spongia is a genus of marine sponges in the family spongiidae , originally described by linnaeus in 1759 , containing more than 50 species .

some species , including spongia officinalis , are used as cleaning tools , but have mostly been replaced in that use by synthetic or plant material .

spongia

to sponge barcoding database ( spongia sp . 0951 cf . ) to sponge barcoding database ( spongia sp . 15 ) to itis
limnobium spongia ( bosc ) rich . ex steud . show all show tabs american spongeplant
it may be noted that spongia coughs are generally accompanied by wheezing sounds and obstinate mucous .
spongia tosta is available in a multi - dose tube , with approx . 80 pellets .
, especially warm drinks . the dry , chronic sympathetic cough or organic heart disease is relieved by spongia (
species spongia arborescens var . lamarck , 1814 accepted as amphimedon compressa duchassaing & michelotti , 1864 ( genus transfer and homonym )
worsened symptoms : spongia people feel bad when they are in an ascending position , before midnight and when there is wind .
to barcode of life ( 1 barcode ) ( from synonym spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 140 publications ) ( from synonym euspongia officinalis ( linnaeus , 1759 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 166 publications ) ( from synonym spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 23 publications ) ( from synonym spongia adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 3 publications ) ( from synonym spongia quarnerensis schmidt , 1862 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 7 publications ) ( from synonym spongia mollissima schmidt , 1862 ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) ( from synonym spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 49 nucleotides ; 5 proteins ) ( from synonym spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) to global biotic interactions ( globi ) to pesi to pesi ( from synonym spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) to pesi ( from synonym spongia mollissima schmidt , 1862 ) to pesi ( from synonym spongia adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) to pesi ( from synonym spongia quarnerensis schmidt , 1862 ) to pesi ( from synonym spongia officinalis var . adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 1 record ) ( from synonym spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 1 record ) ( from synonym euspongia officinalis ( linnaeus , 1759 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 15 records ) ( from synonym euspongia officinalis ( linnaeus , 1759 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 19 records ) ( from synonym euspongia officinalis ( linnaeus , 1759 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 2 records ) ( from synonym spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 3 records ) ( from synonym spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 4 records ) ( from synonym spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 44 records ) ( from synonym euspongia officinalis ( linnaeus , 1759 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 45 records ) ( from synonym euspongia officinalis ( linnaeus , 1759 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 7 records ) ( from synonym spongia adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 9 records ) ( from synonym spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( holotype usnm 23200 ) ( from synonym spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 )
remark the present list includes linnaean and pallasian spongia species which have been taken from animal base urltoken consulted in 2007 . [ details ]
below are the strongest indications ( i . e . symptoms ) of spongia tosta in traditional homeopathic usage , not reviewed by the fda .
what made you want to look up spongia ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
as mentioned before , spongia tosta is an effective remedy for croup . this remedy is an effective medication for treating dry cough that is not only excruciating , but also hoarse . medications prepared from spongia tosta may also be given to patients enduring a ticklish sensation low down in the chest as well as a feeling as if something is obstructing the larynx . in addition , spongia is effective in treating problems like severe nervousness accompanied by cough when an individual wakes up abruptly in the middle of the night feeling suffocated . spongia tosta is especially given to patients when aconite fails to yield the desired results in these conditions .
the waters in the mediterranean region , especially places close to syria and greece , as well as other seas across the globe form the main resources for spongia tosta .
improved symptoms : generally spongia people feel better when they are positioned in a descending manner - lying with his or her head in a position lower to the remaining body .
limnobium spongia blooms from summer to fall . limnobium spongia is the only limnobium species known to occur in florida ( wunderlin , 2014 ) . frog’s bit is located in the southeastern u . s . , as well as a few states in the north . in addition to water hyacinth , it is can also be confused with european frog - bit .
the dry , chronic sympathetic cough or organic heart disease is relieved by spongia tosta ( naja tripudia naja . ) irrepressible cough from a spot deep in chest , as if raw and sore
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) karimi , e . ; ramos , m . ; gonçalves , j . m . s . ; xavier , j . r . ; reis , m . p . ; costa , r . ( 2017 ) . comparative metagenomics reveals the distinctive adaptive features of the spongia officinalis endosymbiotic consortium . frontiers in microbiology . 8 ( 2499 ) : 1 - 16 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 3 [ details ]
spongia is an excellent remedy for coughs . this homeopathic remedy is beneficial for people who have a dry and persistent cough that sounds like barking . it may also be given to people who have a burning sensation in the throat and chest when they wake up or whose sleep is disturbed by coughing . spongia is also helpful in alleviating any burning sensation or pain in the chest . this remedy is also prescribed for treating coughs that become worse when the patient is in a warm room .
medications prepared from spongia tosta are also administered to patients suffering from laryngitis accompanied with a dry , burning feeling in the throat that is highly sensitive to touch . this remedy is especially effective for people who have a family history of chest problems and tuberculosis .
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) cruz , t . ( 2002 ) . esponjas marinas de canarias . consejería de política territorial y medio ambiente del gobierno de canarias . s / c tenerife . 260 pp . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) lévi , c . ( 1961 ) . spongiaires des iles philippines , principalement récoltées au voisinage de zamboanga . philippine journal of science . 88 ( 4 ) : 509 - 533 . page ( s ) : 529 [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) burton , m . ( 1936 ) . the fishery ground near alexandria . ix . sponges . notes and memoirs of the fisheries research directorate , cairo . 17 : 1 - 28 . page ( s ) : 24 [ details ]
it may be noted here that the common sponge ( scientific name spongia tosta ) is basically an animal which is not capable of physical mobility by itself . the sole movement noticed in this animal seems to be its capability to propel water through the canals present in its body .
( of spongia mollissima schmidt , 1862 ) schmidt , o . ( 1862 ) . die spongien des adriatischen meeres . ( wilhelm engelmann : leipzig ) : i - viii , 1 - 88 , pls 1 - 7 . page ( s ) : 23 - 24 [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis var . adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) burton , m . ( 1936 ) . the fishery ground near alexandria . ix . sponges . notes and memoirs of the fisheries research directorate , cairo . 17 : 1 - 28 . page ( s ) : 24 [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) corriero , g . ( 1989 ) . the sponge fauna from the stagnone di marsala ( sicily ) : taxonomic and ecological observations . bolletino museo istituto biologia università genova . 53 : 101 - 113 . page ( s ) : 103 [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis mediterranea hyatt , 1877 ) hyatt , a . ( 1877 ) . revision of the north american poriferae ; with remarks upon foreign species . part ii . memoirs of the boston society of natural history . 2 : 481 - 554 , pls xv - xvii . [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis var . adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) pouliquen , l . ( 1972 ) . les spongiaires des grottes sous - marines de la région de marseille : ecologie et systématique . téthys . 3 ( 4 ) : 717 - 758 . page ( s ) : 728 [ details ]
( of spongia adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) schmidt , o . ( 1862 ) . die spongien des adriatischen meeres . ( wilhelm engelmann : leipzig ) : i - viii , 1 - 88 , pls 1 - 7 . page ( s ) : 20 - 22 ; pl ii fig 1 [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) lévi , c . ( 1957 ) . spongiaires des côtes d ' israel . bulletin of the research council of israel . 6 b ( 3 - 4 ) : 201 - 212 . page ( s ) : 202 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
