the cyprinidae are the family of freshwater fishes , collectively called cyprinids , that includes the carps , the true minnows , and their relatives ( for example , the barbs and barbels ) .

also commonly called the " carp family " , or " minnow family " , cyprinidae is the largest known fish family and the largest vertebrate animal family in general , with about 3,000 living and extinct species in about 370 genera .

the family belongs to the ostariophysian order cypriniformes , of whose genera and species the cyprinids make more than two-thirds .

the family name is derived from the ancient greek kyprînos ( κυπρῖνος , " carp " ) .

cyprinidae

phylogenetic relationships within the algae scraping cyprinid genus capoeta ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
algae scrapers among the cyprinid fishes ( cyprinidae ) : phenetic analogies of states .
key to the genera of cyprinidae of lower guinea , west - central africa .
mitochondrial dna phylogeography of acrossocheilus paradoxus ( cyprinidae ) in taiwan . - pubmed - ncbi
, cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) . biol j linn soc . 2015 ; 115 : 842–58 .
systematics of the subfamily danioninae ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
( cyprinidae ) en europa . quaderni etp . 2001 , 30 : 115 - 120 .
and their hybrids , cyprinidae , teleostei , in israel . hydrobiologia 317 ( 1 ) : 79–88
( cyprinidae ) , in subtropical lake kinneret ( israel ) . j fish biol 54 : 18–32
( cyprinidae ) and its role in the lake kinneret ecosystem . environ biol fish 14 : 295–301
( pellegrin ) ( pisces : cyprinidae ) . zool j linn soc 51 ( 2 ) : 141–145
comparison of human and shirbot ( cyprinidae : barbus grypus ) hemoglobin : a structure - function prospective .
( cyprinidae ) are indicative of reservoir compared to riverine habitats . more recently , dugas et al . [
molecular phylogeny of cyprinidae inferred from cytochrome b dna sequences . mol phylogenet evol , 1998 , 9 : 100–108
variability of the pharyngeal dentition in barbus intermedius ( teleostei ; cyprinidae ) : genetic , hormonal and environmental factors .
scraping feeders in the family cyprinidae , the subfamily barbinae in particular : phylogenetic relationships and example of parallel evolution .
dependence of pharyngeal dentition on ontogeny rate in an african barb labeobarbus intermedius ( cyprinidae ) and its evolutionary implications .
( cyprinidae : cypriniformes ) from the tennessee river drainage , tennessee . copeia . 2001 ; 2001 : 118–28 .
aleksandrov ( leuciscinae , cyprinidae ) . vop ikthiol . 1994 , 34 ( 3 ) : 308 - 315 .
( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol explor fres . 2009 , 20 ( 4 ) : 309 - 318 .
( cyprinidae ) covaries with habitat in a central indiana watershed . am midl nat . 2013 ; 169 : 137–46 .
julie hulbert . 2005 . morphology , meristic counts , and melanophore description for dionda diaboli ( cyprinidae ) during development .
systematics of the subfamily danioninae ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) . mol phylogenet evol , 2010 , 57 : 189–214
species group ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . zoosyst ross . 2002 , 11 ( 1 ) : 235 - 237 .
cyprinids are members of the cyprinidae family . the name cyprinidae is derived from the ancient greek word “kyprinos” which
carp
. thus they are commonly known as the carp family , as well as the minnow family . cyprinidae is a family of soft - finned fish in the order cypriniformes , which is one of five orders contained in the superorder ostariophysi .
comparison of human and shirbot ( cyprinidae : barbus grypus ) hemoglobin : a structure - function prospective . - pubmed - ncbi
( leuciscinae , cyprinidae ) from asia minor . mitt hamb zool mus inst . 1992 , 89 : 261 - 290 .
genus - level supertree of cyprinidae ( actinopterygii : cypriniformes ) , partitioned qualitative clade support and test of macro - evolutionary scenarios .
from turkey ( teleostei : cyprinidae : leuciscinae ) . zoosyst ross . 2007 , 15 ( 2 ) : 335 - 341 .
( osteichthyes , cyprinidae ) : an updated review . folia zool . 1997 , 46 ( 1 ) : 1 - 14 .
independent origin of periphyton scrapers among the african polyploidy barbins ( cyprinidae ) : polyphyly of the genus varicorhinus inferred using mitochondrial dna sequences .
developmental timing and heterochrony in the morphological variation of the large african barb barbus intermedius ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) : an experimental study .
( gianferrari ) ( cyprinidae , pisces ) . pulicación especial del instituto español de oceanografía . 1996 , 21 : 25 - 44 .
, a new cyprinid species ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) from orontes river turkey . zootaxa . 2009 , 2270 : 53 - 62 .
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2005 . cyprinidae itis taxonomic serial no . : 163342 . retrieved june 1 , 2008 .
flagrans , and redescription of d . choprae , two closely related species from the ayeyarwaddy river drainage in northern myanmar ( teleostei : cyprinidae )
( osteichthyes , cyprinidae ) . aquat living resour . 1990 , 3 : 265 - 282 . 10 . 1051 / alr : 1990028 .
, cyprinidae ) . mol phylogenet evol . 2001 , 18 : 252 - 263 . 10 . 1006 / mpev . 2000 . 0876 .
genus - level supertree of cyprinidae ( actinopterygii : cypriniformes ) , partitioned qualitative clade support and test of macro - evolutionary scenarios . - pubmed - ncbi
scraping feeders in family cyprinidae , subfamily barbinae in particular : phylogenetic relationships and example of parallel evolution . museo nacional ciencias naturales , madrid , spain ( chiefs
about change of scale numbers in linea lateralis between siblings of the common roach rutilus rutilus ( oostariophysi , cyprinidae ) developed under different regimes of developmental rate .
genus ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) . j hered . 2003 , 94 ( 4 ) : 315 - 328 . 10 . 1093 / jhered / esg074 .
some characteristics of cyprinidae come from commonalities found in all the fish belonging to the superorder ostariophysi , as well as commonalities found in members of the cypriniformes order .
evolutionary significance of variability of meristic characters induced by experimental change of ontogenetic rate on example of african barb labeobarbus intermedius rüppell , 1836 ( cyprinidae : osteichthyes ) .
( cyprinidae ) of lake kinneret ( israel ) : growth rate , plankton selectivities , consumption rates and interaction with rotifers . hydrobiologia 169 ( 1 ) : 91–106
sarah mcmillan . 2011 . reproductive and feeding ecology of two sympatric dionda ( cyprinidae ) in the rio grande basin , texas . m . s . thesis .
gosline w a . unbranched dorsal - fin rays and subfamily classification in the fish family cyprinidae . occas pap mus zool univ mich , 1978 , 684 : 1–21
aggasiz , 1832 ( cypriniformes , cyprinidae ) with sexual dimorphism from the lower rio tejo basin , portugal . zootaxa . 2007 , 1616 : 23 - 35 .
he , s . , the phylogeny of primitive cyprinidae by the method of rapd , act . hydrobiol . , 2000 , 24 ( 2 ) : 101 .
molecular phylogenetic relationships of eastern asian cyprinidae ( pisces : cypriniformes ) inferred from cytochrome b sequences . sci china ser c - life sci , 2004 , 47 : 130–138
bogutskaya ng : morphological basics in cyprinid fish of leuciscinae subfamily ( leuciscinae , cyprinidae ) . vop ikthiol . 1990 , 30 ( 6 ) : 920 - 933 .
robalo , almada , levy and doadrio , 2007 ( actynopterigii , cyprinidae ) from western spain . graellsia . 2009 , 63 ( 2 ) : 295 - 304 .
liao ty , kullander so , fang f . phylogenetic position of rasborin cyprinids and monophyly of major lineages among the danioninae , based on morphological characters ( cypriniformes : cyprinidae )
( cyprinidae ) : sequential westward colonization followed by allopatric evolution in response to cyclical pleistocene glaciations on the tibetan plateau . mol phylogenet evol . 2011 ; 59 : 303–10 .
chen x l , yue p q , lin r d . major groups within the family cyprinidae and their phylogenetic relationships . acta zootaxon sin , 1984 , 9 : 424–440
phylogeny and biogeography of the family cyprinidae in the middle east inferred from cytochrome b dna - evolutionary significance of this region . mol phylogenet evol , 2002 , 22 : 91–100
chen xl , yue pq , lin rd : major groups within the family cyprinidae and their phylogenetic relationship . acta zool sinica . 1984 , 9 : 424 - 440 .
böhme m : eine untermiozäne fischfauna ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) vom dietrichsberg bei vacha / rhön . freiberger forschungshefte , reihe c . 1993 , 450 : 116 - 150 .
, a new species of bleak from western anatolia , turkey ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyol explor fres . 2007 , 18 ( 4 ) : 307 - 312 .
with about 2 , 420 species of cyprinids , placed in about 220 genera , cyprinidae is the largest family of freshwater fish . the family belongs to the order cypriniformes .
] . incorporation of these additional details into cyprinidae morphology studies may provide a better understanding of morphological evolution—and by extension improve understanding of large scale ecosystem , community , and conservation issues .
: cyprinidae ) inferred from cytochrome b sequences : biogeographic and systematic implications . mol phylogenet evol . 2000 , 14 : 165 - 179 . 10 . 1006 / mpev . 1999 . 0702 .
species ( cyprinidae ) after the messinian salinity crisis of the mediterranean sea , inferred from mitochondrial phylogenetic analysis . zool j linn soc . 2003 , 80 ( 2 ) : 207 - 222 .
, new genus , ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . mol phylogenet evol . 2006 , 38 : 416 - 425 . 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2005 . 07 . 024 .
williams , c . s , and t . h . bonner . 2006 . threatened fishes of the world : notropis sabinae ( cyprinidae ) . environmental biology of fishes 80 ; 7 - 8 .
] . therefore , we may better understand how these changes can influence large scale processes by providing clear mechanisms to what drives form . for example , in a recent cyprinidae study , wanink and witte [
he dk , chen yf . molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the highly specialized grade schizothoracine fishes ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) inferred from cytochrome b sequences . chin sci bull . 2007 ; 52 : 777–88 .
( pisces , cyprinidae ) in portuguese freshwaters , based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences . mol phylogenet evol . 1997 , 8 : 435 - 442 . 10 . 1006 / mpev . 1997 . 0429 .
cyprinidae is almost an exclusively freshwater family of fishes , with brackish water representatives occurring only very rarely . common names associated with various members of this family include minnow , carp , chub , and shiner .
cavender tm : the fossil record of cyprinidae . cyprinid fishes : systematic , biology and exploitation . edited by : winfield ij , nelson je . 1991 , london : chapman and hall , 34 - 54 .
( teleostei , cyprinidae ) , in greece : implications for balkan peninsula biogeography . mol phylogenet evol . 1999 , 13 ( 3 ) : 566 - 580 . 10 . 1006 / mpev . 1999 . 0671 .
( pisces , cyprinidae ) based on allozyme data . zool scr . 2003 , 32 ( 1 ) : 13 - 22 . 10 . 1046 / j . 1463 - 6409 . 2003 . 00099 . x .
] and can be applied at a taxon specific level to better understand historic and current environmental conditions and biogeographical patterns . understanding individual response mechanisms may increase understanding of selective pressures that influenced the evolutionary history of the cyprinidae .
cavender t m . the fossil record of the cyprinidae . in : winfield i j , nelson j s , eds . cyprinid fishes : systematics , biology and exploitation . london : chapman and hall , 1991 . 34–54
banarescu p , coad bw : cyprinidae of eurasia . cyprinid fishes , systematics , biology and explotation . edited by : winfield ij , nelson je . 1991 , london : chapman and hall , 127 - 155 . 1
cavender tm , coburn mm : phylogenetic relationship of north american cyprinidae . systematics , historical ecology and north american freshwater fishes . edited by : mayden rl . 1992 , california : standford university press , 293 - 327 .
cyprinid is the name for any of the freshwater fishes in the minnow or carp family cyprinidae , which includes such members as carp , goldfish , zebrafish , minnow , and chub . with over 200 genera and over 2 , 000 species , cyprinidae is the largest family of freshwater fishes in the world , and may even be the largest family of vertebrates , with the possible exception of gobiidae ( the gobies ) ( nelson 1994 ) .
chen , x . l . , yue , p . q . , lin , r . d . , major group within the family cyprinidae and their phylogenetic relationships , acta zootaxonomica sinica , 1984 , 9 : 424 .
bonner , t . h . , j . m . watson , and c . s . williams . 2008 . threatened fishes of the world : cyprinella proserpina ( cyprinidae ) . environmental biology of fishes 81 : 365 - 366 .
xiao wh , zhang yp , liu hz . molecular systematics of xenocyprinae ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) : taxonomy , biogeography , and coevolution of a special group restricted in east asia . mol phylogenet evol . 2001 ; 18 : 163–73 .
cavender t m , coburn m m . phylogenetic relationships of north american cyprinidae . in : mayden r l , ed . systematics , historical ecology and north american freshwater fishes . stanford , california : stanford university press , 1992 . 293–327
wang x , li j , he s . molecular evidence for the monophyly of east asian groups of cyprinidae ( teleostei : cypriniformes ) derived from the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 sequences . mol phylogenet evol , 2007 , 42 : 157–170
from austrian , french , and greek rivers ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) . j zool syst evol res . 1997 , 35 : 165 - 169 . 10 . 1111 / j . 1439 - 0469 . 1997 . tb00420 . x .
briolay j , galtier n , brito rm , bouvet y : molecular phylogeny of cyprinidae inferred from cytochrome b dna sequences . mol phylogenet evol . 1998 , 9 : 100 - 108 . 10 . 1006 / mpev . 1997 . 0441 .
l . ( pisces , cyprinidae ) populations as revealed by rflp analysis of amplified mitochondrial dna segments . biochem syst ecol . 1998 , 26 : 415 - 429 . 10 . 1016 / s0305 - 1978 ( 97 ) 00123 - 3 .
xiao w h , zhang y p , liu h z . molecular systematics of xenocyprinae ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) : taxonomy , biogeography , and coevolution of a special group restricted in east asia . mol phylogenet evol , 2001 , 18 : 163–173
below are the current suggested subfamilies of the cyprinidae family . still there are many species that are considered “incertae sedis” , which means the genus / species is of uncertain placement . these species are currently contained only within their genus rather than assigned to subfamilies .
museum collections of five species of cyprinidae from the illinois natural history survey ( inhs ) were selected based on long term repeated collections of approximately ten individuals representing both males and females from each collection effort . species found to meet this criteria were striped shiner (
he dk , chen yf , chen yy , chen zm . molecular phylogeny of the specialized schizothoracine fishes ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) , with their implications for the uplift of the qinghai - tibetan plateau . chin sci bull . 2004 ; 49 : 39–48 .
böhme m : revision of the cyprinids from the early oligocene of the české středohoří mountains and the phylogenetic relationships of protothymallus laube 1901 ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) . acta mus nat prag . 2007 , 63 ( 2 - 4 ) : 177 - 196 .
hulbert , j . , t . h . bonner , j . n . fries , g . p . garrett , and d . r . pendergrass . 2007 . early development of dionda diaboli ( cyprinidae ) . southwestern naturalist 52 : 378 - 385 .
zhao k , duan zy , peng zg , guo sc , li jb , he sp , zhao xq . the youngest split in sympatric schizothoracine fish ( cyprinidae ) is shaped by ecological adaptations in a tibetan plateau glacier lake . mol ecol . 2009 ; 18 : 3616–28 .
] . within the family cyprinidae , the subfamily leuciscinae may be used to test biogeographical hypotheses for the mediterranean basin . in addition , owing to its long - standing distribution range in the circum - mediterranean area it should be possible to unravel the evolutionary history of this group .
levy a , doadrio i , almada vc : historical biogeography of european leuciscins ( cyprinidae ) : evaluating the lago mare dispersal hypothesis . j biogeogr . 2009 , 36 : 55 - 65 . 10 . 1111 / j . 1365 - 2699 . 2008 . 01969 . x .
lévêque c , daget j : cyprinidae . check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . edited by : daget j , gosse j - p , thys van den audenaerde dfe . 1984 , paris and mrac : orstom , 1 : 217 - 342 .
variation in cyprinidae morphology tended to relate to : body size—indicating strong allometric growth patterns with robustness of larger individuals ; sex—indicating a level of fecundity selection for deeper bodies in females compared with males ; and year—indirectly suggesting responses to habitat changes over the past century . in lotic ecosystems , cyprinidae morphology tended to be more fusiform in conjunction with lower mean annual discharge or higher variation in discharge . in lentic ecosystems , change in morphology was observed but no historic habitat variables were available to discern potential mechanisms . interestingly , not all species responded in the same magnitude or directionality .
tang kl , agnew mk , hirt mv , sado t , schneider lm , freyhof j , sulaiman z , swartz e , vidthayanon c , miya m , saitoh k , simons am , wood rm , mayden rl . systematics of the subfamily danioninae ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cyprinidae )
cyprinidae is found in north america ( from northern canada to southern mexico ) , africa , and eurasia ( nelson 1994 ) . in his 1994 text , fishes of the world , nelson recognized 210 genera and about 2010 species in cyprinidae , with about 1 , 270 species native in eurasia , about 475 species in 23 genera in africa , and about 270 species in 50 genera in north america . nelson ' s 2006 edition recognized worldwide about 220 genera and over 2 , 420 species of cyprinids ( nelson , 2006 ) , or over eight percent of the world ' s known fishes .
bogutskaya ng : contribution to the knowledge of leuciscine fishes of asia minor . part 2 . an annotated check - list of leuciscine fishes ( leuciscinae , cyprinidae ) of turkey with descriptions of a new species and two subespecies . mitt hamb zool mus inst . 1997 , 94 : 161 - 186 .
the cyprinidae are typically stomachless fish with toothless jaws . they can be with or without barbells . they will usually have thin lips and usually a protrusible upper jaw . the mouth can sometimes sucker - like on some species . they have cycloid scales , meaning their scales have smooth margins rather than toothed .
andrew m . simons , peter b . berendzen , richard l . mayden ; molecular systematics of north american phoxinin genera ( actinopterygii : cyprinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial 12s and 16s ribosomal rna sequences , zoological journal of the linnean society , volume 139 , issue 1 , 1 september 2003 , pages 63–80 , urltoken
durand jd , tsigenopoulos cs , ünlü e , berrebi p : phylogeny and biogeography of the family cyprinidae in the middle east inferred from cytochrome b dna - evolutionary significance of this region . mol phylogenet evol . 2002 , 22 ( 1 ) : 91 - 100 . 10 . 1006 / mpev . 2001 . 1040 .
included in the cyprinidae family are well - known aquarium favorites such as barbs , danios , rasboras , and various freshwater sharks . one of the best fish in this group for algae control is the chinese algae eater . this family also includes minnows , bitterlings , daces , asps , roachs , flying fox , and chubs .
wang x , li j , he s : molecular evidence for the monophyly of east asian groups of cyprinidae ( teleostei : cypriniformes ) derived from the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 sequences . mol phylogenet evol . 2007 , 42 ( 1 ) : 157 - 170 . 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2006 . 06 . 014 .
dowling te , tibbets ca , minckley wl , smith rg : evolutionary relationships of the plagoterins ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) from cytochrome b sequences . copeia . 2002 , 2002 ( 3 ) : 655 - 678 . 10 . 1643 / 0045 - 8511 ( 2002 ) 002 [ 0665 : erotpt ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .
there is so much diversity in the cyprinid species that it has been difficult to determine their exact assignment to subfamilies . the evolutionary development and history of the various species makes it more than tentative in many cases . some have obvious distinct lineages , but then there are many close relatives . the overall systematics and taxonomy of the cyprinidae remains a subject of considerable debate .
] . we found that not all cyprinidae taxa exhibited a significant signal with hydrology variation . moreover , not all species demonstrated the same response to high levels of mean annual flow or variation of annual flows . high flow velocities are expected to select for morphology that is a fusiform shape , and the opposite with low flows because of the resistance—performance relationship resulting from hydrological drag in high vs low velocity waters that can accompany flow volumes [
another of the largest members is the mahseer tor putitora ( previously barbus tor ) , also known as the golden mahaseer or putitor mahseer . it is widely distributed in south and southeast asia and reaches a length of more than 6 feet ( 2 . 5 meters ) . the largest cyprinidae species in north american is the colorado pikeminnow ptychocheilus lucius , previously known as the squawfish , which can grow up to 6 feet ( 1 . 8 m ) in length .
