lamellipedia is a proposed clade of arthropods that includes most trilobites ( but not agnostida ) and their close relatives .

distinctive of the clade are the flat setae aligned in a comb-like structure on the exopod .

lamellipedia

] ) . within lamellipedia , there are multiple reversals to natant , while helmetiids have an autapomorphic state . the analysis does not resolve a monophyletic artiopoda within lamellipedia .
following the monograph of hou & bergström ( 1997 ) , we might guess the placement within their superclass lamellipedia that seems synonymous with arachnomorpha ( trilobita + chelicerata + other basal arthropods ) .
helmetia expansa from the burgess shale belongs to conciliterga , a cambrian clade within a group of palaeozoic taxa that includes trilobites . depending on its exact composition , the names lamellipedia [ 61 ] or artiopoda [ 62 ] are applied to this ‘trilobitomorph’ assemblage , and their affinities to mandibulata or chelicerata remain contested .
] . our topology suggests , that this bilobate exopod morphology with lamellar setae is potentially a ground pattern character for lamellipedia and experiences modification in some of the lamellipedian taxa , such as e . g . marrellomorpha , where lamellae insert on individual articles rather than on the proximal lobe of a bilobate flap [
] . regardless , there is consensus that trilobites belong to a larger group of early paleozoic arthropods , containing many of the non - biomineralizing taxa attributed to arachnomorpha . they share the presence of distinctive lamellar blades on their exopods , and x - g . hou and j . bergström proposed lamellipedia to embrace them [
] . within lamellipedia , the basal split set off marrellomorpha from artiopoda , which comprised the remainder of the chelicerate stem - lineage . some authors have suggested that artiopoda could be a monophylum based on the shared presence of a rather similar limb with a bilobate exopod of a proximal lobe bearing the lamellae and a flap - like distal lobe fringed with setae [
unweighted and weighted analyses retrieve a basal polytomy of isoxys , kiisortoqia , the total group chelicerata , and a clade of crustacea s . l . + lamellipedia which probably represents the total group mandibulata . in the unweighted analysis , and at k ≥17 , agnostus pisiformis is the sister taxon to crustacea s . l . , whereas it forms a clade with phytophilaspis pergamena which is sister group to trilobita in weighted analysis with k = 4–16 .
this enigmatic arthropod has trilobitomorpha characteristics , and has as yet not been described in the literature . notice the decided difference in width of the anterior portion , complete with what appear to be robust genal spines .
hou & bergström , 1997 : arthropods of the lower cambrian chengjiang fauna , southwest china . - - fossils & strata , number 45 , 22nd december 1997 , pp . 1 - 116
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arthroaspis n . gen . , a common element of the sirius passet lagerstätte ( cambrian , north greenland ) , sheds light on trilobite ancestry . - pubmed - ncbi
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arthroaspis n . gen . , a common element of the sirius passet lagerstätte ( cambrian , north greenland ) , sheds light on trilobite ancestry .
natural history museum of denmark , universitetsparken 15 , dk - 2100 copenhagen , denmark . loveablelobster @ urltoken
the combination of helmetiid , trilobite , and nektaspid characters in arthroaspis gives important hints concerning character polarisation within the trilobite - like arthropods . the distinctive tergite morphology of trilobites , with its sophisticated articulating devices , is derived from flanged edge - to - edge articulating tergites forming a shield similar to the helmetiids , previously considered autapomorphic for that group . the stereotypical lateral splay of the appendages of lamellipedians is a homoplastic character shown to be achieved by several groups independently .
pmid : 23663519 pmcid : pmc3662621 doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 13 - 99
arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . a . mguh 30382pt , holotype , large individual ( 200 mm ) ; b . mguh 30405 , small individual ( 87 mm ) , b 1 same scale as a . both specimens with 14 thoracic tergites , indicating that the small specimen already is a holaspid . for abbreviations see table .
cephalon and anterior trunk of arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . a . mguh 30411 specimen with cephalon and fully articulated thorax . potential muscle preservation ( dorsal aspect ) ; b . mguh 30414 impression of doublure margin and prehypostomal sclerite ( ventral aspect ) ; c . mguh 30405 doublure with terrace lines on left anterolateral margin of cephalon ( ventral aspect , orientation wnw ) ; d . mguh 30398 marginal rim and fingerprint - like cuticular sculpture on left anterolateral margin of cephalon ( dorsal aspect , orientation ene ) ; e . mguh 30388 disarticulated cephalon with strong compactional folds . for abbreviations see table ( dorsal aspect ) .
tergite articulations of arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . a . mguh 30400 , specimen with cephalon and two articulated thoracic segments ; a 1 ( dorsal aspect ) ; a 2 ( ventral aspect ) ; b . mguh 30407 ( pt ) , specimen with tergites tilted relative to each other , indicating tergite articulations interconnecting tergites along their entire width . inner lamella is preserved ( dorsal aspect ) ; c . mguh 30390 articulated thoracic tergites and appendages , tergites partially disarticulated ( dorsal aspect ) ; d . mguh 30402 two adjacent tergites articulated at the half - rings only ( ventral aspect ) ; e . mguh 30389 , lateral gape of adjacent tergites , with narrow marginal rim on tergites and displaced distal lobe of exopod ( dorsal aspect ) .
hypostome of arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . a . mguh 30413 , impression of hypostome under cephalon , with box - like wrinkling at the anterior margin ( dorsal aspect ) ; b . mguh 30416 outline of hypostome with impression of anterior wing and box - like wrinkling of the cephalic shield above ( ventral aspect ) ; c . mguh 30387 , outline of hypostome with impression of posterior wing ( ventral aspect ) .
ventral cephalic structures of arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . a . mguh 30417 , showing impression of hypostome and cephalic sternites ( dorsal aspect ) ; b . mguh 30391 , showing the insertion of cephalic appendages ( ventral aspect ) ; c . mguh 30407 ( cpt ) , close up of anterior glabellar region , showing preglabellar crease and possible median node .
pygidium and posterior thorax of arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . a . mguh 30401 , pygidium with posterior trunk tergites showing axial rings and segmental marginal spines of pygidium ( dorsal aspect ) ; b . mguh 30418 , pygidium with posterior trunk tergites showing axial rings , segmental marginal spines , and anterior segment of pygidium ( dorsal aspect ) ; c . mguh 30386 , disarticulated pygidium with appendages ( dorsal aspect ) ; d . mguh 30393 , anterior margin of disarticulated pygidium showing anterior segment of pygidium with articulating flanges ( dorsal aspect , light from se ) .
sternites of arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . a . mguh 30410 ( pt ) , ventral side of thorax , showing hourglass shaped sternites with sclerotized half - rings in adjacent arthrodial membrane of body - limb joints ( ventral aspect , light from ne ) ; b . mguh 30392 ventral side of thorax and anterior pygidial region , showing sternites , body - limb joints and intersegmental tendon ( ventral aspect ) . b 2 detail of internal sculpture of cuticle of pygidium , cf figure a ; note segmental boundaries in inner lamella ( arrows ) .
antennula of arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . a . mguh 30403 isolated antennula with at least 21 discernible joints ( white lines ; light from ne ) ; b . mguh 30399 , ( dorsal aspect ) . b 1 , proximal part of left antennula ; short articles with biserial spines distally ( arrows ) ; b 2 , right antennula with biserial armature on distal part ( arrow ) .
ventral side of thorax and pygidium of arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . mguh 30406 , specimen with ‘folded over’ cephalon , part and counterpart . a . ventral aspect ; a 1 , overview showing sternites and extent of appendages ; a 2 , close up of abaxial region , showing distal lobes of exopods ; a 3 close up , arrows point to spines on basipod ; b . counterpart to specimen in a ; b 1 detail of midventral region with sternites and basipod spines ( arrows ) ; b 2 , sternites and impressions of exopod lamellae .
postantennular appendages of arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . a . mguh 30383 , limb axis with body–limb joint ; b . mguh 30394 , isolated limb showing proximal part of limb axis with basipod and first endopod podomere , and proximal portion of exopod , arrow marks the proximal margin of the basipod ; c . mguh 30419 , proximal part of isolated limb , showing large , inward rotated basipod endite and four endopod podomeres ; d . mguh 30395 , podomeres 3–6 of endopod with mediodistal spines on podomeres three and four ; e . mguh 30396 , distal portion of endopod , showing distal podomere ; f . mguh 30409 , impressions of limb axes with boundaries of basipod and seven podomeres discernible ( ventral aspect ) .
distal lobes of exopods of arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . a . mguh 30410 ( cpt ) , left side of thorax of large specimen that preserves imbricating exopods and limb axes three dimensionally on different layers of sediment , note lateral compactional folds ( dorsal aspect ) ; b . mguh 30384 , isolated distal lobe with setal fringe , lateral side down . main joint on side opposite arrow , arrow points to possible articulation site with endopod ; c . mguh 30385 , isolated distal lobe with setal fringe , lateral side down . main joint on side opposite arrow , arrow points to possible articulation site with endopod .
generalised reconstruction of trunk limb of arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . generalized reconstruction of a mid - trunk limb of arthroaspis bergstroemi .
inner lamella and tergites in arthroaspis bergstroemi n . gen . n . sp . a . mguh 30404 , large individual preserving the inner lamella mirroring segmentation ; a 1 , close up of left side of thorax , a 2 , overview of posterior thorax and pygidium , a 3 , close up of pygidium . b . mguh 30415 , three individuals ( numbered ) with heavily wrinkled cuticle ; c . mguh 30408 posterior of specimen with pygidium draped over isolated cephalon of buenellus higginsi , indicating relatively weakly sclerotized cuticle .
weighted analyses . a . weighted analyses with k = 5–16 , strict consensus of 63 mpts ; b . k ≥ 17 , strict consensus of 63 mpts .
panarthropods provide an intriguing test case for exploring the efficacy of neural characters for inferring phylogeny because the group presents the challenges of unrivalled species diversity and a vast spectrum of phenotypic variation . euarthropoda alone is known from more than 1 . 2 million extant species and a fossil record spanning more than 520 myr . this staggering diversity correlates with marked disparity between major groups , a situation that complicates efforts to resolve the arthropod tree of life based on morphological data [ 1 ] .
systematic nomenclature herein follows recent recommendations [ 13 ] . panarthropoda encompasses tardigrada , onychophora and euarthropoda ; crown - group euarthropoda is composed of chelicerata and mandibulata ; that clade and those stem - group euarthropod fossils that possess a structurally differentiated deutocerebral appendage are assigned to deuteropoda .
the delayed adoption of neuropalaeontology is influenced by a mix of facts and suppositions about decay and its role in information loss in the fossil record . preservation of internal anatomy in fossils involves stabilization of soft tissue before anatomical detail is lost to decay . experimental decay series for extant animals are most frequently used to rank tissues into a temporal sequence of their decay proneness , which at one end of the scale are referred to as labile ( those lost to decay early ) and at the other as recalcitrant ( those that withstand considerable decay ) . the position of particular tissue types in this temporal scale is commonly linked to their fossilization potential [ 14 ] . in the extreme case , labile tissues are viewed as unlikely or even impossible to fossilize .
decay experiments have been conducted on many kinds of invertebrates , the most phylogenetically relevant for this study being those on marine decapod crustaceans [ 15 ] , branchiopods [ 16 ] and on onychophorans [ 17 ] . the latter classified the nerve cords as relatively labile and this observation underpinned the authors ' scepticism about the preservation potential for neural tissue in panarthropod fossils in general and in early palaeozoic konservat - lagerstätten in particular .
to explore aspects as to how decay and compaction affect neural tissue preservation , actualistic experiments were conducted on extant proxies , as described in §2 a , b , and compared with putative fossilized cns .
recently , the consequences of differences in sediment mineralogy on the preservation of non - biomineralized recalcitrant tissues in annelids and arthropods have been explored experimentally [ 26 ] . in a similar vein , we have conducted experiments with the polychaete nereis virens to examine the survival of neural tissue in carcasses that have been entombed in sediment and subjected to compaction during the decay process ( cf . observations on decay of n . virens in artificial seawater ) [ 27 ] .
entombment experiment with nereis virens compared with fossilized cns in the cambrian euarthropod chengjiangocaris . ( a ) n . virens after compression and desiccation in clay . inset shows ventral nerve cord . ( b ) chengjiangocaris kunmingensis [ 28 ] , showing ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia in the trunk ( image courtesy of j . yang , j . ortega - hernández and x . zhang ) . scale bar , 1 mm .
these experiments reveal that the nerve cord clearly retains its integrity months after death , with discrete segmental ganglia being obvious ( figure 1 a ) . such simulations do not of course reproduce the process of fossilization . nonetheless , the durability of neural tissue in sediment suggests that decay experiments designed to exclude sediment from the equation are probably ignoring a vital factor in exceptional fossil preservation .
when interpreting the anteroposterior sequence of neuromeres and segmental tracts in the brains of compression fossils such as the cambrian examples outlined in §3 , there is a need to consider the three - dimensionality of arthropod brains and the potential for topologies to be distorted by compaction .
experimental flattening of cockroach brain . ( a ) fresh excised brain of periplaneta americana . ( b ) brain embedded in slurry of wet clay . ( c ) compacted , drying brain in clay . ( d ) flattened brain removed from clay . spr , superior protocerebrum ; de , deutocerebrum ; tri , tritocerebrum ; ol , optic lobe ; an , antennal nerve ; vnc , ventral nerve connective .
in both experimental conditions , brain profiles did not differ from those of fresh material at the same orientation ( figure 2 ) . this suggests that flattening is not likely to lead to erroneous interpretations of the serial register of brain segmentation .
in recent years , the search for fossilized neural tissue has shifted much deeper in geological time and to a different mode of fossil preservation , specifically to cambrian fossils of burgess shale - type preservation . they are of particular evolutionary importance because they sample animal lineages early in their phylogenetic history .
the other major occurrence of neural tissue preservation in cambrian fossils is the chengjiang biota of yunnan province , china [ 35 ] . this early cambrian konservat - lagerstätten predates the burgess shale by some 10 myr , dating to cambrian stage 3 . cns has also been documented in the xiaoshiba konservat - lagerstätten , in the hongjingshao formation in yunnan province [ 36 ] . this biota slightly postdates chengjiang in cambrian stage 3 .
the §3 a–i summarizes work to date on panarthropod cns in the burgess shale and chengjiang / xiaoshiba ( figure 3 ) . representative species are listed following a stemward to crownward sequence with reference to euarthropoda ( following the nomenclature and tree topology of ortega - hernández [ 13 ] ) .
this lobopodian from chengjiang includes specimens with paired longitudinal bands spanning several trunk segments . the bands are associated with bilaterally symmetrical rounded swellings preserved with similar violet pigmentation ( [ 37 ] , fig . 4 f ) . these structures were interpreted as the nerve cord and segmental ganglia , respectively [ 37 ] . one specimen has paired pigmented lobes in the preoral region ( [ 37 ] , figs 3 a and 4 g ) that were tentatively identified as the brain . however , differences in the style of preservation from cns in other chengjiang taxa described in §3 b – d , g have prompted questions about the identity of the putative neural tissues in paucipodia inermis [ 38 ] .
the most recent phylogenetic analysis of cambrian lobopodians in the context of panarthropod phylogeny resolves p . inermis ( as well as most of the ‘armoured’ lobopodians ) as stem - group onychophora [ 38 ] . if the cns interpretations [ 37 ] and the phylogenetic placement are accurate , segmental ganglia in a stem - group onychophoran present a closer similarity to the segmentally ganglionated nerve cords of euarthropods and tardigrades than to extant onychophora . the onychophoran nerve cord has been viewed as non - ganglionated [ 39 ] , and the brain is debatably composed of fused ganglia [ 40 ] .
radiodonta , best known from anomalocaris [ 21 ] , are large cambro - devonian predators that have been placed in various parts of the ecdysozoan tree , ranging from having closest affinities to cycloneuralia ( with convergent similarities to arthropods ) , being a part of the euarthropod stem group , or belonging to the euarthropod crown group as stem - group chelicerates ( reviewed by [ 8 ] ) . controversy has surrounded the segmental affiliation of their anteriormost appendages and whether they are or are not aligned with those of other fossil groups .
species of various radiodontans from the burgess shale and chengjiang indicate that these animals have a pair of stalked eyes that project from the dorsolateral part of the head [ 21 , 41 ] . in these biotas , the inferred eyes are preserved as carbon films that lack details of the visual surface . specimens from australia clarified the visual surface of anomalocaris [ 42 ] . lenses are very numerous , more than 16 000 ommatidia per eye , and they have a hexagonal packing arrangement that corresponds closely to various kinds of apposition eyes seen in extant euarthropods . ommatidial lenses are also known in the devonian schinderhannes [ 43 ] , which has been identified as a radiodontan [ 13 , 44 ] . the discovery that radiodontans have compound eyes strengthens the case for euarthropod affinities and constrains the node at which such organs evolved in the euarthropod stem group .
extant euarthropods lack frontal appendages and frontal ganglia , but it has been suggested that onychophorans possess a segmentally homologous appendage pair , the so - called antennae or frontal appendages [ 46 ] , and neuropil areas associated with these appendages have been identified as ganglia [ 47 ] .
neural tissue preservation in fuxianhuia protensa . ( a ) carbon on nerve track from deutocerebral region ( yklp 15006b , counterpart ) ; ( b ) pyrite framboids and crystals from eye region ( yklp 15006a , part ) . scale bars , 20 µm .
in addition to the brain of f . protensa , parts of the nervous system have been documented in another fuxianhuiid taxon , chengjiangocaris kunmingensis , from the early cambrian xiaoshiba site . this material [ 36 ] shows the ventral nerve cord as the expected arthropod rope - ladder nerve cord with a pair of ganglia in each segment ( figure 1 b ) .
optic neuropils have been reported in mollisonia symmetrica , a burgess shale arthropod of undetermined affinities from the marble canyon locality ( [ 33 ] , figure 3 p , q ) .
a single optic neuropil separated from the protocerebrum and serving paired eyes is shared with chelicerata among living arthropods . a concentration of neural tissue in the post - ocular region is associated with the attachment site of the great appendage . this alignment of head segments is consistent with a homology of chelicerae and great appendages as deutocerebral appendages .
as described above for o . alata , h . expansa has an anterior sclerite positioned anteromedial to the cephalic shield . this sclerite is associated with a pair of carbonaceous reflective spots or ‘frontal organs’ that are , as for o . alata , interpreted as photoreceptors [ 55 ] . also as for o . alata , the eyes share this same style of preservation as highly reflective organs and the optic nerve is traceable medial to the eye . the common pattern of the anterior sclerite in odaraia and helmetia being associated with frontal organs that are , at least in the case of o . alata , demonstrably connected to the protocerebrum , underpins a homology of the sclerite itself between these stem - and crown - group euarthropods [ 55 ] .
this work was supported by a leverhulme trust research project grant no . ( f / 00 696 / t ) to g . d . e . ; a natural environment research council ( nerc ) independent research fellowship ( ne / l011751 / 1 ) and by the national natural science foundation of china ( u1302232 ) to x . m . ; the university of arizona ' s center for insect science and a university of arizona regents ' fund award to n . j . s .
images of chengjiangocaris kunmingensis and odaraia alata were kindly provided by j . yang , j . ortega - hernández , x . zhang and j . - b . caron .
one contribution of 16 to a discussion meeting issue ‘ origin and evolution of the nervous system ’ .
neurophylogeny : architecture of the nervous system and a fresh view on arthropod phylogeny .
a new view of insect - crustacean relationships i . inferences from neural cladistics and comparative neuroanatomy
discussion meeting issue ‘origin and evolution of the nervous system’ organized and edited by frank hirth and nicholas j . strausfeld
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arthropod diversity in the cambrian is now reasonably well - known through the discovery and description of the faunas from the chengjiang , emu bay shale , and sirius passet lagerstätten in the early cambrian , the burgess shale and similar deposits in the middle cambrian , and the orsten - type deposits , mostly from the late cambrian . when the true diversity of these taxa became clear in the 1970s , their unfamiliarity prompted the view that they represented the end points of many independent lines of evolution that had convergently undergone arthropodisation [
] . the first full - blown cladistic analysis of the burgess shale taxa was that of d . e . g . briggs and r . a . fortey [
] , which suggested that most cambrian arthropods lay within the stem group of chelicerata , and that the trilobites were relatively derived . an important exception to this view were the arthropods of the orsten fauna , some of which have been shown convincingly to lie in the stem - and crown - group of crustacea or tetraconata [
] is still a matter of debate . another open debate is whether megacheira , including taxa such as
there is consensus that trilobita belongs to euarthropoda , but there are two competing hypotheses for their phylogenetic position within the monophylum . the traditional arachnomorpha [
the discovery of the sirius passet lagerstätte was announced by s . conway morris , j . s . peel , a . k . higgins , n . j . soper , and n . c . davis [
] . the fossiliferous strata crop out in north - west peary land along the southern slopes of the broad valley which gives its name to the locality and just south of the mountainous northern rim ( nansen land ) of greenland ( lat . 82°47 . 6´n , long . 42°13 . 7´w ) ; it is the most remote and least well known of the classic cambrian explosion biotas . the lagerstätte is of early cambrian age , ( cambrian series 2 , montezuman stage of laurentian usage [
the geological setting was described by j . s . peel and j . r . ineson [
] and fossils are especially common in the middle part of the section . however , the relationship of other fossiliferous localities in the immediate vicinity to the main locality is uncertain [
] and the fauna is dominated by arthropods , lobopods and cycloneuralian and polychaete worms . new collections made during expeditions from the natural history museum , university of copenhagen , in 2009 and 2011 focussed on
] . its siliciclastic sediments represent the expansion of a northern basin across a subsiding carbonate platform to the south within the trans - arctic franklinian basin succession . in southern areas the formation is dominated by sandstones but the proportion of coarse - grained siliciclastics decreases northwards into the deeper - water parts of the basin . in the vicinity of the sirius passet locality , a narrow belt ( 200 – 1400 m wide ) of mainly fine - grained siliciclastic sediments forms a transitional zone between the southern shelf succession and the equivalent deep - water basinal deposits of the polkorridoren group to the north [
bioturbation , indicated by mottling , is pervasive throughout much of the transitional buen formation except for the lagerstätte intervals , where the lamination is strongly developed , showing partings at a 3–10 mm scale . a depositional setting on the outer parts of the shelf to upper slope , possibly dominated by suspension fallout material [
] . however , preservation within the sirius passet lagerstätte is variable . mineralised forms such as trilobites , hyolithids and articulated halkieriids preserve much of their relief while even un - mineralised organisms retain a measure of 3 - dimensional form . at certain horizons relief is lost and organisms are preserved as reflective films . the sirius passet fossils are often visually unimpressive when compared to those from chengjiang or the burgess shale . it is characteristic that central regions of many fossils , mainly the body cavity , tend to be best preserved in contrast to the poor definition of body outlines ( e . g .
] . as a result , taphonomic insights gained from other faunas should only be applied with caution to these fossils . this can make comparison of these to more conventionally - preserved taxa difficult . in addition the high metamorphic grade , illustrated by abundant acicular chlorite crystals within the sediments , adds a further dimension to the understanding of a complex set of taphonomic pathways .
the new taxon is large ( some specimens exceed 20 cm in length ) . specimens , as preserved , appear generally robust with good relief and show few wrinkles , and are largely complete although isolated thoracic tergites , limbs and cephalic and pygidial shields are not uncommon . the majority of the specimens appear to have been preserved in situ , with little or no evidence of transport and the wide range of instars confirms the remains of a census population .
] . the slowly decaying carcasses clearly attracted invertebrate communities that both mined and farmed the burrow systems .
initial impressions of the sediments suggest deposition within dysoxic environments ; nevertheless specimens of the new taxon are preserved with a post - mortem , commensal epifauna of small invertebrates . the dark shales within the lagertätte intervals are , however , punctuated by thin partings of coarser sediment , which suggest a periodic freshening of the sediment - water interface and the potential to transport living meiofauna into deeper - water environments where they could profitably engage with the
] and the coarser - grained sediments , the distal products from shelfal storms , subsequently entombed the large arthropods in obrution deposits . the large
clearly thrived in conditions at the sediment - water interface but its preservation was aided by local dysoxic conditions within the sediment and the cover of coarser sediments derived from upslope .
where required , specimens were prepared with a pneumatic chisel . all specimens were cleaned with an ultrasonic bath and coated with colloidal graphite that was applied with an air brush . prior to photography specimens were coated with ammonium chloride . photographs were taken under low - angle light .
the description in general refers to large specimens that represent holaspids ; morphometric change throughout holaspid ontogeny was not studied in detail . the post - antennular limbs are not sufficiently well - known to allow their individual description , although a general understanding of their structure is possible .
repositories : mguh , natural history museum of denmark , copenhagen , denmark ; usnm , national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc .
] . deviating from these works , the term trunk in the following refers to the thorax and pygidium combined , and hypostomal complex to the hypostome and prehypostomal sclerite . abbreviations used in the figures are summarized in table
] under both equal and implied weights . a heuristic search algorithm was employed with 10000 replicates using the ratchet and drift algorithms . searches were carried out both unweighted and with implied weights using concavity constants [
= 1–20 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 30 , 35 , 40 , 50 , 75 , 100 , 150 , 300 , 400 , 500 , 750 , and 1000 . a file including the character matrix and trees obtained under unweighted analysis is included in . nex format within the article’s additional file
the characters are broadly based on those of j . ortega hernández , d . a . legg , and s . j . braddy [
] , but the taxonomic scope has been altered , and a number of character codings changed .
] and therefore is more suitable as part of the analysed in - group . all aglaspidid taxa except
hesselbo , 1992 have been removed since internal aglaspidid relationships are not the focus of the present analysis . the problematic “arachnomorphs”
barrande , 1872 have been removed because of the paucity of information on their morphology . the scope of artiopodan taxa has been extended by
müller , 1983 . the taxa included in the analysis are summarized in the section taxa included in the analysis .
] . the characters are listed below . explanations are given where they have been significantly modified or the scoring differs from that of previous authors .
1 . nature of first cephalic appendage : ( 0 ) limb - like appendage ; ( 1 ) antennae . modified from ortega hernández
] , applies to any appendage that is not a specialised sensorial appendage . this character was coded by ortega hernández
, but has been coded as uncertain for all of these taxa here . no antennulae are preserved in
2 . composition of first cephalic appendage : ( 0 ) 7–15 articles ; ( 1 ) > 15 articles ; ( 2 ) ≤ 7 articles . modified from stein and selden character 19 [
has been removed and the character is here coded as unknown for that taxon . contrary to stein and selden , the character is not coded as state 0 for
; the antennula in the specimen on which that coding was based ( fig . 3 . 1 , 7 . 1 of edgecombe and ramsköld [
3 . armature of first cephalic appendage : ( 0 ) none ; ( 1 ) pair of simple , robust spines medioventrally on each article ; ( 2 ) setae on mediodistal margin of articles ; ( 3 ) single , large , medodistal spine or finger . modified from stein and selden character 21 ; the autapomorphic state for oelandocaris has been removed and the character is coded as unknown for that taxon .
4 . number of articles with fingers in short feeding appendage : ( 0 ) four ; ( 1 ) three ; ( 2 ) two . modified from ortega hernández
, rather than inapplicable because the antennular morphology is not known for these taxa . the character was coded as state 2 for
5 . long spinose projections on distal part of terminal three podomeres of great appendage bearing a flagellum : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . substituted for character 4 of ortega hernández
6 . feeding appendage with elbow joint : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . this is a newly added character based on the recognition of an elbow joint in the great appendage of megacheirans [
7 . number of appendage bearing post - ocular segments incorporated into the head / prosoma : ( 0 ) one ; ( 1 ) four ; ( 2 ) five ; ( 3 ) six ; ( 4 ) seven . modified from character 5 of ortega hernández
has been coded as having four post - ocular segments ( state 1 ) rather than five . figure 11a in the redescription by w . stürmer and j . bergström [
] shows that the fourth appendage posterior to the antennula inserts under the first trunk tergite , the fifth under the second . then there is a gap due to the appendages posteriorly being flipped backward .
are coded as unknown . counts of segments in these taxa seem to rest on the number of specialised appendages , while in other taxa the number of segments carrying unspecialised appendages incorporated into the cephalic shield is counted . in both taxa , the latter count can not be established . the character is coded unknown for
. the character is coded as state 3 ( six segments ) for pycnogonida rather than state 4 ( seven segments ) . it is unknown for
material revealed the presence of gnathobases in the head , though the number cannot be established ( stein in preparation ) . the number is unknown for
8 . exopod on first post - antennular appendage : ( 0 ) present ; ( 1 ) absent . modified from character 6 of ortega hernández
, the second cephalic appendage is a swimming arm . a similar swimming arm occurs in the marrellomorph
9 . exopod on second post - antennular appendage : ( 0 ) present ; ( 1 ) absent . character 7 of ortega hernández
( see comment on previous character ) . the second post - antennular appendage of
carries an exopod independent of whether or not it is incorporated into the head , and it has been coded as state 0 . the second postantennular appendage of
are endopods or exopods , and the character has been coded as unknown for that taxon .
10 . insertion of cephalic exopods : ( 0 ) as in trunk ; ( 1 ) shorter joint . character 31 of stein and selden .
11 . cephalic endopods : ( 0 ) as in trunk limbs ; ( 1 ) first postantennular limb with fewer podomeres or reduced ; ( 2 ) endopod of first postantennular limb heavily reduced or absent , of second postantennular limb considerably more slender than in trunk and fewer podomeres . modified from character 33 of stein & selden . coded as inapplicable for pycnogonida where the second cephalic appendage is the oviger , and eurypterida where all appendages are differentiated .
12 . composition of first and second cephalic exopods : ( 0 ) as in trunk limbs ; ( 1 ) multiarticulate , each article with mediodistal setae or pair of lateral setae . character 34 of stein and selden .
13 . trunk endopods : ( 0 ) absent or reduced ; ( 1 ) present . character 9 of ortega hernández et al . coded inapplicable for pycnogonida where there is no trunk . no postantennular appendages are preserved in liwia , so the character is coded as unknown for that taxon .
14 . exopod structure : ( 0 ) simple oval flap ; ( 1 ) bilobate flap , exopod differentiated into proximal and distal lobes ; ( 2 ) numerous articles ; ( 3 ) book gills . modified from character 10 of ortega hernández
. specifics on setation have been removed from this character . state 3 of ortega hernández
, has been removed since the exopod structure of that taxon is not well known . it is unclear if the most distal lamella as drawn in figure 51 of hou and bergström [
] is a lamella or the distal article of a bilobate exopod . the character has been coded unknown for
, for which details of the exopods are also unknown . it is coded as unknown for
has differentiated exopods in the cephalic appendages , but the exopods of the more serially similar thoracopods and pleopods are best described as simple flaps . similarly , in
are differentiated into proximal and distal lobes , with the proximal lobe carrying the lamellae ( stein in preparation ) . in
, the proximal lobe could be inaccessible and the character is coded as unknown for that taxon . the exopods of
15 . proximal lobe of exopod : ( 0 ) flattened lobe ; ( 1 ) slender shaft . character 11 of ortega hernández et al . coded unknown for burgessia , cheloniellon , and squamacula ( see discussions in previous character ) . tegopelte is coded as state 0 . the proximal lobe of the exopods in sidneyia is also a flattened lobe ( state 0 ) .
16 . distal lobe of exopod : ( 0 ) small to moderate sized flap ; ( 1 ) large , teardrop shaped lobe with long attachment ; ( 2 ) dominant part of appendage , shielding endopod . modified from character 12 of ortega hernández
] are relative to the proximal lobe better characterised by state 1 , cf .
17 . joints in flap - like exopod ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) one ; ( 2 ) two . modified from character 13 of ortega hernández
. the term joint is used rather than septum . the character is coded as unknown for
18 . imbricate exopod lamellae : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 14 of ortega hernández
, lamellae could be present but not preserved , so the character has been coded as unknown for that taxon as well . lamellae are present in
19 . non - overlapping marginal setae : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) small setae ; ( 2 ) long spines . modified from character 16 of ortega hernández
, where preservation of the exopods does not allow assessment of whether the preserved structures are lamellae or setae . unknown also for
( see character 18 ) . pycnogonida do not have exopods , so the character has been coded as inapplicable rather than absent . the large distal lobe of
because of their exopod shape , but in all three taxa , the more posterior appendage have paddle shaped ( oval ) exopods ( see character 14 ) and are here coded . the ‘teeth’ in
20 . insertion of exopod on trunk appendages : ( 0 ) along lateral edge of multiple podomeres of limb axis ; ( 1 ) on basipod and first endopod podomere ; ( 2 ) on basipod only . character 30 of stein and selden .
21 . setae of anterior exopods facing endopods : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . new character . this is present in oelandocaris , henningsmoenicaris , martinssonia , and rehbachiella , where exopod setation is mainly on the median side of the anterior cephalic exopods .
22 . body–limb joint : ( 0 ) short , sclerotized , pivot - jointed rings ; ( 1 ) arthrodial membrane with partially sclerotized half - rings ; ( 2 ) arthrodial membrane . character 23 of stein and selden .
23 . endites on basipod / gnathobase : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) multiple spinose endites ; ( 2 ) single spinose endite . modified from character 24 of stein and selden . here coded as unknown for saperion , as the proximal portions of the appendages of that taxon are not well known .
24 . composition of endopod : ( 0 ) nine or eight podomeres ; ( 1 ) seven podomeres ; ( 2 ) fewer than seven podomeres . modified from character 25 of stein and selden . according to [
consists of only 7 podomeres , but an isolated limb figured by d . l . bruton and h . b . whittington in their figure 105 clearly shows 9 [
25 . median armature of podomeres : ( 0 ) none ; ( 1 ) mediodistal spines or spinules / denticles on all but penultimate and distal podomeres ; ( 2 ) biserial spines or spinose endites along median edge of podomeres 1–4 . character 27 of stein and selden .
26 . proximal endite or coxa as separate sclerotized element proximal to limb base in cephalic appendages ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . new character , derived from the analysis of j . t . haug , a . maas , and d . waloszek ( there coded individually for appendages and ontogenetic stages , characters 6 , 7 , 13 , 14 , 20 , 21 ) [
] . here , only the appearance of a proximal endite on any limb is coded .
27 . position of lateral eyes : ( 0 ) ventral ; ( 1 ) dorsal . modified from character 18 of ortega hernández
. , coded as state 0 where eyes are not dorsal , even if they are not preserved . an exception is
, where eyes are not preserved , but ophthalmic ridges indicate a dorsal position . for
] could be the large , dorsoventrally extending gnathobases of the anterior trunk appendages superimposed on the head shield in the radiographs . the character is coded here as unknown for that taxon . it is coded unknown for
, where position and preservation of the eyes is unclear . by comparison with the position and structure of the eyes in
28 . visual surface with calcified lenses , bounded with circumocular suture : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 21 of ortega hernández et al .
29 . dorsal bulge in exoskeleton accommodating drop - shaped ventral eyes : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 22 of ortega hernández
appear to be in sharply defined bulges ( e . g . figure 5 in [
] ) and could be compactional artefacts . the character is coded as unknown for that taxon .
30 . eye slits : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 23 of ortega hernández
] , but the evidence is inconclusive and the character is here coded as unknown for that taxon .
31 . dorsal median eyes : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 24 of ortega hernández et al .
32 . bilobate lateral eyes where four visual surfaces are arranged in a subtransverse band across head shield : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . modified from character 9 of edgecombe
33 . expanded cephalic doublure : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) concentric ; ( 2 ) crescentic . modified from character 27 of ortega hernández
] ) is correct , the taxon can not have an expanded doublure , since the structure extends all the way to the very margin . accordingly , the character is coded as state 0 for this taxon . the character is also coded as unknown for
, this is an artefact of folding under of the anterior margin of the cephalon ( stein in preparation ) .
34 . anteromedian margin of cephalon notched , accommodating strongly sclerotised plate : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 28 of ortega hernández et al .
35 . hypostomal sclerite : ( 0 ) wide attachment with or without suture ; ( 1 ) natant ; ( 2 ) with narrow overlap with prehypostomal sclerite ; ( 3 ) absent . modified from character 29 of ortega hernández
. ; their states 0 and 3 have been merged . the character is coded unknown for
] ) where the mode of attachment can not be confirmed in the available photographs . it is also coded unknown for
where the presence and state of the hypostome are entirely unclear . the same is true for
] ) which represents the hypostome , and the attachment has to be natant because of the eyes between the hypostome and the anterior margin of the cephalon . the same is true for
the hypostome is subsumed by the labrum , but the whole hypostome - labrum complex is natant .
36 . hypostome divided into anterior and posterior parts by transverse suture : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 13 of paterson
37 . labrum : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 1 of haug
38 . prehypostomal sclerite : ( 0 ) as individual sclerite anterior to head tergite or recessed in notch in head shield ; ( 1 ) incorporated in doublure as rostral plate or reduced . character 5 of stein and selden , substituted for character 30 of ortega hernández
39 . frontal organs on prehypostomal sclerite : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 11 of [
] are homologous to the bulges in nektaspids as they differ in preservation , which is more like that of internal structures preserved more posteriorly in usnm 83952 . the character is here coded as absent for
40 . visible ecdysial dorsal sutures : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 31 of ortega hernández et al .
41 . position of ecdysial sutures : ( 0 ) marginal ; ( 1 ) dorsal . character 32 of ortega hernández et al .
42 . elevated marginal rim : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 33 ortega hernández et al . there is no elevated marginal rim in kwanyinaspis , contrary to the coding of ortega hernández et al .
43 . distinct trilobation of head shield , marked by axial furrows : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 6 of stein and selden . this is unclear for siriocaris and coded unknown for the taxon .
44 . dorsal expression of last segment of head shield : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 7 of stein and selden .
46 . mineralized cuticle : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) calcitic ; ( 2 ) phosphatic . modified from character 40 of ortega hernández
47 . trunk tergites with expanded tergopleurae covering appendages dorsally : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 41 of ortega hernández et al . ( cf pars character 10 of stein and selden ) . coded inapplicable for pycnogonida which does not have a trunk .
48 . free thoracic tergites : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 42 of ortega hernández et al . coded inapplicable for pycnogonida which does not have a trunk .
49 . decoupling of thoracic tergites and segments : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 43 of ortega hernández et al . coded inapplicable for pycnogonida which does not have a trunk .
50 . tergite articulations : ( 0 ) tergites non - overlapping , edges separated by arthrodial membrane ; ( 1 ) extensive overlap of tergites ; ( 2 ) edge - to - edge pleural articulations . character 44 of ortega hernández
, where preservation of the minute specimens is too coarse to discern tergite articulations . articulations are equally unknown for
, too , has edge to edge articulating tergopleurae ( pl . 1 : 3 in [
, where articulations are clearly visible and are edge to edge ( figure 16 . 54 in [
51 . cephalic articulation fused : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 46 of ortega hernández
] but coded it as absent , which is probably correct . coded inapplicable for pycnogonida which does not have a trunk .
52 . head shield overlap of thoracic tergites : ( 0 ) overlap absent or identical to overlap between thoracic segments ; ( 1 ) head shield covers first thoracic tergite only ; ( 2 ) head shield covers multiple anterior trunk tergites . character 47 of ortega hernández
and can be coded . coded inapplicable for pycnogonida which does not have a trunk .
53 . trunk narrowed anteriorly relative to head shield , widest posteriorly : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . character 49 of ortega hernández et al . coded inapplicable for pycnogonida which does not have a trunk .
54 . raised axial region of trunk defined by axial furrows : ( 0 ) absent ; ( 1 ) present . modified from character 54 of ortega hernández
. ( cf pars character 10 of stein and selden ) . the character has been coded absent for
55 . articulating device : ( 0 ) articulating half - ring and flanges ; ( 1 ) articulating ridge / anterior process ; ( 2 ) no skeletal device . modified from character 55 of ortega hernández
, and the pycnogonids . the character is coded inapplicable for taxa without free tergites (
) . coded inapplicable for pycnogonida which does not have a trunk with articulating tergites .
56 . postcephalic tagmosis : ( 0 ) uniform trunk with free tergites and telson or pygidium ; ( 1 ) bipartite trunk with free tergites and telson , segments in abdomen apodous , tergites ring - shaped , without tergopleurae . modified from character 2 of stein and selden . the pygidium is here defined as a uniform shield formed by the ankylosed posterior tergites , and not considered a true tagma [
are not considered to have an abdomen . tergopleurae are present , though posterior limbs are never known . this is unclear for


be my native ( foaled 16 february 1979 ) was an american-bred , british-trained thoroughbred racehorse and sire .

as a two-year-old he won one minor race but established himself as a potentially top class horse by finishing second in the dewhurst stakes .

in the following year he won the prix la force but produced his most notable performance when finishing runner-up in the second running of the arlington million .

he recorded his biggest career win as a four-year-old when he won the coronation cup .

apart from the aforementioned races he was placed in the sandown classic trial , dante stakes , la coupe de maisons-laffitte and hardwicke stakes .

after his retirement from racing he became a very successful sire of national hunt horses .

be my native

i can give detailed information about my family , my house , and my community .
i can carry out any job assignment as effectively as if in my native language .
if you’ve read my last piece about react native , you might be aware that i’ve made some bold statements about the platform . i dipped my feet in react native last time but didn’t really write a finished product .
my mom met my step - dad , bob hinz , around 1967 while we were still living in mooseheart . my mom had an
atus after marrying non - native men . it also officially recognized the indian status of the first generation children of those marriages , which would be my dad and all my uncles and aunts .
my native delivers exceptional travel experiences to individuals , families , couples , and groups of friends . focused on providing a truly unique and bespoke holiday , my native’s destination information is always current , insightful and personal .
in professional discussions , my vocabulary is extensive and precise enough to enable me to convey my exact meaning .
hi all . since this is my first essay and i am not an english native speaker , i would really appreciate if you could help me assessing my text .
my pronunciation is typically consistent with that of well - educated , highly articulate native speakers of a standard dialect .
although , react native touts native modules support , if you go by the facebook’s recommended way of creating a new react native ( rn ) project , you’ll end up creating a new project using create - react - native - app command .
following are some of the things i learnt about building a react native app , the create - react - native - app way .
among the top - class horses cherry - downes bought were coronation cup winner be my native and mattaboy and cajun , who won back - toback runnings of the middle p ark stakes in 1980 and 1981 .
be my native was one of the top national hunt sires - he sired many top steeplechasers and point to pointers such as shotgun willy , . sir oj and rhinstone cowboy . certainly a very famous sire .
i am able to adjust my speech to suit my audience , whether i am talking to university professors , close friends , employees , or others .
i find it easy to follow and contribute to a conversation among native speakers .
i can describe my present or most recent job or activity in some detail .
so the chrome browser is my app a , which will invoke my app b which opens up a half page intent . while showing app a in the background .
my language proficiency is functionally equivalent to that of a highly articulate well - educated native speaker and reflects the cultural standards of a country where the language is natively spoken .
my mom and dad had five children by the time they were 23 years old .
the high score–error correlation of dope suggests a relatively useful description of the non - native portion of the free energy surface . as a result , we expect dope to be more suitable than the alternative scoring functions for refining non - native structures as well as for selecting the most accurate model among a set of decoys without the native structure .
i can speak to a group of educated native speakers on a professional subject and be sure i am communicating what i want to , without obviously irritating them linguistically .
identification of the non - native structure closest to the native structure among a set of decoys is generally significantly more difficult than identification of the native structure . even the actual free energy function would generally not succeed if the best model were far enough from the native state . yet , it is this more difficult task that needs to be performed in realistic model assessments where the native structure is not available . therefore , to further test the practical utility of dope , we assess each of the 300 models of the 20 targets in the
for my app i needed a lot of components that don’t immediately ship with react native . luckily , the react native community is great and there are a lot of custom components on github / npm . this is a huge plus of react native - if something doesn’t exist , you can just build it yourself and bridge it to use within javascript , because you have native access to android / ios . here are some custom components i ended up using :
though they seem to be bad detecting iberian / spanish / portuguese , so they raised my west and central european really high , raised my scandinavian just a tad bit ; though not much different compared to ancestrydna and lowered my british isle dna a lot . still wondering why they gave me southeast asian when i when i didn ' t get that on ancestry and now other dna seems to be missing as well . : /
psss ! you will need to download an app to run my experience on your device .
background buzz / noise when connected to my p . a . system | ni community forum
ed and doris had fourteen children including my father walter richard fortier , the second oldest .
i can produce speech with some organization on familiar topics that extend beyond my daily routine .
my vocabulary is extensive and precise , allowing me to consistently convey complex ideas and details .
for native - bred three - year - old colts and geldings ( foals of 2014 ) .
my mom is about 16 or 17 in the photo above , far left , taken in beardmore , ont . my oldest brother richard was born soon afterward . he is pictured above far right in our dad ' s lap . they were still living in beardmore , ont at this time . richard and robert were born in beardmore . then my parents moved to nipigon and that ' s where my sister debbie , and my brother david and i were born .
dna was never to replace genealogy . it is to be used with genealogy . the more northern european you have the less native american you will show due to ancient shared ancestry as well as the lack of north american indian samples . yet , i have triangulated with a cousin who is from yankton sioux reservation . i know it ' s more than 2 % native and 2 % west african through the genealogy and hopefully the tests will get better in the future . one of my grandmothers is c1b . my daughter is 13 % native through her mom and b12 .
in the photo above far right is the only picture i have of my uncle
butch
in his early twenties , taken before he ran away from home after my grandma doris died .
other highly requested features : you can see a lot more requested react - native features and bug fixes on productpains , if you want to get an overview of the current state of react - native .
this year’s 1000 and 2000 guineas classics are set to be extremely competitive and exciting .
with a large métis / ojibway family in ontario , including twelve aunts and uncles , my great aunt mary lees ( nee michano ) , my great uncle bob michano , many first cousins ; and many second cousins - i maintain strong family ties to my métis / ojibway heritage and culture . download the
this ,
said riggins ,
isn ' t the way to win my friendship .
trump ' s team requested over the weekend that the case be delayed while their client organizes the white house transition , claiming he cannot afford to be distracted by the case .
svg drawing library : there is the great react - native - svg library that ended up working flawlessly and i could build my charts with d3 . js . being able to use libraries you are already familiar with from web development is another point why being able to use javascript for react native is so powerful .
with a contribution of $ 2 . 5m to be divided equally to both guineas races .
' diana would be ashamed ' : meghan ' s bitter half - sister . . .
terraton was given little rest out in front and she had to be good to win .
i looked back on my career and it seemed to have followed a pattern ,
he says .
every time i was told exactly what i was supposed to be doing and what the order of things should be—the coach is the dl , you ' re the recruit who has to march in step ) —it blew up in my face . the other way , when i tried to do things my way , it seemed to work out better . when i first went to washington i was supposed to be a big , tough guy coming from new york , but i was actually a little mouse down there . i was trying to make everyone happy instead of doing it my way .
popup menu : this one actually exists in react - native but is not documented , see this post here .
bauer , a . and beyer , a . 1994 . an improved pair potential to recognize native protein folds .
sign up for the cd baby newsletter your email address will not be sold for any reason .
a 15 minute programme on trotting will be broadcast from 3zb starting this friday at 8 . 45pm . this new innovation is sponsored by addington raceway , and will be conducted by ron finlay .
a i mentioned above , my mom ' s parents moved with her to beardmore when my mom was about twelve years old . my grandfather , whom we called popo , worked as a logger and had come to ontario seeking work . my mom met my dad while they were going to high school . i have been told that my dad was a very handsome young man and that all the girls in the small town liked him . of course my mom had that heavy french accent working for her , so perhaps that ' s what drew him towards her . whatever the attraction , it was mutual and the courtship began . my mom and dad were married on june 1 , 1957 in beardmore , ont . they were only eighteen years - old at the time , so just out of high school i suppose . uncle russell was his best man , and russell ' s wife diane was my mom ' s maid of honor . my great - grandmother agnes baked the wedding cake . when we visited beardmore during our 30 - year family reunion in 1994 the church they were married in was still standing .
be my native ( usa ) dkb / br . h , 1979 { 5 - j } dp = 8 - 4 - 12 - 0 - 0 ( 24 ) di = 3 . 00 cd = 0 . 83 - 21 starts , 3 wins , 6 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 381 , 481
qiu , j . and elber , r . 2005 . atomically detailed potentials to recognize native and approximate protein structures .
it was deep run who changed the ground rules . he and vulgan both stood for 17 seasons ; vulgan covered 775 mares during his career , and deep run 2 , 226 . today ' s young irish pretenders , stallions such as be my native , phardante and supreme leader , are covering upwards of 200 mares a year .
this was my first app created with react native and the first bigger project i used redux with and in this post i ‘ll talk about what i would do different if i were to start all over again . if you only read the documentation of a framework , you cannot judge whether it ‘ll be actually good for production , as there will always be unforeseen obstacles , like missing components , no access to * * system timers * * , and other things you didn’t think about . therefore , i’ll talk about my experiences now after having created a full app with react native and show some of the obstacles i encountered along the way with their solutions .
however , while bill c - 31 could repair the legal status of native women and their children , it could not address the psychological and cultural damage that occured when entire families of native children were raised outside their indian communities in small , neighboring white towns where they often hid their native identity in order to
fit in
as much as possible .
java . lang . outofmemoryerror : failed to allocate a 6058404 byte allocation with 3950232 free bytes and 3mb until oom at dalvik . system . vmruntime . newnonmovablearray ( native method ) at android . graphics . bitmap . nativecreate ( native method )
genealogy . my families green / griffin , married and migrated with the sizemore family who are y - dna native american q . admixture did indeed happen , it ' s just not your
cherryokee
ancestry , and that should be explored as i have found more records to powahatan / anglo intermarriage and not just pocahantas but also bass family ( also show related ) that intermarried with native americans . my mowrey family was on dawes application # 3414 braggs , oklahoma . we know we have admixture , but we will not know the full extent until full genome becomes available .
the workflow in react native is really nice , no doubt . the hot - reloading makes it incredibly easy to test changes and this amount of developer satisfaction is not even possible by building native android apps . the only issue i had were the constant eperm lstat file access errors i got when trying to compile with react - native run - android under windows .
in general , the failures in picking the native structure may be caused by a number different factors , which will be discussed in the following four sections . the first of these factors is the incompleteness of the assessed model . for example , the native interface between two domains in a single protein may be needed for its stability . in such a case , it is conceivable that neither a physics - based energy function nor a statistical potential will score the native state of an isolated domain correctly . there is not much that can be done about this problem , other than striving to assess biologically stable units of structure . a possible example of such a failure is 1b0n - b , whose crystal structure indicates that the stable unit is a dimer , not a monomer .
1963 . it is one of the last photos i have of my dad before he died a few months later .
( left ) my great grandmother agnes michano ( nee finlayson ) , son raymond , and her husband robert michano sr .
i can prepare and give a lecture at a professional meeting about my area of specialization and debate complex aspects with others .
i feel like in this area react - native , or rather the advertisement platforms , are lacking a lot and don’t recognize the huge opportunity here . right now , there is only react - native - admob which i use to show a small ad - banner at the bottom of the app . it shouldn’t be too hard for other ad providers to release an official react - native module - i’m sure a lot of people would try it as there is just no competition right now .
, d / o alphonse bigaouette and alice larue of quebec ( pictured above right in beardmore in 1956 ) . my mom was born in st . padoue , quebec and was raised on the gaspé peninsula and elsewhere near quebec city and montreal . we used to call my maternal grandparents
momo
and
popo
. my mom ' s first language was french . she had one sibling , an older sister named laurette , who died when my mom was only nine years old . my mom moved with her parents to ontario when she was about twelve years old . they ended up in beardmore , ont .
my mom told me that life in nipigon was so boring that my dad joined the local moose lodge because they had a dance every friday night and that was one of the town ' s highlights in terms of social activities . by this time my mom ' s mom and dad had moved back to montreal and my mom ' s english had improved quite a bit . ontario was her new home and she was raising her young family there . she had friends from going to high school in beardmore , and of course my dad had a large circle of friends in nipigon and a very large family as well . my mom was like a sister to my dad ' s older siblings , especially his sisters joan and linda . my mom was also very close to doris , and i remember growing up later , when she would show me pictures of doris she always told me how generous and kind she was to her . the color photo above far left is a real gem , it ' s one of the few color photos that we still have of my family when we were still living in nipigon . that ' s richard , debbie , robert , and david in my mom ' s arms , i wasn ' t born yet so this is probably late 1961 or early 1962 . the photo above far right of my mom and dad was taken in june
all in all , i really enjoyed developing the app in react native , because i could implement everything i wanted in javascript and even did some minor adjustments in the java code of some community modules without prior experience of the android app ecosystem . furthermore , you even get to strengthen your redux and react knowledge for your future web development projects , which is the beauty of being able to use already existing javascript frameworks . i’ll definitely use react native for my next app again - i can develop faster without the need to learn the android api and , as the community grows , there will be more and more native modules available . if there isn’t , i ‘ll look up how to do it in android and create it myself , which i would have to do anyway if i were a native android developer . so i don’t see a reason not to use react native .
there is react - native - billing for android , but i haven’t personally tested it . it’s probably hard to get an in - app purchase module working for both android and apple , but i’d love to see it in a future react - native update .
i did ; but part of my family is hispanic of mexican and southwest / new mexican descent , so i expected that .
my dad died on september 27 , 1963 . i turned a year old that day , but obviously there wasn ' t a lot of celebrating that milestone . when we visited nipigon during our 30 - year family reunion back in 1994 one of my uncles , mickey , drove me out on the cameron falls road about twenty minutes from nipigon to show me the area where my father was working
the use of a native american discrimination citation may raise eyebrows since trump himself has come under fire for racially discriminatory comments in the case .
i feel confident that when i talk with native speakers on topics such as those mentioned above , they understand me most of the time .
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revealed : the four warning signs you could be heading for divorce - including critcising your partner ' s . . .
foreword : this list talks about the “unpleasant” things i encountered with react native while not mentioning a lot of the great things about it , like the fast testing with hot - reloading , allowing to write es6 javascript instead of java , and a lot of the things you can already do with only the core of react native . in fact , i’m pretty sure if i got into native android programing ( i have had no experience with it ) and wrote the same blog post from that perspective , the list would be much longer .
below left is a picture of me with my brothers rich and robert in mooseheart . my mom was comforted by the fact that there were several young widows with lots of children of their own from canada who had moved to mooseheart before us , the fowlers and the cox families
my mom ' s parents , our
momo
and
popo
came to visit , see the picture below on the right .
in this post , i’ll quickly walk through how to add deep linking to a react native app for both ios and android using react navigation .
if your app does not do anything complex with ios / android apis , the project you built using create - react - native - app will be sufficient enough and you don’t need to install any of the recommended ide and their corresponding heavy tooling on your system .
grandpa fortier was a skilled carpenter his whole life and worked well into his seventies . but life was very difficult for ed and doris . work was hard to come by , and grandpa was often unemployed and the family was very poor . in addition , back then it was federal indian policy that when a native woman married a non - native man , she lost her official indian status and could no longer live on the reserve or apply for any aid services through her band . so while her mom and siblings and many cousins still lived on the reserve , doris and millions of native women across canada who married non - native men , became outcasts from their own indian communities . federal law in canada did not address this injustice until the indian act was amended in 1985 after years of advocacy work led by native women who had themselves married non - native men .
i was born in 1962 in nipigon , ontario , canada and moved to the united states with my mother and four older siblings shortly after my father passed away in 1963 . i am french canadian on my mother ' s side and primarily french canadian / ojibway on my father ' s side . i am also scottish on my father ' s side if i go back six generations . i am an enrolled tribal member with the pic river ojibway first nation in ontario , canada . i grew up in the chicago suburb of wheaton after spending about 3 years in mooseheart , the orphanage run by the moose lodge which sponsored our visas after our father died . i moved to northern california when i was nineteen to complete my college education . i attended san francisco state university , obtaining a ba in radio television arts . in 1986 i began my career as a lighting director and cameraman . i am married with one son , james walter , and two stepsons , mike and russ .
that was the focus from the very beginning—sports ,
john says .
my dad had been a fullback at wichita state in the ' 30s . sports were always very big in our family . and i was always very dependent on my dad . i don ' t know whether it was more fear or respect—he could be very strict—but out there in kansas there was nothing else to relate to .
please also note , questions about the status of an order should always be directly sent to our order support team here .
' he was my son ! ' devastated father sobs as he is detained by police moments after his two - year - old . . .
but soon we were moving out of mooseheart , and once my step - dad came back from vietnam we moved into a small house in wheaton , about twenty minutes east of mooseheart , a suburb of chicago , and that is where i grew up . not long after that my mom
park , b . and levitt , m . 1996 . energy functions that discriminate x - ray and near native folds from well - constructed decoys .
the joint pdf may in principle be improved beyond the superposition approximation by iteratively modifying the individual terms so as to maximize the discrimination between the native and non - native structures ( thomas and dill 1996a ) . although this approach has been applied successfully to a contact statistical potential , it is less likely to work well for the larger parameter space of an atomic distance - dependent statistical potential , such as the one developed here .
to determine if you are eligible for membership in a federally recognized tribe , contact the tribe , or tribes , you claim ancestry from . it is the individual tribes who set tribal enrollment requirements . additional information on tracing american indian or alaska native ancestry can be found below :
more so than any other holiday , honeymoons should be unique and personal . you will have your own idea of exactly how you ' d like it to be . we ' d like to make sure that every detail is taken care of . . .
so besides the missing iberian , jewish and eastern european i get with all my other tests and inflated west and central european and deflated british isles ( my mom mostly comes from english , welsh , etc . . . descent . i did expect a bit of german and dutch though ; but wasn ' t very high on other tests like it is here ) ; most can be explained for me at least i suppose .
one year , i think it was 79 , the redskins had a weight incentive thing for me ,
riggins says .
something like 235 . kind of insulting , isn ' t it ? the whole point is , if i ain ' t any good they ' re going to fire me anyway , whether i do it their way or my way , so why not let me do it my way and take my chances ?
second , for each atom type pair ( m , n ) in the sample native structure , the pair pdf is calculated using equation 2 and 3 .
in the future , further improvements and generalizations of dope will be facilitated by its rigorous statistical formulation , with clear assumptions and approximations , free of adjustable parameters . ongoing work includes a comparison between statistical and physics - based potentials , which may result in a combined function with better accuracy in non - native regions , adapting the potential for maximum accuracy with small proteins , generalization of statistical potentials to multibody forms with a rigorous reference state , and inclusion of information about sequences that do not fold into a given native structure as well as conformations that are not the native structure for a given sequence .
sports illustrated may receive compensation for some links to products and services on this website . offers may be subject to change without notice .
we now estimate the pair pdf for all atom pairs ( i , j ) , using a single sample native structure . a structure is defined by internal coordinates that are invariant with respect to translation and rotation . thus , the interparticle distance r between and is the most relevant internal coordinate for a pair of atoms . consequently , the distribution that can be estimated directly from a sample native structure is the distance pdf for a pair of atom types :
now , this historically accessible portion of the black river is once again available to lake ontario salmonids , and restoration of the native atlantic salmon is being explored .
this actually creates an expo project which is 100 % js and does not support loading native modules in your ios or android apps . though you can always eject .
the react - native packager also runs faster , in - case of loading the app on iphone . i don’t know why is that but that’s what i’ve discovered .
huang , e . s . , subbiah , s . , and levitt , m . 1995 . recognizing native folds by the arrangements of hydrophobic and polar residues .
kokanee may be caught by anglers using small spinners , spoons , and even artificial flies , but one of the most effective methods is to fish with a piece of worm baited on a small hook . a spinner or other attractor should be attached above the worm and hook .
trump ' s attorneys are also demanding to be given all of the questions asked of candidates during the selection process . during a hearing this month , the judge informed the parties that a panel of 100 prospective jurors would be prepared to serve on a jury for four weeks .
live telecasts of races will be inaugurated at the nz metropolitan tc ' s day meeting on saturday when the nzbc will film three races .
the only dead - heat in the history of the coronation cup occurred in 1937 , when cecil and his grace could not be split .
' i ' ve not seen my mother since i was three . i do not know anything about her , but i would like to . . . '
( second from left ) circa 1927 , visiting the michanos and desmoulins at pic river . third child from left is my great aunt ethel benoit nee michano .
my family gets trace amounts of south central africa , oceania and south america ( as well as west middle east , but my father shows 3 % ) if referring to these groups showing up as trace amounts , they are more then likely false / background noise , they are just shown in new version due to many customers requesting it . has disclaimer of
a trace percentage indicates a very small amount of shared dna in common with the coresponding population . in some cases this minor percentage could be attributed to background noise .
in my case all trace amounts except for maybe west middle east are just background noise .
where index s runs over all sample native structures . this averaging procedure is based on the presumed independence of the pair pdf from the protein size , as rationalized above .
buchete , n . v . , straub , j . e . , and thirumalai , d . 2004b . orientational potentials extracted from protein structures improve native fold recognition .
keasar , c . and levitt , m . 2003 . a novel approach to decoy set generation : designing a physical energy function having local minima with native structure characteristics .
vendruscolo , m . , najmanovich , r . , and domany , e . 2000 . can a pairwise contact potential stabilize native protein folds against decoys obtained by threading ?
this time , i really went in and actually wrote a fully working calculator app , test it on my iphone and androids and deployed it . try it here .
the then - republican candidate declared in june that the case judge , gonzalo curiel , could not be impartial because he is ' hispanic ' .
i remember going to a basketball game in manhattan , kansas with my family when i was nine or so , the midwest regional finals with cincinnati and the big o . i got up from my seat and went to look at something , and when i came back they were gone . i thought it was the end of the line ; tears were rolling down my cheeks . i thought i ' d been abandoned . i was scared . finally i went to one of the guards and they paged my dad and he came and got me . it was in the middle of manhattan , kansas , but it could have been manhattan , new york .
broad is my native land will not only be an indispensable read within the field of russian , east european and eurasian history , it will also be of great value to scholars outside the field who are interested in the causes , effects and experiences of human mobility . the book opens up new and exciting avenues of research , which could , for example , connect migration studies more closely to discussions on everyday subjectivity and identity - formation in the soviet union , or link them to debates on how space and the natural environment influence the human experience—and how individuals in turn transform abstract space into a place inherent with values .
another difficulty is the assessment of structures determined by nmr spectroscopy . for example , neither dope nor dfire is able to identify the native structure of 2pna in the moulder decoy set . initially , the 2pna native structure was arbitrarily chosen to correspond to the first of the 22 separately listed structures in the 2pna pdb file . to elaborate , we also assessed all 22 native structures in the pdb file ; the corresponding dope scores ranged from −8997 to −9391 . however , even the best scoring native structure does not score better than some of the decoys , although the rank does improves from 103 to 81 for the first and best scoring native structures , respectively . the apparent decrease of dope ' s ability to identify native nmr structures compared to x - ray structures is presumably a consequence of both the derivation of dope from x - ray structures and the inherent relative inaccuracy of the nmr structures compared to x - ray structures . it is conceivable that a dope - like score derived exclusively from the nmr structures will perform better than the current dope .
there could also be better error descriptions , a lot of times i felt like the error message had nothing to do with where the actual error is located in my code . i had some memory leakage issues when testing my charts in a viewpagerandroid while hot reloading the app in dev mode . the app just crashed due to a memory issue . this didn’t happen in the release build yet , so to me it looks like some resources are not being released while hot - reloading ?
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
i didn ' t know who i was or where i was half the time ,
riggins says .
i ' d wake up asking myself , ' why the hell am i doing this ? ' everyone who had long hair in those days was either a hippie or a war protester . i didn ' t see myself that way . so i shaved my head and grew a mohawk . i was staking out my own territory , letting everyone around me know i was making my own decisions .
thanks for the reply . but my issue was to create the effect of showing app a ( the other app ) behind app b ( my app ) when it is opened using deep linking or universal linking . in short i want to create the effect shown in the sample image . sorry if it was unclear in the initial question . thanks
all the target native structures in all decoy sets were determined by x - ray crystallography , except for 1bba in lmds and 2pna in moulder , which were determined by nmr spectroscopy .
kocher , j . , rooman , m . , and wodak , s . 1994 . factors influencing the ability of knowledge - based potentials to identify native sequence - structure matches .
@ mrbarde currenlty working on another project not related to this issue , i will roll up my sleeves and start working on this as soon as i finish with current project .
i would like to ask if you could add my fork as a dependency to your project and test if everything is working correctly . post your findings in the pull request .
' i ' ve not seen my mother since i was three . i do not know anything about her , but i would like to . . . ' | the independent
i can use the language to speculate at length about abstract topics such as how some change in history or the course of human events would have affected my life or civilization .
push notifications on android : i really think this one should be in the react native core . there is already an api for ios , but not for android . i used local notifications for the rest timer in my app , as these work even when the app is not in the foreground or when the device is sleeping . there is a library react - native - system - notification which i forked , because some things were not yet implemented that were important to me : working led lights on notifications and custom vibrate patterns . the alarm timer also has a bug feature since android . kitkat that makes the scheduled notifications fire off later instead of exact in trade for better battery consumption .
derby runner - up daliapour also proved to be a top quality international performer winning the coronation cup in 2000 before hong kong vase success at sha tin .
background timer : it would be nice to have a general background timer in the react - native core that calls a callback after some time and still runs when your app is not in the foreground ( settimeout and similar don’t ) . i only needed this functionality for the notifications , so i didn’t end up using any other library here .
as precedent for their request , trump ' s attorneys cited a 1982 montana case when plaintiffs argued - unsuccessfully - that the procedure used to select the jury panel discriminated against native americans .
gatchell , d . w . , dennis , s . , and vajda , s . 2000 . discrimination of near - native protein structures from misfolded models by empirical free energy functions .
prediction of the native structure of a protein would be enabled by expressing our knowledge of any kind as a scoring function whose global optimum corresponds to the native structure . one such function is a joint probability density function of the cartesian coordinates of the protein atoms , given available information i about the system , , where n is the number of atoms in the protein and are the cartesian coordinates of atom i . for each atom in a given protein , the joint pdf p gives the probability density that the atom i of the native structure is positioned very close to , given the information i we wish to consider in the calculation . in general , information i may include the sequence of the protein , a molecular mechanics force field , experimental structural information , a sample of known native structures , and an alignment of the sequence to a related known protein structure . for example , when information i reflects only the sequence and the laws of physics under the conditions of the canonical ensemble , the joint pdf corresponds to the boltzmann distribution . if i also includes a crystallographic data set sufficient to define the native structure precisely , the joint pdf is a dirac delta function centered on the native atomic coordinates . for simplicity , we omit i from notation in the rest of the paper .
so , there you go guys . in - case you have more questions , feel free to leave a comment on this post , i’ll try my level best to answer that .
anyway , toward the end of my first season , i started going back to doing that play my old way , starting slower to let the play develop , breaking it wider , and i had success . the next year some of the assistant coaches wanted me to go back to their approach , i said , ' look at the films , you ' ll see it worked better my way . ' they said , ' o . k . , but don ' t tell george . ' everyone was so afraid of george .
the 2016 renewal has been renamed to commemorate the 90th year of her majesty the queen and will be contested under the name the queen elizabeth ii coronation cup .
and yes ! you can also use your own keystore or distribution certificate while building the native apps . in case you have no idea what those are , expo can handle that for you .
hirst v . gertzen was launched after clayton hirst , a member of the blackfeet native american tribe , was found hanged by his belt in a county jail cell in cut bank , montana .
betancourt , m . r . and thirumalai , d . 1999 . pair potentials for protein folding : choice of reference states and sensitivity of predicted native states to variations in the interaction schemes .
casari , g . and sippl , m . j . 1992 . structure - derived hydrophobic potential—hydrophobic potential derived from x - ray structures of globular - proteins is able to identify native folds .
it has taken a fair bit of time , and research , and effort , but i am very pleased to announce that my application onto the lbs sloan msc has been . . .
order now and we ' ll ship when it ' s back in stock , or enter your email below to be notified when it ' s back in stock .
anthony bourdain leaves majority of his $ 1 . 2m estate - which was rumored to be worth at least $ 16m - to 11 - year - old daughter ariane
undoubtedly this scheme will not only be to the advantage of clubs within canterbury , but it should stimulate interest of a more extensive scale in trotting throughout the dominion .
russell ' s son . i have been told that butch was a lot like granda fortier - stuborn , and hot - headed . sounds like my brother bob and looks like him too .
my image of pro football from the guys i played with as a rookie ,
riggins says ,
was that you needed a hangover on sunday to play in the nfl .
in the time of the seventh fire new people will emerge . they will retrace their steps to find what was left by the trail . their steps will take them to the elders who they will ask to guide them on their journey . but many of the elders will have fallen asleep . they will awaken to this new time with nothing to offer . some of the elders will be silent because no one will ask anything of them . the new people will have to be careful in how they approach the elders . the task of the new people will not be easy .
if the new people will remain strong in their quest the water drum of the midewiwin lodge will again sound its voice . there will be a rebirth of the anishinabe nation and a rekindling of old flames . the sacred fire will again be lit .
sippl , m . j . and weitckus , s . 1992 . detection of native - like models for amino acid sequences of unknown three - dimensional structure in a data base of known protein conformations .
it might be helpful if ftdna provided some more precise explanation instead of the vague term
background noise
, which i don ' t think is likely to have the same meaning for everyone . i think the concept they ' re going for is that there is some inherent level of statistical uncertainty in the results , and that percentages below some threshold value ( which should be different for each reference group ) have been found ( how exactly ? ) not to rise to the level of statistical
significance
( a term which also needs to be explained ) . true , the whole exercise could be so rough that uncertainties expressed in percentages would give the false impression that there was more precision in the results than is actually warranted , but i think we still need some meaningful language that explains what level of uncertainty ftdna believes to be present .
in the photo above left is my grandmother doris , my oldest uncle russell fortier , and my great - grandmother agnes . this was taken at mom and dad ' s wedding in june , 1957 . in the photo above center , are from left to right front row : 1 . great uncle bob michano jr . , 2 . uncle ron fortier , 3 . grandpa ed fortier , 4 . uncle arthur
butch
fortier . next row sitting : 1 . great grandmother agnes michano , nee finlayson , 2 . grandma doris fortier , nee michano . back row standing : 1 . great uncle raymond michano , 2 . my father walter fortier , 3 . uncle michael
mickey
fortier , 4 . julia michano ( raymond ' s wife , mother of doreen , sharon , carol , gloria , lorraine , raymond jr , and ken michano ) , 5 . aunt joan millman , nee fortier , and last but not least , 6 . my mom henriette fortier , nee
riggins had a year remaining on his contract , and he told the redskins that the following year he wanted his salary to be increased to $ 500 , 000 , guaranteed . he describes it as
negotiating my option year a year early .
the skins called it
renegotiation .
at any rate , it led to his quitting football for the 1980 season .
this cd has been produced to give players of the native american flute several songs to which they may add their personal music . as a player of the native american flute , i have found it difficult to find such material . no flute player should be without it ! ! ! ! ! this cd can also be used for relaxation and meditation . . . these songs have been composed , arranged , and produced by jeff perry , teacher at the berklee college of music . [ www . jeff - perry . com ] the flute keys are a , d , e , f # , and g . . . they are the background to my personal cd - - - sounds from my soul . . may these bring you enjoyment and happy fluting . . . . . . . . . [ carl perry ] reviews : . . . i bought your
background music
cd and it exceeded my expectations . in additin to that , i bought the flute music cd and it was equally as good . . . . [ keith ] . . . your cd ' s are excellent ! ! ! . . . . . . [ larry ] . . . during the open mic section - i really enjoyed your background music ! would like to have a copy , actually i would like both . . . . . . [ lei ]
your reasons to use rn are probably code - sharing and native binaries , right ? of - course you can get . apk and . ipa files , which you can upload to the respective app store .
i recently released my first app on android built with react native . it’s a fully fledged workout log for the phul fitness program including customizing workouts and exercises , a rest timer , a calendar , progress charts , etc . you can see the full feature list and check out the app phul workout log on the google play store . i don’t own a mac so it’s only available on android for now .
some 25 years earlier , gavin had said goodbye to his mother , avril grube , for what both believed would be a weekend trip to blackpool with his father , joseph paros . the mother and son did not see each other again . instead of returning the boy to liverpool , joseph
kidnapped
his son to his native hungary and severed all links with his estranged wife .
protein structures in the protein data bank provide a wealth of data about the interactions that determine the native states of proteins . using the probability theory , we derive an atomic distance - dependent statistical potential from a sample of native structures that does not depend on any adjustable parameters ( discrete optimized protein energy , or dope ) . dope is based on an improved reference state that corresponds to noninteracting atoms in a homogeneous sphere with the radius dependent on a sample native structure ; it thus accounts for the finite and spherical shape of the native structures . the dope potential was extracted from a nonredundant set of 1472 crystallographic structures . we tested dope and five other scoring functions by the detection of the native state among six multiple target decoy sets , the correlation between the score and model error , and the identification of the most accurate non - native structure in the decoy set . for all decoy sets , dope is the best performing function in terms of all criteria , except for a tie in one criterion for one decoy set . to facilitate its use in various applications , such as model assessment , loop modeling , and fitting into cryo - electron microscopy mass density maps combined with comparative protein structure modeling , dope was incorporated into the modeling package modeller - 8 .