phosphorosaurus ( " phosphate lizard " ) is an extinct genus of mosasaur from the late cretaceous ( maastrichtian ) .

although treated as synonymous with halisaurus in the past , recent study recognizes it as valid .

two species are known , phosphorosaurus ortliebi from belgium , and p. ponpetelegans from hokkaido in japan .

phosphorosaurus

the genus phosphorosaurus is classified in the subfamily halisaurinae , alongside halisaurus and eonatator .
phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans : a new species of halisaurine mosasaur from the late cretaceous of hokkaido .
reconstructed skull of phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans in lateral view . konishi et al . ( 2015 ) .
sciency thoughts : phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans : a new species of halisaurine mosasaur from the late cretaceous of hokkaido .
life restoration of phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans sp . nov . , with a pair ambushing coleoid cephalopods at night .
the red mark indicates the phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans fossil location . it is the most northerly halisaurine mosasaur discovered to date .
the newly discovered mosasaur , named phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans , comes from a creek in the town of mukawa in northern japan .
figure 23 . life restoration of phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans sp . nov . , with a pair ambushing coleoid cephalopods at night .
reconstruction of phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans as a nocturnal predator . tatsuya shinmura / ashoro museum of paleontology / natural history museum in konishi et al . ( 2015 ) .
the team believes phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans ( a phosphorus lizard from an elegant creek ) hunted at night , much like the owl does compared with the daytime birds of prey such as eagles .
life restoration of phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans , with a pair ambushing coleoid cephalopods at night . image credit : tatsuya shinmura / ashoro museum of paleontology / trustees of the natural history museum , london .
“the forward - facing eyes on phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans provide depth perception to vision , and it’s common in birds of prey and other predatory mammals that dwell among us today , ” dr konishi added .
“the forward - facing eyes on phosphorosaurus provide depth perception to vision , and it’s common in birds of prey and other predatory mammals that dwell among us today . but we knew already that most mosasaurs were pursuit predators based on what we know they preyed upon — swimming animals . paradoxically , these small mosasaurs like phosphorosaurus were not as adept swimmers as their larger contemporaries because their flippers and tail fins were not as well developed . ”
“the forward - facing eyes on phosphorosaurus provide depth perception to vision , and it’s common in birds of prey and other predatory mammals that dwell among us today , ” says konishi . “but we knew already that most mosasaurs were pursuit predators based on what we know they preyed upon — swimming animals . paradoxically , these small mosasaurs like phosphorosaurus were not as adept swimmers as their larger contemporaries because their flippers and tailfins weren’t as well developed . ”
the researchers depict phosphorosaurus has a nocturnal hunter , although the pursuit of prey in deeper water cannot be ruled out . phosphorosaurus could be thought of as an owl , whereas the diurnal , larger , more streamlined mosasaurs in the ecosystem were the equivalent of day time hunters such as hawks and eagles . the binocular vision in nocturnal animals doubles the number of photoreceptors to detect light . just like an extant owl , this small mosasaur had very large eye sockets .
the forward - facing eyes on phosphorosaurus provide depth perception to vision , and it ' s common in birds of prey and other predatory mammals that dwell among us today ,
says konishi .
but we knew already that most mosasaurs were pursuit predators based on what we know they preyed upon - - swimming animals . paradoxically , these small mosasaurs like phosphorosaurus were not as adept swimmers as their larger contemporaries because their flippers and tailfins weren ' t as well developed .
this marine reptile had huge eye sockets and a reduced snout when compared to other mosasaurs . as the fossil skull was so well preserved the scientists have been able to determine that phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans had binocular vision , its eyes were located on the front of its face , providing depth perception . most other mosasaurs have eyes towards the side of their heads . this gives them a large , all round field of view but they lack the depth perception to the extent demonstrated by a study of phosphorosaurus cranial material .
analysis of phosphorosaurus biology suggests that this mosasaur was a deep - water or nocturnal hunter , preying on animals such as squid and bioluminescent fish similar to the modern lanternfish present in the same areas . the large eyes of phosphorosaurus had overlapping fields of vision , giving it depth perception , which would have given it an advantage when chasing such animals in poorly - lit conditions . studies also indicate that the animal was likely an ambush predator that would lie in wait for prey , as it was not as efficient a swimmer as larger mosasaurs .
“previous discoveries of phosphorosaurus mosasaurs have occurred along the east coast of north america , the pacific coast of north america , europe and north africa , but this is the first to fill the gap between the middle east and the eastern pacific , ” said dr takuya konishi of the university of cincinnati .
also , because fossils of lantern fish and squid - like animals have been found from the late cretaceous period in northern japan , and because their modern counterparts are bioluminescent , the researchers believe that phosphorosaurus may have specifically targeted those glowing fish and squids at night while their larger underwater cousins hunted in daytime .
measuring about 10 feet ( 3 m ) long , this marine reptile lived during the late cretaceous period just before the last of the dinosaurs such as t . rex and triceratops , said dr konishi . he was the lead author of a report published this week on phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans in the journal of systematic palaeontology .
also , because fossils of lantern fish and squid - like animals have been found from the late cretaceous of northern japan , and because their modern counterparts are bioluminescent , dr konishi and his colleagues believe that phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans may have specifically targeted those glowing fish and squids at night while their larger underwater cousins hunted in daytime .
numerous fossils of cephalopods such as squid and ammonites have been recovered from the same strata as the phosphorosaurus fossil remains . in addition , fossils of ancient lantern fish have also been found . the scientists speculate that this mosasaur may have hunted the bioluminescent fish and squid at night , whilst larger mosasaurs in the area hunted during the day .
in the line drawing above , the field of vision of phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans ( c ) is compared to two other mosasaurs . the skulls are drawn not to scale . plotosaurus bennisoni ( a ) was a much larger , more streamlined mosasaur . its fossils come from upper cretaceous rocks found in california . it grew to lengths in excess of twelve metres and it was very probably an open ocean predator relying on its pursuit speed to catch its prey , which probably included other mosasaurs and marine reptiles . the binocular field of vision for the long - snouted plotosaurus bennisoni has been calculated to around 22 degrees . mosasaurus missouriensis ( b ) was also a large , apex predator . size estimates vary , but this mosasaur , whose fossils come from north america , could have been four times the size of phosphorosaurus . it too , was an ocean going predator , but it is depicted as being more bulky and therefore less streamlined than plotosaurus . its binocular field of vision has been calculated at around 29 degrees . in contrast , the much smaller , shorter snouted phosphorosaurus with its forward facing and proportionately much larger eyes had a binocular field of vision of around 35 degrees .
such is the exquisite quality of the preserved skull , that the researchers hope to be able to piece together more details concerning the evolution and radiation of the mosasaur group as a whole . phosphorosaurus has been assigned to the halisaurinae sub - family of mosasaurs . its discovery will help to fill the gap between similar types of mosasaur fossils found in europe and the middle east and those from the eastern pacific .
the fossil marine reptile , phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans ( a phosphorus lizard from an elegant creek ) , existed during the late cretaceous period just before the last of the dinosaurs such as tyrannosaurus and triceratops . compared with some of their mosasaur cousins that could grow as large as 40 feet , this species is relatively small , about 3 meters , or 10 feet long . this unique discovery in a creek in the town of mukawa in northern japan reveals that they were able to colonize throughout the northern hemisphere .
phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans means “phosphorus lizard from an elegant creek” , co - existed with much larger mosasaurs , ten - metre plus monsters that were the apex predators . the scientists propose that p . ponpetelegans adapted to an ecological niche , that of a night time predator or perhaps a deep water hunter . the almost complete skull was slowly removed from its rocky matrix by being placed in a bath of dilute acid each night . once the skull bones had been freed from the rock , the researchers set about piecing the skull together .
paleontologists have discovered what they say is a completely unexpected new mosasaur that lived 72 million years ago in japan .
the paleontologists determined that this small mosasaur had binocular vision – its eyes were on the front of the face , providing depth perception .
“the long and laterally projecting jugal processes , when combined with a depressed as well as narrow snout , provide compelling evidence for well - developed binocular vision for the new mosasaur , with bfov ( an estimated binocular field of view ) of 35 degrees , ” they said .
“the binocular vision in nocturnal animals doubles the number of photoreceptors to detect light . and , much like owls with their very large eyes to power those light receptors , the smaller mosasaur revealed very large eye sockets . ”
“if this new mosasaur was a sit - and - wait hunter in the darkness of the sea and able to detect the light of these other animals , that would have been the perfect niche to coexist with the more established mosasaurs , ” dr konishi said .
takuya konishi et al . a new halisaurine mosasaur ( squamata : halisaurinae ) from japan : the first record in the western pacific realm and the first documented insights into binocular vision in mosasaurs . journal of systematic palaeontology , published online december 07 , 2015 ; doi : 10 . 1080 / 14772019 . 2015 . 1113447
juvenile australopithecus climbed trees , 3 . 32 - million - year - old foot fossil shows
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an international team of researchers , including scientists from the royal tyrrell museum , the university of alberta ( canada ) , the university of cincinnati ( usa ) , hobetsu museum and fukuoka university ( japan ) , have announced the discovery of a new species of mosasaur found in upper cretaceous rocks in japan . this three metre long predator may have specialised in hunting in deep water or perhaps it evolved to fill a specific ecological niche , that of a night hunter preying on bioluminescent fish and squid .
picture credit : tatsuya shinmura / ashoro museum of palaeontology / trustees of the natural history museum , ( london ) .
growing to around the size of an extant american alligator ( c . mississippiensis ) , this large - eyed mosasaur from the island of hokkaido ( northern japan ) , was probably most closely related to another species of late cretaceous mosasaur , but one from belgium thousands of miles away ( p . ortliebi ) . this fossil find , consisting of beautifully preserved cranial material plus some post cranial elements , will help palaeontologists to build a better understanding of the biogeographical distribution of certain types of mosasaur towards the end of the mesozoic .
in 2009 , scientist tomohiro nishimura ( hobetsu museum ) , recovered a calcareous nodule from one of the tributaries of the pankerusano - sawa creek , about 3 miles east of the town of hobetsu . the rivers in this part of hokkaido cut through sandstones which were laid down at the very end of the age of dinosaurs ( hakobuchi formation of the uppermost yezo group ) , the fossil is believed to have come from the lowermost strata representing the early part of the maastrichtian age , approximately 71 million years ago .
the picture above shows the topography of the area . shallow soils overlie sandstones and the action of rivers results in deep channels being cut in the rock which can expose fossils such as ammonites and occasionally the fossilised bones of marine vertebrates .
dorsal view ( left ) , ventral view ( right ) , lateral view ( bottom ) . scale bar = 5 cm .
“if this new mosasaur was a sit - and - wait hunter in the darkness of the sea and able to detect the light of these other animals , that would have been the perfect niche to co - exist with the more established mosasaurs . ”
the curved and widely spaced teeth support the idea that this mosasaur hunted squid .
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mososaurs were a distinctive group of large marine squamates ( i . e . members of the same group of animals as lizards and snakes ) that came to dominate many marine ecosystems during the last 20 million years of the cretaceous . the halisaurines are considered to be less advanced than other mososaurs , and least well adapted to a life in open marine waters . they were small for mososaurs , but still typically reached 4 - 6 m in length , and have been recorded from north and south america as well as europe and africa .
describe a new species of halisaurine mosasaur from the late cretaceous hakobuchi formation of southern hokkaido island , japan .
, meaning ' elegant creek ' : the specimen from which the species is described comes from a siderite nodule found at pankerusano - sawa creek , the specimen is exceptionally well preserved and the creek is noted for its clear water , in addition the specimen was found close to the village of hobetsu , the name of which also means ' creek ' . the specimen comprises a partial skull , reconstructed as being about 500 mm in length , disarticulated but not compressed and largely complete but with some missing elements , plus a fragmentary lower jaw and several neck vertebrae .
35° , larger than in any known lizard or in any mososaur for which it has been possible to make such a reconstruction , and towards the upper end of that found in snakes . among snakes a higher visual field overlap tends to be associated with nocturnal species , and a large eye size is also a trait typical of animals of any type which hunt at night ( or otherwise in poor light ) ,
hakobuchi formation has previously produced larger , non - halisaurine mosasaurs , which are interpreted as having been piscavores ( fish - eaters ) capable of chasing down large prey . it has also produced lanternfish and coleoid cephalopods , groups that today are typically bioluminescent , living in the depths of the ocean below the photic zone ( the depths to which sunlight penetrates ) during the day , but migrating upwards at night to feed . this leads kinishi
may have been a nocturnal predator , targeting these species and occupying a separate ecological niche to the larger mososaurs present .
the aristonectines were a group of poorly understood elasmosaurs ( long - necked plesiosaurs ) known from the late jurassic of the . . .
is an armoured placodont ( a group of marine reptiles known only from the triassic and thought to be related to plesiosaurs ) known from a number of locations in the alps . it has a long . . .
studied palaeobiology & evolution at the university of portsmouth , geosciences via the open university & ecology and conservation at christchurch university , canterbury . have worked in wildlife based tourism , mineral exploration , development , conservation , education & environmental chemistry . occasionally write articles for papers and magazines .
dolichothele mottai & dolichothele camargorum : two new species of tarantula from brazil and bolivia .
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selenium , arsenic and molybdenum in the bowland shale and related deposits in england , wales and ireland .
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well - preserved mosasaur fossils represent a new smallish marine reptile that used binocular vision to hunt at night .
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from the upper maastrichtian ‘‘craie phosphateé’’ of ciply in belgium . the holotype is a fragmented and incomplete skull that is estimated to have been around 42 cm long . it was reclassified as halisaurus ortliebi in 1996 , but this was not taken up by later authorities due to differences in the cranium .
, from the oldest maastrichtian beds located in hokkaido , japan . the skull of the latter species is thought to be around 50 cm long .
with a length of around 3 m ( 10 ft ) , it was small compared to most other mosasaurs .
the discovery also reveals the unique binocular vision of the first ancient marine reptile of its kind to be found in japan .
international research partnership discovers rare mosasaur fossil , the first ancient marine reptile of its kind to be found in japan .
an international research partnership is revealing the first mosasaur fossil of its kind to be discovered in japan . not only does the 72 - million - year - old marine reptile fossil fill a biogeographical gap between the middle east and the eastern pacific , but also it holds new revelations because of its superior preservation . this unique swimming lizard , now believed to have hunted on glowing fish and squids at night , is detailed in an article led by takuya konishi , a university of cincinnati assistant professor of biological sciences . the article is published in the journal of systematic palaeontology , a publication of the natural history museum in london .
previous discoveries of this particular rare mosasaur have occurred along the east coast of north america , the pacific coast of north america , europe and north africa , but this is the first to fill the gap between the middle east and the eastern pacific ,
explains konishi , a member of the research team that also was represented by the royal tyrrell museum of palaeontology ( canada ) , university of alberta , brandon university , hobetsu museum ( japan ) , fukuoka university and the town of mukawa .
because the fossil was so well preserved , the creature revealed it had binocular vision - - its eyes were on the front of the face , providing depth perception . this was a new discovery for this fossil species . the discovery reveals that the eye structure of these smaller mosasaurs was different from their larger cousins , whose eyes were on either side of their large heads , such as the eye structure of a horse . the eyes and heads of the larger mosasaurs were shaped to enhance streamlined swimming after prey that included fish , turtles and even small mosasaurs .
as a result , konishi says it ' s believed these smaller marine reptiles hunted at night , much like the owl does compared with the daytime birds of prey such as eagles . the binocular vision in nocturnal animals doubles the number of photoreceptors to detect light . and , much like owls with their very large eyes to power those light receptors , the smaller mosasaur revealed very large eye sockets .
if this new mosasaur was a sit - and - wait hunter in the darkness of the sea and able to detect the light of these other animals , that would have been the perfect niche to coexist with the more established mosasaurs ,
says konishi .
the fossil , enclosed in a rock matrix , was first discovered in 2009 , in a small creek in northern japan . revealing what was inside the matrix while protecting the fossil was a painstaking process that took place at the hobetsu museum in mukawa . the calcareous nodule would be dipped at night in a special acid wash , and then carefully rinsed the next day , as the two - year process freed the bones from the matrix . to further protect the fossil , special casts were made of the bones so that the researchers could piece together the remains without damaging the fossil .
it ' s so unusually well - preserved that , upon separating jumbled skull bones from one another , we were able to build a perfect skull with the exception of the anterior third of the snout ,
says konishi .
this is not a virtual reality reconstruction using computer software . it ' s a physical reconstruction that came back to life to show astounding detail and beautiful , undistorted condition .
konishi says future research will examine how this new mosasaur fits in the evolutionary family tree of mosasaurs .
university of cincinnati .
unique mosasaur fossil discovered in japan .
sciencedaily . urltoken ( accessed december 9 , 2015 ) .
takuya konishi , michael w . caldwell , tomohiro nishimura , kazuhiko sakurai and kyo tanoue .
a new halisaurine mosasaur ( squamata : halisaurinae ) from japan : the first record in the western pacific realm and the first documented insights into binocular vision in mosasaurs .
journal of systematic palaeontology , 2015 doi : 10 . 1080 / 14772019 . 2015 . 1113447
new & recent described flora & fauna species from all over the world esp . asia , oriental , indomalayan & malesiana region
image : tatsuya shinmura , ashoro museum of paleontology | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 14772019 . 2015 . 1113447
skull , the first ancient marine reptile of its kind to be found in japan .
, making reference to both the exceptional preservation of the holotype and the clean pankerusano - sawa creek from which the fossil was derived . in addition ,
east side of the pankerusano - sawa creek , approximately 5 km east of hobetsu and 2 km west of tomiuchi , hokkaido , northern japan ( fig . 1 ) . the horizon is the lowermost section of unit ivb of matsumoto ( 1942 , 1959 ) . the lowermost maastrichtian heteromorph ammonoid nostoceras hetonaiense ( toshimitsu et al . 1995 ) occurs at this horizon ( fig . 1d ) . the section roughly corresponds to the lower middle part of the hakobuchi formation ( takashima et al . 2004 ) of the yezo group .
takuya konishi , michael w . caldwell , tomohiro nishimura , kazuhiko sakurai and kyo tanoue . 2015 . a new halisaurine mosasaur ( squamata : halisaurinae ) from japan : the first record in the western pacific realm and the first documented insights into binocular vision in mosasaurs . journal of systematic palaeontology . doi : 10 . 1080 / 14772019 . 2015 . 1113447
wuodendron b . xue , y . h . tan & chaowasku wuodendron praecox ( hook . f . & thomson ) b . xue , y . h . tan & x . l . hou in xue , tan . . .
[ botany • 2017 ] begonia fulgurata | ดาดดารารัศมี • a new species ( sect . diploclinium , begoniaceae ) from chiang mai , northern thailand
begonia fulgurata c . - i peng , c . w . lin & phutthai ดาดดารารัศมี | | doi : 10 . 3767 / blumea . 2017 . 62 . 03 . 01 urltoken be . . .
chamaelirium viridiflorum l . wang , z . c . liu & w . b . liao in liu , feng , wang & liao , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / phytotaxa . 357 . . . .
great - billed seed - finch sporophila maximiliani ( cabanis , 1851 ) in ubaid , silveira , medolago , et . al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 11646 / . . .
endocerids with their filtering apparatus in mironenko , 2018 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2018 . 1491565 reconstruction by andre . . .
aristolochia tongbiguanensis j . y . shen , q . b . gong & s . landrein in gong , landrein , xi , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 6165 / tai . . . .
bagualosaurus agudoensis pretto , langer & schultz , 2018 doi : 10 . 1093 / zoolinnean / zly028 illustration : jorge blanco c . . .
the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of ceratosaurs based on current topologies . the main source is from wang et al . ( 2016 . . .
nipponosaurus sachalinensis nagao , 1936 in takasaki , chiba , kobayashi , et al . , 2018 ニッポノサウルス | | doi : 10 . 1080 / 08912963 . 2017 . . . .
begonia medogensis jianw . li , y . h . tan & x . h . jin in li , tan , wang , et al . , 2018 . doi : 10 . 3897 / phytokeys . 103 . 25392 . . .
[ botany • 2011 ] newmania n . s . lý & škorničk . : a ne . . .
[ cephalopoda • 2010 ] the argonaut shell : gas - medi . . .
on this day ( july 10th ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
anomaloglossus meansi : a new species of cryptic forest frog from the wokomung and ayanganna sky islands of southern guyana .
the benefits and costs of academic travel . or
there and back again ; again and again
canon renueva su gama de 70 - 200 mm f : 2 . 8 y f : 4
plants go extinct , but sometimes species are rediscovered . this one after 151 years .
i ' m killing antediluvian salad but even in death there is rebirth . . .
necps carnivorous plant show : sept . 9 - 10 at tower hill botanical garden
this is a particularly beautiful species of centrolenid - the granular glass frog , cochranella granulosa .
, paratype male ( 10 . 5 × 9 . 7 mm ) ( sbc . c . 00402–05 ) , kampung peros , bau , sarawak .
the taxonomy of the semiterrestrial gecarcinucid crab lepidothelphusa cognettii ( nobili , 1903 ) from borneo is revised . the identity of lepidothelphusa cognettii s . str . is clarified and five new species : lepidothelphusa flavochela , l . limau , l . loi , l . padawan and l . sangon , are described from southwestern sarawak , malaysia . the species are characterised by their diagnostic live colours , structures of their carapaces , chelae , male abdomens and male first gonopods . they also occupy geographically discrete ranges , sometimes with different habitats .
parathelpusa ( lepidothelphusa ) cognettii – colosi , 1920 : 24 ( part ) .
para - lepidothelphusa cognetii ( sic ) – balss , 1937 : 174 ( list ) .
2007 : 108 ( part ) ; ng et al . , 2008 : 67 ; cumberlidge et al . , 2009 :
habitat . the habitat of the species is moist rock crevices and leaf litter in shaded springs . the habitat is a primary dipterocarp forest with sandstone substrate and the elevation ranges from 200 m to 1200 m above sea level . the habitat appears to be highly localised . of the known lepidothelphusa species , l . cognettii s . str . , is the only one known from such high altitudes .
etymology . the name is derived from the latin “ flavo ” combined with chela , alluding to the entire yellowish chela . the name is used as a noun in apposition .
habitat . the habitat is similar to that of l . cognettii s . str . except that it is less than 200 m above sea level .
lepidothelphusa cognettii – bott , 1970 : 55 ( part ) , pl . 7 figs . 69–72 ,
pl . 27 fig . 31 ; ng & grinang , 2004 : 309 ( part ) ; ng et al . , 2008 :
67 ( part ) , 68 , fig . 55 ; klaus et al . , 2009 : 513 , 521 . ( not potamon
2007 : 108 ( part ) ; ng et al . , 2008 : 67 ; cumberlidge et al . ,
etymology . the name is derived from the iban word “ limau ” for a plant species popularly called calamansi , citrofortunella microcarpa ( bunge , 1833 ) , alluding to the yellowish carapace that similar to a ripe fruit of the plant species . the name is used as a noun in apposition .
habitat . the habitat is relatively flat primary dipterocarp forest and is less than 200 m above sea level . the substrate is moist and consists of sandstone , moist sand with leaf litter .
, new species , paratype male ( 15 . 8 × 13 . 2 mm ) ( sbc . c . 00440–4 ) , bung brungu , padawan , sarawak ; e , f ,
, new species , paratype male ( 8 . 0 × 7 . 0 mm ) ( sbc . c . 00476 ) , nawang waterfall , bung bratak , bau , sarawak .
etymology . the name is after michael lo in recognition of his kind help in helping us search for these interesting animals .
habitat . the habitat is a gentle slope , with the substrate composed of moist mud and sand , with leaf litter . the site is shaded , has a spring , and is part of a disturbed dipterocarp forest . the base substrate is sandstone , and the site is more than 500 m above sea level .
etymology . the species is named after padawan , the area where it was collected . the name is used as a noun in apposition .
habitat . the habitat is moist rocks and leaf litter , in partially open or shaded forest springs . the area is old primary dipterocarp forest with a mudstone substrate , and elevation is between 100 to 300 m above sea level .
etymology . the name is derived from the bidayuh word “ sangon ” for beautiful , alluding to the striking colour of the crab . the name is used as a noun in apposition .
habitat . the habitat is moist rocks and leaf litter , in partially exposed or shaded , small streams in old primary dipterocarp forests . the substrate is mudstone and the site is less than 200 m above sea level .
fig . 15 . live colours of lepidothelphusa padawan , new species , paratypes ( zrc 2015 . 0609 ) , showing variation . a , male ( ca . 11 . 0 mm carapace width ) ; b , male ( ca . 11 . 0 mm carapace width ) ; c , male ( ca . 12 . 0 mm carapace width ) ; d , male ( ca . 12 . 0 mm carapace width ) ; e , male ( ca . 12 . 0 mm carapace width ) ; f , female ( ca . 9 . 0 mm carapace width ) . kampung sentah , padawan , sarawak
jongkar grinang and peter k . l . ng . 2015 . taxonomy of the semiterrestrial crab
( crustacea : decapoda : brachyura : gecarcinucidae ) , with descriptions of five new species from sarawak , malaysia , borneo .
ป้ายกำกับ : 2015 , asia , author : peter ng , borneo , brachyura , crustacea , decapoda , gecarcinucidae , journal : raffles . bull . zool . , malaysia , patronym , revision , southeast asia , sundaland , systematics , taxonomy , toponym
the following descriptions come from benton ( 2005 ) and the animal diversity web from the university of michigan museum of zoology . the structure of the following system is also based , in part , on the phylogenetic treatment by mikko ' s phylogeny web ( from the finnish museum of natural history ) . taxa in red are extinct .
according to benton ( 2005 ) , they are a monophyletic group defined by the following characters : the supratemporal is absent , the dorsal intercentra are absent , a particular opening ( the thyroid fenestra ) on the pelvic girdle , and no teeth on the lateral pterygoid flanges .
this is a group of aquatic animals that were eyryapsid ( they secondarily lost their lower temporal fenestra ) .
( 2005 ) , the defining synapomorphies include : a large premaxilla , the anterior teeth ( of the dentary and premaxilla ) angle forward , the upper temporal fenestra is larger than the orbit .
these semi - aquatic animals seemed to have no real adaptations to a marine existence .
they had a sprawling stance with an elongate , but not deep , tail .
however , their teeth seem to have been adapted to pry shellfish ( bivalves and brachiopods ) and crush them .
they had elongate incisors ( prying ) and a battery of pavement teeth in the maxilla and palate ( crushing ) .
their limb girdles were only lightly attached to the vertebral axis so that they could not have walked on land .
the nothosaurs were larger ( 1 - 4m ) and similar to the pachypleurosaurs .
they had long necks and a long snout and a single temporal fenestra ( upper ; the euryapsid condition ) .
aristonectes , cryptoclydus , kaiwhekea , kimmerosaurus , muraenosaurus , pantasaurus , tatenectes , tricleidus , vinialesaurus .
these had short necks ( secondarily derived ) and once were considered to be pliosaurs .
their elongate rostrum and short postorbital area of the skull identify them with the plesiosaurids .
alzadasaurus , callawayasaurus , elasmosaurus , ertmosaurus , hydralmosaurus , hydrotherosaurus , libonectes , microcleidus , occitanosaurus , styxosaurus , thalassomedon , tuarangisaurus , woolungasaurus .
the short - necked plesiosaurs with large heads ( up to one - third the length of the body ) and powerful jaws .
these had very short necks and huge heads ( up to 3m long ) .
archaeonectrus , attenborosaurus , brachauchenius , hauffiosaurus , kronosaurus , liopleurodon , megalneusaurus , pachycostasaurus , peloneustes , pliosaurus , polyptchodon , simolestes , stretosaurus .
this clade is characterized by having , in addition to a thyroid fenestra ( abroad opening in the pelvis between the ischium and the pubis ) , a fused astragalus and calcaneum , and metatarsal 5 that is hooked .
the have skull elements that are fused and immobile ( the primitive condition ) .
pleurosaurs mainly were long and slender with reduced , paddle - like limbs and very long tails .
these have highly mobile skulls and reduced skull elements like an incomplete lower temporal bar .
the iguanids appear to be the sister group to the rest of the lizards .
they are thin with long tails , and both sexes have elaborate crests , etc . on their heads .
the synapomorphies of the family include : a y - shapedparietal roof that supports a crest , a parietal foramen in the frontal bone , a peculiar type of caudal vertebra .
typically terrestrial or arboreal , but some may be rock - dwellers , and one ( the marine iguana ) is semi - aquatic .
amblyrhynchus , brachlophus , conolophus , ctenosaura , cyclura , dipsosaurus , iguana , sauromalus .
callisaurus , cophosaurus , holbrookia , pterosaurus , phrynosoma , sator , sceloporus , uma , urosaurus , uta .
the have pleurodont teeth and a far posterior extension of the dentary and reduced angular .
anisolepis , anolis , diplolaemus , enyalius , leiosaurus , norops , phenacosaurus , polychrus , pristidactylus , urostrophus .
ctenoblepharys , leiocephalus , liolaemus , microlophus , phymaturus , plesiomicrolophus , stenocercus , tropidurus , uranoscodon .
they have acrodont teeth ( they share this and other characters with the chameleons ) .
the gekkotans are sisters to the crown groups of lizards ( amphisbaenia + anguimorpha + scincomorpha ) .
they have distinctive adhesive pads associated with their toes that make them remarkable climbers .
subfamily gekkoninae : afroedura , afrogecko , agamura , ailuronyx , alsophylax , aristelliger , asaccus , blaesodactylus , bogertia , briba , bunopus , calodactylodes , carinatogecko , chonrodactylus , christinus , cnemaspis , coleodactylus , colopus , cosymbotus , crossobamon , cryptactites , cyrtodactylus , cyrtopodion , dixionius , dravidogecko , ebenavia , elasmodactylus , euleptes , geckolepis , geckonia , gehyra , gekko , goggia , gonatodes , gonydactylus , gymnodactylus , haemodracon , hemidactylus , hemiphyllodactylus , heteronotia , homonota , homopholis , lepidoblepharis , lepidodactylus , luperosaurus , lygodactylus , matoatoa , microscalabotes , nactus , narudasia , pachydactylus , paragehyra , paroedura , perochirus , phelsuma , phyllodactylus , phyllopezus , pristurus , pseudogekko , pseudogonatodes , ptenopus , ptychozoon , ptyodactylus , quedenfeldtia , rhoptropus , saurodactylus , sphaerodactylus , stenodactylus , tarentola , teratolepis , thecadactylus , tropiocoletes , urocotyledon , uroplatus .
subfamily diplodactylinae : bavayia , carphodactylus , crenadactylus , diplodactylus , eurydactylodes , hoplodactylus , lucasium , naultinus , nephurus , oedura , phyllurus , pseudothecadactylus , rhacodactylus , rhynchoedura , saltuarius , strophurus , underwoodisaurus .
the hindlimbs have lost the pelvic girdle and have been reduced to a scaly flap .
they lack legs much like the pygopodids , but only the males have vestigial hind legs .
the skull is heavily ossified , and the right lung is reduced in size ( as opposed to the reduction of the left lung in snakes and other legless lizards ) .
amphisbaena , ancylocranium , anops , aulura , baikia , blanus , bronia , cercolophia , chirindia , cynisca , dalophia , geocalamus , leposternon , loveridgea , mesobaena , monopeltis , zygaspis .
acrodont teeth , an enlarged sternal plate , and a very flattened snout with upturned edges .
they have a squared off anterior edge of the head , the external nares open ventrally , many maxillary teeth , the dentary process of the coronoid overlaps the dentary .
dyticonastis + , hyporhina + , jepsibaena + , macrorhineura + , oligorhineura + , oligodontosaurus + , ototriton + , pseudorhineura + , spathorhynchus + .
some of the varanids ( aigialosaurs , dolichosaurs , and mososaurs ) became adapted to an aquatic life and some were up to 10m long .
most are legless ( but some have very reduced legs ) and heavily armored with scales that do not overlap , but they are underlain by osteoderms .
they have a longitudinal fold that runs the length of the margin between the dorsal and ventral part of the animal .
subfamily gerrhonotinae : abronia , barisia , coloptychon , elgaria , gerrhonotus , mesaspis .
they occur mostly on land and in trees , though some are associated with water .
pachyrhachis , pachyophis , haasiophis , eidolosaurus , dolichosaurus , acetosaurus , pontosaurus , adriosaurus .
subfamily russelosaurinae ( tylosaurinae & plioplatecarpinae ) : russellosaurus , lakumasaurus , tylosaurus , taniwhasaurus , hainosaurus , angolosaurus , igdamanosaurus , selmasaurus , yaguarasaurus , ectenosaurus , platecarpus , plioplatycarpus , “mosasaurus” .
subfamily mosasaurinae : amphekepubis , moanasaurus , kourisodon , liodon , dallasaurus , clidastes , carinodens , globidens , dollosaurus , plesiotylosaurus , prognathodon , plotosaurus , “mosasaurus” .
carinodens , leiodon , mosasaurus , platecarpus , plioplatycarpus , plotosaurus , prognathodon , tylosaurus .
subfamily cercosaurinae : bachia , anadia , cercosaura , echinosaura , euspondylus , macropholidus , neusticurus , opipeuter , petracola , potamites , pholidobolus , placosoma , proctoporus , riama , riolama , teuchocercus .
subfamily gymnophthalminae : colobodactylus , colobosaura , heterodactylus , iphisa , stenolepis , calyptommatus , gymnophthalmus , macrablepharus , nothobachia , procellosaurinus , psilophthalmus , tretioscincus , vanzosaura , rhachisaurus .
the body scales are distinctive with granular scales on the back and plate - like scales on the belly .
ameiva , callopistes , cnemidophorus , crocodilurus , dicrodon , dracaena , kentropyx , teius , tupinambis .
they have granular scales over most of the body , larger on the head , and larger , plate - like scales on the belly , similar to the teids .
subfamily lacertinae : acanthodactylus , adolfus , algyroides , australolacerta , darevskia , eremias , gastropholis , holaspis , heliobolus , iberolacerta , ichnotropis , lacerta , latastia , meroles , mesalina , nucras , omanosauria , ophisops , parvilacerta , pedioplanis , philochortus , podarcis , poromera , pseuderemias , takydromus , teira , timon , tropidosaura , zootoca .
the heads and bodies are somewhat flattened ; immoveable eyelids over eyes with a vertical pupil .
they have granular scales on the back and plate - like scales on the belly .
the head is covered with plates and the body is covered with smooth cycloid scales .
ablepharus , acontias , acontophiops , afroblepharus , amphiglossus , androngo , anomalopus , apterygodon , asymblepharus , ateuchosaurus , barkudia , bartleia , bassiana , brachymeles , caledoniscincus , calyptotis , carlia , cautula , chabanaudia , chalcides , chalcidoseps , coeranoscincus , cophoscinopus , corucia , cryptoblepharus , cryptoscincus , ctenotus , cyclodina , cyclodomorphus , dasia , davewakeum , egernia , emoia , eremiascincus , eroticoscincus , eugongylus , eulamprus , eumeces , eumecia , euprepes , eurylepis , feylinia , fojia , geomyersia , geoscincus , glaphyromorphus , gnypetoscincus , gongylomorphus , gongylus , graciliscincus , haackgreerius , hakaria , hemiergis , hemisphaeriodon , isopachys , janetaescincus , lacertoides , lamprolepis , lampropholis , lankascincus , larutia , leiolpisma , leptoseps , leptosiaphos , leritsa , lioscincus , lipinia , lobulia , lygisaurus , lygosoma , mabuya , macroscincus , marmorosphax , melanoseps , menetia , mesoscincus , mochlus , morethia , nangura , nannoscincus , nessia , niveoscincus , notoscincus , novoeumeces , oligosoma , ophiomorus , ophioscincus , pamelaescincus , panaspis , papuascincus , paracontias , paralipinia , parvoscincus , phoboscincus , plestiodon , prasinohaema , proablepharus , proscelotes , pseudoacontias , pseudemoia , pygmomeles , riopa , ristella , saiphos , saproscincus , scelotes , scincella , scincopus , scincus , scolecoseps , sepsina , sigaloseps , simiscincus , sirenoscincus , sphenomorphus , sphenops , tachygyia , tiliqua , trachylepis , tribolonotus , tropidophorus , tropidoscincus , typhlacontias , typhlosaurus , vietnascincus , voeltzkowia .
osteoderms are well developed and distributed over the body ( lighter ones on the belly ) .
the snakes are clearly part of the squamata ( morphological and molecular support ) , but the sister group is hotly debated .
they have been placed as sisters to the amphisbaenia ( morphological ; lost legs as a burrower ) , anguimorpha ( morphological ; lost legs as a swimmer ) , and the iguania + anguimorpha ( molecular ) .
in addition to the loss of limbs , they have increased the number of vertebrae ( 120 - 500 ) and increased skull mobility .
like the dawn blind snakes , they have blunt heads and tails ; and vestigial eyes .
their cranial elements are not moveable , and they have teeth only on the dentary .
also called the false coral snakes , they are banded with red and black .
they occur in habitats that range from deserts to rainforest , and some may gow to be gigantic ( 30m long ) .
some have heat receptors in pits on their upper and lower labia . oviparous .
subfamily boinae ( boas ) : acrantophis , boa , candoia , corallus , epicrates , eunectes , sanzinia .
subfamily erycinae ( sand boas ) : calabaria , charina , eryx , gongylophis .
subfamily pythoninae ( pythons ) : aspidites , antaresia , apodora , bothrochilus , leiopython , liasis , morelia , python .
brachyophidium , melanophidium , platyplectrurus , plectrurus , pseudotyphlops , rhinophis , tereturus , uropeltis .
eyes shifted dorsally and valve - like flaps over the nares and lingual opening .
the maxilla is reduced but has a large hollow fang that can be erected laterally .
the are predators of fossorial mammals , snakes and lizards ( some eat invertebrates ) .
subfamily aparallactinae : amblyodipsis , aparallactus , brachyophis , chilorhinophis , hypoptophis , micrelaps , elapotinus , macrelaps , polemon , xenocalamus .
they do not have fangs in the front of the mouth , and most of them have teeth that are all of the same size .
their venom and mode of delivery seems to favor the capture of cold - blooded prey .
blythia , cercaspis , cyclocorus , elapoidis , gonglyosoma , haplocercus , helophis , myersophis , oreocalamus , poecilopholis , rhabdops , tetralepis , thermophis , trachischium , stilosoma .
subfamily boodontinae ? : boaedon ? , bothrolycus , bothrophthalmus , buhoma ? , chamaelycus , cryptolycus , dendrolycus , dipsina , dromicodryas , dromophis , duberria ? , goniotrophis , grayia , hormonotus , lamprophis , lycodonomorphus , lycophidion , macroprotodon , mehelya , montaspis ? , pseudaspis , pseudoboodon , pythonodipsas , scaphiophus .
subfamily pseudoxyrhophiinae : alluaudina , compsophis , ditypophis , dromicodryas , exallodontophis , geodipsas , heteroliodon , ithycyphus , langaha , leioheterodon , liophidium , leiopholidophis , lycodryas , madagascarophis , micropisthodon , pararhadinaea , bygophis , pseuxyrophis , stenophis .
subfamily colubrinae : aeluroglena , ahaetulla , argyrogena , arizona , bogertophis , boiga , cemophora , chilomeniscus , chionactis , chironius , chrysopelea , coluber , conopsis , coronella , crotaphopeltis , cryptophidion , cyclophiops , dasypeltis , dendrelaphis , dendrophidion , dinodon , dipsadoboa , dispholidus , dolichophis , dryadophis , drymarchon , drymobius , drymoliber , dryocalamus , dryophiops , eirenis , elchistodon , elaphe , ficimia , gastropyxis , geagras , gonyophis , gonyosoma , gyalopion , hapsidophrys , hemerophis , hemorrhois , hierophis , lampropeltis , leptodrymus , leptophis , lepturophis , liopeltis , lycodon , lycognathophis , lytorhynchus , masticophis , mastigodryas , meizodon , oligodon , opheodrys , oxybelis , philothamnus , phyllorhynchus , pituophis , platyceps , prosymna , pseudocyclophis , pseudoficimia , pseudestes , ptyas , rhamnophis , rhinobothryum , rhinocheilus , rhynchocalamus , rhynchophis , salvadora , scaphiodontophis , scolecophis , senticolis , sibynophis , simophis , sonora , spalerosophis , spilotes , stegonotus , stenorhhina , stilosoma , symphimus , sympholis , tantilla , tantillita , telescopus , thelotornis , thrasops , trimorphodon , xenelaphis , zaocys .
subfamily psammophiinae : hemirhagerrhis , malpolon , mimophis , psammophis , psammophylax , rhamphiophis .
subfamily calamariinae : calamaria , calamorhabdium , collorhabdium , etheridgeum , macrocalamus , pseudorhabdion , rabdion .
subfamily homalopsinae : bitia , brachyorrhos ? , cantoria , cerberus , gerarda , enhydris , erpeton , heurnia , homalopsis , fordonia , herpeton , myron .
subfamily lycodontinae : oligodon , rarancia , abastor , braedon , lambrophis , heterodon , lycodon .
subfamily dipsadinae : adelphicos , amastridium , atractus , chersodromus , coniophanes , cryophis , dipsas , eridiphas , geophis , hypsiglena , imantodes , leptodeira , ninia , pliocercus , pseudoleptodeira , leptognathus , haplopeltura , amblycehatus , rhadinaea , sibodon , sibynomorphus , tretanrhhinus , trimrtopon , tropidodipsas , urotheca , calamodontophis , carphophis , contia , cristantophis , diadophis , diaphorolepis , echinanthera , emmochliophis , enuliophis , enulius , gomespohis , hydromorphus , nothopsis , pseudotomodon , ptychophis , rhadinophanes , synophis , tachymenis , taeniophallus , tantalophis , thamnodynastes , tomodon , xenopholis .
subfamily xenoderminae ( xenodermatinae ) ? : achalinus , fimbrios , oxyrhabdium , stoliczkaia , xenodermus , xylophis .
the two subfamilies , though related to each other are quite different in the descriptions of their life history strategies .
all elapids are venomous with fangs in the front and followed by teeth behind the fang .
they prey on vertebrates and may occur in almost any terrestrial habitat ( fossorial to arboreal ) .
aspidelaps , boulengerina , bungarus , calliophis , dendroaspis , elapsoidea , hemachatus , hemibungarus , calliophis , micruroides , micrurus , naja , ophiophagus , paranaja , pseudohaje , walterinnesia .
the nostrils are on the dorsal side of the head and can be closed with a flap .
acalyptophis , acanthophis , aipysurus , aspidomorphus , astrotia , austrelaps , cacophis , demansia , denisonia , disteira , drysdalia , echiopsis , elapognathus , emydocephalus , enhydrina , ephalophis , furina , hemiaspis , hoplocephalus , hydrelaps , hydrophis , kerilia , kolpophis , lapemis , laticauda , loveridgelaps , micropechis , notechis , ogmodon , oxyuranus , parahydrophis , parapistocalamus , pelamis , pseudechis , pseudonaja , rhinoplocephalus , salmonelaps , simoselaps , suta , thalassophina , thalassophis , toxicocalamus , tropidechis , vermicella .
they are mostly nocturnal and prey mostly on mammals and birds , but take other vertebrates . they range from oviparous to ovoviparous to viviparous .
subfamily crotalinae ( pit vipers ) : agkistrodon , atropoides , bothriechis , bothriopsis , bothrocophias , bothrops , calloselasma , cerrophidion , crotalus , deinagkistrodon , zhaoermia , gloydius , hypnale , lachesis , ophryacus , ovophis , porthidium , protobothrops , sistrurus , triceratolepidophis , trimeresurus , tropidolaemus .
subfamily viperinae ( pitless vipers ) : adenorhinos , atheris , bitis , cerastes , daboia , echis , eristicophis , macrovipera , montatheris , proatheris , pseudocerastes , vipera , causus .
benton , m . j . 2005 . vertebrate paleontology . third edition . blackwell publishing , malden , ma .
evans , s . e . 1998 . crown group lizards ( reptilia , squamata ) from the middle jurassic of the british isles . paleontographica abteilung a . 250 : 123 - 154 .
henderson , d . m . 2006 . floating point : a computational study of buoyancy , equilibrium , and gastroliths in plesiosaurs . lethaia . 39 : 227 - 244 .
pough , f . h . , r . m . andrews , j . e . cadle , m . l . crump , a . h . savitzsky , and k . d . wells . 1998 . herpetology . prentice hall . upper saddle river , nj .
pough , f . h . , c . m . janis , and j . b . heiser . 2009 . vertebrate life . 8th ed . benjamin cummings . new york . pp . 688 .
vidal , n . and b . b . hedges . 2004 . molecular evidence for a molecular origin of snakes . proceedings of the royal society of london . b ( supplement ) . 271 : s226 - s229 .
international research partnership discovers rare mosasaur fossil , the first ancient marine reptile of its kind to be found in japan . photo by takuya konishi .
an international research partnership is revealing the first mosasaur fossil of its kind to be discovered in japan . not only does the 72 - million - year - old marine reptile fossil fill a biogeographical gap between the middle east and the eastern pacific , but also it holds new revelations because of its superior preservation .
“previous discoveries of this particular rare mosasaur have occurred along the east coast of north america , the pacific coast of north america , europe and north africa , but this is the first to fill the gap between the middle east and the eastern pacific , ” explains konishi , a member of the research team that also was represented by the royal tyrrell museum of palaeontology ( canada ) , university of alberta , brandon university , hobetsu museum ( japan ) , fukuoka university and the town of mukawa .
because the fossil was so well preserved , the creature revealed it had binocular vision — its eyes were on the front of the face , providing depth perception . this was a new discovery for this fossil species . the discovery reveals that the eye structure of these smaller mosasaurs was different from their larger cousins , whose eyes were on either side of their large heads , such as the eye structure of a horse . the eyes and heads of the larger mosasaurs were shaped to enhance streamlined swimming after prey that included fish , turtles and even small mosasaurs .
as a result , konishi says it’s believed these smaller marine reptiles hunted at night , much like the owl does compared with the daytime birds of prey such as eagles . the binocular vision in nocturnal animals doubles the number of photoreceptors to detect light . and , much like owls with their very large eyes to power those light receptors , the smaller mosasaur revealed very large eye sockets .


epermenia exilis is a moth in the family epermeniidae .

it was described by meyrick in 1897 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from south australia and new south wales .

the wingspan is 10 – 13 mm .

the forewings are fuscous , mixed with whitish and irregularly irrorated or strigulated with dark fuscous .

there is a narrow indistinct dark fuscous inwardly oblique fascia before the middle and a black dot in the disc before this , and another at three-fourths , beyond which is an indistinct ochreous spot .

there are four small equidistant black dorsal scale-teeth , the first at one-third and the fourth at the tornus , as well as a black costal dot towards the apex .

the hindwings are light grey .

epermenia exilis

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
kapohammaskoi
to
epermenia chaerophyllella
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
keltahammaskoi
to
epermenia illigerella hübner 1813
.
html public
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urltoken
nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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. the hindwings are grey , becoming brown towards the wingtips . the wingspan is about 1 cm .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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lycomorpha regulus is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by grinnell in 1903 .

it is found in north america , including arizona , california , colorado and utah .

the larvae feed on lichen of the parmelia genus , including parmelia plittii .

lycomorpha regulus

anatolmis regulus grinnell , 1903 ; ent . news 14 ( 1 ) : 11 ; tl : sierra madre mtns , los angeles co . , california
comstock , j . a . , and christopher henne . early stages of lycomorpha regulus grinnell , with notes on the imago ( lepidoptera : amatidae ) . j . of research on the lepidoptera 6 ( 4 ) : 275 - 280 , 1967 .
lycomorpha regia schaus , 1889 ; ent . amer . 5 : 88 ; tl : jalapa
= lycomorpha grotei ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 522 ; [ nhm card ]
lycomorpha nigridorsata dognin , 1916 ; hét . nouv . am . sud 12 : 33 ; tl : lino , panama ( 800m )
lycomorpha drucei hampson , 1901 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 8 ( 45 ) : 175 ; tl : mexico , durango
lycomorpha ( cisthenina ) ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 4 ; scott , zaspel , chialvo & weller , 2014 , syst . ent . 39 : 288
lycomorpha splendens barnes & mcdunnough , 1912 ; contr . nat . hist . lep . n . am . 1 ( 5 ) : 3 , pl . 1 , f . 8
lycomorpha drucei ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 369 , pl . 21 , f . 9 ; [ nhm card ]
lycomorpha grotei pulchra ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 78 ; [ nacl ] , # 8083a ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 4
lycomorpha splendens ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 387 ( unrecognized ) ; [ nacl ] , # 8086 ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 4
lycomorpha fulgens ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 522 , pl . 17 , f . 11 ; [ nacl ] , # 8085 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 4
lycomorpha pholus miniata ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 523 ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 78 ; [ nacl ] , # 8087a ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 4
lycomorpha grotei ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 522 ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 78 ; [ nacl ] , # 8083 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 4
lycomorpha pholus ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 523 , f . 277 ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 78 ; [ nacl ] , # 8087 ; [ nhm card ] ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 4
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
lichen in the genus parmelia . comstock & henne ( 1967 , see reference below ) reported that larvae fed on parmelia plittii gyrel during entire metamorphosis .
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powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 46 . 27m ; p . 265 . book review and ordering
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
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= ; [ nhm card ] ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 254 ; schmidt & opler , 2008 , zootaxa 1677 : 4
sphinx pholus drury , 1773 ; illust . nat . hist . exot . insects 2 : index , 49 , pl . 28 , f . 3 ; tl : new england , new york , maryland , virginia and ' carolina '
strigifera gaede , 1926 ; dt . ent . zs . 1926 ( 2 ) : 134
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lithosiine main lineages and their possible interrelationships . i . - definition of new or resurrected tribes ( lepidoptera : arctiidae )
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , sechter un letzter band , 1843 - 1856
( 1 ) : ( i ) pl . i ( 1843 ) , ( 3 ) : ( i ) i - ii , pl . ii - iv ( 1844 ) , ( 6 ) : ( i ) pl . v ( 1844 ) , ( 7 ) : ( i ) pl . vi ( 1844 ) , ( 8 ) : ( i ) iii - x , pl . vii - viii ( 1844 ) , ( 9 ) : ( i ) pl . ix - xi ( 1844 ) , ( 11 ) : ( i ) pl . xii ( 1845 ) , ( 13 ) : ( i ) xi - xiv , pl . xiii - xiv ( 1846 ) , ( 17 ) : ( i ) pl . xvi ( 1846 ) , ( 22 ) : ( ii ) pl . i - iii ( 1847 ) , ( 35 ) : ( i ) pl . xv ( 1848 ) , ( 36 ) : ( i ) pl . xvii - xix ( 1848 ) , ( 37 ) : ( i ) pl . xx ( 1849 ) , ( ? 38 ) : ( i ) xv - xviii ( 1849 ) , ( 38 ) : ( i ) pl . xxi - xxii ( 1849 ) , ( 40 ) : ( ii ) i - ii - iv , pl . iv - ix ( 1849 ) , ( 48 ) : [
- 36 ( 1852 ) , ( 60 ) : ( ii ) v - viii , pl . x - xiv ( iv ) 37 - 40 ( 1853 ) , ( 65 ) : ( iv )
scott , zaspel , chialvo & weller , 2014 a preliminary molecular phylogenetic assessment of the lichen moths ( lepidoptera : erebidae : arctiinae : lithosiini ) with comments on palatability and chemical sequestration syst . ent . 39 : 286 - 303
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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