candidula lernaea is a species of air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .

candidula lernaea

hausdorf , b . 1991 . über zwei candidula - arten von der südlichen balkanhalbinsel ( gastropoda : hygromiidae ) . - archiv für molluskenkunde 120 ( 4 / 6 ) : 119 - 129 .
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this species is endemic to greece , found in central greece ( attiki ) and peloponnese ( hausdorf 1991 ) . there are no known threats . this species is listed as least concern .
this species is endemic to greece , found in central greece ( attiki ) and peloponnese ( hausdorf 1991 ) .
this species is found in a variety of vegetation types , usually in open , xeric environments .
grazing and fire can potentially restrict the populations of the species but currently there is no evidence for any direct threats for the species in the near future .
this species is listed in the greek red data book as least concern ( legakis and maraghou 2009 ) . t
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shell yellowish white with brown bands and spots , ribbed , less prominently on lower side , 4 - 5 convex whorls with moderately deep suture , last whorl usually with distict edge at periphery , weaker near aperture , rarely rounded , last whorl sometimes slightly descending near aperture , aperture usually with white lip inside , umbilicus open , 1 / 7 - 1 / 6 of shell diameter , widened at last whorl . usually smaller than helicopsis gittenbergeri with same whorl numbers , more prominently striated , last whorl more angulated , aperture with lip inside .
references : hausdorf 1991 , urltoken ( 3 - 2008 ) , welter - schultes 2012 : 532 ( range map ) .
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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
phylogeography of the teiid lizard kentropyx calcarata and the sphaerodacty . . . - bioone : herpetologica
floodplain corridor and slope effects on land mollusc distribution patterns . . . - sciencedirect search : species
ncbi is home to genbank . urltoken ; = 100451 & lvl ; = 3 & lin ; = f & keep ; = 1 & srchmode ; = 1 . . .
lsids for landcare arthropod names urltoken ; = 0 & navcontrol ; = display & action . . . ;
itis is an authoritative taxonomic resource focusing on both new world and global taxonomic lists . urltoken ; _ value = 77920
ncbi is home to genbank . urltoken ; = 228093 & lvl ; = 3 & lin ; = f & keep ; = 1 & srchmode ; = 1 . . .
ncbi is home to genbank . urltoken ; = 100453 & lvl ; = 3 & lin ; = f & keep ; = 1 & srchmode ; = 1 . . .
ncbi is home to genbank . urltoken ; = 228090 & lvl ; = 3 & lin ; = f & keep ; = 1 & srchmode ; = 1 . . .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken


palaeogale is an extinct genus of carnivorous mammal known from the late eocene , oligocene , and early miocene of north america , europe , and eastern asia .

a small carnivore often associated with the mustelids , palaeogale might have been similar to living genets , civets , and linsangs .

palaeogale

european palaeogale and plesiogale - - american
bunaelurus
= palaeogale - - central asiatic palaeogale - - a note on mustelavus and plesictis - - redefinition of palaeogale , plesiogale , and plesictis .
details - palaeogale and allied early mustelids . american museum novitates ; no . 1320 - biodiversity heritage library
to p . 61 , suborder feliformia , family indet . : palaeogale minuta . lolig - vemio 3
ty - book ti - palaeogale and allied early mustelids . american museum novitates ; no . 1320 ur - urltoken py - 1946 au - simpson , george gaylord , 1902 - er -
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parent taxon : viverravoidea according to j . j . flynn and h . galiano 1982
see also alroy 2002 , baskin 1998 , baskin and tedford 1996 , de bonis 1981 , galbreath 1953 , morlo 1996 , simpson 1946 and vianey - liaud et al . 2014
full reference : j . r . macdonald . 1963 . the miocene faunas from the wounded knee area of western south dakota . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 125 ( 3 ) : 139 - 238
average measurements ( in mm ) : m1 4 . 92 x 2 . 13
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american museum novitates novitates ( latin for
new acquaintances
) , published continuously and numbered consecutively since 1921 , are short papers that contain descriptions of new forms and reports in zoology , paleontology , and geology . new numbers are published at irregular intervals .
department of library services american museum of natural history central park west at 79th st . , new york , ny 10024 © american museum of natural history , 2011
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biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
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mammifère carnivore voisin du putois actuel , fossile dans des terrains oligocènes et miocènes .
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edited by richard c . hulbert , jr . university press of florida , february , 2001 . hardbound ; 384 pages ; 341 drawings and black and white photographs ; glossary ; index ; and references . isbn 0 - 8130 - 1822 - 6 , $ 39 . 95 .
available at the florida museum of natural history gift shop , at bookstores , urltoken , barnesandnoble . com , and directly from the publisher . members of the florida paleontological society can receive information from the club ' s secretary on how to purchase a copy at a discount .
the primary purpose of the book is to serve as a general , comprehensive reference on the subject of vertebrate paleontology in florida , one that is written at a level for a general audience but which is at the same time scientifically accurate and contains references to the primary scientific literature . among the intended audiences of the book are students , avocational and professional paleontologists , educators , geologists , biologists , and scientific journalists .
although all chapters in the book were at the very least substantially revised by hulbert , many were based on the original plaster jackets by other authors who deserve partial credit for their work . an editorial decision was made not to list the authorship of individual chapters in the book ; instead authorship of the original plaster jackets is listed in the front matter . below are the authors for each chapter . for those with more than two authors , i have listed them by their relative contribution .
r . c . hulbert , n . tessman , e . s . wing , and c . swift
p . a . meylan , w . a . auffenberg , and r . c . hulbert
r . c . hulbert , a . berta , j . a . baskin , c . e . ray , and n . tessman
r . c . hulbert , b . j . macfadden , and j . waldrop
r . c . hulbert , r . h . reinhart , g . s . morgan , and a . e . pratt
r . c . hulbert , g . s . morgan , and a . e . pratt
chapter 3 of the book contains a checklist with all recognized valid fossil species of vertebrates known from florida . it is an up - dated version of one compiled by hulbert and published in 1992 by the fps . the new checklist is current through works that were published and seen by hulbert before july , 2000 . as new studies are published and changes or additions to the list are required , they will be shown here . each new or modified listing is footnoted to a reference or explanation which will follow the corrections and additions . eventually a revised checklist will be available on - line .