common sponge or spongia tosta possesses numerous therapeutic properties and , hence , it is recommended for treating a number of conditions associated with the respiratory organs - for instance croup ( a throat condition characterized by a hoarse cough and difficulty in breathing ) , cough and others . this homeopathic remedy is also effective for treating health affections as it is usually prescribed for treating tubercular diathesis . this is especially effective or beneficial for fair - complexioned children with lax fiber and having swollen glands . in addition , spongia tosta is useful for curing tiredness and heaviness of the body following a minor physical exertion , anxiety , and troublesome breathing .
( of spongia officinalis mediterranea var . tubuliformis hyatt , 1877 ) hyatt , a . ( 1877 ) . revision of the north american poriferae ; with remarks upon foreign species . part ii . memoirs of the boston society of natural history . 2 : 481 - 554 , pls xv - xvii . [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis mediterranea var . zimocciformis hyatt , 1877 ) hyatt , a . ( 1877 ) . revision of the north american poriferae ; with remarks upon foreign species . part ii . memoirs of the boston society of natural history . 2 : 481 - 554 , pls xv - xvii . [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) labate , m . ( 1964 ) . poriferi di grotta superficiale del litorale adriatico pugliese . annali del pontificio istituto scienze e lettere s . chiara , napoli . 14 , 319 - 342 . page ( s ) : 338 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) sarà , m . ( 1958 ) . studio sui poriferi di una grotta di marea del golfo di napoli . archivo zoologico italiano . 43 : 203 - 281 , pls i - ii . page ( s ) : 273 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) maldonado , m . ( 1992 ) . demosponges of the red coral bottoms from the alboran sea . journal of natural history . 26 : 1131 - 1161 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 1 135 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) lombas , i . ( 1982 ) . distribución , de esponjas esciafilas en la zona intermareal de aramar ( luanco , asturias ) . boletim de ciencias naturales idea . 29 : 37 - 50 . page ( s ) : 46 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) schmidt , o . ( 1864 ) . supplement der spongien des adriatischen meeres . enthaltend die histologie und systematische ergänzungen . ( wilhelm engelmann : leipzig ) . i - vi : 1 - 48 , pls 1 - 4 . page ( s ) : 24 - 26 [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) sarà , m . ( 1961 ) . la fauna di poriferi delle grotte delle isole tremiti . studio ecologico e sistematico . archivio zoologico italiano . 46 : 1 - 59 , pls i - ii . page ( s ) : 55 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) sarà , m . ( 1958 ) . contributo all consoscenza dei poriferi del mar ligure . annali di museo civico di storia naturale genova . 70 ( 1 ) : 207 - 244 . page ( s ) : 239 ; pl xi [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) solórzano , m . r . ( 1990 ) . poríferos del litoral gallego : estudio faunístico , distribución e inventario . phd thesis unversidad de santiago de compostela . 1036 pp . page ( s ) : 1042 - 1046 ; lám . 137 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) rützler , k . ( 1965 ) . systematik und ökologie der poriferen aus litoral - schattengebieten der nordadria . zeitschrift für morphologie und ökologie der tiere . 55 ( 1 ) : 1 - 82 . page ( s ) : 43 - 44 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
as aforesaid , sponge encloses considerable amounts of bromine and iodine and are made use of by the allopathic mode of medication as well as the homeopathic system of treatment to cure conditions , such as goiter , as well as other problems related to the thyroid gland . the symptoms of the conditions that are treated by spongia tosta include :
( of spongia quarnerensis schmidt , 1862 ) schmidt , o . ( 1862 ) . die spongien des adriatischen meeres . ( wilhelm engelmann : leipzig ) : i - viii , 1 - 88 , pls 1 - 7 . page ( s ) : 22 - 23 ; pl ii fig 2 & pl iii fig 1 [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) corriero , g . ; pansini , m . ; sarà , m . ( 1984 ) . sui poriferi della insenatura della strea a porto cesareo ( lecce ) . thalassia salentina . 14 , 1 - 10 . page ( s ) : 8 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis var . adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) sarà , m . ( 1960 ) . poriferi del litorale dell’isola d’lschia e loro ripartizioneper ambienti . pubblicazioni della stazione zoologica di napoli . 31 ( 3 ) : 421 - 472 , pls xii - xiii . page ( s ) : 469 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) topaloğlu , b . ( 2001 ) . sponge fauna in the littoral zone of the marmara sea . rapports et procès verbaux des réunions de la commission internationale pour l ' exploration de la mer méditerranée , . 36 , 421 . page ( s ) : 421 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) gerovasileiou , v . ; voultsiadou , e . ( 2012 ) . marine caves of the mediterranean sea : a sponge biodiversity reservoir within a biodiversity hotspot . plos one . 7 ( 7 ) : e39873 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : table s1 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
usually , the waters in mediterranean region close to greece and syria are the places from where spongia tosta is collected . following the collection of sponge , it is cleaned meticulously in order to get rid of sand and subsequently toasted in a drum made of any metal . once it is dried out , sponge is crushed to obtain a powdered form of the substance .
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) pansini , m . ( 1987 ) . report on a collection of demospongiae from soft bottoms of the eastern adriatic sea . in : jones wc ( ed ) european contributions to the taxonomy of sponges . publications of the sherkin island marine station . 1 , 41 - 53 . page ( s ) : 51 [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) pulitzer - finali , g . ; pronzato , r . ( 1976 ) . report on a collection of sponges from the bay of naples . ii . keratosa . pubblicazioni della stazione zoologica di napoli . 40 ( 1 ) : 83 - 104 . page ( s ) : 90 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) voultsiadou - koukoura , e . ; koukouras , a . ( 1993 ) . contribution to the knowledge of keratose sponges ( dictyoceratida , dendroceratida , verongida : demospongiae , porifera ) of the aegean sea . mitt . zool . mus . berlin . 69 , 57 - 72 . page ( s ) : 58 - 59 [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) vacelet , j . ( 1976 ) . inventaire des spongiaires du parc national de port - cros ( var ) . travaux scientifiques du parc national de port - cros . 2 , 167 - 186 . page ( s ) : 182 ; note : only 2 small specimens recorded in 1976 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) pansini , m . ; morri , c . ; bianchi , c . n . ( 2000 ) . the sponge community of a subtidal area with hydrothermal vents : milos island , aegean sea . estuarine coastal shelf science . 51 , 627 - 635 . page ( s ) : 630 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) boury - esnault , n . ( 1971 ) . spongiaires de la zone rocheuse de banyuls - sur - mer . ii . systématique . vie et milieu . 22 ( 2 ) : 287 - 349 . page ( s ) : 338 - 339 ; note : with a short description [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) pulitzer - finali , g . ; pronzato , r . ( 1981 [ 1980 ] ) . the keratosa in a collection of mediterranean sponges mainly from the italian coasts . annali del museo civico di storia naturale giacomo doria . 83 : 127 - 158 . page ( s ) : 137 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) ben mustapha , k ; zarrouk , s . ; souissi , a . ; el abed , a . ( 2003 ) . diversité des démosponges tunisiennes . bulletin institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer de salammbô . 30 , 55 - 78 . page ( s ) : 73 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1759 ) . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus ii . editio decima , reformata . - pp . [ 1 - 4 ] , 825 - 1384 . holmiæ . ( l . salvii ) . [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) vacelet , j . ( 1959 ) . répartition générale des éponges et systématique des éponges cornées de la région de marseille et de quelques stations méditerranéennes . recueil des travaux de la station marine d’endoume . 16 ( 26 ) : 39 - 101 , pls 1 - 3 . page ( s ) : 76 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) kefalas , e . ; castritsi - catharios , i ; miliou , h . ( 2003 ) . the impacts of scallop dredging on sponge assemblages in the gulf of kalloni ( aegean sea , northeastern mediterranean ) . ices journal of marine science . 60 , 402 - 10 . page ( s ) : 406 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
spongia people are not generally mornings people . such patients usually wake up scared and nervous and are habitually depressed and complaining . they are apprehensive of death and believe that they may perhaps succumb to any disease related to the heart . in addition , they are also fearful of suffocation . on many occasions , such patients wake up in the middle of the night in a condition of extreme trepidation and nervousness .
