coenonympha symphita , or lederer 's heath , is a butterfly belonging to the family nymphalidae .

it is found in north-eastern turkey , south-western georgia , and north-western armenia .

the habitat is calcareous grasslands at 2000 – 2500 m above sea level .

its flight period is from early june to mid-july in one generation per year .

the larvae feed on poa annua .

coenonympha symphita

coenonympha arcania ( linnaeus , 1761 ) = papilio arcania linnaeus , 1761 = papilio amyntas poda , 1761 = caucasica jachontov , 1914 = coenonympha heroides caruel 1944 = coenonympha infraparvocellata lempke 1957 = coenonympha lecerfi de lesse 1949 = coenonympha lineigera lempke 1957 = coenonympha lundbladi bryk 1946 = coenonympha addenda caruel 1944 = coenonympha anticaeca lempke 1957 = coenonympha biocellata pionneau 1932 = coenonympha cephalidarwiniana verity 1953 = coenonympha confluens lempke 1957 = coenonympha crassolimbo verity 1953 = coenonympha diaphana schawerda 1942 = coenonympha luxurians lempke 1957 = coenonympha marmorata caruel 1944 = coenonympha mattiaca metz 1928 = philea orientalis rebel , 1904 = coenonympha pallida revon 1939 = coenonympha rufobrunnea warnecke 1942 = coenonympha secunda verity 1953 = coenonympha venata lempke 1957 = coenonympha baltica goltz 1932 .
· similar species . c . caeca : fw without apical ocelli . c . pamphilus : ups termen more or less broadly darkened . c . symphita : unh without white spots and almost always with a complete row of ocelli .
coenonympha semenovi alphéraky , 1887 ; in romanoff , mem . lép . 3 : 405
coenonympha kodiak edwards , 1869 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 2 : 375
coenonympha elbana staudiger , 1901 ; cat . lep . palaearct . faunengeb . 1 : 66
? coenonympha decolorata wagner , 1913 ; ent . mitt . 2 ( 6 ) : 189
erschoff in fedtschenko , 1874 ( coenonympha ) . d : alai ; gissar ; darvaz .
coenonympha haydeni ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 14 ; [ opler ]
coenonympha kodiak var . yukonensis holland , 1900 ; ent . news 11 ( 3 ) : 386
coenonympha tyderes ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 5 ( text only )
coenonympha pamphilus lyllus ; [ bmat ] : 84 , pl . 28 , f . 28 - 44
? coenonympha corinna corinnaeformis verity , 1914 ; boll . soc . ent . ital . 45 : 228
coenonympha corinna ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 16 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
coenonympha fettigii fettigii ; [ bmat ] : 84 , pl . 29 , f . 9 - 11
coenonympha fettigii nicholasi ; [ bmat ] : 85 , pl . 29 , f . 12 - 17
coenonympha fettigii inframaculata ; [ bmat ] : 86 , pl . 29 , f . 18 - 31
coenonympha dorus austauti ; [ bmat ] : 86 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 8
coenonympha vaucheri vaucheri ; [ bmat ] : 86 , pl . 29 , f . 32 - 40
coenonympha vaucheri annoceuri ; [ bmat ] : 87 , pl . 29 , f . 41 - 48
coenonympha vaucheri rifensis ; [ bmat ] : 87 , pl . 29 , f . 49 - 57
coenonympha vaucheri beraberensis ; [ bmat ] : 87 , pl . 29 , f . 58 - 66
coenonympha iphioides ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 2 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
coenonympha mongolica ; [ bru ] , 197 ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 10
alphéraky , 1881 ( coenonympha ) . d : north tian shan westwards to bishkek ; east tian shan .
coenonympha inornata ; [ nacl ] , # 4583 ; [ bow ] : pl . 18 , f . 7
= coenonympha pamphilus ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30
coenonympha pavonina alphéraky , 1888 ; stettin ent . ztg 49 : 66 ; tl : r . hei - ho
huang & murayama , 1992 ( coenonympha ) . d : ukok plateau in sw altai ( southern part ) .
? coenonympha typhon laidon ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30
coenonympha california westwood , [ 1851 ] ; gen . diurn . lep . ( 2 ) : 398 ; tl : california
coenonympha dorus ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 17 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
coenonympha glycerion beljaevi dubatolov , 1997 ; far eastern ent . 44 : 8 ; tl : s . primorye , spassk districk
coenonympha caeca heptopotamica sheljuzhko , 1929 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 19 : 352 ; tl : aulie - ata
coenonympha vaucheri rifensis weiss , 1979 ; entomops 48 : 271 , f . 1 ; tl : dj . lakraa ( morocco )
coenonympha inornata [ ? ] nipisquit mcdunnough , 1939 ; can . ent . 71 : 266 ; tl : near bathurst , new brunswick
coenonympha arcania ab . euthymia dannehl , 1927 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 17 ( 1 - 6 ) : 4
coenonympha leander ; [ bru ] , 195 ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 3 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
coenonympha iphis ab . oikeia dannehl , 1927 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 17 ( 1 - 6 ) : 5
coenonympha glycerion ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 18 ; [ mrs ] , 405 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
coenonympha oedippus ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 4 ; [ mrs ] , 403 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
korshunov , 1996 ( coenonympha ) . dopolnenija i ispravlenija k knige “dnevnye babochki asiatskoj chasti rossii” , novosibirsk : 31 . tl : “
coenonympha pamphilus atlantea verity , 1926 ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 199 ; tl : atlas mts . ( morocco )
coenonympha saadi kollar , [ 1849 ] ; denkschr . akad . wiss . wien . 1 : 52 ; tl : shiraz , s . iran
coenonympha kodiak ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4582
coenonympha caeca staudinger , 1886 ; stett . ent . ztg . 47 ( 7 - 9 ) : 251 ; tl : chatkalsky mts , uzbekistan
coenonympha vaucheri blachier , 1905 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1905 : 213 ; tl : high atlas mts . ( morocco )
coenonympha sinica alphéraky , 1888 ; stettin ent . ztg 49 : 66 ; tl : nian - chian - kette , djin - ta - sy
coenonympha kodiak yukonensis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 30 ; [ nacl ] , # 4582b
coenonympha tiphon italica verity , 1914 ; boll . soc . ent . ital . 45 : 222 , pl . 1 , f . 24 - 27
nekrutenko , 1978 ( coenonympha ) . doklady akademii nauk ukrainskoj ssr , seria b , kiev , 1978 ( 7 ) : 646 . tl : “
coenonympha fettigii oberthür , 1874 ; petites nouv . ent . 1 ( 103 ) : 412 ; tl : province of oran [ telaghre ] ( algeria )
coenonympha fettigii fettigii ab . infra - simplex rothschild , 1917 ; novit . zool . 24 ( 1 ) : 118 ; tl : les pins ( algeria )
coenonympha arcanioides ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 12 ; [ bmat ] : 88 , pl . 28 , f . 45 - 49
coenonympha heros [ sic ] latifasciata matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 94 ; tl : ohtsu , hokkaido
coenonympha semenovi jiadengyuica huang & murayama , 1992 ; tyô to ga 43 ( 1 ) : 5 , f . 15 ; tl : jiadengyu , altai , 1380m
coenonympha leander trevincae wyatt , 1952 ; zs . wiender ent . ges . 37 : 207 ; tl : peña trevinca , orense , nw . spain , 1560m
sedykh , 1977 ( coenonympha ) . geograficheskie aspeky okhrany flory i fauny , sykyvkar : 102 . tl : ukhta in komi republic . d : middle ural .
coenonympha amaryllis ; [ bru ] , 194 ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 5 ; [ mrs ] , 403 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
alphéraky , 1881 ( coenonympha ) . horae societatis entomologicae rossicae , sankt - petersburg , 16 : 426 ; tab . 15 , fig . 26 . tl : “kouldj
coenonympha tullia bosniae davenport , 1941 ; bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . 87 ( 4 ) : 244 - 245 ; tl : lake jesero , bosnia
coenonympha arcanioides f . nigro - ocellata stetter - stättermayer , 1933 ; int . ent . z . 27 : 340 ; tl : bône [ annaba ] ( algeria )
coenonympha mahometana alphéraky , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 ( 3 - 4 ) : 428 ; tl : kuldzha , kunges valley , w . china
coenonympha tullia ; [ bru ] , 193 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 6 ; [ opler ] ; [ otakar kudrna ]
coenonympha xinjiangensis chou & huang , 1994 ; in chou , monographia rhopalocerum sinensium 1 - 2 : 759 , 403 , f . 32 - 33 ; tl : xinjiang , jiandengyu
coenonympha vaucheri annoceuri wyatt , 1952 ; zs . wiener ent . ges . 37 : 175 , pl . 21 , f . b1 - b4 ; tl : annoceur ( morocco )
alphéraky , 1881 ( coenonympha ) . horae societatis entomologicae rossicae , sankt - petersburg , 16 : 428 . tl : “kounguesse” . had been originally described as a variety of iphis .
coenonympha arcania ; [ bru ] , 195 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 5 , f . 15 ; [ mrs ] , 405 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
coenonympha hero ; [ bru ] , 196 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 1 ; [ mrs ] , 404 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
coenonympha tiphon var . rhodopensis elwes , 1900 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1900 ( 2 ) : 205 ; tl : bulgaria , rila mts . , levi iskar , 5000ft
coenonympha dorus fonti de sagarra , 1924 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 4 ( 9 ) : 199 ; tl : albarracin ( aragó ) , 1100m
coenonympha vaucheri f . mediocellis le cerf , 1923 ; bull . soc . ent . fr . 1923 ( 17 ) : 224 ; tl : grand atlas , djebel tachdirt , 3100 - 3250m
staudinger , 1892 ( coenonympha ) . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris , 5 : 339 . tl : tarbagatai . had been originally described as a subspecies of iphis . d : tarbagatai ; dzhungaria .
coenonympha fettigii holli oberthür , 1910 ; ètud . lépid . comp . 4 : 42 , pl . 48 , f . 396 - 397 ; tl : blida - les - glaciéres ( algeria )
coenonympha heros [ sic ] pilwonis matsumura , 1925 ; j . coll . agric . hokkaido imp . univ . 15 : 95 , pl . 8 , f . 2 ♂ ; tl : saghalin
coenonympha nolckeni ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , mém . lép . 4 : 497 ; [ bru ] , 196 ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 9
jachontov , 1914 ( coenonympha ) . revue russe d’entomologie , moscow , 14 : 298 . tl : “zhelesnovodsk” . had been originally described as a subspecies of arcania . d : caucasus ; transcaucasus .
alphéraky , 1897 ( coenonympha ) . mémoires sur les lépidoptères , saint - pétersbourg , 9 : 326 . tl : “kamtschatka” . had been originally described as a variety of tiphon rottemburg , 1775 .
coenonympha nolckeni erschoff , 1874 ; in fedschenko , travels in turkestan . 2 ( 5 ) : 23 , pl . 2 , f . 17 ; tl : mt . naubid , zeravshan valley , uzbekistan
alphéraky , 1881 ( coenonympha ) . d : mountains in the ili valley ; east dzhungaria ; very rare in western parts of kungey ala - too and terskey ala - too mountain ridges ; ketmen mts .
stauder , 1924 ( coenonympha ) . internationale entomologische zeitschrift , guben , 17 : 152 . tl : ili region . had been originally described as a forma of pamphilus . d : dzhungaria ; ili valley .
wagner , 1913 ( coenonympha ) . entomologische mitteilungen , 2 : 189 ; fig . 15 . tl : tushkantau mts . , burkhan valley . had been originally described as a good species . d : tl .
staudinger , 1886 ( coenonympha ) . stettiner entomologische zeitschrift , 47 : 251 . tl : “namangan” . had been originally described as a good species . d : north tian shan ( without kirghiz mts . ) .
coenonympha mongolica alphéraky , 1881 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 16 ( 3 - 4 ) : 426 , 17 ( 1 - 2 ) pl . 1 , f . 26 ; tl : near kuldzha , china
davenport , 1941 ( coenonympha ) . bulletin of the museum comparative zoology of the harvard college , 87 : 249 . tl : chuya in altai . had been originally described as a subspecies of tullia . d : altai .
ménétriès , 1859 ( coenonympha ) . bulletin de la physique academie , saint - pétersbourg , 17 : 215 . tl : vilui river . had been originally described as a variety of tiphon . d : chukotka ; central siberia .
coenonympha vaucheri beraberensis lay & rose , 1979 ; ent . z . frankf . a . m . 89 ( 13 ) : 143 , f . 2 ; tl : [ tizi - n ' ouguerd - zegzaoune ] ( morocco )
rühl , 1894 ( coenonympha ) . die palaearktischen grossschmetterlinge und ihre naturgeschichte . tagfalter , leipzig , 1 : 827 . tl : “südliches sibirien” . had been originally described as a subspecies of caeca . d : tuva ; praebaikal ; transbaikal .
ménétriès , 1859 ( coenonympha ) . bull . phys . acad . st . - petersb . 3 ( 1 ) : 106 . tl : “rives sepentrionales de l’amour” . had been originally described as a good species . d : amur region .
coenonympha sunbecca ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , mém . lép . 4 : 498 ; [ bru ] , 197 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 200 , f . 7 ; [ mrs ] , 404
dubatolov , 1997 ( coenonympha ) . far eastern entomologist , vladivostok , 44 : 8 – 10 ; fig . 21 – 28 . tl : south ussuri region . had been originally described as a subspecies of glycerion . d : south ussuri region .
rühl , [ 1894 ] ( coenonympha ) . die palaearktischen grossschmetterlinge und ihre naturgeschichte . tagfalter , leipzig , 1 : 607 . tl : “amur” . had been originally described as a variety of oedippus . d : transbaikal ; amur district ; ussuri district .
fedrschenko , 1874 ( coenonympha ) . reise nach turkestan , 2 , 5 ( 7 ) ( lepidoptera ) : 23 ; taf . 2 , fig . 17 . tl : “in monte naubid in turkestano rossico” . had been originally described as a good species .
huang & murayama , 1992 ( coenonympha ) . tyô to ga , tokyo , 43 : 5 – 6 ; fig . 15 . tl : “jiadengyu , altai , 1380 m , grassland in forest zone” . had been originally described as a subspecies of semenovi .
coenonympha tullia yontocket porter & mattoon , 1989 ; j . lep . soc . 43 ( 3 ) : 231 , f . 1 - 3 ; tl : california , del norte co . ( dunes n of crescent city , between lake earl and smith river )
staudinger , 1892 ( coenonympha ) . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris , 5 : 338 . tl : “kentei” . had been originally described as a subspecies of iphis . d : east kazakhstan ; altai ; sayan ; praebaikal ; transbaikal ; tuva ; amur district ; ussuri district .
davenport , 1941 ( coenonympha ) . bulletin of the museum comparative zoology of the harvard college , 87 : 256 . tl : “ganju river and the pae - ör range , polar ural” . had been originally described as a form of tullia . d : polar ural .
coenonympha pamphilus ; grum - grshimailo , 1890 , in romanoff , mém . lép . 4 : 497 ; [ bru ] , 192 ; [ ebw ] ; [ bow ] : pl . 6 , f . 5 ; [ mrs ] , 404 ; [ otakar kudrna ]
heyne in rühl , 1894 ( coenonympha ) . die palaearktischen grossschmetterlinge und ihre naturgeschichte . tagfalter , leipzig , 1 : 624 . tl : kirghiz mts . had been originally described as a variety of sunbecca . d : north tian shan ; west tian shan ; inner tian shan ; alai ; gissar .
lederer , 1853 ( coenonympha ) . verhandlungen des zoologisch - botanischen vereins , wien , 3 : 360 . tl : “in den vorbergen des altai zwischen ust - kamenogorsk und ustbuchtarminsk am irtisch” . had been originally described as a subspecies of hero . d : siberia ; amur district ; ussuri district ; sakhalin ; south kuril islands .
hanus , 1996 ( coenonympha ) . atalanta , würzburg , 27 : 208 ; col . pl . 4 , figs . 10 – 12 . [ = aceli hanus , 1996 : 456 , syn . n . – unjustified emendation , junior objective synonym ] . tl : “kirghizia , dolon pass , 2800 m” . had been originally described as a subspecies of mahometana . d : inner tian shan .
korb , 1999 ( coenonympha ) . alexanor , paris , 20 ( 7 ) : 387 – 388 ; figs . 1 , 2 . tl : “ kirghizistan , monts alexandre ( = kyrgyz ala - toosu , kirghizskogo khrebet ) , vallée du tchon - kuurtchak ( = chon - kuurchak ) ( 3500 – 3700 m ) ” . had been originally described as a subspecies of tullia . d : kirghiz mts .
coenonimpha [ sic ] pamphilus altopirenaica de sagarra , 1930 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 10 ( 7 ) : 113
1000x1076 ( ~ 169kb ) underside russia , tatarstan , varkljed - bodja ( 56°13 ' n 52°49 ' e ) , about 20km s of agriz , 8 . 8 . 2004 , photo © markku savela
700x572 ( ~ 77kb ) underside france , sophia antipolis , 5 . 10 . 2000 , photo © markku savela
700x603 ( ~ 74kb ) underside france , sophia antipolis , 5 . 10 . 2000 , photo © markku savela
470x384 ( ~ 99kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 15 . 6 . 2004 , photo © michal koupý
900x723 ( ~ 54kb ) underside finland , ab : suomusjärvi , 669 : 31 , 28 . 6 . 1998 photo © markku savela
larva on poaceae , poa , nardus , stipa , cynosurus , dactilis , festuca , anthoxanthum , brachypodium , ( etc . ) [ bru ] anthoxanthum odoratum , deschampsia caespitosa , d . flexuosa [ sprk ]
pamphilus marginata ( heyne , [ 1894 ] ) ; in rühl , die pal . gross - schmett . 1 : 619
pamphilus fulvolactea ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 205
pamphilus centralasiae ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 205
pamphilus infrarasa ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 206
pamphilus juldusica ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 206
pamphilus ferghana ( stauder , 1924 ) ; int . ent . z . 17 : 152
pamphilus nitidissima ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 199
pamphilus asiaemontium ( verity , 1926 ) ; zs . wiss . insektbiol . berlin 21 : 206
thyrsis ( freyer , 1845 ) ; neuere beitr . schmett . 5 : pl . 475 , f . 1
mesopotamica ( heyne , [ 1894 ] ) ; in rühl , die pal . gross - schmett . 1 : 617
mangeri ( o . bang - haas , 1927 ) ; horae macrolep . palaearct . 1 : 50
haydenii ( edwards , 1872 ) ; in hayden , geol . surv . montana : 467
444x358 ( ~ 40kb ) underside usa : alabama , 2 . 8 . 1999 , photo © vitaly charny
730x1025 ( ~ 173kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo © oleg kosterin
662x882 ( ~ 150kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo © oleg kosterin
959x1119 ( ~ 262kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo © oleg kosterin
649x956 ( ~ 145kb ) underside russian federation , adygea republic , caucasian nature reserve , lagonaki plateau , the blyam mt . environs , 12 july 2008 , photo © oleg kosterin
413x400 ( ~ 45kb ) underside male an alpine meadow , at 2200 m above sea level , on the eastern spurs of the katunskiy mt . range , the valley of the argem ( direntai ) stream , central altai mts . , west siberia , russia . 13th july , 1988 , photo © oleg kosterin
585x733 ( ~ 252kb ) underside male an alpine meadow patch neighbouring with the most elevated larch wood outposts in the kamdyt valley , a tekelyu river right tributary which in turn is an akkem river right tributary , the katunskii range northern principal slope , central [ russian } altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai rapublic , west siberia , russia . 3rd july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
alaska , yukon , nw . territories , n . siberia . see [ maps ]
larva on spartina patens , less festuca rubra webster , 1998 , j . lep . soc . 52 ( 4 ) : 350
700x510 ( ~ 33kb ) underside usa : lake sammamish park , issaquah ( 47°33 ' 36n 122°03 ' 25w ) , king co . , wa , 11 . 7 . 1999 , photo © markku savela
800x739 ( ~ 47kb ) underside usa : issaquah ( 47°32 ' 35n 122°04 ' 00w ) , king co . , wa , 7 . 7 . 1999 , photo © markku savela
500x439 ( ~ 34kb ) underside usa : fr9708 , table mtn , kittitas co . , wa , 19 . 7 . 1999 , photo © markku savela
900x1002 ( ~ 120kb ) underside usa : near tyler ( 47°27 ' 09
n 117°48 ' 41
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pamirs - alai , ghissar , tian - shan - altai . see [ maps ]
ab . inocellata ( sheljuzhko , 1929 ) ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 19 : 352
italy , romania , bulgaria , albania , n . greece , yugoslavia . see [ maps ]
algeria ( blida , chrea , etc . ) , tunisia ( aïn draham , tunis )
morocco ( tizi - n ' ouguerd - zegzaoune , dj . aourach , imlil , lake tislit , etc . )
eu , asia minor , s . russia , s . urals . see [ maps ]
652x452 ( ~ 27kb ) underside male poland , tresta near tomaszow mazowiecki , 07 . 1997 , photo © marek michalski leg .
309x300 ( ~ 24kb ) underside an opening in an oak forest , the town krymsk environs , krymsk district , krasnodarskii krai province , s russia . 26th may 1990 , photo © oleg kosterin
517x689 ( ~ 57kb ) underside sweden , ekebo , julita , 5 . 7 . 2003 , photo © leif wahlberg
479x639 ( ~ 66kb ) underside sweden , ekebo , julita , 20 . 6 . 2004 , photo © leif wahlberg
470x441 ( ~ 93kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 15 . 6 . 2004 , photo © michal koupý
hungary , bulgaria , s . russia , asia minor , armenia , iran . see [ maps ]
papilio leander esper , 1784 ; die schmett . th . i , bd . 2 ( 9 ) : 176 , pl . 89 , f . 5 ; tl : volga region , russia
larva on poa , melica , anthoxanthum , lolium [ bru ] , koenig , 1959 , hesselbarth et al , 1995 , etc .
ceu , neu , temperate asia , amur , korea , japan . see [ maps ]
coenonymphahero neoperseis fruhstorfer , 1908 ; int . ent . zs . 2 ( 2 ) : 10 ; tl : japan , nr . sapporo
478x640 ( ~ 92kb ) upperside underside male russia , n tuva , piykhemskiy distr . , h = 800 . , 06 . 1997 vashchenko s . n . leg , photo © d . smirnov
500x430 ( ~ 28kb ) underside finland , ylöjärvi , teivaala , 6828 : 320 , 16 . 7 . 1996 , photo © tero piirainen
470x443 ( ~ 80kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 15 . 6 . 2004 , photo © michal koupý
470x379 ( ~ 76kb ) underside czech republic , blansko , 22 . 7 . 2004 , photo © michal koupý
600x400 ( ~ 60kb ) underside estonia , hiiumaa , kootsaare nina . 24 . 07 . 2004 , photo © hannu tanner
724x724 ( ~ 116kb ) underside russia , moscow area , 10 . 06 . 2007 , photo © d . smirnov
710x522 ( ~ 96kb ) underside male russia : moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 14 . 7 . 2008 , photo © d . smirnov
811x660 ( ~ 113kb ) underside female russia , moscow area , 18 . 8 . 2010 ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , photo © d . smirnov
872x1120 ( ~ 262kb ) underside a long - fallow land on the akkem river right bank terrace at the oroktoi brook mouth , katunskii range southern foot , central [ russian ] altai mts . , ust ' - koksa district , altai republic , west siberia , russia . 8th july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
979x1081 ( ~ 180kb ) underside russia , west siberia , the altai mts . , altai republic , shebalino district , the ulus - cherga village environs , a herbaceous meadow on southern slope . 11th july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
? sunbecca var . alexandra ( heyne , [ 1894 ] ) ; ; tl : kirghizsky mts .
300x400 ( ~ 28kb ) underside a steppefied meadow in the middle flow of the kora river , 30 km ne of the tekeli city ( 1900 m above sea level ) , the north dzhungarskiy alatau mountain chain ( ne part of tien shan ) , taldy - kurgan province , se kazakhstan . 15th june , 1993 ( on artemisia santolinifolia turcz . ex besser ) , photo © oleg kosterin
coenonimpha [ sic ] iphioides pseudoamyntas de sagarra , 1930 ; butll . inst . catal . hist . nat . ( 2 ) 10 ( 7 ) : 113
612x520 ( ~ 45kb ) underside barbatona ( prov . guadalajara ) , spain 1 - august - 1989 , photo © enrique garcia - barros
ceu , s . siberia - ussuri , china , korea , japan . see [ maps ]
600x800 ( ~ 97kb ) underside male female a meadow steppe on the hill malyi batur on the left bank of the onon river 7 km upstream of the village nizhnii tsasuchei , onon district , chita province , se transbaikalia ( dahuria ) , siberia , russia . 11th july 1996 , photo © oleg kosterin
857x1133 ( ~ 217kb ) underside russia , west siberia , the altai mts . , altai republic , shebalino district , the ulus - cherga village environs , a herbaceous meadow on southern slope . 11th july 2007 ( on phlomis tuberosa ) , photo © oleg kosterin
1177x1309 ( ~ 266kb ) underside russia , west siberia , the altai mts . , altai republic , shebalino district , the ulus - cherga village environs , a herbaceous meadow on southern slope . 11th july 2007 , photo © oleg kosterin
ghissar , alai , tian - shan , n . pamirs , w . pamirs . see [ maps ]
s . urals , altai mts , w . siberia , e . siberia , transbaikalia , amur , ussuri , china , mongolia , korea . see [ maps ]
borisovi ( korshunov & ivonin , 1996 ) ; ( infrasubsp . ) - baikal region
400x398 ( ~ 41kb ) underside the valley of the shivilig - khem river just upstream its leaving the the southern foot of the east tannu - ola mounatin range for the ubsu - nur hollow , tes - khem district , tuva republic , siberia , russia . 11th july 1990 , photo © oleg kosterin
1000x1058 ( ~ 190kb ) underside female china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo © a . timchenko leg .
1000x915 ( ~ 154kb ) upperside male china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo © a . timchenko leg .
1000x1062 ( ~ 176kb ) underside male china , qinghai prov , 20 km s tianjun ( 3900m ) , photo © a . timchenko leg .
the dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254
butterflies of north america . 2 . scientific names list for butterfly species of north america , north of mexico .
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
lépidoptères du district de kouldjà et des montagnes environnantes . ( 1 - 3 )
the genera of diurnal lepidoptera , comprising their generic characters , a notice of their habitats and transformations , and a catalogue of the species of each genus ; illustrated with 86 plates by w . c . hewitson
descriptions of certain species of diurnal lepidoptera found within the limits of the united states and of british america . - no . [ 1 ] - 3
list of species of butterflies collected by campbell carrington and wm . b . logan , of the expedition [ to montana ] , in 1871 . preliminary report [ 5th ann . rep . ] u . s . geological survey of montana , by f . v . hayden in hayden ,
die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . band 1
die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . fortsetzung . band 2
die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 1 . abschnitt 1
die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil i . die tagschmetterlinge . supplement theil 2
genera insectorum eorumque characters naturales secundum numerum , figuram , situm et proportionem . . .
neuere beiträge zur schmetterlingskunde mit abbildungen nach der natur . ( 65 - 80 )
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
critical list of the collection of algerian lepidoptera of the late captain n . j . e . holl .
anotacions a la lepidopterologia ibérica v ( 2 ) . formes noves de lepidòpters ibérics
beitrag zur lepidopterenfauna des iligebietes sowie des sary - dschas ( asia centr . )
wyatt , 1952 einige neue tagfalterrassen aus spanien zs . wiender ent . ges . 37 : 204 - 207
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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north - eastern turkey , south - western georgia , and north - western armenia . armenia is inhabited by subspecies c . s .
sheljuzhko , 1929 . the larval host - plant is poa annua . in armenia the species inhabits calcareous grasslands at western pambak mountains , preferring more humid pars with well developed grass community . elevation range of the species is quite narrow : between 2000 and 2400 m a . s . l . the butterflies are on wing from mid june ( most early individuals occur already in early june ) till early to mid july .
the species was found in armenia in 2000 and since that time the data on its distribution and abundance have been recorded in the bca database . the species is slightly uncommon within typical habitat and shows some level of population decline . the lederer ' s heath appears to be habitat sensitive , especially taking into account that its larval host plant is is consumable for the livestock . the area is under moderate level of grazing by cattle and sheep , which most probably are causing the observed population decline . also because the area is a historical monument , weekend picnics are very common here . the latest increases probability of occasional fire , which potentially can destroy this unique habitat with high butterfly diversity .
 . preliminary assessment of the national conservation status of the species suggests it as vulnerable . populations of the species in turkey and georgia might face the same threats and therefore assessment of its global conservation status can also be very important . distribution range of
lederer ' s heath in armenia has no conservation status which places this unique habitat in a dangerous position . the sequence of following activities appear to help in the species ' protection : ( 1 ) assessment of distribution range of the species as prime butterfly area ; ( 2 ) assessment of the conservation status of the species ; ( 3 ) assessment of the new pba as emerald site for further inclusion into international protection under bern convention ; ( 4 ) development of management plan for the area , including change of its conservation status and pasture management practices ; ( 4 ) development of butterfly - watching in the new pba and involvement of surrounding communities in hospitality and catering service .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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· type locality .
dans les montagnes entre achalziche et la frontiure turque
. [ between akhaltsikhe and the turkish border , georgia ] .
· habitat and biology . locally in humid midmontane and subalpine meadows of the caucasus minor and kars plateau at 1 , 300 - 2 , 300 m a . s . l . host plant ( hesselbarth et al . , 1995 ) : poa annua . flight period : june - july .
· similar species . c . tullia : unh with white spots . c . pamphilus : unh usually without ocelli .
photo and text : guide to the butterflies of russia and adjacent territories volume 1 . pensoft , sofia - moscow . 1997
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this checklist is not sorted taxonomically but simply alphabetically as i believe that it is much easier to search for species like this .
didmanidze , e . , 2004 . annotated list of diurnal butterflies ( lepidoptera : rhopalocera ) of georgia and adjacent territory from southern caucasus . proceedings of the institute of zoology ( tbilisi , georgia ) vol . xxii : 197 - 226
tarkhnishvili d , chaladze g ( editors ) . 2013 . georgian biodiversity database . urltoken downloaded on : 9 july 2018
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* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
albania , austria , belgium , bulgaria , hungary , germany , greece , denmark , spain , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , slovakia and the soviet union - the european part of turkey - european part of france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - west , the european central black earth , central european , european southern taiga , the western caucasus , kaliningrad , mid - volzhsky , middle urals , south ural .
albania , andorra , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , bosnia and herzegovina , hungary , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , latvia , lithuania , liechtenstein , luxembourg , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , russia , romania , slovakia , slovenia , turkey ( european part ) , ukraine , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
[ 28 ] moths and butterflies of europe and north africa ( leps . it ) , 2012
[ 85 ] urltoken ( insecta . pro previous version / cтарая версия insecta . pro )
note : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments
· type locality .
fridrichsdal ( seeland )
[ zealand is . , denmark ]
· range . the entire palaearctic region , except for the extreme north and south , and n . america .
· distribution and variation . the nominate subspecies ( = tiphon rottemburg , 1775 ; = timanensis sedykh , 1977 ) is distributed in the european part and w . siberia . in addition , the following subspecies can be recognized :
ssp . suecica hemming , 1936 ( = fridolini kusnezov in davenport , 1941 ; = minimus sedykh , 1977 ) - the n . european part ( the khibiny and polar ural mts . ) and n . siberia ( the yamal peninsula ) ;
· taxonomic notes . the taxonomy of this widely distributed and variable species is not sufficiently studied yet . within the area concerned the species shows a lot of forms , the status of which is rather obscure and the distribution limits mostly not defined .
· habitat and biology . a boreal species characteristic of moorlands and taiga ; in the plain is distributed in the coniferous forest zone inhabiting moorlands , riverside meadows , swamps ; in the mountains up to 2 , 000 m a . s . l . flight period : june - july , in the north july - august . larvae hibernating . host plants ( lang , 1884 ; henriksen , kreutzer , 1982 ; gorbunov , korshunov , 1995 ; etc . ) : eriophorum , carex , rhynchospora , festuca , poa , stipa .
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( 1968 ) and others that the taxon satyridae has a subfamilic rank in the family nymphalidae . these family - group taxa differ very good at the family level by the wing venation , genital structures and wing pattern . in the wing venation the general difference is the dicked basal parts of veins on the forewing in satyridae ; on the forewing of satyridae the veins r
lie as two different veins , in nymphalidae these veins lie in one vein . genital structures of nymphalidae are more differenciered that in satyridae , valves of nymphalidae allwais have sklerotyzed structures , in satyridae these structures never to present . wing pattern of satyridae ( especially in the underside ) is very primitiv ; it’s only belts or rows of spots without good differentiation ( this differentiation is only in some groups of satyridae ) , in nymphalidae the wing pattern has a good visible differentiation , belts or rows of points or spots are asymmetric and more reduced , some elements of pattern are transformed .
i think that many lepidopterists have very great value to the cladistic classification and cladistic analysis . but cladistic analysis don’t have the base for good taxonomic analysis on the family - group level and don’t give the base for the cladistic system ( = classification ) ( see for example proceedings of the zoological institut of saint - pétersbourg , 1994 : “principles and methods of the zoological classification” ) .
is 31 . but this number is correct only for nymphalidae by old authors , in satyridae this number is 28 . so it’s not good symplesiomorphy .
la grande ancienneté des lepidoptera . les premiers papillons fossiles connus sont en effet datés du jurassique supérieur . cet ordre est apparu au trias , en même temps que son groupe - frère : les trichoptera . ces satyrinae fossiles n’apportent donc que peu de renseignements sur la phylogénie des nymphalidae et des papilionoidea . ils sont nettement plus intéressants pour l’étude du paléoclimat de l’oligocène et de la biogéographie des lathini [ sic ! ] . ” this is very important : in complex with primitiv genital structures , wing pattern and venation , the older than in nymphalidae fossiles of satyridae showed that satyridae was an ancestral group for nymphalidae , and nymphalidae is a family which has progressiver characters than satyridae .
, augsburg , 4 : 56 . ts : papilio europa fabricius , 1775 .
diana butler , 1866 ( pararge ) . proceedings of the linnean society of london , zoology , 9 : 55 . tl : japan , “hakodad” . had been originally described as a good species .
butler , 1866 ( pararge ) . d : south ussuri district ( pyazanovka , sukhanovka ) ; south sakhalin ; shikotan and kunashir islands in kuriles .
bremer , 1861 ( lasiommaa ) . bulletin de la academie des sciences , saint - pétersbourg , 3 : 549 . tl : “ussuri , zwischen dem noor und der ema” . had been originally described as a good species .
bremer , 1861 ( lasiommata ) . d : amur district ; ussuri district ( western border and southern part ) .
, washingron : pl . 64 . ts : zophoessa sura doubleday , [ 1849 ] .
butler , 1877 ( lethe ) . annales of the magazin of natural history , london , ( 4 ) 19 : 92 . tl : japan , “tokei , jedo” . had been originally described as a good species .
esaki & nakahara , 1924 ( lethe ) . ins . ins . menstr . , 12 : 56 , fig . 3 . tl : japan , hokkaido , sapporo . had been originally described as a subspecies of callipteris . d : south kuriles and sakhalin .
, london , 1 ( 12 ) : 310 . ts : pronophilla schrenckii ménétriès , 1858 .
ménétriès , 1858 ( pronophilla ) . bulletin de la physique et naturelle academie de sciences , saint - pétersbourg , 17 : 215 . tl : bureya mts . had been originally described as a good species .
ménétriès , 1858 ( pronophilla ) . d : amur district from bureya river to gorin river ; ussuri district ; sw sakhalin .
ménértiès , 1857 ( lasiommata ) . enumeratio corporum animalium musei petropolitanae , petropoli , 2 : 104 , tab . 10 , fig . 4 . tl : “japon” . had been originally described as a good species .
butler , 1881 ( neope ) . annales of the magazin of the natural history , london , 7 : 133 . tl : “japan” . had been originally described as a good species .
butler , 1881 ( neope ) . d : sakhalin ( southern part ) ; kuriles : iturup and kunashir islands .
, london , 2 ( 13 ) : 14 . ts : lasiommata epimenides ménétriès , 1859 .
lang , 1884 ( pararge ) . rhopalocera europae descripta et delineata , london , 1 : 328 . tl : blagovestshensk . had been originally described as a variety of epimenides .
lang , 1884 ( pararge ) . d : amur district ; ussuri district .
, 1988 : 59 ) . had been originally described as a good species .
ménétriès in schrenck , 1859 ( lasiommata ) . d : east transbaikal ; amur district ; ussuri district .
, augsburg , 4 : 59 . ts : papilio aegeria linnaeus , 1758 .
linnaeus , 1758 ( papilio ) . systema naturae . . . ( ed . 10 ) , 1 : 473 . tl : south europa and north afrika . had been originally described as a good species .
godart , 1821 ( satyrus ) . histoire naturelle des lépidoptères ou papillons de france , paris , 1 : 163 ; pl . 8 , fig . 1 . tl : paris . had been originally described as a good species . d : european part ( without north ) ; middle and south ural .
, london , 2 ( 13 ) : 14 . ts : pararge dumetorum oberthür , 1866 .
scopoli , 1763 ( papilio ) . entomologia carniorica exhibens insecta carnioliae indugena et distributa in ordines , genera , species , varietates . methodo linnaeana , vindobonae : 156 . tl : “karnten” : carinthia in austria . had been originally described as a good species .
scopoli , 1763 ( papilio ) . d : european part ; south siberia ; caucasus .
staudinger , 1892 ( pararge ) . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris , berlin , 5 : 337 . tl : partizansk and askold island in ussuri region . had been originally described as a variety of achine . d : south of far east .
matsumura , 1919 ( pararge ) . thous . ins . jap . add . , 3 : 28 . tl : “saghalien” . had been originally described as a subspecies of achine . d : sakhalin .
matsumura , 1928 ( pararge ) . insecta matsumurana , sapporo , 2 ( 4 ) : 191 , 193 . tl : shikotan island . had been originally described as a subspecies of achine . d : south kuriles .
korb , 1997 ( lopinga ) . lambillionea , bruxelles , 97 : 519 ; abbn . 1 , 2 . tl : “südural , bolschoj taganaj - gebirge” . had been originally described as a subspecies of deidamia . d : south and middle ural .
matsumura , 1911 ( pararge ) . journal of the college of agriculture of imperial university of sapporo , 4 : 45 . tl : sakhalin : “solowiyovka , tonnaitcha” . had been originally described as a variety of deidamia . d : sakhalin .
, 1994 : 75 ) . had been originally described as a good species .
moore , 1874 ( pararge ) . proceedings of the scientific meetings of the zoological society of london , 1874 : 265 – 266 ; pl . 43 , fig . 3 . tl : “goolmurg , cashmere” . had been originally described as a good species . d : pamir ; darvaz .
eversmann , 1847 ( hipparchia ) . d : north and inner tian shan ; dzhungaria ; ? tarbagatai .
grum - grshimailo , 1893 ( pararge ) . horae societatis entomologicae rossicae , sankt - petersburg , 27 : 384 . tl : “buchara orientali ( karategin , baldshuan ) ” . had been originally described as a variety of eversmanni . d : kopet dagh ; gissar ; alai .
, london , 1 : 65 . ts : papilio megera linné , 1767 .
linnaeus , 1758 ( papilio ) . systema naturae . . . ( ed . 10 ) , 1 : 473 . tl : sweden . had been originally described as a good species .
a . bang - haas , 1907 ( pararge ) , stat . rest . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris , 20 : 69 . tl : crimea . had been originally described as a subspecies of maera . d : crimea .
linnaeus , 1758 ( papilio ) . d : european part ; kazakhstan ; kopet dagh ; north tian shan ; dzhungaria ; altai .
huang & murayama , 1992 ( lasiommata ) . tyô to ga , tokyo , 43 : 5 ; figs . 13 , 14 . tl : “jiadengyu , altai , 1400 – 1700 m , grassland in forest zone” . had been originally described as a subspecies of maera . d : sw altai .
linné , 1767 ( papilio ) . systema naturae . . . ( ed . 12 ) , 1 : 771 . tl : austria . had been originally described as a good species .
linné , 1767 ( papilio ) . d : south of european part ; caucasus ; transcaucasus ; kopet dagh ; kazakhstan ; north tian shan ( mountain ridges kirghizsky ala - too and transili alatau ) ; dzhungaria ; crimea .
moore , 1865 ( lasiommata ) . proceedinds of the zoological society of london , 1865 : 499 ; pl . 30 , fig . 3 . tl : “middle kunawur” . had been originally described as a god species .
christoph , 1877 ( pararge ) . horae societatis entomologicae rossicae , sankt - petersburg , 12 : 240 ; tab . 5 , fig . 13 , 14 . tl : shakhrud . had been originally described as a good species . d : transcaucasus in the ordubad vicinity .
fabricius , 1787 ( papilio ) . mantissa insectorum , 2 : 36 . tl : saint - pétersbourg . had been originally described as a variety of maera .
fabricius , 1787 ( papilio ) . d : european part ; caucasus ; transcaucasus ; kazakhstan ; southern siberia ; southern far east .
, kiev , 1988 ( 1 ) : 50 [ nom . subst . pro esperia nekrutenko , 1987 , non hübner , [ 1825 ] et esperella nekrutenko , 1987 , non g . vosmaer in bronn , 1885 . ts : papilio climene esper , [ 1783 ] .
esper , [ 1783 ] ( papilio ) . die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen , erlangen , 1 : 165 ; tab . 85 , fig . 1 – 3 . tl : “gegenden der wolga” . had been originally described as a good species .
esper , [ 1783 ] ( papilio ) . d : south of european part .
, aachen ; leipzig , 1 ( 3 ) : 97 . ts : papilio galathea linnaeus , 1758 .
staudinger , 1887 ( [ melanargia ] ) . mémoires sur les lépidoptères , saint - pétersbourg , 3 : 147 ; pl . 16 , fig . 10 . tl : “raddefka” . had been originally described as a variety of [ halimede ] .
staudinger , 1887 ( melanargia ) . d : amur district ( from zea river to gorin river ) ; ussuri district .
linnaeus , 1758 ( papilio ) . systema naturae . . . ( ed . 10 ) , 1 : 474 . tl : europa . had been originally described as a good species .
fruhstorfer , 1917 ( melanargia ) . archiv naturgeschichten , a 82 : 22 . tl : “tiflis” . had been originally described as a forma of galathea . d : transcaucasus ; southern slope of great caucasus .
linnaeus , 1758 ( papilio ) . d : european part northwards to the nizhny novgorod region ; south ural .
, saint - pétersbourg , 17 : 216 . tl : “montagnes de chingan , et sur les rives de la riviere sakhalin , ou partie superieure du fleuve amour , jusqu’aux montagnes de geonz” . had been originally described as a good species .
ménétriès , 1859 ( arge ) . d : transbaikal ; ussuri district ; amur district .
res actuelles de la perse , enterpris par ordre de s . m . empereur
, 1990 : 126 ) . had been originally described as a good species .
ménétriès , 1832 ( satyrus ) . d : transcaucasus : talysh , mountain ridges karadag , zagros , elburs , southern slope of zangezursky mts .
hübner , [ 1827 ] ( papilio ) . sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , augsburg : tab . 182 , fig . 896 – 899 . tl : “cres . kroatien” . had been originally described as a good species .
staudinger , 1871 ( melanargia ) . catalog der lepidopteren des europaeischen faunengebietes , dresden ( ed . 2 ) : 23 . tl : “ [ helenendorf ] ” , “ [ goektschai ] ” . had been originally described as a variety of larissa . d : transcaucasus from kura valley to the border with turkey .
staudinger , 1901 ( melanargia ) . catalog der lepidopteren des palaearktischen faunengebietes , dresden ( ed . 3 ) , 1 : 42 . tl : “achalzich” . had been originally described as a variety of larissa . d : gruzien : districts of akhalzikh and aspindz .
staudinger & bang - haas , 1882 ( melanargia ) . berliner entomologische zeitschrift , 26 : 170 . tl : margelan . had been originally described as a good species .
staudinger , 1886 ( melanargia ) . stettiner entomologische zeitschrift , 47 : 226 . tl : “südliches alai” . had been originally described as a variety of parce . d : alai ; gissar ; darvaz .
staudinger in staudinger & bang - haas , 1882 ( melanargia ) . d : tian shan .
esper , [ 1786 ] ( papilio ) . die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen , erlangen , 1 ( 2 ) : 162 ; tab . 84 , fig . 1 , 2 . tl : sevastjanovka in the pensa region . had been originally described as a good species .
esper , [ 1786 ] ( papilio ) . d : european part ( southern and central part ) ; caucasus ; west siberia ( steppes ) ; kazakhstan ; altai ; sayan ; north tian shan ; dzhungaria .
ménétriès , 1832 ( satyrus ) . d : talish and gilan vicinity in transcaucasus .
, 1997 : 192 ) . had been originally described as a good species .
ménétriès in schrenck , 1859 ( ypthyma ) . reisen und forschungen im amur - lande , sankt - petersburg , 2 ( 1 ) : 106 . tl : “sur les rives du sungari non loin de sa joncion avec l’amour” . had been originally described as a good species . d : ussuri district to khabarovsk .
butler , 1866 ( ypthima ) . proceedings of the linnean society of london , 9 : 56 . tl : japan , honsu . had been originally described as a good species .
fruhstorfer in seiz , [ 1911 ] ( ypthima ) . die gross - schmetterlinge der erde , stuttgart , 9 : 290 . tl : ussuri . had been originally described as a subspecies argus . d : ussuri district ; amur district from zea river to gorin river .
matsumura , 1919 ( ypthima ) . matsumuriana , sapporo , 1 : 1 . tl : japan : hokkaido , “jozankei” . had been originally described as a subspecies of argus . d : kunashir island .


a wallaby is a small - or mid-sized macropod found in australia and new guinea .

they belong to the same taxonomic family as kangaroos and sometimes the same genus , but kangaroos are specifically categorised into the six largest species of the family .

the term wallaby is an informal designation generally used for any macropod that is smaller than a kangaroo or wallaroo that has not been designated otherwise .

there are 11 species of brush wallabies ( g. macropus , s.g. protemnodon ) .

their head and body length is 45 to 105 cm and the tail is 33 to 75 cm long .

the six named species of rock-wallabies ( g. petrogale ) live among rocks , usually near water ; two species are endangered .

the two species of hare-wallabies ( g. lagorchestes ) are small animals that have the movements and some of the habits of hares .

often called " pademelons " , the three species of scrub wallabies ( g. thylogale ) of new guinea , the bismarck archipelago , and tasmania are small and stocky , with short hind limbs and pointed noses .

they are hunted for meat and fur .

a similar species is the short-tailed scrub wallaby , or quokka ( setonix brachyurus ) ; this species is now restricted to two offshore islands of western australia .

the three named species of forest wallabies ( g. dorcopsulus ) are native to the island of new guinea .

the dwarf wallaby is the smallest member of the genus and the smallest known member of the kangaroo family .

its length is about 46 cm from nose to tail , and it weighs about 1.6 kg .

wallaby

. this includes the rock wallaby , the brush wallaby and the shrub wallaby . other wallaby
wallaby . js supports node . js testing . in fact , wallaby . js is written in node . js and we write tests for wallaby . js using wallaby . js .
actor
wallaby approaches within 1 m ( 3 . 3 ft ) of
reactor
wallaby
wallabies are broadly classified by the habitat in which they are found . these are the rock wallaby , bush wallaby and shrub wallaby . some are also named based on their size and appearance . for example the hare wallaby .
the wallaby is a marsupial meaning that the female wallaby has a pouch on her tummy in which to raise her young . the female wallaby gives birth to a single baby wallaby ( occasionally twins ) , known as a joey , after a
under the iucn red list of threatened species , the black forest wallaby is critically endangered ; the proserpine rock - wallaby is endangered ; the yellow - footed rock - wallaby is near threatened ; and the mala ( rufous hare wallaby or warrup ) and bridled nail - tail wallaby are vulnerable to extinction .
. today there are a number of wild wallaby populations inhabiting other areas around the world where the wallaby has been introduced by humans .
the whiptail wallaby ( also known as the pretty face wallaby ) is found along the east coast of northern nsw up into queensland .
the banded hare - wallaby , is a small wallaby weighing up to 3kg . this species is found on offshore islands off western australia .
many wallaby species are quite prolific and therefore not threatened . but some , such as certain species of the rock wallaby , are considered to be endangered .
the bbc ' s jacey normand went on the trail of the manx wallaby .
the wallaby has strong and powerful back legs which the wallaby hops on in order to move about . the forearms of the wallaby are much smaller as they are mainly used for feeding and occasionally to help with balance . the tail of the wallaby is often as long as the wallaby ' s body and plays a critical role as a balance aid and is often used in self - defence . animal
the preferred habitat of the swamp wallaby is thick forest undergrowth or sandstone heath .
a new species of rock - wallaby hops into view in australia’s top end .
and sadly , some species are now extinct . the eastern hare wallaby , the crescent nail - tail wallaby are two species that have become extinct since european settlement .
the agile wallaby , also known as the sandy wallaby . photo steve parish . we have wallabies on the vast majority of our reserves . we’re happy to have the endangered bridled nail - tail wallaby on goonderoo in queensland . the threatened black - gloved wallaby occurs on our gondwana link properties and kojonup . we ' re revegetating cleared farmland to create more wallaby habitat and our monitoring shows they ' re using it .
read on to see what else wallaby can do or check out the official documentation .
a wallaby cannot walk forward or backwards by moving its legs independently . the wallaby can , however actually move its legs independently it just can ' t do so for walking .
where can i find more information about wallaby . js , such as tutorials and samples ?
where is your changelog , and what does the roadmap for wallaby . js look like ?
quokka , marsupial mammal , a species of wallaby ( q . v . ) . …
- kangaroo and wallaby teaches us warrior energy . this warrior energy is sometimes considered exclusively masculine , but everyone needs strength , leadership and decisiveness in their lives and wallaby demonstrates this .
along with leaves from low trees and shrubs and berries . the wallaby is a very sociable
report any rock wallaby sightings to park rangers , national parks and wildlife staff or tsn .
the nailtail wallabies are named for the horny tip on the end of their tail . the only nailtail wallaby that is still surviving in large numbers is the northern nailtail wallaby . the
in new zealand there are two wallaby species ( introduced from australia ) available for hunting .
can i use wallaby . js with jasmine , mocha , qunit , ava , or jest ?
does wallaby . js support angular , react , backbone . js , aurelia , etc . ?
red - necked wallaby distribution . click on map for detailed distribution from iucn macropus rufogriseus factsheet .
the agile wallaby is a common species in northern australia whose range extends into papua new guinea .
in 1959 rabbit boards and the wallaby destruction committee were formed . the south canterbury rabbit board subsidised wallaby control with a dollar for dollar tax payer incentive and numbers steadily dropped until the 1980s .
black - gloved wallaby : beringa , cherininup , chingarrup and yarabee , kojonup ( wa ) .
wallaby captures both javascript logs and errors . any uncaught exceptions in javascript will be re - thrown in elixir . this can be disabled by specifying js _ errors : false in your wallaby config .
then in your test _ helper . exs you can provide some configuration to wallaby . at minimum , you need to specify a : base _ url , so wallaby knows how to resolve relative paths .
wallaby works with phantomjs out of the box . there is also experimental support for both headless chrome and selenium . the driver can be specified by setting the driver option in the wallaby config like so :
wallaby . js has zero - configuration support for typescript and coffeescript . babel is also fully supported .
wallaby . js supports karma - like preprocessors . simply provide a function invoking an existing node module .
the red wallaby hold the high jump record too . it can jump as high as three meters .
at low speeds , however , a wallaby is far less agile . its super - efficient hopping legs let it down . ( see next section to learn how a wallaby moves at slow speeds ) .
the swamp wallaby feeds on a variety of plants including introduced and native shrubs , grasses and ferns .
a number of wallaby species are threatenend or endangered due to extensive habitat clearance and predation by foxes .
wallaby sign includes scratching ( digging up plant roots ) tracking , browsed grass or shrubs and droppings .
the near threatened yellow - footed rock - wallaby has also been spotted on boolcoomatta in south australia .
the wallaby ' s large thick tail serves a number of purposes . without it a wallaby wouldn ' t be able to stand up , hop or move at slow speeds . it is also where a wallaby stores excess fat for use in times of hardship . when a wallaby stands , its tail acts as the third point of a tripod and prevents it from toppling over backwards . the tail also serves a similar purpose when a wallaby springs up from a standstill position . while hopping , the tail acts are a counterbalance to its body , preventing the wallaby from tipping forward . at slow speeds the tail is a vital part of its pentapedaling movement . the wallaby also stands up on its tail when it is fighting .
because wallaby manages multiple browsers for you , its possible to test several users interacting with a page simultaneously .
then in mywebapp ' s test _ helper . exs you can provide some configuration to wallaby . at minimum , you need to specify a : base _ url , so wallaby knows how to resolve relative paths .
once you have wallaby . js installed and running in any of the supported editors , you may also use wallaby . js browser app to get the realtime test execution and code coverage reports connected to your editor .
do i have to use tdd with wallaby . js or do i have to write my code first ?
san diego zoo ' s miracle wallaby [ video ; 11 : 57 ] . 21 october 2011 . a visit with keeper janet hawes and hand - raised parma wallaby ' tinka ' at the san diego zoo .
an average wallaby dropped some 311 fecal pellets in a 24 hour period ( johnson et al . 1987 )
the parma wallaby has greyish brown back with white throat and chest . the conservation status of this wallaby is listed as
near threatened
. they are highly susceptible to predation by foxes . click to continue >
a crest of hair at the tip of the wallaby’s tail partially conceals a claw - like nail . it is this nail which leads to the name ‘nailtail’ wallaby , however little is known of its purpose . there were once three species of nailtail wallabies , one ( the crescent nailtail wallaby onychogalea lunata ) is now extinct .
that forages on the ground for seeds and fallen fruits . grasses make up the bulk of the wallaby ' s
closest relative according to phylogenetic studies : black - striped wallaby , macropus dorsalis ( cardillo et al . 2004 )
current north american captive parma wallaby population is descended from some of these animals ( ivy et al . 2009 )
parma wallaby distribution adapted from urltoken according to iucn fact sheet click here or on map to view detailed distribution .
national recovery plan for the brush - tailed rock - wallaby petrogale penicillata ( pdf - 657 . 3 kb )
the parma wallaby is also found on kawau island , new zealand , where it was introduced in 1870 by the prime minister of new zealand , sir george grey , who maintained a zoological park on the island . this wallaby population boomed and the parma wallaby is now considered a pest on the island ( 7 ) ( 8 ) .
scientist suggest that the red wallaby has the most efficient method of locomotion of any ground animal in the world . as it travels faster and faster it actually uses less and less energy . at speeds above 18kph , a wallaby hoping uses less energy than any other animal of equal weight . if a foxhound were to chase a wallaby , it would consume twice as much energy as the wallaby and would tire out in less than 2 kilometres . the wallaby , on the other hand , could go another 20 kilometres and still seems as fresh as when it started .
there are three species of wallaby that have the characteristic ' nail - tail ' , a small horny nail - like spur about 3 - 6 mm long at the tip of the tail : the bridled nailtail wallaby , crescent nailtail wallaby ( believed to be extinct ) and northern nailtail wallaby ( common in northern australia ) . it is unknown whether the ' nail - tail ' spur serves a function , but one theory is that it may aid their speed when the spur hits the ground and acts as a point on which the wallaby pivots during sharp turns .
there ' s no vendor , api or framework lock - in when using wallaby . js . you are getting a productivity boost with wallaby . js , but you will always be able to run your tests without the tool .
the mala or rufous hare - wallaby is a small wallaby weighing up to 1 . 3 kg . this species once lived in a wide area of central and western australia but is now found on offshore islands off western australia .
i just did a decently complex refactor on my js app — and using wallaby . js made it 10x faster .
learn how the movements of the fetal tammar wallaby ( macropus eugenii ) shortly before birth are revealed through ultrasound imaging .
- wallaby also teaches us the harsh laws of the australian land ( and the other places that it inhabits ) , communion with wallaby will show us how to serve , and how not to serve the land and the landscape around us . wallaby is one of the animals that has an innate knowledge of the land and its mythos , it teaches indigenous wisdom , and communion or journeying with wallaby if you hold in your heart respect and humbleness , can yield much .
brush - tailed rock - wallaby ( petrogale penicillata ) - approved nsw recovery plan ( pdf - 1 . 0mb )
the yellow - footed rock wallaby is grey above and white underneath . has reddish patches on legs and white side stripe . the tail is barred - no other wallaby has this kind of markings on the tail . click to continue >
wallabies have very small almost non - existence vocal chords . for this reason they have a very limited range of vocal sounds . a mother communicates with her offspring with clicking sounds . an alarmed wallaby may hiss and growl . a wallaby may display aggression by making a
ha
sound . a male wallaby may also make a chuckling sound during courtship .
a wallaby produces almost no methane ( ch4 ) gas which is produced in large quantities by cattle and sheep . the wallaby ' s digestive system converts the hydrogen by - products of digestion to acetate which is then absorbed and used to provide energy . the wallaby releases carbon dioxide ( co2 ) instead , which is 23 times less harmful to the environment than methane .
a wallaby can make very limited hops backwards when fighting . it cannot however actually do so as a means of locomotion .
a gift of $ 10 , 000 will increase the black - footed rock - wallaby population by more than 20 animals .
found in the south island of new zealand , bennett ' s wallaby occupy an area centred on the hunter hills near waimate . like dama wallaby , bennett ' s prefer edge habitats with dense vegetation cover adjacent to grass feeding areas . contact :
a light calibre with a flat trajectory is ideal for wallaby shooting e . g . . 222 , . 243 etc .
the wallaby is well adapted to the dry hot australian climate . it needs very little water extracting moisture it needs from its food . a wallaby requires only 13 % of the water required by a sheep . it can survive for months without drinking .
the wallaby swims by ' dog - paddling ' with all four limbs . it can swim at a reasonable speed . while usually a wallaby moves its rear legs in unison , keeping them together when it hops , while swimming its moves them independently .
the overall objective of the revised national recovery plan for the proserpine rock - wallaby petrogale persephone , was to improve the conservation status of the proserpine rock - wallaby through habitat protection , reducing threats to the species and increasing public participation in recovery activities .
the recognition of wilkins’ rock - wallaby takes the number of rock - wallaby species known from australia to 17 , making rock - wallabies the largest group of living macropods ( kangaroos and wallabies ) and one of the most successful groups of australian marsupials .
the preferred diet of the bridled nailtail wallaby is largely non - woody broad - leafed plants , chenopods ( succulents including pigweed ) , flowering plants and grasses . two potential competitors for this food include the black - striped wallaby macropus dorsalis and domestic stock .
the northern nailtail wallaby lives in the drier northern parts of australia . they weigh up to 7kg and are about 45cm tall .
the bridled nailtail wallaby is a pale grey - brown wallaby . it has a distinctive stripe from the neck down each side behind the forearm - the bridle marking . it has a horny pointed nail on the end of the tail . click to continue >
the wallaby lives in forests and feeds mostly on leaves . because it doesn ' t need to nip off grass like a kangaroo , the wallaby ' s front incisors are much smaller than those of a kangaroo . because it needs to crush and grind these leaves , it have flat teeth more suitable for grinding . the wallaby replaces its teeth throughout its life . new teeth grow and slowly move forward replacing those in front which have been worn down or damaged . the wallaby keeps its premolars while the kangaroo sheds its .
despite the wallaby ' s reputation for gracefully hopping through the landscape , it actually spends more time moving at more leisurely pace of about 6 kilometres an hour as it feeds and socialises with other wallabies . at this speed its movements are ungainly indeed . while highly efficient at higher speeds , a wallaby ' s hind legs are cumbersome and almost useless at lower speeds . the wallaby has adapted to this shortcoming by developing a fifth leg ! where is it , your wonder ? it ' s the wallaby ' s tail .
the tammar wallaby is grey brown above with reddish sides and legs . the conservation status of this wallaby is listed as
near threatened
. presently only found in a few sites of mainland western australia and kangaroo island in south australia . click to continue >
the most noticeable difference between a kangaroo and wallaby is size . in general a kangaroo is larger than a wallaby but sizes can overlap . another visual difference is that because a kangaroo is built for speed on open terrain and its hind legs are longer between the ankles and knees compared to a wallaby which usually prefers forested areas where it needs to be more agile to navigate through a forest .
do i need to use some new apis in my tests or change my tests / code to run them with wallaby . js ?
- wallaby teaches us that introversion and quietude are not bad qualities to have , and will benefit us greatly . if we are normally loud or a chatterbox , wallaby tells us to keep quiet , to try speaking when spoken to , to think before we talk .
a common wallaby with black ears , dark fur above , yellow to orange fur below , and a light stripe across their face .
source / reference article learn how you can use or cite the wallaby article in your website content , school work and other projects .
red - necked wallaby joeys begin to emerge from their mothers ' pouch at around 7 months and emerge permanently at around 9 months .
stirrat sc ( 2004 ) activity budgets of the agile wallaby , macropus agilis . australian journal of zoology 52 , 49 - 64 .
the red - necked wallaby has grey fur with reddish shoulders and upper back . there is a weak face stripe . similar to black - striped wallaby , but does not have the pronounced back stripe or white hip - stripe of that species . click to continue >
a wallaby moves at low speeds by leaning forward on to its short front limbs , hoisting itself up with its tail and then shifting its hind legs forward . this method of movement is called ' pentapedal ' ( four limbs + tail ) locomotion . only the wallaby does this . recent research has shown that the wallaby ' s tail with its 20 vertebrae acts like a fifth limb fulfilling the role of a normal leg . in this role it is capable of generating more forward force than all of the wallaby ' s other limbs combined .
i wouldn ' t say the wallaby problem is worse today in the core areas , but their habitat is spreading . fourteen years ago you wouldn ' t see a wallaby on the haka ( hakataramea ) pass . now it ' s common to see them .
from the genus macropus , sixteen species arose . the agile wallaby ( m . agilis ) , m . albus , antelopine wallaroo ( m . antilopinus ) , black wallaroo ( m . bernardus ) , black - striped wallaby ( m . dorsalis ) , m . elegans , tammar wallaby ( m . eugenii ) , western gray kangaroo ( m . fuliginosus ) , eastern grey kangaroo ( m . giganteus ) , toolochi wallaby which is extinct ( m . greyi ) , black - gloved wallaby ( m . irma ) , parma wallaby ( m . parma ) , whiptale wallaby ( m . parryi ) , wallaroo ( m . robustus ) , red - necked wallaby ( m . rufogriseus ) , and the red kangaroo ( m . rufus ) . i was unable to find the complete phylogeny of when and how these species differentiated . therefore , the diversion of species represented on the phylogenetic tree is not completely accurate . however , it is accepted that the red kangaroo is the most recently evolved species in the genus macropus because of its adaptations and ability to live in very dry habitats .
our popular wallaby single hammock has received a new name and an updated design . it is now called the roo single for increased clarity .
↑ san diego zoo . 2007 . animal bytes : kangaroo and wallaby . zoological society of san diego . retrieved january 7 , 2007 .
fresh , chemical - free grass , sweet grass , orchard grass , or timothy hay should be offered at all times on an unlimited basis to your pet wallaby . this mainly grass - based diet should then be supplemented with wallaby pellets and a few fresh green vegetables and fruits like apples and grapes ( avoid the really sweet fruits ) . some breeders recommend a small amount of monkey chow in addition to the wallaby pellets . if wallaby pellets are out of the question where you live ( don ' t forget to look online ) then rabbit or horse pellets may be used but they are not the best choice . a mineral block in their enclosure and vitamin e and selenium supplements should also be added to your wallaby ' s food to provide a complete and balanced diet . feed your wallaby to an ideal body condition score .
so a wallaby is basically an animal that’s smaller than a kangaroo and wallaroo but to confuse things a bit more their sizes may overlap .
this small , stocky wallaby has dark brown fur , often with lighter rusty patches on the belly , chest and base of the ears .
- wallaby , as a guide , teaches us plant wisdom , particularly when it comes to plants and nourishment . if we are dehydrated , or low on minerals , wallaby reminds us that we get plenty of water from plants and leaves . wallaby also reminds us to be grateful for the nourishment and wisdom of plants , and to not neglect shrubs or bushes just because they are less ' beautiful ' than flowers and trees .
lady arran colquhoun introduced the animals to inchconnachan in the 1940s and it has since been nicknamed wallaby island . up to 60 still roam wild .
a wallaby is a marsupial or pouched animal that is a member of the kangaroo family . there are around 30 different species of wallaby ( macropod ) from the scientific family macropodidae ( macropodidae means ‘big feet’ ) . wallabies are smaller than kangaroos and distributed widely across australia and neighbouring islands .
whalley , j . m . , and webber , c . e . , 1979 , characteristics of parma wallaby herpesvirus grown in marsupial cells ,
a wallaby ' s legs have muscles just like all other animals . the difference is that it has evolved a very efficient and different means of moving around . it hops instead of walking . it is the only large animal that uses this method of locomotion . the wallaby ' s legs are specially designed for this purpose . because of the unusual shape of these legs and its bulky tail , a wallaby can ' t walk .
geographic distribution of the agile wallaby represented by coverage of 1 : 250 , 000 map sheets of australia ( see urltoken for australian maps ) .
competition with introduced stock ( mainly sheep ) and rabbits . it has been found that sheep favor grassy areas similar to the bridled nailtail wallaby .
there is no vendor , api or framework lock - in when using wallaby . js , because the tool is just using your testing framework and assertion libraries . you are getting a productivity boost with wallaby . js , and you will always be able to run your tests without the tool .
yellow - footed rock wallabies have been sighted on our boolcoomatta reserve ( sa ) . photo wayne lawler / ecopix . if you’re from southern australia , you may be familiar with the relatively common agile wallaby or the red - necked wallaby . some other species are increasingly hard to come across .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - parma wallaby ( macropus parma )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - parma wallaby ( macropus parma )
title =
arkive species - parma wallaby ( macropus parma )
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/ > < / a >
build break ? forget to change your tests ? well , maybe let wallaby keep an eye on your code as your write it . urltoken # testing
spot - tailed quoll ( endangered ) and the wedge - tailed eagle are capable of being native predators to the brush - tailed rock - wallaby .
the swamp wallaby lives in eastern australia , in queensland , new south wales , victoria and south - eastern south australia . introduced in new zealand .
the agile wallaby is often found around the margins of wetlands and is a good swimmer . a major predator is some areas is the saltwater crocodile .
the swamp wallaby can be found on the eastern coast of australia from southeastern south australia , victoria , eastern queensland , and eastern new south wales .
the main threat to the parma wallaby has been identified as predation by introduced foxes , dingoes and feral cats ( 13 ) . it is also thought to be vulnerable to forest clearing , as wallaby populations declined considerably after europeans settled in australia , particularly around sydney where it was once common ( 7 ) ( 14 ) . grazing by livestock and bushfires can also reduce the availability of suitable vegetation in which the wallaby can shelter ( 1 ) .
the whiptail wallaby is light grey or brownish grey , with white underneath . dark brown forehead , with white stripe on face . click to continue >
the agile wallaby is a medium sized wallaby . light sandy brown with paler underneath . has pale cheek stripe and light stripe on thigh . the edges of ears are black . they live in small social groups and can often seen feeding out in the open in late . . . click to continue >
wallaby will use whatever phantomjs you have installed in your path . if you need to specify a specific phantomjs you can pass the path in the configuration :
# run only phantomjs integration tests $ wallaby _ driver = phantom mix test # run all tests ( unit and all drivers ) $ mix test . all
an important aspect of brush - tailed rock - wallaby recovery is the active involvement of local landholders and the community overall . see what you can do !
the biannual yellow - footed rock - wallaby survey was carried out at buckaringa wildlife sanctuary , where awc protects one of the largest populations of this species .
the unadorned rock wallaby is found in the mid north coast of queensland . males average around 5kg and females 4 . 2kg . they live in social groups
wilkins’ rock - wallaby was previously thought to be the short - eared rock - wallaby ( petrogale brachyotis ) , a species assumed to occur right across northwestern australia . however our studies have shown that the top end and kimberley rock - wallaby populations are genetically and morphologically distinct and should be regarded as separate species . wilkins’ rock - wallaby , is not only smaller ( 2 . 6 - 3 . 5kg ) , but differs in its coloration and markings being predominately dark grey / brown , with distinct head and side stripes , as well as brightly coloured limbs . in contrast , the short - eared rock - wallaby from the kimberley and far northwestern nt is larger ( 3 . 9 - 4 . 5kg ) , lighter and greyer , with much less prominent marking .
the bennett’s wallaby , often also refered to as the red knecked wallaby can be found in the same exhibit as some of our goats and the muntjac deer . these animals all get on very well together , and amongst our individuals you can find both the usual grey variety as well as some white albino individuals .
glentworth said more properties are measuring three on the guilford wallaby infestation scale . above level three landowners are given notification by ecan to reduce wallaby numbers to within an acceptable range . a rating of four assumes there is
a high probability of seeing wallabies ,
which are by nature a solitary and nocturnal animal .
the black - gloved wallaby ( also known as the western brush wallaby ) was once widespread in the south of western australia . their numbers have been greatly reduced by land clearing . males and females weigh about 8kg and stand 65cm tall . they are usually solitary but may be seen in small groups when grazing .
thousands of individual professional developers and companies ( including many of fortune 500 companies and well - known tech giants ) all over the world have already become more productive with wallaby . js . even software development tools vendors , such as our friends from jetbrains , are trusting wallaby . js to help building other development tools .
stirrat sc ( 2002 ) foraging ecology of the agile wallaby ( macropus agilis ) in the wet - dry tropics . wildlife research 29 , 347 - 361 .
the feral wallaby population in south canterbury has reached alarming proportions and is spreading beyond the ecan containment area , according to environment canterbury biosecurity team leader brent glentworth .
wallabies feature in aboriginal creation stories – the wallaby dreaming story of central australia , for instance . they also provide fur and are an important source of protein .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - brush - tailed rock wallaby ( petrogale penicillata )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - brush - tailed rock wallaby ( petrogale penicillata )
title =
arkive species - brush - tailed rock wallaby ( petrogale penicillata )
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yes . as long as you can write tests for your application , wallaby . js can run them . check out our tutorials for testing angular and react applications .
the wallaby uses its powerful hind legs for hopping , its primary means of locomotion . it has extraordinarily large and long achilles tendons that store elastic energy used to assist it in hopping . the wallaby has long narrow feet with four toes each . its feet have a soft pad that runs all the way up to the heel .
the wallaby has a chambered stomach similar to that of a horse . its u - shaped fore - stomach helps it digest fibrous plant material . the wallaby regurgitates its food , chews it again and swallows it ( chews the cud ) . this extra munching breaks down the rough fibres of their diet and greatly improves its digestion .
the parma wallaby is a solitary , nocturnal , cryptic creature which spends the daytime sheltering under cover ( 11 ) shortly after waking at dusk , the parma wallaby commences feeding , typically congregating in small groups of two to three individuals to forage . its diet consists of herbs and grasses ( 11 ) . the majority of social interactions occur at dawn , when there is a peak in activity , although social interactions account for around just two percent of a parma wallaby’s daily activity ( 11 ) .
wodzicki , k . and flux , j . e . c . ( 1971 ) the parma wallaby and its future . oryx , 11 : 40 - 49 .
the red - necked wallaby ( known as bennett’s wallaby in tasmania ) is found in a range of habitats along the eastern coast of queensland , nsw , victoria and tasmania . the males range in size from 15 to 27kg and females from 11 to 16kg . they are usually solitary but may be seen in groups when grazing .
the newly recognized species will be known as wilkins’ rock - wallaby or the eastern short - eared rock - wallaby ( petrogale wilkinsi ) . the species is named after australian explorer , naturalist and aviator capt sir g . h . wilkins who , in 1925 , collected one of the first specimens of this species in southwestern arnhem land .
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) , with reddish nape and shoulders , which inhabits brushlands of southeastern australia and tasmania ; this species is often seen in zoos . the pretty - faced wallaby , or
often the only remaining habitat is fragmented , small patches of bush that isolates wallaby populations and makes them more prone to stochastic or chance events such as wildfires and drought .
in accordance with its name , this wallaby inhabits rocky areas and boulder strewn outcrops , where nearby forest , woodland , heath or grassland provide important cover ( 3 ) .
stirrat sc ( 2003 ) seasonal changes in home - range area and habitat use by the agile wallaby ( macropus agilis ) . wildlife research 30 , 593 - 600 .
maynes , g . m . ( 1995 ) parma wallaby . in : strahan , r . ( ed . ) the mammals of australia . reed books , sydney .
wallaby were introduced into new zealand in 1870 . by 1945 , concern was mounting over their rapidly building numbers , which were destroying crops and displacing sheep . in 1947 the department of internal affairs initiated control using shooters and dogs and 100 , 000 wallaby were destroyed over a 10 year period , with little or no impact on the population .
introduced mainly for sport and the value of their skins wallaby species in new zealand include bennett ' s , dama , parma , brush - tailed rock and swamp wallabies .
swamp ( black ) wallaby : yourka ( qld ) , brogo , burrin burrin , scottsdale and tarcutta ( nsw ) , jc griffin and nardoo hills ( vic ) .
even after leaving their mothers pouch , joeys will return if they are posed with danger . if the female wallaby becomes pregnant again while the joey is still in her pouch , the embryos development will pause until the joey leaves the pouch , a phenomenon called embryonic diapause . the life span of a wallaby is around 9 years in the wild .
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are small and stocky , with short hind limbs and pointy noses . they are hunted for meat and fur . a similar species is the short - tailed scrub wallaby , or
npws . ( 2008 ) recovery plan for the brush - tailed rock - wallaby ( petrogale penicillata ) . department of environment and climate change , new south wales , australia .
in 1996 , 1100 ha of land was purchased and added to dryander national park of which 850 ha was identified as suitable rock - wallaby habitat . seven nature refuges containing rock - wallaby habitat have been declared on private land adjoining conway range and mt dryander . habitat areas have been recognised under land for wildlife agreements coordinated by the whitsunday catchment landcare .
the bridled nailtail wallaby is a medium sized wallaby exhibiting strong sexual dimorphism , with males reaching up to 8kg and females 6kg . they are easily identifiable by a white ‘bridle’ line which runs from the back of the neck down behind each of the forearms . their fur is soft and greyish in colouration , becoming darker towards the tip of the tail .
gordon , g and lawrie , bc 1980 . the rediscovery of the bridled nailtail wallaby ( onychogalea fraenata gould ) in queensland . australian wildlife research 7 : 339 - 345 .
the black - footed rock wallaby lives in central australia and western australia . males are usually 4 . 5kg and females 4 . 5kg . they usually live in social groups .
the brush - tailed rock wallaby is found along the east coast up into southern queensland . males avarage around 8kg and femals 4 . 2kg . they live in social groups .
the quokka is a small wallaby about the size of a domestic cat . grey - brown above . fur is long and coarse . very short ears . click to continue >
spring is a favourable time of the year to hunt wallabies . during spring , wallaby can be seen coming out of the forest to feed on new grass and shrub growth .
wallabies are herbivores and feed mainly up on plants and grasses . they have elongated faces and large flat teeth that are necessary to chew through vegetation . some species of wallaby such as the tammar wallaby live in areas where there is no fresh water supplies and have to reply on plant juices to satisfy their thirst , they can even drink salty sea water .
maynes , g . m . ( 1976 ) growth of the parma wallaby , macropus parma , waterhouse . australian journal of zoology , 24 ( 2 ) : 217 - 236 .
maynes , g . m . ( 1973 ) reproduction in the parma wallaby , macropus parma , waterhouse . australian journal of zoology , 21 ( 3 ) : 331 - 351 .
the yellow - footed rock wallaby spends much of its time in the shade during the hot weather . in the cool mornings and evening it spends much of its time eating grass and vegetable mixtures . when the wallaby is disturbed it stands rigidly , and beats its feet once or twice on the ground to warn other wallabies and to show its unease . the yellow - footed rock wallaby mates year round when conditions are favorable . the gestation period is one month followed by eight months in the pouch . one egg can be fertilized at a time .
the fastest wallaby is the red wallaby . it has been recorded at speeds of up to 60kph . at this speed each of its
strides
is as much as 8 meters apart . ( the record is an astonishing 13 meters ) . because hopping is super - efficient , it can also maintain this speed for a long period of time without exhausting itself .
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there are many wallaby species , grouped roughly by habitat : shrub wallabies , brush wallabies , and rock wallabies . hare wallabies are named for their size and their hare - like behaviour .
department of environment and climate change ( new south wales , brush - tailed rock - wallaby profile , http : / / www . threatenedspecies . environment . nsw . gov . au .
the proserpine rock - wallaby competes for habitat with tourism , housing development and rural land use . the reduction in proserpine rock - wallaby numbers has resulted in colonies being more vulnerable to local extinction from these threats as well as other disturbances such as hunting by feral and domestic predators , introduced diseases from domestic animals , road kill and through the construction of barriers affecting dispersal .
the swamp wallaby is not as common in sydney as it once was , but can still be found in a few places in its preferred habitat of thick forest undergrowth or sandstone heath .
a population of the proserpine rock - wallaby has been introduced to hayman island , in accordance with the previous version of the recovery plan , ' recovery plan for the proserpine rock - wallaby petrogale persephone 2000 - 2004 ' . ( see availability ) on the mainland the proserpine rock - wallaby prefers rocky outcrops , rock piles and cliffs in semi - deciduous dry vine forest on rocky slopes with a closed canopy . the habitat on gloucester island national park includes rocky outcrops in dry vine forest , associated with beach scrub as well as acacia open forests at higher elevations .
mareeba rock wallabies socialising on granite rock habitat , yourka reserve , qld . photo wayne lawler / ecopix . the name wallaby is derived from the eora aboriginal people of coastal nsw . the name wallaby now refers to about 30 species of macropod found in australia and papua new guinea . many species are named after the habitat they occupy , such as rock wallabies and swamp wallabies .
the third and fourth toes are fused , covered by skin , but still have two small claws . the wallaby used these two smaller toes for grooming . while highly efficient at higher speeds the wallaby ' s hind legs are ineffective at low speeds and hardly used . it uses pentapedaling locomotion at slow speeds . the wallaby also uses its feet as an alarm by ' foot thumping ' one or both of its feet . it is not certain if this behaviour is to alert other wallabies of danger or as a warning to a predator to stay away , or both .
rock - wallabies aren’t found anywhere else on earth . there are 16 species of rock - wallaby and they form the largest group of macropods ( marsupial with large hind limbs ) in australia .
department of sustainability and environment ( victoria ) , brush - tailed rock - wallaby flora and fauna guarantee action statement , http : / / www . dse . vic . gov . au .
the brush - tailed rock wallaby is endemic to australia , where it occurs in small , isolated populations dotted across south - eastern queensland , eastern new south wales and victoria ( 3 ) .
aborigines , have been hunting echidnas since their arrival in australia about 50 , 000 years ago . they have had little impact on the overall survival of the wallaby population . since the arrival of european settlers in 1778 humans have had a larger impact on as a result of , farming , grazing , land clearing and forest felling . while some species of wallaby have been impacted , and may even become extinct , the overall wallaby population does not seem to have been serious affected by these activities . one of the biggest impacts of modern humans seems to be the result of road kills .
the yellow - footed rock wallaby can jump from rock to rock . once it lands it opens its short arms and holds them at an right angle to the body until it can balance itself .
the preferred habitat of the parma wallaby is wet sclerophyll forest with a thick , shrubby understory , near to grassy areas in which the wallaby feeds ( 9 ) . however , it has also been found in dry forests of eucalyptus trees , with a dense understory . it tends to be found in areas where there is a higher proportion of bladed and tussock grasses than herbs ( 10 ) .
king , c . m . ( 1990 ) parma wallaby . in : king , c . m . ( ed . ) the handbook of new zealand mammals . oxford university press , auckland .
farmers opted to undertake responsibility for controlling wallaby on their own . over the next few years the kill rate was relatively stable , and there were no properties exceeding level three on the guilford scale .
the tasmanian pademelon is a small wallaby . it is dark brown or grey - brown above , and lighter red - brown colour underneath . the fur is dense and long . click to continue >
in new zealand , both species of wallaby ( dama and bennett ' s ) occupy private land as well as public conservation land . for private land , approach the landowner for permission to hunt .
the wallaby has short small forelimbs with hands on which there are five clawed fingers . these hands are used primarily for grasping and pulling down branches , fighting and grooming . they are also used for pentalpedaling ( crawl - walking ) . the wallaby has an unusual way of keeping cool . it licks its forelimbs covering them with saliva , and as the saliva evaporates its helps to cool its body .
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recent genetic work has determined that there are two subspecies of yellow - footed rock - wallaby : petrogale xanthopus xanthopus in south australia and new south wales and petrogale xanthopus celeris in south - west queensland .
the four main populations of the proserpine rock - wallaby at conway range , mt dryander , proserpine range and gloucester island are all separated by unsuitable habitat resulting in barriers to genetic flow between these populations .
the brush - tailed rock wallaby is brownish above , with reddish tint towards the rear . it has white cheek stripe and pale grey side stripe . tail has brush at end . click to continue >
dama wallaby are found in the rotorua area ( centred around lake tarawera ) in the north island of new zealand . dama prefer edge habitats with dense vegetation cover adjacent to grass feeding areas . contact :
a wallaby’s forelimbs are small and mainly used for feeding . they have a pointed snout , large ears and and a fur coat that can be coloured grey , rufous , brown , black or white .
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department of environment and resource management 2010 , national recovery plan for the proserpine rock - wallaby petrogale persephone , report to department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts , canberra , queensland government .
the genus macropus includes not only the large kangaroos but a range of mid - sized macropods known collectively at wallabies or brush wallabies . the exception is the swamp wallaby which is in its own genus wallabia by virtue of its different chromosome number and other features . with the advent of agriculture and pastoralism the wallabies have fared less well than the kangaroos with most species in reduced ranges since european settlement . one species , the toolache wallaby ( macropus greyi ) is extinct . in this pattern of range contraction , the swamp wallaby , is again an exception as it remains reasonably abundant in many peri - urban parks and reserves .
maynes , g . m . ( 1983 ) parma wallaby macropus parma . in : strahan , r . ( ed . ) the australian museum complete book of australian mammals . angus and robertson , london .
wallaby are now being seen on the south bank of the waitaki river , and close to the boundary to mt cook national park , well outside of the
containment
area ,
he said .
the bridled nailtail wallaby was almost extinct but is now being reintroduced back into the wild through a captive breeding program . they live in the dry inland . they weigh about 5kg and are about 45cm tall .
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the bridled nailtail wallaby is a small wallaby with males weighing an average of 5 - 6 kg and females 4 - 5 kg . it is grey to light tan in colour with a distinct white line forming a ' bridle ' from the back of the neck to behind the forelimbs . its other distinctive markings are the white stripes along the sides of the face , and a black stripe down the length of the back .