the tadami clawed salamander ( onychodactylus fuscus ) is a species of clawed salamander from japan .

it is known to occur in four different localities in the fukushima and niigata prefectures , including tadami and sanjō .

the species grows 14 centimetres ( 5.5 in ) to 16 centimetres ( 6.3 in ) long , and differs from the japanese clawed salamander ( o. japonicus ) by having a long tail and wide head , as well as lacking a dorsal stripe .

o. fuscus lives in streams and breeds during the winter .

the species is closely related to onychodactylus intermedius .

it shares much of its habitat with o. japonicus , but the two species are reproductively isolated .

tadami clawed salamander

( japanese name : tadami - hakone - sanshou - uwo ) ( english name : tadami clawed salamander ) ( figs . 10
species complex . suggested japanese and english names are after tadami - machi ( tadami town ) , where the type locality is located .
known from two localities in western tadami - machi , fukushima prefecture and southern sanjo - shi , niigata prefecture , japan , although the distribution is assumed to be wider .
48286 collected on 9 november 2013 by n . yoshikawa and o . inaba ) from environs of mt . hiraishi , tadami - machi , fukushima prefecture ; one male and three females ( kuhe
range . known from two localities in western tadami - machi , fukushima prefecture and southern sanjo - shi , niigata prefecture . however , actual distributional range is probably wider . the new species is sympatric with
i am setting up a native red backed salamander vivarium , i was wondering besides northern madienhair fern , brittle bladder and moss what plants do i need ? its an oregon setup , the scale is each 2x2 square is 1 inch . the bottom right corner will have a sand and water less than 3 / 4
onychodactylus fuscus yoshikawa and matsui , 2014 , zootaxa , 3866 : 68 . holotype : kuhe 48284 , by original designation . type locality :
environs of mt . yogai ( 139°18′e , 37°21′n , 430 m a . s . l . ) in tadami - machi , fukushima prefecture , japan
.
48284 , an adult male from environs of mt . yogai ( 139 o 18 ' e , 37 o 21 ' n , 430 m a . s . l . ) in tadami - machi , fukushima prefecture , japan , collected by n . yoshikawa and o . inaba on 9 november 2013 .
figure 12 . larvae of o . fuscus sp . nov . ( a and b ) and a sympatric o . japonicus larva ( c ) from sanjo - shi , niigata prefecture ( in preservation ) . larvae of o . japonicus in life ( d – f ) collected from tadami - machi , fukushima prefecture , near the type locality of o . fuscus sp . nov . scale bar indicates 10 mm .
there is a nice selaginella from here that is found in the same area as these salamanders , as well as polypodium ( they are on trees mostly but in some places on the ground ! ) . and maidenhairs are so beautiful , but in my experience it is difficult to keep them in terrariums . there ' s some nice thallose liverworts and a fern that stays small and does well in high humidity called asplenium trichomanes . it is widespread and grows well on rocks in addition to soil or moss . i have not kept this salamander but i would guess that cooler is better . in college i worked in a cool room housing sallies and it was kept at 55 i think , and everything seemed to do well at that temperature . there might be some info on these guys at urltoken if you have not checked that out .
i would highly recommend that you go to urltoken newt and salamander forum and get the full details for this species , for the animals ' health and comfort , you can get a lot of good info from some experts over there . i will say this , this species is temperate , so be prepared to have an ac unit at your disposal at all times so you can be sure the temp never gets over 65 f , and cooler is probably better also , for a 10 gallon tank , most of the plants you are looking at are way too big . almost all of the ferns from that habitat in the pnw would fill that tank quickly , other than asplenium trichomanes . do a bit more online research by reading about this species , and some forum posting on caudata and you ' ll get what you need . by the way , do you have a permit to collect this species ? edit - just noticed rushthezeppelin linked you to a care sheet on caudata .
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for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
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onychodactylus fuscus yoshikawa & matsui , 2014 , sp . nov . - plazi treatmentbank
yoshikawa , natsuhiko & matsui , masafumi , 2014 , two new salamanders of the genus onychodactylus from eastern honshu , japan ( amphibia , caudata , hynobiidae ) , zootaxa 3866 ( 1 ) , pp . 53 - 78 : 68 - 74
48129 ) , collected on 9 november 2013 by n . yoshikawa and o . inaba ) from the type locality ; one female ( kuhe
44848–44850 , respectively , collected on 2 june 2011 by y . misawa ) from shionofuchi , sanjoshi , niigata prefecture .
species complex by the genetic evidence , although this species completely lacks dorsal stripe which is a diagnostic characteristic of the complex . dorsum uniformly dark - brown without stripe , sometimes with slight indistinct ochre small flecks ; slightly large body size with mean svl ( ± 1 sd ) of 69 . 5 ±3 . 0 mm in males and 69 . 0± 4 . 8 mm in females ; tail longer than svl in males , but nearly equal in females ; hindlimb comparatively short ; head and internarial space comparatively wide ; usually lacking wedge - shaped dark marking on chest ; ventrum purplish brown or purplish gray , with silvery white dots ; presacral vertebrae including atlas 18 or 19 ; costal grooves 12 or 13 ; right and left vomerine tooth series interrupted by gap , series tending to curve shallowly , with comparatively small number of teeth , 12–15 on one side of series .
description of holotype . an adult male with svl 69 . 0 mm ( fig . 10
a–b ) ; body moderately stout ; skin smooth ; head oval and depressed , longer than wide ; neck slightly narrower than head ; snout rounded , projecting beyond lower jaw ; nostril close to eye ; eye large , shorter than snout , prominently protruded ; gular fold posteroventral to head ; parotoid gland well developed , oval , ca . 1 . 6 times longer than wide , projecting more posteriorly than gular fold ; postorbital groove obvious ; vomerine teeth in two transverse , shallowly curved archshaped series with a gap in between ( fig . 6
measurements ( in mm ) of the holotype . svl 69 . 0 , hl 15 . 8 , hw 10 . 1 , tal 88 . 2 , agd 34 . 7 , fll ( l ) 18 . 8 , fll ( r ) 18 . 7 , hll
color : in life , dorsum uniformly dark - brown with a few indistinct ochre flecks ; dorsal stripe completely absent ; lateral and ventral sides of body dark - brown with silvery white dots , but background color sometimes gradually fading toward grayish ventrum ; iris mottled with dark - brown and gold in upper half , uniformly darkbrown in lower half . in alcohol , color and pattern fading generally , but no obvious change except for bleach of dorsal ochre flecks .
variation . the following description of variation is based on the maximum number of six adult males and five adult females . morphometric data are summarized in table 1 together with those of seven congeneric species .
sp . nov . , there was no significant difference in svl ( t = 0 . 183 , p = 0 . 859 ) between males ( 69 . 5 ±3 . 0 mm , n = 6 ) and females ( 69 . 0± 4 . 8 mm , n = 5 : table 1 ) . in values relative to svl , sexes significantly differed in longer tail and shorter trunk in males than females ( table 1 ) . as seen in other congeners , males had more robust hindlimb and posteriorly more projecting distal end of fibula than females .
adult specimens showed the following characteristics in the breeding season : well - developed dermal skin fold on posterior edge of hindlimb , black tubercles and asperities on palm and sole , cloaca well swollen , and precloacal skin fold forming inverse v - shaped in males ; precloacal skin fold forming inverse narrow u - shaped in females ; black claws on fingers and toes , parotoid gland well swollen , black precloacal spine series , and tail laterally compressed in both sexes , more remarkable in males .
the number of costal grooves was significantly largerer in males ( mode = 13 in males vs . 12 in females : t = 2 . 455 , p = 0 . 036 for each side : table 2 ) . the number of presacral vertebrae including atlas varied from 18 to 19 ( table 2 ) and was not sexually different ( t = 0 . 980 , p = 0 . 353 ) . the number of vomerine teeth , tended to be larger in females ( 9 to 15 , mean = 12 . 4 ± 1 . 7 in males and 11 to 19 , 15 . 0±3 . 0 in females ) , but the difference was not significant ( t = 1 . 755 , p = 0 . 113 ) . gap between left and right vomerine tooth series was present in both sexes except for a single female ( present in 90 . 9 % ) . short anteriorly directed sub - branch of vomerine tooth series at inner meeting occurred in 27 . 3 % of specimens that were all females ( table 3 ) , and the frequency between sexes was significantly different ( p = 0 . 033 ) .
color pattern in life was stable among individuals , only amount of ochre flecks on dorsal and ventral sides of the body varied , but neither stripe nor distinct markings was present . density of silvery white dots on venter also varied from moderate to dense , frosted appearance . on lateral to ventral sides , the ground color was same as dorsum or fading to purplish - gray .
sp . nov . all the specimens were at premetamorphic stage ( stage 69–70 ) , and 36 . 1–43 . 1 mm in svl and 33 . 0– 41 . 8 mm in tal , with the resultant tl of 69 . 1–84 . 9 mm . general morphological characteristics are as follows ( fig . 12
a–b ) : head rectangular and blunt at snout ; body relatively stout ; eye slightly prominent ; three pairs of short external gills ; labial fold well developed at posterior half of upper jaw ; caudal fin relatively well - developed dorsally and ventrally ; dorsal fin higher than ventral fin ; origin of dorsal fin at level of posterior hindlimb to cloaca ; ventral fin originating from around posterior one - sixth to two - thirds of tail ; tail tip moderately rounded ; skin fold on posterior edge of limb ; surfaces of palm and sole with dark asperities ; digits with acute and curved black claws ; dorsum uniformly dark - brown , sometimes with indistinct ochre flecks and / or pale spots ; ventrally whitish or grayish without markings .
comparisons . morphological data are summarized in tables 1–4 , and some data are from poyarkov et al . ( 2012 ) and yoshikawa et al . ( 2013 ) .
in complete lack of distinct dorsal markings ( vs . presence of distinct spots , mottlings , or indistinct stripe in continental species ) .
in having shorter tail , smaller number of presacral vertebrae in both sexes , relatively shorter hindlimb , wider internarial space and chest ( table 1 ) , and a smaller number of vomerine teeth in males ( table 3 ) , as well as fewer costal grooves in females ( table 2 ) .
complex in possession of uniformly dark - brown dorsum with slight , indistinct ochre flecks and completely lacking markings ( vs . possessing distinct dorsal stripe or markings ) . in addition , the gap between vomerine tooth series is much more frequently present ( 90 . 9 % of specimens ) than in other species ( 6 . 3–41 . 7 % ) .
in : larger svl in males ( 69 . 5 mm vs . 65 . 7 mm in
) ; relatively shorter tail ( 121 . 9 % of svl in males and 99 . 7 % in females vs . 125 . 0 % and 106 . 7 % ) in both sexes ; wider head ( 15 . 5 % of svl vs . 14 . 8 % ) and narrower intercanthal space ( 57 . 1 % of hw vs . 59 . 6 % ) in females ; and larger number of costal grooves in males ( mode = 13 vs . 12 ) . in coloration ,
with dorsal markings ( 99 . 3 % of specimens had dorsal markings ) . a pair of dark markings on the chest tends to be absent in
( present in 18 . 2 % of specimens vs . 68 . 6 % present in
in having : smaller svl in females ( 69 . 0 mm vs . 78 . 4 mm ) ; wider internarial space ( 51 . 3 % of svl vs . 49 . 1 % ) in males , wider head ( 15 . 5 % of svl vs . 14 . 5 % ) in females , and wider chest ( 13 . 5 % of svl in males and 13 . 8 % in females vs . 12 . 3 % and 12 . 2 % ) in both sexes .
in having significantly smaller numbers of presacral vertebrae in both sexes ( mode = 18 or 19 in males and 18 in females vs . 19 in both sexes in
which has yellowish - orange dorsal stripe or blotches ( 100 % of specimens examined ) and no ventrolateral silvery dots .
in having larger svl in males ( 69 . 5 mm vs . 64 . 2 mm ) , and shorter tail ( 99 . 7 % of svl vs . 106 . 7 % ) in females , and wider internarial space ( 51 . 3 % of hw vs . 49 . 7 % ) in males . in coloration ,
in lacking dorsal markings ( vs . usually having dorsal markings [ 97 . 8 % ] ) . dark marking on chest is also less frequently observed in
differs in having longer tail in both sexes ( 121 . 9 % of svl in males and 99 . 7 % in females vs . 102 . 3 % and 90 . 4 % ) and wider head in females ( 54 . 7 % of svl vs . 52 . 4 % ) , and wider internarial space in males ( 51 . 3 % of hw vs . 48 . 3 % ) and wider interorbital space in both sexes ( 32 . 2 % of hw in males and 30 . 8 % in females vs . 28 . 3 % and 27 . 8 % ) .
by lacking dorsal markings ( vs . typically having dorsal stripe [ 93 . 8 % ] ) .
differs in having significantly larger svl in males ( 69 . 5 ±3 . 0 mm vs . 63 . 0± 4 . 9 ) and tendency of larger svl in females ( 69 . 0± 4 . 8 mm vs . 65 . 5 ± 4 . 1 ) , significantly wider internarial space relative to hw in males ( 51 . 3 % vs . 49 . 4 % ) and narrower intercanthal space relative to hw in females ( 57 . 1 % vs . 59 . 3 % ) . relative hll
also tended to be shorter in both sexes ( 30 . 0 % in males and 30 . 9 % in females vs . 31 . 5 % and 32 . 1 % ) . number of vomerine teeth was significantly larger in
larvae can be distinguished by the presence of various types of dorsal markings ( distinct stripe , continuous or discontinuous series of blotches , or varying amount of mottlings ) . however , we would like to note that these diagnoses of
sp . nov . forms a distinct clade , subclade ii - c , which is newly reported in this study ( fig . 2
( subclade ii - b ) with mean pairwise p - distances between them for cytb gene of 4 . 15 % ( 3 . 59–4 . 73 % ) and 5 . 51 % ( 5 . 35–5 . 70 % ) , respectively . within the species , pairwise p - distances varied up to 1 . 75 % , and two distinct haplotype groups were recognized although they showed no meaningful geographic genetic structure . the new species is sympatric in some localities with
, but is genetically distinct from it , with a large p - distance of 8 . 18 % ( 7 . 71–8 . 85 % ) . analysis of microsatellite loci also showed substantial difference between these sympatric species , and indicated presence of a high degree of reproductive isolation between them at least in these instances of sympatry .
sp . nov . is not fully understood , but it is certain that the species breeds in late autumn to early winter . it is unknown if this species also breeds in summer as known in some congeners , or breeds biannually ( summer and winter ) as seen in
in ishikawa pref . ( akita , 1989 ) . in the type locality , assemblage of breeding adults ( seven males and two females ) was observed on 9 november 2013 , and newly laid egg sacs were confirmed on 23 november 2013 ( y . nakano , personal communication ) . egg sacs were strongly adhered under the rock by gelatinous stalks in complete darkness in the underground flowing water at a headstream ( water temperature 9 . 3 °c ) .
) , and were spindle in shape , with transparent , elastic , and strong outer layer . the egg sacs had very weak , longitudinal grooves on the surface , and short , filamentous structure on free ends . among six pairs of egg sacs observed , length of sacs excluding stalk ranged 30 . 0– 36 . 2 mm ( mean± 1 sd = 32 . 3 ± 2 . 3 , n = 12 ) . in the egg sac , eggs were arranged in two rows , and the clutch size ranged from 13 to 16 ( 6– 9 eggs per egg sac ) . eggs were large , with diameters of 5 . 0– 6 . 5 mm ( mean± 1 sd = 5 . 9 ± 0 . 3 , n = 87 ) , and completely yellowish white in color .
, including the season and the size at hatching and metamorphosis , is poorly known . our limited number of specimens suggest that larvae reach at least 43 . 1 mm in svl and 84 . 9 mm in tl . metamorphosed juveniles would disperse to inhabit forest floor around the stream .
in one locality , and is probably so in its entire distributional range , but detailed distributional patterns and ecological features of these species , as well as mechanisms of their reproductive isolation are unknown .
in sanjo - shi , niigata prefecture , where larvae of the two species are found together . in addition , we also found larvae of
d–f ) from a stream close ( ca . 5km distant ) to the type locality of
conservation . the new species is currently known only from a limited area in fukushima and niigata prefectures , although potential distributional range is much wider . this species seems to be locally abundant and the habitat is generally well conserved , but some parts of the habitat is threatened by recent constructions of roads and dams . because the known range is small , collection pressure for pets can also be a serious threat , as in
, which is now facing the problem of over collection ( o . inaba , personal communication ) shortly after recent description . we propose that the new species to be designated as vulnerable in the red lists of iucn and ministry of the environment of japan .
figure 2 . the ml trees based on 1141 bp of mitochondrial cytochrome b gene , showing entire shape of the ml tree ( a ) , detail of subclade ii - a ( b ) , and detail of clade iii ( c ) . values at nodes indicate supports of 1000 bootstrap replicates . numbers in parenthesis indicate population numbers shown in appendix 3 .
figure 6 . open mouth of holotype of o . intermedius sp . nov . ( a : kuhe 47455 ) and o . fuscus sp . nov . ( b : kuhe 48284 ) showing the shape of vomerine tooth series . scale bars indicate 1 mm .
figure 10 . dorsal and ventral views of male holotype ( a and b ; kuhe 48284 , svl = 69 . 0 mm ) and a female paratype of o . fuscus sp . nov . ( c and d ; kuhe 48129 , svl = 74 . 8 mm ) . scale bar indicates 10 mm .
figure 11 . a male paratype of o . fuscus sp . nov . ( kuhe 48283 ) in life .
figure 13 . a pair of egg sacs of o . fuscus sp . nov . in the type locality on 20 december 2013 , about one month later from the deposition . scale bar indicates 10 mm .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
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. for further details on possible inaccuracies in the list see sources & caveats .
additional species added to amphibiaweb after 28 january 2013 are listed at the bottom of this page .
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it will have 12 diff ferns , 1 male and 3 female red backed salamanders . it is a ten gallon
i just found a bunch under a rock yesterday . i always wanted to set something up for these guys . very cool topic . thanks
i don ` t keep them , they can be found under rocks all over the place around here . the soil was moist with some leaf litter . sorry not much info to share . but i was wondering if they need a dormant period ?
idk , i ' m from minnesota so . . . i will collect them and ship them back home . i don ' t think they do
i ' ve kept red backs in my classroom for about a year before i released them . my set up was simple . 2 1 / 2 gallon tank with a piece of glass for the cover ( keeps the humidity high ) , some local moss ( i live about 25 miles north of nyc ) and piece of bark for them to hide under . i agree with the previous post , they should be kept on the cooler side but , my classroom did get up into the seventies with no ill affect . i fed them flightless drosophila but , they ' ll eat pin head crickets or any other small invert . they ' re fossorial and will make their own tunnels through the substrate . i found that once they were established , they ' d sit just inside a tunnel and with a little misting and some fruit flies , they would come out and snap them up . very cool little critters .
i wouldn ' t expect to see them out and about all that often . mine came out after misting and offering them food . i would think you could keep a half dozen in a ten gallon . i don ' t know if they are territorial though . i kept two in the small 2 1 / 2 gallon tank with no problems .
i ' ve never kept them ( i ' m in texas so prolly be kinda hard to get one ) but i did look up their husbandry once and know a few people who keep them first off they don ' t need the water feature , they never touch water in the wild , most of their life cycle is spent under rocks or in a rotting log ( where they rear their young ) . second from what i read the females can be territorial and need about a 1 ' square territory around their rock to be happy ( more would probably be better ) . as far as what they eat it ' s probably going to be the same as darts , small insects . they hunt nocturnally usually . i would definitely get a culture of springs and isos going in the viv so that you have everything nice n clean ( and also as supplemental feeders ) . probably keep them on an abg mix with leaf litter topping it off and keep it nice and wet especially around their rock homes . if you want them to breed you will probably want a half rotting log to stick halfway down in the substrate ( i know this is how they breed in the wild , there might be simpler ways to do it in captivity ) . just go into this knowing also they are very shy and you will probably never see them .
actually i take that back , seems 4 - 6 would work in a 10g but a separate hiding spot for each is a must and try and spread them evenly . btw here is basically the only care sheet for them in existence caudata culture species entry - plethodon cinereus & serratus
i don ' t think ratios seem to matter so much as they get their mini territory to stake out . like i said not much on these guys and that ' s like the only care sheet out there for them .
i looked on oregon dnr and they are one of three species where there not protected , so no i don ' t need a permit . also dunn ' s salamnder and ensatina are also legal to collect in oregon . i do have a question if i can transport them after collecting them from oregon to minnesota where i live ?
ya they are incredibly prolific in some areas . one of the few sallies not on the decline in it ' s natural habitat .
i did food studies on several different salamnder species in college , springtails are a favorite of most of the smaller species .
oregon ' s herp laws are very progressive and nonregulatory . . . should not be an issue if you can collect them . i would just look and collect some small plants from around where you find the salamanders and give them a try .
i have kept these in the past , i kept about 60 - 70 % humidity , and no water hole , if you keep enough super damp dark hiding places , they do fine . make sure you have a secure lid red backs can climb , and are escape artists . they actually do not even lay their eggs in or near water . very interesting and fun pets . good luck ! ( greetings from wisconsin )
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it was described by watson in 1961 .

it is found on sulawesi .

the wingspan is 37-41.6 mm for males and 37.4-45.6 mm for females .

oreta identata

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oreta identata is a moth in the drepanidae family . it was described by watson in 1961 . it is found on sulawesi .
the wingspan is 37 - 41 . 6 mm for males and 37 . 4 - 45 . 6 mm for females . adults are similar to oreta griseotincta and oreta carnea .
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linophryne arborifera , or illuminated netdevil , is an anglerfish of the family linophrynidae , found in all tropical and subtropical oceans at depths below 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) in the bathyal zone .

its length is up to 77 mm ( 3 inches ) .

the female is significantly larger than the mature , parasitic male .

linophryne arborifera

linophryne arborifera and linophrynids in general are not utilized ( pietsch in press ) .
linophryne arborifera is known from at least 31 female specimens and two parasitic males ( pietsch 2009 ) .
catherine sutera added the english common name
deepsea anglerfish
to
linophryne arborifera regan , 1925
.
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
fishbase
as preferred for
linophryne arborifera regan , 1925
.
linophrynidae ( leftvents ) with lure and barbels . the latin name literally means
toad that fishes with a net
. linophryne algibarbata ( left ) and linophryne arborifera ( right ) .
linophryne arborifera ( non regan , 1925 ) : bertelsen , 1951 : 178 - 183 ( in part ) . masuda et al . , 1984 : 108 , pl . 93h .
justification : linophryne arborifera is known from 33 specimens collected from the central atlantic . it is a deep - dwelling meso - bathypelagic species that is not utilized and has no major threats . it is therefore listed as least concern .
larvae more elongate than those of most other ceratioids , head generally about 45 % sl ; skin on head and body moderately inflated ; pectoral fins relatively short ; subdermal pigment without a dorsal group of melanophores ; small rudiment of a hyoid barbel present in largest known female larvae of linophryne ; pointed sphenotic spines present in borophryne and linophryne subgenus linophryne , unlike all other ceratioid larvae .
free - living male of linophryne arborifera - group , 18 . 5 mm sl , bmnh 2004 . 7 . 5 . 1 , showing the extremely well - developed nostrils and eyes . drawing by r . nielsen , after bertelsen ( 1980 ) . © 1980 , r . nielsen & e . bertelsen
balushkin , a . v . & i . a . trunov . 1988 . novyy vid smolyanogo udil ' shchika , linophryne digitopogon , iz yugo - vostochnoy atlantiki ( a new species of tar - like angler , linophryne digitopogon from the southeastern atlantic ) . biol . morya , 1988 ( 6 ) : 62 - 65 .
linophryne digitopogon balushkin & trunov , 1988 : 62 , fig . 1 ( off childs bank , south africa , 0 - 920 m ) . heemstra , 1991 : 377 , text fig .
this original drawing created by scripps institution of oceanography marine biologist and artist sam hinton appeared in an on - going san diego newspaper column titled
the ocean word
depicting sea animals , fish , plants , and birds . his weekly column was created to educate and spark marine biology interest to the people of san diego . this drawing depicts a
angler - fish
common name -
linophryne arborifera
scientific name . unknown date .
bertelsen , e . 1982 . notes on linophrynidae viii : a review of the genus linophryne , with new records and descriptions of two new species . steenstrupia , 8 ( 3 ) : 49104 .
bertelsen , e . 1980 . notes on linophrynidae v : a revision of the deepsea anglerfishes of the linophryne arborifer - group ( pisces , ceratioidei ) . steenstrupia , 6 ( 6 ) : 2970 .
gon , o . 1992 . a new deep - sea anglerfish of the genus linophryne ( teleostei : ceratioidei ) from the central equatorial pacific ocean . micronesica , 25 ( 2 ) : 137 - 143 .
color of metamorphosed females usually dark brown to black over entire surface of body , except for escal appendages , distal parts of escal bulb , barbel , and fin rays ; skin everywhere unpigmented in haplophryne ( unlike all other metamorphosed ceratioid females ) ; free - living males dark brown to black in linophryne , unpigmented in remaining genera ; parasitic males dark brown to black in linophryne and borophryne , unpigmented in photocorynus and haplophryne .
( of linophryne arborifer regan , 1925 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
this original drawing created by scripps institution of oceanography marine biologist and artist sam hinton appeared in an on - going san diego newspaper column titled
the ocean word
depicting sea animals , fish , plants , and birds . his weekly column was created to educate and spark marine biology interest to the people of san diego . this drawing depicts a
angler - fish
common name -
linophryne arborifera
scientific name . unknown date . | library digital collections | uc san diego library
( of linophryne eupogon regan & trewavas , 1932 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the largest known female of the family is a 230 - mm specimen of linophryne lucifer ; several additional specimens of linophryne are larger than 100 mm sl . the largest recorded females of the other four genera of the family range from 50 to 159 : 69 mm in photocorynus , 159 mm in haplophryne , 105 mm in acentrophryne , and 101 mm in borophryne . the largest known free - living male of photocorynus spiniceps is 9 . 8 mm , 15 - 19 . 5 mm maximum lengths in the other genera . the largest known parasitic males are 7 . 3 mm in photocorynus , 15 mm in haplophryne , 22 mm in borophryne , and 30 mm in linophryne .
females of linophryne arborifera have a maximum size of 7 . 7 cm sl and males are 1 . 5 cm sl . linophrynids are deep - sea anglerfishes that inhabit the mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones . they exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism . females attract prey with an elongate first dorsal spine that has been modified as a lure . males have highly developed sensory organs that allow them to find females at which point they will attach themselves to the body as a parasite that eventually becomes incorporated into the female ' s tissues and blood vessels ( pietsch in press ) . vakily et al . ( 2002 ) describe l . arborifera as bathypelagic with a maximum size of 2 cm sl off of west africa . a female specimen of 7 . 7 cm sl contained eggs of 0 . 6 - 0 . 8 mm in diameter ( pietsch 2009 ) .
linophryne parini bertelsen , 1980b : 234 , fig . 1 ( off fish r . mouth , south africa , 0 - 1220 m ) . bertelsen , 1982 : 87 , 91 , 96 . heemstra , 1991 : 377 , text fig .
linophryne densiramus imai , 1941 : 247 , figs . 14 - 17 ( suruga bay , japan ) . bertelsen , 1980a : 55 , figs . 3c , 4d , 5d , 11 - 12 . bertelsen & pietsch , 1983 : 94 , fig . 16 . paxton et al . , 1989 : 296 .
bertelsen , e . & g . krefft . 1965 . on a rare ceratioid fish , linophryne lucifer collett , 1886 . vidensk . medd . dansk foren . , 28 : 293 - 301 .  . 1988 . the ceratioid family himantolophidae ( pisces , lophiiformes ) . steenstrupia , 14 ( 2 ) : 9 - 89 .
free - living and parasitic males known for all genera , except acentrophryne ; metamorphosed free - living males with eyes relatively large ( 6 - 9 % sl in diameter ) , more - or - less tubular and directed anteriorly , without aphakic space ; olfactory organs inflated , moderately to strongly enlarged ; anterior nostrils directed anteriorly ; number of olfactory lamellae 3 - 13 , but variable among genera ; jaw teeth present in photocorynus and haplophryne , absent in borophryne and linophryne ; upper denticular simple or with a short dorsal prolongation , not reaching tip of illicial pterygiophore , lower denticular simple or ( in haplophryne ) divided into a bilateral pair ; each denticular with a single series of 3 - 7 upper and 2 - 13 lower denticular teeth ; sphenotic spines prominent in males of borophryne and in linophryne subgenus linophryne , absent in all other taxa ; hyoid barbel absent in males of all genera ; skin naked , without dermal spinules ; parasitic males with somewhat degenerated denticular teeth , eyes , and olfactory organs ; belly greatly inflated in mature specimens .
the lures of deep sea anglerfishes are extraordinary elaborate , with sensory filaments , papillae , light pipes and shutters . it may be , that different species mimic different kinds of small prey like shrimps to attract larger prey . one anglerfish ( caulophryne ) has a lure ornamented with many filaments but it is not luminous . an other ( linophryne ) has not only a luminous lure on the head but also a multibranched barbel hanging from the lower jay . the barbel filaments contain many more bioluminescent organs .
diagnosis : females with globose bodies ; flesh scaleless and gelatinous ; sphenotic and preopercular spines strong ; illicium short , its pterygiophore (
basal bone
) concealed or just protruding on snout ; pectoral radials 3 ; hyoid barbel present in linophryne ; d 2 - 4 ; a 2 - 4 ; p 13 - 19 ; c 9 ; branchiostegal rays 4 - 5 . males obligatory parasites ; metamorphosed free - living specimens with denticular teeth short and stout ; illicial pterygiophore and upper denticular bone separated ; olfactory organs large , anterior nostrils directed laterally ; eyes tubular , directed forward somewhat ; skin naked ; premaxilla and jaw teeth present in 2 genera , reduced or absent in other genera .
larvae of the linophrynidae are further differentiated by having the following combination of characters states : body slender , more - or - less elongate ; skin very inflated ; pigment on body absent or distributed along lateral margins , never on dorsal part of body ; pectoral fins small , not reaching beyond dorsal and anal fins ; pelvic fins absent ; fin - ray counts as given for metamorphosed females ; sexual dimorphism well developed , females with distinct illicial rudiment ( females of linophryne with rudiment of hyoid barbel , present as an opaque , wart - like thickening of the skin in specimens greater than about 10 mm sl ) ; metamorphosis delayed in at least some taxa , larvae attaining lengths of 17 . 5 - 22 mm sl , specimens in metamorphosis 15 - 32 mm sl ( bertelsen , 1951 : 135 , 140 , figs . 90 , 93 ; 1984 : 329 , fig . 168c - e ) .
the fishing
lure ,
or illicium , in ceratioids is tipped with a luminescent organ , the esca , except in the caulophrynidae , and in the gigantactinid genus rhynchactis . the illicium of rhynchactis macrothrix , a species that has been taken just outside our area , is tipped with a slight bulbous swelling , but this is not an esca ( bertelsen and pietsch , 1998 ) . often the esca is adorned with spinules , papillae and a variety of filaments and appendages . illicium length is measured from its base only to the distal end of the bulb of the esca . other light organs include the hyoid barbels of linophryne and the dorsal midbody caruncles in ceratiids . tooth counts are a summation of both sides of each jaw . free - living metamorphosed males have a unique toothy bone articulating with the anterior ends of both jaws called the upper and lower denticulars ; their denticles form into rows and are counted . scales are often modified into skin spinules ( = prickles or dermal spines elsewhere ) , or greatly enlarged bucklers ( himantolophidae ) .
ichthyological bulletin j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology issn : 0073 - 4381 num . 70 , 2001 , pp . 1 - 32
m . eric anderson 1 and robin w . leslie 2 1 j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , private bag 1015 , grahamstown 6140 , south africa . 2 sea fisheries research institute , private bag x2 , roggebaai 8012 , south africa .
the deep - sea anglerfishes of southern africa were last reviewed in the book smiths sea fishes ( pietsch , 1986a ) , with seven species recorded . p . c . heemstra ( 1995 second edition ) added two species of the family linophrynidae previously recorded from off south africa . since 1986 three papers have treated anglerfishes from our waters ( balushkin and trunov , 1988 ; bertelsen and krefft , 1988 ; bertelsen and pietsch , 1996 ) , but we found several unrecorded specimens in collections and other records that were overlooked by pietsch in his accounts . here we provide information on a total of 32 deep - sea anglerfish species from our area .
little was known about ceratioids until the major oceanographic expeditions of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries . landmark papers on these fishes include regan , 1926 ( on the danish north atlantic expeditions of the ship dana ) , parr , 1927 ( on the american atlantic expeditions of the pawnee ) , regan and trewavas , 1932 ( an update of regans 1926 work ) , bertelsen , 1951 , ( a major ichthyological tome featuring descriptions of almost every ceratioid species then known ) , and pietsch , 1974 , ( an osteological study and revision of the largest family , the oneirodidae ) . papers by the latter two workers , often as co - authors , make up the bulk of the systematic literature on ceratioids , much of it cited herein .
methods of measurement generally follow pietsch ( 1974 ) , except head depth is greatest depth behind sphenotic spine , except in melanocetidae where it is from top of sphenotic bone to ventral base of quadrate ; postorbital length is distance from posterior margin of eye in a direct line to posterior edge of preopercle or to its middle when it is posteroventral to the orbit ; interorbital width is least bony distance (
least outside width between frontals
; pietsch and van duzer , 1980 ) ; pectoral base width is from articulation of base of uppermost ray to base of lowermost ; gill slit length is fleshy distance with opening often manually adjusted to its most relaxed position ; caudal peduncle length is from base of last anal - fin ray at its exit from the musculature , not the skin , to posterior edge of lower hypural plate .
the bulk of our specimens were collected during routine cruises of the south african sea fisheries research institutes vessel africana since 1984 , and csirs vessel meiring naudé during a programme with the south african museum between 1975 and 1979 ( louw , 1977 , 1980 ) . ship stations in the materials sections of the former are designated
a
and of the latter ,
sm .
other specimens from voyages of foreign vessels , particularly from denmark , germany , russia and spain , are detailed in full . order of presentation of families follows bertelsen ( 1984 ) , repeated by eschmeyer ( 1990 ) and nelson ( 1994 ) . vernacular names of families are after weitzman ( 1997 ) . diagnoses are of the various taxa ( families , genera , species ) worldwide . the species descriptions are based on southern african specimens only when we have examined the material ; otherwise the descriptions are taken from the literature . damaged specimens missing crucial anatomical parts ( like barbels or escae ) usually cannot be identified ; these are listed in each family account . synonymies are not extensive here and are mainly confined to the most important and / or illustrative literature . the major revisionary literature is identified in each section and should be consulted for complete synonymies and other illustrative or descriptive accounts .
our southern africa coverage area is expanded from that of smith and heemstra ( 1986 ) because we feel that their coverage is restrictive with regard to deep - pelagic fishes , as it is biased against usually broad , open - ocean distributions . this step is taken because the southern africa region is a major transit zone between the two areas of highest ceratioid diversity , the north atlantic and the indo - west pacific . our area is still restricted somewhat and extends from southern angola ( 15 e s ) west to the greenwich meridian , south to 40 e s , east to 40 e e and north to 15 e s off mozambique . several species are known to occur just outside this limit and are not included here .
abbreviations for museums holding specimens are : boc : bingham oceanographic collection , yale university , usa ; bmnh : british museum ( natural history ) , london , u . k . ; iipb , instituto de investigaciones pesqueras de barcelona , spain ; ioan : p . p . shirshov institute of oceanology , moscow , russia ; ish , institut für seefischerei , hamburg , germany ; rusi , j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , grahamstown ; sam , south african museum , cape town ; uw , university of washington , seattle , usa ; zin ( zisp or zil elsewhere ) , zoological institute , st . petersburg , russia ; zmuc , zoologisk museum , university of copenhagen , denmark . other abbreviations are : a , anal - fin rays ; c , caudal - fin rays ; d , dorsal - fin rays ; p , pectoral - fin rays ; bt , bottom trawl ; mwt , midwater trawl ( usually an engels - 308 or an rmt - 8 , both fished open ) ; sl , standard length .
this key , slightly modified from that of bertelsen and pietsch ( 1983 ) , is based only on those genera of the families presently known from our waters .
diagnosis : females with globose bodies ; esca a simple rod , with 5 minute appendages , the illicium more than 200 % sl ( robia ) , or filamentous , illicium less than sl ( caulophryne ) ; dorsal and anal - fin rays extremely elongate ; d 6 ( robia ) or 14 - 22 ( caulophryne ) ; a 5 ( robia ) or 12 - 19 ( caulophryne ) ; p 15 - 18 ; c 8 ; body and head with hair - like cirri ( seismosensory neuromasts at tips of these ) ; branchiostegal rays 6 ( rarely 5 ) . other characters , mostly osteological , given by pietsch ( 1979 ) . males known from three specimens , two attached to females and one in metamorphosis ( bertelsen , 1951 , fig . 11c ; pietsch , 1979 , fig . 23 ) . maximum length 14 cm sl . males parasitic . meso - and bathypelagic from about 275 to below 1500 meters .
two genera , robia pietsch , 1979 , with one species , and caulophryne goode & bean , 1896 , with 4 species , one of which is known in our area from a single female . last reviewed by pietsch ( 1979 ) who recognized 3 species . balushkin and fedorov ( 1985 ) described a fourth , caulophryne pietschi , from the southwestern pacific ( campbell plateau ) .
caulophryne goode & bean , 1896 diagnosis : illicium length less than 50 % sl ; d 14 - 22 , longest ray greater than 70 % sl ; a 12 - 19 , longest ray greater than 60 % sl .
caulophryne polynema caulophryne polynema regan , 1930 : 191 , figs . 1 - 3 ( off madeira ) . regan & trewavas , 1932 : 100 ( after regan , 1930 ) . bertelsen , 1951 : 36 . pietsch , 1979 : 16 , figs . 20 , 21 . bertelsen , 1986 : 1373 , text fig . bertelsen , 1991 : 491 ( syn . ) .
caulophryne jordani polynema : bertelsen , 1951 : 33 , 37 . fig . 12 , ( as subspecies of c . jordani ) . grey , 1956 : 233 ( syn . , distr . ) . lloris , 1986 : 249 , fig . 130 ( descr . ; off namibia ) .
diagnosis : illicium with translucent filaments along entire length , more than 50 in specimens larger than 32 mm sl ; illicial length less than 35 % sl ; upper jaw with 30 or more teeth in specimens larger than 20 mm sl ; d 19 - 22 ; a 17 - 19 .
description : ( data from lloris , 1986 ; specimen damaged ) . illicial filaments translucent , most filaments arising from posterior surface . esca a posterolateral appendage with a flattened , bilobed , opaque distal tip and a terminal appendage also with an opaque tip . escal appendages highly filamentous , these conveying light to their tips in life ( pietsch , 1979 , fig . 21 ) . jaws subequal , with two rows of hair - like cirri on lower jaw , coursing dorsally along preopercular margin . cirri also present on snout , suborbital region , top of head and along dorsum to caudal peduncle . dorsal - fin base 24 % sl ; anal - fin base 15 % sl ; illicial length 29 % sl ; pectoral - fin 18 % sl ; snout 16 % sl ; eye diameter 3 % sl . counts : d 22 ( 24 shown in lloris , 1986 , fig 130 ) ; a 18 ; p 16 ( 14 shown ) ; c 8 .
distribution : in northern and southeastern atlantic ; off hawaii and southern california , usa . two specimens from opening - closing midwater trawls were captured between 900 and 1250 m ; all others are from open nets ( pietsch , 1979 ) .
material : iipb 383 / 1981 ( female ; 100 mm sl ) ; off orange banks , namibia ; 28 e 02 ' s , 14 e 35 ' e ; bt , 0 - 585 m ; muestreos ( of benguela programme ) ; 7 nov . 1980 ( lloris , 1986 ) . not seen .
diagnosis : females with gelatinous , globose body ; mouth steeply oblique ; jaws with elongate , depressible fangs anteriorly ; illicium and esca without denticles ; escae simple , with conical tip or single , short appendage , anterior and posterior crests in larger m . johnsonii ; hyoid barbel absent ; minute epidermal spines ( skin spinules ) present in some species ; d 12 - 17 ; a 3 - 5 ; p 15 - 23 ; c 9 ; branchiostegal rays 6 ; vertebrae 20 . other ( osteological ) characters are given by pietsch and van duzer ( 1980 : 67 ) .
males without jaw teeth ; eyes ovoid , directed laterally , with aphakic space ( pupil larger than lens ) ; lower denticular bone with medial , forward - projecting group of teeth and a right and left , upwardly - directed lateral group ; upper denticular bone with a few semicircular series of teeth fused with a median series of 3 - 9 enlarged dermal spines ( bertelsen , 1951 , fig . 14 ) ; nostrils lateral , nasal lamellae 9 - 24 , increasing with size ; d 12 - 16 ; a 4 ; c 9 .
a single genus , melanocetus günther , 1864 , with 6 species , 2 in our area . last reviewed by pietsch and van duzer ( 1980 ) . males free - living , not yet known from our area . adults meso - and bathypelagic , from about 250 m to below 3000 m . females of m . johnsonii reach 18 cm sl . recorded prey includes fishes and crustaceans . munk et al . ( 1998 ) described the development of the escal light organ in two species showing that the luminescent bacteria are not present in the organ until a duct connecting the light gland to the exterior develops , strongly suggesting that the bacteria enter the light organ from the sea . melanocetus rotundatus gilchrist , described from off south africa , was considered
almost certainly
a junior synonym of m . johnsonii ( penrith , 1967 ; pietsch and van duzer , 1980 ) . the two syntypes of m . johnsonii have been lost ( winterbottom , 1974 ; gon and skelton , 1997 ) .
remarks : pietsch and van duzer ( 1980 ) examined numerous male specimens , but concluded that since the work of bertelsen ( 1951 ) , they could add no new diagnostic characters to adequately identify any male with a species based on females . however , bertelsen ( 1986 ) identified and illustrated a 28 mm male , apparently covered with skin spinules , as m . johnsonii , and provided a key to males of both m . johnsonii ( w ith concentration of subdermal pigment on caudal peduncle ) and m . murrayi ( no pigment subdermally on caudal peduncle ) . detecting the shape of the vomer in females of the two species in our area requires a probe or some dissection . small specimens of m . murrayi have a much less bowed vomer than that shown in pietsch and van duzer ( 1980 , figs 2 , 5 ) .
1a . anterior margin of vomer almost straight ; number of lower jaw teeth about 35 - 75 in specimens over 25 mm sl ; pectoral base width 11 - 18 % sl ; skin spinules covering body and head ( only to top of head in small specimens ) m . johnsonii
melanocetus johnsonii günther , 1864 : 301 , pl . 25 ( off madeira ) . goode & bean , 1896 : 494 , fig . 406 ( after günther , 1864 ) . fitch & lavenberg , 1968 : 127 , fig . 70 . paulin et al . , 1989 : 140 .
melanocetus johnsoni : brauer , 1906 : 318 . regan , 1926 : 4 - 6 , 8 - 10 , 18 , 33 , fig . 10 . parr , 1927 : 29 . norman , 1930 : 354 . regan & trewavas , 1932 : 27 - 29 , 49 - 52 , figs . 19 - 22 , 72 , 73 . koefoed , 1944 : 3 , pl . 1 , fig . 1 . bertelsen , 1951 : 7 , 40 , 41 , 43 - 46 , 48 - 53 , figs . 13 , 15 , 17 - 19 . grey , 1956 : 235 ( syn . , males ) . maul , 1961 : 90 , fig . 1 . maul , 1962 : 36 , fig . 2 ( male ) . struhsaker , 1962 : 841 . pietsch & van duzer , 1980 : 71 , figs . 1 , 3 , 6 , 16b , 17 , 25 ( fam . rev . ) . pietsch & seigel , 1980 : 381 . bertelsen & pietsch , 1983 : 81 , fig . 2 . masuda et al . , 1984 : 108 , pl . 93i . pietsch , 1986a : 375 , text fig . lloris , 1986 : 242 , fig . 124 . paxton et al . , 1989 : 287 . bertelsen , 1991 : 492 .
diagnosis : esca bilobed , with posterior and usually anterior crests ; number of lower jaw teeth 32 - 78 . anterior margin of vomer almost straight ; minute skin spinules cover most of body ; interorbital width 14 - 29 % sl ; width of pectoral base 11 - 18 % sl ; escal bulb width 4 - 9 % sl ; illicium length 32 - 61 % sl . see also pietsch and van duzer ( 1980 ) .
description : esca with distal prolongation ; anterior and posterior crests in largest specimens . head deeper than long , mouth vertical , eye minute . measurements in percent sl : head length 37 - 48 ; head width 35 - 51 ; head depth 65 - 77 ; postorbital 15 - 32 ; upper jaw 52 - 72 ; lower jaw 53 - 75 ; snout 9 - 21 ; eye diameter 5 - 8 ; interorbital width 18 - 26 ; longest upper jaw tooth 7 - 15 ; longest lower jaw tooth 12 - 18 ; illicium 36 - 48 ; esca length 8 - 12 ; esca esca 4 - 8 ; gill slit 17 - 24 ; pectoral base width 10 - 16 ; pectoral - fin 16 - 31 ; predorsal 59 - 67 ; preanal 82 - 84 ; body depth at anal - fin origin 39 - 49 ; dorsal - fin base 29 - 32 ; anal - fin base 7 - 10 ; longest dorsal ray 20 - 40 ; longest anal ray 16 - 35 ; least caudal peduncle depth 16 - 20 ; peduncle length 6 - 16 . counts : d 13 - 16 ; a 3 - 4 ; p 17 - 19 ; upper jaw teeth 32 - 87 ; lower jaw teeth 34 - 62 ; vomerine teeth 5 - 8 .
distribution : in all three major oceans from about 50 e n to 50 e s ( pietsch and van duzer , 1980 , fig . 30 ) .
remarks : three specimens from our area with greatly distended stomachs were examined for prey items . these were : 1 ) sam 34768 ( 51 mm sl ) , with a juvenile macrourid , nezumia micronychodon , and two lanternfish , lampanyctus sp . each of these prey exceeded 10 cm ; 2 ) sam 31207 ( 57 mm sl ) , with a 62 mm lampanyctine myctophid ; and 3 ) sam 31582 ( 53 mm sl ) , with 5 maurolicus walvisensis , 23 - 32 mm sl , 1 bolinichthys longipes , 87 mm sl , and 1 electrona carlsbergi , 40 mm sl .
melanocetus murrayi günther , 1887 : 57 , pl . 11a ( central atlantic ) . regan , 1926 : 32 , 33 ( in part ) . parr , 1927 : 27 . regan & trewavas , 1932 : 27 , 49 - 50 , fig . 22c , 23 , 71 . bertelsen , 1951 : 40 , fig . 16 . grey , 1956 : 234 ( syn . , distr . ) . maul , 1962 : 37 , fig . 3 ( male ) . pietsch & van duzer , 1980 : 81 , figs . 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 15 , 16a ( fam . rev . ) . pietsch & seigel , 1980 : 381 . bertelsen & pietsch , 1983 : 81 , fig . 3 . bertelsen , 1984 : fig . 169d ( larval male ) . bertelsen , 1986 : 1376 , text figs . paxton et al . , 1989 : 287 ; bertelsen , 1991 : 493 .
diagnosis : females with anterior margin of vomer concave , more deeply so in larger specimens ; skin spinules sparse , only on caudal peduncle ; interorbital width 9 - 18 % sl ; width of pectoral base 6 - 9 % sl ; escal bulb width 2 - 5 % sl ; illicium length 23 - 37 % sl ; esca conical to barely lobate in largest specimens ; number of lower jaw teeth 46 - 142 . see also pietsch and van duzer ( 1980 ) .
description : esca with conical distal end and no crests . head deeper than long , mouth vertical , eye minute . measurements in percent sl : head length 35 ; head width 40 ; head depth 68 ; postorbital 21 ; upper jaw 59 ; lower jaw 64 ; snout 10 ; eye diameter 5 ; interorbital width 26 ; longest upper jaw tooth 8 ; longest lower jaw tooth 10 ; illicium 35 ; esca length 8 ; esca width 4 ; gill slit 15 ; pectoral - base width 14 ; pectoral - fin 21 ; predorsal 64 ; preanal 78 ; body depth at anal - fin origin 43 ; dorsal - fin base 26 ; anal - fin base 6 ; longest dorsal ray 31 ; longest anal ray 31 ; least caudal peduncle depth 18 ; peduncle length 17 . counts : d 14 ; a 4 ; p 18 ; upper jaw teeth 59 ; lower jaw teeth 57 ; vomerine teeth 4 .
distribution : all three major oceans and primarily tropical - subtropical . one record above 60 e n off se greenland ( pietsch and van duzer , 1980 , fig . 30 ) .
material : sam 29233 ( female , 30 mm sl ) ; off port st . johns , south africa ; 31 e 34 . 0 ' s , 30 e 20 . 6 ' e ; mwt , 0 - 2166 m ; sta . sm 194 ; 19 jun . 1979 .
diagnosis : females with globose bodies , flesh gelatinous in small specimens , thickening in largest ; large specimens covered with round , bony plates with a central spine (
bucklers
) , these sparsely distributed in small individuals ; mouth oblique , cleft reaching to , or in front of , eye ; teeth depressible , retrorse ( angled backward ) , not fang - like , numerous , in close - set rows anteriorly ; vomerine teeth absent ; snout and chin densely covered with sensory papillae ; ilicium and esca with or without denticles ; basal part of lure ( pterygiophore of illicium ) not protruding on snout ; escae bulbous , with anterior , dorsal and / or posterior appendages , their morphology specifically variable ; hyoid barbel absent ; d 5 - 6 ; a 4 ; p 14 - 18 ; c 9 ; branchiostegal rays 6 ; vertebrae 19 .
males : metamorphosed specimens without jaw teeth , denticular
teeth
become fused into solid denticular bone mass with increasing size , with 16 - 31 hooked denticles on upper bone ; enlarged dermal spines above upper denticular bone in snout midline ; nostrils lateral ; posterior nostril greatly enlarged , with 10 - 17 lamellae ; eyes spherical in metamorphic specimens , becoming more ovoid , with a narrow anterior aphakic space ( pupil larger than lens ) in adults ; skin spinules covering head and body ; sphenotic spines absent . counts as for females .
a single genus , himantolophus reinhardt , 1837 , with 18 species , 5 in our area . last reviewed by bertelsen and krefft ( 1988 ) on the basis of all the then known specimens . males free living , two specimens from our area . adults primarily mesopelagic , few from nets fished below 1000 m . larvae epipelagic . females feed mainly on cephalopods and other fishes , but also eat shrimp and krill ( euphausiids ) . found in all oceans between subtropical convergences ( about 40 e n to 40 e s ) , largest females sometimes in higher latitudes . females of h . groenlandicus reach 60 cm .
indeterminate ( all females ) : sam 27083 ( 202 mm sl ) ; off durban ; from whale stomach ; july 1974 ; p . best ( digested ; no esca ) . rusi 61315 ( 35 mm sl ) ; agulhas bank ; 35 e 59 ' s , 19 e 26 ' e ; bt , 0 - 938 m ; fridtjof nansen sta . an 0035 ; 21 jan . 2000 ( illicium torn away ) . rusi 61329 ( 19 mm sl ) ; agulhas bank ; 35 e 57 ' s , 19 e 24 ' e ; mwt , 0 - 720 m ; fridtjof nansen sta . an 0036 ; 21 jan . 2000 ( esca undeveloped ) .
this key to females in our area , based on escal morphology , is adapted from bertelsen and krefft ( 1988 ) . see figures 2 - 7 for terminology of escal appendages .
1b . posterior ( pa ) , anterior ( aa ) , and posterolateral escal appendages ( pla ) absent ; illicial appendages ( ia ) absent h . cornifer
2a . distal escal appendage ( da ) divided at its base ; spines present on esca or escal appendages in specimens > 35 mm sl ; length of da 0 . 9 - 20 %
3a . anterior escal appendage ( aa ) present ; illicial appendages ( ia ) present ; posterior appendage ( pa ) undivided at base h . groenlandicus
4a . each main branch of dorsal escal appendage ( da ) bifurcated at tip . h . pseudalbinares
himantolophus albinares maul , 1961 : 111 , figs . 11 - 15 ( off madeira ) . maul , 1962 : 8 , figs . 1 , 2 . trunov , 1981 : 62 , fig . 5 . bertelsen , 1986 : 1378 , text fig . bertelsen & krefft , 1988 : 54 , figs . 19 , 20 .
diagnosis : females : posterior escal appendage ( pa ) bifurcating near base , no side branches from main branches , tips furcate ; distal escal appendage ( da ) undivided at base , undivided part 1 - 9 % sl ; and with simple ( unbranched ) tips ; no spines or posterolateral appendages ( pla ) on esca ; illicium length 25 - ca . 60 % sl ; illicial stem with 2 - 9 simple or branched appendages . males unknown .
description : posterior escal appendage ( pa ) whitish or with scattered melanophores , bifurcated near base , with 2 - 4 filamentous branches at tips . distal escal appendage ( da ) also deeply bifurcated near its base . dorsalmost illicial appendages ( ia ) at proximal end of esca . skin naked in specimens less than about 35 mm sl . anterior facial papillae well developed except in juveniles less than about 30 - 40 mm sl . head deeper than long , more evenly rounded in young . jaws subequal , mouth terminal , oblique . eye small , decreasing in size relative to sl with growth . smallest specimens with a dorsal hump just anterior to dorsal fin ; hump whitish with central , darkly pigmented area ; remnant of hump traceable in some larger specimens . bertelsen and krefft ( 1988 : tab . 10 ) give some morphometric characters of the illicium . colour generally brownish black with occasional white patches on caudal peduncle , along bases of unpaired fins , snout and chin . counts : d 5 ; a 4 ; p 15 - 17 .
distribution : north and south atlantic . apparently mesopelagic , this species has been taken as shallow as 170 - 330 m by midwater trawl as well as in the relatively shallow madeira longline fishery ( bertelsen and krefft , 1988 ) .
material : ioan uncat . ( female , 141 mm sl ) ; valdivia bank off namibia ; ca . 24 e s , 06 e e ; no other data ( trunov , 1981 ) . not seen .
aegeonichthys appelii clarke , 1878 : 145 , pl . 6 ( off new zealand ) . waite , 1912 : 194 , pl . 10 ( second spec . , from line fisherman , new zealand ) .
himantolophus appelii : regan , 1926 : 41 . regan & trewavas , 1932 : 60 , fig . 89 . bertelsen , 1951 : 59 , 66 ( as h . appeli ) . grey , 1956 : 241 ( as h . appeli ) . bertelsen & pietsch , 1983 : 82 , fig . 4 ( addl . matl . ) . bertelsen & krefft , 1988 : 47 - 50 , 75 , 76 , 80 , 81 , figs . 16 , 35c ; paxton et al . , 1989 : 289 . paulin et al . , 1989 : 139 - 140 .
himantolophus groenlandicus ( not of reinhardt , 1837 ) : smale et al . , 1995 : 70 , pl . 36 .
diagnosis : females : posterior escal appendage ( pa ) divided at base , with 1 - 7 side branches on each main branch ( fig . 3 ) ; distal appendage ( da ) divided at base ; anterior appendage ( aa ) absent ; posterolateral appendages 0 - 5 ; spines present on illicium , esca and escal appendages in specimens greater than 30 mm sl ; no distinct white patches on body ; caudal fin rays white or faintly dusky in specimens less than about 100 mm sl . males with 11 - 13 olfactory lamellae ; diameter of posterior ( enlarged ) nostril 6 - 7 % sl ; snout length 15 - 18 % sl ; 20 - 25 upper and 22 - 32 lower denticular
teeth ;
eyes of largest males with slight , anterior aphakic space ( pupil larger than lens ) .
description : females : smallest ( 24 mm sl ) with posterior escal appendage ( pa ) just developed , with 1 - 2 side branches ; distal appendage ( da ) a mere nubbin ; no posterolateral appendage ( pla ) . larger females with 1 - 6 side branches on posterior escal appendage ( fig . 3a ) ; posterolateral appendage absent in largest fish ( 150 mm sl ) ( fig . 3b ) . skin naked in smallest specimens ; bucklers develop after a length of about 25 mm sl . head massive , deeper than long ; anterior facial sensory papillae just developed in 45 mm sl specimen . jaws subequal . eye small , relatively larger ( 7 - 8 % sl ) in smallest two specimens . measurements in percent sl : head length 38 - 45 ; head width 18 - 40 ; head depth 59 - 76 ; postorbital 18 - 27 ; upper jaw 32 - 35 ; lower jaw 35 - 41 ; snout 12 - 18 ; eye diameter 5 - 8 ; interorbital width 14 - 20 ; longest upper jaw tooth 4 ; longest lower jaw tooth 5 - 6 ; illicium 36 - 39 ; esca length 7 . 5 - 11 ; esca width 5 - 6 ; gill slit 11 - 15 ; pectoral base width 11 - 13 ; pectoral - fin length 17 - 21 ; predorsal 79 - 86 ; preanal 84 - 90 ; body depth at anal - fin origin 21 - 35 ; greatest body depth 58 - 78 ; dorsal - fin base 8 - 10 ; anal - fin base 5 - 9 ; longest dorsal ray 17 - 32 ; longest anal ray 15 - 27 ; least caudal peduncle depth 14 - 18 ; peduncle length 5 - 9 . counts : d 5 ; a 4 ; p 16 - 17 ; upper jaw teeth 73 - 160 ; lower jaw teeth 80 - 166 .
males : body fusiform . head ovoid , longer than deep . jaws subequal , toothless . eye rounded , with small aphakic space . measurements in percent sl : head length 39 - 40 ; head width 20 ; head depth 33 - 34 ; postorbital 25 - 26 ; upper jaw 14 ; lower jaw 18 - 19 ; greatest diameter of posterior nostril 6 . 5 - 6 . 8 ; snout 15 ; eye diameter 8 ; pectoral base width 8 ; pectoral - fin length 20 - 22 ; predorsal 74 ; preanal 77 - 78 ; body depth at anal - fin orgin 30 ; greatest body depth 42 - 43 ; dorsal - fin base 9 ; anal - fin base 6 - 7 ; longest dorsal ray 25 - 28 ; longest anal ray 18 ; caudal peduncle depth 16 - 17 ; peduncle length 8 . counts : d 5 ; a 4 ; p 16 ; nasal lamellae 12 - 13 ; upper denticular teeth 21 - 23 ; lower denticular teeth 22 - 25 ( see below ) .
distribution : generally along the southern subtropical convergence ( except africa ) from south america east to new zealand . apparently mesopelagic , this species has been taken as shallow as 195 - 205 m in midwater trawls ; also from sperm whale stomachs ( bertelsen and krefft , 1988 ) .
remarks : bertelsen and krefft ( 1988 : 75 ) tentatively referred the two males , sam 30981 ( incorrectly as sam 27805 ) , to this species . this was done on the basis of minor differences in their number of olfactory lamellae , denticular teeth , snout length , and posterior nostril and eye diameters with two australian males of virtually the same size , but greater sexual maturity . however , in their closing remarks on sam 30981 ( and key and distribution map , fig . 45 ) , they as much as admit that the juvenile condition of these specimens probably accounts for at least the shorter snouts and smaller nostril than the more mature australian specimens . bertelsen and kreffts tentative identification is further confusing , as they included only the one species in the h . appelii species group ! in our view this removes any doubt that sam 30981 are anything but h . appelii . our recounts of the denticular teeth in sam 30981 ( above ) do not correspond to those given by bertelsen and krefft , as these areas are now damaged .
smale et al . ( 1995 : 70 , pl . 36 ) described and illustrated two otoliths of this species , apparently for the first time ( but as h . groenlandicus ) . they were removed from sam 31615 .
material : females : sam 31615 ( 150 mm sl ) ; cape canyon ; 33 e 38 . 1 ' s ; 17 e 24 . 1 ' e ; mwt , 910 - 990 m ( bottom depth 2000 m ) ; sta . a6996 - 060 ; 7 mar . 1988 . rusi 54509 ( 130 mm sl ) ; cape canyon ; 33 e 36 ' s , 17 e 07 ' e ; bt , 0 - 977 m ; sta . a18562 - 139 ; 24 jan . 1997 . rusi 54996 ( 45 mm sl ) ; agulhas bank ; 36 e 42 ' s , 20 e 15 ' e ; bt , 0 - 810 m ; sta . a18938 - 144 ; 17 apr . 1997 . uw 22179 ( 232 mm sl ) ; agulhas bank ; 35 e 10 . 0 ' s , 23 e 11 . 0 ' e ; bt ; 0 - 580 m ; sta . a12108 - 095 ; 1 sept . 1991 ( not seen ) . sam 34505 ( 24 mm sl ) ; off algoa bay ; 34 e 11 . 7 ' s , 26 e 44 . 5 ' e ; mwt , 0 - 750 m ; sta . a14030 - 107 ; 11 oct . 1992 . males : sam 30981 ( 25 , 26 mm sl ) ; off port st . johns ; 31 e 30 . 4 ' s , 30 e 04 . 0 ' e ; mwt , 0 - 1129 m ; sta . sm - 145 ; 16 may 1977 .
himantolophus cornifer bertelsen and krefft , 1988 : 64 , figs . 27 , 28 ( coral sea ) .
diagnosis : females with anterior ( aa ) , posterior ( pa ) and posterolateral ( pla ) escal appendages and illicial appendages ( ia ) absent ; distal escal appendage ( da ) 9 - 72 % sl , bifurcated at or near base ; each main branch of da with a basal , posterior side branch 3 - 24 % sl ; da with 1 - 3 distal bifurcations ; spines on illicium , esca and da in specimens over about 55 mm sl ; illicial length 21 - 35 % sl ; facial papillae prominent , semiglobular ; white patches on face , around unpaired fins and caudal peduncle ( these becoming obscure with age ) . males unknown .
distribution : tropical waters of the northwestern and central atlantic , western indian ocean ( natal ) , coral sea and central pacific . meso - and bathypelagic ; caught in closing nets at 450 m and at 1850 - 1900 m ( bertelsen and krefft , 1988 ) .
material : sam 34508 ( female , 208 mm sl ) ; salmon bay , south africa ; 29 e 25 ' s , 32 e 33 ' e ; stomach of sperm whale ( beach stranding ) ; 2 apr . 1973 ; p . best .
himantolophus groenlandicus reinhardt , 1837 : 116 , pl . iv ( off greenland ) . regan , 1926 : 40 , fig . 23 ( in part ) . regan & trewavas , 1932 : 59 , fig . 88a , pl . i , fig . 1 ( in part ) . smith , 1949 : 429 , fig . 1230 . bertelsen , 1951 : 60 , figs . 24c , 24d ( in part ) . grey , 1956 : 239 - 240 . smith , 1965 : 429 , fig . 1230 . leim & scott , 1966 : 426 . lloris , 1986 : 246 - 247 , fig . 128 . pietsch , 1986a : 376 , text fig . nielsen & bertelsen , 1992 : 62 , text fig .
himantolophus reinhardti lütken , 1878 : 320 , pls . i , ii ( off greenland ) .
himantolophus ranoides barbour , 1942 : 83 , pls . xiii , xiv ( off e . canada ) .
diagnosis : females : anterior escal appendage ( aa ) present ; distal escal appendage ( da ) bifurcated near base , 0 . 9 - 4 . 2 % sl ; posterior escal appendages ( pa ) undivided at base , with 2 - 6 branches distally in specimens over 60 mm sl ; 2 - 11 total posterolateral escal ( pla ) and illicial appendages ( ia ) , arranged more or less in pairs and either simple or with up to 9 branches per appendage ; escal lobes blunt ; illicium length 28 - 54 % sl ; spines develop on illicium , esca and appendages in specimens at about 35 - 50 mm sl ; bucklers develope at about 50 mm sl . males probably of this species were tentatively placed in the
h . brevirostris
group ( bertelsen and krefft , 1988 : 80 ) .
description : single female . esca with simple anterior appendage ( aa ) , distal appendage ( da ) bifurcated near midlength ; posterior appendage ( pa ) with 3 branches ; posterolateral appendage with 4 branches . bucklers well developed , on all body surfaces , caudal peduncle , pectoral base and in axil ; bucklers absent on dorsal surface of head . head massive , deeper than long ; anterior facial papillae well developed . mouth oblique , lower jaw projecting beyond upper . eye minute , rounded . measurements in percent sl : head length 33 ; head width 21 ; head depth 56 ; postorbital 14 ; upper jaw 27 ; lower jaw 31 ; snout 15 ; eye diameter 2 ; interorbital width 14 ; longest upper jaw tooth 3 ; longest lower jaw tooth 6 ; illicium 43 ; esca length 11 ; esca width 8 . 5 ; gill slit 10 ; pectoral base width 10 ; pectoral - fin 14 ; predorsal 82 ; preanal 92 ; body depth at anal fin origin 24 ; dorsal fin base 16 ; anal fin base 10 ; longest dorsal ray 17 ; longest anal ray 10 ; least caudal peduncle depth 15 ; peduncle length 6 . 5 . counts : d 5 ; a 4 ; p 15 ; upper jaw teeth 177 ; lower jaw teeth 133 .
distribution : north and south atlantic ; western indian ocean off south africa and possibly farther north ( bertelsen and krefft , 1988 , fig . 38 ) . recorded trawl depths range 250 - 1800 m .
material : sam 23120 ( female , 216 mm sl ) ; kommetjie beach , cape peninsula , south africa ( stranded ) ; 34 e 08 . 65 ' s , 18 e 19 . 40 ' e ; 20 july 1961 . mistakenly reported as sam 23129 by bertelsen and krefft ( 1988 : 37 ) .
himantolophus pseudalbinares bertelsen & krefft , 1988 : 59 , fig . 23 ( off cape st . francis , south africa ) .
diagnosis : anterior escal appendage ( aa ) absent ; dorsal escal appendage ( da ) undivided at base , with bifurcated , whitish tips , da 27 % sl ( holotype ) ; posterior escal appendage ( pa ) bifurcated at base ; illicial appendages ( ia ) present ; posterolateral escal appendages ( pla ) absent .
description : tip of esca whitish , with paired swellings . no spines on escal bulb , appendages or illicium . posterior escal appendage ( pa ) proximally pigmented , distal tips of 2 main branches bifurcate . dorsal escal appendage ( da ) dark , shallowly bifurcated at tips ; tips white . illicial appendages ( ia ) arranged in two pairs , with a fifth small filament . bucklers present on body and pectoral lobe . facial papillae well developed , more lightly pigmented than rest of head and body . body without whitish patches . measurements in percent sl : length illicium 52 ; escal width 9 ; undivided portion of da 7 ; pa 13 . counts : d 5 ; a 4 ; p 16 .
distribution : known from only one specimen caught by a soviet fisheries vessel southwest of port elizabeth , rsa .
material : zin 49711 ( female , 82 mm sl ; holotype ) ; off cape st . francis ; 35 e 01 . 0 ' s , 24 e 36 . 8 ' e ; bt ; 1280 - 1300 m ; fiolent cr . 3 - 63 . not seen .
diagnosis : females with a short , second cephalic ray ( lure with esca ) immediately behind main lure , often hidden beneath a pore in largest specimens ; escal bulb with minute denticles on proximal half ; body short , globose ; mouth large , oblique , cleft extending posteriorly well beyond minute eye ; lower jaw with well developed symphysial spine ; skin spinules present , dense ; sphenotic spines well developed ; vomerine teeth present ; branchiostegal rays 6 ; d 5 - 7 ; a 4 ; p 13 - 16 ; c 8 - 9 . diagnostic osteological characters given by uwate ( 1979 ) .
bufoceratias whitley , 1931 diagnosis : illicial length 83 - 225 % sl ; distance from illicial base to upper jaw symphysial cartilage 29 - 61 % sl ; illicial pterygiophore (
basal bone
) not exposed ; dermal spines minute .
phrynichthys wedli pietschmann , 1926 : 88 ( off madeira ) . uwate , 1979 : 142 , figs . 3 , 6 , 7b , 9 , 10b , 11b , 13 18 . bertelsen , 1986 : 1381 , text fig . lloris , 1986 : 244 , figs . 125 - 127 . pietsch , 1986a : 376 , text fig . machida & yamakawa , 1990 : 60 , figs . 1 - 3 . bertelsen , 1991 : 496 . bertelsen 1995 : 141 , text fig .
paroneirodes wedli : regan & trewavas , 1932 : 58 . bertelsen , 1951 : 70 . grey , 1956 : 243 . trunov , 1974 : 145 .
diagnosis : illicial length more than 80 % sl ; esca with anterior , posterior and posterolateral appendages , these often multifurcate ; a luminescent terminal papilla between anterior and posterior appendages ; head , dorsum and caudal peduncle with rows of dark seismosensory papillae ; vomerine teeth 7 - 15 ; upper jaw teeth 21 - 65 ; lower jaw teeth 16 - 44 .
description : head and body globose , flesh gelatinous . skin spinules densely arrayed , covering whole body including illicium , absent laterally on jaws and esca . escae with simple posterolateral and posterior appendages ( former termed
lateral appendages
by uwate , 1979 ) . jaws long and strong , upper extending posteriorly well beyond minute eye , lower jaw projecting slightly beyond upper . pectoral lobe short ; gill opening near its middle . base of illicium on rear of head or near midbody , illicial pterygiophore beneath flesh . measurements in percent sl : head length 39 - 53 ; head width 29 - 34 ; head depth 69 - 83 ; postorbital 21 - 30 ; upper jaw 37 - 43 ; lower jaw 42 - 54 ; snout 11 - 15 ; eye diameter 5 - 7 ; interorbital width 13 - 15 ; longest upper jaw tooth 4 - 6 ; longest lower jaw tooth 5 - 8 ; illicium 153 - 172 ; illicial base to anteriormost tip of upper jaw 46 - 58 ; esca length 7 - 14 ; esca width 4 - 7 ; gill slit 10 - 19 ; pectoral base width 7 - 12 ; pectoral - fin 16 - 23 ; predorsal 80 - 88 ; preanal 85 - 95 ; body depth at anal fin origin 29 - 42 ; greatest body depth 73 - 88 ; dorsal - fin base 11 - 12 ; anal - fin base 7 - 9 ; longest dorsal ray 22 - 27 ; longest anal ray 17 - 26 ; least caudal peduncle depth 17 - 19 ; peduncle length 4 - 7 . counts : d 5 - 6 ; a 4 ; p 13 - 15 ; c 8 - 9 ; upper jaw teeth 42 - 54 ; lower jaw teeth 28 - 37 ; vomerine teeth 8 - 11 .
distribution : both sides of the tropical atlantic , south in our area to namibia ; east china sea ( uwate , 1979 ; yamakawa , 1984 ; machida and yamakawa , 1990 ) . meso - and bathypelagic , taken in trawls operated from 390 to 1750 m ( uwate , 1979 ) . bertelsen ' s ( 1991 ) statement
old specimens probably benthic
is corroborated by sam 29918 , taken in a crab trap ( below ) .
remarks : pietschmann ( 1926 ) erected the genus phrynichthys for this species , a name preoccupied ( in fishes ) by agassiz ( 1846 ) . a replacement name , bufoceratias whitley ( 1931 ) was disregarded by uwate ( 1979 ) , bertelsen ( 1986 , 1991 ) and pietsch ( 1986a ) . paroneirodes alcock , 1890 , erected as a monotypic genus for an indo - pacific diceratiid , p . glomerulosus , was used by regan and trewavas ( 1932 ) and bertelsen ( 1951 ) to contain glomerulosus and wedli as congeners . however , glomerulosus was synonymized by uwate ( 1979 ) with diceratias bispinosus günther , 1887 , thus the earlier paroneirodes cannot be used as a generic replacement name for our species .
material ( all females ; off northern namibia ) : zmuc p922153 ( 117 mm sl ) ; 17 e 25 ' s , 11 e 11 ' e ; bt , 0 - 787 m ; sfri crab survey , sta . 31 ; 13 aug . 1982 . zmuc p921130 ( 97 mm sl ) ; 18 e 33 ' s , 11 e 25 ' e ; bt , 0 - 610 m ; ernst haeckel , sta . 236 ; 28 nov . 1972 . sam 29918 ( 117 mm sl ) ; 19 e 59 . 0 ' s , 11 e 28 . 9 ' e ; beehive crab trap , 800 m ; sfri ; 13 oct . 1982 . sam 29459 ( 110 mm sl ) ; 20 e 58 . 6 ' s , 12 e 25 . 7 ' e ; bt , 0 - 498 m ; benguela sta . 28 ; 20 aug . 1982 . sam 28637 ( 69 mm sl ) ; bt ; sfri ; 20 july 1979 ( no other data ) . also , 5 specimens 30 - 134 mm sl from namibia in bottom trawls fished between 183 m and 615 m ( lloris , 1986 ) ( not seen ) .
indeterminate ( all females ) : dolopichthys sp . : sam 28481 ( 9 . 8 mm sl , a metamorphosing female with illicium length 1 . 5 mm and esca torn away ) ; off durban ; 30 e 17 . 1 ' s , 31 e 25 . 2 ' e ; mwt , 0 - 750 m ; sta . sm 148 ; 17 may 1977 . dolopichthys sp . : rusi 61341 ( 43 mm sl , illicium torn away ) ; agulhas bank ; 35 e 23 ' s , 18 e 42 ' e ; bt , 0 - 950 m ; fridtjof nansen sta . an 0042 ; 22 jan . 2000 . dolopichthys sp . : sam 31587 ( 90 mm sl , badly damaged , no esca ) ; cape canyon ; 33 e 40 . 1 ' s , 17 e 22 . 2 ' e ; mwt ; 0 - 889 m ; sta . a7003 - 060 ; 8 mar . 1988 . oneirodes sp . : sam 34507 ( 43 mm sl , no esca ) ; eastern agulhas bank ; 35 e 10 ' s , 23 e 37 ' e ; mwt , 0 - 1090 m ; sta . a14120 - 107 ; 20 oct . 1992 . rusi 61331 ( 16 mm sl , illicium torn away ) ; agulhas bank ; 35 e 57 ' s , 19 e 24 ' e ; mwt , 0 - 720 m ; fridtjof nansen sta . an 0036 ; 21 jan . 2000 .
chaenophryne regan , 1925 diagnosis : no sphenotic spines ; rictus ( corner ) of mouth extending behind eye ; symphysial spine of lower jaw rudimentary ; posterior margin of opercle only slightly concave . vomerine teeth present . females reach 170 mm sl . diagnosis for males and other , mostly osteological , characters for females found in pietsch ( 1975 ) , a revision of the genus .


paralbara muscularia is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by walker in 1866 .

it is found in northern india , northern burma and southern china .

the wingspan is about 32 mm .

adults are cinereous brown , the wings with two dark brown lines , the first antemedial and the second postmedial .

the latter has a zigzag course and borders the inner side of a dark red broad irregular band .

paralbara muscularia

this is the place for muscularia definition . you find here muscularia meaning , synonyms of muscularia and images for muscularia copyright 2017 © urltoken
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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word muscularia . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word muscularia and , of course , muscularia synonyms and on the right images related to the word muscularia .
paralbara watsoni ; [ mob8 ] : 57 , pl . 3 , f . 109
paralbara muscularia ; watson , 1968 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) suppl . 12 : 20 , f . 8 - 11 , pl . 1 , f . 294
paralbara perhamata sinuosa holloway , 1976 ; moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 93
paralbara watson , 1968 ; bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) suppl . 12 : 16 ( key ) , 19 , f . 8 - 20 , pl . f . 294 - 295 , 298 - 299 ; ts : fascellina muscularia walker
paralbara spicula watson , 1968 ; bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) suppl . 12 : 22 , f . 16 - 19 , pl . 1 , f . 298 ; tl : china [ kwangtung ] , linpging
paralbara pallidinota watson , 1968 ; bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) suppl . 12 : 24 , f . 20 , pl . 1 , f . 295 ; tl : china , n . yunnan , likiang , c . 2000m
paralbara perhamata ; watson , 1968 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) suppl . 12 : 22 , f . 12 - 15 , pl . 1 , f . 299 ; [ mob8 ] : 57 , pl . 3 , f . 110
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drepana perhamata hampson , [ 1893 ] ; fauna br . india ( moths ) 1 : 336 ; tl : jaintia , 2 - 4000
albara watsoni holloway , 1976 ; moths of borneo with special reference to mt . kinabalu : 92
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watson , 1968 the taxononomy of the drepaninae represented in china , with an account of their world distribution ( lepidoptera : drepanidae ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) suppl . 12 : 1 - 151 , pl . 1 - 14
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
in bolivia .
home of ichneumonoidea
. taxapad . * * * * y sick ki yu . 1997–2012 . retrieved . . .


myopsyche langi is a moth of the family arctiidae .

it was described by holland in 1920 .

it is found in the democratic republic of congo .

myopsyche langi

myopsyche langi holland , 1920 ; bull . am . mus . nat . hist . 43 ( 6 ) : 262 , f . 2 ; tl : medje
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myopsyche kivensis dufrane , 1945 ; bull . ann . soc . ent . belg . 81 : 126
myopsyche bokumae kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 432
myopsyche nervalis strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 78 a ( 6 ) : 175 ; tl : alen
myopsyche pallidicincta kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 431
myopsyche sankuruica kiriakoff , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( zool . 2 ) 1 : 431
myopsyche hampson , 1898 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 48 ; ts : syntomis ochsenheimeri boisduval
myopsyche ( ? ) makomensis strand , 1912 ; archiv naturg . 78 a ( 6 ) : 175 ; tl : makomo , ntumgebiet
myopsyche xanthosoma hampson , 1907 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 7 ) 19 ( 111 ) : 222 ; tl : uganda , entebbe
myopsyche notoplagia hampson , 1898 ; cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 49 , pl . 1 , f . 26 ; tl : gold coast
myopsyche cytogaster ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 48 , f . 19 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
myopsyche miserabilis ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 48 , f . 20 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
myopsyche ochsenheimeri ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 50 , f . 21 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
myopsyche victorina ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 51 , f . 22 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
myopsyche makomensis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 387 ( unrecognized ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
myopsyche nervalis ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 388 ( unrecognized ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
myopsyche elachista ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 51 , pl . 1 , f . 28 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
myopsyche idda ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 51 , pl . 1 , f . 27 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
myopsyche puncticincta ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 49 , pl . 1 , f . 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
myopsyche xanthopleura ; hampson , 1898 , cat . lep . phalaenae br . mus . 1 : 49 , pl . 1 , f . 25 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
myopsyche xanthosoma ; hampson , 1914 , cat . lepid . phalaenae br . mus . ( suppl . ) 1 : 8 , pl . 1 , f . 11 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
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holotype ♀ , genitalia slide 52♀ , bmnh ; neallotype ♂ , designated by griveaud ( 1964b : 26 ) , mnhn .
oberthür c . 1893a . lépidoptères d ' afrique . - etudes d ' entomologie 17 : 17–33 .
syntomis elachista holland , 1893 ; psyche 6 : 375 ; tl : w . africa , ogové r .
amata fulvibasalis hampson , 1918 ; novit . zool . 25 : 93 ; tl : cameroons , ja r . , bitje
syntomis idda plötz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 1 - 3 ) : 79 ; tl : cameroons
syntomis miserabilis holland , 1893 ; psyche 6 : 375 ; tl : ? w . africa , ogové r .
syntomis puncticincta holland , 1893 ; psyche 6 : 375 ; tl : ? w . africa , ogové r .
syntomis victorina plötz , 1880 ; stettin ent . ztg 41 ( 1 - 3 ) : 78 ; tl : cameroons
syntomoides xanthopleura holland , 1898 ; ent . news ( 1 ) : 11 ; tl : w . africa , bule country
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
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lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
strand , 1912 zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessman nach süd - kameroun und spanish - guinea . lepidoptera i archiv naturg . 78 a ( 6 ) : 139 - 197
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