( of spongia officinalis var . adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) lopes , m . t . ; boury - esnault , n . ( 1981 ) . contribution à la connaissance des éponges cornées de la côte de l ' arrábida et de l ' algarve . arquivos do museu bocage . 1 ( 6 ) : 95 - 110 . page ( s ) : 99 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis var . adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) vacelet , j . ( 1959 ) . répartition générale des éponges et systématique des éponges cornées de la région de marseille et de quelques stations méditerranéennes . recueil des travaux de la station marine d’endoume . 16 ( 26 ) : 39 - 101 , pls 1 - 3 . page ( s ) : 76 - 77 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) ellis , j . ; solander , d . ( 1786 ) . the natural history of many curious and uncommon zoophytes , collected from various parts of the globe . systematically arranged and described by the late daniel solander . 4 . ( benjamin white & son : london ) : 1 - 206 , pls 1 - 63 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 183 - 184 [ details ]
( of spongia mollissima schmidt , 1862 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of spongia adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of spongia quarnerensis schmidt , 1862 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis var . adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) carballo , j . l . ; garcia - gómez , j . c . ( 1994 ) . esponjas del estrecho de gibraltar y áreas próximas , con nuevas aportaciones para la fauna iberica [ porifera from the straits of gibraltar and nearby areas , new species of the iberian fauna ] . cahiers de biologie marine . 35 ( 2 ) : 193 - 211 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 196 [ details ]
before we conclude the discussion on this topic , it needs to be reiterated that both allopathic as well as homeopathic medications prepared from spongia tosta are effective for treating laryngitis . laryngitis is a very painful condition characterized by an inflamed , dry , flaming , contracted and aching larynx . people enduring laryngitis feel hurt most when they talk or try to swallow any food . in addition , people suffering from laryngitis find it difficult to breathe and they are hurt while trying to turn their head .
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) rützler , k . ; van soest , r . w . m . ; piantoni , c . ( 2009 ) . sponges ( porifera ) of the gulf of mexico . in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas . 285–313 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) harmelin , j . - g . ; boury - esnault , n . ; fichez , r . ; vacelet , j . ; zibrowius , h . ( 2003 ) . peuplement de la grotte sous - marine de l ' ile de bagaud ( parc national de port - cros , france , méditerranée ) . rapport scientifique du parc national de port - cros . 19 , 117 - 134 . page ( s ) : 128 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) cook , s . de c . ; bergquist , p . r . ( 2002 ) . family spongiidae gray , 1867 . pp . 1051 - 1060 . in : hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of spongia officinalis linnaeus , 1759 ) carter , h . j . ( 1876 ) . descriptions and figures of deep - sea sponges and their spicules , from the atlantic ocean , dredged up on board h . m . s . ‘porcupine’ , chiefly in 1869 ( concluded ) . annals and magazine of natural history . ( 4 ) 18 ( 105 ) : 226 - 240 ; ( 106 ) : 307 - 324 ; ( 107 ) : 388 - 410 ; ( 108 ) : 458 - 479 , pls xii - xvi . [ details ]
as mentioned above , spongia tosta possesses numerous therapeutic properties and , hence , is prescribed by allopathic as well as homeopathic medical practitioners to treat a number of ailments . in general , this homeopathic remedy is used to cure toxic symptoms which may be caused by goiter - breathlessness , palpitations and flushing . in addition , this remedy is also effective in treating asthma , severe , dry , croupy coughs as well as heart ailments . the symptoms usually related to the above mentioned conditions comprise a feeling of being tired and immensity following any trivial physical exertion ; a blushing face or neck ; cruel palpitations accompanied by anginal chest pains as well as a feeling of suffocation which usually wakes the patient soon after midnight .
frog’s - bit , american spongeplant – limnobium spongia frog’s - bit is a native plant that can be floating or rooted . it occurs in many water types throughout florida . it can form dense mats that crowd out almost all other plants . frog’s - bit leaves are very thick and leathery . they are either rounded or , in younger leaves , somewhat heart - shaped . the younger leaves tend to be bright and shiny above and reddish underneath , with rounded lobes . undersides of young leaves have a central disk of red spongy cells . the leaf stalks have ridges on either side and are firm . in field situations , frog’s - bit can be confused with water hyacinth , eichhornia crassipes . the best way to tell the difference between the two is to look at the roots and stems . frog’s - bit has whitish roots . water hyacinth has dark roots . frog’s - bit has a slender , ridged leaf stalk . water hyacinth has fleshy stems that are sometimes bulbous .
linnaeus , c . ( 1759 ) . systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . tomus ii . editio decima , reformata . - pp . [ 1 - 4 ] , 825 - 1384 . holmiæ . ( l . salvii ) . [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; rützler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; schönberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; díaz , m . - c . ; cárdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; ríos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .
bergquist , p . r . ( 1980 ) . a revision of the supraspecific classification of the orders dictyoceratida , dendroceratida and verongida ( class demospongiae ) . new zealand journal of zoology . 7 ( 4 ) : 443 - 503 . page ( s ) : 450 - 452 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
cook , s . de c . ; bergquist , p . r . ( 2002 ) . family spongiidae gray , 1867 . pp . 1051 - 1060 . in : hooper , j . n . a . & van soest , r . w . m . ( ed . ) systema porifera . a guide to the classification of sponges . kluwer academic / plenum publishers : new york , boston , dordrecht , london , moscow . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
vacelet , j . ( 1959 ) . répartition générale des éponges et systématique des éponges cornées de la région de marseille et de quelques stations méditerranéennes . recueil des travaux de la station marine d’endoume . 16 ( 26 ) : 39 - 101 , pls 1 - 3 . page ( s ) : 73 - 74 ; note : with description [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of euspongia officinalis ( linnaeus , 1759 ) ) lendenfeld , r . von . ( 1888 ) . descriptive catalogue of the sponges in the australian museum , sidney . ( taylor & francis : london ) : i - xiv , 1 - 260 , pls 1 - 12 . page ( s ) : 125 - 130 [ details ]
( of euspongia officinalis ( linnaeus , 1759 ) ) lendenfeld , r . von . ( 1889 ) . a monograph of the horny sponges . ( trübner and co . : london ) : iii - iv , 1 - 936 , pls 1 - 50 . , available online at urltoken ; view = 1up ; seq = 1 page ( s ) : 262 - 266 [ details ]
( of euspongia officinalis ( linnaeus , 1759 ) ) reyss , d . ( 1964 ) . contribution à l ' étude du rech lacaze - duthiers , vallée sous - marine des côtes du rousillon . vie & milieu . 15 , 1 - 46 . page ( s ) : 16 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of euspongia officinalis var . adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) lendenfeld , r . von . ( 1889 ) . a monograph of the horny sponges . ( trübner and co . : london ) : iii - iv , 1 - 936 , pls 1 - 50 . , available online at urltoken ; view = 1up ; seq = 1 page ( s ) : 267 - 268 [ details ]
( of euspongia officinalis var . adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) schulze , f . e . ( 1879 ) . untersuchungen über den bau und die entwicklung der spongien . siebente mittheilung . die familie der spongidae . zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche zoologie . 32 : 593 - 660 , pls xxxiv - xxxviii . page ( s ) : 619 ; pl xxxiv fig 1 - 3 [ details ]
( of euspongia officinalis var . adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) topsent , e . ( 1901 ) . considérations sur la faune des spongiaires des côtes d’algérie . eponges de la calle . archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale . ( 3 ) 9 : 327 - 370 , pls xiii - xiv . page ( s ) : 359 [ details ]
( of euspongia officinalis var . adriatica schmidt , 1862 ) topsent , e . ( 1925 ) . etude des spongiaires du golfe de naples . archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale . 63 ( 5 ) : 623 - 725 , pl . viii . page ( s ) : 715 [ details ]
( of euspongia officinalis var . mollissima ( schmidt , 1862 ) ) lendenfeld , r . von . ( 1888 ) . descriptive catalogue of the sponges in the australian museum , sidney . ( taylor & francis : london ) : i - xiv , 1 - 260 , pls 1 - 12 . page ( s ) : 130 [ details ]
