the santa marta porcupine ( coendou sanctamartae ) is a rodent in the family erethizontidae .

it is known from dry forests on the lower slopes of the sierra nevada de santa marta and serranía del perijá mountains of northern colombia , at altitudes below 500 and 1100 m , respectively , and intervening lowlands , and may also be present in nearby parts of venezuela .

it has been described as a subspecies of c. prehensilis .

its karyotype has 2n = 74 , fn = 82 .

santa marta porcupine

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deniz martinez added the english common name
santa marta porcupine
to
coendou sanctamartae
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north american porcupine - erethizon dorsatum the north american porcupine is found in canada , mexico , and the united states . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : yes roosmalen ' s porcupine - sphiggurus roosmalenorum roosmalen ' s porcupine is found in brazil . source : arkive intended audience : general reading level : middle school teacher section : ye
this rare spiny rat is only known from two specimens from the type locality in the sierra nevada de santa marta , on the caribbean coast of colombia . the only record available is from the town of onaca , magdalena department , at an altitude of approximately 700 m . due to its restricted distribution , this spiny rat is considered as vulnerable .
porcupines have long spiny barbed hairs or quills . they do not shoot their quills , if an attacking animals gets too close to a porcupine , the quills can embed themselves into the attacking animal .
mm is tail . the body is covered with dense spines , pale yellow at the base and black - tipped , and significantly darker on the midback . the bicolored - spined porcupine has a fully
there are records of this porcupine on the cordilleras central and oriental of colombia , at an altitude of between 800 and 3200 m , in the departments of cundinamarca , boyacá , huila , caldas and cauca . currently it is considered to be at lower risk , but there are no studies on its natural history , ecology or population status .
this porcupine is only known from two localities on the western slope of the cordillera oriental , at an altitude of approximately 1300 m , and both records are from the beginning of the 20th century ( 1923 and 1925 ) . currently this species is considered as vulnerable due to habitat destruction and its limited distribution . there is no information about the natural history of this species and no additional collections or sightings are known after 1925 . the type locality of s . vestitus is not near any protected area and there have been no efforts regarding the conservation of this species .
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voss , r . s . 2015 . family erethizontidae bonaparte , 1845 . in : patton , j . l . , pardiñas , u . f . j . and d ' elía , g . ( eds ) , mammals of south america , pp . 786 - 805 . the university of chicago press , chicago .
this species has a considerable geographic variation and this may be a species complex ( marinho - filho and langguth pers . comm . ) . coendou sanctamartae has been combined with coendou prehensilis ( voss 2015 ) , this assessment is of the new broader concept .
justification : this species is listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category .
this species occurs in argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , french guiana , guyana , paraguay , peru , suriname , trinidad and tobago , and venezuela ( barthelmess 2016 , voss 2015 ) .
while the species is rare in some areas , it is generally the common and dominant mammal in others ( voss 2015 ) . coendou sanctamartae has been combined with coendou prehensilis ( voss 2015 ) .
the species is nocturnal , herbivorous , and solitary . it occurs in lowland rainforest , dry forests , and riparian woodlands in savanna landscapes . they feed mostly on fruit , immature seeds , and sometimes bark ( voss 2015 ) .
there are no known conservation measures specific to this species . however , there are several protected areas within its range .
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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there are 18 species in this family . they are found in north , central and south america . they range in size from 17 - 32 inches in length .
porcupines are nocturnal and live alone or in pairs . they have good hearing , but poor eyesight .
while some spcies in this family eat insects , amphibians , and reptiles , most species are herbivores and eat seeds , fruit , nuts , leaves , and other plant parts . porcupines are found in a variety of habitats including coniferous and deciduous forests , mountains , grasslands , and deserts . some species live in trees and others live in burrows or dens in the ground .
status taken from icun redlist . if no status is listed , there is not enough data to establish status .
c . b . bicolor tschudi , 1844 c . b . quichua thomas , 1899 c . b . richardsoni allen , 1913 c . b . simonsi thomas , 1902
eisenberg , j . f . 1989 . mammals of the neotropics , volume 1 - the northern neotropics . pp 391 . university of chicago press , chicago il .
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the overall goal of this project is to assess the conservation status of the rodents sphiggurus vestitus , echinoprocta rufescens , coendou sanctamartae and santamartamys rufodorsalis in colombia . specific objectives are
this species is listed as data deficient in view of its uncertain taxonomic status and the absence of recent information about its extent of occurrence , threats , status and ecological requirements . the species is not currently known from any protected areas .
waza conservation project 10026 is implemented by the universidad de ciencias aplicadas y ambientales , with support provided by papiliorama kerzers and the zoological society for the conservation of species and populations .
tirira , d . , boada , c . , weksler , m . , anderson , r . p . & gómez - laverde , m . ( 2008 ) . coendou sanctamartae . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 20 august 2009 .
woods , c . a . ; kilpatrick , c . w . ( 2005 ) .
infraorder hystricognathi
. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . p . 1547 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
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what a gorgeous setting , just on the eastern edge of tayrona ( it literally takes 5 - 10 mins in the car to one of the entrances to the park ) . communal eating was a nice touch and the food was delicious ! the room was very spacious as well as clean . although the staff don ' t speak english , they were helpful and very understanding . it ' s a perfect place to relax !
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the price you found is 11 % lower than this hotel ' s average rate of $ 103 / night .
if you scroll through other reviews you ' ll get a pretty good idea for this place . in short , it is one of the most beautiful locations and a truly unique property . if you stay in the cabanas ( the house right on the beach ) , it ' s a rustic experience . if you can deal with some inconveniences ( which we considered minor ) , you will love this place . you will literally be sleeping above the beach with the roar of the ocean wooing you to sleep . i emphasize roar - - it is not quiet , although i personally found it calming . you will deal with some bugs ( mosquito nets are provided ) and we had some sort of animal visitor in the middle of the night that chewed through my companion ' s backpack to get to some snacks he forgot to take out of his pack . the beds are also slightly damp due to the constant spray of the ocean and humidity . one thing we weren ' t sure of when we booked this property was if it would allow us easy access to tayrona - - the answer is yes ! ! you simply have to walk up the driveway to the main highway ( about 5 - 10 minutes ) , and then wait for a bus . the park entrance is only a few kilometers down the road . at the end of the day , just take the bus back to the same spot . that being said , most people staying at the property at the same time as us were just relaxing on the beach or the deck . i wish we had stayed longer to also enjoy the peace and tranquility of this place !
this place was stunning . we stayed at the maloka and had a beautiful view of the beaches , forest , and river . it felt unreal . the place was tranquil and it was great having dinner with the handful of the other guests every night . the place was friendly and cooked delicious dinners every night . however , the hotel only provides breakfast and dinner . there are few options for lunch . you may get hungry mid - day so i suggest bringing your own snacks .
looking at the hotel ' s video online can ' t prepare you for the magical feeling of the breeze coursing through the open living space , while you look out at the ocean or up to the mountains . bedrooms are large and open - air ( cold water showers so if you need pampering , look elsewhere ) . meals are shared at one large table so you can meet others from around the world . best of all : walk to two private beaches and if you can surf , it ' s great . don ' t swim in the lagoon . . . there really is a caiman there !
this may be the most beautiful setting on the coast , located on a virtually private beach and overlooking a large lake and mountains . what more could you ask for ? alligators ? barlovento has those too , in the lake ! there are two types of cabins - the original barlovento cabanas with windowless ' cubbies ' perched over the beach . the maloko cabins are more conventional rooms set back from the beach in but overlooking the beautiful lake . these have a great shared deck with hammocks and rocking chairs . we stayed in the original windowless rooms but i think either would be lovely . the advantage of ours was that they felt more unique as the hang over the beach . the downside ( for us at least ) is that the waves were so loud that we actually didn ' t get too much sleep . for other people they may actually help you sleep : ) also they were built 40 years ago so there are some quirks like very steep stairs between rooms and bathroom . we did easy day trips to parque tayrona and hiked a waterfall from here . please note - the staff only speak spanish so prepare your phrase book if you don ' t speak it . we fumbled through . we also really enjoyed the yummy communal dinners - up to 8 people on an open - air table overlooking the ocean . if you like a unique adventure in a gorgeous setting , come here .
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the bull trout ( salvelinus confluentus ) is a char of the family salmonidae native to northwestern north america .

historically , s. confluentus has been known as the " dolly varden " ( s. malma ) , but was reclassified as a separate species in 1980 .

bull trout are listed as a threatened species under the u.s. endangered species act ( 1998 ) and as vulnerable on the iucn red list of threatened species .

bull trout

view maps of bull trout distribution in the watershed on the bull trout species web page .
currently , there are 21 native trout and char species addressed by the western native trout initiative : alaskan kokanee , alaskan lake trout , alaskan fluvial rainbow trout , apache trout , arctic char , arctic grayling , bonneville cutthroat trout , bull trout , california golden trout , coastal cutthroat trout , colorado river cutthroat trout , dolly varden , gila trout , greenback cutthroat trout , lahontan cutthroat trout , little kern golden trout , paiute cutthroat trout , redband trout , rio grande cutthroat trout , westslope cutthroat trout , and yellowstone cutthroat trout .
the official fish of alberta , bull trout are native trout with the largest natural distribution of all trout in the province .
the washington department of fish and wildlife prepared a status report on bull trout in 1992 and subsequently substantially reduced the legal harvest of bull trout statewide . the state considers the bull trout a
declining species .
the brook trout posed another problem for bull trout : it is genetically close enough to bull trout to permit hybridization , though the offspring are infertile . brook trout reproduce faster and can stand slightly warmer , slightly dirtier water than the bull trout , so when the two are in competition the brook trout inevitably wins .
small bull trout eat terrestrial and aquatic insects but shift to preying on other fish as they grow larger . large bull trout are primarily fish predators . bull trout evolved with whitefish , sculpins and other trout and use all of them as food sources .
no one did a bull trout census in 1896 , but what records are available indicate that bull trout populations were healthy at that time . the trout ' s problems almost certainly began with impoundments for irrigation . irrigation creates at least four major problems for bull trout :
feeding behavior and diet of native bull trout salvelinus confluentus and introduced brook trout s . fontinalis in two eastern oregon streams
bull trout are cold - water game fish subject to current alberta sportfishing regulations .
expansions of introduced species also pose a significant threat to bull trout . for example , the non - native brook trout is cause for serious concern . this species is known to displace bull trout , compete for resources and space , and reduce the reproductive capacity of bull trout by interbreeding .
the bull trout that are left are mainly resident trout located in headwaters streams . this means that populations are highly fragmented ; where once the migratory bull trout linked resident bull trout to much of the species ' gene pool , today the residential populations are isolated and vulnerable to habitat degradation .
etwp ; emergency listing of the jarbidge river population segment of bull trout as endangered .
etwp ; determination of threatened status for the jarbidge river population segment of bull trout .
bull trout are long , slim fish with a large head in proportion to the body .
information on the bull trout is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
bull trout are listed as threatened on the endangered species list throughout their north american range .
) comprise a large part of the bull trout diet ( bjornn , 1991 ) . in addition to whitefish bull trout will feed on sculpins , darters or other trout and where applicable , salmon fry ( usfws , 1998 ) .
the department of state lands has voluntarily discontinued timber harvest in management zones along streams inhabited by bull trout . montana department of fish wildlife and parks has also closed nearly all legal harvest of bull trout in the state . in addition , the confluences of important bull trout tributaries are seasonally closed to fishing for the protection of bull trout during spawning . montana is also working on public education concerning bull trout conservation and plans to increase law enforcement efforts to prevent poaching .
bull trout grow slowly in their preferred cold - water areas , and spawn at around five years old , later than other trout species .
bull trout are classified as sensitive in the current general status of alberta wild species report . see :
the governor appointed a ten - member steering committee to make recommendations for bull trout restoration . the steering committee is largely made up of agency personnel and industry representatives , and contains few biologists with bull trout experience . a scientific subcommittee advising the steering committee also lacks practical field experience with the bull trout .
bull trout have olive green to brown coloration with crimson or cream - colored spots on their sides .
and if this isn ' t enough , dolly varden and bull trout face another threat from their cousin , the eastern brook trout . this non - native species can hybridize with both the dollies and bull trout , effectively eliminating them from these areas .
etwp ; 90 - day finding and commencement of status review for a petition to list the bull trout .
montana bull trout restoration team . 2000 . restoration plan for bull trout in the clark fork river basin and kootenai river basin , montana . montana department of fish , wildlife and parks , helena . 116 pages .
bull trout are usually found in pools or backwater areas , instead of fast - moving riffles and rapids .
during the breeding season the bull trout will become more social for the purpose of spawning . larger bull trout during the course of spawning are likely territorial and will keep other inferior males off of the same redd .
bull trout and dolly varden are difficult to distinguish from each other , even for specialists . dolly varden tend to have a more rounded body shape while bull trout have a larger , more flattened head and a more pronounced hook on the lower jaw . some scientists believe that one of the distinguishing characteristics of bull trout is that they do not migrate to saltwater . however , washington biologists have recently found bull trout in puget sound .
while variable , bull trout body coloration is primarily grayish - green , fading to a white or orange belly .
“the big implications are that bull trout can eat a lot of smolts and that the smolt migration is really important to bull trout from a predator perspective , ” furey said . “a lot of times , we focus on the salmon perspective , but the role that these salmon smolts play for bull trout ecology might be quite important . ”
montana has more than half of all surviving bull trout populations , yet it was the first to recognize - - or at least do something about - - the bull trout ' s deteriorating condition . in late 1993 , montana ' s governor set up a bull trout roundtable that will develop and implement a recovery plan in that state .
the bull trout has been extirpated in california and the state lists it as endangered . california has made one attempt to reintroduce the bull trout to the mccloud river but an initial evaluation suggests that the reintroduction has been unsuccessful .
dolly varden and bull trout , both native char , are very closely related to each other and both are found in the dungeness . bull trout require especially high quality , cold water like that found in thedungeness river system .
bull trout are vulnerable to many of the same threats that have reduced salmon populations in the snake river basin . due to their range of preferred cold water habitat conditions and life history requirements , bull trout are also more sensitive to increased water temperatures , poor water quality and degraded stream habitat than many other salmonids . further threats to bull trout include hybridization and competition with non - native brook trout , brown trout and lake trout , overfishing , poaching , and man - made structures that block migration .
since the bull trout remains only a candidate species , the fish & wildlife service is not directly involved with bull trout restoration . while it has provided technical assistance to the states , it has not provided any significant financial aide .
one particular scenario that has been documented occurred in priest lake , idaho . in this instance both brook trout ( s . fontinalis ) and lake trout ( s . namaycush ) were introduced into the drainage . in tributaries feeding the lake , brook trout competed with young bull trout for food and in the lake , lake trout preyed on bull trout ( bjornn , 1991 ) . this eventually took a toll on the bull trout population as this type of predation and competition prevents many from reaching maturity and subsequently reduces number of future spawning stock ( bjornn 1991 ) .
in addition to having their stomachs pumped , the bull trout were measured before release . ( credit : andrew lotto )
life for the bull trout was complicated further by the construction of major dams throughout the columbia river drainage system . between them , the dams and irrigation wiped out many , if not most , of the migratory varieties of bull trout .
in terms of absolute numbers , plenty of bull trout are left . state fish biologists have identified a total of 438 different populations . the total northwest - wide bull trout population may be between 0 . 5 and 1 million individuals .
it is possible for male bull trout to spawn with more than one female . although the species is not monogamous , some evidence has been documented that male and female bull trout can pair up during migration ( bjornn , 1991 ) .
bull trout and dolly varden are highly predatory fish ; their anadromous migration patterns may enable them to pursue juvenile salmon .
although other bull trout populations are known to extensively utilize the upper reaches of their watersheds , there appeared to be little use of the upper reaches of the cedar river by bull trout . electro - fishing surveys were focused in these upper reaches so as to more fully understand the ecology of bull trout in the less densely utilized reaches of the stream network .
close observation finally revealed that the bull trout is a river brown trout that migrates downstream after spawning to live in the tidal estuary . unlike sea trout , the bull trout does not go through a smolt stage , because it can cope with the brackish waters of the estuary without making the physiological adaptations needed for survival in sea water . bull trout normally take on a sandy coloration which blends with the colour of the estuary water and substrate , just as river and lake brown trout become camouflaged to the waters that they inhabit .
long , m . h . 1997 . sociological implications of bull trout management in northwest montana : illegal harvest and game warden efforts to deter poaching . pp 71 - 73 in : mackay , w . c . , m . k . brewin and m . monita , editors . friends of the bull trout conference proceedings . bull trout task force ( alberta ) , c / o trout unlimited canada , calgary .
oregon and washington are working on bull trout conservation too , but their efforts are less than those of montana and idaho . although these states have concentrated their resources and management effort on salmon they have restricted the legal harvest of bull trout .
behavioral characteristics other than feeding and reproduction have not been well documented for the bull trout . for bull trout populations in lakes , no literature was found as to whether they are primarily solitary or whether they tend to form pods . however ,
bull trout and dolly varden can be distinguished from eastern brook trout by the absence of vermiculations (
worm tracks
) on their back . in addition , the eastern brook trout ' s red spots are surrounded by blue halos . to keep things interesting , though , bull trout and brook trout have been known to spawn together . their hybrid offspring can have features of both parents . ( hybridization can be a serious problem in some areas , resulting in the dilution or destruction of the gene pool of the native bull trout . )
average 12 - 20 inches . bull trout can grow to 20 + inches ( and several pounds ) in quality populations .
linnaeus , 1758 ; salmonidae family ; also called german brown trout , european brown trout , sea trout , lake trout , brook trout , river trout , bull trout , english trout , von behr trout , lochleven trout , german trout , breac , gealag , brownie native to europe and parts of asia , from afghanistan and the aral sea across europe to the british isles and iceland , and back across scandinavia to poluostrov kanin ( cape kanin ) , in russia , on the barents sea . it has been introduced in other areas , notably , newfoundland , canada , u . s . a . , south america , new zealand , and africa . today it is found throughout the . . .
bull trout ( salvelinus confluentus ) are widely distributed throughout north america . the species ' name is derived from its large broad head and prominent upper jaw . bull trout have a long and slender body . they are olive - green to blue - grey in colour with a pale belly . the belly may turn yellow , orange or red in spawning male bull trout . the pale round spots that speckle their sides and backs make it easy to distinguish a bull trout from most other salmonid species .
in 1992 , a montana department of fish , wildlife and parks review of the status of the trout in montana found that bull trout occupied less than half of their historic range . the remaining population was fragmented , meaning many isolated communities of bull trout might not have enough numbers to maintain a viable population .
state agencies have halted their anti - bull trout programs , but individual populations of bull trout remain vulnerable to catastrophes . natural catastrophes might include introduced disease or drought , while human - caused catastrophes would include road construction and landslides induced by timber cutting .
in many areas , continued bull trout survival is threatened by a combination of factors rather than one major problem . for example , past and continuing land management activities have degraded stream habitat , especially along larger river systems and stream areas located in valley bottoms . degraded conditions have severely reduced or eliminated migratory bull trout as water temperature , stream flow and other water quality parameters fall below the range of conditions which these fish can tolerate . in many watersheds , remaining bull trout are smaller , resident fish isolated in headwater streams . brook trout , introduced throughout much of the range of bull trout , easily hybridize with them , producing sterile offspring . brook trout also reproduce earlier and at a higher rate than bull trout so bull trout populations are often supplanted by these non - natives . dams and other in - stream structures also effect bull trout by blocking migration routes , altering water temperatures and causing loss of fish as they pass through and over dams or are trapped in irrigation and other diversion structures .
graduate thesis or dissertation | feeding behavior and diet of native bull trout salvelinus confluentus and introduced brook trout s . fontinalis in two eastern oregon streams | id : f1881p84s | scholarsarchive @ osu
bull trout / dolly varden are found throughout washington except the area east of the columbia river and north of the snake river in eastern washington , and the extreme southwest portion of the state . the geographic ranges of bull trout and dolly varden overlap along the washington coast and puget sound . bull trout are found throughout the state , but dolly varden are found only in western washington . bull trout have probably been extirpated from parts of their former range in washington , such as lake chelan and the okanogan river .
even though they are called a trout , bull trout are actually a char , closely related to lake trout and brook trout rather than rainbow or cutthroat trout . also , like lake trout and brook trout their most obvious distinctive feature is light spots on a dark background , unlike rainbow and cutthroat that have dark spots on a lighter background . if an angler is fishing in waters containing bull trout , it is his or her responsibility to be able to identify bull trout and release them immediately , unharmed , if one is accidently caught on hook and line . their back and sides are olive - green with pale spots about the size of the pupil of their eye . the head and mouth are unusually large and their ventral fins have white leading edges .
as with many western native trout species , bull trout populations have declined substantially from historic levels . one of the principal limiting factors is their need for very cold and non - polluted water .
as if these problems weren ' t enough , state game management programs have seriously harmed the bull trout . in a remarkable parallel to the story of the wolf , fish managers deliberately tried to exterminate bull trout as early as 1913 and as late as 1990 .
all but six of those 22 bull trout had eaten at least one smolt , and eight trout had eaten at least 20 . four trout had eaten at least 8 percent of their estimated body weight . overall , there were “some really impressive feats of binge feeding , ” furey said , suggesting that the smolt migration is a seasonally important source of energy for bull trout . the river is not very productive for much of the rest of the year , possibly leading bull trout to overindulge during this time of plenty .
although there are many factors still working against bull trout restoration in montana , state agencies and politicians have each made a commitment to recover the species . many factors , such as downstream impediments to migratory varieties of bull trout , are beyond the state ' s control . however , montana department of fish , wildlife and parks personnel are dedicated to restoring bull trout and express confidence in their program .
bull trout are a member of the north american salmon family , which includes salmon , trout , whitefish , charr , and grayling . members of this family tend to prefer cold , clear waters , and the bull trout is exceptional for its demand for especially cold - - no more than 64deg . f - - water .
because of the bull trout ' s vulnerability , alberta sustainable resource development ( srd ) has implemented a zero possession limit on this fish throughout the province . all bull trout that are caught must be released . for details , see the my wild alberta website at :
bull trout will eat just about anything they can fit in their mouth . some individuals have even been known to prey on ducklings !
as a result , in 1913 and 1914 , montana attempted to eradicate the species through commercial net fishing . bounties for bull trout and poisoning campaigns continued as late as 1990 . some of the later poisoning programs were not directed solely at bull trout , but fish managers knew that bull trout were there . many of the poison efforts were paid for with federal funds under the dingell - johnson program .
bull trout are members of the salmon family known as char . char are distributed farther north than any other group of freshwater fish except alaskan blackfish and are well adapted for life in very cold water . bull trout , dolly varden and lake trout are species of char native to the northwest . bull trout , like other char , exhibit differences in body characteristics and life history behavior across their range . they can grow to more than 20 pounds in lake environments .
the lifespan and longevity of the bull trout is not well documented but seems to be approximately 10 - 12 years ( usfws , 1998 ) . in the lacustrine setting , where the species attains much greater size , it would seem that bull trout would have a longer lifespan .
usfws , 2000 .
trout , bull / salvelinus confluentus
( on - line ) . accessed november 11 , 2002 at urltoken .
bull trout are predacious fish and are generally aggressive and will take a variety of artificial lures or flies that resemble fish ; spoons , rapalas etc . since the only waters in the state that are open to bull trout fishing are rivers , casting would be the technique of choice .
bull trout and dolly varden were once considered the same species . taxonomic work , published in 1978 , identified bull trout as distinct from dolly varden . this designation was accepted by the american fisheries society in 1980 . of the two species , bull trout are larger and primarily an inland species , while dolly varden are generally smaller and distributed primarily in coastal areas . in washington , both species are present in the puget sound area .
between the poor smolt survival data and a few bull trout documented having stomachs bursting with smolts , the researchers are starting to build a story about the effects of predation on the chilko lake sockeye population . but the implication of an individual bull trout’s ability to eat a great many smolts won’t be clear until scientists can get better handle on the size of the bull trout population there , which furey said is a “complete unknown . ”
extensive feeding on sockeye salmon oncorhynchus nerka smolts by bull trout salvelinus confluentus during initial outmigration into a small , unregulated and inland british columbia river .
various populations of bull trout fit at all ranges of this spectrum . many are resident to a single stream ; others migrate on a fluvial or adfluvial basis . and one population of bull trout in washington is known to be anadromous . presumably , the various types of trout interbred at times , which helped maintain viable populations throughout the fish ' s range .
even though bull trout are classified as a game fish in washington most of their populations across the state are listed as
threatened
by the federal endangered species act and therefore they cannot be fished for or kept if accidently caught while fishing . if an angler catches a bull trout in a water closed for bull trout fishing , they must not be taken out of the water . they must be de - hooked and immediately released .
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one thing is certain : while the remaining populations are vulnerable to natural catastrophe , the actual causes of bull trout decline have almost entirely been government - subsidized programs . federal hydroelectric dams and subsidies to irrigators did most of the damage to migratory bull trout . state introductions of exotic trout and poisonings of resident fish - - often with federal funds - - may have finished the job . now , federal subsidies to national forest timber cutting and livestock grazing represent the greatest threat to the bull trout populations that are left .
etwp ; proposal to list the coastal - puget sound , jarbidge river and st . mary - belly river population segments of bull trout as threatened species
revised designation of critical habitat for bull trout in the coterminous united states ; announcement of public hearing , and announcement of availability of draft economic analysis .
many of the same management actions that are being done to protect other declining salmonids may also help bull trout . stream and habitat protection and restoration , reduction of siltation from roads and other erosion sites and modification of land use practices to improve water quality and temperature are all important . several state agencies have also enacted regulations reducing or prohibiting bull trout harvest . several states have also drafted or have adopted conservation plans to help bull trout populations recover .
bull trout may have inhabited cold spring - fed portions of the upper sacramento and pit rivers , but only anecdotal evidence exists to support this concept .
as mentioned earlier , because of the threatened status of most bull trout populations in washington , all waters are closed to bull trout fishing unless specified as being open . as always , before any fishing trip make sure you check the regulations pamphlet for the water and species you plan to fish for .
bull trout lurking near the outflow of british columbia’s chilko lake had biologists there wondering if the predators were taking a bite out of the lake’s annual migration of millions of sockeye salmon smolts . after flushing nearly 70 barely digested smolts from one 25 - inch bull trout’s stomach , they had their answer .
extensive feeding on sockeye salmon oncorhynchus nerka smolts by bull trout salvelinus confluentus during initial outmigration into a small , unregu . . . - pubmed - ncbi
more than 80 percent of all bull trout populations are threatened by one of these land management practices . the strongest populations of bull trout tend to be in unmanaged roadless areas that have near - pristine streams . recent salvage sale legislation has put many of these roadless areas in danger of being logged .
the steering committee made recommendations to the governor ' s office , which in turn has drafted a bull trout restoration plan that is now out for public comment . in contrast to montana , however , this plan was prepared without a comprehensive statewide review of the status of the bull trout in idaho .
bull trout and dolly varden can grow quite large , with typical adults reaching two to five pounds in washington . the state record bull trout , caught from the tieton river , weighed 22 pounds , 8 ounces , while the record dolly varden , taken from the skykomish river , weighed 10 pounds .
bjornn , t . 1991 . bull trout , * salvelinus confluentus * . pp . 230 - 235 in j stolz , j schnell , eds .
thomas , g . 1992 . status of bull trout in montana . report prepared for montana department of fish , wildlife and parks , helena , montana .
sub - adult and adult fluvial bull trout reside in larger streams and rivers and spawn in smaller tributary streams , whereas adfluvial bull trout reside in lakes and spawn in tributaries ( montana afs species status account ) . they spawn in headwater streams with clear gravel or rubble bottom ( brown 1971 , holton 1981 ) .
“it definitely surprised us when we’re pumping these stomachs of bull trout and smolt after smolt after smolt comes out , ” said nathan furey , a doctoral candidate at the university of british columbia and the lead author of a recently published study in the journal of fish biology on the bull trout - sockeye predation . many of the bull trout examined in the study had so gorged themselves on smolts that they had gone beyond what scientists would expect them to sustainably consume on a daily basis .
listing of the trout , however , could place an additional check on salvage sales and other harmful activities by federal agencies . at the least , the agencies would have to consult with the fish & wildlife service to insure that such activities would not jeopardize the bull trout . such consultations , while not perfect , would help relieve worries that salvage sales will destroy some of the remaining bull trout populations .
changes in land management practices , some already underway to help restore salmon stocks , will also help bull trout in many areas . but a strong commitment by private citizens , industry , state , federal and tribal groups to change , reduce or eliminate activities that degrade streams and rivers will be necessary to truly recover many species of native fish . much bull trout habitat in mainstream rivers and streams is privately owned , making conservation activities on private lands a key element to restoring aquatic habitat and recovering native fish populations . in some areas , reducing the potential for hybridization of bull trout with non - native fish species would enhance bull trout survival and recovery .
karen pratt has studied bull trout in lighting creek , a tributary to the pend oreille river in northern idaho , for more than a decade and has documented periodic landslides resulting from logging and roads . pratt found that excessive sediment loads during this period turned lighting creek into a braided stream and bull trout numbers have substantially declined .
bull trout may live near areas where they were spawned or migrate from small streams to larger streams and rivers or from streams to lakes , reservoirs or salt water . smaller resident fish remain near the areas where they were spawned while larger , migratory , fish will move considerable distances to spawn when habitat conditions allow . for instance , bull trout in montana ' s flathead lake have been known to migrate up to 250 km to spawn . migration is important to maintaining healthy bull trout populations .
to get an answer , lab and local first nation members took to fly fishing or baitcasting for bull trout during the migration , capturing 22 trout . furey inserted latex tubing into their mouths and pumped in water to flush their stomachs , bottling up whatever came out to identify and count later . the trout were released unharmed .
where an estuary becomes polluted , no trout can stay there through the spring and summer months , even though sea - going trout might be able to run quickly to and from the open sea . so few rivers in europe have estuarine bull trout today . some , like the tyne , lost virtually all their bull trout when the estuaries became polluted early in the 20th century . but where pollution has been cleaned away , bull trout are gradually returning to some estuaries . today they are occasionally seen not only in the tweed , tyne and coquet , but in the clean sandy rivers of north and west scotland , wales , northwest england , ireland and norway .
we conducted periodic qualitative surveys of fish - accessible stream reaches from 2000 through 2011 to document bull trout distribution and habitat use in tributary streams within the chester morse lake basin . as fish passage barriers were removed and access to habitat restored , surveys were conducted to assess bull trout presence and timing of recolonization of this newly accessible habitat .
a variety of brown trout that was almost wiped out by pollution , the bull or ' slob ' trout was classified as salmo eriox , a species in its own right , by the early 19th century taxonomist william yarrell in a history of british fish ( 1841 ) . yarrell identified it on the basis of quite small anatomical features in the gill cover and tail structure . when other naturalists obtained specimens , the arguments began . some remarked that the bull trout they had examined were ordinary sea trout ; others that they were river brown trout . in retrospect it seems that the published descriptions of the bull trout - though precise enough in terms of body structure - missed one vital point : the most distinctive feature of the fish - was its behaviour .
bull trout are the apex predator in the cold , clear waters of the western united states . they’re legendary with anglers and hold great importance to many native american tribes .
although biologists have been aware of declining bull trout populations for at least two decades , little has been done to reverse the decline until the past three or four years .
while bull trout and dolly varden are more abundant in the north puget sound area , statewide their populations are low and in some cases declining . in fact , the u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) recently determined that bull trout are at a moderate risk of extinction in five western states , including washington . the usfws found that listing the bull trout as threatened was warranted under the federal endangered species act on november 1 , 1999 . dolly varden are currently not listed under the endangered species act .
“you wouldn’t expect a bull trout to be able to feed that rapidly over the long term , ” furey said . “it’s digestive machinery wouldn’t be able to keep up . ”
bull trout / dolly varden were historically found throughout the pacific northwest , from northern california to the upper yukon and mackenzie drainages in canada , as well as siberia and korea . inland populations were found in idaho , montana , utah , and nevada . bull trout may be extirpated in california , and have declined in numbers in much of their range .
with their requirements for cool water and clean gravel and the use of the whole river system at some time in their life history , dolly varden and bull trout are good indicators of the general health of the system . a decline in the number of dollies and bull trout is a cause for concern not only for the fish but for people as well .
schmetterling , d . a . and m . h . long . 1999 . montana anglers ' inability to identify bull trout and other salmonids . fisheries 24 : 24 - 27 .
bull trout are also classified as threatened under alberta’s wildlife act ; protective regulations under this act that apply to fish species are under development . see information on species at risk at :
provincially , the bull trout is on the blue list in british columbia . in addition , the fish protection act and forest and range practices act support the management of this species .
over the past century habitat degradation , introduction of non - native fishes and overfishing has caused the bull trout to become threatened across most of its range ( bjornn , 1991 ) .
in some areas where populations have been affected by anthropogenic impacts , bull trout culture in hatcheries could prove to be a successful means of restoring the population ( bjornn , 1991 ) .
oregon also prepared a bull trout status report in 1992 and has either closed waters to bull trout fishing or limited the daily catch to a single fish . a cooperative effort by state , federal , and private agencies has been remarkably successful at restoring the bull trout in the metolius river and lake billy chinook . in 1986 , biologists were able to find only 27 redds ( spawning nests ) in this aquatic system . after surveys of habitat conditions and efforts to protect habitat and regulate fishing , the number of redds increased to more than 300 in 1994 .
all native trout and char species populations are of concern . four native trout species have been petitioned for listing under the endangered species act , six species are listed as threatened , and one species is listed as endangered . some species are extinct in certain areas but not in others . for example , no bull trout have been caught in california since the 1970s .
the greatest threats to bull trout include degraded and fragmented habitat resulting from development and the introduction of non - native species . bull trout are vulnerable to hybridization with introduced brook trout in areas where both species now occur . impacts from oil and gas development , forestry , mining , transportation infrastructure and hydroelectric projects affect habitat by increasing siltation and water temperatures or decreasing stream flow volumes . in turn , these changes reduce reproductive success . as well , barriers to fish movement , such as dams , weirs , and elevated stream temperatures , fragment migratory corridors required for spawning . overfishing may also remain a threat . as bull trout are difficult to distinguish from other char and trout being recreationally fished , the misidentification by fishers also poses a risk .
bull trout prefer cold , well - oxygenated water , but again , legal angling for them is only in the above - mentioned rivers in the specific reaches described in the regulations pamphlet .
cosewic . 2012 . cosewic assessment and status report on the bull trout salvelinus confluentus in canada . committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada . ottawa . iv + 103 pp .
historically , sport fishing regulations were liberal for bull trout and dolly varden . but in more recent years , as indications of fish abundance began to decline , more restrictive regulations were imposed .
as is typical of all trout and salmon , the female , after finding a suitable spawning area , fans a section of gravel substrate thereby producing a large depression in the stream bed . after this process is complete a male bull trout ( usually only one ) will fertilize eggs deposited by the female . depending on the size of the individual , fecundity can vary . for average size bull trout around 5000 eggs can be typical ( nelson and paetz , 1992 ) , however many more can be found in larger specimens and some bull trout in the fifteen pound range have been documented as having approximately 12 , 000 eggs ( bjornn , 1991 ) .
after this report came out , several montana - based conservation groups petitioned to have the bull trout listed under the endangered species act . after reviewing the fish ' s status in 1994 , the fish & wildlife service decided that listing was
warranted but precluded
because other species that were more in danger needed listing first . while the bull trout is threatened , as defined by law , its numbers and distribution remain sufficient to insure that it is not at immediate risk of extinction . today , the bull trout remains one of 179
candidates
for listing .
although closely resembling trout in body shape , char - - which includes the imported brook trout and lake trout - - can be distinguished from their relatives by their very fine scales and a reverse coloration . char have dark - colored bodies with light spots while trout ( such as rainbow and cutthroat ) and pacific salmon have light - colored bodies with dark spots .
the bull trout may have been anadromous during the last glacial period , when cold , clear streams were more abundant than today . this would explain its occurrence in isolated drainages throughout the northwest .
protection of these 438 groups should be sufficient to assure bull trout survival in the short run . but long - run recovery will require changes in downstream conditions to restore all the migratory populations .
swanberg , t . r . 1996 . the movement and habitat use of fluvial bull trout in the upper clark fork river drainage . master ' s thesis , university of montana . 61 pp .
thomas , g . 1992 . status report : bull trout in montana . unpublished report to the montana department of fish , wildlife and parks , helena , mt . 68 pp . plus tables .
the flattened head with eyes positioned towards the top is assumed to help bull trout observe prey located above them , as they generally hold at or near the bottom under cover and are ambush predators .
there was a time when bull trout were wildly abundant in the six western states of oregon , washington , california , nevada , idaho and montana . unfortunately , that is not the case today .
, also called the bull trout or inland dolly varden , is most closely associated with pristine mountainous areas of the northwestern united states and canada where cold , clean waters flow . the geographic range of
after departing from the spawning redd in spring the young bull trout begins looking for suitable habitat for protection and food sources . as a juvenile , the first year in the life of the bull trout is spent eating small aquatic invertebrates ( bjornn , 1991 ; usfws , 1998 ) . these aquatic larvae , often ephemeropterans or dipterans ( bjornn , 1991 ) , are readily available in the lower water column and interstitial spaces that these juveniles inhabit . as the bull trout grows larger , their diet , in addition to aquatic invertebrates , consists of other fish species ( bjornn , 1991 ) . this increased piscivorous behavior increases as the fish grows . of all salmonids , namely the salmon and trout ,
bull trout are native throughout the pacific northwest and historically occurred throughout the columbia river basin , east to western montana , south to the jarbidge river in northern nevada , the klamath basin in oregon , the mccloud river in california and north to alberta , british columbia and possibly southeastern alaska . although the species was once abundant and widespread , bull trout now exist primarily in upper tributary streams and several lake and reservoir systems . the main populations remaining in the lower 48 states are in montana , idaho , oregon and washington with a small population in northern nevada . bull trout have been extirpated from california .
preferred spawning areas are usually cold , clean , and small flowing streams with cobble or loose gravel bottom . cover is extremely important to all life history stages . bull trout tend to hide by staying near substrate , submerged wood or undercut banks . fry tend to be found in shallow side channels , while rearing juveniles prefer pool habitats . most bull trout overwinter in deeper pools to avoid interactions with ice .
another threat to the preservation and viability of the bull trout is the incidence of capture by humans . being easily caught by the angler makes the species quite vulnerable to overfishing ( bjornn , 1991 ) .
there are lots of fishing opportunities for this fish in a variety of places in the us , canada , and in russia . since they spawn nearly every year , there are very large populations of these fish , and they are in no danger . anglers should take care , though , to not mistake bull trout for these fish , as bull trout fishing is limited because of their endangered status . mostly , the same techniques for trout also work for these fish . as mentioned before , these trout are thought to be extinct in california , though there have been scattered reports of them being caught there .
where the river is very clean from source to estuary , bull trout parrs will move down to the estuary to feed in the brackish water just as other brown trout move to the lower freshwater reaches . clean river estuaries are often more productive than the higher freshwater reaches , with shoals of sea fish fry , shrimps , shore crabs , molluscs and marine worms . so trout that do move down to the estuary grow much larger and attain a more portly bull - like shape than those that remain in freshwater .
both migratory and stream - resident bull trout move in response to developmental and seasonal habitat requirements . migratory individuals can move great distances ( up to 156 miles [ 250 kilometers ] ) among lakes , rivers , and tributary streams in response to spawning , rearing , and adult habitat needs ( swanberg 1996 ) . stream - resident bull trout migrate within tributary stream networks for spawning purposes , as well as in response to changes in seasonal habitat requirements and conditions . open migratory corridors , both within and among tributary streams , and larger rivers and lake systems are critical for maintaining bull trout populations ( montana afs species status account ) .
there are a few characteristics that separate the appearance of the dolly varden trout from the bull trout . the dolly varden has a more rounded body than a bull trout , a less prominent hook of the lower jaw , and a smaller head . even for experts , these two fish can appear to be very similar , and both are classified as char . in other areas , the arctic char was once also known as dolly varden trout because these fish also look somewhat similar in coloration , body type , and size . these three fish may even occur in the same areas together , making identification even more complicated .
following the fish & wildlife service ' s warranted - but - precluded ruling , idaho game and fish made an early effort to develop a bull trout restoration plan , but this effort did not include public or political input . momentum for this restoration plan was lost with a change of administration , but just recently the governor of idaho has committed the state to work on bull trout conservation in a manner similar to montana .
contact your local washington department of fish and wildlife regional office to find out which waters in your area are currently open to fishing for bull trout / dolly varden . also consult the latest wdfw fishing regulations pamphlet .
closely related to and commonly misidentified as brook trout ( both are members of the char family ) .
the bull trout is a cold - water species found in lakes , streams and rivers and in the case of south coast british columbia population , can be found in the pacific ocean . the anadromous form migrates from natal freshwater streams to feeding habitat at sea . the south coast british columbia bull trout populations reside in five large river systems : skagit river , squamish river , lillooet river , lower fraser river and lower fraser canyon .
habitat loss and over - harvest have both contributed to the decline of bull trout and dolly varden in washington . protection of spawning and juvenile rearing habitat ( particularly the critical cold stream temperatures and clean spawning gravel ) , regulating harvest and controlling poaching are required in order to maintain or increase populations . the threat of global warming is especially alarming for bull trout and dolly varden because of limited areas with low enough temperatures for spawning .
biological characteristics of the bull trout , such as body size and diet for example , can be highly variable depending on the various life history strategies employed . bull trout are opportunistic feeders , however juveniles tend to prefer aquatic insects and invertebrates , and adults generally prey on fish . sexual maturity is reached between 3 – 8 years , at which time spawning is carried out between mid - august and late october ; homing behaviour has been observed in some individuals . spawning occurs over a period of several days at redd ( gravel nest ) sites selected and excavated by females . bull trout are iteroparous , meaning they can reproduce more than once during their lifespan .
idaho restricted the harvest of bull trout in 1994 and will close all waters to bull trout harvest on 1 january 1996 . idaho is also screening irrigation water intakes . this program has been in place for about thirty years , and more than half of the snake river ' s water diversions have been screened . this screening was originally required to protect salmon fisheries , and the idaho game and fish department is required to inspect the screens .
salvelinus malma ( salvelinus is an old name for char ; and malma is the native name for species in kamchatka , russia ) . salvelinus confluentus ( confluentus may indicate the close relationship of bull trout to dolly varden )
in the dungeness , dolly vardens are apparently resident in the upper river , whereas bull trout are anadromous , spending one year in the estuary , where fresh and salt water meet , before returning to freshwater to spawn .
elements in bull trout biology , population dynamics , habitat , and biotic interactions important to conservation of the species are identified . bull trout appear to have more specific habitat requirements than other salmonids , but no critical thresholds of acceptable habitat condition were found . size , temporal variation , and spatial distribution are likely to influence the stability of local and regional populations . disruption of key habitat characteristics threatens the persistence of local populations , and isolated populations are not likely to persist indefinitely . conservation of bull trout will require maintenance or restoration of multiple , high - quality , connected habitats distributed throughout conservation areas , which in turn should be distributed throughout the species ' range .


the psammobiidae or sunset clams , are a family of medium-sized saltwater clams , marine bivalve molluscs of the order veneroida .

these genera are accepted by the database world register of marine species : asaphis modeer , 1793 gari schumacher , 1817 heterodonax mörch , 1853 heteroglypta martens in möbius , 1880 nuttallia dall , 1900 psammosphaerica jousseaume , 1894 psammotella herrmannsen , 1852 sanguinolaria lamarck , 1799

psammobiidae

synonymy psammobiidae fleming , 1828 is taking priority over garidae stoliczka , 1871 ; sanguinolariidae grant & gale , 1931 and asaphodae winckworth , 1932 ( see vokes , 1967 and abbott , 1974 ) . [ details ]
ty - jour ti - the northwest american psammobiidae t2 - the veliger . vl - 16 ur - urltoken pb - california malacozoological society . cy - berkeley , ca : py - 1973 sp - 40 ep - 57 sn - 0042 - 3211 au - coan , e v er -
@ article { bhlpart93960 , title = { the northwest american psammobiidae } , journal = { the veliger . } , volume = { 16 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { berkeley , ca : california malacozoological society . 1958 - } , author = { coan , e v } , year = { 1973 } , pages = { 40 - - 57 } , }
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genus gobraeus t . brown , 1844 accepted as gari ( gobraeus ) t . brown , 1844 represented as gari schumacher , 1817
genus solenotellina p . fischer , 1887 accepted as hiatula modeer , 1793 ( invalid : unjustified emendation of soletellina blainville , 1824 . )
bieler r . , carter j . g . & coan e . v . ( 2010 ) . classification of bivalve families . pp . 113 - 133 , in : bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2010 ) , nomenclator of bivalve families . malacologia 52 ( 2 ) : 1 - 184 . [ details ]
coan , e . v . ; valentich - scott , p . ( 2012 ) . bivalve seashells of tropical west america . marine bivalve mollusks from baja california to northern peru . 2 vols , 1258 pp . [ details ]
( of asaphidae winckworth , 1932 ) bieler r . , carter j . g . & coan e . v . ( 2010 ) . classification of bivalve families . pp . 113 - 133 , in : bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2010 ) , nomenclator of bivalve families . malacologia 52 ( 2 ) : 1 - 184 . [ details ]
( of asaphidae winckworth , 1932 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . 2010 . nomenclator of bivalve families ; with a classification of bivalve families by r . bieler , j . g . carter & e . v . coan . malacologia 52 ( 2 ) : 1 - 184 . [ details ]
( of garidae stoliczka , 1870 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . 2010 . nomenclator of bivalve families ; with a classification of bivalve families by r . bieler , j . g . carter & e . v . coan . malacologia 52 ( 2 ) : 1 - 184 . [ details ]
( of sanguinolariidae m . smith , 1937 ) vaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of sanguinolariidae m . smith , 1937 ) bieler r . , carter j . g . & coan e . v . ( 2010 ) . classification of bivalve families . pp . 113 - 133 , in : bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2010 ) , nomenclator of bivalve families . malacologia 52 ( 2 ) : 1 - 184 . [ details ]
description psammobiid clams are generally considered an invasive species in pacific northwest waters , generally believed to have been carried in ship ballast water from the korean peninsula and japan . all are burrowing suspension feeders , with well - developed siphons . they are now widely distributed in the northwest and even found in the upper intertidal zone where significant fresh water input is present . the clam is considered commercially to be a
soft - shelled
clam , with an easily breakable shell . sea birds have been observed to feed by dropping the clams from height , and they are a valuable commercial food product .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


knipowitschia milleri , the acheron spring goby , is a species of goby endemic to greece where it can be found in nearly stagnant , clear , fresh to very slightly brackish waters with abundant weed growth .

this species can reach a length of 2.6 centimetres ( 1.0 in ) sl .

acheron spring goby

knipowitschia caucasica ( l . s . berg , 1916 ) ( caucasian dwarf goby )
knipowitschia croatica mrakovčić , kerovec , mišetić & d . schneider , 1996 ( neretva dwarf goby )
justification : this is a restricted range species , with an estimated extent of occurrence ( eoo ) < 100 km² , and area of occupancy ( aoo ) < 10 km² , which is only known from a single location : the river acheron delta . ongoing land reclamation within the delta is causing a decline in eoo and aoo , and the quality of habitat is declining due to water pollution and dumping of waste .
because of n . m . knipowitsch , a zoologist and russian ichthyologist from the academy of sciences . expeditions in
pomor
and
pervosvanniy
ships to azov and black sea ( 1898 - 1908 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 2 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 59043 ) ; max . reported age : 2 years ( ref . 59043 )
occurs in lowland water bodies ( ref . 26100 ) ; in clear , nearly stagnant , temperate , sometimes slightly brackish waters with abundant submerged vegetation and sand or mud bottom . it lives up to 2 years . spawns in february - march ; juveniles free swimming while adults are benthic . feeds on chironomid larvae and small crustaceans . threatened for habitat are largely drained and filled with garbage ( ref . 59043 ) .
crivelli , a . j . , 1996 . the freshwater fish endemic to the mediterranean region . an action plan for their conservation . tour du valat publication , 171 p . ( ref . 26100 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 2 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
critically endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii ) + 2ab ( i , ii , iii ) ver 3 . 1
barbieri , r . & kottelat , m . ( mediterranean workshop , dec . 2004 )
it is found in fresh and brackish waters , often with abundant vegetation , and sand or mud substrates .
land reclamation : local authorities are planning to reclaim approximately 50 % of the swamp . water pollution - in particular from the local village .
this is a natura 2000 site , which is apparently providing no effective protection as there are plans to drain part of the area .
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table 1 : 165 species currently present in the country / island ( endemic , native , introduced , reintroduced ) ; table 2 : 4 species possibly present in the country / island ( stray , questionable ) ; table 3 : 8 species demonstrated to be absent in the country / island ( extirpated , not established , misidentification , error ) . table 4 : 177 species reported from the country / island altogether .
knipowitschia is a genus of marine , fresh and brackish water gobies native to eurasia . dwarf gobies that live in the indian ocean are the world ' s smallest fish , growing to be 1 cm in length .
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. for further details on possible inaccuracies in the list see sources & caveats .
eschmeyer , w . n . and r . fricke , and r . van der laan ( eds ) .
. the freshwater fish lists are based on an electronic version downloaded 3 december 2015 . the current version can be accessed