leucos is a genus of fishes in the family cyprinidae , from southern europe .

they are roaches close to the genus rutilus , and were only recently taxonomically distiguished from that genus .

molecular data suggest that leucos diverged from rutilus more than five million years ago , probably during the messinian salinity crisis .

the species of leucos are typically of small size and they all live in still waters .

they differ from rutilus by the lack of spinous tubercles on scales and head in reproductive males , and also in the pharyngeal teeth formula .

the sister group to leucos is the monotypic sarmarutilus .

leucos

you selected leucos aula prespensis karaman , 1924 . this is a synonym for :
nata nel 1962 vicino a venezia , leucos è un punto di riferimento nel settore dell’illuminazione de . . .
next time you ' re in hollywood , take a trip to the hard rock cafe and have a look at the leucos sconces in the bathroom . leucos represents designs from alt lucialternative , itre , aureliano toso and murano due .
leucos lighting was founded by eugenio pamio in scorze , italy in 1962 . leucos is well known for their perfect artistic blend of old world glass techniques meets modern engineering , which has made them a renowned leader of contemporary glass lighting designs . with a strong artistic focus and philosophy on value of design , leucos ' offerings continue to mature emphasized by collaborations with distinguished international designers .
leucos tra i costruttori di vatican chapels alla 16a mostra internazionale di architettura di venezia la nuova lampada mystēs , disegnata per leucos dall’arch . roberto paoli , illumina i viali nel bosco dell’isola di san giorgio maggiore dove sono collocate dieci cappelle realizzate da dieci architetti internazionali .
in 1993 / 4 , the company was purchased by alfonso benedetti and then sold to the fdv group in 2008 . at that point , leucos moved to solzano , close to their original home . in 2015 , riccardo condotti purchased the parent company to lead leucos forward into its next 50 years .
leucos sarà presente alla 31° edizione del salone internazionale del libro ( torino lingotto fiere 10 / 14 maggio 2018 ) con uno dei suoi modelli più iconici , la the great jj .
figure 3 . a ) lectotype of leucos aula , 74 mm sl ( ansp 6434 ) , padua province , northern italy ; b ) lectotype of leucos basak , 117 mm sl ( nmw 50723 - 1 ) , vergoraz and lake drusino near imotsky , croatia ; c ) lectotype of sarmarutilus rubilio , 93 mm sl ( ansp 6509 ) , lake nemi , central italy .
founded by eugenio pamio in scorze , italy in 1962 , leucos lighting is known for its marriage of contemporary design and old - world venetian glass techniques . pamio ' s brother , architect roberto pamio , and the husband - wife team renato toso and noti massari , provided the early designs , and still remain a strong part of the leucos lighting design team along with their children .
leucos lighting fixtures are deeply contemporary , yet stay true to past and present traditions and techniques . using limited metal in their designs , leucos lighting turns from typical italian light fixtures and bases their collection on opal glass and quality plastics instead . all of their fixtures are thoughtfully designed and produced , and leave a strong impression of quality and craftsmanship that suits a range of interior spaces .
figure 2 . native species of the rutilus complex in southern mediterranean europe : a ) leucos aula , 115 mm sl , r . bacchiglione , northern italy , april 1996 ( iza 0425 ) ; b ) leucos basak , 95 mm sl , lake ohrid , fyrom , august 1987 , ( iza 0429 ) ; c ) leucos ylikiensis , 120 mm sl , lake yliki , april 1987 ( iza 8733 ) ; d ) leucos panosi , 130 mm sl , canal to lake trichonis , may 1987 ( iza 8766 ) ; e ) leucos albus , 98 mm sl , river moraca , montenegro , november 1999 ( iza 0421 ) ; f ) sarmarutilus rubilio , 100 mm sl , river ofanto , southern italy , february 2002 ( iza 02183 ) ; g ) rutilus pigus , 230 mm sl , lake major , northern italy , ( iza 0474 ) ; h ) holotype of rutilus stoumboudae new species , 148 mm sl , october 1998 , lake volvi , greece ( iza 02107 ) .
lines intersect in a mathematical expression of contemporary design in the deluxe pendant by archirivolto for leucos . and the aki linear suspension features an organic and airy geometric framework crafted from okume wood and powered with energy - efficient leds .
