trade their goods in various parts of the world . this requires heavy use of the luperci form as well as knowledge of the human lifestyle , and steppe wolves are arguably the most adaptive in regards to the new form of civilization .
steppe wolf is master mod for one of most popular strategy games - europa universalis iii . it is not just the first mod ever released for divine wind patch , but successor project of previous 9 mods released by vitosha pictures studio .
divine winds patch beta of 5 . 1 - 22th july 2011 otherwise the mod may not work - for vsemirna vlast 2 mod , and divine winds patch beta of 5 . 2 - 19th april 2012 for steppe wolf : csp .
steppe wolves tend to keep smaller packs than many other wolves ; they typically work in groups of around ten individuals , almost always a closely - related family rather than a band of stragglers . steppe wolves were not nomadic prior to the advent of luperci - ism in europe and asia ; however , interaction with common golden jackals also occupying similar ranges revealed to the typical steppe wolf the advantages of such a lifestyle . as a result , many took to traveling outside of their home range and throughout southern asia and into southern europe .
the grey wolf ( canis lupus ) , often known simply as the wolf , is the largest wild member of the canidae family . though once abundant over much of eurasia and north america , the grey wolf inhabits a reduced portion of its former range due to widespread destruction of its territory , human encroachment , and the resulting human - wolf encounters that sparked broad extirpation .
the steppe wolf is of medium - average dimensions builds , weighing 77 - 88 lbs ( 35 - 40 kg ) , typically averaging smaller than the common gray wolf . its fur is also comparatively sparser , coarser and shorter , with a poorly furred tail . the flanks are light grey , and the back is warm , nearly reddish gray or brown with strong highlights consisting of black hairs . the fur of steppe wolves in middle asia and kazakhstan tends to have more reddish tones than other populations .
habitat the historic range of the steppe wolf is in the countries surrounding the caspian sea and black sea . today , it exists only in a remote area in the extreme south - western portion of russia that borders the northern half of the caspian sea .
hello to all ! i am a fan - modder who played a lot of steppe wolf , eastern tales and sky wolf for eu3 , made by bratignat . i have been working along with a friend - tester of the steppe wolf series of mods , on a modification of steppe wolf . we ' ve made some changes to the mod and added new features and decisions to the game to balance some stuff . anyone who wanted to play with a north american tribe and develop it more than europe , or for example you wanted to stick with the slavic tech group but gain improved units and tech investments , well we made those things possible . also manufacturies come a lot earlier in tech and the chinese nations also have been changed . many national ideas and government types were changed to balance things out , and also advisors were modified to give two or three bonuses instead of one . a major change was made in the sliders to create a diverse way of playing . info about the mod : name : steppe wolf blue skies ( standalone , no need of any other steppe wolf mod ) version of the mod : you need to download this patch he re in order to play the mod ( sorry we couldn ' t move the mod to a newer version ) . put it over your files , it is the official beta mod i think . also you need eu3 dw . checksum : currently it ' s scop download link : comming soon !
steppe wolf is a mod that goes from 11ad to 2010 . of course , it is very buggy , and lackluster im some features , what you would expect from such a mod . think victoria ultimate , or extended timeline mod - they all have their issues , too .
steppe wolf : the coin , the sabre & the pigeon is master mod for one of most popular strategy games - europa universalis iii . it is not just the first mod ever released for divine wind patch , but successor project of previous 10 mods released by vitosha pictures studio .
however , it was not the panting breath of the predatory wolf that gave rise to the term . the generally accepted explanation of the origins of the expression is that ' wolf smoke ' is a reference to frontier beacon fires burning dried wolf dung to warn of the approach of an invading enemy . the wolf roamed the remote steppe and forests north of china , and in these sparsely inhabited areas the wolf has few natural enemies , except man . ( fig . 1 ) the deserts and grasslands of the north and north - west are also thinly vegetated , and so it is credible that dried wolf dung recommend itself as a fuel to soldiers living in near exile on the frontier who were required to man the elaborate lines of beacon towers that were china ' s early warning defence system from the late warring states period onwards . ( fig . 2 ) but the traditional explanation of the expression ' wolf smoke ' is far more convoluted .
fig . 8 cover of a recently published study on wolf totems , focusing on the significance of the wolf in uyghur culture . aisait sulaiman , uyghur totemic culture , urumqi : xinjiang people ' s publishing house , 2000 .
li zhengyu has tested the properties of burning dried wolf dung and compared it with that of other animals . he demonstrated to his own and his colleagues ' satisfaction that the claims for dried wolf dung are utterly spurious . moreover , the anatomical details concerning the similarities of the digestive tract of the camel and wolf are risible . above all , there is next to no archaeological evidence that dried wolf dung was burned in beacon fires , except in insignificant amounts .
fig . 1 the wolf enclosure , people ' s park , yining , xinjiang - uygur autonomous region . [ bgd ]
steppe wolf : the coin , the sabre & the pigeon is master mod for one of most popular strategy games - europa universalis iii . it is not just the first mod ever released for divine wind patch , but successor project of previous 10 mods released by vitosha pictures studio . steppe wolf extends the time frame from 11 ad until 2010 ad , which is about 6 times more then the vanilla game . the new map has almost 2 times more provinces since the vanilla , and it is changed in a historical way ( from bulgarian point of view ) , showing the change of borders and wars between bulgarian state and byzantine empire for over of 7 hundred years .
the majoirty of the global wolf population live within the northern hemisphere , in locations such as north america , europe , asia , etc . also , the total of the global wolf population is currently estimated at around 200 , 000 wolves in 57 countries .
wolves defend their territories from other packs through a combination of scent marking , direct attacks and howling . scent marking is used for territorial advertisement , and involves urination , defecation and ground scratching . when scent marking and howling fail to deter strange wolf packs from entering another ' s territory , violent interactions can ensue . territorial fights are among the principal causes of wolf mortality : one study on wolf mortality in minnesota and the denali national park and preserve concluded that 14–65 % of wolf deaths were due to predation by other wolves .
wolf packs rarely adopt other wolves into their fold , and typically kill them . in the rare cases where strange wolves are adopted , the adoptee is almost invariably an immature animal ( 1–3 years of age ) unlikely to compete for breeding rights with the mated pair . in some cases , a lone wolf is adopted into a pack to replace a deceased breeder . during times of ungulate abundance ( migration , calving etc . ) , different wolf packs may temporarily join forces .
the outbreak of war is described in ancient and modern literary chinese as ' wolf smoke rising around us ' ( langyan si qi ) . the expression ' smoke of the wolf ' ( langyan ) , which first made its appearance in literature in the 9th century , seems both an apt and evocative metaphor for warfare . the wolf has negative connotations in the chinese language , and a plethora of lupine expressions encapsulate the full range of human ambition , treachery , viciousness and rapacity .
in norway , in 2001 , the norwegian government authorised a controversial wolf cull on the grounds that the animals were overpopulating and were responsible for the killing of more than 600 sheep in 2000 . the norwegian authorities , whose original plans to kill 20 wolves were scaled down amid public outcry . in 2005 , the norwegian government proposed another cull , with the intent of exterminating 25 % of norways wolf population . a recent study of the wider scandinavian wolf population concluded there were 120 individuals at the most , causing great concern on the genetic health of the population .
the natural causes of wolf mortality are primarily starvation , which kills mostly pups ( view the ' pups ' section for more details ) , and death from other wolves because of territory fights .
