the common snipe ( gallinago gallinago ) is a small , stocky wader native to the old world .

the scientific name gallinago is new latin for a woodcock or snipe from latin gallina , " hen " and the suffix - ago , " resembling " .

the breeding habitat is marshes , bogs , tundra and wet meadows throughout northern europe and northern asia .

it is migratory , with european birds wintering in southern and western europe and africa ( south to the equator ) , and asian migrants moving to tropical southern asia .

the north american wilson 's snipe was previously considered the same species , and is listed as such in older field guides .

common snipe

common migrant ; game bird . the snipe that live in north america used to be named common snipe ( g . gallinago ) , which was long considered a circumpolar ( global ) species . our subspecies of common snipe was called wilson’s snipe ( g . gallinago delicata ) . but in 2003 ornithologists determined that wilson’s was distinct enough to be considered its own species . the old world common snipe retains its name . you may run across older publications that call our species “common snipe . ”
— of common snipe . they differ in the number of tail feathers , with seven pairs in
appearance : larger and stockier than common snipe . belly covered with lateral streaks . dark patches under wings and many white markings along edge of tail . flight slower and more stable than rapidly zigzagging flight of common snipe .
common snipe : longest - billed of all snipes , best identified by broad white stripe at base of underwing .
leader , p . ( 1999 ) .
identification forum : common snipe and wilson ' s snipe
. birding world 12 ( 9 ) : 371–374 .
common snipe can be found in wet grassy areas of freshwater marshes , ponds , flooded meadows , fields and occasionally , salt marshes .
several males in song - flight . a rather common species in the area .
density of common snipe by detailed ecological unit in yukon - charley rivers national preserve , alaska , avian inventory , june 1999 and 2000 .
the common snipe is a meduim - sized wading bird with a long , straight , pointed , black bill . it has a brown body with black bars , a striped head and back and a white belly . the common snipe ' s legs are shorter than most wading birds ' legs .
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reid , m . ( 2008 ) .
identification of wilson ' s and common snipe
. british birds 101 ( 4 ) : 189–200 .
the male common snipe performs
winnowing
displays during courtship , circling high then diving , producing a distinctive sound as the air flows over specially modified tail feathers .
one of the most abundant and widespread shorebirds in north america , wilson ' s snipe breeds in suitable habitats throughout canada and in the northern united states . its taxonomic history has been unsettled . historically considered both a subspecies of the common snipe (
the common snipe may also be called the “fantail snipe” , and is a stocky shorebird . its breeding grounds are located in iceland , the faroes , northern europe and russia . preferred habitats are marshes , bogs , tundras and wet meadows . nests of the common snipe are hidden on the ground under low vegetation . populations in europe migrate in winter months to southern europe and africa . asian populations fly further south in the winter to tropical climates . these birds forage in the mud for food , and typically eat insects and earthworms . due to maintained and increasing populations , the common snipe’s conservation rating is least concern .
the long , pointed bill of the common snipe helps it probe in the mud for snails , small crustaceans , insects , larvae and earthworms . it also eats some plant matter .
the common snipe usually stays hidden in the grass , but if it is startled it will burst out from its cover and fly in a zig - zag pattern to evade predators .
habitat : common snipe frequents open fresh or brackish water areas with vegetation , grassy or marshy edges of lakes and streams , wet meadows and marshy tundra . this species needs grassy cover and moist soils providing organic matter . outside breeding season , common snipe used similar habitats , but it is also found in rice fields , sewage farms , estuaries and coastal meadows .
there are many reasons why a cookie could not be set correctly . below are the most common reasons :
snipe occur in all of minnesota , but are most common in north - central forests and wet meadows . often , they can be seen feeding along roads and trails at sunrise and sunset .
the common snipe is a migratory bird . north american snipes often spend winters in south america . eurasian snipes migrate to africa during the colder months of the year . the flight path of the common snipe is characterized by an irregular or
zigzag
pattern . the courting ritual of the common snipe is often referred to as
drumming .
the bird making a rapid descent , while slowly beating its wings , and spreading its tail feathers accomplishes this drumming . the sound produced is a distinct
drumming
noise . ( burton and burton , 1970 ; peterson , 1961 ) .
the great snipe ( g . media ) of northern europe is of heavier build , with barred underparts . other snipes include the pintail snipe ( g . stenura ) of india and the jacksnipe ( lymnocryptes minima ) of eurasia . see also painted snipe .
have you ever been on a
snipe hunt
on summer camp evenings , or at an evening campfire ? if so , you likely never caught a snipe , and stuffed it in the bag you carried ! snipe are alert , wild birds that can never be caught by hand . but weren ' t the snipe hunts fun , anyhow ?
) monograph of the species . tuck studied wilson ' s snipe for more than 15 years , mostly in newfoundland but also in ontario , louisiana , florida , and venezuela . little has been published on the species in north america since 1972 , although considerable work has been done recently on common snipe in eurasia . marshy habitat , cryptic coloration , and crepuscular habits make for remarkably poor knowledge of this common species .
diet : the diet of the common snipe consists of insects , earthworms and aquatic organisms . they feed in shallow water by rapidly and vertically probing into the mud with their long , slender bills . pliable and equipped with sensitive tips , their bills enable them to forage by feel underwater . common snipe drink a lot of water and produce pellets from the indigestible materials of their prey ( shells , exoskeletons , etc . ) .
snipe probe wet ground with their long beaks for worms , grubs , and insect larvae .
behaviour : common snipe feeds in small groups , often at dawn and dusk , in shallow water or close to water . it feeds by probing into the soil , thanks to the long sensitive bill . it performs jabbing movements .
there are two subspecies of common snipe , g . g . faeroeensis in iceland , the faroes , shetland and orkney ( wintering in britain and ireland ) , and g . g . gallinago in the rest of the old world .
yarrell , william ( 1784 - 1856 ) . english . medium : woodcut . date : 1843 . the common snipe ( latin : gallinago gallinago ) is a small wetland - dwelling wader bird native to britain . provenance : private collection .
the common snipe breeds from alaska to newfoundland south to the mid - united states . it winters north from northern south america to british columbia , the northern gulf states and virginia . it is also found in europe , northern africa and asia .
diet : common snipe feeds on insects ( adults and larvae ) , earthworms , small crustaceans and snails , and spiders . it also takes small quantities of seeds and plant fibres . this species usually feeds in shallow water or close to the water .
common snipe is migratory and winters from south to north tropics . some populations are sedentary or partially migratory , such as in britain when birds from scandinavia and iceland join the local populations to enjoy the flooded grasslands providing abundant food sources and vegetation for protection .
, a larger and somewhat differently coloured bird with 18 rectrices . india , while affording a winter resort to the common species , which besides europe extends its breeding range over the whole of n . asia , has also at this season the pin - tailed snipe ,
headley , h . d . ( 1904 ) the drumming of the snipe . nature , 70 : 103 .
it is easy to see why wilson’s snipe is included in a group of birds coined “secretive marsh birds . ”
flight : in addition to the flight displays , common snipe flies in flocks named “wisps” , probably due to the rapid twisting and turning movements before to drop down . in flight , the snipe looks rather jerky , performing flickering wing - beats . the wings are pointed triangles , and the long bill is held angled down . the bird also performs zigzag flight while escaping from predators .
the common snipe consumes mostly worms . however , it also feeds on insects , crustaceans , and mollusks , as well as occasional seeds and berries . the snipe feeds in the muddy shallows at the edge of lakes , streams , and ponds , or in swamp mud . the bill of the common snipe is specially adapted for the type of food it consumes and the habitat in which it lives . it is able to open the tip of its bill while the entire bill is underground . this unique adaption allows the bird to eat small animals without having to pull its bill out of the mud ( burton and burton , 1970 ; peterson , 1961 ) .
although the common snipe has an extremely large range and a large population , which may be as high as several million birds , this species is declining across much of its range ( 7 ) . this is largely due to the conversion and drainage of wetlands , with lower water levels shortening the length of the common snipe’s breeding season and altering the availability of prey ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . some island populations are also threatened by nest predation by introduced predators , such as hedgehogs , while other populations are threatened by pollution , peat - extraction and changing land - management practices leading to scrub overgrowth ( 7 ) . the common snipe is also regularly hunted for food and sport , with over a million birds killed annually in europe and around half a million in the united states ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
common snipe like water and mud . with their long bills , they dig in the ground for worms and small crustaceans . in order to attract a female , male snipes must do their very best . they will fly more than a hundred meters upwards , after which they let themselves practically fall out of the sky . common snipe are also called fantail snipe . this name comes from the way they spread their tail feathers when ' falling out of the sky ' . a distinctive tweeting sound , called drumming , is made by the wind whistling through this fantail . the ladies on the ground find this very attractive . snipe nests consist of a small hollow in the ground , filled with marram grass and leaves . both males and females care for the chicks , although each have their own group .
distribution : in winter , common snipe winter across the central and southern united states southward through south america . their breeding range extends throughout most of alaska , canada and the northern united states . within yukon - charley rivers national preserve , common snipe were detected within many ecological units in yukon - charley rivers national preserve during the yukon - charley rivers national preserve bird inventory , june 1999 and 2000 . these birds were in highest density among the wetlands of the three fingers subalpine basin ( tf ) , upper charley valleys ( uc ) and the yukon river valley ( yv ) ecological units .
common snipe : breeds extensively across northern europe and asia , and then winters in parts of europe , north africa , and across southern asia . may nearly always be found in marshes , wetlands , flooded fields , and moist grasslands . individuals regularly appear on aleutian islands of alaska during its migration .
common snipe performs flight displays on the breeding grounds . male performs drumming display and circles high in the air with rapid wing - beats . then , it dives vertically with stiff outer rectrices , producing a typical drumming sound . the displaying bird also perches on posts to utter the distinctive “chipper - chipper…” note .
range : common stripe breeds in iceland , the faeroes , northern europe and russia . it winters in southern europe and africa , and the asian birds migrate to tropical southern asia .
the breeding season of the common snipe spans from the middle part of april to august . the male snipe lures females by using a distinctive technique called
drumming .
early in the breeding season , the female snipe may have many mates . as the season passes , however , the female will settle in with one mate . the eggs of the common snipe are olive - brown in coloration and spotted . the eggs are typically about 39 by 28 mm in size . the clutch generally consists of four eggs . incubation lasts approximately three weeks . parents share the responsibilities of feeding the young . the adults divide the brood in half and each adult cares for half of the chicks . this goes on for approximately two weeks , when the chicks begin to fly ( peterson , 1961 ; burton and burton , 1970 ,
birds of the great lakes
, on - line ) .
using its greatly elongated bill , the common snipe probes under the moist substrate for its insect , earthworm , crustacean or spider prey ( 2 ) . food on the surface may be located by sight and picked up , but prey under the ground is located using the touch - sensitive sensory pits at the tip of the flexible bill ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . smaller food items are swallowed whole , while larger items are broken into smaller pieces before consumed ( 3 ) . the common snipe typically feeds at dawn and dusk , often in small groups , on land or in shallow water , but usually does not stray far from cover ( 2 ) .
chisholm , hugh , ed . ( 1911 ) .
snipe
. encyclopædia britannica ( 11th ed . ) . cambridge university press .
the common snipe is a superbly camouflaged bird , most often seen fleeing erratically after being flushed from its concealed location ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . this skulking bird has cryptically patterned , mottled brown upperparts , with pale stripes on the back and dark streaks on the chest , and paler underparts ( 4 ) . the sexes are alike , although the female may have a slightly longer bill , but the juvenile’s wing feathers are fringed with cream ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . this medium - sized wading bird has short legs , long wings and a short tail , but the most obvious feature of the common snipe , however , is its greatly elongated bill used to probe for invertebrate prey in soft ground ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . during the breeding season , the male common snipe may also be identified by its unique ‘drumming’ sound when , during a rapid descent from a great height , modified outer tail - feathers vibrate rapidly in the wind , emitting a distinct throbbing noise ( 6 ) .
voice : sounds by xeno - canto common snipe utters short , harsh “scaap” or “schkape” when startled . that is their typical flight call . during the displays , in flight or perched , we can hear a rhythmic “chipper - chipper - chipper - chipper” . during the dive , the stiff outer tail feathers produce hollow , droning sound .
the common snipe can be found in open areas with enough low vegetation to provide cover . these areas include marshes , canals , stream banks , bogs , and wet meadows , and even arctic tundra . nests are generally a grass - lined hollows in wet meadows , or marsh ( burton and burton , 1970 ; peterson , 1961 ) .
old folk names include
mire snipe
,
horse gowk
,
heather bleat
, and the variant spelling
snite
.
wilson ' s snipe range in north and central america and the western caribbean . this species winters in the eastern caribbean and northern south america .
the displacement of migrating shorebirds like the common snipe and other animals from drained and developed wetlands threatens the economic interests of several different groups , including farmers and real estate developers . recent laws passed to protect the displaced animals , ( some of them are classified as either endangered or threatened ) , have disallowed many property owners from using their own land .
protection / threats / status : common snipe populations have decreased due to drainage of wetlands for agriculture expansion . hunting is also an important threat . however , numbers are stable and this species is not threatened at this moment . fr : bécassine des marais all : bekassine - gallinago esp : agachadiza común ital : beccaccino nd : watersnip russe : бекас sd : enkelbeckasin
carey , g . ; olsson , u . ( 1995 ) .
field identification of common , wilson ' s , pintail and swinhoe ' s snipes
. birding world 8 ( 5 ) : 179–190 .
wilson’s snipe is a migratory bird usually seen in spring and fall , foraging at marshes , swamps , wet pastures , crop stubble , and drainage ditches .
hence in many languages the snipe is known by names signifying “flying goat , ” “heaven ' s ram , ” as in scotland by “heather - bleater . ”
also called the
jacksnipe ,
the snipe is a small brownish bird of wetlands , meadows , and damp forest openings that uses its long bill to probe in wet soil for food . it is well known for its
winnowing
flight song over open areas during spring . snipe migrate south for the winter .
the snipe remains close to cover , but if alarmed , the bird crouches first , and then , it suddenly flushes with strong wing - beats , flying high and long distance , before to land into cover . during this action , the snipe gives its harsh call . the cryptic plumage makes these birds very difficult to observe .
, springing up with an unnerving squawk , flying a twisted course , and dropping suddenly to cover . this species , which inhabits temperate regions , includes wilson’s snipe of
in europe , there has been a long history of land management practices aimed at improving the availability of nesting and foraging habitat for the common snipe so that it can be hunted sustainably . typically , the water levels of wetlands are regulated and vegetation is cut or burnt , increasing the area of shallow water in which it can forage ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the common snipe is also listed under appendix ii of the convention on the conservation of migratory species , which aims to conserve migratory species throughout their range ( 10 ) . furthermore , it is also listed under the associated african - eurasian migratory waterbird agreement , which calls upon parties to engage in a range of conservation actions to help protect and conserve bird species that are dependent on wetlands for at least part of their annual cycle ( 11 ) .
human development of wetlands has displaced migrating shorebirds , including the common snipe . this development includes swamp drainage , farming , and canals . the result has concentrated more birds at undeveloped foraging sites , producing overpopulation and overfeeding . research has shown however , that manmade wetlands projects can produce suitable foraging grounds , and even makes up for sites lost to development ( twedt , nelms , rettig , and aycock , 1998 ) .
great snipes resemble common snipes , but can be distinguished by the striped markings that totally cover their stomachs . they also have dark underwing markings and have extensive white markings on the edges of their tails ( though these white tail markings are not so prominent on young birds ) . great snipes are also larger and stockier than common snipes . their legs are yellowish or greyish - green . their beaks and irises are dark brown . they fly heavily and directly , close to the ground .
during the breeding season , the common snipe inhabits fresh and brackish marshlands with a combination of grassy cover and rich , moist soils , often at the edges of lakes , rivers and swamps . outside the breeding season , it inhabits similar areas , but with more use of artificial habitats , such as wet farmland and drainage ditches , and coastal areas , including the upper reaches of estuaries ( 2 ) ( 7 ) .
the uk population of snipe has undergone moderate declines overall in the past twenty - five years , with particularly steep declines in lowland wet grassland , making it an amber list species .
although there is a hunting season on snipe , not many hunters take them . being a migratory bird , harvest management is by the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the common snipe is a small to medium sized wading bird . shorter legs and neck distinguish it from other waders . it is generally 26 . 7 cm ( 10 . 5 inches ) long , with a long , straight , slender bill about 6 . 4 cm ( 2 . 5 inches ) long . in flight the snipe displays the long pointed wings characteristic of wading birds . the female typically weighs about 115 grams . the male snipe is larger , generally weighing about 130 grams . the adult snipe has a brown body that is striped with black . there is black stripes across the eyes , which are set back on the head , away from the bill . the adult has a black bill , and legs that are olive in color . the female of the species is similar in coloration to the male . the down of the juvenile snipe is marbled brown and black , which provides excellent camouflage . this down is striped with black and speckled with white . the legs of the young bird are grayish , and the bill is black ( burton and burton , 1970 ; peterson , 1961 ;
birds of the great lakes ,
on - line ) .
snipe nest on the ground , and are preyed upon by a variety of small mammalian predators such as weasel , mink , and skunk , and by avian predators such as owls and hawks .
statewide migrant . a few individuals may be present during the summer , although they are not known to breed in the state . snipe are rare as winter residents , mainly in southern missouri .
though technically shorebirds , snipe are less associated with mudflats than most sandpipers . snipe stay in moist grassy areas , swamps , shallow marshes , or in drainage ditches below ponds , sewer lagoons , or agricultural fields . you seldom see these shy birds until you are nearly upon them , when they abruptly rocket into the sky and fly away in a zigzag pattern . to hunters , they are a challenging target .
is the prefix which custom has applied to the daw , pie , redbreast , titmouse or wren , one can only guess at its origin or meaning . it may be , as in jackass , an indication of sex , for it is a popular belief that the jack - snipe is the male of the common species ; or , again , it may refer to the comparatively small size of the bird , as the “jack” in the game of bowls is the smallest of the balls used , and as fishermen
the name “snipe” is derived from “snite , ” a variant of “snout , ” and refers to the long bill of the bird . the french and spanish names are derived from bec , “beak . ” the snipe ' s long beak has sensory pits near the tip , a character shared with other sandpipers , which help individuals detect prey as they probe in mud for small invertebrates . the eyes of the snipe are set remarkably far back on its head , providing full vision to both sides and a binocular overlap to the rear . this arrangement enables a bird to detect the approach of a predator while its beak is fully buried in the substrate .
meuller , h . ( 1999 ) wilson’s snipe ( gallinago delicate ) . in : poole , a . ( ed . ) the birds of north america online . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca : available at : urltoken
general description : the snipe is not as stocky as its close relative , the woodcock , and has long legs and pointed wings like many shorebird species . a small bird with an erratic flight pattern composed of twists and dives .
mueller , helmut . 1999 . wilson ' s snipe ( gallinago delicata ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
during the breeding season snipe are best look for on moorland , especially on early spring mornings when males can be heard giving their ' drumming ' or ' bleating ' display . in winter , look patiently around the edges of pools in well - vegetated wetlands .
reproduction : common snipe is monogamous and nests on the ground . the nest is usually situated on dry place . it is covered by grasses or sedges , and among vegetation . female lays 4 olive eggs with brown blotches , in april - june . incubation lasts about 17 - 20 days by female alone . chicks have cryptic plumage too . both adults feed and care the young . chicks are fed first bill - to - bill . they fledge 19 - 20 days after hatching . as the eggs are on the ground , they often are predated , or trampled by cattle . parents may produce replacement clutches if necessary .
snipe are predators and contribute to controlling populations of the invertebrates they eat . they are hunted by many animals ( including people ) . like killdeer , these ground - nesting birds try to distract predators from their vulnerable nests and young by flopping around and feigning a wing injury .
painted snipe , either of two species of marsh birds comprising the family rostratulidae ( order charadriiformes ) . they are boldly marked birds with a snipelike body and bill . painted snipes are about 25 cm ( 10 inches ) in length and are brown and white in colour . the old world…
shorebird , , any member of the suborder charadrii ( order charadriiformes ) that is commonly found on sea beaches or inland mudflats ; in britain they are called waders , or wading birds . shorebirds include the avocet , courser , lapwing , oystercatcher , phalarope , plover , pratincole , sandpiper , and snipe…
these erratically flying game birds offer hunters a challenging target . more than 100 , 000 are shot in the united states a year . the term “sniper” originally referred to a snipe hunter , able to hit difficult targets , and became a term for a skilled military shooter firing from a hidden vantage point .
scolopacidae ( snipe , woodcock , sandpipers , turnstones , and allies ) small to medium - sized birds , mostly finely patterned in buff , browns , chestnut , black , gray , and white . bill moderate to very long and slender ; straight , decurved , or recurved ; one with spatulate tip . legs short…
the common snipe is a widespread wetland bird that breeds at northern latitudes and migrates southwards before the onset of winter . during the breeding season , this elusive bird may be found throughout alaska and canada and the west of the united states , and from iceland , the faeroe islands and the united kingdom , east towards northern russia and south to northern spain , austria , ukraine , southern siberia and northern china . at other times of the year , it may also be found in central america , northern south america , sub - saharan africa , central and southern europe , and south and southeast asia . some populations , however , such as those in the western united states and western europe , may remain at the same location year - round ( 3 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) .
followed by her partner , the female wilson’s snipe makes several scrapes before selecting a nest site on the ground close to or even surrounded by water . the nest is often placed atop or on the edge of a hummock and well hidden by sedges , grass , or sphagnum moss . willow , alder , or other brush may obscure the nest from above .
the eskimo curlew plays a role similar to that of the enigmatic and controversial ivory - billed woodpecker . a historically common bird , by the start of the twentieth century , it became very rare due to overhunting . since then , unlike other shorebird species that were also heavily hunted , it has not recovered and might be extinct . a sliver of hope is kept alive , though , by documented sightings in the 1960’s , undocumented sightings since then , and the fact that it breeds and winters in very remote areas .
wilson’s snipe is widespread and overall populations remained stable between 1966 and 2014 , according to the north american breeding bird survey . the global breeding population , which is shared between the u . s . and canada , is estimated at 2 million individuals . the species is not on the 2014 state of the birds watch list . approximately 105 , 000 wilson ' s snipe were taken annually by hunters between 2006 and 2010 in the u . s . and canada combined ; this number was probably several times higher during the mid - twentieth century . wilson’s snipes depend on wetlands , and draining or conversion of wetlands is detrimental to this species . other threats include collisions with lighthouses , radio , tv , and cell towers , buildings , and cars . back to top
this is an elusive species ; the usual view of a wilson ' s snipe is as it flushes from grass or sedges , escaping in rapid , zigzag flight while uttering a rasping scaipe . during spring migration , and particularly on the breeding territory , this species engages in spectacular flight displays , during which individuals produce a haunting , tremulous sound ( winnow ) with their outspread outer tail feathers .
the female wilson’s snipe makes a shallow scrape in moist soil , then weaves a lining of coarse grasses to build a nest up to 7 inches across and 3 inches deep . she adds finer grasses to the inside , creating a more elaborate nest than the simple scrapes most shorebirds make . before and after laying each egg the female adds a few grasses or sedges from the edge of the nest site .
similar species : the related american woodcock is an even pudgier member of the sandpiper family . it , too , is not usually seen on mudflats , but it prefers more wooded areas than the snipe . it also lacks the long whitish streaks on the back , its markings are less pronounced overall , with more gray on the back and with buffy or orangish underparts , and its legs are much shorter .
snipe forage at marshes , swamps , wet pastures , crop stubble , and drainage ditches for insects , crustaceans , and vegetation . as they poke their bills repeatedly into the mud , probing for invertebrates , their bobbing heads look something like a sewing machine . like the related woodcock , their bills have a sensitive , flexible tip that can open to grip food while the rest of the bill remains closed .
snipe are medium sized , skulking wading birds with short legs and long straight bills . both sexes are mottled brown above , with paler buff stripes on the back , dark streaks on the chest and pale under parts . they are widespread as a breeding species in the uk , with particularly high densities on northern uplands but lower numbers in southern lowlands ( especially south west england ) . in winter , birds from northern europe join resident birds .
a well - camouflaged sandpiper - like bird with a very long bill , plump body , black - and white - streaked head , and relatively short legs ( for a sandpiper ) . upperparts are mottled brown and black with strong white streaks running down the back . the belly is white , and there is a rusty band near the tip of the tail . when surprised , snipe take off in a zigzag pattern and call a harsh “scraip , scraip . ”
the double or solitary snipe of english sportsmen , s . major , a larger species , also inhabits n . europe , and may be readily recognized by the white bars in its wings and by its 16 or occasionally 18 rectrices . it has also a very different behaviour . when flushed it rises without alarm - cry , and flies heavily . in the breeding season much of its love - performance is exhibited on the ground , and the sounds to which it gives rise are of another character ; but the exact way in which its “drumming” is effected has not been ascertained . its gesticulations at this time have been well described by professor collett in a communication to h . e . dresser ' s birds of europe ( vii . 635–637 ) . it visits great britain every year at the close of summer , but in very small numbers , and is almost always seen singly—not uncommonly in places where no one could expect to find a snipe .
snipe are mostly seen in missouri during spring and fall migration . breeding occurs to our north , into canada and alaska , and they overwinter to our south , as far as northern south america . like the woodcock , male snipes put on an aerial courtship display . they circle and dive above their territory in a “winnowing” display ; air rushing over their tail feathers makes an eerie , pulsing , “hoo - hoo - hoo” sound . but you will probably not witness this in missouri , where snipes do not breed .
the common snipe breeds between april and august , with the males arriving at the breeding site up to two weeks before the females ( 3 ) ( 7 ) . initially , the female bird is courted by several males , but once the female selects a nest site , a permanent bond is formed with a single male . the pair bond is reinforced with a variety of courtship displays , including a ‘winnowing’ flight , which involves a slow ascent in a wide circle , before a rapid descent back to the ground ( 3 ) . a simple nest , which is no more than a scrape in the ground lined with grass , is subsequently constructed by the female in a dry , elevated position concealed by long grasses ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 7 ) . a small territory is defended around this nest by both birds and intruders are repelled by ‘winnowing’ flights , and on occasions when fight ensues , bill jousting ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . two to five eggs are laid at intervals of one day and incubated by the female for some 17 to 20 days ( 2 ) . the chicks soon leave the nest after hatching , with the male taking half the chicks , and the female taking the other half . there is no further contact between the breeding birds , but they both carefully tend the accompanying chicks ( 3 ) ( 9 ) . the young birds fledge after around a further 20 days , when they are capable of flight ( 7 ) .
we may mention the sensitiveness of the bill , which , though to some extent noticeable in many sandpipers ( q . v . ) , is in snipes carried to an extreme by a number of filaments , belonging to the fifth pair of nerves , which run almost to the tip and open immediately under the soft cuticle in a series of cells that give this portion of the surface of the premaxillaries , when exposed , a honeycomb - like appearance . thus the bill becomes a most delicate organ of sensation , and by its means the bird , while probing for food , is at once able to distinguish the nature of the objects it encounters , though these are wholly out of sight . so far as is known the sternum of all the snipes , except the jack - snipe , departs from the normal limicoline formation , a fact which tends to justify the removal of that species to a separate genus ,
) , one of the commonest limicoline birds , in high repute no less for the table than for the sport it affords . it is the
. though considerable numbers are still bred in the british islands , notwithstanding the diminished area suitable for them , most of those that fall to the gun are undoubtedly of foreign origin , arriving from scandinavia towards the close of summer or later , and many will outstay the winter if the weather be not too severe , while the home - bred birds emigrate in autumn to return the following spring . of later years british markets have been chiefly supplied from abroad , mostly from holland .
is visible , the place of these tints being taken by several shades of chocolate - brown . such examples were long considered to form a distinct species , the
, but its invalidity is now admitted . other examples in which buff or rust - colour predominates have also been deemed distinct , and to those has been applied the epithet
, now wholly discredited . but , setting aside two european species , there are at least a score , belonging to various parts of the world . thus n . america produces
, in which the number of rectrices is still greater , varying from 20 to 28 , it is said , though 22 seems to be the usual number . this curious variability , deserving more attention than it has yet received , only occurs in the outer feathers of the series , which are narrow in form and extremely stiff , there being always 10 in the middle of ordinary breadth .
naumannia , 1858 , pp . 116 , 117 ) , and proc . zool . society ( 1858 ) , p . 202 , with wolley ' s remarks thereon , zool . garten ( 1876 ) , pp . 204–208 ; p . h . bahr ( proc . zool . soc . of london , 1907 , p . 12 ) has given a full
his account was published by hewitson in may 1855 ( eggs br . birds , 3rd ed . , ii . pp . 356–358 ) .
demand a few words . four species have been described , natives respectively of s . america , africa , india with china , and australia . in all of these it appears that the female is larger and more brilliantly coloured than the male , and in the australian species she is further distinguished by what in most birds is emphatically a masculine property , though its use is here unknown—namely , a complex trachea , while the male has that organ simple . he is also believed
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the guardian international edition . ( journal , magazine , 2003 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : the guardian international edition . publisher : london ; manchester : guardian newspapers ltd . , 2003 - isbn / issn : 0261 - 3077 oclc : 183261689
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wilson’s snipes can be found in all types of wet , marshy settings , including bogs , fens , alder and willow swamps , wet meadows , and along rivers and ponds . they avoid areas with tall , dense vegetation , but need patches of cover to hide in and to provide a safe lookout for predators . in the western u . s . , look for wilson’s snipes in wetlands with sedges , rushes , and cattails , including wet pastures and other agricultural fields . in the south , wilson’s snipes winter in rice and sugarcane fields . back to top
wilson’s snipes feed mainly on insect larvae , including flies such as crane , horse and deer flies as well as beetles , dragonflies , crickets , grasshoppers , ants , mayflies , butterflies , caddis flies and moths . other invertebrate prey include snails , crustaceans , and worms . wilson’s snipes use their flexible bills to probe for food in wet soil and can swallow small prey without having to pull their bill from the soil . they occasionally eat small vertebrates including lizards , frogs , fish , and nestling birds . plant materials make only a minor contribution to their diets . back to top
active , covered with tan to chestnut down blotched with black , with a white streak on crown and over eye . the chicks leave the nest on the day of hatching .
andres , b . a . , p . a . smith , r . i . g . morrison , c . l . gratto - trevor , s . c . brown and c . a . friis . 2012a . population estimates of north american shorebirds , 2012 . wader study group bulletin no . 119 ( 3 ) : 178 - 194 .
ehrlich , p . r . , d . s . dobkin and d . wheye ( 1988 ) . the birder ' s handbook . a field guide to the natural history of north american birds , including all species that regularly breed north of mexico . simon and schuster inc . , new york , usa .
lutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .
north american bird conservation initiative . 2014 . the state of the birds 2014 report . us department of interior , washington , dc , usa .
raftovich , r . v . , k . a . wilkins , s . s . williams and h . l . spriggs . 2012a . migratory bird hunting activity and harvest during the 2010 and 2011 hunting seasons . laurel : us fish and wildlife service .
sauer , j . r . , j . e . hines , j . e . fallon , k . l . pardieck , jr . ziolkowski , d . j . and w . a . link . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966 - 2013 ( version 1 . 30 . 15 ) . usgs patuxtent wildlife research center 2014b . available from urltoken
sibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .
classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
brackish slightly salty water , usually a mixture of salt and freshwater , such as that found in estuaries . crustaceans diverse group of animals with jointed limbs and a hard exoskeleton , characterised by the possession of two pairs of antennae , one pair of mandibles ( mouthparts used for handling and processing food ) and two pairs of maxillae ( appendages used in eating , which are located behind the mandibles ) . includes crabs , lobsters , shrimps and barnacles . cryptic colouration colouration that makes animals difficult to detect against their background . the colouration may provide camouflage against a background or break up the outline of the body . both can occur in a single animal , and tend to reduce predation . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . territory an area occupied and defended by an animal , a pair of animals or a colony .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 2001 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 3 : hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .
perrins , c . ( 2009 ) the encyclopedia of birds . oxford university press , oxford .
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the male arrives at the breeding grounds first and stakes out a territory . to attract a mate he flies and dives in the air and makes a loud drumming noise as air passes through his tail feathers . the female lays four eggs in a grass - lined depression in a grass tussock . the chicks hatch after 18 - 20 days and fledge when they are 19 - 20 days old .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : gallinago gallinago . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
this morning the snipes ( at least 5 along this way ) were very active . very warm after rainy days
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
visitors to manchester city centre have just two weeks left to get up close to the cities’ popular pair of peregrine falcons .
the rspb wants to bring back the colour to the roadsides of east riding by returning verges to their former glory .
find out how you can help the birds in your garden in this summer heat .
a small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .
a nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .
male ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .
there ' s so much to see and hear at minsmere , from rare birds and otters to stunning woodland and coastal scenery .
this is a delightful oak woodland to walk through – especially in spring and early summer .
nature is an adventure waiting to be had . get out , get busy and get wild !
explore the little pools of amazing sea life that are left by the tide on the rocks around our coast .
* this map is intended as a guide . it shows general distribution rather than detailed , localised populations .
give birds a safe and reliable way to find fresh water – essential in both cold and hot weather .
the rspb is a member of birdlife international . find out more about the partnership


stilbosis venifica is a moth in the cosmopterigidae family .

it was described by hodges in 1964 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from maryland , arkansas , west virginia and illinois .

stilbosis venifica

aeaea venifica hodges , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 115 ( 3485 ) : 301 ; tl : putnam co . , illinois
stilbosis chrysorrhabda meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 576 ; tl : peru , jurimaguas
stilbosis synclista meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 49 ; tl : assam , khasis
stilbosis turrifera meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 414 ; tl : punjab , simla
stilbosis devoluta meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 48 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
stilbosis gnomonica meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 47 ; tl : british guiana , bartica
stilbosis hypanthes meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 48 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
stilbosis argyritis meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 577 ; tl : brazil , r . trombetas
stilbosis alcyonis meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 49 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
stilbosis alsocoma meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 46 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali
stilbosis condylota meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 47 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali
stilbosis ochromicta ; hodges , 1997 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 99 ( 2 ) : 276 ( list )
stilbosis symphracta meyrick , 1917 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 2 ) : 47 ; tl : british guiana , bartica and mallali
stilbosis amphibola walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 9 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
stilbosis lonchocarpella busck , [ 1934 ] ; ent . am . ( n . s . ) 13 ( 4 ) : 157 ; tl : santiago de las vegas , cuba
stilbosis incincta walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 9 ; tl : mexico , tabasco , teapa
stilbosis juvenis walsingham , 1909 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 10 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
stilbosis schmitzi landry , 2008 ; revue suisse zool . 115 ( 2 ) : 304 ; tl : galapagos , santa cruz , 137m , s 00°42 . 595 ' , w 090°19 . 196 '
stilbosis nubila hodges , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 115 ( 3485 ) : 311 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
stilbosis ornatrix hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 120 , pl . 6 , f . 26 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
stilbosis pagina hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 119 , pl . 6 , f . 25 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
stilbosis rotunda hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 121 , pl . 6 , f . 28 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
stilbosis scleroma hodges , 1978 ; moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 120 , pl . 6 , f . 27 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
stilbosis nubila ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 122 , pl . 1 , f . 64 , pl . 5 , f . 34 , 37 ; [ nacl ] , # 1610 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
stilbosis ( chrysopeleiinae ) ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 114 , 16 ; [ nacl ] , 18 ; hodges , 1997 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 99 ( 2 ) : 276 ( list ) ; [ richard brown ] ; [ afromoths ]
stilbosis tesquella ; walsingham , 1909 , biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 8 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 121 , pl . 5 , f . 35 - 36 ; [ nacl ] , # 1609 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
stilbosis lonchocarpella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 83 ; hodges , 1969 , smithsonian contr . zool . 18 : 8 ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 122 , pl . 5 , f . 38 ; [ nacl ] , # 1611 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
hodges , r . w . , 1978 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 6 . 1 , p . 117 ; pl . 5 . 21 - 22 . order
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
the information below is based on images submitted and identified by contributors . range and date information may be incomplete , overinclusive , or just plain wrong .
hover over black occurrence boxes to see number of images submitted . log in to make states , months and boxes clickable .
= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 114 ; [ nacl ] , 18 ; hodges , 1997 , proc . ent . soc . wash . 99 ( 2 ) : 276 ( list ) ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
mompha antibathra meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 195 ; tl : pretoria
mompha cyclocosma meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 97 ; tl : portuguese east africa , lorenzo marques ( moreira ) , rikatla
aeaea dulcedo hodges , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 115 ( 3485 ) : 301 ; tl : westwood hills , los angeles co . , california
larva on quercus agrifolia , q . chrysolepis , quercus wislizenii hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 117
amaurogramma extensa braun , 1919 ; ent . news 30 ( 9 ) : 262 ; tl : loma linda , california
aeaea juvantis hodges , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 115 ( 3485 ) : 300 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
prochola ochromicta meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 19 ) : 580 ; tl : brazil , teffé
e . massachusetts , kentucky , ohio , nw . arkansas . see [ maps ]
aeaea ostryaeella chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 4 ) : 74 ; tl : kentucky
larva on ostrya virginiana hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 117
aeaea placatrix hodges , 1969 ; smithsonian contr . zool . 18 : 8 ; tl : devil ' s den state park , washington co . , arkansas
phaeoptera forbes , 1931 ; j . agric . porto rico 15 ( 4 ) : 361
aeaea quadricustatella chambers , 1880 ; j . cincinnati soc . nat . hist . 2 ( 4 ) : 186 ; tl : waco , texas
aeaea rhynchosiae hodges , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 115 ( 3485 ) : 305 ; tl : chihkasaw forest , near henderson , tennessee
larva on rhynchosia tomentosa hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 119
aeaea risor hodges , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 115 ( 3485 ) : 304 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
aeaea sagana hodges , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 115 ( 3485 ) : 305 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts , santa cruz co . , arizona
aeaea stipator hodges , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 115 ( 3485 ) : 303 ; tl : vail lake road , 6500 ' , 9 . 5 mi se flagstaff , coconino co . , arizona
new york , minnesota , kansas , north carolina , arkansas . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 121 ; [ nacl ] , # 1609 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on amphicarpa bracteata , lespedeza hodges , 1978 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 1 : 121
aeaea venatrix hodges , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 115 ( 3485 ) : 301 ; tl : madera canyon , 4880 ' , santa rita mts . , santa cruz co . , arizona
aeaea victor hodges , 1964 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 115 ( 3485 ) : 304 ; tl : cherrydale , virginia
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , cosmopterigidae
walsingham , 1909 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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1273 - coleophora kalmiella ( probably ; very close to canadensisella in every aspect except host and larval case ) img _ 3870 . jpg
1273 - coleophora kalmiella ( probably ; very close to canadensisella in every aspect except host and larval case ) img _ 4153 . jpg
1300 - birch casebearer moth - coleophora comptoniella ( possibly ) img _ 3745 . jpg
1365 - streaked coleophora - coleophora cratipennella ( probably ) img _ 3405 . jpg


the largescale sucker ( catostomus macrocheilus ) is a species of sucker found in western north america .

the largescale sucker is native to the pacific northwest , occurring from british columbia south to oregon .

it is widespread in the columbia river system .

it occurs in the slower-moving portions of rivers and streams , and in lakes .

largescale suckers spawn in the spring in shallow water over sandy areas of streams or the sandy or small gravel shoals of lakes .

females may produce up to 20,000 adhesive eggs .

the young feed upon small zooplankton until they become bottom dwellers .

then they feed on benthic aquatic invertebrates , diatoms , and other plant material .

this species reaches a length of 24 inches and 7 pounds in parts of their range .

they are a very important part of the food web and the diet of fisheating animals ( such as osprey , eagles , river otters , and other fish ) .

characteristics color juvenile : mottled brown or olive green with dark spots and white to yellow belly .

color adult : bronze to orange on top with lighter undersides .

description : rounded snout with downturned mouth on its underside ( 1 ) ( as opposed to a mouth at end of head like most fish ) .

large scales and narrow tail base ( caudal peduncle ) .

size : juvenile < 4 " adult < 24 "

largescale sucker

the largescale sucker is native to montanas western drainage . like the previously mentioned suckers , it is present in both rivers and lakes . in montana , the maximum size in this species is usually less than 5 pounds . the food habits of largescale suckers are similar to those of other suckers .
like most of its catostomid relatives , the largescale sucker can be caught on a variety of small baits or lures , with worms being the overwhelmingly most effective bait choice . flies imitating small aquatic nymphs are quite effective . like the rest of the suckers , it ' s a tasty but bony fish that has sweet , white meat .
the largescale is a typical sucker of the elongated variety , with an underslung mouth and a torpedo - shaped body . this is a west - slope fish , ranging across the northern rockies as far east as the continental divide but no farther . it ' s a fairly large species of fish , topping out at around 5 or 6 pounds , with a brownish - gray back and a sharply contrasting white belly .
habitat includes lakes , and pools and runs of medium to large rivers ( page and burr 2011 ) . usually this sucker is in shallow water , but sometimes it occurs as deep as 80 feet . in lakes , it is often near stream mouths , along weedy shores , or in backwaters . fry move to shallows to feed by day and to deeper water at night . spawning may occur in sandy areas of streams ; also along lake shorelines in areas with sand or gravel substrate .
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how are your identification skills ? do you know which are native and which were introduced ? to see photos and descriptions , and learn more about idaho fish , check out our fishes of idaho online database .
there are around 20 , 000 species of fish in the world . about 58 % of these are marine ( saltwater ) fish , 41 % are freshwater fish , and 1 % are both . we have around 100 species in idaho , and the list keeps growing as more non - native fish are released into idaho waters . there are only 39 species of fish native to idaho . the rest were introduced - - some by accident , but most on purpose .
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back and sides dark olive gray , changing abruptly to white or yellowish on underside . dorsal fin usually has 13 to 15 rays , its base is long . scales are medium sized , 62 to 80 in lateral line .
found in both streams and lakes . spawns in gravel riffles with strong current or along lake margins ( brown 1971 , huston et al . 1984 , weisel 1957 ) .
have decreased in abundance below libby dam due to colder water temperatures delaying spawning ( may and huston 1979 ) . young rear in quiet backwaters or lakes .
sexually mature in 4 - 5 years - some males in 3 years . spawns april - may . no parental care . eggs stick to bottom and hatch in 2 weeks ( brown 1971 ) .
brown , c . j . d . 1971 . fishes of montana . montana state university , bozeman , mt . 207 pp .
huston j . e . , p . hamlin ; b . may 1937 - ; montana . dept . of fish , wildlife , and parks . ; united states . army . corps of engineers . seattle district . 1984
may , b . e . and j . e . huston . 1979 . status of fish populations in the kootenai river below libby dam . montana department of fish , wildlife , and parks . 57 pp .
weisel , g . f . 1957 . fish guide for intermountain montana . montana state university press . missoula , mt . 88 pp .
. you can download select species by searching or when you ' re on a taxa page like class , order , and family .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : listed as least concern in view of the large extent of occurrence , large number of subpopulations , large population size , apparently stable trend , and lack of major threats .
range includes western north america , mainly west of the rocky mountains ; arctic basin from peace river drainage , british columbia , to smokey river drainage , alberta ; pacific slope from nass river , british columbia , to snake river drainage ( below shoshone falls ) , idaho and nevada , and coquille river , oregon ; an isolated occurrence record exists in the mackenzie river , northwest territories ( page and burr 1991 ) .
this species is represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) . total adult population size is unknown but very large . this species is common in much of its range . trend over the past 10 years or three generations is uncertain but likely relatively stable .
currently , this species is of relatively low conservation concern and does not require significant additional protection or major management , monitoring , or research actions .
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occurs in pools and runs of medium to large rivers . also found in lakes . pelagic up to 1 . 8 cm in length ( ref . 1998 ) . young feed on planktonic cladocerans , copepods , ostracods , and mites ; chironomid , trichopteran and ephemeropteran larvae ; and bottom ooze ( ref . 1998 ) . adults feed on algae , diatoms , insects , amphipods , and mollusks ( ref . 1998 ) . may feed on salmonid eggs ( ref . 1998 ) . preyed upon by mergansers , osprey , eagles , and bears ( ref . 1998 ) . edible but not highly favored ( ref . 1998 ) .
c . michael hogan marked
columbia river demersal habitat
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lampetra richardsoni vladykov and follett , 1965
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c . michael hogan marked
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calliostoma alboregium is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae .

some authors place this taxon in the subgenus calliostoma ( tristichotrochus )

calliostoma alboregium

calliostoma - species . . . species within the genus calliostoma include calliostoma aculeatum g . b . . . sowerby iii , 1912 calliostoma adelae schwengel , 1951 calliostoma admirandum e . a . . . smith , 1906 calliostoma adspersum ( philippi , 1851 ) calliostoma aequisculptum carpenter , 1865 calliostoma africanum bartsch , 1915 calliostoma akoya kuroda in ikebe , 1942 calliostoma alboregium azuma , 1961 calliostoma . . .
species calliostoma convexum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma africanum bartsch , 1915
species calliostoma capense thiele , 1925 accepted as calliostoma perfragile g . b . sowerby iii , 1903
species calliostoma albolineatum w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as calliostoma ornatum ( lamarck , 1822 )
species calliostoma formosensis [ sic ] accepted as calliostoma formosense e . a . smith , 1907 ( incorrect original spelling )
species calliostoma fernandesi boyer , 2006 accepted as calliostoma angolense boyer , 2007 ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma fernandesi rolán & monteiro , 2006 ; c . angolense is a replacement name )
species calliostoma adamsi brazier , 1895 accepted as calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma adamsi pilsbry , 1889 )
» species calliostoma ( calliostoma ) burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 )
species calliostoma echinatum dall , 1881 accepted as calliostoma caribbechinatum landau , van dingenen & ceulemans , 2017 ( invalid : junior secondary homonym of calliostoma echinatum ( millet , 1865 ) ; c . caribbechinatum is a replacement name )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma alisi b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) heros b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma peregrinum b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )
» species calliostoma ( ampullotrochus ) xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 represented as calliostoma xanthos b . a . marshall , 1995 ( original combination )
species calliostoma formosum ( mcandrew & forbes , 1847 ) accepted as calliostoma occidentale ( mighels & c . b . adams , 1842 ) ( junior synonym )
species calliostoma expansum schepman , 1908 accepted as enida japonica a . adams , 1860
species calliostoma rubroscalptum y . c . lee & w . l . wu , 1998
subgenus calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 represented as kombologion clench & r . d . turner , 1960 accepted as calliostoma swainson , 1840
subgenus calliostoma ( eutrochus ) a . adams , 1864 accepted as astele swainson , 1855
» species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma waikanae oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 ) ( basionym )
calliostoma ( kombologion ) clench & r . d . turner , 1960 · accepted , alternate representation
calliostoma tidae - genera 1855 astelena iredale , 1924 bathyfautor marshall , 1995 calliostoma swainson , 1840 - type genus carinator ikebe , 1942 dactylastele marshall , 1995 dymares schwengel , 1942 eucasta dall , 1889 . . . adams , 1864 synonym of astele swainson , 1855 fautor iredale , 1924 synonym of calliostoma ( fautor ) iredale , 1924 represented as calliostoma swainson , 1840 jacinthinus . . . adams , 1854 kombologion clench turner , 1960 synonym of calliostoma swainson , 1840 leiotrochus conrad , 1862 synonym of calliostoma swainson , 1840 margaritella thiele , 1891 synonym of margarella thiele , 1893 maurea . . .
» species calliostoma ( calliotropis ) pagoda w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) selectum ( dillwyn , 1817 ) accepted as maurea selecta ( dillwyn , 1817 )
» species calliostoma ( mauriella ) wanganuicum w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as calliostoma ( maurea ) punctulatum ( martyn , 1784 ) accepted as maurea punctulata ( martyn , 1784 ) ( synonym )
calliostoma ligatum . . . calliostoma ligatum , common name the blue topsnail , is a species of small sea snail with gills and an operculum , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calliostomatidae , the . . .
» species calliostoma ( tristichotrochus ) gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 represented as calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 ) ( original combination )
species calliostoma bisculptum e . a . smith , 1906 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )
species calliostoma comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )
species calliostoma aucklandicum e . a . smith , 1902 accepted as coelotrochus chathamensis ( hutton , 1873 ) ( synonym )
species calliostoma farquhari g . b . sowerby iii , 1892 accepted as jujubinus suarezensis ( p . fischer , 1878 )
species calliostoma coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as calliostoma kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena coronata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 ) ( invalid : junior homonym of calliostoma coronatum quinn , 1992 ; c . kanakorum is a replacement name )
subgenus calliostoma ( mauriella ) w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea oliver , 1926 ( synonym )
species calliostoma antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma cristatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena cristata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma crossleyae e . a . smith , 1910 accepted as tristichotrochus crossleyae ( e . a . smith , 1910 )
species calliostoma diadematum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena diademata ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma gendalli b . a . marshall , 1979 accepted as tristichotrochus gendalli ( b . a . marshall , 1979 )
species calliostoma gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
species calliostoma alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( replacement name for calliostoma blacki ( dell , 1956 ) not c . blacki ( powell , 1950 ) )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) comptum ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as fautor comptus ( a . adams , 1855 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) gracile p . marshall , 1918 † accepted as maurea gracilis ( p . marshall , 1918 ) †
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) spectabile ( a . adams , 1855 ) accepted as maurea spectabilis ( a . adams , 1855 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) waikanae w . r . b . oliver , 1926 accepted as maurea waikanae ( oliver , 1926 )
species calliostoma aculeatum g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 accepted as tristichotrochus aculeatus ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1912 )
species calliostoma correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 †
species calliostoma dnopherum ( r . b . watson , 1879 ) accepted as margarites dnopherus ( r . b . watson , 1879 )
species calliostoma deceptum e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as laetifautor deceptus ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) coronatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )
» species calliostoma ( benthastelena ) kanakorum b . a . marshall , 2001 accepted as benthastelena kanakorum ( b . a . marshall , 2001 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) antipodense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea antipodensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) aupourianum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea aupouriana ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) eminens b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea eminens ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) gibbsorum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea gibbsorum ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) jamiesoni b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea jamiesoni ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) maui b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea maui ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) penniketi b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea penniketi ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) regale b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as maurea regalis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) simulans b . a . marshall , 1994 accepted as maurea simulans ( b . a . marshall , 1994 )
species calliostoma arruense r . b . watson , 1880 accepted as calthalotia arruensis ( r . b . watson , 1880 ) ( original combination )
species calliostoma burnupi e . a . smith , 1899 accepted as dactylastele burnupi ( e . a . smith , 1899 ) ( original combination )
» species calliostoma ( maurea ) correlatum ( c . a . fleming , 1943 ) † accepted as maurea correlata c . a . fleming , 1943 †
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) boucheti b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor boucheti ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) chesterfieldense b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor chesterfieldensis ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) houbricki b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor houbricki ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) metivieri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor metivieri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) necopinatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor necopinatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) paradigmatum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor paradigmatus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) periglyptum b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor periglyptus ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) richeri b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor richeri ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
» species calliostoma ( fautor ) vaubani b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as fautor vaubani ( b . a . marshall , 1995 ) ( basionym )
trochus - species . . . peasiella conoidalis ( pease , 1868 ) trochus consors lischke , 1872 synonym of calliostoma consors ( lischke , 1872 ) trochus conuloides lamarck , 1822 synonym of . . . of tectarius cumingii ( philippi , 1846 ) trochus cunninghami gray , 1834 synonym of calliostoma selectum ( dillwyn , 1817 ) trochus cylindraceus dillwyn , 1817 synonym . . . synonym of hybochelus cancellatus ( krauss , 1848 ) trochus fragum philippi , 1848 synonym of calliostoma fragum ( philippi , 1848 ) trochus gemmatus gould , 1845 synonym of euchelus . . .
marshall , b . a . 1995 . a revision of the recent calliostoma species of new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : trochoidea ) . the nautilus 108 : 83 - 127 . [ details ]
» species calliostoma ( otukaia ) alertae b . a . marshall , 1995 accepted as otukaia blacki ( dell , 1956 ) accepted as maurea ( alertalex ) alertae ( b . a . marshall , 1995 )
the name of this genus is derived from the greek words kallos ( beautiful ) and stoma ( mouth ) , referring to the pearly aperture of the shell . the genus calliostoma is known in fossil records from the upper cretaceous onwards .
( of trochus ( calliostoma ) swainson , 1840 ) swainson w . ( 1840 ) a treatise on malacology or shells and shell - fish . london , longman . viii + 419 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 218 , 351 [ details ]
contrary to what is the case in most other top shells , calliostoma deposits its eggs in gelatinous ribbons that are only fertilized after being deposited . the young emerge as small snails ( lebour , 1936 ) without passing through a free - living planktonic stage as a veliger larva .
the species in this genus are mainly herbivorous or feed on detritus , although a few have been observed to be omnivorous ( keen , 1975 ) or even carnivorous , feeding on a wide range of algae and on animals belonging to various other invertebrate phyla . the north atlantic topshell calliostoma occidentale has been reported to feed on coelenterates .
calliostoma trotini is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusc in the family calliostomatidae . = = range of distribution = = this species is endemic to the philippines . it is found in balabac island , palawan . it is also found in the east china sea . = = habitat = = this top shell lives at depths of about 150 m . = = shell description = = the shell is . . .
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
marshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]
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( of fluxina dall , 1881 ) dall w . h . 1881 . reports on the results of dredging , under the supervision of alexander agassiz , in the gulf of mexico and in the caribbean sea ( 1877 - 78 ) , by the united states coast survey steamer
blake
, lieutenant - commander c . d . sigsbee , u . s . n . , and commander j . r . bartlett , u . s . n . , commanding . xv . preliminary report on the mollusca . bulletin of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college , 9 ( 2 ) : 33 - 144 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]
vilvens c . ( 2009 ) . new species and new records of calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia and solomon islands . novapex 10 ( 4 ) : 125 - 163 [ details ]
williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]
marshall , b . a . ( 1995 ) . calliostomatidae ( gastropoda : trochoidea ) from new caledonia , the loyalty islands , and the northern lord howe rise . in : bouchet , p . ( ed . ) résultats des campagnes musorstom 14 . mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle . série a , zoologie . 167 : 381 - 458 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of elmerlinia clench & r . d . turner , 1960 ) williams s . t . , donald k . m . , spencer h . g . & nakano t . ( 2010 ) molecular systematics of the marine gastropod families trochidae and calliostomatidae ( mollusca : superfamily trochoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 54 : 783 - 809 . [ details ]
( of elmerlinia clench & r . d . turner , 1960 ) marshall , b . a . ( 2016 ) . new species of venustatrochus powell , 1951 from new zealand , and new species of falsimargarita powell , 1951 and a new genus of the calliostomatidae from the southwest pacific , with comments on some other calliostomatid genera ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . molluscan research . 36 : 119 - 141 . [ details ]
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
the distribution of this genus is distributed worldwide , found mainly on hard substrata , although japanese species have been found on sandy bottoms . these snails occur from shallow waters to bathyal depths .