museum collections of cyprinidae were from long term ( 100 + year ) collections at five lotic sites ( sangamon river , salt creek , little vermillion river , mackinaw river , and illinois river ) , all with adjacent usgs daily discharge monitoring sites , and one lentic site ( lake michigan ) . specimen collection dates ranged from 1899 to 2006 and spanned 98 to 106 collection years ( mean number of collection events per site = 8 . 5 ) across the sites ( table
they are members of the cyprinidae family , also commonly called the carp family or the minnow family . this is a large family of freshwater fish containing many of the carp - like fishes and minnow types . they can be found throughout asia , most of africa , europe , and north america . the only place they are not to be found is south america and australia . they come in all sizes from giant game fish to numerous small species less than 2 inches ( 5 cm ) .
he s , mayden rl , wang x , wang w , tang kl , chen w - j , chen y : molecular phylogenetics of the family cyprinidae ( actinpoterygii : cypriniformes ) as evidenced by sequence variation in the first intron of s7 ribosomal protein - coding gene : further evidence from a nuclear gene of the systematic chaos in the family . mol phylogenet evol . 2008 , 46 ( 3 ) : 818 - 829 . 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2007 . 06 . 001 .
cyprinidae is the biggest family of freshwater fish , but the phylogenetic relationships among its higher - level taxa are not yet fully resolved . in this study , we used the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 and the mitochondrial 16s ribosomal rna and cytochrome b genes to reconstruct cyprinid phylogeny . our aims were to ( i ) demonstrate the effects of partitioned phylogenetic analyses on phylogeny reconstruction of cyprinid fishes ; ( ii ) provide new insights into the phylogeny of cyprinids . our study indicated that unpartitioned strategy was optimal for our analyses ; partitioned analyses did not provide better - resolved or - supported estimates of cyprinid phylogeny . bayesian analyses support the following relationships among the major monophyletic groups within cyprinidae : ( cyprininae , labeoninae ) , ( ( acheilognathinae , ( ( leuciscinae , tincinae ) , gobioninae ) ) , xenocyprininae ) . the placement of danioninae was poorly resolved . estimates of divergence dates within the family showed that radiation of the major cyprinid groups occurred during the late oligocene through the late miocene . our phylogenetic analyses improved our understanding of the evolutionary history of this important fish family .
the cyprinidae family is found in north america , from northern canada to southern mexico , africa , and eurasia . these fish have long been used as a highly important food fish , and are fished and farmed throughout eurasia for centuries . they are also important in the aquarium industry , rivaled only by characins like the tetras , livebearers like guppies , swordfish , platy , and molly types , as well as the fascinating cichlids . some of the most popular species in this group are the barbs , danio , freshwater sharks like the black shark and rainbow shark , and the rasboras .
aquatic habitats have been altered over the past century due to a variety of anthropogenic influences . ecomorphology is an area of aquatic ecology that can both directly and indirectly assess the effects of habitat alterations on organisms . however , few studies have explored long term trends in morphological variation . long term changes in morphology can potentially impact niche and ultimately contribute to organismal success and the ecosystem . therefore , in this study we assessed long term morphological variation with body size , sex , time , and hydrology using museum collections of five species of cyprinidae ( minnows ) from lentic and lotic systems over the past 100 years to gain insight into long term patterns in morphology .
] . one caveat that may explain the differences identified here is that high discharge does not necessarily translate to velocity , and in fact may have an opposite effect , as higher volumes can overflow into floodplains , resulting in reaches with relatively low velocity . furthermore , although not a direct objective of this study , visualization of consensus shapes between lentic and lotic sites suggested that individuals from lentic sites tended to be deeper - bodied than lotic individuals . however , future studies should directly quantify this with additional cyprinidae species to test whether the pattern emerges across all species or is taxon specific since this study was based more on site level replicates through time and less on spatial replicates [
despite numerous studies that have established relationships between morphology and suites of abiotic and biotic factors , the patterns that emerge from long term tests for these relationships are virtually unknown . therefore , the objective of this study was to describe shape variation for five species in the family cyprinidae ( minnows ) relative to body size , sex , time , and environment ( e . g . hydrology where available ) over 100 years using long term collections from both lotic and lentic sites . we predicted that long term collections would exhibit morphological signal as a result of both physiological and environmental influences . ultimately , ecomorphological perspectives may improve our understanding of shape variability while providing potential links with functional performance in changing ecosystems .
] . results of this study supported a general change in morphology across species consistent with body size ; however , directly linking this variation to local environments was not possible . an exception to this was information gleaned from the interaction terms with body size , as several species showed relationships between size and sex as well as size and hydrology , suggesting that the allometric scaling relationship is contingent on a variety of factors that may affect survival . interestingly , these interactions were not consistent across taxa or sites . moreover , the effect of body size was not consistent in strength of relationships across taxa . consequently , this might suggest different levels of selection for the body shape and body size relationship across cyprinidae .
leuciscinae is a subfamily belonging to the cyprinidae fish family that is widely distributed in circum - mediterranean region . many efforts have been carried out to deciphering the evolutionary history of this group . thus , different biogeographical scenarios have tried to explain the colonization of europe and mediterranean area by cyprinids , such as the
north dispersal
or the
lago mare dispersal
models . most recently , pleistocene glaciations influenced the distribution of leuciscins , especially in north and central europe . weighing up these biogeographical scenarios , this paper constitutes not only the first attempt at deciphering the mitochondrial and nuclear relationships of mediterranean leuciscins but also a test of biogeographical hypotheses that could have determined the current distribution of circum - mediterranean leuciscins .
in this study , while hydrology served as a direct mechanism of morphological change , time was used an indirect metric of change and can function as a notice of some unmeasured abiotic or biotic alteration . in several instances , time was excluded because it was essentially synonymous with variation in included hydrology variables . in these instances , hydrology is likely the primary determinant of environmentally driven shape change . however , in other instances where time was not related to mean annual discharge or discharge variation , it provides a unique perspective in the mancova models independent of the hydrological factors directly assessed . however , hydrological variation can be assessed using a variety of metrics or approaches and the iha analyses elicited several other hydrological parameters that also fluctuated with time . other variables , in addition to hydrological variation , that would improve understanding of cyprinidae morphology include disentangling the relative contributions from microhabitat , individual movement and dispersal potential , community structure , and phylogenetic history [
members of the cyprinidae are characterized by jaws and palate that are always toothless ; pharyngeal teeth in one or two rows , with no more than eight teeth per row ; usually thin lips ; absence of an adipose fin ; an upper jaw usually protrusible ; an upper jaw bordered only by premaxilla ; and the head almost always scaleless ( nelson 1994 ) . the body typically is elongate , compressed , and fusiform , with a single dorsal ray and a forked caudal fin . while most cyprinids are covered with scales , some lack scales . the size of cyprinids ranges from the smallest freshwater fish , danionella tanslucida , in which the longest specimen known is 12 millimeters , to the barbine catlocarpio siamensis of thailand , which is known to reach 2 . 5 meters in length and probably reaches three meters ( nelson 1994 ) . the largest north american species is the colorado pikeminnow ( ptychocheilus lucius ) , which reaches 1 . 8 meters ( 5 . 9 feet ) .
] . our results support this mixed result as sex - specific shape differences were not consistent across taxa or sites as evidenced by varying effects of sex between species and sites , as well as results failing to meet initial expectations of heterogeneity of body size slopes with sex . we suggest that this could be a result of either a real signal ( or lack thereof ) of sex - specific shape differences that are taxon - specific within cyprinidae , or an artifact of the body size ranges available and used in this study . interestingly , shape variation between males and females also seemed to fluctuate among sites , particularly for comparison of the lake to rivers , where lotic samples reflected a higher degree of sexual shape dimorphism in both species tested ( bluntnose minnow and emerald shiner with lotic and lentic sites ) than either of their lentic system counterparts . in addition , there were no interactions between sex and hydrology , where one might expect male morphologies to show a stronger response to flow than females given reproductive constraints on body shape [
the cyprinids consist of fish of all sizes . they range from giant game fish to numerous small species less than 2 inches ( 5 cm ) . the smallest known member of the cyprinidae family is the micro glassfish danionella translucida . it is found in burma , also known as myanmar , in southeast asia . this tiny fish reaches less than half an inch ( 1 . 1 cm ) in length . when roberts described it in 1986 , it was considered to be the smallest freshwater vertebrate . there are only two described danionella species , and a few more not yet described types . these cypriniformes are reckoned to be the smallest freshwater fishes in the world . the largest fish in this family include the giant barb or siamese giant carp catlocarpio siamensis , which can reach up to 9 . 8 feet ( 3 m ) . it is found only in the mae klong , mekong and chao phraya river basins in indochina . due to habitat loss and over fishing , its populations have drastically declined and it is now considered to be a critically endangered species .
the family cyprinidae is native to all continents except for australia , antarctica and south america ( mayden , 1991 ) . over 2000 species have been described ( nelson , 1994 ) , 300 of which are from north america ( mayden et al . , 1992 ) . their high diversity and widespread distribution have made cyprinids one of the most difficult groups of fishes to understand taxonomically and systematically ( mayden , 1989 , 1991 ) . various researchers have attempted to decipher the phylogenetic history and classify these fishes . one of the latest efforts employing phylogenetic systematics was by cavender & coburn ( 1992 ) . cavender & coburn recognized several subfamilies worldwide , with all north american genera in the subfamily leuciscinae . leuciscinae was diagnosed by two characters : pharyngeal arch with one or two rows of teeth , and the loss of the suborbital–infraorbital connection . within leuciscinae , two lineages of cyprinids were recognized , both of which are present in north america , leuciscins and phoxinins . the leuciscins are primarily eurasian , with a single north american representative , the golden shiner ( notemigonus crysoleucas [ mitchill ] ) . phoxinins make up the remaining north american cyprinid diversity . there are several eurasian phoxinin genera known but their relationship to the north american taxa is currently unresolved .
morphological models identified significant shape relationships with body size , sex , hydrology , time , and a series of interactions in this exploratory study of fish shape variation over the past 100 years . several trends emerged that indicated similarities and differences in the relative contributions of each variable . however , no universal pattern or formula described cyprinidae shape over the past century consistently across species . overall , body size trends tended to be similar among taxa as larger individuals tended to be deeper bodied , exhibit narrower head shapes , show arching of the dorsal surface , and have compressed caudal peduncle regions relative to smaller individuals . in addition , sex - specific differences among species were present in the species measured and were generally driven by females which exhibited deeper or distended abdominal regions compared with males . in lotic sites only , responses to hydrological variables such as mean annual discharge or variation in discharge were present in most species but directionality of morphological responses was not consistent among species as some tended to be more fusiform with higher discharge or variation in discharge , while others demonstrated increased robustness . lastly , time was recovered in almost every model as an important contributor to morphological variation , however directionality also varied between species . this variability associated with time was not surprising , as the time variable is without a true mechanism measured over this century time span , and may reflect habitat variation at local and / or regional scales . interactions among variables were far less consistent but did provide important controls for detecting differences in slopes between independent variables [
nucleotide sequences of 3 ' end of the cytochrome b gene , trna genes , d - loop control region , and the 5 ' end of the 12s rrna of mitochondrial dna ( mtdna ) were used to assess the genetic and phylogeographic structure of acrossocheilus paradoxus populations , a cyprinidae fish of taiwan . a hierarchical examination of populations in 12 major streams from three geographical regions using an analysis of molecular variance ( amova ) indicates high genetic differentiation both among populations ( phist = 0 . 511 , p < 0 . 001 ) and among regions ( phict = 0 . 368 , p < 0 . 001 ) . limited migration largely contributed to the genetic differentiation . high nucleotide diversity ( 1 . 13 % ) and haplotype diversity ( 0 . 80 % ) were detected among populations . the degree of genetic differentiation was correlated with geographical distance between populations , a result consistent with the one - dimensional stepping stone models . a neighbour - joining tree recovered by ( dambe ) supports the pattern of isolation by distance and reveals a closer relationship between populations of the central and southern regions . a minimum spanning network based on nucleotide substitutions reflected migration routes from populations of the central region to the northern and southern regions , respectively . postglacial colonization and expansion can explain the phylogeographical pattern . single and ancient migration events may have allowed the northern region to attain the monophyly of mtdna alleles . in contrast , most populations within geographical regions are either paraphyletic or polyphyletic due to the relatively shorter time period for coalescence . both low haplotype number and genetic variability suggest a bottleneck event in the chingmei population of northern taiwan . based on coalescence theory , the monophyly of the tungkang population of the southern region may be associated with a founder event .
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name from the greek words ' paideios ' meaning children and ' cypris ' for venus , common suffix for cyprinid genera ; gender feminine .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 1 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56152 ) ; 1 . 0 cm sl ( female )
paedocypris progenetica is distinguished from paedocypris micromegethes by : a smaller maximum size ( male 9 . 8mm , versus 11 . 6 ; female 10 . 3mm , versus 11 . 4 ) , keratinized pad in front of male pelvic fins as a projecting knob ( versus flat to slightly swollen ) , breeding tubercles on the dentary arranged in a straight row , without forming a cluster ( versus forming a cluster of up to five closely set individual tubercles , subdistally on the lateral side of the dentary , supported by a conspicuous lateral bony extension ) , pelvic fins of female vestigial , or often missing ( versus smaller than in male but similarly shaped ) , presence of pre - anal - fin - fold in female ( a character unique among teleosts ; versus absent in both sexes ) , dense small chromatophores in deep layer on abdomen appearing as a continuous patch , tiny black vermiculations on belly from throat to anus , including on male ' s pre - pelvic keratinized knob ( versus large superficial , isolated chromatophores on belly from throat to anus , absent on male ' s keratinized pad ) , numerous small , contiguous chromatophores on middorsal line , organized in 3 - 5 rows , forming a broad stripe ( versus few large isolated chromatophores , forming 1 - 3 irregular rows ) , pelvic - fin rays plain brown ( versus with rows of spots ) ( ref . 56152 ) .
one of the smallest fish and vertebrate known , with the smallest mature female measuring a mere 7 . 9 mm ( ref . 56152 ) .
kottelat , m . , r . britz , h . h . tan and k . - e . witte , 2005 . paedocypris , a new genus of southeast asian cyprinid fish with a remarkable sexual dimorphism , comprises the world ' s smallest vertebrate . proc . royal soc . biol . sci . 273 : 895 - 899 . ( ref . 56152 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00537 ( 0 . 00245 - 0 . 01178 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 4 - 8 . 0 ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - ? m ( ref . 56197 ) , usually 0 - 1 m ( ref . 56197 ) . subtropical ; 13°c - 30°c ( ref . 40948 ) ; 34°n - 20°n
asia : afghanistan , pakistan , india , nepal , bangladesh ( ref . 4832 ) , bhutan ( ref . 9418 ) and mynmar ( ref . 57739 ) .
maturity : l m ? , range 33 - ? cm max length : 275 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6695 ) ; common length : 183 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 6694 ) ; max . published weight : 54 . 0 kg ( ref . 1479 )
inhabit streams , riverine pools and lakes . found in rapid streams with rocky bottom ( ref . 41236 ) . omnivorous , feeding on fish , zooplankton , dipteran larvae and plant matter ( ref . 40948 ) . juveniles subsist on plankton while fingerlings feed mainly on algae ( ref . 40948 ) . ascend streams to breed over gravel and stones and returns to perennial ponds after breeding . the most common himalayan mahseer and a very attractive sport fish , with excellent food value . specimens over 30 cm and 5 kg in weight are rarely caught in recent times ( ref . 41236 ) . threatened due to over harvesting and habitat loss ( ref . 58490 ) .
migrate from the lower to the middle reaches of streams or rivers to spawn ( ref . 40949 ) . spawning takes place during low phase of flood ( ref . 56197 ) . fry are found among stones in marginal areas of the stream ( ref . 56197 ) .
talwar , p . k . and a . g . jhingran , 1991 . inland fishes of india and adjacent countries . vol 1 . a . a . balkema , rotterdam . 541 p . ( ref . 4832 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00871 ( 0 . 00735 - 0 . 01032 ) , b = 2 . 99 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 04 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 9 ±0 . 38 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tm = 1 . 5 ; k = 0 . 07 ; fec = 26 , 998 ) .
prior r = 0 . 35 , 2 sd range = 0 . 14 - 0 . 88 , log ( r ) = - 1 . 05 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 46 , based on : 1 k , 4 tgen , 2 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 82 of 100 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 230 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 58490 ) ; max . published weight : 140 . 0 kg ( ref . 4537 )
fricke , r . , m . bilecenoglu and h . m . sari , 2007 . annotated checklist of fish and lamprey species ( gnathostoma and petromyzontomorphi ) of turkey , including a red list of threatened and declining species . stuttgarter beitr . naturk . sea a ( 706 ) : 1 - 172 . ( ref . 58342 )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00459 - 0 . 01143 ) , b = 2 . 93 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 06 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming tm = 5 - 10 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : very high vulnerability ( 86 of 100 ) .
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .
hans - martin braun added the english common name
round - scaled barbel
to
barbus cyclolepis heckel , 1837
.
hans - martin braun added the english common name
mediterranean barbel
to
barbus cyclolepis heckel , 1837
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
türkische barbe
to
barbus cyclolepis heckel , 1837
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
ツノザメ属
to
squalus
.
maggie whitson set
file : trigonostigma heteromorpha1 . jpg
as an exemplar on
trigonostigma heteromorpha ( duncker , 1904 )
.
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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research curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , h . espinosa - pérez , l . t . findley , c . r . gilbert , et al . , eds .
full author list : nelson , joseph s . , edwin j . crossman , héctor espinosa - pérez , lloyd t . findley , carter r . gilbert , robert n . lea , and james d . williams
robins , richard c . , reeve m . bailey , carl e . bond , james r . brooker , ernest a . lachner , et al .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
this page was last edited on 19 may 2018 , at 00 : 29 .
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. you can download select species by searching or when you ' re on a taxa page like class , order , and family .
betta fish care infographic , a handy cheat sheet that will benefit any keepers of siamese fighting fish .
fish tank care . guide to fish care with a simple look at aquarium filtration , how to clean a fish tank , and a fish tank maintenance schedule .
piranhas , one of the most efficient predators with razor sharp teeth and a ferocious nature . piranha fish species , description , information , habitat , and more !
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don ' t know why it ' s not on here but zebra danios will kill neon tetras . i have had fish for 15yrs & every time i put zebras in my tank they kill my neons . it ' s . . . ( more ) doug
the harlequin rasbora is a fine example of the cyprinid family of fishes . they make a colorful and lively addition to any community aquarium . a planted aquarium will give them places to dart in and out , as well as set off their fiery color . they are great for people who easily become bored with fish , they swim about constantly and can be a bit boisterous ! not to be kept with shy or slow eating fish , they do well with other lively cyprinids like tiger barbs and cherry barbs .
cyprinid fish make very attractive , hardy aquarium fish . they are usually some of the first types of fish kept by beginning aquarists . but these popular fish grace the tanks of many long time fish keepers as well .
goldfish and koi are also part of the cyprinid family . however these very popular fish are quite distinctive . rather than including them here we have provided them with a complete goldfish section of their own .
many cyprinids make great fish for the beginning aquarist . they are undemanding and easy to care for . they can do well in most water conditions , though they will usually prefer soft , slightly acidic water . they do like their environment kept clean , so will need regular partial water changes . the aquarium temperatures they require are consistent with what is needed for most tropical fish , with a range around 75° f ( 24°c ) . if kept in a school they will usually swim out in the open . bright lighting and distractions outside of the tank will not be a big concern , unless it is feeding time , and then they will be excited !
the cyprinid list below includes popular species as well lesser known types . each fish guide has a description of the species , its place of origin , habitats and behaviors , as well as fish care to successful maintain them in an aquarium . fish pictures are also provided within each fish guide to help with identification , and to aid in choosing the best type of cyprinid fish for your freshwater tank .
as members of the ostariophysi superorder , a common characteristic is that of possessing a weberian apparatus . the weberian organ is an anatomical structure that connects the swim bladder to the auditory system , or hearing organ . it functions by transmitting auditory signals , which are then amplified to noticeable levels .
a unique feature of the fishes in the cypriniformes order are that rather than having teeth in their mouths , they have one to three rows of teeth in their throat area on what is called the pharyngeal bone . there is also a bony plate at the bottom of the pharyngeal bone to grind food . another cypriniformes characteristic is that they also lack an adipose fin . this is a second , posterior dorsal fin . this is more characteristic of the characin fish , as seen on the familiar tetras , hatchetfish , and silver dollars for example .
there are over 2 , 400 species in about 220 genera . this family is rivaled in size only by the gobies of the gobiidae family and possibly the cichlids , family cichlidae .
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