chionodes pleroma is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it is found in mexico ( guerrero , oaxaca ) .

the wingspan is about 16 mm .

the forewings are purplish fuscous , with very faintly indicated pale brownish cinereous mottling , a small costal spot of the same at three-fourths from the base somewhat more distinct .

the hindwings are bronzy brownish .

chionodes pleroma

chionodes is a genus of moths of the family gelechiidae . it is distributed throughout much of the world . the larvae of many species use the douglas fir as a host plant .
chionodes , hübner , [ 1825 ] chionoda hübner , [ 1826 ] , missp . oxycryptis meyrick , 1912 argosema ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) consona ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) dryobathra ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) eburata ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) icriodes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia ) lacticoma ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) litigiosa ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) mediofuscella ( clemens , 1863 ) ( gelechia ) vagella ( walter , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) fuscoochrella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( gelechia ) liturosella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) rhedaria ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( gelechia ) pentadora ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gelechia ) perissosema ( meyrick , 1932 ) ( gelechia ) salva ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( phthorimaea ) , repl . name leucocephala ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) , preocc . ( not lower , 1893 ) spiridoxa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( gelechia )
gelechia hübner , [ 1825 ] guinea bruand , 1850 galechia desmarest , [ 1857 ] , missp . cirrha chambers , 1872 oeseis chambers , 1875 mesogelechia omelko , 1986 gelecia watt , 1920 , missp . bathrochlora meyrick , 1932 bufo walsingham , 1911 cacoderma walsingham , 1911 caespitella zeller , 1877 cerussata walsingham , 1911 chlorocephala meyrick , 1932 clopica meyrick , 1931 concinna walsingham , 1911 creberrima walsingham , 1911 cuneifera walsingham , 1911 delapsa meyrick , 1931 diacmota meyrick , 1932 dolbyi ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) elephantopis meyrick , 1936 exclarella möschler , 1890 flammulella walsingham , 1897 gnathodoxa meyrick , 1926 goniospila meyrick , 1931 hetaeria walsingham , 1911 impurgata walsingham , 1911 lapidescens meyrick , 1916 , repl . name lithodes walsingham , 1911 , preocc . ( not meyrick , 1886 ) leptospora meyrick , 1932 nephelophracta meyrick , 1932 neptica walsingham , 1911 nigripectus walsingham , 1911 nucifer walsingham , 1911 nucifera meyrick , 1925 , emend . ophiaula meyrick , 1931 ophiomorpha meyrick , 1935 pertinens meyrick , 1931 petraea walsingham , 1911 picrogramma meyrick , 1929 platydoxa meyrick , 1923 pleroma walsingham , 1911 protozona meyrick , 1926 rhypodes walsingham , 1911 scotodes walsingham , 1911 sonorensis walsingham , 1911 suspensa meyrick , 1923 synthetica walsingham , 1911 tannuolella rebel , 1917 thymiata ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( nothris ) traducella busck , 1914 veneranda walsingham , 1911 xylobathra meyrick , 1936
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nealyda dietz , 1900 accincta meyrick , 1923 bicolor ( walsingham , 1891 ) ( didactylota ) bougainvileae e . m . hering , 1955 leucozostra meyrick , 1923 pisoniae busck , 1900
megacraspedus zeller , 1839 neda chambers , 1874 , preocc . by mulsant , 1850 pycnobathra lower , 1901 autoneda busck , 1903 , repl . name toxoceras chrétien , 1915 megacraspedas in barnes & mcdunnough , 1917 , missp . exilis walsingham , 1909 isophrictis meyrick , 1917 actiella barners & busck , 1920 monochroa heinemann , 1870 catabrachmia rebel , 1909 absconditella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) palpiannulella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( gelechia )
aristotelia hübner , [ 1825 ] ergatis heinemann , 1870 , preocc . by blackwall , 1870 isochasta meyrick , 1886 eucatoptus walsingham , 1897 aphiltra meyrick , 1917 argyractis meyrick , 1923 calculatrix meyrick , 1923 chalybeichroa ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( eucatoptus ) chalybochroa meyrick , 1925 , emend . corallina walsingham , 1909 cosmographa meyrick , 1917 crassicornis walsingham , 1897 cynthia meyrick , 1917 cytherae meyrick , 1917 dasypoda walsingham , 1910 diolcella forbes , 1931 elachistella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) erycina meyrick , 1917 eupatoriella busck , [ 1934 ] hieroglyphica walsingham , 1909 howardi walsingham , 1909 lignicolora forbes , 1931 naxia meyrick , 1926 oribatis meyrick , 1917 pantalaena ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( untomia ) paphia meyrick , 1917 parephoria clarke , 1951 paterata meyrick , 1914 penicillata ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( eucatoptus ) perfossa meyrick , 1917 radicata meyrick , 1917 perplexa clarke , 1951 probolopis meyrick , 1923 pudibundella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) intermediella ( chambers , 1879 ) ( gelechia ) pulicella walsingham , 1897 ) pyrodercia walsingham , 1910 roseosuffusella ( clemens , 1860 ) ( gelechia ) belella ( walter , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) rubidella ( clemens , 1860 ) ( gelechia ) rubensella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( gelechia ) pudibundella ( chambers , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) , misid . ( not zeller , 1873 ) sarcodes walsingham , 1910 saturnina meyrick , 1917 squamigera walsingham , 1909 subrosea meyrick , 1914 trossulella walsingham , 1897 vagabundella forbes , 1931 veteranella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( tachyptilia ) vicana meyrick , 1917
agnippe chambers , 1872 evippe chambers , 1873 phaetusa chambers , 1875 , preocc . by wagler , 1832 aganippe chamber , 1880 , missp . tholerostola meyrick , 1917 aequorea ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( recurvaria ) aulonota ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( aristotelia ) evippeella busck , 1906 leuconota ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) plutella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( phaetusa ) omphalopa ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( tholerostola ) plumata ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( aristotelia )
recurvaria haworth , 1828 lita kollar , 1832 telea steph . , 1834 , preocc . by hübner , 1819 aphanaula meyrick , 1895 hinnebergia spuler , 1910 microlechia turati , 1924 annulicornis ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) eromene ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) febriculella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) filicornis ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) flagelifer walsingham , 1910 flagellifera meyrick , 1925 , missp . insequens meyrick , 1931 intermissella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) kitella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) melanostictella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) merismatella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) nothostigma meyrick , 1914 ornatipalpella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) ostariella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( aristotelia ) penetrans meyrick , 1923 picula walsingham , 1910 pleurosaris meyrick , 1923 putella busck , 1914 rhicnota walsingham , 1910 rhombophorella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) sartor walsingham , 1910 saxea meyrick , 1923 senariella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) sticta walsingham , 1910 synestia meyrick , 1939 thiodes meyrick , 1917 thysanota walsingham , 1910 trigonophorella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( teleia ) xanthotricha meyrick , 1917
coleotechnites chambers , 1880 evagora clemens , 1860 , preocc . by péron & lesueur , 1810 eidothea chambers , 1873 , preocc . by risso , 1826 eidothoa chambers , 1873 , missp . eucordylea dietz , 1900 pulicalvaria freeman , 1963 hapalosaris meyrick , 1917 coleotechnistes in busck , [ 1903 ] , missp . elucidella ( barnes & busck , 1920 ) ( eucordylea ) petulans ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( hapalosaris ) vagatioella ( chambers , 1873 ) ( eidothoa [ sic ] ) dorsivittella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) schistophila chrétien , 1899 fuscella forbes , 1931
exoteleia wallengren , 1881 paralechia busck , 1903 heringia spuler , 1910 , preocc . by rondani , 1856 heringiola strand , 1917 , repl . name ithycosma ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( strobisia )
telphusa chambers , 1872 adrasteia chambers , 1872 adrastia kirby , 1874 , missp . geniadophora walsingham , 1897 auxoptila meyrick , 1926 callitechna meyrick , 1914 praefinita ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( mompha ) delatrix meyrick , 1923 distictella forbes , 1931 extranea ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( poecilia ) hemicycla meyrick , 1932 latebricola meyrick , 1932 medulella busck , 1914 melanoleuca walsingham , 1911 obligata busck , 1914 ochrifoliata walsingham , 1911 orgilopis meyrick , 1923 penetratrix meyrick , 1931 perspicua ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) quinquedentata ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) ripula walsingham , 1911 smaragdopis meyrick , 1926 translucida ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( bryotropha )
thiotricha meyrick , 1886 reuttia hofmann , 1898 thiotrica inoue , 1954 , missp . thiothricha hartig , 1956 , missp . argoxantha meyrick , 1914 aucupatrix meyrick , 1929 cleodorella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) godmani ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( polyhymno ) laterestriata ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( polyhymno ) sciurella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( polyhymno ) argoxantha meyrick , 1914
stomopteryx heinemann , 1870 inotica meyrick , 1913 instica sharp , 1915 , missp . acraeologa meyrick , 1921 stomopterix turati , 1922 , missp . stromopteryx pierce & metcalfe , 1935 , missp . phaeopa meyrick , 1918
friseria busck , 1939 acaciella ( busck , 1906 ) ( telphusa ) caieta hodges , 1966 cockerelli ( busck , 1903 ) ( gelechia ) lindenella ( busck , 1903 ) ( gelechia ) malindella ( busck , 1910 ) ( gelechia ) sarcochlora ( meyrick , 1929 ) ( gelechia ) infracta ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) lacticaput ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) lacticeps ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( gelechia ) , emend . nona hoges , 1966 paphlactis ( meyrick , 1912 ) ( gelechia ) repentina ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia )
gnorimoschmea busck , 1900 lerupsia riedl , 1965 neoschema povolny´ , 1967 atriplicella keifer & jörgensen , 1910 borsaniella köhler , 1939 cestrivora clarke , 1950 cestivora hayward , 1969 , missp . dudiella busck , 1903 euchthonia ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( phthorimaea ) exacta ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) involuta ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) motasi povolny´ , 1976 perfidiosa ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) saphirinella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) urosema ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea )
phthorimaea meyrick , 1902 phtyrimaea turner , 1919 , missp . phthorimoea povolny´ & zakopal , 1951 , missp . pthorimaea issiki , 1957 , missp . phthorimea diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , missp . phtorimea oei - dharma , 1969 , missp . argentinae povolny´ , 1989 euchthonia meyrick , 1939 ferella ( berg , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) impudica walsingham , 1911 interjuncta meyrick , 1931 jamaicensis ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) operculella ( zeller , 1873 ) ( gelechia ) terrella walker , 1864 , preocc . by d . & s . , 1775 solanella boisduval , 1874 tabacella ( ragonot , 1879 ) ( gelechia ) sedate ( butler , 1880 ) ( gelechia ) epicentra meyrick , 1909 robusta povolny´ , 1989 sphenophora ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia )
gnorimoschema busck , 1900 gnorimochema dyar , [ 1903 ] , missp . lerupsia riedl , 1965 larupsia soffner , 1967 ventralella ( zeller , 1877 )
scrobipalpula povolny´ , 1964 acuta povolny´ , 1990 albolineata povolny´ , 1987 atra povolny´ , 1987 chiquitella ( busck , 1909 ) ( gnorimoschema ) conifera ( meyrick , 1916 ) ( chelaria ) crustaria ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) daturae ( zeller , 1877 ) ( doryphora ) densata ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( gnorimoschema ) laciniosa ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) ephoria ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( aristotelia ) falcate povolny´ , 1987 fjeldsai povolny´ , 1990 flava povolny´ , 1987 gregalis ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) gregariella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( lita ) hastata povolny´ , 1987 henshawiella ( busck , 1903 ) ( gnorimoschema ) ochreostrigella ( chambers , 1877 ) ( gelechia ) , preocc . ( not chambers , 1875 ) incerta povolny´ , 1989 ilyella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( lita ) incerta povolny´ , 1989 isochlora ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) latisaccula povolny´ , 1987 latiuncula povolny´ , 1987 megaloander povolny´ , 1987 melanolepis ( clarke , 1965 ) ( gnorimoschema ) motasi povolny´ , 1976 omicron povolny´ , 1987 pallens povolny´ , 1987 patagonica povolny´ , 1977 psilella ( herrich - schäffer , 1855 ) ( gelechia ) quinoae povolny´ , 1997 radiata povolny´ , 1987 rosariensis povolny´ , 1987 stirodes ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea ) subtenera povolny´ , 1987 tenera povolny´ , 1987 transiens povolny´ , 1987 trichinaspis ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( phthorimaea )
keiferia busck , 1939 tildenia povolny´ , 1967 brunnea povolny´ , 1973 chloroneura ( meyrick , 1923 ) colombiana povolny´ , 1975 elmorei ( keifer , 1936 ) ( gnorimoschema ) funebrella povolny´ , 1984 griseofusca povolny´ , 1984 gudmanella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) n . comb . keiferioides ( povolny´ , 1987 ) ( scrobipalpula ) lobata povolny´ , 1990 lycopersicella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( eucatoptus ) lenta ( meyrick , 1917 ) ( phthorimaea ) lycopersicella ( busck , 1928 ) ( phthorimaea ) preocc . by walsingham , 1897 propria povolny´ , 1990 rusposoria povolny´ , 1979 subtilis povolny´ , 1984 vitalis povolny´ , 1990
faculta busck , 1939 inaequalis ( busck , 1910 ) ( gelechia ) inaequalis ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) preocc . by busck , 1910 anisectis ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( gelechia ) clistrodoma ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( gelechia ) stegasta meyrick , 1904 biniveipunctata ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) bosqueella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( oecophora ) basqueella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( oecophora ) , missp . bosquella ( chambers , 1878 ) ( gelechia ) , emend . costipunctella ( moschler , 1890 ) ( gelechia ) capitella ( fabricius , 1794 ) ( alucita ) capitatus ( fabricius , 1798 ) ( ypsolophus ) , repl . name robustella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) rivulella ( moschler , 1890 ) ( gelechia ) comissata meyrick , 1923 donatella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) phalacra ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( gelechia ) postpallescens ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( gelechia ) scoteropis meyrick , 1931 zygotoma meyrick , 1917
untomia busck , 1906 acicularis meyrick , 1918 alticolens walsingham , 1911 alticolans meyrick , 1925 , emend . horista walsingham , 1911 juventella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( ypsolophus ) latistriga walsingham , 1911 melanobathra meyrick , 1918 rotundata walsingham , 1911
battaristis meyrick , 1914 duvita busck , 1916 acroglypta meyrick , 1929 amphiscolia meyrick , 1914 ardiophora meyrick , 1914 atelesta meyrick , 1914 bistrigella ( buskc , 1914 ) ( anacampsis ) concisa meyrick , 1929 coniosema meyrick , 1922 curtella ( busck , 1914 ) ( anacampsis ) emissurella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) severella ( walker , 1864 ) ( cryptolechia ) fuliginosa ( r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) dorsalis ( busck , 1914 ) ( anacampsis ) astroconis ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( compsolechia ) ichnota meyrick , 1914 melanamba meyrick , 1914 nigratomella ( clemens , 1863 ) ( gelechia ) apicilinella ( clemens , 1863 ) ( gelechia ) apicistrigella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( parasia ) orthocampta meyrick , 1914 parazela meyrick , 1929 perinaeta ( walsingham , 1910 ) ( anacampsis ) prismatopa meyrick , 1914 rhythmodes meyrick , 1929 sphenodelta meyrick , 1922 stereogramma meyrick , 1914 symphora ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( untomia ) syngraphopa meyrick , 1922 syngraphora meyrick , 1925 , missp . synocha meyrick , 1922 tricentrota meyrick , 1931 unistrigella ( busck , 1914 ) ( anacampsis )
holophysis walsingham , 1910 hoplophysis mcd . , 1939 , missp . anoma walsingham , 1910 autodesma ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( zalithia ) auxiliaris ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( zalithia ) barydescma ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( zalithia ) quadrimaculata walsingham , 1910 stagmatophoria walsingham 1910 tentatella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) xanthostoma walsingham , 1910
chelariinae crasimorpha meyrick , 1923 infuscate hodges , 1963 peragrata meyrick , 1923 prostomeus busck , 1903 brunneus busck , 1903 hypatima hübner , [ 1825 ] chelaria haworth , 1828 hypatina stephens , 1835 , missp . allocota meyrick , 1904 cynestomorpha meyrick , 1904 deuteroptila meyrick , 1904 semodictis meyrick , 1909 allocotaniana strand , 1913 episacta turner , 1919 cellaria neave , 1939 , missp . cheleria lhomme , [ 1948 ] , missp . euchorda ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( chelaria ) hora ( busck , 1914 ) ( psoricoptera )
semophylax meyrick , 1932 apicepuncta ( busck , 1911 ) ( psoricoptera ) praesignis ( meyrick , 1913 ) ( anisoplaca ) apicipuncta ( meyrick , 1925 ) ( chelaria ) , emend .
sitotroga heinemann , 1870 silotroga kirby , 1871 , missp . nesolechia meyrick , 1921 syngenomictis meyrick , 1927 sitotrogus matsumura , 1931 , missp . sitotrega borg , 1932 , missp . sititroga costa lima , 1945 , missp . cerealella ( olivier , 1789 ) ( alucita ) hordei ( kirby , 1815 ) ( tinea ) arctella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) melanarthra ( lower , 1900 ) ( gelechia ) palearis ( meyrick , 1913 ) ( epithectis ) ochrescens ( meyrick , 1938 ) ( aristotelia ) coarctella zeller , 1877
dichomeridinae acompsia hübner , [ 1825 ] acampsia westwood , 1840 , missp . accompsia bruand , 1850 , missp . brachycrossata heinemann , 1870 brachicrossata hartmann , 1880 , missp . cathegesis walsingham , 1910 angulifera walsingham , 1897 psoricopterella ( walsingham , 1892 ) ( brachycrossata ) vinitincta ( walsingham , 1910 ) ( cathegesis )
anorthosia clemens , 1860 sagaritis chambers , 1872 , preocc . by billberg , 1820 [ crustacea ] anorthodisca gaede , 1937 , missp . capillata walsingham , 1911 punctipennella clemens , 1860 gracilella ( chambers , 1872 ) ( sagaritis )
helcystogramma zeller , 1877 ceratophora heinemann , 1870 chambersella ( murtfeldt , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) subalusella ( chambers , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) parvipulvella ( chamber , 1874 ) ( gelechia ) inaequepulvella ( chambers , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) subalbella ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) , emend . subalbella meyrick , 1925 , emend . convolvuli ( walsingham , 1908 ) ( trichotaphe ) crypsilychna meyrick , 1914 dryadopa meyrick , 1918 effera ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( lecithocera ) emigrans ( meyrick , 1921 ) ( lecithocera ) cornuta ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb . luminosa ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb . leucopleura meyrick , 1914 perceptella ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) n . comb .
brachmia hübner , [ 1825 ] braclunia stephens , 1834 , missp . cladodes heinemann , 1870 , preocc . by solier , 1849 [ coleoptera ] ceratophora heinemann , 1870 , preocc . by gray , [ 1835 ] [ reptilia ] eudodacles snellen , 1889 , repl . name aulacomima meyrick , 1904 apethistis meyrick , 1908 lyrella ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) virescens walsingham , 1911 brachyacma meyrick , 1886 lathontogenes walsingham , 1897 paraspistes meyrick , 1905 lipatia busck , 1910 paraspistis busck , 1914 , missp . brachyaema povolny´ , 1964 , missp . lathontogonus diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , missp . brachiacma common , 1970 , missp . lathontogenes hodges , 1983 , missp . palpigera ( walsingham , 1891 ) ( gelechia ) adustipennis ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( lathontogenus ) iolocha ( meyrick , 1905 ) ( paraspistes ) crotalariella ( busck , 1910 ) ( lipatia ) epichorda turner , 1919
onebala walker , 1864 helcystogramma zeller , 1877 dectobathra meyrick , 1914 adaequata ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( helcystogramma ) adequate clarke , 1969 , missp . anisopa ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( anacampsis ) archigrapha meyrick , 1929 carycastis ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( helcystogramma ) cerinura ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( brachmia ) chalyburga ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( helcystogramma ) daedalea ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) elliptica ( forbes , 1931 ) ( trichotaphe ) meconitis ( meyrick , 1913 ) ( trichotaphe ) ribeella ( zeller , 1877 ) ( helcystogramma ) rusticella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) sertigera ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( helcystogramma ) stellatella ( busck , 1914 ) ( dichomeris ) symbolica ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( helcystogramma ) tegulella ( walsingham , 1897 ) ( trichotaphe ) servilis ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( dichomeris ) trichocyma ( meyrick , 1923 ) ( brachmia )
deoclona busck , 1903 proclesis walsingham , 1911 lioclepta meyrick , 1922 deoclana fletcher , 1929 , missp . complanata ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( lioclepta ) eriobotryae busck , 1939 xanthoselene ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( proclesis ) xanthoselena meyrick , 1925 , emend .
adullamitis meyrick , 1932 adullanitis gaede , 1937 , missp . emancipate meyrick , 1932
anthistarcha meyrick , 1925 antistarcha costa lima , 1945 , missp . binocularis meyrick , 1929 geniatella ( busck , 1914 ) ( gelechia )
beltheca busck , 1914 anterethista meyrick , 1914 antherethista gaede , 1937 , missp . phosphoropa ( meyrick , 1922 ) ( anterethista ) picolella busck , 1914 heteractis ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( anterethista )
commatica meyrick , 1909 apopira walsingham , 1911 acropelta meyrick , 1914 bifuscella ( forbes , 1931 ) ( anacampsis ) chionura meyrick , 1914 crossotorna meyrick , 1929 cryptina ( walsingham , 1911 ) ( untomia ) cyanorrhoa meyrick , 1914 emplasta meyrick , 1914 eremna meyrick , 1909 extremella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) falcatella ( walker , 1864 ) ( gelechia ) rostella ( r . felder & rogenhofer , 1875 ) ( gelechia ) hexacentra meyrick , 1922 lupata meyrick , 1914 metochra meyrick , 1914 nerterodes meyrick , 1914 palirrhoa meyrick , 1922 parmulata meyrick , 1914 phanocrossa meyrick , 1922 placoterma meyrick , 1918 pterygota meyrick , 1929 servula meyrick , 1922 stygia meyrick , 1922 xanthocarpa meyrick , 1922
compsosaris meyrick , 1914 gompsosaris gaede , 1937 , missp . flavidella ( busck , 1914 ) ( recurvaria ) testacea meyrick , 1914
pavolechia busck , 1914 desmaucha meyrick , 1918 argentea busck , 1914 chrysostoma ( meyrick , 1918 ) ( desmaucha ) pelocnistis meyrick , 1932 xylozona meyrick , 1932 perioristica walsingham , 1910 chalcopera walsingham , 1910 phylopatris meyrick , 1923 terpnodes meyrick , 1923 promolopica meyrick , 1925 epiphantha meyrick , 1925 ptilostonuchia walsingham , 1911 ptilonostychia fletcher , 1929 , missp . plicata walsingham , 1911 satrapodoxa meyrick , 1925 regia ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( strobisia ) sclerograptis meyrick , 1923 oxytypa meyrick , 1923 simoneura walsingham , 1911 ophitis walsingham , 1911 sorotacta meyrick , 1914 bryochlora meyrick , 1922 viridans , meyrick , 1914 stachyostoma meyrick , 1923 psilodoxa meyrick , 1923 stagmaturgis meyrick , 1923 catharosema meyrick , 1923 steremniodes meyrick , 1923 sciactis meyrick , 1923 stereodmeta meyrick , 1931 xylodeta meyrick , 1931 stibarenches meyrick , 1930 bifissa meyrick , 1930 symphanactis meyrick , 1925 hetaera ( meyrick , 1914 ) ( ptocheuusa )
synactias meyrick , 1931 micranthis meyrick , 1931 tabernillaia walsingham , 1911 tabernillaea meyrick , 1925 , emend . ephialtes walsingham , 1911
tecia kieffer & jörgensen , 1910 fapua kieffer & jörgensen , 1910 lata kieffer & jörgensen , 1910 orsotricha meyrick , 1914 brachypsaltis meyrick , 1931 scrobischema povolny´ , 1980 albinervella ( kieffer & jörgensen , 1910 ) ( fapua ) arnicella ( clarke , 1942 ) confirmans strand , 1910 kiefferi kieffer & jörgensen , 1910 petasitis ( pfaffenzeller , 1867 ) petrella ( busck , 1915 ) solanivora ( povolny´ , 1973 ) subalbata ( meyrick , 1931 ) tetradymiella ( busck , 1903 ) venosa ( butler , 1883 ) mendozella kieffer & jörgensen , 1910 baccharisella ( brethes , 1917 ) ( holcocera ) vergarai ( povolny´ , 1980 ) ( scrobischema ) thrypsigenes meyrick , 1914 thripsigenes clarke , 1955 , missp . colluta meyrick , 1914 furvescens meyrick , 1914 trichembola meyrick , 1918 idiarcha meyrick , 1931 zelosyne walsingham , 1911 olga meyrick , 1915 poecilosoma walsingham , 1911 “gaea” lilloi köhler , 1941 , mispl .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant no . deb 416078 . any opinions , findings , and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation .


brunia antica is a moth of the family erebidae .

it is found from the indian subregion , sri lanka to china , the ryukyu islands , the chagos archipelago , the nicobar islands and sundaland .

brunia antica

identified as : white - flowered brunia , coffee - scented brunia , coffee bush , brunia albiflora .
brunia antica ; [ mob7 ] : 324 , pl . 3 , f . 112 , 114 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 27
all - white bouquet with dusty miller & silver brunia : www . stylemepretty… ;
garden roses + silver brunia | photography : sarah joelle photography – www . sarahjoelleph… ;
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . brunia antica walker ( 1854 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
brunia apicalis ; [ mob7 ] : 326 , pl . 3 , f . 111 , 116
brunia gibonica ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 511
brunia lacrima ; dubatolov , 2012 , euroasian ent . j . 11 ( 6 ) : 512
brunia nebulifera ; [ mob7 ] : 326 , pl . 3 , f . 113 , 117
van tuincentrum sonneveld in wagenberg vernam ik de naam : kaaps groen ( safari groen ) brunia albiflora .
brunia fumidisca ; dubatolov & zolotuhin , 2011 , euroasian ent . j . 10 ( 34 ) : 376
female ‘brunia antica’ was on the garden wall , near the light source and was about 13 mm long . its wing’s bottom edges were torn and it was laying eggs . the eggs were very tiny and round . the eggs formed a very beautiful pattern on the wall . after 5 days , tiny caterpillars ( larvae ) hatched from the eggs .
mason jar with white garden roses , white spray roses , mini dahlias , brunia berries , dusty miller and seeded eucalyptus .
wedding bouquets : all - white bouquet with dusty miller & silver brunia : www . stylemepretty . . . by wedding lande
wedding bouquets : garden roses + silver brunia | photography : sarah joelle photography - www . sarah . . . by wedding lande
wedding cake for m & a , married today , decorated with peachy sugar rose and dahlia , brunia seed heads and viburnum berries .
corcunda - vermelha ( brunia stokoei ) i finally found out its name thanks to a friend who happens to be a ferny creek volunteer .
brunia ( lithosiini ) ; [ mob7 ] , 324 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 26
brunia cucullata ; [ mob7 ] , 324 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 27
brunia sarawaca ; [ mob7 ] : 325 , pl . 3 , f . 110 , 115 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 27
two on display contents left to right ;
she shines
featuring craspe ( billy balls ) , succulents and brunia on a oasis sphere . second ,
awaken bright
garden roses , kangaroo paws , white dutch hydrangea , yellow ranunculus , chrysanthemum spray and leaves .
the identity of this species was commented on by inoue et al . ( 1982 ) and barnett , emms & holloway ( 1999 ) , but not all type specimens of synonyms of brevipennis according to hampson ( 1900 ) had been dissected . dissection has revealed that the sri lankan taxa punctifera hampson and fuscipes hampson , both based on females , are distinct ( but best retained in “eilema
until their placement is investigated further ) , stat . rev . , as is hampson’s ab . 1 from sandakan ( sandakana draudt ; see
eilema
sandakana draudt stat . n . ) . however , atrifrons hampson from the nicobar is . has male genitalia typical of antica .
select a genera poliosia hampson - poliosia muricolor walker - poliosia quadrifida sp . n . - poliosia bifida sp . n . - poliosia sp . 5463 - poliosia marginata hampson - poliosia pulverea hampson - poliosia concolora sp . n . lambula walker - lambula fuliginosa walker - lambula errata eecke - lambula pallida hampson nishada moore - nishada chilomorpha adunca ssp . n . - nishada rotundipennis walker - nishada syntomiodes walker - nishada sambara moore tigrioides butler - tigriodes sabulosalis walker - tigrioides leucanioides walker - tigrioides puncticollis butler - tigrioides antipulvereola sp . n . mithuna moore - mithuna quadriplagoides sp . n . - mithuna fuscivena hampson stenaulis hampson - stenaulis discalis walker macotasa moore - macotasa suffusus talbot - macotasa biplagella butler - macotasa tortricoides walker - macotasa orientalis hampson teulisna walker - teulisna curviplaga rothschild comb . n - teulisna tumida walker - teulisna chiloides walker - teulisna pseudochiloides sp . n . - teulisna plagiata walker comb . rev . - teulisna quadratella sp . n . - teulisna reflexa sp . n . - teulisna tricornuta sp . n - teulisna nigricauda holloway - teulisna pallidicauda sp . n . - teulisna macropallida sp . n . - teulisna harmani sp . n . - teulisna nebulosa walker comb . n . - teulisna divisa walker comb . n . - teulisna montanebula sp . n . - teulisna uniplaga hampson comb . rev . - teulisna steineri sp . n . thysanoptyx hampson - thsanoptyx oblonga butler stat . rev . eilema hubner - eilema prabana moore - eilema costalboides sp . n . - eilema plumbeomicans hampson - eilema flavicosta moore - eilema fasciculosa walker - eilema decreta butler - eilema monochora turner stat . rev . - eilema pulvereola hampson - eilema sandakana draudt stat . n . - eilema brevivalva sp . n . - eilema trimacula sp . n . - eilema pseudocretacea sp . n . - eilema longpala sp . n . - eilema females - eilema sp . burnia moore gen . rev . - burnia antica walker comb . rev . - burnia sarawaca butler stat . rev . - burnia apicalis walker comb . n - burnia nebulifera hampson comb . n mantala walker - mantala tineoides walker euconosia watson - euconosia aspera walker - euconosia xylinoides walker stat . rev . - euconosia obscuriventris sp . n . pseudoscaptia hampson - pseudoscaptia rothschild draudt
india , sri lanka , chagos is . , china , indonesia , malaysia ( borneo )
shubhalaxmi , v , r c kendrick , alka vaidya , neelima kalagi , and alaka bhagwat . 2011 . inventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india . journal of the bombay … 108 , no . 3 : 183 - 205 . urltoken
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
a catalogue of the moths of india / compiled by e . c . cotes and c . swinhoe . by cotes , e . c . s . . .
a new molecular phylogeny offers hope for a stable family level classification of the noctuoidea ( lepi . . .
inventory of moth fauna ( lepidoptera : heterocera ) of the northern western ghats , maharashtra , india .
an assessment of entomofauna for management and conservation of biodiversity in the gangotri landscape . . .
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walker , 1854 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 2 : 505 .
lithosia brevipennis walker , 1854 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 2 : 509 .
walker , 1864 , list specimens lepid . insects colln br . mus . , 31 : 229 .
eilema kosemponensis strand , 1917 , arch . naturgesch . , ( 1916 ) 82 ( a3 ) : 113 .
lithosia horishanella matsumura , 1927 , j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . , 19 ( 1 ) : 64 .
males have a uniform fawn forewing , sometimes slightly paler along the costa , whereas females have the forewing grey , though not as dark as in b . apicalis walker ( see b . apicalis walker ) , with a pale yellow costa . both sexes resemble this and some bornean “eilema “ , so identity should be confirmed by dissection .
indian subregion to china , ryukyu is . , chagos is . , nicobar is . , sundaland .
this is a lowland species , possibly most frequent in coastal vegetation , including mangrove .
piepers & snellen ( 1904 ) refer to the larva of natara as feeding on white lichen on citrus near the coast of java . it is densely covered with blackish and grey - brown hairs , with long black hairs protruding from this . there is a black dorsal stripe with red and ochreous yellow marbling on each side of it . there is also a transverse black band towards the anterior . the body appears somewhat flattened . pupation is in a dense cocoon , with a period of about ten days for completion . unpublished records at frim note the larva as defoliating hevea ( euphorbiaceae : rubber ) , but this needs further investigation , as do records in yunus & ho ( 1980 ) for “e . vacaria” ( ? = vicara walker : see above ) for hevea , terminalia ( combretaceae ) and theobroma ( sterculiaceae ) , though these could apply to any of the first three species treated here .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
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oriental region - ryu - kyu is . , nicobars , sundaland . see [ maps ]
? ilema vicaria ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 165 ( part )
lithosia apicalis walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 104 ; tl : sarawak
lithosia badrana moore , 1859 ; in horsfield & moore , cat . lep . ins . mus . nat . east india house 2 : 304 ; tl : java
sula , n . australia , louisiades , new guinea . see [ maps ]
lithosia fumidisca hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 80 ; tl : sikhim ; tenasserim valley
eilema gibonica cerný , 2009 ; moths of thailand 6 : 148 , pl . 30 , f . 299a - b ; tl : se . thailand , tram , lam ngob , ban noen - ki - lai , 156m , 12°14 ' n , 102°24 ' 35
e
eilema lacrima cerný , 2009 ; moths of thailand 6 : 147 , pl . 30 , f . 298 ; tl : se . thailand , chanthaburi , kaeng hang , maew dist . , 10°4 ' 41
n , 101°48 ' 5
e
ilema nebulifera hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 161 , pl . 22 , f . 21 ; tl : singapore
borneo , peninsular malaysia , java , ne . himalaya . see [ maps ]
angulata ( fletcher , 1957 ) ( eilema ) ; in wolff , nat . hist . rennell island , 2 : 37
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
on the lepidopterous fauna of andaman and nicobar group of islands ( india ) . family arctiidae
beiträge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer berücksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . höne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae
illustrations of typical specimens of lepidoptera heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part 9 . the macrolepidoptera heterocera of ceylon
on the lepidoptera in the tring museum sent by mr . a . s . meek from the admiralty islands , dampier and vulcan islands
h . sauter ' s formosa - ausbeute : lithosiinae , nolinae , noctuidae ( p . p . ) , ratardidae , chalcosiidae , sowie nacträge zu den familien drepanidae , limacodidae , gelechiidae , oecophoriidae und heliodinidae
catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species
walker , [ 1865 ] ; walker , 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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i have created a new project to document moths of sri lanka . can you please join i want to make you a curator of the project urltoken thank you !
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the lithosiinae are the largest subfamily of arctiidae in the oriental tropics . in an earlier part of this series ( holloway , 1988 ; part 6 ) , it was suggested that the arctiid subfamilies syntominae , thyretinae , ctenuchinae , euchromiinae all showed reduction or fusion of hindwing veins and therefore might be related . subsequent work ( e . g . bendib & minet , 1998 ; kitching & rawlins , 1999 ; jacobson & weller , in press ) has indicated a relationship between ( and synonymy of ) the last two , but within the arctiinae , and between ( and synonymy of ) the first two , but in a sister - relationship ( jacobson & weller ) to the lithosiinae . the paired pheromone glands of females noted by holloway ( 1988 ) as a potential autopomorphy for the arctiidae have been confirmed as such ( bendib & minet , 1988 ; kitching & rawlins , 1999 ) .
table 1 . percentage of species for lithosiinae groups amongst various biogeographic and ecological categories as discussed in the text .
the genus darantasia ( see darantasia walker ) may be a specialist feeder on rubiaceae ; if confirmed , this would be a very unusual feature . as noted above , the genus is bisignate and so could be an early offshoot in the subfamily . the patterning of the wings and other morphological features are unusual . nishihara ( 1992a , b ) also recorded two species in the nudariini feeding on living higher plant leaf tissue . pupation is usually in a cocoon that incorporates the larval secondary setae , and these may also be incorporated in a palisade around the cocoon or in an open net at a distance from where the pupa is suspended , cyana walker being a classic example of the latter ( see cyana walker ) . the time from formation of the cocoon to emergence of the adult appears to be remarkably short in sundanian species , often just a week ( piepers & snellen , 1904 ) .
this is a simple guide to the moth species most often encountered so far in hong kong . . . . . . it can be used in conjunction with the hong kong moths recording project on i - naturalist .
as the inaturalist guides are limited to 500 species , it is not possible to do all of hong kong ' s moths in one inat guide . this is planned as the first in a series of inat guides to the moths ( some 2 , 400 species at present ) known to occur in hong kong . moths in hong kong part 2 - species restricted to hong kong
in due course all species ' write ups will be made hongkongcentric . notes on key identification points , ecology , phenology , systematics and other similar species are slowly being added . take a look at syntomoides imaon as an example of where this guide is heading . . . . species in this guide are listed in taxonomic order to subfamily or tribe , where known , and alphabetically therein . less ↑
6 . ( c ) vijay anand ismavel , some rights reserved ( cc by - nc - sa ) , uploaded by dr . vijay anand ismavel ms mch
12 . ( c ) roger c . kendrick , some rights reserved ( cc by - nc - nd ) , uploaded by roger kendrick
split page , species info on the left , room for notes on the right . species info will be truncated to fit on the page .


dolbina grisea ( mountain hawkmoth ) is a species of moth of the family sphingidae .

the wingspan is 50 – 64 mm .

adults are on wing in early april , from early june to august , and ( sometimes ) from late september to early october .

there are two or three generations per year .

the larvae have been recorded feeding on fraxinus potamophila in tajikistan .

dolbina grisea

dolbina grisea , aedeagus . pakistan , hindukush mts . , 3km w of pingal
dolbina grisea , aedeagus detail . pakistan , hindukush mts . , 3km w of pingal
dolbina grisea , male genitalia . pakistan , hindukush mts . , 3km w of pingal
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dolbina krikkeni roesler & küppers , 1975 ; ent . zeitschrift frankf . a . m . 85 : 181
dolbina tancrei ; staudinger , 1892 , in romanoff , mém . lépid . 6 : 221 ; [ hmw ]
the mountain hawkmoth ( dolbina grisea ) is a species of moth of the sphingidae family . it is known from northern pakistan , kashmir , eastern afghanistan , tajikistan and the western gissar mountains of southern uzbekistan . the habitat consists of light , temperate montane forest , including juniper woodland . the wingspan is 50–64 mm . adults are on wi . . .
dolbina formosana matsumura , 1927 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 19 ( 1 ) : 4 , pl . 1 , f . 2 ♂ ; tl : formosa
transferred to dolbinopsis by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 159 , from which a holotype was inferred . transferred to dolbina ( dolbinopsis ) by eitschberger & zolotuhin , 1997 , atalanta 28 : 142 .
type locality : kulu [ himachal pradesh , n . w . india ] .
holarctic ; western palaearctic region . pleistocene refuge : monocentric - - turkestan refuge .
wingspan : 50 - - 64mm . few specimens are known , although ebert ( 1969 ) states that it is not uncommon in eastern afghanistan . some individuals from colder and / or wetter localities are darker than normal .
all that is known is that it is an inhabitant of light , temperate montane forest , including juniper ( juniperus ) woodland . very few females have come to light .
early april , early june to august , and ( sometimes ) late september to early october , depending on altitude . derzhavets ( 1984 ) states that this species is bi - or trivoltine .
ovum : ovoid , 2mm , pale green or blue - green ( degtyareva , stshetkin & stshetkin , 1977 ) .
the newly - emerged larva is yellowish - green , 5 - 12mm long , with a 2mm brown horn , two faint whitish dorsal lines and a roundish head . in the second instar the 12 - 15mm larva becomes very like that of laothoe populi ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , with the head becoming triangular , the 4mm horn yellowish - green , and the finely tubercled body pale green with a pronounced yellowish - white dorso - lateral line and seven oblique lateral stripes on the abdomen . the third instar is similar to the second .
in the fourth instar the body is apple - green and densely covered with fine yellow tubercles . laterally there are seven , thick , yellow , oblique abdominal stripes , with a similar dorso - lateral line running from the head back to abdominal segment three . the triangular head is green with yellow cheeks , the true legs rosy , and the horn greenish - yellow with a green tip and fine yellow tubercles .
the fifth instar is very similar , but with the body becoming more bluish - grey laterally : the horn is of a similar colour . in some individuals the fine body tubercles may be white rather than yellow . as pupation approaches the whole body takes on a brownish hue ( degtyareva , stshetkin & stshetkin , 1977 ) .
hostplants . in tajikistan on fraxinus potamophila ( degtyareva , stshetkin & stshetkin , 1977 ) .
pupa : 28 - - 32mm . glossy dark brown with reddish - brown abdominal segments . cremaster 1 . 5mm , cylindrical , with a bifurcated tip . the overwintering stage ( degtyareva , stshetkin & stshetkin , 1977 ) .
at present known only from northern pakistan ( danner , eitschberger & surholt , 1998 ; rafi et al . , 2014 ) , kashmir , eastern afghanistan ( ebert , 1969 ) , tajikistan ( derzhavets , 1984 ; dubatolov , [ 1999 ] ) and the western gissar mountains of southern uzbekistan .
extra - limital range . the temperate himalayan foothills of himachal pradesh , india .
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beiträge zur kenntnis der insektenfauna sumatra , teil 3 : drei neue schwärmer - formen ( lep . , sphingidae )
die macrolepidopteren des amurgebiets . i . theil . rhopalocera , sphinges , bombyces , noctuae in romanoff ,
walker , 1856 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 8 : 1 - 271 ( 1856 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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iucn categorises this species as data deficient as it has only recently been described .

the species is endemic to thailand and known from khao yai national park only .

odorrana indeprensa

binomial name : odorrana indeprensa ( r . h . bain & bryan l . stuart , 2006 )
odorrana indeprensa , khao yai rock frog , . . . - tontan travel - wildlife tours | facebook
odorrana indeprensa is a true frog species in the ranidae family , described first by bain and stuart 2006 .
rana indeprensa , r . h . bain & bryan l . stuart ( 2006 )
odorrana indeprensa — che , pang , zhao , wu , zhao , and zhang , 2007 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 43 : 1 - 13 , by implication .
stuart , 2008 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 46 : 58 , considered this species likely to belong to odorrana , but did not want to transfer it from rana prior to phylogenetic analysis .
there are no reports of this species being utilized , but it may be harvested locally as a food source as are many other odorrana species ( t . nguyen pers . comm . march 2012 , j . rowley pers . comm . 2012 ) .
rana indeprensa bain and stuart , 2006
2005
, nat . hist . bull . siam soc . , 53 : 6 . holotype : fmnh 183666 , by original designation . type locality :
khao yai national park , nakhon ratchasima province , thailand
.
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frost , d . r . 2013 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 6 ( 9 january 2013 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as vulnerable as this species ' estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) is only 6 , 583 km 2 , it has only two threat - defined locations , and there is a continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .
this species is known only from 400–1 , 000 m asl in nakhon ratchasima and nakhon nayok provinces , thailand ( bain and stuart 2005 , kongjaroen and nabhitabhata 2007 ) . these are unlikely to represent the actual limits of the species ' range as similar habitat and elevations to those in its known localities occur in adjacent parts of saraburi , prachin buri , and sa kaeo provinces . further surveys in these areas may uncover its presence there , therefore its range has been projected beyond known sites to include these areas of suitable habitat . the species ' estimated eoo is 6 , 583 km 2 , which consists of two threat - defined locations .
habitat loss and degradation due to the effects of rapidly expanding agriculture is an ongoing threat to biodiversity throughout thailand ( sodhi et al . 2009 ) , and recent satellite imagery shows areas of land cleared for agriculture in parts of this species ' range . the species is very likely threatened by encroaching agriculture outside of well - protected areas . this species may be harvested for food , though this has not been confirmed and whether it represents a considerable threat to the species in not clear .
conservation actions this species occurs within khao yai national park ( bain and stuart 2006 ) , which is a part of the protected dong phayayen - khao yai forest complex . a series of other protected areas is also included in the species’ predicted range . research needed addressing the lack of data is the first step towards ensuring this species ' long - term persistence ; further research on its true distribution , threats , harvest rates , and the size and trends of its population would inform conservation decisions .
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khao yai national park , nakhon ratchasima province , and sarika waterfalls , nakhon nayok province , thailand .
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copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
iucn categorises this specie as data deficient as it has only recently been described .
the specie is endemic to thailand and known from khao yai national park only .
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blue lyretail ( fundulopanchax gardneri ) , also known as steel-blue aphyosemion and gardner 's killi .

it is a species of killifish that inhabits the tributary streams and marshes of the benue and cross river basins of nigeria and cameroon .

it occurs in both savanna and forested regions .

like the lyretail panchax ( aphyosemion australe ) , it has become a popular species in aquariums .

breeding pairs of the blue lyretail most often lay their eggs over the bottom , but occasionally also among the roots of free-floating aquatic plants .

pairs stay close for some time , with just a few eggs being produced each day .

the eggs take around two weeks to hatch .

blue lyretail

africa ; blue lyretail is found in the tributaries and marshes of nigeria and cameroon .
of some sort . perhaps a blue lyretail ? however , i ' m not sure .
is commonly known as the blue lyretail killifish . there exists at least a large number of different subspecies , such as
blue lyretail will accept all live foods like white worms , brine shrimp , and tubifex . also feed with a quality flake .
…angelfish is also referred to as the blackspot angelfish , blackspot lyretail angelfish . the spotbreast angelfish is one of the few angelfish to exhibit dramatic sexual dimorphism . the female is yellow dorsally , and light blue ventrally . the caudal fin is marine - blue highlighted by a dark , blue - black…
the steel - blue lyretail killie will accept most live foods such as brine shrimp , white worms , tubifex , and some dry flake and frozen foods .
the steel - blue lyretail killie is not demanding and can adapt to a variety of water conditions . it requires a heavily planted aquarium and softer water on the acidic side .
…tail of the blue eye royal dottyback . both the top and bottom margins of the caudal fin extend to form a classic lyre - shaped tail . though less obvious than the signature lyretail , the color margin between the magnificent maroon anterior and brilliant yellow posterior of the blue eye royal dottyback…
information and general care for blue lyretail killifish ( fundulopanchax gardneri ) the blue lyretail killifish is a beautiful fish that grows to about 2 inches . they have an elongated body . they have a relatively wide mouth . the males have a blue base colour with dark red spots all over the body . there is a yellow fringe on the top edge of the dorsal fin and on the bottom edge of the anal fin . also the tail fin has a yellow fringe to both the top and bottom of it .
this species is also known as ‘gardner’s killi’ and ‘blue lyretail’ and the commonly - available aquarium forms are perhaps among the best choices for those new to keeping killifishes being relatively hardy , colourful and easy to breed .
the lyretail blue gudgeon dartfish is also known as the threadfin dart goby , and originates from the rubble zones of cebu . they have an elongated body , which is pale blue or green in color , with a long flowing split tail . in the wild , this species commonly inhabits the burrow of pistol shrimp , but…
the zebra lyretail angelfish from the red sea is one of the few angelfish to exhibit dramatic sexual dimorphism . the female is light blue with a black band covering the eyes , and black outlining the anal and caudal fins . the male is a pale blue , with multiple thin , dark , vertical stripes . both the…
the blue lyre tail can adapt to different water conditions but does prefer softer water . they do require a planted tank .
steel blue killifish alternative name ( s ) : blue lyretail killifish scientific name ( s ) : fundulopanchax gardneri gardneri category : tropical difficulty : maximum size : 6cms minimum tank volume : 45 litres minimum tank size : 18
x 12
x 12
water temperature range : 23 - 26°c water ph range : 6 . 0 - 7 . 5 water hardness range : 2 - 12 dgh
fundulopanchax nigerianus or gardneri - all males in the photo . nice fish - usually sold as the
steel blue killie
.
the steel - blue lyretail killie is also known as the steel - blue aphyosemion . there are many subspecies of f . gardneri . this nigerianus variety of killifish is normally found in water holes , streams , and marshes in africa . it has also been captive - bred . the term
killie
is derived from the dutch word meaning ditch or channel , not because this fish is a killer in the aquarium . the steel - blue lyretail killie is ideal for the community aquarium , and this subspecies , especially , will add vibrant color and activity . the male of this species is vibrant blue / green with many red spots running the length of his body . the tips of the dorsal , anal , and caudal fin are fringed in yellow . the female is less brightly colored with many small brown spots running the length of her body .
the forktail blenny , also known as the lyretail fang blenny or yellowtail fang blenny , has a caudal fin that resembles a fork , with two long exterior spines and five much shorter middle spines . the body is a pale blue that runs like watercolor into a bluish - yellow at the tail . males are generally…
the watanabe ' s angelfish , also known as watanabe ' s lyretail angelfish , is one of the few angelfish displaying sexual dimorphism . the male is an iridescent pale blue . the lower half of the body and anal fin of the male are highlighted by long , horizontal dark stripes and one , horizontal orange stripe…
the lyretail wrasse is also referred to as the lunare wrasse or moon wrasse . juveniles are blue on the lower half of their body , with a black spot in the middle of the dorsal fin and a black blotch on the caudal fin base . as the fish matures , the black blotch will start turning into a yellow…
…life nursery in palau . the forktail blenny , also known as the lyretail fang blenny or yellowtail fang blenny , has a caudal fin that resembles a fork , with two long exterior spines and five much shorter middle spines . the body is a pale blue that runs like watercolor into a bluish - yellow at the tail . …
the male also has the lyretail and his fins generally have pointed tips to them . the female has the same colours on the body but much washed out and no yellow . the female has rounded fins .
the blue lyretail is not a true annual because it can live for up to 3 years . in the wild , where they live the water doesn’t dry up every year , only occasionally . their breeding reflects this because the eggs do not have to be stored in peat for several months . they can be just left to hatch after being laid . the eggs can also be stored in peat and hatched several weeks later .
the blue lyretail is one of the easiest killifish to care for . it is also to breed . it can endure a wide range of ph and hardness but prefers soft water and a slightly acid ph 6 . 7 . the water temperature should be about 75f . keep a lid with no holes at all . most killifish are jumpers . they will jump through the smallest hole and onto certain death if no one sees them .
fundulopanchax gardneri nigerianus ‘jos plateau’ fundulopanchax gardneri nigerianus ‘jos plateau’ is a mop - spawning semi - annual killifish native to nigeria in the western part of central africa . this variant grows to be around 6 cm as adult and the males are very beautiful with red spots dotted over a sky blue body . the fins are blue and decorated with red striping and a yellow border . the female fundulopanchax gardneri nigerianus ‘jos plateau’ have a drab brown coloration with dark brown spots and a pale belly . females are normally shorter and wider than males .
small brightly coloured non - annual killifish from cameroon and nigeria . the steel blue killi ' s natural habitat includes streams and ponds in rainforest areas and the savannah . an easy first killi with the advantage that as a non - annual it has a lifespan of up to three years .
put some methylene blue in with the eggs to reduce the number of eggs that get infected . put the sponge filter in with the eggs . it will take probably about 2 weeks for the first eggs to hatch . but you will get hatchings for a couple of weeks after this as well . so keep alert for this .
this fish are variant or subspecies of fundulopanchax gardneri . there are currently 4 subspecies / variants of this fish : fundulopanchax gardneri lacustris , fundulopanchax gardneri mamfensis , fundulopanchax gardneri gardneri and fundulopanchax gardneri nigerianus . all variants differ in colours and habitat . colour of the male is blue - yellow with small red dots . all fins are blue with red spots . the caudal , dorsal and anal fins have red and yellow borders . male has elongated external rays of the caudal fin and is a bit larger and more colourful than female . colour of the female is grey - beige with light under - side and maroon - brown spots . these dots often are poorly visible . female is thicker in the ventral parts .
aphyosemion - information about aphyosemion breeding clown killies . epiplatys annulatus - information about how to keep and breed clown killies . breeding rivulus hartii - the giant rivulus - this killifish proved easy to breed and raise . breeding the blue gularis , aphyosemion sjoestedti - a guide to keeping and breeding the blue gularis . . cynolebias - information about cynolebias killi fish . epiplatys - information about epiplatys killi fish . how to make a spawning mop - detailed instructions on how to make a killie spawning mop . killiefish - information about killiefish killies - the plant spawners - the permanent and the mop methods of spawning . incubation methods raising the fry . killie mops - how to make and use these devices where killifish and other plant spawners can lay their adhesive eggs . nothobranchius - information about nothobranchius killi fish . shipping killifish and eggs . - a detailed article . conditioning the fish . the water , bagging , containers . carriers , receiving . south american killies - cynolebias : true annual killifish that require slightly different treatment than nothobranchius . spawning cynolebias constanciae - this description of breeding this fish could apply equally well to other peat spawning annual killies . triggers - triggers for killifish to breed and what you can do to convince those in your tanks that they should hatch . understanding killifish names - an explaination .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 5 - 7 . 2 ; non - migratory . tropical ; 22°c - 25°c ( ref . 31267 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 31267 )
collier , g . e . , 2010 . the genus fundulopanchax : taxonomic history and molecular phylogeny . j . am . killifish ass . 43 ( 1 ) : 3 - 26 . ( ref . 87109 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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lazara , k . j . , 2000 . the killifishes , an annotated checklist , synonymy , and bibliography of recent cyprinodontiform fishes . the killifish master index , 4th edition . the american killifish association , cincinnati , ohio , i - xviii , 1 - 624 , appendices a - c . ( ref . 42871 )
tank should preferably have a dark substrate with ample bogwood hiding places and heavy planting . surface plants to diffuse the light are appreciated .
most foods are accepted including good quality flake , algae wafers and sinking pellets , but these must be augmented with small live / frozen foods - daphnia , brineshrimp , bloodworm which are relished .
can be kept in community with caution - best combined with corydoras , peaceful dwarf cichlids and loraciids . 2 - 3 females per male to reduce harassment . only 1 male per tank if less than 36
long . can be very aggressive with small , slow moving fish and has a surprisingly large mouth for its size .
males smaller than females at around 2
and very brightly colored especially the dorsal , pelvic and caudal fins . females lack the flowing tail of the males as well as the bright colouring .
will breed readily in community or in a species tank . spawning mops or java moss preferred for egg - laying . to ensure fry survival remove mops to a separate tank as the adults will eat them .
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freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 7 . 2 ; dh range : 5 - 8 ; non - migratory . tropical ; 22°c - 25°c ( ref . 31267 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 3788 )
occurs in brooks , swamps , polls and streams in the humid forested and highland savanna and rainforest ( ref . 3788 ) . not a seasonal killifish . bottom spawner , 1 month incubation ( ref . 27139 ) . aquarium keeping : minimum aquarium size 60 cm ( ref . 51539 ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00933 ( 0 . 00414 - 0 . 02103 ) , b = 2 . 88 ( 2 . 68 - 3 . 08 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
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justification : this species is only known from three localities , with an entire extent of occurrence of less than 5 , 000 km² . there are however no major threats know , and it is therefore assessed as near threatened . if this fish is found to be impacted by any threats , it may meet the criteria for endangered b1ab ( iii ) .
this species is known only from the cross river and the lower part of the beno .
this fish is benthopelagic and non - migratory . it occurs in brooks , swamps , polls and streams in the humid forested and highland savannah and rainforest . it is a bottom spawner , with a one month incubation .
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adult male ; f . g . nigerianus subspecies , ' p82 ' collection .
fundulopanchax : originally named as a subgenus by myers ( 1924 ) due to members appearing to represent an evolutionary link between the genera fundulus and panchax as they were understood at the time .
gardneri : named for ‘mr . r . d . gard’ner’ , who collected the type specimens .
native to the cross river system in southeastern nigeria and western cameroon plus the benue river drainage in central nigeria .
known populations include akaram , akure , enugu , kluge , lafia , makurdi , nsukka , okwoga and udi mountain .
the type series consists of three specimens collected from ‘head - waters of cross river , calabar…okwoga 7°n , 7°45’e’ which corresponds to the town okwoga in benue state , mideastern nigeria .
of the nominal subspecies ( see ‘notes’ ) , f . g . lacustris is known only from lake ejagham and its tributary stream in western cameroon , f . g . mamfensis occurs in rainforest tributaries of the upper cross river in the mamfe lowlands of southwestern cameroon and f . g . nigerianus is distributed throughout southern , southwestern , central , northern and eastern nigeria including the niger and benue rivers plus minor coastal drainages of southeastern nigeria , and in the benue system it’s also been recorded in western cameroon .
collections of wild fish are generally labelled with some form of code in order that they can be told apart , thus limiting the possibility of hybridisation .
most forms inhabit creeks , swamps , streams and pools in humid , forested , highland savannah and areas of rainforest .
some such habitats periodically dry out but in many cases this is not a regular , annual event and they may retain water year - round .
the set - up need not be too complicated but be sure to cover the aquarium well since this species is a prodigious jumper .
provide plenty of cover in the form of aquatic plants , wool mops , etc . , and if using filtration air - powered , sponge - type units are best as these will not harm eggs or fry .
lighting is unimportant but can be used if you wish , and growth of filamentous algae should not be discouraged .
primarily a micropredator feeding on small aquatic crustaceans , worms , insect larvae and other zooplankton although algae and other plant material may also be taken .
in the aquarium dried foods are accepted in most cases but regular meals of small live or frozen fare such as artemia , daphnia or bloodworm should also be offered .
this is a robust killi that can be kept with other fishes but is not suitable for the general community .
males can be aggressive towards one another but provided the aquarium contains sufficient refuges a group can normally be maintained together .
ideally stock 2 - 3 females per male in order that no individual is singled out for excessive attention from the male ( s ) .
males grow larger , are more brightly - coloured and develop more - extended fins than females .
the unpredictable nature of many of this species’ natural habitats have resulted in it evolving what’s often referred to as a ‘switch’ or ‘semi - annual’ breeding strategy whereby the eggs are able to withstand a period of drying but will also incubate and hatch when permanently submerged in water .
if conditions are suitable most forms are not difficult to breed with eggs deposited among live plants , aquatic mosses , synthetic mops , etc . , while some breeders prefer to use a small tray of peat which is removed and dried post - spawning .
eggs are best removed on a daily basis as the adults will eat any they find .
under water they normally hatch within 14 - 21 days depending on temperature while 3 - 4 weeks tends to be the ‘standard’ period of drying .
the fry are free - swimming almost immediately and can be offered artemia nauplii , microworm and similar as first foods .
a number of ornamental strains have also been line - bred by aquarists including ‘gold’ and albino .
wild populations exist in numerous colour forms of which three , f . g . lacustris , f . g . mamfensis and f . g . nigerianus , have been described as nominal subspecies .
the genus fundulopanchax has a somewhat confusing taxonomic history but as currently understood includes the former subgenera paraphyosemion , gularopanchax , and paludopanchax while some authors have considered the species a . marmoratum , a . oeseri and a . scheeli members of the subgenus pauciradius .
all of the above are included in fundulopanchax here on sf at the moment .
boulenger , g . a . , 1911 - annals and magazine of natural history ( series 8 ) v . 8 ( no . 44 ) : 260 - 268 descriptions of new african cyprinodont fishes .
myers , g . s . , 1924 - american museum novitates no . 116 : 1 - 9 a new poeciliid fish from the congo , with remarks on funduline genera .
stiassny , m . l . j . , g . g . teugels and c . d . hopkins ( eds ) , 2007 - publications scientifiques du museum , mrac . vol . 2 : 1 - 603 the fresh and brackish water fishes of lower guinea , west - central africa .
missing information here ? our knowledge base is an ever - evolving work in progress , which naturally means that some species profiles contain more information than others . we ' re working on a daily basis to fill in all the gaps , so please have patience . this site relies heavily on the help of hundreds of people without whose valuable contributions it simply wouldn ' t exist . information and photos regarding any freshwater or brackish fish species , its natural history or captive care is always much appreciated , so if you ' ve anything you ' d like to share please leave a comment below or email us .
“male f . g . gardneri are very aggressive towards one another and sufficient space must be provided if more than one is to be kept . ’
if anything , “may be aggressive” . i have several gardneri tanks ( different strains ) with multiple males and never saw aggression…
albinos are mine , sure use them . i was not able to track reliably which locale the strain originates from .
if i can get decent shots of the other strains i have ( latia , innidere ) i’ll post them .
more fish ready for the next fish ? check out the striped anostomus . , back to other freshwater fish — overview . , open the [ b ] main menu . [ / b ]
killifish have some unusual rearing techniques . a breeding tank is ideal with a 2 - 3 inch layer of peat at the bottom . the fish will bury the eggs in the peat . after spawning , remove the peat that contain the eggs and press out any excess water . place the moist peat with the eggs in a plastic bag or sealed jar for 3 weeks at room temperature . after that time period , add tank water back to the peat to hatch the fry . place the fry in a small holding tank and feed the newborn fish live baby brine shrimp .
ideal tank mates include : tetras , danios , rasboras , dwarf gouramis , angelfish , discus , rainbowfish , guppies , platies , mollies , swordtails , plecos and small scavenger catfish .
tank conditions : 73 - 79°f ; ph 6 . 0 - 7 . 5 ; dh 5 - 8
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they can be fed on dried food and live food . they aren’t fussy . feed some live food occasionally if you are thinking of breeding them . they show better colours when they are fed with some live food .
killifish eggs prefer soft water . if your water is too hard many of the eggs will not get fertilised . so it is a good idea to use soft water for breeding . if your local tap water is too hard then you will have to collect rain water or create soft water with a reverse osmosis unit . mix the ro water with tap water at 4 parts ro water to 1 part tap water .
use a bare bottom tank . do not use plants . without plants they will spawn entirely on the spawning mops . make the spawning mops by tying many 6 inch threads of wool together . the mops will sink so attach something like a cork to them . have many mops made up . put 4 mops in the aquarium . the rest of the mops have ready to swap over when needed .
put the male and female in the breeding aquarium . feed the fish with live food several times a day . change 25 % of the water daily with aged water of the same temperature as the aquarium . the more live food the female eats the more eggs she will lay .
he will try to get on top of her and press her down . the male will bend his dorsal fin over onto the females back . she will lay some eggs on or in the spawning mop and he will quiver and fertilise them . there may be over 30 eggs per spawning . the eggs are quite large . remove the spawning mop to another aquarium you have ready . replace the spawning mop with a fresh one .
they will spawn every day for a few days , perhaps more than a week . keep removing any spawning mops with eggs on .
the fry when born will be quite large for fry , about 5mm . cull any defomed fry . they are large enough to eat baby brine shrimp and microworms from the start . feed several times a day . do 20 % water changes every day . they are hungry fry and grow quite fast . they can become mature within 2 months or less .
as they grow then quickly spread them out to other tanks and keep culling any fry with deformities or that are not symmetrical .
they will be ready to breed again very quickly . it is easy to get overrun with them . so be prepared by having contacts to sell them to or swap of even the local aquarium shop may take some off you in exchange for goods .
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usual size in fish tanks : 5 - 6 cm ( 1 . 97 - 2 . 36 inch )
recommended water hardness ( dgh ) : 6 - 19°n ( 107 . 14 - 339 . 29ppm )
the male will be more brightly colored than the female with red spots running through his body . the tips of the dorsal , anal , and caudal fins will be tinged with yellow . females tend to be duller in coloration with brown spots running through the body .
add a 2 - 3 inch layer of peat to the bottom of the breeding tank ; the fish will then bury their eggs in the substrate . when spawning is complete , remove the peat with the eggs and squeeze out some of the water . the peat is then stored in a plastic bag for 3 weeks at room temperature . add water after this time to induce the hatching and the fry can be fed on newly hatched brine shrimp .
if you’re about to breed some fish , get parents from different sources to avoid inbreeding .
wooden aquarium stands , if manufactured and designed properly , are often as reliable as metal stands .
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this species lives in northern and central nigeria reservoirs like ponds , creeks , wetlands , seasonal reservoirs with a lot of plants .
this species is medium - aggressive . males are more aggressive than females and are territorial towards each other and other species which swim at the same water levels . this fish like to annoy species with elongated and flowing fins and often nibble their fins . this fish swims very fast and is very active . you should keep it with bottom feeding species – corydoras , catfish etc . you may keep a group of these fish but for every male you should have 2 - 3 females . males tend to bother females when they are sexually mature .
this species prefers a spacious tank with a lot of plants , floating plants , dimmed light , dark substrate with layer of peat , dark decorative elements , gentle filtration system . you must cover the aquarium so your fish do not jump out . a partial water exchange should be done regularly .
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i know for the fact that kilifish live in small bodies of water in the wild , so will a 10 gallon be okay for one .
i keep mine in a single species 15 gallon , where they have been breeding and looking good for many years now . they grow large enough ( over 2 inches ) that a 10 is the bare minimum . that said , anything below a 10 is a temporary container to me , not a tank .
they like planted tanks with tight lids ( they can jump ) and temperatures in the 22 - 24 range . i ' ve kept them cooler with no breeding , and warmer in season . they have about a 3 year lifespan unless they are kept too hot , at which point it can drop to a year .
i keep mine in a single species 15 gallon , where they have been breeding and looking good for many years now . they grow large enough ( over 2 inches ) that a 10 is the bare minimum . that said , anything below a 10 is a temporary container to me , not a tank . they like planted tanks with tight lids ( they can jump ) and temperatures in the 22 - 24 range . i ' ve kept them cooler with no breeding , and warmer in season . they have about a 3 year lifespan unless they are kept too hot , at which point it can drop to a year . 10 embers in a 10 is a fully stocked tank , to me .
i ' ll either try to keep a peacock gudgeon or one of these in the future .
it ' s amazing how similar they are for unrelated fish . i had peacock gudgeons in a tank beside nigerianus for a while . it ' s one of the really remarkable examples of convergent evolution in our hobby - one from papau new guinea , one from nigeria , and such similar colours and patterns .
yeah , you have a point . that ' s why i ' m interested in both of them .
. these are different populations that are genetically distant enough that their hybrid young tend to be all male . my personal opinion is that they should either accept the subspecies classification , or separate them into different species , but the nomenclature of this species complex is still in flux .
a cross that didn ' t used to happen as often because most killifish keepers were more cautious about keeping track of populations and subspecies . however , it has occurred every once in a while as far back as the 1960s . in recent years the crossing of populations , even within subspecies , has badly muddied the genetic pool for several populations that used to be quite distinct and very attractive .
if you are wondering how i can recognize these as hybrid , i was an aka certified killifish judge for many years , and have developed an eye for spotting such fish . i have seen these before and , unfortunately , i expect i will see them again .
from the day we opened the first store in maidenhead , we’ve firmly believed that one key to our success is employing fish keepers .
aphyosemion brucii , a . gardneri , a . gardneri gardneri , a . g . nigerianum , a . g . obuduense , a . meridionale , a . nigerianum , a . n . meridionale , a . obuduense , a . o . obuduense , fundulopanchax gardneri clauseni , f . g . gardneri , f . g . lacustris
male fish are much more colourful , develop extended fins , and attain a larger size compared to the females .
soft and slightly acidic . ph : 6 . 0 - 7 . 2 , dh : up to 12 degrees .
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can for instance come from innidere , jos plateau , lokoja , makurdi and misaje , and there is also a variant called p82 . this article is about breeding
the native environment for this fish is streams , pools and ponds located in both forest and grasslands . mimicking this type of habitat in the aquarium means keeping the water slightly acidic ( i . e . somewhat below ph 7 ) and the temperature in the 23 - 26 degrees f range . there is no need for strong water movements , but an air stone is recommended to keep the oxygen levels up .
a 2 ½ gallon aquarium is big enough to work as breeding aquarium for fundulopanchax gardneri nigerianus ‘jos plateau’ . place the couple in the aquarium and make sure that conditions are ideal . a large water change ( 40 - 60 % ) should be carried out once a day . provide your fish with a varied and nutritious diet that contains live food and high - quality flake food . feeding large amounts of meaty food , such as brine shrimp , seems to cause bigger spawns . add a spawning mop the aquarium and wait for the couple to notice it .
all subspecies of fundulopanchax gardneri are two - week mop - spawning killifishes and fundulopanchax gardneri nigerianus ‘jos plateau’ is certainly not an exception . the amount of eggs laid per day can vary dramatically , from just a few to more than 30 . the female will normally release her eggs during early morning and late evening . a ‘jos plateau’ egg is about 3 mm in diameter and sports a clear to light amber coloration .
different breeders have different techniques and one popular , although time consuming , method is to hand pick the eggs from the spawning mop and place them in a separate bowl . if you are gentle when handling the mop , most eggs will make the transfer without being damaged . a bowl with 2 cm of water is enough to incubate the eggs . perform a small water change a few times a week using water from the aquarium in which the eggs were laid . as the egg develops it will become increasingly darker , and after a while you will be able to see dark eyes through the shell .
if you notice any white eggs , they should be removed as soon as possible . fertilized eggs are clear or amber colored , while unfertilized eggs turn white after a while . unfertilized eggs will serve as breeding grounds for fungi and bacteria and must therefore be eliminated from the rearing bowl . the easiest way is to use an eyedropper .
fundulopanchax gardneri nigerianus ‘jos plateau’ eggs normally need two weeks of incubation if the water temperature is kept at 24 degrees c . set up a good rearing aquarium and use an eyedropper to move emerging fry . a newly hatched ‘jos plateau’ fry will be less than 5 mm in length and have a small yolk sac or no yolk sac at all . it will be free - swimming almost from start and can be fed microworms and newly hatched brine shrimp . perform small water changes after each feeding season to remove any leftover food .
if you provide your fry with nutritious food , they can exceed 10 mm in length within three weeks . at five weeks of age , the fry can be 2 . 5 cm long . even if some fry are bigger than others , they can still be house in the same aquarium because cannibalism is rare among ‘jos plateau’ fry .