citation ( april 11 , 1945 – august 8 , 1970 ) was the eighth american triple crown winner , and one of three major north american thoroughbreds ( along with zenyatta and cigar ) to win at least 16 consecutive races in major stakes race competition .

he was the first horse in history to win one million dollars .

citation ( horse )

citation was racing ' s first millionaire horse , earning $ 1 , 085 , 760 .
citation wins the 1948 belmont stakes to sweep the triple crown . ( blood - horse library )
“i’ve only ever had one other horse strong enough to need a citation , ” she says .
flat racing trainer karen mclintock has used the citation on dunaskin , an ongoing , strong horse , to good effect .
a man called horse essays are academic essays for citation . these papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of a man called horse by dorothy m . johnson .
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image : citation after winning the 1948 kentucky derby . courtesy of kentuckiana digital library
citation 1945 , stallion bull lea x hydroplane . . . - the thoroughbred universe
the training of racehorses , simply expressed , is maintaining a horse in the best condition to run . exercise and feeding programs and knowledge of the individual horse are factors involved . a good trainer selects a jockey who suits the horse and , perhaps more important , enters the horse in suitable races . a trainer of a horse for a classic race not only must develop the horse into peak condition but must time the development so that the horse reaches its peak on a certain day , which is the most difficult art of all .
the late joe mergler also came from a family long involved in horse racing .
…crown honours in 1941 , and citation in 1948 . he established a record of $ 645 , 145 earned by one horse ( citation ) in a single season . in 1960–61 , at the end of his career , arcaro teamed with the horse kelso to win several major stakes . after his retirement , he became a television sports…
wright’s “obsession” was that citation would be the first million dollar horse — his career earnings stood at $ 865 , 150 after his stellar seasons at two and three .
by the time secretariat finally matched citation ' s accomplishment in 1973 , the quarter - century triple crown drought only served to underscore the brilliance of citation ' s achievement .
citation became racing ' s eighth triple crown winner and the fourth in eight years .
one of the most versatile and talented racehorses of modern times . 1968 ' s horse of the year , champion handicap horse , champion sprinter , and co - champion grass horse . first and only horse ever to win four titles in a single year . he remains one of the most popular racehorses of the modern era .
but even those who had faith in citation had to wonder . midway through the derby , citation trailed by six lengths , as coaltown enjoyed a leisurely run on the lead .
citation was inducted into the national museum of racing hall of fame in 1959 and was voted # 3 in blood horse ' s top 100 racehorses of the 20th century .
citation is shown in the winner ' s circle after taking a bow at hollywood park in inglewood , california , on july 21 , 1951 . citation , the first race horse to win $ 1 million , was retired to stud on july 20 , 1951 .
an entire ( uncastrated ) male horse 4 years of age and under is a colt , at least in north america ; an entire male horse older than that is a stallion . an entire male horse used for breeding is commonly called a stud .
citation is still my favorite horse ,
joe kelly told the baltimore sun in a 1998 interview that was reprised in the obituary the sun published after he died last november .
citation was such a versatile horse that could overcome muddy tracks or fast tracks , short races or long races . he could adapt to any and all circumstances .
personal ensign achieved that rarest of goals in horse racing - - a perfect record .
horse of the century : man o ' war vs . secretariat - nbc new york
this timeline was compiled using citation’s past performances as documented in drf’s champions . other details and quotes are courtesy of legendary announcer phil georgeff’s outstanding biography citation : in a class by himself .
i thought you might like to see a memorial for citation i found on findagrave . com .
, citation had the rail position at the start of the race . however , his calumet stablemate
…trained by ben jones , and citation in 1948 , trained by jones’s son jimmy jones . …
it was set up for coaltown to have an easy lead ,
jones said , referring to citation ' s calumet stablemate .
citation could get him when he wanted to .
saggy and the late joe pons of country life farm were photographed by the aegis in 1973 , the 25th anniversary of the horse ' s stunning upset of citation in havre de grace .
all things about the thoroughbred horse . on and off the track . if you would like me find a horse for you just send me a message and i will try . or if you have a horse you would like to see featured on the blog just send me a photo , it can your horse or not , it just needs to be thoroughbred !
it was set up for coaltown to have an easy lead ,
jones said , referring to citation ' s calumet stable mate .
citation could get him when he wanted to .
citation was the best ever . he was so fast he scared me ,
said arcaro .
citation would eventually surpass the one million dollar mark but the man who set that goal did not live to see it . calumet farm’s patriarch warren wright died in december of 1950 . his family honored his hope that citation would become the first equine millionaire and kept the horse in training in 1951 .
talk about an iron horse ! citation’s 16 - race win streak literally took place over the span of 10 months ? wow ! i never fail to be in awe of those horses . gutsy .
bred and owned by calumet farm , citation became america’s eighth triple crown winner in 1948 , fashioned a 16 - race win streak and was the first horse with $ 1 million in career earnings .
claiming - a horse entered in this race is ostensibly for sale , for an amount set in the race conditions . this equalizes the field , since an owner with an exceptionally good horse will not enter it against cheaper competition unless he or she genuinely wants the horse to change hands .
highest earnings on the track : $ 19 . 0 million ( orfevre , a japanese horse )
citation ' s three - year - old debut came in a six furlong allowance race for three year olds and up at hialeah . also making his season debut was the previous year ' s horse of the year , armed , whom citation beat by a length . the two were also entered in the seminole handicap , and once again the younger horse prevailed . citation ' s victories over armed prompted sunny jim fitzsimmons to utter the praise ,
up to this point citation ' s done more than any horse i ever saw . and i saw man o ' war .
rarely did a three - year - old challenge , let alone defeat , older horses so early in the season .
sixty - seven years ago , citation unleashed the greatest 3 - year - old season in thoroughbred racing . blessed with genuine speed , staying power and a seemingly endless desire to win , citation inspired his handler jimmy jones to boldly say :
my horse could beat anything with hair on it .
july 14 , 1951 : in his last race , calumet farm ' s six - year - old citation won the hollywood gold cup by four lengths , and became racing ' s first millionaire horse .
lest we forget racing ' s historic greats , blogger and paulick report weekend editor mary forney reminds us that saturday ' s citation handicap at hollywood park is named for racing ' s first millionaire horse and the eighth winner of the triple crown , the great citation . citation ran his final race at hollywood park , in the 1951 gold cup – the race that pushed his career earnings past $ 1 - million .
) , memorial page for citation ( 11 apr 1945–8 aug 1970 ) , find a grave memorial no .
coaltown was out of the picture when citation won the preakness by 5½ lengths over vulcan ' s forge .
citation made it to a million , but lost quite a bit of his luster among the general public . but real race fans remember him fondly - - bowen adds that people who saw citation said he was better than man o ' war , they
felt there never could have been a better horse .
for more than 50 years man o ' war owned the unofficial title of horse of the century .
phil geogeff’s book citation : in a class by himself is a must read for any fan of racing history . much of the book is based on his 50 years of conversation with the major players in citation’s career .
by the time they got to louisville , though , arcaro and citation were in perfect sync . they won the derby by 3 1 / 2 lengths under wraps , defeating calumet’s other monster , coaltown . at pimlico , only three showed up to try citation . they left quietly after citation won by 5 1 / 2 lengths .
1948 horse of the year and triple crown winner . thoroughbred racing ' s first millionaire , setting the modern - day record of 16 straight victories . his trainer called him the best horse of the century .
and released in 2006 . citation ' s 16 - race win streak also made the list at # 67 .
the citation uses both mouth and facial pressure , as bitting expert richard brown from abbey saddlery in cheshire explains .
horse racing at the galway race course , ballybrit , county galway , connaught ( connacht ) , ireland .
three different bodies vote on the eclipse awards , including horse of the year . the horse of the year typically wins all three bodies ' votes , but not even secretariat earned every individual voter ' s approval .
some racing fans rank citation on the same plane as man o ' war , if not higher . born in 1945 , citation entered the track two years later and won his very first race in havre de grace , maryland . the 1948 triple crown winner also became the first u . s . horse to win one million dollars .
turfmen , sentimental over a champion , were rooting for citation to win and become the greatest money - earner of all times with $ 979 , 200 . the horse’s comeback after a 13 - month layoff has held the interest of the racing world . and a victory today would move citation alongside man o’ war as a turf immortal .
but it wasn’t meant to be , citation would be beaten by his nemesis noor . the irish - bred noor , who was owned by the same stable that owned seabiscuit , beat citation four times during his comeback in 1950 .
citation died on aug . 8 , 1970 at age 25 and was buried near his sire and dam in calumet ' s famous horse cemetery . jimmy jones ' hall of fame contemporaries , james fitzsimmons and max hirsch , regarded citation as the best they had ever seen - and in their early days they had seen man o ' war .
after making a final public appearance at arlington park in chicago , citation retired to calumet farm , along with the champions coaltown and bewitch . a triple crown winner , horse of the year , and the leading money winner in the world , citation had also received the honor of becoming the first champion to be painted by richard stone reeves .
the kentuckiana digital library is a great source for historic racing images . check out additional photographs of the great citation .
in arcaro ' s first ride , citation finished second to saggy in the chesapeake trail stakes over a muddy track .
the losses citation suffered at the end of his career tarnished his stellar reputation . still , citation ' s 2 - and 3 - year old accomplishments , arguably the mightiest american racing has ever produced , will probably never be matched .
the following , adapted from the chicago manual of style , 15th edition , is the preferred citation for this article .
citation died aug . 8 , 1970 at calumet at the age of 25 and was buried at the farm’s cemetery .
the eyes of the turf world world were fixed today on citation in the $ 100 , 000 santa anita handicap .
for 25 years , his name was synonymous with an achievement that seemed beyond duplication :
- - - - - - - - is trying to become the first horse since citation in 1948 to win the triple crown .
saggy and the late joe pons of country life farm were photographed by the aegis in 1973 , the 25th anniversary of the horse ' s stunning upset of citation in havre de grace . ( aegis file photo , homestead publishing )
december 3 , 1948 – allowance at tanforan against the instincts of trainer jimmy jones , citation was shipped to tanforan in san francisco . according to phil georgeff , calumet farms owner warren wright sent citation – the most famous horse in america - out west as a favor to a business associate who had a stake in tanforan . december 11 , 1948 – tanforan handicap at tanforan citation’s final win of 1948 would mark the end of citation dominance of american racing . tanforan’s surface was notorious among horsemen for being as hard as concrete . he came out his sojourn to the west “gimpy . ”
citation started 1948 in high style with four impressive wins at the hialeah park racetrack in florida , which were notable because he bested horses out of his age division so early in his third year . as a result , citation’s esteem rose sharply in the eyes of the horse - racing community . the victory streak was broken on april 12 , but citation rebounded quickly and captured the chesapeake stakes ( in maryland ) on april 17 and the derby trial stakes 10 days later .
in between the preakness and belmont , citation won the jersey stakes . before the belmont , arcaro said ,
the only way i can lose this race is if i fall off my horse .
that almost happened when citation stumbled out of the gate , nearly throwing arcaro . but they regrouped , and citation scored an eight - length win over better self in 2 : 28 1 / 5 , tying count fleet ' s record for the 1½ - mile belmont .
april 17 , 1948 – chesapeake futurity at havre de grace citation avenges his 2nd career loss in a six furlong sprint over a muddy track . citation beat a field of four including saggy , who beat him in a controversial race at havre de grace on april 12 . it was citation’s 5th victory in 6 starts during his 3 - year - old season .
seven other horses joined citation in the starting gate of the belmont stakes on june 12 . citation stumbled at the start but steadied himself quickly and was in front to stay at the far turn . citation waltzed over the finish line eight lengths ahead of better self , becoming $ 77 , 700 richer and the eighth american triple crown champion . in reaching that goal , citation also made arcaro the only jockey ever to pilot two triple crown winners ( he rode whirlaway in 1941 ) .
coaltown was out of the picture when citation won the preakness by 5 1 / 2 lengths over vulcan ' s forge .
former cessna chairman dwayne wallace was a great fan of citation ' s and named a line of business jets after him . the first cessna citation took to the air on september 15 , 1969 , and the line continues to the present day .
jim mckay chronicles citation ' s dominating triple crown performance in a segment from espn ' s jewels of the triple crown .
had you been able to put secretariat in 1948 and put citation in 1973 , i ' m confident that citation today would be remembered every bit as affectionately as secretariat ,
says writer billy reed on espn classic ' s sportscentury series .
thoroughbred bloodlines can be found in many of today ' s sport horse breeds , including the american quarter horse ( the main breed used for western riding ) and europe ' s warmbloods ( used in show jumping , dressage , and eventing ) . crossing thoroughbreds with other breeds is also popular , to the point that thoroughbred crosses may have their own name - for instance , a thoroughbred / quarter horse cross is an appendix quarter horse , and an irish draft / thoroughbred cross is an irish sport horse . thoroughbred crosses are largely used in the english riding world , although appendix horses have competed well in western classes . in addition , many breed stud books allow registry of a horse if one parent is of the breed and one is a thoroughbred , a testament to the impact thoroughbreds have had on horse breeding .
araujo , eduarda , et al .
a man called horse background
. gradesaver , 17 february 2017 web .
april 27 , 1948 – derby trial at churchill downs citation tunes up for the kentucky derby with a win in the trial .
pohla smith ' s biography citation was the third book in the thoroughbred legends series from eclipse press and was published in 2000 .
veteran race caller phil georgeff wrote citation : in a class by himself , a book released by taylor trade publishing in 2003 .
citation is profiled in chapter 7 of avalyn hunter ' s american classic pedigrees 1914 - 2002 ( 2003 , eclipse press ) .
july 20 , 1951 : six - year - old citation , the first thoroughbred to earn $ 1 million , was retired .
citation was inducted into the hall of fame in 1959 . he is ranked # 3 on the blood - horse magazine list of the top 100 u . s . racehorses of the 20th century . there is a statue of him at hialeah park .
organizations have long criticized horse racing . activists have sought to expose horse doping , institute a ban on horse whipping by jockeys , limit the number of races a horse ( especially three years old and younger ) can run in a season , and eliminate dirt tracks in favour of safer synthetic surfaces . two notable tragedies in the early 21st century helped propel calls for reform : the shattering of bones in one of kentucky derby champion barbaro’s legs just seconds after the start of the preakness stakes in 2006 ( the horse was euthanized eight months later ) and the death of three horses during production of the tv series
the details of how he came to acquire the name crazy horse are up for debate . one account says that his father , also named crazy horse , passed the name on to him after his son had demonstrated his skills as a warrior .
though autumn may not seem like a natural choice for opening a horse racing exhibit , there good reasons for the timing .
in north america , a female horse under 5 years of age is a filly ; an older female is a mare .
victory in the race virtually was conceded to the calumet entry of citation , ponder , and two lea , despite eight other horses in the race . but the big question was could citation pack 132 pounds for a mile and a quarter and beat his stablemates .
after winning the 1947 futurity trial stakes , citation evened the score with his stablemate in the belmont futurity , handing bewitch her first defeat . cy scored his final juvenile victory in the pimlico futurity , and for his efforts , citation was rewarded with divisional championship honors .
blessed with speed , endurance and a seemingly endless desire to win ,
big cy
inspired his handlers to express profoundly bold confidence in him .
my horse could beat anything with hair on it ,
said citation ' s trainer , jimmy jones .
the following year , citation won a 16th consecutive race , a streak among major north american stakes horses that would stand until the mid - 1990 ' s , when equaled by cigar . citation retired at age six as the first american racehorse to earn $ 1 million .
can serve as an appropriate model for the target group segmentation of the horse buyers’ market related to the buyer’s riding experience background .
as conflicts escalated between the lakota and the u . s . , crazy horse was at the center of many key battles .
…siege , they left a large wooden horse , apparently as a propitiatory gift for the trojans . after the horse had been drawn into the city , concealed warriors emerged from its hollow body at night to open the gates to the greeks—now back in force . …
france galop is the organization governing french horse racing . the organization was created in 1995 from the merger of three horse racing authorities : the société d’encouragement et des steeple - chases de france , the société de sport de france , and the société sportive d’encouragement .
this is largely because most information given about a horse is for handicapping , i . e . determining how well a horse will do in a race . two horses out of the same mare run more like each other than two horses by the same stallion .
unlike assault , the ultimate overachiever , citation was expected to win the triple crown of 1948 . nothing less would be tolerated . triple crowns were being won with regularity in the 1940s , and if any horse had the look , it was big cy of calumet farm .
may 1 , 1948 – kentucky derby at churchill downs citation faces a short field of six that included his stablemate the undefeated coaltown . citation wins by 3 1 / 2 lengths . coaltown , by bull lea the same sire as citation , would go on to win stakes races from 6 furlongs to a mile and a quarter during his career ( 23 wins from 39 starts ) . he ran second in the derby .
in france the first documented horse race was held in 1651 as the result of a wager between two noblemen . during the reign of
swaps possessed true star quality . the strikingly handsome horse devastated his competition with his brilliant speed , and delighted his throng of fans .
the above three races make up the british ( or english ) triple crown . the last horse to sweep the three races was nijinsky
the big cy enjoyed moderate success at stud , standing at calumet and siring the champion filly silver spoon and preakness stakes winner fabius . the great horse passed away on august 8 , 1970 , and citation is buried at calumet farm in kentucky , near his sire and dam .
“we prefer to sell the citation only through reputable outlets with a high degree of bitting experience . it is not suitable for novice riders . ”
according to the ap account ,
arcaro claimed he got bumped by another horse . said if ' citation had a recent race under his belt , i would have driven him harder , but i didn ' t want to [ sic ] know the horse out and i don ' t think trainer jimmy jones wanted me to . ' he said he would know better about citation ' s derby prospects after saturday and couldn ' t compare him now with my request , which he rode to victory in the experimental no . 2 at jamaica last saturday .
