lamprosticta culta is a moth of the noctuidae family .

it is found from the pyrenees to ukraine and in turkey .

the wingspan is 40 – 48 mm .

adults are on wing from june to july in one generation per year .

adults are attracted to flowers .

the larvae feed on the leaves of various trees and shrubs , including prunus spinosa , crataegus species and fruit trees .

larvae can be found from august to september .

lamprosticta culta

lamprosticta culta ( denis & schiffermuller , 1775 ) = noctua culta denis & schiffermüller , 1775 .
noctua culta denis & schiffermüller , 1775 ; ank . syst . schmett . wienergegend : 70 ; tl : vienna district
lamprosticta culta plumbitincta ronkay & ronkay , 1995 ; noct . eur . 7 : 125 , pl . 3 , f . 46 - 47 ; tl : turkey , prov . erzurum - erzincan , 10km w askale , 1700m , 40°34 ' e 39°50 ' n
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ronkay , ronkay & gyulai , 2011 a taxonomic atlas of the eurasian and north african noctuoidea . cuculliinae ii and psaphidinae witt catalogue 5 : -
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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012
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centre for entomological studies ankara , cesa news nr . 81
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centre for entomological studies ankara , cesa news nr . 81


the northern bobwhite , virginia quail or ( in its home range ) bobwhite quail ( colinus virginianus ) is a ground-dwelling bird native to the united states , mexico , and the caribbean .

it is a member of the group of species known as new world quails ( odontophoridae ) .

they were initially placed with the old world quails in the pheasant family ( phasianidae ) , but are not particularly closely related .

the name " bobwhite " derives from its characteristic whistling call .

despite its secretive nature , the northern bobwhite is one of the most familiar quails in eastern north america because it is frequently the only quail in its range .

habitat degradation has likely contributed to the northern bobwhite population in eastern north america declining by roughly 85 % from 1966-2014 .

this population decline is apparently range-wide and continuing .

there are 21 subspecies of northern bobwhite , many of which are hunted extensively as game birds .

one subspecies , the masked bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ridgwayi ) , is listed as endangered with wild populations located in the northern mexican state of sonora and a reintroduced population in buenos aires national wildlife refuge in southern arizona .

northern bobwhite

masked bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ridgwayi ) is subspecies of the northern bobwhite quail . i took this video of captive quail just to show the difference whit the common northern bobwhite
northern bobwhite , a type of quail , are ground - nesting grassland birds .
baker ja , bailey ed . ontogeny of the separation call in northern bobwhite (
the northern bobwhite decline : scaling our management for the twenty - first century .
figure 1 . distribution of the northern bobwhite in north america and the western caribbean .
adult male ( eastern ) northern bobwhite ; brevard co . , fl , may .
resistance is futile : effects of landscape features on gene flow of the northern bobwhite .
brady sj , flather ch , church ke . range - wide declines of northern bobwhite (
fipronil toxicity in northern bobwhite quail colinus virginianus : reduced feeding behaviour and sulfone metabolite formation .
the northern bobwhite is distinctive ; no similar species exist within its range . the montezuma quail is superficially similar , but its range overlaps with the northern bobwhite’s only in south - central texas .
hernández f , peterson mj . northern bobwhite ecology and life history in : brennan la editor .
northern bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ) mitochondrial population genomics reveals structure , divergence , and evidence for heteroplasmy .
brennan la . how can we reverse the northern bobwhite population decline ? wildl soc bulletin . 1991 ; 544–555 .
kitulagodage m , isanhart j , buttemer wa , hooper mj , astheimer lb . fipronil toxicity in northern bobwhite quail
shupe te . frequency of northern bobwhite x scaled quail hybridization . wilson bull . 1990 ; 102 : 352–353 .
fipronil toxicity in northern bobwhite quail colinus virginianus : reduced feeding behaviour and sulfone metabolite formation . - pubmed - ncbi
the northern bobwhite calls
bob white !
during mating season and
koi - lee
in the fall .
the northern bobwhite’s nest consists of a grass - lined depression on the ground , often concealed by an arch of vegetation .
from raw materials to validated system : the construction of a genomic library and microarray to interpret systemic perturbations in northern bobwhite .
northern bobwhites are often known as
king of native american game birds
.
repetitive content summary for the scaled quail ( callipepla squamata ) v1 . 0 and northern bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ) v2 . 0 genomes
the northern bobwhite varies by subspecies , but is generally patterned in rufous and black , with a bold pale supercilium and a pale throat .
northern bobwhite management on private lands - coahoma county ( pdf ) mississippi state university forest and wildlife research center a large - scale crop farm in coahoma county is examined for the effects of integrated management on northern bobwhite quail . the specific management practices used and the effects are given .
northern bobwhite are fairly common permanent residents in appropriate habitat throughout missouri . northern bobwhite and three other new world quail species in the same genus are distinguished from other types of quail and are called
bobwhites .
the word
quail
is dropped from their official common name .
northern bobwhite management on private lands - clay county ( pdf ) mississippi state university forest and wildlife research center a working cattle and row crop farm in clay county is examined for the effects of integrated management on northern bobwhite quail . the specific management practices used and the effects are given .
peterson mj . northern bobwhite and scaled quail abundance and hunting regulation : a texas example . j wildl manage . 2001 ; 65 : 828–837 .
estimated for the bobwhite was about three times larger than that of the scaled quail . a notable decline in bobwhite estimated
northern bobwhites are distinctive , with nothing else in their range being likely to confuse birders .
devos t jr , speake dw . effects of releasing pen - raised northern bobwhites on survival rates of wild populations of northern bobwhites . wildlife soc bull . 1995 ; 23 : 267–273 .
evidence of an oxyspirura petrowi epizootic in northern bobwhites ( colinus virginianus ) , texas , usa .
northern bobwhite management on private lands - panola county ( pdf ) mississippi state university forest and wildlife research center a farm in panola county that produces row crops , forage crops , and forest products is examined for the effects of integrated management on northern bobwhite quail . the specific management practices used and the effects are given .
reyna ks , burggren ww . upper lethal temperatures of northern bobwhite embryos and the thermal properties of their eggs . poultry sci . 2012 ; 91 : 41–46 .
a draft de novo genome assembly for the northern bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ) reveals evidence for a rapid decline in effective population size beginning in the late pleistocene .
northern bobwhites are divided into 22 subspecies , some of which were formerly considered to be separate species—such as the masked bobwhite , the rufous - bellied bobwhite , and the black - headed bobwhite . although the females mostly look alike , the males vary dramatically from one subspecies to the next .
williams ck , lutz sr , applegate rd . winter survival and additive harvest in northern bobwhite coveys in kansas . j wildlife manage . 2004 ; 68 : 94–100 .
a northern bobwhite is able to store food in its crop ( food storage area ) for digesting later . this means it can go without food for quite a while .
mueller jm , dabbert cb , demarais s , forbes ar . northern bobwhite chick mortality caused by red imported fire ants . j wildl manage . 1999 ; 63 : 1291–1298 .
bruno a , fedynich am , smith - herron a , rollins d . pathological response of northern bobwhites to
poxvirus in scaled quail and prevalences of poxvirus - like lesions in northern bobwhites and scaled quail from texas .
northern bobwhites are resident throughout much of the eastern u . s . the population has declined in recent decades .
peterson mj , wu xb , rho p . rangewide trends in landuse and northern bobwhite abundance : an exploratory analysis . proceedings of the national quail symposium . 2002 ; 5 : 35–44 .
the northern bobwhite - - many call it just the bobwhite - - has an unmistakable call , which is also the source of its name . the species is native to the us , east of the rockies . but northern bobwhites have been released into the wild as game birds in many locales in the west . is there a bird or . . . read more »
brennan , l . a . 1999 . northern bobwhite . the birds of north america , no . 397 . the birds of north america , inc . , philadelphia , pennsylvania , usa .
hernández f , brennan la , demaso sj , sands jp , wester db . on reversing the northern bobwhite population decline : 20 years later . wildl soc bull . 2013 ; 37 : 177–188 .
williams ck , guthery fs , applegate rd , peterson mj . the northern bobwhite decline : scaling our management for the twenty - first century . wildl soc bull . 2001 ; 32 : 861–869 .
effects of altered prenatal auditory experiences on postnatal auditory preferences in bobwhite quail chicks .
madge s , mcgowan pj , kirwan gm . plate 59 : bobwhite in :
b first - generation scaffolded bobwhite assembly ( halley et al . 2014 ) .
peterson mj , perez rm . is quail hunting self regulatory ? : northern bobwhite and scaled quail abundance and quail hunting in texas . proceedings of the national quail symposium . 2000 ; 4 : 85–91 .
the oldest northern bobwhite on record was 6 years , 5 months old . they have short life spans but make up for it with prolific breeding abilities . under good conditions , a bobwhite pair can produce 2 or 3 broods , totaling 25 offspring or more , in a single breeding season .
the northern bobwhite is protected under the federal species at risk act ( sara ) . more information about sara , including how it protects individual species , is available in the species at risk act : a guide .
berkman lk , nielsen ck , roy cl , heist ej . resistance is futile : effects of landscape features on gene flow of the northern bobwhite . conserv genet . 2013 ; 14 ( 2 ) : 323–332 .
using herbicides and fire to manage pine forests for northern bobwhites ( pdf ) louisiana state university ag center lsu agcenter researchers examined the effects of prescribed fire used in conjunction with herbicides and prescribed fire only on creating or improving bobwhite quail habitat in pine stands . as a result of this research , management recommendations for creating and maintaining northern bobwhite habitat in pine stands using a combination of prescribed fire and herbicides are outlined in this article .
eastern group c . v . aridus ( lawrence , 1853 ) - jaumave bobwhite - west - central tamaulipas to southeastern san luis potosi c . v . cubanensis ( gr gray , 1846 ) - cuban bobwhite - cuba and the isle of pines c . v . floridanus ( coues , 1872 ) - florida bobwhite - peninsular florida c . v . insulanus ( howe , 1904 ) - key west bobwhite - florida keys c . v . maculatus ( nelson , 1899 ) - spot - bellied bobwhite - central tamaulipas to northern veracruz and southeastern san luis potosi c . v . marilandicus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - coastal new england to pennsylvania and central virginia c . v . mexicanus ( linnaeus , 1766 ) - eastern united states west of atlantic seaboard to great plains c . v . taylori ( lincoln , 1915 ) - plains bobwhite - south dakota to northern texas , western missouri and northwest arkansas c . v . texanus ( lawrence , 1853 ) - texas bobwhite - southwest texas to northern mexico c . v . virginianus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) - nominate - atlantic coast from virginia to northern florida and southeast alabama
some birds , such as the northern bobwhite , take their names from their songs or vocalizations :
bobwhite ! bobwhite !
the killdeer is another bird named for its song :
kill - dee , kill - dee , kill - dee .
there are others .
poorwill , poorwill , poorwill
calls this common poorwill . this bird is the . . . read more »
hernández f , peterson mj . northern bobwhite ecology and life history . in : brennan la editor . texas quails : ecology and management . college station : texas a & m university press ; 2007 . pp . 40–64 .
droege s , sauer jr . northern bobwhite , gray partridge , and ring - necked pheasant population trends ( 1966–1988 ) from the north american breeding bird survey in : church ke , warner re , brady sj , editors .
foushée r , lickliter r . early visual experience affects postnatal auditory responsiveness in bobwhite quail (
northern bobwhite : feeds on a variety of seeds , by ground foraging , occasionally consumes green vegetation and insects . seed diet extremely diverse , includes wheat , corn , soybeans , legumes , pine and oak mast , and grasses .
during winter , northern bobwhites form coveys of 10 - 15 birds , often roosting in a circle at night with each bird facing outward .
an early - successional species , the northern bobwhite lives in shrubby thickets adjacent to open areas such as grasslands , agriculture , roadsides , and wood edges . bobwhites take advantage of edges created by fire , timber harvesting , and agriculture .
the northern bobwhite ' s diet of plant matter and insects varies with the season . in winter , they eat mostly seeds , while in summer when raising young , they eat mostly insects . the young also eat mostly insect matter .
williford d , deyoung rw , honeycutt rl , brennan la , hernández f , wehland em , et al . contemporary genetic structure of the northern bobwhite west of the mississippi river . jof wildl manage . 2014 ; 78 : 914–929 .
allen cr , willey rd , myers pe , horton pm , buffa j . impact of red imported fire ant infestation on northern bobwhite quail abundance trends in southeastern united states . j agric urban entomo . 2000 ; 17 : 43–51 .
) , with the known pen - reared bobwhite possessing a haplotype that was more closely related to the most common wild bobwhite mitogenome sequences ( i . e . , group 1 ; figs
genome characteristics for the scaled quail ( callipepla squamata ) v1 . 0 , bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ) v2 . 0 , and bobwhite 1 . 1 ( accession : awgt01000000 ) genome assemblies
at night , northern bobwhites watch out for predators by forming a circle on the ground , their heads facing out and their tails pointing in .
the northern bobwhite is one of the signature game species of upland longleaf pine forests . in the spring , visitors to these habitats can expect to hear the males whistle the tell - tale “bobwhite” call . in the fall / winter , it ' s not uncommon to be surprised by a covey of quail flushing from a brushy area .
bobwhite quail in texas : habitat needs and management suggestions ( pdf ) texas parks and wildlife department basic information to help landowners or sportsmen manage their land for a continuous supply of bobwhite quail .
lickliter r , hellewell t . contextual determinants of auditory learning in bobwhite quail embryos and hatchlings .
widely distributed throughout the eastern united states and mexico , the northern bobwhite is economically one of north america ' s most important game birds , especially in the southern and midwestern united states . captive - reared bobwhites are important for commercial ventures that produce birds for food and release them for hunting . in addition , the northern bobwhite has played a major role in captive laboratory studies to test the physiological and behavioral effects of pesticides on wildlife and was the subject of the first modern systematic study (
the northern bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ) is often referred to as an “edge” species , seeking habitat where crop fields intersect with woodlands , pastures and old fields . historically , land use favored bobwhite , but changes in land use and how lands are managed have caused the bird’s numbers to dip by more than 80 percent over the last 60 years .
scaled quail ( callipepla squamata ) v1 . 0 and bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ) v2 . 0 gene aed scores . bobwhite scores are shown in orange ; scaled quail scores are shown in blue .
northern bobwhite populations declined by 82 % between 1966 and 2010 , one of the most dramatic declines in the u . s . in new jersey the species is believed to be functionally extinct with the possibility of some birds still existing in southwestern nj .
the northern bobwhite is a popular game bird and is welcomed by farmers as a destroyer of weeds and harmful insects . for people who don ' t hunt , these native quail are beloved for their clear , loud song and exciting eruption when flushed .
heaton mb , miller db , goodwin dg . species - specific auditory discrimination in bobwhite quail neonates .
) . two of the 10 masked bobwhite quail died during this study , but were found to be negative by pcr . the genetic analysis suggests that four of the zoo’s masked bobwhite quail were infected with
northern bobwhite , or bobwhite quail , populations have declined in the southeast over the past several decades . changes in land use practices have impacted the habitat of the bobwhite , resulting in a population decline . this full - color publication covers the life history and ecology of the northern bobwhite including courtship and nesting , brood rearing , covey structure , and habitat management for bobwhite quail in open lands , forested land , and how to utilize supplemental food plots . this publication also offers some information on the conservation programs for private landowners that can provide financial assistance for habitat management activities , including the conservation reserve program ( crp ) , environmental quality incentives program ( eqip ) , and conservation security program ( csp ) of the natural resources conservation service ( nrcs ) . readers will find information on population monitoring and harvesting considerations .
the northern bobwhite or bobwhite quail is a medium - sized , round - bodied bird with a short tail and neck . plumage is reddish brown with streaking on the sides . males have a black - and - white stripe above and below the eye with a white throat patch ; in females , the stripe and throat patch is tan and buff brown .
the northern bobwhite are predominantly herbivores ( folivores and granivores ) , they mainly eats plant matter like the seeds of various plants , acorns , leaves , fruits , buds and tubers . in summer , it catches spiders , insects , snails and small vertebrates .
because of its history as a game bird , the northern bobwhite is one of the most intensively studied bird species in the world . scientists have researched the impacts of various human activities , from pesticide application to prescribed burning , on both wild and captive bobwhites .
grayson ' s group c . v . graysoni ( lawrence , 1867 ) - grayson ' s bobwhite - west central mexico c . v . nigripectus ( nelson , 2015 ) - puebla bobwhite - eastern mexico
eggs , chicks , and adults of button quail , african harlequin quail , california valley quail , texas blue scaled quail , various coturnix quail , white bobwhite quail , snowflake bobwhite quail , and possibly others .
although still locally common , northern bobwhite has declined significantly in the united states . manipulation of habitat and the high populations of the introduced fire ant are believed to be key factors in the decline . dramatic declines have left the species virtually extirpated in many areas where it was once common . the native population of “masked bobwhite” was extirpated from the united states by 1900 .
a round - bodied , ground - dwelling bird , the northern bobwhite was introduced into washington from the eastern united states . highly streaked and cryptic , the northern bobwhite is patterned in shades of brown varying from rufous , to chocolate , to tan . a light - colored throat and eyebrow band are distinctive marks . this is the only quail in washington that is uniformly streaked in brown . males and females appear similar , but males have less streaking on their breasts , and their eyebrows and throat bands are white instead of tan .
the northern bobwhite is remarkably complex , with differences sometimes being striking in the plumage of the adult male . the species is often broken into 4 distinct groups , 2 of which occur in the united states . the northern group occurs in eastern north america ; it is made up of 5 similar subspecies that are differentiated by changes in overall coloration and the width of barring on the underparts . the second group is the “masked bobwhite” ( ridgwayi ) found in southern arizona and sonora ; at times it has been considered a separate species .
' masked ' bobwhite has a black face and very limited range in the s . e . arizona .
lickliter r , bahrick le , honeycutt h . intersensory redundancy facilitates prenatal perceptual learning in bobwhite quail embryos .
sp . found in the zoo’s masked bobwhite quail . we also found mixed infections , with two genotypes of
) . the two scaffolds excluded from the bobwhite ( v2 . 0 ) genome assembly were previously reported to produce convincing blastn and blastp alignments to apicomplexan parasite sequences in the bobwhite ( v1 . 0 ) assembly (
cp 33 : habitat buffers for upland birds - the united states department of agriculture ' s farm service agency has introduced a new conservation practice under the continuous conservation reserve program intended to create 2 , 800 acres of habitat for the northern bobwhite quail in 21 florida counties .
. the males of this group share the same white facial markings as the northern races , but darker on the throat and the belly relatively unmarked rufous - brown .
northern bobwhite are still fairly common in grasslands , shrubby pastures , hedgerows and woodland edges . however , populations have been declining in recent decades , due primarily to habitat loss and unfavorable weather during winter and nesting season . the missouri department conservation is helping to reverse the downward trend in bobwhite numbers and improve the statewide population through several initiatives including public education , recreation opportunities and landowner assistance .
] , and bobwhite demographic models ( i . e . , constant stable population vs growth - decline ) [
the northern bobwhite , found in coveys except during breeding season , is the most widespread and familiar quail in north america . it exhibits the greatest range of geographic variation of any galliform . polytypic ( 20 ssp . ; 4 in north america ) . length 9 . 7
.
189 northern bobwhite chicks served as subjects . chicks in the contingent ( con ) condition ( n = 69 ) were run first , and chicks in the noncontingent ( noc ; n = 58 ) and vicarious ( vic ; n = 62 ) conditions were later yoked to these .
has disappeared from much of the northern part of its range , and has declined seriously even in more southern areas . the causes for these declines are not well understood . at northern edge of range , many may be killed by unusually harsh winters , but this does not explain its widespread vanishing act . the
masked bobwhite ,
a subspecies extinct in arizona and endangered in mexico , is now being reintroduced into southern arizona with only limited success .
guthery , f . s . 1997 . a philosophy of habitat management for northern bobwhites . j . wildl . manage . no . 61 : 291 - 301 . close
the only native quail in much of its range , the northern bobwhite is most easily identified by its small size ( 8 ½ - 10 ½ inches ) , mottled brown body , small black bill , and short tail . males have a white throat , white eye - stripe , and black cheek patch , while females have a more brownish head . the northern bobwhite inhabits a large part of the eastern united states and extreme southern canada . other populations occur in mexico and the west indies . this species is non - migratory in all parts of its range . northern bobwhites inhabit a variety of open habitats , including overgrown fields , forest clearings , grasslands , and scrub . traditionally , forest fires helped create habitat for this species by removing thicker vegetation ; today , human activity has a similar impact on habitat in certain areas . northern bobwhites mainly eat seeds and other plant material , but insects make up a higher proportion of this species’ diet in summer . due to its preference for semi - open habitat types , northern bobwhites may be most easily observed foraging for food on the ground . when startled , this species may either run away or “explode” into the air and fly a short distance to safety . northern bobwhites are most active during the day .
brennan , leonard a . , fidel hernandez and damon williford . 2014 . northern bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
curtis , p . d . , b . s . mueller , p . d . doerr , c . f . robinette and t . devos . 1993 . potential polygamous breeding behavior in northern bobwhite . proc . nat . quail symposium no . 3 : 55 - 63 . close
northern bobwhite : occur from southeastern ontario to central america . highest population densities are reached in the eastern united states and mexico . can also be found throughout cuba . disjunct populations exist in washington , oregon , idaho and northwestern mexico . found in a variety of forested and agricultural habitats .
citation : halley ya , oldeschulte dl , bhattarai ek , hill j , metz rp , johnson cd , et al . ( 2015 ) northern bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ) mitochondrial population genomics reveals structure , divergence , and evidence for heteroplasmy . plos one 10 ( 12 ) : e0144913 . urltoken
buechner hk . an evaluation of restocking with pen - reared bobwhite . j wildlife manage 1950 ; 14 : 363–377 .
black - breasted group c . v . godmani ( nelson , 1897 ) - godman ' s bobwhite - eastern slopes and mountains of central veracruz c . v . minor ( nelson , 1901 ) - least bobwhite - northeast chiapas and tabasco c . v . pectoralis ( gould , 1883 ) - black - breasted bobwhite - eastern slopes and mountains of central veracruz c . v . thayeri ( bangs and peters , 1928 ) - thayer ' s bobwhite - northeast oaxaca
) , the annotation sets produced in this study provide a strong foundation for future scaled quail and bobwhite genomics research .
the northern bobwhite is a member of the order galliformes , from the latin ‘gallinaceus’ , which means “of poultry . ” they belong to the same order as domestic fowl , also including turkeys , grouse , pheasants , partridges and other quail . they are also members of the family odontophoridae , new world quails with a serrated lower mandible . the strong whistle of a bobwhite in piney woods or a grassy field has long been associated with summer in the countryside of the east of the american continent . it’s much harder to sight a northern bobwhite , as its elegantly dappled plumage affords excellent camouflage . these birds are more often heard than seen ; although they are not especially shy , often they remain within dense low cover .
northern bobwhite : song a clear , whistled
bob white
or
pup waaayk .
several different call notes include soft
hoy
, moderate
hoy - poo
, and loud
koi - lee .
alarm call a harsh
quaee .
some geographic variation in vocalizations .
honeycutt h , lickliter r . prenatal experience and postnatal perceptual preferences : evidence for attentional - bias in bobwhite quail embryos (
masked group c . v . atriceps ( ogilvie - grant , 1893 ) - black - headed bobwhite - interior of western oaxaca c . v . coyolcos ( statius muller , 1776 ) - coyolcos bobwhite - pacific coast of oaxaca and chiapas c . v . harrisoni ( orr and webster , 1968 ) - southwest oaxaca c . v . insignis ( nelson , 1897 ) - guatemalan bobwhite - guatemala and southern chiapas c . v . ridgwayi ( brewster , 1885 ) - masked bobwhite - north central sonora c . v . salvini ( nelson , 1897 ) - salvin ' s bobwhite - coastal and southern chiapas
the bobwhite quail was introduced to new zealand , but without success . a small population established around lake waikaremoana , but no longer exists . small groups were also seen in south auckland and northern hawke’s bay , but none has been reported since the 1980s . a few birds are still held by game farms .
evans ko , burger lw jr , palmer we . genetic structure of northern bobwhites in northeast mississippi and southwest tennessee . proceedings of the national quail symposium . 2012 ; 7 : 244–250 .
northern bobwhites were thought to be monogamous until researchers began radio - tracking individuals to follow their activities . it turns out that both male and female bobwhites can have multiple mates in one season .
honeycutt h , lickliter r . order - dependent timing of unimodal and multimodal stimulation affects prenatal auditory learning in bobwhite quail embryos .
males and females give a loud whistled upslurred “bob - wheet ! ” call ( hence its name bobwhite ) . . . .
widely distributed throughout the eastern united states and mexico , the northern bobwhite is economically one of north america ' s most important game birds , especially in the southern and midwestern united states . captive - reared bobwhites are important for commercial ventures that produce birds for food and release them for hunting . the northern bobwhite has played a major role in captive laboratory studies to test the physiological and behavioral effects of pesticides on wildlife and was the subject of the first modern systematic study ( stoddard 1931 ) of a wild animal ' s life history in relation to environmental and habitat factors that influence its abundance . studies of relationships between bobwhite populations and applications of prescribed fire for their habitat management became a cornerstone of fire ecology research in the united states ( stoddard 1931 , leopold 1933 ) .
the northern bobwhite , colinus virginianus , ( french name : colin de virginie ) is a member of the new world quail family odonotophoridae . it is a small , grouse - like bird ; males have a black necklace , white throat and a white line above the eye , females have a buffy throat and eye - stripe .
the minister of environment and climate change is the competent minister under sara for the northern bobwhite and has prepared this recovery strategy , as per section 37 of sara . to the extent possible , it has been prepared in cooperation with the province of ontario and walpole island first nation as per section 39 ( 1 ) of sara .
the bobwhite quail was designated as the official state game bird by public chapter 775 of the acts of the 95th tennessee general assembly .
) . call a was recorded under conditions of a bobwhite hen leading her young away from the nest , and call b was recorded from a bobwhite hen in a colony where no chicks were present . a number of studies have demonstrated that bobwhite chicks have no naive preference for either of these calls and are capable of acquiring significant preferences for either call ( e . g . , honeycutt & lickliter ,
. estimates of gc content for the assembled scaled quail and bobwhite genomes were similar ( 41 . 72 % and 42 . 66 % , respectively ) . likewise , ≥90 % of the assembled scaled quail and bobwhite genomes were captured within 1313 and 8990 scaffolds , respectively (
baumgartner fm . dispersal and survival of game farm bobwhite quail in north central oklahoma . j wildl manage . 1944 ; 8 : 112–118 .
) , the estimated genome size for the scaled quail and the bobwhite was 1 . 08 and 1 . 23 gb , respectively . these estimates are compatible with the first - generation bobwhite assembly ( estimated 1 . 19–1 . 20 gb ; assembled 1 . 17 gb ) (
) . in comparison to the first - generation bobwhite genome assembly , where the minimum repetitive content was estimated at 8 . 08 % (
the northern bobwhite is found from southeastern wyoming east to massachusetts south through eastern mexico to western guatemala . in canada it is found only in southern ontario , with natural populations likely restricted to walpole island and perhaps the adjacent mainland . it has been introduced to many other areas with limited long - term success . ( updated 2017 / 05 / 24 )
northern bobwhite : monogamous and solitary . both sexes build scape nest of grasses , weeds , dead vegetation . female usually incubates fourteen to sixteen cream eggs alone for 23 days , males have been documented incubating occasionally . precocial , downy young are able to walk and find insect food almost immediately upon hatching . family groups may stay together through late winter .
hernández f , hernández f , arredondo ja , bryant fc , brennan la , bingham rl . influence of precipitation on demographics of northern bobwhites in southern texas . wildl soc bull . 2005 ; 33 : 1071–1079 .
) in the northern mediterranean : the combined effects of historical vicariance , population expansion , secondary invasion , and isolation by distance . mol phylogenet evol . 2004 ; 33 ( 1 ) : 32–42 . pmid : 15324837
northern bobwhites are an important prey species for birds of prey as well as small terrestrial predators . these birds are also important foliage and seed predators and may have an effect on the plant communities where they live .
according to fish and game new zealand , “the least common of new zealand upland gamebirds , the bobwhite was released from auckland to southland in 1898 and 1899 . today their range is much reduced but small numbers of birds persist in south auckland and northern hawkes bay . the populations of bobwhites are augmented with releases of hand reared birds by enthusiastic aviculturalists . ”
in a handful of states , the annual surveys of bobwhite , pheasants , rabbits , and other game species provide valuable data for wildlife managers .
restoring bobwhite quail habitat ( pdf ) mdwfp , ms fish and wildlife foundation , delta wildlife inc . , msu forest and wildlife research center .
single nucleotide insertion ( i . e . , frameshift ) in all bobwhite mitogenome sequences that were generated during this study ( for review see [
) than the average density observed for the bobwhite genome ( 1 / 297 kb ; v2 . 0 ; excluding n’s ) . to date , > 50 unique microsatellite loci have been characterized for the scaled quail and the bobwhite , collectively , and some have been utilized for population studies (
the present study explored the effects of both contingent and vicarious exposure to auditory stimuli on the acquisition of auditory preferences in northern bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ) chicks . previous studies have shown that bobwhite chicks require 240 - 480 min of noncontingent exposure ( delivered 10 min / hr for 24 - 48 hr ) to a particular variant of a bobwhite maternal assembly call to show a significant preference for that call over a novel maternal call 24 hr following exposure ( foushée & lickliter , 2002 ; lickliter & hellewell , 1992 ) . we were interested in whether brief contingent exposure to such stimuli would enhance the acquisition of auditory preferences relative to passive , noncontingent exposure . we were also interested in whether bobwhite hatchlings could form auditory preferences as the result of being exposed to another chick interacting with an auditory stimulus .
the northern bobwhite , colinus virginianus , ( french name : colin de virginie ) is a member of the new world quail family odonotophoridae . it is a small , grouse - like bird ; males have a black necklace , white throat and a white line above the eye , females have a buffy throat and eye - stripe . ( updated 2017 / 05 / 24 )
droege s , sauer jr . northern bobwhite , gray partridge , and ring - necked pheasant population trends ( 1966–1988 ) from the north american breeding bird survey . in : church ke , warner re , brady sj , editors . perdix v : gray partridge and ring - necked pheasant workshop . emporia : kansas department of wildlife and parks ; 1990 . pp . 2–20 .
stoddard , h . l . 1931 . the bobwhite quail : its life history and management . new york : charles scribner ' s sons . close
) , longer reads utilized here coupled with advanced assembly and scaffolding algorithms produced a bobwhite genome assembly that was ∼8 % larger ( 1 . 047 gb
scott jl , hernández f , brennan la , ballard bm , janis m , forrester nd . population demographics of translocated northern bobwhites on fragmented habitat . wildlife soc bull . 2012 dec 29 ; 37 ( 1 ) : 168–176 .
natural range is eastern north america , mexico , central america and cuba . the many introductions of this game bird were largely unsuccesful but a population seems to persist in the northern hawkes bay . their behaviour is typical of quail .
a comprehensive management plan for the northern bobwhite , commonly known as the bobwhite quail , is important . if food is limiting the quail population in a location , one component of this plan may be to include supplemental food and cover plantings . these plantings can provide quality , abundant food to quail and may improve cover or nesting habitat as well . the types of plantings that can benefit quail are described in this publication as well as the management techniques for supplemental food and cover plantings and how to manage deer plantings for quail benefit .
hernández f , kuvlesky wp , jr , deyoung rw , brennan la , gall sa . recovery of rare species : case study of the masked bobwhite .
] revealed no significant rate heterogeneity between the two bobwhite lineages . these results are interesting because they suggest that neither bobwhite mitogenome group is more ancestral ( or more derived ) than the other , which supports the hypothesis that divergent maternal lineages have survived from a pre - expansion to a post - expansion population [
) within the bobwhite ( v2 . 0 ) and scaled quail ( v1 . 0 ) genome assemblies ; with all microsatellites independently detected by phobos ( see
may is when the northern bobwhite quail hatch begins , but several steps must occur first . nest construction starts by creating a small bowl - shaped depression in the ground and covering it with last year ' s vegetation to form a dome . the need for standing vegetation from the previous year is one of many reasons why grazing management is such an important issue when managing habitat for quail .
roseberry , j . l . and w . d . klimstra . 1984 . population ecology of the bobwhite . carbondale : southern illinois univ . press . close
sp . in both masked bobwhite and gambel’s quail suggesting two different species of parasites co - infecting those individuals . gambel’s quail showed no clinical signs of disease .
) . a comparative summary of repetitive content predicted within the scaled quail ( v1 . 0 ) and bobwhite ( v2 . 0 ) genome assemblies is depicted in
) , the extent of historic hybridization has not been estimated using nuclear , genome - wide variation . however , a recent mitochondrial population study for the bobwhite (
partridge pea is annual plant that is native to mississippi and attracts birds , butterfly , and rabbits . it is an excellent wildlife plant , especially for bobwhite quail .
in non - breeding seasons , northern bobwhites congregate in coveys of up to 20 birds . during the breeding season , they flock in smaller family groups . as they often stay amid dense cover , they are more often heard than seen . like most quail , northern bobwhites travel primarily on foot , although they will fly short distances when disturbed , often with an explosive takeoff . at night , members of the covey roost on the ground in a circle , tails inward with their heads pointing out .
terhune tm , sisson dc , palmer we , faircloth bc , stribling hl , carroll jp . translocation to a fragmented landscape : survival , movement , and site fidelity of northern bobwhites . ecol appl . 2010 ; 20 : 1040–1052 . pmid : 20597288
for the future , studies of brood survival , habitat fragmentation , sociobiology and factors responsible for population regulation and decline should provide new insights into the biology of this well - studied bird . future investigations into the biology and ecology of the northern bobwhite should consider these factors in relation to changing land uses , and they should be based on manipulative , controlled field experiments to evaluate effective strategies for habitat and population restoration where possible .
shows the number of individuals screened in this study that were positive for haemosporidian parasites by using pcr and nested pcr . all 38 masked bobwhite quail from the buenos aires national wildlife refuge were negative for haemosporidia . however , six of the ten masked bobwhite quail collected at the zoo were positive , along with all of the zoo’s gambel’s quail (
] across the six investigated ecoregions . however , complete mitogenome sequence analyses did reveal a modern bobwhite population structure that may potentially be comprised of at least two putative subspecies (
despite their sharp population decline , it’s still possible to find northern bobwhite in fields , rangelands , and open forests over much of their range . their call is one of the easiest to learn of all bird sounds . the two sharp , whistled notes really do sound like “bob - white ! ”—and the call carries a long distance , so if bobwhite are around you will probably know it long before you see them . look for these unobtrusive birds pecking and scratching on the ground near to or underneath vegetation—or , more likely , bursting upward into a short flight of flurrying wings if you get too close .
) , we reconstructed the demographic histories of the scaled quail ( v1 . 0 ) and the bobwhite ( v2 . 0 ) . given the broad geographic range of the bobwhite , with the potential for a large theoretical census size , as compared to the restricted range and much smaller theoretical census size for the scaled quail , we hypothesized that historic
scaled quail the scaled quail is the other quail species found in parts of the bobwhite ' s range . it ' s scaly chest and crest make it easy to identify .
] constructed for partial and complete bobwhite mitogenome sequences , with heteroplasmic minor allele haplotypes , and color - coded assignments to u . s . environmental protection agency level iii ecoregions (
northern bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ; hereafter bobwhite ) and scaled quail ( callipepla squamata ) populations have suffered precipitous declines across most of their us ranges . illumina - based first - ( v1 . 0 ) and second - ( v2 . 0 ) generation draft genome assemblies for the scaled quail and the bobwhite produced n50 scaffold sizes of 1 . 035 and 2 . 042 mb , thereby producing a 45 - fold improvement in contiguity over the existing bobwhite assembly , and ≥90 % of the assembled genomes were captured within 1313 and 8990 scaffolds , respectively . the scaled quail assembly ( v1 . 0 = 1 . 045 gb ) was ∼20 % smaller than the bobwhite ( v2 . 0 = 1 . 254 gb ) , which was supported by kmer - based estimates of genome size . nevertheless , estimates of gc content ( 41 . 72 % ; 42 . 66 % ) , genome - wide repetitive content ( 10 . 40 % ; 10 . 43 % ) , and maker - predicted protein coding genes ( 17 , 131 ; 17 , 165 ) were similar for the scaled quail ( v1 . 0 ) and bobwhite ( v2 . 0 ) assemblies , respectively . busco analyses utilizing 3023 single - copy orthologs revealed a high level of assembly completeness for the scaled quail ( v1 . 0 ; 84 . 8 % ) and the bobwhite ( v2 . 0 ; 82 . 5 % ) , as verified by comparison with well - established avian genomes . we also detected 273 putative segmental duplications in the scaled quail genome ( v1 . 0 ) , and 711 in the bobwhite genome ( v2 . 0 ) , including some that were shared among both species . autosomal variant prediction revealed ∼2 . 48 and 4 . 17 heterozygous variants per kilobase within the scaled quail ( v1 . 0 ) and bobwhite ( v2 . 0 ) genomes , respectively , and estimates of historic effective population size were uniformly higher for the bobwhite across all time points in a coalescent model . however , large - scale declines were predicted for both species beginning ∼15–20 kya .
bobwhite and upland songbird response to ccrp practice cp33 , habitat buffers for upland birds ( pdf ) natural resources conservation service the continuous conservation reserve program ( ccrp ) cp33 creates wildlife habitat along field borders of cropland . it was established in 2004 . this publication discusses the results from the monitoring program and responses of grassland birds and bobwhite quail to this program .
northern bobwhite quail populations in a given area are determined almost entirely by habitat conditions . the amount , quality and availability of food and nesting areas affect population levels . bobwhites flock to habitats comprised of native grasses , forbs and shrubs . they are also are found in forest openings , open woods , and along the edges of fields that provide food and adequate cover . small interconnected farms once provided millions of acres of agricultural fields and pastures for bobwhites .
comparative analyses of diversity for partial and complete mitogenomes ( table a ) . pairwise f st values for partial and complete mitogenomes of bobwhites with geographic subspecies designations ( table b ) . diversity and demographic analyses for the complete mitogenomes of bobwhites with geographic subspecies designations , as compared to classification via mitogenome divergence ( table c ) . genetic differentiation among divergent bobwhite mitogenome lineages ( table d ) . median joining ( mj ) haplotype networks constructed for partial and complete bobwhite mitogenome sequences , excluding heteroplasmic minor allele haplotypes , and color - coded by geographic subspecies designations ( figure a ) . median joining ( mj ) haplotype networks constructed for partial and complete bobwhite mitogenome sequences , excluding heteroplasmic minor allele haplotypes , and color - coded by the u . s . environmental protection agency level iii ecoregions ( figure b ) . mismatch distributions for partial and complete bobwhite mitogenome sequences , excluding heteroplasmic minor allele haplotypes ( figure c ) . bobwhite historical demography , as inferred via mismatch distribution for constant population size and growth - decline models , excluding heteroplasmic minor allele haplotypes ( figure d ) . texas bobwhite sampling locations with u . s . environmental protection agency level iii ecoregions ( figure e ) . oklahoma bobwhite sampling locations with u . s . environmental protection agency level iii ecoregions ( figure f ) .
carroll , j . p . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . northern bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
habitat restored for the bobwhite benefits many other species , including turkeys , deer , rabbits , gopher tortoises , bog turtles and many different songbirds , including the bachmann’s sparrow and prairie warbler .
] , no indels or premature stop codons were observed in any bobwhite mitochondrial protein coding genes . however , two discrete snvs were observed which could not be unequivocally excluded as potential numts (
) . this problem should be expected in many studies which utilize small mitogenome fragments , rather than complete mitogenome sequences . a comparative summary of all bobwhite mitochondrial analyses of diversity are presented in
] . to further address this question , we examined the individual mismatch distributions for each bobwhite mitogenome group that was identified ( i . e . , group 1 , group 2 ; figs
two basic approaches were used to produce a complete scaled quail mitogenome . first , we mapped illumina pe reads generated for a female scaled quail onto a bobwhite mitogenome reference sequence ( genbank accessions
for the bobwhite would be larger . notably , larger census sizes are also expected to produce more opportunities for both mutation and recombination . therefore , it is relatively unsurprising that estimates of historic
northern bobwhites are year - round residents in open habitats of southeastern north america . they live in agricultural fields , grasslands , open pine or pine - hardwood forests , and grass - brush rangelands as far north as massachusetts and southern ontario , and as far west as southeastern wyoming and eastern new mexico . they seem to avoid mature woodlands , inhabiting instead the early stages of regrowth after a fire , farming , logging , or other disturbance . they are most numerous in patchwork areas of fields , forests , and croplands ; in coastal texas rangelands ; and in southern pine forests that are intensively managed for bobwhite hunting . during snowfalls in the northern part of their range , bobwhites depend on woody cover to prevent snow from reaching the ground and blocking their foraging habitat . back to top
bobwhites depend on early successional habitat grasslands , shrubby areas , and pine or oak savannahs found across the east . these habitats have the forbs , legumes and insects that bobwhite need for food and the heavy or brushy cover for nesting , brooding and safety . to help reverse bobwhite declines , nrcs is working with private landowners in 13 states to manage for high - quality early successional habitat .
burger , l . w . , m . r . ryan , t . v . dailey and e . w . kurzejeski . 1995d . reproductive strategies , success , and mating systems of northern bobwhites in missouri . j . wildl . manage . no . 59 : 417 - 426 . close
national bobwhite conservation initiative ( nbci ) – nbci is the unified strategic effort of 25 state fish and wildlife agencies and numerous conservation organizations to restore wild populations of bobwhites to levels comparable to 1980 .
the minimum estimated repetitive dna content for the scaled quail ( v1 . 0 ) and bobwhite ( v2 . 0 ) draft genomes was 10 . 40 % and 10 . 43 % , respectively (
within blast summary tables are actually very short alignments , regardless of contig or scaffold size , with most being insufficient evidence for the reported inferences . specifically , of the 29 unique bobwhite sequences reported by
scaled quail ( callipepla squamata ) v1 . 0 and bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ) v2 . 0 genome assemblies . relationship between total scaffold length ( megabase pair ; mbp ) and total number of scaffolds .
scaled quail ( callipepla squamata ) v1 . 0 and bobwhite ( colinus virginianus ) v2 . 0 maker annotation summary frequency distributions . units expressed as kilobase ( kb ) and amino acids ( aa ) .
, heterozygosity ) were much lower for the scaled quail ( v1 . 0 ) , as compared with the bobwhite . while diversity at neutral or nearly neutral loci may not always be predictive of adaptability (
an emphatic , whistled bob - white ringing from a grassy field or piney woods has long been a characteristic sound of summers in the eastern countryside . it’s quite a bit harder to spot a northern bobwhite , as the bird’s elegantly dappled plumage offers excellent camouflage . they forage in groups , scurrying between cover or bursting into flight if alarmed . bobwhites have been in sharp decline throughout the past half - century , likely owing to habitat loss and changes in agriculture , and they are an increasingly high priority for conservation .
the name
bobwhite
comes from their whistling calls that make the sound
bob - white
and
bob - bob - white
. these calls are particularly frequent and loud during the spring .
) to the pooled bobwhite sample ( group 1 + group 2 ) using the sliding window method ( i . e . , 100 bp window , 25 bp step ) revealed one mitogenome window located in the
for population analyses , all bobwhite mitogenome sequences were aligned using a multiple sequence alignment algorithm implemented within the clc genomics workbench ( v7 . 5 . 1 ; clc alignment algorithm ; alignment available in dryad doi :