the black-capped vireo ( vireo atricapilla ) is a small bird native to the united states and mexico .

it has been listed as an endangered species in the united states since 1987 .

the iucn lists the species as vulnerable .

black - capped vireo

black - capped vireo - - oklahoma . black - caped vireo - - nests - - oklahoma .
final black - capped vireo species status assessment ( 6 . 5mb / pdf ) .
visit the bent life history for extensive additional information on the black - capped vireo .
black - capped vireo - balcones canyonlands - u . s . fish and wildlife service
population and nesting ecology of the black - capped vireo ( vireo atricapillus ) in oklahoma : : documents . ok . gov
breeding and winter ranges of the black - capped vireo . winter distribution is poorly known .
black - capped vireo - color bands mark an individual male black - capped vireo to help identify its territory ( photo credit : gil eckrich , dpw - natural and cultural resources volunteer ) .
draft post - delisting monitoring plan for the black - capped vireo ( 3 . 8mb / pdf )
black - capped vireo at south llano river state park , junction , texas , by lora render .
rangelands with scattered clumps of shrubs separated by open grassland are preferred habitat for the black - capped vireo .
the black - capped vireo is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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the black - capped vireo has greenish upperparts , a gray to black head , bold white spectacles , red eyes , yellowish wing bars , and white underparts .
black - capped vireos inhabit areas of shrubby deciduous growth , including rocky hillsides .
white - eyed vireo the white - eyed vireo has much paler head and yellow spectacles .
research shows that black - capped vireo songs draw from a repertoire of syllables about ten times larger than those of other vireos .
with infrastructure and development projects impacting bcvi ( black capped vireo ) habitat . information related to bank approval and credit availablity can be found
black - capped vireos breed in southwestern oklahoma , texas , and mexico . they winter in mexico . the black - capped vireo is endangered but the population has been increasing in recent years due to habitat management and cowbird control .
graber , j . w . 1961 .
distribution , habitat requirements , and life history of the black - capped vireo ( vireo atricapillus ) .
ecological monographs 31 : 313 - 336 .
black - capped vireo .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
the black - capped vireo ( vireo atricapilla ) is a small , beautifully - marked songbird . the male black - capped vireo is olive green with a bright white chest and belly . intermittent yellow feathers provide flashes of colour on the wings , tail and flanks . the top of the head is black and a distinctive white ring encircles each eye . the female black - capped vireo has slightly duller plumage than the male , with a greenish - yellow chest and belly , and a slate grey crown . both sexes have brownish - red eyes ( 3 ) .
the oldest known black - capped vireo was a male , at least 12 years old , when it was recaptured and rereleased during banding operations in texas .
black - capped vireos are found throughout the edwards plateau and eastern trans - pecos regions of texas .
graber , j . w . ( 1961 ) distribution , habitat requirements , and life history of the black - capped vireo ( vireo atricapilla ) . ecological monographs , 32 ( 4 ) : 313 - 336 .
two refuges near lake buchanan , 70 miles northwest of austin , offer birders an opportunity to see both the golden - cheeked warbler and black - capped vireo .
the difference in head color between male and female black - capped vireos is unique among north american vireos .
the black - capped vireo is the only vireo that is sexually dimorphic in plumage , where the male and female look different . it also is the only one in which the male takes two years to reach adult plumage .
black - capped vireo .
beacham ' s guide to the endangered species of north america . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
the mission of vvc is to provide a comprehensive conservation banking solution while protecting key seasonal nesting sites for the black capped vireo , a federally listed endangered species of migratory bird .
the black - capped vireo’s nest is a cup of leaves , weeds , and other plant materials , and is typically placed on a forked twig about 3 feet above the ground .
grzybowski , j . a . 1985 .
final report : population and nesting ecology of the black - capped vireo .
u . s . fish and wildlife service , albuquerque .
grzybowski , joseph a . 1995 . black - capped vireo ( vireo atricapilla ) , version 2 . 0 . in the birds of north america ( p . g . rodewald , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , new york , usa .
fire suppression strategies are considered one of the most serious threats to the black - capped vireo ( 5 ) . natural , periodic fires maintain a suitable habitat of open grassland with scattered clumps of trees and shrubs for the black - capped vireo . a lack of fire in many areas , as a result of suppression strategies by humans , has reduced the amount of suitable habitat ( 4 ) .
the black - capped vireo inhabits areas of low dense , shrubby , deciduous growth in fire maintained scrubland and forest - grassland ecotone ( a zone of transition between two different ecosystems ) ( 5 ) .
blue - headed vireos have much paler heads but can resemble a female black - headed vireo . ranges overlap in texas only during migration .
the us military owns much of the habitat remaining for the endangered black - capped vireo . habitat loss and fragmentation , have heavily impacted vireo populations over the past century . and climate change will have an increasing effect on their viability into the future . but the black - capped vireo also suffers from intense nest parasitization from the brov . n - headed cowbird . the us military has been controlling cowbird populations at great effort and expense . this paper examines the extent to which the military must continue to control cowbirds into the future in order to ensure vireo population viability .
economically , the decline in the population of the black - capped vireo has had a negative impact on humans in terms of restrictions on urban growth and development needed to meet the expanding demographics of the central texas area .
the song of the black - capped vireo is a harsh and hurried tune of two to three note phrases ( 4 ) ( 5 ) , and its call is a dry ‘ chit - it ’ ( 5 ) .
diet : insects size : an adult vireo is about 4 . 5 inches long
the vireo atricapillus ( black - capped vireo ) is a small songbird , about 4 . 8 in ( 12 cm ) long . adult males are olive - green above and white below , with faintly yellow - green flanks . the crown and upper half of the head is glossy black with white
spectacles
around the eyes . it has brownish eyes and a black bill . adult females are duller with a slate gray crown , and the underparts are washed with greenish yellow . females and immatures resemble the solitary vireo .
a migratory species , the black - capped vireo breeds in texas and oklahoma in the united states , and the state of coahuila in northern mexico before migrating south to spend winter along the western coast of mexico ( 4 ) .
today the u . s . fish and wildlife service announced the delisting of the black - capped vireo at balcones canyonlands national wildlife refuge . the delisting of the black - capped vireo would not have been possible without the efforts of our partners including the texas parks and wildlife department , the oklahoma department of wildlife conservation , usda’s natural resources conservation service , fort hood , fort sill army base , mexico , the nature conservancy , environmental defense fund , private landowners and others .
fazio , v . w . , miles , d . b . and white , m . m . ( 2004 ) genetic differentiation in the endangered black - capped vireo . the condor , 106 ( 2 ) : 377 - 385 .
the fussy calls of blue - gray gnatcatchers and bewick’s wrens follow us along the trail . we stop and work on a white - eyed vireo singing in a hackberry tree . earlier , i found a bell’s vireo nest with eggs along the lakeshore . this is vireo paradise . finally , melanie hears a black - capped vireo’s jumbled call notes deep in the thicket . we gather around with our binoculars and search the tangled vegetation for signs of movement . the twittering moves erratically through the foliage .
after lunch in the park lodge , we join melanie for an afternoon birdwalk in the shrubland savanna that extends from lake buchanan to the hilly escarpment . now our quarry is the black - capped vireo . “black - capped vireos like it hot and feed all afternoon , ” she tells us as we enter a gated section of the preserve . “we have about 20 nesting territories in this section . ”
federal aid project e - 1 ; final report april 1 , 1986 thru march 31 , 1989 ; performance report e - 1 - 2 april 1 , 1987 - march 31 , 1988 ; performance report e - 1 - 1 april 1 , 1986 - march 31 , 1987 ; related titles : ecology and management of isolated populations of the black - capped vireo ( vireo atricapillus ) in oklahoma [ 1989 - 1990 ] ( okdocs w2800 . 3 p438 e - 1 - 4 ) ; ecology and management of isolated populations of the black - capped vireo ( vireo atricapillus ) in oklahoma [ 1990 - 1993 ] ( okdocs w 2800 . 3 p438 e - 1 - 7 ]
small olive - green songbird , with black cap and white
spectacles .
the sexes are similar , though females have dark gray heads instead of black .
the black - capped vireo feeds primarily on insects , particularly the adults and larvae of moths , butterflies and beetles which are plucked from plant surfaces as it hops and flutters amongst thick vegetation . it supplements this diet with seeds , particularly during the winter ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .
on a recent trip to texas , i visited two refuges in hopes of getting glimpses of two of the rarest birds in the united states : the golden - cheeked warbler and black - capped vireo . both winter in central america and return every spring to nest in extremely specialized habitats .
wilsey , c . , j . lawler , d . cimprich , and n . schumaker . dependence of the endangered black - capped vireo on sustained cowbird management . conservation biology . blackwell publishing , malden , ma , 28 ( 2 ) : 561 - 571 , ( 2014 ) .
in general , black - capped vireos prefer low thickets in scrub - oak woodlands , arid hilly regions and ledges on steep hills near water . it is believed that the largest known concentration of
brewer , d . ( 2018 ) . black - capped vireo ( vireo atricapilla ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
obtaining usfw approval marks a significant milestone for vvc , as well as the black - capped vireo ,
says vvc managing partner , brad davis .
we are so grateful to be able to provide a viable and sustainable mitigation solution for the species and we couldn ' t have done it without
unfortunately , these human - caused changes to the habitat has created more favourable conditions for the brown - headed cowbird ( molothrus ater ) , a brood parasite of black - capped vireo nests . the brown - headed cowbird lays its eggs in other birds’ nests , leaving the host parents to care for the eggs and chicks ( 4 ) . the cowbird egg typically hatches before the black - capped vireo eggs , and so once the vireos hatch , they are rarely able to compete with the larger cowbird chick for the host parent’s food . as a result , young vireos seldom survive when cowbirds share their nest ( 8 ) .
not so long ago the black - capped vireo nearly went extinct . goats ate their way through this songbird’s habitat and brown - headed cowbirds commandeered their nests . in the late 1980s there were only about 350 birds known to exist , leading to its listing as endangered under the endangered species act ( esa ) . there are now more than 14 , 000 birds estimated across the vireo’s breeding range of oklahoma , texas and mexico .
the observation deck is open daily except for the first two to three weeks of april , when the vireos are establishing nesting territories . no trails lead from the deck , but the warbler vista trail and roads in other parts of the refuge provide access to both black - capped vireo and golden - cheeked warbler habitats .
is easier heard than seen due to its secretive behavior . these birds prefer to hide within thick oak clumps where they feed and nest . black - capped vireos rarely fly in the open unless migrating . the best locator of
the species is found in areas with scattered trees and brush . many vireo territories are located on steep ravine slopes in rugged terrain where woody vegetation grows in clumps . thick ground foliage is important for nesting . most nests are found 1 . 3 - 4 ft ( 0 . 4 to 1 . 25 m ) above ground , screened from view by foliage . black - capped vireo habitat is naturally maintained by wildfires and grazing animals , which keep vegetation in an early successional stage .
black - capped vireos once nested from northern mexico through central texas and oklahoma into kansas . they disappeared from kansas in the 1950s and remain gravely endangered in oklahoma . in 1986 , only 32 pairs nested in the wichita mountains wildlife refuge ; then wildfires swept through and opened up new habitat for the vireos . in 2002 , the refuge surveyed 635 nesting pairs . fort hood , 40 miles north of lake buchanan , also harbors substantial populations of both black - capped vireos and golden - cheeked warblers .
with the very low numbers of black - capped vireos in oklahoma , some monitoring of breeding adults , and an estimate of how well reproduction matches mortality is needed to establish the reproductive potential of the remaining vireo population . these data are also be necessary to assess changes in the population status of the vireos , and in establishing the level of effort and level of success of the management options employed .
the breeding season of the black - capped vireo takes place from march to july ( 6 ) ( 7 ) . the male establishes a territory of between two and four acres , shortly after which the females arrive and select a male based on the quality of their territory ( 7 ) . during this time , the male deters rivals with songs , displays and fights ( 6 ) ( 7 ) .
black - capped vireos are endangered because the low growing woody cover they need for nesting has been cleared or overgrazed by livestock and deer . also , range fires , which used to keep the land open and the shrubs growing low to the ground , are not as frequent today as in the days before people settled texas . another problem is that brown - headed cowbirds lay their eggs in vireo nests , causing the vireos to abandon their nest .
flitting about actively in the oak scrub , often hanging upside down momentarily , the little black - cap is our most distinctive vireo . it is also the rarest , nesting only locally in texas and oklahoma . its eggs take an unfortunately long time to hatch ; cowbird eggs , laid in the same nests , usually hatch first , so that the vireos raise only young cowbirds . without some kind of control of cowbird numbers , the vireo may face extinction .
with limited distribution and low populations , golden - cheeked warblers and black - capped vireos require an extra effort and a little luck to see . fortunately , at canyon of the eagles nature park and balcones canyonlands , you can be at the right place at the right time for both birds .
to cite this page : drake , j . 2000 .
vireo atricapilla
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
12 cm . well - marked and distinctive vireo . male has black head , white lores and eye - ring ( giving spectacled appearance ) , olive upperparts , blackish wings fringed olive and two yellowish wing - bars . whitish underparts with olive flanks . red iris . female duller and with grey head . juvenile browner .
black - capped vireos build hanging nests on a branch tip three to four feet off the ground , where they are particularly susceptible to predation by small animals . snakes , raccoons , skunks , and feral cats destroy many nests . by mid - september , the birds leave for the thornbrush of southwest coastal mexico , where they spend the winter .
black - capped vireos nest in texas during april through july , and spend the winter on the western coast of mexico . they build a cup - shaped nest in the fork of a branch 2 to 4 feet above the ground . nests are usually built in shrubs such as shin oak or sumac . females lay 3 - 4 eggs , which hatch in 14 - 17 days . both parents incubate the eggs and feed the chicks . their diet consists of insects . black - capped vireos have a lifespan of 5 - 6 years . males sing to attract mates and defend territories , which are usually 2 to 4 acres in size . vireos return year after year to the same area to nest .
fortunately , habitat management and conservation is taking place at many texas state parks and recreation areas in order to preserve the remaining and dwindling population . also extermination , of some of the plentiful , brown - headed cowbird populations that take part in nest parasitism which in turn affects the reproductive success of the black - capped vireos , is currently taking place .
the vireos build their nests in a two - to five - acre territory . “we have about 100 nesting territories on federally owned land , ” chuck says . “the population is increasing gradually as “we establish new habitat by prescribed burning . we cut out shrubby cedar and burned a ridgetop . shin oaks grew waist - high in two years , and two pairs of black - capped vireos moved in to nest . in areas with the right species structure , we can create vireo habitat in 3 to 5 years that will last for 20 years . ”
black - capped vireos are active feeders that like to eat insects . their diet consists primarily of caterpillars and beetles . young birds seem to prefer spiders as a supplement to their diet while adults prefer berries . both glean the insects from foliage in a
characteristic pose
of hanging upside down and then fluttering to a lower branch . ( tveten 1987 )
11–11·5 cm ; 8–10 g . male has forehead , crown , nape , ear - coverts and malar region black , lores and broad eyering white ; upperparts dull - olive green , . . .
black - caps have a huge repertoire with dozens of screechy squeaks . unfortunately , this vireo isn’t inclined to give a command performance . it keeps foraging within earshot but refuses to pop into view . since the birds are endangered , we can’t entice him into view with a recording or even a psssh . during the three - hour walk , we hear the birds’ wheezy chatter at several other locations but never get a glimpse .
canyon of the eagles nature park : administered by the lower colorado river authority on the shores of the 30 - mile - long lake , canyon of the eagles preserves 850 acres of prime habitat for the warbler and the vireo .
along the trail , we pass an empty brown - headed cowbird trap . “we’re not trapping right now , ” melanie says . “we don’t have many cowbirds this year . ” during most years , the walk - in cages are a vital part of the endangered vireo and warbler recovery programs at all the refuges and parks throughout the vireo breeding range . nest parasitism ( from the cowbird ) , combined with habitat loss , remain the major ongoing threats to both birds .
is its song . the males sing throughout the breeding season , even in midday heat and while feeding . the song is characterized by a persistent string of hurried , twittering , varied two or three note phrases and is described as hurried , waspish and
restless , almost angry in quality
. its song is harsher than other vireos ' . however , black - capped vireos do not sing during flight . ( scott 1987 ; tveten 1987 ; oberholser 1974 )
a 12 - foot - high , deer - proof fence surrounds the area in order to prevent deer from overgrazing the undergrowth . “we manage for habitat , not individual species , ” melanie says . “with the right brush control , deer management , and periodic burns , we attract the vireos and warblers . black - capped vireos like early successional habitat , [ which is ] easy to re - create with controlled burns and clearing . the old - growth junipers for the golden - cheeks take decades to develop . ”
we’ll have a second chance at the bird a few miles down the road at the balcones canyonlands national wildlife refuge — the best place to see the elusive vireos . “we have what we call the ‘world famous’ shin oak observation deck , ” chuck sexton , the refuge biologist , tells me with a laugh . “you can almost always see black - capped vireos from the platform . typically , three to five pairs establish territories within earshot and viewing distance of the deck . they sing almost continuously during the nesting season . ”
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : vireo atricapilla . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
at the end of june , vireo watchers got a special treat at the observation deck . a pair of black - caps built a nest 1 . 5 feet from the platform . the male sang in the trees , and the birds incubated four eggs in easy view . three eggs hatched . “we had 20 people at a time watching the nest without disturbing the pair . it was an amazing event to see so close , ” chuck says . “unfortunately , on july 3 , a snake predated the nest , and we lost all three chicks . ”
is the smallest and most distinctly marked of all north american vireos . this bird is fairly small with an average height of 11 cm and wingspan of 16 . 5 cm . this bird is unique in that it is the only north american bird to have white spectacles on a jet - black head . the female , however , has more of a slate - gray head coloration . both males and females have red eyes and yellow to whitish wing bars . these birds are generally olive above and white below with yellow flanks . the female is smaller in size and juveniles are more brown above , rather than olive , and buffy below . black - capped vireos are also distinctly different from all other new world , neo - tropical vireos because of their quick action , bold patterns and quick flight . the flight of
vireos are songbirds with a loud , emphatic warble . cup - shaped nests are built in shrubs and small trees . clutch size is from three to five tiny , white eggs . during the 14 - 17 day incubation period , the female incubates the eggs at night ; males and females alternate during the day . young fledge in 10 - 12 days , after which the female re - nests , occasionally with a different male . black - capped vireos are shy and restless , flitting from twig to twig . like other vireos , they are insectivorous .
besides the two endangered songbirds during spring and summer , a zone - tailed hawk regularly nests on the lake , shorebirds stop over during migration , and bald eagles winter there . the park offers exciting birding nearly year round . but during warbler and vireo nesting season , from march through august , visitors may enter the birds’ protected areas only in the company of a park ranger .
we stop under a huge native pecan tree by a seeping spring and wait for birds to come to drink . a flamboyant painted bunting lands in a tree , and we snap our binoculars to our eyes . with a blue head , red belly , and green back , the bunting looks as if it had been painted by a kindergarten class . we see orchard orioles , a lazuli bunting , white - eyed vireos , black - crested titmice , greater roadrunners , and blue - gray gnatcatchers .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
grzybowski , j . , howell , s . , lockwood , m . , lyons , j . , wauer , r . , campomizzi , a . j . , gonzález - medina , e . , mcfarland , t . , colón , m . , gonzález rojas , j . i . , macgregor - fors , i . & contreras balderas , a . j .
bird , j . , harding , m . , isherwood , i . , pople , r . , sharpe , c . j . , wege , d . , derhé , m . , ashpole , j , wheatley , h .
this species qualifies as vulnerable owing to rapid population declines throughout most of its contracting range .
, wintering along the pacific coast of western mexico from sinaloa to oaxaca ( salina cruz on the pacific coast and matias romero , and inland ) ( grzybowski 1995 , howell and webb 1995 , s . n . g . howell
. winter records from sonora are likely to be of individuals on migration ( powell 2013 ) . there is no known habitat in kansas ( t . mcfarland
the population size is difficult to determine . in 2006 the total population was estimated to be 6 , 010 males in the u . s . and 259 males in mexico ( wilkins
. 2006 ) . equivalent to c . 12 , 020 mature individuals or 18 , 030 individuals in the usa and 518 mature individuals or 777 individuals in mexico . altogether these figures estimate a global population of c . 12 , 500 mature individuals or 18 , 800 individuals . however , these numbers for the u . s . mostly accounted for vireos detected on public property and much more breeding habitat may be located on private lands ( mcfarland
benson and benson ( 1990 ) estimated 6 , 301 ± 3 , 162 pairs in northern coahuila , mexico . in 2012 and 2013 , morrison
. ( 2014 ) found a total of 341 vireos in three states in mexico .
partners in flight ( 2013 ) estimate the global population to be 20 , 000 individuals . this is equivalent to c . 13 , 300 mature individuals .
a rapid and on - going population decline is estimated to be occurring , based on survey results ( j . lyons
. 1999 ) . however it is not clear whether the species is continuing to decrease ( t . mcfarland
. 2014 , j . i . gonzález - rojas in litt . 2016 ) . it has also been recorded during the breeding season near the city of monterrey in nuevo león which suggests that it may be found in suitable habitat patches within urban areas ( contreras - balderas
. 2012 ) . in central texas , juveniles were found to show a preference for riparian vegetation ( dittmar 2014 ) . little is known of the species ' s migration routes however it has been observed in open and secondary forests and may migrate through the sierra madre oriental and the transvolcanic mexican belt although further research is needed to confirm this ( macgregor - fors
. 2015 ) . wintering density in sinaloa has been calculated to be 7 . 68 individuals per km
fire suppression is probably the most serious threat , but urban development and agricultural conversion ( especially to pasture ) have caused significant habitat loss in oklahoma , northern and central texas ( grzybowski 1995 , j . lyons
1999 ) . intensive grazing by livestock and native grazers has further degraded habitat ( grzybowski 1995 ) . the wintering habitat has been modified by changes in land use by reducing the potential suitable area or causing habitat fragmentation and reduced quality of winter habitat ( gonzález - medina
inflict high rates of brood - parasitism , as high as 100 % of nests , in some locations ( grzybowski 1995 , farrell 2011 ) . rates of nest predation as high as 50 % in some locations have been reported ; primarily from snakes , fire ants
2012 ] ) . the high return rates of birds to breeding territories suggests few threats on the wintering grounds ( grzybowski 1995 ) . however , only 7 . 1 % of its predicted wintering area is protected ( vega rivera
. 2006 ) . although little is known of the species ' s migration routes , it may use forested areas thus deforestation in such areas could have a negative impact on the species ( i . macgregor - fors
conservation actions are occurring on public and private land . management programs to restore vegetation and manage cowbirds have occurred at various locations including balcones canyonlands national wildlife refuge ( sexton 1997 ) , fort hood ( kostecke
2005 ) , ker wildlife management area , and wichita mountains ( grzybowski 1995 ) . on private land , conservation has occurred through various programs including habitat conservation plans , texas parks and wildlife department’s wildlife management plans , the landowner incentive program , and the leon river restoration project . research is ongoing on breeding and wintering areas in mexico and the usa . modelling work on the species ' s migration is ongoing ( i . macgregor - fors
the species is included on the ' watch list ' of the state of north america ' s birds as a species of high conservation concern ( nabci 2016 ) .
monitor the status and trends in occupancy , abundance , or both to determine abundance and trend .
clarify the distribution in mexico and estimate breeding numbers . continue to study the species ' s migration routes ( macgregor - fors
. 2016 ) . research the species ' s ability to adapt to habitat changes and urban environments ( a . j . contreras balderas
. 2016 ) . investigate dispersal and survival of juveniles during migration and on wintering grounds ( dittmar 2014 ) . develop conservation actions through engagement with private landowners to balance conservation actions with other land uses .
map edited : enlarged shade to s nuevo león and sw tamaulipas . eoo updated .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22705159a118701054 .
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your contact information is used to deliver requested updates or to access your subscriber preferences . children under 13 years of age must have a parent / guardian & apos ; s consent before providing any personal information to the agency .
endangered . has disappeared from many former haunts , and is declining in many current breeding areas . heavy cowbird parasitism and loss of habitat are major threats . in some areas , projects are under way to control cowbird numbers and to create more nesting habitat through controlled burning .
oak scrub , brushy hills , rocky canyons . breeds on hot dry hillsides with dense thickets of brush , especially scrub oaks , often with many openings or gaps rather than solid cover . winters in mexico in dense thickets and woodland edges , especially in foothills and lowlands .
forages more actively than most vireos , moving among branches and twigs in dense cover , sometimes hanging upside down like a chickadee to take items from underside of foliage .
3 - 4 , rarely 2 - 5 . white , unmarked ( most other vireos lay spotted eggs ) . incubation , by both parents , averages about 15 days , surprisingly long for small size of bird . young : both parents feed nestlings . young leave the nest about 10 - 12 days after hatching , and may be cared for by parents for more than another month . sometimes male is left to care for first brood while female begins 2nd nesting attempt .
both parents feed nestlings . young leave the nest about 10 - 12 days after hatching , and may be cared for by parents for more than another month . sometimes male is left to care for first brood while female begins 2nd nesting attempt .
mostly insects , some berries . feeds mainly on insects in summer ; diet not known in detail , but eats many caterpillars , beetles , small grasshoppers and crickets , and others , as well as spiders . also eats some berries and small fruits . winter diet poorly known , but may include more berries .
male defends territory by singing frequently through much of breeding season . in courtship , male sings while following female ; may also perform short song - flight . nest : placed in low scrubby oak or other dense shrub , usually 2 - 6 ' above ground , rarely higher . both parents help build nest , a small hanging cup suspended in the horizontal fork of a twig . nest is made of grass , strips of bark , weeds , leaves , bound together with spiderwebs ; inside is lined with fine grass .
generally arrives in texas in april , departs in september . migrates toward the southwest in fall , wintering along west coast of mexico .
audio © lang elliott , bob mcguire , kevin colver , martyn stewart and others .
in the broadest and most detailed study of its kind , audubon scientists have used hundreds of thousands of citizen - science observations and sophisticated climate models to predict how birds in the u . s . and canada will react to climate change .
the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season .
each map is a visual guide to where a particular bird species may find the climate conditions it needs to survive in the future . we call this the bird’s “climatic range . ”
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the darker the color , the more favorable the climate conditions are for survival . the outlined areas represent approximate current range for each season . more on reading these maps .
a unique experiment aims to lure kirtland ' s warblers to habitat hundreds of miles away from their typical haunts . it ' s working better than expected .
they ' re rare , and they ' re rad . here ' s where to find them .
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urban development , the conversion of land for agriculture , and intensive grazing have also caused significant habitat loss ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
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sibley , d . a . ( 2000 ) the sibley guide to birds . knopf , new york .
campbell , l . ( 1995 ) endangered and threatened animals of texas . texas parks and wildlife press , texas .
hildyard , a . ( 2001 ) endangered wildlife and plants of the world . marshall cavendish , new york .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
birdlife is reviewing the status of this species for the 2018 red list . please click here to join the discussion
extends from northern , western and central texas to northern mexico . during the summer
breeds primarily in the edward ' s plateau of central texas . in the winter ( non - breeding season ) ,
can be found in the flatlands and pacific foothills of western mexico ( throughout the states of sonora and guerrero ) . ( scott 1987 ; tveten 1987 )
can be found near austin , texas , located in the edward ' s plateau region which encompasses 17 % of the state of texas . geographically , this area consists of oak thickets combined with heavy ground cover as well as shallow , rocky canyons that receive abundant , bright sunlight . these places are described as
the hottest places imaginable
, for birds at least . ( kutac 1989 ; tveten 1987 )
is quick , nervous and rarely sustained . ( oberholser 1974 ; tveten 1987 ; scott1987 )
arrives at its breeding region in early march and has migrated south by late september . the actual breeding begins in mid - april and ends in early august . these birds are monogamous . the nests of the birds can be found in forked twigs of small trees or shrubs , usually 2 - 6 ft . up ( rarely any higher ) . the actual nest is compact , cup - like and rounded in shape with thick walls . it is composed of leaves , coarse grasses , bark strips , catkins and spiders ' cocoons , all bound together and supported with long plant fibers , spider webs and wool . the inside of the nest is lined with finer grasses . the nests are built by both males and females but the majority of the work is done by the female . the nest is built within six to nine days . females have a clutch size of three to five eggs . the eggs of
was found in kansas and oklahoma , as well as in texas . the last reported sighting of
jessica drake ( author ) , southwestern university , stephanie fabritius ( editor ) , southwestern university .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror - image halves . animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides , as well as anterior and posterior ends . synapomorphy of the bilateria .
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature . endothermy is a synapomorphy of the mammalia , although it may have arisen in a ( now extinct ) synapsid ancestor ; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities . convergent in birds .
offspring are produced in more than one group ( litters , clutches , etc . ) and across multiple seasons ( or other periods hospitable to reproduction ) . iteroparous animals must , by definition , survive over multiple seasons ( or periodic condition changes ) .
the area in which the animal is naturally found , the region in which it is endemic .
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female ; development of offspring occurs outside the mother ' s body .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
probable conservation activities still include cow - bird trapping in nesting areas and land management practices on government - owned land to maintain suitable habitat vegetation .
u . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species p . o . box 1306 albuquerque , new mexico 87103 - 1306 telephone : ( 505 ) 248 - 6911 fax : ( 505 ) 248 - 6915 urltoken
u . s . fish and wildlife service regional office , division of endangered species p . o . box 25486 denver federal center denver , colorado 80225 urltoken
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calls include a
zhree
reminiscent of bewick’s wren , while the song consists of a fast , complex series of phrases .
color : white . incubation and fledging : the young hatch at about 14 - 17 days , and begin to fly in about another 2 weeks , though continuing to associate with the adults for some time .
low scrub , often on poor or eroded soils , or in areas at an early stage of succession . back to top
open hanging cup , made of leaves , grasses , plant fiber , and animal silk , lined with fine grass . nest often decorated with spider silk , cocoons , or bits of paper . cup opening is narrower than nest itself ; adult can sit inside nest with only bill and tail tip showing .
gleans from leaves , twigs , and branches . sometimes hangs upside down or hovers while feeding . back to top
lutmerding , j . a . and a . s . love . longevity records of north american birds . version 2015 . 2 . patuxent wildlife research center , bird banding laboratory 2015 .
north american bird conservation initiative . 2014 . the state of the birds 2014 report . us department of interior , washington , dc , usa .
sibley , d . a . ( 2014 ) . the sibley guide to birds , second edition . alfred a . knopf , new york , usa .
their songs are derived from a large syllable repertoire , an order of magnitude greater than that of other vireos .
grzybowski , joseph a . ( joseph anthony ) , 1948 - oklahoma . department of wildlife conservation .
this oklahoma state government publication is provided for educational purposes under u . s . copyright law . other usage requires permission of copyright holders .
golden - cheeked warbler at friedrich wilderness park , san antonio , texas , by lora render .
my first stop was canyon of the eagles nature park , on the shores of lake buchanan , 70 miles northwest of austin , where melanie pavlas , environmental coordinator for the park , was my guide .
we hear a scratchy zee - zee - zee song in the distance and hurry up the wooded slope . the trail leads out of a narrow canyon onto a dry ridge studded with prickly pear cacti and yucca . from here , we can see over the treetops to the opposite slope . melanie spots movement in a nearby live oak , and we all freeze . two birds flit in and out of the leaves , then one hops onto an exposed branch . the side of its face blazes yellow in the sun . the bird throws back its head and belts out a buzzy , repetitious call . “it’s a pair of golden - cheeked warblers , ” melanie whispers . the energetic birds forage for five minutes before zipping off to another tree .
the trail follows the ridge , then drops back into the dense canopy of hardwoods and junipers . “this is perfect golden - cheeked habitat , ” melanie tells us . “the warblers prefer steep slopes and complete canopy cover . less than a 50 percent cover produces only marginal habitat for the birds . ”
each spring , the golden - cheeks leave their winter home in pine - oak highlands that extend from chiapas , mexico , through guatemala , honduras , and nicaragua . the males arrive in texas in early march and establish three - to six - acre territories . they crisscross their domain and proclaim ownership from treetop perches . “golden - cheeks are active feeders and singers . they’re not difficult to see in the right habitat , ” melanie says .
the females arrive a few weeks later and by early april have laid three to five eggs in a tightly woven cup nest . the warblers conceal the nest about 15 feet high in a tree fork . few people , even biologists who study the birds annually , ever discover a nest . i searched a small sanctuary near my home for three years without success . about 12 pairs nest in the canyon of the eagles nature park .
the eggs hatch in 12 days , typical for small songbirds . “during nesting , the parents glean caterpillars and spiders from the deciduous trees for the hatchlings , ” melanie says . the mix of hardwoods and deciduous trees ensures an abundant variety of food throughout the nesting season .
“we found that carefully controlled field trips don’t disturb the nesting birds , ” chuck says . “the vireos adjusted quickly to the deck and the level of visitation . they feed their young without paying any attention to the birdwatchers . to them , the deck is just another landscape object . ”
the golden - cheeked warbler can also be seen at balcones canyonlands nwr , which supports about a thousand pairs of the bird . the warbler vista trail and other trails , which vary from easy strolls to vigorous ridgetop hikes , lead through prime warbler habitat . “we have a stable , growing population of golden - cheeks , ” chuck says . “some of our transitional sites are maturing into prime habitat with 12 to 20 pairs per 100 acres . ”
each spring on the first weekend in may , balcones canyonlands and the nearby town of lago vista sponsor the texas songbird festival to showcase the two endangered birds . “we had a great festival this year with a full slate of field trips , ” chuck says of the 2004 event . “the observation deck came through gloriously with great views of the vireos . ”


dikwa is a genus of amphipods in the family dikwidae , containing the following species : dikwa acrania griffiths , 1974 dikwa andresi lörz & coleman , 2003

dikwa ( amphipod )

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dikwa is a genus of amphipods in the family dikwidae , containing the following species : . . .
dikwa was moved to new family dikwidae , from acantho - notozomatidae , by coleman & barnard ( 1991 ) .
dikwa acrania griffiths 1974c : 266 , fig . 2 ; griffiths 1977 : 108 - 109 , fig . 1 .
lörz , a . n . ; coleman , c . o . ( 2003 ) . dikwa andresi , a new amphipod crustacean ( dikwidae ) from the scotia arc . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 83 : 785 - 788 . [ details ]
lowry , j . k . 2006 . new families and subfamilies of amphipod crustaceans . zootaxa 1254 : 1 - 28 . [ links ]
methuen , p . a . 1911 . on an amphipod from the transvaal . proceedings of the zoological society of london 65 : 948 - 957 . [ links ]
berge , j . & vader w . 2001 . revision of the amphipod ( crustacea ) family stegocephalidae . zoological journal of the linnean society 133 : 531 - 592 . [ links ]
conlan , k . e . 1990 . revision of the crustacean amphipod genus jassa leach ( corophioidea : ischyroceridae ) . canadian journal of zoology 68 : 2031 - 2075 . [ links ]
holsinger j . r . & straskraba , m . 1973 . anewgenusandtwo new species ofsubterranean amphipod crustaceans ( gammaridae ) from south africa . annales de speliologie 28 : 69 - 79 . [ links ]
bousfield , e . l . & hendrycks 1997 . the amphipod superfamily eusiroidea in the north american pacific region ii . family calliopiidae . systematics and distributional ecology . amphipacifica 2 : 3 - 66 . [ links ]
bousfield , e . l . & hendrycks 1995 . the amphipod superfamily eusiroidea in the north american pacific region . i . family eusiridae : systematics and distributional ecology . amphipacifica 1 : 3 - 60 . [ links ]
the principal aims of this paper are to add three new species and several new records to the south african amphipod fauna , and to provide a single , unified and taxonomically - updated listing of all amphipod species currently known from continental south africa , including marine , freshwater and terrestrial components of the fauna . this is accomplished though the collation of all existing published records from the region and the incorporation of taxonomic revisions derived from the global literature .
barnard , j . l . 1978 . redescription of plioplateia k . h . barnard a genus of amphipod ( crustacea ) from south africa . annals of the south african museum 77 : 45 - 55 . [ links ]
bousfield , e . l . 1982 . the amphipod superfamily talitroidea in the northeastern pacific region . 1 : family talitridae : systematics and distributional ecology . national museums ofcanada . publications in biological oceanography 11 : 1 - 73 . [ links ]
bousefield , e . l . & kendall , j . a . 1994 . the amphipod superfamily dexaminoidea on the north american pacific coast ; families atylidae and dexaminidae : systematics and distributional ecology . amphipacifica 1 : 3 - 66 . [ links ]
jarrett , n . e . & bousefield e . l . 1996 . the amphipod superfamily hadzioidea on the pacific coast of north america : family melitidae . part 1 . the melita group : systematics and distributional ecology . amphipacifica 2 : 3 - 74 . [ links ]
stewart , b . a . & griffiths , c . l . 1992 . further new species within the freshwater amphipod genus paramelita ( crangony - toidea : paramelitidae ) from south africa . journal of natural history ( london ) 26 : 489 - 506 . [ links ]
bousfield , e . l . & hoover , p . w . 1997 . the amphipod superfamily corophioidea on the pacific coast of north america : 5 . family corophiidae : corophiinae , new subfamily : system - atics and distributional ecology . amphipacifica 2 : 67 - 139 . [ links ]
conlan , k . e . & bousfield , e . l . 1982 . the amphipod superfamily corophioidea in the northeastern pacific region . family ampithoidae : systematics and distributional ecology . publications in biological oceanography ; national museum of natural sciences , ottawa 10 : 41 - 73 . [ links ]
núñez - pons , l rodríguez - arias , m gómez - garreta , a ribera - siguán , a and avila , c 2012 . feeding deterrency in antarctic marine organisms : bioassays with the omnivore amphipod cheirimedon femoratus . marine ecology progress series , vol . 462 , issue . , p . 163 .
jarrett , n . e . & bousefield e . l . 1994 . the amphipod superfamily phoxocephaloidea on the pacific coast of north america . family phoxocephalidae . part 2 : subfamilies pontharpiniinae , parharpiniinae , brolginae , phoxocephalinae , and harpiniinae . systematics and distributional ecology . amphipacifica 1 : 71 - 150 . [ links ]
stewart b . a . , griffiths , c . l . & snaddon , k . 1994 . differentiation between populations of the freshwater amphipod paramelita spinicornis ( barnard ) ( crangonyctoidea : parameliti - dae ) with description of a new species . zoological journal ofthe linnean society 111 : 179 - 195 . [ links ]
lowry , j . k . & springthorpe , r . t . 2007 . a revision of the tropical / temperate amphipod genus dulichiella stout , 1912 , and the description of a new atlantic genus verdeia gen . nov . ( crustacea : amphipoda : melitidae ) . zootaxa 1424 : 1 - 62 . [ links ]
three species of marine amphipoda , peramphithoe africana , varohios serratus and ceradocus isimangaliso , are described as new to science and an additional 13 species are recorded from south africa for the first time . twelve of these new records originate from collecting expeditions to sodwana bay in northern kwazulu - natal , while one is an introduced species newly recorded from simon ' s town harbour . in addition , we collate all additions and revisions to the regional amphipod fauna that have taken place since the last major monographs of each group and produce a comprehensive , updated faunal list for the region . a total of 483 amphipod species are currently recognized from continental south africa and its exclusive economic zone . of these , 35 are restricted to freshwater habitats , seven are terrestrial forms , and the remainder either marine or estuarine . the fauna includes 117 members of the suborder corophiidea , 260 of the suborder gammaridea , 105 of the suborder hyperiidea and a single described representative of the suborder ingolfiellidea .
griffiths , c . l . ( 1974 ) . the amphipoda of southern africa . 4 . the gammaridea and caprellidea of the cape province east of cape agulhas . annals of the south african museum . 65 : 251 - 336 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
horton , t . ; lowry , j . ; de broyer , c . ; bellan - santini , d . ; coleman , c . o . ; corbari , l . ; daneliya , m . ; dauvin , j - c . ; fišer , c . ; gasca , r . ; grabowski , m . ; guerra - garcía , j . m . ; hendrycks , e . ; hughes , l . ; jaume , d . ; jazdzewski , k . ; kim , y . - h . ; king , r . ; krapp - schickel , t . ; lecroy , s . ; lörz , a . - n . ; mamos , t . ; senna , a . r . ; serejo , c . ; sket , b . ; souza - filho , j . f . ; tandberg , a . h . ; thomas , j . ; thurston , m . ; vader , w . ; väinölä , r . ; vonk , r . ; white , k . ; zeidler , w . ( 2018 ) . world amphipoda database .
de broyer , c . ; lowry , j . k . ; jazdzewski , k . & robert , h . ( 2007 ) . catalogue of the gammaridean and corophiidean amphipoda ( crustacea ) of the southern ocean , with distribution and ecological data . in : de broyer c . ( ed . ) . census of antarctic marine life : synopsis of the amphipoda of the southern ocean . vol . i . bulletin de l ' institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , biologie . 77 , suppl . 1 : 1 - 325 . [ details ]
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this article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .
lindner , alberto cairns , stephen d . cunningham , clifford w . and desalle , robert 2008 . from offshore to onshore : multiple origins of shallow - water corals from deep - sea ancestors . plos one , vol . 3 , issue . 6 , p . e2429 .
museum für naturkunde , institut für systematische zoologie , invalidenstraße 43 , d - 10115 berlin , germany , e - mail : oliver . coleman @ urltoken
from the scotia arc is described in detail . this is the first record of the family dikwidae in the southern ocean . the white species was caught in water depth of 270–290 metres during the antarctic autumn , living on the red hydrocoral ( hydrozoa )
. it has a carinate pereon and pleon , no eyes and the head is telescoped into the first pereon segment . the first gnathopod is propodochelate , the second gnathopod is simple . the only known species of the family is
in having dorsal processes on all pereonites and the first coxa being twice as long as the second . an intraspecific variation of the shape of the telson was observed .
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town and traditional emirate , borno state , nigeria . the town lies near the yedseram river , which flows into lake chad , and has road connections to . . .
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afr . nat . history ( online ) vol . 9 suppl . cape town jan . 2013
i department of biological sciences & marine research institute , university of capetown , rondebosch , 7700 south africa ii department of biological sciences & marine research institute , university of capetown , rondebosch , 7700 south africa e - mail : charles . griffiths @ urltoken
keywords : amphipoda , south africa , taxonomy , biodiversity , species list , new species .
the ingolfiellidae of the wider southern african region have been described by griffiths ( 1989 , 1991 ) , but of these only one marine , interstitial species , ingolfiella berrisfordi , has been recorded from within south africa itselfand this is thus the only representative included here . the larger , cave - dwelling , freshwater species are presently formally known only from namibia , zaire and zambia , although south african records can be expected . indeed , samples ofat least one freshwater ingolfiellid from the northern cape province of south africa have been informally reported to the authors , although to date these remain unidentified .
only seven species ofterrestrial amphipods ( two ofwhich are introduced ) are known from south africa and these are all illustrated and described in griffiths ( 1999 ) . no additional species have been reported since that time .
ampithoe ramondi j . l . barnard 1970 : 50 , figs 18 - 19 ( non audouin , 1826 ) .
ampithoe kava hughes & lowry 2009 : 161 - 164 , figs 5 - 6 .
collected from intertidal beds of the seagress thalasso - dendron cillatum on jesser point , sodwana bay , kwazulu - natal , march 2010 . deposited in iziko south african museum under catalogue number sam a48146 .
this represents the first record ofthis species from south africa . a . kava is widely distributed in the indo - pacific , previous records including the red sea , mauritius , australia , tonga , fiji and hawaii . a . kava is similar to a . ramondi , but differs in the male gnathopod 2 ; in a . ramondi the thumb - like process is separated from the palm by a round - bottomed excavation , whereas in a . kava it is separated by an acute cleft . a . kava also has a ventral rounded spur on the distal end of uropod 1 , which is absent in a . ramondi .
ampithoe cavimana sivaprakasam 1970 : 65 - 68 , fig . 1 ; ledoyer 1982 : 116 - 117 , fig . 37 .
cymadusa cavimana appadoo & myers 2004 : 343 ; hughes & lowry 2009 : 174 - 178 , figs 13 - 14 .
recorded from algal turfs in 1 - 7 . 5 m of water off jesser point in sodwana bay , kwazulu - natal , in march 2010 . deposited in the iziko south african museum under catalogue number sam a48147 .
this is a new record for south africa , and the african mainland . this species has previously been found in india , australia , indonesia , madagascar and mauritius . c . cavimana is notable for the shape of the palmar process on gnathopod , which forms a flattened platform for the swollen tip of the dactyl . it differs from c . filosa , the only other cyamadusa species known from south africa , based on the form of gnathopod 2 , but also on the number ofsetae on the margins of coxae 1 - 4 , c . filosa having setae all along this margin , and c . cavimana having only a patch of slender setae on the later coxae .
although we maintain the original name for this species , some clarification of the reasons for doing so is required . the species was first described as the type of a new genus by k . h . barnard ( 1916 ) , but griffiths ( 1979 ) proposed that the genetic distinction between ampithoe and macropisthopus , which is based largely on the expanded , oar - like pereiopod 5 in the former , was inadequate to distinguish between genera , and suggested that they should be amalgamated under the name ampithoe . this recommendation appears to have gone unnoticed in the subsequent literature , which has included revision of ampithoe itself by conlan & bousefield ( 1982 ) . since m . stebbingi also continues to be recognized as the type of the monotypic genus macropisthopus in the subsequent monograph by j . l . barnard & karaman ( 1991 ) we consider it best to retract the proposal to amalgamate the genera and to retain the original generic name .
amphithoe humeralis griffiths 1979 : 132 - 133 , figs 1 - 3 ( non stimpson , 1864 ) .
non perampithoe humeralis conlan & bousfield 1982 : 61 - 63 , fig . 11 .
conlan & bousfield ( 1982 ) place a . humeralis in their new genus perampithoe , but suggested that the south african specimens described by griffiths ( 1979 ) represent a separate species , based on various differences in the shape and structure ofthe limbs and mouthparts . since an illustrated description of the south african material has already been published by griffiths ( 1979 ) , the species described there is now simply elevated to species rank . the type material was previously deposited in the iziko south african museum under catalogue number sam a13660 .
ampithoe falsa k . h . barnard 1932 : 34 ; 1937 170 - 171 ; ruffo 1969 : 57 - 62 , figs 18 - 20 .
the best available description ofthis species is the detailed one given by ruffo ( 1969 ) and the species is listed here since it has been reallocated to the new genus perampithoe by conlan & bousefield ( 1982 ) .
this species has been redescribed in detail by myers ( 1976 ) and subsequently moved to the genus autonoe by myers ( 1988 ) .
transferred to the genus bembos in the course of a revision of the subfamily by myers ( 1988 ) .
moved to bembos by myers ( 1981 ) and then again to xenocheira in j . l . barnard & karaman ( 1991 ) .
metaproto novaehollandiae guerra - garcía & lowry 2009 : 313 - 315 , fig . 12 .
added to the fauna based on a first record in south africa by mccain & steinberg ( 1970 ) .
corophium ascherusicum costa ( partim ) k . h . barnard 1916 : 272 - 274 .
the samples collected from durban bay by k . h . barnard in 1915 ( barnard 1916 ) and which he identified as c . ascherusicum were re - examined by crawford ( 1937 ) who noted that they comprise a mixture of both what is now mono - corophium ascherusicum and the now widely distributed introduced form apocorophium acutum .
this appears to have been overlooked by subsequent authors , who failed to list a . acutum as part of the regional fauna .
formerly incorrectly synonymized with cheiriphotis megacheles , but differs from that species on the basis of its oblique palm and biramus uropod 3 .
corophium acherusicum bousfield 1973 : 201 , pl . lxii . 2 . moved to monocorophium from corophium by bousfield & hoover ( 1997 ) .
griffiths ( 1976a ) listed two south african representatives of the genus siphonoecetes , but the genus had subsequently been divided into three subgenera by just ( 1983 ) . two of these subgenera are found in south africa . the subgenus centraloecetes , which is characterized by a row of long pectinate setae along the distal margin of the peduncle of uropod 3 and by having spines only on articles 2 and 3 of the flagellum of antenna 2 , is represented by s . delavallei , first reported by k . h . barnard ( 1925 ) . the subgenus orientocetes , which lacks pectinate setae on the distal margin of the peduncle of uropod 3 and has several strong spines along each margin of article 1 , as well as on articles 2 and 3 of antenna 2 , is represented by s . ( orientocetes ) orientalis , first reported by k . h . barnard ( 1916 ) .
here we provide the first confirmed record of a third species s . ( orientocetes ) erythraeus from south africa , although divers have in fact been aware of the existence of this species for some time , referring to it by the common name ' jumping sand ' ( jones 2008 ) .
siphonoecetes ( orientocetes ) erythraeus samples were collected by hand from sandy substrata at 18 m depth in false bay ( collector georgina jones ) . the specimens agree closely with those described and figured by ledoyer ( 1982 ) and are hence not figured again here . they are best distinguished from s . ( orientocetes ) orientalis by having a single spine on the palms of both gnathopods 1 and 2 ( as opposed to five on gnathopod 1 and four on gnathopod 2 in s . orientalis ) . the most distinctive characteristic in the field is , however , the distinctive y - shaped abode and unusual mode of locomotion . the tubular stem of the abode is formed of a variety ofcemented gastropod shells , calcareous polychaete tubes , barnacle shells , sand grains , etc , while the two branches each consist of a single flat piece of shell or stone ( see image on p . 95 ofjones 2008 ) . the animal moves either by crawling slowly forward or by flicking the enlarged second antennae against the substratum , resulting in the unusual mode of backward jumping locomotion that gives it the common name ' jumping sand ' . similar modes of locomotion in other siphonoecetinae are described by just ( 1988 ) , who gives a detailed account ofvarious abodes and modes of locomotion within this group .
syncyamusaequus lincoln & hurley , 1981 : 188 - 194 , figs 1 - 3 .
described as a new species ectoparasitic on common , blue - white and indo - pacific bottlenosed dolphins collected on the eastern cape and kwazulu - natal coasts of south africa . notable for its small adult size of less than 3 mm .
africoecetes armatus just 1983 : 133 : just 1984 : 229 - 234 , figs 4 - 6 .
just ( 1983 ) provided a revision of the subfamily siphono - ecetinae in which he erected and diagnosed the new genus africoecetes to accommodate the species described by griffiths ( 1974c ) . in a subsequent paper ( just 1984 ) he also provided a full redescription of the species .
ericthonius difformis chevreux & fage 1925 , 354 - 355 , fig . 362 ; myers & mcgrath 1984 : 387 - 388 , figs 5 - 6 .
this species was recorded from the south african naval harbour ( previously a british royal navy facility ) at simonstown , near cape town , in may 2013 , where it co - occurs with e . braziliensis . the material is deposited in iziko south african museum under catalogue number sam a48240 .
ericthonius difformis can be distinguished from e . brasil - iensis by the form of the enlarged male gnathopod 2 . in e . brasiliensis this bears a large postero - distal projection that terminates in two teeth , separated by a v - shaped incision . in e . difformis the projection is undivided and ends as a single tooth . this species appears to be introduced from its native range in britain and the north sea , probably on a naval vessel .
this species is recorded here for the first time in south africa . it was found in october 2009 in sodwana bay , northern kwazulu - natal , in algal turfs on two - mile reef , at 22 m depth and is depositied in the iziko south african museum under catalogue number sam a48148 .
this species was known previously from madagascar and mauritius . e . ledoyeri differs from e . brasiliensis and e . pugnax mainly in the form of gnathopod 2 : e . ledoyeri having a distinct palm on article 6 , and a series of spines on the lower margin of the expanded tooth of article 5 . pereiopod 3 also differs between the species of this genus , having an ovoid article 2 in e . ledoyeri , as opposed to e . brasiliensis , where it is quadrate and e . pugnax , where it has a distinct lobe .
collected in 1995 from 1 - 5 m depth amongst fouling on mussel rafts adjacent to port elizabeth harbour .
this species is here recorded from south africa for the first time , although it has a wide indo - pacific distribution , including australia , new zealand , japan , korea , india , madagascar and mauritius . the specimens agree closely with those described and figured by ledoyer ( 1982 ) and are hence not figured again here . e . pugnax can be distinguished from e . brasiliensis , which has long been known from the region , by the form of pereiopod 3 ( = p5 in the numbering system used by ledoyer ) . in e . brasiliensis article 2 is quadrate , but in e . pugnax it is postero - distally extended to form a hooked lobe . the form of gnathopod 2 , with its expanded toothed article 5 , is distinctive in species of this genus , but is very variable within species , depending on state of maturity ( see fig . 239 of ledoyer ( 1986 ) ) .
jassa marmorata conlan 1990 : 2053 - 2055 , figs 2 - 6 , 17 .
conlan ( 1990 ) revised the genus jassa , and provided a key to worldwide species . she placed south african specimens of jassa falcata in one of three species : j . marmorata , j . morinoi and j . slatteryi .
jassa morinoi conlan 1990 : 2057 - 2058 , figs 2 - 6 , 8 , 10 , 19 .
jassa slatteryi conlan 1990 : 2058 - 2059 , figs 2 - 10 , 20 .
notopomaafricana lowry & berents 1996 : 91 - 95 , figs 9 - 12 .
lemboides crenatipalma k . h . barnard 1916 : 240 - 242 , pls28 . aorchoides crenatipalma myers & lyons 1987 : 268 - 272 , figs 1 - 3 .
myers & lyons ( 1987 ) transfered this species from lemboides to aorchoides ledoyer , 1972 .
male 2 . 5 mm , from algal turf at 12 m on two - mile reef , sodwana bay , kwazulu - natal , south africa . 1 october 2010 . sam a48143 .
female 2 . 6 mm , from algal turf at 12 m on two - mile reef , sodwana bay , kwazulu - natal , south africa . 1 october 2010 . sam a48144 .
five specimens from 12 m at four buoy on two - mile reef , sodwana bay , south africa 1 . october 2009 . two specimens from 22 m bikini reef off two - mile reef , sodwana bay , kwazulu - natal , south africa . 2 october 2009 .
eyes ovoid , semi - transparent with a black core . antenna 2 inset , well behind antenna 1 insertion . accessory flagellum small , 2 - articulate , with second articel much smaller than first . mandibular palp 3 - articulate , with clavate distal article . maxilla 1 with 2 - articulate palp . maxilliped with 4 - articulate palp .
gnathopod 1 greatly enlarged and chelate , with only six articles . article 5 is produced distally into a long curved chela ; the other is formed by the dactyl . gnathopod 1 dactyl with a hooked protuberance . palm with a secondary tooth near the hinge . interior surface of fifth article covered in long setae . gnathopod 2 is subchelate and smaller than gnathopod 1 . cutting edge of dactyl with several proxi - mally - pointing teeth , and palm with flange with undulating margin on the interior side . pereiopods 3 and 4 similar ; 7 segmented with article 4 overhanging 5 anteriorly . basis of pereiopods 5 - 7 enlarged , being almost circular on pereiopod 5 , pear - shaped on 6 and oval on 7 . epimeral plates rounded .
uropods biramous . uropod 1 with long ventral spine on peduncle . uropod 2 rami unequal . outer rami slightly shorter than inner . uropod 3 with small second segment on outer ramus . telson with a dorso - distal depression flanked by a lateral boss on each side . each side is tipped with a large spine , three setae and two setules . distal to each boss is a small proximally pointing spine , and a setule .
in alcohol , specimens have patches of dark pigment behind the eye , dorsally and on coxal plate 1 and 4 , the bases of the pleopods and the peduncle of uropod 1 .
the genus varohios was established by j . l . barnard ( 1979 ) for members of the neomegamphopidae that exhibit a highly chelate , 6 - articulate gnathopod 1 in the male . barnard hypothesized that in the adult male articles 6 and 7 fuse , as the related genus neomegamphopus is carpochelate , with a projection on the propodus , which could be analagous to the boss on the distal segment of varohios .
this new species is allocated in varohios primarily because of the form of gnathopod 1 , which displays the chelate propodus and fused dactyl characteristic ofthe genus . there are currently three species recognized in the genus varohios . v . topianus possess a similar gnathopod 1 to specimens from this study , but lacks any serration on the secondary palmar tooth . article 5 ofgnathopod 1 is also longer in v . topianus than in v . serratus . , with a length to width ratio of about 3 : 1 as opposed to 2 : 1 . the telsons of v . pseudochelatus and v chelatus bear fewer long setae than v serratus , with v . pseudochelatus bearing none , and v . chelatus with one on each side . v . serratus also differs from v . pseudochelatus and v . chelatus by gnathopod 1 , which is only moderatelychelate in those species . in v . chelatus , as illustrated by walker ( 1904 ) , gnathopod 1 bears seven articles , instead of the six typical of adult males of the genus . however , walker noted that his specimen may be a juvenile , which are known to bear seven articles .
amaryllis macrophthalma ledoyer 1986 : 718 - 720 , fig . 275 ( ? non haswell 1880 ) .
lowry & stoddart ( 2002 ) suggested that published african specimens actually belong in erikus , and differ from the type specimen of a . macrophthalma . this requires further investigation . both amaryllis and erikus were moved from lysianassidae to amaryllididae by lowry & stoddart ( 2002 ) .
lowry & stoddart ( 2002 ) placed b . conocephala in their new genus , devo , which they placed in the family amarylli - didae .
this species was incorrectly placed in eusiridae , based on mouthpart morphology , body carination and gnathopod shape and was moved to amathillopsidae by lowry ( 2006 ) .
triodis insignis k . h . barnard 1916 : 140 - 142 , pl . 24 . triodos has been synonymized with ampelisca by karaman & barnard ( 1981 ) .
gitanopsis mariae griffiths 1973 : 275 , fig . 4 . karaman ( 1980 ) created a new genus , rostrogitanopsis , for g . mariae .
recorded for the first time in south africa by griffiths ( 1977 ) from 550 - 860 m depth off natal ( now kwazulu - natal ) . formerly listed under family dexaminidae , this group has now been reallocated to subfamily lepechinellinae within the family atylidae , following bousfield & kendall ( 1994 ) .
atylus granulosus ledoyer 1982 : 332 - 334 , fig . 123 . nototropis granulosus k . h . barnard 1955 : 90 , fig . 40 . formerly in dexaminidae , this group has now been placed in its own subfamily nototropiinae within the family atylidae following bousfield & kendall ( 1994 ) .
nototropis guttatus bousfield & kendall 1994 : 28 - 29 , fig . 13 . as above , formerly placed in family dexaminidae , but now in the new subfamily nototropiinae within the family atylidae , following bousfield & kendall ( 1994 ) .
atylus homochir griffiths 1976a : 38 . nototropis homochir stebbing 1910 : 455 ; bousfield & kendall 1994 : 28 .
as above , formerly in dexaminidae , but now in the new subfamily nototripiinae , within atylidae , following the revision by bousfield & kendall ( 1994 ) .
a minute ( 0 . 8 mm ) species described from interstitial sands in table bay and currently only known from the type locality , although probably much more widespread and overlooked by other workers , due to its small size .
j . l . barnard & karaman ( 1991 ) combined calliopiidae with eusiridae . however , subsequent publications retain the family ( bousfield & hendrycks 1997 ) . south african genera include calliopiella schellenberg 1925 and metale - ptamphopus chevreux 1911 .
cheirocratus inermis griffiths 1975 : 121 , fig . 5 ; ledoyer 1982 : 451 - 452 , fig . 170 .
j . l . barnard & drummond ( 1982 ) erected a new genus , incratella , for c . inermis . ren ( 2006 ) created the newfamily , cheirocratidae , and placed incratella in it . this article is in chinese , but a synopsis of the family is provided in english by coleman & lowry ( 2009 ) .
specimens were collected from quarter - mile reef in sodwana bay , northern kwazulu - natal at 7 . 5 m depth on 4 october 2009 and deposited in the iziko south african museum under catalogue number sam a48149 .
this species was described from madagascar and is here recorded from south africa for the first time . colomastix armata is distinguishable from other colomastix species of the region by article 6 of pereiopods 1 to 5 , which have a strongly denticulate hind margin . the inner ramus of uropod 1 on males is also notable , being longer than the outer ramus , and inwardly curved .
colomastix plumosa ledoyer 1982 : 158 , fig . 55 ; lyons & myers 1990 : 1220 - 1221 , fig . 19 ; lecroy 2009 : 360 - 363 , figs 7 - 8 .
specimens were collected from seagrass beds in rock pools along jesser point , sodwana bay in northern kwazulu - natal in march 2010 and are deposited in iziko south african museum under catalogue number sam a48150 .
this species is known from madagascar , australia , japan and the red sea , and is here recorded from south africa for the first time . c . plumosa is distinct from the other colomastix species ofthe region , having denselysetose rami on uropods 2 and 3 .
yulumara improvisa griffiths 1976b : 17 - 19 , fig . 4 . described from oudekraal on the cape peninsula , in the holdfasts of kelps , laminaria pallida .
the four south african cyphocaris species are moved from lysianassidae to their own family , cyphocariidae , as established by lowry & stoddart ( 1997 ) .
described from oudekraal , on the cape peninsula , in the holdfasts of the kelp laminaria pallida .
described from oudekraal on the west coast of the cape peninsula , on the holdfasts of kelps , laminaria pallida .
coleman & barnard ( 1991 ) created the new family epimeriidae . south african members of this family include epimeria cornigera , epimeria longispinosa and epimeria semiarmata .
eurythenes obesus stoddart & lowry 2004 : 445 - 451 , figs 12 - 15 .
stoddart & lowry ( 2004 ) created the familyeurytheneidae for eurythenes and redescribed e . obesus .
eurythenes gryllus stoddart & lowry 2004 : 429 - 445 , figs 1 - 11 .
eurythenes gryllus is removed from synonymy with e . obesus . stoddart & lowry ( 2004 ) redescribed the species and placed it in eurytheneidae .
parhyale hawaiensis ledoyer 1986 : 1013 - 1014 , fig . 400 ; stock 1987 : 180 - 182 , figs 1 - 9 .
iphimedia excisa watling & holman 1980 : 619 ; j . l . barnard & karaman 1991 : 395 .
now included in the genus iphemedia by watling & holman ( 1980 ) and subsequent authors .
iphimedia gibba watling & holman 1980 : 619 , fig . 4 ; barnard & j . l . karaman 1991 : 195 . watling & holman ( 1980 ) redescribed this species and transfered it to iphimedia .
karaman & barnard ( 1979 ) transfered this species from panoploea to cypsiphimedia , but barnard & karamen ( 1991 ) subsequently amalgamated this genus with iphimedia .
izinkala fihla griffiths 1977 : 116 , fig . 6 - 7 ; ledoyer 1986 : 768 - 770 , fig . 298 .
described from kwazulu - natal by griffiths ( 1977 ) this genus has recentlybeen moved to its own family by lowry & stoddard ( 2010 ) .
leucothoe euryonyx krapp - schickel 1975 : 98 , pl . 4 ; ledoyer 1986 : 658 - 661 , figs 246 , 251 . krapp - schickel ( 1975 ) placed l . dentitelson in synonymy with l . euryonyx .
isipingus epistomatus j . l . barnard & karaman 1987 : 864 . j . l . barnard & karaman ( 1987 ) created a new genus , isipingus , for l . epistomata .
j . l . barnard & karaman ( 1991 ) created the genus sept - carnes for s . septimus . lowry & stoddart ( 1997 ) subsequently synonymized septcarnes with socarnopsis .
krapp - schickel ( 2008 ) created a new family , maeridae , from 40 melitid genera . south african genera included in maeridae are ceradocus , elasmopoides , elasmopus , jerbarnia , maera , mallacoota , othomaera , parelasmopus , quadrimaera , quadrivisio and zygomaera .
male 6 mm , from thalassodendron ciliatum bed in a rockpool on jesser point , sodwana bay , kwazulu - natal , south africa . 3 march 2010 , sam a48141 .
male 7 . 5 mm , from thalassodendron ciliatum bed 1 . 5 m subtidally , off jesser point , sodwana bay , kwazulu - natal , south africa . 2 march 2010 . sam a48142 .
body length 6 mm . antenna 1 ofunequal length , with the left antennae being half body length and shorter than the right , which measures approximately two - thirds body length . accessory flagellum 4 - articulate on the left , and 7 - articulate on the right .
head with subocular notch . eyes dark and compact . mandible with 3 - articulate palp . first article with distal projection , molar with serrated setae . maxilla 1 inner plate triangular , outer plate with distally serrated setae and forked setae . palp with two articles . maxilla 2 inner plate with two fringing rows of setae and an oblique row of long setae . inner plate with several rows of distal setae . maxilli - pedal palp 4 - articulate . article 2 longest at 2 . 5 times length of article 1 . gnathopods subchelate . gnathopod 1 smaller than 2 , ventral edge of article 4 produced distally into a tooth . ventral margins of articles 4 - 6 densely setose . article 5 and 6 subequal . palm not well defined , but with several short spines . two spines on hind margin . gnathopod 2 asymmetrical , that of right side larger . palm oblique , with two palmar notches . palmar corner defined by a large tooth .
metasome segments 1 - 3 serrated dorsally . all have fine teeth of approximately equal size . segment 1 with 24 teeth , segment 2 with 27 teeth and segment 3 with 27 teeth . epimeral plates 1 and 2 with fine tooth at end of crease and defined corner tooth . epimeral plate 3 with two teeth below corner tooth and eight along posterior margin .
urosome segments 1 and 2 serrated dorsally : urosome segment 1 with 10 teeth of approximately equal size , and urosome segment 2 with nine irregular teeth . uropod 3 rami semi - quadrate , less than twice length of peduncle . telson deeply cleft , with a combination of long and short terminal spines , 6 - 8 in number . one inner subterminal spine on each side in the cleft between the two halves ofthe telson . fine lateral setae .
this species is typical of ceradocus with enlarged , subchelate gnathopod 2 , pleon denticulate dorsally and extended uropod 3 . it is allocated to the subgenus denticeradocus because of its dorsally multidentate metasome segments 1 - 3 . there are 35 species in the genus ceradocus , 18 of which are assigned to denticeradocus .
gnathopod 2 of c . isimangaliso is quite similar to c . rubromaculatus , but the epimeral plates 1 and 2 are smooth , not deeply serrated as in c . rubromaculatus . c . mahala - fiensis is also close to c . isimangaliso with a similar gnathopod 2 and unserrated epimeral plates 1 and 2 . however , the dorsal teeth on urosome segments 1 and 2 are too few , being 5 and 4 in c . mahalafiensis and 11 and 9 in c . isimangaliso . c . tattersalli has similar epimeral plates to c . isimangaliso , but the male gnathopod 2 is very oblique , and lacks a defining tooth at the corner of the palm . the telsons of c . rubromaculatus , c . mahalafiensis and c . tatter - salli also differ from c . isimangaliso , with fewer terminal spines , and lacking the inner spine along the cleft .
ceradocus rubromaculatus sheard 1939 : 299 , 277 ; j . l . barnard 1972 : 220 - 221 , fig . 129 .
although recent literature treats c . capensis as valid , k . h . barnard re - examined c . rubromaculatus from the region and suggested that , based on the characters sheard used , c . capensis falls within the natural variation of c . rubro - maculatus .
elasmopus alalo lowry & hughes 2009 : 646 - 649 , figs 1 - 2 .
current specimens were collected from seagrass beds on jesser point , sodwana bay in northern kwazulu - natal in march 2010 and are depositied in the iziko south african museum under catalogue number sam a48151 .
this species is a new record for south africa . it is widely distributed in the indo - pacific , including australia , madagascar , mauritius , micronesia , the south china sea and tonga . the male gnathopod 2 of e . alalo is sparsely setose , with numerous spines . the dactyl folds into a sinus on the palm , and is approximately half the length of the propodus . e . alalo may be differentiated from e . affinis , which shows a similar gnathopod 2 , by the distal article ofthe mandibular palp , which is elongate ( three times longer than broad ) , while that in e . affinis is short . the telson also differs between e . alalo and e . affinis , with e . alalo having pointed inner lobes , and e . affinis having rounded ones .
krapp - schickel ( 2001 ) divided maera into seven genera , and placed m . lobata in orthomaera .
described from stillbaai , in shelly sand . krapp - schickel ( 2001 ) divided maera into seven genera , and placed m . lobata in orthomaera .
krapp - schickel ( 2001 ) divided maera into seven genera , and places m . komma in synonymy with orthomaera simplex .
recorded from shallow seagrass beds off jesser point in sodwana bay , northern kwazulu - natal and deposited in the iziko south african museum under catalogue number sam a48125 .
previously recorded by griffiths ( 1973 ) from southern mozambique and hence listed by griffiths ( 1976b ) , as that guide covers the wider southern african region . this study extends the range for the first time into south africa itself . krapp - schickel ( 2001 ) divided maera into seven genera , and placed m . pacifica in quadrimaera .
krapp - schickel ( 2001 ) divided maera into seven genera and placed m . emarginata in her new genus zygomaera .
dulichiella appendiculata jarrett & bousfield 1996 : 13 , figs 5 - 6 ; lowry & springthorpe 2007 : 12 - 19 , figs 7 - 10 .
jarrett & bousfield ( 1996 ) moved m . appendiculata to the genus dulichiella . however , in their detailed revision of the genus lowry & springthorpe ( 2007 ) considered it unlikely that the south african material in fact represents the true d . appendiculata , which has a north american distribution . the south african material should thus be re - examined to ascertain its correct identity .
described from 550 m depth off northern kwazulu - natal , but subequently transferred to nuannu by lowry & watson ( 2002 ) .
specimens were collected from two - mile reefin sodwana bay , northern kwazulu - natal , at 22 m depth in october 2009 and are depositied in the iziko south african museum under catalogue number sam a48152 .
melita excavata is a new record for south africa . formerly , this species has been known only from a single specimen from madagascar . m . excavata may be distinguished from the other south african melita species by the pattern of dorsal teeth on pleon segments 1 to 5 , being 3 - 3 - 0 - 3 - 5 . male specimens also have a characteristic gnathopod 2 , with an enlarged dactyl tip which fits into a sinus on the palm . in his description of the species , ledoyer suggested that the male gnathopods were equal , but could not confirm it , because his specimen was damaged . the sodwana bay material is intact , and confirms that both gnathopods are of equal size .
karaman & barnard ( 1979 ) erected the new genus victoriopisa to accommodate this and two other species , but karaman ( 1984 ) subsequently moved this species once again to another new genus roropisa .
melita subchelata k . h . barnard 1932 : 211 , fig . 130 . verdeia subchelata lowry & springthorpe 2007 : 55 - 57 , fig . 41 - 44 .
lowry & springthorpe ( 2007 ) created the new genus verdeia and placed m . subchelata in it .
karaman & j . l . barnard ( 1979 ) erected the new genus victoriopisa to accommodate this species , as well as the australian australiensis ( chilton 1923 ) and south african epistomata ( griffiths 1974a ) , but the latter has subse - quently been moved once again to roropisa ( see above ) . karaman ( 1984 ) recognized the south african form as a separate subspecies .
pereionotus alaniphlias ledoyer 1986 : 869 - 872 , fig . 342 ; lyons & myers 1993 : 590 - 593 .
specimens were collected from12 . 5 montwo - mile reefin sodwana bay , northern kwazulu - natal in october 2009 and are depositied in the iziko south african museum under catalogue number sam a48153 .
this species is recorded here from south africa for the first time . it is previously known from fiji , society islands , madagascar , mauritius , india and the red sea . p . alaniphlias is distinguished from p . natalensis by the dorsal margin of the metasome : p . alaniphlias having a strong row of dorsal carinae . article 2 of pereiopod 5 in p . alaniphlias is also ovoid , rather than extending into a broad lobe , as it is in p . natalensis .
palinnotus natalensis k . h . barnard 1940 : 445 - 446 , fig . 22 . pereionotus natalensis ledoyer 1986 : 872 , fig . 343 . palinnotus has been treated as a synonym of pereionotus by ledoyer ( 1986 ) and subsequent authorities .
the genus basuto was created by barnard & drummond ( 1978 ) to accommodate the former m . stimpsoni . jarrett & bousfield ( 1994 ) suggested that the m . stimpsoni depicted by griffiths ( 1976a ) differed from the m . stimpsoni of j . l . barnard ( 1957 ) , and may represent an undescribed basuto sp . however , these field guide illustrations may not have been drawn with sufficient taxonomic accuracy for such a distinction to be made . nevertheless , the current identification should be checked .
mandibulophoxus latipes griffiths 1976b : 27 - 30 , figs 9 - 10 . griffithsius latipes jarrett & bousefield 1994 : 76 , fig . 2 ; hoffmann 2003 : 1 - 3 , figs 1 - 13 .
described from intertidal sandy beaches in namibia and the cape peninsula . placed into its own genus by jarrett & bousfield ( 1994 ) .
platischnopus herdmani griffiths 1976a : 65 , fig . 39b ( non walker 1904 ) .
indischnopus capensis j . l . barnard & drummond 1979 : 33 - 37 , figs 19 - 20 .
j . l . barnard & drummond ( 1979 ) created the new genus indischnopus and revived the name i . capensis for south african material , which was previously allocated to i . herd - mani . i . herdmani remains a valid species , but is confined to india and sri lanka and differs from south african material .
j . l . barnard & karaman ( 1991 ) combined pontogeneiidae with eusiridae . however , subsequent publications retain the family ( bousfield & hendrycks 1995 ) . south african genera include dautzenbergia , eusiroides , paramoera and paramoerella .
dautzenbergia grandimana griffiths 1977 : 109 - 112 , fig . 3 . recorded for the first time in south africa by griffiths ( 1977 ) from benthic samples collected off kwazulu - natal .
a minute ( 2 . 2 mm ) interstitial species described from intertidal sand in table bay . probably far more widespread , but overlooked by other workers , who conventionally work with a sieve size too course to collect this tiny species .
bathyporeia cunctator d ' udekem d ' acoz & vader 2005 : 2767 - 2772 , figs 5 - 8 .
south african representatives ofthis genus were listed by earlier authors either ( incorrectly ) as b . gracilis , oras bathyporeia sp . d ' udekem d ' acoz & vader erected three new species from the region , but one ofthese , b . griffithsi , is so far recorded only from namibia , so is excluded from the present listing .
the genus bathyporeia was formerly included in family haustoriidae by griffiths ( 1976a ) .
bathyporeia gladiura d ' udekem d ' acoz & vader 2005 : 2772 - 2779 , figs 11 - 15 .
berge & vader ( 2001 ) divided stegocephaloides into two genera and placed s . australis in their new genus austro - cephaloides .
parametopa grandimana griffiths 1974c : 324 , fig . 18 ; griffiths 1977 : 122 - 123 , fig . 10 .
j . l . barnard & karaman ( 1987 ) created the genus knysmetopa for p . grandimana .
described from oudekraal , on the west coast ofthe cape peninsula , from the holdfasts of kelp , laminaria pallida greville .
freshwater species found in small freshwater pools in caves in makapansgat , limpopo province , where they can occur in the same pools as s . robertsi . for an illustrated key to this and other species in the genus , see griffiths & stewart ( 2001 ) .
freshwater form found in boesmans gat cave in the kuruman district , northern cape province , where they occur together with the larger and less abundant s . megacheles .
sternophysinx calceola holsinger 1992 : 116 - 119 , figs 1a - d , 3 - 5 .
a freshwater species easily distinguished from all other species in the genus by the distinctive calceoli on the second antennae of both sexes . found in pools in caves in limpopo and mpumalanga provinces as well as in chaos cave near potchefstroom ( north west province ) where it co - occurs with s . filaris .
distinguished by thread - like setae on posterior margins of pereiopods 5 - 7 . found in freshwater pools in caves and in springs in limpopo and mpumalanga provinces and co - occurs with s . calceola in chaos cave near potchefstroom ( north west province ) .
sternophysinx megacheles griffiths & stewart 1995 : 81 - 86 , figs 3 - 4 .
known only from freshwater pools in boesmans gat cave in the kuruman district , northern cape province , where found together with the smaller and more common s . basilobata .
k . h . barnard 1927 : 141 - 209 . sternophysinx robertsi holsinger & straskraba 1973 : 72 - 74 , fig . 1 ; griffiths 1981 : 95 , fig . 7b .
sternophysinx transvaalensis holsinger & straskraba 1973 : 76 - 79 , figs 4 - 5 ; griffiths 1981 : 95 , fig . 7c .
a freshwater species reported in surface streams in the northern drakensberg region of kwazulu - natal and mpumalanga provinces . an additional sample has subsequently been collected from caves in the de hoop nature reserve near swellendam in the western cape province ( over 1000 km from the previous unpublished record ) . given the enormous distribution gap between these records genetic analysis ofthese samples would be interesting , as the current distribution , which based on morphological identification , seems unlikely . the specimens identified by k . h . barnard ( 1949 ) as crangonyx ( = sternophysinx ) robertsi were transferred to s . transvaalensis by griffiths ( 1981 ) .
afriorchestia quadrispinosa lowry & coleman 2011 : 58 - 60 : fig . 2 .
lowry & coleman ( 2011 ) erected the new genus afri - orchestia to accommodate a group of west african land - hoppers with sculptures pleosomes and placed t . quadri - spinosa in this genus . further details on the distibution patterns of this species are given by baldanzi et al . ( 2013 ) and an additional new species found on beaches along the south coast of south africa during that study still awaits formal description .
orchestia rectipalma k . h . barnard 1940 : 473 , fig . 32 . bousfield ( 1984 ) established the genus eorchestia , and placed o . rectipalma in it .
talorchestia ancheidos k . h . barnard 1916 : 221 - 222 , pl . 27 , figs 35 , 36 orchestia ancheidos griffiths 1976 : 79 bousfield ( 1984 ) established the genus floresorchestia , and placed o . ancheidos in it .
orchestia platensis bousfield 1973 : 160 , pl . 46 . bousefield ( 1982 ) created the new genus platorchestia with the type species being p . platensis .
formerly temnophiidae ; spelling revised by j . l . barnard & karaman ( 1987 ) to conform with correct latin derivation .
temnophlias hystrix k . h . barnard 1954 : 130 , fig . 8 . j . l . barnard & karaman ( 1987 ) created the genus hystri - phlias for t . hystrix .
lowry & stoddart ( 1992 ) elevated uristinae from a subfamily of lysianassidae to family status . south african genera include euonyx , ichnopus , stephonyx and uristes .
formerly placed in synonomy with i . taurus by griffiths ( 1974c ) . however , upon examination ofthe holotype , lowry & stoddart ( 1992 ) concluded that it should remain a separate species until more complete material can be collected .
lowry & stoddart ( 1989 ) established the genus stephonyx , and placed e . biscayensis in it , but suggested that southern african specimens likely belong to another , as yet undes - cribed , species of stephonyx .
recorded for the first time in south africa by griffiths ( 1977 ) from samples dredged at 550 m off kwazulu - natal .