puntius madhusoodani is a species of fish in the family cyprinidae in puntius genus .

the species has been discovered in 2010 , named and described jointly by krishnakumar , benno pereira & radhakrishnan and study first published in biosystematica in 2012 .

it was collected from manimala river in kerala , india ( western ghats region ) , with a running length of 92 km only and it empties into the vembanad lake .

puntius madhusoodani is named after prof. dr. b. madhusoodana kurup , as an honour for his contribution towards the taxonomy and conservation of freshwater fishes of kerala

puntius madhusoodani

the following term was not found in genome : puntius madhusoodani [ orgn ] .
puntius madhusoodani krishna kumar , benno pereira & radhakrishnan 2012 in honor of b . madhusoodana kurup , for his contribution to the taxonomy and conservation of the freshwater fishes of kerala
a new species of barb , christened the ‘puntius madhusoodani’ has been reportedly discovered from the manimala river in pathanamthitta district during a river fish monitoring programme of the state bio - diversity board .
a recent survey conducted in manimala river originating from western ghats discovered a new species of barb , named puntius madhusoodani . the survey was conducted as part of the river fish monitoring programme ( rfmp ) of kerala state biodiversity board ( ksbb ) .
in order to clarify the identity and distribution of puntius ticto and p . stoliczkanus
the new species has been named after b . madhusoodana kurup , honouring his contribution to taxonomy and conservation of freshwater fishes in kerala . currently known only from the manimala river , further studies are awaited for more details on the prevalence of the puntius madhusoodani’ .
the genus puntius comprise more than 140 species of small to medium sized barbs found in stagnant pools to fast flowing streams of tropical asia . due to their attractive appearance , many species within this genus are popular as aquarium pets and are extensively traded . currently , over 60 species of puntius are found in india mainly in the western and eastern ghats , as well as the eastern himalayas . the puntius madhusoodani is currently found only in the manimala river in kerala .
the genus puntius comprise more than 140 species of small to medium sized barbs found in stagnant pools to fast flowing streams of tropical asia . due to their attractive appearance , many species within this genus are popular as aquarium pets and are extensively traded . currently , over 60 species of puntius are known from india mainly from the western and eastern ghats , as well as the eastern himalayas . the puntius madhusoodani is currently known only from the manimala river in state .
kumar , k . k . , f . g . benno pereira , and k . v . radhakrishnan , 2012 - biosystematica 5 ( 2 ) : 31 - 37 puntius madhusoodani ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) , a new species of barb from manimala river , kerala , south india .
the programme , conducted by k . krishna kumar , f . g . benno pereira and k . v . radhakrishnan , resulted in the collection of four specimens , which they said could not be readily assigned to any of the known species under the fish genus puntius , following which a detailed analysis was done and the fish was described as a new species , the ‘puntius madhusoodani’ .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . puntius madhusoodani krishnakumar , benno pereira & radhakrishnan , 2012 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
krishna kumar , k . , benno pereira , f . g . & radhakrishnan , k . v . ( 2012 ) : puntius madhusoodani ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) , a new species of barb from manimala river , kerala , south india . biosystematica , 5 ( 2 ) [ 2011 ] : 31 - 37 .
puntius bantolanensis a . l . day , 1914 – appears to belong in barbodes instead . [ 1 ]
puntius khohi dobriyal , r . singh , uniyal , h . k . joshi , phurailatpam & bisht , 2004
puntius aphya günther , 1868 – validity questionable , appears to be a synonym of leptobarbus hoevenii . [ 1 ]
puntius bramoides valenciennes , 1842 – validity questionable , appears to be a synonym of barbonymus balleroides . [ 1 ]
manipur , with its varying forms of water bodies harbours many species of puntius . hamilton ( 1822 ) described cyprinus ticto
puntius sophoroides ( günther 1868 ) – oides , having the form of : being “very closely allied” to p . sophore
the puntius genus has over 140 species , comprising small to medium sized barbs found in stagnant pools to fast flowing streams of tropical asia and which , due to their attractive appearance , are popular as aquarium pets and are extensively traded . currently , over 60 species of the puntius genus are known from india , including the ‘puntius denisonii’ , popular as ‘miss kerala’ .
puntius paucimaculatus y . h . wang & y . ni , 1982 – possibly a synonym of barbodes semifasciolatus . [ 1 ]
wikimedia commons has media related to [ [ commons : category : { { # property : p373 } } | puntius ] ] .
puntioplites smith 1929 puntius , referring to previous generic placement of p . proctozystron ; hoplites , armed , referring to ossified and denticulated third anal spine
vishwanath , w . and j . laisram , 2004 - journal of the bombay natural history society 101 ( 1 ) : 130 - 137 two new species of puntius hamilton - buchanan ( cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) from manipur , india , with an account of puntius species from the state .
the details of the survey , published in the latest issue of biosystematica , an international journal on animal taxonomy , say the new species was found in the river at thirumoolapuram near thiruvalla . it is named , puntius madhusoodani , after professor dr b madhusoodana kurup , honoring his contribution to the taxonomy and conservation of freshwater fishes of kerala . the survey was conducted as part of the river fish monitoring programme ( rfmp ) of kerala state biodiversity board ( ksbb ) .
puntius aphya ( günther 1868 ) greek for a small fish or herring , allusion not explained , perhaps referring to small size ( 63 . 5 mm )
the majority of sub - himalayan puntius species were reclassified and new genera dawkinsia , dravidia , and pethia erected to accomodate some of them , with the remainder either retained in puntius or moved to the existing systomus assemblage , though the definition of the latter was altered meaning some southeast asian species formerly placed there are no longer members .
puntius layardi ( günther 1868 ) in honor of f . layard , esq . , ceylon civil service , who presented type to the british museum ( natural history )
puntius paucimaculatus wang & ni 1982 pauci - , few ; maculatus , spotted , referring to four rounded blotches on side compared to 4 - 7 on p . semifasciolatus
the majority of sub - himalayan puntius species were reclassified and new genera dawkinsia , dravidia , and pethia erected to accommodate some of them , with the remainder either retained in puntius or moved to the existing systomus assemblage , though the definition of the latter was altered meaning some southeast asian species formerly placed there are no longer members .
puntius sachsii c . g . e . ahl , 1923 ( gold - finned barb ) – validity questionable , appears to be a synonym of barbodes semifasciolatus . [ 1 ]
puntius fraseri ( hora & misra 1938 ) in honor of biologist a . g . l . fraser , who collected type and supplied bhil names of deolali ( india ) fishes
pethiyagoda , r . and m . kottelat , 2005b - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 12 : 145 - 152 the identity of the south indian barb puntius mahecola ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
historically , many species of puntius have been classified in several genera , including barbus . despite the reclassifications , the specific epithet remains the same in these – except in cases of homonymies – as barbus and puntius have the same grammatical gender . the closest living relatives of the spotted barbs are the cyprinion barbs , the assamese kingfish ( cyprinion semiplotum ) , and perhaps the capoeta barbs . these and the other
typical
barbs and barbels were formerly often separated as subfamily barbinae , but this group is highly paraphyletic with regard to the cyprininae and better merged there at least for the largest part ( including puntius ) . in particular the genus barbonymus , containing the tinfoil barb and its relatives – for some time included in puntius – appears to be a kind of carp that has evolved convergently with barbs .
puntius narayani ( hora 1937 ) in honor of herpetologist c . r . narayan rao ( 1882 - 1960 ) , who provided a “valuable” collection of fishes from cauvery ( = kaveri ) river , india
puntius nelsoni plamoottil 2015 in honor of nelson p . abraham , associate professor , st . thomas college ( kozhencherry , kerala , india ) , a “constant source of encouragement throughout the [ author’s ] study”
, several collections have been made from the barak and chindwin drainages for a detailed study . the present work reveals that two species are distinct . puntius ticto is restricted to the barak basin while p . stoliczkanus
silva , a . , k . maduwage , and r . pethiyagoda , 2008 - zootaxa 1824 : 55 - 64 puntius kamalika , a new species of barb from sri lanka ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
they’re perhaps best referred to as ‘ puntius ‘ for the time being whereby the genus name is surrounded by quotation marks to denote its questionable usage , and that is the convention used here on sf at the moment .
plamoottil , m . ( 2015 ) .
puntius nigronotus , a new fish species ( cypriniformes ; cyprinidae ) from kerala , india .
. journal of research in biology , 4 ( 8 ) : 1581–1588 .
shantakumar , m . and w . vishwanath , 2006 - zoos ' print journal 21 ( 6 ) : 2279 - 2283 inter - relationships of puntius hamilton - buchanan ( cyprinidae : cyprininae ) found in manipur , india .
pethiyagoda , r . and m . kottelat , 2005a - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 12 : 127 - 144 a review of the barb of the puntius filamentosus group ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) of southern india and sri lanka .
puntius ater and p . khugae are unique among species of puntius in manipur in having one black longitudinal stripe on the side of the body . the former species is distinguished from the latter in having a black edge on the dorsal fin , 13 - 17 serrae ( modally 13 ) on the dorsal fin spine , 10 - 11 ( modally 10 ) predorsal scales , modally 26 or 27 ( range = 25 - 29 ) lateral - line scales , and a longer gut ( 2 . 0 - 2 . 5 times total length ) . puntius khugae has no black edge on the dorsal fin , 10 - 12 serrae ( modally 10 ) on the dorsal fin spine , 9 - 10 ( modally 9 ) predorsal scales , modally 29 ( range = 28 - 30 ) lateral - line scales , and a shorter gut ( 0 . 9 - 1 . 2 times total length ) ( tables 1 & 3 ) . taki et al ( 1978 ) classified species of puntius having broad and elevated infraorbital 3 + 4 in the puntius conchonius - group . the two new species have similar structures and thus may be included in the group .
plamoottil , m . ( 2015 ) : puntius dolichopterus , a new fish species ( cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) , from kerala , india . international journal of pure and applied zoology , 3 ( 3 ) : 226 - 231 .
the genus puntius was viewed as a polyphyletic catch - all containing over 100 species of small to mid - sized cyprinid for a number of years until pethiyagoda et al . ( 2012 ) published a partial review covering south asian members .
pethiyagoda , r . , m . meegaskumbura , and k . maduwage , 2012 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 23 ( 1 ) : 69 - 95 a synopsis of the south asian fishes referred to puntius ( pisces : cyprinidae ) .
kottelat , m . and h - h tan , 2011 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 22 ( 3 ) : 209 - 214 systomus xouthos , a new cyprinid fish from borneo , and revalidation of puntius pulcher ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
plamoottil , m . & abraham , n . p . ( 2014 ) : puntius viridis ( cypriniformes , cyprinidae ) , a new fish species from kerala , india . journal of research in biology , 3 ( 7 ) : 1093 - 1104 .
pethiyagoda , r . , meegaskumbura , m . & maduwage , k . ( 2012 ) : a synopsis of the south asian fishes referred to puntius ( pisces : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 23 ( 1 ) : 69 - 95 .
further , although ‘ p . amphibius ‘ has been considered widely - distributed throughout the indian peninsula and sri lanka the authors were unable to match it to any known extant puntius species and its identity thus remains questionable in the absence of freshly - collected material .
plamoottil , m . ( 2015 ) .
puntius nelsoni , systomus chryseus and s . rufus ( cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) , three new fish species from kerala , india
. international journal of fauna and biological studies , 1 ( 6 ) : 135–145 .
pethiyagoda , r . , a . silva , k . maduwage and m . meegaskumbura , 2008 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 19 ( 3 ) : 201 - 214 puntius kelumi , a new species of cyprinid fish from sri lanka ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
is restricted to the chindwin basin . puntius ticto , as reported by vishwanath & juliana ( 2004 ) from the imphal river is p . ater , described here as a new species . another species from the khuga river is also described here as p . khugae .
no species from indochina , china , or indonesia were included in the study meaning a significant number of former puntius are currently classed as incertae sedis , i . e . , of uncertain taxonomic placement , and this also applies to a number of south asian species of unresolved status .
puntius amphibius ( valenciennes 1842 ) amphi - , double ; bios , life , i . e . , living a double life , referring to an early report that this species is marine but moves into freshwater rice fields during floods ( note : species occurs in brackish coastal waters )
( now puntius ) from the chindwin basin , pegu and moulmein , day ( 1878 ) wrote that the species supersedes the distribution of p . ticto in the east . hora et al ( 1937 ) , talwar and jhingran ( 1991 ) and jayaram ( 1991 ) considered p . stoliczkanus
i . linthoingambi , w . vishwanath ( 2007 ) : two new fish species of the genus puntius hamilton ( cyprinidae ) from manipur , india , with notes on p . ticto ( hamilton ) and p . stoliczkanus ( day ) . zootaxa 1450 , 45 - 56 : 45 - 45 , urltoken
i . linthoingambi , w . vishwanath ( 2007 ) : two new fish species of the genus puntius hamilton ( cyprinidae ) from manipur , india , with notes on p . ticto ( hamilton ) and p . stoliczkanus ( day ) . zootaxa 1450 , 45 - 56 : 54 - 55 , urltoken
based on the above it’s therefore considered best to refer to any puntius specimen from southwestern india with a plain body and dark caudal peduncle marking as p . mahecola pending further investigation of some of these fishes , particularly p . amphibius and p . melanostigma ( r . kumar , pers . comm . ) .
no species from indochina , china , or indonesia were included in the study meaning some former puntius are currently classed as incertae sedis , i . e . , of uncertain taxonomic placement . several of these issues were resolved by kottelat ( 2013 ) who raised new genera for a number of southeast asian species .
puntius ater inhabits sluggish streams of the imphal river and its tributaries , while p . khugae inhabits the khuga , a comparatively faster clear - water stream . the latter species has a shorter gut ( fig . 2a & b ) and probably is a sympatric species adapted to a different environment with a different food habit .
the genus puntius hamilton is diagnosed by the following combination of characters : absence or presence of maxillary only or rostral and maxillary barbels ; dorsal fin with last simple ray serrate or entire , branched rays usually 8 ; anal fin with last simple ray entire , branched rays usually 5 ; lateral line complete or incomplete , lateral - line scales 17 - 36 in row ; cephalic cutaneous papillae minute or absent ; pharyngeal teeth in 3 rows , usually 2 , 3 , 5 / 5 , 3 , 2 ; colour pattern extremely variable ( roberts , 1989 ) . according to kottelat ( 1999 ) , puntius is a catchall ‘genus’ in which a large number of unrelated small barbs have been placed .
p . arenatus ( day 1878 ) was not discussed but was described as a plain - bodied fish from madras , now chennai , and may also be related to this group . p . madhusoodani kumar , benno pereira & radhakrishnan 2012 is also similar - looking but differs from p . mahecola in possession of 3 branched and 7 unbranched dorsal - fin rays ( vs . 3 branched and 8½ unbranched ) , 9 ( vs . 8 ) predorsal scales , larger eyes measuring 10 . 7 % sl ( vs . 8 . 6 % sl ) , shorter predorsal length measuring 34 . 91 % sl ( vs . 53 . 3 % sl ) and ‘higher body width’ [ sic ] measuring 18 . 95 % sl ( vs . 14 . 4 % sl ) .
puntius is a genus of cyprinid fishes known as the spotted barbs for the predominant pattern , though many have vertical black bands instead . this genus is native to south asia and mainland southeast asia , with a single species in taiwan . species found elsewhere ( e . g . , the philippines ) have been moved to other genera such as barbodes . [ 1 ]
the research team comprising , k . krishna kumar of community environment resource center ( cerc ) , ashoka trust for research in ecology and the environment ( atree ) , alappuzha , f . g . benno pereira , of department of fisheries and aquaculture , st albert ' s college , kochi , and k v . radhakrishnan of college of life science , south china normal university , guangzhou , china , described the fish as a new species of the genus puntius , based on their detailed morphometric analysis .
these small tropical barbs are commonly kept as inhabitants of a warm water aquarium , and many species are commercially available . breeds with elongated fins or differing colors have been produced of some of the more extensively traded species . puntius barbs are easy to feed , taking a wide variety of foods including dried food . note that these inquisitive fish are active and unafraid , and many species have a reputation as
fin - nippers
. these are unsuitable for aquaria with slow - moving , long - finned species .
fishes of the genus puntius are found in south asia ( west to pakistan and south to sri lanka ) and mainland southeast asia , with a single species , p . snyderi , in taiwan . the greatest species richness is in india . the maximum size for an adult of this genus is less than 25 cm ( 9 . 8 in ) , typically 7–15 cm ( 2 . 8–5 . 9 in ) , and many species only achieve around 5 cm ( 2 . 0 in ) adult length . in appearance they may resemble miniature carp and are often brightly coloured or patterned .
other species found in the same general area include pethia conchonius , puntius denisonii , dravidia fasciata , dawkinsia arulius , d . filamentosa , d . rubrotinctus , barilius bakeri , b . bendelisis , b . canarensis , devario malabaricus , esomus danricus , garra mcclellandi , g . hughi , bhavania australis , travancoria jonesi , mesonoemacheilus guentheri , m . triangularis , schistura denisonii , lepidocephalichthys thermalis , batasio travancoria , mystus armatus , m . canarensis , glyptothorax annandalei , aplocheilus lineatus , parambassis thomassi , etroplus canarensis , e . maculatus , sicyopterus griseus , pseudosphromenus dayi , channa striata , and carinotetraodon travancoricus .
early workers had access to very few , poorly preserved specimens . thus , species were poorly described . variations in ontogenic development were not considered , and several species from different geographically isolated habitats were put together as highly variable species . various workers ( kottelat , 1996 ; kottelat & lim , 1993 , 1995 ; ng & dodson , 1999 ; ng & kottelat , 2000 ; chakrabarty & ng , 2005 ; ng , 2005 ) reexamined such ‘highly variable’ widely distributed species and concluded that they were in fact aggregates of distinct , often not even closely related species . puntius ticto and p . stoliczkanus
following pethiyagoda and kottelkat ( 2005b ) p . mahecola sensu stricto can be told apart from all other puntius spp . occurring in southern india and sri lanka by the following combination of characters : last simple dorsal - fin ray smooth ; body depth 27 . 2 - 32 . 0 % sl ; a single pair of maxillary barbels , about ½ eye diameter in length ; 22 - 23 + 1 - 3 lateral line scales ; ½4 + 1 + 3½ transverse scale rows ; a horizontally - elongate black blotch about 1½ times as wide as it is high running across 3½ scales of lateral line immediately behind the anal - fin base .
p . mahecola was retained in puntius sensu stricto , of which members are defined by the following combination of characters : adult size usually less than 120 mm sl ; maxillary barbels absent or present ; rostral barbels absent ; 3 - 4 unbranched and 8 branched dorsal - fin rays ; 3 unbranched and 5 branched anal - fin rays ; last unbranched dorsal - fin ray weak or strong and unserrated ; lateral line complete with 22 - 28 pored body scales ; free uroneural present ; gill rakers simple and acuminate ( not branched or laminate ) ; no antrorse predorsal spinous ray ; post - epiphysial fontanelle usually present ( except in p . bimaculatus and p . titteya ) ; 4 supraneurals ; infraorbital 3 slender ; 5th ceratobranchial narrow ; pharyngeal teeth 5 + 3 + 2 ; 12 - 14 abdominal and 14 - 16 caudal vertebrae ; colour pattern including a ( sometimes faint ) blackish spot on the caudal peduncle .
p . chola was retained in puntius sensu stricto , of which members are defined by the following combination of characters : adult size usually less than 120 mm sl ; maxillary barbels absent or present ; rostral barbels absent ; 3 - 4 unbranched and 8 branched dorsal - fin rays ; 3 unbranched and 5 branched anal - fin rays ; last unbranched dorsal - fin ray weak or strong and unserrated ; lateral line complete with 22 - 28 pored body scales ; free uroneural present ; gill rakers simple and acuminate ( not branched or laminate ) ; no antrorse predorsal spinous ray ; post - epiphysial fontanelle usually present ( except in p . bimaculatus and p . titteya ) ; 4 supraneurals ; infraorbital 3 slender ; 5th ceratobranchial narrow ; pharyngeal teeth 5 + 3 + 2 ; 12 - 14 abdominal and 14 - 16 caudal vertebrae ; colour pattern including a ( sometimes faint ) blackish spot on the caudal peduncle .
the research team comprising , k krishna kumar of community environment resource center ( cerc ) , ashoka trust for research in ecology and the environment ( atree ) , alappuzha ; f g benno pereira , of department of fisheries and aquaculture , st albert ' s college , kochi and k v radhakrishnan of college of life sciences , south china normal university , guangzhou , china , described the fish as a new species of the genus puntius , based on their detailed morphometric analysis . this species can be distinguished from others in same genus , by the presence of one pair of short maxillary barbels , a smaller snout forming 8 . 06 % in standard length , 25 - 26 lateral line scales , dorsal fin inserted nearer to tip of snout than to caudal fin base , absence of spot at the dorsal fin base , the branched rays of the dorsal and anal fin tinted with black , says the paper . the colour of the species is dusky black dorsally and silvery - white , ventrally . fins are dusky to dirty yellow and lower body , belly and chest pale are cream - yellow . a faint dark - brown blotch is visible at the caudal base in all the specimens .
a recent survey conducted in manimala river , which originates from western ghats , discovered a new species of barb .
malappuram : a recent survey conducted in manimala river , which originates from western ghats , discovered a new species of barb .
the details of the survey published by the biosystematica , an international journal on animal taxonomy , says the new species of the fish was discovered from thirumoolapuram near thiruvalla .
this species can be distinguished from others in same genus by , the presence of one pair of short maxillary barbels less than eye diameter , a smaller snout forming 8 . 06 percentage in standard length , 25 - 26 lateral line scales , dorsal fin inserted nearer to tip of snout , than to caudal fin base , absence of spot at the dorsal fin base , the branched rays of the dorsal and anal fin tinted with black etc , says the study .
according to the research paper , the colour of the species is dusky black dorsally and silvery - white , ventrally . fins are dusky to dirty yellow and lower body , belly and chest pale are cream - yellow . a faint dark - brown blotch is visible at the caudal base in all the specimens , it says .
according to the authors of the study , the species is named after proffessor dr b madhusoodana kurup , honoring his contribution to the taxonomy and conservation of freshwater fishes of kerala .
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the results of the analysis have hence been published in ‘biosystematica’ , an international peer reviewed biannual journal on animal taxonomy , diversity , ecology and zoogeography . as per the study , the new species could be distinguished from all its congeners by the presence of one pair of short maxillary barbells ; a smaller snout ; a dorsal fin nearer to tip of the snout ; absence of an ubiquitous spot at the dorsal fin base ; and the branched rays of the dorsal and anal fin that were tinted with black .
a recent increase in taxonomic studies of the genus led to the description and re - validation of several species , especially from the southern western ghats , and as part of which the recent river fish monitoring programme was held .
tojo mathew was leaving the uae for good to join his wife in delhi .
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there are 44 of them - 41 of them following westward and three eastward . the rivers of kerala are small , whether considered in terms of length , breadth or annual stream flow . the rivers flow fast , because of the hilly nature of the terrain and as the distance between the mountains and the sea is rather short . the rivers of kerala have no deltas . because of the smallness in size , these rivers are more susceptible to environmental onsloughts . the rate of utilisation of each unit of the river is also very high , due to the high density of population , as already mentioned earlier .
despite the small size , the riverine biodiversity is very rich . for example , from chalakudy river alone 98 species of fish have been identified . but the river kaveri ( mainly flowing through karnataka and tamil nadu ) , though 8 times the length of chalakkudy has only 142 species of fish . the available statistical data about the rivers of kerala are given in the following table .
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. . . classified among the 34 global biodiversity hotspots [ 1 ] , the western ghats of india is rich in freshwater fish diversity with more than 40 % of the species being endemic to this region [ 2 ] . on one hand while new species of freshwater fish are still being described from the western ghats [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] , on the other hand recent iucn assessments have suggested that more than 58 % of the endemic freshwater fish fauna of this region is threatened due to various anthropogenic stressors [ 7 ] and needs immediate conservation attention [ 8 ] . one of the major hindrance in designing and implementing potent conservation action plans for the freshwater fish in this region is the fact that they are still least understood with respect to their distribution , life history traits , population dynamics , and ecology , while many species complexes are still awaiting for proper taxonomic evaluation [ 7 ] . . . .
pristolepis rubripinnis , a new species of fish from southern india ( teleostei : percomorpha : pristole . . .
distribution , threats and conservation status of the wayanad mahseer , neolissochilus wynaadensis ( da . . .
the wayanad mahseer neolissochilus wynaadensis ( day , 1873 ) is an endemic cyprinid fish that occurs in the upland streams and rivers of the southern region of the western ghats . this species has been listed as critically endangered on the iucn red list of threatened species due to its restricted distribution and heavy declines in populations . like many large cyprinids of the western ghats , n . . . . [ show full abstract ]
pristolepis rubripinnis , a new species of fish from southern india ( teleostei : percomorpha : pristole . . .
pristolepis rubripinnis , new species , from the pamba and chalakudy rivers in kerala , india , is distinguished from all other species of the genus by its colour pattern , which includes orange - red soft dorsal , soft anal and caudal fins , and a yellow to orange pelvic fin . it differs further from its southern indian congener p . marginata in having 4 or 5 scales above the lateral line ( vs . 3 ) and 10 . . . [ show full abstract ]
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this species has been recorded from the cauvery river at muthati , karnataka state .
the same specimen as in the previous image after a cool water change - note the differences in colour pattern .
habitat in the cauvery river basin , near muthati , karnataka state , southern india .
individual with a relatively small caudal peduncle marking from the kali river , karnataka .
mahecola : apparently named for the type locality , mahé , an enclave forming part of the union territory of puducherry located within the state of kerala , southwestern india .
described from ‘mahé , kerala , india’ , but currently considered to occur in rivers draining much of the western ghats mountains in kerala , karnataka , and tamil nadu states .
in kerala records exist from the meenachil river in kottayam district , the achankovil and periyar rivers in pathanamthitta district , the kallada river in kollam district , and the chalakudy river .
in karnataka it’s been collected close to chikmagalur and from the kali river , while in tamil nadu it’s known from the thamirabarani river system and waters around the city of chennai .
according to pethiyagoda and kottelat it inhabits shallow ( less than 2 metre deep ) , slow - flowing sections of rivers over substrates of sand or mud , but flow rate and water volume are likely to vary depending on time of year and increase significantly during the annual monsoons .
it can also be found in some lagoons and artificial lakes formed by damming of rivers .
fairly easy to maintain provided a dedicated maintenance routine is adhered to , with choice of décor is more - or - less down to personal taste .
a natural - style arrangement could include a substrate of sand or gravel with plenty of larger , water - worn rocks and pebbles plus some driftwood or twisted roots and branches .
lighting can be relatively subdued and plants able to grow in such conditions from genera such as microsorum , taxiphyllum , or anubias spp . added if you wish .
although turbulent conditions aren’t required this species fares best when the water is well - oxygenated with a degree of flow meaning use of an over - sized external filter or two is recommended , and in terms of maintenance weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % tank volume should be considered routine .
likely to be a foraging omnivore feeding on worms , insects and other small invertebrates , as well as plant material and organic detritus .
in the aquarium it’s easily - fed but the best condition and colours offer regular meals of small live and frozen foods such as bloodworm , daphnia and artemia , alongside good quality dried flakes and granules , at least some of which should include additional plant or algal content .
this species is generally peaceful and an ideal resident of the well - researched community aquarium .
as it places no special demands in terms of water chemistry it can be combined with many of the most popular fish in the hobby including other small cyprinids as well as tetras , livebearers , rainbowfishes , anabantoids , catfishes , and loaches .
it ? s a schooling species by nature and ideally should be kept in a group of at least 8 - 10 specimens .
maintaining it in decent numbers will not only make the fish less nervous but result in a more effective , natural - looking display , plus males will also display their best colours as they compete with one other for female attention .
adult males are likely to be slightly smaller , slimmer , and display more intense colour pattern than females .
this species is uncommon in the international aquarium trade but quite popular among enthusiasts of native species in india .
it has a chaotic taxonomic history with certain issues still to be resolved . while the name p . mahecola was misapplied to members of the genus dawkinsia for over a century the fish itself has been widely misidentified as the congener p . amphibius ( valenciennes , 1842 ) .
its identity was partially resolved by pethiyagoda and kottelat ( 2005b ) who demonstrated that though valid p . mahecola is not a dravidia pecies but rather a smaller , relatively plain species with a single dark blotch on the caudal peduncle , located entirely posterior to the anal - fin .
several members of the genus dawkinsia , particularly d . assimilis , continue to appear on aquarium trade lists as ‘mahecola barb’ or p . mahecola .
the identities of barbus melanostigma ( day , 1878 ) and p . amphibius were also discussed .
like p . mahecola the former was described from kerala ( wayanad district ) and shares a colour pattern of plain body and dark caudal peduncle marking but according to day’s figure may be a deeper - bodied fish .
pethiyagoda and kottelat ( 2005b ) considered it conspecific with p . mahecola but only examined a single specimen and at present it is considered a junior subjective synonym of p . mahecola .
the type locality of p . amphibius is ‘bombay’ , i . e . , modern - day mumbai , some distance north of kerala , but its identity has been unclear since day ( 1878 ) applied the name to p . mahecola sensu stricto , an error which was followed by many subsequent authors .
the lectotype designated by pethiyagoda and kottelat differs from p . mahecola by its smaller eye diameter measuring 61 . 6 % of snout length ( vs . 68 . 4 - 100 % ) and absence of any marking on the caudal peduncle , therefore it’s currently considered to be an entirely plain - bodied fish .
the paralectotype of p . amphibius does display a faint caudal peduncle marking , however , although no mention of this was made in the original description .
it should also be noted that the intensity of the caudal peduncle marking can vary with mood and condition of the fish , appearing almost invisible at times .
it subsequently became clear that the name dravidia was preoccupied by a genus of flesh fly , therefore the replacement name haludaria was made available by pethiyagoda ( 2013 ) .
cuvier , g . and a . valenciennes , 1844 - histoire naturelle des poissons v . 17 : i - xxiii + 1 - 497 histoire naturelle des poissons . tome dix - septième . suite du livre dix - huitième . cyprinoïdes .
cuvier , g . and a . valenciennes , 1842 - histoire naturelle des poissons v . 16 : i - xx + 1 - 472 histoire naturelle des poissons . tome seizième . livre dix - huitième . les cyprinoïdes .
day . f . , 1878 - the fishes of india part 4 : i - xx + 553 - 779 the fishes of india ; being a natural history of the fishes known to inhabit the seas and fresh waters of india , burma , and ceylon .
pethiyagoda , r . , 2013 - zootaxa 3646 ( 2 ) : 199 haludaria , a replacement generic name for dravidia ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2013 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . ; urltoken version ( 12 / 2013 ) .
a general description , with any kind of information about the taxon . its main goal is summarize the most relevant or attractive characteristics of this taxon to the general public .
a species of barb with the presence of one pair of short maxillary barbels , less than eye diameter and 4 . 39 % in sl ; smaller snout forming 8 . 06 % in sl ; 25–26 lateral line scales ; dorsal fin inserted nearer to tip of snout than to caudal fin base ; absence of spot at the dorsal fin base ; paired fins hyaline , and the branched rays of the dorsal and anal fin tinted with black .
s . s . mishra , laishram kosygin , p . t . rajan and k . c . gopi , zoological survey of india in venkataraman , k . , chattopadhyay , a . and subramanian , k . a . ( editors ) . 2013 . endemic animals of india ( vertebrates ) : 1–235 + 26 plates . ( published by the director , zoological survey of india , kolkata )
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
manimala river , near thirumoolapuram , thiruvalla , pattanamthitta district , kerala , india , 9 . 3618°n , 76 . 5880°e , elevation 8 . 5 meters
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
< i > balitora jalpalli < / i > , a new species of stone loach ( teleostei : cypriniformes : balitoridae ) from si . . .
ta new species of stone loach ( cypriniformes : balitoridae ) , balitora jalpalli , is described from ku . . .
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à¤®à¤°à¤¾à¤ à¥ abor aborh aboriginal afghan ( all bats ) assamese ( all shrews ) assamese ( all squirrels ) assamese andaman angami naga anglais / english arab arunachal assam assamese awadhi baduga and kurumba bahava baluchi bangla bauris of deccan beng bengal bengali bengali . benglish benhali bhagalpore hill tribes bhagulpore hill tiibes bhojpuri bhutia bihari bihari languages blue english bn bodo boro braj brngali bundelkand burm burmese cabbage white cach cach . cachar chakma chakma tribe chin cingalese common name coorg coorgi croogi daff deccan dimasa dogri dravidian languages duff dur dutch dzongkha ( bhutan ) east nepal en eng english englishhindi english / hindi englishindih english name etawah euploea mulciber garh garhwali garo gond gondi gonds guinea - bissau gujarat gujarathi gujarati gujrati hi hill - tribes near simla hima himachali languages ; western pahari languages hin hind hindi hindi % 2c bengali hindi , bengali hindi , bengali hindi / english hindihi ho hyderabad igilwat indian languages indic languages iran irula jain kach kachchi kanna kannada karbi kash kashi kashmiri khanada khannada khasi kiraalbogi kn konkani kuki kutchi ladak ladakhi ladh ladk lakh lepcha lush lush . m ma mahrashtrian ( bombay ) maithili makum mal malaya malayalam malayalam english malayalam / tamil malayam malgache malyalam mani manip manipur manipuri mar mara marathi marathi / hindi marma marwari mech mech . megh meghalaya meitei mhari mik
mikir miri miri & abor mishing mizo mn mullakurumba mullu mullukurumba naga nagaland ne nelliampathi nepa nepalese nepali nepalies nepalis not specified nowgong , assam nuwari onges oraon orissa oriya ormo orrisa others ( kutchhi ) others ladakhi others ( tribal ) adi others ( tribal ) aka others ( tribal ) apatani others ( tribal ) bangni / nyishi others ( tribal ) bugun others ( tribal ) garo others ( tribal ) idu mishmi others ( tribal ) khasi others ( tribal ) kuki others ( tribal ) miji others ( tribal ) monpa others ( tribal ) monpa - zemithang area others ( tribal ) naga others ( tribal ) nyishi others ( tribal ) rongmei others ( tribal ) sherdukpen others ( tribal ) tangkhul others ( tribal ) wancho palpa pamp panjabi ; punjabi pers plant hopper pokhara port prakrit languages ptyas punj punjabi punjapi punj chicalote mex pushto ; pashto rabha rajasthani rajbanshi rajbungshi ratnagiri red silk - cotton tree sans sanskrit sanskriti sant santhali satar sd si sibsagar sikkim sind sindhi sing sinhala sinhala ; sinhalese sinhalese sino - tibetan languages southeast asian south india south india & the north span spanish sund sylh sylhet sylt synt syth ta tamang tamil tamil ( tribal ) tangkhul te tel . telegu telugu the hooded dendrobium . tibet tibetan tibetean timne tipp toda tripura tulu urdu urdu . urdu ( bangladesh ) urdu shalgom beng viet waddars yerkali കൂണ്
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1 bombay natural history society hornbill house , opp . lion gate , shaheed bhagat singh road , mumbai 400001 , maharashtra , india 2 department of zoology , elphinstone college , mumbai 400032 , maharashtra , india 3 central institute of fisheries education , icar , versova , andheri ( west ) , mumbai 400061 , india 4 zoo outreach organization , 96 kumutham nagar , villankurichi road , coimbatore 641035 , india 5 biological sciences , indian institute of science education and research , sai trinity , sus road , pashan , pune 411021 , india
academic editors : r . castiglia , v . ketmaier , and d . park
copyright © 2012 unmesh katwate et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
r . a . mittermeier , p . r . gil , m . hoffmann et al . ,
n . dahanukar , r . raut , and a . bhat , “distribution , endemism and threat status of freshwater fishes in the western ghats of india , ”
k . krishnakumar , f . g . bennopereira , and k . v . radhakrishnan , “
r . britz and m . kottelat , “pangio longimanus , a miniature species of eel - loach from central laos ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cobitidae ) , ”
n . dahanukar , r . raghavan , a . ali , r . abraham , and c . p . shaji , “the status and distribution of freshwater fishes of the western ghats , ” in
, s . molur , k . g . smith , b . a . daniel , and w . r . t . darwall , eds . , chapter 3 , pp . 21–48 , iucn , cambridge , uk and gland , switzerland , zoo outreach organisation , coimbatore , india , 2011 .
s . molur , k . g . smith , b . a . daniel , and w . r . t . darwall , eds . ,
, iucn , cambridge , uk and gland , switzerland , zoo outreach organisation , coimbatore , india , 2011 .
l . m . bini , j . a . f . diniz - filho , t . f . l . v . b . rangel , r . p . bastos , and m . p . pinto , “challenging wallacean and linnean shortfalls : knowledge gradients and conservation planning in a biodiversity hotspot , ”
k . c . jayaram , “contributions to the study of bagrid fishes ( siluroidea : bagridae ) : 1 . a systematic account of the genera
j . p . sullivan , j . g . lundberg , and m . hardman , “a phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes ( teleostei : siluriformes ) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences , ”
g . prasad , a . ali , m . harikrishnan , and r . raghavan , “population dynamics of an endemic and threatened yellow catfish
a . ali , g . prasad , and r . raghavan , “threatened fishes of the world :
n . sreeraj , r . raghavan , and g . prasad , “some aspects of the fishery of the threatened yellow catfish
, ” in : iucn 2011 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2011 . 2 . 2011 ,
, oxford - ibh publishing co . pvt . ltd . , new delhi , india , 1991 .
ø . hammer , d . a . t . harper , and p . d . ryan , “past : paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis , ”
s . n . sharina and y . p . kartavtsev , “phylogenetic and taxonomic analysis of flatfish species ( teleostei , pleuronectiformes ) inferred from the primary nucleotide sequence of cytochrome oxidase 1 gene ( co - 1 ) , ”
x . l . chen , t . y . chiang , h . d . lin et al . , “mitochondrial dna phylogeography of
s . f . altschul , w . gish , w . miller , e . w . myers , and d . j . lipman , “basic local alignment search tool , ”
k . tamura , d . peterson , n . peterson , g . stecher , m . nei , and s . kumar , “mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood , evolutionary distance , and maximum parsimony methods , ”
d . posada and k . a . crandall , “selecting the best - fit model of nucleotide substitution , ”
a . p . h . anvar , g . prasad , n . k . balasubramanyam , l . r . chandran , and r . p . raghavan , “weight - length relation of an asian catfish ,
k . g . padmakumar , l . bindu , p . s . sreerekha et al . , “breeding of endemic catfish ,
to be a junior synonym of p . ticto . hora ( 1921 ) , without giving any collection data , reported p . ticto to be very common in the imphal valley . menon ( 1953 ) recorded the species from fields near kanglatombi and from the banks of imphal river ( chindwin basin ) . menon ( 1954 ) recorded the species from manipur without discussing its distribution by basin .
hamilton ( 1822 ) described p . ticto from gangetic basin . he observed the pelvic fin of the species to have one undivided ray in front and two behind . similar observations were also made in the present study .
hora et al . ( 1937 ) observed variations in p . ticto and treated p . punctatus
of the irrawady as its junior synonyms . silas ( 1952 ) , however , regarded p . punctatus
as subspecies of p . ticto . jayaram ( 1991 ) did not give subspecies status to p . punctatus
and p . stolizckanus as the fishes showed great variation in morphology . he also considered p . ticto to be widely distributed and not restricted to any definite geographical region .
from the chindwin basin , pegu and moulmein . he reported the species to have a less compressed body and weaker serrations in the dorsal spine compared to p . ticto . hora ( 1936 ) distinguished p . stoliczkanus
from p . ticto in having weaker serrations on the dorsal spine , and also in differences in the positions of lateral spots and the numbers of predorsal scales . jayaram ( 1981 ) considered p . stoliczkanus
to be a subspecies of p . ticto . kottelat ( 2001 ) reported on the occurrence of p . stoliczkanus
none of the fish collections from the chindwin basins of the state contained p . ticto . the species reported as p . ticto by previous workers from the valley were probably misidentifications of p . stoliczkanus
or p . ater . it may be concluded that p . ticto is a brahmaputra form , and p . stoliczkanus
depth range based on 5 specimens in 17 taxa . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 1 - 2 graphical representation depth range ( m ) : 1 - 2 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . no available public dna sequences . download fasta file
these fishes are omnivorous ; their diet includes small invertebrates and plant matter . breeding is by egg scattering and takes place close to the bottom , near or within areas of dense plant growth . they do not show parental care , and adults may eat the young .
kottelat , m . ( 2013 ) : the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . the raffles bulletin of zoology , 2013 , supplement no . 27 : 1–663 .


pandeidae is a family of hydroids in the class hydrozoa .

like other jellyfish there is usually a mature medusa form which is pelagic and reproduces sexually and a hydroid or polyp form which is often benthic and reproduces asexually by budding .

pandeidae

kento furui added the japanese common name
エボシクラゲ科
to
pandeidae
.
( cnidaria , anthomedusae , pandeidae ) . zool scr . 18 : 1–7 . doi :
the life cycle of catablema vesicarium ( a . agassiz , 1862 ) ( hydrozoa , pandeidae )
the life cycle of catablema vesicarium ( a . agassiz , 1862 ) ( hydrozoa , pandeidae ) | springerlink
( cnidaria : hydrozoa : anthomedusae : pandeidae ) . zool j linn soc lond 101 : 189–199 . doi :
n . sp . ( cnidaria , hydrozoa , pandeidae ) from the canadian west coast . can j zool 61 : 2179–2182
schuchert , p . ( 2018 ) . world hydrozoa database . pandeidae haeckel , 1879 . accessed at : urltoken ; = 15029 on 2018 - 07 - 09
schuchert , p . ( 2018 ) . world hydrozoa database . pandeidae haeckel , 1879 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 15029 on 2018 - 07 - 09
( counterclockwise from upper left , not to scale . ) gonionemus vertens ( whose habitat in the ne pacific may be decreasing with human
development
) polyorchis penicillatus ( whose habitat and population numbers are definitely decreasing in some places ) aglantha digitale ( probably a living densitometer ) sarsia princeps ( now occupies the path of human migration from siberia to the new world ) photographic image copyright 1998 claudia e . mills .
this is a photo of the little - known trachymedusa voragonema ( was benthocodon ) pedunculata , collected by submersible at about 2700 ' deep in the bahamas , and then photographed in the ships ' laboratory in an aquarium . the bell is about 2 cm in diameter . this species is usually found near the bottom in very deep water and may be worldwide in distribution . based on its morphology , i suspect that it may use the myriad of tiny tentacles to feed on small bottom - living crustaceans , but such a behavior hasn ' t been seen . it is difficult to get near these animals with an illuminated submersible or rov without disturbing them and causing them to swim , thus losing the ability to see what they are doing when they sit there . photographic image copyright 1998 claudia e . mills .
with many thanks to those who have provided some of the great opportunities ( perhaps in order of appearance ) : the mills family , my eighth grade science teacher consuela shaw , ralph smith , cadet hand , richard mariscal , george mackie , tom schroeder , richard harbison , jim carlton ; and also to ric brodeur , jim childress , charles greene , steve haddock , richard harbison , philippe laval , erik thuesen and edie widder for inviting me along on their oceanographic cruises ; and to all of my many friends and acquaintances at the friday harbor laboratories .
one of my first marine illustration efforts , 1955 . they were octopus , actually , but they sure look like jellyfish . it takes a lot of practice to get good images and these went on for a full page .
this site is maintained by c . e . mills and all photographs are copyrighted by the author * * this page was established march 1998 ; last updated 7 september 2012 * *
haeckel e . ( 1879 ) . das system der medusen . erster teil einer monographie der medusen . denkschriften der medicinisch - naturwissenschaftlichen gesellschaft zu jena . 1 : xx + 1 - 360 , 320 plates . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 53 [ details ]
van der land , j . ; vervoort , w . ; cairns , s . d . ; schuchert , p . ( 2001 ) . hydrozoa , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 112 - 120 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
hayward , p . j . ; nelson - smith , a . ; shields , c . ( 1996 ) . collins pocket guide : sea shore of britain and europe . collins pocket guides . harper - collins publishers : london , uk . isbn 0 - 00 - 219955 - 6 . 352 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of pandeiidae haeckel , 1879 ) bouillon , j . ; boero , f . ( 2000 ) . synopsis of the families and genera of the hydromedusae of the world , with a list of the worldwide species . thalassia salent . 24 : 47 - 296 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
sorry , there are no images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .
yan wong changed the thumbnail image of
protiara haeckeli . 1905 . jellyfishes ; protiara .
.
hans - martin braun added the english common name
neoturrid jellyfish
to
neoturris breviconis ( murbach and shearer , 1902 )
.
hans - martin braun added the english common name
blob - top jellyfish
to
neoturris breviconis ( murbach and shearer , 1902 )
.
cyndy parr chose to hide data on
pandea rubra bigelow , 1913
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
we are grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their critical evaluation of the manuscript . we are sincerely grateful to olga grum - grzhimaylo , g . kolbasova , and t . scherbakova for assistance with cultivation of hydroid colonies , students of invertebrate department of moscow state university for assistance with medusae collection , arctic circle dive centre for collection of hydroids in march 2014 . we are thankful to g . kolbasova for cooperation advices and improvement of manuscript . maria cleveland kindly improved the language of the manuscript . this work was partially supported by the grant of the council of president of russian federation ( nsh - 1801 . 2014 . 4 ) , russian foundation for basic research ( 16 - 04 - 01176 , 16 - 04 - 00229 ) . the sequencing is supported by the russian science foundation ( project 14 - 50 - 00150 ) .
agassiz a ( 1865 ) north american acalephae . illustrated catalogue of the museum of comparative zoölogy at harvard college . sever and francis , cambridge
arai mn , brinkmann - voss a ( 1980 ) hydromedusae of british columbia and puget sound . can b fish aquat sci 204 : 1–192
bouillon j ( 1985 ) notes additionelles sur les hydroméduses de la mer de bismarck ( hydrozoa - cnidaria ) . indo malayan zool 2 : 245–266
bouillon j , boero f ( 2000 ) synopsis of the families and genera of the hydromedusae of the world , with a list of the worldwide species . thalass sal 24 : 47–296
cunningham cw , buss lw ( 1993 ) molecular evidence for multiple episodes of paedomorphosis in the family hydractiniidae . biochem syst ecol 21 : 57–69 . doi :
fewkes jw ( 1887 ) a hydroid parasitic on a fish . nature 36 : 604–605 . doi :
fewkes jw ( 1888 ) on certain medusae from new england . bull mus comp zool 13 : 209–240
haeckel e ( 1879 ) das system der medusen . erster teil einer monographie der medusen . denkschriften der medicinisch - naturwissenschaftlichen gesellschaft zu jena 1 : 1–360
hartlaub c ( 1914 ) craspedote medusen . teil 1 , lief . 3 , tiaridae . nordisches plankton 6 : 237–363
kramp pl ( 1961 ) synopsis of the medusae of the world . j mar biol assoc uk 40 : 1–469
naumov dv ( 1960 ) hydroids and hydromedusae of the marine , brackish and freshwater basins of the ussr . opredeliteli po faune sssr 70 : 1–585
nutting cc ( 1901 ) the hydroids of the woods hole region . govt . print . off , washington
pertsova nm ( 1979 ) some data on hydromedusae ecology in the white sea . kompleksnye issledovaniya prirody okeana 6 : 231–242
piraino s , de vito d , bouillon j , boero f ( 2003 ) larval necrophilia : the odd life cycle of a pandeid hydrozoan in the weddell sea shelf . polar biol 26 : 178–185
rees wj ( 1938 ) observations on british and norwegian hydroids and their medusae . j mar biol assoc uk 23 : 1–42
, new and probably introduced to central california : life history , morphology , distribution , and systematics . sci mar . 64 : 165–172 . doi :
rees wj , russell fs ( 1937 ) on rearing the hydroids of certain medusae , with an account of the methods used . j mar biol assoc uk 22 : 61–82
schuchert p ( 1996 ) the marine fauna of new zealand : athecate hydroids and their medusae ( cnidaria : hydrozoa ) . nzoi mem 106 : 1–159
schuchert p ( 2007 ) the european athecate hydroids and their medusae ( hydrozoa , cnidaria ) : filifera part 2 . rev suisse zool 114 : 195–396
species ( cnidaria : hydrozoa ) inhabits the arctic and high boreal atlantic waters ? mar ecol evol persp 34 : 197–203 . doi :
tamura k , peterson d , peterson n , stecher g , nei m , kumar s ( 2011 ) mega5 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood , evolutionary distance , and maximum parsimony . mol biol evol 28 : 2731–2739 . doi :
white tj , bruns t , lee s , taylor j ( 1990 ) amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal rna genes for phylogenetics . in : innis ma , gelfand dh , sninsky jj , white tj ( eds ) pcr protocols : a guide to methods and applications . academic press , new york , pp 315–322
( cnidaria : hydrozoa ) , a new species of pandeid from the monterey bay submarine canyon , usa . zootaxa 1595 : 53–59
zelickman ea ( 1972 ) distribution and ecology of the pelagic hydromedusae , siphonophores and ctenophores of the barents sea , based on perennial plankton collections . mar biol 17 : 256–264 . doi :
amphinema gordini , a new species of pandeid anthomedusa , is described from one holotype and several paratypes found in perfect condition in deep - water ( 883 m depth ) sediment trap samples recovered off northern chile . the new amphinema species is characterized by the presence of an apical chamber , prominent gonads located in the interradial position , and cellular strands located all along the radial canals from the ring canal to the top of the apical chamber , not always linking the radial canals to the exumbrella . the morphological features of the new species are compared with those of the 17 species of the genus amphinema described in the literature .
this work was partially funded by the european commission project censor ( contract 511071 ) . we thank jordi corbera for the illustration of the holotype and eduardo obis for the photographs of the holotype , paratype and other material . this study is a contribution from the census of marine zooplankton ( cmarz ) , an ocean realm field project of the census of marine life ( coml ) . authors contributed to the paper as follows : enrique isla secured funding for the work and did the survey ; maria alguero did the analyses of the sediment traps as part of his master thesis , verónica fuentes , josep - maria gili and dhugal lindsay did the formal description of the new species . all authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript .
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cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , . . .
full author list : cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , philip r . pugh , claudia e . mills , walter c . jaap , mary n . arai , stephen h . d . haddock , and dennis m . opresko
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
medusa stage : the bell can grow to a length of 2 cm and is higher than wide . the tip is somewhat pointed . the four radial canals are broad and ribbon - like with slightly jagged edges . the long tentacles grow in pairs , juveniles have only one pair of tentacles . adults with 14 pairs have been observed . the medusa usually appears between april and october , usually later as you go further north .
this is true cosmopolitan , known from atlantic ocean and the mediterranean , as well as the indo - pacific oceans .
what type of species is leuckartiara octona ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the leuckartiara octona species belongs to .
how to identify leuckartiara octona marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species leuckartiara octona . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species leuckartiara octona are marked in green .
where is leuckartiara octona found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species leuckartiara octona can be found .
which photographers have photos of leuckartiara octona species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species leuckartiara octona .
what type of species is leuckartiara gardineri ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the leuckartiara gardineri species belongs to .
how to identify leuckartiara gardineri marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species leuckartiara gardineri . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species leuckartiara gardineri are marked in green .
where is leuckartiara gardineri found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species leuckartiara gardineri can be found .
which photographers have photos of leuckartiara gardineri species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species leuckartiara gardineri .
what type of species is leuckartiara nobilis ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the leuckartiara nobilis species belongs to .
how to identify leuckartiara nobilis marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species leuckartiara nobilis . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species leuckartiara nobilis are marked in green .
where is leuckartiara nobilis found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species leuckartiara nobilis can be found .
which photographers have photos of leuckartiara nobilis species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species leuckartiara nobilis .
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bouillon , jean , and ferdinando boero , 2000 : synopsis of the families and genera of the hydromedusae of the world , with a list of the worldwide species . thalassia salentina , n . 24 : phylogeny and classification of hydroidomedusae . 47 - 296 .
cairns , stephen d . , dale r . calder , anita brinckmann - voss , clovis b . castro , daphne g . fautin , . . . , 2002 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : cnidaria and ctenophora , second edition , 2002 . american fisheries society special publication 28 . xi + 115 .
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van der land , j . ; vervoort , w . ; cairns , s . d . ; schuchert , p . ( 2001 ) . hydrozoa , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 112 - 120