capoeta capoeta is a species of west asian cyprinid fish , including forms called the sevan khramulya and the transcaucasian barb . it is controversial whether the lake sevan form classified as capoeta capoeta sevangi de filippi , 1865 or c. sevangi is a different species from c. c. capoeta ) .

capoeta capoeta

published molecular and morphological data suggest , that this species is a synonym of capoeta damascina .
initially recorded as varicorhinus bergamae , but should be capoeta bergamae ( n . bogutskaya , pers . comm . ) .
sevan khramulya ( varicorhinus capoeta ) is a cyprinid fish , which previously dominated in the fish landings of lake sevan , along with sevan trout . more
justification : currently it is unclear whether this species is a synonym of capoeta damascina . until this issue is finally resolved , the species is assessed as data deficient due to taxonomic uncertainty .
( of cyprinus capoeta güldenstädt , 1773 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of capoeta gibbosa nikolskii , 1897 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of capoeta steindachneri kessler , 1872 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
gabrielyan , b . k . et al . 1990 . abundance and biomass of sevan khramulya ( varicorhinus capoeta sevangi fill . ) in a changing water body . ekologia 2 : 46 - 53 . ( in russian ) .
verulashvili , g . g . 1981 . khramulya ( varicorhinus capoeta ) , a useful fish for fishery . in : fishery investigations of inland water bodies in georgia : 65 - 69 . vniro , moscow . ( in russian ) .
sevan khramulya ( varicorhinus capoeta ) is a cyprinid fish , which previously dominated in the fish landings of lake sevan , along with sevan trout . khramulya feeds on aquatic macrophytes and from the age 2 + also on detritus ( dadikyan , 1986 ) . more
turan , d . , kottelat , m . , kirankaya , s . g . and engin , s . 2006 . capoeta ekmekciae , a new species of cyprinid fish from northeastern anatolia ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 17 ( 2 ) : 147 - 156 .
bk gabriyelyan , investigation of stocks and production of the khramulya , varicorhinus capoeta sevangi ( cyprinidae ) , of lake sevan : journal of ichthyology [ j . ichthyol . ] ; vopr . ikhtiol . , vol . 35 , no . 9 , pp . 345 - 350 ; vol . 35 , no . 5 , pp . 710 - 713 , 1995 .
by k . a . savvaitova faculty of biology , moscow state university , vorobevy gory , moscow , 119899 russia and t . petr 27 mcleod street , toowoomba qld 4350 , australia
lake sevan in armenia ( fig . 1 ) is an example of a highly manipulated coldwater lake , the primary purpose of which is the production of hydroelectric power , and to a lesser extent diversion of water for irrigation . initially , the water level in the lake was at 1906 m above sea level and the lake covered 1416 km 2 . under the impact of water discharges for the power station and for irrigation , the lake water level has been subject to considerable fluctuations . immediately after the second world war the water level started rapidly declining , and it took 15 years before the lake again reached its full water volume in 1967 . since then the rate of fluctuation has been less dramatic . in 1990 the lake level was at 1897 . 5 m , which was approximately 18 . 5 m below the nominal water level , and it covered an area of 1244 km 2 ( parparov , 1990 ) .
lake sevan and its fish fauna have been facing problems since several dams blocked the razdan river , the only outflow from the lake . the rationale behind the dams construction
the present paper reviews the changes in fish stocks of lake sevan in retrospect , focusing on fishery management measures undertaken during this century to counter the negative impacts resulting from multiple use of a water resource , where fishery was given a low priority . the future of the lake fishery is also discussed .
lake sevan , at a latitude of 40 o n , is a fairly warm lake . the average annual surface water temperature is 10 - 12 o c . the minimum water temperature of 1 - 2 o c is reached in january to april . during winter the water is not stratified . the lake freezes over every year . in august the maximum surface water temperature may reach 19 o c . during summer the water is stratified , with the hypolimnion situated at 25 - 30 m depth . from october to december the lake water column is mixed from the top to the bottom , with the same temperature throughout ( gezalyan , 1979 ) .
water temperature starts rising during the first half of march . near the mouths of rivers entering the lake the water warms up faster than in the main body of the lake . water thermal stratification in the upper 10 m begins to develop in late may . in june the epilimnion in the minor sevan already reaches 15 - 20 m , which is close to that of the major sevan . horizontal temperature gradients develop in the lake in june or july . water starts to cool in september and this continues until the first half of january . the wind - induced mixing of water contributes to the breakdown of stratification . in the major sevan the water is fully mixed in october - november at a water temperature of 11 - 12 o c ; in the minor sevan this occurs at 5 o c in november - december . at present , the water in the major sevan the water starts mixing one month earlier and at a temperature 3 - 4 o c higher than in the past , prior to the manipulation of water level . in the small sevan the decline in the water level has not changed the onset of water mixing and thermal stratification . with the water level decline the autumnal water temperature near the bottom rises . prior to the man - induced water level drop , the water temperature of the major sevan hypolimnion stayed at 8 o c or less . since 1965 the temperatures have reached almost 15 o c .