he was also a 1959 national museum of racing and hall of fame inductee , and a life - sized statue of the champion was erected in his honor at hileah park in florida . dwayne wallace , chairman of the cessna aircraft company , was also inspired by the horse ' s impressive career , selecting the name
citation
for the new business jet and even using a horse show background in the logo !
after the big cy ' s two most recent displays of speed and stamina , not a single horse in the nation dared challenge him in the winner - take - all pimlico special , and citation was left to win in a walkover . despite the lack of competition and eddie arcaro ' s tight hold , citation ran the mile and a quarter in a brilliant 1 : 59 4 / 5 . leaving maryland , citation headed west , winning two races , including the tanforan handicap in track record time . by the end of his three - year - old season , citation had twenty seven wins and two seconds to his credit in twenty - nine lifetime starts , and had earned $ 865 , 150 as well as the title of 1948 horse of the year . he had also developed an osselet , a form of osteo - arthritis affecting the fetlock joint , which kept him out of commission for a season and left horse of the year honors to his stablemate coaltown in 1949 .
john henry was the horse nobody wanted . he was small , plain , bad tempered , and had bad knees . but on the racetrack , he outran his humble beginnings and through his great heart and courage , became on of horse racing ' s most beloved champions .
time is a very , very tricky way to judge a horse ,
said bowen .
the final time of a race is a function of many things , including track conditions , the pace , and how fast the horse is taking off early on .
citation developed arthritis in his fetlock joint toward the end of his triple crown - winning year and missed all of the 1949 season as a result . still , trainer jimmy jones was determined to get him back out on the track . “we have a definite goal , ” jones said in 1950 . “we want citation to be the first horse to win a million dollars . when he does that , he’ll be retired to the stud . ” jones kept his promise . citation eclipsed the $ 1 million mark at hollywood park in inglewood , calif . , on july 14 , 1951 , and was immediately retired to calumet farm in lexington , ky . citation died on august 8 , 1970 at the age of 25 .
an old family friend , joe kelly , longtime turf writer and maryland racing historian , who witnessed the race , claimed that everyone ganged - up on citation , creating the big upset ,
mike pons said .
no matter what was said , saggy beat citation that day .
the question and answer section for a man called horse is a great resource to ask questions , find answers , and discuss the novel .
. the term trojan horse has come to refer to subversion introduced from the outside . beginning in the late 20th century , the name “
knowledge of the first horse race is lost in prehistory . both four - hitch chariot and mounted ( bareback ) races were held in the
citation took the secondary award of $ 20 , 000 by a length over two lea to shoot his all - time earnings to $ 899 , 200 and maintain his reputation of never having been worse than second in a horse race in his career . two lea finished a neck before ponder…
when warren wright died in 1950 his will stipulated that the jones boys keep citation in training long enough to break the $ 1 million mark . at the start of the year , citation had $ 938 , 630 in earnings , but his first three starts netted the aging legend just $ 830 .
in retirement at calumet farm , citation produced hall of fame filly silver spoon , as well as guadalcanal , get around and 1956 preakness winner fabius .
…from the late 18th century , horse racing in kentucky has roots as deep as those of the hardy perennial bluegrass that has long nurtured the thoroughbreds raised on the state’s famous horse farms , especially in the lexington area . frontiersman daniel boone was responsible for introducing colonial legislation in 1775 “to…
the preakness stakes appeared easy for citation . he was the odds - on favourite at 1–10 , with only win bets permitted , as only three horses challenged him . it had rained before the race , and again citation went off on a sloppy track . the result was a time of 2 : 02
their first start together was a learning experience . in the mud at havre de grace on april 12 , 1948 , citation was unable to close on saggy , who beat him by a length in the six - furlong chesapeake trial . it would be the last race citation would lose for 21½ months .
citation broke first out of the starting gate , but soon relinquished the lead to saggy and high ground stable ' s hefty . saggy wore down hefty before they came around the only turn , and as the pack entered the pay - off alley , it was citation who moved up to challenge .
other accounts from the post - race have said arcaro bounded out of the saddle and immediately predicted he would win the triple crown aboard citation , noting to anyone who would listen that the horse who had carried him and citation wide in the turn , identified as hefty in other stories , had committed a bumping foul . because they had finished ahead of hefty , however , and because saggy was well in front of both when the alleged bumping occurred , arcaro didn ' t have a foul claim . nevertheless , the comment line in the past performance chart for citation reads :
carried wide .
a discussion concerning the museum at the racetrack in saratoga springs , new york , from the documentary horse power : the national museum of racing .
crazy horse teamed up with sitting bull to decimate lt . col . george armstrong custer and his cavalry in the battle of the little bighorn .
their first start together was a learning experience . in the mud at havre de grace on april 12 , 1948 , citation was unable to close on saggy , who beat him by a length in the six - furlong chesapeake trial . it would be the last race citation would lose for almost two years .
espn ranked citation 97th among the top 100 north american athletes of the 20th century , making him one of only three non - humans on the list .
but even those who had faith in citation had to wonder when he fell behind by six lengths , as coaltown enjoyed a leisurely run on the lead .
citation would win nine more starts in 1948 . he won 19 of 20 starts , from six - furlong sprints to 16 - furlong marathons . after two years of racing citation ' s resume was stunning : 29 starts , 27 victories , two runner - ups and world record earnings of $ 865 , 150 .
mike pons , who runs country life with his brother , josh , as well as the merryland farm training and breeding center in hydes , noted that citation was ranked third on a list of the top 100 racehorses of the 20th century , compiled by the blood - horse magazine , behind only man o ' war and secretariat . pons says his late father , joe pons , had told the brothers
citation was the greatest race horse he ever saw ,
but it would be saggy with whom the elder pons would form an unbreakable bond , but that ' s getting a little ahead of the story .
from 1791 provided a standard for judging a horse’s breeding ( and thereby , at least to some degree , its racing qualities ) . in france the
crazy horse was an oglala sioux indian chief who fought against removal to an indian reservation . he took part in the battle of little big horn .
citation spent all of 1949 in kentucky recovering from a significant injury to his ankle . most , including eddie arcaro and jimmy jones , thought he should have been retired . warren wright had other ideas . he wanted citation back racing so he could reach the unprecedented million dollar mark in earnings . citation returned to racing in 1950 and added the final win to his streak of 16 : january 11 , 1950 – allowance race at santa anita citation wins in a tune - up race for the winter stakes at santa anita . he would go on to run 2nd in 5 straight races before finally winning again in june at golden gate park .
( 1999 , portway press ltd . ) , british experts john randall and tony morris rated citation as the second best north american racehorse of the 20th century .
after citation ' s success in the derby trial stakes , only four stables were brave enough to send out horses against the powerful calumet entry . the only question seemed to be which set of red and blue silks would prevail . rumors flew that coaltown would beat citation , but since the two colts were coupled , those beliefs were worthless at the betting windows . win bets only were accepted at churchill downs when citation met his stablemate in the kentucky derby . at the half mile , coaltown led by six , but citation , with eddie arcaro in the irons , moved past him with ease for a three and a half length victory .
october 2 , 1948 – jockey club gold cup at belmont park just days after putting away some of the nation’s quickest horses in the sysonsby , citation lined up against the best “stayers” in the two - mile jockey club gold cup . arcaro told phil georgeff about the big race at belmont , “cy was wired as never before… . now , he wasn’t an angry horse or hateful horse ; once in a race he was merciless , but never like he was that day . every time someone challenged him , he simply broke their heart by grinding their challenges into the dirt . ” citation won eased up by seven lengths .
the greatest horse ever produced by the legendary calumet farm , citation mowed down his opponents with the smooth efficiency of a machine during his first two seasons , becoming the eighth american triple crown winner in the process . coming back from injury at ages 5 and 6 , citation never quite regained his 3 - year - old form but remained a formidable runner and concluded his career by becoming the first equine millionaire in the 1951 hollywood gold cup . he was a disappointing sire .
even in death , secretariat was unparalleled , as an autopsy revealed that he had a heart two and a half times the size of a normal horse .
by the time citation made the starting gate of the 1948 kentucky derby , he had already proven to be a phenomenal racehorse , winning 14 of 16 starts , including eight for nine in becoming 2 - year - old champion . in addition to landing the fourth triple crown of the 1940 ' s , citation ended his 3 - year - old campaign with 19 victories from 20 starts and a 15 - race win streak . he was an overwhelming choice as horse of the year .
arcaro later recounted in his 1951 autobiography , i ride to win , that he heard the voice of ben jones , jimmy ' s father and training mentor :
i kept remembering what old b . a . had told me ; that the horse that citation could not run down had not yet been born . ' but what the hell is this now ? ' i said to myself . ' suppose citation doesn ' t pick coaltown up when i call on him . '
although citation would sire some respectable offspring , including 1956 preakness winner and derby runner - up fabius , his stud career never came close to rivaling his racing days .
citation ' s belmont stakes was the first american triple crown race to be aired on national television . cbs ' historic telecast took place on june 12 , 1948 .
the citation , also referred to as a norton scitation or a norton perfection , was named after the famous kentucky derby winner who raced in this type of bit .
asked if he considers the saggy win over citation one of the greatest moments in the city ' s history , fair doesn ' t hesitate .
absolutely .
crazy horse and chief sitting bull refused . on june 17 , 1876 , crazy horse led a force of 1 , 200 oglala and cheyenne warriors against general george crook and his brigade , successfully turning back the soldiers as they attempted to advance toward sitting bull & apos ; s encampment on the little bighorn river .
so maybe it ' s a coin toss for horse of the century ? not quite . lost in the debate of man o ' war vs . secretariat is 1948 triple crown winner citation , the sport ' s first million - dollar winner , and one of only three horses ever to win 16 consecutive major stakes races .
then came the belmont stakes , where a fast track led arcaro to say ,
the only way i can lose this race is if i fall off my horse .
that almost happened when citation stumbled out of the gate , nearly throwing arcaro . but they regrouped , and citation scored a wire - to - wire , eight - length win over better self in 2 : 28 1 / 5 , tying count fleet ' s record for the 1 1 / 2 - mile belmont .
september 29 , 1948 – sysonsby mile at belmont park citation returned to belmont where he won twice as a two year old ( futurity trial and the futurity ) . in the sysonsby , citation faced old foe coaltown who had been running consistently well in races under a mile since finishing second in the kentucky derby . citation goes from six lengths back to two lengths ahead in less then a quarter mile and wins by three lengths matching belmont park’s fastest mile time of the season ( 1 : 36 ) .
the statue unveiled wednesday will be similar to one that was dedicated to the horse in 2013 at the national museum of the marine corps in quantico , virginia .
a handsome , well - made , medium - sized bay horse with a good balance of refinement and substance , citation was perhaps a trifle long in the back and slightly sickle - hocked but otherwise difficult to fault . he stood 16 hands and had an unusually long , level croup . he possessed an excellent racing temperament and fluid
arcaro later recounted in his 1951 autobiography ,
i ride to win ,
that he heard the voice of ben jones , the father and training mentor of jimmy jones .
i kept remembering what old b . a . had told me ; that the horse that citation could not run down had not yet been born . ' but what the hell is this now ? ' i said to myself . ' suppose citation doesn ' t pick coaltown up when i call on him . '
stepping back into his own division , citation won both the everglades stakes and the flamingo stakes with authority . but when his regular rider , al snider , was killed in a fishing accident and eddie arcaro took over the reins , the young star suffered his second defeat . arcaro was afraid to ask too much of the young horse in order to make up for his own error in judgment , and citation ran second to saggy , who later sired carry back , in a very muddy chesapeake trial stakes . the loss was quickly avenged , however , for citation won the chesapeake stakes from bovard by four and a half lengths , with saggy finishing another eleven lengths back .
eminent handicapper john b . campbell estimated that , as a 3 - year - old , citation was at least 15 pounds better than any other member of his crop .
things came harder to citation in his six - year - old season . he would have been retired , but warren wright ' s dying wish was for citation to become the first equine millionaire , and so the champion raced on in pursuit of the goal . in his first start in ten months , cy ran third in a six furlong sprint . he was third again the next time out . then , in the hollywood premiere handicap citation ran out of the money for the first time in his career . it began to appear that warren wright ' s dream was not to be , especially when citation lost again in the argonaut handicap , but the race was his final defeat . in his next start , citation took the century handicap , and followed the victory by scoring in the american handicap . in the final race of his career , citation met his stablemate bewitch , the champion mare who had handed him his first defeat . when the pair ran one - two in the hollywood gold cup , citation ' s win put him over the million dollar mark , while second money made bewitch the all - time leading money winning mare , with her earnings totaling $ 462 , 605 .
miles in 2 : 01 to win by four lengths . the purse , a guaranteed $ 100 , 000 , pushed citation’s earnings well past the million - dollar level .
it was inevitable that citation , at the corresponding stage of his career , be compared to man o ' war , and it is axiomatic that such comparisons are futile .
though past his prime at five , citation still proved to be a formidable opponent in handicap races . on february 25 at santa anita , he carried 132 pounds and lost by 1 1 / 4 lengths to noor , who was carrying only 110 . it was one of four times noor would beat citation in 1950 . with injuries ending his season early , citation wound up the year with only two wins and seven seconds in nine starts . but his career earnings had grown to a record $ 938 , 630 .
even before the triple crown races ,
big cy
turned skeptics his way early in 1948 . in florida , he was matched against older horses in two races at hialeah . one was armed , the 1947 horse of the year . not only did citation win both races , he also won the everglades handicap and flamingo stakes .
he ran third twice , then in the hollywood premiere handicap citation finished out of the money for the first time in his career . on july 14 , 1951 , citation went out a winner with a victory in the hollywood gold cup in inglewood taking him to $ 1 , 085 , 760 and it signaled the end of his racing career .
between the 1948 preakness and belmont stretched a gap of four weeks . trainer ben jones was hardly shy about running his star colt , so citation killed time by winning the 1 1 / 4 - mile jersey derby by 11 lengths . after that , the belmont was more like a floor show than a horse race . citation won by eight lengths , and , in a fitting reunion of triple crown alumni , among those he defeated were horses owned by king ranch , belair stud , and glen riddle farm .
then there is citation , a horse many still believe is among the two or three best ever to set foot on the tack , and the subject of this story . on monday april 12 , 1948 , 65 years ago today , the improbable happened in harford county at the havre de grace race track on the shores of the chesapeake bay . citation , supposedly unbeatable , lost a race he would normally be expected to win , a month before he was to begin an assault on the triple crown series .
in the practice of buying a horse , it can be concluded that a large proportion of horse buyers are interested in qualitative advice during purchase and seek objective sources of information for the evaluation of what is , as a rule , a very costly investment . new tests , such as serenity tests [ 2 ] , are a convenient means of providing potential buyers with added assurance in the choice of a suitable horse . this investigation found that the “amateur” group assigned the highest value to uncomplicated handling of the horse from the ground or from the saddle ; “showing” success was , in contrast , unimportant . in the training and preparation of a horse for sale , it is therefore advisable , alongside purely technical aspects such as schooling , to invest time in improving interior attributes or to use options such as the serenity test in order to market the horse effectively and efficiently . in particular , for the majority of riders the enjoyment of being in contact with their horse is of primary importance and they only take part in competitive riding at an amateur level [ 7 ] ; therefore , such requirements can be effectively targeted to increase the chance of making a sale .
eddie arcaro who rode both said ‘kelso would have beaten the shit out of citation’ . he would’ve known he rode both , right ? right ! kelsos’ biggest fan , teddy .
but he had developed osselet , a form of osteoarthritis affecting the fetlock joint , which kept him out of commission for a season . in january of 1950 citation came back after his layoff to win a six furlong race at santa anita . at the end of the season citation had raced nine times , won twice , and finished second seven times .
her heroics during the war earned her two purple hearts , a marine corps good conduct medal , a presidential unit citation with bronze star , the national defense service medal , a korean service medal , the united nations korea medal , a navy unit commendation , a republic of korea presidential unit citation and the dickin medal , according to the marine corps .
citation represented the vaunted calumet farm and the jones boys , its private trainers . natives of purnell , missouri , they captured eight kentucky derbys , creating a dynasty that has never been matched . famed trainer ben jones , big , beefy and a feared salon brawler , told his son the evening before the 1948 kentucky derby :
jimmy , you can sleep well tonight , and you can take this as gospel : any horse citation can see , he can catch . and he ' s got perfect eyesight .
—involve jumping . this article is confined to thoroughbred horse racing on the flat without jumps . racing on the flat with horses other than thoroughbreds is described in the article
years after his death crazy horse is still revered for being a visionary leader who fought hard to preserve his people & apos ; s traditions and way of life .
handicap - each horse carries a varying amount of weight depending on age , gender , and past performance . horses with a higher chance of success carry more weight .
the eclipse awards , given in late january , honor american horses which have excelled in particular categories . a horse which wins an eclipse is a
champion
.
by the end of 1948 , shannon was the champion horse of california , defeating the likes of on trust and mafosta again and again , and he became the only horse in america given any chance of defeating the boom three year old citation . when a match between the pair almost occurred in the tanforan handicap on 11 december 1948 , it became the racing event of the year . but the handicapper didn ' t do the australian any favours , and when he was given three pounds more than citation , neil mccarthy promptly retired his horse . ' citation ' , he said , ' was no ordinary three year old , and should not be weighted as one . ' shannon was sold to a syndicate and went to spendthrift farm for stallion duties . he was one of the most popular horses to enter stud in america that year . but his career was short . on 14 may 1955 , he shattered a bone over his near hock and was put down that day . his life was never properly documented . . . until now .


the common bully ( gobiomorphus cotidianus ) is endemic to new zealand , a freshwater fish present throughout the country .

there are three other bully species that can be confused with common bullies .

few characteristis in the common bully separate it from the other species .

vertical lines present on the cheek are a good defining characteristic along with the location of head pores and scale patterns on the head although these characteristics are hard to establish when seen in the wild .

it is an amphidromous fish meaning it is able to survive in marine and fresh water environments .

it is a small fish only growing as big as 15 cm .

it can live in marine , fresh water or brackish water ( fresh and salt water mixed ) habitats and generally lives in benthic zones .

some populations venture into the sea and occur in coastal rivers and streams while other land locked populations have established in many shallow mainland lakes .

they generally prefer moderate to slow moving water which means they are the most likely bully species to be sighted .

its diet consists mainly of small benthic invertebrates but also involves insect larvae and crustacea .

common bully

like the upland bully it does not undertake a migration . cran ' s bully is often confused with the common bully .
apart from a few records from stewart and great barrier island , common bullies are largely confined to the mainland in new zealand . like all the bully species , common bullies are unique to new zealand . common bully can grow to a large size ; specimens over 120 mm are not unusual .
even though they are well camouflaged against sand and rocks , common bully are often seen darting in the shallows during the day .
weeds & escapee plants : a to f ( common names with photo ) .
weeds & escapee plants : g to l ( common names with photo ) .
weeds & escapee plants : m to q ( common names and photo ) .
weeds & escapee plants : r to z ( common names with photo ) .
previous page : fish ( new zealand freshwater ) . next page : bully ( giant ) gobiomorphus gobioides
the common bully ( gobiomorphus cotidanus ) is endemic to new zealand where it is widely distributed throughout the main north and south islands , stewart island and near offshore islands such as great barrier island ( mcdowall 2000 ) .
citation : maceda - veiga a , green aj , poulin r , lagrue c ( 2016 ) body condition peaks at intermediate parasite loads in the common bully gobiomorphus cotidianus . plos one 11 ( 12 ) : e0168992 . urltoken
there are three other bully species that are easily confused with common bullies , and identification is difficult without a microscope . sometimes faint vertical lines along the cheek are a good characteristic , but this is not always reliable . the location of head pores and the scale pattern on the head are used to distinguish common bullies from crans and upland bullies , whereas the number of spines in the first dorsal fin distinguishes common from giant bullies . both of these characteristics are difficult to see in the field . the situation is further complicated by the wide overlap in the distribution of bully species .
we’d love your help . let us know what’s wrong with this preview of bully for brontosaurus by stephen jay gould .
parasite species considered in this study , their known life cycles and mean size ( ±s . d . ) in common bullies .
it is not just people that bully the vulnerable . many animals do it too , and in evolutionary terms it may even work
the upland bully is stockily built with a large head they grow to about 8 cm long and can be found in a variety of habitats .
in more subtle ways , adults also bully . there are many instances of workplace bullying and
psychopathic
bosses , while politicians use
scapegoating
to incite antagonism against minority groups . this approach
creates a common enemy when there are tensions in a society ,
says de waal .
like other bully species , the male guards the nest before the larvae get washed out to sea , and migrate back to freshwater as small juveniles .
the common bully ( gobiomorphus cotidianus ) is one of the most widespread and well - known native fish . the larvae hatch from eggs laid in fresh water , go to sea for three to four months , and then return . children catch them in lake shallows during summer , using hand - held nets . the fish are placed in buckets of water before being released .
the tarndale bully is slender and bullet shaped . males and females are olive brown . they are only known to occur in several small lakes in marlborough where they live around the margins .
bullying is not easy to define , namely because there is no one way to bully . it comes in many forms , from physical playground scuffles to verbal attacks and , nowadays , online harassment .
cran ' s bully has a large head and eyes with a blunt snout . both males and females are sandy - brown to brownish - olive . the males have some bright pinkish - orange colouration on their fins .
it seems to release tensions among the higher - ups ,
says de waal .
that reinforces their bonds , as they have a common enemy .
it seems to be an effective way to unite the more dominant macaques .
to get to the top , alpha males often bully any chimp who stands in their way .
chimps are ' natural bullies ' and i have seen it often ,
says richard wrangham of harvard university in cambridge , us .
more grotesquely , nazca boobies sometimes bully young nestlings with unprovoked sexual attacks when their parents are away hunting for food . a 2008 study found that bullied boobies are more likely to become bullies when they grow older , perpetuating the cycle .
the bluegill bully usually grows to about 5 cm long . it has an ' upturned ' mouth which it uses to pick its food ( aquatic insects ) from beneath rocks . this fish prefers swiftly flowing gravelly streams , just like the torrentfish .
high - ranking spotted hyenas also bully their subordinates . this serves to
remind the latter of the power imbalance between them , and thus to maintain their superior social status ,
says kay holekamp of michigan state university in east lansing , us .
this seems to suggest a bleak conclusion . if so many creatures bully , perhaps bullying is innate in us , something we cannot escape . is it , as the historian and philosopher niccolo machiavell famously wrote ,
better to be feared than loved
?
at least some of these
natural leaders
will use aggression and bullying to maintain their status . maestripieri also suspects that , if a person does not reach their social goal of becoming a
leader
, it might lead them to bully more .
mean fish length varied across lakes ( f 2 , 104 = 15 . 92 ; p < 0 . 001 ) , with the lowest values observed in lake waihola ( tukey’s hsd , all p < 0 . 05 ) . six species of metazoan parasites ( five trematodes and one nematode ) were recovered in sufficient numbers to be included in the analyses ( table 1 ) . the common bully is the final host for one species only , the trematode coitocaecum parvum . the four species of trematodes that use the common bully as a second intermediate host all contact the fish as free - swimming infective stages ( cercariae ) , penetrate through the skin or gills , migrate to various internal tissues and encyst as metacercariae , except tylodelphys sp . which does not encyst and moves freely within fish eyes . coitocaecum parvum and the nematode eustrongylides sp . are both acquired when fish consume an infected prey ( amphipod and oligochaete , respectively ) ; the trematode matures as an adult worm and lives freely within the fish gut , whereas the nematode encysts in the gut wall or mesentery and never migrates to the musculature or viscera .
we certainly seem to have the same scapegoating impulses as macaques and chimps , de waal says . and powerful leaders do sometimes bully to get themselves into positions of power . bullying is
a clear social strategy for self - advancement and power
in humans , says maestripieri .
in our study , differences among lakes were found to make the largest independent contribution to variation in body condition of common bully , with fish in lake waihola having poorer condition than those in lakes tomahawk and hayes . this is likely to be mainly owing to differences in diet , as fish in lakes tomahawk and hayes mostly fed on chironomids and those in lake waihola on amphipod crustaceans ( lagrue , pers . observ . ) , which are less nutritious [ 55 ] . a complementary explanation is that water turbidity in lake waihola reduced feeding rates of common bully , as demonstrated experimentally [ 56 ] . these two factors can also explain a smaller fish size in lake waihola which , in turn , had the lowest parasite numbers in our study , supporting evidence from previous studies that parasite load increases with fish size [ 57 ] . another plausible explanation for our results is that local adaptation may have caused differences among lakes in fish size ( e . g . [ 58 ] ) . the observed pair - wise correlations among abundances of most parasite taxa also suggest that these six parasite taxa are unlikely to strongly compete for host resources in mild infections , supporting previous observations for other similar parasites ( e . g . [ 59 ] ) .
the common bully ( n = 113 ) showed a nonlinear relationship between weight ( mean±se : 7 . 04±0 . 66 ; min - max : 1 . 30–23 . 02 g ) and length ( 75 . 4±7 . 1 ; 50–113 mm ) that was linearized by log - transformation ( r 2 = 0 . 99 ) . in contrast to fulton’s condition factor’s ( cf ) assumption of isometry ( i . e . that the scaling exponent between log weight and log length is 3 ) , the b sma value was 2 . 88 ( confidence intervals 2 . 86–2 . 91 ) indicating that the weight - length relationship was negatively allometric .
bullying - like behaviors are found in every major group of primates , and can sometimes be severe . among baboons , one of the best - known , non - human primates in the world , bullying - like behaviors are common . baboons are common throughout sub - saharan africa and many species live in female - centered societies that are held together by matrilineal bonds that span multiple generations . groups of related females work together to compete over resources and in doing so regularly gang up on females from other matrilines ( altmann , 1980 ) . female baboons have large canines ( though nowhere near as large as their male counterparts ) and their fights can be intense and , occasionally , dangerous . females who regularly lose fights and are low ranking are more stressed and have lower reproductive success than their higher - ranking group - mates ( sapolsky , 1987 ) . while female baboons are not always bully - like toward one another , they frequently use intimidation and aggression to modify the behaviors of others and to get resources from them ( seyfarth , 1976 ) .
( a ) , stegodexamene anguillae ( b ) , telogaster opisthorchis ( c ) , tylodelphys sp . ( d ) , eustrongylides sp . ( e ) and coitocaecum parvum ( f ) in common bullies ( gobiomorphus cotidianus ) in lakes hayes ( red squares ) , tomahawk ( blue dots ) and waihola ( green triangles ) . lowess fitted curves are included on each graph .
frodo , a large - bodied chimpanzee with a recognisable grey streak , would later become the alpha male of his group in tanzania ' s gombe stream national park . the primatologist jane goodall called him a
real bully
. she had even predicted his rise back in 1979 , writing :
in about twenty years one of these two brothers probably will become the alpha .
( a ) , stegodexamene anguillae ( b ) , telogaster opisthorchis ( c ) , eustrongylides sp . ( d ) and coitocaecum parvum ( e ) in common bullies ( gobiomorphus cotidianus ) collected in the different lakes . each box corresponds to 25th and 75th percentiles ; the dark line inside each box represents the median ; error bars show the minima and maxima except for outliers shown as open circles .
enjoyable collection of essays from the late harvard evolutionary biologist , stephen jay gould . i approached this book with slight apprehension , having read
collection of essay
books before that i found dry and monotonous . gould ' s essays , however , are for the most part clever , insightful and interesting . ranging from quirky historical tales from the history of science , to the origin of baseball ( my personal favorite ) . the common thread throughout most of the essays is darwinian evolution , and
this book , along with many of his others , was a collection of his / his students ' favorite lectures on natural history . seriously brilliant material from a brilliant mind and gifted storyteller . i wish only that he was alive to see that his work in evolutionary biology has advanced so much with the completion of various genome projects . how fun would it be for him to see that falcons are now classified with parrots , or that elephants and east indian matinees descend from a common ancestor ? this lea
the depth distribution of the common bully , gobiomorphus cotidianus , a small benthic forage fish , was measured by trapping at set depths from 0–70 m in three large oligotrophic lakes , including one where inorganic sediment from a glacially - fed river produces turbid conditions . bullies occurred at all depths from 0 . 5–70 m in the clear lakes , but none were present below 25 m in the turbid lake . two groups of bullies were present in the clear lakes ; a high - density , littoral stock at depths of 0 . 5–25 m , and a low - density , profundal stock at depths of 30–70 m . these groups were further distinguished by differing buoyancy requirements and feeding habits . the swimbladders of littoral bullies contained gas , but those of the profundal bullies , which fed more than littoral bullies by both day and night , did not . the variation in mean cpue with depth within the littoral zone was not related to water temperature , oxygen concentration , or conductivity . nor was it related to a reduction in light levels or to reduced water transparency caused by increased turbidity . it may therefore be controlled by biotic factors . the absence of a profundal stock below the littoral zone in the turbid lake indicates that the settlement of fines from turbid inputs may affect bully abundance in deeper waters . as conventional measures of the abundance of benthic fish in lakes are often restricted to littoral habitats , and do not reflect changes in abundance with depth , an index of overall abundance based on depth distribution was developed to allow comparisons between lakes .
first of all i think the title is quite misleading . ' bully for brontosaurus ' is not a book dealing only with dinosaurs , this even if gould was first and above all a paleontologist . in fact we have here a collection of essays ( about 40 ) ranging from paleontology and biology to astronomy and planetology ( he is for instance reacting to the discoveries of voyager ) . rich , instructive , entertaining , stephen jay gould remains true to himself : he starts by discussing topics as insignificant as the birth
i was pleased to read , on wikipedia , that gould did not die of the peritoneal mesothelioma that prompted his famous essay
the median isn ' t the message
in 1982 . and sorry to learn he died of another form of cancer 20 years later while only in in 60s . reading bully for brontosaurus made me realize gould had influenced me in my youth . his optimistic and narrative approach to being pro - science is nicely summed up in his final essay of this collection ,
the horns of titan
where he points out how i
enjoyable collection of essays from the late harvard evolutionary biologist , stephen jay gould . i approached this book with slight apprehension , having read
collection of essay
books before that i found dry and monotonous . gould ' s essays , however , are for the most part clever , insightful and interesting . ranging from quirky historical tales from the history of science , to the origin of baseball ( my personal favorite ) . the common thread throughout most of the essays is darwinian evolution , and the author has a knack for highlighting associations with this overarching theme which would not otherwise be immediately apparent .
common bullies are everywhere in new zealand . sea - going populations occur in river and streams near the coast , and land - locked populations have become established in many of our lakes where they are an important prey species for trout and eels . in rivers , they mainly inhabit still or slow - flowing waters and thus are probably one of the most likely bullies to be seen . in lakes , the larvae are planktonic and feed on zooplankton . eggs are laid on the undersides of hard substrates ( wood , rock ) in both lakes and rivers , and the egg patches are defended by a male .
i read the first half of this book about 10 years ago , and went back a few days ago to read the rest . why the break ? it was a good read . . . . i have no idea why i came to a halt . having finished the book i went back and looked at some of the earlier essays - bully for brontosaurus . . . . a wonderful discussion about the rules governing how zoologists name animals . these rules are laid out in the ' international code of zoological nomenclature ' and the 1985 edition runs to 338 pages . that is a lot of regu
i was pleased to read , on wikipedia , that gould did not die of the peritoneal mesothelioma that prompted his famous essay
the median isn ' t the message
in 1982 . and sorry to learn he died of another form of cancer 20 years later while only in in 60s . reading bully for brontosaurus made me realize gould had influenced me in my youth . his optimistic and narrative approach to being pro - science is nicely summed up in his final essay of this collection ,
the horns of titan
where he points out how individuality weighs in against the laws of science even among planets . uniting predictive sciences with historical uniqueness via natural history is an elegant way to encompass both .
in most cases the bullying - like behaviors experienced by male chimpanzees are temporary and relatively harmless . the most common form of intimidation involves a dominant male puffing himself up , with all of his hair standing on end , and walking toward or by another male . this is usually enough to compel the subordinate , or lower ranking , male to pant grunt ( a short “uhh , uhh , uhh” vocalization which is repeated several times and serves to recognize the dominance of another chimpanzee ) , don a fear grimace and put their hand out in a palm up begging gesture . however , if two males are close in rank or a male fails to adhere to social norms within the community , bullying - like behaviors can become more intense and , on occasion , dangerous .
the major differences between the bullying - like behaviors so common in other primates and animals and the bullying that is plaguing the young children of the us and other countries are some of the very traits that are hallmarks of humanity . humans have taken an ancient behavior that used to provide an advantage in survival and reproduction and altered its intensity and impact through language and culture . while physical bullying is a serious issue and targets of bullying are beaten all too often , humans have intensified and expanded the impact of bullying by incorporating language . language allows us to communicate abstract ideas , coordinate behaviors and express thoughts and feelings to others . language also allows us to gossip , and gossiping is a key psychological element in bullying and can have serious , lasting effects ( sharp , 1995 ) .
g . cotidanus is facultatively diadromous , meaning it can rear in lentic and lotic freshwater or marine environments . it prefers aquatic habitats with a slow to moderate rate of flow and are common in the littoral zone of lakes during summer months , moving inshore at night . this relatively large freshwater fish is often seen at total length of 120 mm . it is a benthic species that reach 4 - 5 years of age , maturing at 1 year and with a generation time of 2 years . lake populations spawn in spring and summer and river populations spawn in late winter , with adhesive eggs being deposited onto hard surfaces . several hundred to a few thousand eggs are laid during spawning ( which occurs annually ) and the territorial male guards the nest site ( mcdowall 2000 , rowe at al . 2001 , niwa 2013 ) .
when bullying is considered across animals , there is ample evidence that many other animals , including other primates , engage in bullying - like behaviors . rats and mice are commonly used as models for social stress during different life phases , including adolescence . studies on these common laboratory rodents indicate that social stress , experienced when one individual repeatedly attacks another or takes resources from them , has immediate and lasting impacts ( kinsey et al , 2007 ; vidal et al , 2011 ) . rats who suffered from bullying - like behaviors were less likely to drink water or consume other resources ( vidal et al , 2011 ) . mice that suffered repeated social defeats were more anxious and experienced changes in brain chemistry ( kinsey et al , 2007 ) . bullying - like behaviors extend beyond rodents , and labs , appearing in many species , including other primates .
our study highlights the importance of considering non - linear responses when testing for the effects of parasites on host health , as defined by two body mass - length indices ( bcis ) widely used to assess an animal’s body condition . bcis varied strongly among lakes and seasons , but the effects of total parasite and apatemon sp . abundance on the body condition of common bullies were only detected when quadratic terms were included in the models . a humpbacked relationship was also observed between bcis and the biomass of all six parasite taxa combined , even when the most abundant taxa ( apatemon sp . ) was excluded from the analysis . these results suggest that all six parasite taxa with different modes of transmission can have a cumulative effect on fish body condition . at the level of individual taxa , both trematodes apatemon sp . and s . anguillae had similar curvilinear relationships with bcis .
this book , along with many of his others , was a collection of his / his students ' favorite lectures on natural history . seriously brilliant material from a brilliant mind and gifted storyteller . i wish only that he was alive to see that his work in evolutionary biology has advanced so much with the completion of various genome projects . how fun would it be for him to see that falcons are now classified with parrots , or that elephants and east indian matinees descend from a common ancestor ? this leads me to my only critique : while this is a huge source of information for those that enjoy evolutionary biology , the reader needs to remember that gould died in 2002 . much of his science is now tragically dated . those who enjoy a good evolution debate should have a good working knowledge about current science and no longer use gould ' s work exclusively .
in conclusion , this study provides correlative evidence that parasite effects on the body condition of common bullies can range from positive to negative as parasite burden increases . body condition measures based on mass - length relationships can , however , only detect major changes in weight or shape of an individual in relation to uninfected conspecifics [ 17 , 23 ] . therefore , our findings need to be confirmed by future observational and experimental studies using other indicators of animal welfare , such as alterations in life - history traits [ 61 ] and blood biomarkers [ 13 ] , including direct measures of energy reserves and immune cells activity [ 12 ] . finally , our results suggest that previous studies relating host body condition and parasite load should be revisited to look for non - linear relationships to see if there is general support for our finding that body condition indices can be boosted at intermediate parasite loads .
humans have further altered the impact of bullying - like behaviors through cultural practices and norms that celebrate violence and demand conformity to a narrow view of what is acceptable and normal . in the multi - national study mentioned earlier , the most intensive bullying was found in countries where violence and social intolerance are the most commonplace ( due et al , 2005 ) . in the us , views on violence , sexuality and what is normal impact the actions of our youth , and play on our inherent tendencies to coerce others into conformity . we know that humans are incredibly susceptible to suggestion from authority figures and are willing to commit what would otherwise be considered heinous crimes when directed or encouraged to by authority figures ( milgram , 1974 ) . still , cultures do not “create” bullies and bullies are not found only in those cultures that practice social intolerance and glorify violence . the tendency to bully , or coerce , others is natural and deeply rooted in our evolutionary history , and emerges in any group of toddlers playing freely . however , when cultures condone and in some cases celebrate violence and aggression , while suppressing or demonizing aspects of humanity that are equally natural such as homosexuality , they unwittingly give license to and encourage bullies .
to understand where bullying comes from , we have to look at the phenomenon on multiple levels . the first step is to define bullying . bullying is a behavior that is often difficult to measure , but is something that we all think we know when we see it . many of us have experienced bullying first - hand , and most of us have witnessed it at some point . however , to study any trait or characteristic , we must first define what it is , and bullying is no exception . according to psychological sources , bullying is a specific type of aggression in which ( 1 ) the behavior is intended to harm or disturb , ( 2 ) the behavior occurs repeatedly over time , and ( 3 ) there is an imbalance of power , with a more powerful person or group attacking a less powerful one . this asymmetry of power may be physical or psychological , and the aggressive behavior may be verbal ( eg , name - calling , threats ) , physical ( eg , hitting ) , or psychological ( eg , rumors , shunning / exclusion ) . the key elements of this definition are that multiple means can be employed by the bully or bullies , intimidation is the goal , and bullying can happen on a one - on - one or group basis ( nansel et al , 2001 ) .
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west , d , david , b . , closs , g . , allibone , r , crow , s . , franklin , p . & ling , n .
this species is widespread and abundant throughout its range ( niwa 2013 ) . no specific trend data is available however , and the population is thought be experiencing at least localized declines , as indicated by 25 % declines of in presence / absence records in the national new zealand freshwater fish database over the past 12 years ( nzffd 2011 ) . however , this data excludes lake populations and inferences about declines across the whole population cannot be made .
habitats are likely to be impacted by water abstraction , agricultural development and land use changes ( ministry for the environment 2007 ) and this species is also a major prey item of introduced salmoniids , particularly brown trout ( salmo trutta ) . g . cotidanus exhibits tolerance to highly eutrophic conditions and as it is present and abundant in a number of large water bodies and a variety of habitats , it is not considered to be significantly threatened by these processes .
there are no specific conservations actions for this species and it is considered ' not threatened ' nationally , according to the new zealand department of conservation ' s threat classification system ( goodman et al . 2014 ) . monitoring of populations would be valuable to identify whether the entire population is truly declining and if so what the causes of decline are attributed to .
west , d , david , b . , closs , g . , allibone , r , crow , s . , franklin , p . & ling , n . 2014 .
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distinct migratory and non - migratory ecotypes of an endemic new zealand eleotrid ( gobiomorphus cotidianus ) - implications for incipient speciation . . . - pubmed - ncbi
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distinct migratory and non - migratory ecotypes of an endemic new zealand eleotrid ( gobiomorphus cotidianus ) - implications for incipient speciation in island freshwater fish species .
michel c 1 , hicks bj , stölting kn , clarke ac , stevens mi , tana r , meyer a , van den heuvel mr .
limnological institute , university of konstanz , konstanz , germany . christian . michel @ urltoken
many postglacial lakes contain fish species with distinct ecomorphs . similar evolutionary scenarios might be acting on evolutionarily young fish communities in lakes of remote islands . one process that drives diversification in island freshwater fish species is the colonization of depauperate freshwater environments by diadromous ( migratory ) taxa , which secondarily lose their migratory behaviour . the loss of migration limits dispersal and gene flow between distant populations , and , therefore , is expected to facilitate local morphological and genetic differentiation . to date , most studies have focused on interspecific relationships among migratory species and their non - migratory sister taxa . we hypothesize that the loss of migration facilitates intraspecific morphological , behavioural , and genetic differentiation between migratory and non - migratory populations of facultatively diadromous taxa , and , hence , incipient speciation of island freshwater fish species .
microchemical analyses of otolith isotopes ( 88sr , 137ba and 43ca ) differentiated migratory and non - migratory stocks of the new zealand endemic gobiomorphus cotidianus mcdowall ( eleotridae ) . samples were taken from two rivers , one lake and two geographically - separated outgroup locations . meristic analyses of oculoscapular lateral line canals documented a gradual reduction of these structures in the non - migratory populations . amplified fragment length polymorphism ( aflp ) fingerprints revealed considerable genetic isolation between migratory and non - migratory populations . temporal differences in reproductive timing ( migratory = winter spawners , non - migratory = summer spawners ; as inferred from gonadosomatic indices ) provide a prezygotic reproductive isolation mechanism between the two ecotypes .
this study provides a holistic look at the role of diadromy in incipient speciation of island freshwater fish species . all four analytical approaches ( otolith microchemistry , morphology , spawning timing , population genetics ) yield congruent results , and provide clear and independent evidence for the existence of distinct migratory and non - migratory ecotypes within a river in a geographically confined range . the morphological changes within the non - migratory populations parallel interspecific patterns observed in all non - migratory new zealand endemic gobiomorphus species and other derived gobiid taxa , a pattern suggesting parallel evolution . this study indicates , for the first time , that distinct ecotypes of island freshwater fish species may be formed as a consequence of loss of migration and subsequent diversification . therefore , if reproductive isolation persists , these processes may provide a mechanism to facilitate speciation .
pmid : 18275608 pmcid : pmc2270262 doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 8 - 49
study area and sample locations for gobiomorphus cotidianus . a : lateral view on the head of a male gobiomorphus cotidianus ( © angus mcintosh , natural sciences image library , new zealand ) . b : location of the study area in new zealand ( green square ) and location of lake taupo ( blue dot ) . c : study area with sample locations ( black ) for g . cotidianus and geographic locations ( grey / italic ) as mentioned in the text .
schematic dorsal view of the oculoscapular canal section of the defined canal morphotypes . the canal structures are evident by presence of pores at their extremities . median pores ( m ) , lateral pores ( l a = anterior , l p = posterior lateral pore ) and primary neuromasts ( pn ) . scale bar = 10 mm .
typical patterns of 88 sr and 137 ba counts normalised to 43 ca in otolith cross sections from the nucleus to the edge . a : non - diadromous profile ( category a ) in a female gobiomorphus cotidianus ( 92 mm ) from the kaituna river . b : diadromous profile ( category b ) in a male g . cotidianus ( 96 mm ) from the downstream tarawera river .
nucleus counts against range of normalised 88 sr / 43 ca in g . cotidianus and two obligatorily diadromous g . gobioides ( red solid dots ) included in this study . colours refer to migratory types : blue = non - diadromous , green = diadromous . black solid symbols were not confidently attributable to either category based on nucleus vs range counts .
analyses of genetic structure among sample locations as inferred from aflp fingerprints . a : population dendrogram . numbers on branches are percent bootstrap values out of 1 , 000 , 000 pseudo - replicates : pie diagrams at branch ends illustrate mean proportions of inferred genotypes in the respective sample sites . b : detailed structure bar plot illustrating genotypic composition . colours are inferred green ( light shading ) and blue ( dark shading ) genotypes . x - axis : each vertical bar represents one individual . y - axis : proportion of genotypes . labels refer to sample sites as given in a .
summarized comparison of otolith , meristic , reproductive and genetic analyses . sample locations are indicated above figure , with each characterized by four vertically arranged bar plots . horizontal arrangements : migratory type : light green = diadromous , dark blue = non - diadromous . spawning type : light green = winter spawner , dark blue = summer spawner . genotype : mean proportions of respective genotype ( light green and dark blue ) in population , colours refer to genotype as inferred by structure ( see also figure 5 ) . morphotype : green ( light ) = type 1 , orange = type 2 , blue ( dark ) = type 3 .
there are seven species of bullies in new zealand . they are found in a range of freshwater habitats .
there are seven species of bullies in new zealand . they are found in a range of habitats including streams , rivers and lakes .
bullies are well camouflaged against sand and rocks , but can be seen darting in the shallows during the day .
the male guards the nest and when the eggs hatch , the larvae go to sea to return to freshwater after a few months . however some populations become landlocked and complete their life cycle without the sea phase .
this dark - coloured fish prefers lowland waterways especially estuaries and is almost always found beneath cover , only to emerge at night to feed .
it can grow over 15 cm long . it is presumed that giant bullies have a marine phase in their life cycle , but this is not known for sure .
redfins are distinguished from other bullies by having diagonal cheek stripes and grow up to 12 cm long . male redfin bullies are our most colourful native fish , with bright orange - red fins .
latin , gobius = gudgeon + greek , morphe = shape ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) . subtropical ; 4°c - 22°c ( ref . 13614 ) ; 34°s - 47°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 15 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 13614 )
occurs in various habitats such as small hypertrophic lakes , large oligotrophic lakes and lower reaches of rivers . amphidromous ( ref . 11115 ) . feeds on a wide variety of benthic invertebrates .
mcdowall , r . m . , 1990 . freshwater fishes and fisheries of new zealand - the angler ' s el dorado . aquat . sci . 2 ( 2 ) : 281 - 341 . ( ref . 11115 )
) : 11 . 9 - 19 . 1 , mean 16 ( based on 116 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00589 ( 0 . 00238 - 0 . 01459 ) , b = 3 . 16 ( 2 . 95 - 3 . 37 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( fec = 200 - 2 , 000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .
this is the former waitakere city council website , which has some of the information and services you need if you live or do business in the area . go to the main auckland council website to access the complete range of council services .
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i am a nesting male . when it is time to breed i change from my usual spotted colour to black with an orange tip on my fin . i will guard my young until they hatch and i attack if you come near . i usually live in slow streams , but you will find me almost anywhere in a swamp , lake or river . when i am not nesting i swim around with others . there are lots of us in waitakere because we can eat lots of different things . we always hunt on the bottom of the stream where we look for insects or small crab - like animals .
flies , caddisflies , craneflies , damselflies dragonflies , gnats , mayflies . midges , mosquitoes
insects ( ants , beetles , bugs , cicadas , cockroaches , centipedes , crickets , grasshoppers , lacewings , ladybirds , mantis , millipedes , scale , shield bugs , stick insects , wetas , weevils , etc . ) .
reptiles ( frogs , geckos , skinks , snakes , lizards , turtles ) .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names a to f with photo .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names g to l with photo .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names m to q with photo .
trees & shrubs ( new zealand native ) botanical names r to z with photo .
trees ( new zealand ) hebes and their hybrids & cultivars ( photos ) .
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natural sciences image library of new zealand reference : fi0318mct . jpg photograph by angus mcintosh
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late on a saturday night in september , a 14 - year old boy named jamey rodemeyer , who had been the target of bullying from fellow students at williamsville north high school in buffalo new york , took his life . just hours before he killed himself , jamey left the last of his numerous messages online talking about the pain he had been dealing with for a long time . jamey’s suicide was a terrible , extreme reaction to being bullied , and tragically , his was not an unusual case . according to some reports there were as many as 10 teen suicides in the month of september this year , in the united states , that were linked to bullying . violent reactions by teens to being bullied are not new . it was boys that were bullied and ostracized that committed the high school shootings that plagued the us in the 1990’s . from those mass slaughters to the present day rash of suicides , bullying is taking a violent toll on the youth of america .
the response to this crisis in the united states has been efforts at the local , regional and federal ( urltoken ) levels to combat bullying and its impacts . working groups , task forces and new policies have all been established , with the hopes of halting the spread of the social scourge that is bullying . while it is clear that bullying has become a critical issue both within us schools and the social systems navigated by america’s youth , what is less clear is where its origins lie . it’s easy to get consumed with the impacts and immediate causes of bullying in the us , and to ignore where bullying stems from . however , understanding the origins of bullying is critical . without the deep understanding the origins of a behavior provide , efforts to prevent bullying will continue to fail .
now that we’ve established a definition for bullying , there are two distinct levels of analysis that will shed light on the behavior and its origins . the first level of analysis is to determine if bullying is a cultural phenomenon . in other words , is bullying unique to us society , or is it widespread across different cultures , from different parts of the world ? if bullying is widespread and found throughout different societies , we have to consider that it has a deeper origin than present cultural conditions . in short , we can deepen our analysis of the behavior . bullying is , in fact , widespread and not restricted to american society , but instead is found across the globe ( smith et al , 2002 ) . from hunter / gatherer groups ( boehm , 2000 ) to post - industrial japan , bullying is ubiquitous across human cultures .
a 2005 multinational study that spanned 28 countries across north america and europe revealed how commonplace bullying is and how consistent its effects are ( due et al , 2005 ) . due et al ( 2005 ) used 12 physical and psychological symptoms associated with being bullied to measure the effects of this behavior on the youth in the study . they found that the amount of bullying experienced by kids in those 28 countries varied greatly , with the least severe happening among girls in sweden and the most severe among boys in lithuania . however , despite the variation in the amount of bullying , there were no countries where bullying was completely absent . further , due et al reported that ,
“there was a consistent , strong and graded association between bullying and each of 12 physical and psychological symptoms among adolescents in all 28 countries . ” ( due et al , 2005 ) .
no matter where you go in the world , from the mbuti of central africa ( turnbull , 1961 ) to suburban children in the united states ( wang et al , 2009 ) there are individuals and groups that target others with tactics designed to intimidate , coerce or harm them . in some cases bullying is used to maintain social order and ensure that no one acquires too much dominance , status or personal power . in other cases , bullying is harmful and used to injure others physically , emotionally or socially . these scenarios are two sides of the same coin , and one can easily metamorphose into the other if the power dynamics become skewed in one direction or the other . despite the variation in the amount and intention of bullying across human cultures one thing is clear , bullying is everywhere . the universality of bullying across human societies indicates that this is a species - typical human behavior that has little to do with the cultures people live in . bullying , it seems is part of our normal behavioral repertoire , it is part of the human condition .
human universals are important to our understanding of the evolution of behavior in our species ( cosmides & tooby , 1990 ) . despite our extensive knowledge of the human fossil record , we can’t directly observe the behaviors of our ancestors . while fossils and ecological reconstructions provide some insights into behavior , modern human and other primates provide important clues as well . when we see modern human behaviors that are universal in nature , it tells us that these behaviors have their origins deep in our evolutionary history . at the very least universal behaviors evolved early on in our species prehistory and they were almost certainly present before humans began migrating around the world and separating into different , sometimes isolated ethnic groups . bullying is one such behavior . it was there in the hot , seasonal grasslands of southern africa when the first members of our species took their seminal steps and spoke the original human language , and it has been with us ever since . however , universal behaviors can pre - date a species origin , having been inherited from a previous ancestor . that’s what the next level of analysis can tell us about bullying and its origins .
the second level of analysis is to determine if bullying is unique to our species . to do this , we need to look at whether or not bullying is present in other species . using the definition provided by above , this is a tall order , because that definition requires knowledge of intentionality . intentions are difficult to identify in other animals because no matter how many times you ask them why they did something , they don’t answer ( at least i’ve never gotten an answer from them ) . however , if we employ the “key elements” of bullying as nansel defines them , we don’t need to know the intentions of individuals , we just have to determine if the purpose of a particular behavior was to intimidate . by using intimidation as our litmus for bullying , we can , at the very least , test for bullying - like behaviors in other animals , including other primates . if other primates engage in bullying - like behaviors , we have to consider the distinct possibility that bullying itself is deeply rooted in our evolutionary history and predates our own species .
bullying - like behaviors are not restricted to female primates . chimpanzees live in communities with many males and females and males live in the groups their born into their entire lives . males also form dominance relationships with each other based on physical power and friendships , which they use in competition over mates . male chimpanzees regularly intimidate each other with bluffs , displays , charges and aggression , which can range from making another male move from a resting spot to physical violence . one of the areas i focus on in my research is the development of behavior in male chimpanzees , paying particular attention to adolescence . adolescence is a time of great change and uncertainty for male chimpanzees , when they leave their mothers and enter into the adult male social world . when they do that they enter a world of constant posturing and networking that threatens to erupt into violence at any moment . much like their human cousins , adolescent male chimpanzees begin at the bottom of the male dominance hierarchy ( goodall , 1986 ) and have to demonstrate their value as a friend and ally , while growing and putting on muscle mass in order to move up the hierarchy . because adolescent males are smaller , weaker , less experienced and have to challenge other males in order to become competitive , they make attractive targets for older males , and older adolescents and adults regularly attack them ( sherrow , 2008 ) . in short , adolescent males are almost continually bullied as they attempt to join the male social world .
one of the reasons bullying - like behaviors can become so dangerous among male chimpanzees is that they regularly gang up on each other during aggressive interactions in what are called coalitions . on three different occasions , researchers at three different field sites , observed coalitions of adult male chimpanzees attack and kill a male from their group , apparently because they did not adhere to the social norms of the community ( fawcett & muhumza , 2000 ; nishida , 1996 ; watts , 2004 ) . one case involved the gang attack and killing of an older male , ntologi , who had been a particularly despotic alpha male of the mahale m community for years ( nishida , 1996 ) . in two of the cases young adult males who had not formed good friendships within the community , and were highly aggressive toward older males were beaten , bitten , kicked and drug , until their wounds were so severe that they didn’t survive ( fawcett & muhumza , 2000 ; watts , 2004 ) .