( of euspongia officinalis var . mollissima ( schmidt , 1862 ) ) lendenfeld , r . von . ( 1889 ) . a monograph of the horny sponges . ( trübner and co . : london ) : iii - iv , 1 - 936 , pls 1 - 50 . , available online at urltoken ; view = 1up ; seq = 1 page ( s ) : 268 [ details ]
( of euspongia officinalis var . mollissima ( schmidt , 1862 ) ) schulze , f . e . ( 1879 ) . untersuchungen über den bau und die entwicklung der spongien . siebente mittheilung . die familie der spongidae . zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche zoologie . 32 : 593 - 660 , pls xxxiv - xxxviii . page ( s ) : 616 ; xxxv fig 1 - 2 [ details ]
homopathic materia medica by william boericke , m . d . presented by médi - t
a remedy especially marked in the symptoms of the respiratory organs , cough , croup , etc . heart affections and often indicated for the tubercular diathesis . children with fair complexion , lax fiber ; swollen glands . exhaustion and heaviness of the body after slight exertion , with orgasm of blood to chest , face . anxiety and difficult breathing .
fluent coryza , alternating with stoppage . dryness ; chronic , dry , nasal catarrh .
thyroid gland swollen . stitches and dryness . burning and stinging . sore throat ; worse after eating sweet things . tickling causes cough . clears throat constantly .
hoarseness ; larynx dry , burns , constricted . cough , dry , barking , croupy
difficult ; feeling of a plug in larynx . cough abates after eating or drinking
) . irrepressible cough from a spot deep in chest , as if raw and sore . chest weak ; can scarcely talk . laryngeal phthisis . goitre , with suffocative spells . bronchial catarrh , with wheezing , asthmatic cough , worse cold air , with profuse expectoration and suffocation ; worse , lying with head low and in hot room . oppression and heat of chest , with sudden weakness .
rapid and violent palpitation , with dyspna ; cannot lie down ; also feels best resting in horizontal position .
) . valvular insufficiency . angina pectoris ; faintness , and anxious sweat . ebullition of blood , veins distended .
; also exophthalmic ; cervical glands swollen with tensive pain on turning head , painful on pressure ; goitre . itching ; measles
in 1x - 30x , 200x , 2c - 30c , 200c , 1m - 50m , cm from $ 6 . 50
homeopathic remedies are prescribed on the basis that in a tiny dilution like cures like , so while the very dilute homeopathic remedy may help , the raw product is often best avoided .
a remedy especially marked in the symptoms of the respiratory organs , cough , croup , etc . heart affections and often indicated for the tubercular diathesis . children with fair complexion , lax fiber ; swollen glands . exhaustion and heaviness of the body after slight exertion , with orgasm of blood to chest , face . anxiety and difficult breathing .
compare : aconite acon . ; hep sulph calc hep . ; bromium brom . ; lachesis lach . ; merc viv merc . prot . ; iodium iod ( goitre . )
during menses , wakes with suffocative spells ( cuprum metallicum cupr . ; iodium iod . ; lachesis lach . ) amenorrhoea , with asthma ( pulsatilla puls . )
generally worse after sleep , or sleeps into an worse ( lachesis lach . )
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sponge was a familiar substance since time immemorial , but it only attained reputation for its medicinal properties in the 14th century . in the initial stages , sponge was used to treat goiter ( an enlargement of the thyroid gland ) caused due to a dearth of iodine content in the body . nevertheless , it took another 500 years for scientists and researchers to establish the fact that sponge enclosed considerable quantities of bromine and iodine . hence , it is not difficult to understand why sponge is used to treat conditions , such as goiter as well as thyroid problems .
the walls of sponge possess numerous canals that soak up nutrients when any substance passes from one end of the animal to another . the walls of canals in a sponge ' s body are built with cells which possess minuscule feather - like swellings resembling whips that have the aptitude to push the water through the animal ' s body .
therapeutic sponge can be obtained from the health food stores in different potencies as well as in tablet and liquid forms . for usage , it is important to follow the directions mentioned on the labels of the products .
stop losing your hair with this outstanding , 100 % natural formula . for men and women .
the most significant symptoms include breathing problems owing to croup ( any condition of the larynx or trachea distinguished by a hoarse cough and difficult breathing ) , coughs , heart conditions and even asthma .
patients may also endure laryngitis accompanied by a burning feeling . the coughs are preceded by a wheezing breath .
it is also effective in treating the problems of children who are scared of difficulty in breathing when they wake up from sleep .
this is a very powerful , 100 % natural , herbal ointment with calendula stem cells . it is extremely effective on all skin problems .
adult and children 2 years of age and older : dissolve 5 pellets under the tongue 3 times a day until relieved or as directed by a doctor .
the letters hpus indicate that this ingredient is officially included in the homeopathic pharmacopœia of the united states .
stop use and ask a doctor if symptoms persist for more than 3 days or worsen .
do not use if the label sealing the clear tube cap is broken or missing . store at 68 - 77°f ( 20 - 25°c ) .
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always read and follow label directions . * claims based on traditional homeopathic practice , not accepted medical evidence . not fda evaluated . * * c , k , ck , and x are homeopathic dilutions . learn more .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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is a dark coloured , finely conulose , globular sponge which is very compressible , spongy , elastic . internally , it is light - coloured . it usually has several oscules on the upper side . it has no
, just a jumbled network of yellow spongin fibres . it is a mediterranean species , recorded also a few times along the atlantic coasts of spain .
all intermediates between black and white , darker when exposed to direct light , light when growing in the dark .
) globular - massive , quite variable in shape . size frequently over 10 cm in diameter . surface quite regular , covered with fine conules of 0 . 2 - 0 . 5 mm high , spaced 1 . 5 - 2 mm apart . oscules few in number , on the upper side , up to 1 cm in diameter . consistency spongy - elastic , compressible , supple .
) a system of primary fibres cored by foreign material and uncored secondary fibres . the primary fibres are relatively rare , not differing from the secondary fibres in size , only recognizable by the core of spicule debris and small sand grains . secondary fibres yellow - brown , 10 - 35 µm in diameter , and quite irregular in the way they anastomose . in general the reticulation is very dense and meshes are small and irregular .
this is the finest quality bath sponge in europe , distinguished from the other species in globular - compact form .
durán , c . and m . r . solórzano , 1982 : aportaciones al conocimiento del macrozoobentos de la zona infralitoral rocosa de galicia mediante la utilizacion de la escafandra autonoma : i . demosponjas . trab . compostelanos biol . , 9 : 49 - 67 .
ferrer - hernandez , f . , 1912 . notas sobre algunas esponjas de santander . bol . r . soc . esp . hist . nat . ( biol . ) , 12 : 573 - 589 .
ferrer - hernandez , f . , 1914a . esponjas del cantábrico , parte primera . i . calcarea , ii . euceratosa . mus . nacion . cienc . nat . madrid , zool . , 14 : 1 - 36 .
ferrer - hernandez , f . 1918 . esponjas del litoral de asturias . trab . mus . nac . cienc . madrid ( zool . ) , 36 : 1 - 39 .
linnaeus , c . von , 1759 . systema naturae ( 10th ed . ) , 2 . : 825 - 1384 . holmiae .
lombas , i . , 1982 . distribución de esponjas esciafilas en la zona intermareal de aramar ( luanco , asturias ) . bol . cienc . nat . i . d . e . a . , 29 : 37 - 50 .
solórzano , m . r . and c . r . babio , 1979 . adiciones a la fauna marina de galicia , i . demosponjas . bol . inst . esp . ocean . , 5 : 43 - 68 .
vacelet , j . , 1959 . répartition générale des éponges et systématique des éponges cornées de la région de marseille et de quelques stations méditerranéennes . rec . trav . sta . mar . endoume , 26 : 39 - 101 , pls . 1 - 3 .
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©richard a . howard . provided by smithsonian institution , richard a . howard photograph collection . united states , fl , talahassee . usage requirements .
britton , n . l . , and a . brown . 1913 . an illustrated flora of the northern united states , canada and the british possessions . 3 vols . charles scribner ' s sons , new york . vol . 1 : 107 . provided by kentucky native plant society . scanned by omnitek inc . usage requirements .
click on a scientific name below to expand it in the plants classification report .
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assorted authors . state noxious weed lists for 46 states . state agriculture or natural resource departments .


