eulepidotis alabastraria is a moth of the noctuidae family .

the noctuidae family of moths are mostly classified in the family erebidae now , along with all of the former members of the families arctiidae and lymantriidae .

this re-classification has not yet met with general consensus , and many resources and publications still follow the older classification scheme ( e.g. ) it is found from the southern part of the united states to central america and south america .

eulepidotis alabastraria

type - species : eulepidotis alabastraria hübner , 1823 . zutr . samml . exot . schmett . 2 : 22 , figs 311 , 312 .
eulepidotis selecta dyar , 1914 ; 102 ; tl : essequibo r . , rockstone
eulepidotis graminea hampson , 1926 ; 139 ; tl : br . guiana , pacaweeka creek
eulepidotis albistriata hampson , 1926 ; 133 ; tl : brazil , amazons , r . madeira
eulepidotis preclara todd , 1962 ; 269 , f . 1 ; tl : peru , tingo maria
eulepidotis merricki ; [ nacl ] , # 8572 ( quest . occur . ) ; [ poole ]
eulepidotis anna dyar , 1914 ; 103 ; tl : french guiana , maroni r . , st . jean
eulepidotis erina dyar , 1914 ; 106 ; tl : french guiana , st . jean , maroni r .
eulepidotis holoclera dyar , 1914 ; 105 ; tl : french guiana , maroni r . , s . jean
eulepidotis ouocco dyar , 1914 ; 110 ; tl : french guiana , maroni r . , st . jean
eulepidotis penumbra dyar , 1914 ; 102 ; tl : french guiana , maroni r . , st . jean
eulepidotis prismatica dyar , 1914 ; 101 ; tl : french guiana , maroni r . , st . jean
eulepidotis schedoglauca dyar , 1914 ; 105 ; tl : french guiana , maroni r . , st . jean
eulepidotis suzetta dyar , 1914 ; 101 ; tl : french guiana , maroni r . , st . jean
eulepidotis transcendens dyar , 1914 ; 102 ; tl : french guiana , maroni r . , st . jean
eulepidotis magica dyar , 1914 ; 100 ; tl : french guiana , maroni r . , st . laurent ; st . jean
poole ( 1989 ) included eulepidotis in the subfamily ophiderinae , treated as calpinae by kitching & rawlins , in kristensen ( 1999 ) .
eulepidotis electa dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 210 ; tl : porto bello
eulepidotis junetta dyar , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2050 ) : 209 ; tl : panama , tabernilla
eulepidotis addens ; [ poole ] ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 32 , f . 95
eulepidotis modestula ; [ poole ] ; becker & miller , 2002 , j . lep . soc . 56 ( 1 ) : 33 , f . 94
poole ( 1989 ) included palindia guenée , 1852 ; peropalpus blanchard , 1852 ; calydia bar , 1875 ; and palindiona hampson , 1926 as junior synonyms of eulepidotis hübner , 1823 .
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kitching , i . j . and j . e . rawlins . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pages 355 - 401 in : lepidoptera : moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics , and biogeography . handbook of zoology vol . iv , part 35 . n . p . kristensen , ed . de gruyter , berlin and new york .
miller , j . s . 1991 . cladistics and classification of the notodontidae ( lepidoptera , noctuoidea ) based on larval and adult morphology . bulletin of the american museum of natural history 204 : 1 - 230 .
mitchell , a . , c . mitter , and j . c . regier . 2000 . more taxa or more characters revisited : combining data from nuclear protein - encoding genes for phylogenetic analyses of noctuoidea ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . systematic biology 49 ( 2 ) : 202 - 224 .
speidel , w . , h . fanger , and c . m . naumann . 1996 . the phylogeny of the noctuidae ( lepidoptera ) . systematic entomology 21 ( 3 ) : 219 - 251 .
speidel , w . and c . m . naumann . 2004 . a survey of family - group names in noctuoid moths ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . systematics and biodiversity 2 ( 2 ) : 191 - 221 .
weller , s . j . , d . p . pashley , j . a . martin , and j . l . constable . 1994 . phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes . systematic biology 43 ( 2 ) : 194 - 211 .
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this article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .
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regier , jerome c . mitter , charles mitter , kim cummings , michael p . bazinet , adam l . hallwachs , winifred janzen , daniel h . and zwick , andreas 2017 . further progress on the phylogeny of noctuoidea ( insecta : lepidoptera ) using an expanded gene sample . systematic entomology , vol . 42 , issue . 1 , p . 82 .
rota , jadranka zacharczenko , brigette v . wahlberg , niklas zahiri , reza schmidt , b . c . and wagner , david l . 2016 . phylogenetic relationships of acronictinae with discussion of the abdominal courtship brush in noctuidae ( lepidoptera ) . systematic entomology , vol . 41 , issue . 2 , p . 416 .
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wu , zhi - guang and han , hui - lin 2015 . two new records of genus nudaria haworth , 1809 ( lepidoptera , erebidae , arctiinae , lithosiini ) from china . journal of asia - pacific biodiversity , vol . 8 , issue . 3 , p . 230 .
yang , xiushuai cameron , stephen l . lees , david c . xue , dayong and han , hongxiang 2015 . a mitochondrial genome phylogeny of owlet moths ( lepidoptera : noctuoidea ) , and examination of the utility of mitochondrial genomes for lepidopteran phylogenetics . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , vol . 85 , issue . , p . 230 .
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canadian national collection of insects , arachnids , and nematodes , agriculture and agri - food canada , k . w . neatby building , central experimental farm , ottawa , ontario , canada k1a 0c6
nous révisons la classification supérieure des familles de noctuoidea possédant une aile antérieure quadrifide ( nolidae , strepsimanidae , arctiidae , lymantriidae , erebidae et noctuidae ) à la lumière de classifications récentes et des répartitions actuelles des états dérivés des caractères . d ' après des études morphologiques et moléculaires récentes , nous proposons une définition plus compréhensive de la famille des noctuidae qui ajoute les sous - familles nolinae , strepsimaninae , arctiinae , lymantriinae et erebinae à celles qui sont plus traditionnellement incluses dans les noctuidae . la superfamille des noctuoidea comprend donc les familles oenosandridae , doidae , notodontidae , micronoctuidae et noctuidae . la tribu des cosmiini , présentement dans la sous - famille des xyleninae , est réduite au niveau de sous - tribu des cosmiina et placée dans la tribu des xylenini . la tribu des balsini , couramment placée dans la sous - famille des xyleninae , est élevée au rang de sous - famille des balsinae . la tribu phosphilini est transférée de la sous - famille des psaphidinae à xyleninae .
die larven der europäischen noctuidae . vol . 1–4 . text ( 1 ) ; illustrations ( 2–4 ) . herbipolitana
lepidoptera : moths and butterflies . vol . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology / handbuch der zoologie
. noctuoidea : noctuidae ( part ) , noctuinae , ( part — agrotini ) .
