the eulachon ( thaleichthys pacificus ) , also oolichan , hooligan , ooligan , or candlefish , is a small anadromous ocean fish , a smelt found along the pacific coast of north america from northern california to alaska .

eulachon

reproduction : female eulachon can produce up to 30 , 000 eggs and most eulachon die after spawning .
hay , d . 1999 . eulachon research council meeting notes on the status of eulachon in bc . department of fisheries and oceans .
nisga ' a fishermen pull a net full of eulachon from the nass river in british columbia . traditional fisheries sustained eulachon spawning runs for centuries .
columbia river eulachon catch . source : megan moody m . a . thesis .
size : the eulachon is a small fish up to 10 inches in total length .
population discreteness for eulachon within and among river systems in alaska is unknown , as very little information exists on eulachon in general . it is clear that an understanding of eulachon genetic population structure is necessary to identify appropriate management units for maintenance of biodiversity and productivity .
also known as candlefish , eulachon ( thaleichthys pacificus ) are so oily that they can ignite when dried . traditionally , eulachon were used at times as lights by nisga ' a people .
pull quote in lean years the eulachon ' s arrival meant the difference between life and death .
eulachon are unique among at risk federally listed species in that there may be more eulachon at any given time than the total number of individuals from all other u . s . endangered species combined .
a nisga ' a woman hangs eulachon on a ganee ' e , or air - drying rack .
but among first nations on the british columbian coast , eulachon grease has long been a beloved delicacy .
eulachon ( plural eulachons ) a small edible fish of north america , thaleichthys pacificus ; the candlefish .
nass river eulachon storage bin - fish kept outdoors here for seven days to ripen . source : urltoken
eulachon as recorded in the journals of lewis and clark , february 24th , 1806 . source : urltoken
it is therefore sobering to read that u . s . president obama has listed the columbia river eulachon as an endangered species : eulachon are becoming almost invisible relative to the real world now , it seems .
final critical habitat , southern dps eulachon , california & southern oregon - noaa view larger . . . .
eulachon are found throughout the pacific coast from northern california to the eastern bering sea . within british columbia , eulachon occur in at least 38 rivers ; however , this species spends over 95 percent of its life in the marine environment . eulachon spawn , almost exclusively , in rivers that have a spring freshet and are glacially fed . since the mid 1990’s , eulachon populations south of the alaska border have declined precipitously and coincidentally .
moody thinks that climate change effects pushed eulachon into a slow decline . and that the ocean shrimp fishery—which was killing large numbers of eulachon as bycatch , fish unintentionally caught while targeting other species—then tipped the stocks into collapse .
ch . 1 . life history of eulachon ( thaleichthys pacificus ) in the twentymile river - - ch . 2 . environmental factors associated with the migration of adult and downstream drift of larval eulachon ( thaleichthys pacificus ) in a glacial river - - ch . 3 . migratory behavior of radio tagged adult eulachon ( thaleichthys pacificus ) .
in canada , eulachon are now classified as endangered in every river system except the nass and nearby skeena river .
by timing their fishing to the outgoing tides , nisga ' a fishermen catch only eulachon that have already spawned .
when the stick stands upright on its own , there are enough eulachon in the rendering vat . source : urltoken
eulachon are anadromous which means it lives part of its life in the ocean and part of its life in fresh water . eulachon spawn in fresh water streams . as the spawning season approaches , eulachon gather in large schools off the mouths of their spawning streams and rivers . eulachon do not strictly
home
to a particular stream like salmon , but appear to use streams in the general area where they were spawned that have the best habitat conditions .
eulachon spend more than 95 percent of their life in the marine environment , and only uses freshwater during spawning , egg and early larval stages . after hatching , larval eulachon quickly move out into the estuary where they spend some months migrating offshore in the fall . adult eulachon are demersal and are most frequently found at depths of 70 to more than 200 meters .
eulachon was assessed by cosewic in may 2011 as threatened for the nass / skeena rivers population , and endangered for the central pacific coast and fraser river populations . the nass / skeena rivers population of eulachon was re - assessed by cosewic in may 2013 as special concern . due to conservation concerns fisheries and oceans has undertaken several specific activities since 1995 to protect eulachon , including : closure of the commercial eulachon fishery on the fraser ; suspension of dredging on the fraser river during eulachon spawning season ; closure of the shrimp fishery in queen charlotte sound ; implementation of bycatch reduction measures in the commercial shrimp trawl fishery including bycatch reduction devices and potential closures when cumulative eulachon bycatch level is reached ; full closure of recreational harvesting for eulachon in all tidal waters and freshwater systems ; and an annual egg / larval survey to monitor stock on the fraser in conjunction with first nations .
but in the 1990s , the silver runs of eulachon began to collapse . theories to explain the decline ranged from overfishing to climate change to the industrialization of river corridors . since eulachon had never been an important species to commercial fisheries , little research was done to determine the cause . now , more than two decades later , many eulachon runs live on only in memory .
nisga ' a fishing camps line fishery bay on the nass river , home of the world ' s last great eulachon run .
eulachon runs feed hungry wildlife , from eagles to whales . here nisga ' a fishermen hunt sea lions on the nass river .
eulachon are small and usually less than 20 cm in length ; they resemble a small salmon , with an adipose fin and long anal fin , but with a smaller head , more slender body , and without a fleshy flap at the base of the pelvic fin . eulachon have distinctive lines on the gill covers . in the ocean , eulachon live near the bottom and are often associated with shrimps , while feeding on small plankton and euphausiids . the eulachon is itself a rich food source for a variety of fish and marine mammal predators .
eulachon was assessed by cosewic in may 2011 as threatened for the nass / skeena rivers population , and endangered for the central pacific coast and fraser river populations . the nass / skeena rivers population of eulachon was re - assessed by cosewic in may 2013 as special concern .
fresh eulachon grease is strained , then stored . warm grease is light as olive oil , and high in vitamins and healthful fatty acids .
visitors are welcome to help us expand the meaning of eulachon . fill in the form below to add your definition , example or comment .
eulachon are limited in range and have had significant long term declines . short term declines have occurred but have been cyclical in some cases .
fisheries and oceans canada . 2003 . pacific region integrated fisheries management plan . eulachon , april 1 , 2003 to march 31 , 2004 .
this is the last great eulachon fishery on earth , near the mouth of the nass river in british columbia , just at the tip of the alaska panhandle . eulachon are a species of smelt , each fish a bolt of silver - blue not much longer than a ballpoint pen .
many cultures treasured the oil [ 32 , 36 , 51 , 67 ] . the tlingit , tsimshian , kwakiutl , kitimat haisla , gitksan and coast salish and the nuxalk considered eulachon oil their major food fat source and also a luxury [ 14 ] . the first nations of the nass river , kitimaat , nuxalk kingcome inlet and knights inlet considered eulachon oil their most popular food fat [ 22 ] . eulachon oil was the gitksan’s most important grease and was the number one grease of gitksan nobility” [ 8 , 55 , 58 ] . the oil was valuable because it did not spoil and could be stored one to two years which was important because excellent eulachon runs did not occur each year [ 1 ] . the indigenous peoples of coastal british columbia ate many plant foods with eulachon oil , but those of the west coast of vancouver island tended to use whale and seal oil rather than eulachon oil since eulachon oil was only rarely available through trade [ 62 ] . some cultures of central british columbia did not use eulachon oil as a major source of oil , and the stalo did not use or make it , though they ate the flesh [ 45 , 49 ] . some inland cultures of british columbia used eulachon oil as a supplement for deer tallow [ 34 ] .
eulachon ran on the squamish and homathko rivers but nowhere else in their region of british columbia so they were also obtained from trade with the tsimshian [ 35 , 37 ] . the coast salish also caught eulachon in the fraser river [ 45 ] . eulachon used to spawn in the toba inlet of the coast salish for around two weeks in march , but enemies of the toba inlet people affixed a dead bear in the inlet , and the eulachon never returned there to spawn [ 41 ] . the stalo of british columbia traveled to catch eulachon as they headed upstream to spawn in the chilliwack river [ 49 ] . the tlawitis journeyed to tsawadi village and set up camp there as it was near the mouth of the klinaklini river where they caught eulachon ; the camp consisted of cabins , smokehouses , storage shacks , ripening pits and fire pits [ 53 ] .
“around 2004 , eulachon stocks began to crash , river by river , pretty much coast wide , from the fraser river near vancouver to the skeena near prince rupert . for reasons that aren’t clear , the eulachon still return to the nass river , just south of the alaska panhandle . but everywhere else on the british columbia coast , eulachon are so scarce that all food , sport and commercial fisheries are closed again this year . ”
the eulachon ( thaleichthys pacificus ) is a species of smelt ( family osmeridae , order osmeriformes ) . eulachon are small fish , usually less than 20 cm total length with an adipose fin and long anal fin . eulachon migrate to fresh water to spaw are difficult to distinguish from other smelt species but in adults there is a distinctive characteristic in the form of a group of concentric lines or ‘striae’ onthe gill cover ( operculum ) .
habitat degradation occurs at a local scale and varies between spawning rivers . activities likely to impact eulachon mortality include dredging , industrial and agricultural pollution , shoreline development , and forestry . however , it is unlikely that such threats would explain the nearly synchronous coast - wide decline of eulachon that has occurred .
eulachon , an oily fish , has been known as “candlefish” because first nations cultures used the dried fish as a torch at night [ 64 ] .
thanks apm – looks like eulachon is in the air . i also see kitamaat village is blockading the shrimp trawlers who they blame for the decline :
eulachon are found throughout the northeast pacific from the eastern bering sea to northern california . they spend more than 95 percent of their life in the marine environment , and only enter freshwater systems during spawning , egg and early larval stages . within british columbia , eulachon occur in at least 38 glacially fed rivers .
the factors causing the coast wide decline of eulachon populations are unclear . threats to individuals as well as their habitat occur in both freshwater and marine environments .
moody ' s research merged biological science and traditional local knowledge to help develop what is now the leading theory on the eulachon ' s decline . such a widespread , closely timed collapse , she says , had to involve changes taking place in the ocean , where eulachon spend more than 95 percent of their lives .
eulachon are small and usually less than 20 cm in length ; they resemble a small salmon , with an adipose fin and long anal fin , but with a smaller head , more slender body , and without a fleshy flap at the base of the pelvic fin . eulachon have distinctive lines on the gill covers .
in alaska , eulachon are seasonally abundant in several drainages from southeast alaska , west to the copper river delta and westward out to the beaches of nome in the bering sea . watersheds with eulachon migrations include the unuk ( eulachon ) , stikine , taku , mendenhall , lace , and chilkat rivers in southeast alaska ; the situk and alsek near yakutat ; the copper river delta area near cordova ; and the kenai , susitna , and 20 - mile rivers in cook inlet .
presently , commercial fisheries for eulachon are closed . historically , commercial fisheries existed on the fraser , nass , skeena , klinaklini , and kingcome rivers . recreational fishing in freshwater systems with nets is prohibited and recreational harvesting in all tidal waters is currently closed due to conservation concerns . first nation fisheries for eulachon once occurred on many rivers , but many are currently not active due to declines in runs . eulachon is incidentally caught in commercial fisheries , primarily shrimp trawl and groundfish trawl .
overall strength of eulachon returns vary across the state by year and location . why run strength remains strong in some areas while weak in other areas is unclear .
the eulachon are better protected than ever before . ocean shrimp boats on the pacific coast have been equipped with mandatory bycatch - reduction devices since 2003 , and last fall an experiment with led lights strung on trawl fishing lines reduced eulachon bycatch by 90 percent , prompting officials to recommend that fishers start using the new technique immediately .
in those days , immense eulachon spawning runs took place as far south as the mad river in northern california and all the way up the coast to southern alaska . the lower columbia , which marks the border between washington and oregon , was one of the greatest eulachon rivers of all . some scholars argue that the word
oregon
is derived from a pronunciation of the word
eulachon
used by aboriginal traders as they told european explorers of the riches to be found in the west .
in 2007 , the cowlitz indian tribe petitioned the u . s . government to protect eulachon in washington , oregon , and california under the endangered species act . her work helped inform the resulting scientific review that led , in 2010 , to eulachon being listed as a threatened species in the u . s . south of alaska .
yes you are right right right , assessment and active management of all of the forage species , is long overdue . that is how we got into this eulachon bind ; the science was not there , and the shrimp bycatch damage to the eulachon biomass , was done , before managers could put it all together . now we will loose eulachon in the fraser , unless huge steps are taken , in a system that does not change quickly or easily . things are going to go from push to shove .
