the riversleigh rainforest koala ( nimiokoala greystanesi ) is an extinct marsupial , closely related to the extant koala , that inhabited northwestern queensland in the early-middle miocene ( 23 – 16 million years ago ) .

along with species of sister genus litokoala , the riversleigh rainforest koala is the smallest representative of family phascolarctide .

based on cladistic analysis , nimiokoala is one of the more basal genera of phascolarctide .

it died out due to climate change rendering the environment more arid .

it probably had a more generalized diet than that of the modern species , but its exact food preferences are unknown .

riversleigh rainforest koala

image - riversleigh rainforest koala . jpg | the parody wiki | fandom powered by wikia
the riversleigh rainforest koala is an extinct marsupial . although its skeleton was very similar to those of modern koalas , the riversleigh rainforest koala was much , much smaller . it lived in queensland , australia during the middle miocene .
early koalas believed to have been tree - climbing rainforest dwellers ( archer et al . 1991 )
a 20 - million - year old koala skull found at riversleigh in queensland represents a new species .
archer , m . , hand , s . j . and godthelp , h . , riversleigh - the story of animals in ancient rainforest of inland australia , reed , balgowlah , 1991 , 264p .
koalas are disappearing . loss of koala habitat and koala food trees ( eucalyptus leaves ) is the leading koala threat . our cuddly koalas are loved around the world . often called a koala bear , they are actually marsupials not koala bears . please help koalas by supporting the australian koala foundation . find koala information here - save the koala !
nimiokoala greystanesi is known only from the riversleigh world heritage fossil site in northwestern queensland .
one of the famous fossil finds at the original riversleigh world heritage site . credit : wikimedia
unlike today ' s eucalypt - munching koala species , lito . dicksmithi fed on the rainforest plants that covered much of northern australia 20 million years ago and may also have eaten some fruit .
( phys . org ) —a newly discovered extinct species of koala that lived in the rainforest canopies of northern australia about 20 million years ago has been named after a famous australian – dick smith .
this was the first deposit to be found and was given its name before it was realised there were actually hundreds of local faunas covering the area of the riversleigh fossil site . the low lion local fauna ( lf ) and dirk ' s towers local fauna are possibly older then the riversleigh local fauna . the riversleigh local fauna contains a less diverse fauna than would be expected to accumulate from a lush rainforest . the reason is that it is believed to have been situated some distance from the rainforest , the accumulation of animals resulting from the deposition of remains originating over a huge drainage basin , the remains of most of the animals in the rainforest would have been deposited in the rainforest , or closer to it . the fossils in this local fauna were mostly of large animals such as crocodiles and turtles , and a large birds such as dromornithids , that probably foraged around the edges of the water .
around australia river deposits are common , but not at riversleigh . part of the reason for this is that the present gregory river system is believed to be a comparatively new system . based on the diverse deposits found at riversleigh it seems that in the past most of the riversleigh area was drained by subterranean channels . this is the reason the riversleigh terrace site is uncommon in the area .
she says there would have been a range of koala species in the riversleigh region at the time , with each species having its own niche in the environment .
fossil fauna from the riversleigh site have altered our understanding about australia ' s mid - cainozoic vertebrate diversity .
lowland mid tertiary rainforest of queensland , australia , including archaic koalas that reveal evidence about the origin of their distinctive vocalizations . artwork by dorothy dunphy courtesy of louise egerton .
the koalas from other sites are known from teeth and a partial jawbone . some of the koalas found at riversleigh are known from partial skulls . compared with the present populations of koalas , the riversleigh koalas , and probably those of other rainforest areas in central australia , were apparently rare . the reason for the rarity in the past is unknown , but it has been speculated that it may have been because the eucalypts that koalas specialised in eating were also rare in the closed canopy rainforests of riversleigh , as they are in the present - day rainforests . by the time the climate changed and the rainforest species died out in the riversleigh area the eucalypts had been pre - adapted to survive on the impoverished , arid soils that existed when the rainforest had gone , by adapting to the low - nutrient soils that underlie many australian rainforests . if this suggestion is correct , as the eucalypts flourished , so did the koalas that fed on them .
they produce low frequency vocalisations that pass through vegetation and can be heard up to 800 metres away – far exceeding the home range limits of male koalas . the fossil koalas share similar large bony ear structures to the modern koala and would have been well adapted to detecting vocalisations in the rainforest environment of riversleigh in the miocene era .
while the researchers could not be definitive on what caused the demise of the ancient active koala ,
because we only have one record
the onset of dryer conditions in australia about 15 million years ago led to the contraction of rainforest habitats .
[ koala ] opossum ( didelphis ) . allan cunningham , journal , 9 november 1818 . description of a koala in the illawarra district .
a major new fossil site has been discovered by unsw scientists beyond the boundaries of the famous riversleigh world heritage area in north - western queensland .
the teeth of all the rodents found in this site indicate they were granovores , suggesting they were more likely to to be living in a grassland habitat than rainforest . zyzomys of the present occupy dry rock piles in northern australia .
koala or koala wombat , everard home , philosophical transactions of the royal society , 1808 , p . 304 . description – by home and william paterson .
several stories tell of how the koala lost its tail . in one , a kangaroo cuts it off to punish the koala for being lazy and greedy .
although riversleigh provides a wealth of information about the evolution of the australian fauna , many mysteries have also been uncovered and are yet to be solved .
michael archer , suzanne j . hand & henk godthelp , 2000 , australia ' s lost world : riversleigh , world heritage site , reed new holland
, when australia experienced changes in climate and vegetation , koala species grew larger .
also affect the koala ' s well - being . for example , a severe
skull fragments of prehistoric koalas from the riversleigh rainforests of millions of year ago suggest they shared the modern koala ' s
lazy
lifestyle and ability to produce loud
bellowing
calls to attract mates and provide warnings about predators .
the first arboreal koalas probably evolved from a terrestrial wombat - like ancestor , perhaps to take advantage of a food resource not being utilized by others . koalas were once much more widespread across australia : fossil koala species are known from southern , western and central australia when rainforest was more widespread across these parts of the continent . there are now six genera and at least 18 species of fossil koalas ( some species are not yet described ) . all are from either south australia or queensland ( riversleigh ) .
koala . drawing by the reverend francis orpen morris , 1852 . wood engraving print .
the fossil record of the modern koala extends back at least to the middle pleistocene .
the discovery of litokoala dicksmithi , which is around a third of the size of a modern - day koala , brings the total known living and extinct koala species to 18 . the skull was uncovered at riversleigh world heritage centre in north - western queensland - a hub for fossil research which dick has provided support for over the years .
( physorg . com ) - - skull fragments of prehistoric koalas from the riversleigh rainforests of millions of year ago suggest they shared the modern koala ' s
lazy
lifestyle and ability to produce loud
bellowing
calls to attract . . .
the rocks at riversleigh are rich in well - preserved fossil remains of the ancestors of the modern australian fauna and entirely new kinds of animals previously unknown to science .
willis pma , archer m . a pleistocene longirostrine crocodilian from riversleigh : first fossil occurrence of crocodylus johnstoni krefft memoirs - queensland museum . 28 : 159 - 163 .
koala . hombron and jacquinot , voy . pole sud sur … . l ' astrolabe et la zelee , mamm . pls . 17 - 18 . figures of the koala .
riversleigh ( 10 , 000ha ) comprises the southern section of lawn hill national park in north - west queensland ( 18°59 ' - 19°08 ' s , 138°34 ' - 138°43 ' e ) . riversleigh was gazetted as part of the lawn hill national park under the queensland national park and wildlife act 1975 in 1984 . additionally , because of its unrivalled richness , the expanse of time covered by its record , and the quality of the fossils it yields , riversleigh was declared a world heritage site in 1994 .
riversleigh from the early to middle miocene was mainly forested , with more open areas near the forest edges and freshwater streams or lakes in a karst ( limestone ) environment .
the other species , called nimiokoala greystanesi , which was also discovered at riversleigh , had a skull that was very possum - like in appearance ,
she says .
crosby k , archer m . durudawirines , a new group of phalangeroid marsupials from the miocene of riversleigh , northwestern queensland journal of paleontology . 74 : 327 - 335 .
the presence of brachipposideros bats , the same group that dominated the oligocene - miocene rainforests , at first seems to contradict the implications of the other animals that it was an arid area at the time of the rackham ' s roost in the pliocene , but as the orange horseshoe bat , the only living member of the group , presently occupies hot , humid caves in the same area , perhaps a reminder of the conditions its ancestors thrived in back when the rainforest existed , shows that its presence doesn ' t necessarily suggest a rainforest habitat .
warneke , ( 1979 ) the status of the koala in victoria , in bergin , t . j . ( ed ) the koala , sydney , zoological parks board of nsw .
50 - 90 % decline of overall koala population estimated ( maxwell et al . 1996 )
21 march 2014 an ancient fossil of the bilby , australia ' s answer to the easter rabbit , has been discovered at the riversleigh world heritage site in north west queensland .
the descriptions are extrapolated from the discovery of an exceptionally well - preserved partial skull of the newly discovered species found at riversleigh , in queensland ' s far north - west .
duncan ij , briggs deg , archer m . three - dimensionally mineralized insects and millipedes from the tertiary of riversleigh , queensland , australia palaeontology . 41 : 835 - 851 .
louys j , black k , archer m , hand sj , godthelp h . descriptions of koala fossils from the miocene of riversleigh , northwestern queensland and implications for litokoala ( marsupialia , phascolarctidae ) alcheringa . 31 : 99 - 110 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 03115510701305082
use these social - bookmarking links to share leaping lizards , no it ' s a koala .
koala , engraving ( section ) , okens allgemeine naturgeschicht fuer alle staende , stuttgart , 1843 .
le koala , engraving , g . cuvier , r è gne animal , paris , 1817 .
anon . [ koala bear ] , sydney gazette , 21 august 1803 , 3a - b .
on very hot days a koala may climb down to the coolest part of the tree which is colder than the surrounding air . the koala will hug the tree to lose heat without panting .
the koala usually grooms itself with its hind paws , but sometimes uses its forepaws or mouth .
tribes in both queensland and victoria regarded the koala as a wise animal and sought its advice .
koala bear is a common term outside of australia , though koalas are marsupials , not bears .
archer , m . , hand , s . j . and godthelp , h . 1994 . riversleigh : the story of animals in ancient rainforests of inland australia . reed books , chatswood .
brammall j , archer m . a new oligocene - miocene species of burramys ( marsupialia , burramyidae ) from riversleigh , northwestern queensland memoirs of the queensland museum . 41 : 247 - 268 .
black kh , archer m , hand sj . new tertiary koala ( marsupialia , phascolarctidae ) from riversleigh , australia , with a revision of phascolarctid phylogenetics , paleoecology , and paleobiodiversity journal of vertebrate paleontology . 32 : 125 - 138 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2012 . 626825
by the pliocene ( 5ma ) the climate had changed from rainforest to a more arid environment with grasslands . the riversleigh budgerigar lived off the grasslands by eating seeds as it still does today . with the change in climate came a change in the vertebrate population to a less diverse one . by the pleistocene ( 1 . 6ma ) animals were not as specialised and so this helped them cope with the less productive environment . many of the animals were now suited to the open forest environment and grasslands .
jackson , s , 2007 . koala : origins of an icon . allen and unwin , sydney .
another myth tells of how a tribe killed a koala and used its long intestines to create a bridge for people from other parts of the world . this narrative highlights the koala ' s status as a
black k , archer m . silvabestius gen . nov . , a primitive zygomaturine ( marsupialia , diprotodontidae ) from riversleigh , northwestern queensland memoirs of the queensland museum . 41 : 193 - 208 .
louys , j . , black , k . , archer , m . , hand , s . j . and godthelp , h . 2007 . descriptions of koala fossils from the miocene of riversleigh , northwestern queensland and implications for litokoala ( marsupialia , phascolarctidae ) . alcheringa 31 , 99 - 110 .
“the other species , called nimiokoala greystanesi , which was also discovered at riversleigh , had a skull that was very possum - like in appearance , ” says karen . “ litokoala dicksmithi , however , appears to have been much more closely related to the modern koala with numerous similarities in the skull . ”
the least frequent are the paler grey limestones from 25 - 15 ma . these were formed in freshwater pools , lakes and possibly streams on the floor of the rainforest . in this rainforest , the hills from the precambrian and the later 530 ma hills would have been present , but larger than now . the hills from the early miocene are a complex series of limestone deposits . the earliest limestone deposits are believed to have been deposited in large lakes . among the fossils in this deposit are unusual crocodiles and giant flightless birds . these deposits were later covered by at least 2 deposits of limestone that probably laid down in shallower pools . groundwater subsequently dissolved caves in this limestone where later sequences of fossils of bats and other forest creatures were deposited . the caves cover a time period of at least 20 million years . these cave deposits give clues to the drying of the australian continent that saw the end of the rainforest over much of the now mostly arid continent .
there are large number of visible archaeological traces of aboriginal occupation and sites of cultural significance at riversleigh , particularly near the rivers . the site at riversleigh lies on the south - western boundary of the waanyi aboriginal clan territory ( oates and oates 1970 , oates 1975 , tindale 1974 ) . no aboriginal people currently live in the site , although appropriate involvement is sought in the management of identified cultural sites .
travouillon kj , archer m , hand sj , godthelp h . multivariate analyses of cenozoic mammalian faunas from riversleigh , northwestern queensland alcheringa . 30 : 323 - 349 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 03115510609506871
davis ac , archer m . palorchestes azael ( mammalia , palorchestidae ) from the late pleistocene terrace site local fauna , riversleigh , northwestern queensland memoirs of the queensland museum . 41 : 315 - 320 .
the recently extinct marsupial thylacine , thylacinus cynocephalus , also known as the tasmanian tiger , was the largest living mammalian carnivore in australia . before riversleigh ' s fossil record began to unfold , there was only one tertiary thylacine species known , but now different thylacines have been identified from riversleigh ' s oligo - miocene faunas ( muirhead & archer 1990 ; muirhead 1993 ) . this record has been used ( archer l991a , archer et al . , 1992 ) to demonstrate the potential conservation value of understanding the prehistory of a group . although , in this case , understanding was too late to prevent the extinction of the thylacine in the 1930s . other ancestral marsupial forms found at riversleigh include moles , bandicoot , marsupial ' lions ' , koala , wombat , kangaroo and possums . placental mammals are represented by more than 35 bat species , and the riversleigh fossil bat record is considered one of the richest in the world .
litokoala dicksmithi , however , appears to have been much more closely related to the modern koala with numerous similarities in the skull suggesting a more koala - like , rather than possum - like , face .
koala , phascolarctos cinereus , coloured lithograph , j . gould , mammals of australia , london , 1863 .
' zoologie ' , wood engraving , germany , 1870 . collection of australian animals , including the koala .
serventy , v . and serventy , c ( 1975 ) the koala , new york , sunrise book .
the koala ' s curved , sharp claws are well adapted for climbing trees . the large forepaws have two
. they were not identified until 1994 , while bauer ' s koala watercolours were not published until 1989 .
, both of which were animated cartoons of the early 1980s . food products shaped like the koala include the
carmen de miguel , mahciej hennberg ( 1998 ) .
encephalization of the koala , phascolarctos cinerues
.
the site dates from the late oligocene to early miocene , about 25 million years old . the assemblage here is believed to be the oldest of the riversleigh local faunas . at this time the riversleigh area was covered by dense rainforest with a high diversity of animals . the region had regular rainfall and spring - fed lakes . these lakes were inhabited by large turtles and other reptiles , as well as the usual fish and snails . living in the forest were a number of animals that were partly familiar , partly unfamiliar . a terrestrial ( at least partly ) crocodile , deep - headed dagger - toothed crocodiles apparently hunted on the forest floor . there were also pythons and dromornithids , thunder birds , and now extinct species of kangaroos .
black k , archer m . nimiokoala gen . nov . ( marsupialia , phascolarctidae ) from riversleigh , northwestern queensland , with a revision of litokoala memoirs of the queensland museum . 41 : 209 - 228 .
black , and colleagues with dr julien louys and dr gilbert price from the university of queensland , say the discovery brings the number of known extinct koala species to 18 . today , one species of koala is alive .
karen black , et al . ( 2012 ) .
new tertiary koala ( marsupialia , phascolarctidae ) from riversleigh , australia , with a revision of phascolarctid phylogenetics , paleoecology , and paleobiodiversity
. journal of vertebrate paleontology 32 ( 1 ) : 125–138 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2012 . 626825 .
john lewin , [ koala and young ] , watercolour on paper , 1803 , mitchell library ml896 , sydney .
in pleistocene times phascolarctos stirton was twice as large as today ' s koala ( long et al . 2002 )
while the hindgut is proportionally larger in the koala than in other herbivores , only 10 % of the animal ' s energy is obtained from fermentation . since the koala gains a low amount of energy from its diet , its
the fossils of riversleigh are mostly vertebrates , with a few snails and insects . the vertebrates show an amazing diversity and are also found in very large numbers . as the sites are from ages spanning the last 25 million years , they help show an insight in to the evolution of australia fauna . australia has a unique fauna found nowhere else in the world today and so riversleigh can help show how these animals came to be .
u . n . educational , scientific and cultural organization ( unesco ) : australian fossil mammal sites ( riversleigh / naracoorte ) website describes ongoing fossil discoveries in queensland and south australia of australia ' s unique mammal fauna .
travouillon kj , cooke bn , archer m , hand sj . revision of basal macropodids from the riversleigh world heritage area with descriptions of new material of ganguroo bilamina cooke , 1997 and a new species palaeontologia electronica . 17 .
myers tj , archer m . kuterintja ngama ( marsupiala , ilariidae ) : a revised systematic analysis based on material from the late oligocene of riversleigh , northwestern queensland memoirs of the queensland museum . 41 : 379 - 392 .
archer m , every rg , godthelp h , hand sj , scally kb . yingabalanaridae , a new family of enigmatic mammals from tertiary deposits of riversleigh , northwestern queensland memoirs - queensland museum . 28 : 193 - 202 .
lipurus koala . okens allgemeine naturgeschichte fuer alle staende , stuttgart , hoffman ' sche verlags - buchhandlung , 1843 , plate 088 . engraved plate of animals , including the australian koala . figure after image published in cuvier ( 1834 ) .
the skull of litokoala dicksmithi next to the larger skull of a modern - day koala . ( credit : unsw )
' koala ' is thought to mean ' no drink ' in the aboriginal language , although there are many different languages spoken by aboriginal people throughout the country . the name for koala appears in diverse forms in the written accounts of early settlers as cullewine , koolewong , colo , colah , koolah , kaola , koala , karbor , boorabee , and goribun .
black , k . and archer , m . 1997a . nimiokoala gen . nov . ( marsupialia , phascolarctidae ) from riversleigh , northwestern queensland , with a revision of litokoala . memoirs of the queensland museum 41 , 209 - 228 .
nb : during september 2016 , in light of the discovery of a koala at mount kembla , this article was updated .
koala , [ animals ] , traugott bromme , sweden , 1867 . lithograph , possibly after original drawing by ferdinand bauer .
karen says the koala probably weighed around 4kg , and was a more active , agile climber than modern - day koalas .
lee , a . , and martin , r . ( 1988 ) the koala a natural history , sydney , nswup .
also known as monkey bear , native bear , tree - bear , and koala bear ( dixon et al . 2006 )
the koala conserves water by passing relatively dry faecal pellets high in undigested fibre , and by storing water in the caecum .
while urbanisation can pose a threat to koala populations , the animals can survive in urban areas provided there are enough trees .
scanlon jd , lee msy , archer m . mid - tertiary elapid snakes ( squamata , colubroidea ) from riversleigh , northern australia : early steps in a continent - wide adaptive radiation | serpents élapidés ( squamata , colubroidea ) du tertiaire moyen de riversleigh , nord de l ' australie : étapes précoces d ' une radiation adaptive répandue sur un continent entier geobios . 36 : 573 - 601 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0016 - 6995 ( 03 ) 00056 - 1
this is the second litokoala species named from the riversleigh world heritage area . the first was named litokoala garyjohnstoni in 2007 , to honour philanthropist gary johnston , who donated $ 1 million to unsw to create australia’s first chair of water management .
brewer p , archer m , hand sj , abel r . new genus of primitive wombat ( vombatidae , marsupialia ) from miocene deposits in the riversleigh world heritage area ( queensland , australia ) palaeontologia electronica . 18 : 1 - 40 .
colour and thickness , body size and skull shape . the queensland koala is the smallest of the three , with shorter , silver fur and a shorter skull . the victorian koala is the largest , with shaggier , brown fur and a wider skull .
hand sj , lee de , worthy th , archer m , worthy jp , tennyson aj , salisbury sw , scofield rp , mildenhall dc , kennedy em , lindqvist jk . miocene fossils reveal ancient roots for new zealand ' s endemic mystacina ( chiroptera ) and its rainforest habitat . plos one . 10 : e0128871 . pmid 26083758 doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0128871
black , k . ; archer , m . ; hand , s . j . ( 2012 ) .
new tertiary koala ( marsupialia , phascolarctidae ) from riversleigh , australia , with a revision of phascolarctid phylogenetics , paleoecology , and paleobiodiversity
. journal of vertebrate paleontology 32 ( 1 ) : 125–38 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2012 . 626825 .
in may 1810 a part of george perry ' s arcania was issued , containing the first engraved image of the koala , taken from one of bullock ' s mounted specimens , along with a detailed scientific description allocating the name bradypus koala , or sloth .
koala , engraving ( howitt , 1812 ) . published in a companion to the london museum and pantherion , london , 1814 .
koala family ( phascolarctidae ) dates at least to 15 million years ago ( middle miocene ) ( sherwin et al . 2000 )
colak ou koala . isidore georffroy st . hilaire , dict . class . hist . nat , 9 , february 1826 , p . 133 . reproduction of blainville ' s description . “on le nomme colak ou koala dans le voisinage de la riviere vapaum dans la nouvelle - holland . ” [ translation : it is named colak or koala in the vicinity of the nepean river in new holland . ]
koala , phascolarctos cinereus , john gould , mammals of australia , london , 1863 . description plus 2 illustrations - 2 coloured lithographs .
a female koala has two teats ; the joey attaches itself to one of them and suckles for the rest of its pouch life .
the distribution of the koala has shrunk by more than 50 % since european arrival , largely due to fragmentation of habitat in queensland .
mckenzie kg , engelbretsen m , archer m , price e . ostracoda from the miocene , riversleigh world heritage deposits , queensland , including progomphocythere n . gen . , with discussion of palaeoenvironments and age bollettino della societa paleontologica italiana . 43 : 321 - 330 .
the more - agile marsupial was half the size of the modern - day koala and ate younger , softer plants , including possibly fruit .
martin , r . and handasyde , k ( 1999 ) the koala : natural history , conservation and management , sydney , unsw press .
on warm days , a koala may rest with its back against a branch or lie on its stomach or back with its limbs dangling .
the first living koala in britain arrived in 1881 , purchased by the zoological society of london . as related by prosecutor to the society ,
dubbed
new riversleigh
, initial indications are that it represents a different time period and poorly - known stage in the evolution of australia ' s unique biota . the prehistoric bone - bed contains the remains of a wide range of previously unknown marsupials and bats .
travouillon kj , archer m , hand sj . revision of wabularoo , an early macropodid kangaroo from mid - cenozoic deposits of the riversleigh world heritage area , queensland , australia alcheringa . 39 : 274 - 286 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 03115518 . 2015 . 994115
the koala has one of the lowest milk energy production rates in relation to body size of any mammal . the female makes up for this by
myers tj , black kh , archer m , hand sj . the identification of oligo - miocene mammalian palaeocommunities from the riversleigh world heritage area , australia and an appraisal of palaeoecological techniques . peerj . 5 : e3511 . pmid 28674663 doi : 10 . 7717 / peerj . 3511
koalas or koala - like animals probably first evolved on the australian continent during the period when australia began to drift slowly northward , gradually separating from the antarctic land mass some 45 million years ago . fossil remains of koala - like animals have been found dating back to 25 million years ago .
it was found about 15 kilometres south - west of the western limit of the riversleigh world heritage site , which is about 250 km north - west of mount isa , and which sir david attenborough has already described as one of the four most important fossil sites in the world .
arena da , travouillon kj , beck rmd , black kh , gillespie ak , myers tj , archer m , hand sj . mammalian lineages and the biostratigraphy and biochronology of cenozoic faunas from the riversleigh world heritage area , australia lethaia . doi : 10 . 1111 / let . 12131
matzke - karasz r , smith rj , neil jv , godthelp h , archer m , hand sj . preliminary report on early miocene freshwater ostracods ( crustacea ) with soft part preservation from the riversleigh site , nw queensland , australia joannea - geologie und palaontologie . 122 - 123 .
this fossil site dates from then early miocene , about 20 million years ago . at the time the riversleigh area was a lowland rainforest , and , as rainforests of the present , it was home to a prolific , diverse fauna . at this time marsupials were very diverse . on the forest floor were marsupials that ranged from the size of small wallabies to diprotodontids the size of cattle . some were familiar , such as the musky rat - kangaroo , while others were distinctly unfamiliar , exemplified by ' thingodonta ' . among the carnivores were marsupial lions , carnivorous kangaroos and semi - terrestrial crocodiles . below the forest floor were creatures such and ancestral marsupial moles and blind burrowing snakes . bats were also common and diverse in this forest .
nimiokoala greystanesi was a small koala from the early miocene of northern australia . it had a longer snout than the living koala but was only about a third of its size . nimiokoala is represented by a well preserved skull , a significant discovery since koalas are rare in the fossil record . nimiokoala would have fed on the leaves of forest trees although it is not known whether it specialized on the leaves of eucalypts , as the living koala does .
le koala . baron g . cuvier , règne animal , paris , 4 , 1817 , plate 1 . engraved plate of a koala walking on four legs . illustrated iredale & whiteley , 1934 , p . 67 , b / w ; phillips , 1990 , p . 17 , b / w .
koala wombat . william paterson , sydney , ? 10 march 1804 . letter to everard home – reproduced in part in home ( 1808 ) . description .
iredale , t . & whitely , g . , ‘the early history of the koala’ , the victorian naturalist , 51 , 1934 , 62 - 72 .
this richer understanding of the complexity in ecosystems can be put to work in developing a distinctively australian environmental ethic . understanding the role of koala bioturbation , for example , makes one appreciate the koala as more than a cute animal , it is a part of what makes an australian eucalypt forest a healthy ecosystem .
the koala ' s small brain size may be an adaptation to the energy restrictions imposed by its diet , which is insufficient to sustain a larger brain .
butler k , travouillon kj , price gj , archer m , hand sj . cookeroo , a new genus of fossil kangaroo ( marsupialia , macropodidae ) from the oligo - miocene of riversleigh , northwestern queensland , australia journal of vertebrate paleontology . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2016 . 1083029
cooke bn , travouillon kj , archer m , hand sj . ganguroo robustiter , sp . nov . ( macropodoidea , marsupialia ) , a middle to early late miocene basal macropodid from riversleigh world heritage area , australia journal of vertebrate paleontology . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2015 . 956879
brewer p , archer m , hand s , godthelp h . a new species of the wombat warendja from late miocene deposits at riversleigh , north - west queensland , australia palaeontology . 50 : 811 - 828 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1475 - 4983 . 2007 . 00678 . x
stirton , r . 1957b . a new koala from the pliocene palankarinna fauna of south australia . records of the south australian museum 13 , 71 - 81 .
koala . engraving image by howitt of a stuffed koala on a branch , dated 1 april 1812 . published in anon . ( 1814 ) . figured from the stuffed and mounted specimen on display in mr bullock ' s museum , london . illustrated iredale & whiteley , 1934 , p . 66 , b / w .
a 20 - million - year - old koala skull from queensland is a new species , which researchers have named after australian geographic founder and patron dick smith .
in the early 20th century the koala was hunted extensively for its warm , thick coat . however , they are now protected and can no longer be hunted .
the koala has the most effective insulating back fur of any marsupial and is highly resilient to wind and rain , while the belly fur can reflect solar radiation .
koala society appears to consist of
residents
and
transients
, the former being mostly adult females and the latter males . resident males appear to be
about 20 million years ago this seems to have been a part of the riversleigh rainforest on the edge of a vast wetland . the first discoveries here were teeth of an extinct platypuses and lungfish . the limestone containing the teeth is believed to have been deposited in a pool . there were also bones of many forest animals that seem to have accumulated as into the water body , and at least in one part of the deposit , it seems probably the deposits were laid down in a cave , indicated by the presence of ' straws ' , crystalline structures that form in caves , travertine rim pool ridges , formed as lime - saturated water flows over an rock surface , on the surface of a rock , and the presence of small stalagmites that develop under the overhung edges of caves . there were also ' cave pearls ' , rounded , laminated limestone structures . it is believed that it could have been connected to the bitesantennary site by tunnels . the bone assemblage , composed on many forest animals such as bandicoots , diprotodontids , marsupial lions , horned turtles , many possum bones and a diverse range of kangaroos give some indication of the complexity of the rainforest community in the area . cambrian limestone ramparts near this site were the source of the reworked trilobite fossils found at the site .
pian r , archer m , hand sj . a new , giant platypus , obdurodon tharalkooschild , sp . nov . ( monotremata , ornithorhynchidae ) , from the riversleigh world heritage area , australia journal of vertebrate paleontology . 33 : 1255 - 1259 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2013 . 782876
researchers from the university of new south wales and the csiro have drawn these conclusions after making dozens of detailed anatomical comparisons between the brush - tailed possum , the modern koala and the two fossil species ( litokoala kutjamarpensis and nimiokoala greystanesi ) . the fossil species were unearthed from the riversleigh world heritage site in queensland , australia . the comparisons reveal similarities in the back of the skull between the modern and fossil koalas , but substantial differences in their teeth , palate and jaws .
fossil fauna from the riversleigh site have altered our understanding about australia ' s mid - cainozoic vertebrate diversity . a 15 million - year - old complete skull and nearly complete dentition of the monotreme obdurodon dicksoni ( archer et al . 1992 , 1993 ) has provided new information about this highly distinctive group of mammals .
travouillon kj , legendre s , archer m , hand sj . palaeoecological analyses of riversleigh ' s oligo - miocene sites : implications for oligo - miocene climate change in australia palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology . 276 : 24 - 37 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . palaeo . 2009 . 02 . 025
( australian koala foundation 2009 ) ( ellis et al 2010b ) ( gordon et al . 2006 ) ( gordon et al . 2008 ) ( martin 1989 ) (
maximum longevity : 22 . 1 years ( captivity ) observations : in captivity , the koala may live up to 22 . 1 years ( richard weigl 2005 ) .
the pelage of the koala is thicker and longer on the back , and shorter on the belly . the ears have thick fur on both the inside and outside .
travouillon kj , hand sj , archer m , black kh . earliest modern bandicoot and bilby ( marsupialia , peramelidae and thylacomyidae ) from the miocene of the riversleigh world heritage area , northwestern queensland , australia journal of vertebrate paleontology . 34 : 375 - 382 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2013 . 799071
some of the most unusual and remarkable animals in the australian fossil record have been found at riversleigh . these include ' thingodonta ' ( yalkaparidon ) , so named because it has a skull and teeth completely unlike any known marsupial and has been assigned to its own family . ' fangaroo ' was a small herbivorous kangaroo with huge canine teeth . perhaps it used them for defence against predators such as the giant rat - kangaroo , ekaltadeta , a kangaroo that ate meat . mekosuchus was a goanna - like crocodile that may even have climbed trees . unlike the modern platypus , the riversleigh platypus , obdurodon dicksoni , had teeth like its cretaceous ancestors . although found today only in desert sands , the ancestor of the marsupial mole , notoryctes , has a predeccessor at riversleigh that might have burrowed through the leaf litter of ancient tertiary forests . part emu and part cassowary , the emuary , emuarius , seems to represent a form near the divergence of these two birds’ lineages .
fossils that are less useful in the reconstructing of australia ' s faunal relations are also found over the time periods at riversleigh . their descendants are still around today and often unchanged such as snakes , lizards and amphibians . other vertebrates include more crocodiles , turtles , birds and bats are very much still widely distributed over australia .
kear bp , cooke bn , archer m , flannery tf . implications of a new species of the oligo - miocene kangaroo ( marsupialia : macropodoidea ) nambaroo , from the riversleigh world heritage area , queensland , australia journal of paleontology . 81 : 1147 - 1167 . doi : 10 . 1666 / 04 - 218 . 1
koala . anonymous , a companion to mr . bullock ' s museum , 8th edition , london , 1810 , p . 16 . reference to a specimen on display .
the first australian trials of a vaccine developed by queensland university of technology that could save australia ' s iconic koala from contracting chlamydia are planned to begin later this year .
the koala ' s
vulnerable
status in queensland and new south wales means that developers in these states must consider the impacts on this species when making building applications .
gillespie ak , archer m , hand sj , black kh . new material referable to wakaleo ( marsupialia : thylacoleonidae ) from the riversleigh world heritage area , northwestern queensland : revising species boundaries and distributions in oligo / miocene marsupial lions alcheringa . 38 : 513 - 527 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 03115518 . 2014 . 908268
the diet of nimiokoala is unknown , other than it browsed on the leaves of forest trees . perhaps , like the living koala , it ate the leaves of gum trees ( relatively rare in miocene forests ) . alternatively , as an early member of the koala family and therefore less specialised , nimiokoala may have fed on a variety of leaves .
this fossil area , more than 250 fossil sites , is the only known place in the world that has such a combination of richness , detail and continuity . the evolution of lines can be traced from 25 million years ago to 40 , 000 bp , as well as the changes in climate , environment , fauna and flora of a single area . at riversleigh the evolutionary history of crocodiles , snakes , lizards , turtles , lungfish , frogs , birds , snails , insects and other invertebrates can be followed to almost the present day . with more than 40 species of bats represented at riversleigh , it is one of the richest fossil bat sites in the world .
the koala was undoubtedly protected by dreaming stories and taboos against its unnecessary destruction by indigenous people despite the fact that they hunted and ate them . the use of fire to destroy or create habitat that was essential to the koala remains a contentious issue . on the balance of probabilities , given that koala was a part of the diet of aboriginal people in the most densely populated parts of coastal eastern australia , use of fire to create habitat suitable for koalas and other ‘game’ in open eucalypt woodlands seems the most likely adaptive response .
, curator of the zoological society of london , was the first to correctly classify the koala as a marsupial in the 1840s . he identified similarities between it and its fossil relatives
the koala is well known worldwide and is a major draw for australian zoos and wildlife parks . it has been featured in advertisements , games , cartoons and as soft toys .
moyal , a . ( 2008 ) . koala : a historical biography . australian natural history series . csiro publishing . isbn 978 - 0 - 643 - 09401 - 7 .
more than 20 million years ago an australian koala was leaping possum - like through the trees at night - a far cry from its couch potato cousins that slump in eucalypts today .
increased and the animals were exported to zoos overseas , the koala ' s international popularity rose . several political leaders and members of royal families had their pictures taken with koalas , including
monkey . william romain govatt , ‘on the animals called “monkeys” in new south wales ' , the saturday magazine , london , 9 ( 288 ) , 31 december 1836 . detailed description plus engraved sketch of a koala on a tree . [ koala ] . engraved sketch by w . r . govatt of a koala on a tree , the saturday magazine , london , 9 ( 288 ) , 31 december 1836 . illustrated iredale & whiteley , 1934 , p . 64 , b / w ; phillips , 1990 , p . 18 , colour .
nimiokoala greystanesi is known from a partial skull with teeth ( i1 / to m2 / ) , several lower jaws and a number of isolated teeth . the entire dentition has now been recovered . nimiokoala was found at the riversleigh world heritage fossil site ( system b ; neville ' s garden ) . material is held by the queensland museum , brisbane .
the holocene ( 10ka to present ) sites show fossils of dingos , which invaded or were brought in by humans , around 4 , 000 years ago . more recent animals to invade such as the red fox and rabbits have not been found in fossil form but as riversleigh is an on - going lagerstätte , their remains may show up in the future .
flannery argues that the koala has responded to the ‘scleromorphy’ or the adaptations by australian plants to aridity and low nutrients in the environment . such adaptation includes relatively small rigid leaves , short internodes and hard thick leaves ( flannery 1994 : 84 ) . the koala has itself adapted to scleromorphy by restricting its own energy budget in response to its low nutrient environment . flannery argues :
jackson , s . ( 2010 ) . koala : origins of an icon ( 2nd ed . ) . allen & unwin . isbn 978 - 1 - 74237 - 323 - 2 .
phascolarctos cinereus victor , e . le g . troughton , ' the southern race of the koala ' , australian naturalist , sydney , 9 , september 1935 , pp . 137 - 40 .
troughton , e ( 1972 ) the koala , in mcmichael , d . f . ( ed ) a treasury of australian wildlife , sydney , ure smith , pp . 54 - 60 .
of korv in koala populations suggests a trend spreading from the north to the south of australia . northern populations are completely infected , while some southern populations ( including kangaroo island ) are free .
at the beginning of the 20th century , the koala ' s reputation took a more positive turn , largely due to its growing popularity and depiction in several widely circulated children ' s stories .
- gray , ann . phil . , 1821 . koala . h . r . schrinz , das tierreich , j . g . cotta ' schen , i , 1821 , p . 265 .
argues that the exclusion of victorian populations from protective measures is based on a misconception that the total koala population is 200 , 000 , whereas they believe it is probably less than 100 , 000 .
from more than 250 fossil - rich sites at riversleigh hundreds of new species have been described from thousands of well - preserved specimens . there are many yet to be described and many more fossil sites waiting to be discovered . nowhere else in the world is there such a rich , detailed and continuous fossil record of the changes in fauna , habitat and climate at a single locality .
riversleigh is situated in north - western queensland , about 200 km north of mt isa , and a similar distance south of the gulf of carpentaria . the complex of fossil bearing sites covers an area of more than 40 km 2 , at least 100 of which are extinct rainforest communities . the main reason for the exceptional quality of the fossils is the high concentration of calcium carbonate in the ground water . as a result of this calcium - rich water , all water bodies such as springs , pools and rivers originating from the groundwater are conducive to fossilisation . in the present day modern animal bones can be found coated in precipitated limestone . bones deposited on the bed of the water body can be coated with calcium after a short time , and in as little as a few months the bones can be cemented to the limestone being deposited on the bed of the water body . once the bones are fixed within the limestone they can be mineralised over time to form precise , perfectly preserved fossils .
the koala holds no special status although the environment australia biodiversity group calls the koala lower risk - - near threatened ( 1996 ) . koalas were nearly exterminated at the turn of the century because they were hunted for their fur , and because their environments were destroyed by fires caused by humans . after1927 as a result of public outcry the koala became legally protected . currently their main threat is habitat destruction . management of the koala can be difficult . populations that are protected can reach such high numbers in an area that they destroy the trees on which they feed . often portions of populations have to be relocated in order to reduce the number of individuals in a given area . however , this is complicated by the shortage of suitable forest areas where surplus animals can be released ( macdonald , 1984 ) .
anonymous , dictionnaire pittoresque d ' historie nat . , atlas , plate 280 , figures 1 ( grey koala with a young on its back ) & 2 ( native bear climbing up a branch ) .
“an interesting feature of the litokoala skull is the extremely large eye sockets , which suggest the intriguing possibility that these koalas were nocturnal with greater visual acuity than the living koala , ” dr black said .
at around six years of age , the koala ' s chewing teeth begin to wear down and their chewing efficiency decreases . eventually , the cusps will disappear completely and the animal will die of starvation .
after losing the trail , they were attracted by the noise of a koala in a tree they were passing . a parley followed between the tracker and the koala , at the conclusion of which the tracker admitted his foolishness , set off in a new direction and , within one and a half miles , came once more upon the tracks of the missing men ( in lee and martin 1988 : 81 ) .
this paper proposes that the circa august 1803 description by robert brown and drawing by ferdinand bauer of the australian koala phascolarctos cinereus as first brought to sydney from hat hill ( mount kembla ) be designated type . a detailed account of the european and scientific discovery of the koala between 1803 - 4 is given , along with subsequent taxonomy . the paper also discusses the visit of robert brown to hat hill in 1804 .
, established the first australian faunal enclosure at an australian zoo , and featured the koala . this arrangement allowed him to undertake a detailed study of its diet in captivity . fleay later continued his conservation efforts at
the area where the riversleigh fossil site was discovered has hills of 3 colours , off - white , dark grey and lighter grey . the off - white hills are what remains of an ancient sea bed that covered the area in the precambrian , about 1600 ma , that was thrust up then eroded down to the preset state . life at this time consisted of bacteria and the organisms that formed stromatolites .
woodhead j , hand sj , archer m , graham i , sniderman k , arena da , black kh , godthelp h , creaser p , price e . developing a radiometrically - dated chronologic sequence for neogene biotic change in australia , from the riversleigh world heritage area of queensland gondwana research . 29 : 153 - 167 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . gr . 2014 . 10 . 004
the late oligocene fossil koala madokoala and the late oligocene - early miocene perikoala are closer to the stem of the koala family tree than is nimiokoala . nimiokoala is presently considered the primitive sister taxon to a group that includes the fossil koalas litokoala and phascolarctos ( the genus to which the living koala phascolarctos cinereus belongs ) . the genus phascolarctos first appears in the late miocene / early pliocene , with at least two other species known ( the huge p . yorkensis from the late miocene to pleistocene of south australia and new south wales ) ; and p . maris and / or p . stirtoni from the early pliocene of south australia .


hypatima simulacrella is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1904 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from new south wales .

the wingspan is about 16 mm .

the forewings are white , irregularly sprinkled with fuscous and dark fuscous , appearing to form small irregularly scattered dots .

there is an elongate brown spot , centrally suffused with black , along the costa slightly before the middle and a small dark fuscous spot beneath the apex .

the hindwings are pale whitish-fuscous .

hypatima simulacrella

choose one > hypatima baliodes > hypatima cyrtopleura > hypatima deviella > hypatima discissa > hypatima excellentella > hypatima mediofasciana > hypatima metaphorica > hypatima microgramma > hypatima orthostathma > hypatima rhomboidella > hypatima scotia > hypatima simulacrella > hypatima sp . anic1 > hypatima sp . anic11 > hypatima sp . anic13 > hypatima sp . anic15 > hypatima sp . anic16 > hypatima sp . anic17 > hypatima sp . anic18 > hypatima sp . anic19 > hypatima sp . anic2 > hypatima sp . anic20 > hypatima sp . anic21 > hypatima sp . anic22 > hypatima sp . anic24 > hypatima sp . anic25 > hypatima sp . anic26 > hypatima sp . anic27 > hypatima sp . anic28 > hypatima sp . anic5 > hypatima sp . anic6 > hypatima sp . anic7 > hypatima sp . anic9 > hypatima sp . bold : aal8429 > hypatima sp . or - 2016 > hypatima sp . um01 > hypatima spathota > hypatima sphenophora > hypatima tessulata > hypatima toreuta all lower taxonomy nodes ( 40 )
allocota simulacrella meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
hypatima antsianakella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 209
hypatima issikiana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima manjakatompo viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 211
hypatima perinetella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 210
hypatima venefica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
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hypatima anguinea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37
hypatima antiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima apparitrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima aridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima caryodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima cirrhospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima corynetis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima ericta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima indica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima instaurata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima isopogon ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima isoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima isotricha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima lactifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima melanocharis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima nodifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima orthomochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima parichniota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima particulata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima phacelota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima pilosella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima rhicnota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima silvestris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima syncrypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima tephroptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima tonsa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima verticosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima xerophanta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima xylotechna ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima acicula park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 326 ; tl : s . thailand , khaoyai
hypatima stenosa park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 331 ; tl : s . thailand , khaoyai
hypatima mangiferae satter , 1989 ; bull . ent . res . 79 ( 3 ) : 412 ; tl : kenya
hypatima disetosella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : nantou co . , taiwan
hypatima issikiana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 77 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan
hypatima nigro - grisea [ = nigrogrisea ] janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 47
hypatima rhomboidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ fe ]
hypatima spathota ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima excellentella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 617 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
hypatima venefica ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 616 ; tl : barbash - levada , primorskii krai
hypatima disetosella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 47 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima pentagonia park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 325 ; tl : nw . thailand , chiang mai , doi suthep - pui np , 1380m
hypatima arignota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 330
hypatima haligramma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 332
hypatima iophana ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 322
hypatima teramotoi ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , sakai city
hypatima acris park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : taiwan , tainan co . , 2 - 3km s kwantzuling , ca . 350m
hypatima excellentella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
hypatima ( chelariini ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ fe ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 182 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 166 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 189 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 192 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 249 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 167 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 198 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
chelaria agriogramma meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft
chelaria albo - grisea [ = albogrisea ] walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 264 , pl . 12 , f . 34 ; tl : spring vale
chelaria ammonura meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 430 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
chelaria anguinea meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 161 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
anthotypa ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( chelaria ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54
chelaria antiastis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : andamans , port blair
chelaria apparitrix meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 164 ; tl : java , preanger , 5000ft
chelaria aridella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 639 ; tl : sarawak , borneo
artochroma diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 20
chelaria attenuata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
chelaria baliodes lower , 1920 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 44 : 66 ; tl : warra , s . queensland
chelaria binummulata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : natal , weenen
chelaria brachyrrhiza meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : fiji , lautoka
chelaria caryodora meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
chelaria cirrhospila meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 302 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
chelaria corynetis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
cryptopluta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 21
nothris cyrtopleura turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin ; n . queensland , kuranda
chelaria demonstrata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 303 ; tl : new guinea , kei is .
chelaria dermatica meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 432 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
taiwan , thailand , philippines , ceylon , andaman is . , borneo , sulawesi , queensland . see [ maps ]
tituacea [ sic ] deviella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43
chelaria discissa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 581 ; tl : queensland , cairns
disposita ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 71
nothris dissidens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 301 ; tl : waterval onder
ephippias ( meyrick , 1937 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 95
chelaria ericta meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
chelaria euchorda meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 31 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins
cymatomorpha euplecta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 412 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; quorn , south australia
larva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria formidolosa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 581 ; tl : natal , pinetown
chelaria haligramma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 382 ; tl : anakapalli , s . india
larva on anacardium occidentale ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria harpophora meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
psoricoptera hora busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 14 ; tl : alhajuela , panama
chelaria improba meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton
gelechia indica swinhoe , 1885 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1885 : 884 ; tl : bombay , india
chelaria instaurata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
chelaria iophana meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon
chelaria isopogon meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : belke , kanara , india
chelaria isoptila meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : kandy , ceylon
chelaria isotricha meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 164 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
chelaria lactifera meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 161 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
chelaria lecticata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 282 ; tl : transvaal , pilgrims rest
chelaria loxosaris meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas
chelaria mancipata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : three sisters
chelaria melanecta meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 246 ; tl : transvaal , johannesburg
chelaria melanocharis meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 511 ; tl : telawa , java
chelaria meliptila meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .
chelaria metaphorica meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 430 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
chelaria microgramma meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 301 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
mycetinopa ( meyrick , 1934 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 451
chelaria nimbigera meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : new ireland , new hanover i .
chelaria nodifera meyrick , 1930 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 99 ( suppl ) : 724 ; tl : tonkin
chelaria orthomochla meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : java
chelaria orthostathma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
chelaria parichniota meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 4 ; tl : likiang , china
chelaria particulata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
chelaria phacelota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon
gelechia pilosella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 640 ; tl : sarawak , borneo
chelaria probolaea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : barberton
allocota procax meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 274
chelaria rhicnota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 580 ; tl : shevaroys , s . india
larva on mangifera indica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ nhm card ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ nhm card ]
larva on betula spp . , alnus spp . , corylus avellana , carpinus betulus , populus spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
chelaria scopulosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : karwar , kanara
cymatomorpha scotia turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 160 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda
chelaria silvestris meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
chelaria solutrix meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 69 ; tl : woodbush village
sorograpta ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70
chelaria spathota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : konkan , bombay
larva on mangifera indica , lannea grandis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
deuteroptila sphenophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 419 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
chelaria stasimodes meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70
subdentata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 17
gelechia sublectella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 640 ; tl : sarawak , borneo
chelaria syncrypta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 580 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
chelaria tenebrosa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 301 ; tl : south australia , quorn
chelaria tephroplintha meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 30 ; tl : fiji , labasa
chelaria tephroptila meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70 ; tl : mahableshwar , bombay
larva on quercus acutissima , quercus serrata , q . variabilis , q . glauca , q . phillyraeoides ueda , 2012 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 85
chelaria tessulata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : queensland , cairns
semodictis tetraptila meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 16 , pl . 5 , f . 7 ; tl : kranspoort , pretoria
chelaria tonsa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
episacta toreuta turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 162 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda , near cairns
chelaria trachyspila meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354
chelaria triannulata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 69 ; tl : woodbush village
tricosma ( meyrick , 1933 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 355
larva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
chelaria verticosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
chelaria xerophanta meyrick , 1930 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 99 ( suppl ) : 724 ; tl : tonkin
chelaria xylotechna meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : java
chelaria zesticopa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : texas , alpine , fort davis , 5000 - 8000ft ; new mexico , bent , 7000ft
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
the natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
in gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905
walsingham , 1881 on the tortricidae , tineidae , and pterophoridae of south africa trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 219 - 288 , pl . 10 - 13
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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wittia sororcula or eilema sorcula , the orange footman , is a moth of the family erebidae .

it is found in europe , anatolia and further east across the palearctic to southern siberia and the amur basin to china .

wittia sororcula

wittia amazonica . a cactus epiphyte i ' ve been nursing back to good health . guess it ' s time to go back . # cactus # epiphytes # flowerpack # amazonica # wittia
another shot of wittia amazonica - this is a stunning plant when it ' s in bud and bloom . rm . 2724 . # upinthetrees # epiphyticcactus # wittia # wittiaamazonica # pseudorhipsalis # miamivicecolors # vandygram
who in europe wants seed of disocactus / wittia / pseudorhipsalis ? i ' d be happy to share with interested parties within europe at no cost . # seedgiveaway # pseudorhipsalis # wittia # disocactus # cacataceae # seedexchange # plantpeople # seedsowing
and the last posting of wittia amazonica for this season . i like how this image captures all the stages of flowering , from bud through open flowers to past flowers and even a developing fruit ( lower right ) . still in rm . 2724 . # wittiaamazonica # wittia # tropical # cactusfamily # epiphyte
next to last shot of this epiphytic cactus , wittia amazonica . i liked this one because the blooms continue to the background , making the plant appear to go on practically forever . it ' s big , but not that big . definitely still in bloom ! rm . 2724 . # epiphyte # cactusfamily # tropical # wittia # wittiaamazonica
# wittia # amazonica
blooming . . . the only species of # cacti that has blueish - purple # flowers . . . # wittiaamazonica # houseplant # indoorplant
a corner of my indoor garden . i ' m lucky to rent such a fantastic flat . . . # houseplants # epiphyllum # hibiscus # passiflora # wittia # indoorgardening # orchids
this review details the korean species of the eilema group in the subfamily arctiinae of erebidae : 19 species in five genera ( manulea , collita , katha , dolgoma , and wittia ) , a new species ( collita hwacheonensis bayarsaikhan & bae , sp . nov . ) , and an unrecorded species [ c . vetusta aegrota ( butler 1877 ) ] . all species are diagnosed , and figures of the adults and genitalia and a key to species based on male genital structure of eilema group in south korea are included .
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the wingspan is 27–30 mm . the moth flies from april to june depending on the location .
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eilema caniola , the hoary footman , is a moth of the family arctiidae .
this species can be found in north africa , in western and southern europe , in eastern europe up to south - western russia , in the near east , in the east palearctic ecozone and in the oriental ecozone . these thermophilic moths usually occur in urban areas and as a caterpillar on old walls , roofs , shingle beaches and rocky areas .
the wingspan is 28–35 mm . almost the same in colouring as eilema griseola and eilema lurideola but the forewings are much smaller , the outer margin is oblique , only slightly excurved ; the colour is much lighter , more yellowish grey , so that the pale yellow costal stripe is less prominent . hindwings are very pale , scarcely darker at the costal margin , with the apex much more pointed than in the two species mentioned , with which it might be confounded .
it is at once distinguished from eilema complanum by the underside of the forewing , on which the pale grey colour extends to the margin , the latter not being broadly yellow as in complanum . - ab . vitellina bdv . is a form with the forewing dusted with grey close to the distal margin and of a pale bright yellow ground colour in the male - ab . albeola hbn . is considerably smaller , and , except for the bright yellow thorax , entirely white on the upperside ; it occurs among ordinary specimens .
larva are grey or reddish brown with dark dorsal line , red subdorsal lines edged with black and occasionally spotted with white or black .
these moths are nocturnal and rest at day on shady rocks . they fly in two or three generations from july to september depending on the location . they are attracted to light . the larvae mainly feed on algae , especially on green films of pleurococcus and on a variety of lichens growing on rocks , but also on the flowers of broom ( genista sp . ) , birdsfoot trefoil ( lotus sp . ) and clover ( trifolium sp . ) .
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the current knowledge of the subfamily arctiinae ( lithosiini , arctiini , syntomini ) fauna of south korea is reported , based on the checklist of bae et al ( 2013 ) completed by data on several taxa described since this date , with one newly recorded genus , schistophleps hampson , and one rare species , spilarctia robusta ( leech ) . illustrations of adults and genitalia are presented .
peer review under responsibility of national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) .
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