in the past the lake froze once every 3 or 4 years but now it freezes every year and the ice cover which may be 30 - 40 cm thick , may stay from the end of january until early april . under the ice the water may show reverse stratification , with the upper layers having a temperature close to zero and the bottom layer 1 . 2 - 2 . 3 o c ( gezalyan , 1979 ) .
concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the littoral zone range between 6 . 23 and 11 . 08 mg l - 1 and in the central part of the lake between 4 . 56 and 11 . 6 mg l - 1 ( gezalyan and khorlashko , 1979 ) . in 1928 the highest dissolved oxygen content was recorded in spring , after the water column was thoroughly mixed , at a water temperature of 4 o c . in autumn the dissolved oxygen concentration declined . the average oxygen minimum was never less than 5 . 6 mg l - 1 , with the maximum reaching 11 . 8 mg l - 1 ( lyatti , 1932 ) . in 1947 the lowest oxygen concentration was reached in november . since the 1970s the dissolved oxygen concentration near the bottom has become very low throughout the lake with zero values reached at the end of the stratification period ( parparov , 1990 ) . this situation seems to be directly related to eutrophication .
comparison of the chemical composition of water ( table 1 ) shows changes from 1929 to 1983 . the lake had a high ph of 8 . 4 . among the dominant cations there was no change in the concentration of mg and moderate changes in concentrations of ca , na and k . bicarbonates dominated . concentrations of sulfates did not change , but there was a slight increase in chlorides . the data did not indicate any changes in the concentration of si . there was a conspicuous decline in dissolved oxygen , with a total deoxygenation of water recorded in the more recent years . this also explains the increase in nitrate / nitrite nitrogen , ammonia and iron ( not in table 1 ) where parparova ( 1979 ) detected 0 . 014 mg l - 1 .
the changes in dissolved oxygen and the increase in nitrogen and iron are indicators of the eutrophication process in lake sevan . the major causative factors behind this are seen in the gradual lowering of the water level , which made the lake shallower , and the increased discharge into the lake of poorly treated sewage .
before the water level decline in 1938 , the lake bottom flora down to 14 m depth was dominated by stonewort ( chara ) and moss . but after that the number of species and their biomass were down to one tenth of the previous levels . by 1976 chara and previously common potamogeton natans , p . pusillus , p . densus and zannichelia palustris , almost disappeared ( gambaryan , 1979 ) .
when the water level started to drop in 1938 , the zooplankton composition remained stable for considerable time . there were 10 species of rotifers , cladoceran and copepods , all common . the highest biomass was that of copepods , which represented about 60 % of the total , and that of the cladoceran daphnia ( tables 2 and 3 ) . gradually , the species composition started to change , which was accompanied by changes in the biomass of the individual species . during 1974 - 1980 smaller zooplankton became dominant , with rotifers representing up to 80 % of the biomass . this changed again during 1981 - 1985 , when rotifer biomass decreased to 60 - 65 % of the total biomass while that of daphnia and cyclops increased ( simonyan , 1988 ) . thus , three major periods in zooplankton biomass can be distinguished : 1937 - 1969 - low biomass ; 1972 - 1979 - high biomass ; 1980 - 1984 - low biomass ( table 4 ) .
giebel carp ( carassius auratus gibelio bloch ) was also inadvertently introduced in the early 1980s and established strong stocks in areas rich in aquatic macrophytes .
while sevan trout and sevan khramulya were common in the lake before the water level started to decline , their stocks later diminished drastically . in 1984 both species were listed in the red book of the ussr ( 1984 ) . stocks of sevan barbel also declined and the species is now listed in the red book of armenia . khramulya stocks remain stable and coregonid stocks have strongly increased .
sevan trout is represented by four subspecies , distinguished from each other by a number of morphological traits .
the
summer
sevan trout occurs in both lake and river form . in the past it was present in the southwestern , southeastern and northwestern parts of the lake ( pavlov , 1951 ) . later on it was found all over the lake , but in the late 1980s it was mostly limited to the major sevan ( savvaitova et al . , 1989 ; pavlov et al . , 1989 ) . at full water level the fish spawned in the rivers and in the lake ( fortunatov , 1927 ) on gravel . it constructed nests in the slower parts of rivers from may to july ( leshchinskaya , 1950 ) . its biological characteristics and changes which took place over the period of the water level decline are summarised in table 6 . at present the
summer
sevan trout migrates to spawn in the rivers makenis , masrik , lichk and tsakkar which are dammed so as to enable the catching of brood stock ; the eggs are collected and fish are returned to the lake .
this is a dwarf , slowly growing lacustrine fish ( table 6 ) . the distinctive feature of the fish is that it does not migrate . its feeding and breeding grounds coincide . when the lake water level was stable this subspecies inhabited mostly the minor sevan and western inshore areas of the major sevan . it spawns in october - november at 0 . 5 - 15 m depth , at a temperature of 10 o c ( fortunatov , 1927 ; pavlov , 1951 ) . after its spawning grounds became permanently exposed and dried out in 1963 - 1965 , the fish moved to new spawning grounds , the time of spawning changed and it spawned in cooler water than before .
