givira cornelia is a moth in the cossidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from utah , arizona , california and nevada .

givira cornelia

givira adults . 1 givira delindae holotype ♂ upperside 2 givira delindae holotype ♂ underside 3 givira delindae allotype ♀ upperside 4 givira delindae allotype ♀ underside 5 givira carla holotype ♂ ( photographed after dissection ) upperside 6 givira carla holotype ♂ underside 7 givira durangona holotype ♂ ( photographed after dissection ) upperside 8 givira durangona holotype ♂ underside .
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most of the north american species listed in the genus of givira are dark colored or have substantial dark smudges on the forewing , i . e . givira anna ( dyar , 1898 ) , givira arbeloides ( dyar , 1899 ) , givira cleopatra barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 , givira ethela ( neumoegen & dyar , 1893 ) , givira francesca ( dyar , 1909 ) , givira lotta barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 , givira lucretia ( barnes & mcdunnough , 1913 ) , givira marga barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 , givira minuta barnes & mcdunnough , 1910 , givira mucida ( hy edwards , 1882 ) , and givira theodori ( dyar , 1893 ) . in contrast givira carla dyar , 1923 , givira cornelia ( neumoegen & dyar , 1893 ) , givira durangona ( schaus , 1901 ) , and givira delindae sp . n . are substantially white with few or no dark markings .
givira genitalia 9 givira delindae ♂ paratype usnm slide 127 , 556 9a ( genital capsule ) 9b ( aedeagus ) 10 givira carla holotype ♂ usnm slide 85 , 292 10a ( genital capsule ) 10b ( aedeagus ) 11 givira durangona holotype ♂ usnm slide 85 , 295 11a ( genital capsule ) 11b ( aedeagus ) 12 givira delindae ♀ genitalia paratype usnm slide 127 , 563 .
the north american species of the family cossidae were revised by barnes and mcdunnough ( 1911 ) wherein they refined the definition of the genus givira and included 11 species . the barnes and mcdunnough revision of 1911 was updated by dyar and schaus ( 1937 ) when all species of givira from the new world were included . when hodges ( 1983 ) updated the list of givira for north american , the number of species was 13 .
three species of goat moths are recorded at the hanford nuclear site and hanford national monument in south central washington state . they are : comadia bertholdi ( grote 1880 ) , givira cornelia ( neumoegen & dyar 1893 ) , and prionoxystus robiniae ( peck 1818 ) . the general habitat of the hanford area is shrub - steppe but there are extensive areas of sand dune as well as limited riparian habitat . these are the first washington records for c . bertholdi and g . cornelia . in addition , comadia bertholdi also is first recorded here from yakima county , washington , 81 km west of the hanford site . flight period dates are presented for all collections .
this new species is placed in the genus givira based on three character states as defined by barnes and mcdunnough ( 1911 ) . 1 ) presence of a cross vein between a 1 and a 2 of the forewing ( near the tornus in givira delindae ) , 2 ) veins r and m 1 of the hindwing stalked , and 3 ) one pair of apical spurs .
the photographs of the adults of the types of givira carla and givira durangona illustrated in this paper were taken and processed by karolyn darrow and made available by patricia gentili - poole . the photographs of the adults of givira delindae sp . n . were taken with a nikon d7100 equipped with an af - s micro nikkor 105mm 1 . 28 ged vr lens and a small homemade light - box , of 4” diameter × 4” long white pcv pipe , illuminated with a 60 led ring light . the photographs of the genitalia were taken with a nikon d7100 mounted on a leitz aristophot with an 8 cm summar and an 80 mm condenser . the images the adults of givira delindae and the genitalia were processed with zerene systems software and photoshop cs6 software .
givira delindae 13 type locality 14 distribution 15 adult resting on a branch of frosted mint ( poliomintha incana ( torr . ) a . gray ( lamiaceae ) ) , a common shrub in the dunes .
the lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 9 . a new species of givira walker ( cossidae , hypoptinae ) dedicated to delinda mix , including a list of species of cossidae recorded from the monument
the lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 9 . a new species of givira walker ( cossidae , hypoptinae ) dedicated to delinda mix , including a list of species of cossidae recorded from the monument
metzler eh ( 2017 ) the lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 9 . a new species of givira walker ( cossidae , hypoptinae ) dedicated to delinda mix , including a list of species of cossidae recorded from the monument . zookeys 655 : 141–156 . urltoken
the u . s . national park service initiated a 10 - year study of the lepidoptera at white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico in late 2006 . givira delindae sp . n . , discovered in 2007 during the first year of study , is described here . the male and female adult moths and genitalia are illustrated . the name is dedicated to delinda mix , mother of steve mix . the species of cossidae recorded from the monument during the study are listed .
[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
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adults have been recorded on wing in march , may and from july to august .
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1 adjunct curator of lepidoptera michigan state university ; research collaborator national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution ; research associate museum of southwestern biology the university of new mexico . research associate mcguire center for lepidoptera and biodiversity , university of florida , p . o . box 45 , alamogordo , nm 88311 - 0045 usa
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
endemism , evolution , u . s . national park service , u . s . army , white sands missile range , tularosa basin , biological diversity , white gypsum dunes
prior to this study 20 species of moths were recorded from the monument ( stroud 1950 ) . none of stroud’s reported species is unusual for the tularosa basin . the lack of lepidopteran specimens until my study can probably be attributed to the dearth of insect collecting in the gypsum dunes ecosystem in new mexico because the dunes were private property and are now under the control of the u . s . national park service and the u . s . army . in the period 9 february 2007 through 30 july 2016 , i collected more than 600 named species ( unpublished data ) of lepidoptera from the monument plus approximately 40 undescribed species of moths . this is the 13th description of a new species of moth emanating from the study ( see metzler 2014 , 2016 ; metzler et al . 2009 ; metzler and forbes 2011a , 2011b , 2012 ; metzler and landry 2016 , metzler and lightfoot 2014 , wright 2012 , 2014 , wright and gilligan 2015 ) .
the genitalia were examined by generally following procedures outlined in clarke ( 1941 ) , hardwick ( 1950 ) , lafontaine ( 2004 ) , and pogue ( 2002 ) . abdomens were removed from the moths , dipped in 95 % ethyl alcohol , and soaked in 10 % koh for up to 30 minutes at 50°c . genitalia were dissected in 25 % propanol . genitalia were stained with orcein in propanol . the genital organs were dehydrated in 100 % propanol , and slide mounted in euparal .
terminology for regions of the wing and wing markings comes from mikkola et al . ( 2009 ) and genital structures from klots ( 1970 ) . terminology for color comes from jewell and abate ( 2001 ) . forewing lengths were measured to the nearest 0 . 1 mm , from the base to the apex excluding fringe , using a leica mz 12 stereo - microscope with a wild schraubenmikrometer okular 15× sk .
the specific name of this species , delindae , a noun in the genitive case , honors delinda mix for the support and encouragement she gave to her son , steve mix , who was interested in studying butterflies and moths as a young man . he maintains his interest in lepidoptera .
) , the thorax and abdomen are velvety white . abdominal tufts have gray - tipped scales . the posterior dorsal margin of the thorax has prominent semi - erect tufts of scales , the abdomen has two basal erect dorsal tufts of gray - tipped scales , and the posterior end of the abdomen has a prominent often semi - erect , furcate tuft of scales . in addition to the contrasting dark patches on the forewings , there are two tufts of semi - erect scales along the path of the postmedial line . the other fore wing markings are more or less contrasting three faint - gray lines , parallel to the outer margin in the postmedial area . the costa of the forewing of
may or may not have one , two , or three rows of costal and sub - costal tiny black spots . the markings of the hindwing are a series of parallel gray widened lines that are more conspicuous at the costal margin . worn specimens are dull white shaded with gray , and most pinned specimens are greased and oily - gray in appearance . the abdomen is full of fatty tissue ( obvious when dissected ) hence the reason most pinned specimens are greasy . the forewings and hindwings of
are white , without dark smudges and with three or four faint obscure pale - gray shades parallel to the outer margin ( fig .
is not satiny white and has numerous small black spots . the post medial dark markings are brown on
are longer , when measured from near the tornal angle towards the costa . the wings of
are overcast with a gray tint from the post medial line to the outer margin ( fig .
are closely similar in appearance . they are distinguished by subtle differences in shape and ratios of width to length of the valvae . the valvae of
are 1 . 22× as long as wide , and they are not noticeably curved dorsad ( fig .
) , uncus , apex slightly widened , blunt , curved ventrally ; tegumen a shaped , width equals length ; valvae straight , narrowed apically , apex rounded , curved mesially near apex , short , length = 1 . 22× width at base , setose , dense near apex , saccular region set off by a shallow depression at base of valve , costa turned 90° mesially and extended at base ; juxta posterior part flat , jagged posterior margin , anterior part trough shaped , narrowed to blunt point ; vinculum broad , robust , apex produced to truncated process with rounded corners . aedeagus cylindrical , a rounded longitudinal keel - like structure at 2 / 5 length from anterior end , slightly bent at position of keel ; anterior end gradually wider from bend to anterior opening ; posterior end abruptly flared immediately before terminus ( like the mouthpiece of a brass musical instrument ) .
) : habitus like male . forewing : length 15 . 1–16 . 5 mm , mean = 15 . 7 mm , n = 3 . antennae bipectinate , each rhamus = 1 × width of antennal shaft . rhami shorter towards terminal end of antennae . abdomen . s - 8 heavily sclerotized , lateral margins parallel , posterior margin deeply concave . genitalia ( fig .
) . papilla analis short , rubbery , retracted into abdomen , as wide as long , rounded , membranous , setose ; posterior apophysis short , due to withdrawn papilla analis appears to be anterior of anterior apophysis , sinuous , extends to caudal end of concavity in s - 8 , terminal end spoon shaped ; anterior apophysis slender , sinuous , with lateral processes , posterior end y shaped , extends caudad of end of concavity in s - 8 , terminal end sinuous , spoon shaped ; t - 8 short , weakly sclerotized , translucent , posterior margin with numerous processes appearing like a comb with widely - spaced spine - like teeth . ostium bursae , anterior margin a sclerotized ring , posterior margin lightly sclerotized , opens into a funnel - shaped sinus vaginalis . ostium - bursae heavily sclerotized , protruding , ductus bursae lightly sclerotized , short , narrowed at midpoint , a sharp dogleg to juncture with appendix bursae and corpus bursae , appendix bursae round sclerotized , at right angle to juncture with ductus bursae and corpus bursae ; corpus bursae round , short , flattened , appressed against s - 8 , dorsal surface rugose , sclerotized ridges a complex reticulated network , appearing cage - like .
) . several of the sample sites used for this study were not in the dunes . only one specimen of
was seen at any sample site outside the dunes . the single specimen captured outside the dunes was at an incandescent light 300 meters east of the dunes at the administration building . the immature stages and the larval host are unknown .
the internal structures of the female genitalia are arduous to dissect and even more difficult to discern because of the heavily sclerotized t - 8 and fatty tissue in the abdomen . the short sclerotized ductus bursae allows very little tolerance to manipulate the structures without tearing the parts apart . the structures are nearly impossible to illustrate with photographs .
the national park service granted permits take samples of moths and provided access to areas normally closed to the public . michigan state university’s albert j . cook arthropod research collection , new mexico state university’s arthropod collection , and the university of new mexico’s museum of southwestern biology agreed to be repositories for the specimens collected during the study . voucher specimens are deposited in the national museum of natural history ( smithsonian institution ) .
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the lepidoptera of white sands national monument , otero county , new mexico , usa 11 . a new species of arotrura walsingham 1888 ( scythrididae ) , another iconic species from the monument .
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this translation tool is powered by google . fao is not responsible for the accuracy of translations .
zack , richard s . ; landolt , peter j . ; strenge , dennis
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spodoptera albula ( unbarred spodoptera moth or gray-streaked armyworm moth ) is a moth of the family noctuidae found from the southern united states , south to south america .

the wingspan is 33 – 35 mm .

the forewings are brownish-grey with dark streaks along the veins .

there is a thin black basal dash and a reniform spot in the form of a small dark dot .

the hindwings are white with pale grey shading and a dotted black terminal line .

adults are on wing in the final half of the year , peaking in november .

the larvae feed on amaranthus species .

spodoptera albula

species spodoptera albula - gray - streaked armywom moth - hodges # 9673 - bugguide . net
illustration of distinguishing characteristics between s . albula and s . eridania ( pierre zagatti , lepidoptera of the french antilles )
the genus spodoptera guenée , 1852 ( lepidoptera : noctuidae : noctuinae ) ( lafontaine and schmidt 2010 ) is cosmopolitan and includes many of the most important agricultural caterpillars ( pogue 2002 ) . spodoptera albula ( walker 1857 ) has been recorded from florida and southern texas , throughout the caribbean , central america , and from venezuela south to paraguay and southern brazil ( pogue 2002 , zenker et al . 2010 ) , and chile ( angulo et al . 2008 ) . spodoptera albula has been erroneously referred to as “ spodoptera sunia ( guenée , 1852 ) ” which is currently recognized as neogalea sunia ( guenée 1852 ) , representative of the oncocnemidinae ( lafontaine and schmidt 2010 ) .
armstrong am . 1994 . spodoptera sunia ( guenée ) [ s . albula ] ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) : a new record of attack on cabbage in puerto rico . j agric univ puerto rico 78 ( 1 - 2 ) : 67 - 68 . [ links ]
survival and duration of life cycle of s . albula during different developmental stages , under controlled conditions ( 25 ± 1°c , 70 ± 10 % rh and 14 hour photophase ) .
teixeira ép , novo jps , stein cp and godoy ij . 2001 . primeiro registro da ocorrência de spodoptera albula ( walker ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) atacando amendoim ( arachis hypogaea , l . ) no estado de são paulo . neotrop entomol 30 ( 4 ) : 723 - 724 . [ links ]
spodoptera albula - mean duration , in days , of pupal stage and larval plus pupal stage and mean weight of the pupae , whose larvae were fed with an artificial diet , under controlled conditions ( 25 ± 1°c , 70 ± 10 % rh and 14 hour photophase ) , arranged by sex and number of larval instars .
the duration of the immature stages of s . albula ( table i ) resembled many of the results already described for the same species , under similar conditions of temperature and fed with tobacco ( novo padrino and martínez reyes 1985 ) and tomato ( la rosa et al . 1992 ) .
mean larval duration ( days ) of s . albula , during each instar , including the larvae of each sex which developed for six and seven instars , fed with an artificial diet , under controlled conditions ( 25 ± 1°c , 70 ± 10 % rh and 14 hour photophase ) .
pogue gm . 2002 . a world revision of the genus spodoptera ( guenée ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . mem am entomol soc 43 : 1 - 202 . [ links ]
savoie kl . 1988 . alimentación selectiva por species de spodoptera ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) en un campo de frijol con la branza mínima . turrialba 38 : 267 - 70 . [ links ]
yoshida ha and parrella mp . 1992 . development and use of selected chrysanthemum cultivars by spodoptera exigua ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . j econ entomol 85 : 2377 - 2382 . [ links ]
azidah aa and sofian - azirum m . 2006 . life history of spodoptera exigua ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) on various host plants . b entomol res 96 : 613 - 618 . [ links ]
novo padrino jm and martínez reyes e . 1985 . ciclo biológico de spodoptera sunia ( g ) en condiciones de laboratorio . centro agrícola 12 ( 1 ) : 107 - 115 . [ links ]
páez gázquez b and novo padrino jm . 1987 . comportamiento poblacional de spodoptera sunia ( gn ) en siete variedades de tabaco . rev cenic cienc biol 18 ( 3 ) : 133 - 135 . [ links ]
saeed s , sayyed ah and ahmad i . 2010 . effect of host plants on life - history trais of spodoptera exigua ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . j pest sci 83 : 165 - 172 . [ links ]
santos kb , meneguim am and neves pmoj . 2005 . biologia de spodoptera eridania ( cramer ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) em diferentes hospedeiros . neotrop entomol 34 ( 6 ) : 903 - 910 . [ links ]
distance between frontal setae of s . albula larvae at each instar and their respective growth rates , including larvae which developed for six ( 15 females and 15 males ) and seven instars ( 15 females and 8 males ) , fed with an artificial diet , under controlled conditions ( 25 ± 1°c , 70 ± 10 % rh and 14 hour photophase ) .
angulo ao and jana - sáens c . 1982 . the pupa of spodoptera ( guenée , 1852 ) , in the north of chile ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . agric técn 42 ( 4 ) : 347 - 349 . [ links ]
bavaresco a , garcia ms and grutzmacher ad . 2003 . biologia comparada de spodoptera cosmioides ( walk . ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) em cebola , mamona , soja e feijão . cienc rural 33 : 993 - 998 . [ links ]
bavaresco a , garcia ms , grützmacher ad , foresti j and ringenberg r . 2002 . biologia e exigências térmicas de spodoptera cosmioides ( walk . ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . neotrop entomol 31 : 49 - 54 . [ links ]
parra jrp , precetti aacm and karsten jr p . 1977 . aspectos biológicos de spodoptera eridania ( cramer , 1782 ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) em soja e algodão . an soc entomol brasil 6 : 147 - 155 . [ links ]
santos gp , cosenza gw and albino jc . 1980 . biologia de spodoptera latifascia ( walker , 1856 ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) sobre folhas de eucalipto . rev bras entomol 24 ( 2 ) : 153 - 155 . [ links ]
novo padrino jm , martínez reyes and hernández fernández f . 1984 . relación entre el insecto spodoptera sunia ( mantequilla ) y la planta de tabaco ( nicotiana tabacum ) . centro agrícola 11 ( 2 ) : 33 - 38 . [ links ]
novo padrino jm , martínez reyes and hernández fernández f . 1985 . determinación del consumo de alimento por instares larvales en spodoptera sunia ( guene ) sobre plantas de tabaco . centro agrícola 12 ( 2 ) : 9 - 14 . [ links ]
amaya os , restrepo od , argueles j and aguilera ge . 2009 . evaluación del comportamiento del complejo spodoptera con la introducción del algodón transgénico al tolima , colombia . corpoica cienc tecnol agropecu 10 ( 1 ) : 24 - 32 . [ links ]
bestmann hj , attygalle ab , schwarz j , vostrowsky o and knauf w . 1988 . identification of sex pheromone components of spodoptera sunia guenée ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . j chem ecol 14 ( 2 ) : 683 - 690 . [ links ]
foerster la and dionisio alm . 1989 . necessidades térmicas de spodoptera eridania ( cramer , 1782 ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) em bracatinga ( mimosa scabrella bentham ) ( leguminosae ) . an soc entomol brasil 18 : 145 - 154 . [ links ]
giolo fp , grurutzmcher ad , garcia ms and busato gr . 2002 . parâmetros biológicos de spodoptera frugiperda ( smith , 1797 ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) oriundas de diferentes localidades e hospedeiros . rev bras agro 8 : 219 - 224 . [ links ]
greenberg sm , sappington tw , legaspi jr bc , liu tx and setamou m . 2001 . feeding and life history of spodoptera exigua ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) on different host plants . ann entomol soc am 94 : 566 - 575 . [ links ]
habib mem , paleari ml and amaral mec . 1983 . effect of three larval diets on the development of the armyworm , spodoptera latifascia ( walker , 1856 ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . rev bras zool 1 : 177 - 182 . [ links ]
la rosa j , cabrera r and vera r . 1992 . influencia de la temperatura en el desarollo de spodoptera sunia ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) en tomata “cambell - 28” . protección de plantas 2 ( 3 ) : 13 - 21 . [ links ]
dunkleblum e , rodríguez - v cl , oechlschlager c and vargas - gm . 1995 . desarrollo de la feromona sexual de spodoptera sunia ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) en melón . manejo integrado de plagas . 37 ( 1 ) : 34 - 38 . [ links ]
farahani s , naseri b and talebi aa . 2011 . comparative life table parameters of the beet armyworm , spodoptera exigua ( hübner ) ( lepidoptera , noctuidae ) on five host plants . j entomol res soc 13 ( 1 ) : 91 - 101 . [ links ]
sá vgm , fonseca bvc , boregas kg and waquil jm . 2009 . sobrevivência e desenvolvimento larval de spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) em hospedeiros alternativos . neotrop entomol 38 ( 1 ) : 108 - 115 . [ links ]
barros em , torres jb and bueno af . 2010 . oviposição , desenvolvimento e reprodução de spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) em diferentes hospedeiros de importância econômica . neotrop entomol 39 ( 6 ) : 996 - 1001 . [ links ]
mattana al and foerster la . 1988 . ciclo de vida de spodoptera eridania ( cramer , 1782 ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) em um novo hospedeiro , bracatinga ( mimosa scabrella bentham ) ( leguminosae ) . an soc entomol brasil 17 : 173 - 183 . [ links ]
pinheiro jca , pádua lem , portela glf , branco rtpc , reis as and silva prr . 2008 . biologia comparada de spodoptera frugiperda ( smith , 1797 ) visando ao seu zoneamento ecológico no estado do piauí . caatinga 21 ( 2 ) : 197 - 203 . [ links ]
bavaresco a , garcia ms , grützmacher ad , ringenberg r and foresti j . 2004 . adequação de uma dieta artificial para a criação de spodoptera cosmioides ( walk . ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) em laboratório . neo trop entomol 33 ( 2 ) : 155 - 161 . [ links ]
lopes gs , lemos rns , machado kkg , maciel aas and ottati alt . 2008 . biologia de spodoptera frugiperda ( j . smith ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) em folhas de mandioca ( manihot esculenta , crantz ) . caatinga 21 ( 3 ) : 134 - 140 . [ links ]
milano p , berti filho e , parra jrp and consoli fl . 2008 . influência da temperatura na frequência de cópula de anticarsia gemmatalis ( hübner ) e spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . neotrop entomol 37 : 528 - 535 . [ links ]
santos lm , redaelli lr , diefenbach lmg and efrom cfs . 2003 . larval and pupal stage of spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) in sweet and field corn genotypes . braz j biol 63 ( 4 ) : 627 - 633 . [ links ]
the methodology proposed in this study , specifically enabled a more complete detailing of several biological parameters of s . albula with minimal interference in its development . this allowed several unknown inferences such as the duration and the survival of larval instars and sex determination , along with the duration of larval and pupal stages . on the other hand , several comparisons with parameters of other species were not possible due to the lack of standardization and , especially , lack of detail in the available information .
xue m , pang yh , wang ht , li ql and liu tx . 2010 . effects of four plants on biology and food utilization of the cutworm , spodoptera litura . j insect sci 10 : 22 . www . urltoken ( accessed : oct . 29 . 2011 ) . [ links ]
rosset p , vandermeer j , cano - p m , varrela g , snook a and hellpap c . 1985 . el frijol como cultivo trampa para el combate de spodoptera sunia guenée ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) em plantulas de tomate . agron costarr 9 ( 1 ) : 99 - 102 . [ links ]
busato gr , grützmacher ad , garcia ms , giolo fp , zott mj and stefanello gjjr . 2005 . biologia comparada de populações de spodoptera frugiperda ( j . e . smith ) ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) em folhas de milho e arroz . neotrop entomol 34 ( 5 ) : 743 - 750 . [ links ]
considering the importance of s . albula for several crops of economic interest , this study aimed to : ( a ) detail the various temporal and morphological parameters of the immature stages under controlled conditions , to allow comparisons with previous studies and with other representatives of the same genus ; ( b ) gather and organize information relating to host plants ; and ( c ) validate a rearing method and an artificial larval diet which has already been used to detail the biological parameters of pest noctuids , in the laboratório de controle de pragas of the universidade de caxias do sul .
the high level of larval survival ( table i ) indicates that both the diet and the rearing conditions were satisfactory for the development of s . albula in the laboratory . la rosa et al . ( 1992 ) described a higher larval survival ( 90 . 5 % ) for the same species fed with tomato at a mean temperature of 26 . 7°c . however , several authors ( stoyan and machado 1970 , martin zequeira 1982 , novo padrino and martínez reyes 1985 , novo padrino et al . 1985 , la rosa et al . 1992 ) have reared this species under controlled conditions . this demonstrates that this species , like other representatives of spodoptera ( i . e . bavaresco et al . 2004 , santos et al . 2005 , azidah and sofian - azirun 2006 , barros et al . 2010 , saeed et al . 2010 , xue et al . 2010 , farahani et al . 2011 ) is adaptable to laboratory conditions .
female pupae were significantly heavier than male , both among individuals who have had six , as with those with seven larval instars . this sexual dimorphism is relatively well documented among representatives of spodoptera ( i . e . habib et al . 1983 , mattana and foerster 1988 , bavaresco et al . 2004 , santos et al . 2005 , xue et al . 2010 ) , and other lepidoptera .
as this study was carried out under controlled conditions , the variation of the number of instars between the sexes can be attributed , at least in part , to the larger size of females ( see pupal stage section ) . in this sense , in species that a pronounced sexual dimorphism and with larger females , the development of larvae which originate females often demands an additional instar ( parra 1991 ) . thus , considering that the absolute size of caterpillars at the end of their development triggers the process of metamorphosis ( nijhout 1975 ) , due to their larger size , some females of s . albula require an additional instar to reach the size required for transformation into a pupae .
during the prepupal period ( tables i , ii ) , which corresponds to the time when the larvae do not feed and prepare for the pupa stage , a relatively high survival was observed , along with a relatively short duration , without any significant differences between sexes and individuals that underwent six or seven larval instars . nevertheless , the only data referring to prepupal survival in the literature ( la rosa et al . 1992 ) indicates 100 % survival for this period , regardless of large larval mortality . in any case , s . albula was very well adapted to rearing conditions , even during this period , usually considered critical for holometabolous insects due to metamorphosis ( parra 1991 ) .
beyond its great voracity and reproductive capacity ( stoyan and machado 1970 , martin zequeira 1982 , novo padrino et al . 1984 , 1985 , novo padrino and martínez reyes 1985 , páez gázquez and novo padrino 1987 , la rosa et al . 1992 ) , s . albula is tolerant to several chemical insecticides ( gloria - b 1975 , savoie 1988 ) and to the bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac gene ( zenner - de - polanía et al . 2008 , amaya et al . 2009 ) . its importance as a pest and its tolerance to several chemical products motivated the identification of pheromonal components to assist the integrated pest management of this species in cotton ( bestmann et al . 1988 ) and in melon crops ( dunkleblum et al . 1995 ) .
examination of different information sources showed that the larvae of s . albula already recorded them feeding on at least 55 plant species , from 29 families ( table iv ) . in addition to the larvae feeding on a wide variety of host plants , they also exhibit some preference for several weeds from which they can migrate to cultivated plants ( gonzález - b 1966 , hallman 1979 , 1983 ) , and for fabaceae species that can be used as trap plants ( savoie 1988 ) . the behavior of migrating to host plants other than those where they were born , known as polyphagia at the individual level , is relatively unusual among lepidoptera , although reported for other representatives of the genus , particularly s . frugiperda ( bernarys and singer 2002 ) .
this study aimed to detail the temporal and morphological parameters of the immature stages of spodoptera albula ( walker 1857 ) under controlled conditions ( 25 ± 1°c , 70 ± 10 % rh and 14 hour photophase ) and to gather information about their larval host plants . for this purpose , a new rearing method and artificial diet was employed and validated . the viability of the egg , larval , pupal and pre - pupal stages was 94 . 54 , 97 . 33 , 93 . 84 and 92 . 34 % , respectively . the average duration of the egg , larval , pupal and pre - pupal stages was 4 . 14 , 16 . 37 , 1 . 69 , and 9 . 34 days , respectively . during the larval stage , 80 . 85 % of females and 93 . 99 % of males passed through six and remaining through seven instars , with significant larval protandry . the larvae that developed through six and seven instars exhibited a mean growth rate of 1 . 58 and 1 . 48 , respectively . fifty five host plant species belonging to 29 families are listed . the female pupae were significantly larger , exhibiting protogyny . both the rearing methods as well as the larval diet proved adequate , providing more detailled observations of the biological cycle , especially the larval stage , and resulting in an overall survival of almost 80 % .
este estudo objetivou detalhar parâmetros biológicos dos estágios imaturos de spodoptera albula ( walker 1857 ) em condições controladas ( 25 ± 1°c , 70 ± 10 % ur e fotofase de 14 horas ) e reunir informações sobre as plantas hospedeiras de suas larvas . para tanto foram empregadas e validadas novas metodologias de criação e dieta artificial . a viabilidade das fases de ovo , larva , pré - pupa e pupa foi de 94 , 54 ; 97 , 33 ; 93 , 84 e 92 , 34 % , respectivamente . a duração média das fases de ovo , larva , pré - pupa e pupa foi de 4 , 14 ; 16 , 37 ; 1 , 69 ; e 9 , 34 dias , respectivamente . na fase de larva observou - se que 80 , 85 % das fêmeas e 93 , 99 % dos machos passaram por seis instares e os demais por sete , com protandria larval significativa . as larvas que passaram por seis e sete instares apresentaram razão média de crescimento de 1 , 58 e 1 , 48 , respectivamente . foram relacionadas 55 plantas pertencentes a 29 famílias botânicas . as pupas femininas foram significativamente maiores , observando - se protoginia . tanto a metodologia de criação quanto a dieta larval mostraram - se adequadas , pois permitiram sobrevivência total de praticamente 80 % e um detalhamento muito maior das observações relacionadas ao ciclo biológico , especialmente do estágio larval .
the incubation period ( table i ) is similar to the 3 . 5 to 4 . 0 days described for the same species , under similar temperatures ( novo padrino and martínez reyes 1985 , novo padrino et al . 1985 , la rosa et al . 1992 ) . however , under mean temperatures of 21 . 8 and 20 . 7°c , martin zequeira ( 1982 ) described periods of 3 . 4 and 3 . 0 days , respectively . without indicating temperature , stoyan and machado ( 1970 ) described an embryonic period of 6 . 4 days . the embryonic period of s . albula is similar to that described for most of the species of this genus , under similar conditions of temperature ( i . e . foerster and dionísio 1989 , bavaresco et al . 2003 , azidah and sofian - azirun 2006 , barros et al . 2010 ) .
beside being polyphagous , the larvae of s . albula usually migrate to crops , both coming from the various weeds that are between the rows and can be their host plants ( hallman 1979 ) , as well as along the edges ( gonzález - b 1966 ) . this species represents a potential risk , making it unfeasible to develop important crops such as tobacco ( stoyan and machado 1970 , novo padrino et al . 1984 , 1985 , páez gázquez and novo padrino 1987 ) , cotton ( alcaraz vieco 1962 , gonzález - b 1966 ) , tomato ( gloria - b 1975 ) , cabbage ( armstrong ( 1994 ) , sesame , soybean ( hallman 1979 , 1983 ) , peanuts ( teixeira et al . 2001 ) , sunflower ( pruett and guamán 2001 ) , papaya ( semillas del caribe 2010 ) and even seedling production in forestry nurseries ( vázquez et al . 1999 ) .
these results also resemble those described for other species of the same genus , reared under similar conditions of temperature and whose larvae were fed with various host plants , such as : s . eridania ( stoll , 1782 ) on sweet potato leaves ( foerster and dionisio 1989 ) ; spodoptera frugiperda ( smith 1797 ) on corn ( pinheiro et al . 2008 ) , and cassava leaves ( lopes et al . 2008 ) ; s . cosmioides ( walker 1858 ) on artificial diet ( bavaresco et al . 2002 ) ; and s . exigua ( hübner 1808 ) on cabbage leaves ( azidah and sofian - azirun 2006 ) . despite these similarities , it should be noted that several authors have shown a great variation in the duration of the life cycle of the of the spodoptera representatives , as a function of the larval diet ( i . e . parra et al . 1977 , yoshida and parrella 1992 , greenberg et al . 2001 , bavaresco et al . 2003 , azidah and sofian - azirun 2006 , sá et al 2009 , barros et al . 2010 , saeed et al . 2010 , farahani et al . 2011 ) , which may vary even among biotypes of the same species ( i . e . giolo et al . 2002 , busato et al . 2005 ) .
the obtained sex ratio was 0 . 515 , not differing significantly from a 1 : 1 ratio ( χ 2 = 0 . 227 ; p < 0 . 05 ) . in this study , the pupal survival of s . albula ( table i ) , despite relatively high , was lower than that obtained by la rosa et al . ( 1992 ) which indicated 100 % pupal survival for the same species whose larvae were fed with tomato at 20° , 25° and 26 . 7°c and 90 . 0 % at 30°c . our results are larger than those described for s . cosmioides , whose larvae were fed with three artificial diets ( bavaresco et al . 2004 to 59 . 1 to 86 . 8 % ) . however , studies that use natural diets described very different values ( less than 50 to 100 % ) , depending on the suitability of the plant for each species ( i . e . parra et al . 1977 , bavaresco et al . 2003 , santos et al . 2005 , lopes et al . 2008 , pinheiro et al . 2008 ) .
the relatively high egg viability ( table i ) corresponds to the 94 - 98 % described by novo padrino and martínez reyes ( 1985 ) . this viability , above 90 % , is only observed in a few studies of representatives of the genus ( i . e . mattana and foerster 1988 - s . eridania ∼ 90 % , tisdale and sappington 2001 - s . exigua > 90 % ; santos et al . 2005 - s . frugiperda ∼ 80 % , ) . however , higher rates of fertility for spodoptera are most likely to be observed when using several couples per cage ( milano et al . 2008 ) . along these lines , saeed et al . ( 2010 ) even demonstrated that food ( host plant ) can negatively influence the fecundity and fertility of s . exigua during each generation .
the duration of the larval stage , including the prepupal period ( table i ) is similar to descriptions for the same species reared under similar temperatures ( novo padrino and martínez reyes 1985 , novo padrino et al . 1985 , la rosa et al . 1992 ) . however , several temporal differences were detected between sexes and numbers of larval instars . in general , the duration of the first stage was longer than the subsequent three , this longer duration of the first stage is also described for the same species ( martin zequeira 1982 ) and for several noctuids including s . eridania ( i . e . santos et al . 2005 ) , s . exigua ( i . e . azidah and sofian - azirun 2006 ) and s . frugiperda ( i . e . santos et al . 2003 ) . authors such as novo padrino and martínez reyes ( 1985 ) , novo padrino et al . ( 1985 ) and la rosa et al . ( 1992 ) describe a longer duration for the first , followed by the second , third and last instar . the mean total duration of the larvae that were developed through seven instars was significantly higher than through six instars ( table ii ) . such differences were also noticed among females , but not among males , probably due to the small number of males that were developed through seven instars . the longer duration of larvae that were developed through seven instars in this study is consistent with experiments of other spodoptera species in which longer larval period was associated with an increased number of instars ( e . g . santos et al . 2005 , azidah and sofian - azirun 2006 ) .
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adult : forewing brownish - gray with dark streaks along veins ; thin black basal dash a distinctive feature ; reniform spot a small dark dot ; lacks diffuse patch around reniform spot and lacks dark streak extending to outer margin ( both characteristics of the similar s . eridania ) ; hindwing white with pale gray shading and dotted black terminal line
annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . donald j . lafontaine , b . christian schmidt . 2010 . zookeys 40 : 1–239 .
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an . acad . bras . ciênc . vol . 85 no . 1 rio de janeiro mar . 2013
3 gravena - pesquisa , consultoria e treinamento agrícola ltda . rod . dep . cunha bueno ( sp - 253 ) , km 221 , 5 , caixa postal 546 , 14870 - 990 , jaboticabal , sp , brasil
4 embrapa soja , rod . carlos joão strass , distrito de warta , caixa postal 231 , 86001 - 970 , londrina , pr , brasil
due to the importance of this species , especially in central america and cuba , several biological studies were developed to determine biological parameters ( stoyan and machado 1970 , martin zequeira 1982 , novo padrino and martínez reyes 1985 , la rosa et al . 1992 ) , and damage potential ( novo padrino et al . 1984 , 1985 , páez gázquez and novo padrino 1987 ) .
the experiments only used first generation specimens whose progeny initiated with eggs from a single female collected on january 9 , 2011 , in jaboticabal , são paulo ( 21°16′37 . 52″s , 48°17′37 . 54″w , 572m height ) . species level identification was accomplished by comparing larvae and adults with descriptions in pogue ( 2002 ) .
all the experiments were preformed in a climate controlled room ( 25 ±1°c , 70 ±10 % rh and a 14 hour photophase ) , with daily observations .
each egg mass was individually placed in a petri dish lined with filter paper moistened with distilled water , where it remained until the eclosion of the larvae . we evaluated the feasibility ( fertility ) and the embryonic period , in days , of 16 egg masses ( 4 , 454 eggs ) taken randomly from four couples , including the first and last ovipositions . it was observed that the evaluated egg masses were from couples , whose females presented two spermatophores in the bursa copulatrix , indicating that they had been fertilized during the experiment .
soon after hatching , 300 larvae were individually placed in properly identified 150 ml plastic cups , covered with a transparent plastic cap . a small wad of cotton wool ( ∼1 cm in diameter ) , moistened with distilled water to maintain moisture , along with a small dose ( ∼1 cm 3 ) of artificial diet were included in each cup , as described below . daily observations were made to verify the survival and development of the larva ( with removal of the head capsule ) , the need to complement or replace the dosage of the diet , and the cotton in order to maintain humidity , always being careful to not interfere and to touch the larva as little as possible . the head capsules were stored , by larvae , in microcentrifuge tubes , for posterior measurement . in some cases , the change of instar was noticed through the development of the larva , but the capsule was not found , most likely because it had been eaten by the larva , which is relatively common among insects . in these cases , the date of ecdysis was recorded , and the size was then compared with the other larvae to confirm ecdysis , and the corresponding duration of each stage .
when the larvae reached the prepupal period , characterized by a decrease in size and the interruption of feeding , the diet and the cotton swab were removed . thereafter expanded vermiculite , moistened with distilled water , was added to each cup to a height of 0 . 5 cm to encourage the development of the pupal chamber and to allow the observation of metamorphosis , recording the prepupal period .
this methodology allowed us to record the number of larval instars , the survival and the individual duration of each instar / stage and of the prepupal period , taking into account the sex of each larva . it also allowed us to evaluate growth as a function of the number of larval instars .
as the method of measuring between the frontal setae of the head capsule ( podoler and klein 1978 ) is more precise than the traditional method that measures the distance between genas ( pérez et al . 2005 ) , we chose to measure distances between genas only in the first and last instar to permit comparisons with other studies and between the frontal setae for comparisons among instars , for larvae that developed through six and seven instars .
the artificial diet ( adapted from greene et al . 1976 ) was composed of : 2 , 150 ml of distilled water ; 35 g of agar ; 125 g of type 1 carioca bean ; 100 g of wheat germ ; 25 g of powdered whole milk ; 62 . 5 g of yeast extract ; 6 g of ascorbic acid ; 10 ml of vanderzant vitamin mixture ; 250 mg of tetracycline ; 6 ml of 40 % formaldehyde ; 5 g of methyl parahydroxybenzoate ( nipagin ) ; 3 g of sorbic acid ; and 50 g of soy protein .
initially , the beans , placed in an erlenmeyer flask ( 500 ml ) with distilled water ( 150 ml ) and capped with a wad of hydrophobic cotton wrapped in gauze , were cooked in an autoclave at one atmosphere for 40 min . after that , the flask with the baked beans was removed from the autoclave , capped with aluminum foil and kept on the lab table until the temperature reached 25°c .
then , the pre - baked beans were ground together with the remaining ingredients ( wheat germ , powdered milk , yeast extract , soy protein and agar ) that were added slowly along with the distilled water ( 1 , 500 ml ) in a domestic blender at full power for at least 10 minutes , forming a homogeneous mass . this homogenized mass was transferred to a stainless steel pot and cooked for 5 minutes , counting from the boiling point . after cooking , the mass was removed from the heat , and was cooled to 40°c , by manually mixing it .
at the same time , the ascorbic acid , sorbic acid , nipagim , tetracycline chlorhydrate , vitamin mixture and formaldehyde solution were manually mixed in a 1 l beaker with distilled water ( 500 ml ) , until the complete homogenization of the ingredients . this solution was added to the cooked mass and both were manually mixed together until completely homogenized .
the finished diet was placed in polyethylene gerbox - type boxes ( 11 x 11 x 3 . 5 cm ) to the maximum height of 2 . 5 cm of diet . the gerboxes were immediately transferred to a laminar flow chamber with ultraviolet light , until the temperature of 25°c was reached . after that , the gerboxes were closed and kept under refrigeration ( 5°c ) until the diet was used .
the diet was cut with a stainless steel spatula , previously cleaned with 70 % alcohol , and individually offered to each caterpillar , in cubes of approximately 1 cm 3 , during the daily maintenance activities .
considering the polyphagous habit and lack of organization of information relating to larval host plants , a survey of the plants cited in literature and in the internet was performed , gathering information on the botanical family , specific name , common name and bibliographic reference . the nomenclature of the plants has been updated mainly using backes and nardino ( 2001 ) .
the pupae were kept without food , under the same conditions and containers of the prepupa . on the second day after pupation , when the cuticle was further hardened , the sex was determined comparing with the drawings of angulo and jana - sáens ( 1982 ) . in addition to duration , the mass was measured using a semi analytical balance , accurate to one hundredth of a gram . as the sex can only be precisely identified during the pupal stage , the identity number of each larva was maintained until pupation to know whether it was male or female , allowing comparisons between sexes , even during the larval stage . the daily maintenance activities consisted of maintaining the moisture , with a few drops of distilled water , and detecting the emergence of the adult .
the temporal and morphometric parameters were analyzed using descriptive statistics with the calculation of means and standard deviations . when necessary , the means were compared using a t - test assuming unequal variances , at a significance level of 95 % .
most of the larvae ( 87 . 226 % ) developed during six instars and the remainder ( 12 . 774 % ) for seven instars . published records describe five ( stoyan and machado 1970 ) and six ( martin zequeira 1982 , novo padrino and martínez reyes 1985 , novo padrino et al . 1985 , la rosa et al . 1992 ) larval instars for this species . however , several authors have described different numbers and proportions of larval instars . along these lines , azidah and sofian - azirun ( 2006 ) , after testing host plants for s . exigua , found five and six instars for larvae feeding on cabbage ( brassica oleracea var . capitata variety kk cross ) and on cowpea ( vigna unguiculata ) ; six , seven and eight instar for larvae feeding on shallot ( allium cepa var . indian rose ) ; and five , six , seven and eight instars for those feeding on lady ' s finger ( abelmoschus esculenta ) . bavaresco et al . ( 2004 ) discovered the existence of different proportions of s . cosmioides larvae that went through six and seven larval instars as a function of three artificial diets . in both studies , the highest proportion of larvae that developed through a greater number of larval instars were in the groups that were fed on plants or less appropriate diets .
our results ( table ii ) indicate that the number of females that were developed through seven instars ( 19 . 149 % ) was much higher than males ( 6 . 015 % ) , an aspect still unexplored for representatives of noctuidae . according to esperk et al . ( 2007 ) , the most common factors influencing instar number include temperature , photoperiod , food quantity and quality , humidity , injuries , inheritance , and sex . typically , instar number tends to increase under adverse rather than favorable conditions and this conclusion is consistent with the compensations scenario , according to which additional instars are inserted in poor conditions when larvae fail to reach a species - specific threshold - size with the “normal” instar number .
1 mean value including males and females which developed during the same number of instars . comparisons of means using a student t - test , considering different variances , at a significance level of 95 % ( ns p > 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 05 , * * p < 0 . 01 ) a - comparison between six instar females and males ; b - comparison between seven instar females and males ; c - comparison between six and seven instar females ; d - comparison between six and seven instar males .
the difference in the developmental time of female and male larvae that underwent six instars was also significant ( table ii ) . the differences between the duration of the stages was more pronounced ( significant ) from the fourth instar on , when it was observed that the duration of the larval stages that went through seven instars was reduced compared with those who had six instars . although there are no studies that individualize the observations by the number of larval instars and by sex , a similar behavior is described in the study by azidah and sofian - azirun ( 2006 ) where , in table i , the greatest periods of development and differences between s . exigua larvae that went through five , six or seven instars , are at the end of their development , especially during the last instar , including the prepupal period of our results ( table ii ) .
the mean width of the head capsule ranged from 0 . 285 ± 0 . 025 mm , in the first instar , to 2 . 693 ± 0 . 121 in the last instar , very similar to descriptions by martin zequeira ( 1982 ) , novo padrino and martínez reyes ( 1985 ) and la rosa et al . ( 1992 ) for the same species in cuba . also like that of s . eridania , which has a similar size ( mayer and babers 1944 - first instar 0 . 26 - 0 . 29 mm ; last instar 2 . 41 - 2 . 77 mm ) . however , as demonstrated for several species , depending on the diet , the size of the capsules , especially at the end of development , can vary greatly ( eg , parra et al . 1977 , mattana and foerster 1988 , santos et al . 2003 ) .
the measurement between the frontal setae ( table iii ) demonstrated that both in larvae that had six instars and those that went through seven instars showed higher growth rates among the first instars , decreasing progressively until the last , especially noticeable in larvae that underwent seven instars . similar behavior is obtained by analyzing data described for the same species by martin zequeira ( 1982 ) , novo padrino and martínez reyes ( 1985 ) and la rosa et al . ( 1992 ) and for s . eridania by ( mayer and babers ( 1944 ) and parra et al . ( 1977 ) .
comparison of means using a student t - test , considering different variances , at a 95 % significance level ( ns p > 0 . 05 , * p < 0 . 05 , * * p < 0 . 01 )
the largest mean growth rate recorded for larvae that develop through fewer number of instars ( table iii ) is described for other noctuids , including s . eridania ( parra et al . 1977 , mattana and foerster 1988 ) , and is certainly related to the principle that the absolute size of caterpillars at the end of development triggers the process of metamorphosis ( nijhout 1975 ) . this also explains the low growth rate between the penultimate and last larval instar of specimens that have undergone additional instars ( table iii ) , also described by parra et al . ( 1977 ) and mattana and foerster 1988 ) .
when observing the number of individuals ( n ) , in tables ii and iv , it appears that ( during prepupa ) many more individuals from larvae that went through seven instars died ( 28 . 571 % ) , than those that went through six instars ( 4 . 603 % ) . as in the present study all larvae received the same treatment we consider to be plausible that , within the population , individual variations produced insects that have development difficulties , even in conditions that for most individuals could be considered good . these individuals have behaved differently as observed in other studies with other insects in which additional instars are inserted in poor conditions when larvae fail to reach a species - specific threshold size with the “normal” instar number ( esperk et al . 2007 ) , and that larvae that produced viable adults reached pupation as much as three days earlier than those that eventually failed to successfully complete emergence ( nagoshi 2011 ) .
references : 1 - wolcott 1936 ; 2 - wolcott 1951 ; 3 - gonzález 1959 ; 4 - herrera 1961 ; 5 - alcaraz vieco 1962 ; 6 - hallman 1979 ; 7 - hallman 1983 ; 8 - passoa 1983 ; 9 - saunders et al . 1983 ; 10 - rosset et al . 1985 ; 11 - maes and tellez robleto 1988 ; 12 - savoie 1988 ; 13 - coto et al . 1995 ; 14 sául - s and ortiz - g 1998 ; 15 - vázquez et al . 1999 ; 16 - oirsa 2001 ; 17 - pruett and guamán 2001 ; 18 - branch et al . 2003 ; 19 - lastres 2007 ; 20 - janzen and hallwachs 2009 ; 21 - semillas del caribe 2010 ; 22 - mendonza et al . 2011
the artificial diet and the proposed rearing methodology allowed an overall survival of almost 80 % ( table i ) , above the 75 % recommended by singh ( 1983 ) . a detailed description of the preparation process will permit that the diet can be repeated in many future studies .
to cnpq , for granting a master ' s fellowship to the first author ( processo 557269 / 2010 - 5 ) , for financial support ( processo 482627 / 2010 - 7 ) and for the scientific initiation internship fellowships ( processos 507413 / 2010 - 5 and 116893 / 2011 - 7 ) . to adalberto membreño mendonza , ana cecilia platero - p . , carla penz , eyleen angulo camacho , lidiane mingote anselmo , maria da conceição felix araújo , marilaine schaun pelufe , mercedes sáenz díaz , nery hernández pérez and silvana vieira de paula moraes , for their precious help while searching for bibliography .
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