the black lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysopygus ) , also known as the golden-rumped lion tamarin , is a lion tamarin endemic to the brazilian state of são paulo , almost exclusively at the morro do diabo state park .

its limited geographical range makes it the rarest of the new world monkeys , with little known about it .

it was thought to be extinct for 65 years until its rediscovery in 1970 .

in 2016 an adult couple was found to the east , in the caetetus ecological station , after six years with no sightings .

the total number of individuals is estimated to be around 1000 .

some experts believe this to be an overestimate , as recent studies have shown that the average area inhabited by the black lion tamarin is closer to 106 hectares ( 260 acres ) than the previously estimated 66 hectares ( 160 acres ) .

they are usually found in groups of 4 to 9 , living in the secondary and primary forests along the circumference of its home range .

on average , the black lion tamarin weighs 590 – 640 grams ( 21 – 23 oz ) .

black lion tamarin

the black lion tamarin is rediscovered in morro diabo by adelmer and coimbra filho .
pictures : black - faced lion tamarin # 1 ( 46 kb jpeg ) ; black - faced lion tamarin # 2 ( 66 kb gif ) ( wild ones / wildl . trust )
* * * the black - faced lion tamarin is one of the world ' s rarest mammals .
in the past , the golden - rumped lion tamarin and the golden - headed lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysopygus ) were both considered subspecies of the golden lion tamarin ( leontopithecus rosalia ) .
in the past , the black - faced lion tamarin was considered to be a subspecies of the golden - rumped lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysopygus ) , which was itself once considered to be a subspecies of the golden lion tamarin ( leontopithecus rosalia ) .
the black - faced lion tamarin eats fruit , insects , nectar and plant exudates ( emmons & feer 1997 ) .
black - faced lion tamarin groups occupy a home range of approximately 25 hectares ( 63 acres ) ( ipe 2004 ) .
food sharing in black lion tamarins ( leontopithecus chrysopygus ) . - pubmed - ncbi
breeding season births of black - faced lion tamarins peak from september - march .
the black lion tamarin conservation program seeks to preserve both the black lion tamarins and their ecosystem . these primates are thus a flagship species for the conservation of priority areas , where ipê researchers recover degraded forests and create corridors that connect fragments bearing isolated tamarin populations .
of the forest ( fleagle , 1988 ) . when climbing down tree trunks , the black - faced lion tamarin will either be in
valladares - padua , c . and prado , f . 1996 . notes on the natural history of the black - faced lion tamarin
the squirrel - sized black lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysopygus ) is one of the world ' s most endangered mammals ( 4 ) . also known as the golden - rumped lion tamarin , this species has glossy black fur with varying amounts of reddish - golden fur on the rump , thighs and base of the tail ( 2 ) ( 5 ) . the long mane framing the face is black . like the closely related golden lion tamarin , the black lion tamarin has long digits that are used to forage for small insects ( 5 ) .
the black - faced lion tamarin prefers primary lowland coastal forest ( restinga ) , with many epiphytic bromeliads and palms . ( rowe 1996 )
the squirrel - sized black lion tamarin ( otherwise called the golden - rumped lion tamarin ) is closely related to the golden lion tamarin . like the latter , this animal possesses considerably long digits , helping it to catch small insects . the squirrel - sized black lion tamarins are currently among the most endangered mammals around the globe . this species exhibits glossy black fur with reddish - golden patches on its rump , thighs and base of the tail . the face is surrounded by a long , black colored mane .
the black lion tamarin inhabits remnants lowland semi - deciduous forest and macega , which consists of low bushy trees ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
this is where the hair of the black - faced lion tamarin stands on end and functions as an aggressive signal ( kinzey , 1997 ) .
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* * * the black - faced lion tamarin was given the scientific name leontopithecus caissara after the fishermen who live on the island where it was first documented .
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are they protected – some land owners have set aside land as a habitat for the black lion tamarins .
golden lion tamarin is a small monkey . it can reach 6 to 10 inches in length and between 17 and 24 pounds in weight . golden lion tamarin has 12 to 15 inches long tail .
the black lion tamarin is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
black lion tamarins are black with a gold rump and gold at the base of the tail . they have a “mane” of long hairs surrounding their head , cheeks and throat .
golden lion tamarin can survive over 20 years in captivity and up to 8 years in the wild .
* * * the golden - rumped lion tamarin is one of the world ' s rarest mammals .
prado , f . date unknown .
the conservation of the black - faced lion tamarin
( on - line ) . accessed november 18 , 2001 at urltoken .
valladares - padua , c . . , and cullen , l . , jr . ( 1994 ) . distribution , abundance and minimum viable metapopulation of the black lion tamarin
these diurnal animals sleep during the nighttime hours . the sleeping sites of black lion tamarins are typically tree holes .
flannery , s . 2001 .
black - faced lion tamarin ( * leontopithecus caissara * )
( on - line ) . accessed november 17 , 2001 at urltoken .
the black - faced lion tamarin occurs in groups comprising 2 - 11 members , with an average of 5 members per group ( emmons & feer 1997 , ipe 2004 ) .
september - march . ( data mostly from populations of the related golden lion tamarin , leontopithecus rosalia . )
the function of this call of the black - faced lion tamarin is to maintain pair bonds and to signify a group ' s presence in their territory ( kinzey , 1997 ) .
the black - faced lion tamarin is threatened by the development of tourism , the harvesting of palm hearts , and further deforestation to provide more land for cattle ranching ( macdonald 2001 ) .
golden lion tamarin is covered with orange ( golden ) fur . its tail and forepaws are brown in color .
125 - 132 days . ( data mostly from populations of the related golden lion tamarin , leontopithecus rosalia . )
the golden lion tamarin forms social family groups . males help to raise their offspring , and often carry their young on their backs in between feedings . tamarin young are usually twins .
the rarest species are often the less well known , but our species profiles are here to give you easy access to the key facts and photos . click for a snapshot of the black lion tamarin
1999 – black lion tamarins bred at durrell are transported to brazil for release to the wild as the first reintroduction for the species . the first mixed group of wild and captive - bred black lion tamarins were introduced into the morro do diabo state park . a male black lion tamarin bred at durrell and two wild females were mixed as a group before being released . the group was fitted with radio - collars and monitored after release by ipê and durrell staff .
their diet allows black lion tamarins to act as key seed dispersers of some plant species , thus benefiting the ecosystem of their range .
lion tamarins take their name from their impressive manesâ€”thick rings of hair reminiscent of africa ' s great cats . the golden lion tamarin may be the most beautiful of the four lion tamarin species . its abundant golden hair frames a charismatic black face and covers its small body and tail . despite their name , these rare primates have far more in common with their monkey relatives than any feline .
black - faced lion tamarins vary their sleeping spots to avoid predation ( harper ) . some predators that have been reported include black - hawk eagles , jaguar , jaguraundi , ocelot , ornate hawk - eagles , and tayra .
the black - faced lion tamarin has a golden body and a black face . its head and body length is approximately 30 cm ( 12
) , and it weighs approximately 600 g ( 21 oz ) . this lion tamarin prefers primary lowland coastal forest ( restinga ) , where it eats fruit , insects , nectar and plant exudates . it is arboreal and diurnal . black - faced lion tamarins occur in groups of 2 - 11 , with an average of 5 members per group . the black - faced lion tamarin was first documented by western science in 1990 on the island of superagui , brazil . by 1995 , surveys revealed that it occurred on superagui and adjacent parts of the mainland in the states of parana and sao paulo , brazil . its available habitat totals approximately 17 , 300 hectares ( 68 sq mi ) . the black - faced lion tamarin is threatened by the development of tourism , the harvesting of palm hearts , and further deforestation to provide more land for cattle ranching .
the black lion tamarin conservation program was the impetus for ipê ' s creation and for the institute ' s research and conservation model . researchers and co - founders have worked for the conservation of tamarins in the pontal do paranapanema since 1984 . in this manner , the bltcp completed 30 years of continuous work in 2014 , in the same year that the black lion tamarin was decreed the são paulo state symbol species for biodiversity conservation .
the black - faced lion tamarin is found in the atlantic forest biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) and in the brazilian atlantic forests global 200 ecoregion . ( olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 )
food sharing is more important in this genera than other callitrichids , and is important in maintaining the social structure ( brown and mack , 1978 ) . primarily the black - faced lion tamarin has a monogamous mating system , but
tamarin cannot use it ' s tail to grab onto trees and hold on .
an arboreal species , the black - faced lion tamarin is active in the day and uses its long dextrous digits to forage for fruit , flowers , seeds , young leaves , nectar , insects , and small vertebrates such as reptiles and nestlings ( 2 ) ( 6 ) . it typically lives in groups of two to seven individuals ( 2 ) , and at night the whole group retires to tree holes to sleep ( 7 ) . births peak from september to march ( 5 ) , and females usually give birth to twins ( 4 ) . some experts believe that the black - faced lion tamarin is actually a subspecies of the black lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysopygus ) ( 4 ) .
ipê ' s black lion tamarin conservation program ( bltcp ) has been developing field research to precisely identify those threats and address the solutions . the long - term efforts have contributed to improve the outlook for the future of the species .
our timelines tell the story behind the species and our programmes : from durrell ' s first involvement through to our consevation activities today and the differences we have made on the ground . click for the full story of the black lion tamarin
black lion tamarin conservation the black lion tamarin , scientifically known as leontopithecus chrysopygus , is one of the rarest and most threatened primate species in the world . it was for many years considered extinct in the wild . today , the species remains in a precarious state and is listed in the red list of threatened species ( iucn ) as endangered ( en ) . the main threat to its survival is forest fragmentation and habitat degradation , which leads to population isolation and decline .
source / reference article learn how you can use or cite the golden lion tamarin article in your website content , school work and other projects .
golden lion tamarin lives in a family group composed of dominant male , female and their offspring . group usually consists of 2 to 8 members .
beacham , w . , k . beetz . 1998 . golden - rumped lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysopygus ) . pp . 375 - 377 in
tamarin troops are being forced closer together . today , the majority of the wild golden
golden - rumped lion tamarins give birth most frequently to twins , though triplets and quadruplets have been reported . in other species of lion tamarin , gestation lasts from 125 to 132 days . lion tamarins give birth during the rainy season , usually from september through march .
the black - faced lion tamarin most often gives birth to twins , with triplets and quadruplets having been reported ( kinzey , 1997 ) . this species has a birth peak from september to march ( valladares - padua and prado , 1996 ) .
( valladares - padua and prado , 1996 ) . this species sleeps in tree holes during the night , and the dependence on tree holes might be an ecological constraint for the black - faced lion tamarin ( rylands , 1993 ) . this species is
in the wild will live for approximately ten years . in captivity the longest lived golden - rumped lion tamarin lived for 28 years . ( nowak 1999 )
the black - faced lion tamarin ' s head and body length is approximately 30 cm ( 12
) , and its tail is about the same length . it weighs approximately 0 . 60 kg ( 1 . 3 lb ) . ( ipe 2004 ) .
massicot , p . 2001 .
animal info - golden - rumped lion tamarin
( on - line ) . accessed november 14 , 2001 at urltoken .
2002 – the black lion tamarin ecological station was established , covering 4 major forest fragments in the pontal do paranapanema ( a total of 6600 hectares ) , two of them containing black lion tamarins . the landscape - scale project ‘atlantic forest corridors’ also starts to restore forest in the region in order to reconnect the isolated fragments of remaining forest with planted corridors . this project was coordinated by desman graduate , now ipê staff member , laury cullen jr .
1995 – experimental management actions are tested through the first translocation of a wild black lion tamarin group from rio claro farm in central sao paulo to a 2000 hectare fragment of habitat in mosquito farm , west sao paulo , an area where the species used to be found .
flannery , s . 2000 .
golden - rumped lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysopygus )
( on - line ) . accessed november 14 , 2001 at urltoken .
tamarin spends the majority of it ' s life inhabiting and moving around in the trees . the golden
tamarin to move around in and climb the trees more easily . the paws and tail of the golden
named for their thick , long , golden manes , golden - headed lion tamarins live only in brazil . like many tamarin species , they are tree - dwelling , fruit - eating primates . golden - headed lion tamarins are an endangered species .
2010 – the brazilian government promotes a workshop bringing together several partners for the elaboration of the national action plan ( nap ) for the conservation of central atlantic forest mammals , which includes the black lion tamarin and 26 other endangered mammals . one of the actions from this nap is the restructuring of the captive programme for the black lion tamarins . durrell staff member and the blt studbook keeper dominic wormell is invited to collaborate . the nap also establishes advisory groups in replacement of the international committees .
durrell desman graduate , claudio valladares - padua completes the first long term study of the black lion tamarin , the results of which become essential in planning conservation actions . the study aimed to determine the minimum viable metapopulation ( a group of sub - populations that are linked ) for the black lion tamarin and highlight the potential dangers for sub - populations . although the overall population was found to be higher than previously thought , numbering 1004 individuals , these individuals occurred across many sub - populations meaning that the genetic flow between groups was low . the study concluded that without actions such as reintroductions and assisted dispersal through the provision of habitat corridors , the tamarin sub - populations would have a low chance of survival .
golden lion tamarin spends its life in the trees ( arboreal animal ) . unlike other monkeys , it doesn ' t have prehensile tail ( it moves without using the tail ) .
the black - faced lion tamarin has a golden - coloured back that contrasts with the black face , head , mane , chest , feet , forearms and tail ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . like all lion tamarins it has a long tail , silky fur and a mane of hair that frames the face ( 4 ) . claws are found at the end of the long fingers , except on the first digit of each toe , which has a flattened nail ( 2 ) ( 5 ) .
golden lion tamarin is a species of monkey . this beautiful animal inhabits swampy rainforests on the atlantic coast of brazil . 90 % of their habitat has been already destroyed as a result of deforestation and increased agriculture . there are only 1500 golden lion tamarins left in the wild . golden lion tamarins born in the zoos are often re - introduced to the wild as a part of conservation plans aimed to prevent their extinction . despite these efforts , golden lion tamarin is still seriously endangered animal that is facing uncertain future .
is covered almost completely in silky , dense black hair . the only place this differs is in the hind quarters . the thighs , buttocks , and base of the tail are colored a reddish - brown . this is what gives the animal its common name , golden - rumped lion tamarin . the face of
the golden - rumped lion tamarin eats fruit , insects , nectar , and exudates ( it licks gums from palm tree trunks ) . ( rowe 1996 , emmons & feer 1997 ) .
kleiman , , mallinson . 1998 . recovery and management committees for lion tamarins .
1986 – the brazilian government create an international committee for the conservation and management of the black lion tamarin , bringing together conservation professionals and members of the brazilian government and durrell’s jeremy mallinson is invited . the committee plan to promote lion tamarins as a flagship species , with the ultimate goal of preserving the unique atlantic forest ecosystem and its many endemic plants and animals . durrell still has a place on this committee today .
the critically endangered black lion tamarin ( blt for short ) was bred for the first time at durrell in 1990 . this had never before been accomplished outside its native brazil . in 1999 we reached a crucial stage in the species’ recovery programme – a group of blts trained in our woods returned to brazil for reintroduction to the wild .
according to the iucn red list , the total population of black lion tamarins is estimated at about 1 , 000 mature individuals , spread through 11 isolated forests , including 820 animals in the morro do diabo state park , about 40 individuals in the caetetus reserve and 114 individuals in remaining 9 localities . overall , black lion tamarins’ numbers are decreasing today , and the animals are classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list .
lion tamarins have a mane derived from long hairs on the top of the head , cheeks and throat . the head and body length of the golden - rumped lion tamarin averages about 30 cm ( 12
) , and it weighs approximately 0 . 6 kg ( 1 . 3 lb ) . it is mostly black with varying amounts of reddish - golden coloration on the rump , thighs and at the base of its tail .
main predators of golden lion tamarins are wild cats , birds of prey and snakes .
1997 – the second population and habitat viability assessment ( phva ) workshop brings together government and ngo representatives to discuss the long term conservation plan for the black lion tamarin . the metapopulation management plan for the species is officially released and presents recommendations to maintain high levels of genetic diversity within the wild and captive populations . as part of this management programme , reintroductions are planned and durrell’s captive black lion tamarins are trained for their release into the brazilian rainforest . in jersey zoo’s woodland area , free - ranging tamarin family groups have a heated hut that they use as a base for shelter and feeding but spend a great deal of time out and about foraging for invertebrates in their free - ranging woodland area .
black - faced lion tamarins are among of the world ' s rarest mammals and the species listed as critically endangered by the iucn ( massicot , 2001 ) . the estimated wild population of this animal is less than 300 individuals ( harper ) . there are several groups working to protect the tamarins and their habitat . such groups include instituto de pesquisas ecológicas , whose goal is to collect information regarding the natural history of this animal , along with basic habitat and behavioral data . this information is then used to educate the public , especially those living in or near the habitat of the tamarin ( prado ) . the group
wildinvest ,
is working to help fund conservation projects for endangered or threatened animals such as black - faced lion tamarins . this group is supporting the black - faced lion tamarin conservation project , which is working to protect and restore the habitat , educate the public of the importance of conservation , as well as employing many other conservation management strategies ( massicot , 2001 ) .
food sharing is more important in the lion tamarins than in other marmosets and tamarins , and helps maintain social structure . this species may form mixed species groups with wied ' s black - tufted - ear marmoset . they do not compete with each other because they forage in separate areas and occupy different niches in the environment . golden - headed lion tamarins forage in the upper levels of the forest , while wied ' s black - tufted - ear marmosets forage in the middle and lower levels of the forest . golden - headed lion tamarins also prefer to forage in epiphytic bromeliads .
the black - faced lion tamarin was first documented by western science in 1990 on the island of superagui , brazil . by 1995 , surveys revealed that it occurred on superagui and adjacent parts of the mainland in the states of parana and sao paulo , brazil . its available habitat totals approximately 17 , 300 hectares ( 68 sq mi ) ( rylands et al . 1997 ) .
the lifespan for golden - headed lion tamarins in human care can be 15 years or longer .
the black - faced lion tamarin has nonopposable thumbs and the nails are claw - like except for the first digit on each toe . this species has long digits used in the forging small insects and vertebrates ( garber , 1992 ) . the back of this species is golden in color ( kinzey , 1997 ) . the mane , face , feet , forearms , and tail all have black colored hair ( lorini and persson , 1990 ) . the average body mass for an adult is 675 grams ( valladares - padua and prado , 1996 ) .
when a young lion tamarin is weaned , the parents as well as other members of its natal group will share their food with the baby . during this period , the infant will beg for food if not offered to take it .
black - faced lion tamarins are primarily frugivorous , feeding on fruit , flowers , gum and nectar . however , they also eat insects , which they find under the bark of trees , as well as small lizards and snakes ( massicot , 2001 ) .
the black lion tamarins are omnivores . the usual diet of these animals primarily consists of insects and fruits , supplemented with small lizards , small vertebrates , small birds as well as eggs of birds ( when they are able to catch these types of food ) .
more than 90 % of the original atlantic coastal forest , which contains the golden - rumped lion tamarin ' s habitat , has been lost or fragmented to obtain lumber and charcoal and to clear out areas for plantations , cattle pasture , and industry . fire and hunting also are threats . even in reserves where the golden - rumped lion tamarin occurs , there are problems with squatters degrading and cutting down the few habitat patches that remain , and the fragmentation of its habitat is extreme .
the population of the black lion tamarin currently numbers an estimated 1600 individuals . originally thought to be extinct , just 100 individuals were rediscovered in the 1970s and research since has estimated the population size at 1600 individuals across multiple fragmented populations . population numbers are moving in the right direction but conservation work is still vital in order to boost the number of individuals in sub - populations in order to ensure genetic diversity .
the golden - rumped lion tamarin is one of the species that live in both the atlantic forest biodiversity hotspot ( cons . intl . ) and the brazilian atlantic forests global 200 ecoregion . ( olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 )
golden - rumped lion tamarins may be important as seed dispersers in the ecosystems in which they live .
the black - faced lion tamarin project aims to study the species and gather information on its ecology and behaviour ( 7 ) . findings will be used to inform conservation management programmes , and raise awareness of the species through environmental education in the local area . captive breeding programmes could also help this species enormously , and are a priority for future conservation efforts ( 2 ) . this tamarin is one of the world ' s 25 most endangered primates and is on the very brink of extinction . it will require long - term conservation efforts and protection if it is to survive .
black - faced lion tamarins are diurnal and they seek shelter at night in tree cavities or holes . they are sensitive to direct sunlight and therefore spend the hottest parts of the day sheltered by the dense vegetation of the rainforest ( the wild ones animal index , 2000 ) .
adult - infant food - sharing behavior is a major component of the infant care strategies of callitrichids ( marmosets and tamarins ) . it is particularly well - developed in cotton - top tamarins ( saguinus oedipus ) and lion tamarins ( leontopithecus spp ) , which show frequent adult - initiated food offering , as well as sharing of food in response to begging by infants . this report documents a case of cross - generic food sharing , in which a male golden - headed lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysomelas ) shared food with an infant cotton - top tamarin . the lion tamarin provided more food to the infant than its mother did . this emphasizes the importance of this behavior in the reproductive strategies of the communally - rearing callitrichidae and raises questions about mechanisms that underly it .
golden lion tamarins are not close relatives of lions . they are named that way because they have manes .
these are snippets out of the diary of louie , our marmoset , with the hopes that it one day saves the life of another marmoset or tamarin .
padua , c . v . and padua , s . m . ( 2000 ) conservation of black lion tamarins ( leontopithecus chrysopygus ) in the atlantic forest of the interior , brazil . society for conservation biology newsletter , 7 ( 1 ) : 0 - 0 . available at : urltoken
golden lion tamarin is an omnivore ( animal that consumes plants and other animals ) . it eats fruit , flowers , nectar , eggs , insects , amphibians , reptiles and birds . long digits and sharp claws facilitate extraction of invertebrates hidden in holes in the trees .