characteristics steppe wolves usually come in desert colors to blend into their surroundings . they are not white as are many more northerly siberian wolves . caspian sea wolves usually weigh up to 88 pounds , having short coats that display shades of gray with rust or brown and black hairs over their back with a poorly furred tail .
li zhengyu draws attention to the fact that the wolf was a highly regarded , if not the most highly regarded , animal of most of these ethnic groups . the wolf figured prominently in the religious beliefs of the turks , the uyghurs , the tiele and the tuyuhun , all groups with which the tang fought border wars . li discusses this identification with the wolf , as a ' totemic ' phenomenon . ( fig . 8 ) the word ' totem ' has been much abused in chinese anthropological writing for the last two decades , but there is no denying the significance that the wolf played in what might be better termed the heraldry of the four ethnic groups . contemporary documents describe how the wolf was emblazoned on the banners these peoples carried into battle . li identifies many poems in which the smoke of war is linked to ' the bo - hun ' , a poetic abbreviation of tubo - tuyuhun . the tubo is an ancient name of the tibetans , and together with the tuyuhun they controlled the gansu corridor and qinghai for a period of nearly two centuries from the late tang through to the five dynasties . li notes that the tibetans also used the wolf on their banners .
diseases such as mange , canine parvovirus and distemper can be killers both in small and recovering populations and in some established populations as well . evidence suggests , however , that large wolf populations build up a resistance to canine parvovirus . lyme disease also infects wolves , and heartworm can reduce a wolf ' s endurance by restricting blood flow to the lungs . injuries caused by prey result in some deaths .
steppe wolf extends the time frame from 11 ad until 2010 ad , which is about 6 times more then the vanilla game . the map of the mod is also changed - converting for the first time ever , the victoria ii map for the use of europa universalis iii . the new map has almost 2 times more provinces since the vanilla , and it is changed in a historical way ( from bulgarian point of view ) , showing the change of borders and wars between bulgarian state and byzantine empire for over of 7 hundred years .
in the steppe wolf : the coin , the sabre & the pigeon ( csp ) mod version 1 . 13 beta you will found several fixes such as ctd ' s because of natives rising in modern african countries , events written in new way , so that new historical countries would be allowed to appears . also missions related to constructions of new buildings and decisions are changed in more playable way . there are some visible changes such as fixing old flags . if you encounter critical issue with the new versions please let me know in this thread or in
the colour of the eurasian wolf ranges from white , cream , red , grey and black , sometimes with all colours combined . wolves in central europe tend to be more richly coloured than those in northern europe .
steppe wolf blue skies checksum xgct is out ! expect another update in the near future ! main changes : - fixes in wording of decisions and events ; - decisions to adopt slavic , indian and near eastern technology for early games ; - fixed decisions for unification of some states ; - changes in flags and nations ; - fixed a bug with roman culture bonus applying to all nations ; - religion icons for slavic and greco - roman have been changed . there are some other small changes , but they are mainly not visible . ps : sorry for the double post !
the grey wolf is now on the endangered species list once again . today , wolves are protected in some areas , hunted for sport in others , or may be subject to extermination as perceived threats to livestock and pets .
steppe wolves were rather common prior to the extinction of humanity , and their survival translated well to post - apocalyptic times . they were quick to inherit human ways of life from their jackal neighbors as well as the ability to shift from european wolves . these wolves are responsible for transferring luperci traits to much of asia thanks to their newly acquired semi - nomadic nature .
like any large predator , wolves are perfectly capable of killing people . no one should ever encourage a wolf or any other wild animal to approach , and hikers and campers should take all necessary precautions to prevent mishaps involving wildlife .
though they usually eat almost every animal they can catch , both packs and lone steppe wolves have been known to occasionally kill more than they are capable of feeding on , especially caspian seals . they are also liable to hunt domestic animals of nomadic families at any time day or night . they hunt when they are hungry but if they are not successful they can go without food for several weeks .
this is not to say that wolf dung was not among the many available combustibles that could be burned at the beacon platforms , but the comprehensive lists of combustible materials used at beacon fires that appear in tang and song dynasty texts only ever mention wolf dung in combination with the dung of cattle , sheep and other animals , as well as with the wide variety of vegetable matter used at such sites . no text cites wolf dung as a main material . the structure of the beacon platforms was designed so that the smoke or flames could be seen clearly at the next watchtower . therefore they often had a chimney or flue arrangement to ensure that the smoke could rise as near to vertical as possible and be seen at the next relay station .
when wolf pups are born , they are completely blind and deaf , however they will have a very keen sense of smell in order to allow them to find a source of milk from the mother . pups will rely heavily on the mother and also other members of the pack , as the whole pack will help raise the puppies . also , pups will only weigh a single pound when they are born , although , it does not take them long to grow and full develop . here is the stages of development for wolf pups :
fields of wheat alternating with barren steppe and rocky slopes , as far as the eye can see . there’s little to look at beyond a herd of cows blocking the sparse traffic and a gaggle of geese passing by . yet the high plateau of anatolia has a certain barren charm . here – 350 kilometers east of turkey’s capital , ankara , south of sivas and just outside of the town of altınyayla – i meet ümit taşdelen exactly as planned . the 28 - year - old breeds kangals , the typical livestock - guarding dogs of anatolia . his kennel houses about a dozen dogs and a single wolf cub . he welcomes me by jokingly encouraging two massive but fortunately chained males to lunge at each other .
puppies will develop inside of the mother for about 63 days on average before the mother gives birth . within a litter , typically four to fix pups are born on average . wolf pups will be born inside the den and will stay in the den until they are ready to start venturing outside .
although some wolves are solitary , most are highly gregarious animals . the basic social unit of a wolf pack is the mated pair , accompanied by the pair ' s adult offspring . in ideal conditions , the mated pair produces pups every year , with such offspring typically staying in the pack for 10–54 months before dispersing .
in a word , the general answer is no . wolves typically avoid people . but ! there are several well documented accounts of wild wolves attacking people in north america , and although there were no witnesses , a 2007 inquest determined that a young man killed in northern saskatchewan in 2005 died as a result of a wolf attack .
on average , 30 % - 60 % of pups will survive after being born . wolf pups are able to die for a variety of reasons , such as diseases , malnutrition , predators , starvation , etc . parents of the pups and the rest of the pack are known to mourn for dead puppies by buring them due to being social creatures .
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coat colour ranges from almost pure white through various shades of blond , cream , and ochre to grays , browns , and blacks . variation in fur color tends to increase in higher latitudes . differences in coat colour between sexes are largely absent , though females may have redder tones . fur color doesn ' t seem to serve any camouflage purpose , with some experts concluding that the blended colors have more to do with emphasizing certain gestures during interaction . black coloured wolves ( which occur through wolf - dog hybridisation ) rarely occur in eurasia , where interactions with domestic dogs have been reduced over the past thousand years due to the depletion of wild wolf populations . black specimens are more common in north america , with about half the wolves in yellowstone national park being black .
