bombus pullatus is a species of bumblebee native to mexico and central america .

this species occurs in lowlands and in mountains .

it builds its nests underground , on the surface , or in plants .

it has been observed constructing nests in the leaves of a banana tree , in piles of vegetation on the ground , and amongst the roots of a coffee plant .

the colony can occupy one nest for a long time , maintaining and renovating it as necessary .

one old nest was observed to contain both the bee colony and a colony of the leafcutter ant acromyrmex octospinosus , which was occupying cells along the edge that had been abandoned by the bee .

this bee can be rare in parts of its range with wet tropical climates because it is difficult to find a suitable dry nesting site and maintain it in such moist conditions .

this bee forages on many kinds of plants , including miconia sp. , monochaetum sp. , solanum sp .

mimosa sp. , and spermacoce sp .

bombus pullatus

for further information about this species , see 21215169 _ bombus _ pullatus . pdf .
bombus pullatus franklin was first described by franklin ( 1913 ) . bombus niger is a synonym for this species , however williams ( 1998 ) stated that the lectotype of b . niger is conspecific with b . pullatus ( as suggested by labougle , 1990 , see also milliron , 1962 , williams / nhmuk 2013 ) . cross mis - identifications with b . atratus franklin ( 1913 ) are common in many collections , and molecular analyses are required to separate clearly the two species .
bombus ( th . ) bahiensis santos - junior et al . bahiensis santos - junior , santos & silveira , 2015 : 12 1 name
bombus pullatus forms large colonies with signs of perenniality ( janzen 1971 , chavarria 1996 , hines et al . 2007 ) . the colony described by janzen ( 1971 ) contained 343 adults and 160 immature bees , and that described by chavarria ( 1996 ) contained 500 adults . the b . pullatus nest described by hines et al . ( 2007 ) , with 414 workers and 533 immature bees , was larger than most temperate colonies . the colonies were very aggressive ( janzen 1971 , chavarria 1996 ) . foragers were polylectic and foraging activity was highest in the morning ( hines et al . 2007 ) .
bombus pullatus is distributed from the south of mexico to central america , limited to panama . it is abundant in the tropical lowlands of central america , but also occurs at higher elevations ( hines et al . 2007 ) . the altitudinal distribution is from sea level to 3355 m , but the species is more frequently collected above 1000 m ( janzen 1971 , labougle 1990 ) .
bombus ( th . ) hedini bischoff unicolor friese , 1905 : 514 examined not of kriechbaumer , 1870 : 159 ( = b . maxillosus klug ) hedini bischoff , 1936 : 15 2 names
cross mis - identifications with b . atratus franklin ( 1913 ) are common in many collections , and molecular analyses are required to separate clearly the two species . while b . atratus absence in central america is almost certain , it is probable that b . pullatus is present in northwestern countries of south america . however , this requires more work to get certainty . for this reason , we consider only b . pullatus from mexico to panama in this assessment , and ignore south american data . however , the status of this species in south american is critical to its conservation status , and thus we will list this species as data deficient .
bombus ( th . ) imitator pittioni imitator pittioni , 1949 : 251 , examined flavescens pittioni , 1949 : 254 , not of smith , 1852 a : 45 ( = b . flavescens smith ) 3 names
bombus ( th . ) dahlbomii guérin - méneville dahlbomii guérin - méneville , [ 1835 , see cowan , 1971 : 29 ] : pl . 75 nigripes haliday in curtis et al . , 1836 : 321 4 names
however , because the status , and distribution of this species in northwestern south america ( which could represent a significant portion of this species ' range ) is unknown ( see distribution section ) , we list this species as data deficient . research efforts are needed for a bumblebee taxonomist to revisit museum collections to confirm identifications for this species , and bombus atratus - - close look - alike species that are often confused for each other . if this research effort confirms the historic presence of b . pullatus in northwestern south america , research efforts are needed throughout its historic range in south america to determine its current status .
in fact , whatever the interpretation of the code , pragmatically it matters little which spelling of fervidus is used unless either of the spellings were to be published as the name of another taxon in bombus . see the comments on the spelling of b . pensylvanicus .
the nest described by hines et al . ( 2007 ) was a large conical mound of cut vegetation on the ground apparently constructed by the bees , and was found in grassy substrates in secondary forest or disturbed areas . all described b . pullatus nests ( janzen , 1971 , chavarria 1996 , hines et al . 2007 ) were built around tree roots , shrubs , leaves , or saplings , which probably anchor nests and shield them from tropical rainstorms .
major threats for bumblebees of mexico and central america can be identified as : 1 ) introduction of exotic bumblebees , mainly bombus impatiens from the usa , by commercial companies , with high level risk of invasion and pathogen spillover ; 2 ) land use change and loss of habitat .
bombus ( th . ) fervidus ( fabricius ) feruida [ fervida ] ( fabricius , 1798 : 274 [ apis ] ) ? californicus smith , 1854 : 400 , examined dumoucheli radoszkowski , 1884 : 78 sonomæ [ sonomae ] howard , 1902 : pl . ii , examined 13 names
bombus ( th . ) bellicosus smith thoracicus sichel , 1862 : 121 , not of spinola , 1806 : 30 ( = b . pascuorum ( scopoli ) ) bellicosus smith , 1879 : 131 , examined emiliae dalla torre , 1890 : 139 , replacement name for thoracicus sichel , 1862 : 121 7 names
bombus ( th . ) inexspectatus ( tkalcu ) lutescens krüger , 1939 : 105 , not of pérez , 1890 : 154 ( = b . flavidus eversmann ) inexspectatus ( tkalcu , 1963 : 187 [ agrobombus ] ) [ inexpectatus ( reinig , 1981 : 161 [ megabombus ] ) incorrect subsequent spelling ] 3 names
bombus ( th . ) trinominatus dalla torre modestus smith , 1861 : 153 , examined , not of eversmann , 1852 : 134 ( = b . modestus eversmann ) trinominatus dalla torre , 1890 : 139 , replacement name for modestus smith , 1861 : 153 xelajuensis asperen de boer , 1992 b : 162 3 names
bombus ( th . ) pauloensis friese ? azurea ( christ , 1791 : 129 [ apis ] ) atratus franklin , 1913 : 118 , examined , not of friese , 1911 : 572 ( = b . mucidus gerstaecker ) nigriventris friese , 1913 : 87 pauloënsis [ pauloensis ] friese , 1913 : 87 16 names
in the original description of b . niger , franklin stated that ' atratus is possibly the male of niger ' ( p . 121 ) , whereas in the original description of b . atratus he stated both that ' niger may represent the females of this species ' ( p . 118 ) and that ' this may be the true male of kohli ' ( p . 119 ) . b . niger was described from a syntype series of four queens and four workers , of which one queen in the smithsonian collection carries , amongst others , a red label ' lectotype / bombus / niger franklin / h . e . milliron ' 59 ' and a label ' boquete / chiriqui ' . in my opinion , this lectotype of b . niger is conspecific with b . pullatus ( as suggested by labougle , 1990 , see also milliron , 1962 ) .
the first described b . pullatus nest was found in the leaves of a living banana tree in the lowlands of costa rica ( janzen 1971 ) . the nest was constructed of a thin vegetative mache , which sealed and closed off the nest , and had a broad entrance on one side . chavarria ( 1996 ) found four active nests in costa rica located on the surface of the ground , but only described one of them . it was situated among the roots of a coffee plant and contained old , empty bee brood cells in use by fungus ants .
bombus ( th . ) humilis illiger ? fulvefcens [ fulvescens ] ( schrank , 1802 : 367 [ apis ] ) humilis illiger , 1806 : 171 , examined tristis seidl , 1837 : 69 variabilis schmiedeknecht , 1878 : 424 , not of cresson , 1872 : 284 ( = b . variabilis ( cresson ) ) subbaicalensis vogt , 1911 : 42 , 54 , examined 100 names
bombus ( th . ) deuteronymus schulz senilis smith , 1879 : 131 , examined , not of fabricius , 1775 : 382 ( = b . pascuorum ( scopoli ) ) deuteronymus schulz , 1906 : 267 , replacement name for senilis smith , 1879 : 131 [ superequester ( skorikov , 1914 c : 405 [ agrobombus ] ) infrasubspecific ] superequester ( skorikov , 1926 : 116 [ agrobombus ] ) bureschi pittioni , 1939 b : 1 , examined 13 names
bombus ( th . ) exil ( skorikov ) exiln . nov . ( skorikov , [ 1923 ] : 150 [ mucidobombus ] ) [ not a replacement name ] [ exul ( skorikov , 1931 : 216 [ mucidobombus ] ) incorrect subsequent spelling ] exil ( milliron , 1961 : 56 [ megabombus ] ) justified emendation [ exilis richards , 1968 : 254 , incorrect subsequent spelling ] exul ( tkalcu , 1974 a : 42 [ megabombus ] ) unjustified emendation 5 names
bombus ( th . ) mlokosievitzii radoszkowski mlokosievitzii radoszkowski , 1877 a : viii mlokassewiczi radoszkowski , 1877 b : 212 , redescribed pérezi [ perezi ] vogt , 1911 : 55 , not of schulthess - rechberg , 1886 : 275 ( = b . perezi ( schulthess - rechberg ) ) vogtiellus ( tkalcu , 1977 : 224 [ megabombus ] ) replacement name for perezi vogt , 1911 : 55 [ mlokossowiczi ( reinig , 1981 : 161 [ megabombus ] ) incorrect subsequent spelling ] 15 names
in fact , whatever the interpretation of the code , pragmatically it matters little which spelling of pensylvanicus is used unless either of the spellings were to be published as the name for another taxon in bombus . no doubt many will prefer to use b . pennsylvanicus , although the name does appear as b . pensylvanicus in the recent checklist by poole ( 1996 ) ( and by analogy , the similar spelling of vespula pensylvanica ( saussure ) has been accepted , e . g . by akre et al . , 1980 ; edwards , 1980 ) .
bombus ( th . ) persicus radoszkowski calidus eversmann , 1852 : 133 , examined , not of erichson in middendorff , 1851 : 65 ( = b . hypnorum ( linnaeus ) ) persicus radoszkowski , 1881 : v , examined persicus radoszkowski , 1883 : 214 , redescribed eversmanni friese , 1911 : 572 , not of skorikov , 1910 c : 581 ( = b . modestus eversmann ) , replacement name for calidus eversmann , 1852 : 133 eversmanniellus ( skorikov , [ 1923 ] : 149 [ mucidobombus ] ) replacement name for eversmanni friese , 1911 : 572 10 names
bombus ( th . ) pascuorum ( scopoli ) pafcuorum [ pascuorum ] ( scopoli , 1763 : 306 [ apis ] ) fenilis [ senilis ] ( fabricius , 1775 : 382 [ apis ] ) agrorum ( fabricius , 1787 : 301 [ apis ] ) not of schrank , 1781 : 397 ( = b . mesomelas gerstaecker ) thoracicus spinola , 1806 : 30 arcticus dahlbom , 1832 : 50 , not of quenzel in acerbi , 1802 : 253 ( = b . hyperboreus schönherr ) cognatus stephens , 1846 : 17 , examined smithianus white , 1851 : 158 112 names
we evaluated b . pullatus ’ spatial distribution over time across its mesoamerican range using a measure of change in the extent of occurrence ( eoo ) and a measure of change in persistence ( analytical methods described in hatfield et al . 2014 ) . we also assessed changes in the species’ relative abundance , which we consider to be an index of abundance relevant to the taxon , as specified by the iucn red list categories and criteria ( iucn 2012 ) . for both calculations we divided the database into historical ( 1867 - 2004 , n = 1344 ) and current ( 2005 - 2014 , n = 129 ) records . this time - frame was chosen to meet the iucn criteria stipulation that species decline must have been observed over the longer of three generations or 10 years . average decline for this species was calculated by averaging the change in abundance , persistence , and eoo . we used these measures of change between the recent and historic time periods to estimate the population trend that has occurred in the past 10 years , and applied that trend to iucn criteria . this analysis yielded the following results :
ecosur ( el colegio de la frontera sur ) compiled a database of 26 , 211 bumblebee records to assess the status and extinction risk of the mesoamerican bombus sp . fauna . to our knowledge there are no recent studies of bumblebee decline in mesoamerica , including mexico and central american countries . our database consists of 12 , 210 records of what we consider historic data ( 1867 - 2004 ) , obtained from insect collections in the americas and europe . the database also contains 14 , 001 recent bumblebee records ( 2005 - 2014 ) , mainly obtained through collaborative sampling efforts conducted by the university san carlos in guatemala and el colegio de la frontera sur in mexico .
comment : on the grounds of its peculiar morphology , this species was suggested by yarrow ( 1970 ) to be an obligate ' workerless ' social parasite in colonies of other bombus species , most probably of b . ruderarius . b . inexspectatus has since been found in a nest of b . ruderarius ( müller , 2006 ) , although detailed observations of behaviour are still needed . yarrow ( 1970 ) interpreted two worker - sized individuals of b . inexspectatus from switzerland and italy as likely to be over - wintered ' runt females ' . he also described another two worker - sized females he collected in may or early june from france and spain ( in the nhm collection ) , although he argued that these too are dwarf over - wintered females ( in the sense of gynes ) . see the comments on the subgenus psithyrus and on b . hyperboreus .
bombus ( th . ) muscorum ( linnaeus ) mufcorum [ muscorum ] ( linnaeus , 1758 : 579 [ apis ] ) examined pallidus evans , 1901 : 47 , not of cresson , 1863 : 92 ( = b . pensylvanicus ( degeer ) ) [ fulvofasciatus friese , 1905 : 520 , infrasubspecific ] laevis vogt , 1909 : 63 ? nigripes pérez , 1909 : 158 , not of haliday in curtis et al . , 1837 : 321 ( = b . dahlbomii guérin - méneville ) pereziellus ( skorikov , [ 1923 ] : 150 [ agrobombus ] ) replacement name for nigripes pérez , 1909 : 158 ? bannitus ( skorikov in popov , 1930 : 98 [ agrobombus ] ) ? liepetterseni løken , 1973 : 152 celticus yarrow , 1978 : 15 , replacement name for pallidus evans , 1901 : 47 agricolae baker , 1996 a : 14 , 19 17 names
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vandame , r . v . , martínez lópez , o . g . & pineda diez de bonilla , e . p .
the average decline is actually 23 . 26 % , that would give a nt category . however , this species is mainly present in costa rica ( ca . 90 % of historic samples ) , and the presence of records in our database from costa rica have fallen from 30 % in the historic time period to 1 . 4 % in the recent time period . therefore it may well be that the 92 % reduction in relative abundance is more an effect of geographic sampling biases rather than a biologically meaningful statistic . complementary samplings throughout this species ' latitudinal range are therefore required in order to confirm the risk category . because of this potential bias , we did not consider the change in relative abundance when considering the average decline for this species . with the other two metrics ( persistence and change in eoo / range ) , we calculate that this species has not experienced declines , and is probably stable .
the average decline is actually 23 . 26 % , however , considering the undersampling in costa rica ( see red list rationale ) , the change in relative abundance is not considered , so that the average decline is negative , which actually indicates that this species in increasing in abundance , and therefore the average decline is considered to be 0 % .
because the status of this species in countries south of mesoamerica is uncertain ( see distribution section ) , the figures above are an incomplete picture of this species ' overall status . additional research in museum collections and efforts to survey for this species in countries in northwestern south america are critical to understanding its historic and current distribution throughout the region .
in central america it is probably found in the bosque de niebla , and in equivalent vegetation in south america ; in the lowlands it should be found in bosque tropical perennifolio ( janzen 1971 , labougle 1990 ) . the seasonal distribution is probably all year long . in colombia , it is found marginally in el piso montano , between 2 , 800 and 3 , 800 m asl . ( nates parra 2006 ) .
there are descriptions of its nest occurring both arboreally ( janzen 1971 ) and at ground level , particularly associated with the ant acromyrmex octospinosus ( chavarria 1996 ) .
it is not known if populations can be found within protected areas . there do not appear to be any species specific conservation measures in place .
vandame , r . v . , martínez lópez , o . g . & pineda diez de bonilla , e . p . 2015 .
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number of species in equal - area ( 611 , 000 km² ) grid cells with an equal - interval blue scale .
habitat : open grassland , mountain meadow , semi - desert , and tropical montane and lowland forest , less often in temperate forests . thoracobombus includes the only species of bumblebees occurring in lowland tropical wet forest .
food - plants : medium to long tongue - length bumblebees visiting medium to deep flowers .
nesting behaviour : nests on the surface or sometimes underground . pocket - makers , although sometimes only early in colony development , or sometimes non - pocket makers . nests may be underground but are often on the surface in balls of grass or leaves collected by the bees ( hence the name ' carder ' bees used for some of the species ; sladen , 1912 ) . colonies of some neotropical species may be large and particularly aggressive . some of the neotropical tropical lowland forest species have colonies that persist for more than one year , with large nests on the surface of the ground . one species , b . inexspectatus , is believed to be an obligate parasite in colonies of other species ( müller , 2006 ) .
mate - searching behaviour : males patrol circuits of scent marks . males of some species congregate at the entrances of nests to pursue emerging queens .
nomenclature : there has been uncertainty regarding the relative publication dates of two of skorikov ' s papers : on palaearctic bumblebees ( part 1 ) ; and on the bumblebees of the petrograd province . the cover of the palaearctic paper is marked november , 1922 , and the preface is signed 15 november 1922 , whereas the petrograd paper is marked simply 1922 . according to y . pesenko ( in litt . ; see also pesenko & astafurova , 2003 ) , it is required by russian law that all books and periodicals must be sent to the ' book chronicle ' ( knizhnaya letopis ) immediately after printing for listing . he found that publication of the petrograd paper was listed for november - december 1922 ( giving a publication date , by convention , of 31 december 1922 ) , whereas publication of the palaearctic paper was listed for 1 - 15 october 1923 ( publication date , by convention , of 15 october 1923 ) . yarrow ' s ( 1971 ) designation of apis sylvarum linnaeus ( = b . sylvarum ( linnaeus ) ) as type - species for adventoribombus skorikov is then valid , because agrabombus adventor skorikov ( = b . filchnerae vogt ) ( designated as type - species by sandhouse , 1943 ) was not originally included in the petrograd paper and therefore cannot be the type - species . this makes adventoribombus an objective junior synonym of thoracobombus .
taxonomic status : for a discussion of why several former subgenera have been synonymised within this subgenus see williams et al . ( 2008 [ pdf ] ) .
part of the bumblebee phylogenetic tree including available thoracobombus species from an analysis of dna sequence data for five genes ( cameron et al . 2007 [ pdf ] ) . values above branches are bayesian posterior probabilities , values below branches are parsimony bootstrap values . alternative resolution from parsimony analysis is shown with dotted lines .
nomenclature : cowan ( 1971 ) , considering guérin - méneville ' s insect volume , states that ' it is quite certain that valid publication [ of the insectes text ] under the international code of nomenclature did not take place until august or september 1844 . ' however , he lists plate 75 , on which b . dahlbomii appears as figure 3 together with a legend containing the name , as having been published in livraison 39 in june 1835 . this meets the criteria for valid publication ( iczn , 1999 : article 8 ) . therefore b . dahlbomii is the oldest available name for this species .
distribution : palaearctic region . b . pomorum has been recorded from britain ( last recorded in 1864 ) , but possibly only as a rare immigrant ( alford , 1975 ) ( see also declines in british bumble bees ) .
nomenclature : the orthography of linnaeus ( 1790 ) employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used ' s ' .
warncke ( 1986 ) listed b . agrorum ( schrank ) as questionably conspecific with b . distinguendus , presumably following benson et al . ( 1937 ) . although i know of no extant type specimens , schrank ' s ( 1781 ) description of his b . agrorum of ' habitat ruri ' from austria appears to me to be almost certainly of the same species as b . mesomelas , because the head is described as black and the pale hairs of the thorax and of gastral tergum i are described as grey , with the remainder of the gaster rusty or tawny - yellow ( the head and the pale pubescence of the thorax and gaster are more uniformly dull yellowish for b . distinguendus ) . see the comments on b . distinguendus .
although b . agrorum ( schrank ) is the oldest available name for the present interpretation of this species , i know of no publications since 1950 using this name . in contrast , the name b . mesomelas has remained in common use ( e . g . tkalcu , 1969 , 1975 ; delmas , 1976 ; reinig , 1974 , 1981 ; özbek , 1983 ; rasmont , 1983 ; ornosa , 1986 a , b ; rasmont et al . 1987 , 1995 ) . this follows the recommendation of benson et al . ( 1937 ) that the name b . agrorum ( fabricius ) , which had been in widespread use for a species of the subgenus thoracobombus , should not be replaced . benson et al . ( 1937 : 94 ) had expressed their intention to make an application to iczn to use its plenary power to suppress the unused senior synonym , b . agrorum ( schrank ) , but it was never pursued . o . w . richards must subsequently have changed his opinion , because he went on to use the name b . pascuorum for the species of the subgenus thoracobombus ( richards , 1968 ) . it is suggested that , in the interests of stability ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 ) , prevailing usage be maintained ( in prep . ) .
taxonomic status : panfilov ( 1956 ) regarded b . laesus , b . mocsaryi , b . maculidorsis and b . tianschanicus as separate species , differing particularly in : ( 1 ) the colour of the pubescence on the thoracic dorsum ; ( 2 ) the number of large punctures on the clypeus ; ( 3 ) the strength of the median keel on gastral sternum vi ; and ( 4 ) the length of the hair of the dorsum . however , from the material i have examined ( collections in london , moscow , beijing ) , these character states do not appear to be either discreet or strongly associated . until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as parts of a single variable species .
taxonomic status : the taxon bannitus in the broad sense ( = b . smithianus of authors , a misidentification ( = b . pascuorum ) ) , including agricolae for the british forms from the outer scottish isles and shetland , has been regarded as a separate species by some authors ( e . g . richards , 1935 ; tkalcu , 1987 ; rasmont & adamski , 1995 ) on the basis of its semi - melanic colour pattern and more coarsely sculptured surface of gastral terga iv - v . however , løken ( 1973 : fig . 81 ) found no difference between these taxa in a morphometric study ( other authors reporting no clear morphological differences include richards , 1935 ; alford , 1975 ; pekkarinen , 1979 ; rasmont , 1982 ; baker , 1996 a ) and i have collected many specimens with a range of intermediate colour patterns on the isle of skye in western scotland . until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as parts of a single variable species .
the taxon pereziellus has also been regarded as a separate species by rasmont & adamski ( 1995 ) , because of its dark colour pattern ( even darker than the taxon bannitus , pereziellus has the thoracic dorsum black rather than red - brown , and has more black hairs on gastral tergum ii , whereas these black hairs tend to be more frequent on tergum i for bannitus ) and because it is endemic to the island of corsica . morphologically the taxon pereziellus was considered by rasmont ( 1982 ) to show no perceptible differences from b . muscorum or bannitus . furthermore , a male with a colour pattern apparently intermediate between b . muscorum and pereziellus is mentioned by delmas ( 1976 : 271 ) . depending on the species concept embraced , some differences might be expected for a peripheral population such as this even if it were conspecific . a more recent study of the taxon pereziellus in comparison with b . muscorum in neighbouring europe by lecocq et al . ( 2014 ) concluded that pereziellus is an endemic corsican subspecies .
nomenclature : the orthography of linnaeus ( 1758 ) employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used ' s ' .
richards ( 1935 , 1968 ) , yarrow ( 1968 ) and løken ( 1973 ) recognised that none of the admissable syntypes in the linnean collection agreed with the traditional interpretation of b . muscorum , which is very rare in the parts of sweden where linnaeus collected ( richards , 1935 ; løken , 1973 ; day , 1979 ) , but took no action . when day ( 1979 ) came to fix the application of the name , he had no reason to believe that linnaeus had not described his a . muscorum from the syntype specimen that was subsequently described as lectotype ( = b . humilis illiger ) .
to reaffirm the traditional usage of b . muscorum , a case was made to iczn by løken et al . ( 1994 ) . this sought an opinion from iczn ( iczn , 1996 ) that set aside by use of its plenary power ( iczn , 1985 : articles 78b , 79 ) the lectotype designation for a . muscorum by day from application of the code ( iczn , 1985 ) and then designated a neotype ( iczn , 1996 : 64 ) to conserve the traditional usage of the name for even the narrowest concept of the taxon ( iczn , 1985 : article 75 ) ( in prep . ) .
taxonomic status : recent studies of the secretions of the male cephalic glands by terzo et al . ( 2005 ) provide strong support for the interpretation that b . ruderarius and b . montanus are conspecific and a species separate from b . sylvarum .
nomenclature : the orthography of linnaeus ( 1761 ) employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used ' s ' .
nomenclature : the orthography of schrank ( 1802 ) employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used ' s ' .
when day ( 1979 ) came to fix the application of a . muscorum linnaeus ( see the comments on b . muscorum ) , he had no reason to believe that linnaeus had not described this taxon from the syntype specimen that was subsequently described as lectotype ( = b . humilis illiger ) . this action brought b . humilis illiger into subjective junior synonymy with b . muscorum ( linnaeus ) .
to reaffirm the traditional usage of b . muscorum and b . humilis , a case was made to iczn by løken et al . ( 1994 ) . this sought an opinion from iczn ( iczn , 1996 ) that set aside by use of its plenary power ( iczn , 1985 : articles 78b , 79 ) the lectotype designation for a . muscorum by day from application of the code ( iczn , 1985 ) and then designated a neotype ( iczn , 1996 : 64 ) to conserve the traditional usage of b . muscorum and b . humilis ( iczn , 1985 : article 75 ) .
however , warncke ( 1986 ) recognised b . fulvescens ( schrank ) as questionably conspecific with b . humilis . i have seen no type specimens , but the description is consistent with this interpretation . b . fulvescens is therefore likely to be the oldest available name for this species .
although b . fulvescens may be the oldest available name for the present interpretation of this species , the name b . humilis has been in common use for the species since 1950 ( e . g . case and references in løken et al . , 1994 ) . in contrast , i know of no publications using the name b . fulvescens ( schrank ) since 1950 . warncke ( 1986 : 98 ) followed the listing of this name with ' art . 23b ' , which is a reference to purpose of the principle of priority ( iczn , 1985 ) . i agree that , in the interests of stability ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 ) , prevailing usage be maintained ( see the comments on b . muscorum ) ( in prep . ) .
taxonomic status : warncke ( 1986 ) listed b . cognatus as a synonym of b . muscorum , possibly following stephens ( 1846 ) , who wrote of b . cognatus : ' closely allied to bo . muscorum , of which the examples i possess may be immature specimens ' . pagliano ( 1995 ) listed b . cognatus as a species separate from both b . muscorum and b . pascuorum , but without any explanation .
saunders ( 1896 : 366 - 367 ) wrote ' i have re - examined the type of cognatus , steph . , . . . f . smith placed it in the british museum collection . . . ' . saunders considered this specimen to be conspecific with b . agrorum ( fabricius ) , continuing : ' it is certainly not the species known on the continent as cognatus ' .
a female in the nhm collection bears the following labels : ( 1 ) a red - edged printed ' type ' ; ( 2 ) ' cognatus . ' in handwriting identical to that of f . smith ; ( 3 ) ' = agrorum / i . h . h . y . ' in handwriting identical to that of i . yarrow ; ( 4 ) ' b . m . type / hym . / 17b . 1163 ' . i have examined this specimen and am unaware of any reason ( other than minor differences in colour pattern ) why it should not be considered the type of b . cognatus and conspecific with b . pascuorum .
nomenclature : the orthography of scopoli ( 1763 ) and fabricius ( 1775 ) employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used ' s ' .
løken ( 1973 ) listed b . cognatus stephens , 1846 , as a nomen nudum , citing sherborn ( 1925 ) . however , the reference by sherborn is to stephens ( 1829 ) , therefore this does not affect the use of the name b . cognatus stephens , 1846 .
taxonomic status : b . honshuensis and b . schrencki have allopatric distributions in northern japan ( sakagami & ishikawa , 1969 ; ito & munakata , 1979 : fig . 6 ; ito , 1993 ) , with b . honshuensis being possibly a peripheral population of b . schrencki . the two taxa are closely similar , although despite variation in morphology , apparently consistent differences have been described ( tkalcu , 1968 a ; sakagami & ishikawa , 1972 ) .
distribution : palaearctic , japanese , oriental regions . this species is reported as spreading westwards in europe ( pawlikowski , 1994 ) .
taxonomic status : the white - banded b . potanini is morphologically closely similar to the yellow - banded b . impetuosus . some individuals from sichuan are intermediate in colour pattern in that they have the pale bands of the thorax and gastral tergum i white , and the pale band of tergum ii yellow . there is considerable variation in the male gonostylus , but this variation appears to overlap between the the colour forms and i shall treat them as parts of a single variable species . s . - f . wang and j . yao ( in litt . ) also believe that the two taxa are conspecific . evidence from comparisons of dna sequences from five genes is consistent with the two taxa being conspecific ( cameron et al . , 2007 [ pdf ] ) . further evidence is awaited .
comment : until 1990 this species was known from very few specimens . however , recent collections have shown it to have been overlooked .
nomenclature : the lectotype female of b . weisi by designation of milliron ( 1960 : 98 ) was considered conspecific with b . nigrodorsalis by labougle ( 1990 ) . he then used b . weisi ( the oldest available name ) as the valid name for this species . however , a case could be made in favour of the use of either name .
for labougle ' s ( 1990 ) use of this previously unused senior synonym to be considered by iczn as a prima facie case of upsetting the use of a long - accepted name in its accustomed meaning ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 ) , the name b . weisi should not have been used in this sense in the preceding fifty years ; and at least 10 authors should have used the junior name , b . nigrodorsalis , in at least 25 publications over at least 10 years ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 . 9 . 1 . 2 ) . as far as i am aware , no other admissable publications have used b . weisi ( williams , 1995 , disclaimed any nomenclatural action in a list of names for material examined ) , although publications using the junior name b . nigrodorsalis franklin for this species since 1950 are more common , including milliron ( 1961 , 1962 , 1971 , 1973 a ) , laverty et al . ( 1984 ) , labougle et al . ( 1985 ) , williams ( 1985 b ) and asperen de boer ( 1992 b ) . other such references may exist , therefore this may be seen as a borderline case .
on the other hand , a change of valid name from b . nigrodorsalis to b . weisi does not appear to be a serious disruption of common usage according to iczn ' s criteria , so there is no obvious need for action to retain b . nigrodorsalis and i have continued to use b . weisi .
taxonomic status : the description of b . xelajuensis shows that this nominal taxon , known from a single location , diverges only slightly in colour pattern and morphology from the otherwise restricted and uncommon mountain species b . trinominatus . therefore it seems most likely to be conspecific with b . trinominatus , with a slightly different colour pattern . from coi barcodes , these taxa appear likely to be separate species . more evidence is awaited .
taxonomic status : b . fervidus and b . californicus have been regarded both as conspecific ( e . g . milliron , 1973 a ; labougle , 1990 ) and as separate species ( e . g . franklin , 1913 ; stephen , 1957 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ; poole , 1996 ) . however , both franklin ( 1913 : 239 ) and stephen ( 1957 ) also considered the possibility that they are conspecific as quite reasonable ( click here for colour variation diagrams for workers ) .
many specimens from the north west of north america show a reduction in the extent of the yellow bands on the scutellum and gastral terga i - iii and appear to be intermediate or recombinant individuals . indeed , stephen ' s ( 1957 : 32 ) figure 2 shows several patterns that could represent a continuum in variation between the two forms ( see also the comments on b . terricola ) .
evidence from comparisons of dna sequences from the 16s gene is consistent with the two taxa being conspecific ( cameron et al . , 2007 [ pdf ] ) , a view supported by evidence from coi barcodes .
nomenclature : apis feruida is the original spelling in fabricius ( 1798 ) . the orthography of this publication employs ' u ' in place of ' v ' widely , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and subsequent authors have consistently used ' v ' for b . fervidus .
taxonomic status : b . rubriventris is known from a single female specimen from ' st . domingue ' . this specimen has dark brown wings and the pubescence is extensively black , except that most of the hairs of the thorax are grey - tipped , and the hairs of gastral terga ii - iv are bright red .
this colour pattern resembles the andean b . excellens , although the pubescence of b . rubriventris is much shorter and more even ; the oculo - malar area is nearly square ( rather than nearly twice as long as the basal breadth of mandible ) ; and tergum vi is raised subapically . franklin ( 1913 ) had not seen b . rubriventris but suggested that it was probably a ' freak specimen ' of b . carolinus ( a misidentification , = b . excellens ) . milliron ( 1973 a ) had examined b . rubriventris and considered the morphological characters to be very much like those of b . bellicosus . however , b . rubriventris can be distinguished by the much finer punctures in the centre of the clypeus and by an absence of a median ridge on tergum vi . i consider b . rubriventris to be more similar in these characters to b . opifex , although it can be distinguished from that species by a pair of characteristically slightly recessed bands of fine punctures extending anteriorly from the ocello - ocular areas and by a shallow median groove in the subapically raised area of tergum vi .
the colour pattern is very distinctive among non - andean bumblebees in south america and does not appear to be the result of abnormal colour development . the specimen has had the gaster glued back into place , although the characters of both the head and gaster appear to be distinctive , so there is no reason to believe that the specimen is a composite and not genuine ( williams , 2014 ) .
photograph : only a single specimen is known , in the hope museum collection , oxford .
iucn conservation status : preliminary assessment as presumed extinct ( williams & osborne , 2009 ; williams , 2014 ) because it is unrecorded ( iucn , 2001 , 2008 ) since lepeletier ( 1835 ) from the specimen of unknown date .
taxonomic status : b . medius and b . steindachneri have been regarded both as separate species ( milliron , 1973 a ; labougle , 1990 ) and as conspecific ( g . chavarría , pers . com . ) .
labougle ( 1990 ) reports that ' although the chromatic differences between b . medius and b . steindachneri are conspicuous , the male genitalia are extremely similar ' . labougle listed four character differences from the male genitalia and i can confirm two of these : ( 1 ) that the head of the penis valve of b . steindachneri has fewer fine teeth or serrations ; and ( 2 ) that the interior process of the volsella ( misinterpreted as the preapical tooth of the ' gonostylus ' ; for discussion of homologies see williams , 1991 [ pdf ] ) of b . steindacheri is narrower . however , i have examined only a few males and these characters might be expected to vary among other individuals . labougle ( 1990 ) continued : ' the lack of chromatic and morphological intermediates supports the idea of two different species ' .
until more evidence to the contrary is available from critical studies of patterns of variation , i shall treat them as two separate species .
taxonomic status : the single known female of b . abditus was described as originating from ' rep . de guinée beyla ' ( equatorial africa ) . however , it is indistinguishable from b . brevivillus according to sakagami ( 1976 : 427 ) and probably represents an introduced or mislabelled individual ( michener , 1979 ) .
the recently described b . applanatus appears to be morphologically identical to b . brevivillus .
taxonomic status : b . pensylvanicus and b . sonorus have been regarded both as conspecific ( e . g . milliron , 1973 a ; labougle et al . , 1985 ; labougle , 1990 ; poole , 1996 ) and as separate species ( e . g . franklin , 1913 [ but see p . 239 ] ; stephen , 1957 ; thorp et al . , 1983 ; s . cameron in litt . ) ( click here for colour variation diagrams for workers ) .
nomenclature : apis penfylvanica is the original spelling in degeer ( 1773 ) . the orthography of this publication employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and subsequent authors ( e . g . cresson , 1863 ) have consistently used ' s ' for b . pensylvanicus .
technically , according to the code ( iczn , 1999 : article 32 ) , pensylvanicus with just two ' n ' s is the correct original spelling , to be preserved unaltered unless it is demonstrably incorrect under article 32 . 5 . article 32 . 5 . 1 states that clear evidence of an inadvertent error is only admissable if it lies within the original publication , without recourse to any external source of information ( degeer , 1773 , spelled penfylvanie and penfylvanica consistently in this way ) . any intentional change to that spelling in a subsequent publication is an unjustified emendation under article 33 . 2 .
introductions : this species was deliberately introduced into the philippines , but is not known to have persisted ( frison , 1925b ) .
taxonomic status : at least four species of the subgenus thoracobombus from central and south america have many individuals for which the pubescence is almost entirely black . the genitalia of the males are quite distinctive , but association of the conspecific females with these males has caused problems .
taxonomic status : this status of this species was confirmed recently from dna data ( santos - junior et al . , 2015 ) .
a possibility is that this variable species is the apis azurea of christ ( 1791 ) . i know of no type specimens and the type locality was said to be in africa ( ' ist in afrika am vorgebürg der guten hofnung zu haus ' ) . the description and figure of the colour pattern do not agree with any african bees that i have been able to trace , but do resemble closely the yellow - banded individuals of the south american b . niger , the central american b . medius cresson , and the south american b . transversalis ( olivier ) ( although for the last named species the yellow bands on the thorax are usually broader ) . among the specimens to hand , the wings do appear slightly more ' schwarzblaue ' for b . niger , as described for a . azurea , although these grounds seem slim justification from which to establish the application of a name .
nomenclature : b . azureus is possibly the oldest available name for this species .
milliron ( 1962 ) , without mention of the name b . azureus , first regarded b . atratus and b . niger as conspecific and , following the principle of first reviser ( iczn , 1999 : article 24 ) , chose b . atratus as the valid name for the species .
unfortunately , b . atratus franklin , 1913 , is a junior primary homonym of b . mucidus var . atratus friese , 1911 ( deemed to be subspecific , see iczn , 1999 : article 45 . 6 ) , therefore b . atratus franklin is invalid ( iczn , 1999 : article 57 . 2 ) .
the name b . azureus has not been used since the original publication . the name b . atratus has been used for this species since 1950 ( e . g . moure & sakagami , 1962 ; sakagami & zucchi , 1965 ; sakagami et al . , 1967 ; milliron , 1971 , 1973 a ; sakagami , 1976 ; ito , 1985 ; labougle , 1990 ; varela , 1992 ; silveira & cure , 1993 ) . it was suggested that , in the interests of stability ( iczn , 1999 : article 23 ) , prevailing usage be maintained . this will require an application be made to iczn to use its plenary power to suppress the senior homonym ( iczn , 1999 : article 78 ) . this would achieve both an unambiguous , valid name for this species ( see the comments on b . muscorum ) and also help to protect the validity of the names b . medius and b . transversalis from future change ( in prep . ) . however , south american bumblebee specialists have adopted the name b . pauloensis .
nomenclature : the orthography of olivier ( 1789 ) and fabricius ( 1798 ) employs a long ' s ' ( similar to ' f ' or ' f ' ) , a common practice of the period . this convention has since changed and recent authors have consistently used ' s ' .
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argyripa is a genus of flower chafer belonging to the family scarab beetles .

this genus includes medium sized flower chafer without metallic sheen .

the color of the body is usually yellow with black dots .

the genus is widespread in central america and in the northern of most south america .

argyripa

argyripa , afterwards arpi , a town built by diomedes in apulia , 11 . 246 .
insecta → subclass pterygota → infraclass neoptera → superorder holometabola → order coleoptera → suborder polyphaga → infraorder scarabeiformia → superfamily scarabaeoidea → family scarabaeidae → subfamily cetoniinae → tribe gymnetini → genus argyripa j . thomson , 1878
cite this resource in wikipedia : { { cite web urltoken | title = places : 442476 ( argos hippium / arpi / argyripa ) | author = edlund berry , i . , a . small | accessdate = july 9 , 2018 2 : 56 pm | publisher = pleiades } }
, = ἀργυρίππα ( acc . to serv . ad verg . a . 11 , 246 , compounded of argos hippion ) , a town in apulia , afterwards called arpi , now arpa : argyripa , verg . l . c . rib . ; cf . mann . ital . ii . 83 ; plin . 3 , 11 , 16 , § 104 jan .
composition : a . anomala ( bates ) , a . gloriosa ratcliffe , a . lansbergei ( sallé ) , a . moroni arnaud , a . porioni arnaud , and a . subfasciata ritsema .
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dictionary of greek and roman geography , illustrated by numerous engravings on wood . william smith , lld . london . walton and maberly , upper gower street and ivy lane , paternoster row ; john murray , albemarle street . 1854 .
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