to p . 41 , family sirenidae : new genus and sp . lolig 3
to p . 43 , family trionychidae : genus and sp . indet . eoc 9
to p . 43 , family emydidae : genus and sp . indet . eoc 9
to p . 44 , family helodermatidae : genus and sp . indet . lolig 3
to p . 45 , superfamily booidea , family indet . : conantophis alachuaensis . eolig 4
to p . 45 , family boidae , subfamily indet . : totlandophis americanus . eolig 5
to p . 45 , subfamily erycinae : calamagras 2 - 3 spp . lolig 3
to p . 45 , subfamily erycinae : geringophis sp . eolig - lolig 3 , 5
to p . 45 , superfamily colubroidea , family indet . : genus and sp . indet . eolig 5
to p . 50 , order galliformes : family indet . , genus and sp . indet . lolig 3
to p . 55 , family didelphidae : herpetotherium sp . lolig 3 , 13
to p . 57 , family castoridae : subfamily agnotocastorinae , agnotocastor sp . lolig 3
to p . 58 , family geomyidae : subfamily heliscomyinae , heliscomys sp . . vlolig 13
to p . 62 , family erinaceidae : parvericius montanus . lolig - vemio 3
to p . 62 , superfamily soricoidea : family geolabididae , centetodon magnus . lolig - vemio 3
to p . 64 , subfamily phenacocoelinae : genus and sp . indet . lolig 3
to p . 65 , family palaeomerycidae : subfamily aletomerycinae , diabolocornis simonsae . lemio 22 [ note : species name incorrectly spelled simonsi in original publication ]
on p . 36 , family carcharhinidae , replace galeocerdo aduncus with galeocerdo sp . 7
on p . 41 , family salamandridae , change range of notophthalmus sp . to lolig - lpleist 3
on p . 44 , family anguidae , change range of genus and sp . indet . to lolig - emio 3
on p . 45 , subfamily erycinae , delete line with genera and spp . indet ( 3 - 4 spp ) 5
on p . 47 , family pelicanidae , replace pelicanus sp . with pelicanus schreiberi 8
on p . 49 , family accipitridae , delete line with aquila n . sp . and replace with two lines : aquila sp . veplio , eplio and aquila bivia . vlplio 2
on p . 49 , family accipitridae , replace amplibuteo n . sp . a with amplibuteo concordatus 2
on p . 56 , subfamily palaeolaginae , replace palaeolagus sp . with megalagus sp . and change its range to vlolig 13
on p . 57 , tribe sciurini , change range of protosciurus sp . to vlolig 13
on p . 57 , tribe sciurini , change range of sciurus sp . to vlplio - epleist 6
on p . 57 , subfamily castoroidinae , replace genus and sp . indet . with neatocastor sp . and change its range to ? vlolig 13
on p . 57 , subfamily paracricetodontinae , change range of leidymys sp . to vlolig 13
on p . 58 , family eomyidae , replace new genus and sp . a with arikareeomys sp . 13
on p . 58 , tribe lemmini , replace synaptomys n . sp . with synaptomys morgani 11
on p . 59 , tribe vulpini , replace new genus and sp . with urocyon webbi 21
on p . 59 , tribe vulpini , replace urocyon sp . to urocyon citrinus and change range to vlplio - epleist 6 , 21
on p . 62 , family erinaceidae , delete line with amphechinus sp . 3
on p . 63 , family natalidae , replace new genus and sp . with primonatalus prattae 19
on p . 64 , family tayassuidae , replace tayassu sp . with pecari sp . and change its range to vlpleist 14
on p . 65 , tribe lamini , replace hemiauchenia n . sp . with hemiauchenia gracilis 20
on p . 65 , family gelocidae , replace new genus and sp . with floridameryx floridanus 17
on p . 67 , subfamily equinae , replace archaeohippus n . sp . with archaeohippus mannulus 10
on p . 69 , family tapiridae , change range of tapirus sp . or spp . to lmio - lplio 23
on p . 69 , family tapiridae , replace tapirus n . sp . with tapirus lundeliusi 23
1 czaplewski , n . j . , and g . s . morgan . 2000 . a new vespertilionid bat ( mammalia : chiroptera ) from the early miocene ( hemingfordian ) of florida , usa . journal of vertebrate paleontology 20 ( 4 ) : 736 - 742 .
2 emslie , s . d . , and n . j . czaplewski . 1999 . two new fossil eagles from the late pliocene ( late blancan ) of florida and arizona and their biogeographic implications . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 89 : 185 - 198 . [ not seen until january 2001 . ]
3 hayes , f . g . 2000 . the brooksville 2 local fauna ( arikareean , latest oligocene ) : hernando county , florida . bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 43 ( 1 ) : 1 - 47 .
4 holman , j . a . , and d . l . harrison . 2000 . early oligocene ( whitneyan ) snakes from florida ( usa ) , a unique booid . acta zoologica cracoviensia 43 ( 1 - 2 ) : 127 - 134 . [ the authors suggest very tentative placement of their new genus and species conantophis alachuaensis in the tropidophinae . ]
5 holman , j . a . , and d . l . harrison . 2001 . early oligocene ( whitneyan ) snakes from florida ( usa ) : remaining boids , indeterminate colubroids , summary and discussion of the i - 75 local fauna snakes . acta zoologica cracoviensia 44 ( 1 ) : 25 - 36 .
6 ruez , d . r . 2001 . early irvingtonian ( latest pliocene ) rodents from inglis 1c , citrus county , florida . journal of vertebrate paleontology 21 ( 1 ) : 153 - 171 .
7 purdy , r . w . , v . p . schneider , s . p . applegate , j . h . mclellan , r . l . meyer , and b . h . slaughter . 2001 . the neogene sharks , rays , and bony fishes from lee creek mine , aurora , north carolina . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 90 : 71 - 202 .
8 olson , s . l . , and p . c . rasmussen . 2001 . miocene and pliocene birds from the lee creek mine , north carolina . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 90 : 233 - 365 .
9 holman , j . a . 2001 . first report of an eocene reptile fauna from florida , usa . palaeovertebrata 30 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 10 .
10 o ' sullivan , j . a . 2003 . a new species of archaeohippus ( mammalia , equidae ) from the arikareean of central florida . journal of vertebrate paleontology 23 ( 4 ) : 877 - 885 .
11 martin , r . a . , l . duobinis - gray , and c . p . crockett . 2003 . a new species of early pleistocene synaptomys ( mammalia , rodentia ) from florida and its relevance to southern bog lemming origins . journal of vertebrate paleontology 23 ( 4 ) : 917 - 936 .
12 webb , s . d . , b . l . beatty , and g . poinar , jr . 2003 . new evidence of miocene protoceratidae including a new species from chiapas , mexico . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 279 : 348 - 367 .