the winter fur is highly resistant to cold ; wolves in northern climates can rest comfortably in open areas at −40° by placing their muzzles between the rear legs and covering their faces with their tail . wolf fur provides better insulation than dog fur , and does not collect ice when warm breath is condensed against it . in warm climates , the fur is coarser and scarcer than in northern wolves .
eurasian wolves have shorter , denser fur than their north american relatives . their size varies according to region , although adults measure 30 inches ( 76 centimetres ) at the shoulder and weigh around 70 – 130 pounds ( 32 – 59 kilograms ) , with females usually being about twenty per cent smaller than males . the heaviest known eurasian wolf was killed in romania and weighed 158 pounds ( 72 kilograms ) .
today , very few of taşdelen’s customers are traditional shepherds . most of the buyers want a watchdog for their homes . riding through the villages , i occasionally catch a glimpse of the mighty dogs in the courtyard of a house or a factory . but owning a kangal is a challenge . the dogs need constant activity , and bored kangals can develop behavioral problems . at the same time , kangals that lead a more settled existence live longer than their counterparts on the steppe , who must be ready to defend their charges at all times . “here a kangal has a good chance of living to the age of thirteen instead of just eight , like most dogs in the wild , ” taşdelen explains .
the gray wolf has very dense and fluffy winter fur , with short underfur and long , coarse guard hairs . most of the underfur and some of the guard hairs are shed in the spring and grow back in the autumn period . the longest hairs occur on the back , particularly on the front quarters and neck . especially long hairs are found on the shoulders , and almost form a crest on the upper part of the neck .
the eurasian wolf alpha male and female mate between january and march . litters , usually consist of 6 pups which are born 7 weeks later in a den which has been dug among bushes or rocks . the male brings food back to the den , either by carrying it whole or by swallowing and then regurgitating it for the others to eat . as the pups grow , the mother and other members of the pack help to feed them .
more than 130 ancient beacon platforms have been discovered in the dunhuang region , and all over china tens of thousands of these sites have been identified by archaeologists . not only did these beacon towers relay military information , they also issued ' all clear ' ( ping ' an ) signals in the morning and at nightfall , according to one tang text . yet none of these many sites have been found to contain deliberately piled up wolf dung .
wolves cross over the border from russia into finland on a regular basis . although they are protected under eu law , finland has issued hunting permits on a preventative basis in the past , which resulted in the european commission taking legal action in 2005 . in june 2007 the european court of justice ruled that finland had breached the habitats directive but that both sides had failed in at least one of their claims . finland’s wolf population is estimated at around 250 . eurasian wolves are currently considered as ‘least concern’ by the iucn .
fauna . - - intensive agricultural development has changed the fauna of the annual grasslands . larger species , such as the california grizzly bear , wolf , and pronghorn antelope , have been eliminated or pushed up into the hills . common mammals include the beechy ground squirrel , cottontail , blacktail jackrabbit , california mouse , and kangaroo rats . several subspecies of mule deer live in brushy areas . other species , such as the coyote and bobcat , live in adjacent woodlands , occasionally entering from them . the san joaquin kit fox is classified as an endangered species .
most of the information regarding the beacon system of the earlier period from the han to the tang dynasty has been gleaned from archaeological research . it is estimated that there were thousands of beacon towers along the historical great walls of the north - west , and the number that survive to the present day is also calculated to be in the thousands . at yumenguan pass and other sites within the dunhuang district of gansu province ( fig . 4 ) , ' tinder piles ' called jixindui have been preserved for up to two millennia by the arid climate of the region . ( fig . 5 ) archaeologists have examined these piles of fuel intended for use in signal fires . they comprise dried chinese tamarisk , reeds , diversiform - leaved poplar , the rose willow and other types of vegetation . only occasionally have they been found to contain animal dung , and never that of the wolf . while some ancient texts describing the composition of the fuel for beacon fires do include wolf dung , it is only mentioned in the context of that of other animals and then only as an additive to the many plants which military manuals recommend that garrison troops use .
' the smoke of the wolf ' first made its appearance in poetry of the late - tang period composed by du mu , li shangyin and other less well - known poets . almost all the poetry treats border themes , but works prior to the late - tang which mention ' beacon fires ' and ' war signals ' do not use the epithet ' wolf smoke ' . the term langyan first makes its appearance in the late - tang period and then only in lyric verse or more formal poetry ; it does not appear in any prose works , including official documents , treatises , essays or letters . the term therefore originally had only lyrical import . in the subsequent five dynasties period , the situation changes , if only to a limited extent . li zhengyu can only identify four prose passages produced in the central plains area that contain the term . however , the situation is different when we examine writings produced during the five dynasties period ( 907 - 960 ) in china ' s far west . among the vast library of writings in many different languages unearthed at dunhuang , langyan appears in various linguistic media . at least ten instances occur in the manuscripts collected at dunhuang by paul pelliot and aurel stein a century ago . ( fig . 7 )
editor’s note : the kangal ( pronounced khan - ghahl ) is a breed of large livestock guarding dog originating from the city of sivas in central turkey . the breed is not used for herding , but to defend flocks of sheep from wolves , jackals and even bears . the kangal is such an effective guardian that it has been imported to the u . s for the purpose of protecting livestock from wolves , lessening the need for more extreme control measures such as wolf culls . in the piece below , bernd brunner , a writer who splits his time between germany and istanbul , explores the relationship between these fearless dogs and their turkish masters .
shepherds refer to a successful dog as “a kangal that strangled a wolf . ” but despite their strong emotional bond to their helpmates , they use a heavy hand . for example , they often crop the dogs’ ears , not only to make the animals less vulnerable to attack , but because they believe that the dogs hear better this way and can more easily sense the sound of wolves approaching . each day , a working kangal eats a meal of yal , a mash of barley and bran cooked with butter , milk , salt , and sugar . kangals also eat sheep that die of illness or injury , which are considered unfit for human consumption . a feast like that is enough to satisfy a dog for a week .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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like most other wolves , mating is usually between the dominant pair of the pack . breeding usually occurs between january and april . after about 63 days , the mother will give birth to 4 to 7 pups which the entire pack usually takes part in raising .
status the canis lupus campestris has been hunted as a nuisance for years . it is listed as endangered in the mongolian red list of mamals ( 2007 ) , and can now only be found in a far south - western part of russia along the caspian sea .
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i mean , i know it ' s a eu3 mod . but why is it met with universal derision every time it ' s brought up ? is it buggy / unbalanced , etc . ?
it tried to be extended timeline for eu3 , but it was never meant to be .
it was literally unplayable at launch and , even after patching , ended up lackluster . slavic bias rampant , too - i still remember how there are no balts until 1100 or something !
anyone care to explain some of the more prominent bugs ? i to have the same question , and all i can really find online to degrade the mod is its huge bias towards the bulgarians / slavs .
this is a sub - reddit for discussion , links , etc . about any game published by paradox interactive or their partners . this includes games like europa universalis iv , europa universalis iii , darkest hour , hearts of iron 3 , crusader kings , mount and blade , magicka , hearts of iron 4 , grand strategy games , and many more ! also , some keywords : eu4 , ck2 , eu3 , vic2 , hoi3 , dh , ck , vic , pdx , m & b , hoi4 , gsg .
