the dusky darter ( percina sciera ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus percina , found , but not confined to , both large and small rivers , and shallow creeks ( 1-3rd order ) , in the eastern , southern , and southeastern united states , particularly the mississippi river drainage system .

percina are benthic and benthic-associated fishes .

percina sciera belongs to the family percidae , which along with etheostomatinae comprise approximately 20-percent of the recognized diversity in north american freshwater fish .

land development may threaten p. sciera habitat .

percina prefer low water velocity in riffle/pool transition areas primarily on top of woody debris in a sandy/boulder substrate .

dusky darter

in central florida . the blackbanded darter is the most common darter throughout its range . the blackbanded darter is absent from the
page , l . m . & p . w . smith . 1970 . the life history of the dusky darter .
percina – diminutive of perca meaning “little perch ; ” sciera – meaning “dusky” ( ross 2001 ) .
labay , a . a . 1992 . laboratory spawning and rearing of the dusky darter ( percina sciera ) and the longnose darter ( p . nasuta ) . master’s thesis . southwest texas state university , san marcos .
labay , a . a . , r . w . standage , and t . m . brandt . 2004b . selected methods for dusky darter captive propagation . north american journal of aquaculture 66 : 146 - 152 .
, located in central and south georgia , the blackbanded darter is considered rare .
fishers : don’t use channel darter as baitfish . if you accidentally capture a channel darter , return it to the water immediately to increase its’ chance of survival .
according to hubbs ( 1954 ) , the guadalupe basin stocks of percina sciera differ morphologically from other populations and were designated as the guadalupe dusky darter , p . s . apristis ; this publication stated that apristis may be specifically distinct from sciera .
can cause temperature change of the water which will affect when the darter will spawn .
[ according to hubbs ( 1954 ) , the guadalupe basin stocks of percina sciera differ morphologically from other populations and were designated as the guadalupe dusky darter , p . s . apristis ; this publication stated that apristis may be specifically distinct from sciera .
page , l . m and p . w . smith . 1970 . the life history of the dusky darter , percina sciera in the embarras river , illinois . ill . nat . hist . surv . , biol . notes 69 : 1 - 15 .
hubbs , c . 1985 . darter reproductive seasons . copeia 1985 : 56 - 68 .
the blackbanded darter inhabits many river systems in the united states . they are found in the
. the life span of the blackbanded darter is estimated to be around three to four years . the life history of the blackbanded darter depends on geographic variation in environmental condition such as
blackbanded darter . 2008 . alabama department of conservation and natural resources . 17 november 2011 .
under both ontario’s and quebec’s fishing regulations , the channel darter cannot be used as bait .
the blackbanded darter is not endangered or threatened in its range . they are listed as least concern .
what is the current population of the duskytail darter ? the exact population is unkown but endangered . why is the duskytail darter endangered ? the duskytail darter is endangered mainly because of pollution . what are people doing to help save the duskytail darter ? where is the duskytail darter found ? in kentucky , the fish is only found in a section of the big south fork of cumberland river . it is found in clear steams and moderate sized rivers . it prefers pools 1 to 4 feet deep that are located in the heads of riffles . what do they look like ? dusky tail darter how does the duskytail darter get its energy ? the diet of the fish is larvae and sometimes eat fish eggs . predators of the duskytail darter is larger fish , snakes , and turtle . they are asked not to use chemicals and fertilizers . the duskytail darter has dull coloring . the top of the head is gray , the belly is white , and there are vertical lines down the sides . what is its habitat ? what are some predators of the duskytail darter 3 important or interesting facts about the duskytail darter 1 : the female lays one cluster of 23 to 200 eggs . 2 : they like quiet pools of water . 3 : they only live up to 2 years . some pictures ! by : deanna costello scientific name : etheostoma percnurum
page , l . m . 1980 . percina sciera ( swain ) , dusky darter . pp . 740 in d . s . lee , et al . atlas of north american freshwater fishes . n . c . state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , i - r + 854 pp .
hubbs , c . l . 1985 . darter reproductive seasons . copeia 1985 ( 1 ) : 56 - 68 .
the blackbanded darter ( percina nigrofasciata ) is a small freshwater fish belonging to the percina genus in the percidae family .
braasch , m . e . & p . w . smith . 1967 . the life history of the slough darter .
burr , b . m . & l . m . page . 1978 . the life history of the cypress darter .
burr , b . m . & l . m . page . 1979 . the life history of the least darter .
page , l . m . & b . m . burr . 1976 . the life history of the slabrock darter .
page , l . m . & p . w . smith . 1971 . the life history of the slenderhead darter .
the channel darter is a small fish member of the perch family , percidae . it has the following characteristics and distinguishing features :
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 27 december 1993 .
endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ; determination of endangered status for the relict darter and bluemask ( = jewel ) darter .
federal register 58 ( 246 ) : 68480 - 68486 .
bluemask darter .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
labay , a . a . , k . collins , r . w . standage , and t . m . brandt . 2004a . gut content of first - feeding wild darters and captive - reared dusky darters . north american journal of aquaculture 66 : 153–157 .
the bluemask darter is a small , slender fish that reaches a maximum size of 1 . 9 in ( 4 . 8 cm ) . females and nonbreeding males are straw - yellow to tan . along the sides there are seven to nine quadrate blotches formed by dark x - markings and faint blue pigment . between the blotches and extending dor - sally there are many small orange x - markings and spots . dorsolaterally there are also many small brown markings . on the dorsum there are six dark brown saddles . the face and underside of the head are white to dusky , and there is blue pigment on the suborbital bar and operculum . the cheeks are fully scaled , and the lateral line is usually complete . the first dorsal fin contains a narrow dusky marginal band , a red - orange medial band , a dusky submedial band ( males only ) , and a clear basal band . the second dorsal and caudal fins are mostly clear .
