it was described by walker in 1864 .

the wingspan is 22-25 mm .

the hindwings are pale-yellow without any suffusion .

garrha absumptella

garrha absumptella is a moth in the oecophoridae family . it was described by walker in 1864 . it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales and tasmania .
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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. the caterpillars live and eventually pupate in an oval case constructed from two pieces of dead leaf joined with silk .
the adult moth has mottled brown forewings each often with one or two vague dark spots . the hindwings are off - white darkening toward the margins . the wingspan is about 2 cms .
heliocausta achroa turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 4
heliocausta acosmeta turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 4
machimia agglomerata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 375
machimia alma meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 174 ; tl : victoria , gisborne
machimia amata meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 175 ; tl : west australia , waroona
heliocausta arrhodea turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 113
hoplitica atripunctatella turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 7
machimia brachytricha turner , 1927 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasm . 1926 : 147
australia ( victoria , s . australia , e . australia ) . see [ maps ]
hoplitica cholodella meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 507
machimia coccinea turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 59
hoplitica costimacula meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 502
machimia cylicotypa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 111
machimia defessa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 376
euryplaca demotica meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 489
hoplitica eugramma lower , 1894 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 18 : 93
cryptopeges icasta turner , 1941 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 66 : 406
heliocausta idiosema turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 113
machimia interjecta turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 116
hoplitica leucerythra meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 501
heliocausta limbata meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 471
machimia mesogaea turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371
hoplitica metriopis meyrick , 1888 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 2 ( 4 ) : 941
machimia micromita turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 107
machimia mitescens meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 174 ; tl : queensland , townsville
euryplaca ocellifera meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 488
machimia ochra turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 109
coesyra paraderces meyrick , 1889 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 3 : 1659
machimia phaeoporphyra turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 92 ; tl : tasmania , derwent bridge
machimia phoenopis turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin ; queensland , brisbane ; mt tambourine ; toowoomba
machimia platyporphyra turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 111 ( emend . )
hoplitica pseudota lower , 1901 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 25 ( 2 ) : 85
machimia pyrrhopasta turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 114
machimia rubella turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 92 ; tl : tasmania , derwent bridge
hoplitica rufa meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 504
machimia rufescens turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108
hoplitica rufimaculella turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 7
hoplitica sericata meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 497
heliocausta spatiosa meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 387
machimia submissa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108
machimia umbratica turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108
coesyra zonostola meyrick , 1884 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 9 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) : 772
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
descriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera . xi & xii . oecophoridae - ( continued )
zeller , 1855 nachtrag zu den im 9ten bande bescriebenen arten ds genus cryptolechia linn . ent . 10 : 145 - 168
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
thanks graeme . i see the similarities . i am not able to find many matches on the web , though . thanks again . i will amend my spotting .
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meyrick , e . 1883 ,
descriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera . viii . oecophoridae
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , ser . 1 , vol . 7 , no . 4 , pp . 415 - 547
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 3b1ccd01 - f24d - 41a0 - a4f2 - 2471c34747d1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d0fb88be - 1f7e - 470d - 9621 - 18dc05221d76
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : cda0a9d9 - e031 - 4c9c - a6f6 - 227d28d447c1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 243953
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the wingspan is 22 - 25 mm . the forewings do not have any oblique lines . the hindwings are pale - yellow without any suffusion .
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hemiphlebia mirabilis , commonly known as the ancient greenling , is a species of damselfly in the family hemiphlebiidae .

it is very small with a long , metallic-green body and clear wings .

it is endemic to south-eastern australia .

its natural swamp habitat is threatened by habitat loss .

this is the only living species of the genus hemiphlebia and the family hemiphlebiidae .

hemiphlebia mirabilis

the biology and conservation of hemiphlebia mirabilis selys ( odonata , hemiphlebiidae ) in southern victoria .
sperm removal during copulation confirmed in the oldest extant damselfly , hemiphlebia mirabilis . - pubmed - ncbi
the biology and conservation of hemiphlebia mirabilis selys ( odonata , hemiphlebiidae ) in southern vi . . . | national library of australia
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the biology and conservation of hemiphlebia mirabilis selys ( odonata , hemiphlebiidae ) in southern victoria / g . j . sant and t . r . new
the biology and conservation of hemiphlebia mirabilis selys ( odonata , hemiphlebiidae ) in southern victoria / g . j . sant and t . r . new .
the biology and conservation of hemiphlebia mirabilis selys ( odonata , hemiphlebiidae ) in southern victoria /  g . j . sant and t . r . new .
damselflies - - victoria - - wilsons promontory national park - - habitat . | damselflies - - victoria - - wilsons promontory national park . | hemiphlebia mirabilis .
relationship between time of day and duration of reproductive behaviours of h . mirabilis .
the biology and conservation of hemiphlebia mirabilis selys ( odonata , hemiphlebiidae ) in southern victoria / g . j . sant and t . r . new . - version details - trove
hemiphlebia mirabilis , a tiny ( wingspan not much more than 20 mm ) damselfly , endemic to victoria and tasmania , the only species of its family ( hemiphlebiidae ) and already threatened .
copulatory phases in h . mirabilis match the description of stage i ( a ) and stage ii ( b ) of .
hemiphlebia mirabilis showed limited flying activity , and remained perched most of the time . males were not territorial , and the mating system was found to be scramble competition . the most conspicuous behaviour was abdominal flicking , which occurred continuously over the day , was performed by both sexes , and has been studied elsewhere ( cordero - rivera , 2016 ) .
sant , g . j . & new , t . r . & arthur rylah institute for environmental research . & victoria . department of conservation , forests and lands . & victoria . national parks and wildlife division . ( 1988 ) . the biology and conservation of hemiphlebia mirabilis selys ( odonata , hemiphlebiidae ) in southern victoria . east melbourne , vic : dept . of conservation forests and lands
to conclude , this study offers the first description of reproductive behaviour of a key taxon in the evolution of the odonata , considered the sister group to all lestoidea ( dumont , vierstraete & vanfleteren , 2010 ) , and suggests that sperm removal is an old adaptive trait within male odonates in the arena of sexual selection . some mysteries remain : “ hemiphlebia mirabilis will always be an enigma” ( fraser , 1955 ) .
sant , g . j . and new , t . r . and arthur rylah institute for environmental research . and victoria . department of conservation , forests and lands . and victoria . national parks and wildlife division . the biology and conservation of hemiphlebia mirabilis selys ( odonata , hemiphlebiidae ) in southern victoria / g . j . sant and t . r . new dept . of conservation forests and lands east melbourne , vic 1988
sant , g . j . & new , t . r . & arthur rylah institute for environmental research . & victoria . department of conservation , forests and lands . & victoria . national parks and wildlife division . 1988 , the biology and conservation of hemiphlebia mirabilis selys ( odonata , hemiphlebiidae ) in southern victoria / g . j . sant and t . r . new dept . of conservation forests and lands east melbourne , vic
when small zygopterans are handled for marking , it is not rare that some lose one or more legs , a fact that might reduce their survivorship ( cordero - rivera , egido pérez & andrés , 2002 ) . in the case of h . mirabilis this never happened , and all individuals had six legs when first captured . furthermore , i found that pulling off legs out from adult h . mirabilis to sample tissues for dna , required the use of scissors instead of forceps , because forcibly removing one leg could damage the animal due to muscular tissues remaining attached to the leg . given that legs are used to immobilise females during courtship ( figs . 1 and 2 ) , perhaps this explains why h . mirabilis males do not autotomise their legs . legs are crucial for male courtship in h . mirabilis , another unusual characteristic .
{ { citation | title = the biology and conservation of hemiphlebia mirabilis selys ( odonata , hemiphlebiidae ) in southern victoria / g . j . sant and t . r . new | author1 = sant , g . j | author2 = new , t . r . ( timothy richard ) , 1943 - | author3 = arthur rylah institute for environmental research | author4 = victoria . department of conservation , forests and lands | author5 = victoria . national parks and wildlife division | year = 1988 | publisher = dept . of conservation forests and lands | language = english } }
the yea and alexandra populations are threatened by lack of water coming onto the floodplain , due to agricultural practices and river regulation . the wilsons promontory population was severely threatened when the park staff destroyed the reeds , which were the h . mirabilis habitat , by burning .
i acknowledge the help of many colleagues who shared their experiences and information about the fascinating h . mirabilis during my sabbatical leave in nov–dec 2013 , with a license from the university of vigo . many thanks to di crowther , ian endersby , gerry quinn , john hawking , reiner ritchter , and richard rowe . i am grateful to natalia von ellenrieder and rosser w . garrison for their useful comments .
most observations and experiments were done at long swamp , a large freshwater system in the discovery bay coastal park , near to nelson ( victoria , australia ) , between 17 november and 7 december 2013 . population density of h . mirabilis was very high during the field work ( cordero - rivera , 2016 ) . a second population , inhabiting ming ming swamp in grampians national park , was visited for further observations .
the goals of this study were therefore two fold . first , i wanted to observe and describe the reproductive behaviour of this species , that has been up to now unknown . fraser ( 1955 ) published a description of the male intromittent organ ( genital ligula ) , noting that it had two flagella or horns similar to those of other species known to use these structures to remove sperm ( córdoba - aguilar & cordero - rivera , 2008 ) . however , female internal organs remain unknown . given that female structures are the “arena” where postcopulatory sexual selection takes place , their study is crucial . therefore , my second goal was to study genital morphology of both sexes and sperm competition mechanisms . if h . mirabilis males displace sperm , this would suggest that sperm displacement and the dual function of male genitalia ( waage , 1979 ) is an old character in odonates .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
schorr , m . and paulson , d . 2017 . world odonata list . revision 22 february 2017 . tacoma , washington , usa available at : urltoken .
the original description ( sely - longchamps 1869 ) , larval description ( tillyard 1928 ) and additional information ( houston and watson 1988 ) .
this species is uplisted to endangered from its previous vulnerable assessment because of its currently scattered populations and small area of occupancy .
is only known from six very small and fragmented populations and several populations are known to have been declining since 2001 .
endemic to australia . this species is known from only six scattered localities from near alexandra , yea and wilsons promontory , victoria , and from king island to mt william national park , tasmania ( trueman et al . 1992 , endersby 1993 , watson 1995 ) .
known from only six scattered populations . the populations are very scattered . the alexandra and yea populations are in central - east victoria and have specimens have not been seen since january 2001 , when 10 specimens were seen ( hawking and dunkle unpublished data 2001 ) . adults were last seen at wilsons promontory population is in the south of victoria , in january 2003 ( smith and paulson unpublished data 2003 ) . the populations on king island and two populations near mt william , tasmania have not been surveyed since 1995 . the adults are very hard to find as they are very small and their metallic green colour allows them to blend in with the surrounding vegetation .
inhabits riverine lagoons , permanent ponds and swamps that may dry out in the summer ( theischinger and hawking 2006 ) .
the wilsons promontory and mt william populations are in national parks and are covered by government legislation .
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information on the ancient greenling is currently being researched and written ( 1 ) .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0ad809b0 - 45d3 - 4217 - a6e4 - 518df8d4525e
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ecoevo lab , departamento de ecoloxía e bioloxía animal , universidade de vigo , pontevedra , galiza , spain .
pmid : 27257552 pmcid : pmc4888289 doi : 10 . 7717 / peerj . 2077
males use the “flicking” display characteristic of this species . note the “z” position of female abdomen , which signals receptivity . males repeatedly curl their abdomen up and downwards during this display . see also video 1 .
female refusal behaviour , using the abdomen to try to dislodge the male ( a and b ) , and the start of precopulatory tandem ( c ) , once female shows signs of receptivity .
stage i is involved in rivals’ sperm removal and insemination takes place during stage ii .
courtship refers to the time between female capture and tandem formation . tandem indicates the time the pair remained in tandem before copulation . finally , copulation refers to the time between the start and the end of the copulatory wheel .
( a ) lateral view of genital ligula and ( b ) female vagina and bursa copulatrix , both at the same scale , and oriented with the dorsal part above . the insert in ( b ) shows a detail of the genital valves of the female , which are provided with mechanical sensilla , situated in the area indicated by the circle . further details of male genital ligula are shown . ( c ) ventral view of the spines , in the region indicated by the upwards arrow in ( a ) . ( d ) dorso - lateral view of the tip of the genital ligula . ( e ) detail of the spinules of the genital ligula in the region indicated by the rectangle in ( a ) . ( f ) lateral view of the genital ligula distal horns , with backward - directed spinules , whose position is indicated by the downward arrow in ( a ) . the image in ( b ) has been edited to remove dust .
volume of sperm ( mean + se ) in females collected before mating , interrupted at the end of stage i before insemination , and after one complete copulation .
numbers are sample size . the pictures show examples of the bursa copulatrix full of sperm before and after copulation ( left and right ) and partially emptied at the end of stage i ( centre ) . scale bar in the images 0 . 1 mm . images edited to remove dust .
this replaces species _ habitat _ v4 _ hdnv and _ hinv this data series is a set of spatial maps describing importance of suitable habitat within the current extent of native vegetation for some species . these species are threatened and their habitat is described as either dispersed or highly localised ( ie remaining habitat within native vegetation is either greater than or less than 2000 ha respectively based on iucn categorisation ) . these maps have been developed for use in the native vegetation permitted clearing regulations . thresholds have been applied to the maps because lower likelihood areas do not receive species - specific consideration in the assessment process . habitat importance is continuous for dispersed species , for highly localised habitats however it is equal across the map . the values stored in these data are used to calculate risk and offsets under the native vegetation permitted clearing regulations ( as proposed 2013 )
note that for dispersed species the values stored in these data must be divided by 100 to calculate the habitat importance score .
dataset series naming : vic - hpnv - v4 - [ a / p ] [ taxa _ id ] _ 2013nov19 _ thm _ bio _ 75m _ vg94 . tif where v4 is the version of the source models ( ie . species _ habitat _ v4 _ hdnv ) a / p animal / plant taxa _ id is vba taxa _ id
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these data are a combination of site observations and models and as such are indications of the importance of habitat . they do not however take into account the current condition of the habitat for the particular species , apart from an indication of the presence and context of native vegetation - some species are known to predominantly inhabit non - native vegetation . this modelled data component does not capture this . models of habitat are not intended to equate with species presence . other factors such as natural disturbances , losses due to historic catastrophes , and the impact of predators and seasonal factors influence whether a species is present in habitat at any given time . also these data are highly reliant on survey records that indicate the suitability of a particular environment for a species . new records may influence future spatial models of suitable habitat . 75x75m cells
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east melbourne , vic . : dept . of conservation forests and lands , 1988 .
technical report series /  arthur rylah institute for environmental research , 0810 - 5774 ; no . 82
technical report series ( arthur rylah institute for environmental research ) ; no . 82 .
on cover : conservation forests &  lands , national parks and wildlife division , victoria .
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east melbourne , vic . : dept . of conservation forests and lands , 1988 v , 35 p . : ill . , map ; 30 cm .
on cover : conservation forests & lands , national parks and wildlife division , victoria .
new , t . r . ( timothy richard ) , 1943 - | arthur rylah institute for environmental research | victoria . department of conservation , forests and lands | victoria . national parks and wildlife division
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note that a preprint of this article also exists , first published march 1 , 2016 .
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the relevance of sexual selection in shaping reproductive behaviour is well established ( andersson , 1994 ) , and in particular its effects on the evolution of primary ( leonard & córdoba - aguilar , 2010 ) and secondary sexual characters ( clutton - brock , 2007 ) . our understanding of sexual selection processes is based on the conceptual framework that differentiates between pre - copulatory and post - copulatory forces and mechanisms ( eberhard , 1996 ) , and the traditional differentiation of intra - and inter - sexual selection , which can be dated back to the original texts of darwin ( 1871 ) . the origin and maintenance of many bizarre behaviours is explained by sexual selection theory , even if such behaviours may not be favoured by natural selection . males and females do not necessarily have the same interests , and conflicts are expected ( parker , 1979 ; arnqvist , 2004 ) , which are particularly evident in species whose females store sperm for long periods . animal genitalia are therefore under intense sexual selection ( eberhard , 1985 ) , and this may drive coevolutionary arm races between sexes ( e . g . , sánchez & cordero , 2014 ) .
animals included in this study were individually marked . having a marked population is a convenient fact for demographical and behavioural studies ( cordero - rivera & stoks , 2008 ) , because individually marked specimens are best for focal observations . marking was done with a permanent black ink pen ( faber - castell multimark 1525 s ) on the external side of the right hind wing ( see figs . 2 and 3 ) .
copulatory behaviour was rarely observed . for instance , i observed one mating on 19 and 25 november and two on 26 november . therefore , i decided to try to increase inter - individual encounters by using a mosquito net as an outdoor insectary , where a set of marked specimens were introduced . the insectary was used to elicit mating behaviour on days 29 , 30 november and 1 and 3 december , between 11 and 16–17 h . at the end of the observations , the insectary was removed and remaining individuals released . i observed a total of 28 copulations , of which 11 were forcibly interrupted at different times to study sperm competition . three pairs were preserved in copula ( at the end of stage i ; see ‘results’ ) and dissected to test whether the genital ligula can physically remove sperm . furthermore , seven apparently mature females were collected to estimate the sperm volume of pre - copula females . the pair , or sometimes only the female , was immediately preserved in 70 % ethanol for further analyses . one thermometer was placed in the shade of a shrub at about 1 . 5 m over water . temperature was recorded about once every hour .
mean values are presented with their standard error ( se ) and sample size : mean ± se ( n ) . statistical analyses were performed with xlstat 2016 ( urltoken ) and genstat 17 ( urltoken ) . sperm volumes were analysed by anova , and groups were compared using pre - copula females as the control , by means of a dunnett test .
receptive females remained motionless , and adopted a characteristic position with their abdomen curved downwards in the junction between the first and second abdominal segments , and upwards between third and fourth segments . the position recalls a capital z ( figs . 1b – 1f and 2c ) . after a variable time motionless , males started to make their characteristic abdominal flicking , in a clear courtship behaviour ( see the sequence in figs . 1b – 1f , and also video 1 ) . then , males curved their abdomen upwards and grasped the females’s prothorax with their abdominal appendages ( fig . 2c ) . the average time between female capture and tandem formation was 6 . 20 ± 1 . 17 ( 19 ) min , with a range from 1 . 67 to 23 . 0 min . during this time , males used their abdominal flicking display to court the females , with motionless periods intercalated . after grasping the female with his anal appendages , the male opened its legs widely and released the female’s wings ( video 1 ) .
after tandem formation , males performed sperm translocation , from the 9th to the 2nd abdominal segment ( fig . 3 ) , which lasted on average 3 . 5 ± 0 . 24 ( 26 ) s ( range 1–6 s ; video 1 ) . this behaviour always preceded copulation , contrarily to what was previously reported ( sant & new , 1988 ) . copulation started immediately after sperm translocation . copulatory movements ( see fig . 4 ) were similar to those in coenagrionidae , and had two clear phases , which match the description of stage i and ii of enallagma cyathigerum ( miller & miller , 1981 ) .
males use the “flicking” display characteristic of this species . note the “z” position of female abdomen , which signals receptivity . males repeatedly curl their abdomen up and downwards during this display . see also video 1 .
i did not observe a single female laying eggs . oviposition does not take place in tandem after mating , so it should be performed by females alone . on 25 november i collected 10 females apparently mature and put them in plastic containers with humid filter paper , a method that elicits oviposition behaviour in many zygopterans ( van gossum , sánchez - guillén & cordero - rivera , 2003 ) . they were retained for two hours on a shaded spot , and afterwards were released , but none laid eggs . a second attempt to obtain eggs was done with 22 females from the population at ming ming swamp , which were fully mature judging by their enlarged abdomen . females were maintained with humid filter paper from 12 : 15 to 15 : 30 h , but once more , no oviposition was observed . five females were retained and maintained overnight with humid filter paper and a piece of vegetation , but yet again , no eggs were laid .
pre - and postcopula females had their bursa full of sperm , whereas it was almost empty in females interrupted at the end of stage i ( fig . 8 ; anova , f 2 , 15 = 11 . 12 , p < 0 . 001 ) . the volume of sperm in pre - copula females was 2 . 7 times greater than the volume stored in females whose copulation was interrupted at the end of stage i ( difference = 0 . 007 , dunnett test ( two - sided ) p = 0 . 020 ) , indicating a significant sperm removal . the volumes of sperm stored by pre - and postcopula females were not significantly different ( difference = − 0 . 003 ; p = 0 . 293 ; fig . 8 ) .
adolfo cordero - rivera conceived and designed the experiments , performed the experiments , analyzed the data , contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools , wrote the paper , prepared figures and / or tables , reviewed drafts of the paper .
the following information was supplied relating to field study approvals ( i . e . , approving body and any reference numbers ) :
funding was provided by grants from the spanish ministry of science and innovation , which included feder funds ( cgl2011 - 22629 and cgl2014 - 53140 - p ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
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the black spine-neck swamp turtle ( acanthochelys spixii ) , also commonly known as the spiny-neck turtle or spix 's sideneck turtle , is a species of turtle in the family chelidae .

the species is endemic to central america and northern south america .

black spine - neck swamp turtle

a black spine - neck swamp turtle ( acanthochelys spixii ) at the houston zoo .
a black spine - neck swamp turtle ( acanthochelys spixii ) in a private collection in houston , texas .
information on the black spine - neck swamp turtle is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the black spine - neck swamp turtle is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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this peculiar bird of south america has a large red throat wattle with a blue base and a ring of bare bluish skin around the eyes . the feathers are mainly black , including on the forehead . the neck and upper breast feathers are edged with white and the wings are each decorated with a large , white patch . the crown and nape are white , the bill is pale blue with a black tip , and the legs are red . the black - fronted piping - guan calls with a soft whistle ( 4 ) .
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turtle taxonomy working group [ van dijk pp , iverson jb , rhodin agj , shaffer hb , bour r ] ( 2014 ) .
turtles of the world , 7th edition : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution with maps , and conservation status
.
the black - fronted piping - guan is one of the most prized game birds of the atlantic forest . although it is illegal to hunt this species , remaining populations are threatened by poaching , even in protected areas . compounding the threat of hunting is the impact of habitat loss ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . 90 percent of the atlantic forest has already been cleared , leaving little habitat for the black - fronted piping - guan ( 5 ) . remaining forest patches are under threat from legal and illegal conversion to agriculture and the construction of hydro - electric dams ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
the black - fronted piping - guan inhabits atlantic forest in both coastal and inland regions , up to 1 , 800 metres above sea level . it appears to be associated with rivers and streams and in some areas favours forests with a high proportion of palmito ( euterpe edulis ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
the black - fronted piping - guan is endemic to the atlantic forest of southeast brazil , northeast argentina and southeast paraguay ( 2 ) . having once been widespread and common throughout this range , it has now been lost from most sites and is now found only where it is relatively protected from hunting ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
although the black - fronted piping - guan is thought of as a fruit - eater , it has opportunistic feeding habits , taking insects and molluscs where possible , as well as seeds , grains and buds . in some areas , the vast majority of its diet comes from the fruit of the palmito ( euterpe edulis ) but also from figs ( ficus ) , araçazeiros ( psidium ) , bicuiba ( virola ) , pindaúba ( xylopia ) , and guarumo ( cecropia ) plants . it is also thought to ingest mud as a means of taking in salt ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
in common with other guan species , the black - fronted piping - guan is found alone or in groups of up to five , but it is known to be territorial to outsiders , shaking its wings in display and creating a machine - like rattle . the groups break off into pairs for the breeding season , building a platform - like nest of twigs in a tree - fork . during september up to four eggs are laid by the female and these are incubated for about 28 days . chicks are seen in october and november but little is known of the parental care they receive or their dispersal once fledged ( 2 ) .
the black - fronted piping - guan is protected by law in brazil but this has little impact on the rate of poaching there . similarly , it is found in several state parks and reserves including urugua - í provincial park and iguazú national park , both in misiones , but the security offered by these has had little effect on bolstering the species’ numbers . there are several captive breeding programmes which have had some success , but reintroduction has so far been unsuccessful . awareness campaigns and the enforcement of anti - poaching measures seem to be the best hope for this species , with regular surveying to follow its progress ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
an errata assessment is required to generate a revised pdf without the range map which had been included in error ; no range map was available when this assessment was originally published .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 1996 : e . t76a97260200 .
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emys depressa spix 1824 ( non emys depressa merrem 1820 ) emys depressa — wied 1824 platemys spixii duméril & bibron 1835 : 409 ( nom . nov . pro emys depressa spix ) hydraspis spixii gray 1844 hydraspis spixii — gray 1855 : 69 platemys spixii — boulenger 1886 : 424 platemys radiolata spixii — pritchard 1979 platemys spixii — ernst 1983 acanthochelys spixii — iverson 1986 platemys spixii — lehmann 1988 platemys spixii — ernst & barbour 1989 acanthochelys spixii — cei 1993 acanthochelys spixii — ttwg 2014
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
type species : platemys spixii duméril & bibron 1835 is the type species of the genus acanthochelys gray 1873 : 305 . habitat : freshwater ( rivers , swamps )
named after johann baptist von spix ( 1781 - 1826 ) , german zoologist . see heinzeller ( 2006 ) and the spixiana supplement 1983 for detailed biographical data .
bonin , f . , devaux , b . & dupré , a . 2006 . turtles of the world . english translation by p . c . h . pritchard . johns hopkins university press , 416 pp .
boulenger , g . a . 1886 . a synopsis of the reptiles and batrachians of the province rio grande do sul , brazil . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 18 : 423 - 445 - get paper here
bour , r . 2008 . global diversity of turtles ( chelonii ; reptilia ) in freshwater . hydrobiologia 595 : 593–598
brandao r . a . , zerbini g . j . , sebben a . and molina f . de b . 2002 . notes on distribution and habitats of acanthochelys spixii and phrynops vanderhaegei ( testudines , chelidae ) in central brazil . bol . asoc . herpetol . esp . , 13 ( 1 - 2 ) : 11 - 15 . - get paper here
carreira , s . ; brazeiro , a . ; camargo , a . ; da rosa , i . ; canavero , a . & maneyro , m . 2012 . diversity of reptiles of uruguay : knowledge and information gaps . bol . soc . zool . uruguay ( 2a época ) 21 ( 1 - 2 ) : 9 - 29 - get paper here
duméril , a . m . c . , and g . bibron . 1835 . erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles , vol . 2 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris , iv + 680 p . - get paper here
ernst , c . h . and barbour , r . w . 1989 . turtles of the world . smithsonian institution press , washington d . c . - london
freiberg , m . a . 1945 . una nueva especie de tortuga del genero platemys wagler . physis . buenos aires 20 : 19 - 23
gray , j . e . 1873 . observations on chelonians , with descriptions of new genera and species . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 4 ) 11 : 289 - 308 - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1844 . catalogue of tortoises , crocodilians , and amphisbaenians in the collection of the british museum . british museum ( natural history ) , london . viii + 80 p . - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1855 . description of a new genus and some new species of tortoises . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 2 ) 15 : 67 - 69 - get paper here
heinzeller , t . 2006 . zum 225 . geburtstag des begründers der zsm : spix und der aufbruch der zoologie in die moderne . spixiana 29 ( 3 ) : 193 - 197 - get paper here
hoge , a . r . & s . a . r . w . l . romano - hoge 1983 . notas sobre micro e ultra - estructura de “oberhäutchen” em viperoidea . mem . inst . butantan 44 / 45 : 81 - 118 [ 1980 / 81 ] - get paper here
hoogmoed , m . s . and gruber , u . 1983 . spix and wagler type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the natural history musea in munich ( germany ) and leiden ( the netherlands ) . spixiana suppl . 9 : 319 - 415 - get paper here
huebinger , ryan m . ; john w . bickham , anders g . j . rhodin , and russell a . mittermeier 2013 . mitochondrial dna corroborates taxonomy of the south american chelid turtles of the genera platemys and acanthochelys . chelonian conservation and biology jul 2013 , vol . 12 , no . 1 : 168 - 171 . - get paper here
ribas , e . r . ; monteiro filho , emygdio leite de araujo 2002 . distribution and habitat of the freshwater turtles ( testudines , chelidae ) from state of paraná – brasil . biociências ( porto alegre ) 10 ( 2 ) : 15 - 32
souza , franco l . 2004 . uma revisão sobre padrões de atividade , reprodução e alimentação de cágados brasileiros ( testudines , chelidae ) [ a review on activity patterns , reproduction , and feeding habits in brazilian chelid turtles ( testudines , chelidae ) ] . phyllomedusa 3 ( 1 ) : 15 - 28 - get paper here
spix , j . b . von . 1824 . animalia nova ; sive , species novae testudinum et ranarum , quas in itinere per brasiliam annis 1817 - 20 collegit et descripsit . f . s . hübschmann , münchen . iv + 53 pp .
ttwg [ peter paul van dijk , john b . iverson , anders g . j . rhodin , h . bradley shaffer , and roger bour ] 2014 . turtles of the world , 7th edition : annotated checklist of taxonomy , synonymy , distribution with maps , and conservation status . 000 . v7 . chelonian research monographs ( issn 1088 - 7105 ) no . 5 , doi : 10 . 3854 / crm . 5 . 000 . checklist . v7 . 2014 - get paper here
wied - neuwied , m . 1824 . verzeichniss der amphibien , welche im zweyten bande der naturgeschichte brasiliens vom prinz max von neuwied werden beschrieben werden . isis von oken 14 : 661—673 [ columns ] - get paper here
winkler , j . d . 2006 . testing phylogenetic implications of eggshell characters in side - necked turtles ( testudines : pleurodira ) . zoology 109 : 127 - 136
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[ volume 2 ] . paris : librairie encyclopédique de roret . ii + 680 pp . (
( 1873 ) .
observations on chelonians , with descriptions of new genera and species
.
beolens , bo ; watkins , michael ; grayson , michael ( 2011 ) .
acanthochelys spixii
. the reptile database . www . reptile - database . org .
phylogenetic arrangement based on turtles of the world 2014 update : annotated checklist . extinct turtles not included .
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in some places , this species makes some seasonal movements , partly in response to the fruiting of the palmito which ripens first at lower altitudes and later in the year at higher altitudes . parents are known to move on shortly after nesting , but whether the chicks accompany them is unclear ( 2 ) .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
authenticated ( 03 / 10 / 08 ) by kristina cockle , proyecto selva de pino parana , san pedro , misiones . urltoken
endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . genus a category used in taxonomy , which is below ‘family’ and above ‘species’ . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a ‘binomial’ latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . molluscs a diverse group of invertebrates , mainly marine , that have one or all of the following ; a horny , toothed ribbon in the mouth ( the radula ) , a shell covering the upper surface of the body , and a mantle or mantle cavity with a type of gill . includes snails , slugs , shellfish , octopuses and squid . territorial an animal , a pair of animals or a colony that occupies and defends an area .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 2001 ) handbook of the birds of the world volume 2 : new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona .
bodrati , a . and cockle , k . ( 2006 ) habitat , distribution , and conservation of atlantic forest birds in argentina : notes on nine rare or threatened species . ornitologia neotropical , 17 : 243 - 258 .
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pleuroploca lyonsi is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

pleuroploca lyonsi

fasciolariidae » pleuroploca lyonsi , id : 748387 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
specimen shell : pleuroploca lyonsi each seashell we have have been carefully picked to ensure the highest seashells quality . these shells come from all over the philippines , provided by fishermen ( madagascar - lavanono ) , divers , fasciolariidae specimen shell : pleuroploca lyonsi bozzetti 2008
sea shell information on : ts131937 - fasciolariidae pleuroploca - > lyonsi . this specimen is of fasciolariidae . the specimen shell of groupe : pleuroploca . shell found on the philippines . shell is of exceptional quality . more sea shell information
pleuroploca lyonsi ( bozzetti , 2008 ) fine + + , perfect fully strong lip ; beautiful ! ; 158 . 1 mm ; southern - east madagascar , sandravinany ; from local fisherman ; january 2012 . [ fas126 ]
species pleuroploca acutispira ( strebel , 1911 ) accepted as triplofusus princeps ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 )
species pleuroploca lugubris ( a . adams & reeve , 1847 ) accepted as lugubrilaria lugubris ( a . adams & reeve , 1847 )
pleuroploca lyonsi ( bozzetti , 2008 ) live taken , fine + + + , perfect fully strong lip , fully intact apex , some inclusions inside the aperture ; beautiful ! ; 138 . 0 mm ; southern - east madagascar , manantenina ; from local fisherman ; november 2010 . [ fas118 ]
species pleuroploca princeps ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 ) accepted as triplofusus princeps ( g . b . sowerby i , 1825 )
bozzetti l . ( 2008 ) . pleuropoca lyonsi ( gastropoda : neogastropoda : fasciolariidae ) a new species from southern madagascar . malacologia mostra mondiale 61 : 8 - 9 [ details ]
after more than 2 years of preparations , the diatombase portal is now officially launched . . . .
last week - on may 30 and 31st – 8 thematic experts on talitridae came together for the first time during a lifewatch - worms sponsored workshop . the workshop took place at the hellenic centre for marine research in crete , where it was organized back - to - back with the 8th international sandy beaches symposium ( isbs ) . the group focused on identifying relevant traits for the talitridae , and adding this data through the amphipoda species database . . . .
on 23 april 2018 , a number of editors of the world register of introduced species ( wrims ) started a three day workshop in the flanders marine institute ( vliz ) . these three days were used to evaluate , complete and improve the content of this worms thematic register ( tsd ) . . . .
the 2nd worms early career researchers and 3rd worms achievement award were granted respectively to françois le coze and geoff read . congratulations ! . . .
in 2018 , to celebrate a decade of worms ' existence , it was decided to compile a list of our top marine species , both for 2017 and for the previous decade . . . .
the scleractinian corals are now accessible though their own list portal . this world list contains over 1 500 accepted names of extant species and is one of the most complete existing resources for scleractinian taxa . . .
snyder m . a . , vermeij g . j . & lyons w . g . ( 2012 ) the genera and biogeography of fasciolariinae ( gastropoda , neogastropoda , fasciolariidae ) . basteria 76 ( 1 - 3 ) : 31 - 70 . [ 3 aug . 2012 ] [ details ]
snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1–431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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madagascar . fort dauphin . about 25 m deep from lobster pots . 2013 .
not perfect , thin lip , as good as they come . hard to get fasciolariid in any condition . rare orange color .
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