the main aim of the game remains unchanged , but spiced up - you have to guide your state in the cruel political realm , managing to hold on it as long as possible . some players goes further craving to seize the golden constantinople , holding firmly the trade between europe and asia , occupy the holy town of jerusalem or restoring ancient empires such as roman and alexander the great - macedonia ( thought for history accuracy ancient macedonians in the game are from illiric culture , not greek ) .
some of the players with touch for diplomacy would prefer to govern over the small trade republic such as genoa , pisa or venice , interfering with the world conflicts with heavy sacks of gold .
in this master mod the politic would be part of existence of your state , whether you like it or not you would be involved in dynastic struggles , dynastic marriages , alliances or spy games .
for the experienced strategy players , this master mod is so desired mix between age of empires ii , mediveal : total war and civilization iii .
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the mod started crashing when loading for no reason it was fine when i played last time .
i am playing with raska and the year is 1105 and i can ' t form serbia yet . is that decision only available after a certain year or what ? amazing mod by the way played with roman empire previously and conquered most of the world .
played as raska too but i dont even have a option to form serbia : / . . i only can play the oldest version because its crashing while i play the new one . . i mean i cant even play it becaseu it crashes right the way . .
i have version 5 . 2 of the game , but it does not work . . . . i need help what happens to me : the game starts i give for a player and closes the game
i have to say this is an all around awesome mod . i ' ve been having the time of my life with it . but , i ' ve recently been having a problem where the game crashes when i try to access the ledger . if you have any solution to this , i ' d love to hear it . thanks !
i noticed you don ' t have any form of recognition for your use of taleworld ' s mount & blade music for your video .
so no answer to my question for more then a month ? ! it is a pity there are so many trolls around .
if you are so concerned with copyrights you should first check who is the author . i ' m not the author of those videos and i don ' t carry any copyright obligations about them . do you have something useful to say about the mod itself or just troling ?
your comment will be anonymous unless you join the community . or sign in with your social account :
© 2002 - 2018 dbolical pty ltd . all rights reserved . 4108 modders .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
if this is your first visit , be sure to check out the faq by clicking the link above . you may have to register before you can post : click the register link above to proceed . to start viewing messages , select the forum that you want to visit from the selection below .
if you have europe universalis iii : divine winds 5 . 2 from 6 august 2012 please try this :
if you have europe universalis iii : divine winds 5 . 2 from 19 april 2012 please try this :
if you have europe universalis iii : divine winds 5 . 1 22 july 2011 please try this :
important notice : this mod is compatible only with english language mode . other language version under which you play eu iii might not run . main changes since previous version :
. please , notice that , i ' m not so available last days , so i might need up to several days to reply .
extract the files in the mod directory of your europa universalis iii game . you need at least
( located in the euiii \ map \ cache ) . it is highly recommended to turn off pop - up function for newly explored provinces .
as the mod creators are mainly from bulgaria we change a little the interface . the biggest change is the strategic view of the map , which is in fact get from europa universalis mini mod which name i can ' t recall ( if someone recognize it please let us know ) . as well the flag frame is imported from septentrionalis universalis . other changes are the infamity icon ( bulgarian flag ) , the merchant icon ( which look like typical medieval balkan trader ) and the missionary icon which is in orthodox style .
when country is in a long and exhausting war military maintenance is vital for the victory . however due to trade embargoes and war exhaustion rulers are often unable to pay their soldiers . on the other hand loans means that you get in the spiral of economy crisis . other option is minting , but then the inflation will hit you .
as we know from the history often , while in war the rulers issue , so called government , which are way to finance your deficit . off course behind this opportunities they are negative consequences :
the second way is when the rulers decrease the amount of gold in the coins they issue . however soon or later the population found out about this and this leads to :
thanks . i am trying it now . i am awed by the factions and large history of this mod . one small mistake i found . province of salima in africa seems to be begin with ottomans in 11 ad and stays that way long until the ottomans actually capture it .
it ' s just worth saying that because this mod is so huge . it runs fairly slow on even very good computers
thanks for the words ! as for salima , please check about province 2564 in folder history / provinces of your mod directory . turks should appear from 19 century there .
true , i ' m playing it with combination of graphics with lower resolution , which helps a bit .
it ' s very annoying because this mod is absolutely epic . i love it , i just don ' t have the patients for it
some problems i noticed are that in the 2010 bookmark the hre is still active with hungary as the emperor . greece and ireland are quite rich .
really its a great mod , just very unpolised . like in most of the bookmarks the armys and stuff are absent .
first of all i want to say that this is a great looking mod and cudos to all the people involved in creating it . i downloaded this last night and have been playing all morning , but i ' ve run into a bit of a problem . i was going to post this on the bug thread , but it doesn ' t load correctly when i click the link so i ' ll just post it here . i ' m doing a rome campaign in the 460 ' s / 470 ' s right now and naval battles seem to be glitched . my fleet of 86 ships has been tied down in an endless battle with 6 vandal ships that can ' t seem to hurt each other for over a year now . i have armies in italy that i ' m trying to send over to africa , but i can ' t as all my ships are stuck in this glitch . any ideas on how to fix this ?
oh well . i ' m playing a much later campaign in the 1200 ' s now with nicea and the naval battles are still long , but they don ' t last for years either so it ' s no big deal . having tons of fun with it all around !
hey guys . . . . after i download and put the files in the mod folder , i try to open the game with the mod but when it loading history file , it stops and it says that it cant open the 532 - luneburg _ sw file . . . . can anyone tell me what im doing wrong . . . i tried to redownload the mod but the problem remains . plz talk to me as soon as possible . . . i want to play the game with this mod ! ! ! ! !
go into the mod folder - > history - > provinces - > search for said province . if it has any non english letters change to english ( them letters with lines and dots above them etc ) . otherwise no idea
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here is the newest version of the mod with checksum okni . if you have any questions please pm me , i can also give you a forum for the mod itself as a link . here ' s the download link : urltoken
anyone who ' d like to join a multiplayer game with me and another friend please pm me for it , we usually play by hamachi .
a new version of the mod has been released , featuring many changes in advisors and religions . we didn ' t have much time these months to work on the mod , but the changes are really substantial and allow for a better investment in the different sliders by use of advisors . our plan is to create new religious decisions for the pagan religions since they have none . await further information !
hi there , can i ask something about your mode ? i just want to know what is the latest version of your mode now ? and also i am willing to help you to develop some se asia country or maybe some part of asia .
i have an error in your last version of your mod , [ img ] [ / img ] how to fix these error ? please let me know . thank you
hey dude , if you want to help for the mod , you can join us at the official website : urltoken also i saw your issue , it comes from the fact that you don ' t have a german language pack installed in your windows . there are two solutions to this : 1 . you can change every missing letter with the appropriate u / o / e because they aren ' t ü / ë / ö ; 2 . you can just install a german language pack and it will work great from my personal experience .


