galbuli is one of the two suborders of the order piciformes and includes two families bucconidae ( puffbirds ) and galbulidae ( jacamars ) .

the other suborder pici is a global group of piciforms , puffbirds and jacamars are only found in the neotropics .

galbuli

boyd uses galbuli , so i followed . to my knowledge not much work has been done on the interrelationships of the major cariaman groups .
shouldn ' t
galbuli
be galbulae ? where would non - phorusrhacid fossil cariamans ( bathornithids , idiornithids , etc . ) go relative to cariamids & phorusrhacids ?
showing page 1 . found 1 sentences matching phrase
galbuli
. found in 1 ms . translation memories are created by human , but computer aligned , which might cause mistakes . they come from many sources and are not checked . be warned .
i ' ve also added species trees for the jacamars ( galbulidae ) and puffbirds ( bucconidae ) . this led to some minor changes in the linear order for both the jacamars and puffbirds ( witt , 2004 ) . further , i have split the spot - tailed jacamar , galbula rufoviridis ( including heterogyna ) , from the rufous - tailed jacamar , galbula ruficauda . see witt ( 2004 ) . [ galbuli , anomalogonates ii , 2 . 73 ]
love words ? you must — there are over 200 , 000 words in our free online dictionary , but you are looking for one that’s only in the merriam - webster unabridged dictionary .
what made you want to look up galbulus ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
the story of an imaginary word that managed to sneak past our editors and enter the dictionary .
take this quiz and discover 12 words for things you didn ' t know had words .
this page was last edited on 16 november 2016 , at 12 : 37 .
text is available under the creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy .
javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .
junipers ( juniperus spp . ) are some of the most widespread species in the world .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
cookies help us deliver our services . by using our services , you agree to our use of cookies .
a un nuovo sole che dio aveva fatto sorgere non dall’oriente ma dall’occidente per illuminare il mondo .
, abbot of sankt gallen ( d . 912 ) , noting the extraordinary influence of bede ,
new sun that god had caused to rise , not in the east but in the west , to illuminate the world .
contents [ show ] other names description similar species behaviour diet calls reproduction . . .
can ' t find a community you love ? create your own and start something epic .
too many words ? restrict to dictionary forms only ( no plurals , no conjugated verbs ) .
you can search for words that have known letters at known positions , for instance to solve crosswords and arrowords .
lots of words is a word search engine to search words that match constraints ( containing or not containing certain letters , starting or ending letters , and letter patterns ) .
you can use it for many word games : to create or to solve crosswords , arrowords ( crosswords with arrows ) , word puzzles , to play scrabble , words with friends , hangman , the longest word , and for creative writing : rhymes search for poetry , and words that satisfy constraints from the ouvroir de littérature potentielle ( oulipo : workshop of potential litterature ) such as lipograms , pangrams , anagrams , univocalics , uniconsonantics etc .
words and their definitions are from the free english dictionary wiktionary published under the free licence creative commons attribution share - alike .
please note : the wiktionary contains many more words - in particular proper nouns and inflected forms : plurals of nouns and past tense of verbs - than other english language dictionaries such as the official scrabble players dictionary ( ospd ) from merriam - webster , the official tournament and club word list ( otcwl / owl / twl ) from the national scrabble association , and the collins scrabble words used in the uk ( about 180 , 000 words each ) . lotsofwords knows 480 , 000 words .
african barbets probably form a monophyletic group ( moyle 2004 ) . however , several genera are not monophyletic . stactolaema is not monophyletic , since gymnobucco , and possibly buccanodon as well , lies within it . neither lybius nor tricholaema is monophyletic , since t . lachrymosa is apparently within lybius . it ' s also unclear whether the remainder of tricholaema is monophyletic ; the genus may be paraphyletic to lybius .
the african terrestrial barbets , trachyphoninae , range from the southern sahara to south africa . members of one genus , trachyphonus , they are the most open - country species of barbets . the subfamily lybiinae contains the african arboreal barbets . there are 36 species of lybiinae in 6 genera .
most african barbets are about 20–25 cm ( 7 . 9–9 . 8 in ) long , plump - looking , with large heads , and their heavy bill is fringed with bristles ; the tinkerbirds are smaller , ranging down to the red - rumped tinkerbird ( pogoniulus atroflavus ) at 7 g ( 0 . 25 oz ) and 9 cm ( 3 . 5 in ) .
they are mainly solitary birds , eating insects and fruit . figs and numerous other species of fruiting tree and bush are visited , an individual barbet may feed on as many as 60 different species in its range . they will also visit plantations and take cultivated fruit and vegetables . fruit is eaten whole and indigestible material such as seed pits regurgitated later ( often before singing ) . regurgitation does not usually happen in the nest ( as happens with toucans ) , although tinkerbirds do place sticky mistletoe seeds around the entrances of their nests , possibly to deter predators . as the other barbets , they are thought to be important agents in seed dispersal in tropical forests .
as well as taking fruit , african barbets also take arthropod prey , gleaned from the branches and trunks of trees . a wide range of insects are taken , including ants , cicadas , dragonflies , crickets , locusts , beetles , moths and mantids . scorpions and centipedes are also taken , and a few species will take small vertebrates such as lizards , frogs and geckos .
the precise nesting details of many african barbets are not yet known , although peculiarly among the piciformes , some sociable species will nest in riverbanks or termite nests . like many members of their order , piciformes , their nests are in holes bored into a tree , and they usually lay between 2 to 4 eggs ( except for the yellow - breasted barbet which lays up to 6 ) , incubated for 13–15 days . nesting duties are shared by both parents .
there has been generally little interference by humans . some of the species which require primary woodland are declining due to deforestation , occasionally to the benefit of close relatives . for example the loss of highland woods in kenya has seen the moustached tinkerbird almost disappear and the red - fronted tinkerbird expand its range .
in the initial description , being closer to extant ( presumably old world ) barbets .
but are not yet thoroughly studied . it is not clear whether they belong to the extant genus but given the late date this may well be so .
ballmann , peter ( 1969 ) : les oiseaux miocènes de la grive - saint - alban ( isère ) [ the miocene birds of grive - saint - alban ( isère ) ] . geobios 2 : 157 - 204 . [ french with english abstract ] doi : 10 . 1016 / s0016 - 6995 ( 69 ) 80005 - 7 ( html abstract )
mlíkovský , jirí ( 2002 ) : cenozoic birds of the world , part 1 : europe . ninox press , prague . isbn 80 - 901105 - 3 - 8 pdf fulltext
short , l . l . & horne , j . f . m . ( 2002 ) : family capitonidae . in : del hoyo , josep ; elliott , andrew & sargatal , jordi ( eds . ) handbook of the birds of the world ( volume 7 : jacamars to woodpeckers ) . lynx edicions , barcelona . isbn 84 - 87334 - 37 - 7
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
in continuing your browsing of this site , you accept the use of cookies to offer you suitable content and services and realize visits statistics . learn more about cookies .
bucco tamatia gmelin , 1788 : remsen et al . ( 2013 ) [ statut pour la guyane française ] remsen , j . v . , jr . , cadena , c . d . , jaramillo , a . , nores , m . , pacheco , j . f . , pérez - emán , j . , robbins , m . b . , stiles , f . g . , stotz , d . f . & zimmer , k . j . version [ 2013 ] . a classification of the bird species of south america . american ornithologists ' union . urltoken
uicn france et al . ( 2017 ) [ statut pour la guyane française ] uicn france , mnhn , gepog , kwata , biotope , hydreco & osl . 2017 . la liste rouge des espèces menacées en france - chapitre faune de guyane française . paris , france . 35 pp .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en
urltoken
the information below includes the date and a brief description of each significant change , a link to the relevant page , and that page ' s new version number . neither minor spelling corrections nor additions to the references are noted on this page .
the updates for 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 have been archived separately .
as of november 22 , 2014 , the tif list contains 10748 species . the differences between the tif and ioc lists involve around 240 species ( 93 species removed , 146 species added , compared to ioc 4 . 4 ) . of the 93 species on the ioc list that i have not included , about 75 % are new world species that neither of the aou committees has accepted . i will eventually reconsider both these and the extinct species . adding all of the extras would bring the tif list to 10841 species , 146 more than the current ioc list . of those 146 , 48 are on ioc ' s proposed or accepted split / new species list , 9 have been lumped on the ioc list , and 3 are extinct species not on the ioc list . this leaves 86 other splits or new species ( some have previously been considered for addition to the ioc list ) .
although i started with the howard - moore list , i am now using the ioc list as a baseline . every species gets an ioc - style name . that doesn ' t mean its the only name , or that it exactly matches the ioc name . four percent of the species have two names . this usually happens because of differences between the ioc name and the aou name ( nacc or sacc ) . in such cases , i usually give the ioc name second . a few other non - ioc names have also been retained .
some ioc - style names don ' t exactly match the true ioc name due to differences in taxonomy . for example , ioc recognizes two species of laniisoma —brazilian laniisoma and andean laniisoma . in this case , i currently follow sacc taxonomy which has only one laniisoma . however , their english name is entirely different ( shrike - like cotinga ) . keeping in mind that the species has been known as the elegant mourner , i added the ioc - ish english name elegant laniisoma .
the ioc - style names have been fully americanized ( gray , not grey ; aou - style hyphenation ) . i ' m also a little more aggressive than aou in adding hyphens to break up words that don ' t scan well . i ' m also more aggressive than ioc at removing hyphens when they seem unnecessary . they may not always look the same , but they are pronounced the same .
stephen nawrocki has updated his enhanced excel spreadsheet of the tif world list to version 2 . 79 . numbering now matches the csv files .
the aba and aou lists include only aba or aou species , but in tif order . the south american list has a slightly different species list than the aou sacc ' s working list .
based on the genetic analysis of garcía - r . and trewick ( 2015 ) and the earlier papers by sangster , 1998 ) and sangster et al . ( 1999 , the purple swamphen , porphyrio porphyrio has been split into 5 species :
i ' ve made some additional comments on potential splits in the wood - wrens , such as the possible altitudinal split in the sierra nevada de santa marta analyzed by caro et al . ( 2013 ) .
based on sánchez - gonzález et al . ( 2015 ) , the choco brush - finch , atlapetes crassus has been split from tricolored brush - finch , atlapetes tricolor , and taczanowski ' s brush - finch , atlapetes taczanowskii , has been split from slaty brush - finch , atlapetes schistaceus , further , the black - faced brush - finch , atlapetes melanolaemus , has been repositioned . [ passerellidae , core passeroidea iii , 2 . 68 ]
the names of several genera have been corrected based on the 4th edition howard and moore checklist ( dickinson and christidis , 2014 ) . thanks go to peter kovalik for compiling a list of genus changes .
arundinax blyth , 1845 replaces phragamaticola jerdon , 1845 [ acrocephalidae , paroidea & sylvioidea i , 2 . 80 ]
erythrogenys e . c . s . baker , 1930 replaces megapomatorhinus moyle , andersen , oliveros , steinheimer & reddy , 2012 [ timaliidae , sylvioidea iii , 2 . 76 ]
laniellus swainson , 1832 replaces crocias temminck , 1836 [ leiothrichidae , sylvioidea iii , 2 . 76 ]
chamaetylas heine , 1860 replaces pseudalethe beresford , 2003 [ muscicapidae , muscicapoidea ii , 2 . 76 ]
lepidopygia reichenbach , 1862 replaces lemuresthes wolters , 1949 [ estrildidae , core passeroidea i , 2 . 60 ]
the temporary genus
hylophilus
is replaced by tunchiornis ( slager and klicka , 2014b ) . this makes tawny - crowned greenlet tunchiornis ochraceiceps and red - fronted greenlet tunchiornis rubrifrons . [ vireonidae , corvida i , 2 . 79 ]
i ' ve made several name changes , both english and scientific , following the release of ioc 4 . 4 .
the malagasy turtle - dove , nesoenas picturata , becomes nesoenas picturatus , and the rodrigues pigeon , nesoenas rodericana , becomes nesoenas rodericanus [ columbidae , metaves i , 2 . 70 ]
the blue - eared barbet , psilopogon duvaucelii , becomes the yellow - eared barbet , and horsfield ' s barbet , psilopogon australis , becomes the blue - eared barbet [ megalaimidae , anomalogonates ii , 2 . 73a ]
the costa rican warbler , basileuterus melanotis , becomes the black - eared warbler , and the bolivian warbler , basileuterus punctipectus , becomes the yungas warbler . [ parulidae , core passeroidea iv , 2 . 67 ]
the alternate name of the bay - winged cowbird , agelaioides badius , is now grayish baywing . [ icteridae , core passeroidea iv , 2 . 67 ]
sarothrura has been rearranged based on livezey ( 1998 ) . [ sarothruridae , pelecanae i , 2 . 66 ]
there have been numerous changes to the rails based on garcía - r . et al . ( 2014a ) , subfamilies and tribes have been added and there are several genus changes . in brackets , i mention other genera that have been used for these species .
the ash - throated crake is now mustelirallus albicollis , moved from pardirallus [ porzana ] .
the spot - flanked gallinule is now porphyriops melanops , moved from porzana [ gallinula ] .
the black crake is now limnocorax flavirostra , moved from zapornia [ amaurornis ] .
the ruddy - breasted crake is now limnobaenus fuscus and band - bellied crake is limnobaenus paykullii , both moved from zapornia [ porzana ] .
the black - banded crake is laterallus fasciatus , moved from rufirallus [ porzana , anurolimnas ] .
the gray - breasted crake is limnocrex exilis , and white - throated crake is limnocrex albigularis , both moved from laterallus .
the inaccessible island rail , atlantisia rogersi , has been returned to its own genus from creciscus .
i have integrated nagy and tökölyi ( 2014 ) into the discussion of acciptridae . this lead to a comprehensive reexamination of acciptiridae , culminating in a complete species tree . parts of it remain a bit hypothetical , but much of it is fairly solid . the subfamily and tribal structure has been altered a bit . the hieraspizinae have been demoted to a tribe and merged into the now - recognized melieraxini ( accipitrinae ) . harpaginae has also been demoted into a tribe with buteoninae . the milvine kites and sea eagles are recognized as tribe milvini ( buteoninae ) . the crested goshawks have been promoted to a subfamily , lophospizinae .
additionally , asturina has been merged into buteo and several african sparrowhawks have been separated from tachyspiza as aerospiza . finally , there are a number of minor reorderings . [ accipitridae , accipitrimorphae , 2 . 60 ]
the order within ficedula now follows moyle et al . ( 2015 ) , which corrected some problems in outlaw and voelker ( 2006a ) . also , i have accepted the split of the philippine subspecies of the snowy - browed flycatcher , ficedula hyperythra . it turns out they are only distantly related to the nominate . although not all subspecies were sampled , it seems likely that the non - philippine subspecies form one clade , and the phillipine subspecies another . the phillipine group is recognized as a separate species , ficedula luzoniensis . the english name presents something of a problem . philippine snowy - browed flycatcher has been suggested , but is a poor choice as they are far from being sister species , and moreover , some of the philippine subspecies lack the white brow . an alternate name for the snow - bellied complex is thicket flycatcher , and i have pressed that into service for ficedula luzoniensis . [ muscicapidae , muscicapoidea ii , 2 . 75 ]
the position of tschudi ' s woodcreeper , xiphorhynchus chunchotambo , has been adjusted based on sousa - neves et al . ( 2013 ) . [ furnariidae , furnariida ii , 2 . 76 ]
gutiérrez - pinto et al . ( 2012 ) found that the santa marta warbler , formerly basileuterus basilicus , belongs in myiothlypis as myiothlypis basilica . ( i had overlooked this previously . ) [ parulidae , core passeroidea iv , 2 . 66 ]
the falconidae have been rearranged based on fuchs et al . ( 2015 ) . they found that the two species of polihierax are not closely related , with the pygmy falcon closer to microhierax and the white - rumped falcon nearer falco . accordingly , the white - rumped falcon is placed in the monotypic genus neohierax ( swann , 1922 ) . to further emphasize the deep division here , i ' ve recognized two tribes within falconinae : polihieracini and falconini . [ falconidae , falconiformes & psittaciformes , 2 . 76 ]
the cotingidae have been rearranged based on berv and prum ( 2014 ) . the genus perissocephalus merged into cephalopterus and tijuca has been merged into lipaugus . i ' ve also adjusted the subfamily structure and added tribes within cotinginae . [ cotingidae , tyrannida i , 2 . 60 ]
i ' ve adjusted the position of doria ' s goshawk , megatriorchis doriae , and of henicopernis based on barrowclough et al . ( 2014 ) . further , erythrotriorchis may eventually need to be submerged into tachyspiza .
the repositioning of henicopernis allows me to separate gypaetinae ( african vultures and harrier - hawks ) and perninae ( bazas , honey - buzzards , and allies ) . [ accipitridae , accipitrimorphae , 2 . 60 ]
due to a deep genetic division found by joseph et al . ( 2014a ) , all but three meliphaga have been moved to microptilotis ( mathews 1912 , type gracilis ) , even though all but the three streaked species ( albilineatus , fordianus and reticulatus ) are very similar to the three meliphaga . [ meliphagidae , basal oscines , 2 . 69 ]
based on maurício et al . ( 2014 ) , the bahian mouse - colored tapaculo , scytalopus gonzagai , has been split from the mouse - colored tapaculo , scytalopus speluncae . for now , the latter takes the name common mouse - colored tapaculo . this may change once the sacc decides on proposal # 643 . i ' ve also slightly adjusted the position of the rock tapaculo to better conform to mata et al . ( 2009 ) . [ rhinocryptidae , furnariida ii , 2 . 75 ]
based on bravo et al . ( 2014 ) , myrmochanes has been submerged into myrmotherula , and stymphalornis has been submerged into formicivora . epinecrophylla and myrmotherula have been rearranged . as myrmopagis proved paraphyletic , it has been divided into myrmopagis , myrmopagis2 , and myrmopagis3 . finally , ihering ' s antwren , myrmopagis iheringi ( aka myrmotherula iheringi ) and narrow - billed antwren , formicivora iheringi have been placed in neorhopias . since f . iheringi has priority , m . iheringi takes a new name , based on the subspecies heteropterus . this may be split ( see miranda et al . , 2013 ) , in which case the new subspecies name oreni would be promoted . note that n . h . iheringi needs a new name , but it would be at the bottom of the priority list . [ thamnophilidae , furnariida i , 2 . 68 ]
the english name of psilopogon chersonesus has been changed to the ioc name , turquoise - throated barbet ( was kra barbet ) . [ megalaimidae , anomalogonates ii , 2 . 73a ]
the oreoicinae and cinclosomatinae have been promoted to families , and falcunculidae has been separated from cinclosomatidae . the jewel - babblers have been moved to cinclosomatidae from psophodidae ( it was an error to not move them earlier ) . these three families and pachycephalidae are grouped as the superfamily pachycephaloidea . [ oreoicidae , corvida i , 2 . 78 ] [ falcunculidae , corvida i , 2 . 78 ] [ cinclosomatidae , corvida i , 2 . 78 ] [ pachycephalidae , corvida i , 2 . 78 ] [ psophodidae , corvida i , 2 . 78 ]
slager et al . ( 2014 ) has prompted a number of changes in the vireonidae . the vireos have been rearranged and subfamilies have been added . the golden vireo moves to pachysylvia . the red - fronted greenlet ,
hylophilus
rubrifrons , has been split from tawny - crowned greenlet ,
hylophilus
ochraceiceps . the central american vireo , vireo notius ( inc . montanus ) , has been split from plumbeous vireo , vireo plumbeus , and warbling vireo , vireo gilvus , has been split into the monotypic eastern warbling - vireo , vireo gilvus , and western warbling - vireo , vireo swainsoni . the text also includes discussion of some potential additional splits . [ vireonidae , corvida i , 2 . 78 ]
the troupials have been reordered based on powell et al . ( 2014 ) . [ icteridae , core passeroidea iv , 2 . 65 ]
after some consideration , the rallus rails have been reordered . i ' ve also added a table to clarify which subspecies of the clapper / king complex have been genetically tested . finally , i take note of some unassigned members of the complex from southern central america . [ rallidae , pelecanae i , 2 . 65 ]
the black - backed butcherbird , cracticus mentalis , and silver - backed butcherbird , cracticus argenteus , have been resplit from gray butcherbird , cracticus torquatus , based on kearns et al . ( 2014 ) . [ artamidae , corvida i , 2 . 77 ]
to better match the changes to the aou list , several english names have been slightly modified . the black - hawks are now black hawks , and the primary and alternate english names of both thalassarche cauta and lonchura punctulata have been switched . [ accipitridae , accipitrimorphae , 2 . 59c ] [ diomedeidae , pelecanae ii , 2 . 75a ] [ estrildidae , core passeroidea i , 2 . 59a ]
the often - used name peristerinae ( reichenbach , 1850 ) is not available for the american ground - doves as it is based on the genus peristera ( swainson 1827 ) , which is a junior homonym of the mollusc genus peristera ( rafinesque 1815 ) . the genus peristera ( swainson 1827 ) was replaced by claravis ( oberholser 1899 ) . richmond then used it to establish the subfamily claravinae in 1917 . i ' ve replaced peristerinae by claravinae . thanks to norbert bahr for pointing this out . [ columbidae , metaves i , 2 . 69a ]
based on maley ( 2012 ) and maley and brumfield ( 2013 ) , king rail , rallus elegans , has been split into king rail , rallus elegans ( elegans and ramsdeni ) , and the monotypic aztec rail , rallus tenuirostris of central mexico . further , clapper rail , rallus longirostris , has been split into clapper rail , rallus crepitans , ( caribbean and eastern north america : crepitans , saturatus , waynei , scottii , insularum , pallidus , grossi , belizensis , coryi , leucophaeus , and caribaeus ) , ridgway ' s rail , rallus obsoletus , ( california and western mexico : obsoletus , levipes , yumanensis , rhizophorae , and beldingi ) , and mangrove rail , rallus longirostris , ( south america : phelpsi , margaritae , pelodramus , longirostris , crassirostris , and cypereti ) . [ rallidae , pelecanae i , 2 . 64 ]
the rio negro gnatcatcher , polioptila facilis , and para gnatcatcher , polioptila paraensis , are split from the guianan gnatcatcher , polioptila guianensis . also , the newly described inambari gantcatcher , polioptila attenboroughi , is added to the list . see whitney and alonso ( 2005 ) and whittaker et al . ( 2013 ) . i also took the opportunity to rearrange the gnatcatchers a bit . [ polioptilidae , certhioidea , 2 . 57 ]
based on mckay et al . ( 2014 ) , the chestnut - bellied tit , sittiparus castaneoventris , and iriomote tit , sittiparus olivaceus , have been separated from varied tit , sittiparus varius . the case for olivaceus is rather marginal . however , owston ' s tit , sittiparus owstoni , was found to be embedded in the remaining portion of the varius complex and is not recognized , contra mckay et al . ( 2014 ) . [ paridae , paroidea & sylvioidea i , 2 . 79 ]
the scientific name of the cape white - eye has been changed to zosterops virens ( was capensis ) . without a first reviser action , both virens and capensis would have equal priority . i ' m not sure whether moreau ( 1957 ) was the first reviser , but he certaintly considered virens and capensis conspecific ( as z . virens ) and z . pallidus a separate species . ( both have often been subsumed in pallidus , which has priority over them . ) [ zosteropidae , sylvioidea iii , 2 . 75 ]
the red - legged cormorant is so genetically distant and so distinct that i have moved it to poikilocarbo . for the rest of the cormorants , i wait to see if the kennedy and spencer recommendations ( 2014 ) gain any traction . [ phalacrocoracidae , pelecanae ii , 2 . 75 ]
a reconsideration of voelker et al . ( 2010b ) led to a slight adjustment in the linear order for laniarius . further , the tree has finally been updated and the hyphens have been removed from the sooty boubous . note that the split recommended by nguembock ( 2014 ) has not been adopted at this time as the evidence presented is pretty weak ( claimed clinal variation , ambiguous genetic distance , minuscule sample size ) . [ malaconotidae , corvida i , 2 . 76 ]
long - tailed pipit , anthus longicaudatus , has been lumped into buffy pipit , anthus vaalensis , and kimberley pipit , anthus pseudosimilis , has been lumped into african pipit , anthus cinnamomeus . see davies and peacock ( 2014 ) . [ motacillidae , core passeroidea ii , 2 . 67 ]
based on d ' horta et al . , ( 2013 ) the dusky leaftosser , sclerurus obscurior has been split into three species : dusky leaftosser , sclerurus obscurior ( monotypic ) , andean leaftosser , sclerurus andinus ( monotypic ) , and amazonian leaftosser , sclerurus macconnelli ( peruvianus , macconnelli , and bahiae ) see also sacc proposal # 603 , which currently has 6 votes for subproposal b . [ furnariidae , furnariida ii , 2 . 74 ]
the ardeinae have been rearranged based on zhou et al . ( 2014 ) . [ ardeidae , pelecanae ii , 2 . 74 ]
based on rodrigues et al . ( 2013 ) and sacc proposal # 620 , the lineated woodcreeper , lepidocolaptes albolineatus , has been is split into 5 species . the others are :
the bitterns have been rearranged based on päckert et al . ( 2014 ) . i ' ve also added subfamilies to the ardeidae . [ ardeidae , pelecanae ii , 2 . 73 ]
the taiwan bamboo - partridge , bambusicola sonorivox , has been split from the chinese bamboo - partridge , bambusicola thoracicus . see hung et al . ( 2014 ) . [ phasianidae , galliformes , 2 . 69 ]
the distinctive yunnan parrotbill , sinosuthora ricketti , has been split from the brown - winged parrotbill , sinosuthora brunnea . see yeung et al . ( 2011 ) for genetic support and wright et al . ( 2014 ) for photos . [ paradoxornithidae , sylvioidea iii , 2 . 74 ]
based on sun et al . ( 2014 ) , galloperdix has been moved to polyplectronini . [ phasianidae , galliformes , 2 . 69 ]
i ' ve added species trees for several coraciiforme families : bee - eaters ( meropidae ) , todies ( todidae ) , motmots ( momotidae ) , and part of the kingfishers ( alcedinidae ) . as a consequence of this review , the bee - eaters have been rearranged to better match marks et al . ( 2007 ) and there have been some some minor adjustments to the kingfishers . [ coraciiformes , anomalogonates i , 2 . 76 ]
added the newly discovered ( and possibly extinct ) cryptic treehunter , cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti . see mazar barnett and buzzetti ( 2014 ) and claramunt ( 2014b ) . [ furnariidae , furnariida ii , 2 . 72 ]
the white - tailed tityra , tityra leucura , was long known only from a single specimen collected in 1829 and was thought to be a form of black - crowned tityra , until its rediscovery by whittaker in 2006 . whittaker ( 2008 ) makes the case that it is a separate species . [ tityridae , tyrannida i , 2 . 59 ]
campina jay , cyanocorax hafferi , is a recent discovery , having been described by cohn - haft et al . ( 2013 ) . [ corvidae , corvida ii , 2 . 73 ]
the grand cayman bullfinch , melopyrrha taylori , has been split from the cuban bullfinch , melopyrrha nigra ( see garrido et al . , 2014 ) . they differ in plumage , morphology , size , and song . [ thraupidae , core passeroidea v , 2 . 75 ]
the gnateaters ( conopophagidae ) have been rearranged based on batalha - filho et al . ( 2014 ) . [ conopophagidae , furnariida i , 2 . 67 ]
the phylogeny of the emberiza buntings has been updated based on ren et al . ( 2014 ) . [ emberizidae , core passeroidea iii , 2 . 67 ]
the cormorants have been rearranged somewhat based on kennedy and spencer ( 2014 ) . kennedy and spencer ( 2014 ) also found that the king cormorants from the falklands are different from continental ` albiventer ' ( labelled atriceps in the paper , and presumed a color morph ) . because of this i treat the visually distinct king cormorant of the falklands as a separate species , falkland cormorant , phalacrocorax albiventer ( the type is from the falklands ) . [ phalacrocoracidae , pelecanae ii , 2 . 73 ]
mangrove reed - warbler , notiocichla avicenniae , has been moved ahead of the eurasian reed - warbler , notiocichla scirpacea . see arbabi et al . ( 2014b ) . [ acrocephalidae , paroidea & sylvioidea i , 2 . 78 ]
hyliota has been moved to parioidea ( barker , 2014 ; alström et al . , 2013 ) and callaeoidea ( notiomystidae and callaeidae ) has been merged into petroicoidea ( barker , 2014 ; zuccon and ericson , 2013 ) . note that callaeoidea has priority over petroicoidea . [ notiomystidae , basal passerida , 2 . 56 ] [ callaeidae , basal passerida , 2 . 56 ] [ hylidae , paroidea & sylvioidea i , 2 . 77 ]
the american tree sparrow has been placed in the new genus spizelloides ( slager and klicka , 2014a ) . [ passerellidae , core passeroidea iii , 2 . 66 ]
päckert et al . ( 2012b ) and wu et al . ( 2014 ) have prompted some minor rearrangement in garrulax and trochalopteron and an adjustment of the tree ( but not linear order ) in ianthocincla . [ leiothrichidae , sylvioidea iii , 2 . 73 ]
the treecreepers are now arranged as in päckert ( 2012b ) . [ certhiidae , certhioidea , 2 . 56 ]
a tree has been added for the kinglets ( päckert 2009 , 2012b ) , with no change in linear order . [ regulidae , reguloidea & bombycilloidea , 2 . 52c ]
this has been revised as comments on birdforum brought kirwan ( 2007 ) to my attention . [ zosteropidae , sylvioidea iii , 2 . 72a ]
oriental magpie , pica bottanensis , including andersoni and serica has been split from eurasian magpie , pica pica based on lee et al . ( 2003 ) , kryukov et al . ( 2004 ) , haring et al . ( 2007a ) , and zhang et al . ( 2012 ) . the race camtschatica remains in eurasian magpie . [ corvidae , corvida ii , 2 . 72 ]
although the moas and elephant birds are not part of the main tif list , a genus - level phylogeny of both is given in the tree diagram . the moa tree is based on bunce et al . ( 2009 ) . [ paleognaths , 2 . 55 ]
based on a reconsidereation of barker and lanyon ( 2000 ) and moyle ( 2004 ) , the toucan - barbets are now treated as sister to the toucans , even though there is some uncertainty about this . [ semnornithidae , piciformes , 2 . 72 ]
the monotypic riparian antbird , cercomacroides fuscicauda has been split from the blackish antbird , cercomacroides nigrescens . see mayer et al . ( 2014 ) and tello et al . ( 2014 ) . [ thamnophilidae , furnariida i , 2 . 66 ]
three - striped warbler , basileuterus tristriatus , including pariae , bessereri , meridanus , auricularis , daedalus , baezae , as well as undescribed forms from san lucas and southern peru .
the split is based on donegan ( 2014a ) and gutiérrez - pinto et al . ( 2012 ) .
the spelling of the tribe pulsatrigini has been corrected to pulsatricini . [ strigidae , anomalogonates i , 2 . 75a ]
i ' ve switched to the ornelas et al . ( 2009 ) arrangement of the trogons . note that pharomachrus has also been rearranged , and the order has been tweaked in a couple of other places . [ trogonidae , anomalogonates i , 2 . 75 ]
the wakatobi flowerpecker , dicaeum kuehni , has been split from gray - sided flowerpecker , dicaeum celebicum , based on kelly et al . ( 2014 ) . the two differ in plumage , and mitochondrial dna differs by over 2 . 5 % ( 2 . 53 - 2 . 83 % for coi ) . the dna separation is in a range that offen indicates species status . moreover , there are noticable plumage and morphological differences as documented by kelly et al . , ( 2014 ) . to me , this combination justifies the split . see the text for further comments on barcoding thresholds . [ dicaeidae , basal passeroidea , 2 . 76 ]
there have been some minor changes in the order of the acrocephalidae based on arbabi et al . ( 2014a ) . note that the thick - billed warbler is now placed in phragamaticola . also , the genus name titiza billberg , 1828 replaces calamodus kaup , 1829 for priority reasons . both have the same type : schoenobaenus . [ acrocephalidae , paroidea & sylvioidea i , 2 . 76 ]
i ' ve included 3 subfamilies for cettiidae : erythrocercinae , scotocercinae , and cettiinae . [ cettiidae , sylvioidea ii , 2 . 71a ]
the socotra bunting , emberiza socotrana , has been repositioned based on schweizer and kirwan ( 2014 ) . [ emberizidae , core passeroidea iii , 2 . 65 ]
the megapods have been rearranged based on a multi - gene analysis of all 22 taxa by harris et al . ( 2014b ) . [ megapodiidae , galliformes , 2 . 68 ]
based on gibb et al . ( 2013 ) , i ' ve separated the ibises and spoonbills at ordinal level ( plataleiformes ) and made some rearrangement of the aequornithes . [ threskiornithidae , pelecanae ii , 2 . 72 ]
oressochen ( bannister 1870 ) replaces andichenodes ( boetticher 1950 ) due to priority . [ anatidae , paleognaths & anseriformes , 2 . 64a ]
there have been a number of changes to the duck family . the andean goose has moved to andichenodes from chloephaga and the remaining chloephaga have been rearranged . see mccracken et al . ( 2010 ) and bulgarella et al . ( 2014 ) . the steamer - ducks ( tachyeres ) and basal anatidae have been rearranged based on fulton et al . ( 2012 ) . branta , tadorna , and aythya have been rearranged based on gonzalez et al . ( 2009 ) . salvadori ' s teal has been moved to an indeterminate position at the end . kear ( 1975 ) made the case it is not in anas , but could not pin down its true affinities . querquedula and punanetta have been merged in spatula , as in dickinson and remsen ( 2013 = h & m - 4 ) . finally , the arrangement of anas itself has been modified based on lavretsky et al . ( 2014 ) . [ anatidae , paleognaths & anseriformes , 2 . 64 ]
following ioc i have split tres marias amazon , amazona tresmariae from yellow - headed amazon , amazona oratrix . based on the available phylogenies , this implies that the panama amazon , amazona panamensis should also be separated from yellow - headed amazon , amazona oratrix . i have done so . [ psittacidae , falconiformes & psittaciformes , 2 . 75 ]
following sacc and howard and moore 4th ed . , i have split the psittacidae into two families : psittacidae and psittaculidae , bringing the family total to 246 . [ psittacidae , falconiformes & psittaciformes , 2 . 74 ] [ psittaculidae , falconiformes & psittaciformes , 2 . 74 ]
the vireonidae have been rearranged based on battey ( 2014 ) . tepui greenlet , hylophilus sclateri , becomes tepui vireo / tepui greenlet , vireo sclateri . the remaining hylophilus has been split into three pieces : hylophilus ,
hylophilus
, and pachysylvia .
also , i have split the south american chivi vireo , vireo chivi from red - eyed vireo . battey ( 2014 ) sampled red - eyed vireos from 6 locations and 18 chivi vireos and found that they are not sister taxa . [ vireonidae , corvida i , 2 . 75 ]
i have done a partial refresh of the tif essay and included a new section on mesozoic birds . [ tif essay : introduction , version 2 . 9 ] [ tif essay : mesozoic birds , version , 2 . 9 ]
the white - bellied spinetail becomes mazaria propinqua . it had been schoeniophylax propinquus . see claramunt ( 2014a ) . [ furnariidae , furnariida ii , 2 . 71 ]
using ancient dna , mitchell et al . ( 2014 ) confirmed that the elephant birds are sister to the kiwis . as a result , i have included a tree that includes extinct paleognath families . note that is not a change of any sort , as it is identical to the text - based tree i have used for the paleognaths for several years . [ paleognaths , paleognaths and anseriformes , 2 . 63a ]
abrornis and rhadina have been separated from phylloscopus ; pindalus , pycnosphrys ,
pycnosphrys
, acanthopneuste , and cryptigata have been separated from seicercus , based on a combination of genetic distance from johanssen et al . ( 2007a ) and plumage characteristics ( hbw - 11 ) . for more , see [ phylloscopidae , sylvioidea ii , 2 . 71 ]
a tree based on sprengelmeyer ( 2014 ) has been added to the loon account . there is no change in the linear order . [ gaviidae , pelecanae ii , 2 . 71a ]
copsychini has been rearranged a bit based on voelker et al . ( 2014 ) . the genera saxicoloides , trichixos , and kittacincla have been separated from copsychus . also , the maputaland scrub robin , tychaedon tongensis , has been split from the brown scrub - robin , tychaedon signata . see ribeiro et al . ( 2014 ) . [ muscicapidae , muscicapoidea ii , 2 . 74 ]
the pternistis spurfowls have been rearranged based on the almost complete phylogeny by mandiwana - neudani et al . ( 2014 ) . [ phasianidae , galliformes , 2 . 67 ]
raty , in another birdforum post , found that trewick and kirchman used quite different dna for megacrex . one of the birds is probably mislabelled . given the dna of trewick ' s bird is almost identical to other dna of gallirallus lafresnayanus , it is probably trewick who is wrong . accordingly , megacrex inepta is placed sister to the poliolimnas - amaurornis clade . [ rallidae , pelecanae i , 2 . 63 ]
the name creciscus ( cabanis 1857 , type jamaicensis ) has priority over atlantisia . [ rallidae , pelecanae i , 2 . 62a ]
laurent raty ' s post on birdforum has led to reconsider the available literature on the rallidae . as a result , i ' ve made a number of changes .
based on sigurdsson and cracraft ( 2014 ) , i have slightly adjusted the nightjar tree and restored the genus podager . [ caprimulgidae , strisores , 2 . 60 ]
the spelling of donegan ' s ortalidaini has been corrected to ortalisini ( david , zootaxa 2016 ) . [ phasianidae , galliformes , 2 . 66a ]
the english name of western sirystes has been changed to choco sirystes / western sirystes to include current sacc usage . [ tyrannidae , tyrannida ii , 2 . 66b ]
based on irestedt et al . ( 2013 ) , the red - bellied pitta , erythropitta erythrogaster , has been split into northern red - bellied pitta , erythropitta erythrogaster , and southern red - bellied pitta , erythropitta macklotii . [ pittidae , passeriformes i , 2 . 54 ]
the recent paper by klicka et al . ( 2014 ) has led to some changes in the passerellidae . except for atlepetes , which gets its first comprehensive phylogeny , most of the changes are minor . the yellow - green chlorospingus , chlorospingus flavovirens , returns to the tanagers . the guadalupe junco , junco insularis , has been split from j . hyemalis ( it is actually sister to hyemalis + phaeonotus ) and melozone has been merged into aimophilia . as for atlapetes , it absorbs pselliophorus and gets thoroughly rearranged . [ passerellidae , core passeroidea iii , 2 . 64 ] [ thraupidae , core passeroidea iii , 2 . 74 ]
the english name of the upper magdalena tapaculo , scytalopus rodriguezi , has been changed to magdalena tapaculo following sacc . ( sacc # 614 ) [ rhinocryptidae , furnariida ii , 2 . 70s ]
i ' ve made a number of changes in the hummingbirds . there is one split : mexican hermit , phaethornis mexicanus , is spilt from long - billed hermit , phaethornis longirostris . see howell ( 2013 ) , and arbeláz - cortés and navarro - sigüenza ( 2013 ) .
the rest of the changes are due to the recent analysis of the hummingbirds by mcguire et al . ( 2014 ) . various genera and species have been moved around , for a net loss of 2 genera ( 7 lost , 5 added ) . this involves the following changes :
loddigesia has been merged into eriocnemis . this causes a name conflict as two species are mirabilis . the marvelous spatuletail gets to keep the name , and the colorful puffleg needs a new name . as none is available , i refer to it as eriocnemis
mirabilis
for now .
philodice and nesophlox have been separated from calliphlox , which is left with a single species .
the scientific name of golden - backed whistler has been corrected to pachycephala dahli , which has priority over pachycephala aurea and the scientific name of santa cruz whistler has been corrected to pachycephala vanikorensis , which has priority over pachycephala utupuae . finally , pachycephala vitiensis is now used as advertised . [ pachycephalidae , corvida i , 2 . 74a ]
the nuthatches have been rearranged based on pasquet et al . ( 2014 ) . [ sittidae , certhioidea , 2 . 55 ]
bearded helmetcrest , oxypogon guerinii is split into green - bearded helmetcrest , oxypogon guerinii , blue - bearded helmetcrest , oxypogon cyanolaemus , white - bearded helmetcrest , oxypogon lindenii , and buffy helmetcrest , oxypogon stuebelii based on collar and salaman ( 2013 ) . other hummingbird changes are under consideration . [ trochilidae , apodiformes , 2 . 68 ]
the procellariidae have been restructured based on gangloff et al . , ( 2012 ) and welch et al . ( 2014 ) . further , the st . helena petrel has been moved to pterodroma from pseudobulweria . [ procellariidae , pelecanae ii , 2 . 71 ]
stipple - throated antwren , epinecrophylla haematonota is split into napo stipple - throated antwren , epinecrophylla haematonota , negro stipple - throated antwren , epinecrophylla pyrrhonota , and madeira stipple - throated antwren , epinecrophylla amazonica based on whitney et al . ( 2013d ) . [ thamnophilidae , furnariida i , 2 . 65 ]
tawny - throated leaftosser , sclerurus mexicanus is split into tawny - throated leaftosser , sclerurus mexicanus ( mexicanus + pullus ) and dusky leaftosser , sclerurus obscurior ( andinus , obscurior , peruvianus , macconnelli , and bahiae ) based on d ' horta et al . , ( 2013 ) . [ furnariidae , furnariida ii , 2 . 70 ]
sirystes , sirystes sibilator is split into sibilant sirystes , sirystes sibilator , white - rumped sirystes , sirystes albocinereus , todd ' s sirystes , sirystes subcanescens , and western sirystes , sirystes albogriseus , based on donegan ( 2013 ) . [ tyrannidae , tyrannida ii , 2 . 66 ]
the whistlers have been rearranged based on jønsson et al . ( 2008c , 2014 ) and andersen et al . ( 2014b ) . this change has been in the csv file for a while , but was delayed due to my illness . i have not strictly followed the phylogeny in anderseen et al . , but have kept several lumped together several closely related taxa that may their phylogeny splits . even so , i recognize 8 additional species :
santa cruz whistler , pachycephala utupuae , comprised of subspecies utupuae and ornata from the white - throated whistler , pachycephala vitiensis , and vanikorensis from the melanesian whistler , pachycephala caledonica .
wetar whistler , pachycephala arthuri , split from yellow - throated whistler , pachycephala macrorhyncha . note that arthuri is often synonymized with calliope .
babar whistler , pachycephala sharpei , split from yellow - throated whistler , pachycephala macrorhyncha .
further , the remainging ( i . e . fijian ) races of the white - throated whistler , pachycephala vitiensis , are lumped into the fiji whistler , pachycephala graeffii . the name vitiensis has priority , so the fiji whistler is now pachycephala vitiensis .
several whistler subspecies also move around . the yellow - throated whistler , pachycephala macrorhyncha , loses dammeriana which joins the mangrove golden whistler , pachycephala melanura . on the other hand , the yellow throated whistler gains balim from the australian golden whistler , pachycephala pectoralis . the mangrove golden whistler , pachycephala melanura loses dahli , which joins the golden - backed whistler , pachycephala aurea . [ pachycephalidae , corvida i , 2 . 74 ]
based on kimball and braun ( 2014 ) , several groups in the phasianidae have been gathered together as pavoninae . the koklass pheasant has been moved to a basal position in tetraonini , and is followed by the turkeys , which are now only a clade within tetraonini . [ phasianidae , galliformes , 2 . 66 ]
the higher - level taxonomy of the meliphagidae have been rearranged to reflect joseph et al . ( 2014a ) . thanks to john penhallurick who pointed out that although i said i used joseph et al . ( 2014a ) , i actually used andersen et al . ( 2014a ) , which is based on fewer genes . that has now been corrected . [ meliphagidae , basal oscines , 2 . 68 ]
following ioc , the groundscraper thrush ( psophocichla ) has been moved into turdus . [ turdidae , muscicapoidea ii , 2 . 73 ]
the lack of recent postings is due to a serious illness . i am recovering now , but it may be a while before regular postings resume .
tello et al . ( 2014 ) found that cercomacra was not monophyletic . they proposed splitting cercomacra into cercomacra ( type brasiliana ) and a new genus , cercomacroides , type tyrannina . that suggestion is followed here . [ thamnophilidae , furnariida i , 2 . 64 ]
after reconsideration , 3 of the species moved to vosea were returned to melidectes . [ meliphagidae , basal oscines , 2 . 67 ]
the honeyeaters have been rearranged based on andersen et al . ( 2014a ) and joseph et al . ( 2014a ) . some highlights include , merging glycifohia into gliciphila ; moving 4 species of melidectes to vosea ; moving kadavu honeyeater , xanthotis provocator , mao , gymnomyza samoensis , and giant honeyeater , gymnomyza viridis , into foulehaio ; splitting wattled honeyeater , foulehaio carunculatus , into three species : viti levu honeyeater , foulehaio procerior , vanua levu honeyeater , foulehaio taviunensis , polynesian honeyeater , foulehaio carunculatus . [ meliphagidae , basal oscines , 2 . 66 ]
the giant conebill is usually placed in the genus oremanes as oremanes fraseri ( sclater 1860 ) . however , it turns out to be nested in conirostrum , and so has been changed . this creates a bit of a nomenclatural complication as fraseri is preoccupied by conirostrum cinereum fraseri ( sclater 1859 ) . as pointed out by liam on birdforum , the next oldest available name for the giant conebill appears to be binghami ( chapman 1919 ) . [ thraupidae , core passeroidea v , 2 . 73c ]
added spotted elachura as primary name of spotted wren - babbler . [ elachuridae , reguloidea & bombycilloidea , 2 . 52a ]
based on alström et al . ( 2014 ) , the rufous - throated wren - babbler caudatus and rusty - throated wren - babbler badeigularis are returned to spelaeornis ( timaliidae ) from elachura ( pnoepygidae ) . [ pnoepygidae , paroidea & sylvioidea i , 2 . 75 ] [ timaliidae , sylvioidea iii , 2 . 71 ]
further , elachura now has its own monotypic family , elachuridae , in bombycilloidea . [ elachuridae , reguloidea & bombycilloidea , 2 . 52 ]
the flamingos have been slightly reordered based on torres et al . ( 2014 ) . [ columbidae , metaves i , 2 . 69 ]
gender corrections have been made to various species names in masius , sporathraupis , and trichothraupis . [ pipridae , tyrannida i , 2 . 58a ] [ thraupidae , core passeroidea v , 2 . 73a ]
the tanagers have been restructured based on burns et al . ( 2014 ) . two new tribes are recognized : catamblyrhynchini ( plushcap ) and orchesticini ( grosbeak - tanagers ) . the inca - finches get an official name ( porphyrospizini ) , replacing incaspizini . this makes 18 tribes .


calyptraea helicoidea is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family calyptraeidae , the slipper snails or slipper limpets , cup-and-saucer snails , and chinese hat snails .

calyptraea helicoidea

what type of species is calyptraea helicoidea ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the calyptraea helicoidea species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of calyptraea helicoidea species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species calyptraea helicoidea .
how to identify calyptraea helicoidea marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species calyptraea helicoidea . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species calyptraea helicoidea are marked in green .
where is calyptraea helicoidea found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species calyptraea helicoidea can be found .
worms - world register of marine species - calyptraea helicoidea ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1883 )
( of trochita helicoidea g . b . sowerby ii , 1883 ) taylor j . d . & smythe k . r . ( 1985 ) a new species of trochita ( gastropoda : calyptraeidae ) from oman : a relict distribution amd association with upwellimg areas . journal of conchology 32 : 39 - 48 . [ april 1985 ] [ details ]
kilburn , r . n . & rippey , e . ( 1982 ) sea shells of southern africa . macmillan south africa , johannesburg , xi + 249 pp . page ( s ) : 57 [ details ]
branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
description : f , dead taken ! it is quite hard to get it in good condition ! just for reference ! from p . williams collection !
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more