three forms of this fish exist in the lake sevan / river system : lake form , transitional lake - river form , and river form . the lake form is strictly limited to the lake where it inhabits travertine and stony bottoms . it grows to a maximum size of 30 cm and weight of 500 g , with some individuals reaching the age of 12 + . it is a slow grower . before the water level started declining , the lake form of sevan barbel was the most common of the three forms , yielding up to 12 t per year . the decline in water level and the loss of many spawning grounds resulted in a sharp decline in fish stocks of this form . the transitional lake - river form spends most time in the lake but spawns in rivers . about 4 t per year are captured , some of it in rivers . such fishery may result in a complete removal of all spawners . the river form is the smallest of the three and it is limited to the middle and upper reaches of rivers at an altitude of around 2200 m .
the lake form matures when 4 - 6 years old ; the river form a year earlier . spawning starts in june at a water temperature of about 14 o c and ends in august at a temperature of 18 o c . two batches of eggs are laid , at 12 - 15 days interval . the fish fry feed on zooplankton ; fingerlings feed mainly on gammarids and caddis flies , and on eggs of trout during the trout spawning season . the river form feeds also partly on flying insects ( dadikyan , 1986 ) .
sevan barbel feeds intensively from may to october . during the cold season the fish feeds little , remaining underneath stones , mostly motionless , until the spring .
sevan barbel is not a common fish . in the past it represented less than 3 % of the total catch . since then it has become rare .
while the original purpose of the introduction of whitefish was to provide a better utilisation of zooplankton , in whitefish two years and older gammarids formed the major food item . this led to competition for food with sevan trout ( fortunatov et al . , 1932 ; mailyan , 1957 ) . after a number of years the feeding pressure as well as the reduction in submersed macrophytes reduced the biomass of gammarids and the whitefish had to turn back to zooplankton ( pivazyan , 1982 ) .
whitefish stocks stayed at a low level until 1955 . the drop in lake water level by 16 m and eutrophication , especially of shallows , provided better conditions for whitefish and subsequently their stocks increased , increasing fastest at the onset of eutrophication . with more whitefish in the lake commercial fishery for whitefish improved and by the late 1960s whitefish became the major commercial fish . today they represent about 80 % of the total catch of about 1000 t .
poaching also takes a substantial blame for the reduction in the stocks of sevan trout . it has become so serious that it threatens the very existence of the species .
with the fall in water level spawning grounds of sevan khramulya were disappearing as in the full lake they were situated only 1 m below the water surface . since the 1960s khramulya stocks have been overfished .
before the water level in lake sevan started to fall ,
winter
,
summer
and gegarkuni trouts dominated the catches , while bodzhak trout was less common . in 1970 gegarkuni trout dominated the catches with 120 t per year , followed by the
summer
trout . in 1975 gegarkuni trout represented 56 - 70 % of the catches ,
summer
trout about 20 % , while
winter
trout and bodzhak trout accounted for 7 - 18 % ( smolei , 1979 , 1979a ) . this was due to the different impact of the falling water level on spawning grounds of each of the subspecies . the major spawning grounds of
winter
trout dried out in 1963 , and aquaculturists failed to find a suitable method for
winter
trout egg incubation . while spawning grounds of the
summer
trout in the lake had dried out much earlier , i . e . in 1948 , than those of
winter
trout , the stocks remained stable until the 1960s because the brood stock migrated to spawning grounds in the inflowing rivers . however , with the deterioration of conditions for spawning in the rivers the spawning of
summer
trout became much weaker and setting of fishing nets in the entrances of rivers into the lake has eliminated the chances for natural spawning . hence rivers are now stocked with young fish produced in hatcheries .
attempts to arrest the decline in trout stocks in sevan and rivers included the introduction of large mesh - sized seine nets . in 1971 - 1973 fishing for trout during the periods of their intensive feeding was prohibited but it was allowed to fish during spawning which captured 50 - 70 t fish annually . later on seine nets were banned . in 1976 commercial fishing for trout had to be stopped ( savvaitova et al . , 1989 ) .
khramulya yielded 500 - 600 t annually until the end of the 1950s , but in the subsequent decade the catches dropped to 260 t per year . in 1961 - 1970 , larger mesh - sized nets were used on a large scale , and khramulya at that time represented 33 . 5 % of the total catch . however , netting was banned in 1971 because they were capturing a disproportionately high percentage of young fish and predominantly males . the ban helped to restore the original structure of the stocks to the level of the 1960s ( smolei et al . , 1985 ) .
the proportion of whitefish in catches was steadily increasing from the start of eutrophication of the lake ( table 8 ) until 1980 . by that time the stocks were getting younger , and first spawners dominated in the broodstock . the fish stock changed from that with a long cycle to a short cycle . the pressure of commercial fishing upon whitefish intensified and the proportion of younger fish in catches increased . the prevalence of 2 + and 3 + spawners resulted in a lower fecundity and poor quality of eggs and this lowered the rate of reproduction and reduced the survival rate of juveniles . only 24 % of ripe females spawned in 1980 and there was a high rate of egg resorption ( smolei and yuzhakova , 1979 ) .
