acropora monticulosa is a species of acroporid coral found in the southwest and northern indian ocean , the central indo-pacific , australia , southeast asia , japan , the east china sea and the oceanic west pacific ocean .

it is also found in the tuamotus .

it occurs in tropical shallow reefs on upper slopes , from depths of 1 to 12 metres ( 3 ft 3 in to 39 ft 4 in ) .

it was described by brüggemann in 1879 .

acropora monticulosa

acropora monticulosa . great barrier reef , australia . a . monticulosa ( purple ) seen with a . gemmifera ( cream ) . ed lovell .
acropora monticulosa . papua new guinea . colony exposed to strong wave action . charlie veron .
acropora monticulosa . great barrier reef , australia . approximately maximum length of branches . charlie veron .
acropora monticulosa is only found in shallow water in areas of high light and strong water flow .
acropora monticulosa . great barrier reef , australia . branches exposed to strong wave action . charlie veron .
acropora monticulosa . papua new guinea . exposure to extreme wave action develops conical branches . charlie veron .
acropora monticulosa . great barrier reef , australia . large dome - shaped colony in shallow wave washed habitat . ed lovell .
almost no other species of acro looks quite like the pyramidal shaped branches of acropora monticulosa . sometimes you might see a particularly thick branching a . gemmifera , but next to monticulosa the branches of gemmifera are particularly anemic .
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acropora monticulosa is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
of all the stony corals we can think of , no other species looks more like a fractal than acropora monticulosa . in fact , monticulosa looks so much like a fractal that you could be mistaken for thinking that someone had dropped a patch of fractal cauliflower in the ocean and colored it mild brown .
taxid : 156436 acropora microphthalma ( species ) , acropora microphthalma ( verrill , 1869 ) ( authority ) , acropora micropthalma ( misspelling ) .
taxid : 46686 acropora cytherea ( species ) , acropora cytherea ( dana , 1846 ) ( authority ) , acropora cytheria ( misspelling ) .
taxid : 513055 acropora batunai ( species ) , acropora batunai wallace , 1997 ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513069 acropora jacquelineae ( species ) , acropora jacquelineae wallace , 1994 ( synonym ) .
taxid : 564432 acropora loisetteae ( species ) , acropora loisetteae wallace , 1994 ( authority ) .
taxid : 564433 acropora lokani ( species ) , acropora lokani wallace , 1994 ( authority ) .
taxid : 564439 acropora walindii ( species ) , acropora walindii wallace , 1999 ( authority ) .
taxid : 70783 acropora tenuis ( species ) , purple tipped acropora ( genbank common name ) .
taxid : 513068 acropora indonesia ( species ) , acropora indonesia wallace , 1997 ( synonym ) .
taxid : 564431 acropora kimbeensis ( species ) , acropora kimbeensis wallace , 1999 ( authority ) .
taxid : 513063 acropora derawanensis ( species ) , acropora derawanensis wallace , 1997 ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513054 acropora abrolhosensis ( species ) , acropora abrolhosensis veron , 1985 ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513058 acropora caroliniana ( species ) , acropora caroliniana nemenzo , 1976 ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513072 acropora lutkeni ( species ) , acropora lutkeni crossland , 1952 ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513075 acropora pichoni ( species ) , acropora pichoni wallace , 1999 ( synonym ) .
acropora monticulosa is one of our favorite corals out on the reef , it grows to massive sizes and looks more or less like a huge living crystal when you see it in the wild . due to its massive size and…
taxid : 46687 acropora humilis ( species ) , acropora humilis ( dana , 1846 ) ( authority ) .
taxid : 1045499 acropora pruinosa ( species ) , acropora pruinosa ( brook , 1893 ) ( authority ) .
taxid : 126732 acropora formosa ( species ) , acropora formosa ( dana , 1846 ) ( authority ) .
taxid : 676058 acropora robusta ( species ) , acropora robusta ( dana , 1846 ) ( authority ) .
taxid : 367763 acropora acuminata ( species ) , acropora acuminata ( verrill , 1864 ) ( authority ) .
taxid : 513056 acropora bushyensis ( species ) , acropora bushyensis veron & wallace , 1984 ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513064 acropora echinata ( species ) , acropora echinata ( dana , 1846 ) ( synonym ) .
taxid : 564435 acropora rongelapensis ( species ) , acropora rongelapensis richards & wallace , 2004 ( authority ) .
taxid : 140238 acropora aspera ( species ) , acropora aspera ( dana , 1845 ) ( authority ) .
taxid : 513076 acropora polystoma ( species ) , acropora polystoma ( brook , 1891 ) ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513074 acropora nana ( species ) , acropora nana ( studer , 1878 ) ( synonym ) .
taxid : 591987 acropora corymbosa ( species ) , acropora corymbosa ( lamarck , 1816 ) ( authority ) .
taxid : 513061 acropora chesterfieldensis ( species ) , acropora chesterfieldensis veron & wallace , 1984 ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513073 acropora microclados ( species ) , acropora microclados ( ehrenberg , 1834 ) ( synonym ) .
taxid : 564436 acropora speciosa ( species ) , acropora speciosa ( quelch , 1886 ) ( authority ) .
taxid : 564438 acropora tortuosa ( species ) , acropora tortuosa ( dana , 1846 ) ( authority ) .
taxid : 513067 acropora horrida ( species ) , acropora horrida ( dana , 1846 ) ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513077 acropora solitaryensis ( species ) , acropora solitaryensis veron & wallace , 1984 ( synonym ) .
taxid : 526283 acropora eurystoma ( species ) , acropora eurystoma ( klunzinger , 1879 ) ( synonym ) .
taxid : 6129 acropora latistella ( species ) , acropora latistella ( brook , 1892 ) ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513057 acropora carduus ( species ) , acropora carduus ( dana , 1846 ) ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513070 acropora kirstyae ( species ) , acropora kirstyae veron & wallace , 1984 ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513078 acropora subglabra ( species ) , acropora subglabra ( brook , 1891 ) ( synonym ) .
taxid : 564437 acropora tenella ( species ) , acropora tenella ( brook , 1892 ) ( authority ) .
taxid : 676057 acropora abrotanoides ( species ) , acropora abrotanoides ( lamarck , 1816 ) ( authority ) .
like other acropora species , acropora monticulosa is able to reproduce asexually by budding , a process in which polyps divide to form one or more new polyps ( 3 ) . acropora corals are also able to reproduce by ‘fragmentation’ , in which branches that have been broken off by storms or other disturbances survive and grow into a new colony ( 9 ) .
sexual reproduction in acropora monticulosa involves the simultaneous release of eggs and sperm into the water . the fertilised eggs develop into larvae , which eventually settle and grow into polyps ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 9 ) . acropora monticulosa has been recorded spawning in may in the northern hemisphere and in november in the southern hemisphere ( 9 ) . on the great barrier reef , off the coast of australia , it may take part in mass spawning events , which involve many acropora species and usually occur between october and december ( 4 ) .
monticulosa acros are almost always a light brown , occasionally you can find specimens with the lightest pink tip , but these are rare and few between . unlike many thin - branching species of stony corals . a . monticulosa grows so massively that there is simply no way you’ll ever be fragging it with your hand , using clippers , or anything but a hammer and chisel .
was described by dana in 1846 . they are a cluster or corymbose acropora . some of their growth forms have been included in common names such as cluster acropora , branching acropora , staghorn coral , and finger coral acropora . their color is also used to describe them . those names can be such things as purple acropora , pink acropora , or vivid evergreen acropora , named after its hybrid color available .
taxid : 513062 acropora dendrum ( species ) , acropora dendrum ( bassett - smith , 1890 ) ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513066 acropora granulosa ( species ) , acropora granulosa ( milne - edwards & haime , 1860 ) ( synonym ) .
taxid : 513065 acropora elegans ( species ) , acropora elegans ( milne - edwards & haime , 1860 ) ( synonym ) .
is a cluster shaped coral that sports attractive cherry - reds , purples and purple tips . in each aquarium the growth shape will be slightly different , since each tank has a different water flow . some names they are known by for color include purple acropora , pink acropora , and vivid evergreen acropora . names they are known for by shape include cluster acropora , branching acropora , staghorn coral , and finger coral acropora .
a . monticulosa is so massive at the base , and sharp at the ends , when we think of corals sinking from striking the reef , this is the species that comes to mind as breaching even the thickest wooden ship hulls . if you were to wipe out surfing on a reef , you would rather run into cat’s paw acropora or stout - branching pocillopora than this species as at least the former might break and give after a certain amount of force , whereas monticulosa is sure to simply strip away your delicate flesh .
taxid : 6130 acropora cervicornis ( species ) , acropora cervicornis ( lamarck , 1816 ) ( synonym ) , staghorn coral ( common name ) .
acropora monticulosa is a ‘zooxanthellate’ coral , meaning that it receives most of its nutrition from symbiotic algae , known as zooxanthellae , which live within its tissues . the zooxanthellae provide the coral with nutrients through photosynthesis , and in return receive a safe and stable environment in which to live . although this restricts the coral to living in relatively warm , clear , shallow waters , it enables it to grow faster and form large reef structures . the polyps of acropora monticulosa are also able to feed on tiny zooplankton , which are caught using stinging cells on the numerous tentacles which surround the polyp ’s central ‘mouth’ ( 3 ) . the tentacles of acropora corals are usually only extended at night ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
( of madrepora monticulosa brüggemann , 1879 ) brüggemann , f . ( 1879 ) . corals . in : zoology of rodriguez . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b , biological sciences . 168 : 569 - 579 . [ details ]
taxid : 569602 acropora sp . hayashibara - shimoike - 2002 ( species ) .
acropora retusa . mauritius , south - western indian ocean . showing branching pattern .
acropora monticulosa is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
( of madrepora ( lepidocyathus ) monticulosa brüggemann , 1879 ) brook g ( 1893 ) . the genus madrepora . catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum ( natural history ) 1 : 1 - 212 , pls . 1 - 35 . [ details ]
coral reefs also face many localised threats , including human development , recreational activities , destructive fishing practices , invasive species , pollution and sedimentation ( 1 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) . acropora monticulosa may also be collected for the aquarium trade , and is likely to be under threat from the crown of thorns starfish ( acanthaster planci ) , which shows a preference for feeding on acropora species ( 1 ) .
( of madrepora ( lepidocyathus ) monticulosa brüggemann , 1879 ) brüggemann , f . ( 1879 ) . corals . in : zoology of rodriguez . philosophical transactions of the royal society of london series b , biological sciences . 168 : 569 - 579 . [ details ]
( of madrepora monticulosa brüggemann , 1879 ) wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
taxid : 6131 acropora palmata ( species ) , elkhorn coral ( common name ) .
taxid : 1167705 acropora hyacinthus complex sp . d jtl - 2012 ( species ) .
taxid : 1167702 acropora hyacinthus complex sp . a jtl - 2012 ( species ) .
taxid : 1167704 acropora hyacinthus complex sp . c jtl - 2012 ( species ) .
taxid : 1167700 acropora cytherea complex sp . 2 jtl - 2012 ( species ) .
taxid : 1167708 acropora hyacinthus complex sp . unknown jtl - 2012 ( species ) .
taxid : 1167701 acropora cytherea complex sp . hybrid jtl - 2012 ( species ) .
taxid : 1167703 acropora hyacinthus complex sp . b jtl - 2012 ( species ) .
taxid : 1167707 acropora hyacinthus complex sp . f jtl - 2012 ( species ) .
taxid : 1167699 acropora cytherea complex sp . 1 jtl - 2012 ( species ) .
taxid : 1167706 acropora hyacinthus complex sp . e jtl - 2012 ( species ) .
acropora monticulosa is one of our favorite corals out on the reef , it grows to massive sizes and looks more or less like a huge living crystal when you see it in the wild . due to its massive size and mild coloration , it is one of the least suitable or desirable corals for aquariums , but that doesn’t preclude us from enjoying it from a distance .
acropora monticulosa is widely distributed in the indian and pacific oceans . it occurs around the east coast of africa and madagascar , in the northern indian ocean around india , sri lanka , the maldives and the british indian ocean territory , around southeast asia and australia , and into the western and central pacific ocean ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
as in other corals , the colonies of acropora monticulosa are made up of numerous tiny , anemone - like animals known as polyps , which secrete a hard coral skeleton . the skeleton of an individual polyp is known as a ‘corallite’ ( 3 ) . acropora species differ from most other corals in having two types of polyp : a central or ‘axial’ polyp , which grows at the tip of a branch , and ‘radial’ polyps , which bud from the sides of the axial polyp as it grows . further branching may occur when a radial polyp turns into an axial polyp and begins to extend and bud ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 8 ) . in acropora monticulosa , the axial polyp is small , and the radial polyps are uniform in size and usually arranged in rows ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
taxid : 156433 acropora elseyi ( species ) , christmas coral ( genbank common name ) .
taxid : 154029 acropora loripes ( species ) , bluetip coral ( genbank common name ) .
taxid : 127871 acropora prolifera ( species ) , fused staghorn coral ( common name ) .
even if you wanted to grow acropora monticulosa in a home aquarium , it only grows in shallow , wave - washed reef zones so you would have to pound it with so much flow and light that hardly no other corals could survive alongside it . this species is quite a looker when it gets to large size so it would be particularly well suited for display in large public aquarium reef tanks .
the colonies of acropora monticulosa form thick , tapering , finger - like branches , which are usually blue , cream or brown , with paler tips ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the branches may measure up to 11 centimetres in length and 5 centimetres in diameter ( 5 ) , but those exposed to strong wave action are usually shorter and more conical ( 3 ) . some studies have identified a ‘branching’ form of this species , with green - tinged branches of variable lengths , and a ‘digitate’ ( finger - like ) form , with short , evenly - sized , pale to dark brown branches ( 7 ) . acropora monticulosa sometimes grows as large domes , which may measure over three metres across and are composed of many branching sub - colonies ( 3 ) .
although it is a widespread species and is sometimes common around australia , acropora monticulosa is generally uncommon elsewhere in its range ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) and is likely to be affected by the many threats facing corals worldwide ( 1 ) . the major threat to corals is climate change , which may lead to increased water temperatures and more frequent , severe storms , which can damage reefs . rising sea temperatures increase the risk of coral bleaching , in which the stressed coral expels its zooxanthellae , often leading to death . increasing ocean acidity may also affect the ability of a coral to secrete its hard skeleton , and the combined effects of these stresses can make the coral more vulnerable to disease and parasites ( 1 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) . like many acropora species , acropora monticulosa has a low resistance to bleaching and disease , and is slow to recover ( 1 ) .
recommended conservation measures for acropora monticulosa include further research into its populations , abundance , ecology and resilience to various threats ( 1 ) . it would also benefit from the expansion of protected areas , research into diseases and parasites , reef restoration projects , and efforts to combat climate change ( 1 ) ( 10 ) ( 12 ) . although acropora corals are vulnerable to a wide range of threats , the ability to grow rapidly and survive fragmentation makes these species good candidates for reef restoration projects ( 8 ) ( 9 ) .
the similar looking acropora gemmifera is thick branched , but much less symmetrical or triangular in overall shape .
acropora monticulosa is listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning international trade in this species should be carefully regulated ( 2 ) . parts of its range fall within marine protected areas ( 1 ) , although enforcement within these can often be poor ( 10 ) . it also occurs on the great barrier reef , a world heritage site where a range of research and conservation projects are underway ( 13 ) .
corals . some acropora have symbiotic relationships with crabs and shrimps that may help them against predators . other hitchhikers may actually be predators so careful observation must be done . chocolate sea stars and others from the same genus will eat your acropora .
( of acropora ( acropora ) oken , 1815 ) wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
on the several patterns of diseases in corals from burmanallah coast of the andaman islands . it was observed that porites sp . were found to be highly sensitive to coral diseases , as they were found with yellow spot disease , pink line syndrome , white line syndrome , white plague and black band diseases . ring line syndrome was observed only in acropora humilis and acropora monticulosa , while abnormal growths were observed in both acropora humilis and porites sp . beside these diseases , bleaching was commonly found in porites sp . probably due to increase of temperature during the summer season and also may be due to change of salinity attributed to heavy rainfall during both the monsoons . other factors that were found to cause inhibition of coral growth were sediment deposition , algal mat covers and presence of different bioeroders .
common parasites of colonies in reef aquariums are the acropora - eating flatworm , and
red bugs
( tegastes acroporanus ) .
to regain their normal growth rates after being added to an aquarium . moving acropora from place to place will stress them , and possibly cause death .
wallace , c . c . ( 1999 ) staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora . csiro , collingwood , australia .
based on the most recent taxonomic work , there are approximately 120 known species of acropora ( wallace 1999 ; s . d . cairns , in litt . 2009 ) .
acropora species are challenging to keep in a home aquarium . they require bright light , stable temperatures , regular addition of calcium and alkalinity supplements , and clean , turbulent water .
( of acropora ( acropora ) oken , 1815 ) oken , l . 1815 - 1816 . lehrbuch der naturgeschichte . dritter theil , zoologie . erste abteilung , fleischlose thiere : 1 - 841 ( register ) ( 1815 ) ; atlas : i - iv , pls . i - xvii ( 1816 ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the roughly 120 species of staghorn corals ( acropora ) account for a large fraction of the world ' s coral reefs ( iucn 2009 ) . these corals face several major threats :
acropora need to be carefully acclimated to their new homes . they need to be placed in their permanent position within a tank after acclimation . it takes about 5 to 6 months for the
acropora is most common in shallow reef environments with bright light and moderate to high water motion . many small reef fishes live near their colonies and retreat into the thicket of branches if threatened .
china , w . e . ( 1963 ) . opinion 674 : acropora oken , 1815 ( anthozoa , madreporaria ) : validated under the plenary powers . bulletin of zoological nomenclature . 20 : 319 - 330 . [ details ]
riegl , b . ( 1995 ) a revision of the hard coral genus acropora oken , 1815 ( scleractinia : astrocoeniina : acroporidae ) in south - east africa . zoological journal of the linnean society , 113 : 249 - 288 .
depending on the species and location , acropora species may grow as plates or slender or broad branches . like other corals , acropora corals are colonies of individual polyps , which are about 2 mm across and share tissue and a nerve net . the polyps can withdraw back into the coral in response to movement or disturbance by potential predators , but when undisturbed , they protrude slightly . the polyps typically extend further at night to help capture plankton and organic matter from the water .
boschma h ( 1961 ) acropora oken , 1815 ( anthozoa , madreporaria ) ; proposed validation under the plenary powers . z . n . ( s . ) 1036 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 18 : 334 - 335 . [ details ]
riegl , b . ( 1995 ) . a revision of the hard coral genus acropora oken , 1815 ( scleractinia : astrocoeniina : acroporidae ) in south - east africa . zoological journal of the linnean society 113 : 249 - 288 [ details ]
a typical live rock / reef environment is what is needed for your finger staghorn coral , along with some fish for organic matter production . a mature tank ( well over a year old ) is advised to increase the chance of successfully keeping acropora .
( of acropora ( eumadrepora ) brook , 1893 ) brook g ( 1893 ) . the genus madrepora . catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum ( natural history ) 1 : 1 - 212 , pls . 1 - 35 . [ details ]
reyes - bermudez a . et al . 2009 . differential expression of three galaxin - related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral acropora millepora . bmc evolutionary biology 2009 , 9 : 178 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 178
the acropora corals are peaceful , but watch out for crabs . many experienced aquarists do not believe any crab should be kept in a closed system with acros . crabs are opportunistic predators , with the exception some of the symbiotic crabs like commensal crabs , and gall crabs .
wallace , c . c . ( 2008 ) . new species and records from the eocene of england and france support early diversification of the coral genus acropora . journal of paleontology . 82 ( 2 ) : 313 - 328 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
acropora corals are some of the largest , most contributing corals for reef formations in the world . in fact , between the acropora and montipora corals , they make up one - third of all reef building coral species . in the wild they are the most tolerant of water temperatures , salinity changes , water movement , and lighting , but in captivity they can prove to be very difficult to keep . in the ocean , they are the first to arrive at a reef and spread quickly . other corals that arrive later , then tend to move in .
in the wild , acropora corals have developed several feeding strategies . through a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae , known as zooxanthellae , they receive the majority of their nutrients . they also capture planktonic organisms and microscopic food particles from the water column and can absorb dissolved organic matter .
corals have been propagated by fragmentation . it is not difficult to find captive - bred colonies of acropora corals for sale or trade . captive - bred corals may tolerate less intense lighting and water movement as well as possibly being easier to care for than those taken from the wild .
acropora muricata is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at poruma island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in january 2014 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland .
wolstenholme , j . k . , wallace , c . c . and chen , c . a . ( 2003 ) species boundaries within the acropora humilis species group ( cnidaria ; scleractinia ) : a morphological and molecular interpretation of evolution . coral reefs , 22 : 155 - 166 .
symbiodinium , symbiotic algae , live in the corals ' cells and produce energy for the animals through photosynthesis . environmental destruction has led to a dwindling of populations of acropora , along with other coral species . acropora is especially susceptible to bleaching when stressed . bleaching is due to the loss of the coral ' s zooxanthellae , which are a golden - brown color . bleached corals are stark white and may die if new symbiodinium cells cannot be assimilated . common causes of bleaching and coral death include pollution , abnormally warm water temperatures , increased ocean acidification , sedimentation , and eutrophication .
staghorn corals occur in tropical reef environments , down to a depth of 30 meters . the upper depth limit is defined by wave action , whilst the lower limit at which acropora can inhabit is determined by light availability and the amount of suspended sediments . staghorn corals require normal marine salinity ( 4 ) .
wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
wallace , c . c . ; bosellini , f . r . ( 2015 ) . acropora ( scleractinia ) from the oligocene and miocene of europe : species longevity , origination and turnover following the eocene–oligocene transition . journal of systematic palaeontology . 13 ( 6 ) : 447 - 469 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
loading . . . . . . the catalogue is quite large so this will take a few seconds depending on your internet connection . a fast high resolution version of this catalogue and the acropora identification key will be available on disk from the museum of tropical queensland shop . to order follow the link at the top of this page .
acropora millepora is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at poruma island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
acropora nana is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
acropora palmerae is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
acropora prostrata is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at poruma island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
acropora prostrata is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at masig island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by the aims long term monitoring project . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
( of heteropora ehrenberg , 1834 ) wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
shinzato , c . , shoguchi , e . , kawashima , t . , hamada , m . , hisata , k . , tanaka , m . , fujie , m . , et al . 2011 . using the acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change . nature , advance online publication . doi : 10 . 1038 / nature10249
acropora nana is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in january 2014 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
acropora nasuta is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at aureed island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in january 2014 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
acropora paniculata is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in january 2014 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
acropora polystoma is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
acropora polystoma is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in january 2014 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
acropora pulchra is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at mer island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in january 2014 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
acropora robusta is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at poruma island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in january 2014 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
acropora rosaria is a species of hard coral of the family acroporidae . this specimen was found at poruma island reef in the torres strait as part of a biodiversity survey in february 2013 . the taxonomic classification for this photo was performed by paul muir from the museum of tropical queensland . for more information see the aims coral fact sheet for this species .
santodomingo , n . ; wallace , c . c . ; johnson , k . g . ( 2015 ) . fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera acropora and isopora ( scleractinia : acroporidae ) in the neogene of indonesia . zoological journal of the linnean society . 175 , 677 - 763 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
staghorn corals are among the fastest growing corals on reefs , and are excellent reef - builders ( 2 ) . the name acropora literally means a porous stem or branch ( 3 ) , but acropora species express a much greater variety of growth forms than the name suggests . colonies can resemble antlers ( staghorns ) and be up to two meters tall , or can form delicately engineered plates and tables that may be up to three meters across . they can also form bush - like structures , some with short non - dividing branches like the fingers of a hand ( 2 ) . staghorn corals often out - compete all other corals in shallow tropical reefs , however , their speed of growth ( which can be up to 10 to 20 centimetres a year ( 4 ) ) is balanced by the fragility of some of the structures , as they are easily damaged in storms allowing other coral species a chance of growth . with 368 acropora species currently known , and with such an amazing array of shapes , sizes and colours , identifying individual species can be a tricky task ( 2 ) .
do not keep soft leather corals with your acropora species as they are aggressive and release terpins that will eventually kill your expensive investment . leather corals are dangerous to acros , even in the best filtered aquariums . some large polyp stony ( lps ) corals can stretch out their tentacles and kill your acros too , so caution is needed if you have a mixed reef .
the most common and diverse group in the indo - pacific region , the genus is extremely rare in hawaii . acropora are found off mana , kaua ' i , french frigate shoals , gardner pinnacles , and maro reef . ffs appears to be the center of the hawaiian population and is likely due to larval settlement from johnston atoll , 400 miles to the southwest .
corals can be a problem because of their shapes , the easily broken outer edges of the coral skeleton , and the ease with which they become stressed . they are also susceptible to almost every coral disease including white - band disease , black - band disease , necrosis , etc . acropora is particularly susceptible to rapid tissue necrosis ( rtn ) , especially specimens from the wild .
corals are characterized by fast growing terminal ( or axial ) polyps at the tips of the branches . the polyps at the tips secrete this corallite , constantly forming new growth in a cluster shape . these terminal polyps do not have zooxanthellae . they grow quickly because the terminal polyps are fed by the rest of the colony . this allows acropora to outgrow other corals on the reef .
staghorn type acropora grow rapidly and are considered to be among the most rapid growing of the stony corals . they will reach sexual maturity within 3 to 5 years , with a branch diameter of 1 . 5 - 2 . 75
( 4 - 7 cm ) . they fragment easily and the fragments can form new colonies . this makes them ideal candidates for captive breeding / propagation .
( of acropora ( eumadrepora ) brook , 1893 ) vaughan , t . w . ( 1918 ) . some shallow - water corals from murray island ( australia ) , cocos - keeling island , and fanning island . papers from the department of marine biology of the carnegie institution of washington . 9 ( 213 ) : 49 - 234 , pls . 20 - 93 . [ details ]
is a cluster or corymbose acropora . the branches of this coral are thick and taper to a dome shape , looking similar to fingers , hence one of its common names . there will be larger branches mixed in with smaller ones . radial corallites ( the cup formed by a polyp ) are found in two sizes , the larger ones in rows but increasing slightly in size towards the base of the branches .
budding from the axial polyps allows acropora species to grow quickly and out - compete other corals , often making them the dominant species on reefs . it also allows the colonies to grow in a great variety of shapes , including the typical branching pattern which gives the group the name of ‘staghorn corals’ ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 8 ) . these corals are quite delicate , and are easily damaged by storms ( 8 ) .
propagation is rather simple for acropora corals . first you need to choose a healthy coral that is not showing any signs of distress . then , simply cut a branch at least 2
long and glue the frag to a plug or rock . you can use the 2 - part epoxy or underwater putties . a little tip , don ' t glue frags upright since they will grow faster on their sides . the slime that the coral will exude should not come in contact with any other corals and gloves are suggested . give the frag ample water flow .
id 6127 taxonomy ; de acropora ( genus ) . pa 6126 ( parent id ) cc genbank common name = staghorn corals cc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - cc this entry is a placeholder for the corresponding entry in the ncbi cc taxonomy urltoken cc - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - / /
may form dome - shaped colonies over 3 metres across , composed of isolated subcolonies which are shaped like upturned hands . colonies ( or subcolonies ) are digitate , with thick branches tapering to a small axial corallite . colonies exposed to strong wave action have pyramid - shaped branchlets . radial corallites are uniform in size and usually arranged in rows .
colour : blue ( which may photograph purple ) or cream , usually with pale branch tips of contrasting colours .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : veron and wallace ( 1984 ) , wallace ( 1999 ) . additional identification guides : veron ( 1986 ) , nishihira and veron ( 1995 ) .
© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0
brüggemann f ( 1879 ) ueber die korallen der insel ponapé . journal du museum godefroy , hamburg 14 : 201 - 212 . [ details ]
description colonies are corymbose to digitate , branches are thick , tapering to a small axial corallite . radial corallites are uniform . . .
description colonies are corymbose to digitate , branches are thick , tapering to a small axial corallite . radial corallites are uniform in size , usually arranged in rows . colour : blue or cream , usually with pale branch tips of various colours . abundance : seldom abundant . may form large colonies on upper reef slopes ( veron , 1986 ) . [ details ]
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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justification : the most important known threat for this species is extensive reduction of coral reef habitat due to a combination of threats . specific population trends are unknown but population reduction can be inferred from estimated habitat loss ( wilkinson 2004 ) . it is widespread and uncommon throughout its range and therefore is likely to be more resilient to habitat loss and reef degradation because of an assumed large effective population size that is highly connected and / or stable with enhanced genetic variability . therefore , the estimated habitat loss of 20 % from reefs already destroyed within its range is the best inference of population reduction since it may survive in coral reefs already at the critical stage of degradation ( wilkinson 2004 ) . this inference of population reduction over three generation lengths ( 30 years ) does not meet the threshold of a threat category . however , this species is susceptible to bleaching and disease and is collected for the aquarium trade , therefore it is listed as near threatened . because of predicted threats from climate change and ocean acidification it will be important to reassess this species in 10 years or sooner , particularly if the species is also observed to disappear from reefs currently at the critical stage of reef degradation .
this species is found in the south - west and northern indian ocean , the central indo - pacific , australia , southeast asia , japan and the east china sea , and the oceanic west pacific . it is also in tuamotus ( wallace 1999 ) .
this species is sometimes common in eastern australia , usually uncommon elsewhere . it was found at 1 of 3 regions in indonesia ( wallace
. 2001 ) . found at 29 sites of 87 sites surveyed in the marshall islands ( richards pers . comm . ) .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
this species occurs in shallow , tropical reef environments . this species is found on upper reef slopes . this species occurs around the low tide mark and just subtidally on rocky , wave - swept , shallow reefs , as well as reef habitats subject to strong tidal currents ( wallace 1999 ) . this species is found from 1 - 12 m .
all corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species’ range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity .
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this species occurs in shallow , tropical reefs to depths of about 12 metres ( 1 ) . it is usually found on the upper slopes of reefs ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , from around the low tide mark to just below the tide , on shallow reefs subject to wave action and strong tidal currents ( 1 ) ( 5 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
veron , j . e . n . ( 2000 ) corals of the world . australian institute of marine science , townsville , australia .
veron , j . e . n . ( 1993 ) corals of australia and the indo - pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii .
dai , c . f . and horng , s . ( 2009 ) scleractinia fauna of taiwan . i . the complex group . national taiwan university press , taipei , taiwan .
tomascik , t . , mah , a . j . , nontji , a . and moosa , m . k . ( 1997 ) the ecology of the indonesian seas . part one . periplus editions , hong kong .
miththapala , s . ( 2008 ) coral reefs . coastal ecosystems series ( volume 1 ) . ecosystems and livelihoods group asia , iucn , colombo , sri lanka . available at : urltoken
carpenter , k . e . et al . ( 2008 ) one - third of reef - building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts . science , 321 : 560 - 563 .
wilkinson , c . ( 2008 ) status of coral reefs of the world : 2008 . global coral reef monitoring network and reef and rainforest research center , townsville , australia . available at : urltoken
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this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
nerp te project 2 . 3 - monitoring the health of torres strait coral reefs ( aims )
staghorn corals can be broadly divided into atlantic and indo - pacific groups , and are generally found between 25˚n and 25˚s . the atlantic group is by far the smaller of the two , being composed of only two extant species and a common hybrid , found along the caribbean coasts of central and south america , south - western gulf of mexico and the bahamian archipelago . the indo - pacific group is distributed across the tropics in suitable habitat all the way from the west coast of central america to the red sea and east africa , with the centre of diversity in the ‘coral triangle’ region of the solomon islands , papua new guinea , indonesia , east timor , philippines and malaysia ( iucn 2009 )
this is the most abundant coral of most reefs in the indo - pacific ( 2 ) , and three species also occur in the western atlantic and caribbean region ( 3 ) .
depth range based on 15349 specimens in 223 taxa . water temperature and chemistry ranges based on 9050 samples . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 0 - 4800 temperature range ( °c ) : 1 . 157 - 29 . 241 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 000 - 38 . 858 salinity ( pps ) : 30 . 220 - 40 . 360 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 938 - 5 . 013 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 020 - 2 . 680 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 523 - 165 . 990 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 0 - 4800 temperature range ( °c ) : 1 . 157 - 29 . 241 nitrate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 000 - 38 . 858 salinity ( pps ) : 30 . 220 - 40 . 360 oxygen ( ml / l ) : 2 . 938 - 5 . 013 phosphate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 020 - 2 . 680 silicate ( umol / l ) : 0 . 523 - 165 . 990 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
undisturbed staghorn corals normally form a distinct “staghorn zone” in shallow waters between 5 to 15 m depth , though they also occur in shallower and deeper water ( iucn 2009 ) .
bleaching : many reef - forming corals are very sensitive to high ocean temperatures , which may cause them to expel the symbiotic photosynthetic dinoflagellates on which they depend for survival . the loss of these pigmented symbionts may give the coral a bleached appearance . mass coral bleaching is a recent phenomenon ( dating back to the 1980s ) and is now the main cause of coral mortality and reef deterioration globally ( iucn 2009 ) . coral vulnerability to bleaching varies among species , and staghorn corals are thought to be among the most vulnerable . temperature - induced mass coral bleaching has caused widespread mortality of staghorns and other corals worldwide , including the well - protected great barrier reef in australia ( iucn 2009 ) .
another serious problem faced by these corals is acidification of the oceans as a consequence of the absorption of large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide . because acidification affects the process of calcification , this directly impacts marine animals such as corals and molluscs that have calcareous skeletons or shells . the acidified marine environment results in weakened skeletons and slower growth rates . ( iucn 2009 ) .


the cape verde shearwater ( calonectris edwardsii ) , or cagarra locally , is a medium-large shearwater , a seabird in the petrel family procellariidae .

it is endemic to the cape verde archipelago of macaronesia in the atlantic ocean , off the coast of west africa .

cape verde shearwater

kapverdelira - cape verde shearwater ( calonectris edwardsii ) kapverdelira - cape verde shearwater ( calonectris edwardsii ) kapverdelira - cape verde shearwater ( calonectris edwardsii ) kapverdelira - cape verde shearwater ( calonectris edwardsii ) kapverdelira - cape verde shearwater ( calonectris edwardsii ) kapverdelira - cape verde shearwater ( calonectris edwardsii ) crab sp . crab sp . more
atlantic shearwater , mediterranean cory’s shearwater , mediterranean shearwater , north atlantic shearwater , scopoli’s shearwater .
the cape verde shearwater is a species of shearwater that breeds on a few islands in the cape verde archipelago off of the senegalese coast . after breeding , it mostly occurs in
cape verde shearwater calonectris edwardsii ( with cory ' s shearwaters ) photographed off hatteras , nc august 15 , 2004 cape verde shearwater on right , cory ' s shearwater on left . the following images were taken by george armistead . great shot of cape verde shearwater in flight . notice the wing molt . more
about 20 participants from cape verde , senegal , south africa , spain and portugal participated in a workshop in mindelo , cape verde from 1st to 4th december 2014 , aiming to develop the cape verde shearwater species action plan .
information on the cape verde shearwater is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
about 20 participants from cape verde , senegal , south africa , spain and portugal participated in a workshop in mindelo , cape verde , from 1st to 4th december 2014 , aiming to develop the cape verde shearwater species action plan .
about 20 participants from cape verde , senegal , south africa , spain and portugal participated in a workshop in mindelo , cape verde , from 1st to 4th december 2014 , aiming to develop the cape verde shearwater species action plan .
the foraging ecology of the endangered cape verde shearwater , a sentinel species for marine conservation off west africa .
the goal of the cape verde shearwater species action plan is to improve the cape verde shearwater ' s conservation status , by raising it from the near threatened to the least concern category . the following objectives were agreed upon at the workshop :
the goal of the cape verde shearwater species action plan is to improve the cape verde shearwater conservation status , by raising it from the near threatened to the least concern category . the following high level objectives were agreed upon at the workshop :
the foraging ecology of the endangered cape verde shearwater , a sentinel species for marine conservation off west africa . - pubmed - ncbi
from raso islet ( cape verde ) during incubation and chick - rearing of 2013 and 2014 .
cape verde shearwater calonectris edwardsii cory ' s shearwater photographed by dave larson northern hemisphere breeders all forms of cory ' s shearwater including the cape verde shearwater discussed below breed in northern hemisphere . thus they are working during our pelagic birding season in the summer . birds seen on summer trips are probably non - breeders . breeders may appear in our waters in fall . more
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richard porter , dick newell , tony marr and robin jolliffe ( 1997 ) identification of cape verde shearwater . birding world 10 ( 6 ) : p222 - 228 .
cape verde shearwater calonectris edwardsii , cape verde islands , atlantic ocean . evolution and taxonomy all species of this group are northern hemisphere breeders . formerly two species were recognized , but during the last decades there was a tendency to split the cory ' s shearwater into three separate species , which was not supported by all authors . more
cape verde shearwater ( calonectris edwardsii ) - taxonomy - the cape verde shearwater was originally treated as a distinct species before being lumped as a race of cory ' s shearwater . there is now a strong move to restore this distinctive form to full species status . identification - should be looked for among cory ' s shearwaters along the atlantic seaboard of north america and in europe . more
the cape verde shearwater is classified as near threatened ( nt ) , is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future .
cape verde is , outside breeding season moving to winter quarters mainly in upwelling systems of tropical and s atlantic # r .
i finally found the pictures of the deceased cape may audubon ' s shearwater from early september 1999 ( 8th ) .
the cape verde shearwater was originally described in 1883 by émile oustalet as a full species . it was later lumped as a subspecies of cory ' s shearwater but has since been separated again , by cornelis hazevoet in 1995 , as a distinct species .
the cape verde shearwater is a sea bird , and can be found on the cape verde islands , located in the north atlantic , and just off the african mainland coast , in the waters near senegal . nesting and breeding is particularly difficult for the cape verde shearwater , as many inhabitants of the island collect the nestlings , which are then dried and salted and sold as food . this factor , along with the destruction of habitat and the fact that foreign animals and vegetation have been introduced , has caused the numbers to decline .
hazevoet , c . j . 1995 . the birds of the cape verde islands . british ornithologists ' union , tring , u . k .
all four habitat suitability models showed a good to excellent ability to predict the observed habitat used by cape verde shearwaters ( all auc > 0 . 85 ;
rodrigues i . ecologia trófica / alimentar da cagarra - de - cabo - verde ( calonectris edwardsii ) da população do ilhéu raso , cabo verde . 2014 .
a fact from cape verde shearwater appeared on wikipedia ' s main page in the did you know ? column on 13 january 2009 , and was viewed approximately 1120 times ( disclaimer ) ( check views ) . the text of the entry was as follows :
did you know * . . . that the cape verde shearwater is threatened by the harvesting of its chicks by local fishermen ?
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http : / / en . wikipedia . more
the cape verde shearwater is definitely distinctive , and deserves to be separated from the cory’s shearwater . it is just hoped that bird conservation efforts will be successful , and prevent the numbers of the population to fall any lower than they already are . this beautiful and graceful bird should be protected for future generations to see .
copyright ( c ) 2002 - 2013 shearwater . nl . all rights reserved .
on ocean wanderers . ned brinkley referred to the occurrence of similar blue - footed shearwater in cape may , new jersey . also click these links for more information on
while i was in cape verde at the end of march this year i decided on another boat trip in the hope of seeing some whales or dolphins but it was never the outcome .
citation : paiva vh , geraldes p , rodrigues i , melo t , melo j , ramos ja ( 2015 ) the foraging ecology of the endangered cape verde shearwater , a sentinel species for marine conservation off west africa . plos one 10 ( 10 ) : e0139390 . urltoken
a friend sent me your website details and the featured little shearwater from ascension island .
streaked shearwater calonectris leucomelas , kamakura , honshu , japan . culmen : 51 . 9 mm ; total : 106 . 9 mm , adult male scopoli’s shearwater calonectris diomedea diomedea , mediterranean sea . culmen : 53 . 4 mm ; total : 108 . 9 mm , adult male . cory’s shearwater calonectris diomedea borealis , pico , azores . culmen : 58 . 1 mm ; total : 118 . 6 mm , adult male . cape verde shearwater calonectris edwardsii , location unknown . culmen : 41 . 7 mm ; total : 90 . 2 mm , unsexed adult , probably female .
peña - izquierdo j , pelegrí jl , pastor mv , catellanos p , emelianov m , gasser m , et al . the continental slope current system between cape verde and the canary islands . scientia marina . 2012 ; 76s1 : 65–78 .
moulting strategies of a long - distance migratory seabird : the mediterranean cory ' s shearwater calonectris d . diomedea
cory’s shearwater can be distinguished from other , similar species ( such as the great shearwater , puffinus gravis , and the streaked shearwater , calonectris leucomelas ) mainly by its large , robust build , its more uniformly pale underparts and the more uniformly coloured head ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . three subspecies were previously recognised , calonectris diomedea diomedea , calonectris diomedea borealis and calonectris diomedea edwardsii , which differ mainly in size ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . however , c . d . edwardsii is now classified as a distinct species , the cape verde shearwater ( calonectris edwardsii ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) . the subspecies c . d . diomedea is sometimes given the name ‘scopoli’s shearwater’ , but it has not been given separate species status ( 10 ) .
migratory , being absent from cape verdes between mid nov and late feb / early mar , although there is . . .
workshop participants visited the sinagoga fishing community on santo antao island . this gave everyone a chance to meet the former poachers of cagarra ( the local name for cape verde shearwater ) and to get an understanding of the socio - economics of fishing and poaching . the fishing group is now working with biosfera by taking the lead in conservation of the species and participating in its monitoring .
waters of the atlantic ocean off the west african coast . it has also been recorded as a vagrant off the atlantic coast of eastern north america . it forages for fish , squid , and small marine creatures on and near the surface of deep water and nests on rocky islands . the cape verde shearwater is given a conservation rating of near threatened due to over harvesting of young birds .
hazevoet , c . j . ( 1997 ) notes on distribution , conservation , and taxonmy of birds from the cape verde islands , including records of six species new to the archiplego . bulletin zoologisch museum , university of amsterdam , 15 ( 13 ) : 89 - 100 .
the ministry of environment of cape verde , in collaboration with a local ngo , associaçao para defesa do meio ambiente ( biosfera i ) and with the support of birdlife international and international foundation of banc d ' arguin ( fiba ) , organised a four day workshop to identify conservation priorities .
the species action plan is a contribution to the cape verde national strategy for the conservation of seabirds and the workshop was developed under the framework for conservation of migratory birds ( cmb ) in west africa , coordinated by birdlife and the alcyon project of fiba , funded by the mava foundation .
ty - jour ti - occurrence of the cape verde shearwater calonectris edwardsii on the brazilian coast t2 - bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club . vl - 120 ur - urltoken pb - british ornithologists ' club , cy - london : py - 2000 sp - 198 ep - 200 sn - 0007 - 1595 au - petry , maria virginia au - bugoni , leandro au - silva fonseca , vanda simone da er -
the ministry of environment of cape verde , in collaboration with a local ngo , associaçao para defesa do meio ambiente ( biosfera i ) and with the support of birdlife international and international foundation of banc d ' arguin ( fiba ) , organised a four - day workshop to identify conservation priorities .
links to photos of known cape verde shearwaters can be found here below the pictures . comments have been accumulated and posted at the bottom of the page . additional comments can be sent to paul at . all comments will be read . comments about my jokes or personal hygiene will be trashed . more
all these
allied
small isolated shearwater populations are best regarded as distinct species until their feather - lice or dna is properly examined .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . cape verde shearwater ( calonectris edwardsii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
there was a high overlap of the cape verde shearwaters foraging regions ( 50 % kernel ud ) with the foraging distribution of related species—scopoli’s shearwater—during incubation ( ~ 70 % ) and slight overlap during chick - rearing ( ~ 7 % ) , while not overlapping at all with the non - related northern gannets during incubation and marginally during chick - rearing ( ~ 4 % ) . the overlap with marine ibas was generally low ( max . of 18 % for incubating birds ;
hazevoet , c . j . , fischer , s . and deloison , g . ( 1996 ) notes on distribution , conservation , and taxonmy of birds from the cape verde islands , including records of six species new to the archiplego . bulletin zoologisch museum , university of amsterdam , 15 ( 3 ) : 21 - 27 .
within the cape verde islands , the main colonies are on brava , branco and raso with smaller numbers elsewhere . population estimates of 10 , 000 pairs during the 1990 ' s may be optimistic . local fisherman collect at least 7 , 500 nestlings each year , presumably a significant stress to the population ( hazevoet et al . , 1996 ) .
return to colonies starts in late feb / early mar , with display recorded from mid mar , and egg - laying may–jul on cape verdes , and fledging . . .
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the deployment of gps - loggers ( see details below ) did not take more than 10 minutes and on no occasion did it interfere with reproduction or have visible deleterious effects on study animals . all work on raso islet was approved and certified by annual permits ( p2013 , p2014 ) issue by ‘direcção geral do ambiente de cabo verde’ ( dgacv ; environment governmental authority of cape verde ) . no animal ethics committee approval was required by dgacv . all sampling procedures and / or experimental manipulations were reviewed and specifically approved as part of obtaining the field permit .
@ article { bhlpart76664 , title = { occurrence of the cape verde shearwater calonectris edwardsii on the brazilian coast } , journal = { bulletin of the british ornithologists ' club . } , volume = { 120 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder } , url = urltoken publisher = { london : british ornithologists ' club , 1893 - } , author = { petry , maria virginia and bugoni , leandro and silva fonseca , vanda simone da } , year = { 2000 } , pages = { 198 - - 200 } , }
the scopoli’s shearwater is an excellent flier and in strong winds , it flies high in the air . in quiet weather , it flies lazily on arched wings and perform slow wingbeats .
these sea birds feed on fish , any left - over fish parts from the fishing boats , and mollusks . they can be seen staying near to the fishing trawlers , in the hope of any scraps that might serve them as a meal . cape verde shearwaters are able to fly extremely low to the water , and are often barely inches above the surface as they glide over waters’ surface searching for fish .
i think it is just that - a little shearwater . don ' t be fooled by the lack of clear white above the eye - not all littles have this feature . where it
thibault , j . c . , bretagnolle , v . and rabouam , c . ( 1997 ) calonectris diomedea cory ' s shearwater . bwp update , 1 : 75 - 98 .
not globally threatened . listed as near threatened . confined as a breeder to the cape verdes , where known to breed on santiago , brava , branco , raso , são nicolau , and perhaps . . .
δ 15 n and δ 13 c values ( ±s . e . ) for 64 c . d . diomedea ( white symbols ) and 18 c . d . borealis ( black symbols ) individuals through the annual period ; blood ( incubation period of 2001 ) . p1 , first primary feather moulted at the end of the chick - rearing period of 2000 ; s8 , eighth secondary feather moulted during the wintering period of 2000–2001 . sa corresponds to cape gannets foraging in the south africa coast ( jaquemet & mcquaid 2008 ) . cc corresponds to cape verde shearwaters foraging in the southern canary current ( gómez - díaz & gonzález 2007 ) .
this dull - colored family is plumaged in dark browns , black , white , and gray . some species such as the sooty shearwater are all dark with silvery wing linings , while others such as the great shearwater are dark above and light below . the black - capped petrel and related species have gray and white plumage with bold black markings on the head , back , and wings .
human exploitation of cory’s shearwater has for the most part now ceased , and some of its breeding islands have been declared reserves , from which introduced predators such as rats may eventually be removed ( 2 ) . however , regular monitoring of cory’s shearwater colonies has been recommended , to identify any declines ( 2 ) ( 17 ) , while shearwater mortality in longline fishing gear also needs to be monitored ( 16 ) . fortunately , simple measures such as setting longlines only at certain times of the day can go a long way to reduce the accidental catch of this and other seabirds ( 16 ) .
mullers r , navarro ra , crawford rjm , underhill lg . the importance of lipid - rich fish prey for cape gannet chick growth : are fishery discards an alternative ? ices journal of 2009 ; 66 : 2244–2252 .
vhp received a postdoctoral grant given by ‘fundação para a ciência e tecnologia’ ( sfrh / bpd / 85024 / 2012 ) . this work was logistically supported by the project
protecting threatened and endemic species in cape verde
coordinated by spea in partnership with rspb and biosfera i , and funded by the critical ecosystem partnership fund ( project 61459 ) . local travel and equipment were also supported by the project alcyon funded by fiba ( fondation internacional du banq d ' arguin ) .
richard points out that no small shearwaters are known to breed on ascension , although sub - fossil remains of audubon ' s shearwater have been found and a bird identified as audubon ' s was found in a burrow on an offshore stack in 1959 . the bird has blue feet which seem to indicate a little shearwater , as does the extent of the white on the undertail coverts . however , the dark feathering extends over the eye . the indent of white around the edge of the ear coverts is reminiscent of the larger manx shearwater . measurements are at the upper range for boydi but are the undertail coverts too white for this species ?
behaviour in the wild : the scopoli’s shearwater feeds primarily on fish of numerous species , but it also takes squid and crustaceans , and zooplankton . it takes some offal around the fishing boats during the breeding season .
funding : vhp received a postdoctoral grant given by ‘fundação para a ciência e tecnologia’ ( sfrh / bpd / 85024 / 2012 ) . this work was logistically supported by the project
protecting threatened and endemic species in cape verde
coordinated by spea in partnership with rspb and biosfera i , and funded by the critical ecosystem partnership fund ( project 61459 ) . local travel and equipment were also supported by the project alcyon funded by fiba ( fondation internacional du banq d ' arguin ) .
there was a high overlap of the cape verde shearwaters foraging regions ( 50 % kernel ud ) with the foraging distribution of related species—scopoli’s shearwater—during incubation ( ~ 70 % ) and slight overlap during chick - rearing ( ~ 7 % ) , while not overlapping at all with the non - related northern gannets during incubation and marginally during chick - rearing ( ~ 4 % ) . the overlap with marine ibas was generally low ( max . of 18 % for incubating birds ; table 4 ) . during chick - rearing , birds heavily foraged over known areas of megafauna bycatch off west africa , while avoiding the foreign license fishing region both during incubation and chick - rearing ( table 4 ; fig 2 ) .
gonzález - solís j , felicísimo a , fox jw , afanasyev v , kolbeinsson y , muñoz j . influence of sea surface winds on shearwater migration detours . mar ecol prog ser . 2009 ; 391 : 221–230 .
thibault , j . c . ( 1995 ) effect of predation by the black rat rattus rattus on the breeding success of cory’s shearwater calonectris diomedea in corsica . marine ornithology , 23 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 .
the scopoli’s shearwater is widespread and locally abundant throughout its large range , but its population is declining due to the usual threats such as predation by introduced mammals , habitat changes , human pressure and mortality due to longline fisheries off spain .
granadeiro jp , bolton m , silva mc , nunes m , furness rw . responses of breeding cory ' s shearwater calonectris diomedea to experimental manipulation of chick condition . behavioral ecology . oxford university press ; 2000 ; 11 : 274–281 .
louzao m , delord k , garcia d , boue a , weimerskirch h . protecting persistent dynamic oceanographic features : transboundary conservation efforts are needed for the critically endangered balearic shearwater . hyrenbach d , editor . plos one . public library of science ; 2012 ; 7 .
v . h . p . acknowledges the postdoctoral grant given by ‘fundação para a ciência e tecnologia’ ( sfrh / bpd / 85024 / 2012 ) . this work was logistically supported by the project
protecting threatened and endemic species in cape verde
coordinated by spea in partnership with rspb and biosfera i , and funded by the critical ecosystem partnership fund ( project 61459 ) . local travel and equipment were also supported by the project alcyon funded by fiba ( fondation internacional du banq d ' arguin ) . we are grateful for all the companionship and logistic support given by all the staff from biosfera i and nathalie melo .
granadeiro , j . p . , monteiro , l . r . and furness , r . w . ( 1998 ) diet and feeding ecology of cory’s shearwater calonectris diomedea in the azores , north - east atlantic . marine ecology progress series , 166 : 267 - 276 .
the scopoli’s shearwater is migratory and leaves the breeding grounds in october . the mediterranean populations exit into atlantic ocean and move rapidly southwards . most of birds winter in the atlantic , including areas off the west coast of africa and the east coast of brazil . other birds may reach south africa and indian ocean .
granadeiro , j . p . , dias , m . p . , rebelo , r . , santos , c . d . and catry , p . ( 2006 ) numbers and population trends of cory’s shearwater calonectris diomedea at selvagem grande , northeast atlantic . waterbirds , 29 ( 1 ) : 56 - 60 .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the scopoli’s shearwater is vocal at colonies and usually calls both in flight and from the ground . the female’s voice is lower - pitched . individual recognition seems to be apparent . the main call is a harsh , snoring , repeated wail “keeowwrrah - keeowwrrah” , but this species is silent at sea .
ramos r , granadeiro jp , rodriguez b , navarro j , paiva vh , becares j , et al . meta - population feeding grounds of cory ' s shearwater in the subtropical atlantic ocean : implications for the definition of marine protected areas based on tracking studies . cumming g , editor . diversity and distributions . 2013 ; 19 : 1284–1298 .
igual , j . m . , forero , m . g . , gomez , t . , orueta , j . f . and oro , d . ( 2006 ) rat control and breeding performance in cory’s shearwater ( calonectris diomedea ) : effects of poisoning efforts and habitat features . animal conservation , 9 ( 1 ) : 59 - 65 .
) sent me this picture of a small ' black - and - white shearwater ' that was found in a garden on ascension island last week . it had visited the site on at least three consecutive nights , suggesting it might be scouting out potential nesting sites . the question is , what species is this ? readers may want to refer to a similar discussion
reproduction of this species : the scopoli’s shearwater returns to the colony in february and the breeding season starts in april , with the laying in late may / early june , following ten days of pre - laying exodus by female . this species nests in burrows of two metres long , or in rock crevices and natural hollows , also in deep caves , on cliffs and boulder fields .
in west africa . approximately 10 % smaller than cory ' s shearwater , with a less heavy build . has a slightly darker brown mantle and hindneck , creating a greater degree of contrast between brownish upperparts and whitish underparts . head darker brown creating a hooded effect . bill less heavy , gray - horn colored with less contrast between bill shaft and tip ( appears uniform gray at distance ) .
habitat : the scopoli’s shearwater is marine and pelagic , rarely seen near or on land except for breeding on barren offshore islands . this species nests on cliffs , in caves , boulder fields and sometimes inland on rocky slopes , often in areas with sparse vegetation . it also nests in burrows dug in soft soil . it can be seen up to 435 metres above the sea - level . it usually forages over fairly warm waters .
the scopoli’s shearwater returns soon to the colonies , usually in february , because competition for burrows is intense . they are monogamous . the female performs a pre - laying exodus of about ten days . they are nocturnal at their breeding - sites to avoid predation . the breeding pair often returns to the same nest - site in several following years . mates seat close to each other and perform mutual preening to strengthen the pair - bonds .
range : the scopoli’s shearwater breeds on the mediterranean islands including the balearics , iles d’hyères in france , on elba and small islands off sardinia and sicily , italian islands , in malta , on coastal croatian islands ( and parts of the mainland ) and on greek islands . most populations spend the winter in e atlantic ocean and move south in areas off the w coast of africa and the e coast of brazil . this species is uncommon to rare off e north america , from florida n to new england and w to texas .
shawneen finnegan , tucson , arizona [ notice the limited dark feathering on the undertail coverts of the cape may specimen compared to jamaica bird shown above . is this an artifact of the way the feathers are arranged or a genuine difference ? - aw ] photos copyright richard white© 2002 , paul scofield© 2002 , bernard zonfrillo© 2002 and shawneen finnegan© 2002 . page layout copyright angus wilson© 2002 , all rights reserved . questions / comments ? e - mail : angus wilson back to the seabird list home page to the marine mammal list page to the world ' s best pelagics back to the ocean wanderers home page
we did have the blue - footed shearwater you mentioned from nj here at the academy . i think it has been prepared but may not have been accessioned into the collection yet . at any rate i couldn ' t find it , but the collection manager nate rice is in australia at the moment and he would know where it is . as i recall the thinking at the time was that it was of the loyemillerri subspecies of audubons . i think this was orginally suggested by louis bevier who was working at bna [ birds of north america ] at the time .
a bird of the open ocean , cory’s shearwater is rarely seen near land , returning to barren offshore islands only to breed ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . nesting occurs on cliffs , caves , rocky slopes or boulder fields , usually in areas of sparse vegetation ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) , and nesting burrows may also be dug in soft ground ( 11 ) . this species forages over relatively warm waters ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , often where a meeting of different water types brings food to the surface ( 4 ) .
the measurements are pretty similar as well ( see hanzab ) . the only real difference between the ascension bird and the kermadec birds is the tail length and this reflects an overall trend for longer tails in the more
audubons
influenced little shearwaters . one could argue that what we have here are a sub - antarctic species the true little shearwater ( as exemplified by elegans ) and a true audubon ' s ( as exemplified by l . lherminieri ) that have a lot of intermediate
hybrid
populations . i suspect that dna work will make many of the more northern little shearwaters into blue footed audubons .
cory’s shearwater feeds mostly on fish , squid and crustaceans , and will also take scraps and offal around fishing boats ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 8 ) ( 12 ) . prey is either seized from the water’s surface or from just below ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , and hunting often occurs at night ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . this species can swim underwater using the wings for propulsion , but rarely dives great than ten metres deep ( 11 ) . it will also forage close to groups of feeding dolphins , tuna or seals , taking advantage of prey driven near the surface by these underwater predators ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 12 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
this species is listed as near threatened owing to its moderately small population and range size . the effect of invasive species and artisanal and industrial fisheries on the population is not known , and the species may warrant uplisting to a higher threat category when more data on its population size and trends are acquired .
) . this is equivalent to c . 24 , 000 individuals in total .
the population is suspected to have declined over the past 67 . 5 years ( three generations ) owing to uncontrolled levels of harvest that took place on the main breeding colonies until 2009 .
arriving at colonies in late february to march after an absence of some three months , the birds nest in hollows in cliffs and offshore rocks , and under large boulders ( murphy 1924 , hazevoet 1995 ) . its diet is composed mostly by clupeidae ( sardinella maderensis ) , squid ( loligo sp . ) and carangidae ( selar crumenophthalmus ) ( rodrigues 2014 ) .
the species is protected by law and unauthorised entrance to both raso and branco is officially illegal , but there is no real control ( c . hazevoet
re - assess the population size to acquire an up - to - date estimate . monitor the harvest of the species . employ wardens in protected areas ( nunes and hazevoet 2001 )
to control human activities and enforce existing legislation . carry out an education programme to discourage the consumption of shearwaters ( c . hazevoet
( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22729421a119408872 .
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until recently considered conspecific with c . diomedea and c . borealis , but differs from both in its thin greyish ( vs thick yellow ) bill with blackish subterminal band ( 3 ) ; darker and greyer brown upperparts , often with dark w - mark across upperwing ( 2 ) ; clean demarcation between dark upper and white lower parts of head , thus sometimes creating capped appearance ( 1 ) ; smaller and slimmer size , with longer tail , smaller head , slightly narrower wings ( at least 1 ) ; uppertail - coverts tending to show more white ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; possibly shallower wingbeats , wings held slightly more forward , hand at right angles to body when gliding ( ns ) # r # r . monotypic .
what do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .
42–47 cm ; 420–540 g ; wingspan 101–112 cm . the smallest member of the
vocalizes frequently at colonies , both in flight and on ground ( including from within burrows ) , . . .
marine and pelagic , usually keeping well away from land , except at colonies . breeds on barren . . .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : calonectris edwardsii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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calonectris diomedea and c . borealis ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as c . diomedea following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) , which was also formerly lumped with c . edwardsii following hazevoet ( 1995 ) , contra brooke ( 2004 ) .
this species breeds in algeria , croatia , france , greece , italy , malta , spain ( excluding the canary islands ) , tunisia and turkey ( derhé 2012 ) . the majority of the population spends the non - breeding season in the atlantic , including areas off the west coast of africa and east coast of brazil ( péron et al . 2012 ) . the global population is thought to be in slow decline overall , although more research is required ( derhé 2012 , carboneras et al . 2013 ) .
the most recent assessment of the european population provided an estimate of 30 , 500 - 48 , 100 pairs , equating to 61 , 000 - 96 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . the population on zembra island , tunisia is estimated at 113 , 720 - 176 , 750 pairs ( defos du rau et al . 2012 ) . the overall population has been estimated at 142 , 478 - 222 , 886 pairs ( derhé 2012 , carboneras et al . 2013 ) , assumed here to be equivalent to c . 285 , 000 - 446 , 000 mature individuals . this estimate follows recent surveys of the largest colony on zembra island , tunisia , which resulted in an alternative revised estimate for the total breeding population of 179 , 000 - 193 , 000 pairs ( defos du rau et al . 2012 ) . trend justification : the overall population trend is estimated to be declining . the species’s population is estimated and projected to be declining by c . 2 % over three generations ( 1980 - 2038 ) , although this is based on data from only 6 % of the population ( derhé 2012 , carboneras et al . 2013 ) . the european population is estimated to be declining by less than 25 % in three generations ( birdlife international 2015 ) . estimates of adult survival and breeding probabilities in tunisia are required to fully estimate the global population trend ( carboneras et al . 2013 ) .
pelagic movements are easily divided into frequent foraging trips around the breeding areas , rapid , long - distance migrations , and smaller - scale movements within a well defined wintering ground ( gonzález - solís et al . 2007 ) . breeding starts in april on barren offshore islands , occupying cliffs , caves and boulder fields ( del hoyo et al . 1992 ) . diet is mostly squid , which are obtained mainly by surface - seizing . it is regularly attracted to trawlers to feed on offal ( del hoyo et al . 1992 ) .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t45061132a111157821 .
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. there is now a strong move to restore this distinctive form to full species status .
should be looked for among cory ' s shearwaters along the atlantic seaboard of north america and in europe . identification is reviewed in porter et al . 1997 . the article includes an excellent collection of color photographs of the species taken at sea off
curtis , w . f . ( 1994 ) further south atlantic records . sea swallow 43 : 19 - 28 .
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light pink bill is fairly long and thin with a dark ring near the slightly hooked tip . the wings are long and the tail is medium in length . flies with rapid stiff wing beats alternated with short glides .
waters near the same island group . vagrants have occurred a few times in the atlantic ocean off the coast of eastern north america from new jersey south to north carolina .
the first documented north american sighting took place in august of 2004 off the coast of north carolina .
a group of shearwaters are collectively known as an
improbability
of shearwaters .
there are four families of seabirds in the procellariiformes ( pronounced pro - sel - lehr - eye - ih - for - meez ) , an order that includes the dainty storm - petrels , the huge albatrosses , and the shearwaters .
the shearwaters are in the procellariidae ( pronounced pro - sel - lar - eye - ih - dee ) , a family composed of eighty - five species in fourteen genera that roam all oceans of the world .
in north american waters , thirty - five species of shearwaters in six genera have been identified . included among these are the thin - winged pterodrama species of the deep waters such as the black - capped petrel , and the stocky , gull - like northern fulmar .
shearwaters are known for the prominent tube - like structures on their beaks that , as with all procellariiformes , help remove excess sea water . species such as the sooty and short - tailed shearwaters are also known for their open water , low altitude gliding and tilting mode of flight on straight wings , the tips of which often slice or “shear” through the water’s surface .
shearwaters are seabirds that are medium to large in size with elongated round bodies , medium length tails , long , pointed wings , and webbed feet adapted to their marine environment . their bills are medium length , narrow , have a small hook on the tip , and are topped with tubular nasal structures .
shearwaters are encountered in deep , marine waters off of both coasts with the deepest waters beyond the continental shelf favored by the petrels of the pterodrama genus . they only occur on fresh water if blown inland by hurricanes , and on land are only likely to be encountered on northern cliffs and islets that are their breeding grounds .
some species undertake very long migrations from breeding areas in the southern hemisphere to the waters of the northern hemisphere .
shearwaters nest in colonies , and often occur in flocks when foraging . fish , squid , crustaceans , and other food items are sometimes picked from the surface , but mostly obtained by diving into the water .
populations of several species of shearwaters have been declining with subsequent listing as near - threatened or threatened ; these declines likely linked to long - line fishing and global warming . shearwaters are also easily threatened by disturbances at their breeding grounds .
shearwaters produce an oily substance in their stomachs that is fed to young and which can be vomited as a defense mechanism . young birds high in fat and oil content are harvested by the maori people in new zealand where they are called , “muttonbirds” .
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the pelagic is a type of bird whose habitat is on the open ocean rather than in a coastal region or on inland bodies of water ( lakes , rivers ) . an example of a pelagic bird is the blacklegged kittiwake .
located on the wing , and collectively called remiges ( singular , remex ) . the long stiff feathers are subdivided into two major groups based on the location and are called primaries and secondaries .
is clearly seen - the identification is certain but where not then little cannot be ruled out . without seeing the whole bird - i am fairly certain
attached is a shot of 2 different little shearwaters from the desertas - as you can see - no clear white over the eye . many birds are like this and it may be a feature of age . the ascension bird is a little darker than my examples . the other shot is of a bird from the azores that shows a narrow white line over the eye . in fact i realise that i do not have a shot of a
text book
little with a large white area around the eye ! those
individuals are in the minority ! plumage is always a bit variable in shearwaters - some manx have a clear neck - crescent while others have nothing .
it sure looks like an audubon ' s to me ( though it seems a bit small ) i ' ve handled dozens of them in the caribbean . i ' ve seen probably 100 or so litttles in the south atlantic and never seen one with a dusky face like the pictured bird . i can ' t remember which race boydi is , but i didn ' t think any little could have a face pattern so dead on for audubon ' s .
vireo has 2 photos by bob pitman of an audubon ' s on land , presumedly to nest from the line islands in the south pacific which shows bluish legs , and 1 photo of an audubons on land by rick and nora bowers from little tobago island which shows bluish tarsus and and 1 bluish
toe
with pink webbing .
this bird looks remarkably like those p . assimilis breeding on the kermadec islands ( ssp . kermadecensis ) . the photos below were taken last month on cheeseman island in the southern kermadecs .
i looked through my photos and found the audubon ' s pictures i took in jamaica a few years ago . the dark cheeks of audubon ' s do look something like the ascension bird but the legs are pink , no trace of blue , and the undertail coverts are
dusky
. i think audubon ' s has a proportionately longer tail - not obvious on the ascension bird picture .
lumping them all as one is probably not a good idea . where feather lice have shown distinct differences dna has backed that up in every case . it
really is important to get some parasites from these odd stray birds , and / or a blood , feather or tissue sample . finders should bear it in mind .
i did go up to the academy of science and compared this bird directly with other audubon ' s in the collection and it was a match . we decided that it was loyemilleri subspecies from trinidad / tobago area . the legs were blue , but the webs of the feet were pinkish . this bird had an ulcer on one of its feet that made it look much redder and purple around the affected area ( see dorsal view )
the handbook of bird identification for europe and the western palearctic by mark beaman , steve madge - c . helm - isbn : 0713639601
the adult has grey - brown upperparts including crown , nape , hindneck , back , mantle and scapulars where the plumage pattern becomes scaly , like on rump and uppertail - coverts . we can see a whitish crescent formed by the rearmost uppertail - coverts . the upperwing is darker brown . primary coverts and flight feathers are darker , whereas tertials and lowermost scapulars are dark , forming an indistinct m or w across the upperparts . the uppertail is mostly blackish - brown .