the wheel bug ( arilus cristatus ) is in the family reduviidae ( literally , " hangnail " ) , which consists of assassin bugs .

the species is one of the largest terrestrial true bugs in north america , reaching up to 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) in length in their adult stage .

however , males are smaller in terms of their length and width when compared to females .

a characteristic structure is the wheel-shaped pronotal armor .

they are predators upon soft-bodied insects such as caterpillars , japanese beetles , the cabbage worm , orange dogs , tent caterpillars , and the mexican bean beetle , all of which they pierce with their beak to inject salivary fluids that dissolve soft tissue .

wheel bugs are most active in daylight , though they may engage in predatory behaviors at night in areas illuminated by lights .

because most of their prey are pests , wheel bugs are considered as beneficial to the garden as ladybugs .

wheel bugs are common in eastern north america , but are confirmed to occupy areas of mexico and guatemala .

they are camouflaged and very shy , residing in leafy areas and hiding whenever possible .

specifically , habitats of the wheel bug include sunflowers , goldenrod , cotton , trunks of locust trees , and various fruit and tree groves .

they have membranous wings , allowing for clumsy , noisy flight which can easily be mistaken for the flight of a large grasshopper .

the adult is gray to brownish gray in color and black shortly after molting , but the nymphs ( which do not yet have the wheel-shaped structure ) have bright red or orange abdomens .

it was discovered in 1763 by carl linnaeus and taxonified in 1831 by carl wilhelm hahn .

regardless of the prevalence of the wheel bug in many habitats , the information compiled concerning the species is haphazard and incomplete .

wheel bug

a member of the assassin - bug family , the wheel bug is a beneficial insect .
some more gratuitous , gory video of the wheel bug dealing with its kill .
without a doubt the most painful bite i have sustained was from a wheel bug .
in some parts of the country , the once - invisible wheel bug is stepping out .
detailing the physical features , habits , territorial reach and other identifying qualities of the wheel bug .
the wheel bug is a stealthy assassin with a fang even humans would be wise to avoid .
the answer : in some parts of the country , the once - invisible wheel bug is stepping out .
wheel bug genus and species : arilus cristatus the most commonly seen assassin bug in kentucky is probably the wheel bug , arilus cristatus , pictured below . at 1 1 / 2
, this silver - gray insect is the largest assassin bug that lives in kentucky . it gets its name from the structure on its thorax which resembles a gear or saw blade . the wheel bug is notorious for its painful bite , but it only bites on accident or if handled carelessly . the nymph of the wheel bug is pictured above .
very , very cool . i ' ve seen many photographs but i ' ve never encountered a wheel bug in person .
dr . leskey is exhilarated about the work of wheel bugs , too . “we’ve seen the wheel - bug nymphs and adults just chasing down stink bugs on catalpa trees , ” she said .
figure 4 . close - up of head , pronotum and
wheel
of the wheel bug , arilus cristatus ( linnaeus ) . photograph by donald w . hall , university of florida .
wheel bug saliva contains a toxic , paralytic substance that immobilizes and kills the prey insect within 15 to 30 seconds of injection .
conceivably , they could be , though it would be incredibly unlikely . the wheel bug would have to land on the dog to bite it with the dog standing still long enough for the wheel bug to stay on . then the wheel bug would have to get through all the fur . humans are probably more likely to be bitten than dogs , so i wouldn ' t worry .
is red with black marks . wheel bugs occur in north america , are predaceous on other insects , and have a painful bite if handled . the venomous saliva is pumped into a victim through a channel in the wheel bug’s beak . the digested body fluids of the prey are then pumped into the wheel bug’s stomach through another channel in the beak .
figure 5 . a nymph of the wheel bug , arilus cristatus ( linnaeus ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
great images and video jim . i ' ve yet to see a wheel bug actually attack anything , so seeing that was very cool . tom
what is the purpose of the wheel on the wheel bug ? i agree with you , the reasons you have heard guessed do not sound like very likely reasons for the assassin bug have a toothed wheel on its back . i noticed that the bug can flex the joint between its 1st and 2nd thoracic segments . i think these features have co - evolved because this allows it to rotate its
wheel
up and down almost like a sawing motion . if a predator ( maybe a bird ) has grabbed the wheel bug and it flexes the 1st and 2nd thoracic segments , is that like activating a reciprocating circular saw in the bird ' s beak - - maybe making the bird think that it is being bitten . your pictures of the wheel bug show its 1st and 2nd thoracic segments in different positions . i also have a 3d video of the wheel bug that shows it flexing that urltoken this is the only live wheel bug i have found . it may be difficult to locate enough for an experiment with a bird . maybe one could experiment with an artificial bird beak to see if the bug flexes that joint while caught . . . .
we stopped by a few hours later , and the wheel bug still was hard at work enjoying the fruits of its labor . apparently , after the victim has perished , the wheel bug repositions its proboscis elsewhere in the abdomen , the easier to suck up the liquified insides , i suppose .
wheel bugs are one of the species of assassin bugs . this particular assassin bug gets its common name because of the spoke - bearing , wheel - like structure on its pronotum ( section behind the head ) . they are large bugs with adults reaching 1 - 1 . 5 inches . wheel bug adults and immatures are generalist predators that feed on a diversity of insects such as caterpillars , planthoppers , sawfly larvae , aphids , and beetles . the wheel bug approaches its prey , quickly grabs it with its front legs , and then impales the insect with its beak . through its beak the wheel bug injects digestive enzymes which liquefy the body tissues of the prey making it .
figure 1 . female wheel bug , arilus cristatus ( linnaeus ) , with eggs . photograph by donald . w . hall , university of florida .
my husband and i have found an infestation of wheel bug nymphs on our dogwood tree . the dogwood is not looking well ; it is losing bark and the leaves are already turning brown and falling off and it is only june . could the wheel bug ' s be parasitizing the dogwood tree ?
the video above shows in graphic detail the leopard - like pounce and quick kill of the wheel bug . that leaf - footed bug is fair - sized itself , but offers no real resistance and is quickly dispatched .
wheel bugs aren ' t dangerous in that they won ' t kill you , but they certainly will get your attention . none of the snake bites were as painful as the wheel bug ' s , although they were potentially more dangerous .
just had wheel bug nymphs hatch today . they are contained and i would like to know how to keep them until spring . we live in pittsburgh .
figure 6 . eggs and early instar nymphs of the wheel bug , arilus cristatus ( linnaeus ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
attractant : metzger ( 1928 ) reported that wheel bugs were strongly attracted to turpentine oil .
a dinner date with webworms on the menu hits the spot for two amorous wheel bugs .
spined assassin bug genus and species : sinea diadema sinea diadema , pictured below , is usually called the spined assassin bug . it is often found on goldenrod and other wildflowers . because it is smaller than the wheel bug ( at about 3 / 4
) it is not noticed as often , but the spined assassin bug is just as common , if not more so .
bug of the week is written by
the bug guy ,
michael j . raupp , professor of entomology at the university of maryland .
metzger fw . 1928 . turpentine oil as an attractant of the wheel bug ( arilus cristatus l . ) . journal of economic entomology 21 : 431 - 432 .
i have never seen a wheel bug face to face . great shots . her beak is is much more heavy duty than the assassin bugs i am familiar with .
just found this on the urltoken website which leads us to the wheel bug’s odor . their smell isn ' t as potent as their cousins , the stink bug , but the scent is strong enough to make an impression on a potential predator , even humans . when disturbed , the wheel bug extrudes a pair of bright , orange - red scent sacs from its anus , giving off a pungent stench .
a member of the assassin - bug family , the wheel bug ( arilus cristatus ) is a beneficial insect that preys on other insects , usually plant pests . typical prey are japanese beetles , fall webworms , cabbage worms and cucumber beetles .
oct 8th 12 : 44 . just watched a wheel bug pounce on a yellow jacket on my humming bird feeder . hope it doesn ' t carry off my cat tubby . mr or miss wheel is still working on yellow jacket , so tubby is safe .
figure 8 . a nymph of the wheel bug , arilus cristatus ( linnaeus ) , feeding on a caterpillar . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
there are natural alternatives for bug repellent . you probably have some growing in your garden . try making bug repellent spray from herbs you grow yourself .
the wheel bug has some interesting colors . the membrane on the wings reflects a bronze color , and its body is covered in fine yellow hairs ( pubescence ) . just in case you haven ' t noticed by now , this bug has a strange shape . all in all , the bug has its cogwheel , long legs , long antennae and its conspicuously wide abdomen , which juts out from under the wings . for some reason , the wheel bug has been described as
grotesque
before .
we saw one today carrying a smaller wheel bug on it ' s back . would this be it ' s mate ? this my first encounter with a wheel bug . i had no idea what it was but was fascinated and had to look it up . what a cool bug ! i ' m also glad i didn ' t let my 4 yr old son touch it . sting or stink would have been bad !
todd jn . 1937 . life history of the wheel - bug , arilus cristatus ( linn . ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) . entomological news 48 : 226 - 228 .
the
wheel
on the adult insect ' s back is unmistakable . nymphs are mostly red .
that might seem a bad thing , especially after you take in a nightmarish installment of raupp’s “bug of the week” online video series starring a wheel bug wielding its wicked beak on a hapless caterpillar—a clip raupp himself calls “awesome and gruesome at the same time . ”
this large insect is well - noted for its incredibly painful bite when disturbed or nonchalantly handled . a member of the assassin bug family , the wheel bug attacks its prey ( other insects ) with vicious stabbing motions using the ' fang ' at the front of its head . this is the same fang that painfully stabs humans who handle it or disturb it . the wheel bug is best identified by the ridged , or spiny , wheel on its pronotum ( back ) , which gives the insect its name . the wheel bug operates primarily from summer into fall and feeds on other insects including any slow - moving caterpillars . its diet forces the wheel bug to reside primarily in leafy areas like forests , parks or shrubbery . females lay eggs on twigs and branches in clusters that almost resemble a honeycomb shape . tiny larvae hatch and look completely different from their adult form ( see photos ) . these small red and black larvae will molt many times before growing to adult size and developing the ' wheel ' on their backs .
figure 7 . adult female wheel bug , arilus cristatus ( linnaeus ) , showing orange - red subrectal glands ( arrow ) . photograph by donald w . hall , university of florida .
barber gw . 1920 . notes on the oviposition and food of the wheel - bug ( arilus cristatus linn . ) ( hemip . heter . ) . entomological news 31 : 107 .
hall mc . 1924 . lesions due to the bite of the wheel - bug , arilus cristatus ( hemiptera ; reduviidae ) . journal of the washington academy of science 14 : 204 .
the wheel bug has been reported preying upon a wide variety of insects in several orders including lepidoptera , especially arctiidae and noctuidae ; coleoptera , especially chrysomelidae and coccinellidae ; hemiptera , especially pentatomidae ; hymenoptera , especially sawflies ; and homoptera , especially aphids upon which young nymphs feed . unfortunately , the above groups include the beneficial lady beetles and honey bees . the wheel bug is one of the few predators that attack the brown marmorated stink bug , halyomorpha halys stål
visible in the photo at above left is the wheel bug ' s bulbous compound eye . curiously , there is an ocellus - - simple eye - - just posterior to it . these multiple eyes undoubtedly serve the bug well as it patrols looking for a succulent caterpillar to drain . the head of the wheel bug also bears two long , jointed antennae that it waves around slowly , testing the air . it may be smelling around for another wheel bug - - something that isn ' t all that hard to do because a compound they exude is discernible even by the weak noses of humans . the wheel bug ' s odor - - which is produced by orange - red scent sacs that it everts from its anus , especially when disturbed - - isn ' t as potent as that given off by its cousin the stink bug , but the aroma is still strong enough to make an impression on a potential predator .
figure 9 . adult wheel bug , arilus cristatus ( linnaeus ) , feeding on a puss caterpillar , megalopyge opercularis ( smith ) . photograph by donald w . hall , university of florida .
the wheel bug is very alert and aware of nearby activity . i’m not sure of the function of the thoracic ornamentation . that spiked crest certainly makes it easy to identify this particular species .
circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in the pill bug , armadillidium vulgare ( isopoda ) .
the wheel bug , arilus cristatus ( linnaeus ) , is a moderately common , widely distributed , beneficial assassin bug that preys on pest insects . however , its bite can be more severe than a bee sting , and both nymphs and adults should be avoided or handled with caution .
todd j . n . ( 1937 ) life history of the wheel - bug , arilus cristatus ( linn . ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) . ent . news 48 : 226 - 228 .
no one seems to know whether the gear - like structure atop the wheel bug ' s pronotum has a specific function . it may play a role in species recognition - - both males and females have ' em - - or like the red color of the nymphal wheel bug it may alert potential predators that these slow - moving critters taste at least as bad as they smell . whatever its function , we doubt hapless insects at hilton pond center realize the cogs on a wheel bug ' s back are a sure sign this assassin of the insect world has just arrived to do them in .
the wheel bug ( arilus cristatus ) looks like a creature out of “star wars , ” with its two long antennas , powerful orange beak and the spoked wheel on its back . it is worshiped by organic gardeners because it feeds on a variety of insects and its presence indicates a healthy ecosystem free of pesticides .
at first sight wheel bugs appear to be a dangerous insect because of their size and weird appearance . but it is not aggressive and will try to avoid contact . however , if handled the wheel bug will try to bite . the author notes that the bite is painful , with the sensation lasting several minutes .
wheel bugs are in the assassin bug family and look like dinosaurs with their cog - shaped thorax . my first impression after the bite was the feeling of being shot ( i have been shot ) .
its method of killing is efficient : the wheel bug punctures victims with its powerful beak , injects a saliva that digests the
innards
of the insect prey , then sucks out the body fluids .
i was stung on my breast a few years ago by a wheel bug while taking clothes off the line . it was by far the worst pain i ' ve ever felt in my 56 years .
the wheel bug , arilus cristatus ( linnaeus ) ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) . entomology circular no . 143 . florida department of agriculture and consumer services , division of plant industry , gainesville , fl .
i grow plants in greenhouses in leola , pa . we have gone biologically friendly and this wheel bug has ventured in on its own , we also spotted edd sacks out side on a rusty barrel .
one of the most easily recognized insects in our region is the wheel bug , arilus cristatus . adults are a little over an inch long , grey to brown , and have a gear - shaped half wheel on their thorax . i’ve always called them rotary bugs since the structure is reminiscent of the rotary international emblem .
the wheel bug , arilus cristatus , is a large predator . like all true bugs , it has sucking mouthparts in the form of a beak that can pierce prey , inject them with digestive enzymes and ingest the liquified tissues . wheel bugs are commonly found hiding on flowers for insect pollinators that are attracted to flowers .
the wheel bug has some of the best - developed mouthparts of any true bug . its formidable beak ( below left ) arises at the anterior end of its long tubular head and unfolds forward . when it encounters a prey item - - usually some adult insect or caterpillar - - it typically lunges forward in its own slow way , grabs onto the prey with its front legs , and buries its hypodermic beak into some soft body part of the hapless prey . the wheel bug then injects enzyme - laden saliva - - which immobilizes the prey within 30 seconds and turns its parts into porridge - - after which the predatory bug sucks out all the victim ' s bodily fluids . this activity , of course , kills the prey item , which is why the wheel bug is classified in the reduviidae - - the assassin bug family . it ' s worth noting that wheel bugs aren ' t all that particular about where they stick their beaks - - which is fair warning that humans should use appropriate care when handling one . some folk have allergic reactions to the bite , while others simply say a wheel bug nibble hurts ten times more than a hornet sting and takes weeks or months to heal .
, in 1933 all the houses in many areas had some degree of bed bug infestation .
todd ( 1937 ) reported the wheel bug under natural conditions as being very aggressive in the nymphal and adult stages of development . this aggressiveness was not so pronounced in individuals under observation in cages . he noted that specimens collected in the field became accustomed to being handled in a very short time . the wheel bug has also been reported as cannibalistic , usually based on caged specimens . nymphs have preyed upon nymphs , and barber ( 1920 ) reported females killing and feeding upon the males soon after copulation was complete . the wheel bug is diurnal but it has been found at lights , apparently attracted to the prey coming to the lights . froeschner ( 1944 ) counted 76 wheel bugs at one time at lights in front of a store in southern missouri .
wheel bugs lay their eggs in the fall . the eggs resemble a cluster of dark bottles with light caps and number 42 - 182 . the eggs over - winter and hatch into tiny red nymphs in early spring . these molt five times before becoming adults . they are red with black legs and have no wheel on the back . summer months are spent feeding and enjoying a wheel bug’s joie d’ vivre , before mating , laying eggs , and dying .
because the stink bug releases its unpleasant scent when crushed , drowning may be preferred to squashing .
it takes between five and ten minutes for a bed bug to become completely engorged with blood .
i realized i had been seeing more mantises in my garden as well , but it had never occurred to me to wonder why . i also remembered seeing a wheel bug crawling up the side of the barn door recently .
all of this would be academic had the wheel bug remained in hiding . but over the past few years , entomologists in the mid - atlantic have received anecdotal reports of the insect’s growing prevalence . raupp attests to it , as well : until recently , he and his students rarely encountered wheel bugs on their forays into the woods around um ' s campus , even when they were hunting specifically for them ; the ever - reclusive insects
rarely showed themselves .
nowadays , however ,
it ' s no surprise to encounter a wheel bug ,
he said .
wheel bugs , like many reduviids , produce a clicking sound by rubbing the tip of the beak over tiny ridges on the lower surface of the anterior portion of the thorax ( the prosternum ) . the sound’s purpose is probably communication among individual wheel bugs .
figure 2 . adult wheel bugs , arilus cristatus ( linnaeus ) . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
which means , raupp said , that as long as we’re stuck with the stink bug , we’re likely to see more of this formidable creature both in the woods and on the porch . “because the stink bug can be a very urban and suburban pest—because people have vegetable gardens and there are overwinter shelters , ” he said , “it makes sense that the wheel bug would appear with greater frequency in and around our homes . ”
caution : the wheel bug ' s dietary habits make it a friend to gardeners , but this beneficial insect isn ' t a pet . don ' t handle it ; if disturbed , it can inflict a very painful bite .
that beak folded back beneath the narrow head is used to suck the juices out of the bug’s insect prey . the bite of the wheel bug releases a toxin into the body of the prey that quickly paralyzes and kills . this toxin is what causes the severe reaction in humans bitten by the bug . the bite can take several weeks to heal , so it’s a good idea to be careful in your interactions with this creature .
raupp , who’s known as “the bug guy” ( not to be confused with fagerlund’s “bugman” ) , says that on the doberman scale , with 0 representing easy comfort and 10 the pain you’d experience in a full - on mauling by said attack dog , the wheel bug manages “less than a 5 . ” not even half as bad .
evaluation the bug can be reproduced only when running as an applet in browser . in appletviewer the test works correctly . as it is noticed in the bug description , mouse wheel events are somehow related to the focus events , in particular mouse events are not sent to the components if the current active window is not a java window .
“we have people reporting dramatic increases in mantises and wheel bugs , and our own observations tell us this is the case , ” dr . raupp said . “a decade ago , if i saw a half - dozen wheel bugs in autumn , i would feel blessed . ” this year , he said , “i’ve seen half a dozen wheel bugs on the trunk of a single tree eating stink bugs . ”
the wheel bug is a true bug and has a stout beak that it uses to feed . it belongs to a group of bugs called the assassin bugs . it is the largest of the assassin bugs in kentucky . these are insect predators that feed on caterpillars , moths , and other soft bodied insects . the front legs are enlarged and used to seize and hold its victims . the wheel bug then inserts its beak into its prey to drain the body fluids . these insects are considered beneficial in the garden and wooded areas , as they reduce the numbers of some insect pests .
it’s possible that fagerlund’s experience was atypical—the bug “could have hit a nerve , or something , ” he allowed . that would explain the somewhat less dramatic description of a bite offered by michael j . raupp , a professor of entomology and extension specialist at the university of maryland , and a well - established authority on the wheel bug in particular .
i was working near the barn when a wheel bug landed on my shirt . i brushed it off onto a nearby picnic table and went back to work . it took wing from table and again landed on my shirt . i brushed it off . when it returned for a third time , i decided it just wanted to have its picture taken . wheel bugs are one of the group of assassin bugs and when an assassin bug demands your attention , you had better give it .
our butterfly encounter yesterday ( july 21 , 2012 ) , featured a photo workshop in the morning . we found this large wheel bug ( picture below ) and tried to maneuver it ( carefully because they can bite ) into a better pose . in addition to other scent glands , it possesses a bright orange rectal gland at the end of its abdomen . when prodded with a finger , the wheel bug would sometimes respond by everting the rectal gland . this behavior happens rapidly . the gland is only everted for a few seconds , making a well - focused picture challenging . after several bouts of everting the rectal gland , the wheel bug left for a more peaceful location . the picture below is the best i could get .
the wheel bug ( arilus cristatus l . ) is a large insect ( 1 - 1 / 4 inches ) found in meadows and on trees and shrubs throughout kentucky . this insect is common throughout the year , but the adult stage may be seen in the late summer . there is a single generation per year in kentucky . it gets its common name from the appearance of a cog - like wheel emerging from the top of the thorax . adult wheel bugs are commonly attracted to lights at night near wooded areas .
figure 3 . adult wheel bugs , arilus cristatus ( linnaeus ) , mating . photograph by donald w . hall , university of florida .
and right behind them , raupp believes , are wheel bugs , which happen to love the taste of their foreign kin—an assertion borne out by raupp’s own experiments in which he and his students have baited trees with stink bugs and watched as wheel bugs turned up for a feed .
one recent theory about bed bug reappearance in the us is that they never truly disappeared , but may have been forced to alternative hosts . consistent with this is the finding that bed bug dna shows no evidence of an
the adult wheel bug varies from brown to gray , measures about an inch long and derives its name from the semi - circular , cogwheel - shaped crest on its back . there is one generation per year , with the young appearing in late spring .
, the common bed bug , is the best known , as it prefers to feed on human blood . other
hi 38 . the wheel bug is found across most of the united states , including kentucky . it spends most of its time in thick vegetation in its quest for insect prey . when frost and cold weather kill the plants they have been living in , the wheel bugs take off in search of more productive hunting grounds . as they move about , the bugs are more likely to be seen by people . the bugs have been busy laying eggs that will hatch next spring . before long , cold weather will kill off the adult wheel bugs .
tamahawk , yes , that would be the wheel bug ' s mate . i actually just found a mating pair a few hours ago , it ' s quite exciting ! the female wheel bug is larger than the male ( the smaller one you saw on top ) , which follows the pattern of sexual dimorphism in most insects - - the females are bigger , which is helpful for storing eggs . the males will ride on top of the females during mating , and they can stay in this position for hours .
the image captured a wheel bug , a little - known , seldom - seen beast that seems more an evil steampunk contraption than anything conjured by nature . abdomen flared like the hull of a speedboat . large fin shaped like a cogged wheel rising from its back . skinny , dowel - like head . and tucked beneath that head , a mouth in the form of a powerful syringe , with which the bug injects its prey with an enzyme - busy squirt of saliva that liquefies meat—then sucks up the resulting goo like a milkshake .
i will gladly take 50 wasp stings to unmentionable areas rather than experience the rostrum of another assassin ( wheel ) bug to my hand . i am not a fearful person , but the mere site of another one to this day sends chills up and down my spine .
bugs in the family reduviidae are considered pests when they bite humans . common predatory assassin bugs , like the wheel bug , will occasionally inflict painful bites . for the most part , however , assassin and ambush bugs have reputations as beneficial insects because they feed on other arthropods .
photos courtesy r . bessin and b . newton , university of kentucky , except wheel bug feeding on caterpillar , usda photo set ; used with permission . the kentucky critter files are maintained by blake newton , department of entomology , university of kentucky . contact : blaken @ urltoken
early detection of a squash bug problem is essential for preserving crops . once an infestation is underway , management is difficult .
ah , here ' s where it gets good . a clueless leaf - footed bug ( perhaps acanthocephala sp . ) ambles into range . leaf - foots don ' t seem to worry much about predators , perhaps because they have glands that emit noxious chemicals when they ' re molested . such protective measures mean nothing to the wheel bug , however , as this doomed leaf - foot shall soon learn .
sounds : the wheel bug and most other reduviids produce
chirping
sounds by rubbing the tip of the rostrum back and forth over transverse ridges on a longitudinal groove on the prosternum . moore ( 1961 ) concluded that more evidence is necessary to establish the functions of these sounds .
dr . raupp had posted a couple of videos of argiope aurantia capturing and devouring a stink bug on his bug of the week blog . i clicked on oct . 7 in the archives and watched a stink bug struggling to free its legs from the sticky silk of a web , as a . aurantia swooped in and wrapped it up , pulling silk from her abdomen with lightning speed . the second video showed her injecting the stink bug with digestive enzymes and slurping up the liquid protein . hurray !
so it was for richard “bugman” fagerlund of las cruces , new mexico , a pest management consultant , columnist , and blogger who , while inspecting a property in albuquerque , “put my hand in some bushes and kind of grabbed” a wheel bug . it stabbed the back of his hand .
the difference , he believes , is a jump in the predator’s food supply , especially an entrée called the brown marmorated stink bug . native to asia , this distant cousin of the wheel bug apparently snuck into the united states in shipboard freight , and first drew the notice of pennsylvania scientists in the late nineties . it has since spread to more than 40 states , feasting on fruits , vegetables , and ornamentals .
found one of these on the back patio . it was at least 2 - 2 . 5 inches though ! also , the abdomen appeared to be striped , like a bumble bee . . . . is this a specialized wheel bug ? i have photos , not sure how to post .
a wheel bug caught at gainesville during december 1973 and brought into the lab , laid eggs shortly thereafter ( r . i . sailer , personal communication ) . todd ( 1937 ) measured the developmental time for nymphs in outdoor cages at clemson , sc . average time for each of the five nymphal instars was listed as follows : i - 21 days , ii - 14 days , iii - 15 days , iv - 17 days , and v - 32 days , totaling 99 days . moul ( 1945 ) reported some life history information of the wheel bug at york county , pa , and provided a detailed list of prey . stehr and farrell ( 1936 ) reported that a caged , late - instar wheel bug nymph consumed 69 adults and 22 large larvae of the mexican bean beetle , epilachna varivestis mulsant , in 28 days . some of the favored habitats of wheel bugs include cotton , goldenrod , sunflower , and other flowers , trunks of locust trees , citrus and pecan groves , and miscellaneous forest , shade , and fruit trees .
the assassin bug easily manhandles the prey , holding it tightly while pumping in acid - like chemicals via that tube of a proboscis , which is inserted in the shoulder area of the leaf - foot . i suspect that the chemicals are rather forcefully shot into the victim , as it doesn ' t seem to take very long for the prey to die , and for the wheel bug to begin partaking of the liquified innards .
bed bug secretions can inhibit the growth of some bacteria and fungi ; it has been speculated that antibacterial components from the bed bug could be used against human pathogens , and be a source of pharmacologically active molecules as a resource for the discovery of new drugs .
bottom line : give the wheel bug plenty of room . and be advised that it acquires its telltale wheel only as an adult , after five molts . as a smaller nymph , it passes through some stages , or
instars ,
with bright orange - red markings , which you should recognize as a warning if you see it trying to slip into home or tent . it packs a bite , even as a tyke . watch where you put your hands .
because infestation of human habitats has been on the increase , bed bug bites and related conditions have been on the rise as well .
kissing bug ( triatoma sanguisuga ) can be a vector for chagas disease . image courtesy of us centers for disease control and prevention .
a key physiological distinction between the common bedbug and the bat bug is the fringe hairs on the pronotum ( the upper covering of the thorax ) , which are at least as long as the width of the bat bug ' s eye , but shorter in the bedbug .
i found a wheel bug yesterday , didn ' t know what it was , thought it was in the stink bug family , but reading this it must not be . i live in louisa , virginia . i just found it interesting . i didn ' t want to smash it so i put vinegar in a cup and of course it died . . . . i wanted to see it close up without getting bit . very strange indeed .
. two of them in fact , which was quite fortunate ( one was a female , as i found out later when it laid an egg cluster ) . wheel bugs are quite large : the wheel bug is one of the biggest true bugs in north america ( 1 inch to 1 . 25 inches in length ) , and , certainly in ohio , is probably the biggest you ' re likely to find . if there are bigger true bugs ( hemiptera ) in ohio , i would love to find them . female wheel bugs are bigger than males , as is the trend in the insect world . wheel bugs range from rhode island to nebraska , further west into california , and south into florida and texas . they ' ve also been reported to be in mexico and guatemala , so if you find yourself down there , look around for them .
the wheel bug occurs throughout florida . it has been reported from rhode island west to california , and south to texas and florida . blatchley ( 1926 ) included mexico and guatemala in its range . wygodzinsky ( 1949 ) recognized four species of arilus in this new world genus , but only cristatus occurs in the united states .
last summer i had an assassin bug that ' s very similar to the wheel bug living in my yard . i placed him on a hanging pepper plant and fed him regularly . his diet consisted mostly of injured half dead flies and other small bugs . he lived for several months then began turning grey . he claimed down from the plant and made his way to my she ' d where i later found him dead . a very interesting summer
pet .
potter , michael f . ( 2011 ) .
the history of bed bug management – with lessons from the past
. american entomologist .
a walk through the yard or woodland may reveal clusters of barrel - shaped wheel bug eggs , a hundred or so laid within a circle about the size of a quarter , on the smooth bark of a sycamore tree . or the egg sac ( ootheca is the scientific term ) of a carolina mantis . dr . raupp , a bug lover if there ever was one , said , “it reminds me of a nice loaf of bread , half an inch long . ”
the rectal glands are only present in females . the odor is “sweet and pungent” . the odor and the bright orange color are warnings would be to predators . why is the gland only in the female and why on the tip of the abdomen ? could the glands be used to add a protective odor to wheel bug eggs ?
the wheel bug , arilus cristatus , does indeed look like a mechanical device ( above ) , from its long legs that extend in jerky , robot - like motions to the large cog - like structure on its back that gives rise to its common name . wheel bugs are true bugs classified in the hemiptera , an order that includes such diverse insects as stink bugs , water striders , and bed bugs . although the generic term
bug
is bestowed on all sorts of insects , it is scientifically accurate only when applied to true bugs . ( lightningbugs , ladybugs , and june bugs , for example , are actually beetles . ) the most distinctive trait of hemipterans ( meaning
half - winged
) is two pairs of wings in which the front half of the anterior pair is leathery and the back half is shiny and membranous like that of a fly or bee ( right ) ; the hindwings are completely membranous . most of the true bugs are capable flyers , although a wheel bug in flight always reminds us of one of those slow - moving ultralight airplanes - - including the loud buzzing sound made by bug and aircraft .
from the “odd” department , there have been few publications about the natural history of wheel bugs since the 1940s . naturalists , take note . these are cool bugs and worthy of further observation .
the bug bite itself doesn ' t spread chagas parasites . but while feeding , bug droppings are left near the wound . when these droppings get into the wound or mucous membranes ( as when a person touches the droppings and then rubs his or her eye ) , the parasites enter the body .
we came upon this blog when searching to id a bug we found today . have never seen it before but have seen plenty of the nymphs . . . just didn ' t know what they were . my 5 - year old and i are fascinated . we were disappointed when the videos didn ' t show up that were mentioned above . is there a way to access them ? we are studying our wheel bug for a few hours in a jar before we release him . glad i read enough on the first site i found about wheel bugs in texas to know to be careful not to get
stabbed
. sounds painful . but we are still loving watching him !
hunting wheel bugs either just sit and wait , or move with a very slow deliberate gait . don ' t be fooled . when the moment is right and the prey is close , they lunge forth in a deathly blur , simultaneously enfolding the victim with those powerful forelegs and stabbing it forcefully with the proboscis . they then pump in chemicals which rapidly liquefy the inner organs and tissues of the victim . once the insides have attained a nice frothy milkshake - like consistency , the wheel bug sucks them back out through the versatile proboscis .
this is so great ! just found one of these on my echinacea feasting on a bumble bee . your blog is such a great resource and i can always identify what my sons and i observe in our yard with your information and images . my six year old especially liked the videos of the wheel bug attacking ! thanks for all you do .
the usa is home to an incredible variety of assassin bugs and the closely related ambush bugs ( please see article below ) . the largest of these , the wheel bug , ( arilus cristatus ) , measures 1 . 5 inches in length and may be found throughout much of the eastern portion of the country ( please see photo in part 1 ) .
another characteristic of true bugs is their mouthparts , which form a long , narrow beak that extends posteriorly beneath the body . the outer segmented portion of the beak protects two mandibles and two maxillae - - all used to pierce the bug ' s food item - - and serves both as a conduit for saliva and liquid food the wheel bug draws in . many true bugs use their mouthparts to feed on the juices of plants - - including some commercially important crops - - while others prey upon pestiferous insects that are economically significant . a few such as bed bugs bite humans , birds , or wild mammals and suck their blood , and some true bugs even carry diseases . true bugs are widely distributed as a group ; the wheel bug occurs primarily in the eastern and central u . s . , but populations occur as far west as california and into central america .
in the context of sun ' s collaboration with nasa we have found that there is a regression in the dispatching of mouse wheel events to applets in certain situations . the attached test case illustrates the problem . enable the java console and open the index . html . clicking in the blue area of the browser - external frame and moving the scroll wheel should print mouse wheel events . with java 5 , clicking in the applet ' s area on the web page and moving the mouse wheel should have the same result . with java 6 , clicking in the applet ' s area on the web page and moving the mouse wheel results in no mouse wheel events being generated . the test case consume ( ) s the events as they come in to the various listeners . it has been discovered that not consuming these events works around this issue , and this workaround has been suggested to nasa . nonetheless , we should understand better why the difference in behavior occurred with java 6 . note that as far back as jdk 1 . 4 . 2 the consumption of the mouse press events seems to defeat java ' s focus mechanism , so that clicking in either of the windows and typing any keys does not result in key press events . since mouse wheel event dispatching seems to be focus - related as well , it might seem reasonable that mouse wheel events also would not be sent ; but they are with java 5 . the difference in behavior also appears only when running within the java plug - in , so it is likely to be related to the wembeddedframe implementation or the plug - in ' s subclasses thereof .
in the fall , the female wheel bug lays her eggs on small twigs of shrubs and trees . there are several dozen of these barrel - shaped eggs in a cluster . in the early spring , the eggs hatch and small red and black nymphs with long legs disperse onto surrounding trees and shrubs . homeowners may see these on various trees or landscape shrubs .
this adorable bug abode will attract the good guys like ladybugs , lacewings and bees . having these helpful friends in your yard could do your garden a favor .
she has a prehistoric look about her . certainly not a very pretty bug , and i most definitely wouldn ' t want one landing on me ! ~ karen
i found one of these in central florida last week - may 29 2013 . never saw one before so i took a few picts . i can send attached photos if interested . they did let out an orange ' scent sac ' as the photos show . but this bug must have been male because the cogs on the wheel was not as distinct in shape .
assassin bug eggs and nymphs are very tiny , and usually go un - noticed – be sure to use fine grade insect screening over their terrariums to prevent escapes .
your car should drive itself . it ' s amazing to me that we let humans drive cars . it ' s a bug that cars were invented before computers .
this website is devoted to the assassin bug known as arilus cristatus or more commonly know as , the wheel bug . arilus cristatus has a robotic look to its exoskeleton , with its long mechanically moving legs to its cog shaped crest on its back . arilus cristatus is found in the midwest but also the eastern states as well ( habitat ) . this website will explore this magnificent bug from its reproduction habits to its nutrition and various other facts . so come alone with us on this adventure of the arilus cristatus ! also , if you are interested in the original sources of these photos on our website , simply run your mouse over the picture and click , the original source will open in a new window .
then he gave me something else to be thankful for : argiope aurantia isn’t the only arthropod going after these stinky pests . some praying mantises and wheel bugs have also been feasting on stink bugs , and therefore proliferating .
apparently the only thing presently preventing these people from acting like the colossal jerks they are when behind the wheel is the risk of other drivers crashing into them , or possibly getting out of the car and shooting them .
mellanby , kenneth .
fertilization and egg production in the bed - bug , cimex lectularius l .
parasitology 31 . 02 ( 1939 ) : 193 . print .
edwards l , lynch pj . anaphylactic reaction to kissing bug bites . ariz med . 1984 mar . 41 ( 3 ) : 159 - 61 . [ medline ] .
even so , until now you’ve probably not heard of the wheel bug , and odds are even better that you’ve not seen one . it populates woodlands , fields , and gardens from massachusetts to new mexico , but it’s a secretive animal , wary of man ; one can spend a lifetime outdoors and miss it . so i was surprised and a little alarmed when , in the two weeks after my daughter snapped that portrait , five other wheel bugs turned up on our porch—specifically , on and around the front door—and a sixth juvenile materialized in our living room . i sought expert insight into what was going on .
wheel bug , arilus cristatus , at the louisiana note the gear - shaped crest , the long , nature center . this is a short - lived voracious tubular head , and the large piercing predator of insects . adults are most commonly proboscis that is folded under the head found from mid - to late summer . when not in use . photo by bob thomas . photo by bob thomas .
when disturbed , the wheel bug can inflict a painful bite . the bite has been described variously as worse than stings from bees , wasps , or hornets . barber ( 1919 ) and hall ( 1924 ) described in detail the effects of such bites . in general , initial pain often is followed by numbness for several days . the afflicted area often becomes reddened and hot to the touch , but later may become white and hardened at the puncture area . occasionally , a hard core may slough off , leaving a small hole at the puncture site . healing time varies but usually takes two weeks . smith et al . ( 1958 ) reviewed the literature concerning wheel bug bites and concluded that serious or prolonged effects from these bites usually are due to secondary infection or an individual hypersensitivity .


euobraztsovia is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .

it contains only one species , euobraztsovia chionodelta , which is found in queensland , the bismarck islands , the d'entrecasteaux islands and western new guinea .

the wingspan is 13 – 16 mm .

the forewings are dark grey , marbled with dark fuscous .

the hindwings are pale fuscous-grey .

euobraztsovia

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by t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4
urltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .
t @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .
we are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .
gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken
1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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and the number of omitted authors .
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gatesclarkeana idia is a moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in japan , taiwan , china , indonesia , thailand and vietnam .

the wingspan is 13 – 15 mm for males and 12.5 – 16 mm for females .

the forewings are pale ochreous tawny with a strong pink tinge , which is deeper along the costa .

the hindwings are fuscous grey with a coppery gloss in some areas .

the larvae feed on triadica sebifera .

gatesclarkeana idia

gatesclarkeana is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily olethreutinae of the family tortricidae .
gatesclarkeana ( gatesclarkeanini ) ; dang , 1990 , j . lep . soc . 44 ( 2 ) : 77 - 87
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project noah is a tool to explore and document wildlife and a platform to harness the power of citizen scientists everywhere .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
dang , 1990 redefinition of tribe bactrini falkovitsh and revised status of genera taniva heinrich and hulda heinrich j . lep . soc . 44 ( 2 ) : 77 - 87
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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argyrotaenia occultana , the fall spruce needle moth , is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from british columbia north to yukon and northwest territories , east to newfoundland and south to kentucky and oregon .

the habitat consists of spruce forests .

the wingspan is about 16 mm .

the forewings are light grey with dark grey or black reticulations .

the hindwings are light grey .

adults have been recorded on wing from the end of april to late june .

the larvae feed on betula species , abies species ( including abies balsamea ) , larix species , picea species ( including picea engelmanni , picea glauca , picea mariana , picea rubens ) , pinus contorta , pseudotsuga menziesii and tsuga species .

they web the needles of their host plant .

the larvae are green with a darker green middorsal stripe and with brown markings on the head .

the species overwinters in the pupal stage .

argyrotaenia occultana

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by j . w . brown 1 , g . robinson 2 , and j . a . powell 3
the food plant database consists of approximately 12 , 000 records . it is currently available as a pdf document , which may be downloaded by clicking on
food plant database
and searched using adobe reader . in the future , this data will be fully searchable via this website and records will be linked to the t @ rts catalogue . literature supporting records in the database is listed under
food plant references .
the common name
leafrollers
has been applied to the family tortricidae owing to the larval habit of shelter - building by folding or rolling leaves of the food plant . however , the larvae of tortricids employ a wide range of feeding strategies , many fairly divergent from the typical leaf - rolling habit ( horak & brown 1991 , powell et al . 1998 ) . there are gall - makers , root - borers , fruit - borers , seed - predators , flower - feeders , and tip - tiers . horak and brown ( 1991 ) postulate that detritus or mycelium - feeding by a free - living larva may have been the ancestral condition . some of the more unusual feeding modes in the family include leaf litter - feeding , feeding as inquilines in cynipid galls , and preying on coccids .
in general , members of the subfamily tortricinae tend to be polyphagous , while most olethreutinae have narrower host ranges . hosts for the subfamily chlidanotinae are poorly known . dicotyledons are the most widely used hosts , but there are species groups and genera throughout the family that specialize on gymnosperms , particularly conifers . the use of monocotyledons as host plants is rare . few large taxonomic groups within tortricidae exhibit true host specialization , but the following are examples that appear to be fairly well defined : the tribe phricanthini may be restricted to the primitive plant family dilleniaceae ; the indo - australian tribe epitymbiini may be restricted to feeding in the leaf litter of myrtaceae ; members of the australian genus arotrophora are associated primarily with the plant family proteaceae ; members of the genus bactra appear to specialize on the monocotyledon genera cyperus , scirpus , and typha ; and a majority of the members of the worldwide tribe cochylini are associated with the plant family asteraceae .
although tortricids are known primarily as pests of agricultural , forest , and ornamental plants , several tortricids have been used as biological control agents against invasive weeds , and many others have varying potential to inflict major damage on their respective weedy hosts . the literature is replete with records of host plants of tortricidae , and the purpose of this document is to begin to compile and organize this rich literature into a database that may be useful to those involved in pest management , quarantine , biological control , and other studies that involve larval host utilization .
this database represents the amalgamation of three independent efforts : a database on all lepidoptera compiled by gaeden robinson at the natural history museum , london ; a database on tortricidae compiled by john brown at the usda systematic entomology laboratory , national museum of natural history , washington , d . c . ; and database of rearing records compiled by jerry powell at the university of california , berkeley . whereas the first two are based primarily on published literature , the last is comprised
original data
based on field work conducted by powell and students over the last four decades . the combined database also includes data from a variety of
card files
of host plants compiled by various workers at museums worldwide , and from rearing data that accompany identified specimens deposited in major collections . the latter still represents a huge untapped source of food plant information . there has been no attempt to verify records published in the literature ; hence , it is up to the user of this database to conclude whether or not these are valid . we merely compile and report this information . in a very few instances we have noted possible errors . plant names and tortricid names have been modified to reflect modern taxonomy of the groups . tortricid names follow the world catalog of the family ( brown 2005 ) . in many cases , we have included the name ( s ) to which the tortricid species was referred in the original literature citation . botanical names of north america plants follow brako et al . ( 1995 ) and hickman ( 1993 ) for the most part ; others follow the usda - ars grin plant taxonomy database ( wiersema 2001 ) .
the database consists of seven fields . ( 1 ) host . hosts are arranged alphabetically by genus ( and species within genera ) using the most current available taxonomy . in some instances , we were unable to find current names for plant species or even genera ; likewise , in several instances we could not scientific names for some common names . ( 2 ) host family . the plant family for each recorded host is provided . ( 3 ) feeding niche . these data have not been captured for most species ; we hope to populate this field in the future . ( 4 ) tortricid species . the species are arranged alphabetically by genus ( and species within genera ) . as mentioned above , taxonomy follows a world checklist of the family currently in development . ( 5 ) tortricid subfamily . because most tortricid larvae can be identified at least to subfamily , we have included this category as an aid to identification . ( 6 ) references . literature citations are in abbreviated form ;
et al .
is use for more than two authors ; references are in chronological sequence except for cases where the data are from collections or indices with no year . ( 7 ) geographic region . we condensed the data into 7 geographic regions : north america ( including the central american and the caribbean ) , south america , europe , asia , australia ( including new guinea and new zealand ) , africa , and pacific islands . ( 8 ) location . we list more specific information geographic information ( e . g . , country or state ) where relevant or available .
we hope that users of this document will bring to our attention errors in the taxonomy of both the plants and animals , errors in spelling , and especially errors of omission . it is likely that this product only scratches the surface of the huge body of published literature available on the food plants of tortricidae .
we thank the following for providing input on various drafts of this document : amy rossman , usda , ars , beltsville , maryland ; natalia vandenberg and david smith , systematic entomology laboratory , usda , ars , national museum of natural history , washington , d . c . ; and william miller , university of minnesota , st . paul , minnesota .
brako , l . , a . y . rossman & d . f . farr . 1995 . scientific and common names of 7 , 000 vascular plants in the united states . aps press , st . paul , mn .
hickman , j . c . ( ed ) . 1993 . the jepson manual . higher plants of california . university of california press , berkeley , los angeles , london . 1400 pp .
horak , m . & r . l . brown . 1991 . chapter 1 . 1 . 2 . taxonomy and phylogeny , pp . 23 - 50 . in : van der geest & evenhuis ( eds . ) , tortricoid pests , their biology , natural enemies and control . elsevier science publ . , amsterdam .
powell , j . a . , c . mitter & b . farrell . 1998 . evolution of larval food preference in lepidoptera , pp . 403 - 422 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) . handbook of zoology , volume iv arthropoda : insects , part 35 lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . walter de gruyter , berlin .
wiersema , j . h . 2001 . usda , ars , national genetic resources program . germplasm resources information network - ( grin ) . [ online database ] national germplasm resources laboratory , beltsville , maryland . available : http : / / www . ars - grin / npgs / tax / .
brown , j . w . , g . robinson & j . a . powell . 2008 . food plant database of the leafrollers of the world ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) ( version 1 . 0 ) . urltoken
1 systematic entomology laboratory - usda , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 2 department of entomology , the natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk 3 essig museum of entomology , university of california , berkeley , ca 94720 , usa
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
data provided by natureserve in collaboration with robert ridgely , james zook , the nature conservancy - migratory bird program , conservation international - cabs , world wildlife fund - us , and environment canada - wildspace .
patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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labidochromis heterodon is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it is only known to occur around boadzulu island .

this species can reach a length of 7.3 centimetres ( 2.9 in ) sl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

labidochromis heterodon

information on labidochromis heterodon is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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maréchal , c . , 1991 . labidochromis . p . 210 - 217 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5653 )
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
justification : endemic to lake malawi where occurs at only one restricted location : boadzulu island .
occurs commonly in shallow water in the rocky habitat . also observed in macrophyte beds at 3 m depth . feeds on aufwuchs as well as on plant leaves . males have been observed to defend spawning sites . non - breeding individuals occur in foraging groups . in 1990 it was reportedly not exported for the aquarium trade .
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greek , labidos = pair of forceps + greek , chromis = a fish , perhaps a perch ( ref . 45335 )
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 3 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5653 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .
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( a female , 56 . 4 mm sl ; bmnh 1981 . 1 . 9 : 58 ) , from boadzulu island in the southeast arm of lake malawi . reproduced from fig . 18 of
[ which would be the senior synonym ( the name to be used ) if the two species are found to be identical ] .
last update : 16 january 2000 web author : m . k . oliver , ph . d . copyright © 1997 - 2018 by m . k . oliver - all rights reserved
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classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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epermenia kenyacola is a moth in the epermeniidae family .

it was described by gaedike in 2013 .

it is found in the democratic republic of congo ( katanga ) , kenya and malawi .

epermenia kenyacola

this is the place for kenyacola definition . you find here kenyacola meaning , synonyms of kenyacola and images for kenyacola copyright 2017 © urltoken
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kenya , rift valley , turi , 8000 ft , 22 . x . 1998 , leg . d . j . l . agassiz .
holotype ♂ , nmk ; paratypes 7♂ , 3♀ , nmk , rmca , mhng , coll . agassiz .
gaedike r . 2013 . new or poorly known epermeniidae of the afrotropis ( lepidoptera , epermenioidea ) . - beiträge zur entomologie 63 ( 1 ) : 149—168 .
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graphium aurivilliusi is a species of butterfly in the family papilionidae ( swallowtails ) .
amauris hecate ( dusky danaid , scarce monk or black friar ) is a species of butterfly of the nymphalidae family .
xanthodisca vibius , the vibius orange and vibius skipper , is a butterfly in the hesperiidae family .
ypthima rhodesiana , the pale ringlet or zambian ringlet , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family in africa .
cometaster pyrula , commonly known as the faint owl moth or ying - yang moth , is a species of moth of the erebidae family .
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australolacerta is a genus of wall lizards of the family lacertidae .

it has only two described species , both of which are endemic to south africa .

australolacerta

lacerta australis hewitt 1926 : 423 lacerta australis — fitzsimons 1943 : 323 australolacerta australis — arnold 1989 australolacerta australis — branch 1993 : 77 australolacerta australis — edwards et al . 2013
type species : lacerta australis hewitt 1926 is the type species of the genus australolacerta arnold 1989 .
daily activity patterns of australolacerta rupicola ( fitzsimons , 1933 ) ( sauria : lacertidae ) with com . . .
kirchhof , sebastian & klaus richter 2009 . eine kaum bekannte eidechse : die soutpansberg - felseidechse , australolacerta rupicola ( fitzsimons , 1933 ) . die eidechse 20 ( 2 ) : 33 - 40
daily activity patterns of the endemic soutpansberg rock lizard ( australolacerta rupicola ) and ecologically similar syntopic lizards were analysed to assess potential niche partitioning . data to evaluate the temporal niche included time and temperature , and niche overlap was determined over three different sample plots using the pianka - index . altogether , 11 other lizard species and four snake . . . [ show full abstract ]
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. for further details on possible inaccuracies in the list see sources & caveats .
uetz , p . & jirí hošek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , htuetz , p . & jirí hošek ( e
uetz , p . & jirí hošek ( eds . ) , the reptile database , http : / / www . reptile - database . org , accessed dec 8 , 2013
he reptile database , http : / / www . reptile - database . org , d jan 8 , ww . reptile - database . org ,
south africa ( cedarberg in cape province ) type locality : matroosberg , c . p .
anonymous 1958 . a list of zoological and botanical types preserved in collections in southern and east africa . volume i - zoology , part 1 . south african museums ' association , pretoria , i - vi , 1 - 147 . - get paper here
arnold , e . n . 1989 . towards a phylogeny and biogeography of the lacertidae : relationships within an old - world family of lizards derived from morphology . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) zoology 55 ( 2 ) : 209 - 257 - get paper here
bates , m . f . ; branch , w . r . , bauer , a . m . ; burger , m . , marais , j . ; alexander , g . j . & de villliers , m . s . ( eds . ) 2014 . atlas and red list of the reptiles of south africa , lesotho , and swaziland . suricata 1 . south african national biodiversity institute , pretoria , 512 pp .
branch , william r . 1993 . a photographic guide to snakes and other reptiles of southern africa . cape town : struik publishers , 144 s .
edwards , shelley ; william r . branch , bieke vanhooydonck , anthony herrel , g . john measey , krystal a . tolley 2013 . taxonomic adjustments in the systematics of the southern african lacertid lizards ( sauria : lacertidae ) . zootaxa 3669 ( 2 ) : 101–114 - get paper here
fitzsimons , v . f . 1943 . the lizards of south africa . transvaal museum memoir no . 1 ( pretoria ) , 528 pp .
hewitt , j . 1926 . some new or little - known reptiles and batrachians from south africa . annals of the south african museum 20 : 473—490
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . & powney , g .
justification : recent surveys in the cape fold mountains indicate that this species is widespread and reasonably common ( m . j . cunningham , pers . comm . ) . it occupies rugged , rocky areas that provide shelter from fire and minimize direct anthropogenic threats . much of its range is protected . it is assessed as least concern .
this montane species is endemic to the western cape , south africa , occurring from the northern cederberg in the north to the hex river mountains in the south , and eastwards to kwadouwsberg ( mouton 1988 , branch 1998 ) . the eastern limits on the langeberg have not yet been determined .
no population censuses have been carried out . the species is only known from species - presence surveys such as the genetic diversity and conservation status of reptiles and amphibians of the cape fold mountains project , which indicate that existing populations are healthy .
found in fynbos on the rocky mountain slopes of the cape fold mountains , often near moisture . prefers large , exposed rock such as cliff faces and large rock slabs on sandstone outcrops ( branch 1998 ) .
given the extensive protection already afforded to this species , no further conservation actions are recommended .
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this restricted species is endemic to the cape fold mountains , from cederberg to worcester , in the republic of south africa .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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intraspecific variation of morphology , colouration , pholidosis , and tail loss rate in a relic lacert . . .
the reptile species assemblage of the soutpansberg ( limpopo province , south africa ) and its characte . . .
foraging behaviour and use of space in the graceful crag lizard , pseudocordylus capensis : life on la . . .