. noctuoidea : noctuidae ( part ) , cuculliinae , stiriinae , psaphidinae ( part ) .
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type - species designation : by subsequent designation by grote , 1870 . bull . buff . soc . nat . sci . 2 : 24 . [ bhl ]
type specimens : type ( s ) - female [ u . s . a . ] : savannah , ( ? depository ) . .
junior name ( s ) : eulepidotus ; herrich - schäffer , 1856 : 28 , 41 .
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palindia magdalensis bar , 1876 ; 434 , pl . 7 , f . 26 ; tl : french guiana
peropalpus albidus blanchard , 1852 ; 86 , pl . 7 , f . 2 ; tl : chile , coquimbo
brazil ( rio de janeiro , . . . ) . see [ maps ]
palindia atalanta bar , 1876 ; 249 , pl . 5 , f . 23 ; tl : french guiana
french guiana , brazil ( amazonas , . . . ) . see [ maps ]
brazil ( amazonas , rio de janeiro , . . . ) , french guiana . see [ maps ]
palindia candida bar , 1876 ; 8 , pl . 1 , f . 13 ; tl : french guiana
palindia caudatula herrich - schäffer , [ 1854 ] ; pl . 28 , f . 136 ; tl : surinam
palindia chloris bar , 1876 ; 249 , pl . 5 , f . 22 ; tl : french guiana
palindia crocoptera felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ; pl . 111 , f . 18 ; tl : french guiana
palindia dominicata guenée , 1852 ; 275 , pl . 11 , f . 1 ; tl : brazil
palindia emilia bar , 1875 ; 299 , pl . 5 , f . 5 ; tl : french guiana
palindia ezra druce , 1898 ; 499 , pl . 96 , f . 1 ; tl : mexico , jalapa
palindia formosa bar , 1875 ; 300 , pl . 5 , f . 6 ; tl : french guiana
calydia hemithea druce , 1889 ; 316 , pl . 29 , f . 20 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui
honduras , french guiana , colombia , . . . . see [ maps ]
palindia micca druce , 1889 ; 319 , pl . 29 , f . 22 ; tl : panama , volcan de chiriqui
palindia mustela druce , 1889 ; 318 , pl . 29 , f . 21 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz
palindia ornata bar , 1876 ; 11 , pl . 1 , f . 15 ; tl : french guiana
calydia ornata dognin , 1910 ; 155 ( preocc . palindia ornata bar , 1876 )
calydia osseata bar , 1875 ; 293 , pl . 5 , f . 2 ; tl : french guiana
palindia pulchella bar , 1876 ; 245 , pl . 5 , f . 17 ; tl : french guiana
palindia diana möschler , 1880 ; 394 , pl . 9 , f . 41 ; tl : surinam , paramaribo
palindia sabina bar , 1875 ; 301 , pl . 5 , f . 8 ; tl : french guiana
palindia stella bar , 1875 ; 297 , pl . 5 , f . 4 ; tl : french guiana
phalaena striataria stoll , 1781 ; pl . 355 , f . f , ( index ) 252 ; tl : surinam
phalaena vicentiata stoll , 1790 ; 39 , pl . 8 , f . 3 , ( index ) 184 ; tl : surinam
palindia viridissima bar , 1876 ; 248 , pl . 5 , f . 21 ; tl : french guiana
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
[ poole ] ; poole , 1989 lepidopterorum catalogus ( new series ) 118 : noctuidae lepid . cat . ( n . s . ) 118 :
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
antiblemma concinnula ( walker , 1865 ) noctuidae antiblemma luna , ( guenée , 1852 ) noctuidae antiblemma mundicola ( walker , 1865 ) noctuidae antiblemma sp . noctuidae antiblemma sp . 3 noctuidae anticarsia anisospila walker , 1869 ) noctuidae argidia sp9 noctuidae argidia suprema , schaus , 1912 noctuidae argidia tomyris , ( cramer , 1779 ) noctuidae argyrosticta meres ( druce , 1903 ) noctuidae bagisara repanda noctuidae bagisara sp . noctuidae baniana serpens schaus , 1914 noctuidae baniana strigata schaus , 1911 noctuidae baniana veluta schaus , 1901 noctuidae baniana ypita , schaus , 1901 noctuidae boryza aeraria , schaus , 1912 noctuidae callopistria dapsillis ( schaus , 1911 ) noctuidae callopistria mexicana druce , 1889 noctuidae callopistria trinitensis noctuidae catocalinae sp . noctuidae cecharisma nealcesalis ( walker , 1859 ) noctuidae chalcoecia emessa , ( druce , 1889 ) noctuidae chalcoecia sp noctuidae chytonidia chloe ( schaus , 1914 ) noctuidae clapra atalanta , ( schaus , 1912 ) noctuidae clapra deucalion ( schaus , 1914 ) noctuidae clapra sp . [ 2 espèces ] noctuidae coenipeta catoxantha noctuidae coenipeta polynoe ( guenée , 1852 ) noctuidae coenipeta suttea guenée , 1852 noctuidae condica mimica , ( hampson , 1908 ) noctuidae condica mobilis ( walker , 1856 )
etude entomologique – montagne pelée de saül 2010 - 2011 rapport seag page 86 noctuidae hampsonodes orbica ( hampson , 1910 ) noctuidae helia bilunulalis , ( walker , [ 1866 ] ) noctuidae helia calligramma hübner , 1818 noctuidae helia cruciata ( guenée , 1852 ) noctuidae helia dentata noctuidae helia extranea ( walker 1865 ) noctuidae helia hermelina ( guenée , 1852 ) noctuidae helia vitriluna ( guenée , 1852 ) noctuidae heliothis subflexa noctuidae hemeroblemma scolopacea , cramer noctuidae hemicephalis agenoria , ( druce , 1890 ) noctuidae hemicephalis alesa , ( druce , 1890 ) noctuidae hemicephalis laronia , ( druce , 1890 ) noctuidae herminodes concatenalis ( warren , 1889 ) noctuidae herminodes longistriata schaus , 1914 noctuidae herminodes regia noctuidae herminodes sp . [ 2 espèces ] noctuidae herminodes tessellata , hampson , 1926 noctuidae herminodes xanthipterygia , kaye , 1901 noctuidae heterochroma hypatia , ( druce , 1889 ) noctuidae heterodelta nea ( druce , 1898 ) noctuidae hypena glumalis noctuidae hypena hemonalis noctuidae hypena perialis noctuidae hypena pr . andraca noctuidae hypena sp . [ 2 espèces ] noctuidae hypogrammodes balma , ( guenée , 1852 ) noctuidae hypogrammodes sp . noctuidae isogona continua ( walker , 1869 ) noctuidae isogona natatrix noctuidae itomia lignaris hübner , 1823 noctuidae itomia opistographa , ( guenée , 1852 ) noctuidae lascoria albibasalis noctuidae lascoria dulcena noctuidae lascoria nivea schaus , 1916 noctuidae lascoria sp . [ 3 espèces ] noctuidae lesmone formularis , ( geyer , 1837 ) noctuidae lesmone porcia , ( stoll , 1790 ) noctuidae letis herilia , ( stoll , 1780 ) noctuidae letis melba , felder & rogenhofer , 1874 noctuidae leucania humidicola guenée , 1852 noctuidae macrodes cynara , ( cramer , 1775 ) noctuidae marilopteryx lamptera , ( druce , 1890 ) noctuidae massala obvertens , ( walker , 1858 ) noctuidae mastixis galealis ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) noctuidae mazacyla relata , ( walker , 1858 ) noctuidae mazacyla subpicta schaus , 1911 noctuidae metalectra ceyx schaus , 1914


cadlina luteomarginata , common name the yellow-edged cadlina , is a species of colorful sea slug , a dorid nudibranch , a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family cadlinidae .

