the woodchat shrike ( lanius senator ) is a member of the shrike family laniidae .

the genus name , lanius , is derived from the latin word for " butcher " , and some shrikes are also known as " butcher birds " because of their feeding habits .

the specific senator is latin for " senator " , so-named because its chestnut cap recalled the colour of the stripe on the toga of a roman senator .

the common name " woodchat " is an anglicisation of german waldkatze , literally " woodcat " , and " shrike " is from old english scríc , " shriek " , referring to the shrill call .

the woodchat shrike breeds in southern europe , the middle east and northwest africa , and winters in tropical africa .

it breeds in open cultivated country , preferably with orchard trees and some bare or sandy ground .

woodchat shrike

comparison is not feasible . the shape of the woodchat shrike growth curve may be
success in algerian woodchat shrikes . in many european areas , woodchat shrikes prey upon
information on the woodchat shrike is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
habitat selection , mediterranean ecosystem , radio - tracking , stopover ecology , woodchat shrike lanius senator .
woodchat shrike in algeria , an area for which detailed data have been so far lacking . the
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unmasking zorro : functional importance of the facial mask in the masked shrike lanius nubicus .
which weather - related causes , important in many shrike populations ( e . g .
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the ring , vol . 22 , no . 1 , 2000 , proceedings of shrike symposium
lars jonsson ' s splendid field guide to the birds of europe describes the woodchat shrike as an ' annual vagrant to britain , april to october and especially may . '
of the nest site is rather opportunistic . the tree or shrub species that support shrike nests constrain
1993 ) , algerian woodchat shrikes showed a seasonal decline in clutch size . however
seasonal variation , interspecific overlap , and diet selection in three sympatric shrike species ( lanius spp . )
the location of the study area , the island of antikythira , in relation to the 2 ecological barriers , the sahara desert and the mediterranean sea , that the migrating woodchat shrikes cross during spring migration . the distribution map of the woodchat shrike is also exhibited ( birdlife international and natureserve 2015 ) .
relationship between clutch size and the onset of egg laying in the woodchat shrikes studied in 1998–1999 .
10 / 2015 ' ' stopover ecology and time allocation of the woodchat shrike ( lanius senator ) on antikythira , greece ' ' . 13th international congress on the zoogeography and ecology of greece and adjacent regions , irakleio , greece
the woodchat shrike favours a warm climate and habitats with a high abundance of large insects which it hunts from prominent perches such as tree - tops , power lines or fence posts . at one time it colonised large areas of the swiss lowlands , the valais and the ticino and primarily inhabited the widespread orchards with large trees and unimproved grassland . their disappearance and the intensive agricultural use of the remaining orchards , apart from other causes , have contributed towards an almost complete disappearance of the attractively coloured woodchat shrike .
yosef , r . & international shrike working group ( 2018 ) . woodchat shrike ( lanius senator ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
woodchat shrikes have often been observed taking trapped small birds in mist - nets . a migrant shrike seeking temporary refuge aboard a ship soon began searching behind rope coils to seize fellow travelling willow warblers . although the same size as a red - backed shrike , the woodchat gives an impression of being smaller and more compact . in bright sunlight the waxham visitor displayed a black forehead and broad patch around each eye contrasted with a fiery chestnut - red cowl on the rear crown and upper mantle . while oval shoulder patches provided further distinctive field marks .
while on her way to monitor a chough nest site lisa stumbled across a stunning male woodchat shrike . it is only the 3rd record since 1992 ( when regular annual records began ) . it put on a great show all day as it fed non stop on bees and beetles ! some photos below
finally , in a total of 12 cases that a raptor was observed in a close proximity ( 20–40 m ) to a woodchat shrike , the latter was hiding inside the maquis were it was perched , until the raptor moved further away . this behavior was interpreted as an anti - predator strategy .
plot was based on a preliminary mapping of the study area in combination with observations concerning the behavior of the woodchat shrike at the island of antikythira . this species mostly sits on the outer branches of the used plant ( tree or bush ) and scans the ground only in a short distance next to it . thus , we consider that this plot size is representative of the microhabitat that woodchat shrikes use as perch to explore its surroundings .
olive groves and forests of cork oak are the mediterranean environment of the handsome woodchat . further north various types of open woodland are favoured .
. . . although some new thorough publications exist ( rehsteiner 2001 ) , few profound studies are dedicated on the woodchat shrike and its breeding ecology remains insufficiently known ( see compilations in cramp & perrins 1993 , lefranc & worfolk , 1997 , harris & franklin 2000 ) . most studies have been conducted in central and western europe , some in northern africa ( moali et al . 1997 , brahimia et al . 2003 ) and caucasus area ( gusev & bednyi 1961 , adamyan 1964 ) . in spite of being widely distributed and locally numerous , still little is known about the woodchat shrike on the balkans . . . .
v . v . ivanovsky and v . j . kuzmenko breeding biology and ecology of the great grey shrike ( lanius excubitor ) in northern belarus key words : [ 58kb ]
in total , 41 woodchat shrikes were captured and color ringed between 8 april and 17 may . five of them were also radio - tagged (
18–19 cm ; 21–59 g . a medium - sized , rather bulky - looking shrike with distinctive plumage pattern . male nominate race has black forehead and facial mask to ear - . . .
another study in the breeding grounds of the woodchat shrike in the mediterranean france highlighted the effect of 2 fundamental habitat components : ( 1 ) a low and discontinuous grass layer where the birds collect their prey ( mostly beetles ) and ( 2 ) the presence of isolated trees , shrubs , or bushes used as surveying and hunting posts as well as nesting sites ( isenmann and fradet 1998 ) . our glmms’ results suggest a similar pattern during the spring stopover period , because woodchat shrikes are more likely to be observed in microhabitats of high maquis surrounded by low vegetation . further data on habitat use during the wintering period could clarify whether these 2 habitat components are crucial throughout the annual cycle of the woodchat shrikes .
) , for example , from medium or high maquis . in particular , during their hunting attempts toward the ground , woodchat shrikes utilized the following plant taxa in descending order :
claire l . devereux , rob slotow and mike r . perrin fiscal shrike ( lanius collaris ) foraging behaviour in natural and human - modified habitats key words : lanius collaris , habitat change , foraging success [ 107kb ]
in accordance with our initial hypothesis , in our study we have shown that habitat use by woodchat shrikes stopping over at the island of antikythira ( greece ) in spring is associated with both high maquis vegetation and low vegetation . such tall perches surrounded by low vegetation provide good visibility of both ground dwelling prey and predators . indeed , among the observed hunting attempts woodchat shrikes were mostly swooping from a high perch heading toward the ground . in the presence of a raptor , high maquis vegetation might also provide shelter to woodchat shrikes . to our knowledge , this is the first attempt to describe microhabitat use of a shrike species , just after the crossing of the mediterranean sea and the sahara desert using both color tags and radio telemetry . woodchat shrikes differ from other passerines as they are considered sit - and - wait predators , which scan the surrounding ground and air for prey from a concealed point and surprise their prey with a rapid attack ( yosef et al . 2012 ) .
the woodchat shrike is both a passage migrant and a summer visitor with its own breeding sub species which arrives on the island in the spring . it is a common bird frequently seen on power lines or posts at the side of many roads around mallorca . they are regular visitors to the boquer valley , the area around mondrag ó national park and albufera , where they can be seen at various high level vantage points .
the microhabitat use described here might be characteristic for those migrating woodchat shrikes that choose to stopover on xeric ecosystems that dominate most of the mediterranean islands ( katsimanis et al . 2006 ) . on the island of antikythira , woodchat shrikes’ microhabitat use was linked to hunting attempts directed toward the ground , which likely represents an efficient foraging strategy . in particular , woodchat shrikes used branches of the highest vegetation , available on the island , as hunting perches and then they dived toward the ground to catch their prey . similarly , sandor et al . ( 2004 ) showed that woodchat shrikes , during a spring time stopover in romania , mainly exhibited hunting attempts toward the ground by utilizing perches of 1 . 2–2 . 2 m height , very similar to the height of medium and high maquis on the island of antikythira . on the contrary , at a breeding site in switzerland , hovering flights of woodchat shrikes were more productive and outnumbered the ones directed toward the ground ( schaub 1996 ) .
dropping to the ground it seized a bumblebee which was rapidly smashed into impotence . a woodchat ' s prey is mainly insects , beetles , damsel flies , dragonflies , grasshoppers , wasps and bees .
observations on plant taxon use by the tagged and random woodchat shrikes when conducting hunting attempts toward the ground indicated that the study species tended to swoop from a standing point higher than 0 . 8 m (
( 8 . 33 % ) . all of these plants were defined as medium or high maquis . on the other hand , woodchat shrikes were observed less frequently swooping toward the ground from low vegetation such as
in 1993 an individual made a highly unusual stay of four weeks in the weybourne - kelling area . overshooting is a well established phenomenon in other migratory species having a similar distribution to that of the dashing woodchat .
) . to date , there are only a few studies on the species’ ecology , mainly focusing on its breeding grounds . woodchat shrikes breed in most of the countries around the mediterranean sea and winter in sub - saharan africa (
our results showed that the woodchat shrikes probably use the medium and high maquis vegetation not only to make hunting attempts but they also use their canopy as shelter against raptors . it has been reported that migrants expose themselves to higher predation risk at stopover sites as they increase their foraging intensity , in order to refuel and continue their migration ( alerstam 2011 ) . it seems that woodchat shrikes utilize high maquis as hunting perches , while at the same time they can hide there when a raptor is in a close proximity .
in conclusion , in this first study of microhabitat use by woodchat shrikes during stopover on a mediterranean island , after the crossing of the sahara desert , we showed that a better hunting position and safety provision are of top priority for that species , because they choose high vegetation as perches for hunting and shelter . apart from the autochthonous taxa such as q . coccifera or j . phoenicea , woodchat shrikes tended to occur on almond p . dulcis and olive trees o . europaea , which have been traditionally cultivated on the island , yet to a small extent . we thereby encourage conservation and preservation of these cultivated species while maintaining anthropogenic disturbance at a low level in native maquis habitats . such practices are expected to benefit woodchat shrikes’ stopover on the island , as well as to enhance the ecological value of local ecosystems .
a glance at a map shows the woodchat to be well distributed as a summer visitor in much of europe . winter is spent in africa south of the sahara in open bush country . it is rather surprising that so few ' overshoot ' their range and are detected here in spring .
the venue was the base of the sand dunes not far from waxham great barn . here the distinguished visitor perched prominently . main lookout post was a well - chosen perch at the top of a bush . from this vantage point the woodchat periodically swept in rapid flight to fencing wire , ever waiting and watching for the next meal .
