scoparia petrina is a moth of the crambidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1885 .

it is found in new zealand .

the wingspan is 30 – 31 mm for males and 24 mm for females .

the forewings are fuscous-grey or dark grey , irrorated with white .

there is a very small dark fuscous triangular spot at the base of the costa .

the first line is whitish , posteriorly margined with dark fuscous .

the second line is whitish , anteriorly dark-margined and with blackish dots on the veins .

the terminal area is somewhat irrorated with white , except for a broad suffused subterminal line .

the hindwings are very pale whitish-ochreous with a greyish apex in females .

adults have been recorded on wing in january and february .

scoparia petrina

very closely allied to x . petrina , but distinguished readily by the various sharply defined black markings .
butler ' s characters for this genus do not suffice to separate it from scoparia .
( scoparia ustimacula , feld . , reis . nov . , pl . cxxxv . , 17 ; scoparia conifera , butl . , cist . ent . , ii . , 493 . )
( scoparia feredayi , knaggs , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , 80 ; scoparia moanalis , feld . , reis . nov . , pl . cxxxvii . , 34 . )
( scoparia exilis , knaggs , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , 81 . )
( scoparia ejuncida , knaggs , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , 81 . )
( scoparia pongalis , feld . , reis . nov . , pl . cxxxvii . , 33 . )
scoparia linealis , walk . suppl . , 1503 . the specimen which i suppose to be walker ' s type i did not determine , and it is perhaps not recognizable ; with it was placed a small specimen of scoparia submarginalis , walk .
scoparia ustimacula c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875
scoparia rotuellus ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer in c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
( hypochalcia indistinctalis , walk . , 48 ; scoparia rakaiensis , knaggs , ent . mo . mag . , iv . , 80 . )
scoparia objurgalis , gn . , 425 , pl . x . , 10 , and scoparia australialis , gn . , 426 , appear to me unidentifiable at present ; the latter is , if correctly described , probably new to me , the former might possibly be s . exhibitalis , walk .
this species may perhaps be transferred to tetraprosopus when the male is known , since it agrees with that genus and differs from the other species of xeroscopa in the extension of the discal hairs of hindwings almost to hindmargin ; but it so closely resembles x . petrina that it seems better left here until then .
distinguished from scoparia only by the long hairs of the discal area ; the genus is undoubtedly natural , and its separation materially assists the study of the group . the species resemble those of the second group of scoparia , and almost all of large size and decidedly crambideous facies . the larvæ are yet unknown , but probably of similar habits .
a peculiar species , in markings approaching more the typical forms of scoparia ; differs also from the other species , in which the male is known , by the structure of the antennæ .
as i have elsewhere pointed out , the oldest form of the family is probably nyctarcha , which is a singular synthetic type . xeroscopa is an early off - shoot from scoparia , and tetraprosopus a development of xeroscopa .
nephopteryæ favilliferella , walk . suppl . , 1719 . the type is unset , and therefore not generically recognizable ; it is certainly either a scoparia or a xeroscopa , but it seems hardly possible to assert anything more .
li , w . c . ( 2012 ) . one new species of the genus scoparia haworth , 1811 from china ( lepidoptera : crambidae , scopariinae ) . shilap revista de lepidopterología 40 ( 157 ) 73 - 75 .
scoparia is a grass moth genus ( family crambidae ) of subfamily scopariinae . some authors have assigned the synonymous taxon sineudonia to the snout moth family ( pyralidae ) , where all grass moths were once also included , but this seems to be in error .
although of universal distribution , this genus is little developed except in temperate latitudes , hardly occurring in the tropics except at a considerable elevation . over thirty european species are known , and scattered forms are found in most other regions . australia possesses at present sixteen , which number will be considerably increased , especially from the tasmanian mountains . in comparison with these the development of the genus in new zealand is extraordinary , forty - two species being here given , and it is unquestionable that the actual number is much larger , as each mountain seems to possess peculiar species . scoparia is in fact the largest genus of lepidoptera in new zealand .
owing to the small range of colour , and great similarity of markings , which are moreover in most of the species more or less confused and ill - defined , being composed of black , white , and grey scales variously blended , the group is a difficult one either to study or to describe . in order to make this monograph more comprehensive , i have therefore included all the australian species of scoparia , tetraprosopus , and xeroscopa ( which are , however , much less numerous than those from new zealand ) , indicating them by an asterisk ( * ) as not occurring in new zealand . no species of the family is common to both regions . the australian species of nyctarcha and eclipsiodes , which i have already described elsewhere , and which are moreover very distinct from anything occurring in new zealand , i have not thought it necessary to include .
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[ read before the philosophical institute of canterbury , 7 th august , 1884 . ]
family occupies an unusually prominent position in new zealand , and the principal genera attain here their maximum of development . the development is however mainly specific , and there is no large number of peculiar genera , as in some other groups . the family is undoubtedly of very ancient type , and the food of the larvæ , which probably consists wholly of mosses , will allow of a possible origin earlier in time than the appearance of flowering plants . it is probably due to this persistence of habit that the type has undergone so little generic modification ; specific change being sufficient to allow of all the adaptation required . the distribution of the family seems chiefly limited by the suitability of the climate for the growth of their food - plants ; hence they are found principally in cool temperate latitudes , or at considerable elevations .
as the descriptions of walker , knaggs , and butler are hardly in any instance sufficiently precise for determination , i may add that the species of walker and butler have been identified from the types , and those of knaggs from types preserved by mr . r . w . fereday .
labial palpi , with hairs of second joint produced in front beneath . maxillary palpi large , triangularly scaled , porrected , not resting on labial palpi . forewings with 7 and 10 separate from 9 , 8 and 9 stalked . hindwings with 4 and 5 from a point or stalked ( except in nyctarcha ) ; lower median without basal pectination ( except in eclipsiodes and nyctarcha ) . genital uncus of male generally well developed .
distinguished from all the other families of the pyralidina by the character of the maxillary palpi , which are large , porrected , triangularly dilated , and obliquely truncate , standing out apart from the labial palpi ; differing also from the crambidæ ( which some species closely approach in type ) in the absence of the basal pectination on the lower median vein of the hindwings ( with the exceptions noted above ) , from the botydidæ in the development of the genital uncus of the male , and from the pyralididæ by the separation of vein 7 of the forewings from the stalk of 8 and 9 .
the following tabulation includes all the five australian genera , of which only three are represented in new zealand .
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forehead vertical . ocelli present . tongue well developed . antennæ short , less than 2 / 3 of forewings , in male stout , filiform , evenly ciliated ( ¼–1 / 3 ) , above pubescent ( n . atra ) or rough - scaled . labial palpi moderate , straight , porrected , second joint with dense projecting scales beneath , terminal joint exposed , thick , somewhat expanded towards apex , and obliquely truncate . maxillary palpi nearly as long as labial , terminally expanded , truncate . posterior tibiæ with outer spurs half inner ; legs short . abdomen short , stout . forewings with vein 11 moderately oblique . hindwings somewhat broader than forewings ; 3 , 4 , 5 approximated at base ; lower median and 1 b each with a strong pectination towards base , surface otherwise without hairs .
consists at present of two australian and one new zealand species , one of the australian species ( n . ophideres , walk . ) extending also into india and madagascar . the genus presents a singular combination of characters , and probably approximates to the ancestral form of the scopariadæ , crambidæ , and botydidæ . the new zealand species is characterized by the dark fuscous hindwings , which in the two australian species are partly orange .
( orosana atra , butl . , pro . zool . soc . lond . , 1877 . )
the markings of the under surface in this instance doubtless indicate the original type .
castle hill and lake wakatipu ( 1 , 200 to 3 , 000 feet ) , in december and january , on dry grassy slopes ; difficult to see ; six specimens .
forehead vertical . ocelli present . tongue well developed . antennæ moderate , 2 / 3 of forewings , in male filiform , evenly ciliated ( ¼–1 ½ ) . labial palpi moderate or long , straight , porrected , second joint beneath with long dense projecting scales , terminal joint moderate , exposed or resting in scales of second . maxillary palpi rather long , triangularly dilated . posterior tibiæ with outer spurs half inner . abdomen moderate . forewings with vein 11 rather oblique . hindwings from somewhat broader to nearly twice as broad as forewings ; 3 remote from 4 , 4 and 5 stalked or from a point ; lower median naked ; discal area above it without hairs ; internal area loosely haired .
notwithstanding the extent of the genus , i can find no structural characters for subdividing it into groups . the palpi vary in length , and the antennæ present some differences , being generally rough above , but sometimes pubescent , or serrate at joints , with the ciliations of variable length , but these points are simply specific . veins 4 and 5 of the hindwings are either from a point or stalked , but both forms often occur in the same species . roughly , the first 27 species belong to the same group as the european forms , being always of comparatively small size , with the typical markings well developed , whilst the remainder constitute a more specially new zealand group , usually of larger size , and more crambideous appearance , with the normal markings often obsolete , the palpi longer and hindwings broader ; but there is no definite distinction .
in the following descriptions the length of the labial palpi is stated in terms of the breadth of the eye , and the length of the antennal ciliations in terms of the breadth of the stalk ; the breadth of the hindwings in terms of the breadth of the forewings . typically , the markings consist of three transverse lines and three discal spots—viz . , ( 1 ) the first line , at about 2 / 5 , usually oblique and somewhat curved , more or less indented in middle ; ( 2 ) the orbicular spot , usually round , shortly beyond first line above middle ; ( 3 ) the claviform spot , usually linear , similarly placed below middle ; ( 4 ) the reniform spot , usually 8 - shaped , in disk beyond and above middle ; ( 5 ) the second line , at about 4 / 5 , tolerably parallel to hindmargin , usually somewhat curved , generally sinuate inwards below costa and above inner margin ; ( 6 ) the subterminal line , placed between second line and hindmargin , curved inwards in middle , often interrupted .
male , female . —15–16 mm . head , palpi , antennæ , and thorax dark fuscous mixed with black ; palpi 2 ½ ; antennal ciliations ½ . abdomen grey . legs black , apex of joints white . forewings elongate , triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; dark slaty - fuscous ; markings black , ill - defined ; a short interrupted streak from base ; first line somewhat curved ; orbicular and claviform irregular , somewhat linear , touching first line ; reniform represented by a trifurcate mark ; second line almost rectangularly bent in disc , followed on costa by some white scales ; veins partially marked with black posteriorly : cilia dark slaty - fuscous , with a black line , tips pale . hindwings 1 1 / 3 pale whitish - grey , towards hindmargin grey ; cilia grey - whitish , with two faint grey lines .
male . —14–17 mm . head white . palpi 1 2 / 3 , dark fuscous , basal and terminal joints white . antennæ white , annulated with dark fuscous , ciliations ½ . thorax white , irrorated with dark fuscous . abdomen whitish - grey . legs dark fuscous , banded with white . forewings elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; white , irregularly irrogated with fuscous and dark fuscous ; a short dark fuscous streak from base of costa parallel to inner margin ; first line white , oblique , rather indented , posteriorly margined with dark fuscous , which forms a triangular spot on costa ; orbicular elongate , touching first line , dark fuscous ; claviform strong , elongate , touching first line , dark fuscous ; reniform represented by a quadrifurcate dark fuscous mark , upper fork sometimes filled with fuscous ; a small dark fuscous spot on costa somewhat beyond middle ; second line white , tolerably distinctly margined with
dark fuscous ; subterminal line white , somewhat broader and more ill - defined , leaving a dark fuscous triangular blotch on hindmargin : cilia white , with a basal row of dark fuscous spots , and posterior row of grey spots . hindwings 1 1 / 3 , pale whitish - grey , greyer on hindmargin and towards apex ; cilia whitish , with a grey line .
not closely resembling any other , and recognizable by the character of the spots , which are conspicuous though not sharply defined .
sydney , new south wales , from may to august , so that it is a winter species ; five specimens .
a very distinct and elegant species , known by the whitish - ochreous colour and small round detached orbicular and claviform ; the hindwings are narrower than usual .
sydney , new south wales , in april , on sandstone rock - faces , to which its colouring is adapted ; two specimens .
female . —15–17 mm . head white , back of crown , a spot beneath each antenna , and a dot in middle of face black . palpi 1 2 / 3 , black , basal and terminal joints white . antennæ dark grey . thorax white , anterior margin irregularly black . abdomen ochreous - white , apex more ochreous . legs
immediately known by the strongly contrasted and sharply defined markings , and the fusion of orbicular and claviform into a single blotch .
sydney , new south wales , in october , on tree - trunks ; three specimens .
nearly allied to s . exhibitalis , but smaller , with the markings less sharply contrasted , and without the defined white and black markings of head and thorax .
mount gambier , south australia , in november ; one specimen on a tree - trunk .
resembles s . aphrodes in the defined markings of the head , but larger , with the markings of the wings less clearly contrasted , and immediately separated by the dark suffusion of the inner margin between first and second lines .
sydney , new south wales , from august to october ; five specimens , mostly at light .
male , female . —20–21 mm . head and thorax whitish , densely mixed with dark fuscous . palpi 2 ¾ , white , second and terminal joints with blackish basal bands . antennæ grey , obscurely annulated with paler ; ciliations ½ . abdomen grey , segmental margins ochreous - white . legs
white , tarsi and tibiæ banded with blackish . forewings rather elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; white , densely irrorated with black , sometimes partially suffused with light fuscous ; several small black spots towards base ; first line well - defined , somewhat curved , sharply indented , posteriorly strongly black - margined ; orbicular moderate , circular , black , whitish - centred , almost touching first line ; claviform quadrate , black , detached ; reniform indistinct , irregularly 8 - shaped , lower half elongate , whitish , partially black - margined , posteriorly strongly , touching a small blackish spot on costa beyond middle ; second line well - defined , anteriorly black - margined ; terminal space wholly dark , except rather broad distinct subterminal line , entire or shortly interrupted , not touching second line : cilia white , sharply barred with dark grey , bars partially obsolete on terminal half . hindwings 1 ¼ , whitish - grey , becoming fuscous - grey posteriorly , postmedian line faintly darker ; cilia white , with a well - defined grey line .
this and the following species are characterized by the intensity of the irroration and markings , and especially by the subquadrate detached claviform .
sydney , new south wales , in september ; mount wellington ( 1 , 000 feet ) , tasmania , from december to february ; four specimens .
nearly allied to s . syntaracta , but distinguished by the much narrower wings , smaller size , greater concentration of the black colouring , and darker margin of hindwings .
mount wellington ( 3 , 200 feet ) , tasmania , in december ; one specimen .
male , female . —18–21 mm . head , palpi , and thorax whitish , densely mixed with dark fuscous ; palpi 3 . antennæ grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen grey , segmental margins whitish . legs dark fuscous irrorated with white , apex of joints white . forewings rather elongate - triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin almost straight , oblique ; fuscous - grey , irregularly sprinkled with white , veins obscurely lined with blackish ; several small cloudy blackish spots towards base ; first line narrow , whitish , ill - defined , posteriorly obscurely blackish - margined , moderately curved , somewhat indented ; orbicular moderate , circular , outlined with black , detached ; claviform smaller , round , almost wholly blackish , touching first line ; reniform obscure , tolerably 8 - shaped , obscurely blackish - margined ;
second line white , tolerably well - defined , obscurely dark - margined ; subterminal very ill - defined , cloudy , whitish , interrupted above middle , not touching second line : cilia ochreous - whitish , obscurely barred with grey , and with two grey lines . hindwings 1 ¼ , light grey , darker posteriorly ; cilia whitish , with a well - defined grey line .
compared with the neighbouring species a rather large and dull - coloured insect , with the lines more abruptly bent and angular than usual .
a comparatively short - winged species , allied to s . eremitis , but much smaller and more distinctly marked , the dark markings much blacker .
mount wellington , tasmania , from 3 , 000 to 3 , 800 feet , in december ; rather common , sitting on the rocks and readily disturbed .
male . —15 mm . head , palpi , and thorax grey , mixed with reddish - ochreous and black ; palpi 2 ¼ . antennæ grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen grey . legs white , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark grey . forewings triangular , costa hardly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin straight , rather strongly oblique ; fuscous - grey , with a few black and bluish - white scales ; a small reddish - ochreous spot near base ; first line not paler , curved ,
obscurely blackish - margined posteriorly ; orbicular and claviform irregular , reddish - ochreous , partially black - margined , touching first line ; reniform subquadrate , reddish - ochreous , anteriorly and posteriorly blackish - margined ; second line not paler , anteriorly blackish - margined ; terminal area rather densely irrorated with black , except subterminal line , touching second line in middle : cilia whitish - grey , with a broad interrupted dark grey line . hindwings 1 ¼ , grey , becoming darker on hindmargin ; cilia grey - whitish , with a grey line .
a peculiar and distinct species , with hindmargin of forewings more oblique than usual .
mount wellington , tasmania , ( probably about 2 , 000 feet ) , in february ; one specimen .
male . —22 mm . head and thorax whitish , strongly mixed with dark fuscous . palpi 3 ¼ , dark fuscous , apex and basal joint white . antennæ pubescent , dark grey , ciliations 1 . abdomen whitish - grey , segmental margins whitish . legs white , tibiæ and tarsi banded with blackish . forewings very elongate , tolerably triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; white , somewhat mixed with pale grey , and rather thinly irrorated with dark fuscous ; some obscure dark fuscous spots near base ; first line white , very indistinct , somewhat curved , tolerably indented , posteriorly obscurely margined with dark fuscous ; orbicular moderate , roundish , dark fuscous , detached ; claviform moderate , broadly linear , dark fuscous , touching first line ; reniform 8 - shaped , whitish , margined with dark fuscous , upper and lower margins incomplete ; second line white , indistinct , dilated to form spots on costa and inner margin , obscurely margined with dark fuscous ; subterminal broad , white , ill - defined , narrowly interrupted above middle , apex of lower portion almost coalescing with second line ; hindmargin dark fuscous , with a row of white dots : cilia white , with a sharply - defined dark fuscous line . hindwings 1 ⅓ , grey - whitish , apex hardly darker ; cilia whitish .
nearly allied to s . philerga , but readily distinguished by the longer and narrower forewings , and whitish hindwings , as well as the pubescence and longer ciliations of antennæ .
lake wakatipu , at 5 , 000 feet , in december ; one specimen .
male , female . —17–21 mm . head and thorax whitish , mixed with fuscous , and irrorated with black . palpi 2 ⅓ , dark fuscous , somewhat mixed with white , basal joint white . antennæ dark fuscous ; ciliations ⅔ . abdomen light fuscous - grey , segmental margins ochreous - whitish . legs ochreous - whitish , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings moderately
elongate , triangular , costa gently arched , apex rounded , hindmargin oblique , faintly sinuate ; white , mixed with grey , and coarsely irrorated with black ; a thick interrupted obscure blackish streak from base of costa ; first line white , obscure , somewhat curved , sharply indented , posteriorly blackish - margined ; orbicular round , whitish , blackish - margined ; claviform roundish , moderate or large , blackish , often suffused , tolerably detached ; reniform 8 - shaped , white , blackish - margined , connected with a small blackish triangular spot on costa ; second line white , tolerably distinct , anteriorly dark - margined ; terminal space wholly dark , except moderate tolerably defined subterminal line , entire or interrupted , touching second line in middle ; a hindmarginal row of white dots : cilia whitish , obscurely barred with grey , with an interrupted blackish and posterior grey line . hindwings 1 ¼ , pale whitish - grey , slightly ochreous - tinged , in female rather greyer , postmedian line and hindmargin obscurely darker grey ; cilia whitish , with a grey line spotted with darker .
a dull , obscure - looking species , but with the reniform very clearly defined .
auckland , hamilton , christchurch , nelson , otira river , dunedin , and lake wakatipu ; common in forest , in december , january , march , and april . near lake wakatipu i took one specimen at an elevation of 4 , 000 feet .
male , female . —13–14 mm . head , palpi , and thorax whitish - ochreous suffused with black ; palpi 2 . antennæ greyish - ochreous ; ciliations ½ . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs ochreous - white , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin straight , oblique ; ochreous - whitish ; basal half , bounded by a line parallel to hindmargin , suffused with blackish , except on an oval ochreous spot near middle of base ; a moderately broad fascia - like reddish - ochreous suffusion rather beyond and parallel to posterior edge of blackish patch ; an irregular reddish - ochreous suffusion towards middle of hindmargin ; a rather small triangular blackish spot on costa before apex , and some blackish scales on anal angle : cilia ochreous - whitish , mixed with reddish ochreous beneath and blackish above apex . hindwings 1 ¼ , whitish ; postmedian line and apical suffusion faintly grey ; cilia whitish .
arthur ' s pass ( 3 , 000 feet ) , in january ; three specimens .
male , female . —17–19 mm . head , palpi , and thorax ochreous - fuscous , mixed with whitish - ochreous and dark fuscous ; palpi 2 ½ , basal joint white .
this and the two following species are easily recognized by the yellow - ochreous blotch above lower portion of subterminal line ; s . minusculalis differs from the other two by its larger size , well - defined white postmedian band , and uniform dark suffusion of the whole anterior half of wing .
larva rather stout , cylindrical , wrinkled , somewhat attenuated towards extremities ; light whitish - brown ; spots large , round , brassy - fuscous , - each containing a black dot ; head ochreous - brown ; second segment dark fuscous . feeds in moss on tree - trunks ; pupa in same position ; taken in january , almost full - grown .
akaroa , bealey river ( 2 , 100 feet ) , and dunedin ; tolerably common in forest in january and february .
male , female . —15 ½–17 mm . head and thorax clear pale whitish - ochreous , with a few fuscous scales , shoulders with a small dark fuscous spot . palpi 2 ½–3 , ochreous - whitish , somewhat mixed with dark fuscous , base white . antennæ whitish , annulated with dark fuscous ; ciliations ⅔ . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs whitish , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings somewhat elongate , triangular , costa gently arched , apex rounded , hindmargin rather oblique , distinctly sinuate ; whitish - ochreous , mixed with pale yellowish , and thinly irrorated with dark fuscous ; basal area mixed with black , with a suffused black streak from
base of costa , interrupted by a white mark ; first line white , tolerably distinct , hardly indented , near inner margin bent more obliquely outwards , posteriorly narrowly black - margined ; a large quadrilateral blotch on costa suffused with dark fuscous , bounded anteriorly by first line , beneath by submedian fold , posteriorly by a straight line passing through anterior edge of reniform parallel to hindmargin ; orbicular small , round , black , claviform elongate - oval , black , both tolerably detached but obscured by dark suffusion ; reniform 8 - shaped , clear white , black - margined , incompletely beneath ; a cloudy white subquadrate costal spot before second line , touching reniform , and space between reniform and second line generally white mixed with grey ; second line white , distinct , anteriorly blackish - margined ; terminal space suffused with dark fuscous except towards anal angle ; subterminal line broad , interrupted , lower portion white , edged with pale ochreous above , almost touching second line , upper portion clear whitish - ochreous ; an irregular white hindmarginal line : cilia pale whitish - ochreous , with a dark fuscous interrupted and posterior grey line . hind - wings 1 ¼ , very pale whitish - grey , postmedian line and hindmargin obscurely darker ; cilia whitish , with basal row of cloudy grey spots .
characterized by the concentration of the dark suffusion into a costal blotch ; differing from s . minusculalis by the distinct white first line , from s . chimeria by the white costal spot before second line .
christchurch , bealey river ( 2 , 100 feet ) , and otira gorge ( 1 , 600 feet ) , amongst forest in january ; eight specimens .
ochreous - yellow ; a terminal row of white semioval spots : cilia whitish , obscurely barred with grey , with a dark grey interrupted line . hindwings 1 ¼ , whitish - grey , postmedian line and hindmargin obscurely darker grey ; cilia grey - whitish , with a dark grey line .
taranaki , palmerston , masterton , christchurch , akaroa , dunedin , and lake wakatipu , not met with above 1 , 000 feet ; common in forest from december to march .
allied to the three preceding , but without the ochreous blotch , and specially characterized by the remarkably short antennal ciliations .
male . —17 ½ mm . head and thorax whitish - ochreous , shoulders dark fuscous mixed with black . palpi 2 ¼ , ochreous - whitish , second and terminal joints with dark fuscous basal bands , basal joint white . antennæ whitish - ochreous , ringed with dark fuscous ; joints short , subdentate , ciliations 1 . abdomen whitish - ochreous , irrorated with fuscous . legs ochreous - whitish , irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa gently arched , apex rounded , hindmargin rather obliquely rounded ; whitish - ochreous , scantily irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous ; a sharply defined oblique black spot from base of costa , inner edge straight , outer irregular ; first line indicated only by obscure dark posterior margin , slightly curved , somewhat indented , followed on
a distinct species , characterized by the sharply defined black costal markings , double reniform , and relatively long antennal ciliations .
a very obscure species , best indicated by the fine dentation of the second and subterminal lines .
arthur ' s pass ( 2 , 500 feet ) and mount hutt , in january ; three specimens .
male . —15–16 mm . head , palpi , and thorax blackish - grey , irrorated with white ; palpi 2 ¼ , basal joint white ; thorax with a small posterior ochreous - yellow spot . antennæ dark grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen fuscous - grey . legs dark fuscous , irrorated with white , apex of joints white . forewings triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hind - margin slightly rounded , rather oblique ; blackish , finely irrorated with white ; a small ochreous - yellow spot near base , followed by a faint whitish transverse line ; first line whitish , slender , ill - defined , slightly curved , posteriorly indistinctly dark - margined ; orbicular and claviform both circular , ochreous - yellow , dark - margined , touching first line ; reniform 8 - shaped , ochreous - yellow , black - margined , each half containing a white dot , the lower one larger ; a small ill - defined whitish costal spot above reniform ; second line whitish , ill - defined , obscurely dark - margined , touching similar subterminal line in middle : cilia whitish , with two cloudy dark grey lines , and obscurely barred with grey . hindwings 1 ⅓ fuscous - grey , becoming darker posteriorly ; cilia grey , with a darker line , tips whitish .
easily recognized by the ochreous - yellow spots , and white dots in reniform .
christchurch in march , and lake wakatipu ( 1 , 000 feet ) in december , amongst bush ; two specimens .
female . —17 mm . head and thorax ochreous - fuscous . palpi 2 ¾ , dark fuscous mixed with white , basal joint white . antennæ dark fuscous . abdomen grey , terminal segment very elongate , ovipositor long . legs grey irrorated with whitish . forewings elongate - oblong , slightly dilated , costa hardly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin rather oblique , slightly rounded ; fuscous , with scattered pale ochreous - yellowish scales ; a cloudy blackish spot on inner margin near base , above which is a line of whitish scales ; a longitudinal median black streak from base to ⅓ a strong semicircular black streak from costa at ⅓ , passing through middle of disc and returning to costa at ⅔ , obscurely margined beneath with whitish , the included space also irrorated with whitish ; subterminal line indicated by a few whitish scales : cilia whitish - fuscous with two cloudy darker lines , tips whitish . hindwings 1 ½ , fuscous - grey , becoming - dark fuscous towards hindmargin ; cilia as in forewings .
arthur ' s pass ( 3 , 000 feet ) in january ; one specimen .
female . —13–17 mm . head , palpi , and thorax fuscous or fuscous - grey , slightly mixed with grey - whitish ; palpi 2 ½ , basal joint white . antennæ dark fuscous . abdomen light grey . legs whitish , irrorated with fuscous . forewings elongate , tolerably oblong , costa almost straight , apex obtuse , hindmargin straight , rather oblique ; light fuscous , thinly and irregularly irrorated with whitish and darker fuscous ; first line obscurely whitish , posteriorly rather broadly and suffusedly dark - margined , strongly curved ; orbicular and claviform obsolete ; reniform subquadrate , cloudy , dark fuscous ; second line whitish , anteriorly dark - margined , rectilinear , obtusely angulated above middle ; subterminal line obsolete : cilia light fuscous mixed with whitish . hindwings 1 ½ , light grey or fuscous - grey , rather darker posteriorly ; cilia fuscous - whitish , with a fuscous basal line .
allied to s . hemicycla , which it resembles in form , but quite differently marked .
castle hill ( 3 , 000 feet ) , on grassy slopes in january ; two specimens .
readily recognized by the intensity of marking , yellowish streaks on veins , reniform half white and half yellow , angulated first line , and pubescent antennæ of male .
arthur ' s pass ( 3 , 000 feet , and one specimen at 1 , 500 ) , in january ; common .
this and the following species have the hindwings proportionately narrower than in any other of the genus , and are characterized by the yellowish tint of their pale markings ; s . anaplecta especially also by the pale dorsal spots , and the ochreous - whitish dark - margined hindwings .
mount wellington , tasmania , at 3 , 200 feet , in december ; two specimens .
male , female . —9–12 mm . head pale yellow , with a dark fuscous streak across crown . palpi 2 ½ , dark fuscous , apex and basal joint whitish - yellow . antennæ whitish - yellow , annulated with dark fuscous ; ciliations ⅔ . thorax whitish - yellow , a central spot and one on each shoulder blackish . abdomen dark fuscous - grey . legs whitish - yellow , banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa almost straight , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; rather dark fuscous , irrorated with blackish ; a pale yellow streak from middle of base to ¼ of inner margin ; a pale yellow dot on costa near base ; first line sharply defined , pale yellow , regularly curved , not indented ; orbicular and claviform absent ; a cloudy pale yellow spot above middle of inner margin ; reniform narrow , pale yellow , sometimes touching second
line beneath ; second line strong , pale yellow , almost straight , somewhat sinuate inwards below middle ; subterminal line narrow , indistinct , pale yellow , hardly interrupted , not touching second line : cilia with basal third dark grey , remainder whitish - yellowish , with a grey posterior line . hindwings hardly over 1 , fuscous - grey , becoming dark fuscous towards hindmargin ; cilia grey - whitish , with two cloudy grey lines .
the smallest species of the genus known to me , not to be confused with any other .
sydney , new south wales ; fernshaw , victoria ; hobart , evandale , and deloraine , tasmania ; wirrabara forest and mount gambier , south australia ; from august to december , and in march , common in damp sheltered places , especially under wet and overhanging rock - faces .
palmerston , makatoku , christchurch , akaroa , and dunedin , amongst forest , in february and march ; eight specimens .
also a very distinct and handsome species , characterized by the two conspicuous black fasciæ from costa to disc , and unusually long antennal ciliations , the longest in the genus . butler ' s description is hardly recognizable , but is intended for this species , as i have seen his type in the british museum .
castle hill ( mr . j . d . enys ) and dunedin ( mr . a . purdie ) , probably amongst bush ; i have not met with the species myself ; three specimens .
male , female . —15–19 mm . head , antennæ , and thorax whitish - grey , slightly ochreous - tinged , shoulders narrowly black ; antennal ciliations , ½ . palpi 3 , dark fuscous , apex and basal joint whitish . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs grey - whitish , tibiæ and tarsi somewhat suffused with darker grey . forewings somewhat elongate , triangular , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin rather oblique , faintly sinuate ; pale whitish - grey , slightly ochreous - tinged , with a few scattered grey and black scales ; first line only indicated by a short cloudy blackish oblique streak from inner
margin ; costa black from base to beyond middle , at first very narrowly , but shortly dilating to form a triangular sharply - defined patch , of which apex is in middle of disc ; claviform dot - like , black , or sometimes obsolete ; reniform 8 - shaped , obscurely outlined with blackish ; second line not paler , but distinctly dark - margined , somewhat bent but hardly sinuate ; a row of black dots immediately before hindmargin ; cilia grey - whitish , with a grey basal line . hindwings 1 ¼ , in male whitish , in female very pale whitish - grey ; postmedian line and hindmargin very faintly greyer ; cilia whitish , with a faint grey line .
very distinct by the peculiar black costal marking . felder ' s figure is very coarse , but indicates this correctly .
the blackish suffusion appears to form a very large blotch on costa beyond first line , nearly reaching to inner margin ; this distinguishes the species from all others .
arthur ' s pass ( 1 , 700 to 2 , 600 feet ) and lake wakatipu ( 4 , 200 feet ) , frequenting rocks in sheltered situations or amongst bush , in december and january ; rather common .
allied to s . melanægis , but much narrower - winged ( though the male may probably not differ so much in this respect ) ; immediately separated by the very different form of the black costal blotch , which does not pass downwards beyond middle of wing , and therefore appears very much more compressed longitudinally .
castle hill ( 3 , 000 feet ) , in january ; one specimen .
male . —19 mm . head white , somewhat mixed with fuscous . palpi 3 , dark fuscous mixed with whitish , basal joint white . antennæ white , annulated with grey ; ciliations ½ . thorax white , mixed with black on back and suffusedly spotted with black on shoulders . abdomen grey - whitish . legs whitish , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin oblique , slightly sinuate ; white , irregularly mixed with light grey , with a few fine scattered black scales ; a suffused blackish spot on costa at base ; first line strong , white , blackish - margined , somewhat curved , hardly indented , bent more obliquely outwards on inner margin , followed by a cloudy blackish triangular spot on costa ; costa dark fuscous from first line to ⅗ , a rather darker grey suffusion extending from this to reniform and claviform ; orbicular small , round , obscure , black - margined ; claviform elongate , cloudy , black , touching first line ; reniform 8 - shaped , black - margined , upper half grey , lower clear white ; second line strong , whitish , anteriorly dark -
margined , forming a small blackish spot on costa ; terminal space grey , veins suffused with black ; subterminal line cloudy , whitish , somewhat interrupted , not touching second line : cilia whitish , with two dark grey lines . hindwings 1 ¼ , very pale whitish - grey , lunule , postmedian line , and hindmargin hardly darker ; cilia whitish , with two grey lines .
of somewhat doubtful affinity ; recognizable by the rather broad distinct lines , dark suffusion towards costa , and clear white lower half of reniform .
bealey river , amongst forest ( 2 , 100 feet ) , in january ; one specimen .
a sharply marked species , conspicuously distinct by the straight first line , and absence of all the discal spots .
lake wakatipu , in january ( mr . r . w . fereday ) ; two specimens .
male , female . —23–26 mm . head pale ochreous , face black . palpi 2 ¼ , black , mixed with white , basal joint white . antennæ black , beneath ochreous - whitish . thorax white , anterior half , a square central spot , and posterior extremity suffused with black . abdomen whitish - ochreous , slightly irrorated with grey , segmental margins more ochreous towards base . legs white , thinly sprinkled with black , tibiæ and tarsi banded with black . forewings elongate , triangular , costa hardly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin sinuate , slightly oblique ; white , irregularly irrorated with black scales which are ochreous at their base ; a triangular blackish spot on costa
a fine species , differing from all others by the peculiar prismatic spots preceding and following reniform .
hamilton , palmerston , napier , wellington , christchurch , and otira gorge , from . december to march , usually near forest ; common where it occurs , but i have never taken it except at lamps , and always females only ; i have seen one male , taken by mr . r . w . fereday , and perhaps sixty females .
( hypochalcia submarginalis , walk . , 48 ; nephopteryx maoriella , ib . , suppl . , 1720 . )
male , female . —21–25 mm . head and thorax whitish , mixed with pale ochreous , densely irrorated with grey or dark fuscous . palpi 3 , dark fuscous mixed with whitish , basal joint white . antennæ grey ; ciliations ½ . abdomen ochreous - whitish suffused with grey , more ochreous towards base . legs whitish irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings elongate , triangular , costa hardly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin very faintly sinuate , rather oblique ; ochreous or ochreous - brown , more or less densely irrorated with black , and sprinkled irregularly with whitish ; a short obscure blackish line from base of costa ; a cloudy whitish line near before and partially confluent with first line , sometimes obsolete ; first line white , cloudy , posteriorly black - margined , somewhat
curved , irregular , bent outwards on inner margin ; orbicular roundish , not pale , finely black - margined , separated from reniform by a round black - margined spot , somewhat paler and more whitish than ground colour ; claviform roundish , cloudy , black , detached ; reniform 8 - shaped , not pale , black - margined ; often a clear whitish or ochreous streak from claviform along submedian fold to second line ; sometimes a rather broad dark fuscous streak above submedian fold from first to second lines ; second line rather narrow , white , dark - margined , generally suffused with ochreous towards submedian fold , rather abruptly bent above middle ; subterminal line broad , very cloudy and indistinct , whitish , interrupted , generally touching second line ; a waved whitish hindmarginal line : cilia pale greyish , with a dark fuscous interrupted line , basal and terminal thirds obscurely barred with whitish . hindwings 1 ½ , whitish - ochreous irrorated with grey ; lunule and postmedian line very indistinctly darker ; a tolerably well - defined dark fuscous hindmarginal band ; cilia whitish , with a dark grey line .
a variable species , but generally distinguishable from its nearest allies by the irregular dark suffusion of the forewings , and the ochreous tinge and dark marginal band of the hindwings .
cambridge , palmerston , wellington , christchurch , castle hill , mount hutt , and lake wakatipu , probably universally distributed at low levels , from november to march , on rock - faces , fences , etc . ; generally abundant .
male , female . —23–27 mm . head and thorax dark slaty - grey , somewhat mixed with grey - whitish . palpi 2 ⅓ , dark fuscous , slightly mixed with whitish , basal joint white . antennæ dark grey , ciliations ⅔ . abdomen whitish - grey . legs white , irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings very elongate , triangular , costa hardly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin almost straight , slightly oblique ; rather dark slaty - grey , with an indigo - bluish tinge ( strong in very fresh specimens ) , with fine scattered grey - whitish scales , the coalescence of which forms obscure first and second lines ; first line hardly curved , moderately indented ; second line tolerably distinct on costa and inner margin ; orbicular faintly perceptible as a slightly darker suffusion ; reniform 8 - shaped , slightly darker , lower or sometimes both halves centred with whitish ; subterminal line obscurely indicated , interrupted , not touching second line : cilia slaty - grey , tips paler . hindwings 1 ⅗ , whitish - grey ; postmedian line faintly indicated ; a narrow hindmarginal band suffusedly darker grey ; cilia white , with a grey line .
very obsoletely marked ; distinguished from all by the peculiar dark bluish - grey colouring , adapted for concealment on the bare slaty rocks of the mountain - range , which it exactly resembles . the same tint recurs with the same habits in several species of other groups .
otira gorge , castle hill , lake guyon , and lake wakatipu , in january and february , from 1 , 500 to 3 , 000 feet ; always on bare shingle , usually in the bed of a mountain stream , but sometimes also in a road - way , flying a short distance close to the ground and quickly settling again ; common where it occurs .
female . —25 mm . head , palpi , and thorax grey , densely irrorated with white ; palpi 3 , basal joint white . antennæ grey . abdomen pale grey , suffused with pale ochreous towards base . legs white irrorated with fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings very elongate , somewhat triangular , costa straight , apex obtuse , hindmargin straight , slightly oblique ; ochreous - grey , densely irrorated with whitish ; lines obsolete ; orbicular and claviform both round , whitish , black - margined ; reniform 8 - shaped , unusually oblique , whitish , obscurely black - margined : cilia ochreous - grey mixed with whitish , with an obscure darker line . hind - wings 1 ⅗ , pale fuscous - grey , hindmargin suffusedly darker ; cilia whitish , with a fuscous line .
characterized by the obsolescence of the usual lines , whilst the spots are all distinctly indicated , round , dark - margined .
allied to s . submarginalis , but much lighter and greyer , with the dark suffusion confined to the anal angle , and always separable by the quite different form of the rather sharply angulated first line .
wellington , christchurch , and lake wakatipu ( 1 , 000 feet ) , from december to february , on rocks and fences ; rather common .
characterized by the comparatively small size , narrow pale forewings , dark veins , and wholly whitish hindwings .
wanganui , napier , christchurch , and mount hutt , from january to march ; six specimens .
male , female . —16–19 mm . head , palpi , and thorax greyish - ochreous or grey , mixed with whitish ; palpi 3 , basal joint white . antennæ grey , in male stout , dentate , ciliations ⅔ . abdomen whitish - ochreous , suffused with pale grey . legs white , irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings very elongate , narrow but variable , somewhat triangular , costa slightly arched , apex rounded , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; whitish - ochreous or ochreous - grey , suffusedly irrorated with dark fuscous or black , and densely irrorated with whitish ; markings variable in distinctness , sometimes almost wholly obsolete ; first line white , very oblique , almost - straight , indented above middle , posteriorly dark - margined ; orbicular somewhat annular , almost wholly obsolete ; claviform dot - like , blackish , usually distinct ; reniform 8 - shaped , oblique , obscurely dark - margined , indistinct ; second line white , dark - margined ; terminal space
generally darker , especially towards anal angle ; subterminal line very obscure , whitish , touching second line , not interrupted : cilia whitish , with a grey line . hindwings 1 ¾ , whitish - grey , postmedian line obscurely darker , hindmargin suffused with darker grey ; cilia as in forewings .
easily known by the narrow forewings , very oblique first line , and usually distinct blackish dot - like claviform .
hamilton , napier , masterton , and christchurch , in sandy grassy places or at lamps , from january to march , tolerably common .
male , female . —21–27 mm . quite similar to s . leptalea , but antennæ of male slender , filiform , ciliations 1 ; orbicular tolerably distinct , partially outlined with blackish .
this species so closely resembles s . leptalea , except in the considerably larger size , that it would probably pass for a local variety , but the structural difference in the antennæ of the male must be taken to warrant specific separation . the forewings are perhaps even somewhat narrower proportionately , and the claviform usually more conspicuous .
arthur ' s pass , on grassy slopes at 4 , 500 feet , in january ; three specimens ( 2 male , 1 female ) . a more ochreous - tinged female from near dunedin is probably also referable to this species .
conspicuously distinct , and of doubtful affinity , but perhaps allied to s . feredayi ; the straight perpendicular dark reddish - brown fascia beyond first line is a peculiar feature .
arthur ' s pass ( 2 , 600 feet ) , and dunedin , amongst bush in january ; four specimens .
also a very distinct species , immediately known by the reddish - ochreous colour , with whitish lines and posterior irroration . as butler has quoted the name as a synonym of s . submarginalis , it may be worth while stating that there is not the least resemblance between the two species .
eketahuna , wellington , bealey river ( 2 , 100 feet ) , castle hill ( 2 , 500 feet ) , lake guyon , and lake wakatipu , amongst bush from january to march , not common ; eight specimens .
male . —17 ½—19 mm . head , antennæ , and thorax ochreous - fuscous , shoulders suffusedly dark fuscous ; antennæ deeply dentate , ciliations ⅔ . palpi 3 , ochreous - fuscous irrorated with blackish , internally and on basal joint white . abdomen whitish - ochreous . legs whitish - ochreous , irrorated with dark fuscous , tibiæ and tarsi banded with dark fuscous . forewings triangular , costa gently arched , apex round - pointed , hindmargin almost straight , oblique ; ochreous - fuscous ; base irrorated with dark fuscous ; first line very slender , obscure , whitish , posteriorly finely blackish - margined , not oblique , somewhat curved , sinuate inwards above inner margin ; space between first and second lines fuscous , irrorated with dark fuscous , with a few pale scales ; orbicular and claviform both round , ochreous - brown , obscurely blackish - margined , touching first line ; reniform 8 - shaped , white ,
suffusedly blackish - margined ; second line very slender , obscure , whitish , anteriorly finely blackish - margined , rather abruptly curved above middle ; subterminal obsolete ; a slender interrupted white hindmarginal line : cilia ochreous - whitish , with two dark grey lines . hindwings 1 ⅓ , whitish - grey ; lunule , postmedian line and a hindmarginal line darker grey , distinct ; cilia whitish , with a dark grey interrupted line .
apparently allied to s . feredayi , but very distinct by the ochreous - fuscous ground colour , fine black margins of lines , and well - defined white reniform .
lake wakatipu , at 1 , 200 feet , in december ; two specimens .
allied to s . cleodoralis , but much larger , and differing in the longer palpi , much longer ciliations of antennæ , defined orbicular , sharp angulation of second line , and other characters .
mount wellington , tasmania , amongst rocky scrub at 3 , 000 feet in december ; apparently very local , being confined to a small patch of ground in which it was common , and readily disturbed from the herbage .
male , female . —18–21 mm . head and thorax light ochreous - brownish , slightly mixed with whitish . palpi 3 ¼ , dark fuscous , slightly mixed with whitish , apex of maxillary and basal joint of labial white . antennæ grey , ciliations ½ . abdomen ochreous - whitish . legs whitish , anterior and middle pair suffused with dark fuscous . forewings elongate - triangular ,
costa slightly arched , apex obtuse , hindmargin obliquely rounded ; light ochreous - brownish , with a few irregularly - scattered white scales , veins more or less suffused with dark fuscous ; first line slender , whitish , posteriorly obscurely dark - margined , somewhat curved , not oblique ; orbicular and claviform obsolete ; reniform 8 - shaped , indistinct , somewhat whitish , obscurely dark - margined ; second line slender , whitish , obscurely dark - margined , sinuations very slight ; subterminal very indistinct , cloudy , whitish ; a row of cloudy dark fuscous dots before hindmargin : cilia ochreous - whitish , with two dark grey lines . hindwings 1 ½ , very pale whitish - grey ; postmedian line and hindmargin hardly darker ; cilia whitish , with a grey line .
an indistinct - looking species , yet hardly to be confused with any other .
blackheath ( 3 , 500 feet ) , new south wales ; mount macedon and fernshaw , victoria ; deloraine and mount wellington ( to 3 , 100 feet ) , tasmania ; amongst forest , from november to february , tolerably common .


the speckled tanager ( tangara guttata ) is a medium-sized passerine bird .

it is a resident breeder in costa rica , panama , trinidad , venezuela , colombia , guyana , suriname and the extreme north of brazil .

there are also sight records from french guiana .

it is probably a close relative of the spotted tanager ( t. punctata ) which replaces it to the south .

these two species are generally presumably to be fully allopatric , but may actually be parapatric : in 1998 a speckled tanager was found in the serranía de los churumbelos ( colombia ) , just about 160 km ( 99 mi ) north of where spotted tanagers are known to occur .

adult speckled tanagers are 13.2 cm ( 5.2 in ) long and weigh 18 g ( 0.63 oz ) .

the upperparts are green with black spotting , and the face is yellow with a black line from the eye to the gape .

the wings and tail are black edged with green , and the underparts are white spotted with black .

the sexes are similar .

the speckled tanager 's flight call is a weak metallic chirping tsip .

the trinidadian subspecies t. g. trinitatis has brighter and more extensive yellow on the head , and the black spotting is more conspicuous .

t. guttata is more of a subtropical species than its relative and occurs in humid montane and secondary forest , with generally not very tall trees and a dense understory .

speckled tanagers are social birds which eat mainly fruit and some insects .

they are often seen with bay-headed tanagers and honeycreepers .

the small cup nest is built in a tree and the normal clutch is two brown-blotched white eggs .

the female incubates the eggs for 13 days to hatching , with another 15 days before the chicks fledge .

speckled tanager

the speckled tanager is assumed to be a close relative of the spotted tanager ( t . punctata ) , which replaces it to the south .
the south american speckled tanager ( tangara guttata ) is a medium - sized bird that belongs to the thraupidae family .
this subtropical tanager occurs in costa rica , panama , venezuela , colombia and the extreme north of brazil .
speckled tanagers average 5 . 2 in ( 13 . 2 cm ) in length and weigh about 0 . 63 oz ( 18 g ) .
these two species are believed to be fully allopatric ( ranges are entirely separate ) , but may actually be parapatric ( ranges do not significantly overlap but are immediately adjacent to each other ) . in 1998 , a speckled tanager was found in the serranía de los churumbelos in colombia , which is just about 100 miles ( 160 km ) north of the natural range of the spotted tanagers .
found on the pacific and caribbean coasts of costa rica from 300 - 1500 m , south through panama to darién ( wetmore et al . 1984 ) , and at lower elevations on trinidad and tobago ( ffrench 1991 ) . found locally in colombia along both slopes of the north central andes , the eastern slope of eastern andes south to caquetá and the macarena mountains . found more widely in the mountains of venezuela , particularly in the andes from táchria to south lara . also along the coastal mountains from falcón east to paria peninsula , and on the slopes of
in amazonas and bolívar in southern venezuela and immediately adjacent brazil ( ridgely and tudor 1989 ) . also in guyana on mount roraima (
et al . 2003 ) and in suriname , where
only known from the tafelberg and the wilhelminagebergte , central suriname nature reserve , sipalwini district
( ottema et al . 2009 ) ; reported ( sight records ) in central french guyana ( restall et al . 2006 ) .
generally occupies the canopy and borders of humid forest , but also occurs in secondary woodlands and adjacent clearings with large trees ( ridgely and tudor 1989 ) . it is considered to be more restricted to forested habitats than most other congeneric species . on trinidad , the few feeding records away from the forest were from birds that foraged on fruit from shrubs on the borders of cocoa and coffee plantations (
in venezuela ( ridgely and tudor 2009 ) . naoki ( 2003 ) observed the largest proportion of foraging bouts in secondary and primary forest , but also recorded some occurrences in open habitats . can also be found alongside coffee plantations ( hilty 2003 ) .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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that is rarely found alone . this species usually travels in small family groups and joins larger mixed species flocks containing many other congeneric species . found in southern central american and northern south america , the
is an active forager , eating mostly fruits and terrestrial arthropods in the high canopy while deftly flitting among the trees of humid primary and secondary forests .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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an adult bird perched on a branch above the feeder at mollejones , about 12km south from perez zeledon . it was a super sunny . . .
daniêl jimenez , keith blomerley , david ascanio , avechaser , peter nash , keith and lynn youngs , yoël jimenez , manuel retana .
margareta wieser , manuel retana , luis r figueroa , miguel emmanuelli , mikko pyhälä , denis alexander torres , joe prasil , paul van giersbergen , oswaldocortes , rich bayldon , gustavo a . rodríguez , holger teichmann , don gato , jim watt , dusan m . brinkhuizen , jorge chinchilla , lars petersson , juanjaimemg .
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tangara guttata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
the subspecies , tangara guttata trinitatis , occurs in trinidad ( southernmost island in the caribbean ) .
its habitat consists of humid montane and secondary forest , with a dense understory .
they have green upperparts with black spotting . the face is yellow with a black line from the eye to the gape ( = the sides of the beak , the area where the upper and lower beaks join together ) . . the wings and tail are black edged with green . the underparts are white spotted with black .
the subspecies , tangara guttata trinitatis , has brighter and more extensive yellow on the head , and has a more conspicuous black spotting .
they built small cup nests in trees . the average clutch consists of two brown - blotched white eggs . the eggs are incubated by the female for about 13 - 14 days at which time the young hatch . the chicks stay in the nest for about 14 - 18 days .
their primary diet consists of fruit . but they also eat nectar , seeds and insects , such as beetles .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 352 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
all records ( accepted , rejected , pending ) . to filter / search please enter a phrase . e . g . to filter rejected records , type rejected into the search box , all columns can be filtered .
have you seen something interesting ? click submit to share your rare bird sightings via our simple form .
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