cadlina luteomarginata

re : cadlina luteomarginata from : brian k . penney , august 25 , 2001
investigations of terpenoid biosynthesis by the dorid nudibranch cadlina luteomarginata . - pubmed - ncbi
a similarly coloured species from the east coast of nth america has been identified as cadlina luteomarginata but there are consistent colour and food differences . see the cadlina cf . luteomarginata page .
rudman wb . 2001 . cadlina luteomarginata radula . in : sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . urltoken .
hi bill , here is some information on cadlina luteomarginata from the west coast of north america that may help clear up the identity of paul young ' s cadlina from new england .
hans - martin braun added the english common name
yellow - margin dorid
to
cadlina luteomarginata mcfarland , 1966
.
this looks like cadlina luteomarginata , rather than the furry looking acanthodoris hudsoni . the photo in the new
nudibranchs of the world
has a photo of cadlina luteomarginata in place of acanthodoris hudsoni , so not surprising there will be some misidentified critters out there .
cadlina marginata macfarland , 1905 ( invalid : junior secondary homonym of doris marginata montagu , 1804 , a species of cadlina synonymous with c . laevis ; c . luteomarginata is a replacement name )
johnson r . 2001 . the identity of cadlina luteomarginata . [ message in ] sea slug forum . australian museum , sydney . urltoken .
also , at least several members of the genus cadlina ( c . flavomaculata , c . laevis , c . luteomarginata ) have spicules . see :
thought it might be of interest to see what appears to be predation by a sun star ( solaster sp ) on what i believe is an unfortunate cadlina luteomarginata .
penney , b . k . 2006 . morphology and biological roles of spicule networks in cadlina luteomarginata ( nudibranchia , doridina ) . invertebrate biology 125 : 222 - 232 .
hi bill , here is a photo of cadlina luteomarginata from san miguel island , channel ids , california i took over the weekend [ july 2004 ] with the sdups . bruce wight
my animal certainly looks similar to cadlina luteomarginata , and more so than the few cadlina laevis i have seen . i have seen some specimens that look similarly translucent and with prominent mantle glands ( especially if small ) here in british columbia , canada . however , i rarely see c . luteomarginata with yellow - tipped gills ; normally they look like jeff goddard ' s photo .
i have attached an old photo of mine of cadlina luteomarginata on pleraplysilla sp . from cape arago , oregon . hopefully , someone will send in a better , in situ photo of this striking species .
cadlina luteomarginata from the pacific always have a dorsum with a yellow border and yellow - capped papillae . the background white is quite opaque , and i have never noticed the deep - set , yellow defensive glands so obvious in paul young ' s and bernard picton ' s photos of cadlina laevis .
re : acanthodoris hudsoni or cadlina ? from : brian k . penney , february 22 , 2008
i would guess cadlina luteomarginata : in the lower photo , many of the yellow dots look like they are under the skin , indicating they are chemical defense glands , or mantle dermal formations ( mdfs ) .
cadlina luteomarginata is found on the west coast of north america from mexico to alaska ( behren ' s 1991 ) . it is white with yellow capped tubercles , a yellow border to the mantle and the foot , and yellow tipped gills and rhinophores . the edges of the gill and rhinophore pockets are also lined with yellow . however , although the yellow border appears to be consistently present , it seems that any of the other yellow markings may be absent in particular individuals . cadlina luteomarginata is reported to feed on a variety of spiculate sponges including halichondria , myxilla , and higginsia . see jeff goddard ' s message below . [ cadlina luteomarginata macfarland , 1966 is a replacement name for cadlina marginata macfarland , 1905 , which for nomenclatural reasons is unavailable ] .
from your comments and leslie ' s [ # 21389 ] , i think we have identified the worm but it looks like the nudibranch is the problem . from your comments and dave ' s i think we should move it to cadlina luteomarginata .
re : cadlina ? aldisa ? or . conualevia alba ? from : brian k . penney , august 4 , 2007
cadlina ? aldisa ? or . conualevia alba ? from : j . hildering & g . miller , august 1 , 2007
another terpenoid , marginatafuran , has additionally been isolated from specimens of c . luteomarginata collected in haida gwaii , british columbia , also possibly derived from sponge food .
cadlina laevis — martynov , 2006 ( part . ) ; martynov & korshunova , 2011 ( part . ) , non linnaeus , 1767 .
dear brian , i was wondering how important the yellow tipped gills and rhinophores were in cadlina luteomarginata . they are certainly present in the photo in dave behren ' s book , and mentioned in macfarland ' s original description , but clearly absent in jeff goddard ' s photo . best wishes , bill rudman
hi bill , a question for the forum : has anyone had much luck feeding cadlina luteomarginata or related species in captivity ? i have been trying recently without much luck , and i see in steve bloom ' s thesis ( 1976 , university of washington ) he tried feeding experiments with this species but never reports them .
partial 16s sequences of the species in the genus cadlina ( positions # 221 - 255 in c . laevis ) with barcoding indels after position # 240 .
i wouldn ' t touch a scale worm id with a ten foot poll . just not my area of expertise . i am concerned that this may not be acanthodoris however . hard to tell from this helicopter shot , but the tubercles don ' t look tall and slender enough . makes me wonder if this isn ' t cadlina luteomarginata . your thoughts are welcome .
kubanek et al . 2000 j chem ecol 26 : 377 ; for an overview of de novo synthesis of various terpenoids in c . luteomarginata see kubanek et al . 1997 j org chem 62 : 7239 .
to barcode of life ( 4 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 11 publications ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 21 publications ) ( from synonym cadlina marginata macfarland , 1905 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 9 nucleotides ; 4 proteins ) to sea slug forum ( via archive . org ) to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym cadlina marginata macfarland , 1905 ) to itis
cadlina olgae : ( a ) rachidian and first marginal teeth of 29th and 30th rows , scale 10 mkm ; ( b ) overwiew of radula rows , scale 50 mkm ; ( c ) 37–43th rows ; ( d ) holotype , scale 3 mm ; ( e ) paratype , scale 3 mm . cadlina laevis ( white sea ) : ( f ) rachidian and central lateral teeth , scale 10 mkm ; ( g ) rachidian tooth of 50th row , scale 10 mkm ; cadlina sp . 1 : ( h ) rachidian and first marginal teeth of 29th and 30th rows , scale 10 mkm .
thanks leslie , i am so glad that we have a participant with broader interests than most of us . it is great to be able to get some background information on some of the many organisms that interact with sea slugs . the identity of the nudibranch is still somewhat tentative , and probably impossible to resolve just from photos , but on the basis of feedback from dave behrens and brian kenney i have moved it to cadlina luteomarginata .
( of cadlina marginata macfarland , 1905 ) bleakney , j . s . 1996 . sea slugs of atlantic canada and the gulf of maine . the nova scotia museum field guide series . nimbus publishing . halifax . 216 p . [ details ]
( of cadlina marginata macfarland , 1905 ) macfarland , f . m . ( 1905 ) . a preliminary account of the dorididae of monterey bay , california . proceedings of the biological society of washington . 18 : 35 - 54 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
references harbo , r . m . ( 1999 ) . whelks to whales : coastal marine life of the pacific northwest . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . p . 114 . lamb , a . , and hanby , b . ( 2005 ) . marine life of the pacific northwest [ electronic version ] . madeira park , bc : harbour publishing . mcdonald , g . cadlina luteomarginata macfarland , 1905 . intertidal invertebrates of the monterey bay area , california . long marine laboratory , university of california , santa cruz . acccessed 28 / 06 / 2016 . authors and editors of page kelly fretwell ( 2016 ) .
dear peter , thanks for the interesting photo . i suspect it is not acanthodoris hudsoni . the rhinophores don ' t seem long enough and the shape of the gills doesn ' t look quite right . i suspect it is one of the animals at present called cadlina luteomarginata , but you will see from my comments under that species that it is possible that there is more than one species . see rebecca johnson ' s message [ # 5163 ] for example . i look forward to some comments from californian residents , who should have a better idea than me on the other side of the pacific . best wishes , bill rudman
( a ) berthella californica , senkina shapka . ( b–d ) onchidoris muricata , senkina shapka . ( e , f ) knoutsodonta jannae , kievka bay . ( g ) ancula gibbosa , senkina shapka . ( h ) berthella californica , egg mass . ( i , j ) cadlina olgae , senkina shapka .
is someone able to collect some east coast specimens to send to rebecca johnson at california academy of sciences , who is currently working on cadlina phylogeny ? ( feel free to pipe in here , rebecca ) she would need some preserved in formalin and some in 95 % ethanol for morphological and molecular work , respectively . best regards , brian
( of cadlina marginata macfarland , 1905 ) macfarland , f . m . ( 1966 ) . studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america . memoirs of the california academy of sciences . 6 : 1 - 546 , pls . 1 - 72 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
on another note , i would really like to look at the cadlina sp . from new england . if anyone would like to send me specimens ( or just a piece of the foot will work ) in 95 % etoh for molecular and bouin ' s or formalin fixed for morphology ( the rest of the animal ) , along with photos i would be happy to help get to the bottom of this mystery . thanks and take care , rebecca
dear jackie and glen , not sure if the dorid is a cadlina or an acanthodoris hudsoni , but never - the - less this is an interesting find . we don ' t often get to see predation on nudibranchs because of their excellent defensive system . this poor slug has unfortunately met up with one one of the nastiest predators in the pacific northwest . this star is a juvenile solaster dawsoni , and known to be a voracious and not very selective feeder .
hatching & larval life are dealt with in this section , while topics of mate selection & copulation , egg - laying , embryonic development , settlement & metamorphosis , settlement cues , and ontogenetic development of behaviour are considered in other sections . after some general introductory material in research studies 1 - 5 , the following genera are considered specifically in their own subsections : alderia & other sacoglossans , berthella , cadlina , coryphella , dendrodoris , dendronotus , doridella , doris , haminoea , hermissenda , onchidoris , and phyllaplysia .
i am reasonably sure i have the correct sponge for food – we often find cadlina on aplysilla glacialis , and fecal samples suggest that is what these individuals were eating before capture . the sponge is freshly collected and in good condition . also , several other species ( anisodoris nobilis , archidoris montereyensis ) are not feeding as enthusiastically as i have seen them do elsewhere . therefore lab conditions seem a likely suspect . i have tried changing flow regimes and oxygen levels with no luck . any advice on what else to vary ?
well as bill and i have said so many times before , you cannot always identify a nudibranch from a photo alone . this one is certainly the case . i think we can eliminate cadlina due to the shape of the dorsal tubercles , and what almost looks like spicules within the mantle . conualevia is out as the rhinophores are not long and simple , but appear short and perfoliate to me . that leaves one of the species of aldisa . i don ' t recognize it as either of the white species . maybe we can have jeff goddard or sandra millen pipe in on this one .
i really need help with this one . it has spots on the outer edge like cadlina modesta but these are white as is the rim . i don ' t think aldisa albomarginata has the white spots and these do not have the typical green tinge of this species . of course , it is with great trepidation that i consider conualevia alba as its reported range is only as far north as carmel , california ; these individuals were bigger and i did not find them under rocks . i could not discern if the rhinophores are in fact smooth . in short , to id this one i need help and fear i might be missing the obvious .
macfarland , f . m . ( 1966 ) . studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america . memoirs of the california academy of sciences . 6 : 1 - 546 , pls . 1 - 72 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
debelius , h . & kuiter , r . h . ( 2007 ) nudibranchs of the world . conchbooks , frankfurt , 360 pp . isbn : 978 - 3 - 939767 - 06 - 0 page ( s ) : 212 [ details ]
mcdonald g . ( 2009 ) bibliographia nudibranchia . 2nd online edition , annotated . 1072 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 616 - 618 [ details ]
mcdonald g . ( 2006 ) nudibranch systematic index . 415 pp . urltoken [ details ]
mcdonald , g . r . ( 2009 ) . nudibranch systematic index , second edition . university of california santa cruz : institute of marine sciences . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 616 - 618 [ details ]
rudman , w . b . ( 1984 ) . the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : a review of the genera . zoological journal of the linnean society . 81 ( 2 ) : 115 - 273 . page ( s ) : 236 [ details ]
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cape arago , oregon , usa . on food sponge pleraplysilla sp . photo : jeff goddard .
references : • macfarland , f . m . ( 1966 ) studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america . memoirs of the california academy of sciences , 6 : 1 - 546 . • rudman , w . b . ( 1984 ) the chromodorididae ( opisthobranchia : mollusca ) of the indo - west pacific : a review of the genera . zoological journal of the linnean society , 81 : 115 - 273 .
dorid feeding in captivity from : brian k . penney , august 24 , 2001
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description : body usually 25 - 40 mm , can be 80 mm . whitish to light yellow . narrow band of yellow around margin and tips of tubercles are bright yellow . has bipinnate gills , numbering six . dorsum feels warty and gritty to touch , due to spicules .
the yellow line around the edges , yellow - tipped tubercles , and yellow tips on the rhinophores are distinctive .
biology / natural history : feeds on sponges , including halichondria panicea , myxilla incrustans , and higginsia sp .
according to baltzley et al . , ( 2011 ) , many gastropods , including this species , have a special network of pedal ganglia in their foot which assists in crawling . the two main neurons involved produce pedal peptides which elicit an increase in the rate of beating of cilia on the foot , resulting in crawling .
baltzley , michael j . , allison serman , shaun d . cain , and kenneth j . lohmann , 2011
pedal peptides network in gastropods . invertebrate biology 130 : 4 pp . 313 - 324
this individual was on eelgrass in a tidepool at san simeon , ca . photo by dave cowles , april 1999
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pigeon pt . , san mateo co . , ca ; 26 oct 2007 ; ~ 26mm total length .
ground color cream to very pale yellow . dorsal tubercles tipped with lemon yellow , and a band of similar color on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of mantle margin and also on edge of foot . rhinophores with 15 - 18 cream to light yellow lamellae . branchial plumes 6 , bipinnate , cream to light yellow . the rounded tubercles on the dorsum and shorter rhinophores distinguish this species from the rarer acanthodoris hudsoni which has longer rhinophores and pointed papillae on the dorsum .
feeds on sponges such as halichondria panicea , higginsia sp . & myxilla incrustans .
pigeon pt . , san mateo co . , ca ; 26 oct 2007 ; ~ 26mm total length .
pigeon pt . , san mateo co . , ca ; 23 dec 2007 ; 23mm total length .
pigeon pt . , san mateo co . , ca ; 23 dec 2007 ; 32mm total length .
carmel pt . ( south ) , monterey co . , ca ; 10 apr 2008 ; 34mm total length . close - up of rhinophore .
sand dollar beach , monterey co . , ca ; 27 may 2009 ; 25mm total length .
sand dollar beach , monterey co . , ca ; 27 may 2009 ; 17mm total length .
english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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comprehensive discussions on this species have appeared on bill rudman ' s sea slug forum . however , to complete the slugsite ' s presentation of the cadlinids from the pacific coast of the americas , i herewith present a few more photos and scanning electron micrographs of this species to aid in additional comparisons by my colleagues ( especially rebecca johnson who is actively working on the cadlinids and chromodorids ) .
was recently treated ably by ángel valdés and orso angulo campillo so i will not repeat that species .
this species ' distribution is from lynn canal , alaska , to punta eugenia , baja california sur , mexico ( behrens , 1991 ) . dave behrens comments that it occurs from the intertidal to 45 m deep , and feeds on the sponges
mcdonald ( 1983 : 154 ) describes the radular formulae based on his and macfarland ' s records :
radular formula of specimen examined 89 ( 57 - 63 . 1 . 57 - 63 ) , macfarland ( 1966 : 142 ) reports 90 - 114 ( 47 - 58 . 1 . 47 - 58 ) . rachidian teeth bear 4 - 7 denticles . inner laterals hooked and bear 4 - 14 denticles .
behrens ( 1991 ) succinctly states , radula 89 - 90 x 47 - 63 . 1 . 47 . 63 . both need to be incorporated into the radular variation of this species and correlated with the sizes of the living animals ( bertsch , 1976 ) .
attached are scanning electron micrographs of the radula of a specimen collected by charlie spowarth for the university of california berkeley zoology department in february 1974 , from the monterey area . the first image
; on a 35 mm slide the magnification is 100x . a close - up of the rachidian teeth
is an extreme close - up of these central teeth from the middle of a half - row ; the denticles are clearly visible .
emphasizes the shape of the outermost teeth . again , on a 35 mm slide the magnification of this image is 333x . this final sem illustrates the
is a beautifully distinctive cadlinid .
its translucent white dorsum is edged by a yellow line , and [ it ] has low tubercles which are tipped with yellow . the gills , made up of six branchial plumes , are tipped with yellow
( behrens , 1991 : 57 ) .
happy hunting , and we need lots of information about the distribution ( geographic , temporal and bathymetric ) regarding these species . please let me know your findings !
behrens , david w . 1991 . pacific coast nudibranchs . second edition . sea challengers , monterey , 107 pp .
bertsch , hans . 1976 . intraspecific and ontogenetic radular variation in opithobranch systematics ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . systematic zoology 25 ( 2 ) : 117 - 122 .
macfarland , frank mace . 1966 . studies of opisthobranchiate mollusks of the pacific coast of north america . california academy of sciences memoirs 6 : 1 - 546 .
mcdonald , gary r . a review of the nudibranchs of the california coast . malacologia 24 ( 1 - 2 ) : 114 - 276 .
this is hans in the forest , protecting endangered species on land as well as in the sea .
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recommended citation : author , date . page title . in klinkenberg , brian . ( editor ) 2017 .
[ efauna . bc . ca ] . lab for advanced spatial analysis , department of geography , university of british columbia , vancouver . [ accessed :
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departments of chemistry and oceanography - earth and ocean sciences , university of british columbia , vancouver , british columbia , canada v6t 1z1 .
1996 . histology of epithelia and mantle glands of selected species of doridacean mollusks with chemical defensive strategies .
1991 . pacific coast nudibranchs , 2nd ed . sea challengers , los osos , california .
1990 . geographical variation in defensive chemicals from pacific coast dorid nudibranchs and some related marine molluscs .
species ( gastropoda : nudibranchia ) : ultrastructure and chemical analysis of mantle dermal formations ( mdfs ) .
1984 . biostatistical analysis , 2nd ed . prentice hall , englewood cliffs , new jersey .
kubanek , j . , faulkner , d . j . & andersen , r . j . j chem ecol ( 2000 ) 26 : 377 . urltoken
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defenses of nudibranchs and their relatives include secondary metabolites , considered in this section , and camouflage ( crypsis ) , fast crawling & swimming , mucous coatings , ceratal autotomy , nutritional content , spicules , nematocysts , vacuolated skin with protective spindles , acid secretions , ink & opaline secretions , alarm pheromones , aposematic ( warning ) coloration & batesian mimicry , and navanax : a special case study , considered in other sections .
in nudibranchs has emerged , and many reports pertain to west - coast species , mainly owing to a strong research focus in labs in california and british columbia . much of this information is just a record of “interesting chemistry” , but there are a number of publications with toxicity bioassays or environmental connotations worth considering here .
skin chemistry
is a feature of dorids , mostly relating to diets of sponges with their inherent toxicity . no
contain such secondary metabolites . thus far , about 30 species of dorids are known to possess secondary metabolites , but few experiments have been done on possible defensive functions . more dorid species would likely be identified , were it not for the problem of obtaining enough specimens for extractions and analyses . unfortunately , there are no reliable data on the number of dorids
skin chemistry . clearly , such data would be of inestimable interest , especially if the chemistry of the diets were also known . the entries below are listed alphabetically by genus .
springer - verlag , berlin ; and cimino & ghiselin 2009 proc calif acad sci 60 : 175 ( this last is a useful compendium of current knowledge of chemical defenses in world opisthobranch species . it deals not just with details of defensive chemistry , but also with how the chemistry has influenced opisthobranch evolution )
primarily eats bryozoans , and has a characteristic fragrant odour . analysis of specimens collected in barkley sound , british columbia reveals the presence of 3 related sesquiterpenoid aldehydes , at least one of which ,
ayer et al . 1984 tetrahedron letters 25 : 141 ; ayer et al . 1984 j org chem 49 : 2654 ; graziani & andersen 1996 j am chem soc 118 : 4701 .
photograph courtesy n . elder and linda schroeder , pacific northwest shell club , seattle , washington pnwsc .
from barkley sound , british columbia reveals the presence of 2 related steroidal ketones that may have anti - feedant properties .
. apparently , most of what is visible in the photograph is digestive - gland material . the authors conjecture that on the first breach of the membrane surrounding the gland , toxins may be released into the gastrovascular cavity that initiate regurgitation . the
by the authors , is noted to be a powerful cholinergic agent that , when injected intraperitoneally into mice , frogs , and chicks , has neuromuscular effects leading in some cases to death . its effect on
apparently , a similar type of toxin is present in both a . californica and a .
winkler & tilton 1962 pac sci 16 : 286 ; winkler 1961 pac sci 15 : 211 .
not much is known about possible predators of this little - studied species . green turtles
in the gulf of california are known to eat them , and not just by their presence in fecal remains of the turtles as observed in the paper cited here . in captivity , the turtles readily eat
specimen from la jolla , california are first minced , extracted with acetone , and then chromatographically separated .
of this preliminary study reveal that most bromine is stored in the digestive gland and little in the other body parts examined . bromine compounds are absent in the opaline - gland secretions .
, but apparently not for the cholinergic agent described in research study 1 above . a previous search for the source of the organic bromides in the red - algal food of
the data for each body part are presented as % bromine and % lipid of the total found in that body part . as not all body parts are included , the totals may fall short of 100 %
, one of the preferred foodstuffs of the sea hare . additionally , the researchers identify 2 new halogenated monoterpenes derived from another preferred food of
. the authors speculate that the digestive gland may be used to store algal metabolites used in a chemical defense system , but how the substances are mobilised is , at the time , unknown .
starts with the questions : 1 ) is the digestive gland used solely for storage of toxic chemicals to be employed in defense , and 2 ) does the digestive gland chemically transform these toxic substances ? the answer turns out to be a little of both , as chemicals are stored there and they also undergo transformation . the authors report that 2 algal metabolites derived from the preferred diets of red algae
, shows that the compounds are almost exclusively stored in the digestive glands , and not in skin , ink , or eggs . the authors remark on the counterintuitive nature of the results , in that skin and eggs would be ones first encountered by a potential predator , and ink would allow predators to taste and reject the prey without causing it mortal damage . the
’s natural diet of red algae . the principal metabolite identified in the ink of
is the same monoterpene as found in the digestive gland . overall , the authors conclude that the sequestered compounds in
and in the other anaspids studied are not located primarily for defense . this is an interesting idea and certainly warrents further research .
are tropical , and will not be dealt with here . the sea hare species
the tissues are homogenised , set into food - pellet form with alginate binding , and offered to the crabs . results show lower palatability for
the experiments seem nicely controlled and analysed but , apart from any interest in what seems first - off to be fairly predictable results , the point of the study is hard to comprehend . much of the discussion in the paper deals with explaining “caveats” to the authors’ main conclusion that “
intermixed with with temperate ones may have introduced unexpected and unwanted biases , and 4 ) that the hermit crab itself may , for some unexplained reason , be generally ßbiased against consumption of sea - hare toxins but , from an objective viewpoint , they all seem like reasons for not undertaking the study in the first place . one interesting and valid hypothesis relating to
subsequent to a nonlethal predatory attack possibly leading to reduction of predation from a certain source , proferred up in the paper’s introduction and generating great initial interest in the reader , is never tested in the study .
, and these are only present in the dorsal mantle , the part exposed to potential predators . preliminary tests show some antifeedant activity of 5 of these metabolites against fishes .
, and are identified as being the same as , or derived from related compounds , in the sponge .
tischler & andersen 1989 tetrahedron letters 30 : 5717 ; tischler et al . 1991 j org chem 56 : 42 .
sp . collected at graham island , british columbia . further , an analogue of these 2 substances ,
from populations in british columbia and california show that endogenous concentrations vary inversely with the availability of structurally similar compounds in their foods . this suggests that
biosynthesis of defensive compounds according to need . based on the assumption that sequestration of terpenoids and other ( defensive ? ) compounds from the diet is more primitive than
which does both , in an intermediate position in the evolution of nudibranch chemical defenses .
of the 100 or so compounds isolated from nudibranchs to date , most are terpenoids .
, and a new drimane sesquiterpenoid 1alpha , 2alpha - diacetoxyalbicanyl acetate in its egg masses . several new sesquiterpenoids , as well as 4 other terpenoids previously isolated from
sp . , both species eaten by the nudibranch . the authors are interested in collecting and analysing specimens of
from as many sites in british columbia as possible , in part , to attempt to answer the question as to the origin of the terpenoids ( see map ) .
synthesis or even for modifying some of the sequestered metabolites . the authors provide a good overview of the research that they have done to date on the subject .
test of function of supposed chemical defenses in an animal , whether vertebrate or invertebrate , marine or terrestrial , is difficult , mainly owing to lack of knowledge of natural predators and to lack of suitable controls . if a predator is confronted with a nudibranch and doesn’t attack , or attacks and doesn’t eat , the reason may be unrelated to presence of purported chemical defenses . there could be physical reasons for unpalatability such as spines or thick integument , or a failure to recognise the nudibranch is a potential prey , or satiation of the predator from an earlier meal . the difficulty of interpreting results of such predator / prey
has a well - characterised “secondary chemistry” in the form of various terpenoids , thought to be defensive but never rigorously tested . predators used in the experiment include crabs
that mouth and swallow their prey . the predators are kept under laboratory conditions for 1wk and fed bits of squid at regular intervals to accustom them to accepting food , but are not given enough to satiate them . half the trials involve presenting squid bits first , followed by
individuals , with the order reversed in the other half of the trials . predators that do not eat the control bits of squid are discarded . out of approximately 50 trials , only 1
is eaten . many of the test nudibranchs are wounded during the feeding trials , but recovery ( except when they are partially digested ) is good over a subsequent week’s recuperation time . the author concludes that
collected at point loma , california reveals the presence of 9 chlorinated acetylenes , any or all of which may be involved in chemical defense .
collected at point loma , california . in both localities sponges comprise the main dietary component and the authors
that the difference in skin chemistry is a consequence of eating different sponge diets at the 2 sites . at the time the work was published the actual sponges being eaten had not been identified .
extraction procedure involves immediately immersing freshly collected specimens in methanol for several days . speed is essential because many nudibranchs lose their chemicals quickly , perhaps from handling which may mimic attack from a predator or other animall . no mention is made in these research studies on
collected at various sites in british columbia . the authors note that the ability to make these potentially defensive chemicals , known as
, should increase the range of habitats available to a species by eliminating its dietary dependence on prey rich in the required secondary metabolite ( s ) .
) and mice . the authors designate the unidentified pharmacologically active substances collectively as “dorid toxin” .
andersen & fuk wah sum 1980 tetrahedron letters 21 : 797 ; gustafson et al 1984 tetrahedron letters 25 : 11 ; gustafson & andersen 1985 tetrahedron 41 : 1101 .
as to whether one strategy has an advantage over the other , the authors simply note that any advantage of not being dependent on specific food sources for defensive metabolites is balanced against the need to maintain a complex biosynthetic mechanism .
faulkner et al . 1990 comp biochem physiol 97c : 233 ; see also hellou et al . 1982 tetrahedron 38 : 1875 .
than pellets containing no extract ( by about 50 % ) , supporting an anti - feedant role for acid glyceride and glyceryl ether present in the nudibranch ' s tissues ( see accompanying histogram ) .
defense . for example , if a chemical is added to a high - quality food ( e . g . , one that is more nutritious or even more tasty ) it may have less apparent deterrence than if it were added to a low - quality food . additionally and obviously , chemicals do not act in isolation , and this must be factored into deterrence - assessment experiments . the literature on the subject of marine chemical defense is voluminous , especially relating to seaweeds , sponges , gorgonians and , especially , nudibranchs .
two artificial foods are created , one with 12 % dry mass organic content to mimic the organic content of spiculated dorid nudibranchs ( intended as a
low
quality food ) , the other with 22 % dry mass organic content ( a
high
quality food ) . one - half the pellets is treated with methanol extract of dried
before being set in alginate gel ( with extract ) ; the other half is treated only with methanol solvent as a without extract control . low nutritional content of an opisthobranch as a
defense
is considered elsewhere in the odyssey :
the author does not consider possible diffusion or degradative losses of the extracted chemicals during the trials ( lasting up to a day ) , perhaps because these are likely to be small owing to low water - solubility of the chemicals . even if losses do occur , strong significance is shown in any case in the statistical tests
responds to touch by releasing secretions from ectodermal glands distributed widely over the body . the secretion , described as smelling like oil of
direct observations of predation on melibe leonina in the field are rare . in 5 such instances , kelp crabs pugettia producta are observed to catch and eat melibe that they pluck from their perches in macrocystis kelp plants .
result in the sea stars curling the arms upwards and towards the central disc .
collected near the university of british columbia reveal 2 degraded monoterpenes , one of which ( the aldehyde , 2 , 6 - dimethyl - 5 - heptenal ) is responsible for the fragrant odour of the animals . the odour is so distinctive it can be discerned by scuba - divers collecting
investigations of the gland secretions of melibe leonina in victoria , british columbia show that the glands are , indeed , repugnatorial . tests with sea stars pycnopodia helianthoides , leptasterias hexactis , dermasterias imbricata , and pisaster ochraceus show that tube - foot contact with live melibe leonina causes arm withdrawal and retreat of the test subjects . small specimens of p . helianthoides also respond similarly to contact with filter paper saturated with the secretion .
application of seawater filtrate of ground - up tube feet of pycnopodia to test melibe , however , fails to elicit discharge of the substance . feeding tests with cottid and gobiid fishes , more likely to be predators of melibe than sea stars ( owing to their habitat of living in kelp plants ) result in rejection of test pieces of melibe cerata .
. two types of cells comprise the main secretory component of the gland , and these are thought by the author to release defensive chemical and mucin , respectively .
collected from bowen island , british columbia show that its characteristic odour originates from the epidermal repugnatorial glands . the substance is identified as a degraded terpenoid 2 , 6 - dimethyl - 5 - heptenal , and is made by the nudibranch via
are isolated from a bright yellow secretion emitted from glands located near the anus . based on their observations that a tracking individual will immediately turn off the slime trail of a leading conspecific when it senses the yellow secretion , the authors suggest that it may be some sort of
communicating danger to a following individual . the glandular nature of the navenone secretion suggests that it is
is released from pores on papillae located on the mantle edge . although the authors do not test the predator - deterrent effects of
. the substance causes several related effects on heart function in rodents , including reduction of heart rate in anaesthetised mice by 50 % for several hours , after which the mice recover completely .
in monterey bay , california , in addition to eating several species of sponges , also eat detritus about half the time . analysis of digestive - gland extracts from
when the animals are eating sponges . however , when they eat detritus , certain chemicals that the author calls “histamine” , normally present in the sponges , disappear from the digestive - gland extracts . thus , the pharmacological properties of the extracts change depending upon where the nudibranchs are collected . interestingly , different individuals of
display different preferences for sponge species to eat . in its wanderings , one individual will bypass several sponge species to get to another , while another individual will make its own different selection . interference competition appears not to be involved ; however , the author suggests that it may be a form of resource partitioning . somewhat paradoxically , exposure to physiological doses of extracts from sponges normally eaten causes
to flee , while exposure to extracts from sponges not normally eaten causes violent spasms , increased mucus production , and sometimes death in the nudibranchs . clearly , further research is needed on this interesting subject .
in port hardy , british columbia has at least 6 different , but related , terpenoids identifiable in skin extracts . all but one of these metabolites can be directly traced to the soft coral
biosynthesis of these chemicals . in the former category are nudibranch species whose skin chemistry varies with the different food - species eaten in their diverse habitats , while those in the second category have constant metabolic compositions over their entire geographic range . the bryozoan - eating
is an example of the latter , and its skin chemistry is identical at all collecting sites from alaska to southern california . its principal skin metabolite
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this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed . for attribution , the original author ( s ) , title , publication source ( peerj ) and either doi or url of the article must be cited .
) of the northwestern sea of japan , primorskiy krai , russia . all the collecting was made manually by scuba diving , mostly on rocky walls , platforms , and the pinnacles . four specimens of
collected in the white sea biological station , moscow university , white sea , russia were also examined . the specimens were deposited in the collections of the museum of a . v . zhirmunsky institute of marine biology , russian academy of sciences ( mimb ) and zoological museum , moscow state university ( zmmu ) .
1–kievka bay ( 42 . 84°n 133 . 65°e ) , 2–olga bay ( 43 . 74°n 135 . 27°e ) , 3–vladimir bay ( 43 . 91°n 135 . 50°e ) , 4–dva brata , senkina shapka ( 44 . 33°n 135 . 84°e ) , 5–rudnaya bay , brynner cape ( 44 . 36°n 135 . 80°e ) , 6–tretya langou , kamenka bay ( 44 . 42°n 135 . 94°e ) , 7–oprichnik bay ( 44 . 45°n 136 . 00°e ) .
field study permits were not required for this study and none of the species studied herein are currently under legal protection . all the collected specimens were preserved in 95 % ethanol . photography was performed with a nikon d300 or d810 cameras with a nikkor 105 / 2 . 8g lens in appropriate sea & sea housings with sea & sea ys - d1 strobes when used underwater . all sizes given are living measurements , radular features were examined after carbon coating by field emission scanning electron microscope zeiss sigma using a etse detector at eht 10 kv . color plates were composed with adobe photoshop software and original colors of the images were not modified .
, dna extraction was performed using dneasy kit ( qiagen ) . folmer’s universal coi (
, the coi fragment was amplified only . the master mix ( for each sample ) was prepared using 34 . 75 ml h
o , 5 . 00 ml pcr buffer ( evrogen , moscow , russia ) , 5 . 00 ml 25 mm mgcl
, 1 . 00 ml 40 mm dntps , 1 . 00 ml 10 mm primer 1 , 1 . 00 ml primer 2 , 0 . 25 ml 5 mg / ml taq , and 1 . 00 ml extracted dna . reaction conditions were an initial denaturation for 3 min at 95 c , 39 cycles of 1 ) denaturation for 45 sec at 94 °c , 2 ) annealing for 45 sec at 50 °c , and 3 ) elongation for 2 min at 72 °c , and a final elongation for 10 min at 72 °c . pcr products yielding bands of appropriate size ( approximately 695 bp in coi , and 421 in 16s ) were purified using the montage pcr cleanup kit ( millipore ) . cleaned pcr samples were quantified using a nanodrop 3000 spectrophotometer ( thermo scientific ) . sequencing was conducted by sanger ddntp termination method using brightdye chemistry ( nimagen ) and abi 3500 genetic analyser ( applied biosystems ) . the sequences were assembled and edited using bioedit (
the electronic version of this article in portable document format ( pdf ) will represent a published work according to the international commission on zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , and hence the new names contained in the electronic version are effectively published under that code from the electronic edition alone . this published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains have been registered in zoobank , the online registration system for the iczn . the zoobank lsids ( life science identifiers ) can be resolved and the associated information viewed through any standard web browser by appending the lsid to the prefix urltoken . the lsid for this publication is : urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 02814e3b - c41f - 4aa7 - 80b9 - d4dd2ed73ff2 . the online version of this work is archived and available from the following digital repositories : peerj , pubmed central and clockss .
abgd method ( puillandre et al . , 2012 ) is based on pairwise distances , detecting the breaks in the distribution referred to as the “barcode gap” ( hebert et al . , 2003 ) without any prior species hypothesis . it is commonly used for species delimitation analyses , including the latest works on molluscan taxa ( jörger et al . , 2012 ; barco et al . , 2013 ; krug et al . , 2013 ; ekimova et al . , 2015 ; katugin et al . , 2015 ) . the abgd program is available at the web - site urltoken . we analyzed coi and 16s alignments using uncorrected p - distance . the other settings remained as default except the relative gap width ( x ) was set to 0 . 9 for 16s dataset .
( a , b ) melanochlamys yezoensis , rudnaya bay . ( c , d ) melanochlamys sp . , vladimir bay . ( e , f ) retusa minima , kievka bay . ( g ) limacina helicina , rudnaya bay . ( h ) clione limacina , rudnaya bay . ( i ) runcinida valentinae , senkina shapka . ( j ) placida cf . babai , dva brata . ( k ) egg mass of p . cf . babai , nevelsk , sakhallin .