khramulya eggs were incubated in simulated natural conditions already in 1952 ( markosyan et al . , 1955 ) . introduction of weiss jars much improved the survival of the incubated eggs of which on average 76 % hatched , which was 37 % more than using the earlier practice ( rubenyan , 1985 ) .
regardless of the critical reduction in sevan trout stocks , the fish management programme still uses the lake as a source of fish for stocking other water bodies . sevan trout has been introduced in the ukraine , kyrgyzstan and karelia . more than 10 million eggs of whitefish are collected every year from inshore waters to be transferred to lakes of the urals , central asia , siberia and georgia . khramulya is transferred to water bodies in georgia , and the moscow and st . petersburg regions .
fertilised eggs of gegarkuni trout were brought to lake issyk - kul ( kyrgyzstan ) in 1930 and 1936 . until the 1960s the stocks of this fish in lake issyk - kul remained low because of the lack of suitable spawning grounds . once hatcheries were established on rivers ton and karakol , they provided sufficient numbers of gegarkuni trout for stocking . commercial fishing for sevan trout yielded 40 - 50 t per year during the 1970s and 1980s .
the introduction of coregonids from lake sevan to issyk - kul began in 1965 , with the transfer of eggs to the ton hatchery . the resulting whitefish fry of 3 - 4 days were released in the lake . a total of 86 . 8 million fry were released over the period of 1966 - 1973 , with 2 million fry released initially ( 1966 ) , peaking in 1969 with 20 . 5 million , 17 . 5 million in 1971 , 16 million in 1972 and 13 . 1 million in 1973 ( nikitin , 1976 ) . the first 400 kg of whitefish were captured in the tyup bay in 1974 .
in addition to lake sevan , a number of other lakes in the caucasus have fishery potential . lake karagel ( altitude 3195 m ; 16 . 8 ha ) , also in armenia , although considered of no fishery importance , has sevan trout ( salmo ischchan ) which was stocked . lake arpagel ( 2021 m ; 2200 ha ) has common carp fishery , and its fishery production potential is estimated to be 20 - 40 t yr - 1 ( kasymov , 1972 ) .
for efficient management of lakes and reservoirs in georgia chkhaidze ( 1981 ) estimated that 38 million fry / fingerlings are needed , including 4 million of common carp , 10 million of fish feeding on phytoplankton or aquatic macrophytes ( including 9 million of silver carp ) , 2 million trout , and 15 million khramulya . at the beginning of the 1980s , georgian hatcheries were producing only 3 . 5 million common carp , 2 million khramulya , 4 - 5 million coregonids , and no silver carp .
in abkhazia lake bebesini ( 159 ha ) fish production potential is estimated to be 4 . 7 t yr - 1 ( kasymov , 1972 ) . rudd ( scardinius erythrophthalmus ) , perch , tench , bream , pike , wels , alburnus charusini and several other fish species are present in the lake . lake ritsa ( altitude 925 m ) harbours trout stocks .
for azerbaijan kasymov ( 1972 ) mentioned 10 lakes of fishery importance . among them , lake geigel ( 1571 m ; 79 ha ) has trout which supports recreational fishery .
to summarise : in the countries of the caucasus a number of coldwater lakes , all considerably smaller than lake sevan , appear to be suitable for fish production . the prime candidates are the following fish species : the indigenous khramulya , which in most such lakes should find sufficient supply of its favourite food , i . e . periphyton , detritus and algae . coregonids and silver carp would complement the fish community as plankton feeders . the indigenous race of common carp from the high altitude lake paravan appears a suitable addition to the above species .
a number of measures were undertaken to arrest further deterioration of the lake . more water was brought to the lake from other catchments through several tunnels , which resulted in an increase of 1 . 5 m in lake water level . a ban on fishing for sevan trout was imposed in 1976 , and the lake sevan national park created in 1978 . still , the damage continued , also because of the continuing eutrophication of the lake . after the detection in 1970 - 1973 of near - bottom anoxia , with the presence of hydrogen sulfide and methane , the lake experienced massive fish kills in 1983 . in 1976 the fishing for trout was prohibited to protect the remaining stocks , but poaching continued as the prohibition was poorly enforced in a period of severe economic restriction ( meybeck et al . , 1997 ) . introduction of coregonids provided new fishery , which started in the 1970s and culminated in 1982 with 16 , 000 t per year . afterwards there was a sharp decline .
restoration of lake sevan anticipates an increase in the lake level by 6 to 8 m and decreased inputs of nutrients , which combined should reduce the current level of eutrophication and improve dissolved oxygen conditions ( hovhanissian , 1994 ) . a higher water level would restore some of the lost spawning grounds of sevan trout , khramulya and barbel . further spawning grounds should be created from gravel , both in the lake and in the inflowing rivers . sevan trout transferred in the past into lake issyk - kul should be reintroduced to enrich the gene pool of the stocks remaining in lake sevan . however , it is believed that the lake will probably never recover its pristine state .
the current difficult economic situation in armenia has led to a decline in research and monitoring . meybeck et al . ( 1997 ) conclude that reactivating regular scientific work and monitoring will depend on the economic recovery of the country and international assistance .
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smolei , a . i . 1979 . biology and abundance of sevan trout in changing lake conditions . trudy sevanskoi gidrobiol . stantsii 17 : 181 - 211 . ( in russian ) .
smolei , a . i . 1979a . dynamics of abundance of salmonids in lake sevan in a changing environment . trudy sevanskoi gidrobiol . stantsii 17 : 221 - 227 . ( in russian ) .
smolei , a . i . 1986 . biological aspects of increasing the abundance of sevan trout . in : dinamika chislennosti promyslovykh . ryb : 160 - 166 . nauka , moscow . ( in russian ) .
smolei , a . i . , s . a . pivazyan and g . g . yuzhakova . 1985 . fish resources in lake sevan during the falling water level and potential for their exploitation . trudy sevanskoi gidrobiol . stantsii 20 : 199 - 244 . ( in russian ) .
smolei , a . i . and g . g . yuzhakova . 1979 . abundance of salmonids in lake sevan in 1971 - 1975 . trudy sevanskoi gidrobiol . stantsii 17 : 212 - 220 . ( in russian ) .
yuzhakova , g . g . 1979 . abundance of sevan whitefish in 1961 - 1970 . trudy sevanskoi gidrobiol . stantsii 17 : 172 - 181 . ( in russian ) .
yuzhakova , g . g . 1985 . growth and sexual maturation of sevan whitefish . trudy sevanskoi gidrobiol . stantsii 20 : 188 - 198 . ( in russian ) .
yuzhakova , g . g . and s . a . pivazyan . 1975 . abundance of introduced whitefish in lake sevan . izv . gosudar . nauch . - issled . inst . ozer . rech . ryb . khoz . ( gosniorkh ) , leningrad , 103 : 202 - 206 . ( in russian ) .
status . an endemic and declining subspecies of the kura khramulya . according to iucn criteria categorized as vulnerable vu a1cd .
distribution . beyond armenia , attempts were made to acclimatize this fish in water bodies of georgia and near st . petersburg , russia .
distribution in armenia . distributed in the lake sevan . represented by lacustrine , fluvio–lacustrine and fluvial forms . the fluvial form has survived only in the middle course of the argichi river .
habitats . inhabits the shallow parts of the lake sevan , down to the depth 10 m . in winter it moves to depressions 30–40 m deep .
biological traits . maturity is reached at 2–3 years in males and 5–7 years in females . spawning occurs in the lake in june–july . fertility is 15–20 thousand eggs . feeds on detritus and aquatic vegetation .
population size and its trends . previously , it was among the dominant commercial fish in the lake and its annual harvest rates reached 300–500 tonnes . currently , the khramulya abundance is dwindled and continues to sharply decrease .
major threats . the principal threats are poaching , water pollution and deterioration of natural conditions ensuing from water use for irrigation .
conservation measures . catch in the lake sevan is prohibited since 1995 . protected in sevan national park . the methods of rearing khramulya yearlings taken from wild founders are developed . it is essential to manage water regime in fluvial spawning grounds and to maintain conservation during the spawning migrations and hutchling returns .
vladimirov , 1938 ; barach , 1940 ; dadikyan , 1971 , 1986 ; gabrielyan , 1988 , 2001 ; pipoyan , tigranyan 2002 ; rubenyan , voskanov , 2003 ; rubenyan , 2003 ; levin et al . , 2005
the local vernacular name
kapwaeti
used in georgia and azerbaikhan ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . temperate ; 10°c - 22°c ( ref . 2059 )
asia : baluchistan in pakistan , and western asia . also former ussr ( ref . 683 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 41 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2059 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 13 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 10 . having deciduous horny covering on lips ; barbels 1 pair of short maxillary ; last simple ( unbranched ) dorsal fin - ray osseous and strongly serrated ; pectoral fins long , about head length excluding snout ; fairly small scales ( ref . 4832 ) . no longitudinal rows of spots ( ref . 47064 ) .
inhabits mainly the drier parts as well as the upper reaches of rivers in mountains and the lower reaches which sometimes end in marshes or deserts . feeds primarily on plants . spawns mostly on stony ground in rivers ( ref . 4832 ) .
talwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran , 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . vol 1 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam . 541 p . ( ref . 4832 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00912 ( 0 . 00615 - 0 . 01352 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 05 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 ±0 . 00 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( k = 0 . 17 ; fec = 3 , 754 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 53 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
coad , b . w . 1981 . fishes of afghanistan , an annotated check - list . publications in zoology / national museum , canada .
justification : this species is widespread and quite resistant against threats active in its range . it occurs in many more then 10 independent populations and is not thought to have declined ( or will decline ) fast enough to qualify for nt or a threat category . it is therefore assessed as lc .
there are no data about the population trends in this species . very widespread and often very abundant species which is impacted by past , ongoing and future hydropower development of its rivers . might inhabit reservoirs and might be little impacted and e , the population trend is suspected to be stable .
inhabits a very wide range of rivers , streams and lakes including reservoirs . from lakes and reservoirs migrate to rivers to spawn .
regionally , this species is taken as a food fish but it has little value .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2014 . catalog of fishes . updated 10 march 2014 . available at : http : / / urltoken .