tonica cyanodoxa is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1924 .

it is found in new guinea .

the wingspan is 41 – 44 mm .

the forewings are pale ochreous , with several large ochreous-whitish tufts partly representing the stigmata and a curved subterminal series of smaller tufts .

there is an irregular triangular patch of dark indigo-blue on the basal fourth of the costa , including one or two spots of groundcolour .

the costal edge is suffused ochreous-orange to the apex .

the hindwings are blackish-grey , the costal fourth light ochreous .

tonica cyanodoxa

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tonica cyanodoxa meyrick , 1924 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 4 ) : 105 ; tl : dutch new guinea , nomnagihé , 2000ft
tonica centroluta diakonoff , 1966 ; tijds . ent . 109 ( 3 ) : 77 ; tl : se . borneo , ampah
tonica melanoglypha diakonoff , 1966 ; tijds . ent . 109 ( 3 ) : 79 ; tl : w . java , batavia
tonica pharmacis diakonoff , 1966 ; tijds . ent . 109 ( 3 ) : 75 ; tl : ne . sumatra , deli
tonica syngnoma diakonoff , 1966 ; tijds . ent . 109 ( 3 ) : 72 ; tl : malaya , phanag , tras
tonica gypsopis meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 474 ; tl : andamans , port blair
tonica malthacodes meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 8 ) : 226 ; tl : new guinea , ferguson i .
tonica mixogama meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 474 ; tl : new britain , new ireland
tonica lagaropis ; diakonoff , [ 1968 ] , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 185 ; [ nhm card ]
tonica peripsacas diakonoff , 1966 ; tijds . ent . 109 ( 3 ) : 78 ; tl : w . celebes , koelawi paloe , 5100ft
tonica citrantha diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 184 ; tl : luzon , los baños
tonica lagaropis meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 474 ; tl : philippines , luzon , mt . makiling
tonica senescens meyrick , 1910 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1910 : 456 ; tl : new guinea , sariba i . , kei is .
tonica argessa diakonoff , [ 1968 ] ; bull . u . s . nat . mus . 257 : 184 ; tl : luzon , benguet , 800ft , klondyke
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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binsitta barrowi bingham , 1907 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1907 : 177 ; tl : upper burma , maymyo , 3000ft ; ? andamas
cryptolechia ? nigricostella snellen , 1901 ; tijdschr . ent . 44 : 80 , pl . 6 , f . 3
nigrimarginata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 172
binsitta niviferana walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 832 ; tl : north hindostan
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
walker , 1864 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 27 : 1 - 286 ( 1863 ) , 28 : 287 - 562 ( 1863 ) , 29 : 563 - 835 ( 1864 ) , 30 : 837 - 1096 ( 1864 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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porela subfasciata is a species of moth of the family lasiocampidae .

it is known from tasmania and victoria .

the wingspan is about 30 mm for males and about 40 mm for females .

adults are brown with wiggly white bands across each wing .

the forewings each have a prominent white spot near the middle , and an irregular submarginal line of black spots .

porela subfasciata

porela vetusta ; turner , 1924 , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 49 : 411 ; [ aucl ]
porela obtusa ; turner , 1924 , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 49 : 412 ; [ aucl ]
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lucas , t . p . 1895 ,
australian lepidoptera : thirty new species
, transactions of the natural history society of queensland , vol . 1 , pp . 103 - 116
walker , f . 1855 ,
lepidoptera heterocera
, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 4 , pp . 776 - 976
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 47d72d19 - 128e - 462a - b026 - cdd985990acb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 349844
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
db = nuccore | term = % 22porela % 22 | query = 1 | qty = 15 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 269444543 _ 130 . 14 . 22 . 215 _ 9001 _ 1531171086 _ 186188271 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset . cgi ? | trace _ url = / stat ?
finds sub - sequence or patterns in the sequence and highlights the matching region . the tool works with standard single letter nucleotide or protein codes including ambiguities and can match prosite patterns in protein sequences . more . . .
the source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .
this sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .
australia ( queensland , new south wales , victoria , s . australia ) . see [ maps ]
opsirhina metastigma walker , 1865 ( preocc . _ perna metastigam _ walker , 1865 )
tacillia delineata walker , 1855 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 6 : 1490 ; tl : australia
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
walker , 1865 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
we have the white - lined sphinxes . we love our zebra - striped , . . . read more
in the 1960 ' s numbers of the white - faced heron expolded , . . . read more
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


the siberian rubythroat ( calliope calliope ) is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family , turdidae , but is now more generally considered to be an old world flycatcher of the family muscicapidae .

the siberian rubythroat and similar small european species are often called chats .

it is a migratory insectivorous species breeding in mixed coniferous forests with undergrowth in siberia .

it nests near the ground .

it winters in thailand , india , indonesia and bangladesh ( pl. see wintering range map ) .

it is an extremely rare vagrant to western europe , having occurred on a very few occasions as far west as britain .

it is also an extremely rare vagrant to the aleutian islands , most notably on attu island .

this species is slightly larger than the european robin .

it is plain brown above except for the distinctive black tail with red side patches .

it has a strong white supercilium .

the male has a red throat edged with a narrow black and then a broad white border .

it has a strong white supercilium .

females lack the brightly coloured throat and borders .

the male has a song similar to a harder version of the garden warbler .

the siberian rubythroat was previously placed in the genus luscinia .

a large molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that luscinia was not monophyletic .

the genus was therefore split and several species including the siberian rubythroat as the type species were moved to the reinstated genus calliope .

calliope , from classical greek meaning beautiful-voiced , was one of the muses in greek mythology and presided over eloquence and heroic poetry .

