the big skate ( beringraja binoculata , syn . raja binoculata ) is the largest species of skate ( family rajidae ) in the waters off north america .

they are found along the pacific coast from alaska to baja california , typically from the intertidal zone to a depth of 120 m ( 390 ft ) , and feed on benthic invertebrates and small fishes .

they are unusual among skates in that their egg cases may contain up to seven eggs each .

this species is one of the most commercially important skates off california and is sold for food .

big skate

close view of the eyes and spiracles of a big skate . photo courtesy noaa
the dorsal surface of the big skate is mottled in color . photo courtesy noaa
frequency distribution of ( a ) big skate and ( b ) longnose skate ages . . . | download scientific diagram
the largest big skate on record was eight feet ( 2 . 4 m ) long !
parasites copepods parasitize a variety of marine fishes with the big skate being no exception . the copepod lepeophtheirus cuneifer sp . nov . is one such documented parasite of the big skate .
skate , 400 - grit sandpaper was used . for longnose skate , 1500 -
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tl ( mm ) of both big skate ( cr = 0 . 66 + 0 . 0481tl ;
are solid line ) . ( b ) scatterplot of length and age for big skate males ( open
length ( total length ) frequency distribution of ( a ) big skate and ( b ) longnose skate samples used in this study . length interv
the big skate is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the big skate is harmless to humans and will remain motionless on the bottom substrate near divers unless harassed .
frequency distribution of ( a ) big skate and ( b ) longnose skate ages estimated from sectioned vertebral centra . males are open bars ; females are closed
big skate may be one of the most fecund elasmobranchs and has an estimated generation length of 14 . 25 years
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dentition the teeth of the big skate are small . they are arranged in rows with bases touching and raised cusps .
although more commonly found on sand and mud bottoms , the big skate is occasionally seen among stands of kelp . photo courtesy noaa
fig . 6 . frequency distribution of ( a ) big skate and ( b ) longnose skate ages estimated from sectioned vertebral centra . males are open bars ; females are closed bars .
similar to california skate and starry skate which are hardnoses , have large spines on back , and pale underneath .
large predatory bony fishes and sharks consume big skates . one such documented predator is the
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a formal stock assessment for the big skate in british columbia , canada was published by fisheries and oceans canada . the assessment concluded that the historical ( 1996 - 2011 ) levels of removal have had no significant impact on big skate abundance in the region based on available trawl and longline survey data ( king
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food habits the big skate feeds on marine invertebrates such as shrimp , worms , and clams as well as on fishes including the great sculpin ( myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus ) .
there are dozens of species of skates . according to the florida museum of natural history , the common skate is the largest skate species - it can reach over 8 feet in length . at only about 30 inches , the starry skate is the smallest skate species .
the big skate is found along the western coast of north america , from the gulf of california to the bering sea ( walford 1935 , roedel and ripley 1950 ) .
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the smallest skate is the starry skate ( raja stellata ) which only reaches a maximum total length of 30 inches ( 76 cm ) .
recent stock assessment data exist for the ai , ebs , and goa and are based on bottom trawl surveys conducted by the u . s . national marine fisheries service . biomass of the big skate for the entire bsai area ( ebs shelf , ebs slope , ai ) was 1 , 692 t in 2002 , 1 , 373 t in 2004 , 4 , 081 t in 2010 and 1 , 356 t in 2012 ( ormseth 2014a ) . in the goa , the big skate is managed distinctly from the longnose skate ( raja rhina ) and
other skates
. biomass of the big skate across the entire goa has remained relatively stable at ~ 50 , 000 t since the 1990s , but a dramatic decline in biomass of the big skate has been recorded in the central goa since 2003 ( ormseth 2014b ) . despite this area - specific decline the big skate is not considered to be overfished based on goa - wide biomass estimates ( ormseth 2014b ) .
mcfarlane , g . a . and j . r . king , 2006 . age and growth of big skate ( raja binoculata ) and longnose skate ( raja rhina ) in british columbia waters . fisheries research 78 ( 2 - 3 ) : 169–178 .
in the gulf of alaska ( goa ) , estimates from bottom trawl surveys suggest that the roughtail skate biomass has fluctuated in the eastern , western and central goa from 1984 - 2013 ( ormseth 2014b ) . because of these fluctuations , it is difficult to establish a trend , however
other skate
biomass ( skates excluding the big skate (
the big skate was originally described by girard in 1855 as raja binoculata . although another combination , dipturus binoculata , was also used to describe the big skate , raja binoculata remains the scientifically valid name . the genus name raja is derived from the latin
raja
meaning skate and the species name binoculata means two eyes , referring to the spots on the pectoral fins . a synonym used to refer to this species in previous scientific literature is raja cooperi girard 1858 .
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below are some examples of skate species found in the u . s . :
with the size of the skate , or size of the centrum . clarity of
some u . s . skate species , such as the thorny skate , are considered overfished , and management plans are in place in the u . s . to protect skate populations through methods such as fishing trip limits , and possession prohibitions .
the common skate ( dipturus batis ) is the largest skate in the world , reaching up to 250 cm in length with a life span of approximately 50 years .
winter skate ( leucoraja ocellata mitchill 1815 ) , also known as the big or eyed skate , are recognized by a flattened disc shape , greatly enlarged wing - like fins , and long tail . the upper surface is usually light to dark brown with a large white eyespot near the rear corner of the pectoral fins , which helps distinguish them from other species of skate .
little is known about the big skate’s mating behaviour but , like other skates , it is oviparous , or egg - laying , but it has unusually large egg capsules . among skates , only the big skate and the closely related raja pulchra have more than one egg per egg capsule . the egg capsules of the big skate are laid in pairs and usually contain three to four eggs , although up to seven have been recorded . hatchlings are released from the egg capsule about nine months after being laid by the female . males reach sexual maturity at approximately seven to eight years , females at 12 to 13 ( 4 ) .
sandpaper skate ( r . kincaidi ) which lacks orbital thorns and has a thorn on the shoulders in center of body on each side of the midline of the skate .
bands and estimate age . this skate was estimated to be 19 years of age .
= 20 ) across a range of skate total length ( mm ) . mean distances
. . . the current methodology for age estimation for longnose skate and big skate relies on thin sectioning of vertebrae for growth band counts ( zeiner and wolf , 1993 ) . age estimates and growth curve estimates have been produced for longnose skate and big skate populations for the gulf of alaska ( gburski et al . , 2007 ) , british columbia ( mc farlane and king , 2006 ) , usa west coast ( thompson , 2006 ) , and central california ( zeiner and wolf , 1993 ) . however these studies did not produce similar results , but no latitudinal gradient in results was apparent . . . .
big skates have two large , black spots on their fins , which resemble large eyes . scientists think these
eyes
 might confuse predators or make a small skate look larger and less vulnerable to a hungry shark .
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winter skate in the southern gulf mature at a length of about 42 cm . this is much smaller than the length at maturity reported for winter skate elsewhere ( 75 cm ) . age and growth data are not available for winter skate in the gulf . based on growth rates of little skate , which mature at about the same size as winter skate in the gulf , a length at maturity of 42 cm would correspond to an age of 6 yr .
the big skate is found in temperate waters of the eastern pacific ocean between 63°n - 28°n latitudes . this range includes the eastern bering sea and aleutian islands , west to unalaska island and south to baja , california ( u . s . ) near cedros island . this skate is rare south of point conception , california .
the big skate has a flattened diamond - shaped body with a stiff snout tapering to a blunt point . the small eyes are positioned on the dorsal surface some distance from the pointed snout with large spiracles just posterior to the eyes .
age and growth estimates were determined for big skate ( raja binoculata ) and longnose skate ( raja rhina ) from british columbia waters . vertebrae ( centra ) were collected from 242 big skate and 174 longnose skate , ranging in length from 166 to 2039 mm , and 186 to 1246 mm , respectively . male and female big skates ranged in age from 0 to 25 and 0 to 26 years , and male and female longnose skates ranged from 0 to 23 and 0 to 26 years , respectively . these ages are much older than those previously reported . logistic and von bertalanffy growth models were developed for males and females of both species . the growth curves were similar to previous estimates for both big and longnose skate for the range of sizes and ages that were previously available . however , because of the broader ranges presented in this paper , the growth curve estimates provided here are larger and older theoretical maximum sizes and ages . the data provided here are the only published estimates of size and age at 50 % maturity for both species .
skate males ( open circles ) and females ( closed circles ) . both sets of data are
. 2008 ) . this indicates that big skates may be one of the most fecund elasmobranchs . in the wild , only a few areas where
) is a large - bodied demersal skate that occurs primarily on soft - sediment habitats in coastal waters on the continental shelf in the northeast pacific and the eastern central pacific , from northern baja california to alaska . they are one of the largest species of skate and , as with the common skate (
skate wings can also be used for lobster bait , and to make fish meal and pet food .
this , the second in size of our skates , occurs commonly all around the gulf of maine from nova scotia to cape cod . there are many locality records for it for the bay of fundy as well as from the coasts of maine and massachusetts , but so closely does a half or two - thirds grown big skate resemble an adult little skate (
the big skate attains a maximum total length ( tl ) of about 290 cm ( mcfarlane and king 2006 ) , although specimens over 180 cm tl ( 90 kg ) are unusual ( martin and zorzi 1993 ) , especially outside of british columbia waters .
very docile . remains motionless unless molested . try not to hover directly above the body as this may cause it to bolt . i have fanned the silt off of one big skate ' s back and it still patiently remained while i took its picture .
bester , cathleen . ray and skate basics ( online ) . florida museum of natural history : icthyology .
in russia , the roughtail skate do not appear to have any active management measures , but the roughtail skate was assessed as having an least concern status when evaluated against the iucn criteria ( grigorov and orlov 2013 ) .
fig . 4 : updating trophic and spatial information for commercially exploited species — like the big skate ( beringraja binoculata ) pictured above — can improve ecosystem approaches to fisheries management in alaskan waters and off the u . s . west coast . photo credit : j . bizzarro .
reproduction the big skate is an oviparous , or egg - laying species . it has probably the largest egg capsules in the rajidae family , with each measuring 9 - 12 inches ( 22 . 8 - 30 . 5 cm ) long and 4 - 7 inches ( 11 . 0 - 19 . 4 cm ) wide . the egg capsules are oblong in shape with horns at each corner . the only known egg capsules to contain more than one egg inside are those of the big skate and mottled skate ( r . pulchra ) . the egg capsules of the big skate commonly contain 3 - 4 eggs , although up to 7 have been documented . the female releases the egg capsules in pairs on sandy or muddy substrate . the egg capsules release the hatchlings about nine months after being released from the female . the empty black egg cases , referred to as mermaid ' s purses , sometimes wash ashore and are found by beach walkers .
the big skate feeds on marine invertebrates such as shrimps , worms and clams , as well as on crustaceans and fish ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the positioning of the mouth on the underside of the body is perfect for sucking up animals hiding in the sand ( 4 ) .
compagno ljv , ebert da ( 2007 ) southern african skate biodiversity and distribution . environ biol fishes 80 : 125–145 .
the big skate is fished for its fins , which are marketed fresh and frozen ( 3 ) , but is only of minor importance to commercial fisheries ( 4 ) . however , this species is also taken incidentally as bycatch , primarily by bottom trawlers in the waters off the coast of california ( u . s ) . indeed , during the 1990s , the skate catch off the coast of california increased nearly ten - fold , partly targeted and partly taken as bycatch by trawl fisheries that supplement their income by marketing incidentally caught skates and rays ( 4 ) . data are currently inadequate to determine the precise impact fisheries are having on big skate populations , but as one of the larger , slow maturing species with a low reproductive rate , this skate is potentially vulnerable to population collapses caused by over - fishing ( 1 ) .
longnose skate ( r . rhina ) which has deeply concave anterior margins of the pectoral fins and deeply notched pelvic fins .
getis - gi hot spot analysis z - score plots of catch - per - unit - effort ( kg / km ) for the california skate , raja inornata ( a ) ; starry skate , r . stellulata ( b ) , and sandpapaer skate , bathyraja kincaidii ( c ) off central california , as calculated from nmfs–afsc and nmfs–nwfsc trawl surveys conducted during 1997–2010 .
( rajiformes : arhynchobatidae ) : a polychaete - feeding skate from the south - west atlantic . sci mar 69 : 405–413
size , age , and growth aptly named the
big
skate , this species is the largest skate in north american waters . the maximum reported size of the big skate is 7 . 9 feet ( 2 . 4 m ) total length , however this species usually does not reach lengths beyond 6 feet ( 1 . 8 m ) and weights of 200 pounds ( 91 kg ) . males reach maturity at approximately 7 - 8 years of age and lengths of 3 . 2 - 3 . 6 feet ( 0 . 9 - 1 . 1 m ) ; females mature at about 12 - 13 years of age and lengths of 4 . 3 - 4 . 6 feet ( 1 . 3 - 1 . 4 m ) .
. 2008 ) . in british columbia , females reach 50 % maturity at 90 cm tl ( 8 years ) and at 72 cm tl ( 6 years ) for males ( mcfarlane and king 2006 ) . the big skate is oviparous and deposits egg cases on the sea floor that have embryos that develop in 6 to 20 months , depending on water temperature ( hoff 2007 ) . fecundity estimates are difficult to obtain because the big skate is one of only two skates to have more than one embryo per egg case . aquarium observations have shown that the most common number of embryos per egg case is two ( chiquillo
presently , the big skate is classified as near threatened on the iucn red list , and no direct conservation measures are currently in place for the species ( 1 ) . however , more population data and close monitoring of this species are required to accurately assess the impact fisheries are having on its abundance and distribution .
hoff gr ( 2010 ) identification of skate nursery habitat in the eastern bering sea . mar ecol prog ser 403 : 243–254 .
in waters from the intertidal range to depths of 394 feet ( 120 m ) , the big skate is found along the coast in estuaries , bays , and over the continental shelf . although this skate is sometimes observed in low stands of kelp , it is more common on sandy and muddy bottoms . it is usually seen hiding motionless in the bottom sediments with only eyes protruding , camouflaged from potential predators . when it does move , swimming occurs by the undulation of the pectoral fins , which makes the skate appear as though it is
flying
gracefully through the water .
the big skate is of only minor commercial fisheries importance . however , it is taken incidentally as bycatch primarily by bottom trawlers in the waters off the coast of california ( u . s . ) . the pectoral fins are sometimes marketed as
skate wings
and presumably as scallops ( punched from the pectoral fins ) although the flesh of skates is not highly regarded for human consumption . anglers occasionally take this species , however it is usually released or discarded .
