lomechusa pubicollis is a species of rove beetle in the family staphylinidae .

it is unusual in that its larvae develop in the nests of one species of ant and the immature adults overwinter in the nest of another species of ant .

these beetles are highly specialised myrmecophiles , tricking the ants into caring for them , and one of about 125 species of invertebrates that rely on spending part of their lives in and around the nests of red wood ants .

lomechusa pubicollis

lomechusa pubicollis brisout de barneville , 1860 family : staphylinidae size : 3 , 7 - 4 , 3 mm distribution : europe ecology : lives with formica rufa location : germany , bavaria , upper franconia , selbitz leg . det . u . schmidt , 2003 photo : u . schmidt , 2006
lomechusa pubicollis c . brisout de barneville , 1860 : tronquet ( 2014 ) : 305 . [ statut pour la france métropolitaine ] tronquet , m . [ coord . ] 2014 . catalogue des coléoptères de france . revue de l’association roussillonnaise d’entomologie , 23 ( supplément ) : 1 - 1052 .
hlaváč , p . 2005 . revision of the myrmecophilous genus lomechusa ( coleoptera : staphylinidae : aleocharinae ) . sociobiology 46 ( 2 ) : 203 - 250 .
contribution to the physiology of the guest - host - relations ( myrmecophily ) in ants - i . the relation between the myrmecophilic atemeles - and lomechusa - larvae and formica
contribution to the physiology of the guest - host - relations ( myrmecophily ) in ants - i . the relation between the myrmecophilic atemeles - and lomechusa - larvae and formica — arizona state university
zur physiologie der gast - wirt - beziehungen ( myrmecophilie ) bei ameisen - i . das gastverhältnis der atemeles - und lomechusa - larven ( col . staphylinidae ) zu formica ( hym . formicidae )
zur physiologie der gast - wirt - beziehungen ( myrmecophilie ) bei ameisen - i . das gastverhältnis der atemeles - und lomechusa - larven ( col . staphylinidae ) zu formica ( hym . formicidae ) .
t1 - zur physiologie der gast - wirt - beziehungen ( myrmecophilie ) bei ameisen - i . das gastverhältnis der atemeles - und lomechusa - larven ( col . staphylinidae ) zu formica ( hym . formicidae )
title =
zur physiologie der gast - wirt - beziehungen ( myrmecophilie ) bei ameisen - i . das gastverh { \
a } ltnis der atemeles - und lomechusa - larven ( col . staphylinidae ) zu formica ( hym . formicidae )
,
the “rove beetle hypothesis . ” let us speculate wildly , then , and assume that , like the lomechusa , the system proffers its trichomes for the licking , i . e . , it administers the narcotizing dosage with “defensive” intent all the more keenly as it senses that its parasitical appropriation is somehow perturbed , disturbed by an obstacle , be it a passive or an active obstacle within the enlarged host community . a passive obstacle can be “useless” live matter “competing , ” despite itself , for nurture and resources , such as the unemployable lower classes ; an active obstacle , on the other hand , is a willfully organized social unit ( somehow capable of ) antagonizing the parasite itself .
we would like to thank elisa plazio for artwork and two anonymous referees for providing valuable comments on earlier version of manuscript . m . witek was supported by a grant from the polish national science centre ( post - doctoral internship - no . dec - 2012 / 04 / s / nz8 / 00218 ) . f . barbero was partially supported by italian ministry of education , university and research ( miur ) . b . markó participation was supported by a scientific collaboration between the romanian academy and the polish academy of sciences , and by a grant of the ministry of national education ( romania ) , cncs - uefiscdi , project no . pn - ii - id - pce - 2012 - 4 - 0595 .
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this is a myrmecophilous genus of staphylinidae with thirteen species . all are inquilines in the nests of fopmica , myrmica and occasionally lasius .
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this page was last modified on 8 april 2017 , at 23 : 21 .
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an organism , especially an insect , that lives in close association with or shares a nest with a species of ant .
[ noun ] an organism , especially an insect , that lives in close association with or shares a nest with a species of ant .
arthropods and their manifold relations to host ants are interesting from an evolutionary perspective .
glands ) , whose secretions can manipulate the ants’ behavior and thus facilitate interspecies bonding .
lifestyles are mainly insects , e . g . beetles ( coleoptera ) , flies ( diptera ) and butterflies .
nest of the larvae - host formica the beetle moves to myrmica and returns to formica after hibernation .
the much larger laying tube and size of the eggs ofa . f . are in so far
at westbank , b . c . , during 1954 and 1955 the insects closely associated with the antformica subnitens creighton were the arctiidcrambidia casta ( pack . ) , which pupates
showing page 1 . found 17 sentences matching phrase
myrmecophile
. found in 0 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .
the image of the plastered ants staggering , directionless and hallucinated , in the corridors of their structure , while their incubator teems with baby freaks has stuck in my head . it cannot fail to impress , especially for the quite obvious analogies ( with our human realm ) it immediately suggests .
american psychiatrist thomas s . szasz ( 1920 - 2012 ) once aphorized that “ addiction , obesity , starvation ( anorexia nervosa ) are political problems , not psychiatric : each condenses and expresses a contest between the individual and some other person or persons in his environment over the control of the individual’s body . ” szasz viewed the question as an existential problem reducible to basic individualistic impulses . wives put on layers of fat to repel husbands whose sexual attention they no longer desire , while husbands drink themselves to oblivion not to cope with the requests of wives they can no longer abide . obesity , then , might be the art of building adipose armor against a hostile , merciless environment , etc . in this sense , intoxication , or “ addiction , ” is a way out ; it is protection & escape ; a willful avenue of “ freedom . ”
the problem with modern states , said szasz , is that these want to control everything , including health . and in such “ therapeutic states , ” the technocracy gets to decide who is to consume which drug and when . what it approves is therefore legal — alcohol , cigarettes , and prescriptions drugs — and what it does not —“hard drugs” ( heroin , meth , cocaine , etc . ) — it fights with a series of crusades : the infamous , cyclical , never - ending “war on drugs , ”
yes , but for as clever as these remarks may be , they miss the fundamental point of the problem . our states are indeed therapeutic states , though not for the sadistic sake of nondescript “control , ” which affirmation leads to a pool of inconclusive libertarian inanities on this count . the state —clearly , on behalf of its elite— perforce monitors what is possibly the chief resource of the human ant - heap , and that is its labor . productivity . and drugs , clearly , affect productivity .
this is a constraint , considering that —and here is the second piece of the state’s balancing act — a general state of oblivious intoxication is advisable for the obvious purpose of suppressing dissent . a nation of stoners would be ideal in this respect . therefore , at heart , the question is —as it always is in the technocratic framework— one of efficient management : i . e . , how best to calibrate the dosage of national intoxication without impairing labor productivity ( too much ) .
since drugs affect labor productivity , it thus becomes crucial to study the effects upon it of all narcotics ; classify them , and finally legislate accordingly .
traditionally , when manufacturing occupied a sizeable portion of our worker - ants , booze and smoke were the only two intoxicants allowed . the others were indisputably impairing their ( assembly - line ) performance . alcohol galore after 5 pm and a death by liver - failure one day after retirement posed no problem whatsoever for the state : one had given it its due . onto the next ant .
lately , the ( gradual ) push toward the legalization of marijuana in the us is simply dictated by the progressive manufacturing off - shoring of the country : with 60 percent of all production in the service sector , it has been noted that many such jobs ( shipping , mail order , warehousing , etc . ) can be —and , in fact , are— carried out with a ( slight ) weed buzz .
“ [ geographically ] , the drug epidemic has been concentrated in former coal mining regions such as kentucky , west virginia and tennessee , along with so - called “rust - belt” states such as michigan , ohio , indiana and pennsylvania . these areas of the country have been hardest hit by decades of deindustrialization , mass layoffs and wage - cutting , beginning in the late 1970s and continuing ever since . ”
more importantly , it has been reported that “heroin abuse” is tightly tied to prescription drug abuse . ” purportedly , almost half of people addicted to heroin are also addicted to painkillers ( to opioids such as oxycontin and vicodin ) . indeed , “the number of overdose deaths from prescription pain medication is larger than those of heroin and cocaine combined : [ … ] enough painkillers were prescribed by american doctors during one month in 2010 to medicate every american around the clock for an entire month . ”
“a majority of those who take prescription pain medicine for non - medical reasons get them free from a friend or relative . in nearly 85 percent of those cases , the friend or relative obtained them from one doctor . one in five users obtains prescriptions themselves from one doctor . ”
what are the causes officially advanced to account for this social disaster ? despite the initial allegations , heroin abuse has not lately increased as a result of the alleged efforts to curb the “therapeutic” otc distribution of opioids : “ in fact , increases in heroin overdose death rates were associated with increases in prescription opioid overdose death rates . ” prevalently , they say , the contagion appears to be due to the availability and lower price of heroin in the united states . which is to say , more specifically , that americans blame the epidemic on two factors . domestically , they hold culpable ( the putative irresponsibility of ) the health system . internationally , the border patrol , is , on the other hand , faulted for failing to restrain the influx of “a cheaper , more potent opioid” from mexico , whose heroin traffickers are said to have made special efforts to expand into communities with established prescription opioid problems .
in the figure below , we may discern the two ( coordinated ) providers of mass intoxication — the therapeutic state and the crime syndicate— working hand in hand . the therapeutic sedation seems to be ongoing , while death by heroin overdose takes off in 2010 . meanwhile , in 2009 , according to a realistic estimation , the unemployment rate had jumped from 15 to ca . 22 percent ( it presently approaches 25 percent , 5 times higher than the official figure )
as for the “former coal mining regions , ” they are , indeed , ( among ) the most depressed areas , characterized by a starkly unequal distribution of wealth and a dramatic increase in the incidence of obesity . chronologically , they were at the forefront of the addiction . here is how they appear on a mapping of the late drug overdose epidemic ( below are shown the drug overdose deaths per 100 , 000 ) .
one can see that these regions form an epicenter , but certainly not the sole epicenter of the plague . in fact , comparing east , west and midwest , it is rather the west—over an area that , incidentally , corresponds roughly to the bulk of federally owned land — that appears to be the zone most consistently afflicted .
the parasitical nature of the america’s oligarchic crust is no longer a matter of dispute ; its glaringness is so effulgent that it is now a matter of established knowledge . the last generation has witnessed the exceptional ascent of the top 20 percent of us income - earners at the general expense of the middle strata , whose overall levels of real remuneration and job security have dramatically fallen . at the more obscene altitudes , the top 1 percent in the ant - heap captures most of income growth , besides claiming over 40 percent of all wealth ( the top 0 . 1 percent commands unto itself almost a quarter of the total ) . figures such as the one below show this .
as may be seen , the bulk of system’s parasitical “rents” is made up of speculative ( financial ) returns —capital gains and income— and the rental proceeds of so - called “unincorporated business ( aka “a business trust” ) , which is a legal construction employed , more often than not , for subtracting previously accumulated money from taxation . ( incidentally , the phenomenal capital bonanza that has catapulted into the stratosphere this new rentier class with the past three bubbles —from the late 1980s to the present— is not in the least the haphazard effect of putative “lifestyle transformations” or of “greed unbound , ” but the predictable outcome of top - level state - policy dictated by the us’s hegemonic imperatives on the international scene ) .
now , this general pauperization of ( socially peripheral ) america may be said to have entailed an “evacuation” of redundant , unemployable flesh , which the state - licensed therapeutists and , say , “los zetas” have thereupon proceeded to narcotize , and eventually finish off ( through overdose ) .
so far i have not been able to find data or a map that would allow me to posit grounds for any kind of correlation between the opioid epidemic and the rise of anti - government patriots . that the latter recruit wherever malaise , and addiction , festers is undoubted . the question is whether the influx persists where these groups are active in order to undermine the recruiting terrain itself . the best i can do for the time being is to superimpose upon the addiction map the locations of the episodes of violence that have involved sovereign citizens in the period 2010 - 2014 .
be that as it may —speaking of flesh , for which the system has no use and is thus perfectly amenable to dispose of— there is one more correspondence to highlight here . and that is the suggestive overlap of the areas of recent addiction with those in which the sparse remnants of the first nations are confined ( below , the map on the left indicates “ a merican indian and alaska native as percentage of county population” ) . this would be phase iii of the genocide : after being afflicted with the curse of “casino economics , ” which has scorched any possible foundation for re - launching a wholesome economic cycle , it now appears that the very last of the mohicans are in for the narcotizing coup de grâce .
whence the drugs for the reservations in the west ? there is a second conduit into the country , which is canada . and this could provide the beginning of an explanation to the deep mystery of british columbia’s extraordinarily over - inflated real - estate market : the third most unaffordable in the world after hong - kong and sydney ( for it cannot be all be due to the pressure of chinese money , as “everybody” claims ) . canada is the vector , especially by way of washington state and idaho , of the formidably magnified throughput of heroin from afghanistan , which , in yet another instalment of this never - ending game , has witnessed a formidable harvest , a 35 - fold increase in opium production since the beginning of the war .
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the littletooth sandeater ( lethrinops microstoma ) is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it is known from sandy areas around cape maclear and in senga bay .

this species grows to a length of 14.5 centimetres ( 5.7 in ) tl .

littletooth sandeater

how can i put and write and define littletooth sandeater in a sentence and how is the word littletooth sandeater used in a sentence and examples ? 用littletooth sandeater造句 , 用littletooth sandeater造句 , 用littletooth sandeater造句 , littletooth sandeater meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
the
' littletooth sandeater
' (
lethrinops microstoma
) is a species of cichlid tl . it can also be found in the aquarium trade .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake malawi with a wide distribution and no known major widespread threats .
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freshwater ; demersal ; potamodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 13°s - 15°s
africa : endemic to lake malawi . found at cape maclear , east coast , near masinje , and likoma islands . also in senga bay .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4985 )
encountered only in shallow sandy and intermediate habitats when breeding , and disappeared in the same area after the season . probably migrates to deeper levels when not breeding . feeds on invertebrates ( ref . 5595 ) .
maréchal , c . , 1991 . lethrinops . p . 233 - 240 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 4985 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 37 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 16 of 100 ) .
kasembe , j . 2006 . lethrinops microstoma . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . < urltoken > . downloaded on 23 april 2013 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref .
) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 37 se ; based on food items .
) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
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; acqua dolce demersale ; potamodromo ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical , preferred ? ; 13°s - 15°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 5 cm tl maschio / sesso non determinato ; ( ref . 4985 )


the equatorial saki ( pithecia aequatorialis ) , also called the red-bearded saki , is a species of saki monkey , a type of new world monkey .

it is found in northeastern peru and ecuador .

not much is known about the equatorial saki , its range being specifically unknown .

equatorial saki

di fiore a , fernandez - duque e , hurst d ( 2007 ) . adult male replacement in socially monogamous equatorial saki monkeys (
fernandez - duque e , di fiore a , de luna g ( 2013 ) . pair - mate relationships and parenting in equatorial saki monkeys (
hurst d , di fiore a , fernandez - duque e ( 2005 ) . male replacement in a wild group of equatorial sakis
25 - ecology and behavior of saki monkeys ( genus pithecia ) pp . 262 - 271
norconk ma , setz e ( 2013 ) . ecology and behavior of saki monkeys ( genus
the red - bearded saki is found in the country of peru ( kinzey , 1997 ) .
buchanan db , mittermeier ra , van roosmalen mgm ( 1981 ) . the saki monkeys , genus
the equatorial saki is listed as least concern ( lr / lc ) , lowest risk . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
thompson cl , whitten pl , norconk ma ( 2011 ) . can male white - faced saki monkeys (
setz ezf , gaspar da ( 1997 ) . scent marking behaviour in free - ranging golden - faced saki monkeys
thompson cl , norconk ma ( 2011 ) . within - group social bonds in white - faced saki monkeys (
norconk m ( 2001 ) . white - faced saki group dynamics in lago guri , venezuela : 1990 to 2000 .
setz ezf , enzweiler j , solferini vn , amêndola mp , berton rs ( 1999 ) . geophagy in the golden - faced saki monkey
savage a , lasley bl , vecchio aj , miller ae , shideler se ( 1995 ) . selected aspects of female white - faced saki (
delayed dispersal and immigration in equatorial sakis ( pithecia aequatorialis ) : factors in the transition from pair - to group - living - fulltext - folia primatologica 2017 , vol . 88 , no . 1 - karger publishers
here we describe the immigration of an adult male equatorial saki into a group following the departure of the previous resident adult male . at the time of immigration , the group contained an adult female , her adult daughter , her juvenile daughter , and her infant . to investigate saki social dynamics following the replacement of a pair mate ( and the putative father of a female ' s offspring ) by an immigrant male into a group with 2 adult females known to be mother and daughter , we tested the following predictions :
porter a , grote m , isbell l , fernandez - duque e , di fiore a ( 2015 ) . a saki saga : dynamic and disruptive relationships among
marsh , l . k . 2014 . a taxonomic revision of the saki monkeys , pithecia desmarest , 1804 . neotropical primates 21 ( 1 ) : 1 - 163 .
( fleagle , 1988 ) . when the red - bearded saki takes off from a tree branch , most likely it does this from a vertical clinging position ( walker , 1993 ) .
shideler se , savage a , ortuno am , moorman ea , lasley bl ( 1994 ) . monitoring female reproductive function by measurement of fecal estrogen and progesterone metabolites in white - faced saki (
van belle , sarie fernandez - duque , eduardo and di fiore , anthony 2016 . demography and life history of wild red titi monkeys ( callicebus discolor ) and equatorial sakis ( pithecia aequatorialis ) in amazonian ecuador : a 12 - year study . american journal of primatology , vol . 78 , issue . 2 , p . 204 .
( kinzey , 1997 ) . the red - bearded saki has robust incisors and canines that it uses to break through the tough pericarp of fruit ( fleagle , 1988 ) . this species is sexually dimorphic in terms of pelage color ( kinzey , 1997 ) .
thompson , cynthia l . 2016 . to pair or not to pair : sources of social variability with white - faced saki monkeys ( pithecia pithecia ) as a case study . american journal of primatology , vol . 78 , issue . 5 , p . 561 .
they seem to be most common in riverside , seasonally flooded and swamp forests , but have been seen in terra firme forests as well . ( note , the monk saki seems to prefer terra firme forests - so it is possible that these are species specific niche preferences )
the red - bearded saki has a multimale - multifemale social system . fleagle and meldrum ( 1988 ) have suggested that this species lives in small groups that come together to form larger congregations . these groups of red - bearded sakis are described as closed social units ( soini , 1986 ) . males do groom their young ( kinzey , 1997 ) .
our first prediction that the immigrant male would develop a preferential affiliative relationship with one female - either the resident female or her adult daughter - as indicated by higher rates of approaches and more time spent in proximity and grooming , was not fully supported . thus , it is not entirely evident that primary dyads are a feature of saki social relationships in groups with multiple adults . rather , our study suggests that in this one group of equatorial sakis , social interactions were not demonstrably stronger among a particular male - female pair . even after 12 months of observation , it was not clear whether the immigrant male had formed a stronger affiliative relationship with either of the 2 adult females . overall , the immigrant male spent more time closer to the adult daughter and more time grooming with her than he did with the resident female . however , grooming was more reciprocal between the immigrant male and the adult daughter , and for both females , the immigrant male , rather than the female , was more often the groomer . the apparent pattern was one where the immigrant male ' s social dynamics with each of the 2 adult females fluctuated over time .
although once considered strictly pair - living , saki monkeys are becoming recognized for variability in their grouping patterns . multi - year studies on white - faced sakis have provided rich accounts describing their social relationships and mating patterns , but such data are limited for other species of sakis [ but see di fiore et al . , 2007 ; fernandez - duque et al . , 2013 ; porter et al . , 2015 ; van belle et al . , 2015 ] . norconk and setz [ 2013 ] suggested that white - faced sakis may represent a departure from the amazonian species , especially in their propensity toward nonmonogamous mating strategies .
the resident female lost her 1 - month - old infant in january , soon after the immigration of the male , and she gave birth again in november . it is thus possible that the immigrant male behaved more affiliatively toward the resident female during a time when she was cycling and ovulating . captive studies of white - faced sakis have revealed approximately 195 days of lactational amenorrhea , ovarian cycles of 16 - 17 days , and a gestation period of about 150 days [ shideler et al . , 1994 ; savage et al . , 1995 ] . there is indirect evidence that male white - faced sakis may distinguish cycling versus noncycling females through olfactory cues [ thompson et al . , 2011 ] , and if this is supported in the future by direct evidence , the same may apply to equatorial sakis . this is a topic for the future , however , as we have no hormonal data from the animals in our study population .
finally , the study area may be saturated with breeding pairs , thus limiting opportunities for the adult daughter to establish herself and breed in a new area . habitat saturation can be inferred from the presence of floaters and quick invasion of territories following disappearances [ tilson , 1981 ] , both of which have been observed at tiputini . for example , di fiore et al . [ 2007 ] reported multiple unfamiliar animals being seen near this group immediately following the death of the original resident male , and an unknown male was observed ranging with the study animals only 4 days after the previous resident male had departed [ porter et al . , 2015 ] . these possibilities again point to the need for further research to understand better the social dynamics that lead to variation in saki social organization .
sakis ( genus pithecia ) commonly live in socially monogamous groups , but data from wild populations on group dynamics and on the turnover of reproductive - age animals are rare . here we describe the replacement of the adult male in one group of sakis in the ecuadorian amazon following the death of the initial resident . we use 354 h of focal behavioral data to describe differences in the spatial relationships among group members before and after the replacement and to examine changes in the rate of male - to - female grooming , aggression , scent marking and vocalization . interactions with extragroup individuals within the group’s home range were more frequent during and after the replacement than before . the presence of such additional animals during periods of reproductive turnover may explain at least some reported observations of saki groups with more than 1 reproductive - age male or female .
, but seeds and nuts constitute a large part of diet . this species also consumes leaves and insects , especially ants . the fruits that this species consumes have hard pericarps ( kinzey , 1992 ) .
between the male and female is important in the maintaining of territorial boundaries and maintaining the social bond between pairs which are monogamous .
fleagle , j . g . and meldrum , d . j . 1988 . locomotor behavior and skeletal morphology of two sympatric pithecine monkeys ,
kinzey , w . g . 1992 . dietary and dental adaptations in the pitheciinae .
soini , p . 1986 . a synecological study of a primate community in the pacaya - samiria national reserve , peru .
walker , s . e . 1993 . positional adaptations and ecology of the pitheciini . unpublished ph . d . dissertation , city university of new york .
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the taxonomy and distribution of pithecia here generally follows hershkovitz ( 1987 ) and eisenberg ( 1989 ) . however , the taxonomy of the genus is currently being revised ( l . marsh pers . comm . ) .
justification : listed as least concern as although the distribution of this species is not well known , it appears to be relatively widely distributed south of the napo in lowland ecuador and peru , and there is no reason to believe that it is currently undergoing a decline that would warrant listing in a higher category of threat .
the range of this species is poorly known . it occurs south of the napo in ecuador and peru ( hershkovitz 1987 ) . pithecia aequatorialis is reported to be sympatric with p . monachus in northern peru ( aquino and encarnación 1994 ) .
p . aequatorialis occurs in moist subtropical lowland forest . sakis are medium - sized primates ( 1 - 3 kg ) . they are specialized morphologically for seed predation . the diet is made up of seeds , fruit pulp , young leaves , insects and flowers . members of this genus form small , cohesive groups ( 2 - 9 individuals ) , generally comprising a single male - female breeding pair and several young . day ranges ( 1 , 5 - 2 km ) and home ranges are small ( 10 - 25 km ) , and sakis exhibit behaviours associated with territory defence ( norconk 2007 ) .
in peru , the main threat is hunting and habitat loss ( aquino and encarnación 1994 ) . they are sometimes found in the pet trade .
this species is not present in any protected areas in peru ( aquino and encarnación 1994 ) . it is listed on cites appendix ii .
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project noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .
these photos were taken an isla de los monos , an island refuge for amazon primates who have been injured and orphaned in the wild or for monkeys that have been rescued from human captors . the monkeys have free range on the island and will eventually leave the island and return to the wild
beautiful ! you might like to also add this to the wildlife rescue & rehabilitation mission .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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the range of this species is poorly known . it occurs south of the napo in ecuador and peru ( hershkovitz 1987 ) .
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perunsaki
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pithecia aequatorialis hershkovitz , 1987
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
mittermeier , rusell a . , anthony b . rylands , and don e . wilson , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 1
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : based upon specimens included by hershkovitz ( 1979 ) in p . monachus
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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ecuador to and from the research station ( circa us $ 300 ) . assistants are
typhoid , rabies , hepatitis , etc . , are all also strongly recommended ) ,
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with an area of about 17 , 826 , 530 km 2 ( 6 , 878 , 521 mi 2 ) , south america extends from about 12°n to 54°s , and 35°w to 81°w . on the w . , it is bordered by the pacific and on the e . , by the atlantic , with the caribbean sea to the n . it is separated in the s . from antarctica by the drake strait . to the n . , it is linked to central america by the isthmus of panama . its highest mountain is cerro aconcagua in argentina ( 6 , 960 m ; 22 , 834 ft ) . the continent is divided by the equator which runs from ecuador through brazil to the mouth of the amazon .
geologically , the continent is part of the pre - plate - tectonic breakup of gondwanaland which began about 245 m years ago with fractures along the ne and eastern margins , separating it from west africa , associated with subduction along the pacific margin that created the 9 , 000 - km - long andean orogenic and volcanic belts . this andean belt swings around in the n to face the caribbean which had a complex history of convergence and divergence .
gresswell , r . k . , and huxley , a . ( eds . ) , 1965 .
. paris : unesco press ( english trans . ed . nace , r . l . , u . s . geological survey ) , 663 p .
fairbridge ( deceased ) r . w . , bengtsson l . ( 2012 ) south america , lakes review . in : bengtsson l . , herschy r . w . , fairbridge r . w . ( eds ) encyclopedia of lakes and reservoirs . encyclopedia of earth sciences series . springer , dordrecht
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folia primatol 2007 ; 78 : 88–98 ( doi : 10 . 1159 / 000097059 )
a center for the study of human origins , department of anthropology , new york university and b new york consortium in evolutionary primatology ( nycep ) , new york , n . y . ; c department of anthropology , university of pennsylvania , philadelphia , pa . ; d department of anthropology , kent state university , kent , ohio , usa ; e cecoal - conicet , argentina
brockelman wy , reichard u , treesucon u , raemaekers jj ( 1998 ) . dispersal , pair formation and social structure in gibbons
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that is why , we would like to ask you to participate in our survey . to show our appreciation for your participation , we are offering a number of attractive prizes such as the unique vesalius : the fabric of the human body ( value chf 1 , 500 ) or amazon vouchers ( value chf 200 ) .
evolutionary biology and conservation of titis , sakis and uacaris edited by liza m . veiga edited by adrian a . barnett edited by stephen f . ferrari edited by marilyn a . norconk
cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology ( no . 65 ) publisher : cambridge university press print publication year : 2013 online publication date : april 2013
nearest - neighbor distances using a variety of data sets support the view that pithecia clusters with and is primitive to bearded sakis ( chiropotes ) and uacaris ( cacajao ) ( morphological data : rosenberger 1984 ; ford 1986 ; kay 1990 ; marroig & cheverud 2001 ; horovitz & meyer 1997 ; ndna : schneider et al . 1993 ; harada et al . 1995 ; schneider & rosenberger 1996 ; mitochrondrial genes : chatterjee et al . 2009 ) .
by josé de sousa e silva júnior , wilsea m . b . figueiredo - ready and stephen f . ferrari
by marilyn a . norconk , brian w . grafton and w . scott mcgraw
by adrian a . barnett , mark bowler , bruna m . bezerra and thomas r . defler
by ricardo r . santos , tatiana m . vieira and stephen f . ferrari
by sarah a . boyle , andrew t . smith , wilson r . spironello and charles e . zartman
by e . p . cunningham , a . l . harrison - levine and r . g . norman
by bruna m . bezerra , adrian a . barnett , antonio s . souto and gareth jones
by stephen f . ferrari , josé de sousa e silva júnior , manuella a . de souza and ana luisa k . albernaz
we analyzed nearest neighbor ( nn ) data , approach interactions , grooming relationships , and rates of aggression and copulation to characterize spatial and social relationships between the 3 adult animals ( defined below ) . we focused on interactions between adults to understand the social dynamics between potentially reproductive individuals .
the field research was conducted at the tiputini biodiversity station ( 76°08′ w , 0°38′ s ) , located in the yasuní national park and biosphere reserve in eastern ecuador . the study site comprises approximately 650 ha of primary tropical rain forest , including both várzea ( periodically flooded ) and terra firme ( unflooded ) forest .
the infant of the resident female disappeared between january 10 and 20 , 2012 , following the immigration of the male . all the other animals remained in the group for the duration of the study , and both the resident female and her adult daughter subsequently reproduced . the adult daughter gave birth between october 22 and 28 , 2012 and the resident female between november 20 and 23 , 2012 [ van belle et al . , 2015 ] . a study of captive pithecia reported a mean gestation length of 146 days [ savage et al . , 1995 ] , so it is most plausible that the immigrant male sired both infants . the adult daughter disappeared from the group between march and june 2014 [ van belle et al . , 2015 ] , leaving behind her offspring , who remains in the group until the present ( january 2017 ) .
we typically followed the animals from their morning sleeping tree to their evening sleeping tree , and we collected behavioral data throughout the day . between january and december 2012 , we conducted 356 continuous focal 20 - min assessments of individuals during 453 observation hours . because sakis are cryptic and frequently out of view , we sampled animals opportunistically based on their visibility , but successive focal samples of the same individual were always separated by at least 20 min . we attempted to obtain similar numbers of focal samples per individual per month ( table 1 ) .
during focal samples , we conducted instantaneous point sampling every 2 min , at which time we recorded the focal animal ' s nn ( s ) . if the focal animal was out of view during an instantaneous point sample , we recorded the nn as “unknown . ” we collected 812 instantaneous point samples in which the nn was identified and was a single animal of interest . between successive 2 - min instantaneous point samples , we recorded all observed occurrences of approaches ( moving to within 0 . 5 m of another individual and staying for at least 3 s ) , grooming , playing , copulating , and aggression . we also documented all observed occurrences of the above behaviors that happened outside of the focal samples and described them qualitatively . we recorded focal samples into a dictaphone ( olympus ws - 311m ) and then transcribed and entered them into a microsoft access database .
nn and approach data were analyzed for each individual using log odds ratios to infer an animal ' s affiliation with one potential partner relative to another [ porter et al . , 2015 ] . the log odds that the nn of the focal individual is animal a , relative to animal b , is calculated as :
the addition of 0 . 5 in both the numerator and denominator is a standard boundary correction to avoid ratios involving the number zero ; this correction introduces no bias towards either animal [ agresti , 1990 ] . log odds ratios for approaches are defined in the same way , using the number of approaches in a focal sample . for nn and approach data , we calculated a log odds ratio for each focal sample . this treats the focal sample as the basic unit of observation . for the nn data , the log odds ratios were based on the number of instantaneous point samples that a given animal ( and only that animal ) was the nn . for a focal sample to be included in the nn analysis , there had to be at least 1 positive identification of a known nn . similarly , there had to be at least 1 approach for a focal sample to be included in the approach analysis .
for the immigrant male , the ratios were calculated relative to the resident female ( i . e . , the resident female was always represented in the denominator ) . for the resident female and her adult daughter , the ratios were calculated relative to the immigrant male ( i . e . , the immigrant male was always represented in the denominator ) . positive and negative trends in log odds ratios describe changes in affiliative interactions over time .
we used time course graphs fitted with nonparametric smoothing functions to display trends in social interactions across the study period [ porter et al . , 2015 ] . because log odds ratios can be highly variable , we fitted cubic splines to the time course graphs to reveal changes in affiliative behaviors over time , as suggested by trends in the log odds ratios . periods when the spline rests on the 1 : 1 line ( i . e . , log odds ratio = 0 ) indicate an equal tendency for the focal animal to interact with either of the 2 potential partners being compared . areas where the spline is above the 1 : 1 line indicate that the focal animal ' s interactions are biased toward the animal in the numerator , and below the 1 : 1 line toward the animal in the denominator . for each graph , the y - axis is labeled so that , for example , 5 : 1 marks the level at which the focal animal is 5 times as likely to interact with one animal relative to the other .
we quantified the uncertainty in time course trends by obtaining 95 % confidence bands ( represented in the figures below by the shading around the spline ) using 1 , 000 basic nonparametric bootstraps . the bootstraps resample log odds ratios with replacement within each month of observation ( i . e . , a stratified bootstrap with months as strata ) . this approach respects the approximate balance of focal sample numbers obtained for each individual during each month of observation . we detect periods during which an animal showed a statistically supported bias toward one partner relative to another by noting where the confidence bands exclude the 1 : 1 line . confidence bands incorporating the 1 : 1 line suggest that the focal animal had no bias in affiliation toward either partner during a particular period and that this relative indifference about partners was statistically supported [ porter et al . , 2015 ] .
we defined grooming bouts as a continuous period of one animal grooming another animal . if the focal animal changed from active groomer to receiver , or if grooming was suspended for ≥30 s , we considered the bout to have ended for that individual . if the focal animal was already grooming at the beginning of the focal sample or continued grooming after the focal sample ended , we recorded the bout as “censored” to prevent artificially shortening long bouts . we used standard survival analysis methods [ cox and oakes , 1984 ] to estimate how long censored bouts would have been if observed to completion , and used these estimates in the graphs when necessary ( i . e . , we performed conditional mean imputation ) . an exponential distribution proved to be a good fit for bout lengths based on the test described in section 3 . 7 of cox and oakes [ 1984 ] , and this provided the conditional means . we produced for grooming data a log odds ratio for each focal sample in a similar manner as those for the nn and approach interactions , as follows :
one second ( 1 / 60 ) is added to both the numerator and denominator as a boundary correction . the same procedure was used for grooming bouts when the focal animal was the recipient of grooming . for a focal sample to be included in the grooming analysis , there had to be at least 1 grooming bout in the focal sample . the graphs below depict grooming ratios on a log scale , similar to the log odds of count observations for the nn and approach interactions . all statistical analyses were conducted with r statistical software , version 2 . 15 . 2 [ r core development team , 2012 ] .
this research was done in full agreement with all ecuadorian legislation and was approved by the institutional animal care and use committee at the university of california , davis ( protocol no . 16117 ) and by the university animal welfare committee at new york university ( protocol no . 04 - 1217 ) . capture and collaring were essential for regularly locating the animals in their natural environment .
for the entire study period , we observed no aggressive interactions between the resident female and her adult daughter , including the time after the arrival of the immigrant male . affiliative interactions between the 2 females were infrequent , and , overall , both females interacted more with the immigrant male than they did with each other .
throughout most of the 12 months following the male ' s immigration , the resident female had the immigrant male as her nn more often than her adult daughter ( fig . 1 a ) . her approach interactions were variable , but , overall , she approached and was approached by her adult daughter and the immigrant male equally ( fig . 1 b , c ) . small sample size precluded analysis of the resident female ' s grooming bouts as the actor ( grooming the immigrant male : n = 3 events ; grooming her adult daughter : n = 1 event ) . however , she was groomed by the immigrant male consistently more often than by her adult daughter ( fig . 2 ) .
time course graphs with the log odds ratios for the resident female ' s nn ( a ) , her approaches ( b ) , and her receipt of approaches ( c ) . for each behavior , the log odds ratios compare the adult daughter ( d ) relative to the immigrant male ( im ) ; observations above the 1 : 1 line indicate a greater tendency for the resident female to interact with the daughter and those below with the immigrant male .
time course graphs with the log odds ratios for the resident female ' s receipt of grooming . the log grooming ratios compare the adult daughter ( d ) relative to the immigrant male ( im ) ; observations above the 1 : 1 line indicate a greater tendency for the resident female to be groomed by the daughter and those below with the immigrant male . note that the resident female groomed too infrequently for analysis of her log odds ratios as a groomer .
similarly , throughout most of the year following the male ' s immigration , the adult daughter had the immigrant male as her nn more often than the resident female ( fig . 3 a ) . within a month of his arrival , she was observed playing ( n = 6 events ) and copulating ( n = 2 events ) with him without any harassment or interference from the resident female . the adult daughter ' s approach interactions were variable , and from january through july , she approached and was approached by the resident female and immigrant male almost equally ( fig . 3 b , c ) . from august through december , however , she approached and was approached by the immigrant male more often than by her mother , the resident female . throughout the study , the adult daughter also spent more time grooming with the immigrant male than with the resident female , both as actor and recipient ( fig . 4 a , b ) .
time course graphs with the log odds ratios for the adult daughter ' s nn ( a ) , her approaches ( b ) , and her receipt of approaches ( c ) . for each behavior , the log odds ratios compare the resident female ( rf ) relative to the immigrant male ( im ) ; observations above the 1 : 1 line indicate a greater tendency for the adult daughter to interact with the resident female and those below with the immigrant male .
time course graphs with the log odds ratios for the adult daughter ' s grooming ( a ) and her receipt of grooming ( b ) . the log grooming ratios compare the resident female ( rf ) relative to the immigrant male ( im ) ; observations above the 1 : 1 line indicate a greater tendency for the adult daughter to groom with the resident female and those below with the immigrant male .
the immigrant male ' s affiliative interactions with the resident female and her adult daughter fluctuated over time . from january until may , the adult daughter was his nn more often than the resident female ( fig . 5 a ) . however , in may ( 4 months after the loss of the resident female ' s infant ) , he began spending more time with the resident female and they copulated ( n = 1 observed event ) . then , from may through july , the resident female was his nn more often than the adult daughter ( fig . 5 a ) . throughout the study , however , he approached and was approached by both females almost equally ( fig . 5 b , c ) .
time course graphs with the log odds ratios for the immigrant male ' s nn ( a ) , his approaches ( b ) , and his receipt of approaches ( c ) . for each behavior , the log odds ratios compare the adult daughter ( d ) relative to the resident female ( rf ) ; observations above the 1 : 1 line indicate a greater tendency for the immigrant male to interact with the adult daughter and those below with the resident female .
the immigrant male ' s grooming relationships followed a similar temporal pattern as his nn data . from january until may , he spent more time grooming with the adult daughter than he did with the resident female , both as actor and recipient ( fig . 6 a , b ) . from may until july , however , he spent more time grooming the resident female than he did the adult daughter ( fig . 6 a ) , although he continued to be groomed by the adult daughter more than by the resident female ( fig . 6 b ) . from july through september , he groomed both females equally , but from october until december , he began again spending more time grooming the adult daughter ( fig . 6 a ) . the immigrant male groomed both females more than either groomed him . he was the groomer in 65 % of all the grooming interactions with the adult daughter ( n = 177 ) and in 84 % of all the grooming interactions with the resident female ( n = 83 events ) .
time course graphs with the log odds ratios for the immigrant male ' s grooming ( a ) and his receipt of grooming with the 2 adult females ( b ) . the log odds grooming ratios compare the adult daughter ( d ) relative to the resident female ( rf ) ; observations above the 1 : 1 line indicate a greater tendency for the immigrant male to groom with the adult daughter and those below with the resident female .
our second prediction that there would be high rates of directed aggression and copulation harassment between the two females and that one of the females would become peripheralized and / or evicted from the home territory was not supported by our data : we observed no cases of aggression between the 2 females during the year following the male ' s immigration , and the adult daughter remained resident in the group for at least another 15 months after the end of this study . our observations suggest that re - pairing did not lead to mating competition between the resident female and her adult daughter . instead , our third prediction that the adult daughter would delay dispersal and breed in her natal group was supported , suggesting that parental re - pairing offered a breeding opportunity for the adult daughter in her natal group . mature female offspring can sometimes delay dispersal , copulate with immigrants , and reproduce in the natal group even while the same - sex parent still resides in it . moreover , immigrants can sometimes mate with both a resident female and her adult daughter .
emlen ' s [ 1995 ] “an evolutionary theory of the family” predicts that families that control access to high - quality resources will be more stable than those with low - quality resources and that high - quality territories can promote prolonged philopatry , occasionally leading to sharing and / or inheritance of a breeding position . parental facilitation of reproduction in resource - rich areas is also well documented in birds , where familial lineages can persist on the same high - quality territories for several generations [ brown , 1987 ; putland and goldizen , 2001 ] .
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