monetaria annulus , common name the ring cowrie or gold ringer , is a species of sea snail , a cowry , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family cypraeidae , the cowries .

monetaria annulus

was previously framed and glazed . the shells are either monetaria moneta or monetaria annulus .
monetaria annulus annulus scutellum ( var . ) schilder , f . a . & m . schilder , 1937 : red sea
sea shells cypraeidae , monetaria annulus - the ring cowrie shell , approx 18 . 8 mm
jennifer hammock split the classifications by obis environmental information from monetaria annulus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by inventaire national du patrimoine naturel from monetaria annulus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) to their own page .
( of monetaria annulus noumeensis ( marie , 1869 ) ) orr , v . 1959 . a bionomic shell study of monetaria annulus ( gastropoda : cypraeidae ) from zanzibar . notulae naturae of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 313 : 1 - 11 . [ details ]
bozzetti l . ( 2015 ) . monetaria annulus alboguttata ( gastropoda : cypraeidae ) nuova sottospecie dalle filippine centrali . malacologia mostra mondiale . 86 : 11 . [ details ]
( of monetaria annulus noumeensis ( marie , 1869 ) ) lorenz f . & hubert a . ( 2000 ) a guide to worldwide cowries . edition 2 . hackenheim : conchbooks . 584 pp . [ details ]
jennifer hammock marked
file : cypraea moneta . jpg
as hidden on the
monetaria moneta ( linné , 1758 )
page .
cypraeidae , monetaria annulus - ( previously identified as cypraea annulus ) - the ring ( or gold ringer ) cowrie shell , size 18 . 8 mm long , 11 . 5 mm wide & 9 . 5 mm high ( and about 1 gram ) - this is an unusual example of these rather common cowries - this is a much darker gray than normal and the gold ring is not easily seen .
jennifer hammock marked
file : cypraea moneta . jpg
as untrusted on the
monetaria moneta ( linné , 1758 )
page . reasons to untrust : misidentified
schilder , m . & schilder , f . a . 1937 ,
revision of the genus monetaria ( cypraeidae )
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1936 , pp . 1113 - 1135
( of cypraea annulus linnaeus , 1758 ) branch , g . m . et al . ( 2002 ) . two oceans . 5th impression . david philip , cate town & johannesburg . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of erosaria sublitorea lorenz , 1997 ) lorenz f . ( 1997 ) eine neue , der ringkauri erosaria annulus morphologisch ahnliche art von west samoa ( gastropoda : cypraeidae ) . schriften zur malakozoologie 10 : 11 - 14 . [ 15 march 1997 ] [ details ]
( of ornamentaria annulus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) stirling , h . p . ( 1982 ) . the upper temperature tolerance of prosobranch gastropods of rocky shores at hong kong and dar es salaam , tanzania . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , 63 ( 2 ) , 133 - 144 . [ details ]
( of cypraea annulus linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cypraea annulus linnaeus , 1758 ) drivas , j . ; jay , m . ( 1987 ) . coquillages de la réunion et de l ' île maurice . collection les beautés de la nature . delachaux et niestlé : neuchâtel . isbn 2 - 603 - 00654 - 1 . 159 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
verdcourt , b . ( 1954 ) . the cowries of the east african coast ( kenya , tanganyika , zanzibar and pemba ) . journal of the east africa natural history society 22 ( 4 ) 96 : 129 - 144 , 17 pls . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . mediterranean marine science . 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cypraea annularis perry , 1811 ) higo , s . , callomon , p . & goto , y . ( 1999 ) catalogue and bibliography of the marine shell - bearing mollusca of japan . elle scientific publications , yao , japan , 749 pp . [ details ]
cheung , p . s . c . ( 1991 ) . an intertidal survey cape d ' aguilar , hong kong with special reference to the ecology of high - zoned rock pools . mphil thesis . the university of hong kong . [ details ]
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
donavan , e . in rees , a . ( ed . ) 1820 , vol . 2
iredale , t . 1939 ,
australian cowries . part 2
, the australian zoologist , vol . 9 , pp . 297 - 323 pls , 27 - 29
conrad , t . a . 1866 ,
illustrations of miocene fossils , with descriptions of new species
, american journal of conchology , vol . 2 , no . 1 , pp . 65 - 73 [ 69 ]
ladd , h . s . 1934 ,
geology of vitilevu fiji
, bulletin of the bernice p . bishop museum , vol . 119 , pp . 164 - 237
marie , e . a . 1869 ,
note sur quelques coquilles de la nouvelle - caledonie , et description d ' espèces nouvelles
, journal de conchyliologie , vol . 17 , pp . 14 - 19
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 70cae99c - c9d8 - 48c6 - 9d4c - c21a2b42b153
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 73267510 - a49b - 4dec - b0a2 - 104066e79ddf
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 673a3509 - 3374 - 45c7 - a527 - c1d2700ba370
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 532553
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
db = nuccore | term = % 22monetaria % 20annulus % 22 | query = 1 | qty = 2 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 144507550 _ 130 . 14 . 18 . 34 _ 9001 _ 1531161965 _ 1300010476 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset . cgi ? | trace _ url = / stat ?
finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
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shells for sale , shells online « shells for sale , conchology , inc .
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .
verdcourt , b . ( 1954 ) the cowries of the east african coast : journal of the east africa natural history society . 22 ( 4 ) : 129 - 144
verdcourt , b . ( 1954 ) . the cowries of the east african coast ( kenya , tanganyika , zanzibar and pemba ) . journal of the east africa natural history society 22 ( 4 ) 96 : 129 - 144 , 17 pls .
zenetos , a . ; gofas , s . ; verlaque , m . ; cinar , m . ; garcia raso , j . ; bianchi , c . ; morri , c . ; azzurro , e . ; bilecenoglu , m . ; froglia , c . ; siokou , i . ; violanti , d . ; sfriso , a . ; san martin , g . ; giangrande , a . ; katagan , t . ; ballesteros , e . ; ramos - espla , a . ; mastrototaro , f . ; ocana , o . ; zingone , a . ; gambi , m . ; streftaris , n . ( 2010 ) . alien species in the mediterranean sea by 2010 . a contribution to the application of european union’s marine strategy framework directive ( msfd ) . part i . spatial distribution . < em > mediterranean marine science . < / em > 11 ( 2 ) : 381 - 493 . 10 . 12681 / mms . 87
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cowries are often well camouflaged . look carefully for them . their shells are highly prized , thus cowries are threatened by over - collection . with their shells covered , coowries are sometimes mistaken for slugs !
cowries produce among the most beautiful and highly prized shells . one cowrie was even used as currency by polynesians in the past ; it is called the money cowrie (
) ! however , a living cowrie is even more fascinating than an empty shell of a dead cowrie .
some species of cowries are still common on all our shores . even these , however , are usually well camouflaged or well hidden . they are usually more active at night .
a young cowrie ' s first shell is a narrow spiral . as it matures , it encloses this spiral shell with a larger outer shell which has the typical cowrie shape and slit - like opening with teeth . as the animal grows , the inner spiral layers may be reabsorbed to make room for the larger animal and the material reused to build a larger outer shell . a damaged shell appears to be a shell within a shell , but it is really one continuous shell . the shells of juveniles tend to be of one colour or banded . the full colours and patterns usually only appear in the shells of adults .
when alive and moving around , the cowrie usually encloses its shell with its mantle ( a part of its body ) . the mantle may have a different colour and pattern from the shell and is often also ' textured ' with tiny projections . when the shell is covered by the mantle , a cowrie is sometimes mistaken for a slug . here ' s more on
the fleshy mantle is a highly specialised organ . it is the main architect of the glossy shell , as it lays down a layer of pearl - like substances as well as the colour and patterns . it also repairs and enlarges the shell and protects it from algae and encrusting animals . this is why a cowrie shell is so shiny and smooth . when disturbed , the entire mantle retracts into the shell .