13 macfadden , b . j . , and g . s . morgan . 2003 . new oreodont ( mammalia , artiodactyla ) from the late oligocene ( early arikareean ) of florida . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 279 : 368 - 396 .
14 hulbert , r . c . , g . s . morgan , and a . kerner . 2009 . collared peccary ( mammalia , artiodactyla , tayassuidae , pecari ) from the late pleistocene of florida ; pp . 531 - 544 in l . b . albright iii ( ed . ) , papers on geology , vertebrate paleontology , and biostratigraphy in honor of michael o . woodburne . museum of northern arizona bulletin 65 . flagstaff , arizona .
15 schubert , b . w . , r . c . hulbert , jr . , b . j . macfadden , m . searle , and s . searle . 2010 . giant short - faced bears ( arctodus simus ) in pleistocene florida usa , a substantial range extension . journal of paleontology 84 ( 1 ) : 79—87 .
16 steadman , d . w . 2008 . doves ( columbidae ) and cuckoos ( cuculidae ) from the early miocene of florida . bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 47 ( 2 ) : 49 - 72 .
17 webb , s . d . 2008 . revision of the extinct pseudoceratinae ( artiodactyla : ruminantia : gelocidae ) . bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 48 ( 2 ) : 17 - 58 .
18 hulbert , r . c . 2005 . late miocene tapirus ( mammalia , perissodactyla ) from florida , with description of a new species , tapirus webbi . bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 45 ( 4 ) : 465 - 494 .
19 morgan , g . s . , and n . j . czaplewski . 2003 . a new bat ( chiroptera : natalidae ) from the early miocene of florida , with comments on natalid phylogeny . journal of mammalogy 84 ( 2 ) : 729 - 752 .
20 meachen , j . a . 2005 . a new species of hemiauchenia ( artiodactyla , camelidae ) from the late blancan of florida . bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 45 ( 4 ) : 435 - 447 .
21 tedford , r . h . , x . - m . wang , and b . e . taylor . 2009 . phylogenetic systematics of the north american fossil caninae ( carnivora : canidae ) . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 325 : 1 - 218 .
22 beatty , b . l . 2010 . a new aletomerycine ( artiodactyla , palaeomerycidae ) from the early miocene of florida . journal of vertebrate paleontology 84 ( 2 ) : 613 - 617 .
23 hulbert jr . , r . c . 2010 . a new early pleistocene tapir ( mammalia : perissodactyla ) from florida , with a review of blancan tapirs from the state . bulletin of the florida museum of natural history 49 ( 3 ) : 67 - 126 .
p . 27 , figure 2 . 3 . add brooksville 2 to the same box as cow house slough in the late oligocene . this new local fauna was described by hayes ( 2000 , cited above ) . his analysis also indicates that the live oak site is of similar age and older than indicated in fig . 2 . 3 . further study of the chronology of florida ' s arikareean faunas by macfadden and morgan ( 2003 , cited above ) indicates that the following faunas are all approximately contemporaneous , falling within the early late arikareean ( = latest oligocene , ca . 24 . 5 - 25 ma ) : white springs local fauna ( includes white springs 1a and 3b sites ) ; live oak local fauna ; cowhouse slough local fauna ; and the brooksville 2 local fauna .
p . 30 , figure 2 . 5 . add inglis 1c and 1d to the box with the inglis 1a & 1b , mead sand pit , and f & w mine localities . ruez ( 2001 , cited above ) presented a faunal list for inglis 1c and a discussion of its chronology . add haile 7g , withlacoochee 1a , and santa fe river 8 to the box with haile 7c ( hulbert 2010 , cited above ) . add hubbard , walden , and summers pits to the box with apac s . p . ( unit 4 ) ( hulbert 2010 ) . add us 19 bridge site to box with haile 15a ( hulbert 2010 )
pp . 78 - 79 & figure 4 . 4 . according to purdy et al . ( 2001 , cited above ) , notorynchus primigenius agassiz , 1843 is a junior synonym of notorynchus cepedianus ( peron , 1807 ) .
p . 87 . purdy et al . ( 2001 , cited above ) supported separating miocene tiger sharks into two species , for many of the same reasons listed on p . 87 . however , they stated that the holotype of galeocerdo aduncus ( agassiz , 1835 ) is lost , so the validity of this species name is questionable . they regard it as an unavailable name , but proposed no alternative , preferring to refer to this taxon as galeocerdo sp .
p . 95 . purdy et al . ( 2001 , cited above ) questioned capetta ' s classification of plinthicus stenodon cope , 1869 in the mobulidae ; they instead regarded it as an extinct form of cownose ray ( rhinopteridae ) .
p . 127 . add the following phrase that was dropped by the printer to the first line of text on this page ,
graptemys barbouri ( barbour ' s map turtle ) and other . . .
this addition should make it clear that this is a separate paragraph from the preceding text on p . 125 and that this paragraph deals with graptemys and not terrapene .
p . 169 , figure 8 . 6 caption . the catalogue number of the specimen in the figure labeled c is uf 30015 , not uf 3005 as listed in the caption , and this specimen is the holotype of aquila bivia emslie and czaplewski , 1999 .
pp . 231 - 232 . ruez ( 2001 ) transferred geomys propinetis wilkins , 1984 to the genus orthogeomys . this would mean that the
evolutionary trends
in the genus geomys described by wilkins ( 1984 ) and cited on p . 231 did not occur and that orthogeomys propinetis in not closely related to the extant geomys pinetis .
p . 232 . the
undescribed large eomyid
was referred to arikareeomys sp . by macfadden and morgan ( 2003 , cited above ) .
p . 234 , figure 12 . 12 caption , second line . replace
very early miocene
with
late oligocene and early miocene
.
p . 239 . the tooth first identified as palaeolagus from the white springs local fauna has been re - identified as megalagus sp . ( macfadden and morgan , 2003 , cited above ) .
pp . 254—255 . the suwannee river oreodont from the white springs local fauna was formally described as mesoreodon floridensis by macfadden and morgan ( 2003 ) . in that paper they noted some problems with the oreodont nomenclature of lander ( 1998 ) which was used in the book and employed more traditional names . to facilitate communication , the specimen listed as merycoides harrisonensis in the book ( e . g . , figure 13 . 15c ) is called phenacocoelus luskensis by macfadden and morgan ( 2003 ) , while the thomas farm oreodont is called merychyus elegans in the book and merychyus cf . minimus by macfadden and morgan ( 2003 ) .
p . 270 , figure 13 . 39 , caption . replace pseudoceras n . sp . with floridameryx floridanus , following webb ( 2008 ) .
p . 316 , figure 15 . 12 , caption . the catalogue number of the specimen in the figure labeled a - b is uf / fgs 133 , not uf / fgs 77000 as listed in the caption .
