it was described by newman in 1856 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from victoria and new south wales .

the wingspan is about 35 mm .

the forewings are ashy-grey , irrorated with black , the disc with several short black streaks .

the hindwings are paler grey .

agriophara cinderella

agriophara cinderella ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
chimabacche cinderella newman , 1856 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 3 : 288 ; tl : mt alexander range , victoria
agriophara cinderella is a moth in the depressariidae family . it was described by newman in 1856 . it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from victoria [ 1 ] and new south wales . [ 2 ]
drawing by edward newman and g . h . ford , listed as chimabacche cinderella , characters of a few australian lepidoptera , collected by mr . thomas r . oxley , transactions of the entomological society of london , new series , volume 3 ( 1856 ) , plate xviii , fig . 6 , image courtesy of biodiversity heritage library , digitized by smithsonian libraries .
agriophara cinerosa rosenstock , 1885 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 16 : 439
agriophara discobola turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 32 ; tl : gisborne , victoria
agriophara levis meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 446 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
agriophara poliopepla turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 31 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
agriophara dyscapna turner , 1917 ; proc . r . soc . qd 29 : 99 ; tl : gisborne , victoria
agriophara cremnopis ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
agriophara discobola ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
agriophara hyalinota ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
agriophara leucanthes ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
agriophara levis ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
agriophara murinella ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
agriophara nodigera ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
agriophara platyscia lower , 1908 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 32 : 117 ; tl : tasmania
agriophara polistis ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
agriophara tephroptera ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ aucl ]
agriophara asaphes ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ]
agriophara biornata ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ]
agriophara bradleyi ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ]
agriophara lysimacha ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ]
agriophara musicolor ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ]
agriophara nephelopa ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ]
agriophara parallela ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ]
agriophara parilis ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ]
agriophara salinaria meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 43 ; tl : florida , solomon islands
agriophara salinaria ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ]
agriophara virescens ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ]
agriophara diminuta rosenstock , 1885 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 5 ) 16 : 440 ; tl : south australia
agriophara gravis meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 77 ; tl : deloraine , tasmania
agriophara lysimacha meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 410 ; tl : woodlark i . , new guinea
agriophara axesta meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 79 ; tl : wirrabara , south australia
agriophara capnodes meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 77 ; tl : mount lofty , south australia
agriophara horridula meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 77 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
agriophara musicolor meyrick , 1930 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 18 - 20 ) : 560 ; tl : biagi , mambare river , 5000ft
agriophara nodigera turner , 1900 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 24 : 11 ; tl : warwick , queensland
agriophara parilis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 7 ) : 197 ; tl : setekwa river , 2000 - 3000ft , new guinea
agriophara atratella ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara axesta ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara capnodes ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara cinerosa ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara confertella ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara curta ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara diminuta ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara dyscapna ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara fascifera ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara gravis ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara horridula ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 15 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara leptosemela ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara leucosta ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara neoxanta ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara plagiosema ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara platyscia ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara poliopepla ; duckworth , 1973 , smiths . contr . zool . 147 : 16 ( catalog ) ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
agriophara tephroptera lower , 1903 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 27 : 230 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales
agriophara neoxanta meyrick , 1915 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 13 ) : 410 ; tl : woodlark i . , new guinea ; cooktown , queensland
agriophara fascifera meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 80 ; tl : sydney ; bathurst , 2500ft , new south wales
agriophara leptosemela lower , 1893 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . austr . 17 ( 1 ) : 174 ; tl : parkside , south australia
agriophara leucosta lower , 1893 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . austr . 17 ( 1 ) : 173 ; tl : parkside , south australia
agriophara biornata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 147 ; tl : iebele camp , 22250m , west irian
agriophara bradleyi diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 146 ; tl : mist camp , 1800m , west irian
agriophara heterochroma diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 144 ; tl : iebele camp , 2250m , west irian
agriophara hyalinota lower , 1899 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 24 ( 1 ) : 104 ; tl : parkside , south australia ; duaringa , queensland
agriophara virescens diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 143 ; tl : cyclops mnts , 400 - 900m , west irian
agriophara nephelopa diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 148 ; tl : moss forest camp , 2600 - 2800m , west irian
agriophara parallela diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 142 ; tl : lower mist camp , 1400 - 1600m , west irian
the adult moths of this species are grey with dark speckles on each forewing . the hindwings are pale grey .
characters of a few australian lepidoptera , collected by mr . thomas r . oxley
new series , volume 3 , number 8 ( 1856 ) , p . 288 ,
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newman , e . 1856 ,
characters of a few australian lepidoptera , collected by mr . thomas r . oxley
, transactions of the entomological society of london , ser . 2 , vol . 3 , no . 8 , pp . 281 - 300 , pl . 18
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a495f747 - 2b89 - 4c71 - bb33 - 515eb0e1a8dc
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acrobasis atratella walker , 1866 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 35 : 1712 ; tl : moreton bay , queensland
cryptolechia confertella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 758 ; tl : moreton bay , queensland ; sydney , new south wales
hypeuryntis coricopa meyrick , 1897 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1897 ( 4 ) : 389 ; tl : wellington , new zealand
agriophora [ sic ] curta lucas , 1900 ; proc . r . soc . qd 15 : 161 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
hypeuryntis neurometra meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 161 ; tl : tutau river
agriopheara [ sic ] plagiosema turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 32 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
eulechria polistis lower , 1923 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 47 : 55 ; tl : dorrigo , new south wales
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
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microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
characters of a few australian lepidoptera , collected by mr . thomas r . oxley
walker , 1866 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 31 : 1 - 322 ( [ 1865 ] ) , 32 : 323 - 706 ( 1865 ) , 33 : 707 - 1120 ( 1865 ) , 34 : 1121 - 1534 ( [ 1866 ] ) , 35 : 1535 - 2040 ( 1866 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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the wingspan is about 35 mm . the forewings are ashy - grey , irrorated with black , the disc with several short black streaks . there is a curved series of lunate blackish spots near the hindmargin and a hindmarginal row of black dots . the hindwings are paler grey . [ 3 ]
this page was last edited on 15 february 2018 , at 18 : 36 .
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confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


lichida is an order of typically spiny trilobite that lived from the tremadocian to the devonian period .

these trilobites usually have 8 – 13 thoracic segments .

their exoskeletons often have a grainy texture or have wart or spine-like tubercles .

some species are extraordinarily spiny , having spiny thoracic segments that are as long or longer than the entire body , from cephalon ( head ) to pygidium ( tail ) .

the sections of the pygidia are leaf-like in shape and also typically end in spines .

the order is divided into two families , lichidae , and lichakephalidae .

some experts group the families of the closely related order odontopleurida within lichida , too , whereupon the family is then divided into three superfamilies , dameselloidea , containing the family damesellidae , lichoidea , containing the families lichidae and lichakephalidae , and odontopleuroidea , containing the family odontopleuridae .

lichida

fortey ( 1997 ) lists lichoidea , odontopleuroidea , and dameselloidea as constituent superfamilies of order lichida . some treatments recognize an
thomas a . t . and d . j . holloway . 1988 . classification and phylogeny of the trilobite order lichida .
order lichida ( yellow ) is a sister clade of odontopleurida , originating in the middle cambrian and persisting to the middle devonian .
: doublure not wide nor bearing terraced ridges as in lichoidea ; protaspides similar to , but about half the size of those of lichida .
in the image above , order lichida ( yellow ) is of uncertain origin , originating in the middle cambrian and persisting to the late devonian .
the 1997 treatise defines order lichida as comprising superfamilies lichoidea , odontopleuroidea , and dameselloidea . while the science remains unsettled , another taxonomy is gaining favor that erects order odontopleurida from superfamilies odontopleuroidea and dameselloidea .
) bear pygidia that are unlike typical lichids , some being arguably styginid - like , however whittington ( 2002 ) suggests that a close relationship between lichids and styginids appears unlikely . if so , then sister taxon to the primitive lichida might be found in the paraphyletic redlichiida .
un tutorial cu realizarea unor unghii false de salon in forma de migdala construite din geluri uv , si decorate cu pictura din gel , model din folie de transfer si piatra lichida . unghiile au fost realizate de kardos florentina in cadrul seminarului urltoken de la oradea . toate produsele folosite se gasesc in magazinul http : / / www . urltoken
( bruton 1983 ) suggest they should be assigned to odontopleuridae . this suggests that the lichakephalidae as listed above is paraphyletic , and not all members should be included in lichoidea . if lichakephalidae is monophyletic , then it serves as the uniting taxon for an order lichida that includes both lichoids and odontopleuroids ; if not , then some genera should be assigned to odontopleuridae and others retained in lichakephalidae .
separate from order lichida , although protaspid similarities suggest the two are ultimately related ; both lichid and odontopleurid protaspides possess distinctive paired spine or tubercle patterns on cephalon and protopygidium , have an anterior border , distinct axis , and marginal spines on protopygidium ( thomas & holloway 1988 ) . however , whittington ( 1956 ) points out that the lichid protaspis is twice the size of those of odontopleurids . odontopleurid protaspide hypostomes also lack slits on the lateral hypostomal border borne by those of lichids ( and styginids ) .
( odontopleuridae + damesellidae ) , although some treatments treat the two as sister clades ; both groups bearing tubercles and / or spiny prosopon , complex lobation of the glabella , and certain protaspid similarities suggest the two are ultimately related ( e . g . , thomas & holloway 1988 , fortey 1997 ) . tripp & evitt ( 1981 ) point to major differences in origin of lobation ( lichid lobes arising from the axial furrow , while odontopleurid lobes arise via standard glabella development ) . whittington ( 2002 ) notes that the odontopleurida and lichida differ in several respects , including ornamentation ( primarily granules and tubercles in lichids , spines in odontopleurids ) , extent of ventral calcification ( extended doublure with terrace ridges in lichids , not developed in odontopleurids ) , and hypostome size ( larger in lichids ) , in addition to the glabellar lobation differences . even if both lichids and odontopleurids are kept in one order ( lichida ) , it is acknowledged that despite their common origin , they have diverged significantly in the course of their evolution .
despite both groups being ornamented with tubercles and typically spiny , the lobation of the glabella , complex in both , show some major differences in origin ( lichid lobes arising from the axial furrow , while odontopleurid lobes arise via standard glabella development ( tripp & evitt 1981 ) . whittington ( 2002 ) adds that the odontopleuridae and lichidae differ in several other respects , including ornamentation ( primarily granules and tubercles in lichids , spines in odontopleurids ) , extent of ventral calcification ( extended doublure with terrace ridges in lichids , not developed in odontopleurids ) , and hypostome size ( larger in lichids ) . even if both lichids and odontopleurids are kept in one order ( lichida ) , it is acknowledged that despite their common origin , they have diverged significantly in the course of their evolution .
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: typically spiny with densely granulate or tuberculate exoskeletons and complex glabellar lobation . this is a concept of the order that does not include the families odontopleuridae and damesellidae , more recently considered members of a related , but distinct order
: opisthoparian sutures ; glabella broad , large , extending to anterior border , lobation complex with fused lateral and glabellar lobes ; eyes holochroal , usually not large ; conterminant hypostome , typically large , occupying majority of glabellar area . .
: typically isopygous to macropygous , often longer than wide , often with 3 pairs of furrowed pleurae , typically ending in flat spinose tips .
the primitive family lichakephalidae includes genera that have affinities to lichidae and others to odontopleuridae , and some workers ( e . g . , shergold et al 2000 ) do not accept the synonymy of eoacidaspididae and lichakephalidae . examination of cambrian lichakephalid / eoacidaspidid genera
( bruton 1983 ) suggest they should be assigned to odontopleuridae . this suggests that the lichakephalidae as listed above is paraphyletic , and not all members should be included in lichoidea . primitive ordovician lichakephalids (
) bear pygidia that are unlike typical lichids , some being almost styginid - like , however whittington ( 2002 ) suggests that a close relationship between lichids and styginids appears unlikely . in 2005 , pollit et al applied cladistic analysis to the superfamily lichoidea ( lichidae + lichakephalidae ) and proposed subfamilial and tribal subdivisions for the family lichidae . click here for a cladogram of
from the pollit et al 2005 paper ( warning , large graphic file ) .
expanded and complete genera listings for the families above are based on jell & adrain ( 2003 ) .
jell , p . a . & j . m . adrain . 2003 . available generic names for trilobites .
pollit , j . r . , r . a . fortey & m . a wills . 2005 . systematics of the trilobite families lichidae hawle & corda , 1847 and lichakephalidae tripp , 1957 : the application of bayesian inference to morphological data .
shergold , j . h . , r . feist & d . vizcaino . 2000 . early late cambrian trilobites of australo - sinian aspect from the montagne noir , southern france .
tripp , r . p . & w . r . evitt . 1981 . silicified lichidae from the middle ordovician of virginia .
whittington , h . b . 2002 . lichidae ( trilobita ) : morphology and classification .
: typically spiny with densely granulate or tuberculate exoskeletons . this is a concept of the order that includes the odontopleuridae and damesellidae , more recently considered members of a related , but distinct order
: opisthoparian sutures ; glabella broad , large , extending to anterior border , unusal lobation distinguishing a longitudinal lobe and lateral lobes ; such lobation relatively simple ( dameselloidea & odontopleuroidea ) to complex with fused lateral and glabellar lobes ( lichoidea ) ; eyes typically present , holochroal , usually not large ; conterminant hypostome ; typically with genal spines , sometimes greatly extended .
, odontopleuroidea ) , otherwise often longer than wide , with 3 or more pairs of furrowed pleurae , typically ending in spinose tips .
: similarities in protaspides of lichidae and odontopleuridae suggests common ancestry , but this relationship controversial ( see classification notes below ) .
: medium to large trilobites , typically surface sculpturing involves two size classes of granules or tubercles .
: opisthoparian sutures , glabella broad , extending to anterior border , with unique complex structure ( lateral glabellar and occipital lobes often fused with each other and with cranidium ) , hypostome conterminant , large .
: typically 11 segments , pleurae initially horizontal , bend retrograde at fulcrum , end in free points .
: large , usually flattened , often with 3 pleural pairs of leaflike or spinose structures .
acidaspidella ? , acidaspides ? , acidaspidina , archikainella , belovia , bestjubella , brutonia , colossaspis , eoacidaspis , lichakephalus , lichokephalina , metaacidaspis , paraacidaspis , usoviana .
acanthopyge ( = euarges ) , akantharges , allolichas , amphilichas ( / paralichas ; / platymetopus ; = acrolichas ; = kerakephalichas ; = tetralichas ) , apatolichas , arctinurus ( / oncholichas ; / platynotus ; / pterolichas ) , autoloxolichas , borealarges , ceratarges ( / arges ) , ceratolichas , conolichas ( = cypholichas ) , craspedarges , dicranogmus , dicranopeltis ( = dicranopeltoides ; = nonix ; = raymondarges ; / trachylichas ; = tsunyilichas ) , echinolichas , eifliarges , gaspelichas , hemiarges ( = choneilobarges ) , homolichas , hoplolichas ( = cyranolichas ) , hoplolichoides , jasperia , leiolichas , lichas ( = apolichas ; = autolichas ) , lobopyge ( = belenopyge ) , lyralichas , mephiarges , metaleiolichas , metalichas , metopolichas ( / metopias ; = holoubkovia ; = macroterolichas ) , neolichas , nipponarges , ohleum , oinochoe , otarozoum , paraleiolichas , perunaspis ( = nitidulopyge ) , platylichas ( = lingucephalichas ) , probolichas , pseudotupolichas ( = arctinuroides ) , radiolichas ( = diplolichas ; = septidenta ) , richterarges , rontrippia , terataspis , terranovia , trimerolichas , trochurus ( = corydocephalus ; = plusiarges ; = makromuktis ) , uralichas ( = bohemolichas ; = platopolichas ) , uripes .
: convex ; glabella tapering forward or subparallel , extending to anterior margin or nearly so , less complex lobation than in lichoidea ; eye ridges run from anterior end of glabella to palpebral lobe ; opisthoparian sutures , often placed on sutural ridges ; distinct notch in margin of free cheek adjacent to where anterior sutures cut cephalic margin ; facial sutures secondarily lost in some genera ; short genal spines typically present .
: 8 – 10 segments ; tips of each bear 2 – 3 pairs of spines ( anterior pair often difficult to see , ventrally directed ) ; often with symmetrical row arrangements of pleural spines or tubercles .
: micropygous , short , transverse , with 2 – 3 axial rings ( 3rd often faint ) , one or more pairs of tubular border spines , the largest of which connected to first axial ring by prominent ridge .
acidaspis , anacaenaspis ( = bruxaspis ) , apianurus , archaeopleura , boedaspis , borkopleura , brutonaspis , calipernurus , ceratocara , ceratocephala ( = bounyoungia ; = onchaspis ; / trapelocera ) , ceratocephalinus , ceratonurus , chlustinia , dalaspis , diacanthaspis , dicranurus , dudleyaspis , edgecombeaspis , eoleonaspis ( = bojokoralaspis ) , exallaspis , gaotania , globulaspis , hispaniaspis , isoprusia ( = mauraspis ) , ivanopleura , kettneraspis ( = grossia ) , koneprusia , laethoprusia , leonaspis ( = acanthaloma ) , meadowtownella , miraspis ( = elbaspis ) , ningnanaspis , odontopleura , orphanaspis , periallaspis , primaspis , proceratocephala ( = drummuckaspis ) , radiaspis ( = xanionurus ; = charybdaspis ) , rinconaspis , selenopeltis ( = languedopeltis ; = polyeres ) , selenopeltoides , sinespinaspis , stelckaspis , taemasaspis ( = gondwanaspis ; = snoderaspis ) , uriarra , whittingtonia .
: opisthoparian sutures ; glabella narrow or broad based , tapering forward , less complex lobation than in lichoidea ; genal spines typically present .
: with up to 13 segments , less specialized than in odontopleuroidea , more as in lichoidea .
fortey ( 1990 ) included the m - u cambrian damselloidea as a sister group to odontopleuroidea , citing several characters : 1 ) narrow , ledglike anterior cranidial border , against which glabella abuts sharply , 2 ) deeply scribed , inflated eye ridges , 3 ) transverse hypostome with wide posterior border , 4 ) spinosity , especially on pygidium and anterolateral margins of free cheeks , 5 ) occipital tubercle without thoracic homologs 6 ) 3rd glabellar lobe reduced or absent . presence of
and ' odontopleurid protaspides ' in upper cambrian kazakhstan attributable to dameselloids further strengthen this relationship ( fortey pers com 2007 ) . primitive ordovician lichakephalids (
in 2005 , pollit et al applied cladistic analysis to the superfamily lichoidea ( lichidae + lichakephalidae ) and proposed subfamilial and tribal subdivisions for the family lichidae . click here for a cladogram of
expanded and complete genera listings for the families above adapted from jell & adrain ( 2003 ) .
fortey , r . a . 1990 . ontogeny , hypostome attachment , and trilobite classification .
treatise on invertebrate paleontology , part o , arthropoda 1 , trilobita , revised . volume 1 : introduction , order agnostida , order redlichiida .
xxiv + 530 pp . , 309 figs . the geological society of america , inc . & the university of kansas . boulder , colorado & lawrence , kansas .
* different taxonomies are found , most recently with trilobites contained in superclass arachnomorpha in subphylum schizoramia .
to ward off predators . an alternate hypotheses for the adaptive origin of trilobite spines is to use like snowshoes on a silty seafloor .
bpm network ( on behalf of artistech media ) ; bpm media inc . publishing , and 2 music rights societies
journal of paleontology ( 2009 ) 83 ( 2 ) : 263 - 279 .
margaret j . campbell , brian d . e . chatterton ; silurian lichid trilobites from northwestern canada : ontogeny and phylogeny of lichids . journal of paleontology ; 83 ( 2 ) : 263–279 . doi : urltoken
previously unknown ontogenies of five lichid genera , dicranopeltis , platylichas , borealarges , dicranogmus and radiolichas , are described and placed in the context provided by a review of known lichid ontogenies . lichid phylogenies have been based on holaspid morphology alone without reference to ontogeny . to broaden knowledge of lichid phylogeny , an analysis , based on the last protaspid instar of lichids and possible sister group taxa , is conducted . the results of this analysis show that , within the lichids , the traditional subfamily groupings are not supported , and the sister group of lichids is more likely to be found within the proetida than the odontopleurida . tubercles , a prominent feature of lichid morphology , have not been considered taxonomically significant . an examination suggests that tubercle arrangement and the pattern of change of tubercle arrangement through ontogeny could be important in defining taxa . it is recommended that future work on lichid phylogeny include ontogenetic information and patterns of change in development .
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the lichid trilobite borealarges n . gen . , with species from the silurian of arctic canada
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the spot-naped butterflyfish ( chaetodon oxycephalus ) is a species of butterflyfish ( family chaetodontidae ) .

it is found in the indo - west pacific region from sri lanka to queensland , north to indonesia and the philippines .

it grows to a maximum of 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) long .

the body is white with thin vertical lines on the sides and a large black area in the upper back .

very similar to the lined butterflyfish ( c. lineolatus ) , its vertical black eyestripe is broken above the eye and there are additional black and orange lines and spots in the yellow dorsal and caudal fins .

the spot-naped butterflyfish belongs to the large subgenus rabdophorus which might warrant recognition as a distinct genus .

in this group , it seems to be member of a lineage also containing species such as the lined butterflyfish , or the peculiar black-wedged butterflyfish ( c. falcula ) and pacific double-saddle butterflyfish or " false falcula " ( c. ulietensis ) .

these four differ wildly in shape , but all have bluish vertical lines on a white body with yellow behind , and black on back and caudal peduncle in addition to the typical eyestripe of chaetodon .

the blue-cheeked butterflyfish ( c. semilarvatus ) seems to be a far more basal lineage of rabdophorus relative to them , but it also has the tell-tale blue vertical lines .

c. oxycephalus is found in coral-rich areas and clear waters of seaward reefs at 10-40 m depth .

it feeds on coral polyps and sea anemones .

spot - nape butterflyfish

colour : ground colour white , yellow posteriorly . black spot on nape not connected to the black eye bar . broad black crescent extends from base of posterior dorsal spines to caudal peduncle , barely continuing onto anal fin . thin vertical black lines on sides .
very similar to the lined butterflyfish : silvery body with dark vertical lines and a broad black band on the top of the rear of the body , but distinguishable by having a dark spot on the forehead separated from the black line through the eye .
a whitish butterflyfish with narrow black vertical lines on the side , a large oblique black blotch across the upper rear part of the body , a broad black eye bar , a large black spot on the forehead , and bright yellow dorsal , anal and caudal fins .
therefore it is important to choose the correct species in relation to the corals wanted , if one desires to keep butterflyfish in a coral - aquarium . bristleworms , tubeworms and other small invertebrates are also a part of the diet for many butterflyfish .
a spotnape butterflyfish , chaetodon oxycephalus , at pemuteran , bali , indonesia . source : bernard e . picton / wikimedia commons . license : cc by attribution - sharealike
they ignore most other fish and are generally peaceful , therefore multiple butterflyfish will have no problem living together . one should however be cautious about keeping similar species together unless they are a couple .
the butterflyfish are known for their attractive patterns and colours . they are closely related to angelfishs , but can always be distinguished , as they lack the spines on each side of the head of the angelfish .
a smaller group of these fish will seek out primairily soft corals , like zoanthus . a larger part of the species will target different types of lps corals . butterflyfish are also known to seek out anemones , tubeworms and bristleworms .
scott reef , western australia , and the northern great barrier reef . elsewhere the species occurs in the indo - pacific ocean from sri lanka to the great barrier reef , queensland and north to the philippines . the spotnape butterflyfish usually inhabits coral - rich areas on coastal and seaward reefs .
greek , chaite = hair + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 10 - 40 m ( ref . 9710 ) . tropical ; 20°n - 34°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2334 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 11 - 12 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 22 - 24 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 18 - 20 .
found in coral - rich areas of coastal reefs , feeding mainly on coral polyps and anemones ( ref . 9710 ) . occurs solitarily or in pairs ( ref . 90102 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .
randall , j . e . , g . r . allen and r . c . steene , 1990 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . university of hawaii press , honolulu , hawaii . 506 p . ( ref . 2334 )
) : 26 . 2 - 29 , mean 27 . 8 ( based on 218 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 02291 ( 0 . 01123 - 0 . 04674 ) , b = 3 . 01 ( 2 . 84 - 3 . 18 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this genus - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 49 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .
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is widespread and is among the largest of the butterflyfishes . it is collected for the aquarium trade and captured in artisanal fisheries . however these are not thought to be causing substantial declines to the global population . this species also appears to be reliant on live corals for recruitment , but coral loss has been patchy throughout the species ' range . further research is required to establish its reliance on live coral . this species is listed as least concern .
this species occurs in the indo - west pacific from the maldives islands and sri lanka to papua new guinea , north to the philippines islands and palau , south to the northern great barrier reef ( australia ) ( allen 1980 , g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . it has been recorded at depths of 2 - 40 m . range size ~ 14 . 9 million km
it is generally common with stable populations ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . it is rare on the great barrier reef ( m . pratchett pers . comm . 2009 ) .
populations are generally associated with coral - rich areas including both coastal and seaward reefs . it is usually found in pairs and feeds on corals and other sessile invertebrates ( allen 1980 , g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . few detailed feeding observations have been completed for this species , but it is expected to feed on corals only rarely ( m . pratchett pers . comm . 2009 ) . recruits have only ever been observed within shallow coral reef habitats with rich growth of corals ( mostly montipora ) , but their reliance on live coral is currently unknown . this is among the largest of all butterflyfishes , and it is probably long - lived ( > 50 years ) like its sister species c . lineolatus . due to its longevity , effects of recruitment failure may not be apparent for decades after coral depletion .
this species is sometimes collected for the aquarium trade ( g . r . allen pers . comm . 2006 ) . given its large size it is likely to be taken by artisanal fisheries .
this species appear to be reliant on live coral at settlement , and may therefore decline in abundance following climate - induced coral depletion . currently , there has been no documented declines associated with coral loss . there is no data on effects of aquarium collections on this species . it is also targeted by artisinal fishers , however this is not thought to be a major threat to the global population . there do not appear to any other major threats to this species .
there appear to be no species - specific conservation measures in place . this species occurs in marine protected areas . ongoing monitoring of catches by aquarium collectors is required . research is required to confirm or understand the apparent reliance on live corals for this species .
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distinctive characters : dorsal fin with 12 spines and 22 - 24 rays . anal fin with 3 spines and 18 - 20 rays . pectoral fin with 14 - 16 rays . body depth 1 . 7 - 2 . 0 in standard length .
habitat and biology : usually seen in pairs . feeds on coral polyps and sea anemones .
remarks : chaetodon oxycephalus is very similar to c . lineolatus , but that species has an unbroken eye band . neither of these two species are ideal for domestic aquaria because of the large sizes that they reach .
found in coral - rich areas of coastal reefs , feeding mainly on coral polyps and anemones ( ref . 9710 ) . occurs solitarily or in pairs ( ref . 90102 ) . oviparous ( ref . 205 ) . form pairs during breeding ( ref . 205 ) .
arthur bos set
image of chaetodon oxycephalus
as an exemplar on
chaetodon oxycephalus bleeker , 1853
.
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chaetodon oxycephalus bleeker 1853 , nat . tijdsch . neder . indië 4 : 603 . type locality : ternate , moluccas , indonesia .
. new york : john wiley & sons vol . 2 pp . 149 - 352 figs 214 - 510 .
bleeker , p . 1853 . nieuwe bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van ternate en halmaheira ( gilolo ) .
. sydney , nsw , australia : new holland publishers xvii , 434 pp .
pyle , r . 2001 . chaetodontidae , pomacanthidae . pp . 3224 - 3286 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , v . h . ( eds ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes .
source : bernard e . picton / cc - by - sa - 3 . 0
this species is not neccessarily aggresive , but it has a greater tendency towards aggresion then other species of the same genus .
these fish normally eat for the most part , coral polyps , therefore problems can arise in captivity when trying to give it an alternative food .
it is therefore essential to be well prepared before acquiring them and have several suitable food types ready to present them with . however well prepared , there will be a large percentage , that will die after a short time in captivity .
it may mean having to keep living corals , mussels and zooplankton as food , in order to keep these fish alive whilst they are getting accustomed to alternative types of food .
when the fish can find its natural food in the aquarium it requires less frequent feeding .
these fish should be kept in a well run aquarium where they can
graze
algae from rocks and stones .
if there are insufficient algae on the rocks , it is important to feed more frequently and supplement with algae rich food e . g . spirulina .
some species of the chaetodon genus are grouped together in what is known as a
complex
, since they are so very similar .
regardless of resemblance , it is important to be able to distinguish them , as in some cases they vary greatly in their needs . sometimes there are just small differences in colour or pattern , but in other instances it is vital to know where the fish originally come from .
it can be problematic , with many of these species , to get them eating in the beginning , but many of the species cannot resist live zooplankton or live mussels with crushed shells . another option is to mimic their natural behaviour by stuffing their food into coral skeletons or stones .
as these fish can be difficult to acclimatize and get feeding , it is important to buy healthy fish , to avoid having to deal with more problems . make sure to check that they do not have parasites or any visible infections .
there are some species that should not be kept in an a aquarium , as they are food specialists and will almost always refuse to eat replacement foods . it can be possible to breed some species , which will eat frozen foods . otherwise the only way to keep food specialists is by feeding them their natural diet , which consists of live sps or lps corals for example .
scott w . michael . 2004 . angelfishes and butterflyfishes ( reef fishes series book 3 ) tfh publications / microcosm ltd . - ( english ) bob fenner . butterflyfishes ; separating the good ones and those you don ' t want - wet web media - ( english ) collection of links to additional information - wet web media - ( english ) tea yi kai . 2014 . reef nuggets 2 : aquatic lepidopterans for your reef ( revised edition ) - reef builders - ( english )
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2014 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . urltoken , version ( 08 / 2014 ) .
minimum volume
indicates the size of the tank needed to house this species under optimal conditions .
this is based on a medium size animal , which you want to keep for several years . it might be possible to keep smaller specimens for a limited period in a smaller tank . a larger tank might be needed for fully - grown specimens .
hardiness
indicates how resistant this species is to disease and how well i tolerates bad conditions in general . some species doesn ' t handle transportation very well , but that doesn ' t mean that the species isn ' t hardy under the right conditions .
in this case , a
normal
aquarium is a reef aquarium with mixed corals or a fish only aquarium with an approximately salinity of 1 . 026 ( sg ) and a temperature close to 26°c . species requiring more than a 4000 - liter tank are considered not suitable for home aquarium .
special aquariums may cover tanks with low salinity , sub - tropical temperature , deep sand bed , sea grass etc .
always reef safe : no sources indicate that this species will harm corals or other invertebrates .
often reef safe : only a few aquarists has reported problems keeping this species with corals and other invertebrates .
reef safe with caution : this species may be a threat to some types of invertebrates .
reef safe with luck : most specimens will harm corals and / or other invertebrates , but you might be lucky .
not reef safe : this species is a threat to most corals and / or other invertebrates .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
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the laurel pigeon or white-tailed laurel pigeon ( paloma rabiche ) ( columba junoniae ) is a species of bird in the columba genus in the family columbidae .

it is a member of the family columbidae of doves and pigeons , which is endemic to the canary islands , spain .

this wood pigeon is endemic to the laurel forest habitat .

it is the animal symbol of the island of la gomera .

laurel pigeon

the white - headed pigeon prefers to feed in the introduced tree species camphor laurel .
a pigeon feeding on the laurel forest ' s canopy . un ejemplar comiendo en la copa de un árbol de la laurisilva .
hernández , m . a . , martín , a . and nogales , m . ( 1999 ) breeding success and predation on artificial nests of the endemic pigeons bolle’s laurel pigeon columba bolli and white - tailed laurel pigeon columba junoniae in the laurel forest of tenerife ( canary islands ) . ibis , 141 : 52 - 59 .
introduction : the laurel pigeon is endemic to the canary islands but it is restricted only in the western islands . this pigeon is usually difficult to see because it inhabits the laurel forest in the mountainous parts of the islands , often cloud - covered during the year .
oliveira , p . ; menezes , d . ; sepulveda , p . 2007 . population trends of the madeira laurel pigeon between 1986 and 2006 .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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arkive species - dark - tailed laurel pigeon ( columba bollii )
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arkive species - dark - tailed laurel pigeon ( columba bollii )
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illegal hunting and forest fires are moderate threats to the dark - tailed laurel pigeon , and human disturbance from recreational activities is also thought to occur during the breeding season .
range : the laurel pigeon occurs on la palma and gomera islands in w canary islands . it is established on tenerife since 1975 where it is now a breeding species .
the dark - tailed laurel pigeon is endemic to the canary islands of spain , where it is found on tenerife , la palma , la gomera and el hierro . in the past , this species was very common , and was also thought to have occurred on gran canaria . however , due to clearance of its laurel forest habitat on these islands , the dark - tailed laurel pigeon has disappeared from many areas ( 4 ) .
the dark - tailed laurel pigeon inhabits dense laurel forest in mountainous areas , and is often found in ravines and areas dominated by azores laurel ( laurus azorica ) and tilo ( ocotea foetens ) ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . it is also associated with fire tree ( myrica faya ) and tree heath ( erica arborea ) , and is occasionally seen in more open , cultivated areas ( 4 ) .
the laurisilva of madeira is an outstanding relict of a previously widespread laurel forest type . it is the largest surviving area of laurel forest and is believed to be 90 % primary forest . it contains a unique suite of plants and animals , including many endemic species such as the madeiran long - toed pigeon .
the species occurs in areas with steep slopes , large escarpments and deep canyons , where it prefers mature laurel forest , but also occurs in degraded laurel forest , scrubbier areas with myrica faya and tree heath erica arborea ( generally along the lower edges of major stands of laurel forest ) , in canary pine woods pinus canariensis , mixed pine stands ( generally found along the upper edges of laurel forest ) and cultivated areas .
protection / threats / status : the laurel pigeon has suffered extensive habitat loss due to exploitation of the laurel forest , and to fragmentation of the remaining forest . degradation of the habitat by livestock ( sheep ) occurs on el hierro and la gomera . rats and feral cats are the main predators of eggs , chicks and adults . the illegal hunting remains a threat at drinking and feeding areas . recreational activities disturb the nesting birds . they are also potentially threatened by avian diseases . currently , the laurel pigeon is listed as near threatened .
habitat : the laurel pigeon frequents steep areas and laurel forest in the mountainous parts of the islands . it is usually seen in deep canyons and steep slopes , up to 1600 metres of elevation . however , this species can be found at the lower limit of the laurel forest in scrubby areas . but at the upper limit , it mainly frequents pine forested areas . at lower elevation , it tends to move towards cultivated areas .
on tenerife , the dark - tailed laurel pigeon is found at elevations of between 600 and 1 , 500 metres , although it prefers the higher elevations of 1 , 300 to 1 , 500 metres ( 2 ) .
oliveira , p . ; marrero , p . ; nogales , m . 2002 . diet of the endemic madeira laurel pigeon and fruit resource availability : a study using microhistological analyses . condor 104 : 811 - 822 .
like long - toed and bolle ' s laurel pigeons ( columba trocaz , c . bollii ) , in size ( l 39 cm ) , but has brown back , wine - red breast and paler tail . the white - tailed laurel pigeon prefers mature laurel forest , but also occurs in cultivated areas and pine stand . the nest is situated on fern - covered ground within deep canyons , on small ledges or crevices . resident .
laurel forest , generally below the high level belt , in mountainous parts of the islands , typically . . .
oliveira , p . ; jones , m . ; caires , d . ; menezes , d . 1999 . population trends and status of the madiera laurel pigeon columba trocaz . bird conservation international 9 : 387 - 395 .
endemic to canary islands , the white - tailed laurel pigeon has today a popualtion of about 1 , 300 individuals . although stable at the moment , the species is threatened by the destruction and degradation of laurel forest , principally at privatelly owned sites , illegal hunting and predation by rats at nesting sites . [ conservation status from urltoken ]
behaviour in the wild : the laurel pigeon feeds primarily on berries of laurus azorica , ocotea foetens , persea indica and ilex canariensis , all endemic plant species to macaronesia . it also takes fruits , buds , some grain and flowers . it can be seen feeding in adjacent cultivated areas where it can find cherries , wheat and barley . it may occasionally visit orchards . the laurel pigeon feeds both in trees and on the ground where it can run very quickly .
the white - headed pigeon feeds on rainforest fruits and seeds , but strongly prefers laurels , such as the introduced camphor laurel . they feed in trees , sometimes in flocks , and will travel several kilometres to feed in open country .
marrero , p . ; oliveira , p . ; nogales , m . 2004 . diet of the endemic madeira laurel pigeon columba trocaz in agricultural and forest areas : implications for conservation . bird conservation international 14 : 165 - 172 .
further conservation measures proposed to ensure the future survival of the dark - tailed laurel pigeon include continued monitoring of its population and potential threats , protecting remaining laurel forests and establishing effective invasive species control plans . it will also be important to conduct awareness - raising campaigns . fortunately , this species’ population currently appears to be stable , if not increasing ( 4 ) .
the laurel pigeon is resident in its range and only performs some altitudinal movements from mountains to cultivated areas for feeding . it has fast and direct flight , performed with regular wingbeats . the take - off is often accompanied by loud wing clattering .
the white - headed pigeon is found eastern of the great dividing range from far north queensland to southern new south wales .
after taking off with a loud , clattering noise ( 3 ) , the dark - tailed laurel pigeon has a low , fast flight ( 4 ) , beating its wings regularly with an occasional sharp flick ( 3 ) . however , it tends to stay within deep shade during the hottest part of the day ( 4 ) . the dark - tailed laurel pigeon is territorial and will perform displays that include shallow , repeated ascents involving wing - clapping , followed by gliding down to a perch in a long , circular motion ( 2 ) .
historically , declines in the numbers of the dark - tailed laurel pigeon were a result of intensive exploitation of its laurel forest habitat . despite a marked reduction in the extent of forest loss in recent years , habitat fragmentation still continues in some areas due to exploitation of wood for poles and tool handles , and habitat degradation occurs on la gomera and el hierro due to grazing pressure from sheep ( 4 ) .
the white - headed pigeon prefers tall tropical to sub - tropical rainforests , and is often seen in forest remnants . also regularly found in camphor laurel trees in agricultural areas and in privet . often seen in suburban gardens and will come to feeding trays ; also at roadsides .
juvenile dark - tailed laurel pigeons can be differentiated from the adults by their browner colouration and their buff - coloured wing - coverts ( 2 ) .
oliveira , p . ; menezes , d . ; jones , m . ; nogales , m . 2006 . the influence of fruit abundance on the use of forest and cultivated field habitats by the endemic madeira laurel pigeon columba trocaz : implications for conservation . biological conservation 130 : 538 - 548 .
a frugivorous species ( 4 ) , the dark - tailed laurel pigeon feeds principally on berries from the azores laurel and tilo ( 2 ) , although it is also known to eat grain and occasionally buds , leaves and shoots ( 4 ) . individuals of this species will gather in groups of 3 to 50 individuals ( 2 ) to feed on fruiting trees , generally plucking berries straight from the branches , but also feeding on the ground ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the dark - tailed laurel pigeon has been reported moving to lower elevations at times during the late summer , to take advantage of ripe cereals and fruit ( 4 ) . it has also been observed feeding on cabbages and other crops in times of low berry availability ( 2 ) .
continue to monitor the population and potential threats . protect remaining areas of laurel forest . establish an invasive species control plan . implement awareness - raising campaigns .
the dark - tailed laurel pigeon is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) . however , based on recent data collected by birdlife international indicating that its range and population size are both increasing , this species is now thought to be least concern ( lc ) ( 4 ) .
the white - headed pigeon builds a platform of sticks in dense tree foliage or in tangled vines . both members of breeding pairs incubate and care for the single young .
oliveira , p . ; heredia , b . 1996 . action plan for madeira laurel pigeon ( columba trocaz ) . in : heredia , b . ; rose , l . ; painter , m . ( ed . ) , globally threatened birds in europe : action plans , pp . 303 - 310 . council of europe and birdlife international , strasbourg .
the upperparts of the dark - tailed laurel pigeon are mostly a uniform dark blue - grey colour , except for a green and pink iridescent patch on the hind - neck and paler grey feathers on part of the tail . this species has a red bill with a powdery white cere , dull red feet , yellowish - white eyes and a reddish breast ( 2 ) .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the laurel pigeon produces a deep booming sequence of notes used as advertising call and regularly repeated . these sounds are mainly heard in the early morning in late august , or after rain “boooo hooooo ooo ooo” . we can also hear some crooning “pu - pu - pooo” . they also give a display call “ruruh , ruruh…ruh…ruh” .
due to the dark - tailed laurel pigeon being a tree - nesting species , predation by introduced mammals is not as much of a problem as for ground - dwelling species ( 4 ) . however , it still remains a threat , with the black rat ( rattus rattus ) being a key culprit ( 5 ) . outbreaks of tuberculosis and newcastle disease are also potential threats ( 4 ) .
the female lays a single white egg , rarely two . the incubation lasts 18 - 20 days . the chicks leave the nest 22 - 24 days after hatching , but they remain in the surroundings with the adults for the first few weeks . the chicks are preyed upon by black rats ( rattus rattus ) . these predators are the main factor involving the scarcity of the laurel pigeon on tenerife .
jones , m . 1988 . a survey of the distribution , density and habitat references of the long - toed pigeon columba trocaz in madeira . international council for bird preservation , cambridge , u . k .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . and horblit , h . m . 1997 . madeira laurel - pigeon ( columba trocaz ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . and de juana , e . ( eds ) , handbook of the birds of the world alive , lynx edicions , barcelona .
the planting of camphor laurels in cleared areas originally favoured the white - headed pigeon and allowed it to expand its range . however , recent bush regeneration removal of camphor laurels and privets has reduced populations in some areas .
36 cm . large dark grey pigeon . mainly dark grey with blacker flight feathers and paler grey tail with dark terminal band , hindneck with green and pink gloss and reddish tinge to breast . red bill and yellow eye .
conduct a population census and initiate monitoring . ensure the adequate protection of key sites , particularly as yet unprotected ones on la gomera and la palma . continue to promote the restoration of dry and laurel forests . avoid further damage to laurel forest from commercial forestry . control introduced predators at breeding sites , particularly on tenerife . control illegal hunting , especially at drinking sites . continue on - going education and awareness campaigns . develop and implement a new national conservation plan ( j . a . lorenzo
2009 ) , which has been heavily reduced and only small fragments of original habitat remain ( santos 2000 ) . habitat loss has had severe consequences on the distribution of the species , which currently survives in secondary areas of laurel and pine forest ( martín
zino , f . ; zino , p . a . 1986 . an account of the habitat , feeding habitats , density , breeding and need of protection of the long - toed wood pigeon , columba trocaz . bocagiana 97 : 1 - 16 .
the white - headed pigeon is a large pigeon with a distinctive white head , neck and breast , which sometimes have an orange or greyish wash . the back , wings and tail are dark grey to black and the underparts are grey . the male has a metallic green or purple sheen , and the female often has a darker cap and is usually greyer . young white - headed pigeons resemble darker females . the eye ring is pink to dark red and the legs and feet are also pink - red .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . white - tailed laurel - pigeon ( columba junoniae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
38 cm . large , dark brown and grey pigeon . mainly dark sepia - brown , redder on underparts . pale grey tail with broad , whitish terminal band . extensive green gloss to rear crown and hindneck becoming pink on upper mantle . whitish bill and pale eye .
habitat loss has been extensive . dry and laurel forests have been intensively exploited since the 15th century , and some areas of remaining forest continue to be felled and fragmented owing to the demand for wooden stakes and poles for agriculture , particularly vine - growing ( hernández 2004 , martín
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . , sharpe , c . j . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . madeira laurel - pigeon ( columba trocaz ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . dark - tailed laurel - pigeon ( columba bollii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
la forêt laurifère de madère est un vestige exceptionnel d ' un type de forêt de lauriers autrefois largement répandu . c ' est la plus grande forêt de lauriers qui subsiste . primaire à environ 90 % , elle contient un ensemble unique de plantes et d ' animaux , dont beaucoup d ' espèces endémiques telles que le pigeon trocaz de madère .
reproduction of this species : the breeding season usually occurs between april and june , but it may occur throughout the year . the nest is typical of columbidae , a loose structure of twigs , small branches , ferns and grasses . it is often placed in cavity or rock ledge , in dead tree or beneath trunk or stones , high in canyon’s walls but always protected by the cover of the laurel forest .
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . white - collared pigeon ( columba albitorques ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
nests are constructed on the ground , on small ledges or crevices , or beneath trunks or stones always within the cover of laurel forest . the nest is built mainly of branches , twigs and ferns . the breeding season extends at least from march to september although it is quite possible that nesting actually occurs throughout the year . the clutch consists of just one egg and the incubation period lasts 18 - 20 days . the chick leaves the nest at 22 - 24 days old but at first remains nearby . this is a critical time for chicks as they are exposed to predators ( rats , sparrowhawks accipiter nisus ) . juveniles remain in the company of the adults for the first few weeks .
the property comprises approximately 15 , 000ha of land within the 27 , 000ha of parque natural da madeira ( madeira natural park ) . it has strong and effective legal protection under regional , national and european law . these multiple layers of protection include status as a special area of conservation under the habitats directive of the european union , which obliges the state party to protect the area so that both
madeiran laurel forest
and 39 species of rare and threatened plants and animals remain at , or are restored to ,
favourable conservation status
. the property is also a biogenetic reserve of the council of europe , and a special protection area under the european union birds directive . the property is gazetted under madeiran law , with around half of the area as a strict reserve (
reserva integral
) and the remainder as a partial reserve (
reserva parcial
) .
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cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
has pale grey subterminal band and blackish terminal band to tail . dark tail base and rump and overall slate - grey colouration .
capper , d . , derhé , m . , ekstrom , j . , peet , n . , pople , r . , taylor , j . , ashpole , j , westrip , j .
this species qualifies as near threatened because , within its very small range , it is restricted to just four islands , on which threats remain that could negatively impact the species in the future .
. in the 1980s , the population was estimated at 1 , 200 - 1 , 480 individuals , but more surveys conducted during 1997 - 2000 estimated the population at 1 , 000 - 2 , 499 pairs ( birdlife international 2004 ) . although this figure is considerably higher than the previous estimate , the increase in numbers may reflect increased sampling effort rather than an actual population increase , however the species is now believed to be more widely distributed than previously thought ( martín and lorenzo 2001 , martín
2000 ) . the largest subpopulation is found on la palma , where it occurs across much of the northern half of the island . the species is common on la gomera , where it is found primarily in the north , and also occurs patchily on the northern slopes of tenerife . it has recently also been recorded on el hierro ; however , breeding there has not yet been confirmed ( martín and lorenzo 2001 , martín
in the absence of detailed censuses , the breeding population is estimated to number 1 , 000 - 2 , 500 breeding pairs , equating to 3 , 000 - 7 , 500 individuals , roughly equivalent to 2 , 000 - 5 , 000 mature individuals .
) , thus its population is suspected to have increased over the last 17 years ( estimate of three generations ) .
. the breeding season varies between islands , but extends from january to september , with a peak between april - june . at least on tenerife , breeding success appears to be low , as a consequence of intense nest predation ( hernández
. grazing by livestock , notably sheep , is degrading habitat on el hierro and la gomera . predation of eggs and chicks by rats , and of nesting adults by feral cats
. the species is potentially threatened by outbreaks of avian pox , trichomoniasis , newcastle disease and tuberculosis ( barov and derhé 2011 , a . martín
eu birds directive annex i . bern convention appendix ii . it is fully protected under spanish law . many protected areas have been established , including garajonay national park ( la gomera ) , and el canal and los tiles ( la palma ) . the majority of areas inhabited by the species now have protected status under regional or national law ( barov and derhé 2011 )
since the 1980s . an action plan was published in 1996 and reviewed in 2010 ( barov and derhé 2011 ) . the restoration of pine forest and thermophile forest is still pending full implementation ( barov and derhé 2011 )
. as part of a life project ( 2005 - 2008 ) , work has been carried out to eradicate exotic plant species , plant native species , raise public awareness and increase knowledge of the survival of different native species found in thermophilous forest . rat control programmes are in place on some islands . there are on - going efforts to reintroduce the species to gran canaria using birds from la palma ( barov and derhé 2011 )
. breeding facilities have been built and so far 201 individuals have been released on gran canaria , with at least 20 chicks hatched in the wild ( a . martín
edited habitats and ecology , threats , population justification and conservation actions information text . there were subsequent changes made to actions in place and actions needed ; and new threats were added . also added were new contributors and a new facilitator / compiler .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22690122a111025271 .
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bird , j . , capper , d . , o ' brien , a . , peet , n . & taylor , j .
this species is listed as least concern on the basis of evidence indicating that the its range and population are increasing and may have been recovering over the last two decades at least . although it has a very small range and probably a small to moderately small population , it is showing positive trends , it is not restricted to 10 locations or less and its population comprises more than one sub - population , all of which probably exceed 1 , 000 individuals , and is not severely fragmented , thus it no longer approaches the thresholds for vulnerable under any of the iucn criteria .
in 2007 , the species was estimated by seo ( sociedad española de ornitología / birdlife in spain ) to number 5 , 000 - 20 , 000 individuals , roughly equivalent to 3 , 300 - 13 , 000 mature individuals .
the species ' s population is suspected to have recovered over at least the last 20 years ( birdlife international 2010 ) , with evidence for this coming from increases in population estimates and the extent and quality of suitable habitat .
, and sometimes in rather open areas , e . g . cultivation . it spends the hottest part of the day in deep shade . it feeds mainly on fruit but also takes grain and occasionally buds , leaves and shoots . it will gather in large concentrations on fruiting trees , plucking berries from the tree but also feeding on the ground . breeding occurs in january - september . it makes some altitudinal movements to take advantage of ripe cereals and fruit at lower elevations in late summer .
a european action plan was published in 1996 . the majority of areas inhabited by this species are now protected under regional or national law ( birdlife international 2010 )
. hunting has only been a residual threat since hunting - free zones ( coinciding with reserves ) were implemented . the restoration of pine forest and thermophile forest is still pending full implementation . as part of a life project ( 2005 - 2008 ) , work has been carried out to eradicate exotic plant species , plant native species , raise public awareness and increase knowledge of the survival of different native species present in thermophilous forests . tenerife has undertaken a major effort in eradicating monterey pine and replanting with native species . also in tenerife , canarian pine tree plantations are partly cleared ( thinned ) which makes them more suitable for the species . some islands have rat control plans in place
this fairly shy species ( 2 ) has a mournful , hoarse cooing call ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . its territorial call has been described as a short ‘ tru - tru - tru - tru - tru ’ , while its advertising call is ‘ tru - tru - tru , tru - tru , tru - tr , tru ’ ( 2 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
cere in birds , an area of skin at the base of the upper mandible of the beak , surrounding the nostrils . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . frugivorous fruit - eating / fruit eater . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . territorial describes an animal , a pair of animals or a group that occupies and defends an area . wing - coverts small feathers which cover the bases of other larger feathers , helping to smooth airflow over the wings .
gibbs , d . , barnes , e . and cox , j . ( 2001 ) pigeons and doves : a guide to the pigeons and doves of the world . a & c black publishers ltd , london .
mobilereference ( 2008 ) the illustrated encyclopedia of european birds : an essential guide to birds of europe . mobilereference , boston .
flpa - images of nature pages green house wetheringsett stowmarket suffolk ip14 5qa united kingdom tel : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 861 113 fax : + 44 ( 0 ) 1728 860 222 pictures @ urltoken http : / / www . urltoken
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : columba bollii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
this species is listed as least concern as , thanks to successful conservation efforts , it no longer approaches the thresholds for vulnerable under any of the iucn criteria . although it has a very small range and small population , the species is now increasing in numbers .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : columba trocaz . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
avibirds , almere , netherlands 2001 - 2012 - your source to the birds of europe . contact ? mail us : info { @ } avibirds . com
closely related to c . trocaz , with which it is sometimes considered conspecific ( see that species ) . also related to c . palumbus , c . unicincta and probably c . junoniae . monotypic .
w canary is , occurring on la palma , gomera , tenerife and el hierro ; in past , perhaps also on gran canaria # r , where now extinct .
35–37 cm ; wingspan 65–68 cm . slim - bodied and large - tailed . similar to
, but silvery grey neck area of latter replaced by a small coppery brown . . .
advertising call a very faint and low - pitched , gruff - sounding rhythmic phrase with only short . . .
mostly feeds on fruit , but also takes grain and occasionally buds , leaves and shoots ; also invertebrates ; summer diet consists mostly of . . .
breeds jan–sept , perhaps with peak in feb–may and may have 2–3 broods . territorial displays include shallow , repeated . . .
in late summer , flies to lower altitudes to feed on ripe cereals and fruit .
not globally threatened . previously considered vulnerable and subsequently near threatened . extinct on gran canaria where it was last recorded in 1889 and was lost due to . . .
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phylogenetic study of species genera columba and streptopelia led to extensive reorganization ; all new world species traditionally included within present genus were transferred to a separate genus , patagioenas # r , a split supported by previously described differences in morphology , serology and behaviour # r .
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probably part of the c . palumbus species - group also including c . trocaz , c . bollii and c . unicincta , but some authors consider it a distinct form only rather distantly allied to this group . original description of “ columba laurivora ” erroneously based on a male of c . trocaz and a female of present species ; in revision , “ laurivora ” was placed in synonymy of c . trocaz and present species was newly named c . junoniae # r . monotypic .
w canary is , on la palma , gomera , tenerife ( discovered 1975 , but evidence long before ) and recently el hierro . extinct on gran canaria .
37–38 cm . forehead , face and throat dark grey with some green or mauve iridescence ; crown , nape and neck mostly iridescent green merging into iridescent reddish purple . . .
advertising call a faint low - pitched phrase starting with a single somewhat tremulous ventriloquial . . .
recorded mar and may–sept , but may occur throughout year . nest placed on rock ledge where ferns are abundant , or beneath tree trunks . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . total population estimated at 1200–1480 birds in 1985 , and thought to be relatively stable : 1000– . . .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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jorge falagán fernández , jacqueserard , fran trabalon , lars petersson , josé m . formentí .
extremely soft sound and very bad rec , but only one other on xc . . .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
this paper argues that certain purported differences between differential reinforcement of other behavior ( dro ) and differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior ( dri ) as applied behavior change techniques lack a firm theoretical foundation . instances where the use of the dro technique in particular has been reported are examined from a theoretical standpoint and two alternate conceptual reformulations of simple dro are advanced . suggestions as to future research to resolve some of the theoretical questions raised in this paper are also made .
. paper presented at the 7th annual convention of the association for behavior analysis milwaukee , wisconsin , may , 1981 .
. presidential address delivered at the 6th annual convention of the association for behavior analysis , dearborn , michigan , may , 1980 .
. presidential address delivered at the 7th annual convention of the association for behavior analysis , milwaukee , wisconsin , may , 1981 .
. paper presented at the 7th annual convention of the association for behavior analysis , milwaukee , wisconsin , may , 1981 .
. paper presented at the 8th annual convention of the association for behavior analysis , milwaukee , wisconsin , may , 1982 .
baer , d . m . , wolf , m . m . , & risley , t . r . 1968 . some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis .
barkley , r . a . , & zupnick , s . 1976 . reduction of stereotypic body contortions using physical restraint and dro .
bostow , d . e . , & bailey , j . s . 1969 . modification of severe disruptive and aggressive behaviors using brief timeout and reinforcement procedures .
catania , a . c . , & reynolds , g . s . 1968 . a quantitative analysis of the responding maintained by interval schedules of reinforcement .
chiang , s . j . , iwata , b . a . , & dorsey , m . f . 1979 . elimination of disruptive bus - riding behaviors with a distance based schedule .
corte , h . e . , wolf , m . m . , & locke , b . l . 1971 . a comparison of procedures for eliminating self injurious behavior of retarded adolescents .
deitz , s . m . 1978 . current status of applied behavior analysis : science vs . technology .
hanley , e . m . , perelman , p . f . , & homan , c . i . 1979 . parental management of a child’s self - stimulatory behavior through the use of timeout and dro .
harris , s . l . , & wolchik , s . a . 1979 . suppression of self - stimulation : three alternative strategies .
hayes , s . c . , rincover , a . , & solnick , j . v . 1980 . the technical drift of applied behavior analysis .
herrnstein , r . j . 1966 . superstition : a corollary of the principles of operant conditioning . in w . k . honig ( ed . ) ,
hineline , p . n . 1980 . the language of behavior analysis : its community , its functions and its limitations .
honig , w . k . , boneau , c . a . , burstein , k . r . , & pennypacker , h . s . 1963 . positive and negative generalization gradients obtained after equivalent training conditions .
jenkins , h . m . , & sainsbury , r . s . 1970 . discrimination learning with the distinctive feature on positive or negative trials . in d . i . mostofsky ( ed . ) ,
luce , s . c . , & hall , r . v . 1981 . contingent exercise : a procedure used with differential reinforcement to reduce bizarre verbal behavior .
mcreynolds , w . t . 1978 . the semantics of science and the science of behavior .
pinkston , e . m . , reese , n . m . , leblanc , j . m . , & baer , d . m . 1973 . independent control of a preschool child’s aggression and peer interaction by contingent teacher attention .
repp , a . c . , & deitz , s . m . 1974 . reducing aggressive and self - injurious behavior of institutionalized retarded children through reinforcement of other behaviors .
weiher , r . g . , & harman , r . e . 1975 . the use of omission training to reduce self - injurious behavior in a retarded child .
woods , t . s . 1980 . on the alleged incompatibility of analysis and application : a response to pierce & epling .
woods , t . s . 1982 . relevance to principle in the search for alternatives to punishment : the case of full session drl .
zeiler , m . d . 1970 . other behavior : consequences of reinforcing not responding .
zeiler , m . d . 1977 . schedules of reinforcement : the controlling variables . in w . k . honig & j . e . r . staddon ( eds . ) ,
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the adult has glossy green crown , nape and upper neck , turning iridescent reddish - purple on lower neck and upper mantle . the upperparts are mostly dark sepia - brown . the lower back and the rump are dark bluish - grey , becoming paler on the uppertail - coverts and the two central rectrices . the outer tail feathers are bluish - grey , ending in indistinct whitish terminal band , more conspicuous on the underside of the tail . the underparts are wine - red from breast to undertail - coverts . the undertail feathers are grey with whitish terminal band .
on the head , forehead , face and throat are dark grey with green to mauve gloss . crown , nape and neck show extensive green gloss . the bill is reddish at base and pale pinkish on the second half to the tip . the eyes are orange , surrounded by red eyering . legs and feet are red .
both sexes are similar , but the female shows slightly paler neck and breast . the juvenile is duller and browner , with rusty - brown fringes to wing - coverts .
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a strong ' whook ' and a slow mournful repeated ' oom - coo ' .
handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds , volume 3 ( snipe to pigeons ) .
source : unesco / eri description is available under license cc - by - sa igo 3 . 0
el bosque de laurisilva de la isla de madera es una reliquia excepcional de un tipo de bosques de laureles muy abundante en el pasado . hoy en día , es el más grande de los bosques subsistentes de este género . el 90 % de su superficie está cubierta por el ecosistema forestal primario , que alberga un conjunto único de especies vegetales y animales . muchas de estas últimas –por ejemplo , la paloma torcaz de madera– son endémicas .
de laurisilva van madeira is een bijzonder overblijfsel van een eerder wijdverspreid laurierbos type . het is het grootste overgebleven gebied van laurierbos en bestaat naar schatting voor 90 % uit oorspronkelijk bos . de laurierbossen zijn van grote ecologische waarde en spelen een belangrijke rol in de hydrologische balans van het eiland . de laurisilva van madeira bestaat voornamelijk uit groene bomen en struiken , met vlakke , donkergroene bladeren . er zijn 20 soorten mos opgenomen als zeldzaam of bedreigd . het eiland bevat een unieke reeks planten en dieren , waaronder veel inheemse soorten , zoals de trocazduif ( lange - tenen duif ) van madeira .
the property includes the areas of primary laurisilva remaining on madeira . its boundaries were defined after an exhaustive field study to identify the most significant areas of remaining vegetation . most of the property is believed to have never been felled and includes some massive old trees , possibly over 800 years old , which have been growing since before the island was settled . goats and sheep , which caused some damage in the past , have now been eradicated from the area .
the property also contains an important testimony of human use . the settlers of madeira constructed water channels , known as levadas , which run through the forest following the contours of the landscape , and clinging to the cliffs and steep - sided valleys . typically 80 - 150 cm wide and constructed of stone or more recently concrete , they carry water from the forest to hydropower stations and to the towns of the south , where they provide essential drinking water and irrigation supplies . along the levadas there are paths typically 1 - 2m wide , which allow access to the otherwise almost impenetrable forest . the impact of these features on the property is limited , and also has some benefit for conservation , since they allow access to the forest on relatively flat paths and cover only an infinitesimal area of land . none has been built for 70 years , but the present ones are carefully maintained . apart from the levadas , and the occasional tiny hut used by those that maintain them , human development within the property is very limited and there is no habitation , no buildings , except the occasional tiny hut for those who maintain the levadas , and no cultivated land . there are limited impacts from two roads , with plans to replace one by a tunnel .
the integrity of the property is further enhanced by buffer zones that are not part of the inscribed property but protect it from threats originating from outside its boundaries . possibly threats arising from these areas include invasive species and species introductions from both agriculture and forestry .
effective conservation management is also in place . conservation functions are devolved to regional government in the form of the governo da região autónoma da madeira ( autonomous regional government of madeira ) . a management plan ( plano de ordenamento e gestão da floresta laurisilva ) is in place and has been approved by the regional government . this is a powerful legal instrument which defines strategies and objectives for the protection and enhancement of the property , drawing the main guidelines for its management , conservation and protection .
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birdlife international . 2015 . european red list of birds . office for official publications of the european communities , luxembourg .
nagy , s . ; crockford , n . 2004 . implementation in the european union of species action plans for 23 of europe ' s most threatened birds . birdlife international , wageningen , the netherlands .
tracewski , l . , butchart , s . h . m . , di marco , m . , ficetola , g . f . , rondinini , c . , symes , a . , wheatley , h . , beresford , a . e . and buchanan , g . m . 2016 . toward quantification of the impact of 21st - century deforestation on the extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates . conservation biology .
tucker , g . m . and heath , m . f . 1994 . birds in europe : their conservation status . birdlife international , cambridge , u . k .
search for photos , videos and sounds of this species in the internet bird collection .
related in some degree to both c . livia and c . guinea . monotypic .
28–31 cm ; male 292 g , female 262 g . general colour slate grey ; primary coverts white , forming a patch on spread wing ; secondary wing - coverts with some black chequering . . .
apparently not very vocal . display call reported to be a cooing “hu . . . ho - ho” audible only at close . . .
occupies woodland and grassland or cultivated land above 1800 m , always near cliffs , gullies , rocky . . .
breeds all year round . nests are placed in holes in cliffs or sheltered ledges in caves or buildings . 2 creamy white eggs ; in captivity , . . .
daily flights occur between low - altitude roosts and high - altitude foraging sites ; when going to . . .
not globally threatened . restricted range , but within this species is often abundant . common in addis ababa ; adaptation to living in cities and occupation of habitats at high . . .
ashpole , j , burfield , i . , ieronymidou , c . , pople , r . , wheatley , h . & wright , l
this species , endemic to europe and the eu27 , has a very small range , within which it is restricted to just four islands on which threats remain that could negatively impact the species in the future . it therefore qualifies as near threatened in both europe and the eu27 .
the species is endemic to the canary islands , spain , where it occurs on the islands of la palma , la gomera , tenerife and el hierro ( gonzález 1996 , martín and lorenzo 2001 ) , and formerly on gran canaria ( barov and derhé 2011 ) . the largest subpopulation is found on la palma , where it occurs across much of the northern half of the island . the species is common on la gomera , where it is found primarily in the north , and also occurs patchily on the northern slopes of tenerife . it has recently also been recorded on el hierro ; however , breeding there has not yet been confirmed ( martín and lorenzo 2001 , martín et al . 2000 ) .
the european population is estimated at 1 , 000 - 2 , 500 mature individuals . the entire population is found in the eu27 . for details of national estimates , see the supplementary material .
in europe and the eu27 the population size trend is unknown . however the species ' area of occupancy is larger than previously thought and may have increased over the last 20 years ( barov and derh� 2011 ) , thus its population is suspected to have increased over the last 16 . 8 years ( three generations ) . for details of national estimates , see attached pdf .
for further information about this species , see 22690122 _ columba _ junoniae . pdf .
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zoonomen - zoological nomenclature resource , 2005 . 05 . 08 , website ( version 08 - may - 05 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .