the australian kestrel or nankeen kestrel ( falco cenchroides ) is one of the smallest falcons , and unlike many , does not rely on speed to catch its prey .

instead , it simply perches in an exposed position , but it also has a distinctive technique of hovering over crop and grasslands .

this bird is thought to be a very close relative of the common kestrel , and probably also the spotted kestrel .

it seems to have evolved from ancestral common kestrels dispersing to the australian region in the middle pleistocene — less than 1 million years ago — and adapting to local conditions .

a very common and easily seen raptor , the nankeen kestrel is found in australia , new guinea , and nearby islands , and is an irregular visitor to new zealand .

it occupies any type of land that is not too densely vegetated , but in particular temperate grasslands and open woodlands .

in the tropical north and the sandy deserts of the west , it has a patchy and seasonal distribution .

like many australian birds , it has no clear migratory pattern : in the grasslands of the south , established pairs are resident year round , but many other birds migrate north during the austral winter , or roam the arid interior following food supplies .

a small , slim falcon ( about 31 to 35 centimetres or 12 to 14 inches long ) , the nankeen kestrel is rufous or brown above and white or off-white below , with a black tail tip .

plumage varies considerably in detail , and some birds can look very scruffy , but the slim build , small size and distinctive straight-winged hovering habit make identification easy .

it can be seen in western australia on coastal cliffs and windy conditions .

also seen on phone lines and power lines .

( the only other australasian raptors to hover are the elanid kites which are much lighter in colour and a little larger , and the brown falcon , which is much larger and more heavily built , and hovers only with difficulty ) .

altogether , it looks just like a pale , less patterned , and smaller derivate of the common kestrel , which it indeed is ( see gloger 's rule , bergmann 's rule ) .

diet is varied , with a large number of insects , but also small birds and reptiles , and in particular , small rodents , mostly mice .

nankeen kestrels are adaptable and hunt in a number of different ways : of these , simply perching in an exposed position ( such as on a dead tree or a telephone pole ) and watching for prey is the most common , but it is their habit of hovering motionless over crop and grasslands that is most distinctive .

typically seen singly or in pairs , they can aggregate into loose flocks of up to 30 when conditions are right .

pairs are typically monogamous and may or may not disperse to different areas during the non-breeding season .

the nest is any convenient structure : a tree hollow , cliff ledge or disused corvid 's nest , for example , and is not modified or added to by the kestrels .

three to seven eggs are laid in late winter ( usually about four ) and incubated by the female alone .

hatching takes place after 26 to 28 days , and the male brings food while the female continues to incubate until the young are close to fledging , at which time the female leaves the nest to hunt for them too .

multiple broods are raised in good seasons .

nankeen kestrel

there are not known to be any other specific conservation measures currently targeted towards the nankeen kestrel .
lateral view of a male nankeen kestrel . . . [ narrabri , nsw , july 2012 ]
the male nankeen kestrel can be distinguished from the female by its smaller size and grey head and tail .
powell , w . j . 1978 . an analysis of nankeen kestrel pellets . notornis 25 : 94 .
the nankeen kestrel is one of the smallest birds of prey in australia , and also one of the most abundant .
powell , w . j . 1975 . first sightings of nankeen kestrel in hawkes bay . notornis 22 : 175 .
nankeen kestrel . adult male , diving for prey . norfolk island , january 2017 . image © imogen warren by imogen warren
j . greaves reports spotting a nankeen kestrel , race
cenchroides
, in broome , wa , in april 2015 .
an isolated subspecies of the nankeen kestrel is found only in high - altitude mountain valleys in central irian jaya , new guinea .
like other kestrels , the nankeen kestrel characteristically hovers while hunting , beating its wings rapidly while keeping its head and body still .
female nankeen kestrel looking into its nesting hollow ( photo courtesy of r . druce ) [ maules creek , nsw , 2012 ]
nankeen kestrel under parts are white ; the black bar near the tail tip of this male is visible . mildura , vic .
dorsal view of a hovering nankeen kestrel ( photo courtesy of r . plumtree ) [ ensay south , east gippsland , vic , august 2015 ]
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male nankeen kestrel with a mouse it has just caught ( photo courtesy of r . plumtree ) [ ensay south , east gippsland , vic , june 2016 ]
the nankeen kestrel is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 4 ) .
seaton , r . ; hyde , n . 2013 . nankeen kestrel . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
clutch of 4 nankeen kestrel eggs in a re - used chestnut - crowned babblers ' nest ( photo courtesy of d . johnston ) [ inland nsw , 1980ies ]
extensive surveys placed the nankeen kestrel in the top ten most commonly seen birds ; it was recorded in 95 % of the survey sites located across the whole of australia .
nankeen kestrel hovering in a strong updraft ; this bird was seen hunting next to its partner in the same updraft [ mt . kaputar np , nsw , april 2011 ]
female nankeen kestrel diving into tall grass trying to make a catch ( photo courtesy of r . plumtree ) [ ensay south , east gippsland , vic , may 2015 ]
the nankeen kestrel - falco cenchroides - is a small falcon ( 30 to 35 centimetres long , wingspan 66 to 78 centimetres ) ; males 163 grams , females 173 grams .
near - frontal view of a female nankeen kestrel ; note the brown crown ( photo courtesy of m . eaton ) [ dundowran beach , hervey bay , qld , may 2018 ]
for unknown reasons this female nankeen kestrel overpowered a common starling , but then released it again ( photo courtesy of r . plumtree ) [ benambra , east gippsland , vic , december 2017 ]
like other kestrels , the nankeen kestrel characteristically hovers while hunting , keeping the body horizontal and the head still as it scans for prey . when prey is spotted , the kestrel drops towards the ground until it is near enough to strike ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the diet of the nankeen kestrel includes a variety of small mammals , birds , reptiles and insects , and it also takes centipedes and spiders ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 9 ) . as well as hovering , the nankeen kestrel also hunts by swooping onto prey from a perch , and it sometimes catches insects and even birds in the air ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .
female nankeen kestrel , left ( note the rufous head ) , and male , right , on a power pole ( photo courtesy of l . scott ) [ fairy hill , northern nsw , june 2017 ]
the nankeen kestrel is typically found in open or lightly wooded areas , particularly farmland with scattered trees ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . it can also be found in urban areas ( 2 ) .
on 2 july 2014 , shortly after the winter solstice , calls were recorded of a male nankeen kestrel pursuing a female , presumably in an attempt to woo her , to which the female responded in softer calls .
the nankeen kestrel has dark brown eyes , a yellow cere and a yellow ring around each eye . this species’ legs and feet are also yellow ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . juvenile nankeen kestrels have a pale grey cere and eye ring , which gradually change to yellow as the bird matures ( 3 ) .
the clutch size of the nankeen kestrel varies from one to six eggs , with three to five being more usual ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the eggs hatch after 26 to 29 days and the young kestrels leave the nest at 28 to 35 days old ( 2 ) , although they remain dependent on the adults for up to 2 more months ( 3 ) . the female nankeen kestrel performs most of the incubation of the eggs , while the male brings most of the food to the nest ( 6 ) . the nankeen kestrel usually raises only one brood each year ( 6 ) , and the young reach sexual maturity at about a year old ( 3 ) .
two subspecies of nankeen kestrel are usually recognised , with falco cenchroides baru being slightly larger than falco cenchroides cenchroides and having a darker grey head and tail in the male ( 2 ) . the nankeen kestrel can sometimes be confused with the brown falcon ( falco berigora ) , but is smaller , has richer reddish - brown plumage , lacks brown on the thighs , and has a single rather than double dark mark on the cheeks ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) .
although the nankeen kestrel is resident year - round in many areas , some populations are partially migratory or nomadic , undertaking seasonal movements or moving around in relation to rainfall , drought or food availability ( 2 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .
the nankeen kestrel is a diminutive australian raptor that is a vagrant to new zealand . having more slender , long pointed wings , it is more of a specialist open habitat / farmland species than our native falcon . most well - known for its characteristic hovering hunting flights , it feeds on insects , small birds and mammals such as mice and rats . records are widely spread throughout the new zealand mainland . despite sporadic irruptions in numbers the nankeen kestrel has never been recorded breeding in new zealand .
the nankeen kestrel nests in a variety of locations , from tree hollows , cliff ledges and urban buildings to the old stick nest of another bird ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) . this species has even been known to nest below ground in sink - holes and mine shafts ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . except when it uses an old stick nest , the nankeen kestrel generally lays its eggs in a simple depression or scrape ( 3 ) ( 6 ) , sometimes adding bits of bark or rotting wood ( 2 ) .
one of australia’s smallest bird of prey ( 3 ) ( 5 ) , the nankeen kestrel ( falco cenchroides ) is a relatively slender bird with long , pointed wings and a fairly long tail that has a rounded tip ( 2 ) . the adult male nankeen kestrel has reddish - brown upperparts with a few dark streaks and spots , as well as a grey rump and whitish to buff underparts with fine black streaking . the tips of the wings are black and the undersides of the wings are faintly barred , while the tail is grey except for a single black band and a whitish tip ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the top of the male nankeen kestrel’s head is usually grey , and the cheeks are greyish - white with narrow dark ‘moustache’ stripes ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
nankeen kestrel on a high perch searching for prey on the ground below . note the rufous back . the black outer wings are folded covering the tail . under parts are white with a faint rufous wash and marked by short , dark , vertical lines . mildura , vic .
similar species : the most commonly seen falcon in new zealand is the new zealand falcon , a magpie - sized raptor that is far larger and more robust than the more delicate nankeen kestrel . new zealand falcon have deeper , more rounded wings , rarely hover ( and cannot do so for long periods like the kestrel ) and are much darker brown on the back . kestrels also lack the distinctive rufous / red ‘trousers’ of the new zealand falcon .
some nankeen kestrels are partially migratory , others disperse in response to the availability of food and some are largely resident .
m . mackay reports that nankeen kestrels , race
cenchroides
, are permanent residents in coober pedy , sa .
olsen , p . d . and olsen , j . ( 1987 ) movements and measurements of the australian kestrel falco cenchroides . emu , 87 : 35 - 41 .
australian ( nankeen ) kestrels copulating . this pair copulated several times each morning for almost a month before the . . .
the nankeen kestrel is quite a vocal bird , particularly during the breeding season . its most common call is a rapid , shrill ‘ keek - keek - keek ’ or ‘ keekeekee ’ , and it also gives a high - pitched trembling scream and a thin , upslurred squeal ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
28–35 cm ; male 121–195 g , female 115–273 g ; wingspan 66–78 cm . a typical small , slim kestrel , with long , relatively narrow and rounded wings and a . . .
nankeen kestrels have been by us to hustle raptors as powerful as ( and nesting in the same tree with ) a whistling kite .
preferred habitats are lightly wooded areas and open agricultural regions and tend to be absent from dense forests . the nankeen kestrel ' s success as a bird of prey can be largely contributed to its tolerance for a wide variety of habitats and its ability to feed on a variety of foods and nest in a range of sites .
edgar , a . t . ; grant , p . 1969 . nankeen kestrels in new zealand . notornis 16 : 288 - 298 .
the female nankeen kestrel is generally larger than the male ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) , and is usually reddish - brown rather than grey on the head , rump and tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . females of this species also tend to be more heavily streaked with black than the males , and have several dark bars on the tail in addition to the large black band near the tip ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 5 ) . the juvenile nankeen kestrel resembles the adult female , but is more streaked and has clearer , more numerous bars on the tail ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
nankeen kestrels can be found most easily in two ways . they are one of a few species of raptor that will hover in a fixed position with slightly flapping wings to dive on prey on the ground . if a bird showing such behaviour has a mostly creamy front and brown mantle , it is most likely a nankeen kestrel . they also like to perch in exposed positions , in trees , e . g . in farmland with scattered trees or on power poles and powerlines , often near roadsides . compared to black - shouldered kites , nankeen kestrels tend to prefer lower perches ( e . g . also fenceposts and pickets ) .
all raptors are carnivores . nankeen kestrels prey on small rodents , such as mice , lizards and large insects , e . g . locusts .
nankeen kestrel face with yellow eye ring and cere ( above the bill ) . the grey crown of this male is visible . thin grey tear stripe down from front of eye is not readily seen on the white face in this example . pale rufous wash on the upper breast with numerous short , vertical streaks on the underside . mildura , vic .
olsen , p . vestjens , w . j . m . and olsen , j . ( 1979 ) observations on the diet of the australian kestrel falco cenchroides . emu , 79 : 133 - 138 .
. nankeen kestrels are found on papua / papua new guinea , new caledonia and australia , including christmas island , norfolk island and lord howe island .
within australia , the nankeen kestrel is listed as a protected species under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 10 ) . this widespread bird of prey is also listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , meaning that any international trade in this species or its parts should be carefully controlled ( 4 ) .
nankeen kestrels are found in most areas of australia and are also found on islands along australia ' s coastline , as well as new guinea and indonesia .
nankeen kestrels , race
cenchroides
, can be found almost everywhere on the western side of the great dividing range , wherever there are open areas close to suitable perches .
debus , s . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . nankeen kestrel ( falco cenchroides ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the nankeen kestrel is a widespread and abundant species , and is not currently considered to be globally threatened ( 8 ) . it is believed to be one of australia’s two most numerous birds of prey ( 2 ) , and its numbers have increased as it has benefitted from the clearance of forests and the introduction of new prey species such as mice and the european starling ( sturnus vulgaris ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 8 ) .
the nankeen kestrel is a slender falcon and is a relatively small raptor ( bird of prey ) . the upper parts are mostly rufous , with some dark streaking . the wings are tipped with black . the underparts are pale buff , streaked with black , and the under tail is finely barred with black , with a broader black band towards the tip . females tend to be more heavily marked and have more rufous on the crown and tail . males have a greyish crown and tail , although the extent varies between individuals . females are larger than males . young nankeen kestrels closely resemble the adult female , with heavier markings .
nankeen kestrels hunt in many different types of habitats ( coastal and inland ) , except dense forest such as rainforest . they often hunt from medium - high perches , such as powerlines .
the nankeen kestrel nests in a wide variety of sites , including tree hollows , caves , ledges on the outside of buildings , and occasionally on the ground . the nest consists of anything from a simple scrape in the dirt of a ledge or tree hollow , to a nest of sticks or mud that has been abandoned by another species of bird . pairs of nankeen kestrels usually stay together over successive breeding seasons , and will often use the same nest site or territory year after year . usually only one brood of young is raised in a year . the female does the bulk of the incubation , while the male supplies the food .
the nankeen kestrel is usually found alone or in breeding pairs , but larger numbers occasionally gather where there is an abundance of food , such as during plagues of mice or locusts ( 2 ) . individuals sometimes perform territorial displays that involve glides on slightly drooped wings , interspersed with burst of rapid , shallow wing beats , often with the body tilted to alternate sides to produce flashes of the dark upperparts or white underparts ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the name ' nankeen ' refers to the similarity in colour of the kestrels back to the yellowish - brown cotton found originally around the chinese city of nanking , once used to make buff - coloured cotton trousers .
* nankeen kestrels usually build nests in tree hollows , but will also re - use disused basket stick nests by other species . they are also known to nest in depressions in cliff hollows or on rock ledges .
the nankeen kestrel ' s diet is varied . it mainly feeds on small mammals , reptiles , small birds and a variety of insects . prey is located from a perch or by hovering a short distance above the ground on rapid wing - beats , using its fan - shaped tail as a rudder and keeping the head and body kept still . once prey is spotted , the bird drops nearer to the ground until it is close enough to pounce . some insects and birds may be caught in mid - air or snatched from tree branches .
nankeen kestrels , race
cenchroides
, were also found by us in the hills of the great dividing range and on the east coast of australia and have been reported to us southward to as far as southern coastal areas of vic .
like many other raptors , nankeen kestrels sometimes hunt hovering in updrafts on hill or mountain slopes . the photo below shows how the wings can be angled when there is too much air lift for a bird to fully extend them while maintaining position .
nankeen kestrels are small raptors . they are the smallest of the australian falcons . their plumage is dimorphic , i . e . males and females are slightly different . male nankeen kestrels have a grey head , brown mantle and wings , black wing tips and a creamy , faintly streaked brest to white belly and vent . females have a brown cap and a more heavily streaked breast than males . they are only marginally larger than males . both sexes have a dark stripe (
tear drop
) under each eye . the eye - rings are yellow , the bill is grey , with a yellow cere . the lower legs and feet are yellow . the upper legs are covered by white feathers . first - year nankeen kestrels look like females , but with a more rufous tint .
nankeen kestrels , race
cenchroides
, are widespread and a common sight in inland nsw . they were seen by us occasionally 20 km south of narrabri , from 2003 to 2006 . one even had its roost under the roof of a shed for a while .
the nankeen kestrel is found across australia , including tasmania , as well as in papua new guinea and on offshore islands such as lord howe island , norfolk island ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 8 ) and barrow island ( 5 ) . this species also breeds on christmas island in the indian ocean ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 8 ) , and is occasionally seen in the lesser sundas and aru islands , new zealand , and west to bali and java ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the subspecies f . c . baru occurs in an isolated population in the snow mountains of central irian jaya , new guinea ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
some nankeen kestrels migrate to southern new guinea for the winter , where they often occur in grassland or savanna . the isolated subspecies f . c . baru occurs in high - altitude mountain valleys , at elevations of 3 , 200 to 3 , 800 metres ( 2 ) .
view from above into the nesting hollow of a pair of nankeen kestrels , with two near - fledging age chicks in it ; note the remnants of a lizard and the otherwise clean gravel lining ( photo courtesy of r . brinsley ) [ 85 km west of wentworth , nsw , 2007 ]
nankeen kestrels , race
cenchroides
, inhabit the entire australian continent and tasmania , except its south - western corner . staying mostly in the south - eastern quarter of the australian continent or the western coastal strip of wa during their breeding season , outside the breeding season they can venture into even the most arid parts of the interior .
breeding pairs of nankeen kestrels perform aerial courtship displays , and the male also brings food to the female as part of courtship ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the breeding season of this small falcon runs from around july to february , peaking between september and december ( 2 ) , and pairs often mate for life ( 5 ) ( 6 ) .
nankeen kestrels occur throughout the australian mainland , but are uncommon non - breeding visitors to tasmania . they are partial migrants to north australia and indonesia in the winter . kestrels have bred on lord howe island since 1944 and norfolk island since c . 1971 . vagrants to new zealand have been recorded in most regions , where they prefer open grasslands and scrubland .
male and female are similar in appearance with colour differences on the crown , tail and back . upper parts are rufous with fine sparse black spotting on the back ( heavier in females ) , head is grey in males and rufous in females . face is white with a thin black ( or grey ) tear stripe down from front of the eye . outer flight feathers are almost black with buff white on inner vanes . rump and tail in males is plain pale grey with a black bar near the white tip . females have a rufous tail streaked with narrow horizontal black bars with a black bar near the rufous tip . under parts in both sexes is white , sometimes with a faint rufous wash on the breast and flanks . short , dark , vertical streaks on the breast are lighter in the male , becoming more prominent in the female . feet yellow - orange , eye is black - brown , eye - ring and cere ( above the bill ) yellow . immature birds are generally coloured like females flight of the nankeen kestrel , compared to other falcons is more wandering , often changing direction , stopping to hover . soars on flat , blunt tipped wings and widespread tail . hovers into wind with quick , shallow wingbeats or hangs with wings flexed and uplifted . not as fast as other falcons and usually preys on creatures living on the ground . hovers , for minutes at a time , at 10 to 20 metres height searching the ground for prey . alternatively , it rests on a high perch scanning the ground for prey . drops suddenly and steeply to take prey in ground cover with closed wings . eats mostly inverterbrates particularly grasshoppers and crickets . also east small mammals ( mice ) , birds up to starling size and reptiles ( mainly skinks and small dragons ) . takes insects in flight but rarely chases small birds
common , nomadic and abundant , nankeen kestrels follow flushes of their prey and appear in numbers during mice or insect plagues . fluctuates in numbers . often seen along roads perched on fences and power poles . found over all the australian mainland as well as being a non - breeding visitor to northern and eastern tasmania . most common in open woodland and agricultural land , also common in treeless inland areas away from roads . in fact , can be found in any habitat except dense forest where they cannot hunt . they usually move north in winter and south in summer along the eastern seaboard ; sometimes reaching new guinea on migration . established pairs hold territory year round . kestrels have recently colonised lord howe , norfolk and christmas islands and may be colonising new zealand . breeding takes place from july to december , peaking in september and october ; pairs usually ' nesting ' in isolation or sometimes semi - colonially in concentrated breeding locations amid extensive hunting habitats .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
turbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
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comparable raptors ( birds of prey ) are the similar - sized but stouter australian hobby , falco longipennis ( 30 cm - 35 cm ) which has blue - grey upper parts , red - brown underparts and a long , square - shaped tail , and the larger brown falcon , f . berigora ( 41 cm - 51 cm ) which lacks the rich rufous colouring .
this adaptable falcon has colonised lord howe island , norfolk island and christmas island relatively recently , and it is thought that it may also be colonising new zealand ( 3 ) .
moro , d . and macaulay , i . ( 2010 ) a guide to the birds of barrow island . chevron australia , perth . available at : urltoken
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
cere in birds , an area of skin at the base of the upper mandible of the beak , surrounding the nostrils . incubation the act of incubating eggs ; that is , keeping them warm so that development is possible . nomadic a species which roams irregularly from place to place in search of food and water , without returning to a fixed location . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species . territorial describes an animal , a pair of animals or a colony that occupies and defends an area .
ferguson - lees , j . and christie , d . a . ( 2001 ) raptors of the world . helm identification guides , a & c black publishers , london .
debus , s . ( 2012 ) birds of prey of australia : a field guide . second edition . csiro publishing , collingwood , australia .
department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( 2012 ) falco cenchroides . in : species profile and threats database . department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities , canberra . available at : urltoken
flpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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this species is found in barrow island . visit our barrow island topic page to find out more .
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thought to be closest to f . moluccensis , and both traditionally considered members of the f . tinnunculus group ( which see ) . two subspecies recognized .
vigors , 1827 – christmas i ( indian ocean ) , and australia , tasmania , lord howe i and norfolk i ; winters irregularly from lesser sundas and moluccas to aru is and regularly in s new guinea ; occasional vagrant to new zealand .
especially noisy during breeding season , when commonest call is shrill
keek - keek - keek . . . . . .
all lightly wooded and treeless terrestrial habitats , including open woodland , savanna , grassland , . . .
mostly invertebrates , particularly large insects such as grasshoppers , beetles , moths , ants and crickets , and other arthropods ( centipedes . . .
jun–dec ( especially sept–oct ) in australia , jul in new guinea . solitary ; semi - colonial in concentrated breeding habitat amid . . .
resident and partly migratory populations ; many pairs sedentary in temperate regions . longest . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . cites ii . widespread and abundant throughout australia , where population placed at 75 , 000–750 , 000 pairs and has increased in . . .
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incoporates various older genera / subgenera , e . g . cerchneis , tinnunculus , dissodectes , aesalon , nesierax , hieracidea , ieracidea , gennaia , hierofalco , rhynchodon .
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nick talbot , stephen wallace , keith and lynn youngs , josep del hoyo , peter fraser .
margaret leggoe , mark broomhall , hal and kirsten snyder , nick talbot , les george , frédéric pelsy , bogdan krajewski , lindsay hansch , marco valentini , joris bertrand , andrew _ allen , cookdj , clivenealon , ian barker , guy poisson , twitcher , hickson fergusson , josep del hoyo , björn svensson , arnie hollyman , mikko pyhälä , brian huggett , holger teichmann , paul van giersbergen , arthur grosset , richard hall , colintrainor , kevin b agar .
geographical variation : the sub - species f . c . baru occurs in new guinea
a tui - sized small raptor with long slender , pointed wings . pale rufous / chestnut brown back with black triangular spotting , black flight feathers and a cream / white streaked breast . small sharply hooked bill with an understated moustache / malar strip running vertically down from the back of the gape . distinctive black subterminal band at the end of a long rectangular or fanned tail . adult males have a grey head and tail , are sparsely spotted on the back , and are more rufous than females . adult females have brown heads and tails , and are more heavily spotted on the back than males . juveniles are similar to adult females , but with a less chestnut shade of brown and heavier triangular spotting on the back . the hovering flight , with angular crooked wings is characteristic .
voice : a high pitched chattering kee - kee - kee call usually uttered during the breeding season .
relatively frequent visitor to new zealand . records dating back to late 1880s are widely distributed over both main islands . arrivals are usually of individual birds however sporadic irruptions in numbers occur , e . g . observations were made from nine locations in 1969 and 13 - 15 birds spread between hokitika and cambridge were recorded in 1990 . boom and bust population trends of prey influence productivity , and may be a factor in the numbers arriving in new zealand , as could drought conditions , large bushfires and prevailing weather conditions . despite multiple birds being present at one time , including two birds observed together in hawke ' s bay for five years in the 1980s , there has been no indication that kestrels have bred in new zealand .
quartering flights interspersed with hovering are used to search for prey in open habitats . kestrels also hunt from a perch using a glide attack , sometimes resulting in a tail chase . overseas they most often nest in trees , in cliff cavities or in stick nests of other birds . they will occasionally nest on the ground or on buildings . the absence of medium - sized stick nest making birds in new zealand and a general lack of tree cavities may be factors that restrict the ability of this species to breed here .
small birds and mammals , insects and reptiles . limited data in new zealand suggests a similar diet to australia but reflecting local species e . g . introduced european passerines .
guest , r . 1991 . 1990 report on rare birds in new zealand . notornis 38 : 240 - 244 .
heather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 1996 . the field guide to the birds of new zealand . viking , auckland .
marchant , s . ; higgins , p . j . ( eds . ) . 1993 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . volume 2 : raptors to lapwings . melbourne , australia : oxford university press .
mcallan , i . a . w . ; curtis , b . r . ; hutton , i . ; cooper , r . m . 2004 . the birds of the lord howe island group : a review of records . australasian field ornithology 21 ( supplement ) : 1 - 82 .
moore , j . l . 1981 . norfolk island notes 1971 to 1980 . notornis 28 : 50 - 56
oliver , w . r . b . 1955 . new zealand birds . a . h . & a . w . reed , wellington .
a small raptor with long pointed wings , rufous - chestnut back , black flight feathers , cream - white streaked breast , black band at the end of long tail , small hooked bill , and a faint moustache stripe below each eye . males have a grey head and tail and black spotted back ; adult females have brown heads and tails , and are more heavily spotted .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be increasing , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : falco cenchroides . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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the overall distribution of this species can be assessed based on sighting reports submitted by birdwatchers to urltoken .
they were also seen by us on a trip to outback nsw and south australia in march 2008 . again seen far inland in october 2010 .
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note that , by the time they fledge ( i . e . , leave their nest ) , the young of all species of raptors - apart from the tail and wing feathers ( which are still growing ) - are already full adult - size .
to see a different kind of falcon nesting in a river red gum , click here .
during the first few weeks , raptors feed their chicks with pieces of meat . later on in their development , the chicks learn to tear apart their parents ' prey .
for this species we have recorded the following call ( s ) / song . the interpretation of their meaning is our own ; comments and suggestions for improvement are welcome .
these pages are largely based on our own observations and those of our contributors . the structure of these bird pages is explained here . for more salient facts on any bird species please refer to a field guide .
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no nest is built ; eggs are laid in a depression or scrape most often in a tree hollow or on a cliff but a wide variety of sites may be used including mine shafts , old machinery 2 to 31 metres above the ground , ledges on buildings . kestrels defend their nests by swooping at , and striking , intruders . one to six , usually three to five , eggs are laid ; very pale , buff or pink with blotches of brown - red ; round , about 38 by 31 millimetres . incubation takes 28 days , by the female alone . the male does all the hunting at first , passing prey to the female for herself and the young . both parents hunt in the week or so before fledging . the young fledge in about 26 days . young are dependant for a two months after which they disperse or migrate far from the nesting area ( up to 800 kilometres has been recorded although 10 kilometres is more usual ) . young sometimes breed themselves after one year .
¶ genus falco is the only genus in family falconidae and contains other falcons and the australian hobby .


amphimallon fuscum is a species of beetle in the melolonthinae subfamily that can be found in italy , kosovo , montenegro , serbia , switzerland , voivodina , and on the island of sicily .

amphimallon fuscum

amphimallon fuscum scopoli , 1786 = amphimallon sirentensis leoni , 1906 = amphimallon nebrodensis ragusa , 1883 = amphimallon logesi mulsant , 1872 = amphimallon fuscescens gmelin , 1788 = amphimallon sirentensis leoni 1906 = amphimallus logesi mulsant 1870 = rhizotrogus nebrodensis ragusa 1882 .
gambrell f . l . 1946 : the european chafer amphimallon majalis and its control in lawns . j . econ . entomol . 39 : 168 - 173 go to original source . . .
montreuil o . 1997 : amphimallon menorcanum reitter , 1902 , nouveau synonyme de rhizotrogus pallidipennis blanchard , 1850 ( coleoptera : melolonthidae : melolonthinae ) . boll . soc . hist . nat . balears 40 : 147 - 149
regnier r . 1939 : contribution a l ' etude des hannetons . un grand ennemi des gazons : amphimallon majalis razoumowsky ( coleoptera : melolonthidae : melolonthinae ) . ann . epiphyt . phytogenet . 5 : 257 - 265
montreuil o . 1999 : revision de deux especes de grece du genre amphimallon berthold , 1827 ( coleoptera : melolonthidae ) et description d ' une nouvelle espece . bull . soc . entomol . fr . 104 : 105 - 108
swofford d . l . 1992 : paup : phylogenetic analysis using parsimony . version 3 . 1 . illinois natural history survey , champaign . wiley e . o . 1981 : phylogenetics . the theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics . john wiley , new york , 439 pp . appendix 1 . synonymical list of taxa belonging to amphimallon berthold , 1827 sensu auctorum . names of species not considered in the phylogenetic analysis are marked with * . species excluded from amphimallon s . str . are in square brackets
montreuil , o . ( 2000 ) . cladistic systematics of the genus amphimallon ( coleoptera : scarabaeidae : melolonthinae ) . eur . j . entomol . , 97 ( 2 ) , 253 - 270 . doi : 10 . 14411 / eje . 2000 . 042 .
schwardt h . h . & withcomb w . h . 1943 : life history of the european chafer amphimallon majalis ( razoumowsky ) ( coleoptera : melolonthidae : melolonthinae ) . j . econ . entomol . 36 : 345 - 346 go to original source . . .
regnier r . 1940 : contribution a l ' etude de la biologie d ' amphimallon majalis razoumowsky ( = rufescens latr . ) , ravageur des gazons ( coleoptera : melolonthidae : melolonthinae ) . vi congreso internacional de entomologia , madrid ( 1935 ) . museo nacional de ciencias naturales , madrid , pp . 730 - 736
maddison w . p . & maddison d . r . 1993 : macclade : analysis of phylogeny and character evolution . version 3 . 04 . sinauer associates inc . , sunderland , ma . martin piera f . 1985 : los generos de melolonthini y las especies ibero - baleares de amphimallon berthold , 1827 y monotropus erichson , 1848 ( coleoptera : melolonthidae ) . graellsia 41 : 7 - 30
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
baguena l . 1959 : los rhizotrogina ibericos ( coleoptera : melolonthidae : melolonthinae ) . graellsia 17 : 93 - 102
baguena l . 1967 : scarabaeoidea de la faune ibero - balear y pirenaica . consejo superior de investigaciones cientificas , institut espanol de entomologia , madrid , 576 pp
baraud j . 1967 : les rhizotrogus du
groupe pini
( coleoptera : melolonthidae : melolonthinae ) . description d ' une nouvelle espece d ' espagne . bull . soc . entomol . fr . 72 : 39 - 44
baraud j . 1977a : aberrations antennaires et taxonomie chez les melolonthidae . nouv . rev . entomol . 7 : 315 - 320
baraud j . 1977b : coleopteres scarabaeoidea . faune de l ' europe occidentale . publication de la nouvelle revue d ' entomologie , iv . universite paul sabatier , toulouse , 352 pp
baraud j . 1981 : coleopteres scarabaeoidea nouveaux ou interessants de la faune iberique . nouv . rev . entomol . 11 : 271 - 276
baraud j . 1985 : coleopteres scarabaeoidea , faune du nord de l ' afrique , du maroc et du sinai . encyclopedie entomologique xlvi . lechevalier , paris , 652 pp
baraud j . 1992 : coleopteres scarabaeoidea d ' europe . faune de france 78 . federation francaise des societes de sciences naturelles , paris , and societe linneenne , lyon , 856 pp
carayon j . 1951 : procede d ' etude anatomique de certains organes internes chez des insectes desseches . feuille nat . ( n . s . ) 6 : 89 - 93
carayon j . 1969 : emploi du noir chlorazol en anatomie microscopique des insectes . ann . soc . entomol . fr . ( n . s . ) 5 : 179 - 193
coca abia m . 1995 : taxonomia , filogenia y biogeografia del genero rhizotrogus en el metiterraneo occidentale ( coleoptera : melolonthidae : melolonthinae ) . universidad complutense de madrid , unpublished thesis , 290 pp
coca abia m . & martin piera f . 1998 : revision taxonomica del genero rhizotrogus berthold , 1827 . coleopterological monographs 2 . european association of coleopterology , barcelona , 140 pp
crisci j . v . 1982 : parsimony in evolutionary theory : law or methodological prescription ? j . theor . biol . 97 : 35 - 41 go to original source . . .
darlu p . & tassy p . 1993 : reconstitution phylogenetique . concepts et methodes . collection biologie theorique 7 . masson , paris , 245 pp
forey p . l . , humphries c . j . , kitching i . j . , scotland r . w . , siebert d . j . & williams d . m . 1992 : cladistics . a pratical course in systematics . the systematics association publication no . 10 . oxford university press , oxford , 191 pp
gambrell f . l . , mendall s . c . & smith e . h . 1942 : a destructive european insect new to the united states . j . econ . entomol . 35 : 289 go to original source . . .
medvedev s . i . 1951 : fauna sssr . coleoptera , x , 1 . academy of sciences of the ussr , moscow , 513 pp . ( in russian )
miksic r . 1970 : katalog der lamellicornia jugoslawiens . institut za sumarstvo , sarajevo , 71 pp
nikolajev g . v . 1987 : fauna of kazakhstan and central asia . nauka , alma ata , 232 pp
nixon k . c . & carpenter j . m . 1993 : on outgroup . cladistics 9 : 413 - 426 go to original source . . .
reitter e . 1902 : bestimmungs - tabelle der melolonthidae aus der europaeischen fauna und den angrenzenden laendern , enthalten die gruppen der pachydemini , sericini und melolonthini . verh . naturf . ver . bruenn 40 : 94 - 303
shorey h . h . & gyrisco g . g . 1960 : effects of soil temperature and moisture on the vertical distribution of european chafer larvae . ann . entomol . soc . am . 53 : 666 - 670 go to original source . . .
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the spotted fantail ( rhipidura perlata ) is a species of bird in the family rhipiduridae .

it is found throughout sumatra , borneo and the southern malay peninsula .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

spotted fantail

select an image : 1 . spotted fantail > > juvenile 2 . spotted fantail 3 . spotted fantail > > adult 4 . spotted fantail 5 . spotted fantail 6 . spotted fantail > > adult 7 . spotted fantail > > adult 8 . spotted fantail > > adult 9 . spotted fantail 10 . spotted fantail 11 . spotted fantail 12 . spotted fantail 13 . spotted fantail
chitra ravi added the english common name
white - spotted fantail - flycatcher
to
rhipidura albogularis ( lesson , 1831 )
.
boles , w . ( 2018 ) . spotted fantail ( rhipidura perlata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
boles , w . ( 2018 ) . white - spotted fantail ( rhipidura albogularis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as generally common in peninsular malaysia , although rare in taman negara ; generally common in sumatra and borneo and very rare on java ( del hoyo et al . 2006 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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has been treated as conspecific with r . euryura , and close relationship with r . rufiventris has also been suggested , but little evidence to support either ; differs from euryura in its white spots on breast and wing - coverts ( 3 ) ; more white on tail tip ( 2 ) ; more extensive white belly ( 1 ) ; shade darker grey plumage ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; less white in brow ( ns [ 1 ] ) ; shorter bill ( mean of five males of each species 14 . 78 mm vs 16 . 56 ; at least 1 ) . monotypic .
what do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .
17–18 cm ; 13–17 g . has small white eyebrow , white malar stripe ; otherwise , dark slate above , forehead and rump darker , primaries brown , small white tips on wing - . . .
melodious song , “chilip - pechilip - chi” ( or “whistle while you work” ) , second phrase rising sharply ; . . .
broadleaf evergreen forest ( primary and old secondary forest ) with tall trees , less numerous in . . .
small insects , particularly flies ( diptera ) and lepidopterans ; also spiders . prefers middle and upper storeys , rarely descends to ground . . . .
nest - building observed in late mar and may and nest with young in aug ; birds with enlarged gonads in feb–jul . nest a neat cup , up to . . .
not globally threatened . generally common in peninsular malaysia , sumatra and borneo ; very rare in java . rare in taman negara national park , in peninsular malaysia ; . . .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
sometimes still considered conspecific with r . albicollis , on basis mainly of intergradation in ne india , but this is demonstrated by only a handful of hybrid specimens and the two occupy different habitats . two subspecies recognized .
( lesson , 1832 ) – peninsular india ( s from s rajasthan and gangetic plain ) .
( whistler , 1931 ) – e india ( s odisha , ne andhra pradesh ) .
14·5–17 cm . 10–13 g . nominate race has upperparts slaty brown , supercilum white ; wings slaty grey ; tail slaty , two central pairs of rectrices unmarked , remaining . . .
song , series of short notes , starting softly , followed by several high - pitched tinkly notes that . . .
variety of wooded habitats , including secondary forest and parks , gardens ; generally prefers . . .
small flying insects . forages in undergrowth , lower and middle storeys , occasionally into canopy . insects captured in air by flycatching . . . .
season mar–jul , occasionally to sept ; may have two broods . nest built by both sexes , a small neat cup of moss , grass , shreds of . . .
not assessed . common throughout its fairly wide range . occurs in numerous national parks and other protected areas throughout its range . no evidence to suggest that species . . .
no modifications made to recording . two birds close together along edge of woodland trail , apparently agitated by my presence .
one bird moving about a lot and fanning tail . several great songs from this bird .
previously published on avocet as av5585 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question ; very like xc 23013 . gps : very rough estimate from google earth .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
the recording is not modified in any way . the bird is heard early mornings from 6 : 30am to 7 : 30 am and then again in the evening . the sound comes from a big dense natural garden in the opposite house . sounds like there are at least 2 or 3 birds which can be heard from a distance . but they dont sit together . i just hear this song of the bird every single day but i am unable to spot the bird in any way .
this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : rhipidura perlata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
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reference : verh . nat . gesch . [ temminck ] land - volk . pt6 , 7or8 p . 185 , note
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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s and c india ( north to rajasthan , madhya pradesh and orissa ) .
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tickell ' s blue flycatcher ( cyornis tickelliae ) song - recorded in nandi hills bangalore .


the haeterini are one of the smaller tribes of the satyrinae in the nymphalidae ( brush-footed butterfly ) family .

it contains the following genera : cithaerias hübner , [ 1819 ] dulcedo d'almeida , 1951 haetera fabricius , 1807 pierella westwood , [ 1851 ]

haeterini

, 2009 . haeterini herrich - schaeffer 1864 . version 2 june 2009 ( under construction ) .
the haeterini are one of the smaller tribes of the satyrinae in the nymphalidae ( brush - footed butterfly ) family .
alexander , laura ,
comparative biology of three species of costa rican haeterini
( 2014 ) . university of new orleans theses and dissertations . 1843 . urltoken
if you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of haeterini sp . ( large size ) .
flight is a key innovation in the evolutionary success of insects and essential to dispersal , territoriality , courtship and oviposition . wing shape influences flight performance and selection likely acts to maximize performance for conducting essential behaviours that in turn results in the evolution of wing shape . as wing shape also contributes to fitness , optimal shapes for particular flight behaviours can be assessed with aerodynamic predictions and placed in an ecomorphological context . butterflies in the tribe haeterini ( nymphalidae ) are conspicuous members of understorey faunas in lowland neotropical forests . field observations indicate that the five genera in this clade differ in flight height and behaviour : four use gliding flight at the forest floor level , and one utilizes flapping flight above the forest floor . nonetheless , the association of ground level gliding flight behaviour and wing shape has never been investigated in this or any other butterfly group . we used landmark - based geometric morphometrics to test whether wing shapes in haeterini and their close relatives reflected observed flight behaviours . four genera of haeterini and some distantly related satyrinae showed significant correspondence between wing shape and theoretical expectations in performance trade - offs that we attribute to selection for gliding in ground effect . forewing shape differed between sexes for all taxa , and male wing shapes were aerodynamically more efficient for gliding flight than corresponding females . this suggests selection acts differentially on male and female wing shapes , reinforcing the idea that sex - specific flight behaviours contribute to the evolution of sexual dimorphism . our study indicates that wing shapes in haeterini butterflies evolved in response to habitat - specific flight behaviours , namely gliding in ground effect along the forest floor , resulting in ecomorphological partitions of taxa in morphospace . the convergent flight behaviour and wing morphology between tribes of satyrinae suggest that the flight environment may offset phylogenetic constraints . overall , this study provides a basis for exploring similar patterns of wing shape evolution in other taxa that glide in ground effect .
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a group of neotropical forest floor - dwelling butterflies . many have transparent forewings and bright - colored edges on the hindwings .
lamas g ed . 2004 . atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea . gainesville : scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .
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cruising the rain forest floor : butterfly wing shape evolution and gliding in ground effect . - pubmed - ncbi
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cruising the rain forest floor : butterfly wing shape evolution and gliding in ground effect .
department of biological sciences , university of new orleans , new orleans , louisiana , 70148 , usa .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by bolds resource for species - level taxa from pierella to their own page .
andrew brower marked
cithaerias pireta
as trusted on the
cithaerias pireta
page .
andrew brower marked
luna or moon pierella ( pierella luna )
as trusted on the
pierella luna
page .
andrew brower marked
clearwing satyr
as trusted on the
haetera piera
page .
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documenting life history characteristics of populations , especially of herbivorous insects such as butterflies , is fundamental to the ecological study of tropical rainforests . however , we know relatively little about tropical forest butterflies . here , i combine information gathered using the mark - release - recapture ( mrr ) approach with manipulative and observational experiments in a natural environment to explore aspects of the population biology of three closely - related species of costa rican fruit - feeding understory butterflies ( cithaerias pireta , dulcedo polita , and pierella helvina ) , specifically : vertical stratification , attraction to and persistence in fruit - baited traps , relative abundance and distribution , movement patterns , probabilities of recapture and daily survival , and factors that affect those probabilities . among the three focal species there were differences in capturability , recapturability , spatial distribution , and degree of vertical stratification . males appear to fly within smaller home ranges than females , and p . helvina can traverse the entire forest reserve in a single day . these findings have implications for the genetic diversity of these populations and for the risk of local extinction in the face of changing ecological conditions .
the university of new orleans and its agents retain the non - exclusive license to archive and make accessible this dissertation or thesis in whole or in part in all forms of media , now or hereafter known . the author retains all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation .
( ed ) , 2004 . atlas of neotropical lepidoptera . checklist : part 4a hesperioidea - papiionoidea . gainesville : scientific publishers / association of tropical lepidoptera .
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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hippoglossina is a genus of large-tooth flounders native to the coastal pacific waters of the americas .

a single species , h. oblonga is found along the atlantic coast of united states and canada , but it is frequently placed in paralichthys instead of hippoglossina .

hippoglossina

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
nelitäpläkampela
to
hippoglossina oblonga ( mitchill , 1815 )
.
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .
cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
greek , ippos = horse + greek , glossa = tongue ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 30 - 137 m ( ref . 9330 ) . subtropical ; 37°n - 20°n , 123°w - 105°w
eastern pacific : monterey bay in california , usa to the gulf of california .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2850 ) ; common length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9330 )
oviparous ( ref . 101737 ) . distinct pairing ( ref . 205 ) . females produce numerous eggs in multiple spawnings during a prolonged spawning period ( ref . 101737 ) .
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )
) : 13 . 2 - 19 . 8 , mean 17 . 1 ( based on 16 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00496 - 0 . 01603 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 92 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 0 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 3 ; k = 0 . 17 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 48 of 100 ) .
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lea , r . n . & van der heiden , a . m .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , smith , j . & livingston , f .
has been assessed as least concern . this species is uncommon throughout its range in the eastern pacific region . there are no major threats known to this deep - water species , and no current indication of population decline .
this species is poorly known . it lives on soft sand and sand / mud substrates in coastal areas at depths of 3 - 140 m ( galván - magaña
although not considered a major threat to the population at this time , this species is sometimes caught as by - catch in shrimp , and other fishing trawlers .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , it may be found to occur in a number of marine protected areas within its range .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
lea , r . n . & van der heiden , a . m . 2010 .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t155058a115266098 .
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) following various check - lists and faunas . we follow t . munroe ( pers . comm . , june 2011 ) keeping it in
marine ; demersal ; depth range ? - 311 m ( ref . 5951 ) . temperate ; 42°n - 24°n , 81°w - 59°w
western atlantic : canada ( ref . 5951 ) and georges bank to southern florida , usa .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 41 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 )
occurs in bays and sounds in the north range ; in progressively deeper water to 275 m or more off florida , usa .
robins , c . r . and g . c . ray , 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 354 p . ( ref . 7251 )
) : 4 . 6 - 23 . 6 , mean 7 . 9 ( based on 76 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00776 ( 0 . 00369 - 0 . 01635 ) , b = 3 . 14 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 3 ±0 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 39 of 100 ) .
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marine ; demersal ; depth range ? - 112 m ( ref . 58018 ) . subtropical
pequeño , g . , 1989 . peces de chile . lista sistematica revisada y comentada . rev . biol . mar . , valparaiso 24 ( 2 ) : 1 - 132 . ( ref . 9068 )
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 42 of 100 ) .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed ) . catalog of fishes . urltoken electronic version accessed 03 - nov - 2014
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eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lioglossina gilbert , 1890 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
marine ; demersal ; depth range 35 - 600 m ( ref . 82251 ) , usually 251 - 300 m ( ref . 82251 ) . subtropical ; 24°n - 47°s , 107°w - 74°w
eastern pacific : distribution is not precisely known ; but may extend from mazatlán , mexico to chile .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm common length : 35 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9330 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 64 - 73 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 52 - 58 . pectoral fins rather small , about 2 times in head in ocular side and about 2 . 5 times in head on blind side . pelvic fin on ocular side slightly larger than on blind side . caudal fin round . body brownish , with obscure darker spots on body and fins ( ref . 27363 ) .
this species inhabits soft bottoms ( ref . 9330 ) ; from the littoral zone ( 35 m , shallowest depth reported in ref . 9330 ) up to 600 m ( yañez and barbieri , urltoken ref . 82251 : 833 ) . common depth range was taken from a study done in northern chile . stomach contents include mainly the squat lobsters ( pleuroncodes monodon and cervimunida johni ) and the deep - sea shrimp ( heterocarpus reedi ) ( ref . 82251 ) . exploited on a local level with trawl nets and is utilized fresh or as fishmeal .
hensley , d . a . , 1995 . paralichthyidae . lenguados . p . 1349 - 1380 . in w . fischer , f . krupp , w . schneider , c . sommer , k . e . carpenter and v . niem ( eds . ) guia fao para identification de especies para lo fines de la pesca . pacifico centro - oriental . 3 vols . fao , rome . ( ref . 9330 )
) : 10 . 9 - 12 , mean 11 . 4 ( based on 7 cells ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 ±0 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .
justification : this species is widespread throughout the eastern tropical pacific . it has no major threats and can be found in marine protected areas . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .
this wastern tropical pacific species is found from southern baja california , and the gulf of california ( excluding the northernmost region ) , to northern peru .
this is a common species within its range . there is no population information available for this species .
this species inhabits soft substrata over a depth range of 23 - 233m . it feeds on mobile invertebrates and fishes .
there are no major threats to this species . this species has minor commercial importance . it is caught with trawls and utilized fresh or as fishmeal ( hensley 1995 ) .
there are no species specific conservation measures . however , this species ' distribution is included in some marine protected areas in the eastern tropical pacific region . more information about the population structure for this species is needed .
justification : this species has a wide distribution in the southern eastern tropical pacific . it has no major threats and can be found in marine protected areas . therefore this species is listed as least concern .
this is probably a common species . there is no population information available for this species .
this species inhabits soft substrata from 10 - 35m . it feeds on mobile invertebrate and fishes .
there are no major threats to this species . this species has minor commercial importance . it is caught with trawls and utilized fresh or as fishmeal ( hensley 1995 )
there are no species specific conservation measures . however , this species ' distribution may be included in some marine protected areas in the eastern tropical pacific region . more information about the population structure for this species is needed .
body elongate , height 38 - 42 % of sl ; head length 29 - 36 % of sl ; eyes on left side ( uncommonly on right side ) , parallel , large , close together ; mouth long , 47 - 50 % head length , ends under rear edge of lower eye ; teeth small , ~ equal sized , equally developed on both jaws ; gill rakers long and slender , 4 - 6 + 15 ; 63 - 70 dorsal rays , origin of dorsal over top eye ; 47 - 55 anal rays ; pectoral short , eye - side fin ~ 50 % length of head ; bases of pelvics symmetric on sides , urinary papilla on eye side , immediately behind level of anus ; lateral line extending onto head , with branches to upper eye and below lower eye , strongly arched over pectoral fin ; scales large , without small accessory scales ; eye side scales rough , blind side scales rough rearwards from middle to end of lateral line arch ; 67 - 84 lateral line scales .
eye side grey - brown , with blue reflections , many blue and pale brown spots , 5 dark brown spots resembling ocelli along upper and lower body profiles , alternate ocelli most intense , dorsal and anal mottled dark and light , a dark spot on both sides of tail fin base ; blind side white , dark spots on caudal peduncle .
original russian text © e . p . voronina , j . m . díaz de astarloa , 2012 , published in voprosy ikhtiologii , 2012 , vol . 52 , no . 1 , pp . 23–29 .
( 25 october 2010 ) , eschmeyer , w . n . , ed . ,
cole , f . j . and johnstone , j . , pleuronectes ( the plaice ) ,
díaz de astarloa , j . m . , osteología cranial comaparada de tres especies de lenguado del género
díaz de astarloa , j . m . and munroe , t . a . , systematics , distribution , and ecology of commercially important paralichthyid flounders occurring in argentinean - uruguayan waters (
díaz de astarloa , j . m . , munroie , t . a . , and desoutter , m . , redescription and holotype clarification of
, v . iii , fischer , w . et al . , eds . , rome : fao , 1995 , pp . 1349–1380 .
hensley , d . a . and ahlstrom , e . h . , pleuronectiforms : relationships ,
( the seismoisensory system and classification of scorpaeniform fishes ) , perm : perm gos . univ . , 2001 [ in russian ] .
, vol . 3 , bony fishes , part 2 , opistognathidae to molidae , carpenter , k . e . , ed . , fao species identification guide for fishery purposes , amer . soc . ichthyol . herpetol . , spec . publ . no . 5 , rome : fao , 2002 , pp . 1898–1921 .
( the seismoisensory system and classification of cottid fishes ( cottidae : myoxocephalinae , artediellinae ) ) , leningrad : nauka , 1979 [ in russian ] .
, 29 , bethesda , maryland : comm . sci . names fishes usa - canada - mexico , 2004 .
norman , j . r . , a systematic monofgraph of the flatfishes ( heterosomata ) , vol . 1 , psettoididae , bothidae , pleronectidae , l . : brit . mus . nat . hisrtory , 1934 .
sasaki , k . , takiuye , k . , and nakae , m . , hologies of cephalic lateral canals in
voronina , e . p . & díaz de astarloa , j . m . j . ichthyol . ( 2012 ) 52 : 19 . urltoken
the checklists are descriptive documents of the species that are part of a concrete taxonomic group or a group of species that are part of an specific analysis .
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a complete set of a checklist include a pdf document and a table in csv format .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , david a . wiedenfeld , f . hernán vargas , howard l . snell .
nathalia tirado - sanchez , john mccosker , diego ruiz , angel chiriboga , stuart banks .
yves finet , nathalia tirado - sanchez , angel chiriboga , diego ruiz , stuart banks .
frank bungartz , frauke ziemmeck , alba yánez ayabaca , fredy nugra , andré aptroot .
anne guézou , susana chamorro , paola pozo , ana mireya guerrero , rachel atkinson , chris buddenhagen , patricia jaramillo díaz , mark gardener .
gustavo jiménez - uzcátegui , javier zabala , brian milstead , howard l . snell .
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the “charles darwin foundation for the galapagos islands” , in french “fondation charles darwin pour les îles galapagos” , association international sans but lucratif ( “aisbl” ) , has its registered office located at drève du pieuré 19 , 1160 brussels , and is registered under the trade registry of brussels under the number 0409 . 359 . 103 .


the dusky slender opossum ( marmosops fuscatus ) is a species of opossum in the family didelphidae .

it is found in colombia , trinidad and tobago , and venezuela .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

dusky slender opossum

the gray slender opossum ( marmosops incanus ) , is an opossum species from brazil .
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justification : this species is listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements . this species may be threatened as much of its suspected range is being converted to agriculture and human settlement . further research is needed to determine the range and effects of threats .
this species is found from the eastern andes of colombia ( cundinamarca department ) , to the northern mountains of venezuela and trinidad island ( gardner 2008 ) . it ranges up to 2 , 300 m .
this species is locally common in some areas ( emmons and feer 1997 ) , and relatively rare in other places ( lord 2000 ) .
this species mainly inhabits montane forest and cloud forest above 1 , 000 m , but can occur at lower elevations . it is found in evergreen forest and clearings ( emmons and feer 1997 ) , often near water . this species is nocturnal , arboreal and terrestrial . it probably feeds on insects and fruits . in northern venezuela , reproduction begins in april with the onset of the rainy season and lasts until november , no reproduction occurs from december to march ( eisenberg 1989 ) .
the major threats to this species are habitat loss and degradation from human activities .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this species is found in the eastern andes of colombia ( departmento cundinamarca ) , the cordillera de mrida , the serrana de san luis , and the cordillera de la costa in venezuela , and the island of trinidad at elevations between 650 and 2 , 400 m ( cordero 2001 , rivas and salcedo 2006 , gardner 2007 ) .
this species mainly inhabits montane forest and cloud forest above 1 , 000 m , but can occur at lower elevations . it is found in evergreen forest and clearings ( emmons and feer 1997 ) , often near water . this species is nocturnal , arboreal and terrestrial . although alleged to be insectivorous or omnivorous ( emmons and feer 1997 , cordero 2001 ) , no analyses of relevant dietary data have been published ( voss
lew , d . , gutirrez , e . , ventura , j . , prez - hernandez , r . & lpez fuster , m .
this species is listed as data deficient in the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , population sizes and ecological requirements . this species may be threatened as much of its known range is being converted to agriculture and human settlement . further research is needed to determine the range and effects of threats .
gardner , a . ( 2005 ) . wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m , eds . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . p . 10 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
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kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
orinoconhiiriopossumi
to
marmosops fuscatus ( thomas , 1896 )
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
brito , d . ; astua de moraes , d . ; lew , d . ; soriano , p . & emmons , l . ( 2008 ) .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 4 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
carroll , r . l . , 1988 : appendix . 594 - 648 . in carroll , r . l . , 1988 : vertebrate paleontology and evolution . –w . h . freeman and company , new york , 1988 , 698 .
mckenna , m . c . & bell , s . k . , ( eds . ) 1997 : classification of mammals – above the species level . –columbia university press , new york , 1997 , xii - 631
nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 1 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xlviii - 642 - lxiii
nowak , r . m . , 1991 : walker ' s mammals of the world ; part 2 . –the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london , 1991 , xii - 643 - 1629
voss , r . s . & jansa , s . a . , 2003 : phylogenetic studies on didelphid marsupials ii . nonmolecular data and new irbp sequences : separate and combined analyses of didelphine relationships with denser taxon sampling . –bulletin of the american museum of natural history : vol . # 276 , pp . 1 - 82
voss , r . s . , gardner , a . l . & jansa , s . a . , 2004 : on the relationships of “ marmosa ” formosa shamel , 1930 ( marsupialia : didelphidae ) , a phylogenetic puzzle from the chaco of northern argentina . –american museum novitates : vol . # 3442 , pp . 1 - 18
voss , r . s . , lunde , d . p . & jansa , s . a . , 2005 : on the contents of gracilinanus gardner and creighton , 1989 , with the descripition of a previously unrecognized clade of small didelphid marsupials . –american museum novitates : # 3482 , pp . 1 - 34
jos h . m . dols , for gathering additional information and missing species .