patella vulgata , common name the common limpet or common european limpet is an edible species of sea snail with gills , a typical true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family patellidae .

this species is found in the waters of western europe .

patella vulgata

scientific synonyms and common names patella vulgata linné , 1758 patella radiata perry , 1811 non patella radiata born , 1778 patella conica anton , 1839 patella vulgata var . communis brown , 1844 patella vulgata var . picta jeffreys , 1865 patella vulgata var . elevata jeffreys , 1865 patella vulgata var . secernenda dautzenberg , 1887 patella vulgata var . aurea martel in dautzenberg & durouchoux , 1906 patella vulgata var . major dautzenberg & durouchoux , 1906
variety patella vulgata var . communis brown , 1844 accepted as patella vulgata linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )
variety patella vulgata var . elevata jeffreys , 1865 accepted as patella vulgata linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )
variety patella vulgata var . secernenda dautzenberg , 1887 accepted as patella vulgata linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )
variety patella vulgata var . aurea dautzenberg & durouchoux , 1906 accepted as patella vulgata linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )
variety patella vulgata var . major dautzenberg & durouchoux , 1906 accepted as patella vulgata linnaeus , 1758 ( synonym )
tim worsfold added an association between
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and
patella vulgata
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variety patella vulgata var . debilis pallary , 1920 accepted as patella depressa pennant , 1777 ( synonym )
variety patella vulgata var . picta jeffreys , 1865 accepted as patella depressa pennant , 1777 ( synonym )
variety patella vulgata var . albula de gregorio , 1884 accepted as patella ulyssiponensis gmelin , 1791 ( synonym )
variety patella vulgata var . cimbulata de gregorio , 1884 accepted as patella ulyssiponensis gmelin , 1791 ( synonym )
variety patella vulgata var . comina de gregorio , 1884 accepted as patella ulyssiponensis gmelin , 1791 ( synonym )
variety patella vulgata var . depressaspera de gregorio , 1884 accepted as patella ulyssiponensis gmelin , 1791 ( synonym )
tim worsfold marked
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as hidden on the
patella ulyssiponensis
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image right , victorian prepared microscope slide , labelled ' palate patella vulgata bb apr 1897 ' .
tim worsfold marked
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patella ulyssiponensis
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biotic marine life information network - uk to barcode of life ( 47 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 689 publications ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym patella conica anton , 1838 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella hypsilotera locard , 1891 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella radiata perry , 1811 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella vulgata var . elevata jeffreys , 1865 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella vulgata var . secernenda dautzenberg , 1887 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella vulgata var . aurea dautzenberg & durouchoux , 1906 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella vulgata var . major dautzenberg & durouchoux , 1906 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella vulgata var . communis brown , 1844 ) to dyntaxa to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 141 nucleotides ; 112 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to pesi ( from synonym patella radiata perry , 1811 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella hypsilotera locard , 1891 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella conica anton , 1838 ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym patella vulgata var . communis brown , 1844 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella vulgata var . major dautzenberg & durouchoux , 1906 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella vulgata var . aurea dautzenberg & durouchoux , 1906 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella vulgata var . secernenda dautzenberg , 1887 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella vulgata var . elevata jeffreys , 1865 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis
metal concentrations in the radula of the common limpet , patella vulgata l . , from 10 sites in the uk .
metal concentrations in the radula of the common limpet , patella vulgata l . , from 10 sites in the uk . - pubmed - ncbi
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the enzyme from patella vulgata is reported to be more effective in hydrolyzing opioid - glucuronides than the helix pomatia , bovine liver and e . coli enzymes
( of patella vulgata var . communis brown , 1844 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella vulgata var . secernenda dautzenberg , 1887 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella vulgata var . elevata jeffreys , 1865 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella vulgata var . major dautzenberg & durouchoux , 1906 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella vulgata var . aurea dautzenberg & durouchoux , 1906 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the teeth of the common limpet species ( patella vulgata ) are tougher than kevlar and stronger than spider silk , researchers report in the feb . 18 issue of the royal society journal interface .
patella vulgata is found on a variety of shores from wave exposed to sheltered and is , therefore , unlikely to be significantly affected by a decrease in suspended sediment concentration and so intolerance is assessed as low .
distribution al the specimens in the samples of the belgian coasts were determined as p . vulgata , probably there are a few . . .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by nmnh invertebrate zoology resource , nmnh invertebrate zoology resource , nmnh invertebrate zoology resource , nmnh invertebrate zoology resource , nmnh invertebrate zoology resource , nmnh invertebrate zoology resource , and smithsonian type specimen data from patella vulgata linnaeus 1758 to their own page .
hill , j . m . , 2000 . patella vulgata . common limpet . marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information sub - programme [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 06 / 08 / 02 ] . urltoken
( of patella conica anton , 1838 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella radiata perry , 1811 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella hypsilotera locard , 1891 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
maggie whitson marked
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as trusted on the
patella pellucida linnaeus , 1758
page .
( of patella vulgata var . secernenda dautzenberg , 1887 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1887 ) . une excursion malacologique à saint - lunaire ( ille - et - vilaine ) et aux environs de cette localité . bull . soc . etudes scient . paris 9 : 1 - 27 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of patella vulgata var . aurea dautzenberg & durouchoux , 1906 ) dautzenberg , ph . ; durouchoux , p . ( 1906 ) . supplément à la faune malacologique des environs de saint - malo . feuille jeunes nat . 36 : 39 - 45 , 53 - 60 , 73 - 77 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of patella vulgata var . major dautzenberg & durouchoux , 1906 ) dautzenberg , ph . ; durouchoux , p . ( 1906 ) . supplément à la faune malacologique des environs de saint - malo . feuille jeunes nat . 36 : 39 - 45 , 53 - 60 , 73 - 77 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
distribution al the specimens in the samples of the belgian coasts were determined as p . vulgata , probably there are a few misidentifications : also present p . depressa and p . aspera . [ details ]
that of the common english limpet ( p . vulgata , fig . 3 ) is longer than the shell itself , and armed with as many as 1920 glassy hooks in 160 rows of twelve teeth each .
patella vulgata is found in the lower reaches of turbid estuaries where there is sufficient rock or stone on which it may live , and in such muddy habitats , with abundant silt and detritus , the growth rate is rapid ( fretter & graham , 1994 ) , and is , therefore , unlikely to be adversely affected by an increase in suspended sediment concentration . therefore , an intolerance of low has been recorded .
( of patella vulgata var . communis brown , 1844 ) brown t . ( 1844 ) . illustrations of the recent conchology of great britain and ireland , with the description and localities of all the species , marine , land , and fresh water . ed . 2 . london : smith , elder & co . drawn and coloured from nature . second edition , greatly enlarged . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
patella vulgata is a hardy intertidal species and can tolerate long periods of exposure to the air and consequently wide variations in temperature . therefore adults would not be affected by temperature changes at the benchmark level . fretter & graham ( 1994 ) showed that adults could survive temperatures of up to 42 °c and 60 % water loss . temperatures in the british isles do not generally reach this level . adults are also largely unaffected by short periods of extreme cold . ekaratne & crisp ( 1984 ) found adult limpets continuing to grow over winter when temperatures fell to - 6 & #
the largest known limpet ( patella ( ancistromesus ) mexicana , case 7 ) inhabits the west coast of central america , its shell having sometimes a length of 12 inches . the limpets are vegetable feeders and fond of seaweeds of various kinds , which they rasp with their remarkable spiny tongues .
( of patella vulgata var . elevata jeffreys , 1865 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1862 - 1869 ) . british conchology . vol . 1 : pp . cxiv + 341 [ 1862 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 479 [ 1864 ] il frontrespizio reca la data 1863 ma in effetti pubblicato nel 1864 . vol . 3 : pp . 394 [ 1865 ] . vol . 4 : pp . 487 [ 1867 ] . vol . 5 : pp . 259 [ 1869 ] . london , van voorst . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 237 [ details ]
( of patella servaini mabille , 1888 ) mabille , j . ( 1888 ) . de quelques coquilles nouvelles . bulletin de la société philomathique de paris . ( 7 ) 12 ( 2 ) : 73 - 82 . paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 80 - 81 [ details ]
the conical shell of patella vulgata is up to 6 cm long with radiating ridges and the apex central or slightly anterior . individuals from the high shore generally have a taller shell and smaller shell length when compared to juveniles and low shore animals . the outer surface of the shell is greyish white or ashen , sometimes with a yellow tint , and has coarse radiating ridges and well - marked growth lines . the inner surface is smooth and greenish - grey in colour . the sole of the foot is yellowish , dull orange or brown with a grey or greenish tinge . the mantle skirt is fringed with translucent pallial tentacles arranged in three series of different lengths , internal to which lies a complete circlet of pallial gills .
( of patella hypsilotera locard , 1891 ) locard a . ( 1891 ) . les coquilles marines des côtes de france . annales de la société linnéenne de lyon . 37 : 1 - 385 [ published 31 october 1891 ; also published by baillière as a book in 1892 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 226 [ details ]
( of patella radiata perry , 1811 ) perry g . ( 1811 ) . conchology , or the natural history of shells : containing a new arrangement of the genera and species , illustrated by coloured engravings executed from the natural specimens and including the latest discoveries . london , miller pp . 4 + 61 pl . : , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella conica anton , 1838 ) anton h . e . ( 1838 [
1839
] ) . verzeichniss der conchylien welche sich in der sammlung von herrmann eduard anton befinden . herausgegeben von dem besitzer . halle : anton . xvi + 110 pp . [ title page dated 1839 , but volume actually published in 1838 ; see cernohorsky , 1978 , the veliger 20 ( 3 ) : 299 . ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
nakano t . & ozawa t . ( 2007 ) . worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order patellogastropoda : molecular , morphological and paleontological evidence . journal of molluscan studies 73 ( 1 ) : 79–99 . [ details ]
koufopanou et al ( 1999 ) . a molecular phylogeny of the patellid limpets ( gastropoda : patellidae ) and its implications for the origins of their antitropical distribution mol . phylogenet . evol . 11 ( 1 ) : 138 - 156 [ details ]
vanderperren , j . - p . ( 1991 ) . natural history archive [ natuurhistorisch archief ] . de strandvlo 11 ( 4 ) : 101 - 108 ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 106 [ details ]
backeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgië [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
maris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index” . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
engineers in the uk have found that limpets ' teeth consist of the strongest biological material ever tested .
limpets use a tongue bristling with tiny teeth to scrape food off rocks and into their mouths , often swallowing particles of rock in the process .
the teeth are made of a mineral - protein composite , which the researchers tested in tiny fragments in the laboratory .
they found it was stronger than spider silk , as well as all but the very strongest of man - made materials .
the findings , published in the royal society ' s journal interface , suggest that the secret to the material ' s strength is the thinness of its tightly packed mineral fibres - a discovery that could help improve the man - made composites used to build aircraft , cars and boats , as well as dental fillings .
biology is a great source of inspiration as an engineer ,
said the study ' s lead author prof asa barber , of the university of portsmouth .
these teeth are made up of very small fibres , put together in a particular way - and we should be thinking about making our own structures following the same design principles .
those fibres , consisting of an iron - based mineral called goethite , are laced through a protein base in much the same way as carbon fibres can be used to strengthen plastic .
the teeth themselves are less than a millimetre long , but prof barber and his colleagues ground 10 of them into a minuscule dog - bone shape in order to precisely measure the composite ' s tensile strength : the amount of force it can withstand before breaking .
the middle part of these samples was more than 100 times thinner than a human hair .
with either end glued to specialised levers inside a device called an atomic force microscope , the engineers applied a pulling force to each of these milled tooth samples until they snapped .
the strength they calculated for the tooth material was , on average , about five gigapascals ( gpa ) - some five times greater than most spider silk .
this sets a new record for biology , prof barber said , even when his team considered the most unusual spiders .
people are always trying to find the next strongest thing , but spider silk has been the winner for quite a few years now ,
he told the bbc .
so we were quite happy that the limpet teeth exceeded that .
one of my colleagues on the paper , from italy , found some exotic spider silk that was about 4 . 5gpa , and we measured about 5gpa .
this measurement is about the same as the pressure needed to turn carbon into diamond beneath the earth ' s crust . alternatively , as prof barber explained , it can be compared to a single string of spaghetti holding up 3 , 000 half - kilogram bags of sugar .
in terms of man - made materials , the limpet tooth is stronger than kevlar fibres and almost as good as the best high - performance carbon fibre materials .
the key , prof barber said , is that its strength - giving mineral fibres are very thin - the ideal width , in fact , for avoiding holes or flaws that would weaken the structure .
generally as you make something bigger , the thing that you ' ve got has more flaws in it . and those flaws reduce the strength of the structure .
with carbon fibre processing , they work very hard to take the flaws out of the fibres . but you could say , well , if i just make my fibres below a certain width , then maybe they wouldn ' t have to work so hard to get rid of the flaws .
prof anne neville , of the university of leeds , was impressed by the findings , particularly the way the tooth strength appears to be maximised by a specific fibre size .
strengths lower than theoretical values come about due to defects - and this material is apparently free from defects ,
said prof neville , who holds a royal academy of engineering chair in emerging technologies .
measuring these tensile properties is difficult and has been made possible through a careful set of experiments using some of today ' s most advanced microscopy techniques .
biologists who study limpets are intrigued but unsurprised by the mollusc ' s new place in the record books .
limpets are the bulldozers of the seashore ,
said prof steven hawkins , of the university of southampton .
the reason limpet teeth are so hard is that when they ' re feeding , they actually excavate rock . in fact , if you look at their faecal pellets they actually look like little concrete blocks - because by the time it ' s gone through their gut it ' s hardened .
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engineers have found that limpets ' teeth consist of the strongest biological material ever tested .
prof asa barber from the university of portsmouth spoke to the today programme about the findings and how they might be applied to engineering problems .
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step aside , spider - man : the world ' s strongest stuff isn ' t your silk ; it ' s sea snail teeth .
spider silk has been winning this competition for a long time . i was surprised and excited that limpet teeth beat the winner ,
said lead study author asa barber , a professor of mechanical engineering at the university of portsmouth in england .
limpets are tough little snails that live everywhere in the ocean , from the deepest , darkest canyons to the roughest , toughest surf . their jaunty , cone - shaped shell protects a sturdy foot that clings to rocks with a phenomenal grip . limpets dine on algae , unrolling a long tongue studded with hundreds of sharp teeth that scrape their dinner off boulders and cliffs . [ biomimicry : 7 cool animal - inspired technologies ]
though limpets leave behind only scratched rock , no one had ever tested the strength of their teeth , barber said .
nature always develops the perfect structure for a particular mechanical job , so i thought , ' they ' ve got to be really strong , '
he told livescience .
it turns out that southampton ' s local limpets grow mineralized teeth that are 10 percent tougher than spider silk , barber said .
barber and his research team tested microscopic pieces of limpet tooth . each curved tooth is about 1 millimeter long ( 0 . 04 inches ) — about the thickness of a dime — and the scientists wanted to be sure their samples weren ' t affected by the curvature . each sample was about 100 times thinner than a human hair .
the secret to the tooth strength lies in the size of the fibrous structures that form each tooth , barber said .
nature ' s kind of clever , because it figured out millions of years ago that if you grow these fibers below a critical size , even if you have flaws in the material , it doesn ' t affect the strength ,
barber said .
the limpet uses composite fibers that are thousands of times thinner than the human - made nanofibers in airplanes , bulletproof vests or bicycle frames . the biological composites are a mix of the iron oxide mineral goethite and chitin , which acts like a natural plastic , barber said .
this is a condensed version of a report from live science . the report has been revised to correct asa barber ' s academic affiliation . read the full report . follow becky oskin on twitter . follow live science on twitter , facebook and google + .
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engineers have discovered that the teeth of a limpet are made up of the strongest natural material ever tested - beating spider silk and most man - made materials .
the findings , published in the royal society ' s journal interface , suggest that the secret to the material ' s strength is the thinness of its tightly - packed mineral fibres .
dr asa barber , from the university of portsmouth spoke to the bbc about the discovery .
limpet teeth were dissected from the radula and mixed with epoxy resin ( poxipol , arg . ) and allowed to stand for 1 h to allow the glue to fully cure . examination of the epoxy resin in sem showed a number of individual teeth partially exposed at the top surface of the resin . the cured specimens were cut to a thickness of 2 mm , length of 10 mm and width of 4 mm using a diamond saw . the epoxy resin top surface containing the limpet teeth was mechanically polished opposite to the surface containing limpet teeth . fib was used to further polish the surface of the limpet tooth , so that goethite nanofibre minerals were easily detectable at this surface as shown in
failure of the limpet teeth structure was achieved by ( a ) embedded teeth in an epoxy resin and tensile testing to failure . backscattered sem images clearly indicated the nanofibrous structure . ( b ) plot of the average length of the nanofibres during straining of the teeth embedded in epoxy resin , indicating failure of the nanofibre reinforcement that cause a fragmentation of the nanofibres to smaller lengths . ( online version in colour . )
scanning electron micrographs showing ( a ) the limpet tooth prior to fib milling , ( b ) fib sectioning and attachment of the limpet tooth cusp to an afm probe and ( c ) further fib milling to thin the sample towards a ‘dog - bone’ geometry .
scanning electron micrograph of ( a ) the limpet tooth sample attached to the afm cantilever set - up and partially embedded within gripping glue and ( b ) failure at the sample free length mid - point after tensile testing .
plot of the stress–strain behaviour of individual limpet tooth samples , with a variety of lengths , tensile tested to failure using afm .
plot of the tensile strength of limpet tooth material with varying sample length . the data fitting line shows the general trend of minimal strength variation with sample length .
this research was supported by the engineering and physical science research council , uk ( grant award ep / e039928 / 1 ) ; n . m . p . is supported by the european research council ( erc stg ideas 2011 bihsnam no . 279985 on ‘bio - inspired hierarchical supernanomaterials’ , erc poc 2013 - 1 replica2 no . 619448 on ‘large - area replication of biological anti - adhesive nanosurfaces’ , erc poc 2013 - 2 knotough no . 632277 on ‘super - tough knotted fibres’ ) , by the european commission under the graphene flagship ( wp10 ‘nanocomposites’ , no . 604391 ) and by the provincia autonoma di trento ( ‘graphene nanocomposites’ , no . s116 / 2012 - 242637 and reg . delib . no . 2266 ) .
the authors thank dr zofia luklinska for sample preparation and the nanovision centre for use of afm and sem facilities .
© 2015 the authors . published by the royal society under the terms of the creative commons attribution license urltoken , which permits unrestricted use , provided the original author and source are credited .
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the common limpet is a well - known seashore species ( 2 ) . it has a conical shell , the outer surface of which is greyish - white . shells situated higher up on the shore tend to have taller shells than those on the lower shore ( 3 ) . the underside of the muscular ' foot ' on which the limpet moves around is yellow , orange or brown and often has a green or greyish tint ( 3 ) .
although they may seem to be fixed to the rock , common limpets actually move around to graze on algae during moist conditions or when they are submerged by the tide . they return to the same spot by following the mucus trail that they deposit . this spot becomes worn by the edges of the shell , and eventually an obvious ' scar ' in the rock is created . this helps the limpet to attach even more tenaciously to the rock , a strategy that protects it from desiccation ( 2 ) .
common limpets begin their life as males , becoming sexually mature at around 9 months of age . most individuals undergo a sex change , typically becoming female at 2 or 3 years of age , although some remain as males ( 3 ) . spawning takes place once a year , usually from october to december , although the timing varies around the british isles ( 2 ) . fertilisation occurs externally ; the larvae spend their first few days of life in the water column , after which time they settle on the shore ( 2 ) . life - span varies , but is between 10 and 20 years ( 3 ) .
in many areas , limpets have been collected as a food source for many centuries ( 3 ) .
found on all coasts of britain and ireland . its distribution extends from the arctic circle in the north to portugal in the south ( 3 ) .
you can view distribution information for this species at the national biodiversity network atlas .
attaches to firm substrates including rocks and stones from the high shore down to the edge of the sublittoral zone , a marine zone which reaches depths of around 200m ( 3 ) .
there may be further information about this species available via the national biodiversity network atlas .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
larvae stage in an animal ' s lifecycle after it hatches from the egg . larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults ; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce . sublittoral a marine zone between the littoral zone ( the shallow zone where light reaches the bed , subject to submersion and exposure by tides ) and depths of around 200m .
fish , j . d . & fish , s . ( 1996 ) a student ' s guide to the seashore . second edition . cambridge university press , cambridge .
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found on all british and irish coasts wherever there is a suitable hard substratum .
is found wherever there is substratum firm enough for its attachment on rocks , stones and in rock pools , from the high shore to the sublittoral fringe . it is abundant on all rocky shores of all degrees of wave exposure although the highest densities of
coincide with wave exposed conditions . the species is usually not abundant on shores with a dense growth of seaweed .
shell with irregular radiating ribs ; apex central or slightly anterior ; inner surfaces grey - green .
size up to 6 cm long x 5 cm wide x 3 cm high .
mantle skirt fringed with translucent pallial tentacles arranged in three series of different lengths .
the sole of the foot is yellowish , dull orange or brown with a grey or greenish tinge .
wide range of micro - organisms and algae , including fucus spp . , germlings , other algal sporelings and encrusting red algae .
several species : the peritrich protozoon , urceolaria patellae ; the shell boring polychaete polydora ciliata and the sponge cliona celata .
edible , formerly eaten extensively as shown by stone , bronze and ironage middens . still eaten until relatively recently , especially during famine and hard times .
female size at maturity the species is protandric . females are generally larger although small females are occasionally found . ( orton et al . , 1956 ) .
moderately strong 1 to 3 knots ( 0 . 5 - 1 . 5 m / sec . ) , strong 3 to 6 knots ( 1 . 5 - 3 m / sec . ) , very strong > 6 knots ( > 3 m / sec . ) , very weak ( negligible ) , weak < 1 knot ( < 0 . 5 m / sec . )
this species extends from the arctic circle in norway to portugal . distribution is limited in the north by the ability of newly - settled young to survive cold , and in the south by their ability to withstand heat and desiccation ( bowman & lewis , 1977 ) .
matures as a male at about 9 months of age and then can change to female at 2 - 3 years of age .
annual , with peaks within a defined spawning season ( october - january ) depending on location .
is a winter breeder only in southern england , in the north of scotland it breeds in august and in north - east england in september .
this marlin sensitivity assessment has been superseded by the maresa approach to sensitivity assessment . marlin assessments used an approach that has now been modified to reflect the most recent conservation imperatives and terminology and are due to be updated by 2016 / 17 .
smothering of limpets by 5cm of sediment for one month is likely to interfere with locomotion , grazing and respiration . if the sediment is fluid and mobile limpets are unlikely to be able to move through the layer of sediment and will probably die . the species is absent from some sheltered shores where silt and algal turfs are likely to restrict space ( professor steve hawkins , pers . comm . ) . if movement through the sediment is possible migration to unsmothered areas may be possible . settled larvae and spat are likely to be highly intolerant of smothering .
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howson & picton , 1997 , hayward & ryland , 1995b , hayward et al . , 1996 , campbell , 1994 , fish & fish , 1996 , fretter & graham , 1976 ,
the species is protandric . females are generally larger although small females are occasionally found . ( orton
hayward & ryland , 1995b , hayward et al . , 1996 , fish & fish , 1996 , fretter & graham , 1994 , fretter & graham , 1976 , blackmore , 1969 , orton et al . , 1956 , jones , 1948 , lewis & bowman , 1975 , davis & fleure , 1903 , thompson , 1980 ,
bedrock large to very large boulders small boulders cobbles pebbles rockpools crevices / fissures overhangs artificial ( e . g . metal / wood / concrete )
hayward & ryland , 1995b , hayward et al . , 1996 , campbell , 1994 , fish & fish , 1996 , fretter & graham , 1994 , fretter & graham , 1976 , bowman & lewis , 1977 , thompson , 1980 , lewis , 1954 , arnold , 1957 ,
biotic ( biological traits information catalogue ) by marlin ( marine life information network ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available at urltoken . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . based on a work at urltoken .
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is also known as the common limpet , recognized for its extensive range in the northeast atlantic . it inhabits the coasts of europe from norway through portugal as well as bermuda .
is the largest limpet in europe , growing up to 7 cm in diameter and 3 cm in height . it has a conical shell with a central or slightly anterior apex . the shell has clear growth rings as well as radiating ridges . its pallial tentacles that encirlce the edge of the shell are transparent . shells are greyish white with red or yellow markings ( figure 1 ) .
lives in rocky intertidal zones , usually with little seaweed cover , from high shore barnacle zone to the edge of the sublittoral . it is found in every type of habitat from rough , waveo - exposed shores to calm estuaries . common limpets exhibit strong homing behavior , returning to home scars after foraging excursions . over time they grind the stone around their homesites until their shells match the rock shape . foraging behavior differs in
based on microhabitat : individuals forage diurnally whilst submerged on horizontal rock while individuals on vertical rock forage nocturnally whilst emersed ( figure 2 ) .
is a generalist that grazes on diatoms , blue - green algae , sporelings of macroalgae , and detritus .
sources : hartnoll and wright 1977 ; williams et al . , 1999 ; gray and hogdson 1998 ; hill 2008 ; pznow 2008 ; common limpet 2008a ; common limpet 2008b .
m . j . de kluijver , s . s . ingalsuo & r . h . de bruyne
) . tolerant of low salinity but generally confined to habitats with salinity > 25 ä .
graham , alastair f . r . s . , 1988 . molluscs : prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods . synopses of the british fauna ( ns ) , 2 : 1 - 662 .
harms , j . , 1993 . check list of species ( algae , invertebtates and vertebrates ) found in the vicinity of the island of helgoland ( north sea , german bight ) - a review of recent records . helgoländer meeresunters . , 47 : 1 - 34 .
hayward , p . j . , wigham , g . d . & n . yonow , 1990 . mollusca i : polyplacophora , scaphopoda , and gastropoda . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . ( ed . p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ) . clarendon press , oxford : 628 - 730 .
poppe , g . t . & y . goto , 1991 . european seashells . vol . i . 352 pp . wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .
seaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .
step , e . , 1927 . shell life . 421 pp . frederick warne & co . , ltd , london .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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β - glucuronidase type l - ii has been shown to be a superior enzyme for the hydrolysis of drug - glucuronides from urine .
one sigma or modified fishman unit will liberate 1 . 0 μg of phenolphthalein from phenolphthalein glucuronide per hr at 37 °c at ph 3 . 8 ( 30 min assay ) .
β - glucuronidase ( β - gic ) is an exoglycosidase that catalyzes the breakdown of complex carbohydrates .
in humans it converts conjugated bilirubin into the unconjugated form , making bilirubin suitable for reabsorption . morphine 3 - β - d glucuronide was converted to morphine using ß - glucuronidase obtained from
β - glucuronidase ( gus ) enzymes are utilized to hydrolyze glucuronide ( gluc ) drug metabolites to the parent drug , facilitating analysis by lc - ms / ms . here we evaluate the hydrolysis efficiency of β - gluc . . . jim blasberg harkewal singh , kevin ray sigma - aldrich , st . louis , mo keywords : high performance liquid chromatography , liquid chromatography mass spectrometry , mass spectrometry , metabolites
β - d - glucuronide glucuronosohydrolase enzymes , commonly shortened to β - glucuronidase , play an important role in the analysis of biological fluids for the presence of metabolites for drug screening and . . . craig aurand , supelco ; kristen brown , pennsylvania state university reporter us volume 33 . 2 keywords : carbohydrate metabolism , derivatizations , digestions , enzyme activity , high performance liquid chromatography , liquid chromatography mass spectrometry , mass spectrometry , metabolism , metabolites , sample preparations , separation , solid phase extractions , solvents
enzymatic assay of ß - glucuronidase ( ec 3 . 2 . 1 . 31 ) from helix pomatia and bovine liver
to standardize a procedure for enzymatic assay of b - glucuronidase1 at sigma - aldrich st . louis . keywords : enzymology
our β - glucuronidases are routinely used for the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronides from urine1 , 2 , plasma3 , 4 , and other fluids5 prior to analysis by enzyme immunoassay , mass spectrometry , gas chroma . . . keywords : bacterial conjugations , cancer , chromatography , gas chromatography , high performance liquid chromatography , immunoassay , mass spectrometry , page , purification
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a look at a classic type of microscope subject , prompted by scientists ' studies in 2015 where the teeth were found to be the strongest biological material tested to date .
the slide is shown above . if ' bb ' are the mounter ' s initials , they are not familiar to me and have found no reference to them , but the seller offered some valuable provenance in the auction ( with thanks ) suggesting it was a b . borrows of darlington ( uk ) :
from a large collection from the late dr black of seaton delaval ( northumberland ) . a lot seem to be in the hand of r borrows and his father b borrows of darlington co durham and the vast majority date from the 1870 ' s to 1900 with the latest dated one i have found so far at 1921 .
the slide hasn ' t been made to the highest standards , the radula has been lain out linearly as is typical but a number of the teeth seem damaged ( in life or during the preparation ? ) and the white sealant has encroached into the mount . but it provided a good enough example to explore .
the two images below show off - axis lighting using the led combined with transmitted light , firstly dic , then phase .
off - axis incident lighting + transmitted dic , zeiss 6 . 3x na0 . 16 with lambda tint plate . stack of three images . ( not true dic as don ' t have the correct matching prism for the 6 . 3x , the number ii prism with condenser lens off gives reasonable results albeit without an even background . )
off - axis incident lighting + transmitted phase , zeiss 10x na0 . 22 ph objective . stack of three images .
this example had been mounted in canada balsam so it was not possible to see if it autofluoresced ( the balsam ' s own autofluorescence swamps that of the subject ) . see the micscape resources below for an illustrated article on examples that do . the fluorescence can be bright enough to allow images to be captured under the low numerical apertures of a stereo microscope .
stereo microscope image , leica s8 at 5x mag setting . transmitted crossed polars with lambda tint plate plus incident fill - in light from white led to give some detail in the teeth .
a splendid illustration shown right illustrates the teeth layout and the limpet anatomy . this has been taken from ' a guide to the shell and starfish galleries ' published by the department of zoology , british museum ( natural history ) 1901 . preface by e ray lankester . ( in the public domain at urltoken . )
both the true and the false limpets are littoral and found on rocks between tide - marks . they have the power of excavating the surface to which they attach themselves , and adhere so firmly that it is easier to break the shell than detach the animal .
the limpet is commonly used for bait in the sea - fishing off the scottish coast , and vast quantities are consumed as food in some parts of ireland .
some limpets , such as p . compressa , p . mytilina , etc . , are found on the stems of floating seaweeds , and have the shells usually thinner and smoother than the rock - limpets , which have to resist the fury of the breaking waves .
the recent work by asa h . barber , dun lu and nicola m . pugno on february 18th 2015 the humble limpet and its dental work hit the news headlines because a paper published by the above workers on the same day reported their studies of the limpet radula . they had shown that its teeth are the strongest biological material tested to date . this paper is in the public domain on the royal society website ( link below ) . popular articles were also published e . g . those listed below in resources and are a good starting point to read of their work in brief .
the image sequence below , shared with thanks courtesy of the royal society creative commons licence , shows the clever techniques which they used to prepare a ' dog - bone ' beam from a tooth for the mechanical testing . a focused ion beam ( fib ) was used to shape it and an atomic force microscope ( afm ) to test its mechanical properties . analytical studies of the tooth construction revealed why the teeth were so strong—they are made of a composite of organics and the mineral goethite ( an iron oxyhydroxide feo ( oh ) ) , see wikipedia goethite entry . the shape and size of the mineral fibres was a key aspect to minimise flaws in the matrix which may otherwise weaken the structure .
above . figure 3 from the reference below . caption reads
scanning electron micrographs showing ( a ) the limpet tooth prior to fib milling , ( b ) fib sectioning and attachment of the limpet tooth cusp to an afm probe and ( c ) further fib milling to thin the sample towards a ‘dog - bone’ geometry .
© 2015 asa h . barber , dun lu , nicola m . pugno . published by the royal society under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , provided the original author and source are credited .
asa h . barber , dun lu , nicola m . pugno , interface ( royal society publishing ) , volume 12 , issue 105 , april 2015 ( published 18th february 2015 ) . link is to full free access with pdf download option .
an insight into how nature has developed such strong materials can provide inspiration into how man can mimic these materials for our own use . nature once again leads the way !
a
palette of palates
. exploring a selection of snail radula - a classic type of victorian microscope slide
forays into fluorescence - 4 . notes on the autofluorescence of old dry mounts of snail radulae .
external resources limpet teeth set new strength record children ' s bbc website with a neat video summary , 18th february 2015 .
limpet teeth set new strength record bbc news website more detailed article , 18th february 2015 .
© urltoken ltd , microscopy - uk , and all contributors 1995 onwards . all rights reserved . main site is at urltoken with full mirror at urltoken .
when first secreted the radula consists of chitin and protein . in the bases and cusps of the teeth the reactions for tyrosine , tryptophane , and chitin become negative , and are replaced by reactions for amino groups and argentaffin material . the bases of the teeth become impregnated with iron . subsequently the reactions for amino groups and argentaffin material become negative in the cusps and they then become impregnated with iron and silica . very few changes have been observed in the radular membrane .
it is suggested that the occurrence of quinone tanning might account for these histochemical changes observed in the radula , but phenols derived from tryptophane would appear to be more important in the tanning of the radula than those derived from tyrosine .
thank you for your interest in spreading the word on journal of cell science .
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associate professor sandra rieger is currently setting up a laboratory at the university of miami , florida , where she will focus on cellular communication mechanisms between sensory neurons and injured epidermal cells . sandra shares her successes and challenges , the importance of applying for funding early on and the extra pressure women researchers experience in finding that elusive work - life balance .
have you seen our interviews with the early - career first authors of our papers ? we recently caught up with phatthamon lapanuwat , ye zhang and travis armiger .


maclear 's rat ( rattus macleari ) was a large rat which lived on christmas island in the indian ocean .

making querulous squeaks , the rats entered the challenger expedition 's tents and shelters , ran over sleepers , and upset everything in the search and fight for food .

maclear 's rat may have been responsible for keeping the population of the christmas island red crab in check , as recent numbers of the crab are greater than in the past .

it is thought that black rats inadvertently introduced by the expedition infected the maclear 's rats with a disease ( possibly a trypanosome ) , which in turn may have contributed to the species decline .

the last recorded sighting was in 1903 , although it is possible that maclear 's rats formed hybrids with black rats .

a hard tick , ixodes nitens , described as an ectoparasite of maclear 's rat is also thought to be extinct .

said to be related to rattus xanthurus of sulawesi and r. everetti of the philippines , this species was grizzled brown above and lighter on the underside .

the rat is named after captain john maclear ( 1838 – 1907 ) of the british survey-ship hms flying-fish who collected the specimen from christmas island in 1886 .

it was described as a new species by oldfield thomas the next year although it was originally described under the genus mus .

maclear was earlier commander on hms challenger for the challenger expedition of 1872 – 1876 under its commission captain , sir george nares .

maclear ' s rat

maclear ' s rat was endemic to christmas island , australia . christmas island is approximately 138 km
mus macleari [ now rattus macleari ] - maclear’s rat . . . - biomedical ephemera , or : a frog for your boils
maclear ' s rat was endemic to christmas island , australia . christmas island is approximately 135 km 2 and lies 345 km south of java , the nearest landmass , in the indian ocean .
the maclear ' s rat ( rattus macleari ) was a large rat which lived on christmas island in the indian ocean . abundant , unfamiliar with and seemingly unafraid of humans , large numbers of the creatures emerged and foraged in all directions at night . making querulous squeaks , the rats entered the challenger expedition ' s tents and shelters , ran over sleepers , and upset everything in the search and fight for food . maclear ' s rat may have been responsible for keeping the christmas island red crab ' s population in check , as recent numbers of the crab are greater than in the past . it is thought that black rats inadvertently introduced by the expedition infected the maclear ' s rats with a disease ( possibly a trypanosome ) , which in turn may have contributed to the species decline . he last recorded sighting was in 1903 , although it is possible that maclear ' s rats formed hybrids with black rats . a hard tick ixodes nitens described as an ectoparasite of maclear ' s rat is also thought to be extinct .
while there have been numerous propositions as to the cause of the maclear ' s rat extinction , including hybridisation ( pickering & norris 1996 ) and feral cat predation , wyatt and colleagues ( 2008 ) conclude that maclear ' s rat ( as well as the christmas island rat , rattus nativitatus ) were likely to have become extinct as a result of the introduction of a pathogen ( such as trypanosoma lewisi ) carried by the introduced black rat ( rattus rattus ) which first arrived at the island in 1899 . through their analysis of dna from museum specimens collected before and after the introduction of the black rat to christmas island , wyatt and colleagues ( 2008 ) conclude that the immunologically naïve rats on the island experienced widespread morbidity and extensive mortality , the result of which was population collapse and extinction . between 1902 and 1903 , sick and dying maclear ' s rats were commonly seen ; they were subsequently not recorded again ( andrews 1909b ) . it is likely that maclear ' s rat was extinct by 1904 , just five years after the black rat ' s introduction to christmas island ( lamoreux 2008 ) .
had been introduced to the island in 1899 by the s . s . hindustan . durham also collected 19 rat specimens . pickering and norris ( 1996 ) note that some of these specimens were of
maclear ' s rat was described as abundant ( baillie 1996 ; flannery & schouten 2001 ) , and common ( andrews 1897 ; andrews 1900b ) , on christmas island , at least in the vicinity of the settlement at flying - fish cove .
maclear ' s rat was a large rat ( considerably larger than rattus rattus ) , probably with large , powerful teeth ( tidemann 1989 ) . the species was chestnut brown above with a partly white , long tail ( flannery 1990 ) . the species was described as a good climber ( andrews 1900b ) and made loud squeaking noises ( andrews 1897 ) .
the maclear’s rat is thought to have gone extinct both due to humans killing them , and the introduction of black rats to the island , when the challenger expedition landed there in 1876 . the black rats carried a trypanosome which affected them to a mild degree , but would have wiped out any non - acclimated species that acquired it in large numbers .
maclear ' s rat occurred on christmas island , an island located in the indian ocean , approximately 2800 km west of darwin and 320 km south of java ( baillie 1996 ; flannery & schouten 2001 ) . the species was described as widespread on the island in 1900 ( andrews 1900b ) but is thought to have become extinct by 1904 ( lamoreux 2008 ) .
the rat is named after captain john maclear ( 1838 - 1907 ) of the british survey - ship flying - fish who collected the specimen from christmas island in 1886 and described as a new species by oldfield thomas the next year although it was originally described under the genus mus . maclear was later commander on hms challenger for the challenger expedition of 1872 - 1876 under its commission captain , sir george nares .
the maclear ' s rat may have fed on the christmas island red crabs gecarcoidea natalis ( baillie 1996 ; flannery & schouten 2001 ) and other species of crab on the island ( tidemann 1989 ) . it apparently had a varied diet as it was recorded climbing to the tops of trees in search of fruit , and eating skins and leather boots around settlements ( andrews 1900b ) .
pickering and norris ( 1996 ) report on documents concerning maclear ' s rat that were uncovered at oxford university , and specimens from the zoological collections , university museum , oxford university and the university museum of zoology , cambridge . the documents include notes for a lecture by k . r . hanitsch who visited christmas island for five weeks in 1904 and was unable to locate either species of native rat . dr . durham , a pathologist , visited the island from november 1901 to march 1902 and reported in expedition reports that he was told that
named after captain john maclear ( 1838–1907 ) of the british survey - ship hms flying - fish , who collected the specimen from christmas island in 1886 .
during the daytime , maclear ' s rat lived in holes among the roots of trees , in decayed logs , and shallow burrows . at night , it foraged in the forests ( andrews 1900b ) . it also adapted to life around human settlements , being described as a nuisance because it ate skins and leather boots ( andrews 1900b ) . the species was apparently quite opportunistic in its choice of resting places ( tidemann 1989 ) .
this extinct indigenous rat of christmas island is thought to have been the primary population control for the local crab species , along with the also - extinct bulldog rat . between those two rodents , and the local christmas island shrew ( not sighted since 1908 and presumed extinct ) , the christmas island red crabs that provide a somewhat - unnerving migration spectacle , were kept at a level thought to be about one - half what they were at their height . these days , the aptly - named “yellow crazy ant” that was inadvertently introduced from australia , has cut the red crab population by a third , but unlike maclear’s and the bulldog rat , the yellow crazy ant has no population control of its own , and may one day entirely wipe out the red crabs .
maclear ' s rat became extinct probably between 1902 and 1904 . it was , however , abundant on christmas island at the close of the 19 th century . lister visited the island in 1887 and said of maclear ' s rat , it
abounds all over the island
( lister 1888 ) . andrews ( 1900 ) who was on the island for ten months , 1897 - 1898 , noted that it was
by far the commonest of the mammals found in the island ; in every part i visited , it occurred in swarms . during the day nothing is to be seen of it , but soon after sunset numbers may be seen running about in all directions .
andrews continued by stating that
as may be imagined , they are a great nuisance , entering the tents or shelters , running over the sleepers , and upsetting everything in their search for food
( andrews 1900 ) .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
flannery , t . & p . schouten ( 2001 ) . a gap in nature : discovering the world ' s extinct animals . new york : atlantic monthly press .
this species was still abundant in 1897 - 1898 while andrews was on christmas island ( andrews 1900 ) . by the time he returned to the island in 1908 , he was confident that it and the other native rat species ,
wyatt , k . b . , p . f . campos , m . t . p . gilbert , s - o . kolokotronis , w . h . hynes & s . j . ball ( 2008 ) . historical mammal extinction on christmas island ( indian ocean ) correlates with introduced infectious disease . plos one . 3 ( 11 ) . e3602 . available from : urltoken .
andrews , c . w . ( 1909b ) . an account of andrews ' visit to christmas island in 1908 . in : proceedings of the zoological society of london . page ( s ) 101 - 103 .
all over the island ( andrews 1909 ) . two predators had been introduced to the island by 1908 , cat and dog , but these were far too few to rid the island of the rats ( andrews 1900 , 1909 ) . although christmas island had an increasing human settlement at flying fish cove , roads now crossed the island , and there was active phosphate mining , there was still a lot of native forest and even collectively these human disturbances were unlikely to have caused significant declines in the populations of maclear ' s rat ( andrews 1909 ) . andrews ( 1909 ) also relates anecdotal information that a medical officer on the island , dr . mcdougal , recalled frequently seeing
individuals of the native species of rats crawling about the paths in the daytime , apparently in a dying condition
in 1902 - 1904 .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
kato , h . 2002 ,
bryde ' s whale balaenoptera edeni and b . brydei
, ed . perrin , w . f . , wursig , b . & thewissen , j . g . m . ( eds ) , encyclopedia of marine mammals , pp . pp . 171 - 177 , academic press , san diego
in 1901 - 1902 . andrews ( 1909 ) writes that mcdougal ' s recollections are from 5 - 6 years before , but it is unclear whether he meant 5 - 6 years prior to his 1909 publication ( putting the date at 1903 - 1904 ) , or if it was 5 - 6 years prior to 1908 when andrews was on christmas island ( putting the date as 1902 - 1903 as pickering and norris ( 1996 ) interpret the anecdote ) . because hanitsch was unable to locate the species in 1904 , it is likely that the species already had become extinct .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as extinct because it has not been recorded since 1904 , and extensive searches in the intervening years have failed to locate this species .
this species was largely or entirely nocturnal , and had little fear of people . it was terrestrial , climbed trees , and was present all over the island , which was at the time mostly covered by tropical moist forest . lister ( 1888 ) noted that
they generally keep to the ground , but are able to climb trees .
andrews ( 1900 ) , who apparently was more impressed by their climbing ability , said they
ascend trees to a great height
in pursuit of fruits and young shoots , and
i have often seen them run up the trailing stems of the lianas , and , in fact , they can climb as well as a squirrel .
little is known of their diet , except that they were fond of fruits and young shoots . nothing more is known about the habitat and ecology of this species aside from what is contained in the following lines :
in the daytime these rats live in holes among the roots of trees , in decaying logs , and shallow burrows . they seem to breed all the year round
( andrews 1900 ) .
, were extinct ( andrews 1909 ) . andrews ( 1909 ) speculated that introduced black rats
had brought an epidemic disease to the island that wiped out both native rats . nearly 100 years later , the mystery was finally solved by wyatt
. ( 2008 ) , who used ancient dna methods on samples from museum specimens of these rodents collected during the extinction window ( ad 1888–1908 ) , and showed that endemic rats collected prior to the introduction of black rats were devoid of evidence of a pathogenic trypanosome ( carried by fleas hosted on recently - introduced black rats ) .
was not present over the entire island . it was unreasonable therefore to assume that the native species had been out - competed by
( pickering and norris 1996 ) . however , hybridisation between the two species is unlikely given the phylogenetic distance between them , and apparently re - examination of specimens confirms that each belongs to one or the other species ( musser and carleton 2005 ; aplin 2008 ) . this is further supported by the molecular studies of wyatt
mcdougal was the last person to recall seeing native rats alive , albeit in the act of dying ( andrews 1909 ) . these rats were probably
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
listed as extinct ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
remains from a number of individuals are held in the csiro national wildlife collection , canberra ( tidemann 1989 ) and specimens are also located in the natural history museum , london , the museum of zoology of cambridge university , and the museum of natural history of oxford university ( wyatt et al 2008 ) .
the rats were known to enter tents and shelters in their search of food ( baillie 1996 ; flannery & schouten 2001 ) .
cats , felis catus , had become established on christmas island by the early 1900s ( andrews 1909b ; ridley 1906 ) and may have partially contributed to the decline of the species through predation . however , there does not appear to be a direct link between the introduction of cats and the demise of this species ( lamoreux 2008 ; tidemann 1989 ) .
andrews , c . w . ( 1897 ) . unpublished letter to c . sherborn , british museum ( natural history ) . in collection of the british museum ( natural history ) , london .
andrews , c . w . ( 1900b ) . mammalia in : a monograph of christmas island ( indian ocean ) . london : british museum .
baillie , j . ( 1996 ) . rattus macleari 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . www . iucnredlist . org . [ accessed : 15 - jun - 2007 ] .
flannery , t . ( 1990 ) . the rats of christmas past . australian natural history . 23 ( 5 ) : 394 - 400 .
lamoreux , j . ( 2008 ) . rattus macleari . iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 1 . available from : urltoken .
pickering , j . & c . a . norris ( 1996 ) . new evidence on the extinction of the endemic murid rattus macleari from christmas island , indian ocean . australian mammalogy . 19 : 35 - 41 .
ridley , h . n . ( 1906 ) . an expedition to christmas island . journal of the straits branch of the royal asiatic society . 45 : 137 .
tidemann , c . ( 1989 ) . survey of the terrestrial mammals on christmas island ( indian ocean ) . forestry department , australian national university .
commonwealth of australia ( 2000 ) . declaration under s178 , s181 , and s183 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 - list of threatened species , list of threatened ecological communities and list of threatening processes . f2005b02653 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 16 - jul - 2000 .
department of the environment and heritage ( 2006wo ) . rattus macleari in species profile and threats ( sprat ) database . canberra : deh . available from : urltoken .
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citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . rattus macleari in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 11 : 17 + 1000 .
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and lies 345 km south of java , the nearest landmass , in the indian ocean .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
joulusaarenpensasrotta
to
rattus macleari ( thomas , 1887 )
.
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said to be related to rattus xanthourus of sulawesi and r . everetti of the philippines , this species was grizzled brown above and lighter on the underside . the lower back had prominent long and black hairs that projected above the shorter fur . the base of the tail is dark while the distal half is scaly white .


oreta perobliquilinea is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by warren in 1923 .

it is found on peninsular malaysia , in singapore and on borneo .

oreta perobliquilinea

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only four specimens have been seen , three from lowland dipterocarp forest ( 150m on g . mulu , 300m in ulu temburong ) and one from dry heath forest at telisai , brunei .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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chlamydastis ophiopa is a moth of the depressariidae family .

it is found in french guiana .

the wingspan is 26-28 mm .

the forewings are brown , irregularly mixed and sprinkled with white and black and with a dark brown spot on the middle of the costa , preceded by whitish suffusion , and followed by a very irregular oblique white streak reaching half across the wing , this followed by a dark fuscous streak becoming a blackish spot on the costa , beyond which is a fine curved whitish subterminal line enlarged into a white mark on the lower portion , and leaving a narrow terminal fascia reddish-brown more or less mixed with blackish .

the second discal stigma is raised , black and edged with white anteriorly .

there is an irregular whitish-ochreous line from the fold before the middle of the wing to the dorsum .

the hindwings are dark grey .

chlamydastis ophiopa

this is the place for ophiopa definition . you find here ophiopa meaning , synonyms of ophiopa and images for ophiopa copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word ophiopa . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word ophiopa and , of course , ophiopa synonyms and on the right images related to the word ophiopa .
agriophara ophiopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 484 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
chlamydastis dominicae duckworth , 1969 ; smithson . contr . zool . 4 : 5 ; tl : 4 mi e of pont casse , dominica , lesser antilles
chlamydastis tryphon ; duckworth , 1962 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 64 ( 2 ) : 112 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
chlamydastis habrolepis blanchard & knudson , 1986 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 88 : 185 ; tl : texas , cameron co . , laguna atascosa [ national wildlife refuge ]
chlamydastis platyspora ; bendicho - lopez & diniz , 2004 , j . lep . soc . 58 ( 2 ) : 75 - 79 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
stenoma acronitis busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 213 ; tl : st . jean , maroni river , french guiana
anamochla ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( ptilogenes ) ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 517
agriophara ancalota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 486 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
apoclina meyrick , 1929 ² ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 516
stenoma vividella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 43 ; tl : la chorrera ; porto bello , panama
ptilogenes argocymba meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 232 ; tl : brazil , parintins
agriophara batrachopis meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 182 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo , 3500ft
agriophara bifida meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 541 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
ptilogenes byssophanes meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 230 ; tl : brazil , teffé ; peru , rio napo
agriophara caecata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 487 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
ptilogenes chionoptila meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 229 ; tl : brazil , teffé
chionosphena ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( ptilogenes ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 45
agriophara chlorosticta meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 184 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo
agriophara complexa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 542 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
ptilogenes crateroptila meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 211 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
catarata curviliniella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 37 ; tl : trinidad river , panama
agriophara cystiodes meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 489 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
agriophara deflexa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 489 ; tl : french guiana , st . juan , r . maroni
ptilogenes deflua meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 210 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
agriophara discors meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 182 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo
agriophara disticha meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 488 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
ptilogenes dryosphaera meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 231 ; tl : brazil , teffé
ptilogenes elaeostola meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 257 , pl . 1 , f . 27 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
stenoma epophrysta meyrick , 1909 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1909 ( 1 ) : 33 ; tl : peru , pozuzo
agriophara forcipata meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 183 ; tl : colombia , naranjito , r . dagua , 3900ft
ptilogenes funicularis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 228 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
galeomorpha ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( ptilogenes ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 44
gemina ( zeller , 1855 ) ( cryptolechia ) ; linn . ent . 10 : 163 , pl . 1 , f . 7
ptilogenes ichthyodes meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 231 ; tl : peru , rio napo
ptilogenes illita meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 232 ; tl : peru , rio napo
agriophara inspectrix meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 17 ) : 542 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stenoma lactis busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 216 ; tl : st . jean , maroni river , french guiana
leptobelisca ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( ptilogenes ) ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 518
ptilogenes leucoplasta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 232 ; tl : brazil , teffé ; peru , iquitos
agriophara lichenias meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 486 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
agriophara lithograpta meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 184 ; tl : peru , chanchamayo
ptilogenes melanometra meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 229 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 6600ft
agriophara melanonca meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 408 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
stenoma mendoron busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 214 ; tl : st . jean , maroni river , french guiana
agriophara metacymba meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 489 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
ptilogenes metacystis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 211 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
metamochla ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( ptilogenes ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 45
agriophara mochlopa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 409 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stenoma monastra meyrick , 1909 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1909 ( 1 ) : 33 ; tl : peru , pozuzo
cryptolechia morbida zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 277 , pl . 3 , f . 77 ; tl : chanchamayo
ptilogenes mysticopis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 233 ; tl : peru , oconeque , carabaya , 7000ft
stenoma nestes busck , 1911 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 40 ( 1815 ) : 214 ; tl : st . jean , maroni river , french guiana
agriophara obnupta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 483 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
ptilogenes ommatopa meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 230 ; tl : colombia , rio siato , 5200ft ; san antonio , 6600ft ; bolivia , andes , 10000ft
oxyplaga ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( ptilogenes ) ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 518
agriophara paradromis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 408 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft
agriophara perducta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 484 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , r . maroni
stenoma phytoptera busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 44 ; tl : trinidad , river , panama
larva on roupala montana bendicho - lopez , diniz & hay , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 4 ) : 291
agriophara plocogramma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 407 ; tl : british guiana , bartica ; mallali
agriophara poliopa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 485 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5800ft
ptilogenes praenubila meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 231 ; tl : brazil , teffé
ptilogenes prudentula meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 232 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas
agriophara ptilopa meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 183 ; tl : colombia , san antonio , 5000ft
rhomaeopa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( ptilogenes ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 43
agriophara scutellata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 487 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
agriophara smodicopa meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 409 ; tl : brazil , fonte boa
spectrophthalma ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 10 ) : 302
diastoma squamosa walsingham , [ 1892 ] ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1891 : 524 ; tl : west indies , st . vincent
ptilogenes stagnicolor meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 8 ) : 229 ; tl : brazil , teffé
steloglypta ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( ptilogenes ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 44
ptilogenes strabonia meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 256 , pl . 1 , f . 26 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
agriophara synedra meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 485 ; tl : paraguay
stenoma tritypa meyrick , 1909 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1909 ( 1 ) : 32 ; tl : peru , pozuzo
agriophara truncatula meyrick , 1913 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1913 ( 1 ) : 185 ; tl : venezuela , ciudad bolivar
stenoma tryphon busck , 1920 ; insec . inscit . mentr . 8 : 89 ; tl : cayuga , guatemala
ungulifera ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( ptilogenes ) ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 76 : 517
agriophara xylinaspis meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 407 ; tl : peru , conamano , r . ueuyali
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgeführt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
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the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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agonoxeninae amblytenes meyrick , 1930 lunatica meyrick , 1930 anchimompha clarke , 1965 melaleuca clarke , 1965 auxotricha meyrick , 1931 ochrogypsa meyrick , 1931 homoeoprepes walsingham , 1909 homeoprepes hodges , 1978 , missp . felisae clarke , 1962 sympatrica clarke , 1962 trochiloides walsingham , 1909 microcolona meyrick , 1897 transennata meyrick , 1922 nanodacna clarke , 1964 ancora clarke , 1964 indiscriminata clarke , 1965 logística ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( colonophora ) vinacea ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( homaledra ) nicanthes meyrick , 1928 rhodoclea meyrick , 1928 pammeces zeller , 1863 albivitella zeller , 1863 citraula meyrick , 1922 crocoxysta meyrick , 1922 lithochroma walsingham , 1897 pallida walsingham , 1897 phlogophora walsingham , 1909 problema walsingham , 1915 panclintis meyrick , 1929 socia meyrick , 1929 prochola meyrick , 1915 aedilis meyrick , 1915 agypsota meyrick , 1922 basichlora meyrick , 1922 catacentra meyrick , 1917 chloropis meyrick , 1922 euclina meyrick , 1922 fuscula forbes , 1931 holomorpha meyrick , 1931 obstructa meyrick , 1915 ochromicta meyrick , 1922 oppidana meyrick , 1915 orphnopa meyrick , 1922 orthobasis meyrick , 1922 pervallata meyrick , 1922 prasophanes meyrick , 1922 revecta meyrick , 1922 semiabata meyrick , 1922 sollers meyrick , 1917 subtincta ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( syntetrernis ) syntentrernis meyrick , 1922 neocompsa meyrick , 1933 xiphodes meyrick , 1922 tocasta busck , 1912 priscella busck , 1912 zaratha walker , 1864 macrocera r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 mesonyctia meyrick , 1909 pterodactylella walker , 1864 nivelventris r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875
elachistinae elachista treitschke , 1833 aphelosetia stephens , 1834 cycnodia herrich - schäffer , 1853 phigalia chambers , 1875 , preocc . ( duponchel , 1829 [ geometridae ] ) atachia wocke , 1876 neaera chambers , 1880 , preocc . ( robineau - desvoidy , 1830 [ diptera ] ) hecista wallengren , 1881 aphigalia dyar , 1903 irenicodes meyrick , 1919 euproteodesviette , 1954 albisquamella zeller , 1877 luciliella zeller , 1877 tersectella zeller , 1877
thioscelis meyrick , 1909 directrix meyrick , 1909 fuscata duckworth , 1967 geranomorpha meyrick , 1932 lipara duckworth , 1967 whalleyi duckworth , 1967 timocratica meyrick , 1912 lychnocrates meyrick , 1926 agramma becker , 1982 albella ( zeller , 1839 ) ( depressaria ) albitogata becker , 1982 amseli duckworth , 1962 , repl . name albella amsel , 1956 , preocc . ( not zeller , 1839 ) anelaea ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) argonais ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) argonias clarke , 1955 , missp . bicornuta becker , 1982 butyrota ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( stenoma ) syndicastis ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( stenoma ) constrictivalva becker , 1982 effluxa ( meyrick , 1930 ) ( lychnocrates ) fraternella ( busck , 1910 ) ( stenoma ) fuscipalpalis becker , 1982 grandis ( perty , [ 1833 ] ) ( yponomeuta ) guarani becker , 1982 isarga ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) leucocapna ( meyrick , 1926 ) ( lychnocrates ) leucorectis ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) longicilia becker , 1982 loxotoma ( busck , 1909 ) ( stenoma ) macroleuca ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) major ( busck , 1911 ) ( stenoma ) maturescens ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) megaleuca ( meyrick , 1912 ) ( stenoma ) melanocosta becker , 1982 melanostriga becker , 1982 meridionalis becker , 1982 monotonia ( strand , 1911 ) ( cryptolechia ) isographa meyrick , 1912 claudescens meyrick , 1925 crassa meyrick , 1925 nivea becker , 1982 palpis ( zeller , 1877 ) ( cryptolechia ) auxoleuca ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) haywardi busck , 1939 parvifusca becker , 1982 parvileuca becker , 1982 philomela ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( stenoma ) pompeiana meyrick , 1925 spinignatha becker , 1982 subovalis ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) stomatocosma ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( stenoma ) titanoleuca becker , 1982 venifurcata becker , 1982 xanthosoma ( dognin , 1913 ) ( stenoma ) a . xanthosoma ( dognin , 1913 ) ( stenoma ) sacra ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( stenoma ) b . leucocephala becker , 1982 xanthotarsa becker , 1982
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . deb 416078 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .
author - richard l . brown uploaded on 4 july 2009 ; last upsdated on 19 august 2015
full text of
catalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) described by edward meyrick / by j . f . gates clarke
full text of
catalogue of the types specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) described by edward meyrick / by j . f . gates clarke


heterocarpus ensifer is a species of deep-water shrimp .

the nominate subspecies is found in the atlantic ocean from spain and madeira to angola and from north carolina to the gulf of mexico and caribbean sea ; other subspecies occur in the pacific ocean and around the philippines and indonesia .

despite being one of the most abundant shrimp in some areas , its biology is still poorly known .

it is generally found at depths of 200 – 885 m ( 656 – 2,904 ft ) .

heterocarpus ensifer

subspecies heterocarpus ensifer ensifer a . milne - edwards , 1881 accepted as heterocarpus ensifer a . milne - edwards , 1881 ( status change )
worms - world register of marine species - heterocarpus ensifer ensifer a . milne - edwards , 1881
variety heterocarpus ensifer var . parvispina de man , 1917 accepted as heterocarpus parvispina de man , 1917
explore what eol knows about heterocarpus ensifer a . milne - edwards , 1881 .
worms - world register of marine species - heterocarpus ensifer a . milne - edwards , 1881
worms - world register of marine species - heterocarpus ensifer var . parvispina de man , 1917
armed nylon shrimp - heterocarpus ensifer a . milne - edwards , 1881 - overview - encyclopedia of life
to barcode of life ( 8 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym heterocarpus ensifer ensifer a . milne - edwards , 1881 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym procletes atlanticus lenz & strunck , 1914 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 34 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 5 publications ) ( from synonym atlantocaris gigas ortmann , 1893 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 7 publications ) ( from synonym pandalus carinatus smith , 1882 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 9 nucleotides ; 3 proteins ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym heterocarpus ensifer ensifer a . milne - edwards , 1881 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 1 record ) ( from synonym heterocarpus ensifer ensifer a . milne - edwards , 1881 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology arthropoda collection ( 75 records ) to itis
( of heterocarpus ensifer ensifer a . milne - edwards , 1881 ) milne - edwards , a . , 1881b . description de quelques crustacés macroures provenant des grandes profondeurs de la mer des antilles . — annales des sciences naturelles ( 6 ) 11 : 1 - 15 . [ details ]
shrimp ( heterocarpus ensifer ) * family : pandalidae , * genus : heterocarpus , * species : h . ensifer , * phylum : arthropoda , * subphylum : crustacea , * class : malacostraca , * order : decapoda , * suborder : pleocyemata , * infraorder : caridea * type : invertebrate , * diet : herbivore , * average life span in the wild : no data , * size : grow up 2 . 5 cm in , * * crystal red shrimp are a variety of freshwater shrimp of the genus caridina . more info : urltoken or urltoken or urltoken
( of heterocarpus ensifer ensifer a . milne - edwards , 1881 ) türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
proceedings of the biological society of washington , vol . 116 , no . 1
williams , austin b . , lawrence g . abele , d . l . felder , h . h . hobbs , jr . , r . b . manning , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
welcome to the picture guide to shelf invertebrates of the northern gulf of mexico . the guide was developed to assist noaa / nmfs personnel in identification of invertebrates taken during resource trawl surveys in the northern gulf of mexico . the plates were designed for identification of fresh specimens at sea and to make use color characteristics as well as other taxonomic aids . current taxonomic standing has been verified through both the literature and the itis website ( urltoken ) .
the guide is a work in progress with new species added as they are collected .
most of the specimens were identified by the authors with some problematic taxa sent to various specialists for identification or confirmation of identification . any mistakes are the responsibility of the authors . a full reference list will be available in the near future .
we welcome any comments and ask you to please contact us with any corrections or feedback you may have at harriet . perry @ urltoken , or ( 228 ) 872 - 4218 .
milne - edwards , a . , 1881b . description de quelques crustacés macroures provenant des grandes profondeurs de la mer des antilles . — annales des sciences naturelles ( 6 ) 11 : 1 - 15 . [ details ]
türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of atlantocaris gigas ortmann , 1893 ) ortmann , a . e . ( 1893 ) . decapoden und schizopoden . in : hensen , v . ( ed . ) , ergebnisse der plankton - expedition der humboldt - stiftung . kiel und leipzig , lipsius und tischer . 2 : 1 - 120 , 7pls . [ details ]
( of pandalus carinatus smith , 1882 ) smith , s . i . , 1882 . reports on the results of dredging under the supervisión of alexander agassiz , on the east coast of the united states during the summer of 1880 , by the u . s . coast survey steamer
blake
, commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college , 10 ( 1 ) : 1 - 108 , plates 1 - 16 . [ details ]
( of procletes atlanticus lenz & strunck , 1914 ) lenz h . & strunck k . ( 1914 ) . dekapoden . i . brachyuren und macruren mit ausschluss der sergestiden . deutsche sudpolar - expedition 1901 - 1903 , 15 , 3 , pp . 257 - 345 ; 5 figs . ; pls . 12 - 22 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
holthuis , l . b . ( 1980 ) . fao species catalogue . vol . 1 - shrimps and prawns of the world . an annotated catalogue of species of interest to fisheries . fao fisheries synopsis . 125 ( vol . 1 ) : i - xvii , 1 - 271 . [ details ]
felder , d . l . , álvarez . f . , goy , j . w . & lemaitre , r . ( 2009 ) . decapoda ( crustacea ) of the gulf of mexico , with comments on the amphionidacea , . felder , d . l . , and camp , d . k . ( eds ) , gulf of mexico - origins , waters , and biota . vol . 1 . biodiversity . pp . 1019–1104 ( texas a & m ; university press : college station , texas ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of atlantocaris gigas ortmann , 1893 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of procletes atlanticus lenz & strunck , 1914 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of pandalus carinatus smith , 1882 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
de man , j . g . , 1917 . diagnoses of new species of macrurous decapod crustacea from the siboga - expedition . — zoologische mededeelingen 3 : 279 - 284 . [ details ]
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