oidaematophorus balsamorrhizae is a moth of the pterophoridae family that is found in north america , including california , alberta , british columbia and washington .

the wingspan is 23 – 25 millimetres ( 0.91 – 0.98 in ) .

the forewings are light ochreous-fawn , paling to ochreous in the second lobe .

the fringes are of the same colour , but are mixed with light smoky .

the hindwings are deep smoky with somewhat lighter fringes .

the larvae feed on balsamorhiza species .

oidaematophorus balsamorrhizae

bc’s most diverse genera are hellinsia ( 9 bc sp . ) , oidaematophorus ( 9 sp . ) and paraplatyptilia ( 7 sp . ) . hellinsia helianthi ( walsingham ) , the sunflower plume moth , is a large species ( 30 mm wingspan ) that develops in wild helianthus sunflowers in the cordillera . oidaematophorus occidentalis walsingham , ranging from bc to arizona , also feeds on wild sunflowers and the host plants of o . balsamorrhizae mcdunnough are the related sunflower - like balsamorrhiza , so characteristic of bc’s southern grasslands and dry forests .
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members of the lepidoptera are distinguished in the adult stage by the dense covering of overlapping scales on the head , body and appendages , including the two pairs of membranous wings . wingspans range from about 3 mm to 280 mm . a few species have reduced , non - functional wings ; these are usually females , but in some species both sexes are flightless . the scales are coloured and arranged in innumerable patterns , from the subtle and cryptic to the bright and showy .
the compound eyes are large , often with hairs between the facets ; ocelli are absent ( in butterflies and many moths ) or are present , one above each eye . antennae are long and slender , usually partly clothed with scales and composed of two basal segments and a flagellum of 20 to 60 units . the flagellum variable in structure and is often more complex in males than in females . thread - like , saw - toothed and clubbed forms are included and comb - like or plumose antennae are common . mouthparts are almost always sucking . a proboscis formed from the elongate , grooved galeae of the maxillae ( held together by minute interlocking spines ) is usually present . this feeding tube is normally long and coiled under the head when not in use . mandibles are nearly always vestigial or lacking . labial palps , usually 3 - segmented , are normally well developed and conspicuously extended in front of the face ; maxillary palps are normally reduced or absent . the mouthparts are reduced and functionless in some moth groups .
have tympanic organs in metathoracic cavities . legs are developed for walking and perching . forelegs are reduced in some butterfly families , the hind legs in some hepialids and geometrids ; all legs are vestigial in some female psychidae . the fore tibia has one apical spur or none ; the inner surface of this tibia usually bears an epiphysis , a basally articulated , spur - like appendage used for cleaning the antennae and proboscis . the mid tibia usually has a pair of apical spurs and the hind tibia two pairs – an apical pair and a medial pair . the tarsi are 5 - segmented and bear a pair of claws , which can be simple , toothed , bifid or reduced .
the wings are the most prominent lepidopteran attribute . they are usually covered on both the veins and membrane with two layers of minute ,
, flattened setae ( scales ) , which normally contain colour pigments and are finely ridged and usually hollow and microscopically perforated . iridescent colours are the result of scale structure . many males have specialized scent scales that help to spread pheromones produced by associated glands . these scales may be scattered among other scales or are concentrated in patches , tufts or wing folds . the venation is relatively simple , with few cross - veins . the most ancestral groups have similarly shaped fore and hind wings and the venation in both wings is similar ( homoneurous ) , resembling that of the trichoptera . vein rs has four branches , sc and r1 may have two branches , m is almost always three - branched , cup is present and normally there are three anal veins . the venation of the
( “different veins” ) shows variable simplification through fusion and loss of veins , especially in the hind wing . the radius in the fore wing usually has five branches but rs in the hind wing is unbranched and r1 is fused with sc . the stem of the media is lost in most groups , resulting in the formation of the large discal cell in the centre of both wings and in the most advanced superfamilies cup is absent in both wings .
wing coupling allows the fore and hind wings to beat together . moths with homoneurous venation lock the wings with a jugum , a lobe on the inner margin of the fore wing near the base . most moths in the
use a hook and eye mechanism composed of a frenulum at the base of the hind wing and retinaculum on the underside of the fore wing . in males the frenulum is a single , composite bristle ; the retinaculum is a membranous lobe . females have two or more bristles that mesh with a row of bristles in the fore wing . butterflies and some moths lack a frenulum , but have an expanded humeral area at the base of the hind wing grips the underside of the fore wing . butterflies usually rest with the wings held together above the body ; moths hold the wings outstretched against the substrate , overlapped and flat over the body , roof - like or rolled around the body .
in the abdomen , the top of segment 1 is significantly desclerotized ; segments 7 to 11 may be highly modified to form the genitalia . a pair of tympanal organs may be present ( e . g . , in
) near the base of the abdomen . the cerci are lost . pheromone glands may occur at various places on the abdomen .
larvae are commonly called caterpillars . usually cylindrical , they have a well - developed head , thorax ( the top of the prothorax is usually sclerotized ) and a 10 - segmented abdomen . there are three pairs of 5 - segmented thoracic legs and usually five pairs of abdominal prolegs ( segments 3 to 6 and 10 ) . prolegs are short and fleshy ; the tips usually have tiny hooks ( crochets ) . in some groups the thoracic legs and / or prolegs may be reduced or lost larvae lack compound eyes but there are usually six ocelli on each side of the head . larvae mainly feed with chewing mandibles , although these are modified in some sap - feeding , leaf - mining forms . many larvae are hairy or spiny in characteristic ways ; sometimes these projections are stinging . silk is spun from modified salivary glands that open under the mouth ; the silk is used mainly to make cocoons or other shelters . many larvae pupate in cocoons ; others make none . moth pupae are usually smooth and brown . butterflies usually do not make a cocoon and the naked pupa is often called a chrysalis – it can be sculptured or brightly coloured and frequently is fastened to a plant with a silken girdle .
about 150 , 000 species of living lepidoptera have been described in approximately 124 families . at the species level , this is about 17 % of the world’s known insect fauna . however , estimates suggest that there may be two or three times this number of species in the order . the lepidoptera is the largest lineage of plant eating organisms , rivalled only by the huge
beetles , a group of at least 125 , 000 named species . angiosperm plants are the main hosts . the fossil record is sparse and is best represented by amber inclusions and leaf mines in fossil leaves . although the first known moth fossils are from the early jurassic , 190 million years ago , the order largely diversified in the cretaceous period and early tertiary with the flowering plants . thus , of all the orders of insects , the lepidoptera have radiated most recently .
, of all living lepidoptera , are the most similar to the original jurassic forms . along with two small families from the southern hemisphere , these moths still use mandibles for eating pollen and have not evolved a proboscis for sucking fluids . many
larvae feed on plant detritus and fungi , likely the original diet of the ancestors of trichoptera and lepidoptera . the huge group
, the “tongued” lepidoptera , which arose in the early cretaceous , comprise the rest of the order . adult mandibles in these species have been lost or reduced and a proboscis used to feed on fluids has evolved from the maxillae ; the structure of this feeding tube is unique in the insects . the
also show another major innovation , the spinnerets under the larval mouth that dispense silk . and all but the most primitive
where the hind wing veins are reduced and have a different pattern than those of the fore wing . another critical innovation in this group is the frenulum that links the hind wing to the fore wing . within the
, a lineage whose females have separate genitalic openings for receiving sperm and laying eggs and where these two ducts are linked internally . the larvae of some early lineages ( e . g . , gracillariidae ) retain the leaf - mining and plant - boring habits or hide in cases or webs , but most feed exposed on plants .
group containing the butterflies , skippers and 26 moth families ( including most of the more familiar ones ) arose around the cretaceous - tertiary boundary .
species comprise about 60 % of the order although most of the thousands of undescribed species will certainly come from earlier lineages , the so - called microlepidoptera . the macrolepidoptera is distinguished by traits such as the complete loss of wing vein cup and the crescentic arrangement of the crochets on the inner edge of the end of the larval proleg . contrary to the popular belief that butterflies and moths are two separate groups that comprise the lepidoptera , butterflies are simply relatively recently derived , colourful , day - flying moths in the macrolepidoptera consisting of the superfamilies
) , which many authorities consider to be butterflies because they share some ancestral butterfly characters , including a girdled pupa , upright eggs and a pouch on abdominal segment 1 .
in diurnal species males are initially attracted to females by visual stimuli ; in nocturnal forms males respond to sex pheromones from receptive females . mating may be encouraged by the emission of male pheromones from special glands on the abdomen , legs and wings . eggs are usually laid on or near the foodplant , singly or in batches . some insert eggs into plant tissue with cutting ovipositors ( e . g . ,
lepidoptera species utilize all parts of plants - - roots , trunk , bark , branches , twigs , leaves , buds , flowers , fruits , seeds , galls and fallen material . larvae feeding in concealed situations - - wood borers , leaf and bark miners ,
, leaf tiers and leaf rollers - - usually belong to more primitive families ; exposed feeders , especially those that feed by day , are from more recent lineages . the mainly phytophagous habit of the lepidoptera means that the order does not show the tremendous trophic diversity of the coleoptera , hymenoptera and diptera , although there is some diversity in food other than that of fresh plant matter . some caterpillars are carnivorous and eat egg masses of other lepidoptera ( some pyralidae ) or spiders ( some
) are ectoparasites on planthoppers and leafhoppers and some groups ( e . g . , tineidae ) feed on material of animal origin such as wool and keratin . the family pyralidae is especially diverse in its diet . in addition to plants , fresh and decaying plant material of all sorts , foods range from the wax combs of bees to caterpillar spines and processed grains , from scale insects to sloth and bat dung . in the crambidae , several hundred species have aquatic larvae that feed on
. adults feed mainly on nectar and other liquid food such as fermenting tree sap , insect honeydew and food - rich fluids in mud and dung . moths in the southeast asian
have tearing hooks on the proboscis ; they suck juice from thick - skinned fruit and blood from mammals . in some lepidopteran groups , adults do not feed .
the natural enemies of lepidoptera are many and varied . eggs are parasitized by wasps in the
) and vertebrates , mainly birds . larvae and pupae are heavily parasitized by nematodes , hymenopterous parasitoids in the
. bacterial and viral diseases kill huge numbers . humans feed on a few species ; for example , some large
. adults are preyed on by predaceous plants , insects and spiders , birds , bats and many other organisms .
to defend against many of these attacks , members of the order are masters of concealment and deception . some larvae live in silken cases or
others roll or tie leaves and hide in them . many adults and immatures are amazingly camouflaged as bark , lichen , leaves and twigs . some even mimic dangerous vertebrates , such as snakes , using eyespots and other startling markings . many species feign death when attacked ; others emit noxious chemicals .
, especially , can be convincing mimics of stinging wasps . the characteristic scales of adults are dense , dust - like and slippery ; they detach easily from the body and wings , sometimes allowing an attacked insect to escape a predator or a sticky spider web . dense hairs and spines on caterpillars act as barriers to some parasites and , especially those projections that irritate , deter some vertebrate predators . many larvae and adults sequester distasteful or poisonous chemicals , discouraging vertebrate predation . hundreds of diurnal species , distasteful or not , gain some protection from predators by mimicking poisonous species or by flaunting bright , warning colours . most adult moths avoid bird predators by flying at night , but bats pose a serious problem for them . many groups have tympanal organs that allow moths to hear bat sonar pulses and take evasive actions ; some tiger moths emit counter pulses to confuse attacking bats .
the lepidoptera is a major group of plant eating organisms and thus is immensely economically important in agriculture , horticulture and forestry . agricultural pests of grains and vegetables are numerous and include the armyworms and cutworms of the noctuidae . this family also contains
) , the corn earworm , a serious pest of a long list of crops . the list of orchard crop pests is headed by the
. several introduced , cosmopolitan moths are serious pests of stored goods in households and warehouses – the clothes moths of the tineidae and the meal moths of the pyralidae are the most obvious . wax moths ( pyralidae ) sometimes are economically destructive to honey bee colonies . from the economic perspective , any negative role of lepidoptera as predators and parasites is minor . they have little medical or veterinary importance although the larval hairs and adult scales may be allergenic and the irritating hairs and spines of some larvae cause pain and skin rashes .
unlike flies and beetles , lepidoptera play only a small role in the decomposition of organic material . some groups are detritovores and fungivores and , to some extent , help in the breakdown of animal and plant remains ; for example , the
clothes moths recycle wool , feathers and other animal products . lepidoptera species are overwhelmingly herbivorous but only a few have been used successfully in the biological control of weeds . examples include
cactus . many moths and butterflies frequently visit flowers for nectar and they are probably important pollinators . in some cases the relationship is so specific that some plant species can be pollinated by only certain moths ; yucca species and yucca moths of the
the lepidoptera species have played important roles in biological science . the complex patterns on wings provide an excellent base for study of genetics and embryology . many of the early triumphs in insect physiology came from experiments on lepidoptera and the order has played a vital role in studies on mimicry , adaptive coloration and geographical and seasonal variation . because the habitat requirements and population fluctuations of many rare species are so well known , lepidoptera , especially butterflies , have had an important place in the development of invertebrate conservation strategies . art and literature are full of references to the beauty , elegance and symbolism of the lepidoptera .
perhaps the single biggest economic and cultural contribution of the order is silk . mainly a product of
a leaf - like or spur - like , basally - articulating process on the inner aspect of the fore tibia of some lepidoptera , used to clean the antennae .
hooked , when there is a deep excavation below apex of wing , so as to have the latter acute and a little curved .
( 1999 ) . the families and their order of presentation in that publication , which are used here , are derived from this phylogeny . as in
( 1999 ) , formal categories such as suborders and infraorders are omitted but some high - ranking clades are named .
british columbia museum and university of british columbia press , victoria and vancouver , bc .
. ) . volume iv , arthropoda : insecta , part 35 . handbook of zoology : a natural history of the phyla of the animal kingdom .
1998 . moths and butterflies ( lepidoptera ) . in i . m . smith and g . g . e . scudder (
, r . a . , p . w . hall and j . d .
* note : superfamily gelechoidea - kristensen ( 1999 ) lists eight families that occur in british columbia , namely batrachedridae , chimabachidae , coleophoridae , cosmopterygidae , elachistidae , gelechidae , oecophoridae , and scythrididae . at the present time , there is debate amongst the experts concerning the validity of these taxa , and there is no workable key for easy identification : most characters are internal genetalic features only recognizable by expert lepidopterists . hence , no key to the families in this superfamily is included .
small moths , with wingspan usually less than 10 mm . head with rough vestiture of scales ; head capsule only moderately extending above upper margin of compound eyes : dorsally with two prominent ocelli ; antennae moniliform ; labrum large , movable and extensively desclerotized ; mandibles large and functional , with well developed articulation on head capsule ; maxillae with long , folded , 5 - segmented palps , erect and sclerotized lacinia , and with galear not long and forming a proboscis ; labial palps short and 2 - segmented . wings narrow and lanceolate , held roof - like over body when at rest ; upper surface usually with iridescent scale patches ; fore wing with sc forked near middle and m4 absent ; hind wings with three or four branches to rs , and without a produced jugal lobe . middle tibia without spurs , but with apical tuft of setae ; hind tibia with four apical spurs .
adult moths , which emerge in the spring , are usually diurnal , but nocturnal activity is reported in some species . adults are attracted to flowers and feed on pollen , which they crush with the mandibles . larvae feed on moss and liverworts , and can occur in soil . they pupate inside a silk cocoon .
worldwide there are 121 species in eight genera , but there are many new species undescribed . only one genus ( epimartyria ) occurs in north america , with two reported species , both of which occur in canada . a new species close to e . pardella walsingham occurs in british columbia , having been collected at fraser mills in 1921 and 1922 . it is rare , has a 8 mm wingspan , and has a large yellow iridescent spot on each fore wing . the other species in canada , e . auricrinella walsingham is an eastern species .
small to large , bronze or ash - grey moths , with wingspan in north american species of 25 to 100 mm . head without ocelli ; both mandibles and maxillae present ; maxillary palps minute , 1 to 5 - segmented ; proboscis reduced ; labial palps short , 2 or 3 - segmented , and strongly united to labium . wings aculeate , with normal scales only , and narrow fringe ; markings varied , but those on fore wings tend to be veticulate , and sometimes with metallic spots or patches ; the hind wings are usually plain . venation typically with r4 and r5 separate or short - stalked ; an intermedian crossvein is present , but an anal loop is either present or absent . the legs lack tibial spurs , but a fore tibial epiphysis can be present or absent .
adult moths are fast flying , diurnal , crepuscular or nocturnal . some species form mating swarms with oscillatory flight . eggs are small and very numerous , and are broadcast over the ground by flying females . larvae bore into stems or roots , or tunnel in the ground . pupae are object and usually found in larval burrows .
worldwide there are about 80 genera and 500 species . they are widely distributed , but most numerous in australia . some species are pests of grasslands in australia , new zealand and south africa . there are 20 species in four genera in north america . all four genera and 12 of the species occur in canada . so far three genera and six species are reported from british columbia , namely gazoryctra ( 2 sp . ) , phymatopus ( 2 sp . ) and sthenopis ( 2 sp . ) . the commonest seems to be sthenopis purpurascens ( packard ) , a large moth with 95 to 100 mm wingspan , that occurs in the okanagan .
very small moths with wingspan typically 3 to 5 mm . head with erect seta - like scales ; vertex rough ; lower portion of frons and clypeus bare ; ocelli absent ; compound eyes relatively small and cornea naked ; antennal scape enlarged and covering eye ; maxillary palps long , 5 - segmented and folded down ; proboscis very short or rudimentary ; labial palps usually 3 - segmented and drooping . fore wings slender and lanceolate , with reduced venation , usually faint and without crossveins ; sc extremely short and discal cell open ; veins r and m branched , r with 1 to 4 branches , m with 1 to 2 branches ; m anastomizing with r , and sometimes basally with cu ; cu reduced or unbranded ; 1a and 2a usually fused , rarely with anal fork . hind wings lanceolate , with 3 to 6 major veins and no closed cells . females with short , non - piercing ovipositor .
moths are often attracted to light at night . their flight is very rapid and irregular . females lay eggs singly on host plants . larvae are normally leaf miners , but can occur in woody twigs , fruit or galls . the leaf mines are typically slender , serpentine and with relatively broad median grass trails , which occasionally widen to form oval blotch mines . hosts are usually members of the betulaceae , fagaceae , rhamnaceae , rosaceae or salicaceae . most nepitculid species are highly host specific . pupation rarely occurs in mines , but most often the silk cocoons can be found attached to the outer plant surface , or in detritus on the ground beneath the host .
worldwide , 11 genera and around 800 species have been described . so far eight genera and 94 species have been reported in north america , with four genera and 34 species noted from canada . only one genus ( stigmelia ) , with six species is recorded from british columbia , stigmelia alba wilkinson & scoble and s . stigmaciella wilkinson & scoble being confined to this province in canada .
very small moths with wingspan under 10 mm . head with vertex typically smooth , and with broad , laminate , iridescent scales directed downward over smooth frons ; compound eyes small ; antennae shorter than wings and with scape entirely covered with iridescent scales ; mandibles vestigial ; maxillary palp reduced to one minute segment in species in british columbia ; proboscis coiled and scaled at base ; labial palp moderately short , 3 - segmented and drooping . wings held roof - like in repose . fore wing broadly laminate ; r with 3 or 4 branches ; m with 1 or 2 branches ; cua with 1 to 2 branches ; 1a and 2a without basal fork . hind wings slender and lanceolate , with discal cell open ; crossveins absent ; m with 1 or 2 branches ; 1a and 2a fused . female with elongate piercing ovipositor .
adults are diurnal , and although they may fly in sunshine near the host , are seldom encountered . all larvae except the last instar are leaf miners , constructing a flat , oval case by cutting sections from the upper and lower epidermis of the mine and joining these together with silk , so forming a lenticular shaped case , which gives these moths their common name . mature larvae usually lower themselves to the ground on a silk thread and pupate amongst leaf litter . hosts are usually woody trees or shrubs .
worldwide there are about 12 genera and over 100 species . three genera and 30 species are reported from north america , with two of these genera and 13 species known from canada . only one species coptodisca arbutiella busck is recorded from british columbia , occurring on arbutus .
small moths with wingspan up to 14 mm . head with vertex densely covered with seta - like scales ; frons usually rough ; compound eyes dimorphic in some species , in which case the males have eyes virtually meeting on the vertex , and usually with the facets in the upper two - thirds of the eye enlarged ; the antennae are usually much longer than the fore wing , but can be short and less than the length of the wing ; mandibles are less than the length of the wing ; mandibles vestigial ; maxillary palp 2 to 5 segmented ; proboscis short or rudimentary ; labial palps 3 - segmented and usually upturned . fore wings slender with 5 branches to r , and with base of m faint ; 1a and 2a with short basal forks . hind wing slender with m1 and m2 either separate or stalked , and with 1a and 2a having short basal stalk , with discal cell closed . female with long , piercing ovipositor . males of many species of adela swam near host plant or oviposition site .
eggs are inserted singly into plant tissue . eggs of most species of adela are inserted into the flower ovary of their host , wherein the first instar larva feeds on the developing seeds . the first instar larva of other adelids may mine leaves of the host , which usually is an angiosperm tree or shrub . later instar larvae of adelis are case bearers , and feed on the lower or fallen leaves of the host . pupation occurs inside the larval case , with the pupal exuvium partially extruded .
worldwide there are about 300 described species . three genera and 18 species are recorded in north america , with all three genera and 10 species occurring in canada . three genera also occur in british columbia , with six species discovered so far , namely adela ( 3 sp . ) , cawchas ( 2 sp . ) and elasmion ( 1 sp . ) . adela purpurea walker ( willow fairy moth ) is evidently the commonest species in canada , occurring from british columbia to labrador . the males have antennae three times as long as the fore wings , and the latter are greenish to bronzy purple with a white bar , at the apical two - thirds , and with a narrow wavy apical lobe , both edged with black . adult moths of this species are found on willow blossom in april .
small moths with wingspan from 3 to 33 mm . head vestiture usually rough , with dense seta - like scales ; ocelli absent ; compound eyes either small or large , the cornea being bare or with scattered interfacetal microsetae ; antennae shorter than fore wing and with scape usually smooth ; mandibles vestigial and non - functional , but relatively prominent ; maxillary palps elongate , 4 or 5 - segmented , and folded against head ; proboscis short , and not coiled when not in use ; labial palps relatively short , either porrect or upturned , and usually 3 - segmented . fore wings slender , 1a + 2a with basal fork . hind wings with intercalary cell , and with discal cell closed . female with elongate , compressed ovipositor .
moths are usually diurnal and often have white wings . larvae are endophagous , boring into fruit , leaves or shoots . none are case - bearers . species overwinter as larvae , with last instar larvae in some cases diapausing for many years .
worldwide there are 12 genera and about 80 species , most in the nearctic region , where nine genera and 43 species are recorded from north america . so far two genera and 16 species have been noted in canada , with both genera and 12 species reported from british columbia , namely greya ( 7 sp . ) and lampronia ( 5 sp . ) .
the early instar of species of greya bore into the seeds , fruit or peduncles of saxifragaceae and umbelliferae . they move to the ground to overwinter , and then in the following spring , complete their feeding and development in the flower buds or foliage of the host . in lampronia species , eggs are typically inserted singly into young fruit of members of the rosaceae or saxifragaceae in late spring or early summer . the early instar larvae feed on the developing seeds . in mid to late summer larvae then enter diapause in hibernacula on the lower parts of the plant or in the soil . in the spring , larvae return to bore into the developing buds or shoots of the host . pupation normally occurs in the shoot , with adults emerging in late spring .
the species of tegeticula in the usa are the well - known yucca moths , responsible for pollinating the yucca plant . female moths have the basal segment of the maxillary palp specially modified to form a tentacle , which is used to scrape pollen from yucca anthers . this pollen is then formed into a ball by the forelegs , and the ball is then stored in a depression or pocket located beneath the head . on moving to another mature flower , the female bores into the ovary with the elongate , sclerotized ovipositor , depositing one or more eggs near a ovule . she then moves to the top of the pistil , and with her mouthparts , packs the pollen she has stored into the stigmatic cavity , using the tentacles to plunge the pollen into the stigmatic tube . this pollination results in seed development , the moth larvae feeding on such seeds although they usually do not consume all of them . when fully fed , the larvae leave the seed pod to pupate in the ground . adults emergence is timed to coincide with the flowering time of the yucca .
small moths with 5 to 9 mm wingspan . head with smooth frons ; vertex somewhat rough with slender or broad scales which are directed forwards ; the compound eyes are large , but ocelli are absent ; antennae just over half length of fore wing , the scape being smooth with a prominent tuft of slender scales projecting over the eye ; mandibles reduced to a pair of minute lobes ; proboscis short , and with scales at base ; maxillary palps reduced , with either one or three short segments ; labial palps moderately short , 3 - segmented , with smooth scales and drooping wings generally unicoloured . fore wings lanceolate with microtrichia restricted to base ; all 5 branches of r terminating on the costa ; m with 2 branches , but with base distinct ; cua unbranched ; 1a + 2a usually without basal fork ; discal cell of fore wing closed . hind wings slender , and usually narrower than fore wings ; m and cu usually unbranched , and discal cell open in hind wing . females with short , non - piercing ovipositor .
the larvae of tischerid moths are leaf - miners , capable of spinning silk in all instars , and forming either tunnel - shaped or blotch mines in leaves of deciduous trees and shrubs . pupation occurs within the mine , usually in a flimsy cocoon .
there is only a single genus , tischeria in this family , with about 80 known species . some 48 species are reported from the united states , with 10 species known from canada . only one species , t . splendida braun is recorded from british columbia .
very small to medium - sized moths , usually dull and brownish , with wingspan 8 to 14 mm . head with erect piliform scales , and without visible ocelli ; antennae filiform with scape smooth - scaled in most genera ; maxillary palp strongly developed , 5 - segmented and folded ; labial palps 3 - segmented , with stiff lateral bristles ; proboscis very short or even absent , and never strongly sclerotized ; galea short , disassociated , not strongly sclerotized , and if rolled , rolled haphazardly . wings typically moderately broad , and generally subovate in shape ; scales of fore wing often in rough or raised patches , and some taxa with sex scales ; typically full complement of free veins in fore wing , with rs4 terminating on costa ; adults resting with wings held roof - like over body , and with body parallel to substrate . hind tibia with erect and elongate scales on upper surface ; adults moving with characteristic scuttling run .
practically all tineid larvae are fungivorous , with a substantial part of their food being fungal tissue . thus many larvae are found in rotten wood , or in plant or animal matter . some detritophagous tineids are commensals in the nests of social insects , or are associated with human dwellings , where they can be pests of stored food products , furnishing or fabrics , feeding on wool , fur and feathers . many tineid larvae , including the household pests , build portable cases from which they feed . prior to pupation , the larvae move to a pupation site , usually well away from the food source .
worldwide there are about 3000 species in 320 genera . fifty - one genera and 113 species are known from north america , and 18 genera 42 species from canada , with seven genera and eight species so far recorded from british columbia . both of the introduced clothes moths , namely the casemaking clothes moth ( tinea pellionella ( l . ) ) and the webbing clothes moth ( tineola bisselliella hummel ) , can be household pests . the commonest species in homes is the indian meal moth plodia interpunctella ( hüber ) , a pest of stored products .
note : species of this family in british columbia are composed of only parthenogenetic , larviform females , so do not exhibit typical family characters . they are best recognized by the larvae cases . because typical adults do not occur in the province , the family description below is much abbreviated .
usually small to medium sized moths , with wingspan 8 to 25 mm . head with moderately long , slender to piliform scales directed forward ; ocelli usually absent ; proboscis , maxillary and labial palps reduced or absent . males fully winged ; females winged , brachypterous , apterous or vermiform , with all body appendages vestigial or absent .
larvae are lichen feeders , and form portable bags , a case made of pieces of twig , leaves or other material , which they carry around with them as they feed . bags or cases are usually open at both ends , the top opening being used for feeding , and the lower for waste discharge . pupation takes place in the larval bags or cases . males leave the bag on emergence , departing from the lower end . females spend their whole life in the bag or case , and if they leave , do so after egg laying . males , if present , fertilize the female in the bag , through one end of the case .
worldwide there are nearly 1000 known species , with 85 % of these occurring in the old world . so far 12 genera and 28 species are known from north america , and six genera and eight species from canada . so far four species ( apterona helicoidella ( vallot ) , dahlica lichenella ( l . ) , d . triquetrella ( hüber ) and hyaloscotes pithopoera ( dyer ) ) are known from british columbia . the first three species in the province are all parthenogenetic , apterous , larviform females only . dahlica triquetrella is common in the lower mainland , while apterona helicoidella with its gastropod - like case made of soil is commonly found on sage bushes , notices and buildings in the south okanagan . dahlica lichenella has so far only been recorded near the alex fraser bridge in vancouver , while hyaloscotes pithopoera has been reported 5 km se of okanagan falls .
small to extremely small moths , with wingspan 4 to 11 mm . head usually elongate , with frons smooth and projecting well below eye ; vertex usually large , with erect tuft of piliform scales ; ocelli absent ; antennae filiform , with scape enlarged , flattened , and with a dense row of slender scales which partially cover the eye ; vertex usually large , with erect tuft of piliform scales ; ocelli absent ; antennae filiform , with scape enlarged , flattened , and with a dense row of slender scales which partially cover the eye ; maxillary palps vestigial , usually a minute , unsegmented lobe ; labial palps usually extremely short and 1 - segmented , drooping and without lateral bristles . fore wings lanceolate , with apex usually acuminate .
most species have larvae in which the first two instars are leaf miners , with the third instar emerging to feed externally on leaves . the fourth instar larva constructs a flattened moulting cocoon under the leaf used by the third instar . the fifth instar larva , prior to pupation , constructs a silken , longitudinally ribbed cocoon , which is typical for the family .
worldwide there are about 25 species , most of which occur in the nearctic . one genus bucculatrix and 102 species are known from north america , with 31 species occurring in canada and 10 species recorded from british columbia .
small to very small moths , with wingspan 4 to 21 mm . head usually smooth - scaled ; ocelli absent ; antennae filiform with scape slender , usually smooth , and not covering eye ; flagellomeres with a single annulus of scales ; mandibles absent ; maxillary palps rarely absent , usually short to minute , and 1 - to 4 - segmented ; labial palps 3 - segemented , usually upturned , and straight to drooping , the second segment sometimes with a ventral tuft of scales ; proboscis length more than 2 . 5 times diameter of eye . wings slender to lanceolate , with a broad fringe , the cilia longer than width of hind wing ; fore wings often brightly coloured , and in some genera having a contrasting , outward pointing v - shaped transverse band .
larvae are leaf , bark or fruit miners , with a hypermetamorphosis . larvae typically form blotch mines on leaves , hence the common name . early larval instars are flattened sap feeders , while latter instars feed on parenchyma . pupation takes place in the mines .
worldwide there are about 2000 species in about 75 genera . twenty - two genera and 288 species are known from north america , and 17 genera and 125 species from canada . to date , eight genera and 25 species are recorded from british columbia .
yponomeutids are small moths with rather narrow wings and wingspans of 5 to 30 mm . the maxillary palps are short , usually with only one or two segments ; the ocelli are absent . the antennal scape usually bears a comb - like pecten and the proboscis is usually naked . the tibial spurs are 0 - 2 - 4 . the fore wing is often brightly patterned and metallic , especially in argyresthia ; the abrupt narrowing at the front of the outer half of the hind wing characteristic of many species also occurs elsewhere in related families . vein cu2 in the fore wing rises in the outer fourth of the discal cell . veins rs and m1 in the hind wing are separate at their bases ; r4 and r5 in the fore wing are separate , r5 extending all the way to the apex or the outer margin of the wing .
larvae are leaf - miners , leaf - tiers , solitary or colonial webbers , flower feeders , or borers in bulbs . for example , argyresthia species mine in buds , fruits and leaves of many woody dicots and conifers and some are pests of forest and agricultural crops . the larvae of other family members such as yponomeuta feed externally in communal webs on various trees and shrubs . the old world genus prays contains pests of citrus and olives .
adults of argyresthia and zelleria characteristically rest with the head down at the substrate and the abdomen obliquely raised .
the family yponomeutidae contains about 600 named species worldwide ; about 80 species in 11 genera are known in north america . twenty species in seven genera are recorded in bc . representatives of two of the six subfamilies live in bc . the argyresthiinae , sometimes separated into its own family , consists of argyresthia , a nearly cosmopolitan genus of over 150 species ; the yponomeutinae holds the other bc genera . argyresthia has 11 bc species , including a . conjugella zeller ( apple fruit moth ) , originally from europe but first recorded in north america on south coastal bc in 1896 ; it feeds on malus , prunus , amelanchier , sorbus and related plants . argyresthia cupressella walsingham ( cypress tip moth ) is native to california but now ranges north to coastal bc ; the larvae bore in the shoot tips of junipers and leyland , lawson and monterrey cypresses . two european species now settled in the province are a . goedartella ( linnaeus ) , which attacks the terminal twigs and catkins of birch and alder and a . pygmaeella ( hübner ) , which feeds on willows .
adults of yponomeuta are white with minutely black - spotted fore wings ; larvae feed socially in webs on plants of the rose and other families . yponomeuta padella ( linnaeus ) ( ermine moth ) larvae feed colonially inside a web on cherry and apple ; y . malinellus zeller is also recorded in bc . swammerdamia caesiella ( hübner ) , a european native , also eats rosaceaeus plants but is a solitary feeder . ocnerostoma piniariella zeller ( european needle miner ) was introduced from europe to new york state in 1882 and is now a pest of white pines on bc’s south coast . zelleria haimbachi busck ( pine needle sheathminer ) attacks the needle fascicles and can stunt the growth of lodgepole , jack and ponderosa pines ; it ranges from california and southwestern bc east to quebec and new york .
ypsolophids are small moths with rough - scaled heads and usually well - developed ocelli . the antenna are thread - like and the proboscis lacks scales . the forewings normally have no metallic markings and , in some ypsolopha species , are hooked at the tip . veins rs and m1 in the hind wing are stalked or lie closely together . the fore tarsus has an epyphisis and the tarsal spurs are usually 0 - 2 - 4 .
ypsolopha larvae live in open webs on the leaves of plants , mostly woody ones . larvae of the subfamily ochsenheimeriinae , an old world group , are leaf miners in grasses , sedges and rushes when young ; later instars bore in the stems and seeds of these plants . the adults are diurnal . ochsenheimeria vacculella fischer von roeslerstamm ( cereal stem moth ) , an old world pest of agricultural grasses , has been introduced to eastern north america but is unknown in bc .
the family ypsolophidae is a small family with about 150 known species from the temperate northern hemisphere and 38 from north america . the largest genus is ypsolopha , holarctic in distribution and containing more than 120 species , 35 of which are american . ypsolopha dentella ( fabricius ) fees on honeysuckle species and y . ustella ( clerck ) on oak . eight other species are recorded from bc : y . canariella ( walsingham ) , y . cervella ( walsingham ) , y . dentiferella ( walsingham ) , y . dorsimaculella ( kearfott ) , y . falciferella ( walsingham ) , y . rubrella ( dyar ) , y . senex ( walsingham ) and y . walsinghamiella ( busck ) .
plutellid moths have wingspans of about 10 to 50 mm ( under 30 mm our fauna ) ; the wings are usually narrow and often oddly - shaped with the hind wing frequently as wide as the fore wing . the fore wings are often brightly patterned ( the hind margin of the fore wing frequently shows a pale stripe ) but normally are not metallic . the head bears ocelli and the antennae are thread - like with a basal pecten . an unscaled proboscis is present . veins rs and m1 in the hind wing are separate ; m3 and cua1 are also separate . in the fore wing r4 and r5 are not stalked . the tibial spurs are 0 - 2 - 4 and an epiphysis is present .
larvae are solitary leaf - rollers or live in loose webs and skeletonize leaves ; most pupate in a characteristic , open - mesh cocoon . adult moths hold their antennae forward when at rest . plutella , a cosmopolitan genus of over 40 species feeds largely on plants of the mustard family ; the diamondback moth , p . xylostella ( linnaeus ) , is a world - wide pest and one of the few micro - moths that migrates long distances .
the family plutellidae is world wide but small , with fewer than 100 known species ; seven genera and 18 species occur in north america . two genera and five species are recorded in bc . the best known species in the family in bc is the european import , plutella xylostella ( linnaeus ) , a pest of cabbage . it eats a wide range of crucifers , including garden ornamentals such as alyssum , stocks and wallflowers . it appeared in north america before 1850 , reaching vancouver island by 1900 and the okanagan valley by 1914 . plutella porrectella ( linnaeus ) and p . vanella walsingham also live in bc . the genus rhigognostis , represented by r . interrupta ( walsingham ) and r . poulella ( busck ) , also occurs .
sedge moths are mostly small ; wingspans range from 4 to 30 mm , but most are about 10 mm . the adults are frequently strikingly marked , usually with transverse bands or lines and often with metallic marks . the fore wing is often rather square - tipped or even concave and is broader than the hind wing . the head is smooth - scaled ; the labial palps are upturned and often banded in light and dark scales ; ocelli are large and conspicuous . the antennae are thread - like and lack a pecten . in fore wing vein r5 is separate from r4 , infrequently stalked , extending to apex or outer margin of wing . the tibial spurs are 0 - 2 - 4 and an epiphysis is present .
larvae bore in stems and leaves , mainly in monocots such as grasses , rushes , sedges and arums . adults are diurnal and are especially active in wet places ; they often visit flowers . while at rest they rhythmically raise and lower the folded wings .
the family glyphipterigidae contains about 384 described species in about 21 genera ; the world - wide genus glyphipterix holds about two - thirds of the species . in north america five genera contain 36 named species . bc has three species in two genera - - diploschizia impigritella ( clemens ) ( known to feed on cyperus esculentus linnaeus ) , glyphipterix bifasciata ( walsingham ) and g . sistes heppner .
bedelliid moths have usually placed in the family lyonetiidae . the are small grey moths frequently sprinkled with dark scales ; wingspans are usually 10 mm or less . the face is smooth - scaled and there are no ocelli . the basal antennal segment has a dense pecten but this is not developed into a true eye cap . the narrowly lanceolate fore wing has rs2 , rs3 , rs4 and a branch of m all arising from a common stem from the pointed tip of the discal cell . the upper margin of the hind tibia is strongly hairy .
the larvae mine the leaves of plants in the families poaceae , liliaceae , urticaceae , and convolvulaceae . young larvae make a linear mine and later instars create blotch mines . a mature larva spins a loose silk web on the leaf surface in which to pupate .
the small family bedelliidae contains about 20 species , all in the genus bedellia , in all regions except the neotropical . only two species occur in north america and one of these , the cosmopolitan bedellia somnulentella ( zeller ) , is recorded in bc . known as the morning - glory leaf miner , it can be a pest of sweet potato ( ipomoea batatas ) where that crop grows , but in bc it feeds on bindweed ( convolvulus ) species .


alburnus demiri ( eastern aegean bleak ) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus alburnus .

it is known from the river drainages of the gümüldür river , the büyük menderes river and the dalaman river in turkey .

it may have been found in the küçükmenderes river before the river dried up .

it is threatened by pollution , water abstraction and river damming .

alburnus demiri

the following term was not found in genome : alburnus demiri [ orgn ] .
özulug , m . and j . freyhof . 2007 . alburnus demiri , a new species of bleak from western anatolia , turkey ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 18 : 307–312 . urltoken
özuluğ , m . and freyhof , j . 2008 . alburnus demiri , a new species of bleak from western anatolia , turkey ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 18 ( 4 ) : 307 - 312 .
özuluǧ , m . ; freyhof , j . ( 2007 ) . alburnus demiri , a new species of bleak from western anatolia , turkey ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters . 18 ( 4 ) : 307 - 312 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
the genus alburnus , which belongs to the largest teleost family , cyprinidae , comprises 38 valid species distributed from europe to northern parts of southwest asia . herein we provide an updated list of the alburnus seven valid species registered from iran .
petrov , v . v . 1926 . kpoznaniyu kavkazskikh ukleyek ( genus alburnus heck . ) . [ to the knowledge of the caucasian bleaks ( genus alburnus heck ) ] . izvestiya bakinskoi ikhtiologicheskoi laboratorii 2 ( 1 ) : 133–160 .
abbasi , k . 2009 . first report of alburnus caeruleus heckel , 1834 from inland waters of iran . iranian fisheries research organization newsletter 57 : 2 .
freyhof , j . and m . kottelat . 2007b . review of the alburnus mento species group with description of two new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 18 : 213–225 . urltoken
freyhof , j . and m . kottelat . 2007a . alburnus vistonicus , a new species of shemaya from eastern greece , with remarks on chalcalburnus macedonicus from lake volvi ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 18 : 205–212 . urltoken
coad , b . w . 2009 . alburnus zagrosensis n . sp . , a new species of fish from the zagros mountains of iran ( actinopterygii : cyprinidae ) . zoology in the middle east 48 : 63–70 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 09397140 . 2009 . 10638367
esmaeili , h . r . , a . gholamifard , and j . freyhof . 2011a . ichthyofauna of zarivar lake ( tigris river basin , iran ) with the first records of hemiculter leucisculus and alburnus hohenackeri in the tigris basin . electronic journal of ichthyology 7 ( 1 ) : 1–6 . urltoken
mehraban , h . r . , g . sayyadzadeh . h . malekzehi and a . ahmadi . 2014 . first report of infection with the tapeworm ligula intestinalis ( linnaeus , 1758 ) plerocercoids in persian bleak , alburnus hohenackeri kessler , 1870 in southeastern iran . iranian journal of ichthyology 1 : 12–16 . urltoken
elp , m . , m . özulug , f . şen and j . freyhof . 2013 . validation of alburnus timarensis from the lake van basin , eastern anatolia ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . zoology in the middle east 59 ( 3 ) : 235–244 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 09397140 . 2013 . 841430
zareian , h . , h . r . esmaeili , a . gholamhosseini and g . sayyadzadeh . 2013 . new records and geographical distribution of alburnus hohenackeri kessler , 1870 ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) in iran . check list 9 ( 4 ) : 829–831 . doi : 10 . 15560 / 9 . 4 . 829
buj , i . , j . vukić , r . šanda , s . perea , m . ćaleta , z . marčić , i . bogut , m . povž and m . mrakovčić . 2010 . morphological comparison of bleaks ( alburnus , cyprinidae ) from the adriatic basin with the description of a new species . folia zoologica 59 ( 2 ) : 129–141 . urltoken
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
vulnerable b2ab ( i , ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1
there are no data on population trends of this species . the species is very likely to have existed in
küçük menderes which completely died out in its upper parts and is heavily polluted in its lower part . it should also have once occurred in the main stem of büyük menderes river , where it is now restricted to few tributaries due to strong pollution of the river . threats are strong in its distribution area and the trend is very likely to be decreasing . the largest populations seem to exist in gümüldur and in dalaman rivers .
pollution , water abstraction , water retention by dams , and reduction in rainfall induced by climate change are the major threats in the area which impact this species . it should be mentioned , that tahtali reservoir almost died in 2008 out due to high water demands by the city of izmir and strong droughts .
there is no conservation action in place for this species . the aegean rivers are under strong pressure and for this species it seems to be most important to preserve at least the gümüldür and dalaman rivers in a good ecological status and try to restore the büyük menderes . actually , there are plans to restore the büyük menderes .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
abdoli , a . 2000 . the inland water fishes of iran . tehran : iranian museum of nature and wildlife . 378 pp .
armantrout , n . b . 1980 . the freshwater fishes of iran [ ph . d . thesis ] . corvallis : oregon state university . xx + 472 pp .
berra , t . m . 2001 . freshwater fish distribution . san diego : academic press . 604 pp .
carmona , j . a . , doadrio , i . , márquez , a . l . , real , r . , hugueny , b . , and j . m . vargas . 1999 . distribution patterns of indigenous freshwater fishes in the tagus river basin , spain . environmental biology of fishes 54 ( 4 ) : 371–387 . doi : 10 . 1023 / a : 1007535200837
coad , b . w . 2014 . freshwater fishes of iran . accessed at http : / / www . briancoad . com , 28 april 2014 .
esmaeili , h . r . , b . w . coad , a . gholamifard , n . nazari and a . teimory . 2010a . annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of iran . zoosyst rossica 19 : 361–386 . doi : urltoken
esmaeili , h . r . , a . gholamifard , a . teimori , s . baghbani , and b . w . coad . 2010b . xiphophorus hellerii heckel , 1848 ( cyprinodontiformes , poeciliidae ) , a newly introduced fish recorded from natural freshwaters of iran . journal of applied ichthyology 26 : 937–938 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1439 - 0426 . 2010 . 01515 . x
esmaeili , h . r . , n . nazari , a . gholamifard , g . gholamhosseini , a . teimori and b . w . coad . 2011b . range extension and translocation for rhodeus amarus ( bloch , 1782 ) ( actinopterygii : cyprinidae ) in northwest iran . turkish journal of zoology 35 ( 6 ) : 883–886 . doi : 10 . 3906 / zoo - 0906 - 34
esmaeili , h . r . , a . gholamifard , a . sayyadzadeh , g . parsi , b . mirghiyasi and s . ghasemian . 2013 . new record of the convict cichlid , amatitlania nigrofasciata ( günther , 1867 ) , from the middle east ( actinopterygii : cichlidae ) . aqua , international journal of ichthyology 19 : 225–229 . urltoken
esmaeili , h . r . , a . teimory , f . owfi , k . abbasi and b . w . coad . 2014 . alien and invasive freshwater fish species in iran : diversity , environmental impacts and management . iranian journal of ichthyology 1 ( 2 ) : 62–72 . urltoken
gaston , k . j . 2000 . global patterns in biodiversity . nature 405 : 220–227 . doi : 10 . 1038 / 35012228
hijmans , r . j . , l . guarino and p . mathur . 2012 . diva - gis . a geographic information system for the analysis of species distribution data . version 7 . 5 . accessed at http : / / www . diva - gis . org , 29 august 2013 .
kiabi , b . h . , a . abdoli and m . naderi . 1999 . status of the fish fauna in the south caspian basin of iran . zoology in the middle east 18 : 57–65 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 09397140 . 1999 . 10637782
kottelat , m . and j . freyhof . 2007 . handbook of european freshwater fishes . kottelat , cornol , switzerland / berlin : privately published and freyhof , berlin , germany . xiii + 646 pp .
saadati , m . a . g . 1977 . taxonomy and distribution of the freshwater fishes of iran [ m . sc . dissertation ] . fort collins : colorado state university . xiii + 212 pp .
watanabe , k . 1998 . parsimony analysis of the distribution pattern of japanese primary freshwater fishes , and its application to the distribution of the bagrid catfishes . ichthyological research 45 : 259–270 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf02673924
werner , r . g . 2004 . freshwater fishes of the northeastern united states : a field guide . syracuse : syracuse university press . 335 pp .
wiens , j . j . , 2011 . the niche , biogeography and species interactions . philosophical transactions of the royal society b : biological sciences , 366 : 2336 - –2350 . doi : 10 . 1098 / rstb . 2011 . 0059


eois planetaria is a moth in the family geometridae .

it is found in peru .

the wingspan is about 27 mm .

the forewings are reddish fawn , crossed from the base to the margin by a series of round white dots on the veins , representing the transverse lines .

the hindwings are similar , but the basal area is not spotted and the spots towards the margin are all larger .

eois planetaria

this species has been collected at piper sites 306 & 1775 . the type locality for eois planetaria ( warren ) is peru , huanuco , cushi , 1900m . eois albimacula dognin , currently listed as a synonym ( scoble , 1999 ) , has the following type locality : cali , san antonio , western colombia . it all probability , material from yanayacu represents a third species , separate from these .
for evolutionary relationship between piper host plants and the specialist caterpillar genus eois , see attached pdf ( wilson et al . , 2012 ) .
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disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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yanayacu rearing voucher nos . 10192 ( nov 2005 ) , 11028 ( nov 2005 ) , 23024 ( jul 2007 ) .
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this information is based an ongoing project dedicated to the inventory and dissemination of information on lepidopteran larvae , their host plants , and their parasitoids in a costa rican tropical wet forest and an ecuadorian montane cloud forest .
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