molecular systematics of the skate subgenus arctoraja ( bathyraja : rajidae ) and support for an undescribed species , the leopard skate , with comments on the phylogenetics of bathyraja . spies , i . b . , d . e . stevenson , j . w . orr , and g . r . hoff . 2011 . molecular systematics of the skate subgenus arctoraja ( bathyraja : rajidae ) and support for an undescribed species , the leopard skate , with comments on the phylogenetics of bathyraja . ichthyol . res . 58 : 77 - 83 .
the big skate is found in temperate waters of the north - eastern pacific ocean from alaska to central baja , california ( 1 ) ( 5 ) . this range includes the eastern bering sea and aleutian islands , west to unalaska island and south to baja , california ( u . s . ) near cedros island ( 4 ) .
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skates are commercially harvested for their wings , which are considered tasty ( skate wing with butter , anyone ? ) . the flesh of a skate ' s wing is said to be similar to the taste and texture of scallops . they are usually harvested using otter trawls .
however , prior to 2004 , 99 % of skate bycatch in alaskan fisheries was recorded as “unidentified skate” ( stevenson and lewis 2010 ) , making it difficult to determine whether changes in the composition of the catch have occurred over time ( barnett et al . 2013 ) .
stevenson de , orr jw ( 2005 ) records of two deepwater skate species from the eastern bering sea . northwest nat 86 : 71–81 .
similar to the deepsea skate which also has a long snout and deeply notched pelvic fins but lacks orbital spines and has a flabby snout .
the winter skate is mostly found on sandy or gravelly bottoms , usually in depths less than 110 metres , although they have been caught at depths approaching 400 metres . in the southern gulf , winter skate occupy shallow inshore areas in summer to early autumn , dispersing broadly on the eastern scotian shelf during winter . winter skate have been reported in waters ranging between - 1 . 2°and 19° c . winter skate in the southern gulf experience temperatures on the upper end of this range during the summer due to their coastal distribution . ( updated 2017 / 03 / 07 )
big skates hide in the sand and mud along the seafloor , with only their eyes protruding . their gray , mottled bodies blend into the background of the seafloor ; this camouflage protects them from predators like sharks .
in the english language , the common name for this species is big skate . other common names include gandah ( tsimshian ) , grote rog ( dutch ) , k ' ak ' ew ( salish ) , k ' andah ( tsimshian ) , raie ( french ) , raja wielka ( polish ) , raya gigante ( spanish ) and scat ( russian ) .
the eye spots , if present , serve to identify this skate at a glance ; sometimes , however , they are lacking , in which case half - grown specimens so closely resemble the little skate that recourse must be had to the number of teeth to tell the one from the other .
california skate ( r . inornata ) which has a pointed snout , deeply notched pelvic fins , and slightly convex anterior edges of the pectoral fins .
starry skate ( r . stellulata ) which has small ocelli and convex anterior edges of the pectoral fins as well as is covered with thorns . roughtail skate ( r . trachura ) which has no large thorns on the body and is dark gray or black both on the dorsal and ventral surfaces .
ebert da , compagno ljv ( 2007 ) biodiversity and systematics of skate ( chondrichthyes : rajiformes : rajoidei ) . environ biol fish 80 : 111–124 .
occurring along the coast in estuaries , bays and over the continental shelf . commonly found on sandy and muddy bottoms to depths of 120 metres ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the big skate is usually seen lying on the bottom partially covered with bottom sediments , with eyes protruding above the remainder of the body and sediments ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) .
the big skate has mottled coloration on the dorsal surface including brown , reddish brown , dark gray and black . there may also be small pale spots and scattered dark blotches . there are two large black spots , resembling eyes , on the dorsal surface of the pectoral fins . each spot has a pale border and dark center . biologists believe that these
eyes
may confuse potential predators , with the skate appearing much larger than it is . the ventral surface ranges from white to a muddy white sometimes with dark blotches .
richards sw , merriman d , daiber lh ( 1963 ) studies of the marine resources of southern new england 9 . the biology of the little skate ,
in alaska , population information for the roughtail skate is available from trawl surveys and population modelling conducted by the u . s . national marine fisheries service .
first use of satellite tags to examine movement and habitat use of big skates beringraja binoculata in the gulf of alaska . farrugia , t . j . , k . j . goldman , c . tribuzio , and a . c . seitz . 2016 . first use of satellite tags to examine movement and habitat use of big skates beringraja binoculata in the gulf of alaska . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 556 : 209 - 221 . urltoken online .
in 2006 - 7 there was a field of perhaps a few hundred to a thousand or more big skate egg capsules in 40 to 80 feet of water off the shoreline at madrona point near parksville , vancouver island . no animals were encountered . it has been suggested to us by peter bor ( shark and skate egg case specialist ) that the egg cases were probably deposited in august and are likely to hatch some time in november after a 9 to 15 month incubation period ! the majority of the eggs were found at 45 to 60 feet .
because skate catches were extremely low or absent in most western goa afsc trawl sets , these data were reduced to presence - absence and analyzed using logistic regression . covariates included : depth , depth 2 , longitude , and longitude 2 because skate distributional extents are generally oriented on longitudinal gradient in the goa [ 38 ] .
skates mature at a late age , have slow growth rates , and low reproductive rates . all these factors make skates potentially vulnerable to overfishing and as such , warrant close monitoring of populations . in regions other than california , due to a reduction in landings , it appears that skates have been overfished and are suffering reduced population levels . one example , the barndoor skate ( raja laevis ) , is currently listed with the iucn as vulnerable due to being severely overfished . however , population data is lacking to determine the exploitation of the big skate at this time .
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description : the body of the big skate is gray , brown , reddish brown , olive - brown , or blackish , often with rosettes of white , sometimes with dark spots or blotches below . a large ocellus ( ringed spot ) is present in the middle of each pectoral fin . this species has a flattened , diamond - shaped body slightly wider than it is long , with a long , moderately pointed snout . it has small eyes that are placed just ahead of large spiracles . this species has small teeth with raised cusps . two small dorsal fins are on the tail , the anal fin is absent , and the caudal fin is reduced to a simple fold . there is a weak notch in the rear edge of each pelvic fin . the dorsal surface of the big skate has one spine at the midback , followed by a middorsal row of spines over the pelvic fins and on the tail ( sometimes there is no row over the pelvic fins ) . the upper surface of this skate otherwise lacks large spines . large adults of this species have small denticles ( scales ) . the undersurface of this skate is nearly smooth .
big skates are taken on hook and line , in weirs , and in otter trawls , but they are of no commercial value , except as they form a part of the general landings of skates . and they are only a nuisance to anglers .
oviparous . lays distinctively large ( 20 - 25cm ) egg capsules in pairs on substrate . capsules may contain up to 8 skate embrios . eggs hatch at around nine months .
stevenson de , lewis ka ( 2010 ) observer - reported skate bycatch in the commercial groundfish fisheries of alaska . fish bull ( u . s . ) 108 : 208–217 .
from 2004 - 2008 , this species was estimated to make up only 0 . 1 % ( by weight ) of the observed skate bycatch ( stevenson and lewis 2010 ) i
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reproductive biology of the alaska skate bathyraja parmifera , with comments on an intersexual individual . j . fish . biol . 87 : 664 - 678 . matta , m . e . 2015 . reproductive biology of the alaska skate bathyraja parmifera , with comments on an intersexual individual . j . fish . biol . 87 : 664 - 678 . urltoken online .
of the populations found off british columbia , canada and in the gulf of alaska have remained relatively stable over time . on the west coast of the united states ( washington , oregon and california ) , this species is managed under the federal groundfish fishery management plan . given that available stock assessments indicate that populations of the big skate are stable , and that this species is managed throughout much of its range , this species is assessed as least concern .
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in alaska ' s bsai and goa regions , the roughtail skate is managed as part of a skate complex comprising 13 species . annual catch limits are determined for the complex as a whole . prior to 2011 , skates were managed as part of an “other species” complex that included animals with widely disparate life history types including octopus , sharks , sculpins , and skates ( ormseth 2014a , b ) . in the goa , this skate is managed as part of an “other skates” complex with harvest specifications based on survey biomass estimates . skate field identification guides and classroom training programs have been developed for fishery observers in alaska ( stevenson and lewis 2010 ) . when these tools were implemented in 2004 and 2008 , the number of skates that were categorized as
unidentified skate
dropped dramatically from ~ 99 % by weight to < 3 % in 2008 ( barnett et al . 2013 , stevenson and lewis 2010 ) .
historically , the skate fishery has been of only minor economic importance compared to other commercial fisheries . however , the market price of skate wings increased from $ . 01 - $ . 02 per pound prior to 1970 to $ . 25 per pound in 1991 . in the 1990s , the price ranged from $ . 40 to $ 1 per pound , making the skate a more attractive catch . during the 1990s , the skate catch off the coast of california increased nearly ten - fold . this is in part due to the increased take by the trawl fishery which supplements its income by marketing skates and rays taken as bycatch . the impact on the populations of skates and rays due to the increased take is uncertain at this time .
this skate looks very much like the little skate , but it is larger and has more numerous teeth . the front angle of the disc is much blunter than a right angle , bulging opposite the eyes , and the tip of the snout is rounded . the teeth are in from 72 to 110 series in each jaw instead of 66 series , or fewer as in
zip model predictions of median and maximum count , and associated depth and latitude ranges , and gam model predictions of temperature for central california skate species / life stages throughout the study site .
bizzarro jj , robison hj , rinewalt cs , ebert da ( 2007 ) comparative feeding ecology of four sympatric skate species off central california , usa . environ biol fishes 80 : 197–220 .
from 2003 through 2006 , 18 , 180 big skate ( raja binoculata ) were tagged in three regions in british columbia , canada : northern hecate strait , queen charlotte sound and the west coast of vancouver island . to date , this is the largest tagging program conducted for skates or rays worldwide . as of december 31 , 2008 , 7 % of the tagged fish ( n = 1238 ) have been recaptured through the commercial . . . [ show full abstract ]
the winter skate is an ocean ground dwelling marine fish with a flattened body , large wing - like fins , a long slender tail , a rounded snout and spots on its back . its back varies in color from pale brown to dark brown with black spots and one or more larger white spots located near the rear corner of each pectoral fin . these spots help to distinguish it from other skates . its other side , the belly , is white . the winter skate is one of the largest species of skates in atlantic canada , reaching lengths of upwards of 110 cm . however , in the southern gulf of st . lawrence , winter skate mature and grow to considerably smaller sizes than anywhere else in their range . for example , female winter skate are mature by 42 cm in the southern gulf , but 50 % of winter skate are mature at 75 cm on the eastern scotian shelf . ( updated 2017 / 03 / 07 )
off the u . s . west coast , three skate species are included in federal groundfish management plans , b . binoculata , r . rhina , and the california skate , r . inornata . in contrast to alaska , delineation of essential fish habitat ( efh ) for individual species and associating species with habitat guilds are fundamental to groundfish management along the west coast , typically through the designation of mpas and other no - take zones [ 45 ] . however , skate landings along the west coast historically have not been identified to species and misidentification of recently reported landings has further complicated an understanding of assemblage structure and stability [ 9 ] . therefore , a baseline condition for west coast skate assemblages must be established as a necessary first step toward spatial management .
fig . 2 : a juvenile sandpaper skate ( bathyraja kincaidii ) , typically found on unconsolidated mud and sand bottoms like the one depicted in this photo from monterey bay . photo credit : mbari .
kelcie joined the lab as a ph . d student in 2014 . she is broadly interested in how climate change influences the genetic distribution , and adaptive genetic variation of organisms , particularly in the context of marine fisheries and conservation . she is currently focused on the big skate populations ( beringraja binoculata ) . she received her b . s in marine biology and limnology from san francisco state university . she is an nsf bridge to doctorate fellow and was recently awarded the nsf graduate research fellowship . contact
in summary , the overall aim of this study was to use existing , fishery - independent data to determine and compare spatial associations of the primary species and their life stages in two enp skate assemblages . the determination of geographic , depth , and substrate associations broadens the current understanding of skate ecology , enables comparisons of assemblage structure with other skate and benthic marine teleost assemblages , and allows us to make recommendations to improve management of enp skates based on a greater understanding of distributional patterns . investigations of spatial and size segregation also contribute to the broader body of such literature concerning benthic and demersal marine fishes .
when handheld video - cameras became an affordable option for the mag , they spliced together skating , weird encounters , and self - destructive pranks . “i think it’s funny that big brother started on the forefront of street skating , ” says carnie . “we were way ahead in terms of skill , and talent and technology , while transworld and thrasher still had one foot in the ’80s , we were showing all this new shit . it didn’t take long for them to figure out what was cool and then surpass us . ” larry flynt productions trashed big brother in 2004 , the same year facebook started .
griffiths am , sim dw , cotterell sp , nagar ae , ellis jr , et al . ( 2010 ) molecular markers reveal spatially segregated cryptic species in a critically endangered fish , the common skate (
arkhipkin a , brickle p , laptikhovsky v , pompert j , winter a ( 2012 ) skate assemblage on the eastern patagonian shelf and slope , diversity and abundance . j fish biol 80 : 170–1726 .
range / habitat : big skate range from the bering sea and southeast alaska to central baja , california . they are rare south of point conception , california . they are found from the intertidal to 800 m ( 2 , 600 ft ) in depth but are most common at moderate depths of 3 to 100 m ( 10 - 360 ft ) . they occur in coastal bays , estuaries , and over the continental shelf , usually on sandy or muddy bottoms , but occasionally on low strands of kelp .
big brother headquarters – located in the larry flynt productions building – had a charm of its own . the yuppie dream of smelly google campus bean - bag chairs , microbrewery rat piss after - work beers , a tech startup ping pong table was a far cry from big brother’s druggy - haven . “we had a room [ chris ] pontius could jerk off in , ” says cliver . pontius would take a skin magazine into the room every morning . “he was trying to stick a whole magazine together page by page , it was gross . he made it about halfway through , and that was filthy enough . ”
reports females with egg capsules in maine waters in september . and it continues to do so into december and january off southern new england . its egg cases are larger than those of the little skate , 2
skates are a type of cartilaginous fish that have a flat body and wing - like pectoral fins attached to their head . if you can picture a stingray , you know basically what a skate looks like .
fig . 1 : an adult longnose skate ( raja rhina ) on its typical habitat of unconsolidated rock and soft sediment , photographed by manned submersible off sitka , alaska . photo credit : j . bizzarro .
. 2008 ) . in california and the gulf of alaska , big skates reach about 250 cm tl and live to about 15 years , whereas in british columbia they can grow up to 290 tl cm and live to 26 years . it is important to note that age estimates are based on an unvalidated method and geographic differences in size or age may reflect differences in sampling or ageing criteria . age and size at maturity also differs between regions . in the gulf of alaska , females big skates reach 50 % maturity at 150 cm tl ( 10 years ) and at 120 cm tl ( 7 years ) for males ( gburski
i have been out of the loop with the skate scene for a while , but it seems like it has gotten a little better . i was lucky enough that my skate friends growing up were also some of the first people i ever came out to , and were accepting of me . i know that is not the case for everybody , so i am very happy to see that brian anderson has received a tremendous amount of support since coming out . i think that makes a big difference in the skate world and especially for queer teens coming out today . it ' s funny that skateboarding — which is something that stemmed from going against the mainstream — can also be so much a part of that same heteronormative culture . unfortunately , there are a lot of ignorant and close - minded people out there , but i have faith in the momentum that is happening and am appreciative of that . i know i can ' t be the only one who is inspired to do something like this ; there must be many other queer skate projects in the works right now , and i hope the future of skateboarding will be more accessible for women and queer people of color .
this species was surveyed in the aleutian islands ( ai ) , and on the eastern bering sea ( ebs ) shelf and slope , as part of the bsai ( bering sea and aleutian islands ) skate complex . although biomass trends for the roughtail skate are considered to be stable in the ebs shelf , ebs slope , and ai , it is noted that the available timeseries are too short for proper evaluation ( ormseth 2014a ) .
, the big skate is capable of large movements . for example , in british columbia , a study revealed that ~ 75 % of tagged individuals were recaptured within 21 km of the tagging locations , but 15 of the tagged individuals ( 0 . 1 % ) moved over 1 , 000 km ( king and mcfarlane 2010 ) . in the gulf of alaska , satellite tags showed that over a one - year period six of the twelve tagged individuals observed in this study moved over 100 km , and a single individual moved 2 , 000 km
as we continue to refine and improve our ability to identify skates in the field , our ability to conduct scientifically rigorous investigations on the skate populations of alaska improves dramatically . ultimately , these studies augment the agency’s ability to provide effective stewardship of alaska’s marine resources . for more skate images see the
skates of alaska
poster by d . e . stevenson , and j . w . orr ( . pdf , 2 . 1 mb ) .
. . . the coast and , therefore , seeks to collect more biological and ecological information about this species ( wessel et al . 2014 ) . the knowledge base of big skates has been growing over the past decade , including studies on diet ( bizzarro et al . 2007 , ormseth 2011 ) , age and growth ( mcfarlane & king 2006 , gburski et al . 2007 ) , reproductive biology ( ebert et al . 2008 ) , and distribution ( stevenson et al . 2008 , bizzarro et al . 2014 ) . in the goa , big skates aggregate in certain hot spots along the coast of alaska ( bizzarro et al . 2014 ) . . . .
skate nursery hapc designation in the eastern bering sea by : gerald hoff , matt eagleton conference : alaska marine science symposium , anchorage , ak , jan 2014 ( 2014 poster , . pdf , 6 . 28 mb ) online .
ishihara h , treloar m , bor phg , senou h , jeong ch ( 2012 ) the comparative morphology of skate egg capsules ( chondrichthyes : elasmobranchii : rajiformes ) . bull kanagawa prefectural museum ( natural science ) 41 : 9–25 .
. 2005 , ormseth 2011 ) , although they have been found to depths of 800 m ( martin and zorzi 1993 ) . in the goa this species is the most commonly encountered species of skate in the inshore continental shelf waters at 100
citation : bizzarro jj , broms km , logsdon mg , ebert da , yoklavich mm , kuhnz la , et al . ( 2014 ) spatial segregation in eastern north pacific skate assemblages . plos one 9 ( 10 ) : e109907 . urltoken
kulka dw , frank kt , simon je ( 2002 ) barndoor skate in the northwest atlantic off canada : distribution in relation to temperature and depth based on commercial fisheries data . dfo atlantic fisheries research document 02 / 73 . 18 p .
what are your plans and hopes for unity ' s future ? unity skateboards is very small at the moment and has a limited amount of supply — i am literally hand painting every board — but if you are queer - identified and are interested in getting involved , please send us a message or sponsor me tape ! i really hope to reach out to more queer people who skate or want to skate . i want to encourage queer youth out there to skate and know that you are not alone and that there are many of us and we can be a very powerful force . together we can help take down homophobia , sexism , racism , and the patriarchy . unity queer skateboarding , like it or not !
the name
winter skate
seems appropriate enough for it along the southern coast of new england , for it is only during the cold season that big skates come close inshore near woods hole . and they are said to be taken in larger numbers in winter than in summer in the massachusetts bay region ( we cannot verify this ) . however , this is a misnomer in the cooler waters of the northern part of the gulf of maine , for it is common inshore in passamaquoddy bay from may to november , and this probably applies to the whole coastline east of cape elizabeth to judge from temperature .
skate nursery sites as habitat areas of particular concern ( hapc ) by : gerald hoff conference : western groundfish conference ( 17th ) , seattle , wa . , feb 2012 ( 2012 poster , . pdf , 1 . 99 mb ) online .
i have seen two big skates so far this year . the first time was july 1st at clallam bay washington at about 8 : 00pm in about 25 - 30 feet of water . the bottom was sandy without any other life with in 20 - 30 feet . i was solo diving and had no idea what i was looking at . it was a big one . i would guess close to 120cm or bigger . it slowly got off the bottom and glided around towards the deeper water and out of sight . the second time was last night ( july 29th ) at alki pipeline in seattle . time was around 7 : 30pm in about 15 - 20 feet of water . it was in some low lying kelp on a sandy bottom .
species at risk act - legal listing consultation workbook , winter skate ( leucoraja ocellata ) eastern scotian shelf population ; georges bank / bay of fundy / western scotian shelf population ; southern gulf of st . lawrence population ( 2005 - 12 - 02 )
the roughtail skate is a deep - sea skate that inhabits slope waters at depths of 213 - 2 , 550 m ( ebert 2003 , stevenson 2004 ) , with the bulk of population occurring at depths > 600 m . dolganov ( 1998a ) reported that the species is most common at 600 - 1 , 400 m depth . surveys that sample below 1 , 200 m depth in the eastern pacific suggest that the species’ abundance increases with depth ( d . a . ebert pers . obs . ) .
i think i first got the idea about a month ago when i started skating with stevie and trevor . i haven ' t met many other queer skaters in real life before and i got really excited . we started skating together and i thought it would be fun to start a queer skate crew . turns out we knew tons of other queer people that skate and i decided maybe i would just hand paint boards — it sort of just went from there . of course , brian anderson officially coming out , lacey baker , all the female skaters and companies were a big inspiration as well . i thought about myself when i was a teenager — that it would have been so life changing for me if there was a queer skate company with gay skaters . it would have been reaffirming of who i was during a very confusing and challenging time , and i feel that is the same for most queer teenagers . so that is what i hope unity skateboards will be for queer youth and queer people out there : an encouraging and positive force . also with everything going on in the country and the world , i have a little more motivation to try to create something positive and contribute back to the community .
we’ve witnessed them performing complex tasks — a sign of an ability to learn and process information . we’ve seen circus bears balance on balls , ride vehicles or roller skate , and play sports and musical instruments . zookeepers and animal trainers consider bears to be smarter than dogs .


