eleotris sandwicensis , the sandwich island sleeper , is a species of sleeper goby endemic to the hawaiian islands , where it can be found in marine , fresh , and brackish waters around the coast .

this fish can reach a length of 33 cm ( 13 in ) .

it is locally important to commercial fisheries and is also used as bait by fishermen after larger fishes .

in the hawaiian language , the fish is also known as oʻopu , ʻoau , ʻowau , and hiʻu kole .

eleotris sandwicensis

spawning season , size at first reproduction , oocyte maturation , fecundity and spawning frequency of eleotris sandwicensis , an amphidromous hawaiian gobioid , were studied from july 2004 through december 2005 in nuuanu stream , oahu , hawaii . the smallest male and female fish with mature gonads measured 54 mm standard length . ripe individuals were collected in all months , and gonadosomatic index was highest in males and females from june 2004 through february 2005 . size - frequency distributions of measurements of vitellogenic oocyte diameters and microscopic observations of oocytes indicated this species has asynchronous oocyte development . estimates of batch fecundity ranged from 5000 eggs to 55000 eggs . batch fecundity was positively related to standard length , wet weight , and ovary weight , and inversely related to oocyte diameter . eleotris sandwicensis appears to be capable of repeat spawning .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
there is little information on the population of this species . it occurs only on the hawaiian islands and is restricted to streams below the first precipitous waterfall ( that the larval
cannot navigate ) . it appears to be able to survive in urbanized oahu .
corkum ( 2002 ) found this species in densities of 1 . 5 fish per m 2 in a tidally influenced pond in hilo , hawaii . postlarvae have been collected in streams during most months of the year , with by far the greatest numbers caught during march ( fitzsimons and nishimoto 1991 ) .
this species inhabits coastal streams and does not climb steep waterfalls ( murphy and cowan 2007 ) . post - larval recruits tend to migrate upstream on a rising tide just after dark (
) , crustaceans and aquatic snails . fecundity in females was 5 , 000 to 55 , 000 eggs , with ripe individuals being found throughout the year ; gonosomatic index was highest in both sexes from june 2004 through february 2005 .
decline in suitable habitat ( and damage to riparian vegetation ) is an immediate threat due to the isolation of the hawaiian chain , with water management an additional potential threat . however , it seems that
. 2007 ) , even in oahu where large - scale clearing and urbanization has occurred .
the distribution of this species may fall within several protected areas in the hawaiian islands .
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preferred area of stream : can be found in pools , runs , and even fast riffles , but not cascades .
diet : a voracious ambush predator that will any eat any fish it can capture , but will also eat a variety of aquatic insects and surprisingly also likes to eat hïhïwai and introduced thiarid snails .
predators : birds such as ‘auku‘u ( black - crowned night - herons ) . many species of native fish such as āholehole , ulua ( caranx spp . ) , moi ( polydactylus sexfilis ) and kākü ( sphyraena barracuda ) eat ‘o‘opu akupa . introduced fish are a problem because they have brought in new parasites and all prey on this and other native ‘o‘opu species .
fact : this species was particularly valued for eating by native hawaiians because of its tasty white meat . today ‘o‘opu akupa are also prized as baitfish for pāpio fishing by modern anglers . ‘o‘opu akupa are difficult to keep in aquariums because they are very aggressive and will literally eat anything smaller than itself .
marine ; freshwater ; brackish ; demersal ; amphidromous ( ref . 51243 ) . tropical ; 22°n - 19°n
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 33 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44091 )
generally brown to black in color ; pelvic fins separate rather than fused into a disc ; young fish < 2 . 5 cm long are distinctively jet black on the upper body and lighter on the sides and belly ( ref . 44091 ) .
found in both altered and unaltered streams , but being unable to climb waterfalls restricts its habitat to the lower reaches of streams and estuaries ; can be observed darting into the mud and leaf litter , or sheltering among rocks and cobble , rarely showing in the open ; highly predaceous on various invertebrates , e . g . slow - moving thiarid snails and asiatic clams , and fishes ; traditionally caught with a baited hook attached to a short stick ( fishing method called kiomo ' omo ) ; relished as a food item , particularly when wrapped with leaves and roasted ; now prized as bait by near - shore papio fisherman ( ref . 44091 ) .
tinker , s . w . , 1978 . fishes of hawaii , a handbook of the marine fishes of hawaii and the central pacific ocean . hawaiian service inc . , honolulu . 568 p . ( ref . 583 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01023 ( 0 . 00473 - 0 . 02214 ) , b = 3 . 21 ( 3 . 01 - 3 . 41 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 3 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 45 of 100 ) .
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research curator of fishes , north carolina state museum of natural sciences , research laboratory , 4301 reedy creek rd . , raleigh , nc , 27607 , usa
banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , a . l . gardner , and w . c . starnes
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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zink , r . m . , j . m . fitzsimons , d . l . dittmann , d . r . reynolds , and r . t . nishimoto . 1996 . evolutionary genetics of hawaiian freshwater fish . copeia 1996 : 330 - 335 .
zink et al . ( 1996 ) examined mtdna restriction site variation among populations on the five high islands of the hawaiian archipelago and found no geographic structuring of haplotypes , evidently a result of gene flow via larval dispersal .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
range includes all of the main hawaiian islands ; hawaii , molokai , maui , oahu , and kauai .
this species is represented by a fairly large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) .
total adult population size is unknown but presumably exceeds 10 , 000 . this fish is common on all of the main hawaiian islands .
trend over the past three generations is unknown but probably relatively stable or slowly declining .
( 20 , 000 - 200 , 000 square km ( about 8000 - 80 , 000 square miles ) ) range includes all of the main hawaiian islands ; hawaii , molokai , maui , oahu , and kauai .
this fish occurs in pools , runs , and riffles in the lower reaches of altered and unaltered streams , including estuaries and wetlands .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
jelks , h . l . , s . j . walsh , n . m . burkhead , s . contreras - balderas , e . díaz - pardo , d . a . hendrickson , j . lyons , n . e . mandrak , f . mccormick , j . s . nelson , s . p . platania , b . a . porter , c . b . renaud , j . jacobo schmitter - soto , e . b . taylor , and m . l . warren , jr . 2008 . conservation status of imperiled north american freshwater and diadromous fishes . fisheries 33 ( 8 ) : 372 - 407 .
williams , j . e , j . e . johnson , d . a . hendrickson , s . contreras - balderas , j . d . williams , m . navarro - mendoza , d . e . mcallister , and j . e . deacon . 1989b . fishes of north america endangered , threatened or of special concern : 1989 . fisheries 14 ( 6 ) : 2 - 20 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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thesis ( m . s . ) - - university of hawaii at manoa , 2006 . includes bibliographical references ( leaves 39 - 42 ) . vi , 42 leaves , bound ill . 29 cm
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palpita pudicalis is a species of moth of the crambidae family .

it is found in papua new guinea .

it has a wingspan of 30 mm .

palpita pudicalis

palpita ardealis ( c . felder , r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 )
palpita is a genus of moths of the crambidae family . members of the moth genus stemorrhages may be very similar in appearance .
palpita nivea ( linnaeus , 1767 ) , originally described as phalaena ( noctua ) nivea from either norway [ 2 ] or south america . [ 3 ]
palpita - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
1907 : jan . - apr . [ pp . 1 - 446 ] - proceedings of the zoological society of london . - biodiversity heritage library
a list of moths of the family pyralidae collected by a . e . pratt in british new guinea in 1902 - 3 , with descriptions of new species
zoological results of the third tanyanyika expedition , conducted by dr . w . a . cunnington , 1904 - 1905 . - report on the polyzoa
zoological results of the third tanganyika expedition , conducted by dr . w . a . cunnington , 1904 - 1905 . - report on the brachyurous crustacea
3 . the rudd exploration of south africa . - vii . list of mammals obtained by mr . grant at coguno , inhambane
1 . on a small collection of fishes made in the eastern watershed of the transvaal b7 capt . g . e . bruce
3 . notes upon the anatomy of a species of frog of the genus megalophrys , with references to other genera . of batrachia
2 . the duke of bedford ' s zoological exploration in eastern asin . - iv . list of small mammals from the islands of saghalien and hokakaido
3 . on some new species of earthworms of the family eudrilide belonging to the genera polytoreutcts , neumanniella , and eminoscolesae from mt . ruwenzori
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hübner ( crambidae : pyraustinae ) from the eastern palaearctic , oriental and australian region . part 1 .
hübner ( crambidae : pyraustinae ) from the eastern palaearctic , oriental and australian region . part 2 .
hübner ( crambidae : pyraustinae ) from the eastern palaearctic , oriental and australian region . part 3 .
hübner described by janse , with descriptions of new species ( lepidoptera : pyralidae : pyraustinae ) .
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the red-bellied fruit dove ( ptilinopus greyi ) is a species of bird in the family columbidae .

it is found in lowland forest in new caledonia , santa cruz islands ( solomons ) , and vanuatu , and it is common in most of its range .

the red-bellied fruit dove is overall green , but has a purplish-red crown and patch on the central belly .

adults of the two genders are very similar , although the belly patch is slightly smaller in the female .

juveniles essentially lack the pinkish-red patch on the belly and crown , leading to potential confusion with the tanna fruit dove .

red - bellied fruit dove

red - bellied fruit dove ( ptilinopus greyi ) is a species of bird in the columbidae family .
dove information . . . index of dove species . . . photos of the different dove species for identification
the red - bellied fruit - dove ( ptilinopus greyii ) is found in new caledonia , solomon islands , and vanuatu . this bird species inhabits subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .
with reverso you can find the english translation , definition or synonym for red bellied fruit dove [ ptilinopus greyii ] and thousands of other words . you can complete the translation of red bellied fruit dove [ ptilinopus greyii ] given by the english - french collins dictionary with other dictionaries such as : wikipedia , lexilogos , larousse dictionary , le robert , oxford , grévisse
these green doves have bright red foreheads - the red extending to over the crown . only males have a red belly . females and immature birds are green all over , except for the red forehead / crown .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . red - bellied fruit - dove ( ptilinopus greyi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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21–24 cm . plumage generally grey - green ; crown purplish red , fringed with yellow at sides and rear ; mantle , wings and tail bright green ; throat pale yellow ; patch on . . .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ptilinopus greyi . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
ptilinopus greyi ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) was previously listed as p . greyii .
justification : although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally common , although possibly only a seasonal visitor to new caledonia ( gibbs et al . 2001 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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belongs to the large species - group centred on p . purpuratus ( which see ) ; within this , forms part of the subgroup centred on p . porphyraceus ( which see ) . often considered closest to p . richardsii , and has also been linked with p . pelewensis and p . porphyraceus ; genetic data suggest closest to p . ponapensis and p . porphyraceus # r . specific name often misspelt greyii . monotypic .
ndai i ( gower ) , in ce solomons , and santa cruz is , banks group ( reef is ) and vanuatu s to loyalty is , new caledonia and i of pines .
quite vocal , also at night . advertising call is a rhythmic cooing phrase lasting c . 6 seconds , . . .
mainly found in forest , in dense canopy ; also in a wide variety of other wooded habitats including . . .
season sept–feb in vanuatu ; aug recorded for lifou ( loyalty is ) . nest is a slight platform of twigs , typical of the genus ; most nests . . .
locally nomadic in response to alterations in food supply ; probably also flies between islands . . . .
not globally threatened . apparently common throughout vanuatu and santa cruz is . status in new caledonia requires verification , as species may be merely a visitor . can be . . .
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recent molecular work # r indicates that morphologically distinctive genera alectroenas and drepanoptila nest within traditional , expanded version of present genus ; the different lineages are accommodated here by the additional recognition of genera megaloprepia , ramphiculus and chrysoena ; further work required in order to confirm that present genus as defined here , in reduced form , is now monophyletic .
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although this species may have a restricted range , it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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we were most impressed with the endemic birds and the write ups on each advising on their state of endangerment . when you see how close to extinction some of these treasures are you have to appreciate the efforts that are going on at this facility . there are a multitude of trails that kept us busy for between 3 - 4 hours yesterday . . . .
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the north african elephant shrew or north african sengi ( petrosaltator rozeti ) is a species of elephant shrew in the family macroscelididae .

it is found in algeria , libya , morocco , and tunisia , and is the only extant afrotherian within its range .

recent phylogenetic analyses suggest that its status as the only extant member of its order north of the sahara has resulted in a genetic split from the other macroscelididae species .

this split likely occurred during the miocene period .

in 2016 , john dumbacher and colleagues created a new genus , petrosaltator , for this species , recombining the scientific name to petrosaltator rozeti .