breeding males are generally dusky with seven to nine bright cobalt blue bars on the side of the body . between the bars , orange spots coalesce to form conspicuous splotches . bright cobalt blue continuously covers the face , underside of the head , and branchiostegal membranes . the first dorsal fin contains a narrow gray to black marginal band , a bright red - orange medial band , a wide black submedial band , and a mostly clear basal band with black pigment in the posterior portions of the membranes . the second dorsal , caudal , anal , and pelvic fins are dusky gray to black .
hughey , mc . 2012 . variation in reproductive life history between two populations of blackbanded darter ( percina nigrofasciata ) . copeia 4 : 714 - 721 .
features the dusky darter may attain a length of two to four inches . the back and upper sides are green to brown to black , the back having eight to nine dark saddles . wavy , dark lines are present on the upper sides . each side has eight to 12 oval , dark blotches . the lower sides and belly are white . usually there is no dark , “teardrop” mark under the eye . the fins are clear , although there may be a dark spot at the rear of the first dorsal fin , and the second dorsal and tail fins may have light brown lines . the base of the tail fin has three dark spots , the lower two sometimes connected . the bone just in front of the gill cover is saw - toothed along the edge . the gill covers are connected by a membrane across the throat . the lateral line is complete . this fish has an average life span of about three years . behaviors the dusky darter may be found from east central illinois through the ohio river border counties . this fish lives in creeks and rivers over a silt - free , sand or gravel bottom , often among brush , leaves or other organic debris . the dusky darter spawns in spring or summer depending on the water conditions . the eggs are mixed into the substrate . no parental care is given . this fish eats immature insects .
bluemask darter .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
the bluemask darter occupies areas with slow to moderate flow over sand and fine gravel substrates . this type of habitat is seemingly limited within the caney fork river system of central tennessee .
mesohabitat : most common over gravel or gravel and sand raceways ; occupying midwater stratum ; often found in current in accumulations of branches and leaves ( page and smith 1970 ; page 1980 ; page 1983 ) . the young , in contrast to adults , often found along the shallow gravel edges of pools with moderate currents and at times enter tributaries not visited by adults ( page and smith 1970 ; edwards 1997 ) . associates include other percina ( including percina caprodes ) and etheostoma ( including e . spectabile , e . lepidum and e . fonticola ) in addition to guadalupe bass ( micropterus treculi ) or spotted bass ( m . punctulatus ) which may be predators ( edwards 1997 ) . page and smith ( 1970 ) noted frequent associates including : suckermouth minnow ( phenacobius mirabilis ) , central stoneroller ( campostoma anomalum ) , orangethroat darter ( etheostoma spectabile ) , blackside darter ( percina maculata ) , logperch ( p . caprodes ) , mud darter ( etheostoma asprigene ) , bluntnose darter ( e . chlorosoma ) , slough darter ( e . gracile ) , harlequin darter ( e . histrio ) .
mathur , d . 1973 . some aspects of life - history of blackbanded darter , percina nigrofasciata ( agassiz ) in halawake creek , alabama . american midland naturalist 89 : 381 - 393 .
robins , r . h . and l . m . page . 2007 . taxonomic status of the guadalupe darter , percina apristis ( teleostei : percidae ) . zootaxa 1618 : 51 - 60 .
robins , r . h . and page , l . m . 2007 . taxonomic status of the guadalupe darter , percina apristis ( teleostei : percidae ) . zootaxa 1618 : 51 - 60 .
. . . bluebreast darter and tippecanoe darter have been documented as belonging to the egg - burying guild ( kelly et al . 2012 , stiles 1972 . field observations ( stiles 1972 , tiemann 2008 and aquarium experiments in the laboratory ( mount 1959 , page and simon 1988 , warren et al . 1986 ) indicated that females of both species bury themselves into the gravel substrate while the males mount them and fertilize the eggs . tiemann ( 2008 ) observed spawning behavior of bluebreast darter in the vermilion river , il , and documented that males stop defending their territories soon after spawning . . . .
hubbs , c . 1954 . a new texas subspecies , apristis , of the darter hadropterus scierus , with a discussion of variation within the species . american midland naturalist , 52 : 211 - 220 .
the bluemask darter can be distinguished from etheostoma stigmaeum and the blueside darter ( e . jessiae ) by : fully scaled cheeks ; lateral line usually complete ; premaxillary frenum absent ; breeding males with bright cobalt blue pigment continuously covering the lower face and underside of the head ; breeding males with soft dorsal and anal fins with no orange spots on rays or blue pigment in membranes ; and palatine teeth absent .
in many areas of the southeastern united states where they inhabit , they are most abundant fish in river , but the blackbanded darter is rare in the altamaha river which is located in the state of georgia .
u . s . fish and wildlife service . 25 july 1997 .
recovery plan for bluemask ( = jewel ) darter ,
u . s . fish and wildlife service , atlanta . 20 pp .
. the average clutch size for the blackbanded darter depends on the location . in florida , a clutch size range from 4 to 73 eggs , while in alabama , the range is from 38 to 250 eggs .
burr , brooks m . & lawrence m . page . blackbanded darter . peterson field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . new york . houghton mifflin harcourt publishing company . 2011 . 520 .
the early development of rainbow darter , etheostoma caeruleum , was examined from an ecological perspective . steps and thresholds of ontogeny to completion of body squammation are defined , and related to environmental factors . rainbow darter eggs are about 2 mm diameter , considerably larger than those of related logperch ( percina caprodes ) . the embryonic vitelline respiratory plexus is much more extensive . the pelagic interval characteristic of logperch and ancestral percids is eliminated and onset of exogenous feeding is delayed . the larger larvae of the rainbow darter can begin feeding directly on aquatic insects , and complete their life cycle in streams . therefore , shifts in the timing of important thresholds ( e . g . exogenous feeding ) are ecologically important . furthermore , early maturation and / or delayed bone and scale formation may be responsible for reductions in the lateralis system and scalation in this and other darter species .
coloration : sides with large black rectangular blotches ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) . bright colors absent . body light olive - green dorsally with dark mottling and about 8 dusky saddles . side of body more yellow , having a lateral band of 8 - 12 blotches . venter is white or dark yellow . vertical row of 3 dark spots on the caudal base , the lower 2 often confluent . fins mostly clear except for dusky spot posteriorly in the first dorsal fin . usually there is no suborbital bar present ( page 1983 ) . breeding male darkens and midlateral row of blotches becomes obliterated by blackish vertical bars extending over the dorsum . blotch at back of first dorsal fin intensifies and a yellow or orange band develops distally ; breeding female does not undergo comparable color change ( page and smith 1970 ; page 1983 ) .
mathur , d . 1973 . food habits and feeding chronology of black - banded darter , percina nigrofasciata ( agassiz ) , in halawakee creek , alabama . transactions of the american fishery society 102 : 48 - 55 .
page , l . m . , and p . w . smith . 1971 . the life history of the slenderhead darter , percina phoxocephala , in the embarras river , illinois . illinois natural history survey biological notes 74 .
thomas , d . l . 1970 . an ecological study of four darter species of the genus percina ( percidae ) in the kaskaskia river , illinois . illinois natural history survey , biological notes 70 : 1 - 18 .
page , l . m . 1976 . natural darter hybrids : etheostoma gracile x percina maculata , percina caprodes x percian maculata , and percina phoxocephala x percina maculata . the southwestern naturalist 21 ( 2 ) : 161 - 168 .
the state - threatened iowa darter ( etheostoma exile ) is a rare , benthic fish thought to be confined to the glacial lakes of lake and mchenry counties and a few streams in extreme northern illinois . …
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the bluemask darter ' s distribution has been reduced by such factors as impoundments , water withdrawal , and the general deterioration of water quality resulting from siltation and pollutants contributed by coal mining , gravel mining , poor land use practices and waste discharges .
percina maculata ( blackside darter ) x percina phoxocephala hybrids reported from the kaskaskia river , illinois ( thomas 1970 ) and the salt river , missouri ( page 1976 ) . leeches , nematodes , and acanthocephalans reported from illinois specimens ( page and smith 1971 ) .
the bluebreast darter etheostoma camurum ( cope ) has a disjunct distribution within the ohio river drainage . i examined the distribution and life history characteristics of e . camurum in the vermilion river basin ( wabash river drainage ) , vermilion county , illi - nois , during the summer of 2007 . the darter commonly was collected in areas of moderate to swift currents over cobble and boulder . it spawned in these areas during early summer , and consumed predominately aquatic insect larvae for its diet . because of its small range , it is recommended that e . camurum remain listed as state - endangered .
hubbs , c . l . , and hubbs , c . 1954 . hadropterus scierus apristis . in hubbs , c . , a new texas subspecies , apristis , of the darter hadropterus scierus , with a discussion of variation within the species . the american midland naturalist 52 : 211 - 220 .
natural hybridization has been documented with the orangethroat darter ( etheostoma spectabile ; hubbs and laritz 1961 ) . hubbs ( 1967 ) performed laboratory hybridization crosses between p . apristis and p . sciera ( colorado river stock ) and noted that low overall heterosis may indicate an associated isolation mechanism between the two species .
thompson , b . a . 1980 . percina phoxocephala ( nelson ) , slenderhead darter . pp . 737 in d . s . lee et al . , atlas of north american freshwater fishes . n . c . state mus . nat . hist . , raleigh , i - r + 854 pp .
in canada , the channel darter’s occurrence is uncommon , but fragmented populations exist in several areas of ontario and quebec . in ontario , the channel darter is found in the lower great lakes basin along the shores of lake erie , detroit river , st . clair river , lake st . clair , ottawa river and some of its tributaries , and in drainages of the bay of quinte . in quebec , the species is found in the st . lawrence river and also in tributaries of four hydrographic regions : outaouais and montreal ; the southwest st . lawrence ; southeast st . lawrence ; and the northwest st . lawrence .
because the existing bluemask darter populations inhabit only short stream reaches , they are vulnerable to extirpation from stochastic events , such as accidental toxic chemical spills . the valley along the collins river is used extensively for commercial plant nurseries ; this increases the chances of a toxic agricultural chemical spill and the buildup of contaminants in the stream sediment that could impact this population . additionally , all existing bluemask darter populations are now isolated by the great falls reservoir . because the cane creek and upper caney fork river populations are extremely small and the great falls reservoir presumably restricts gene flow among populations , the long - term genetic viability of all the populations is questionable .
robins and page ( 2007 ) presented data demonstrating that the guadalupe population of percina sciera , currently recognized as the subspecies p . s . apristis , is genetically isolated and diagnosable as percina apristis ( hubbs and hubbs ) , the guadalupe darter . formal acceptance of this name change is pending ( american fisheries society committee on names of fishes ) .
luttrell , g . r . , f . r . abe , m . p . davis , and k . r . anderson . 2007 . recent collections of the slenderhead darter , percina phoxocephala ( nelson ) , from the kansas river basin . transactions of the kansas academy of science 110 ( 1 / 2 ) : 127 - 128 .
c ) . large pools like this one , which are widely scattered , may be critical in sustaining populations through low flow periods . because the perennial flow appears to be limited to the lower river , and because summer hold - over pools are widely scattered , this bluemask darter population must be extremely small and thus vulnerable to disturbance or habitat alteration .
atlantic and gulf slope drainages from edisto river , south carolina , south into south - central florida ( almost to lake okeechobee ) and west to mississippi river , louisiana ; the most common darter throughout most of range , but absent in st . marys and satilla rivers in southeastern georgia and rare in altamaha river , georgia ( page and burr 1991 ) .
global range : atlantic and gulf slope drainages from edisto river , south carolina , south into south - central florida ( almost to lake okeechobee ) and west to mississippi river , louisiana ; the most common darter throughout most of range , but absent in st . marys and satilla rivers in southeastern georgia and rare in altamaha river , georgia ( page and burr 1991 ) .
the body of the fish is variable and is influenced by the surrounding habitat . the blackbanded darter will be a light color if it is found along a sandy substrate . the darters that have a dark color are usually found around leaf litter , sticks , and aquatic vegetation . breeding males have a greenish blue wash over their body and the head is brownish gold color .
the channel darter population of canada has been designated as threatened and is protected under the species at risk act . fisheries and oceans canada has prepared a recovery strategy for this population , in cooperation with many individuals , organizations and government agencies , including the provinces of ontario and quebec , parks canada , the ontario freshwater fish recovery team , and the quebec cyprinidae and small percidae team .
johnny darter eggs are attached to the underside of rocks and guarded by males until they hatch . males rub the eggs with their fins to clean them from 13 to 16 times an hour . they also fan the eggs with their pectoral fins . when an eggs becomes covered with fungus , the male will eat it . males aggressively defend their eggs against fish that might want to eat them .
robins and page ( 2007 ) presented data demonstrating that the guadalupe population of percina sciera , currently recognized as the subspecies p . s . apristis , is genetically isolated and diagnosable as percina apristis ( hubbs and hubbs ) , the guadalupe darter . formal acceptance of this name change is pending ( american fisheries society committee on names of fishes ) . see percina apristis account for information related to this species . ]
the team studied the predator - prey dynamics of young ambon damselfish ( pomacentrus amboinensis ) and their natural predator the dusky dottyback ( pseudochromis fuscus ) during exposure to motorboat noise compared to ambient environmental conditions . they found that both motorboat noise and direct disturbance by motorboat caused elevated metabolic rates ( an increase of 20 % ) , elevated stress and reduced the efficiency of anti - predator responses , which doubled mortality rate by predation . indeed stressed individuals demonstrated less ability to identify a predator and had less efficient “rapid startle response” : as they state “we found that when motor - boats were passing p . amboinensis were six times less likely to startle to a simulated predator attack compared with fish tested in ambient conditions” , to add to this response times were observed as being 22 % slower .
u . s . fish and wildlife service ( fws ) , in cooperation with willing landowners , has begun to implement programs to restore riparian habitat , fence cattle from stream reaches , develop alternative water supplies for cattle , and control agricultural run - off in other streams in the southeastern united states . these programs , which are designed to benefit both the landowner and the resource , help minimize soil erosion and enhance bluemask darter habitat .
johnny darters are small , slender fish with brown to yellow ctenoid scales , paler sides , and whitish bellies . the backs and sides are marked with darker
saddle marks
and the sides have distinctive
w
shaped brown spots along the lateral line . there is a dark stripe that extends from the mouth to the eye , the dorsal fins are marked with brown spots , the tail fin has brown stripes , and the pectoral and anal fins are clear . the first dorsal fin has 7 to 9 spines and the second dorsal find has 11 to 14 rays . males become dusky to black on the head , upper body , and dorsal fins during the breeding season . the ventral portion of the pectoral fins and pelvic rays develop whitish , knobby tips . the average length is 51 mm and the largest recorded individual was 77 mm .
historically this species was known from five rivers in the caney fork river system . presently this darter is known from only four rivers in van buren , warren , grundy , and white counties . the blue - mask darter is thought to inhabit about 700 ft ( 213 . 4 m ) of cane creek ; 23 mi ( 37 km ) of the collins river ; 2 . 7 mi ( 4 . 3 km ) of the rocky river ; and 1 . 1 mi ( 1 . 8 km ) of the upper caney fork river . the species may also seasonally occur in the 1 . 9 - mi ( 301 - km ) reservoir fluctuation zone in the upper caney fork river and the 0 . 8 - mi ( 1 . 3 - km ) fluctuation zone in cane creek . eight specimens were collected there on two occasions in the spring of 1990 . eight individuals were collected from the free - flowing portion of cane creek , just upstream of the great falls reservoir in 1991 .
. . . to minimize disturbance , transects were sampled from downstream to upstream and points were sampled from near shore to far shore . this kick - seining method has been shown to be an appropriate quantitative method for sampling benthic fishes , including darters ( tiemann et al . , 2004 ; tiemann , 2008 ) . most fishes were identified , counted , and released upon completion of sampling at a site ; at least one voucher specimen of each darter species was retained and deposited in the illinois natural history survey fish collection , champaign . . . .
the bluemask darter was collected at two localities in the caney fork river in the lower 1 . 1 river mi ( 1 . 8 km ) above the great falls reservoir . twelve specimens were collected in relatively high flow along the margin of the stream over cobble and sparse gravel at a site 1 . 6 mi ( 2 . 6 km ) east - southeast of dodson , white county , during april 1991 . on a return trip to the site in august 1991 , the channel was completely dry , with the exception of widely scattered pools with substrates of large round boulders .
. . . field observations ( stiles 1972 , tiemann 2008 and aquarium experiments in the laboratory ( mount 1959 , page and simon 1988 , warren et al . 1986 ) indicated that females of both species bury themselves into the gravel substrate while the males mount them and fertilize the eggs . tiemann ( 2008 ) observed spawning behavior of bluebreast darter in the vermilion river , il , and documented that males stop defending their territories soon after spawning . warren et al . ( 1986 ) collected tippecanoe darters from the green river , ky , and in aquarium studies , showed that males established territories but quickly abandoned nests after spawning , just like bluebreast darters . . . .
. . . most fishes were identified , counted , and released upon completion of sampling at a site ; at least one voucher specimen of each darter species was retained and deposited in the illinois natural history survey fish collection , champaign . subsequent to fish sampling , habitat observations were made at each point by visually assessing substrate size and composition as the percentage of clay / silt , sand , gravel , pebble , cobble / slab rock , and boulder ( tiemann et al . , 2004 ; tiemann , 2008 ) . for the purpose of this paper , we combined cobble ( round ) and slab rock ( flat ) in the same size category . . . .
although the bluemask darter has been able to withstand some degree of habitat degradation , some of its habitat has been so severely altered that the species was extirpated from one stream , and other population segments have been reduced in size and vigor . the fws is conducting research to determine the species ' specific microhabitat requirements and ecological associations . specific components of the species ' habitat may be unknown , and certain activities in the watershed may be adversely impacting the species . habitat improvement programs may be needed to increase spawning success . structures may be needed to provide cover and summer pool habitat and to stabilize the stream bank and streambed . cooperative projects with landowners to provide alternative water sources may be needed to help minimize the impacts of water withdrawal projects .
the exact historic range of the bluemask darter is unknown . however , based on historic collection records , the species has been taken from only five rivers and creeks . the species is extirpated from the calfkiller river , and because of significant habitat deterioration , including impoundments , siltation , and water quality degradation , it may not be possible to reintroduce the fish into this system . however , further study is needed to determine when water quality and physical habitat is suitable for reintroductions . other streams may exist within the species ' probable historic range that may be suitable for reintroduction , including the barrens fork river or lower reaches of charles creek or mountain creek in the collins river system . if such streams exist , they might have potential for reintroduction success .
bluemask darters have been collected in slow to moderate current over clean sand and fine gravel at depths of 4 - 20 in ( 10 . 2 - 50 . 8 cm ) , typically just downstream of riffles or along the margins of pools and runs . they inhabit the lower free - flowing reaches of streams on the highland rim with substrates of limestone or chert bedrock , coarse chert gravel , and sand . spawning males were collected from the collins river in april 1991 over sand and gravel in moderately flowing runs . the closely related e . stigmaeum , which shares an affinity for sand and gravel substrates , spawns in early spring by burying eggs in gravel . the upper reaches of all four streams that support the bluemask darter flow underground during summer , with little to no surface flow . this limits perennial habitat for the species to the lower stream reaches .
johnny darter males migrate to spawning areas before females and establish small nesting territories in protected , shallow waters . males select a stationary object of at least 25 cm in diameter , such as a log , rock , or even trash under which spawning occurs . males compete for nesting territories , with a side - by - side display that helps them to establish dominance . once one is established as dominant , it drives the other male away . male johnny darters aggressively defend their nests , even against fish up to 3 times their size . they attack by butting the threat with their head and biting at the fins of an intruding fish . johnny darters clean the underside of the chosen spawning object with their anal , pectoral , and tail fins . they also enlarge the nest with movements of their body . males rarely leave their territory during the day , but territories are not defended at night . males first swim aggressively towards females that approach their nest , but then begin to swim upside down under their spawning object , which attracts the female . the female swims upside down under the spawning object , alongside the male , who then prods her sides . this stimulates the female to move along the object and deposit eggs . females place one egg at a time on the object , eventually creating a small , single layer patch of eggs up to 13 cm in diameter . females mate with 4 to 6 males and males typically mate with more than 1 female .
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justification : listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , and lack of major threats . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable , or the species may be declining but not fast enough to qualify for any of the threatened categories under criterion a ( reduction in population size ) .
range includes the mississippi river basin from illinois , indiana , ohio , and west virginia southwest to louisiana ; gulf drainages from the alabama river , alabama , to the colorado river , texas ; common , locally abundant ( robins and page 2007 , page and burr 2011 ) .
this species is represented by a large number of subpopulations and locations . total adult population size is unknown but relatively large . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable or slowly declining .
fast runs and sometimes riffles of creeks and small to medium rivers of moderate to low gradient ( if not highly turbid ) . mostly over coarse clean gravel at depths of 20 cm or more in spring and early summer . occurs also in or near aquatic vegetation if present , and in pools . spawns probably over loose gravel at depth of 30 - 90 cm .
localized threats may exist , but on a range - wide scale no major threats are known .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research action .
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freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 8 - 7 . 8 ; dh range : 8 - 18 . temperate ; 10°c - 24°c ( ref . 12468 ) ; 41°n - 29°n
north america : mississippi river basin from ohio and west virginia to eastern illinois and south to louisiana in the usa ; gulf drainages from black warrior river in alabama to guadalupe river in texas , usa .
maturity : l m ? , range 5 - ? cm max length : 13 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5723 ) ; common length : 7 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 12193 ) ; max . reported age : 4 years ( ref . 12193 )
inhabit fast gravel runs , sometimes riffles , of creeks and small to medium rivers . often found near brush ( ref . 5723 , 10294 ) . young are found in shallower gravel riffles ( ref . 7043 ) . juveniles feed on midge and blackfly larvae ; adults consume caddisfly and mayfly larvae ( ref . 10294 ) . males are larger and darker in color during breeding ( ref . 69400 ) .
while in captivity , males exhibit tail - beating while infront of a large female aside from color changes as prespawning behavior ( ref . 69400 ) . ' the generalized condition of a midventral row of specialized scales suggests that the male mounts the female and aligns his body with hers during fertilization and deposition of the eggs ' ( ref . 69400 ) .
page , l . m . and b . m . burr , 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston . 432 p . ( ref . 5723 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00501 ( 0 . 00201 - 0 . 01253 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 36 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 40 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tmax = 4 ; tm = 1 ; fec = 80 - 196 ) .
prior r = 0 . 37 , 2 sd range = 0 . 09 - 1 . 47 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 99 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 69 , based on : 2 tgen , 1 tmax , 3 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .
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bean blossum creek , tributary of white river , 9 km north of bloomington monroe county , indiana ( swain 1883 ) .
hubbs et al . 1991 : 45 ; robins and page ( 2007 ) .
see hubbs and black ( 1954 ) for discussion of the complex synonymy of percina sciera .
counts : usually 7 or more preopercular serrae ( robins and page 2007 ) . hubbs and black ( 1954 ) listed number of scales in lateral - line series for species in five texas rivers : 62 - 65 ( 63 . 8 average ; sabine river ) ; 64 ( neches river ) ; 59 - 68 ( 64 . 1 average ; trinity river ) ; 59 - 66 ( 62 . 7 average ; buffalo bayou and san jacinto river ) ; 60 - 67 ( 62 . 8 average ; lampasas
river ) . 60 - 77 lateral line scales ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) ; pored scales on caudal fin 0 - 4 ; scales above lateral line 7 - 10 ; scales below lateral line 12 - 16 ; transverse scales 19 - 26 ; scales around caudal peduncle 21 - 28 ; dorsal spines 10 - 14 ( 11 - 13 ) ; dorsal rays 11 - 13 ( 11 - 12 ) ; pectoral rays 12 - 15 ( 13 - 15 ) ; anal spines 2 ; anal rays 7 - 10 ( 8 - 9 ) ; branchiostegal rays 6 ( page 1983 ) .
body shape : upper jaw reaches level of anterior one - third of eye ; snout less conical , not extending beyond upper lip ; body depth contained in standard length less than seven times ( hubbs et al . 1991 ) . body is robust , rather compressed behind . head is rather short ; snout bluntish . mouth small , the lower jaw included ( swain 1883 ) .
external morphology : nape scaled ; upper lip connected to snout by broad frenum ; midline of belly with a series of enlarged scales or naked ; preopercle smooth or weakly serrate ( hubbs et al 1991 ) . genital papilla of female large and tubular ( page 1983 ) . male differs from the female in having a midventral row of large and strongly toothed scales and a smaller and less rounded genital pore ( page and smith 1970 ) .
u . s . distribution : page ( 1983 ) noted occurrence of species in the following states : alabama , arkansas , illinois , indiana , kentucky , louisiana , mississippi , missouri , north carolina , ohio , oklahoma , tennessee , texas , virginia , and west virginia .
texas distribution : warren et al . ( 2000 ) listed percina sciera as inhabiting the following drainage units in texas : red river ( from the mouth upstream to and including the kiamichi river ) , sabine lake ( including minor coastal drainages west to galveston bay ) , galveston bay ( including minor coastal drainages west to mouth of brazos river ) , brazos river , and colorado river .
populations in southern drainages are currently stable ( warren et al . 2000 ) . kleinsasser and linam ( 1987 ) reported collection of one specimen from little pine island bayou in southeast texas . linam and kleinsasser ( 1987a ) reported collection of two specimens from cow bayou ( sabine river basin ) in southeast texas . linam and kleinsasser ( 1987b ) did not collect any specimens from the bosque river , texas ; species was previously collected from the river by hubbs and strawn in 1953 ( unpublished ; university of texas natural history collection ) . winemiller et al . ( 2004 ) reported collection of 24 specimens from the brazos river , texas during the study period from june 2003 through august 2004 .
: medium to large streams of moderate to low gradients which are not highly turbid ( edwards 1997 ) . anderson et al . ( 1983 ) reported collection of this species exclusively downstream ( versus upstream of ) of the possum kingdom reservoir , texas . in collections from big sandy creek in east texas , evans and noble ( 1979 ) noted increase in relative abundance of this species with downstream position . herbert and gelwick ( 2003 ) found this fluvial specialist to be associated with the free - flowing east fork of the san jacinto river , texas .
prior to impoundment , this species was common in the west fork of the san jacinto river , texas , but herbert and gelwick ( 2007 ) reported that no specimens were collected during the study at west fork sites where the species had been present before impoundment .
spawning season : february - june in the colorado river , texas ( hubbs 1961 ) . may to july in illinois ( page and smith 1970 ; page 1980 ) .
spawning location : lithophils – rock and gravel spawners ( page and smith 1970 ; simon 1999 ) . in gravel riffles at depths of 30 - 90 cm ( page and smith 1970 ; page 1983 ) .
spawning behavior : nonguarders ; brood hiders ( page and smith 1970 ; simon 1999 ) . males believed to be territorial at least during the spawning period ( page and smith 1970 ) .
fecundity : females are capable of producing 500 - 2000 ova in a single season , with 80 - 196 mature eggs produced by each female at any single time ; fertilized eggs are 1 . 5 mm diameter , transparent , spherical , and adhesive , having a single yellowish oil globule ; eggs hatch in about 4 days at 25 degrees c ( page and smith 1970 ) . size of adhesive , mature eggs from specimens from the colorado river in austin , texas was 1 . 64 mm ( hubbs and johnson 1961 ) .
age at maturation : one year of age ( in males larger than 55 mm sl and in females that have reached at least 40 mm sl ; page and smith 1970 ) . males may have reduced breeding success in first year because of smaller size and less obvious breeding colors ( page and smith 1970 ; page 1983 ) .
migration : as winter approaches , in illinois , fish leave river raceways and smaller tributaries ( where they will return in the spring ) probably moving to deeper downstream habitats where they will spend the winter months ( page and smith 1970 ; page 1983 ) .
growth and population structure : individuals grow to about 40 - 50 mm in their first year ( edwards 1997 ) . males grow more rapidly than females and attain a greater maximum size ; sex ratio in the il population was 1 : 1 ( page and smith 1970 ) . newly hatched larvae average 5 . 5 mm tl and have numerous melanophores on the underside of the body ( page and smith 1970 ) . see page and smith ( 1970 ) for descriptions of egg and larval development .
longevity : males live to 4 + years , females to 3 + years ( page and smith 1970 ; page 1983 ) .
food habits : invertivore ; benthic ( first and second level trophic classifications ; goldstein and simon 1999 ) . in mississippi , major food items are small aquatic insect larvae , hydropsychids , simuliids , chironomids , and baetids ; lower importance of chronomids in autumn ; prey size increases with fish size ( miller 1983 ) . in illinois , main food items were midge and blackfly larvae ; diet also included caddisflies , mayflies , snipe flies , and stoneflies ; heaviest feeding apparently occurs just prior to spawning ( page and smith 1970 ) . diet of immature insects ( page 1980 ) .
natural hybridization has been documented with the logperch ( percina caprodes ; hubbs and laritz 1961 ) . hubbs ( 1967 ) performed laboratory hybridization crosses between p . sciera ( colorado river stock ) and p . apristis , noting that the low overall heterosis may indicate an associated isolation mechanism between the two species .
leeches ( piscicolaria reducta ) are common parasites of adult fish ( page and smith 1970 ) .
considered pollution intolerant species ( united states environmental protection agency 1983 ; kleinsasser and linam 1987 ; linam and kleinsasser 1987a ) .
[ additional literature noting collection of this species from texas locations includes , but is not limited to the following : rose and echelle 1981 ) . ]
anderson , k . a . , t . l . beitinger , and e . g . zimmerman . 1983 . forage fish assemblages in the brazos river upstream and downstream from possum kingdom reservoir , texas . journal of freshwater ecology 2 ( 1 ) : 81 - 88 .
edwards , r . j . 1997 . ecological profiles for selected stream - dwelling texas freshwater fishes i . report to the texas water development board . march 31 , 1997 . twbd 95 - 483 - 107 . 89 pp .
environmental protection agency . 1983 . technical support manual : waterbody surveys and assessments for conducting use attainability analyses . epa office of water regulations and standards , washington , d . c .
evans , j . w . , and r . l . noble . 1979 . the longitudinal distribution of fishes in an east texas stream . american midland naturalist 101 ( 2 ) : 333 - 343 .
goldstein , r . m . , and t . p . simon . 1999 . toward a united definition of guild structure for feeding ecology of north american freshwater fishes . pp . 123 - 202 in t . p . simon , editor . assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities . crc press , boca raton , florida . 671 pp .
herbert , m . e . , and f . p . gelwick . 2003 . spatial variation of headwater fish assemblages explained by hydrologic variability and upstream effects of impoundment . copeia 2003 ( 2 ) : 273 - 284 .
hubbs , c . 1961 . developmental temperature tolerances of four etheostomine fishes occuring in texas . copeia 1961 ( 2 ) : 195 - 198 .
hubbs , c . 1967 . geographic variations in survival of hybrids between etheostomatine fishes . bulletin of the texas memorial museum 13 : 1 - 72 .
hubbs , c . , and m . laritz . 1961 . natural hybridization between hadropterus scierus and percina caprodes . southwestern naturalist 6 ( 3 / 4 ) : 188 - 192 .
hubbs , c . , and m . v . johnson . 1961 . differences in the egg complement of hadropterus scierus from austin and san marcos . the southwestern naturalist 6 ( 1 ) : 9 - 12 .
hubbs , c . , r . j . edwards , and g . p . garrett . 1991 . an annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of texas , with keys to identification of species . the texas journal of science , supplement , 43 ( 4 ) : 1 - 56 .
hubbs , c . l . , and j . d . black . 1954 . status and synonymy of the american percid fish hadropterus scierus . american midland naturalist 52 ( 1 ) : 201 - 210 .
jordan , d . s . , and c . h . gilbert . 1886 . list of fishes collected in arkansas , indian territory , and texas , in september 1884 , with notes and descriptions . proc . u . s . nat . mus . 9 : 1 - 25 .
kleinsasser , l . j . , and g . w . linam . 1987 . fisheries use attainability study for pine island bayou ( segment 0607 ) . resource protection division . texas parks and wildlife department , austin . 21 pp .
linam , g . w . , and l . j . kleinsasser . 1987a . fisheries use attainability study for cow bayou ( segment 0511 ) . resource protection division . texas parks and wildlife department , austin . 13 pp .
linam , g . w . , and l . j . kleinsasser . 1987b ( revised july 3 , 1989 ) . fisheries use attainability study for the bosque river . river studies report no . 4 . resource protection division . texas parks and wildlife department . austin , texas . 20 pp .
miller , g . l . 1983 . trophic resource allocation between percina sciera and p . ouachitae in the tombigbee river , mississippi . amer . midl . nat . 110 ( 2 ) : 290 - 313 .
page , l . m . 1983 . handbook of darters . t . f . h . publications , neptune city , n . j . 271 pp .
page , l . m . , and b . m . burr . 1991 . a field guide to freshwater fishes of north america , north of mexico . houghton mifflin company , boston , 432 pp .
richards , w . j . , and l . w . knapp . 1964 . percina lenticula , a new percid fish , with a rediscription of the subgenus hadropterus . copeia 1964 ( 4 ) : 690 - 701 .
rose , d . r . , and a . a . echelle . 1981 . factor analysis of associations of fishes in little river , central texas , with an interdrainage comparison . american midland naturalist 106 ( 2 ) : 379 - 391 .
ross , s . t . 2001 . the inland fishes of mississippi . university press of mississippi , jackson . 624 pp .
simon , t . p . 1999 . assessment of balon’s reproductive guilds with application to midwestern north american freshwater fishes , pp . 97 - 121 . in : simon , t . l . ( ed . ) . assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities . crc press . boca raton , florida . 671 pp .
swain , j . 1883 . a description of a new species of hadropterus ( hadropterus scierus ) from southern indiana . proc . u . s . natl . mus . 6 : 252 .
warren , m . l . jr . , b . m . burr , s . j . walsh , h . l . bart jr . , r . c . cashner , d . a . etnier , b . j . freeman , b . r . kuhajda , r . l . mayden , h . w . robison , s . t . ross , and w . c . starnes . 2000 . diversity , distribution and conservation status of the native freshwater fishes of the southern united states . fisheries 25 ( 10 ) : 7 - 29 .
winemiller , k . o . , f . p . gelwick , t . bonner , s . zueg , and c . williams . 2004 . response of oxbow lake biota to hydrologic exchanges with the brazos river channel . report to the texas water development board . 59 pp .
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bart , h . l . , jr . and page , l . m . 1992 . the influence of size and phylogeny on life history variation in north american percids . in : r . l . mayden ( ed . ) , systematics , historical ecology , and north american freshwater fishes , pp . 553 - 572 . stanford university press , stanford , california .
boschung , h . t . and mayden , r . l . 2004 . fishes of alabama . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c .
burr , b . m . and warren , m . l . , jr . 1986 . distributional atlas of kentucky fishes . kentucky nature preserves commission , frankfort , kentucky .
douglas , n . h . 1974 . freshwater fishes of louisiana . claitor ' s publishing division , baton rouge , louisiana .


pseudojana pallidipennis is a moth in the eupterotidae family .

it was described by hampson in 1895 .

it is found in burma and the north-eastern himalayas .

the wingspan is about 130 mm .

adults are pale ochreous brown irrorated with fuscous , the forewings with slight dark suffusion from the base through the cell and extending as dentate dark marks along the subcostal and median nervules .

there is an oblique fuscous line from the costa near the apex to the middle of the inner margin , with three lines on a brownish ground colour beyond it , then two other lines .

there is a series of fuscous specks from the apex on a slight band of fuscous suffusion and a submarginal series of black specks connected by traces of a crenulate line .

the hindwings have an antemedial oblique diffused fuscous line followed by five lines , then a diffused fuscous band and a submarginal series of fuscous specks .

pseudojana pallidipennis

this is the place for pseudojana definition . you find here pseudojana meaning , synonyms of pseudojana and images for pseudojana copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word pseudojana . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word pseudojana and , of course , pseudojana synonyms and on the right images related to the word pseudojana .
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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the eupterotidae are a mostly old world family of moths , the majority of species of which are nocturnal though a small number are day - flying .
, cup vestigial or absent , two anal veins . larva with dense secondary setae , often branched , dorsal verrucae of abdominal segment 1 simialr to those of 2 - 8 , crochets biordinal , shorter series with subapical spur or dentate . pupa in flimsy cocoon of silk mixed with larval hairs .
[ no08a ] nässig , w . a . , & r . g . oberprieler . 2008a . an annotated catalogue of the genera of eupterotidae ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea ) .
[ no08b ] nässig , w . a . , & r . g . oberprieler . 2008b . errata et addenda .
[ ns07 ] nässig , w . a . , & w . speidel . 2007 . on the authorships of the lepidoptera atlas of the
reise der novara
, with a list of the taxa of bombycoidea [ s . l . ] therein described ( insecta , lepidoptera , bombycoidea ) .
, 2nd ed . , vol . 2 , pp . 817 - 915 . melbourne university press .
( t . p . lucas ) , with a revised classification of the family eupterotidae ( lepidoptera ) .
i ' m an entomologist and taxonomist , currently based in perth , western australia . if you ' d like to comment ( or offer work ) , i can be e - mailed at gerarus at westnet . com . au .
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most entries on this site are furnished with a dendrogram ( tree diagram ) , showing taxa included in the subject taxon . these diagrams are not primarily intended to represent cladograms . taxa in the dendrogram may be arranged taxonomically or phylogenetically ; priority has been given to taxonomic arrangements , and formally - named taxa are presented as if they were monophyletic unless one of the source references has indicated otherwise . the reference for each element of a dendrogram is represented by an alphanumeric code derived from the author ( s ) ' initials and the publication date ( e . g . ' b09 ' ) ; the identity of the reference so coded can be found in the reference listing . some taxa may have more than one reference listed against them : for instance , one reference may have indicated the phylogenetic position or current combination of a taxon , while another may have indicated the taxon ' s authorship . synonyms of species and genera have been listed with ' = ' to indicate an objective synonymy , ' incl ' ( includes ) to indicate a subjective synonymy . because the dendrograms have been compiled from a number of sources , there may be unresolved conflicts between classifications used by different authors . also , few , if any , of the listings are complete . as this site was first intended to demonstrate , there are a lot of species out there ! some of the abbreviations that have been used on this site are : i . s . = incertae sedis ( indicates a taxon whose position within , or inclusion in , a given higher taxon is uncertain ) l . c . = lapsus calami ( a published spelling error ) n . d . = nomen dubium ( a taxon whose identification is uncertain ) n . n . = nomen nudum ( a taxon published without an adequate description and hence invalid ) preoc . = preoccupied
in south - east asia . beccaloni , g . ; scoble . . .
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the blue-headed hummingbird ( cyanophaia bicolor ) is a species of hummingbird in the family trochilidae .

it is found only in dominica and martinique .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest .

blue - headed hummingbird

nobody uploaded sound recordings for blue - headed hummingbird ( cyanophaia bicolor ) yet .
this short recording documents a sound that a male blue - headed hummingbird made as it chased a second unidentified hummingbird from its patch of flowers .
blue - headed hummingbird is endemic to dominica and martinique in the lesser antilles , where it inhabits high elevation humid forest . within its range , the male blue - headed hummingbird is distinctive , with a fairly long , forked tail , a green body , and a blue head . the female blue - headed hummingbird is similar to females of antillean crested hummingbird ( orthorhyncus cristatus ) , but can be distinguished by their longer bill and tail . blue - headed hummingbird often is seen perched or foraging on insects in the canopy , or foraging for nectar at flowers in adjacent gardens and coffee plantations .
schuchmann , k . l . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . blue - headed hummingbird ( cyanophaia bicolor ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
9–11 cm ; male 4·7 g , female 4·5 g . male has straight black bill , pinkish red on basal portion of lower mandible ; head metallic violet - blue , back shining . . .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : although this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22687380a112239096 .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
calls include shrill , metallic notes , rapidly descending in pitch , and a metallic “click - click - . . .
virgin forest , forest edges and along secondary growth of rivers in the mountains . rare at sea - . . .
mar–may . cup - shaped nest of fine plant fibres like fluff from silk - cotton tree or brown soft parts from outer cover of tree ferns , . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . restricted - range species : present in lesser antilles eba . patchy distribution on both islands . densities in rainforest . . .
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recent molecular study suggested that this genus was almost certainly embedded within chlorostilbon # r . nest type indicates affinities with chlorostilbon and cynanthus ; voice suggests affinities with thalurania .
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a male scratching the head , first with one foot , then with the other one .
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although this species may have a small range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : cyanophaia bicolor . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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negera ramosa is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by watson in 1965 .

it is found in the democratic republic of congo ( orientale ) and uganda .

the length of the forewings is 23.5-26 mm .

the colour-pattern of the wings is as for negera confusa .

the base of the forewings is buff and the area between the medial fasciae is pinkish buff , with a paler central area .

the area between the postmedial fascia and the outer margin is buff anteriorly and reddish brown posteriorly at the outer margin , with a darker brown area midway between the tornus and the posterior end of the postmedial fascia .

the hindwings are pinkish buff , except for a broad , dark yellowish brown band .

negera ramosa

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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holotype ♂ , genitalia slide drepanidae 1148♂ , bmnh ; allotype ♀ , bmnh ; paratypes 3♂ , 4♀ , bmnh .
tams w . h . t . 1925c . descriptions of two new species of the genus metadrepana ( drepanidae , lep . ) . - bulletin of entomological research 15 ( 3 ) : 289–291 .
pujol r . 1960 . les chenilles - marteau ou chenliis queue - de - rat . - science et nature 42 : 1–10 .
watson a . 1965a . a revision of the ethiopian drepanidae ( lepidoptera ) . - bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( entomology ) supplement 3 : 1–178 , pls . 1–18 .
waller j . m . , bigger m . & hillocks r . j . 2007 . coffee pests , diseases and their management . - — : i–viii , 1–434 .
mwangi c . m . 1989 . an atlas of coffee pests and diseases : illustrations of the common insect pests , diseases and deficiency syndromes of coffea arabica in kenya . 3rd revision . - — : i–xx , 1–256 .
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walker f . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part v . – lepidoptera heterocera . — 1855c
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
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number of names appearing only in this repository : 2511782 ( 61 . 20 % )
description : ion will ultimately contain all the organism names related data found within the thomson reuters life science literature databases .