this could account for why the coast ' s biggest rivers , such as the columbia , fraser , and nass , still have eulachon runs—albeit smaller ones than in the past—while lesser rivers have witnessed near total local extinctions . the large eulachon runs in big rivers , the theory goes , could withstand heavy losses to bycatch and still endure ; smaller runs could not .
two - ton batches of euchalon are cooked for hours , stirred constantly , to release the oil . eulachon
grease
remains an important food , medicine , and trade item .
last year , hundreds of people sang and danced as a totem pole—representing the myth being raven in human form , holding a male eulachon in one hand and a female in the other—was raised to face the sea . alongside the celebration , in the quiet waters , eulachon were once again returning to a river where only a few years before almost none could be found .
talk to men and women raised in grease - making families , and you ' ll soon hear too of fevers broken or earaches cured with a dose of eulachon oil . the grease is also a notorious laxative and a topical treatment for skin conditions—no surprise , given that eulachon are high in squalene , a chemical found in human skin and used in the production of moisturizers .
but the fish are also known as halimotkw , often translated as
savior fish
or
salvation fish .
eulachon return to the rivers here to spawn at the end of the north pacific winter , when historically food supplies would be running low . in lean years the eulachon ' s arrival meant the difference between life and death for people up and down the coast .
all of the biological indicators , presently in use on the fraser river , are limited by their short time series . therefore , it is important to continue to collect and refine the pre - season biological indicators for the fraser river eulachon fisheries , specifically eulachon genetic stock identification to identify river of origin in offshore waters , and the collection of the spawning stock biomass ( ssb ) . these are used to then set catches . restrict dredging in the lower fraser river during eulachon migration , spawning , egg and larval development ( early march to june ) ( fisheries and oceans canada 2003 ) .
in some locations , the fish could be returning as mysteriously as they disappeared . in 2013 , nuxalk people along the bella coola river witnessed schools of eulachon arriving—a shock in a place where no one under the age of 20 could remember such a scene . over the following months , the community prepared to revive the tradition of the eulachon welcoming ceremony , which hadn ' t been performed in decades .
— ramiojo vandenyno stinta statusas t sritis zoologija | vardynas taksono rangas rūšis atitikmenys : lot . thaleichthys pacificus angl . candlefish ; eulachon rus . тихоокеанский талеихт ; тихоокеанский эвлахон ryšiai : platesnis terminas – ramiojo… …
eulachon spawning rivers are typically slow moving waterways since eulachon are weak swimmers that cannot travel through long stretches of high water velocity . spawning sites are in the lower elevations of the river or stream , but in some rivers with long flat deltas spawning sites may be many miles upstream . eggs are
broadcast
over sandy gravel bottoms , once fertilized a sticky substance allows them to attach to sand particles . their adhesive eggs , about 30 , 000 per female , attach to sand or pebbles . the eggs hatch in freshwater in 21 to 40 days , depending on the water temperature . after emerging from the eggs , young eulachon migrate downstream to salt water to grow to maturity in the sea . after three to six years at sea , they return as adults to spawn . after spawning , the majority of eulachon die .
eulachon are anadromous fish endemic to the northeastern pacific , and are one of the ten smelt species in the family osmeridae . this species is also referred to as candlefish , oolichan , and ooligan , amongst others .
eulachon are slender , silver fish with a bluish back and a white belly . they have large , canine - like teeth , transparent fins , a forked tail and possess an adipose fin , a small , fleshy fin ( without rays ) on the median line of the body , near the caudal fin ( or tail ) , characteristic of all smelts and salmonids . at spawning time , eulachon become greyish - brown and are usually toothless , having lost teeth during the latter part of their lives . spawning males are distinguished from females by tubercles on their heads and near their lateral lines . eulachon grow to a maximum length of about 25 centimetres .
but eulachon are
forage fish ,
meaning they play a bedrock ecological role as food for almost every predatory creature in the sea . along pacific northwest rivers , people know the eulachon are coming when whales , seals , sea lions , eagles , and tremendous flocks of gulls show up to meet them . sheer abundance is the eulachons ' survival strategy , and no one knows how large the population needs to be to remain viable .
during the cooking , the eulachon oil separates to form a transparent surface layer . strained into buckets , the grease ranges in color from palest gold to nearly black , depending on how long it ' s been fermented .
oregon . dept . of fish and wildlife , and washington ( state ) . dept . of fish and wildlife . 2001 . washington and oregon eulachon management plan . olympia : washington dept . of fish and wildlife .
the kwakiutl of british columbia placed ripened eulachon in wooden boxes , which were partially filled with water boiled using hot stones . the fish were stirred with a stick until the oil surfaced , at which point , it was skimmed using clam shells and placed in a storage container made of wood or seal stomach [ 51 , 52 ] . the kwakiutl also kept the eulachon oil in dried kelp bottles [ 23 , 24 , 47 ] .
eulachon were first documented by meriwether lewis in 1806 , when he noted in his journal that the little fish were
taken in great quantities in the columbia river .
he even described how he liked to prepare them :
the bella coola formerly trapped them with a cylinder basket trap and a conical dip net or used a long tapered net . they attached the mouth of the long tapered net to two poles a few feet apart in the water and when they had enough eulachon , they pulled the net into the canoe [ 42 , 65 ] . when using a cylindrical trap , the catch was emptied into a dip net . by the 1980s , the bella coola caught most of their eulachon using seine nets [ 42 ] . the eyak set traps under the ice when they caught eulachon early in the season in february and used dip nets or multibarbed spears later in the fishing season from lighted canoes [ 9 ] .
meanwhile , 335 miles ( 540 kilometers ) of creeks , rivers , and estuaries in the u . s . have been identified as critical eulachon habitat by the national marine fisheries service , and a complete recovery plan is expected in 2016 .
hi david — thanks for stopping by . well , if the honourable archaeologists can do anything , then let us know . it is an alarming thing to see the eulachon fade away , especially as the causes seem to be poorly known .
the river was blocked by ice when the eulachon arrived , they said , and many fish were forced to spawn downriver from fishery bay , where the grease - making camps—rustic shacks known by names like dirty dozen and millionaires ' —dot the shoreline .
eulachon oil was important culturally . the tlingit , tsimshian , kwakiutl , kitimat haisla , gitksan and coast salish , and nuxalk used it as a major food and gift during potlatch ceremonies and feasts , and the first nations of nass river , kitimaat , nuxalk , kingcome inlet and knights inlet used the eulachon oil as a gift [ 14 , 22 , 62 ] . south kwakiutl and nuxalk hosts of potlatches gave away huge quantities of eulachon oil and the tlingit drank the oil in enormous quantities at feasts [ 10 , 24 ] . the northwest coast indigenous peoples prized the oil highly and used it on food , and the more the oil they ladled on to food served to a guest , the greater the honor to the guest . they ate fresh berries with it and considered it a sign of poverty to consume berries without the oil [ 5 ] . the nuxalk and kwakiutl considered it a mark of poverty if a family did not have eulachon oil [ 14 ] . among the indigenous peoples of nass river , kitimaat , nuxalk , kingcome inlet and knights inlet , tlingit , eyak , tsimshian , haida and salish , each family shared the eulachon oil that they had made with extended family members , community members or others [ 21 ] .
eulachon was once such a valuable commodity that trade routes in coastal british columbia and southeast alaska came to be known as
grease trails .
the eulachon ' s buttery flesh is so rich in oil that a dried fish will light and burn like a candle . aboriginal cultures developed a process to extract that fish oil to create a vitamin - rich grease that resembles vegetable shortening—though with a malty , fishy flavor that is , famously , an acquired taste—and that could be transported or stored without spoiling .
still , each spring , as they have for centuries , people from neighboring first nations such as the haida , haisla , gitxsan , and tsimshian travel to the nass , often bringing their own traditional foods—cockles , herring roe , seaweed—to barter for eulachon grease .
the nuxalk caught eulachon they called “ooligan” from boats using seine nets that were hauled onto the boats and the fish placed in buckets . when the fishermen reached the shore , the fish were placed in big fish bins called “stink boxes” [ 14 , 23 ] .
cosewic : cosewic assessment and status report on the eulachon , nass / skeena rivers populations , central pacific coast population and the fraser river population thaleichthys pacificus in canada . in . ottawa : committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada ; 2011 : 88 .
i often use eulachon ( thaleichthys pacificus , a small , anadramous smelt ) as an example of “archaeologically - invisible” food . they are also known as “candlefish” , on account of being so oily that a wick jammed down their throat will burn like a candle .
eulachon are susceptible to disturbance . runs have been observed to turn away if the fish detect a disturbance ( rules based upon traditional knowledge forbid disturbance within the first few days of the run to allow spawning before the start of harvest ) ( hay 1999 ) .
cosewic . 2011i . cosewic assessment and status report on the eulachon , nass / skeena rivers population , central pacific coast population and the fraser river population thaleichthys pacificus in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . ottawa . xv + 88 pp .
state listings california state species protection status listings are governed by the california endangered species act ( cesa ) . - eulachon are not listed under the california endangered species act . federal listings federal species protection status listings are governed by the endangered species act ( esa ) . - pacific eulachon , southern dps : threatened critical habitat the endangered species act ( esa ) requires the federal government to designate critical habitat for any species it lists under the esa . - southern dps had esa critical habitat designated as of october 20 , 2011 ( 812 kb pdf )
along the river ' s banks , you can still hear eulachon spoken of as saak , their name in the language of the nis g a ' a , one of the indigenous peoples known in canada as first nations and in the u . s . as native americans .
new threats to the species , such as coastal pipelines and port expansions , continue to arise , but there are also signs that a fragile recovery could be under way . if so , the eulachon ' s saviors will be the same indigenous tribes that the fish once sustained .
in canada , even if they are not listed as endangered , first nations or first nation families , can also look to the courts to seek injunctive relief , if they are not getting family and traditional feast supplies of eulachon , salmon , etc . this will mean that the shrimp trawl , and other activities detrimental to eulachon , will have to be closed , or altered . in the end , this legal avenue may be the only real salvation for the fraser sockeye , fraser ( and squamish ) chinook , etc . , as well . fireworks are coming !
eulachon have been / and still are caught in late winter and early spring ( spawning season ) [ 5 , 7 - 10 , 14 , 18 , 25 , 30 - 32 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 49 , 53 - 56 , 63 - 65 , 67 ] .
the cowlitz indian tribe has fished eulachon on the cowlitz river , which flows into the columbia , for centuries . but in 1993 , the fish failed to return to the cowlitz . and in the columbia river , the yearly catch had dropped by a staggering 98 percent from the historical average .
for the cowlitz , who take their name from the local salish word for eulachon , the disappearance threatened their cultural identity .
we were very distressed ,
says william iyall , chairman of the tribe . the decline , he says ,
wasn ' t recognized by anybody else .
eulachon crashed first in the southern reaches of their range , but over the past 20 years , every run south of the nass river has suffered severe declines or—as in rivers ranging from the klamath in california to the kemano , just 100 miles ( 160 kilometers ) south of the nass—almost disappeared .
the once large run of eulachon ( candlefish ) have nearly disappeared in alaska due to the lack of management by fish and game . large king salmon have also disappeared from the kenai river due to the inability of fish and game and alaska state parks not managing the river for its recreational value .
this entry was posted in anthropology , first nations , history , northwest coast , oregon and tagged aboriginal fisheries , anthropology , eulachon , first nations , fishery management , fishing , history , nass river , northwest coast , nuxalk , oolichan , oolikan , oregon , smelt , traditional use . bookmark the permalink .
there is a lack of stock assessment information for most eulachon stocks . development of biologically based total allowable catches for all areas and refinements to the stock assessment process in the fraser river are required . improving catch reporting methods and standards can be used to help with inventries ( fisheries and oceans canada 2003 ) .
anyway , not a very archaeological post , but then , what is the point of studying eulachon in the past while they are going extinct in the present ? virginia butler has one answer — historical benchmarking — but i am not sure we really need that , compared to what we can see with our own eyes .
importantly , the fresh eulachon flesh was used to render eulachon oil or “grease” . this was important to tlingit , tsimshian including the coast tsimshian , nuxalk including the nuxalk of bella coola , coast salish , kwakiutl , tlawitis , the indigenous peoples of nass river , kitimaat , kingcome inlet and knights inlet , native americans of southern alaska , eyak , gitksan , bella coola , haida , nishga [ 5 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 14 , 16 , 21 - 24 , 30 , 32 , 35 , 36 , 40 , 46 , 47 , 51 - 53 , 55 - 58 , 60 , 62 , 64 - 67 ] .
exactly what those oceanic changes might have been is still debated . federal fisheries experts in the u . s . and canada rank climate change among the most likely drivers of the eulachon crisis , but warming oceans can affect species in different ways , leading to , among other things , shifts in food supplies , predators , and currents .
each crew member would be able to take home enough fish to eat fresh , smoked , or air - dried , but none of the camps would completely fill the wooden - walled pen , about the size of a modest living room and lined with hemlock boughs , where the tons of eulachon
ripen
before being made into grease .
megan moody , who ' d grown up catching eulachon in the bella coola river on british columbia ' s central coast as a member of nuxalk first nation , began investigating the problem as a graduate student in fisheries science . her first discovery : how little was known about a fish that some pacific coast indigenous people value even more than salmon .
the tlingit ate the flesh fresh and dried it for winter consumption , only drying a small amount ( i . e . only the surplus , since making oil from its flesh was more important to them ) . they ate the freshly caught eulachon roasted , putting them on spits which they positioned over a fire to roast [ 8 ] . the south kwakiutl and nuxalk smoked the flesh for winter consumption : they cleaned the fish , cut it in slivers , air dried it for one day and subsequently smoked it for two weeks , then stored the finished product in baskets . male eulachon kept a year or two when well - stored , but females did not preserve as long because of the roe [ 24 ] .
the aged eulachon are ultimately loaded into what the nis g a ' a call pots—huge vats , watertight as wooden boats , that can cook more than two tons of fish at a time . in the past , people used smaller wooden boxes heated with hot rocks ; today ' s pots have a thick steel base that sits above a fire pit or propane burners .
eulachon are generally blue - silver in color in salt water , turning to gray - brown and green when moving into fresh water at spawning time . males are easily distinguished from the females by their longer paired pectoral and pelvic fins and during spawning by the tubercles on the head and scales along the lateral line , as well as ridges of musculature along the lateral line .
— candlefish can dle * fish , n . ( zo [ o ] l . ) ( a ) a marine fish ( { thaleichthys pacificus } ) , allied to the smelt , found on the north pacific coast ; called also { eulachon } . it is so oily that , when dried , it may be used as a candle , by drawing a wick… …
the flesh was eaten dried , boiled , fried , baked , salted , smoked , barbecued , grilled , salted and raw [ 2 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 14 , 18 , 21 - 24 , 26 , 28 - 30 , 41 , 44 , 46 , 49 , 53 , 58 , 62 , 65 ] . the tlingit treasured it and most indigenous peoples of british columbia considered it a favorite food [ 14 , 67 ] . the gitksan ranked eulachon the highest in prestige and food value , referring to the fish as “the little friend to all the world” [ 58 ] . eulachon was the tsimshian’s most important seafood after salmon and it was mentioned as a help in their mythology stories of starvation [ 31 , 33 ] .
this vanishing act did not immediately set off alarm bells . eulachon are mysterious , in some years spawning in incredible numbers and in others—1984 , 1964 , 1907 , 1890—hardly showing up at all . but when the fish known locally as the columbia river smelt failed to bounce back in the years that followed , the cowlitz and other coastal indigenous nations were the first to start asking questions .
eulachon were mostly caught using rakes and various types of nets , although a few cultures used traps , hooks and spears [ 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 18 , 22 - 24 , 28 , 35 , 41 , 42 , 44 , 47 , 49 , 53 , 55 , 60 , 63 - 65 , 67 ] .
thank you for visiting international - dictionary . com , a free online dictionary with over 200 , 000 definitions of words and phrases . you are visitor 61 on this page . please help us expand the meaning of eulachon by providing an alternate definition or example above . please add comments to help us improve the site . there are 7 categories for this word . this is word 81878 in our dictionary .
i did recommend that they put eulachon near the top of the first cosewic marine fish pacific candidate list , 10 years ago . it was obvious to me then , that they were in steep decline . my opinion then was based on the archival and ethnographic data , and on talking to a lot of people , over a lot of coast and river . my brother was in fact a shrimp trawler , for a short time .
the tlawitis , eyak , bella coola , and nishga also used nets to catch eulachon [ 9 , 42 , 53 , 64 , 65 ] . in former times , the tlawitis fished them from canoes using funnel - shaped nets and rakes , both made from cedar bark , and in later times they fished them from punts or power boats using dip or seine nets . the catch was taken to the ripening pits [ 53 ] .
the eulachon is a small fish up to 10 inches in total length . it is distinguished from other alaska smelts by having the front of the dorsal fin begin well behind where the pelvic fin attaches to the body and by having circular grooves on the gill covers . the mouth is equipped with moderately developed canine - like teeth , which are lost as the fish approaches maturity , so by spawning time it usually has no teeth at all .
the fraser river and central pacific coast populations of eulachon are currently being considered for listing as endangered under the species at risk act ( sara ) . the nass / skeena rivers population is being considered for listing as special concern under sara . dfo invites all first nations , stakeholders and members of the public to provide their opinions and feedback in the listing decision . for more information , please visit the sara regional consultations website or the sara registry .
rarely caught in puget sound by commercial or recreational harvesters . incidentally caught off the washington coast by commercial harvesters during trawl fisheries . until 2010 was commercially and recreationally harvested in large numbers in the columbia and cowlitz rivers . localized fisheries still occur in this area when surplus biomass is available . the southern distinct population segment ( dps ) of pacific eulachon was listed under the endangered species act ( esa ) as a threatened species and retention is prohibited unless by emergency regulation .
the north pacific coast indigenous peoples used a variety of tools to catch eulachon : tubular nets and hooks , dip nets and herring rakes . the tubular net was a long net with a funnel - shaped mouth . when the net was full , a hook was used to lift the end , and the end was untied in order to empty the net into the canoe . the herring rake was a pole with several spikes along the bottom third of the rake [ 55 ] .
the flesh was ripened in huge bins to mature the flavour , allow decomposition which facilitated fat release during the cooking of the fish to make oil , and to maximize the amount of oil extracted [ 22 , 51 ] . these bins were fondly referred to as “stink boxes” due to the strong smell emanating from the putrefying eulachon flesh [ 14 ] . according to tlingit elders , the oil was better if the fish was putrefied a bit first and the more rancid the oil , the more treasured the oil was [ 8 , 10 ] .
since stream water temperature can affect the timing of the spawning migration , the numbers of spawning eulachon returning to a particular stream can vary greatly from year to year depending on stream water conditions and overall ocean survival . in southeast alaska , the main spawning migration can occur as early as april ; while in southcentral and western alaska , spawning generally occurs in may . certain drainages like the chilkat , alsek , and copper river , have occasional winter runs in january and february if temperature conditions are right . some streams can have two separate but overlapping migrations .
description : pacific eulachon are a small , slim fish that are brown to blue on their backs and on top of their heads , lighter to silvery white on the sides , and white on the belly . they have tiny black dots on the back and sometimes on the caudal fin . they have a sickle - shaped adipose fin and can be distinguished from other smelt species by the presence of circular grooves on their gill cover . as they move into freshwater to spawn , fish turn grey - brown and males develop tubercles on their heads and on the scales along the lateral line .
the flesh was usually ripened in bulk in huge bins or in pits . after this , the flesh was cooked using hot stones in cleaned - out canoes , bins with metal bottom , or kettles full of water and the surfacing oil was skimmed . the eulachon residue was wrung to get the remainder of the oil and the oil was subsequently stored [ 5 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 14 , 21 - 24 , 30 , 32 , 35 , 36 , 40 , 46 , 47 , 51 - 53 , 55 - 58 , 60 , 62 , 64 - 67 ] .
in a changing world the sustainable practices of indigenous canadians – the eulachon economy – provides a metaphor , if not a literal template , for re - imagining the canadian economy . in chief michelle edwards’ community the split rock sekw’el’was native plant nursery emulates this emerging integration of traditional cultural knowledge and the modern economy . within the nursery , children are learning about the cultural uses of plants from their traditional territory , and connecting with the land in a culturally authentic way . and the community is most certainly actively managing their “gold” – the salmon – in a sustainable way . a template for a sustainable economy .
historically very abundant ( up to early 1960 ' s ) , however generally considered to be in a coast wide decline since the early 1990 ' s . the fraser river has been declining since the early 1960 ' s and has declined to the point where they are no longer available for traditional harvest . they have not been seen in many traditional spawning areas for many years . eulachon runs have been observed to suffer drastic declines for years and come back in large numbers as recorded on the columbia between 1835 - 1865 . however these these cyclical declines have not been observed / recorded in fraser river populations ( hay 1999 ) .
the cultures that migrated to the nass , and who were granted fishing privileges caught eulachon at night from canoes or boats through holes chiseled in the ice . they chiseled two holes as openings for each net . at either end of a twenty - foot hole , they placed one pole . they hung the mouth of the net on the pole ends using red cedar rope , used another pole to push the net to the bottom and kept the mouth of the net open using a special fixture loom . the net was long and purse - shaped and narrowing from the mouth , with the narrowest end at the top of the net . another hole was made to haul the narrow end of the net once it was full of fish . the narrow end was tied when let down , but once it was drawn up to the top , they untied the narrow end and flung the fish on the ice , in the boat or canoe . during the day , the men , women and children hauled the fish to the shore and place them in square or oblong bins [ 64 ] .
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“ species in the spotlight : survive to thrive ” initiative , is an agency - wide effort to spotlight and save eight species that are highly at the risk of extinction . these species are :
under the esa . of these species , about 675 are foreign species , found only in areas outside of the u . s . and our water
we have jurisdiction over 161 endangered and threatened marine species , including 65 foreign species . we work with u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) to manage esa - listed species . generally , we manage marine species , while usfws manages land and freshwater species .
approximately 119 marine mammal species worldwide are protected under the mmpa under our jurisdiction . an additional eight species are under the jurisdiction of usfws : walrus , polar bear , sea otter , marine otter , west african manatee , amazonian manatee , west indian manatee , and dugong .
96 domestic species ( found in part or entirely in u . s . waters )
246 stocks of marine mammals in u . s . waters ( with stock assessment reports written as of june 14 , 2016 )
delisted species and species under review or proposed for delisting can also be found on our website .
dig into habitat month and learn how healthy habitat depends on the power of partnerships .
traditional fishermen lead the fight to bring back a species that has an outsize role in nature and culture .
it ' s nearly midnight , and oscar robinson sr . has been on his feet for hours , stitching a torn fishing net by the light of a naked bulb . at sundown , two steller sea lions —one of them a bull , which typically weighs over a ton—punched straight through the mesh and popped up behind the fishing crew ' s aluminum punt with a bad - tempered gasp .
now robinson must mend the net—
the bag ,
as he calls it—in time to fish the next outflowing tide , which turns at 4 : 30 a . m .
he works patiently : if it isn ' t one thing , it ' s another . today it was sea lions , tomorrow it might be the current ' s raw power snapping the net anchor poles or a grizzly bear stalking the camp .
( read
how first nations can take on canada ' s oil industry and win .
)
today , the fish that used to safeguard native people from starvation is itself in need of a lifeline .
it was a grease trail that led alexander mackenzie down to the sea near bella coola in 1793 , when he became the first european to reach the pacific ocean by land along a northern route , more than a decade ahead of lewis and clark . many of the pathways went on to become pioneer roads and modern highways .
i find them best when cooked in indian style , which is by roasting a number of them together on a wooden spit without any previous preparation whatever . they are so fat they require no additional sauce , and i think them superior to any fish i ever tasted .
it all comes down to economics ,
says moody , who ' s now the stewardship director for the nuxalk .
in the mainstream world , if it ' s not a commercial commodity—a highly valued species in the fishery management world—nobody pays attention to it .
creamy as lard when cool and light as olive oil when warmed , the grease is rich in vitamin a and a significant source of vitamins e and k , along with healthful fatty acids . it ' s potent fuel for the body : a single tablespoon provides more than 125 calories , and just five ounces ( 150 milliliters ) —an amount still commonly eaten by nis g a ' a elders today—supply half an adult ' s recommended daily energy intake .
pull quote in some locations , the fish could be returning as mysteriously as they disappeared .
yet there are also indications that the fish ' s stocks could be on the rebound .
last year ' s columbia river run may have been the largest in a quarter century : as many as 330 million fish may have returned to the river .
that same season was a hard one on the nass river . but the nis g a ' a fishermen didn ' t want to imagine that their own run might have taken a turn for the worse .


caixa eletronica ( february 23 , 2005 – january 4 , 2014 ) , was an american thoroughbred racehorse and winner of three graded stakes in 2012 , at the age of seven .

his sire , arromanches , was not a stakes-winner and stood for just us$ 1000 in indiana , but was also exceptionally durable , racing 78 times in eight seasons .

he assembled a nine-race winning streak as an eight-year-old .

caixa eletronica performance as a racehorse improved with age , winning his first graded races in 2012 .

he won the richest race of his career , the 9 furlong , us$ 1,000,000 charles town classic in april of that year , defeating the previous year 's winner , duke of mischief .

on may 28 , he finished fourth behind shackleford in the one-mile metropolitan handicap .

he ran back just 12 days later to score a late-charging victory in the true north handicap , making up more than 14 lengths to win by three-quarters of a length in the six-furlong contest .

caixa eletronica next tried nine furlongs in the whitney invitational at saratoga on august 4 , but faded to eighth .

in the september 1st forego stakes at 7 furlongs , he finished fourth .

returning to six furlongs at belmont on september 29 , he closed to finish second to the lumber guy in the vosburgh stakes .

after a 7th-place finish in the bold ruler handicap on october 27 , he carried 133 pounds to a commanding four-length victory in the fall highweight handicap .

he raced in second place behind this one 's for phil for much of the six-furlong contest before drawing off under a hand ride .

the win brought his 2012 earnings to us$ 1,116,000 in 12 races .

january 4 , 2014 caixa eletronica was in a training accident at belmont park .

six drivers , a 4 year old , got loose and collided with 9 year old caixa eletronica head on .

both horses died instantly six drivers fractured his neck while caixa eletronica fractured his skull .

caixa eletronica

both horses died instantly , with caixa eletronica suffering a fractured skull and six drivers a fractured neck .
one day , arias found caixa eletronica in his stall with his left front hoof stuck to the wall .
arias , naturally , was saddened when he heard what had happened to caixa eletronica , but wasn ' t surprised .
caixa eletronica , seen in this 2011 file photo , was killed instantly after collision with another horse . ( ap )
it ' s a terrible day for racing ,
said mike repole , who owned caixa eletronica .
for any horse , it ' s horrible . when you hear it ' s caixa eletronica , it ' s magnified .
caixa eletronica , whose name means atm machine in portuguese , never made it to the triple crown while nursing numerous injuries .
caixa eletronica , seen in this file photo , is killed instantly in a brutal training accident on jan . 4 . ( ap )
both horses were killed instantly , according to the nyra , with caixa eletronica suffering a skull fracture and six drivers fracturing his neck .
the collision occurred at approximately 8 a . m . as caixa eletronica was galloping on the training track . the 9 - year - old
carlos castro , the exercise rider aboard caixa eletronica , suffered a broken pelvis and under went surgery on the orbital bone around his eye .
two starts before that , caixa eletronica had beaten mission impazible , a pletcher runner who had won the 2010 louisiana derby the year before .
caixa eletronica was foaled on feb . 23 , 2005 , in lexington , ky . , one of 35 , 046 foals produced in north america that year .
in his first start for pletcher and repole , caixa eletronica returned immediate dividends , winning the grade iii westchester handicap at belmont park on april 30 , 2011 .
after six drivers wheeled behind the starting gate and threw exercise rider julio pezua , he bolted in the opposite direction toward caixa eletronica , galloping under carlos castro on the training track near the 5 1 / 2 - furlong pole . six drivers crashed into caixa eletronica around 8 a . m . , and both died instantly , according to dr . anthony verderosa , chief examining veterinarian for the new york racing association . six drivers suffered a fractured neck , caixa eletronica a fractured skull .
caixa eletronica , ridden by javier castellano , captures the fall highweight stakes horse race at aqueduct in new york on nov . 22 , 2012 in an image provided by the new york racing association . four - time graded stakes winner caixa eletronica and another horse died saturday after a training accident at belmont park . photo credit : ap
caixa eletronica hit his best stride after he was claimed by trainer todd pletcher for $ 62 , 500 on behalf of owner mike repole in 2011 . with repole and pletcher , caixa eletronica won seven stakes , including the 2011 grade 3 westchester , 2012 grade 2 charles town classic , 2012 grade 2 true north handicap , and 2012 grade 3 fall highweight handicap .
caixa eletronica , a fan favorite on the new york racing association circuit , was killed instantly saturday morning after being involved in a collision with another horse over the training track at belmont park .
this entry was posted in racing and tagged caixa eletronica , charles town classic , duke of mischief , javier castellano , mike repole , todd pletcher by paulick report staff . bookmark the permalink .
caixa eletronica , a popular four - time graded stakes winner , died as the result of injuries he suffered in a training accident at approximately 8 a . m . on saturday at belmont park .
“it ' s a terrible day for racing , ” said repole . “for any horse , it ' s horrible . when you hear it ' s caixa eletronica , it ' s magnified . ”
caixa eletronica’s final act was giving up himself in collision with loose horse and saving exercise rider carlos castro’s ( aboard ) life at belmont after giving so much to his connections and fans over the years .
caixa eletronica had 23 wins in 69 starts , earning more than $ 1 . 86 million . for repole - -
caixa eletronico
is portuguese for
cash machine
- - he was 11 - for - 29 , including seven stakes victories , and earned $ 1 , 601 , 800 .
it ' s a terrible day for racing ,
said repole .
for any horse , it ' s horrible . when you hear it ' s caixa eletronica , it ' s magnified .
according to repole , who talked with castro after the accident , caixa eletronica saved the jockey ' s life . castro told repole that , rather than trying to turn away at the last second , caixa put his head down to protect castro and avoid having the loose horse directly hit the exercise rider broadside .
caixa eletronica ' s exercise rider , carlos castro , was taken to north shore university hospital in manhasset , n . y . for evaluation . six drivers ' rider , julio pezua , suffered no apparent injuries .
he was a warrior on the track and he died a warrior ,
repole said of caixa eletronica , whom he had cremated and whose ashes he will bury at pletcher ' s barn at belmont park .
caixa eletronica hit his best stride after he was claimed by trainer todd pletcher for $ 62 , 500 on behalf of owner mike repole in 2011 . with repole and pletcher , caixa eletronica won seven stakes , including the 2011 westchester stakes ( gr . iii ) , and the 2012 charles town classic stakes ( gr . ii ) , true north handicap ( gr . ii ) , and fall highweight handicap ( gr . iii ) .
overall , caixa eletronica was 23 - 9 - 11 in 69 starts , with more than $ 1 . 8 million in earnings . in his final start , he finished fourth in the 2013 fall highweight nov . 28 at
caixa eletronica was killed not in a race but during an exercise run , smashing head - on into another horse , six drivers , who had gotten loose after dumping his exercise rider and running off in the wrong direction .
owner - breeder richard rowan , who left the country in 2010 , had approximately 30 mares on a farm in lexington and was looking for a durable , sound sire , according to juan arias , caixa eletronica ' s first trainer .
caixa eletronica ' s exercise rider , carlos castro , was taken to north shore university hospital suffering from a broken pelvis and will need reconstructive surgery to his face . six drivers ' rider , julio pezua , suffered no apparent injuries .
caixa eletronica made his next 20 starts for suarez and fellow trainers robert hackworth , william phipps and dubis chaparro before pletcher claimed the - then 6 - year - old for $ 62 , 500 on march 9 , 2011 , for repole .
overall , caixa eletronica ' s record was 23 - 9 - 11 , with more than $ 1 . 8 million in earnings . in his final start , he finished fourth in the 2013 fall highweight handicap at aqueduct on nov . 28 .
this entry was posted in racing and tagged belmont park , caixa eletronica , horse injuries , horse racing , new york racing , repole stable , riding accidents , six drivers , thoroughbred racing , todd pletcher by press release . bookmark the permalink .
caixa eletronica would go on to win 10 more times for pletcher and repole from 29 starts , becoming a fan favorite along the way in new york . he captured two grade ii ' s in 2012 , taking the charles town classic and the true north handicap .
overall , caixa eletronica was 23 - 9 - 11 in 69 starts , with more than $ 1 . 8 million in earnings . in his final start , the chestnut son of arromanches was fourth in the 2013 grade 3 fall highweight on november 28 at aqueduct racetrack .
it ' s a terrible day for racing ,
repole said .
for any horse , it ' s horrible . when you hear it ' s caixa eletronica , it ' s magnified . he was such an iron horse . for him to pass away like this makes no sense .
caixa eletronica , coming off a sixth - place effort going seven furlongs in the feb . 20 general george handicap at laurel park , paid $ 18 . 80 to win . this was only the second time in his career he ' s raced at the nine - furlong distance of the charles town classic .
caixa eletronica ( usa ) ch . h , 2005 { 13 - c } dp = 4 - 3 - 5 - 0 - 0 ( 12 ) di = 3 . 80 cd = 0 . 92 - 68 starts , 23 wins , 9 places , 11 shows career earnings : $ 1 , 848 , 505
like i ' ve said time and time again , to me ( caixa eletronica ) was everything that was good about the game ,
pletcher said .
you take a horse from a modest beginning and literally get to the pinnacle of racing . he showed up every time . it ' s just heartbreaking .
collided with six drivers , who was running loose after unseating his rider behind the starting gate . caixa eletronica suffered a skull fracture in the incident , and six drivers suffered a neck fracture . both horses died immediately as a result of their injuries , according to dr . anthony verderosa , chief examining veterinarian for new york racing association .
trainer todd pletcher claimed caixa eletronica for $ 62 , 500 in march of 2011 at gulfstream park on behalf of repole , and together they watched the horse win seven stakes , including the 2011 grade iii westchester , the 2012 grade ii charles town classic , the 2012 grade ii true north handicap and the 2012 grade iii fall highweight handicap .
caixa eletronica came flying down the middle of the stretch saturday afternoon to collar justin phillip in the final yards and win the 34th running of the grade 2 , $ 400 , 000 true north handicap at belmont park . last of eight as pacific ocean led through a sizzling opening quarter - mile in 21 . 80 seconds , caixa eletronica was still almost 12 lengths behind justin phillip when he took command at the top of the stretch . asked for run by jockey javier castellano in midstretch , the 7 - year - old son of arromanches responded with a powerful late kick that carried him under the wire in 1 : 09 . 52 for the six furlongs , three - quarters of a length ahead of justin phillip .
in horse racing , the rare highs are sublime and the frequent lows are brutal , and this random disaster is as bad as it gets . repole , a nassau county resident , owned 2010 2 - year - old champion uncle mo and 2011 travers winner stay thirsty , but said he was just as fond of caixa eletronica , a chestnut horse he claimed for $ 62 , 500 in march 2011 .
caixa eletronica was brutally killed in a training accident at belmont park on jan . 4 , ending a brilliant career in which the 9 - year - old chestnut - colored horse with a white blaze running down his head had become not only a barn favorite but a crowd favorite , too . he finished in the money in 43 of 69 starts and won 23 times , with earnings of $ 1 , 863 , 505 .
caixa eletronica had already proven to be a very good claim for owner mike repole , who paid $ 62 , 500 to halter the son out of arromanches from a winning race at gulfstream park in march 2011 . in the ensuing 13 months for repole and trainer todd pletcher , he ' s won four races , including two stakes , and finished third in a pair of grade 1 events , the metropolitan handicap and vosburgh . but repole ' s big payoff came saturday night in the grade 2 charles town classic stakes in west virginia when jockey javier castellano guided caixa eletronica to a convincing victory over 2011 ct classic winner duke of mischief to claim the winner ' s share of the $ 1 - million purse . mister mardi gras finished third and tackleberry fourth in the field of 10 older horses , all of which came into the nine - furlong race with at least one graded stakes victory to their credit .
the 9 - year - old was galloping on the training track when he collided with another horse , six drivers , who was running loose after having unseated his rider behind the starting gate . caixa eletronica suffered a skull fracture in the incident , with six drivers suffering a neck fracture . both horses died immediately as a result of their injuries , according to dr . anthony verderosa , chief examining veterinarian for the new york racing association , inc . ( nyra ) .
