the longnose eagle ray or snouted eagle ray ( myliobatis longirostris ) is a species of fish in the family myliobatidae .

it is found in the east pacific ocean from baja california and the gulf of california to sechura , peru , ranging from shallow water to a depth of 64 m ( 210 ft ) .

this species was first described in 1964 by the american ichthyologist shelton pleasants applegate , who was an expert on fossil and living sharks , and by american marine biologist john edgar fitch .

longnose eagle ray

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longnose eagle ray
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glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - longnose eagle ray facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
a new species of eagle ray , myliobatis longirostris , from baja california , mexico .
spotted eagle ray - aetobatus narinari the spotted eagle ray is found in warm temperate and tropical waters around the world . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
australian eagle ray - myliobatis australis the australian eagle ray is also known as the australian bull ray . it is only found in the waters off southern australia . source : florida museum of natural history intended audience : general reading level : middle / high school teacher section : yes
on september 30th 2010 the spotted eagle ray was listed under the bermuda protected species act 2003 ( see protected species amendment order 2010 ) . the eagle ray was listed as a level 1 protected species in 2012 . anyone convicted of catching and / or killing an eagle ray will be fined $ 25 , 000 or imprisoned for 2 years .
facts summary : the longnose eagle ray ( myliobatis longirostris ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
fishes
and found in the following area ( s ) : colombia , costa rica , ecuador , el salvador , guatemala , honduras , mexico ( baja california ) , nicaragua , panama , peru . this species is also known by the following name ( s ) : snouted eagle ray .
1 . iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 3 . < urltoken > . eagle ray page
vertical bar chart of tagged ray selection ratios for each harrington sound hydrophone station .
spotted eagle ray - aetobatus narinari the spotted eagle ray gets its name from the white , bluish - white , greenish , pearly , or yellow spots on the upperside of its body . source : florida museum of natural history intended audience : general reading level : middle / high school teacher section : yes
foraging ecology and movement behaviour of the spotted eagle ray ( aetobatus narinari ) by matt ajemian , supported by the bermuda zoological society and bermuda aquarium museum and zoo .
the spotted eagle ray is the only ray commonly seen in bermuda . locally , this species is often referred to as the “whip moray” . eagle rays are native to bermuda and appear to be resident year - round . in the western atlantic they are found from virginia south to brazil , and throughout the caribbean and gulf of mexico .
maps of fine - scale habitat use of spotted eagle rays in harrington sound .
prey items observed in the gut content of spotted eagle rays from harrington sound .
bat ray - myliobatis californicus the bat ray is usually found in shallow water . source : florida museum of natural history intended audience : general reading level : middle / high school teacher section : yes
bat ray - myliobatis californicus the bat ray is found in the pacific ocean from oregon south to baja california , mexico . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes
sightings data for spotted eagle rays between harrington sound and flatts inlet ( 2007–10 ) .
bester , cathleen . ray and skate basics ( online ) . florida museum of natural history : icthyology .
eagle rays are difficult to approach in the water as they tend to swim rapidly away from divers and swimmers . eagle rays are not dangerous to humans unless they are caught and handled incorrectly .
results of two - way anova on residency behavior of acoustically tagged spotted eagle rays in harrington sound .
applegate , s . p . & j . e . fitch . 1964 . a new species of eagle ray , myliobatis longirostris , from baja california , mexico . california fish and game 50 ( 3 ) : 189 - 194 .
citation : ajemian mj , powers sp , murdoch tjt ( 2012 ) estimating the potential impacts of large mesopredators on benthic resources : integrative assessment of spotted eagle ray foraging ecology in bermuda . plos one 7 ( 7 ) : e40227 . urltoken
unlike most rays , eagle rays flap their pectoral fins to propel themselves through the water ! some species , like the bat ray , can even leap up out of the water and skim along the water ' s surface ! the rays in this family eat mollusks , fish , and crustaceans .
because daily rations of elasmobranchs ( including batoid rays ) range from 0 . 3–4 . 3 % of body weight per day [ 30 ] and do not appear to exceed 3 . 0 % for the related cownose ray [ 31 ] , we assumed a 3 % daily ration for related spotted eagle rays . this daily ration estimate , combined with an estimate of overall ray population size ( population x mean residency in hs ) and densities of primary prey across available habitat of harrington sound ( determined from benthic sampling ) was used to quantify summertime calico clam removal by spotted eagle rays .
hines ah , whitlach rb , thrush sf , hewitt je , cummings vj , et al . ( 1997 ) nonlinear foraging response of a large marine predator to benthic prey : eagle ray pits and bivalves in a new zealand sandflat . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology 216 : 191–210 .
the spotted eagle ray ( aetobatus narinari ) is a large tropical to warm - temperate ray that consumes benthic invertebrates and is considered highly migratory [ 5 ] . quantitative studies of the spotted eagle ray diet are limited , but suggest molluscivory throughout the species’ range when combined with anecdotal observations . off the coast of north carolina , a . narinari appears to specialize on clams [ 6 ] , [ 7 ] , whereas queen conch ( strombus gigas ) may dominate the diet of individuals found in the bahamas and caribbean [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] . in the indopacific , a . narinari appears to be a key predator of giant clams ( tridacna and hippopus spp . ) and is considered a pest to farmers of these bivalves [ 10 ] . despite their potentially wide - ranging impact to shellfish worldwide , published studies on the behavioral ecology of the spotted eagle ray consist of one tracking study and field observations of these animals off bimini [ 11 ] , [ 12 ] , bahamas and one quantitative description of the diet in the indopacific [ 13 ] . however , no studies have examined foraging in this species relative to prey availability or density .
sightings ( yellow circles ) are scaled to ray group size ( i . e . number of individuals ) with green circles representing successful captures and survey “effort” denoted by the red vessel track .
bullnose ray - myliobatis freminvillii the bullnose ray is found from cape cod to the southeastern coast of the florida off the u . s . it has also been reported in waters off southern brazil and northern south america as well as in the waters of the caribbean and the gulf of mexico . source : florida museum of natural history intended audience : general reading level : middle / high school teacher section : yes
spotted eagle rays give birth to live young which look like miniature copies of the parents . the baby rays are called ‘pups’ and about 4 are born in each litter .
thrush sf , pridmore rd , hewitt je , cummings vj ( 1991 ) impact of ray feeding disturbances on sandflat macrobenthos : do communities dominated by polychaetes or shellfish respond differently ? marine ecology progress series 69 : 245–252 .
in bermuda they can be seen cruising over sandy bottoms in inshore bays and on the reef platform in sandy areas . however , eagle rays also traverse deeper regions of harrington sound , often exceeding 20 meters in depth , and have been observed by divers at offshore seamounts . eagle rays are most often seen passing in and out of harrington sound under flatts bridge .
; and n - hat = the estimated population size . we used a modification of this index to incorporate movement rates of spotted eagle rays in a “closed” population model ( protocol s5 ) .
the above video ,
spectacular when spotted
, was filmed for the phd project of matthew ajemian , university of south alabama . the aim of the project was to better understand the movements and diets of the spotted eagle ray ( aetobatus narinari ) . a variety of techniques were utilized to meet this goal . eagle rays were fitted with both acoustic and satellite transmitters to track both large and small - scale movements . gastric lavage was used to determine preferred prey items , and enclosure experiments were used to observe the animals and determine prey patch selection . all the work done to understand these animals has led to their protection in bermudian waters .
though spotted eagle rays demonstrated preferences for habitats that supported dense populations of important shellfish , given their combined lack of patch - depleting foraging behavior and relatively low population densities , it is unlikely that rays would completely deplete calico clam from harrington sound . the larger size , higher site fidelity and solitary foraging behavior of spotted eagle rays may account for their reduced consumptive effects on manipulated prey patches when compared to schooling cownose rays . schools of fall - migrating cownose rays have been observed to deplete patches of bay scallop ( argopecten irradians ) to complete extirpation off north carolina [ 42 ] . though spotted eagle rays are known to school during social interactions or in preparation for large - scale movement [ 12 ] , in this study , all observations of foraging spotted eagle rays ( field and enclosure ) involved single individuals . situated in subtropical - tropical environments , spotted eagle rays likely forage solitarily among more heterogeneous and stable benthic communities . cownose rays , on the other hand , seasonally migrate in large schools along temperate inshore corridors where prey availability may be more episodic . to fully exploit these ephemeral resources , cownose rays may need to utilize stricter density - dependent foraging behaviors [ 46 ] , which can lead to localized depletions and population sinks [ 42 ] . while we observed no such patch - depleting behaviors by spotted eagle rays , we caution that they are still important predators of protected inshore shellfish of bermuda and preferentially forage in habitats supporting higher densities of calico clams . as such , rays could be detrimental to restoration programs that seed above ambient clam densities , which could potentially attract ray foraging . these effects can be exacerbated by reducing the density of ray predators in bermuda such as large sharks .
white , w . t . and naylor , g . j . p . 2016 . resurrection of the family aetobatidae ( myliobatiformes ) for the pelagic eagle rays , genus aetobatus . zootaxa 4139 ( 3 ) : 435 - 438 .
our combined findings from the enclosure and field manipulation experiments suggest that spotted eagle ray foraging may have little influence on clam gradients in harrington sound . though rays appear to “cue” in on higher density areas of calico clam to forage , their feeding rates do not appear to be density - dependent . spotted eagle rays held in an experimental enclosure responded to the ambient densities of their primary prey by removing significantly more clams at higher density patches . moreover , measurable predation by rays was detectable in the field among manipulation patches situated among the highest density of clams in hs ( trunk island ) , suggesting potential preference for these habitats . this apparent patch selection behavior exhibited by the spotted eagle rays conforms to optimality models that predict higher consumption of prey by predators in more “profitable” habitat types [ 44 ] . however , though consumption was significantly higher in high density patches , the enclosure experiment indicated that proportional mortality of clams was the same irrespective of density . the implication of this finding contrasts with thrush et al . ( 1991 ) , who postulated that foraging by m . tenuicaudatus may act to smooth distribution patterns of otherwise clustered patches of benthic invertebrates [ 45 ] . our data suggest spotted eagle rays may not provide such a smoothing role .
in subtropical bermuda , the spotted eagle ray is reportedly common in seagrass beds and sand flats [ 14 ] , but there are no data on its feeding habits , movements or habitat preferences in this region . spotted eagle rays are prey to large sharks such as the great hammerhead sphyrna mokarran [ 15 ] , tiger galeocerdo cuvier [ 16 ] , and caribbean reef carcharhinus perezi ( d . d . chapman , pers comm . ) . though fishery - independent data for sharks is lacking for the bermuda islands , landings suggest declining abundance of “dusky” sharks ( carcharhinus galapagensis and c . perezi ) and increasing exploitation of larger tiger sharks ( bermuda department of fisheries , unpublished data ) . the potential “mesopredator release” of spotted eagle rays from large shark removals has raised concerns of apex predator declines cascading down to shellfish populations in bermuda , many of which are protected ( j . a ward , bermuda conservation services , pers . comm ) . without knowledge of the habitat use and diet of these mesopredatory rays , however , the dynamics of potential cascading effects cannot be understood .
spotted eagle ray preference for sandy and shallow habitats was likely due to the greater prey availability ; though benthic sampling revealed potential prey down to 20 m , the majority of infauna and epifauna were collected along a 5 m interval between 2 . 7–8 . 7 m depth in sand and shell bottom ( table 4 ) . this depth interval of maximum bivalve abundance overlaps with alheit’s ( 1981 ) study in harrington sound , which showed that 50−60 % of bivalve mollusk biomass occurred from 6−12 m depth [ 32 ] . similar to our study , thomas ( 2003 ) and previous benthic sampling by the bermuda government revealed a zone from 3−9 m depth where calico clams were most abundant ( bermuda department of conservation services , unpublished data ) . this latter zone coincides with the primary depths utilized by spotted eagle rays monitored in the 2007 and 2008 hs monitoring arrays , suggesting rays preferentially used depths that supported their primary food .
spotted eagle rays appear on the iucn red list of threatened species as ‘near threatened’ due to fishing throughout the world 1 . the bermudian population of this species is considered slightly more endangered and is classified as ' vulnerable vu ( a2d ) ' according to the iucn red list criteria .
gut contents of spotted eagle rays were sampled opportunistically using pulsed gastric lavage ( pgl ) on live animals . during pgl , a plastic tube was placed into the esophagus of the ray and a gentle stream of ambient water was run into the stomach to flush out the contents . this technique was a non - lethal alternative to sacrificing rays for dietary information . we verified the efficacy of this technique by sacrificing three individuals after pgl was conducted , and found that pgl successfully removed 100 % of the gut content . all animals sampled survived the pgl procedure . recovered gut content was identified from photos of local benthic invertebrate tissue . for each prey item , we calculated percent frequency of occurrence :
unlike their stingray relatives , eagle rays have a pronounced head with a snout , and eyes on the side of the head . these rays are beautifully marked , with a black , dark brown or dark grey back , covered by characteristic white spots and rings , and a bare white underside . these markings along the dorsum are individually specific and can be used as natural “tags” by scientists . eagle rays have a long thin tail with up to 7 barbed spines at the base . wingspan in bermudian rays generally ranges from 1 . 2 m ( 4 feet ) to a maximum of about 2 m ( 6 . 5 feet ) .
myliobatis longirostris is a distinctive eagle ray reported from the surface to depths of at least 64m ( fitch and schultz 1978 ) . it is often landed in areas with sand or soft bottoms ( mceachran and notarbartolo di sciara 1995 ) . information on the biology and distribution of this ray is sparse . as in other myliobatid rays , the reproductive mode is aplacental viviparity , and fecundities are generally low . reaches a maximum size of 95 cm dw ( mceachran and notarbartolo di sciara 1995 ) . villavicencio - garyazar ( 1996 ) estimated the size at maturity to be ~ 74 cm dw and ~ 54 cm dw for males and females , respectively . these observations are based on a sample size of less than 70 individuals and no other details on the ecology of this ray are available . life history parameters age at maturity ( years ) : unknown . size at maturity ( disc width ) : ~ 74 cm dw ( villavicencio - garyazar 1995 , villavicencio - garyazar 1996 ( female ) ; ~ 54 cm dw ( villavicencio - garyazar 1995 , villavicencio - garyazar 1996 ) ( male ) . longevity ( years ) : unknown . maximum size ( disc width ) : 95 cm dw ( mceachran and notarbartolo di sciara 1995 ) . size at birth ( cm ) : unknown . average reproductive age ( years ) : unknown . gestation time ( months ) : unknown . reproductive periodicity : unknown . average annual fecundity or litter size : unknown . annual rate of population increase : unknown . natural mortality : unknown .
we explored the effect of tagging year ( 2007 , 2008 ) , sex and the interaction ( year x sex ) on harrington sound proportional habitat use ( proportion of the monitoring period rays were detected in harrington sound ; protocol s3 ) and maximum residency interval ( maximum time in harrington sound ) of spotted eagle rays using univariate two - way anova . we also examined the influence of ray size ( i . e . , disk width ) on proportional residency in harrington sound with linear regression . proportional data were arc - sine transformed prior to analysis , and anova post - hoc analyses were performed using tukey’s hsd [ 24 ] . all anovas were performed using xlstat 10 . 0 ( addinsoft , inc . ) .
occasionally eagle rays can be seen jumping out of the water . the reason they do this remains a mystery . scientists speculate that leaping rays may be females trying to avoid unwanted male attention , or they may do it to shake off parasites or remoras . they may also perform these noisy belly - flops just for fun .
in this study , we utilized a suite of approaches to examine the foraging ecology and habitat use of spotted eagle rays ( aetobatus narinari ) in harrington sound ( hs ) , bermuda . because of their highly mobile nature , we tracked and monitored rays with acoustic telemetry and analyzed their distribution relative to various benthic habitats in hs . during the monitoring period , benthic communities were sampled using bottom survey techniques to examine potential prey available and were compared to prey items consumed by rays . the spatial distribution and residency data of spotted eagle rays were then used to guide enclosure and field manipulation ( exclosure ) experiments aimed at quantifying the impact of rays on calico clam macrocallista maculata , an abundant and protected bivalve species in hs .
in order to examine the distribution of prey available to spotted eagle rays , we conducted benthic quadrat surveys concurrently with acoustic monitoring at ten sites throughout harrington sound and flatts inlet ( figure 2 ) . at each site , we haphazardly lowered a 50 cm×50 cm ( 0 . 25 m 2 ) weighted pvc frame four times along a 25 m transect . at each quadrat we excavated the upper 15 cm of the area by hand and collected all epi - and infaunal invertebrates by passing excavated sediment through a 2 mm mesh bag . excavated fauna were identified to species level and enumerated . for each species , we determined density per square meter by pooling the counts of the four 0 . 25 m 2 quadrats per site . due to the restricted spatial coverage of the benthic sampling , we interpolated densities of dominant benthic fauna using the inverse distance weighted ( idw ) method in the spatial analyst extension of arcmap 9 . 2 . we elected idw interpolation due to its utility in analyzing relatively sparse or irregularly spaced data sets ( esri , inc . ) . interpolations were used to assess spatial trends in faunal abundance across hs and qualitatively compared with spotted eagle ray distribution .
opportunistic sampling of spotted eagle ray gut content revealed a diet dominated by mollusks ( table 6 ) . though sample size was low ( n = 4 ) , no food items were found in the gut content of individuals lavaged in flatts inlet . contrastingly , all individuals collected in harrington sound ( n = 14 ) possessed identifiable items in the gut , all of which were observed on benthic surveys in hs ( table 5 ) . total ingested material ranged between 0 . 4–8 . 5 % of ray body weight ( mean = 4 . 7±2 . 7 % ) for 9 individuals . calico clam ( m . maculata ) was determined to be the prey item of highest importance , both by frequency ( 78 . 6 % ) and by number ( 86 . 3 % ) for 14 individuals ( table 6 ) . in fact , five different individuals ( both male and females ) were collected with > 100 calico clams in their gut content ( max = 161 clams ) . other notable but less important bivalves recorded in the diet included lucines ( codakia sp . –14 . 3 % fo , 6 . 6 % n ) , eared ark ( anadara notabilis – 14 . 3 % fo , 4 . 0 % n ) and purplish tagelus ( tagelus divisus –7 . 1 % fo , 2 . 7 % n ) . one individual ray ( 170 cm dw female ) was found to consume two species of gastropods , the moon snail ( natica sp . –7 . 1 % fo , 0 . 3 % n ) and milk conch ( strombus costatus 7 . 1 % n , 0 . 1 % n ) . most individuals ( 80 % ) possessed a single prey item type in their gut content , with generally no shell fragments .
bermuda’s spotted eagle rays are at risk from exploitation of any kind because the local population is believed to be relatively small and individuals of this species produce only 4 or fewer young each year . for these reasons removing even a few rays from the population by fishing can have a serious impact on numbers very quickly . due to recent targeting of this species for consumption , local conservation measures were needed urgently .
our combined acoustic monitoring and tracking work showed that mobile spotted eagle rays did not evenly partition available habitat within a semi - enclosed lagoon , and exhibited a strong affinity to shallow ( < 10 m ) sand and sand - shell bottom habitats . this core use area was situated among the highest densities of their preferred prey ( calico clam ) recorded in benthic surveys of harrington sound . although our active tracking transects positioned spotted eagle rays over various other habitat types ( mud , relic oculina , etc . ) , they were rarely positioned at or near the benthos in these regions . the lack of substrate use in these habitats suggests they were not used for foraging purposes since eagle rays prey solely on benthic organisms . along sandy habitats of tuckers bay , trunk island and church bay , on the other hand , tracked rays were observed on or near bottom . while these areas were indeed shallower , rays were never detected in the upper depth layer when positioned in these sandy regions . conversely , rays were commonly positioned in surface waters overlying deeper regions of hs . reduced movement of rays in the sand habitat , as indicated by motion sensor tags , may be indicative of foraging behavior as rays must cease forward swimming to excavate prey from the benthos .
feeding rays often leave craters in the sand as they submerse their large heads and excavate buried prey . they dig up molluscs like calico and ark clams and larger individuals will even occasionally crack through a conch . the mouth is located on the underside of the head . eagle rays do not have typical teeth ; instead they have hardened dental plates in the upper and lower jaws , which they use for grinding and crushing mollusc shells .
to better understand the foraging ecology of spotted eagle rays and their impacts on native shellfish populations , we collected 55 individual rays from the waters of harrington sound and flatts inlet between 2007 and 2010 . spotted eagle rays were visually located during daylight hours ( 0700–1900 ) from a moving skiff . once located , a nylon seine net ( 100 m×5 m ) was corralled around the animals and the encircled rays were brought aboard . captured animals were measured ( disk width , disk length , and weight ) , photographed for future identification , and assessed for level of sexual maturity when possible . rays then received one of four treatments prior to release with an external tag : 1 ) fitted with an acoustic transmitter ( n = 18 ) , 2 ) pulsed gastric lavage ( n = 18 ) , 3 ) transported to enclosure pen for foraging experiments ( n = 7 ) , or 4 ) given no additional treatment ( n = 12 ) .
the rays fitted with pressure sensor tags were detected at all available depths within harrington sound ( 0–25 m ) . however , 90–95 % of the acoustic detections occurred in the upper 10 m ( figure 5 ) . tag depth varied greatly with time of day ; the highest proportion of detections occurred at or near the surface during the 0000–0500 h and 1800–2300 h periods . during these dark periods , the greatest amount of detections occurred at 0 . 7 m ( figure 6 ) suggesting rays were most often distributed in subsurface waters during low light conditions . a dramatic diel shift in ray vertical distribution occurred from surface to deeper waters during daylight hours . while vertical habitat use of rays appeared more evenly distributed during the late morning ( 0600–1100 h , figure 6b ) , proportional use of the upper depths decreased dramatically in the afternoon ( 1200–1700 h ) ( figure 6c ) . during the afternoon period , the vertical distribution of rays followed a bell curve with peak use at 5 . 5 m depth ( figure 6c ) . the density of ray detections was consistently high across the southwest portion of hs all hours of the day ( h1 , h2 ) , though there was notable shift in movement towards the interior of hs during midday .
justification : an inshore poorly known eagle ray which reaches 95 cm disc width and which is known from pacific baja california and the gulf of california , méxico , and from sechura , peru . it is likely distributed in the area between these two locations , through central america . there is limited information available on the distribution , abundance , and biology of myliobatis longirostris . it is not frequently landed in the artisanal elasmobranch fisheries of the gulf of california and pacific coast of the baja peninsula . the conservation status of myliobatid rays is of concern due to their limited biological characteristics , inshore habitat , schooling behaviour and morphology which exposes them to capture in a variety of fishing gear in often intense and unregulated fisheries . as such , this species is taken incidentally by various artisanal fisheries in méxico and throughout central america , if indeed it occurs there . populations of many myliobatid rays together with similar rhinopterid species are reportedly declining in areas where inshore fishing activities are high . myliobatis longirostris occurs in a region where artisanal fishing is generally intense and unregulated , and despite the lack of available information , a near threatened assessment is justified for this species .
acoustic telemetry was employed to determine habitat use and residency of spotted eagle rays in harrington sound . acoustic transmitters were wrapped in a neoprene sleeve to reduce abrasion of the ray’s soft skin and attached to monofilament dart tags using cable ties and superglue . following silliman and gruber ( 1999 ) , tags were secured to the dorsal “saddle” region of spotted eagle rays ( figure 1 ) . in each sampling year , two types of transmitters were used . in 2007 , four animals were fitted with lotek ma - tp16 _ 252 transmitters ( 16×84 mm , 34 g in air ) and four were fitted with map 16 _ 3 s transmitters ( 16×82 mm , 33 g in air ) . the ma - tp16 _ 252 transmitters transmitted an id code , as well as sensor data for pressure ( 0–50 psi ) . the map 16 _ 3 s transmitters only transmitted an id code . due to the short duration of the study in 2007 , transmitters were prepared with a burst interval of 2 sec , translating to an estimated battery life between 53 and 59 days ( ma - tp16 _ 252 and map 16 _ 3 s , respectively ) . in june of 2008 , 10 individual rays were tagged and monitored from an acoustic array deployed across harrington sound . six animals were fit with lotek ma - pm - 16 _ 252 transmitters ( 16×84 mm , 34 g in air ) , which transmitted an id code and sensor data for pressure ( 0–50 psi ) and motion ( 0 , 1 ) ( protocol s1 ) . in addition , four individuals were tagged with map 16 _ 3 s id only transmitters coded to transmit every 3 sec ( 318 d battery life ) . all acoustic tags operated on a frequency of 76 . 8 khz .
we used tag - recapture data to develop an approximate population estimate for spotted eagle rays in harrington sound . population size was assessed with the schnabel method , which is an extension of the single sample lincoln - peterson model of population estimation to include a series of samples 29 ] . each sampling trip ( 2007–2010 ) was used as a “sample” because we captured , examined for previous marks , marked and released animals on each of these trips and revisited the same sites continuously throughout harrington sound and flatts inlet . we then used the following formula to estimate the population :
we monitored movements of four female ( 121–161 cm dw ) and four male ( 120–137 cm dw ) spotted eagle rays in 2007 between harrington sound and flatts inlet with gatekeepers only . in 2008 , four males ( 120–133 cm dw ) and six females ( 99–161 cm dw ) were monitored across the extended harrington sound acoustic array . monitoring periods ranged from 3–67 days ; with 94 % of tagged individuals detected by the acoustic array ( table 1 ) . neither sex nor year tagged was found to influence proportional habitat use ( table 2 ; p > 0 . 05 ) . however , when maximum residency was utilized as the response variable , a significant sex effect was found ( two - way anova ; f 1 , 14 = 5 . 56 , p = 0 . 038 ) . mean maximum residency ( m = 37 . 9±6 . 6 d ) for females was found to be significantly higher than mean maximum residency ( m = 16 . 7±6 . 3 d ) for males ( t - test , p < 0 . 05 ) . no significant relationship was found between ray size and proportional residency in harrington sound ( linear regression , r 2 = 0 . 0001 , t = 0 . 041 , d . f . = 14 , p = 0 . 968 ) .
the calico clam population in harrington sound was estimated at 2 . 01±0 . 72×10 7 individuals , given a total habitat area ( sandy bottom < 10 m ) of 1 . 38 km 2 and average density of 16 . 55± clams · m −2 across all habitats where clams were collected in 2008 and 2009 . using the average weight of 35 kg for all rays collected in hs , rays would consume 1 . 05 kg ( 3 . 0 % of bw ) of foodstuff per individual per day . for rays feeding on calico clams ( mean clam tissue wet weight of 7 . 765 g from benthic sampling ) , this translated to a feeding rate of 135 clams per day . of the 55 individual rays collected in harrington sound , four were identified as recaptures ( 7 . 3 % recapture rate ) . all recaptures were large mature females ( generally > 150 cm disk width ) originally tagged within harrington sound . based on these recapture rates , the schnabel method estimated 307 individuals inhabited harrington sound ( table 8 ) . given a 73 . 3 % average residency level from acoustic monitoring , the eagle ray population would inhabit hs for 66 d period throughout the summer , during which they would consume 2 . 75×10 6 clams ( 13 . 7 % of the standing stock ) .
to estimate fine - scale ( ±10 m ) habitat use by spotted eagle rays , we conducted a series of mobile tracking surveys ( protocol s4 ) . tracking surveys were conducted july 2–4 , and in september 19–21 , 2008 . after data collection , synthetic aperture positioning system ( synaps , lotek wireless , inc . ) software was used to estimate positions of the transmitting tags . convergent position estimates were plotted in arcmap 9 . 2 , and localizations within various habitat types were extracted from digitized maps of harrington sound using hawth’s tools . to examine benthic habitat use of individuals tagged with depth - sensing transmitters , we used the intersect function in hawth’s tools to extract the position estimates within 1 m of the benthos .
spotted eagle rays were sighted along shallow sand flats < 5 m in depth within harrington sound and flatts inlet ( figure 3 ) . the majority of sightings ( 80 % ) were comprised of solitary individuals , though as many as five individuals were observed shoaling at a time . these larger groups were most evident at the connection between flatts inlet and harrington sound near flatts bridge . several pairs and trios were also observed at the mouth of flatts inlet where the inlet connected with the north lagoon . successful captures were distributed throughout the northwest shoreline of harrington sound and included regions such as church bay , major’s bay , trunk island , and tucker’s bay . several captures were also made towards the mouth of flatts inlet .
though evidence of habitat selection behavior in telemetered elasmobranchs has grown in the past few decades [ 47 ] , [ 48 ] , [ 49 ] , [ 50 ] most studies have involved sharks and not rays . moreover , few studies have been able to successfully link prey availability with the behavior of these free - ranging elasmobranchs [ 51 ] , [ 52 ] . to our knowledge , this is the first study to simultaneously use telemetry and benthic mapping to examine predator - prey interactions in a batoid ray . previous telemetry work on batoids have focused on the influence of abiotic factors on general movement patterns and habitat use [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] , [ 21 ] , [ 53 ] . while batoid rays can be extremely mobile , their prey is generally constrained to benthic habitats , and thus they represent good candidate species for using telemetry to examine interactions with prey . with advances in mapping software ( e . g . arcgis ) , a plethora of packages can be used in conjunction with telemetry research to estimate benthic habitat use in these animals and thus their potential impacts on benthic resources .
based on 2008 acoustic monitoring data , spotted eagle rays habitat use was not evenly distributed throughout harrington sound ( χ 2 = 1251886 . 01 , df = 64 ; p < 0 . 0001 ) . the highest number of proportional detections ( detections per available volume ) was recorded in the shallow southwest portion of the sound . in this region , selection ratios were all greater than 1 ( w h1 = 2 . 921 , w h2 = 2 . 922 , w h4 = 1 . 461 ) , indicating observed detections were greater than expected by the total available habitat ( figure 4 ) . relatively high use was also observed at h8 ( w h8 = 1 . 21 ) at the northeast corner of hs , which was also situated in shallow waters . low use and thus avoidance ( w i < 1 ) was generally observed for deeper hydrophones of the interior of hs , and the lowest amount of total detections was recorded at the hydrophone stationed at flatts inlet ( h0 ) .
spotted eagle rays were initially offered calico clams and milk conch , but due to the lack of milk conch consumption by captive animals , experiments proceeded with calico clam only treatments . a significant clam density effect was found for total clams eaten ( f 2 , 11 = 5 . 523 , p < 0 . 05 ; table 7 ) . bonferroni pairwise comparisons revealed significantly more clams were consumed in the high density treatment ( mean = 10 . 5 clams / trial ) than the lowest density ( 2 . 5 clams / trial ; p < 0 . 01 ) treatment , though medium density mortality ( 7 clams / trial ) was not found to be different from the high or low density clam mortality rates ( p > 0 . 05 ; figure 9a ) . when utilizing the same data set to examine the effect of calico clam density on proportional patch mortality rate , the anova found no significant effect ( f 2 , 11 = 0 . 371 , p = 0 . 700 ; table 7 , figure 9b ) .
to examine small - scale foraging preferences of spotted eagle rays among heterogeneous prey densities , we conducted a series of patch selection experiments within an experimental enclosure . the enclosure measured 46 m×22 m and was 1–2 m in depth . the border of the enclosure was constructed from plastic fencing material with a 2 . 54 cm diameter styrofoam float line at the top and a lead - line sewn into the bottom . floats were placed evenly at 5 m intervals across the top of the net to ensure flotation during high tide . additional anchors were used to secure the enclosure in place . the substrate within the enclosure was primarily characterized by coarse sand with a few 10 m 2 regions of limestone rock . prior to experimentation , the sandy area within the enclosure was excavated by scuba divers to remove any ambient infauna and epifauna to a depth of 15 cm . calico clams collected from nearby locations in harrington sound were distributed among 9 separate 1 m 2 vexar screen trays filled with sand . during each trial , trays were randomly assigned a number between 1 and 3 , and given a density of 10 , 20 or 40 calico clams per square meter ( these densities were chosen to reflect natural densities of these clams in nearby harrington sound ) . calico clams were introduced to the surface of the trays 24 h after rays were placed inside the enclosure . trays were checked daily for evidence of predation and restocked when necessary . analyses of variance ( anova ) were used to test the impact of clam density on the number of clams consumed and mortality rate ( proportion of clams consumed per day ) . to better meet the assumptions of anova , all proportional tray mortality rates were arc - sine square root transformed prior to analysis and checked for normality and heterogeneity of variances .
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ranges from bahia sebastian vizcaino , central baja california ( castro - aguirre and espinosa peréz 1996 ) through the gulf of california , méxico ( mceachran and notarbartolo di sciara 1995b ) and likely south to sechura , peru ( chirichigno and vélez 1998 , m . love pers . comm ) .
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the solenodon is a mammal found primarily in cuba and hispanola . the species was thought to be extinct until scientists found a few still alive in 2003 . solenodons only prefer to come out at night . they eat primarily insects and they are one of the few mammal species that are venomous , delivering a very powerful toxin . symptoms of a solenodon bite are very similar to a snake bite , including swelling and severe pain , lasting several days .
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there are 19 species in this family . they are found in tropical and temperate ocean waters in the atlantic , pacific , and indian oceans .
they have long , triangular pectoral fins ; long , whip - like tails with a small dorsal fin at the base , and a barbed venomous spine located behind their dorsal fin .
least concern near threatened vulnerable endangered critically endangered extinct in wild extinct status and range is taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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copyright : © 2012 ajemian et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : much of the research was funded by the eric clee environmental fellowship via the bermuda zoological society . the bermuda institute of ocean sciences , university of south alabama ( usa ) and the mobile jaycees provided additional logistical and financial support . the mobile jaycees are a civic leadership organization and are a nonprofit . they donate annually to the usa department of marine sciences . their donation has absolutely no obligations on the department’s part . the department chooses to use these funds to assist graduate students with their research projects , their is no potential for conflict of interest . mja was supported by fellowships from both the university of south alabama and dauphin island sea lab . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
declines in large sharks have been demonstrated in the northwest atlantic for some time [ 1 ] . evidence of shark declines also pervades subtropical oceanic islands in this region , where even low fishing pressure by either artisanal or subsistence fishing can have significant negative effects on populations of these slow - growing apex predators [ 2 ] . reduction in top predators like sharks has been suggested to cascade through the ecosystem to basal resources such as shellfish . for example , recent meta - analyses demonstrated that cownose rays ( rhinoptera bonasus ) transmit the effects of large shark declines down to bay scallop ( argopecten irradians ) populations due to the specialist and density - dependent foraging behavior of the rays [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] . however , the ecological role and potential impacts of many other large mesopredatory rays remain unknown due to the difficulty in studying these large and highly mobile animals .
acoustic transmitters were externally secured to the dorsal “saddle” region , allowing for normal oscillatory swimming motion . white arrow points to transmitter location .
despite its prevalence in the study of movements of other marine vertebrates , acoustic telemetry has only gained popularity in the study of batoids ( skates and rays ) over the last decade [ 12 ] , [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] , [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] , [ 21 ] . most of these acoustic telemetry studies of batoids have used manual tracking techniques to determine movement rates and use of physical habitat or monitoring to investigate general residency patterns . in spite of demonstrating the capability of tracking movements of these animals with acoustic telemetry , no studies have sufficiently linked movements or residency with prey abundance and / or distribution . such questions can be addressed through integrating high - resolution acoustic technology with mapping of benthic communities .
wireless hydrophone systems ( whs ) are labeled from h0 ( flatts inlet ) - h9 and represented by colored triangles ( 2007 was h0–h1 only ) . white stars indicate locations of dive sites used for benthic sampling in 2008 and 2009 ( note : benthic sampling dives were made at h4 ) .
this study was conducted in accordance with the laws of the state of alabama and under iacuc protocols ( permit # 05043 - fsh ) approved by the university of south alabama . all efforts were made to minimize animal suffering during tagging procedures .
the bermuda islands are limestone - capped volcanic pedestals situated within the sargasso sea and include several large inshore sounds and harbors . harrington sound ( hs ) , the most land - locked of the inshore sounds , has a single navigable connection to the open ocean through flatts inlet ( fi ) ( thomas 2003 ) . surface temperatures of hs range from 16°c in winter to 30°c in summer . mean tidal range in hs is 19 cm , lagging approximately 2 hr 53 min behind oceanic tides ( morris et al . 1977 ) . hs is host to a wide variety of habitats , including seagrass beds ( e . g . thalassia testudinum ) algal mats ( cladophora prolifera ) , sand flats , relic oculina reefs , and rubble , mud and shell bottoms . a wide variety of infaunal and epifaunal benthic invertebrates characterize the heterogeneous benthos of hs , including commercially and recreationally important mollusks such as the calico clam , turkey wing ( arca zebra ) , bermuda scallop pecten ziczac , atlantic pearl oyster ( pinctada imbricada ) and conch ( strombus costatus and s . gigas ) . with the exception of turkey wing , all aforementioned mollusks have been protected in bermuda waters since 1978 [ 22 ] , though there have been no published attempts to estimate sources of natural mortality to these benthic invertebrates .
colored vertical bars represent selection ratios ( left y - axis ) at each hydrophone station , labeled near x - axis . hydrophone depth is represented by black triangle ( right y - axis ) . mean tag depth is indicated by white squares ( right y - axis ) with standard error bars using individuals as replicates .
hourly box and whisker plots of depth distribution for rays fitted with pressure sensor transmitters .
horizontal red lines represent mean depth , and blue boxes represent upper and lower quartiles . whiskers represent maximum and minimum values , while red crosses represent outliers .
stacked bar plots of vertical and horizontal habitat use for rays fitted with pressure sensor transmitters .
horizontal bars represent the proportion of detections at various depths of tagged animals ( n = 6 ) within harrington sound during the 2008 monitoring period . data are displayed in four 6 - hour intervals : a –0000–0500 , b –0600–1100 ; c –1200–1700 ; and d –1800–2300 . bars are color coded by hydrophone as in previous figures .
hydrophone detections from synaps vessel tracks ( a ) and whs 3050 power detection records were used to estimate tag position estimates ( green circles ) and centers of activity ( 50 % kud , white polygons ) , respectively , in b–d . tag positions and coas are overlaid onto bathymetry ( b ) , bottom habitat ( c ) and interpolated calico clam density ( d ) . maps a - c are based on thomas’ ( 2003 ) benthic survey of hs .


asura crustata is a species of moth of the family erebidae , arctiinae subfamily .

the habitat consists of lowland forests , including heath forests .

adults are sexually dimorphic .

they are red with blackish fringes .

asura crustata

asura crustata - urdu meaning and translation of asura crustata , translation , multiple word search ( seperate words with space ) , english to urdu machine translation of asura crustata and more .
asura crustata talbot , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 ( 2 ) : 136
asura crustata talbot , 1926 , sarawak mus . j . , 3 ( 2 ) : 136 .
asura crustata is a species of moth of the eribidae family , arctiinae subfamily . it is found on borneo , peninsular malaysia and sumatra .
barsine crustata ; [ mob7 ] : 369 , pl . 5 , f . 261
asura euprepioides interserta ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 445
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asura is a genus of moths in the subfamily arctiinae . some species formerly placed in this genus are now in nepita .
= asura senara ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 768 ; [ nhm card ]
this is a small , sexually dimorphic red species with blackish fringes . the male has an elongate fold with androconia in the forewing cell . the female could be confused with the next species but is a duller red with a much more sinuous and basal postmedial . the male genitalia indicate placement in barsine , with a cluster of short , stout , asymmetric spines in the vesica and possession of a very small central saccular spine as well as a slender central costal one . the valve apex tapers to a point , lacking associated costal or saccular processes . in sulawesi there flies a related species , b . nigrocincta snellen comb . n . ; its genitalia were illustrated by roepke ( 1946b ) .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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= miltochrista ; [ nhm card ] ; bendib & minet , 1999 , ann . soc . ent . fr . ( n . s . ) 35 ( 3 - 4 ) : 257
china ( heilongjiang , jilin , beijing , shaanxi , henan , jiangsu , zhejiang , jiangxi , fujian , hubei , hunan , sichuan , guangxi , guangdong , hainan ) . see [ maps ]
miltochrista aberrans butler , 1877 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 ( 119 ) : 397 ; tl : japan , yokohama
barsine aberrans ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 43 , f . 27
barsine arcana bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
barsine bornescripta holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 369 , pl . 5 , f . 246 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
middle amur , primorye , s . sakhalin , kunashir , ? china , ? korea , japan . see [ maps ]
miltochrista calamina butler , 1877 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 ( 119 ) : 396 ; tl : japan
miltochrista cardinalis hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 480 , pl . 32 , f . 8 ; tl : sikkim ; assam , khasis
barsine cardinalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 25
miltochrista celebesa tams , 1935 ; mém . mus . r . hist . nat . belg . 4 ( 12 ) : 37
barsine coccinea moore , 1886 ; j . asiat . soc . bengal 55 : 98 ; tl : tavoy
miltochrista coccinea ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 490 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 45
china ( jiangxi , hunan , guangdong , sichuan ) . see [ maps ]
miltochrista compar fang , 1991 ; sinozoologia 8 ( 5 ) : 383 , 387 , 395 , f . 2 ; tl : yichun , jiangxi
barsine compar ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 43 , f . 28 - 29
sesapa complicata butler , 1877 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1877 : 344 ; tl : sarawak
barsine complicata ; [ mob7 ] : 370 , pl . 5 , f . 257
china ( hubei , jiangxi , guangxi , guangdong ) . see [ maps ]
miltochrista conformis fang , 1991 ; sinozoologia 8 ( 5 ) : 383 , 389 , 395 , f . 3 ; tl : longsheng , guangxi , 1150m
hypoprepia cruciata walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 101 ; tl : sarawak
barsine cruciata ; [ mob7 ] : 368 , pl . 5 , f . 248 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 25
sikkim , assam , ceylon , perak , singapore , sumatra , borneo , philippines . see [ maps ]
lyclene cuneonotata ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 41
miltochrista curtisi butler , 1881 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 8 : 379 ; tl : sumatra
miltochrista curtisi ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 489 , pl . 32 , f . 20 ; [ nhm card ]
miltochrista decussata moore , 1877 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 87 ; tl : china , shanghai
miltochrista decussata ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 478 , f . 32 , f . 3 ; [ nhm card ]
nepal , assam , himachal pradesh , meghalaya , uttranchal . see [ maps ]
= miltochrista gratiosa ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 488
barsine defecta ; [ mob7 ] , 366 ( note ) ; kaleka , 2003 , j . ent . res . 27 ( 2 ) : 100
lyclene delicata moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 31 ; tl : darjiling
miltochrista delicata ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 492 , pl . 32 , f . 19 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 45
assam , sumatra , china ( s . shensi ) . see [ maps ]
barsine delicia swinhoe , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 4 ) : 477 ; tl : assam , khasis
barsine delicia ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 25
china ( shanghai , hongkong ) , taiwan , thailand . see [ maps ]
barsine delineata ; cerný , 2012 , nachr . ent . ver . apollo 32 ( 3 / 4 ) : 123
china ( hunan , jiangxi , guangxi , guangdong ) . see [ maps ]
barsine dimidiata ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 43 , f . 31
miltochrista duopunctata semper , 1899 ; reisen archipel . philipp . 2 : 508 ; tl : luzon
miltochrista duopunctata ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 487 , pl . 32 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]
miltochrista effasciata ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 495 , pl . 32 , f . 29 ; [ nhm card ]
miltochrista euprepia hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 484 , pl . 32 , f . 17 ; tl : borneo , kina balu
barsine euprepia ; [ mob7 ] : 367 , pl . 5 , f . 241
miltochrista ( barsine ) excelsa daniel , 1952 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 76 , pl . 2 , f . 36 ; tl : hunan , hoeng shan , 900m
barsine exclusa butler , 1877 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1877 : 340 ; tl : sarawak
barsine exclusa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 25
= miltochrista exclusa ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 483 ; [ nhm card ]
barsine euprepioides ; [ mob7 ] : 368 , pl . 5 , f . 247 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 25
= miltochrista euprepiodes ; kaleka & rose , 2002 , zoos ' print j . 17 ( 8 ) : 854
miltochrista fasciata leech , 1899 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1899 ( 1 ) : 197 ; tl : w . china , omeishan
barsine fasciata ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 25
barsine flammealis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 25
mahavira flavicollis moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 11 , pl . 1 , f . 3 ; tl : darjiling
barsine flavivenosa moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 30 , pl . 3 , f . 18 ; tl : darjiling
barsine flavivenosa ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 26
miltochrista flavodiscalis talbot , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 ( 2 ) : 138
barsine flavodiscalis ; [ mob7 ] : 370 , pl . 5 , f . 254 , 272
nepal , india , sri lanka , burma , china ? , japan . see [ maps ]
barsine gratiosa ; kaleka , 2003 , j . ent . res . 27 ( 2 ) : 96 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 26
miltochrista hololeuca hampson , 1895 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1895 ( 2 ) : 296 ; tl : bhutan
miltochrista hololeuca ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 495 , pl . 33 , f . 13 ; [ nhm card ]
barsine honbaensis dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 286 , f . 9 ; tl : vietnam , hon ba , khanh hoa , 12°12 ' - 15°n ; 108°57 ' - 109°05 ' e
lithosia hypoprepioides walker , 1862 ; j . proc . linn . soc . ( zool . ) 6 : 106 ; tl : sarawak
barsine
hypoprepioides ; [ mob7 ] : 373 , pl . 5 , f . 178 , 258
barsine inflexa moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 29 , pl . 3 , f . 17 ; tl : darjiling
miltochrista inflexa ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 484 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 46
barsine lineatus ; [ mob7 ] : 370 , pl . 5 , f . 250
china ( shaanxi , hubei , hunan , yunnan , guangdong ) . see [ maps ]
barsine longstriga ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 45 , f . 30
barsine lucibilis ; [ mob7 ] : 367 , pl . 5 , f . 242
barsine mactans ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 26
miltochrista maculifasciata hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 110 ; tl : burma , rangoon
miltochrista maculifasciata ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 490 , pl . 32 , f . 14 ; [ nhm card ]
= miltochrista spilosomoides ; daniel , 1952 , bonn . zool . beitr . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 78
miltochrista magna ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 494 , pl . 33 , f . 20 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 46
miltochrista mesortha hampson , 1898 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 11 ( 3 ) : 440 ; tl : assam , khasis
miltochrista mesortha ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 485 , pl . 32 , f . 31 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 45
miltochrista multidentata hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 493 , pl . 32 , f . 24 ; tl : bourou
miltochrista multistriata hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 109 ; tl : assam , naga hills
miltochrista multistriata ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 486 , pl . 32 , f . 6 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 46
= miltochrista lineata ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 482
middle amur , primorye , s . sakhalin , kunashir , jiangsu , jiangxi , zhejiang , shaanxi , shandong , hunan , yunan , fujiang , sichuan , taiwan , korea . see [ maps ]
= miltochrista calamina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 479 ; [ nhm card ]
barsine pallinflexa holloway , 2001 ; [ mob7 ] : 370 , pl . 5 , f . 256 ; tl : sarawak , gunong mulu nat . park
barsine perlucidula bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
korawa perpallida ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 39
barsine
perpusilla ; [ mob7 ] : 373 , pl . 5 , f . 255 , 417
miltochrista phaeoxanthia hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 493 , pl . 32 , f . 23 ; tl : assam , khasis
miltochrista phaeoxanthia ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 46
barsine
porphyrea ; [ mob7 ] : 372 , pl . 5 , f . 249 , 265
miltochrista postnigra hampson , 1894 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 2 : 118 ; tl : sikkim
miltochrista postnigra ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 480 , pl . 32 , f . 10 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 46
india ( arunachal pradesh , assam ) , nw . himalayas . see [ maps ]
miltochrista pretiosa draudt , 1914 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 10 : 139 , f . 18b
barsine pretiosa ; kaleka , 2003 , j . ent . res . 27 ( 2 ) : 95 ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 26
miltochrista proleuca hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 494 , pl . 32 , f . 28 ; tl : sikkim
miltochrista proleuca ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 46
lyclene prominens moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 31 , pl . 3 , f . 3 ; tl : cherra ; khasia hills
miltochrista prominens ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 492 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 47
middle amur , primorye , kunashir , dunbei , beijing , shandong , zhejiang , fujiang , shaanxi , sichuan , yunan , korea , japan . see [ maps ]
india ( assam , sikkim , arunachal pradesh ) , burma , bhutan . see [ maps ]
barsine punicea moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 29 ; tl : darjiling
barsine punicea ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 26
castabala roseata walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 271 ; tl : sikkim
barsine roseata ; [ mob7 ] , 366 ( note ) ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 26
barsine roseororatus ; [ mob7 ] : 368 , pl . 5 , f . 243 , 252
miltochrista dohertyi ; holloway , 1976 , moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 3
miltochrista rosistriata holloway , 1976 ; moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 3
barsine rosistriata ; [ mob7 ] : 367 , pl . 5 , f . 245
rubrata ( reich , 1937 ) ( miltochrista ) ; dt . ent . z . iris 51 : 119
barsine rubricostata ; [ mob7 ] : 368 , pl . 5 , f . 244
barsine rutila walker , [ 1865 ] ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 253 ; tl : new guinea
miltochrista rutila ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 482 , pl . 32 , f . 12 ; [ nhm card ]
setinochroa sanguinea moore , 1877 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 20 ( 116 ) : 87 ; tl : china ( shanghai )
miltochrista sanguinea ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 480 , pl . 32 , f . 2 ; [ nhm card ]
miltochrista sanguitincta hampson , 1900 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 481 , pl . 32 , f . 16 ; tl : batchian
barsine senara moore , [ 1860 ] ; in horsfield & moore , cat . lep . ins . mus . nat . east india house 2 : 302 ; tl : java
miltochrista sinuata fang , 1991 ; sinozoologia 8 ( 5 ) : 386 , 393 , 397 , f . 12 ; tl : longsheng , guangxi , 900m
barsine sinuata ; dubatolov , kishida & wang , 2012 , tinea 21 ( 4 ) : 45 , f . 32
barsine stefaniae bucsek , 2012 ; malaysia inst . zool . : ( 1 - 170 )
middle amur , primorye , s . sakhalin , kunashir , jiangsu , zhejiang , jiangxi , fujiang , hunan , guangxi , shaanxi , sichuan , korea , japan . see [ maps ]
barsine
sullia ; [ mob7 ] : 372 , pl . 5 , f . 253
barsine syntypica swinhoe , 1906 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 17 ( 102 ) : 540 ; tl : padang , w . sumatra
barsine
syntypica ; [ mob7 ] : 373 , pl . 5 , f . 251 , 259
barsine thomasi kaleka , 2003 ; j . ent . res . 27 ( 2 ) : 102 ; tl : uttar pradesh , kempty falls
barsine thomasi ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 26
miltochrista umbrosa hampson , 1896 ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 4 : 501 ; tl : khasis
barsine valvalis kaleka , 2003 ; j . ent . res . 27 ( 2 ) : 97 ; tl : assam , north cachar hills , jatinga
barsine valvalis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 26
miltochrista ( barsine ) perpallida yuennanensis daniel , 1952 ; bonn . zool . beitr . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 79 , pl . 2 , f . 35 ; tl : n . yunnan , li - kiang
barsine yuennanensis ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 26
barsine y - nigrum dubatolov & bucsek , 2013 ; tinea 22 ( 4 ) : 286 , f . 10 ; tl : vietnam , ngoc linh , kon tum , 14°45 ' - 15°15 ' n ; 107°21 ' - 108°20 ' e
lyclene zebrina moore , 1878 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1878 : 31 , pl . 3 , f . 4 ; tl : calcutta
miltochrista zebrina ; hampson , 1900 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 2 : 492 ; [ nhm card ] ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 47
porthesioides ; singh , singh & joshi , 2014 , rec . zool . survey india . occ . pap 367 : 20
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
on the lepidopterous fauna of andaman and nicobar group of islands ( india ) . family arctiidae
lithosiine main lineages and their possible interrelationships . i . - definition of new or resurrected tribes ( lepidoptera : arctiidae )
lepidopteren ost - sibiriens , insbesondere der amur - landes , gesammelt von den herren g . radde , r . maack und p . wulffius
diagnoses de lépidopterères nouveaux , trouvés par mm . tatarinoff et gaschkewitch aux environs de pekin in motschulsky ,
descriptions of new species of heterocera from japan . ( 1 ) . sphinges and bombyces
beiträge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer berücksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . höne aus diesem gebiet . iii . teil : lithosiinae
beiträge zur kenntnis der arctiidae ostasiens unter besonderer berücksichtigung der ausbeuten von dr . h . c . h . höne aus diesem gebiet . iv . teil : nachträge
new records of lichenmoths from the nanling mts . , guangdong , south china , with description of new genera and species ( lepidoptera , arctiidae : lithosiinae )
studien over indo - australische lepidoptera . iv . bijdrage tot de kennis der heterocera - fauna der ost - indische kolonien
lepidopterorum amboinensium a dre . l . doleschall annis 1856 - 58 collectorum species novae
the moths of india . supplementary paper to the volumes in
the fauna of british india
. part i - ii
the moths of india . supplementary paper to the volumes in
the fauna of britis india
. series ii . part i - iv
new species of heterocerous lepidoptera of the tribe bombyces , collected by mr . w . b . pryer chiefly in the district of shanghai
list of the lepidopterous insects collected in tavoy and in siam during 1884 - 85 by the indian museum collector under c . e . pitman , esq . , c . i . e . , chief superintendent of telegraphs . part i . heterocera
die schmetterlinge der philippinischen inseln . beitrage zur indo - malayischen lepidopteren - fauna . zweiter band . die nachtfalter . heterocera
lepidoptera op sumatra verzameld , voornamelijk in atchin , door j . j . korndörfer , kapitein iste klasse , oud - kommandant van het detachment mariniers in atchin , met beschrijving van eeniger nieuwe soorten
lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningen en beschrijving der nieuwe soorten
natuurlijke historie . achtse afdeeling . lepidoptera door p . c . t . snellen , met eene inleiding door joh . f . snelleman . midden - sumatra
resultats scientifiques du voyage aux index orientales néerlandaises d ll . aa . rr . le prince et la princesse léopold de belgique , volume iv , fascicule 12 , lepidoptera ii , 2 . heterocera
barsura volynkin , dubatolov & kishida , gen . nov . , with descriptions of three new species ( lepidoptera , erebidae , arctiinae )
catalogue of the heterocerous lepidopterous insects collected at sarawak , in borneo , by mr . a . r . wallace , with descriptions of new species
walker , [ 1865 ] list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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