ganisa floresiaca is a moth in the eupterotidae family .

it was described by nässig in 2009 .

it is found on flores .

the wingspan is about 46 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is pale greyish-brown , with a postmedian black line parallel to three to four crenulate lines in a semicircular curve to the costa .

the hindwings are usually without a discal spot and the pattern is hardly visible .

adults have been recorded on wing from february to april .

ganisa floresiaca

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26 . ganime 27 . ganimen 28 . ganimes 29 . ganin 30 . ganina yama 31 . ganino 32 . ganinya 33 . ganinyi 34 . ganioda ' yo 35 . ganiodayo 36 . ganiou soglo 37 . ganira pashayeva 38 . ganirelix 39 . ganirelix acetate 40 . ganiron 41 . ganis 42 . ganisa longipennata 43 . ganish 44 . ganison 45 . ganister 46 . ganisters 47 . ganit 48 . ganita - yukti - bhasa 49 . ganita kaumudi 50 . ganita yukti bhasa
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51 . ganitidae 52 . ganitis 53 . ganitumab 54 . ganiu ogungbe 55 . ganiv 56 . ganiyu akanbi bello 57 . ganiyu dawodu 58 . ganiyu oseni
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aigialosaurus is an extinct genus of mosasauroid within the family aigialosauridae .

its fossils have been found in europe .

it contains two species , aigialosaurus dalmaticus and aigialosaurus bucchichi .

according to recent molecular and morphological data , aigialosaurus is the oldest known member of the lineage leading to large cretaceous marine reptiles called mosasaurs , a group most closely related to snakes among living squamates .

aigialosaurus

belongs to aigialosaurus according to a . r . dutchak and m . w . caldwell 2006
what made you want to look up aigialosaurus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
dutchak ar and caldwell m 2009 . a redescription of aigialosaurus ( = opetiosaurus ) bucchichi ( kornhuber , 1901 ) ( squamata : aigialosauridae ) with comments on mosasauroid systematics . journal of vertebrate paleontology 29 ( 2 ) : 437 - 452 .
kramberger kg 1892 . aigialosaurus , eine neue eidechse aus den kreide - schiefern der insel lesina mit rücksicht auf die bereits beschriebenen lacertiden von comen und lesina . glasnik huvatskoga naravolosovnoga derstva ( societas historico - matulis croatica ) u zagrebu 7 : 74 - 106 .
further reading - a redescription of aigialosaurus ( opetiosaurus ) bucchichi ( kornhuber , 1901 ) ( squamata : aigialosauridae ) with comments on mosasauroid systematics . - journal of vertebrate paleontology 29 ( 2 ) : 437 - 452 . - alex r . dutchak & michael w . caldwell - 2009 .
distinct from ta1045 , the skull of aigialosaurus was longer , lower and sharper ( more v - like ) in dorsal view . the postorbital portion was relatively shorter . the mandible was straight . the jugal was more robust , l - shaped and connected to the postorbital . the quadrate was curled and convex anteriorly .
aigialosaurus was a semi aquatic lizard that was developed to enter the water yet still return to land .  this is similar to many other lizards at this stage of the cretaceous that would eventually evolve into the mosauridae ,  the last major group of marine reptiles that would adapt to ocean life during the mesozoic .
name : aigialosaurus . phonetic : ay - gee - al - oh - sore - us . named by : kramberger  -  1892 . synonyms : opetiosaurus . classification : chordata ,  reptilia ,  squamata ,  varanoidea ,  aigialosauridae . species : a .  dalmaticus ( type )  ,  a .  bucchichi ,  a .  novaki  . diet : carnivore . size : around 1 . 1 meters long . known locations : croatia . time period : cenomanian of the cretaceous . fossil representation : several specimens .
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parent taxon : aigialosauridae according to a . r . dutchak and m . w . caldwell 2009
type specimen : bsp 1902ii501 , a skeleton ( nearly complete skeleton , lacking middle - distal tail ) . its type locality is between starigrad and vrboska , hvar , which is in a cenomanian marine limestone in croatia .
( kramberger 1892 , early cretaceous ~ 1 . 1 m in length ) was an aquatic varanid derived from a sister to
the rectangular neural spines were set closer to one another . the pectoral and pelvic girdles were smaller , as were the limbs and claws .
dutchak ar 2005 . a review of the taxonomy and systematics of aigialosaurs . netherlands journal of geosciences — geologie en mijnbouw 84 ( 3 ) : 221 - 229 . pdf online
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opetiosaurs were ancestors of mosasaurs . they fed on fishes and other small vertebrates .
available as an unpainted , unmounted cast suitable for some research or reference purposes . note : some portions of the original fossil may have been scientifically restored .
photo represents what this cast may look like if finished for display . custom painting is available upon request , for an additional fee . please contact us with your questions .
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ihering 's atlantic spiny-rat ( trinomys iheringi ) , is a spiny rat species from south america .

it is endemic to brazil , and was named in honor of hermann von ihering .

ihering ' s atlantic spiny rat

you selected ihering ' s atlantic spiny - rat ( english ) . this is a common name for :
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this species formerly was placed in the genus proechimys , but see lara and patton ( 2000 ) for reasons to place this taxon in the genus trinomys . several forms ( e . g . , gratiosus , paratus , and eliasi ) formerly considered to be subspecies of t . iheringi are now considered distinct species ( lara and patton 2000 ) .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category . it occurs in several protected areas , and it is locally abundant but fragmented because of dependence on forest habitat .
this species is known from several localities along the são paulo state and the rio de janeiro state in brazil ( fabre 2016 , pessôa et al . 2015 ) .
this species is locally abundant and common ( h . bergallo pers . comm . ) .
this rodent occurs in lowland forest areas . the home range of adult males averages 1 . 37 ha and females 0 . 86 . females mature at 240 days and can produce four litters per year ; longevity reaches thirty months ( eisenberg and redford 1999 ) .
reproduction and survival rate in females is due to availability of food and levels of rainfall . males have a larger home range size than females , and this species has a larger home range than most other rodent species ( pessôa et al . 2015 ) .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c2a8c - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c2b9b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322d8157 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 366ef599 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
tom orrell ( custodian ) , dave nicolson ( ed ) . ( 2018 ) . itis global : the integrated taxonomic information system ( version jun 2017 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 67e9fc07 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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woods , charles a . , and c . william kilpatrick / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
comments : reviewed by pessôa and reis ( 1996 ) , who recognized the six subspecies listed by moojen ( 1948 : bonafidei , denigratus , gratiosus , iheringi , panema , paratus ) plus the newly described eliasi . pessôa and reis ( 1994 ) concluded that bonafidei , denigratus , eliasi , gratiosus , panema may be part of a taxon specifically distinct from iheringi . lara and patton ( 2000 ) concluded that bonafidei and gratiosus were not allied with iheringi and elevated gratiosus to a species and retained bonafidei as a subs . . .
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eurema hapale , the marsh grass yellow or pale grass yellow , is a butterfly in the pieridae family .

it is found in sub-saharan africa , including the gambia , guinea , sierra leone , ivory coast , nigeria , cameroon , uganda , kenya , tanzania , zambia , mozambique , eastern zimbabwe , northern botswana and madagascar .

the habitat consists of marshy areas in forests and moist savanna .

adults have a relatively weak flight and often fly in dense vegetation .

they are on wing from august to september and from april to may .

the larvae feed on albizia species .

eurema hapale

eurema hapale ( mabille , 1882 ) = terias hapale mabille , 1882 = eurema ( terias ) hapale .
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© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322dd07d - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322de4fe - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322de634 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 33041ca2 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
häuser c . , holstein j . , kroupa a . s . , steiner a . & turiault m . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . globis ( gart ) : global butterfly information system ( version sep 2013 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 40829046 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


xerocrassa diensis is a species of air-breathing land snail , a pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family hygromiidae , the hairy snails and their allies .

this species is endemic to the island of dia in greece .

xerocrassa diensis

species xerocrassa ( xerocrassa ) carinatoglobosa ( f . haas , 1934 ) represented as xerocrassa carinatoglobosa ( f . haas , 1934 )
species xerocrassa ( xerocrassa ) cretica ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 ) represented as xerocrassa cretica ( l . pfeiffer , 1841 )
species xerocrassa ( xerocrassa ) eremophila ( l . pfeiffer , 1853 ) represented as xerocrassa eremophila ( l . pfeiffer , 1853 )
species xerocrassa ( xerocrassa ) nicosiana ( e . gittenberger , 1991 ) represented as xerocrassa nicosiana ( e . gittenberger , 1991 )
species xerocrassa ( xerocrassa ) picardi ( f . haas , 1933 ) represented as xerocrassa picardi ( f . haas , 1933 )
species xerocrassa ( xerocrassa ) poecilodoma ( o . boettger , 1894 ) represented as xerocrassa poecilodoma ( o . boettger , 1894 )
species xerocrassa ( xerocrassa ) scharonica ( f . haas , 1936 ) represented as xerocrassa scharonica ( f . haas , 1936 )
species xerocrassa ( xerocrassa ) seetzeni ( l . pfeiffer , 1847 ) represented as xerocrassa seetzeni ( l . pfeiffer , 1847 )
species xerocrassa ( xerocrassa ) sinaica ( e . v . martens , 1889 ) represented as xerocrassa sinaica ( e . v . martens , 1889 )
maltzan , h . von 1883 . diagnosen neuer cretischer helices . - nachrichtsblatt der deutschen malakozoologischen gesellschaft 15 ( 7 / 8 ) : 102 - 106 . frankfurt am main .
shell whitish with brown spots or interrupted bands , striated , 4 - 5 very weakly convex whorls , last whorl initially angulated , near aperture rounded and not descending , aperture with white lip inside , umbilicus very narrow , often slightly excentrical , partly covered by the columellar margin .
references : schultes & wiese 1990 , welter - schultes 2012 : 520 ( range map ) .
bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
bank , r . ( 2017 ) . classification of the recent terrestrial gastropoda of the world . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 license
pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
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species xerosecta introducta ( a . & j . b . villa , 1841 )
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enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
the non - marine molluscs of greece are a part of the molluscan fauna of greece ( wildlife of greece ) .
a number of species of non - marine molluscs are found in the wild in greece .
graecoanatolica macedonica radoman & stankovic , 1979 - extinct ; it was endemic to lake dojran in the republic of macedonia and greece . [ 1 ]
codringtonia codringtonii ( j . e . gray , 1834 ) - endemic to greece [ 12 ]
fontaine b . , bouchet p . , van achterberg k . , alonso - zarazaga m . a . , araujo r . et al . ( 2007 ) .
the european union’s 2010 target : putting rare species in focus .
biological conservation 139 : 167 - 185 . table 2 on the page 173 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . biocon . 2007 . 06 . 012 . pdf .
mylonas m . & seddon m . b . ( 1996 ) . oxychilus amaltheae . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .
mylonas m . ( 1996 ) . zonites anaphiensis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .
gittenberger e . & uit de weerd d . r . ( 2009 ) .
summarizing data on the inchoatia taxa , including inchoatia megdova bruggeni subspec . nov . ( gastropoda , pulmonata , clausiliidae )
. zoologische mededelingen 83 urltoken
species summary for sphincterochila insularis . animalbase , last modified 26 - 09 - 2008 by f . welter schultes , accessed 11 april 2009 .
hausdorf , b . & sauer , j . ( 2009 ) .
revision of the helicellinae of crete ( gastropoda : hygromiidae )
. zoological journal of the linnean society . 157 ( 2 ) : 373–419 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1096 - 3642 . 2008 . 00504 . x .
welter - schultes , f . w . ( 1998 ) .
die landschnecken der griechischen insel gávdos , der südlichsten insel europas
. schriften zur malakozoologie . 12 : 1–120 .
welter - schultes , f . w . ( 1990 ) .
die gattung albinaria auf kreta : iv . zur verbreitung der landschnecken auf día
. schriften zur malakozoologie . 3 : 23–47 .
gittenberger , e . & goodfriend , g . a . ( 1993 ) .
land snails from the last glacial maximum on andikithira , southern greece and their palaeoclimatic implications
. journal of quaternary science . 8 ( 2 ) : 109–116 . doi : 10 . 1002 / jqs . 3390080203 .
gittenberger , e . & hausdorf , b . ( 2004 ) .
the orculella species of the south aegean island arc , a neglected radiation ( gastropoda , pulmonata , orculidae )
. basteria . leiden , the netherlands : netherlands malacological society . 68 : 93–124 .
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gymnoscelis tenera is a moth in the geometridae family .

it was described by warren in 1901 .

it is found in nigeria and on the seychelles .

gymnoscelis tenera

a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 1 / 3 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
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[ democratic republic of congo , province orientale ] , ruwenzori , camp 4200 m , 23 . vii . 1932 , leg . l . burgeon .
a junior subjective synonym of eupithecia tricuspis prout , 1932 , synonymized by fletcher ( 1951 : 1016 ) .
prout l . b . 1934b . new congo geometridae . - revue de zoologie et botanique africaines 26 ( 1 ) : 82–97 .
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please note : this list is derived from literature in which chalcids are identified to genus level only . it does not include records for species .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
the original genus of descriptions is given in brackets . where large genera have been brought into synonymy , not all resultant new combinations are necessarily listed , usually only those flagged in the text . the genus