kermes is a genus of scale insects in the order hemiptera .

they feed on the sap of evergreen oaks ; the females produce a red dye , also called " kermes " , that is the source of natural crimson .

the word " kermes " is derived from arabic qirmiz ( قرمز ) , which means " red " or " crimson " there are six species : kermes bacciformis leonardi , 1908 kermes corticalis ( nassonov , 1908 ) kermes gibbosus signoret , 1875 kermes ilicis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) kermes roboris ( fourcroy , 1785 ) kermes vermilio planchon , 1864

kermes ( insect )

kermococcus vermilis planchon insect ( formerly coccus ilicis and kermes ilicis l . or kermes vermilio )
anyway , bone for white , kermes insect for red , and wode for indigo .
woad , kermes insect and bone were all used by the ancient egyptians to make paint .
2 . kermes - kermes ( originally kırmız , qırmız ) , originates from the word
kirmizi
, which means
red
in all turkic languages . kermes dye extracted from the dried bodies of the females of a scale insect in the genus kermes , primarily kermes ilicis ( formerly coccus ilicis ) or kermes vermilio , distantly related to the cochineal insect , and found on species of oak ( esp . kermes oak ) in mediterranean countries , also in certain parts of iran .
a ) historical references the dye from the true oak kermes insect , kermococcus vermilis , has had a long and widespread history in asia and europe . all evidence indicates that its use was confined to expensive textiles and apparel . in terms of the historical record , kermes dye use may even predate written history , inasmuch as kermes - dyed remains have been identified at a prehistoric archaeological site in provence , france .
these include kermes , obtained from coccus ilicis ( or kermes ilicis ) , which infects the kermes oak , and cochineal , obtained from dactylopius coccus , which lives on prickly pear cactus in mexico . one kilogram ( 2 . 2 pounds ) of cochineal dye can be obtained from an estimated 200 , 000 insects . the principal coloured…
b ) the kermes insect : entomology and geography kermes dye was obtained from a specific species of coccid insect - kermococcus vermilis planchon ( formerly kermes ilicis l . ) which is native to the mediterranean and certain contiguous regions . the insects are round , smaller than a pea , contain coloring matter analogous to carmine , and are used in dyeing . the word crimson is derived from the word kermes which originates from the word
kirmizi
- means
red
in all turkic languages . this dye - producing coccid breeds and feeds exclusively on the shrub oak which its scientific name is quercus coccifera . this exclusivity to the parasite - host relationship was established by the zoologist planchon in 1864 .
from the simple act of going to look at some mini holly , the world of medieval dye - stuffs opened up . so when stephen fry asks on qi : what is the red dye extracted from the kermes insect ? not only can you answer correctly ‘not cochineal’ , but you can tell him the insect lives on an oak that looks like a holly .
the label on it was quercus coccifera – the kermes oak . i trust the sagely botanists of kew at wakehurst to get it right .
american heritage dictionary s . v . kermes , also kluge ,
etymologisches wörterbuch der deutschen sprache
, s . v . karmesin , et al .
the dried bodies of kermes insects were used to make red dye . aha ! cochineal ! well , no actually . cochineals ( dactylopius spp . ) give cochineal , also called carmine . kermes insects give crimson . crimson was a much earlier dye , used in burial shrouds by the anglo - scandinavian inhabitants of northern england around 866 . the new - fangled carmine , discovered during the conquest of mexico , appeared on the scene in 1549 . carmine superseded crimson , as it took ten times fewer cochineals than kermes insects to produce the same amount of acceptable red dye . that’s a lot less insect to find and crush .
hi hema shah ! the red covering is actually the insect , a female . do not be confused by the small ant that appears at the lower part of the twig . i still wonder what it was doing there and if there could be any kind of relationship between the ant an the kermes .
finally , after months searching i found out what it is . it is not a gall as i always thought but a scale insect called kermes , very well known since the beginning of the humanity to produce red colour . thanks martinl , your interest in this spotting impeded me to forget it ! !
distribution of the kermococcus vermilis is , of course , that of the host oak species . this oak is found predominantly along the shores of mediterranean europe , north africa , and the near east , with distribution extending along a fringe into iraq and southwest persia ( see map above ) . in common with other dye - producing members of the coccoidea , it is the females of kermococcus vermilis which yield the dye material . the immature , larval female is attached to the branches of kermes oak tree ( quercus coccifera ) until march , when it is at a grain - sized , red - violet colored stage . it begins to grow rapidly from this point , and by the end of april is the size and color of a violet pea . the kermes worm is collected at this point , which jibes with various reports of insect gathering from kermes oaks in april and early may . the violet color of the female kermes insect at this point parallels that of the cochineal of azerbaijan insect . chemistry and biochemistry of the kermococcus insect when collected and dried , the kermococcus scale insect appears as a red - brown , smooth seed - like pellet . this probably accounts for early writers identifying the source of kermes as a plant rather than an animal . the color principle in the kermococcus insect is almost exclusively kermesic acid . kermesic acid as the main colorant in kermococcus vermilis has been known since the early 20th century research of otto dimroth in germany . kermesic acid is distinct enough chemically from carminic acid , found in kirmiz - the cochineal of azerbaijan and other cochineal scales , that a modern laboratory can distinguish between the two dyes . kermesic acid , lac dye components and other dyes can be examined by high pressure liquid chromatography .
current health concerns over artificial food additives have renewed the popularity of cochineal dyes , and the increased demand has made cultivation of the insect profitable again .
hamon ab . 1977 . gall - like scale insects ( kermes spp . ) ( homoptera : coccoidea : kermesidae ) . entomology circular number 178 : 1 - 2 .
hamon ab , lambdin pl , kosztarab m . 1975 . eggs and wax secretion of kermes kingii . annals of the entomological society of america 68 : 1077 - 1078 .
mineral kermes is an amorphous tersulphide of antimony , prepared by a variety of processes , and containing a variable proportion of teroxide of antimony and sometimes a little alkaline antimonite . the oldest method consists in boiling the finely powdered sulphide with a solution of an alkaline carbonate and leaving the hot filtered solution to cool , the kermes being deposited on cooling . in another method dilute nitric acid was added to the alkaline solution to precipitate the kermes mineral . mineral kermes is a brown red powder becoming blackish - grey when washed with boiling water . by fusion and slow cooling it is converted into a clay - like mass devoid of crystalline structure , in which it differs essentially from the pure amorphous sulphide .
in the pharmacopeia of the ancients kermes triturated with vinegar was used as an outward application , especially in wounds of the nerves . from the 9th to the 16th
1 . ' tnt century this insect formed an ingredient in the
confectio alkermes ,
a well known medicine , at one time official in the london pharmacopoeia as an astringent and corroborant in doses of 20 to 60 grains or more . syrup of kermes was also prepared . both these preparations have now fallen into disuse , the latter being replaced by the syrup of cochineal .
kermes ( arabic , - i . r7izis ) , a . crimson dye , now superseded by cochineal , obtained from coccus iticis , l . ( coccus rernzilio , 0 . planchon ) , au liemipterous insect found in spain , italy , the south of france , and other parts of the mediterranean region , feeding on quercus coccifera , a small shrub from 2 to 5 feet high . the discovery of the animal nature of kermes is due to emaric , garidel , and cestoni . until the year 1714 it was thought to be a gall or excrescence .
to dye spun worsted with kermes , the material is first boiled for half an hour with bran in water , and then for two hours in a fresh bath containing one - fifth of roman alum and one - fifth of tartar , to which
sour water
is commonly added . it is then taken out and laid in a linen bag for some days in a cool place . in order to obtain a full colour it is then put in a warm bath as at the first boiling , the bath containing as much kermes as is equal to three - fourths or even the whole weight of the worsted used . for cloth one - fourth less of the salt and kermes was required . the colour imparted by kermes has much less bloom than the scarlet made with cochineal , hence the former has fallen into disuse .
we can summarize all the insect dyes which have been used for rugs into three main groups . these insects are biologically different from each other : 1 . cochineal dye which is isolated from :
tamaki y , yushima t , kawai s . 1969 . wax secretion in a scale insect , ceroplastes pseudoceriferus green ( hemiptera : coccidae ) . applied entomology and zoology 4 : 126 - 134 .
hamon ab , lambdin pl , kosztarab m . 1976 . life history and morphology of kermes kingii in virginia ( homoptera : coccoidea : kermesidae ) . virginia polytechnic institution & state university research division bulletin 111 : 1 - 31 .
b ) margarodes polonicus and porphyrophora polonica . - this is called polish cochineal . of the various insect dyes known to readers of oriental decorative art literature , the polish cochineal coccid dye insect and its dye are least familiar . however , this coccid dye producer was for many centuries a dominant factor in the textile dye trade and commercial history - of eastern europe and the near east . while there is little specific evidence that polish cochineal dye was used in any category of oriental rug , its presence in the market at the time certain rug types were made would be a complicating factor in drawing conclusions about insect dye use .
see g . planchon , le kermes du chine , montpellier , 1864 ; watts ' s dictionary of chemistry , i . p . 330 - 33 , iii . p . 446 ; gmelin , handbook of chemistry , iv . p . 340 - 49 ; lewis , materia medias , 1784 , pp . 71 , 365 ; ilientorias sobre la grana kermes do espaita , madrid , 1788 ; adams , paulus . / egincta , iii . 180 ; beckmann , history of inventions .
in north america there are 32 species of kermesidae in five genera , but in northeastern north america there are only nine species in four genera ( eriokermes , nanokermes , allokermes , and kermes ) . the allokermes spp . that are of economic importance in florida are a . cueroensis ( cockerell ) , a . galliformis ( riley ) , and a . kingii ( cockerell ) . the kermes scale , allokermes kingii ( cockerell ) , is an important pest on oak ( quercus spp . ) trees .
of the various insect dyes known to readers of oriental decorative art literature , the polish cochineal coccid dye insect and its dye are least familiar . however , this coccid dye producer was for many centuries a dominant factor in the textile dye trade and commercial history - of eastern europe and the near east . while there is little specific evidence that polish cochineal dye was used in any category of oriental rug , its presence in the market at the time certain rug types were made would be a complicating factor in drawing conclusions about insect dye use . historical record prior to the development of aniline , alizarin and other synthetic dyes , the insect was of great economic importance , although this was declining after the introduction of mexican cochineal to europe in the 16th century . according to donkin , r . a . , the research work of pfister establishes the earliest documentation for polish cochineal dye in textiles , those found in egypt and syria , dating to hellenistic - roman times . pfister ' s work in the 1930 ' s involved tests for distinguishing kermes , madder , and cochineal in textiles of sassanid and chinese origin . to this writer , however , either kirmiz or polish cochineal sources were possible .
this gall seems to be attracting an ant . i wonder if its tenant needs further protection . this is similar behavior as a scale insect that produces honeydew to keep the ants around . i think there is a story behind this spotting
c ) dactylopius coccus or coccus cacti - the cochineal dye which is originated in spanish america or in other spanish territories , from a cactus - feeding insect , and was used in certain rugs and textiles of the caucasus , persia , and turkey .
3 . lac dye - the lac dye originated in northern india , from an insect ( kerria lacca ) , producing both dye and shellac , and was used in rugs and textiles in india and in areas along trade routes where lac was available .
d . coccus is native to tropical and subtropical south america and mexico . this type of insect , a primarily sessile parasite , lives on cacti from the genus opuntia , feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cacti . scientifically , the cochineal dyestuff from this new world coccid is carminic acid , the same chemical species found in both the polish ( porphyrophora polonica ) and kirmiz coccids ( porphyrophora hamelii ) . carminic acid can be extracted from the insect ' s body and eggs to make the dye .
) , a close relative , which takes it into the eastern mediterranean across the middle east from algeria to turkey . the kermes oak produces acorns in spinescent cups ( unfortunately we were there at the wrong time to see these ) , but there is something even more interesting about this species .
lac is the scarlet resinous secretion of the insect kerria lacca . this important animal is also known by some junior synonyms such as laccifer lacca , carteria lacca and tachardia lacca . however , the oldest name kerria lacca is back in current use . kerria lacca belongs to the lac insect family kerriidae , one of some 28 families of scale insects and mealy bugs belonging to the superfamily coccoidea . the lac insect of se asia is kerria chinensis . lac insects settle closely on the twigs of certain host trees , suck the plant sap and grow , all the while secreting lac resin from their bodies . since the insects are closely spaced on the twigs , the resin forms continuous encrustations over the twigs of the host trees . these insects thrive only on certain trees , which are called host trees .
reviews of various aspects of insect dyes are contained in : donkin , r . a . ,
the insect dyes of western and west - central asia ,
anthropos : international review of ethnology and linguistics 72 : 847 - 880 , 1977 ; banks , m . j . , pigments of the coccoidea - current knowledge and chemotaxonomic implications . proceedings of the symposium : recent advances in the study of scale insects , research division bulletin 127 , virginia polytechnic institute and state university , blacksburg , virginia 24061 , pp . 51 - 67 .
all categories of the coccoidea have quite specific host - parasite relationships . whereby the coccid insect owes its survival and geographic distribution to specific plants . cochineal of azerbaijan - gırmız insect , p . hamelii , feeds on the roots and lower stems of a number of grasses placed within aeluropus littoralis . the most often identified host grass is aeluropus laevis ( equivalent to dactylis littoralis or poa pungens ) . this plant is found in the saline marshes along the river araz , extending to the marshes near lake urumia , south azerbaijan . the flat valley floors around agridag in eastern anatolia is also the common site for the grasses .
daly hv , doyen jt , purcell iii ah . 1998 . continuity of the generations : development and reproduction , pp . 66 - 68 . in daly hv , doyen jt , purcell iii ah ( eds . ) , introduction to insect biology and diversity , 2nd ed . oxford university press , new york , ny .
kermococcus vermilis dyestuff in the decorative arts the dye kermes is a mysterious colorant used since antiquity , but it has not been conclusively documented in oriental rugs . based on all the evidence , kermes dye ( kermesic acid ) has been used as a textile dyeing substance since antiquity and its use was particularly high for such purposes as
venetian scarlet
in mediterranean europe and areas in the major mediterranean trade channels from the 12th to the 16th century . technologically , the dye collection and isolation process was moderately tedious and the amount of dye extracted low for the effort and cost . of all the asiatic insect dye substances , kermes was the most costly and labor - intensive , except for possibly the polish cochineal . given the amount of evidence about the likely cost and difficulties of dye production , it is not surprising that the dye was restricted to the costliest of fabrics and textiles . there may well have been efforts to transplant and expand kermococcus vermilis along plantation lines , similar to the work with the american ( spanish ) cactus coccid , but there is no evidence of success . for utilitarian oriental rugs and textiles , the dye substance would probably always have been too costly . for the reds in classical carpets , things are a bit more interesting . according to whiting , m . c . , lac from india was the source of the scarlet red in classical persian carpets , paralleling the use of lac in mamluk carpets .
the word
kermes
is derived from arabic / persian qirmiz ( قرمز ) , which means
red
or
crimson
. in spanish derives the word
carmin
meaning
crimson
. camera model : nikon d300 . exposure time : 1 / 60 sec . f / 36 iso speed rating : 200 . focal length : 90 . 0 mm . flash fired .
a number of references in the middle ages to a red of azerbaijan document a region - specific dyestuff , particularly in the writings of muslim geographers of the 9th through 14th centuries . muhammad ibn ahmad al - bīrūnī ( 973 - 1048 a . d . ) and hamzah al - isfahani ( d . 961 ) mentions about the production of insect dye in azerbaijan .
as of 2005 , peru produced 200 tonnes of cochineal dye per year and the canary islands produced 20 tonnes per year . chile and mexico have also recently begun to export cochineal . france is believed to be the world ' s largest importer of cochineal ; japan and italy also import the insect . much of these imports are processed and reexported to other developed economies .
like other members of the group to which it belongs , the female kermes insect is wingless , and furnished with a beak or sucker attached to its breast , by which it fixes itself immovably on its food plant , and through which it draws its nourishment . the male insect is unknown , two insects mistaken for it being , according to planchon , parasitic hymenoptera of the chalcidian group , living in the kermes grains . in the month of may , when full grown , the insects are globose , 6 to 7 millim . in diameter , of a reddish - brown colour , and covered with an ash - coloured powder . they are found attached to the twigs or buds by a circular lower surface 2 millim . in diameter , and surrounded by a narrow zone of white cottony clown . at this time there are concealed under a cavity , formed by the approach of the abdominal wall of the insect to the dorsal one , thousands of eggs of a lively red colour , and smaller than poppy seed , which are protruded and ranged regularly beneath the insect . at the end of may or the beginning of june the young escape by a small orifice , near the point of attachment of the parent . they are then of a fine red colour , elliptic and convex in shape , hut rounded at the two extremities , and bear two threads half as long as their body at their posterior extremity . at this period they are extremely active , and swarm with extraordinary rapidity all over the food plant , and in the course of two or three clays attach themselves to fissures in the bark or buds , but rarely to the leaves . in warm and dry summers the insects breed again in the months of august and september , according to em6ric , and then they - are more frequently found attached to the leaves . usually , however , they remain immovable and apparently unaltered until the end of the succeeding march , when their bodies become gradually distended and lose all trace of abdominal rings . they then appear full of a reddish juice resembling discoloured blood . in this state , or when the eggs are ready to be extruded , the insects are collected . in some cases the insects from which the young are ready to escape are dried in the sun on linen cloths - - care being taken to prevent the escape of the young from the cloths until they - are dead . the young insects are then sifted from the shells , made into a pasta with vinegar , and dried on skins exposed to the sun , and the paste packed in skins is then ready for exportation to the east under the name of
pate d ' dcarlate .
biology cochineal insects are soft - bodied , flat , oval - shaped scale insects . the females , wingless and about 5 mm ( 0 . 2 in ) long , cluster on cactus pads . they penetrate the cactus with their beak - like mouthparts and feed on its juices , remaining immobile . after mating , the fertilized female increases in size and gives birth to tiny nymphs . the nymphs secrete a waxy white substance over their bodies for protection from water and excessive sun . this substance makes the cochineal insect appear white or grey from the outside , though the body of the insect and its nymphs produces the red pigment , which makes the insides of the insect look dark purple . adult males can be distinguished from females by their diminutive size and their wings . it is in the nymph stage ( also called the crawler stage ) that the cochineal disperses . the juveniles move to a feeding spot and produce long wax filaments . later they move to the edge of the cactus pad where the wind catches the wax filaments and carries the cochineals to a new host . these individuals establish feeding sites on the new host and produce a new generation of cochineals . male nymphs feed on the cactus until they reach sexual maturity ; when they mature they cannot feed at all and live only long enough to fertilize the eggs . they are therefore seldom observed .
a deep crimson dye is extracted from the female cochineal insects . cochineal is used to produce scarlet , orange and other red tints too . the colouring comes from carminic acid , as in other insect dyes . cochineal extract ' s natural carminic - acid content is usually 19–22 % . the insects are killed by immersion in hot water ( after which they are dried ) or by exposure to sunlight , steam , or the heat of an oven . each method produces a different colour which results in the varied appearance of commercial cochineal . the insects must be dried to about 30 percent of their original body weight before they can be stored without decaying . it takes from 155 000 to 250 000 insects to make one kilogram of cochineal . there are two principal forms of cochineal dye : cochineal extract is a colouring made from the raw dried and pulverised bodies of insects ( it is used to dye woolen and silk yarns ) , and carmine is a more purified colouring made from the cochineal . to prepare carmine , the powdered insect bodies are boiled in ammonia or a sodium carbonate solution , the insoluble matter is removed by filtering , and alum is added to the clear salt solution of carminic acid to precipitate the red aluminium salt . purity of colour is ensured by the absence of iron . for shades of purple , lime is added to the alum .
adult females are neotenic , which is a prolonged larval form in a sexually mature organism . because adult females are neotenous , they are able to mate with males at a young age ( gullan & kosztarab 1997 ) . the lumen of the adult male contains numerous sperm bundles in a liquid surrounded by a sheath ( foldi 1997 , gullan & kosztarab 1997 ) . after mating with the female the sperm bundles are stored in the oviduct . if the male mates with a teneral female , a condition of an insect after molting but before the new cuticle has hardened , then fertilization may need to be delayed for weeks or months until eggs are mature ( gullan & kosztarab 1997 ) .
the polish cochineal , like kirmiz insect of azerbaijan , belongs to the margarodidae family of the coccoidea . it is a soil dweller and root feeder , and breeds and feeds exclusively on the roots of the host plant , scleranthus perennis ( perennial knawel ) . this is a low - lying plant distributed narrowly in poland , the ukraine , and lithuania . it grows on sandy , dry , acidic soils . it can grow up to 15 cm high and has white flowers of 2 - 5 mm . polish cochineal has also been known to feed on plants of 20 other genera , including mouse - ear hawkweed ( hieracium pilosella ) , bladder campion ( silene inflata ) , velvet bent ( agrostis canina ) , caragana , smooth rupturewort ( herniaria glabra ) , strawberry ( fragaria ) and cinquefoil ( potentilla ) . the insect was once commonly found throughout the palearctic and was recognised across eurasia , from france and england to china , but it was mainly in central europe where it was common enough to make its industrial use economically viable . ( it is not clear whether the areas except than eastern europe produced the dye coccid in commercial quantities ) excessive economic exploitation , as well as the shrinking and degradation of its habitat , have made the polish cochineal a rare species . in 1994 , it was included in the ukrainian red book of endangered species . in poland , where it was still common in the 1960s , there is now insufficient data to determine its conservation status and no protective measures are in place .
by ruth d’alessandro , the wildlife gardener the wildlife gardener enjoyed reading the ranger’s holly post , and now has a new science hero : professor obeso . you just know you’d have a decent lunch with him . for once , i have nothing to add to this treatise on ‘spinescence’ other than to share with readers the following picture of an evergreen shrub taken at wakehurst place :
that finger ( and unscrubbed nail ) belongs to 7 - year - old junior wildlife gardener no . 1 , so you can see the leaves are really quite small . jwg1 said she thought it was a type of holly . i hurriedly agreed , so we went in search of a label saying
, native to the western mediterranean , from morocco to greece . the quercus baton is then picked up by the palestine oak (
can holly as we can it in ireland be picked off the side of the road if on a tree , can i be stopped from picking it , i make holly wreaths for xmas thanks .
i’m not sure about the law in ireland . in england and wales you can pick it for your own personal use , but not to sell .
an oak … that’s interesting . i googled some photos , and yeah … it looks like it fits some quercus images i found . a few photos looks different , but most had the spines . i just learned what cork oak looks like a few years ago . so many plants to learn .
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that is obtained from the dried bodies of these insects . the dye was often part of the tribute paid to conquering roman armies , and , in the middle ages , landlords accepted it as payment for rent . the oldest known red dyestuff , resembling but inferior in colour to
dye , substance used to impart colour to textiles , paper , leather , and other materials such that the colouring is not readily altered by washing , heat , light , or other factors to which the material is likely to be exposed . dyes differ from pigments , which are finely ground solids dispersed in a…
chemical compound , any substance composed of identical molecules consisting of atoms of two or more chemical elements . all the matter in the universe is composed of the atoms of more than 100 different chemical elements , which are found both in pure form and combined in chemical compounds . a sample…
chemistry , the science that deals with the properties , composition , and structure of substances ( defined as elements and compounds ) , the transformations they undergo , and the energy that is released or absorbed during these processes . every substance , whether naturally occurring or artificially…
homopteran , ( order homoptera ) , any of more than 32 , 000 species of sucking insects , the members of which exhibit considerable diversity in body size . all of the homoptera are plant feeders , with mouthparts adapted for sucking plant sap from a wide assortment of trees and wild and cultivated plants . …
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amazing stuff , thanks for sharing . i hope i have the same spotting !
thanks maria . i did not notice that i extended so much in the description . i think i was a little enthusiastic when i found and id for this spotting
well done arlanda . this is not like the scale insects i know . they grow impressive ones in spain .
here is a blog that has some fascinating information relating to your probable parasite . urltoken this blames a cypnid wasp . i assume they are solid like yours .
i wonder if this is a resinous sap from the tree . ( unlikely for an oak ) . the white powder at the base , and the ant makes me suspect some hemipteran bug . ( unlikely in a solid gall ) . i think we need some help here .
actually , i tried to open the gall with my knife but the gall was too hard ( and small ) and it jumped away and i never found it . : (
i agree with you martinl , while i was doing the pics the ant was moving around the gall but never moved away . it looked as if the ant was guarding the gall . definitely , i must do some more research about it
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talla kingi lindinger , 1933 . change of combination and misspelling of species name .
allokermes kingi bullington and kosztarab , 1985 . described : female . illustrated . change of combination and misspelling of species epithet .
allokermes kingii is native to north america , but occurs throughout the world . it occurs in 32 states in the u . s . , and is largely absent in the western states . in florida , a . kingii occurs in alachua , gilchrist , hendry , pinellas and polk counties ( scalenet 2004 ) .
figure 1 . distribution of allokermes kingii in the united states as of 2004 . illustration by scalenet , urltoken .
the taxonomy of a . kingii was described by hamon et al . ( 1976 ) .
eggs : eggs are 0 . 32 mm long , are oval in shape and range in color from white to orange . they are deposited into a brood chamber , beneath the female scale , and are covered with a layer of wax ( tamaki et al 1969 , hamon et al 1975 ) .
figure 2 . eggs inside brood chamber of female scale allokermes kingii ( cockerell ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
figure 3 . eggs and eclosing ( emerging from egg ) nymphs of the scale allokermes kingii ( cockerell ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
nymphs : first instars are about 0 . 43 mm long , salmon - colored , oblong to oval , widest at the mesothorax , and taper posteriorly . the antennae are six - segmented , and the dorsal tubular ducts are usually absent . the legs are well developed , five - segmented , and have a single curved claw . there are no morphological differences in first instar males and females , but sexual dimorphism becomes apparent in the second instar . the third instar differs from second instar and adult by the number of dermal structures , having more than the second instar and less than the adult .
figure 4 . ventral view of first instar of the scale allokermes kingii ( cockerell ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
figure 5 . lateral view of second instar of the scale allokermes kingii ( cockerell ) . photograph by l . j . buss , university of florida .
male pre - pupa : pre - pupa measures 2 . 0 mm long and is salmon - colored . antennae are partly segmented , rounded , and wide at base . wing pads are budlike , legs are poorly developed , and the head is not clearly separated from the prothorax .
male pupa : pupa measures 2 . 3 mm long , is elongated and is salmon - colored . antennae are ten - segmented . wing pads are elongated and rounded , legs are four - segmented without a claw . head is not clearly separated from prothorax .
figure 6 . ventral view of male test ( waxy covering of pre - pupa and pupa ) of the scale allokermes kingii ( cockerell ) . photograph by jay cee turner , university of florida .
figure 7 . ventral view of male pupa , allokermes kingii ( cockerell ) . photograph by jerry butler , university of florida .
adult males : adult males measure 1 . 0 mm long , are elongated , are widest in the thoracic area and narrow posteriorly . newly emerged males are red to light brown . antennae are 10 - segmented and well developed . they have six pairs of simple eyes . wings are large and fragile looking , legs are well developed and slender , and the claw has a minute denticle . head is distinctly separated from thorax .
figure 8 . ventral view of adult male , allokermes kingii ( cockerell ) , a scale . photograph by jerry butler , university of florida .
adult females : adult females are about 5 mm long , 4 . 3 mm wide , and about 3 . 5 mm high . adult females are covered with a protective shell that is an integral part of their bodies . the secretion of wax from pores creates a very convex shell . the color is pale brownish - yellow , marbled with a slightly darker red tint , with small black spots covering the entire surface . antennae and legs have six and five segments , respectively . although antennae and legs have the same number of segments as nymphs , the antennae and legs are reduced in size .
figure 9 . ventral view of adult female , allokermes kingii ( cockerell ) , a scale . photograph by l . j . buss , university of florida .
hamon described the biology of a . kingii in 1976 in blacksburg , va . it is univoltine ( one generation per year ) in virginia , but is bivoltine ( two generations per year ) in florida ' s subtropical climate ( turner 2004 ) . allokermes kingii males develop with complete metamorphosis while female a . kingii develop with a simple metamorphosis ( hamon et al . 1976 , kosztarab 1987 , ben - dov 1997 , marotta 1997 , daly et al . 1998 ) .
in florida , first generation crawlers emerge in late may ( turner 2004 ) . after hatching the first instar or crawler remains beneath the parental brood chamber until environmental conditions favor its dispersal . females migrate to large branches and males crawl to bark crevices on the tree stem . crawlers begin to molt into second instars by mid - july . second instar females migrate to tree wounds or new growth , often near new leaf petioles , become sessile , and secrete a hard , waxy covering over themselves . second instar males migrate further down on the tree stems , become sessile , and cover themselves with a white , felt - like waxy pupal case ( test ) . second instar females molt to a third instar , which lasts approximately two to four days . third instar females become adults from late august to mid - december .
eggs are laid into brood chambers from early september to mid - december . each female can lay an average of 3 , 000 eggs ( hamon et al . 1975 ) . the female ' s abdomen shrinks after the eggs are laid . dead females may remain on the host plant for a year or more after first instar emergence ( baer 1980 ) .
second generation crawlers begin emerging in mid - september and molt into second instars by mid - october . first and second instars overwinter on trees . scale development appears to slow or stop until the first molt in mid - february . by late april , second instar female a . kingii become mature adults . second - generation adult female a . kingii lay eggs until mid - june .
male pre - pupae are present on the bark from early june to mid - october . pupae occur from may to the end of october . adult males are present from late may to the end of october . the adult male has non - functioning mouthparts and lives for a few hours to a week .
all records of infestation are reported from quercus spp . except for one record on castanopsis in california ( ferris 1955 ) and junipercus sp . allokermes kingii occur on q . borealis ( michaux ) , q . coccinea ( muenchhausen ) , q . geminata ( small ) , q . ilicifolia ( wangenheimd ) , q . imbricaria ( michaux ) , q . laurifolia ( michaux ) , q . phellos ( linnaeus ) , q . rubra ( linnaeus ) , q . velutina ( lamarck ) , and q . virginiana ( miller ) . the primary hosts are q . borealis and q . velutina . five of the oak species , q . geminata , q . laurifolia , q . phellos , q . velutina , and q . virginiana occur in florida .
allokermes kingii directly affect plant growth by their feeding , which involves the penetration of their stylets into the phloem and the uptake of sap as food ( raven 1983 , vranjic 1997 ) . the feeding results in branch dieback , reduced tree growth rates , and sooty mold , which grows on the honeydew secreted by the scales ( vranjic 1997 ) . tree death may occur during heavy infestations .
mechanical . pruning , removal of scales by hand , and destroying infested plant material may minimize infestations .
natural enemies . several natural enemies attack a . kingii , including ladybird beetles ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) , lacewings ( neuroptera : chrysopidae ) , moth larvae ( lepidoptera : blactobasidae , cosmopterigidae , pyralidae ) , and parasitoids ( hymenoptera : encyrtidae , ichneumonidae ) .
chemical . scale management is difficult because the scale is often covered with a protective waxy cover . control methods should be targeted toward the first instar or early second instar . traditionally , scales have been treated with insecticidal oils as well as a variety of other pesticides . consult a local cooperative extension service office for current control recommendations .
baer rg . 1980 . a new species of gall - like coccid from southeastern united states . journal of georgia entomological society 15 : 20 - 25 .
ben - dov y . 1997 . morphology , systematics and phylogeny , pp . 3 - 4 . in ben - dov y , hodgson cj ( eds . ) , soft scale insects : their biology , natural enemies and control , vol . 7a . elsevier , amsterdam , the netherlands .
bullington sw , kosztarab m . 1985 . revision of the family kermesidae ( hemiptera ) in the nearctic region based on adult and third instar females , pp 4 - 67 . in baer rg , bullington sw , kosztarab m ( eds . ) , morphology and systematics of scale insects , vol . 2 . virginia polytechnic institute and state university , blacksburg , va .
foldi i . 1997 . internal anatomy of the adult female , pp . 73 - 90 . in ben - dov y , hodgson cj ( eds . ) , soft scale insects : their biology , natural enemies and control , vol . 7a . elsevier , amsterdam , the netherlands .
gullan pj , kosztarab m . 1997 . adaptations in scale insects . annual review of entomology 42 : 23 - 50 .
kosztarab m . 1987 . everything unique or unusual about scale insects ( homoptera : coccoidae ) . bulletin of the entomological society of america 33 : 215 - 220 .
kosztarab m . 1996 . scale insects of northeastern north america . identification , biology , and distribution . virginia museum of natural history , martinsburg , virginia . 650 pp .
marotta s . 1997 . general life history , pp . 251 - 256 . in ben - dov y , hodgson cj ( eds . ) , soft scale insects : their biology , natural enemies and control , vol . 7a . elsevier , amsterdam , the netherlands .
raven ja . 1983 . phytophages of xylem and phloem : a comparison of animal and plant sap - feeders . advances in ecological research 13 : 135 - 234 .
scalenet . ( 2004 ) . scales on fagaceae quercus . urltoken ( june 2004 ) .
turner jc . 2004 . biology and management of allokermes kingii ( hemiptera : kermesidae ) on oak trees . m . s . thesis , university of florida , gainesville , fl .
vranjic ja . 1997 . effects on host plant , pp . 323 - 336 . in ben - dov y , hodgson cj ( eds . ) , soft scale insects : their biology , natural enemies and control , vol . 7a . elsevier , amsterdam , the netherlands .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 3 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
bref , blanc pour l ' os , rouge pour les cochenilles , et indigo pour la guède .
on a de l ' os écrasé de mammifère . . . des insectes kermès et de la guède .
l ' os pour le blanc . . . les kermès pour le rouge , et la guède pour l ' indigo .
a ) porphyrophora hameli - this local type of cochineal has been used in azerbaijan from ancient times up to the 20th century .
branches of oak shrub { quercus coccifera ) in mediterranean coastal regions - western and southern turkey , greece , s . italia , holy lands , n . africa , also some parts of iran and n . iraq
the earliest historical reference to this dye or color is dated to 714 b . c . , when sargon ii of assyria attacked the kingdom of urartu * and acquired as part of the booty
scarlet textiles of ararat and kurkhi .
ahmad ibn yahya al - baladuri ( balazuri ) ( d . ca . 892 ) described ardizat , to the east of agridag ( ararat ) , as karya - al - kirmiz , the
town of kirmiz .
according to the 10th century muslim arab writer , geographer , and chronicler mohammed abul - kassem ibn hawqal ( born in nisibis ; travelled 943 - 969 ce ) , the city of dabil ( dwn , dvin , duvin , touin ) stood north of ardasat ( ardisat ) and was the place where they made
the beautiful color called kermez . . . ( of ) a certain worm .
( 1340 ) , mentions the production of girmiz / kirmiz in the plains to the south of marand , in s . azerbaijan .
- after the fall of the hittite empire , at the beginning of the first millennium b . c . , kingdom of urartu was formed in eastern anatolia , which was to survive for 300 years . urartu , who were closely related to the hurrians and hittites in origin .
sargon ii ( right ) , king of assyria ( r . 722 - 705 bc ) , with the crowned prince , sennacherib ( left )
abū rayhān muhammad ibn ahmad al - bīrūnī ( september 15 , 973 in kath , khwarezm – december 13 , 1048 in ghazni ) was a muslim polymath of the 11th century , whose experiments and discoveries were as significant and diverse as those of leonardo da vinci or galileo , five hundred years before the them and renaissance .
b ) cochineal of azerbaijan - gırmız ( porphyrophora hamelii ) : entomology , geography , and biochemistry cochineal red of azerbaijan rugs was invariably prepared from the coccid species , porphyrophora hamelii brandt . taxonomically , p . hamelii , is a member of the margarodidae , a family of the super family called coccoidea ( or scale insects ) . the margarodes spend much of their life burrowing in the ground and feeding on the roots of certain host plants .
the insects were harvested shortly before the female larvae reached maturity , i . e . in late june , usually around saint john the baptist ' s day ( june 24 ) , hence the dye ' s folk name , saint john ' s blood . the harvesting process involved uprooting the host plant and picking the female larvae , averaging approximately 10 insects from each plant . in poland , including present - day ukraine , and elsewhere in europe , plantations were operated in order to deal with the high toll on the host plants . the larvae were killed with boiling water or vinegar and then dried in the sun or in an oven , ground , and dissolved in sourdough or in light rye beer called kvass , in order to remove fat . the extract could then be used for dyeing silk , wool , cotton or linen . the dyeing process requires roughly 3 - 4 oz of dye per pound ( 180 to 250 g per kilogram ) of silk , and one pound of dye to color almost 20 pounds ( 50 g per kilogram ) of wool .
biochemistry of the polish cochineal similar to other red dyes obtained from scale insects such as kirmiz red of azerbaijan and american ( spanish ) cochineal dye , the red coloring is derived from carminic acid with traces of kermesic acid . the polish cochineal extract ' s natural carminic acid content is approximately 20 % .
after synthetic pigments and dyes such as alizarin were invented in the late 19th century , natural - dye production gradually diminished . however ,
dactylopius coccus is native to tropical and subtropical south america and mexico , where their host cacti grow natively . they have been introduced to spain , the canary islands , algiers and australia along with their host cacti . there are 150 species of opuntia cacti , and while it is possible to cultivate cochineal on almost all of them , the best to use is opuntia ficus - indica . [ 9 ] all of the host plants of cochineal colonies were identified as species of opuntia including opuntia amyclaea , o . atropes , o . cantabrigiensis , o . brasilienis , o . ficus - indica , o . fuliginosa , o . jaliscana , o . leucotricha , o . lindheimeri , o . microdasys , o . megacantha , o . pilifera , o . robusta , o . sarca , o . schikendantzii , o . stricta , o . streptacantha , and o . tomentosa . feeding cochineals can damage the cacti , sometimes killing their host . cochineals other than d . coccus will feed on many of the same opuntia species , and it is likely that the wide range of hosts reported for the former species is because of the difficulty in distinguishing it from these other , less common species .


blyth 's shrike-babbler ( pteruthius aeralatus ) is a bird species found in the eastern himalayas and southeast asia from northern burma to southern cambodia .

like others in the genus it is found in montane forests .

males and females have different plumages and variations occur through its range with several populations being treated as subspecies .

it is part of a cryptic species complex and was earlier lumped as a subspecies of the white-browed shrike-babbler .

blyth ' s shrike - babbler

other synonyms german : rostflügel - würgervireo english : blyth ' s shrike - babbler , siamese , red - winged , rickett ' s , de schauensee ' s , camerano ' s or robinson ' s shrike - babbler english ( india ) : blyth ' s shrike - babbler ( blyth ' s white - browed shrike - babbler ) spanish : vireo alcaudón cejiblanco finnish : indokiinanvireo french : allotrie de blyth , allotrie de blyth , a . à bec fort ou a . de rickett , allotrie de ripley , allotrie de ripley , a . à bec fort ou a . de rickett , allotrie siamoise japanese : buraisumozuchimedori japanese : ブライスモズチメドリ latin : pteruthius [ aeralatus , validirostris or ricketti ] , pteruthius aeralatus , pteruthius flaviscapis aeralatus dutch : blyths klauwiertimalia norwegian : jungelprakttimal polish : dzierzbogłów rododendronowy slovak : strakoška obočnatá swedish : blyths brokvireo thai : นกเสือแมลงปีกแดง chinese : 红翅鵙鹛 chinese ( traditional ) : 布萊氏鵙鶥
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . commonest shrike - babbler . in pakistan , fairly common in murree hills but otherwise rare and local . fairly common in nepal . common in . . .
we will make a few stops along the way to look for forest wagtail , tiger shrike and swinhoe ' s minivet which we probably won ' t see elsewhere .
14 cm ; 29–44 g . medium - sized shrike - babbler with chestnut on tertials ; male is black - crowned and white below , with bold white rear supercilium and grey upperparts ; . . .
nutting’s flycatcher : nominate nuttingi properly belongs in a group with subspecies inquietus , not with subspecies flavidior . the names of the group nutting’s flycatcher ( west mexican ) myiarchus nuttingi inquietus change to nutting’s flycatcher ( nutting’s ) myiarchus nuttingi nuttingi / inquietus ; and the names of the group nutting’s flycatcher ( southern ) myiarchus nutting nuttingi / flavidior change to nutting’s flycatcher ( flavidior ) myiarchus nuttingi flavidior .
– ne myanmar , s & se china ( wc sichuan s to nw & w yunnan and e to n fujian , also hainan ) and n indochina .
townsend’s shearwater puffinus auricularis : townsend’s shearwater is split into three species . townsend’s is critically endangered species breeding on islands off west mexico ; newell’s shearwater is also endangered and breeds on hawaii ; and rapa shearwater breeds on rapa island in the central pacific . the at - sea ranges for all three species needs to be better elucidated .
the other road up the mountain begins near the park headquarters and also requires a permit . this road climbs steeply through mixed evergreen , oak - pine , and pine forests to an altitude of about 1200m . parking areas are limited so birding is best done on foot . some good birds can be found . possibilities include green - legged partridge , fork - tailed drongo - cuckoo , and yellow - vented flowerpecker along with a variety of barbets , leafbirds , and sunbirds . it ' s one the few places to find oriental pied - hornbill in the north . at higher elevation long - tailed minivet , blyth ' s shrike - babbler , and orange - bellied leafbird are common .
our last special site is erlang shan where lady amherst ' s pheasant , firethroat , brown - breasted bulbul , black - streaked scimitar - babbler , barred laughingthrush , chinese babax , streaked barwing , chinese leaf - warbler and godlewski ' s bunting can be found . we will stay at conveniently located lodges / hotels , very close to all of the birding sites .
doi chiang dao is located 80km north of chiang mai , about an hour ' s drive along highway 107 . reaching the higher elevation birding habitat at den ya kat is tricky as it ' s accessed via a maze of unmarked dirt roads . also , a permit is required , obtainable from the park headquarters near malee ' s .
– e & se myanmar ( including n tenasserim ) , most of thailand , laos , c vietnam and s cambodia .
asian paradise - flycatcher terpsiphone paradisi : asian paradise - flycatcher is split into three species , with amur paradise - flycatcher breeding in eastern china , kamchatka , and japan , blyth’s paradise - flycatcher widely in southeast asia from s china , myanmar , and indochina to indonesia , and indian paradise - flycatcher in afghanistan and pakistan to bangladesh , including sri lanka and india south of the himalayas . all three taxa migrate through thailand and winter in malaysia . this species will be particularly complicated to assign in ebird . we also have the option japanese / amur paradise - flycatcher , which should be used in ebird to apply to all four species including indian paradise - flycatcher and blyth’s paradise - flycatcher ( essentially , a “paradise - flycatcher sp . ” for asia ) . we will update this species name in 2016 . until then we encourage careful documentation of paradise - flycatchers on migration and wintering grounds in asia .
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collar , n . , robson , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . pied shrike - babbler ( pteruthius flaviscapis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . white - browed shrike - babbler ( pteruthius aeralatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
– himalayas from c nepal e to bhutan and all ne indian hill states , adjacent s china ( se xizang ) and nw & w myanmar .
kloss ' s and emei leaf - warblers amongst others . there are also chances of seeing red panda , as we did n our 2013 tour .
long - billed hermit phaethornis longirostris : the west mexico endemic ( nayarit to s . oaxaca ) mexican hermit is split from long - billed hermit .
white - naped honeyeater melithreptus lunatus : gilbert’s honeyeater , endemic to extreme sw western australia , is split from the eastern species white - naped honeyeater .
we will be also be searching for several other species that are hard to find elsewhere such as tawny fish owl , three - toed , fulvous and spectacled parrotbills , spectacled fulvetta , chinese hwamei , black - streaked scimitar - babbler , moustached laughingthrush , sooty tit , slaty bunting and vinaceous rosefinch . there is also a really great chance of getting good looks at golden pheasant and crested ibis , and an outrageous outside chance of giant panda as well ! there are a number of other good birds to be found in this area including chinese bamboo - partridge , temminck ' s tragopan , chinese goshawk , crested kingfisher , swinhoe ' s minivet , fujian niltava , forest wagtail , indian blue robin , manchurian , brown , russet , brownish - flanked and aberrant bush - warblers , alstrom ' s and grey - crowned warblers , kloss ' s , emei and large - billed leaf - warblers , fire - capped tit , mrs gould ' s sunbird , collared finchbill , oriental greenfinch , red - billed starling and yellow - throated bunting . nights at changquing .
season apr–jun in india , myanmar and china ; song in bhutan apr–jul ; jan–apr in thailand and s annam , apr in laos and feb–jun in peninsular . . .
subalpine warbler sylvia cantillans : moltoni’s warbler , which is resident on the balearic islands of spain , sardinia , coastal western italy , and parts of southern france and spain along the mediterranean coast , is split from the widespread subalpine warbler . records during migration are difficult to assign to species ( the wren - like call note of moltoni’s is the best field characteristic ) so we encourage liberal use of subalpine / moltoni’s warbler in such cases . see the clements update for the change in scientific name from moltonii to subalpina .
other good birding locales are the open area between malee ' s and wat tamphaplong , the nature trail starting just after the entrance to the headquarters , which is not well marked , the temple grounds at wat tamphaplong , and the gully trail that follows a water pipe ¾ of the way up the steps to the temple . this latter trail has thick understory and is good for skulkers such as rusty - naped pitta , hooded pitta , siberian blue robin , slaty - backed forktail , white - crowned forktail , streaked wren - babbler , and eyebrowed wren - babbler during dry season . due to the thick vegetation at this latter site , the best strategy is generally to find an open spot and wait for birds to appear .
mountain reserves in sichuan over the following days in search of numerous key species . longcanggou is a relatively new site that we visited in 2013 and is particularly good for temminck ' s tragopan , white - bellied redstart , white - browed bush - robin , the extremely localised and endemic emei shan liocichla , black - faced and elliott ' s laughingthrushes , grey - hooded and great parrotbills , aberrant bush - warbler , and both
barred owlet - nightjar : subspecies terborghi , previously considered to be a subspecies of vogelkop owlet - nightjar aegotheles affinis , is transferred to barred owlet - nightjar aegotheles bennettii , and recognized as a new monotypic group , barred owlet - nightjar ( diamond’s ) aegotheles bennettii terborghi .
as an example , this year subalpine warbler ( sylvia cantillans ) was split into two species , subalpine warbler ( sylvia cantillans ) and moltoni’s warbler ( sylvia subalpina ) . the breeding ranges are largely allopatric , and subalpine warbler is much more widespread overall , but they overlap extensively in migration . so for ebird we changed all the records from the summer and from areas where only subalpine warbler is known or expected to be common ( e . g . , eastern europe , africa ) . sightings that specified the subspecies were updated automatically ( we recommend being specific when possible , but only when you understand the subspecies options you select for data entry ! ) . before this update , if you observed a “subalpine warbler” from within the range of moltoni’s warbler ( balearic islands , sardinia , coastal western italy , and portions of the southern mediterranean coast of france and spain ) but did not note the subspecies , it would be considered in ebird as subalpine / moltoni’s warbler–the only difference now is that the taxa involved are now considered species instead of subspecies . if you know which one you saw , we encourage you to update your records . if you are not sure ( and this is one of the tougher identification issues in the world , so don’t feel bad ! ) , then your observation is best listed as the slash option .
scaly thrush zoothera dauma : scaly thrush is split into four species : the migratory northern white’s thrush of eastern russia and northeastern china , wintering in southeast asia ; the largely resident scaly thrush that occurs from northeastern india ( wintering to central - northern india ) through malaysia and with an island endemic outlier population on amami island of southern japan ; the island endemic sri lanka thrush ; and the southern india endemic nilgiri thrush which occurs mostly in the western ghats .
one issue with ebird is that reviewing your records of “subalpine / moltoni’swarbler” or of “short - billed / long - billed dowitcher” currently is not easy using the my ebird tools . if you know the checklist it is on , you can find the list in “manage my observations” and edit it as needed . if you can find your checklist on the range map of “subalpine / moltoni’s warbler” then you can just click on the stickpin for your list and open it from there . but the best option to review your records is to go to my ebird and then click “download my data” from the right side . this downloads your entire ebird database as a csv file that can be opened in excel or a similar spreadsheet program . from there , you should easily be able to sort by name or search for “subalpine / moltoni’s warbler” to find your records . then you can scroll to the correct date or just replace the submission id in the url for a checklist view .
the clements checklist 2015 updates & corrections provides details ( including references ) for all species splits and lumps , new species descriptions , revisions to subspecies groups ( issfs ) or subspecies , and other changes relevant to the clements checklist . we refer anyone wishing to learn more about these splits to that page . one name change of interest concerns omani owl ( formerly strix omanensis , now strix butleri ) and hume’s owl , now known as desert owl , which was formerly strix butleri but is now strix hadorami ; see the clements updates for more on this .
within ebird , we also have forms for taxa that are field identifiable ( or likely potential species ) and worth tracking , but are not formally described . these include undescribed species ( noted with “undescribed form” ) , undescribed subspecies groups , and miscellaneous other options . this year’s update includes one “undescribed form” that has been described and accepted by the cbro ( brasilian records committee ) ; we include it without the “undescribed” note but it is not considered a valid species for ebird / clements…yet . forms are unique to the ebird taxonomy ; they are not found in the clements checklist .
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this year’s update is v2015 of the ebird / clements checklist . the ebird / clements checklist is an integrated global taxonomy for the birds of the world , including all species and subspecies , as well as additional taxa useful to field birders to report in ebird . the list of species available in ebird is the ebird taxonomy ( v2015 ) and includes all species , subspecies groups ( which we call identifiable sub - specific forms or issf ) , hybrids , intergrades , spuhs ( e . g . , scoter sp . ) , slashes ( e . g . , short - billed / long - billed dowitcher ) , domestics , and forms . the clements checklist includes only the species and subspecies , along with subspecies groups which are further identified as monotypic ( consisting of one subspecies ) or polytypic ( consisting of more than one subspecies ) . in this way , the ebird / clements checklist is completely integrated , but can also be divided into these two groups . read more about the ebird taxonomy .
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recording modified with audacity 2 . 2 . 0 : - normalized ( - 0 . 50 db ) - high pass filter ( 1250 hz / rolloff 36 db ) - low pass filter ( 5000 hz / rolloff 36 db ) - fade in / fade out
bird , probably of small size , singing in a tree bordering a path leading to a farm . pteruthius aeralatus ? thank you in advance for your help . bernard bousquet
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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until recently considered conspecific with p . flaviscapis ( which see ) . molecular and vocal evidence invoked to reinstate and even elevate to species rank the form ripleyi # r # r , which was treated as a synonym of validirostris in hbw but here accepted as a race ( recent recordings revealing situation to be far less clear - cut than claimed # r ) ; similar criteria invoked to elevate annamensis to species rank # r # r , but more conclusive information on diagnostic characters is required in order to validate any further splitting of this species . proposed race lingshuiensis ( hainan ) included in ricketti . populations in peninsular malaysia currently included in race cameranoi , but are in fact intermediate between that taxon and schauenseei . eight subspecies recognized .
sings with repeated loud strident rhythmic series of notes ( typically 4–6 in indonesia , 4–5 in . . .
broadleaf evergreen forest , oak - rhododendron forest , coniferous forest , montane ericaceous . . .
insects , including grasshoppers and locustids ( orthoptera ) , moths and caterpillars ( lepidoptera ) and beetles ( coleoptera ) ; also berries , . . .
resident ; seasonal altitudinal displacements in bhutan , nepal and elsewhere in himalayas , . . .
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internal arrangement heavily modified , based on recent genetic study # r , along with addition of asian genera pteruthius and erpornis ( see below ) .
traditionally placed in timaliidae , but genetic studies indicate that it is not closely related to that family # r , and belongs instead in vireonidae # r .
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i watched an adult male and an immature male that were foraging high up - i was on a slope and the crown of the tree was at eye level . largely animal prey was taken . - amar
western himalayan birds are sometimes separated under the name ripleyi from eastern himalayan ( through to western myanmar ) birds validirostris , but there is considerable uncertainty about where the division should be , and we have therefore retained all himalayan birds here as validirostris pending clarification .
all ranks domain kingdom subkingdom phylum subphylum superclass class subclass infraclass superorder order suborder infraorder superfamily family subfamily tribe subtribe genus subgenus species subspecies variety group ( polytypic ) group ( monotypic ) species split life sp . ssp . intra - specific hybrid interspecific hybrid intergeneric hybrid species pair
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this article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .
this article is part of project passeriformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each passerine , including made - up species .
this article is part of project vireonidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each vireo , including made - up species .
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notes : ( species sound : frequent . breeding status : territorial . ) lns : subject changed from pteruthius flaviscapis to p . aeralatus to reflect current taxonomy . - - jay mcgowan 29nov2011response to playback : approach . response to playback : normal song . response to playback : different song .
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sichuan lies in the very heart of china and is situated on the eastern edge of the vast tibetan plateau . it is a huge province , the size of france and hosts the richest concentration of chinese specialities and endemics in this vast country . there is a remarkable wealth of birdlife waiting in its rich evergreen and temperate forests , alpine meadows , mighty snow - capped mountains and grasslands of the tibetan plateau which form some of the most spectacular scenery of any bird tour ! china is a vast country and it is impossible to do justice to the amazing diversity of superb birds in one trip , so this tour concentrates on the mountainous province of sichuan . our unique and special tour takes in the well - known sites of labahe , balang shan , mengbi shan and finishes with a spectacular visit to the tibetan plateau . we also visit several lesser - known mountains during this unique
tour which provides the opportunity to see as many of the endemic and sough - after specialities as possible amidst some of the most exciting scenery imaginable .
following an afternoon arrival in chengdu we can check out a nearby park in search of a few species we may not see elsewhere on the tour . in particular we shall look for the endemic chinese bulbul and chinese blackbird , as well as rufous - faced warbler , ashy - throated and vinous - throated parrotbills , white - browed laughingthrush , oriental greenfinch , crested myna , yellow - billed grosbeak , and both red - billed and white - cheeked starlings . night in chengdu .
labahe is a superb area that gives us opportunities to see practically everything that used to be possible at wawu shan , before its closure .
transfer to the airport and return flights to the uk , where we should arrive in the late afternoon and the end of the tour .
our exciting extension to changqing nature reserve is in search of the enigmatic blackthroat which has recently been discovered breeding here . this superb reserve protects around 300 square kilometres of forested mountains , some of which rise to 3000m . this localised luscinia is only known from a small number of breeding localities and we will focus our efforts on finding this enigmatic species . we also have a chance of seeing the very rare crested ibis , whose numbers have now risen to around 200 pairs and can be found in only two remote breeding colonies in northern china .
after some final birding at gonggangling forest this morning , we will drive to baolun for an overnight stay .
we will continue our journey deeper into undiscovered china and drive towards changquing nature reserve , making several stops along the way to explore different habitats . night changquing .
we have two full days to bird inside the nature reserve in search of our primary target , blackthroat .
after some final opportunity to catch up with any species still missing from our lists , we will make the long drive along the expressway to chengdu , arriving in the early evening . night in chengdu .
accommodation in twin rooms en - suite , all meals including picnic lunches where necessary , bottled water , snacks , all entrance fees , transport throughout , and services of local guides and leaders .
international airfare , insurance , visa fee , departure tax , drinks , tips , and items of a personal nature .
the hotels used during this tour range from good to standard , all with en - suite facilities . we will stay in the best available lodges / guest houses as close to the birding sites as possible .
this is a relatively adventurous tour as we will spend a lot of the tour birding between 2 , 700m - 4 , 200m although this is mainly from roads . any climbing will be done very slowly . some long drives are necessary but the roads are mainly paved now and our land cruiser / minibus is both comfortable and well maintained . the weather is variable at this time of year , but expect it to be quite warm around chengdu , ranging to cold with possible snow showers in higher areas . rain is possible in the mountains .
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the air holidays and flights shown are atol protected by the civil aviation authority .
zoothera birding ltd , stonelands , causeway cross , ipplepen , devon , england . tq12 5tb
until recently considered conspecific with p . aeralatus , but split partly on molecular evidence # r # r and differs in its all - black vs grey mantle to uppertail - coverts in male ( 3 ) ; dull greyish olive - green vs grey crown in female ( 2 ) ; generally smaller size , best indicated by notably shorter tail ( effect size in males vs geographically closest p . a . cameranoi and robinsoni combined −4 . 34 , score 2 ) ; and evidently different voice # r ( allow at least 2 ) ; in addition ( except vs p . a . annamensis ) all - whitish vs part - or all - buff or grey underside in female ( 1 ) or ( vs p . a . annamensis ) vestigial vs strong chestnut in tertials ( 2 ) . monotypic .
what do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .
14 cm . adult male has crown , lores , cheek and ear - coverts black , broad postocular supercilium white , upperparts mid - grey , rump greyer , upperwing and tail black with bluish . . .
song comprises a hard , loud , singled and doubled ( more commonly ) or singled and tripled “ip - . . .
recorded in the midstorey and canopy of montane and submontane forest , at 1000–3000 m .
no information , but diet and foraging behaviour presumably similar to those of p . aeralatus .
virtually nothing known , but a male and female photographed on a nest in apr , and still - dependent but fledged young in late jan .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . restricted - range species : confined to javan and bali forests eba , with overall range estimated at 148 , 000 km² . uncommon to . . .
a checklist of the birds of malaysia second edition , 2015 . kuala lumpur : malaysian nature society - bird conservation council , malaysia . pp . 60 .
acknowledgements : - ms . ainul aqilah binti mohd nasir , mr . tan kok kiat & mr . yasser mohamed arifin
citation : - pteruthius aeralatus . malaysia biodiversity information system ( mybis ) . urltoken downloaded on 10 july 2018 .
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the ebird taxonomy update is now complete . these updates happen once a year to take into account splits , lumps , name changes , and changes in the sequence of the species lists . as of this point , all ebird data–including your my ebird lists , range maps , bar charts , region and hotspot lists , and data entry will be reflecting the new taxonomy . ebird mobile and birdlog should also be updated to the new taxonomy . if you see unfamiliar bird names in the list , please refer to the story below to understand the change and why it happened . in addition , we list a number of new options for data entry ( hybrids , spuhs , slashes , etc . ) below . ebirders who do not speak english as their first language have five new translations for bird names to choose from : croatian , danish , norwegian , spanish ( venezuela ) , and ukrainian . remember that the language you choose for bird names needs to be selected separately from the language of the website .
important note for ebird mobile and birdlog users : if you use ebird mobile or birdlog please make sure all your lists have been submitted . if you have problems submitting a list ( such as blank lines in the list ) this may be a result of the taxonomic update . please get in touch with us at ebird @ urltoken and we’ll help you work through the issues . ebird mobile is the * free * global data entry app for ebird that allows you to track your records and lists worldwide ( get it here ) . birdlog provides similar regional apps for android users until the release of ebird mobile in the fall ; get those at the google play store .
the clements checklist provides two update pages ( overview and 2015 updates & corrections ) and also provides all three files ( ebird / clements , clements , and ebird ) for download .
a list of all the taxonomic changes is below . this is largely in sync with the
; references are not listed in full , but are included in the clements update . since this is a long article , here is a short index :
when the taxonomy is updated in ebird , many of the changes are fairly simple to implement . when a common name changes , a scientific name changes , or when the taxonomic sequence is revised , those changes roll through and start appearing in ebird output fairly quickly . keeping track of name changes is a challenge , and consulting avibase is one of the best ways to do so . just type any bird name in avibase and avibase will show you the history of that name , and–if it differs from ebird–it will show what the ebird equivalent is for that name . try it for “louisiana heron” , for example .
when species are lumped , ebird usually retains the former species as an identifiable group . in these cases , your records may shift to the lumped form and your totals may ( or may not ) drop by one . the actual entity that you observed and reported has not changed in any way other than being “demoted” from species to subspecies .
when splits occur , however , the process is more complicated . in many cases , we have had subspecies options available for reporting in anticipation of the split . all these records update automatically to the new species . but when a bird is reported at the species level , and then that species is split , we update the records in ebird to one of the “child” species whenever possible . we try to be very conservative with this . when two species do not overlap in range ( i . e . , they are allopatric ) we go ahead and make the change . when the species do overlap ( i . e . , are sympatric ) , and do not have clear seasonal or habitat differences , we usually do not make the change . this results in your records being left as the more conservative “slash” option .
for those who regularly use subspecies groups to report in ebird ( this is encouraged , with caution ! ) , please be sure to read the section on common name “ambiguation” and subspecies group lumps near the bottom of this story .
ebirders that do not speak english as their first language have five new translations to choose from : croatian , danish , norwegian , spanish ( venezuela ) , and ukrainian . you can access these under “preferences” from most ebird pages , which is also where you can set the names to shows as common names or scientific names . english speakers have a range of regional options as well , including united kingdom , australia , philippines , malaysia , and new zealand names . one additional option is english ( ioc ) , which gives a full translation of species names into the ioc world bird list ( v5 . 3 ) nomenclature . note that these names are exact taxonomic matches , so they reflect as slashes when a species is split by ioc and not by ebird ; similarly , species split by ebird will appear as subspecies groups for ioc . our ebird help center story explains more about regional common name preferences .
the species below were split in ebird . to see a map of the new species , click “map” . to see your personal lists in my ebird , just make sure you are logged in and click “my records” . if you have seen the species but don’t have any records shown , then please enter your sightings ! full details for can be seen at the clements updates & corrections page . below are the splits for this update :
common ostrich struthio camelus : somali ostrich , restricted to the horn of africa , is split .
gray peacock - pheasant polyplectron bicalcaratum : the island - endemic form hainan peacock - pheasant is split as a separate species .
chinese bamboo - partridge bambusicola thoracicus : the island - endemic form taiwan bamboo - partridge is split as a separate species .
olive ibis bostrychia olivacea : the island endemic species sao tome ibis is split as a separate species .
common buzzard buteo buteo : himalayan buzzard , which occurs in the himalayan region , and eastern buzzard , which occurs in east asia , are split from common buzzard which is now the species of europe , and western asia , wintering in india , the middle east , and africa . see the clements updates for details on the revised scientific name buteo refectus .
mountain buzzard buteo oreophilus : the southern african species forest buzzard is split from mountain buzzard of east africa .
purple swamphen porphyrio porphyrio : purple swamphen is split into six species with these ranges : western swamphen ( western europe and northwestern africa ) ; black - backed swamphen ( southeast asia ) ; african swamphen ( africa , mostly south of the sahara , north to egypt and israel ) ; australasian swamphen ( australia , new zealand , and south pacific islands ) ; philippine swamphen ( philippines ) ; gray - headed swamphen ( central asia , from eastern turkey through india to myanmar and northern thailand ; introduced to florida ) .
takahe porphyrio mantelli : the new zealand endemic takahe is further split into north island and south island species . the north island takahe has been extinct since 1894 ; note that south island takahe has since been introduced into some north island locations to better preserve the species , which is critically endangered :
dusky woodcock scolopax saturata : dusky woodcock is split into javan woodcock and new guinea woodcock .
dark - eared dove phapitreron cinereiceps : the island endemic tawitawi brown - dove is split from dark - eared dove , and the name of the philippine endemic dark - eared dove is changed to mindanao brown - dove .
asian koel eudynamys scolopaceus : some complicated changes occur here . both of the polytypic groups of asian koel , asian koel ( asian ) eudynamys scolopaceus [ scolopaceus group ] and asian koel ( pacific ) eudynamys scolopaceus [ orientalis group ] are recognized as species : asian koel eudynamys scolopaceus and pacific koel eudynamys orientalis . as part of the same revision , however , australian koel eudynamys cyanocephalus is lumped with pacific koel ; this taxon retains recognition , however , as a polytypic group , pacific koel ( australian ) eudynamys orientalis cyanocephalus / subcyanocephalus .
cave swiftlet collocalia linchi : the borneo endemic bornean swiftlet is split from cave swiftlet .
blossomcrown anthocephala floriceps : blossomcrown is split into a santa marta endemic form in northernmost colombia and another from the central andes of colombia .
bahama woodstar calliphlox evelynae : the island endemic inagua woodstar is split from the more widespread bahama woodstar .
plovercrest stephanoxis lalandi : plovercrest is split into the brazilian endemic green - crowned plovercrest stephanoxis lalandi and the more widespread and more southerly violet - crowned plovercrest stephanoxis loddigesii .
plovercrest is a spectacular brazilian hummingbird that is split into two species with this update : green - crowned plovercrest ( shown here ) and violet - crowned plovercrest .
tuamotu kingfisher todiramphus gambieri : tuamotu kingfisher is split into niau kingfisher ( todiramphus gertrudae ) and the extinct mangareva kingfisher ( todiramphus gambieri ) .
collared kingfisher todiramphus chloris : collared kingfisher is split into six species ; click on the “map” link for each species or see the downloadable clements checklist for the ranges of each species . pacific kingfisher also includes three subspecies ( vitiensis , eximius , and regina ) that we previously classified as subspecies of sacred kingfisher ( todiramphus sanctus ) :
eurasian kestrel falco tinnunculus : the southern african species rock kestrel is split from the widespread old world eurasian kestrel .
bluebonnet northiella haematogaster : the western australia species naretha bluebonnet is split , and the eastern species takes the name greater bluebonnet .
blackish antbird cercomacra nigrescens : riparian antbird , a western amazonian lowland species with unique vocalizations , is split from the widespread species blackish antbird . note that blackish antbird may have additional taxa that could also involve additional cryptic species , although the vocalizations are fairly similar across its range :
lineated woodcreeper lepidocolaptes albolineatus : lineated woodcreeper is split into four species , and the newly described inambari woodcreeper lepidocolaptes fatimalimae which we recognized in ebird in 2013 is now ratified by the sacc . click on the “map” link for each species or see the downloadable clements checklist for the ranges of each of the four species split from lineated woodcreeper :
rusty - backed spinetail cranioleuca vulpina : the island endemic coiba spinetail ( coiba island is off central panama in the state of veraguas ) is split from rusty - backed spinetail , which is now restricted to south america .
chestnut quail - thrush cinclosoma castanotum : chestnut quail - thrush is split into two species , with copperback quail - thrush roughly in western australia and chestnut quail - thrush primarily in the east .
northern scrub - robin drymodes superciliaris : the new guinea endemic papuan scrub - robin is split from its australia counterpart , northern scrub - robin .
snowy - browed flycatcher ficedula hyperythra : the philippine subspecies of snowy - browed flycatcher are split as a new species , bundok flycatcher fidecula luzoniensis .
eurasian blackbird turdus merula : chinese blackbird , which occurs in eastern china and winters south to northern thailand and northern indochina , is split from eurasian blackbird of western asia and europe . eurasian blackbird is also introduced to australia and new zealand and several other places .
bay - winged cowbird agelaioides badius : bay - winged cowbird is divided into two species , now known as baywings . pale baywing , endemic to eastern brazil ( south to the state of minas gerais ) is split from the more widespread and more southerly grayish baywing .
apapane himatione sanguinea : the extinct laysan honeycreeper is recognized as a species distinct from the still common and widespread apapane .
nukupuu hemignathus lucidus : nukupuu is split into three island endemic species , all believed extinct ; the maui nukupuu is the one most recently reported in the wild .
greater akialoa hemignathus ellisianus : greater akialoa has long been extinct , but is now recognized as three island endemic species , further increasing the vast number of extinct species for the hawaiian archipelago .
akepa loxops coccineus : akepa is split into three island endemic species , with only the hawaii akepa still surviving ( the other two extinct ) .
several subspecies groups were split or lumped as well and these are summarized below . other subspecies are moved between species ( see especially caspian gull ) . to review your records of any of these , simply open your life list on ebird and use a browser search to search for the species name in question . click the species to open all reports for that species ; your subspecies reports will appear in this list and you can review those for accuracy . selected revisions are listed below ; for a complete listing of these changes see the clements updates .
helmeted guineafowl : the polytypic group helmeted guineafowl ( helmeted ) is restricted to the subspecies meleagris and somaliensis . change the scientific name of this group from numida meleagris [ meleagris group ] to numida meleagris meleagris / somaliensis .
crested guineafowl : the polytypic group crested guineafowl ( crested ) guttera pucherani [ edouardi group ] is divided into two groups : crested guineafowl ( western ) guttera pucherani verreauxi / sclateri , and crested guineafowl ( southern ) guttera pucherani edouardi / barbata .
pale - winged trumpeter : within trumpeters , the subspecies ochroptera was previously available in ebird as pale - winged trumpeter ( ochre - winged ) psophia leucoptera ochroptera but is now moved to gray - winged trumpeter as gray - winged trumpeter ( ochre - winged ) psophia crepitans ochroptera . as a result , pale - winged trumpeter now becomes monotypic within ebird and thus has no subspecies groups .
sharp - shinned hawk : subspecies madrensis , previously placed in a group with subspecies chionogaster , properly belongs in the group sharp - shinned hawk ( northern ) accipiter striatus [ velox group ] . consequently , the group sharp - shinned hawk ( white - breasted ) becomes monotypic , and the scientific name for this group changes from accipiter striatus chionogaster / madrensis to accipiter striatus chionogaster .
caspian gull : transfer the monotypic group caspian gull ( mongolian ) larus cachinnans mongolicus to herring gull larus argentatus , as herring gull ( mongolian ) larus argentatus mongolicus . in addition the monotypic group caspian gull ( steppe ) larus cachinnans barabensis is moved to lesser black - backed gull larus fuscus and thus becomes lesser black - backed gull ( steppe ) larus fuscus barabensis . caspian gull thus becomes monotypic .
barn owl : subspecies sumbaensis , previously included in the polytypic group barn owl ( eurasian ) tyto alba [ alba group ] , is moved to the polytypic group barn owl ( australian ) tyto alba [ delicatula group ] .
bismarck black myzomela : subspecies ernstmayri , hades , ramsayi , and nigerrima , which were formerly classified as subspecies of papuan black myzomela myzomela nigrita , properly belong as subspecies of bismarck black myzomela myzomela pammelaena .
in ebird taxonomic revision , lumps are very easy to deal with . usually the taxa become subspecies groups , so there is no changing of records necessary , just a recalculation of lists as the species drop to identifiable subspecies . whenever possible , we encourage birders to continue reporting at the subspecies level , but whenever you select these options , be sure you understand the taxa that you are using ; do not try to guess at the subspecies based on the name ! this section also includes invalid species descriptions : these are rare but occur when an original description of a species or subspecies is proven to be a hybrid , rare variant , or other form of natural variation that does not represent a species . full details for can be seen at the clements updates & corrections page .
kangaroo island emu dromaius baudinianus and king island emu dromaius ater are both lumped with emu dromaius novaehollandiae . both kangaroo island and king island emu are extinct and have no records in ebird , so this has no bearing n the lists of ebirders .
australian koel eudynamys cyanocephalus : see the above section on asian koel splits for information on the lump of australasian koel that was part of this same taxonomic revision for eudynamus koels .
sucunduri flycatcher tolmomyias sucunduri : sucunduri flycatcher is a recently described species that was added , provisionally , to ebird / clements checklist 6 . 8 , pending review by sacc of the proposed new species . sacc has voted to not recognize sucunduri as a species opting instead to consider it a subspecies of yellow - margined flycatcher tolmomyias assimilis . we retain it as a monotypic group yellow - margined flycatcher ( sucunduri ) tolmomyias assimilis sucunduri .
campina jay cyanocorax hafferi : campina jay is a recently described species that was added , provisionally , to ebird / clements checklist 6 . 8 , but sacc has voted to not recognize hafferi as a species . consequently we now classify hafferi as a monotypic group azure - naped jay ( campina ) cyanocorax heilprini hafferi along with the group azure - naped jay ( azure - naped )
inambari gnatcatcher polioptila attenboroughi : inambari gnatcatcher is a recently described species that was added , provisionally , to ebird / clements checklist 6 . 8 , pending review by sacc of the proposed new species . based on current information , sacc has voted to not recognize attenboroughi as a species . consequently we now recognize it as one of several subspecies groups within guianan gnatcatcher : guianan gnatcatcher ( inambari ) polioptila guianensis attenboroughi .
each year , a few newly described species or populations newly recognized for their distinctiveness are named and added to the ebird / clements taxonomy . this just goes to show how much remains to be learned about the birds of the world ! full details for can be seen at the clements updates & corrections page .
sichuan bush - warbler locustella chengi is described as a new species , closely related to russet bush - warbler locustella mandelli . this taxon has not previously been available in ebird , and we encourage those lucky enough to have seen this species ( which is apparently fairly common at higher elevations in sichuan and nearby chinese states ) .
sulawesi streaked flycatcher muscicapa sodhi : the taxon formerly available in ebird as sulawesi brown flycatcher ( undescribed form ) muscicapa [ undescribed form ] is now formally described and recognized as a species . its range is the foothill forests of sulawesi .
the following new subspecies groups are now available for data entry . when you are certain you have seen representatives of these groups , and ideally have identified them critically based on their field marks , please report them to ebird . please do not guess based on the name , such as “northern” and “southern” or “african” and “asian” ; make sure you understand the differences being represented before reporting at so specific a level .
ebird has a long list of field identifiable hybrids . these are always listed in taxonomic order ( the species that comes first sequentially is listed first ) and are always followed by “hybrid” . if you identified a hybrid , especially any of the below , please do report it to ebird ( hopefully with photos ) ! ebird also maintains a much shorter lists of intergrades ( hybrids between subspecies groups ) ; these are followed by the phrase “intergrade” and can be identified from the scientific name by the structure of the names which indicates that it is a subspecies . hybrids and intergrades are unique to the ebird taxonomy ; they are not found in the clements checklist .