tachyporus dispar is a species of rove beetle from tachyporinae subfamily that can be found in czech republic , slovakia , and throughout western europe ( except andorra , luxembourg , malta , and portugal , where its existence is unknown ) .

tachyporus dispar

revision of the north american beetles of the staphylinid subfamily tachyporinae . part 1 : genus tachyporus gravenhorst
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introduced staphylinidae ( coleoptera ) in the maritime provinces of canada majka c . g . , klimaszewski j . 2008 . the canadian entomologist 140 : 48 - 72 .
contributed by john f . carr on 13 april , 2009 - 5 : 49pm additional contributions by beatriz moisset , v belov last updated 25 january , 2013 - 2 : 12pm
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full text available here and here old but at least publicly accessible . i ' m not sure how much of the taxonomy is still valid
includes a key to all described species of the genus occurring in the region . accompanied by species descriptions , distribution info ( range maps ) and plenty of illustrations .
full title :
a revision of the genera mycetoporus mannerheim and ischnosoma stephens ( coleoptera : staphylinidae : tachyporinae ) of north and central america .
by webster , r . p . , davies , a . e . , klimaszewski , j . & bourdon , c .
webster , r . p . , davies , a . e . , klimaszewski , j . & bourdon , c . 2016 . further contributions to the staphylinid fauna of new brunswick , canada , and the usa , with descriptions of two new proteinus species ( coleoptera , staphylinidae ) .
: webster , r . p . , bouchard , p . & klimaszewski , j . ( eds ) the coleoptera of new brunswick and canada : providing baseline biodiversity and natural history data . zookeys 573 : 31–83 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 573 . 7830
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bousquet , y . ( editor ) . 1991 . checklist of beetles of canada and alaska . research branch , agriculutre canada . publication 1861 / e . , ottawa . 430pp . excel version ( includes updates ) . online . available : urltoken
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majka , c . g . and j . klimaszewski . 2008c . introduced staphylinidae ( coleoptera ) in the maritime provinces of canada . the canadian entomologist 140 : 48 - 72 .
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it is known from the islands of hokkaido and kyushu in japan and from the russian far east and taiwan .

the wingspan is 5.5 – 6 mm .

the larvae feed on acer species , including acer mono , acer palmatum and acer carpinifolium .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

phyllonorycter orientalis

phyllonorycter orientalis is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( hokkaido and kyusyu ) , the russian far east and taiwan .
in this study , phyllonorycter styracis kumata , which emerges in winter season , is reported for the first time from korea . adult and genitalic characters of the moth are briefly redescribed with available information , including its distributional range and host plant . in addition , dna barcoding for correct identification of the species is presented .
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japan , hokkaidō , zyōzankei , mine 18 . vii . 1956 , e . l . acer mono maxim . 24 . vii . 1956 , leg . t . kumata .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 164♂ , eihu ; paratypes 31♂ and 19♀ , eihu .
kumata , t . 1963c . taxonomic studies of the lithocolletinae of japan ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) part ii . - insecta matsumurana 26 ( 1 ) : 1–48 .
paek , m . - k . , hwang , j . - m . , jung , k . - s . , kim , t . - w . , kim , m . - c . , lee , y . - j . , cho , y . - b . , park , s . - w . , lee , h . - s . , ku , d . - s . , jeong , j . - c . , kim , k . - g . , choi , d . - s . , shin , e . - h . , hwang , j . - h . , lee , j . - s . , kim , s . - s . & bae , y . - s . 2015 . checklist of korean insects - — : 598 pp . .
ermolaev , v . p . 1977 . a review of the fauna and ecology of miner - moths ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) of the primorye territory . in : the fauna of insects of the far east . - trudy zoologicheskogo instituta , akademija nauk sssr 70 : 98–116 .
noreika , r . 1997 . gracillariidae . in : ler , p . a . ( ed . ) , key to the insects of russian far east . vol . v . trichoptera and lepidoptera . part 1 . - — : 1–540 , chapter pagination : 373–429 .
ermolaev , v . p . 1987b . material on the fauna of gracillariidae from sakhalin and the southern kuril islands . in : ler , p . a . , kirpichnikova , v . a . & kononenko , v . s . ( eds . ) , lepidoptera of the soviet far east . - — : 1–128 , chapter pagination : 25–36 .
ermolaev , v . p . 1988 . gracillariid moths of the genus lithocolletis hbn . ( lepidoptera , gracillariidae ) trophically associated with elm and maple in the south of the far east . - entomologicheskoe obozrenie 67 ( 2 ) : 346–359 .
hirao , t . & murakami , m . 2008 . quantitative food webs on lepidopteran leafminers and their parasitoids in a japanese deciduous forest . - ecological research 23 ( 1 ) : 159–168 .
ikeda , e . 1995 . revision of the japanese species of chrysocharis ( hymenoptera , eulophidae ) , 1 . - japanese journal of entomology 63 ( 2 ) : 261–274 .
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the leaves of their host plant . the mine is situated on the lower surface of the leaf .
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citation title :
fossil - calibrated molecular phylogenies reveal that leaf - mining moths radiated several million years after their host plants
.
this study was previously identified under the legacy study id s1423 ( status : published ) .
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chrysendeton kimballi is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by lange in 1956 .

it is found on north america , where it has been recorded from florida , louisiana , mississippi and south carolina .

march to october .

chrysendeton kimballi

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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= cataclysta ; hampson , 1897 , trans . ent . soc . lond . 1897 : 147
cataclysta autobella dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 291 ; tl : trinidad r .
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[ nacl ] ; hodges , 1983 check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico check list lep . am . n of mexico
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nevadopalpa nevadana is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by povolný in 1999 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from nevada .

nevadopalpa nevadana

pw . 1817 37 n . nevadana holotype det . povolny nevadopalpa nevadana pov .
this is the place for nevadana definition . you find here nevadana meaning , synonyms of nevadana and images for nevadana copyright 2017 © urltoken
nevadopalpa nevadana povolny , 1999 , n . sp . , shilap rev . de lepid . , v . 27 , no . 107 , p . 379 - 391 .
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paul a . opler & jerry a . powell & james a . scott jul 20 , 1968
record submitted 2010 - 05 - 10 by robert l . zuparko last modified 2015 - 09 - 22 by gordon m . nishida
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
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agonopterix caucasiella is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by karsholt et al. in 2006 .

it is found in the caucasus .

the wingspan is 20 – 24 mm .

the forewings are dark reddish brown mixed with black scales and some white scales near the base .

there black scales alternating with pink scales along the costal margin and the discal dot is white .

there are two white dots in the middle of the cell .

between these two dots and the discal dot is an additional small white dot .

the hindwings are grey with darker veins .

the larvae feed on heracleum mantegazzianum .

they feed on the buds , flowers and developing fruits within the umbels .

agonopterix caucasiella

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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
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the black redstart ( phoenicurus ochruros ) is a small passerine bird in the redstart genus phoenicurus .

like its relatives , it was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family ( turdidae ) , but is now known to be an old world flycatcher ( muscicapidae ) .

black redstart

the black redstart is a slim , upright bird , but also quite shy .
protection / threats / status : black redstart is relatively common within the range .
the ecology and history of the black redstart in the uk to underpin the advice .
the black redstart is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the black redstart is a schedule 1 species , which means that it has special protection at all times .
jones , g . ( 2009 ) black redstart species action plan . greater manchester biodiversity project , manchester . available at : urltoken
description : black redstart is a species living mainly in rocky places , but also on buildings and monuments in villages and towns .
black redstart is partially migratory , resident or full migratory according to the range . some species only performs altitudinal movements whereas others migrate .
the black redstart is similar on eurasian redstart but distinguished from it by much of black in plumage . the male black redstart is distinguished from male eurasian redstart by the blackish - grey or black mantle and by much of black on underparts ; the black color disperse to the breast ' s bottom ; flanks and abdomen are orange ( in european subspecies ) or black ( in turkestan subspecies ) . the female doesn ' t have rufous color on the breast and flanks ; it have brownish - grey color . the juveniles in first plumage are similar on female but have the well expressed dark borders on the upperparts . the juveniles are distinguished from the juveniles of eurasian redstart by the darker color and by the absent of light spots on upperparts . the tail on all plumages is red as on eurasian redstart . weight 11 - 20 gr , length about 15 , wing 7 . 8 - 8 . 5 , wingspan 23 - 26 cm .
there is a definite correlation between the black redstarts population in london and the likely loss of its breeding habitat through regeneration . the primary aim of the london biodiversity partnerships black redstart action plan is to reduce the adverse impact of regeneration on black redstarts and ensure that its present population is not only adversely effected by such schemes but , where possible , enhanced .
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sedláček , o . , fuchs , r . and exnerová , a . ( 2004 ) . redstart phoenicurus phoenicurus and black redstart p . ochruros in a mosaic urban environment : neighbours or rivals ? journal of avian biology , 35 : 336 - 343 .
other conservation recommendations for the black redstart in the uk include identifying breeding and foraging areas to ensure that sites are protected , as well as surveying for black redstarts as part of the planning application for new developments ( 15 ) . in manchester , workshops have been carried out for planners and ecologists covering black redstart ecology , surveying , mitigation and green roof design to help promote best practice ( 11 ) .
the black redstart has an extensive palearctic distribution . it breeds in south and central europe and asia , from england , southern sweden and russia , south to the mediterranean and black sea , and east into asia . the black redstart is resident in most of its range , although birds from more northern latitudes winter in southern europe and north africa ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) .
the black redstart is a small robin - sized bird that has adapted to live at the heart of industrial and urban centres . its name comes from the plumage of the male , which is grey - black in colour with a red tail .
vol : black redstart performs rapid , powerful flight . it is able to perform flycatching to capture insects . this bird shivers or flickers the tail , mainly after landing .
as one of the rarest breeding birds in the uk , with fewer than 100 pairs nesting in britain , the black redstart is considered to be a ‘species of conservation concern’ in the uk biodiversity action plan ( 11 ) ( 14 ) ( 17 ) . specific black redstart action plans have been prepared through the local biodiversity action plan process in several areas , including london , birmingham and the black country , and lewisham ( 14 ) .
like other
redstarts
in its genus , the painted redstart flashes its white wing patches and outer tail feathers when foraging . these action appear to flush insects that the redstart then pursues and captures .
despite its common name , the painted redstart is not particularly closely related to the american redstart . members of its genus , common in the neotropics , are sometimes known as
whitestarts
to distinguish them . the name
redstart
was taken from a european thrush that has a bold reddish tail pattern .
an opportunistic species , the black redstart feeds mainly on insects and larvae , as well as other invertebrates , such as earthworms , spiders and snails . in the autumn , the black redstart will also feed on fruits , berries and seeds ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 10 ) . the black redstart typically forages on the ground , sometimes digging in the earth to uncover larvae . it will also perch and make sallies to the ground , or catch passing insects in flight , as well as sometimes briefly hovering to take prey from vegetation ( 2 ) ( 12 ) .
the black redstart was first reported to have bred in london at the wembley exhibition centre in 1926 and since then its population has fluctuated primarily as a consequence of mans activities within the urban fabric .
the black redstart generally occurs up to elevations of 2 , 500 metres ( 3 ) , although in some parts of its range , such as in the himalayas and china , this species may be found up to 5 , 200 metres ( 2 ) . the black redstart typically avoids forests , meadows and other areas of dense vegetation , including parks and landscaped areas in urban environments ( 11 ) .
sedláček , o . , cikánová , b . and fuchs , r . ( 2006 ) heterospecific rival recognition in the black redstart ( phoenicurus ochruros ) . ornis fennica , 83 : 153 - 161 .
with fewer than 100 breeding pairs in the uk , the black redstart is on the red list of birds of conservation concern . is is also listed as a schedule 1 species on the wildlife and countryside act .
range : black redstart breeds in s and c europe , and locally in great britain . it is resident in most part of the range , but the northern populations winter in the southern parts of the range .
male mostly grey - black with white patch on wings and orange - red rump and tail .
female like the male but brown - grey instead of black , no white wing patch , and duller .
since 1997 , conservation of the black redstart has  raised its red tail above the parapet  as an issue in urban britain , specifically london . this website aims to draw on all the recent successes and information available in this field , one that is more pressing since the publication of the governments urban white paper in 2000 . amongst many welcome proposals , this targets urban brownfields for development and regeneration . such areas support many of the strong holds of the black redstart in the uk .
the sex hormone testosterone has been traditionally linked to aggressive behavior , not only in humans but also in other animals . in birds , testosterone is involved in regulating aggressive behavior during the breeding season . but the black redstart is different . . .
the yellow - crowned redstart is a beautiful warbler with a tiny range in northern colombia . the species is endemic to forest and edge habitat in the santa marta mountains between 2000 and 3000 meters in elevation . it is olive above and yellow below with a black head marked by a yellow crown patch and a black tail with white outer feathers . yellow - crowned redstart is one of a number of allopatric myioborus whitestarts that occur in northern south america and forage by flushing insects with their elaborate wing - and tail - spreading behavior ; the only congener that is sympatric with this species is the very different and widespread slate - throated redstart .
the black redstart is always moving . it gives short calls when threatened or excited , while it crouches and flicks its tail . intruders are chased away from the territory , including those of its own species . courtship displays include “dances” before the copulation .
male ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .
there are five commonly accepted subspecies of the black redstart which , apart from occurring in different locations , differ mainly in the upperparts colouration of the adult male . some sources recognise as many as seven subspecies ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 9 ) .
the black redstart breeds around mid - april to early july in the european parts of its range , may to august in india , and june to july in china ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the male black redstart sings intensively during the breeding season to establish and reinforce its territory ( 13 ) . it is unusual among other small ground feeding passerines as it prefers high song posts , often perching 20 metres or more above the ground on natural or artificial perches , avoiding trees and tall shrubs ( 11 ) .
schwarzová l . , štros p . , frynta d . , fuchs r . ( 2010 ) : arrival timing in subadult and adult black redstart males : competition - dependent behaviour ? ecology ethology & behaviour 22 : 1 - 8 . if2007 = 0 . 741
5 . it has been suggested that black redstarts are in direct competition in with robins in the uk , with the latter adapting to far more commensal habitats , such as parks and gardens , than they do in europe . consequently land developing a shrub layer , whether through natural succession or traditional landscaping , is therefore likely to benefit robin at the expense of the black redstart .
black redstarts used to be seen in sheffield , but redevelopment on the derelict steel industry heartland has practically eliminated it .
hill ge ( 1988 ) the function of delayed plumage maturation in male black - headed grosbeaks . auk 105 : 1–10
the factors listed below are considered by experienced observers to be the key ecological principles affecting black redstarts breeding in the uk .
the female black redstart is duller than the male and has more uniform smoky grey - brown plumage , except for darker markings on the wings and slight dark streaking on the breast . the underparts are buff to orange - buff on the vent and under - tail coverts , and the tail is similar to that of the male , with orange - red outer tail feathers and black central feathers ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the juvenile is darker than the female , with faint dark scaling to the throat and belly . immature black redstarts are typically very similar to the female in appearance ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . the black redstart’s call includes hard , rattling or creaky notes , a short tsip , a scolding tucc - tucc and a rapid rattle in alarm ( 7 ) ( 8 ) .
the oldest recorded painted redstart was a male and at least 6 years , 7 months old , when he was recaught and rereleased during banding operations in arizona .
the total number of black redstarts captured per season slightly but nonsignificantly decreased by 3 . 0 ( 95 % credible interval : −6 . 6 to 0 . 7 ) captures per year . although the capturing period was held constant over the study years , the average date of capture of all black redstart that were captured per year increased about 0 . 20 [ 95 % credible interval : 0 . 19 to 0 . 22 ] days per year , implying that black redstarts in 1980 migrated on average about a week earlier than in 2013 .
diet : black redstart feeds mainly on invertebrates such as grasshoppers , bugs , lepidopteran insects , flies , ants , bees , wasps , beetles , spiders , small molluscs and earth worms . it also feeds on berries , fruits and seeds . the diet may vary according to the location .
during and after the second world war the population boomed as a consequence of the blitz . the bombsites of the city provided ideal habitat . large areas of sparsely vegetated land between the shells of buildings reflected the black redstarts optimum habitat on the scree slopes of the alps . in 1964 the population around cheapside was in the region of 16 pairs . however , with the regeneration of the barbican the population crashed and although there is still the odd pair recorded in the city , the black redstarts distribution has gradually moved eastwards along the thames . in the 70s and early 80s there were still a few pairs breeding in the docks and along the south bank but as these areas were regenerated so the black redstarts numbers diminished .
black redstart breeds in mountains of eastern and south - eastern kazakhstan . also breeds in some places of kazakh upland . on migration occurs in eastern part of kazakhstan , in december 2009 one bird was observed in naurzum reserve . please see the detailed distribution in kazakhstan in the chapter
subspecies
.
immature males have yellow patches on the sides , wings , and tail with a variable amount of black on the face and chest .
immature males have yellow patches on the sides , wings , and tail and a variable amount of black on the face and chest .
habitat : black redstart frequents rocky areas with some vegetation , stony slopes , crags and gulleys in mountainous areas . this species is also found near humans in villages and towns , preferring buildings and monuments rather than parks and gardens . according to the range , each subspecies is adapted to the local habitat .
reproduction : breeding season varies according to the range . black redstart nests in holes and cavities such as crevices in rocks and walls , in earth banks or piles of stones , sometimes on the ground . the nest is cup - shaped . it is made with grass , moss , hair and feathers .
a small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .
black redstarts can be found all year round ; some are summer visitors , like redstarts , some are passage migrants in the spring and autumn , and others are resident . most black redstarts are in the southern half of england , preferring
rocky
habitats offered in towns , docklands and industrial areas .
this species is protected by schedule 1 of the wildlife and countryside act 1981 in the uk ( 18 ) , which makes it illegal to kill or injure adults , eggs and chicks of the black redstart , to destroy its nest , or intentionally disturb this species during breeding ( 5 ) ( 14 ) ( 15 ) ( 17 ) . the countryside and rights of way act 2000 states that ‘reckless’ disturbance of birds listed on schedule 1 during the breeding season is subject to prosecution under the law ( 14 ) ( 19 ) . the black redstart is also listed on the red data book of birds ( 11 ) ( 14 ) ( 17 ) , and on appendix ii of the bern convention ( 20 ) .
weggler , m . ( 2000 ) reproductive consequences of autumnal singing in black redstarts ( phoenicurus ochruros ) . the auk , 117 ( 1 ) : 65 - 73 .
black redstarts feed mainly on insects and their larvae , but also earthworms , and small molluscs . they will also feed on fruit and berries , particularly in the autumn .
collar , n . ( 2018 ) . black redstart ( phoenicurus ochruros ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
in the summer , the male bird ' s plumage is quite striking : grey - black upperparts , sooty black breast and face , a bold white wing patch , and a rusty - red rump and tail . the female is duller , brown - grey with rust - red rump and tail . in the winter the male looks like the female .
behaviour : black redstart perches among the vegetation in trees and bushes . it is often seen in upright stance with quivering tail . it drops to feed on the ground where it hops while searching for preys . it uses the “sit - and - wait” tactics . this bird feeds mainly on invertebrates and berries . it consumes various insects , spiders , small molluscs and earth worms . fruits and seeds of several plant species are taken too .
landmann a , kollinsky c ( 1995b ) age and plumage related territory differences in male black redstarts : the ( non ) - adaptive significance of delayed plumage maturation . ethol ecol evol 7 : 147–167
a medium - sized warbler with a relatively wide , flat bill and a fairly long , expressive tail . adult males are mostly black with bright orange patches on the sides , wings , and tail .
a warbler of surpassing beauty , the painted redstart is a specialty of the borderlands of the american southwest . the only member of its genus that regularly occurs in the united states , it is unique among american warblers for its vocalizations and its conspicuous foraging methods .
black redstart utters sharp” tsip” , sometimes in series “tsip - tsip - tsip” , as contact or alarm call . in territorial defence , it gives hard “tuc” . when the bird is really threatened , it utters both sounds “tsip - tk - tk” . during courtship displays and fights , it gives short whistles and churrs . the song is variable with some mimicry , composed with weak warbling phrases , often beginning with the “tsip” note , followed by rolling “truee - truee - truee” .
although black redstarts are a protected species research in austria shows that they tend to concentrate near areas of human activity . such commensalisms with humans are unique for a rare breeding bird in the uk . go to top
14–15 cm ; 12–20 g . male nominate race has slaty - grey crown to back , shading darker on wings , slaty - black face and underparts , with orange - rufous lower belly , rump . . .
although the black redstart is classified as least concern and is not currently threatened with extinction ( 1 ) , populations in many urban areas are considered to be declining ( 11 ) . large scale redevelopment and regeneration of city centre sites is removing large areas of suitable habitat , and may impact negatively on breeding populations of this species ( 11 ) ( 15 ) ( 16 ) . nest sites are also vulnerable to accidental removal or disturbance due to their close proximity to human activities ( 15 ) .
as black redstart shifted migration to later dates over the years ( section 3 ) whereas the yearly capturing window was held constant , the capturing period shifted to cover a relatively earlier window of the migration period of black redstarts with increasing study years . to take this shifting capturing window into account , we corrected the capturing day of each captured individual by subtracting 0 . 2 days per year ( section 3 ) : thus , an individual captured on 10 october in 2000 would correspond to an individual captured on the 6 october in 1980 . however , results based on the corrected capturing day did not change quantitatively from the results with uncorrected capturing days . we therefore present only the results based on the uncorrected capturing days .
american redstarts are incredibly active insectivores that seem never to stand still . they rapidly spread their cocked tails , exposing the orange or yellow in a quick flash , which often startles insect prey into flushing , whereupon the redstart darts after it , attempting to catch it in the air .
the black redstart inhabits open , sparsely vegetated rocky terrain , including crags , cliffs and gullies , typically in hills and mountains ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) . it has also adapted to live in industrial and urban areas , and is found in villages , towns and cities , where it frequents sites that mimic rocky habitats , such as churches , large buildings , factories , quarries , building sites and wasteland ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 8 ) ( 11 ) .
there has been very little research on the ecology of black redstarts in the uk , although there has been some work done on this field in sweden , which , like london , is at the north - western edge of its range .
we analyzed the data of all first captures of black redstarts that were captured between 1980 and 2013 and for which the date of capture , the weight , and the third primary length were available . this resulted in a total of 10 , 977 individuals . for these individuals , age was missing for 7 . 3 % of the captures and sex was missing for 80 . 7 % of captures . on average , 323 ( sd = 105 ) black redstarts were ringed per year .
breeding birds occur mainly in urban areas of greater london , birmingham and the black country with a few pairs in nottingham , liverpool , manchester and ipswich , and the odd pair at cliff sites and power stations along the south coast between suffolk and dorset .
on the underparts , face , throat and breast are blackish . belly and flanks are slaty - grey . lower belly and undertail feathers are red - orange . the slender bill is surrounded by conspicuous rectal bristles . bill , eyes , legs and feet are black .
we conducted a simulation study to examine whether we would be able to obtain reasonable results from applying the above‐described statistical model when there were missing values for sex or age . the simulation study was designed to mirror the black redstart data from subigerberg . accordingly , we simulated a ringing campaign that lasted for 30 years , and on average , 300 individuals were captured each year during a capturing period of 20 days . the capturing period was fixed over the years and only covered part of the species’ migration period . we assumed three different scenarios with differences in the amount of captures with missing age and sex identification .
a perceived conflict between development and nature conservation . in the case of black redstarts this may not necessarily be the case ; this website / advice offers solutions for developers , architects , landscape architects and conservationists to help overcome some of the problems * . * for further information also see urltoken
landová e . , horáček i . and frynta d . 2006 : did black - rats evolve culturally - transmitted technique of pine - cone opening independently in cyprus and israel . israel j . ecol . evol . 52 ( 2 ) : 151 - 158 . if2006isrjzool = 0 . 400
adult male american redstarts are mostly black with bright orange patches on the sides , wings , and tail . the belly is white . females and immature males replace the orange with yellow or yellow - orange . they have gray head and underparts , with olive back and wings and dark - gray tail .
2 : 0 . 017 [ 0 . 010 to 0 . 024 ] ) . these results only marginally changed if we used capturing dates that were corrected for the increasingly later migration of black redstarts . within a migration season , the probability that a captured individual was a male increased over the season (
2 . complex structures . extensive areas of open brownfield land are not favoured by black redstarts . they appear to require many vertical features whether they are buildings gantries , flood defence structures , or gasometers . such structures correlate to the gorges and cliff faces , which are their natural habitat in continental europe , and also provide high singing posts .
there is a good spring passage of black redstarts through the uk and ireland and they can turn up anywhere , but particularly at the coast . on return passage in autumn , they can be relatively numerous in places like the isles of scilly and cornwall . in winter , a small number are found from lancashire and lincolnshire southwards , and along the south coast .
we distinguished four groups of black redstarts , which were young females ( g = 1 ) , young males ( g = 2 ) , adult females ( g = 3 ) , and adult males ( g = 4 ) . we used the term “age‐classes” to refer to these four groups . we assumed that the values for body weight and primary length were samples from a multivariate normal distribution expressed as
redstarts are immediately identifiable by their bright orange - red tails , which they often quiver . breeding males look smart , with slate grey upper parts , black faces and wings and an orange rump and chest . females and young are duller . redstarts ' bob ' in a very robin - like manner , but spend little time at ground level . it is included on the amber list of species with unfavourable conservation status in europe where it is declining .
the black redstart is common , in places rare breeding migrant . it inhabits the dry rock slopes in the forest belt on 1400 - 2100 m in altai and on the dry slopes with the meadow or bushes over the forest belt at 2700 - 2800 m in western tien shan . it lives on the not hight attitudes only in central kazakhstan where the mountains are not higher than 2000 m . on migration it visits the low mountains , the riparian and saxaul forests , the reed - beds , the forest - belts , the groves and gardens . it appears in mid - end march , and in mid - april – early may in highlands . it breeds in separate pairs . the nest is built on the ground under the stone , in the cliff cracks , or in the constructions from the dry grass and is lined with the feathers . clutches of white ( sometimes blue tinged ) 4 - 5 eggs is in mid - may - early july . both parents feed juveniles fledged in mid - june – end july . some pairs rear two broods per year . the autumn dispersal starts in august , majority of the birds migrate in september - early october , the latest migrants recorded in early november .
applying our method to the data of 10 , 977 black redstarts that were captured from 1980 to 2013 during autumn migration at a ringing station in northern switzerland , we found that young males with adult male‐type feathers ( paradoxus plumage type ) were 0 . 25 g heavier and had 0 . 62 mm longer third primaries than young males carrying the dull ( cairei ) plumage type . as it is likely that these differences in body condition reflected differences in male quality for instance because mass gain after fledging depends on foraging efficiency ( wunderle , 1991 ) , our results suggest that females selecting adult‐like males at the breeding sites will select among the young males the ones that had higher quality during the year of fledging .
description . on males black color disperse to the breast ' s bottom ; the flanks and the abdomen are orange ; the outer webs of the secondaries and tertials are not white . distribution . breeds in highlands of tien shan ( possibly also in karatau and chu - iliyskiye mountains ) , in dzhungarskiy alatau , monrak and saur , in southwest altai , kalbinskiy altai , in kokon mts . , chingiztau , kyzylray and byurtas , and also in ulytau mountains . it probably lives in the area adjacent to balkhash lake from north ( bektauata , rocks on balkhash coast ) . on migration occurs usually in eastern kazakhstan in the west occasionally up to kurgaldzhino reserve , syrdarya valley at dzhulek and on ustyurt . it is regular migrant in highlands of zailiyskiy alatau ridge ( bolshoye almatinskoye lake ) where observed 26 march - 30 april and 14 august - 22 september .
based on the mcmc analyses , we got simulated values from the posterior distribution of the sex and age for all captured black redstarts that could not be sexed and / or aged . we used these posterior simulations to select the young males from the data set . to infer whether young males of the paradoxus plumage differed from young males of the cairei plumage in respect to migration timing , we used a linear model with day of year as response variable and year of capture and plumage type ( 0 = cairei ; 1 = paradoxus ) as predictor variables . to analyze plumage type‐specific body condition , we used linear mixed models with body weight or primary length as response variables and day of year , year of capture and plumage type as predictor variables . we further added year as random effect to account for the year‐to‐year variation in body condition . to consider both the uncertainty in sex and age estimates and the uncertainty in parameter estimates in the linear models , we repeated the following steps for all 4 , 000 iterations of the posterior distribution from the mcmc analyses : ( 1 ) use the mcmc results to select the young males from the data set , ( 2 ) apply the linear mixed models to the data of the selected individuals using the r‐function lmer , and ( 3 ) get a single estimate from the posterior distribution of parameters in the linear models using the r‐function sim in the package arm . we thus got 4 , 000 simulated values of the posterior distribution that accounted for the uncertainty in sex and age estimates as well as in the estimates of plumage‐type effects .
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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
in europe , the breeding population is estimated to number 5 , 760 , 000 - 10 , 000 , 000 pairs , which equates to 11 , 500 , 000 - 20 , 000 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms c . 35 % of the global range , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 32 , 800 , 000 - 57 , 100 , 000 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . trend justification : in europe the overall trend from 1982 - 2013 was increasing ( ebcc 2015 ) .
it is thought large scale redevelopment and regeneration of city centre sites is causing the loss of suitable breeding habitat for the species within europe . in addition nest sites are vulnerable to accidental removal or disturbance as they also nest in railway - sidings , lorry parks and similar locations ( wildlife trust 2015 ) .
conservation actions underway cms appendix ii . bern convention appendix ii . the species is a ' species of conservation concern ' in the u . k . biodiversity action plan and subject to several local species action plans . conservation actions proposed conservation measures within europe should aim to maintain existing breeding populations and to establish population trends and its conservation status . public awareness of the species should also be raised ( wildlife trust 2015 ) .
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a nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .
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nature is an adventure waiting to be had . get out , get busy and get wild !
explore the little pools of amazing sea life that are left by the tide on the rocks around our coast .
this bird species has different identifying features depending on sex / age / season .
* this map is intended as a guide . it shows general distribution rather than detailed , localised populations .
breeding birds and spring passage migrants arrive between march and may . autumn passage lasts from september to november , peaking in october . wintering birds are present between late autumn and early spring .
not all birds migrate , such as partridges . but they are in the minority - most birds will migrate .
it ' s shocking that 1 in 4 uk birds are now on the red list of conservation concern . donate today .
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© the royal society for the protection of birds ( rspb ) is a registered charity : england and wales no . 207076 , scotland no . sc037654
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conservation measures for this species include creating new habitat to provide suitable nesting sites . programmes in birmingham , london and manchester in the uk have introduced a ‘green roof concept’ , which involves creating new habitat on the roof spaces of new developments and existing buildings ( 11 ) ( 14 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and christie , d . ( 2005 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 10 : cuckoo - shrikes to thrushes . lynx edicions , barcelona .
mobilereference ( 2008 ) the illustrated encyclopedia of european birds . mobilereference , boston .
peterson , r . t . , mountfort , g . and hollom , p . a . d . ( 1993 ) birds of britain and europe . harpercollins publishers , london .
hume , r . ( 2002 ) rspb complete birds of britain and europe . dorling kindersley limited , london .
ertan , k . t . ( 2006 ) the evolutionary history of eurasian redstarts , phoenicurus . acta zoologica sinica , 52 ( supplement ) : 310 - 313 .
city of london ( 2003 ) city biodiversity action plan . city of london , london . available at : urltoken
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combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : phoenicurus ochruros . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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bird singing from on a rooftop in early morning , well before dawn . recording equipment : sennheiser mhk 60 shotgun microphone and sound devices 702
equipment : olympus ws - 822 digital recorder with audio - technica atr 6550 shotgun .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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the song is a hurried warble , followed by a scrunching sound like a bag of marbles , and finishing with a burst of ringing notes .
very few breed in britain , mainly in south - east england , east anglia and the west midlands .
the nest is a cup of grass and moss , lined with wool , feathers , and hair , and usually on a building ' s ledge or a hole in a wall . the female builds the nest .
the female alone incubates the eggs , which are white , smooth and glossy , and about 19 mm by 14 mm . the newly - hatched young are fed by both adults .
some of our breeding birds are resident , but many migrate to the mediterranean for the winter . many of the birds seen around our coast in the winter are immigrants from northern europe .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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josep del hoyo , carlos fabregat , ruslan mazuryk , jesús laborda , marti08 , éric roualet , pierandrea brichetti , jeremiusz trzaska , pere sugranyes , juan sanabria , yoël jimenez , julien rochefort , wout van den brink , ferran vaquero , mkennewell , strixdexter85 , javier ortas , ram gopal soni , malcolmmarkswan , eduardo tejeda lima , alain beaufils , daniêl jimenez , alok tewari , theo mamais , john gregory , pascal vagner , natures garlands , alex garcía · videoaves , job roig i simon , greg baker , juan fernández elipe , pieter de groot boersma .
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and biodiversity deals with the broad benefits that such systems can provide in urban regeneration . this is one of the chief
you are currently viewing one of the free species accounts available in our complimentary tour of bna . in this courtesy review , you can access all the life history articles and the multimedia galleries associated with this species .
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michael a . patten is a professor at the university of oklahoma , where he is affiliated with the oklahoma biological survey , department of biology , and environmental studies . his research interests have focused on conservation biogeography and evolutionary ecology , particularly with respect to questions of habitat selection , from causes to consequences and from pattern to process . he has an abiding interest in systematics , especially with respect to geographic variation and how the interface between habitat , behavior , and geography affect variation from phylogeny to taxonomy . he has written and edited systematics content for the birds of north america since 2007 , and serves as a technical advisor to both the american ornithological society ' s north american checklist committee , and the howard and moore complete checklist of the birds of the world . current address : oklahoma biological survey , university of oklahoma , 111 e . chesapeake street , norman , oklahoma 73019 . e - mail : mpatten @ urltoken .
sherry , t . w . , r . t . holmes , p . pyle , and m . a . patten ( 2016 ) .
) , version 3 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
there are many ways to contribute—we need species information , photographs , audio , video , translations , maps , distribution data , and bird sightings . there ' s a role for everyone !
) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
dodatkowe przykłady dopasowywane są do haseł w zautomatyzowany sposób - nie gwarantujemy ich poprawności .
( new world warblers ) , yellow - breasted chats are the largest species of parulid .
( parulidae ) , they nest in trees , building a small but very sturdy cup nest .
that are mostly dimorphic , there is no difference in appearance between a male or female swainson ' s warbler .
the handbook of bird identification for europe and the western palearctic by mark beaman , steve madge - c . helm - isbn : 0713639601
adult male has slaty - grey plumage on the upperparts , including on the crown , with darker tinge on the wings . flight feathers are dark grey to blackish with white edges , forming white patch when wings are closed . rump is red - orange . central uppertail feathers are blackish with red - orange outer rectrices .
female is smoky grey - brown overall , with darker brown wings . the underparts are slightly paler . rump , vent , undertail feathers and outer rectrices are orange - red , but duller than in male . on the head , cheeks and ear - coverts are browner than body .
the juvenile resembles female , but it is slightly darker on upperparts and underparts . throat and breast show weak scaling .
we can find several subspecies , according to the range . they differ in red - orange extension on the underparts , with more or less dark upperparts . p . o . gibraltariensis , p . o . ochruros , p . o . semirufus , p . o . phoenicuroides and p . o . rufiventris share the wide range from w europe and nw africa , to china .
during the breeding season , the male sings according to the different situations . it sings when arriving on breeding areas and to establish the territory . it also sings to attract a female and until the beginning of the nest building . the male selects the nest - site , but the nest is built by the female . at this moment , the male is rather silent until the egg - laying . it sings again during the incubation until the hatching of the chicks . then , it becomes silent again until the young are independent .
female lays 4 to 6 white eggs . incubation lasts 12 - 13 days , by female alone . the young leave the nest about 12 to 17 days after hatching , but they cannot fly during several days , and they remain in the surroundings of the nest . they are fed by both adults , mainly on insects . this species produces two broods per year .
a medium - sized warbler with a relatively wide , flat bill and fairly long , expressive tail . females have yellow patches on the sides , wings , and tail , a gray head , and an olive back .
tends to forage at middle levels in the forest where it grabs insects midair or plucks them from vegetation .
females have a gray head and yellow patches on the sides , wings , and tail .
a medium - sized warbler with a relatively wide , flat bill and fairly long , expressive tail . in flight it has a deep chest , slim belly , and long , somewhat club - shaped tail .
american redstarts breed in open wooded habitats , particularly those dominated by deciduous trees . in migration , the species can be found in nearly any treed habitats . its tropical winter habitat is in woodlands and open forest at lower and middle elevations .
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description . males don ' t have rusty color on underparts , all underparts are dark - grey . white outer webs of secondaries and tertials formed speculum on furled wing . but this speculum may be variable in size , and even lack . distribution . since 2007 migrating birds regularly recorded in mangayshlak peninsula , northern trans - caspian area and northern kazakhstan ( naurzum , karabalyk kustanai oblast , kurgaldzhino ) .
в . к . рябицев .
птицы урала , приуралья и западной сибири
. екатеринбург , изд - во уральского университета , 2000 . gavrilov e . i . , gavrilov a . e .
the birds of kazakhstan
. almaty , 2005 . э . и . гаврилов .
фауна и распространение птиц казахстана
. алматы , 1999 .
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redstarts are mainly found in the north and west of the uk , with the greatest concentrations in wales . particularly likes oak woodlands , also hedgerows , alongside streams and parkland . on passage it is best looked for in coastal scrub , thickets and woodland .
breeding populations of long - distance , trans - saharan migrant birds have declined sharply since the 1970s .
give birds a safe and reliable way to find fresh water – essential in both cold and hot weather .
1 . areas of sparse wasteland vegetation and stony ground are necessary for feeding . many of the brownfield sites they are associated within london and birmingham adequately provide this habitat requirement .
3 . a variety of ledges or holes , preferable within structures , in order to build their nests .
4 . proximity to open water , such as canals , that provide midge , gnat and other insect food . in addition the importance of weatherworn and dilapidated flood defences and jetties provide foraging areas and nest sites . the current desire by developers for sheet piling will do little to enhance their status .
such ecological factors are not prohibitive within urban regeneration schemes and can be achieved through sensible and proactive mitigation . appropriate mitigation should not diminish the socioeconomic benefits of regeneration and should help to enhance the overall environmental benefits of any new development . however , it must be recognised that there are minimal requirements that would need to be met in order to provide some reasonable chance for successful mitigation .
this situation has not been confined to london . in the mid - 90s the small sheffield population was seriously impacted by regeneration , and similar effects have been noted in birmingham , nottingham and ipswich .
has hybridized with p . phoenicurus . proposed race aterrimus ( portugal , s & c spain ) merged with gibraltariensis . races phoenicuroides and rufiventris intergrade , with birds from w china ( s xinjiang ) named as race xerophilus probably intermediate between them ; these taxa speculated to represent a separate species , but morphological differences not very strong and limited evidence suggests vocal homogeneity # r . five subspecies recognized .
– europe ( n to s scandinavia , e to e ukraine and w turkey ) and nw africa ; non - breeding s europe and n africa e to e sudan , locally s to sahel .