homopus areolatus , commonly known as the common padloper or parrot-beaked tortoise , is a tiny species of tortoise of the homopus genus , indigenous to the southern part of south africa .

homopus areolatus

testudo areolata thunberg 1787 : 180 testudo miniata lacépède 1788 : 166 testudo fasciata daudin 1802 : 294 testudo africana hermann 1804 ( nomen illegitimum ) chersine tetradactyla merrem 1820 testudo areolata var . pallida gray 1831 testudo areolata — cuvier 1831 : 67 homopus areolatus — duméril & bibron 1835 : 146 homopus areolatus — duméril & bibron 1854 : 222 homopus areolatus — oudemans 1895 homopus areolatus — wermuth & mertens 1977 : 68 homopus areolatus — bour 1980 homopus areolatus — fritz & bininda - emonds 2007
homopus areolatus is an endemic terrestrial tortoise that resides in a mediterranean type of climate , which is characterised by winter rainfall and mild winter temperatures . within ectotherms , such as h . areolatus , . . .
gorseman , p . 1980 . opmerkingen over biotoop en voortplanting van homopus areolatus . lacerta 38 ( 10 - 11 ) : 107 - 111 - get paper here
schleicher , a . 2005 . homopus areolatus - the parrot - beaked tortoise . reptilia ( gb ) ( 43 ) : 26 - 30 - get paper here
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
homopus areolatus thunberg 1787
.
fleck , j . & fleck , s . 2001 . erfolgreiche nachzucht von chersina angulata und homopus areolatus über mehrere jahre . elaphe 9 ( 3 ) : 5 - 14
broschell , s . 2000 . leben und fortpflanzung der areolen - flachschildkröte homopus areolatus ( thunberg , 1787 ) . sauria 22 ( 3 ) : 3 - 9 - get paper here
baard , e . h . w . 1996 . inter - and intra - individual variation in the measurement of southern padloper homopus areolatus . african herp news ( 25 ) : 22 - 25
four species are currently recognized . these are homopus areolatus , h . boulengeri , h . femoralis and h . signatus . a fifth , yet to be officially described , is referred to by branch ( 1998 ) as homopus sp . or nama padloper . in 1988 , branch called this tortoise the nama or berger ' s padloper , homopus bergeri . it is a good example of how present day taxonomic upheaval merely complicates and confuses the issue , rather than simplifying it .
schleicher , a . 2005 . die areolen - flachschildkröte , homopus areolatus ( thunberg 1787 ) . beobachtungen und erfahrungen : lebensweise , haltung , nach - und aufzucht . reptilia ( münster ) 10 ( 56 ) : 36 - 40 - get paper here
corton , m . , homopus ( padloper tortoise ) care , world chelonian trust ( retrieved august 20 , 2013 ) .
finally we arrive at the last group of terrestrial chelonians , all of which thrive in the extreme south and southwest of the subcontinent , all are endemic and all helong to the genus homopus . one in particular , homopus signatus , is the smallest tortoise known on earth .
homopus is a genus of tiny tortoises in the testudinidae family , endemic to southern africa . the genus includes the smallest tortoises in the world .
this amended assessment has been generated as a result of this species being transferred from the genus homopus to chersobius . the name of the species in the assessment text has been updated accordingly .
illustration in elaphe 8 ( 4 ) : 3 and elaphe 10 ( 1 ) : 23 [ 2002 ] . type species : testudo areolata thunberg 1787 is the type species of the genus homopus .
included in the overall tortoise count is a species yet to be named . branch ( 1998 ) calls it the nama padloper , homopus sp . of course , a number of subspecies are also recognized , thus raising the tortoise diversity to even greater heights .
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cites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .
juveniles in the studbook are being kept successfully in more simple enclosures , starting at approximately 0 . 10 m 2 for two to three hatchlings . these enclosures are decorated with the same soil substrate as the adult enclosures and a ( natural or artificial ) hiding place . hatchlings can be kept on newspaper substrate for the first week . small and simple enclosures allow better observation and therefore increase the chance of survival of the tortoises . juvenile tortoises need to be kept relatively humid , with at least a part of the soil kept permanently humid . a spraying frequency of every other day for the first year , at least twice weekly for the second , and thereafter as for the adult tortoises is recommended . soaking the hatchlings several times weekly can help to prevent dehydration .
the enclosures described here are being illuminated by means of tube lights and ( halogen or standard ) light bulbs . illumination may provide uv radiation , but this is not essential ( in the latter case sufficient vitamin d has to be provided in the diet ) . since the light intensity in the natural distribution range is high , there appears to be no maximum light intensity in captivity . it is recommended to install at least one tube light for a minimum light intensity , or to provide natural daylight . the photoperiod needs to be adjusted to the natural distribution range . this means 13 - 14 hours in summer and 9 - 10 hours in winter , with a gradual shift between these two limits . climatic cycle can be adjusted to northern or southern hemisphere .
the light bulbs heat the enclosures described here , sometimes in combination with soil heating . the day temperatures need to fluctuate with the season , for instance 30 - 35°c in summer and 25 - 30°c in winter . night temperature always needs to be lower than day temperature . there is no minimum night temperature , as long as the temperature remains above 0°c . the day temperature under a ( standard or halogen ) spot light needs to be higher , for instance 40°c or higher , to allow basking . this spot may be switched off for some time during winter .
the adult tortoises in the studbook are mostly being fed with green plant material ( taraxacum , plantago , endive , chicory , et cetera ) , supplemented with a fiber - rich component such as chopped hay several times weekly at some locations . feeding can be done every other day . fruit maybe offered occasionally ( for instance once weekly ) in small quantities , but this is not recommended . it is probably best to feed the tortoises year - round , as they usually show some activity in each season .
juveniles need to be fed more frequently , hatchlings every day . this can be reduced to six times weekly when the tortoises are one year old and every other day after for instance two years .
it is recommended to provide drinking water at all times , as the tortoises drink infrequently .
the food of tortoises in the studbook is supplemented with a commercial calcium / vitamin additive at all feedings .
is relatively rare in captivity , but not endangered in the wild . however , the natural distribution range is small and human pressure is increasing for various reasons . therefore it is of importance to gather life - history information on the species as soon as possible ( both in the wild and in captivity ) , allowing formulation of wildlife management plans if necessary .
this caresheet was drawn up in april 2002 . husbandry and caring methods are dynamic and therefore it is recommended to check urltoken
the chenopodiacea family which includes beet greens , spinach and chard should be avoided as they contain oxalates . oxalic acid binds with calcium to yield insoluble calcium oxalate , which cannot be absorbed by the tortoise . avoid feeding any plants or vegetables high in oxalates especially to hatchlings and adult females ready to breed .
the brassica family , which includes cabbage , collards , kale and broccoli can cause goiter if fed in excess because they tie up iodine - they do not contain high oxalic acid amounts like spinach and chard . goiters caused by this are rare and the feeding of a varied diet that is not heavily based on these plants should offset this tendency .
feeding : fresh water must be supplied daily in a sunken
pond
with shallow sloping sides for easy access and departure . the surface of this
pond
must have a surface they can grip on - plastic bowls are not suitable . the tops of bird baths are ideal .
houses must be constructed for shelter / sleeping . these can be attractively constructed using flat stones placed on top of bricks . place these in such a way that they cannot be flooded during inclement weather . bits of tree bark can be placed at various points , these are also used as cover , and are even eaten on occasion to supply essential amino - acids .
additional feeding : feed one to two times weekly . this encourages feeding on natural growing plants and ensures exercise and adequate nutrition . rely as much as possible upon ' natural ' graze within the enclosure .
external parasites : if any ticks are found , remove manually by grasping with tweezers / forceps and flipping the tick onto its back , it will loosen its grip and can then be removed without the head remaining behind to cause infection . dab the spot with a little betadine to prevent infection . ticks can also be coated with mineral oil , this also causes them to lose their grip . the tortoise should be dipped in a solution of tritix ( amitraz ) 1 - 2ml per litre water . ensure this solution does not enter eyes , ears or mouth . this dipping will have to be repeated periodically to maintain effect as there will be ticks in the environment if you found any on your tortoise .
the subject of worms is a vast one and covered elsewhere . it is good to be aware though that general health and nutritional state , can affect whether or not your tortoises stay free of infection . poor diet and overuse of fruit leads to impaired gut function and creates the ideal environment for parasites to flourish and harm their host . lowering the immune system will have the same effect , causing your tortoises to become susceptible to disease and or parasite infection . many factors can dampen the immune system - stress ( such as a change of environment , diet or aggressive companions / other animals ) , adverse weather , no access to water , and undue handling .
eyes should be bright and clear , any swelling or discharge needs urgent attention . having said this it should be noted that females
tear
just before laying , and this should not be mistaken for eye infection . many
eye infections
are simply caused by a lack of vitamin a , a good diet prevents this . any swelling of ears or tympanic membrane needs urgent treatment as well .
weigh your tortoise monthly , any undue weight loss can indicate problems ahead . keep a record book of his weight , any diet or disease problems can be noted down as well , this will help your vet diagnose any future problems .
common health problems : if kept in a sunny area and allowed natural feeding , exercise and privacy you should encounter few problems . these endearing small tortoises are very hardy in captivity , and most problems are caused by faulty nutrition , high humidity or bad husbandry .
eye infections : this should be suspected if there is any swelling , reluctance to open eyes or discharge . if he is otherwise active and eating well then chances are it’s a local infection . terramycin ointment can be applied twice daily , ensuring that the ointment gets
into
the eye and is not just smeared over eyelids . an eye suspension works best here , query your vet or your pharmacist .
before applying ointment clean the eyes with a little cooled boiled water and cotton wool , repeat this each time ointment is applied .
abscess : usually occur in the ear area , but can occur elsewhere too . this will need veterinary treatment , your vet will lance the abscess and instruct you in how to syringe it out twice daily with chlorhexadine / diluted betadine . an abscess should not be stitched after draining as it will simply reoccur . depending on the initial cause , a systemic antibiotic may be prescribed .
for the duration of treatment keep him warmer than usual as this helps to dry up secretions and boosts immune system . ensure that any heat is fixed and that the tortoise is unable to dislodge it and thus cause a fire hazard . heat is especially important during cold and wet weather . do not stop the drops when you see his nose is dry , continue for at least a week to ensure the problem is well controlled . many tortoises who get rns relapse frequently , and then treatment has to begin again . any discharge from a single nostril often indicates a foreign body as the cause .
if diarrhea is accompanied by lethargy , anorexia or any peculiar smell , then get veterinary help immediately .
disease general : if you see any of the following signs then get veterinary help as soon as possible : lethargy , anorexia , foul odour , swelling , discoloration of skin , discharge , absence of droppings or urine , weight loss , difficulty with locomotion and or breathing .
injury : most captive injuries are caused by dogs , lawn mowers , vehicles , aggressive companions and children dropping the tortoise . injury can also be caused by sharp glass or garden implements left lying around .
if injury is minor , clean thoroughly with diluted betadine or chlorhexadine solution , remove any foreign bodies , then apply an ointment such as flammazine ( silver sulfadiazine ) . cover with gauze and micropore if possible . repeat daily till healing is well advanced and then keep up cleaning and leave to dry . remove any dead tissue that is visible . at this point necrospray ( available from any vet ) can be applied every two days or so , this will prevent infection and aid drying the wound .
if any injury is major , do not attempt treatment yourself , take him to your vet as soon as possible . if your vet is unavailable , stop any bleeding and clean wounds until you can get help . most important is the quick removal of any foreign bodies as these can cause infection later . keep on hand some ky jelly , this can be applied to the wound after removal of foreign bodies and will prevent it drying out until you can get help . if any internal organs are exposed then quick veterinary help is vital . wrap the tortoise in a damp towel and get help immediately .
conversely , during very hot summer days tortoises will aestivate ( go into a torpor ) and will not eat . available water during this time is critical as a tortoise can dehydrate quickly , although tortoises are very adept at storing water in anal pouches for use during drought .
what to do if you think there is something wrong and you can’t get to a vet straight away : place your tortoise under heat of some sort ( temperature as advised higher above ) , and soak twice daily in tepid water with electrolytes added – any electrolyte solution from your pharmacy can be used . it is vital to maintain hydration , and to boost immune system by raising heat . keep eyes from drying out by using a bland eye ointment .
enjoy ! your tortoise is unique , they are amongst the longest living animals on earth . each one has a different character and many become very tame with time . take time to get to know his habits and preferences , his health and general well being will reflect your care – so give him the best you can ! common sense and good hygiene will prevent any disease transferring to you or your family , and hand washing after handling is a good idea . limit children from handling the tortoise as they are more susceptible to worm infections .
is presented here with the permission of misty corton . it originally appeared on the care centre web site .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
ttwg ( turtle taxonomy working group : rhodin , a . g . j . , iverson , j . b . , bour , r . fritz , u . , georges , a . , shaffer , h . b . and van dijk , p . p . ) . 2017 . turtles of the world : annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution , and conservation status ( 8th ed . ) . in : rhodin , a . g . j . , iverson , j . b . , van dijk , p . p . , saumure , r . a . , buhlmann , k . a . , pritchard , p . c . h . , and mittermeier , r . a . ( eds ) , conservation biology of freshwater turtles and tortoises : a compilation project of the iucn / ssc tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group , pp . 1 - 292 . chelonian research monographs .
preliminary results of a molecular study indicate significant genetic differentiation within the species ( m . d . hofmeyr and s . r . daniels unpubl . data ) .
bauer , a . m . , rhodin , a . g . j . & van dijk , p . p .
justification : widespread and common in some areas , hence this species is assessed as least concern .
endemic to south africa , occurring along the south coast from eendekuil and fish hoek in the western cape to cradock and king william ' s town in the eastern cape . relic populations are known from the southwestern interior of the roggeveld - bokkeveld region in the northern cape .
mainly associated with fynbos and renosterveld vegetation , but penetrates albany thicket in the east . relic populations in the southwestern interior are associated with fynbos or renosterveld inclusions in the succulent karoo . occurs from sea level to elevations of 1 , 300 m in the interior . prefers low but dense vegetation cover that provides protection against temperature extremes and predation .
the species is bred in captivity but the extent to which this contributes to trade is unknown .
this species is listed on cites appendix ii . a re - assessment of this taxon may be required once its genetic structure has been revealed .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
republic of south africa ( cape province , north to 31°s latitude ) type locality :
indien
( in error ) .
bates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .
bonin , f . , devaux , b . & dupré , a . 2006 . turtles of the world . english translation by p . c . h . pritchard . johns hopkins university press , 416 pp .
bour , r . 1980 . essai sur la taxinomie des testudinidae actuels ( reptilia , chelonii ) . bull . mus . natl . hist . nat . paris ( 4 ) 2 ( 2 ) : 541 - 546
branch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .
cuvier , g . 1831 . the animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization , by the baron cuvier , . . . with additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named , and of many not before noticed , by edward griffith . . . and others . vol . 9 . whittaker , treacher and co . , london , 481 pp . - get paper here
daudin 1802 . histoire naturelle , générale et particulière des reptiles ; ouvrage faisant suit à l ' histoire naturell générale et particulière , composée par leclerc de buffon ; et rédigee par c . s . sonnini , membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes . vol . 2 . f . dufart , paris [ 1802 ] , 432 pp .
duméril , a . m . c . , g . bibron & a . duméril 1854 . erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles . vol . 9 . paris , xx + 440 s . - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . , and g . bibron . 1835 . erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles , vol . 2 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris , iv + 680 p . - get paper here
ernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london
fritz , uwe and olaf r . p . bininda - emonds 2007 . when genes meet nomenclature : tortoise phylogeny and the shifting generic concepts of testudo and geochelone . zoology 110 ( 4 ) : 298 - 307 [ erratum in vol . 111 ( 1 ) : 84 ] - get paper here
greig , j . c . , and p . d . burdett . 1976 . patterns in the distributions of southern african terrestrial tortoises ( cryptodira : testudinidae ) . zool . africana 11 ( 2 ) : 250 - 267 .
hofmeyr , margaretha d . & william r . branch 2018 . the padloper’s tortuous path ( chelonia : testudinidae ) : two genera , not one . african journal of herpetology - get paper here
hofmeyr , margaretha d . ; melita vamberger , william branch , alfred schleicher and savel r . daniels 2016 . tortoise ( reptilia , testudinidae ) radiations in southern africa from the eocene to the present . zoologica scripta 46 : 389–400 , doi : 10 . 1111 / zsc . 12223 [ record online : 18 nov 2016 ] - get paper here
hoogmoed , m . s . 1980 . herpetologische waarnemingen in ghana [ part 8 ] . lacerta 38 ( 10 - 11 ) : 112 - 116 - get paper here
hughes , b . 1986 . longevity records of african captive amphibians and reptiles : part 1 : introduction and species list 1 - amphibians and chelonians . j . herp . assoc . africa ( 32 ) : 1 - 5 - get paper here
lacépède , b . g . e . 1788 . histoire naturelle des quadrupe des ovipares et des serpens . vol . 1 . imprimerie du roi , hôtel de thou , paris , xvii + 651 pp . - get paper here
loveridge , arthur & williams , ernest e . 1957 . revision of the african tortoises and turtles of the suborder cryptodira . bull . mus . comp . zool . harvard 115 ( 6 ) : 163 - 557 - get paper here
oudemans , j . th . 1895 . einige bemerkungen über zwei südafrikanische schildkröten . zool . anz . 18 : 321 - 324 - get paper here
thunberg , c . p . 1787 . beskrifning pé trenne skölpaddor [ description of two new turtles ] . kongl . vetenskaps academiens nya handlingar , för m _ naderne 1787 ( julius , augustus , september ) : 178 - 180 - get paper here
thunberg , c . p . 1785 . museum naturalium academiae upsaliensis . . . praeside c . p . thunberg , ac . kongliga svenska vetenskaps - academiens . handlingar . uppsala . 33 pts with irregular pagination [ according to auffenberg 1974 , bull . florida state mus . 18 ( 3 ) : 233 , parts 1 - 8 , 30 - 33 , and appendix 1 - 6 , 15 , and 24 relate to zoological specimens . pagination is irregular ; parts 1 - 11 are pp . 1 - 191 , and parts 1
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
continent : africa distribution : republic of south africa ( cape province , north to 31°s latitude ) type locality :
indien
( in error ) .
classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .
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size the common padloper is another small padloper species endemic to south africa . females may reach a carapace length of 120 mm , shell height of 60 mm and could weigh up to 300 g . males , which are smaller than females , grow to approximately 100 mm in length , 50 mm in height and may weigh up to 140 g .
distribution common padlopers occur from clanwilliam and the cederberg in the west in a broad coastal band eastwards through the southern cape and up to east london . inland populations have been recorded at middelpos and cradock .
distribution in gcbc it is suspected that this species will be somewhat restricted to the renosterveld and fynbos foothills of the cederberg corridor in and around clanwilliam and possibly the olifants river mountains where they could be found together with the southern speckled padloper .
threats similar to other species , habitat destruction through mainly indiscriminate agricultural development and poor landuse practices and illegal collection for the pet trade threaten healthy populations throughout their range . fire , especially in coastal lowland , fynbos and thicket habitats , poses a threat to this species but like others , they also fall prey to many natural predators such as baboons , jackal , mongoose , badgers and predatory birds . domestic dogs also pose a threat .
current studies recent studies by workers of the university of the western cape , as part of a collaborative research programme with the western cape nature conservation board have yielded much information about the general biology of this species . the results of these studies enable conservation agencies to compile well - informed strategies to conserve healthy natural populations .
a curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .
a curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .
projects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .
software for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .
a curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .
the benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .
a high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .
analyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .
a portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .
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turtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk , p . p . , j . iverson , a . rhodin , h . shaffer , and r . bour ]
iucn : not listed [ least concern 1996 ] . sarca draft 2010 : least concern . cites : appendix ii , as testudinidae spp .
a canonical variance analysis ( cva ) biplot can visually portray a oneway manova . both techniques are subject to the assumption of equal class covariance matrices . in the application considered , very small sample sizes resulted in some singular class covariance matrix estimates and furthermore it seemed unlikely that the assumption of homogeneity of covariance matrices would hold . analysis of distance ( aod ) is employed as nonparametric inference tool . in particular , aod biplots are introduced for a visual display of samples and variables , analogous to the cva biplot .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
boycott , r . c . and bourquin , o . ( 2000 ) :
gabriel , k . r . ( 1971 ) : the biplot graphical display of matrices with application to principal component analysis .
gardner , s ( 2001 ) : extensions of biplot methodology to discriminant analysis with applications of non - parametric principal components . unpublished phd thesis , stellenbosch university , south africa .
germano , d . j . ( 1993 ) : shell morphology of north american tortoises .
gower , j . c . and hand , d . j . ( 1996 ) :
gower , j . c . and harding , d . j . ( 1988 ) : nonlinear biplots .
gower , j . c . and krzanowski , w . j . ( 1999 ) : analysis of distance for structured multivariate data and extensions to multivariate analysis of variance .
varhol , r . ( 1998 ) : the molecular systematics of southern african testudinidae . unpublished msc thesis , university of cape town , south africa .
gardner s . , le roux n . j . ( 2006 ) sub - species of
biplots and small class inference with analysis of distance . in : batagelj v . , bock hh . , ferligoj a . , žiberna a . ( eds ) data science and classification . studies in classification , data analysis , and knowledge organization . springer , berlin , heidelberg
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whilst every effort has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the captions and information found on this site , it is done with the very best of intentions and with all due respect to the many good people with whom i have been privileged and fortunate to work with over the years . should you have any queries please send me a note on the contact page .
i wish to thank professor richard cowling of the nelson mandela metropolitan university for his kind help in naming the fynbos paintings .
ryukyu black - breasted leaf turtle ( geoemyda japonica ) . distribution : japan . population : endangered ( iucn 2000 ) ; vulnerable in red list of threaten… | pinteres…
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urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : ‘name’ , ‘synonyms’ , ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the location and the topology of the mature protein in the cell . < p > < a href = ' / help / subcellular _ location _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section provides information about the sequence similarity with other proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ similarities ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
> length < / a > and < a href =
urltoken
> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
urltoken
> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
ay673431 genomic dna translation : aat85389 . 1 ay673432 genomic dna translation : aat85390 . 1 ay673585 genomic dna translation : aat85541 . 1 ay673586 genomic dna translation : aat85542 . 1 ay673587 genomic dna translation : aat85543 . 1 ay673589 genomic dna translation : aat85545 . 1
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
urltoken
> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
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justification : this species is assessed as vulnerable as it has undergone an inferred population reduction of over 30 % in the past three generations ( 75 years ) due to anthropogenic land transformation , where the causes of destruction may not have ceased , based on direct observation [ a2a ] , a decline in area of occupancy ( aoo ) , extenmt of occurrence ( eoo ) and habitat quality [ a2c ] , and actual levels of exploitation [ a2d ] . these declines are considered likely to continue into the future .
no information on population size is currently available , but there is evidence of a population decline .
some illegal off - take has taken place during the past decades for the pet trade . the extent and trend of this is unknown .
cultivate conservation stewardship arrangements that include more natural habitat ( throughout the range ) in formal conservation arrangements .
( amended version of 2017 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2018 : e . t10241a129660689 .
occurs in the southern coastal area of south africa , which is relatively moist ( mediterranean climate ) . it is bordered by east london in the east and the atlantic coast in the west . inland populations reach as far north as middelpos ( possibly isolated population ) . the primary rainfall season is winter , but occasional rains fall in other seasons .
is the only dwarf tortoise species that is not associated with a rocky habitat . in addition , it can be found in various vegetation types ( coastal heathland , thornveld , valley and mountain bushveld , transitional zone from forest to shrubland ) .
in the wild . in areas where the winter temperature remains sufficiently high , the species is active throughout the year . in some areas , their habitat can be extremely humid in winter and spring , with a soil substrate saturated with water . drier conditions develop in summer .
is a very alert and agile species , and is able to move with great speed compared to other tortoises .
the term
padloper
in connection with a tortoise is an afrikaans term . it literally translates to pathwalker , road walker or even trail walker . in other words , the forward progression of a small tortoise using one of several narrow avenues .
if your desire is to encounter tortoises in their wild domain , one where elephants charge , herds of zebras thunder across the open plains , lions roar and deadly denizens slither from one driedoring bush to another , then by all means join a safari to southern africa .
i often see massive adults drinking out of communal water holes frequented by herds of elephants , and in kruger national park i ' ve observed them sitting in and drinking out of puddles on a paved road . on one occasion , in the kalahari gemsbok national park , a large leopard tortoise drank from a roadside puddle that was later visited by a mature black - maned lion . in other words , given the opportunity geochelone pardalis will not hesitate to make use of whatever water is available .
mature leopard tortoises have very few enemies in the wild , except humans and wildfires . humans kill them for food , and fires destroy habitat and kill individuals caught out in the open . boycott and bourquin ( 1988 ) present some interesting facts here . they state that even today rural south african people eat tortoises , primarily angulate and leopard tortoises . in parts of the karoo , two chelonian delicacies stand out among the rest . one is called
karrookreef
( karoo crayfish ) , the other
skilpadbraai
( tortoise barbecue ) . on some farms , tortoise shells lie around the cottages of farm hands , sure evidence that the residents indulged in one of these . boycott and bourquin do not believe that skilpadbraais are restricted to the karoo region , which may explain the absence of tortoises in certain parts of south africa .
neonate and young tortoises fall prey to a number of reptile , bird and mammal species . among these are monitor lizards , ravens , hornbills and , very likely , spotted hyenas . the latter , in possession of vice - like jaws and bone - crushing teeth , can easily pulverize the shell of any young tortoise . nests are dug up by both nile and white - throated monitors , which consider the eggs a great delicacy . the trials and tribulations of leopard tortoises in the wild are many .
bell ' s hinged tortoise is the largest of the four , with adults reaching a carapace length of about 8 . 5 inches and a weight in excess of 3 to 4 pounds . the smallest is the natal hinged tortoise , with females boasting a 6 - inch - long carapace and a maximum weight of just below 1 . 5 pounds . take these figures with a grain of salt , as exceptions in nature are everyday occurrences .
like other tortoise species on the subcontinent , kinixys frequents a great variety of habitats , ranging from hot and humid coastal bushveld , to inland savannah regions and rock outcroppings at higher and colder elevations . i ' ve encountered several species in the wild , of which two separate incidents bear repeating .
while photographing white ( square - lipped ) rhinos in zululand ' s hluhluwe game reserve during february 1989 , i ran across a very large bell ' s hinged tortoise crossing a dirt road not far from where the rhinos grazed . it had rained hard the previous days , with all streams running at full speed . for a fraction of a second i entertained the idea of getting out to have a closer look at this fine beast , when several snorting buffaloes came around the bend . i backed up quickly , the tortoise took cover in dense vegetation , and the buffaloes just kept on coming .
the scientific term psammobates means
sand - loving ,
a good description for tortoises that prefer to live in a dry , arid environment . within the kalahari desert they are relatively common throughout much of the red dune system . southeast of etosha national park , namibia , i found them in a habitat of spinose bushveld . it has been said that rain is the primary catalyst that prompts these reptiles to move , a statement i do not necessarily agree with . if it were true , then in some regions during excessive droughts they would lie dormant until doomsday .
however , in october 1996 , my cohort dave
redbush
hewett and i did find two tent tortoises , psammobates tentorius verroxii , dead on the road during a slight drizzle . one was found at 11 : 30 am some 70 kilometers east of pofadder , cape province , the other at 2 : 10 pm and 33 kilometers west of pofadder . both were females and both were hit within minutes of our arrival . the largest specimen carried two fully formed eggs in the oviduct of her crushed body cavity .
endemic to the tip of southern africa , barely reaching the extreme southwest region of namibia , chersina angulata comprises a monotypic genus with but a single species . males grow larger than females , attaining a maximum size of 10 to 11 inches with a weight approaching 4 . 4 pounds . average size is , of course , much less . specimens from the west coast and dassen island tend to grow larger than those farther east .
male angulate tortoises often engage in serious combat , using their elongated gular shield with calculated efficiency to overturn the rival . these sparring bouts continue for 15 minutes or longer , until one of the participants is flipped over or simply heads for cover
in one hell of a hurry .
however , once on its back the loser vibrates all legs and head in such a fashion that rocks the shell back and forth until a foothold is gained and the animal rights itself . occasionally , the loser just lies there , waiting for the victor to leave before attempting to assume the upright position .
in any case , the largest of these pygmy tortoises is the greater padloper , h . femoralis , with females reaching a maximum carapace length of 6 . 6 inches and a mass weight of approximately 21 ounces ; most are much smaller , of course . the distinction of smallest tortoise on earth goes to the speckled padloper , h . signatus . mature males attain the miniscule size of only 3 inches and a feather - weight of 3 ounces !
florida man had just helped a turtle cross interstate 75 in florida when he was bitten .
researchers estimate more than 700 , 000 sea turtles caught in longlines during an 11 year period .
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discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
centre of environmental studies demetra s . r . l . , rome , italy , eni s . p . a . environmental department , rome , italy
citation : bombi p , d’amen m , luiselli l ( 2013 ) from continental priorities to local conservation : a multi - level analysis for african tortoises . plos one 8 ( 10 ) : e77093 . urltoken
copyright : © 2013 bombi et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
the resolution and the extent of analysis may directly influence the selection of conservation priorities throughout several phases . the grain size of species distribution maps introduces some uncertainty in the representation of the true distribution of species on the ground [ 8 ] . such uncertainty may change with the method used for mapping species distributions [ 9 , 10 ] . even if species maps are generated by distribution modeling techniques , the resolution still influences model performance [ 11 , 12 ] . the definition of specific conservation targets and the quantification of species protection levels are sensitive to over - or under - estimations of species distributions [ 10 ] . since model errors propagate through the process of overlaying distribution maps [ 13 ] , biodiversity patterns change with the grain size [ 14 , 15 ] . in addition , the size of spatial units , when it is different from the management units , influences the estimated representation of species in protected areas [ 16 ] , introducing further uncertainty in the prioritization process . for these reasons , it is advised that the implementation of conservation efforts is conducted within a multi - scale framework for greater effectiveness .


ephestiodes griseus is a species of snout moth in the genus ephestiodes .

it was described by neunzig in 1990 , and is known from california .

ephestiodes griseus

ephestiodes griseus neunzig , 1990 n . sp . , mona fascicle . 15 . 3 .
s . griseus produces antibiotic , streptomycin , and it is useful against gram negative bacteria . streptomycin and its relatives are considered reserve antibiotics for resistant
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neunzig , h . h . , 1990 . moths of america north of mexico , fascicle 15 . 3 , p . 68 ; pl . 2 . 31 . order
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
babies have a secret language . there is the na - na and the ga - ga languages .
in a biological stand of view , every organism is created from a single cell . developing of human beings and organisms is usually covered in first few chapters of every general
biology textbooks , if you ' re interested . what if we were not created ? i ' m sure another organism would take over the dominance over other species just like the humans . the earth would still exist . i ' m not getting into religion or philosophy - because if you do , this will become an endless discussion among people with different religion backgrounds and philosophical ideas .
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