north african elephant shrew

rock slate picture vintage w kuhnert north african elep . . . rock slate picture vintage w kuhnert north african elep . . .
north african elephant shrew or elephantulus rozeti is listed on the iucn red list ( 1996 ) as lower risk / least concern .
north african elephant - shrews occur in semi - arid savanna , bushland , shrubland , and woodland .
the north african elephant shrew , north african sengi is listed as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category , on the iucn red list of threatened species
) species that resides north of the sahara . north african elephant - shrews occur in two disjunct populations : the first in algeria , morocco , tunisia and the second in libya .
with their mainly insectivorous diets , north african elephant - shrews are significant natural checks on the abundance of insects that might otherwise negatively affect human health and agriculture .
nyari , a . s . , peterson , a . t . & rathbun , g . b . ( 2010 ) late pleistocene potential distribution of the north african sengi or elephant - shrew elephantulus rozeti ( mammalia : macroscelidea ) . african zoology , 45 , 330–339 . urltoken
large 32cm quartz wall clock vintage w kuhnert north af . . . large 32cm quartz wall clock vintage w kuhnert north af . . .
(
african insectivora and elephant - shrews . an action plan for their conservation
, 1990 )
elephant - shrews are found only in africa . the black and rufous elephant shrew occurs in tanzania and south - eastern kenya ( 1 ) .
iucn / ssc insectivore , tree - shrew and elephant - shrew specialist group . african insectivora and elephant - shrews . an action plan for their conservation . isbn 2 - 8317 - 0020 - 5 . gland , switzerland : iucn . 1990 . accessed february 15 , 2006 at urltoken .
living in sub - saharan africa ( south of 30 degrees north ) and madagascar .
the black and rufous elephant shrew is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
they are widely distributed across the southern part of africa , and although common nowhere , can be found in almost any type of habitat , from the namib desert to boulder - strewn outcrops in south africa to thick forest . one species , the north african elephant shrew , remains in the semi - arid , mountainous country in the far north - west of the continent .
rathbun , g . b . 1992 . the fairly true elephant - shrew . natural history 101 ( september 1992 ) .
believe it or not , according to most biologists the sengi ( family macroscelididae ) , or elephant shrew , is related to the elephant , and not the shrew , as previously believed because of their superficial resemblance . sengis are grouped together in the superorder afrotheria with elephants and other african mammals like the sea cows , hyraxes , tenrecs , golden moles and aardvarks .
rathbun , galen b ( september 1992 ) .
the fairly true elephant - shrew
. natural history ( new york ) 101 .
map of the north - eastern portion of the udzungwa mountains , south - central tanzania with sampling localities .
they are widely distributed across the southern part of africa , and although common nowhere , can be found in almost any type of habitat , from the namib desert to boulder - strewn outcrops in south africa to thick forest . one species , the north african elephant shrew , remains in the semiarid , mountainous country in the far northwest of the continent .
( elephant shrews / ' sengis ' ) - 4 genera , 16 sp . - eocene ( of tunisia ) - disjunct distribution in africa ( north to south )
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the black and rufous elephant shrew ( rhynchocyon petersi ) is aptly named after the vibrant , contrasting black and brownish - red colours on its back . despite its name , the black and rufous elephant shrew is not an elephant and nor is it a shrew ; it is actually a species of sengi found in africa ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . all sengis , or elephant - shrews , are in the order macroscelidea , a word which originates from the greek for ‘large thighs’ , which , along with the long snout that resembles the trunk of an elephant , are characteristic of all sengis ( 5 ) .
↑ f . rovero and g . rathbun ,
a potentially new giant sengi ( elephant - shrew ) from the udzungwa mountains , tanzania ,
journal of east african natural history 95 ( issue 2 ) ( 2006 ) : 111–115 . ( this name is preliminary . )
the black and rufous elephant shrew is mostly active during the day , when it uses its long nose to forage through leaf litter in order to find beetles , ants and other invertebrates living on the forest floor ( 6 ) . smell is important to an elephant - shrew and its nose , like a rabbit’s , twitches continuously . an elephant - shrew’s main predators are snakes and birds of prey , so it also has to have a constant eye on the ground and the air for potential threats ( 2 ) .
rovero f , rathbun gb , perkin a , jones t , ribble do , et al . ( 2008 ) a new species of giant sengi or elephant - shrew ( genus
that region of the earth between 23 . 5 degrees north and 60 degrees north ( between the tropic of cancer and the arctic circle ) and between 23 . 5 degrees south and 60 degrees south ( between the tropic of capricorn and the antarctic circle ) .
it is not so much the choice of plant species that separates the elephant from other animals , but the selection of plant parts . the african elephant concentrates on the bark , stem , and roots rather than foliage or fruit of plants . these choices reduce the elephant ' s overlap of food selection with other animals .
while its size and hindgut digestion do enable the african elephant to exploit a large assortment of plants , it seems to occupy a rather distinct niche from other animals in its actual choices .
kingdon , j . 1997 . the kingdon field guide to african mammals . london : academic press . isbn 9780691116921 .
andanje s , agwanda br , ngaruiya gw , amin r , rathbun gb ( 2010 ) sengi ( elephant - shrew ) observations from northern coastal kenya . je afr nat hist 99 : 1–8
only one species , elephantulus rozeti , is found in semi - arid habitats in north africa ( marocco and algeria ) . ( full text )
north african elephant - shrew young are precocial . they are born with their eyes open and are covered in fur . they are able to move about and explore within a few days after their birth . the infants are left alone most of the time in a shelter separate from the parents ' shelter . the mother comes back only to nurse at fixed intervals ( absentee parental care ) . after about a week , the young can eat mashed insects in addition to milk .
kingdon j ( 1974 ) east african mammals ; an atlas of evolution in africa . new york , usa : academic press .
breeding programmes for the black and rufous elephant shrew are being coordinated in zoos in north america , and have been successful in their attempts to breed a number of individuals ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . in the future , the methods developed in these zoos may be useful in captive breeding programmes that could lead to individuals being re - introduced into the wild ( 1 ) . small areas of forest have been designated as reserves in kenya and tanzania ; these pockets of forest provide critical protection for the habitat of the black and rufous elephant shrew ( 1 ) .
and the species is one of the very few nonprimate mammals to do so . the elephant shrew mating period lasts for several days . after mating , the pair will return to their solitary habits . after a
. the common name
sengi
is being used in place of elephant - shrew by many biologists to try and disassociate the macroscelidea from the true shrews ( family soricidae ) in the order soricomorpha . see the
lumpkin , s . , f . koontz . 1986 . social and sexual behavior of the rufous elephant - shrew ( elephantulus rufescens ) in captivity . journal of mammalogy , 67 / 1 : 112 - 119 .
all elephant - shrews eat mainly insects , spiders , centipedes , millipedes , and earthworms . an elephant - shrew uses its nose to find prey and uses its tongue to flick small food into its mouth , much like an anteater . eating large prey can pose somewhat of a challenge for the elephant shrew . for example , a giant elephant - shrew struggling with an earthworm must first pin its prey to the ground with a forefoot . then , turning its head to one side , it chews pieces off with its cheek teeth , much like a dog chewing a bone . this is a sloppy process , and many small pieces of worm drop to the ground ; these are simply flicked up with the tongue . some elephant - shrews also feed on small amounts of plant matter when available , especially new leaves , seeds , and small fruits .
guralnick r ( 2007 ) differential effects of past climate warming on mountain and flatland species distributions : a multispecies north american mammal assessment . global ecol biogeogr 16 : 14–23
although elephant shrews are not common anywhere , they can be found in almost any type of habitat , from the namib desert , one of the friest regions of the earth , to boulder - strewn outcrops in south africa to thick forest . members of elephantulus and macroscelides tend to be found in more arid lowlands , such as savannahs , rocky outcrops , scrublands , and deserts ( rathbun 2009 ) , while members of the other two genera tend to be confined to dense woodlands and lowland and montane forests ( rathbun 2014 ) . one species , the north african elephant shrew , remains in the semiarid , mountainous country in the far northwest of the continent .
( macroscelidea ) - new sp . discovered in tanzania ( 2007 ) - gray - faced elephant shrew - long , mobile snout - long , slender legs adapted for running - brain bears relatively small olfactory bulbs - complete auditory bulla and zygoma
north african elephant - shrews can run and jump quickly to escape from predators . they may also freeze when they detect a threat . in this case , they may simply sit still and slap their elongated tail against the leaf litter . the color of their fur often remarkably resembles that of the soil ( some shade of yellowish brown ) , which helps them to be camouflaged . elephant - shrews are preyed on by large snakes , birds of prey , and medium - sized carnivorous mammals , such as foxes (
davenport trb , stanley wt , sargis ej , de luca dw , mpunga ne , et al . ( 2006 ) a new genus of african monkey ,
trauth mh , larrasoaña jc , mudelsee m ( 2009 ) trends , rhythms and events in plio - pleistocene african climate . quat sci rev 28 : 399–411
an african elephant , loxodonta africana , is quite picky when it comes to eating . a study of this mega - herbivore ' s dietary habits reveals this mamma does not eat just anything , despite its large size and fast - operating digestive system .
. eating large prey can pose somewhat of a challenge for an elephant shrew . for example , a giant elephant shrew struggling with an earthworm must first pin its prey to the ground with a forefoot . then , turning its head to one side , it chews pieces off with its cheek teeth , much like a dog chewing a bone . this is a sloppy process , and many small pieces of worm drop to the ground ; these are simply flicked up with the tongue . some elephant shrews also feed on small amounts of plant matter when available , especially new leaves , seeds , and small fruits .
roberts te , davenport trb , hildebrandt kbp , jones t , stanley wt , et al . ( 2010 ) the biogeography of introgression in the critically endangered african monkey
kingdon , j . ( 1997 ) . the kingdon field guide to african mammals . london : academic press . isbn 978 - 0 - 691 - 11692 - 1 .
elephant shrews mainly eat invertebrates , such as insects , spiders , centipedes , millipedes , and earthworms . some elephant shrews also feed on small amounts of plant matter when available , especially new leaves , seeds , and small fruits ( rathbun 1992 ) . an elephant shrew uses its nose to find prey and uses its tongue to flick small food into its mouth , much like an anteater . eating large prey can pose somewhat of a challenge for an elephant shrew . for example , a giant elephant shrew struggling with an earthworm must first pin its prey to the ground with a forefoot . then , turning its head to one side , it chews pieces off with its cheek teeth , much like a dog chewing a bone . this is a sloppy process , and many small pieces of worm drop to the ground ; these are simply flicked up with the tongue . elephant shrews are preyed upon by snakes , birds of prey , and carnivores . they have a relatively low reproductive rate and short life - span , but have keen senses , swift reflexes , and are alert and primed for escape ( fitzgerald 2004 ) .
grzimek , b . 1990 . elephant shrews . pp . 524 - 531 in s parker , ed .
members of the rhynchocyon genus are known as the
giant elephant shrews
( or
giant sengis
) while members of the other three genera are known as the
soft - furred elephant shrews .
springer ms , cleven gc , madsen o , de jong ww , waddell vg , et al . ( 1997 ) endemic african mammals shake the phylogenetic tree . nature 388 : 61–64
smit , h . a . , robinson , t . j . , watson , j . & jansen van vuuren , b . ( 2008 ) a new species of elephant - shrew ( afrotheria : macroscelidea : elephantulus ) from south africa . journal of mammalogy , 89 , 1257–1269 . urltoken
rathbun , g . b . 2009 . why is there discordant diversity in sengi ( mammalia : afrotheria : macroscelidea ) taxonomy and ecology ? african journal of ecology 47 : 1 - 13 .
↑ h . a . smit , t . j . robinson , j . watson , and b . fansen van vuuren ,
a new species of elephant - shrew ( afrotheria : macroselidea : elephantulus ) from south africa ,
journal of mammology 89 ( issue 5 ) ( 2008 ) : 1257–1269 .
north african elephant - shrews are roughly rodent - like in appearance , with a small body , large ears , and long tails . they weigh about 50g ( very light compare to other genera in the same order ) . the head / body length is from 11 to 12 . 5 cm . the tail length is from 13 to 16 cm . the average body temperature is 33 . 6ºc . the fur on the dorsal side varies from yellowish brown to pale sandy - pink , and the fur on the ventral side is white .
rathbun , g . b . ( 2009 ) why is there discordant diversity in sengi ( mammalia : afrotheria : macroscelidea ) taxonomy and ecology ? african journal of ecology , 47 , 1–13 . urltoken
the black and rufous elephant shrew is under threat from the destruction and fragmentation of its habitat , due to human activities such as logging , clearing for agricultural use and urban development ( 1 ) ( 3 ) . it is also possible that subsistence hunting for food may be a problem in some areas ( 3 ) .
the 17 known extant species of elephant shrews are placed in four genera within the single family macroscelididae . these four genera commonly placed into two subfamilies , with the
giant elephant shrews
of genus rhynchocyon comprising one subfamily , while the
soft - furred elephant shrews
of the genera petrodromus , macroscelides , and elephantulus comprise the second subfamily ( rathbun 20140 .
the black and rufous elephant shrew inhabits semi - deciduous woodlands and forests , as well as scrub areas . it may also sometimes be found in abandoned agricultural land , where there is dense tree cover and a good amount of leaf litter on the ground in which to forage ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
myers , p . urltoken macroscelidea : elephant - shrews ) ] . animal diversity web . retrieved april 21 , 2014 .
rathbun , g . b . 2014 . sengis ( elephant - shrews ) . urltoken . retrieved april 21 , 2014 .
short - eared elephant shrews inhabit the dry steppes and stone deserts of southwestern africa . they can even be found in the
thomas , o . & schwann , h . ( 1906 ) the rudd exploration of south africa - v . list of mammals obtained by mr . grant in north east transvaal . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1906 , 575–591 .
17 recognised species of sengis are spread out over 6 african countries exclusively , and can be found in almost any type of habitat , from thick forests and woodlands to savannahs and deserts , depending on the species .
rathbun , g . b . ( 2008 ) sengis or elephant - shrews . california academy of sciences , san francisco . available at urltoken
stanhope mj , waddell vg , madsen o , de jong w , hedges sb , et al . ( 1998 ) molecular evidence for multiple origins of insectivora and for a new order of endemic african insectivore mammals . pnas 95 : 9967–9972
coals , p . g . r . and g . b . rathbun . 2013 . the taxonomic status of giant sengis ( genus rhynchocyon ) in mozambique . journal east african natural history 101 ( 2 ) : 241 - 250 .
rathbun , g . 2005 .
elephant - shrews or sengis
( on - line ) . accessed april 19 , 2006 at urltoken .
the traditional common english name of elephant shrew comes from a fancied resemblance between their long noses and the trunk of an elephant , and an assumed relationship with the shrews ( family soricidae ) . it has become plain that the elephant shrews are not to be classified with the superficially similar true shrews , but ironically are rather more closely related to elephants and their kin within the newly recognized clade or superorder afrotheria , which includes the sengis ( order macroscelidea ) , elephants ( proboscidea ) , hyraxes ( order hyracoidea ) , manatees and dugons ( order sirenia ) , aardvarks ( order tubulidentata ) , and afrosoricida , including golden - moles , tenrecs , and otter - shrews ( fitzgerald 2004 ) .
olson le , goodman sm , yoder ad ( 2004 ) illumination of cryptic species boundaries in long - tailed shrew tenrecs ( mammalia : tenrecidae ; microgale ) , with new insights into geographic variation and distributional constraints . biol j linn soc 83 : 1–22
smit , h . a . ; robinson , t . j . ; watson , j . ; jansen van vuuren , b . ( october 2008 ) .
a new species of elephant - shrew ( afrotheria : macroselidea : elephantulus ) from south africa
. journal of mamology 89 ( 5 ) : 1257–1269 . doi : 10 . 1644 / 07 - mamm - a - 254 . 1 .
tabuce r , marivaux l , adaci m , bensalah m , hartenberger jl , mahboubi m , mebrouk f , tafforeau p , jaeger jj . early tertiary mammals from north africa reinforce the molecular afrotheria clade . proc biol sci . 2007 may 7 ; 274 ( 1614 ) : 1159 - 66 .
corbet gb , hanks j ( 1968 ) a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae . bull br mus nat hist zool 16 : 47–111 .
as no comprehensive field studies have yet been completed on the black and rufous elephant shrew , little is known about its biology ( 1 ) . however , it may be similar to other species of elephant - shrews , which are monogamous , with each pair sharing and defending a territory of between 1 and 1 . 7 hectares ( 6 ) . the pair builds up to ten nests within their territory in which to shelter . measuring up to one metre wide , each nest is made from leaf litter , and several nests are in use at one time ( 6 ) . however , despite this , a pair of elephant - shrews rarely spends time together , and the male plays no role in the rearing of the young ( 2 ) .
previous studies suggested that the larger the animal , the less selective it might be in its diet , due to lower nutrient requirements per unit of body mass . accordingly , a large animal would be more capable than a smaller one of digesting high - fiber content and potentially toxic chemical contents of some plants . thus the african elephant , the largest extant herbivore , should be willing and able to consume a broad variety of plant species .
rovero , f . , rathbun , g . b . , perkin , a . , jones , t . , ribble , d . , leonard , c . , mwakisoma , r . r . & doggart , n . ( 2008 ) a new species of giant sengi or elephant - shrew ( genus rhynchocyon ) highlights the exceptional biodiversity of the udzungwa mountains of tanzania . journal of zoology , london , 274 , 126–133 . urltoken
- tenrecs and otter shrews ( 10 genera , 20 sp . ) - african species ( madagascar , comoro islands , western central africa - otter shrews ) - fossils known from miocene - dispersal to madagascar ( ~ 55mya ) - adaptive radiation - shrew to rabbit size - long snout , small eyes - cloaca present - derived feature ( spines interspersed with soft hairs ) - some use rudimentary echolocation by tongue clicks * - some species are heterothermic ( use daily torpor ) - insectivorous to omnivorous - inhabit rainforests , dry deciduous forests , deserts in madagascar
woodall , p . f . ( 1995b ) the penis of elephant shrews ( mammalia : macroscelididae ) . journal of zoology , london , 237 , 399–410 . urltoken
both the male and female african porcupines weigh from 18 to 30 kg ( about 40 to 60 pounds ) and are about two feet long . the african porcupine is a type of rodent that has long sharp spines , up to 50cm long , which cover its whole back and can be raised by muscles under the skin . although it is similar in appearance to the echidna it is not closely related . the echidna , also known as the spiny anteater , is a type of monotreme that is covered in stiff , sharp spines mixed with long , coarse hairs . like the echidna , the african porcupine has a browny black coat and paler - coloured spines . the african porcupine is twice the length of the echidna ( 80 . 0 cm vs 47 . 5 cm ) . african porcupines are the largest rodent in their region . females are , on average , about one kilogram heavier than males and both sexes are larger than half a meter long . they are also long - lived for rodents , surviving 12 to 15 years in the wild . these porcupines are covered with flat , bristly hairs and have quills and spines on the posterior back and flanks . the difference between quills and spines is largely one of length and thickness , with spines up to 50 cm long and quills up to 30 cm long . the white and black crest of spines and quills can be erected at will to make the animal look enormous and threatening . some spines on the tail are hollow and make a rattling sound when shaken . the very sharp spines and quills come off when touched by a predator or shaken off , but they grow back rapidly . african porcupines also have very long mobile whiskers .
woodall , p . f . ( 1995a ) the male reproductive system and the phylogeny of elephant - shrews ( macroscelidea ) . mammal review , 25 , 87–93 . urltoken
lovegrove , b . , j . raman , m . perrin . 2001 . heterothermy in elephant shrews , elephantulus spp . ( macroscelidea ) : daily torpor or hybernation ? .
tabuce , r . , l . marivaux , m . adaci , m . bensalah , j . l . hartenberger , m . mahboubi , f . mebrouk , p . tafforeau , and j . j . jaeger . 2007 . early tertiary mammals from north africa reinforce the molecular afrotheria clade . proc biol sci . 274 ( 1614 ) : 1159 - 66 .
females tend to dominate males during mating . either the male or the female initiates sexual behavior by approaching the mate and sniffing the face ( naso - facial contact ) . after making facial contact , both mates practice “mechanical walking” , in which the elephant - shrew straightens its legs , so that it appears taller than normal , and moves toward the mate with short rigid steps . the male then sniffs the genitals of the female . at the same time , the female circles the male and sniffs him .
rathbun , g . b . 1984 . elephant - shrews . in d . macdonald ( ed . ) , the encyclopedia of mammals . new york : facts on file . isbn 0871968711 .
african porcupines are found from sea level to 2000 m above sea level in most areas with vegetation . they prefer rocky hills and outcrops , as they must have shelter during the day . they often take shelter in caves or antbear holes . they also build dens which can be up to 20m long with a 2m deep living chamber .
elephant shrews have large canine teeth , and also high - crowned cheek teeth like those of ungulates ( rathbun 1984 ) . the upper canine has two roots ( myers 2014 ) . their dental formula is
the biologist jonathan kingdon proposed the elephant shrews be called sengis ( kingdon 1997 ) , a term derived from the bantu languages of africa . sengis has become popular both in the scientific and popular literature .
corbet , g . b . & hanks , j . ( 1968 ) a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology , 16 , 47–111 .
corbet , g . b . and hanks , j . 1968 . a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae . bulletin of the british museum of natural history ( zoology ) 16 : 1 - 111 .
same as : a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae - corbet , g b ; hanks , j - bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . - 1968 - p . 45 - - 111
smit ha , jansen van vuuren b , o’brien pcm , ferguson - smith m , yang f , et al . ( 2011 ) phylogenetic relationships of elephant - shrews ( afrotheria , macroscelididae ) . j zool 284 : 133–143
corbet , g . b . ; hanks , j . ( 1968 ) .
a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae
. bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology 16 : 45–111 .
in the past , elephant shrews have been classified with the shrews and hedgehogs as part of the insectivora ; regarded as distant relatives of the ungulates ; grouped with the treeshrews ; and lumped in with the hares and rabbits in the lagomorpha . recent molecular evidence , however , strongly supports a superorder afrotheria that unites elephant shrews with tenrecs and golden moles as well as certain mammals previously presumed to be ungulates , including hyraxes , sirenians , aardvarks and elephants .
sengis range in size from that of a mouse to that of a large rat or squirrel , from about 10 centimeters to more than 30 centimeters and from 25 grams to 700 grams . the larger adult members of the rhynchocyon genus range from 350 to 700 grams , with head / body lengths of up to 31 centimeters and tail lengths of up to 25 centimeters ( rathburn 2014 ) . adults of the macroscelides may be about 25 grams , while members of petrodromus may range up to 200 grams . the short - eared elephant shrew has an average size of 150 mm ( 5 . 9 in ) .
senior scribe publications . 2006 .
best clips : digests and excerpts of printed topics gathered from the past and the present
( on - line ) . animal : elephant shrews . accessed april 02 , 2006 at urltoken .
in the past , elephant shrews have been classified with the shrews and hedgehogs as part of the insectivora ; regarded as distant relatives of the ungulates ; grouped with the treeshrews ; and lumped in with the hares and rabbits in the lagomorpha . recent molecular evidence , however , strongly supports a superorder afrotheria that unites tenrecs , and golden moles with certain mammals previously presumed to be ungulates , including hyraxes , sirenians , aardvarks and elephants , as well as the elephant shrews .
grzimek , b . 1990 . elephant shrews . pp . 524 - 531 in s parker , ed . grzimek ' s encyclopedia of mammals , vol . 1 , english language edition . united states : mcgraw - hill inc . .
elephant shrews are small , quadrupedal , insectivorous mammals resembling rodents or opossums , with scaly tails , elongated snouts , and rather long legs for their size , which are used to move in a hopping fashion like rabbits . the hind limbs are much longer than the forelimbs , and they have relatively large eyes and ears . most have a pale ring around each eye ( fitzgerald 2004 ) . sengis have complete auditory bullae , complete zygomatic arches , and relatively small olfactory lobes in the brain ( myers 2014 ) . some elephant shrews are brightly colored , with the genus rhynchocyon including the most colorful elephant shrews ( rathbun 2014 ) . the small species tend to be shades of gray and brown ( rathbun 2014 ) .
senior scribe publications . 2006 .
best clips : digests and excerpts of printed topics gathered from the past and the present
( on - line ) . animal : elephant shrews . accessed april 02 , 2006 at urltoken ; = 1 .
members of the giant elephant shrews ( giant sengis ) —that is , belonging to the rhynchocyon genus , are considered to be strictly diurnal , while the soft - furred elephant shrews often show activity during both day and night ( rathbun 2014 ) . the giant sengis build leaf nests on the forest floor , or dig small conical holes in the soil , bandicoot - style , or use natural crevices . soft - furred sengis often construct burrows or use the burrows of other species ( rathbun 2014 ) . some soft - furred species make a series of cleared pathways through the undergrowth and spend their day patrolling them for insect life . if disturbed , the pathway provides an obstacle - free escape route . elephant shrews are wary , well camouflaged , and adept at dashing away from threats .
coster , s . and ribble , d . o . ( 2005 ) density and cover preferences of black - and - rufous elephant - shrews ( rhynchocyon petersi ) in chome forest reserve , tanzania . belgian journal of zoology , 135 : 175 - 177 .
douady cj , catzeflis f , raman j , springer ms , stanhope mj ( 2003 ) the sahara as a vicariant agent , and the role of miocene climatic events , in the diversification of the mammalian order macroscelidea ( elephant - shrews ) . pnas 100 : 8325–8330
simons , e . l . , p . a . holroyd , and t . m . bown . 1991 . early tertiary elephant - shrews from egypt and the origin of the macroscelidea . proc . natl . acad . sci . usa 88 : 9734 - 9737 .
panchetti , f . , scalici , m . , carpaneto , g . m . & gibertini , g . ( 2008 ) shape and size variation in the cranium of elephant - shrews : a morphometric contribution to a phylogenetic debate . zoomorphology , 127 , 69–82 . urltoken
african porcupines are mostly vegetarian , using their strong digging claws to get roots , tubers , and bulbs . they are also fond of fallen fruits and will sometimes gnaw on bark . their anterior large intestine and enlarged appendix contain microorganisms that break down undigested plant fibers . they have also been reported to eat carrion in some instances . in areas deficient in phosphorous they practice osteophagia , or gnawing on bones . these porcupines will often accumulate large piles of bones in their dens .
in the past the single family was included in the order insectivora , but now the family is in the monophyletic order macroscelidea and the newly created super - cohort afrotheria . currently , there are 19 living species recognized in four genera . the soft - furred sengis or elephant - shrews include three genera :
a female bears 1 to 4 young , the most common number being 2 . in the north and northwest of morocco it is more common for females to bear 3 or 4 young . in favorable conditions the mating period begins in january and ends in august . in regions with harsh climates , such as in the high plains of algeria and morocco , where the winter is cold , the first births are at the end of april . in more temperate regions , such as tunisia and certain parts of morocco , births begin in march . two weeks after birth , the young emerge from their shelter , weaned and able to forage .
dumbacher , j . p . , rathbun , g . b . , smit , h . a . & eiseb , s . j . ( 2012 ) phylogeny and taxonomy of the round - eared sengis or elephant - shrews , genus macroscelides ( mammalia , afrotheria , macroscelidea ) . plos one , 7 , e32410 . urltoken
elephant shrews are small , quadrupedal , insectivorous mammals resembling rodents or opossums , with scaly tails , elongated snouts , and rather long legs for their size , which are used to move in a hopping fashion like rabbits . they vary in size from about 10 cm to almost 30 cm , from just under 50 g to over 500 g . the
an adult elephant can consume up to 136kg ( 300 pounds ) of a combination of roots , grasses , fruit and bark per day . the large physical being of these herbivores allow ( and require ) them to eat large amounts of food , as their bodies only process about 40 % of what they eat , leaving the other 60 % undigested .
female elephant shrews have four to six mammae , and typically give birth to litters of one , two or rarely three ( or more rarely four ) young ( fitzgerald 2004 ) . after a gestation period varying from 45 to 60 days , the female will give birth to their litters of one to three young several times a year ( rathbun 1982 ) .
although mostly diurnal and very active , they are difficult to trap and very seldom seen ; elephant shrews are wary , well camouflaged , and adept at dashing away from threats . several species make a series of cleared pathways through the undergrowth and spend their day patrolling them for insect life . if disturbed , the pathway provides an obstacle - free escape route .
ty - jour ti - a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae t2 - bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . vl - 16 ur - urltoken pb - bm ( nh ) cy - london : py - 1968 sp - 45 ep - 111 sn - 0007 - 1498 au - corbet , g b au - hanks , j er -
elephant - shrews have long flexible snouts ( probosci ) that give them their names . the snout can be moved in a circular fashion . when they forage , they poke their snout into crevices or leaf litter , sniffing for food . the nostrils are located at the anterior end of the snout . long sensory whiskers ( vibrissae ) arise from the base of the snout .
most elephant shrews are born precocial in small litters , although members of the giant elephant shrews ( rhynchocyon ) are more altricial ( rathbun 2014 ) . the young remain in the nest for several days before venturing outside ( rathbun 1982 ) . after five days , the young ' s milk diet is supplemented with mashed insects , which are collected and transported in the cheek pouches of the female . the young then slowly start to explore their environment and hunt for insects . after about 15 days , the young will begin the migratory phase of their lives , which lessens the dependency of the young on their mother . the young will then establish their own home ranges ( about 1 km 2 ) and will become sexually active within 41–46 days ( rathbun 1992 ) .
smit , h . a . , van vuuren , b . j . , o ' brian , p . c . m . , ferguson - smith , m . a . , yang , f . & robinson , t . j . ( 2011 ) phylogenetic relationships of elephant - shrews ( afrotheria , macroscelididae ) . journal of zoology , london , 284 , 133–143 . urltoken
douady , c . j . , catzeflis , f . , raman , j . , springer , m . s . & stanhope , m . j . ( 2003 ) the sahara as a vicariant agent , and the role of miocene climatic events , in the diversification of the mammalian order macroscelidea ( elephant shrews ) . proceedings of the national academy of sciences usa , 100 , 8325–8330 . urltoken
elephant shrews are widely distributed in africa , with the exception of western africa and the sahara region . their distribution includes the island of zanzibar but not madagascar ( fitzgerald 2004 ) . the macroscelides genus is found only in southwestern africa , while most elephantuuls species are found in southern africa and eastern africa . members of rhynchocyon are found in eastern and central africa . members of petrodromus are widespread ( rathbun 2014 ) .
during the wet season , elephants found only 30 percent of the woody species available for consumption palatable . in the hot , dry season , this increases to 50 percent . while the elephant might eat shoots and leaves during the wet season , it prefers stem , bark , and roots , making up 50 percent of its diet in the cool , dry season and increasing to 94 percent of it consumption in the hot , dry season .
elephant shrews have a relatively long digestive tract with a caecum . they have well - developed sense of sight , smell , and hearing ( rathbun 2014 ) . their bodies have a large number of scent glands , including on the soles of the feet , the chest , at the base of the tail , behind the ears , the corners of the mouth , and the genital and anal regions , all useful for marking territory ( fitzgerald 2004 ) .
elephant - shrews are seemingly alert at all times . some species do not sleep with their eyes shut though they may close the eyes for 2 to 3 minutes . usually , when they rest , they put their feet under the body , probably to facilitate rapid escape . rest spots , established at various points along trails , are used for a short period and then abandoned . they do not use burrows , tree holes , nests or other secure retreats .
species , which includes the largest as well as the most colourful sengis – like the one pictured above . they are called elephant shrews because of their long , trunk - like noses , which they use to smell out those tasty creepy crawlies . the sengi has long , slim limb bones adapted for running , a hunchbacked posture and a long tail . the diet of a sengi is made up almost entirely out of insects like grubs , spiders , beetles , termites and ants , and unlike many other small mammals , most species are diurnal and spend their waking hours during dusk and dawn , out and about munching yummy bugs . elephant shrews are monogamous and mate for life ! they don’t actually spend that much time together , but have scented trails to check up on each other’s whereabouts . these trails are also used to easily escape their predators , which may include birds of prey , big lizards and snakes ( watch the video
tabuce , r . , jaeger , j . - j . , marivaux , l . , salem , m . , bilal , a . a . , benammi , m . , chaimanee , y . , coster , p . , marandat , b . , valentin , x . & brunet , m . ( 2012 ) new stem elephant - shrews ( mammalia , macroscelidea ) from the eocene of dur at - talah , libya . palaeontology , 55 , 945–955 . urltoken
we collected tissues for molecular analysis from 31 specimens in tanzania from 2006–2009 : r . udzungwensis ( n = 22 , localities = 3 ) , r . cirnei reichardi ( n = 8 , localities = 2 ) , and one outgroup sengi , black - and - rufous sengi ( rhynchocyon petersi , n = 1 , locality = riparian forest on the north side of the rufiji river , 150 km east of the udzungwa mountains ) ( fig . 1 ) . for live animals to be released , tissue collection consisted of a small amount of hair along with a tiny piece of auricle . the ear was then disinfected with betadine and the animal was monitored for a few minutes to ensure no adverse reaction . dead specimens and specimens destined for voucher had fresh muscle , liver , or kidney tissues preserved in 95 % ethanol . tissue samples for genetic analysis are stored at the foundation edmund mach in trento , italy . a complete list of sampled specimens and sampling localities can be found in table s1 .
elephant shrews are small animals with brownish gray coats . thye vary in size from about 10 to almost 30 centimeters , and from just under 50 g to over 500 g . all are four - legged with mouse - like tails , and rather long legs for their size which are used to hop and jump about like rabbits . although the size of the trunk varies from one species to another , all are able to twist it about in search of food . their life span is about two and a half to four years in the wild . they have large canine teeth , and also high - crowned cheek teeth like those of grass eaters . although mostly active during early morning and at dusk ( diurnial ) , they are difficult to trap and very rarely seen : elephant shrews are wary , well camouflaged , and adept at dashing away from threats . several species make a series of cleared pathways through the undergrowth and spend their day patrolling them for insect life : if disturbed , the pathway provides an obstacle - free escape route .
elephant shrews play a ecological role in food chains , consuming invertebrates , such as insects , spiders , centipedes , millipedes , and earthworms , and in some cases plant matter when available , while being preyed upon by snakes , birds of prey , and various mammals . they help to maintain natural checks of insect populations . for humans , this unique animals , which in the case of some rhynchocyon species can be very colorful , add to the joy of nature with their
endearing appearance and behavior
( fitzgerald 2004 ) .
elephant shrews are not highly social animals , but many live in monogamous pairs ( mating for life ) , which share and defend a home territory they mark using scent glands ( rathbun 1984 ) . monogamous pairs tend to defend congruent territories sex - specifically : females tend to drive away other females , while males try to ward off other males ( rathbun 2014 ; fitzgerald 2004 ) . social behaviors are not very common and they even have separate nests . individuals also may live alone or in small groups ( fitzgerald 2004 ) .
when the porcupine is tired , it grunts and raises it ' s black and white quills . there is one case of a leopard almost killed by a porcupine . porcupines travel alone or in small family groups . they normally they sleep in the day and feed at night . the african porcupine is primarily nocturnal , although it may be seen during the day . they have quite acute hearing and will freeze when approached by predators , such as big cats , large predatory birds , or hyaenas . when cornered , these porcupines can be aggressive , runnning sideways or backwards to embed their sharp quills in an attacker . contrary to myth , they cannot throw their quills , but they may become dislodged when they shake their hollow rattling quills . another defensive behavior is to hide in their holes facing in and erect their spines so that they cannot be dislodged . specially modified quills known as rattle quills add to the noise made when shaken .
@ article { bhlpart63828 , title = { a revision of the elephant - shrews , family macroscelididae } , journal = { bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) . } , volume = { 16 } , copyright = { public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection . } , url = urltoken publisher = { london : bm ( nh ) } , author = { corbet , g b and hanks , j } , year = { 1968 } , pages = { 45 - - 111 } , }
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justification : with a relatively wide distribution in arid habitats in northwestern africa this species probably faces little impact from human activities , with the possible exception of localized areas that may be heavily grazed . however , there is no evidence that any of the sengis that occupy arid habitats that are grazed are adversely impacted by this land use . the species is listed as least concern .
this species is found only in northwestern africa , in morocco , algeria , tunisia and western libya ( corbet and hanks 1968 ) .
there are no data on populations levels or status due to a lack of studies .
occurs in mediterranean and semi - desert areas , including high mountains ( corbet and hanks 1968 ) . it has been recorded to 2 , 750 m asl in the high atlas ( cuzin and séguignes 1990 ) . several aspects of the biology of this species were studied by séguignes ( 1983 , 1989 ) .
no major threats are known , but there are no data . however , this region of africa is highly populated with people and habitat destruction may be causing some localized declines . this is a major concern in morocco and algeria as human populations expand and large areas are degraded by livestock grazing .
the species occurs in protected areas , but these have not been assessed for effectiveness nor proportion of animal ' s distribution is protected .
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public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection .
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the hindlimbs , which superficially resemble those of small antelopes , are longer than the forelimbs . this unique characteristic is probably an adaptation for cursorial and ricochetal locomotion . the tibia and fibula are long and fused . the metatarsals are lengthened , and the ulna and radius are also long , thus lengthening the stride and contributing to high - speed running and jumping .
members of this species have well - developed glands under the tail , which they use for marking territory .
range length 11 to 12 . 5 cm 4 . 33 to 4 . 92 in
individuals breed seasonally , usually from january to august , depending on their environment . information on the mating behavior of this species is not available . however , mating behavior of
was observed in the lab . males and females exhibit facultative monogamy . the mating process is brief , usually lasting 2 to 3 minutes . both mates are seemingly alert during copulation in case the need arises for flight .


protomelas labridens is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it prefers shallow , vegetated waters .

this species can reach a length of 18 centimetres ( 7.1 in ) tl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

protomelas labridens

protomelas labridens is found at depths of 5m or greater generally near vegetated areas in shallow bays .
protomelas labridens , is a large , mouthbrooding haplochromine cichlid from lake malawi , africa . this fish was first typed by trewavas in 1935 and it is rarely exported to the hobby .
protomelas labridens fatal error : call to undefined function session _ is _ registered ( ) in / var / www / vhosts / malawimayhem . com / httpdocs / profile _ show2 . php on line 48
in the wild , protomelas labridens picks small invertebrates from plant leaves . they are not difficult to feed in the aquarium . i offered tetra cichlid sticks , exreme big fella , dainichi veggie deluxe and the occasional treat of repashy gel food .
many years ago i had seen a protomelas labridens in a local aquarium but i put off the purchase until the next pay day , which turned out to be a mistake , and still to this day i have never seen one again . i have done all kinds of searches to find someone with some and every hit that has come up has been years old . is there anyone out there that is breeding labridens or has any for sale ?
protomelas labridens is not a fish you will find in the hobby very much . until recently , only wild specimens were available . i would guess that wild caught adults would go for $ 50 - 80 each . f1 fry , if you could find them , would be $ 5 - 8 each .
warren11131967 wrote : many years ago i had seen a protomelas labridens in a local aquarium but i put off the purchase until the next pay day , which turned out to be a mistake , and still to this day i have never seen one again . i have done all kinds of searches to find someone with some and every hit that has come up has been years old . is there anyone out there that is breeding labridens or has any for sale ?
i am not sure if you are still looking for the protomelas labridens , but my friend james largo of the cichlid shack has some in stock . he is located in arizona and ships . i just got one yesterday . i was looking them up and found this post and thought i would pass the news on . looks like he has 18 . i would jump on this if you are still keeping fish .
protomelas labridens is not a very aggressive cichlid , but since it is a large fast swimming fish , tanks of at least four feet are required . a six foot tank would be preferred . water temperature in their natural habitat of lake malawi is between 74°f and 79°f with high hardness . i had no trouble with this fish in chicago water at 78f . i performed regular partial water changes each week of about 25 % of the tank volume .
protomelas labridens , another specimen better showing the color pattern of two dark stripes . specimen now in usnm 265528 , collected 17 - 18 aug 1980 , experimental gillnet and trammel nets set overnight over sand in 1 - 3 meters of water off the swamp at northeast end of chembe , nankumba peninsula , malawi , by m . k . oliver , k . r . mckaye , and t . d . kocher . photo copyright © by m . k . oliver
i obtained a group of six , adult protomelas labridens from fellow gcca member mike helford in april , 2013 . mike always seems to have interesting and unusual malawian cichlids and i was fortunate that he was looking to free up some tank space . mike kept his group in a six - foot 180 gallon tank . i moved my group into a 4 - foot , 90 gallon tank . mike also gave some otropharynx sp .
silver torpedo
which joined the new arrivals . this tank was filtered by marineland tidepool ii filter and had a sand substrate . i added several large flower pots and slates so there was ample rockwork in the tank .
maréchal , c . , 1991 . protomelas . p . 387 - 393 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 4996 )
females and juveniles , like all most protomelas species , have one or sometimes two dark horizontal lines that extends from behind the gill plate to the base of the caudal . males are variable in appearance depending on their mood . generally , males have a bright blue head , an overall blue sheen , variegated red tail and a red speckled dorsal edged in black and white . females are relatively drab by comparison with an overall tan - grey color with some gold sheen and highlights . males get up to eight or more inches long and females stay an inch or so smaller .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lakes malawi , malombe and the shire river where it is widespread with no known major widespread threats .
endemic to lake malawi , upper shire and lake malombe . it has lake wide distributions in malawi and malombe lakes .
occurs in relatively shallow , vegetated ( vallisneria spp . ) water at an average depth of 4 m . territorial males clear the vegetation on the bottom in preparing the spawning site . feeds on invertebrates , including small snails from the base of the vegetation . known as
haplochromis similis
in the aquarium trade .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
greek , protos = the first + greek , melas , melanos = black ( ref . 45335 )
africa : endemic to lake malawi . occurs in the southern part of the lake .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 18 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4996 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 15 - 17 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 12 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 9 - 10 ; vertebrae : 30 . distinguished from p . kirkii by the narrow preorbital bone , shorter , steeper snout and smaller mouth with , usually , fewer teeth .
usually found in relatively shallow water ( ref . 267 ) . feeds on small snails and invertebrates found on the vegetation ( ref . 5595 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01514 ( 0 . 00700 - 0 . 03275 ) , b = 2 . 97 ( 2 . 80 - 3 . 14 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 47 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 21 of 100 ) .
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after a couple of weeks of fattening up the fish with frequent feedings of repashy spawn and grow , i did a very large water change ( about 80 % ) . shortly thereafter , i observed my first female holding . i allowed the female to hold for twelve days after which i stripped her of 42 fry at the heads and tails stage . i moved the fry in to a clean 2 gallon container which i maintained at 80f . eight days after stripping , the fry were free - swimming and i immediately began feeding baby brine shrimp . a week later , i moved the babies to a 5 - gallon tank for grow out switched the babies onto cyclopseze abd nls powder . at two weeks , they are eating flake and showing the distinctive stripe on the flank .
the greater chicago cichlid association — gcca — is a not - for - profit , educational organization , chartered in the state of illinois , dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of information relating to the biology of the fishes in the family cichlidae , with particular emphasis on maintenance and breeding in captivity . we are simply cichlid hobbyists who love cichlids .
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for general questions and issues . post here if you are unsure of their origin or if you have questions about mixing .
rare fish . i ' m not aware of anyone selling any right now .
75gal tank white labs , white top haras , met . membe deep 58gal tank ps . saulosi , lab . perlmutt
warren11131967 wrote : dmv is the dc metro area , district , maryland and virginia .
i was fixin to be like , no wonder the wait is so long at the dmv . the workers are browsing fish forums !
13x mikula gibberosa , 125g 6 ' w / fx6 , ac110 , 2x eheim heater , inkbird temp controller , 48
finnex planted 24 / 7 + led light .
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species profiles presents in depth studies , articles , and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
, one of the endemic lake malawi cichlids with a midlateral horizontal stripe and a less prominent stripe on the upper flank .
is a snail - eating species of sandy shores . its snout is rather short and steeply angled , especially in larger individuals than the subadults shown in the photos on this page . its jaws are short , the mouth small and with relatively few teeth . its pharyngeal teeth are somewhat enlarged , as expected in a molluscivore .
this species is known mostly from the southern end of the lake , but has also been collected in the north ( chilumba ) . it lives primarily in shallow water over sand .
males the anal fin base is dark and there is a
broad yellow band distally on which are superimposed small whitish spots .
a color photo of a male in breeding coloration , showing the yellow anal fin band , was published in
in my photo at the top of this page already shows the yellow band , although the small white spots ( egg dummies ? ) are not yet developed .
has not been exported to the aquarium trade except , perhaps , for occasional individuals in mixed shipments . it could be an intriguing subject for a
species
tank or a malawi community aquarium .
page first posted : 1 december 2013 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright © 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved
usually found in relatively shallow water ( ref . 267 ) . feeds on small snails and invertebrates found on the vegetation ( ref . 5595 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


clepsis assensiodes is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in ecuador ( pichincha-septimo paraiso reserve ) .

the wingspan is about 13 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is creamy sprinkled with dark brown and suffused with grey in some parts .

the markings are dark brown .

the hindwings are creamy , but greyish brown from beyond the middle .

clepsis assensiodes

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( pdf ) on the genus latonigena simon ( araneae , gnaphosidae ) : description of two new species , the female of l . santana , and new records
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on the genus latonigena simon ( araneae , gnaphosidae ) : description of two new species , the female of l . santana , and new records
the taxonomy of the genus latonigena simon is updated after the study of the collection of the museo argentino de ciencias naturales ( buenos aires ) . two new species are described : l . pampa , n . sp . , from buenos aires province , argentina , and l . pittieri , n . sp . , from aragua , venezuela ( the first record of a member of this genus from that country ) . three species previously known from brazil ( l . turvo , l . lami , and l . santana ) are newly reported from argentina , and the female of the latter is here described for the first time . zelotes zonatus ( holmberg ) is considered nomen dubium .
c1405djr , buenos aires , argentina . carrion . nico @ gmail . com ; grismado @ urltoken
revista del museo argentino de ciencias naturales , n . s . 16 ( 1 ) , 2014
0 - 1 - 1 ap / metatarsi v 2 - 0 ( left 1 - 2 - 0 ) . iii : f
2 - 2 ; pd 1 - 1 - 0 - 0 ; v 2 - 2 - 2 ap . genitalia : epigynum
third and spinnerets ( fig . 2e ) . total length 4 . 70 .
ott , rodrigues & brescovit , female from tandil ( macn - ar 195 ) .
fertilization duct , rta = retrolateral tibial apophysis , s = spermatheca , st = subtegulum , t = tegulum .
resistencia ( east ) , both mentioned in the label , see text ) .
1 : i - xii , 1 - 92 ; 2 : i - 11 , 93 - 605 .
lista sistemática de arañas ( arachnida : araneae ) de la reserva ecológica costanera sur ( ciudad autónoma de buenos aires , argentina ) , con notas sobre su taxonomía y distribución . revista del museo argentino de ciencias naturales ( n . s . ) 17 ( 2 ) : 183 - 211 .
description and revision of a new genus of ground spiders from south america ( araneae , gnaphosidae ) .
the enigmatic genus plancinus simon 1886 includes three species of medium sized crab spiders characterized by polygonal abdomen , and that are known only by type specimens , from uruguay . the examina…
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on the taxonomy of latonigena auricomis ( araneae , gnaphosidae ) , with notes of geographical distribut . . .
the male of latonigena auricomis simon , 1893 is described for the first time and the female is redescribed . new records are provided for argentina , brazil and uruguay . notes on the natural history and a potential distribution model of the species are presented in the neotropical region .
a new genus of gnaphosid spiders , almafuerte , gen . nov . , is described for seven species from southern south america . the new genus is diagnosed by a conspicuous retrolateral tegular projection on the male palp , and by having three teeth on the cheliceral retromargin . it comprises six species from argentina , a . peripampasica sp . nov . ( type species ) , from central argentina , also present in . . . [ show full abstract ]
the genus segestria latreille , 1804 includes 21 species distributed mainly in the palearctic region . only two species have been described from south america : segestria ruficeps guérin , 1832 ( known from brazil , uruguay and argentina ) and segestria pusilla nicolet , 1849 ( known only from chile ) . a study of the female genitalia shows that s . ruficeps is a junior synonym of the paleartcic species . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new species of the genus neotrops ( araneae : oonopidae ) from colombia , n . ramirezi , is described on the basis of male and female specimens collected in yotoco natural reserve ( valle de cauca ) . it is the third species of the genus reported for the country . una nueva especie del género neotrops ( araneae : oonopidae ) de colombia , n . ramirezi se describe en base a especímenes machos y hembras . . . [ show full abstract ]
una nueva especie del género meriola banks de argentina ( araneae , corinnidae , trachelinae ) . revista . . .
se describe meriola davidi sp . n . ( araneae : corinnidae : trachelinae ) en base a un único macho de la provincia de buenos aires , argentina . esta nueva especie se con - sidera , por la morfología del palpo , emparentada próximamente con m . longitarsis ( simon ) y m . cetiformis ( strand ) . palabras clave : araneae , corinnidae , meriola , taxonomía , nueva especie , argentina . taxonomía : meriola davidi sp . n . . . . [ show full abstract ]