siberian rubythroat

singing male siberian rubythroat ( luscinia calliope ) in buryatia , russia juni 2013 . recorded with a sony rx100 .
chinese rubythroat is split from himalayan [ white - tailed ] rubythroat ( liu et al . 2016 ) . english names provisional
the song of a siberian rubythroat is a long series of warblng notes . calls include a loud chee - wah and a lower - pitched kuck .
the siberian rubythroat was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family turdidae , but is now more generally considered to be an old world flycatcher , muscicapidae .
should not be applied to the population of siberian stonechat breeding north of the caucasus .
siberian rubythroat , a male , digiscopingvideo using a swarovski ats65hd , dca and 25x50wa zoom lens coupled with a nikon coolpix p5100 . a migrant bird in beidaihe , ne china , may 2010 .
and , as we know , so it did , thanks to the dazzling afternoon discovery by dan pointon of a beautiful adult male siberian rubythroat at the north end of levenwick on the shetland mainland , just before the clock tick - tocked itself towards 4pm on 3rd - becoming our earliest ever rubythroat record in the process .
populations are found over a wide geographic area , are common in parts of their range , and are considered stable at a global level . the iucn lists the siberian rubythroat as a species of
least concern
.
siberian rubythroat : this species breeds throughout asia and eastern europe . it spends its winters in southern asia . it rarely occurs in north america , but is an annual migrant through the western aleutian archipelago and st . lawrence island . this bird frequents open grasslands with scattered thickets .
the siberian rubythroat has a large range , estimated globally at 1 , 000 , 000 to 10 , 000 , 000 square kilometers . native to asia and vagrant to europe and north america , this bird prefers forest , wetland , or shrubland ecosystems , though it can live in rural and urban areas as well as canals and drainage areas . the global population of this bird has not been precisely determined but does not show signs of decline that would necessitate inclusion on the iucn red list . for this reason , the current evaluation status of the siberian rubythroat is least concern .
the nest of a siberian rubythroat is placed on the ground in a protected area such as the base of a tree or shrub , constructed of grasses , leaves , moss , hair , and other material . the female lays 4 to 6 eggs and she alone incubates them . the eggs hatch after about 2 weeks , and both parents help feed and raise the young .
that siberian rubythroat is getting commoner , an indisputable fact but ( major drawback coming… ) shetland remains the only place go . there will be another mainland east coast bird but for the moment , as you’d perhaps expect , shetland reigns supreme - nine of the eleven british records appearing there over the past almost four decades ( most strikingly , four of them arriving in the last four years… ) since the first was found on fair isle on october 9th 1975 .
with special thanks to rebecca nason and hugh harrop for supplying their brilliant images of the levenwick rubythroat and steve williams for his video of the same bird . also thanks to chris batty , tommy hyndman , kevin kelly and stuart piner for their images of other shetland rubythroats .
the siberian rubythroat is a ground - loving songbird of asia . they primarily breed in siberia , while wintering in southern and southeastern asia . while very similar in overall appearance to thrushes , they may more properly be classified as old world flycatchers , and are now often placed in the family muscicapidae instead of the thrush family turdidae . they have occasionally wandered outside of their normal breeding and wintering range , particularly in eurasia where they have been found as far west as great britain on occasion . in north america , they are primarily known from several sightings on islands off the coast of alaska . however , one very lost bird was found in december of 1983 near toronto , canada .
perhaps unsurprisingly , the female the following year on fair isle ( that particular island’s fourth rubythroat and the second to linger beyond the 10 - day mark - this one managing 12 , between october 23rd to november 3rd 2012 ) didn’t draw the crowd it might have done and neither did the male found on fair isle in the third week of october 2013 .
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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , though in europe , the breeding population is estimated to number 1 , 000 - 1 , 200 pairs , which equates to 2 , 000 - 2 , 400 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) , with europe forming < 5 % of the global range . national population estimates include : c . 10 , 000 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs , c . 1 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals on migration and c . 1 , 000 - 10 , 000 wintering individuals in china ; c . 1 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals on migration and c . 1 , 000 - 10 , 000 wintering individuals in taiwan ; c . 10 , 000 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs and c . 1 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals on migration in korea ; c . 10 , 000 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs , c . 1 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals on migration and c . 50 - 1 , 000 wintering individuals in japan and c . 10 , 000 - 100 , 000 breeding pairs and c . 1 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals on migration in russia ( brazil 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats . the european population trend is unknown ( birdlife international 2015 ) .
during the breeding season this species is found in lowland taiga and subalpine shrubbery , clearings in forests by meadows and rivers , windfall gaps , regenerating burns with tall grass and bushes , birch coppices , clumps and stands of willow and aspen in bogs , patches of montane dwarf pine , krummholz above tree - line , overgrown forest edges and tangled thickets near mountain streams . it favours areas with fallen trees , dense bushes and stands of bird cherry ( prunus padus ) and dog rose ( rosa canina ) , usually near fir ( abies ) and spruce ( picea ) stands and riverine meadows . in russia it breeds from may to july and possibly august . it breeds from may to july in china and north korea . in japan it breeds from june to august . the nest is a loose cup or dome made of fine grasses and roots , usually lightly lined with hair and plant down , placed on the ground in the shelter of a bush or dense tuft of herbage . clutches are four to six eggs . it is insectivorous , taking flies and their larvae , ants , wasps and beetles and also some plant material . the species is migratory , wintering in south - east asia ( collar 2015 ) .
in the mid - 20th century it was reportedly very popular with chinese bird - fanciers owing to its colourful plumage and voice , but the impact of trade is currently unknown ( collar 2015 ) .
conservation actions underway cms appendix ii . there are currently no known conservation measures for this species within its small european range . conservation actions proposed no conservation measures are currently needed for this species within its small european range .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
species in category a have been recorded in an apparently natural state at least once since 1 january 1950 .
species in category b have been recorded in an apparently natural state at least once between 1 january 1800 and 31 december 1949 , but have not been recorded subsequently .
species in category c , although introduced , now derive from the resulting self - sustaining populations . view category c sub - categories
the bou is responsible for maintaining the british list . part of this responsibility is to monitor the occurrence of non - native species which may qualify for addition to category c of the british list . to undertake this we require published information from which to work and which we can quote as reference .
the ioc’s standard international english name as per gill , f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2011 . ioc world bird names ( version 2 . 10 ) . available at urltoken [ accessed 23 / 12 / 11 ]
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ioc _ names _ file _ plus - 8 . 2g : 8 . 2
see sangster et al . 2010 , zuccon & ericson 2010 for revisions of muscicapidae
transferred from turdidae ( voelker and spellman 2004 , sangster et al . 2010 ) ; see also
scrub robins ( sangster et al . 2010 ; cf collar 2005 ) . revision of the genus
add : hockey et al , 2005 . correct original spelling . fide od .
position and relationships of brown scrub robin uncertain ( sangster et al . 2010 )
ne pakistan and india to s , e china , hainan i . ( off se china ) , thailand and indochina .
s thai - malay pen . , sumatra ( including simeulue , nias , batu , mentawai , belitung , and bangka is . ) , w java , and s and w borneo
nepal and n india to s china and indochina including con son i . ( off s vietnam )
visayan shama is a proposed split from white - browned shama ( lim et al . 2010 , collar 2011b , not h & m4 nor hbw )
or : s myanmar , s thailand , n peninsular malaysia . also ne borneo
is an incorrectly formed latin word intended to refer to the pale color of the feet and legs , and must be emended . dickinson & christidis , 2014 , hbw .
was split from blue - throated blue flycatcher ( zhang et al . 2016 )
taxonomic position of white - tailed flycatcher not resolved ( sangster et al . 2010 )
rename ( 8 . 2 ) henna - tailed jungle flycatcher to sula jungle flycatcher with split of banggai jungle flycatcher . ssp subspecies
on sulawesi was an erroneous assumption probably based on incorrect museum label information ( garg et al 2018 , eaton et al 2016 ) .
is split ( 8 . 2 ) from sister ssp on sula island based on vocal differences , genetic divergence , and restricted gene flow ( eaton et a . 2016 , garg et al . 2018 ) .
continental europe to ural mts . , w turkey , islands in e atlantic and nw morocco
mt . mulanje ( s malawi ) and mt . namuli ( n mozambique )
is invariable . ( n david , h & m corrigenda 2 . 1 )
following beresford and cracraft ( 1999 ) . lumped pending needed revision . ( dowsett comm , cf schmidt et al . 2008 )
transferred from turdidae to muscicapidae / saxicolinae ( sangster et al . 2010 , zuccon & ericson 2010 ; full revision of muscicapidae to come )
transferred from pellorneidae to muscicapidae / saxicolinae ( sangster et al . 2010 , zuccon & ericson 2010 )
transferred from turdidae to muscicapidae / saxicolinae ( sangster et al . 2010 , zuccon & ericson 2010 )
multiple species in this complex remain to be separated ; philippine taxa will be split from mainland taxa ( hbw alive , eaton and rheindt 2016 , kyriazis et al . 2018 )
severtsov , 1873 . priority claimed for the latter is only speculative . dickinson , 2008 .
c and e himalayas to c china , c indochina , malay pen . and myanmar
is related instead to the blue flycatchers within niltavinae ( robin et al . 2017 )
retaining the english modifier
white - bellied
which was assigned to the pre - split species . ( rasmussen & anderton 2005 ) ; see also robin et al . 2010 . now assigned to
described as a new species ( robin et al . 2017 ) . more white below ; vocals . treat ( 7 . 4 ) as subspecies of
; other members of this species complex are species candidates ( moyle et al . 2005 , collar and pilgrim 2007 ) .
transferred from turdidae to muscicapidae / saxicolinae ( sangster et al . 2010 , zuccon & ericson 2010 ) .
based on phylogenetic studies . voelker , et al 2016 , hooper et al 2016 .
okinawa ' flycatcher is a candidate split ( leader et al . 2013 , dong et al . 2015 ) . await data on additional populations . english name under discussion
eu : central asia through the himalayas to c , ne china , n myanmar , n thailand and n indochina .
may be split ( zuccon & ericson 2010a , rasmussen & anderton 2012 ) . further study needed .
recent papers do not support previous splits of amber mountain rock thrush or benson ' s rock thrush , now included in forest rock thrush ( outlaw et al . 2007 , zuccon and ericson 2010 )
to canary islands stonechat to conform to prevailing usage and documentation that it is imbedded in the phylogeny of ' stonechats ' ( zink et al . 2009 ) .
( wittmann et al . 1995 , wink et al . 2002 ) ; under review by bli .
eu : e caucasus , se turkey and w iran . c siberia , c asia , the himalayas to w , c china ;
( wittmann et al . 1995 , wink et al . 2002 ) ; bou does not recognize pending resolution of status of chinese subspecies
is the oldest available name for this population . svensson et al . 2012 .
is more appropriately applied to the population in eastern turkey , transcaucasia and n , w iran than the population north of the caucasus .
split ( ioc 2 . 4 ) based on zink et al . 2009 mtdna analysis , but may be premature ; further resolution of this stonechat complex is needed
( collar 2005 , outlaw et al . 2010 , aliabadian et al . 2012 )
( outlaw et al . 2009 , sangster et al . 2010 , aliabadian et al . ( 2012 )
( sangster et al . 2010 , aliabadian et al . 2012 , cf collar 2005 )
distinctive subspecies now recognized as schalow ' s wheatear in major field guides ; cf förschler et al . 2010b , ibc . stet - await results of current genetic studies
head has white stripes above and below eyes . wings and tail are olive - brown . often cocks tail upward . forages on ground for various insects and berries .
a group of thrushes are collectively known as a
hermitage
and a
mutation
of thrushes .
birds ; the passeriformes ( pronounced pas - ser - i - for - meez ) .
kap - ih - dee ) , a group of three hundred and four species in fifty - three genera mostly found in eurasia , africa , and australasia .
twelve species of chats and old world flycatchers in eight genera have occurred in north america . two species , the bluethroat and northern wheatear , breed in the arctic and migrate to africa and asia . the rest are rare migrants , mostly occurring in western alaska .
old world flycatchers are known for their harsh calls and foraging behavior of sallying out from a perch to catch small insects .
members of the muscicapidae are small birds with medium length , flat bills adapted for snapping insects from the air , and picking them off of the ground . they have medium - length wings , tails , and legs .
members of this family can have dull brown and gray plumage , show striking black and white patterns , or have olive or black plumage with bright patches of yellow , blue , and orange . a few species are mostly yellow .
chats and old world flycatcher species are found in a wide variety of habitats , including tropical forest , temperate forest , second growth , and open rocky areas . the species that have occurred in north america use edge and open habitats .
most of the chats and old world flycatchers that breed in temperate zones migrate to tropical regions for the winter . the many members of this family that breed in tropical latitudes are permanent residents . all of the species that occur in north america are long distance migrants .
few members of the muscicapidae form monospecific flocks . most occur in pairs , and individuals of various chats and old world flycatchers join foraging flocks composed of other bird species .
the species of muscicapidae that have occurred in north america are fairly common in appropriate habitat in their normal breeding and wintering ranges . most members of this family are likewise common although deforestation has caused several species with limited ranges in china , indonesia , and the philippines to become endangered .
taxonomic studies utilizing dna have shown that the wheatears , rock thrushes , and chats are not thrushes but members of the muscicapidae . populations of the northern wheatear that breed in greenland winter in africa instead of southern north america . most members of this family have bristles around the base of the bill to help them catch insects . the familiar european robin is a member of this family .
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the ventral part of the bird , or the area between the flanks on each side and the crissum and breast . flight muscles are located between the belly and the breast .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : calliope calliope . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
in willow bushes at kopi river , close to city noise . 3 - 4 males in the nearby area .
male singing from roadside shrub . clear weather , cold ( roughly 1 degree celsius ) . recorded with interal microphone of edirol r09 - hr .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
there are dream birds and then there are dream birds which , no matter how many begin to appear , no matter how many birders begin to catch up with them will forever remain a cherished prize for the rarity hunter .
everyone will have tucked away at the back of their mind , a small , select list of birds that they would dearly love to encounter - be it a great patch bird , a new county bird perhaps or a stone - wall mega of the utmost quality .
given the sheer volume of participants who take part in the sport of twitching , there’s little surprise in the obvious fact that very few of those involved will have the good fortune to chance upon a “once - in - a - lifetime” find - and even fewer of those will be in the right place at the right time , having paid their dues to the birding rare gods , to see their numbers align to hit the jackpot .
it was all set up for shetland to land an absolute stormer . orkney had just landed that gorgeous male eyebrowed thrush and although shetland had obliged with a set of american landbirds and that monstrously fine white’s thrush ( with a second less than a day away ) , it seemed as though something special was in the offing . the weather had changed and what happened next had been seen coming in the tail end of the roundup for the last week of september…
” … the northern isles would seem to be the place to keep an eye on while the weather shifts around - the gloves are off right now and any “sibe” could smash their way in to our consciousness . ”
at the time , i waffled on about the wow ! factor , the f * ck me factor ( again , please excuse the swerve towards the anglo - saxon vernacular ) that remains well to the fore where this magnificent species , this marvellous , oft - dreamt of far eastern traveller is concerned but , thanks to mainland shetland’s most recent cut - throat gem , this is a species that is , slowly - but - surely ( whisper it…ever - so - quietly ) ever - so - slightly , devalued in recent times .
a steady procession of birders , both residents and visitors , made their way to levenwick during the course of the following six days and even if they had to wait for a few hours ( some waiting a few days for “the complete view” ) , almost everyone went home happy .
when the bird showed , amongst all the scrummaging and scrimmaging , above the appreciative “ooo’s” and “aaaaah’s” and clicks and whirrs from the motor drives of the multiple camera lenses trained on it , the sheer beauty of the bird was vivid and clear for all to see .
a gap of 22 years followed until the second - the remarkable , much debated , much discussed and ( still ) doubted ( in terms of precisely where it actually came from ) male at osmington mills in dorset on october 19th 1997 . shetland’s second ( and britain’s third ) a freshly dead male , was as a roadside casualty near bixter , on the shetland mainland on october 25th 2001 before fair isle’s second , a three - day first - winter female was seen in october 2003 .
the past decade has seen seven more arrive - a very good average that - ( nine in all since the turn of the 2000’s ) with fair isle collecting another first - winter female between october 23rd - 27th 2005 , to be followed by the east coast’s sole representative to date , the suppressed first - winter female in a garden in sunderland late in october 2006 .
recent rouge rubythroats : from top left to bottom right . fair isle 2003 ( © chris batty ) , fair isle 2012 ( © tommy hyndman ) , gulberwick 2011 ( © stuart piner ) , fair isle 2013 ( © kevin kelly )
shetland’s next bird , a stunning male , peeked out of the foula iris beds on october 5th 2007 and , four october’s later came that monster male in the gardens of gulberwick , being the first one to linger in to double figure days - present from october 18th - 30th 2011 and well twitched by many .
a mainland bird does feel overdue and it always feels as though flamborough , spurn , maybe wells woods , gibraltar point or perhaps landguard could be the place that enables 100’s to get a crack at one without the extreme expense of shetland . that day is a long time coming though…
what’s next at the holiday table ? we’re back in to the double acts again as a remarkable day in october brings the memories flooding back .
jon dunn brings you a comprehensive roundup of the week ' s best birds from around britain , ireland and the western palearctic , including pacific golden plover and squacco heron . more here >
hen harrier has bred on the national trust ' s high peak moors , in the peak district national park , for the first time in four years . more here >
research has found that young turtle doves raised on a diet of seeds foraged from arable plants rather than food provided in people ' s gardens are more likely to survive after fledging . more here >
copyright rare bird alert 2018 . rare bird alert - 17 keswick close , norwich , norfolk nr4 6uw enquiries : admin @ urltoken or call 01603 457016
id keys : tan and brown body . males with obvious red throat , white eyebrow and mustache . females with pale throat .
found in brushy forest clearings , edge of taiga or boreal forest , shrubby streamside thickets , or other similar semi - open habitats with available brush .
feeds heavily on insects , spiders , worms , and other small invertebrates , but will also eat berries and fruits .
feeding typically occurs on the ground or low in vegetation such as in shrubs and streamside thickets .
migratory . during the summer they are found as breeding birds in siberia . they move to eastern india , thailand , indonesia , and other nearby countries for the winter .
the male is distinctive if seen well . the plainer females may be confused with northern wheatear or other thrush specides .
photo by andy li - licensed under creative commons attribution noderivs 2 . 0 generic license
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calliope calliope : siberia to japan ; > to se asia , philippines and palau is .
british ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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the bornean frogmouth ( batrachostomus mixtus ) is species of bird in the podargidae family .

some taxonomists consider it to be a subspecies of the short-tailed frogmouth , but others consider it to be a distinct species .

it is found in indonesia and malaysia and is endemic to the island of borneo .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

bornean frogmouth

select an image : 1 . bornean frogmouth 2 . bornean frogmouth 3 . bornean frogmouth > > female 4 . bornean frogmouth > > female 5 . bornean frogmouth > > female 6 . bornean frogmouth > > female
bornean frogmouth ( batrachostomus mixtus ) a bornean endemic , in paya maga , during the march 2016 avifauna tour . filmed by tour guide teet sirotkin .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . , kirwan , g . m . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . bornean frogmouth ( batrachostomus mixtus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
this forest - dependent species is listed as near threatened because it is suspected to be undergoing a moderately rapid decline owing to the extensive loss of forests within its range . it is not considered more threatened because it occurs in lower montane forest where habitat loss has been less rapid .
, where it inhabits lower montane forest ( birdlife international 2001 ) . it is thought to be locally common ( b . harris
2016 ) but is likely to have declined due to forest loss within its range .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species was described as probably not common ( cleere 1998 ) . however , it was found to be locally fairly common on mt . trus madi , sabah in 2010 ( b . harris in litt . 2016 , d . l . yong in litt . 2016 ) and at sites in the kelabit highlands , sarawak ( d . l . yong in litt . 2016 ) . trend justification : forest destruction in the lowlands of borneo has been extensive , but its occurrence at higher elevations suggests this species is not suffering more than a moderately rapid decline .
it occurs in lower montane forest at 600 - 1 , 675 m and may use secondary habitats .
forest loss has been extensive in borneo owing to logging operations , agricultural expansion and severe forest fires .
survey specific sites to improve knowledge of the species ' s ecological requirements and then assess its potential distribution and the likely threats . protect areas of suitable habitat and safeguard against threats .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22689613a110687109 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
formerly considered conspecific with b . poliolophus but lacks extensive white on underparts ( 3 ) , male has a much darker crown ( 2 ) and female is much more contrastingly rich rufous ( 2 ) . vocalizations yet to be analysed in depth . monotypic .
20–23 cm . adult male has narrow buffish - white collar , bold black - fringed white spots on scapulars and wing - coverts , and relatively short tail . adult female is generally . . .
five vocalizations described ( most of them subsequent to publication of the taxonomy comments above . . .
occurs in lower montane and submontane forest at 610–1675 m , occasionally to 2540 m , and may use . . .
very little information available . an active nest ( with nestling ) was found in mt kinabalu national park in apr .
not globally threatened . regarded as near threatened given that extensive deforestation has occurred in borneo . however , this has been less significant in the lower montane . . .
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suggested to constitute two separate families , one asian , the other australasian , on basis of dna - dna hybridization results # r ; some backing for this may be offered by the different nest structures of the two groups , but to date similarities generally considered to outweigh differences , and the proposal has received little support .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : batrachostomus mixtus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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, where it inhabits lower montane forest ( birdlife international 2001 ) . it is thought to be probably not common and may have declined due to forest loss within its range .
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murex spectabilis is a species of large predatory sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family muricidae , the rock snails or murex snails .

murex spectabilis

the following term was not found in nucleotide : murex spectabilis [ orgn ] .
how can i put and write and define murex spectabilis in a sentence and how is the word murex spectabilis used in a sentence and examples ? 用murex spectabilis造句 , 用murex spectabilis造句 , 用murex spectabilis造句 , murex spectabilis meaning , definition , pronunciation , synonyms and example sentences are provided by ichacha . net .

' murex spectabilis
' is a species of large predatory sea snail , a family muricidae , the rock snails or murex snails .
chong chen murex spectabilis ponder & vokes , 1988 muricidae bohol , philippines , 121 . 7mm , f + + this is a quite uncommon murex species best known from… | pinteres…
( of murex ( murex ) spectabilis ponder & vokes , 1988 ) houart r . ( 2014 ) . living muricidae of the world . muricinae . murex , promurex , haustellum , bolinus , vokesimurex and siratus . harxheim : conchbooks . 197 pp . [ details ]
( of murex ( murex ) spectabilis ponder & vokes , 1988 ) ponder w . f . & vokes e . h . ( 1988 ) a revision of the indo - west pacific fossil and recent species of murex s . s . and haustellum ( mollusca : gastropoda : muricidae ) . records of the australian museum suppl . 8 : 1 - 160 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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bouchet , p . ; rocroi , j . - p . ( ed . ) ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia : international journal of malacology , 47 ( 1 - 2 ) . conchbooks : hackenheim . isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . 397 pp .
part of : malacologia : international journal of malacology . institute of malacology : ann arbor . issn 0076 - 2997 , more
this is a vademecum for about 2 , 400 suprageneric names in recent and fossil gastropods , from the subtribe to the superfamily . for each name full bibliographic reference is given , with date of publication , type genus , nomenclatural availability and validity under the rules of the iczn . further 730 names of higher taxa are listed separately . altogether 611 valid families , 202 of them exclusively fossil , are recognised in the proposed classification .
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
- note : several protected species are illustrated here only for identification purposes . they are not for sale . - the photos in our gallery are in most cases just a sample from our stock , except when only one specimen is offered . we try to match the original color but it can vary if your screen is not correctly adjusted ( gamma correction ) .
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3