mystēs è una nuova lampada leucos . un progetto di luce che racconta con la sua forma l’aspirazione all’idea più elementare di illuminazione . una lampada sottile con una forte centralità , un nodo , che nasce dall’incrocio di differenti direzioni e che può vivere sospesa nello spazio o appoggiata a terra come un punto luminoso privato della propria ortogonalità .
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 ; anal soft rays : 11 . leucos basak is distinguished from other congeners by the following characters : moderate size , usually 12 . 0 - 14 . 0 cm sl ; lack of a mid - lateral band ; body uniformly silvery in life ; peritoneal membrane black ; usually 36 - 38 pored scales on lateral line ( vs . 38 - 43 in the other congeners ) . it differs from leucos aula by the absence of lateral band and black peritoneal membrane ( vs . silvery in l . aula ) ; from l . panosi and l . ylikiensis mainly by having usually 9 - 10 gill rakes ( vs . 18 - 20 in l . ylikiensis and 13 - 14 in l . panosi ) . leucos basak is most closely related to l . albus based on molecular analyses but differs from this species by having 36 - 38 scales on lateral line ( vs . usually 41 - 42 in l . albus ) ; 9 branched dorsal rays ( vs . 8 in l . albus ) ; and blackish peritoneal membrane ( vs . nearly silvery in l . albus ) ( ref . 96829 ) .
occurs in a wide range of habitats such as warm streams and rivers with moderate to slow current , lakes , backwaters , swampy areas , and artificial water bodies ( ref . 59043 ) . sympatric with leucos albus in lake skadar ( ref . 96829 ) . feeds on plankton and plant material . spawns over gravel and stones and in flooded areas and lakes . eggs are sticky , yellow - orange which hatch in 9 days at 13 - 17°c ( ref . 59043 ) .
dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 12 ; anal soft rays : 12 . leucos aula is distinguished from all congeners by having a middle lateral band and a smaller head length , which in fish of comparable size is less than 4 . 5 times in the sl , except l . panosi , and more than 4 . 0 times in the others species . it further differs by having 12 modal scales around caudal peduncle ( vs . 14 ) ( ref . 96829 ) . it can be diagnosed from its congeners in apennine peninsula by having the following characters : dorsal and anal fins with 9½ branched rays ; 36 - 42 ( usually 38 - 39 ) scales along lateral line ; mouth subterminal ; pelvic , pectoral and anal fins greyish ; eye red in life ; conspicuous dark brown midlateral stripe from eye to caudal fin base ( ref . 59043 ) .
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an extremely weighty , yet destructive axe brought from the distant world of vana ' diel . because of its weight , only those with exceptional strength can wield it properly .
this page was last edited on 6 november 2017 , at 04 : 16 .
content is available under cc by - nc - sa 3 . 0 unless otherwise noted . game content and materials are trademarks and copyrights of their respective publisher and its licensors . all rights reserved . this site is a part of curse , inc . and is not affiliated with the game publisher .
equilibrio sostenibile . la sorgente a # led a basso consumo si integra con naturalezza nella struttura in # legno con base metallica . sustainable balance . the low - consumption led source naturally integrates itself into the structure of # wood with a metal base . # leva by massimo iosa ghini ➡ new switch touch dimmer ( patent pending ) and news led circuit 800lm / cri > 90 . # leucosnovelties
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a , b , c , d : there is a version of stacking for every space .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
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cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 7 . 2 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 12 - 25 . temperate ; 8°c - 24°c ( ref . 12468 )
europe : adriatic basin from soca to po drainages ( italy , switzerland , slovenia ) and small coastal streams at zadar , croatia . widely introduced in italy .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 18 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 59043 ) ; max . reported age : 7 years ( ref . 59043 )
found in canals , swamps , lakes and streams with slow current and dense vegetation ( ref . 59043 ) . prefers to inhabit lakes and still waters of rivers ; does not thrive in moderately to fast flowing rivers ( ref . 96829 ) . lives in groups . omnivorous , feeding mainly on insect larvae , other invertebrates , algae and aquatic macrophytes . spawns in small groups composed of one female and several males . deposits eggs on aquatic vegetation ( ref . 59043 ) . age at first maturity is 1 + or 2 + for males and 2 + for females ; maximum age observed is 7 + years ( ref . 96829 ) . abundant , but locally declining due to the introduction of carassius gibelio , ctenopharyngodon idella and silurus glanis ( in lakes ) . there are introduced populations locally responsible for extirpation of rutilus rubilio ( ref . 59043 ) .
bianco , p . g . and v . ketmaier , 2014 . a revision of the rutilus complex from mediterranean europe with description of a new genus , sarmarutilus , and a new species , rutilus stoumboudae ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . zootaxa 3481 ( 3 ) : 379 - 402 . ( ref . 96829 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00813 ( 0 . 00393 - 0 . 01681 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 95 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 8 ±0 . 30 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 29 of 100 ) .
europe : lakes and mostly still water of rivers of the adriatic drainages , from croatia to montenegro and albania .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 23 . 3 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 91127 )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00794 ( 0 . 00492 - 0 . 01282 ) , b = 3 . 17 ( 3 . 03 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 2 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 35 of 100 ) .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
a revision of the rutilus complex from mediterranean europe with description of a new genus , sarmarutilus , and a new species , rutilus stoumboudae ( . . . - pubmed - ncbi
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a revision of the rutilus complex from mediterranean europe with description of a new genus , sarmarutilus , and a new species , rutilus stoumboudae ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
department of biological sciences , zoological section , via mezzocannone , 8 , university of naples
federico ii
, i - 80134 napoli , italy . ; email : gibianco @ unina . it .
unit of evolutionary biology / systematic zoology , institute of biochemistry and biology , university of potsdam , karl - liebknecht - strasse 24 - 25 , d - 14476 , potsdam , germany ; department of biology and biotechnology
charles darwin
, university of rome
sapienza
, v . le dell ' universita ' 32 , 00185 , rome , italy . ; email : ketmaier @ uni - potsdam . de .
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heckel , j . j . 1843 . ichthyologie . in : reisen in europa , asien und africa , mit besonderer rücksicht auf die naturwissenschaftlichen verhältnisse der betreffenden länder unternommen in den jahren 1835 bis 1841 , etc . ( < unspecified agent > , ed . ) , : 990 - 1099 .
bianco , p . g . and v . ketmaier ( 2014 ) a revision of the < i > rutilus < / i > complex from mediterranean europe with description of a new genus , < i > sarmarutilus < / i > , and a new species , < i > rutilus stoumboudae < / i > ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . : zootaxa 3481 ( 3 ) : 379 - 402 .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
dhora , dh . ( 2008 ) fjalor i emrave të kafshëve të shqipërisë ( emri shkencor - shqip - anglisht ) / dictionary of animal names of albania ( scientific names - albanian - english ) . : camaj - pipa . shkodër , albania . pp . 288 .
economidis , p . s . ( 1973 ) catalogue of the fishes of greece . : reprinted from hellenic oceanology and limnology , praktika of the inst . of ocean . and fishing research , vol . 11 ( 1972 ) .
economidis , p . s . ( 1991 ) check list of freshwater fishes of greece ( recent status of threats and protection ) . : hellenic society for the protection of nature , special publication , 48 p .
economidis , p . s . and e . koutrakis ( 2001 ) common names of comercially important hellenic marine organisms . : aristotle university , unpublished technical report .
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
hanel , l . and j . novák ( 2002 ) české názvy zivočichů v . ryby a ryboviti obratlovci ( pisces ) 3 . , maloústí ( gonorhynchiformes ) - máloostní ( cypriniformes ) . : národní muzeum ( zoologické oddělení ) , praha .
kottelat , m . and j . freyhof ( 2007 ) handbook of european freshwater fishes . : publications kottelat , cornol and freyhof , berlin . 646 pp .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
bianco , pier giorgio & ketmaier , valerio , 2014 , a revision of the rutilus complex from mediterranean europe with description of a new genus , sarmarutilus , and a new species , rutilus stoumboudae ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) , zootaxa 3841 ( 3 ) , pp . 379 - 402 : 382 - 384
8361 , 2 , r . sile at jesolo , g . delmastro , 10 august 1980 . — iza
8361 , 14 , small canal near jesolo , g . delmastro , 10 august 1980 . — iza
83138 , 12 , r . tartaro near lazise , c . oppi , 20 may 1975 . - iza
83139 , 6 , r . tartaro near isola della scala , c . oppi , 20 november 1978 . — iza
83140 , 4 , le porte del menago , verona , g . togni , 1 may 1978 . — iza
8412 , 25 , r . tartaro , isola della scala , c . oppi , may 1978 . — iza
8365 , 10 , r . po near cuneo , g . delmastro , 8 august 1980 . — iza
8368 , canal moneta ( r . po basin ) , 10 , g . delmastro , 5 october 1977 . — iza
8377 , 8 , rio stellone ( r . po basin ) , g . delmastro , 22 may 1980 . — iza
8349 , 10 , l . piediluco near terni , p . g . bianco , 1 may 1983 ( introduced ) . — iza
8372 , 9 , l . monticchio , basilicata , p . g . bianco , 18 june 1977 ( introduced ) . — iza
0 198 , 2 , l . massaciuccoli near pisa , e . baldaccini , 7 april 2001 ( introduced ) . — iza
0 425 , 7 , r . bacchiglione , 4 april 1996 , e . marconato .
for the presence of a middle lateral band , and a smaller head length , which in fish of comparable size is less than 4 . 5 times in the sl , except
, and more than 4 . 0 times in the others species . additionally ,
differs from in the modal number of circum - peduncular scales , which is 12 as opposed to 14 in other species .
a . a small - medium sized , not exceeding 180 mm , usually 80–120 mm sl . a species of
distribution . the species was endemic in the padany - venetian ichthyogeographic district , including all the river basins tributary of the upper adriatic sea , from croatia , in basins near the town of zara ( mačrovcić et al . , 2006 ) , slovenia and down , in italy , to the river reno in the marche region . it was introduced in several basins of central and southern italy : at least lakes of monticchio , massaciuccoli , bracciano , piediluco and rivers tiber , arno , mignone ( bianco & taraborelli , 1985 ; bianco & santoro , 2011 ; p . g . bianco , pers observ ) .
6434 , 74 mm sl , in very good condition , is designated as lectotype ( fig . 3 a
) . it has 39 scales on the ll ; 9 branched rays in d and 9 in a ; 7 . 5 rows of scales above ll and 3 . 5 below ll ; total gr , 9 ; 14 circumpeduncular scales ; pharyngeal teeth formula , 5 - 5 . the 10 paralectotypes , ansp
6435 - 6444 , 43– 101 mm sl , show the following ranges of meristic counts : ll , 38–40 ; 7 . 5–8 . 5 rows of scales above and 2 . 5–3 . 5 below ll ; 9–11 total gr . d constantly with 9 branched rays ; a with 9–11 branched rays ( modal value , 9 ) ; 12–14 circum - peduncular scales ; 5 - 5 , 5 - 4 pharyngeal teeth . the single specimen of
has 38 scales on ll ; 9 branched rays in d , 11 in a , 14 circum - peduncular scales and 14 total gr . pharyngeal teeth formula : 5 . 3 - 3 . 5 .
remark on the bonaparte fish collection . several question were raised about the value of the syntypes of the bonaparte collection housed in ansp
and catalogued by böhlke ( 1984 ) by dr . maurice kottelat ( pers . comm . ) . kottelat’s point of views were followed by several ichthyologists and , among them , one of the reviewers of the first version of this contribution , originally submitted to zootaxa . the study was rejected mainly on the grounds that there are no proof that syntypes of bonaparte housed in ansp
were used for the original description . but this controversy was recently solved and the collection of bonaparte’s new cyprinid species are confirmed to be syntypes ( bianco , 2014 a ) .
remarks on ecology , biology and conservation . preferential habitats : lakes and still waters of rivers . not thriving in moderately to fast flowing rivers . this species strongly competes and tends to eliminate
in central and southern italian lakes and rivers ( bianco & ketmaier , 2001 ) . the reproductive season extends from april to august , peaking in may–june . age at first reproduction is 1 + or 2 + for males and 2 + for females . maximum age observed , 7 + ( bianco & taraborelli , 1985 ) . its conservation status is of “low concern” according to the iucn ( 2013 ) red list .
no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3257953e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32579fd6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32b0bda5 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75c4c394 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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the spotted houndshark , triakis maculata , is a houndshark of the family triakidae .

it occurs in tropical waters in the eastern pacific ocean off the coasts of south america .

it usually grows to a length of about 180 centimetres ( 71 in ) .

the reproduction of this houndshark is ovoviviparous , with a litter of fourteen pups being found in one female with a birth size of 30 to 40 centimetres ( 12 to 16 in ) .

the diet is believed to consist mainly of crustaceans .

spotted houndshark

information on the spotted houndshark is currently being written and researched and will appear here shortly .
is the common houndshark mustelus mustelus and the whitespotted houndshark mustelus palumbes . both of these sharks are more slender and lack the back spots of the spotted gully shark .
how do you say ' spotted houndshark ' in german ? here ' s a list of phrases you may be looking for .
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
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wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
spotted houndshark
.
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - spotted houndshark facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
facts summary : the spotted houndshark ( triakis maculata ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
fishes
and found in the following area ( s ) : chile , peru .
the sharptooth houndshark is a highly active species , though it can sometimes be found resting inside rocky crevices .
known to school in summer . around simon ' s town , spotted gully sharks reside in caves in the reef during the day .
counts 164 to 170 . body usually with numerous small black spots , sometimes plain - coloured ( plain females may have spotted young ) .
the flapnose houndshark , scylliogaleus quecketti , is a houndshark of the family triakidae , and the only member of the genus scylliogaleus . it is found in the waters off subtropical south africa , in the western indian ocean between latitudes 27° s and 33° s .
very skittish . spotted gully sharks are extremely difficult to approach when they are swimming in the open . in simon ' s town it is sometimes possible to corner them in cave entrances in order to observe them more closely .
conservation status : the iucn lists the spotted gully shark as ' near threatened ' .
there is a fairly large directed commercial shark demersal longline fishery centred in gansbaai and false bay in south africa , which takes the spotted gully shark as a minor bycatch along with the target species , soupfin or vaalhai ( galeorhinus galeus ) , and other more abundant bycatch species such as common smoothhound ( mustelus mustelus ) and bronze whaler ( carcharhinus brachyurus ) . there are no separate statistics available for commercial catches of spotted gully sharks . the meat of such sharks is dried into shark ? biltong ? or jerky , which sells for a relatively high price locally , or is shipped fresh or frozen overseas ( italy or taiwan ( poc ) ) . also caught recreational anglers in south africa and namibia , but not eaten much locally although perfectly edible .
) is an uncommon species , the flapnose houndshark is of low fecundity and has a very restricted distribution in inshore waters of the western indian ocean ( south africa : kwazulu - natal and eastern cape ) which are subjected to heavy fishing pressure and potential habitat degradation .
the sharptooth houndshark is a stout - bodied species with a short , thick , and blunt snout . the nostrils are widely spaced and preceded by lobe - like flaps of skin that do not reach the mouth . the horizontally oval eyes have ridges underneath and are equipped with
miller ' s point in simon ' s town ( just down from the boulder ' s beach penguin colony ) is a good place to look for spotted gully sharks . from shore , head out to the left side of the bay and look in the caves that are accessible at sand level . it may take some hunting to find the right reef structure with the biggest caves but the bay is not that big . try to quietly enter each cave with no lights on and wait till your eyes adjust to see if there are any spotted gully sharks milling around . chances are that in the bigger caves there will be one or two .
this species has an extremely restricted range in the western indian ocean , off the east coast of south africa ( northeastern part of the eastern cape to northern kwazulu - natal ) . the flapnose houndshark is found close inshore at the surfline and in the intertidal ( compagno in prep . b ) .
females apparently reproduce either every two years or every three years , depending on whether she has ovarian eggs developing during the pregnancy that would allow her to mate again within a few months of giving birth . the sharptooth houndshark is a slow - growing species , with both sexes following a similar growth pattern . males
a blunt - nosed houndshark with large , fused nasal flaps , and small , blunt , pebble - like teeth ; 2nd dorsal fin as large as 1st ( ref . 5578 ) . grey above , cream below ; newborn with white rear edges on dorsal , anal and caudal fins ( ref . 5578 ) .
mainly active at night , the sharptooth houndshark feeds mostly on crustaceans , bony fishes , and cephalopods . it has been observed gathering in groups in shallow water during summertime , possibly for reproductive purposes . this species is aplacental viviparous , meaning that the unborn young are sustained mainly by yolk . females give birth to 6–12 pups between late may and august , on a two - or three - year cycle . the sharptooth houndshark is often hooked by recreational anglers , and some are also captured on commercial bottom longlines . because of its small range , its low growth and reproductive rates , it is very vulnerable to overfishing . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) has therefore listed this species as near threatened .
diagnostic features : strong erect cusps on teeth of the middle two - thirds of the dental band , the more distal teeth having no cusp or weak ones , cusplets low or absent on almost all teeth , teeth semimolariform but not bladelike . first dorsal fin with posteroventrally sloping posterior margin ; pectoral fins broadly falcate in adults . total vertebral counts 164 to 170 . body usually with numerous small black spots , sometimes plain - coloured ( plain females may have spotted young ) .
: field marks : a very stout houndshark with a short , broadly rounded snout , lobate anterior nasal flaps that do not reach the mouth and are far separated from each other , long upper labial furrows that reach the lower symphysis of the mouth , teeth not bladelike , with straight erect cusps and cusplets little - developed or absent , broad fins with the pectorals broadly falcate and the first dorsal fin with a posteriorly sloping posterior margin , and usually with numerous black spots .
the flapnose houndshark occurs in inshore waters that are subjected to heavy commercial and sports hook - and - line fisheries . small numbers have been taken in directed inshore fisheries for small sharks and the species has been sporadically utilised for its flesh recently in southern kwazulu - natal . no fisheries statistics are available on catches . it may also be a possible bycatch of inshore fisheries , but details are lacking . the species is caught by sports surf anglers and possibly recreational boat anglers . increased fishing pressure in its limited environment suggests that the population may be vulnerable and could decline . loss of habitat as a result of development and pollution along the coast of kwazulu - natal ( where there is extensive coastal development ) and the eastern cape during the last few decades may also be a threat .
eastern pacific : peru to northern chile , galapagos islands . mexican records of this
maximum size possibly 240 cm , otherwise 180 cm ; full - term fetuses 30 to 40 cm , freeliving young 43 cm .
taken in fisheries off peru and probably also chile , and used for human consumption .
that was caught , tagged and released off isla fernandina in 1980 ( j . d . mccosker , pers . comm . ) .
beebe , w . and j . tee - van , 1941 . eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . 25 . fishes from the tropical eastern pacific . part 2 . sharks . zoologica , n . y . , 26 ( 2 ) : 93 - 122
hildebrand , s . f . , 1946 . a descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of peru . bull . u . s . natl . mus . , ( 189 ) : 95 p .
kato , s . , s . springer and m . h . wagner , 1967 . field guide to eastern pacific and hawaiian sharks . circ . u . s . fish wildl . serv . , ( 271 ) : 47 p
compagno , l . j . v . , 1970 . systematics of the genus hemitriakis ( selachii : carcharhinidae ) , and related genera . proc . calif . acad . sci . , 33 ( 4 ) : 63 - 98
compagno , l . j . v . , 1979 . carcharhinoid sharks : morphology , systematics and phylogeny . unpublished ph . d . thesis , stanford university , 932 p . available from university microfilms international , ann arbor , michigan