0 . 48 and aicc = 549 . 7 ) . according to this model , woodchat shrikes seem to prefer microhabitats which combine a medium percentage of high vegetation ( i . e . , high maquis ) with a low percentage of low vegetation ( i . e . , bare ground , low grass , low phrygana , low maquis ;
. . . inclement weather ( cool and rainy season ) is considered as the main cause for l . senator breeding failures in central europe ( schön 1994 ) . although there are a number of descriptive studies from the mediterranean basin on the breeding habitat of the three species ( brahimia et al . 2003 , tsakiris et al . 2009 , brambilla et al . 2010 ) , few of them have focused on linking shrike density , climate and habitat . even though se europe hosts an important part of the european shrike populations ( birdlife international 2004 ) , most of the relevant studies have been carried out in central or northern europe ( roos & pärt 2004 , tryjanowski et al . 2006 , titeux et al . 2007 , goławski & golawska 2008 , hušek et al . 2009 , pasinelli et al . 2011 ) . . . .
plant taxa and non - vegetative perches used for hunting attempts toward the ground by woodchat shrikes , during the spring stopover season 2015 , as recorded during behavioral observations of both non - tagged and radio - or color - tagged individuals ; y - axis represents the percentages of each perch category ( x - axis ) among all observations which regard to hunting attempts toward the ground .
breeding ecology of woodchat shrikes lanius senator was investigated in the el - kala national park in north - east algeria ( 36°53′n ; 8°30′e ) in 1998 - 1999 . quercus suber was the tree species most frequently used as support for nests , which were constructed at a mean height of 5 m . first eggs in clutches were laid 7 may , and clutch size was 4 . 9 . approximately 42 % eggs gave fledglings . clutch size declined during the course of the breeding season but fledgling success did not . fledging success was positively correlated with per clutch mean egg length and the height of the nest location above ground . we suggest that the major selective pressures that shape the life history of algerian woodchat shrikes are relatively heavy predation and poor food availability .
( a ) the effect of high maquis ( hma ) and its quadratic term included in the final glmm describing microhabitat use by the 9 focal woodchat shrikes illustrated as the average marginal predicted probability of occurrence across the range of observed percentage cover . ( b ) . the effect of the interaction between high maquis ( hma ) and the quadratic term of low maquis ( lma ) included in the final glmm , describing microhabitat use by the 9 focal woodchat shrikes , illustrated as the average marginal predicted probability of occurrence across the range of observed percentage cover . each curve represents the predicted probability of occurrence according to the percentages of high maquis vegetation cover for specific values ( from 0 . 1 to 0 . 8 with 0 . 1 steps ) of low maquis’ quadratic terms .
preliminary analysis of the data gathered by behavioral observations of random woodchat shrikes indicated that habitat use was related to foraging strategy , because birds allocated plenty of their time looking for prey and refueling . hence , in order to interpret microhabitat use , foraging and anti - predator behavior ( i . e . , avoidance of raptors , the only predators preying on woodchat shrikes during the stopover of the latter on the island of antikythira ) were recorded by applying the instantaneous scan sampling method ( altmann 1974 ) . in particular , every 5 min the observer scanned a circular area ( of 20 m radius ) around them to detect any random woodchat shrikes that were either foraging or looking for shelter in presence of predator . foraging was divided in 3 sub - classes ( hunting , consuming prey and scanning for prey ) . the focal bird’s foraging behavior was regarded as “hunting” when the bird was making a hunting attempt , as “consuming prey” when it was handling a caught prey and as “scanning for prey” when the focal bird was standing on a perch observing a potential moving prey . when a bird was making hunting attempts , hunting directions were also recorded and were classified in 3 categories ( toward the ground , upwards , and hunting attempts at same height level ) . behavior in the presence of predator was also recorded . observations were conducted from sunrise till dusk and the used plant taxon was always noted . observations were recorded with an android tablet using the cyber tracker application ( cybertracker conservation 2013 ) .
. . . nikolov ( 2004 ) and pasinelli et al . ( 2007 ) suggested that about 68 % and 66 % of the nest loses resulted from the predation events [ 13 ] . besides the red - backed shrikes , nest predation is the most important factor that influences the breeding success of the other shrike species [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] . nest predation risk plays a crucial role in the decisions of songbirds to settle in a particular habitat [ 17 ] . this species favors shrubby pastures and habitats with sustained low vegetation allowing good visibility of the ground living beetles [ 18 , 19 ] . . . .
these dissimilarities may be a result of differences in the abundance of the main prey of the woodchat shrikes . in particular beetles ( coleoptera ) in spring may be more abundant than grasshoppers ( orthoptera ) as shown by hernández et al . ( 1993 ) and sandor et al . ( 2004 ) . similar seasonal differences in prey abundance on their stopover on the island of antikythira may lead woodchat shrikes to perform hunting attempts toward the ground to catch the most abundant food source during this time of the year . indeed , migrants have been shown to shift foraging tactics during migration as a response to seasonal prey availability and body condition ( smith et al . 2004 ; powell et al . 2015 ) . loggerhead shrikes lanius ludovicianus , which are also considered sit - and - wait predator , alter their hunting behavior according to the height of the available vegetation before or after mowing ( yosef and grubb 1993 ) . data on the abundance of flying insects during spring on the island of antikythira in comparison to the abundance of ground - dwelling invertebrates could further elucidate the role of prey availability on the observed hunting strategies during stopover .
) . given that woodchat shrikes pause their migratory flights and they remain on this island for very few days and the fact that each localization was taking place every 30 min , we herein considered birds with more than 14 localizations , in order not to miss out those birds that stayed over only for 1 day . in several studies on bats , which can also be radio - tracked only for a restricted time ( only 1 to 6 nights ) the mcps were also estimated based on a limited number of localizations ( e . g . , more than 7 ) (
the effect of 4 of the habitat categories included in the final glmm model describing microhabitat use by the 9 focal woodchat shrikes illustrated as the average marginal predicted probability of occurrence across the range of observed percentage cover of each habitat category . ( a ) . bare ground ( bg ) . ( b ) . quadratic term of low grass and herbal vegetation ( lgr ) . ( c ) . quadratic term of low maquis ( lma ) . ( d ) . quadratic term of low phrygana ( lph ) . vertical bars indicate the lower ( 25 % ) and upper ( 75 % ) quartiles of the predicted values .
to determine which vegetation types were preferred or avoided by woodchat shrikes , habitat characteristics of the visited and non - visited squares were compared using generalized linear mixed models ( glmms ) with a binomial error distribution and a logit link function , incorporating both fixed ( i . e . , the percentage of each habitat category ) and random effects ( i . e . , the birds’ id ) via maximum likelihood . data exploration indicated that all habitat categories , except for high grass , high maquis , and low phrygana , differed significantly among birds ( kruskal–wallis’ tests , p < 0 . 05 ) ; thus , the inclusion of the identity of the tagged birds as a random term to the glmms accounted for any individual differences in habitat use ( arlettaz et al . 2012 ; patthey et al . 2012 ) . on the other hand , the percentage of habitat categories in the visited squares did not differ significantly between age classes , sex , or tracking technique ( radio transmitters or color rings ; kruskal–wallis’ tests , p > 0 . 05 ) . thus we did not consider these factors to influence microhabitat use ; consequently , they were not included in our glmms .
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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
ashpole , j , butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , wheatley , h .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
albania ; algeria ; andorra ; armenia ; austria ; azerbaijan ; bahrain ; benin ; bosnia and herzegovina ; bulgaria ; burkina faso ; cameroon ; central african republic ; chad ; congo , the democratic republic of the ; côte d ' ivoire ; croatia ; cyprus ; czech republic ; egypt ; eritrea ; ethiopia ; france ; gambia ; georgia ; germany ; ghana ; gibraltar ; greece ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; hungary ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; italy ; jordan ; kenya ; kuwait ; lebanon ; liberia ; libya ; luxembourg ; macedonia , the former yugoslav republic of ; mali ; malta ; mauritania ; montenegro ; morocco ; netherlands ; niger ; nigeria ; oman ; palestinian territory , occupied ; poland ; portugal ; qatar ; romania ; saudi arabia ; senegal ; serbia ; sierra leone ; slovakia ; slovenia ; south sudan ; spain ( canary is . ) ; sudan ; switzerland ; syrian arab republic ; togo ; tunisia ; turkey ; uganda ; ukraine ; united arab emirates ; united kingdom ; western sahara ; yemen
the european population is estimated at 1 , 930 , 000 - 3 , 110 , 000 pairs , which equates to 3 , 870 , 000 - 6 , 230 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms 65 % of the global range , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 5 , 950 , 000 - 9 , 590 , 000 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . trend justification : this population is estimated to be declining following widespread declines late in the 20th century owing to an array of factors ( harris and franklin 2000 ) . in europe , trends between 1998 and 2013 show that populations have undergone a moderate decline ( ebcc 2015 ) .
loss and degradation of habitat through agricultural intensification , afforestation , and large fires are the main threats to this species ( yosef et al . 2013 ) . the abandonment of traditional charcoal - making , the canalization of rivers and heavy use of herbicides and insecticides are also threats ( tucker and heath 1994 ) . long - term climatic changes resulting in wetter springs have caused the range of the species to contract southwards ( hagemeijer and blair 1997 ) . it is hunted around ponds in summer and on migration in italy . in addition , drought in the sahel and changes to agricultural practices in its wintering grounds may lead to long term population declines ( tucker and heath 1994 ) .
conservation actions underway bern convention appendix ii . the species is legally protected in most countries ; in some listed as
highly endangered
, in others regarded as
vulnerable
or
endangered
on national red lists ( yosef et al . 2013 ) conservation actions proposed traditional management of pastoral woodland ( yosef et al . 2013 ) and livestock - rearing ( tucker and heath 1994 ) , old orchards and mediterranean scrub and the prevention of hunting would benefit this species ( yosef et al . 2013 ) . the use of herbicides and insecticides should be controlled , soil - rotation practices used and unploughed field margins with boundaries of trees , shrubs and herbaceous vegetation should be maintained . in addition the diversification of monoculture crops and the maintenance of woodland at roadsides in rural areas and in irrigated cereal cultivation would benefit the species . restrictions on hunting should be enforced ( tucker and heath 1994 ) .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22705095a118777394 .
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any of various plants having pale flowers with dark centres , esp . t . . .
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classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : lanius senator . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
summer visitor to europe ( mostly mediterranean area ) , only occurring here as a vagrant .
through the years i have enjoyed watching this attractive vagrant on two occasions : at salthouse heath and in holme dunes . a further opportunity a few days ago to see another one was not to be missed .
but diet extends to a selection of birds including warblers and even swallows , wheatears and nightingales . on occasions woodchats have been known to plunder the nests of other birds , which may explain the anxiety of a pair of stonechats nearby .
during the previous two decades a total of only nine woodchats have been recorded in the pages of the norfolk bird report .
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british ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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the bird favoured certain fence posts and bramble bushes in the centre of the island and made regular forays into the grass to pick off various large insects .
it was a good day for migrants all round with a female black redstart the pick of the rest . there was another fall of willow warbler and chiffchaffs with every bush seemingly alive with them . blackcaps numbered 11 and we logged the first grasshopper warbler of the year . visitors were treated to sight of 4 red kites as they drifted across from the mainland
quite a scare bird on ramsey , 3 house sparrows arrived on se wind a few days ago and one of the males has been singing ever since . a female was also present today - there is plenty of habitat and food for them out here so it would nice if they settle down to breed
42 pairs of linnet bred on ramsey last year and this year looks like being another good one . flocks of around 200 - 300 are present at the moment and males are singing from every available gorse bush . the low rabbit numbers means plenty of grass seed heads for them to feed on . this species is on the ' red list ' in wales so it is great to see it doing so well out here .
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all records of such rarities in norfolk should be submitted to the county recorder as soon as possible after the sighting . all rarer species are dealt with by the british birds rarities committee ( bbrc ) . see the bbrc website for the list of species considered and for submission guidelines . please note that all submissions to bbrc should be sent via the county recorder .
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every year on their way to their breeding or wintering grounds , long distance migrants face huge ecological barriers , such as the sahara desert and the mediterranean sea ( newton 2008 ) . during spring migration , large and small islands scattered in the mediterranean sea provide stopover opportunities ( spina et al . 2006 ) for long distance migrants ( of the european–african bird migration system ) , where they can rest or / and refuel before resuming migratory flights . according to the optimal migration theory , birds are expected to “optimally” modulate their travel cost in relation to time , energy , and safety ( alerstam and lindström 1990 ) . the vast majority of time spent during migration comprises stopover rather than actual migratory flights ( hedenström and alerstam 1997 ; wikelski et al . 2003 ; bowlin et al . 2005 ) , rendering habitat use and availability at stopover sites a key component of the migratory process ( zduniak and yosef 2011 ; zduniak and yosef 2012 ) .
to remain within their migratory schedules , birds have to choose among unfamiliar habitats to rest , refuel , and find shelter from predators ( lindstrom and alerstam 1992 ) . therefore , habitat use of migrants is expected to be non - random . indeed , habitat selection occurs just after landfall and is likely to be based mainly on visual cues ( chernetsov 2012 ) . still , sound cues may also be important for migrants , as landfall can be induced using playback , even in suboptimal habitats ( mukhin et al . 2008 ) . in general , habitat selection during migration is thought to be controlled by endogenous preferences and the functional morphology of the birds ( bairlein 1983 ) , their foraging strategy and the spatial distribution of food resources ( hutto 1985a , 1985b ; martin and karr 1986 ; chernetsov 1998 ; titov 2000 ) , intraspecific competition ( hutto 1985a ) , and predation risk ( lank and ydenberg 2003 ; sapir et al . 2004 ; chernetsov 2012 ) .
) because they are mainly covered by shrublands . the mediterranean vegetation type consists of 2 main formations (
) : the maquis ( taller , evergreen sclerophyllous formations ) and phrygana ( seasonally dimorphic , drought - deciduous formations ) .
this study was conducted on the island of antikythira ( 35°51 ' n , 23°18 ' e ) , greece . this small island has an area ca . 20 km 2 and is located 31 . 5 km southeast from the island of kythira and at an equal distance northwest of crete ( figure 1 ) . the anthropogenic disturbance is moderate as the island currently has few inhabitants ( approximately 25 ) . thus , agricultural practices are relatively few and declining . the local flora has adapted , recolonizing abandoned terraces and enveloping the rocky inclines ( palmer et al . 2010 ) . hence , the current land cover on the island mostly consists of phrygana ( 61 % ) , followed by maquis ( 25 % ) , and to a lesser extent of abandoned cultivations ( 4 % ) , vegetated sea cliffs ( 8 % ) , whereas settlements cover less than 1 % of the island ( data retrieved from the 3rd national report for the habitats directive ; panitsa m , personal communication ) .
radio - and color - tagged birds were released immediately after tagging at their capture location .
tracking of tagged birds took place between sunrise and twilight during the study period . the minimum interval between 2 successive fixes of a single bird was 30 min in order to increase the independence of observations ( white and garrott 1990 ; chernetsov and mukhin 2006 ) . birds were assumed to have resumed their northbound journey if they remained undetected for at least 3 consecutive days after last contact . regarding radio - tagged birds , direct observations throughout their stopover provided no indication that the transmitters were altering their behavior . in particular , radio - tagged birds were commonly observed foraging normally and no birds were seen attempting to pull off their transmitter ( seewagen et al . 2010 ) . as far as color - tagged birds are concerned , ringing is a widely used method that does not alter behavior . however , it was within 30 min upon handling that radio - tagged birds were preening more than usually but afterwards , their behavior was not influenced ( papageorgiou d , unpublished data ) . therefore , the first localization included in the subsequent analyses took place at least 1 h after release .
radio - tagged birds’ localization was determined by homing ( white and garrott 1990 ) , and birds were approached to no less than a 15 m distance to avoid disturbance . regarding color - tagged birds , the entire island was searched on a daily basis , starting from the ringing area . as soon as a colored - tagged individual was observed , it was tracked continuously until it was lost out of sight . if birds were tracked up until the sunset , we visited the last localization site of the focal bird on the next day ( between 6 and 6 : 20 am ) to resume the tracking session ; in most cases , these birds were encountered at the same roosting tree / bush . the position of both radio - and color - tagged birds was always confirmed visually . localizations were recorded with an android tablet using the locus maps free application ( locus 2014 ) and a digitized map of the island . throughout the study period , 1 or 2 observers were in the field , depending on the number of tagged birds that were to be tracked .
) for those birds that had more than 14 localizations ( either using radio - tracking or visual observations of birds with color rings ) between visited and non - visited areas within their 100 % minimum convex polygon ( mcp ) . in particular , we contrasted the habitat coverage ( percentage of vegetation types ) between 2 m × 2 m squares centered on each occurrence point ( hereafter visited squares ) and 2 m × 2 m squares centered on random locations ( hereafter non - visited squares ) . the choice of a 4 m
low woody vegetation cover , dominated by spaced , spiny and aromatic cushion - shaped shrubs . mean height < 0 . 4 m .
woody vegetation cover , dominated by spaced , spiny and aromatic cushion - shaped shrubs . mean height 0 . 4− 0 . 8 m
evergreen , sclerophyllous shrubs and trees of mean height of < 0 . 8 m
evergreen , sclerophyllous shrubs and trees of mean height of 0 . 8–1 . 5 m
evergreen , sclerophyllous shrubs and trees of mean height of > 1 . 5 m
) . additionally , the plant taxon used by the birds was recorded . habitat mapping at the visited squares was carried out upon localization of each bird , whereas habitat mapping at the non - visited squares took place when all tagged birds had resumed their migration , that is , from 15–21 may .
graphic illustration of the spatial distribution of random points ( gray circles ) in relation to the occurrence points ( dark circles ) , within the 100 % mcp ( hashed area ) for tag id rt04 .
glmms were built using a forward stepwise process , after a modification for variable inclusion developed by engler et al . ( 2004 ) . more specifically , this process consists of adding sequentially variables ( i . e . , the habitat categories ) and their quadratic terms if statistically significant , to a null model based on how much reduction in residual deviance they cause ( i . e . , the variable with the largest residual deviance enters the model first ) . the process is repeated until all statistically significant variables enter the model . in the final step , all possible pairs of interactions among the selected variables are tested and those that are statistically significant enter the model , too . all models built during each step of the process were then evaluated according to the akaike information criterion ( akaike 1974 ) and akaike weight ( burnham and anderson ( 2002 ) , corrected for the sample size . given the lack of multicollinearity ( i . e . , spearman’s correlation coefficient r < 0 . 7 ) , all habitat categories were considered in the model - building process .
glmms were fitted using the glmer function of the lme4 package ( bates et al . 2015 ) in r . 3 . 2 . 2 ( team rc 2015 ) . statistical analyses were performed in spss 22 . 0 ( spss inc \ . 2014 ) and r . 3 . 2 . 2 ( team rc 2015 ) . statistical significance level set to α = 0 . 05 .
) . for the microhabitat use analysis , all 5 radio - tagged birds but only 4 color - ringed birds were used , due to the limited data collected from the rest of the color - ringed birds , totaling 9 individuals . although our sample size is relatively small , it is supported by other avian studies investigating habitat use (
) . in total , we obtained 274 locations which correspond to 30 . 44 ± 17 . 10 ( mean ± standard deviation ( sd ) ) locations per bird (
age class “6” refers to birds that were hatched before last calendar year , but the exact year remains unknown . age class “5” refers to birds that were definitely hatched during previous calendar year ( e . g . , first years in early spring ; european union for bird ringing ( euring ) age codes ) .
in parenthesis : number of color - ringed birds used in microhabitat use analysis .
most habitat categories ( except high grass , low maquis , and medium maquis ) differed significantly between visited and non - visited squares ( mann–whitney u - tests , p < 0 . 05 ) . as mentioned above , during the preliminary phase of data analysis , we investigated whether the tracking technique ( i . e . , radio - tracking versus color - ringing ) influenced the outcome of the glmm . given the lack of such an effect , we pooled the data for the analyses presented herein .


omphalotrochidae is an extinct taxonomic family of paleozoic molluscs ( gastropods ? ) with anisostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position ( gastropoda ? ) ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .

omphalotrochidae

' australoxa tasselli belongs to australoxa ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' australoxa belongs to loxonematidae ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' brokenriveria pharlapensis belongs to brokenriveria ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' brokenriveria belongs to gyronematinae ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' buccinites subcostata is recombined as macrocheilus subcostatus ' according to a . d . dorbigny 1849 ' buccinites subcostata is recombined as soleniscus subcostata ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' burdikinia belongs to gastropoda ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' denayella lomandraensis belongs to denayella ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' frillbeastia queenslandicus belongs to frillbeastia ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' frillbeastia belongs to liospirinae ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' gemininodosa langi belongs to gemininodosa ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' gemininodosa belongs to gyronematinae ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' gyronema simpsoni belongs to gyronema ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' labrocuspis belongs to omphalotrochidae ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' leptoptygma queenslandicus belongs to leptoptygma ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' murchisonia ( murchisonia ) lawlessi belongs to murchisonia ( murchisonia ) ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' murchisonia ( murchisonia ) wandovalensis belongs to murchisonia ( murchisonia ) ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' orecopia kobayashii is recombined as labrocuspis kobayashii ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' palaeozygopleura dodgeyi belongs to palaeozygopleura ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' pleurotomaria alata is recombined as frillbeastia alata ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997 ' turbo caelatus is recombined as brokenriveria caelata ' according to a . g . cook and n . camilleri 1997
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bouchet , p . ; rocroi , j . - p . ( ed . ) ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia : international journal of malacology , 47 ( 1 - 2 ) . conchbooks : hackenheim . isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . 397 pp .
part of : malacologia : international journal of malacology . institute of malacology : ann arbor . issn 0076 - 2997 , more
this is a vademecum for about 2 , 400 suprageneric names in recent and fossil gastropods , from the subtribe to the superfamily . for each name full bibliographic reference is given , with date of publication , type genus , nomenclatural availability and validity under the rules of the iczn . further 730 names of higher taxa are listed separately . altogether 611 valid families , 202 of them exclusively fossil , are recognised in the proposed classification .
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full reference : j . b . knight . 1945 . some new genera of paleozoic gastropoda . journal of paleontology 19 ( 6 ) : 573 - 587
see also golikov and starobogatov 1975 , gubanov et al . 1995 , jeffery 2003 , knight et al . 1960 , kosnik 2002 , linsley and kier 1984 and morris and cleevely 1981
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knight , j . b . ( 1945 ) . some new genera of paleozoic gastropoda . < em > journal of paleontology . < / em > 19 ( 6 ) : 573−587 , pls . 79−80 .
benton , m . j . ( ed ) . ( 1993 ) . the fossil record 2 . chapman & hall , london , 845 pp .
bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . < i > malacologia < / i > . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 .
bouchet , p . ; rocroi , j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . < em > malacologia . < / em > 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 .
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dunbar , 1920 , which possesses a well - developed selenizone on an upwardly projecting shoulder at the edge of the upper whorl surface . because
, stratigraphy and paleontology of the brownsport formation ( silurian ) of western tennessee : yale university , peabody museum of natural history , bulletin 5 , 138 p .
the slit bearing nacreous archaeogastropoda of the triassic tropical reefs in the st . cassian formation with evaluation of the taxonomic value of the selenizone
, origin and adaptation of platyceratid gastropods : university of kansas paleontological contributions , mollusca , art . 5 , 11 p .
mcmillan , n . j . , embry , a . f . , and glass d . j . , eds . , devonian of the world : proceedings of the second international symposium on the devonian system : canadian society of petroleum geologists , memoir 14 , v . 2 , p . 197–208 .
, tableau élémentaire de l’histoire naturelle des animaux : paris , baudouin , 710 p .
, stratigraphy and correlation of the devonian of western tennessee : tennessee state geological survey , bulletin 21 , 127 p .
geology of new york , pt . ii , comprising the survey of the second geological district
broadhead , t . w . , and gibson , m . a . , eds . , upper silurian - lower devonian biotas and paleoenvironments of the western tennessee shelf : university of tennessee , department of geological sciences , studies in geology 25 , p . 23–27 .
, annual report of the director for the year ending march 31 , 1904 : publications of the carnegie museum , serial no . 23 , 70 p .
, geology and mineral resources of hardin county , tennessee : tennessee division of geology , bulletin 37 , 117 p .
the gastropods of the st . louis , missouri , pennsylvanian outlier : viii . the turritellidae
newell , n . d . , ed . , invertebrate fauna of the late permian whitehorse sandstone : geological society of america bulletin v . 51 , p . 302–315 .
, paleozoic gastropod genotypes : geological society of america , special paper 32 , 510 p .
moore , r . c . , and pitrat , c . w . , eds . , treatise on invertebrate paleontology , pt . i , mollusca 1 : lawrence , kansas , geological society of america and university of kansas press , p . i169–i331 .
, die leitfossilien . ein handbuch für den unterricht und für das bestimmen von vesteinerungen : leipzig , tauchnitz , 848 p .
barrande j . , ed . , systême silurien , du centre de la bohême , parte 1 , researches paléontologiques , v . 4 , gastéropodes ( 1 ) : prague , charles bellmann , 164 p .
, systême silurien du centre de la bohême , v . 4 , gastéropodes ( 3 ) : prague , charles bellmann , 390 p .
, lower devonian ostracoda in western tennessee : oklahoma geological survey , bulletin 145 , p . 161–171 .
a revision of the seguenziacea verrill 1884 ( gastropoda : prosobranchia ) . i . summary and evaluation of the superfamily
field trips in western tennessee : tennessee division of geology , report of investigations 36 , p . 8–13 .
wright , a . j . , young , g . c . , talent , j . a . , and laurie , j . r , eds . , palaeobiogeography of australasian faunas and floras . association of australasian palaeontologists memoir 23 , p . 167–257 .
, permian gastropoda of the southwestern united states , 1 . euomphalacea , trochonematacea , pseudophoracea , anomphalacea , craspedostomatacea , and platyceratacea : american museum of natural history bulletin , v . 110 , art . 3 , p . 173–276 .
, conodonten aus dem rheinischen unterdevon ( gedinnium ) des remscheider sattels ( rheinisches schiefergebirge ) : paläontologische zeitschrift , v . 34 , p . 169–201 .
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gli esseri viventi esibiscono una straordinaria diversità di forme , dalle strisce della zebra ai disegni simmetrici sulle ali di una farfalla alle spirali della chiocciola . . . . e , proprio a partire dal fascino delle spirali dei gasteropodi che si sviluppa una passione maniacale di raccolta , classificazione tassonomica e descrizione di forme e variazioni , nasce il piacere per la malacologia .
the diagram above was based on the following information . the list format used below makes clear which taxa are groups and informal groups rather than clades : paleozoic molluscs of uncertain systematic position clade patellogastropoda clade vetigastropoda clade cocculiniformia clade neritimorpha paleozoic neritimorpha of uncertain systematic position clade †cyrtoneritimorpha clade cycloneritimorpha clade caenogastropoda caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position informal group architaenioglossa clade sorbeoconcha clade hypsogastropoda clade littorinimorpha informal group ptenoglossa clade neogastropoda clade heterobranchia informal group lower heterobranchia informal group opisthobranchia clade cephalaspidea clade thecosomata clade gymnosomata clade aplysiomorpha group acochlidiacea clade sacoglossa group cylindrobullida clade umbraculida clade nudipleura clade pleurobranchomorpha clade nudibranchia clade euctenidiacea clade dexiarchia clade pseudoeuctenidiacea clade cladobranchia clade euarminida clade dendronotida clade aeolidida informal group pulmonata informal group basommatophora clade eupulmonata clade systellommatophora clade stylommatophora clade elasmognatha clade orthurethra informal group sigmurethra
in the following more detailed list , indentation is used only for the ranks of superfamily and family . the clade names are not indented , but their hierarchy is indicated by the size of the font used in their names . a clearer sense of their actual hierarchy can be drawn from the list immediately above this one .
a . g . cook and n . camilleri . 1997 . middle devonian gastropods from the broken river province , north queensland .
cuvier , g . 1795 . second mémoire sur l ' organisation et les rapports des animaux à sang blanc , dans lequel on traite de la structure des mollusques et de leur division en ordre , lu à la société d ' histoire naturelle de paris , le 11 prairial an troisième [ 30 may 1795 ] . magazin encyclopédique , ou journal des sciences , des lettres et des arts , 1795 [ 1 . année ] 2 : 433 - 449 .
ponder w . f . & lindberg d . r . 1997 . towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs : an analysis using morphological characters . < i > zoological journal of the linnean society < / i > , 119 : 83 - 265 .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .
vaught , k . c . / abbott , robert t . and kenneth j . boss , 1989 : null . a classification of the living mollusca . xii + 195 .
zapata , f . ; wilson , n . g . ; howison , m . ; andrade , s . c . s . ; jorger , k . m . ; schrodl , m . ; goetz , f . e . ; giribet , g . ; dunn , c . w . ( 2014 ) . phylogenomic analyses of deep gastropod relationships reject orthogastropoda . < em > proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences . < / em > 281 ( 1794 ) : 20141739 - 20141739 . 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2014 . 1739
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journal of paleontology ; boulder vol . 90 , iss . 2 , ( mar 2016 ) : 195 - 210 .
permian gastropoda of the southwestern united states . 1 . euomphalacea , trochonematacea , pseudophoracea , anomphalacea , craspedostomatacea , and platyceratacea . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 110 , article 3
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bulletin of the american museum of natural history the bulletin , published continuously since 1881 , consists of longer monographic volumes in the field of natural sciences relating to zoology , paleontology , and geology . current numbers are published at irregular intervals . the bulletin was originally a place to publish short papers , while longer works appeared in the memoirs . however , in the 1920s , the memoirs ceased and the bulletin series began publishing longer papers . a new series , the novitates , published short papers describing new forms .
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earthtime is an international community initiative that seeks to accelerate the development and application of integrated methods for the quantification of geological time . the earthtime mission : …
[ more ]
aleo - biodiversity studies have become of increasing interest and numerous manuscripts have been published dealing with global diversity trends throughout the phanerozoic . however , data used in thes…
[ more ]
the subulitoidea have long been an enigmatic group of paleozoic gastropods and share many characters of post - paleozoic clades . newly described protoconchs from several late paleozoic subulitoid species have been employed in a phylogenetic analysis of the group . late paleozoic representatives , the soleniscidae , are caenogastropods with an unornamented orthostrophic larval shell . the . . . [ show full abstract ]
battenizyga , a new early triassic gastropod genus with a discussion of the caenogastropod evolution . . .
battenizyga , a new early triassic gastropod genus from the moenkopi formation of utah , is described and the speciesanoptychia eotriassica batten & stokes , 1986 is placed in it . the new genus has an axially ribbed planktonic larval shell and a teleoconch with an angulated periphery . this character combination is unknown from the palaeozoic . therefore , battenizyga represents additional evidence . . . [ show full abstract ]
the phylogeny of the order ptenoglossa ( gastropoda , caenogastropoda ) is traced back into the paleozoic by studying 179 recent and fossil species . the recent superfamilies cerithiopsoidea , triphoroidea und janthinoidea are carnivorous . a larval shell with collabral ribs represents the plesiomorphic state in the recent superfamilies and it is the most informative symplesiomorphy that concerns to . . . [ show full abstract ]
jiangxispira , a new gastropod genus from the early triassic of china with remarks on the phylogeny o . . .
new heterostrophic gastropods are reported from the lowermost part of the dayie formation ( early triassic , leping , jiangxi province , china ) . a new genus jiangxispira ( streptacididae ) is described . jiangxispira yangouensis new genus and new species has an almost discoidal , heterostrophic protoconch that is typical of the largely paleozoic streptacididae , yet the teleoconch resembles that of . . . [ show full abstract ]