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the following articles are merged in scholar . their combined citations are counted only for the first article .
this
cited by
count includes citations to the following articles in scholar . the ones marked
ma o ' leary , ji bloch , jj flynn , tj gaudin , a giallombardo , np giannini , . . .
ma oâäôleary , al cirranello , a giallombardo , bp kraatz , ej sargis , . . .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
adams , d . b . 1979 . the cheetah : native american . science 205 : 1155–1158 .
contrib . sci . , nat . hist . mus . los angeles county .
baskin , j . a . 1982 . tertiary procyoninae ( mammalia : carnivora ) of north america .
from the late hemphillian of florida with remarks on the phylogenetic relationships of machairodonts ( mammalia , felidae , machairodontinae ) .
cope , e . d . 1880 . on the extinct cats of north america .
dawson , m . r . , west , r . m . , langston , w . jr . , and hutchison , j . h . 1976 . paleogene terrestrial vertebrates : northernmost occurrence , ellesmere island , canada .
de beaumont , g . 1965 . note sur la région auditive de quelques carnivores .
de beaumont , g . 1969 . observations sur les herpestinae ( viverridae , carnivora ) de l’oligocène supérieur avec quelques remarques sur des hyaenidae du néogène . première partie .
eisenberg , j . , and leyhausen , p . 1972 . the phylogenesis of killing behavior in mammals . z . tierpsychol . 30 : 59–93 .
flynn , j . m . , and galiano , h . 1982 . phylogeny of early tertiary carnivora , with a description of a new species of
, new species from china , with remarks on phylogenetic relationships of genera within the hyaenidae ( mammalia : carnivora ) .
gingerich , p . d . , and winkler , d . a . 1985 . systematics of paleocene viverravidae ( mammalia , carnivora ) in the bighorn basin and clark’s fork basin , wyoming .
glass , g . e . , and martin , l . d . 1978 . a multivariate comparison of some extant and fossil felidae , carnivora .
gregory , w . k . , and hellman , m . 1939 . on the evolution and major classification of civets ( viverridae ) and allied fossil and recent carnivora : a phylogenetic study of the skull and dentition .
harrison , j . a . 1983 . the carnivora of the edson local fauna ( late hemphillian ) , kansas .
hunt , r . m . 1974a . the auditory bulla in carnivora : an anatomical basis for reappraisal of carnivore evolution .
, a cat - like carnivore ( mammalia , amphicyonidae ) from the oligocene of north america .
jourdan ( mammalia : carnivora ) , an aquitanian amphicyonid from the allier basin , france .
hunt , r . m . , xue , x . x . , and kaufman , j . 1983 . miocene burrows of extinct beardogs : indication of early denning behavior of large mammalian carnivores .
kurtén , b . 1963 . notes on some pleistocene mammal migrations from the palearctic to the nearctic .
kurtén , b . 1976b . fossil carnivora from the late tertiary of bled douarah and cherichra , tunisia .
kurtén , b . , and martin , l . d . 1988 . the first appearance of the tremarctine bears . unpublished data .
lillegraven , j . a . 1969 . latest cretaceous mammals of upper part of edmonton formation of alberta , canada , and review of marsupial - placental dichotomy in mammalian evolution .
macfadden , b . j . , and galiano , h . 1981 . late hemphillian cat ( mammalia : felidae ) from the bone valley formation of central florida .
mckenna , m . c . 1975 . fossil mammals and early eocene north atlantic land continuity .
martin , l . d . 1980 . functional morphology and the evolution of cats .
martin , l . d . 1983 . the origin and early radiation of birds . in : a . h . brush & g . a . clark , jr . , eds .
martin , l . d . 1985 . tertiary extinction cycles and the pliocene - pleistocene boundary .
martin , l . d . , and bennett , d . k . 1977 . the burrows of the miocene beaver
martin , l . d . , gilbert , b . m . , and adams , d . b . 1977 . a cheetah - like cat in the north american pleistocene .
martin , l . d . , rogers , r . a . , and neuner , a . m . 1985 . the effect of the end of the pleistocene on man in north america . in : j . i . mead & d . j . meltzer , eds . ,
pp . 15 - 30 . orono , maine : center for the study of early man .
martin , l . d . , and schultz , c . b . 1975 . cenozoic mammals from the central great plains . part 5 , scimitar - toothed cats ,
mitchell , e . d . , and tedford , r . h . 1973 . the enaliarctinae , a new group of extinct aquatic carnivora and a consideration of the origin of the otariidae .
peterson , o . a . 1910 . description of new carnivores from the miocene of western nebraska .
ray , c . e . , anderson , e . , and webb , s . d . 1981 the blancan carnivore
roberts , m . s . , and gittleman , j . l . 1984 .
savage , d . e . , and russell , d . e . 1983 .
schmidt - kittler , n . 1981 zur stammesgeschichte der marderverwandten raubtiergruppen ( musteloidea , carnivora ) .
schultz , c . b . , and martin , l . d . 1970 . machairodont cats from the early pleistocene broadwater and lisco local faunas .
schultz , c . b . , and martin , l . d . 1972 two lynx - like cats from the pliocene and pleistocene .
schultz , c . b . , martin , l . d . , and schultz , m . r . 1985 . a pleistocene jaguar from north - central nebraska .
schultz , c . b . , schultz , m . r . , and martin , l . d . 1970 a new tribe of saber - toothed cats ( barbourofelini ) from the pliocene of north america .
simpson , g . g . 1945 . the principles of classification and a classification of mammals .
tedford , r . h . 1978 . history of dogs and cats : a view from the fossil record . in :
tedford , r . h . , and gustafson , e . p . 1977 . first north american record of the extinct
van valkenburgh , b . 1985 . locomotor diversity in past and present guilds of large predator mammals .
webb , s . d . 1977 . a history of savanna vertebrates in the new world . i . north america .
white , j . a . 1984 . late cenozoic leporidae ( mammalia , lagomorpha ) from the anza - borrego desert , southern california .
wilson , r . w . 1962 . the significance of the geological succession of organic beings : 1859 - 1959 .
wortman , j . l . , and matthew , w . d . 1899 . the ancestry of certain members of the canidae , the viverridae , and procyonidae .
wozencraft , w . c . 1984 . a phylogenetic reappraisal of the viverridae and its relationship to other carnivora . ph . d . dissert . , univ . kansas , lawrence . 1108 pages .
martin l . d . ( 1989 ) fossil history of the terrestrial carnivora . in : gittleman j . l . ( eds ) carnivore behavior , ecology , and evolution . springer , boston , ma
w . d . matthew . 1903 . the fauna of the titanotherium beds at pipestone springs , montana .
' apternodus mediaevus belongs to apternodus ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' bunaelurus infelix belongs to bunaelurus ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' colotaxis cristatus is a subjective synonym of ischyromys typus ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' cynodictis paterculus belongs to cynodictis ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' eumys minor is recombined as gymnoptychus minor ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' hyaenodon minutus is recombined as pseudopterodon minutus ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' ictops thomsoni belongs to ictops ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' ischyromys veterior belongs to ischyromys ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' leptochoerus quadricuspis is recombined as stibarus quadricuspis ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' leptotragulus profectus belongs to leptotragulus ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' micropternodus borealis belongs to micropternodus ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' micropternodus belongs to zalambdodonta ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' palaeolagus brachyodon belongs to palaeolagus ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' palaeolagus temnodon belongs to palaeolagus ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' palaeolagus turgidus is a subjective synonym of palaeolagus brachyodon ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' peratherium titanelix belongs to peratherium ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' sciurus ( prosciurus ) vetustus belongs to sciurus ( prosciurus ) ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' sciurus ( prosciurus ) belongs to sciurus ' according to w . d . matthew 1903 ' stibarus montanus belongs to stibarus ' according to w . d . matthew 1903
osteology of blastomeryx ; and phylogeny of the american cervidae . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 24 , article 27 .
the osteology of champsosaurus cope . memoirs of the amnh ; v . 9 , pt . 1
the osteology of concornis lacustris ( aves , enantiornithes ) from the lower cretaceous of spain and a reexamination of its phylogenetic relationships . american museum novitates ; no . 3133
osteology of gobiderma pulchrum ( monstersauria , lepidosauria , reptilia ) . ( bulletin of the american museum of natural history , no . 362 )
joint expeditions by the american museum of natural history and mongolian academy of sciences have recovered significant new remains of the basal monstersaur gobiderma pulchrum . we describe these new specimens in detail . . .
osteology of khaan mckennai ( oviraptorosauria , theropoda ) . ( bulletin of the american museum of natural history , no . 372 )
the monophyly of oviraptoridae , a group of theropod dinosaurs , which share a uniquely bizarre morphology , has never been called into question due in large part to their unusual complex of characters . despite a vivid recent . . .
the osteology of luvarus imperialis , a scombroid fish : a study in adaptive evolution . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 81 , article 2 .
the osteology of matutinia ( simplicidentata , mammalia ) and its relationship to rhombomylus . american museum novitates ; no . 3371
new dental , cranial , and postcranial specimens of the eurymylid matutinia nitidulus from the early eocene lingcha formation , hengyang basin , hunan province , china , are described . these materials are among the best of basal . . .
osteology of patriofelis , a middle eocene creodont . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 6 , article 5 .
the osteology of rhombomylus ( mammalia , glires ) : implications for phylogeny and evolution of glires . bulletin of the amnh ; no . 275
rhombomylus is a gliroid mammal endemic to several early eocene localities of central and eastern asia . it is best represented by a collection of numerous jaws and teeth , dozens of juvenile and adult skulls , and associated . . .
the osteology of the manus in the family trachodontidae . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 31 , article 10 .
osteology of the middle eocene ceratomorph hyrachyus modestus ( mammalia , perissodactyla ) . ( bulletin of the american museum of natural history , no . 413 )
the middle eocene ceratomorph hyrachyus has been considered a pivotal genus in ceratomorph evolution , either as a transitional form from tapiroids to rhinocerotoids , giving rise to all later rhinocerotoids , or else as the . . .
otwayemys , a new cryptodiran turtle from the early cretaceous of australia . american museum novitates ; no . 3233
the early cretaceous eumeralla formation , otway group , of cape otway , victoria , australia , has yielded remains of a new genus of eucryptodiran turtle , otwayemys cunicularius , n . gen . , n . sp . otwayemys is based primarily . . .
an outline for a chronology of zuñi ruins . anthropological papers of the amnh ; v . 18 , pt . 3 .
outline for a classification of animal habitats in honduras . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 94 , article 10
an outline history of tropical organic reefs . american museum novitates ; no . 2465
organic reefs , especially shallow - water coral reefs of warm seas , are built by stable communities of organisms in a narrow adaptive zone of low stress . they have an extraordinarily good fossil record that may be applied . . .
an outline of the relation of ontogeny to phylogeny within the amphibia . 1 . american museum novitates ; no . 165
an outline of the relation of ontogeny to phylogeny within the amphibia . 2 . american museum novitates ; no . 166
ovarian morphology and early embryology of the pediculate fishes antennarius and histrio . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 114 , article 4
the histo - morphology of the ovaries of the pediculates histrio histrio , antennarius scaber , and ogcocephalus vespertilio is described . 2 . the ovaries of all three species show similar characteristics : fusion of the two . . .
ovarioles and oocytes of two old world cleptoparasitic bees with biological notes on ammobatoides ( hymenoptera , apidae ) . american museum novitates ; no . 3326
rozen , jerome g . , jr . ( jerome george ) , 1928 -
the mature oocytes and ovarioles of the cleptoparasitic bees epeoloides coecutiens ( fabricius ) ( apinae : osirini ) and ammobatoides abdominalis ( eversmann ) ( nomadinae : ammobatoidini ) are described and compared , as is their . . .
an oviraptorid skeleton from the late cretaceous of ukhaa tolgod , mongolia , preserved in an avianlike brooding position over an oviraptorid nest . american museum novitates ; no . 3265
the articulated postcranial skeleton of an oviraptorid dinosaur ( theropoda , coelurosauria ) from the late cretaceous djadokhta formation of ukhaa tolgod , mongolia , is preserved overlying a nest . the eggs are similar in . . .


musotima aduncalis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by c. felder , r. felder and rogenhofer in 1875 .

it is found in new zealand .

adults are variable in colour , ranging from white to ochreous-yellow .

the larvae feed on adiantum species .

musotima aduncalis

xv . on the classification of the australian pyralidina by e . meyrick , b . a
biostor is built by @ rdmpage , code on github . page images from the biodiversity heritage library .
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m . alma solis 1 , donald r . davis 2 & kenji nishida 3
1 systematic entomology laboratory , psi , agricultural research service , u . s . department of agriculture , c / o national museum of natural history , washington , d . c . , 20560 - 0168 , u . s . a . , asolis @ urltoken
2 department of entomology , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . , 20560 - 0127 , u . s . a . , davis . don @ urltoken
3 sistema de estudios de posgrado en biología , escuela de biología , universidad de costa rica , 2060 san josé , costa rica . knishida @ urltoken
key words : elaphoglossum conspersum , e . biolleyi , gregarious larvae , fern , leaf miner , neotropical , neurophyseta , proacrias , undulambia .
in this paper , we describe the life history of albusambia elaphoglossumae as well as all life - stages in detail . the species is compared to u . polystichalis and species of neurophyseta .
immature stages with the fronds collected by kn were placed in transparent plas - tic bags and taken into an air - conditioned room ( 16 - 18 °c ) in the museo de insectos , universidad de costa rica , ucr ( san pedro de montes de oca , 1150 m ) , or were placed in a refrigerator ( 7 . 0 - 8 . 0 °c ) for approximately 16 hours and then at room temperature ( 20 °c ) for eight hours daily . a subset of specimens of immature stages were preserved in alcohol and deposited in the usnm .
diagnosis : base color of body shiny white ; wing margins not incised ; forewing costal swelling absent ; male genitalia with valva curved in above junction of tegumen and vinculum and continuing less broadly to anterior end . larva dorsoventrally flattened ; head prognathous , mandibles with two rows of serrations . pupa with vertex of head round and with prominent medial dorsoventral depression ; prothorax smooth dorsally , not square , with two anterolateral horn - like structures that protrude only slightly ; anus posteriorly with lateral conical depressions .
etymology : the prefix of the generic epithet is derived from the latin
albus
referring to the white base color of the adult moths , and
ambia
meaning
around
in latin and referring to its relatedness to other genera in the subfamily . the gender of the genus is feminine .
adult ( figs . 4 - 6 ) : head ( figs . 19 - 20 ) : frons and vertex white , vertex protruding from head higher than eye ; labial and maxillary palpi three - segmented , white , black laterally ; third labial palpus acute , third maxillary palpus round . proboscis short , only slightly longer than labial palpi . antennae prismatic , laterally compressed . chaetosemata and ocelli absent .
thorax : dorsally white ; patagium and tegula white , a few specimens with tegula grey and metathorax dorsally grey . forelegs white , mediolaterally black ; midleg and hindleg white , midleg with one pair of tibial spurs , hindleg with two pairs of tibial spurs .
forewing ( fig . 21 ) [ refer to phillips and solis , 1996 , fig . 7 for venation terminology ] : length = 6 . 91 mm ( range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 1 mm ) ( n = 36 ) ; margins not incised . costal swelling absent . r 1 and r 2 from discal cell ; r 5 short stalked with r 3 + 4 , stalked about two - thirds its length . basal band black , basal area white with scattered black scale , antemedial band black , antemedial area white , reniform spot black , postmedial line black , black spots between r 4 and r 5 and on m 3 , fringe white with black patches on m 3 and cua 2 ; a few specimens mostly black posterior to and slightly above m - cua line to posterior margin , antemedial and postmedial lines broader , black lines to outer margin from postmedial line on m 3 and cua 2 , a black line parallel to postmedial line from m 3 to posterior margin . underside white with postmedial line slightly visible with black scales , some black at basal area near costa ; slightly darker specimens with similar color and pattern on underside as on upperside .
hindwing ( fig . 21 ) : antemedial and post - medial line black , black discal spot , c - shaped mark from rs to costal margin at intersection of sc + r 1 and rs , fringe white with black patches on r 5 , m 3 , and cua 2 ; a few specimens black basally to postmedial line , with broad black lines to outer margin including fringe at rs , m 3 , and cua 2 , less broad black lines at m 1 and cua 1 , and fringe from base to postmedial line .
underside white with antemedial and postmedial line slightly visible with black scales ; slightly darker specimens with similar color and pattern on underside as on upperside . female frenulum with three setae , male with one seta .
abdomen : white . tympanal organs ( fig . 22 ) : tympanal cases ( = bulla tympani , caisses tympaniques ) enlarged , processes tympani ( = sailles tympaniques ) absent , ramus tympani short , highly sclerotized .
male genitalia ( figs . 25 - 28 ) : uncus long and finger - like ; gnathos broadened posteriorly with sclerotized teeth dorsally ; juxta simple , oblong ; transtilla membranous medially ; valva simple , broad posteriorly , curved in above junction of tegumen and vinculum and continuing less broadly to anterior end . aedeagus simple without cornuti , almost as long as genital capsule ; coecum extremely short , almost absent .
female genitalia ( figs . 29 - 30 ) : corpus bursae only slightly longer than seventh segment , without signum , no clear distinction between ductus bursae and corpus bursae , ductus seminalis at about halfway between ostium bursae and corpus bursae , ostium bursae membranous , anterior apophyses four times as long as posterior apophyses , papillae analis dorsoventrally flattened .
egg ( figs . 7 - 10 ) : flat , oval shape , size ca . 1 . 0 mm x 0 . 5 mm , pale creamy - yellow in clusters ; empty egg shells grayish - brown .
) , rarely in two rows . the mean number of eggs in each cluster was 4 . 5 ( s . d . = 1 . 15 ; n = 42 ) . usually one or two clusters of eggs were found per frond . however , in several cases up to four clusters were found in approximately 150 collected samples . the egg masses were observed between margin and midrib and in the mid - to upper portion of a frond . the pale , creamy - yellow egg color became translucent as the eggs aged . when larvae hatched , they directly started mining by breaking through the chorion , then the plant epidermis and mesophyll . at this stage , frass was deposited in eggshells (
) as larvae commenced mining . time of larval hatching , starting point , and direction of mine were usually synchronized . thus , larvae gregariously started mining in the same direction , in a line
shoulder to shoulder
(
) and their frass pellets were clustered loosely , more along the midrib portion than the margin of the frond .
the leaf mine was formed initially as a broad linear - serpentine which eventually broadened more to a linear blotch , and finally a full blotch . in rare instances , early stage linear miners separated to form two linear mines . the mines fused when several batches of eggs were laid on the same frond . in a single case a new mine was formed in the remaining fresh part of an old mine . additionally , under rearing conditions , from a batch of eight eggs laid in two rows , the larvae formed three linear - serpentine mines . as larvae continued mining , the final blotch mine obliterated the earlier linear - serpentine mine .
