the sweetflag spreadwing ( lestes forcipatus ) is a species of damselfly in the family lestidae , the spreadwings .

it is native to north america , especially eastern parts of canada and the united states .

sweetflag spreadwing

the sweetflag spreadwing feeds on insects . sweetflag spreadwings have weak flight pattern consisting of slow flight in and out of the emergent vegetation .
the sweetflag spreadwing ( lestes forcipatus ) is a species of damselfly in the family lestidae .
the sweetflag spreadwing is an intermediate sized species of spreadwing . it has an average length of the adult is 1 ½ – 2 inches ( 38–50 millimeters ) .
the sweetflag spreadwing is usually found at temporary and permanent ponds , marshy , vegetated ponds of lakes , and slow streams .
) but both are now considered to be separate species . males can only be told from sweetflag spreadwing by the cerci , but females have shorter ovipositors than those of female sweetflag spreadwings .
sweetflag spreadwings have a long flight season which is from early may to early november .
length : 1 . 7 inches . flight time : late april to late september . the commonest and most widespread spreadwing in cape may county . formerly considered a subspecies of the northern spreadwing (
the sweetflag spreadwing is usually found at temporary and permanent ponds , marshy lakes , and slow streams . it ranges throughout eastern united states and southeastern canada . it is occasionally found in scattered northern counties in wisconsin . however , it is difficult to separate from the northern spreadwing and southern spreadwing , and because survey effort for spreadwings in wisconsin has been generally inadequate , its distribution in the state is poorly known .
there are eight nebraska spreadwing species . the only member of the archilestes genus is the great spreadwing . the other seven spreadwings are in the lestes genus . all lestes are smaller and mostly earlier than archilestes .
the habitat of the sweetflag spreadwing is temporary and permanent ponds , lakes with emergent vegetation , as well as bogs , fens and slow
weedy
streams ( westfall and may 1996 , paulson 2009 ) .
pictured above is a male sweetflag spreadwing ( lestes forcipatus ) . this species lacks green shoulder stripes more often than the northern or southern but the character is not reliable to be used as a field mark .
length : 1 . 8 inches . flight time : late may to early august . a brightly - colored , metallic species which closely resembles swamp spreadwing , but has paler legs and the back of the head is pale cream - colored .
male sweetflag spreadwings can be common in appropriate habitat . copulation and oviposition tends to occur in the afternoon and eggs are deposited into stems of bulrushes , rushes , and cattails , as well as on floating mats and in low sedges ( paulson 2009 ) .
on male sweetflag spreadwings , the thorax is blackish with narrow , faintly colored shoulder stripes and pale tan or blue - gray sides . its slender abdomen is blackish above and pale below with a pale gray , blunt tip . its large eyes are a deep blue in color . on female sweetflag spreadwings , the thorax is blackish above with pale shoulder stripes and sides . her abdomen is more robust than the male and is pale green and brown in color with a brownish , blunt tip . her large eyes are bluish in color like the male . on both genders the wings are transparent . on both genders , there is a small brown spot on the lower sides of the thorax . the naiad is golden to dark brown in color with stalk like permentum .
length : 1 . 7 inches . flight time : mid may to early november . a fairly common species but numbers can fluctuate and the species seems to be most common at well - vegetated vernal ponds during wet years . numbers were noticeably high at rio grande in 2010 for example . males can only be told from southern spreadwing by the paraprocts which are as long as the cerci ( not shorter ) .
the paraprocts or inferior appendages also have suble differences in shape . northern and southern are most similar , but the shaft of the southern has a more pronounced curved and they are more distinctly narrowed in the middle . paraprocts of the sweetflag are straight and thin , their middles slightly narrowed only sometimes . these differences can be useful but are subtle and difficult to see well even in the hand .
males of these species have to be separated by their terminal appendages . the cerci of all three species have basal and a distal teeth . on the northern , the distal tooth is large , sharp and as long as the basal tooth . the distance between the teeth is short . the cerci of southern and sweetflag are similar . in both species , the distal tooth is shorter , and often blunter than the basal tooth which is long and sharp . the distance between the teeth is also longer than that of the northern . these differences in the cerci make it possible to identify the northern .
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shading illustrates monthly percentages of the total flight season records for the species . each flight season record is a unique date / location / observer combination where one or more adult or an exuvia was recorded ( excludes nymphs ) . the actual number of flight season records for each month is shown in parentheses . flight seasons begin earlier in the southern part of the state , often by a week or more . also , flight charts may not be accurate for rare species because of few data available .
this site is produced in conjunction with the wisconsin aquatic and terrestrial resources inventory and sponsored by the wisconsin department of natural resources . the information presented on this site is subject to the wisconsin department of natural resources ' legal notices , disclaimers , and terms of use .
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dark , male has variable shoulder stripes . female has very large ovipositor , rather distinctive .
summer - fall . june - september ( maine ) . may - october ( virginia ) .
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comments : similar in appearance , and early records were often confused with l . d . australis ( westfall and may , 1996 ) .
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green indicates accepted county record ( specimen or photograph ) . yellow indicates sight record only .
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further collecting is required to determine status in state ( miller and gustafson 1996 ) .
using personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding , overwintering , or migratory habitat requirements of each species ( dobkin 1992 , hart et al . 1998 , hutto and young 1999 , maxell 2000 , foresman 2012 , adams 2003 , and werner et al . 2004 ) ;
calculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of
observations versus availability of habitat
.
species that breed in montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use , species that only overwinter in montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use , and species that only migrate through montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use . in general , species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system . however , species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system ,
point observations were associated with that system . common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature . the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association . if you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems , please contact the montana natural heritage program ' s senior zoologist .
species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape - level planning . these potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species ( this information can be requested at :
) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists . users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales . land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade . thus , particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas ( e . g . , evaluations of public land survey sections ) . finally , although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range , portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species ' known geographic range .
adams , r . a . 2003 . bats of the rocky mountain west ; natural history , ecology , and conservation . boulder , co : university press of colorado . 289 p .
dobkin , d . s . 1992 . neotropical migrant land birds in the northern rockies and great plains . usda forest service , northern region . publication no . r1 - 93 - 34 . missoula , mt .
foresman , k . r . 2012 . mammals of montana . second edition . mountain press publishing , missoula , montana . 429 pp .
hart , m . m . , w . a . williams , p . c . thornton , k . p . mclaughlin , c . m . tobalske , b . a . maxell , d . p . hendricks , c . r . peterson , and r . l . redmond . 1998 . montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates . montana cooperative wildlife research unit , university of montana , missoula , mt . 1302 p .
hutto , r . l . and j . s . young . 1999 . habitat relationships of landbirds in the northern region , usda forest service , rocky mountain research station rmrs - gtr - 32 . 72 p .
maxell , b . a . 2000 . management of montana ' s amphibians : a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification , distribution , taxonomy , habitat use , natural history , and the status and conservation of individual species . report to u . s . forest service region 1 . missoula , mt : wildlife biology program , university of montana . 161 p .
werner , j . k . , b . a . maxell , p . hendricks , and d . flath . 2004 . amphibians and reptiles of montana . missoula , mt : mountain press publishing company . 262 p .
larvae feed on a wide variety of aquatic insects , such as mosquito larvae , other aquatic fly larvae , mayfly larvae , and freshwater shrimp . adult - this damselfly will eat almost any soft - bodied flying insect including mosquitoes , flies , small moths , mayflies , and flying ants or termites .
miller , k . b . and d . l . gustafson . 1996 . distribution records of the odonata of montana . bulletin of american odonatology 3 ( 4 ) : 75 - 88 .
paulson , d . r . 2009 . dragonflies and damselflies of the west . princeton university press , princeton . 535 pp .
westfall , m . j . , jr . and m . l . may . 1996 . damselflies of north america . scientific publishers , gainesville , florida . 649 pp .
acorn , j . 2004 . damselflies of alberta : flying neon toothpicks in grass . edmonton , alberta : university of alberta press . 156 pp .
dunkle , s . w . 2000 . dragonflies through binoculars : a field guide to dragonflies of north america . new york , ny . oxford university press . 266 pp .
kohler , nathan s . excel spreadsheets of odonate observations / collections in montana .
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amphibians & reptiles birds mammals dragonflies fishes plants world biomes bird wing & tail images library resources publications pacific nw moths ( external site ) bug guide ( external site ) a catalogue of butterflies of the united states and canada , j . pelham , 2012 usfws feather atlas an identification manual to the small mammals of british coumbia tags silphidae of washington state
lestes forcipatus female , pond 3 mi s bethel , kitsap co . , wa ; 2 sep 1997
lestes forcipatus females , pond 3 mi s bethel , kitsap co . , wa ; 2 sep 1997
slater museum of natural history 1500 n . warner st . # 1088 tacoma , wa 98416 253 . 879 . 3356
total length : 36 - 46 mm ; abdomen : 28 - 36 mm ; hindwing : 18 - 25 mm .
still , slow moving waters , including permanent or ephemeral ponds , marshes and lakes with moderate vegetation .
throughout all of much of the eastern and southern united states west of the rocky mountains .
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citation : paseka , j . m . 2015 . nebraska dragonflies and damselflies . url urltoken
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spreadwings and sprites usually rest with the wings held out at a swept - back angle - though sprites will often fold them along the back too . most species lurk low in dense , pondside vegetation and some species can be found in woodland until they are mature .
sprites are very similar to spreadwings but are noticeably much smaller . identification of some species can be impossible without close checking of the external genitalia ( the paraprocts and cerci ) at the end of the abdomen .
length : 1 . 7 inches . flight time : late may to mid september . a common species that often perches more conspicuously than other spreadwings and may be found in wooded areas away from water .
length : 1 . 7 - 2 . 0 inches . flight time : early may to late october . a widespread and fairly common species of well - vegetated ponds , especially in wooded areas . a distinctive species with its long , spindly abdomen .
length : 0 . 8 - 1 . 0 inch . flight time : late june to early august . an uncommon species in cape may county , though easily overlooked due to its small size . the pattern of blue on the tip of the abdomen should help to identify the male , while the female can be identified by the straight rear edge to the prothorax ( the plate that sits between the head and thorax ) .
length : 1 . 1 inches . flight time : mid may to early september . a common species of well - vegetated ponds , acid bogs and ponds , though its small size makes it easy to miss .
female , pond 3 mi s bethel , kitsap co . , wa ; 2 sep 1997
females , pond 3 mi s bethel , kitsap co . , wa ; 2 sep 1997
wetland between bear and helena lakes , kitsap co . , wa ; 19 aug 1997
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north american odonata - the odonata of north america , website ( version sept . 2006 )
slater museum of natural history , university of puget sound , occasional paper no . 56
this is the third printing with revisions . publication was originally printed on 15 june 1999
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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although only discovered in the province during this project in 1998 , lestes forcipatus has since been found in many areas in southeastern british columbia .
columbia - kootenay distribution l . forcipatus is known from 16 localities in the columbia basin , from the bluewater creek area north of donald , to bonanza pass west of castlegar . when found , it was always the least dominant lestes species at the locality . l . forcipatus is certainly more widespread than records suggest , as it has apparently been confused with the much more common and abundant l . disjunctus , which it closely resembles . l . forcipatus is unusual in odonates in that the female is more easily identified than the male . males are so similar to those of l . disjunctus that unless a female is collected , the species may be overlooked .
biological information walker ( 1953 ) described l . forcipatus habitat as
ponds , both temporary and permanent , marshy lakes , and slow , weedy streams
. in the kootenay region we found this species in marshes and carex fens . specific information on its biology , range and flight dates has been confounded by misidentification , as noted above . in british columbia ( and columbia basin ) adult records have been confirmed from 24 june to 29 august ( present study ) . the north american dates are 4 april to 21 october ( mauffray and beckenbach 2000 ) .
management and protection considerations the habitats that l . forcipatus was found in were not particularly specialized or threatened . they are in lower - lying wetlands where there is always the risk of draining , development or pollution . the habitat descriptions from other areas include temporary as well as permanent ponds , which makes one think that this species may be relatively tolerant of some disturbance . management practices that ensure the continued viability of wetlands should be followed .


granulifusus poppei is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

granulifusus poppei

ebscohost | 99118524 | first record of granulifusus poppei ( mollusca : fasciolariidae ) from indian coast .
fasciolariidae » granulifusus poppei , id : 121349 , shell detail « shell encyclopedia , conchology , inc .
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : granulifusus poppei a . delsaerdt , 1995 - id : 1971500020
abstract : the fasciolariid snail granulifusus poppei was collected for the first time from the kerala coast , india . the record of the specimen from the arabian sea shows the extended distribution of the species from somalia to india in the western indian ocean .
hadorn r . & fraussen k . 2005 . revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : fasciolariidae ) . archiv für molluskenkunde 134 ( 2 ) : 129 - 171 . [ details ]
hadorn r . & fraussen k . 2005 . revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : fasciolariidae ) . < i > archiv für molluskenkunde < / i > 134 ( 2 ) : 129 - 171 .
hadorn r . & fraussen k . ( 2005 ) revision of the genus granulifusus kuroda & habe 1954 with description of some new species ( gastropoda : prosobranchia : fasciolariidae ) . < i > archiv für molluskenkunde < / i > 134 ( 2 ) : 129 - 171 .
delsaerdt a . ( 1995 ) two new species of fusininae from somalia . gloria maris 33 ( 6 ) : 114 - 199 . [ april 1995 ] page ( s ) : 114 [ details ]
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was collected for the first time from the kerala coast , india . the record of the specimen from the arabian sea shows the extended distribution of the species from somalia to india in the western indian ocean .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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somalia . south of mogadisco . east africa . trawled on the continental shelf . 1999 .
© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 0 . 002 seconds . )
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source : marine biodiversity records . jan2014 , vol . 7 , pn . pag - 00 . 1p .
author ( s ) : preetha , k . ; ravinesh , r . ; bijukumar , a . ; dhaneesh , k . v . ; george , s .
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delsaerdt a . ( 1995 ) two new species of fusininae from somalia . < i > gloria maris < / i > 33 ( 6 ) : 114 - 199 . [ april 1995 ]


eumeces algeriensis , the algerian skink or algerian orange-tailed skink , in french eumece d'algérie , or in spanish bulán , is a species of skink in the scincidae family .

the species is endemic to the maghreb region of north africa .

eumeces algeriensis

eumeces pavimentatus var . algeriensis peters 1864 : 49 scincus cyprius cuvier ( fide boulenger 1891 ) eumeces pavimentatus böttger 1874 eumeces algeriensis boulenger 1887 eumeces algeriensis — taylor 1936 : 146 eumeces pavimentatus — taylor 1936 : 133 eumeces schneideri algeriensis — eiselt 1940 eumeces algeriensis — caputo et al . 1993 eumeces algeriensis — schleich , kästle & kabisch 1996 : 349 novoeumeces algeriensis — griffith , ngo & murphy 2000 novoeumeces pavimentatus — griffith , ngo & murphy 2000 eumeces algeriensis — bonetti 2002 : 156 eumeces algeriensis — schmitz et al . 2004 eumeces algeriensis meridionalis doumergue 1901 eumeces algeriensis var . meridionalis domergue 1901 : 214 eumeces algeriensis meridionalis — werner 1929 : 11 eumeces algeriensis meridionalis — sindaco & jeremčenko 2008
> eumeces algeriensis , a full species of the e . sch . . .
eumeces algeriensis , a full species of the e . schneiderii group ( scincidae ) : karyological and morphological evidence
eumeces algeriensis , a full species of the e . schneiderii group ( scincidae ) : karyological and morphological evidence » brill online
eumeces schneiderii schneiderii ( daudin , 1802 ) eumeces schneiderii pavimentatus ( geoffroy de st . hilaire , 1827 ) eumeces schneiderii princeps eichwald , 1839 eumeces schneiderii aldrovandii ( duméril & bibron , 1839 ) eumeces schneiderii barani kumlutas , arikan , ilgaz & kaska , 2007
— eumeces algeriensis peters , 1864 d ' el harhoura 1 ( maroc ) ; a , b , . . . | download scientific diagram
caputo v , odierna g , aprea g , capriglione t . 1993 . eumeces algeriensis - a full species of the eumeces schneiderii group ( scincidae ) - karyological and morphological evidence . amphibia - reptilia 14 ( 2 ) : 187 - 193 .
struijk , r . ; s . bogaerts & j . kühn 2005 . haltung und nachzucht des berberskinks ( eumeces algeriensis peters 1864 ) . elaphe 13 ( 2 ) : 35 - 48
caputo v . odierna g . aprea g . capriglione t . 1993 . eumeces algeriensis - a full species of the eumeces schneiderii group ( scincidae ) - karyological and morphological evidence . amphibia - reptilia 14 ( 2 ) : 187 - 193 - get paper here
perera , ana ; filipa sampaio , sara costa , daniele salvi & d . james harris 2012 . genetic variability and relationships within the skinks eumeces algeriensis and eumeces schneideri using mitochondrial markers . african journal of herpetology 61 ( 1 ) : 69 - 80 - get paper here
geniez p , miras jam , joger u , pleguezuelos j , slimani t , el mouden h . 2005 . eumeces algeriensis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 10 july 2007 .
scincus schneiderii daudin , 1802 ; eumeces pavimentatus geoffroy de st . hilaire , 1827 ; plestiodon aldrovandi duméril & bibron , 1839 ; eumeces schneideri boulenger , 1890 ; novoeumeces schneideri griffith , ngo & murphy , 2000 ; euprepis princeps eichwald , 1839 ; eumeces pavimentatus var . syriaca boettger , 1883 ; eumeces schneiderii variegatus schmidt , 1939
eumeces algeriensis has been considered either a full species or a parapatric race of e . schneiderii . a review of morphological and karyological data indicates that e . algeriensis is reproductively isolated from e . schneiderii , and hence is a good biological species . the two taxa could have originated by an allopatric speciation process , and are clearly now represented by different cytotypes arising from pericentric inversion .
plestiodon : a replacement name for most members of the genus eumeces in north america , . pdf
caputo , v . , g . odierna , g . aprea & t . capriglione ( 1993 ) : eumeces algeriensis , a full species of the e . schneiderii group ( scincidae ) : karyological and morphological evidence - - amphibia - reptilia 14 : 187 - 193 - -
phylogenetic relationships among the eumeces schneiderii princeps and eumeces schneiderii pavimentatus investigated using 509 bp partial sequences of 16s mitochondrial gene . analyses were done by maximum - likelihood ( raxml ) criteria on 52 specimens from over 20 geographically distinct localities . our molecular results proposed two well - supported major clades by their phylogenetic positions , genetic differences and unique characterizations in their morphology and habitats including : ( 1 ) eumeces schneiderii princeps + eumeces schneiderii pavimentatus ( 2 ) eurylepis ( 3 ) scincus and ( 4 ) scincopus . however , the phylogenetic affinities of eumeces sp . in the scincus clade were not resolved . phylogenetic analyses of the genus did not grouped eurylepis with eumeces and clustered it in a completely separate group . in addition , phylogenetic results revealed a monophyletic status for eumeces schneiderii .
fig . 4 . — eumeces algeriensis peters , 1864 d ' el harhoura 1 ( maroc ) ; a , b , dentaire droit ; a , vue médiale ; b , vue latérale ; c , articulaire s . l . gauche , vue dorsale . échelle : 5 mm .
peters w . 1864 .
die eidechsenfamilie der scincoiden , insbesondere über die schneider ' schen , wiegmann ' schen und neue arten des zoologischen museums
. monatsberichte der königlichen preussische akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin 1864 : 44 - 58 . ( eumeces pavimentatus var . algeriensis , p . 49 ) .
plestiodon is the name for a genus of lizards formerly referred to as eumeces , except those now placed in mesoscincus .
standard karyotypes and nor chromosomal localizations were compared in species of the genera eumeces and scincus . a remarkable karyological heterogeneity was revealed within the genus eumeces , as well as a resemblance between the karyotypes of some palaearctic species of this genus ( e . schneiderii , e . algeriensis ) and those of species of the genus scincus ( s . scincus and s . hemprichii ) . an xy sex - chromosome nor - associated heteromorphism was identified in s . scincus .
recently two taxonomic revisions have been made regarding the 19th century genus eumeces . they both resulted in similar results ; the genus is paraphyletic and must be
sliced up
into several different genera . griffith et al . ( 2000 ) proposed that the type species for eumeces , e . pavimentatus , which is considered by many to be a subspecies of eumeces schneideri , should be changed to lacerta fasciata , so that the genus name eumeces would stay with the most species - rich clade . however this petition has not been verified by the international commission on zoological nomenclature . schimtz et al . argued that griffith et al . violated the code and rejected the proposal on good grounds . thus only the african species of the eumeces schneideri group still belong to the genus eumeces .
eiselt , j . 1940 . der rassenkreis eumeces schneiderii daudin ( scincidae , reptilia ) . zool . anz . 131 : 209 - 228
boulenger ga . 1887 . catalogue of the lizards in the british museum ( natural history ) . second edition . volume iii . . . . scincidæ . . . london : trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor and francis , printers ) . xii + 575 pp . + plates i - xl . ( eumeces algeriensis , pp . 384–385 ) .
a phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters shows that the scincid lizard genus eumeces wiegmann , 1834 is paraphyletic . east asian and new world eumeces form a clade referred to as the pariocela section . a petition filed with the iczn designates lacerta fasciata linnaeus 1758 as the type species of eumeces , and , therefore , the pariocela section retains the name eumeces . members of the schneiderii and taeniolatus species groups are more closely related to the genera scincopus peters and scincus laurenti than to other eumeces . the taeniolatus species group is the sister group to the schneiderii species group plus scincopus and scincus , and requires generic status . eurylepis blyth , 1854 is the oldest available name for the taeniolatus group , and the schneiderii group is placed in a new genus . the three species of the middle american schwartzei species group form a clade that cannot be associated with any other group of eumeces and , therefore , they are also placed in a new genus .
calabresi , e . ( 1916 ) : sulla presenza dell ' eumeces schneideri daud . nella tripolitania - - monitore zoologico italiano 27 : 50 - 51 - -
eiselt , j . ( 1940 ) : der rassenkreis eumeces schneideri daudin ( scincidae , rept . ) . - - zool . anz . 131 ( 9 / 10 ) : 14 - 28 - -
this is the first report on the presence of eumeces schneideri in northern cyprus and is the second actual report from cyprus . one specimen was collected and is described . the cypriot population of eumeces schneideri looks quite homogeneous : it has a dorsal pattern with weakly developed orange dots or without orange dots in adult specimens as in the new specimen and also , the darkened flanks , the two dorsolateral light bands and the presence of the few scattered small orange spots on the hind legs lead us to conclude that the cypriot population is not identifiable with the known subspecies from the levant countries . thus , we accept that the subspecific status of our specimen is eumeces schneideri ssp .
schmitz , andreas ; patrick mausfeld and dirk embert 2004 . molecular studies on the genus eumeces wiegmann , 1834 : phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic implications . hamadryad 28 ( 1 - 2 ) : 73 – 89 - get paper here
griffith h , ngo a , murphy rw . 2000 . a cladistic evaluation of the cosmopolitan genus eumeces wiegmann ( reptilia , squamata , scincidae ) . russ . j . herpetol . 7 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 . [ 1 ]
schmitz , andreas ; mausfeld , patrick ; embert , dirk . 2004 . molecular studies on the genus eumeces wiegmann , 1834 : phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic implications . hamadryad 28 ( 1 - 2 ) : 73–89 . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
caputo , v . , g . odierna & g . aprea ( 1994 ) : a chromosomal study of eumeces and scincus , primitive members of the scincidae ( reptilia , squamata ) - - boll . zool . 61 : 155 - 162 - -
kumlutas , y . , h . arikan , c . ilgaz & y . kaska ( 2007 ) : a new subspecies , eumeces schneiderii barani n . ssp ( reptilia : sauria : scincidae ) from turkey - - zootaxa 1387 : 27–38 - -
daudin , f . m . ( 1802 ) : description od scincus schneiderii = eumeces schneideri ( pp . 291 - 295 ) . in : - - histoire naturelle , générale et particulière des reptiles , vol . 4 . f . dufart , paris . - -
göcmen , b . , a . senol & a . mermer ( 2002 ) : a new record of schneider´s skink , eumeces schneideri daudin , 1802 ( sauria : scincidae ) from cyprus . - - zool . middle east 25 : 19 - 22 . - -
after the taxonomic status of the genus eumeces wiegmann , 1834 had been neglected for more than half a century , a recent publication split eumeces into four genera . based on a molecular data set , we provide evidence suggesting that the recently named taxonomic units represent monophyletic radiations . since some of the previously proposed names for the genera violate the rules of the international code of zoological nomenclature ( iczn ) , the nomenclatural situation is clarified and new names are proposed . the genus neoseps stejneger , 1910 is synonymised with pariocela fitzinger , 1843 .
griffith , h . , a . ngo & r . w . murphy 2000 . a cladistic evaluation of the cosmopolitan genus eumeces wiegmann ( reptilia , squamata , scincidae ) . russ . j . herpetol . 7 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 - get paper here
faizi , h . , n . rastegar - pouyani & r . yarani ( 2011 ) : on the occurrence of ectoparasite ticks on trachylepis and eumeces ( reptilia : scincidae ) in iran - - amphibian and reptile conservation 5 ( 1 ) : 7 - 10 - -
kumlutas , y . , y . kaska , c . ilgaz & w . böhme ( 2004 ) : first record of eumeces schneiderii ( daudin , 1802 ) ( sauria : scincidae ) from western anatolia - - zool . middle east 32 : 111 - 113 - -
taylor , e . h . 1936 . a taxonomic study of the cosmopolitan lizards of the genus eumeces with an account of the distribution and relationship of its species . univ . kansas sci . bull . 23 ( 14 ) : 1 - 643 [ 1935 ] - get paper here
novruzov , n . e . ( 2014 ) : some data on the territorial behaviour of schneider’s skinks , eumeces schneideri ( sauria , scincidae ) . ( in ukr . with engl . summ . ) - - proceedings of the ukrainian society of herpetology 5 : 84 - 89 - -
cicek , k . , o . cumhuriyet , y . bayrakci & d . ayaz ( 2015 ) : new locality records of eumeces schneideri ( daudin , 1802 ) ( sauria : scincidae ) from western anatolia , turkey - - turk j zool 39 : 4 pp . ( early view ) - -
griffith , h . , a . ngo , & r . w . murphy ( 2000 ) : a cladistic evaluation of the cosmopolitan genus eumeces wiegmann ( reptilia , squamata , scincidae ) . - - russ . j . herp . , moscou , 7 ( 1 ) : 1 - 16 . - -
faizi , h . , n . heidari , n . rastegar - pouyani & e . rastegar - pouyani ( 2016 ) : molecular phylogeny of the genus eumeces wiegmann , 1834 ( reptilia : scincidae ) in iran , inferred from 16s mitochondrial dna - - nova biologica reperta 3 ( 2 ) : 123 - 130 - -
this is not in any ways a complete care guide to eumeces schneideri , it is simply a quick look at the wild habitat and geographic distribution of the berber skink . lots more information can be found about the captive care of these skinks and we would always recommend that several care guides and books are read before purchasing any animal .
faizi , h . , n . rastegar - pouyani , e . rastegar - pouyani , r . nazarov , n . heidari , b . zangi , v . orlova & n . poyarkov ( 2017 ) : a new species of eumeces wiegmann 1834 ( sauria : scincidae ) from iran - - zootaxa 4320 ( 2 ) : 289–304 - -
faizi , h . , n . rastegar - pouyani , n . rastegar - pouyani & n . heidari ( 2017 ) : systematics of the genera eumeces wiegmann , 1834 and eurylepis blyth 1854 ( sauria : scincidae ) in iran : a review - - iranian journal of animal biosystematics ( ijab ) 12 ( 2 ) : 225 - 237 [ 2016 ] - -
the article is an information on findings of alsophylax loricatus , a . spinicauda , gymnodactylus fedtschenkoi , g . longipes , g . caspius , eublepharis turcmenicus , eumeces taeniolatus , e . schneideri , ablepharus pannonicus ( = a . brandti ) , a . alaicus , eryx tataricus , litorhynchus ridgewayi , oligodon taeniolatus , psammophis schokari . some findings specify essentially boundaries of areas of distribution .
this study describes a new subspecies of lizard , eumeces schneiderii barani n . ssp . , from western anatolia , turkey . the new subspecies is differentiated from other two subspecies in anatolia ( e . s . princeps and e . s . pavimentatus ) by its characteristic colour and colour - pattern as well as by the scales along the dorsal midline . results obtained from polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis support this differentiation .
in this study , we report 2 new close localities for eumeces schneideri from aydin , western anatolia , turkey . the specimens were examined morphologically and compared with the relevant literature . these new localities have filled in the gap in the species’ distribution range in western anatolia , turkey . according to the morphological results , the female specimens resembled e . s . barani in terms of the scales along the dorsal midline . however , the color - pattern characteristics of the specimens were found to be somewhere between e . s . barani and e . s . princeps ; thus , the specimens were accepted as e . s . cf . barani .
in this study , the specimens of eumeces schneiderii obtained from the vicinity of aralik ( igdir ) and – for the first time – digor ( kars ) in north - eastern anatolia were examined morphologically and compared with the literature concerned . according to the obtained results , the specimens under examination resembled subspecies pavimentatus in terms of some characters , whereas they were considered to be e . s . cf . princeps as they were closer to subspecies princeps in terms of the leg index ( li ) , the number of scales at the mid - body ( scdm ) , the mean number of scales around ( encircling ) the left parietal plate ( scp - left ) and colour - pattern characteristics that were important in terms of the discrimination of subspecies .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
synonymy : the status of meridionalis is still unclear ( a . schmitz , pers . comm . ) .
bonetti , mathilde 2002 . 100 sauri . mondadori ( milano ) , 192 pp .
boulenger , george a . 1891 . catalogue of the reptiles and batrachians of barbary ( morocco , algeria , tunisia ) , based chiefly upon the notes and collections made in 1880 - 1884 by m . fernand lataste . tr . zool . soc . 13 : 93 - 164
damas - moreira , isabel , beatriz tome , james harris , joao p . maia and daniele salvi . 2014 . moroccan herpetofauna : distribution updates . herpetozoa 27 ( 1 / 2 ) : 96 - 102
doumergue , f . 1901 . essai sur la faune erpétologique de l ' oranie avec des tableaux analytiques et des notations pour la détermination de tous les reptiles et batraciens du maroc , de l ' algerie et de la tunisie . l . fouque , oran , 404 pp . - get paper here
hediger , h . 1935 . herpetologische beobachtungen in marokko . verhandlungen der naturforschenden gesellschaft in basel 46 : 1 - 49
laurent , p . 1935 . contribution à la connalssance de la faune des vertebres du maroc ( batraciens , reptiles , mammiferes ) . bull . soc . d’hist . nat . de l’afrique du nord 26 : 344 - 359
mediani , mohamed ; josé carlos brito , soumia fahd 2015 . atlas of the amphibians and reptiles of northern morocco : updated distribution and patterns of habitat selection . basic and applied herpetology 29 : - get paper here
peters , w . c . h . 1864 . die eidechsenfamilie der scincoiden , insbesondere über die schneider ' schen , wiegmann ' schen und neue arten des zoologischen museums . monatsber . k . akad . wiss . berlin , 1864 : 44 - 58 - get paper here
schleich , h . h . , kästle , w . , kabisch , k . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of north africa . koeltz , koenigstein , 627 pp .
sindaco , r . & jeremcenko , v . k . 2008 . the reptiles of the western palearctic . edizioni belvedere , latina ( italy ) , 579 pp . - get paper here
werner , f . 1929 . wissenschaftliche ergebnisse einer zoologischen forschungsreise nach westalgerien und marokko . sitzungsb . akad . wiss . wien , math . - naturw . kl . , abt . 1 , 138 ; 1 - 34 - get paper here
werner , f . 1931 . ergebnisse einer zoologischen forschungsreise nach marokko . iii . unternommen 1930 mit unterstützung der akademie der wissenschaften in wien von franz werner und richard ebner . iii . amphibien und reptilien . sitzungsber . akad . wiss . wien mathem . - naturw . , sect . 1 , 140 : 272 - 318 - get paper here
wilms , t . 2009 . marokko - schatzkammer in nordwesten afrikas . reptilia ( münster ) 14 ( 75 ) : 16 - 23 - get paper here
zulueta , a . de 1909 . nota sobre reptiles de melilla ( marruecos ) . bol . real sociedad esp . hist . nat . 9 : 351 - 354
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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geniez , p . , mateo , j . a . , joger , u . , pleguezuelos , j . , slimani , t . , el mouden , e . h . & martinez solano , i .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is found in the maghreb region of north africa . it ranges from the major part of mediterranean morocco , reaching northwestern algeria . it has been recorded from melilla ( spain ) . it is found up to 1 , 850 m asl .
it is common in morocco , and in some places it is very abundant . in melilla it is rare .
it can be found in dry grassland , open woodland , coastal areas , forest , and agricultural land with ground cover . it is an egg - laying species .
there appear to be no major threats to this species . it is sometimes locally harvested for traditional medicine and there also appears to be a trade for this species for the pet industry . it is also frequently killed by accidental mortality on roads .
it is known from souss - massa national park in morocco and in several other moroccan protected areas : saghro , grouz , trois fourches , gourougou , and béni snassen .
reformatted names of assessor ( s ) , reviewer ( s ) , contributor ( s ) , facilitator ( s ) and / or compiler ( s ) .
geniez , p . , mateo , j . a . , joger , u . , pleguezuelos , j . , slimani , t . , el mouden , e . h . & martinez solano , i . 2009 .
( errata version published in 2016 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2009 : e . t61499a86441435 .
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one male acquired as an adult lived 22 . 8 years in captivity [ 0451 ] . moreover , one male specimen kept as a pet was estimated to be 23 . 4 years - old ( website feedback ) , which is a plausible anecdote ; his activity reportedly decreased over the years .
comments , suggestions , ideas , and bug reports are welcome . please contact us .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this species is found in the maghreb region of north africa . it ranges from the major part of mediterranean morocco , reaching northwestern algeria . it has been recorded from melilla ( spain ) . it is found up to 1 , 850m asl .
continent : africa distribution : morocco , algeria ( below 1700 m elevation ) . type locality : algeria ( by implication ) meridionalis : e morocco , nw algeria
listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
it is known from souss - massa national park in morocco and in several other moroccan protected areas : saghro , grouz , trois fourches , gourougou , and bni snassen .
schleich hh . , kästle w , kabisch k . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of north africa . koenigstein , germany : koeltz . 627 pp .
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evolutionary origins of viviparity in the reptilia . ii . serpentes , amphisbaenia , and ichthyosauria
neftali sillero ; joão campos ; anna bonardi ; claudia corti ; raymond creemers ; pierre - andre crochet ; jelka crnobrnja isailović ; mathieu denoël ; gentile francesco ficetola ; joão gonçalves ; sergei kuzmin ; petros lymberakis ; philip de pous ; ariel rodríguez ; roberto sindaco ; jeroen speybroeck ; bert toxopeus ; david r . vieites and miguel vences
it ' s not a desire ; it ' s an obsession to share our knowledge with people interested in herpetoculture .
so i wanted to start a small series of posts that focus on the natural habitat of many of the species that we keep in captivity . knowing how our pets live in the wild can be important to their health and well - being and mimicking their natural habitats as closely as possible is not only rewarding but also a great way of learning more about the world . obviously not everyone wants to keep their animals in naturalistic vivariums or set ups and this is perfectly understandable , i’ve been there myself and understand that if you keep pets on a large - scale or breed your pets then this may not be practical . for those who do i hope these guides help .
i thought i would kick off with the berber skink , not only because i think they make awesome pets but they have quite a large natural range that has very similar climatic conditions . berber skinks are a medium to large skink growing to sizes of 30 cm total length . they have a range quite large from tunisia and algeria in north africa right across to tajikistan in central asia .
most of the berber skinks habitat is found on stoney , semi desert regions of hard compacted ground scattered with sandy deposits . berber skinks will be seen basking on larger rocks and boulders and this can be replicated in the vivarium . as a substrate a mixture of clean sand and orchid bark or eco - earth type substrates work great . plants that would be found in these semi arid areas would be mostly xerophytic plants , those that have developed to require little moisture such as succulents and cacti species . due to the digging capabilities of these skinks i would advise using artificial plants in the vivarium .
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it is found in algeria and morocco ( including the spanish exclave melilla ) .
its natural habitats are temperate forests , mediterranean - type shrubby vegetation , temperate grassland , sandy shores , arable land , pastureland , plantations , and rural gardens .
note : most schneider ' s in the pet trade are wild caught . but if you ' re lucky enough to get a captive bred one , it is highly recommended . captive bred lizard is most likely to be healthy and stress free . wild caught ones harbor numerous parasites , are likely have bumps on them and are probably stressed from long transportation periods in not too great conditions . not to mention the animal and nature conservation aspects buying wild caught animals posses . i do not recomend buying a wild caught animal for a pet . i recomened buying one as a breeding project . because breeding these skinks in a large scale is the only thing that can stop the importation of the wild animals . catching wild animals might have serious affects on wild populations not to mention the horrible conditions they are transported in to europe and us . during the transportation from eqypt there must die a lot more animals that survive into a someones home . if you merely want a pet , a blue - tongued skink might be a lot better choise for you . they are captive bred in a large scale , easier to handle , usually healthier and easier to feed . more info on blue - tongued skinks can be found here .
aquiring a schneider ' s skink , handling , day rythm , journal , salmonella , transportation . .
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( jacquet , 1895 ) . in : martínez , g . , león , r . , jiménez - robles , o . , gonzález de la vega , j . p . , gabari , v . , rebollo , b . , sánchez - tójar , a . , fernández - cardenete , j . r . , gállego , j . ( eds . ) . moroccoherps . amphibians and reptiles of morocco and western sahara .
to cite urltoken en as a whole : martínez , g . , león , r . , jiménez - robles , o . , gonzález de la vega , j . p . , gabari , v . , rebollo , b . , sánchez - tójar , a . , fernández - cardenete , j . r . , gállego , j . ( eds . ) . moroccoherps . amphibians and reptiles of morocco and western sahara . available from urltoken . accessed 09 jul 2018 .
iucn 2010 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2010 . 4 .
it´s the smallest snake in morocco and western sahara with a maximum size of 28 , 5 cm ( bons & geniez , 1996 ; trape & mané , 2006 ) . it has a pinkish body , thin and large . head not differs from the rest of the body . eyes are black and relatively big , covered by two transparent scales . it has a big rostral scale very prominent and in peak form . its mouth is small . ventral scales are similar to dorsal scales . it has between 490 - 569 longitudinal scales , between 41 - 47 subcaudal scales , it has 14 scales at midbody and 10 at the middle of the tail ( trape & mané , 2006 ) .
species predominantly crepuscular and nocturnal ( schleich et al . , 1996 ; trape & mané , 2006 ) . its fossorial habits make it pass unnoticed and very little is known about this species . he spends most of his life underground , usually under big stones , where it feeds on ant larvae that are their main prey ( bons & geniez , 1996 ; trape & mané , 2006 ) .
in the outskirts of tazenakht ( morocco ) were recently found 4 adult individuals of this species under the same stone ( b . rebollo fernandez & g . martinez del marmol marin , unpublished ) and because it was in may , the mating season of most snakes species in morocco , it could be a meeting with reproduction ends , as this is common in other species of the genus
it occurs in deserts , semi - arid and arid areas in the pre - saharan margins in morocco and has been located in the western sahara just few times ( bons & geniez , 1996 ; geniez et al . , 2004 ) .
like other snakes of pre - saharan areas must have higher densities in the oases and oueds where the food is more abundant .
. top : general landscape . below . detail . errachidia . photo : © gabri mtnez .
there are just a few records of this snake , although it can be due to its fossorial habits and the difficulty of finding this species , and the real distribution and abundance could be higher of the actually known .
adalsteinsson , s . a . , branch , w . r . , trapé , s . , vitt , l . j . & hedges , s . b . 2009 . molecular phylogeny , classification , and biogeography of snakes of the family leptotyphlopidae ( reptilia , squamata ) . zootaxa , 2244 : 1 - 50
bons , j . & geniez , p . 1996 . amphibiens et reptiles du maroc ( sahara occidental compris ) . atlas biogéographique . asociacion herpetologica espanola , barcelone . 319 pp .
geniez , p . , mateo , j . a . , geniez , m . & pether , j . 2004 . the amphibians and reptiles of the western sahara ( former spanish sahara ) and adjacent regions . edition chimaira , frankfurt , 228 pp .
hahn , d . e . & v . wallach , 1998 . comments on the systematics of old world leptotyphlops ( serpentes : leptotyphlopidae ) , with description of a new species . hamadryad , 23 : 50 - 62
trape , j . - f . 2002 . note sur le statut et la répartition de quelques leptotyphlopidés ( serpentes : scolecophidia ) du sahara et des savanes d’afrique de l’ouest . bull . soc . herp . france , 102 : 49 - 62
trape , j . - f . & mané , y . 2006 . guide des serpents d’afrique occidentale . savane et désert . ird editions , paris , 226 pp .
schleich , h . h . , kastle , w . , & kabisch , k . 1996 . amphibians and reptiles of north africa . koeltz scientific publishers , koenigstein . 630 pp .
belongs to the authors , photographers , and other artists who have created these materials , and cannot be used without prior permission from the copyright owners .
the genus plestiodon are skinks ( family scincidae ) . they are secretive , agile animals with a cylindrical body covered with smooth , shiny scales .
the common name for these lizards with a blue tail is the common five - lined skink .
the conspicuous coloring is a survival trait : it attracts a predator’s attention to the tail of the animal , which will break off when grabbed . a skink thus often manages to escape and hide under some rock , log , or fallen leaves while the predator still contemplates the wildly thrashing severed tail . ( this is an instance of what is called autotomy : voluntarily shedding a body part in order to escape , and later re generating the body part . ) after the tail regenerates , it usually has the same color as the rest of the body and is typically shorter than the original tail . in some species , regrown tails are pinkish . a regrown tail has a cartilaginous rod for support instead of vertebrae .
plestiodon are all oviparous . the female lays eggs once a year after the breeding season in spring . the clutch size varies and is typically around 5 to 10 eggs . the hatchlings appear in late summer .
the mating season begins in may . the female plestiodon will lay its eggs in june , and four to six weeks after the incubation , the young hatch . thus the birthing process consists of laying eggs and external incubation .
. to warm up , they often bask in the sun . in colder climates , they
. in hot climates , they are active mainly in the morning and evening , staying under cover during the hottest hours of the day to avoid overheating .
skinks ( reptilia : scincidae ) in the mascarene islands . molecular phylogenetics and evolution
griffith , h . , a . ngo and r . w . murphy ( 2000 ) . a cladistic evaluation of the cosmopolitan genus
wiegmann ( reptilia , squamata , scincidae ) . russ . j . herpetol .
, patrick mausfeld and dirk embert . ( 2004 ) . molecular studies on the genus
in north america . journal of kansas herpetology ( 14 ) : 15 - 16 .
brandley , m . c . , a . schmitz and t . w . reeder ( 2005 ) . partitioned bayesian analyses , partition choice , and the phylogenetic relationships of scincid lizards . systematic biology
okamoto , taku , junko motokawa , mamoru toda and tsutomu hikida ( 2006 ) . parapatric distribution of the lizards ,
( reptilia : scincidae ) around the izu peninsula , central japan , and its biogeographic implications . zoological science
motokawa , junko , and tsutomu hikida ( 2003 ) . genetic variation and differentiation in the japanese five - lined skink ,
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 26 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
more and more viral pathogens are being identified in lizards as diagnostics become cheaper and more readily available . herpesviruses have been found associated with stomatitis in plated lizards (
in green tree monitors , the stomatitis is proliferative in nature and may lead to the development of squamous cell carcinoma . another varanid herpesvirus that was associated with hepatitis and enteritis in an unidentified varanid species has been identified .
) is associated with infection with an agent similar to the sea turtle fibropapilloma - associated herpesvirus .
evidence of paramyxoviral exposure has been illustrated in both free - ranging lizards and those from a large captive collection .
adenoviruses from the genus atadenovirus have been recovered from a number of lizard species . pathology varies and has included hepatitis , enteritis , splenitis , nephritis , pneumonia , and encephalopathy .
in bearded dragons , adenoviral infections are well - known causes of morbidity and mortality as a result of hepatic necrosis , especially in juveniles . typically , affected lizards suffer from concurrent infections with coccidia and nematode parasites .
other reports of specific viral infections in lizards occur intermittently , and in many cases , the clinical significance of the isolates is unknown . numerous rhabdoviruses and reoviruses have been sequenced from lizards ; however , the behavior of most of these isolates within the lizard host has not been described .
this is the largest infraorder of lizards , containing approximately 2000 species . it comprises four families : scincidae ( skinks ) , cordylidae ( girdled or spiny tail lizards ) ,
skinks make up one of the most numerous and diverse of squamate families , containing approximately 1300 species . skinks tend to resemble lacertids , but many lack an obvious neck and their legs are relatively small . indeed , many have reduced legs or none at all ( eg ,
) . because skinks many dig and burrow , the head is often blunt ended . they are mainly insectivorous , but a small proportion ( 15 % ) are considered omnivorous or herbivorous . marginal teeth form single rows on the premaxilla , maxilla , and dentary in all genera . the paired premaxillae bear small numbers of teeth . palatal teeth , confined to the pterygoid bone , occur in only a limited number of genera of skinks , such as
, and expression is variable . the palatal teeth are small and generally few in number and simple in form (
. the teeth of most skinks have a cylindrical shaft with a rather blunt conical tip , a shape that is described as “peg - shaped . ” typically , only the tip of the tooth protrudes from the oral mucosa . the teeth of the smaller , insectivorous skinks are more slender and more sharply pointed (
) has a broad , stumpy tail . the teeth are not the same size along the tooth row , as is usual among skinks : the teeth toward the back of the maxilla and dentary are enlarged (
) . the diet of this skink consists largely of plant material , together with a variety of invertebrates , including snails .
] is durophagous , feeding largely on slugs and snails , and it shows the most specialized dentition of any skink . the majority of teeth are blunt and cylindrical and there is an enormously enlarged molariform tooth toward the back of both upper and lower tooth rows (
) . these enlarged teeth do not occlude ; instead , the upper tooth closes in front of the lower and produces a shearing action rather than a direct crushing effect on the food .
) is herbivorous , feeding on the leaves , flowers , fruits , and growing shoots of several different species of plants . there are approximately 20 teeth on the dentary and slightly less on the maxilla . the tooth crowns are compressed laterally and have mesial and distal cutting edges , with a main central cusp and traces of two lateral cusps (
mean tooth numbers of 9 . 2 ( premaxilla ) , 37 . 1 ( maxilla ) , and 43 . 0 ( dentary ) , whereas adult males possess 9 . 6 ( premaxilla ) , 41 . 6 ( maxilla ) , and 49 . 2 ( dentary ) . there are no differences in tooth numbers between adult males and adult females . in this species , there is an obvious increase in tooth numbers with age . however , in the canarian scincid (
) , there is no such increase . fifteen days after birth , there are 15 tooth loci in the two lower jaw quadrants , but at 6
years of age , there are between 14 and 18 . for the upper jaw , there are 9 teeth on the premaxilla ( the odd number owing to the presence of a midline tooth replacing the original egg tooth ) and 14 on the maxilla , with no change with age (
are so named because they were once thought to be nocturnal , but they are now known to be diurnal . these small lizards inhabit rock crevices or damp logs and have flat heads and bodies . they may spend their entire life under the same cover , feeding on insects and sometimes plants . there are three genera with more
than 30 species . xantusiids have homodont dentitions , with 7–8 teeth on the premaxillae , 9–15 on each maxilla , and 12–18 on each dentary . no palatal teeth are present in any species . in most species the teeth are simple and conical : the dentition of the
) . cordylids have teeth with a typical morphology for lizards : generally bicuspid , frequently compressed , and incurved . depending on species , the premaxilla carries 7 teeth , the maxilla 16–25
another prevalent error is the concept of lizards as a group distinct from snakes . in squamate evolution , the earliest divergence is the geckos , followed by the divergence of the skinks , night lizards , and plated lizards (
) , named for the commonality of the presence of venom glands . there is
a very nice image of the histologic features of bearded dragon venom glands in fry et al .
snakes diverge in the middle of the squamates , and if snakes are removed , then lizards are not a monophyletic group . snakes are a group of lizards , and a cornsnake is a better model for a bearded dragon than a leopard gecko .
content : five genera , cordylosaurus , gerrhosaurus , tetradactylus , tracheloptychus , and zonosaurus , with 1 , 8 , 7 , 2 , and 17 species , respectively .
characteristics : except for the following , morphological characteristics of gerrhosaurids are similar to those of cordylids . the head has two parietal scales , and each nostril is enclosed in three or four scales , including an infralabial scale ; cycloid scales are lacking . the skull has lost the supratemporal fossae ; the anteroventral border of the orbit is formed by the jugal , and the lacrimals are visible externally . the zygosphene and zygantra of opposing vertebrae do not articulate .
gerrhosaurids , the plated lizards , are more diverse ecologically than the cordylids . although predominantly residents of semiarid and arid habitats , some madagascan taxa are forest residents , and
morphology to an elongate , reduced - limb body form , and , in some species , forelimbs are lost and hindlimbs are tiny . the elongate taxa live in grasslands and use lateral undulation locomotion .
is a sand diver or sand swimmer , living largely in sand dune habitats . it is also an omnivore and regularly eats foliage . the madagascan
are less heavily armored and appear skink - like . they live in habitats from sand dunes to dry forest . plated lizards are generally omnivores . although insects and other arthropods are the major prey , plant matter is commonly eaten . larger species often prey on small vertebrates . gerrhosaurids are oviparous . clutch size is small , varying from 2–6 eggs per clutch . clutch size appears not to be associated with body size . the largest gerrhosaurid ,
, deposits an average of only four eggs ( range , 2–5 ) per clutch .
diagnosis of hv infection in squamates has been carried out by electron microscopy , virus isolation in cell culture ( in one case ) , and pcr . the pcr used was described for the detection of a wide range of hvs and is also used for the detection of hvs in chelonians .
no assay is currently available for the detection of antibodies against hvs in squamates .
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afrasiab lahony , s . r . , m . k . mohammad , h . h . ali , a . a . al - moussawi & m . s . abd al - rasul ( 2013 ) : fauna and flora of hawraman mountain ( part one ) . hawraman lowest zone , kurdistan province north east of iraq - - bull . iraq nat . hist . mus . 12 ( 4 ) : 7 - 34 - -
in this study we try to make a first step for making a new list for fauna and flora of kurdistan in particular and iraq in general . this is very important study of biodiversity of iraq . we recognize 52 migratory and resident birds including alectoris chukar asoica which is recently described . also , 20 amphibians and reptiles including two snakes recently recorded zamenis hohenackeri and platyceps ladacesis , a new form of asaccus sp . and subspecies of varanuns griseus caspeius for the first time in iraq , with many rare specimens . thirteen different species of mammals were recognized , with comments on 5 species of freshwater fishes , 12 species of ticks and 7 species of butterflies . for the flora , 8 wild large trees and 70 flowering plants identified including some rare and important species for the first time in this area . figures are also given for the rare species .
aghasyan , a . , l . aghasyan , e . yeghiasaryan & s . amiryan ( 2013 ) : amphibians and reptiles in the new edition of the animals’ red data book of armenia - - agriculture , forestry and fisheries . 2 ( 2 ) : 77 - 88 - -
ahmadzadeh , f . , , b . h . kiabi , h . g . kami & v . hojjati ( 2008 ) : a preliminary study of the lizard fauna and their habitats in northwestern iran - - asiatic herpetological research , vol . 11 pp . 1–9 - -
al - barazengy , a . n . , a . o . salman & f . t . abdul hameed ( 2015 ) : updated list of amphibians and reptiles in iraq 2014 - - bull . iraq nat . hist . mus . 13 ( 4 ) : 29 - 40 - -
the present work provides a list of all amphibians and reptiles recorded from iraq up to 2014 . it includes 115 species ( 105 species of reptiles and 10 species of amphibians ) dating back to 25 families ( 20 families of reptiles and 5 families of amphibians ) . conservation status of each species was mentioned .
al - oran , s . ( al - quran ) ( 2009 ) : the herpetofauna of the southern jordan - - american - eurasian j . agric . & environ . sci . , 6 ( 4 ) : 385 - 391 , - -
al - quran , s . ( 2010 ) : a herpetofaunal survey of southern jordan - - herpetological bulletin 112 : 7 - 13 - -
anderson , j . ( 1871 ) : on two saurian genera eurylepis and plocederma , blyth , with a description of a new species of mabouia , fitzinger , - - proc . asiat . soc . bengal 1871 : 180 - 190 - -
anderson , j . ( 1898 ) : zoology of egypt . vol 1 : reptilia and batrachia - - bernard quaritch , london . 572 pp . - -
anderson , s . c . ( 1968 ) : chapter 10 : zoogeographic analysis of the lizard fauna of iran . pp . 305 - 371 . in : - - the cambridge history of iran , volume i : the land of iran - -
anderson , s . c . ( 1974 ) : preliminary key to the turtles , lizards , and amphisbaenians of iran - - fieldiana 65 ( 4 ) , 18 pp . - -
angel , f . ( 1936 ) : reptiles et batraciens syrie et de mésopotamie récoltés par m . p . pallary - - bull . inst . d ' egypte 18 : 107 - 116 - -
asem , a . , a . eimanifar , m . djamali , p . de los rios & m . wink ( 2014 ) : biodiversity of the hypersaline urmia lake national park ( nw iran ) - - diversity 6 : 102 - 132 - -
urmia lake , with a surface area between 4000 to 6000 km2 , is a hypersaline lake located in northwest iran . it is the saltiest large lake in the world that supports life . urmia lake national park is the home of an almost endemic crustacean species known as the brine shrimp , artemia urmiana . other forms of life include several species of algae , bacteria , microfungi , plants , birds , reptiles , amphibians and mammals . as a consequence of this unique biodiversity , this lake has been selected as one of the 59 biosphere reserves by unesco . this paper provides a comprehensive species checklist that needs to be updated by additional research in the future .