this species eats fruits , insects , flowers , nectar , berries , seeds , young leaves , bird eggs and small vertebrates such as frogs , lizards and nestlings ( 2 ) . the black lion tamarin is active in the day and arboreal , sleeping in tree holes at night . black lion tamarins live in groups of around two to three adults and their offspring , and social bonds are maintained through food sharing and calling ( 5 ) . vocalisations and scent marking also serve to broadcast the presence of a group within their territory ( 5 ) ; the hair may stand on end during aggressive exchanges over territorial issues ( 5 ) . other forms of communication include shrill , bird - like vocalisations and a few facial expressions ( 6 ) . all lion tamarins tend to give birth to twins , but triplets and quadruplets have also been observed ( 5 ) .
the black lion tamarin , scientifically known as leontopithecus chrysopygus , is one of the rarest and most threatened primate species in the world . it was for many years considered extinct in the wild . today , the species remains in a precarious state and is listed in the red list of threatened species ( iucn ) as endangered ( en ) . the main threat to its survival is forest fragmentation and habitat degradation , which leads to population isolation and decline .
more than 90 % of the original atlantic coastal forest , which contains the golden - rumped lion tamarin ' s habitat , has been lost or fragmented to obtain lumber and charcoal and to clear out areas for plantations , cattle pasture , and industry . fire and hunting also are threats . even in reserves where the golden - rumped lion tamarin occurs , there are problems with squatters degrading and cutting down the few habitat patches that remain , and the fragmentation of its habitat is extreme . ( rylands et al . 1996 / 7 , macdonald 2001 ) .
these interesting animals are threatened , as are many of the forests in which they live . brazil ' s atlantic coastal rain forests are disappearing due to ever - expanding logging , agriculture , and industry , and unfortunately , the golden lion tamarin is in danger of vanishing with them .
recorded only from the interior region of the brazilian state of são paulo ( 4 ) . the black lion tamarin was believed to be extinct from 1905 , until it was rediscovered in 1970 in a reserve in south - western são paulo . at that time it was estimated that the population numbered fewer than 100 individuals ( 4 ) . at present , about six populations are known , and the number of remaining individuals is estimated to be less than 1 , 000 ( 6 ) .
golden - headed lion tamarin reproduction is similar to other marmosets and tamarins . males and females reach sexually maturity at different times : males at about 2 years , and females at 1 . 5 years . upon reaching sexual maturity , females begin an estrous cycle of two to three weeks . their gestation period lasts about four months . golden - headed lion tamarins generally reproduce only once a year in the wild .
the overall metapopulation ( a metapopoulation is an overall population made up of many sub - populations ) size for the black lion tamarin currently numbers an estimated 1600 individuals and is an increase from the estimated 100 individuals rediscovered in the 1970s . however , the population is fragmented , with sub populations occuring in isolation and therefore at risk from inbreeding . the institute for ecological research , with support from durrell , is working hard to restore forest corridors with the aim to reunite these sub - populations .
* * * conservation of the golden - rumped lion tamarin may depend on providing for the exchange of individual tamarins between the widely scattered populations to promote genetic diversity . this would require convincing landowners to allow forested corridors to grow between the populations or translocating the animals as part of a management plan .
since the beginning of ipê ' s activities , many initiatives have been undertaken , including basic research on the black lion tamarin biology and ecology , environmental education and long - term management for the species . the management plan treats populations that are currently isolated ( subpopulations ) as a single large population ( metapopulation ) that is maintained using strategies that promote connectivity , such as forest corridors planted between fragments , translocations and reintroductions of blt groups . this management also includes captive tamarins kept in brazilian and international zoos .
food sharing behavior was investigated by studying 10 captive black lion tamarin ( leontopithecus chrysopygus ) infants ( six litters ) between the ages of four and 26 weeks . the frequency of sharing by parents in response to infant begging increased steadily from the age of five to nine weeks , but then declined gradually , although infants were still receiving food even at 26 weeks . until the age of 15 weeks , infants received more food items by transfer from other group members than they did from self - feeding . thereafter , self - feeding predominated . offering of food by adults without prior infant begging occurred at low frequencies ( 5 . 3 % of items transferred ) and ceased at 20 weeks of age . begging success ( the proportion of infant begs which resulted in food sharing ) remained relatively constant , averaging 65 % . in common with other lion tamarins , black lion tamarins appear to continue to share food with infants well after weaning , and until at least six months of age .
the first population viability analysis ( pva ) workshop is held . during this workshop , reintroductions of captive animals into the wild and other population and habitat management actions are considered . as a result of this , jersey zoo begins the first international captive breeding programme for black lion tamarins outside of brazil ; the only institution selected outside of brazil to breed the species in captivity . three breeding tamarin pairs arrive from rio de janeiro primate centre in brazil and to manage them , an international studbook was created which is still managed by durrell staff today .
black lion tamarins , like all tamarins , are new world monkeys . black lion tamarins are found in the southeastern forests of brazil . they are a very small primate that specializes in eating fruits , gums and insects . their incisor teeth are as long as their canine teeth so that they can scrape off bark and get to the sap and gum of palm trees . they come to the ground of the forest to pick through the leaf litter in search of insects . they have very long fingers so that they can search in small crevices for hiding insects . their claw - like nails help them climb the trunks of trees like squirrels . at night all members of the troop sleep in a woodpecker hole in a tree .
thumbs of golden lion tamarins are not fully opposable and their big toes are positioned backward . these features are not seen in other monkeys .
a long - term programme of conservation and environmental education targeting the black lion tamarin is underway ( 7 ) . an important measure to combat the effects of inbreeding will be to allow movement of individuals between the isolated sub - populations . this can occur through translocations of individuals or by creating corridors between habitat patches to facilitate movement between populations ( 4 ) . corridors have already been planted and some translocations have occurred ( 7 ) . there is currently a captive population of around 100 individuals , which require the occasional incorporation of wild individuals to maintain genetic variation ( 7 ) .
members of a group usually announce of their presence to outsiders by various vocalizations as well as scent marking . when defending the home range of their group , the black lion tamarins occasionally come into conflicts with intruders , during which their hairs rise on the end . other common vocalizations include shrills and bird - like noises . additionally , these animals communicate through a few facial expressions .
the head and body length of the golden - rumped lion tamarin is 26 - 33 cm ( 10 - 13
) . the tail is even longer . it weighs 0 . 54 - 0 . 69 kg ( 1 . 2 - 1 . 5 lb ) . ( rowe 1996 ) males are larger than females ( emmons & feer 1997 ) .
kleiman , d . g . , hoage , r . j . , and green , k . m . 1988 . the lion tamarins , genus
the golden - rumped lion tamarin occurs in primary lowland tropical forests up to 700 m ( 2300 ' ) in elevation , including semi - deciduous inland forests , humid coastal plain forests and littoral vegetation types . it prefers dense areas of vegetation , especially where bromeliads occur . fruit , insects , nectar , and exudates comprise its diet . the golden - rumped lion tamarin is diurnal and predominantly arboreal . it spends most of its time in the middle levels of the forest at 7 - 15 m ( 23 - 50 ' ) above the ground , although it comes to the ground to forage for prey in leaf litter . groups of golden - rumped lion tamarins include 2 - 11 members ( average : 3 . 6 members ) . groups have home ranges of 66 - 200 hectares ( 165 - 500 acres ) . the golden - rumped lion tamarin once occupied a large forested area in the interior of the state of sao paulo , brazil , between the rio paranapanema and the rio tiete . much of its habitat had been cleared by the early 1900 ' s , and it was not seen between 1905 and 1970 . in 1970 a small population was discovered in the morro do diabo state park in southwest sao paulo . by 2003 a total of 11 highly fragmented populations were known , with the large majority in the morro do diabo state park .
lion tamarins generally occur in low densities of 0 . 5 - 1 group / sq km ( 1 - 3 groups / sq mi ) ( macdonald 2001 ) .
golden - headed lion tamarins move quadrupedally through the main canopy of the forest . when climbing down tree trunks , they can move with their heads or tails downward .
price , e . c . , and feistner , a . t . c . ( 1993 ) . food sharing in lion tamarins : tests of three hypotheses .
newborn lion tamarins cannot feed themselves independently for the first few months of their lives . hence , they ride on the back of their parents , who provide them with food .
golden lion tamarins occupy territory of 100 acres . they use scent marks and songs to advertise their presence on a certain territory . they will defend it fiercely against all intruders .
over 90 percent of the atlantic forest in brazil has been lost to logging , development and cultivation . the species is also vulnerable to fire and hunting ( 4 ) . areas of prime habitat occur in and around the morro do diabo state park ; however , five percent of this area was flooded in the early 1980 ' s , following the construction of a hydroelectric plant ( 7 ) . the remaining black lion tamarin populations have been isolated for some time , and studies have shown that genetic diversity is extremely low as a result of inbreeding ( 7 ) . inbreeding depression , which can reduce the fitness of the population in terms of survival , reproductive capacity and growth , is therefore a cause for concern in this species .
golden - headed lion tamarins ' resemble other species of tamarins ; they have relatively large canines with a small head and body . males and females are similar in appearance and size .
golden lion tamarins use various sounds for communication . social bonds are maintained via grooming and sharing of food . older members of the group will give their food to the younger members .
although lion tamarins exploit forest in early stages of succession , they depend on tall , mature forest for their sleeping holes , which are dug out by woodpeckers , and for sufficient animal prey foraging sites , especially bromeliad epiphytes and leaf litter piles in vines and palm - tree crowns . ( macdonald 2001 ) the golden - rumped lion tamarin occurs in primary lowland tropical forests up to 700 m ( 2300 ' ) elevation , including semi - deciduous inland forests , humid coastal plain forests and littoral vegetation types ( emmons & feer 1997 ) . it prefers dense areas of vegetation , especially where bromeliads are found . ( ibama 2004 ) .
* * * as part of an environmental education , landowners have agreed to preserve 5000 hectares ( 12 , 500 acres ) of privately owned forest habitat of golden - rumped lion tamarins .
golden - headed lion tamarins are still included on the brazilian official list of species threatened with extinction . they also occur in protected areas and have a well - managed breeding program derived from animals confiscated from the illegal trade . this group has become an important genetic reservoir . there are now believed to be more than 6 , 000 golden - headed lion tamarins in the wild .
this species sleeps in tree holes during the night ; they are arboreal and diurnal . golden - headed lion tamarins will use the same tree hole for up to six nights in a row .
groups of golden - rumped lion tamarins comprise 2 - 11 members ( average : 3 . 6 members ) , including 2 - 3 adults ( rowe 1996 , emmons & feer 1997 ) .
the original range of this species used to cover central and western parts of the state of são paulo ( brazil ) . currently , the black lion tamarins occur in two isolated areas : morro do diabo state forest reserve in southwestern são paulo , occupying a territory of 375 sq . km . ; and the small caetetus reserve in central são paulo , covering 23 sq . km . preferred types of habitat for these animals are lowland semi - deciduous forest as well as macega forest , usually dominated by small bush - like trees .
, are also known as
kings of the jungle .
their tiny wrinkled faces are surrounded by tufts of hair that resemble a lion ' s mane . the mane , arms , and tail of
is periodically captured and sold in brazil as pets , though this has a negative impact on this imperiled species . the charismatic quality of lion tamarins makes them excellent candidates for ecotourism activities . ( beacham 1998 )
lion tamarins have always been restricted to low - altitude forests , usually below 300 m ( 1000 ' ) . although lion tamarins do utilize forest in early stages of succession , they depend on tall , mature forest for their sleeping holes , which are dug out by woodpeckers , and for sufficient animal prey foraging sites , especially bromeliad epiphytes and leaf litter piles in vines and palm - tree crowns . ( macdonald 2001 )
* * * the jesuit antonio pigafetta , who documented magellan ' s voyage around the world , referred to lion tamarins as
beautiful , simian - like cats similar to small lions .
( macdonald 2001 )
tamarins ( saguinus / leontopithecus ) are small monkeys that lives in the forest . they range in colors from black , brown or red . tamarins use their scent glands for marking their territory by rubbing them against an object . unfortunately many of them are endangered but they’ve bred well in captivity . here you will find more information about keeping tamarins in captivity .
lion tamarins are some of the most endangered species in the world . they are one of the world’s rarest mammals . they live in the lowland forest of southeast brazil which is a major area of agricultural development for humans .
they live in family groups of five to seven animals ; a typical family group consists of a mated pair plus their youngest offspring . in tamarin society , males and females mate for life and take equal part in raising their young . adults of the same sex are very aggressive toward one another in defense of territory .
the black lion tamarins have a monogamous mating system , where one male mates with one female exclusively . however , populations in some areas exhibit polyandry . when a group contains more than one mature male , the female often mates with multiple males to hide paternity of her offspring . breeding and births usually occur from spring to autumn . meanwhile , populations in brazil mate and breed between august and march . duration of pregnancy is unknown , although females of other related lion tamarins usually undergo 125 - 132 days of gestation . females can yield up to 3 - 4 young per litter , although twins are most common . the newborn babies live mainly with their mother until 2 - 3 weeks old , when the father begins to care for them . he will remain with his offspring during most of the day , carrying them to their mother every 2 - 3 hours to feed . weaning occurs after 2 - 3 months old . however , young lion tamarins continue living with their natal group until 16 - 24 months old , when they are mature .
the golden - rumped lion tamarin is diurnal and predominantly arboreal . it spends most of its time in dense areas of vegetation in the middle levels of the forest , 7 - 15 m ( 23 - 50 ' ) above the ground , although it comes to the ground to forage for prey in the leaf litter and to catch insects . its specialized hands have long fingers for probing crevices in tree bark to find insects . at night the whole group sleeps together in a tree hole . ( rowe 1996 , emmons & feer 1997 , ibama 2004 )
the black lion tamarins are primarily threatened by habitat loss : this species has lost more than 90 % of its atlantic forest habitat in brazil due to factors such as logging , development and cultivation . on the other hand , these animals exhibit a high rate of interbreeding and a very low genetic diversity because of living in isolated populations for a long period of time . hence , they currently face inbreeding depression , which negatively affects the health of these populations . as a result , some populations are unable to grow , survive and successfully reproduce . other notable concerns to this species’ population include fires and hunting .
like other tamarins and marmosets , golden - headed lion tamarins have non - opposable thumbs and claw - like nails on all digits except for the big toe . they also have long digits used for forging for small insects and vertebrates .
over the history of this conservation project , durrell has been involved with the management plan for the species , the conservation of its atlantic forest habitat , helped to plan and conduct conservation research and has worked to strengthen local partners . today , with project partner ipe now leading the conservation actions for the species , our main role is now centred on strengthening local partners through the annual training of ipe staff through the durrell desman course . we also manage the species internationally in captivity , sit on the international lion tamarin planning committee and help fundraise to restore the blts atlantic forest habitat .
as diurnal animals , the black lion tamarins are active during the daytime hours . they are highly social creatures , forming family units , composed of an adult pair and their offspring from the last 2 - 3 years . the male and the female usually share dominance in these social units , defending their territory from intruders and even fighting them off when necessary . members of the family groups spend all their time together . becoming reproductively mature , young males disperse to find mates . occasionally , numerous groups gather to form large aggregations , where newly matured individuals can find mates . during such gatherings , adult males and females keep distance to avoid conflicts .
during the late 1980s the brazilian institute for the environment established the international committee for the recovery and management of the species . the resulting recovery was highly successful , and the committee established a breeding program and studbook for the species . extensive surveys were undertaken in 1994 , within the species estimated range , to assess the conservation status of wild populations of this tamarin .
golden - headed lion tamarins weigh about 17 to 24 . 7 ounces ( 500 to 700 grams ) and measure 8 to 13 inches ( 20 to 34 centimeters ) in body length plus a 12 to 15 inch ( 32 to 40 centimeter ) long tail .
the main predators of golden - rumped lion tamarins are small cats , birds of prey , and snakes . they avoid predation by being part of a social organization , so that more individuals are alert to potential dangers and will give warning signals to other members of their troupe . ( wolters 1990 )


the montane bamboo rat or peruvian bamboo rat ( dactylomys peruanus ) , is a species of rodent in the family echimyidae .

it is found in bolivia and peru .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

montane bamboo rat

montane bamboo rat - dactylomys peruanus j . a . allen , 1900 - overview - encyclopedia of life
groves of chusquea bamboo in the montane forests of the colombian andes , 6 , 560–7 , 550 ft ( 2000–2 , 300 m ) in altitude .
english : thick - spined rat ; german : lanzenratte ; spanish : rata espinosa .
english : singing rat ; spanish : cocopitzu ( ecuador ) , pacamama ( peru ) .
climbs bamboo stems during the night to eat succulent shoots , young stems , and young leaves . prefers the native giant bamboo guada , but is also able to eat the introduced phyllostachys and bambusa tuloides .
formerly considered to be threatened by habitat destruction , but now considered to be more adaptable and capable of using alien bamboos . is being used by conservation groups as a charismatic species to promote conservation of groves of native giant bamboo and the rich bird fauna ( 27 habitat specific species ) associated with this habitat , and who are less adaptable than the bamboo rat .
stallings , j . r . , m . c . kierulff , and j . f . b . m . silva .
use of space and activity patterns of brazilian bamboo rat kannabateomys amblyonyx ) in exotic habitat .
journal of tropical ecology 10 ( 1994 ) : 431–438 .
members of this family are mostly unspecialized vegetarians , with some insects being eaten . some species ( e . g . , kannabateomys amblyonyx ) have become specialized feeders on bamboo .
this species may be largely confined to the bamboo belt of montane forest ( lunde et al . 2006 ) . it has been recorded from plantations in some parts of its range . it is a burrow - dwelling species ( smith and xie 2008 ) . predators include the red panda ( macclintock 1988 ) and the snow leopard ( johnson et al . 1993 ) . it has moderate tolerance to human disturbance ( lunde et al . 2006 ) .
formerly in thick vegetation of tree falls and along river sides , this species is now common in forested areas disturbed by logging . shows a strong preference for areas rich in vines and bamboo clumps .
the size of a house rat or white lab rat , but with a proportionately larger head and smaller ears . fur ( especially on the back and rump ) is bristly to the touch due to the presence of stiffened , flattened hairs . above is an orangish brown , and below is pure white . the tail is naked and is often pale toward the end . a weakness in the fifth vertebra of the tail means that , like lizards , proechimys rats can break off the tail as distraction technique against predators . a rare recessive gene means that some
spiny
mice actually lack spiny fur .
the only threat to this species is that it is hunted for food , since they are easy to find and conspicuous . in south asia , the species is threatened by habitat loss and degradation due to shifting cultivation , bamboo extraction and hunting for local consumption ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
an individual kannbaetomys amblyonyx weighs up to 1 . 3 lb ( 600g ) , and its back , flanks , and head are a dull orangey - buff , while its under parts are off - white . fur is thick and soft , lacking bristles , and the tail is thickly haired . the third and fourth digits are greatly elongated and expanded to provide a wide , strong grip when climbing thick round bamboo stems . claws are modified into nails . the muzzle is squarish .
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justification : this species is listed as data deficient in view of the absence of recent information on its extent of occurrence , threats , status and ecological requirements .
this species occurs in middle elevations of eastern andean slopes of southern peru and northern bolivia ( fabre 2016 , emmons et al . 2015 ) . it is known only from two sites , cotapata in bolivia ( 3 , 300 m asl ) and in juliaca , peru ( around 1 , 000 to 3 , 000 m asl ) ( patton et al . 2000 , salzar - bravo et al . 2003 ) .
it has been recorded from the cotapata national park in bolivia . further research is needed into the distribution , habitats and threats to this species .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
perunkorokoro
to
dactylomys peruanus j . a . allen , 1900
.
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data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , it occurs in a number of protected areas , has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category . additional taxonomic studies will reveal this taxon to be comprised of several species for which a review of the red list assessment will be necessary .
this species ranges from eastern nepal ( up to 2 , 000 m asl [ molur et al . 2005 ] ) , through northeast india ( assam , manipur , meghalaya , mizoram , nagaland and west bengal ) , bhutan , southeastern bangladesh , myanmar , south china , northwest viet nam , thailand and cambodia ( musser and carleton 2005 ) . species within this complex have generally been recorded from roughly sea level to around 4 , 000 m asl . this is an unresolved species complex , with some taxa restricted to certain elevations , the altitudinal range is not constant throughout the known range .
in general the species is quite heavily exploited in some areas for food , and isolated populations in particular may be declining through overharvesting . it is also killed as a pest of rubber plantations in parts of its range ( such as myanmar ) , and may occur in densities of up to 600 animals per hectare ( ken aplin pers . comm . ) . in south asia , it is locally threatened by habitat loss due to jhum ( shifting ) cultivation , forest fires and harvesting for subsistence use ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
in general , animals are presumably found in a number of protected areas . it is known from the following protected areas in india and nepal - india : dampa wildlife sanctuary , mizoram ; nepal : royal chitwan national park , central nepal and makalu barun national park , eastern nepal ( molur et al . 2005 ) . the species is included in the schedule v ( considered as vermin ) of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 . further studies are needed into the distribution , abundance , ecology , and threats to these poorly - known taxa .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t3759a115066803 .
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this widely distributed species is found in southern china ( yunnan , ghizhou , sichuan , jiangxi , hunan , guangxi , guangdong , and fujian ) , northern and north - eastern india ( meghalaya , nagaland , and manipur up to 1 , 500 m asl [ molur et al . 2005 ] ) , eastern myanmar , thailand , lao pdr , cambodia , viet nam , south to perak on the malay peninsula , at altitudes between 100 m and 4 , 000 m asl ( musser and carleton , 2005 ) .
in general , this species can be locally abundant . it was found to be rare during market surveys in the lowlands of lao pdr , but commonly traded in markets in mountainous areas ( francis 1999 ) . there is no information available on the population abundance of this species in south asia ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
it is present in several protected areas across its range . in south asia , it is known from the following protected areas in india : dampa wildlife sanctuary , mizoram and namdapha national park , arunachal pradesh ( molur et al . 2005 ) . the species is included in the schedule v ( considered as vermin ) of the indian wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 . in south asia , surveys , life history studies , and population monitoring are recommended for this species ( molur et al . 2005 ) .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t19645a115152385 .
this is generally considered to be a species complex , which possibly contains a number of restricted range species ( k . aplin , d . lunde and g . musser pers . comm . ) .
justification : listed as least concern because it is very widespread , has a presumed large population , and its populations are not declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category . this is a species complex that will need to be reevaluated for conservation status once resolved .
this species is found in southern china , northern myanmar , and northern viet nam ( thorington and hoffmann 2005 ) . it may be present in lao pdr , however , the range in this country needs to be confirmed . allen ( 1938 ) gave the elevational range of this species as 1 , 219 - 3 , 962 m asl .
it is common in some parts of its range , for instance it is considered to be a plantation crop pest species in china ( ken aplin pers . comm . ) .
this species occurs in niumulin , wuyishan , nanling , heishidingkuoyelin , dayaoshanshuiyuanlin ( guangxi ) , daozhendashahe , xishuizhongyaredaisenlin , fanjingshan ( guizhou ) , maolan , shennongjia , houhe , taoyuandong , dongdongtinghu ( hunan ) , mangshan , poyanghuhouniao , yanquan , taohongling , jinggangshan , taibaishan , foping , wanglang , wolong , jinfoshan , ailaoshan , changshanerhai , tongbiguan , wawushan , nandongtihu shidi and shuiqin , xiaoxi , meihualutiebu , nanjingnanyaredaiyulin ( csis 2008 ) , and jiuzhaigou national nature reserves ( liu et al . 2005 ) and may be present in additional protected areas . further studies are needed into the distribution , taxonomy , and impacts of exploitation on the population . in china , this species has been regionally red listed as least concern ( wang and xie 2004 ) .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t19646a115152572 .
são leopoldo , rs . av . unisinos , 950 . bairro cristo rei , cep : 93 . 022 - 000 . atendimento unisinos + 55 ( 51 ) 3591 1122
size head and body 4 . 13–18 . 9 in ( 10 . 5–48 . 0 cm ) ; tail 0 . 2–16 . 5 in ( 0 . 5–42 . 0 cm ) ; weight 0 . 46–2 . 9 lb ( 210–1 , 300 g )
members of this family have spines in their fur , most notably on the mid - back and rump . each spine consists of a single modified hair , and may be fine and needle - like or broad and stout . no matter what their shape or size , these spines narrow at the base to a narrow waist where they emerge from the skin .
the forefoot characteristically has only four functioning toes , with the fifth ( the pollex , equivalent to the human thumb ) being vestigial . the head is often large in proportion to the body , the nose is prominent , and the snout is blunt . the ears are small in proportion to the body . many terrestrial genera have the ability to shed their tails . the family name is derived from the greek ekhinos , a hedgehog , and mus , a mouse .
primarily rainforest , though there are also species ( e . g . , caterodon and trichomys ) adapted to more open and seasonally deciduous habitats .
generally nocturnal and burrow - using . limited sociality , though clyomys is colonial . arboreal echimyid species use calls rather than scent marks to denote territories , a characteristic that is unusual in rodents .
echimyids do not follow the familiar rodent pattern of producing many low - investment young . instead the litter size is small , the young are born well developed , and parental care is strong .
e . thomasi ) ; nine species as lower risk / near threatened ( carterodon sulcidens , diplomys caniceps , echimys blainvillei , isothrix bistriata , i . pagurus , olallamys albicauda , o . edax , proechimys albispinus , p . gorgonae ) ; and five species as data deficient ( dactylomys peruanus , echimys pictus , e . rhipidurus , mesomys didelphoides , m . obscurus ) .
some species are hunted , and others are considered agricultural pests . several species have been used as laboratory animals and some of the rarer ones have been used as flag - ship conservation species for habitat preservation .
german : igelratten ; spanish : sacha cui ( peru ) ; surinamese : maka alata .
southern honduras to coastal colombia and peru , only west of the andes in south america .
p . semispinosus does not dig its own burrow , but uses available depressions , including cavities in rocks , holes in logs , or burrows of other animals . this species is nocturnal , with a small home range , 0 . 2–3 . 7 acres ( 0 . 1–1 . 5 ha ) , with that of the female being smaller than the male ' s range . population density fluctuates seasonally , nearly quadrupling at the end of the rainy season . there is considerable overlap in home ranges , with only burrows specifically defended , and only against members of the same species and sex . females make a variety of birdlike twit - terings to their young as they follow her around the territory .
members of this family are important seed predators , eating both fallen fruit and the cached fruit of agoutis and acouchis . they also feed on fungi , including those fungi with symbiotic mycorrhizal associations with forest trees . for such fungi , they act as important dispersal agents . members of this species will habitually take foods back to the same spot to eat them , resulting in small piles of debris that , when collected , can reveal to biologists what the animals have been eating .
echimys gymnurus ( thomas , 1897 ) , cachavi , esmereldas province , ecuador .
head and body length 8 . 6–12 . 5 in ( 22–32 cm ) ; tail 5 . 9–9 . 8 in ( 15–25 cm ) ; weight 7 . 7 oz to 1 . 7 lb ( 218–815 g ) . males are considerably bigger ( up to 38 % ) than females . this terrestrial
rodent has very thick and well developed spines , especially on its back where they are up to 1 . 1 in ( 3 cm ) long and 0 . 08 in ( 2 mm ) in diameter . spines on the back are white at the base and tipped with black . on the flanks , they are tipped with orange and banded to the base with dusty orange and black . the spines are loosely fixed to the skin and fall out when the pelage is brushed the wrong way . there is soft fur interspersed with the spines and lying beneath them . spines are most strongly developed on the mid - back , rump , and thighs . the belly lacks spines and is white . members of this species can drop their tails to distract predators .
southern honduras through western colombia to northwest ecuador . not found east of the andes .
hoplomys gymnurus lives in grassy clearings in rainforest , brush , and deserted farm lands , and has not been recorded at altitudes above 2 , 625 ft ( 800 m ) . the species shows a distinct preference for cooler moist areas , and in dryland forests is found only in forests in moister steep ravines .
the territory is very small and is often centered around a decaying log , under which it may hide in the burrow it digs . this consists of a small chamber with dry leaves at the bottom of a short simple shaft . this species makes runways in dense vegetation .
the diet consists of fruits , seeds , and browse , but insects are also eaten .
litter size of two to three . reproduction is seasonal . young are born furred , with open eyes and the ability to walk . this species may be monogamous , with a territory shared by a mated pair .
echimys sulcidens ( lund , 1841 ) , lagoa santa , minas gerais , brazil . first described in 1841 from remains in fossil owl pellets . the first live specimen was found in 1851 . very few have been found since .
head and body length 6 . 1–7 . 9 in ( 15 . 5–20 cm ) . tail 2 . 7–3 . 1 in ( 6 . 8–8 cm ) . yellow - brown above , flanks grayish , with a reddish throat and neck . under parts are yellowish with a white mid - line blotch . the tail is thin , and black above and pale yellow below . fur on the back has spines and bristles . spines are flexible and end in long hairlike projections .
cerrado vegetation ( a grassland with sparse trees and seasonal rains that looks a lot like the african savanna ) .
this species digs a shallow burrow in soil between pockets of dense vegetation , and lines this burrow and the chamber at the bottom with leaves and grasses . emerges late afternoon or early evening to feed .
fur long and soft , no spines . upperparts are yellowish gray , orange , or pale yellow below . head has a pale yellow crown , extending onto neck . below this is a wide black stripe that nearly merges on nape . the tail is long and thickly furred , with orange - yellow fur closer to the rump and black toward the end . feet are short and broad with strong claws .
this species is nocturnal , and feeds in trees in a squirrel - like manner . it dens in a hole in a small tree ( often a dead palm ) some 33 ft ( 10 m ) from a favored tall tree , and spends afternoons with its head sticking out of the den hole . some levels of sociality are possible , as small groups have been observed foraging together .
fur is bristly and spiny , with the upper parts brownish red , while the belly and throat are buff colored . a broad white blaze runs from the nose to behind the ears . the last three - quarters of the tail is white with a yellowish tip . paws are white .
in dense vegetation along riverbanks and in flooded areas . uses upper stories of vegetation .
than bounding . this species builds nests of dry leaves in hollow trunks or tree holes , and usually maintains two holes . echimys chrysurus is nocturnal , and may live in small groups , which may be an extended family . individuals give loud territorial calls at night .
young born fully furred and with eyes open . litter size one or two .
lowland amazon of southern colombia , eastern ecuador , peru and brazil . other members of the genus are known to occur in altitudes up to 5 , 900 ft ( 1 , 800 m ) .
german : bambus - fingerratte ; spanish : rata de las taquaras ( argentina ) .
southeastern brazil ( cerea , rio grande , parana , and rio grande do sul ) , northeastern argentina ( missones province ) , and southeastern paraguay .
litter size one or two . subadults may travel with mother for a period after weaning .
thrinacodus albicauda ( günther , 1879 ) , medellin , antioqua department , colombia . thrinacodus had been used since the animals ' original description until american zoologist louise emmons pointed out that this name had already been given to a fossil shark . under the rules governing the naming of animals , no two may share the same name , so the species was given a new name . the new name celebrated the ecuadorian collector carlos olalla and his four sons alfonso , manuel , ramón , and rosalino , who collected mammals all over the amazon and elsewhere in south america between 1922 and 1969 .
seven to 9 . 5 in ( 18 to 24 cm ) in body length , with a tail up to 13 . 7 in ( 35 cm ) . fur on the back and flanks is reddish , and the belly fur is yellowish white . the thick soft fur lacks spines , but possesses other internal characteristics of the family .
nocturnal and arboreal , with the long tail used as a balancing pole . these animals make a whistling cry .
hystrix subspinosa ( olfers , 1818 ) , cameta , para , brazil . formerly classed with the neotropical porcupines ( erythrozontidae ) , but now recognized as an echimyid and as a remarkable example of parallel evolution . characteristics that led to this reassessment included the retention of deciduous premolars throughout life and the lack of an internal carotid artery .
rabbit - sized and weighing some 2 . 87 lb ( 1 . 3 kg ) , c . semi - spinosus has its back covered with long thin bristles . on the head , neck , and shoulders , these are more spine - like . like sloths , this species has low levels of muscle mass for its body size .
a small portion of atlantic coastal rainforest in southeastern brazil , in the states of sergipe , bahia , espirito santo and rio de janeiro . not seen after 1952 , but was rediscovered in 1987 .
nocturnal , arboreal , solitary , and slow moving . spends the day asleep and nearly 70 % of the night resting between bouts of moving , feeding , and grooming . tail is probably not fully prehensile , but capable of a tight grip and so assists in climbing . like a sloth , descends to ground to defecate and urinate . lethargic life in keeping with ingestion and digestion of poor quality , hard - to - digest forage .
vulnerable . however , ability to live in modified habitats may mitigate the fact that it has a very restricted distribution in an area of very rapid deforestation .
upperparts rusty brown , reddish , or orange buffy mixed with black ; under - parts buffy , reddish , or reddish white . head and body length 9 . 8–18 . 9 in ( 25–48 cm ) ; tail length 7 . 9–11 in ( 20– 28 cm ) . upperparts dark yellowish brown , heavily lined with black ; back speckled with yellow . spines are pale gray at the
forests or clearings , near water . nocturnal . lives in trees , preferably along rivers .
panama , western colombia , and northern ecuador . andes of northern ecuador and colombia , venezuela , guianas ,
grass , sugar cane , bananas , other fruits , and nuts . grass , sugar cane , bananas , other fruits , and nuts .
base and darker at the top . underparts pale yellowish or grayish brown with no spines . short tail , many lose their tails . head and body length 6 . 7–8 in ( 17– 20 . 2 cm ) ; tail length 7 . 2 in ( 18 . 2 cm ) ; weight 5 . 2–11 . 2 oz ( 147–317 g ) . upperparts grayish brown and black , mixed with rufous ; underparts whitish or buffy . may have grayish patches at throat , chest , or belly . fur is bristly . head and body length 4 . 1–9 . 1 in ( 10 . 5–23 cm ) ; tail length 2 . 2–3 . 4 in ( 5 . 5–8 . 7 cm ) ; weight 0 . 74–1 . 4 oz ( 21–39 g ) .
amazon basin of brazil , tobago , and trinidad . são paulo , brazil .
upperparts drab brown ; underparts whitish . hands and feet are brown . spines present on back . head and body length 6 . 7–10 . 6 in ( 17–27 cm ) ; tail length 2–2 . 2 in ( 5–5 . 5 cm ) . males may be somewhat larger than females .
areas covered with grass or bushes , preferably near water . nocturnal and apparently fossorial .
upperparts dark brown , buffy spots in shoulder region ; sides are tawny ; under - parts are pale tawny . spines present on back ; belly is somewhat spiny . tail is mostly furless , but tufted at the end . head and body length about 7 . 9 in ( 20 cm ) ; tail length about 7 . 5 in ( 19 cm ) .
upperparts various shades of brown ; spines may have dark brown and pale buffy bands . underparts orangish , pale buffy , or whitish . spines present on back . brown , tufted tail . head and body length 5 . 9–7 . 9 in ( 15–20 cm ) ; tail length 4 . 4– 8 . 7 in ( 11 . 3–22 cm ) .
lives in forests at elevations of 295–6 , 400 ft ( 90–1 , 950 m ) and is likely arboreal .
upperparts dull brown ; underparts grayish to white . soft fur , with no spines or bristles ; hairy tail . head and body length 7 . 9–11 . 4 in ( 20–29 cm ) ; tail length 7 . 1–8 . 7 in ( 18–22 cm ) ; weight 10 . 6–15 . 9 oz ( 300–450 g ) .
eisenberg , j . f . , and k . h . redford . mammals of the neotropics . vol . 3 , the central tropics : ecuador , peru , bolivia , brazil . chicago : university of chicago press , 1999 .
emmons , l . , and f . feer . neotropical rainforest mammals : a field guide . 2nd ed . oxford : chicago university press , 1997 .
adler , g . h . , m . endries , and s . piotter .
spacing patterns within populations of a tropical rainforest rodent , proechimys semispinosus ) on five panamanian islands .
journal of zoology ( london ) 241 ( 1997 ) : 43–53 .
adler , g . h . , d . c . tomblini , and t . d . lambert .
ecology of two species of echimyid rodents ( hoplomys gymnurus and proechimys semispinosus ) in central panama .
journal of tropical ecology 14 ( 1998 ) : 711–717 .
chiarello , a . g . , m . passamani , and m . zortea .
field observations of the thin - spined porcupine , chaetomys subspinosus ) ( rodentia ; echimyidae ) .
mammalia 61 ( 1997 ) : 29–36 .
emmons , l . h .
morphological , ecological and behavioral adaptations for arboreal browsing in dactylomys dactylinus ( rodentia ; echimyidae ) .
journal of mammalogy 62 ( 1981 ) : 183–189 .
patton , j . l . , and l . h . emmons .
a review of the genus isothrix ( rodentia ; echimyidae ) .
american museum novitates 2817 ( 1985 ) : 1–14 .
spiny rats ( echimyidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
spiny rats ( echimyidae ) .
grzimek ' s animal life encyclopedia . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
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