the mines were easily recognized by the brown - colored upper epidermis of the fronds . recently mined portions were yellowish . mature mines covered the width of midrib to the margin or the entire frond passing through the midrib . occasionally , fronds were bent down from the base of the mature mine or the entire frond was dried and hanging down . fronds with the eggs or leaf mines were seen more often in shady areas of the forest and were positioned at lower parts of a mass of ferns where mature and old fronds occur .
more than 30 specimens of an undescribed gregarious proacrias sp . wasp ( eulophidae : entedoninae ) , and a few specimens of an ich - neumonid , scambus emeritae gauld ( pimplinae ) , were reared from the a . elaphoglossumae larvae .
several leaf mines collected at early stages contained dead and desiccated early instar larvae . under rearing and natural conditions , mid - to late instars were observed switching to different fronds by perforating the lower epidermis ( fig . 15 ) . the larvae in mid - to late instars regurgitated a clear brown liquid when they were poked with an insect pin on their abdominal or thoracic segments . five instars are believed to exist , based upon examination of larval head capsules and collections of preserved larvae .
the last instar mature larva made an elliptical to penelliptical exit hole or operculum ( diameter : ca . 2 mm ) on the upper epidermis of fronds prior to pupation ( fig . 16 ) . the larva spun a cocoon and pupated , position - ing their head close to the operculum ; when an operculum was opened manually , the pupa was observed easily through the hole ( figs . 17 - 18 ) . the cremaster was attached with silk at the base of the cocoon . the pupal stage took about one month in the laboratory . the pupa protruded slightly , about 1 mm or less , from the operculum at the adult emergence . the major - ity of the cocoons were found in close proximity ; each cocoon was about 13 mm long and 6 mm wide , constructed with silk , and laterally intermixed with frass pellet fragments which were accumulated at the midrib area .
evidence suggests three generations per year : october - january , february - may , and june - september . late instars collected in july , 2000 , pupated in august , and adults emerged in september . middle to late instars collected between january and early march , 2001 pupat - ed from march to april and adults emerged from april to may . a few early stage live larvae were collected in late october , 2001 . in early march , 2002 , several mines with empty pupal shells ( from which adults had emerged ) and approximately 50 middle to late stage mines were collected with live third , fourth , and fifth instars and pupae .
in the field , no adults were observed flying or resting on or near host plants during the day - time . adults of a . elaphoglossumae have not been collected at light all the adult specimens have been reared .
another host plant for a . elaphoglossumae is e . biolleyi h . christ . two mature pupae were found in a blotch mine at the genesis ii cloud forest reserve ( 2300 m elevation ) in cerro de la muerte when this paper was in press .
holotype : male ; costa rica : san josé province : cordillera de talamanca , cerro de la muerte : villa mills , georgina , 3000 m : larva coll . 9 feb 2000 , em . 28 mar 2000 , ex elaphoglossum conspersum , k . nishida ( usnm ) .
paratypes : costa rica : cartago province , turrialba : near catie biological station , 3000 m : 1 male , larva 31 jan 1998 , em . 30 mar 1998 ; 1 male , em . 31 mar 1998 , d . r . davis , slide usnm 32006 . same data as holotype except : 1 male , larva 2 feb 2000 , em . 25 mar 2000 ; 1 male , em . 26 mar 2000 , slide usnm 110178 ; 2 males , 1 female , em . 28 mar 2000 , slide usnm 110167 ; 1 male , 1 female , em . 31 mar 2000 ; 2 females , em . 3 apr 2000 ; 2 males , 5 females , em . 5 apr 2000 ; 3 males , em . 11 apr 2000 ; 2 males , 1 female , em . 13 apr 2000 , slide usnm 32274 ; 2 females , em . 19 apr 2000 ; 1 male , 1 female , em . 21 apr 2000 ; 1 male , em . 26 apr 2000 ; 3 males , em . 2 may 2000 ; 2 males , 2 females , em . 4 may 2000 ; 1 male , em . 6 may 2000 . paratypes deposited in the natural history museum , london , england ; universidad de costa rica , san jose ; instituto nacional de biodiversidad ( inbio ) , santo domingo de heredia , costa rica ; and the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . , u . s . a . .
distribution : cerro de la muerte in cordillera de talamanca , costa rica , at high elevations between 2300 and 3100 m .
etymology : the specific name is derived from the generic name of the host , elaphoglossum and is feminine .
the biology of u . polystichalis on the leather - leaf fern was described by kuitert and dekle ( 1962 ) . they did not observe the egg so it is not known whether u . polystichalis lays eggs singly or in clusters . the larvae of u . polystichalis bore the midvein of tender fronds , and the larvae of a . elaphoglossumae mine mid - to upper portion of mature old frond entirely . the larval behavior of a . elaphoglossumae and u . polystichalis are somewhat similar , being endophagous , and the larva cuts an operculum for eclosion of the adult . however , a . elaphoglossumae pupates right at the exit hole in the frond and u . polystichalis pupates approximately one to two inches below the exit hole in the petiole .
the gregarious mining behavior of a . elaphoglossumae is remarkably similar to that of an undescribed species of chrysaster kumata ( gracillaridae ) , discovered by d . wagner and d . davis in florida , usa , and by d . davis in cuba ( unpublished ) . larvae of this chrysaster species also emerge synchronously from a single row of eggs to mine initially in a contiguous group and later disperse to form a large blotch mine .
further exploration by visual inspection of elaphoglossum species worldwide may uncover more new species of albusambia and other pyraloidea species . kn recently discovered mines on several species of elaphoglossum and reared some other pyraloidea species . elaphoglossum , host of a . elaphoglossumae in costa rica , contains over 600 species , with approximately 90 % occurring in the neotropics and the remainder in tropical africa , asia , australia , and certain pacific islands ( mickel and atehortua 1980 ) . herbarium specimens of e . conspersum at the inbio indicate a broad distribution in costa rica , and with further exploration , perhaps for a . elaphoglossumae .
finally , it is noteworthy to report the discovery of one or two species of bradysia ( diptera : sciaridae ) , a gregarious frond - miner on e . biolleyi and other species of elaphoglossum in mid - elevation cloud forests between 2000 and 2300 m , in volcán barva and cordillera de talamanca . the leaf - mining biology of these sciarids is similar to that of the albusambia ( w . mohrig and k . nishida , in preparation ) .
research on costa rican pyraloidea by mas is supported by the systematic entomology laboratory , psi , ars , usda , and inbio . the fieldwork of drd in costa rica was supported by a research opportunity fund award from the smithsonian institution and the alas iii project ( supported by national science foundation grant deb - 9706976 ) . david wagner ( university of connecticut , storrs , u . s . a . ) accompanied drd in the initial discovery of this species . david b . lellinger , department of systematic biology , smithsonian institution , identified the host fern and provided related information . christer hansson , department of zoology , lund university , and paul hanson , escuela de biología , ucr , identified the parasitoid wasps .
se describen un género y especie nuevos de musotiminae , albusambia elaphoglossumae solis and davis , de costa rica . esta especie mina las frondas del helecho elaphoglossum conspersum . la serie tipo se obtuvo mediante la recolección de las minas y mediante crianza en laboratorio . el adulto se define por caracteres específicos en el aparato genital ; la pupa se caracteriza por una depresión media en el vértex y por dos estructuras anterolaterales en forma de cuernos en el protórax . la larva es un minador gregario de la fronda , con su cuerpo aplanado dorsoventralmente y su cabeza prognata ; ambas adaptaciones morfológicas para minar frondas ( vistas por primera vez en musotiminae ) . actualmente , musotiminae es de alta prioridad en la búsqueda de nuevos agentes para el control biológico de helechos invasores .
palabras claves : elaphoglossum conspersum , larvas grega - rias , helecho , minador de hojas , neotropical , neurophyseta , proacrias , undulambia .
balick , m . j . , d . g . furth & g . cooper - driver . 1978 . biochemical and evolutionary aspects of arthropod predation on ferns . oecol . 35 : 55 - 89 .
species on leather - leaf fern in florida , and note on a closely related central american species ( lepidoptera : pyraustidae , nymphulinae ) . fl . ent . 48 : 155 - 157 .
forbes , w . t . m . 1923 . the lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states . cornell univ , agr . exp . sta . 68 : 1 - 729 .
in relation to aquatic plants in florida . hyacinth cont . j . 12 : 15 - 18 .
hartshorn , g . s . 1983 . plants : introduction , p . 118 - 157 .
d . h . janzen , ( ed . ) costa rican natural history . chicago university press , chicago . xi + 816 p .
de la cordillera de talamanca , costa rica : biodiversidad , ecología , conservación y desarollo . unversidad de amsterdam / instituto nacional de biodiversidad , costa rica . xvi + 391 p .
( polypodiaceae ) in papua new guinea and their possible use in biological control . act . oecol . / oecol . appl . 3 : 342 - 359 .
kuitert , l . c . & g . w . dekle . 1962 . mysterious invader . sunshine state agricultural report , agricultural experiment station , university of florida , gainesville , florida . 7 ( 3 ) : 10 - 12 .
lange , w . harry , jr . 1956 . a generic revision of the aquatic moths of north america ( lepidoptera : pyralidae : nymphulinae ) . wasmann j . biol . 14 ( 1 ) : 59 - 144 .
lawton , j . h . , v . k . rashbrook & s . g . compton . 1988 . biocontrol of british bracken : the potential of two moths from southern africa . ann . appl . biol . 112 : 479 - 490 .
meyrick , e . 1885 . descriptions of new zealand microlepidoptera . 6 . pyralidina . trans and proc . new zealand inst . 17 : 121 - 140 .
minet , j . 1985 . étude morphologique et phylogénétique des organs tympanique des pyraloidea . 2 - pyralidae : crambinae , première partie . ( lepidoptera : glossata ) . annls . soc . ent . fr . 21 ( 1 ) : 69 - 86 .
munroe , e . g . 1972 . pyraloidea ( in part ) . in r . b . dominick ,
the moths of america north of mexico . fasc . 13 . 1a . curwen , london , 134 p .
walker ( lep . : pyralidae ) . kita - kyushu no konchu . 23 : 3 - 36 .
( lepidoptera : crambidae ) de costa rica . rev . biol . trop . 44 : 693 - 717 .
philpott , a . 1917 . a list of lepidoptera of otago . trans and proc . new zealand inst . 49 : 195 - 238 .
ruehlmann , t . e . , r . w . matthews & j . r . matthews . 1988 . roles for structural and temporal shelter - changing by fern - feeding lepidopteran larvae . oecol . 75 : 228 - 232 .
speidel , w . 1984 . die abgrenzung der unterfamilie acentropinae ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea ) . atalanta . 12 ( 2 ) : 117 - 128 .
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janzen , d . h . & w . hallwachs . 2005 . database homep - age . caterpillars , pupae , butterflies and moths of the acg . urltoken base . lasso ; downloaded 2 - ii - 2005 . [ links ]
universidad de costa rica . escuela de biología , 2060 san josé , costa rica , san pedro , san josé , cr , 2060 , 2511 - 5500 , 2511 - 5550 rbt @ urltoken
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transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 1904 . [ electronic resource ]
this butterfly was very abundant on mount holdsworth , from the bush - line to the summit . the specimens were very large , and in perfect condition . they , however , exhibited no divergence from the usual type .
a distinct variety of this insect occurs in river - beds on the wairarapa plain .
two specimens of this very common insect occurred on mount holdsworth at 4 , 000 ft . had they not been actually netted , they might readily have been mistaken for one of the erebias , and reported as such .
at “sugar , ” mangatariri river . three specimens only . not quite typical .
one superb specimen , amongst grass near camp . i have not taken this species previously .
i secured a magnificent female specimen of this extremely rare species at “sugar” on 26th february ; my other two specimens , both males , were taken , one at nelson in 1885 , and one at wainuiomata in 1887 . there are two specimens in the collection of the late mr . r . w . fereday , now in the christchurch museum . i am not aware of any others .
very common in the mangatariri valley . this species is characteristic of the locality , as it is not a generally common species .
this fine and conspicuous insect was very abundant on mount holdsworth from 3 , 800 ft . to 5 , 000 ft .
extremely abundant on mount holdsworth from 3 , 800 ft . to 5 , 000 ft . this was much the commonest insect seen . it is a rare species on the mountains in the south island .
some very small and vividly marked specimens were captured by mrs . hudson , in the river - bed of the mangatariri .
common as usual . mangatariri river , and in birch forest up to 3 , 000 ft . a white variety of the female taken at “sugar . ”
a large pale variety of this species was common on mount holdsworth from about 3 , 800 ft . to 4 , 500 ft .
in stunted birch forest , mount holdsworth , 3 , 600 ft . , common , but rather worn ; evidently too late for it . this is a rare and interesting species .
i took two specimens of this species in the dense swampy forest near the mangatariri river .
three specimens of this interesting genus occurred on mount holdsworth , from 3 , 600 ft . to 4 , 000 ft . , as usual . these insects were flying very rapidly in the hottest sunshine .