pyrausta scurralis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by hulst in 1886 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from manitoba and saskatchewan to california , arizona , new mexico and mexico .

the habitat consists of undisturbed , shrubby aspen parkland .

the wingspan is about 23 mm .

the ground color of the fore - and hindwings is pale yellowish white .

there is a pink y-shape on the outer half of the forewings .

adults are on wing from july to august .

the larvae possibly feed on a labiatae species .

pyrausta scurralis

pyrausta scurralis scurralis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 130 , pl . 9 , f . 59 - 63
this specimen may be a worn example of the pyrausta scurralis ( 5065 ) , i think .
botis scurralis hulst , 1886 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 13 : 155 ; tl : arizona
pyrausta scurralis awemealis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 130 , pl . 9 , f . 64 - 65 ; tl : aweme , manitoba
pyrausta aurata ( scopoli , 1763 ) = pyrausta auratus ( scopoli , 1763 ) .
pyrausta despicata ( scopoli , 1763 ) = pyrausta despicatus ( scopoli , 1763 ) = pyralis cespitalis denis & schiffermüller , 1775 .
pyrausta tithonialis ; sumpich & skyva , 2012 , nota lepid . 35 ( 2 ) : 177
pyrausta cajelalis holland , 1900 ; novit . zool . 7 ( 3 ) : 590 ; tl : buru
pyrausta perlelegans hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 256 ; tl : colombia ; peru
pyrausta lithosialis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 263 ; tl : natal , northdene
pyrausta tetraplagalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 268 ; tl : mashonaland , salisbury
pyrausta ( pyraustinae ) ; hampson , 1899 , proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 252 ; [ globiz ]
pyrausta phaeophoenica hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 268 ; tl : brazil , castro paraña
pyrausta subsequalis subsequalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 18 , 22
pyrausta perrubralis perrubralis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 49 - 51
pyrausta unifascialis unifascialis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 73 - 80
pyrausta trizonalis hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 267 ; tl : mexico , cordoba , orizaba
pyrausta pyrocausta hampson , 1899 ; proc . zool . soc . london 1899 : 264 ; tl : brazil , são paulo ; paraña
pyrausta nubigena rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 189 ; tl : algeria , guelt - es - stel
pyrausta cajelalis fortioralis rothschild , 1915 ; novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 227 ; tl : manusela , central ceram , 650m
pyrausta arenicola hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 28 ; tl : algeria
pyrausta coccinea warren , 1892 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 9 ( 50 ) : 176 ; tl : california
pyrausta borealis packard , [ 1867 ] ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 11 : 53 ; tl : square island , labrador
= pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis ( packard , 1873 ) ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 133 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068a
pyrausta aurea butler , 1875 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 16 ( 96 ) : 414 ; tl : natal
pyrausta obtusanalis druce , 1899 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 100 , f . 12
pyrausta ploimalis dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 284 ; tl : trinidad r .
pyrausta flavibrunnea hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 12 ( 67 ) : 32 ; tl : cuernavaca , mexico
pyrausta subsequalis plagalis haimbach , 1908 ; ent . news 19 ( 6 ) : 263 ; tl : miller ' s canyon , huachuca mts . , arizona
pyrausta unifascialis arizonensis munroe , 1957 ; can . ent . 89 : 93 , f . 5 ; tl : wildcat creek , white mts . , arizona
pyrausta perrubralis saanichalis munroe , 1951 ; can . ent . 83 : 166 , pl . 1 , f . 5 ; tl : ; duncan , british columbia
pyrausta perrubralis saanichalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 55 - 56 ; [ nacl ] , # 5064a
pyrausta unifascialis subolivalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 133 , pl . 9 , f . 66 - 72 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068a
pyrausta unifascialis rindgei ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 81 - 82 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068b
pyrausta unifascialis arizonensis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 134 , pl . 9 , f . 83 - 84 ; [ nacl ] , # 5068c
pyrausta californicalis californicalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 113 , pl . 6 , f . 16 , 19 - 223 , pl . t , f . 3
pyrausta perrubralis shastanalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 129 , pl . 9 , f . 52 - 54 ; tl : mt . shasta , california
pyrausta unifascialis rindgei munroe , 1957 ; can . ent . 89 : 93 , f . 6 - 7 ; tl : rancho la sierra , near arlington , riverside co . , california
pyrausta shirleyae munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 102 , pl . u , f . 1 - 2 , 5 - 7 ; tl : pensacola , florida
pyrausta retidiscalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 126 , pl . t , f . 7 ; tl : the basin , big bend national park , texas
pyrausta andrei munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 127 , pl . t , f . 8 ; tl : green gulch , big bend national park , texas
pyrausta socialis perpallidalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 141 , pl . 9 , f . 35 - 36 ; tl : kusshi canyon , yakima co . , washington
pachyzancla aurea hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 11 ( 66 ) : 515 ( ? preocc . pyrausta aurea butler , 1875 ) ; tl : presidio , mexico
pyrausta californicalis sierranalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 114 , pl . 6 , f . 17 - 18 ; tl : mineral spr . , tulare co . , california
pyrausta subgenerosa munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 118 , pl . k , f . 2 ; tl : chipmunk flat , near sonora pass , tuolumme co . , california
pyrausta fodinalis monticola munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 139 , pl . 9 , f . 30 - 32 ; tl : mt . shasta , siskiyou co . , california
pyrausta corinthalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 243 , pl . 1 , f . 27 ; tl : palmerlee , arizona
pyrausta pythialis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 , pl . 23 , f . 7 ; tl : cartwright , manitoba
pyrausta inveterascalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 165 , pl . 23 , f . 6 ; tl : new brighton , pennsylvania
pyrausta tuolumnalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 165 , pl . 23 , f . 11 ; tl : tuolumme meadows , california
pyrausta socialis socialis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 140 , pl . 9 , f . 33 - 34 , 37 , pl . k , f . 6 , pl . t , f . 10
pyrausta arizonensis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 131 , pl . 9 , f . 57 - 58 ( preocc . munroe , 1957 ) ; tl : prescott , yavapai co . , arizona
pyrausta sartoralis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 242 , pl . 1 , f . 26 ; tl : loma linda , san bernardino co . , california
pyrausta roseivestalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 94 , pl . 8 , f . 41 , pl . j , f . 3 , l . s , f . 5 ; tl : vidal , california
pyrausta zonalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 , pl . 24 , f . 10 ; tl : palm sprs . , riverside co . , california
pyrausta ochreicostalis barnes & mcdunnough , 1918 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 2 ) : 163 , pl . 23 , f . 8 ; tl : palm sprt . , riverside co . , california
pyrausta pilatealis barnes & mcdunnough , 1914 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 2 ( 6 ) : 242 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; tl : loma linda , san bernardino co . , california
pyrausta subsequalis borealis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 19 - 21 , 23 - 25 , pl . 9 , f . 13 - 14 , 17 ; [ nacl ] , # 5060a
pyrausta pseudonythesalis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 105 , pl . 6 , f . 28 - 29 , pl . j , f . 5 , pl . s , f . 7 ; tl : vidal , california
pyrausta pseuderosnealis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 114 , pl . 8 , f . 9 - 13 , pl . j , f . 8 , pl . t , f . 4 ; tl : georgetown , texas
pyrausta subsequalis plagalis ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 123 , pl . 9 , f . 4 - 6 , 10 - 12 , 15 - 16 , 18 , pl . k , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 5060b
pyrausta subsequalis petaluma munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 123 , pl . 9 , f . 1 - 3 , 7 - 9 , pl . t , f . 5 ; tl : petaluma , sonoma co . , california
pyrausta fodinalis septenrionicola munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 139 , pl . 9 , f . 27 - 29 , pl . k , f . 5 , pl . t , f . 9 ; tl : scandia , alberta
pyrausta klotsi munroe , 1976 ; : : mna13 . 2 : 108 , pl . 6 , f . 32 - 33 , pl . j , f . 7 , pl . t , f . 1 ; tl : ramsey canyon , huachuca mts . , arizona
pyrausta antisocialis munroe , 1976 ; [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) : 141 , pl . 9 , f . 38 - 39 , pl . k , f . 7 , pl . t , f . 11 ; tl : mcgaffey , zuñi mts . , mckinley co . , new mexico , 7500 '
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munroe , e . , 1976 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 13 . 2b , p . 130 ; pl . 9 . 59 - 65 . order
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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turtle river state park , grand forks county , north dakota , usa august 2 , 2013 size : length ~ 1 . 3 cm
contributed by carl d . barrentine on 2 august , 2013 - 8 : 06pm
a little worn , but nevertheless a nice image to add to the guide . ; - )
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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poole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
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) . your comments will be very valuable in improving the overall quality of our databases for the benefit of all users .
new york - to ( arizona , texas ) , tropical america . see [ maps ]
from ( washington - montana ) - to ( california - texas ) . see [ maps ]
washington - california , w . arizona , n . mexico . see [ maps ]
paraedis napaealis hulst , 1886 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 13 : 145 ; tl : california
loxostege linealis fernald , 1894 ; insect life 6 : 255 ; tl : argus mts . , california
california ( mojave desert , los angeles ) - s . nevada , s . arizona - texas ( big bend ) . see [ maps ]
botis lethalis grote , 1881 ; can . ent . 13 ( 2 ) : 33 ; tl : [ havilah ] , california
texas , colorado , arizona - mexico ( chiapas ) . see [ maps ]
botis volupialis grote , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 ( app . ) : 799 ; tl : hills w of denver , colorado
washington ( yakima co . ) , california - texas , nevada ( clark co . ) , mexico . see [ maps ]
metasia morenalis dyar , 1908 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 10 ( 1 - 2 ) : 58 ; tl : grapevine , california
botis atropurpuralis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 104 ; tl : texas , belfrage
from ( quebec - british columbia ) - utah , colorado , nevada , california . see [ maps ]
washington , california , utah , colorado , wyoming , arizona . see [ maps ]
botis augustalis grote , 1881 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 2 ) : 273 ( preocc . felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) ; tl : colorado
from ( british columbia - ontario ) - to ( north carolina , south carolina , texas , arizona ) . see [ maps ]
botys ( rhodaria ) vinulenta grote & robinson , 1867 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 17 ( ? repl . rhodaria signatalis walker , [ 1866 ] ) ; tl : north america
w . pennsylvania - s . ontario , illinois , missouri . see [ maps ]
syllythria rosa druce , 1895 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 60 , f . 19
nova scotia - michigan - to ( florida - texas ) . see [ maps ]
endotricha julialis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 17 : 389 ( part )
botys augustalis felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 5 ) : pl . 134 , f . 26
pachyzancla xanthomela hampson , 1913 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 11 ( 66 ) : 515 ; tl : purulha , guatemala
florida - na . georgia , iowa , kansas , oklahoma , texas . see [ maps ]
botys onythesalis walker , 1859 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 18 : 734
california , nevada , arizona , new mexico , texas . see [ maps ]
south carolina - florida , west indies , ca , sa . see [ maps ]
rhodaria insignitalis guenée , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 8 : 173 ; tl : [ rio maroni ] , cayenne
botis flavofascialis grote , 1882 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 6 ( 3 ) : 577 ; tl : new mexico
florida - south carolina , louisiana , e . texas . see [ maps ]
na . georgia - florida , west indies , tropical , queensland . see [ maps ]
larva on hyptis capitata , dicerandra frutescens smedley , mccormick & eisner , 1990 , j . lep . soc . 44 ( 3 ) : 156
botys californicalis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 260 ; tl : california
larva on mentha sp . , ( california ) [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 114
texas , florida , louisiana , arkansas , missouri , illinois , oklahoma , mexico . see [ maps ]
botis dapalis grote , 1881 ; can . ent . 13 ( 1 ) : 17 ; tl : california
712x659 ( ~ 89kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 8 . 8 . 2009 , photo © d . smirnov
827x557 ( ~ 97kb ) russia , moscow area , 26 . 7 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
980x598 ( ~ 109kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 1 . 8 . 2009 , photo © d . smirnov
673x646 ( ~ 110kb ) russia , moscow area , 10 . 8 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
500x343 ( ~ 22kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , 27 . 7 . 1973 , markku savela leg .
herbula ? submarginalis walker , [ 1866 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 34 : 1286 ( preocc . walker , 1866 )
from ( ontario - alberta ) - florida , missouri . see [ maps ]
botys generosa grote & robinson , 1867 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 1 : 20 , pl . 2 , f . 10 ; tl : pennsylvania
newfoundland , s . canada - to ( florida , new mexico , california ) . see [ maps ]
larva on satureia hortensis , monarda [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 120
w . northwest territory , yukon , alaska ? , rocky mountains . see [ maps ]
500x318 ( ~ 18kb ) finland : om : perho jänkä , 7020 : 376 , 10 . 6 . 1971 , markku savela leg .
500x339 ( ~ 21kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 20 . 7 . 1970 , markku savela leg .
herbula subsequalis guenée , 1854 ; hist . nat . ins . , spec . gén . lépid . 8 : 177 ; tl : north ameria
900x678 ( ~ 83kb ) usa : pike national forest , sugar creek on cr - 67 ( about 39°18 ' n 105°10 ' w ) , douglas co . , co , 29 . 7 . 2012 , photo © markku savela
s . nova scotia , s . ontario - to ( illinois - n . florida , mississippi , e . texas )
( deltoides & pyralides ) pl . 8 , f . 3 ( repl .
botis tatalis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 106 ; tl : [ texas , belfrage ]
botys perrubralis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 264 ; tl : california
s . british columbia - california , nevada , colorado , arizona . see [ maps ]
botys semirubralis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 263 ; tl : california
botys unifascialis packard , 1873 ; ann . lyc . nat . hist . n . y . 10 : 261 ; tl : california
s . new york - to ( illinois - florida , texas ) , mexico - venezuela , west indies . see [ maps ]
syllythria idessa druce , 1895 ; biol . centr . - amer . ins . lep . het . 3 : pl . 60 , f . 20
new jersey - florida , missouri , texas , oklahoma , s . california . see [ maps ]
from ( nova scotia - ontario , missouri ) - to ( n . florida - texas ) . see [ maps ]
s . canada - to ( florida - colorado ) . see [ maps ]
botis niveicilialis grote , 1875 ; bull . buffalo soc . nat . sci . 2 : 232 ; tl : new york
botys fodinalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 369 , ( 12 ) : 461 , pl . 8 , f . 9 ; tl : california
larva on monardella villosa , ( reared ) [ mna13 . 2 ] ( b ) , 138
botis socialis grote , 1877 ; can . ent . 9 ( 6 ) : 107 ; tl : canada
= hapalia bicoloralis ; whalley , 1963 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 13 ( 11 ) : 446
botys tinctalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 371 , ( 12 ) pl . 9 , f . 5 ; tl : venezuela
botys extinctalis lederer , 1863 ; wien . ent . monats . 7 ( 10 ) : 372 , ( 12 ) pl . 9 , f . 18 ; tl : himalaya ?
botys catasemalis röber , 1891 ; tijdschr . ent . 34 : 334 ; tl : key i .
botys aulicalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 75 ; tl : jamaica
botys villicalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica
botys matronulalis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica
botys collustralis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 76 ; tl : jamaica
botys hilaralis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : jamaica
botys meropialis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : jamaica
botys janiralis möschler , 1886 ; abh . senckenb . nat . ges . 14 ( 3 ) : 78 ; tl : jamaica
this information is not automatically synchronized with globiz and can sometimes be lagging behind .
[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
histoire naturelle des insectes . species général des lépidoptéres . tome huitiéme . deltoides et pyralites
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
in uhler , p . r . report upon the insects collected by p . r . uhler during the explorations of 1875 , including monographs of the families
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 1
a revision of the moths of the subfamily pyraustinae and family pyralidae . part 2
histoire naturelle , générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes . ouvrage faisant suite a l ' histoire naturelle générale et particuliére , composée par leclerc de buffon , et redigée par c . s . sonnini , member de plusieurs sociétés savantes
descriptions of lepidopterous insects collected the late dr . f . stoliczka during the indian - government mission to yarkund in 1873
( a ) : 1 - 78 , pl . 1 - 4 , a - h , ( b ) : 79 - 150 , pl . 5 - 9 , j - u
list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . supplement
whalley , 1963 a revision of the world species of the genus endotricha zeller ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 13 ( 11 ) : 395 - 454 , pl . 1 - 37
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
marsh fern moth ( fagitana littera ) . photographed at portage lake , parry sound district , ontario on 5 july 2015 . © david beadle .
on apple osx , or right click on the text above to copy the link .
a smaller moth with a wingspan around 23 mm . the ground color of the upperside of both fore and hind wings is pale yellowish white , being somewhat more yellowish in the upper part of the forewings . a pink y is present in the outer half of the forewings , somewhat similar to the darker , purplish y overlaid with lead colored scales that is present in
. the ground color of the fore wings in the latter is sulphur yellow , not pale yellowish white .
was described by hulst ( 1886 ) from arizona and new mexico material . the upper side of the hind wings have a wide light brown band near the margin .
unknown . the larvae may feed on a member of the mint family ( labiatae ) .
munroe ( 1976 ) reported the subspecies awemealis from southern manitoba and saskatchewan . the type locality is aweme , manitoba . not reported for alberta by bowman ( 1951 ) . known on the basis of six specimens collected on three separate nights in aspen parkland in the buffalo lake conservation area , north of stettler .
comments are published according to our submission guidelines . the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .
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albania , austria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , greece , denmark , ireland , spain , italy , corsica , crete , latvia , luxembourg , malta , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , sardinia , sicily , slovakia , turkey - european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - west , the european central european south taiga , transbaikalia , western caucasus , kaliningrad , karelia , krasnoyarsk , lower volga , of baikal , pribaikalskiy , mid - volzhsky , average urals , tuva , south west siberian , south ural , south yakutia .
albania , austria , belgium , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , crete , latvia , liechtenstein , luxembourg , macedonia , malta , moldova , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) channel islands , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , russia , sardinia , sicily , slovakia , slovenia , turkey ( european part ) , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
albania , austria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , greece , spain , italy , corsica , crete , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , sardinia , sicily , slovakia , the soviet union - european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , gorno - altaisk , the european north - west , central european , european southern taiga , transbaikalia , western caucasus , kaliningrad , krasnoyarsk , nizhny - amur , lower volga , pribaikalskiy , seaside , medium amur , mid - volzhsky , mid - ural , tuva , south ural , south yakutia .
albania , austria , baleares , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , canary islands , corsica , crete , latvia , liechtenstein , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , moldova , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , russia , sardinia , sicily , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .


eleodes osculans , the wooly darkling beetle , is a common nocturnal insect in coastal southern california .

as a stink beetle of genus eleodes , its easily observed defensive posture is to raise its hind end and secrete an unpleasant odor .

this is one of the few darkling beetles species in north america , to be covered in visible fuzz .

e. osculans alone has brightly colored reddish brown hair atop its black elytra .

eleodes osculans

eleodes osculans is the woolly darkling beetle . these smallish darklings have a fine red coating of comparatively long hairs covering their abdomens .
seasonal activity and water loss relationships in four species of eleodes ( coleoptera : tenebrionidae ) .
it could be there were still remnants of fungi on the ironclads , eleodes loves fungi . mushrooms were also in season .
it ' s hard to say . it does look like a stress response , which kellakk suggested , however that doesnt explain the osculans '
grooming
, which occurred before the balling behavior .
we have another new addition to the bfs invertebrate list — the wooly darkling beetle , eleodes osculans . this species was found by dr . paul stapp’s cal state fulllerton mammalogy class , who collected it in their rodent traps . prof . stapp adds , “like other tenebrionids , they seem to really like the peanut butter and oats we bait [ … ]
i have an enclosure full of various native detritivores , with ironclads , and various tenebrionids , and whilst doing some macro shooting , all of a sudden the largest osculans began grooming all the phloeodes , then all of a sudden the phloeodes began acting funny , one was resting on top of the largest ironclad , then the largest osculans ran over to them really fast and began grooming them , then the smaller osculans , which was shy suddenly ran out , and they all got into a ball , but they werent fighting or attempting to mate . im guessing the two species are naturally very friendly towards each other , which is really cool .
full pdf smith , w . e . and w . g . whitford . 1976 . seasonal activity and water loss relationships in four species of eleodes ( coleoptera : tenebrionidae ) . southwestern entomologist 1 ( 4 ) : 161–163 .
charles a . triplehorn and donald b . thomas , studies in the genus eleodes eschscholtz with a revision of the subgenus melaneleodes blaisdell and omegeleodes , new subgenus ( coleoptera : tenebrionidae : eleodini ) , transactions of the american entomological society , 137 ( 3 / 4 ) : 251 - 281 , 2011 . full text .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
field guide to beetles of california arthur v . evans and james n . hogue . 2006 . university of california press .
insects of the los angeles basin , 2nd edition charles l . hogue . 1992 . natural history museum of los angeles county .
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transactions of the american entomological society , vol . 137 , no . 3 / 4 , pp . 251 - 281 , 2011
contributed by edward l . ruden on 24 december , 2016 - 10 : 25pm
by yves bousquet , donald b . thomas , patrice bouchard , aaron d . smith , rolf l . aalbu , m . andrew johnston , warren e . steiner jr .
james dilley preserve , laguna beach , orange county , ca . 05 / 10 / 08 . © peter j . bryant
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that ' s very odd . i wonder if something like that happens normally ? could the
? if it was cleaning , then i wonder if that ' s a behavior that happens in nature . i guess i don ' t really know how much these species interact in the wild .
yeah , that could do it then . mine have gone to town on any mushrooms i put in their enclosure as well . it would be interesting to see if the beetles exhibit that behavior again at some point .
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the white-bearded hermit ( phaethornis hispidus ) is a species of hummingbird in the trochilidae family .

it is found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , peru , and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical swamps .

white - bearded hermit

nobody uploaded sound recordings for white - bearded hermit ( phaethornis hispidus ) yet .
white - bearded hermit ( phaethornis hispidus ) is a species of bird in the trochilidae family .
. however , none of them have the white - bearded white facial markings and mostly greyish - looking plumage .
the white - bearded hermit ( phaethornis hispidus - gould , 1846 ) is a south american hummingbird with a wide distribution .
the white - bearded hermit primarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored , scented small flowers of trees , herbs , shrubs and epiphytes . they favor flowers with the highest sugar content ( often red - colored and tubular - shaped ) .
the white - bearded hermit is a large hermit , averaging 5 inches or 12 . 7 cm in length . it has a slender , long , down - curved bill , which is longer in the male ( 1 . 2 - 1 . 4
or 30 - 36 mm ) . the lower beak is yellow with black tips . its most distinctive features are its dusky face mask with a white stripe just over its eyes and central throat stripes .
hinkelmann , c . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . white - bearded hermit ( phaethornis hispidus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the average clutch consists of two white eggs , which she incubates alone , while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on ( although hermit males tend to be less aggressive than the males of other hummingbird species ) . the young are born blind , immobile and without any down .
this large , active hermit is constantly foraging throughout the understory of forest borders . males form leks which potentially exist of dozens of individuals and they sing together from low perches for a large portion of the year . while they lek , males continuously make repeated czweet sounds . the combination of the overall gray appearance of both sexes and a narrow , white throat stripe helps diagnose this hermit in the field . they are widespread and fairly common in the amazon up to an elevation of 850 meters .
c . 13–14 cm ; 4–6 g . a medium - sized hermit hummingbird with bronze upperparts and grey underparts , grey margins to uppertail - coverts , and distinct gular and malar . . .
the upper plumage is a mixed colored of bronze - green - grey . the under plumage is greyish , slightly tinged brown and the abdomen is whitish . the tail is dull dark green ; the three central tail feathers are very long with white tips .
during the breeding season , the males of many hermit species form leks ( = competitive mating displays ) and congregate on traditional display grounds . once a female enters their territory , they display for her . their display may entail wiggling of their tails and singing . willing females will enter the area for the purpose of choosing a male for mating . oftentimes she will choose the best singer .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
wide distribution and limited knowledge of this species’ considerable individual variation resulted in description of two synonyms from e ecuador , oseryi and villosus . monotypic .
lowlands e of andes in w & s venezuela , colombia , ecuador , peru , ne bolivia and w amazonian brazil .
song a continuous series of high - pitched single notes “seep” , repeated at c . 1·5 notes / second . . . .
within the humid lowland forest region occurs mainly in regularly inundated habitats : by rivers , in . . .
season only locally known ; breeding record jun in colombia ; indications of active gonads jun , aug , dec–apr in colombia ; dec in . . .
not globally threatened . cites ii . wide distribution and adaptability probably mean that species is not threatened . occurs in several protected areas throughout range , e . g . . . .
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josep del hoyo , marc fasol , lebsky zamora , ken havard , ken simonite .
just happened to have microphone pointing in the right direction when the bird came in to investigate me , hovering on a couple meters away . seems to be the most common large phaethornis here .
natural song from the same bird as xc91505 . singing unseen from a perch < 1m up in understory in taller , broken - canopy forest .
hovering 1 m . in front of me , flying off at end . terra firme .
natural song from a bird sitting about 2 . 5m up in flooded forest .
natural call from a bird as it hovered after chasing of a hylocharis cyanus , then perched and wagged tail . about 3m up in understory at gap edge in taller , broken - canopy forest .
track t33 . habitat : degraded , riverine , viney , low stature forest . weather : overcast , humid . perch height : 2m . distance to observer : 10m . id - ed by : voice . sex of main vocalizer : m ? . number vocalizing : 1 .
series of call notes from displaying male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc11a705
long series of call notes by displaying male . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc12a516
long series of call notes . habitat : evergreen lowland forest , flood plain forest . ref : cc9b462
un individuo en vuelo . id accurancy : 90 % . habitat : dosel de bosque secundario . distance to mic : 20 m . tascam dr - 100mkii , sennheiser me66 . reference : 150321 _ 2095c
previously published on avocet as av10174 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question ; similar to 2 xc cuts . gps : google earth . could be calls
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : phaethornis hispidus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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it is found in bolivia , western brazil , colombia , east ecuador , peru and venezuela ; where it inhabits are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and swamps .
hummingbirds in general are solitary and neither live nor migrate in flocks ; and there is no pair bond for this species - the male ' s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female .
he will separate from the female immediately after copulation . one male may mate with several females . in all likelihood , the female will also mate with several males . the males do not participate in choosing the nest location , building the nest or raising the chicks .
the female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food ( mostly partially - digested insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks ) . the female pushes the food down the chicks ' throats with her long bill directly into their stomachs .
as is the case with other hummingbird species , the chicks are brooded only the first week or two , and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size . the chicks leave the nest when they are about 20 days old .
hermits are
trap - line feeders
which means that they visit flowers along a long route ( in this case of up to 0 . 6 miles or 1 km ) - as opposed to most other hummingbird species which generally maintain feeding territories in areas that contain their favorite plants ( those that contain flowers with high energy nectar ) , and they will aggressively protect those areas .
hermits use their long , extendible , straw - like tongues to retrieve the nectar while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second . sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding .
many native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination . the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and , subsequently , from pollinating the plants .
they may also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water , or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge ; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds ; however , they only remain still for a short moment .
they also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein particularly needed during the breeding season to ensure the proper development of their young . insects are often caught in flight ( hawking ) ; snatched off leaves or branches , or are taken from spider webs . a nesting female can capture up to 2 , 000 insects a day .
males establish feeding territories , where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory . they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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