the yellow-footed honeyguide ( melignomon eisentrauti ) is a species of bird in the family indicatoridae .

it is found in cameroon , guinea , liberia , sierra leone , possibly ivory coast , and possibly ghana .

its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

yellow - footed honeyguide

yellow - footed honeyguide ( melignomon eisentrauti ) is a species of bird in the indicatoridae family .
butchart , s . h . m . 2007 . yellow - footed honeyguide melignomon eisentrauti . bulletin of the african bird club 14 ( 2 ) : 146 .
although no species of the indicatoridae is currently considered threatened by birdlife international , the yellow - footed honeyguide is officially classified as data - deficient . in addition , three species are classified as near - threatened : the dwarf honeyguide , and the two asian species , the sunda and yellow - rumped honeyguides .
rainey , h . , borrow , n . , demey r . 2003 . first recordings of vocalisations of yellow - footed honeyguide melignomon eisentrauti and confirmed records in ivory coast . . malimbus 25 ( 1 ) : 31 - 38 .
other similar sized honeyguides have dark feet and tarsi . zenker ' s honeyguide is darker overall , especially on underparts and has less white in the tail . juvenile yellow whiskered greenbul is similar and has bright yellow feet and part tarsi but lacks white outer tail feathers .
difficult to locate . 18 cm . small , unobtrusive , forest honeyguide . upperparts dark olive green to brown with paler underparts , especially on throat and lower breast , belly and flanks . the toes and part tarsi are bright yellow .
feeds on insects , and fruits and their seeds ; probably also eats beeswax , as yellow waxy material found in stomachs . forages in canopy up . . .
at fledging time at a barbet’s nest , the appearance of the flying , emergent honeyguide confounds the foster - parents and their helpers , which may suddenly react as to the presence of an adult , by chasing the fat young honeyguide out of the territory . whether or not the hosts react aggressively to the young honeyguide , problems usually arise rapidly . these are due partly to the young honeyguide failing to return to roost in the nest with its foster - parents , and partly to the frequently divergent foraging habits exhibited by the hosts and the honeyguide . for example , the young honeyguide’s failure to follow foster - parent barbets to fruiting trees , its lack of “ enthusiasm” for ground - foraging with starling fosterers , or the inability of a young honeyguide to forage in the air or to travel far to feeding sites with fostering bee - eaters must place stress on the bond between honeyguide and host .
short , l . l . , horne , j . f . m . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . yellow - footed honeyguide ( melignomon eisentrauti ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
among the smaller species of indicator , willcocks’s ( indicator willcocksi ) and pallid honeyguides sing similar songs of repetitive , triple - noted phrases , the former sounding like “ wa - will - it” , and the pallid “wa - wee - it” . apart from the brown - backed honeyguide ( prodotiscus regulus ) , which sings a soft trill , the rest of the small honeyguides are poorly known . the songs of the western green - backed , yellow - footed and dwarf honeyguides are unknown . the eastern green - backed sings , but its song has not been described , while recent recordings of zenker’s honeyguide ( melignomon zenkeri ) reveal its song to be a long series of slow “psee” to “pseep” notes .
c . 14·5 cm ; male 21–29 g , female 18–25 g . both sexes yellowish - olive above , with dark - tipped white outer tail ; grey - white below , with green - yellow about . . .
any forest honeyguide seen in central or west africa should be carefully examined for this species . calls in the afternoon , from 7 hours after dawn ( dowsett - lemaire 2008 ) .
there remains the lyre - tailed honeyguide , which , instead of a song delivered from a perch , uses an aerial display with introductory “pee” notes followed by “kwa - ba , kwa - ba” sounds ( see general habits ) . the latter are presumably produced by the tail feathers , and are characteristic sounds of the forest areas where this poorly known honeyguide lives .
the yellow - rumped honeyguide is probably the most migratory member of the family , although it could hardly be termed a true migrant . some birds apparently move upslope in the himalayas after breeding . likewise , some individuals , perhaps many , migrate to lower elevations in the autumn , although territorial males and some others remain around the cliffs where they breed , so long as they can glean beeswax from the abandoned colonies of rock honeybees that have moved downslope for the winter .
newly fledged honeyguides almost immediately commence gleaning on branches and inspecting crevices in search of food , even as they beg from their foster - parents . they follow the honeyguide “ signals” , the white marks on the spread outer tail , to wax sources , tagging after adults and older immatures . in very rare instances , a begging fledgling has been fed by an adult of its own species , the reported cases involving young western green - backed and yellow - rumped honeyguides . breeding
dispersal has led to the invasion by some species , especially the lesser honeyguide , of certain areas in south - western africa . it is surely no coincidence that such movements have followed closely on the heels of the expansion into these areas of host acacia pied barbets .
problems may be fewer between prodotiscus honeyguide fledglings and foster - parent warblers or white - eyes , which do not return to the nest . those host species glean for insects close by the nest , and perhaps roost with the youngster side - by - side in a bush or tree .
rather long , narrow wings give power to the thrust of the honeyguide’s body in flight , and permit an array of flight displays . these nest parasites rather readily evade their hosts , and are able to outfly them in most instances . the female honeyguide may soon tire the hosts , enabling her to gain access to their nest to lay an egg . the wings have nine functional primaries and a small tenth primary , which is vestigial or absent in species of prodotiscus . all genera except prodotiscus have six pairs of rectrices , as do the woodpeckers ; prodotiscus has five pairs , as do the barbets and toucans . the outermost tail feather is mildly to considerably reduced in the larger honeyguides .
within africa , the honeyguides have evolved investigative behaviour that involves humans , for individuals of several species of indicator follow , watch and monitor human activities , especially chopping , hammering and fire - building . early european explorers and ornithologists were intrigued by the honeyguides , especially when the birds’ nest parasitism and the greater honeyguide’s guiding behaviour came to their attention .
of course , many honeyguide species are poorly known , and it is possible that some movements occur of which ornithologists are as yet unaware . nevertheless , regional observers and authorities consider that most species are sedentary . studies show that those honeyguides which have been investigated in some detail exhibit only local movements in search of food , except for the somewhat larger - scale dispersal by immatures .
wax - eating requires water , and readily available water is a feature at most of the study sites at which there is a great deal of honeyguide activity . those individuals seen regularly for much of a morning , and feeding frequently , appear to drink every hour or so . most , however , show no interest in bathing , even when observing the bathing activities of other avian species .
pressure is becoming severe on woodland honeyguides , too , both directly and indirectly . the expanding human population , ever questing firewood , eliminates dead trees and stubs used by honeyguide hosts for excavating nesting cavities ; fewer cavities mean fewer nesting places for honeybees , as well . such activities have a subtle effect on the location of singing territories by male honeyguides , probably through shifts in the location of bees ' nests .
bowden , c . g . r . ; hayman , p . v . ; martins , r . p . ; robertson , p . a . ; mudd , s . h . ; woodcock , m . w . 1995 . the melignomon honeyguides : a review of recent range extensions and some remarks on their identification , with a description of the song of zenker ' s honeyguide . bulletin of the african bird club 2 ( 1 ) : 32 .
the laying female may puncture or remove one or more of the host’s eggs . there are many cases of eastern green - backed honeyguides indulging in this behaviour , which also occurs in some greater honeyguides , and perhaps less often in others . the honeyguides’ own eggs are elliptical , and are white ; an exception is provided by some eastern green - backed honeyguides that lay blue eggs , matching in colour those of the frequent host white - eyes . the female must be quick , and may take only 10 - 15 seconds to lay and leave . hosts such as barbets can kill or maim a honeyguide caught in the nest , and barbets have been seen to toss and slam a honeyguide against the nest entrance before releasing it . female honeyguides also receive rough treatment from their partner during copulation ; the male clasps the hindneck feathers or even the skin , at times leaving a bare area that may be wounded . breeding females may require a good rehabilitation period between laying sets of eggs .
the bare area around the eye is smaller than the corresponding naked orbital area shown by the barbets and the toucans . the orbital skin is thick and heavy , and not likely to be of much signal importance , except that immatures have a brighter , lighter orbital area than do adults . in immature greater honeyguides the orbital skin is blue , this colour extending on to the crown beneath the feathers ; it is yellow in young scaly - throated honeyguides , and pale grey in young lesser honeyguides . adults of the last species appear bigger - eyed than immatures , because the orbital area is black and is seen as part of the eye by an observer ; the immature shows a small - looking dark eye , the surrounding skin being pale grey and contrasting with the eye colour .
the relationship between honeyguides and beeswax has been known to humans for a considerable time , and certainly to african honey - gathering tribesmen for millennia . honeyguides have intrigued western peoples and the chinese for centuries with their wax - eating , their guiding behaviour and , more recently , their nest parasitism . the last seems to many to be cruel in the extreme , for every honeyguide is a “killer” , representing a lost brood of some host . rather , honeyguides should be respected as highly evolved , efficient brood parasites , and unique among birds in their near dependence on beeswax .
all honeyguide species that are sufficiently well known are brood parasites , and it is thought likely that the others also will prove to be so . information relating to hosts , especially , is lacking for both species of melignomon , for both asian honeyguides , and for the little dwarf and willcocks’s honeyguides . meagre , suggestive information regarding hosts is known for the least , thick - billed , spotted and lyre - tailed honeyguides . most of the available data on nest parasitism among the indicatoridae refer to the eastern green - backed , brown - backed , lesser , scaly - throated and greater honeyguides .
forest honeyguides fly directly or in undulating flight , and usually not very far , although they may move about rather constantly throughout the day . they do not cross large open areas . even woodland and thicket species , such as the scaly - throated honeyguide , prefer to stay within or near cover , using streamside vegetation through which to move from one site to another . on the other hand , greater , lesser and eastern green - backed honeyguides do at times fly over open areas even as wide as a kilometre or more , often undulating their flight in the manner of some barbets and woodpeckers ; through even wider areas of grassland , they may perch briefly in a shrub , herb or bush , before continuing across the opening .
a further human activity having a major impact upon honeyguides is the greatly expanded practice of apiculture . as honeybees become “domesticated” , and as they increasingly occupy artificial hives , the beeswax resource becomes unavailable to honeyguides . this is particularly true of suburban and near - suburban areas surrounding major and even minor cities in africa . nowadays , households in rural areas frequently have several or more bee hives that they control . honeyguides that are , naturally , attracted to artificial hives are driven away by some honey - culturers . in any event , since the surrounding areas are largely cleared , and remaining patches of natural vegetation are manicured through firewood - gathering , the effects on the structure and size of honeyguide populations are likely to be severe , although , essentially , they are unknown .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
tuu - i tuu - i tuu - i tuu - i . . . tuu tuu tuu
martin , r , shutes , s . , symes , a . , westrip , j .
justification : this species is relatively poorly known , with scattered records across west africa . it is described as rare , and so the population size is suspected to be small ; though this may be in part due to under recording . habitat clearance and degradation is suspected to be causing a continuing decline in this species ' s extent of occurrence and area of occupnacy . while this species can tolerate disturbed habitat , it does appear mainly reliant on forest and so continuing forest destruction may cause population declines . therefore , the species is listed as near threatened , but more accurate population estimates may mean that the species could warrant re - assessment .
( cross river national park in 2004 [ l . d . c . fishpool
the population size of this species has not been quantified , but it is described as rare ; and the population size is suspected to be low . however , it is likely to be under recorded because its song was unknown until 2000 , and it is mainly vocal in the afternoon when observers are less active ( dowsett - lemaire and dowsett 2009 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be in decline owing to ongoing habitat destruction and degradation .
it is found in the mid - strata and canopy of mainly semi - evergreen rain forest in its primary as well as degraded forms ( dowsett - lemiare and dowsett 2014 ) , and while it is associated with forest it possibly may make use of other habitats close to forest ( j . lindsell
2007 ) . at mt nimba , it has been observed along logging roads ( gatter 1997 ) . it feeds on insects ( including by flycatching and gleaning from bark ) , pollen , small fruits and seeds ( allport
. it calls mainly in the afternoon , and as such has probably been under - recorded ( dowsett - lemaire and dowsett 2009 ) . it is presumably a brood - parasite , but the host species remains unknown ( butchart 2007 )
suggesting that this may be a possible host species ( hugo rainey pers . obs . ) . recent records have been from semi - deciduous forest in cote d’ivoire suggesting that this may be a favoured habitat ( h . rainey
, lack of records and uncertainty over its dependence on primary forest makes it impossible to assess how rapidly its population is declining due to forest loss . protected areas such as marahoué national park in côte d ' ivoire , and forest reserves in ghana have been degraded by human settlement or are ear - marked for logging ( l . fishpool
it has been recorded in marahoué national park , cavally , géoulé and anguédédou forest reserves ( côte d ' ivoire ) , boin and sui river forest reserves , opon mansi and ben west forest reserves , mpameso and bobiri forest reserves , nsuta , kakum national park , atewa range , and worobong south forest reserves ( ghana [ dowsett - lemaire and dowsett 2014 ] ) , north lorma national forest ( liberia ) , and okomu national park and cross river national park ( nigeria ) . however , note that forest reserves of ghana are often ear - marked for logging and marahoué national park has become degraded following human settlement after a period of civil unrest ( l . fishpool
study threats and clarify its dependence on the presence of primary forest . study its ecology and , if it is a brood - parasite , identify the host species . survey potential lowland forest habitat in west africa , including afternoon visits .
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closely related to m . zenkeri , which it may meet in cameroon . monotypic .
sierra leone , liberia ( mt nimba , wonegizi mts ) , s ghana and sw cameroon ; reports from ivory coast require confirmation .
sings ( apparently only for relatively brief period in early to mid - afternoon , usually from high . . .
mainly primary forest , including drier , semi - deciduous areas , also adjacent secondary forest , . . .
unknown . data from specimens suggest breeding in mar ( possibly nov–jun ) in liberia , and aug and dec in cameroon ; song only heard dec . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . very poorly known and , until 2017 , considered data deficient . rare throughout range , and habitat . . .
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data deficient species and voice poorly known . tends to sing mid afternoon when other birds not singing . sings from high in canopy . responds to playback .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
1 . forest - > 1 . 6 . forest - subtropical / tropical moist lowland suitability : suitable season : resident major importance : yes 3 . shrubland - > 3 . 5 . shrubland - subtropical / tropical dry suitability : marginal season : unknown
2 . agriculture & aquaculture - > 2 . 1 . annual & perennial non - timber crops - > 2 . 1 . 3 . agro - industry farming
3 . energy production & mining - > 3 . 2 . mining & quarrying
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 3 . logging & wood harvesting - > 5 . 3 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]
1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 3 . life history & ecology 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats
allport , g . a . ; ausden , m . ; hayman , p . v . ; robertson , p . ; wood , p . 1989 . the conservation of the birds of the gola forest , sierra leone . international council for bird preservation , cambridge , u . k .
collar , n . j . ; stuart , s . n . 1985 . threatened birds of africa and related islands : the icbp / iucn red data book . international council for bird preservation , and international union for conservation of nature and natural resources , cambridge , u . k .
del hoyo , j . ; elliott , a . ; sargatal , j . 2002 . handbook of the birds of the world , vol . 7 : jacamars to woodpeckers . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain .
dowsett - lemaire , f . 2008 . on the singing habits of forest honeyguides of the guineo - congolian region , with a request for further information . bulletin of the african bird club 15 ( 1 ) : 24 - 35 .
dowsett - lemaire , f . ; dowsett , r . j . 2009 . comments on selected forest reserves in sw ghana in 2009 : wildlife and conservation status .
dowsett - lemaire , f . ; dowsett , r . j . 2014 . the birds of ghana : an atlas and handbook . tauraco press , liège , belgium .
gatter , w . 1997 . birds of liberia . pica press , robertsbridge , uk .
holbech , l . h . 1996 . faunistic diversity and game production contra human activities in the ghana high forest zone , with reference to the western region .
iucn . 2017 . the iucn red list of threatened species . version 2017 - 3 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 5 december 2017 ) .
lachenaud , o . 2006 . les oiseaux du pare national du banco et de la foret classee de l ' anguedou , cote d ' ivoire . malimbus 28 ( 2 ) : 107 - 133 .
stattersfield , a . j . , crosby , m . j . , long , a . j . and wege , d . c . 1998 . endemic bird areas of the world : priorities for bird conservation . birdlife international , cambridge , u . k .
this species is relatively poorly known , with scattered records across west africa . it is described as rare , and so the population size is suspected to be small ; though this may be in part due to under recording . habitat clearance and degradation is suspected to be causing a continuing decline in this species ' s extent of occurrence and area of occupnacy . while this species can tolerate disturbed habitat , it does appear mainly reliant on forest and so continuing forest destruction may cause population declines . therefore , the species is listed as near threatened , but more accurate population estimates may mean that the species could warrant re - assessment .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : melignomon eisentrauti . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
guineanvahansyöjä
from
melignomon eisentrauti louette 1981
as trusted .
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english - german online dictionary developed to help you share your knowledge with others . more information ! contains translations by tu chemnitz and mr honey ' s business dictionary ( german - english ) . thanks on that account ! links to this dictionary or to single translations are very welcome ! questions and answers
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medium - small , rather nondescript arboreal birds with small head , short bill , nostrils often raised , and generally rather drab plumage with white outer - tail markings .
forest and woodland , including streamside trees in near - desert ; from lowlands to near tree - line in mountains .
as with many of the barbets , at least some of the species of indicator have a finely fringed or brushy tongue that may be bifid , and rictal and chin bristles are present , even if short . the stronger - billed honeyguides have a notch along the sides of the bill tomia , a trait exhibited among allies only by the barbets . hypotarsal scuted “heels” are well developed in the naked , blind young honeyguides , as are the membranous bill hooks with which they kill any of the host’s young , or destroy its eggs . there are other internal morphological attributes involving the oil - gland , muscle ligaments and the skeleton . honeyguides have a smaller head in relation to the body when compared with the large - headed barbets , toucans and woodpeckers , which also have a larger , more specialized bill .
the thick skin of most honeyguides is likely to have evolved in response to bee stings . in addition , however , it preadapts the birds , affording them added protection , in confrontations with hosts , as well as in conflicts with other honeyguides at wax sources . despite the protection provided by this thick skin , honeyguides are not immune to bee stings . an excessively bold action around a bees ' nest can precipitate an attack by the venomous insects ; bodies of honeyguides have been found with up to 300 or more stings , particularly about the eyes , around the base of the bill , on the legs , and indeed all over the body .
k . e . stager demonstrated that the olfactory lobe of the brain is well developed in the indicatoridae . although olfaction may play some role in the locating of beeswax or bees ' nests , it is not thought to be of great importance . field experience indicates that bee colonies are generally known to the honeyguides of the area in question . these birds’ eyesight is keen , as is their hearing ; indeed , they may be able to track individual honeybees to a nest . moreover , most honeybees ' nests are located in situations previously occupied by honeybees , and hence they are regularly checked by the honeyguides , which also monitor humans and their activities . it is possible , however , that olfaction assists the birds in locating bees ' nests in heavily forested areas .
the distinctive outer - tail markings of honeyguides are rather uniform among the afrotropical species . observations suggest that this pattern , or “flag” , is a useful cue for immature honeyguides , allowing them to “tag along” after an adult , of either their own or another species , to sources of wax . further , in all species except those of the genus prodotiscus , the tail of immatures is much whiter , less dark - tipped , than that of adults . this rather constant difference in the tail pattern between adults and immatures seems to be part of the signalling system that allows immatures dominance at food sources ( see general habits ) .
while non - social generally , honeyguides usually come into frequent contact with others of their own species or with other species of indicatoridae . any beeswax source attracts small to large numbers of honeyguides , and aggressive interactions are commonplace . away from these sites , and otherwise except when breeding , honeyguides are solitary birds . immatures will at times approach adults without aggression , and will even perch above an active feeding site without entering into interactions . fledglings may beg from adult conspecifics , as well as from their foster - parents or any bird resembling the fosterers . comfort activities , especially preening of the wings and tail , are important , and are performed in the same way as in other piciforms .
immature greater honeyguides utter an aggressive “feeeer” that drives away other honeyguides in a feeding situation , this becoming an ear - splitting “pseeeeaar” from trapped birds held in the hand . in aggression , adults and older immatures of this species utter peeping to piping and chattering series of notes , often wavering in pitch , and resembling the begging calls of young greater honeyguides .
similar calls to the last are also used as guiding calls . these consist of a chatter made up of “tya” notes compounded with peeps or pipes , thus double - noted , and varying in pitch . no calls have been heard from guiding greater honeyguides that differ from variations of the calls just described , which are emitted also by aggressively interacting , chasing greater honeyguides . food and feeding
the actual egg - laying habits of an individual are almost unknown . r . b . payne , in his studies of specimens of greater and lesser honeyguides in the well - defined breeding season of southern africa , found the overall clutch size to be about 20 eggs , laid in distinct sets of four or five each . it is suggested that tropical honeyguides lay perhaps as many , or more , eggs , but in smaller sets of three or four . within a set , a female lays about every second day ; she therefore copulates to fertilize an egg on the day of its ovulation , and then has the next day in which to lay the egg in the nest of an appropriate host . data are needed on other species , and from tropical populations , to test these generalizations .
fledged honeyguides spend either no time at all or up to seven days with their foster - parents . many are probably independent within one or two days , as indeed are some young barbets .
juvenile honeyguides of those species which exploit beeswax seem to tag along with other honeyguides , thus arriving at a food source at which they are apt to be dominant ( see morphological aspects , general habits ) . furthermore , they are likely to be heavy when they leave the nest , where they have no competitors for food . this allows a period of time for them to find food before hunger becomes severe . forthe first few months up to six months or more they enjoy a dominant status in their juvenile plumage , before acquiring a fully adult plumage .
there appears to have been a substantial decline in the incidence of guiding since the middle of the twentieth century , at any rate in some of the more densely populated areas . the results of a survey , initiated in 1998 by cottrell , may shed light on this subject .
collection of honey from wild honeybees remains locally important to people as a source of energy in the himalayas and in parts of africa . even the honeycomb pieces are utilized in africa for the making of beverages . to the extent that the comb is collected along with the honey , the impact upon honeyguides is more or less substantial ( see status and conservation ) .
so long as some honey - gathering persists in remaining natural habitat , and pastoral herd - tenders still locate and open up bees ' nests , the guiding behaviour of greater honeyguides may survive . perhaps it is only in very large reserves , where honey - hunting humans can co - exist with wildlife in reasonably natural situations , that we can be assured of the continuance of this unique symbiotic association . general bibliography
avise & aquadro ( 1987 ) , barnard ( 1998 ) , bennett et al . ( 1986 ) , bock ( 1994 ) , bowden et al . ( 1995 ) , brosset ( 1981 ) , burton ( 1984 ) , chapin ( 1958 , 1962 ) , colston ( 1981 ) , cottrell ( 1998 ) , cracraft ( 1981 ) , cronin & sherman ( 1977 ) , diamond ( 1985 ) , diamond & place ( 1988 ) , forbes - watson ( 1977 ) , friedmann ( 1954a , 1954b , 1955 , 1958a , 1970 , 1971 , 1976 , 1978b ) , friedmann & kern ( 1956 ) , fry ( 1977a ) , gyldenstolpe ( 1917 ) , hoesch ( 1957 ) , hussain ( 1978 , 1988 ) , hussain & ali ( 1983 ) , isack & reyer ( 1989 ) , johnsgard ( 1997 ) , lanyon & zink ( 1987 ) , louette ( 1981a ) , lowe ( 1946 ) , maclean ( 1990 ) , miller ( 1915 ) , olson ( 1983 , 1985 ) , payne ( 1984 , 1989 , 1992 ) , peters ( 1948 ) , place et al . ( 1991 ) , raikow & cracraft ( 1983 ) , ranger ( 1955 ) , rothstein & robinson ( 1998 ) , short ( 1985b ) , short & horne ( 1979 , 1983a , 1985b , 1988b , 1990a , 1992a , 1992b , 1992c , 2001 ) , sibley ( 1996 ) , sibley & ahlquist ( 1985 , 1990 ) , sibley & monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) , sibley et al . ( 1988 ) , simpson & cracraft ( 1981 ) , skead ( 1950 ) , stager ( 1967 ) , stuart & stuart ( 1999 ) , swierczewski ( 1977 ) , swierczewski & raikow ( 1981 ) , valli & summers ( 1988 ) , verheyen ( 1955a , 1955b ) , vernon ( 1987a , 1987b ) , wong ( 1984 ) .
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the coral sea stingaree ( urolophus piperatus ) is a little-known species of stingray in the family urolophidae , found at a depth of 171 – 310 m ( 561 – 1,017 ft ) around the edge of the continental shelf off northern queensland .

growing to a length of 48 cm ( 19 in ) , this species has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc with a protruding snout and a skirt-shaped flap of skin between the nostrils .

its tail bears a low dorsal fin before the stinging spine and terminates in a short leaf-shaped caudal fin .

its upper surface is grayish or brownish , sometimes with tiny dark spots .

the coral sea stingaree may represent two closely similar species , one large and one small .

there is very little fishing activity within its range , and thus it has been listed under least concern by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) .

coral sea stingaree

( batoidea : urolophidae ) from the coral sea , south - west pacific .
( batoidea : urolophidae ) from the coral sea , south - west pacific
.
the coral sea stingaree ( urolophus piperatus ) is a species of fish in the urolophidae family . it is endemic to australia . its natural habitat is open seas . it is threatened by habitat loss . more
( batoidea : urolophidae ) from the coral sea , south - west pacific . cybium . 2003 ; 27 ( 4 ) : 307–20 .
virtually nothing is known of the natural history of the new ireland stingaree . it is presumably
where overall stingaree populations have declined dramatically as a result . with fishing pressure still intense in the area , the
establishment of juvenile reef fishes on coral reefs : role of migration and mortality .
patchwork stingaree , urolophus flavomosaicus . source : australian national fish collection , csiro . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
justification : a small stingaree species endemic to the coral sea off queensland , australia . occurs on the outer continental shelf and upper slope at depths of 171 to 370 m . only recently described and virtually nothing known of its biology but likely to have low fecundity ( 1 to 2 young / year ) as with other urolophids . area of occurrence receives very little fishing pressure from the coral sea fishery as there are only two operators in the trawl sector of this fishery . if fisheries expanded in the coral sea , u . piperatus could be potentially threatened given its narrow range . however , at present no reason to suspect that there is any threat to this species .
the stingaree embryos in this photo show just how small newborn deep - water species can be . the coral sea stingaree urolophus piperatus is found at depths of between 171 and 370 metres on the continental shelf off northern queensland . not much is known about this species , but it is believed to give birth to only one or two pups a year . these pups are a meagre 12 centimetres long when they are born .
area of occurrence receives very little fishing pressure from the commonwealth managed coral sea fishery ( csf ) . there are only two operators in the trawl sector of the csf , which fish a maximum of 20 days per year , thereby exerting a very low effort ( afma 2003 ) . if fisheries expanded in the coral sea , u . piperatus could be potentially threatened given its narrow range .
lieske , e . and r . myers0 collins pocket guide . coral reef fishes . indo - pacific & caribbean including the red sea . haper collins publishers , 400 p . ( ref . 9710 )
the small litter is likely due to the relatively large size of stingaree pups , which measure around half the maximum size at birth .
trinnie fi , walker ti , jones pl , laurenson lj . biennial reproductive cycle in an extensive matrotrophic viviparous batoid : the sandyback stingaree
last pr , pogonoski jj , gledhill dc , white wt , walker cj . the deepwater demersal ichthyofauna of the western coral sea . zootaxa . 2014 ; 3887 ( 2 ) : 191–224 . pmid : 25543931
kuiter , r . h . 1996 . guide to sea fishes of australia . new holland . pp . 433 .
randall , j . e . , allen , g . r . & r . c . steene . 1997 . fishes of the great barrier reef and coral sea . crawford house press . pp . 557 .
the butterfly stingaree was described by bernard séret and peter last in a 2003 issue of the scientific journal cybium ; the specific epithet ,
papilio
( latin for
butterfly
) , refers to its wide disc . the first known specimens were collected during a series of research cruises in the coral sea , conducted by france and australia in the 1990s . an adult male 40 cm ( 16 in ) long , trawled by the research vessel coriolis , was designated as the holotype . this species seems to be closely related to the sandyback stingaree ( u . bucculentus ) and the patchwork stingaree ( u . flavomosaicus ) .
the giant stingaree has a sporadic range in the indo - pacific region , including southern africa , india , indonesia , eastern and western australia , south china sea , the philippines , japan , new caledonia and hawaii ( compagno and last 1999 , last and stevens 2009 ) .
( ishiyama ) , along the eastern bering sea continental slope . j fish biol . 2005 ; 66 ( 3 ) : 618–49 .
hardy , j . d . jr . ( comp . ) 0 coral reef fish species . noaanational oceanographic data center . nodc coral reef data and information management system . usa . 537 p . ( ref . 48497 )
( centrophoridae ) , examined with acoustic telemetry . deep sea research part ii : topical studies in oceanography . 2014 ; 115 : 127–36 .
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séret , b . and p . r . last ( 2003 ) .
description of four new stingarees of the genus urolophus ( batoidea : urolophidae ) from the coral sea , south - west pacific
. cybium 27 ( 4 ) : 307–320 .
the butterfly stingaree has been listed under least concern by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) , given that commercial trawl fisheries are absent from its range .
séret , b . and p . last , 2003 . description of four new stingarees of the genus urolophus ( batoidea : urolophidae ) from the coral sea , south - west pacific . cybium 27 ( 4 ) : 307 - 320 . ( ref . 51067 )
allen , t . 1996 . shadows in the sea : the sharks , skates , and rays . new york , ny : lyons and buford .
daley rk , williams a , green m , barker b , brodie p . can marine reserves conserve vulnerable sharks in the deep sea ? a case study of
the bottom - dwelling butterfly stingaree has only been recorded from a depth of 330 m ( 1 , 080 ft ) on the continental slope off the chesterfield islands , northwest of new caledonia .
booth , d . j . 2014 , ' do otolith increments allow correct inferences about age and growth of coral reef fishes ? ' , coral reefs , vol . online , pp . 1 - 4 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
a diamond - shaped stingaree with a mosaic - like pattern of fine reticulated lines and dark brown rings with pale - colored centres , a short flattened tail with a prominent dorsal fin , and a leaf - like caudal fin . this is the largest stingaree in northern australia and occurs on both the east and west coasts . the serrated spine is venomous and may inflict a very painful wound .
hutchins , b . & r . swainston . 1986 . sea fishes of southern australia . complete field guide for anglers and divers . swainston publishing . pp . 180 .
the giant stingaree has been reported to be locally common ( compagno and last 1999 ) , which may be the case off tropical australia , however the generally low numbers of records elsewhere may indicate rarity .
booth , d . j . 2000 , ' larval supply , condition and persistence of the coral reef fish , pomacentrus moluccensis . ' , proceedings of the ninth international coral reef symposium , indonesian institute of sciences and the international society for reef studies , bali , pp . 463 - 466 .
michael , s . w . ( 1993 ) . reef sharks & rays of the world . sea challengers . p . 91 . isbn 0 - 930118 - 18 - 9 .
rigby c , simpfendorfer ca . patterns in life history traits of deep - water chondrichthyans . deep sea research part ii : topical studies in oceanography . 2015 ; 115 : 30–40 .
2 . lieske , e . and myers , r . ( 2001 ) coral reef fishes : indo - pacific and caribbean . harpercollins publishers , london .
simpfendorfer c , kyne pm . limited potential to recover from overfishing raises concerns for deep - sea sharks , rays and chimaeras . environ conserv . 2009 ; 36 ( 02 ) : 97–103 .
flammang b , ebert d , cailliet g . reproductive biology of deep - sea catsharks ( chondrichthyes : scyliorhinidae ) in the eastern north pacific . environ biol fishes . 2008 ; 81 ( 1 ) : 35–49 .
michael , s . w . 0 reef sharks and rays of the world . a guide to their identification , behavior , and ecology . sea challengers , monterey , california . 107 p . ( ref . 12951 )
booth , d . j . 2016 , ' bright spots among the world ' s coral reefs ' , nature . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
no reported evidence of post - birth parental care in urolophidae was found . after such extended nurturing inside their mothers’ bodies , young rays come into the sea quite able to feed and fend for themselves ( see development and reproduction ) .
this species ' area of occurrence receives only small amounts of trawling , generally being too deep for inshore prawn and scallop trawling , while deeper water trawl fisheries off queensland ( coral sea fishery ; csf ) and off western australia ( western trawl fisheries ; wtf ) are small - scale . the wtf is managed by limited entry with only 18 fishing permits issued on a five yearly basis , operating over a large geographical area . bycatch
is composed of small volumes of a diverse range of species
( afma 2003a ) and it is likely that u . flavomosaicus forms only a negligible bycatch in this fishery . this fishery fishes from 200 m depth and so over half of the patchwork stingaree ' s depth range would not be affected . there are only two operators in the trawl sector of the coral sea fishery , exerting a very low effort ( afma 2003b ) . these would have little impact on u . flavomosaicus . of concern is the common practice of gravid female urolophids often aborting embryos upon handling and capture . any expansion of trawling activities in the area could impact detrimentally on the population ; however expansion in the wtf and csf seems unlikely at this time .
this figure can be put into perspective when compared with 540 species recorded from the mediterranean sea ( helfman , collette & facey ( 2009 ) and 276 from uk coastal waters to a depth of 200 m ( crimmen pers . comm . ) .
booth , d . j . & cinner , j . e . 2016 , ' bright spots among the world ' s coral reefs ' , nature . view / download from : publisher ' s site
sampling frequency and methods can potentially affect estimates of demographic rates in population studies . to determine the effects of various sampling protocols on estimating recruitment rate , the rate of larval settlement by the coral reef damselfish
gates , a . r . , benfield , m . c . , booth , d . j . , fowler , a . m . , skropeta , d . & jones , d . o . b . 2017 , ' deep - sea observations at hydrocarbon drilling locations : contributions from the serpent project after 120 field visits ' , deep sea research part ii : topical studies in oceanography , vol . 137 , pp . 463 - 479 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
expert opinion was canvassed to identify crucial knowledge gaps in current understanding of climate change impacts on coral reef fishes . scientists that had published three or more papers on the effects of climate and environmental factors on reef fishes
coral - reef fishes exhibit a wide range of habitat preferences at settlement . however , the consequences of these preferences to fitness and population dynamics are poorly known . we critically evaluate evidence for these consequences from recent studies of
researchers found that gland secretions seal the open groove on males’ claspers into a closed tube that protects semen from being diluted before it passes into the female . these secretions coagulate on contact with sea water , help transport sperm into the female , and provide lubrication for clasper insertion .
the results from this study added four new records of deepwater species to the known chondrichthyan fauna of the deepwater ekp fishery : s . megalops , coral sea stingaree urolophus piperatus , eastern angelshark squatina albipunctata and tropical sawshark pristiophorus delicatus . this study also added squalus megalops to the known deepwater species in the gbrmp ( s1 table ) . in addition , this study found it is likely that all previously recorded patchwork stingaree urolophus flavomosaicus ( morphological identification ) were actually the sandyback stingaree urolophus bucculentus ( molecular identification ; see specimen identification section and s1 and s3 tables ) . this likely revision of u . flavomosaicus to u . bucculentus extended the northern distribution of u . bucculentus from stradbroke island , queensland ( 27°35’ ) to the swain reefs ( 21°41’ s ) [ 16 ] . the single p . delicatus collected was outside the current recorded distribution for the species , extending the known northern limit slightly , from off rockhampton ( 22°10 s’ ) to the swain reefs ( 21°49’ s ) . this individual was caught in 207 m ( in the north of the trawl grounds , fig 2 ) , 38 m shallower than the previously recorded upper depth limit of 245 m [ 16 , 34 ] . the individual was 960 mm tl , 120 mm longer than any specimen of p . delicatus previously recorded ( 840 mm ) [ 16 ] . two other species had their upper depth limit extended by this study : a . pallidus from 225 m to 174 m and u . piperatus from 171 m to 123 m [ 35 , 36 ] .
patterns of distribution and abundance of coral reef fish depend in part on recruitment of a pelagic larval stage , on subsequent dispersal among habitats , and survival of new recruits . we studied recruitment of five species of stegastes and two species o
costs and benefits to group living in animals may affect the fitness of individual group members and also demography of the population . the effects of grouping on the growth , survival , and attainment of maturity of juveniles of an hawaiian coral - reef dam
as a peak in the global number of offshore oil rigs requiring decommissioning approaches , there is growing pressure for the implementation of a rigs - to - reefs program in the deep sea , whereby obsolete rigs are converted into artificial reefs . such decommissioned rigs could enhance biological productivity , improve ecological connectivity , and facilitate conservation / restoration of deep - sea benthos ( eg cold - water corals ) by restricting access to fishing trawlers . preliminary evidence indicates that decommissioned rigs in shallower waters can also help rebuild declining fish stocks . conversely , potential negative impacts include physical damage to existing benthic habitats within the drop zone , undesired changes in marine food webs , facilitation of the spread of invasive species , and release of contaminants as rigs corrode . we discuss key areas for future research and suggest alternatives to offset or minimize negative impacts . overall , a rigs - to - reefs program may be a valid option for deep - sea benthic conservation .
weeks sj , bakun a , steinberg cr , brinkman r , hoegh - guldberg o . the capricorn eddy : a prominent driver of the ecology and future of the southern great barrier reef . coral reefs . 2010 ; 29 ( 4 ) : 975–85 .
. this species is yellowish to brownish above ; many individuals are patterned with small pale spots and reticulations . the dorsal and caudal fins are darker in juveniles , and may be mottled in adults . the underside is plain white , with black blotches beneath the tail in some individuals . the sandyback stingaree is the largest member of its family off southern australia , growing to
van den broek , j . , peach , m . b . & booth , d . j . 2011 , ' the reproductive biology of the common stingaree trygonoptera testacea ( urolophidae ) in eastern australia ' , australian zoologist , vol . 35 , no . 3 , pp . 627 - 632 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
booth , d . j . 2016 , ' ability to home in small site - attached coral reef fishes ' , journal of fish biology , vol . 89 , no . 2 , pp . 1501 - 1506 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
the supply of larvae is a major determinant of population and community structure in coral reef fishes . however , spatial and temporal variation in condition ( i . e . quality ) of potential recruits , as well as their density ( i . e . quantity ) , may influence sur
david booth is professor of marine ecology and director of the centre for environmental sustainability at uts , and president of the australian coral reef society . he has published over 100 papers in reef - fish ecology , climate change and other anthropogenic impacts on fishes and fisheries , in the caribbean , hawaii , great barrier reef , and studies how tropical fish travel down the east australian current past sydney . he researches fishes in estuaries around sydney , the ecology and behaviour of threatened fishes such as seadragons , black cod and white sharks and the ecology of the deep sea . he is also a strong advocate of sustainable fisheries and marine parks .
booth , d . j . & beretta , g . 2002 , ' changes in a fish assemblage after a coral bleaching event ' , marine ecology progress series , vol . 245 , no . n / a , pp . 205 - 212 . view / download from : uts opus
booth , d . j . 1995 , ' juvenile groups in a coral - reef damselfish - density - dependent effects on individual fitness and population demography ' , ecology , vol . 76 , no . 1 , pp . 91 - 106 . view / download from : publisher ' s site
1 . a threatened and uncommon soft coral species , dendronephthya australis found in large abundance in port stephens , within the port stephensgreat lakes marine park ( psglmp ) , new south wales , australia , was hypothesized to be an important habitat for many marine fishes and invertebrates , but is currently under threat from boat anchors , fishing debris entanglement and sand inundation . 2 . surveys were undertaken to assess the biodiversity associated with the soft coral habitat and its adjacent habitats ( sponge , seagrass and unvegetated sand ) , using a combination of underwater visual census ( uvc ) and baited remote underwater video system ( bruvs ) techniques . 3 . in total , 77 fish species and 21 invertebrate species utilized the d . australis habitat , and multivariate fish assemblages associated with soft corals were significantly different to those associated with nearby sponges , seagrass and sand habitats . species richness of fishes and invertebrates were significantly higher in soft coral and sponge habitats than seagrass . 4 . the d . australis habitat was found to be of high importance to juvenile snapper ( pagrus auratus : sparidae ) , a species of recreational and commercial fishery importance , which occurred in highest abundance within d . australis , and were significantly smaller in size within the soft coral habitat than the adjacent sponge habitat . 5 . evidently , this rare soft coral habitat supports an extensive marine assemblage , potentially providing a valuable source of food and shelter for fishes and invertebrates , and given it is threatened by human - induced impacts , its protection should be a priority .
macreadie , p . i . , fowler , a . & booth , d . j . 2011 , ' rigs - to - reefs : will the deep sea benefit from artificial habitat ? ' , frontiers in ecology and the environment , vol . 9 , no . 8 , pp . 455 - 461 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
booth , d . j . & hixon , m . a . 1999 , ' food ration and condition affect early survival of the coral reef damselfish , stegastes partitus ' , oecologia , vol . 121 , no . 3 , pp . 364 - 368 . view / download from : publisher ' s site
booth , d . j . & beretta , g . 2004 , ' influence of recruit condition on food competition and predation risk in a coral reef fish ' , oecologia , vol . 140 , no . 2 , pp . 289 - 294 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
booth , d . j . & brosnan , d . m . 1995 , ' the role of recruitment dynamics in rocky shore and coral reef fish communities ' , advances in ecological research , vol . 26 , no . c , pp . 309 - 385 . view / download from : publisher ' s site
little is known of the natural history of the butterfly stingaree . it is presumably aplacental viviparous with a small litter size , like other stingarees . the young are born at about 14 cm ( 5 . 5 in ) long , and have large , faint lighter and darker blotches on the upper surface of the disc ; the dark marginal bands beneath the disc are also absent . the males mature sexually at about 31 cm ( 12 in ) long .
booth , d . j . , beretta , g . , brown , l . & figueira , w . 2018 , ' predicting success of range - expanding coral reef fish in temperate habitats using temperature - abundance relationships ' , frontiers in marine science . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
fowler , a . & booth , d . j . 2012 , ' how well do sunken vessels approximate fish assemblages on coral reefs ? conservation implications of vessel - reef deployments ' , marine biology , vol . 159 , pp . 2787 - 2796 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
australia’s great barrier reef is famous for its coral reef systems , but 1 / 3 of the reserve consists of largely unknown deep water habitat . these areas are increasingly being fished and deep dwelling sharks and rays are often caught as bycatch . sam uses stable isotope analysis to better understand these vulnerable species and the threats they face .
booth , d . j . & beretta , g . 1994 , ' seasonal recruitment , habitat associations and survival of pomacentrid reef fish in the united - states - virgin - islands ' , coral reefs , vol . 13 , no . 2 , pp . 81 - 89 . view / download from : publisher ' s site
harrison , p . & booth , d . j . 2007 , ' coral reefs : naturally dynamic and increasingly disturbed ecosystems ' in connell , s . d . & gillanders , b . m . ( eds ) , marine ecology , oxford university press , melbourne , pp . 316 - 377 . view / download from : uts opus
brunton , b . j . & booth , d . j . 2003 , ' density - and size - dependent mortality of a settling coral - reef damselfish ( pomacentrus moluccensis bleeker ) ' , oecologia , vol . 137 , no . 3 , pp . 377 - 384 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
booth , d . j . & parkinson , k . 2011 , ' pelagic larval duration is similar across 23 degrees of lattitude for two species of butterflyfish ( chaetodontidae ) in eastern australia ' , coral reefs , vol . 30 , no . 4 , pp . 1071 - 1075 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
booth , d . j . & wellington , g . 1998 , ' settlement preferences in coral - reef fishes : effects on patterns of adult and juvenile distributions , individual fitness and population structure ' , australian journal of ecology , vol . 23 , no . 3 , pp . 274 - 279 . view / download from : publisher ' s site
figueira , w . f . , booth , d . j . & gregson , m . a . 2008 , ' selective mortality of a coral reef damselfish : role of predator - competitor synergisms ' , oecologia , vol . 156 , no . 1 , pp . 215 - 226 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
beck , h . j . , feary , d . a . , nakamura , y . & booth , d . j . 2017 , ' temperate macroalgae impacts tropical fish recruitment at forefronts of range expansion ' , coral reefs , vol . 36 , no . 2 , pp . 639 - 651 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
marine organisms are under threat globally from a suite of anthropogenic sources , but the current emphasis on global climate change has deflected the focus from local impacts . while the effect of increased sedimentation on the settlement of coral species is well studied , little is known about the impact on larval fish . here , the effect of a laterite
red soil
sediment pollutant on settlement behaviour and post - settlement performance of reef fish was tested . in aquarium tests that isolated sensory cues , we found significant olfaction - based avoidance behaviour and disruption of visual cue use in settlement - stage larval fish at 50 mg l ( - 1 ) , a concentration regularly exceeded in situ during rain events . in situ light trap catches showed lower abundance and species richness in the presence of red soil , but were not significantly different due to high variance in the data . prolonged exposure to red soil produced altered olfactory cue responses , whereby fish in red soil made a likely maladaptive choice for dead coral compared to controls where fish chose live coral . other significant effects of prolonged exposure included decreased feeding rates and body condition . these effects on fish larvae reared over 5 days occurred in the presence of a minor drop in ph and may be due to the chemical influence of the sediment . our results show that sediment pollution of coral reefs may have more complex effects on the ability of larval fish to successfully locate suitable habitat than previously thought , as well as impacting on their post - settlement performance and , ultimately , recruitment success .
poulos , d . e . , harasti , d . i . , gallen , c . & booth , d . j . 2013 , ' biodiversity value of a geographically restricted soft coral species within a temperate estuary ' , aquatic conservation : marine and freshwater ecosystems , vol . 23 , no . 6 , pp . 838 - 849 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
justification : the giant stingaree ( plesiobatis daviesi ) is demersal on the continental slope at depths of 275–680 m ( and occasionally in shelf waters ) , with a sporadic and patchy range in the indo - pacific region . biology is poorly known and research needs to elucidate the relationship between different populations . the giant stingaree is occasionally caught in local deepwater trawl and longline fisheries , is only landed in low numbers , and deepwater fishing is usually relatively restricted within most of its range . in indonesia , only a small deepwater longline fishery operates between 300 and 600 m and the species is thus not taken in any great quantities compared to other elasmobranch species . similarly the deepwater fishery in taiwan only catches low numbers of this species . in australian waters , there is minimal fishing pressure on the species ' range off western australia and queensland . it is assessed as least concern due to the limited number and effort of fisheries presently operating throughout much of its range . however , the large size of this species and low number of records indicate low productivity , hence poor resilience to fisheries , and possible rarity . future expansion of deepwater fisheries within its range could pose a threat , at which time this assessment would need revisiting .
matis , p . a . , donelson , j . m . , bush , s . , fox , r . & booth , d . j . 2018 , ' temperature influences habitat preference of coral reef fishes : will generalists become more specialised in a warming ocean ? ' , global change biology , vol . 24 , no . 7 , pp . 3158 - 3169 . view / download from : publisher ' s site
urolophidae is a marine family , although some members enter estuaries . restricted to tropical and warm temperate waters , urolophids are bottom - dwellers along coastlines and along the continental shelf . most live in relatively shallow water but some occupy depths of at least 700 m down the continental slope . they generally prefer sandy bottoms in which they can bury themselves , but a few species live on rocky substrates ( bottoms ) or in association with sea vegetation such as kelp . urolophids tend to have patterns and coloring that blend in with their environment .
justification : australian tropical endemic , known from two disjunct locations , off queensland and off western australia in depths of 60 to 300 m ; most abundant on the outer continental shelf . biology largely unknown . captured in small quantities only , suggesting it does not occur in large aggregations . its area of occurrence receives only small amounts of trawling , generally being too deep for inshore prawn and scallop trawling , while deeper water trawl fisheries off queensland ( coral sea fishery ) and off western australia ( western trawl fisheries ) are small - scale . gravid female urolophids often abort embryos upon handling and capture , and this is of concern where species are taken as bycatch . any expansion of trawling activities in the area could impact detrimentally on the population and careful monitoring of populations is needed over a longer time scale , together with research into life history . however , despite being poorly known , there are little threats facing this species at this time and it is assessed as least concern .
poulos , d . e . , gallen , c . , davis , t . , booth , d . j . & harasti , d . 2016 , ' distribution and spatial modelling of a soft coral habitat in the port stephens - great lakes marine park : implications for management ' , marine and freshwater research , vol . 67 , no . 2 , pp . 256 - 265 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
all deepwater chondrichthyans captured during the two , five week trips were deceased upon landing on the vessel and were identified , sexed and labelled . they were snap frozen whole , retained and upon completion of each trip were transported frozen to the laboratory where they were stored frozen until processed . any shelf sharks and rays landed were recorded , photographed and returned to the sea , with the majority alive when returned ( s2 table ) . fisheries queensland , department of agriculture and fisheries donated some deepwater chondrichthyan specimens retained from their commercial deepwater ekp fishery observer surveys at swain reefs .
the butterfly stingaree has a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc 113–121 % as wide as long , with broadly rounded outer corners . the snout forms an obtuse angle and has a protruding tip . the eyes are modest in size and immediately followed by teardrop - shaped spiracles . between the nostrils is a large , skirt - shaped curtain of skin with a subtly fringed trailing margin . the mouth is moderately large and contains 10–13 papillae ( nipple - shaped structures ) in an row across the floor . there are 24–28 upper and 26–31 lower tooth rows . the five pairs of gill slits are short . the pelvic fins are small and rounded ; males have slightly pointed claspers .
o ' connor , j . j . , lecchini , d . , beck , h . j . , cadiou , g . , lecellier , g . , booth , d . j . & nakamura , y . 2016 , ' sediment pollution impacts sensory ability and performance of settling coral - reef fish . ' , oecologia , vol . 180 , no . 1 , pp . 11 - 21 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
all chondrichthyans were identified by taxonomic features at sea using the keys in last and stevens [ 16 ] . a tissue sample ( fin clip ) was collected from a subsample of specimens of each deepwater chondrichthyans species for molecular species identification . the samples were analysed as part of an ongoing national science foundation project : chondrichthyan tree of life , led by the college of charleston in the united states . the methodology for these molecular analyses sequenced for the mitochondrial nadh2 gene is described in [ 17 ] . representative specimens of each deepwater species were lodged as voucher specimens at the australian national fish collection ( csiro , hobart ) .
this chapter evaluates evidence that recruitment dynamics of component species can exert a strong effect on processes at a community level . the chapter first defines settlement and recruitment , and discusses the uses and misuses of these terms in the current literature . next , it evaluates evidence that rocky intertidal and coral reef fish species can indeed be considered open . following this , the chapter reviews the dynamics of recruitment , highlighting the differences and similarities between the systems . the consequences of these recruitment patterns to population and community structure , by drawing empirical examples and summarizing existing conceptual models are discussed . finally , these models and new insights are synthesized into composite models , and predictions and tests stemming from them are suggested . the chapter concludes by addressing the practical or management implications of recruitment and by recommending future research directions . furthermore , the goal is to draw the attention of workers in other fields to significant findings in these systems , and to promote exchange of ideas between rocky intertidal and coral reef fish researchers . © 1995 academic press limited
the specimens of a reticulated urolophus were identified in the field as patchwork stingaree urolophus flavomosaicus based on their colour pattern , which is the only distinguishing taxonomic feature between u . flavosmosaicus and u . bucculentus [ 16 ] . the sequences from specimens of this reticulated urolophus ( s3 table ) grouped close to but distinct from u . flavomosaicus from western australia . these sequences were identical to a sequence from a u . bucculentus specimen collected off new south wales , and thus the specimens were identified as u . bucculentus with further comments on this made in the discussion [ 37 ] . the single specimen of pristiophorus delicatus was morphologically identified with a high degree of confidence by a trained identifier and was registered in the australian national fish collection .
difficulties in scaling up theoretical and experimental results have raised controversy over the consequences of biodiversity loss for the functioning of natural ecosystems . using a global survey of reef fish assemblages , we show that in contrast to previous theoretical and experimental studies , ecosystem functioning ( as measured by standing biomass ) scales in a nonsaturating manner with biodiversity ( as measured by species and functional richness ) in this ecosystem . our field study also shows a significant and negative interaction between human population density and biodiversity on ecosystem functioning ( i . e . , for the same human density there were larger reductions in standing biomass at more diverse reefs ) . human effects were found to be related to fishing , coastal development , and land use stressors , and currently affect over 75 % of the worlds coral reefs . our results indicate that the consequences of biodiversity loss in coral reefs have been considerably underestimated based on existing knowledge and that reef fish assemblages , particularly the most diverse , are greatly vulnerable to the expansion and intensity of anthropogenic stressors in coastal areas .
the butterfly stingaree ( urolophus papilio ) is a little - known species of stingray in the family urolophidae , endemic to the continental slope off the chesterfield islands . this species is characterized by a diamond - shaped pectoral fin disc much wider than long , and a rather short tail terminating in a leaf - shaped caudal fin , as well as bearing a dorsal fin and sometimes indistinct lateral skin folds . there is a skirt - shaped flap of skin between its nostrils . it is plain yellowish to brownish above , and reaches a length of at least 40 cm ( 16 in ) . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed this ray as of least concern , since no commercial trawl fishing occurs within its range .
the new ireland stingaree ( urolophus armatus ) is a species of stingray in the family urolophidae , known only from a single juvenile male 17 . 4 cm ( 6 . 9 in ) long , collected in the bismarck archipelago . this species has an oval pectoral fin disc with tiny eyes and a rectangular curtain of skin between the nostrils . its tail is fairly long and terminates in a leaf - shaped caudal fin , and lacks a dorsal fin . uniquely among stingarees , it has rows of sharp spinules on the posterior portion of its back and the base of its tail . its dorsal coloration is brown with dark spots . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has listed this ray as data deficient , pending more information .
the tail is flattened at the base and tapers rapidly , measuring 63–70 % as long as the disc . there is a serrated stinging spine placed atop the tail about midway along its length , which is preceded by a low dorsal fin . the tail may also have slight ridge of skin running along each side , and terminates in a very short , deep , leaf - shaped caudal fin . the skin entirely lacks dermal denticles . this species is yellowish to brownish above ; the underside is white to cream , with a wide darker band along the lateral and posterior disc margins . the dorsal and caudal fins are dusky - edged , which is more obvious in juveniles . the butterfly stingaree grows to at least 40 cm ( 16 in ) long .
stingarees feed on or near the sea floor , consuming small invertebrates and occasionally bony fishes . they are aplacental viviparous , meaning their embryos emerge from eggs inside the uterus , and are sustained to term first by yolk and later by maternally produced histotroph (
uterine milk
) . as far is known , the gestation period lasts around a year and litter sizes tend to be small . stingarees have one or two relatively large , venomous stinging spines on their tail for defense , with which they can inflict a painful wound on humans . generally , stingarees have no economic value . some species form a substantial component of the bycatch of commercial trawl fisheries .
feary , d . a . , pratchett , m . s . , emslie , m . j . , fowler , a . , figueira , w . f . , luiz , o . j . , nakamura , y . & booth , d . j . 2014 , ' latitudinal shifts in coral reef fishes : why some species do and others do not shift ' , fish and fisheries , vol . 15 , no . 4 , pp . 593 - 615 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
the amount of artificial habitat ( termed ` artificial reef , ar ) in marine systems is rapidly increasing , yet the effect of most types of ar on reef communities remains unknown . we examined the role of well - established vessel - reefs in structuring coral reef fish assemblages by comparing assemblages on 7 world war ii wrecks ( > 65 years old ) to those on interspersed coral patch reefs of comparable size in a tropical lagoon . fish abundance , species richness , diversity and feeding guild structure on wrecks were similar to natural reefs ; however , species composition differed between the two reef types ( r = 0 . 1890 . 341 , average dissimilarity : 67 . 368 . 8 % ) . despite being more species - rich and diverse , fish assemblages on larger wrecks were less similar to assemblages on their adjacent natural reefs than smaller wrecks . wrecks may also have affected fish abundance on adjacent natural reefs , with reefs adjacent to larger wrecks supporting higher abundances than reefs adjacent to smaller wrecks . our results indicate that increases in vessel - reef habitat may not greatly affect reef fish assemblage parameters , but may affect the relative abundances of particular species
while available specific data are lacking , the species is known to be taken in deepwater benthic trawls and on deepset longlines . it is not known to be targeted and not known to be taken in any considerable numbers in any one region within its range , although it can be taken regularly by longliners off kwazulu - natal ( l . j . v . compagno , pers . comm . ) . in indonesia , only a small deepwater longline fishery operates between 300–600 m depth and the species is thus not taken in any great quantities compared to other elasmobranch species ( w . white , pers . obs ) . similarly the deepwater fishery in taiwan only catches low numbers of this stingray ( d . ebert , pers . comm . ) . in australian waters , there is minimal fishing pressure within its range off western australia and queensland . off western australia , the commonwealth managed western deepwater trawl fishery and northwest slope trawl fishery have only a small number of active vessels and low levels of effort ( over a wide geographical area ) ( marton and mazur 2014a , 2014b ) , while off queensland , the commonwealth managed coral sea fishery is a small - scale fishery with a demersal line sector and a trawl sector , but effort is low with no trawl effort since the 2006 - 07 fishing season ( noriega et al . 2014 ) .
the southeast coast of australia is a global hotspot for increasing ocean temperatures due to climate change . the temperate incursion of the east australian current ( eac ) is increasing , affording increased connectivity with the great barrier reef . the survival of tropically sourced juveniles over the winter is a significant stumbling block to poleward range shifts of marine organisms in this region . here we examine the dependence of overwintering on winter severity and prewinter recruitment for eight species of juvenile coral reef fishes which are carried into temperate se australia ( 30â37 â°s ) by the eac during the austral summer . the probability of persistence was most strongly influenced by average winter temperature and there was no effect of recruitment strength . long - term ( 138 years ) data indicate that winter water temperatures throughout this region are increasing at a rate above the global average and predictions indicate a further warming of > 2 â°c by the end of the century . rising ocean temperatures are resulting in a higher frequency of winter temperatures above survival thresholds . current warming trajectories predict 100 % of winters will be survivable by at least five of the study species as far south as sydney ( 34 â°s ) by 2080 . the implications for range expansions of these and other species of coral reef fish are discussed .
macreadie , p . i . , mclean , d . l . , thomson , p . g . , partridge , j . c . , jones , d . o . b . , gates , a . r . , benfield , m . c . , collin , s . p . , booth , d . j . , smith , l . l . , techera , e . , skropeta , d . , horton , t . , pattiaratchi , c . , bond , t . & fowler , a . m . 2018 , ' eyes in the sea : unlocking the mysteries of the ocean using industrial , remotely operated vehicles ( rovs ) ' , science of the total environment , vol . 634 , pp . 1077 - 1091 . view / download from : publisher ' s site
the relatively large invariant length at maturity was evident for nearly all the deepwater species sampled . it reflects a relatively large length for onset of breeding and is typical of deepwater chondrichthyans for which the mean invariant length at maturity across all deepwater taxa has been reported as 0 . 76 and ranged to 0 . 90 [ 1 , 38 , 61 , 62 ] . the exceptions were the two urolophids , u . piperatus and u . bucculentus . the only other urolophid present in deepwater , the wide stingaree urolophus expansus , has a typical deepwater length at maturity invariant of 0 . 74 [ 63 ] , hence the relatively smaller length at maturity for the female u . bucculentus may be a reflection of the smaller length at maturity reported for this northern population compared to that from southern australian waters [ 40 ] . the smaller invariant of u . piperatus may be attributed to the small sample size used from the literature to assess maturity and more samples may be required [ 35 ] .
coral reefs provide ecosystem goods and services for millions of people in the tropics , but reef conditions are declining worldwide . effective solutions to the crisis facing coral reefs depend in part on understanding the context under which different types of conservation benefits can be maximized . our global analysis of nearly 1 , 800 tropical reefs reveals how the intensity of human impacts in the surrounding seascape , measured as a function of human population size and accessibility to reefs (
gravity
) , diminishes the effectiveness of marine reserves at sustaining reef fish biomass and the presence of top predators , even where compliance with reserve rules is high . critically , fish biomass in high - compliance marine reserves located where human impacts were intensive tended to be less than a quarter that of reserves where human impacts were low . similarly , the probability of encountering top predators on reefs with high human impacts was close to zero , even in high - compliance marine reserves . however , we find that the relative difference between openly fished sites and reserves ( what we refer to as conservation gains ) are highest for fish biomass ( excluding predators ) where human impacts are moderate and for top predators where human impacts are low . our results illustrate critical ecological trade - offs in meeting key conservation objectives : reserves placed where there are moderate - to - high human impacts can provide substantial conservation gains for fish biomass , yet they are unlikely to support key ecosystem functions like higher - order predation , which is more prevalent in reserve locations with low human impacts .
the common stingaree , trygonoptera testacea , is abundant on the continental shelf of eastern australia but little is known of its ~ cology and reproduction despite it being a common component of the demersal trawl fishery . specimens of t testacea were collected from bycatch to investigate the species ' reproductive biology . males were found to mature at a disc width of 22 cm , while females reached sexual maturity at 26 cm disc width . of all the i testacea examined , 53 % of males ( n = 159 ) and 16 % of females ( n = 62 ) were se ~ ually mature . only the left uterus and ovary were found to be functional in female i testacea . one gravid female carrying two near term embryos was sampled in february 2004 . many other females daught during the same trawl were observed aborting embryos providing a tentative estimate parturitiàn period , which appears to be between the months of february and april . although further investigation is required to determine if i testacea populations are threatened by fishing pressures , the current study has provided key demographic parameters vital for the design of a management plan for i testacea and similar populations .
the ability of two common , site - attached coral - reef fishes to return to their home corals after displacement was investigated in a series of field experiments at one tree island , southern great barrier reef . the humbug dascyllus aruanus was displaced up to 250 m , with 42 % of individuals returning home , irrespective of body size , displacement , direction ( up or across currents ) and route complexity , while for the lemon damselfish pomacentrus moluccensis 35 % of individuals returned overall , with 33 % from the greatest displacement , 100m along a reef edge . given that the home range of both species is < 1m2 , over their 10 + year life span , the mechanisms and motivations for such homing ability are unclear but it may allow resilience if fishes are displaced by storm events , allowing rapid return to home corals .
dispersal of larval propagules is the major mechanism facilitating connectivity of marine populations . however , only a fraction of larvae settle in suitable habitat . for coral reef fishes , many larvae are advected away from coral reefs , often despite strong behavioural mechanisms ( including swimming ) , and some may travel long distances away from the tropics . here we document the occurrence of tropical reef fishes along the southeast coast of australia between 2003 and 2005 and evaluate the role of the east australian current ( eac ) in driving this pattern . in total we observed 47 species of tropical fishes from 11 families during the summer recruitment season ( january to may ) at locations spanning most of the length of the new south wales coast ( 28° s37 . 5° s latitude , not , vert , similar1700 km from the southern end of the great barrier reef ) . southern locations tended to have reduced richness and density relative to northern ones . in general , the southward extent of distribution of the most commonly observed species was well explained by their planktonic larval durations . recruitment events tended to be much more episodic in merimbula ( 37° s ) than sydney ( 34° s ) , but there was little evidence for interannual similarity in the spatial patterns of recruitment of individual species with exception of the numerical dominance of abudefduf vaigiensis and abudefduf sexfasciatus ( pomacentridae ) at the sydney location and of chaetodon auriga and chaetodon flavirostris ( chaetodontidae ) at the merimbula location . despite strong evidence for the role of the eac in the transport of these species at a coastal scale , we found little evidence that individual recruitment events were correlated with local increases in water temperature that would be associated with eac ingress .
koop , k . , booth , d . j . , broadbent , a . , brodie , j . , bucher , d . , capone , d . , coll , j . , dennison , w . c . , erdmann , m . v . , harrison , p . , hoegh - guldberg , o . , hutchings , p . , jones , g . , larkum , a . , o ' neill , j . , steven , a . , tentori , e . , ward , s . , williamson , j . & yellowlees , d . 2001 , ' encore : the effect of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs . synthesis of results and conclusions ' , marine pollution bulletin , vol . 42 , pp . 91 - 120 . view / download from : uts opus or publisher ' s site
an 18 - year database of coral reef fish expatriation poleward in south east australia was used to estimate persistence of coal reef fish recruits on temperate reefs . surveys have identified over 150 coral reef fish species recruiting to temperate reefs at latitudes of 34s ( sydney ) and 60 species to 37s ( merimbula ) with 20 and 5 species respectively overwintering in at least 1 year over the study duration . we developed indices of vulnerability of key species to drops in water temperatures , by relating drops in abundances of species to temperature drops . twenty species were ranked according to their temperature vulnerability . overall , the families chaetodontidae ( butterflyfishes ) , acanthuridae ( surgeonfishes ) , labridae ( wrasses ) and pomacetnridae ( damselfishes ) had similar cold - water tolerance . however , there was considerable variability within families , for instance in the pomacentridae , species from the genus abudefduf appeared to have better cold - temperature tolerance than the other species . predicted minimum overwintering temperature varied from 15 . 6c to 19 . 8c , with some species showing lower tzero at merimbula , the more poleward location . there was general concordance between a species ' tolerance to cold - water and its tendency to occur as an overwinter but also notable exceptions . so while this work demonstrates the potential utility of tolerance to seasonal temperature drops as a means to predict range expansion capacity of vagrant species , the exceptional cases serve to highlight alternative factors . specifically , tolerance to seasonal cooling of water is not the only important factor when predicting the range expansion capacity of a species . factors affecting the general abundance of the vagrants , such as habitat suitability and competitor / predator environments will also be critical where overwinter survival becomes a lottery .


it was described by turner in 1896 .

the wingspan is about 20 mm .

the forewings are whitish-grey , with fuscous markings and a row of minute dots from the costa about the middle towards the hindmargin , sharply bent in the disc at five-sixths , and continued parallel to the hindmargin to inner margin .

there are a few scattered fuscous scales in the disc and there is a row of dots along the costa from four-fifths to the apex , and along the hindmargin to the anal angle .

the hindwings are grey .

garrha achroa

heliocausta achroa turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 4
garrha achroa is a moth in the oecophoridae family . it was described by turner in 1896 . it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland and western australia .
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garrha interjecta is a moth in the oecophoridae family . it was described by turner in 1946 . it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .
garrha brachytricha is a moth in the oecophoridae family . it was described by turner in 1927 . it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from tasmania .
garrha rufa is a moth in the oecophoridae family . it was described by meyrick in 1883 . it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales .
garrha ocellifera is a moth of the oecophoridae family . it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland , new south wales , the australian capital territory , victoria and tasmania .
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heliocausta acosmeta turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 4
machimia agglomerata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 375
machimia alma meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 174 ; tl : victoria , gisborne
machimia amata meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 175 ; tl : west australia , waroona
heliocausta arrhodea turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 113
hoplitica atripunctatella turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 7
machimia brachytricha turner , 1927 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasm . 1926 : 147
australia ( victoria , s . australia , e . australia ) . see [ maps ]
hoplitica cholodella meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 507
machimia coccinea turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 59
hoplitica costimacula meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 502
machimia cylicotypa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 111
machimia defessa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 376
euryplaca demotica meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 489
hoplitica eugramma lower , 1894 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 18 : 93
cryptopeges icasta turner , 1941 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 66 : 406
heliocausta idiosema turner , 1917 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 41 : 113
machimia interjecta turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 116
hoplitica leucerythra meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 501
heliocausta limbata meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 471
machimia mesogaea turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371
hoplitica metriopis meyrick , 1888 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 2 ( 4 ) : 941
machimia micromita turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 107
machimia mitescens meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 174 ; tl : queensland , townsville
euryplaca ocellifera meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 488
machimia ochra turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 109
coesyra paraderces meyrick , 1889 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . ( 2 ) 3 : 1659
machimia phaeoporphyra turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 92 ; tl : tasmania , derwent bridge
machimia phoenopis turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin ; queensland , brisbane ; mt tambourine ; toowoomba
machimia platyporphyra turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 111 ( emend . )
hoplitica pseudota lower , 1901 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 25 ( 2 ) : 85
machimia pyrrhopasta turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 114
machimia rubella turner , 1939 ; pap . proc . r . soc . tasmania 1938 : 92 ; tl : tasmania , derwent bridge
hoplitica rufa meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 504
machimia rufescens turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108
hoplitica rufimaculella turner , 1896 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 20 : 7
hoplitica sericata meyrick , 1883 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 7 ( 4 ) : 497
heliocausta spatiosa meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 13 ) : 387
machimia submissa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108
machimia umbratica turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 108
coesyra zonostola meyrick , 1884 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 9 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) : 772
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
descriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera . xi & xii . oecophoridae - ( continued )
zeller , 1855 nachtrag zu den im 9ten bande bescriebenen arten ds genus cryptolechia linn . ent . 10 : 145 - 168
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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the wingspan is about 22 mm . the forewings are pale ochreous , pinkish - tinged . the stigmata is rather dark fuscous , the plical spot somewhat beyond the first discal and there is an angulated subterminal series of small groups of two or three rather dark fuscous scales from beneath the costa at two - thirds , rather near the costa and termen to above the tornus . the hindwings are whitish ochreous - grey , faintly pinkish - tinged .
the wingspan is about 16 . 5 mm . the forewings are uniform whitish - grey , faintly ochreous - tinged and with a whitish costal edge . there is a minute black dot at the base of the costa , a black dot on the inner margin near the base , and sometimes one or two others in the disc towards the base . there is also a black dot in the disc before the middle , a second in the disc beyond middle , a third on the fold obliquely beyond the first , and a fourth , minute or obsolete , below and beyond the second . there is a very fine transverse row of dark grey scales from the middle of the costa to the inner margin before the anal angle , irregularly sinuate on the upper half and strongly angulated in the middle . a row of conspicuous black dots is located on the hindmargin and apical fifth of the costa . the hindwings are grey , but darker towards the apex .
the wingspan is 16 - 18 mm . the forewings are dull rosy with a rosy costal line . the stigmata is minute , obscure and pale grey , the first discal is found at two - fifths , the plical beyond it and the second discal at three - fifths . the hindwings are ochreous - whitish .
the wingspan is 20 - 22 mm . the forewings are pale grey and the costa narrowly rosy with the extreme edge whitish . the stigmata is fuscous , the first minute discal at one - third , the minute plical beyond it and the larger second discal before two - thirds . the subterminal line is absent or very faintly indicated . the hindwings are ochreous - whitish with faint grey suffusion on the apex and termen .
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here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word absumptella . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word absumptella and , of course , absumptella synonyms and on the right images related to the word absumptella .
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