justification : this species is known from the bakacak river on biga peninsula , south to dalaman river , turkey . massive pollution of rivers and streams , water abstraction , and water retention by dams are the most important threats to this species and it has been extirpated in many areas . it is suspected that the species has declined by almost 30 % over the past 10 years . its range is large range : extent of occurrence ( eoo ) and area of occupancy ( aoo ) are significantly higher than the thresholds for vulnerable under criterion b . also there are many more then 10 independent populations ( locations ) as the species is still found in many tributaries to rivers ( especially in the northern part of its range ) . it is assessed as near threatened based on a suspected decline of almost 30 % over the last 10 years ( nearly meets vulnerable under criterion a2 ) .
the species is known from the bakacak river on biga peninsula south to dalaman river , turkey .
this species is widespread but faces many threats and has been lost in many parts of its range , especially in the buyuk menderes and küçük menderes . the river
küçük menderes is now completely dry in its upper parts and no fish seem to occur in the lower reaches due to massive pollution . massive pollution is also the reason for the near absence of this species in main canals of rivers gediz and bakir . in büyük menderes it is also very rare in main stem of river . still abundant in dalaman river and in some small rivers in biga peninsula . due to ongoing rapid economic development , growing human population and increased needs for water in combination with climate change induced less rainfall , this species is slowly declining .
inhabits a wide range of rivers and streams with clean , at least seasonally running water .
massive pollution of rivers and streams , water abstraction and water retention by dams are the most important threats for this species . ongoing fast economic development , growing human population and increased needs for water in combination with climate change induced less rainfall will place more pressure on this species in the future .
none known to be in place . some research is recommended to better understand the detailed distribution and threats of this species .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of alburnus alburnus hohenackeri kessler , 1877 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyprinus fundulus güldenstädt , 1787 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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this study was funded by a research grant from the iranian ministry of science , and the tarbiat modares university . we thank mrs haghdoust for laboratory assistance . we are indebted to : aazami , ghovsi , hadavifar , mohamadian , alidost and kazemi , for animal autopsy and tissue processing .
the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed .
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cleland lg , proudman sm , hall c , stamp lk , mcwilliams l , wylie n , neumann m , gibson ra , james mj ( 2003 ) a biomarker of n − 3 compliance in patients taking fish oil for rheumatoid arthritis . lipids 38 ( 4 ) : 419–424
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food and agriculture / world health organisation ( fao / who ) ( 1972 ) . evaluation of certain food additives and the contaminants mercury , cadmium and lead . who technical report series no . 505 . geneva : who
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leucoblepsis renifera is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by warren in 1900 .

it is found on peninsular malaysia , sumatra and borneo .

leucoblepsis renifera

leucoblepsis renifera ; [ mob8 ] : 32 , pl . 6 , f . 35 , 36
leucoblepsis excisa ; [ mob8 ] : 33 , pl . 6 , f . 39
leucoblepsis neoma ; [ mob8 ] : 33 , pl . 6 , f . 38
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leucoblepsis warren , 1922 ; gross - schmett . erde 6 : 462 ; ts : problepsidis carneotincta warren
leucoblepsis ostia swinhoe , 1903 ; in annandale & robinson , fasc . malay zool . 1 : 59
leucoblepsis fenestraria ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 94 ; [ mob8 ] : 33 , pl . 6 , f . 37
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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the insect is white , the forewings bifalcate . there is pale grey banding , that of the forewing forming a broad horseshoe - shaped mark around a hyaline zone . there are fine , silver discal squiggles within the grey on each wing .
the two taxa brought into synonymy are identical in facies . no males from peninsular malaysia were available to compare genetically with those from borneo .
most records are from lowland and lower montane forest , particularly that on limestone during the mulu survey .
this species is larger than the other three , with the forewings simply falcate rather than bifalcate . the facies is basically white with blackish grey markings .
the male genitalia of the two taxa brought into synonymy share features such as a trilobed uncus with lateral socii , and an enlarged , heavily scobinate gnathus . however , these are differently shaped in each , indicating subspecific status . the status of the bornean population will become clearer when males are available .
n . e . himalaya , taiwan ; peninsular malaysia , borneo ( ssp . ostia ) .
only two bornean specimens have been seen , a worn female from 1620m on g . kinabalu and a male from forest at 950m near the sayap station in kinabalu park ( in senckenberg museum , frankfurt ) .
wang ( 1995 ) illustrated the larva in taiwan . it is a crinkled black with a dull , nut - brown head and a broad white belt over two segments centrally , where it is narrower than at each end .
the species is rare in lowland forest , though one specimen has been taken at 1618m on bukit retak , brunei .
hampson , 1892 , fauna br . india ( moths ) , 1 : 338 .
the facies is typical of the genus , but with flesh pink areas and tinting as in neoma swinhoe . the band distad to the hindwing postmedial is whitish , with a straight , dark border distal , rather than dark grey broken by white submarginal lunules . such dark grey with pale lunules is found , however , on the forewing of excisa , whereas this zone is more flesh coloured in neoma , distal to a larger hyaline patch .
the male genitalia of excisa and carneotincta are very similar , though the uncus is more produced apically and the scobinate arms of the anellus are longer in the former .
