the american wigeon ( mareca americana ) , also baldpate , is a species of dabbling duck found in north america .

this species is classified with the other wigeons in the dabbling duck genus mareca .

it is the new world counterpart of the eurasian wigeon .

anas is the latin for " duck " and americana refers to america .

american wigeon

adult male american wigeon (
storm wigeon
) ; fremont co . , co ; february .
the rusty - headed eurasian wigeon turns up as a rarity in flocks of american wigeons on occasion , but the american wigeon also turns up in europe in flocks of eurasian wigeon .
the oldest american wigeon reported was at least 21 years and 4 months old .
american wigeon are aquatic grazers and forage on grasses and sedges in wet meadows and pastures .
adult male breeding ( alternate ) american wigeon ; cambridge , dorchester co . , md ; january .
adult female breeding ( alternate ) american wigeon ; seattle , king co . , wa ; november .
the american wigeon is most likely to be confused with the eurasian wigeon , which is seen only rarely in north america . in alternate plumage , the adult male eurasian wigeon is most easily distinguished from the adult male american wigeon by its red head and gray back and sides . females and juveniles are very similar but can be distinguished by the axillars , which are finely speckled with dark gray in the eurasian wigeon , but pure white in the american wigeon . ( mowbray , 1999 )
the american wigeon can be found in freshwater marshes , lakes , rivers , ponds , saltwater bays and estuaries .
the american wigeon is found in freshwater marshes , lakes , rivers , ponds , saltwater bays , and estuaries .
the american wigeon is also known as
baldpate
because the white stripe resembles a bald man ' s head .
the american wigeon was formerly known as
baldpate
because the white stripe resembled a bald man ' s head .
the american wigeon ' s diet has a higher proportion of plant matter than the diet of any other dabbling duck .
the american wigeon breeds from western canada into the american northwest . it winters mainly along the pacific , atlantic , and gulf coasts and is found throughout the united states during migration .
the american wigeon was formerly known as
baldpate
because the white stripe on their crown resembles a bald man ' s head .
knapton , r . , k . pauls . 1994 . fall food habits of american wigeon at long point , lake erie , ontario .
behavior : the american wigeon is often found feeding with diving ducks such as the redhead , scaup , and canvasback , who are adept at rooting up vegetation from deep in the water . the american wigeon often feeds by snatching these underwater greens away from the diving ducks as they surface .
detection of 1 american wigeon by detailed ecological unit in yukon - charley rivers national preserve , alaska , avian inventory , june 1999 and 2000 .
the american wigeon nest is a shallow depression lined with grasses , leaves , and down , and is situated on land or on an island .
mowbray , t . 1999 . american wigeon , no . 401 . pp . 1 - 32 in a poole , f gill , eds .
american wigeon nest farther north than any other dabbling duck with the exception of the northern pintail . they breed throughout northern saskatchewan , alberta , manitoba , alaska , and the northwest territories . american wigeon prefer shallow lakes and marshy sloughs that are surrounded by dry sedge - lined meadows and contain submergent vegetation . female american wigeons lay an average of 9 eggs .
the american wigeon can be found all over north america . their breeding grounds stretch from alaska across the tundras of canada all the way to the atlantic ocean . the american wigeon can be found in their wintering habitats from the american northwest to central mexico , from the southern prairie pothole region through the gulf coast and from new york to the bahamas close to the atlantic shoreline .
american wigeons primarily eat aquatic plants , but also some insects and waste grain .
ehrlich , p . , d . dobkin , d . wheye . 1988 .
birds of stanford : american wigeon
( on - line ) . accessed 23 september 2002 at urltoken .
female northern pintails are also plainer in appearance than the males , with the head and neck lighter than the back . the bill of the pintail is longer than the wigeon ' s . forehead more sloped than on wigeon .
click the range map to learn more about the distribution of american wigeons in washington .
american wigeons inhabit ponds , lakes , and marshes , as well as salt bays .
vocalizations : the female american wigeon makes low quacking or harsh growling
waarrr
calls . a distinctive , airy , kazoo - like whistle characterizes the call of the male ,
wi - wiw - weew .
the american wigeon is a dabbling duck . it feeds on plant matter on or just below the surface of the water . it eats the seeds , stems , and leafy parts of aquatic plants . its short , stubby bill helps it exert force on plants , making it easier to pull off stems and leaves . it also eats insects , mollusks , and crustaceans . the american wigeon sometimes eats the seeds and shoots of plants in grain fields and meadows .
the american wigeon is a dabbling duck . it feeds on plant matter on or just below the surface of the water . it eats the seeds , stems , and leafy parts of aquatic plants . its short , stubby bill helps it exert force on plants , making it easier to pull off stems and leaves . it also eats insects , mollusks , and crustaceans . the american wigeon sometimes eats the seeds and shoots of plants in grain fields and meadows .
recording edited to filter , amplify and isolate calls of american wigeon . a small flock of birds were actively feeding among a mixed species flock of diving ducks near the shore of a small lake ( portner reservoir ) in a suburban park .
american wigeons breed in freshwater wetlands in the northeastern corner of the state . breeding occurs uncommonly in other parts of eastern washington and in a few areas on puget sound ( everett in snohomish county and kent in king county ) . the majority of the american wigeon ' s breeding range is north of washington . the wintering population , however , is denser in the pacific northwest than anywhere else in their range , and american wigeons are common in wetland habitats throughout the state in the non - breeding season . hybrid american - eurasian wigeons are regularly found during winter in washington .
range / habitat : the american wigeon breeds in northwestern north america and is found throughout the rest of the continent in migration and in winter . more common in the northern portions of the washington range , and rare to absent in southeastern washington and the palouse .
female american wigeons give a growling “quack” similar to canvasbacks or redheads . males give a two or three syllable whistle .
. washington , dc : the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa , and the american ornithologists ' union .
in the summer , large inland marshes are the preferred habitat of the american wigeon . during migration and in winter they frequent a variety of freshwater and saltwater wetlands . they are commonly found grazing on land , but also spend more time than other dabbling ducks in deep water .
the american wigeon has a large breeding range of 7 , 140 , 000 square kilometers . it nests in a variety of freshwater wetlands in alaska , and in much of canada and the western united states . it winters in a variety of coastal and freshwater wetlands the pacific northwest , much of the southern united states and the midwestern states north to nebraska , south through mexico and the caribbean to northern south america . it has also occurred as a vagrant to europe . the american wigeon has an estimated population of 2 . 4 million birds and a conservation rating of least concern .
american wigeons forage by gleaning food from the surface of the water or by submerging their head . they also graze on land .
as a dabbling duck , american wigeons are limited to surface feeding , but they sometimes steal food from diving ducks and coots .
the american wigeon ( anas americana ) is a distinctive species with a perky attitude and one of the most northerly breeding distributions among north american dabbling ducks . highest breeding densities occur in the tundra and boreal forests of alaska , the northwest territories , northeastern british columbia , and northern and central alberta . wintering populations are densest in the pacific northwest and the central valley of california , where they are an important harvest species to waterfowl hunters .
definitive alternate plumage males vary in the amount of barring along the sides of the head and in the extent of the eye stripe . highly prized by hunters , the colloquially known
storm wigeon
is a natural american wigeon variant with extensive white on the head , cheeks , and throat , instead of speckled gray . taken on 18 february , 2012 at centennial park , fremont co . , co ; february . the following is a link to this contributor ' s ebird checklist : christopher l . wood .
american wigeon : common throughout much of north america . breeds from alaska , northern manitoba and southern quebec south to nevada , the dakotas , colorado , and the great lakes region , rarely farther east . spends winters mainly along the pacific , atlantic , and gulf coasts . marshes , ponds , and shallow lakes are preferred habitats .
mini , anne e . , erin r . harrington , emily rucker , bruce d . dugger and thomas b . mowbray . 2014 . american wigeon ( mareca americana ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
the female gadwall has a light head , contrasting with a darker , browner body , very similar to the female american wigeon . white wing patch on gadwall is not always seen when the duck is swimming ( as on this image ) but obvious in flight . the bill of the gadwall is larger and in good light shows orange around the edges .
the american wigeon is 18 - 23 inches in length with a wingspan of 33 inches . the male has a brown back and chest , a black rear and tail tip , and a white belly . he has a white crown and forehead and an iridescent green patch that runs over his eyes to the back of his neck . the female is mottled brown with a brownish - gray head . both the male and female have white shoulder patches that are visible when they are in flight , and they both have a stubby , bluish - gray bill with a black tip and bluish - gray legs and feet . the american wigeon is also known as the baldpate because of the white crown and forehead on the male .
the american wigeon has very large winter and breeding ranges that spread north to the tips of alaska and canada , and south through mexico to the northern parts of south america . winter distribution is concentrated in the lower 48 states and all of mexico , excluding high elevation rocky mountain and appalachian areas . breeding takes place mostly in western canada but is spread throughout northwestern north america .
american wigeons are medium - sized ducks . they have a white crown with a green post - ocular stripe and gray on their lower face and neck . the breast and flanks are rusty and the back is dark brown . american wigeons also have a white patch on the rear portion of the flanks and black under the tail coverts
while most dabbling ducks are denizens of the shallows , american wigeon spend much of their time in flocks grazing on land . paradoxically , they also spend more time than other marsh ducks on deep water , where they get much of their food by stealing it from other birds such as coots or diving ducks . this duck was once known as
baldpate
because of its white crown .
in the winter , the wigeon is found most often in lacustrine and intertidal areas where the emergence of plants material is abundant . it inhabits freshwater marshes , rivers , lakes , estuaries , saltwater bays , and agricultural lands .
the american wigeon population experienced a major , drought - induced decline in the early 1980s , cutting the population almost in half . by 1997 , the population had steadily recovered to near - former levels and is considered stable . the breeding grounds are fairly stable for this far - north breeder , although migration stopover and wintering sites are threatened by the loss of wetlands that has occurred throughout the united states .
female american wigeons select a nest site on dry ground , often far from water ( 40–1 , 000 feet ) , in fields and grasslands with tall grasses or low shrubs .
the american wigeon drake has a distinctive white forehead with a deep green stripe running from the eye to the back . the body , chest , back and sides are light brown while the belly is white and the rump is black . bold white shoulder patches on the drake are visible in flight . the hen is generally brown and has duller shoulder patches than the drake . both sexes have stubby bills and slightly pointed tails .
carboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . american wigeon ( mareca americana ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
descriptions : american wigeons are partial to freshwater shallows and marshes and occur along exposed shorelines and lakes . a medium - sized ( 48cm ) duck , the american wigeon has grayish or brownish black plumage and a white belly . breeding males display a shiny , white crown offset by an iridescent - green smudge flaring behind the eye . breeding males display white wing coverts ( leading edges of the wings ) . adult females and immature birds display a speckled brown head that contrasts with the rusty brown breast and flanks . an iridescent - green speculum ( bright swatch on the leading edges of the wings ) , a short , bluish bill and dark gray legs are present in all plumages .
description : the american wigeon ' s small bill and the male ' s white forehead , as well as certain aspects of nesting and feeding behavior , distinguish this species from other dabbling ducks . the male is brightly patterned with white flanks and white crown stripe ; while the female is dull gray and rusty brown . the male has a broad dark - green patch extending from behind eye to nape ( see photo ) . the thick bill is bluish - gray with black tip .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
quiet lakes and wetlands come alive with the breezy whistle of the american wigeon , a dabbling duck with pizzazz . breeding males have a green eye patch and a conspicuous white crown , earning them the nickname
baldpate .
females are brushed in warm browns with a gray - brown head and a smudge around the eye . noisy groups congregate during fall and winter , plucking plants with their short gooselike bill from wetlands and fields or nibbling plants from the water ' s surface . despite being common their populations are declining .
lutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love ( 2016 ) . longevity records of north american birds . version 2016 . 1 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory , laurel , md , usa .
american wigeons eat a higher proportion of plant matter than any other dabbling duck thanks to their short gooselike bill . the shortness of the bill helps exert more force at the tip so they can pluck vegetation from fields and lawns with ease .
the female selects a nesting site . the nest is made of grass and plant stems and lined with down . the nest is made in the tall grass or in shrubs or other plant cover . the nest is often placed far from the water . the female lays 3 - 11 eggs . the eggs hatch in about 25 days . the hatchlings are precocial and leave the nest and feed themselves a day after hatching . they fledge when they are 35 - 48 days old . in the wild , the american wigeon has a life span of around two years .
american wigeons use a variety of foraging strategies . they pick food from the surface of shallow wetlands , graze in open fields , and steal food from coots and diving ducks . wigeons will feed day or night , with much night foraging occurring during the hunting season .
reports of longevity vary considerably between sources . there have been recorded accounts of american wigeons up to 21 years of age . the average lifespan for a female is 1 . 7 years and the average lifespan for a male is 2 . 3 years . ( mowbray , 1999 )
the majority of the diet is plant material , especially young shoots , roots , and seeds . waste grains are also an important food source in agricultural areas . the wigeon ' s bill is more goose - like than the bill of most dabblers , facilitating grazing . females during the breeding season and the young eat many aquatic invertebrates , but aside from that , wigeons are plant - eaters .
distribution : breeding in the far north , these ducks occur throughout central alaska , most of canada and southward into the midwestern united states . they winter along the coasts of the united states ( pacific , atlantic and gulf of mexico ) , and south through mexico , the bahamas and northern south america . within the preserve , 1 american wigeon was detected during the yukon - charley rivers national preserve bird inventory in the yukon river valley ( yv ) ecological unit , june 1999 and 2000 . ( however , this number does not accurately reflect the density of these ducks in the preserve since inventory methods do not adequately capture waterbirds . many of the survey routes were not along streams or watercourses ) .
american wigeons eat primarily plants—both aquatic and terrestrial . this including stems and leaves of aquatic plants such as wigeon grass , cattail , sedge , duckweed , and water milfoil ; as well as upland plants and seeds of grass , clover , rice , wheat , and barley . they nibble vegetation from the water ' s surface or tip up to reach underwater vegetation . on land they pluck plants and seeds from fields and lawns with their short bill . during the breeding season they eat more insects and aquatic invertebrates such as midges , horseflies , caddisflies , damselflies , beetles , mollusks , and crustaceans than at other times of the year . females in particular eat more insects because they need the extra protein for egg laying .
both males and females have a bluish black - tipped bill . male american wigeons have a white patch from the forehead to the middle of the crown and an iridescent green band from the eye to the back of the head . they have a pinkish - brown breast and sides that are separated from the black undertail coverts by white flank feathers . in flight , the white shoulder patch is diagnostic . the legs and feet are blue - gray to dark gray . female american wigeons have a gray head with a brownish - black crown and brownish chest and sides . the legs and feet are blue - gray to dark gray .
the best time to see american wigeons in the lower 48 is from august through april . during these months check wetlands , ponds , and nearby agricultural fields and listen for their unique nasal whistle , which is often the first clue that they are around . from a distance the male ' s gleaming white forehead and white rump sides are sure to grab your attention . american wigeons flush easily if disturbed , so watch from a distance to get the best looks . during hunting season , they tend to be even more wary and may shift to feeding in fields at night and larger , safer lakes and ponds with vegetative cover during the day .
a small duck with a short bill and round head , the american wigeon has a reddish - brown body , and a speckled grayish head that is plain in females and boldly patterned in males . its bill is blue - gray with a narrow black border at the base , and its feet are dark gray . apparent in flight , the speculum , or wing - patch , is dark iridescent - green , looking black at times , with white on the forewing . the male has distinctive , black undertail coverts , a white forehead , and iridescent green band sweeping back from the eye . females , juveniles , and eclipse - plumage males lack these markings . males are usually in eclipse plumage in the post - breeding , pre - migration period from july to september .
wigeons spend most of their time during the day swimming and feeding , and in general are most active on the water . they do not form large congregations except during migration or where there is a large source of food . they will join small flocks of gadwalls , mallards , american coots and various diving ducks occasionally during fall migration .
american wigeons occur throughout much of the u . s . and canada , breeding from the northern contiguous u . s . north to alaska , and wintering across a broad swath of the central and southern u . s . , as well as the pacific states and provinces and the atlantic coast . the population has increased in recent decades .
these birds are better adapted morphologically and physiologically for grazing on aquatic and terrestrial plants than most other north american birds . they use the strength in the tip of their bill to pluck vegetation and also filter feed with the lamellae on the upper mandible . they are opportunistic and aggressive feeders , often foraging in open water on materials brought to the surface by diving ducks and coots .
members of the anatidae flock together after breeding in large , multi - species groups at sites with good , safe foraging . at such sites , scoters , canvasbacks , and other diving ducks dive for mussels in the deep sections while dabblers such as gadwall and northern shovelers forage on the surface and in the shallows . on the shore , grazers such as geese and the american widgeon forage on grass .
sauer , j . r . , d . k . niven , j . e . hines , d . j . ziolkowski , jr . , k . l . pardieck , j . e . fallon , and w . a . link ( 2017 ) . the north american breeding bird survey , results and analysis 1966–2015 . version 2 . 07 . 2017 . usgs patuxent wildlife research center , laurel , md , usa .
migration : american wigeons have a preference for northern nesting areas , so their migration is more prolonged than the migration of ducks that breed farther south . wigeons will start moving south early in september , and the majority of the population that nest in alaska will follow the pacific coast to the puget sound . some will winter there while others will continue on to the columbia and klamath basins as well as into california ' s central valley .
this is a recording of group of about 120 american wigeons that spend most nights in this area during winter . the group is generally silent except for calls from 1 or 2 birds , except when small groups of other wigeons arrive . this recording includes calls during the separate arrivals of 4 groups of smaller numbers of wigeons . there are calls from some of the new arrivals , as they swim closer , and a chorus of calls from the established larger group .
during the breeding season american wigeons use wetlands , ponds , lakes , marshes , and rivers , but females nest on dry ground in nearby grasslands and fields . outside of the breeding season , they forage and rest in wetlands , rivers , lakes , impoundments , estuaries , bays , flooded fields , and tidal flats that typically have plentiful vegetation both above and below the water surface . in urban and suburban areas , they also frequent parks , pastures , and golf courses to graze on grass .
diet : american wigeons forage in both freshwater and on land . in freshwater , they primarily feed on the leafy parts of aquatic plants , aquatic insects , snails and other aquatic invertebrates . they forage by picking food from the surface of freshwater shallows ( ponds and marshes ) . by
dabbling ,
( floating on the water ' s surface and abruptly pivoting headfirst and downward into the water while raising their hindquarters above water ) these ducks are able to reach submerged aquatic plants and animals on the muddy bottom . on land , these ducks graze on grasses , grains and seeds of open areas .
average weight : m 1 . 8 lbs . , f 1 . 6 lbs
females make a small depression on the ground and line it with grasses , reeds , cattails , and down feathers . females continue to add material to the nest during laying and incubation . the completed nest is about 8 inches across .
raftovich , r . v . , s . c . chandler and k . a . wilkins . ( 2015 ) . migratory bird hunting activity and harvest during the 2013 - 14 and 2014 - 15 hunting seasons . u . s . fish and wildlife service , laurel , maryland , usa .
raftovich , r . v . , s . c . chandler , and k . a . wilkins . ( 2014 ) . migratory bird hunting activity during the 2012 - 2013 and 2013 - 2014 hunting seasons . u . s . fish and wildlife service , laurel , maryland , usa .
raftovich , r . v . , s . c . chandler , and k . a . wilkins . ( 2016 ) . migratory bird hunting activity during the 2014 - 15 and 2015 - 16 hunting seasons . u . s . fish and wildlife service , laurel , maryland , usa .
raftovich , r . v . , s . c . chandler , and k . k . fleming . ( 2017 ) . migratory bird hunting activity during the 2015 - 16 and 2016 - 17 hunting seasons . u . s . fish and wildlife service , laurel , maryland , usa .
sibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .
after breeding , successful males and unsuccessful females head north to large lakes where they spend around 35 flightless days growing new feathers before heading south . successful females and juveniles don ' t move to molt ; they stay in their breeding areas to grow new feathers .
apparently stable . since about the 1930s the breeding range has expanded eastward somewhat in eastern canada and the northeastern states .
marshes , lakes , bays , fields . in summer mainly on inland marshes , especially larger marshes , not often at small ponds . in migration and winter on coastal estuaries , fresh or salt marshes , inland lakes and ponds . may winter on large deep lakes .
versatile in foraging . flocks often feed on land ; feed in shallow water , taking items from surface or submerging head and neck ; also associates with diving birds on deeper water , robbing them of their food when they come to the surface . may feed by day or night .
8 - 11 , sometimes 5 - 12 . whitish . incubation is by female only , 23 - 24 days . male usually departs before eggs hatch . young : leave nest shortly after hatching , feed themselves . female remains with brood for much of their pre - flight stage . young capable of flight 45 - 63 days after hatching .
leave nest shortly after hatching , feed themselves . female remains with brood for much of their pre - flight stage . young capable of flight 45 - 63 days after hatching .
mostly plant material . eats aquatic plants such as pondweeds , sedges , wild celery , eelgrass , algae . also eats some insects and snails . on land , grazes on young grass shoots , and consumes seeds and waste grains . very young ducklings eat many insects .
pair formation begins on wintering grounds ; most older birds paired before spring migration . several males often court one female . in one display , male extends neck forward with head low , bill open , while raising tips of folded wings , revealing white wing patches . tends to begin nesting later in season than most dabblers . nest site on dry land , sometimes on island , usually within 100 ' of water but sometimes up to 1 / 2 mile away ; site concealed by tall vegetation . nest ( built by female ) is shallow depression filled with grasses and weeds , lined with down .
migrates in flocks , and may travel mostly by day . in summer , when males leave their mates , they may fly great distances to large open marshes where they will stay while going through the flightless stage of their molt . in western u . s . , southward migration seems to be gradual , with numbers in southern california not reaching peak until december or january .
audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .
in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .
each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”
the darker the shaded area , the more likely it is the bird species will find suitable climate conditions to survive there .
the outline of the approximate current range for each season remains fixed in each frame , allowing you to compare how the range will expand , contract , or shift in the future .
the first frame of the animation shows where the bird can find a suitable climate today ( based on data from 2000 ) . the next three frames predict where this bird’s suitable climate may shift in the future—one frame each for 2020 , 2050 , and 2080 .
you can play or pause the animation with the orange button in the lower left , or select an individual frame to study by clicking on its year .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .
tell congress to oppose a harmful rider that threatens sage - grouse and other wildlife .
tell congress and the department of the interior to uphold the country ' s most important bird protection law .
calls : the call is a high squeaky whistle , resembling squeaky toy . the female quacks . listen to songs of this species »
diet : their diet includes aquatic plants , with some insects and mollusks eaten during the breeding season .
nesting : nest is a hollow lined with down and grass . the nest is concealed in tall weeds or grasses often far from water . the female lays 6 - 12 cream colored eggs and incubates them for about 25 days . young are downy , leave the nest soon after hatching and fly at 7 - 8 weeks .
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these are nervous birds , quick to take alarm . their flight is fast , irregular , with many twists and turns . in a bunched flock , their movements have been compared to those of pigeons .
when open water is handy , wigeons often raft up offshore until late afternoon when they move to marshes and ponds to feed .
drakes whistle ; hens have a loud kaow and a lower qua - awk .
find banding and recovery locations for your flyway or state at bands across america .
produced by the u . s . fish and wildlife service in collaboration with flyway and state waterfowl managers .
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foam lake no . 276 ( near leslie ) , division no . 10 , saskatchewan
flock of approximately 100 birds feeding on the grass next to a lake . birds were alarmed by a nearby dog .
the recording is made at 9 : 30 p . m . , more than 5 hours after 4 : 22 p . m . sunset . the wigeons are a resting in the ocean 1 to 5 meters from a sandy beach . there are about a dozen mallards resting on the beach . there is a great blue heron resting on a nearby rock but is not heard in this recording .
photos of this individual ( not my photos ) : urltoken i visited this place twice around november in last year without listening the voice . the bird may have become more active in early spring .
calls from a female bird flushing from the ground ( on a nest ? ) and flying to a pond where there was a male bird . the male can be heard giving one call at 5 . 2s .
natural vocalization ; calls from a female bird flying in and landing on a pond .
natural vocalization ; calls from a pair of birds flying overhead . the louder ' quack ' calls are from the female bird , while quieter whistled calls from the male can be heard in the middle of the cut .
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 500 side a track 381 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 500 side a track 375 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 500 side a track 374 seq . a )
id certainty 100 % . ( archiv . tape 500 side a track 380 seq . a )
couple in flight also featured in xc187408 . habitat : retention basin and marsh .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
patches are visible in flight . it has a black - tipped pale blue bill . it feeds on aquatic plants , insects and mollusks .
their diet has a higher proportion of plant matter than the diet of any other dabbling duck .
their short bill enables them to exert more force at the bill tip than other dabbling ducks , thus permitting efficient dislodging and plucking of vegetation .
a group of ducks has many collective nouns , including a
brace
,
flush
,
paddling
,
raft
, and
team
of ducks .
the anseriformes ( pronounced an - ser - ih - for - meez ) , one of the oldest avian orders , is composed of three families and includes the bizarre and noisy screamers of south america , the odd magpie goose of australia , and the globally distributed swans , geese and ducks .
the swans , geese and ducks are grouped in the anatidae ( pronounced ah - nah - tih - dee ) ; a bird family with one hundred sixty - four species in forty - eight genera , various members of which can be found on all continents .
the anatidae are represented in north america by sixty - nine species in twenty - three genera ( including the extinct labrador duck ) . members of this well known bird family include the graceful , long - necked swans , familiar geese of farm fields and golf courses , and the many species of ducks .
while all species are known for their association with aquatic habitats , canada geese are also known for their aggressive behavior when guarding their nests and young . after the breeding season , canada geese become better known for the
v
shaped flocks they form during migration .
swans , geese , and ducks are large birds with long necks ( longest in swans , shortest in ducks ) and short tails . all species have webbed feet suited to their aquatic environments and distinctive flat bills - except for the mergansers with their thin , serrated bills ideally suited for catching fish .
although swans and geese are mostly white , brown , and black , many ducks showcase several shades of grays , browns , and blacks combined with fine barring and streaking to result in a variety of beautifully patterned plumages for which females of the species are well known . males in breeding plumage are more boldly patterned and often have iridescent blue or green on the head . both sexes usually show a spot of color in the wing known as a
speculum
.
swans , geese , and ducks occur throughout north america wherever aquatic habitats are found . while geese and some ducks are often found along the shoreline , species that feed on underwater vegetation such as swans and dabbling ducks prefer calm water with depths suited to the length of their necks . in deeper waters , the mergansers , scoters , and diving ducks occur . boldly - patterned harlequin ducks swim in the swift rivers and turbulent seashores of the pacific northwest and some areas of the northeastern u . s . and canada .
a highly migratory family , most species migrate to open , ice - free water in sheltered bays and marshes of the southern united states with some reaching mexico and central america .
populations of two alaskan diving ducks , the steller ' s and spectacled eiders , are threatened for reasons unknown ; possible causes include changes in their habitats , nest predation by ravens and gulls , hunting , and the on - going effects of lead poisoning . the reasons why the hawaiian goose , and the laysan and hawaiian ducks are endangered are much better understood ; however after nearly going extinct , populations have stabilized but unfortunately don ' t have much room for growth in the limited amount of available habitat .
the white plumage of snow geese and tundra swans sometimes takes on a dirty , rusty - brown appearance . the birds aren ' t actually dirty but do show rust - colored highlights from foraging in the iron rich environments of the far north . regarding the well - known description of the sound made by a duck as a
quack ,
duck species in north america also variously whistle , squeak , click , and grunt .
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the ventral part of the bird , or the area between the flanks on each side and the crissum and breast . flight muscles are located between the belly and the breast .
consists of soft , loose - webbed feathers on the side of the bird ' s head below and behind the eyes .
the short feathers overlying the median secondary coverts on the top of the wing . they are located near the back and can be seen as the “first row” of feathers on the birds wing . they are also called marginal coverts and lesser secondary coverts .
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the swans , geese and ducks are mid - sized to large birds most commonly found on or near water . most have plump bodies , long necks and short wings . most feed while on the water , diving or merely tilting their bodies so that their heads and necks are submerged to search for fish , plants and invertebrates . washington representatives of the order all belong to one family :
the waterfowl family is represented in washington by two distinct groups—the geese and swans , and the ducks . whistling - ducks are also considered a distinct subfamily , and , although they have not been sighted in washington in many years , fulvous whistling - ducks have been recorded historically in washington and remain on the official state checklist . all members of the waterfowl family have large clutches of precocial young . they hatch covered in down and can swim and eat on their own almost immediately after hatching .
when males leave their mates , they migrate to open lakes where they join other males and molt . once the flightless molt period is complete , the true fall migration is gradual , lasting from late july through december . in western washington , the fall migration peaks from mid - october to early december . in eastern washington , the peak is from early october to mid - november . spring migration lasts from mid - february to early may .
, seattle audubon ' s on - line breeding bird atlas of island , king , kitsap , and kittitas counties .
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reaches lengths of approximately 35cm ( 14 in . ) ; wingspan 87cm ( 34 in . )
wigeons are diving ducks , not dabbling ducks , and will completely submerge themselves to chase food .
these ducks alert their fellow ducks of danger by alarm quacks and rattling their wings .
these birds are a food source for predators and also help maintain plant growth .
austin , g . birds of the world . new york . golden press , inc . , 1961 . gotch , a . f . birds - their latin names explained . uk . blandford books ltd . , 1981 . johnsgard , p . ducks , geese , and swans of the world . lincoln . univ . of neb . press , 1978 . scott , p . a coloured key of the wildfowl of the world . slimbridge , england . the wildfowl trust . 1988 . todd , f . s . natural history of waterfowl . san diego , ca . ibis publishing co . , 1996 .
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males have pinkish - brown flanks , upperparts , and breast , a wide green patch behind the eye , and a cream - colored forehead .
females are also largely pinkish - brown , with a brownish - gray head and a dark area around the eye .
males in nonbreeding plumage resemble females , but the green eye patch and cream forehead are still visible , though not as obvious .
the shape of a bird ' s wing is often an indication of its habits and behavior . fast flying birds have long , pointed wings . soaring birds have long , broad wings . different songbirds will have a slightly different wing shape . some species look so much alike ( empidonax flycatchers ) that scientists sometimes use the length of specific feathers to confirm a species ' identification .
young wigeons eat significant numbers of insects , but soon shift to a largely plant - based diet .
the green - winged teal also has a green band extending back from the eye . it is a smaller duck , with reddish head and vertical white mark just below the head . also compare the female of the two species .
color : olive . incubation and fledging : the young hatch at about 23 - 24 days and leave the nest almost immediately , but cannot fly for 6 - 8 weeks .
anne e . mini , erin r . harrington , emily rucker , bruce d . dugger , and thomas b . mowbray
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note brownish black crown streaked with creamy white . upperparts are grayish brown , barred with buff and tipped with gray , intergrading to pale reddish brown breast , sides , and flanks . bill grayish with black tip and black border at base of bill . taken 12 november , 2009 at golden gardens park , ballard , seattle , king county , washington . the following is a link to this contributor ' s flickr stream : dennis cheasebro . ; photographer marie reed
mini , a . e . , e . r . harrington , e . rucker , b . d . dugger , and t . b . mowbray ( 2014 ) .
) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( a . f . poole , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : mareca americana . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
during the breeding season it prefers areas with vegetation cover near lakes or marshy sloughs . mixed grass and short grass prairies are preferred for breeding .
in alternate plumage adult males have a white crown and forehead and a broad , dark green patch surrounding the eye and nape . the bill is blue - gray with a black tip . the rest of the neck , face and upper back is buffy white with heavy black speckling . the breast and flanks are reddish brown with a bright white underbelly . upperwing - coverts are white so that there is a large white patch when wings are extended . in alternate plumage adult females have a brownish black crown , streaked with creamy white . the bill is grayish with a black tip . the rest of the head and neck is white with heavy streaking and the back is grayish brown with light barring . flanks are reddish brown and the belly is white . the white wing patch is poorly defined in the female . in basic plumage adult males resemble females but may have slightly brighter sides and flanks .
pair formation can begin with the arrival on wintering grounds . breeding is not controlled strictly by photoperiod , but is also infleunced by habitat quality and food availability on the wintering grounds . presumably the female selects the nest site , which is well concealed on dry ground and away from the water . nests are typically found in areas of tall grasses and brush cover and in fairly close proximity to a food supply . they are constructed primarily of grasses and weed stems and lined with down . incubation begins at the completion of the clutch and usually continues for an average of 25 days . the female spends almost 90 % of the day on the nest ; when the paired male is not accompanying the female in feeding , he spends the majority of his time on the water . he remains with the female only until the second week of incubation .
young are precocial at hatching . they are able to leave the nest with the female less than 24 hours after hatching . they feed eagerly by dabbling and off the surface . fledgling age is estimated at between 37 and 48 days . this period varies depending on factors such as habitat and climatic conditions , age and condition of female , and time of hatching .
females provide care of the offspring once they hatch . ( ehrlich et al . , 1988 )
wigeons are territorial during the breeding season . individual territories tend to be spaced out , usually a single pair to a pond . ( mowbray , 1999 )
shallow , freshwater wetlands , marshes , mudflats , slow moving rivers , and ponds are all potential areas for foraging for wigeons . these are areas where the abundance of emergent plant life and insects is the greatest . they will feed on a variety of aquatic insects such as damselflies and caddisflies , as well as terrestrial insects such as beetles . this type of food comprises a small part of their diet however . the largest food source is stems and leafy parts of aquatic plants , grasses , and agricultural plants . they particularly prefer muskgrasses and bushy pondweed . differences between juvenile and adult food preferences have been noted .


eucosmophora melanactis is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from guyana .

the length of the forewings is 3.5 mm for males .

eucosmophora melanactis

this is the place for melanactis definition . you find here melanactis meaning , synonyms of melanactis and images for melanactis copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word melanactis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word melanactis and , of course , melanactis synonyms and on the right images related to the word melanactis .
biology and systematics of the neotropical leafminer genus eucosmophora ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) .
biology and systematics of the neotropical leafminer genus eucosmophora ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) . | davis | tropical lepidoptera research
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if you know the species , please , click on the picture and write the species name in comments section . also , you can go to the gallery page with all photos of gracillariidae sp . ( large size ) .
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holotype ♂ , genitalia slide b . m . 4593 , bmnh ; paratypes 3 specimens ( gender not stated ) , bmnh .
not stated ; 2 syntypes ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham , genitalia slide bmnh 31203♂ ( see landry 2006 : 442 ) ; 4 more specimens mentioned [ not included in type series ] .
lectotype ♂ , bmnh , designated by dugdale ( 1988 : 70 ) , and ♀ ( in total 3 specimens were mentioned ) .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide b . m . 4297 , bmnh ; paratypes 6 specimens ( gender not stated ) , bmnh .
type ♂ , coll . walsingham , bmnh ; 2 more specimens mentioned [ not included in type series ] .
syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) number not stated , bmnh ( e ) 1055789 , bmnh .
4 syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , bmnh ( e ) 1055769 , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 19432 , bmnh ( e ) 1055773 , bmnh .
syntypes 2♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 7870 , bmnh ( e ) 1055778 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide b . m . 4281 , bmnh ; paratypes 19 specimens ( gender not stated ) , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , bmnh ; paralectotype ♂ , genitalia slide bm - 16927♂ , bmnh ( meyrick mentioned 4 specimens , ♂ and ♀ ) .
6 syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , bmnh ( e ) 1055767 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 1608♂ , eihu ; paratypes 21♂ and 24♀ , eihu , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , abdomen missing ( see amsel 1968 : 23 ) , bmnh .
holotype , abdomen missing , bmnh ; 26 paratypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , mhng ; paratypes 28♂ and 28♀ , genitalia slides bl 1170 , bl 1555 , bl 1557 , bl 1558 , bl 1560 , bl 1561 , bl 1564 , bl 1565 , bl 1566 , bmnh , cnc , cdrs , mhng , usnm .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 66751 , bmnh ; 8 paratypes nrs . 66752 , 66754 , 66755 , 66757 , 66758 in bmnh , nrs . 66753 , 66756 , 66759 in usnm .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; 7 paratypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , wing slide16041 , abdomen missing , bmnh ; paratype 1♂ , abdomen missing , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; 3 paratypes ( gender not stated ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; 19 paratypes ( gender not stated ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , abdomen missing , bmnh ( see gozmány & vári 1973 : 188 ) .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 18308 , bmnh ( e ) 1055782 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 4 specimens ( gender not stated ) , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , abdomen missing , bmnh ; paralectotype ♂ , abdomen missing , bmnh ( kumata , kuroko & ermolaev 1988a : 55 ) .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 19433 , bmnh ( e ) 1055776 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 19488 , bmnh ( e ) 1055779 , bmnh ; paratype ♀ , coll . walsingham 19491 , bmnh .
holotype , coll . walsingham nr . 19423 , bmnh ( e ) 1055781 , bmnh ; 2 paratypes , coll . walsingham nrs . 19421 , 19424 , genitalia slide 22180♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , bmnh ; 1 paratype ( gender not stated ) , bpbm .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 19429 , bmnh ( e ) 1055780 , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , bmnh , genitalia slide bmnh 31204♂ , designated by landry ( 2006 : 442 , fig . 28 ) , bmnh ; in original description 34 syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) were mentioned , 12 of these as paralectotypes in bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bmnh 4388♂ , bmnh ; paratype ♂ , genitalia slide bmnh 4367♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide 6106♀ , bmnh ; metallotype ♂ , genitalia slide g7493♂ , tmsa .
lectotype ♂ , genitalia slide 3987♂ , selected by j . d . bradley , published in vári ( 1961 : 61 ) , bmnh ; 3 paralectotypes , bmnh .
12 syntypes , ♂ , ♀ , bmnh ( e ) 1055793 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 3094♂ , eihu ; paratypes 13♂ and 19♀ , eihu , bmnh , and entomology division , department of agriculture , nepalese government , kathmandu .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 1642♂ , eihu ; paratypes 64♂ and 52♀ , eihu , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 3174♂ , eihu ; paratypes 21♂ and 15♀ , eihu , bmnh , zoological survey of india , calcutta , and entomology division , department of agriculture , nepalese government , kathmandu .
holotype ♂ , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) ; allotype ♀ , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) ; paratypes 23♂ and 21♀ , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) , coll . jäckh , nhmw , bmnh . in total 46 paratypes in zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide g7231♂ , tmsa ; metallotype ♀ , genitalia slide g7299♀ , tmsa ; paratype ♂ , bmnh .
not stated , 1♂
limosella f . r .
( de joannis 1915 : 140 ) ; there is 1 secimen in the bmnh marked
type
.
lectotype ♂ , designated by triberti ( 1987b : 125 ) , genitalia slide 6103♂ , bmnh ; 2 paralectotypes , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide g7214♂ , tmsa . a second ♂ ( bmnh ) , sent to meyrick by a . j . t . janse , has not been included in the type series ( but see vári 1961 : 30 ) , though it is present in the bmnh , genitalia slide 6076♂ , lft wing pair missing .
lectotype , sex indeterminate , abdomen missing , designated by yuan ( 1992b : 207 ) , bmnh ; paralectotype 1♀ , genitalia slide 26787♀ , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by viette ( 1951c : 86 ) , mnhn ; 3 paralectotypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , mnhn , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 3029♂ , eihu ; paratypes 16♂ and 19♀ , eihu , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 4♂ and 2♀ , bmnh ( genitalia slides 27033 , 27138 , 27139 ) .
lectotype ♂ , designated by brown ( dugdale 1988 : 71 ) , bmnh ; meyrick ( 1880 : 142 ) mentioned also a ♀ .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide trb24147 , bmnh ; paratypes 2♀ , 1 ex . without abdomen , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide no . 26805♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 6♂ , genitalia slide 27286♂ and 1♀ , genitalia slide 27165♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 1230♂ , eihu ; paratypes 27♂ and 25♀ , eihu , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 1163♂ , eihu ; paratypes 36♂ and 41♀ , eihu , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 1351♂ , eihu ; paratypes 12♂ and 10♀ , eihu , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by dugdale ( 1988 : 71 ) , bmnh ; 5 paralectotypes ♂ , ♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 4174♂ , in bmnh ; paratypes 2♂ , 3♀ , genitalia slides 4171♂ , 7092♂ , 2720♀ , 2586♀ , in corley collection .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide g7215 , tmsa ; metallotype ♂ , genitalia slide g7480 , tmsa ; paratype ♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 88786 , genitalia slide 16991♀ , bmnh ; paratypes 5 specimens ( gender not stated ) , coll . walsingham nrs . 88787–88789 ( 2 spcimens missing ) , genitalia slide 16986♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , mhng ; paratypes 8♂ and 6♀ , genitalia slides mhng 2937 , mhng 2938 , mhng 3011 , bmnh , cdrs , mhng , usnm .
holotype ♂ in very poor condition , bmnh ( clarke 1971 : 185 ) .
holotype ♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 18839 , bmnh ( e ) 1055791 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 26812♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 3♂ , genitalia slide 27260♂ , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , bmnh , designated by yuan & robinson ( 1993 : 8 ) ; 7 paralectotypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , mhng ; paratypes 41♂ and 49♀ , genitalia slides bl 1173 , bl 1567 , bl 1568 , bl 1569 , bl 1570 , bl 1571 , bl 1572 , bl 1573 , bl 1574 , bl 1575 , bl 1577 , mhng 3012 , bmnh , cnc , cdrs , mhng , usnm .
lectotype ♂ , bmnh , designated by dugdale ( 1988 : 71 ) , bmnh ; 11 paralectotypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 26815♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 2♀ , genitalia slide 27093♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ genitalia slide trb24143♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 4♂ and 2♀ , genitalia slides trb24153 , trb24189 , trb24190 , 1224 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia on card under specimen jäckh 6638♂ , bmnh ; paratype 1♂ , genitala on card under specimen jäckh 6631♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , mhng ; paratypes 22♂ and 20♀ , genitalia slides bl 1171 , bl 1578 , bl 1579 , bl 1580 , bl 1581 , bl 1582 , bl 1583 , mhng 3010 , bmnh , cdrs , cnc , mhng , usnm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 1103♂ , eihu ; paratypes 16♂ and 27♀ , eihu , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 167 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , bmnh , zsm , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , jäckh ( bidingen ) . in total 52 paratypes present in zsm .
lectotype ♂ , designated by yuan & robinson ( 1993 : 14 ) , bmnh ; paralectotype 1♀ , bmnh .
5 syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , bmnh ,
damaged condition
.
3 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , lectotype ♀ , designated by clarke ( 1971 : 185 ) , genitalia slide jfgc11383♀ , bmnh ; 2 paralectotypes , .
lectotype ♂ , designated by triberti ( 1984 : 9 ) , bmnh ; paralectotype 1♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide trb1576 , bmnh ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide trb24188 , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , rnhl , designated by yuan & robinson ( 1993 : 13 ) ; paralectotype ♂ , bmnh ( e ) 1324974 , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by yuan & robinson ( 1993 : 20 ) , genitalia slide 27258♀ , bmnh ; 2 paralectotypes , genitalia slide 20786♂ , other specimen abdomen missing , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; allotype ♀ , bmnh ; paratypes 7♂ and 1♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 27125♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 2♀ , genitalia slide 27126♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 1135♂ , eihu ; paratypes 13♂ and 11♀ , eihu , bmnh .
3 syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , coll . walsingham nr . 19521 , bmnh ( e ) 1324976 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , abdomen missing , bmnh ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide 26704♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide de prins 3835♂ , nmk ; paratypes 63♂ , 83♀ , genitalia slides de prins 3829♂ , 3833♀ , 3834♂ , 3837♂ , 3838♂ , 3839♀ , 3840♀ , 3841♀ , 3842♀ , 3843♂ , 3844♂ , bmnh , mnhg , rmca , usnm , zsm , rbins , dmns , tmsa .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 27140♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 3♂ and 4♀ , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by yuan & robinson ( 1993 : 25 ) , bmnh ; paralectotype 1♀ , bmnh .
not stated ,
abundant
; 1 syntype ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 648♂ , eihu ; paratyp 1♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 1141♂ , eihu ; paratypes 8♂ and 15♀ , eihu , bmnh .
not stated ; 1 syntype ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh . .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide jäckh 6395♀ , coll . jäckh ; allotype ♂ , genitalia slide jäckh 6397♂ , coll . jäckh ; paratypes ( gender and number not stated ) , gen . slides 16997♂ , 16998♀ , bmnh , eibh , hnhm , mnhn , ooll , ieut , coll . arenberger , hartig , pfister , pröse .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 99130 , bmnh ; allotype ♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 99131 , genitalia slide 17011♀ , 13 paratypes , coll . walsingham nrs . 99132–99139 , 99141 , 99142 , 99144 ( 99140 , 99143 missing ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 3♂ , genitalia slide no . 27263 , 26819 , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , genitalia slide 26754♂ , designated by yuan & robinson ( 1993 : 18 ) , bmnh ; paralectotype ♂ , genitalia slide 27149♂ , bmnh ( 4 specimens mentioned in original description ) .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide no . 27166♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 4♂ , genitalia slide no . 27133♂ , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by yuan & robinson ( 1993 : 25 ) , genitalia slide no . 27157♂ , bmnh ; paralectotype ♂ , rnhl .
lectotype ♀ , designated by yuan & robinson ( 1993 : 7 ) , bmnh ; paralectotype 1♀ , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by yuan ( 1992b : 208 ) , bmnh ; 5 paralectotypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slide 26793♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 1203♂ , eihu ; paratypes 23♂ and 23♀ ; eihu , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , cas ; allotype ♀ , ucb ; paratypes 35 specimens ( gender not stated ) in bmnh , cas , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , lacm , ucb , ucd , usnm .
not stated ,
14 ky .
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ; 2 syntypes ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
3 syntypes ( gender not stated ) : 2 in cmcz , 1 in coll . zeller , bmnh ;
4 texas . ( not chambers ; wanting among his spec . )
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) .
not stated ,
common
;
1 ky . ( unfit for determination . )
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ; 3 syntypes ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , cas ; allotype ♀ , ucb ; paratypes 13 specimens ( gender not stated ) in cas , lacm , ucb , usnm , bmnh .
not stated ,
8 ky .
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ;
one type , right fore wing missing , otherwise in perfect condition
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 189 ) ; 1♂ homotype , bmnh ( see de prins & kawahara 2012 : 39 ) .
holotype ♂ , cas ; allotype ♀ , ucb ; paratypes 61 specimens ( gender not stated ) in bmnh , cas , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , lacm , ucb , ecd , usnm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide mrac / kmma 00417♂ , id rmca ent 000004448 , rmca ; paratypes 4♂ , 2♀ , genitalia slides mrac / kmma 00416♀ , 00488♂ , 00489♂ , head preparation mrac / kmma 00529 , ids rmca ent 000003294 , 000004450 , 000005201–000005202 , rmca , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , ( see de prins & kawahara 2012 : 39 ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , cas ; allotype ♀ , ucb ; paratypes 98 specimens ( gender not stated ) in bmnh , cal , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , lacm , ucb , ucd , usnm .
holotype ♂ , cas ; allotype ♀ , ucb ; paratypes 8♂ and 4♀ in bmnh , cas , lacm , ecb , ucd , usnm .
syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , number not stated , coll . walsingham , bmnh .
not stated ,
one type , right fore wing and abdomen missing
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 189 ) ; 1 homotype , bmnh ( see de prins & kawahara 2012 : 39 ) .
holotype ♂ , cas ; allotype ♀ , ucb ; paratypes 6♂ and 6♀ in bmnh , cas , lacm , ucb , ucd , usnm .
holotype ♂ , cas ; allotype ♀ , ucb ; paratypes 40 specimens ( gender not stated ) in bmnh , cas , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , lacm , ucb , ucd , usnm .
holotype ♂ , cas ; allotype ♀ ; paratypes 24 specimens ( gender not stated ) in bmnh , cas , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , lacm , ucb , ucd , usnm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide mrac / kmaa 00287♂ , id rmca ent 000003121 , rmca ; paratypes 5♂ , 3♀ , genitalia slides mrac / kmma 00288–00292 , 00379 , 00491 , ids rmca ent 000003122–000003124 , 000003126–000003127 , 000003270 , rmca , bmnh , nmk .
lectotype ♂ , designated by de prins & kawahara ( 2012 : 39 ) , bmnh ; 5 paralectotypes ( gender not stated ) , bmnh ( not found ) .
not stated ,
12 ky . ( a good spec . very nearly related to intermedia , frey . )
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ; 3 syntypes ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , cas ; allotype ♀ , ucb ; paratypes 25 specimens ( gender not stated ) in bmnh , cas , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , lacm , ucb , ucd , usnm .
holotype ♂ , mhng ; paratypes 15♂ and 14♀ , genitalia slide mhng 2749 , bl 1562 , bl 1563 , bmnh , mhng , idea , mnnc , and usnm .
not stated ,
common
;
6 ky . ; 5 cambridge . ( frey ' s spec . is the same , as far as chamber ' s specimens allow to judge . )
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ; 1 syntype ex frey coll . , ex walsingham coll . , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide g3382 , tmsa ; paratypes 2 specimens ( gender not stated ) , 1 specimen in tmsa , 1♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ ( meyrick mentioned 2♂ syntypes in the original description ) , genitalia slide 26741♀ , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by dugdale ( 1988 : 72 ) , bmnh ; 9 paralectotypes , gentalia slide 22189♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide 6100 , bmnh ; paratype ♂ , genitalia slide 3763 , bmnh . in original description , meyrick mentioned 4 specimens .
holotype ♀ , abdomen missing , bmnh ( e ) 1324973 , bmnh ( bradley 1986 : 44 ) .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 12♂ and 14♀ , genitalia slide grc 2409♂ , bmnh , eihu .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide g7724♀ , tmsa ; metallotype ♂ [ the holotype of acrocercops acmophanes meyrick , 1928 ] , genitalia slide g7221♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 6082♂ , bmnh ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide 6107♀ , bmnh ; paratypes 11 specimens ( gender not stated ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 3 specimens ( gender not stated ) , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by de prins & kawahara ( 2012 : 160 ) , bmnh .
not stated ,
common
;
2 ky .
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 151 ) ; 1 syntype ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by de prins & kawahara ( 2012 : 161 ) , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by de prins & kawahara ( 2012 : 161 ) , bmnh .
holotype ( gender not stated ) , coll . walsingham nr . 13150 , usnm , paratypes ( gender not stated ) , coll . walsingham nrs . 33842 , 33843 , bmnh ( walsingham 1914 : 337 ) .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 6077 , bmnh ; metallotype ♀ , genitalia slide g7701 , tmsa .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide 4542♀ , bmnh ( e ) 1055696 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; paratype 1♀ , bmnh ; in the original description 5 syntypes were mentioned , bmnh .
syntypes 2♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 19430 , bmnh ( e ) 1055777 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 5329♂ , eihu ; paratypes 15♂ and 22♀ , eihu , zsic , edak , genitalia slide 23941♂ , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by kumata , kuroko & ermolaev ( 1988a : 92 , footnote ) , not dissected , bmnh ; 3 paralectotypes , genitalia slide bmnh 23989♀ , 2 lacking abdomen , bmnh .
5 syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , bmnh ; lectotype ♂ , genitalia slide bm 28017 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , mhng ; paratypes 2♂ and 11♀ , genitalia slides bl 1236 , bl 1549 , bl 1550 , bl 1551 , bl 1552 , bl 1553 , bmnh , cdrs , mhng , usnm .
holotype ♂ , mhng ; paratypes 28♂ and 11♀ , genitalia slides bl 1174 , bl 1543 , bl 1544 , bl 1545 , bl 1546 , bl 1547 , bl 1548 , bl 1554 , bl 1559 , bmnh , cdrs , cnc , mhng .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 88655 , bmnh ; paratype 1♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 88669 , 1 caterpillar , coll . walsingham nr . 88688 , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , coll . walsingham , 2 more specimens [ not included in type series ] , bmnh .
holotype ♀ ( not a ♂ as stated in the original description , see landry 2006 : 469 ) , genitalia slide bmnh 29522♀ , bmnh ; 2 more specimens [ not included in types series ] .
lectotype ♂ , bmnh ; paralectotypes 1♂ , 1♀ , genitalia slides no 32324♂ , 32330♀ , bmnh , designated by li & zhang 2016 : 392 . two syntypes 1♂ and 1♀ collected in malaysia are misidentification ( li & zhang 2016 : 392 ) .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide no wzb14337♂ , nkum ; paratypes 244♂ , 430♀ , genitalia slides 244♂ , 93♀ , nkum , ( 2♂ , 2♀ ) bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide wzb14178♂ , nkum ; paratypes 48♂ , 64♀ , genitalia slides 48♂ , 46♀ , nkum , ( 2♂ , 2♀ ) bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide wzb14371♂ , nkum ; paratypes 206♂ , 239♀ , nkum , ( 2♂ , 2♀ ) , bmnh . 1♂ misidentified as
epicephala vermiformis
, genitalia slide no 32328♂ , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by vári ( 1961 : 45 ) , genitalia slide g6072♂ , bmnm ; paralectotypes 2 specimens ( gender not stated ) , bmnh , ( in original description , meyrick mentioned 4 specimens ) .
holotype ♀ , nr . 100839 , usnm , paratypes 2♂ , genitalia slide usnm 24630♂ and 3♀ , genitalia slides usnm 24560♀ , 24628♀ , 24629♀ , usnm , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 1591♂ , eihu ; paratypes 23♂ and 18♀ , eihu , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide bmnh 30833♀ , bmnh ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide bmnh 3084♂ , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , bmnh ; paralectotypes 2♂ and 2♀ , bmnh , designated by davis & wagner ( 2005 : 18 ) ; meyrick mentioned 24 syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) in his original description , bmnh .
holotype ♀ [ erroneously sexed as ♂ by walsingham ] , genitalia slide bmnh 27922 , bmnh .
holotype ♀ [ not ♂ as mentioned in original description ] , nr . 401229 , genitalia slide bmnh 30829 , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by davis & wagner ( 2005 : 19 ) , genitalia slide bmnh 30832♂ , bmnh ; paralectotype 1♂ , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by davis & wagner ( 2005 : 26 ) , genitalia slide bmnh 30831♂ , bmnh ; paralectotype ♂ ( abdomen missing ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 1597♂ , eihu ; paratypes 19♂ and 17♀ , eihu , bmnh .
holotype , bmnh ; 10 paratypes , genitalia slides 24137♂ , 24138♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 2429♂ , eihu ; paratypes 10♂ and 15♀ , eihu , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide 16990♀ , bmnh ( see also rehfous 1933 : 63 ) .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; allotype ♀ , bmnh ; paratypes 18♂ and 19♀ , bmnh , zma , rnhl , nhmw , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . klimesch ( in zsm ) .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 413♂ , eihu ; paratypes 11♂ and 11♀ , eihu , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 411♂ , eihu ; paratypes 10♂ and 9♀ , eihu , bmnh .
holotype ♀ [ not ♂ is stated in original description ] , genitalia slide 28015♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 4036 , bmnh ; metallotype ♀ , genitalia slide g7662 ( missing ) , tmsa .
not stated ,
one type , left wings missing , otherwise in good condition
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 191 ) ; 3 syntypes ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , genitalia slide 6100 , bmnh ; metallotype ♂ , genitalia slide g7652 , tmsa ; paralectotypes 2♀ , bmnh , tmsa , designated by vári ( 1961 : 171–172 ) .
holotype ♂ , elku ; allotype ♀ ; elku ; paratypes 5♂ and 10♀ , elku , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by dugdale ( 1988 : 72 ) , bmnh ; 7 syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) .
holotype ♂ , abdomen missing , bmnh ; paratype ♀ , abdomen missing , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , in bad condition , ( meyrick 1911c : 292 ) , genitalia slide 6085♂ , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by clarke ( 1971 : 182 ) , genitalia slide jfgc11474♀ , bmnh ; paralectotypes 2♀ , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by davis & de prins ( 2011 : 57 ) ; paralectotype 1♂ , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , designated by davis & de prins ( 2011 : 48 ) , abdomen , right forewing , and distal part of right hindwing missing , ansp ; paralectotypes 3♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , cmcz ; paratype 1♂ , bmnh ( see hagen 1884 : 152 , davis & de prins 2011 : 57 ) .
lectotype ♀ , genitalia slide davis 26068♀ , bmnh ; 14 paralectotypes ♂ , ♀ , genitalia slide davis 26067♂ , bmnh .
syntypes 2♂ ( a third specimen ♀ is probably the female of this species ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia and wing slide 6086♂ , bmnh ; allotype ♀ , abdomen missing , bmnh ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide 6093♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; allotype ♀ , bmnh ; paratypes 2 specimens ( gender not stated ) , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 5328♂ , eihu ; paratypes 12♂ and 3♀ , edak , bmnh , eihu .
holotype ( gender not stated ) , abdomen missing , thorax and legs in bad condition , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 3734♂ , frim ; paratypes 23♂ and 34♀ , frim , bmnh , eihu .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide mrac / kmma 00428♂ , id rmca ent 000004783 , rmca ; paratypes 4♂ , 6♀ , id rmca ent 000004784–000004791 , 000004793 , genitalia slides mrac / kmma 00425 , 00428–00431 , wing venation slide mrac / kmma 00427 , rmca , bmnh .
holotype , abdomen missing ( see de prins & kawahara 2012 : 31 ) , bmnh ; 8 paratypes ♂ , ♀ , bmnh .
not stated ,
not common
, mczc ; 1 syntype ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , mhng ; paratypes 1♂ and 3♀ , genitalia slides bl 1591 , mhng 3015 , bmnh , cdrs , mhng .
holotype ♂ , mhng ; paratypes 2♂ and 16♀ , genitalia slides bl 1584 , bl 1586 , bl 1599 , bmnh , cdrs , mhng , usnm .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide g7233♀ , tmsa ; metallotype ♂ , genitalia slide g7405♂ , tmsa ; paratype 1♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , bmnh , ( ♂ according to dugdale 1988 : 71 ) .
holotype nr . 10287 ( gender not stated ) , usnm ; co - types ( number and gender not stated ) in mmnb , bmnh .
not stated ,
two good types
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 210 ) ; 2 syntypes ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh . .
holotype ♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 19199 , body and basal area of wing in imperfect condition , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham , bmnh ; 1 more specimen ( gender not stated ) [ not included in type series ] .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide trb1154♂ , coll . klimesch in zsm ; paratypes 1♂ , genitalia slide trb1103♂ , coll . triberti ( verona ) , 1♂ , nr . bm1970 - 26 , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , nr . 20577 , genitalia slide pc1191♂ , rsme reg . no . 1964 . 6 ; allotype ♀ , nr . 20591 , genitalia slide pc1279♀ , rsme ; paratypes 2♂ and 3♀ , nrs . 20539 , 20578 , 20590 , 20592 , 20593 , coll . l . vári , coll . pelham - clinton , bmnh , rsme .
holotype ♂ , mcsv ; allotype ♀ , mcsv ; paratypes 17♂ and 1♀ , mcsv , coll . triberti ( verona ) , 1♂ nhm , 1♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 66739 , bmnh ; paratypes 5 specimens ( gender not stated ) , coll . walsingham nrs . 66743 , 66744 , ( gender not stated ) , usnm .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 26666 , bmnh ; paratypes 2 specimens ( gender not stated ) , coll . walsingham , in bmnh .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 26056 , recte ♀ ( zimmerman 1978 : 680 ) , genitalia slide 2884♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 25992 , not dissected , bmnh ; allotype 1♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 25998 , genitalia slide 2866♂ , bmnh ; 17 paratypes ( gender not stated ) , coll . walsingham , 3♂ and 6♀ , genitalia slides 2018♂ , 2019♀ in bmnh .
holotype ♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 26695 ; allotype ♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 28505 ; paratypes 19 specimens ( gender not stated ) , coll . walsingham , bmnh .
not stated ,
common
; 1 syntype ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ bmnh ( e ) 1412371 , bmnh , paralectotype ( gender not specified ) bmnh ( e ) 1412357 , bmnh , designated by brito et al . ( 2017b : 307 ) .
lectotype , abdomen missing , bmnh ( e ) 1055796 , ( gender not specified ) , bmnh ; 1 paralectotype , abdomen missing , bmnh ( e ) 1412443 , ( gender not specified ) bmnh , designated by brito et al . ( 2017 : 310 ) .
3 syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , bmnh ( e ) 1055797 , bmnh .
syntypes 2♂ ( 1♂ in coll . meyrick , only part of thorax remaining , bmnh ) .
not stated ,
one perfect type
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 212 ) ; 1 syntype ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 10145 , bmnh ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide 10526 , bmnh ; paratypes 2♂ and 1♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 8♂ and 14♀ , genitalia slides jrl 1167 , 1169 , 1172 , 1197–1200 , mfvc 2727 , 2751 , bmnh , coll . j . langmaid , coll . m . corley .
lectotype , bmnh ( e ) 1412616 , ( gender not specified ) , bmnh ; paralectotype bmnh ( e ) 1412347 , ( gender not specified ) , bmnh , designated by brito et al . ( 2017 : 323 ) . the other three syntypes are not found ( brito et al . 2017b : 323 ) .
holotype ♂ , in poor condition , abdomen lacking ( bradley 1961 : 160 ) , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , bmnh ( e ) 1412359 , bmnh ; paralectotype ♀ bmnh ( e ) 1412356 , bmnh , designated by brito et al . 2017b : 325 .
not stated ,
two perfect types
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 191 ) ; 2 syntypes ex coll . clemens , ex coll . stainton , bmnh ; 1 syntype ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
not stated .
wenige stücke
[ some specimens ] ;
( chb . ) 3 cambridge , mass .
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 151 ) ; 1 syntype in bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide de prins 3504♂ , bmnh ; paratype 1♂ , genitalia slide mrac / kmma 00656♂ , id rmca ent 000006147 , rmca .
lectotype ♂ , designated by de prins & kawahara ( 2012 : 60 ) , genitalia slide 19072♂ , bmnh . lectotype specimen ♂ not found , genitalia slide 19072♂ present , bmnh ( 30 . x . 2014 ) .
not stated ,
1 ky . ( very bad condition ; perhaps ? longestriata , frey
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 151 ) ;
one perfect type
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 188 ) ; 1 syntype ex coll . clemens , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
holoype ♂ , genitalia slide 3963♂ , bmnh ; 1 specimen ( gender not stated ) [ not included in type series ] .
not stated ,
7 ky . frey 8 cambridge , mass .
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 151 ) ;
two types , one perfect , the other without fore wings
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 190 ) ; 2 syntypes ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
2 syntypes
2 texas .
cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 151 ) ; 1 syntype in usnm ; 4 syntypes in bmnh , lectotype ( gender not stated ) , designated by freeman ( 1970 : 273 ) ( see davis & deschka 2001 : 20 ) .
not stated ;
cambridge ( not chambers )
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 151 ) ; 1 syntype in bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1881♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 115 specimens ♂ , ♀ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , coll . burmann , 4♀ in tmlf ( see huemer & erlebach 2003 : 101 ) . 2 paratypes in bmnh .
not stated ,
4 ky .
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 151 ) ;
1 type in good condition
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 188 ) ; 3 syntypes ex coll . clemens , ex coll . stainton , bmnh ; 2 syntypes ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bmnh 16665♂ , zeller collection , walsingham collection 1910–427 , bmnh ; 16 paratypes ( gender not stated ) , bmnh ( see triberti 2007 : 180 ; only 4 specimens of this series were caught in 1835 , the 12 others in 1851 and 1854 ) .
not stated , neotype ♂ , genitalia slide ad9850 ( = bmnh 14755 ) , bmnh , designated by diakonoff ( 1977 : 173 ) . see also karsholt & schmidt nielsen ( 1976b : 243 ) and triberti ( 2007 : 161 ) .
not stated ,
15 ky .
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ; 4 syntypes ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 66734 , bmnh ; 3 paratypes ( gender not stated ) , coll . walsingham nr . 66735 , usnm .
not stated ,
9 ky . ( unfit for determination ) .
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ; 3 syntypes ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , number not stated , genitalia slide bmnh 7568 , coll . bankes bmnh .
not stated ,
1 cambridge . ( not chambers ) .
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ; 1 syntype , abdomen missing , bmnh .
not stated ,
1♂ delitella f . r .
( de joannis 1915 : 140 ) ; 1 syntype , abdomen missing , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1872 , z547 , tlmf ; paratypes 29♂ and 35♀ , genitalia slides bmnh30491 , gd1852 , 1856 , 1863 , trb249 , 1897 , 1898 , 1911 , 1912 , 1916 , 1985 , 2001 , 2002 , 2165 , 2661 , 2684 , 2714 , 2719 , etc . , bmnh , eihu , sehu , tlmf , zmhb , zmuc , zin , zsm .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide usnm30777 , gd1410 , usnm ; paratypes 86♂ and 76♀ in coll . d . l . wagner , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , ucb , usnm , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide mrac / kmma 00458♂ , id rmca ent 000005040 , rmca ; paratypes 3♂ , 10♀ , genitalia slides mrac / kmma 00456♂ , 00457♀ , 00459♀ , ids rmca ent 000005037–000005039 , 000005041 , 000005043–000005049 , rmca , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , usnm ; paratypes 86♂ and 87♀ in coll . d . l . wagner , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , usnm , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 99092 , bmnh ; paratype 1♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 99093 , bmnh ; 53 paratypes ( gender not stated , coll . walsingham , bmnh .
not stated ,
3 ky .
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ; 1 syntype ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
syntypes 1♂ and 3♀ ,
2 cambrdige
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) , 1 syntype , abdomen missing , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , mrac / kmma 00272♂ , id rmca ent 00000307 , rmca ; paratypes 30♂ , 30♀ , genitalia slides mrca / kmma 00258♀ , 00264♂ , 00265♀–00268♀ , 00269♂–00271♂ , 00276♂ , 00283♂ , 00346♂ , 00398♂ , 00399♂ , de prins 3668♂ , 3669♂ , rmca , bmnh , nmk .
not stated ,
4 cambridge . ( is necopinusella , chambers . )
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) . 2♀ syntypes in bmnh .
holotype ♀ ( not ♂ as stated in the original description ) , genitalia slide 31268♀ , bmnh .
4 syntypes ♂ , ♀ , coll . walsingham , bmnh ; lectotype ♂ , specimen of mendocino county selected by davis , genitalia slide davis 19259♂ , bmnh ; paralectotype ♀ , specimen of lake county selected by davis , genitalia slide davis 19260♀ , bmnh .
syntypes 3♂ , in coll . mann , coll . zeller in bmnh , and coll . fischer von röslerstamm .
not stated ,
4 cambridge ( not chambers . )
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) . 1 syntype in bmnh .
holotype ♀ , coll . walsingham nr . 99090 , bmnh ; paratype 1♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 99091 , bmnh ; 78 paratypes ( gender not stated ) , coll . walsingham , bmnh , 2 paratypes without abdomen in zin ( see baryshnikova 2002 : 207 ) .
holotype ♂ , nr . 671 , zeller collection , walsingham collection 1910 - 427 , bmnh .
not stated ,
1 cambridge . ( not chambers . )
, cmcz hagen ( 1884 : 152 ) ( see also braun 1908b : 281 ) . 1 syntype in bmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide 6110♀ , bmnh ; paratypes 2♂ , genitalia slide 3924♂ , bmnh . ( in original description , meyrick mentioned 5 specimens ) .
not stated ,
2 ky . ( not recognizable . )
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ;
one perfect type
( busck 1903 : 188 ) ; 5 syntypes ex coll . clemens , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
not stated ,
5 ky . ( a good spec . )
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ;
two types , one perfect , the other without abdomen and hind wings
, ( gender not stated ) , ansp ( busck 1903 : 187 ) ; 4 syntypes ex coll . clemens , 2 syntypes ex coll . chambers , coll . stainton , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 271 specimens ( ♂ and ♀ ) , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , zsm , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; allotype ♀ , genitalia slide 19958♀ , bmnh ; paratypes 6♂ , genitalia slides 19947♂ , 19948♂ , 20784♂ , and 1♀ , genitalia slide 20795♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , coll . walsingham nr . 98051♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 13♂ , coll . walsingham , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide rmca 00251♂ , specimen id rmca ent 000002420 , rmca ; paratypes 21♂ , genitalia slides rmca 00252♂–00254♂ , 17 specimens in rmca , 2 specimens in bmnh , 2 specimens in nmk .
6 syntypes ( gender not stated ) ,
3 cambdrige ( not chambers ) .
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) . 1♂ syntype , genitalia slide bmnh 28716♂ in bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide mrac / kmma 00352♂ , id rmca ent 000003353 , rmca ; paratypes 4♂ , 5♀ , genitalia slides mrac / kmma 00349♂–00352♂ , 00353♀ , 00460♀ , ids rmca ent 000003264 , 000003341 , 000003350 , 000003352 , 000003355–000003357 , 000003364 , rmca , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide davis 19266♀ , coll . walsingham , bmnh ; paratype 1♀ , abdomen missing , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , frey collection nr . 1890 - 62 , genitalia slide bmnh 30498 , designated by triberti ( 2007 : 169 ) , in bmnh .
holotype ♀ , zeller collection nr . 100640 , walsingham collection 1910 - 427 , genitalia slide bmnh 10967♀ , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , zeller collection , walsingham collection nr . 1910 - 427 , 100674 , genitalia slide bmnh 30710♂ , designated by triberti ( 2007 : 169 ) , in bmnh .
holotype ♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 5♀ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; 2♂ and 1♀ , coll . walsingham nrs . 96826–96828 , genitalia slide 4020♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide gd1893♂ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) ; paratypes 53 ( ♂ and ♀ ) , genitalia slide gd1917♀ , coll . deschka ( steyr ) , bmnh .
syntypes 1♂ and 1♀ , selected out of about 300 specimens , coll . bankes in bmnh ; type ♂ , genitalia slide bmnh 7574 , bmnh .
not stated .
in grosser menge
[ in large quantities ] ; 2 syntypes in bmnh ; syntypes 1♂ and 1♀ , genitalia slides grc - 384♂ , grc - 385♀ , eihu ; 1 syntype in zsm .
not stated , one ♂
roborifoliella .
( de joannis 1915 : 130 ) . 1 syntype , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bmnh 31639♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 11♂ , 14♀ , genitalia slides bmnh 32527♂ , 32528♀ ; 32529♀ , 32530♂ , 32531♀ , 32532♀ , guillermet 2281♂ , 2282♀ , id rmca ent 000005298–000005299 , bmnh , rbins , rmca , coll . guillermet .
holotype ♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 4♂ , 5♀ , genitalia slides bmnh 32534♀ , 32535♂ , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by freeman ( 1970 : 278 ) , genitalia slide 12101♂ , bmnh ;
6 cambridge . ( not chambers . )
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) .
lectotype ♂ , genitalia slide bmnh 30499 , designated by triberti ( 2007 : 167 ) , bmnh .
lectotype ♀ , zeller collection 100666 ; walsingham collection 1910 - 427 , genitalia slide bmnh 30494 , bmnh , designated by triberti ( 2007 : 154 ) ; paralectotype 1♂ .
not stated ,
4 ky . ( a good spec . )
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ; 3 syntypes ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
lectotype , abdomen missing , designated by triberti ( 2007 : 165 , 177 ) , bmnh ; 12 syntypes mentioned in original description ( gender not stated ) .
1 specimen ( gender not stated ) ,
4 ky . ( not recognizable . )
, cmcz ( hagen 1884 : 152 ) ; 1 syntype ex coll . chambers , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide bmnh 31636♂ , bmnh ; paratypes 2♂ , 1 specimen abdomen missing , genitalia slides bmnh 31637♂ , 31638♂ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide mrac / kmma 00487♀ , id rmca ent 000005152 , rmca ; paratypes 6♂ , 4♀ , ids rmca ent 000005153 , 000005154 , 000005156–000005158 , rmca , bmnh .
not stated ,
hundreds
. 18 syntypes , gentalia slides 11366♂ , 14181♀ , 14182♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide g7235♀ , tmsa ; metallotype ♂ , genitalia slide g7637♂ , tmsa ; paratype 1♀ , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , bmnh ( e ) 1055711 , bmnh , designated by dugdale ( 1988 : 71 ) ; 3 paralectotypes ♂ , ♀ , bmnh .
holotype ♀ , genitalia slide 6104♂ , bmnh , metallotype ♂ , genitalia slide g7598♂ , tmsa .
not stated ,
three types
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 187 ) ; 3 syntypes ex coll . clemens , ex coll . stainton , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 1145♂ , eihu ; paratypes eihu , bmnh .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 6090♂ , bmnh ; paratype 1♂ ( not ♀ as stated in the original description ) , bmnh ; 5 specimens ( gender not stated ) mentioned in description [ but not included in type series ] .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 587♂ , eihu ; paratypes 25♂ and 27♀ , eihu , bmnh .
syntypes 1♂ and 1♀ , bmnh . perhaps more specimens ( see kumata , kuroko & ermolaev 1998b : 81 ) .
holotype ♂ , genitalia slide 3083♂ , eihu ; paratypes 55♂ and 55♀ , eihu , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by yuan ( 1992b : 207 ) , bmnh ; paralectotypes 2♂ , bmnh .
lectotype ♂ , designated by yuan ( 1992 : 207 ) , bmnh ; paralectotype ♂ , genitalia slide 23993♂ , bmnh , ( meyrick mentioned 13 syntypes ( ♂ and ♀ ) , bmnh , in the original description ) .