the nacunda nighthawk ( chordeiles nacunda ) is a species of nightjar in the family caprimulgidae .

it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , paraguay , peru , suriname , trinidad and tobago , uruguay , and venezuela .

its natural habitats are dry savanna , subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , and heavily degraded former forest .

nacunda nighthawk

nacunda nighthawk ( chordeiles nacunda ) is a species of bird in the caprimulgidae family .
the large nacunda nighthawk measures between 11 - 13 inches ( ~ 27 - 32 cm ) . it has a very large head , a black bill and grey legs .
before least nighthawk , its sister species ( han et al . 2010 , sacc 467 )
the nacunda nighthawk is the largest species of nightjar in the neotropics , and is one of the largest in the world . in addition to its large size , this species also is noteworthy for its partially diurnal habits . though a capable aerial forager , the nacunda nighthawk spends a considerable amount of time on the ground ; it has notably long tarsi for a nightjar , and is more likely than other species to be seen standing on the ground ( rather than resting on the surface ) . the nacunda nighthawk is distributed throughout central and eastern south america where it can be found in savanna , grassland , river edges , and disturbed habitats , but is much less common in western amazonia than elsewhere . its very large size , large head , and pale body with highly contrasting black primaries make the nacunda nighthawk easy to identify .
the nacunda nighthawk ( podager nacunda ) is one of the largest nightjars in the world and the largest one in south america , where it occurs naturally in central and eastern south america . in addition to its large size , its partially diurnal habits ( active at daytime ) sets it apart from other nighthawks .
nacunda nighthawks are mostly active during dawn and dusk ( crepuscular ) . unlike other nightjars , the nacunda nighthawk is more likely observed on the ground , rather than perching on a surface . they typically roost on the ground during the day time in an area where they are fully exposed to the sun - either on open ground or on rocks in grassland .
nacunda nighthawks are native to south america , where they occur east of the andes mountain range with two separate populations .
several nightjars can be seen around the airstrip and elsewhere including nacunda nighthawk , band - tailed nighthawk , and white - tailed nightjar . another major attraction is giant anteater , which vaquero trackers can find for visiting guests to view . many guests take a night boat trip up the rupununi river to look for wild giant otters , caimans , and tree boas and to view the opening of giant water - lilies as the sun sets .
a large , stocky nighthawk , the nacunda is sexually dimorphic . the basic appearance is brown , speckled with grayish white and grayish brown , and with a white throat and belly . when in flight the bird appears long - winged with a square or slightly forked tail , and a prominent white band across the bases of the outer primaries . the nacunda nighthawk is sexually dimorphic . the white wing band of the male is more well developed ; also the male has broad white tips to all but the central pair of tail feathers . the wing band of the female is less developed , and lacks the broad white tips to the rectrices .
chinese : ? ? ? ? ? . . . czech : lelek skvrnok ? ídlý . . . german : weißbauch - nachtschwalbe . . . danish : nacundanathøg . . . finnish : valkovatsakehrääjä . . . french : engoulevent nacunda . . . italian : caprimulgo - sparviero nacunda . . . japanese : shiroharaooyotaka . . . dutch : nacunda - nachtzwaluw . . . norwegian : nacundanatthauk . . . polish : lelczyk duzy . . . portuguese : corucão . . . spanish : añapero ñacundá . . . swedish : nacundanattskärra
it scientific name
podager
means
a man suffering from gout
referencing this nightjar ' s awkward walk ; and
nacunda
is derived from the guaraní indian word for
big - mouth .
a nighthawk is a nocturnal bird of the subfamily chordeilinae , within the nightjar family , caprimulgidae . nighthawks are medium - size with long wings , short legs , and very short bills . they usually nest on the ground . they feed on flying insects . the least nighthawk , at 16 centimetres ( 6 . 3 in ) and 23 grams ( 0 . 81 oz ) , is the smallest of all caprimulgiformes . nightjars are sometimes referred to as goatsuckers from the mistaken belief that they suck milk from goats ( the latin for goatsucker is caprimulgus ) .
much larger than other neotropical nightjars . few other species of neotropical nightjar that as extensively white below ; sand - colored nighthawk ( chordeiles rupestris ) is smaller , has more pointed wingtips that lack the white wing band , and has prominent white flashes on the upper surface of the wings .
nacunda nighthawks don ' t actually construct a nest , as most other bird species do . they simply place the eggs on the ground on open soil or rocky ground covered with dead leaves , often under bushes . they nest site is typically situated near their feeding areas .
galloway t . d . 2007 : ectoparasites ( phthiraptera : philopteridae ; acari : ixodidae ) of common nighthawk , chordeiles minor , and whip - poor - will , caprimulgus vociferus ( caprimulgiformes : caprimulgidae ) , in manitoba . j . entomol . soc . ont . 137 : 2 - 9 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : chordeiles nacunda . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
mass , nacunda : 1 male 188 g , 1 female 170 g ( belton 1984 ; female ( n = ? ) , 161 - 170 g ( cleere 1998 ) ; minor : 1 male 142 . g , female ( n = 4 ) , mean 135 g ( range 124 - 141 g ; haverschmidt and mees 1994 ) .
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
propose to merge apodiformes , including owlet - nightjars as well as swifts and hummingbirds , with the caprimulgiform nightbirds to define a spectacular basal adaptive radiation of neoaves .
au : w papuan is . , new guinea and aru is . and ne australia
. treat as monotypic . beehler & pratt 2016 , holyoak 1999b , 2001 , cleere 2010 .
or : banggi i . ( n of borneo ) and palawan ( philippines )
sumatra , borneo , bangka , belitung ( e of sumatra ) and banggi is ( n of borneo ) .
are the sister taxon to rest of the caprimulgidae ( barrowclough et al . 2006 , larsen et al . 2007 ) , but they are not equivalent in rank to other families in the caprimulgiformes .
are the basal to rest of the caprimulgidae , and thus placed first in the sequence of the genera ( barrowclough et al . 2006 , larsen et al . 2007 ) .
na : s florida , bahama is . , cuba , hispaniola , jamaica , puerto rico and the virgin is .
, are revised following sacc # 522 based on han et al . 2010 .
is split from band - winged nightjar ( cleere 2010 , sacc 677 ) . english name provisional .
ne pakistan through the himalayas to ne india , myanmar , s china and the malay pen .
is a newly described species ( sangster & rozendaal 2004 ) ; under review by bli .
( dowsett et al . 2008 , jackson 2014 , h & m4 , hbw alive )
s thai - malay pen . , greater sundas and w , c lesser sundas
prigogine ' s nightjar is a very deep branch between nighthawks and nightjars , warranting generic revision ( fjeldså comm unpubl ) .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 378 side b track 10 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 377 side b track 37 seq . b )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 377 side b track 37 seq . a )
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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2 . savanna - > 2 . 1 . savanna - dry suitability : suitable season : breeding major importance : no 2 . savanna - > 2 . 1 . savanna - dry suitability : suitable season : non - breeding major importance : no 4 . grassland - > 4 . 6 . grassland - subtropical / tropical seasonally wet / flooded suitability : suitable season : breeding major importance : yes 4 . grassland - > 4 . 6 . grassland - subtropical / tropical seasonally wet / flooded suitability : suitable season : non - breeding major importance : yes 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 6 . artificial / terrestrial - subtropical / tropical heavily degraded former forest suitability : suitable season : breeding major importance : no 14 . artificial / terrestrial - > 14 . 6 . artificial / terrestrial - subtropical / tropical heavily degraded former forest suitability : suitable season : non - breeding major importance : no
iucn . 2016 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2016 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 07 december 2016 ) .
stotz , d . f . , fitzpatrick , j . w . , parker , t . a . and moskovits , d . k . 1996 . neotropical birds : ecology and conservation . university of chicago press , chicago .
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the sound of our boat accidentally flushed this bird from its daytime roost on the bank of the essequibo river . this is the largest of the neotropical nighthawks ,
essequibo river , iwokrama river lodge and research centre , iwokrama forest reserve , guyana , south america .
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nighthawks have small feet , of little use for walking , and long pointed wings . their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves . some species perch facing along a branch , rather than across it as birds usually do . this helps to conceal them during the day . the female lays two patterned eggs directly onto bare ground .
they are mostly active in the late evening and early morning or at night and feed on moths and other large flying insects . the bill opens very wide and has a slightly hooked upper tip .
nighthawks are similar in most respects to the nightjars , but have shorter bills and plumage that is less soft . nighthawks are less strictly nocturnal than many nightjars and may be seen hunting when there is still light in the sky .
