the genus peromyscus contains the animal species commonly referred to as deer mice .

this genus of new world mice is only distantly related to the common house mouse and laboratory mouse , mus musculus .

although superficially resembling mus musculus , peromyscus species have relatively larger eyes , and also often two-tone coloring , with darker colors over the dorsum ( back ) , and white abdominal and limb hair-coloring .

in reference to the coloring , the word peromyscus comes from greek words meaning " booted mouse " .

they are also accomplished jumpers and runners by comparison to house mice , and their common name of " deer mouse " ( coined in 1833 ) is in reference to this agility .

the most common species of deer mice in the continental united states are two closely related species , p. maniculatus , and p. leucopus .

in the united states , peromyscus is the most populous mammalian genus overall , and has become notorious in the western united states as a carrier of hantaviruses .

peromyscus

the peromyscus genetic stock center of the university of south carolina maintains and distributes animals of the genus peromyscus to investigators . in addition it conducts research to exploit the value of peromyscus as an experimental animal model .
role of maternal antibody in natural infection of peromyscus maniculatus with sin nombre virus .
experimental infection model for sin nombre hantavirus in the deer mouse ( peromyscus maniculatus ) .
advances in the study of peromyscus ( rodentia ) , lubbock , texas tech university press .
borrelia burgdorferi has minimal impact on the lyme disease reservoir host peromyscus leucopus . - pubmed - ncbi
musser gg , carleton md . peromyscus . in : wilson de , reeder dm , editors .
variable infection dynamics in four peromyscus species following experimental inoculation with baylisascaris procyonis . - pubmed - ncbi
north american distributions of eight peromyscus species currently maintained as outbred laboratory stocks ( based on data from hall , 1981 ) .
genetic evidence for a hantavirus enzootic in deer mice ( peromyscus maniculatus ) captured a decade before the recognition of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome .
bedford nl , hoekstra he . peromyscus mice as a model for studying natural variation . elife . 2015 ; 4 : e06813 .
the photograph , taken by former pgsc director , dr . gabor szalai and janet crossland , is of peromyscus leucopus ( ll stock ) more
genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in peromyscus leucopus , the primary reservoir of lyme disease in a region of endemicity in southern maryland .
what made you want to look up peromyscus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
king , j . a . 1968 . biology of peromyscus ( rodentia ) . first edition . the american society of mammalogists , stillwater , oklahoma .
barbour ag . infection resistance and tolerance in peromyscus spp . , natural reservoirs of microbes that are virulent for humans . semin cell developmental biol . 2016 .
genetic evidence for a hantavirus enzootic in deer mice ( peromyscus maniculatus ) captured a decade before the recognition of hantavirus pulmonary s . . . - pubmed - ncbi
genetic diversity of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in peromyscus leucopus , the primary reservoir of lyme disease in a region of endemicity in . . . - pubmed - ncbi
. pgsc : peromyscus genetic stock center ; unm : university of new mexico ; hu : harvard university ; uiuc : university of illinois at urbana - champaign .
fifteen species of native mice of the genus peromyscus may be found in the united states . the two most common and widely distributed species are the deer mouse (
to cite this page : bunker , a . 2001 .
peromyscus maniculatus
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
much of our understanding of peromyscus biology comes from studies of two ubiquitous species that have proven amenable to laboratory life— p . maniculatus and p . leucopus . however , most peromyscus species remain comparatively understudied , particularly in central america and mexico where taxonomic diversity and endemism ( i . e . , where species are unique to a given geographic location ) is greatest .
kirkland , g . l . and layne , j . n . 1989 . advances in the study of peromyscus ( rodentia ) . texas tech university press , lubbock , texas .
king , j . a . , ed . 1968 . biology of peromyscus ( rodentia ) . am . soc . mammal . , spec . publ . 2 . 539 pp .
peromyscus is a genus of small north american rodents known colloquially as deer mice ( emmons , 1840 ) . when the first peromyscus specimens were shipped to european systematicists in the late 18th century , their resemblance to the local wood mouse prompted the designation mus sylvaticus ( hooper , 1968 ) . at the time , little was known of the diversity of rodents worldwide and most were assigned the generic term mus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . the name peromyscus ( gloger , 1841 ) was first employed , albeit narrowly , in the middle of the 19th century . quadrupeds of north america ( audubon and bachman , 1854 ) recognized only three species now known to belong to peromyscus , and mammals of north america ( baird , 1859 ) included a mere 12 . but by the turn of the 20th century , peromyscus included 143 forms , 42 of which represented monotypic or good biological species ( osgood , 1909 ) . the genus saw several additional revisions throughout the 20th century as north american mammalogy matured and natural history collections expanded . today 56 species are recognized , the most widespread and diverse being peromyscus maniculatus ( musser and carleton , 2005 ) .
the genetically diverse peromyscus could be used more widely in biomedical research than previously thought . indeed , certain aspects of human biology—including aging , epigenetics , retinal development and hematology—have been suitably modeled in peromyscus ( e . g . , ungvari et al . , 2008 ; shorter et al . , 2012 ; arbogast et al . , 2013 ; sun et al . , 2014 ) .
smith mh . university of florida ; 1966 . the evolutionary significance of certain behavioral , physiological , and morphological adaptations of the old - field moue , peromyscus polionotus . ( unpublished doctoral dissertation )
camaioni m , botten j , hjelle b , loew ss . hantavirus seroconversion of wild - caught peromyscus during quarantine . emerg infect dis . 2001 ; 7 ( 3 ) : 482 - 483 . urltoken
we describe two cases of seroconversion in peromyscus spp . that were undergoing such quarantine . these results support the use of a quarantine period in combination with hantavirus antibody testing to clear mice for indoor use .
) . this chapter will deal primarily with these species . collectively , all species of peromyscus are often referred to as “white - footed mice” or “deer mice . ” other species include the brush mouse (
taitt , m . j . 1981 . the effect of extra food on small rodent populations : i . deer mice ( peromyscus maniculatus ) . j . an . ecol . 50 : 111 - 124 .
thus , although not immediately appreciated , peromyscus includes more species than any other north american mammalian genus and , apart from mus and rattus , more is known concerning its biology in the laboratory than any other group of small mammals ( figure 1 ; king , 1968 ; kirkland and layne , 1989 ) . several disciplines including ecology , evolution , physiology , reproductive biology and behavioral neuroscience have all employed peromyscus , inspiring its label as ‘the drosophila of north american mammalogy’ ( dewey and dawson , 2001 ) . arguably , the emergence of peromyscus as a model system was propelled by our cumulative knowledge of its fascinating and varied natural history .
innate burrowing behavior in peromyscus can be directly observed in a laboratory setting . here , p . polionotus is busy constructing the long entrance tunnel of its complex burrow . video credit , nicole bedford and hopi hoekstra .
peromyscus also featured in dobzhansky ' s studies of reproductive isolation . certain p . maniculatus subspecies with overlapping geographic distributions are nevertheless separated by habitat , often with one subspecies inhabiting prairie , open fields or sandy lake beaches , and the other being exclusively forest - dwelling ( dice , 1931 ) . these sub - specific forms readily produce viable and fertile offspring in the laboratory yet remain reproductively isolated in the wild—a prime example of ecological isolation ( dobzhansky , 1937 ) . peromyscus has thus been a cornerstone of evolutionary biology for nearly a century . these and other studies drew the attention of biologists in many fields , launching the many , varied peromyscus research programs we see today .
the genomes of mice of the peromyscus genus are being sequenced to understand natural genetic variation in present - day wild rodent populations . the genus contains two of the most abundant native north american mammals , the deer mouse and the white - footed mouse . peromyscus serves as an outgroup to the laboratory rodents ( mus domesticus and rattus norvegicus ) with a common ancestor 25 to 55 mya compared to 10 - 40 mya for the mouse and rat common ancestor .
kirkland , g . l . , jr . , and j . n . layne , eds . 1989 . advances in the study of peromyscus ( rodentia ) . texas tech . univ . press , lubbock . 366 pp .
citation : mlera l , meade - white k , saturday g , scott d , bloom me ( 2017 ) modeling powassan virus infection in peromyscus leucopus , a natural host . plos negl trop dis 11 ( 1 ) : e0005346 . urltoken
all hantaviruses known to cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ( hps ) are carried by new world rats and mice of the family muridae , subfamily sigmodontinae . the subfamily sigmodontinae contains at least 430 species , which are widespread in north and south america . the rodent hosts of hps are generally not associated with urban environments , although some species , including the deer mouse ( peromyscus maniculatus ) , and white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) , will enter human habitation in rural and suburban areas .
the deer mouse ( genus peromyscus ) is the most abundant mammal in north america , and it occupies almost every type of terrestrial habitat . it is not surprising therefore that the natural history of peromyscus is among the best studied of any small mammal . for decades , the deer mouse has contributed to our understanding of population genetics , disease ecology , longevity , endocrinology and behavior . over a century ' s worth of detailed descriptive studies of peromyscus in the wild , coupled with emerging genetic and genomic techniques , have now positioned these mice as model organisms for the study of natural variation and adaptation . recent work , combining field observations and laboratory experiments , has lead to exciting advances in a number of fields—from evolution and genetics , to physiology and neurobiology .
a comprehensive phylogeny based on genome - wide dna sequences would greatly facilitate the comparative approaches that are the unique advantage of the peromyscus system . an annotated genome assembly is currently available for p . maniculatus bairdii ( pman _ 1 . 0 , genbank assembly accession gca _ 000500345 . 1 ) and draft sequences are available for p . californicus , p . leucopus and p . polionotus ( baylor college of medicine , urltoken ) . several more peromyscus genomes are being sequenced , but still more are needed .
camaioni m , botten j , hjelle b , et al . hantavirus seroconversion of wild - caught peromyscus during quarantine . emerging infectious diseases . 2001 ; 7 ( 3 ) : 482 - 483 . doi : 10 . 3201 / eid0703 . 017329 .
erik k . hofmeister , james e . childs ; analysis of borrelia burgdorferi sequentially isolated from peromyscus leucopus captured at a lyme disease enzootic site , the journal of infectious diseases , volume 172 , issue 2 , 1 august 1995 , pages 462–469 , urltoken
peromyscus keeni includes populations that formerly were recognized as p . oreas , p . sitkensis , and some of those assigned to p . maniculatus ( see musser and carleton ( in wilson and reeder 2005 ) ) . hogan et al . ( 1993 ) analyzed chromosomes , allozymes , and mtdna of pacific northwest peromyscus and concluded that p . oreas , p . sitkensis , p . maniculatus algidus , p . m . hylaeus , p . m . keeni , p . m . macrorhinus , and p . m . prevostensis should be recognized as members of the newly constituted species peromyscus keeni ; further , they suspected that p . m . carli , p . m . doylei , and p . m . triangularis also are members of p . keeni .
the other species of peromyscus have somewhat more specialized habitat preferences . for example , the cactus mouse occurs in low deserts with sandy soil and scattered vegetation and on rocky outcrops . the brush mouse lives in chaparral areas of semidesert regions , often in rocky habitats .
camaioni , m . , botten , j . , hjelle , b . , & loew , s . s . ( 2001 ) . hantavirus seroconversion of wild - caught peromyscus during quarantine . emerging infectious diseases , 7 ( 3 ) , 482 - 483 . urltoken
the terminal brain sections of c57bl / 6 ( 5 dpi ) and balb / c ( 4 dpi ) mice show moderate lymphocytic perivascular cuffing and microgliosis , but these lesions were mild in p . leucopus brains ( image obtained from mouse sacrificed at 15 dpi ) . peromyscus leucopus spinal cords showed minimal lymphocytic perivascular cuffing and microgliosis , but balb / c and c57bl / 6 spinal cords showed moderate lesions . normal meninges were observed for peromyscus leucopus , but the meninges of balb / c and c57bl / 6 mice had moderate lymphocytic infiltrates .
the year and population from which the founders were collected are noted . numbers refer to collecting localities shown in figure 2 . pgsc : peromyscus genetic stock center ; unm : university of new mexico ; hu : harvard university ; uiuc : university of illinois at urbana - champaign .
citation : roy - dufresne e , logan t , simon ja , chmura gl , millien v ( 2013 ) poleward expansion of the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) under climate change : implications for the spread of lyme disease . plos one 8 ( 11 ) : e80724 . urltoken
peromyscus leucopus and the congeneric deer mice ( peromyscus maniculatus ) are the most abundant mixed - forest rodents in eastern usa [ 39 ] , where most of powv infections have been reported . after observing that inoculation of powv ( lineage ii ) caused no overt disease in adult peromyscus leucopus ( p . leucopus ) mice , telford et al . suggested these mice could be reservoirs of powv [ 40 ] . however , limited conclusions regarding pathogenesis in these mice could be drawn from these studies . a recent review also cites resistance or tolerance to powv in peromyscus mice , suggesting that the species may act as natural reservoirs [ 41 ] . therefore , we decided to rigorously model powv infection in this natural host . intraperitoneal ( i . p . ) and intracranial ( i . c . ) inoculation of these mice resulted in no overt clinical signs of disease . however , lesions suggestive of mild inflammation were observed in the brains and spinal cords of i . c . - inoculated mice that were accompanied by limited virus replication in the olfactory lobe of the brain . in contrast to the 2 strains of laboratory mice , the p . leucopus mice were able to limit the infection and did not suffer clinical disease .
in comparison to house mice , white - footed and deer mice have larger eyes and ears . they are considered by most people to be more “attractive” than house mice , and they do not have the characteristic mousy odor of house mice . all species of peromyscus cause similar problems and require similar solutions .
the peromyscines are reservoirs of infectious diseases that affect humans and other animals such as cattle , including hantavirus pulmonary syndrome , lyme disease , and vesicular stomatitis virus in cattle . they are natural models for environmental toxicology studies . imprinting , x - inactivation and placental and embryonic development are studied in crosses between peromyscus species .
as a natural reservoir for borrelia burgdorferi —the bacterial agent of lyme disease— peromyscus is the subject of much research on the pathogenesis and transmission of the disease ( bunikis et al . , 2004 ; ramamoorthi et al . , 2005 ; schwanz et al . , 2011 ; baum et al . , 2012 ) . peromyscus also features in ecological modeling efforts to determine how the diversity of the tick host community impacts disease risk ( logiudice et al . , 2003 , 2008 ) . one hypothesis for the alarming recent expansion of lyme disease is that habitat fragmentation associated with human development favors deer mouse populations at the expense of other tick hosts ( e . g . , squirrels and shrews ) that are poor reservoirs for the disease ( logiudice et al . , 2003 ; schwanz et al . , 2011 ) . peromyscus is also a notorious carrier of the sin nombre hantavirus , responsible for the deaths of 12 people in the four corners area of the southwestern united states in 1993 .
ramsdell cm , lewandowski aa , glenn jl , vrana pb , o ' neill rj , dewey mj . comparative genome mapping of the deer mouse ( peromyscus maniculatus ) reveals greater similarity to rat ( rattus norvegicus ) than to the lab mouse ( mus musculus ) . bmc evol biol . 2008 ; 8 : 65 . pmid : 18302785
while the majority of peromyscus species are promiscuous , monogamy has independently evolved at least twice in the genus ( turner et al . , 2010 ) . both peromyscus californicus ( gubernick and alberts , 1987 ; ribble , 1991 ) and peromyscus polionotus ( smith , 1966 ; foltz , 1981 ) are socially and genetically monogamous , and both males and females contribute to the care of offspring . p . californicus , in particular , has become an important neurobiological model for the study of male parental care ( bester - meredith et al . , 1999 ; trainor et al . , 2003 ; lee and brown , 2007 ; de jong et al . , 2009 , 2010 ) . as a complement , the ability of monogamous p . polionotus to hybridize with promiscuous p . maniculatus allows geneticists to identify the genetic basis of alternate mating systems and their associated phenotypes , from genomic imprinting ( vrana et al . , 2000 ) to parental investment and reproductive traits ( e . g . , fisher and hoekstra , 2010 ) .
additional and surrogate evidence suggesting exposure to tbfvs in wild rodents includes the detection of anti - powv antibodies in wild - caught peromyscus truei and peromyscus maniculatus in new mexico ; myodes rutilus in siberia and alaska ; and myodes gapperi in southern alaska [ 9 ] . bank voles , myodes glareolus , wild - caught in a small tbev focus area in hungary had higher seropositivity rates of 20 . 5 % , than a combined apodemus flavicolis ( 3 . 7 % ) and apodemus agrarius ( 4 . 6 % ) [ 35 ] . the difference could be the behavioral result of less mobility of lactating bank voles , which become easy targets for questing tbev - infected ticks [ 35 ] .
wild peromyscus with traits of interest can be easily moved into laboratory colonies to study the traits in controlled conditions . natural mutations affecting behavior , physiology and coat color and leading to movement disorders , epilepsy , and cancer are maintained in pure - breeding lines . these outbred animals are also used for studies of diabetes , alcohol metabolism , and aging research .
this species occurs from washington north to southern alaska in the united states and canada , and west of the coastal and cascade mountain ranges , including the queen charlotte islands and islands along the coast of british columbia and the alexander archipelago . peromyscus keeni also occurs in yukon territory and occurs farther inland in british columbia than previously documented ( not mapped here ) ( lucid and cook 2004 ) . included are the ranges of the following nominal peromyscus maniculatus and p . sitkensis taxa of hall ( 1981 ) : oreas , interdictus , isolatus , sitkensis , oceanicus , algidus , hylaeus , keeni , macrorhinus , and prevostensis ( carli , doylei , and triangularis probably also should be included ) ( hogan et al . 1993 ) .
generally deer mice are granivores , feeding primarily on seeds , but fruits , fungi , green vegetation and insects have been found among their stomach contents and in the nest cavities of their burrows ( gentry and smith , 1968 ; wolff , 1985 ) . however , some species have evolved seasonally specialized diets . in the winter , peromyscus melanotis prey almost exclusively on monarch butterflies that roost in mexico ' s central highlands ( brower et al . , 1985 ) . moreover , on a remote island in british columbia , peromyscus keeni feast on auklet eggs during the seabird breeding season ( drever et al . , 2000 ) . deer mice are themselves common prey , contributing to the diets of many predators such as weasels , skunks , lynx , bobcats , foxes , coyotes , hawks and owls ( luttich et al . , 1970 ; bowen , 1981 ; montgomery , 1989 ; van zant and wooten , 2003 ) . indeed , avian predation imposes strong selective pressure for cryptic coloration in peromyscus —a classic example of local adaptation ( vignieri et al . , 2010 ; linnen et al . , 2013 ) .
all of the peromyscus species have white feet , usually white undersides , and brownish upper surfaces . their tails are relatively long , sometimes as long as the head and body . the deer mouse and some other species have a distinct separation between the brownish back and white belly . their tails are also sharply bicolored . it is difficult even for an expert to tell all of the species apart .
the tradition of dissecting the genetic basis of ecologically relevant traits in the laboratory began in the early 20th century ; in peromyscus , this effort was lead by francis sumner and continues today . in an era of high - throughput sequencing and expanding transgenic technologies , our concept of the genetic model organism is rapidly changing . we can now widen our focus to include the diverse and naturally evolving species that may further our understanding of life outside the laboratory . the emergence of peromyscus as a model system has been largely driven by the wealth of natural history information available for the genus . indeed , deer mice form the foundation of much of our understanding of the biology of small mammals . the multitude of ecological conditions to which deer mice have adapted has contributed to an impressive array of biological diversity within a single , ubiquitous genus . while this radiation is fascinating in its own right , peromyscus is arguably foremost among nascent model systems that may aptly model the genetic complexity of the human condition , which too has long been shaped by natural selection in the wild . we hope that the continued development—primarily through the growth of genetic and genomic resources—of this model system will galvanize research in all corners of biology .
lower population density , a lesser propensity for peridomestic encroachment and a narrower geographic and ecologic distribution ( and perhaps differing virulence ) may explain the lack of human disease associated with hantaviruses ( or genetic sequences thought to represent additional hantaviruses ) from meadow and california voles ( microtus pennsylvanicus and californicus , respectively ) , the western harvest mouse ( reithrodontomys megalotis ) , and the brush mouse ( peromyscus boylii ) .
ticks , fleas , mosquitoes , and other biting insects have not been implicated in the transmission of hps . nevertheless , species of peromyscus in the western united states are susceptible to infection with the plague bacterium ( yersinia pestis ) , and may act as hosts for plague - carrying fleas . control of rodents without concurrent control of fleas might therefore increase the risk of human plague as the rodent fleas seek an alternative food source .
we collected an additional 94 white - footed mice at 33 sites throughout southern québec . small mammals were sampled in forest patches from june to september 2011 . at each site , 112 sherman™ live traps were baited with a mixture of oat and peanut butter and placed at 4 : 00 p . m . in 4 grids of 28 ( 7×4 ) traps placed every 10 m , for one night . trapping occurred for another two consecutive nights if no peromyscus was captured on previous night . individuals of peromyscus were identified to the species level with a molecular method using species - specific primers as described by rogic et al . [ 27 ] . all procedures were approved by the ministère des ressources naturelles et de la faune du québec ( seg permit # 2011 - 05 - 15 - 014 - 00 - s - f ) , and mcgill university animal care committee ( aup # 5420 ) .
the work of early peromyscus biologists ( particularly francis b sumner ) informed influential thinkers in population genetics and evolutionary biology , such as sewall wright , theodosius dobzhansky and jbs haldane . since most early 20th century geneticists came from experimentalist backgrounds , many turned to naturalists for data from wild populations ( provine , 1986 ) . at the time , sumner ' s work on geographic variation in peromyscus represented one of the few major studies of evolution in natural populations . as such , wright closely followed sumner ' s analysis of phenotypic intergradation between geographically contiguous p . maniculatus subspecies in california ( sumner , 1918 ) . wright concluded that the observed quantitative differences in coat color were determined by the accumulation of several discrete ( i . e . , mendelian ) factors ( wright , 1932 ) . the question of whether continuous ( or quantitative ) traits are subject to the same rules of inheritance as discrete characters was central to the modern evolutionary synthesis .
peromyscus belong to the cricetidae family , which includes voles ( microtus ) , hamsters ( mesocricetus ) , and new world rats and mice . old world rats and mice belong to the muridae family , which include the familiar laboratory rat ( rattus norvegicus ) and mouse ( mus musculus ) . muridae and cricetidae diverged roughly 25 million years ago . schematic based on based on phylogeny data from steppan et al . ( 2004 ) . image credit , nicole bedford and hopi hoekstra .
zinc phosphide . various zinc phosphide grain baits ( 1 . 0 % to 2 . 0 % active ingredient ) are registered for the control of peromyscus as well as voles and for post - harvest application in orchards and at other sites . zinc phosphide is a single - dose toxicant , and all formulations are restricted use pesticides . follow label directions when applying . there are few damage situations where control of white - footed or deer mice require the use of zinc phosphide .
powv was neurovirulent and neuroinvasive in both strains of laboratory mice , causing a severe neurological disease that was uniformly fatal in balb / c mice , but killed only 60 % of c57bl / 6 mice . thus , these 2 strains of mice were suitable models for the human disease [ 36 , 37 , 46 ] . in marked contrast , the peromyscus showed no evidence of virus replication or disease after peripheral inoculation , although mice inoculated with 10 8 pfu developed a modest antiviral antibody response . notably , although i . c . inoculation of powv into the peromyscus mice did not result in observable disease , there was clear evidence of low level viremia and limited viral replication in the olfactory bulb that was cleared by 28 dpi . thus , the biology of this virus in the natural host is very different from that in laboratory mice , and our findings may have implications for the role of the natural host in the ecology of powv and other pathogens that are found in these mice [ 38 , 40 ] .
the diversity of parasites is documented for only a few peromyscus species , and very little is known of the ecological factors that influence infection dynamics . common internal parasites include pentastomid larvae , cestode tapeworms , nematodes and trematodes ( whitaker , 1968 ; pedersen and antonovics , 2013 ) . external parasites include lice , mites , fleas and ticks ( whitaker , 1968 ) , the latter two being vectors of plague and lyme disease , respectively ( allred , 1952 ; burgdorfer et al . , 1982 ; gage and kosoy , 2005 ) .
damage by both white - footed and deer mice is usually a nuisance . when mice destroy furniture or stored materials , the cost of such damage depends upon the particular circumstances . the greatest economic impact of deer mice is their destruction of conifer seed in forest reseeding operations . in west coast forest areas , peromyscus seed predation has resulted in millions of dollars worth of damage and has been documented to have been a serious problem since the early 1900s . new efficacious , cost - effective methods of reducing this seed predation are needed .
james e . childs , thomas g . ksiazek , christina f . spiropoulou , john w . krebs , sergey morzunov , gary o . maupin , kenneth l . gage , pierre e . rollin , john sarisky , russell e . enscore , jennifer k . frey , c . j . peters , stuart t . nichol ; serologic and genetic identification of peromyscus maniculatus as the primary rodent reservoir for a new hantavirus in the southwestern united states , the journal of infectious diseases , volume 169 , issue 6 , 1 june 1994 , pages 1271–1280 , urltoken
different species of tick hosts tend to have different probabilities of transmitting an infection to a feeding tick . in eastern and central north america , the host most likely to transmit an infection to a feeding tick is the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) , which infects between 40 % and 90 % of feeding larvae . eastern chipmunks ( tamias striatus ) and shrews ( blarina brevicauda and sorex spp . ) tend to be moderately competent reservoirs for b . burgdorferi . most other mammalian , avian , and reptilian hosts have a considerably lower reservoir competence .
the deer mouse ( peromyscus maniculatus ) is a deceptively cute animal , with big eyes and ears . its head and body measure approximately 2 - 3 inches ( 5cm – 7 . 5cm ) in length , and the tail adds another 2 – 3 inches . in color , the deer mouse ranges from grey to reddish brown , depending on age . the underbelly is always white and the tail has clearly defined white sides . the hantavirus strain present in deer mice is sin nombre ( snv ) . the deer mouse is found throughout north america , preferring woodlands , but also appearing in desert areas .
deer mice ( peromyscus maniculatus ) are the principal reservoir hosts of sin nombre virus ( snv ) [ 13 , 14 , 15 ] , the etiologic agent of most hcps cases in north america [ 1 , 4 ] . inoculation of deer mice with snv results in persistent infection without signs of clinical disease , and neutralizing antibodies appear after three weeks ; however , they are insufficient for clearing virus [ 16 , 17 , 18 ] . early immune markers suggest a subtle th1 / th2 response , followed by signatures of regulatory t cell responses that may impair cytotoxic t cell activities and contribute to persistent infection [ 18 , 19 , 20 ] .
similarly , background matching in p . maniculatus of the nebraska sand hills affords a strong selective advantage against avian predators ( linnen et al . , 2013 ) . yet , cryptic coloration is a complex phenotype composed of multiple component traits ( i . e . , tail stripe , dorsal - ventral boundary , ventral color , dorsal brightness and hue ) . linnen and colleagues ( 2013 ) identified multiple distinct mutations within the agouti locus , each associated with a different color trait that independently affected fitness . thus , parallel studies of peromyscus pigmentation nicely illustrate the marriage between classical natural history studies and modern molecular techniques , thereby providing new insights into the molecular basis of adaptation .
to the editor : in 1993 an outbreak of unexplained respiratory deaths in the four corners region of the united states led to the discovery of sin nombre ( sn ) hantavirus and the associated human disease , hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome ( hcps ) . numerous studies have shown that a series of hantaviruses similar to sn virus are maintained in natural reservoirs composed of sigmodontine rodents , including deer mice ( peromyscus maniculatus ) , white - footed mice ( p . leucopus ) , cotton rats ( sigmodon hispidus ) and western harvest mice ( reithrodontomys megalotis ) ( 1 ) . deer mice , however , are the principal reservoir of sn virus , the primary etiologic agent of hcps in north america .
between 1914 and 1930 , sumner carefully measured several quantitative traits—most notably coat color—that varied among geographically distinct subspecies of peromyscus , which he then crossed in the laboratory ( figure 4 ; sumner , 1930 ) . dobzhansky ( 1937 ) highlighted these data as empirical support for the multiple gene hypothesis for the inheritance of quantitative traits . later , haldane ( 1948 ) applied a theoretical model to the gradient of increasing pigmentation observed in p . polionotus populations from coastal to inland florida ( sumner , 1929 ) . from these data , he estimated the local strength of selection acting on a putative pigmentation locus in the wild—the dominant white - cheek character ( wc ) identified by blair ( 1944 ) .
the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) closely resembles the deer mouse . head and body together mesaure approximately four inches ( 10cm ) . the tail is normall shorter than the body , typically 2 – 4 inches ( 5cm – 10cm ) . its top fur ranges from pale to reddish brown , while its underside and feet are white . the virus strain present in the white - footed mouse is new york virus ( nyv ) . the white - footed mouse is found throughout southern new england and the mid - atlantic and southern states , the midwestern and western states , and mexico . it prefers wooded and brushy areas , although it will sometime inhabit more open ground .
on a balmy day in late june , scott williams waits for a white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) to fall asleep . williams , a wildlife biologist with the connecticut agricultural experiment station in new haven , has just transferred the animal from a trap to a plastic bag containing a cotton ball doused in anaesthetic . as soon as the mouse ' s breathing slows to one breath per second , williams will take it out , draw blood , weigh it , put an ear tag on it for identification and check the animal for ticks , saving any that are engorged with blood . he must work quickly . the mouse will wake up in about two minutes , and she might be grumpy .
the process of adapting to urban environments also leaves its mark on the genome ( pergams and lacy , 2008 ; munshi - south and kharchenko , 2010 ; munshi - south and nagy , 2014 ) . by comparing the brain , liver and gonad transcriptomes of urban and rural populations of p . leucopus , harris et al . ( 2013 ) identified several genes associated with metabolism and immune function exhibiting signatures of selection in new york city ' s parklands . similarly , macmanes and eisen ( 2014 ) identified renal transcripts related to solute and water balance experiencing purifying selection in the desert - adapted species , peromyscus eremicus . further study of these candidate genes will determine their role in adaptation to new or extreme environments .
a prime example of a species shifting its distribution poleward is the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) , a successful rodent native in eastern north america [ 12 ] . since 1980 its population has both increased and expanded at a rate of 15 km yr −1 on michigan’s upper peninsula [ 13 ] . historical and recent records also document a northern expansion of the white - footed mouse in southern québec at a rate estimated at around 10 km yr −1 ( figure 1 ) . the northern expansion of the white - footed mouse is a public health concern , since the mouse is known as the main host for the black - legged tick at the larval stage ( ixodes scapularis ) , the vector for the pathogen responsible for lyme disease ( borrelia burgdorferi ) in north america [ 14 ] .
using the vector tick , ixodes dammini , we described the reservoir competence of the white - footed mouse , peromyscus leucopus , for the lyme disease spirochete , borrelia burgdorferi . nymphal i . dammini were used to infect mammals , and larval ticks were used to diagnose infection ( a form of xenodiagnosis ) . one tick was nearly as efficient as more than 1 in transmitting the spirochete to mice . the duration of the prepatent period was about 1 week . prevalence of infection approached 100 % in ticks that fed as larvae on mice infected 2 or 3 weeks previously . thereafter , infectivity gradually decreased , but duration exceeded 200 days . hamsters , too , became infectious for larval i . dammini . this report formally demonstrates the life cycle of b . burgdorferi as it seems to occur in nature . we conclude that the white - footed mouse is a competent reservoir for the lyme disease spirochete .
the timing of life history events in peromyscus —well documented from field and laboratory studies alike—is highly variable both within and among species . yet studies contrasting the reproductive and developmental patterns of wild and domesticated deer mice have found few significant differences ( millar , 1989 ; botten et al . , 2000 ) . here , we highlight life history traits in p . maniculatus , the most commonly used laboratory species . gestation ranges from 21 to 27 days ( average 23 . 6 ) and average litter size is 4 . 6 pups ( millar , 1989 ) . juveniles first leave the nest between 14 and 16 days of age ( vestal et al . , 1980 ) and become independent of their mother between 18 and 25 days ( millar , 1989 ) . captive females give birth to their first litter , on average , at 84 days ( haigh , 1983 ) , but males are capable of siring offspring several weeks earlier .
powassan virus ( powv ) is a neuroinvasive tick - borne flavivirus ( tbfv ) , which causes life - threatening encephalitis in humans in north america and europe . the virus is persistently maintained in a natural cycle involving infected ixodid ticks and small - to - medium sized mammals , such as mice , woodchucks and skunks . despite conclusive evidence showing that wild rodents play an important role in the maintenance of tbfvs in nature , very little is known regarding the relationship between powv and its natural mammalian hosts . we selected peromyscus leucopus , one of the most abundant mixed forest rodent in the usa , as a natural host model for studying powv infection . challenging this mouse species with powv via different routes of inoculation did not result in obvious clinical signs of disease , suggesting resistance , which may be associated with virus restriction factors . the model will be useful for studies aimed at understanding how the animals restrict powv without clinical signs of disease .
thirty isolates of borrelia burgdorferi sequentially cultured from 15 naturally infected white - footed mice ( peromyscus leucopus ) were examined for variability in protein and plasmid profiles . heterogeneity was detected in ospb and ospc and in proteins between 18 . 0 and 28 . 0 kda by page . plasmid profiles were heterogeneous in the first isolate from 11 mice ( 73 % ) and between the first and last sequential isolate from 13 mice ( 87 % ) . comparison of the first and last isolates showed increased expression of ospc in 6 mice ( 40 % ) and was associated in each case with a shift in mobility of a 16 . 0 - kb plasmid , suggesting that regulatory elements of ospc may reside on this plasmid . hybridization studies suggested that individual mice may have been infected by a heterogeneous population of spirochetes and that changes in the protein and plasmid profiles between the first and last sequential isolates from some mice may have been the result of clonal selection .
among the several cases of adaptive phenotypic variation in peromyscus , perhaps the most obvious is coat coloration . recent advances have identified not only the genes , but also the specific mutations , leading to local variation in coat color . beach mice ( p . polionotus leucocephalus ) living on the coastal sand dunes and barrier islands of florida are considerably paler than their inland counterparts ( p . p . subgriseus ) that inhabit dark , loamy soils ( figure 4 ; howell , 1920 ; sumner , 1929 ) . for beach mice on florida ' s gulf coast , light coloration is due , in part , to a fixed single nucleotide polymorphism ( snp ) in the melanocortin - 1 receptor ( mc1r ) coding region ( hoekstra et al . , 2006 ) . however , this mc1r allele does not contribute to light pelage in florida ' s atlantic coast mice , suggesting that the two populations converged on light coloration independently ( steiner et al . , 2007 ) .
while the genetic causes and phenotypic consequences differ among strains , peromyscus colonies are invariably susceptible to inbreeding depression , which necessitates their maintenance as relatively outbred stocks ( lacy et al . , 1996 ; joyner et al . , 1998 ) . thus , although the deer mouse is amenable to laboratory life , its biology has not been purposely altered by generations of inbreeding or artificial selection . life history traits and even behaviors such as burrow construction or ultrasonic vocalization are generally preserved in laboratory strains ( dawson et al . , 1988 ; millar , 1989 ; kalcounis - rueppell et al . , 2010 ) . thus , the traits we scrutinize in the laboratory ( e . g . , aerobic performance , photoperiodism , mating and parental behavior ) are arguably faithful representations of phenotypes in nature . the ability to study genetically diverse , wild - derived mice under controlled laboratory conditions has opened up several constructive research programs centered on understanding the phenotypic consequences of natural genetic variation .
the limited extent of infection in p . leucopus mice suggests that these mice are able to restrict replication and spread of powv . some restriction factors operative against various vector - borne flaviviruses have been described [ 54 – 56 ] . a report by kurhade et al [ 49 ] suggests that ips - 1 signaling is important for controlling lgtv replication in the brains of c57bl / 6 mice [ 49 ] , and this has also been shown to be true for japanese encephalitis virus and wnv replication in balb / c mouse brains [ 57 , 58 ] . the peromyscus genus is divergent from the mus genus [ 59 ] , and it remains to be determined if ips - 1 signaling and restrictions factors , such as trim79α [ 54 ] are important in the p . leucopus mouse . therefore , additional research aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms of peripheral and cns restriction of powv in p . leucopus is warranted . experiments designed to model powv restriction in cell cultures systems may prove informative .
sexual isolation , a reproductive barrier , can prevent interbreeding between diverging populations or species . sexual isolation can have a clear genetic basis ; however , it may also result from learned mate preferences that form via sexual imprinting . here , we demonstrate that two sympatric sister species of mice - - the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) and its closest relative , the cotton mouse ( p . gossypinus ) - - hybridize only rarely in the wild despite co - occurring in the same habitat and lack of any measurable intrinsic postzygotic barriers in laboratory crosses . we present evidence that strong conspecific mate preferences in each species form significant sexual isolation . we find that these mating preferences are learned in one species but may be genetic in the other : p . gossypinus sexually imprints on its parents , but innate biases or social learning affects mating preferences in p . leucopus . our study demonstrates that sexually imprinting contributes to reproductive isolation that reduces hybridization between otherwise inter - fertile species , supporting a previously underappreciated role for learning in mammalian speciation .
the white - footed mouse ( peromyscus leucopus ) is an important reservoir host for borrelia burgdorferi , the pathogen responsible for lyme disease , and its distribution is expanding northward . we used an ecological niche factor analysis to identify the climatic factors associated with the distribution shift of the white - footed mouse over the last 30 years at the northern edge of its range , and modeled its current and potential future ( 2050 ) distributions using the platform biomod . a mild and shorter winter is favouring the northern expansion of the white - footed mouse in québec . with more favorable winter conditions projected by 2050 , the distribution range of the white - footed mouse is expected to expand further northward by 3° latitude . we also show that today in southern québec , the occurrence of b . burgdorferi is associated with high probability of presence of the white - footed mouse . changes in the distribution of the white - footed mouse will likely alter the geographical range of b . burgdorferi and impact the public health in northern regions that have yet to be exposed to lyme disease .
an outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ( hps ) in the southwestern united states was etiologically linked to a newly recognized hantavirus . knowledge that hantaviruses are maintained in rodent reservoirs stimulated a field and laboratory investigation of 1696 small mammals of 31 species . the most commonly captured rodent , the deer mouse ( peromyscus maniculatus ) , had the highest antibody prevalence ( 30 % ) to four hantavirus antigens . antibody also was detected in 10 other species of rodent and in 1 species of rabbit . reverse transcriptase - polymerase chain reaction ( rt - pcr ) products of hantavirus from rodent tissues were indistinguishable from those from human hps patients . more than 96 % of the seropositive p . maniculatus were positive by rt - pcr , suggesting chronic infection . antibody prevalences were similar among p . maniculatus trapped from arizona ( 33 % ) , new mexico ( 29 % ) , and colorado ( 29 % ) . the numeric dominance of p . maniculatus , the high prevalence of antibody , and the rt - pcr findings implicate this species as the primary rodent reservoir for a new hantavirus in the southwestern united states .
we used a strip immunoblot assay for detection of antibodies to snv nucleocapsid ( n ) antigen ( 19 , 20 ) . in separate lanes , we loaded 2 ml of 2 μl / ml deer mouse serum in pbs for a 3 + intensity control , a 0 . 2 μl / ml dilution of serum for a 1 + intensity control , and 3 μg of recombinant , affinity - purified snv n antigen ( 20 ) . the antigens were suctioned onto a wetted nitrocellulose membrane under vacuum . the membrane was cut lengthwise with a paper shredder into 1 . 6 - mm strips , and each strip was placed into a well in a western blot tray containing 1 ml of milk - pbs buffer and 5 μl of rodent periorbital sinus blood . the membranes were rocked gently overnight at room temperature . we applied a 1 : 1 , 000 dilution of alkaline phosphatase - conjugated goat anti - peromyscus leucopus igg antibodies ( kirkegaard & perry ) and rocked gently for 1 h . bound alkaline phosphatase then was detected with nitroblue tetrazolium and 5 - bromo - 4 - chloro - 3 - indoyl - phosphate substrate ( 21 ) .
the actual timing of sexual maturation in the wild , however , is often dictated by population density , food availability and season . in response to short day length , many species exhibit seasonal gonadal regression ( trainor et al . , 2006 ) , increased aggression ( trainor et al . , 2007 ) , impaired spatial memory ( workman et al . , 2009 ) and enhanced immune function ( prendergast and nelson , 2001 ) . as such , peromyscus has emerged as a model system for the study of photoperiodism ( i . e . , the ability to seasonally modulate energetic demands by tracking day length changes ) . such studies have been particularly fruitful for understanding the mechanistic basis of gene by environment interactions . for example , day length can reverse the behavioral action of the hormone estradiol by determining which estrogen receptor pathway is expressed and consequently activated ( trainor et al . , 2007 ) . while life history traits are strongly affected by environmental cues , substantial genetic variation in the neuroendocrine pathways that control reproductive timing also exists , as demonstrated by selection line experiments with photoperiod responsive and nonresponsive p . leucopus ( heideman et al . , 1999 ; heideman and pittman , 2009 ) .
( a ) powv ( + ) rna ( stained brown ) in the brain and spinal cord of i . c . inoculate p . leucopus mice . ( i ) negative control showing no powv ( + ) rna . ( ii ) diffuse detection of ( + ) rna in the olfactory bulb ( magnification x20 ) . ( iii ) close up image of the olfactory bulb ( magnification x200 ) . ( iv ) multifocal detection of powv ( + ) rna in the paraventricular region of the brain . ( v ) multifocal detection of powv ( + ) rna in the cerebellum . ( vi ) multifocal detection of powv ( + ) rna in the spinal cord . ( b ) detection of powv negative rna strand ( ( - ) rna ) in the brains of peromyscus leucopus , balb / c and c57bl / 6 mouse brains after ic inoculation . we used probes targeting the ( - ) rna of powv , which is only present during virus replication . ( i ) no viral rna was detected in the mock - inoculated p . leucopus control . ( ii ) powv ( - ) rna was strongly and diffusely detected in the olfactory lobe of i . c . inoculated p . leucopus . ( iii ) detection of diffuse powv ( - ) rna in the brain of an i . c . inoculated c57bl / 6 mouse . ( iv ) detection of diffuse powv ( - ) rna in the brain of an i . c . inoculated balb / c mouse .
lyme borreliosis ( lb ) , caused by bacteria of the borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex , is the most common vector - borne disease in the temperate zone and occurs in europe , north america and asia ( 1 ) . early lb is characterized by a skin lesion , erythema migrans ( em ) , which expands further than 5 cm from the tick bite , accompanied by flu - like symptoms , arthralgias , myalgias and fever . if untreated , the disease can progress to early disseminated lb with neurological involvement ( particularly cranial neuropathies ) and cardiac involvement ( particularly atrioventricular heart block and myopericarditis ) . late disseminated lb includes central and peripheral neurological manifestations and lyme arthritis ( 2 , 3 ) .


inanidrilus leukodermatus is a species of annelid worm .

it is known from poorly oxygenated intertidal and subtidal carbonate sands in belize ( caribbean sea ) and bermuda ( atlantic ocean ) .

living specimens typically measure 20 mm ( 0.79 in ) in length and can measure as much as 25 mm ( 0.98 in ) , but preserved specimens are only up to 11.4 mm ( 0.45 in ) .

inanidrilus leukodermatus

worm metag inanidrilus leukodermatus group 1a belize . 1 ( project id : 1049301 )
understanding novel pathways for energy and carbon use in bacterial symbionts of gutless marine worms : worm metag inanidrilus leukodermatus group 1a belize . 1
info - understanding novel pathways for energy and carbon use in bacterial symbionts of gutless marine worms : worm metag inanidrilus leukodermatus group 1a belize . 1
( of phallodrilus leukodermatus giere , 1979 ) giere , o . ( 1979 ) . studies on marine oligochaeta from bermuda , with emphasis on new phallodrilus species ( tubificidae ) . cahiers de biologie marine . 301 - 314 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of phallodrilus leukodermatus giere , 1979 ) erséus , c . ( 1984 ) . taxonomy and phylogeny of the gutless phallodrilinae ( oligochaeta , tubificidae ) , with description of one new genus and twenty two new species . zoologica scripta . 13 , 239 - 272 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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the work conducted by the u . s . department of energy joint genome institute , a doe office of science user facility , is supported by the office of science of the u . s . department of energy under contract no . de - ac02 - 05ch11231 .
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parornix alpicola is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from the alps and scotland , where it is confined to calcareous coastal hillsides on the north coast , where the only known localities are the invernaver national nature reserve and a spot on the east side of loch eriboll .

the wingspan is 8 – 10 mm .

there is one generation per year .

the larvae feed on dryas octopetala .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

the larvae start by making a lower-surface epidermal corridor .

next , larvae begin to feed on the sponge parenchyma and later also on the palissade parenchyhma .

this causes the initial corridor to become destroyed .

the final mine is full depth and occupies about half of a leaf .

it is located on one side of the midrib and is almost flat .

finally , the larva leaves the mine and spins a new leaf into a pod , that is eaten from the inside .

parornix alpicola

parornix anglicella ( stainton , 1850 ) = parornix nebulea haworth , 1828 = parornix fragariae stainton , 1874 = parornix rubiella caradja , 1920 .
ornix alpicola wocke , 1877 . bresl . ent . zeitschr . : 48 . parornix leucostola pelham - clinton , 1964 . ent . gaz . 15 : 51 . parornix alpicola ( wocke , 1877 ) .
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notes : endangered ( proposed as a future red data book species ) . confined to calcareous coastal hillsides on the north coast of scotland , where the only known localities are the invernaver national nature reserve and a spot on the east side of loch eriboll , both in west sutherland ( mbgbi vol 2 ) . unlikely to be recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight . wingspan 8 - 10 mm . differs from p . scoticella in its much darker antenna , in having an even greater admixture of white in the pattern of the forewing and in having only the apical dot darker than the ground colour . imago seldom encountered at light , and more likely to be recorded in the larval stage . larva mines leaves of mountain avens , subsequently living within a leaf - fold .
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the larva first makes a lower - surface epidermal corridor . next the larva begins to feed on the sponge parenchyma , subsequently also the palissade parenchyhma ; the initial corridor becomes obliterated . the final mine is full depth , occupies half of a leaf , at one side of the midrib , and is almost flat . the upperside turns orange brown . finally the larva vacates its mine and spins a new leaf into a pod , that is eaten from the inside . if needed another leaf is treated the same way ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
larva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .
pale greenish , head light brown . prothoracic shield pale green with four transverse blackish spots ( emmet et al . , 1985a ) ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
pupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .
descirbed by patocka , ( 2001b ) , patocka and turcani ( 2005a ) ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
adult : the adult is not illustrated in ukmoths ( check for update ) . the species is included in urltoken .
distribution in great britain and ireland : britain including west sutherland ( nbn atlas ) . the only known host has a northern distribution .
distribution elsewhere : continental europe including austria , french mainland , germany , italian mainland and switzerland ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
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taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , but still applicable to lists that have not been reviewed since 1994 .
taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue operating . . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , so no longer in use .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
austria , belgium , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , ireland , italy , corsica , latvia , lithuania , the netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , sardinia , sicily , slovakia , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland sweden , estonia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , the european north - west , central european , kola , lower volga , of baikal , mid - volzhsky .
albania , austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , the british isles , france , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland side ) , the channel islands , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , russia , romania , sardinia , northern ireland , sicily , slovakia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
this list contains all moth species illustrated on the ukmoths website . the numbers before each entry are checklist numbers . in the main list , there are two numbers beside each species . the first number is the
new
decimal - style checklist number , corresponding to
a checklist of the lepidoptera of the british isles
by agassiz , d . j . l . , beavan , s . d . & heckford r . j . 2013 , hitherto referred to as the
2013 checklist
. the second number , prefixed with
bf
is the previous
bradley and fletcher number
, derived from
a recorder ' s log book or label list of british butterflies and moths
by j . d . bradley and d . s . fletcher . some species will have
appendix a
to the right of their listing . this relates to appendix a of the 2013 checklist , which lists adventive species . at the end of the main list are questionable or doubtful records which is an approximation of appendix b ( questionable records ) of the new checklist , but also contains other records that do not for various reasons have new decimal - style checklist numbers . many thanks to stella beavan and bob heckford for their help in interpreting the new checklist .
the numbers before each entry are checklist numbers . in the main list , there are two numbers beside each species .
the first number is the
new
decimal - style checklist number , corresponding to
a checklist of the lepidoptera of the british isles
by agassiz , d . j . l . , beavan , s . d . & heckford r . j . 2013 , hitherto referred to as the
2013 checklist
.
the second number , prefixed with
bf
is the previous
bradley and fletcher number
, derived from
a recorder ' s log book or label list of british butterflies and moths
by j . d . bradley and d . s . fletcher .
some species will have
appendix a
to the right of their listing . this relates to appendix a of the 2013 checklist , which lists adventive species .
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bucculatrix ulmifoliae is a moth in the bucculatricidae family .

it was described by m. hering in 1931 .

it is found in great britain , the netherlands , germany , central and eastern europe .

it has also been recorded from iran .

the wingspan is 6 – 7 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is whitish buff , suffused with reddish brown toward the base .

the hindwings are ochreous grey .

adults are on wing from april to may and again in july in two generations per year .

the larvae feed on ulmus glabra , ulmus laevis and ulmus minor .

the mine starts as a contorted gallery , filled with black frass .

the mine continues as a straight corridor which is almost completely filled with frass .

older larvae live freely at the leaf underside , causing window feeding .

larvae can be found in july and from september to october .

they are transparent yellowish .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

bucculatrix ulmifoliae

notes : naturalised , through accidental introduction . first discovered in britain in october 2006 , when unidentified mines were found in a hybrid elm ( sapporo ' autumn gold ' ) at a park in farnham , surrey . when bred through , these proved to be b . ulmifoliae , a species new to britain , formerly considered conspecific with b . albedinella . not recorded in hampshire or on the isle of wight to date . wingspan 8 - 9 mm . larva mines leaves of elm , over - wintering as a pupa .
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leaf - miner : starts as a contorted frass - filled gallery , between the midrib and vein . later the gallery , with broken black frass , follows a vein before turning away . the final mine is 11 - 15 mm long . ( british leafminers ) .
oviposition on the leaf underside , generally in the axil of the midrib and a thick lateral vein . the very first part of the mine is so strongly contorted that sometimes a tiny secondary blotch originates , filled with black frass . then follows a straight corridor of maximally 15 mm , almost completely filled with frass , mostly closely following a vein . just before the larva is about to leave the mine ( through an exit hole in the leaf underside ) it turns away from the vein ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
larva : the larvae of moths have a head capsule and chewing mouthparts with opposable mandibles ( see video of a gracillarid larva feeding ) , six thoracic legs and abdominal legs ( see examples ) .
dull , transparent yellowish ; older larvae live free at the leaf underside , eating out windows ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
pupa : the pupae of moths have visible head appendages , wings and legs which lie in sheaths ( see examples ) .
dark blackish brown , in a grey - black , ribbed cocoon ( langmaid , porter and collins , 2007 ) ( bladmineerders van europa ) .
adult : the adult is not illustrated in ukmoths ( check for update ) . the species is included in urltoken .
distribution in great britain and ireland : discovered in 2006 in surrey ( farnham ) ( british leafminers ) .
distribution elsewhere : widespread in continental europe including the netherlands , germany ( bladmineerders van europa ) , austria , czech republic , hungary , italian mainland , macedonia , poland , romania , russia - central and south , sardinia , ? sicily , slovakia and yugoslavia ( karsholt and van nieukerken in fauna europaea ) .
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