to scavenging and carnivorous cowries that eat other snails . each has a radula adapted to its particular prey . most cowries live in the intertidal zone , hiding during the day and emerging to feed at night . a cowrie has a pair of tentacles and a siphon , which is part of the mantle modified for breathing and sampling the water to look for food and mates .
the mother cowrie lays her eggs in a horny capsule attached to a hard surface by a short stalk , these capsules are grouped in a cluster . some mother cowries remain with their egg capsules until they hatch . the eggs are at first white and turn dark grey as they mature . some large cowries can live for 10 years , while smaller one for 2 - 3 years .
some cowries are popular in the live aquarium trade . cowries are among the most harvested snails for the shell trade . in the past , they were traditionally collected for food . some islanders use cowries to bait traps for octopus .
recent estimates suggest that half the cowrie species in singapore have been lost . the gold - ringed cowrie (
) has almost if not completely been wiped out on our shores . this small cowrie was previously found in large groups on our rocky shores and reef flats . it has a narrow yellow band around its greyish - white back . although considered one of the most common cowries in our region , the tiger cowrie (
) is now rarely seen . both are listed as ' endangered ' while the
) is listed as ' vulnerable ' on the red list of threatened animals of singapore .
like other creatures of the intertidal zone , they are affected by human activities such as reclamation and pollution . trampling by careless visitors and over - collection can also have an impact on local populations .
eggs are white and turn dark grey as they mature . chek jawa , oct 03 another mama cowrie with her eggs . chek jawa , feb 05 the animal with tentacles and broad foot . labrador , jun 05 when covered with the ' hairy ' mantle they are often mistaken for slugs pulau sekudu , jul 04 cowries have a ' toothed ' shell opening changi point , jul 02
from davison , g . w . h . and p . k . l . ng and ho hua chew , 2008 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore .
wandering cowrie ( cypraea errones ) tan , leo w . h . & ng , peter k . l . , 1988 . a guide to seashore life . the singapore science centre , singapore . 160 pp .
family cypraeidae on the gladys archerd shell collection at washington state university tri - cities natural history museum website : brief description and photos .
family cypraeidae ( cowry shells ) on the the seashells of new south wales website by des beechey research associate , australian museum : family introductions with photos of shells and detailed fact sheets for many species .
family cypraeidae in the gastropods section by j . m . poutiers in the fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific volume 1 : seaweeds , corals , bivalves and gastropods on the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) website .
tan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , raffles museum of biodiversity research , national university of singapore .
tan , k . s . & l . m . chou , 2000 . a guide to the common seashells of singapore . singapore science centre . 160 pp .
wee y . c . and peter k . l . ng . 1994 . a first look at biodiversity in singapore . national council on the environment . 163pp .
ng , p . k . l . & y . c . wee , 1994 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore . the nature society ( singapore ) , singapore . 343 pp .
abbott , r . tucker , 1991 . seashells of south east asia . graham brash , singapore . 145 pp .
davison , g . w . h . and p . k . l . ng and ho hua chew , 2008 . the singapore red data book : threatened plants and animals of singapore . nature society ( singapore ) . 285 pp .
kuiter , rudie h and helmut debelius . 2009 . world atlas of marine fauna . ikan - unterwasserachiv . 723pp .
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navigation chart of straight and curved slivers of light wood tied in position . two shells represent islands .
notes from dr arina lebedeva from the kunstkamera ( museum of anthropology and ethnology ) , st petersburg ( oct 2013 ) : there are three types marshall islands navigational charts ; this one is called ‘mattang’ . it doesn’t show specific islands , but the swell of the ocean and how that moves between island groups . these charts are used to instruct beginners in the art of reading and constructing charts . it is a later type of ‘mattang’ . each shell is an island and each curve is the swell .
for more information on marshall islands navigational charts see : davenport , william , marshall islands navigational charts , imago mundi , vol 5 ( 1960 ) pp . 19 - 26 lewis , david , we the navigators , 1972 anu press , p . 201
register 1941 : part of a
token
gift , as first instalment of a proposed large gift , subsequently confirmed . see
man
1929 / 144 .
british museum collection data is also available in the w3c open data standard , rdf , allowing it to join and relate to a growing body of linked data published by organisations around the world .
the museum makes its collection database available to be used by scholars around the world . donations will help support curatorial , documentation and digitisation projects .
the british museum collection database is a work in progress . new records , updates and images are added every week .
work on this database is supported by a range of sponsors , donors and volunteers .
lorenz f . & hubert a . ( 2000 ) a guide to worldwide cowries . edition 2 . hackenheim : conchbooks . 584 pp . page ( s ) : 204 [ details ]
validity dna tested by chris meyer ( cgdp ) and not recognized as an evolutionarily significant unit ( esu ) . until more evidence becomes available to validate it , it should be considered a species inquirenda . [ details ]
- robert e . c . stearns ,
ethno - conchology : a study of primitive money ,
in smithsonian report , part ii . ( bureau of ethnology , washington ) , for 1887 ;
shell - money ,
in the american naturalist , vol . iii . ( salem , 1869 ) ;
aboriginal shellmoney ,
in the american naturalist ( 1877 ) , vol . xi . ;
on the shellmoney of new britain ,
in jour . anthrop . institute ( 1888 ) , vol . xvii . ;
aboriginal shell - money ,
proc . california acad . of science ( san francisco , 1875 ) , vol . v . ; e . ingersoll in country cousins ( new york , 1884 ) ; s . powers , contributions to north american ethnology ( washington , 1877 ) , vol . iii .
- please bookmark this page ( add it to your favorites ) . - if you wish to link to this page , you can do so by referring to the url address below this line . urltoken copyright © 1995 - 2011 ita all rights reserved .
vishnu , with a ‘chank’ ( turbinella pyrum ) in his left hand , is sacred to the hindu in india . chank served as battle trumpets and as baby feeding spouts . at weddings , chank served to pour water over the hands of the couple ; chank was hung on the bride’s neck ; and chank bracelets placed on her wrist . chank symbols were branded into the shoulder or stamped over the body in religious rites , and temple girls were branded with chank symbols marking dedication to their temple . as a royal emblem , chank appeared on travancore’s coat of arms , flag , coins and stamps .
buijse ja ( 1993 ) species composition and origin of tropical cowries used in a round game in zeeland , the netherlands . basteria 57 : 115–124
heppell d ( 2001 ) the chank shell industry in modern india . princely state rep 2 : 8
hornell j ( 1942 ) the indian chank in folklore and religion . folklore 53 : 113–125
jackson jw ( 1917 ) shells as evidence of the migrations of the early culture . manchester university press , manchester
peng k , zhu y ( 1995 ) new research on the origin of cowries used in ancient china . sino - platonic pap 68 : 1–21
safer jf , gill fm ( 1982 ) spirals from the sea . clarkson potter , new york
saul m ( 1974 ) shells . an illustrated guide to a timeless and fascinating world . country life , london
heller j . ( 2015 ) magic , status and money . in : sea snails . springer , cham
a large selection of seashells from around the world . shells - premium sea shells - used for wedding table decorations , aquarium shells and for personal collections . the price is for 1 shell individua . . .
50pc x cowrie shell . material : shell . these are natural shells and size and shape will not be exactly uniform . usa , canada , united kingdom , austrilia , france , germany , spain , ireland , italy , others . c . . .
due to the light and screen difference , the item ' s color may be slightly different from the pictures . i send goods within 12 hours . usually i will respond in 24 hours . other country . brazil , spain , ca . . .
drilled shells beach seashell cowrie crafts natural beads jewelry making 1 set . due to the light and screen difference , the item ' s color may be slightly different from the pictures . your kind understa . . .
the surface of the egg cowrie shell ( ovula ovum ) is smooth , shiny and bright white in colour with the occasional brown mark on its glossy porcelain like surface . in general the main difference between . . .
( item included : 50 x cowrie shell . 2 ) these cowrie shells are edged gold line and look very beautiful . 4 ) great for diy necklace , bracelet and more ! 1 ) 100 % new and good quality nature sea shell . mate . . .
due to the light and screen difference , the item ' s color may be slightly different from the pictures . we will reply you asap . your kind understanding and patience will be highly appreciated .
material : natural seashells . 50 g / bag x seashells . mini shells with holes for threading , ideal for jewellery making and crafts . each seashell bead is precisely made and you get a large selection of va . . .
one of our more popular shells . check out our other shells and rock products . 3 tiger spot shell .
cypraea moneta ) . average shells size 20mm to 25mm . 15 natural sea shells ( . i will of course do everything i can to assist with any claim .
six exotic cowrie sea shells . collection / display . helvola , barley grain , monacha .
six unusual cowrie shells - arabica , helvola , gold ring , barley grain , monacha etc . great markings , very glossy natural finish . collection , display etc .
5 x cowrie tiger shells from 6 . 5cm to 8cm one has a chip missing
deer cowrie shells are attractive , smooth and glossy brown shells with white spots ( like deer skin ) . you would be buying your chosen number of deer cowrie shells . as well as being a collectable shell , . . .
lovely smooth white and glossy shells ( deep orange interior ) . szies approx 9cm .
( cypraea tigris ) . two tiger cowrie shells . one of which is exceptionally large . the really large on is 9 . 5cm in length .
150 pre drilled with 2 holes cowrie shells . perfect for jewellery and crafts .
stands approx 5
tall . in excellent condition . images are of the actual item .
4 vintage sea shells , 2 cowrie shells , a conch & a spiral shell , 5cm - 8cm long .
4 seashells to decorate an aquarium , bathroom , garden feature or just to remind you of the seaside ! the two cowrie shells measure 7cm and 8cm long , the conch shell is 7 . 5cm long and the spiral / snail t . . .
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this page was last updated : jul - 09 11 : 35 . number of bids and bid amounts may be slightly out of date . see each listing for international postage options and costs .
large alcithoe arabica sea shell ( ? ) . 20 cms . collector ' s item etc . new zealand .
very large 20 cms . alcithoe arabica ( ? ) . from new zealand .
( item included : 50 x cowrie shell . 2 ) these cowrie shells are edged gold line and look very beautiful . 1 ) 100 % new and good quality nature sea shell . 4 ) great for diy necklace , bracelet and more ! material : nature shell .
the snake ' s head purple top cowrie seashells have unique purple colouring which contrast wonderfully with the dark brown mahogany , almost black section of the bottom of the seashell .
( item included : 50 x cowrie shell . 2 ) these cowrie shells are edged gold line and look very beautiful . 4 ) great for diy necklace , bracelet and more ! 1 ) 100 % new and good quality nature sea shell . material : nature shell .
the surface of the egg cowrie shell ( ovula ovum ) is smooth , shiny and bright white in colour with the occasional brown mark on its glossy porcelain like surface . in general the main difference between this and other species is the general lack of markings .
usually i will respond in 24 hours . i send goods within 12 hours . other country . brazil , spain , canada .
3 x honey cowrie seashells ( erosaria helvola ) for crafts or jewellery | 1 . 5 to 2
the honey cowrie seashells are rarely available and have unique colouring and patterning the rich woody tones and spotted patterning . these contrast wonderfully with the more common gold ring and money cowrie seashells , which we also have available .
cypraea moneta . shells of quality f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees . f / have a very minor defect or line or spot . gem - / has a very minor defect or blemish almost imperceptible .
sea shells cypraeidae , erosaria turdus - 2 thrush cowrie shells , app . 32 & 32 mm
the lighter coloured one has a much wider white band around the base . hard to find cowrie shell ( from the red sea ) , due to it ' s camouflaging mantle . shells are in very good condition - untreated and exactly as found after the animals had been removed - they has been kept
boxed
, out of natural light since found .
sea shells cypraeidae , erosaria spurca - 2 dirty cowrie shells , app 17 . 8 & 24 mm
shells are in very good condition - untreated and exactly as found after the animals were removed - they have been kept
boxed
, out of natural light since found .
sea shells cypraeidae , cypraeovula edentula - toothless cowrie shell , app . 21 mm
shell is in very good condition - untreated and exactly as found - it has been kept
boxed
, out of natural light since it was found .
sea shells cypraeidae , lyncina lynx - lynx cowrie shell , s . pacific app . 23 . 8 mm
cypraeidae , lyncina lynx ( previously identified as cypraea lynx ) - the lynx cowrie shell from the south pacific , size 23 . 8 mm long , 14 mm wide & 11 . 6 mm high ( and 2 grams ) - nice small not quite fully mature example from a rare place .
sea shells cypraeidae , erosaria spurca - the dirty cowrie shell , approx 22 . 2 mm
with barnacles attached . cypraea arabica . shells of quality i will of course do everything i can to assist with any claim . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees .
crenavolva rosewateri . shells of quality i will of course do everything i can to assist with any claim . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees .
prionovula pudica wilsoniana . shells of quality i will of course do everything i can to assist with any claim . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees .
sea shells cypraeidae , schlinderia achatidea the agate cowrie shell size 36 . 5 mm
shell is in very good condition - untreated and exactly as found after the animal had been removed - it has been kept
boxed
, out of natural light since found .
the approx size of the abalone shell is 16 . 5 cm x 14 . 0 cm .
cypraea pyriformis . shells of quality off manila bay , philippines . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees . f / have a very minor defect or line or spot .
shells of quality f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees . f / have a very minor defect or line or spot . gem - / has a very minor defect or blemish almost imperceptible .
there is much discussion about various versions of this shell such as lyncina leviathan and lyncina carneola propinqua . cowrie shell , from the indian ocean .
shells of quality off camotes sea , philippines . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees . f / have a very minor defect or line or spot .
crenavolva striatula traillii . shells of quality i will of course do everything i can to assist with any claim . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees .
shells of quality i will of course do everything i can to assist with any claim . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees . f / have a very minor defect or line or spot .
prosimnia semperi . shells of quality i will of course do everything i can to assist with any claim . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees .
cypraea helvola . shells of quality i will of course do everything i can to assist with any claim . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees .
cypraea felina . shells of quality i will of course do everything i can to assist with any claim . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees .
cypraea limacina . shells of quality i will of course do everything i can to assist with any claim . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees .
cypraea walkeri suribagensis . shells of quality off sulu sea , philippines . i will of course do everything i can to assist with any claim . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees .
the rich tones of the seashell give a nice contrast to the darker areas of the bottom of the seashell . these seashells can be used for a number of different craft projects are you can simply add these to your seashell collection .
cowrie sea shell . 7cm long . 15 cm from mouth edge to mouth edge ( round shell ) . 5 . 5 cm from mouth to crown of shell . following notice . very good condition .
cypraea zigzag . shells of quality i will of course do everything i can to assist with any claim . f / have an obvious flaw or scar or a number of spots or chipped corners or scars of varying degrees .


the fringe-backed fire-eye ( pyriglena atra ) , also known as swainson 's fire-eye , is a rare species of bird in the antbird family that is endemic to brazil .

names in other languages include olho-de-fogo-rendado and papa-taoca-da-bahia in portuguese , batará de swainson and ojodefuego de bahía in spanish , alapi noir and priglène à manteau tacheté in french , and fleckenmantel-feuerauge and fleckenmantel-feueraugef in german .

fringe - backed fire - eye

no critical habitat rules have been published for the fringe - backed fire - eye .
status : the world conservation union lists the fringe - backed fire - eye as critically endangered .
fringe - backed fire - eye ( pyriglena atra ) is a species of bird in the thamnophilidae family .
information on the fringe - backed fire - eye is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
information on the fringe - backed fire - eye is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
the fringe - backed fire - eye has mainly black plumage ; white patch with fringes on the back . female has brown upperparts ; black tail ; white throat .
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the fringe - backed fire - eye is mostly found in dense undergrowth of lowland tropical moist forests , also using second growths and other semi - open areas . they are found from sea level up to an altitude of 250 m .
the male white - backed fire - eye has mainly black plumage ; white patch on back ; red eyes . female variable : brown upperparts ; also may have some black on upperparts .
the fringe - backed fire - eye occupies a tiny and somewhat fragmented range in the lowlands of northeast brazil , where it is further confined to southern sergipe and northeast bahia . just to the north , on the opposite bank of the rio são francisco , it is replaced by the local subspecies of the white - backed fire - eye ( pyriglena leuconota ) and fractionally to the south by the white - shouldered fire - eye ( pyriglena leucoptera ) . both sexes of the fringe - backed fire - eye are similar to other fire - eyes , but males can be distinguished by the pattern of the interscapular patch and their alarm calls . it inhabits the tangled undergrowth of lowland forest , especially in second growth and other semi - open habitats , usually in pairs and small groups , and rarely joins mixed - species flocks but regularly follows army - ant swarms . breeding apparently occurs in october–march .
citations urltoken urltoken urltoken the fringe - backed fire eye why it ' s endangered ? main reason is habitat loss land development has been destroying their homes and ecosystem description on average the fringe - backed fire eye is 17 . 5cm long and has red eyes males are black with a patch of white - edged black feathers on their backs females are reddish - brown with brown underparts , a black tail and a white throat it hunts for small critters in tangled vegetation protection ? the fringe - backed fire eye is protected under brazilian law and is also 1 of 7 brazilian birds protected under the endangered species act presented by america interesting facts breeding occurs from october to march it ' s referred to as a song bird , like a mockingjay the population is estimated between 1000 and 2500 and declining because the quality and extent of the habitat decline as well where is it found ? the fringe - backed fire eye is located in and around southern sergipe , and northeast bahia , which is in brazil it is endemic to the south american atlantic forest biome
the fringe - backed fire - eye nests on an open cup made of twigs , plant fibres and dry leaves , placed on the ground . the female lays 2 eggs , which are incubated for 18 - 20 days . the chicks fledge about 13 days after hatching .
willis , e . o . & oniki , y . ( 1982 ) behavior of fringe - backed fire - eyes ( pyriglena atra , formicariidae ) : a test case for taxonomy versus conservation . revista brasileira de biologia , 42 , 213–223 .
this rare brazilian songbird is getting much , much rarer — and fast . only between 250 and 1 , 000 birds remain in the wild , and the population is declining . we don’t yet have a complete picture of how the fringe - backed fire - eye lives . but we know all too well how it’s dying out : habitat loss . the fire - eye is now restricted to the vicinity of salvador , coastal bahia , and south sergipe . the remaining birds appear to favor the tangled undergrowth of lowland forests and other semi - open habitats . the reason ? it’s easier to find horizontal perches near the ground . the fringe - backed fire - eye is now protected under brazilian law . the international council for bird preservation petitioned to list it as threatened or endangered under the endangered species act in 1991 .
the stripe - backed antvireo has brown streaked upperparts . male has a black throat .
the fire - eyes all have red eyes . they follow swams , armies of ants .
the fringe - backed fire - eye is known only from a very restricted area in the vicinity of salvador , coastal bahia , and in south sergipe , brazil ( collar et al . 1992 ) . it is found in the tangled undergrowth of lowland forests and appears to favor secondary growth and other semi - open habitats where horizontal perches can be found near the ground . recent population estimates indicate that between 250 and 999 individuals remain in the wild , and the population is declining ( birdlife international 2000 ) . the species is categorized as critically endangered in the 2002 iucn red list because of its extremely small range and declining habitat , and because it is known from a very few , highly fragmented localities ( iucn 2002 ) . the fringe - backed fire - eye is protected under brazilian law . the greatest threat to this species is habitat loss ( birdlife international 2000 ) .
zimmer , k . & isler , m . l . ( 2018 ) . fringe - backed fire - eye ( pyriglena atra ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
robinson , d . 1988 . ecology and management of the scarlet robin , white - breasted white - eye and long - billed white - eye on norfolk island . report to the australian national parks and wildlife service , canberra .
fire - eyes , but none occurs sympatrically . males can be distinguished by pattern of interscapular patch and alarm calls .
maldonado - coelho , m . ( 2010 ) evolution and biogeography of south american fire - eye antbirds ( genus pyriglena ) : insights from molecules and songs . ph . d . dissertation , university of missouri - st . louis , st . louis , missouri , 196 pp .
the black - spotted bare - eye has brown upperpartswith black tear - shaped spots ; black head , underparts ; red orbital skin around eyes .
zimmer , k . & isler , m . l . ( 2018 ) . white - backed fire - eye ( pyriglena leuconota ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
the ghizo white - eye does not represent a monotypic genus . it faces threats that are moderate and imminent , and therefore receives a priority rank of 8 .
maldonado - coelho , m . , blake , j . g . , silveira , l . f . , batalha - filho , h . & ricklefs , r . e . ( 2013 ) rivers , refuges and population divergence of fire - eye antbirds ( pyriglena ) in the amazon basin . journal of evolutionary biology , 26 , 1090–1107 . urltoken
zimmer , k . j . ( 2002 ) species limits in olive - backed foliage - gleaners ( automolus : furnariidae ) . wilson bulletin , 114 , 20–37 . urltoken ; 2
the male rufous - backed antvireo has rufous upperparts ; gray upperback , nape , head ; pale gray underparts . female has rufous upperparts , crown ; gray face ; olive flanks .
the male plain antvireo has gray upperparts , crown ; variable underparts - gray , white , or yellow . female has more olive upperparts ; chestnut crown ; white eye - ring .
maldonado - coelho , m . ( 2012 ) climatic oscillations shape the phylogeographic structure of atlantic forest fire - eyes ( aves : thamnophilidae ) . biological journal of the linnean society , 105 , 900–924 . urltoken
the black - backed tanager does not represent a monotypic genus . the threat to the species is low to moderate in magnitude , and the threat is non - imminent . therefore , we give this species a priority rank of 11 .
the present or threatened destruction , modification , or curtailment of its habitat or range : this species has a limited area of suitable habitat , but this is believed not to have changed over time . its habitat is described as naturally fragmented ( birdlife international 2003 ) . there is a potential threat from fire , but otherwise , no specific threat to the species ' habitat ( scott and brooke 1985 , as cited in collar et al . 1988 ) .
the black - backed tanager is endemic to the coastal atlantic forest region of southeastern brazil , with records from rio de janeiro , sao paolo , parana , santa catarina , rio grande do sul , and espirito santo ( birdlife international 1992 ; argel - de - oliveira , in litt . 2000 , as cited in birdlife international 2000 ) . it is largely restricted to coastal sand - plain forest and littoral scrub , also called restinga , and has also been found in secondary forests ( birdlife international 1992 ) . the black - backed tanager is generally not considered rare within suitable habitat ( birdlife international 2000 ) . it has a complex distribution with periodic local fluctuations in numbers owing to seasonal movements , at least in rio de janeiro and sao paolo ( birdlife international 1992 ) . clarification of these seasonal movements will provide an improved understanding of its actual conservation status ( iucn 2002 ) . population estimates range from 2 , 500 to 10 , 000 individuals ( birdlife international 2000 ) , and it is considered vulnerable by the iucn . currently populations appear to be small and fragmented . the species is threatened by the rapid and widespread loss of restinga and occasionally appears in the illegal cage - bird trade ( birdlife international 2000 ) .
the ghizo white - eye is endemic to ghizo in the solomon islands ( birdlife international 2000 ) . birds are locally common in the remaining tall or old - growth forests located on ghizo ( buckingham et al . 1995 and gibbs 1996 , as cited in birdlife international 2000 ) . it is less common in scrub close to large trees and in plantations ( birdlife international 2000 ) , and it is not known whether these two habitats support sustainable breeding populations ( buckingham et al . 1995 , as cited in birdlife international 2000 ) . this species is classified as endangered in the 2002 iucn red list because of its small population that is inferred to be declining because of habitat loss ( iucn 2002 ) . the population estimate for this species is 250 - 999 birds with a decreasing population trend ( birdlife international 2000 ) . the very tall old - growth forest on ghizo is still under some threat from clearance for timber for local use , firewood , and gardens , and the areas of other secondary growth , which are sub - optimal habitats for this species , are under considerable threat from clearance for agricultural land ( ibid . ) .
the royal cinclodes occurs in the andes of southeastern peru ( cuzco , apurimac , and puno ) and adjacent bolivia ( la paz ) ( birdlife international 2000 ) . it is found in tiny humid patches of polylepis woodland and montane scrub , mainly at 3 , 500 - 4 , 800 m ( parker et al . 1996 ) . this species is classified as critically endangered in the 2002 iucn red list because it has an extremely small population that is restricted to a severely fragmented and rapidly declining habitat ( iucn 2002 ) . in addition , no sub - population is thought to exceed 50 mature individuals ( ibid . ) . the population estimate for this species is 50 - 249 birds , with a decreasing population trend ( birdlife international 2000 ) . the main threat is the inability of polylepis to regenerate due to the uncontrolled use of fire and heavy grazing ( fjeldsa and kessler 1996 , as cited in birdlife international 2000 ) . cutting for timber , firewood , and charcoal , although locally destructive , could be sustainable if regeneration was allowed to occur ( ibid . ) . a local program aimed at educating families on polylepis woodland and its birds seems to be working .
the junin rail is endemic to the andean highlands of central peru along the shores of lago de junin ( birdlife international 2000 ) . it is known to inhabit the rushy marsh vegetation bordering the lake , but details on habitat preference are lacking ( fjeldsa 1983 , as cited in collar et al . 1992 ) . these secretive birds have been seen in areas that contain mosaics of small beds of 1 - m - tall juncus andecolus and open areas with bottom mosses and herbs ( ibid ) . this species is classified as endangered in the 2002 iucn red list because it has a very small range around a single lake where habitat quality is declining ( iucn 2002 ) . the population estimate for this species is 1 , 000 - 2 , 499 birds , with a decreasing population trend ( birdlife international 2000 ) . since 1955 , lago de junin has been affected by pollution and human - induced water - level changes , which may be adversely affecting the fringe vegetation ( j . fjeldsa 1987 personal communication , as cited in collar et al . 1992 ) . reed marshes have also been dessicated from drought and unsustainable water management by electro peru and occasional flooding with highly acidic water from the cerro de pasco mines ( j . fjeldsa in litt . to taylor and van perlo 1998 , as cited in birdlife international 2000 ) . although the lake is a national reserve , this has not influenced mining and dam - building activities .
the ash - breasted tit - tyrant is confined to semi - humid polylepis—gynoxys woodlands in the high andes in peru and bolivia ( birdlife international 2000 ) . there are two widely disjunct populations : the subspecies a . a . alpinus occurs in the cordilleras central and occidental , peru , and a . a . bolivianus occurs in the cordillera oriental , peru , and in the cordillera real , bolivia ( birdlife international 2000 ; collar et al . 1992 ; fjeldsa and kessler 1996 ) . it is relatively common in the runtacocha highland , apurimac , and the cordillera vilcabamba , cuzco ( fjeldsa and kessler 1996 ) . the ash - breasted tit - tyrant is categorized as endangered in the 2002 iucn red list because of its very small , fragmented , and declining occupied range and population ( iucn 2002 ) . the population is estimated at 250 - 999 individuals and declining ( birdlife international 2000 ) . heavy grazing is the main threat , especially in ancash , which , combined with the uncontrolled use of fire , prevents polylepis regeneration ( fjeldsa and kessler 1996 and g . servat ( in litt . ) , as cited in birdlife international 2000 ) . in addition , a change from camelid to sheep and cattle farming , erosion , and soil degradation caused by agricultural intensification and afforestation are contributory factors to the decline of the species ( fjeldsa and kessler 1996 ) . there have been some local successes with public awareness campaigns in cuzco , peru ( ibid . ) .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pyriglena atra . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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sometimes treated as conspecific with p . leuconota and / or p . leucoptera . some specimens from bahia said to have wingbars that suggest hybridization with latter , but forest fragmentation within region makes current or future contact between the two highly unlikely . has a song identical to that of p . leuconota , but differs in scaled white markings on back of male ( 3 ) ; absence of white on back of female ( 3 ) ; and much paler , browner body coloration of female ( 2 ) . monotypic .
e brazil in se sergipe and coastal ne bahia ( s to near santo amaro ) .
16–18 cm ; one individual 32 g . male is glossy black ; interscapular patch of feathers with white base and edges , black subapical band ; underwing - coverts blackish - grey ; . . .
male loudsong an evenly paced , medium - length series ( e . g . 8 notes , 2 seconds ) , notes longer than . . .
understorey of lowland evergreen - forest edge , densely vegetated light - gaps and treefalls within . . .
feeds on insects , including cockroaches ( blattoidea ) , grasshoppers ( acrididae ) and winged ants ( formicidae ) ; also on spiders and centipedes . . .
little known . in bahia ( santo amaro ) , specimen with developed gonads in oct and several nearly independent fledglings in late nov ; in . . .
endangered . previously considered critically endangered . restricted - range species : present in atlantic forest lowlands eba . minute range of perhaps no more than 9 km² , . . .
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recent phylogenetic studies # r # r # r have led to internal clarification of family and its division into two subfamilies , thamnophilinae and myrmornithinae ; subsequent work has erected a third , euchrepomidinae ( see below , euchrepomis ) .
recent phylogenetic studies # r # r # r have led to distribution of taxa included herein into five tribes , microrhopiini , formicivorini , thamnophilini , pithyini and pyriglenini .
has been considered perhaps sister to rhopornis on basis of voice and behaviour . genetic study # r suggests closest relatives may be gymnocichla , percnostola , akletos and hafferia .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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this bird near esplanada , bahia responded very well to playback . 2 birds ( 1 male / 1 female ) , but only the male bird cought on . . .
near esplanada . this bird showed itself a view times , together with a female bird ( not on video ) .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 306 side a track 2 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 305 side b track 50 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 305 side b track 24 seq . a )
fragment of humid forest . male sings first . after playback of a pre - recorded song .
fragment of humid forest . male . after playback of a pre - recorded song . this is call a in our dvd - rom ' birds of brazil ' .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 305 side b track 51 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 305 side b track 49 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 305 side b track 35 seq . a )
a duet from a pair in a small forest patch . remained between 1 - 4m of the ground in semi - humid woodland .
calls from female at 0 . 5s and 21 . 1s . song from male at 2 . 8s and 12 . 9s . song from female at 15 . 6s . all after playback .
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sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
17 . 5 cm . red - eyed antbird . male uniformly black . white dorsal patch formed by white bases to feathers , black subterminal band and broad , white fringes . female rufous - brown above . blackish tail . grey - based interscapular feathers . dull buffy - brown underparts with whitish throat .
endangered a2c + 3c + 4c ; c2a ( i ) ver 3 . 1
mazar barnett , j . , minns , j . , sampaio , s . & whitney , b .
benstead , p . , clay , r . p . , harding , m . , mazar barnett , j . , sharpe , c . j . , symes , a . , williams , r .
is known from the narrow belt of atlantic forest in the vicinity of salvador , coastal bahia ( west of the town of santo amaro ) , including forest patches along the
linha verde
highway , from saubara north to southern sergipe ( in the vicinity of crasto and santa luzia de itanhi [ pacheco and whitney 1995 , j . minns
. substantial habitat loss must have significantly reduced the population , but its preference for dense secondary growth means its range , whilst still small , is likely to have been underestimated .
the population is estimated to number 1 , 000 - 2 , 499 individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 667 - 1 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 600 - 1 , 700 mature individuals . trend justification : a very rapid continuing population decline is suspected owing to rates of habitat loss .
it inhabits the tangled undergrowth of lowland forest at 20 - 250 m , where it appears to favour second growth and other semi - open habitats with horizontal perches near the ground . in 1974 , the species was very common at santo amaro in tall second growth , uncommon in tall forest , and rare in patches of second growth where most of the undergrowth had been removed ( willis and oniki 1982 )
. it has been found in fragments of around 50 ha , but disappeared with two years when one area was reduced from 150 - 200 ha to 400 ha ( s . sampaio
. it is found in pairs and small groups of up to 26 , rarely joining mixed - species flocks , but regularly following army - ant swarms . breeding appears to occur between october and march .
habitat loss within its known range has been substantial , even of the second growth in which it appears to be most abundant . it has been reported more frequently from larger forest fragments ( s . sampaio
2003 , 2007 ) , and remaining tracts are destined to become ever smaller and more isolated .
( silveira and straube 2008 , mma 2014 ) and protected under brazilian law .
protect the patches of forest at localities in the vicinity of santa luzia de itanhi . survey all suitable habitat within range to establish occurrence . investigate its ecological requirements .
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morton l . isler department of vertebrate zoology , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , d . c . , usa .
marcos maldonado - coelho programa de pós - graduação em ecologia e evolução , departamento de ciências biológicas , universidade federal de são paulo , campus diadema , diadema , são paulo , brazil .
baker , m . c . & baker , a . e . m . ( 1988 ) vocal and visual stimuli enabling copulation behavior in female buntings . behavioral ecology and sociobiology , 23 , 105–108 . urltoken
baker , m . c . & baker , a . e . m . ( 1990 ) reproductive isolation in female buntings : isolation mechanisms in a hybridizing pair of species . evolution , 44 , 332–338 . urltoken
brumfield , r . t . , tello , j . g . , cheviron , z . a . , carling , m . d . , crochet , n . & rosenberg , k . v . ( 2007 ) phylogenetic conservatism and antiquity of a tropical specialization : army - ant - following in the typical antbirds ( thamnophilidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 45 , 1–13 . urltoken
chapman , f . m . ( 1923 ) descriptions of proposed new birds from panama , venezuela , ecuador , peru , and bolivia . american museum novitates , 67 , 1–12 .
charif , r . a . , waack , a . m . & strickman , l . m . ( 2010 ) raven pro 1 . 4 user’s manual . cornell laboratory of ornithology , ithaca , new york , 367 pp .
chubb , c . ( 1916 ) new birds from ecuador . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club , 36 , 46–48 .
freile , j . f . ( 2004 ) range extensions and other noteworthy and new bird records from mainland ecuador . bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club , 124 , 188–202 .
isler , m . l . ( 1997 ) a sector - based ornithological geographic information system for the neotropics . in : remsen jr . , j . v . ( ed . ) , ornithological monographs 48 . studies in neotropical ornithology honoring ted parker . the american ornithologists ' union , washington , pp . 345–354 . urltoken
isler , m . l . , alvarez a . , j . , isler , p . r . , valqui , t . , begazo , a . & whitney , b . m . ( 2002 ) rediscovery of a cryptic species and description of a new subspecies in the myrmeciza hemimelaena complex ( thamnophilidae ) of the neotropics . the auk , 119 , 362–378 . urltoken ; 2
isler , m . l . , bravo , g . a . & brumfield , r . t . ( 2013 ) taxonomic revision of myrmeciza ( aves : passeriformes : thamnophilidae ) into 12 genera based on phylogenetic , morphological , behavioral , and ecological data . zootaxa , 3717 ( 4 ) , 469–497 . urltoken
isler , m . l . , isler , p . r . & whitney , b . m . ( 1998 ) use of vocalizations to establish species limits in antbirds ( passeriformes : thamnophilidae ) . the auk , 115 , 577–590 . urltoken
isler , m . l . , isler , p . r . & whitney , b . m . ( 2007 ) species limits in antbirds ( thamnophilidae ) : the warbling antbird ( hypocnemis cantator ) complex . the auk , 124 , 11–28 . urltoken ; 2
johnson , n . k . , remsen , jr . , j . v . & cicero , c . ( 1999 ) resolution of the debate over species concepts in ornithology : a new comprehensive biological species concept . proceedings of the international ornithological congress , 22 , 1470–1482 .
krabbe , n . & schulenberg , t . s . ( 1997 ) species limits and natural history of scytalopus tapaculos ( rhinocryptidae ) of ecuador , with descriptions of three new species and notes on extralimital forms . in : remsen jr . , j . v . ( ed . ) , ornithological monographs 48 ; studies in neotropical ornithology honoring ted parker . the american ornithologists ' union , washington , pp . 47–88 .
martens , j . ( 1996 ) vocalizations and speciation of palearctic birds . in : kroodsma , d . e . & miller , e . h . ( eds . ) , ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds . cornell university press , ithaca , new york , pp . 222–238 .
ménétriés , e . ( 1835 ) monographie de la famille des myiotherinae où sont décrites le espéces qui ornent le musée de l’académie impériale des sciences . mémoires de académie impériale des sciences ( sciences mathématiques , physiques et naturelles ) , 3 , 443–544 .
moore , j . v . , krabbe , n . & jahn , o . ( 2013 ) bird sounds of ecuador , a comprehensive collection . john v . moore nature recordings , san jose , california . [ compact disk ]
parker iii , t . a . , stotz , d . f . & fitzpatrick , j . w . ( 1996 ) ecological and distributional databases for neotropical birds . in : stotz , d . f . , fitzpatrick , j . w . , parker iii , t . a . & moskovits , d . k . ( eds . ) , neotropical birds : ecology and conservation . university of chicago press , chicago , illinois , pp . 131–436 .
peters , j . l . ( 1951 ) check - list of birds of the world . vol . 7 . museum of comparative zoology , cambridge , massachusetts , 318 pp .
pinto , o . m . de o . ( 1947 ) contribuição à ornitologia do baixo amazonas . arquivos de zoologia do estado de são paulo , 5 , 311–482 .
price , t . ( 2008 ) speciation in birds . roberts and co . , boulder , colorado , 470 pp .
remsen , jr . , j . v . ( 2005 ) pattern , process , and rigor meet classification . the auk , 122 , 403–413 . urltoken ; 2
remsen , jr . , j . v . , areta , j . i . , cadena , c . d . , claramunt , s . , jaramillo , a . , pacheco , j . f . , pérez - emán , j . , robbins , m . b . , stiles , f . g . , stotz , d . f . & zimmer , k . j . ( 2016 ) a classification of the bird species of south america . version 20 september 2016 . american ornithologists ' union . available from : urltoken ( accessed 1 october 2016 )
ridgely , r . s . & tudor , g . ( 1994 ) the birds of south america . vol . 2 . the suboscine passerines . university of texas press , austin , texas , 814 pp .
robbins , m . b . , geale , d . , walker , b . , davis , t . j . , combe , m . , eaton , m . d . & kennedy , k . p . ( 2011 ) foothill avifauna of the upper urubamba valley , dpto . cusco , peru . cotinga , 33 , 41–52 .
schulenberg , t . s . , stotz , d . f . , lane , d . f . , o ' neill , j . p . & parker iii , t . a . ( 2007 ) birds of peru . princeton university press , princeton , new jersey , 656 pp .
searcy , w . a . & yasukawa , k . ( 1996 ) song and female choice . in : kroodsma , d . e . & miller , e . h . ( eds . ) , ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds . cornell university press , ithaca , new york , pp . 455–472 .
von spix , j . b . ( 1825 ) avium species novae , quas in itinere per braziliam annis 1817–20 collegit et descripsit . vol . 2 . impensis , monachii , 85 pp .
stolzmann , j . & domaniewski , j . ( 1918 ) notes sur les formes du genre pyriglena cab . comptes rendus des société des sciences varsovie , 11 , 179–185 .
swainson , w . ( 1825 ) on two new genera of birds , formicivora and drymophila , with descriptions of several species . zoological journal of london , 2 , 145–154 .
templeton , a . r . ( 1989 ) the meaning of species and speciation : a genetic perspective . in : otte , d . & endler , j . a . ( eds . ) , speciation and its consequences . sinauer , sunderland , massachusetts , pp . 3–27 .
templeton , a . r . ( 1998 ) species and speciation . geography , population structure , ecology , and gene trees . in : howard , d . j . & berlocher , s . h . ( eds . ) , endless forms . species and speciation . oxford university press , new york , pp . 32–43 .
templeton , a . r . ( 2001 ) . using phylogeographic analyses of gene trees to test species status and processes . molecular ecology , 10 , 779–791 . urltoken
thom , g . & aleixo , a . ( 2015 ) cryptic speciation in the white - shouldered antshrike ( thamnophilus aethiops , aves : thamnophilidae ) : the tale of a transcontinental radiation across rivers in lowland amazonia and the northeastern atlantic forest . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 82 , 95–110 . urltoken
touchton , j . m . , seddon , n . & tobias , j . a . ( 2014 ) captive rearing experiments confirm song development without learning in a tracheophone suboscine bird . plos one , 9 , e95746 , 1–9 . urltoken
uy , j . a . c . , moyle , r . & filardi , c . e . ( 2009 ) plumage color and song differences mediate species recognition between incipient flycatcher species of the solomon islands . evolution , 63 , 153–164 . urltoken
vieillot , l . p . ( 1818 ) nouveau dictionnaire d ' histoire naturelle . tome . 20 . 2éme edition , chez deterville , paris , 272 pp .
whitney , b . m . , pacheco , j . f . , buzzetti , d . r . c . & parrini , r . ( 2000 ) systematic revision and biogeography of the herpsilochmus pileatus complex , with description of a new species from northeastern brazil . the auk , 117 , 869–891 . urltoken ; 2
willis , e . o . ( 1981 ) diversity in adversity : the behaviors of two subordinate antbirds . arquivos de zoologia , 30 , 159–234 . urltoken
zimmer , j . t . ( 1931 ) studies of peruvian birds . ii . peruvian forms of the genera microbates , rhamphocaenus , sclateria , pyriglena , pithys , drymophila , and liosceles . american museum novitates , 509 , 1–20 .
zimmer , k . j . & isler , m . l . ( 2003 ) family thamnophilidae ( typical antbirds ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliot , a . & christie , d . a . ( eds . ) , handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 8 . broadbills to tapaculos . lynx edicions , barcelona , pp . 448–681 .
taxonomic source ( s ) del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken . sacc . 2006 . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
population justification : the population is estimated to number 1 , 000 - 2 , 499 individuals based on an assessment of known records , descriptions of abundance and range size . this is consistent with recorded population density estimates for congeners or close relatives with a similar body size , and the fact that only a proportion of the estimated extent of occurrence is likely to be occupied . this estimate is equivalent to 667 - 1 , 666 mature individuals , rounded here to 600 - 1 , 700 mature individuals .
trend justification : a very rapid continuing population decline is suspected owing to rates of habitat loss .
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this species is only found in a narrow coastal area in the brazilian state of bahia , between salvador and aracaju .
they follow army ant swarms , especially eciton burchellii , hunting the animals flushed by the ants including spiders , grasshoppers , cockroaches , beetles , crickets and moths .
this species has a relatively small breeding range and a global population estimated at just 600 - 1 . 700 individuals . the population is declining rapidly due to ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation .
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special thanks to tropical birding for outstanding photo contributions to the bird data family of apps .
range data provided by infonatura / natureserve and urltoken . ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2005 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 2 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa . additional updates and changes by urltoken 2016 .
sometimes treated as conspecific with p . leucoptera and / or p . atra . populations of present species appear to involve more than one species # r ; conversely , some races may represent merely clinal variation in plumage ; taxonomic study required . investigation of genetic structure within populations along valley of r tocantins , in se amazon basin , provides strong support for hypothesis that r tocantins has been historical barrier promoting population divergence in this antbird # r . ten subspecies currently recognized .
– andean slopes in s colombia ( e slope of c range , w slope of e range in huila , e slope of e range s from cauca and caquetá ) , ecuador ( e slope ) and n peru ( n of r marañón in piura , cajamarca and n amazonas ) .
– e andean slope of c peru ( s amazonas s to junín and ayacucho ) .
stolzmann & domaniewski , 1918 – e andean slope of se peru ( madre de dios , cuzco , puno ) .
stolzmann & domaniewski , 1918 – e andean slope of wc bolivia ( beni , la paz , cochabamba , w santa cruz ) .
( ménétries , 1835 ) – e bolivia ( e santa cruz ) , sc brazil ( w & sw mato grosso ) and extreme n paraguay ( alto paraguay ) .
j . t . zimmer , 1931 – sc amazonian brazil in pará and n mato grosso ( r tapajós e to r xingu ) .
o . m . o . pinto , 1947 – e pará from r xingu e to r tocantins .
16–18 cm ; 26–36 g ( appears to vary by sex and among races ) . interscapular patch white ; iris bright red . male nominate race is glossy black ; underwing - coverts . . .
male loudsong a medium - length ( e . g . 2 seconds ) series of evenly paced short whistles that usually . . .
understorey of lowland and foothill evergreen forest , to 950 m in much of range ; to 1350 m on . . .
feeds on variety of insects , particularly orthopterans ; also arachnids , and centipedes ( chilopoda ) ; small lizards up to 11 cm in length . . .
nests in all months in brazil , with peak in aug–nov , minimal nesting activity for 3 months early in dry season ( almost no eggs laid . . .
not globally threatened . generally fairly common throughout its large range . numerous large protected areas exist within regions occupied by this species ; furthermore , it is . . .
information on the plumbeous antvireo is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on the orange - bellied antwren is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on the guianan streaked antwren is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on recurve - billed bushbird is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
the white - bearded antshrike is a distinctive yet secretive bird , thought to be one of the rarest endemic avian species within its range . the…
information on the black - hooded antwren is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on the ash - breasted antbird is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on the lined antshrike ( thamnophilus tenuepunctatus ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on the rio branco antbird ( cercomacra carbonaria ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on the bahia antwren is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on the allpahuayo antbird ( percnostola arenarum ) is being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on the bicoloured antvireo is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on the alagoas antwren is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on the pectoral antwren is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
this fairly large , grey antbird occurs in a small area of dry forest in brazil . the male has ashy - grey plumage that is slightly paler on…
information on the scalloped antbird is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on parker ' s antbird ( cercomacra parkeri ) is being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
information on the band - tailed antwren ( myrmotherula urosticta ) is currnetly being researched and written and will appear here shortly . …
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occur in tropical and subtropical central and south america . there are more than 200 species , known variously as
( here ordered by size with antwrens the smallest and antshrikes the largest ) . other miscellaneous names for some of the species in the
family are known as antbirds . they not closely related to the wrens , vireos or shrikes .
most species live in forests and most feed in the understory and midstory of the forest , although a few feed in the canopy and a few on the ground . they feed on ants and other insects . they use a number of techniques to obtain prey . the majority of antbirds are arboreal , with most of those feeding in the understory , many in the middle story and some in the canopy . a few species feed in the leaf litter ; the antbirds that forage arboreally show a number of techniques and specialisations . some species perch - glean , perching on a branch watching for prey and snatching it by reaching forward , where others sally from a perch and snatch prey on the wing .
the male bicolored antvireo has gray - black plumage with white - dotted wingbars . female has brown upperparts ; chestnut crown ; gray underparts .
the male plumbeous antvireo has dark gray plumage ; narrow white tips to wing coverts . female has olive - brown upperparts ; whitish throat ; ochraceous lower belly , vent . similar to : white - streaked antvireo . males are almost identical in plumage . female white streaked has rufous upperparts ; female plumbeous has brown upperparts . ranges do not overlap .
the male spot - breasted antvireo has grayish - olive upperparts ; gray forehead , crown with white spots on side of head ; blackish wings ; whitish breast with large dark spots . female are more olive than mails ; chestnut crown .
the male spot - crowned antvireo has mainly gray plumage ; lighter underparts ; spotted crown . female similar to male with gray replaced by brown .
the male streak - crowned antvireo has grayish - olive upperparts ; dark gray crown streaked with grayish - white ; white throat and breast with dark streaks . female dark spotted rufous crown ; ochre breast , flanks .
the male white - streaked antvireo has dark gray plumage ; narrow white tips to wing coverts . female has reddish - brown upperparts ; pale gray underparts with white streaks ( from whence the name ) . similar to : plumbeous antvireo . males are almost identical in plumage . female white streaked has rufous upperparts ; female plumbeous has brown upperparts . ranges do not overlap .
the male black bushbird has black plumage . female also has black plumage except for rufous breast .
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printed version : pdf publication date : 05 / 21 / 2004 agencies : fish and wildlife service dates : we will accept comments on these resubmitted petition findings at any time . document type : proposed rule document citation : 69 fr 29353 page : 29353 - 29378 ( 26 pages ) cfr : 50 cfr 17 document number : 04 - 11374
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in this document , we announce our annual petition findings for foreign species , as required under section 4 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( c ) ( i ) of the endangered species act of 1972 , as amended . when , in response to a petition , we find that listing a species is warranted but precluded , we must complete a new status review each year until we publish a proposed rule or make a determination that listing is not warranted . these subsequent status reviews and the accompanying 12 - month findings are referred to as “resubmitted” petition findings .
information contained in this document describes our review of the current status of 73 foreign taxa that were the subjects of warranted - but - precluded findings . based on our review , we find that 51 species continue to warrant listing , but that their listing remains precluded by higher - priority listing actions . seventeen species no longer warrant listing under the endangered species act and , therefore , have been removed from the warranted - but - precluded list . we will promptly publish listing proposals for five of the species .
we request additional status information for these species as well as information on taxa that we should include in future updates of this list . we will consider this information in preparing listing documents and future resubmitted petition findings . this information will also help us in monitoring the status of the taxa and in conserving them .
submit any comments , information , and questions by mail to the chief , division of scientific authority , u . s . fish and wildlife service , 4401 n . fairfax drive , room 750 , arlington , va 22203 ; or by fax to 703 - 358 - 2276 ; or by e - mail to scientificauthority @ urltoken . comments and supporting information will be available for public inspection , by appointment , monday through friday from 8 a . m . to 4 p . m . at the above address .
robert r . gabel at the above address , or by telephone , 703 - 358 - 1708 ; fax , 703 - 358 - 2276 ; or e - mail , scientificauthority @ urltoken .
the endangered species act of 1973 , as amended ( act ) ( 16 u . s . c . 1531 et seq . ) , provides two mechanisms for considering species for listing . first , we can identify and propose for listing those species that are endangered or threatened based on the factors contained in section 4 ( a ) ( 1 ) . we implement this through the candidate program . candidate taxa are those taxa for which we have on file sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threats to support a proposal to list as endangered or threatened , but for which preparation and publication of a proposed rule is precluded by higher - priority listing actions . none of the species covered by this notice were assessed through the candidate program . second , the act allows the public to petition us to add species to the list of endangered and threatened wildlife and plants ( list ) . under section 4 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( a ) , when we receive such a petition , we must determine within 90 days , to the maximum extent practicable , whether the petition presents substantial information indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted ( 90 - day finding ) . if we make a positive 90 - day finding , under section 4 ( b ) ( 3 ) ( b ) we must make one of three possible findings within 12 months of the receipt of the petition ( 12 - month finding ) .


cisthene tenuifascia , the thin-banded lichen moth or three-banded lichen moth , is a moth of the family erebidae .

it was described by harvey in 1875 .

it is found in mexico and from arizona to florida , north carolina and oklahoma .

strays can be found further north .

the length of the forewings is 7 – 9 mm .

adults have a yellow-orange strip along the inner margin of the forewing .

they are on wing from march to october and have been recorded sugaring on baccharis sarothroides and baccharis salicifolia .

the larvae feed on lichens and algae .

cisthene tenuifascia

thin - banded lichen moth - hodges # 8066 - cisthene tenuifascia - bugguide . net
species cisthene tenuifascia - thin - banded lichen moth - hodges # 8066 - bugguide . net
this appears to be the distinctive az subspecies c . tenuifascia ssp . schwarziorum .
i believe this is c . martini but i could be wrong . i have examined all images on mpg of different cisthene and this seemed to fit the best . update : id ' d as cisthene tenuifascia ( 8066 )
cisthene kentuckiensis - wide yellow - orange basal streak along inner margin of forewing merges broadly with pm band .
cisthene subrufa - slightly smaller , ground color suffused with brown scales , legs banded yellow and gray ; south texas only .
sexton , c . ( in prep . ) identification of lichen moths in the genus cisthene in the e . united states . southern lep . news .
tenuifascia : from the latin
tenuis
( thin ) +
fascia
( a band ) ; refers to the thin median band on the forewing , and is the origin of the common name thin - banded lichen moth .
a revision of the species of cisthene known to occur north of the mexican border ( lepidoptera : arctiidae : lithosiinae ) carroll b . knowlton . 1967 . transactions of the american entomological society , 93 ( 1 ) : 41 - 100 .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler , moths of western north america , pl . 46 . 19m ; p . 265 . book review and ordering
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
identified by the combination of yellow / orange vertex , dark gray thoracic disk , narrow basal orange streaks which connect thinly or not at all to pm band , and a thin pm band which is sometimes irregular and sometimes broken into spots .
,
schwarz ' s lichen moth
, named by dyar in 1899 but with a confusing taxonomic history .
which occurs only in south texas and eastern mexico ( see remarks , below ) .
larvae feed on lichens and algae , as do larvae of other members of this genus .
adults have been found in large numbers sugaring on desert broom ( baccharis sarothroides ) and mule fat ( baccharis salicifolia ) in southern arizona .
the subspecies schwarziorum ( schwarz ' s lichen moth ) is found in az and differs recognizably from the nominate subspecies found in tx and elsewhere . schwarz ' s has a wider , complete pm band and the colors are often yellower than in nominate thin - banded . the basal streaks generally stop short of the pm band . it more closely resembles the tamaulipan lichen moth but can be differentiated by range and by having mostly gray legs ( especially the mid - tibia ) .
covell jr . , c . v . 1984 . a field guide to moths of eastern north america . p . 60 , pl . 12 , f . 13
harvey , l . f . 1875 . on texan lepidoptera collected by mr . belfrage . bulletin buffalo soc . nat . sci . 3 : 4
powell , j . a . & p . a . opler 2009 . moths of western north america . university of california press . pl . 46 . 19m , p . 265
field guide to moths of eastern north america charles v . covell , jr . 2005 .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
i believe this is . take a look at the bg identifieds . it is the expected species and i believe c . martini has a redish cast to the yellow areas . bold shows it to be a more western species and it is not on the lep soc . list of species for texas .
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miller canyon , huachuca mountains , cochise county , arizona , usa october 7 , 2009 size : forewing length 10 mm .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
following lafontaine and schmidt ( 2010 ) , the traditional arctiidae have been transferred to the family erebidae as a subfamily ( arctiinae ) , with former subfamilies such as lithosiinae now treated as tribes . the circumscription of arctiinae remains virtually identical to recent circumscriptions of arctiidae , but circumscriptions of some taxa within the arctiinae have changed .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
a location where the species occurs , or has occurred , where there is potential fro persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a place where at least one specimen has been collected and verified by an expert in seemingly appropriate habitat . habitats are actually very poorly understood but seem to be xeric to mesic forest or woodland in most cases . exact habitat probaly would be best defined by the lichens upon which larvae feed if these are ever actually known .
it will sometimes be possible to map boundaries based on plant communities , e . g . occurrences for crambidia sp . 1 probably coincide with more open portions of pitch pine lowlands . occurrences for crambidia sp . 3 seem likely to coincide with xeric to ultraxeric oak or oak - pine woodlands in at least some cases .
if the occurrence seems to be linked to a specific type of woodland , consider all collections within this woodland as one occurrence regardless of distance .
these are small , weak flying moths so two kilometers should be more than enough to justify separate eos across obviously unsuitable habitats . however in practice it will often be difficult to determine whether wooded habitats are suitable or not and so usually in relatively uniform forested regions one should apply the suitable habitat distance .
given that it will seldom be possible to really define the local habitat and probably never possible to know the larval foodplant , and that some occurrences seem to be small it seems best to use a very conservative ie with this group . in most cases additional sampling will reveal a much larger occurrence but this cannot be assumed .
as far as known these specs can be used for any north american species , but reasonable judgments must be made as to likely suitable habitats . for the lichen feeders obviously areas with no lichens are not suitable . if these specs do not seem applicable consider customizing specs for the species involved .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
lafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .
lafontaine , j . d . and m . fibiger . 2006 . revised higher classification of the noctuoidea ( lepidoptera ) . canadian entomologist 138 : 610 - 635 .
schmidt , b . c . and p . a . opler . 2008 . revised checklist of the tiger moths of the continental united states and canada . zootaxa 1677 : 1 - 23 .
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natureserve . 2017 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 7 . 1 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available http : / / explorer . natureserve . org . ( accessed :
ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with bruce patterson , wes sechrest , marcelo tognelli , gerardo ceballos , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
iucn , conservation international , and natureserve . 2004 . global amphibian assessment . iucn , conservation international , and natureserve , washington , dc and arlington , virginia , usa .
data developed as part of the global amphibian assessment and provided by iucn - world conservation union , conservation international and natureserve .
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