the name tui is from the māori name tūī and is the species ' formal common name .

the plural is tui in modern english , or ngā tūī in māori usage ; some speakers still use the ' - s ' suffix to produce the anglicised form tuis to indicate plurality , but this practice is becoming less common .

the early european colonists called it the parson bird , but , as with many new zealand birds , the maori name tūī is now the common name and the english term is archaic .

tui ( bird )

tui and koko ; the young bird distinguished as pi - tui or pikari .
the tui ( prosthemadera novaeseelandiae ) is an endemic passerine bird of new zealand .
437 tui bird stock photos , vectors , and illustrations are available royalty - free .
native new zealand bird tui sitting on a branch of flax plant . close - up
native new zealand bird tui sitting on a branch of flax plant . side view .
this is the tui , new zealand’s national bird which is even able to fly .
tui bird in spring feeding on kōwhai nectar . close ups of eating and singing .
parson bird , poe bee - eater , new zealand creeper , koko , mocking bird .
the name tui is derived from the maori language with the plural being simply tui .
a tui bird ( prosthemadera novaeseelandiae ) feeding on kowhai nectar in taupo , new zealand .
a tui , a king of honeyeater bird native to new zealand , feeding on native flax .
new zealand native bird the tui feeding on kaã ? â�whai tree as it flowers in spring .
tui ' s bird sounds . tui is new zealand native birds , mainly they are in north island . sometimes they are noisy , but make marvellous song . tui ( テゥイ ) は主にニュージーランドの北島にいる鳥で、とても豊かな鳴き声を奏でます。
a close up portrait of a new zealand native tui bird with pollen on it ' s head .
new zealand native honeyeater bird the tui ( prosthemadera novaeseelandiae ) , in a golden yellow flowering native kowhai tree .
the bird identification online course will help you identify the 10 new zealand forest birds most commonly recorded during five minute bird counts .
a male tui asserts its dominance over another at a suburban bird feeder . social hierarchy is based on sex , size and seniority .
an auckland study into the native call of the tui has revealed its song ranks as one the bird - world ' s most complex .
mr & mrs gregory rushed next door and immediately recognised the bird as a young bittern . bitterns fledge at 7 weeks ( approx . ) , somehow the “teenaged” bird must have got lost and decided that any type of bird was a good bird to hang around with – even the chooks .
our love affair with tui extends to popular culture , and as an emblem of kiwiness , they have proved to be very contemporary . they show up emblazoned on tui balms and waxes , tui garden products , tui campervans and , of course , the billboard - cum - social commentary series that showcases blokey new zealand culture for tui brewery . even the kiwi , officially our national bird , fails to capture as much airtime .
the tui ( prosthemadera novaeseelandiae ) is an endemic passerine bird of new zealand . it is one of the largest members of the diverse honeyeater family .
a tui is dusted with pollen while extracting nectar from a kowhai , which will be transported over large distances to other trees in the bird’s range .
haere mai ki te reo o te taiao – welcome to forest & bird .
reusing the files : bird songs may be reused according to our copyright terms .
photo by rod morris , courtesy of department of conservation . more about this bird
tui wild bird seed mix and the tui range of wild bird feeders are designed to tempt a variety of birds into your garden so you can enjoy the colour , song and beauty of new zealand’s birds in your own backyard . all tui feeders have a high quality construction , are weather resistant , easy to clean , and have a simple to fill design . to use , simply fill your feeder with tui wild bird seed mix , and hang from a sturdy branch , high enough off the ground to avoid cats being an issue .
photograph by don merton . crown copyright 2004 , department of conservation more about this bird
it ' s a rare occasion to catch a glimpse of a white tui .
tui contribute a valuable role in the pollination of many native plants and trees .
the curled white tufts at the base of the neck are formed by modified feathers . their resemblance to a clergical collar led early settlers to dub tui the “parson bird” .
4 . new zealand is so much richer for having such a beautiful and charismatic bird .
photograph by don merton . crown copyright 1966 , department of conservation . more about this bird
rejuvenation projects have also supported tui elsewhere in new zealand . the makara peak mountainbike park in karori feeds tui and supports their breeding in wider wellington , a region which is enviably awash with tui . summer visitors to the beehive or lambton quay are likely to be treated to the richly iconic sight of tui enjoying pohutukawa flowers .
male tui can be very aggressive and will chase other birds including the much larger native wood pigeon or kereru , bellbirds , stitchbirds , other tui and silver - eyes .
what do they look like ? • the plumage of the tui can look black from certain angles and in dull light but in the sunshine the feathers positively sparkle with green , purple and bronze iridescent sheens . • early europeans called the tui the ‘parsons bird’ because the two white tufts of feathers at the tui’s throat reminded them of a vicar’s collar .
the secret life of bird calls the first songs that echoed across this land came from birds .
prosthemadera novaeseelandiae - a beautiful tui bird , native and endemic to new zealand . the passerine is a large honeyeater . his white bell feathers are in contrast with its body and blurry background
geographical variation : two subspecies are recognised : tui p . n . novaeseelandiae ( not threatened ) and chatham island tui p . n . chathamensis ( threatened / nationally endangered ) .
who can it be now ? • the alarm call of the tui is a harsh ‘keer keer’ sound . • the song of the tui is loud and musical with interruptions of harsh coughs , clicks , rattles , whistles , bell - like chimes , gongs , wheezes and grunts . • tui flight is fast and noisy with a whooshing wing beat interspersed with short glides . • during the mating season tui can be seen looping , rolling and diving through the air . tui can also be seen chasing other birds from tui to bellbird to magpies .
recent attempts to reintroduce tui to banks peninsula , and chatham island tui to chatham island ( from rangatira island ) , both in 2009 - 10 , are showing encouraging signs of success .
this bird was found on ninety mile beach by surfcasters on friday 23 april 2007 . the albatross was transferred to a small bird centre in the far north . the bird was very skinny and they could not get him to eat so they sent him to us at the whangarei native bird recovery centre on monday 26 april 2007 . it appeared that the bird had been caught in the recent storm , battling gale force winds from the east and he was absolutely worn out , unable to stand or hold his head up .
cooked oats or porridge . this can harden around a bird ' s beak . uncooked oats are okay .
mr hill says being able to identify the repertoire of strong tui males could help conservationists too .
tui at the sugar water feeder in a private garden . used with permission from patsy dart .
music to his ears : sam hill discovered that the tui has more than 300 distinct songs .
forest & bird is a registered charitable entity in terms of the charities act 2005 . registration no . cc26943 .
one of the first ladies of new zealand poetry , eileen duggan , eulogised the tui with typical eloquence ; writing as if to a traveller who might be persuaded that some foreign bird was its equal , she bid him to remember the tui’s unparalleled beauty . the mechanics of a nectar - supping bird’s dependence on its tongue for survival assures us that duggan was mistaken about the grisly tongue - slitting , but she catches our sense of rapture , our desire to care for and personally witness the unique bird that means so much to us :
treat your backyard friends to a tui wild bird seed bell . providing an alternative to a feeder , it will give them days of entertainment and nutrition while using their natural pecking instincts to pull apart the bell .
i thought it was acting more like a tui so i went for a closer look .
tui , it seems , could be one of the most intelligent and socially literate birds on earth .
4 . tui possess two voice boxes that allow them to sing such a varied array of sounds .
more information on the banks peninsula tui release can be found at tv3 news and radio new zealand .
40 years since the first ever ' bird ' they ' ve been a staple of radio new zealand for decades - four to be exact . the bird calls have been played in the mornings on radio new zealand since 1974 .
one of our bird experts discusses the features of various new zealand birds in a series of radio new zealand interviews .
jennifer at first thought the bird was albino but after doing a bit of research she ' s not so sure .
“this male is a good quality individual , worthy of taking out of this population and putting it into an area where there are less tui or even no tui , to help make the gene pool stronger . ”
iridescent shadows that zoom , bustle and warble through the canopy—tui have adapted and thrived while others have perished .
the tui is the one endemic bird to have survived and even thrived in the presence of humans on these islands . they have entered our national consciousness like no other new zealand bird , not even the kiwi whom we rarely see or even hear these days . the tui has become very much an intimate part of our daily lives , whereas so many other birds have languished and died out or stayed away in the deep bush and shunned our presence .
researchers at massey university believe it can help improve the survival of the native bird by identifying the reasons behind their songs .
the kiwi is a nocturnal bird . this behaviour helps to reduce its risk of predation and competition for food during daylight .
as the saying goes “the early bird gets the worm but the second mouse gets the cheese” ! ( willie nelson ) .
but until recently , these stories of tame and talking tui remained obscured by the gloom of history . a bird at the whangarei native bird recovery centre has changed all that . woof woof was brought into the bird hospital 13 years ago as a five - day - old chick that had fallen from the nest and become wedged into the crook of a tree . lovingly nursed to health by the centre’s founders , robert and robyn webb , the fledgling woof woof was given a permanent aviary at the centre rather than being released back into the wild—one wing had never fully healed , and as a disabled tui he would certainly have been killed by a cat or a hawk , if not other tui .
researchers were able to distinguish between a distress call from a female protecting her nest and a tui suddenly alarmed .
akin to the copy - cat capabilities of parrots , the tui’s capacity for mimicry has been known for centuries . early european settlers kept pet tui , as did maori , and there are several accounts of tui that had been taught to talk and sing . these highly prized birds aroused envy—a legend from the wairoa region tells about tane miti rangi , a tame tui that caused an inter - tribal war when he was stolen by a neighbouring hapu .
' bird call ' by shayne burrows of new plymouth , was voted the best in the sounds of new zealand 2011 competition .
tui seem as comfortable in a modified urban environment as they do in natural environments , and like most birds , enjoy bathing in fresh , clean water . often thought of as a glossy black bird with a round white tuft , tui plumage is strongly iridescent and can appear purple , blue , green , olive or golden yellow depending on the angle of light .
to reduce the attraction by bees and wasps to your tui feeder , place it in as much shade as possible .
brunton dh , roper mm and harmer amt ( 2016 ) female song rate and structure predict reproductive success in a socially monogamous bird .
the bird , called by many names other than tui or koko , was of great importance to maori and there are many stories about the relationship in the literature . apart from potted tui being a favourite food , they were very often kept in cages and trained to speak and even welcome people to a marae . many of these birds were famous and even fought over .
the bird calls are available for download but are covered by strict copyright conditions . these conditions limit access to personal use only . it is a breach of these conditions for bird calls downloaded from this site to be distributed , broadcast publicly , or altered in any way .
massey university researchers have found the tui has a repertoire of more than 300 songs , and some could even have thousands .
possessing two voice boxes means the tui can perform a wide array of vocalizations and have been known to mimic human speech .
ces , nesting areas or singing posts ; you might have noticed a tui fly into a tree and dislodge several other incumbent birds . spring also sees tui take part in one of the felicitous exchanges of the natural world . as they dip curved beaks into similarly curved flower hoods and curl their brush - tipped tongues into the nectar of mahoe , rewarewa and other flowering natives , the bird’s forehead is smudged with pollen . the pollen is transferred to another plant when the tui moves on to take its next drink . though inadvertently helping plants survive , the task is no more than a pub - crawl for a sugar - hungry tui .
tui are notoriously aggressive , and will defend a flowering or fruiting tree , or a small part of a large tree , from all - comers , whether another tui or another bird species . they vigorously chase other birds away from their feeding territory with loud whirring wings . tui have a display flight , in which they fly upwards above the canopy , and then make a noisy , near - vertical , dive back into the canopy . tui play a very important role in the dynamics of new zealand forests because they are one of the most common pollinators of flowering plants , and also disperse the seeds of trees with medium - sized fruits .
new research places the tui amongst a handful of intelligent birds that can produce more than 300 songs , with some singing thousands .
a spot of birdwatching with hugh robertson . the tui loves a spot of biffo and can sing just like a cellphone ringing !
tui are often seen on their own , in pairs or small groups . large numbers will congregate around a plentiful food source .
5 . tui are one of new zealand ' s earliest risers , and sometimes start singing as early as 3am or 4am .
what do they eat ? • tui are honey - eaters feeding mainly on nectar from native flowers like kowhai , flax , pohutukawa and rewarewa . • honeyeaters have brush - like tongues for sipping the nectar . • tui also eat native insects and fruit . • during winter and early spring tui will range far and wide in search of nectar bearing flowers . this is the time they are most common in urban gardens and when they feed on non - native plants . • tui are important to the forest because they pollinate forest flowers and spread medium and small seeds . when the bird pokes its head into a flower to reach the nectar , pollen sticks to its head feathers . then when the bird flies to another flower the pollen brushes onto the sticky stigma and a seed begins to form .
regularly clean and dry your bird feeding station or feeder . feeding food from unclean feeders may contribute to the spread of disease amongst wild birds .
the otorohanga kiwi house & native bird park is home to many native new zealand birds - kiwi , ducks & waterfowl , parrots and more .
household scraps can also be added to bird cakes . do not give desiccated coconut or salted peanuts , as this is not good for birds .
tui wild bird seed mix is a tasty all natural mix , containing no artificial colours and flavours and suitable for use in feeders or scattered on the lawn . the mix contains a nutritious blend of mixed millet , radish , rape seed , wheat , barley , and sorghum .
maori ate tui potted in calabashes as a feast food , and a myth about mautoka - rau - tawhiri tells of how she had cravings for potted tui while pregnant with her son rata . her husband obligingly takes his slave to the bush in search of tui , much like today’s stereotype of husband sent to supermarket at midnight to buy ice - cream and pickles for an implacable pregnant wife .
for the banks peninsula tui release , the team have also placed well - stocked bird feeders in forest clearings around the release site . these feeders are of the same design that the birds got used to using on maud island prior to the release . everyone hopes that this , combined with hearing the songs of maud island tui every morning , will be sufficient encouragement for the released birds to stay and explore hinewai .
careful observation of the tui in one neighbourhood will reveal common tunes , and the young birds in the aviaries to either side of woof woof at the whangarei native bird recovery centre have picked up some of woof woof’s phrases , ‘speaking’ in the same voice and accent that he does .
europeans who first colonised new zealand called it the parson bird due to the tufts of white feathers on its neck that resembled a parson’s clerical collar .
where do they live ? • the tui is endemic to in new zealand which means that they don’t live anywhere else in the world . • although they mainly live in forested areas , tui will fly up to 25km to visit parks and gardens in search of food .
many of our native birds eat nectar , fruit , and insects . you can help supplement their food by setting up a bird feeder in your garden .
john kendrick ( 1922 - 2013 ) john kendrick , the conservationist , filmmaker and sound recordist who initiated and recorded many of the morning report bird calls .
overtures like this do not seem out of place when ascribed to the tui . once named the parson bird , it easily matches our notions of overflowing joy . if you have been within range of a singing tui , you might have noticed that the clean white neck clusters shake like feather - light bells as the bird tilts its head back and throws its shoulders energetically into its song , casting an open - beaked silhouette against the sky . it seems to huff and hunch in silence between chord progressions , as if extracting new notes from deep within itself before breaking back into song . this is when the tui reaches ultra - sonic notes and , for those seconds , sings a melody that humans are unable to hear .
even though we see tui all year round , they are more noticeable at certain times , functioning as seasonal heralds and reminding us of the year turning on its axis . tui song brings a poignant companionship to clear autumn days , providing a mellow soundtrack to these quieter months .
the product of a dual voicebox , tui song has correspondingly dual qualities ; a tui can sound guttural one moment and saintly the next—see box . soulful , then chatty , even momentarily crass . thought to have hundreds of sounds at its disposal , a tui draws upon powers of mimicry and a range of earthly and unearthly coughs , wheezes and splutters , in addition to its mastery of siren - like song . tui can exactly re - create sounds—as specific as glass shattering—and they frequently pick up on more everyday sounds such as car alarms , beeps and whistles .
the impact of the airport’s recorded dawn chorus was a reminder of the power of our favourite bird : possessed of an achingly beautiful song , exquisitely garbed , lovably rambunctious and gracious enough to live on many a kiwi doorstep , the tui , like the stately pohutukawa , is a deeply treasured icon .
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robertson , h . a . 2013 . tui . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
we saw this bird in a large coral tree . the guys from red alert had seen it before but thought it was a dove ,
she says .
tui are distributed throughout the north and south islands and thrive as far south as the auckland islands . chatham island is home to a larger sub - species of tui . they were once also populous in hamilton but have only just returned after decades of rejuvenation programmes that have restored greenbelts around the city limits . a female tui , casper , made headlines in 2008 when she successfully fledged a chick in hamilton gardens—her offspring was the first tui born in the city in a century . casper recently died of unknown causes , but her pioneering effort has signalled what environmentalists hope is a turning point .
massey university masters student sam hill compared the sound of mainland tui to those in the chatham islands and discovered the species have regional dialects and accents .
sir william fox informs me that at porirua harbour ( near wellington ) he once observed a bird of this species with the entire plumage of a delicate fawn - colour .
tui were the most common passerine found in maori middens and were probably once an important source of protein . despite the loss of the vast majority of lowland forest in new zealand , tui have probably benefitted from the introduction to new zealand of a variety of flowering and fruiting plants . these new species , as well as ‘out - of - range’ plantings of native species and sugar - water feeders in gardens , now provide tui with a reliable year - round supply of nectar and fruit . tui respond extremely well to pest control programmes targeting possums , rats and mustelids , which are probably their main nest predators .
dilks , p . 2004 . population status , breeding and ecology of chatham island tui ( prosthemadera novaeseelandiae chathamensis ) . notornis 51 : 217 - 226 .
today the main threats to the eggs and young of tui are other birds such as mynas and hawks , possums , feral cats , rats and stoats .
because the tui is much adored and admired many new zealanders place food and sugared mix in their gardens to provide a back stop during the winter months .
although we see them less than we hear them , tui also tend to catch us by surprise with sudden appearances ; whizzing past , one after another .
the society ' s quarterly scientific journal . this peer - reviewed journal has been publishing ornithological research relevant to new zealand and the south pacific since 1943 ( originally as new zealand bird notes ) . all birds new zealand members are encouraged to submit original papers or short notes on their bird observations or studies to the notornis editor : dr craig symes .
jennifer haywood posted the photos to forest and bird ' s facebook page and within a week the post has been liked almost seven thousand times and shared 4 , 900 times .
they have certainly used their intelligence to adapt and thrive with admirable fortitude , forbearing the triple blight of deforestation , colonisation and predator invasion better than any other endemic bird . although our record of caring for them is far from perfect , they have already forgiven us much , and signals are that tui will thrive whenever we encourage them .
tui old illustration ( prosthemadera novaeseelandiae ) . created by kretschmer and jahrmargt , published on merveilles de la nature , bailliere et fils , paris , ca . 1878
tui ( prosthemadera novaeseelandiae ) are endemic “native and unique” to new zealand . they are found on the three main islands and belong to the honey eater family .
further , the throat plumes possessed by tui were a unique type of decoration , so the study had also shown these traits were important signals used during mating .
vanessa mander is a post - graduate student studying for an msc in conservation and ecology at lincoln university . here she tells us about radio - tracking tui .
“the neighbour phoned me to come over and have a look at this strange looking brown and white bird . she said it was trying desperately to get into her chook house ! ”
2 . finches / sparrows : - a bird rearing formula is available at pet shops for this type of bird also wholemeal bread can be given occasionally . or : - mincemeat with hardboiled egg yolk . every few days add a pinch of bonegrow . vary diet for all birds . give fresh grasses and weeds seeds for the birds to eat when they can fly .
coincidentally , tui also represent our national psyche on an aesthetic level . in a nation of darkly edgy creatives , where quirky is cool and brash is better left to the aussies , the subtle iridescence , mystery , dash and cheekiness of tui works for us . as complex and sleek as a karen walker design , with just the right ironic touch of frou frou and a nod to maori culture in the perfectly placed , pert poi - like wattle , the tui’s got it just about right .
a study found female tui hunt for other mating partners based on the size of their tufts or plume , or the extent of their territory . picture / glenn jeffrey
among introduced trees , the tui is particularly partial to the australian blue - gum ( eucalyptus globosa ) and the common black - wattle . when these trees are in full bloom , this bird holds high carnival among the flowers , making playful sallies into the air from time to time , and uttering its melifluous notes , as if in the highest ecstasy .
we welcome your support and hope to see you at the centre soon to meet our talking tui as well as the many other chirpy characters which find a haven here .
voice : a loud and complicated mix of tuneful notes interspersed with coughs , grunts and wheezes . in flight , tui maintain contact and harass raptors with a repetitive scream .
tui are widespread and locally abundant on the north , south and stewart islands , and their offshore islands ; they are scarce only in drier , largely open country east of the southern alps . tui are present on the kermadec and auckland islands , and there is a larger subspecies endemic to the chatham islands . tui are absent on the poor knights islands probably due to the very high density of bellbirds there competing for a limited nectar resource . tui are found in native forest and scrub ( sometimes in exotic forests ) , and in rural gardens , stands of flowering kowhai and gums , and in suburban parks and gardens . there is much local movement , when tui follow a seasonal succession of flowering or fruiting plants . they usually nest in native forest and scrub , but will commute more than 10 km daily to feed on rich sources of nectar .
meg lipscombe is a photographer from lake tarawera . she has documented the life of two young tui , from the eggs being laid to hatching , to leaving the nest .
tui are boisterous , medium - sized , common and widespread bird of forest and suburbia – unless you live in canterbury . they look black from a distance , but in good light tui have a blue , green and bronze iridescent sheen , and distinctive white throat tufts ( poi ) . they are usually very vocal , with a complicated mix of tuneful notes interspersed with coughs , grunts and wheezes . in flight , their bodies slant with the head higher than the tail , and their noisy whirring flight is interspersed with short glides .
i ' ve had a musician ask if she can use it on her album cover and someone wants to study the bird as part of a research paper he ' s doing .
the kererū has the widest gape of any new zealand forest bird . this enables it to swallow , digest and disperse the large fruit and seeds of the karaka , miro and tawa trees .
tui nectar feeder , is a specialist feeder for nectar feeding birds like tui and bellbirds . it is nice and bright like a nectar flower to attract the birds . simply mix up a sugar solution by dissolving 200g of white sugar in 1 litre of warm water . once that has cooled down pour into the feeder and hang in a tree .
it’s almost as though these muscles , and the membranes that protrude from the syrinx walls , act as an orchestra , allowing the tui to conduct the timing and pitch of a number of instruments . this helps to explain why tui are so physically involved in their song , moving energetically and dipping their heads like in a workout at the gym .
from the time of european settlement tui numbers decreased mainly due to the destruction of their habitat however in more recent times their numbers have increased and they are now considered secure .
as tui males are extremely large when compared with females , ms wells ' study has helped resolve at least one reason that might be the case : to protect their paternity .
3 . both male and female tui come to the nests of other tui to
check out
their chicks . they can stay for several minutes just staring at the chicks until they are caught out by the parents and chased off . in a few cases , the intruder was actually the true father of the chicks , checking out his offspring .
we even become mildly proprietary about individual birds , perhaps noticing one that frequents a particular tree in the garden , belting out a tune with enough consistency that we start to recognise the nuances of its compositions . real estate agents frequently allude to resident tui as a selling point of houses , aware that tui around a property promise buyers privacy , peace , the luxury of a leafy view . the owners of stafford villa , a boutique hotel on auckland’s north shore , use the prolific birdlife , and in particular a “scraggy old tui that sings for a mate year after year” in their victorian garden , as a draw - card for patrons . owner christina windram describes guests as being “absolutely amazed when they look out of the conservatory window at breakfast and see such a distinctive bird perched on the old avocado tree outside . they can’t believe that a bird like this is so easily available , so close to the city . ”
farmer and ornithologist herbert guthrie - smith , writing in the early 20th century , observed of a female tui singing on the nest ( tui are the only bird in the world to sing on the nest ) : “we were close to her , yet she sang as if her song could have no ending , as if the world was too full of the ecstasy of life for wrong and rapine to exist . the sun was shining above the flowing river , the leaves green , of every shape and shade , her great love had cast out fear . ”
setting up bird - friendly facilities in your garden is a great first step to encouraging wild birds . creating nesting sites , and providing food and water sources will all help attract birds into your backyard .
supporting forest & bird is one of the best things you can do for new zealand ' s environment . we need people like you to support us , so that nature will always have a voice .
dawn chorus with tūī in the foreground ( mp3 , 2 , 889k ) 03 : 04 – tui and a chorus of many other birds singing in mixed bush and flowering kowhai .
sparky will now follow in snoopy’s foot step and take on the role of kiwi ambassador travelling around schools and other public forums to promote wildlife conservation . sparky is another one legged kiwi who lives at the whangarei native bird recovery centre . he came to the centre as a young bird in 2002 , his leg injury was also caused by a “gin trap” that had been set on the ground to trap possums .
the kiwi is the only bird in the world to have nostrils at the end of its beak . this enables it to search for food by probing its long beak into the earth in search of invertebrates .
last year , an inglewood family made the television news when a tui in their backyard learnt to whistle the 0800 tune from the start of the pizza hut jingle . try singing it out loud—the notes of “0800” are also the climactic hallelujah from handel’s messiah . at once magnificent and laddish in demeanour , your average tui is both classy and cheeky enough to be chortling either tune .
her study , published this week in the international journal behavioral ecology , used the same dna technology deployed at crime scenes to track about 390 adult tui and 56 chicks at tawharanui regional park , north of auckland . the findings suggest female tui are willing to go hunting for other mating partners based on the size of their tufts or plume , or the extent of their territory .
an area for feeding birds bird or a table needs to be away from windows where the reflection of trees in the glass may make a bird fly into it . it also needs to be where a cat cannot pounce and reach the feeding birds . suspending a table from a branch of a tree may solve the cat problem . if you cannot do this then have the table at least 1 . 7m off the ground .
fifty shades of grey ? more like fifty shades of black , brown and blue , as scientists uncover the sordid secrets of one of new zealand ' s favourite native birds , the tui .
ms wells said the study was important not only for better understanding of an under - researched species , but helping protect tui in remote habitats where mating habits can affect their risk of extinction .
the ‘shadow chasing’ experience was the single most challenging aspect of this work as you often went unrewarded and somewhat unsatisfied , knowing that the target bird was in the area yet not sighting it . frustrations don’t end there . reading a bird’s unique combination of leg bands is often the only way we can confidently identify a bird . this only works if you are : close enough to pick the band colours and order ( binoculars are ok ) , and the birds orientation is sufficient that both legs are visible and not obscured by the tail , and the tui are perched on appropriate materials that do not obscure the leg , and bands are even present – unbanded birds appear to flaunt this a bit . in most circumstances where one or more of the conditions above are not met , there would be a fair bit of fist - shaking at the sky .
the sale of cards from new zealand company wild - card bird cards testifies to this . its singing tui card is the front - running product , outselling the little spotted kiwi , bellbird , saddleback and kokako by two to one . i once bought one for a friend who was stubbornly determined to continue living overseas , knowing that if it wouldn’t lure her home , it would at least transport her here momentarily .
tracking tui is like a shadow hunting expedition . you spend many hours believing that they must be close by because the receiver tells you that they are , and then there are the moments that you strain to hear what you believe is a distant tui call , only to second guess yourself and think that maybe your mind is playing tricks and maybe these birds aren’t real . there were weeks where a signal was obtained but sightings of the bird eluded us . taunting seems an appropriate word but i realize that this is somewhat forces a human personality to this behaviour . to be honest , sometimes it’s hard not to .
our biggest selling items , by far , are our tui feeders . there is something about having tuis visiting their backyard that really excites most people . we get a lot of enquiries from customers that have put up a tui feeder and are either not attracting the local tuis or are having other problems , so we decided to devote a whole section of the newsletter to addressing some of these queries .
in colour , the tui is a shining metallic green with bluish purple reflections on the shoulders , upper tail coverts and lower breast , the hind neck ornamented with filamentous plumes . captain cook while at dusky sound in 1773 on his second voyage , wrote thus of the tui . “under its throat hang two little tufts of snow–white feathers , called poies , which being the otaheitean word for ear–rings , occasioned our giving that name to the bird ; which is not more remarkable for the beauty of its plumage than the sweetness of its note . the flesh is also most delicious and was the greatest luxury the wood afforded us” .
these glimpses of midnight blue , sometimes emerald , occasionally olive - gold feathers and those frivolous neck tufts further our feelings of intrigue towards them . lending comic value to an otherwise dignified bird , the mutton - chop filaments that curve around the sides and back of the neck give tui a slightly harried look close up , to counter the impression of impeccable smoothness they have from a greater distance . usually hidden singers , the moments when we see a tui in its gloss and paua iridescence are special enough to make us stop and stand still , conscious that we are witnesses to a kind of natural grace , undeserved and uncontrollable .
tui belong to the order of singing passerines . passerines are able to create more complex songs than other birds because they have more muscular control over the membranes that protrude from the walls of their syrinx .
i am sure it is the same bird i have been observing all spring and which seems to have staked out a territory nearby . he no doubt has a mate somewhere nesting but i have not yet quite worked out where . earlier this morning and many other mornings i have watched this tui of mine , for we do get quite proprietary about them , fly high up in the sky and then take a straight dive down , its wings close to its body as if diving into water . it is such an expression of joy , the bird full of nectar from the banksii or the tiny flowers of the karo , full of the joys of life .
catchpole , c . k . ( 1987 ) . bird song , sexual selection and female choice . trends ecol . evol . 2 , 94–97 . doi : 10 . 1016 / 0169 - 5347 ( 87 ) 90165 - 0
the bushy park sanctuary is not only home to a few rare birds , but also is active with a wide range of other native birdlife . a walk through the sanctuary is an experience of the senses and a bird watchers delight .
stewart , a . m . ; craig , j . l . 1985 . movements , spatial access to nectar , and spatial organisation of the tui . new zealand journal of zoology 12 : 649 - 666 .
while finding chicks sired by other fathers isn ' t uncommon among monogamous birds - the average rate of these are about 11 per cent - phd candidate sarah wells discovered that figure for tui is 57 per cent .
obs . in the young bird the plumage is soft and fluffy , and entirely wants the metallic lustre . in the adult state examples vary in the brilliancy of their tints , and some have a bright coppery bronze on their upper parts .
dr corinne watts of landcare research’s hamilton office followed casper particularly closely . she says that , anecdotally , this year has seen higher numbers of tui in the city limits than ever before and they have arrived for winter feeding earlier in the season than usual . she praises project halo , an organisation devoted to the control of possums and rats at waikato tui - breeding sites as well as encouraging native planting in the city and monitoring tui sightings . hamilton residents are persuaded to plant tui - food - producing plants , particularly natives , as exotic species tend to flower only in winter and are believed to be a secondary choice . local garden centres have teamed up to stock locally sourced plants such as phormium tenax or harakeke , kahikatea and cabbage tree . project halo’s work is no doubt benefiting other species too—an unbanded bellbird was recently spotted in the suburb of fitzroy .
an adult tui launches into the air , revealing the slotted primary wing feathers which produce heavy whirring sounds often heard during displays and chases . these sounds are usually aggressive in function but are also used during courtship displays .
price , j . j . ( 2015 ) . rethinking our assumptions about the evolution of bird song and other sexually dimorphic signals . front . ecol . evol . 3 : 40 . doi : 10 . 3389 / fevo . 2015 . 00040
would you , remembering , tell them of the tui ? wild , wild and blinding in its wildest note . they—they never heard him , swinging on a flax–flower , mad with the honey and the noon in his throat .
one of its finest notes is a clear , silvery toll , followed by a pause and then another toll , the performance lasting sometimes an hour or more . this is generally heard at the close of the day , or just before the bird betakes itself to its roost for the night . i have , however , on one or two occasions , heard the tui’s sweet toll long after the shadow of darkness had settled down upon the forests and all other sounds were hushed .
there is , i believe , a popular notion in the colony that the plumage of the tui is black , and even some old settlers , familiar enough with the bird , considered the plate in my first edition too highly coloured . but this is entirely a mistake , as may be easily proved by holding the bird against the light , at the angle of incidence . it will then be seen that the plumage presents beautiful steel - blue and purple colours , with high metallic reflections , particularly on the breast , wings , rump , and upper tail - coverts . on the shoulders and mantle , also , there are bronze reflections which no artist could ever do justice to . in the sunny glades of the forest the glancing of the light on its burnished plumage and the gleaming of its pure white epaulettes renders the tui a very attractive object , as it glides rapidly from one tree to another , or darts into the sunshine to capture a vagrant butterfly .
kroodsma , d . e . , and byers , b . e . ( 1991 ) . the function ( s ) of bird song . amer . zool . 31 , 318–328 . doi : 10 . 1093 / icb / 31 . 2 . 318
similar species : male blackbirds are uniformly black , lack throat tufts , and have an orange bill . bellbirds have very similar song , but this is more fluid , and lacks the loud coughs , grunts and wheezes of tui .
tui are considered highly intelligent , and can mimic human speech and man - made sounds like cellphone rings and ad jingles plant nectar is a staple of their diet . when it ferments they can appear to fly away drunk one of the most common native birds in urban wellington , new zealand ' s tui capital . they like auckland too dominant and aggressive , their noisy flight comes from waisted wing feathers that whirr dramatically to ward off other species spatially aware , they can keep tabs on where and when plants flower over an area of up to 50km from year to year faces and head can appear yellow or orange in november and december when they feed on flax pollen source : hugh roberston , conservation department bird expert .
description : the sexes are alike with the female slightly smaller . tui appear black at a distance , but are mainly iridescent green with dark bluish / purple reflections . around 30 cm in size . the back and side of the neck are ornamented with white - shafted filamentous feathers , which curl forwards on the side of neck . tui have a white , double , throat tuft of curled feathers . the iris is dark brown , the bill and legs black .
the species of birds that live in or visit your garden are determined by environmental and climatic factors . you can help entice birds to your garden by planting varieties of native plants like kowhai and flax which both attract tui and bellbirds .
in the fickle equinoctial weather of spring , the riotous song echoes our own need to shake off winter’s layers . tui cavort , reckless with nectar and busy with the noisy establishment of partnerships and breeding territories . they combine loud song with frequent , wing - whirring chases to mark out who’s with who and who’s allowed where . navigating the bush canopy with the precision of dog - fighting fighter pilots , they are even capable of singing mid - chase in an impressive synchronicity of the aggressive techniques that make them a dominant species . tui will even chase the weightier but gentle kereru , and have been known to attack hawks and magpies—although tui have also been recorded as being victimised by mobs of mynas and starlings .


machimia cyphopleura is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by turner in 1946 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .

the wingspan is about 25 mm .

the forewings are ochreous , sprinkled with brownish and with a rosy costal line , as well as a purple-fuscous basal patch .

there are pale circular spots on the dorsum at one-third and two-thirds , separated and followed by purple-fuscous suffusion .

there is also a curved line of brownish dots from two-thirds of the costa to before the tornus and a brownish terminal line .

the hindwings are ochreous .

machimia cyphopleura

machimia cyphopleura turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 112 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda
machimia clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 211 ; ts : machimia tentoriferella clemens
machimia guerneella joannis , 1914 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 83 : 210 ; tl : yokohama
machimia serva meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 375 ; tl : victoria , birchip
machimia pyrocalyx meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : brazil , santa catharina
machimia rogifera meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 184 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
machimia sejunctella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 621 ; tl : ega
machimia ochrophanes turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371
machimia intaminata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 544 ; tl : brazil , ouro reto , minas geraes
machimia morata meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 697 ; tl : argentina , parana
machimia cruda meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 311 ; tl : colombia , alto de las ances , 7250ft
machimia eothina meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 376 ; tl : french guiana , nouveau chantier , r . maroni
machimia perianthes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : french guiana , st . laurient , r . maroni
machimia neuroscia meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 231 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
machimia trunca meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 232 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
machimia conspersa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 106 ; tl : victoria , macedon
machimia rhaphiducha turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , tweed hds
machimia homopolia turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 116 ; tl : new south wales , adaminaby
machimia metagypsa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : w . australia , albany
machimia albula turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , injune ; carnarvon rge
machimia dystheata turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , cape york
machimia trigama ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . a , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 952 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
machimia tentoriferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . 5 , f . 26 - 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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cryptolechia caduca walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft
cryptolechia chorrera busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 29 ; tl : la chorrera , panama
depressaria desertorum berg , 1875 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 49 ( 4 ) : 239 ; tl : rio negro
cryptolechia dolopis walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
cryptolechia ignicolor busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 27 ; tl : cabima , panama
cryptolechia illuminella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 28 ; tl : panama , trinidad river
cryptolechia notella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 30 ; tl : trinidad river , panama
cryptolechia peperita walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : guatemala , baja vera paz , san gerónimo
pyrograpta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 278
nova scotia , wisconsin - virginia , iowa , ontario . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on betula , fraxinus , ulmus , acer , quercus , tilia americana , juglans cinerea , prunus , fagus , sorbus , carya , populus balsamifera , castanea dentata , corylys , pyrus , syringa vulgaris , cornus canadensis hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86
cryptolechia trigama meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 476 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , texas
hoplitica miltosparsa turner , 1914 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 39 ( 3 ) : 560 ; tl : new south wales , ebor scrub
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae
lépidoptères recueillis par m . j . de guerne au cours de son voyage en extrême - orient
ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgeführt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera
walsingham , 1912 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
the caterpillars of this family generally live in shelters made from leaves of their foodplants joined with silk . the family is often included in
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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turner , a . j . 1946 ,
revision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . xiii
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 70 , pp . 93 - 120
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 0f174d69 - 53f7 - 420f - a431 - 181a8faaa5a6
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 95e8d1a8 - 087a - 431c - b9ff - 5b80fa7e1c4c
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the white-browed tit-warbler ( leptopoecile sophiae ) is a species of bird in the aegithalidae family .

it is resident in the tian shan and central china as well as in the himalayas where it is mainly found in winter .

its natural habitat is boreal forests .

white - browed tit - warbler

select an image : 1 . white - browed tit warbler 2 . white - browed tit warbler 3 . white - browed tit warbler > > adult male 4 . white - browed tit warbler > > female 5 . white - browed tit warbler > > female 6 . white - browed tit warbler > > male with prey 7 . white - browed tit warbler > > adult 8 . white - browed tit warbler > > adult male 9 . white - browed tit warbler > > male 10 . white - browed tit warbler 11 . white - browed tit warbler > > male 12 . white - browed tit warbler > > adult male 13 . white - browed tit warbler > > adult male 14 . white - browed tit warbler > > adult male 15 . white - browed tit warbler > > male 16 . white - browed tit warbler > > female 17 . white - browed tit warbler > > juvenile 18 . white - browed tit warbler > > juvenile 19 . white - browed tit warbler > > adult female 20 . white - browed tit warbler > > adult female 21 . white - browed tit warbler > > adult female 22 . white - browed tit warbler > > female 23 . white - browed tit warbler > > male 24 . white - browed tit warbler > > male 25 . white - browed tit warbler 26 . white - browed tit warbler > > juvenile male 27 . white - browed tit warbler > > juveniles 28 . white - browed tit warbler > > female 29 . white - browed tit warbler > > female 30 . white - browed tit warbler > > male 31 . white - browed tit warbler > > male 32 . white - browed tit warbler > > male 33 . white - browed tit warbler > > male 34 . white - browed tit warbler > > female
white - browed tit - warbler ( leptopoecile sophiae ) . birds of kazakhstan .
nobody uploaded sound recordings for white - browed tit - warbler ( leptopoecile sophiae ) yet .
harrap , s . ( 2018 ) . white - browed tit - warbler ( leptopoecile sophiae ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
tit - warber breeds in kirgizskiy alatau ( kurtybay , chungursay , vicinity of merke settle ) , in zailiyskiy alatau ( aksay , bolshaya and malaya almatinka , talgar , issyk , turgen ) , in kungey alatau ( tauchilik ) , and also in places in dzhungarskiy alatau ( near dzharkent and in upper current of aksu river ) . on dispersal and in winter it descends to foothills , sometimes reaches ile valley ( near iliysk ) and sorbulak lake , where one bird recorded in man - made forest at november 20 2004 .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be locally common ( baker 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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– mountains in se kazakhstan , kyrgyzstan and tajikistan , nw china ( w xinjiang , n gansu , e qinghai ) and , in s , n pakistan ( s to baltistan ) and nw india ( ladakh ) .
przevalski , 1887 – s & e fringes of tibetan plateau from trans - himalayan region of c nepal ( dolpo ) , s & se xizang ( lhasa , tsangpo bend area ) and s & e qinghai e to s gansu and nw sichuan ( s to kangding ) .
menzbier , 1885 – w china in w xinjiang ( upper tarim ) and n qinghai .
– w china in s xinjiang , w qinghai and extreme w xizang ( upper r indus ) .
8·5–10 cm ; 6–8 g . tiny passerine with relatively long , graduated tail , males startlingly coloured , with patches of violet - blue and mauve . male nominate . . .
contact call a sibilant , trilling “sirrrrr” ( or “tszirr - tszirrpétszirrp . . .
montane forest , scrub and thickets . in kazakhstan , breeds from upper margins of spruce (
diet small insects and spiders ( araneae ) ; also , mainly in autumn and winter , small quantities of seeds and berries , e . g . one individual in . . .
data mostly from tien shan . laying about mid - may to mid - jun , with replacement clutches possible until late jul ( early nests , complete in . . .
in some areas mainly resident , e . g . in china reported as remaining on territory in gansu even in . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . locally common , but absent from some apparently suitable areas ( e . g . talasskiy alatau ) . possible occurrence ( presumably of race
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james eaton , gilgit2 , andrey kovalenko , dubi shapiro , aviceda , lars petersson , hanne and jens eriksen , mrafa , gennadiy dyakin , botsander , john and jemi holmes , ken havard , mark andrews .
stunted high - altitude vegetation . natural calls whilst feeding . same bird ( s ) as on xc183047 . a pair present
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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. they prefer patches where arterial streamlets run through them , before joining the larger river .
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птицы казахстана
том 4 .
наука
. алма - ата , 1972 . э . и . гаврилов .
фауна и распространение птиц казахстана
. алматы , 1999 . gavrilov e . i . , gavrilov a . e .
the birds of kazakhstan
. almaty , 2005 .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : leptopoecile sophiae . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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