it is distributed throughout europe , north africa and east through the palearctic to siberia .

conistra vaccinii

remarks : conistra vaccinii is distributed from northwest africa across europe to central asia .
chestnut ( conistra vaccinii ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
photos ( parfois il faut copier le lien complet ) urltoken : conistra _ vaccinii . jpg
the chestnut ( conistra vaccinii ) is a moth of the family noctuidae . it is distributed throughout . . .
image - dark chestnut ( conistra ligula ) and chestnut ( conistra vacinnii ) . jpg | british wildlife wiki | fandom powered by wikia
dark chestnut ( conistra ligula ) is a species of moth in the noctuidae family . it is similar to . . .
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gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández
hosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .
we hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .
hosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .
in text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .
hint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .
restrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .
hint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .
drill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .
leguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .
detailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]
gaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .
we are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .
we are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .
marian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .
we are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .
we thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .
brummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .
kartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .
kitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .
kitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .
letourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .
mabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]
nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .
nye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .
rawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .
robinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .
scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .
royal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /
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one of our commoner species which occurs in the winter , with moths appearing any time from september to may , especially in mild conditions , and can be found at sallow blossom in early spring .
distributed widely over the british isles , there are a number of variations , but all show a distinctive rounded wing shape .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
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broad - leaved woodland , scrub , heathland , hedgerows and gardens . overwinters as an adult .
by the blunt wing tip ( apex ) and rounded outer edge ( termen ) of the forewing .
recorded in 62 ( 90 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 04 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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host plants : the caterpillar lives polyphagous on deciduous wood . especially the older instars are encountered also on herbs .
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wingspan 28 - 36 mm . there are a number of variations , but all show a distinctive rounded wing shape .
occurs in the winter , with moths appearing any time from september to may , especially in mild conditions and can be found visiting willow in early spring .
the larvae feed on the foliage of a range of trees , including birch and oak .
widespread in britain and one of our commoner species nationally . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .
fairly common in leicestershire and rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )
please note that the nbn gateway map service has been terminated as of 1 april 2017 .
as soon as a replacement map service is available , distribution maps will hopefully appear here again .
in the meantime , you can get some idea of distribution from the nbn atlas website .
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program manager : dr . ir . maikel aveskamp database manager : ir . edu boer
curators : dr . jean - yves rasplus dr . ir . a . j . m . loomans
curators : dr . maria bergsma - vlami dr . martine maes prof . dr . paul de vos
curators : dr . ulrike damm ir . marcel van raak dr . ewald ( j . z . ) groenewald
curators : dr . mogens nicolaisen prof . dr . assunta bertaccini dr . nicoletta contaldo
curators : dr . ir . rené van der vlugt dr . annelien roenhorst dr . stephan winter dr . wulf menzel
the wingspan is 28 - 36 mm . the moth flies from september to may depending on the location .
recorded food plants the larvae feed on various deciduous trees and shrubs and plants herbaceous stages also .
seine - port ( seine - et - marne ) , october 11 , 2003 . photo philippe mendoza9g . source urltoken & e = p
the final instar caterpillar found on hazel , verneuil - sur - seine ( yvelines ) , may 12 , 2009 . photo philippe mendoza9g . source urltoken & e = p
ce ( tte ) œuvre est mise à disposition selon les termes de la licence creative commons attribution - pas d’utilisation commerciale 2 . 0 france .
description : wingspan 28 - 36 mm . adults can be quite variable in colour and pattern . forewing colour ranges from light to dark reddish brown . antemedian and post median lines are usually quite distinct . the subterminal line is irregular and darker than ground colour . the stigmata are clearly defined in some forms , but obscure or reduced to a dark dot in others . hindwings range from pale to dark fuscous brown .
similar species : dark chestnut c . ligula , which has the apex of the forewing more pointed .
status : widespread throughout all counties but more common in the east ; despite being described by baynes as abundant . it has however not ubiquitous and apparently absent from some well - trapped localities in each county .
ecology : a common species found in a variety of habitats including woodland , bogs and heaths and suburban gardens . adults appear at light in very small numbers and will also visit ivy hedera helix blossom and overripe berries . they will emerge during mild settled weather throughout the winter months . the larvae feed from may until june on oak quercus spp . , birch betula spp . and elm ulmus spp . it overwinters as an adult .
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butterfly conservation ' s rough bank reserve is a site known by some local butterfly enthusiasts for many years , but until 2012 ( the year when bc purchased rough bank ) there had been few reports of moths found there apart from daytime observations on a few occasions . one such record in 1993 was of a larva of narrow - bordered bee hawk - moth found feeding on devil ' s - bit scabious . five nationally scarce micro - moth species had also been recorded at the site in the past .
since 2012 a total of 628 moth species have been recorded on the site ( plus 4 other species only recorded in earlier years ) . three of these were the first records for the species in gloucestershire : trifurcula headleyella and coleophora therinella in 2012 , and aphelia viburnana in 2014 .
3 nationally rare species have been found at rough bank ( species given provisional red data book status in the 2012 review of the status of microlepidoptera in britain ) , and 43 nationally scarce species : 3 in the
notable a
category , 40
notable b
. for more information about these species see the rough bank rare and scarce moths page .
this page lists the moth species recorded at the site , mostly on the unimproved limestone grassland slopes of rough bank sssi but also any additional species recorded in the two pasture fields which were included in bc ' s purchase . these fields both have wetland areas with plants associated with such habitat and supporting colonies of some rush - feeding moth species .
for each species the table below lists the agassiz , beavan & heckford checklist number , the bradley list number , scientific and common names , national status , earliest and most recent years recorded and typical uk larval food . the list will be updated at least annually using records sent to the current vc33 ( east gloucestershire ) moth recorder , robert homan . it is updated more frequently with my own records from the site , and sometimes with additional species reported to me . records prior to 2012 are from the former gloucestershire moth recorder roger gaunt ' s database .
following the publication in september 2015 of a paper showing that delplanqueia inscriptella occurs in the uk and d . dilutella seems to be very restricted in its range , all previous gloucestershire records of d . dilutella are doubtful . from reexamination of a few kept specimens ( all looking too dark for d . dilutella ) , d . inscriptella has been found at several gloucestershire sites including rough bank .
the species name links in the table below are to the species entries on the uk moths website . please note that the gloucestershire moth distribution maps are not updated frequently , so some species listed below may not yet be shown as recorded in the rough bank tetrad so90e . also some informal reports of species from rough bank are listed below , but such records will only be mapped if the recorder sends them to the vc33 ( east gloucestershire ) moth recorder - for contact details see the distribution maps page .
perforate & other st . john ' s - worts , bird ' s - foot trefoil
bird ' s - foot trefoil ( f . palustrella ) ; greater b - f . tref . ( f . decreta )
page last revised june 2018 butterfly conservation . company limited by guarantee , registered in england ( 2206468 ) . registered office : manor yard , east lulworth , wareham , dorset , bh20 5qp . charity registered in england and wales ( 254937 ) and in scotland ( sco39268 ) . vat no gb 991 2771 89
in 1996 enhs produced the flora and fauna of exmoor national park listing 8243 species which had been recorded . ( now out of print ) . since then there have been a number of additions published annually in exmoor naturalist magazine . the following lists show what we have recorded so far and it is hoped there will be future updates .
this well - known migrant appears in most years usually in moderate numbers but occasionally abundant .
usually present in early and late summer but these are generaly wandering males . the foodplant is virtually absent from exmoor .
an early record from timberscombe 1900 , presumably on primrose which is sometimes used as a food plant . probably no longer occurs .
the large number of records reflects the annual monitoring of this butterfly by enhs members who have monitored the 20 or so sites since they were discovered in bin combe by roger butcher / enhs in 1982 when there were tens of thousands .
in old oak woods but often unnoticed as they tend to remain high up on the trees .
an easily overlooked species best located by searching for the eggs on old blackthorn in winter .
flies in sunshine , mostly high up , at the edges of birch woods and can easily be missed . rare .
famous for the melanic forms produced in industrial areas . the very black form ( carbonaria jordan ) occasionally turns up , as well as the partially melanic form insularia . common .
numbers vary considerably from year to year . can be a pest of upland pasture .
a species of reed beds once recorded from porlock marsh , probably now gone .
not recorded in somerset until recent years . the first exmoor records were of two post - hibernation examples at porlock in 1993 .
a beautiful moth , recorded on only two occasions in 1963 and 1994 . very rare .
males may be disturbed during the day from heather moorland , females are less often seen . fairly common .
the white females fly by day and look very different from the brown males . common .
a north western species in britain , occurring as far south as s . wales , with occasional stragglers found on the coastal regions of exmoor .
there are two exmoor records given on the distribution map in mbgbi ( heath & emmet , 1991 ) vol . 7 p2 , but it has not been possible to trace their source . the species has undergone a serious decline in recent years but is still present in somerset .
the first british specimen was recorded in cornwall in 1959 . has since spread along the coast and to some inland areas . now fairly common .
larvae can be very common in damp , low - lying areas of the moor .
although rather local in britain as a whole , it is fairly common on exmoor moorland since the larvae feed on whortleberry .
being double brooded , this very common moth may be seen throughout the summer until october .
first recorded 1951 on the isle of wight , this moth has gradually increased its range . fairly common .
occurs in most years and is sometimes fairly common . it is fond of feeding on the flowers of red valerian .
larvae are often encountered on exmoor tracks in spring , en route to a suitable pupation site .
since this striking moth seldom comes to light , it is likely to be under - recorded .
visits lighted windows during mild weather throughout the winter , often in large numbers .
males may be seen dashing over the heather moors in sunshine . the females fly at night , sometimes coming to light . fairly common .
the occurrence of this rare , possibly extinct , species rests on two ( unconfirmed ) records of larvae , one from lynton in 1864 and the other from porlock in 1938 . it was last taken in britain in 1965 at weston super mare .
adults may be found hibernating , sometimes in numbers , in old sheds , barns & outhouses . fairly common .
a northern species , generally rare in the south - west and only common on exmoor .
assumed to be a wanderer , as the nearest known colony is in s . wales . taken at light in 1994 at porlock .
hibernates in caves or outbuildings , often in large numbers . a wanderer on exmoor owing to the absence of the food plants ( rhamnus and frangula ) rare .
a northern moorland species whose range extends to s . w . england . rare .
on submerged aquatic vegetation . on hot summer nights , large swarms of this sp . may visit a light - trap , often far from water and usually accompanied by numbers of corixid bugs .
the larvae feed in the nests of hymenoptera . occasionally at light but may well be more common as stated to come rarely to light .
occurs almost everywhere nettles are found and must be one of the most abundant of british lepidoptera .
on rowan . only record was 1924 from lynton until j . robbins recorded from crawter hill in 1997 .
on eleocharis palustris . common in one small area of porlock marsh but may not withstand the changes now taking place there .
on convolvulus & calystegia . does not occur every year but when it does it is often very common .
on phragmites . probably decreased with the loss of the reed - bed at porlock marsh .
on wide range of herbaceous plants but on record was from withycombe in 1913 .
on hypochaeris , sonchus , etc . single record from n . devon , 1974 .
on pinus sylvestris . large specimens recorded are thought to be of immigrant origin .
on quercus & vaccinium . possibly overlooked and under recorded due to late flight period october to november .
on dry vegetable refuse . unlike other ephestia spp . it is not a pest of warehouses and is found only out of doors .
since its introduction to cornwall in 1936 , this australian species has spread considerably in the south of britain .
the single record at light in 1994 would appear to be a wanderer since the foodplant , gromwell ( lithospermum ) has not been recorded nearby .
selworthy 1965 . the foodplant artemisia absinthium is now very scarce or extinct in the area .
on fraxinus . the larvae feed under the living bark . the tree is eventually killed causing the colony to move to a fresh tree .
on pinus sylvestris . first recorded from surrey in 1945 , this moth has spread rapidly and is frequent in the porlock area .
on various shrubby rosaceae & on betula spp . although often abundant in the lower places , it seems rare on high ground .
on various thistles , esp . cirsium vulgare . on 20 . 6 . 94 , 14 freshly emerged specimens were counted on a single plant of c . vulgare .
on sycamore . first recorded for britain in 1943 and has now spread widely in the south .
on vaccinium , potentilla , etc . a northern species which just reaches exmoor .
on salix spp . although the textbooks give the foodplant as smooth leaved salix spp . this is not the case on exmoor where this moth has been bred , on numerous occasions , from the rough leaved sallows as well as the smooth leaved osiers .
on grasses . was abundant in a limited area of the porlock shingle beach .
in stored cereals , can be common in grain stores , barns and flour mills but seldom seen at large . one taken at light in 1987 .
on ilex . a heathland race , common on exmoor , which feeds on whortleberry has been regarded by some authorities as a separate species under the name of r . geminana barrett .
a nationally rare species , but common in the vicinity of porlock . in 1994 5 adults were bred from samples of dead wood collected near the village .
syn . enteucha acetosae ( stainton ) . on rumex acetosa . first record for somerset , devon or cornwall 1990 .
in view of the virtual absence of the food plant , it is fairly certain that the moths recorded in s . of england are migrants . this is borne out by the often v . large numbers seen in moth traps and the fact that it does not appear every year .
home l foundation and history l publications l key dates and achievements l people l porlock weir nat . hist . centre l conservation work current programme l current survey l exmoor and its wildlife l main wildlife habitats l wildlife portraits l checklists l submit records membership l enquiries / contact us l useful links l acknowledgements
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there are 1553 county records of 2748 individuals from 157 different sites . first recorded in 1839 .
we thank all persons that reported their findings from the area , due to our call . we thank the provincial government in skåne as well as the café owners at ransvik who both supplied electricity to the light traps . this study got financial support from royal physiographic society in lund and formas . josef settele and one anonymous referee gave valuable comments on the manuscript . for comments on earlier versions of the manuscript , we wish to thank sven g nilsson , thomas ranius and henrik smith .
recorded species of macrolepidoptera from kullaberg in two different surveys ( 1950s and 2004 ) . species are sorted in systematic order . # refers to the species number in karsholt and razowski ( 1996 ) . species not considered in statistical analysis are denoted “0” in the column “analysed” . the families
= 597 ) . comparison group was the group of species categorised into no change ( 416 species ) , which occurred in the nature reserve both in 1950s and in 2004 . for definitions of species characteristics and odds ratio see methods .
ahrland s , brinck p ( 1991 ) . natur och kultur kring kullen—ett symposium 31 maj 1989 med anledning av ab kullabergs natur 75 år . kungl . fysiografiska sällskapet , lund [ in swedish ]
araujo mb , cabeza m , thuiller w , hannah l , williams ph ( 2004 ) . would climate change drive species out of reserves ? an assessment of existing reserve - selection methods . global change biol 10 : 1618–1626
asher j , warren ms , fox r , harding p , jeffcoate g , jeffcoate s ( 2001 ) . the millennium atlas of butterflies in britain and ireland . oxford university press , oxford
conrad kf , woiwod ip , perry jn ( 2002 ) . long - term decline in abundance and distribution of the garden tiger moth (
conrad kf , woiwood ip , parson ms , fox r , warren ms ( 2004 ) . long - term population trends in widespread british moths . j insect conserv 8 : 119–136
cowley mjr , thomas cd , thomas ja , warren ms ( 1999 ) . flight areas of british butterflies : assessing species status and decline . proc r soc lond b 266 : 1587–1592
douwes p ( 2004 ) . dagfjärilar förr och nu—en studie i östergötland . ent tidskr 125 : 81–89 [ in swedish ]
eltinge jl , sribney wm ( 1997 ) . versions of mlogit , ologit , and oprobit for survey data . stata stat bull 40 : 39–42
emmet am ( 1991 ) . life history and habits of the british lepidoptera . in : emmet am , heath j ( eds ) the moths and butterflies of great britain and ireland , vol . 7 , part 2 . harley books colchester , pp 61–203
erhardt a , thomas ja ( 1991 ) . lepidoptera as indicators of change in the semi - natural grasslands of lowland and upland europe . in : collins nm , thomas ja ( eds ) the conservation of insects and their habitats . academic press , london , pp 213–236
erhardt a ( 1985 ) . diurnal lepidoptera—sensitive indicators of cultivated and abandoned grassland . j appl ecol 22 : 849–861
gärdenfors u ( 2000 ) . the 2000 redlist of swedish species . swedish species information centre , uppsala
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anthelia glauca , the giant anthelia , is a species of soft coral in the family xeniidae .

it is a colonial species and is found in shallow water in the indo-pacific region .

anthelia glauca

reproduction in anthelia glauca ( octocorallia : xeniidae ) . i . gametogenesis and larval brooding
reproduction in anthelia glauca ( octocorallia : xeniidae ) . i . gametogenesis and larval brooding | springerlink
benayahu , y . and schleyer , m . h . ( 1998 ) reproduction in anthelia glauca ( octocorallia : xeniidae ) . marine biology , 131 , 433 - 442 . urltoken
benayahu , y . and m . h . schleyer . 1998 . reproduction in anthelia glauca ( octocorallia : xeniidae . ) ii . transmission of algal symbionts during planular brooding . marine biology 131 : 433 - 442 .
kruger , a . , m . h . schleyer , and y . benayahu . 1998 . reproduction in anthelia glauca ( octocorallia : xeniidae ) . 1 . gametogenesis and larval brooding . marine biology 131 : 423 - 432 .
kruger , a . , schleyer , m . h . and benayahu , y . ( 1998 ) reproduction in anthelia glauca ( octocorallia : xeniidae ) . i . gametogenesis and larval brooding . marine biology , 131 , 423 - 432 .
although the optimal of anthelia glauca coral was successfully determine , and a way to better grow the species in captivity was found , not all coral have the same properties and characteristics like that of anthelia glauca . thus , in order to find out if moderate flow is optimal for all species of coral , more types of animals , such as the specimens in figure 6 , need to be tested . in this way , other species of coral’s sensitivity to water flow can support the results of the anthelia glauca . thus , the optimal flow rate can be found for all species of coral . in the field of aquaculture , this would be extremely beneficial as if this were the case , there would be no further need for pumps blasting high flow , or just merely low flow .
anthelia glauca lamarck , 1816 : schleyer & benayahu ( 2016 ) [ statut pour mayotte ] schleyer , m . h . , & benayahu , y . 2016 . the soft coral fauna ( octocorallia : alcyonacea ) of mayotte . marine biodiversity , 1 - 8 . [ urltoken ]
general husbandry : this soft coral is often confused with xenia , which is similar in appearance . whereas xenia polyps extend from its stalk or branches , the larger anthelia polyps arise directly from its encrusting base , which is a good way to tell these two favorites apart from each other .
and even though anthelia does not seem to contain any toxic chemicals , therefore , extremely compatible with other type corals it touches , it can spread quite fast under the right circumstances . therefore it ' s wise to provided enough surrounding space for growth , as it can ' simply ' overgrow its neighbors .
furthermore , xenia is usually purchased because its polyp ' s tentacles have the capacity to pulse at regular intervals . even though anthelia polyp tentacles are also said to pulse in the wild , yet far less than do xenia polyps , their pulsing in aquaria is quite infrequent . it is thought the pulsing tends to move dissolved organic laden water past the tentacles and / or is a form of respiration where dangerously high levels of dissolved oxygen are dissipated . one thing for sure , the reason for pulsing is still conjecture .
cordeiro , r . ; van ofwegen , l . ; williams , g . ( 2018 ) . world list of octocorallia .
verseveldt , j . ( 1976 ) . alcyonacea from the seychelles ( coelenterata octocorallia ) . rev . zool . afr 90 ( 3 ) : 487 - 513 . [ details ]
l . p . van ofwegen , s . d . cairns & j . van der land ( eds ) . ( 2000 - 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
natural environment : this is an encrusting photosynthetic soft coral that generally inhabits protected , fairly shallow nutrient rich back reef areas where gentle currents exist . its cylindrical - shaped polyps , tall , about 5 inches ( 12 cm ) , are part of an encrusting base that usually encompasses dead coral rubble and hardpan areas . polyps have 8 delicate pinnate tentacles , which have been seen to rhythmically open and close ( pulse ) in the wild . the most common color is a rich brown , however , however , other colors such as ashen grey , and / or very light tan specimens have also been seen .
fyi : do not remove a specimen with highly inflated polyps from the water as the weight of the water in the flesh may damage / tear the polyps . gently shake the specimen and allow them to retract somewhat before removing .
even though this species is a poor shipper , healthy specimens , once established are quite hardy and disease resistant .
magnesium ( mg ) : approx . 1350 mg / l ( relate to specific gravity )
the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .
also known as octocorals , soft tree corals , tree coral , bush coral , waving hand coral , wood ' s polyp coral .
also known as octocorals , soft tree corals , tree coral , bush coral , waving hand coral and wood ' s polyp coral . found on reef flats . they feed on plankton . length - 25cm depth - 6 - 20m widespread indo - pacific most soft corals have no true skeleton and so their bodies are flexible . some soft corals have spikes very similar to rose thorns which may help to protect against predators . soft corals are food and shelter to many marine animals , some of which hide in the branches and take on the colouration of these corals . ( edit )
created to help individuals around the world identify tropical fish found during their scuba dive and snorkelling excursions .
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van ofwegen ( 2007 ) [ statut pour la nouvelle - calédonie ] van ofwegen , l . p . 2007 . annotated check list of new caledonian soft corals . in : payri , c . & richer de forges , b . [ eds ] . compendium of marine species of new caledonia . doc . sci . tech . ird , nouméa . ii7 ( 2 ) : 135 - 141 . [ urltoken ]
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .
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oceanographic research institute , p . o . box 10712 , marine parade 4056 , durban , republic of south africa
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egyptian journal of aquatic research , 33 ( 3 ) . p . 39 - 51
the egyptian journal of aquatic research is abstracted in both of zoological record and chemical abstract since volume 31 ( 1 ) , 2005 . the chief editor : prof . fatma aly abd el - razek e - mail : fatma _ abdelrazek @ urltoken
egyptian journal of aquatic research [ 72 ] egypt . j . aqu . res .
mini reef aquarium guide . reef aquarium setup for large reef tanks , nano reef tanks , pico reef or micro reef aquariums with reef tank lighting , filtration , choosing coral reef animals , and problem solving !
setting up a saltwater aquarium . guide to marine supplies , putting the aquarium together , cycling the aquarium water and adding fish !
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i ' d love to give your clam a new house . i have 110g reef tank set up 25 hrs . he ' d love it !
i would like to purchase a quantity of aiptasia for my berghia nudibranch . if you have some available , please respond . bobtc100 @ urltoken
fast grower , easy to take care for , easy to frag . . . . saltypaul
are very similar in appearance to other xeniids , but this genus is encrusting , which sets it apart . they actually form an encrusting mat and the long cylindrical polyps grow directly from that base . they have a delicate appearance with polyps that are topped with eight long pinnate ( feathering ) tentacles , or fingers , thus the common names of waving hand coral , glove coral , feather coral , and pulse coral .
genus are found in deeper and more protected waters than other xeniids , sometimes at depths beyond 60 feet ( 18 m ) . they most often are chocolate brown , but also come in some interesting colors like gray , light tan , cream , and ivory . there is even a bright blue colored species ,
though the waving hand coral is also referred to as a pulse coral , their polyps do not pulse nearly as much as most of the xeniids , and often not at all in captivity . they also do not retract their polyps into the coral . interestingly
species do not react much , if at all , to outward stimuli , like a touch from your hand .
genus does not usually pulse in captivity , the xeniidae family itself is considered unique in the coral world because of this ability . from this family , at least five other genera will pulse . some of those common to aquarists include the
polyps rise from the top of a stalk , forming small colonies , rather than having their polyps grow directly from an encrusting mat .
can sometimes be confused with the waving hand corals with very similar polyps . you can tell the difference between the two by looking at them when the polyps are retracted .
can deflate its polyps too , but one can still see the tentacles as they cannot be withdrawn completely into the calyx .
is easier to care for than the other genera in the xeniid family . they are less likely to crash , which is quite typical of the
genus . due to the fact that they are deeper water species , the lighting for most can be more of a low to moderate level . attach to a plug or rock once introduced to the tank . exercise proper handling procedures like
, if you need to handle them , do so very briefly and with gloved fingers . when handled they stress and produce lots of mucous , which in turn attracts bacteria , leading to death . this is also the reason they do not travel well . this production of mucous attracts bacteria , and being trapped in the shipping bag causes the bacteria to consume the
this video of a waving hand coral has a great and useful narrative ! these corals can be kept in nano tanks if they are kept cut back or are great in a large aquarium . imagine the entire back wall covered with these ! that would be mesmerizing ! low to moderate lighting is best and adding zooplankton is helpful for growth . if light is higher , acclimate them slowly and watch them for signs of stress . unlike xenia , they do not melt away .
genus was described by lamarck in 1816 . there are about 12 species which include
. some common names these corals are known for are the waving hand coral , pulse coral , feather coral , and glove coral . the
genus has been propagated in captivity , and acquiring these specimens is a good idea , since they are hardier than their wild counterparts .
genus are found in in the indo - pacific and the red sea . at depths between 26 - 72 feet ( 8 - 22 m ) in waters that are gentle and nutrient rich .
genus inhabit protected areas of the reef , away from strong water movement . they are not found with other xeniids , since they are usually out competed for reef space . they are often found growing over dead coral skeletons and other hard substrates .
genus grows very different from the other species in this genus . they actually form an encrusting mat and their cylindrical polyps grow directly from that base . their polyps do not pulse nearly as much as most of the xeniids , and often not at all in captivity . it is possible that the indo - pacific species may be more likely to pulse than the red sea species , which have not been seen pumping .
being light blue . they can have small oval sclerites , yet sclerites are not often found on this species . sclerites are small calcareous bodies that can help support soft corals . the polyps do not retract inside the coral , but can contract considerably , and are all polyps autozooid ( feeding tentacles ) .
is the most common species and forms small clustered groupings . the polyps are long , up to 5
( 13 cm ) or more . they are found a little shallower , at depths of 26 - 72 feet ( 8 - 22 m ) .
is light blue and is found only in hawaii . they have 1 / 4
polyps and the colonies are 3 - 12
across .
genus . due to the fact that they are deeper water species , the lighting for most can be more of a low to moderate level . some species , though , may need a little more light so watch your
and take cues . adjust the light accordingly and be aware of their nutritional needs .
corals have developed several feeding strategies . they can absorb dissolved organic matter , some species capture microscopic food particles from the water column , and they have a symbiotic relationship with a marine algae known as zooxanthellae , where they also receive some of their nutrients .
in captivity target feeding is pretty much pointless , and stocking enough fish as a source of dissolved organics is all you need . tanks without fish need a mature sand that can be stirred to get the organics in the the water column . some have stated micro zooplankton may be added if desired .
genus . doing water changes of 20 % a month or 10 % biweekly is needed , although it is suggested that doing 5 % water changes once a week will replenish many of the needed additives . soft corals still need to have proper chemical levels for proper growth . adding trace elements helps to keep those nutrients in the water which benefit them . maintain ph at least at 8 . 3 .
1200 - 1350 ppm . ( magnesium makes calcium available , so if your calcium is low , check your magnesium levels before adding any more calcium . )
a typical live rock / reef environment is what is needed for your waving hand coral , along with some fish for organic matter production . attach the
corals like a moderate to high , and turbid water flow . the brighter species of corals can be slowly adapted to stronger halide lighting , yet the darker ones need lower light . if the levels are not high enough in the lighting scheme you have , or you need new bulbs , some xeniids will change color or increase in size . this deepening color change is from the coral actually cultivating more zooxanthellae to catch the lowered light levels . the
the waving hand coral is peaceful and will not bother other corals . they are more likely to be the victim of other corals than the victor . this makes them a great addition to your reef , yet be protective of them if stronger corals are nearby . the
leather corals seem to help xeniids flourish , though this is not entirely understood .
genus is non - aggressive as far as stinging or affecting nearby corals , but they will actually encrust up to areas where there is more light if they need to . make sure no weak corals are around that can be
grown
over .
genus will use pinnitomy , which is when pinnules fall from the polyps and attach to the substrate to start new colonies . they will also grow outward from the edges of their colony and form new polyps on the new mat . some species , like
broods externally on the surface during the warm season that spans about 5 months . they form a brooding pouch where their planulae larvae grow and then are released fully developed to form new colonies . it is possible that other species breed similarly .
is encrusting , the mat of colony can be divided . simply cut off pieces of a mat and glue them , or better yet , rubber band them to a rock or plug . letting it grow over and encrust on rubble is a good way to make frags that are connected to a surface . simply snip out a piece of rubble . fragging is similar to star polyps , like the the
genus is hardy and easy to care for . however they may be prey to a little nasty crab that assumes the color of the coral , and slowly eats it away .
is very easy to find at pet shops and on line . online they can run about $ 40 . 00 to $ 60 . 00 usd and up , depending on size and / or color .
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i have advertised my aquarium as a complete setup for sale if this does not happen then i will have to sell most of the contents and only keep a few for my next setup .
the subclass octocorallia represents a geographically and morphologically diverse group of cnidarians for which basic life history , including reproductive biology , is poorly known in most species . current knowledge of reproduction in this group is derived from a few of taxonomic descriptions which include information on reproductive morphology ( e . g . kukenthal 1919 ) , and a limited number of published studies on reproductive biology and ecology in mostly tropical species .
there is limited knowledge concerning the effect of asexual reproduction on the sexual reproductive cycle and general fitness in octocorals . lasker ( 1990 ) reported that there is no evidence of a trade - off between sexual reproduction and vegetative propagation in p . kuna . he suggested that for this species , vegetative propagation might be better characterized as a clonal growth strategy as opposed to reproductive strategy . in contrast , mcfadden ( 1991 ) modeled contributions of asexual and sexual reproduction to relative fitness in alcyonium sp . and reported that increased fitness was associated with an increase in colony fission at the expense of sexual reproduction .
in colonial marine invertebrates , size - dependant reproduction is relatively common and may represent a strategy whereby resources are allocate to growth at the expensive of reproduction , until a colony reaches a minimize size . by attaining a “threshold” size as rapidly as possible , octocorals may minimize the elevated risk of mortality associated with small colony size ( harvell and grosberg 1988 ; gutierrez - rodriguez and lasker 2004 ; kapela and lasker 1999 ) .
gametogenesis occurs almost exclusively in autozooids ; however , in certain species with dimorphic polyps , gonads may occur in the siphonzooids . in the alcyonacean genus , anthomastis , only the siphonozooids contain reproductive structures ( jungerson 1927 in cordes et al . 2001 ) . similarly , in bathyalcon robustum the single autozooid is sterile and the siphonozooids contain the gonads ( bock 1938 ) . in the minabea robusta and as well as octocorals in the family paragorgiidae ( order alcyonacea ) , gonads are present in both autozooids and siphonozooids ( bayer 1973 ; utinomi and imahara 1976 ) .
polyp size ultimately places a constraint on gonad volume and planula - size in internally brooding species ( brito et al . 1997 ) ; but egg size varies between different species even when polyp size is similar ( gutierrez - rodriguez and lasker 2004 ) . one factor which may influence final oocyte size is the type of larval development . in octocorals , larger eggs are associated with species that have non - feeding ( lecithotrophic ) , non - pelagic larvae ( hartnoll 1975 ; orejas et al . 2002 ; cordes et al . 2001 ) . furthermore , greater nutrient stores associated with larger eggs ( wallace 1985 ) may be required for larvae with prolonged development to reach maturity , especially in those species with azooxanthellae planula ( coma and lasker 1997 ; gutierrez - rodriguez and lasker 2004 ) .
the rate of successful fertilization in octocorals appear to be strongly influenced by the position of male colonies in relation to female colonies in a population ( coma and lasker 1997 ) . coffroth and lasker ( 1998a ) found that in the caribbean broadcast - spawning gorgonian , plexaura kuna , male reproductive success was determined more by close proximity to female colonies than by over clone size . similarly , in the caribbean brooding gorgonian , briarium asbestinum , brazeau and lasker ( 1992 ) reported a “significant positive correlation between female reproductive success and the density and proximity of nearby males…”
while there is limited information on larval feeding ability , most octocoral planula appear to be lecithotrophic ( benayahu and loya 1983 ; chia and crawford 1973 and others ) . in species with zooxanthellate planula additional nutrition may be acquired through metabolized photosynthetic products ( richmond 1989 ; ben - david - zaslow and benayahu 1998 ) . no evidence currently exists for uptake of dom by octocoral planula ( dahan and benayahu 1998 ) .
yamazato et al . 1983 & uehara et al . 1987 , coll et al . 1995
achituv , y . and y . benayahu . 1990 . polyp dimorphism and functional , sequential hermaphroditism in the soft coral heteroxenia fuscescens ( octocorallia ) . marine ecology progress series 64 : 263 - 269 .
achituv , y . , y . benayahu , and j . haniania . 1992 . planulae brooding and acquisition of zooxanthellate in xenia macrospiculata ( cnidaria : octocorallia ) . helgolander meeresunters 46 : 301 - 310 .
alino , p . m . and j . c . coll . 1989 . observations of the synchronized mass spawning and postsettlement activity of octocorals on the great barrier reef , australia : biological aspects . bulletin of marine science 45 ( 3 ) : 697 - 707 .
andrews , a . h . , e . e . cordes , m . m mahoney , k . munk , k . h . coale , g . m . cailliet , and j . heifetz . 2002 . age , growth and radiometric age validation of a deep - sea , habitat - forming gorgonian ( primnoa resedaeformis ) from the gulf of alaska . hydrobiologia 471 ( 1 - 3 ) : 101 - 110 .
babcock , r . 1990 . reproduction and development of the blue coral heliopora coerulea ( alcyonaria : coenothecalia ) . marine biology 104 : 475 - 481 .
bayer , f . m . 1973 . colonial organization in octocorals . in : animal colonies : development and function through time . r . s . boardman , a . h . cheetham , and w . a . oliver ( eds . ) dowden , hutchinson , and ross , stroudsburg , pa . pp 69 - 93 .
beiring , e . a . and h . r . lasker . 2000 . egg production by colonies of a gorgonian coral . marine ecology progress series 196 : 169 - 177 .
ben - david - zaslow , r . and y . benayahu . 1998 . competence and longevity in planulae of several species of soft corals . marine ecology progress series 163 : 235 - 243 .
benayahu , y . 1989 . reproductive cycle and developmental processes during embryogenesis of clavularia hamra ( cnidaria , octocorallia ) . acta zoologica 70 ( 1 ) : 29 - 36 .
benayahu , y . 1991 . reproduction and developmental pathways of red sea xeniidae ( octocorallia , alcyonacea ) . hydrobiologia 216 / 217 : 125 - 130 .
benayahu y . and y . loya . 1983 . surface brooding in the red sea soft coral parerythropodium fulvum fulvum ( forskaal , 1775 ) . biological bulletin 165 : 353 - 369 .
benayahu , y . and y . loya . 1984a . life history studies on the red sea soft coral xenia macrospiculata gohar , 1940 . i . annual dynamics of gonadal development . biological bulletin 166 : 32 - 43 .
benayahu , y . and y . loya . 1984b . life history studies on the red sea soft coral xenia macrospiculata gohar , 1940 . ii . planula shedding and post larval development . biological bulletin 166 : 44 - 53 .
benayahu , y . and y . loya . 1985 . settlement and recruitment of a soft coral : why is xenia macrospiculata a successful colonizer ? bulletin of marine science 36 ( 1 ) : 177 - 188 .
benayahu , y . and y . loya . 1986 . sexual reproduction of a soft coral : synchronous and brief annual spawning of sacrophyton glaucum ( quoy and gaimard , 1833 ) . biological bulletin 170 : 32 - 42 .
benayahu , y . and y . loya . 1987 . long - term recruitment of soft - corals ( octocorallia : alcyonacea ) on artificial substrata at eliat ( red sea ) . marine ecology progress series 38 : 161 - 167 .
benayahu , y . , y . achituv , and t . berner . 1988 . embryogenesis and acquisition of algal symbiots by planula of xenia umbellate ( octocorallia : alcyonacea ) . marine biology 100 : 93 - 101 .
benayahu , y . , t . berner , and y . achituv . 1989 . development of planulae within a mesogleal coat in the soft coral heteroxenia fuscensens . marine biology 100 : 203 - 210 .
bock , s . 1938 . the alcyonacean genus bathyalcyon . kungl . svenska vetenskapsakad . handl . ( 3 ) 16 ( 5 ) : 1 - 54 , plates 1 - 2 .
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* to cite this page : simpson , a . ( 2009 ) reproduction in octocorals ( subclass octocorallia ) : a review of published literature . version 16 july 2009 . in deep - sea corals portal , urltoken
full - text html xml download as pdf ( size : 1284kb ) pp . 384 - 398
tarek a . a . mohammed 1 * , abdel - hamid a . ali 2 , mohamed m . el - komi 3 , mohammed a . h . ezz el - arab 2 , fayez a . m . shoukr 4
1 marine invertebrates department , national institute of oceanography & fisheries ( niof ) , hurghada branch , hurghada , egypt . 2 hydrobiology department , national institute of oceanography & fisheries ( niof ) , suez branch , suez , egypt . 3 hydrobiology department , national institute of oceanography & fisheries ( niof ) , alexandria , egypt . 4 zoology department , faculty of science , tanta university , tanta , egypt .
the studied area in front of the national institute of oceanography and fisheries ( niof formally mentioned marine biological station , mbs ) was chosen due to its naturally protected area from most of the anthropogenic , human activities and the diving and / or the fishing processes . it is also not affect by any anthropogenic impacts or any human activities but affected by sedimentation processes due to the water movements and the north coming currents . the studied site is located at 5 km north hurghada city ( figure 1 ) at latitudes of 27˚17 ' 13
n and longitudes of 33˚46 ' 43
e , where it is characterized by high sedimentation rates [ 25 ] - [ 27 ] .
some physical factors , as temperature ( ˚c ) , salinity ( ‰ ) , ph and dissolved oxygen ( mg・l −1 ) were measured as averages for one year at each site and were measured seasonal mean at the studied site using hydrolab instrument ( model surveyor 4 , 1997 ) .
. the location map of national institute of ocean - ography and fisheries ( marine biological station mbs ) .
the fragments were dipped in fine sediments immediately after cutting ; this helps to seal the exposed area to prevent the loss of the animal fluid , and adds negative buoyancy to the cut area of fragment [ 30 ] . before weighing process , the particulate matter and sediment are cleaned carefully to avoid error in measurements ( balance standard error is ±0 . 1 during weighing ) and avoid any damage for the coral . the coral fragments were weighed separately before planting , to avoid water loss . sample was placed in a tumbler filled with known weight of water , then by the calculating the difference between the weight of the tumbler with water and the weight of the tumbler containing water and sample . so , we determined the sample weight without water loss .
after the weighing process , coral fragments are fixed on plastic plates using a thin wire ( or pike tooth ) by piercing through the part , then marked and tagged for the following stages . then the coral samples were placed in the sea at protected area from turbulence at 5 m depth , so the site should be chosen primarily for low turbulence and care must be taken to protect the corals during the attachment phase . after two weeks the thin wire removed and the fragments became attached well with the substrate and then samples weighing again . the growth rates for the coral fragments and the whole colonies were determined and measured semiannually ( twice per year ; once each six months due to the colonies sensitivity and to avoid the colonies shrinkage and death ) at the warm season ( summer ) and the cold season ( winter ) .
the preliminary weights of the whole six colonies and the twelve fragments were determined before planting and reweight again throughout a year for determination of the growth rate . however , the maximum growth in the whole or the naturally grown colony reached 30 . 05 gm / 6 month in summer and the least growth reached
20 . 15 gm / 6 month , while in winter the range of growth was varied between 21 . 04 - 28 . 36 gm / 6 month ( figure 3 ) . on the other hand , the transplanted fragments grow with sub - equal values or slightly lower . they recorded a range of 19 . 20 - 29 . 70 gm / 6 months in summer and a range of 18 . 50 - 29 . 30 gm / 6 months ( figure 3 ) .
the average semiannual growth of the naturally growing colonies recorded the highest value ( 25 . 875 ± 1 . 4058 gm / 6 m ) in summer ; while in winter they illustrated a slightly low value ( 23 . 533 ± 1 . 2018 gm / 6 months ) . while the coral fragments illustrated lower average than the natural grown colonies but appeared as sub - equal values in both summer and winter . the average growth recorded 23 . 483 ± 0 . 9171 gm / 6 m and 23 . 083 ± 1 . 001 gm / 6 m in summer and winter respectively ( table 1 ) . moreover , the average annual growth rates of the natural growing colonies recorded a relatively higher rate , 49 . 408 ± 2 . 4105 gm / y , than the fragmented colonies which reached 46 . 567 ± 1 . 9094 gm / y ( table 1 and figure 4 ) .
one - way anova indicated that , there is no significant difference between the recorded data of the growth rate of the coral fragments during the first six months ( during summer ) and second six months ( during winter ) at p - value = 0 . 205 > 0 . 05 ( table 2 ) . moreover , the survival rate of the used colonies ( n = 12 fragments and n = 6 small colonies ) were approximately 100 % .
the autozooids is a tube differentiated morphologically into three main regions : the main body ( anthocodial stem ) , the oral disc and the tentacles . the autozooids are communicating by means of transverse tubes through the coenenchyme of the colony ; these tubes are composed mainly of the continuation of the gastro vascular cells , which help in the asexual reproduction and developing the new polyps .
the eight septa or the mesenteries of the autozooid that are attaching to the endoderm layer of the actinopharynx ( stomodaeum ) and extending to the base of the autozooid are consisting of three layers ; two outer endodermic layers and an inner mesogloea layer . there are primordial generative cells developed in the endoderm of the ventral and lateral mesenteries in the mesenteric chambers and may migrate to the mesogloea during the early development of the genital cells .
. the six natural growing colonies ( left ) and the twelve fragments ( right ) .
. fragmented colony ( left ) and the natural grown colony ( right ) .
. the average and range of the whole and the fragmented colonies through a year .
. the general anatomy of the autozooid ( a ) , sclerite ( b ) and partofcolonysurface ( c ) . { an . s : anthocodial stem ; ecto : ectoderm ; end : endoderm ; go : gonads ; mg : mesogloea ; ms . f : mesenteric filament ; o . d : oral disc ; ph : pharynx ; s : siphonoglyph ; siph : siphonozooid ; te : tentacle . } .
. one - way anova analysis of the coral fragments growth rate per 6 months .
the mature female gonads were found swelling containing the young ova and detected during the months october - november 2006 covered by a common layer of endodermal cells of the mesenteries . different stages of the young ova that are still attaching to the mesenteries ( mature gonads ) in addition to little of the pre - mature ova were detected through the period from december to the following february 2007 .
the ova were separated from the mesenteric filament forming the oocytes in october 2006 ( figure 7 ( c ) ) . the free mature oocytes reached about 400 - 450 µm ( figure 7 ( d ) ) and were recorded in the coelenteron at the sub - stomodaeal region , then the mature oocytes were moved to the anterior part of the autozooid during december to the next january 2007 where it apparently becomes ready for fertilization ( figure 8 ( a ) ) . the autozooids becomes empty in the end of february to may 2008 ( figure 8 ( b ) ) , but the mesenteries simply started to be swollen in july perhaps for the new reproductive cycle which will repeated again . investigation of the autozooids began in october 2006 and was continued to july 2008 , where the maturation of the oocyte took in probability 20 - 23 months .
. the ova at different maturity stages , some still attached to the mesentery by stalks ( a ) ; the mature female gonad extended posteriorin the autozooid ×400 ( b ) ; the pre - mature ova still attaching to the mesenteries at the sub - stomodaeum region ( c ) ; the detached mature ova in the coelenteron ' s cavity ×200 ( d ) .
. free mature oocytes at the sub - stomodaeum region ×100 ( a ) ; the simple swelling at the periphery of the mesenteries ×100 ( b ) ; spermary attaching to the mesenteries and completely filled with the spermatocytes ×400 ( c ) ; the different developmental stages of spermaries ×200 ( d ) ; the free spermaries in coelenteric cavity of autozooid ( e ) ; the planulae larvae incorporated within the autozooid ×200 ( f ) .
further development by successive division and increasing in number takes place then the spermatocytes developed into the spermatozoa , where the spherical cells became flagellated , the flagella are extending to the center of the spermaries . the spermary that including the pre - mature spermatozoa reached to 300 - 400 µm in size and a small cavity appeared in the center . mature spermatozoa were completed their formation during the last days of november to december 2007 , where the spermary ranged between 500 and 600 µm ( figure 8 ( e ) and figure 8 ( f ) ) . it was difficult to detect the shedding process of the sperms . the build - up of the spermatogenesis generally takes less than 12 months .
number of the collected larvae reaches to about 30 larvae approximately belonging to about 40 autozooids only of a collected colony . the larvae are rounded ciliated forms , having negative buoyancy and observed to swim in a rotary manner containing very small tentacles ( eight tentacles ) at the oral disc surrounding it . these cilia are very fin help the larvae in swimming , which reached to about 300 micron . the posterior end of the larvae contains a disc - like structure which will form the colony substrate with its stalk .


the smoothbelly sardinella ( amblygaster leiogaster ) , also known as blue sardine , blue sprat , bluebait , is a reef-associated marine species of sardinellas in the herring family clupeidae .

it is one of the three species of genus amblygaster .

it is found in the marine waters along indo-west pacific regions towards south western australia .

the fish has 13 to 21 dorsal soft rays and 12 to 23 anal soft rays .

it grows up to a maximum length of 23 cm .

the flank is gold in fresh fish but becomes black while preservation .

belly is more rounded and scutes are not prominent .

it is rather closely resemble amblygaster clupeoides , but the latter has very few lower gill rakers than smoothbelly sardinella .

the fish feeds on minute organisms like zooplankton .

amblygaster leiogaster

smoothbelly sardine , amblygaster leiogaster . source : peter j whitehead / australian national fish collection , csiro . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial - sharealike
( of sardinella leiogaster valenciennes , 1847 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of clupea leiogaster ( valenciennes , 1847 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of amblyogaster leiogaster ( valenciennes , 1847 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
greek , amblys = darkness + greek , gaster = stomach ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; pelagic - neritic ; depth range 0 - 50 m ( ref . 188 ) . tropical ; 30°n - 23°s , 39°e - 129°e ( ref . 188 )
indo - west pacific : coasts of africa eastward to okinawa , japan ; south to western australia .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 23 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 ) ; common length : 18 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 188 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 13 - 21 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 12 - 23 . body moderately slender , belly rather rounded , scutes not prominent . distinguished from a . sirm by the absence of spots along the flank ( gold in life , black on preservation ) and fewer lower gill rakers . closely resembles a . clupeoides , which has fewer lower gill rakers .
a schooling species occurring in coastal waters ( ref . 188 , 75154 ) .
whitehead , p . j . p . , 1985 . fao species catalogue . vol . 7 . clupeoid fishes of the world ( suborder clupeoidei ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings , sardines , pilchards , sprats , shads , anchovies and wolf - herrings . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 7 / 1 ) : 1 - 303 . rome : fao . ( ref . 188 )
) : 25 . 2 - 29 . 1 , mean 28 . 4 ( based on 1022 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( assuming fec > 10 , 000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of clupea okinawensis kishinouye , 1908 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
erm . ( 1998 ) . fisheries resources and fishing operations in hong kong waters . final report . submitted to agriculture & fisheries department , the hong kong sar government . [ details ]
a schooling species occurring in coastal waters ( ref . 188 , 75154 ) .
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special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
munroe , t . a . , t . wongratana , and m . s . nizinski / carpenter , kent e . , and volker h . niem , eds .
fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol . 3 : batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes , part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae )
fao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 7 , pt . 1
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
valenciennes , a . in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1847 , vol . 20 , pp . 472 pp . pls 591 - 606 , levrault , paris
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 660f6141 - 2f6d - 4781 - 89ff - 0a7c2138fd60
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 407020
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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warning : the data available reflects the progression status of knowledge or the availability of the inventories . it should never be considered as comprehensive .
national inventory of natural heritage , website : https : / / inpn . mnhn . fr .