the house mouse ( mus musculus ) is a small mammal of the order rodentia , characteristically having a pointed snout , small rounded ears , and a long naked or almost hairless tail .

it is one of the most numerous species of the genus mus .

although a wild animal , the house mouse mainly lives in association with humans .

the house mouse has been domesticated as the pet or fancy mouse , and as the laboratory mouse , which is one of the most important model organisms in biology and medicine .

the complete mouse reference genome was sequenced in 2002 .

laboratory mice derived from the house mouse are by far the most common mammalian species used in genetically engineered models for scientific research .

house mouse

latham n , mason g . from house mouse to mouse house : the behavioural biology of free - living
latham n , mason g . from house mouse to mouse house , the behavioural biology of free - living
from house mouse to mouse house : the behavioural biology of free - living mus musculus and its implications in the laboratory .
life expectancy of the mouse : the house mouse has a life expectancy of 2 to 3 years .
the hanta virus isn ' t the only disease the common house mouse spreads . the common house mouse carries many other diseases as well , such as :
haplotype ) on a wild house mouse population . zürich : university of zürich .
the house mouse has been hanging around humans for far longer than we thought .
table 1 . anticoagulant rodenticides for house mouse control registered for use in california .
table 2 . other rodenticides for house mouse control registered for use in california .
the field mouse is a mouse so great it was named twice ! it is also referred to as the wood mouse .
extensive recombination rate variation in the house mouse species complex inferred from genetic linkage maps .
cucchi t , vigne jd , auffray jc . first occurrence of the house mouse (
polyandry and the decrease of a selfish genetic element in a wild house mouse population .
schwarz e , schwarz hk . the wild and commensal stocks of the house mouse ,
crowcroft p , rowe fp . social organization and territorial behaviour in the wild house mouse (
the house mouse is not a prohibited or restricted invasive animal under the biosecurity act 2014 .
silver , l . m . 1995 . mouse genetics : concepts and applications . summary : specialist publication on house mouse biology and genetics .
latham n ( 2004 ) from house mouse to mouse house : the behavioural biology of free - living mus musculus and its implications in the laboratory . applied animal behaviour science 86 : 261–289 .
evolution of the house mouse . cambridge studies in morphology and molecules : new paradigms in evolutionary biology
social behavior , reproduction , and population changes in the house mouse ( mus musculus l . )
q : my mouse no longer has quality of life . how should my mouse be euthanized ?
house mouse’s front teeth . ( magne flaten / wiki ; cc by - sa 2 . 0 )
) . these differences and others led traditional taxonomists to conclude the existence of numerous house mouse species .
higher differentiation among subspecies of the house mouse ( mus musculus ) in genomic regions with low recombination .
le roux v , chapuis jl , frenot y , vernon p . diet of the house mouse (
berry rj ( 1970 ) the natural history of the house mouse . field stud 3 : 219–262 .
data from : polyandry and the decrease of a selfish genetic element in a wild house mouse population .
singleton gr , tann cr , krebs cj . landscape ecology of house mouse outbreaks in southeastern australia .
prager em , tichy h , sage rd . mitochondrial dna sequence variation in the eastern house mouse ,
the link between such human settlements and house mouse fluctuations became even clearer when the team compared their fossil results to mouse populations around today’s hunter - gatherers .
the mouse genome database ( mgd ) : comprehensive resource for genetics and genomics of the laboratory mouse .
the house mouse is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 7 ) .
one - day - old house mouse . ( shwsie / wiki cc by - sa 3 . 0 )
marshall , j . t . and sage , r . d . , taxonomy of the house mouse ,
species - wide distribution of highly polymorphic minisatellite markers suggests past and present genetic exchanges among house mouse subspecies .
the house mouse is considered one of the top 100
world & apos ; s worst
invaders .
mackintosh jh . behaviour of the house mouse . symp zool soc lond . 1981 ; 47 : 337–65 .
. developmental stability , fitness , and trait size in laboratory hybrids between european subspecies of the house mouse .
. frontier disputes between the west and east - european house mouse in schleswig - holstein , west germany .
polyandry and the decrease of a selfish genetic element in a wild house mouse population . - pubmed - ncbi
female survivaldata from : polyandry and the decrease of a selfish genetic element in a wild house mouse population .
in contrast to the stable hybrid zone in europe , other boundaries between different house mouse ranges are likely to be much more diffuse . the extreme form of this situation is the complete mixing of two house mouse groups
mice belong to the suborder myomorpha and the family muridae ( myur - uh - dee ) . in addition to the house mouse , mus musculus , there are a number of subspecies , among them the east european house mouse ( mus musculus musculus ) and the west european house mouse ( mus musculus domestius ) , all very similar .
the house mouse is omnivorous . ( h . zell / eol ; cc by - sa 3 . 0 )
. centromeric incompatibilities in the hybrid zone between house mouse subspecies from denmark : evidence from patterns of nor activity .
geraldes a , basset p , smith kl , nachman mw . higher differentiation among subspecies of the house mouse (
that makes the new study “a nice example of how house mouse research can be helpful for studying our own history , ” says miloš macholán , an evolutionary biologist and co - author of the evolution of the house mouse .
gündüz i̇ , rambau rv , tez c , searle jb . mitochondrial dna variation in the western house mouse (
singleton gr , redhead td . structure and biology of house mouse populations that plague irregularly : an evolutionary perspective .
könig b ( 2012 ) the behaviour of the house mouse . in : hedrich h , editor . the laboratory mouse . 2nd edition . amsterdam : elsevier academic press .
hardouin ea , orth a , teschke m , darvish j , tautz d , bonhomme f . eurasian house mouse (
orth a , adama t , din w , bonhomme f . natural hybridization between two subspecies of the house mouse ,
phifer - rixey m , bomhoff m , nachman mw . genome - wide patterns of differentiation among house mouse subspecies .
female survivaldata from : polyandry and the decrease of a selfish genetic element in a wild house mouse population . - dryad
the house mouse is a field mouse . it’s the best known of a number of mice species that inhabit fields and meadows . there is a specific rodent , however , that’s often called the field mouse . it’s the meadow vole ,
shenker , a . m . 1973 . the house mouse in london . mammal rev . 3 : 64 - 69 .
first occurrence of the house mouse ( mus musculus domesticus schwartz & schwartz , 1943 ) in western mediterranean : a revision of sub - fossil house mice occurrences using a zooarchaeological critical grid .
current distribution : the house mouse is now found throughout the world including australia and the oceanic islands . since the house mouse is commensal with humans , it is generally found in buildings or cultivated fields . it is uncommon in undisturbed or natural habitats .
mus musculus ( house mouse ) ; infestation . mouse plagues erupt in the grain - growing regions of australia causing massive disruption to communities and losses to farmers . darling downs , australia .
populations can increase quickly as the house mouse is able to breed at two months of age and its litter size is between four and eight . populations of the house mouse increase significantly about 18 months after a fire , at a time when native rodent numbers are low . populations also appear to increase after rainfall . the large populations of house mice may last three to four years until the native rodent populations increase and the house mouse population declines .
southwick ch . regulatory mechanisms of house mouse populations : social behavior affecting litter survival . ecology . 1955 ; 36 : 627–34 .
: the house mouse is a small brownish - gray mouse with a long , slender , tapering , indistinctly bicolored tail . the tail is sparsely haired and scaly . the belly is grayish .
sayler a , salmon m . an ethological analysis of communal nursing by the house mouse . behaviour . 1971 ; 40 : 60–85 .
a house mouse will rarely live more than a year in the wild , but in a protected environment with food and water ( like a house ! ) , it can live up to three years .
ncg - nod crispr prkdc il2r gamma triple immunodeficient mouse model - a new mouse model for engratment of human normal and tumor tissues .
activity very inquisitive in nature , the house mouse will spend the day roaming its territory , exploring anything new or out of the ordinary .
besides humans , the house mouse is probably one of the most successful living mammals , with a widespread distribution throughout australia and the world .
mezhzherin , s . v . and kotenkova , e . v . , genetic marking of house mouse subspecies of the soviet union fauna ,
rajabi - maham h , orth a , siahsarvie r , boursot p , darvish j , bonhomme f . the south - eastern house mouse
turner lm , harr b . genome - wide mapping in a house mouse hybrid zone reveals hybrid sterility loci and dobzhansky - muller interactions .
white ma , ane c , dewey cn , larget br , payseur a . fine - scale phylogenetic discordance across the house mouse genome .
berry rj , jakobson me ( 1971 ) life and death in an island population of the house mouse . exp geront 6 : 187–197 .
do they make noise ? the house mouse has a sharp sense of hearing and communicates with other house mice through squeaks . some of these squeaks are audible to humans , while others extend into the ultrasonic range .
a barn is a natural habitat for a house mouse . house mice in europe occur in anthropogenic habitats , commensally with humans , such as grain stores and farm buildings ; feral populations are generally restricted to islands [
: the house mouse is the only non - native mouse occurring in the park . the komareks frequently took this species around cabins and barns . individuals have been found at elevations as high as 2 , 700 feet . the house mouse is probably less common now than in pre - park days due to a more limited supply of food and shelter .
a house mouse can squeeze through openings slightly larger than 1 / 4 inch across , eliminate all openings through which they can enter a structure .
( house mouse ) , kotenkova , e . v . and bulatova , n . sh , eds . , moscow : nauka , 1989 .
jones ep , jóhannesdóttir f , gündüz i̇ , richards mb , searle jb . the expansion of the house mouse into north - western europe .
ihle s , ravaoarimanana i , thomas m , tautz d . an analysis of signatures of selective sweeps in natural populations of the house mouse .
taxonomy : the house mouse belongs to the kingdom : animalia , phylum : chordata , class : mammalia , order : rodentia , family : muridae , subfamily : murinae , genus : mus , species : musculus [ 5 ] . its binomial name is mus musculus . there have been a number of sub species of mus musculus that have been described . these include : mus musculus bactrianus ( southwestern asian house mouse ) , mus musculus castaneus ( southeastern asian house mouse ) , mus musculus domesticus or mus musculus domesticus ( western european house mouse ) , mus musculus gentilulus , mus musculus homourus , mus musculus molossinus , mus musculus musculus ( eastern european house mouse ) , mus musculus praetextus , and mus musculus wagneri [ 5 ] .
a true mouse infestation however , is when you discover the mice have been breeding in your house . once they have started to reproduce you no longer have just a mouse problem , you have a full blown infestation .
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by examining fossil teeth found at these sites , the team discovered that the house mouse’s story is deeply intertwined with that of another closely related mouse species named mus macedonicus . more commonly called the short - tailed mouse , this rodent is considered to be more wild and less tolerant of humans .
marshall jt , sage rd , 1981 . taxonomy of the house mouse . symposium of the zoological society of london , 47 : 15 - 25 .
brown r ( 1953 ) social behavior , reproduction , and population changes in the house mouse ( mus musculus l . ) . ecological monographs 218–240 .
lindholm ak , et al . mate choice for genetic compatibility in the house mouse . ecol evol . 2013 ; 3 ( 5 ) : 1231–47 .
klein j , bailey dw . histocompatibility differences in wild mice ; further evidence for the existence of deme structure in natural populations of the house mouse .
, könig b , bagheri hc ( 2011 ) data from : polyandry and the decrease of a selfish genetic element in a wild house mouse population .
house mice and humans have been closely entwined throughout history , equally horrifying and benefiting each other throughout the ages . if you are going to encounter a mouse you stand a good chance of it being a house mouse , as they actively live where we live . the house mouse has taken advantage of human settlements to gain easy access to food and shelter . they have even colonised new continents with the movement of people , originally being native to asia .
the house mouse’s close proximity to humans has not been all rosy for the mouse . domesticated pets and laboratory mice are derived from the house mouse . whether you agree or disagree with the use of animals in laboratories , there is no getting away from the fact that laboratory mice have played a significant role in developing our biological and medical knowledge . equally , people have not always benefited from the presence of the house mouse , which transmits diseases , though not on the same scale as the rat , and contaminates food supplies .
rather than their stereotype of being cheese lovers , the foods most favoured by the house mouse are cereals , biscuits and chocolate . when in the house , mice will eat almost anything not sealed in an air - tight container .
if any of these conditions are found , your mouse is likely ill . mice can become deathly ill , very quickly . if you suspect a mouse is ill , immediately take the mouse to see a vet . a mouse ' s survival from illness depends heavily on early detection and prompt treatment .
it is very likely that you have found a mouse nest . a mouse will build its nest from just about any soft material or finely shredded paper . and the little black
rice
is most likely mouse droppings .
what do they eat ? when available , the house mouse prefers seeds and nuts in its diet , but this opportunistic feeder will eat almost anything available .
mus musculus ( house mouse ) ; adult . ( note injury to the right hind foot ) . northern baden - wurttemberg , germany . july 2010 .
liu kj , steinberg e , yozzo a , song y , kohn mh , nakhleh l . interspecific introgressive origin of genomic diversity in the house mouse .
cinderella ' s mouse - friends , though not the center of the story , have significantly adapted the house so they can move about freely inside it .
könig b , lindholm al . the complex social environment of female house mice (
manning cj , et al . communal nesting and communal nursing in house mice ,
könig b , riester j , markl h . maternal care in house mice (
könig b , lindholm ak . the complex social environment of female house mice (
, features miniature humanoids living in a small house beneath the floorboards a human house , living by
borrowing
( stealing ) small necessities from the humans .
although house mice have been studied for more than a century , there are still important questions about the basic biology of wild house mice that remain largely unanswered . answers to these questions would further strengthen the mouse as a model for research .
effective prevention and control of house mouse damage involves three aspects : rodent - proof construction , sanitation , and population reduction by means of traps , toxicants , or fumigants . the first two are useful as preventive measures , but when a house mouse infestation already exists , some form of population reduction is almost always necessary . a flow chart outlining steps in controlling house mice is found in figure 4 .
there are many species of mice found in the uk , but only a few are considered pests , which pose a threat to homes and businesses . the top 3 pest mice you might encounter within a property , garage , outbuilding or shed include the house mouse , field mouse and the yellow necked field mouse .
bronson , f . h . 1979 . the reproductive ecology of the house mouse . quarterly rev . biol . 54 ( 3 ) : 265 - 299 .
13 neitz , maureen neitz and jay .
the uncommon retina of the common house mouse .
trends in neuroscience ( 2001 ) : 248 - 249 .
lindholm ak , musolf k , weidt a , könig b ( 2013 ) mate choice for genetic compatibility in the house mouse . ecol evol 3 : 1231–1247 .
mice are nimble little creatures , so if there ' s a mouse in your house you may want to know a bit more about what makes it tick .
jones ep , jensen j - k , magnussen e , gregersen n , hansen hs , et al . a molecular characterization of the charismatic faroe house mouse .
silver , l . m . 1995 . mouse genetics : concepts and applications .
genetic analysis of autosomal and x - linked markers across a mouse hybrid zone .
the mouse and his child includes both small creatures and non - living things .
berry rj , ed , 1981 . biology of the house mouse . symposium of the zoological society of london , number 47 . london , uk : academic press .
garagna s , page j , fernandez - donoso r , zuccotti m , searle jb . the robertsonian phenomenon in the house mouse : mutation , meiosis and speciation .
storchová r , gregorová s , buckiová d , kyselová v , divina p , forejt j . genetic analysis of x - linked hybrid sterility in the house mouse .
mitochondrial dna sequence diversity and the colonization of scandinavia by house mice from east holstein .
: comparison with other house mice and report of a 75 - bp tandem repeat .
the mouse fancy is relatively young in the united states . the first u . s . mouse club came into existence in the 1950s . set up much like the national mouse club in england , the american mouse club set standards and hosted shows . this club eventually died out ; however , in 1978 the mouse and rat breeders association was formed . in 1983 the american fancy rat and mouse association originated . there are now several clubs in the united states , and many more worldwide .
effective mouse control involves sanitation , mouse proof construction and population reduction . the first two are useful as preventive measures . when a mouse infestation already exists , some form of population reduction is almost always necessary . reduction techniques include trapping and poisoning .
before you put down a trap to catch a mouse , please make sure that it is indeed a mouse , and not one of the many tiny native creatures that look ( at first glance ) like house mice . most likely any ‘mice’ in your house will be the house mouse – rarely do native species venture inside . occasionally though it does happen , so to ensure we don’t kill the natives , it’s good to know the difference . distinguishing between them however can be extremely difficult . many native species are similar to the house mouse , the main ' look - alike’ being the brown antechinus . the common dunnart is also a possibility . so you can ensure that your ‘mice’ really are house mice , these are the main differences between the three species :
what was a boon for house mice , though , seems to have been a detriment to the meeker short - tailed mice . as house mouse molars start to pile up during periods of prolonged human habitation , short - tailed mice molars all but disappear .
house mice ( and other rodents ) don’t carry rabies . there’s no reason why they can’t , but they never do and aren’t a risk . the risk lies in other viruses and bacteria they may carry . the house mouse does not carry hantavirus . according to the u . s . centers for disease control , the house mouse is associated with the chorio - meningitis virus , and the salmonella , tularemia and leptospirosis bacteria .
schwarz e , schwarz h , 1943 . the wild and commensal stocks of the house mouse , mus musculus linnaeus . journal of mammalogy , 24 : 59 - 72 .
the house mouse is found throughout australia . at times it may reach plague proportions . like humans , it is so successful because of its adaptability in utilising available resources .
berry , r . j . , ed . 1981 . biology of the house mouse . symp . zool . soc . london , no . 47 . 715 pp .
rates of protein evolution are positively correlated with developmental timing of expression during mouse spermatogenesis .
differential arousal regulation by prokineticin 2 signaling in the nocturnal mouse and the diurnal monkey .
you can receive technical assistance for mouse problems by contacting your nearest fwc regional office .
mouse guard : featuring mice in a medieval setting , much like the redwall series .
the sole natural factor limiting the mouse population in the home is the limitation of resources such as food . as the average house mouse lives for a year , that means a staggering number of mice can call your abode home over the course of 365 days .
mus musculus ( house mouse ) ; skull . note the diagnostic notch ( arrowed ) on the inner face of the upper incisors . museum specimen . museum wiesbaden , germany .
kryukov , v . i . , tolstoi , v . a . , and ofitserov , k . g . , karyotypic analysis of the house mouse population in tadzhik depression ,
brain p , mainardi d , parmigiani s ( 1989 ) house mouse aggression : a model for understanding the evolution of social behaviour . newark , nj : harwood academic publishers .
manser a , et al . polyandry and the decrease of a selfish genetic element in a wild house mouse population . evolution . 2011 ; 65 ( 9 ) : 2435–47 .
auclair y , et al . nest attendance of lactating females in a wild house mouse population : benefits associated with communal nesting . anim behav . 2014 ; 92 : 143–9 .
oka a , shiroishi t . the role of the x chromosome in house mouse speciation . in : macholán m , baird sje , munclinger p , piálek j , editors .
moro d , bradshaw sd . water and sodium requirements of field populations of house mice ,
a pronounced evolutionary shift of the pseudoautosomal region boundary in house mice . - pubmed - ncbi
studies on wild house mice . iv . on the heredity of testosterone and readiness to attack
“it’s easy to imagine the wild mouse vocalizations will be different , since ‘domestication’ has changed many aspects of mouse behavior , ” holy says . “so it would be intriguing to find out if their songs are more or less birdlike than the lab mouse songs . ”
if you think you can avoid dealing with that mouse in your home by simply waiting for it to die , think again . the life cycle of a mouse makes it easy to see why these rodents are such common pests . it’s not that the mouse lifespan is unnaturally long , but more that mice are notorious breeders . just one female mouse in your home can average between 25 and 60 offspring in a single year . at that point , you no longer have a mouse problem – you have a mouse infestation .
stop the life cycle of a mouse before you have any of these problems on your hands . call terminix® , the professionals who know how to shorten the mouse lifespan considerably .
selander , r . k . , hunt , w . , and yang , s . y . , protein polymorphism and genetic heterozygosity in two european subspecies of the house mouse ,
strains on the tree could be that they stem from localities that are closer to the assumed ancestral origin of all house mouse subspecies ( i . e . , india and thailand [
staubach f , lorenc a , messer pw , tang k , petrov da , tautz d . genome patterns of selection and introgression of haplotypes in natural populations of the house mouse (
the house mouse needs to eat around three grams of food a day . despite cartoons and the commonly held belief , cheese is not their favourite food . they really love cereals .
berry , r . j . , ed . 1981 . biology of the house mouse . symposium of the zoological society of london , no . 47 . london : academic press .
the adult house mouse is small and slender and about 1 - 2 inches long , excluding tail . the house mouse has large ears ( as seen photo below ) , pointed nose and small eyes . the tail is as long as the head and body combined . the fur color varies , but it is usually a light gray or brown but could be darker shades . the house mouse weighs about 1 / 2 to 1 oz as an adult . mice can be identified from young rats by the size of the head and the hind feet .
the mouse has been one of the main mammalian model organisms used for genetic and biomedical research . understanding the evolution of house mouse genomes would shed light not only on genetic interactions and their interplay with traits in the mouse but would also have significant implications for human genetics and health . analysis using a recently developed statistical method shows that the house mouse genome is a mosaic that contains previously unrecognized contributions from a different mouse species . we traced these contributions to ancient and recent interbreeding events . our findings reveal the extent of introgression in an important mammalian genome and provide an approach for genome - wide scans of introgression in other eukaryotic genomes .
cheverud jm . genetics of growth in the mouse . in : eisen ej , editor .
if mouse activity is seen , monitor growing crops and use early in - crop baiting .
major characteristics and habitat : the house mouse is a rather small , lightly furred mammal . its ears are bare and big . their fur comes in many colors , from white to black , and some even have spots [ 1 ] . the belly of the house mouse is usually white or very light brown [ 4 ] . and some people think they are cute !
manser a , lindholm a , könig b , bagheri h ( 2011 ) polyandry and the decrease of a selfish genetic element in a wild house mouse population . evolution 65 : 2435–2447 .
originally native to central asia , the house mouse was probably introduced to australia from europe by early settlers . today , it is found throughout australia and in other countries around the world .
if you ever get a house , “eventually you get a mouse”—or so ogden nash once wrote . and science seems to be catching up with poetry . the standard thinking until now has been that the house mouse , mus musculus , only began its intimate relationship with humans at the dawn of agriculture , roughly 11 , 500 years ago . in effect , you had to have a farm , not just a house , before mice moved in to raid the stored grain .
for behind the wooden wainscots of all the old houses of gloucester , there are little mouse staircases and secret trap - doors ; and the mice run from house to house through those long narrow passages ; they can run all over the town without going into the streets .
a complex genetic basis to x - linked hybrid male sterility between two species of house mice .
short and long - term fitness consequences of maternal care in wild house mice mus musculus domesticus .
jones ep , van der kooij j , solheim r , searle jb . norwegian house mice (
leeds - list , park house , leeds , ls1 2pw . west yorkshire | 0113 3200710 |
the common house mouse does have some capacity for dichromatic color vision , despite evidence for widespread coexpression of both uv and m pigments in cones . the extent to which this coexpression occurs has been shown to vary across the retina in order for the mouse to exploit the differences in spectral absorption of the cones . the house mouse , in comparing the signals from a small number of cones with different absorption spectra , is able to sufficiently discriminate different colors . ( 9 )
after rats are controlled at a given location , house mice may increase in numbers by moving in from elsewhere or by reproduction . this may be expected because habitats suitable for rats are usually even more suitable for mice . one should anticipate that following rat control , the potential for house mouse problems may increase , and control measures should be taken before mouse numbers reach high levels .
the success of the house mouse as a genetic model organism is largely due to its unique natural history . in this article , we briefly introduce the evolutionary and natural history of house mice , as well as the origins of laboratory strains ( box 2 ) . we highlight several examples in which wild house mice have provided important insights into mammalian biology and suggest future avenues for research .
mouse - proof construction . the most successful and permanent form of house mouse control is to
build them out
by eliminating all openings through which they can enter a structure . all places where food is stored , processed or used should be made mouse - proof . dried grain and meat products should be stored in glass jars , metal canisters or other resealable airtight containers .
singleton gr , 1995 . house mouse . in : strachan r , ed . the complete book of australian mammals , 2nd edn . sydney , australia : reed books , 646 - 647 .
selander , r . k . , hunt , w . g . , and yang , s . y . , protein polymorphism and genetic heterozygosity in two european subspecies of the house mouse ,
stewart , t . , r . sage , a . stewart , d . cameron . 2000 . breast cancer incidence highest in the range of one species of house mouse , mus domesticus .
teschke m , büntge a , tautz d . tracing recent adaptations in natural populations of the house mouse . in : macholán m , baird sje , munclinger p , piálek j , editors .
by studying the fluctuations of house mouse fossils found in archaeological sites in the eastern mediterranean , scientists have revealed that mus musculus domesticus first cozied up to humans around 15 , 000 years ago .
where house mice are abundant they can consume huge quantities of grains , making these foods unavailable to other ( perhaps native ) animals . house mice are also important prey items for many small predators .
sanitation , exclusion and reducing the mouse population is what is involved for rodent prevention and control .
special thanks to chuck pound of urltoken for allowing me to include pictures of lookathimgo the mouse .
berry , r . j . 1981 . town mouse , country mouse : adaptation and adaptability in mus domesticus ( m . musculus d ) . mammal rev . 11 : 91 - 136 .
title : trafficking of presynaptic pmca signaling complexes in mouse photoreceptors requires cav1 . 4 α1 subunits .
title : differential arousal regulation by prokineticin 2 signaling in the nocturnal mouse and the diurnal monkey .
: advances in understanding ancestry , structure , and variation in the genome of the laboratory mouse .
report on a project that aimed to develop improved monitoring and surveillance of trends in mouse populations .
gabriel si , jóhannesdóttir f , jones ep , searle jb . colonization , mouse - style .
the scene in mouse hunt in which the mouse ' s room is shown , consisting of a postcard as a poster and a little bed made up of a tin box and cotton balls .
: house mice are able to stow away in very small spaces so there is a constant threat of invasion or reinvasion . visitors to areas that are at risk of mouse invasion should be encouraged to check all baggage and pockets for mice before heading to such places . mouse free areas that are considered at risk of invasion should implement a programme of regular monitoring to identify mouse invasions early .
) and therefore most probably represent pockets of secondary colonization events . thus , the genetic signature of the primary colonization appears to be retained in the extant mouse populations with a limited impact of subsequent introductions . this same phylogeographic pattern is found recurrently when house mouse populations from small isolated islands are surveyed
although the most obvious sign is actually seeing live or dead mice in your house , there are plenty of other signs that can tell you that a mouse infestation may be building . these include :
cantrill s , 1991 . the population dynamics of the house mouse ( mus domesticus ) in an unstable agricultural ecosystem . phd thesis , school of life science , queensland university of technology , brisbane .
the frequency of multiple paternity suggests that sperm competition is common in house mice ( mus domesticus ) .
genetic variation in house mice ( mus , muridae , rodentia ) from the czech and slovak republics .
odors may indicate the presence of house mice . a characteristic musky odor is a positive indication that house mice are present , and this odor can be used to differentiate their presence from that of rats .
mutze gj , green b , newgrain k . water flux and energy use in wild house mice (
note : if you have children in the house place the traps in areas they cannot get to .
one confronting factor for this assay is the mouse’s likeness to the odorant . if the mouse likes the odorant , the sniffing may not decline significantly on the second presentation even if the mouse can well recognized the odorant as a familiar one . therefore , neutral odorants are preferred for this assay .
so far , social cooperation in house mice has been mostly studied in the laboratory or in semi - natural enclosures . in those studies , non - offspring nursing proved to be an integral part of the reproductive behavior of female house mice ( for a recent review on communal nursing in house mice , see [
so , how do you know if you have mice ? and why are they a health problem ? the following provides a guide to house mouse identification , behavior , disease and damage , and signs .
murphy ec , pichard cr , 1990 . house mouse . in : king cm , ed . the handbook on new zealand mammals . auckland , new zealand : oxford university press , 225 - 242 .
korobitsyna , k . v . and yakimenko , l . v . , role and location of wagneri - like house mouse ( rodentia , muridae ) morphs in the fauna of russia and neighboring countries ,
bonhomme f , rivals e , orth a , grant gr , jeffreys aj , bois pr . species - wide distribution of highly polymorphic minisatellite markers suggests past and present genetic exchanges among house mouse subspecies .
native to central asia , the house mouse arrived in north america on ships with settlers from europe and other points of origin . a very adaptable animal , the house mouse often lives in close association with humans , along with norway rats and roof rats ; however , mice are more common and more difficult to control than rats . for more information about rats and rat management , see pest notes : rats .
their droppings and urine contaminate food and if the population is not controlled house mice can cause contamination problems in places where they nest . diseases that can be transmitted by house mice include lymphocytic choriomeningitis and food poisoning .
as a generic term in general discussions of house mice , where the specific subspecies is unimportant or unknown .
table 2 . other ( non - anticoagulant ) rodenticides used to control house mice in the united states .
berry rj , peters jp , van aarde rj . sub‐antarctic house mice , colonization , survival and selection .
boursot p , auffray jc , britton - davidian j , bonhomme f . the evolution of house mice .
house mice largely get the moisture they need from their food so do not need to seek out water .
a house mouse is an excellent climber and can run up any rough vertical surface . it will run horizontally along wire cables or ropes and can jump up 13 inches from the floor onto a flat surface .
tann cr , singleton gr , coman bc , 1991 . diet of the house mouse ( mus domesticus ) in the mallee wheatlands of north - western australia . wildlife research , 18 : 1 - 12 .
pennycuik pr , johnston pg , westwood nh , reisner ah ( 1986 ) variation in numbers in a house mouse population housed in a large outdoor enclosure : seasonal fluctuations . j anim ecol 55 : 371–391 .
as the natufian hunter - gatherers started to become more sedentary , likely as a result of favorable climate conditions , the team found a rise in the amount of house mouse molars in and around human settlements .
threat to endangered species : the house mouse , mus musculus is implicated in the extinction of a number of native species of small mammals , birds and reptiles ( morgan , 1994 in varnham , 2006 ) .
bonhomme f , orth a , cucchi t , rajabi - maham h , catalan j , et al . genetic differentiation of the house mouse around the mediterranean basin : matrilineal footprints of early and late colonization .
cav1 . 4 it mouse as model for vision impairment in human congenital stationary night blindness type 2 .
mode ( s ) of introduction : the introduction of the house mouse has been primarily due to early ship traffic between europe and the americas , and later , ship traffic to the english colonies in the pacific . recently , house mice have been unintentionally introduced into some urban parks by individuals
liberating
lab animals .
not only does the research show that the house mouse out - competed another mouse species by developing a one - sided relationship with humans , the authors have also tracked the fits and starts that eventually led to a sedentary lifestyle for hunter - gatherers in the levant , simply by following the rodent’s rise and fall .
what are they ? the house mouse is a small mammal named for its propensity to live within human habitats . next to humans , the common house mouse is one of the most prevalent mammalian species in the world . native to asia , these rodents have spread throughout the world . they are most commonly seen living within or near human habitations . they may also be used as laboratory subjects and contribute greatly to scientific studies .
sinclair are , olsen pd , redhead td , 1990 . can predators regulate small mammal populations ? evidence from house mouse outbreaks in australia . oikos , 59 ( 3 ) : 382 - 392 ; 35 ref .
) . in : macholan m , et al . , editors . evolution in our neighbourhood . the house mouse as a model in evolutionary research . cambridge : cambridge university press ; 2012 . p . 114–34 .
] , which have suggested that the phylogeographic patterns seen for mouse populations reflect ancient human movements , with only little disturbance by later movements . the successful experimental introduction of house mice into the scottish isle of may [
mice are found worldwide and the introduced house mouse probably came to australia with the first fleet . mice are closely associated with human activity and are now distributed throughout the continent , especially in agricultural and urban areas .
because house mice are so small , they can gain entry into homes and other buildings much more easily than rats . as a result , house mouse infestations are probably 10 to 20 times more common than rat infestations . effective control involves sanitation , exclusion , and population reduction . sanitation and exclusion are preventive measures . when a mouse infestation already exists , some form of population reduction such as trapping or baiting is almost always necessary .
pocock mjo , searle jb , white pcl . adaptations of animals to commensal habitats : population dynamics of house mice
what determines the limits to the distribution of house mice ? they are amazingly successful at colonizing new areas , but they are not found everywhere . how important is competition with native rodents in determining the distribution of house mice ?
pocock mjo , searle jb , white pcl . adaptations of animals to commensal habitats , population dynamics of house mice
the house mouse ( mus musculus ) is considered one of the most troublesome and economically important pests in the united states . house mice live and thrive under a variety of conditions in and around homes and farms . house mice consume food meant for humans or pets . they contaminate food - preparation surfaces with their feces , which can contain the bacterium that causes food poisoning ( salmonellosis ) . their constant gnawing causes damage to structures and property .
manser a , lindholm ak , könig b , bagheri hc ( 2011 ) polyandry and the decrease of a selfish genetic element in a wild house mouse population . evolution 65 ( 9 ) : 2435 - 2447 . urltoken
marsh , r . e . , and w . e . howard . 1981 . the house mouse : its biology and control . oakland : univ . calif . agric . nat . res . publ . 2945 .
mouse tracks , mouse droppings and fresh gnawing show locations where mice have been active . mice make nests out of shredded paper , cardboard or other fibrous materials . these mice nests may be found in sheltered locations .
a mouse can jump as high as a foot , and climb 13 inches up smooth , vertical walls .
title : antagonism of the prokineticin system prevents and reverses allodynia and inflammation in a mouse model of diabetes .
[ 0051 ] liang et al . ( 2003 ) , genetic mouse models of extended lifespan ( pubmed )
polygamy shower thought : if the plural of mouse is mice , then the plural of spouse is spice .
willison kr , lyon mf . a uk - centric history of studies on the mouse t - complex .
dray , tammy .
a mouse ' s lifespan in captivity
accessed july 09 , 2018 . urltoken
update # 11 summary mouse abundance is low across all monitoring sites ( see below ) ( figure 1 ) – trapping , mouse chew cards and active burrows were low on all sites . mice should [ … ]
mouse traps , jelly tots and hurricanes – bet you didn ' t know these lost stories about leeds .
exaggerated in that while set in london , the mouse version of london is almost exactly the same as the human , without bamboo technology . they have clockwork , guns , functioning cabarets and ( bizarrely ) even queen mousetoria , who ' s an identical mouse version of queen victoria . also , living directly under sherlock holmes ' house is basil , a mouse who ' s an amazingly clear if disney - fied expy of holmes himself .
nowak , r . m . 1991 . walker s mammals of the world ( 5th edition ) . volume 2 . 858 - 862 . summary : an overview of the genus mus with specific reference to the house mouse .
in one survey of corn in a midwestern state , 76 % of about 1 , 000 grain samples were contaminated with rodent droppings . mouse droppings outnumbered rat droppings twelve to one . a house mouse produces about 36 , 000 droppings in a year’s time . mouse infestations are so widespread that droppings and hairs often end up in many types of food commodities intended for human use . certain levels of rodent contamination are grounds for condemning food commodities .
könig b , lindholm a ( 2012 ) the complex social environment of female house mice ( mus domesticus ) . in : macholan m , baird s , munclinger p , pialek j , editors , evolution in our neighbourhood . the house mouse as a model in evolutionary research . cambridge , uk : cambridge university press . pp . 114–134 .
the most common rat and mouse pest in the u . s are the norway rat , the roof rat , and the house mouse . small mousetraps that work for mice won & apos ; t work for large rats . rat traps set on the floor won & apos ; t capture roof rats who tend to stay up high .
inferring the history of speciation in house mice from autosomal , x - linked , y - linked and mitochondrial genes .
genetic dissection of a key reproductive barrier between nascent subspecies of house mice , mus musculus domesticus and mus musculus musculus .
ro - pel ® is registered for use in repelling house mice and other rodents from gnawing on trees , poles , fences , shrubs , garbage , and other objects . little information is currently available on its effectiveness against house mice .
könig b . behavioural ecology of kin recognition in house mice . ethol ecol evol . 1989 ; 1 : 99–110 .
. female preferences based on male quality in house mice : interaction between male dominance rank and t - complex genotype .
. mate choice for non - siblings in wild house mice : evidence from a choice test and a reproductive test .
. genetic variation and phylogeography of central asian and other house mice , including a major new mitochondrial lineage in yemen .
boursot p , auffray j - c , britton - davidian j , bonhomme f . the evolution of house mice .
it’s not so dangerous which is in the house . / when flies bite , it will rain , they say .
the house mouse ( mus musculus , fig . 1 ) is a small , slender rodent that has a slightly pointed nose ; small , black , somewhat protruding eyes ; large , sparsely haired ears ; and a nearly hairless tail with obvious scale rings . house mice are considered among the most troublesome and economically important rodents in the united states .
where do they live ? normally , the house mouse makes its home in farm fields , grassy and wooded areas , building nests in areas that are dark and protected from the elements and close to a readily available food source .
native range : native to the indian subcontinent . known introduced range : the house mouse has accompanied humans to , and colonised , tropical , temperate , semi - desert , desert , and sub - antarctic regions throughout the world .
singleton gr , chambers lk , spratt dm , 1995 . an experimental field study to examine whether capillaria hepatica ( nematoda ) can limit house mouse populations in eastern australia . wildlife research , 22 ( 1 ) : 31 - 53
singleton gr , redhead td , 1989 . house mouse plagues . in : noble jc , bradstock ra , eds . mediterranean landscapes in australia : mallee ecosystems and their management . melbourne , australia : csiro , 418 - 433 .
the house mouse lives mainly in urban areas , being closely associated with humans . it prefers to live in secluded parts of buildings , reed beds , cracks in the ground or shallow burrow systems , make nests of shredded materials .
thaler , l . , bonhomme , f . , britton - davidian , j . , and hamar , m . , the house mouse complex of species : sympatric occurence of biochemical groups mus 2 and mus 4 in rumania ,
on the tear proteome of the house mouse ( & lt ; i & gt ; mus musculus musculus & lt ; / i & gt ; ) in r . . . - stopkova r et al . - urltoken # microbiome
britton - davidian j , fel - clair f , lopez j , alibert p , boursot p . postzygotic isolation between the two european subspecies of the house mouse : estimates from fertility patterns in wild and laboratory - bred hybrids .
hardouin ea , chapuis j - l , stevens mi , van vuuren bj , quillfeldt p , et al . house mouse colonization patterns on the sub - antarctic kerguelen archipelago suggest singular primary invasions and resilience against re - invasion .


archips nigriplaganus is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from kentucky , north carolina , quebec , tennessee , vermont and west virginia .

the wingspan is about 19 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is yellow tawny with darker transverse bands and two small dark spots in the basal area .

the hindwings are light grey on the base and disc .

the upper half of the outer margin and the apical margin are light straw .

adults have been recorded on wing from may to july .

archips nigriplaganus

archips nigriplagana franclemont , 1986 n . sp . , proc . ent . soc . wash . , v . 88 : 59 .
archips is a genus of tortrix moths the tribe archipini . species include the oak leaf roller ( a . semiferanus ) , and other notorious pests .
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lepisma is a genus of primitive insects belonging to the family lepismatidae .

the most familiar member of the genus is the silverfish ( l. saccharina ) , a commensal of humans worldwide .

lepisma

frank rosamond set
peixinho - de - prata / / silverfish ( lepisma saccharina )
as an exemplar on
lepisma saccharina linnaeus , 1758
.
katja schulz changed the thumbnail image of
file : lepisma saccharina 1a . jpg
.
sensitisation to lepisma saccharina ( silverfish ) in children with respiratory allergy . - pubmed - ncbi
eduard solà added the catalan common name
peixet de plata
to
lepisma saccharina linnaeus , 1758
.
allergenicity of lepisma is demonstrated through in vitro tests . a pathogenic role still remains to be proved , but it should be considered in respiratory allergy , due to primary sensitisation to lepisma , or to cross - reactivity with other indoor allergens .
c . michael hogan set
peixinho - de - prata / / silverfish ( lepisma saccharina )
as an exemplar on
lepismatidae
.
what made you want to look up lepisma ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
to cite this page : lopez , m . 2001 .
lepisma saccharina
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
lepisma saccharina ( silverfish ) is a common insect which is often found in human dwellings . our aim was to determine the ige antibody pattern to this arthropod in children with allergic respiratory symptoms .
the individual sera and a pool of selected sera of 45 children with asthma and / or rhinitis were used for an immunoblotting test with an extract of lepisma saccharina ; an immunoblotting inhibition test was performed with extracts of l . saccharina , d . pteronyssinus and cockroach .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
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silverfish are found commonly as human commensals worldwide . they are thought to be endemic to the palearctic .
natural habitat is hidden in leaf litter , under rocks and logs , and in other natural crevices . when silverfish live indoors , they are most commonly found behind furniture , in books , near sinks or in basements . they prefer temperatures that are 70 to 80 degrees .
(
the bug clinic
, 2000 ; sanders , p . , 1999 )
silverfish are wingless insects that have a carrot - shaped , flat body with silver and grey scales . they are 0 . 8 - 1 . 9 cm long . they also have three tail - like appendages and two antennae on their head . each of the tail - like appendages are almost as long their body . two point to the sides , while the other one is in the middle , pointing backwards .
when silverfish mate , the male silverfish puts his sperm on a silk thread on the ground and then the female silverfish picks it up . the fertilized eggs are then laid in cracks and crevices . at a temperature of 22 - 27 degrees c , female silverfish can lay approximately 100 eggs in their lifetime . they lay one to three eggs at a time in small groups and may lay several eggs over a period of weeks . the eggs hatch in three to six weeks ; the length of time depends on the temperature . rate of growth also depends on temperature . females do not have a certain season when they lay their eggs . they usually lay eggs in secluded places like behind books or closet shelves . after hatching , all the life stages are similar in appearance , except for their size . ( caron 1997 , washington state university 1997 , sanders 1999 )
silverfish are active at night and hide during the day . they make quick movements and stop at short intervals then move on again . they avoid direct sunlight . if a silverfish is hiding under an object that gets moved , the insect moves rapidly to hide in another place where there is no sunlight ( sanders 1999 ) .
common silverfish prefer to eat materials that come from plants because of the carbohydrates and protein . they eat foods such as glue , wallpaper paste , bookbindings , paper , photographs , starch in clothing , cotton , linen , and rayon fabric . they also eat damp textiles and organic material . although they prefer organic material , they also eat non - organic material . this species also likes dried foods and human foods such as sugar , flour , and breakfast cereal . ( the bug clinic 2000 , sanders 1999 ) .
silverfish are generally considered nuisance pests . they have no effect on human health . they usually do relatively little damage , but will feed on paper , book bindings , wallpaper , rayon drapes , starched cotton , linen , and silk ( washington state university 1997 ) .
is considered a pest by many and there are many insecticide treatments to get rid of them ( the bug clinic 2000 , caron 1997 ) .
silverfish are primitive insects that were on earth before the cockroaches ( bochnak 1999 ) .
mirsha lopez ( author ) , university of california , irvine , rudi berkelhamer ( editor ) , university of california , irvine .
living in australia , new zealand , tasmania , new guinea and associated islands .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
living in the northern part of the old world . in otherwords , europe and asia and northern africa .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
having a worldwide distribution . found on all continents ( except maybe antarctica ) and in all biogeographic provinces ; or in all the major oceans ( atlantic , indian , and pacific .
forest biomes are dominated by trees , otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality .
having a body temperature that fluctuates with that of the immediate environment ; having no mechanism or a poorly developed mechanism for regulating internal body temperature .
referring to animal species that have been transported to and established populations in regions outside of their natural range , usually through human action .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
found in the oriental region of the world . in other words , india and southeast asia .
rainforests , both temperate and tropical , are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground . epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant . precipitation is typically not limiting , but may be somewhat seasonal .
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
a terrestrial biome . savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy . extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical africa and south america , and in australia .
a grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees , a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest . see also tropical savanna and grassland biome .
a terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes ( > 23 . 5° n or s latitude ) . vegetation is made up mostly of grasses , the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available . fire and grazing are important in the long - term maintenance of grasslands .
living in cities and large towns , landscapes dominated by human structures and activity .
1997 - 2000 .
silverfish ( insect )
( on - line ) . accessed microsoft coporation . all right reserved . october 31 , 2000 at urltoken .
2000 .
the bug clinic
( on - line ) . accessed october 28 , 2000 at urltoken .
bochnak , p . 1999 .
environmental health and safety
( on - line ) . accessed october 30 , 2000 at urltoken .
caron , m . , 1997 .
silverfish and firebrats
( on - line ) . accessed october 29 , 2000 at urltoken .
sanders , p . , 1999 .
silverfish and firebrats
( on - line ) . accessed october 30 , 2000 at urltoken .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
the four - lined silverfish ( formerly ctenolepisma quadriseriata , now synonymized with c . lineata ) has 4 lines down its back , and the gray [ or giant ] siverfish ( which includes the former ctenolepisma urbana , now synomymized with c . longicaudata ) is uniformly gray ; both of these species are 15 - 19 mm long - significantly larger than the common silverfish ( see images of the four - lined silverfish and the gray silverfish [ 1 , 2 ] )
images and info on the common silverfish and firebrat ( john jackman and phillip hamman , texas a & m ; u . )
overview of silverfish species ( walter ebeling , u . of california at riverside )
contributed by robin mcleod on 5 january , 2006 - 11 : 59pm additional contributions by ron m . last updated 1 april , 2010 - 12 : 29am
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allergol immunopathol ( madr ) . 2008 jul - aug ; 36 ( 4 ) : 191 - 5 .
boquete m 1 , pineda f , mazon a , garcia a , oliver f , colomer n , pamies r , millan c , millan olmo c , caballero l , prieto l , nieto a .
services of pediatrics and allergy . hospital xeral calde . lugo . españa , spain .
between one and ten ige binding bands were found in the sera of patients . the immunoblotting pattern was clearly different from that of d . pteronyssinus . inhibition was found with d . pteronys - sinus and cockroach , which proves cross - reactivity between extracts .