six drivers , a 4 - year - old new york - bred racehorse , was 0 - for - 4 lifetime . caixa eletronica was a star , a 9 - year - old multiple - stakes winner for high - profile owner mike repole and champion trainer todd pletcher . these two thoroughbreds never would have met in a race , but on a frigid morning saturday at belmont park , their fates intertwined for a few violent moments , and neither survived a head - on collision .
pants on fire , the 2011 louisiana derby winner , set the early pace under rosie napravnik under pressure from skipshot , with tres borrachos and favorite tackleberry along the rail in close pursuit and caixa eleronica just to his outside , with castellano having a handful of horse . fractions were : 23 . 81 , : 48 . 00 , 1 : 12 . 65 for the opening six furlongs . duke of mischief and joe bravo made a bold move approaching the far turn for the second time , and appeared to be en route to his second straight win in the race . but caixa eletronica powered his way to the front in the final eighth and won by about four lengths , the nine furlongs on a fast track in 1 : 50 . 28 after a one - mile split in 1 : 37 . 34 .
i ' m devastated ,
repole wrote in an email to newsday .
caixa was a true warrior . his true north win , when he came from last , 20 lengths out , was something no horse today could do . . . . truly an amazing horse and a fan favorite .
pletcher , in florida , called repole after hearing from hughes .
it was a terrible shock , one of the worst things that could happen in racing ,
pletcher said .
it ' s just a freak accident , nobody ' s fault . what makes it worse is caixa went from humble beginnings to the pinnacle of american racing .
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by ed mcnamara ed . mcnamara @ urltoken updated january 5 , 2014 1 : 06 am
byron hughes , pletcher ' s new york assistant , said castro ' s wife told him that her husband suffered a fractured pelvis and needed reconstructive facial surgery . pezua was unhurt , according to manny gonzalez , assistant to six drivers ' trainer , chris englehart .
neither hughes nor gonzalez saw the accident , which clocker stephen foster said occurred about 30 seconds after six drivers ran off .
all of a sudden , this loose horse stopped , went down and boom ,
said foster , who said he couldn ' t see the collision .
he stopped very abruptly and must ' ve hit something .
evan gewirtz , of west hills , claimed six drivers for $ 16 , 000 out of a dec . 27 race at aqueduct , and the bay gelding was scheduled to debut for island wind racing at aqueduct sunday . gonzalez said they wanted to school the relatively inexperienced horse in the gate .
julio [ pezua ] said when the horse saw the gate , he spooked and took off ,
gonzalez said .
gewirtz said he ' s owned thoroughbreds for 12 years .
i estimate we ' ve had close to 1 , 000 starts ,
he said ,
and this was the first horse we lost . it ' s an awful feeling , and i feel terrible for mike repole and todd pletcher .
englehart also expressed condolences to repole and pletcher .
it made it 10 times worse when i found out who the other horse was ,
englehart said .
[ in 39 years ] i never lost a horse like that before .
gewirtz said he hoped the accident wouldn ' t provoke protests from animal - rights groups .
it was an unfortunate thing that just happened ,
he said .
there was nothing you could do about it .
, a popular four - time graded stakes winner , died as the result of injuries he suffered in a training accident jan . 4 that also claimed the life of loose horse
. in 2013 , he won the four of nine starts including the duck dance stakes at belmont .
he was such an iron horse ,
said repole .
for him to pass away like this makes no sense . i told todd , ' if this horse ever gets a pimple on his rear , i ' ll retire him . ' todd said , ' i wish my 2 - year - olds and 3 - year - olds were super sound like this horse . '
six drivers had not won in four career starts . the 4 - year - old
gelding closed out his 3 - year - old season with a runner - up finish in a dec . 27 maiden claiming race at aqueduct . six drivers ' last owner on record was jeffrey tucker , but the horse was claimed in his final start by chris englehart for island wind racing .
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these new york - breds are fun to watch ! the ba . . .
it is just before five o ' clock on a sunday m . . .
winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .
t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .
3rd kelly ' s landing s . ( cd , 7f ) , don bernhardt s . ( elp , 6 . 5f )
3rd metropolitan h . ( g1 , bel , 8f ) , vosburgh inv . s . ( g1 , bel , 6f ) , gulfstream park sprint chp . s . ( g2 , gp , 7f ) , bold ruler s . ( g3 , aqu , 7f )
won charles town classic s . ( g2 , ct , 9f ) , true north h . ( g2 , bel , 6f ) , fall highweight h . ( g3 , aqu , 6f ) , rise jim s . ( aqu , 6f )
won uncle mo s . ( aqu , 6f ) , duck dance s . ( bel , 7f )
died january 4 , 2014 of injuries sustained in a head - on collision with another horse , six drivers , while training at belmont . ( close )
on a saturday morning in early january , as todd pletcher was overseeing his florida division at the palm meadows training center in boynton beach , fla . , his phone rang with the kind of news no trainer wants to hear .
especially when it involves the most amazing , unexpectedly successful horse you ' ve ever worked with .
the whole barn was devastated , absolutely gutted ,
said the 46 - year - old pletcher .
we ' ve all had bad things happen with horses getting hurt or sick but that was the worst call i ' ve ever gotten , and it was worse calling ( owner ) mike ( repole ) . it didn ' t have to end that way for him .
there was a horse racing in new york for a while , arromanches , and rowan wanted to claim him ,
said arias , who started his training career in 2003 after a 10 - year riding stint .
when he went to claim arromanches , he was told he was a gelding .
one day in 2004 , rowan noticed that arromanches was standing as a sire in indiana and decided to send his mare edyta up to arromanches , who raced 78 times in his career , winning 31 times , mainly in new york between 1995 - 2002 .
arromanches , who had a tender throat that required his food to be mashed up and died at 20 in 2013 , had a 10 - race win streak from 2001 through the 2002 season when he was 8 and 9 , running mainly in the claiming ranks .
edyta , meanwhile , died tragically when she was struck by lightning while in foal in 2010 .
as a baby , he looked like a warrior ,
said arias .
he was big , so tough , but he had his issues .
he went through feet issues , quarter cracks , when he was 2 , 3 and 4 ,
arias said .
he fractured his shin , he had problems with ankles and hocks . he was very delicate when he was younger . right after you fixed something , something else would pop up .
he must have reared up and somehow caught his shoe and stretched his left front tendon ,
said arias .
the tendon was never an issue but everyone was scared of it . that ' s why no one would buy him .
because of his injuries , rowan decided to run the horse in claiming company , despite the talent arias saw in him .
finally , in his 20th start , he was claimed away from rowan and arias for $ 20 , 000 , when trainer sergio suarez picked him up on may 9 , 2009 .
we thought a lot of mission impazible and when he beat him it got my attention ,
pletcher said .
mike and i talked about it and mike was game going for the $ 62 , 500 .
it ' s not very often when you claim a horse at any price you win a graded stakes race with him ,
pletcher said .
it all went so well . we were out and everything else was gravy .
i used to kid with mike that he ' s so professional and knows the game so well he probably could saddle himself ,
pletcher said of the horse .
to me there ' s so much talk about some of the bad things in racing but to me he was everything that was good about horse racing . he showed up every time , going long or short and carrying weight . he brought it every time . the cool thing is he ' s from a no - name sire and competed in some events with the best - bred horses .
that ' s the only way he would stop running ,
he said .
he really was an atm machine .
on a day when the racing world was looking ahead to the kentucky derby , a tragic accident took the life of two horses , including one of the sport ' s most popular runners .
the 9 - year - old , who won 23 times from 69 starts , was galloping on the training track when he collided with six drivers , who was running loose after having unseated his rider behind the starting gate around 8 a . m .
he ' s a barn favorite ,
pletcher said .
to me he was everything that was good about the game . you take a horse from a modest beginning and literally get to the pinnacle of racing . he showed up every time . it ' s just heartbreaking .
saturday afternoon , eight miles away at aqueduct , favored noble moon captured the $ 200 , 000 jerome stakes by two lengths over classic giacnroll , earning 10 points in the kentucky derby standings . the top 20 point earners will land a spot in the may 3 derby at churchill downs .
racing in second behind pacesetter pin and win , noble moon took over on the back side and was all out under jockey irad ortiz jr . to hold off classic giacnroll , returning $ 3 . 60 to win after completing the mile and 70 yards in 1 : 45 . 08 .
pletcher , who was at gulfstream park on saturday , commented on the loss . “he ' s a barn favorite . like i ' ve said time and time again , to me he was everything that was good about the game , ” pletcher said . “you take a horse from a modest beginning and literally get to the pinnacle of racing . he showed up every time . it ' s just heartbreaking . ”
“he was such an iron horse , ” said repole . “for him to pass away like this makes no sense . i told todd , ‘if this horse ever gets a pimple on his rear , i ' ll retire him . ' todd said , ‘i wish my 2 - year - olds and 3 - year - olds were super sound like this horse . ' ”
new to the paulick report ? click here to sign up for our daily email newsletter to keep up on this and other stories happening in the thoroughbred industry . copyright © 2018 paulick report .
publisher ray paulick ( 859 312 . 2102 ) director of advertising emily alberti ( 859 913 . 9633 ) editor - in - chief scott jagow features editor natalie voss bloodstock editor joe nevills racing news editor chelsea hackbarth contributing writers sarah e . coleman frank mitchell tom pedulla jen roytz denise steffanus photography equisport photos ( matt and wendy wooley ) eric kalet business manager carol paulick
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ribo bobo got to the finish line first yet again sunday , winning his 12th race from his last 13 starts , as well as his third straight stakes victory of the champion’s meet at gulfstream park . the finish line , though , seemed a bit farther away than usual for the 1 - 2 favorite’s connections during the stretch run [ … ]
the win was the 17th in 52 lifetime starts for the kentucky - bred 7 - year - old who began his career for breeder richard rowan and trainer juan arias at calder in the summer of 2007 . he raced mostly in claiming and optional claiming events , though did elevate to stakes company in 2010 and early 2011 , finishing third to tackleberry in the 2011 g2 gulfstream park sprint championship . repole claimed him out of his next start , and he ' s won back the claiming tag by a factor of 10 .
“caxia is the type of race horse that made me fall in love with this game as a kid , ” repole said in a statement through his publicist . “six furlongs , a mile and one - eighth , 131 pounds in saratoga , 10 days between races , fast track , mud , you name it . he is a true race horse ! he might not be the best horse i have ever owned but he is the most fun horse i will ever own . how can you not love this horse ? ”


lepteucosma srinagara is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found the state of jammu and kashmir in india .

the wingspan is about 20 millimetres ( 0.79 in ) .

the ground colour of the forewings is white , preserved submedially and in the terminal area from beneath the apex to the tornus .

the anterior part of the wings is strongly suffused with brown .

the hindwings are brownish grey .

lepteucosma srinagara

srinagara razowski , 2006 ( lepteucosma ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 127 . tl : india , jammu and kashmir (
indien j & k , srinagar
) . holotype : isez . male .
have a fact about lepteucosma fuscicaput ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for lepteucosma fuscicaput ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
tortricidae collected in kashmir and ladakh are listed . two genera ( epelebodina gen . n . , eppihus gen . n . ) and 16 species ( archips cantinus sp . n . , a . naltarica sp . n . , choristoneura colyma sp . n . , lumaria lotsunica sp . n . , meridemis subbathymorpha sp . n . , pandemis thomasi sp . n . , neocalyptis ladakhana sp . n . , n . chlansignum sp . n . , epelebodina concolorata sp . n . , eppihus hippeus sp . n . , lepteucosma srinagara sp . n . , l . charassuncus sp . n . , pelochrista frustata sp . n . , p . teleopa sp . n . , epiblema lasiovalva sp . n . , e . lochmoda sp . n . ) are described as new . eucosma aethopa diakonoff , 1984 is tranferred to lepteucosma .
punjabica kuznetzov , 1988 ( lepteucosma ) , trud . zool . inst . leningrad 176 : 86 . tl : india , dharmsala , punjab . holotype : zmas . male .
kamasawae nasu , 2012 ( lepteucosma ) , tinea 22 : 20 . tl : japan , honshu , nagona prefecture , oshika - mura , kamasawa . holotype : opu . male .
torreyae wu , 2005 ( lepteucosma ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 80 tl : china , zhejiang province , zhuji county , zhaojiazhen . holotype : izas . male .
oxychrysa diakonoff , 1971 ( lepteucosma ) , verff . zool . staatsamml . mnchen 15 : 181 . tl : india , nw karakorum , gilgit , banidas . holotype : zsm . male .
byuni pooni & rose , 2004 ( lepteucosma ) , j . lepid . soc . 58 : 119 . tl : india , himachal pradesh , kangra district , kangra . holotype : pup . male .
ferruginoptera pooni & rose , 2004 ( lepteucosma ) , j . lepid . soc . 58 : 118 . tl : india , himachal pradesh , kangra district , kangra . holotype : pup . male .
torreyae wu & chen , 2006 ( lepteucosma ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 80 . tl : china , zhejiang province , khuji co . , zhaojiazhen . holotype : izas . male .
alferdi pooni & rose , 2004 ( lepteucosma ) , j . lepid . soc . 58 : 119 . tl : india , himachal pradesh , sirmour district , renuka lake . holotype : pup . male .
hirokoyamamotoae nasu , 2012 ( lepteucosma ) , tinea 22 : 21 . tl : japan , kyushu , kagoshima prefecture , amami - oshima is . , amami - shi , sumiyo . holotype : opu . male .
charassuncus razowski , 2006 ( lepteucosma ) , acta zool . cracov . 49b : 128 . tl : india , jammu and kashmir ( indien j & k , kaschmir , srinagar
) . holotype : isez . male .
oxychrysoides kuznetzov , 1997 ( lepteucosma ) , ent . obozr . 76 : 805 . tl : vietnam , south vietnam ( gialai - kontum province , tramlap , 20 km n buenluoi ) . holotype : zmas . male .
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aethopa diakonoff , 1984 ( epinotia ) , ent . basil 9 : 392 . tl : indonesia , west sumba , pogobina . holotype : nhmb . male .
blanda kawabe , 1989 ( epinotia ) , microlepid . thailand 2 : 56 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , doi pakia . holotype : opu . male .
ceriodes meyrick , 1909 ( eucosma ) , j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 19 : 607 . tl : india , assam , khasi hills . lectotype : bmnh . male .
fuscicaput diakonoff , 1948 ( eucosma ) , bull . mus . natn . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 20 ( 4 ) : 346 . tl : vietnam , vietnam ( tonkin , cha - pa ) . syntypes ( 3 ) : mnhn . 2 males , 1 female .
huebneriana kocak , 1980 ( epinotia ) , comm . fac . sci . univ . ankara 24 ( c ) 1 : 11 . no type
ustulana hubner , [ 1811 - 1813 ] ( tortrix ) , samml . eur . schmett . 7 : pl . 36fig . 231 . syntype ( s ) : unknown . unknown .
leucotoma diakonoff , 1964 ( eucosma ) , verff . zool . staatsamml . mnchen 8 : 47 . tl : nepal , mustangbhot , kehami . holotype : zsm . female .
lutescens razowski , 1967 ( gypsonoma ) , beitr . naturk . forsch . sdwdtl . 26 : 97 . tl : afghanistan , paghman mountains . holotype : lnk . female .
shikokuensis kawabe , 1984 ( epinotia ) , tinea 11 : 187 . tl : japan , honshu , shikoku , kagawa prefecture , oku - shio - iri . holotype : usnm . male .
siamensis kawabe , 1989 ( epinotia ) , microlepid . thailand 2 : 56 . tl : thailand , chiang mai , doi pakia . holotype : opu . male .
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acta zoologica cracoviensia for several years was published as two series : a–vertebrata , and b–invertebrata . from 2012 on it is continued under its former title– without separate series . the journal includes original contributions on systematics , phylogeny , biogeography , ecology and paleontology of terrestrial and fresh - water animals worldwide . all papers are subject to peer reviews . click here to see current issues of this journal .
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tigrioides schraderi is a moth in the family erebidae .

it was described by gaede in 1925 .

it is found in new guinea , where it is found in papua new guinea and the pass valley in the jayawijaya mountains in papua .

tigrioides schraderi

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arctiiden - studien ( lep . ) . neue und wenig bekannte arctiiden des zoologischen museums berlin .
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heterocera papua and west - papua ( indonesian new guinea ) w . a . s . world archives of sciences auto - completed monograph | christophe avon - urltoken
heterocera papua and west - papua ( indonesian new guinea ) w . a . s . world archives of sciences auto - completed monograph
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the japanese roughshark ( oxynotus japonicus ) is a rare species of shark in the family oxynotidae , known only from a handful of specimens recovered from suruga bay and the enshunada sea off japan .

it is a benthic species that occurs at a depth of 150 – 350 m ( 490 – 1,150 ft ) .

this shark is caught ( and discarded ) as bycatch by bottom trawlers throughout its entire limited range , and may be threatened given the declines in other bottom deep sea species in suruga bay .

this species grows to 64.5 cm ( 25.4 in ) long .

it is similar to other rough sharks in having a stout , high trunk , a dorsally depressed head , and two sail-like dorsal fins with deeply embedded spines .

the snout is short , with large nostrils whose lateral and medial apertures are separated by a thick nasal flap .

the eyes and spiracles are oval in shape .

the five pairs of gill slits are very small and vertical .

the mouth is small , with thick , fleshy lips ; the teeth in the upper jaw are narrow , erect , and smooth-edged , while those in the lower jaw are broad , blade-like , and smooth-edged .

only one row of teeth in the lower jaw are functional .

the large dorsal fins are subtriangular in shape , with the first dorsal spine sloping slightly backward .

the pectoral fins have a convex front margin and a concave rear margin .

the anal fin is absent .

there is a strong ridge running between the pectoral and pelvic fins on each side of the body .

the dermal denticles are large and widely spaced , giving the skin a very rough texture .

this species differs from the similar sailfin roughshark in the positioning of the dorsal fins and the shape of the spiracle .

the color is a uniform dark brown , with the lips , nasal flap margins , fin axils and inner margins of claspers white .

reproduction is ovoviviparous , as in other dogfish sharks .

size at maturity is 59 cm ( 23 in ) long for females and 54 cm ( 21 in ) long for males .

japanese roughshark

new record of the japanese roughshark , oxynotus japonicus yano et murofushi , 1985 ( elasmobranchii : squaliformes : oxynotidae ) in taiwan .
brit finucci on twitter :
rare # shark day ! japanese roughshark ( o . japonicus ) # sharkscience more photos here : urltoken urltoken
ebscohost | 121016878 | new record of the japanese roughshark , oxynotus japonicus yano et murofushi , 1985 ( elasmobranchii : squaliformes : oxynotidae ) in taiwan .
kento furui added the japanese common name
オロシザメ
to
oxynotus japonicus yano & murofushi , 1985
.
ho h . - c . , nakaya k . 2016 . new record of the japanese roughshark , oxynotus japonicus yano et murofushi , 1985 ( elasmobranchii : squaliformes : oxynotidae ) in taiwan . acta ichthyol . piscat . 46 ( 4 ) : 357–360 .
abstract . a specimen of the rare japanese prickly dogfish , known also as the japanese roughshark , oxynotus japonicus yano et murofushi , 1985 , was recently collected from the north - eastern taiwan at the daxi fish market . it represents the first record of the family , the genus , and the species in taiwan . moreover , previous records were based on only 8 known specimens and the taiwanese specimen represents the 9th specimen in the world . a detail description of the specimen is provided to document the species .
abstract : a specimen of the rare japanese prickly dogfish , known also as the japanese roughshark , oxynotus japonicus yano et murofushi , 1985 , was recently collected from the north - eastern taiwan at the daxi fish market . it represents the first record of the family , the genus , and the species in taiwan . moreover , previous records were based on only 8 known specimens and the taiwanese specimen represents the 9th specimen in the world . a detail description of the specimen is provided to document the species .
the shark family oxynotidae , belongs to the order squaliformes , is a group of medium sized fishes that inhabit in the continental and insular shelves and slopes in eastern atlantic ( including mediterranean ) , western atlantic , and western pacific . the family is uniquely characterized by the high and compressed body , triangular in cross - section with lateral ridges on abdomen , rough skin with large , prickly and close - set denticles , two high sail - like , spined dorsal fins , and blunt snout ( ebert et al . 2013 ) . it comprises one single genus ( i . e . , oxynotus ) and five species in the world , and two of them are known from the pacific ocean : oxynotus brunniensis ( ogilby , 1893 ) from south australia and new zealand and japanese prickly dogfish , known also as the japanese roughshark , oxynotus japonicus yano et murofushi , 1985 , from japan ( yano and matsuura 2002 ) .
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justification : a rare deepsea shark , known from only seven specimens , with a limited distribution area in japan where it has been recorded in 150 to 350 m . reaches a maximum size of at least 64 . 5 cm total length ( tl ) , but very little information on biology . bycatch of bottom trawl fisheries in suruga bay and enshu - nada sea . at this time the species cannot be assessed beyond data deficient . however , given that its entire known geographic and depth range is affected by trawl fisheries , and other deepsea species have exhibited declines in suruga bay , the species may be threatened and a revised assessment is necessary when more information is available and / or if fisheries expand in the future and catches of this species increase .
all specimens were collected in a depth range of 150 to 350 m by bottom trawl nets . reaches at least 64 . 5 cm tl ( female ) . size at maturity 59 cm tl ( females ) and 54 cm tl ( males ) . no other information on biology .
bycatch of bottom trawl fisheries in suruga bay and enshu - nada sea . bycatch always discarded .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
holotype trawled from a depth between 225 and 270 m ( ref . 31258 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 205 ) .
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yano et murofushi , 1985 , was recently collected from the north - eastern taiwan at the daxi fish market . it represents the first record of the family , the genus , and the species in taiwan . moreover , previous records were based on only 8 known specimens and the taiwanese specimen represents the 9th specimen in the world . a detail description of the specimen is provided to document the species .
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acta ichthyologica et piscatoria ; szczecin vol . 46 , iss . 4 , ( 2016 ) : 357 - 360 .
oxynotus japonicus was initially described from one male specimen collected from suruga bay , japan ( yano and murofushi 1985 ) . subsequently , 6 additional females were collected from suruga bay and enshu - nada sea , japan and a redescription was provided by yano et al . ( 2002 ) . yano ( 2004 ) provided the assessment and classified it as data deficient of the iucn category . not until tanaka ( 2008 ) , one additional female was collected from ie island , okinawa prefecture . thus far , there are only 8 known specimens in . . .
source : acta ichthyologica et piscatoria . 2016 , vol . 46 issue 4 , p357 - 360 . 4p .
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the double kidney ( ipimorpha retusa ) is a moth of the noctuidae family .

it is found in most of europe .

in the east , the range extends through turkey , siberia , mongolia and china to korea and japan .

the habitat consists of damp marshy places .

the wingspan is 28 – 32 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings ranges from reddish brown to dark brown .

the hindwings are greyish brown .

adults are on wing from july to september .

the larvae feed on salix and populus species , spinning together the shoots .

they can be found from may to june .

the species overwinters as an egg .

ipimorpha retusa

habitat : ipimorpha retusa colonizes willow - rich forests , wetlands , floodplains , lakeshores and other softwood - rich habitats .
ipimorpha retusa ; [ poole ] ; [ ne9 ] : 151 , pl . 6 , f . 61 - 66 , ( gen . ) f . 84 , 227
life cycle : ipimorpha retusa flies in a single generation from late june to august . the caterpillars live from late april to mid - june in housings of spun shoot tips . the egg overwinter .
ipimorpha contusa ; [ poole ] ; [ ne9 ] : 153 , pl . 6 , f . 73 - 78 , ( gen . ) f . 86 , 229
ipimorpha subtusa ; [ poole ] ; [ ne9 ] : 152 , pl . 6 , f . 67 - 72 , ( gen . ) f . 85 , 228
id : ground colour usually dark olive , but ranges from brownish - fuscous to reddish - brown ; oval mark elongate resembling a kidney mark , forewing termen emarginate , apex strongly falcate . the antemedian and postmedian lines are fairly straight and parallel . i . subtusa ( olive ) averages larger ( fw 14 - 16mm ) , has a paler olive ground colour , a fairly straight termen and a minimally falcate apex . the postmedian line is slightly convex towards the termen and is closer to the antemedian line at the dorsum than at the costa ; it also shows a distinct claviform stigma ( lacking in i . retusa ) .
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) , which however has divergent cross - lines , which are roughly parallel in the present species .
it is on the wing from july to september , and can be attracted to both light and sugar .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
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procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 09 03 : 58 : 51 page render time : 0 . 2630s total w / procache : 0 . 3194s
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host plants : the larvae feed on salix species , especially salix caprea , salix cinerea and narrow - leaved species such as salix purpurea or salix alba . it is rarely also reported from populus .
finland , baltia , poland , hungary , ukraine , siberia , amur . see [ maps ]
cosmia contusa freyer , 1849 ; 85 , pl . 534 , f . 2
500x310 ( ~ 25kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , f 3 - 9 . 8 . 1985 , markku savela leg .
eu , siberia , turkey , kaazakhstan , mongolia , china , korea , japan . see [ maps ]
629x641 ( ~ 101kb ) russia , moscow area , 20 . 7 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°23 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
500x526 ( ~ 37kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 7 - 13 . 8 . 1972 , f 24 . 8 . 1974 , markku savela leg .
eu , turkey , siberia , mongolia , china , korea , japan . see [ maps ]
504x509 ( ~ 68kb ) germany , baden - württemberg , ötisheim , siedlungsbereich ( 8°49 ' e , 48°57 ' n , 240m ) , 22 . 07 . 2002 , photo © karl hofsäß
609x673 ( ~ 107kb ) russia , moscow area , 12 . 8 . 2008 , photo © d . smirnov
500x521 ( ~ 38kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 5 - 11 . 8 . 1995 , f 30 - 5 . 8 . 1983 , markku savela leg .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :
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fw : 13 - 15mm ( waring & townsend ) , ws : 26 - 32mm ( mbgbi10 ) ; jul - sep ; sallows / willows ( salix spp ) , black poplar ( populus nigra ) ; local in damp woodland , fens and marshes in england and wales . formerly placed in amphipyrinae .
§1 strumpshaw fen , norfolk ; 23 / 07 / 2008 ; fw 13 . 7mm §2 strumpshaw fen , norfolk ; 24 / 07 / 2009 ; male ; fw 13 . 3mm §3 strumpshaw fen , norfolk ; 26 / 07 / 2012 ; male §4 strumpshaw fen , norfolk ; 25 / 07 / 2014 all images © chris lewis
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european union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .