eudolium bairdii is a species of large sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family tonnidae , the tun shells .

eudolium bairdii ( verrill & e.a.smith , 1881 ) description : shell light in weight , ornamented with about 18 spiral ribs with a smaller rib between each .

size : up to 76 mm in length .

distribution : atlantic , mediterranean and indo-west pacific oceans ; in australia , known only from port stephens to ulladulla , nsw , at depths of 412-1829 metres . rare .

synonym : shells from the indo-west pacific have been called eudolium lineata ( schepman , 1909 ) .

figs. 1,2 : off wollongong , nsw , in 500 m ( c. 301349 )

eudolium bairdii

eudolium bairdii ( a . e . verrill and s . smith , 1881 )
eudolium bairdii 56mm super choice specimen pratas is . , s . w . taiwan
eudolium bairdii 56mm super choice specimen pratas is . , s . w . taiwan | ebay
tonnidae » eudolium bairdii , id : 958011 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
tonnidae » eudolium bairdii , id : 340216 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
tonnidae » eudolium bairdii , id : 860528 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
worms - world register of marine species - eudolium bairdii ( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1881 )
dolium bairdii verrill & s . smith in verrill , 1881 ( original combination )
dolium ( eudolium ) crosseanum var . solidior dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ( synonym )
comparison : e . bairdii is distinguished by the reddish to yellowish - brown colouration on the spiral ribs , in contrast to the irregular mottling of e . pyriforme . some specimens of bairdii also have beading on the ribs , which is absent in pyriforme .
eudolium crosseanum solidior ( var . ) dautzenberg , ph . & h . fischer , 1906
eudolium bairdii ( verrill & e . a . smith , 1881 ) , 67 , 16 mm , spain , tonnidae ( 12717 ) , f + + , collected by a local fishermen , dead , trawled 250 - 350 m , malaga 2014
synonym : shells from the indo - west pacific have been called eudolium lineata ( schepman , 1909 ) .
to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym eudolium kuroharai azuma , 1960 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym eudolium inflatum kuroda & habe , 1952 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym dolium biornatum tate , 1894 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym eudolium lineatum ( schepman , 1909 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym oocorys lineata ( schepman , 1909 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 4 publications ) ( from synonym morio lineata schepman , 1909 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym eudolium lineatum ( schepman , 1909 ) ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to clemam ( from synonym eudolium kuroharai azuma , 1960 ) to clemam ( from synonym dolium bairdii verrill & s . smith in verrill , 1881 ) to clemam ( from synonym eudolium inflatum kuroda & habe , 1952 ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym morio lineatus schepman , 1909 ) to clemam ( from synonym dolium crosseanum var . solidior dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ) to encyclopedia of life to pesi to pesi ( from synonym dolium bairdii verrill & s . smith in verrill , 1881 ) to pesi ( from synonym eudolium kuroharai azuma , 1960 ) to pesi ( from synonym eudolium inflatum kuroda & habe , 1952 ) to pesi ( from synonym dolium crosseanum var . solidior dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ) to pesi ( from synonym morio lineatus schepman , 1909 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym dolium bairdii verrill & s . smith in verrill , 1881 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection to itis
rare everywhere . sometimes erroneously synonymized with eudolium crosseanum ( monterosato , 1869 ) . but the pattern is very different . habitat : muddy sands .
new jersey to colombia , mediterranean , indo - w . pacific . original taxon : dolium bairdii . synonyms : biornatum , kuroharai , lineatum , solidior . above and below : 250 - 350m deep , malaga area , s . spain . 67mm .
marshall , b . a . 1992 : a revision of the recent species of eudolium dall , 1889 ( gastropoda : tonnoidea ) , the nautilus , 106 ( 1 ) ( p . 33 )
marshall , b . a . ( 1992 ) . a revision of the recent species of eudolium dall , 1889 ( gastropoda : tonnoidea ) . the nautilus . 106 ( 1 ) : 24 - 38 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of dolium bairdii verrill & s . smith in verrill , 1881 ) verrill a . e . ( 1881 ) notice of the remarkable marine fauna occupying the outer banks off the southern coast of new england , n° 2 . american journal of science , ( 3 ) 22 : 292 - 303 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 299 [ details ]
( of eudolium inflatum kuroda & habe , 1952 ) kuroda t . & habe t . 1952 . check list and bibliography of the recent marine mollusca of japan . leo w . stach , tokyo . 210 pp page ( s ) : 56 [ details ]
( of dolium ( eudolium ) bituminatum martin , 1933 ) martin , k . 1933 . eine neue tertiäre molluskenfauna aus dem indischen archipel . leidsche geologische mededeelingen 6 ( 1 ) : 7 - 32 , 5 pls . page ( s ) : 29 [ details ]
( of eudolium kuroharai azuma , 1960 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 107 [ details ]
( of eudolium inflatum kuroda & habe , 1952 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 107 [ details ]
( of eudolium lineatum ( schepman , 1909 ) ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 107 [ details ]
( of dolium bairdii verrill & s . smith in verrill , 1881 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of dolium ( eudolium ) bituminatum martin , 1933 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 107 [ details ]
( of eudolium solidior ( dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ) ) turner , r . d . ( 1948 ) . the family tonnidae in the western atlantic . johnsonia , 2 ( 26 ) : 165 - 192 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 180 [ details ]
( of tonna ( eudolium ) solidior ( dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ) ) kilias , r . ( 1962 ) das tierreich , lieferung 77 , gastropoda / prosobranchia : 1 - 63 , walter de gruyter & co . , berlin . page ( s ) : 16 [ details ]
( of dolium ( eudolium ) solidior dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ) bayer c . ( 1937 ) catalogue of the doliidae in the rijksmuseum van natuurlijke historie . zoologiscshe mededelingen , 20 ( 5 ) : 29 - 50 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 30 [ details ]
( of eudolium kuroharai azuma , 1960 ) azuma m . ( 1960 ) a catalogue of the shell - bearing mollusca of okinoshima , kashiwajima and the adjacent area ( tosa province ) shikoku , japan . published by the author , tokyo . ii + 102 + 17 pp . , 5 pls . [ 20 march 1960 ] page ( s ) : 98 [ details ]
( of eudolium kuroharai azuma , 1960 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of eudolium inflatum kuroda & habe , 1952 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of eudolium lineatum ( schepman , 1909 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of dolium ( eudolium ) bituminatum martin , 1933 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of eudolium solidior ( dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of dolium ( eudolium ) solidior dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of tonna ( eudolium ) solidior ( dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of dolium ( eudolium ) crosseanum var . solidior dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of dolium ( eudolium ) crosseanum var . solidior dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , h . ( 1906 ) . mollusques provenant des dragages effectués à l ' ouest de l ' afrique pendant les campagnes scientifiques de s . a . s . le prince de monaco . résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par albert ier prince souverain de monaco , xxxii . imprimerie de monaco : monaco . 125 p . , 5 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 38 [ details ]
smriglio , c . & mariottini , p . : on the occurence of eudolium crosseanum ( monterosato , 1869 ) and eudolium bairdii ( verrill & smith , 1881 ) in the mediterranean sea ( gastropoda , caenogastropoda , tonnidae ) . smriglio , c . , swinnen , f . , di giulio , a . & mariottini , p . : on the occurence of coralliophila schioettei smriglio & mariottini , 2000 , in the canary islands ( gastropoda , caenogastropoda , muricidae ) . ter poorten , j . j . : the identity of cardium ( trachycardium ) kenyanum cox , 1930 , from pleistocene deposits of mombasa , kenya ( bivalvia , cardiidae ) . boesveld , a . , maassen , w . j . m . & gittenberger , e . : twee echte balea ' s in nederland ( gastropoda , pulmonata , clausiliidae ) . gittenberger , e . : a new record and a new synonym , for abida partioti ( de saint - simon , 1848 ) ( gastropoda , pulmonata , chondrinidae ) . aartsen , j . j . van & wesselingh , f . p . : iolaea amazonica spec . nov . , another pyramidellid ( gastropoda , heterobranchia ) from the miocene pebas formation of western amazonia ( peru ) . janssen , a . w . : development of cuvierinidae ( mollusca , euthecosomata , cavolinioidea ) during the cainozoic : a non - cladistic approach with a re - interpretation of recent taxa . janssen , a . w . : notes on the systematics , morphology and biostratigraphy of fossil holoplanktonic mollusca , 14 . a new species of vaginella ( gastropoda , euthecosomata , cavoliniidae ) from the late oligocene of the north sea basin and its bearing on chattian biostratigraphy . new taxa : iolaea amazonica n . sp . , praecuvierinidae n . fam . , praecuvierina n . gen . , texacuvierina n . gen . , cuvierina ( urceolaria ) curryi n . sp . , ireneia gracilis n . sp . , johnjagtia n . gen . , cuvierina ( cuvierina ) pacifica n . sp . , urceolaria n . subg . , cuvierina ( cuvierina ) cancapae n . sp . , vaginella basitruncata n . sp .
dolium bayrdi verrill & s . smith in verrill , 1881 ( spelling mistake )
distribution range : 40°n to 7°n ; 87°w to 0°w . distribution : usa : new jersey , florida ; florida : florida keys ; mexico ; mexico : yucatan . . .
distribution range : 40°n to 7°n ; 87°w to 0°w . distribution : usa : new jersey , florida ; florida : florida keys ; mexico ; mexico : yucatan peninsula ; colombia [ details ]
( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1881 ) . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 141686 on 2018 - 07 - 09
( of dolium biornatum tate , 1894 ) tate , r . ( 1894 ) unrecorded genera of the older tertiary fauna of australia , including diagnoses of some new genera and species . proceedings of the royal society of new south wales , 27 , 167–197 , pls . 10–13 . page ( s ) : 173 [ details ]
( of morio lineata schepman , 1909 ) schepman m . m . ( 1909 ) the prosobranchia of the siboga expedition . part ii . taenioglossa and ptenoglossa . siboga - expeditie , 49b : 107 - 231 , pls . 10 - 16 . leiden , e . j . brill . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 124 [ details ]
( of dolium crosseanum var . solidior dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ) dautzenberg , ph . ; fischer , h . ( 1906 ) . mollusques provenant des dragages effectués à l ' ouest de l ' afrique pendant les campagnes scientifiques de s . a . s . le prince de monaco . résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par albert ier prince souverain de monaco , xxxii . imprimerie de monaco : monaco . 125 p . , 5 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 38 ; pl . 3 fig . 1 [ details ]
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
rosenberg , g . 2004 . malacolog version 3 . 3 . 2 : western atlantic gastropod database . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
rosenberg , g . ; moretzsohn , f . ; garcía , e . f . ( 2009 ) . gastropoda ( mollusca ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 579–699 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 107 [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
vos , c . ( 2012 ) overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . shell discoveries 1 ( 1 ) ; pp . 12 - 22 ; pls . 1 - 9 page ( s ) : 12 [ details ]
vos , c . ( 2013 ) overview of the tonnidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in chinese waters . gloria maris 52 ( 1 - 2 ) ; pp . 22 - 53 ; pls . 1 - 9 page ( s ) : 27 [ details ]
vos , c . ( 2008 ) tonnidae . in poppe g . t . ( ed . ) philippine marine mollusks , volume 1 : gastropoda 1 : 594 - 611 , pls 242 - 250 . conchbooks , hackenheim , germany . page ( s ) : 594 [ details ]
( of dolium bayrdi verrill & s . smith in verrill , 1881 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of dolium bayrdi verrill & s . smith in verrill , 1881 ) paetel , f . ( 1888 ) catalog der conchylien - sammlung . erste abtheilung : die cephalopoden , pteropoden und meeres - gastropoden . gebrüder paetel , berlin , [ 1 ] + 639 pp . page ( s ) : 121 [ details ]
( of dolium biornatum tate , 1894 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of morio lineata schepman , 1909 ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of morio lineata schepman , 1909 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 107 [ details ]
( of dolium biornatum tate , 1894 ) beu , a . g . ( 2005 ) neogene fossil tonnoidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 130 , p . 1 - 186 , pp . 166 , figs . 327 page ( s ) : 107 [ details ]
( of oocorys lineata ( schepman , 1909 ) ) vos , c . ( 2007 ) a conchological iconography ( no . 13 ) - the family tonnidae . 123 pp . , 30 numb . plus 41 ( 1 col . ) un - numb . text - figs , 33 maps . , 63 col . pls , conchbooks , germany page ( s ) : 22 [ details ]
( of oocorys lineata ( schepman , 1909 ) ) abbott , r . t . & dance , s . p . ( 1982 ) compendium of sea shells . e . p . dutton , new york , ix + 411 pp . page ( s ) : 116 [ details ]
( of morio lineatus schepman , 1909 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of dolium crosseanum var . solidior dautzenberg & fischer , 1906 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
one of the most intriguing patterns in mammalian biogeography is the “island rule” , which states that colonising species have a tendency to converge in body size , with larger species evolving decreased sizes and smaller species increased sizes . it has recently been suggested that an analogous pattern holds for the colonisation of the deep - sea benthos by marine gastropoda . in particular , a pioneering study showed that gastropods from the western atlantic showed the same graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism that is evident in island endemic mammals . however , subsequent to the publication of the gastropod study , the standard tests of the island rule have been shown to yield false positives at a very high rate , leaving the result open to doubt .
the evolution of gastropod body size in the deep sea is reexamined . using an extended and updated data set , and improved statistical methods , it is shown that some results of the previous study may have been artifactual , but that its central conclusion is robust . it is further shown that the effect is not restricted to a single gastropod clade , that its strength increases markedly with depth , but that it applies even in the mesopelagic zone .
the replication of the island rule in a distant taxonomic group and a partially analogous ecological situation could help to uncover the causes of the patterns observed—which are currently much disputed . the gastropod pattern is evident at intermediate depths , and so cannot be attributed to the unique features of abyssal ecology .
citation : welch jj ( 2010 ) the “island rule” and deep - sea gastropods : re - examining the evidence . plos one 5 ( 1 ) : e8776 . urltoken
copyright : © 2010 john j . welch . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : some preliminary work undertaken when jw was funded by bbsrc grant do17750 awarded to andrew rambaut . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
the island rule states that after island colonisation , animals undergo predictable patterns of body size evolution , with larger colonising species becoming smaller , and smaller species becoming larger . the result is a graded trend from dwarfism in the largest colonists to gigantism in the smallest [ 1 ] – [ 4 ] . because insular habitats are distinctive in a number of ways , this pattern might be variously explained , and a variety of hypotheses have indeed been proposed in the literature [ 1 ] – [ 11 ] . recently , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] made an important advance by testing for analogous patterns of body size evolution in a non - insular system . specifically , they compared body sizes of animals living in deep - sea benthic habitats with their shallow - water living congeners . using the malacolog database version 3 . 3 . 3 of rosenberg [ 13 ] , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] took the gastropods of the western atlantic as a case study , and reported that a highly significant trend from dwarfism to gigantism was evident in the deep - sea species .
from the perspective of understanding the island rule , this result is exciting , because the deep - sea benthos shares some but not all of the ecological characteristics of insular habitats [ 3 ] – [ 5 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] – [ 16 ] ; see discussion . but unfortunately , the debate about the ecological and evolutionary processes is hindered by uncertainty about where , if anywhere , the island rule applies [ 4 ] , [ 17 ] – [ 20 ] . in particular , since the appearance of mcclain et al . ' s study [ 12 ] , it has been shown that many common tests of the rule are subject to high levels of false positive error [ 19 ] – [ 21 ] . in particular , if the mainland populations have undergone any body size evolution since the last common ancestor of the genus , then data can appear to manifest the island rule , even if , in reality , there were no differences between patterns of island and mainland evolution . intuitively , the reason is that when mainland populations have increased in size , they are both more likely to be classified as ‘large’ , and more likely to be larger than their insular relatives , regardless of how the latter have evolved . the reverse applied if mainland populations have decreased in size , and together , this can create the misleading impression of a graded trend from dwarfism to gigantism . price and phillimore [ 21 ] suggested using standardized - major - axis regression to avoid this problem , and welch [ 20 ] suggested a monte carlo permutation approach to assess its significance . this test is parametric ( contra incorrect statements in [ 20 ] ) but it is distribution - free , and so avoids the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance that are unlikely to hold for comparative data [ 22 ] , [ 23 ] , and which can also mislead the standard tests .
here , i re - examine whether deep - sea gastropods manifest the island rule , making use of the improved statistical methods , and data collated from the recently updated malacolog database [ 24 ] , which has been both expanded , and revised to reflect advances in gastropod systematics [ 25 ] . it is found that the central conclusion of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] is robust , and that gastropod colonists of the deep - sea benthos do indeed exhibit island - rule - like evolution .
to analyse the data , the deep - sea body sizes for each genus were regressed onto the shallow - water body sizes . under the null hypothesis of no effect of deep - sea colonization , these two values should be equal on average , and so the best - fit line should have a slope of one . a shallower slope is consistent with the island rule , and represents a narrowing of the distribution of body sizes in the deep - sea species [ 3 ] . to obtain the best - fit slope , standardized - major - axis regression was used [ 21 ] , [ 28 ] . the test statistic for this type of regression is the correlation coefficient between x + y and x − y ( where x is the shallow - water body size and y is the deep - sea body size ) . significance was assessed by randomly permuting the labels for the deep and shallow species within each genus 100 , 000 times , to generate a null distribution of the test statistic . the p - value was calculated as the proportion of these randomized coefficients that were equal to or more extreme in value than the true test statistic , doubled for a two - tailed test [ 20 ] . to replicate the method of [ 12 ] , an ordinary - least - squares regression was also carried out , calculating significance with the standard t - test [ 28 ] . all statistical tests were carried out in r [ 29 ] , and made use of the smatr package [ 23 ] , including its common slope test ( “ urltoken ” ) , which compares the fit of a one - and two - slope model to the subdivided data . all code is available on request .
to demonstrate the liberal nature of the standard tests of the island rule , consider results when deep - sea habitation is defined via the midpoint of the recorded depth range , i . e . , “deep - sea species” have a range midpoint below 200m , and all other species are deemed “shallow - water” . with this definition , 254 genera contained both deep and shallow species , and their generic mean body sizes are plotted in figure 1a . applying the standard test [ 3 ] , [ 12 ] , the ordinary - least - squares regression slope ( dashed line ) is found to be highly significantly less than one ( n = 254 ; b = 0 . 902 ; t - test p = 0 . 0015 ) , which offers strong apparent support for the island rule . however , assigning species groups to the “deep” or “shallow” categories at random , showed that even stronger support was obtained with ∼43 % of 100 , 000 randomized data sets , suggesting that there is nothing exceptional in the trend observed in the true data . accordingly , the standardized - major - axis slope ( solid line ) was very close to one , and the permutation test showed no significant deviation from the pattern expected if deep - sea colonization had no effect on body size evolution ( n = 254 ; b = 1 . 020 ; permutation p = 0 . 476 ) .
part a shows how different tests of the ‘island rule’ can give qualitatively different results . “deep - sea” species were defined as those with a depth range midpoint > 200m , and all other species defined as “shallow - water” . the ordinary - least - squares regression ( dashed line ) differs significantly from the 1∶1 line of the null ( dotted line ) , but the standardized - major - axis regression ( solid line ) shows no significant departure . part b shows a less ambiguous case : “deep - sea” species are those never observed above 400m , and “shallow - water” species those never observed below 200m ; body sizes are within - genus means , taking equal numbers of deep - and shallow - water species in each genus .
the results above cast doubt on conclusions reached with the standard tests , but they do not refute them . to ask whether an effect really is present , it is better to adopt a more stringent definition of deep - sea habitation [ 12 ] , accordingly , let us define as “shallow - water” those species never observed below 200m , and as “deep - sea” those species found only below either 200m , 400m , 600m or 800m . adopting a range of depth cutoffs is appropriate because the ecological factors responsible for any effect are likely to correlate with depth even below 200m [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 26 ] . the data now show strong evidence of the island - rule trend , and the strength and significance of this trend increase steadily with cutoff depth ( table 1 part a ( i ) ) . it is possible that these results are an artefact of the use of generic mean body sizes [ 30 ] . for example , most genera contain many more shallow - water than deep - sea species ( possibly for sampling reasons [ 31 ] ) , and this could bias the regression slope - which is the ratio of the samples ' standard deviations [ 28 ] . to exclude this possibility , tests were repeated with equal numbers of deep and shallow species per genus ( table 1 part a ( ii ) ; figure 1b ) , or , as is usual in the literature , with a single species of each type per genus ( table 1 part a ( iii ) ) . in both cases , evidence for the graded trend remained , and in some cases became stronger , probably reflecting the preferential inclusion of species with extreme depth ranges ( see methods ) .
averaging across species has untested statistical properties [ 30 ] , but it does have the advantage of reducing noise and the influence of anomalous data . for example , figure 1b plots results for balanced samples with “deep - sea” defined as > 400m . these data are clearly noisy , and the slope is strongly influenced by a single outlier ( the largest value on both axes ) . this point represents the genus fasciolaria , which contains just a single deep - sea species , the recently discovered fasciolaria tephrina [ 32 ] . to restrict the influence of such isolated observations , mcclain et al . [ 12 ] excluded from their analyses all genera with fewer than two shallow and two deep species . despite reducing sample size by ∼2 / 3 , this procedure strengthens the observed effect , with a highly significant departure from the null now apparent at the shallowest cutoff depth ( table 1 part b ; figure 2 ) .
the body sizes of deep - sea gastropods are plotted against those of their shallow - water congeners . “shallow - water” species were never observed below 200m , and “deep - sea” species never observed above depths of a : 200m , b : 400m and c : 600m . separate standardized - major - axis regression lines are shown for the neogastropoda ( black points ) and all other groups ( grey points ) . the dotted line is the 1∶1 expected under the null . genera with fewer than two deep and two shallow species were excluded .
these results demonstrate the island rule pattern , but they do not tell us whether it represents a consistent trend across the marine gastropoda ; indeed , the same pattern could arise from clade - specific responses to deep - sea colonization , which are associated with large and small size merely by chance [ 19 ] . phylogenetic tests of this hypothesis were recently introduced [ 19 ] , but these are difficult to apply to gastropoda , where much of the phylogeny remains unknown [ 25 ] , and in any case , can be highly conservative [ 20 ] . an ad hoc alternative is to test for the consistency of the effect across taxonomic groups . the well - supported clade neogastropoda ( unranked by [ 25 ] ) is represented by around half of the genera in the present data set , and also contains most of the larger - bodied genera . figure 2 demonstrates that the regression slopes for this clade alone are very close to those for the remainder of the data , and do not differ significantly at any depth [ common slope tests : a p = 0 . 969 ; b p = 0 . 935 ; c p = 0 . 971 ] . furthermore , evidence for the island rule is similarly strong in both halves of the data [ permutation tests : a neogastropoda : n = 28 p = 0 . 049 , others : n = 26 p = 0 . 022 ; b neogastropoda n = 17 p = 0 . 048 , others n = 25 p = 0 . 069 ] . these tests lack power , but are at least consistent with an effect that applies homogenously across the group .
results above suggest that the strength of the effect observed increases with depth ( table 1 ; figure 2 ) , and this is analogous to suggestions that the island rule applies most strongly on the smallest islands , and not at all on the largest islands , whose ecologies can approximate those of continents [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 27 ] . in the present context , it is important also to distinguish between different types of deep - sea habitat . in particular , the bathyal zone ( including the continental slope ) and the deeper abyssal zone differ fundamentally not only from the photic ocean ( < 200m ) , but also from each other , both in faunal composition ( including body size ranges ) , and overall ecosystem function [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] , [ 26 ] . the malacolog data set includes many species whose ranges are wholly or partly abyssal ( defined as deeper than 3000m [ 26 ] ) , and so it is important to ask whether the patterns observed might be solely due to an effect of abyssal habitation . accordingly , analyses were repeated excluding all species whose observed depth ranges were either wholly or partly greater than 3000m . table 2 contains two examples where the effect was observed with the complete data set ( table 1 ) , and shows that the exclusion of abyssal species has little effect . furthermore , the same applies when species from the shallower bathypelagic zone ( depths 1000–3000m ) were also excluded ( table 2 ) . the island rule pattern of convergence in body size is therefore observed even for species living wholly in the mesopelagic or “twilight” zone of 200–1000m .
this study has confirmed the important findings of mcclain et al . [ 12 ] that the marine gastropods of the western atlantic show a pattern of body size evolution that is analogous to the island rule , with colonists of the deep - sea benthos tending to converge in size in a graded trend ( see also [ 16 ] ) . no evidence was found of phylogenetic heterogeneity in the strength of the observed effect , as results for the neogastropoda alone were indistinguishable from those for the remaining taxa . in contrast , the strength of the effect did increase systematically with range depth , with deeper - sea species showing a stronger tendency to converge in size . nevertheless , the effect is still apparent in species inhabiting the mesopelagic zone ( 200–1000m ) , and so cannot be attributed to unique features of abyssal ecology .
since the pattern was first identified [ 1 ] – [ 3 ] the island rule has been explained in a large number of ways [ 1 ] – [ 11 ] . a powerful method of distinguishing between the competing explanations is to test for the presence of analogous patterns in systems that share some , but not all of the ecological characteristics of island habitats [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 34 ] . for example , one putative contributor to the vertebrate pattern is “immigrant selection” , that is , between - lineage differences in the probability of reaching isolated islands , as opposed to differences in survival after colonisation [ 4 ] , [ 35 ] , [ 36 ] . the colonization of the deep - sea benthos differs clearly and qualitatively from the colonization of islands , and so if it is assumed that the similar patterns of body size evolution reflect a similarity of underlying cause [ 12 ] , this argues against immigrant selection as a key determinant of the graded trend that is observed in both cases .
similarly , predator release is a particularly plausible explanation of the vertebrate island rule [ 1 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 11 ] ; this is partly because it can naturally account for both dwarfism and gigantism ( by assuming that large and small body sizes evolve as alternative strategies for predator avoidance ) , and partly because predator release is so clearly implicated in other unusual characteristics of island endemics ( such as tameness ) [ 37 ] , [ 38 ] . but there is little evidence that reduced predation characterises the deep - sea [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , and indeed there is direct evidence of substantial predation acting on deep - sea gastropods [ 12 ] , [ 39 ] – [ 41 ] . the gastropod results therefore argue against the predator release hypothesis as a general explanation of the island rule [ 12 ] .
so what ecological factor is common to both systems ? mcclain et al . [ 12 ] argue that reduced resource availability characterises both islands and the deep - sea benthos , and that theories invoking resource limitation [ 1 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 37 ] , [ 42 ] are therefore the most plausible explanation of the common pattern . while compelling , this argument is not conclusive . first , as recognised by mcclain et al . [ 12 ] the two environments are characterised by resource limitation of quite different kinds : reduced resources per unit area in the deep - sea ( albeit with some probable exceptions such as hydrothermal vents ) [ 12 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 42 ] , and a reduced amount of total resources on small islands , but not necessarily reduced productivity per unit area ( again , with exceptions such as very young volcanic islands ) . second , theories that invoke limitation in the total amount of resources ( and that therefore apply to islands ) are often clade selectionist , i . e . , they assume that we will tend to observe individuals of the size that minimises the extinction risk of their population [ 9 ] , [ 37 ] , [ 43 ] . explanations of this kind need to be employed with great care [ 44 ] , and to explain the island rule , it must be demonstrated that individual selection tends towards the same outcome , or that differential extinction has indeed played an important role . furthermore , it is not clear that total resource availability is limiting in some well - studied cases [ 7 ] , [ 45 ] .
we are therefore still far from understanding the causes of the patterns observed – and particularly the roles of inter - and intra - specific competition [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] . a detailed clarification of where the pattern does and does not hold will be an important step toward achieving this goal [ 4 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] .
many thanks are due to andrew rambaut for providing a script to mine the malacolog database . many thanks also to lucy weinert , nicolas bierne , gary rosenberg , shai meiri . simon joly and an anonymous reviewer , who all greatly improved the manuscript with their comments and advice .
conceived and designed the experiments : jw . performed the experiments : jw . analyzed the data : jw . wrote the paper : jw .
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rex ma , etter rj , morris js , crouse j , mcclain cr , et al . ( 2006 ) global bathymetric patterns of standing stock and body size in the deep–sea benthos . mar ecol prog ser 317 : 1–8 .
meiri s ( 2007 ) size evolution in island lizards . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 702–708 .
meiri s , dayan t , simberloff d ( 2005 ) area , isolation and body size evolution in insular carnivores . ecol lett 8 : 1211–1217 .
meiri s , cooper n , purvis a ( 2008 ) the island rule : made to be broken ? proc r soc b 275 : 141–148 . ( doi :
welch jj ( 2009 ) testing the island rule : primates as a case study . proc r soc b 276 : 675–682 .
price td , phillimore ab ( 2007 ) reduced major axis regression and the island rule . j biogeog 34 : 1998–1999 .
martin rd , barbour ad ( 1989 ) aspects of line–fitting in bivariate allometric analyses . folia primatologica 53 : 65–81 .
warton di , wright ij , falster ds , westoby m ( 2006 ) bivariate line–fitting methods for allometry . biological reviews 81 : 259–291 .
rosenberg g ( 2009 ) malacolog 4 . 1 . 1 : a database of western atlantic marine mollusca . available :
bouchet p , rocroi j–p ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 : 1–397 .
smith cr , de leo fc , bernardino af , sweetman ak , martinez arbizu p ( 2008 ) abyssal food limitation , ecosystem structure and climate change . trends ecol evol 23 : 518–528 .
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guo h , weiss re , gu x , suchard ma ( 2007 ) time squared : repeated measures on phylogenies . mol biol evol 24 : 353–362 .
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( mollusca : caenogastropoda ) from the southwestern caribbean . zootaxa 49 : 1–7 .
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mccollom tm ( 1999 ) geochemical constraints on primary productivity in submarine hydrothermal vent plumes . deep sea research i : oceanographic research papers 47 : 85–101 .
wassersug rj , yang h , sepkoski jj jr , raup dm ( 1979 ) the evolution of body size on islands : a computer simulation . am nat 114 : 287–295 .
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after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
( verrill , a . e . & s . i . smith in verrill , a . e . , 1881 )
oocorys lineatum schepman , m . m . , 1909 : s japan - indonesia
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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east china sea . trawled at about 280 - 380 meters deep on sand bottom . may 2006 .
mozambique . south mozambique . between south africa and bazaruto island . trawled . circa 2004 .
verrill , a . e . 1881 . notice of the remarkable marine fauna occupying the outer banks off the southern coast of new england , n° 2 . - american journal of science 22 ( 3 ) : 292 - 303 .
the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .
atlantic , mediterranean and indo - west pacific , 17 - 823 metres ( deepest alive 560 metres ) . bay of plenty , 380 - 420 metres
vos , c . 2007 : a conchological iconography 13 , the family tonnidae , conchbooks , hackenheim , germany ( p . 22 )
note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .
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description : shell light in weight , ornamented with about 18 spiral ribs with a smaller rib between each . major ribs on the posterior part of the body whorl with or without weak to strong beads . varix on outer lip ; lip finely toothed within . columella callus thin , with underlying ribbing showing through ; umbilicus closed . colour white with major spiral ribs yellowish to reddish brown .
distribution : atlantic , mediterranean and indo - west pacific oceans ; in australia , known only from port stephens to ulladulla , nsw , at depths of 412 - 1829 metres . rare .
figs . 1 , 2 : off wollongong , nsw , in 500 m ( c . 301349 )
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vos , c . & terryn , y . in poppe , g . t . & groh , k . ( eds ) 2007 , pp . pp . 1 - 121 , 63 pls , conchbooks , hackenheim , germany
verrill , a . e . 1881 ,
notice of the remarkable marine fauna occupying the outer banks of the southern coast of new england
, american journal of science , vol . 3 , no . xxii , pp . 292 - 303
schepman , m . m . 1909 ,
the prosobranchia of the siboga expedition . part 2 . taenioglossa and ptenoglossa
, ed . weber , m . ( ed . ) , siboga expeditie , vol . 49 , pp . 109 - 231 , pls 10 - 16 , brill , leiden


the maguari stork ( ciconia maguari ) is a large species of stork that inhabits seasonal wetlands over much of south america , and is very similar in appearance to the white stork ; albeit slightly larger .

it is the only species of its genus to occur in the new world and is one of the only three new world stork species , together with the wood stork and the jabiru .

maguari stork

thomas b . t . 1984 . maguari stork nesting : juvenile growth and behavior . auk
maguari stork , ciconia maguari . , discovery island , disney world . native to south america , living on grasslands , flooded lowlands , swamps and pastureland .
the maguari stork from south america is the only stork that nests on flat ground and often in reedbed in marshy area .
kari pihlaviita set
joão - grande ( ciconia maguari )
as an exemplar on
ciconia maguari ( gmelin , 1789 )
.
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
joão - grande ( ciconia maguari )
.
kahl , m . 1971 . observations on the jabiru and maguari storks in argentina , 1969 .
formerly placed in monospecific genus euxenura . specific name galeata older than maguari , but indeterminable . monotypic .
description : the maguari stork is a south american species . very similar to the european white stork ( ciconia ciconia ) , it is slightly more coloured on the head than the european species .
the milky stork ( mycteria cinerea ) is a large wading bird in the stork family ciconiidae .
grzegorz jagodziński added the polish common name
bocian sinodzioby
to
ciconia maguari ( gmelin , 1789 )
.
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
punanaamahaikara
from
ciconia maguari ( gmelin , 1789 )
as trusted .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
amerikankattohaikara
from
ciconia maguari ( gmelin , 1789 )
as trusted .
flight : the maguari stork has long broad wings , allowing sustained flight . it needs to jump 2 - 3 times before to take off with noisy , powerful wing - beats .
one of the largest birds in the stork family is the white stork which is characterized by a white plumage and black wings . the european white stork is a member of the stork family , ciciniidae and shares a close relationship and resemblance with maguari stork of south america and the oriental white stork of east asia . it is a long - distance migrant bird which has breeding grounds on different continents . it is conspicuous by nature of breeding but shares a close proximity to humans .
of the three storks found in the americas , the maguari stork is the lone representative of the genus ciconia , to which the well - known white stork of europe belongs . the two other american storks , the wood stork and the jabiru , belong to the genus mycteria and jabiru , respectively . compared to these last two species , the maguari stork is intermediate in size , and most notably , has a feathered head and neck and pinkish - orange legs ( wood stork and jabiru have bare skin on head and neck and dull - colored legs ) . however , the maguari stork has similar habits and is often found in company of the other two species ( the costa rican bird eventually flew over to join a large flock of wood storks ) .
for comparison , the heaviest known wild stork was a marabou stork scaling 8 . 9 kg ( 20 lb ) .
file : woolly - necked stork ( ciconia episcopus ) with black - headed ibises & painted stork w2 img 9730 . jpg
the centres of stork diversity are in tropical asia and sub - saharan africa , with eight and six breeding species respectively . just three species are present in the new world : wood stork , maguari stork and jabiru , which is the largest flying bird of the americas . two species , white and black stork , reach europe and western temperate asia , while one species , oriental stork , reaches temperate areas of eastern asia , and one species , black - necked stork , is found in australasia . [ 2 ]
the maguari stork ( ciconia maguari ) is a species of stork in the ciconiidae family . it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , french guiana , guyana , paraguay , suriname , uruguay , and venezuela . it is a vagrant to chile , trinidad , the falkland islands and probably peru . its natural habitats are temperate grassland , subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , swamps , and pastureland .
stork bites : the image of a stork bearing an infant wrapped in a sling held in its beak is common in popular culture .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto the maguari stork is not voiceless , but as numerous ciconiidae species , the bill - clattering is more often heard than true calls or whistles . however , it may produce some mechanical sounds .
the maguari stork is loosely colonial and several pairs can be seen close to each other . they often breed in small groups , between 5 and 15 nests . but the species can also be solitary nester in the same areas .
diet : the maguari stork feeds mainly on aquatic items such as insects , frogs and tadpoles , fish ( eels ) , crustaceans , aquatic rodents and reptiles . it forages in marshy areas , walking slowly while searching for preys .
czech : though
stork
is rare as an english surname , the czech surname
c ( apek
means
little stork
.
several species are colonial breeders , with loose or dense colonies which can range from 5 - 15 pairs in maguari storks , to several thousands in abdim’s stork and members of leptoptilos , mycteria and anastomus genera . other species breed in mixed colonies with pelicans and ardeidae species . but these same species can also be solitary nesters . some species such as the members of genera jabiru and ephippiorhynchus , and the black stork , the wooly - necked stork and the storm’s stork are exclusively solitary nesters .
distribution and habitat the storks have a nearly cosmopolitan distribution , being absent from the poles , most of north america and large parts of australia , the centres of stork diversity are in tropical asia and sub - saharan africa , with eight and six breeding species respectively . just three species are present in the new world : wood stork , maguari stork and jabiru , which is the largest flying bird of the americas .
factors affecting the nest site selection of the black stork , ciconia . . .
elliott , a . , boesman , p . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . maguari stork ( ciconia maguari ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
a painted stork carries material for its nest . the underwing lining is clearly visible .
which may partly explain why little is known about this stork ' s natural history .
(
white stork , ciconia ciconia
, 1999 ; latus and kujawa , 2005 ; cramp , et al . , 1977 ;
white stork
, 2006 )
( berthold , et al . , 2004 ;
white stork
, 2006 )
mythology of storks : most of these myths tend to refer to the white stork .
however , storm ' s stork is characterised by a yellowish - orange facial skin patch around the eye that is absent in the woolly - necked stork ; and the neck is black and white , whereas it is completely white in the woolly - necked stork .
king , c . e . 1988 . an ethological comparison of three storks : ciconia boyciana , c . ciconia and c . maguari . msc . thesis , oklahoma state university , stillwater , usa .
in california , we have fossils ( quite numerous ) of a marabou - like stork . also , the california condor is said to be a relative of the marabou stork .
about the wood stork : denizens of the wetlands , accessed on 13 . 12 . 2010
file : black - necked stork ( ephippiorhynchus asiaticus ) near hodal i picture 2021 . jpg
the marabou stork does not appear to have any negative effects on humans or the environment .
the storm ' s stork is possibly not strongly directly affected by habitat fragmentation through deforestation .
a european white stork , ciconia ciconia ciconia , at the lincoln children ' s zoo .
habitat : the maguari stork occurs mainly in freshwater wetland areas such as swamps , flooded pastures , reedbeds and ricefields . it also can be seen in savannah ponds , cultivated fields and grassy areas . in bolivia , this species occurs up to 2500 metres of elevation , but usually at about 900 metres .
range : the maguari stork is a south american species found in e of the andes , from venezuela to argentina . this species performs post - breeding dispersion , probably depending on rains . they usually travel in flocks of about 50 birds or more , and sometimes cross the andes between argentine and chile .
other species such as the yellow - billed stork in west africa and the painted stork in parts of india may nest sometimes in towns . the black stork nests in fairly dense forest , or on cliff ledges in spain , close to the griffon vultures and the egyptian vultures .
however , the specific distinguishing features of storm ' s stork have been poorly known in the past , which in the field has frequently led to confusion with the woolly - necked stork .
san diego zoo , 2006 .
san diego zoo ' s animal bytes : stork
( on - line ) . birds : stork . accessed april 08 , 2006 at urltoken .
white stork , ciconia ciconia . woodcut ( right ) . brehm ' s tierleben , 1892 .
the storks of genus ciconia utter various whistles , well developed in black stork and weaker or rare in european white stork . however , this species often produces bill - clattering during the displays .
ciconia storks are gregarious and colonial breeders , and pairs stay together for life . they typically build large stick nests in trees , although the maguari stork will nest on the ground and at least three species will construct their nests on human habitations . one of these , the white stork , is probably the best known of all storks , with a wealth of legend and folklore associated with this familiar visitor to europe .
storks in eastern europe : a quarter of the world population of white stork breeds in poland . approximately 13 , 000 white stork pairs bred in lithuania , the fifth largest population and highest known density of this species in the world . but in latvia lives around 12 , 000 white stork pairs .
margolis , marvin ; parker , philip ( 1972 ) .
the stork fable−some psychodynamic considerations
.
but this stork very unlikely occurs elsewhere in thailand due to the near absence of remaining suitable habitat .
vlasic pickles : vlasic brand pickles in north america use this child - bearing stork as a mascot .
famous for nesting on roof - tops . the maguari hasn´t adopted this habitat ( or the one of bringing newborn babies ! ) , it still nests in the traditional way on low bushes or tree - tops . the only paraguayan stork with a feathered head , it can be separated from the superficially similar egrets ( ardeidae ) by its black wings .
behaviour : the maguari stork feeds primarily on aquatic animals such as amphibians , eels and other fishes , crustaceans and insects . it also takes reptiles and small aquatic rodents . this stork forages in dense aquatic vegetation by visual feeding , pecking at some preys . it often feeds alone or in pairs , but more often in small groups . it can be seen near cattle as the cattle egret ( bubulcus ibis ) , taking advantage of flushed insects by cows .
to harm a stork ' s nest in a pear tree , for storks serve us all . . .
the marabou stork reduces the spread of disease by cleaning up animal carcasses . ( national zoo , 2000 )
urfi , aj ; t meganathan & a kalam ( 2007 ) .
nesting ecology of the painted stork
weinman , an ( 1940 ) .
breeding of the indian painted stork under semi - domestication
.
wood stork ( mycteria americana )
. pelotes . jea . com . 1997 - 01 - 02
protection / threats / status : the maguari stork’s populations are not currently threatened in spite of declines in some parts of the range in recent years . agriculture expansion involving intensive use of pesticides , and direct exploitation ( young birds are taken at nest for consumption ) are important threats . but the species is still widespread and abundant in most parts of argentina .
slightly smaller than the white stork , the black stork is a large bird , 95 to 100 cm ( 37 to 39 in ) in length with a 145–155 cm ( 4 . 76–5 . 09 ft ) wingspan ,
have considered storm ' s stork incapable of breeding in logged forests despite apparent short term survival . in any case , current records have been too short to demonstrate long - term value of logged forests to this stork species .
the storm ' s stork feeds primarily on small fish , frogs , aquatic insect larvae , and sometimes earthworms .
nakhasathien , s ( 1987 ) .
the discovery of storm ' s stork ciconia stormi in thailand
.
marshall , e . 1982 . possible example of tool usage by the marabou stork . ostrich 53 : 181 .
frogs are a main food source for european white storks . the frogs are attracted to the stork’s red legs .
the milky stork can be found in coastal regions and favors mangroves and low - saline swamps of these areas .
asian openbill stork ( a . oscitans ) , a resident breeder in tropical southern asia from india and sri lanka east to southeast asia . african openbill stork ( a . lamelligerus , ) a resident breeder in africa and madagascar .
in estonian ,
stork
is toonekurg , which is derived from toonela ( underworld in estonian folklore ) + kurg ( crane ) . it may seem not to make sense to associate the now - common white stork with death , but at the times storks were named , the now - rare black stork was probably the more common species .
in estonian ,
stork
is toonekurg , which is derived from toonela ( underworld in estonian folklore ) + kurg ( crane ) . it may seem not to make sense to associate the now - common white stork with death , but at the times storks were named , the now - rare black stork was probably the more common species .
stork education : in western culture the white stork is a symbol of childbirth . in victorian times the details of human reproduction were difficult to approach , especially in reply to a child ' s query of
where did i come from ?
;
the stork brought you to us
was the tactic used to avoid discussion of sex .
predation of fledgling painted stork mycteria leucocephala by a spotted eagle aquila spp . in sultanpur national park , haryana
luthin , cs ( 1987 ) .
status of and conservation priorities for the world ' s stork species
.
both sexes have similar plumage , but the male is usually slightly larger than the female . they usually are black and white with some variations such as the painted stork and the yellow - billed stork with the wings showing pinkish feathers .
. 2011 ) , raising the possibility that these birds could cross to sumatra and mix with key milky stork populations .
the incubation is usually shared by both parents and lasts from 25 to 38 days , according to the species . the chicks are nidicolous , but very soon , they are covered in whitish down , except those of the maguari stork which are blackish for better camouflage on the ground . they are fed by both adults by regurgitation into the nest , making the smallest chick able to feed too .
a broad - winged soaring bird , the black stork is assisted by thermals of hot air for long distance flight , although are less dependent on them than the white stork . since thermals only form over land , storks , together with large
the black stork ( ciconia nigra ) is a large wading bird in the stork family ciconiidae . it is a widespread , but uncommon , species that breeds in the warmer parts of europe ( predominantly in central and eastern regions ) , across temperate asia and southern africa . this is a shy and wary species , unlike the closely related white stork . it is seen in pairs or small flocks—in marshy areas , rivers or inland waters . the black stork feeds on amphibians and insects .
the black stork ( ciconia nigra ) is a large wading bird in the stork family ciconiidae . it is a widespread , but uncommon , species that breeds in the warmer parts of europe ( predominantly in central and eastern regions ) , across temperate asia and southern africa . this is a shy and wary species , unlike the closely related white stork . it is seen in pairs or small flocks—in marshy areas , rivers or inland waters . the black stork feeds on amphibians and insects .
in estonian ,
stork
is toonekurg , which is derived from toonela ( underworld in estonian folklore ) + kurg ( crane ) . at the times storks were named , the now - rare black stork was probably the more common species .
this is a close relative of the widespread asian black - necked stork , the only other member of the genus ephippiorhynchus .
this stork has been recorded in numerous protected areas throughout its range , especially in kalimantan , on sumatra and in malaysia .
(
white stork - fact sheet
, 2001 ; tryjanowski , et al . , 2004 ; wuczynski , 2005 )
the wood stork occurs from the southeastern united states of america ( u . s . a . ) to northern argentina [
hebrew : the hebrew word for stork was equivalent to
kind mother
, and the care of storks for their young , in their highly visible nests , made the stork a widespread emblem of parental care . it was widely noted in ancient natural history that a stork pair will be consumed with the nest in a fire , rather than fly and abandon it .
all the species are currently in decline , more or less according to the species . during the migrations through africa , many birds are killed by hunters . the intensification of agriculture involves the restriction of the feeding areas , and the level of pollution are increasing , affecting the preferred preys of these birds . in south america , destruction and reconversion of large areas threaten the maguari stork in the llanos of venezuela .
ancient egypt : in ancient egypt the stork was associated with the human ba ; they had the same phonetic value . the ba was the unique individual character of each human being : a stork with a human head was an image of the ba - soul , which unerringly migrates home each night , like the stork , to be reunited with the body during the afterlife .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ciconia maguari . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
in aesop ' s tale
the frogs who desired a king
the frogs ask zeus for a king , and he first sends them the ineffective king log and then the king stork who devours his frog subjects . in this context , viewed from the point of view of a frog who may get eaten by a stork , the stork is the symbol of tyrannical power .
the eyes and beak of the black stork compensate for light refraction at the water ' s surface due to their relative angle .
at south sumatra , a storm ' s stork nest was studied that lay 8 . 3m above ground in an 18m - tall
(
how do white storks adapt to their environment ?
, 2003 ; berthold , et al . , 2004 ;
white stork - fact sheet
, 2001 ; cramp , et al . , 1977 ;
white stork
, 2006 )
wikipedia . 2006 .
white stork
( on - line ) . wikipedia . accessed march 20 , 2006 at urltoken .
chisholm , hugh , ed ( 1911 ) .
stork
. encyclopædia britannica ( 11th ed . ) . cambridge university press .
kalam , a & a . j . urfi ( 2008 ) .
foraging behaviour and prey size of the painted stork
.
however , peat - swamp forest does appear to be an underestimated , ecologically important habitat for this stork across much of its range .
and the storm ' s stork may be able to use these features optimally where they occur in a patchwork arrangement on riparian floodplains .
, as are other stork species . storks generally are of a heavier build and fly with their necks outstretched as opposed to retracted .
norse mythology : in norse mythology , hoenir gives to mankind the spirit gift , the óðr that includes will and memory and makes us human ( see rydberg link ) . hoenir ' s epithets langifótr
long - leg
and aurkonungr
mire - king
identify him possibly as a kind of stork . such a stork king figures in northern european myths and fables . however , it is possible that there is confusion here between the white stork and the more northerly - breeding common crane , which superficially resembles a stork but is completely unrelated .
hence , other food taxa may be similar to those of the woollynecked stork , but more data are required to fully confirm this , .
mute , but not silent : this stork is almost silent except for the noisy mutual bill - clattering when adults meet at the nest .
aesops fables : the motto
birds of a feather flock together
is appended to aesop ' s fable of the farmer and the stork his net caught among the cranes that were robbing his fields of grain . the stork vainly pleaded to be spared , being no crane .
2011 . stork . pp . 1 in columbia electronic encyclopedia , vol . 1 , 6th edition . new york : columbia university press .
abdim ' s storks are regular intra - african migrants the storks vary in their tendency towards migration . temperate species like the white stork , black stork and oriental stork undertake long annual migrations in the winter . the routes taken by these species have developed to avoid long distance travel across water , and from europe this usually means flying across the straits of gibraltar or east across the bosphorus and through israel and the sinai .
usually , the male arrives first and starts to defend the small territory . in maguari storks , the defence is very strong , and the fights may become violent . once the territories are occupied by the males , the females arrive and try to approach , but often receive the same aggression before to appease the selected male .
due to their presence in several legends and traditions , storks are relatively well protected and loved . however , several threats are mentioned , even if the colonies seem to be large . the asian openbill is the victim of its great reproductive success . within the sanctuary where they breed , the trees where the colonies are established are dying , and going outside these areas expose the birds to several threats and hunting . some species have suffered human exploitation , with consumption of the chicks after to be fattened . the milky stork and the lesser adjutant in eastern sumatra , and the maguari stork in venezuela are threatened .
in the united states , the wood stork favors cypress trees in marshes , swamps , or ( less often ) among mangroves and nearby habitat .
berdie ij , 2008 . assessing canopy cover requirements of storm ' s stork ciconia stormi at multiple scales . open access thesis . paper 132 .
(
white stork - fact sheet
, 2001 ; tryjanowski , et al . , 2004 ; cramp , et al . , 1977 )
birdguides . 1999 .
white stork , ciconia ciconia
( on - line ) . birdguides . accessed march 20 , 2006 at urltoken .
gonzález , j . a . ( 1997 ) , seasonal variation in the foraging ecology of the wood stork in the southern llanos of venezuela .
belize zoo , 2006 .
the belize zoo
( on - line ) . jabiru stork . accessed april 04 , 2006 at urltoken .
2006 . stork . pp . 1 in encyclopedia of animals , vol . 1 , 1 edition . ipswich , ma : great neck publishing .
there was no evidence of linkage disequilibrium for any pair of loci for any species . in the wood stork sample there was no evidence of departures from
maguari storks breed in june through november in the ilanos ; august through october in southern brazil . they are found in clusters of 5 to 15 nests , which may be only half a meter apart . the nests are usually 1 to 6 meter up in the bushes or small trees , or on the ground in dense reed beds that are isolated from predators . the nest site is always surrounded by water . their large nest is made of sticks and is almost 2 meterswide , 75 cm deep , and lined with grass . they usually lay 2 to 4 eggs , and after an incubation of 29 - 32 days , chicks are hatched . the first coat of down is white and is rapidly replaced with black for camouflage , the chicks fledge after about 65 days . the maguari stork reaches sexual maturity at 3 years in males and 4 years in females .
this article is about the bird . for the 1917 film , see the black stork . for the pakistani special operations force , see special services group .
berthold , p . , k . michael , u . querner . 2004 . long - term satellite tracking of white stork migration : constancy versus variability .
] , and thus can favor cbp . brazilian wood stork colonies in the pantanal have up to 10 , 728 birds breeding together at the same time [
barooah , d . ( 1991 ) .
greater adjutant stork nesting in upper assam
. newsletter for birdwatchers 31 ( 1 & 2 ) : 11 .
raj , m . ( 1990 ) .
adjutant stork leptoptilos dubius breeding in nowgaon
. newsletter for birdwatchers 30 ( 5 & 6 ) : 8–9 .
however , the construction of the chiew larn dam in the same year led to destruction of much of this stork ' s lowland forest habitat through extensive flooding .
meijaard e , dennis r , schroor p , nardiyono , berdie i , douglas o , fuller . 2015 . habitat characteristics of storm ' s stork ciconiia stormi in indonesian borneo . available at : urltoken ' s _ stork _ ciconia _ stormii _ in _ indonesian _ borneo . accessed 30 / 05 / 16 .
] . limited behavioural observations have described the wood stork as socially monogamous , with both parents sharing incubation ( 27 to 32 d . ) and nestling care [
] . for the wood stork , limited ecological observations have also indicated that predation pressure can be high . in pantanal breeding colonies of this species , bouton [
however , these large birds often nest in trees and need at least some thickets or scattered trees in their preferred habitats , but the european white stork can also nest on roofs of buildings , as the abdim’s stork which makes the nest in the roofs of native huts , but also on rocky islands and in dry uplands .
just the facts : the white stork ( ciconia ciconia ) is a large wading bird in the stork family ciconiidae . it is a widespread but declining species which breeds in the warmer parts of europe but recent sightings and signs of increasing have been found in britain . it is a strong migrant , wintering in tropical africa .
the marabou stork is found throughout africa . however , it usually resides somewhere between the sahara desert and south africa . ( dinsmore , 1997 ; deignan , 1982 )
although storm ' s stork accepts both lowland riverine forest and peat swamp forest , it is currently unknown which of these habitats provide optimal living conditions for the species .
beloved bird : the white stork is the symbol of the hague in the netherlands and the unofficial symbol of poland , where about 25 percent of european storks breed .
greek mythology : in greek mythology , gerana was an æthiope , the enemy of hera , who changed her into a stork , a punishment hera also inflicted on antigone , daughter of laomedon of troy ( ovid , metamorphoses 6 . 93 ) . stork - gerana tried to abduct her child , mopsus . this accounted , for the greeks , for the mythic theme of the war between the pygmies and the storks . in popular western culture , there is a common image of a stork bearing an infant wrapped in cloths held in its beak ; the stork , rather than absconding with the child mopsus , is pictured as delivering the infant , an image of childbirth .
stork populations are decreasing in numbers because of habitat loss , pesticide usage , and poaching . storks are diverse and unique , and they are dependent on marshlands for their survival . as they are so recognizable , they are an excellent flagship group of birds . saving stork habitat will also protect other flora and fauna that use the marshlands .
the saddle - billed stork ( ephippiorhynchus senegalensis ) is a large wading bird in the stork family , ciconiidae . it is a widespread species which is a resident breeder in sub - saharan africa from sudan , ethiopia and kenya south to south africa , and in the gambia , senegal , côte d ' ivoire and chad in west africa .
this stork is sometimes hunted for food , either by native forest dwellers or non - natives who have been attracted to the area by large - scale land exploitation projects .
cutter , p ; boontua , p ; sri - buarod , k ( 2007 ) .
a recent record of storm ' s stork ciconia stormi in thailand
.
smithsonian national zoological park . 2001 .
white stork - fact sheet
( on - line ) . poland . pl . accessed january 24 , 2006 at urltoken .
latus , c . , k . kujawa . 2005 . the effect of land cover and fragmentation of agricultural landscape on the density of white stork in brandenburg , germany .
food for the birds : the white stork , like most of its relatives , feeds mainly on frogs and large insects , but also young birds , lizards and rodents .
the centres of stork diversity are in tropical asia and sub - saharan africa , with eight and six breeding species respectively . just three species are present in the new world :
the habitat of the marabou stork includes aquatic , arid areas of africa . the bird is also frequently found near landfills or fishing villages . ( lincoln park zoo , 1999 )
the saddle - billed stork breeds in forested waterlands and other floodlands in tropical lowland . it builds a large , deep stick nest in a tree , laying one or two white
(
how do white storks adapt to their environment ?
, 2003 ;
white stork - fact sheet
, 2001 ; cramp , et al . , 1977 )
living lakes partnership . 2005 .
living lakes
( on - line ) . white stork conservation : for nature and people . accessed march 24 , 2006 at urltoken .
height : largest - marabou stork leptoptilos crumeniferus , 4 . 9 feet ( 152 centimeters ) tall ; smallest - hammerkop scopus umbretta , almost 2 feet ( 56 centimeters ) tall
storks that feed in murky waters , like the wood , yellow - billed , and milky storks , have sensitive areas on their bill that can feel prey brushing against it . they stalk slowly or just stand still with their bill in the water , and when they feel food , they snap it up . other species , like jabiru and maguari storks , have a pointed bill used to jab at prey in water or tall grass . the shoebill stork is often compared to a statue as it stands perfectly still for long periods of time in marshes , waiting for a fishy meal to surface .
within its range the white stork is distinctive when seen on the ground but , when seen at a distance in flight , it can be confused with several other species with similar underwing patterns , such as the yellow - billed stork , great white pelican and egyptian vulture . the yellow - billed stork is identified by its black tail and a longer , slightly curved , yellow beak . the white stork also tends to be larger than the yellow - billed stork . the great white pelican has short legs which do not extend beyond its tail , and it flies with its neck retracted , keeping its head near to its stocky body , giving it a different flight profile . pelicans also behave differently , soaring in orderly , synchronised flocks rather than in disorganised groups of individuals as the white stork does . the egyptian vulture is much smaller , with a long wedge - shaped tail , shorter legs and a small yellow - tinged head on a short neck . the common crane , which can also look black and white in strong light , shows longer legs and a longer neck in flight .
the female lays three to five eggs , even up to seven in the european white stork . on the other hand , the saddlebill only lays one single egg . often oval and creamy - white , the extreme sizes are 84 x 60 mm for 145 grams in marabou , whereas the abdim’s stork has smaller eggs , 54 x 45 mm for 58 grams .
within its range the white stork is distinctive when seen on the ground but , when seen at a distance in flight , it can be confused with several other species with similar underwing patterns , such as the yellow - billed stork , great white pelican and egyptian vulture . the yellow - billed stork is identified by its black tail and a longer , slightly curved , yellow beak . the white stork also tends to be larger than the yellow - billed stork . the great white pelican has short legs which do not extend beyond its tail , and it flies with its neck retracted , keeping its head near to its stocky body , giving it a different flight profile . pelicans also behave differently , soaring in orderly , synchronised flocks rather than in disorganised groups of individuals as the white stork does . the egyptian vulture is much smaller , with a long wedge - shaped tail , shorter legs and a small yellow - tinged head on a short neck . the common crane , which can also look black and white in strong light , shows longer legs and a longer neck in flight .
the longest lifespan of asian openbills in captivity is 18 years . however , in one study , an asian openbill stork was found to survive for more than 18 years in captivity .
the female white stork lays only three to four eggs which may also be as many as seven in exceptional cases . both the parents share the duty of nurturing the stork babies during the incubation period . the young chicks have black bills and white body . this nurturance may continue till the chicks learn to fledge which happens within eight to nine weeks since birth . by the time the babies grow two to three years of age , they are capable of breeding . the maximum number of years a stork can survive is for thirty - five years .
wood storks have been observed feeding at about 130 km from their colony . the solitary saddlebill seems to be sedentary , only moving around in the surroundings for best food . both openbill species perform regular movements not yet well understood , as the movements of the oriental white stork . the abdim’s stork is a true tropical migrant , following the rains which provide abundant insects .
burton , r . g . ( 1921 ) .
the adjutant stork and other matters
. j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 28 ( 1 ) : 287–288 .
painted stork nesting colonies often become centres of tourist attraction due to their large size and colour . particularly well - known nest sites close to human settlements are in the south indian villages of
urfi , a . j . 1997 . the significance of delhi zoo for wild water birds , with special reference to the painted stork ( mycteria leucocephala ) . forktail 12 : 87–97 .
manna , c . 2009 . nest - building behaviour of the asian open billed stork in the kulik bird sanctuary , raiganj , india . our nature , 7 : 39 - 47 .
the marabou stork is a frequent scavenger , and the naked head and neck are adaptations to this livelihood , as it is with the vultures with which the stork often feeds . in both cases , a feathered head would become rapidly clotted with blood and other substances when the bird ' s head was inside a large corpse , and the bare head is easier to keep clean .
the migratory species like the white stork and the black stork soar on broad wings and rely on thermals of hot air for sustained long distance flight . since thermals only form over land , these storks , like large raptors , must cross the mediterranean at the narrowest points , and many of these birds can be seen going through the straits of gibraltar and the bosphorus on migration .
the asian openbill or asian openbill stork ( anastomus oscitans ) is a large wading bird in the stork family ciconiidae . this distinctive stork is found mainly in the indian subcontinent and southeast asia . it is greyish white with glossy black wings and tail and the adults have a gap between the arched upper mandible and recurved lower mandible . young birds are born without this gap which is thought to be an adaptation that aids in the handling of snails , their main prey . although resident within their range , they make long distance movements in response to weather and food availability .
owing to hybridization with the painted stork , particularly in zoos . hybrids have been recorded in the wild in cambodia and in several zoos including those at kuala lumpur , singapore zoo and bangkok .
meganathan , thangarasu & abdul jamil urfi ( 2009 ) .
inter - colony variations in nesting ecology of painted stork ( mycteria leucocephala ) in the delhi zoo ( north india )
.
a resident breeder in lowland wetlands with trees , the wood stork builds a large stick nest in a forest tree . they nest colonially with up to twenty - five nests in one tree .
china : for the chinese , the stork was able to snatch up a worthy man , like the flute - player lan ts ' ai ho , and carry him to a blissful life .
the black stork is a strong migrant , wintering in tropical africa and india . a broad - winged soaring bird , the black stork is assisted by thermals of hot air for long distance flight , although are less dependent on them than the white stork . since thermals only form over land , storks , together with large raptors , must cross the mediterranean at the narrowest points , and many black storks can be seen going through the bosphorus . they fly approximately 100 to 250 km ( 62 to 155 mi ) a day with daily maxima up to 500 km ( 310 mi ) .
hybridization with lesser adjutant storks have also been recorded in several zoos , especially at the colombo zoo , sri lanka where a male painted stork and female lesser adjutant mated and reared chicks several times .
here’s to the wood stork , then ! it’s no looker , it may not nest on our roofs or transport our progeny , but its story is far more fascinating than any old wives’ tale .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 ) ciconia : ciconia is a genus of birds in the stork family . six of the seven species occur in the old world , but the maguari stork has a south american range .
a ciconia fossil representing the distal end of a right humerus has been recovered from miocene beds of rusinga island , lake victoria , kenya . the 24–6 million year old fossil could have originated from either a white stork or a black stork ( c . nigra ) , which are species of about the same size with very similar bone structures . the middle miocene beds of maboko island have yielded further remains .
according to european folklore , the stork is responsible for bringing babies to new parents . the legend is very ancient , but was popularised by a 19th - century hans christian andersen story called the storks . german folklore held that storks found babies in caves or marshes and brought them to households in a basket on their backs or held in their beaks . these caves contained adebarsteine or
stork stones
. the babies would then be given to the mother or dropped down the chimney . households would notify when they wanted children by placing sweets for the stork on the window sill . from there the folklore has spread around the world to countries such as the philippines and south america . birthmarks on the back of the head of newborn baby , nevus flammeus nuchae , are sometimes referred to as stork - bite .
a larger impact of deforestation on the storm ' s stork is more likely to be the decrease in freshwater faunal prey abundance and diversity resulting from increased sedimentation , nutrient loads and water temperatures after logging .
a ciconia fossil representing the distal end of a right humerus has been recovered from miocene beds of rusinga island , lake victoria , kenya . the 24–6 million year old fossil could have originated from either a white stork or a black stork ( c . nigra ) , which are species of about the same size with very similar bone structures . the middle miocene beds of maboko island have yielded further remains .
the other members of ciconiidae have more generalized feeding methods . they are opportunists , taking all available food at any time such as small fish , amphibians , snakes , small mammals and insects . however , the abdim’s stork can be classified as specialist feeder , eating a high proportion of insects , often at grass fires or around swarms of locusts , like the european white stork in its wintering grounds in africa .
there were negative aspects to stork folklore as well ; a polish folk tale relates how god made the stork ' s plumage white , while the devil gave it black wings , imbuing it with both good and evil impulses . they were also associated with handicapped or stillborn babies in germany , explained as the stork having dropped the baby en route to the household , or as revenge or punishment for past wrongdoing . a mother who was confined to bed around the time of childbirth was said to have been
bitten
by the stork . in denmark , storks were said to toss a nestling off the nest and then an egg in successive years . in medieval england , storks were also associated with adultery , possibly inspired by their courtship rituals . their preening and posture saw them linked with the attribute of self - conceit .
32 . 4 cm ( 12 . 8 in ) in length . with the exception of the tarsus length , the standard measurements of the greater adjutant are on average greater than that of other stork species .
desai , j . h . ; menon , g . k . ; shah , r . v . ( 1977 ) .
studies on the reproductive pattern of the painted stork , ibis leucocephalus
.
the milky stork breeds in colonies during mating season . they most commonly breed during the non - rainy seasons of their habitat , being january and february in cambodia and july and august in indonesia . during this time , fish numbers have multiplied , increasing the storks ' food supply . during mating season , the face and legs of the milky stork will turn bright red and the bill will turn a brighter orange .
bulgarian folklore : in bulgarian folklore , the stork is a symbol of the coming spring ( as this is the time when the birds return to nest in bulgaria after their winter migration ) and in certain regions of bulgaria it plays a central role in the custom of martenitsa : when the first stork is sighted it is time to take off the red - and - white martenitsa tokens , for spring is truly come .
in english folk mythology and old wives ' tales , storks deliver newborn babies to mothers by dropping them down chimneys . this is the origin of the phrase
dr . stork
to refer to an obstetrician .
because this stork is a lowland specialist , high - elevation forest remaining intact after destruction and fragmentation of lowland habitat is unsuitable , so that transmigration to higher altitude forests is unlikely to be a viable escape solution .
danielsen , f . kadarisman r ; skov , h ; suwarman , u ; verheugt , wjm ( 1997 ) .
the storm ' s stork ciconia stormi in indonesia : breeding biology population and conservation
.
the marabou stork ( leptoptilos crumenifer ) is a large wading bird in the stork family ciconiidae . it breeds in africa south of the sahara , in both wet and arid habitats , often near human habitation , especially waste tips . it is sometimes called the
undertaker bird
due to its shape from behind : cloak - like wings and back , skinny white legs , and sometimes a large white mass of
hair
.
according to european folklore , the stork is responsible for bringing babies to new parents . the legend is very ancient , but was popularised by a 19th - century hans christian andersen story called the storks . [ 17 ] german folklore held that storks found babies in caves or marshes and brought them to households in a basket on their backs or held in their beaks . these caves contained adebarsteine or
stork stones
. the babies would then be given to the mother or dropped down the chimney . households would notify when they wanted children by placing sweets for the stork on the window sill . [ 11 ] from there the folklore has spread around the world to countries such as the philippines and south america . [ 11 ] birthmarks on the back of the head of newborn baby , nevus flammeus nuchae , are sometimes referred to as stork - bite . [ 27 ]
there were negative aspects to stork folklore as well ; a polish folk tale relates how god made the stork ' s plumage white , while the devil gave it black wings , imbuing it with both good and evil impulses . they were also associated with handicapped or stillborn babies in germany , explained as the stork having dropped the baby en route to the household , or as revenge or punishment for past wrongdoing . a mother who was confined to bed around the time of childbirth was said to have been
bitten
by the stork . [ 11 ] in denmark , storks were said to toss a nestling off the nest and then an egg in successive years . [ 11 ] in medieval england , storks were also associated with adultery , possibly inspired by their courtship rituals . their preening and posture saw them linked with the attribute of self - conceit . [ 36 ]
a marabou stork’s bill grows all its life and can be 13 . 6 inches ( 34 . 6 centimeters ) long . the large , heavy bill is a formidable weapon against other scavengers , even hyenas and jackals .
early christians : the stork is alleged in folklore to be monogamous although in fact this monogamy is
serial monogamy
, the bond lastiong one season : see above . for early christians the stork became an emblem of a highly respected
white marriage
, that is , a chaste marriage . this symbolism endured to the seventeenth century , as in henry peacham ' s emblem book minerva britanna ( 1612 ) ( see link ) .
acharjyo , y . 1970 . notes on a nodular disease of the intestine of the open - billed stork - ( anastomus oscitans ) caused by chaunocephalus ferox . journal of wildlife diseases , 6 : 64 - 66 .
reproduction : the maguari stork breeds in june - november in venezuela and august - october in s brazil . the season varies according to the range , between may and november , and lasts four months . this loosely colonial species breeds in groups of 5 - 15 pairs , often very close to each other ( only 50 cm apart ) . the nest can be placed between one and six metres up on bushes or small trees , but according to the available sites , this species may also nest on the ground in dense reedbeds . the nest - site is always surrounded by water . the nest is made with sticks and lined with grass . it is a huge nest of about 2 metres wide and 70 / 80 cm deep .