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adult male : crown and nape brown , speckled with buff , pale buff and grayish white , heavily spotted with blackish brown ; feathers tipped buff . the back , rump , and uppertail coverts are brown , speckled with grayish brown and buff , and spotted with blackish brown . the wing coverts and scapulars are brown , densely speckled with dark brown , buff , grayish buff , and cinnamon , and heavily spotted with blackish brown . the primaries are brown ; there is a large white spot almost midway out the feather , on the outermost five ( and sometimes six ) primaries , with a smaller white on primaries 5 - 3 . the five inner primaries are mottled cinnamon , buff , or grayish white . the secondaries are brown , mottled with grayish white , cinnamon , and buff . the tertials are brown , densely speckled with buff , grayish buff , and cinnamon , and with blackish brown bars . the rectrices are brown , broadly barred with grayish buff and mottled brown . the outermost rectrices ( r5 - r3 ) are broadly tipped white ( the white tips ca 35 mm in width ) . rectrix 2 has a reduced white tip , and is edged with brownish buff . the central pair of rectrices ( r1 ) are grayish brown mottled with brown , and thinly barred with blackish brown . the lores and ear coverts are brown , barred with buff . there is a buff submoustachial stripe . the chin is buff , barred with brown . throat white , in a large triangular pattern ; the lower feathers of the white throat patch are tipped buff . the breast is brown , barred , speckled and spotted with grayish buff and white . the upper belly is white , often thinly barred or vermiculated with brown . lower belly and the flanks generally white . the undertail coverts are white or buffish white , barred with brown . the underwing coverts are white or buffish white , barred with brown .
adult female : similar to the male . the belly , flanks and undertail coverts are white , thinly barred with brown . the white spots on the outer primaries are smaller , and are speckled with brown on the outer webs . the female generally lacks white in the tail , although some females have outermost two pairs of rectrices ( r5 and r4 ) tipped with brownish white , speckled brown ; the brownish white tips , if present , may be up to 14 mm wide .
thanks to their cryptic appearance , these nighthawks blend perfectly into their habitat and they are very difficult to spot during the daytime , when they are usually hidden away sleeping . they are most easily detected at night when light from car headlights are reflected red from their eyes , as they are sitting on roads . however , their presence is most often made known by their loud calls given at dusk .
they inhabit dry savanna , subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , forest and river edges , marshes , degraded former forests .
the upper plumage , including the entire head down to the upper chest , is a mottled black and brown , except for the highly contrasting white v - shaped band across the throat and the white wing bars followed by the blackish outer wing feathers ( primaries ) . the underside is a faintly barred white .
gender id : the male can be identified by his white - tipped tail feathers .
they are usually found alone or in small groups - both when roosting or feeding . occasionally , large flocks of 300 - 500 individuals have been sighted ( friedmann and smith 1950 , hilty 2003 ) .
the male establishes his territory and sings at night to keep rivals away and at the same time to attract a female .
nesting appears to be timed in such a way that the moon is more than half full at the time they are feeding their young - likely as the additional light during the night facilitates caring for the young and foraging for food .
the female may lay one to two eggs ( mostly two ) that are creamy or pinkish cream in color , with brown blotches , measuring 1 . 4 - 1 . 5 inches ( 35 . 2 - 37 mm ) x 1 - 1 . 07 inches ( 25 . 4 - 27 . 2 mm ) in diameter ( belcher and smooker 1936 ) .
during the day , the incubation of the eggs is undertaken by the female , while both parents share the incubation at night . the incubation period of nightjars in general is about 19 to 21 days .
the chicks are covered in down and are capable of short - distance movements within 24 hours of hatching . the male usually stands guard and defends the nest and the young . he will hover in place near the nest with his body in a nearly vertical position . the adults communicate with their young via soft clucking sounds to which the chicks respond .
both parents feed the young regurgitated insects , and they continue to brood them until fledging . the young take their first flight when they are about 20 to 21 days old .
if conditions are favorable , the female may lay a second clutch close to the first and while she is incubating the new set of eggs , the male continues to care for the young from first brood .
their nocturnal ( night ) lifestyle reduces the likelihood of being detected by daytime predators . during the daytime , they typically sleep on the ground where they are perfectly camouflaged by their
earthy
colored plumage . they almost always change their roost sites on a daily basis .
when nesting , they sit quietly on the eggs , minimizing any movements that could get them detected .
if an intruder does get close to the nest , the parents may try to lead them away by first flushing off the nest and when landing feigning injury as they lead the potential thread away from the nest . while the parent performs this distraction display , the young may scatter and freeze .
the parent who is not incubating the eggs or brooding the young will roost away from the nesting area .
they may also move the eggs or young to prevent them from being preyed upon .
nightjars avoid voicing when they hear the calls made by predatory nocturnal animals , such as owls .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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international journal that covers all branches of parasitology , including morphology , taxonomy , molecular biology , host - parasite relationships , parasite evolution , biochemistry , physiology and immunology .
adam c . 2008 : morphological , systematic , faunistic and parasitological study of some species of chewing lice ( phthiraptera : amblycera , ischnocera ) parasitizing birds in romania . phd thesis . universitatea din bucureşti , bucharest , 438 pp . ( in romanian . )
balát f . 1957 : beiträge zur mallophaga - fauna der westlichen teile ungarns ( transdanubien ) i . acta vet . acad . sci . hung . 4 : 445 - 458 .
balát f . 1977 : enumeratio insectorum bohemoslovakiae : mallophaga . acta faun . entomol . mus . nat . pragae , suppl . 4 : 45 - 52 .
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carriker m . a . jr . 1945 : neotropical mallophaga miscellany . no . 1 . new species of struthiolipeurus , mulcticola , microtenia [ sic ] and pseudocophorus . bol . entomol . venez . 4 : 165 - 189 .
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clay t . 1949 : some problems in the evolution of a group of ectoparasites . evolution 3 : 279 - 299 . go to original source . . . go to pubmed . . .
clay t . 1951 : an introduction to a classification of the avian ischnocera ( mallophaga ) : part i . trans . r . entomol . soc . lond . 102 : 171 - 195 . go to original source . . .
clay t . 1957 : the mallophaga of birds . in : j . g . baer ( ed . ) , first symposium on host specificity among parasites of vertebrates . university of neuchâtel , neuchâtel , pp . 120 - 158 .
clay t , meinertzhagen r . 1938 : new genera and species of mallophaga . the entomologist 71 : 275 - 279 .
denny h . 1842 : monographia anoplurorum britanniae or an essay on the british species of parasitic insects . henry g . bohn . 255 pp .
dickinson e . c . , remsen jr . j . v . ( eds . ) 2013 : the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . fourth edition , vol . 1 non - passerines . aves press , eastbourne , 461 pp .
dik b . 2009 : [ the first report of mulcticola hypoleucus ( denny , 1842 ) ( phthiraptera : ischnocera ) from nightjars ( caprimulgus europaeus l . ) in turkey . ] turk . parazitol . derg . 33 : 212 - 214 . ( in turkish . )
emerson k . c . 1960 : notes on the osborn mallophaga types . proc . biol . soc . wash . 73 : 155 - 165 .
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kuabara k . m . d . articles of kamila m . d . kuabara on pubmed
valim , m . p . , & kuabara , k . m . d . ( 2015 ) . the feather louse genus mulcticola clay et meinertzhagen , 1938 ( phthiraptera : philopteridae ) from brazil , with descriptions of five new species and catalogue for species described in the genus . folia parasitologica , 62 ( 1 ) , 2015 . 000 . doi : 10 . 14411 / fp . 2015 . 036 .
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karanambu ranch is a large working cattle ranch located along the rupununi river in central guyana . the ranch was founded by a british ex - patriot , tiny mcturk , in the 1920 ' s . his daughter diane mcturk currently manages the ranch and operates a tourist facility on the property . diane is world - renowned for her work in rescuing orphaned baby giant otters . we can speak from personal experience that her hospitality is simply superb .
the open savanna is home to many of the same species as dadanawa ranch and the rupununi savanna around annai . major attractions for birders visiting the ranch include a variety of target savanna birds , especially pale - tipped inezia and bearded tachuri . other likely possibilities include double - striped thick - knee , pale - legged hornero , yellowish pipit , bicolored wren , ruddy - breasted seedeater , and grassland yellow finch .
numerous waterbirds can be found in low - lying wet areas , including sharp - tailed ibis and jabiru . the former is migratory and seen primarily during spring and fall . an added attraction is agami heron , which can be regularly found lurking in the thickets near the rupununi river shoreline .
karanambu is located about halfway between the amerindian village of annai and the border town of lethem . it is reached via a side road off the main dirt road between these towns , by public airstrip , or by private airstrip adjacent to the lodge . visitors typically fly into karanambu one direction and then take the boat either up or down the rupununi river from ginep landing , which lies south of annai and is nothing more than a boat landing site . transport can be arranged from rock view to ginep landing at rock view lodge .
all content and design © 2004 - 2017 by exotic birding , llc . original banner photo © laura l fellows . all rights reserved . no photos , descriptions , or other content may be copied or disseminated on any media without prior written permission . checklists may be copied or printed for personal use only but not for commercial purposes of any kind . website designed and produced by jim wittenberger and laura l fellows . photography by laura l fellows and jim wittenberger .


the map tree frog ( hypsiboas geographicus ) is a species of frog in the family hylidae found in bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , french guiana , guyana , peru , suriname , trinidad and tobago , and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , moist savanna , subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , rivers , freshwater lakes , intermittent freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , plantations , rural gardens , heavily degraded former forests , ponds , and aquaculture ponds .

it was previously known as hyla geographica .

the name comes form the supposedly map-like patterns on its belly .

the black tadpoles congregate in dense clusters in ponds or other calm waters .

map tree frog

map tree frog , hypsiboas geographicus | from ecuador : www . fl… | flickr
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map tree frog
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] . however , it is not excluded that several linkage groups map to the same chromosome .
luquet e , david p , léna jp , joly p , konecny l , dufresnes c , perrin n , plenet s . heterozygosity - fitness correlations among wild populations of european tree frog (
stöck m , dufresnes c , litvinchuk sn , lymberakis p , biollay s , berroneau m , borzée a , ghali k , ogielska m , perrin n . cryptic diversity among western palearctic tree frogs : postglacial range expansion , range limits , and secondary contacts of three european tree frog lineages (
berset - brändli l , jaquiéry j , broquet t , ulrich y , perrin n . extreme heterochiasmy and nascent sex chromosomes in european tree frogs .
dufresnes c , luquet e , plenet s , stöck m , perrin n . polymorphism at a sex - linked transcription cofactor in european tree frogs (
our last weeks of camp will be run right out of our headquarters and living museum , frog hall ! we ' ll be covering the greatest hits of the summer and having a wild time getting outside to soak up the sun . we ' ll meet lots of animals at frog hall , and of course we ' ll be doing some crazy chemistry experiments as well ! it ' s the perfect end to a summer of adventure !
western palearctic tree frogs ( hyla arborea group ) represent a strong potential for evolutionary and conservation genetic research , so far underexploited due to limited molecular resources . new microsatellite markers have recently been developed for hyla arborea , with high cross - species utility across the entire circum - mediterranean radiation . here we conduct sibship analyses to map available markers for use in future population genetic applications .
copland , s . j . 1957 ,
presidential address . australian tree frogs of the genus hyla
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 82 , pp . 9 - 108
the new microsatellites are representative of several chromosomes of h . arborea that are likely to be conserved across closely - related species . our linkage map provides an important resource for genetic research in european hylids , notably for studies of speciation , genome evolution and conservation .
dufresnes c , wassef j , ghali k , brelsford a , stöck m , lymberakis p , crnobrnja - isailović j , perrin n . conservation phylogeography : does historical diversity contribute to regional vulnerability in european tree frogs (
to overcome this issue , we have recently developed a new set of est - derived microsatellite loci with high cross - species utility , thus extending opportunities for research to the entire circum - mediterranean radiation [ 8 ] . here we present a first - generation linkage map for h . arborea combining these new microsatellites with those earlier published , to produce a useful resource for future evolutionary , ecological and conservation genetic applications . as most est - derived markers could be aligned on the xenopus tropicalis genome [ 8 ] , we took advantage of this new map to document patterns of synteny of our linkage groups between hyla and xenopus .
stöck m , horn a , grossen c , lindtke d , sermier r , betto - colliard c , dufresnes c , bonjour e , dumas z , luquet e , maddalena t , clavero sousa h , martinez - solano i , perrin n . ever - young sex chromosomes in european tree frogs .
tree frog families ( parents + tadpoles ) were obtained from controlled crosses , as described [ 9 ] . families were chosen from the balkan peninsula , where populations display the highest amounts of genetic diversity [ 3 ] . nine families originated from krk island , croatia ( 45 . 1704° , 14 . 6229° ) , one near karlovac , croatia ( 45 . 5435° , 15 . 5729° ) , one near progar , serbia ( 44 . 7422° , 20 . 1381° ) and one from the neusiedlersee region , austria ( 47 . 9261° , 16 . 8634° ) , for a total of 12 families ( n = 352 tadpoles , from 24 to 30 per family ) . dna from parents ( non - invasive buccal swabs , [ 10 ] ) and offspring ( ethanol fixed tadpoles ) was extracted using the qiagen robotic workstation . our study was approved by the relevant institutional animal care and use committee ( iacuc ) , namely the service de la consommation et des affaires vétérinaires du canton de vaud ( epalinges , switzerland ; authorization n°1798 ) and sampling was conducted under collecting permits ( n°532 - 08 - 01 - 01 issued by the nature protection directorate of the croatian ministry of culture ; n°353 - 01 - 29 issued by the ministry of environment and spatial planning of the republic of serbia ) ; research was carried out in compliance with the convention on biological diversity ( cbd ) and convention on the trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora ( cites ) ; no field - captured animals were harmed and the majority of offspring obtained from the crosses ( > 80 % of each clutch ) was released to their ponds of origin .
the characterization and mapping of new microsatellite markers compatible across western palearctic hyla tree frogs ( plus some eastern palearctic and nearctic taxa , [ 8 ] ) significantly expands possibilities for genetic surveys in this group . in particular , their high transferability and known relative genomic localization make them ideal assets for speciation studies , i . e . for analyzing levels of hybridization in secondary contact zones and screening for patterns of differential introgression over the genome . these advantages will also allow multi - species comparative linkage mapping to understand the evolution of sex chromosomes and recombination in this group [ 5 ] . finally , this marker set will be useful to unravel the cryptic diversity suspected in several understudied taxa ( e . g . h . orientalis , h . savignyi , h . meridionalis [ 6 ] ) , as well as for other applications related to the conservation of these emblematic species , threatened in many regions and countries .
only one major chromosome rearrangement was apparent since the divergence from xenopus ( ~ 200 mya ) : h . arborea ’s lg4 is homologous to both x . tropicalis ’s scaffold 1 ( ha - t32 , ha - t41 and ha - t49 ) and scaffold 2 ( ha - t50 , ha - t66 ) . reciprocally , most of x . tropicalis ’s scaffold 1 is syntenic with hyla ’s sex chromosomes ( lg1 , as shown by [ 11 ] ) , and to this conserved lg4 segment . in contrast , from our data other linkage groups featured no signs of rearrangements : markers lying within different xenopus scaffolds either belong to different hyla linkage groups , or remained unlinked . accordingly , lg8 includes two markers from the same xenopus scaffold 8 . note that a third marker from this scaffold ( ha - t63 ) remained unlinked , but its low informativeness with other lg8 loci ( polymorphic only in one female ) prevents firm conclusions . although the coverage of some chromosomes is weak ( i . e . synteny is supported by a few loci per lg ) , it is thus likely that the same linkage groups hold between h . arborea and its western palearctic congenerics ( diverged over the last 10 my , [ 6 ] ) , and our map should also be suitable for these taxa . high - density linkage mapping using genotyping - by - sequencing ( e . g . [ 18 ] ) will give a much higher resolution for documenting patterns of sex - specific recombination across h . arborea chromosomes , and for detecting events of rearrangements across anuran frogs .
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this article is published under license to biomed central ltd . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly credited . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver ( urltoken ) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .
we characterized eight linkage groups , including one sex - linked , all showing drastically reduced recombination in males compared to females , as previously documented in this species . mapping of the new 15 markers to the ~ 200 my diverged xenopus tropicalis genome suggests a generally conserved synteny with only one confirmed major chromosome rearrangement .
the online version of this article ( doi : 10 . 1186 / 1756 - 0500 - 7 - 850 ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users .
we genotyped 43 microsatellites polymorphic in at least one parent , including 23 loci mapped by berset - brändli et al . [ 7 ] ( based on swiss h . arborea families ) and 20 markers developed since [ 3 , 5 , 8 , 11 ] . all but one marker ( ha - h116 ) were amplified in nine multiplex pcrs ( additional file 1 : table s1 ) , following dufresnes et al . [ 8 ] . pcrs were carried out in 10 μl , including 3 μl of dna ( 10 - 100 ng ) , 3× qiagen multiplex master mix , and primers ( concentrations : additional file 1 : table s1 ) . thermal conditions were as follow : 95°c for 15’ , 35 × ( 94°c for 30” , 58°c for 1’30” , 72°c for 1’ ) , 60°c for 30’ . locus ha - h116 was amplified separately in a 10 μl pcr containing 2 . 5 μl of dna ( 10 - 100 ng ) , 1× qiagen pcr buffer ( with 1 . 5 mm of mgcl 2 ) , 0 . 2 mm of dntps , 0 . 5 μm of each primer and 0 . 25 units of qiagen taq . conditions consisted of 94°c for 3’ , 45 × ( 94°c for 45” , 58°c for 45” , 72°c for 1’ ) , 72°c for 5’ . pcr products of ha - h116 were pooled and genotyped along with multiplex a . all amplicons were analyzed on an abi - 3100 sequencer with size standards rox - 350 ( multiplex a - d ) or rox - 500 ( multiplex e - i ) . alleles were scored with genemapper 4 . 0 ( applied biosystems , inc . ) . additional file 1 : table s1 provides detailed marker information . in complement to our microsatellite dataset , we included genotypes from a snp within the gene fryl , shown to be sex - linked in h . arborea ( methods : [ 11 ] ) .
] by paired wilcoxon signed - rank tests , considering only combinations between neighboring informative loci to avoid pseudo - replication .
] . lg1 to lg6 corresponds to the six groups reported by berset - brändli et al . [
] , with lg1 being the sex chromosomes . two new linkage groups could be identified ( lg7 and lg8 ) . six loci displayed no significant linkage disequilibrium , possibly because of low informativeness and / or because they represent some of the four remaining chromosomes : the same wha1 - 25 ,
male - and female - specific linkage maps for hyla arborea . maps are based on 43 microsatellites and one snp locus ( fryl ) , with orders according to the highest log likelihood . for lg7 , marker ha - t64 was not polymorphic in females . genetic distances are indicated in centimorgan ( cm ) . colored frames show the location of homologous loci within the xenopus tropicalis genome ( assembly 7 . 1 , urltoken ) , as reported in [ 8 ] . for clarity , simplified marker names were used ( see additional file 1 for full identifiers ) .
we documented drastically reduced recombination rates in males compared to females across most of the genome , including the sex - linkage group , in accordance with berset - brändli et al . [ 7 ] . male recombination seems even under complete arrest for some segments ( e . g . lg4 : ha - t50 – ha - t66 , lg5 : ha - a11 – ha - t67 ) . our autosomal maps were on average 13 . 7 times longer in females than in males , which is close to what these authors reported for switzerland ( 14 . 3 ) . as they developed , this extreme pattern is in line with the pleiotropic model of haldane and huxley [ 15 – 17 ] , according to which recombination is repressed over the whole genome in the heterogametic sex ( males in h . arborea ) , as a way to prevent recombination between homomorphic sex - chromosomes . interestingly , however , one linkage group ( lg8 ) does not feature such strong male - biased heterochiasmy , perhaps indicating different mechanisms which would deserve further investigation with additional markers . moreover , recombination rates did not significantly differ between the two regions , neither in females ( wilcoxon signed rank test , p = 0 . 26 ) nor in males ( p = 0 . 87 ) , at least for the few combination of informative loci common to both studies ( n = 9 and 12 for females and males respectively ) . rates of recombination are provided in additional file 2 : table s2 .
microsatellite genotypes are archived in dryad ( urltoken ) . doi : 10 . 5061 / dryad . 16pj3 .
additional file 1 : table s1 : information on the microsatellites used in this study . ( docx 25 kb ) ( 25k , docx )
additional file 2 : table s2 : sex - specific recombination rates in hyla arborea estimated from balkanic ( this study ) and swiss populations [ 7 ] . ( docx 23 kb ) ( 23k , docx )
we thank jérôme wassef , baptiste pasteur , karim ghali , and youna bertholet for their help in the field and in the lab . this study was founded in part by the swiss national science foundation ( grant 31003a _ 129894 to np ) , and by the university of lausanne ( phd fellowship from the faculty of biology and medicine , grants from the fondation agassiz and the fondation du 450e to cd ) .
all authors designed the study . cd performed fieldwork , labwork and analyses . the manuscript was drafted by cd and improved by ab and np . all authors read and approved the final manuscript .
slatkin m . linkage disequilibrium – understanding the evolutionary past and mapping the medical future .
broquet t , jaquiéry j , perrin n . opportunity for sexual selection and effective population size in the lek - breeding european treefrog (
dufresnes c , brelsford a , béziers p , perrin n . stronger transferability but lower variability in transcriptomic - than in anonymous microsatellites : evidence from hylid frogs .
broquet t , berset - brändli l , emaresi g , fumagalli l . buccal swabs allow efficient and reliable microsatellite genotyping in amphibians .
brelsford a , stöck m , betto - colliard c , dubey s , dufresnes c , jourdan - pineau h , rodrigues n , savary r , sermier r , perrin n . homologous sex chromosomes in three deeply divergent anuran species .
amores a , catchen j , ferrara a , fontenot q , postlethwait jh . genome evolution and meiotic maps by massively parallel dna sequencing : spotted gar , an outgroup for the teleost genome duplication .
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tyler , m . j . & morère , j - j . 1988 ,
section 77 batrachians
, ed . bonnemains , j . , forsyth , e . & smith , b . ( eds ) , baudin in australian waters . the artwork of the french voyage of discovery to the southern lands 1800–1804 , pp . 275 - 284 , oxford university press , melbourne
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 02a5b9ff - 9140 - 4c6d - b3dd - d96bca4e288b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4af2ec4e - fd4d - 4b6e - 87a2 - 520a316a1b95
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 73224bc0 - 6117 - 452d - 93c7 - 42e8b5b4c889
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a5aeca1c - 04ed - 4850 - b157 - 32fcea2d2fb0
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e35cf6d6 - d4e9 - 4506 - b4ce - 138ebaeaf8b9
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b2bf49cd - 3e0d - 4b13 - 9315 - 670adfddeba7
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ahl , e . 1935 ,
beschreibung eines neuen laubfrösche aus südaustralien
, zoologischer anzeiger , vol . 109 , pp . 252 - 253
peters , w . 1874 ,
ueber neue amphibien
, monatsberichte der königlichen preussischen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin , vol . 1874 , pp . 616 - 624
compiled by bell , b . d . , king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicol , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , r . ; macadie , i . 24 : phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , new zealand living and fossil amphibians . in : new zealand inventory of biodiversity volume 1 .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 673a198d - 4cfc - 40d2 - 9a0b - 33520194ca92
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 301987
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black - spotted casque - headed treefrog photographed in guarapari , espírito santo - southeast of brazil . atlantic forest biome . picture made in 2007 .
elegant forest treefrog photographed in guarapari , espírito santo - southeast of brazil . atlantic forest biome . picture made in 2007 .
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the lady amherst 's pheasant ( chrysolophus amherstiae ) is a bird of the order galliformes and the family phasianidae .

the genus name is from ancient greek khrusolophos , " with golden crest " .

the english name and amherstiae commemorates sarah countess amherst , wife of william pitt amherst , governor general of bengal , who was responsible for sending the first specimen of the bird to london in 1828 .

the species is native to southwestern china and far northern myanmar , but has been introduced elsewhere , and has established a self-supporting , but now believed extinct , feral population in england , the stronghold of which was in west bedfordshire .

lady amherst first introduced the ornamental pheasant on her estates , near the duke of bedford 's woburn abbey , where they were also shot for game and the introduced populations in england will interbreed .

however since late 2015 the species has been believed to be extinct in the wild in great britain with no confirmed sightings since march 2015 .

the adult male is 100 – 120 cm ( 23 in . ) in length , its tail accounting for 80 cm of the total length .

it is unmistakable with its nuchal cape white black , with a red crest .

the long grey tail and rump is red , blue , dark green , white and yellow plumage .

the " cape " can be raised in display .

this species is closely related to the golden pheasant ( c. pictus ) , but has a yellow eye , blue-green bare skin around it .

the bill is horn-coloured and they had blue-gray legs .

the female is much less showy , with a duller mottled brown plumage all over , similar to that of the female common pheasant ( p. colchicus ) but with finer barring .

despite the male 's showy appearance , these birds are very difficult to see in their natural habitat , which is dense , dark forests with thick undergrowth .

consequently , little is known of their behaviour in the wild .

they feed on the ground on grain , leaves and invertebrates , but roost in trees at night .

whilst they can fly , they prefer to run , but if startled they can suddenly burst upwards at great speed , with a distinctive wing sound .

widespread throughout its large range , the lady amherst 's pheasant is evaluated as least concern on the iucn red list of threatened species .

lady amherst ' s pheasant

the lady amherst’s pheasant usually performs some altitudinal movements after the breeding season , reaching the foothills during hard weather .
he said : “though introduced species may not be to everyone’s taste , there can be no argument over the beauty of lady amherst’s pheasant .
description : the lady amherst’s pheasant is found in sw china and myanmar . the first specimen was sent to london uk in 1828 , by sarah countess amherst , wife of the governor general of bengal .
sudden realisation that lady amherst’s pheasant will soon die out has seen a new generation of birdwatchers beating a track to its last bolthole before it vanishes for good .
only one specimen of the dazzling lady amherst’s pheasant remains in the wild in britain in a top secret haunt and devoted twitchers are hurriedly trying to track it down .
the pheasant is named in honour of sarah , countess amherst , who was married to william pitt amherst , governor general of bengal .
pheasant general information . . . pheasant species / pheasant taxonomy . . . breeding pheasants . . . pheasant photo gallery . . . housing pheasants . . . housing pheasants . . . pheasant diseases
next to the golden pheasant , the lady amherst is said to be the easiest pheasant to breed . this pheasant is one of the most vibrant colored pheasant species . their ritualistic dance , display and dazzling beauty makes them a very popular species . they can also be easily hand - tamed . the modest demands of the lady amherst makes it an ideal species for the beginner to pheasant keeping .
behaviour : the lady amherst’s pheasant is a very shy species , rarely seen outside the vegetal cover , spiny bushes or bamboo thickets . it lives in remote areas in mountains .
habitat : the lady amherst’s pheasant occurs in forested areas and wooded hills , bamboo thickets , dense shrubby areas and secondary growths . this species is visible between 2100 and 3600 metres of elevation .
protection / threats / status : the lady amherst’s pheasant appears widespread throughout its range , but this pheasant is very shy and difficult to see . however , the species is not currently threatened , and evaluated as least concern by birdlife international .
the lady amherst ' s pheasant ( chrysolophus amherstiae ) are native to south western china and tibet , but have also established a self - supporting , but now declining , feral population in england .
josh jones , of the birdguides information service , explained the reasons for the pheasant’s allure .
range : the lady amherst’s pheasant is found first in sw china and n burma . but it can be uncommon resident in extreme s thailand and malay peninsula . the species has been introduced in great britain where small numbers inhabit , and mainly in bedfordshire .
reproduction : the laying starts at mid - april in s china and the male is territorial as soon as mid - march . the nest of the lady amherst’s pheasant is on the ground , usually under bush or dead branches . this is a round , shallow depression lined with dead leaves .
diet : the lady amherst’s pheasant feeds usually on the ground , taking spiders and small coleopterans . it also takes plant matter such as fern fronds , but its preferred food is mainly bamboo sprouts . it may consume seeds , roots and berries too .
flight : the lady amherst’s pheasant , like most phasianidae species , prefers to escape a danger by running rather than flying . however , it may dart very quickly . when moving the wings by short , fast wingbeats , it is able to rise above the ground .
ne myanmar , extreme se tibet and from w sichuan s to yunnan and w guizhou ( s china ) .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto the lady amherst’s pheasant male gives loud , hoarse , slightly metallic and grating “hirk hik - ik” at territorial call . this sound is repeated at lengthy intervals , and interspersed with 1 - 3 rapid “kwik” notes . males call from trees in the early morning .
while other birds that have been threatened with extinction in britain , such as the red kite , white - tailed eagle and chough , have made a comeback to former haunts through successful re - introduction programmes , there are no such plans for lady amherst’s pheasant because under the wildlife and countryside act non - native species cannot be released into the wild .
although the pheasant is a native of china’s upland bamboo forests , in the 19th century a feral colony was established close to the country pile of the dukes of bedford .
lord amherst sent the first specimen back to london in 1828 , although the bird did not survive the journey .
mcgowan , p . j . k . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . lady amherst ' s pheasant ( chrysolophus amherstiae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
both pictures show the result of hybridization between this species and the golden pheasant , also present at this location .
lady a soundscape . . . parabolic . . . not filtered . . . no idea of the current status of this species . . .
birdwatchers from across the land are making a reverential pilgrimage to see a rare and beautiful pheasant in britain for the last time .
data from c yunnan ( s china ) . lays from mid apr ; males territorial in evergreen coniferous and secondary pine (
there ' s so much to see and hear at minsmere , from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .
one of the leading ornithologists of the day later used the remains to officially describe the species and named it in the countess’s honour .
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after being released from the woburn estate in the 1890s , they quickly established themselves in the ornamental rhododendron woods that flourish along bedfordshire’s greensand ridge .
the british ornithologists’ union elevated the species on to its official list in 1970 , making it a credible sighting for the country’s legion of twitchers .
the female ( hen ) - featured below - is much less showy , with a duller mottled brown plumage all over , similar to that of the female common pheasant but with finer barring . she is very like the female golden pheasant , but has a darker head and cleaner underparts than the hen of that species .
les auteurs renoncent à leurs droits d ' auteurs pour que la vente de cet ouvrage , publié par la world pheasant association , soit destinée à soutenir des projets de conservation .
with their incredible silvery tail plumes and decorative head markings they were seen as a welcome addition to the countryside’s native bird life during the great days of the british empire .
cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
on the head , face , chin and forecrown are dark bluish - green . on the hindcrown , there is a bright red crest ending to a point on the nape . a superb black - scaled neck - ruff adds an indisputable touch of class to the bird’s appearance .
the diet is the same as in other pheasant species . a little higher protein breeder diet is recommended starting january in addition to supplementation with greens and various grains . during the off - season , they are fed a lower protein pellet mixed with grain . mealworms , berries and other fruits make nutritious treats .
the breeding behaviour of this species is poorly known . however , the beautiful male’s adornments , and especially the neck - ruff , are fully expanded during the displays , forming a semi - circle of feathers around and below the eyes . the small wattle visible under the eye is also expanded until covering the lower cheek . the red crest is raised too . the long tail of at least 100 cm long follows the movements of the cock during the displays . the bright orange uppertail - coverts are enhanced while the male is strutting .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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visitors to manchester city centre have just two weeks left to get up close to the cities’ popular pair of peregrine falcons .
the rspb wants to bring back the colour to the roadsides of east riding by returning verges to their former glory .
find out how you can help the birds in your garden in this summer heat .
a small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .
a nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .
male ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .
this is a delightful oak woodland to walk through – especially in spring and early summer .
nature is an adventure waiting to be had . get out , get busy and get wild !
explore the little pools of amazing sea life that are left by the tide on the rocks around our coast .
the rspb is a member of birdlife international . find out more about the partnership
© the royal society for the protection of birds ( rspb ) is a registered charity : england and wales no . 207076 , scotland no . sc037654
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hybrids between this species and c . pictus reported in britain , where both species introduced # r . monotypic .
male 130–173 cm ( tail 83–115 cm ) , 675–850 g ; female 66–68 cm ( tail 28–37 cm ) , 624–804 g ; wingspan 70–85 cm . male unmistakable , . . .
inhabits wooded hills and bamboo , dense shrub patches and thickets ; occurs principally between 2100 . . .
two crops contained many earwigs of various species , spiders , small beetles and fern fronds ; also bamboo sprouts , which appear to be a . . .
probably performs substantial altitudinal movements , given high altitudes at which occurs in summer . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . mace lande : safe . formerly considered near threatened . based on intensive fieldwork in china and surveys elsewhere , total population . . .
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includes , in tetraonini , all taxa that have commonly been separated in families meleagrididae and tetraonidae .
in recent broad molecular ( mtdna ) study of phasianidae , this genus found to be part of a well - supported subclade that also contains pucrasia , syrmaticus , phasianus and lophura # r .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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bmarnell39 , summer wong 王文娟 , dubi shapiro , zhou huaming , tomasz doroń , jdrpc , flatsvet , josep del hoyo .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size may be moderately small to large , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : chrysolophus amherstiae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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l’encyclopedie mondiale des oiseaux - dr christopher m . perrins - bordas - isbn : 2040185607
a field guide to the birds of south - east asia by craig robson . new holland publishers . isbn : 9781780090498
hennache , a . & ottaviani , m . ( 2005 ) . monographie des faisans , volume 1 . edition w . p . a . france , clères , france . isbn : 2 - 9512467 - 1 - 4 hennache , a . & ottaviani , m . ( 2006 ) . monographie des faisans , volume 2 . edition w . p . a . france , clères , france . isbn : 2 - 9512467 - 2 - 2
the adult male has dark bluish - green mantle , back , scapulars and breast with black scales . the uppertail - coverts are black - and - white , mixed with orange and red . the longer feathers show long , pointed orange tips . the rump is buffy - yellow and barred bluish - green . the long , arched , pointed tail is white with black bars and vermiculations . throat and foreneck are blackish . the belly is white whereas vent and undertail - coverts are white barred black .
the bill is pale bluish - grey . the eyes are white , surrounded by broad , bare , pale blue eyering . we can see a small yellowish wattle under the eye . legs and feet are pale blue , with spurs in male .
the female has rich rufous - brown plumage , heavily barred black overall . the underparts are usually paler than upperparts . on the head , the crown is more reddish , but the nape is dark grey . the tail is similar in colour to body plumage , but it is much shorter than in male . the eyes are brown with dull grey eyering .
the immature resembles female but it is paler and barring is less conspicuous . the young male starts to get the adult plumage from the first autumn .
this species feeds mainly on bamboo sprouts in the original range . but it also takes spiders and small coleopterans and also fern fronds . the chicks feed on several fruit species such as rubus , coria sinica and vaccinium spregelii . they feed on the ground .
frontal and / or lateral displays in front of the female are performed by the male , in order to expose the colours and pattern of its plumage by moving wings and tail , and raising the neck - ruff . as polygamous cocks , the males of this species perform elaborated and repeated displays .
the hen lays 6 - 12 creamy - buff eggs . she incubates alone during 24 days . the chicks are precocial and leave the nest very soon . they are able to feed themselves , following the female which leads them to food sources and does not back to the nest again . the chicks are covered in fulvous - brown down with paler bands above , and buffy - white below .
though not seen calling , i am pretty sure that this is a call of this species - there seem to be two birds calling on this track , perhaps a pair . a male was seen in the vicinity . one of the birds calling is the same as on xc111170 .
single call , but good quality . probably the same bird as on xc111132 . in fairly dense understorey patches in pine forest .
two calls from two cuts spliced together - the bird was only giving a call every 3 - 5 minutes . in fairly dense understorey patches in pine forest . bird - seen : noplayback - used : no
there seem to be two birds calling on this track , perhaps a pair , and the same birds as on xc111170 - 71 . a male was seen in the vicinity .
though not seen calling , i am pretty sure that this is a call of this species . a male was seen in the vicinity .
recorded using a sony pcm - m10 . established introduced population . photograph of this bird at urltoken
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
recent decades , however , have seen predation by foxes and the loss of habitat reduce their numbers from a peak count of 200 pairs to just one single male believed to be at least 25 years old .
one of the most stunning yet most elusive species on the british list , it has traditionally been considered highly desirable by birders and its ever - increasing rarity only adds to its enigmatic aura .
“if it proves that this male is indeed the last of its kind surviving on the greensand ridge , it represents the sole legacy of a population which has enchanted british birders and drawn them to this pocket of the home counties for a number of decades , something of a holy grail .
“once this final individual perishes , it will bring a colourful era to an end . ”
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they usually roost in trees at night . whilst they can fly , they prefer to run . the male has a gruff call in the breeding season .
they feed on the ground on grain , leaves and invertebrates ( = animals without internal skeleton , such as insects , larvae , earthworms , millipedes , snails , spiders ) .
the adult male averages 43 inches ( ~ 110 cm ) in length , its tail accounting for 31 inches ( ~ 80 cm ) of the total length . it is unmistakable with its black and silver head , long grey tail and rump , and red , blue , white and yellow body plumage . the
cape
can be raised in display .
these birds are very active and aviaries should be fairly large with plenty of branches and other objects for enrichment . they are docile and can be kept with other bird species such as doves , small hookbills and finches .
and the offspring are usually fertile . unethical breeders will try to sell
hybrids
as new mutations as a way of
cashing in
- - and you are well advised to ask for proper records and photos before purchasing such advertised
new mutations .
it is considered bad practice to breed hybrids as it causes damage to pure blood lines .
these pheasants may breed their first year , but it is better to use a fully colored male to not loose fertility . their breeding season starts in may and they attain breeding age in their second year . the hens average twenty eggs a season depending on the feed and care . the hen lays 6 to 12 creamy buff eggs , which she incubates for 23 to 24 days . a monogamous species , it is best to keep the pair with their young from the previous year . some males have actually helped in rearing young , but not all males make good parents .
the males can get aggressive with the females when caged , and having the other birds helps dilute this activity . it is also supposed to help to keep them in mixed aviaries , including doves , small hookbills , finches . peafowl and eared pheasants in their aviary .
peanuts are often offered as treats - - however , peanuts are often contaminated with aflatoxin , a fungal toxin . aflatoxin is carcinogenic and causes liver damage in birds , other animals , and even humans . roasting reduces aflatoxin but does not eliminate it entirely . north american peanut producers are currently working on eliminating contaminated peanuts from their products . especially peanuts with dark spots on them should be considered suspect , but even those that look clean and perfect could possibly be contaminated .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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the olive-headed weaver ( ploceus olivaceiceps ) is a species of bird in the ploceidae family .

it is found in malawi , mozambique , tanzania , and zambia .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

olive - headed weaver

nobody uploaded sound recordings for olive - headed weaver ( ploceus olivaceiceps ) yet .
the olive - headed weaver is a monogamous , solitary nester , and the pair remains together all year . the nest is constructed entirely of
the above is based on weaver wednesday , a weekly series about weaver species .
the olive - headed weaver is a miombo weaver typically seen foraging quietly in the canopy , and occurring in eastern africa . the male olive - headed weaver is slender - billed with a distinctive golden crown , olive face , throat and upperparts , orange - chestnut lower throat and breast ; the upperparts are plain , and wings and tail dark ; and the eye is red .
the first illustration of the olive - headed weaver was of an adult , published by reichenow ( 1902 ) . the next illustration was published much later by mackworth ( 1955 ) .
the above is based on weaver wednesday 2 , a weekly series about the discovery of each weaver species .
the above is based on weaver wednesday 3 , a weekly series about range changes in south african weaver species .
, modern latin : olivaceus , olivaceous ; l . - ceps , headed .
other synonyms afrikaans : olyfkopwewer czech : snovac nicolluv , snovač olivovohlavý danish : usambara væver german : nicoll - weber , olivkopfweber english : olive - headed golden weaver , olive - headed or usambara weaver , olive - headed weaver spanish : tejedor de usambara finnish : tansaniankutoja french : tisserin à tête olive , tisserin à tête olive ou t . des usambara hungarian : olajzöldfejű szövőmadár italian : tessitore di usambara japanese : usambarahataori japanese : キビタイハタオリ latin : ploceus [ olivaceiceps or nicolli ] , ploceus olivaceiceps , ploceus olivaceiceps olivaceiceps , symplectes olivaceiceps lithuanian : žalsvasis audėjas dutch : olijfkopwever , usambara - wever norwegian : miombovever polish : wiklacz oliwkowoglowy , wikłacz oliwkowogłowy portuguese : tecelão - de - cabeca - esverdeada russian : оливковый ткач slovak : pletiarka lišajníková swedish : olivhuvad vävare swahili : mnana kichwa - kijani chinese : 绿头金织雀 chinese ( traditional ) : 橄綠頭金織布鳥
eggs are plain turquoise - blue or white . incubation and feeding of chicks is by both sexes , but much more by the female in both cases . bohm ' s flycatchers may breed in old olive - headed weaver nests .
the olive - headed weaver feeds on insects , including butterflies and moths , beetles , bugs , and small wasps . it forages on tree trunks , clinging to the bark , and moving along the under and upper surfaces of branches , probing almost entirely in lichens . it is usually solitary or found in pairs , even when foraging in mixed bird parties .
fulleborn studied medicine and natural sciences in berlin . from 1896 onward , he was a military physician assigned to the schutztruppe in german east africa ( tanzania ) . in 1898 - 1900 he participated in the nyassa - und kingagebirgs expedition to southern tanzania , where he conducted anthropological and ethnographic research . he also collected bird specimens , which he sent to berlin . he found the type of the olive - headed weaver near the source of the rovuma river while near songea .
the female has a wholly olive head , and less chestnut on the breast . the juvenile is similar to the female but with a yellow chin and throat . the poorly - known
phown ( photos of weaver nests ) provides valuable info on breeding distribution and colony sizes of weavers . you can contribute by registering and submitting photos at virtual museum webpage .
experiences with species these weavers are restricted to the forest near panda in mozambique , where they nest and forage in the usnea , known as old man ' s beard . we stayed at hyliota camp and found far better habitat than the traditional site , on the 45km access road to hyliota camp . this is good news , as the
normal
weaver site is getting systematically de - forested by the locals to plant crops . other names : -
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
dowsett , r . j . , dowsett - lemaire , f . , leonard , p . , oatley , t . & borrow , n .
evans , m . , o ' brien , a . , shutes , s . , symes , a . , taylor , j . , westrip , j .
this species is classed as near threatened because it is suspected to be experiencing a moderately rapid population decline , owing habitat destruction and degradation across its range and almost qualifies for listing under criteria a2c + 3c + 4c . any evidence of a rapid population decline may qualify this species for a higher threat category .
, and recently recorded from the north , south of lake victoria [ t . oatley
, suggesting that it may occur at low density in a huge area of intervening habitat in west tanzania [ t . oatley
( clancey 1996 , nuttall 1998 , parker 2001 ) . the total population in 1998 was estimated to be c . 20 , 000 pairs ( parker 2001 )
the total population was estimated at 20 , 000 pairs in 1998 , roughly equating to 60 , 000 individuals . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction .
. it is found in the canopy , sometimes in mixed - species flocks . it feeds on a variety of insects , including lepidopterans ( fry and keith 2004 )
. this species is a solitary and monogamous breeder . its nest , in which 2 - 3 eggs are laid , is constructed entirely from
and always placed in a thick clump of lichen . egg - laying occurs in august - october ( fry and keith 2004 )
, despite legal protection ( dowsett - lemaire and dowsett 2006 ) , where in recent years , dzalanyama forest reserve has suffered from intense deforestation ( n . borrow
2016 ) .
since similar threats are likely to be affecting its habitat in tanzania and zambia , and intensifying , there is a risk that it may suffer a rapid decline in the future . there are some reports that this species may be collected for scientific collections , including a female taken during the breeding season ( dowsett - lemaire
conduct surveys to obtain an estimate of the total population size . monitor population trends through regular surveys . monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation across its range . effectively protect habitat at all sites where it is known to breed .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
i don ' t know if this is a song or call . it was given , probably by the male . a pair was foraging in mossy trees in miombo woodland on a very steep hill .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ploceus olivaceiceps . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
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choose different species from drop - down list and press ' go ' button . see
the type is in the berlin museum ( zmb _ 47 . 105 ) .
) . the northern - most record ( from mwamazengu , tanzania ) is from as recently as 1998 . the southern mozambique population has been described as a subspecies but the description was based on inadequate comparative specimens , and thus the species is treated as monotypic .
the isolated population near panda in southern mozambique is separated by more than 600 km from any other known sites . there are about 100 pairs in the panda area compared to a global population estimate of about 20000 pairs ( 1998 ) . this species is near threatened , but the situation may worsen with increasing habitat loss .
, and is always placed in a thick clump of lichen , using living strands growing on a branch as a basis . the nest is placed on the underside of a thick branch rather than the tips of twigs . the nest is sited up to 18 m above the ground , generally near the crown of a tree . a short spout is usually added to the nest , but some nests lack a spout . both male and female build the nest .
english spanish online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .