burnt cork ( 1940 – 1944 ) was a thoroughbred race horse , a son of mr. bones , who was owned by eddie ' rochester ' anderson .

his career earnings totaled $ 21,130 in 38 starts .

the horse had 9 wins , places , and shows .

burnt cork became the first horse entered at the kentucky derby by an african american owner in may 1943 .

as a dark horse among thoroughbreds eligible for the event , he was timed at 0:36 for 3/8 of a mile on april 6 , 1943 .

fulfilling a pre-race prediction of a last place finish , burnt cork came in 10th in a ten horse field .

because of his last-place finish , there was some controversy about whether anderson had entered the horse into the derby for publicity purposes .

those who claimed this believed that the great race was marred by it .

frank b. ward of the youngstown vindicator newspaper , devoted a considerable amount of space in his may 7 , 1943 sports column to addressing this aspect .

he pointed out that the horses of other prominent men had finished last in the past and there had been no outcry when that happened .

ward went on to say that the money for burnt cork 's kentucky derby entry was anderson 's to spend , that the dream of any thoroughbred horse owner was that his or her horse might be classed as good enough to qualify for the race , and one could certainly not blame anderson for that .

ward continued , saying that burnt cork met all kentucky derby requirements for inclusion in 1943 and that there were no complaints at all from those who had also entered their horses in the race .

he finished this segment by asking what all the shouting was about .

burnt cork

ui press | william j . mahar | behind the burnt cork mask : early blackface minstrelsy and antebellum american popular culture
burnt cork is probably best known in it ' s use to create blackface . this was demonstrated in the movie bamboozled .
' save cork city ' group launches legal challenge over plan to construct flood defence . . .
burnt cork is a homemade cosmetic created by burning cork with some accelerant , such as alcohol . the resultant ash is applied directly to the skin , or ground and mixed with some vehicle such as water . because the pigment produced is carbon black , a known carcinogen , this is no longer considered a safe cosmetic product .
make [ s ] available much valuable and fascinating material found nowhere else in the literature on blackface minstrelsy , so much so that behind the burnt cork mask can itself serve as a primary source for further research .
- - charles hamm , journal of the american musicological society
by locating minstrel performances within their complex sites of production , mahar offers a significant reassessment of the historiography of the field . behind the burnt cork mask promises to redefine the study of blackface minstrelsy , charting new directions for future inquiries by scholars in american studies , popular culture , and musicology .
burnt cork ( usa ) b . c , 1940 { 1 - k } dp = 2 - 4 - 0 - 4 - 0 ( 10 ) di = 1 . 50 cd = 0 . 40 - 38 starts , 9 wins , places , shows career earnings : $ 21 , 130
the cork - born striker played for his local club , wilton utd , in his teens before playing for 20 years with cork city fc , shelbourne , limerick fc and waterford utd . his father , jackie , played for waterford utd where he won four league of ireland titles in the 1970s .
was the only house organ for the hundreds of burnt corkers performing in every part of america , and was looked to for reliable reporting in an era when theatrical puffery predominated .
as a mathematics and career guidance teacher at presentation brothers college , cork , declan kidney coached school teams to four munster junior cups and four munster senior cups .
the songs , dances , jokes , parodies , spoofs , and skits of blackface groups such as the virginia minstrels and buckley ' s serenaders became wildly popular in antebellum america . behind the burnt cork mask not only explores the racist practices of these entertainers but considers their performances as troubled representations of ethnicity , class , gender , and culture in the nineteenth century .
to make the volume more complete , additional material has been added , separated from brown’s efforts through the burnt cork supplement , a collection of articles written by men who were closely involved with the blackface entertainment . the selections were originally published over a period from 1860 to 1915 . they augment brown’s history by giving a more personal view of minstrelsy and minstrel people .
william j . mahar ' s unprecedented archival study of playbills , newspapers , sketches , monologues , and music engages new sources previously not considered in twentieth - century scholarship . more than any other study of its kind , behind the burnt cork mask investigates the relationships between blackface comedy and other western genres and traditions ; between the music of minstrel shows and its european sources ; and between
popular
and
elite
constructions of culture .
, in its support of popular amusements , made a monumental contribution to historians of popular culture . this is particularly true in the area of negro minstrelsy . the paper carried a weekly column of minstrel activities almost from its inception . biographical sketches of burnt cork performers were frequently included . and there were innumerable reminiscences and chronicles of minstrels and minstrelsy contributed by men who were a part of that colorful profession . this interest continued as long as the
there is an interesting moment when the white and black companies merge to produce mammoth spectacles . on august 27 , 1895 , cleveland’s company played washington d . c . ’s academy of music and the washington post reported , “cleveland’s latest effort in the amusement line is a sort of combination of burnt cork and genuine negro minstrelsy [ sic ] … for the opening attraction , mr . cleveland promises one of the largest minstrel companies that has ever visited washington . ”
edmund lincoln anderson ( september 18 , 1905 – february 28 , 1977 ) , often known as eddie
rochester
anderson , was an american comic actor who became famous playing
rochester van jones
( usually known simply as
rochester
) , the valet to jack benny ' s eponymous title character on the long - running radio and television series the jack benny program . anderson also owned burnt cork , a thoroughbred racehorse that ran in the 1943 kentucky derby .
owner : eddie anderson breeder : lucas berthold combs state bred : ky winnings : 38 starts : 9 - - , $ 21 , 130 prairie state stakes at 3 : victory h . ( haw ) , 2nd chicago heights h . ( wash ) , drake hotel h . ( haw ) , 3rd steger h . ( haw ) , crete h . ( haw ) , 4th tryster purse ( was - 2nd div . ) , 10th ky derby ( cd ) burnt cork ' s owner , eddie anderson , was famous on radio and tv as comedian jack benny ' s butler , known as rochester . ( close )
sarah is originally from cork and trained in dublin where she graduated from the gaiety school of acting in 2006 . sarah played helen mccormick ( slippy helen ) opposite daniel radcliffe as billy claven in martin mcdonaghs ' s the cripple of inishmaan , directed by michael grandage at the cort theatre on . . .
wrote one reference , w . j . mcnair , “miss barbee comes from a family in which slaves were an inheritance and all her life she has known colored people in their home surroundings : the cook , the black mammy , the house servants , the carriage driver , the field hand from neighboring plantations - were all familiar to her as a child . her power of mimicry is marvelous , and without accessory of costume , burnt cork , or dramatis personae , miss barbee holds her hearers entranced , smiling , laughing , or weeping as her take goes on . in fact , she gives true minstrelsy on one string , and provokes mirth and explosive laughter even more than a troop could do . ”
he says : “i really enjoyed my time with adidas and fila . i travelled a lot and built up a lot of contacts . i was offered a job in holland , but i’m a corkman , i love living in cork and i wanted to stay here . i started doing my own product sourcing a couple of years ago and felt there was a real opportunity to do something myself in menswear . ”
“there were two highlights on a par in my footballing career . winning the league with my home town , cork city , was a huge thing in 1993 when the club had just been formed . in 1997 , i played for shelbourne against glasgow rangers in the uefa cup and scored the third goal live on eurosports . as a lifelong celtic fan , to score against their old rivals was fantastic , ” he recalls .
while not a particularly expensive production , ' burnt ' is cooper ' s third financial failure in as many years . by that we mean he ' s now at such a high level ( possibly only bettered by di caprio ) that audiences expect a certain kind of film ; but the charismatic leading man likes taking risks with more character driven fare . granted , american sniper ' s mammoth box office also helps , as does when said films work - generally with david o ' russell helming .
i think this volume delivers more than most readers will expect . despite my familiarity with almost all the contributors’ previous work , i was constantly finding myself learning new things . i would love to think we lived in a ‘post - racial culture , ’ but as these essays remind us , we have a long way to go to get there — and in the meantime , the more we know about minstrelsy , the more we know about ourselves .
—stephen railton , author of authorship and audience : literary performance in the american renaissance
this volume ' s chapters span time , culture and media , engaging gender , colonialism and class in demonstrating the troubling endurance of blackface minstrelsy . this is an important contribution and will be useful to courses that examine the subject in depth and across contexts .
— journal of theatre research international
the interdisciplinarity of burnt cork convincingly illustrates the potential in new approaches to blackface minstrelsy , while questioning how some disciplines that may not consider blackface as an appropriate object of study might themselves be opened up to new possibilities by engaging we exploring this complex american legacy .
— theatre journal
start good . won handily ; second and third driving . count fleet began fast , was hustled along until reaching the stretch , shook off the bid of gold shower and , responding to a shaking up , won handily . blue swords was in hand until reaching the last half , came determinedly when subjected to punishment , but was not good enough for the winner , although easily best of the others . slide rule saved ground while outrun to the final half , was blocked when moving up approaching the final turn and , taken out for the drive , could not reach the leaders . amber light raced evenly under restraint until reaching the final half , made a game bid entering the stretch , but tired . bankrupt , outrun until the final quarter , failed to respond when called upon in the stretch . no wrinkles could not better his position and had no excuses . dove pie swerved to the inside after the start and was never a serious contender . gold shower , much used engaging count fleet in the first three - quarters , gave way badly thereafter . modest lad , bothered slightly after the start by dove pie , was always far back . burnt cork began fast , displayed good speed in the first half and then quit . scratched - twoses , ocean wave .
birkit “kit” clarke ( 1845 - 1918 ) , the author of “some cork and sawdust ' thinks ' of the past , ” was for many years an advance agent for a variety of traveling amusements . he was connected with satterlee & bell’s circus , 1858 , at the early age of thirteen . within a few years he took up the study of photography in chicago . however , he was back in the business with vanamburgh’s menagerie , 1864 - 67 , during which time the circus visited europe . for nine years throughout the 1870s he was director of press work for adam forepaugh’s circus , being one of the first agents to use alliterative advertising . aside from circus work , he occupied himself , among other things , by managing prof . hartz and zera , magicians ; conducting the business affairs of m . b . leavitt’s musical troupe , “the rentz company” ; and accompanying haverly’s minstrels to london . he had the distinction of being a friend and fishing companion of grover cleveland and joseph jefferson . after devoting much time in retirement to the writing of short stories and other items , several of which appeared in the
al g . field ( 1850 - 1921 ) , one of the last of the great cork artists and managers , relates in “minstrelsy” his pleasing recollections of the great dan emmett . field , whose real name was alfred griffith hatfield , began as a ballad singer at the age of fifteen with sharpley , sheridan , mack & day’s minstrels . in 1886 he formed his own minstrel troupe , which he operated successfully until his death in 1921 - during which time , so he claimed , he never had a losing sea - son - and became a wealthy man , known as the “millionaire minstrel , ” from his successful managerial activities in that line of business . he was considered a good minstrel performer , remembered for his monologues . his training in management came from working with the sells bros . ’ circus and with duprez & benedict’s minstrels , both outfits being noted for their advertising practices . it is said that field was the first minstrel manager to carry entire stage settings and scenery and the first to use a special train of cars for transporting his troupe . he was a devoted family man and fond of dogs and horses . indeed , he carried a fine pair of horses with the show to drive about in the cities he visited . his permanent residence was in columbus , oh , where he owned considerable real estate , which included his “maple villa” farm , located in the olentangy valley near the city , on which he bred blooded horses , pedigreed cattle , game fowl , and hogs . by 1909 , he was director of the central national bank of columbus , the columbus casualty co . , and had an interest in the street railway system there . and he was the author of the book
churchill downs , kentucky derby , kentucky oaks , the “twin spires design” , and churchill downs incorporated related trademarks are registered trademarks of churchill downs incorporated .
beginning in the 1830s and continuing for more than a century , blackface minstrelsy—stage performances that claimed to represent the culture of black americans—remained arguably the most popular entertainment in north america . a renewed scholarly interest in this contentious form of entertainment has produced studies treating a range of issues : its contradictory depictions of class , race , and gender ; its role in the development of racial stereotyping ; and its legacy in humor , dance , and music , and in live performance , film , and television . the style and substance of minstrelsy persist in popular music , tap and hip - hop dance , the language of the standup comic , and everyday rituals of contemporary culture . the blackface makeup all but disappeared for a time , though its influence never diminished—and recently , even the makeup has been making a comeback . this collection of original essays brings together a group of prominent scholars of blackface performance to reflect on this complex and troublesome tradition . essays consider the early relationship of the blackface performer with american politics and the antislavery movement ; the relationship of minstrels to the commonplace compromises of the touring “show” business and to the mechanization of the industrial revolution ; the exploration and exploitation of blackface in the mass media , by d . w . griffith and spike lee , in early sound animation , and in reality television ; and the recent reappropriation of the form at home and abroad . in addition to the editor , contributors include dale cockrell , catherine cole , louis chude - sokei , w . t . lhamon , alice maurice , nicholas sammond , and linda williams .
stephen johnson is director of the centre for drama , theatre and performance studies at the university of toronto and author of the roof gardens of broadway theatre . please see his website http : / / burntcorkthebook . com .
the university of massachusetts press is delighted to announce a new partnership with tagus press , the publishing arm of the university of massachusetts dartmouth center for portuguese studies and . . . more
umass press and the mfa for poets and writers at the university of massachusetts amherst are pleased to announce the winners of the 2018 juniper literary prizes in poetry and fiction . . . . more
5 . surprised by blackface : d . w . griffith and one exciting night
project muse promotes the creation and dissemination of essential humanities and social science resources through collaboration with libraries , publishers , and scholars worldwide . forged from a partnership between a university press and a library , project muse is a trusted part of the academic and scholarly community it serves .
©2018 project muse . produced by johns hopkins university press in collaboration with the sheridan libraries .
this website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website . without cookies your experience may not be seamless .
the product described in this article is a known carcinogen . it should not be used in any cosmetic applications ! !
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
in 1950s rural australia , matthew and his wife live on a remote sheep station . their quiet lives begin to unravel when it is discovered that matthew has fathered a child to his wife’s aboriginal housemaid . when a policeman arrives at the station , matthew must choose between admitting he is the father and saving his child from being taken or remaining silent and saving his marriage . short film written and directed by alexandra edmonson . produced by cassie kelly . director of photography dan freene
update a video without losing your url or stats . how ? replace your video file quickly and easily .
some parts of this page won ' t work property . please reload or try later .
in 1950s rural australia , a man faces losing everything when love , fear , duty and shame collide , following the birth of his illegitimate child .
buzzing comedies such as the spy who dumped me await you in our summer movie guide . check in for all the info you need .
want to share imdb ' s rating on your own site ? use the html below .
in 1950s rural australia , matthew and his wife live on a remote sheep station . their quiet lives begin to unravel when it is discovered that matthew has fathered a child to an aboriginal woman who lives on the station . when a policeman arrives , matthew is faced with a critical decision .
explore popular and recently added tv series available to stream now with prime video .
author : william j . mahar pub date : 1999 pages : 472 pages illustrations : 56 black & white photographs series : music in american life
southern history & culture african american studies folklore history , am . : 19th c . literature , drama music popular culture see all subjects
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
edited by william l . slout and dedicated to the late charles crain , actor , director and longtime friend , who insisted i compile it .
charlie , rest in peace .
copyright © 2005 by william l . slout . all rights reserved .
early history of negro minstrelsy ,
by col . t . allson brown
contributions to minstrel history . with but one exception , all of the material has been compiled from its pages . col . t . allston brown’s “early history of negro minstrelsy , ” a painstaking documentation of its “rise and progress in the united states , ” was carried in fifty - nine installments , beginning with the anniversary issue on february 17 , 1912 , and continuing intermittently through march 8 , 1914 . the work is the most complete record of the genre ever assembled .
t . allston brown ( 1836 - 1918 ) is often underrated as an amusement historian , perhaps because he lacks an eloquence of style . he possesses neither the fluidity of william dunlap , the quaintness of joseph ireland , nor the whimsy of george c . d . odell . but where other 19th century amusement chroniclers were primarily interested in the “higher drama , ” brown concerned himself with a broader theatre ; where they identified themselves with their immediate theatrical provinces , brown kept no provincial borders . in announcing the beginning of brown’s
series on the “history of the american theatres . ” ( march 10 , 1888 ) , the editor stated :
we speak advisedly when we say that it is the most complete - indeed , the only complete - history of the kind that has ever been written . . . . he has been more than thirty - two years collecting the material for this stupendous work . in all that time his researches have been thorough , patient , and intelligent . no historian of our stage has labored with greater enthusiasm ; none who have chronicled the rise and progress of the drama in america have approached their task with a more sympathetic appreciation of its manifold perplexities and its vast possibilities .
brown’s varied experiences in the theatrical profession as literary correspondent , publisher , editor , business agent , advance man , circus treasurer , theatre manager , and talent agent supplied him with an intimate understanding of the business and its people . the mobility required by the nature of his various employments allowed him to collect material from the innumerable cities he visited . his published
, are not easily available to the general researcher . they have been buried on dusty archival shelves for over one hundred years . and the microfilm copies of the paper , with its small type and hazy images , make for laborious reading . it is the intent of the editor , therefore , to create a greater accessibility to brown’s “early history of negro minstrelsy” as compiled in
to this end , brown’s work , which originally resembled a “scrapbook , ” almost randomly assembled , has been freely tampered with . the material has been re - arranged and edited into a more orderly format so as to enhance its usefulness as a source book of minstrelsy .
charles white ( 1821 - 1891 ) , author of “negro minstrelsy : its starting place traced back over sixty years , ” is one of the earliest of minstrel performers . his recollections on the origin of minstrelsy add another piece to that controversial pie . he was said to have kept a diary of all that transpired in the profession ; and , we are assured by the
, he “is always found to be correct in his summing up . ” a biographical sketch of this famed minstrel can be found in the section
frank dumont’s “the golden days of minstrelsy” and “the younger generation in minstrelsy and reminiscences of the past” are supported by the authority of the writer’s long career as a minstrel and manager of minstrel companies . he was perhaps a more prolific composer of songs , jokes , and afterpieces than anyone in the field . as manager , his record of continuous engagement at the eleventh street opera house , philadelphia , with the dumont minstrels , has never been surpassed . dumont came from utica , ny , the home town of minstrels billy birch , sam hague , tom prendergast and others . he began with george christy as a boy singer at 585 broadway and worked with a number of troupes before joining the carncross party in philadelphia in 1882 . when carncross retired in 1893 , dumont became the manager , a position he held until 1911 , when the final curtain rang down on may 13 to the strains of “auld lang syne . ”
. keeler was born near toledo , ohio . orphaned at eight and in the charge of a guardian , he went to buffalo to attend school , but , finding it not to his liking , ran away . for the next four years he wandered about the great lakes , serving as pantry and cabin boy on the ships . he followed a path of self - reliance , which led him to a season of railroading before serving a three year stint as a minstrel . following this he attended college at cape giradeau , missouri . he took a tour of europe with $ 181 as capital , where he had a brief stay at karl - rupert university at heidelberg . he lived abroad for two years , scantily supporting himself through contributions to american papers and foreign magazines . as a journalist , keeler contributed articles to various periodicals , including
, an autobiographical account of his life , appeared in 1870 . on november 25 , 1873 , he left for cuba as a special correspondent for the new york tribune . he served the tribune in santiago during the excitement over the virginius massacre - the execution of 53 men aboard a u . s . ship by the spanish in 1873 because the vessel was carrying arms to cuba . on december 15 , 1873 , he embarked on the ship
, en route from santiago to havana on his return to new york . on the night of the 17th he either fell or was thrown overboard and disappeared into the sea - dead at but thirty - three years of age . the article included herein was published after his demise .
, he died at his home in flatbush , ny , at age 86 .
of june , 1915 . the piece represents an intelligent assessment of minstrelsy from the perspective of the 20th century by a man well qualified to make it . matthews’ credentials hardly need explanation . as a respected man of literature , he mingled with the elite writers of his age . he was part of a group who founded the authors’ club , the american copyright league , the dunlap society , the kinsmen , and the players . he was a prolific writer on theatrical matters , the list of books , articles and plays being too long to mention . as a professor of literature at columbia university he became the first man to hold the chair of dramatic literature at a united states university . he has been called the “last of the gentlemanly school of critics and essayists that distinguished american literature in the last half of the nineteenth century . ”
col . t . allston brown was born in newburyport , ma . , january 16 , 1836 . his grandfather was the reverend charles william milton , who preached in one church in that town fortytwo years . in 1852 brown removed to philadelphia and in september , 1855 , became the philadelphia correspondent of the
. shortly after this he was connected with the dramatic department of col . fitzgerald’s
. in december , 1858 , he commenced the compilation of a “history of the american stage , ” which included biographies of every actor and actress who had appeared on the american stage from 1752 to 1858 ; also a complete history of every theatre that had been opened in america during that time . in 1859 the
commenced to publish this work , and continued it for a long time . in january , 1860 , he first entered the theatrical business , going in advance of the cooper english opera co . in may of that year he began the publication of a series of dramatic articles for
. by december he was treasurer for the gardner & madigan circus . in january , 1862 , he was the business manager for isabella cubas , spanish
and pantomimist . in the summer of 1862 he was with dan rice , afterward with tom king’s circus in baltimore and washington . when james m . nixon opened the cremorne gardens that year on fourteenth street in new york city . brown was engaged as business manager . the garden closing october 9 , when the circus part of the show went to washington for the winter and brown accompanied it . in february , 1863 , he went in advance of hart & simmons’ minstrels . during the summer of 1863 he was writer for thayer & noyes’ circus , and in the fall became dramatic editor of the
, resigning in april , 1870 , to establish a dramatic agency . he was manager of the theatre comique , broadway near spring street , when he retired temporarily from the agency business in march , 1877 , transferring his interest to his brother , j . alexander brown . he next went on the road with boucicault’s “shaugbraun , ” but returned to the agency business in january , 1878 . in september , 1882 , he was manager for hanlon brothers in “
, ” he having engaged them in europe for an american tour of three years . his next tour was as manager for marie aimee , then a tour with mrs . gen . tom thumb , and next with charles arnold in “hans the boatman . ” brown died in philadelphia , april 2 , 1918 .
copyright © 2005 - 2010 william l . slout and circus historical society , inc .
no part of this information may be reproduced in any form or means without written permission of william l . slout and the circus historical society , inc .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
minstrel shows featured white actors wearing blackface in a standard three - part musical comedy show . the popular american entertainment had its start in the 1840s and continued through the turn - of - the - century , when they were overtaken by burlesque .
late in the nineteenth century , many companies of black performers were also touring the country , offering minstrel shows of their own . one of the best was w . s . cleveland’s colossal colored carnival minstrels run by william s . cleveland ( 1860 - 1923 ) .
the original company consisted of forty performers including the composer and performer james bland ( 1854 - 1911 ) , who dropped out of harvard university to pursue a career in music .
“the first part is said to be a distinct innovation . when the curtain rises a complete minstrel show of white performers , including orchestra , & c . ; , is seen ; a second curtain is drawn disclosing a complete troupe of colored performers ; the third curtain brings to view a troupe of eleven arabs , while the fourth and last curtain brings to view a troupe of ten japanese , making a total of eighty - one performers in all . ”
javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .
in this paper i focus on one of tolstoi ' s marginal characters , sonia in war and peace . i examine sonia ' s unusual narrative trajectory in the novel by comparing two key episodes – the yuletide sequence and the epilogue . tolstoi highlights sonia ' s triumphant turn during the cross - dressing scenes only to prepare us for her eventual , and rather cruel , narrative and familial marginalization in contrast to the happily married rostovs . while rarely studied , sonia ' s narrative , i argue , is crucial to tolstoi ' s overall design in war and peace : in a novel that explicitly attacks historians as liars , sonia ' s fate illustrates tolstoi ' s intolerance of the historical mode of thought , what morson terms “semiotic totalitarianism” . i claim that sonia is an example of just such a thinker , and that her being , to quote grenier , “the ( insignificant ) ‘other’ squared” – both a woman and a member of the lower class – only aggravates this fault in tolstoi ' s eyes , which results in her “punishment” in the epilogue . this is the ultimate cross - dressing that is sonia ' s downfall : a “marginal woman” , an inconsequential creature in tolstoi ' s universe , she attempts to control and shape events in an authoritative “masculine” way that befits historians and statesmen like napoleon , pfühl , and speranskii .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
collection highlights booker t . washington’s friendship with albert k . smiley – redlands daily facts
many of us are familiar with the idea of “six degrees of separation , ” that is , the idea that everyone is , on average , approximately six steps away , by way of introduction , from any other person on earth , so that a chain of “a friend of a friend” statement can be made , on average , to connect two people in six steps or fewer .
while this idea may not be valid in all cases , i found it quite intriguing and fascinating that a very positive and long - lasting friendship developed between two people who , on the surface , were very different from one another , in this case the african - american educator and political leader booker t . washington and the gentleman whose purchase of 16 acres of land in downtown redlands led to the wonderful library named after him , albert k . smiley .
we know about this relationship because in 2005 the smiley library obtained a magnificent treasure trove of letters and documents from many african - american educators ( most of whom were administrators in black colleges in the south ) who wanted to come to the lake mohonk mountain house in ulster county , n . y . , to provide both information and entertainment for the guests , hoping that the generally affluent visitors would donate to the school or college represented by the educator and / or entertainers .
in addition , the educators hoped for testimonials from the guests which they would use in their printed solicitations and letterheads to garner additional resources for their institutions .
albert k . smiley had long been a champion of minority rights in the united states . beginning in 1883 at mohonk , smiley hosted an annual conference seeking to better the situations of native americans . these conferences helped to bring positive reforms to aid native americans .
in 1890 , smiley hosted the first conference at mohonk to examine how african - americans could be helped . in his opening address , smiley said , “i trust that every one who is here agrees with me that it is exceedingly important for the negroes to be elevated in every direction ; that it is necessary that they should be practically educated ; that they shall learn to be thrifty and taught industries ; that they shall save money , accumulate property , be law - abiding citizens ; that the family relations be well observed , and thus be a credit to our country . ”
the collection of letters better illustrates smiley’s commitment to help african - americans , especially through education .
included in this file of approximately 300 items , in some 27 folders , are letters to and from albert k . smiley and leaders of such schools and colleges as the colored industrial and literary institute in snow hill , ala . ; atlanta university ( home of booker t . washington’s key rival for the heart and head of african - americans , w . e . b . dubois ) ; and hampton normal and agricultural institute in hampton , va .
without a doubt the most valuable set of items is an extensive set of correspondence between washington and smiley from 1901 to 1912 ( the year in which smiley died ) , including 28 typed notes and letters , three autographed notes , a secretarial letter and 11 telegrams typed by a western union clerk . twenty - seven of the letters are signed by booker t . washington .
letters in this archive show that smiley decided to back three institutions by inviting them to describe their work on a regular basis : hampton institute , snow hill ( on which board smiley sat as a trustee ) and the educational institution headed by booker t . washington , formally known as the tuskegee normal and industrial institute for the training of colored young men and women .
while smiley did allow representatives of other african - american schools and colleges to come to his guest house to request funding and provide entertainment , he also made clear in many letters that his guests could support only so many good works over the course of a stay .
in fact , each year smiley was bombarded by representatives from all kinds worthy projects who were hoping to gain an audience with the guests , many of whom stayed at the resort for the entire season , as well as be afforded accommodations at smiley’s expense . it was a challenge for smiley to balance the needs of the guests with his desire to inform them about important issues of the time and demonstrate his support for causes , including rights for native americans and african americans .
in reply to a request from the president of atlanta university , cuthbert hall , asking that a quartet from atlanta university and professor dubois , “who is well known as the author of the souls of black folk , ” visit in september , 1907 , smiley replied as follows : “hampton was represented here yesterday , and on the third of september dr . booker t . washington is booked to come . while i am heartily sympathetic with your good work , i do not consider it advisable to call upon our guests more than twice during the season to contribute to institutions for the negro . ”
in 1912 , replying to a letter from samuel bishop of the american church institute for negroes , smiley replied as follows : “booker t . washington was here the beginning of this week , making a plea in behalf of his work , and in august hampton ( university ) will be presented here . we deem it advisable , therefore , not to add to the list ”
knowing of smiley’s interest in native americans and their education , a representative from hampton institute asked to come to the “mohonk mountain home to present plantation songs” and , in a further letter for a meeting at which there will be “six men , five colored and one indian – our major moton will be principal speaker . charles dixon is the indian speaker . he is an onondaga and a graduate of a dozen or 15 years back . ”
those who sought smiley’s favor , hoping to set up visits to mohonk at which representatives of their institutions would entertain or talk to the guests and thus obtain funding for their school or college , were adept at using flattery to get smiley to issue them an invitation .
an example of this is a letter from a mrs . isabel c . barrows to smiley in 1903 in which she says that she wants “to ask a favor though ( unbeknownst ) to you i am already the recipient of a favor from the smiley family . mrs . parrington , one of our nearest and dearest neighbors ( mrs . barrows lived in tompkinsville , n . y . ) has just brought us a dozen beautiful oranges , right from redlands , a part of your brother’s generous gift to her . my favor is this : i am immensely interested in a colored school in alabama that i have visited several times , spending a week there last december . ”
the treasurer of the school “william bensen is ( desirous ) of having an introduction to you , hoping that you will give him a chance to speak at mohonk in behalf of his school , at some time when it will not conflict with the visit of ( the representative ) from hampton or booker washington . ”
a room clerk ( for that was the signature at the bottom of the letter ) replied on behalf of smiley , saying , “i think that , from a business standpoint , that we have as many colored schools as is advisable . in addition to the colored schools , there are every year a large number of other worthy causes represented here and the guests of this house are probably more called upon for contributions than any other summer resort in the country a very large sum is collected annually . ”
during the last decade of the 19th century and the first decade of the 20th , state legislatures in the south used both legal and illegal methods , including violent attacks on african - americans daring to use the 15th amendment and vote in elections , to keep african - americans from voting .
a letter written in 1899 by charles f . messner , the president of shaw university ( whose letterhead said the following : “founded in 1865 for the education of the freedman” ) to smiley is revealing about this issue and its cause for concern .
“a bill has passed the ( north carolina ) legislature but cannot go into effect until adopted as an amendment to the ( state ) constitution at a special election to be held in august , 1900 . the amendment will without doubt be adopted . it provides that all people , except those who were electors in 1867 ( at which time only white men of property were eligible to vote ) or the grandsons of electors in 1867 , cannot qualify for voting unless they are able to read and write . there is in north carolina 23 per cent illiteracy and 55 per cent of colored illiteracy . you will readily see that no white person , no matter how illiterate will be disenfranchised while a large percent of colored illiterates will be disfranchised . ”
while albert k . smiley was a trustee of the “snow hill colored institute , ” he did not always acquiesce in allowing representation from that school to come to mohonk .
“i regret , however , to find that it is not possible to grant you the privilege this year owing to the fact that a number of worthy causes will be presented here , and for many reasons it is not best for one business to call too frequently upon our guests for financial assistance . ”
while some representatives of african - american institutions were not extended invitations by albert smiley , booker t . washington had pretty much an open invitation to come to mohonk , as the following exchange of letters indicates .
in a letter to smiley , washington said that “i don’t like the idea of my coming there before hampton , yet i find myself with so many engagements for the month of august ( 1905 ) that it will be impossible to come there during that month . i am writing to ask you to select any date after july 15th that will be suitable to you . ”
smiley replied , “i shall reserve for you monday july 19th , ” to which washington , wanting to make sure that smiley had the correct day in mind , replied , “your letter says monday july 19th , i presume you meant wednesday , july 19th . ”
smiley received requests not only from institutions in the united states , but from institutions as far away as south africa . writing from kingston , n . y . , was john l . dube , the principal of the zulu christian school in natal , south africa :
“we have heard of you and your good work , and i write trusting you might give me an opportunity to speak in your hotel some evening . we hope to be in your vicinity until july 2 ( 1904 ) . ”
unfortunately for dube , smiley replied that “hampton , tuskegee , and snow hill , in addition to a number of other worthy causes , have already been granted the privilege of coming here this summer . i think it inadvisable to add to the list . regretting very much my inability to give you a favorable reply , believe me . ”
while most letters talked about the quality and expertise of those who requested to entertain the guests at mohonk , few sounded as racist in tone to today’s ear as the brochure advertising for nannie barbee , who sought to “entertain” smiley’s guests .
smiley’s staff wrote on the letter of introduction the desired reply : “regret no chance . ”
also included in this fascinating set of materials is a letter stating that albert k . smiley had been elected to the very prestigious american academy of political and social science , an organization generally reserved for college professors .
the letter stated that “you have been elected to membership in the american academy of political and social science and i may also add that a very interesting program for the fifth annual meeting has been arranged for april 12th and 13th ( 1901 ) . the general topic discussed will be ` american race problems . ’ there will be papers and addresses on the philippines , hawaii , cuba and porto rico , also on the negroes in the south . ”
while there is no definitive reason given why albert k . smiley was elected to be a part of this lofty , mostly professorial group , the letter from the executive secretary more than hints at the reason , as he tells smiley that one of the general sessions will be devoted to a subject to which smiley was for so long concerned and about which this archive shows so tellingly – the education of african - americans in the south .
once again the citizenry of redlands can be proud of the various collections housed in its a . k . smiley public library . in this instance the shelves in the heritage room not only have a set of materials which are of national importance , but show a side of albert k . smiley which i would think is almost unknown to residents of our fair city .
donald l . singer holds degrees in history and education and is retired after a career as a professor and administrator at community colleges , including serving as president of crafton hills college and san bernardino valley college . he volunteers as an archivist in the a . k . smiley public library heritage room .
a lomita man was arrested when he allegedly tossed fireworks under a sheriff’s department mounted posse working in hermosa beach on july 4 , police said .
we use cookies to personalise content , target and report on ads , to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic .
being the son of a four time league of ireland title winner , pat morley was born with a ball at his feet , so it was almost inevitable that football would become such a huge part of his own life . he started playing competitively at a very young age and went on to become the second highest goal scorer in the history of the league of ireland .
pat morley’s long list of claims to football fame include playing for glasgow celtic and brighton , scoring a hat - trick on his league of ireland debut for waterford in 1984 , scoring the first goal under lights in lansdowne road and playing over 20 times in europe .
after finishing school , morley went to art college for four years with the ambition of becoming a photographer or graphic designer , but when he left college in 1986 , the economy was in a depressed state and there were no jobs .
like many of his contemporaries , he emigrated to australia for two years and on his return , he got a job through his soccer connections as a rep with adidas . after six years working with the company , he went to work for fila ireland as a sales manager .
in january of this year , morley opened the doors of lapel 1865 , an impressive menswear showroom which offers a collection of hire wear and menswear and a bespoke service where customers can choose from an exclusive range of more than 30 , 000 italian fabrics .
located on the outskirts of the city in the frankfield business park , the luxurious and surprisingly spacious showroom boasts individual suites , offering privacy to wedding parties and other customers .
since the business opened , morley , who describes himself as something of “a one - man band at the moment” , has been working six days a week , doing everything the business involves from sourcing stock and serving customers to sweeping the floors and hoovering his immaculate premises .
“i am working mad hours at the moment and i need to get some more help . i wasn’t at all put off by opening a new business in the current climate because i knew it could work but the banks have got to start lending again .
“i have a lovely little business here that could employ three , possibly four people , but i need help . small business owners need tax breaks and the government needs to look at how to take people off the live register , ” he says .
morley is very aware that now more than ever , people are looking for that little bit extra in terms of value for money and service . through providing a free shirt with every suit hire , he has managed to attract a lot of business from the local colleges and schools , and he prides himself on the high level of service he offers .


acria ornithorrhyncha is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by wang in 2008 .

it is found in china ( guangdong , hongkong ) .

the wingspan is 16-21 mm .

the forewings are of the males are ochreous yellow and greyish brown in females .

the costal margin is yellow from one-third to two-thirds and there is a brown spot at one-third and two-thirds , reaching above the dorso-apical corner of the cell and forming a v-pattern .

there is a thin brown band from below the costal two-thirds , extending outward and parallel with the costal margin , arched and parallel with the termen , then oblique inward to the tornus .

the discal and discocellular stigmas are small and black .

the hindwings are deep grey .

acria ornithorrhyncha

have a fact about acria ornithorrhyncha ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for acria ornithorrhyncha ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
this is the place for acria definition . you find here acria meaning , synonyms of acria and images for acria copyright 2017 © urltoken
acria ornithorrhyncha wang , 2008 ; acta zootax . sinica 33 ( 4 ) : 687 ; tl : kadoorie agr . res . centre . co . ( 114°114 ' e , 22°428 ' n ) , guizhou prov . , 1350m
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word acria . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word acria and , of course , acria synonyms and on the right images related to the word acria .
acria psamatholeuca meyrick , 1930 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 1 ) : 12
acria trigoniprojecta wang , 2015 ; ent . news 124 ( 5 ) : ( 331 - 334 )
acria nivalis ; yuan , zhang & wang , 2008 , acta zootax . sinica 33 ( 4 ) : 686
acria ( depressariinae ) ; yuan , zhang & wang , 2008 , acta zootax . sinica 33 ( 4 ) : 685
acria sciogramma meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 12 ) : 381 ; tl : new guinea , milne bay
acria eulectra meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : khasis
acria javanica lvovsky , 2015 ; zoosyst . rossica 24 ( 2 ) : 279 ; tl : w . sumba , waimangura , 450m
acria xanthosaris meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 636 ; tl : khasis
acria ceramitis ; [ nhm card ] ; yuan , zhang & wang , 2008 , acta zootax . sinica 33 ( 4 ) : 685
acria emarginella ; [ nhm card ] ; yuan , zhang & wang , 2008 , acta zootax . sinica 33 ( 4 ) : 687
acria ceramitis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 636 ; tl : palni hills ; khasis
acria sulawesica lvovsky , 2015 ; zoosyst . rossica 24 ( 2 ) : 280 ; tl : s . celebes , lompobatang mt . , borong rapoa , 850m
acria equibicruris wang , 2008 ; acta zootax . sinica 33 ( 4 ) : 687 ; tl : daozhen co . ( 28°53 ' n , 107°36 ' e ) , guizhou prov . , 1350m
acria nivalis wang & li , 2000 ; in shen et al . , fauna & taxonomy ins . henan 4 : 49 ; tl : nexiang co . ( 33°02 ' n , 111°50 ' e ) , henan prov . , 1350m
wang in yuan , zhang & wang , 2008 ; yuan , zhang & wang , 2008 review of the genus acria meyrick ( lepidoptera , elachistidae , depressariinae ) from china acta zootax . sinica 33 ( 4 ) : 685 - 690
based on examination of the material deposited in the hungarian natural history museum , one species of oecophoridae , acria ceramitis meyrick , is reported for the first time from north korea . a new locality for a species of gelechiidae , helcystogramma triannulella ( herrich - schäffer ) , is also presented . they are reported with the synonyms , biology , distribution , and illustrations of adult and male genitalia .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
we use cookies to optimise your experience when using this site . view our cookie policy and our new privacy notice .
= ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ] ; yuan , zhang & wang , 2008 , acta zootax . sinica 33 ( 4 ) : 685
arcria amphorodes meyrick , 1923 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 20 ) : 612 ; tl : punjab , murree , 7500ft
china ( gansu , guizhou , henan , hubei , hunan , jiangxi , shaanxi , shandong , shanghai , sichuan ) , s . india , assam , korea , japan . see [ maps ]
larva on malus pumila yuan , zhang & wang , 2008 , acta zootax . sinica 33 ( 4 ) : 686
china ( henan , sichuan , tainjin , zhejiang ) , ceylon , india , japan . see [ maps ]
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
the natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
sign in to disable all ads . thank you for helping build the largest language community on the internet .
have a better pronunciation ? upload it here to share it with the entire community .
simply select a language and press on the speaker button to listen to the pronunciation of the word . leave a vote for your preferred pronunciation .
like most websites we use cookies . this is to ensure that we give you the best experience possible .
continuing to use urltoken means you agree to our use of cookies . if you would like to , you can learn more about the cookies we use .
cab direct is the most thorough and extensive source of reference in the applied life sciences , incorporating the leading bibliographic databases cab abstracts and global health . cab direct provides a convenient , single point of access to all of your cabi database subscriptions .
javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .
peer review under responsibility of national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) .
copyright © 2015 the authors . production and hosting by elsevier b . v .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
subscription or article purchase required to access item . to verify subscription , access previous purchase , or purchase article , log in to journal .


though important in the history of paleontology as being among the first dinosaur fossils ever named and described , because the species name iguanodon anglicus was based on very fragmentary fossil remains ( a collection of teeth ) , the name iguanodon was later officially transferred to a different animal .

this left therosaurus ( ancient greek : θήρα ' thera ' , hunting of wild beasts ; latin : anglicus , english ) as the oldest available genus name for the genus containing historic but dubious teeth first discovered by gideon mantell in england .

therosaurus

therosaurus ' huge size and surprising intelligence is only matched by his much more surprising powers .
iguanodon anglicus now > officially < therosaurus ? i know this has been bandied around , but haven ' t seen discussion in technical lit . anyone ?
therosaurus an invalid name for iguanodon , a plant - eating dinosaur with thumb spikes . it is said to have lived during the early cretaceous period .
genus : therosaurus fitzinger , 1843 etymology : greek , ther , “wild beast
( mammal ) , and greek , sauros , “lizard” : “beast lizard” .
therosaurus is a genus of ornithopod dinosaurs containing the single species therosaurus anglicus , previously known as iguanodon anglicus . though important in the history of paleontology as being among the first dinosaur fossils ever named and described , because the species name iguanodon anglicus was based on very fragmentary fossil remains ( a co . . .
darren naish on twitter :
iguanodon anglicus now > officially < therosaurus ? i know this has been bandied around , but haven ' t seen discussion in technical lit . anyone ?
therosaurus has been seen several times since his original and destructive premier . many times his appearance has been in response to the arrival of another giant monster , usually bent on destroying the town , though sometimes out for blood .
therosaurus is an invalid name for iguanodon , a plant - eating dinosaur with thumb spikes . it was about 33 feet ( 10 m ) long and lived during the early cretaceous period , roughly 130 to 110 million years ago .
1825 : only the second dinosaur ( after megalosaurus ) to be classified scientifically , the species’s first fragmentary fossils were named by british paleontologist gideon mantell for the similarity of their teeth to those of iguanas . in addition to reconstructing iguanodon as a stout , tail - dragging reptile , early paleontologists placed a finger bone on the animal’s snout . ( fun fact : the individuals mantell initially described as iguanodon were reclassified in the 20th century as relatives therosaurus and mantellisaurus . )
therosaurus is a tooth taxon , sadly , only known and named off of a collection of teeth . originally described as iguanodon , it in fact is the original type specimen of iguanodon - the teeth that were found and used to name the genus . as more complete remains of iguanodon were found and assigned to it , the teeth were left behind in importance . however , since i . angelicus was so poorly known , in 2000 the type specimen for iguanodon was changed to i . bernissartensis , which is much better known and with more complete remains . since the teeth of i . angelicus were different from the teeth of i . bernissartensis , it was given the oldest extra genus name these teeth had been assigned to , therosaurus . the animal was found in tilgate forest , whitemans green , sussex , england , dating back to about 140 to 136 million years ago , in the berriasian to valanginian ages of the early cretaceous .
therosaurs is a huge monster who rose out of sea over 300 years ago . before this he was only known through legends and folktales leftover from ancient religions . in his first appearance he nearly destroyed the town , killing many of its residents in the process , but saving them from the british at the same time . though his origins are unconfirmed it is suspected that therosaurus was some sort of a dinosaur that underwent a mutation , causing him to grow huge and live for a very long time .
a large herbivorous ornithiscian dinosaur of the genus iguanodon of the cretaceous period , having a long broad snout with a horny beak , numerous small teeth , and a spike on each thumb .
a bipedal , plant - eating dinosaur , of the genus iguanodon , that inhabited europe in the early cretaceous period .
all content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .
we ' ve detected that javascript is disabled in your browser . would you like to proceed to legacy twitter ?
you can add location information to your tweets , such as your city or precise location , from the web and via third - party applications . you always have the option to delete your tweet location history . learn more
here ' s the url for this tweet . copy it to easily share with friends .
by embedding twitter content in your website or app , you are agreeing to the twitter developer agreement and developer policy .
not on twitter ? sign up , tune into the things you care about , and get updates as they happen .
this timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time , getting instant updates about what matters to you .
hover over the profile pic and click the following button to unfollow any account .
when you see a tweet you love , tap the heart — it lets the person who wrote it know you shared the love .
the fastest way to share someone else’s tweet with your followers is with a retweet . tap the icon to send it instantly .
add your thoughts about any tweet with a reply . find a topic you’re passionate about , and jump right in .
twitter may be over capacity or experiencing a momentary hiccup . try again or visit twitter status for more information .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
an ongoing dinosaur encyclopaedia . by meig dickson ( she / her or ey / em ) , henry thomas ( he / him ) , josé c . cortés ( he / him ) , †jack wood ( he / him ) , scott reid ( he / him ) , and ripley cook ( she / her ) support us on patreon index faq
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
log in or sign up to get involved in the conversation . it ' s quick and easy .
wordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .
age : upper barremian stage , lower neocomian subepoch , middle early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .
age : valanginian - hauterivian stage , neocomian subepoch - barremian stage , lower gallic subepoch , early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .
age : lower valanginian stage , middle neocomian subepoch , lower early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .
locality : brook point , isle of wight county , england , southern united kingdom .
locality : sandown bay , isle of wight county , england , southern united kingdom .
locality : brook bay , isle of wight county , england , southern united kingdom .
locality : kentish rag , near maidstone , kent county , england , southern united kingdom .
material : 1 unworn tooth , 2 femora , tibia and fibula , several metatarsals , and phalanges , unguals , several caudal and dorsal vertebrae , fragments of ribs , clavicle , fragment of teeth , and fragmentary bones .
locality : from the upper silty bed north of the sea wall below yaverland battery , sandown , isle of wight county , england , southern united kingdom .
locality :
swanage , 1912
, dorset county , england , southern united kingdom .
locality : a few miles ssw of dorset county , england , southern united kingdom .
locality : hypsilophodon bed , about 100 meters west of cowleaze chine and rises in the cliff to end about 2 / 3 miles further west just beyond barnes high , isle of wight county , england , southern united kingdom .
number : not given : phalanx . note : might not be from iguanodon .
number : not given : dorsal , sacral , and caudal vertebrae , pelvis and left femur .
locality : newport , isle of wight county , england , southern united kingdom .
locality : near brixton , isle of wight county , england , southern united kingdom .
bmnh r754 : a nearly entire left maxilla with teeth . note : figured by hulke .
bmnh 2211 : an imperfect left maxilla , showing dental alveoli . note : figured by mantell .
bmnh 2160 : a fragmentary anterior dorsal vertebra . note : figured by mantell , 1849 .
bmnh 2124 : a centrum and base of the arch of an anterior or middle dorsal vertebra .
bmnh 2556 : slab of sandstone , containing the centrum and base of the arch , together with the detached neural spine of a middle dorsal vertebra .
bmnh 36510 : a terminal phalangeal of one of the lateral digit of the pes .
bmnh 37685 : a nearly entire sacrum and last lumbar vertebra , with a portion of the right ilium attached .
bmnh r102 - 3 : portions of the right and left dentary bones of a mandible .
bmnh r720 : descending portion of a pubis , associated with the vertebra bmnh r721 .
locality : brixton , isle of wight county , england , southern united kingdom .
locality : hollington , near hastings , east sussex county , england , southern united kingdom .
bmnh r33 : fragments of teeth and mandible , a large series of imperfect cervical , dorsal , and caudal vertebrae , the sternal ( ? ) bones ( one fragmentary ) , the proximal half of the right scapula , radius , and ulna , a metacarpal fragment , ilium , the right femur , part of the right astragalus , the entire second and third and the distal extremity of the fourth right metatarsal , and numerous phalangeals .
note : these caudal vertebrae have very tall neural spines and may belong to a new genus .
royal collage of surgeons : a plaster cast of a humeral portion of a coracoid .
locality : off brook point , isle of wight county , england , southern united kingdom .
royal collage of surgeons : a transverse section of the middle of a shaft of a femur .
locality : east of sandown fort , isle of wight county , england , southern united kingdom .
royal collage of surgeons : plaster cast of a middle phalanx of the pes .
royal collage of surgeons : plaster cast of an ungual phalanx of a juvenile .
royal collage of surgeons : plaster cast of another ungual phalanx of a juvenile .
locality : black gang chine , isle of wight county , england , southern united kingdom .
age : aptian - middle albian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .
bmnh 40101 : centra of 3 associated imperfect anterior and middle and 1 posterior caudal vertebra .
bmnh 40102a : a distal end of a left humerus . note : associated with bmnh 40102 .
note : this is the specimen that showed the thumb spike isn ' t a nose horn .
locality : blackgang chine , locality 1 / 4 miles west , isle of wight county , england , southern united kingdom .
age : ? barremian stage , lower gallic subepoch , middle early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .
age : barremian - aptian stage , gallic subepoch , early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .
cbsh - 13 : left distal tibia , articulated calcaneum , astragalus , proximal metatarsals ii , iii and iv .
age : aptian / albian stage , middle gallic subepoch , upper early cretaceous epoch , early cretaceous .
locality : approximately 65 feet east of
pines hotel
, dorset county , england , southern united kingdom .
newman collection : fragmentary cervical centrum , and large fragmentary dorsal vertebrae and part of an indeterminate bone .
fearfully great lizards the first major dinosaur discoveries - - documenting the large - bodied creatures of the
age of reptiles
- - were made in great britain . the first of these was made by oxford geologist reverend william buckland . only a few parts were discovered : jaw bones with blade - like teeth as well as some backbones , hip bones , and limb bones . this animal was formally named megalosaurus (
big lizard
) in 1824 , and thought to be a giant version of modern monitor lizards .
, a primarily herbivorous reptile , as well as limb bones , vertebrae , and so forth . when gideon mantell formally described the animal he called it
(
iguana tooth
) , and imagined it to be an immense version of the iguana .
the third major discovery , also in the weald region and also by the mantells , was a partial skeleton with very large spikes were found arranged along the skeleton : the first evidence of giant armored reptiles . mantell called it
in 1841 , sir richard owen gave public talks about the fossil reptiles of britain . he concluded that megalosaurus , iguanodon , and hylaeosaurus formed their own distinct group , for which proposed the name dinosauria (
fearfully great lizards
) when he wrote up talk ( in 1842 ) :
the combination of such characters , some , as the sacral ones , altogether peculiar among reptiles , others borrowed , as it were , from groups now distinct from each other , and all manifested by creatures far surpassing in size the largest existing reptiles , will , it be presumed , be deemed sufficient ground for establishing a distinct tribe or sub - order of saurian reptiles , for which i would propose the name of dinosauria .
other dinosaurs hidden in owen ( 1842 ) : although owen recognized that megalosaurus , iguanodon , and hylaeosaurus belonged in in his new group
dinosauria
, he actually missed that two other fossil reptiles he discussed fit in this group as well . one was little thecodontosaurus , known at the time from partial lower jaw . this was considered by him as a more typical ( i . e . , not particularly
fearfully great
) . another was gigantic cetiosaurus ( probably the largest animal described in his british fossil reptile paper ) , which he considered a giant sea reptile . subsequent discoveries showed that these were representatives of the long - necked plant - eating dinosaur group sauropodomorpha , but given the very limited material owen had access to , it makes sense that he was not able to recognize this .
( and other non - dinosaurs ) under owen ' s guidance . ( here is a
of those models . ) because of this ( and popular writings ) dinosaurs became parts of the general public discourse : in popular science books , in political cartoons , in science fiction writing , etc .
dinosaurs in america and the great dinosaur rush there were north american discoveries that were contemporary to the early english discoveries . for instance , three - toed tracks in rocks of the connecticut river valley , and were thought to be giant bird tracks . in the same rocks , a fragmentary skeleton was found , but interpreted as an
indian skeleton
( it would later turn out to be a close relative of british thecodontosaurus ) .
the first fossils recognized as being from dinosaurs were teeth and bones found by explorers in western territories ( now montana ) . these were described in 1856 by first american vertebrate paleontologist joseph leidy . some were recognized to be similar to iguanodon , others to be similar to megalosaurus , still others to be some sort of lizard
in 1858 , the first major , relatively complete north american dinosaur fossil : was described . it had been discovered near haddonfield , new jersey . leidy named it hadrosaurus
, but fossil was more complete . in particular , the front leg was smaller and more slender than hindlimb , indicating it was
animals , living or extinct ! the vast numbers of fossils discovered formed the central collections of major museums and greatly increased the knowledge of extinct life ( including some of the first complete dinosaur fossils ) .
in europe , new discoveries were also being made during this same interval . for instance , many nearly - complete specimens of iguanodon ( confirming a hadrosaurus - like body ) , and the first small dinosaurs ( compsognathus , hypsilophodon )
the bone wars were the start of the great
dinosaur rush
( comparable to the gold rush ) , where rival teams traveled out to collect dinosaur ( and other fossil ) skeletons . by the beginning of 20th century , new , wealthy museums sponsored major expeditions to american and canadian west : the royal ontario museum ( toronto ) , the national museum of canada ( now the canadian museum of nature , ottawa ) , the carnegie museum of natural history ( pittsburgh ) , the united states national museum ( aka the smithsonian institution ) ( washington ) , the field columbian museum ( now the field museum of natural history , chicago ) , and most especially , the
the dinosaur renaissance the great depression of the 1930s and world war ii led to a slowdown in research in dinosaurs ( and , to be fair , much non - essential scientific research in general ) . furthermore , dinosaur science itself had been tarnished in the eyes of some during the early and mid - 20th century as not serious science . dinosaur fossils might be good to bring people to museums , but
serious
paleontology focused on other groups of organisms .
there were a few paleontologists actively researching dinosaurs in the mid - 20th century . one was john ostrom of yale university . as a graduate student he had examined feeding in duckbilled dinosaurs , showing that they were limited to feeding on soft aquatic vegetation but instead had some of the most complex chewing adaptations among the vertebrates . afterwards he would show that horned dinosaurs were comparably good at slicing up plants . most famously was his discovery in 1964 : the first raptor dinosaur know from good material , which he named deinonychus (
terrible claws
) in 1969 . the sickle - like claw on foot indicated it was an active leaping predator , and later comparisons between deinonychus and the primitive bird archaeopteryx caused ostrom to revive idea that dinosaurs were bird ancestors .
. the number of dinosaur researchers ( and topics of research ) soared . among other questions , the following became important areas of study :
new expeditions around the globe greatly increased the number of dinosaurs known : at present , about one new species of mesozoic dinosaur is named per week and half . as opposed to the old days of imperial paleontology , most of these expeditions are organized by local researchers ( although sometimes in collaboration with outside teams ) . entire new methods of examining fossils have been developed : ct scans , molecular studies , and computer modeling , for instance .
the discoveries of the dinosaur renaissance are the subject of the rest of this course .
in 1902 , barnum brown working in the latest cretaceous hell creek formation of the american west .
oops . a firewall is blocking access to prezi content . check out this article to learn more or contact your system administrator .
neither you , nor the coeditors you shared it with will be able to recover it again .
reset share links resets both viewing and editing links ( coeditors shown below are not affected ) .
today’s depictions of agile , often feathered animals are a far cry from the saggy tail - draggers of yesteryear . how did early research get it so wrong ?
scientific inaccuracies abound in this 1916 illustration of a tail - dragging , sprawled - posture diplodocus by heinrich harder . a century later , we know better thanks to a richer fossil record and more rigorous research .
in 1842 , english anatomist richard owen proposed the term dinosauria for the strange animal fossils he and colleagues had begun to study . owen drew from ancient greek to create the word : deinos , meaning “terrible” in the awesome - to - behold sense , and sauros , “reptile” or “lizard . ”
the truth is , those early paleontologists — and generations of their successors — got those terrible lizards , well , terribly wrong : t . rex as a tail - dragging lunk , tank - like iguanodon , long - necked sauropods submerged in water because surely they were too big to walk on land .
one problem early paleontologists faced was that they were limited to merely looking at a fossil and finding a living animal to compare it with visually .
“dinosaurs were very alien , very different , ” says university of leicester paleontologist david unwin . “ [ paleontologists ] tried to force them to fit into paradigms that didn’t exist then . ”
matthew lamanna , assistant curator of vertebrate paleontology at pittsburgh’s carnegie museum of natural history , agrees that early paleontologists were restricted by what they could compare dinosaurs to — and how they understood the broader living world .
“remember the origin of the word dinosaur predates the theory of evolution , ” lamanna says . “ideas about animal [ species ] being transitional had yet to materialize . now we know that dinosaurs are sort of bizarre croc - birds , but back then the concept would have been very hard to imagine . ”
entrenched ideas early on , a few great minds did suspect that science might be getting dinosaurs wrong . comparative anatomist thomas henry huxley , for example , noticed similarities in the body plans of dinosaurs and birds as early as the 1860s . he thought there might be an indirect evolutionary relationship , though he never claimed birds descended from dinosaurs .
but huxley — often called darwin’s bulldog for his staunch support of evolution — couldn’t rally others to the idea . it would be more than a century before the dinosaur - bird connection gained traction .
and it was a long hundred - plus years . interest in dinosaurs was growing in both academic and public spheres , and research standards were often less than rigorous . in lecture rooms and museum halls , the idea of dinosaurs as overgrown lazy lizards was so dominant that it verged on the absurd .
consider the diplodocus debate of the early 20th century . after acquiring a specimen of the massive sauropod , carnegie museum paleontologist william holland and colleagues mounted it for display in an elephant - like posture . we now know this was the right approach : legs directly beneath the body , rather than the sprawled stance of a reptile .
the move brought howls of disapproval , most pointedly from two paleontologists , american oliver hay and german gustav tornier , who insisted that the 80 - foot - plus animal had walked like a reptile .
“holland had a spectacular rebuttal , ” says lamanna , referring to a withering 1910 paper by the carnegie paleontologist , which included illustrations based on tornier’s claims . “holland articulated the skeletons in the sprawling posture , but their ribs were so damn deep that they projected below the body . ”
as holland drily pointed out in the retort , if his critics were right about the dinosaur’s stance , “the diplodocus must have moved in a groove or a rut . this might perhaps account for his early extinction . it is physically and mentally bad to ‘get into a rut . ’ ”
paleontologist john ostrom’s 1969 description of agile deinonychus antirrhopus ( shown here in an illustration by bob bakker , his student at the time ) ushered in a new way of understanding dinosaurs .
robert bakker / j . ostrom et al . / courtesy of the bullletin of the peabody museum of natural history / july 1969 / yale university / peabody . urltoken
research waned during and immediately after the world wars , but at the same time , dinosaurs’ sheer weirdness made for perfect escapist fare in movies such as 1933’s king kong . in fact , hollywood and pop culture’s embrace of dinosaurs may have set research back . according to veteran dinosaur illustrator gregory paul , writing in the princeton field guide to dinosaurs , “the very popularity of dinosaurs gave them a circus air that convinced many scientists they were beneath their scientific dignity and attention . ”
while the idea of dinosaurs as lumbering lizards persisted , research didn’t come to a standstill . postwar expeditions to mongolia and china , mostly by soviet and polish scientists , unearthed many new species that couldn’t be forced into the traditional reptile stereotype , such as the monster - clawed enigmas therizinosaurus and deinocheirus .
it was a yale university team in the mid - ’60s , however , that ushered in a new era for the terrible lizards .
the dinosaur renaissance the team , based near bridger , mont . , and led by john ostrom , found numerous fossils of an animal he would later name deinonychus antirrhopus . some pieces had been discovered in 1931 , but ostrom was the first to grasp the dinosaur’s significance .
in 1969 , he laid out a case for deinonychus as an “active and very agile predator” that was potentially warmblooded . in subsequent research , ostrom went a big step further : he compared his famous find with specimens of the earliest - known bird , archaeopteryx , and made the link huxley had stopped short of a century earlier : birds evolved from dinosaurs .
ostrom’s theory , bolstered by additional finds , reignited interest in the field . and if huxley was darwin’s bulldog , ostrom had his own bold champion in former student bob bakker , whose larger - than - life personality was perfectly sized to take on the establishment .
“bakker argued that even the least birdlike dinosaurs were more birdlike than we thought , ” says lamanna , who cites the paleontologist’s 1986 book the dinosaur heresies as personally influential .
evidence mounted in support of ostrom and his new school of thought . but stalwarts of the old lizard guard remained — until another extraordinary discovery in the mid - 1990s .
featherweight find in 1995 , a farmer in northeastern china found a feathered dinosaur . “it was the final piece of the puzzle , ” lamanna says . “the skeptics had to admit that dinosaurs were progenitors of birds because feathers are such a uniquely avian characteristic . it was one of those rare moments in science where the answer is so clear it’s like getting hit over the head with a two - by - four . ”
the chinese dinosaur , sinosauropteryx , had primitive , almost furlike feathers classified as filamentous . but in short order , researchers found more feathered dinosaurs , including caudipteryx and protarchaeopteryx .
“these dinosaurs had feathers with a central rachis , veined , barbed , ” says lamanna , referring to their advanced structure . “they were modern feathers for all intents and purposes . ” the last holdouts to the dinosaur - bird connection caved .
dinosaur feathers in amber from myanmar are another link to the animals’ descendants : birds .
additional feathered finds — both filamentous and fully developed — continue to emerge . in december 2016 , for example , researchers described a fully feathered , partial tail of a dinosaur preserved in amber from myanmar .
myanmar , also known as burma , is an emerging hotspot for fossil discoveries , illustrating another phenomenon changing our understanding of dinosaurs . more people looking in more places means more fossils are seeing the light of day . some of the most stunning recent finds have come from argentina , morocco , australia and niger . dinosaurs have now been found from the arctic circle to antarctica .
“we’ve got more fossils , which is great , ” unwin says . “but it’s laptops and mainframes that are the foundation of this field moving forward . digitization has had the biggest impact on how we describe the past . ”
lamanna sees some of the biggest strides — no pun intended — being made in how dinosaurs moved . for starters , let’s nail the coffin shut on the whole tail - dragging thing . dinosaurs did not walk like crocodiles .
“we’ve found a lot more skeletons , and we also have hundreds of fossil trackways , preserving dinosaur footprints , ” says lamanna . “if you watch a crocodile walking , you’ll see its tail leaves a significant furrow , something we don’t see very much with dinosaurs . ”
unwin agrees , adding that digitization allows paleontologists to model movement in a way that would have been impossible a few decades ago . “we might not be able to tell how t . rex moved yet , but increasingly we can tell you how t . rex didn’t move , ” he says .
next steps as passionate as paleontologists get about advances in their field , one imagines they’re no more excited than their predecessors once were about their theories . might we one day find that our early 21st - century reconstructions are just as flawed as the reptilian beasts imagined in the victorian era ?
unwin doubts it , noting modern paleontology’s methods : “computers allow us to approach our research more like they do in astronomy and physics and other hard sciences . we’re moving away from the qualitative , subjective approach and toward quantitative modeling . we’re producing very rigorous work . thirty years ago we never had anything like the datasets underpinning our research now . ”
lamanna is more cautious : “i’m sure we’re doing things now that we’ll regret one day , too . ” some things , after all , never change .
few dinosaurs have had as many extreme makeovers as iguanodon . over nearly two centuries , the herbivore has been imagined as a spike - nosed lummox , inappropriate kangaroo and now , at last , a stiff - tailed , mostly quadrupedal animal .
biodiversity heritage library / illustrated history of the natural kingdom / s . g . goodrich / derby & jackson , new york / 1859
1851 : dining or dino - ing ? a london event held inside a reconstructed iguanodon was the talk of the town and helped cement the notion of the dinosaur as a tank - like , spike - nosed reptile .
1878 : it was one step forward , one step back when several iguanodon specimens turned up in bernissart , belgium . the completeness of multiple individuals confirmed once and for all that the ol’ snout spike was actually a modified thumb . paleontologists also realized the animals were not dedicated quadrupeds . they overcorrected , however , and reconstructed it in a bipedal kangaroo posture — even though they had to misalign some of the bones to make it work .
1980 : the discovery of stiffened tendons along the tail established iguanodon as no tail - dragger . other research during this dinosaur renaissance , looking at the inflexibility of its hand and wrist , revealed that iguanodon spent most of its time with four limbs on the ground , but was capable of some bipedalism .
21st century : will future iguanodon reconstructions sport feathers ? stay tuned . despite having a beak and being an ornithischian , or “bird - hipped” dinosaur , the animal isn’t closely related to the lineage that evolved into birds . however , since 2002 paleontologists have unearthed a couple of other ornithischians with primitive bristle or furlike feathers . iguanodon may get yet another makeover .
has a large skull with a deep snout . it has the longest skull of any early synapsid , reaching up to
the jaws are lined with many small teeth . it was larger than most other
vary greatly in size . these differences in size were once used to distinguish species , but are now recognized as
variations related to the ages of individuals . smaller bones often have more poorly developed joint surfaces than larger bones , implying that they come from juvenile individuals while the larger bones come from adults .
or microscopic anatomy of bones suggests that differences in size represent different growth stages rather than different species .
most likely lived on land , but paleontologists have sometimes thought that it was semi - aquatic . an aquatic habitat for
in 1907 , although he later dismissed the idea . anatomical features suggesting that it spent much of its time in the water include broad claws that seemed to be adaptations for paddling , thin jaws and numerous small teeth that seemed to be adapted for eating fish , and weakly developed bones , which are seen in many other secondarily aquatic tetrapods . in 1940 , paleontologists
, supposedly because the hindlimbs would have been used to propel it through water . several of these features are no longer thought to be evidence of an aquatic lifestyle ; for example , broad claws are seen in most early tetrapods , even those that are known to have been almost exclusively terrestrial , and the long hindlimbs of
would not have been an effective means of propulsion because the feet were still relatively small and had little surface area over which to form a paddle . analysis of the vertebrae of
even though the rather thick cortex might also suggest amphibious , rather than truly terrestrial habits .
show a fast growth pattern called fibrolamellar bone ( flb ) , suggesting at least partial warm - bloodedness . the flb pattern is also found in birds and mammals .
( synapsida , eupelycosauria ) a swimmer ? a test using vertebral dimensions
.
maddin , h . c . , evans , d . c . , reisz , r . r . ( 2006 ) .
an early permian varanodontine varanopid ( synapsida : eupelycosauria ) from the richards spur locality , oklahoma .
journal of vertebrate paleontology , 26 ( 4 ) : 957 - 966 .
. in kowalewski , m . ; and kelley , p . h . ( eds . ) .
( reptilia , pelycosauria ) from the admiral and lower belle plains formations of west - central texas
.
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 27 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
thermopylae , battle of , greece , 480 b . c - - drama . matches 5 items
thermopylae , battle of , greece , 480 b . c - - fiction . matches 1 item