myrmecia fulvipes , or another name the jack jumper ant is a bull ant belonging the myrmecia genus .

native to australia , these bull ants are commonly located in tasmania , victoria , new south wales , and queensland .

myrmecia fulvipes

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see myrmecia fulvipes for further details
myrmecia fulvipes : holotype , worker , australia , australia , musee national d ' histoire naturelle .
myrmecia ( promyrmecia ) fulvipes barbata : syntype , worker ( s ) , queen ( s ) , dorrigo , new south wales ; belgrave ( as belgrade ) , victoria , australia .
barbata . myrmecia ( promyrmecia ) fulvipes subsp . barbata wheeler , w . m . 1933i : 71 ( w . q . ) australia . junior synonym of femorata : clark , 1951 : 158 .
coelatinoda . myrmecia ( promyrmecia ) fulvipes subsp . coelatinoda wheeler , w . m . 1933i : 72 ( w . ) australia . combination in promyrmecia : clark , 1943 : 147 . junior synonym of mandibularis : brown , 1953j : 4 .
this taxon is not in use as it is currently considered to be a junior synonym of myrmecia mandibularis .
there are numerous reports of invertebrates that are visual mimics of ants , but no formal reports of mimicry of an ant , by an ant . two endemic australian ants , myrmecia fulvipes and camponotus bendigensis are remarkably similar in colour and size ; both are generally black but have red legs and golden gasters . the density and hue of the pubescence of each…
myrmecia ( pristomyrmecia ) piliventris femorata : syntype , worker ( s ) , frankston ( as franktown ) , victoria , australia , the natural history museum .
the term bull ant is often used in lay language to refer to other common ants which are neither true bull ants nor members of the genus myrmecia .
brown , w . l . , jr . 1953j . revisionary notes on the ant genus myrmecia of australia . bull . mus . comp . zool . 111 : 1 - 35 pdf
femorata . myrmecia ( pristomyrmecia ) piliventris var . femorata santschi , 1928e : 466 ( w . ) australia . wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . 1971d : 252 ( l . ) . combination in m . ( promyrmecia ) : wheeler , w . m . 1933i : 70 ; in promyrmecia : clark , 1943 : 142 . senior synonym of barbata : clark , 1951 : 158 . junior synonym of fulvipes : brown , 1953j : 21 .
brown , w . l . jr 1953 ,
revisionary notes on the ant genus myrmecia of australia
, bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard , vol . 111 , pp . 1 - 35
brown , w . l . , jr . 1953j . revisionary notes on the ant genus myrmecia of australia . bull . mus . comp . zool . 111 : 1 - 35 ( page 4 , junior synonym of mandibularis )
emery , carlo ( 1911 ) .
hymenoptera : fam . formicidae : subfam . ponerinae
. v . verteneuil & l . desmet . part 118 in wytsman ' s genera insectorum 2 : ( page 17 , myrmecia in ponerinae , myrmeciini ) .
myrmecia , often called bulldog ants , bull ants , inch ants , sergeant ants , jumper ants , or jack - jumpers ( although jack jumper only applies to members of the m . pilosula species group ) , is a genus of ants . bull ants can grow to over 40 mm ( 1 . 6 in ) in length , with the smallest species 15 mm ( 0 . 59 in ) long . almost all of the approximately 94 species are endemic to australia , with the single exception of myrmecia apicalis from new caledonia , where it is rare .
fabricius , johan christian ( 1804 ) .
systema piezatorum : secundum ordines , genera , species , adiectis synonymis , locis , observationibus , descriptionibus
. brunsvigae : carolum reichard : ( page 423 , myrmecia as genus ) . doi : 10 . 5962 / bhl . title . 10490 . oclc 19422437 .
taylor , robert w . ( november 1991 ) .
myrmecia croslandi sp . n . , a karyologically remarkable new australian jack - jumper ant ( hymenoptera : formicidae )
. australian journal of entomology 30 ( 4 ) : 288–288 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1440 - 6055 . 1991 . tb00438 . x .
gray , b . ; lamb , k . p . ( june 1968 ) .
some observations on the malpighian tubules and ovarioles in myrmecia dispar ( clark ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae )
. australian journal of entomology 7 ( 1 ) : 80–81 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1440 - 6055 . 1968 . tb00706 . x .
crosland , m . w . j . , crozier , r . h . ( 1986 ) .
myrmecia pilosula , an ant with only one pair of chromosomes
. science 231 ( 4743 ) : 1278 . bibcode : 1986sci . . . 231 . 1278c . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 231 . 4743 . 1278 . pmid 17839565 .
this is a small myrmecia from the eastpart of australia . the have a cryptic lifecycle and most of there biology still needs to be solved . there nest are often hidden under bigstones and they leave the nest in the evening . the toxin of this ant is very similar to our native wasps and can cause allergic reactions . the pain last only for a short time between 15 to 30 minutes .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
santschi , f . 1928 ,
nouvelles fourmis d ' australie
, bulletin de la société vaudoise des sciences naturelles , vol . 56 , pp . 465 - 483
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2b3c3a21 - 16e6 - 4efe - 995f - 9598261c64a7
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 315828e0 - 4671 - 4ead - bed8 - 05723e2d94ed
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 38e4a3b4 - 27aa - 43a5 - a468 - c87e88bd8936
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a30c859e - 1d3a - 4c6b - 95fa - 70e02bfb93c4
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ff36a210 - 5318 - 4725 - adb5 - 864ead8ca160
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f982125c - 7c7a - 4647 - 8edd - 0c0fd60d279e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 330074
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the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
roger , 1861a : 36 ( w . ) australia . clark , 1943 : 145 ( q . m . ) ; wheeler , g . c . & wheeler , j . 1971d : 249 ( l . ) ; imai , crozier & taylor , 1977 : 345 ( k . ) . combination in
) : brown , 1953j : 21 . see also : clark , 1951 : 165 .
clark , j . 1943 . a revision of the genus promyrmecia emery ( formicidae ) . mem . natl . mus . vic . 13 : 83 - 149 ( page 145 , combination in promyrmecia )
clark , j . 1951 . the formicidae of australia . 1 . subfamily myrmeciinae : 230 pp . csiro , melbourne . [ ( 31 . xii ) . 1951 . ] pdf
emery , c . 1911e . hymenoptera . fam . formicidae . subfam . ponerinae . genera insectorum 118 : 1 - 125 ( page 21 , combination in m . ( pristomyrmecia ) )
imai , h . t . ; crozier , r . h . ; taylor , r . w . 1977 . karyotype evolution in australian ants . chromosoma ( berl . ) 59 : 341 - 393 ( page 345 , karyotype described )
roger , j . 1861a . die ponera - artigen ameisen ( schluss ) . berl . entomol . z . 5 : 1 - 54 ( page 36 , worker described )
wheeler , g . c . ; wheeler , j . 1971d . ant larvae of the subfamily myrmeciinae ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . pan - pac . entomol . 47 : 245 - 256 ( page 249 , larva described )
wheeler , w . m . 1933i . colony founding among ants , with an account of some primitive australian species . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , viii + 179 pp . ( page 69 , combination in m . ( promyrmecia ) )
this page was last modified on 19 august 2015 , at 14 : 39 .
clark , j . 1943 . a revision of the genus promyrmecia emery ( formicidae ) . mem . natl . mus . vic . 13 : 83 - 149 ( page 147 , combination in promyrmecia )
wheeler , w . m . 1933i . colony founding among ants , with an account of some primitive australian species . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , viii + 179 pp . ( page 72 , worker described )
this page was last modified on 18 april 2016 , at 23 : 09 .
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from the crazylegs creations range of hand crafted hebel formicariums comes a nest with a very unique appearance .
gamergate was created to fill the void of an all inclusive and informative home for the ant keeping community . with our love of all ants , big and small , we bring you the products , photos , and reviews that will help you care for your ants .
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we spent some time shooting and making a video of betty and her colony this week .
we ' ve been feeding them byformica ' s sunburst ant nectar and they absolutely love it .
in an unfortunate case of bad timing , a live tv interview in australia has been interrupted by a mating swarm of ants during their nuptial flight .
ants australia made a really big impact on the formicarium market with their ytong nests that they released earlier this year . now they ' re introducing a new range of acrylic nests !
in an industry where innovation is sometimes difficult to come by , this foundation kit from antkit is a sight for sore eyes .
although we ' re a little late to the party , ants australia released their next video in their docu series titles , wood ants .
today we are having a look at the range of honeycomb nests now being produced by antworlds .
here ' s a little formicarium from brian martell for an australian ant keeper with a tighter budget .
mandibles elongate , porrect , serrated on the inner edge alternately with large and small teeth , tips curved inwards and acute at the apex ; maxillary palpi 6 - jointed , the labial palpi 4 - jointed ; antennae filiform , as long as the head and thorax ; eyes large , ovate , prominent , situated forwards at the sides of the head , nearly touching the base of the mandibles ; ocelli present in all the sexes . thorax elongate ; anterior wings with one complete marginal , three complete submarginal , and two discoidal cells . abdomen with two ovate nodes in the petiole . pupae enclosed in cocoons .
this genus of ants appears to be confined to the continent of australia and to tasmania .
' s are around 21 millimetres long on average , and they have normally have a red head , and a black abdomen . their mandibles are long , strongly toothed , and appears in a yellow palish colour .
subgenus , and these ants of the new subgenus were characterised by their jumping behaviour .
the whole subfamily was later revised by clark in his 1951 publication , which includes 118 species and sub - species .
bull ants are among the oldest of all ants , first appearing around 100 million years ago .
multiple observations of the ant were recorded in 1948 and 1965 , but there has been no report of the ant in new zealand for over 20 years , so it is presumed the ant has been eradicated .
in allergic sting victims . as with most severe allergic reactions , the reaction may be lethal if left untreated . these large , alert ants have characteristic large eyes and long , slender mandibles . some bull ants , such as
they have superior vision , able to track and even follow intruders from a distance of 1 m .
. because they mostly live exclusively in bushland , they are rarely exposed to a human - influenced diet . the adult ants mainly eat nectar and honeydew , but the ant larvae are
that eat small insects brought back to them by hunting worker ants . the workers can also regurgitate food back in the nest so other ants can consume it .
) are fed on by bull ants , but this is a dangerous quarry as carpenter ants are able to release chemical signals to bring further reinforcements , which bull ants lack , nor do they have any scent trails as they forage independently .
predators of the bull ant are other ants , spiders , lizards , birds and other animals .
, which means that colonies have multiple queens in one colony . some species can have from a single queen and up to six queens in a single colony , and during
an observed nuptial flight shows nuptial flight occur after a storm with high temperatures , around in january . at least 1 , 000 or more alates can gather in a single nuptial flight , with as many as five to six males trying to mate with a single queen .
, female worker ants which are able to mate and reproduce , thus sustaining the colony after the loss of the queen . a colony of
without queen was collected in 1998 and kept in captivity , during which time the gamergates produced viable workers for three years .
queens are semi - clasutral , meaning that queens of the new established colony will forage for food in order to feed and raise her brood .
colonies take a long time to form . queens will typically lay around eight eggs , which less than half will survive .
colonies can take between four months to eight months for the first workers to be born . in comparison to other ant colonies unrelated to
, they are rather small , with some only consisting of a few hundred individual or even 2 , 000 individuals .
egg clumping is common in nests , although some species would not clump eggs together , and would be dispersed from one another .
queens will generally live the longest of the entire colony , some being at least 10 years of age before dying while the workers will only live for around one year .
genome is being studied to compare it to other species closely related to the ant with a higher chromosome count .
the bull ant famously appears in the philosopher arthur schopenhauer ' s major work , the world as will and representation , as a paradigmatic example of strife and constant destruction endemic to the
will to live
.
but the bulldog - ant of australia affords us the most extraordinary example of this kind ; for if it is cut in two , a battle begins between the head and the tail . the head seizes the tail in its teeth , and the tail defends itself bravely by stinging the head : the battle may last for half an hour , until they die or are dragged away by other ants . this contest takes place every time the experiment is tried .
. melbourne : commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation , australia . p . 230
archibald , s . b . ; cover , s . p . ; moreau , c . s . ( 2006 ) .
bulldog ants of the eocene okanagan highlands and history of the subfamily ( hymenoptera : formicidae : myrmeciinae )
. annals of the entomological society of america 99 ( 3 ) : 487–523 . doi : 10 . 1603 / 0013 - 8746 ( 2006 ) 99 [ 487 : baoteo ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .
lester , philip j . ; keall , john b . ( january 2005 ) .
the apparent establishment and subsequent eradication of the australian giant bulldog ant forel ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in new zealand
. new zealand journal of zoology 32 ( 4 ) : 353–357 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 03014223 . 2005 . 9518423 .
tepper , otto ( 1882 ) .
observations about the habits of some south australian ants
. transactions and proceedings of the royal society of south australia 5 : 24–26 .
dietemann , v . ; peeters , c ; hölldobler , b . ( 2004 ) .
gamergates in the australian ant subfamily myrmeciinae
. naturwissenschaften 91 ( 9 ) : 432–435 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00114 - 004 - 0549 - 1 . pmid 15278223 .
haskins , caryl p . ; haskins , edna f . ( december 1950 ) .
hölldobler , bert ; wilson , edward o . ( 1990 ) . the ants . cambridge , mass . : belknap press of harvard university press . isbn 0 - 674 - 04075 - 9 .
baillie , j . ; groombridge , b . ( 1996 ) . 1996 iucn red list of threatened animals . international union for conservation of nature , gland , switzerland and cambridge , uk . p . 378 .
douglas , athol ; brown , w . l . ( march 1959 ) .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 01196953 - 478d - 48c8 - a9b5 - 741d0120c5b7
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 214b69be - a0c4 - 49ae - a766 - 4ecb71ba2cd3
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3bbace38 - 50bc - 4ebd - bcdd - f1dc1238e189
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5629cc98 - 2744 - 482b - 8765 - 73db38bf6068
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8b7da4b7 - e726 - 4e8d - a3da - d0fdd0dcdec9
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b565519f - 893d - 4535 - a7bf - 8ea573db07b6
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d37f26ac - 7449 - 4868 - a11b - 8867d783eda2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3e019747 - 6847 - 4517 - 8d37 - 1726bef93164
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 268752
a brief observation of morphological and behavioral similarities between the ichneumonidae wasp cryptanura sp . and its presumed mimic , holymenia clavigera ( heteroptera : coreidae ) , in brazil .
colour vision in birds . in : zeigler hp , bischof hj ( eds ) vision , brain , and behaviour in birds
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the purpose of this review is not to criticize , diminish , lessen , embellish , promote or praise any brand , or products . the main concern is to provide ant keepers ( novice and expert ) our experiences while using commercial formicaria to facilitate their choice when considering which would be the most suitable for their actual , or future queens , and colonies .
pan1c777’s modular claustros are small formicariums cubes made of 3d printing materials ( abs ; pla ; and more recently wood fiber printing material ) .
26mm side cube – 26x26x26 [ mm ] – for queens smaller than 1 cm .
40mm side cube – 40x40x40 [ mm ] – for queens bigger than 1 cm .
for each different size there are two possible choices of cubes , an arena or a founding nest .
the arena has one front perspex window , one top door ( 20x16mm ) for feeding or cleaning and three round connecting portals ( one on each side and one on the bottom side ) .
the nest has one front perspex window , on the opposite side has one backdoor for inserting the different nest interchangeable layouts , humidity retainer material ( cotton , etc ) , or cleaning . and also three round connecting portals ( ( one on each side and one on the top side ) .
connection between nest and arena can be done in two ways depending on which option you choose . connection option 1 – magnets connections
there are several options of nest interchangeable layouts available ( at the time of the purchase there were three layouts available ) , one square 4 chamber layout ; and two naturalistic chamber layouts ( one chamber and two chambers ) .
also each arena comes with two square dishes for placing honey / sugar water and food .
modular claustros are designed to provide queens with the right size where to found their nest .
diverging from the market tendency on having horizontal / flat nests , pan1c777 developed a side view nest . the way the nest is hydrated ( from top and sides ) provides new queens with a humidity gradient ( since water is being pulled downwards by gravity ) allowing them to choose the most suitable conditions for them . this matches the conditions offered in nature in most ants’ soil nests , where ants dig deeper of sideways depending on what conditions they are looking for ( more or less humidity / temperature , etc ) .
another interesting point on this design is the modular aspect ; multiple claustros / arenas can be attached as the colony grows .
easy maintenance and cleanliness , was an important factor as well . there is no need to relocate the colony if the cotton gets dirty or dry . nests have three syringe openings to allow humidifying the cotton ; also if cotton needs to be replaced , it is also possible .
they are suitable from novice to expert ant keepers . new product owners should nonetheless watch pan1c777 youtube’s videos about these modular claustros and get all the indications from pan1c777 to become familiar with their different characteristics and options .
these modular claustros also appeal to a different target audience , for being small and inconspicuous they could easily pass for small decorations in some table until it reveals its true nature .
they are advertised for different ant sizes depending on the type of claustro size chosen . any species that would be kept in a test tube can be kept in the modular claustro .
40mm side cube – 40x40x40 [ mm ] – for queens bigger than 1 cm up to 2 cm .
both queens have proven difficult to rear in test tubes setups , and this would be a good test .
at the moment of writing it has been a month and half since the queen were introduced to their new setups . both queens have laid eggs recently , which is a sign i always interpret as being very positive , also bearing in mind that they weren’t laying in a long long while .
regarding camponotus pilicornis , i think that this type of setup is great for them . it allows me to feed them without much disturbance . i can keep humidifying the nest regularly without any problems and the finally a setup where taking photographs is not a continuous problem due to strange reflections that come from round glass test tubes .
the queen always remains on the bottom level of the naturalistic interior ( where the humidity is bigger ) , while the worker likes to stay on the top level . the worker will roam the arena , drink some sugary liquids from the dish and go back inside the feed the queen . at this stage there is not much more activity to report , but i am quite happy with the results so far .
as for odontoponera , there was a longer period of adaptation to the modular claustro . this species climbing skills don’t match those of the camponotus , and odontoponera had some issues to reach the top level of the 4 squared interior . she has stationed on the bottom corner far side from the arena entrance , also where the humidity is bigger . she doesn’t forage often , but as soon as she smells new prey she will come out and collect it . she has layed 3 new eggs recently , and i am expecting her two larvae to pupate soon .
modular claustro being 3d scan material built , end product does not maintain the exact dimensions as in the design ( as one who is familiar with it would expect ) , and all pieces have a good and strong fit between them . this is very positive if you want to keep things closed . but you want to attach a new module , or do some change that involves opening a portal , etc , expect some disturbances in your colony , as the vibrations will be too big .
some small printing imperfections might also be visible , but don’t affect in any way the formicarium performance .
i have both type of connection system between arena and nest , magnet and 3d print connector . for the easiness i would always go for magnet connections , but since the print is not 100 % perfect , there might some possible gaps and escape routes if you are housing smaller species like paratrechina , solenopsis , monomorium , tetramorium , etc . for those i would clearly suggest using the extra snug fit 3d printed connectors .
from my odontoponera experience , i have to say that i would avoid ants that don’t climb well . some asian ponerinae are really bad climbers , and the transition from the bottom level to the top level isn’t easy for them . of course keeping these ants is possible in this setup , just you wouldn’t be making the most of it , as i think they would avoid the top level of the nest . possibly a better option for them would be the wooden fiber modular nest , i think it would allow better climbing surface for the ants .
i am really fond of this design and the versatility it offers . i think it ' s a type of formicarium you could easily bring to your office because it looks really clean and professional .
the feeling that these modular claustros give me is very soothing , the sideway view is great , and i can’t wait to have a reasonable size colony in them to appreciate the full potential of these claustros . imagining how cool it would look to have multiple claustros for a single colony , just like building a lego , specially if pan1c777 continues to develop and implement new designs into them .
regarding the price , i think it is very accessible for what is it and who it is for .
in part 2 we are looking at the various food options within each food group .
in the first part of this two part series we take a look at ant food .


turbinaria bifrons , commonly known as disc coral , is a species of colonial stony coral in the family dendrophylliidae .

it is native to the indo-pacific region .

it is a zooxanthellate coral that houses symbiont dinoflagellates in its tissues .

this is an uncommon species and the international union for conservation of nature has rated its conservation status as being " vulnerable " .

turbinaria bifrons

what type of species is turbinaria bifrons ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the turbinaria bifrons species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of turbinaria bifrons species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species turbinaria bifrons .
how to identify turbinaria bifrons marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species turbinaria bifrons . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species turbinaria bifrons are marked in green .
turbinaria bifrons . great barrier reef , australia . detail of fronds . ed lovell .
where is turbinaria bifrons found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species turbinaria bifrons can be found .
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turbinaria bifrons . great barrier reef , australia . the common appearance of a well developed colony . len zell .
a large , well - developed colony of turbinaria bifrons pictured here from the great barrier reef . photo by len zell .
turbinaria bifrons . dampier archipelago , western australia . forming a solid plate with radiating upright fronds at the margin . neville coleman .
turbinaria bifrons is found in the indo - west pacific , from southern japan , through the south china sea and indonesia , south to tropical australia ( 1 ) .
turbinaria conspicua . dampier archipelago , western australia . this species has more interlocking fronds and smaller corallites then t . bifrons , otherwise it is similar . ed lovell .
like all coral species , turbinaria bifrons is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , which means that all international trade is strictly controlled by the use of permits and annual quotas ( 2 ) . in addition , turbinaria bifrons falls within several marine protected areas across its range ( 1 ) .
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turbinaria bifrons is one of only two species in the genus to display this clear - cut distinction of having corallites on both sides of its upright plates . the other species being turbinaria conspicua , which was once synonymized with t . bifrons , making it all the more confusing in terms of taxonomy , but you don’t need to be a coral taxonomist to appreciate this coral’s incredibly unique growing shape .
turbinaria bifrons occurs in shallow reefs in tropical waters between depths of 2 and 25 metres , as well as in rocky areas within the intertidal zone in subtropical locations ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
turbinaria bifrons is quite simply unlike any coral anyone has ever seen , and it is perhaps one of the rarest stony coral species in the aquarium hobby . when we say t . bifrons is rare we don’t mean rare as in a strain of a particular highly desired echniophyllia , a genus that is practically overrepresented in aquaria .
information on turbinaria heronensis is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
information on turbinaria stellulata is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
information on turbinaria patula is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
was described by bernard in 1896 . other common names they are known for are vase coral , scrolling turbinaria coral , turban coral , yellow scroll coral , yellow lettuce coral , yellow turbinaria , and bowl coral .
our colony of turbinaria bifrons has settled into a nice but not flashy forest green color with pinkish polyps that have a whitish oral disc . the edges of the bifacial plates are light brown bordering on pink and where the edges face the predominant flow , you can easily see two rows of corallites where the coral is growing fastest .
specific conservation measures recommended for this species include carrying out extensive studies of its population , biology , and ecology , along with more research into existing and potential threats . in response to the threat of climate change , artificial propagation and preservation of sperm and eggs may become necessary to safeguard turbinaria bifrons against complete extinction ( 1 ) .
( of turbinaria dendrophyllia bernard , 1896 ) bernard h ( 1896 ) . the genus turbinaria , the genus astraeopora . catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum ( natural history ) 2 : 1 - 106 , pls . 1 - 33 . [ details ]
( of turbinaria gracilis bernard , 1896 ) bernard h ( 1896 ) . the genus turbinaria , the genus astraeopora . catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum ( natural history ) 2 : 1 - 106 , pls . 1 - 33 . [ details ]
( of turbinaria nidifera bernard , 1896 ) bernard h ( 1896 ) . the genus turbinaria , the genus astraeopora . catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum ( natural history ) 2 : 1 - 106 , pls . 1 - 33 . [ details ]
so if this corals is so rare and overlooked why should we or anyone care ? what makes t . bifrons unique is that instead of growing single - sided plates like the cup corals we are most familiar with , or having a branching shape like the coveted hero coral , t . heronensis , t . bifrons has upright blades which are bifacial , that is with corallites growing on both sides of the “branch” .
species can be grouped as small polyp stony ( sps ) corals or as large polyp stony ( lps ) corals . the scrolling turbinaria coral
turbinaria bifrons is capable of both asexual reproduction , whereby the polyps proliferate through the production of clones , and by sexual reproduction , in which the polyps spawn large numbers of sperm and eggs . the fertilised eggs develop into planktonic larvae , which travel through the water column , before settling and metamorphosing into a sessile polyp ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .
shapes are reflected in some of the scroll coral ' s other common names like vase coral , turban coral , scrolling turbinaria coral , and yellow lettuce coral .
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closer inspection of the unusual coral revealed that the corallites were recognizable as being those of a turbinaria and seeing them on both sides confirmed that this was indeed a colony of the t . bifrons we sought after for so many years . luckily since the coral was devoid of color and its true potential was unknown to coral collectors besides ourselves and julian sprung , carolina aquatics put a fair price on this colony so that the coral could go to a good home .
like other colony - forming corals , turbinaria bifrons colonies are composed of numerous small polyps , which are soft - bodied animals , related to anemones . each polyp bears numerous tentacles that direct food into a central mouth , where it is digested in a sac - like body cavity . one of the most remarkable and ecologically important features of corals is that the polyps secrete a hard skeleton , called a “corallite” , which over successive generations contributes to the formation of a coral reef . the coral skeleton forms the bulk of the colony , with the living polyp tissue comprising a thin , often colourful , veneer . in turbinaria bifrons , colonies initially form flat , solid plates , but as the coral develops , many sheet - like , wavy fronds grow upwards from this foundation . the polyps , which are found on both sides of these fronds , form small conical projections , which may be coloured grey , green or brown ( 3 ) .
like many coral species , turbinaria bifrons is zooxanthellate , which means that its tissues contain large numbers of single - celled algae called zooxanthellae . the coral and the algae have a symbiotic relationship , in which the algae gain a stable environment within the coral ' s tissues , while the coral receives nutrients produced by the algae through photosynthesis . by harnessing the sun ' s energy in this way , corals are able to grow rapidly and form vast reef structures , but are constrained to live near the water surface ( 3 ) .
while , on average , zooxanthellate coral can obtain around 70 percent of its nutrient requirements from zooxanthellae photosynthesis , the coral may also feed on zooplankton ( 4 ) . the polyps ' tentacles , which in this species are mostly extended at night , contain stinging cells called “nematocysts” that trap the drifting zooplankton , directing it into the central mouth , which also acts as an anus to excrete waste products after digestion ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . neighbouring polyps within a turbinaria bifrons colony are linked by small tubes that distribute water and nutrients evenly , creating a similar rate of growth , and preventing competition for space ( 3 ) .
huge thanks to carolina aquatics for parting with this coral for a reasonable price , and as an intact colony showing all the species’ characteristics . the two - face t . bifrons is not likely to win any beauty contests against “designer corals” but we will do our best to ensure that this strain lives on in the aquarium hobby so that the diehard stony coral junkies can partake of it in the future .
( of turbinaria dendrophyllia bernard , 1896 ) macnae , w . & m . kalk ( eds ) . ( 1958 ) . a natural history of inhaca island , mozambique . witwatersrand univ . press , johannesburg . i - iv , 163 pp . [ details ]
having once acquired a piece of t . bifrons so long ago , this species is one that has been on our rare - coral radar for years but in an interesting turn of events , it was the coral that found us ! while perusing the many coral tanks at macna earlier this year in denver , orlando salazar of aqua medic live brought us over to the display of carolina aquatics to test our coral knowledge .
at the moment , one of the only colonies of t . bifrons in captivity is about fist sized and showing a really neat branching - blade shape . seed frags have been made and will soon be distributed to fellow reefers so we can secure this coral’s presence in the aquarium hobby , learn more about its preferred conditions , and most exciting of all , see how many different ways this species can grow in reef aquariums .
( of turbinaria aequalis quelch , 1886 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]
( of turbinaria dendrophyllia bernard , 1896 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]
( of turbinaria nidifera bernard , 1896 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]
( of turbinaria gracilis bernard , 1896 ) cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]
no we mean this coral is rare as in we’ve only seen it twice , the first time being more than seven years ago and only one other time more recently at macna . furthermore there exists scantly no more images of the unusual “two - face” turbinaria than what is included in the veron’s corals of the world .
around one third of the world ' s reef - building corals are threatened with extinction ( 6 ) . the principal threat to corals is the rise in sea temperature associated with global climate change . this leads to coral bleaching , where the symbiotic algae are expelled , leaving the corals weak and vulnerable to an increasing variety of harmful diseases . turbinaria bifrons is thought to be particularly susceptible to bleaching , and estimates indicate that it has suffered a global decline of around 38 percent over the last 30 years ( 1 ) . other harmful effects of climate change include more frequent destructive , extreme weather incidents , as well as increased ocean acidification , which impairs a coral ' s ability to form a skeleton . these global threats are compounded by localised threats from pollution , destructive fishing practices , invasive species and human development ( 1 ) ( 6 ) .
our experience with the easy bleaching potential of turbinaria heronensis imparted on us a very cautious approach to lighting up this coral and we took several weeks to move it into more or less direct lighting . now more than three months since acquiring the coral , it has settled into captive aquarium life and its relative beauty is much easier to appreciate .
( of turbinaria aequalis quelch , 1886 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of turbinaria dendrophyllia bernard , 1896 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of turbinaria nidifera bernard , 1896 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of turbinaria gracilis bernard , 1896 ) veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
( of turbinaria aequalis quelch , 1886 ) quelch , j . j . 1886 . report on the reef - corals collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 76 . report on the scientific results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873–79 . zoology 16 ( 3 ) : 1 - 203 , pls . 1 - 12 . [ details ]
this species occurs in shallow reefs and rocky foreshores of subtropical locations . the maximum size is approximately 1 m . this species is found from 2 - 25 m . turbinaria is the only reef - building ( hermatypic ) coral in the family dendrophylliidae and sometimes contributes significantly toward coral cover . it is especially common on reef slopes , and colonies may be large and come in a variety of forms ( wood 1983 ) .
brüggemann , f . ( 1877 ) . notes on the stony corals in the collection of the british museum . i . description of two new species of turbinariidae . ii . remarks on the species of seriatopora . annals and magazine of natural history , series 4 . 19 : 415–421 . [ details ]
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
cairns , s . d . , 2001 . a generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the dendrophylliidae ( cnidaria : scleractinia ) . smith . cont . zool . 615 : 75 pp . , 14 pls . , 3 figs . [ details ]
veron , j . e . n . , pichon , m . ( 1980 ) . scleractinia of eastern australia – part iii . family agariciidae , siderastreidae , fungiidae , oculinidae , merulinidae , mussidae , pectinidae , caryophyllidae , dendrophylliidae . australian institute of marine science monograph series . 4 : 1 - 459 . [ details ]
veron jen . ( 2000 ) . corals of the world . vol . 1–3 . australian institute of marine science and crr , queensland , australia . [ details ]
colonies are initially flat laminae which develop elongate , upright , bifacial fronds . corallites are conical , regularly spaced , and have a uniform appearance .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : veron and pichon ( 1980 ) . additional identification guide : veron ( 1986 )
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
in the indo - west pacific , this species is found in the central indo - pacific , tropical australia , southern japan and the south china sea , and the oceanic west pacific .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
all corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species’ range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .
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by some second nature we instinctively knew we were looking at a nice spread of corals hailing from darwin in west australia – this ecoregion is home to such coral hits as wild acropora solitaryensis , tricolor micromussa and the jaw - dropping branching favites complanata . even the chalice corals from darwin look really distinctive and carolina aquatics had a boat load of them , but the real treasure in the bunch was a dark brown semi - erect growing stony coral that at first glanced resembled a medium branched species of pavona .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
veron , j . e . n . ( 2000 ) corals of the world . australian institute of marine science , townsville , australia .
barnes , r . s . k . , calow , p . , olive , p . j . w . , golding , d . w . and spicer , j . i . ( 2001 ) the invertebrates : a synthesis , 3rd edition . blackwell science , oxford .
richmond , r . h . and hunter , c . l . ( 1990 ) reproduction and recruitment of corals : comparisons among the caribbean , the tropical pacific , and the red sea . marine ecology progress series , 60 : 185 - 203 .
carpenter , ke et al . ( 2008 ) one - third of reef - building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts . science , 321 : 560 - 563 .
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this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
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is zooxanthellate , which means that its tissues contain large numbers of single - celled algae called zooxanthellae . the coral and the algae have a symbiotic relationship , in which the algae gain a stable environment within the coral ' s tissues , while the coral receives nutrients produced by the algae through photosynthesis . by harnessing the sun ' s energy in this way , corals are able to grow rapidly and form vast reef structures , but are constrained to live near the water surface ( 3 ) . while , on average , zooxanthellate coral can obtain around 70 percent of its nutrient requirements from zooxanthellae photosynthesis , the coral may also feed on zooplankton ( 4 ) . the polyps ' tentacles , which in this species are mostly extended at night , contain stinging cells called “nematocysts” that trap the drifting zooplankton
directing it into the central mouth , which also acts as an anus to excrete waste products after digestion ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . neighbouring polyps within a
colony are linked by small tubes that distribute water and nutrients evenly , creating a similar rate of growth , and preventing competition for space ( 3 ) .
is capable of both asexual reproduction , whereby the polyps proliferate through the production of clones , and by sexual reproduction , in which the polyps spawn large numbers of sperm and eggs . the fertilised eggs develop into planktonic larvae , which travel through the water column , before settling and metamorphosing into a sessile polyp ( 3 ) ( 5 ) .
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classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
charlie ( j . e . n ) veron j . veron @ urltoken urltoken
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note : id to be confirmed for corals collected during da3 / 99 expedition .
scleractinian corals collected during 1998 from dampier archipelago , western australia jane k . griffith
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genus . in mature specimens , their scroll - like or whorled shape can be either vertical or more horizontal , depending on the depth in which they are found . specimens found at deeper levels have a plate like or flatter , horizontal appearance . that can change to a scroll like , upright shape in shallower water with brighter lighting . these characteristic
species take on various characteristic shapes , depending on the depth at which they are found . their shapes include vase , plate , and columnar , yet they are quite adaptable . they will robustly change shape with a change in environment . if one were to transplant a shallow dwelling species to deeper levels , or visa versa , they will actually change shape to make the most out of the lighting in each habitat .
corals also have variations in their polyps . one side of any plate or column generally has polyps or at least tissue coverage . the color of the scrolling coral
is usually a yellowish or greenish brown , usually with yellow polyps and a yellow edge . some scroll coral specimens you may see in stores may not have as many polyps , due to lack of feeding , yet the polyps are still distinctly small and spaced , and so it is easy to identify .
has smaller polyps with calices ( opening of the corallite ) that are only 1 . 5 to 2 mm diameter . yet they are most often grouped as an lps corals , though you can find it occasionally listed as an sps coral . either way , the
polyp expansion is a great indicator of the overall health of the aquarium , thus a great addition to most systems .
the scroll coral is fairly easy to maintain in an aquarium with good lighting and water quality . they are mostly friendly towards other corals , making them a popular choice with all levels of reef enthusiasts . they do have polyps , that when irritated can produce a hefty mucus net . if this mucus comes in contact with other corals , it can damage them . they have been known to reproduce in captivity , and captive bred specimens are generally more healthy and easier to maintain than wild caught .
this is a perfect specimen of t . reniformis or the yellow scroll coral ! they make up a unique form that can actually change depending on water flow and light . make sure you use a turkey baster to blast away sediment to prevent infections . and his cool accent makes it easy to listen as well !
genus was described by oken in 1815 . according to author vernon in his book
corals of australia and the indo - pacific
, there are 80 nominal species , with 10 true species from australia . there are currently 30 recognized species in this genus , yet the most commonly purchased and imported are the scroll coral
genus is considered one of a few of the hermatypic or
reef building
corals , and are only one of the three reef - building genera in the dendrophylliidae family .
are also the only genus in this family that are symbiotic , meaning they live in symbiosis with a marine algae known as zooxanthellae , from which they derive some of their nutrients .
is the ability to have a variety of shapes , depending on the depth at which they are found . they will actually change shape to make the most out of the lighting in each habitat . specimens found at deeper levels have a different appearance than the same animal found in shallower water with brighter lighting . consequently common names are sometimes used interchangeably between species . common names the
genus are known for are turban coral , cup coral , scroll coral , yellow scroll coral , yellow cup coral , pagoda coral , vase coral , and chalice coral .
corals have been reproduced in captivity , and there are plenty of captive grown corals to choose from . captive bred specimens are generally more healthy and easier to maintain than wild caught .
are found in the red sea , indo - pacific ocean , indian ocean australia ( excluding most of the south coast ) and the east coast of africa .
are found at depths from 0 to 131 feet ( 0 - 40 m ) in shallow reefs , rocky foreshores , and lower reef slopes .
has a lightweight skeletal structure and there are a variety of shapes , depending on the depth where they are found . mature specimens are generally deeply scrolled or deeply cupped . especially those found in shallower waters with brighter lighting will develop the scroll - like , upright shape . these corals also tend to be in areas of high water movement , which causes the convoluted shapes like the
scroll
and vase shapes . the deeper dwelling
typically have a have a plate like or flatter , horizontal appearance , so all available light is utilized . their colors can be a yellowish or greenish brown , usually with yellow polyps and a yellow edge .
the scroll coral has polyps that can capture and eat larger foods . the polyps use mucus secretions to both capture food and get rid of waste . their polyps are smaller and tuft like , with plenty of space in - between . they sit on small corallites , with calices ( opening of the corallite ) that are only 1 . 5 to 2 mm in diameter . the polyps can be yellow to yellowish brown . some coral you may see at the stores may not have as many polyps , due to lack of feeding , yet they are still distinctly small and spaced as far as the polyp is concerned and easy to identify .
can grow up to 3 feet ( 91 cm ) across . juveniles are generally shapeless , yet conform to water and light availability . their life span is unknown .
genus is fairly easy to maintain in an aquarium with good lighting and water quality . the
are usually thin and deeply cupped or folded , they require brighter light and surging water movements to keep their folds and curves free of debris . you can use a turkey baster if needed . their polyp expansion is a great indicator of the overall health of the aquarium .
genus , like other large polyp stony ( lps ) corals , have developed several feeding strategies . through a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae , known as zooxanthellae , they receive some of their nutrients .
are the only genus in the dendrophylliidae family that are symbiotic . they also capture planktonic organisms , food particles from the water column , and can absorb dissolved organic matter .
in captivity , although the scroll coral relies on lighting for their zooxanthellae , they also need to be fed a variety of other foods . feed such foods as mysis shrimp , enriched baby brine shrimp , cyclopeeze , and finely minced silversides or other fish from the ocean that you can get at your grocery store . they need to be fed several times a week . use good sense in determining how often your particular animal needs food . if their polyps start to disappear , then you are not feeding them enough .
typical water changes of 20 % a month , 10 % biweekly , or 5 % weekly are needed . it has been noted that 5 % weekly water changes replenish many of the needed additives . they also benefit from strontium and trace elements . frequent water changes help to supply trace elements , but with higher concentrations of coral with calcareous skeletons , there may be a need put in additional additives to maintain proper levels for good growth .
385 to 425 ppm . if a large poly stony ( lps ) coral does not have enough calcium , it will not grow .
0 , zero . phosphates are the worst of all and all corals hate them .
1350 minimum . magnesium makes calcium available , so if your calcium is low , check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium .
a live rock / reef environment with a sandy substrate is what is needed for your scroll coral , along with some fish for organic matter production . a mature tank is recommended .
. along with adequate lighting , provide a moderate and turbid , or a surging water movement for the best health . this is a peaceful species , but other corals may not be , so provide adequate space between species .
is peaceful towards other corals . however , if their polyps become irritated , they can produce a hefty mucus net . if this mucus comes in contact with other corals , it can damage them . so they do need adequate space between themselves and other corals .
scroll corals do well in a mixed reef , a small polyp stony ( sps ) coral tank , or a large polyp stony ( lps ) coral tank . they do need to be kept away from contact with polyps of
corals , and away from the sweeper tentacles of other corals . they are safe with reef safe fish , yet do not like to be walked on , sat on , or otherwise pestered by any kind of crab .
the large polyp stony ( lps ) corals are hermaphrodites , male and female within the same organism , and can reproduce both sexually and asexually . in the wild they reproduce sexually by releasing eggs and sperm at the same time , resulting in a fertilized egg which then forms into a free - swimming planula larva . eventually the planula larvae settles onto the substrate , becoming plankters . this then forms a tiny polyp which begins to excrete calcium carbonate and develops into a coral . planula larvae are extremely vulnerable to predation , and very few survive . the
is fairly easy through fragmenting . coral farmers may use sexual reproduction to propagate in the future , as it has been successful .
to frag , first start with a healthy coral . the best choice for cutting this coral is an electric saw . once cut the frag should be left on its side , keeping the cut or wound completely open to water flow so it can heal . if the wound is face down , there would not be enough water flow and the cut area can get infected . they may not look pretty when you frag them , but they quickly start to grow into beautiful cups , scrolls , or whatever shape your environment encourages them to form . give the frags a chance to heal before moving them to a new tank .
are attractive and durable when their needs are provided for . they have mucus secretions that they use to capture food or get rid of waste . the only time an aquarist should worry is if the actual tissue looks unhealthy under the mucus . the species can be scrolled and convoluted . keep their folds free of detritus , food and algae with good water flow and a periodic blast of a turkey baster to get into the crevices .
is very easy to find at pet shops and on line . online they can run about $ 20 . 00 usd or more depending on size and / or color .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
colonies are composed of thin , upright , bifacial fronds . corallites are small , immersed and widely separated , with small calices .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic reference : veron and marsh ( 1988 ) . additional identification guide : veron ( 1986 ) .
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this species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .
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biological science , 67 ( 4 ) , 201 - 215 ( in japanese ) .
center for environmental biology and ecosystem studies , national institute for environmental studies , tsukuba ( in japanese ) .
occurrence record in darwincore format ( elements of obis schema and some of dwc1 . 4 )
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .