caulolatilus princeps , the ocean whitefish , is a species of tilefish native to the eastern pacific ocean where it commonly occurs from central california to peru as well as the galapagos islands .

it is also found more rarely north to vancouver , british columbia .

it can be found on sandy , muddy or rocky seafloors at depths of from 10 to 91 metres ( 33 to 299 ft ) , most commonly between 24 and 55 metres ( 79 and 180 ft ) .

this species can reach a length of 102 centimetres ( 40 in ) tl .

the greatest recorded weight for this species is 5.8 kilograms ( 13 lb ) .

it is a commercially important species and is also sought after as a game fish .

ocean whitefish

thin shreds made with real ocean whitefish and tuna cooked in a savory sauce make this one crave - a - licious meal .
purina one grain free ocean whitefish recipe is formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the aafco cat food nutrient profiles for all life stages .
the ocean whitefish is easily confused with the pacific golden - eyed tilefish , caulolatilus affinis ( yellow stripe below and in front of eye ) .
ocean whitefish , caulolatilus princeps . fish caught in coastal waters off point palmilla , baja california sur , january 2014 . length : 38 cm ( 15 inches ) .
friskies shreds with ocean whitefish & tuna in sauce is formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the aafco cat food nutrient profiles for growth of kittens and maintenance of adult cats .
ocean whitefish , caulolatilus princeps . fish caught from coastal waters off long beach , california , october 2015 . length : 40 cm ( 16 inches ) . catch , photo , and identification courtesy of chris wheaton , fullerton , ca .
maybe your whitefish ate a lot of kelp and the bitter taste was iodine as some perch who eat kelp will have .
i have 6 cats , all rescue , will not ! eat anything but ocean shreds , have tried all others , shreds , filets . . . nope won ' t do , only problem we have is , ocean shreds are getting hard to find , had to start ordering on line
interesting . . . i had never heard that , but since you brought it up i did a search and found this from a dfg pamphlet :
the texture and flavor of ocean whitefish is superb . the commercial catch is sold in fresh fish markets and makes excellent sashimi , comparable in flavor and texture to any of the most esteemed white - fleshed fish used for this purpose . in japan , species of tilefish similar to ocean whitefish command premium prices in the fresh fish market . off california , however , some ocean whitefish have an unpredictable bitterness which has made it a less profitable and less desirable species for commercial fishermen . the unpleasant taste remains regardless of the method used to clean , freeze , or cook them . the bitterness may be related to the fish’s diet since the condition is apparently restricted to fish caught in and around kelp beds or shallow water .
ps . . . 8 lbs ! ? that ' s a fat whitefish . . . i usually hear of bigger ones being caught on deeper structure , never seen anything of size around kelp beds or shallow . . .
tonight i decided to cook some of an 8 # ocean whitefish i had in the freezer for about a week . i cooked one side of the fish and it came out beautifully , but when i took my first bite , it was so bitter that i had to spit it out . all i did to cook it was bread it with panko , cajun seasonings , and salt , and bake it for 18 minutes . i even cut off all of the darker colored meat . i remember reading somewhere that ocean whitefish have no commercial value because of the 1 in 100 or so fish that have a bitter taste to their flesh , but i never thought it would happen to me on my 5th whitefish . regardless , it leaves a bad taste in my mouth when targeting species . . . literally .
the ocean whitefish , caulolatilus princeps , whose common spanish name is pierna and who is known locally as amarillo pierna , is a member of the tilefish or malacanthidae family , known collectively as blanquillos in mexico . globally , there are ten species in the genus caulolatilus , seven of which are found in mexican waters , five in the atlantic and two in the pacific .
as a rod and reel fishermen as well i have eaten alot of whitefish . i have never even heard of one being bitter . the thought that occured to me given the info presented is that maybe your whitefish ate a lot of kelp and the bitter taste was iodine as some perch who eat kelp will have . 8lbs sounds like a heck of a fish none the less . good job . maybe feed the other half to the cat . . .
the ocean whitefish are found demersal in loose aggregations in relatively deep waters that are reef associated and can also be found over sandy and muddy bottoms at depths up to 620 feet . they are reported to have a maximum length of 1 . 02 meters ( 3 feet 4 inches ) and a maximum weight of 5 . 8 kg ( 13 pounds ) . they are a slow - growing and medium - lived species . they feed upon small organisms including crabs , other crustaceans , shrimps , euphausiids , small octopuses , squids , and various small fish , especially anchovy and lanternfish . in turn they are preyed upon by giant sea bass , sharks , and other large fish ; juveniles are preyed upon by albacore . they spawn annually during the winter months with eggs and larvae being pelagic . it is believed that the waters of southern california are too cold to allow reproduction and that the abundant populations of ocean whitefish found in california originate from eggs produced in and around punta eugenia , central baja . they have a lifespan of up to thirteen years .
ocean whitefish , liver , fish , meat by - products , water sufficient for processing , artificial and natural flavors , added color , guar gum , potassium chloride , salt , vitamin e supplement , mono and dicalcium phosphate , zinc sulfate , thiamine mononitrate , ferrous sulfate , niacin , copper sulfate , manganese sulfate , calcium pantothenate , vitamin a supplement , menadione sodium bisulfite complex ( source of vitamin k activity ) , pyridoxine hydrochloride , riboflavin supplement , vitamin b - 12 supplement , biotin , folic acid , vitamin d - 3 supplement , potassium iodide . c - 4322
in mexican waters the ocean whitefish have a limited distribution being found along the entire west coast of baja , in the lower three - fourths of the sea of cortez , and south along the coast of the mainland to mazatlán . in the northern part of their range ( i . e . southern california ) they are found in association with members of the rockfish and scorpionfish family and the california sheephead . in the southern part of their range ( i . e . baja california sur ) they are found in close proximity to the pacific golden - eyed tilefish and the pacific red snapper .
water sufficient for processing , liver , turkey , wheat gluten , chicken , ocean whitefish , meat by - products , corn starch - modified , soy flour , tuna , artificial and natural flavors , tricalcium phosphate , added color , taurine , potassium chloride , choline chloride , salt , magnesium sulfate , mono and dicalcium phosphate , thiamine mononitrate , vitamin e supplement , zinc sulfate , ferrous sulfate , niacin , calcium pantothenate , copper sulfate , vitamin a supplement , manganese sulfate , menadione sodium bisulfite complex ( vitamin k ) , pyridoxine hydrochloride , riboflavin supplement , vitamin b - 12 supplement , biotin , folic acid , vitamin d - 3 supplement , potassium iodide . e - 6124
the ocean whitefish have robust rectangular elongated bodies with a uniform depth throughout their length that is 24 to 27 % of standard length . they are yellow - brown dorsally and fade to white ventrally . their anal and dorsal fins have three bands : wide yellow near the body , light blue in the middle , and thin yellow on the margins . their caudal fin is broad with a yellow tinge . their pectoral fins are long and pointed with a blue tinge and a central yellow stripe near the margin . they lose their brilliant coloration shortly after death . they have a relatively deep head with a steep profile , a small mouth with thick fleshy lips that reach the front of the eyes , and serrated gill covers with one short blunt spine . their anal fin has one or two spines and 22 to 26 rays ; their caudal fin is deeply forked in adults ; their dorsal fin has 7 to 10 spines and 24 to 27 rays . both anal and dorsal fins have very long bases . males and females are similar in appearance and unlike their close relative , the pacific golden - eyed tilefish , are also similar in size . their body is covered with rough scales .
greek , kaulos = stem , stalk + latin , latus = wide ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 10 - 91 m ( ref . 5227 ) , usually 24 - 55 m ( ref . 5227 ) . subtropical ; 51°n - 18°s , 129°w - 70°w
eastern pacific : vancouver island in british columbia , canada to peru , including the galapagos islands ; rare north of central california , usa .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 102 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 ) ; max . published weight : 5 . 8 kg ( ref . 40637 )
inhabits rocky bottoms ( ref . 9119 ) . also found on soft sand and mud bottoms . solitary species . digs into the substrate for food ( ref . 5227 ) .
dooley , j . k . , 1978 . systematics and biology of the tilefishes ( perciformes : branchiostegidae and malacanthidae ) with descriptions of two new species . noaa tech . rep . nmfs circ . no . 411 : 1 - 78 . ( ref . 8991 )
) : 15 . 8 - 25 . 6 , mean 19 ( based on 32 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5005 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( assuming tm > 4 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 66 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific , and is common throughout many parts of its range . although this species is heavily fished in at least part of its range , it is very widely distributed and typically found in deeper waters . it is listed as least concern .
this species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from british columbia to the lower gulf of california to central peru , including all the oceanic islands except the clipperton islands .
this species is common in some parts of its range . for example , it is considered common in malpelo at deeper depths , but is uncommon in nicaragua and in the gulf of california .
this reef - associated species inhabits rocky substrate ( schneider and krupp , 1995 ) , but can also be found over soft sand and mud substrate .
although not considered a major threat to populations at this time , this species is heavily fished in the gulf of california in sport and commercial fisheries and is also regularly taken in shrimp bycatch .
there are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
this grain - free recipe with real fish as the # 1 ingredient provides a purposeful balance of what cats need for lifelong whole body health .
did you know that feeding wet cat food can be an important part of your daily routine to promote your cat’s lifelong whole body health ? in fact , veterinarians recommend wet food as a healthy way to care for your cat .
purina one cat nutritionists have done the research to ensure that our line of wet foods provides a purposeful balance of what cats need for lifelong whole body health , including protein - rich nutrition and moisture for hydration .
manufactured by : nestlé purina petcare company , st . louis , mo 63164 usa
feeding instructions feed an average size adult cat 1 can per 3 - 1 / 2 pounds of body weight daily . feed up to twice this amount to kittens . pregnant or nursing cats may require two to four times their normal feeding .
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my cat has kidney problems , and would no longer eat . i found purina one healthy metabolism five flavors and my cat is eating again . for how long , i do not know , but he is happy and i am happy he is eating again . thank you , and give us more flavors . i purchase my cat food at wal - mart
my cats are finiky eaters . they did not hesitate on eating this , and i feel good feeding it to them .
sorry , but the cats eat the gravy and push the solid parts off the dish . plus , there appears to be considerably less actual meat , with the weight made up by gravy , in the
healthy metabolism
brand than in the traditional cuts version , but the per - can price is higher . i ended up switching brands .
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huge cabezon and the jackpot lingcod . everyone get their limits here ! ! !
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it was probably my pb . i can shoot them pretty consistently when i dive the channel islands . i look for them in places where the bottom drops off quickly from shore ( consequently , there are many calicos on the boilers here ) to a rockyy bottom , then hunt the transition between sand ( never mud ) and rocks / boulders . they never seem very skittish , and the biggest ones seem to materialize out of nowhere .
when i was cleaning the fish , i found a rock about the size of half a golf ball , and wondered wtf it was doing in the fish ' s stomach , but i ' m not sure if it had anything to do with the taste of the meat .
i don ' t have a picture of this exact fish , but here ' s one from last time .
white fish eat all kinds of stuff . i have never come across a bad tasting one and i have eaten hundreds . interesting find .
nice catch cazador - thanks for posting . sounds like you got the one in a thousand bitter fish !
when they are that bitter taste , they are not even edible . it tastes like someone injected them with ammonium or something . but i have caught them all in the same area and had just one bitter one out of the group . rz
exactly . i felt really bad about taking such a large fish and finding it unpalatable , but no matter how i try to disguise its flavor , i still gag .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - ryan murphy shoot me an email if you ever need a dive buddy . stonedafish @ urltoken
i just got about a 2 . 5 lb - er today and i found this post trying to figure out how i should best prepare it . . . how do you usually cook it ? i saw you did the panko crust . . any other good ideas ? i hope mine isn ' t bitter ! i read that they eat mostly crabs and shit from the bottom and sometimes anchovies . . . those are some nice ones you have in that pic ! nicely done !
it is very rare to have one taste bad . my suspicion is as kelsea ' s . . . . freezer burn may have been a culprit .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ when you bite the octopus , and your dive partner can hear the brain pop from 10 feet away . . . . . . nice ! !
i ' ve had seabass fillets that tasted like this . very strong bitter taste that is quite unappetizing . i have no idea what your fish handling practices are , and i don ' t mean to accuse . when spearing , i ' ve learned from people on this forum that it ' s a good idea to gut most fish while in the water with them . this is particularly true of fish of any considerable size , and it works best once you ' ve bled the fish out a while . when you make a belly shot , or any other shot that punctures an organ , it is best to gut the fish immediately . this prevents bacteria and enzymes in the torn organs from settling into the body cavity and ripped flesh . also , always have ice on hand ! for your trip home , pack the body cavity of the fish with ice , and keep all exposed surfaces on ice , and the difference in the quality of your final product can be astounding . i would guess that it ' s just the way the fish spoils when bacterial flora first begin to eat at the flesh . freezer burn wouldn ' t do it imo . letting it sit warm for more than two hours exposed to the open air , with the guts intact , or with torn digestive organs from a spear probably would . also , a cheery side note for hectic fishing trips where ice is somehow an afterthought : if you deep fry filets that have just acquired the scent that accompanies this taste , you won ' t notice a difference . finally , don ' t count out seasonal , hormonal and other chemical issues . i ' ve had certain fish caught in certain months of the year taste horrific . however , i don ' t usually experience this in the case that the fish is a female and is pregnant , so go figure .
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feed adult cats 3 / 4 - 1 oz per pound of body weight daily . divide into two or more meals . kittens need up to twice as much food as adult cats and should be fed all they will eat two or three times daily .
crude protein ( min ) 9 . 0 % crude fat ( min ) 2 . 0 % crude fiber ( max ) 1 . 0 % moisture ( max ) 82 . 0 % ash ( max ) 2 . 5 % taurine ( min ) 0 . 05 %
this is kc ' s favorite flavor of friskies ! and she must have shreds or bits . . . not of that pate for kc ! she loves all the flavors we ' ve tried , but this combination of flavors is her favorite ! : )
my cats love the seafood with gravy . i also buy the seafood dry food and tuna treats . they love it !
always have it on hand . they get this at least twice a week .
my 3 siberian brothers love shreds . although they will eat the other textures , they love the shreds best . especially the fish .
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allopeas clavulinum , common name the spike awlsnail , is a species of small , tropical , air-breathing land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family subulinidae .

this species is also known as lamellaxis clavulinus .

allopeas clavulinum

allopeas clavulinum ( potiez & . michaud , 1838 ) life mollusca gastropoda pulmonata subulinidae allopeas
subulinidae » allopeas clavulinum clavulinum , id : 861936 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
allopeas clavulinum ( , potiez & . michaud , 1838 ) - - discover life
allopeas clavulinum kyotoense オカチョウジガイ
. bishogai database , accessed 10 october 2010 .
allopeas clavulinum ( potiez and michaud , 1838 )
. itis , accessed 10 october 2010 .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
keltasukkakotilo
to
allopeas clavulinum ( potiez and michaud , 1838 )
.
vouchers : rarotonga : first report , specimens , 2005 / oct , fred brook as allopeas clavulinum in report 2005 / 12 .
allopeas clavulinum one of two subulinid snails possibly acting as intermediate host for the paratanaisia bragai infection , found in one of the aviaries housing several of the cases .
comments : hayes et al . ( 2007 ) and cowie et al . ( 2008 ) attribute hawaii records of allopeas clavulinum tentatively to allopeas kyotoense ( pilsbry and hirase , 1904 ) , a native of japan ( pilsbry , 1906 - 1907 ) .
f0025 : allopeas clavulinum one of two subulinid snails possibly acting as intermediate host for the paratanaisia bragai infection , found in one of the aviaries housing several of the cases .
28 baker ( 1935 ) erected allopeas as a subgenus of lamellaxis strebel & pfeiffer , 1882 .
pemba specimens reach 7 . 0 × 2 . 5 mm , being much smaller and narrower than opeas lamoense . griffiths and florens ( 2006 ) figure specimens referred to allopeas clavulinum ( poitiez & michaud , 1838 ) and allopeas mauritianum ( l . pfeiffer , 1847 ) that they suggest were introduced to the mascarenes from east africa . both resemble some specimens of opeas delicatum . verdcourt was familiar with allopeas clavulinum in botanic gardens in the uk , which in turn have been said to come from east africa ( kerney and cameron 1979 ) yet never included allopeas clavulinum in his east african lists ( verdcourt 1983 , 2000 , 2006 ) . this should be further investigated .
subfamily : subulininae - subgenus : lamellaxis ( allopeas ) f . c . baker , 1935 ( db : 6 sp , 7 img )
“ opeas clavulinum differs from o . gracile in being not so slender , with more impressed whorls and a more obtuse apex . due to the close resemblance of the two species , o . clavulinum is not always duly recognised . therefore the records in literature ought to be critically considered . ” ( benthem - jutting , 1952 )
30 as for subulinids in general , opeas species have been confusingly interpreted and have been assigned variously to different genera such as allopeas , lamellaxis , paropeas and prosopeas ( although this latter may not even be a subulinid ) ( naggs 1994 ) .
pemba specimens reach 11 . 0 × 4 . 0 mm , being relatively much broader and with a relatively larger body whorl than allopeas gracile . at one high forest site ( ngezi n2 ) some individuals have much stronger ribs , although the shell shape is similar .
“the species has been so variously identified , that references to the literature would foe useless and misleading . the species i take to be clavulinum is related to johanninum and to mauritianum , but it is smaller than the latter , with the spire less swollen above . the specimens figured are from mauritius ( pl . 23 , figs . 21 , 22 ) . ” ( pilsbry , 1906 )
other localities – opeas clavulinum “mahe , seychelles” leg . a . brauer ( pilsbry , 1906 ) ; opeas javanicum “mittelsumatra : hohe von pauh bei fort de kock & see von singkarak” ( rensch , 1934 ) ; allopeas clavulinum “kelantan ; gua panjang , ( 4°48’00”n , 102°00’00”e ) ” ( davison & kiew , 1990 ) ; “kelantan ; gua gagak , ( 4°46’00”n , 101°58’20”e ) ” ( davison & kiew , 1990 ) ; “kelantan ; gua sendok utara , ( 5°11’40”n , 102°02’05”e ) ” ( davison & kiew , 1990 ) ; “kelantan ; gua henderik , ( 4°45’20”n , 101°46’40”e ) ” ( davison & kiew , 1990 ) ; “kelantan ; gunung reng , ( 54°3’00”n , 101°44’55”e ) ” ( davison & kiew , 1990 ) ; “kelantan ; gua setir , ( 5°40’00”n , 101°55’40”e ) ” ( davison & kiew , 1990 ) ; “kelantan ; gua ikan , ( 5°21’10”n , 102°01’40”e ) ” ( davison & kiew , 1990 ) ; “kelantan ; batu tampah , ( 4°51’25”n , 101°57’20”e ) ” ( davison & kiew , 1990 ) ; “kelantan ; gua jaya , ( 5°05’40”n , 101°46’25”e ) ” ( davison & kiew , 1990 ) ; “kelantan ; gua palda , ( 5°06’45”n , 101°45’30”e ) ” ( davison & kiew , 1990 ) ; “kelantan ; batu pulau raba , ( 5°04’15”n , 101°55’35”e ) ” ( davison & kiew , 1990 )
bulimus clavulinus – “longueur 8 mill” ( potiez & michaud , 1838 ) ; bulimus singaporensis – “long . 8 , diam . 4½ mill . ” ( pfeiffer , 1855 ) ; opeas clavulinus – “length 8 mm . ” ( pilsbry , 1906 after potiez & michaud , 1838 ) ; opeas clavulinum – “length 7 , diam . 2 . 4 mm . ” ( pilsbry , 1906 ) ; opeas javanicum “die erwachsene schale von pauh besitzt 7 umgänge und miβt : höhe 9 . 6 mm ; durchm 3 . 6 mm . das singkarak - stück hat 6 ¾ umgange und miβt : höhe 8 . 6 mm ; durchm . 3 . 4 mm . das letztere exemplar lieβ im uterus 6 eier erkennen . ” rensch , 1934 ) ; opeas gracile – “die schalen von noilmina sind reltiv groβ . die 4 gröβten exemplare messen : höhe 9 . 3 - 10 . 8 mm , durchm . 3 . 0 - 3 . 2 mm . ” ( rensch , 1935 ) ; opeas clavulinum – “dimensions : height 10 to 12 mm , width 3 ½ to 4 mm , height of aperture 3 ½ to 4 mm . ” ( benthem - jutting , 1952 )
pilsbry ( 1906 ) descriptions on opeas clavulinum – “the shell is openly perforate , pale yellowish - corneous ; striate , but the sculpture is decidedly weaker than in 0 . gracile ; glossy . the sides slope almost straightly , but are a little convex near the obtuse apex . the upper part of the spire is wider than in 0 . gracile . whorls 7 , moderately convex ; the suture slightly irregular but not crenulate . aperture about as in 0 . gracile . compared with 0 . johanninum , this species is smaller , less conic , and less deeply - grooved longitudinally . ”
“in mousson collection at zurich there are two shells from sarawak , borneo , classified as stenogyra achatina pfr . , collected by doria in 1869 . in my opinion these shells are opeas clavulinum ( pot . & mich . ) and herewith the occurrence of this species in borneo is definitely ascertained . at present i cannot enter into the question whether or not the other samples collected by doria and described by issel ( moll . borneensi , 1874 , p . 51 ) as stenogyra achatinacea really belong to this species . for the fauna of java the problem is of no further interest . ” ( benthem - jutting , 1952 )
distributions : “japan , china , sumatra , java , lombok , flores , adenare , sumba , ambon , ternate ( hawai , mauritius : wahrscheinlich verschleppi ) . ” ( rensch , 1934 ) ; “sunda - inseln bekannt von bali , lombok , flores , sumba , savu , timor , adenare , solor . ” ( rensch , 1935 ) ; “originally recorded from the bourbon islands , but nowadays in mauritius , seychelles , japan , hawaiian islands , probably spread by human agency . in malay archipelago established in sumatra , borneo , java , bali , celebes and ambon . probably also in other islands , but opeas clavulinum is not always recognised as a separate species and often mixed with o . gracile . ” ( benthem - jutting , 1952 )
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
brook , f . j . ( 2010 ) . coastal landsnail fauna of rarotonga , cook islands : systematics , diversity , biogeography , faunal history , and environmental influences . tuhinga 21 : 161 - 252 . [ details ]
potiez , v . - l . - v . & michaud , a . - l . - g . 1838 . galerie des mollusques , ou catalogue méthodique , descriptif et raisonné des mollusques et coquilles du muséum de douai . tome premier . - pp . i - xxxvi [ = 1 - 36 ] , 1 - 560 , [ 1 - 4 ] , altas 1 - 56 , pl . i - xxxvii [ = 1 - 37 ] . paris , londres . ( baillière ) .
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sorry , the in - page video player requires internet explorer . you can download the video using the
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sorry , there are no multimedia or other resources available for this species yet .
global distribution : native e . africa - indonesia / australia / japan ; exotic exotic pacific islands , incl . samoa , cooks , hawai‘i cook islands status : introduced - recent , naturalised ; land , lowlands - mountains ; damp leaf litter key features : auger - like shell to 10x3mm ( lxø ) . shell 5 whorls , cylindrical ; glossy , transparent , yellowish to white .
cook islands islands : rr = rarotonga , mg = mangaia , at = ‘ātiu , mk = ma‘uke , mt = miti‘āro , ak = aitutaki , pl = palmerston , pn = penrhyn , mn = manuae , tk = takūtea , tn = tongareva ( ts = tongaleva spoken , tw = tongareva written , they say
el
but write
r
) , mh = manihiki , rk = rakahanga , pk = pukapuka , ns = nassau , sw = suwarrow . after a polynesian name : ^ = orthography query . countries and other : fij = fiji , wt = wallis & futuna , sam = samoa , ton = tonga , niu = niue , ck = cook islands , ckm = cook islands māori , fp = french polynesia , aus = australs , soc = societies , tah = tahiti , tua = tuamotus , mqs = marquesas , mng = mangareva , pit = pitcain group , eas = easter island , haw = hawai‘i , nz = new zealand , nzm = new zealand māori
mccormack , gerald ( 2007 ) cook islands biodiversity database , version 2007 . 2 . cook islands natural heritage trust , rarotonga . online at http : / / cookislands . bishopmuseum . org .
copyright © 2007 ( july ) the cook islands natural heritage trust , all rights reserved . copyright & use policy
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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global range : ( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) introduced into hawaii ( 1997 ) and samoa ( cowie and cook , 1999 ) but probably endemic to tropical east africa and indonesia . introduced populations have also been found in north carolina in raleigh and hickory ( nc nhp , pers . comm . , 2006 ) .
potiez & michaud ( 1838 ) original descriptions on bulimus clavulinus – “ bul . testâ turritâ , fragili , vitreâ , nitidâ , diaphanâ ; anfractibus senis , convexis , ultimo majore ; aperturâ ovatâ supernè et ad sinistram angulosâ ; peristomate simplici , acuto ; apice obtuso . ”
pfeiffer ( 1855 ) original descriptions on bulimus singaporensis – “ b . testa imperforata , ovato - turrita , tenuissima , laevigata , pellucida , pallide cornea , lineis fusculis longitudinalibus nonnullisque spiralibus infra medium anfractus ultimi notata ; spira regulariter conica , apice acutissima ; anfr . 9 convexiusculis , ultimo 1 / 3 longitudinis paulo superante , rotundato ; apertura vix obliqua , ovali ; perist . simplice , recto , margine columellari subcalloso , adnato . ”
pilsbry ( 1906 ) translations on potiez & michaud’s opeas clavulinus – “shell turrited , fragile , glassy , shining , diaphanous ; whorls 6 , convex , the last larger ; aperture ovate above and to the left angular ; peristome simple , acute ; apex obtuse . ”
“this shell makes , so to speak , a transition from bul . clavulus to bul . oryza , which is the shortest ; its last whorl is proportionately larger than that of its two congeners , its summit is more obtuse and it is a little more ventricose . ” ( pilsbry , 1906 after potiez & michaud , 1838 )
“cette coquille fait pur ainsi dire le passage du bul . clavulus au bul . oryza qui est le plus court ; son dernier tour est proportionnellement plus grand que celni de ses deux congénères , son sommet est plus obtus , et il est un peu plus ventru . ” ( potiez & michaud , 1838 )
“living on the ground , under stones , fallen leaves , grass and among earth . occurring from 300 to 2000 m altitude . ” ( benthem - jutting , 1952 )
non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .
comments : in raleigh , north carolina , an introduced population was found just east of the intersection of blue ridge and hillsborough with multiple size classes found on separate occasions in 2004 - 2005 ; also in catawba county near hickory , north carolina , it was found just southeast of the catawba river ( amy van davender , pers . comm . to nc nhp , 2006 ) . it has been introduced to hawaii in kaua ' i , o ' ahu , and hawai ' i probably through horticulture ( hayes et al . , 2007 ; cowie et al . , 2008 ; tentatively identified as a . kyotoense ) .
reasons : introduced into hawaii ( 1997 ) and samoa ( cowie and cook , 1999 ) but probably endemic to tropical east africa and indonesia . introduced populations have also been found in north carolina in raleigh and hickory ( nc nhp , pers . comm . , 2006 ) .
horsák m . , dvořák l . & juřičková l . ( 2004 ) .
greenhouse gastropods of the czech republic : current stage of research
. malakológiai tájekoztató ( malacological newsletter ) 22 : 141 - 147 . pdf .
lamellaxis clavulinus ( potiez & michaud )
. accessed 11 october 2010 .
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- - - - - - family : subulinidae p . fischer & crosse , 1877 ( land ) db counters : genus = 63 , subgenus = 19 , species = 468 , subspecies = 40 ( 238 species and 16 subspecies have images ) db counters include fossil taxa : species = 3 , subspecies = 0
subfamily : subulininae - genus : krapfiella h . b . preston , 1911 ( db : 2 sp , 0 img )
subfamily : subulininae - genus : lamellaxis h . strebel & g . j . pfeffer , 1882 ( db : 31 sp , 6 img )
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
corresponding author : prem b . budha ( pn . ude . utzdc @ ahdubbp ; moc . oohay @ ahdubmerp )
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
this is the very first checklist of the terrestrial gastropods of nepal . it includes 138 species and six subspecies , of which 22 species are endemic and four are introduced . it highlights 34 species recorded for the first time in nepal and provides new distribution records for another 30 species .
distribution : subtropical and tropical asia ( gude 1921 , benthem jutting 1948 , zilch 1956 , kongim et al . 2006 ) .
distribution : india ; sri lanka ; myanmar ; thailand ; vietnam ; taiwan ; malaysia ; philippines ( gude 1921 ) .
nepal : ilam , jhapa , morang , sunsari , dharan , udayapur and gulmi districts ( subba and ghosh 2001 ) .
distribution : bangladesh ; india ; sri lanka ; myanmar ; philippines ( gude 1921 ) .
distribution : india ; sri lanka ; myanmar ; philippines ( gude 1921 ) .
distribution : thailand ; myanmar ; w malaysia ( nevill 1878 , gude 1921 ) .
nepal : ilam , morang , sunsari , dharan and udayapur districts ( subba and ghosh 2001 ) .
distribution : sri lanka ; s and ne india ; myanmar ( gude 1921 ) .
distribution : india : w bengal - darjeeling , sikkim ( gude 1921 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : chitwan national park , tanahu district - shiddha cave area and lalitpur district - phulchowki hill .
distribution : india ; sri lanka ; se asia ( raheem and naggs 2006 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 , kongim et al . 2013 ) .
distribution : india ; nepal ; myanmar ; china ; japan ; taiwan ; korea ; thailand ; vietnam ; laos ; philippines ; indonesia ; malaysia ; australia ( gude 1921 , tarruella and domènech 2011 ) .
distribution : india ; myanmar ; china ; malaysia ; japan ( gude 1921 ) .
distribution : india : arunachal pradesh , assam , mizoram - akha hills , dihiri parbat ; bhutan ( gude 1921 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : kathmandu district - champadevi hill , lalitpur district - phulchowki hill and shivapuri - nagarjun national park .
distribution : india : assam , arunachal pradesh ( gude 1921 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : india : arunachal pradesh - yamne valley , abor hills ( gude 1921 ) .
distribution : india ; nepal ; myanmar ; china ; taiwan ; korea ; thailand ; vietnam ; laos ; philippines ; indonesia ; malaysia ; australia ( gude 1921 , tarruella and domènech 2011 ) .
distribution : ne india ; myanmar ; china ; malaysia ( gude 1921 ) .
distribution : ne india : assam , nagaland - naga hill ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : ne india : w bengal - darjeeling , sikkim - richila peak ; w bhutan ( gude 1921 ) .
new species record for nepal : kathmandu district - champadevi hill , lalitpur district - phulchowki hill , shivapuri - nagarjun national park .
distribution : ne india : nagaland - naga hills ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : shivapuri - nagarjun national park - nagarjun forest ( khanal and budha 2013 ) .
distribution : ne india : nagaland - naga hills , arunachal pradesh - dafla hills ( gude 1921 ) .
distribution : ne india : w bengal - darjeeling , sikkim - damsang peak ; w bhutan ( gude , 1921 ) .
new species records for nepal : kathmandu district - champadevi hill , shivapuri - nagarjun and langtang national parks .
distribution : this is the only species of chamalycaeus ( dicharax ) recorded from the w himalaya , nw india : himachal pradesh - simla , uttarakhand - kumaon , nainital ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : ne india : w bengal - darjeeling and sikkim ; bhutan ( gude 1921 ) .
new species records for nepal : lalitpur district - phulchowki hill , shivapuri - nagarjun and langtang national parks .
distribution : ne india : w bengal - darjeeling , sikkim - pankhabari , meghalaya , nagaland ( gude 1921 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : ne india : sikkim - richila peak ; w bhutan ( gude 1921 ) .
distribution : india ; nepal ; china ; indonesia ; vietnam ; singapore ; malaysia ; japan ; philippines ; taiwan ; papua new guinea ; fiji ( gude 1921 , zilch 1953 , schileyko and kuznetsov 1997 , maassen 2002 , panha and burch 2005 , webster et al . 2012 ) .
distribution : n india ; nepal ; china ; malaysia ; philippines ; japan ; taiwan ; papua new guinea ; fiji ( gude 1921 , zilch 1953 , schileyko and kuznetsov 1997 , panha and burch 2005 , webster et al . 2012 ) .
distribution : myanmar : damotha cave , etc . , moulmein , now mawlamyine ( gude 1921 ) .
distribution : nw india : himachal pradesh - landour , simla , uttarakhand - nainital ( naggs 1997 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
new species records for nepal : lalitpur district - phulchowki hill , langtang national park .
new distribution records from nepal : hills surrounding lalitpur and kathmandu districts , shivapuri - nagarjun and langtang national parks .
distribution : ne india : w bengal - darjeeling ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : ne india : assam - north cachar , jenta hajuma peak ( gude 1921 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
new species record for nepal : shivapuri - nagarjun national park - balaju , pani tanki .
distribution : ne india : assam , manipur , nagaland ; myanmar ; vietnam ( gude 1921 ) .
distribution : ne india : arunachal pradesh - miri hills ( gude 1921 ) .
distribution : india ; nepal ; myanmar ; china ; japan ; philippines ; indonesia ; malaysia ; papua new guinea ; taiwan ( gude 1921 , zilch 1953 , kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) .
distribution : india : western ghats , karnataka , maharashtra ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 , raheem et al . 2014 ) .
distribution : indian himalaya ; nepal ; china ; thailand ; w malaysia ; sumatra ; borneo ; philippines ( gude 1921 , bartsch 1915 , tumpeesuwan and panha 2008 ) .
distribution : very widely distributed from n and c america , europe to s and se asia ( burch and panha 2002 , thompson 2011 ) .
nepal : langtang national park - syabru ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) , kavre district - chandeshwari ( nesemann et al . 2007 ) .
distribution : the geographical origin of laevicaulis alte is uncertain , but it has been widely distributed in tropical and subtropical countries through human agency ( stanisic 1998 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : widely distributed throughout most districts of tarai and inner tarai .
distribution : w and e africa ; mascarene islands ; seychelles ; aldabra ; india ; nepal ( patterson 1975 , schileyko 2007 ) .
new species record for nepal : chitwan district - sauraha ( collected from flower vase at hotel ) .
distribution : nearly circumglobal ( schileyko 2007 ) , the northern hemisphere ; australia ; some pacific islands ( thompson 2011 ) .
distribution : temperate n america ; europe ; africa ; asia ; australia ( gude 1914 , pokryszko et al . 2009 ) .
type species : pupa marginata draparnaud , 1801 ( = turbo muscorum linnaeus , 1758 ) .
nepal : tribeni ghat ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) , annapurna conservation area - tukuche ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) .
distribution : holarctic and s asia ( gittenberger and bank 1996 , schileyko and balashov 2012 ) .
distribution : nw india : himachal pradesh , punjab , uttarakhand ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 )
type species : vallonia rosalia risso , 1826 ( = helix pulchella o . f . müller , 1774 )
nepal : northern districts from darchula to panchthar ( gerber and bössneck 2009 ) .
distribution : india : western ghats , jammu and kashmir ; nepal ; tibet ; tianshan turkey ( gerber and bössneck 2009 , raheem et al . 2014 ) .
nepal : bajura , darchula , humla and mustang districts ( gerber and bössneck 2009 ) .
distribution : kazakhstan ; tajikistan ; nw india : jammu and kashmir ; tibet ; siberia ; n china ; mongolia to russia ( gerber and bössneck 2009 ) .
distribution : almost cosmopolitan extending to all tropical and warm temperate continents but extinct in europe ( pilsbry 1916–1918 ) .
distribution : india : western ghats , himachal pradesh , kashmir , maharashtra ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 , raheem et al . 2014 ) .
distribution : w china ; nepal ( schileyko 1998 , wu and zheng 2009 ) .
nepal : mustang district , tukuche to muktinath trekking route ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1999 ) .
nepal : mustang district - tukuche to muktinath trekking route ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1999 ) .
distribution : afghanistan ; iran ; mountain regions of c asia ; n pakistan and adjacent territories of india ( schileyko 1998 ) .
nepal : mustang district - tukuche to muktinath trekking route ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) .
nepal : annapurna conservation area and hills surrounding kathmandu district ( schileyko and frank 1994 ) .
distribution : mustang district - khobang , tukuche , marpha , jomsom ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) .
distribution : myagdi district - sukebagar , titre , dana ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) .
distribution : india ; sri lanka ; myanmar ; e asia ; japan ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 , schileyko 1998 , raheem and naggs 2006 ) .
distribution : india : western ghats , tamil nadu - nilgiris , arunachal pradesh - dafla hill , meghalaya - khasi hills ; myanmar ( gude 1914 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 , raheem et al . 2014 ) .
nepal : kathmandu and myagdi districts , annapurna conservation area ( schileyko and frank 1994 , kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) .
distribution : se kazakhstan and adjacent territories of china ; india ; japan ; nepal ( gude 1914 , schileyko 1998 , raheem et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : shiwalik range of c nepal , chitwan national park and makwanpur district - taubas , bhaise ( budha et al . 2012 ) .
distribution : pakistan ; india ; nepal ; bhutan ; myanmar ( nordsieck 2002 ) .
distribution : india : punjab , w bengal ( nordsieck 1973 , 2002 ) .
distribution : india : punjab - muree , w bengal - darjeeling ( nordsieck 1973 , 2002 ) .
distribution : n pakistan ; nepal ; ne india ; bhutan ; myanmar ( nordsieck 2002 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : lalitpur district - phulchowki hill , shivapuri - nagarjun and langtang national parks .
distribution : myagdi and mustang districts - dhorpatan , thakkhola , lete , gorepani ( nordsieck 1973 ) .
distribution : lamjung district - jaljala , myagdi khola , muri ( nordsieck 1973 ) .
distribution : originally from e africa but now globally distributed in tropical to warm temperate areas , i . e . w africa ; n and s america ; s and se asia ; china ; japan ; caribbean countries ; oceania ( tillier et al . 1993 , raut and barker 2002 , eppo 2013 ) .
nepal : probably introduced into nepal in the 1930s - 40s ( raut 1999 ) . it is now established as a pest in all districts of tarai and the inner valleys causing significant damage to crops . it has spread into the mid hill districts : kaski , baglung , makwanpur , chitwan , myagdi , tanahun , dhading , palpa , gulmi , syangjha ( budha and naggs 2008 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : dang , surkhet , banke , bardia , kailali and kanchanpur districts .
distribution : europe ; africa ; s asia ; philippines ; oceania ; american tropics ( thompson 2011 ) .
distribution : drift debris of the euphrates ( type locality ) , sarus river near adana , se asia minor ( pilsbry and tryon 1908–1909 ) .
distribution : tropical , subtropical , and many temperate regions of africa , s and se asia ( schileyko 1999 , thompson 2011 ) .
distribution : bourbon island ( type locality ) , other islands of the indian ocean ; japan ( pilsbry 1946 ) .
distribution : tropics of both hemispheres , abundant in cultivated districts , perhaps the most widely ranging of all land snails ( pilsbry 1946 ) .
distribution : s africa ; india ; china ; se asia ( gude 1914 , schileyko 1999 ) .
distribution : india : w bengal - darjeeling , sikkim ( gude 1914 ) .
distribution : widespread in the tropical indo - pacific regions ( naggs 1994 ) .
distribution : widespread in disturbed habitats in tropical indo - pacific regions ( naggs 1994 ) .
distribution : worldwide in tropical , subtropical and many temperate regions ( schileyko 1999 , thompson 2011 ) .
distribution : ne india : w bengal - darjeeling , sikkim , assam - north cachar , meghalaya - khasi hill , nagaland - naga hills ( gude 1914 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : india ; sri lanka ; thailand ; malaysia ; vietnam ( gude 1914 , godwin - austen 1920 , schileyko 2011 ) .
distribution : india : w bengal - darjeeling ( gude 1914 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : s india : western ghats , andhra pradesh - golconda hill , orissa - jaypore ( gude 1914 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 , raheem et al . 2014 ) .
distribution : india ; sri lanka ; nepal ; myanmar ; w bhutan ( godwin - austen 1920 ) 36 .
distribution : india : w bengal - darjeeling ( gude 1914 , godwin - austen 1920 ) .
distribution : india : western ghats , w bengal , sikkim , mizoram , arunachal pradesh , maharastra ; myanmar ; bangladesh ( pilsbry and tryon 1908 - 1909 , gude 1914 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 , raheem et al . 2014 ) .
nepal : shivapuri - nagarjun national park - nagarjun forest , balaju ( schileyko and kuznetsov 1996 ) .
distribution : africa ; indo - pacific ( bruggen 2006 , cole and herbert 2009 , herbert and rowson 2011 , rowson et al . 2011 ) .
distribution : sri lanka ; throughout india ; myanmar ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) ; brazil ( pilsbry 1926 , simone 2013 ) ; se china ( yen 1939 ) ; cuba ( sarasúa 1944 , maceira et al . 2013 ) ; caribbean islands ( schalie 1948 ) ; philippines ; indonesia ( benthem jutting 1950 ) ; andaman and nicobar islands ; malaysia ; singapore ( benthem jutting 1961 ) ; kenya ( clench 1964 ) ; venezuela ; french guiana ( tillier 1980 ) ; japan ( azuma 1982 ) ; australia ( stanisic 1981 ) ; n america ( dundee and baerwold 1984 ) ; oman ( mordan 1988 ) ; bel air area of north mahé ; seychelles ( naggs 1989 ) ; jamaica ( rosenberg and muratov 2006 ) ; vietnam ( schileyko 2011 ) .
distribution : japan ; china ; vietnam ; malaysia ; sumatra ; india ( gude 1914 ) .
distribution : india : assam - north cachar ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : foothills of himalaya ; s india ; china ; malay peninsula ; sumatra ; japan ; s korea ( schileyko 2000 ) .
distribution : ne india : arunachal pradesh , sikkim , assam , manipur , meghalaya , nagaland ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : nepal ; ne india : arunachal pradesh , assam , nagaland , meghalaya , manipur , mizoram , sikkim ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : ne india : arunachal pradesh , assam , meghalaya - khasi hill , mizoram ( gude 1914 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : kathmandu district - swoyambhunath temple forest ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) .
distribution : india : manipur , meghalaya , nagaland , sikkim , w bengal ( gude 1914 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
new species records for nepal : lalitpur district - phulchowki hill , shivapuri - nagarjun national park - chisapani , baghdwar , langtang national park - golphubhanjyang .
distribution : india ; sri lanka ; pakistan ; madagascar ; myanmar ; tropical e africa and eastern s africa ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , herbert and kilburn 2004 , verdcourt 2006 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) , hot - house alien in britain ( preece and naggs 2014 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : shivapuri - nagarjun national park , lalitpur district - phulchowki hill , kathmandu district - champadevi hill , kirtipur .
distribution : india : arunachal pradesh ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : india : himachal pradesh , uttarakhand , w bengal , arunachal pradesh , nagaland ; madagascar ; myanmar ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : india : uttarakhand , himachal pradesh , w bengal ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : annapurna conservation area ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) , shivapuri - nagarjun national park ( khanal and budha 2013 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : lalitpur district - phulchowki hill and kathmandu district - champadevi hill .
distribution : india : meghalaya - khasi hill ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : n america from alaska and maine to florida and south to costa rica , cuba , hispaniola , jamaica , puerto rico , and the virgin islands ; europe ; japan ; australia ( kerney and cameron 1979 , rosenberg and muratov 2006 , sasaki 2008 , thompson 2011 ) .
distribution : india : arunachal pradesh , assam , andhra pradesh , orissa , meghalaya , manipur , sikkim , w bengal ; myanmar ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
new species records for nepal : chitwan national park ; kathmandu and pokhara districts .
distribution : india ; sri lanka ; andaman islands ; se asia ( schileyko 2002 ) .
distribution : india : uttarakhand , w bengal , sikkim , assam , meghalaya , nagaland ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : dadeldhura , kathmandu , rasuwa and mustang districts .
distribution : india ; nepal ; bhutan ; myanmar ; thailand ( schileyko 2003 ) .
nepal : kathmandu district , annapurna conservation area ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) .
distribution : india : w bengal ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
nepal : kathmandu , panchthar , taplejung , morang and terhathum districts ( subba and ghosh 2008 ) , annapurna conservation area ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) . shivapuri - nagarjun national park - nagarjun forest ( khanal and budha 2013 ) .
distribution : india : assam , arunachal pradesh , himachal pradesh , meghalaya , mizoram , manipur , nagaland , sikkim ; myanmar ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : s and se asia ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
distribution : india ; andaman islands ; bangladesh ; sri lanka ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : ilam , sunsari , dharan , kathmandu , lalitpur , gulmi , kaski districts ( subba and ghosh 2001 ) .
distribution : india : w bengal - darjeeling , sikkim , meghalaya ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : mid hills of several districts of e nepal ( subba and ghosh 2008 ) .
distribution : nw india : himachal pradesh - simla , uttarakhand - kumaon ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
distribution : ne india : w bengal - darjeeling , sikkim ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
distribution : india : bihar , jharkhand , sikkim , w bengal - darjeeling ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : ne india : sikkim - richila peak ; bhutan ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
nepal : annapurna conservation area , solukhumbu district ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) .
distribution : india : w bengal - darjeeling ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
distribution : india : jharkhand - rajmahal hills , orrissa - cuttak ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : widely distributed in w tarai to the mid hills of c nepal .
distribution : india : manipur , sikkim , w bengal - darjeeling ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : afghanistan ; pakistan ; nw and ne india : uttarakhand , sikkim ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
type species : vitrina scutella benson , 1859 ( = vitrina monticola l . pfeiffer , 1849 48 )
distribution : nw india : himachal pradesh , kashmir , uttarakhand - kumaon ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : nw india : kashmir , uttarakhand - nainital ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : kathmandu district ( schileyko and frank 1994 , kuznetsov 1996 ) , annapurna conservation area ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) .
distribution : afghanistan ; pakistan ; india : uttarakhand , sikkim ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
distribution : india : himachal pradesh , uttarakhand ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : lalitpur district - phulchowki hill , kathmandu district - champadevi hill , shivapuri - nagarjun and langtang national parks .
distribution : pakistan : murree ; nw india : himachal pradesh , kashmir , punjab , uttarakhand ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : nw india : kashmir , punjab , uttarakhand ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : endemic to nepal , where it is common in kathmandu valley ( blanford 1904 , blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : lalitpur , kavre , chitwan , kaski , gulmi , syangjha , parbat , and myagdi districts .
distribution : nw india : himachal pradesh - simla , uttarakhand ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : annapurna conservation area . only reported from the type locality lete ( schileyko and kuznetsov 1998b ) .
distribution : e himalaya from nepal and india to myanmar ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
distribution : india : w bengal , sikkim ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) , uttar pradesh ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : chitwan national park , chitwan and nawalparasi districts .
distribution : myanmar : ayeyarwady valley , sullivan island , mergui archipelago ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
nepal : ilam , jhapa , morang , sunsari , dharan , saptari , udayapur , kaski , rupandehi and kailali districts ( subba and ghosh 2001 , subba 2003 , surana et al . 2004 ) .
distribution : e himalaya from nepal and ne india to myanmar and laos ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
distribution : india : w bengal - darjeeling , sikkim ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : mustang ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 , schileyko and kuznetsov 1998b ) .
distribution : india : w bengal - darjeeling ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : hills surrounding kathmandu valley ( schileyko and frank 1994 , kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : shivapuri - nagarjun and langtang national parks , sankhuwasabha district .
distribution : ne india : assam - burail range , north cachar , nagaland ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : ilam , morang , dharan , udayapur , kaski , kathmandu , lalitpur and terhathum districts ( subba and ghosh 2001 ) .
distribution : india : arunachal pradesh - abor hill ; myanmar - upper rotung ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : india : arunachal pradesh - abor hill ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 )
distribution : nw india : himachal pradesh , uttarakhand ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : annapurna conservation area ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 , schileyko and kuznetsov 1998b ) .
distribution : ne india ; w bhutan ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
distribution : india : sikkim - damsang peak , dalling hills ; w bhutan ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
distribution : india : assam ; andaman islands ; myanmar ( blanford and godwin - austen 1908 ) .
nepal : panchthar , taplejung and terhathum districts ( subba and ghosh 2008 ) .
distribution : this is the only limax species recorded from the himalaya ( wiktor and bössneck 2004 ) .
nepal : endemic to nepal ; probably the slug species with the highest elevation range ( up to 5000 m ) in the world . this species was reported only from bajura district .
distribution : india and nepal ( wiktor et al . 1999 , bössneck 2006 ) .
distribution : holarctic . from sahara to ne america and s asia ( wiktor et al . 2000 , thompson 2011 ) .
distribution : holarctic . from sahara to ne america . it has been introduced worldwide ( wiktor et al . 2000 ) .
distribution : s china ; southern slopes of the himalaya from pakistan eastward to sikkim ( wiktor 2001a ) .
distribution : southern slopes of the himalaya from rawalpindi in the west of n pakistan through kashmir and nepal to sikkim in ne india ( wiktor 2001a ) .
nepal : bajura , darchula , humla and rasuwa districts ( bössneck 2006 ) .
new distribution records from nepal : langtang national park - dhunche - gosainkund - chisapani trekking route .
nepal : hills of darchula , dolpa , humla , jumla , lamjung , kaski , palpa and kathmandu districts ( wiktor 2001a , bössneck 2006 ) .
nepal : only reported from the type locality , phuiyan khola , solukhumbu district ( kuzminykh and schileyko 2005 ) .
distribution : russia ; china ; korea ; japan ; borneo ; sumatra ; java ; celebes ; philippines ( wiktor and jurkowska 2007 ) .
distribution : india ; bangladesh ; nepal ; china ; myanmar ; thailand ; laos ; vietnam ; cambodia ; indonesia ; malaysia ; singapore ( hoong 1995 , panha 1995–1996 , wu 2002 , 2004 , kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 , schileyko 2011 ) ; the type species , bradybaena similaris is widely introduced in other regions ( carvalho et al . 2008 ) .
distribution : nw to ne india : himachal pradesh , uttarakhand , sikkim ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : annapurna conservation area - kokhethanti , lete khola ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 , schileyko and kuznetsov 1998a , 1998b ) .
nepal : annapurna conservation area . only known from thakkhola , the type locality ( schileyko and kuznetsov 1998a ) .
ditribution : india ; china ; japan ; sumatra ( schileyko 2004 , ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : india ; bangladesh ; myanmar ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
distribution : sri lanka ; ne india ; nepal ; indonesia ; philippines ( schileyko and kuznetsov 1998a ) .
distribution : india : arunachal pradesh - abor hill ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : dolakha , lalitpur , ramechhap and solukhumbu districts ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 , schileyko and kuznetsov 1998a ) .
nepal : annapurna conservation area - larjung , kokhethanti , kalopani ( schileyko and kuznetsov 1998a ) .
distribution : india : himachal pradesh , uttarakhand , w bengal , assam , nagaland ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
nepal : kaski and myagdi districts ( kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 , schileyko and kuznetsov 1998a ) .
nepal : annapurna conservation area - gorepani , parbat district ( schileyko and kuznetsov 1998a ) .
nepal : shivapuri - nagarjun national park - nagarjun forest , tare - bhir ( schileyko and kuznetsov 1998a ) .
distribution : india ; myanmar ; thailand ; cambodia ( ramakrishna et al . 2010 ) .
1 eight subgenera of cyclophorus were recognized by kobelt ( 1902 ) , one of which , the african maizania bourguignat , 1889 , was elevated to family level maizaniidae by tielecke ( 1940 ) ( see bouchet and rocroi 2005 : 248 ) . gude ( 1921 ) mentioned only five subgenera viz . : glossostylus kobelt and möllendorff , 1897 ( s and se asia ) , litostylus kobelt & möllendorff , 1897 ( s and se asia ) , salpingophorus kobelt and möllendorff , 1897 ( s and se asia ) , cyclophorus montfort , 1810 ( s and se asia ) and cyclohelix mörch , 1852 ( andaman and nicobar islands ) . wenz ( 1939 : 458–460 ) replaced salpingophorus by annularia schumacher , 1817 and cyclohelix by otopoma gray , 1850 , while egorov ( 2006 ) replaced litostylus by kobeltostylus egorov , 2006 . in this list we follow gude ( 1921 ) but with the adapted names proposed by wenz ( 1939 ) and egorov ( 2006 ) . note that egorov and greke ( 2007 ) also recognized five subgenera , but they regarded salpingophorus as a junior synonym of cyclophorus , while maintaining cricophorus kobelt and möllendorff , 1897 as separate subgenus , next to cyclophorus , glossostylus , cyclohelix and kobeltostylus .
2 allozyme data of cyclophorus fulguratus populations in thailand suggest that this is a species complex ( prasankok et al . 2009 ) . it remains to be investigated how the nepalese populations fit into this picture .
3 the name litostylus kobelt & möllendorff , 1897 is a junior homonym of litostylus faust , 1893 ( = insecta , coleoptera , curculionidae ) . egorov ( 2006 ) therefore replaced the molluscan name by kobeltostylus .
4 wenz ( 1939 ) replaced the name salpingophorus kobelt & möllendorff , 1897 by annularia schumacher , 1817 , while egorov and greke ( 2007 ) regarded both these names as junior synonyms of cyclophorus montfort , 1810 ( see note 1 ) .
5 cyclophorus ( annularia ) aurantiacus is distributed in se asia , so that its presence in nepal is doubtful and requires confirmation .
6 nevill ( 1878 ) regarded scabrina w . t . blanford , 1863 as a subgenus of cyclophorus montfort , 1810 . kobelt and möllendorff ( 1897 ) raised scabrina to genus rank . cyclophorus pinnulifer benson , 1857 was fixed as the type species of scabrina by nevill ( 1878 ) .
7 some authors have erroneously attributed the alycaeinae to gray , 1850 ( minato 2005 , tarruella and domènech 2011 ) . however , according to bouchet and rocroi ( 2005 ) the correct authorship is ‘w . blanford , 1864’ . alycaeinae comprises four genera ( tarruella and domènech 2011 ) namely alycaeus j . e . gray , 1850 , chamalycaeus kobelt & möllendorff , 1897 , cipangocharax shintaro , 1934 and dioryx benson , 1859 . the generic names alycaeus and chamalycaeus have been applied by recent authors ( panha and burch 2005 , maassen 2006 , dumrongrojwattana and maassen 2008 , lee et al . 2008 , tarruella and domènech 2011 ) . conversely , cycloryx godwin - austen , 1914 , dicharax kobelt & möllendorff , 1900 and raptomphalus godwin - austen , 1914 are treated as subgenera of chamalycaeus by gude ( 1921 ) . we apply gude’s ( 1921 ) generic categories .
8 the name of the type species of alycaeus j . e . gray , 1850 , by original designation cyclostoma gibbum férussac , 1838 , is a junior homonym of cyclostoma gibbum draparnaud , 1805 ( hydrobiidae ) . therefore , it has been replaced by alycaeus eydouxi venmans , 1956 .
9 some authors attribute authorship of chamalycaeus ( dicharax ) strangulatus to hutton such as pfeiffer ( 1846 ) , nevill ( 1878 ) , hanley and theobald ( 1878 ) but without indicating the publication year . hutton’s name was , however , a manuscript name of no nomenclatural standing . gude ( 1921 ) and tarruella and domènech ( 2011 ) were correct in assigning authorship to ‘pfeiffer’ .
10 seven subgenera have been recognized within diplommatina ( kobelt 1902 , kuroda 1928 ) : benigoma kuroda , 1928 , diplommatina benson , 1849 , diploptychia möllendorff , 1895 , metadiancta möllendorff , 1898 , moussonia semper , 1865 , pseudopalaina möllendorff , 1898 , and sinica möllendorff , 1885 .
11 diplommatina ( sinica ) canarica is endemic to the western ghats ( raheem et al . 2014 ) . hence , the identification of the nepalese specimens by kuznetsov and schileyko ( 1997 ) needs to be verified .
13 carychium minusculum gredler , 1888 was originally described from china , “aus hupe” ( type locality ) , which is the chinese province hubei ( = hupeh ) ( see zilch 1974 ) . the correct publication year is ‘1888’ instead of ‘1887’ as is sometimes mentioned ( e . g . zilch 1974 , nesemann et al . 2007 ) . in nepal , this species was recorded from two different localities , viz . kavre district by nesemann et al . ( 2007 ) and langtang national park - syabru by kuznetsov and schileyko ( 1997 ) . pb checked specimens from these two localities ( nesemann’s specimen and an image of kuznetsov and schileyko 1997 ) . the shells from these two localities differ by size , shape and sculpture and may be two distinct taxa .
14 carychium shells collected by pb from phulchowki , shivapuri - nagarjun and langtang national parks have very fine and strong radial ribs , as well as slender apical whorls . as such they differ from the shells of nesemann et al . ( 2007 ) , which are comparatively smooth and smaller . they are therefore , tentatively regarded as separate taxa . the phulchowki specimen was also compared with images of schileyko’s carychium minusculum specimen from langtang national park deposited in zmmu no . lc - 39251 and carychium minusculum in zilch ( 1974 : fig . 13 ) . the peristome along the umbilicus region is more or less straight in the phulchowki taxon , while it is strongly reflected in schileyko’s minusculum .
15 according to kennard ( 1942 ) the name vaginulus alte was published in 1822 , instead of 1821 as is often mentioned in the literature or 1823 as mentioned in sherborn ( 1923 : 230 ) . the spelling ‘ altae ’ in e . g . bössneck ( 2006 ) and raheem et al . ( 2010 ) is erroneous .
16 the type locality of pupilla annandalei pilsbry , 1921 was doubtfully recorded as ava ( myanmar ) in the indian museum ( nevill 1878 ) . pilsbry ( 1920 - 21 ) speculated that the holotype may have been collected in nepal because he associated it with central asian species . however , confirmed records are restricted to granite mountains between 2 , 000 and 2 , 800 m in northern pakistan ( pokryszko et al . 2009 ) .
18 hutton and benson ( 1838 ) attributed the authorship of helix humilis to hutton , but gude ( 1914 ) and ramakrishna et al . ( 2010 ) incorrectly cite ‘benson’ while sherborn ( 1927 : 3062 ) cited ‘hutton & benson’ , 1838 as authors .
19 pyramidula kuznetsovi was misidentified as pyramidula humilis by schileyko and kuznetsov ( 1997 ) . kuznetsov’s collections were recently reviewed and schileyko and balashov ( 2012 ) redescribed the samples as a new species .
20 the correct spelling is ‘ cantorii ’ and not ‘ cantori ’ as some authors mention ( e . g . zilch 1959 , schileyko 1998 ) .


clausidiidae is a family of parasitic copepods of the order poecilostomatoida , containing the following genera : cemihyclops karanovic , 2008 clausidium kossmann , 1875 conchyliurus bocquet & stock , 1957 foliomolgus i. m. kim , 2001 giardella canu , 1888 goodingius i. m. kim , 2007 hemadona i. m. kim & ho , 2003 hemicyclops boeck , 1872 hersiliodes canu , 1888 hippomolgus g. o. sars , 1917 hyphalion humes , 1987 leptinogaster pelseneer , 1929 pholadicola ho & wardle , 1992 pontoclausia bacescu & por , 1959

clausidiidae

no one has contributed data records for clausidiidae yet . learn how to contribute .
genus saphirella scott t . , 1894 accepted as clausidiidae embleton , 1901 ( consists of larval stages of other clausidiid genera )
first record of clausidium ( copepoda , clausidiidae ) from brazil : a new species associated with ghost shrimps neocallichirus grandimana ( gibbes , 185 . . . - pubmed - ncbi
first record of clausidium ( copepoda , clausidiidae ) from brazil : a new species associated with ghost shrimps neocallichirus grandimana ( gibbes , 1850 ) ( decapoda , callianassidae ) .
walter , t . c . & boxshall , g . ( 2018 ) . world of copepods database . clausidiidae embleton , 1901 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 128567 on 2018 - 07 - 09
ty - jour ti - a new genus of the clausidiidae ( copepods : poecilostomatoida ) associated with a polychaete from korea , with discussion of the taxonomic status of hersiliodes canu , 1888 t2 - proceedings of the biological society of washington . vl - 117 ur - urltoken pb - biological society of washington cy - washington , py - 2004 sp - 95 ep - 105 sn - 0006 - 324x au - ho , j s au - kim , i h er -
@ article { bhlpart49096 , title = { a new genus of the clausidiidae ( copepods : poecilostomatoida ) associated with a polychaete from korea , with discussion of the taxonomic status of hersiliodes canu , 1888 } , journal = { proceedings of the biological society of washington . } , volume = { 117 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { washington , biological society of washington } , author = { ho , j s and kim , i h } , year = { 2004 } , pages = { 95 - - 105 } , }
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genus myocheres wilson c . b . , 1950 accepted as leptinogaster pelseneer , 1929 ( synonym )
genus platycheiron scott t . , 1892 accepted as hemicyclops claus , 1893 accepted as halicyclops norman , 1903 ( synonym proposed in foot - note p . 153 as a new genus to 2 species refered to as lichomolgus but is a synonym of hemicyclops )
boxshall , g . ( 2001 ) . copepoda ( excl . harpacticoida ) , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 252 - 268 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of saphirella scott t . , 1894 ) revis , n . & e . n . okemwa ( 1988 ) . additional records of species of copepods and their distribution in the coastal and inshore waters of kenya . kenya journal of sciences series b 9 : 123 - 127 . [ details ]
( of saphirella scott t . , 1894 ) masdea ( 1997 ) . [ details ]
( of lanowia oliveira , 1945 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sapphirella bjornberg , 1963 ) walter , chad . the world of copepods . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - lanowia ( from synonym lanowia oliveira , 1945 ) 3x5 c . b . wilson taxonomic card - saphirella ( from synonym saphirella scott t . , 1894 ) 3x5 j . s . ho taxonomic card - saphirella ( from synonym saphirella scott t . , 1894 ) to genbank to itis
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mclaughlin et al . 2005 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : crustaceans . american fisheries society special publication 31
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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sars , 1917 ( 1918 ) ( p . 144 ) ; nicholls , 1944 ( p . 45 ) ; vervoort & ramirez , 1966 ( p . 195 , rem . ) ; kabata , 1979 ( p . 51 ) ; razouls , 1982 ( p . 718 ) ; bowman & abele , 1982 ( p . 11 ) ; huys & boxshall , 1991 ( p . 285 , 411 - 12 , 421 ) ; razouls , 1993 ( p . 312 ) ; boxshall & halsey , 2004 ( p . 482 : def . ; rem . p . 1 : ces auteurs mettent en cause l ' existence de l ' ordre des poecilostomatoida ) )
various genera ( of which hemicyclops ) , have juvenile forms reported accidentally and temporarily in the plankton , denominated saphirella .
t . scott , 1894 b ( p . 126 ) ; sewell , 1924 ( p . 799 ) ; wilson , 1932 a ( p . 597 ) ; farran , 1936 a ( p . 140 ) ; nicholls , 1944 ( p . 45 , 49 , rem . ) ; gurney , 1944 ( p . 825 , rem . ) ; krishnaswamy , 1952 ( p . 335 , rem . ) ; vilela , 1965 ( p . 12 ) ; owre & foyo , 1967 ( p . 109 ) ; björnberg , 1972 ( p . 93 ) ; marques , 1982 ( p . 770 ) ; razouls , 1982 ( p . 718 ) ; gooding , 1988 ( p . 363 , rem . ) ; itoh & nishida , 1991 ( p . 397 , figs . , clé des 8 types bay of tokyo ) ; kim & ho , 1992 ( p . 631 , 645 , rem . ) ; itoh & nishida , 1995 ( p . 134 , 153 , rem . ) ; chihara & murano , 1997 ( p . 1000 , rem . ) ; boxshall & halsey , 2004 ( p . 483 : rem . )
razouls c . , de bovée f . , kouwenberg j . et desreumaux n . , 2005 - 2018 . - diversity and geographic distribution of marine planktonic copepods . sorbonne université , cnrs . available at urltoken [ accessed july 09 , 2018 ]
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german centre for marine biodiversity research ( dzmb ) , senckenberg research institute , südstrand 44 , 26382 wilhelmshaven , germany .
a new clausidiid copepod was found living in galleries of ghost shrimps neocallichirus grandimana ( gibbes , 1850 ) in natal , brazil . the new species resembles to clausidium senegalense humes , 1957 and clausidium vancouverense ( haddon , 1912 ) in the armature of p2 - p5 of the female , and shares with clausidium senegalense similar segmentation and armature of the antenna and maxilla of the female . nevertheless , it can be easily distinguished from its congeners by the unique characteristics observed in the antenna , maxilliped and first leg of males , as well as by the anal somite , maxillule and maxilliped of the females . this new species extends the group distribution to the southwest atlantic and represents the first record of the genus in brazil . a key for the identification of the species based on females of clausidium is provided .
pmid : 24146565 pmcid : pmc3800791 doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 335 . 5490
clausidium rodriguesi sp . n . female : 1 habitus , dorsal 2 urosome , dorsal 3 urosome lacking somite bearing p5 , ventral . scale bars : 1 = 100 μm ; 2 , 3 = 50 μm .
clausidium rodriguesi sp . n . female : 4 caudal rami , dorsal 5 caudal rami , ventral 6 antennule ( arrow head indicating bipinnate seta ) . scale bar = 50 μm .
clausidium rodriguesi sp . n . female : 7 antenna 8 labrum 9 mandible 10 detail of mandible tooth 11 maxillule 12 maxilla 13 maxilliped . scale bars : 7 = 50 μm ; 8 = 10 μm ; 9 , 10 = 25 μm ; 11–13 = 20 μm .
clausidium rodriguesi sp . n . female : 14 p1 , anterior ( arrows indicating adhesive fringe ) 15 detail of distal area of p1 endopod , posterior 16 p2 , anterior 17 p3 , anterior . scale bars : 14 = 20 μm ; 15 = 10 μm ; 16 , 17 = 50 μm .
clausidium rodriguesi sp . n . female : 18 p4 , anterior 19 p5 , anterior . male : 20 habitus , dorsal . scale bars : 18 = 20 μm ; 19 = 50 μm ; 20 = 100 μm .
clausidium rodriguesi sp . n . male : 21 urosome lacking somite bearing p5 , dorsal 22 urosome , ventral 23 caudal ramus , dorsal 24 antenna . scale bars : 21–23 = 20 μm ; 24 = 25 μm .
clausidium rodriguesi sp . n . male : 25 mandible 26 mandible , detail , ventral 27 mandible , detail , dorsal 28 p1 , anterior 29 p2 , anterior . scale bars : 25–27 = 10 μm ; 28 , 29 = 20 μm .
clausidium rodriguesi sp . n . male : 30 p4 , anterior 31 p5 and p6 . scale bar : 20 μm .
clausidium rodriguesi sp . n . female : confocal laser scanning microscopy maximum projections 33 habitus , dorsal 34 habitus , ventral . scale bars : 100 μm .
clausidium rodriguesi sp . n . female : confocal laser scanning microscopy maximum projections 34 urosome , dorsal 35 urosome lacking somite bearing p5 , ventral 36 antenna and oral region 37 p1 , anterior 38 p2 - p4 , anterior . scale bars : 50 μm .
clausidium rodriguesi sp . n . : scanning electron microscopy photos 39 metastomal area , male 40 detail of metastomal area , male 41 detail of metastomal area , male 42 p1 , anterior , female 43 p1 , anterior , male 44 detail of sucking disc of p1 , male 45 detail of lobe with serrate margin and distal sucking disc of enp - 3 of p1 , female 46 detail of p1 enp - 1 adhesive fringe , male 47 sucking discs of p2 , female 48 detail of serrate spine with apical flagellum of p2 , female 49 detail of sucking disc of p2 , female . scale bars : 39 , 40 , 47 = 25 μm ; 41 , 44–46 = 10 μm ; 42 = 35 μm ; 43 = 20 μm ; 48 = 12 . 5 μm ; 49 = 4 μm .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
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