n . e . himalaya , taiwan ( wang , 1995 ) ; peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo ( ssp . carneotincta ) .
only three specimens have been taken in recent surveys , two from alluvial forest near long pala ( 70m ) at the foot of g . mulu and one from dipterocarp forest at 350m in the ulu temburong of brunei .
problepsidis tristis swinhoe , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 86 ) : 150
ne . himalaya , taiwan , peninsular malaysia , sumatra , borneo . see [ maps ]
problepsidis carneotincta warren , 1901 ; novit . zool . 8 : 191 ; tl : sarawak , bukan
problepsidis neoma swinhoe , 1905 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 15 ( 86 ) : 150
ne . hiamalaya , taiwan , peninsular malaysia , borneo . see [ maps ]
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
warren , 1901 drepanulidae , uraniidae , and geometridae from the palaearctic and indo - australian regions novit . zool . 8 : 190 - 201
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274 journal of the lepidopterists ' society references clarke , j . f . gates . 1958 . catalogue of the type specimens of microlepidoptera in the british museum ( natural history ) described by edward meyrick
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gigantopecten is a genus of fossil scallops , marine bivalve mollusks in the family pectinidae , the scallops .

these facultatively mobile low-level epifaunal suspension feeders lived from the oligocene to the quaternary period ( from 33.9 to 0.781 ma ) .

gigantopecten

gigantopecten nodosiformis ( miocene , hungary , nagymaros , m . 62 . 2194 ) | dulai , alfréd ; virág , attila
gigantopecten nodosiformis ( miocene , hungary , nagymaros , m . 62 . 2194 ) | dulai , alfréd ; virág , attila - europeana collections
the purpose of this application , under article 23 . 9 . 3 of the code , is to conserve the names gigantopecten rovereto , 1899 and lissochlamys sacco , 1897 for two genera of neogene scallops ( pectinidae ) by suppression of their senior objective synonyms , macrochlamis sacco , 1897 and lissochlamis sacco , 1897 respectively . gigantopecten is a replacement name for macrochlamys sacco , 1897 which is a junior homonym of the gastropod name macrochlamys benson , 1832 .
the commission has conserved the generic names gigantopecten rovereto , 1899 and lissochlamys sacco , 1897 for two genera of common neogene pectinid bivalves by declaring that the names macrochlamis sacco , 1897 and lissochlamis sacco , 1897 are incorrect original spellings of macrochlamys and lissochlamys , respectively .
bongrain , m . ( 1988 ) . les < i > gigantopecten < / i > ( pectinidae , bivalvia ) du miocene francais . < em > cahiers de paléontologie . < / em > editions du centre national de la recherche scientifique , paris . 230 p .
and mediterranean gigantopecten . from the stratigraphical point of view the identifications of these important fossils of the pectinidae confirm the miocene age of the guadeloupe outcrops and show that the beds : ma , mb and mc of a . de reynal could belong to the burdigalian , for some parts , and chiefly to the
ty - jour ti - gigantopecten rovereto , 1899 and lissochlamys sacco , 1897 ( mollusca , bivalvia , pectinidae ) : proposed conservation t2 - the bulletin of zoological nomenclature . vl - 63 ur - urltoken pb - international trust for zoological nomenclature . cy - london , py - 2006 sp - 155 ep - 162 sn - 0007 - 5167 au - waller , thomas r au - bongrain , madeleine er -
. the most abundant species found are : pecten ventonensis cooke ( 61 samples ) and plagioctenium uselmae pilsbry and johnson ( 29 ) ; an interesting fossil that i have called : chlamys ( nodipecten ) guadeloupensis forma of chlamys ( nodipecten ) colinensis hodson and harris . it represents a morphological transition between nodipecten and gigantopecten and could be the ancestor of the living scallop of the caribbean sea : chlamys ( nodipecten ) nodosa ( l . ) . lyropecten is the pacific equivalent of the
@ article { bhlpart42669 , title = { gigantopecten rovereto , 1899 and lissochlamys sacco , 1897 ( mollusca , bivalvia , pectinidae ) : proposed conservation } , journal = { the bulletin of zoological nomenclature . } , volume = { 63 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { london , international trust for zoological nomenclature . } , author = { waller , thomas r and bongrain , madeleine } , year = { 2006 } , pages = { 155 - - 162 } , }
miocene period . vaucluse , lacoste , france . this group of gigantopecten lived in the shallow sea that covered part of france 3 million years ago . the immense size and thickness of shells indicate that these bivalve mollusks lived during a period of optimal habitat and resources . groupings were important to the animals’ reproductive strategy . as broadcast spawners , individual scallops release eggs and sperm into the water simultaneously . modern scallops are hermaphroditic , having both sets of reproductive organs . individuals will change sex many times during their lives . like modern scallops , ancient scallops may have been vulnerable to powerful storms that swept across their shallow habitats . surging waves would have decimated populations , spreading individuals out too thinly to reproduce or , as with this fossil assemblage , burying them alive .
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
sepkoski , j . j . , jr . ( 2002 ) . a compendium of fossil marine animal genera . < em > bulletins of american paleontology . < / em > 363 , 1 - 560 .
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iczn is supported by the lee kong chian natural history museum , national university of singapore ( company registration no . 200604346e ) . iczn is an associate participant to the global biodiversity information facility ( gbif ) & a scientific member of the international union of biological science ( iubs ) . correspondence to the iczn should be directed to the secretary ( iczn @ urltoken / + 65 6518 8364 ) .
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average measurements ( in mm ) : shell 152 . 0 x 132 . 0
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quantitative analysis of pectinid ( bivalvia ) assemblages in the lower pliocene deposits of the almeria - nijar and poniente basins in southeastern spain reveals changes in the taphonomical attributes , taxonomical composition , and shell morphology of these assemblages in relation to the sediments in which they occur . the lower pliocene deposits in both basins consist of outer - platform clays , silts , and fine sands , which laterally and vertically pass into innerplatform and deltaic sands and conglomerates . proximal and distal tempestite beds are intercalated in the sands and silts . calcirudites accumulated in shallow water settings with no influx of terrigenous sediments . the variations of pectinid assemblages according to the embedding sediments represent changes in the assemblages in proximal—distal depth gradients . pecten and chlamys species predominate in shallow water conglomerates and calcirudites . chlamys seniensis ( lamarck ) and flabellipecten bosniasckii ( stefani and pantanelli ) are the most abundant pectinids in coarseto - medium sands and in intercalated proximal tempestites from the inner platform and delta front . amusium cristatum ( bronn ) is the most common component in the assemblages from outer - platform fine sands , silts , clays , and distal tempestites . assemblages from shallow - water , coarse - grained deposits comprise strongly - ribbed , inflated shells , while those from deep - water , fine - grained lithofacies are mainly composed of smooth , flat - shelled species .
all specimens are housed at the museo de paleontología . departamento de estratigrafía y paleontología universidad de granada .
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subfamily : chlamydinae - genus : chlamys p . f . röding , 1798 ( syn : belchlamys , caralichlamys , chalmys , chlamvs , chlamydina , clamys , felipes , flexipecten , glabropecten , myochlamys , porosichlamys , proteopecten , brachtechlamys - db : 162 sp , 47 img )
encore - - les pectinides du miocène de la guadeloupe ( antilles françaises ) / by denise mongin .
after a brief description of the miocene strata of the guadeloupe island ( french caribbean ) , 15 species of pectinidae are described and illustrated . this fauna has never been studied in detail ; only a list of fossils was given by duchassaing ( 1847 - 55 ) and pecten centonensis cooke cited by barrabé ( 1934 - 36 ) who worked on the stratigraphy of the island . the pectinidae here identified and described were collected by a . de reynal who made the geological map of the guadeloupe ( 1961 ) . from the paleontological point of view , these scallops belong to the classical miocene fauna of the caribbean province , well known by the works of the american paleontologist . most of the shells are present in the miocene of santo domingo ( dominican rep . ) and jamaica . the affinities decrease with those of anguilla ( anguilla formation ) , costa rica , panama , and cuba . common species are scarce with the miocene of central america and the united
miocene ( helvetian ) , while the beds md represent the upper miocene . the other lamellibranchs and gastropods of this island will be studied later .
print version : mongin , denise . les pectinides du miocène de la guadeloupe ( antilles françaises ) . ithaca , n . y . , u . s . a . : paleontological research institution , [ 1968 ] ( ocolc ) 5041242 .
les pectinides du miocène de la guadeloupe ( antilles françaises ) / by denise mongin . by mongin , denise , author .
nmds analysis of the foraminiferal distribution in the studied samples . | download scientific diagram
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fig . 8 . nmds analysis of the foraminiferal distribution in the studied samples .
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brachypotherium cf . brachypus a lartetotherium sp . ( rhinocerotidae , perissodactyla , mammalia ) zo strednomiocénnej lokality dúbravka - pole ( západné slovensko )
correlation of the middle miocene deposits in se poland and western ukraine based on foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton .
1 ) to produce 4 trails related with the touristic sustainable use of the palaeontological heritage of santa maria island ( azores archipelago ) . 2 ) to produce 1 marine trail related with the touristi…
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it aims to study in detail the taxonomy of ostracode associations recovered from riachuelo formation , sergipe - alagoas basin , state of sergipe , northeastern brazil . its objectives are to extend the …
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late miocene marine ostracods from santa maria island , azores ( ne atlantic ) : systematics , palaeoecol . . .
the nine oceanic islands that comprise the azores archipelago are located in the middle of the northern atlantic ocean . in this isolated archipelago , there is a rich fossil record in one of the islands , santa maria . in this island , samples were collected in the upper miocene composite section of malbusca outcrop , located in the southern shore of the island , and the fossil marine ostracoda were . . . [ show full abstract ]
in the relatively young archipelago of the azores , fossiliferous deposits are restricted to the oldest island ( santa maria ) , mainly from late miocene–early pliocene deposits , and a few from the pleistocene . echinoid material collected from these deposits comprises mainly disarticulated skeletal material ( primary spines and coronal fragments ) and a few complete tests . the taxa present in the . . . [ show full abstract ]
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