the yellowspotted trevally , yellowspotted kingfish , goldspotted trevally , or tarrum , carangoides fulvoguttatus , is a widespread species of large inshore marine fish in the jack family carangidae .

the yellowspotted trevally inhabits the tropical and subtropical waters of the western indo-pacific region , from south africa in the west to japan and australia in the east .

the species is known to grow to a maximum length of at least 1.2 m , and is distinguished by gill raker and fin morphology , as well as the distinctive golden spots which give the fish its name .

the yellowspotted trevally generally prefers inshore rocky and coral reefs , but is occasionally found over deep offshore sand banks to a depth of 100 m .

it is a predatory fish , taking fish , cephalopods , and crustaceans , and shows diet partitioning with other trevallies in studies conducted in australian waters .

reproduction is poorly studied , although observational evidence suggests spawning occurs in aggregations , probably during summer in south africa .

it is generally of minor importance to commercial fisheries throughout its range , but is considered an excellent sportfish by anglers and spearfishermen , and a good table fish .

yellowspotted trevally

dark gold - spotted trevally , embury ' s turrum , gold spotted trevally , yellow spotted trevally , yellow - dotted trevally , yellow - spotted trevally .
hosts : shadow trevally carangoides dinema and yellowspotted trevally c . fulvoguttatus ( both carangidae , perciformes ) .
yellowspotted trevally ( carangoides fulvoguttatus ) . taken at ras mohamed in red sea , egypt .
information on the yellowspotted trevally ( carangoides fulvoguttatus ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the most defining characteristic of the yellowspotted trevally are the yellow / golden spots on either side of the fish . it is quite skinny and tall , with blue - green skin on the top portion fading to a silvery - white below . yellowspotted trevally are a great table fish and
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alcicornis haroldi n . sp . ( digenea : bucephalidae ) from the yellowspotted trevally carangoides fulvoguttatus ( forsskål ) ( carangidae ) from off new caledonia .
the yellowspotted trevally are found in rocky and coral reef areas , offshore banks , and seagrass beds in the indo - west pacific tropical and subtropical . . .
alcicornis haroldi n . sp . ( digenea : bucephalidae ) from the yellowspotted trevally carangoides fulvoguttatus ( forsskål ) ( carangidae ) from off new ca . . . - pubmed - ncbi
jacks , amberjacks , trevally , etc . - [ family carangidae , various genera ]
hosts : longnose trevally carangoides chrysophrys and c . hedlandensis ( both carangidae , perciformes ) .
scales : yellowspotted trevally scales are small and easy to scrape off , forming a slush on smaller fish , but even with larger ones they won ' t be flying around much . i suggest cutting out the hard scutes at the tail at this point .
, while the dusky . . . . . . research on the north west shelf of australia indicates there is diet partitioning between the bludger and the yellowspotted
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, carangoides ful . . . . . . g a recorded maximum weight of 14 . 5 kg . [ 6 ] the bludger has a body shape very similar to the yellowspotted
, nakedbreast tre . . . . . . n the east . it is a large fish , growing to a maximum recorded length of 90 cm , and is very similar to the yellowspotted
, being more elon . . . . . . all stages of its life , the fish has a few brown or golden spots in a midlateral band , but much less than the yellowspotted
the bludger trevally is present in the northern shores of australia . they are found from north west western australia around the tropical north to the great barrier reef queensland .
the yellowspotted trevally are found in rocky and coral reef areas , offshore banks , and seagrass beds in the indo - west pacific tropical and subtropical regions of the world . these fish are often seen patrolling the edge of reefs in a continuous search for food . although they can grow up to 1 . 2 m long , they are usually caught by fishermen at about 1 kg .
trevally can live for about 40 years . they grow quickly for the first four years , taking about 5 years to reach maturity . afterward , growth slows down . spawning data is difficult to find for the trevally , however , their gonads indicate that they are serial spawners ( spawning several times in the season ) and that spawning occurs over the summer . these fish do not appear to have defined spawning grounds . trevally eggs are pelagic . they hatch about a day after fertilization and the larvae settle after 2 - 3 months in the plankton . juvenile fish are found in inshore areas , such as estuaries and harbors .
the blue trevally is classified within the genus carangoides , a group of fish commonly known as jacks and trevallies . carangoides falls into the jack and horse mackerel family carangidae , order perciformes , in the suborder percoidei .
belonging to the same family as jacks and pompanos , yellowspotted trevally are found in the indo - west pacific tropical and subtropical regions . they can grow to 47 inches and nearly 40 pounds , but the photo specimen was 16 - 3 / 4 inches and weighed 2 pounds 8 - 1 / 2 oz . this fish is red list rated as ne ( not evaluated ) and is not considered threatened . like other fish in this family , this is a very fine eating fish .
the blue trevally inhabits coastal waters to a depth of 60 m , over reefs , beaches , lagoons , and areas with sandy substrates . the species lives pelagically , allowing movement between islands and atolls . it is rarely found in estuaries , suggesting a poor tolerance to low salinities .
common names within family carangidae are very disorderly , including jacks , amberjacks , pompanos , trevally , bumpers and scads , without clear deliniation as to which are which . this section deals with those most commonly called jacks and trevally , which tend to be some of the larger of the carangidae , without too much regard as to what genus they belong to . the fish don ' t cooperate either , some change shape significantly as they mature . with 30 genera , this naming mess is impossible to make orderly . for other fish of this family see pomponos , scad and bumpers .
fresh , unfrozen trevally should smell like seawater . it is past its prime if it gives off a strong , objectionable odor . plan to use fresh fish within two or three days of purchase , and store it loosely wrapped and packed in finely chopped ice to prevent moisture loss . if you can’t use the fish within a few days , freeze it and cook it at a later date .
a bluish - green trevally becoming silver below , with many small golden spots on the upper two thirds of the body , dark blotches along the lateral line , dusky yellow soft dorsal , anal , pectoral and caudal fins , anterior anal - fin rays white , and white pelvic fins . juvenile ( smaller than 100 - 120 mm lcf ) are uniformly silvery - grey , with a few golden spots .
the blue trevally has a wide distribution , inhabiting the tropical and subtropical waters of the indian , west pacific and central pacific oceans . it ranges from south africa in the west , north along the east african coast to the red sea and across to india and southeast asia . the species ranges south to australia and indonesia , and as far as japan , hawaii , and a number of pacific islands , including micronesia , new caledonia , and tonga .
the bludger trevally is distributed throughout the tropical to subtropical regions of the indian and west pacific oceans , ranging from south africa in the west , along east africa and north to the red sea . its distribution in the indian ocean extends east to india , south east asia , indonesia and as far south as northern australia . in the pacific ocean , it extends as far north as japan and out to new caledonia , tonga and the kapingamarangi atoll .
the bludger has a body shape very similar to the yellowspotted trevally , being more elongated and subcylindricall than most of the genus carangoides . as a juvenile , the fish is ovate , becoming more elongated with age , with the convex dorsal profile of the head and nape becoming less steep with age also . the dorsal fin is in two distinct parts , the first consisting of 8 spines while the second is composed of 1 spines and 28 to 32 soft rays , with the anterior lobe of this fin being shorter than the head length . the anal fin has two anteriorly detached spines followed by 1 spine attached to 24 to 26 soft rays and the pelvic fin has 1 spine and 18 to 20 soft rays . the lateral line has a gentle anterior arch which is slightly longer than the straight section of the lateral line , with the intersection below the sixteenth to twentieth soft ray of the dorsal fin . the curved section contains 78 to 80 scales while the straight section consists of 15 to 19 scales and 21 to 27 scutes . the breast is scaleless until the origin of the pelvic fins and up to the origin of the pectoral fins . in adults , the mouth cleft is level with the eye , with the both jaws containing bands of villiform teeth which become wider anteriorly . there are 27 to 31 gill rakers in total and 25 vertebrae .
the bludger trevally is a widespread species of large marine fish in the jack family , carangidae . the bludger is of intermediate importance to fisheries throughout its range , taken by hook and line and variousnetting methods . it is of some value to anglers also , considered a good gamefish , but generally regarded as poor eating due to its soft oily flesh , which is used as bait by many anglers . the name ‘bludger’ is said to either refer to the blunt head of the species , or the destination of the fish when caught by professional fishermen who treat the fish as discard . it can reach a recorded maximum weight of 14 . 5 kg
the blue trevally is a moderately large fish , growing to a recorded maximum length of 70 cm and a weight of 8 kg . the species is similar in general morphology to a number of other trevallies in the genus carangoides , having a compressed , oblong body , with the dorsal profile more convex than the ventral profile . unlike most of the carangoides , however , the blue trevally’s snout is bluntly rounded , resembling the snouts of the pompanos of the genus trachinotus and the lips of adults are notably fleshy . two separate dorsal fins are found , the first having eight spines , while the second consists of one spine and 26 to 34 soft rays ; more than any other species in carangoides . in young adults , the lobe of the second dorsal fin is often falcate , but usually shorter than the head length . the anal fin has two anteriorly detached spines followed by a single spine attached to 21 to 26 soft rays , while the pelvic fin has one spine attached to 20 or 21 soft rays . the lateral line has a gentle anterior arch , with the junction of the curved and straight sections vertically below the 15th to 20th soft rays of the second dorsal fin . the curved section of the lateral line contains 82 to 90 scales , while the straight section has 12 to 17 scales and 26 to 31 scutes . the breast is naked ventrally to origin of the pelvic fins and the base of the pectoral fins , but is interrupted laterally by a moderate band of scales . the upper jaw is highly protractile , containing narrow bands of villiform teeth , which become obsolescent with age , as is the case in the lower jaw . it has a total of 24 to 29 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae .
like many indo - pacific carangids , the biology and ecology of the blue trevally is poorly known , with the only data on the species relating to its diet . it is a fast - swimming predator which often forms small schools , and takes a variety of small fish ( specifically mackerel and filefish ) , crustaceans including prawns , crabs , and sea lice , soft molluscs , and other soft prey . in hawaii , they have been observed following foraging bonefish or goatfish , consuming any scraps uncovered by the foragers . the species appears to be in constant abundance all year , but ripe individuals have rarely been reported . no information regarding the reproduction and growth of the species is available , although larvae of the species are known to appear during february in the waters off taiwan , suggesting a december spawning period , and make up a high proportion of the larval abundance . juveniles are known to sometimes shelter among the tentacles of large pelagic jellyfish .
lane [ 28 ] described a new cucullanid species , bulbodacnitis bulbosa , from the bluefin trevally caranx melampygus cuvier off sri lanka and established the new genus bulbodacnitis to accommodate it , because he considered the presence of the dorsal hemispherical cephalic elevation in this species to be of generic importance . however , barreto [ 5 , 6 ] considered bulbodacnitis lane , 1916 a junior synonym of cucullanus müller , 1777 , to which he transferred lane’s species . nevertheless , smedley [ 66 ] and simon [ 65 ] described two new species of bulbodacnitis from north american salmonids , while other authors [ 7 , 15 , 58 , 71 ] did not recognise bulbodacnitis as an independent genus . subsequently , maggenti [ 31 ] re - erected bulbodacnitis for the cucullanids with the oral aperture dorsally oblique to the longitudinal body axis ( see also [ 21 , 48 ] ) . however , petter [ 54 ] pointed out that this feature is not found in b . bulbosus , the type species of bulbodacnitis , and , consequently , she retained bulbodacnitis as a synonym of cucullanus and established a new genus truttaedacnitis petter , 1974 for the species with the distinctly oblique oral aperture . according to moravec [ 34 ] , truttaedacnitis should be considered as a subgenus of cucullanus .
an annotated list of the 63 species in 23 genera of carangid fishes known from australian waters is presented . included in these 63 are eight endemic species , eight new australian records ( alepes vari , carangoides equula , c . plagiotaenia , c . talamparoides , caranx lugubris , decapterus kurroides , d . tabl and seriola rivoliana ) and a new species in the genus alepes . a generic key and specific keys to alectis , alepes , carangoides , scomberoides , selar , ulua and uraspis are given . the systematics of the 32 australian species of alectis , alepes , atule , carangoides ,
caranx
, elagatis , gnathanodon , megalaspis , pantolabus , scomberoides , selar , selaroides , seriolina , ulua and uraspis are covered in detail . for each species a recommended common name , other common names , australian secondary synonymy , diagnosis , colour notes , description , comparison with other species , maximum recorded size , ecological notes and distribution are given . specific primary synonymies are listed when the type locality is australia or papua new guinea
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
french , carangue , the name of a caribbean fish ; 1836 ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range ? - 100 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical ; 36°n - 30°s , 32°e - 174°w
indo - west pacific : red sea and the east africa to palau and new caledonia , north to ryukyu and ogasawara islands ( ref . 559 , 26066 ) , south to australia . recently reported from tonga ( ref . 53797 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 120 cm fl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3678 ) ; common length : 90 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5450 ) ; max . published weight : 18 . 0 kg ( ref . 3287 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 25 - 30 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 21 - 26 .
adults prefer rocky and coral reef areas , but also found on offshore banks ( ref . 30573 ) . they are found singly or in small to large schools ( ref . 9710 , 48635 , 90102 ) . they feed on small invertebrates and fishes ( ref . 5213 ) .
paxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )
) : 23 . 3 - 29 . 1 , mean 27 . 9 ( based on 2214 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01950 ( 0 . 01219 - 0 . 03118 ) , b = 2 . 92 ( 2 . 79 - 3 . 05 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 4 ±0 . 5 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high vulnerability ( 65 of 100 ) .
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this species is featured in jewels of the uae , which showcases biodiversity found in the united arab emirates in association with the environment agency – abu dhabi .
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this species is likely often misidentified as carangoides gymnostethus ( w . smith - vaniz pers . comm . 2015 ) .
justification : this species is a coastal species that ranges from south and east africa and the red sea to japan and south to queensland , australia . this species inhabits rocky and coral reef areas to depths of 100 m as well as seagrass beds . this species is a popular gamefish and regularly seen in markets in parts of its range , although exploitation events have not produced any observed or suspected population declines . given its wide range and frequent occurrence , it is listed as least concern .
carangoides fulvoguttatus occurs from south africa , north along the eastern africa coast to the red sea and mozambique and west to the western pacific ocean , including palau new caledonia and fiji . it is also found from ryukyu and ogasawara islands south to queensland and the elizabeth and middleton reefs ( r . myers pers . comm . 2016 ) and has also been reported from tonga ( masuda et al . 1984 , randall 1995 , randall et al . 1997 , gell and whittington 2002 , randall et al . 2003 ) . this species occurs to 100 m depth ( lieske and myers 1994 ) .
australia ; bahrain ; british indian ocean territory ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; comoros ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; djibouti ; egypt ; eritrea ; fiji ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; india ( andaman is . , nicobar is . ) ; indonesia ; iran , islamic republic of ; iraq ; israel ; japan ; jordan ; kenya ; korea , republic of ; kuwait ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; mauritius ; mayotte ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; myanmar ; new caledonia ; oman ; pakistan ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; qatar ; réunion ; saudi arabia ; seychelles ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; sudan ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tonga ; united arab emirates ; vanuatu ; viet nam ; yemen
this species is relatively common throughout its range ( w . smith - vaniz pers . comm . 2015 ) .
was one of the most common fish species sampled from seine nets and bamboo fish traps off the quirimba archipelago making up 0 . 9 % in weight , < 0 . 1 % net fishery number ( gell and whittington 2002 ) .
is one of the most consumed fish species in saudi arabia ( al - bader 2008 , tawfik 2009 ) . this species is not reported in fisheries off kuwait or iran ( f . kaymaram and j . bishop pers . comm . 2013 ) . it is caught as bycatch in gill nets , handlines , and trap fisheries off abu dhabi . cpue for this species has been declining over an 8 year period in trap fisheries off abu dhabi ( total landings in 2005 74 ; 2006 151 ; 2007 179 ; 2008 109 ; 2009 121 ; 2010 54 ; 2011 31 ; 2012 36 ) the dominant gear type is handline ( s . hartmann pers . comm . 2013 ) .
in 2000 , 162 tonnes of this species were harvested by saudi arabia ( fao 2013 ) . peaks of 324 and 268 tonnes were collected in 2002 and 2006 , respectively . in 2011 , 190 tonnes of this species were collected . in 2005 , 73 . 9 tonnes of this species ( 1 . 1 % of the total species composition collected ) were collected by the abu dhabi emirate fisheries . catch totals peaked in 2007 with 178 . 8 tonnes . in 2008 , catches declined to 108 . 8 tonnes . in 2009 , 121 tonnes were collected , followed by a decline to 36 . 1 tonnes in 2012 ( environment agency - abu dhabi 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 ) . cpue of this species in free port , western abu dhabi declined from a mean of 5 kg / boat hour in 2005 to a mean of 0 . 5 kg / boat hour in 2012 , which reflects the decrease in total catch numbers ( environment agency - abu dhabi 2006 , 2013 ) .
this species occurs in coastal waters near rocky and coral reefs ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) and also inhabits seagrass beds ( gell and whittington 2002 ) . this species is also occasionally found over offshore banks up to 100 m in depth ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . this species is often seen in small to large schools , but has also been observed singly . the maximum recorded fork length ( tl ) is 120 cm ( torres 1991 ) . for an 87 . 5 cm tl fish , maximum weight recorded was 6 . 4 kg ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) . this species diet consists of small invertebrates and fishes ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) .
this species is a popular gamefish ( spearfishing ) in parts of its range . this species is collected mainly by hook and line and by spearfishing , but also gillnets , and traps . this species is marketed fresh and dried salted ( smith - vaniz 1984 ) .
although this species is a commercially fished species and popular gamefish , there have been no observed or suspected population declines due to these exploitation events . there are no known major threats to this species .
there are no species - specific conservation measures for this species ; however , its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
smith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , i . 2016 .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t20429462a115373553 .
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taste delicious when cooked a variety of ways including ; grilled , deep friend , or cooked in sauce .
this fishery uses a longline to catch a variety of pelagic fish on the high seas such as tuna and swordfish . a deep - set longline is used to primarily target tuna and a shallow - set longline is used to target swordfish or mixed species including bigeye , albacore and yellowfin tuna . baited hooks are attached to a line that floats in the ocean using buoys and flagpoles .
this fishery uses a variety of artisanal hook - and - line methods to catch coastal pelagic fish such as tuna , marlin , swordfish , mahi mahi , wahoo ( ono ) and others . a pole and line with live bait scattered into the water is used to catch feeding skipjack tuna . trolling with lures and lines , and handlines with lures , lines and bait bags are used to target larger fish such as bigeye tuna , swordfish , mahi mahi and wahoo .
this fishery uses rods and reels to catch six species of snapper and one species of grouper that are called “bottomfish . ”
this fishery uses a variety of artisanal methods to catch reef fish , including handlines , and pole and lines . catch rates are low , usually only a few pounds per hour with little bycatch ( discards ) . these small - scale fishing methods are similar to those traditionally used by native hawaiians .
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adults prefer rocky and coral reef areas , but also found on offshore banks ( ref . 30573 ) . they are found singly or in small to large schools ( ref . 9710 , 48635 , 90102 ) . they feed on small invertebrates and fishes ( ref . 5213 ) .
nick hope marked the english common name
russian cinquefoil
from
carangoides fulvoguttatus ( forsskål , 1775 )
as untrusted .
nick hope marked the arabic common name
bayad
from
carangoides fulvoguttatus ( forsskål , 1775 )
as untrusted .
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this is a delicious fish , and should satisfy anyone who actually likes fish . the lighter flesh has excellent medium flavor and firm texture . the dark streak down the centerline is both wide and deep , but it ' s flavor is not much stronger . wimps who don ' t actually like fish may prefer something more
white and lite
, as may many fancy chefs . because this fish actually has flavor , they would need to think more about their sauces .
buying : this fish occasionally shows up in philippine fish markets here in los angeles . the photo specimen , sold as
rainbow runner
, which it certainly was not , was purchased at 2014 us $ 2 . 99 / pound . if it is not available , the more common blue runner can be substituted .
cooking : this fish cooks well by any reasonable method . as with other jacks , the flesh stays quite firm , even with wet cooking , but is easily broken into large flakes on the plate .
cleaning : the vent is quite far forward , at the tips of the pelvic fins , but the body cavity extends farther back , but not so far you can ' t easily clean it out . the esophagus is very tough , so cut it with shears . gills pull out medium hard . you may want to cut them loose with kitchen shears under the chin . i usually cut off the pelvic fins right away as they flop around annoyingly .
fillet : this fish fillets easily with a coherent bones structure to follow . when you get to the rib cage , cut the ribs from the backbone with kitchen shears and pull them from the fillet with long nose pliers . they pull very easily . there is a row of substantial centerline spines extending for 2 / 3 of the length of the fish , but they are easy to find and pull out easily straight forward .
skin : the skin has little shrink but does have a noticeably stronger , oilier taste than the flesh . coated with a dusting of rice flour , skin - on fillets can be fried , just fry skin up until lightly browned , then turn . in poaching , the skin will curl fillets quite a bit , so should be removed . fillets can be skinned using the long knife and cutting board method , but the skin is very thin and delicate , so takes extra care . fortunately , if you end up with patches of skin still on the fillet , they are much easier to lift off than with most fish . warning : the row of hard scutes along the lateral line at the tail needs to be cut away before cooking - just the straight part , they are no bother from the start of the curve forward . if not removed , they will come loose in cooking and make your eating experience much less enjoyable .
yield : a 2 pound 8 - 1 / 2 ounce fish yielded 1 pound 6 - 1 / 4 ounces of skin - on fillets ( 55 % ) and 1 pound 4 - 3 / 8 ounces skin - off ( 50 % ) , a rather good yield .
stock : head bones and fins make a very good nearly clear medium flavored stock with very little oil , but i wouldn ' t use the skins . remove the oil using your gravy separator . for details see our fish stock page .
alcicornis haroldi n . sp . is described from carangoides fulvoguttatus from off new caledonia , south pacific . it differs from all other alcicornis spp . in its large protuberant pharynx , and from the most similar species , a . baylisi nagaty , 1937 , in its broader rhynchus , indistinct withdrawn tentacles and vitelline distribution .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
alcicornis haroldi n . sp . est décrit de carangoides fulvoguttatus de nouvelle - calédonie , pacifique sud . l’espèce diffère de tous les alcicornis spp . par son gros pharynx protubérant , et de l’espèce la plus proche , a . baylisi nagaty , 1937 , par son rhynchus plus large , ses tentacules rétractés indistincts et la distribution du vitellus .
our thanks are due to marine briand , a student , who helped with the parasitological survey , and ronald fricke ( staatliches museum für naturkunde , stuttgart , germany ) , who kindly identified the fish ( from photographs ) .
( forsskål , 1775 ) ( perciformes : carangidae ) , from ningaloo reef , western australia .
spp . ( digenea : acanthocolpidae ) from scombrids and carangids ( perciformes ) from the great barrier reef , with the description of two new species .
bray , r . a . , cribb , t . h . , & barker , s . c . ( 1993 ) . hemiuridae ( digenea ) from marine fishes of the great barrier reef , queensland , australia .
gu , c . - d . , & shen , j . - w . ( 1976 ) . report on some gasterostomatous trematodes ( family bucephalidae poche , 1907 ) from marine fish in dong hai and nan hai , china .
gupta , a . n . , & sharma , p . n . ( 1972 ) . studies on digenetic trematodes from marine fishes of indian waters . part 3 .
anales del instituto de biología , universidad nacional autónoma de méxico . ( serie ciencia del mar y limnologia ) ,
( gray ) from bay of bengal , off puri coast , orissa , india .
gupta , s . p . , & tandon , v . l . ( 1985 ) . on some digenetic trematodes from marine fishes of puri , orissa .
gupta , v . , & ahmad , j . ( 1976 ) . digenetic trematodes of marine fishes . on some new and known digenetic trematodes of the family bucephalidae poche , 1907 from marine fishes of puri , orissa , india .
gupta , v . , & jain , n . ( 1993 ) . on some trematodes of the family bucephalidae poche , 1907 from marine fishes of puri , orissa , india .
hafeezullah , m . , & siddiqi , a . h . ( 1970 ) . digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of india . part i . bucephalidae and cryptogonimidae .
justine , j . - l ( 2010 ) . parasites of coral reef fish : how much do we know ? with a bibliography of fish parasites in new caledonia .
lebedev , b . i . ( 1968 ) . helminth fauna of carangid fish in the pacific ocean .
maccallum , g . a . ( 1917 ) . some new forms of parasitic worms .
madhavi , r . ( 1974 ) . digenetic trematodes from marine fishes of waltair coast , bay of bengal . family bucephalidae .
manter , h . w . ( 1954 ) . some digenetic trematodes from fishes of new zealand .
trematodes of fishes from the red sea . part 1 . studies on the family bucephalidae poche , 1907
nahhas , f . m . , & cable , r . m . ( 1964 ) . digenetic and aspidogastrid trematodes from marine fishes of curaçao and jamaica .
overstreet , r . m . , & curran , s . s . ( 2002 ) . superfamily bucephaloidea poche , 1907 . in : gibson , d . i . , jones , a . , & bray , r . a . ( eds ) ,
. volume 1 . wallingford : cabi publishing and the natural history museum , pp . 67–110 .
parukhin , a . m . ( 1966 ) . [ helminth fauna of carangid fish from the south china sea ] .
[ helminth fauna of animals in the southern seas . ] biologiya morya , kiev , 1966
toman , g . ( 1989 ) . digenetic trematodes of marine teleost fishes from the seychelles , indian ocean . ii .
velasquez , c . c . ( 1959 ) . studies on the family bucephalidae poche 1907 ( trematoda ) from philippine food fishes .
vigueras , i . p . ( 1955 ) . contribución al conocimiento de la fauna helmintologica cubana .
yamaguti , s . ( 1942 ) . studies on the helminth fauna of japan . part 39 . trematodes of fishes mainly from naha .
. tokyo : keigaku , vol . i , 1074 pp . ; vol . ii , 1349 pp .
zaidi , d . a . , & khan , d . ( 1977 ) . digenetic trematodes of fishes from pakistan .
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
department of zoology , natural history museum , london , uk . rab @ urltoken
the species was first described by the swedish naturalist peter forsskål in 1775 based on a specimen taken from the red sea . he named the species scomber ferdau , thus relating it to the mackerels before the family carangidae was bought into existence with the creation of lacépède ' s genus caranx . with the advent of carangid taxonomy , the species was transferred first to caranx and finally to carangoides , where it has remained to this day . gilbert percy whitley attempted to separate the species into its own genus ; ferdauia , although this classification is not accepted . the species was independently described and named a number of times after its initial naming , with this and confusion with carangoides orthogrammus in the indo - pacific giving rise to a complex history of synonymies . these later names were often transferred between genera before being finally sunk into the name carangoides ferdau and as such are considered to be invalid junior synonyms . the specific epithet ferdau refers to a person named ferdau , probably the collector of the holotype specimen .
the body is a blue - green to yellow - green above , becoming silvery below , with adults having five or six dusky vertical bands which usually persist after death . numerous , inconspicuous golden spots often are present on the sides , mostly above the level of the pectoral fins . the soft dorsal and anal fins are pale yellowish - green , and the anterior lobes of both often have white to blue tips . the caudal fin is yellow green , having a dark trailing edge and tips , while the pelvic fins are whitish to hyaline .
the species is of commercial importance in a number of areas due to its high abundance , or more often taken as bycatch in other major fisheries . catch statistics for the individual species are rarely kept , though , and it is generally grouped with other trevallies . it is caught mainly on hook and line and with gill nets and various traps . in south africa , it is considered a popular gamefish , and is often taken by anglers using various small baits , with the best catches had at dawn and dusk . it is considered to be an excellent table fish , although ciguatera poisoning attributed to this fish has been reported rarely .
here are listed both fresh water and salt water fish because the two can ' t be cleanly separated . many fish move to salt water to mature and come back to fresh water to spawn and others are found both in salt and fresh water .
the varieties listed here are either of wide culinary interest or marketed in southern california . primary names are consistent with names used in the fish markets when correct , and with fishbase when wrong . while you may not find your exact fish on this page , if you find the right family , cooking properties are probably similar . if you want more fish , fishbase ( f2 ) lists over 32 , 800 varieties under over 303 , 000 common names - but they provide no culinary information .
please consider the iucn red list status when buying fish . in order of rising concern : lc = least concern , nt = near threatened , vu = vulnerable , en = endangered , cr = critically endangered , ew = extinct in the wild , ex = extinct . in addition there are dd = data deficient and ne = not evaluated . the monterey bay aquarium ratings are more complex , rating not only the sustainability of the species , but also the fishery ' s effect on other species as bycatch .
anchovy - [ family engraulidae ] a family of tiny fish that swim in large schools in temperate seas worldwide . they are very important to the fish food chain and also for production of fermented fish sauce , as essential to the cuisines of southeast asia as it was to imperial romans . the anchovy family now has its own page .
this very elongated fish is a fearsome predator with strong jaws and sharp teeth , but very rarely attacks swimmers . it is found mostly in tropical and subtropical seas . the photo is of a pacific barracuda ( sphyraena argentea ) 42 - 1 / 2 inches long and weighing 8 - 1 / 3 pounds . this fish is found from alaska to the southern tip of baja california . mexico , but is rare north of point conception in southern california , it can grow to almost 60 inches and 26 pounds , but the great barracuda ( sphyraena barracuda ) can get up to 72 inches and 100 pounds . caution : barracuda can be highly toxic in tropical reef areas like florida , the indian ocean , hawaii and northern australia . pacific barracuda ( s . argentea ) is generally safe . details and cooking
bass
is a popular name applied to many fish that aren ' t really bass , but people call them
bass
anyway , particularly the black bass ( smallmouth and largemouth ) which are actually sunfish . shown here are the real bass ( even though one of them is called
perch
) , with links to some of the
not actually a bass
fish . the bass family now has its own page .
belt fish - [ largehead hairtail ( fishbase ) , ribbonfish , cutlassfish , scabbardfish ; kalchi ( korea , lit .
sword fish
) ; tachiuo ( japan , lit .
sword fish
) ; peixe - espada ( brazil , portugal , lit .
sword fish
) ; trichiurus lepturus ]
this fish is found worldwide in tropical and temperate waters , usually not far from the coast . it can grow to over 7 - 1 / 2 feet long and 11 pounds , but the photo specimen was a mere 34 - 1 / 2 inches long , weighing 1 pound 3 / 4 ounce . this is a highly commercial fish , primarily for asian markets , so it is very common here in los angeles , but it is also popular in brazil , portugal , italy and pakistan . beltfish have no scales and make no effort whatever to be kosher . details and cooking .
bigeyes are a family of small tropical fish found all around the world , but most are concentrated in the indo - west pacific region , particularly in indonesian waters . the photo specimen was labeled
big eye snapper
in a large asian market in los angeles , but i have identified it as purple - spotted bigeye ( priacanthus tayenus ) . it can grow to almost 14 inches but the photo specimen was 7 - 1 / 2 inches ( not counting a thread extending from the tail ) and weighed 3 . 5 ounces . details and cooking
bluefish - [ pomatomus saltatrix ] this fish which is found just about everywhere except in the pacific ocean can grow to 51 inches and 31 pounds but the photo specimen was 16 - 1 / 4 inches and weighed 1 . 5 pounds . considered a good eating fish it ' s highly commercial and now being farmed . details and cooking .
bonefish - [ albula vulpes ] this fish is found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide , but is now thought to actually be 8 species , all of which are visually identical . it is a prized game fish in a number of regions , particularly the caribbean . it is , however , not a prized eating fish , so once caught , it is usually released . in the bahamas , however , they are often split in half , spread with a sauce and baked for eating .
this fish is the only surviving species of a line that is sister to the modern fish ( telosts ) but retains more features of their common ancestor . it inhabits the etire mississippi river drainage system and many other rivers and lakes in the eastern half of the united states and southeastern canada . it is able to breath air so can live in oxygen poor environments . this fish is most noted for its roe , which is processed and marketed as
cajun caviar
, or under the trade name
choupiquet royale
. iucn red listed lc ( least concern ) . photo by stan shebs distributed under license creative commons attribution - sharealike v3 . 0 unported , attribution required .
bream - not a useful term - generally describes a moderately deep bodied fish of moderate size but is applied to many completely unrelated fish from a number of families .
this fish is closely related to scad , but while there are scads of scad there are only two bumpers - pacific and atlantic , and even those two may prove to be different varieties of the same species . the photo specimen is a pacific bumper . pacific bumper can grow to nearly 12 inches but atlantic bumper can grow to 25 inches and supports a larger fishery . pacific bumper are found in the eastern pacific from los angeles south to peru . atlantic bumper is found in the west atlantic from massachusetts south to uruguay . details and cooking
butterfish - [ family stromateidae ] a family of very deep bodied fish , many of which are called something else and other fish which are not butterfish are called butterfish . see pompano , sablefish , pomfret and others . one is even a piranha . the ones listed here are real butterfish even though they may be called something else . the butterfish family now has its own page .
the modern carp family has been around for about 55 million years and the carp order ( cypriniforms ) since the jurrassic 150 million years ago . they are not considered a prime eating fish in the u . s . but are very popular on the menu in asia and in europe , particularly poland .
coming in many brilliant colors and patterns and happy to live in small freshwater ponds , carp is the primary fish displayed in decorative gardens . call a fancy carp
koi
and it can sell for hundreds or even thousands of dollars . unprotected ponds need big submerged pipes for them to sleep in because they are definitely on the menu for raccoons . the carp family now has its own page .
catfish - [ order siluriformes ] there are some 2200 species of catfish in as many as 40 families and many genera . the greatest number of species is found central and south america ( including one recently discovered in mexico that may have been around since dinosaur days ) . some catfish are ocean fish but most live in fresh water . catfish do not have scales but some species are covered with overlapping armor plates . the catfish family now has its own page .
char are closely related to salmon and trout , and a number of species are popularly called
trout
. among these are brook trout ( northeastern north america ) , bull trout ( northwestern north america ) , dolly varden trout ( northern california around to russia ) , and lake trout ( alaska , canada , northeastern u . s . and introduced to northern europe and asia ) . the lake trout is the largest char , growing to just over 100 pounds . the char family now has its own page . photo by u . s . fish and wildlife service = public domain
chilean sea bass - a made - up marketing name for patagonian toothfish which is not a bass at all .
not actually a perch , this fish is a member of family anabantidae ( climbing gouramies - a different family from gouramies proper ) . it can grow to over 9 inches but the photo specimen was 5 - 1 / 2 inches and weighed 2 . 3 . ounces . able to tolerate extremely bad water conditions , it ' s an air breathing fish that can survive for weeks out of the water if it ' s kept damp . it can ' t actually climb trees though - individuals found in trees were probably left by birds . most climbing gourami species live in africa and are too small to eat , but this large one is found from india to china and considered a delicacy in southeast asia . it ' s both caught wild and farmed . details and cooking
this excellent eating fish is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world , except the mid pacific and east pacific - but is now an invasive species on the east pacific coast . it can grow to about 78 inches and weigh 150 pounds , but is usually around 43 inches long . it is the only species in the only genus of rachycentridae . there is no fishery for this fish , it is solitary and caught by accident . it is , however , of great interest for aquaculture , with production under way in china , taiwan and vietnam , and development under way in several other countries . iucn red list status ne ( not evaluated ) . details and cooking
cod fisheries have been so economically important on both sides of the atlantic wars have been fought over them . there are many varieties of cod in both the north atlantic and north pacific , a number of which are economically important , but there are even more fish called
cod
that aren ' t cod at all . the cod , pollock , haddock , hake & whiting now have their own page .
croakers and drums get their name from sounds they make underwater . corvina is a spanish name for many fish in this family , and has been adopted here in california to differentiate between two quite different
yellow croakers
. the croaker & drum family now has its own page .


laomenes amboinensis is a species of shrimp found in waters off indonesia , queensland , new caledonia , the marshall islands , the ryukyu islands and papua new guinea .

it was first named by johannes govertus de man in 1888 , as anchistia amboinensis .

laomenes amboinensis

yellow crinoid shrimp , female , laomenes amboinensis . previously described as periclimenes amboinensis .
what type of species is laomenes amboinensis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the laomenes amboinensis species belongs to .
crinoid shrimp , probably laomenes cf ceratophthalmus , previously periclimenes cf ceratophthalmus , or laomenes cornutus .
crinoid commensal ambon shrimp , laomenes amboinensis , previously periclimenes amboinensis , living on its host crinoid .
which photographers have photos of laomenes amboinensis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species laomenes amboinensis .
how to identify laomenes amboinensis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species laomenes amboinensis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species laomenes amboinensis are marked in green .
crinoid shrimp , laomenes amboinensis , previously described as periclimenes amboinensis . female with eggs . tulamben , bali , indonesia .
where is laomenes amboinensis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species laomenes amboinensis can be found .
crinoid shrimp , laomenes amboinensis , previously described as periclimenes amboinensis , living on the arm of a feather star , or crinoid .
red and white leopard crinoid shrimp , laomenes pardus , previously periclimenes amboinensis , living on its host crinoid .
a yellow and brown commensal ambon shrimp , periclimenes amboinensis , living on its host crinoid .
commensal crinoid shrimp ( periclimenes amboinensis ) camouflaged on a crinoid . misool , raja ampat , west papua , indonesia .
nick hope added the english common name
ambon crinoid shrimp
to
periclimenes amboinensis ( de man , 1888 )
.
nick hope marked an unknown common name in an unknown language from
periclimenes amboinensis ( de man , 1888 )
as untrusted .
( of anchistia amboinensis de man , 1888 ) de man , j . g . , 1888b . bericht über die von herrn dr . j . brock im indischen archipel gesammelten decapoden und stomatopoden . — archiv für naturgeschichte 53 ( 3 ) : 289 - 600 , plates 11 - 22a . [ details ]
( of periclimenes amboinensis ( de man , 1888 ) ) liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of anchistia amboinensis de man , 1888 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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project noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .
up to 2 cm . tiny shrimps that are found mimetized in the crinoids . if the crinoid is white and black they are also ; in crinoids grey and yellow i have seen them in that other color combination .
is a species of shrimp found in waters off indonesia , queensland , new caledonia , the marshall islands , the ryukyu islands and papua new guinea .
very nice spotting marta . i only found it doing some cleanup . : - )


the woolly rhinoceros ( coelodonta antiquitatis ) is an extinct species of rhinoceros that was common throughout europe and northern asia during the pleistocene epoch and survived the last glacial period .

the genus name coelodonta means " cavity tooth " .

the woolly rhinoceros was a member of the pleistocene megafauna .

woolly rhinoceros

the woolly rhino ( or woolly rhinoceros ) is one of the creatures in ark : survival evolved .
upper molar of a woolly rhinoceros from kents cavern torquay , devon . woolly rhinoceros was a heavily coated relative of the living rhinos which actually subsisted on the cold , grassy plains of the ice age .
the preserved body of a woolly rhinoceros has revealed new insights into how this now extinct giant animal once lived .
the woolly rhinoceros was a relative of today’s rhinoceros . it had two huge horns on its snout and a thick fur coat . after the most recent ice age ended about 11 , 700 years ago , this mammal became extinct . cave paintings made by early humans show what the woolly rhinoceros looked like .
a 13 , 300 - year - old spear made of woolly rhinoceros horn was found on an island near siberia in 2014 .
the woolly rhinoceros was also present in more temperate , nonglacial regions , where it inhabited grasslands . it was a popular subject for stone age painters and sculptors ; their representations of the woolly rhinoceros , some of which are very accurate , are known from several localities .
, the rhinoceros is the second largest land animal after the elephant—with the hippopotamus third .
black rhinoceros , sedgwick county zoo , urltoken 18 may 2005 . return to text .
during the 19th century , when the horns of woolly rhinoceros were found in russia , many thought that they were the claws of a giant bird .
presumably , this rhinoceros slumped , bogged down and drowned in such a trap .
it is quite likely [ this ] factor played an important role in the extinction of the woolly rhinoceros ,
writes dr boeskorov in the journal .
the eastern sumatran rhinoceros ( dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni ) or , bornean rhinoceros : these animals were common throughout borneo , however , presently it is estimated that there are less than even 50 survivors .
the following habitats are found across the woolly rhinoceros distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .
the woolly rhinoceros coexisted with man in belgium , england , france , etc . based on human remains and implements found associated with their bones . when fully mature , they may have been approximately the size of living african rhinoceros . like the african rhinoceros they had two horns towards the front of their snout . the front - most horn being the largest and perhaps as much as 5 feet or more long . the woolly rhinoceros had a smooth hide without folds and grew thick woolly fur of varied thickness depending on the part of the body based on frozen specimens found in siberia . [ 1 ]
sample information of the eight megafauna gut and coprolite samples from woolly mammoth ( mammuthus primigenius ) , bison ( bison sp . ) , woolly rhinoceros ( coelodonta antiquitatis ) and horse ( equus lambei ) ( shown in fig . 1 )
the pinhole cave man , or pin hole cave man , is a name for an engraved human figure on a woolly rhinoceros’ rib bone found at the creswell crags , england .
the woolly rhino was the last and most derived member of pleistocene rhinoceros descent . even though the woolly rhino was specialized for extreme cold weather , yet they were capable of dealing with warmer climates . the thick woolly pelage and compact limbs made them well suited to the steppe - tundra surrounding prevalent throughout the palearctic ecozone during the pleistocene glaciations .
' oldest ' woolly rhino discovered a woolly rhino fossil dug up on the tibetan plateau is believed to be the oldest specimen of its kind yet found .
the woolly rhinoceros ( coelodonta antiquitatis ) believed to be around for thousands of years . it had even existed during the ice age . the woolly rhino is now extinct but the animal once lived in the northern asia and europe . scientists have found the remains of woolly rhino from the u . k . , kamchatka , and other parts of eurasia .
the woolly rhino may have once roamed foothills of the himalayas in southwestern tibet .
in fact , there are cave paintings depicting woolly rhinos .
rofl .
one of the pleistocene mammals depicted without fail in popular books – encyclopedias of prehistoric life and the like – is the woolly rhinoceros coelodonta antiquitatis ( the species name is written antiquus in many sources ) .
faced with a frigid climate , rhinos evolved thick woolly coats . it ' s not clear if elasmotherium was woolly , but plenty of other species were . the woolly rhinos may have had their origin in tibet , before the ice age began .
the sumatran rhino , dicerorhinus sumatrensis , is the last representative of the woolly rhino family .
pike , a spear or two , longneck rifle or explosive traps can kill woolly rhinos .
chernova , o . f . & kirillova , i . v . 2010 . new data on horn morphology of the woolly rhinoceros ( coelodonta antiquitatis blumenbach , 1799 ) . proceedings of the zoological institute 314 , 333 - 342 .
dr boeskorov studied the woolly rhino ' s features , comparing it to those of modern rhinos .
according to recent studies , woolly rhinos could have relied on forbs such as artemisia and graminoids .
the palaeodiet of the woolly rhinoceros has been a matter of controversy . researchers have found both browsing and grazing modes of eating habit . they used to feed on grass , leaves , twigs , shrubs , lichens , mosses and other vegetation .
ancient dna from dental plaque is revealing intriguing new information about neanderthals , including specific menu items in their diet such as woolly rhinoceros and wild mushrooms , as well as their use of plant - based medicine to cope with pain and illness .
the woolly mammoth wasn ' t the only massive hairy creature to drag its scraggy dreads over the chilly pleistocene tundra . the woolly rhinoceros also stomped through the arctic snow as recently as 10 , 000 years ago . the animal also appears frequently in ancient cave art , such as at chauvet - pont - d ' arc cave in france .
i think the headline would have read better if it said ancient woolly rhino fossel found in tibet .
the woolly rhino lived just as their recent relatives do , alone or in very small family groups .
for all of the same reasons that the woolly mammoth makes a good candidate for resurrection , so it is with the woolly rhino as well . well - preserved specimens frequently become exposed in arctic permafrost .
if that wasn ' t bad enough , woolly rhinos were probably being hunted by humans as well .
the woolly rhinos had used its horns to defend against the then predators or probably to attract mates .
rhinoceros , ( family rhinocerotidae ) , any of five or six species of giant horn - bearing herbivores that include some of the largest living land mammals . only african and asian elephants are taller at the shoulder than the two largest rhinoceros species—the white , or square - lipped ( ceratotherium simum , which some…
motu identification and counts of sequences of dna - based diet analysis of wholly mammoth , wholly rhinoceros , horse , and bison using coprolite / gut content .
historical legend : the sumatran rhino is considered the most ‘primitive’ rhino species , because of its hairy skin and other prehistoric characteristics . it is the closest living relative to the famous woolly rhinoceros that lived in the frigid lands of europe and asia during the ice age
woolly rhino depicted at rouffignac . check out that hump ! the shortness of the limbs is also obvious .
in 2011 , a group of palaeontologists described the fossil of a primitive woolly rhino discovered in tibet . that suggests woolly rhinos first evolved there , and then dispersed to the west when the pleistocene ice ages began .
view image of woolly rhinos have been extinct for millennia ( credit : stocktrek images inc . / alamy )
despite all this , woolly rhinos clung on until just 10 , 000 years ago . in february 2015 , it was reported that hunters in siberia had stumbled upon a preserved baby woolly rhino of about this age .
kahlke , r . - d . & lacombat , f . 2008 . the earliest immigration of woolly rhinoceros ( coelodonta tologoijensis , rhinocerotidae , mammalia ) into europe and its adaptive evolution in palaearctic cold stage mammal faunas . quaternary science reviews 27 , 1951 - 1961 .
a brutish herbivore native to the island ' s colder regions , the woolly rhinoceros is also one of its largest mammals . resembling a modern rhinoceros in shape , it has a thick coat of insulating fur and is as nearly large as a stegosaurus . its horns are enormous and formidable weapons , and when propelled by an angry , short - sighted , multi - ton beast , they can prove lethal against almost any other creature .
) is the world’s most endangered species of rhinoceros . they are known for their hairy body and double horns , for which they have also got their other names –
shidlovskiy , f . k . , kirillova , i . v . & wood , j . 2011 . horns of the woolly rhinoceros coelodonta antiquitatis ( blumenbach , 1799 ) in the ice age museum collection ( moscow , russia ) . quaternary international 255 , 125 - 129 .
view image of when earth cooled , rhinos evolved woolly coats ( credit : stocktrek images inc . / alamy )
view image of woolly rhinos lived during the pleistocene ice ages ( credit : stocktrek images inc . / alamy )
“the high incidence and large size of the cervical ribs in the late pleistocene woolly rhinoceros of the north sea indicates a strong vulnerability , given the association of cervical ribs with diseases and congenital abnormalities in mammals in general , ” the study’s authors write in the paper published last week in peerj . “if so , that vulnerable condition in woolly rhinoceroses and mammoths may well have contributed to their eventual extinction . ”
using the ( pc ) , ( ps4 ) , ( xbox one ) , the woolly rhino headbutts the target .
the first time a juvenile of the species has been found . and the woolly rhino ' s closest living relative ?
the sumatran rhinoceros’ ears possess a wide rotational range for detection of sounds , and their olfactory has an excellent ability to detect smells to alert instantly to the presence of predators .
the woolly rhino was originally meant to be released with the 237 . 0 patch but was later delayed for unknown reasons .
accepting the bible’s account of history helps us to understand our world . thus equipped , the notion that the rhinoceros ( or indeed , anything else ) could have evolved is indeed preposterous .
the other african species , the black rhinoceros , is critically endangered . there are thought to be seven or eight subspecies , of which three are already extinct and another is nearly gone .
this section displays the woolly rhino ' s natural colors and regions . for demonstration , the regions below are colored red over an albino woolly rhino . the colored squares shown underneath each region ' s description are the colors that the woolly rhino will randomly spawn with to provide an overall range of its natural color scheme . hover your cursor over a color to display its name and id .
the female rhino had an udder with two nipples , making it likely that woolly rhinos gave birth to one , or occasionally two calves .
cast of the famous starunia woolly rhino , on display at london ' s natural history museum . photo by darren naish , cc by .
in 2011 , the fossil of a previously unknown type of woolly rhino was unearthed on tibetan plateau . the specimen was named coelodonta thibetana , the tibetan woolly rhino . scientists believe that they have walked on earth around 3 . 7 million years ago – before the ice age .
of course obama and the democrats all believe that and profess that it is the fault of the republicans and bush that the woolly rhino disappeared .
the woolly rhino was once one of the most abundant large mammals living in eurasia , but only a handful of preserved carcasses have been found .
we do not know much about the physical appearance of woolly rhinos but there are a few cave paintings in siberia that tells us about it .
nowak , j . , panow , e . , tokarski , j . , szafer , w . & stach , j . 1930 . the second woolly rhinoceros ( coelodonta antiquitatis blum . ) from starunia , poland ( geology , mineralogy , flora and fauna ) . classe des sciences mathématiques et naturelles , série b : sciences naturelles , supplément 1 - 47 .
woolly rhino depiction in the chauvet cave . note the enormous shoulder hump and very long , curved anterior horn shown here . image in public domain .
the woolly rhino fossil is 3 . 6 million years old . when this animal was alive , the climate was generally warmer around the globe . but the woolly rhino lived in the cold of the mountains and evolved in those kinds of conditions . when the ice age came 1 million years later , the woolly rhinos ' bodies were already prepared for that climate , so they could easily go down from the mountains and wander around northern asia and europe .
when woolly rhinoceros horns were found in russia during the 19th century , many believed that the strange - looking objects were the claws of giant birds . frozen carcasses found since in siberia completed the picture . the horns are worn down on the under surface which suggests they were swept back and forth sideways on the ground . this may have been to help clear snow off the grass , or as part of a ritual display , as in some modern rhinos . the woolly rhino ' s closest living relative is the sumatran rhino .
the headline for this on cnn read
ancient woolly rhino found in tibet
. it made me wonder if he was just sitting around , reading a magazine and smoking a cigarette , or being kept as a pet or something . lo and behold , they meant the remains of a woolly rhino !
the woolly rhino fossil is 3 . 6 million years old . when this animal was alive , the climate was generally warmer around the globe .
a herbivore who grazed on grass , shrubby sprouts , forbs ( small herbaceous plants ) , lichens and mosses . woolly rhinos had a broad front lip .
woolly rhino ( coelodonta antiquitatis ) remains have been found spanning eurasia , from the uk in the west to chukotka and kamchatka in the russian far east .
woolly rhinos are neutral , and will only attack if you attack them , other nearby rhinos will become aggressive as well if they are within a small range .
however , despite their thick coats , woolly rhinos could not have penetrated that deeply into the ice - covered regions . they could not cope with deep snow .
the woolly rhinos were regular grazers and browsers . their diet might have included grasses , shrubby sprouts , mosses , lichens , sedges , and small herbaceous plants .
the western sumatran rhinoceros ( dicerorhinus sumatrensis sumatrensis ) : this subspecies is the commonest of the 3 researchers estimated that there are around 275 of these individuals living in western sumatra . this variety has a slight genetic difference with the eastern variety .
awww , when i clicked the news story , i thought they had found a woolly rhino alive in tibet . your misleading headlines have fooled me again , cnn !
the woolly rhino needs to sprint for a few seconds in order to reach its full sprint speed . at full speed , attack damage is multiplied by 12 . 5
the geographical distribution of rhinoceros populations thus reflects a post - flood dispersion from the ark’s landing site on the ‘mountains of ararat’ ( genesis 8 : 4 ) . today , rhinos are increasingly confined to scattered national parks and reserves in the dry savannah of africa , the river valleys of india and the tropical jungles of southeast asia . however , historically the rhinoceros inhabited the middle east and europe as well as most of africa and asia—absolutely consistent with rhinos multiplying and spreading out from the ark . 14
woolly rhino skull , photographed in the humboldt museum , berlin , by markus bühler . note the ossified septum and downturned premaxillary tip in the nasal region . cc by .
orlando , l . , et al . , ancient dna analysis reveals woolly rhino evolutionary relationships , molecular phylogenetics and evolution 28 : 485–499 , 2003 . return to text .
the wooly rhino is an extinct rhinoceros species lived during the pleistocene epoch . the appearance of this species is known from cave paintings and mummified individuals found in its native range . several fossil specimens were found in siberia , with the latest being in 2007 .
they used their horns for defensive purposes ; and also to attract females during the mating season . this species wandered the doggerland and most of the northern europe . the alternative warm and cold seasons also forced them to migrate and expand their range . the habitat of woolly rhino also supported other grazing herbivores like woolly mammoth , bison and wild horses .
ok guys , here it is : this thing is a wicked - cool rhinoceros . talk about that for a minute . we can get back to fulminating about how much we hate eachother in , say , and article about a new kind of fishtank pebbles .
they found a skull with no hair on it and no horn . . . so the
fact
that it was woolly and had a flat horn is pure extrapolation .
these remains allowed scientists to determine that the woolly rhino had a long body and short legs , a flattened front horn and thick skin covered by a coat of thick fur .
that ' s not a woolly rhino . it ' s a jesus horse . that ' s the kahnd of horses they had back when our lord jesus chrahst woulked the earth .
unlike many prehistoric rhinos , woolly rhinos would be quite recognisable to us . they had a large front horn and second , smaller horn , plus stocky legs and a bulky body .
a complete carcass of a female woolly rhino was discovered at staruni , which now falls in ukraine . the salt and oil composition prevented decomposing that kept the soft tissues remain intact .
the two researchers’ evidence , as they explained to a joint meeting of the geological societies of china and america , held recently in chengdu , the capital of sichuan province , is the partial skeleton ( a skull , a jawbone and a couple of vertebrae ) of a primitive species of woolly rhinoceros . this specimen , found in the zanda basin of south - western tibet , dates from 3 . 7m years ago—well before the ice ages got going . it is smaller than an ice - age woolly rhino , but recognisably similar . in particular , though its horn has been lost , the place where it was attached to its skull is flanked by the sort of crest associated with the flat horns of the ice - age woolly rhino . these rhinos probably used their horns to scrape away snow that covered their food .
any pdf files provided by the rrc are for personal use only and may not be reproduced . the files reflect the holdings of the rrc library and only contain pages relevant to rhinoceros study , and may not be complete . users are obliged to follow all copyright restrictions .
robinson , t . j . et al . , interspecific hybridisation in rhinoceroses : confirmation of a black x white rhinoceros hybrid by karyotype , fluorescence in situ hybridisation ( fish ) and microsatellite analysis , conservation genetics 6 ( 1 ) : 141–145 , 2005 . return to text .
the northern sumatran rhinoceros ( dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis ) : unfortunately , this subspecies has been declared extinct . the individuals were rare , and roamed in the forests of ne india and northern bangladesh . although , unconfirmed reports suggest that , there is a small population left in burma .
woolly rhino : this rhino ' s entire body was covered with a thick , shaggy coat consisting of two types of hair , a thin dense undercoat and a long rigid covering hair .
as this ice and snow melted , the landscape of the time would also have become increasingly pitted with hollows and boggy banks , forming natural traps that woolly rhinos might have found impassable .
woolly rhino in pleistocene spanish landscape , by mauricio antón . is the horn anatomy shown here really accurate ? read on . image licensed under creative commons attribution 2 . 5 generic license .
woolly rhino is one of only two creatures for which kibble is not worth 80 points of food ( with the other being brontosaurus ) . it instead only fills 53 . 3 points .
all in all , the woolly rhinos had a harder time than their eocene and oligocene ancestors . according to schreve , the pleistocene is when life became truly difficult for many rhino species .
at belgium ' s spy cave site , which at the time was a hilly grassy environment home to big game , the neanderthal diet was meat - based with woolly rhinoceros and wild sheep , along with wild mushrooms . some 12 , 000 years earlier , at spain ' s el sidron cave site , which was a densely forested environment likely lacking large animals , the diet was wild mushrooms , pine nuts , moss and tree bark , with no sign of meat .
the exceptional state of preservation of the woolly rhinoceros from starunia , complete with internal organs and soft tissues , makes the specimen housed in the natural history museum of the institute of systematics and evolution of animals of the polish academy of sciences on st . sebastian street one of the most valuable specimens in the world . the preservation of the body of the rhino was possible because of the brine deposits and mineral wax ( ozokerite ) occurring at the site . the museum houses the mounted skin of the woolly rhino , a reconstruction of its skeleton prepared by jan stach , as well as a gypsum cast showing the original position of the animal at the starunia site .
the woolly rhino had a horn that is flattened a little bit ; more like a paddle than a stick , allowing it to more easily scoop up snow and uncover vegetation , wang said .
now an analysis of a female woolly rhino found preserved in siberia reveals that the animal was a herbivore that grazed mainly on cereals , and was similar in size to today ' s javan rhino .
plant fragments stuck in woolly rhino teeth ( most typically inside the infundibula – the crescent - shaped recesses present in the middles of the molars ) show that they were grazers , 96 % or so of their diet being made up of grasses , with mosses and forbs forming the remainder ( guthrie 1990 ) . however , preserved stomach contents show that woolly rhinos also ate dwarf willows and birches .
fighting woolly rhino depicted at chauvet . both rhinos have the dark transverse bands discussed in the text ( though they ' re not especially obvious ) . image from chernova & kirillova ( 2010 ) .
( c ) it was the very first man who arguably has had the biggest impact on the rhinoceros . the first man’s sin resulted in the whole creation being cursed , inaugurating death to the animals—which ultimately has even led to the extinction of whole kinds ( not just species ) of animals . 18
the woolly rhino is a rather threatening opponent , but with the right plan , can be dealt with accordingly . without the right equipment or strategy you are an easy target for the higher leveled rhino .
ancient cave paintings in france depict woolly mammoths , bison , lions , horses and this woolly rhino . standard evolutionary thinking ascribes these paintings to ‘primitive stone age’ individuals who are somehow mentally inferior to modern man . rather , the evidence indicates great artistic ability , so there is no reason to believe that anyone other than people just like us created these animal paintings . man has been intelligent from the very beginning .
his study confirms that the woolly rhino had thick brown skin and fur , and was a heavy lumbering animal , weighing around 1 . 5 tons , with dimensions similar to that of a modern javan rhino .
as the late pleistocene gave way to the early holocene , climate warming and moistening created deeper layers of snow in winter , and a similar fate is likely to have befallen the woolly rhino , said dr boeskorov .
african rhinos look smooth - skinned , while in asian species the skin hangs down in heavy folds . this is so pronounced in the indian rhinoceros that the plate - like folds give the appearance of armour . what’s more , the skin is covered with tubercles , hard lumps that superficially look like rivets in the ‘armour’ .
but no one knows why the woolly rhino had gone extinct by the end of the ice age , which was about 10 , 000 years ago . there ' s no evidence of overhunting by humans , wang said .
it’s possible that the indricotherium , teleoceras and woolly rhino , along with other descendants of the ark animals , may have died out in catastrophes at the end of the ice age , some 4 , 000 years ago . 5
we often picture
woolly
ice age animals surrounded by snow and ice . but they would not have been able to exist in such places , says danielle schreve of royal holloway , university of london in the uk .
the woolly rhino would have been on the arc as well . there were two of every species on the arc , many of which we don ' t know about today . that is how these animals traveled to other continents .
server admins can use this region information in the console command
cheat settargetdinocolor < colorregion > < colorid >
. for example ,
cheat settargetdinocolor 0 6
would color the woolly rhino ' s
skin
magenta .
the rhinoceros is herbivorous . they generally live on fruits , leaves , twigs , bamboos , and barks . sometimes they also consume crops . but this species is usually a browser and opportunistic feeder that would thrive in a wide variety of diet . dung tests made by researchers have shown that they feast upon more than one hundred species of plants .
he analysed a woolly rhino carcass first discovered in 2007 , in the lower reaches of the kolyma river . the animal was found buried at a depth of five to nine metres from the surface of the opening of a gold mine .
small spaces can be used to your advantage as the woolly rhino can not use it ' s charge ability . also the wild rhinos are not incredibly agile , so you can easily tranq a rhino while circling around a large rock .
rather than plodding forlornly across ice sheets , then , woolly rhinos would have lived in an environment known as
mammoth steppe
. the climate was cold and dry , but there were plenty of herbs and shrubs for them to eat .
. they are a rare member of the family rhinocerotidae , the only extant species of the genus ‘dicerorhinus’ , and one of five extant rhinoceroses . although they have a large body , nonetheless , they are the smallest among all the rhino species . the sumatran rhinoceros is an elusive animal , and because of their rarity , the details of its life history are scarce .
woolly rhinos are not depicted all that frequently in palaeolithic cave art . they’re massively out - numbered by illustrations of mammoths , bison and horses ( guthrie 2005 ) . in fact , until recently , only about 20 woolly rhino images were known ( a lesser number of portable depictions of coelodonta are known as well ) ( bahn & vertut 1997 ) . however , this number has more than doubled thanks to the discovery of the remarkable chauvet cave in france , where there are about 60 rhino images .
the woolly rhino first appeared some 350 , 000 years ago and may have survived until as recently as 10 , 000 years ago . their fossils are fairly common and have been discovered throughout europe and asia . well - preserved remains have been discovered frozen in ice and buried in oil - saturated soils . in ukraine , a complete carcass of a female woolly rhino was discovered buried in the mud . the combination of oil and salt prevented the remains from decomposing , allowing the soft tissues to remain intact .
woolly rhino skeleton . even without soft tissues , we would know that this is a grazing rhino with a shoulder hump . its nasal region is especially odd . image by franco atirado , licensed under creative commons attribution - share alike 3 . 0 unported license .
it grew to the length of about 3 to 3 . 8 meters ( 9 . 8 to 12 . 5 ft ) with the shoulder height measuring at 2 m ( 6 . 6 ft ) . the woolly rhino was believed to be relatively larger than the white rhinos .
nowadays , elephants and rhinoceroses are tropical species . until recently , though , they wandered as far north as the arctic ocean . the last woolly rhino died about 8 , 000 years ago . woolly mammoths lasted another 3 , 500 years , succumbing only when human beings arrived in their siberian refuges . what no one has known , however , is when and where these animals evolved the eponymous coats that allowed them to range in such high latitudes . the best guess was that they grew them gradually , as ice began to grip the world 2 . 6m years ago .
this is the new frontier for discovery in science . we can expect to have a lot of new discoveries as we keep exploring the tibetan plateau ,
said xiaoming wang from the natural history museum of los angeles county , who led the team and discovered the woolly rhino skull .
at the time the animal lived , the researchers found , the earliest human ancestors hadn ' t left africa . the descendants of both of those species did meet , however , millions of years later in the late ice age . in fact , there are cave paintings depicting woolly rhinos .
a baby woolly rhino , found by alexander banderov , a hunter and businessman from abyysky , in a frozen riverbank in siberia , was the only complete young specimen ever found . the individual , later nicknamed sasha , was donated it to the yakutian academy of sciences in russia for study .
researchers have found the earliest known fossil of a primitive woolly rhino in the himalayas , in addition to many other remains of animals that no longer exist . this may mean that some giant mammals first evolved in what is now tibet before the ice age began about 2 . 6 million years ago .
horn pairs known for various woolly rhino specimens , from shidlovskiy et al . ( 2011 ) . the anterior / nasal horn is , obviously , usually longer and more curved than the posterior / frontal one . the arrows point to obvious wear present along the leading margin . scale bar = 10 cm .
but in the case of the woolly rhino xiaoming wang , of the natural history museum of los angeles county , and deng tao , of the institute of vertebrate palaeontology and palaeoanthropology in beijing , disagree . they think woolly rhinos arrived in the ice - age tundra fully formed , and suspect other beasts may have done so , too . in their view it was not global climate change that forced rhinos to sport shaggy coats , but rather a trip on a geological elevator . they believe the change happened when the beasts were uplifted by plate tectonics to become inhabitants of the world’s penthouse suite : the plateau of tibet .
the woolly rhino had a horn that is flattened a little bit ; more like a paddle than a stick , allowing it to more easily scoop up snow and uncover vegetation , wang said . it was roughly the size of the modern black rhino of africa , which may weigh 1 . 2 tons to 1 . 6 tons .
rhinos are said to have poor eyesight , but an excellent sense of smell . their ears can swivel independently of each other and can pick up the faintest sounds from any direction . their three - toed feet are large ( which helps to spread the load they carry ) , and leave a characteristic three - lobed footprint much like an ace of clubs . as in other heavyweight mammals like elephants and hippos , rhinoceros legs are almost straight—the ideal anatomy to prevent buckling when the animal is standing .
what does coelodonta look like in popular depictions ? artists have most usually shown it looking just like a modern black or white rhino dressed in a brown furry coat . i’ve never been satisfied with these sorts of reconstructions since they ignore the many nuances of woolly rhino anatomy , some of which have been obvious since the 1870s at least .
the dossier mentions that the woolly rhino is often hunted for its horn , which can be ground up into a valuable powder . this is likely a satirical reference to the illegal rhino hunting trade , as poachers kill rhinoceroses to sell their horns in asian markets , and it is traditionally believed that the horns are an ingredient in aphrodisiacs .
humans were probably the last straw , says schreve .
you can probably lay some of the blame for extinction at their door , but really they ' re the final nail in the coffin ,
she says . the woolly rhinos had already
gone through millennia of rapid climate change that they were poorly suited to withstand .
: coelodonta had long , gray - brown , shaggy fur and two large horns ( made of matted hair ) . the larger horn , at the tip of the snout , grew to be up to 3 feet ( 1 m ) long in mature males . the woolly rhino was about 11 feet ( 3 . 5 m ) long .
illustration from guthrie ( 1990 ) showing the head ( with in - situ horns ) of a woolly rhino preserved in the zoological museum in leningrad : note , again , the massive difference in the form and length of the horns in this individual , and also that lip form is preserved ( as it also is in the starunia rhino ) .
as well as the five living species of rhino—two in africa ( black , white ) , and three in asia ( sumatran , indian , javan ) —there were once other rhino species , which are extinct today . there was the two - horned woolly rhino , which roamed the colder climates in europe and asia , and had long shaggy hair . 1
the smallest species is the sumatran rhino , which unlike the other surviving species is slightly woolly . it is also critically endangered . one subspecies is represented by just three captive individuals . as well as the threat from poachers , rhinos are also hindered by their need to give birth in secluded , shrub - covered areas . such places are becoming harder to find .
in the 4 , 500 years since the flood , there was ample time for the rhinoceros to have multiplied from just two animals up to such large population levels—nicely re - demonstrated for us today in the way that endangered rhino populations have recently bounced back from low numbers . for example , under conservation management , the white rhino has gone from ‘near extinction’ a few decades ago to now being 11 , 000 - strong . similarly the indian rhino was down to a mere dozen individuals in 1908 , but now over 2 , 000 indian rhinos live in protected parks . 15
climate change and hyperdisease falls among the theories associated with the extinction of woolly rhino . however , the main reason is believed to be hunting by the human . as they were adapted to expreme conditions , climate change could not the primary reason for which they went extinct . other cold - adapted species like muskox , wisent , reindeer and others survived this time that backs the ‘overhunting’ hypothesis .
the rhinoceros is routinely described as a ‘prehistoric’ beast that has inhabited the earth for ‘millions of years’ . but such language presumes evolution is true , 4 and that rhinos are descendants of the first mammals to have evolved hooves ( such as cattle and sheep ) . evolutionists say that the horse and the tapir are the rhino’s closest relatives—all are assigned to the perissodactyls , or ‘odd - toed ungulates’ ( ungulate means ‘hoofed animal’ ) . evolutionists believe that perissodactyls preceded the artiodactyls , the ‘even - toed ungulates’ , which include animals as diverse as the deer , pig , camel and hippopotamus .
deng , t . , wang , x . , fortelius , m . , li , q . , wang , y . , tseng , z . j . , takeuchi , g . t . , saylor , j . e . , säilä , l . k . & xie , g . 2011 . out of tibet : pliocene woolly rhino suggests highhplateau origin of ice age megaherbivores . science 6047 , 1285 - 1288 .
rhinos are an ancient lineage . the woolly rhino’s closest living ancestor , as proved by looking at the genes of frozen specimens , is the sumatran rhino . the line these two belong to split from those leading to the other four modern rhino species some 26m years ago , when tibet was lower than it is now , so the hypothesis of dr wang and dr deng is plausible . and if it were true for rhinos , it might be true for other ice - age species .
subspecies of c . antiquitatis have , incidentally , been named : a middle pleistocene specimen from france was regarded as the type of the new taxon c . a . praecursor . like the asian c . tologoijensis and other more archaic coelodonta taxa , it has a proportionally broader skull , more anteriorly located orbits , and more curved zygomatic arches than the classic woolly rhinos of the late pleistocene . however , kahlke & lacombat ( 2008 ) removed c . a . praecursor from c . antiquitatis and synonymised it with c . tologoijensis .
the woolly rhino , at least in theory , is the only creature in the game more powerful than a giganotosaurus , when at a certain , albeit very high , level , as it gains more health per wild and tames level , and with a full charge , does 20 more damage at level 1 . however , this is assuming that the stats are distributed the same for both the giga and the rhino , and this is at the very least highly unlikely on official servers , as the level would be incredibly high .
regularly spaced , dark bands along the horn ( closely spaced at the base but well separated towards the tip ) were presumably visible in life . these have sometimes been suggested to be annual growth bands , in which case they show that woolly rhinos lived on occasion to over 30 years , a lifespan about similar to that of modern rhino species . however , shidlovskiy et al . ( 2011 ) noted that dark bands of this sort might be more to do with the rate of melanin deposition and may not be annual at all .
travel : funnily enough , land travel is often dismissed due to getting stuck on trees and on rocks , but the woolly rhino when sprinting will instantly knock down trees , and the trees will not cause the rhino to stop or slow down . their very high weight also allows them to carry a lot over land which can be very useful for a large move . they ' re for certain a mid - late game travelling mammal , if you don ' t want the fear of being noticed or tracked from the air ( level speed and stamina ) .
at the moment the zanda basin is 4 , 000 metres above sea level . but fossil snails found near the rhino suggest that when it was alive the area was as much as 5 , 500 metres up . it must therefore have subsided after having been thrown up during the collision of india with asia , which created tibet . such altitude would have produced just the sort of selective pressure needed for woolly coats , flat horns and other adaptations to the cold to evolve . this done , the ice ages would have made the rest of the world a friendly place .
there are many good strategies that exist to take down a woolly rhino . it has incredible melee power , so dealing with one usually incorporates ranged attacks . bullets and arrows can take down one fairly quickly , but beware the deadly charging maneuver it will use to counter any ranged attacks . attacking from higher ground such as a cliff or the back of a quetzal will keep you safe from attack , if such a situation is available . it ' s also possible to use a decoy and then attack it . as there are many viable strategies , any will work as long as the rhino cannot skewer a potential tribemate or beloved animal .
all in all , we clearly know a lot of detail about the appearance of this animal and artists who choose to depict it should clearly incorporate these numerous details . all too often , they have not : you can see inaccurate horn and lip shapes in numerous reconstructions , and many don’t incorporate the apparently genuine details of pigmentation that we know about , the dark body band in particular . and i’m becoming increasingly frustrated with palaeontologists who are paid to be consultants for palaeontological artists but who don’t know , or – better – don’t care about getting things right . here’s a woolly rhino cheat - sheet , compiled by combining everything we know . . .
what else do we know about the life appearance of this rhino ? the pelt of the woolly rhino was long , consisting of both light , fine strands as well as coarser , darker guard hairs . the skin ( preserved on the starunia carcass ) is covered with small , abundant protuberances ( nowak et al . 1930 ) . the hair follicles vary in size according to the hairs they supported , with those on the back of the neck being largest : a fact consistent with the presence of a mane . three or four low humps formed from skin and fat – not all of which correspond with the underlying neural spines – are present on the middle part of the neck and shoulder , as they are in living white rhinos .
sumatran rhinos are the smallest of the living rhinoceroses and the only asian rhino with two horns . they are covered with long hair and are more closely related to the extinct woolly rhinos than any of the other rhino species alive today . calves are born with a dense covering that turns reddish brown in young adults and becomes sparse , bristly and almost black in older animals . the front horn is usually 25 - 80 cm long , while the posterior horn is usually quite small and often no more than 10 cm . adult males grow to between 2 - 4m in length and reach up to 1 - 1 . 5m in height . they can weigh as much as 950kg , considerably less than their larger relatives elsewhere in asia and africa .
all woolly rhino images consistently show a massively deep , hugely convex shoulder hump that extends all the way forward to the back of the head . the hump is so massive that , when the animal is depicted in a grazing pose , the anterior edge of the hump is sometimes shown overhanging virtually the whole of the face . limb length and how close the body is to the ground varies quite a bit . some illustrations show the limbs as being proportionally tiny , the belly being almost in contact with the ground , and a long , shaggy fringe of fur along the ventral surface of the belly . the majority , however , do not show this , and instead the belly is well up off the ground and a ventral hair fringe is missing . perhaps the coat was variable according to season . what about colour ? we’ll come to that in a minute .
wang ' s team found other fossils of curious extinct animals , including a three - toed horse , a snow leopard and a badger , among more than two dozen others .
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this article is about wooly rhinos , not the inaccurate work of fiction known as the old testament . i wish godtards could respect the topic at hand and stop forcing their insane views on thinking people reading about science .
i didn ' t read the whole post because the comments are just crazy ! it ' s funny how peoples imaginations work . this looks cool by the time you ' ve read this i finished reading the article . just to let you know 🙂
that ' s not a rhino if it has horns . rhinos don ' t have horns . those things on their noses are made of hair . ( different jon )
those things on the nose of rhinos are made of ivory , not hair .
although they ' re made of the same substance as hair , they are hard , like horns , and are called horns .
the idea that evolutionists are some how better educated , smarter , better informed , etc . than those who disagree with them would be more likely to carry the day if its proponents did not demonstrate at nearly every opportunity that the are not so .
i find it amusing that many posts in the science blog turn into an argument about the existence of god , and the exact same thing happens in the belief blog . you people are wasting your breath trying to convince each other when you have both made up your minds on what you believe . i choose to believe in god but i freely admit that he may not exist . if i am talking to an atheist that doesn ' t want to hear about my belief in god then i won ' t force it on them . it has been proven many times that the fire hose technique of converting someone who is firm in their rejection of your belief does not work . , so stop arguing with each other and get along . for those christians out there , remember that love is what ultimately matters , and jesus told the disciples to shake the dust off their sandals and leave a town that did not want to hear the gospel .
if you could reason with religious people , there would be no religious people .