the fivebeard rockling ( ciliata mustela ) is a coastal fish of the lotidae family .

its body is elongated and up to 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) long .

it lives in shallow water on muddy and sandy seafloors , sometimes in the littoral zone .

it is sometimes found by turning over rocks and debris on mudflats at low tide .

in colour it has a dark brown back , with a reddish or blackish underside merging with a pale gray-brown .

its " five beard " name comes from the short , fleshy barbels around its mouth .

the fivebeard rockling lives usually close to the shore , not normally deeper than 20 m ( 66 ft ) .

it prefers a rocky bottom but can also be found on sandy , muddy or gravelly seafloors .

it feeds mainly on crustaceans , sometimes also on algae , polychaetes , gastropods and occasionally , small fish .

it is found in water temperatures between 8 and 24 °c ( 46 and 75 °f ) , on european atlantic coasts .

fivebeard rockling

i think the common name listed at the top is misspelled . it should be
five - bearded rockling
vertebral deformities are reported in fivebeard rockling ciliata mustela ( lotidae ) collected from masfjorden , western norway . four abdominal and four caudal vertebrae were involved in the anomalies . a hyperostotic haemal spine was observed . in addition , other minor anomalies were noticed in the abnormal specimen . it is possible that either genetic and / or epigenetic factors may have been implicated in this anomaly .
five - bearded rocklings have five barbels on their head , one on the chin and four on the snout . although these fish look slippery , they do have scales which are very small and delicate . five - bearded rocklings are predator fish . they hunt mostly shrimp , as well as small fish . in turn , young rocklings are often consumed by gulls and terns . there are more species of rocklings living in the north sea , including the three and four - bearded rockling . but the five - bearded rockling is the most common and not surprisingly referred to as the common rockling .
ciliata mustela is a common inshore species . there has been no change in catch rates for this species in the swedish scientific survey data over the past 10 years ( 1988 to 2009 ) ( florin pers . comm . 2013 ) . it is reported to be a common fish in the rocky intertidal zone of europe ' s coasts ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . however , according to a study conducted in 1996 , the northeast atlantic population of c . mustela has experienced a marked decline since the early 20th century . in 1906 , the standardized mean scientific survey catch rate for c . mustela was 11 . 2 , whereas in the 1990s it was 0 . 2 in area 6 ( rijnsdorp et al . 1996 ) . in a study published in 1996 , that measured the relative densities of fishes on the southern and eastern coasts of england , the mean catch rate for the five - beard rockling was 0 . 106 , 0 . 146 and 0 . 129 along the northeast , eastern and southern coasts , respectively ( rogers and millner 1996 ) .
marine ; demersal ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 17 - 22 m ( ref . 57178 ) . temperate ; 72°n - 38°n , 25°w - 22°e
northeast atlantic : lisbon north to finnmark , around the british isles , in the skagerrak and kattegat and iceland .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 25 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1371 ) ; common length : 17 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 1371 ) ; common length : 20 cm tl ( female ) ; max . reported age : 3 years ( ref . 1371 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; anal spines : 0 . head relatively small , more than five times in sl . no lobed fold of skin above the upper lip . first fin ray followed by a row of small , fleshy filaments . dark brown dorsally , reddish to blackish grading to pale gray - brown ventrally ( ref . 1371 ) . one barbel on the lower jaw and four on the snout ( ref . 35388 ) .
a resident intertidal species with homing behavior ( ref . 32612 ) . generally close to the shore , not descending to great depths beyond the limits of the distribution of green algae ( 20 m ) , preferring rock bottoms but also living on sandy , muddy , and shell gravel bottoms . feed mainly on crustaceans , sometimes also on algae , polychaetes , gastropods and occasionally , small fish . occurs in temperatures ranging from 8 to 24°c ( ref . 4944 ) .
cohen , d . m . , t . inada , t . iwamoto and n . scialabba , 1990 . fao species catalogue . vol . 10 . gadiform fishes of the world ( order gadiformes ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of cods , hakes , grenadiers and other gadiform fishes known to date . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 10 ) . rome : fao . 442 p . ( ref . 1371 )
) : 8 . 4 - 11 . 8 , mean 10 . 3 ( based on 52 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 6250 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00550 ( 0 . 00306 - 0 . 00988 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 95 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 3 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( tm = 1 ; tmax = 3 ; fec = 9 , 000 - 30 , 000 ) .
prior r = 0 . 83 , 2 sd range = 0 . 44 - 1 . 58 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 19 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 32 , based on : 2 tgen , 1 tmax , 2 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .
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justification : ciliata mustela is found in the northeast atlantic , from lisbon north to finnmark , around the british isles , in the skagerrak and kattegat and iceland . it is found in shallow depths of intertidal areas to depths of between 17 to 22 m . there are no known major species - specific threats to c . mustela , although it may be impacted by coastal development . it is found in marine protected areas throughout its range . therefore , it is assessed as least concern .
ciliata mustela is restricted to the northeast atlantic ocean , where it is distributed from lisbon ( portugal ) north to finnmark ( norway ) , around the british isles , in the skagerrak and kattegat and iceland ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . this species of fish is found in shallow depths of intertidal areas near the coastline within its geographical distribution . it rarely exceeds depths greater than depths that green algae grows , usually between 17 to 22 m ( cohen 1990 ) .
ciliata mustela is an intertidal species , almost always keeping close to the shore and not known to frequent depths greater than the distribution of green algae ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . although this species prefers rocky bottoms , it is also known to frequent sandy , muddy or shell / gravel bottoms . the diet consists of crustaceans , amphipods , crabs , shrimp , copepods , ostracods and isopods , and it may also sometimes eat algae , polychaetes , gastropods and sometimes even other small fish ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . both males and females reach maturity at about one year . females may lay from 9 , 000 to 30 , 000 eggs in one reproductive cycle , depending on the size of the female fish . spawning occurs in deeper waters off the west irish coast from about february to may . both eggs and larvae are pelagic ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . males and females grow at different rates . at one year , females measure approximately 14 cm long while males measure 11 to 13 cm long . at two years , females measure 20 cm and males 17 cm . the average lifespan for c . mustela is about three years and it can grow in length of up to 25 cm ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . this fish tolerates temperature ranges of eight to 24 degrees celsius ( moreira et al . 1992 ) .
this species is not commercially important ( cohen 1990 ) . ciliata mustela live in a very narrowly defined area of the water column , mostly encompassing the rocky intertidal areas of shores and beaches ( cohen et al . 1990 ) . coastal development and eutrophication could threaten the habitat of this species . additionally , the use of electrical frequencies used by brown shrimp trawlers causes this fish to swim and behave abnormally , swimming vigorously and in jerky motions across the bottoms , possibly increasing its risk of being caught as bycatch by the shrimping boats ( ices sgelectra report 2011 ) . this species may be undergoing range retraction due to climate change ( costa et al . 2002 ) .
this species is listed as least concern in the baltic marine environment protection commission ( helcom ) regional red list assessment for the baltic sea . there are currently no known conservation measures in place for this species .
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cohen , daniel m . , tadashi inada , tomio iwamoto , and nadia scialabba
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åberg g , abrahamsen g , steinnes e , hjelmseth h ( 2004 ) utilization of bark pockets as time capsules of atmospheric - lead pollution in norway . atmos environ 38 : 6231–6237
aksnes dl , dupont n , staby a , fiksen ø , kaartvedt s , aure j ( 2009 ) coastal water darkening and implications for mesopelagic regime shifts in norwegian fjords . mar ecol prog ser 387 : 39–49
andrades ja , becerra j , fernandez - llebrez p ( 1996 ) skeletal deformities in larval , juvenile and adult stages of cultured gilthead sea bream ( sparus aurata l . ) . aquaculture 141 : 1–11
( actinopterygii : cyprinidae ) and malformations due to radiation contamination in the area of the mayak ( chelyabinsk province , russia ) nuclear plant . j fish biol 79 : 991–1016
capasso ll ( 2005 ) antiquity of cancer . int j cancer 113 : 2–13
in the thermal effluent outlet of a nuclear power plant in taiwan . j fish soc taiwan 37 : 1–11
desse g , meunier fj , peron m , laroche j ( 1981 ) hyperostose vertébrale chez l’animal ( hyperostosis of the vertebrae in animals ) . rheumatology 33 : 105–119
divanach p , boglione c , menu b , koumoudouros g , kentouri m , cataudella s ( 1996 ) abnormalities in finfish mariculture : an overview of the problem , causes and solutions . in : chantain b , saroglia m , sweetman j , lavens p ( eds ) seabass and seabream culture : problem and prospects . international workshop , verona , italy , october 16–18 , 1996 . european aquacultural society , oostende , belgium
eilertsen m , brekke e , staveland a , tveranger a ( 2011 ) steinmolo til matresøyna i masfjorden kommune , hordaland fylke . konsekvensutredning for marine forhold , forurensing , biologisk mangfold og naturressurser . rådgivende biologer as rapport . isbn 978 - 82 - 7658 - 841 - 5 . 78 pp
l . ) : effects of genetics and off - season smolt production . aquaculture 296 : 36–44
, kaup 1858 ) : evaluation in larval and postlarval stages . aquac res 40 : 1585–1593
gibson rn ( 1999 ) movement and homing in intertidal fishes . in : horn mh , martin klm , chokowski ma ( eds ) intertidal fishes . life in two worlds . academic press , san diego , 399 pp
) from the fensfjorden area , western norway . m . sc . thesis , department of earth science , university of bergen , 105 pp
hedrick rp , adkison ma , el - matbouli ab , macconnell e ( 1998 ) whirling disease : re - emergence among wild trout . immunol rev 166 : 365–376
jawad la ( 2013 ) hyperostosis in three fish species collected from the sea of oman . anat rec 296 : 1145–1147
karlsbakk e , alarcón m , hansen h , nylund a ( 2014 ) sykdom og parasitter i vill og oppdrettet rognkjeks . in : aglen a , bakketeig ie , gjøsæter h , hauge m , sunnset bh , toft kø ( eds ) fisken og havet , særnummer i - 2014 – havforsknings rapporten , pp 37–39
koumoundouros g , gagliardi f , divanach p , boglione c , cataudella s , kentouri m ( 1997 ) normal and abnormal osteological development of caudal fin in sparus aurata l . fry . aquaculture 149 : 215–226
louiz i , menif d , ben attia m , ben hassine ok ( 2007 ) incidence des déformations squelettiques chez trois espèces de gobiidae de la lagune de bizerte ( tunisie ) . cybium 31 : 209–216
moreira f , assis ca , almeida pr , costa jl , costa mj ( 1992 ) trophic relationship in the community of the upper tagus estuary ( portugal ) : a preliminary approach . estuar coast shelf sci 34 : 617–623
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riede k ( 2004 ) global register of migratory species—from global to regional scales . final report of the r & d - projekt 808 05 081 . federal agency for nature conservation , bonn , germany , 329 pp
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the yellow-faced siskin ( spinus yarrellii ) is a species of finch in the fringillidae family .

it is found in brazil and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist mountains , subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , arable land , plantations , and urban areas .

the binomial of this bird commemorates the english ornithologist william yarrell .

yellow - faced siskin

information on the yellow - faced siskin is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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10 cm . small , bright yellow finch . male has black crown contrasting with bright yellow face , sides of neck and underparts . pale yellow - olive upperparts with short , dark olive stripes . yellow rump . black wings , with olive - yellow edging to wing - coverts , and bright yellow wing - bar , wing - patch and tertial fringes . black tail with yellow base . female has bright yellowish - olive crown and upperparts with yellower rump .
clement , p . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . yellow - faced siskin ( spinus yarrellii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
10 cm . very small , bright yellow finch with fine , pointed bill and slightly forked tail . male has forehead and upper lores to upper nape black , face and side of neck bright . . .
it has been found in caatinga , forest edge , second growth , plantations , croplands and even large urban centres at elevations below 550 m . very little is known of its ecology but it may , like its congener the red siskin
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
aline roda , s . , restall , r . , whittaker , a . , davis , b . , sharpe , c j & espinoza , f .
. in brazil , remaining populations appear to be concentrated in alagoas , with recent records from pedra talhada , murici and usina laginha . there are recent records from more than 20 sites in the brazilian atlantic forest ( s . aline roda
, and near jeremoabo in bahia . there have been no records from ceará or paraíba since 1958 and 1957 , respectively . it was considered locally common in pernambuco and alagoas , but rare elsewhere , in the 1980s . there are several recent records from pernambuco ( pereira
, one of which may have involved individuals released after confiscation by inspectors of the illegal animal trade ( s . aline roda
. 2014 ) . very few birds observed were at murici in 1996 - 1999 ( a . whittaker
. 1999 ) . this suggests a sharp decline in range and numbers . in venezuela it has been recorded at two sites in south - east carabobo ( rojas - suárez and sharpe 2008 ) , and the population is likely derived from escaped cagebirds ( ridgely and tudor 1989 , c . j . sharpe
. 2011 ) ; indeed , several other exotic cagebird species have become established as feral populations in the same area ( e . g . sharpe
. 1997 ) . there have been additional unverified reports from carabobo ( r . restall
and from monagas and southern bolívar states ( rojas - suárez and sharpe 2008 ) ; however , these are now considered unsubstantiated , and there appear to have been no documented records for several decades ( rojas - suárez and sharpe 2015 , f . espinoza verbally to c . j . sharpe 2016 ) .
the population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 10 , 000 - 19 , 999 individuals . this equates to 6 , 667 - 13 , 333 mature individuals , rounded here to 6 , 000 - 15 , 000 mature individuals . trend justification : despite the lack of data , a rapid decrease in the population is suspected , owing to this species ' s prevalence in the wild bird trade ( with numbers apparently decreasing ) , as well as the rarity of recent sightings in the wild .
, need to utilise forest seasonally or even daily . in saltinho , nests were found in exotic pine
it suffers from high volume , illegal trade on both national and international markets . in the 1980s , up to 700 birds were seen at the fortaleza bird market , and 60 - 100 appeared seasonally at the caxias market in rio de janeiro . it may also be threatened by pesticide applications ( rodríguez and rojas - suárez 1995 , rojas - suárez and sharpe 2008 ) .
cites appendix ii and legally protected in brazil and venezuela . in brazil , it has been recorded in pedra talhada , serra negra and saltinho biological reserves , serra da capivara national park and tapacurá ecological station . it has been heavily exploited , but it is unclear if it has been bred in any volume .
survey to determine its current range , abundance and ecological requirements , especially in alagoas and pernambuco . determine its current status in venezuela ( rodríguez and rojas - suárez 1995 , rojas - suárez and sharpe 2008 )
. investigate the impact of pesticides on food availability and condition of the birds ( rodríguez and rojas - suárez 1995 , rojas - suárez and sharpe 2008 ) . designate murici as a biological reserve and ensure its
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this species is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
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the results of a recent genetic study # r suggest that this species is more closely related to s . magellanicus than to s . spinescens , with which it has traditionally been grouped , but the sample of s . yarrellii involved a single captive individual . monotypic .
ne brazil ( piauí , rio grande do norte , pernambuco and alagoas s to nc bahia ; formerly widespread ) . introduced to n venezuela ( carabobo ) ; recorded once in colombia # r .
poorly known ; song a complex and varied , high - pitched , ringing warble .
poorly known . one specimen found to have eaten small fruits ; presumably also takes various seeds . no other information .
no published information . nests said to have been found in exotic pine trees ( pinus ) in pernambuco ( saltinho ) , ne brazil .
vulnerable . cites ii . extremely rare ; surviving populations concentrated in alagoas , with recent records from pedra talhada , murici and usina laginha . has been recorded at . . .
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forms three well - defined subfamilies # r , including euphoniinae , previously placed in thraupidae . also includes drepanidini , sometimes treated as a separate family ( as in hbw ) , but here considered merely a tribe of carduelinae . extensive phylogenetic data available , and comparatively few species remain wholly unscreened ; nonetheless , study of internal relationships has been confounded by recurring plumage patterns and use of similar feeding niches by taxa that prove to be far from closely related .
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : spinus yarrellii . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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syncopacma adversa is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by braun in 1930 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from california , illinois , kentucky , ohio and west virginia .

the wingspan is about 11 mm .

the species has been reared from larva living between leaflets of psoralea onobrychis .

syncopacma adversa

aproaerema adversa ( braun , 1930 ) was formerly in the genus syncopacma , norwegian journal of entomology . supplement 3 : 1 - 236 .
this is one of the spp . of syncopacma ( gelechiidae ) , either palpilineella or adversa ; in virginia , it would more likely be the former .
syncopacma adversa ( braun , 1930 ) , transactions of the american entomological society 56 : 7 type specimen holotype sex : male location : usa , ohio , adams county , turkey creek date : 11 september 1928 collector : [ no data ] deposited : [ no data ] original genus : stomopteryx current genus : syncopacma notes : reared from larva between leaflets of psoralea onobrychis . distribution hosts psoralea onobrychis
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aarvik , l . , b . å . bengtsson , h . elven , p . ivinskis , u . jürivete , o . karsholt , m . mutanen , n . savenkov , 2017 . nordic - baltic checklist of lepidoptera . norwegian journal of entomology , supplement 3 : 1 - 236 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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austria , hungary , germany , greece , spain , italy , corsica , poland , romania , sicily , france , switzerland , yugoslavia .
austria , bulgaria , hungary , germany , greece ( mainland ) , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , macedonia , portugal ( mainland ) , romania , sicily , slovakia , ukraine , france ( mainland ) croatia , switzerland , yugoslavia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .


nannatherina balstoni ( balston 's pygmy perch , balston 's perchlet , or king river perchlet ) is a species of temperate perch endemic to australia , where it occurs in coastal streams , ponds , lakes , and swamps .

it prefers shallow , acidic waters with patches of sedge growth .

this species can reach 9 cm ( 3.5 in ) sl , though most do not exceed 6 cm ( 2.4 in ) .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

nannatherina balstoni

morgan , d . ( 2005d ) . nomination form for listing changing the status , or delisting a native species under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( epbc act ) nannatherina balstoni .
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . nannatherina balstoni in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 03 : 40 : 27 + 1000 .
allen , g . , i . potter & r . lenanton ( 1994 ) . proposed addition deletion or change to the schedules of declared threatened or specially protected fauna or the reserve list nannatherina balstoni . perth : department of conservation and land management .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
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gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
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for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts ( 2008 ) .
. canberra : department of the environment , water , heritage and the arts . available from :
recovery plan not required , included on the not commenced list ( 1 / 11 / 2009 ) .
survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened fish . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 4
( department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .
listed as data deficient ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
balston ' s pygmy perch is a small freshwater fish that grows to a maximum length of around 90 mm ( commonly 60 mm ) . the total length of this species at one year of age ( when sexually mature ) averages 60 mm for males and 63 mm for females ( morgan et al . 1995 ) . this species is brownish dorsally and silver below , usually with a prominent brown mid - lateral stripe and a series of vertical brown bars on sides giving a cross - hatched pattern ( allen et al . 2002 ) .
historically , balston ' s pygmy perch had a distribution that ranged from moore river ( approximately 75 km north of perth ) , in the north , to two peoples bay ( goodga river near albany , approximately 400 km south - east of perth ) , in the south , and the collie river ( approximately 150 km south of perth ) , to the east ( allen et al . 2002 ; morgan et al . 1995 , 1998 ) .
balston ' s pygmy perch has been lost from the northern half of its range , including the moore river ( morgan et al . 2000 ) , and is extremely rare or lost from many other rivers of the south - west including blackwood river , frankland river , margaret river and king river ( morgan et al . 2002 ) . it is also likely that the species has been lost from rivers and also in many lakes on the swan coastal plain south of perth , although historical records are largely absent from the region . it is now regarded as the rarest of all the endemic freshwater fishes of south - west australia ( morgan et al . 1995 ) .
the streams that balston ' s pygmy perch occupy cover an area of 2000 km² . the species has been captured in low numbers in major rivers , including scott , donnelly , shannon , gardner , deep , kent and denmark rivers , and lakes , including quitjup , smith , doggerup , maringup and moates lakes ( morgan et al . 1995 ) . it has also been found in bokanup and mulgarnup swamps , kulunilup lake and lake unicup in the lake muir and unicup catchments ( storey 1998 ) .
the species ' distribution is fragmented . there are a number of extant populations that still occur over an area of 2000 km² and within a number of river systems , however these populations are restricted to only a few streams within the river systems ( allen et al . 1994 ) .
the freshwater fishes of south - west australia have been well surveyed in recent years . for example , almost 70 sites were surveyed in the moore river and its tributaries and 151 sites within the blackwood river catchment ( morgan 2005d ) . eight sites on the margaret river were surveyed in march 2003 by electrofishing , seine and gill netting , and a visual diving survey to assess fish fauna ( morgan & beatty 2003 ) . fifteen wetlands were surveyed by storey ( 1998 ) in the lake muir / lake unicup catchments on three occasions with sweep netting , rotenone and trapping , and occasionally seine netting in the larger , more open wetlands where sandy beaches were present . the considerable sampling effort suggests that the known disjunct distribution and low population sizes are an accurate representation of the current status of the species .
the species total population size is currently unknown , but there are likely to be < 1000 mature fish in each river system , suggesting that there the total population size is < 12 000 mature individuals ( morgan 2005d ) .
balston ' s pygmy perch occurs in a number of highly fragmented , smaller subpopulations , which are confined to smaller streams within the major river systems of south - west western australia ( allen et al . 1994 ) . the subpopulations occur within the scott , donnelly , gardner , shannon , deep , kent and denmark rivers , lake quitjup , lake muir , doggerup creek , broke inlet and two peoples bay watersheds ( morgan et al . 1998 ; storey 1998 ) . these twelve river systems are considered subpopulations .
the loss of populations from all rivers between , and including , the moore and margaret rivers , represents a loss of approximately 50 % of balston ' s pygmy perch populations . populations have become severely fragmented or lost from many of the rivers within their current distribution , e . g . blackwood river ( morgan et al . 2003 ) , margaret river ( morgan & beatty 2003 ) , moore river ( morgan et al . 2000 ) and all rivers where the species persists are occupied by feral fishes that are known to predate upon balston ' s pygmy perch ( morgan 2005d ) . the trend towards population decline is therefore likely to continue in the future , due to further loss of habitat through predation by introduced species , salinisation and their low salt tolerance , damming , eutrophication and dewatering of habitat ( morgan 2005d ) .
it is unknown if the species undergoes extreme natural fluctuations . balston ' s pygmy perch generally die after spawning in their first year , however , individuals have been recorded , in the wild , living to three years of age ( morgan et al . 1995 ) . the short lifespan of this species makes it vulnerable if juvenile recruitment is low .
many of the populations of balston ' s pygmy perch occur within reserve systems , particularly within the mount frankland , mt roe - mt lindsay , d ' entrecasteaux and shannon national parks ; from two peoples bay and lake muir nature reserves ; from the hay , rapids and deep state forest blocks , and from roadside reserves ( i . e . roadside ponds ) in the shire of nannup ( wa calm 2005a ) . none are actively managed for the species .
balston ' s pygmy perch inhabits acidic , tannin - stained freshwater pools , streams and lakes in peat flats within 30 km of the coast of south - west western australia , preferring shallow water , and commonly associated with tall sedge thickets and inundated riparian vegetation ( allen et al . 2002 ; morgan et al . 1998 ) .
balston ' s pygmy perch is typically found in freshwater with a ph range of 3 . 06 . 5 and seasonally fluctuating temperatures of 1130 °c . it is typically found amongst inundated riparian vegetation where it is thought to feed and spawn , though adults are also found in open water . larvae tend to be confined to shallow water < 10 cm deep amongst the flooded riparian vegetation , and as the larvae increase in size they gradually move to deeper waters ( morgan et al . 1995 ) .
the very dry summers characteristic of south - west western australia result in many of the pools in which balston ' s pygmy perch occur becoming very low , or even dry , in the later summer and autumn ( berra & allen 1989 ) . the species does not appear to have any adaptations to withstand desiccation , relying on their ability to recolonise these areas when water flow resumes ( morgan et al . 1995 ) .
this species is not currently associated with a threatened ecological community , however , western trout minnow ( galaxias truttaceus hesperius ) , listed as critically endangered under the epbc act , occurs in a similar area .
balston ' s pygmy perch reach sexual maturity at the end of their first year , and , at this time , total length of individuals is about 60 mm for males and 63 mm for females ( morgan et al . 1995 ) . life expectancy for this species is between one and three years of age ( morgan et al . 1995 ) .
a two - year study of the biology of the species , based upon monthly sampling , demonstrated that the life - cycle is typically one - year . the species breeds during winter ( spawning occurs from june through to september with a peak in mid - july to early august when water levels are at their maximum ) at the end of their first year of life , and then die shortly after spawning ( morgan et al . 1995 ) . females lay between 500 and 1600 eggs each ( morgan et al . 1995 ) .
early winter spawning allows larval and juvenile of this species to utilise the abundant zooplankton food resource in winter and spring , in turn enabling rapid growth and reducing the likelihood of competition for food resources with other sympatric species of endemic freshwater fish , which continue to feed on aquatic and benthic fauna over the summer ( morgan et al . 1995 ) .
the diet of adult balston ' s pygmy perch ( > 25 mm ) consists primarily of terrestrial insects ( predominantly arachnids , adults of hymenopterans , coleopterans and dipterans ) in all seasons ( morgan et al . 1995 ) . zooplankton ( predominantly cladocera , but also copepoda , ostracoda and diptera larvae ) have been identified as the food source of balston ' s pygmy perch in the larval stage ( < 15 mm ) , while small juveniles ( 1525 mm ) consumed cladocera , but also a wider range of aquatic organisms and some terrestrial fauna , including cladocera , ostracoda , diptera larvae in winter and calanoid copepoda in spring . the species is thought to feed amongst inundated riparian vegetation , and larvae are typically found feeding in very shallow water ( < 10 cm ) , gradually moving into deeper water as they increase in size ( morgan et al . 1998 ) .
larvae are typically found in very shallow water ( < 10 cm ) and gradually move into deeper water as they increase in size , and adults may also be found in open water ( morgan et al . 1998 ) .
maturing fish are able to spread rapidly away from the riparian vegetation associated with spawning when water levels overflow after winter rainfall ( morgan et al . 1995 ) .
balston ' s pygmy perch is found with its closest relative edelia vittata at some locations , but is usually less abundant , and has a prominent brown mid - lateral strips and a series of vertical brown bars on the sides , giving a cross - hatched pattern ( allen et al . 2002 ) .
balston ' s pygmy perch adults have been collected using a seine net consisting of two 4 m long wings and a 1 . 5 m wide pocket , each made of 3 mm mesh , and with a depth of 1 . 5 m ( morgan et al . 1995 ) . larvae were sampled using a conical 100 micrometre mesh plankton net , a 1 mm sweep net and larval fish light traps ( kilgore & morgan 1993 ) . sweep netting of the marginal and emergent vegetation has been used , with 250 micrometre and 1 mm mesh aperture dip nets , rotenone ( derris root ) , fish traps consisting of mesh or plastic covered funnel traps baited with cat biscuits , and seine netting in larger , more open wetlands , to catch a variety of freshwater fish in wetlands in the lake muir / lake unicup catchments ( storey 1998 ) .
balston ' s pygmy perch is now confined to smaller streams within the major river systems of south - west western australia ( allen et al . 1994 ) . this range contraction is suspected to be due to the extensive loss of suitable habitat as a result of urban and rural development ( morgan et al . 2002 ) . changed hydrology conditions ( salinity ) , alteration of drainage systems and the introduction of introduced fish species has also impacted on the distribution and range of this species .
a report to the western australian water and rivers commission ( morgan et al . 1996 ) regarded the most important conservation action as ensuring that the small pools , shallow areas , and riparian vegetation associated with the peat flats in which the species still occur in south - western western australia , are conserved . carefully monitoring of the position of any new water points , roads , and other developments in the area was recommended . the need to introduce non - endemic species into appropriate water bodies only was highlighted .
apply slow release fertilisers in agricultural areas within catchments , maintaining effective buffers around wetlands , and redirect drains away from wetlands to avoid nutrient enrichment of wetlands .
fence off wetlands and their buffers to limit stock access , and limit water removal to avoid altering the inundation regime of the wetland .
the life cycle , growth and diet of balston ' s pygmy perch was examined by morgan and colleagues ( 1995 ) . the distribution of a number of freshwater fish in south - west australia including balston ' s pygmy perch was described by morgan and colleagues ( 1996 , 1998 ) .
balston ' s pygmy perch the action plan for australian freshwater fishes ( wager & jackson 1993 ) does not list balston ' s pygmy perch , however it discusses management issues for threatened freshwater fishes . two peoples bay nature reserve management plan 19952005 ( orr et al . 1995 ) discusses the management priorities of an area in which the species is known to occur .
allen , g . r . , s . h . midgley & m . allen ( 2002 ) . field guide to freshwater fishes of australia . perth : western australian museum .
berra , t . m . & g . r . allen ( 1989 ) . clarification of the differences between galaxiella nigrostriata ( shipway , 1953 ) and galaxiella munda ( mcdowall , 1978 ) ( pisces : galaxiidae ) from western australia . records of the western australian museum . 14 ( 3 ) : 293 - 297 .
department of fisheries ( 2003 ) . the translocation of golden perch , murray cod and australian bass , into and within western australia , for the purposes of recreational stocking , domestic stocking and commercial and non - commercial aquaculture . fisheries management paper no . 174 . perth : department of fisheries .
department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2011i ) . survey guidelines for australia ' s threatened fish . epbc act survey guidelines 6 . 4 . epbc act policy statement . canberra , act : dsewpac . available from : urltoken .
gill , h . s . , s . j . hambleton & d . l . morgan ( 1999 ) . is gambusia holbrooki a major threat to the native freshwater fishes of south - western australia ? . in : seret , b . & j . y . sire , eds . proceedings 5th indo - pacific fish conference , noumea , 3 - 8 november 1997 . page ( s ) 79 - 87 . paris : societe francaise d ' ichtyologie et institut de recherche pour le development .
kilgore , k . j . & d . morgan ( 1993 ) . easily constructed light trap helps scientists collect larval fishes in wetlands . the wetlands research program bulletin . 3 : 1 - 4 .
morgan , d . & s . beatty ( 2003 ) . fish fauna of margaret river western australia . report to the margaret river regional environment centre .
morgan , d . & s . beatty ( 2004 ) . fish fauna of the vasse river and the colonisation by feral goldfish ( carassius auratus ) . perth : centre for fish and fisheries research , murdoch university .
morgan , d . , h . gill & i . potter ( 1996 ) . the distribution of freshwater fish in the south - western corner of australia - report to water and rivers commission . perth : water and rivers commission .
morgan , d . l . , d . c . thorburn & h . s . gill ( 2003 ) . salinisation of south - western western australian rivers and the implications for the inland fish fauna - the blackwood river , a case study . pacific conservation biology . 9 : 161 - 171 .
morgan , d . l . , h . s . gill & i . c . potter ( 1995 ) . life cycle , growth and diet of balston ' s pygmy perch in its natural habitat of acidic pools in south - western australia . journal of fish biology . 47 : 808 - 825 .
morgan , d . l . , h . s . gill & i . c . potter ( 1998 ) . distribution , identification and biology of freshwater fishes in south - western australia . records of the western australian museum . supplement no . 56 . perth : western australian museum .
morgan , d . l . , h . s . gill & i . c . potter ( 2000 ) . age composition , growth and reproductive biology of the salamanderfish lepidogalaxias salamandroides : a re - examination . environmental biology of fishes . 57 : 191 - 204 .
morgan , d . l . , s . j . hambleton , h . s . gill & s . j . beatty ( 2002 ) . distribution , biology and likely impacts of the introduced redfin perch ( perca fluviatilis ) ( percidae ) in western australia . marine & freshwater research . 53 : 1211 - 1221 .
orr , k . , a . danks & k . gillen ( 1995 ) . two peoples nature reserve management plan 1995 - 2005 . perth : department of conservation and land management for national parks and nature conservation agency .
storey , a . w . ( 1998 ) . assessment of the nature conservation values of the byenup - muir peat swamp system , southwestern australia : physiochemistry , aquatic macroinvertebrates and fishes . perth : report prepared for department of conservation and land management .
wager , r . & p . jackson ( 1993 ) . the action plan for australian freshwater fishes . canberra , act : australian nature conservation agency .
western australia department of conservation and land management ( wa calm ) ( 2005a ) . records held in calm ' s fauna database and rare / priority fauna files . perth , western australia : wa calm .
commonwealth of australia ( 2006c ) . inclusion of species in the list of threatened species under section 178 of the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( 50 ) ( 10 / 11 / 2006 ) . f2006l03834 . canberra : federal register of legislative instruments . available from : urltoken . in effect under the epbc act from 25 - nov - 2006 .
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this database is designed to provide statutory , biological and ecological information on species and ecological communities , migratory species , marine species , and species and species products subject to international trade and commercial use protected under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 ( the epbc act ) . it has been compiled from a range of sources including listing advice , recovery plans , published literature and individual experts . while reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information , no guarantee is given , nor responsibility taken , by the commonwealth for its accuracy , currency or completeness . the commonwealth does not accept any responsibility for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of , or reliance on , the information contained in this database . the information contained in this database does not necessarily represent the views of the commonwealth . this database is not intended to be a complete source of information on the matters it deals with . individuals and organisations should consider all the available information , including that available from other sources , in deciding whether there is a need to make a referral or apply for a permit or exemption under the epbc act .
latin , nannus = small + greek , atherina , the greek name for the eperlane ; 1770 ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 6 . 5 ; dh range : 5 - 10 . temperate ; 15°c - 30°c ( ref . 2060 ) ; 31°s - 34°s
oceania : coastal drainages of southwest australia between two people bay ( near albany ) and the blackwood river . also reported from the goodga river to gin gin brook , western australia ( ref . 7300 ) .
maturity : l m 5 . 7 range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 ) ; 9 . 0 cm tl ( female ) ; common length : 6 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 44894 ) ; max . reported age : 3 years ( ref . 41789 )
paxton , j . r . , d . f . hoese , g . r . allen and j . e . hanley , 1989 . pisces . petromyzontidae to carangidae . zoological catalogue of australia , vol . 7 . australian government publishing service , canberra , 665 p . ( ref . 7300 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( tm = 1 ; k = 1 . 31 - 1 . 69 ; tmax = 3 ; mean fec = 1243 ; ) .
prior r = 0 . 68 , 2 sd range = 0 . 25 - 1 . 89 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 39 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 51 , based on : 1 k , 2 tgen , 1 tmax , 4 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
yearsley , g . k . , last , p . r . & morris , g . b . 1997 ,
codes for australian aquatic biota ( caab ) : an upgraded and expanded species coding system for australian fisheries databases
, pp . 15 pp . + appendices
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 17dfe9ad - 6eed - 404e - b672 - 39da0503150e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 648dd1b0 - f3ea - 4246 - b072 - 0fa2fa545317
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 400111
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balston ' s pygmy perch is brownish above and silvery below . it has stripes and bars that give it a cross - hatched appearance .
it is a very rare species that occurs in wetlands in south - western western australia .
the map below shows the australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in australian museums . click on the map for detailed information . source : atlas of living australia .
allen , g . r . 1989 . freshwater fishes of australia . t . f . h . publications . pp . 240 .
hoese , d . f . , bray , d . j . , paxton , j . r . & g . r . allen . 2006 . fishes . in beesley , p . l . & a . wells . ( eds ) zoological catalogue of australia . volume 35 . abrs & csiro publishing : australia . parts 1 - 3 , pages 1 - 2178 .
the native freshwater fishes of south - - western australia are highly endemic , meaning they are found nowhere else on earth and are a result of millions of years of isolation . this first of its kind film highlights these sometimes rare and endangered species in their natural habitat . narrated by local nyungar , mr joeseph northover the film presents research information been gathered by the murdoch university centre for fish and fisheries research over the last 20 years . the film also depicts the iconic south west freshwater environment and the pressures these fish face in climate change , increased abstraction and introduction of feral fish species . keep watching through to the credits for the incredible fish rap .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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it is a basal astrapotheriid which lived in what is now patagonia , argentina .

the holotype was found in the cerro bandera formation in neuquén province , northern patagonia and additional specimens were found at the gran barranca south of lake colhué huapi , in chubut province of central patagonia .

it was first named by alejandro kramarz and mariano bond in 2011 and the type species is comahuetherium coccaorum .

comahuetherium

comahuetherium is an extinct genus of astrapotherian mammal from the early miocene ( colhuehuapian age ) .
. . . kramarz and bond ( 2009 , 2011 ) also confirmed the monophyly of astrapotheriinae ( astrapotherium and astrapothericulus ) , supported by a deep hypoflexid of the lower molars and the presence of a continuous lingual cingulid . although kramarz and bond ( 2010 ) first interpreted comahuetherium as a taxon with uruguaytheriinae affinities , in the formal description ( kramarz and bond , 2011 ) , they argued that comahuetherium has no particularly close relationship with uruguaytheriinae but , on the contrary , is the sister taxon of a clade including parastrapotherium , plus astrapotheriinae and uruguaytheriinae . our analysis agrees with previous studies in the position of astraponotus , maddenia , and comahuetherium . . . .
another nicely drawn piece for rare astrapotherid looking at the trunk and the horizontal tusks , one can ' t help but thinking the level of almost palpable convergency between earlier gomphotherids and some astrapotheres ! the same is exactly true to the later granastrapotherium . i see it boasts of rather sturdy looking limbs . your comahuetherium also shows a hint of tapir - likeness ( or even a feel of deinothere ! ) which i think is interesting .
a new early miocene astrapotheriid ( mammalia , astrapotheria ) from . . . : ingenta connect
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, a medium sized astrapothere ( 300 - 500 kg ) which lived in neuquén , argentina , during the early miocene . is known only by a upper tusk and some molars in a fragment of maxilar , but it shows that was a primitive astrapotherid with horizontal tusks , a feature only shared with the distantly related and larger
thanks a lot ! yeah , hehe , both groups were in the same evolutive way , developing tusks and small trunks . . . also i read that used it tusks in similar ways . actually i based the pose in a tapir , so certainly you ' re right in see certain resemblance ! about deinotheres . . . i suppose that the first emmbers of these strange proboscideans had also similarities in size and form with these animals ( maybe except for less developed upper tusks ? ) .
that ' s certainly interesting . such earlier deinothere as prodeinotherium already showed distinctive deinothere features but i ' ve read somewhere that they may be originated from ( or at least related to ) the lineage of barytheres , one of basal proboscideans that had both upper and lower tusks ! another such archaic four tusker proboscidea as phiomia may also somewhat resembled some astrapotherids . thinking about the level of convergency between these different groups , who knows but there may be more such ' elephantesque ' astrapotheres , i mean sizewise , other than granastrapotherium , existed .
hmm , barytheres ? interesting , they are unusual early proboscideans too ! yeah , phiomia and palaeomastodon are pretty similar to astrapotheres , with these low skulls . in terms of just size , the most elephant like is parastrapotherium martiale . . . with 4100 kg , is more or less like an indian elephant ( and some humerus of parastrapotherium measures more than 70 cm in lnth ; compared with granastrapotherium , maybe it was an animal of 2 , 5 meters tall ) .
that ' s gigantic , i think even for parastrapotherium ! some of astrapotherids not only look a bit like early proboscidea , but also seem to rival the dimensions of even later south american gomphotherids ( cuvieronius ) , which i think is remarkable .
i never thought about that . . . cuvieronius , mixotoxodon , megatherium , parastrapotherium and pyrotherium all had a similar mass ( 3 , 5 - 4 tonnes ) , just notiomastodon is a bigger mammal . is it related to the fact that maybe , is the maximum size that a mammal could attain in a continental mass of the size of south america ?
now that you mention it , all these animals you name really do seem to have overlapped in body mass ! south america is a major continent but it also has since been relatively densely forested compared to continents like africa . . . so yeah , under such relatively closed ecological conditions , their weights may have been maximal limit for south american terrestrial mammals . interesting .
this has blown my mind ! is really interesting . i wonder if there is some research about this topic !
dude , i love this new one . really great drawing and info it ' s amazing how diverse this family were during the miocene .
thanks a lot ! sorry for the late reply . certainly between the oligocene and the miocene they were pretty diverse , even frequently some small species lived along a larger one .
thanks a lot ! i find this interestingue to the horizontal tusks ( which is rare even between astrapotheres or tusked mammals ) .
i didn ` t even notice that ! i find the foots really interesting , as they are so flat and small .
te quedo muy bueno me gusta la combinacion de rasgos de tapir y de elefante que usaste . me pregunto como seria su forma de vida
muchas gracias , pues me imagino que por su tamaño viviría como una danta o un rinoceronte de sumatra .
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. . . the recent discovery of an astrapothere at cerdas ( croft et al . , 2015croft et al . , , 2016 ) may provide additional insights into the site ' s paleoenvironmental conditions . these very large ( n 1000 kg ; johnson and madden , 1997 ; kramarz and bond , 2011 ) , proboscis - bearing , rhinoceros - like ungulates ranged throughout south america during the oligocene and early miocene but became restricted to tropical latitudes following the middle miocene climatic optimum ( croft et al . , , 2015croft et al . , , 2016 goillot et al . , 2011 ) . their remains are often found in fluvial and lacustrine deposits , sometimes alongside fully aquatic animals such as fishes , turtles , and crocodilians ( marshall et al . , 1990 ) . . . .
. . . however , shockey and anaya ( 2008 : 150 ) claimed that the brelatively huge head and grossly robust postcranial skeleton of pyrotherium macfaddeni leaves no real doubt about its unspecialized , terrestrial locomotion ^ and stated that it was a slow terrestrial herbivore with an extreme graviportal nature . astrapotheres [ early eocene - middle miocene ] are large mammals with rhino - like molars , enlarged canine tusks , and ( at least in the late diverging forms ) a putative proboscis ( johnson and madden 1997 ; goillot et al . 2011 ; kramarz et al . 2011 ; woodburne et al . 2014 ) . parastrapotherium . . .
. . . with the present knowledge , this genus can only be distinguished from astrapotherium based on its teeth and larger size ( kramarz and bond 2008 ) . as these taxa show retracted nares and several postcranial elements of weak appearance ( e . g . , weak trunk vertebrae , weak and slender limbs , very small feet ) for animals weighing one to four tons ( kramarz and bond 2011 ; vizcaíno et al . 2012 ) , they have been repeatedly hypothesized as having amphibious habits ( e . g . , scott 1937 ; lavocat 1958 ; coombs 1975 ; avilla and vizcaíno 2005 ; flynn et al . 2012 ) . toxodontids [ late oligocene - late pleistocene ] have a long and high skull , incisive tusks , hypsodont molars , and a robust skeleton ( macfadden and shockey 1997 ; cassini et al . 2012a ; woodburne et al . 2014 ) . . . .
. . . the range of estimated body mass for h . castanedaii is comparable to that of some large terrestrial mammals , such as the black rhinoceros ( diceros bicornis ; 700–1400 kg ) and the giraffe ( giraffa camelopardalis ; 1180–1930 kg ) , but still smaller than large specimens of white rhinoceros ( ceratotherium simum ; 2000–3600 kg ) or hippopotamus ( hippopotamus amphibius ; 2500–3200 kg ) ( kingdon , 1997 ) . kramarz and bond ( 2011 : table 3 ) reported body mass estimates for several astrapothere species , using the lower molar row length regression model provided by damuth ( 1990 ) . the body mass for h . castanedaii , calculated with the same method ( 1303 kg ) , can be used to make comparisons among astrapothere taxa . . . .
hilarcotherium castanedaii , gen . et sp . nov . , a new miocene astrapothere ( mammalia , astrapotheriidae ) from the upper magdalena valley , colombia
revision of parastrapotherium ( mammalia , astrapotheria ) and other deseadan astrapotheres of patagoni . . .
parastrapotherium ameghino , 1895 is one of the most characteristic faunal elements of the deseadan south american land mammal age ( late oligocene ) of patagonia , and seven species have been described for that age . the genus was traditionally differentiated from astrapotherium by its giant size and by having a higher number of upper and lower premolars . the revision of the dentition of . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new oligocene astrapothere ( mammalia , meridiungulata ) from patagonia and a new appraisal of astrap . . .
synopsis the new genus and species maddenia lapidaria from pre - deseadan ( oligocene ) deposits at the southern cliff of lake colhue huap ( chubut province , argentina ) is described . this small oligocene astrapothere represents an adaptive type that is distinct from the usual one proposed for post - casamayoran ( eocene ) forms . because of its small body size and dental characters , preliminarily . . . [ show full abstract ]
new remains of astraponotus ( mammalia , astrapotheria ) and considerations on astrapothere cranial evo . . .
astraponotus ameghino , 1901 , the only valid mustersan ( late eocene ) astrapothere , typifies the ameghino ' s
capas astraponotenses
. this taxon is traditionally interpreted as structurally ancestral to all the oligocene - miocene astrapotheriids . however , it was imperfectly known : only isolated teeth and very partial mandibles have hitherto been described . in this contribution we provide the first . . . [ show full abstract ]
additions to the knowledge of astrapothericulus ( mammalia , astrapotheria ) : craniodental anatomy , div . . .
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karimi 's fat-tailed mouse opossum ( thylamys karimii ) is a species of opossum in the family didelphidae .

it is endemic to central and northeast brazil , where it is found in the cerrado and caatinga .

its head-and-body length is about 95 millimeters , and its tail length is about 72 millimeters .

it is very similar to t. pallidor .

its tail may be nonprehensile .

the species is named after iranian epidemiologist y. karimi .

karimi ' s fat - tailed mouse opossum

karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum largely resembles the better - known dwarf fat - tailed mouse opossum ( thylamys velutinus ) ( 6 ) . however , unlike the other opossums in its genus , the tail of karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum is not prehensile ( 6 ) .
karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
there is relatively little known about karimi ' s fat - tailed mouse opossum . it is known to be a fairly terrestrial animal
karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum ( thylamys karimii ) is a south american marsupial named for its short tail , which becomes seasonally thickened through the storage of fat ( 3 ) .
even though karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum is widely distributed in brazil , it occurs in low densities and is threatened by habitat loss ( 1 ) .
the open habitats occupied by karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum are being converted for large - scale farming , in particular for soybean plantations ( 1 ) .
the tail of karimi ' s fat - tailed mouse opossum can become swollen as it acts as a store of fat ( 3 ) . although the diet of this species is not known
information on the elegant fat - tailed mouse opossum is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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compared to other opossum species , there is relatively little known about karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum . it is known to be a fairly terrestrial animal , which tends to stay down at the lower levels of vegetation ( 6 ) . as a result , it is not as adapted for climbing trees and lacks the prehensile tail of other opossum species . instead , the tail of karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum can become swollen as it acts as a store of fat ( 3 ) .
most development takes place as the young feed on the female ' s milk ( 7 ) . the length of time that the female karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum feeds the young for is not known , but like other mouse opossums it is likely to be more than 68 days ( 7 ) . unlike most other marsupials , the karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum lacks a pouch in which the young are protected as they feed ( 3 ) .
the male and the female karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum differ slightly in appearance , with the female typically being smaller than the male and having a yellow tinge to the white throat ( 3 ) .
there are currently no specific conservation measures in place for karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum , but it reportedly occurs within a number of protected areas ( 1 ) , which should offer this species some protection .
karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum is also likely to benefit from the work of organisations such as wwf , which are working with farmers to identify how the negative environmental impacts of soybean production can be reduced ( 8 ) .
karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum occurs only in brazil . it is widely distributed within the two major biomes in brazil , the cerrado and the caatinga , in the northeast and central parts of the country ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
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arkive species - elegant fat - tailed mouse opossum ( thylamys elegans )
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the relatively unknown karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum has greyish or greyish - brown fur on the upperparts , and pure white underparts ( 4 ) . a dark ring surrounds each prominent eye , and the small paws bear stout claws ( 5 ) .
karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum is known to inhabit dry , open vegetated regions at elevations between 300 and 1 , 100 metres above sea level ( 6 ) . the two main regions where it is found are the dry caatinga forest and the dense savannah of the cerrado ( 1 ) .
like other mouse opossums , it is possible that the karimi’s fat - tailed mouse opossum breeds from september to march , during which time the female may have two litters ( 5 ) . mouse opossums , like all marsupials , have a short gestation period , and the young are poorly developed at birth and crawl immediately to the female’s teats ( 7 ) . although each litter can contain as many as 15 young ( 5 ) , many will die as the female produces more young than she has mammae ( 7 ) .
it is not as adapted for climbing trees and lacks the prehensile tail of other opossum species . instead
justification : karimi ' s fat - tailed mouse opposum is assessed as vulnerable because a population decline suspected to be more than 30 % over the past 10 years , and / or would be met over the next 10 years . this is suspected from projected rates of habitat conversion , even though the species is relatively widespread geographically . the habitat where this species occurs has been heavily targeted for soy bean production , changing natural vegetation to large scale agro - industrial monoculture farming . this habitat conversion is threatening the species and other similar restricted to this ecoregion .
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nowak , r . m . ( 1999 ) walker’s mammals of the world . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore .
although the diet of this species is not known , it is likely to be similar to other mouse opossums , which feed on insects , fruit and small vertebrates ( 5 ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
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carvhallo , b . de a . , oliveira , l . f . b . and mattevi , m . s . ( 2009 ) phylogeny of thylamys ( didelphimorphia , didelphidae ) species , with special reference to thylamys karimii . iheringia série zoologia , 99 : 419 - 425 .
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
occurs in open habitats including open grasslands , shrubby vegetation , and dry forest ( caatinga ) , as well as dense savannahs with trees in the cerrado ( carmignotto and monfort 2006 ) , an area currently targeted for soy bean production . found from 300 - 1 , 100 m ( carmignotto and monfort 2006 ) . unlike other mouse opossums , thylamys are found in the central and southern parts of south america in dry habitats , as opposed to the more mesic environments of other genera ( palma et al . 2002 , giarla et al . 2010 , giarla and jansa 2014 ) . species of this genus are mainly terrestrial and crepuscular , with a diet that consists mostly of insects and small vertebrates , as well as plant material , mainly leaves ( palma et al . 2002 , albanese et al . 2012 ) .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
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carmignotto , a . p . , costa , l . p . & astua de moraes , d .
this species is endemic to brazil , where it is found in the cerrado and caatinga in northeast and central parts of the country ( carmignotto and monfort 2006 , gardner 2008 ) .
the species occurs at low densities , although it is not rare ( carmignotto and monfort 2006 ) . reduction in suitable habitat might be affecting the population .
there is widespread agriculture , mainly soybean plantations , which are removing this species ' habitats ( carmignotto and monfort 2006 ) . reduction of habitat quality due to agriculture and livestock farming in most of its distributional range . most of the records are inside conservation units and protected areas .
this species occurs in several protected areas ( carmignotto and monfort in press ) .
carmignotto , a . p . , costa , l . p . & astua de moraes , d . 2016 .
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eisenberg , j . f . and redford , k . h . ( 1999 ) mammals of the neotropics : the central neotropics : ecuador , peru , bolivia , brazil . university of chicago press , chicago .
carmignotto , a . p . and monfort , t . ( 2006 ) taxonomy and distribution of the brazilian species of thylamys ( didelphimorphia : didelphidae ) . mammalia , 70 : 126 - 144 .
gardner , a . l . ( 2008 ) mammals of south america . volume 1 : marsupials , xenarthrans , shrews , and bats . university of chicago press , chicago .
macdonald , d . w . ( 2006 ) the encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .
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classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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100 metres above sea level ( 6 ) . the two main regions where it is found are the dry caatinga forest and the dense savannah of the cerrado ( 1 ) . more > > species found in a similar habitatgarcinia ( garcinia travancorica ) tree frog ( bokermannohyla izecksohni ) northern leaf chameleon ( brookesia ebenaui )
head - body length : c . 9 . 5 cm ( 2 ) tail length : c . 7 . 2 cm ( 2 )
which tends to stay down at the lower levels of vegetation ( 6 ) . as a result


loxoncus is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : loxoncus agilis ( peringuey , 1896 ) loxoncus alacer ( dejean , 1831 ) loxoncus ampandrandavae ( basilewsky , 1977 ) loxoncus angustatus ( chaudoir , 1878 ) loxoncus arrowi ( jedlicka , 1935 ) loxoncus basilewskyi ( lecordier , 1978 ) loxoncus circumcinctus ( motschulsky , 1858 ) loxoncus coliensis a.serrano , 1999 loxoncus discophorus ( chaudoir , 1852 ) loxoncus elevatus schmidt-goebel , 1846 loxoncus gynuis kataev , 2002 loxoncus hiekei kataev , 2002 loxoncus horni ( schauberger , 1938 ) loxoncus incisus ( andrewes , 1926 ) loxoncus latus ( laferte-senectere , 1853 ) loxoncus madagascariensis ( alluaud , 1917 ) loxoncus malaisei kataev , 2002 loxoncus marginatus ( w.j.macleay , 1888 ) loxoncus microgonus ( bates , 1886 ) loxoncus mocquerysi ( alluaud , 1917 ) loxoncus nagpurensis ( bates , 1891 ) loxoncus planicollis ( bates , 1892 ) loxoncus politus ( schauberger , 1937 ) loxoncus procerus ( schaum , 1858 ) loxoncus renitens ( bates , 1886 ) loxoncus rutilans ( bates , 1889 ) loxoncus schmidti kataev , 2002 loxoncus seyrigi ( alluaud , 1936 ) loxoncus sicardi ( jeannel , 1948 ) loxoncus subagilis ( basilewsky , 1968 ) loxoncus velox ( dejean , 1829 )

loxoncus

revision of the genus loxoncus schmidt - göbel , 1846 from the . . .
you selected loxoncus grandis ( peyron , 1858 ) . this is a synonym for :
magazine : revision of the genus loxoncus schmidt - göbel , 1846 from the . . .
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© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce1a0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 323ac051 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 323c6185 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 370fd17b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
lorenz w . ( 2018 ) . carabcat : global database of ground beetles ( version oct 2017 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 6ea5e8fc - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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page 4 and 5 : 354 b . m . kataev long , weakly curved
page 8 and 9 : 358 b . m . kataev median lobe of aede
page 10 and 11 : 360 b . m . kataev apex of anal sterni
page 12 and 13 : 362 b . m . kataev 22 23 24 25 26 27 2
page 14 and 15 : 364 b . m . kataev proportions : wp / lp
page 16 and 17 : 366 b . m . kataev ( mnhub ) ; 3 # # , 3 $ $
page 18 and 19 : 368 b . m . kataev apex of anal sterni
page 20 and 21 : 370 b . m . kataev 53 55 57 52 54 56 5
page 22 and 23 : 372 b . m . kataev 64 67 63 65 66 68 7
page 24 and 25 : 374 b . m . kataev ( fig . 44 ) rather st
page 26 and 27 : 376 b . m . kataev 93 96 92 94 95 97 9
page 28 and 29 : 378 b . m . kataev 113 114 115 116 117
page 30 and 31 : 380 b . m . kataev 128 129 130 131 132
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we are sorry , but we have no translations for word minuta in russian english dictionary . please , consider adding new translation to glosbe .
showing page 1 . found 1 sentences matching phrase
minuta
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