goniobranchus multimaculosus is a species of colourful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family chromodorididae .

this species was transferred from chromodoris to goniobranchus in 2012 .

goniobranchus multimaculosus

what type of species is goniobranchus multimaculosus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the goniobranchus multimaculosus species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of goniobranchus multimaculosus species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species goniobranchus multimaculosus .
how to identify goniobranchus multimaculosus marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species goniobranchus multimaculosus . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species goniobranchus multimaculosus are marked in green .
where is goniobranchus multimaculosus found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species goniobranchus multimaculosus can be found .
have a fact about goniobranchus multimaculosus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for goniobranchus multimaculosus ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
how can i put and write and define goniobranchus multimaculosus in a sentence and how is the word goniobranchus multimaculosus used in a sentence and examples ? 用goniobranchus multimaculosus造句 , 用goniobranchus multimaculosus造句 , 用goniobranchus multimaculosus造句 , goniobranchus multimaculosus meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .
chromodoris galactos : synonym of goniobranchus galactos ( rudman & s . johnson , 1985 )
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
sisters island , n . w . tasmania ; 4 specimens , ( 14 , 19 , 22 , 23 mm long alive ) , 10 m , 22 september 1985 , am c148085 . photo : bill rudman .
the mantle is elongately ovate and has a relatively wide overlap completely obscuring the foot . in most cases the mantle is translucent pinkish with a broad opaque white band around the edge formed from both subepithelial dendritic mantle glands and epidermal pigmentation . there is a row of relatively large orange spots just in from the edge . the rest of the mantle appears pink with fine white specks and an irregular scattering of bright red spots . in detail , this part of the mantle is translucent with aggregations of white specks forming a close reticulate pattern , the spaces in the reticulation having a fine dusting of bright red specks which , with the pale viscera showing through , give the mantle the pink background colour . each of the larger red spots is in one of the spaces in the reticulate pattern and is therefore surrounded by a white ring .
the rhinophore stalk is transparent and the club straw - coloured , and both have some white speckling . the gills are also translucent with some white speckling . there are ten simple gills forming a circle around the anus . the foot and sides of the body are translucent white with some white speckling , and there is a submarginal row of orange spots around the foot including the anterior end .
of a group of four animals collected together ( am c148085 ) the smallest differs from the rest in having no trace of red pigmentation , the mantle appearing a pale yellow - orange . in detail the mantle has white specks arranged in a reticulate pattern as in the pink specimens , but in the ' meshes ' of the reticulation there are diffuse yellow - orange spots , some quite large but still smaller than the bright red spots of the ' typical ' colour pattern . there is a whitish border to the mantle , but it is not clearly defined , and there are a series of yellow - orange spots around the edge . the sides of the body and foot are translucent with some white speckling and a submarginal row of yellow - orange spots around the edge of the foot . the posterior end of the foot is coloured as the mantle with white specks and small yellowish spots . there is a large yellow - orange spot on the posterior tip of the foot .
this species is known only from the seven specimens recorded here from tasmania . there are other red - spotted or orange - spotted species of chromodoris reported from tasmania and from southeastern australia . chromodoris multimaculosa differs from most in having spots of ywo colours , although the orange only colour form has external similarities to noumea closei . it differs from that species in the shape of the radular teeth and reproductve system .
rudman , w . b . ( 1986 ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : noumea flava colour group . zoological journal of the linnean society , 88 : 377 - 404 .
rudman , w . b . , ( 1987 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : chromodoris epicuria , c . aureopurpurea , c . annulata , c . coi and risbecia tryoni colour groups . zoological journal of the linnean society 90 : 305 - 407 .
discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
citation : johnson rf , gosliner tm ( 2012 ) traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history : a molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs . plos one 7 ( 4 ) : e33479 . urltoken
editor : jonathan h . badger , j . craig venter institute , united states of america
copyright : © 2012 johnson , gosliner . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this work was supported by the california academy of sciences , the university of california santa cruz - department of ecology and evolutionary biology , the national science foundation deb 9978155 and deb 0329054 to tg , and an encyclopedia of life rubenstein fellowship to rj . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
a . ‘phylogenetic scenario’ for the chromodorid genera modified from [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . b . morphological phylogeny of generic representatives for the chromodorididae [ 13 ] . c . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae from [ 27 ] . d . combined 16s and coi phylogram of the chromodorididae and cadlinidae from [ 28 ] . rudman ' s ‘ chromodoris group’ in red , ‘ hypselodoris group’ in blue , cadlinella in yellow , diversidoris ( not included in [ 5 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 26 ] ) , cadlina in grey and other dorids in black .
new collections ( from this contribution and [ 28 ] in blue . genbank specimens in red . size of circle represents number of specimens collected in each region . specimen details in supplementary table s1 ) .
the goals of this contribution are : ( 1 ) generate a phylogeny that tests the species level relationships of the chromodorid nudibranchs and confirms the monophyly of the chromodorididae , ( 2 ) assess the phylogenetic validity of the chromodorid genera , and ( 3 ) propose a new classification for the chromodorid nudibranchs that reflects their relationships .
in this study and a companion study [ 28 ] , thanks to targeted collecting trips , dedicated collectors and dna extracted from museum collections , we were able to include specimens from throughout the indo - pacific ( ip ) , the eastern pacific ( ep ) and west atlantic ( wa ) ( figure 2 and table s1 ) . we use the term indo - pacific to define the biogeographic region including the tropical and subtropical regions of the indian ocean ( from the red sea to the east coast of south africa ) and both the western and central pacific , but not the tropical eastern pacific [ 40 ] . museum collections are an invaluable resource for biodiversity studies [ 41 ] . we have found existing natural history collections can reduce the need for additional collecting . our study , combined with data from [ 28 ] and genbank , is unique in its wide taxonomic and geographic sampling . because we have included both the type species of every genus and additional species of all 14 of the non - monotypic genera , we can test the monophyly every genus in the family ( table s1 ) .
the majority of the specimens used in this study are part of the california academy of sciences invertebrate zoology ( casiz ) collection . we had the permission of casiz to take tissue samples from specimens for dna analysis . as stated in the casiz collections policy : ‘no specimens will be accessioned without adequate labeling , collection notes , field notes , or other locality information , nor without appropriate legal documentation ( collecting permits , export permits from country of origin , etc . ) when applicable . ’ we also included dna extracted for five specimens currently deposited in the museum national d ' histoire naturelle ( paris museum ) and the western australian museum . these tissues samples were collected during joint field trips under the agreement that the tissue could be sequenced at the california academy of sciences , while the specimens would remain at the respective museum . all other data used is from genbank or the moorea biocode database .
most of our samples were collected especially for molecular work and were preserved accordingly , either in 95 % etoh , sed buffer ( saturated nacl solution with edta and dmso ) or frozen . in addition to the specimens collected specifically for molecular study , we were also able to use museum material that was , either preserved in 70–75 % etoh or the original fixation method is unknown .
the cleaned , pcr products were copied and labeled with fluorescently dye - terminators ( big dye 3 . 1 abi ) in 10 µl reactions . each reaction contained 0 . 5–2 µl of cleaned pcr product , 1 . 63 µl of 5× reaction buffer , . 5 µl of primer ( 10 mm stock ) , 0 . 5 µl–0 . 75 µl of big dye and water to 10 µl . these reactions were run on a perkin elmer 9600 - geneamp pcr system or a biorad mycycler™ thermocycler ( software version 1 . 065 , bio - rad laboratories ) . the resulting labeled , single stranded dna was precipitated by addition of 2 . 5 µl of edta and sequential washing and pelleting in ( centrifuge details ) with 100 % and then 70 % etoh . the pelleted dna was denautured for two minutes at 94°c in 13–15 µl of hidi formamide ( applied biosystems ) . the denatured , labeled dna fragments were sequenced in both directions on the abi 3100 and 3130 genetic analyzer in the center for comparative genomics ( formerly the osher laboratory for molecular systematics ) at the california academy of sciences .
we assembled , edited and removed primer strands from forward and reverse strands for each gene fragment sequenced using sequencher ( ver . 4 . 7 . genecodes corporation ) and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) . we aligned the coi sequences by eye and translated the base pair data into amino acids to using macclade 4 . 08 [ 46 ] to confirm alignment accuracy . we aligned 16s sequences with muscle [ 47 ] . we then further optimized the alignments by eye using both macclade [ 46 ] and genious 3 . 0 - 5 . 3 . 3 ( biomatters ) .
we tested for saturation or multiple substitutions at the same site by plotting the absolute number of transitions and transversions at each codon position ( 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd ) for coi and at each base pair for 16s against both uncorrected p distance and log det using paup [ 48 ] and excel ( plots not shown ) .
sequence data for both genes was not obtained for every specimen we studied . we worked with two main data sets , because we wanted to test the effect of missing data on the resulting phylogeny : the two data sets were : 1 ) combined 16s and coi for specimens with sequence data for both genes , 2 ) all 16s and coi data for all specimens ( table s1 . ) both of these data sets were analyzed both including and excluding variable characters in the 16s alignment . for all of these analyses we used doris kerguelensis as the outgroup .
the figured trees are the resulting consensus phylograms from the bayesian analyses ( figures s1 , s2 ) . all posterior probabilities are shown above the branches on the bayesian phylograms . tree topology was not altered with the inclusion or exclusion or the 16s fragment ' s variable regions ( see figure s2 for comparison of trees with and without variable regions ) . the resulting phylogenetic hypotheses for each dataset are summarized below . we will discuss relationships in terms of posterior probabilities .
coi and 16s combined analysis : including only specimens with data for both genes ( figure s1 ) .
this data set included 244 individual chromodorids , representing 157 species , four species of actinocyclidae , four other dorids . the outgroup was doris kerguelensis .
tree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included .
tree is the same bayesian phylogram as figured in s3a . all specimens , both genes and all characters included . blue = indo - pacific , red = atlantic and caribbean , gold = eastern pacific , green = sister group , black = outgroups . dark grey = solely eastern pacific and atlantic clades . light grey = primarily indo - pacific clades with eastern pacific members .
the two species of cadlinella included here , cadlinella ornatissima and cadlinellla subornatissima form a clade and are sister to the rest of the chromodorid species ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . these findings support previous results [ 27 ] , [ 28 ] and rudman ' s evolutionary scenario [ 5 ] , [ 26 ] . the widespread indo - pacific genus , cadlinella is an enigmatic taxon . it has at different times been considered it own separate family [ 64 ] , a part of the cadlininae [ 65 ] and a member of the chromodoridinae / chromodorididae [ 26 ] , [ 66 ] .
cadlina burnayi ortea , 1988 [ 68 ] = t . nobilis [ 69 ]
the only two species of tyrinna : t . evelinae and t . nobilis are included here . tyrinna is always monophyletic ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . after the split from cadlinella , this clade is poorly - supported as the sister group to the main group of chromodorids ( pp = 0 . 83 ) . rudman [ 26 ] suggested that tyrinna , cadlinella and cadlina form a basal grade of primitive chromodorids . cadlina had been shown not to be a chromodorid [ 28 ] , but our results support rudman ' s suggestion that tyrinna and cadlinella are basal to the rest of the chromodorids . muniain et al [ 70 ] and schrödl and millen [ 71 ] extensively reviewed the morphology of the two species in this clade .
verconia verconis is well supported as part of a clade that includes n . haliclona , n . laboutei , n . romeri and n . simplex ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . noumea varians , n . purpurea and n . norba form a well - supported clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) that is not part of a name bearing clade , but is one branch of the polytomy that includes the ‘noumea sensu stricto’ and the branch leading to the rest of the family ( pp = 0 . 88 ) . the monotypic genus verconia is nested within the noumea clade as suggested by rudman [ 75 ] and weakly supported as the sister species to another south australian species , n . haliclona , as found in the preliminary results shown by turner & wilson [ 27 ] .
type species : doris xantholeuca ehrenberg , 1831 [ 76 ] = g . pallida ( by subsequent designation )
the glossodoris clade ( pp = 1 . 00 ) includes species g . pallida and g . rufomargninata . in an important , but often overlooked detailed examination of the relationships of the species classified in the genus glossodoris , rudman identified five subgroups of this genus based on morphology [ 77 ] . the species in this glossodoris clade were considered by rudman [ 77 ] to be members of the ‘ glossodoris pallida subgroup’ . this clade also includes two species he did not include in any subgroup , g . cincta and g . hikuerenesis .
lissodoris odhner , 1934 [ 80 ] . type species : l . mollis odhner , 1934 ( = c . aureomarginata cheeseman , 1881 [ 86 ] ( by monotypy )
casella h . & a . adams , 1858 : 57 [ 84 ] . type species : c . gouldii h . & a . adams , 1858 [ 84 ] ( by monotypy )
species included in the glossodoris atromarginata subgroup [ 77 ] are recovered in this clade , with the addition of g . sedna and digidentis kulonba ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .
this name will be used for all eastern pacific and atlantic species of chromodoris and glossodoris ( except glossodoris sedna ) . these species form a polytomy including glossodoris baumanni and three clades of atlantic and eastern pacific chromodorids .
chromodoris clenchi , c . norrisi and c . sphoni ( pp = 1 . 00 )
chromodoris krohni , c . luteorosea and c . purpurea ( pp = 0 . 78 )
these exclusively eastern pacific and atlantic clades do not form a monophyletic group , but we will provisionally name all of these species ‘felimida’ . this is the most conservative choice , the choice that requires the fewest name changes and is the least disruptive pending further information and broader taxon sampling .
the ardeadoris clade includes both species of ardeadoris : a . egretta and a . scottjohnsoni , five species of glossodoris ( g . averni , g . pullata , g . rubroannulata , g . tomsmithi and glossodoris undaurum ) and noumea angustolutea ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . . based on their analysis , turner and wilson [ 27 ] suggested that with more sampling it would be come clear if ardeadoris should be synonmized with glossodoris . by sampling more broadly within the family , we found the converse . four species of glossodoris and noumea angustolutea need to be included within ardeardoris because they are strongly supported as part of the clade including ardeadoris egretta and not the type species of glossodoris . three of the species , g . averni , g . undaurum and g . rubroannulata , found in this clade were part of rudman ' s glossodoris sedna subgroup [ 77 ]
this clade includes all of the black - lined species of chromodoris and chromodoris aspersa ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . this clade was identified by , both wilson & lee [ 17 ] and turner & wilson [ 27 ] , as the planar spawning or black - lined chromodoris clade . all of the members of this clade lay flat egg masses .
type species : diversidoris aurantionodulosa rudman , 1987 [ 89 ] ( by original designation ) .
the diversidoris includes , diversidoris aurantionodulosa , two yellow species of noumea , n . crocea and n . flava , and a new species from moorea , french polynesia - chromodoridae biocode 2937 ( pp = 0 . 95 ) .
the miamirinae clade includes all of the species currently classified as ceratosoma , durvilledoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , pectenodoris , risbecia , thorunna and two species of digidentis ( pp = 1 . 00 )
this clade was first predicted by rudman [ 26 ] based on morphological similarities and then confirmed by rudman & berquist ' s [ 5 ] finding that all of the species in this clade feed exclusively on sponges of the family dysideaidae , although they assumed all of the genera to be monophyletic . miamirinae bergh 1891 is the oldest appropriate and available subfamily or family name for this clade . the remaining six genera ; miamira , ceratosoma , felimare , mexichromis , thorunna and hypselodoris make up the miamirinae .
the miamira clade includes the following species ( as currently classified ) ceratosoma alleni , ceratosoma magnificum , ceratosoma miamiranum , ceratosoma sinuatum . miamira is part of a grade with ceratosoma . the morphological phylogeny of species of ceratosoma and classified as miamira and orodoris , that was used as justification for their synonomy , predicted a sister group relationship between species of miamira and ceratosoma alleni [ 93 ] . our results confirm that c . alleni is more closely related to species of miamira , but do not find support for synonymy of miamira and ceratosoma . although , it is possible this relationship will be recovered with further sampling and by including molecular markers that will help resolve basal branches on the phylogeny .
the ceratosoma clade includes c . amoenum , c . gracillimum , c . ingozi , c . tenue , c . trilobatum and a new species . ( pp = 1 . 00 )
the felimare clade includes all eastern pacific , atlantic and mediterranean species of hypselodoris and two species of mexichromis , m . porterae and m . kempfi from the eastern pacific and caribbean respectively ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . both gosliner and johnson [ 13 ] and alejandrino and valdés [ 31 ] hypothesized a sister group relationship between the indo - pacific and eastern pacific / atlantic species of hypselodoris . turner and wilson [ 27 ] did not recover that relationship , but instead found the same relationships shown here .
this clade includes the type species of mexichromis , m . antonii , known only from the eastern pacific and the three included species of durvilledoris , d . lemniscata , d . pusilla and d . similaris , the two described species of pectenodoris , p . aurora and p . trilineata and all of the indo - pacific species currently considered mexichromis , m . festiva , m . macropus , m . mariei and m . mutituberculata ( pp = 1 . 00 ) . there are two well - supported clades within the mexichromis clade . the clade including mexichromis antonii and the species of durvilledoris is sister to the clade including pectenodoris and indo - pacific mexichromis . these clades could be given two names , but it is much less disruptive and confusing to maintain the name mexichromis for all clade members . the clade including p . aurora and p . trilineata can be called the ‘ pectenodoris ’ clade of mexichromis .
the thorunna clade includes all species of thorunna and two species of digidentis , d . arbutus and d . perplexa . all of species currently classified as thorunna are found in the indo - pacific and the species of digidentis are limited to southern australia . as suggested by rudman [ 26 ] , the only species within thorunna with mantle glands , t . australis and the species of digidentis ( all of which have mantle glands ) form a clade .
this clade includes all of the indo - pacific species of hypeslodoris and risbecia ( pp = 1 . 00 ) .
species of risbecia s . s forms a well - supported clade nested within hypselodoris and can be referred to as the risbecia clade of hypselodoris . risbecia aplogema is not part of this risbecia clade and was previously considered a species of hypselodoris . including all of the members of the risbecia and hypselodoris bullocki clade in risbecia is not an option because this would render hypsleodoris paraphyletic . the second clade includes , h . bennetti , h , maritima , h . bertschi , h . paulinae , h . kaname , h . bollandi , h . obscura , h . infucata , h . zephrya and one or two new species . the third clade includes h . reidi , h . krakatoa , h . jacksoni and one new species . this clade was also recovered in gosliner & johnson ' s [ 13 ] morphological phylogeny of hypselodoris .
in future contribtuions , we will work out synapomorphies for the clades identified here , but because of the amount of homoplasy and number of incomplete descriptions , this is a huge undertaking and not appropriate here .
in summary , with the most comprehensive sampling of chromodorid species to date , we confirmed that the chromodorids are monophyletic and are sister to the monophyletic actinocyclids . we also found that the majority , 12 / 14 non - monotypic traditional genera , were not monophyletic or make another clade paraphyletc . seven traditional genera , ceratosoma , chromodoris , digidentis , glossodoris , hypselodoris , mexichromis , noumea are non - monophyletic and three ( durvilledoris , pectenodoris , risbecia ) are monophyletic but render another genus paraphyletic . both ardeadoris and thorunna are made paraphyletic by nested members of other genera ( noumea , glossodoris and digidentis ) . the two monotypic genera , diversidoris and verconia are nested within clades . only tyrinna and cadlinella are monophyletic and without disruption to any other clades ( figure 3 , s1 , s2 ) . the classification proposed here and discussed at length above renames clades and is more consisitent with evolutionary history ( figure s3 ) .
this new classification clarifies our view of biogeographic patterns in the chromodorid nudibranchs . instead of taxonomy obscuring patterns of diversification in this group , this taxonomy reflects and reinforces evolutionary history . it gives us a much better framework for exploring evolutionary questions .
relationships within the miramirinae clade are more resolved . there are two clades that include eastern pacific and atlantic species . the felimare clade is exclusively eastern pacific and atlantic . there are two eastern pacific and atlantic splits in this clade , the eastern pacific f . porterae and caribbean f . kempfi are potentially geminate species and are sister to a larger clade of eastern pacific , caribbean and eastern atlantic felimare species . more sampling is needed in this clade to further untangle the emergent biogeographic patterns within felimare . additionally , within the miamirinae , the eastern pacific species , mexichromis antonii , is sister to the exclusively indo - pacific m . lemniscata , m . pusilla and m . similaris and this clade is sister to the rest of the indo - pacific mexichromis . within the miamirinae , it appears that there had been more than one dispersal event from the indo - pacific , to eastern pacific and atlantic . ceratosoma and miamira species are only found in the indo - pacific and adjacent temperate regions . the sister taxon , the clade including : felimare , mexichromis , thorunna and hypselodoris , has a wider distribution . within this sister taxon , felilmare is exclusively eastern pacific and atlantic while its sister species in its sister taxon mexichromis , thorunna and hypselodoris are almost exclusively indo - pacific and adjacent temperate regions . mexichromis antonii , which is found in the eastern pacific , is the only speices in this clade not found in the indo - pacific or adjacent regions . thus , felimare and mexichromis antonii represent two distrinct invasions of the eastern pacific from the indo - pacific .
we hope the work presented here will serve as a starting point for further research into the evolutionary history of the chromodorid nudibranchs . this phylogeny is based only on mitochondrial genes , one of our first next steps will be to include sequences from nuclear genes for all of the species included here . the addition of more slowly evolving unlinked markers should help resolve some poorly supported node at the base of the phylogenies presented here and will add a separate line of evidence to this hypothesis . addtionally , morphological synapomorphies need to be found for the clades recoverd in this phyogeny . there is still much work to do in order to untangle the evolutionary history of this group . this phylogeny and classification is a start that will allow us to use names that represent monophyetic groups as the starting point for future discovery .
the electronic version of this document does not represent a published work according to the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the nomenclatural acts contained in the electronic version are not available under that code from the electronic edition . therefore , a separate edition of this document was produced by a method that assures numerous identical and durable copies , and those copies were simultaneously obtainable ( from the publication date noted on the first page of this article ) for the purpose of providing a public and permanent scientific record , in accordance with article 8 . 1 of the code . the separate print - only edition is available on request from plos by sending a request to plos one , public library of science , 1160 battery street , suite 100 , san francisco , ca 94111 , usa along with a check for $ 10 ( to cover printing and postage ) payable to “public library of science” .
table of specimens used in this study . specimens used in this study listed by family . the names in this table reflect current classification not proposed classification ( new names are listed in the text ) . abbreviations are as follows : casiz = california academy of sciences , sam = south australian museum , wam = western australian museum , am = australian museum , zsm = zoologische staatssammlung münchen , sio - bic = scripps institute of oceanography , biocode = moorea biocode project .
new classification of the chromodorididae with synonyms . generic names and type species in bold and the most recent genus membership follows . listing order follows phylogeny .
bayesian consensus phylogram including all specimens with data for both genes . posterior probabilities are listed above branches . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . this phylogram is the consensus of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position .
bayesian consensus phylograms including all specimens . a . phylogram resulting from the inclusion of all characters b . phylogram resulting from excluding hard to align characters . doris kerguelensis is the outgroup . these phylograms are the consensuses of 50 , 000 , 000 generations with trees sampled every 1000 generations with a burnin of 25 % . data was partitioned by gene and by codon position . dotted lined indicate areas of disagreement .
conceived and designed the experiments : rfj tmg . performed the experiments : rfj . analyzed the data : rfj . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : tmg . wrote the paper : rfj . conceptualized and wrote the new classification : tmg rfj .
edmunds m ( 1981 ) opishtobranchiate mollusca from ghana : chromodorididae . zoological journal of the linnean society 71 : 175–201 .
species ( gastropoda : nudibranchia ) ultrastructure and chemical analysis of mantle dermal formations ( mdfs ) . marine biology 106 : 245–250 .
( opisthobranchia , chromodorididae ) . journal of molluscan studies 72 ( 2 ) : 214–216 .
rudman wb , berquist pr ( 2007 ) a review of feeding specificity in the sponge - feeding chromodorididae ( nudibranchia : mollusca ) . molluscan research 27 ( 2 ) : 60–88 .
faulkner dj , ghiselin mt ( 1983 ) chemical defense and evolutionary ecology of dorid nudibranchs and some other opisthobranch gastropods . marine ecology progress series 13 : 295–301 .
avila c ( 1995 ) natural products of opisthobranch molluscs : a biological review . oceanography and marine biology annual review 33 : 487–559 .
cimino g , fontana a , gavagnin m ( 1999 ) marine opisthobranch molluscs : chemistry and ecology in sacoglossans and dorids . current organic chemistry 3 : 327–372 .
nudibranchs illuminate the protective role of their dorsal horn . chemoecology 15 : 31–36 .
cimino g , ghiselin mt ( 2009 ) chemical defense and the evolution of opistobranch gastropods . proceedings of the california academy of sciences 60 ( 10 ) : 175–422 .
gosliner tm , behrens d ( 1990 ) special resemblance , aposematic coloration and mimicry in opisthobranch gastropods . in : wicksten m , editor . symposium on the adaptive significance of color in invertebrates . sponsored by the american society of zoologists . college station : texas a . & m . university press . pp . 127–138 .
rudman wb ( 1991 ) purpose in pattern : the evolution of colour in chromodorid nudibranchs . journal of molluscan studies 57 : 5–21 .
( nudibranchia : chromodorididae ) with a review of the monophyletic clade of indo - pacific species , including descriptions of twelve new species . zoological journal of the linnean society 125 : 1–125 .
gosliner tm ( 2001 ) aposematic coloration and mimicry in opisthobranch mollusks : new phylogenetic and experimental data . bollettino malacologico 37 : 163–170 .
cortesi f , cheney kl ( 2010 ) conspicuousness is correlated with toxicity in marine opisthobranchs . journal of evolutionary biology 23 : 1509–1518 .
wilson ng ( 2002 ) egg masses of chromodorid nudibranchs ( mollusca : gastropoda : opisthobranchia ) . malacologia 44 ( 2 ) : 289–306 .
( mollusca : nudibranchia ) and the identification of a planar spawning clade . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 36 : 722–727 .
lee wl , devaney dm , emerson wk , ferris vr , hart cw jr , et al . ( 1978 ) resources in invertebrate systematics . american zoologist 18 : 167–185 .
knowlton n ( 1993 ) sibling species in the sea . annual review of ecology and systematics 24 : 189–216 .
knowlton n , jackson jbc ( 1994 ) new taxonomy and niche partitioning on coral reefs : jack of all trades or master of some ? trends in ecology and evolution 9 : 7–9 .
committee on biological diversity in marine systems , national research council ( 1995 ) understanding marine biodiversity . national academy of sciences .
valdés á ( 2002 ) a phylogenetic analysis and systematic revision of the cryptobranch dorids ( mollusca , nudibranchia , anthobranchia ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 136 : 535–636 .
brooks dr , mclennan da ( 1991 ) phylogeny , ecology and behavior : a research program in comparative biology . 434 p . the university of chicago press . chicago , illinois .
williams dm , kociolek jp ( 2007 ) pursuit of a natural classification of diatoms : history , monophyly and the rejection of paraphyletic taxale . european journal of phycology 42 ( 3 ) : 313–319 .
rudman wb ( 1984 ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : a review of the genera . zoological journal of the linnean society 81 : 115–273 .
turner lm , wilson ng ( 2008 ) polyphyly across oceans : a molecular phylogeny of the chromodorididae ( mollusca , nudibranchia ) . zoologica scripta 37 : 23–42 .
johnson rf ( 2011 ) breaking family ties : taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs ( mollusca , gastropoda ) . zoologica scripta 40 ( 2 ) : 137–157 .
( nudibranchia : chromorididae ) , with descriptions of two new species . proceedings of the california academy of sciences 49 ( 3 ) : 115–126 .
colour group ( mollusca , nudibranchia , chromodorididae ) , with remarks on the genus brachychlanis ehrenberg , 1831 . journal of natural history 35 : 1371–1398 .
stimpson , 1855 ( nudibranchia , chromodorididae ) with the description of a new species from the caribbean sea . journal of molluscan studies 72 : 189–198 .
thollesson m ( 1999 ) phylogenetic analysis of dorid nudibranchs ( gastropoda : doridacea ) using the mitochondrial 16s rrna gene . journal of molluscan studies 65 : 335–353 .
thollesson m ( 2000 ) increasing fidelity in parsimony analysis of dorid nudibranchs by differential weighting , or a tale of two genes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 16 : 161–172 .
wollscheid e , wägele h ( 1999 ) initial results on the molecular phylogeny of the nudibranchia ( gastropoda , opisthobranchia ) based on 18s rdna data . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 13 : 215–226 .
wollscheid - lengeling e , boore j , brown w , wägele h ( 2001 ) the phylogeny of nudibranchia ( opisthobranchia , gastropoda , mollusca ) reconstructed by three molecular markers . organisms , diversity and evolution 1 : 241–256 .
grande c , templado j , cervera jl , zardoya r ( 2004a ) molecular phylogeny of euthyneura ( mollusca : gastopoda ) . molecular biology and evolution 21 : 303–313 .
grande c , templado j , cervera jl , zardoya r ( 2004b ) phylogenetic relationships among opisthobranchia ( mollusca : gastropoda ) based on mitochondrial cx1 , trnv , and rrnl genes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 33 : 378–388 .
gosliner tm , draheim r ( 1996 ) indo - pacific opisthobranch gastropod biogeography : how do we know what we don ' t know . american malacological bulletin 12 ( 1 / 2 ) : 37–43 .
debelius h ( 1998 ) nudibranchs and sea slugs - indo - pacific field guide . ikan - unterwasserarchiv . frankfurt .
gosliner tm , behrens dw , valdés á ( 2008 ) indo pacific nudibranchs and sea slugs . 425 p . sea challengers / california academy of sciences .
baker rj ( 1994 ) some thoughts on conservation , biodiversity , museums , molecular characters , systematics and basic research . journal of mammalogy 75 ( 2 ) : 277–287 .
medina m , walsh pj ( 2000a ) molecular systematics of the order anaspidea based on mitochondrial dna sequence ( 12s , 16s and coi ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 15 : 41–58 .
) from populations of the coast of california and the sea of cortez . marine biotechnology 2 : 449–455 .
folmer o , black m , hoeh w , lutz r , vrijenhoek r ( 1994 ) dna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates . molecular marine biology and biotechnology 3 : 294–299 .
palumbi s , martin a , romano s , mcmillan wo , stice l , et al . ( 1996 ) the simple fool ' s guide to pcr , version 2 . 0 . hawaii : department of zoology and kewalo marine laboratory , university of hawaii .
maddison dr , maddison wp ( 2005 ) macclade version 4 . 08 . sinauer asssociates .
edgar rc ( 2004 ) muscle : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput . nucleic acids research 32 ( 5 ) : 1792–1797 .
swofford dl ( 2002 ) paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) . version 4 . sinauer associates , sunderland , massachusetts .
nylander jaa ( 2004 ) mrmodeltest v2 . program distributed by the author . evolutionary biology centre , uppsala university . available :
huelsenbeck jp , ronquist f ( 2001 ) mrbayes : bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees . bioinformatics 17 : 754–755 .
ronquist a , huelsenbeck jp ( 2003 ) mrbayes 3 : bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models . bioinformatics 19 : 1572–1574 .
nylander jaa , ronquist f , huelsenbeck jp , nieves - aldrey jl ( 2004 ) bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined data . systematic biology 53 : 47–67 .
rambaut a , drummond aj ( 2007 ) tracer v1 . 4 , available from tracer website available :
felsenstein j ( 2001 ) the troubled growth of statistical phylogenetics . systematic biology 50 : 465–467 .
felsenstein j ( 2004 ) a digression on history and philosophy . in : felsenstein j , editor . inferring phylogenies . pp . 123–146 . sinauer associates , sunderland , ma .
franz nm ( 2005 ) on the lack of good scientific reasons for the growing phylogeny classification gap . cladistics 21 : 495–500 .
international commisson of zoological nomenclature ( 2000 ) international code of zoological nomenclature . fourth edition . the international trust for zoological nomenclature c / o the natural history museum london , united kingdom . available :
bouchet p , rocroi jp , frýda j , hausdorf b , ponder w , et al . ( 2005 ) classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 ( 1–2 ) : 1–397 .
international society for phylogenetic nomenclature ( 2010 ) the phylocode . version 4c . available :
dayrat b , gosliner tm ( 2005 ) species names and metaphyly : a case study in discodorididae ( mollusca , gastropoda , euthyneura , nudibranchia , doridina ) . zoologica scripta 34 ( 2 ) : 199–224 .
gray je ( 1857 ) guide to the systematic distribution of mollusca in the british musuem . part 1 . london taylor and francis .
thiele j ( 1931 ) hanbuch der systematischen weichtierkinde : 431 . jena : fischer .
risbec j ( 1928 ) contribution à l ' étude des nudibranchs néo calédoniens . faune des colonies francaises 2 : 328 .
odhner nhj ( 1934 ) the nudibranchiata . british antarctic ( “terra nova” ) expedition , 1910 . british museum of natural history report zoology 7 ( 5 ) : 229–310 , pls . 1–3 p 251 .
bertsch h ( 1977 ) the chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the pacific coast of america - part i . investigative methods and supra - specific taxonomy . veliger 20 : 107–118 .
bergh lsr ( 1898 ) die opisthobranchiata der sammlung plate . fauna chilensis . zoologische jahrbucher suppl . 4 : 481–582 .
ortea ja ( 1988 ) molluscos opisthobranquios del archipelago de cabo verde : chromodorididae . publicações ocasionais da sociedade portuguesa de malacologia 11 : 1–16 .
bergh , 1898 ( opisthobranchia : chromodorididae ) from patagonia , argentina . journal of molluscan studies 62 ( 3 ) : 265–273 .
bergh , 1898 ( doridoidea : chromodorididae ) . journal of natural history 35 : 1143–1171 .
baba k ( 1937 ) opisthobranchia of japan 2 . journal of the department of agriculture kyushu imperial university 5 ( 7 ) : 289–344 .
pruvot - fol a ( 1931 ) notes de systematique sur le opisthobranches . bulletin du museum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris ( 2 ) 3 ( 3 ) : 309–310 .
basedow h , hedley c ( 1905 ) south australian nudibranchs and an enumeration of the known australian species . transactions and proceedings of the royal society of south australia 29 : 134–160 .
ehrenberg cg ( 1831 ) symbolae physicae seu incones et descriptions animalium evertebratorum sepositis insectis quae ex itinere per agricam borealem et asiam occidentalem . decas 1 mollusca .
, h . a . adams ) . zoological journal of linnean society 86 : 101–184 .
pease wh ( 1866 ) remarks on nudibranchiata inhabiting the pacific islands , with descriptions of two new genera . american journal of conchology 2 ( 3 ) : 204–208 .
cheeseman tf ( 1881 ) on some new species of nudibranchiate mollusca . transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute 13 : 222–224 .
d ' orbigny a ( 1839 ) mollusques , echinoderms , foraminiferes et polypiers , recueillis aux iles canaries par mm . webb et berthelot et decrits par alcide d ' obrigny . mollusques - 1 2 ( 2 ) : 1–117 , pls 1–76 .
herrmannsen an ( 1847 ) indicus generum malacozoorum primordial . vol . 1 . cassellis .
adams h , adams a ( 1858 ) the genera of the recent mollusca , vol . 2 . london : van voorst .
marcus ev , marcus er ( 1967 ) american opisthobranch mollusks . studies in tropical oceanography 6 : 1–256 , pl . 1 .
marcus e ( 1971 ) on some euthyneuran gastropods from the indian and pacific oceans . proceedings of the malacological society , london 39 : 355–369 .
alder j , hancock a ( 1855 ) monograph of the british nudibranciate mollusca . appendix . london . ray society .
quoy jr , gaimard jp ( 1832 ) voyage de decouvertes de l ' astrolabe pendant les annees 1826–1829 sous le commendement de m . j . dumont d ' urville zoologie 2 : 1–686 .
bergh lsr ( 1891 ) die cryptobranchiaten dorididen . zoologische jahrbucher 6 : 103–144 .
bergh lsr ( 1874 ) neue nacktschnecken der südsee , malacologische untersuchungen . 2 . journal des museum godeffroy 2 ( 6 ) : 91–116 , pls . 1–4 .
bergh lsr ( 1875 ) neue nacktschnecken der südsee , malacologische untersuchungen . 3 . journal des museum godeffroy 3 ( 8 ) : 53–100 ( 185–232 ) , pls . 7–11 .
bergh , 1875 ( nudibranchia : chromodorididae ) in light of phylogenetic analysis . journal of molluscan studies 65 : 33–45 .
adams a , reeve l ( 1850 ) mollusca , part 3 . the zoology of the voyage of h . m . s . samarang during the years 1843–46 . reeve , benham & reeve : london .
( opisthobranchia : nudibranchia ) from tropical west america . the veliger 19 : 156–158 .
bergh lsr ( 1878 ) malacologische untersuchungen 13 . in : semper c , editor . reisen im archipel philippinen . pp . 495–546 . wissenschaftliche resultate . vol . 2 , no . 2 .
burn r ( 1961 ) a new doridid nudibranch from torquay , victoria . the veliger 4 : 55–56 , pl . 15 .
stimpson w ( 1855 ) descriptions of some new marine invertebrates . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , 7 ( 10 ) : 385–395 .
gosliner tm , ghiselin mt ( 1984 ) parallel evolution in opishthobranch gastropods and its implications for phylogenetic methodology . systematic zoology 33 : 255–274 .
( nudibranchia : actinocyclidae ) with descriptions of nine new species . the veliger 37 ( 2 ) : 155–191 .
ortea j , valdés á , garcia - gomez jc ( 1996 ) review of the atlantic species of the family chromodorididae ( mollusca : nudibanchia ) of the blue chromatic group . avicennia supplement .
macfarland fm ( 1966 ) studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america memoirs of the california . academy of sciences 6 : 1–546 .
kirkendale la , meyer cp ( 2004 ) phylogeography of the patelloida profunda group ( gastropoda : lottidae ) : diversification in a dispersal - driven marine system . molecular ecology 13 : 2749–2762 .
latiolais jm , taylor ms , roy k , hellberg me ( 2006 ) a molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 41 : 436–444 .
frey ma , vermeij gj ( 2008 ) molecular phylogenies and historical biogeography of a circumtropical group of gastropods ( genus : nerita ) : implications for regional diversity patterns on the marine tropics . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 48 : 1067–1086 .
reid dg , dyal p , lozouet p , glaubrecht m , williams st ( 2008 ) mudwhelks and mangroves : the evolutionary history of an ecological association ( gastropoda : potamididae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 47 : 680–699 .
malaquias mae , reid dg ( 2009 ) tethyan vicariance , relictualism and speciation : evidence from a global molecular phylogeny of the opisthobranch genus bulla . journal of biogeography 36 : 1760–1777 .
do these subject areas make sense for this article ? click the target next to the incorrect subject area and let us know . thanks for your help !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
typical body - length 20 mm . lives subtidally on sponges , on which it feeds . native . endemic to southeastern australia ( tas only ) .
the web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database . these can be cited as
respectively . whilst great care is taken to accurately identify specimens featured on this web - site and to allocate all records to the most appropriate taxonomic names available , no guarantee is offered that all identifications are accurate , nor that the taxa to which they have been allocated are currently valid . commentaries on habitat , distribution and biology are also subject to change as new information comes to light . if you have any enquiries , or any comments that will help improve the content or appearance of these pages , then please follow the links from ' contact ' on the left - hand panel .
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
peterborough petes * 1968 - 69 wayne wood & ted tucker , montreal junior canadiens * 1967 - 68 jim rutherford & gerry gray , hamilton red wings * 1966 - 67 peter mcduffe , st . catharines black hawks * 1965 - 66 ted ouimet , montreal junior canadiens * 1964 - 65 bernie parent , niagara falls flyers * 1963 - 64 bernie parent , niagara falls flyers * 1962 - 63 chuck goddard , peterborough petes * 1961 - 62 george holmes , montreal junior canadiens * 1960 - 61 bud blom , hamilton red wings * 1959 - 60 gerry cheevers , st . michael ' s majors * 1958 - 59 jacques caron , peterborough petes * 1957 - 58 len broderick , toronto marlboros * 1956 - 57 len broderick , toronto marlboros * 1955 - 56 jim crockett , toronto marlboros * 1954 - 55 john albani , toronto marlboros * 1953 - 54 dennis riggin , hamilton tiger cubs * 1952 - 53 john henderson , toronto marlboros * 1951 - 52 don head , toronto marlboros * 1950 - 51 don lockhart , toronto marlboros & lorne howes , barrie flyers * 1949 - 50 don lockhart , toronto marlboros * 1948 - 49 gil mayer , barrie flyers
marie greyhounds * 1980–81 jim ralph , ottawa 67 ' s * 1979–80 rick laferriere & terry wright , peterborough petes * 1978–79 nick ricci & glen ernst , niagara falls flyers * 1977–78 al jensen , hamilton fincups * 1976–77 pat riggin , london knights * 1975–76 jim bedard , sudbury wolves * 1974–75 greg millen , peterborough petes * 1974 don edwards , kitchener rangers * 1973 mike palmateer , toronto marlboros * 1972 michel larocque , ottawa 67 ' s * 1971 john garrett , peterborough petes * 1970 john garrett , peterborough petes * 1969 wayne wood & ted tucker , montreal junior canadiens * 1968 jim rutherford & gerry gray , hamilton red wings * 1967 peter mcduffe , st . catharines black hawks * 1966 ted ouimet , montreal junior canadiens * 1965 bernie parent , niagara falls flyers * 1964 bernie parent , niagara falls flyers * 1963 chuck goddard , peterborough petes * 1962 george holmes , montreal junior canadiens * 1961 bud blom , hamilton red wings * 1960 gerry cheevers , st . michael ' s majors * 1959 jacques caron , peterborough petes * 1958 len broderick , toronto marlboros * 1957 len broderick , toronto marlboros * 1956 jim crockett , toronto marlboros * 1955 john albani , toronto marlboros * 1954 dennis riggin , hamilton tiger cubs * 1953 john henderson , toronto marlboros * 1952 don head , toronto marlboros * 1951 don lockhart , toronto marlboros & lorne howes , barrie flyers * 1950 don lockhart , toronto marlboros * 1949 gil mayer , barrie flyers = = references = =
obviously , washington does not hear you ,
said while addressing his constituents the republican scott garrett , a member of the finance committee of the house .
soudnímu dvoru evropských společenství byl předložen dne 23 . listopadu 2005 kasační opravný prostředek podaný alcon , inc , se sídlem v hünenberg ( švýcarsko ) , zastoupenou garrettem breenem , advokátem z landwell solicitors , proti rozsudku vydanému dne 22 . září 2005 soudem prvního stupně ( třetím senátem ) ve věci t - 130 / 03 : alcon , inc v . úřad pro harmonizaci na vnitřním trhu ( ochranné známky a vzory )
an appeal against the judgment of the court of first instance ( third chamber ) of 22 september 2005 in case t - 130 / 03 : alcon , inc v office for harmonisation in the internal market ( trade marks and designs ) was brought before the court of justice of the european communities on 23 november 2005 by alcon , inc , hünenberg ( switzerland ) represented by garrett breen , solicitor , landwell solicitors .
credits - computer translations are provided by a combination of our statistical machine translator , google , microsoft , systran and worldlingo .
we use cookies to enhance your experience . by continuing to visit this site you agree to our use of cookies . learn more .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
chromodoris binza : synonym of felimida binza ( ev . marcus & er . marcus , 1963 )
chromodoris nyalya : synonym of hypselodoris nyalya ( ev . marcus & er . marcus , 1967 )
chromodoris ponga : synonym of felimida ponga ( er . marcus & ev . marcus , 1970 )
orthoptera - life cycle . . . orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or incomplete metamorphosis . . . the use of sound is generally crucial in courtship , and most species have distinct songs . . . the number of moults varies between species growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions . . .
nemertea . . . all species have a proboscis which lies in the rhynchocoel when inactive but everts ( turns inside - out ) to emerge just above the mouth and capture the animal ' s prey with venom . . . a few species with stubby bodies filter feed and have suckers at the front and back ends , with which they attach to a host . . . most nemerteans have various chemoreceptors , and on their heads some species have a number of pigment - cup ocelli , which can detect light but not form an image . . .