heemstra , p . c . , 1973 . a revision of the shark genus mustelus ( squaliformes carcharhinidae ) . university of miami , ph . d . thesis , 187 p . ( unpubl . )
chirichigno f . , n . , 1978 . nuevas adiciones a la ictiofauna marina del peru . inf . inst . mar peru , ( 46 ) : 109 p .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
triakis maculata is found in the southeast pacific from peru , northern chile and the galapagos islands . mexican records for this species are erroneous ( compagno in prep ) .
a temperate inshore species found on the continental shelf . very little known of its biology but it is probably ovoviviparous ( compagno in prep ) . triakis maculata reaches a maximum size of 180 to 240 cm total length ( tl ) , although a confirmed size at maturity is unknown ( compagno in prep ) . the size at birth for this species is 30 to 40 cm tl and one female was found to have a litter of 14 pups ( compagno in prep ) .
in order to guarantee chondrichthyan resources in the long term , a peruvian legal regulation was put into force in 2001 , establishing minimum catch sizes of 160 cm tl for prionace glauca , 170 cm tl for isurus oxyrinchus , 150 cm tl for carcharhinus spp . , and 60 cm tl for mustelus whitneyi , mustelus mento and triakis maculata . these species are the main commercial sharks caught off peru . improved awareness and education regarding these regulations is lacking and are a priority , as is adequate enforcement . the lack of accurate species - specific information on this species not only in peru , but elsewhere in its range reinforces the need for further research with a focus on triakis maculata and other tollo species .
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classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
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fao fisheries synopsis , no . 125 , vol . 4 , pt . 2
special publication of the center for biodiversity research and information , no . 1 , vol 1 - 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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neue fische aus dem museum der herren j . ces . godeffroy & sohn in hamburg .
sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen akademie der wissenschaften . mathematisch–naturwissenschaftliche klasse , 54 ( 3 ) : 356–395 , pl . 1–5
kner & steindachner , 1867 : in : database of modern sharks , rays and chimaeras , www . shark - references . com , world wide web electronic publication , version 07 / 2018
please send your images of
triakis maculata
to info @ urltoken triakis maculata kner & steindachner , 1867 , up : adult , pregnant , female , pucusana port ( lima - perú ) , down : one of seven pubs , tl : 39 . 2 cm © francisco córdova zavaleta , facultad de pesquería , universidad nacional agraria la molina
eastern pacific : galapagos islands and from peru to northern chile . mexican records of this species are erroneous .
. found on the continental shelf , mostly inshore . possibly to 240 cm . probably feeds on benthic invertebrates .
host - parasite list / parasite - host list ( version : 01 . 04 . 2015 ) 544 pp , 5 , 37 mb new !
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a light or heavy scattering of dark irregular spots . juveniles have fewer or no spots . fins long and broad . second dorsal almost as big as first dorsal . underside pale . snout short and bluntly rounded . teeth small , triangular and pointed .
endemic to southern africa . from southern angola , namibia to natal province in eastern south africa . fairly common along the western cape .
s over sand and reef in search of crabs , lobsters , small fishes and other sharks .
citation : compagno , l . j . v . 2009 . triakis megalopterus . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . urltoken
more costly but far more convenient , take a charter with shark explorers out of simon ' s town or join big fish expeditions on their yearly south african shark safari .
p . o . box 8719 station central , victoria , bc . , v8w 3s3 , canada
, it is an active - swimming species that usually stays close to the bottom . this robust shark reaches
in particular are broad and sickle - shaped in adults . it also has a short , blunt snout and long furrows around its mouth . this species is gray or bronze in color above , with variable amounts of black spotting .
—may not be closely related , which would warrant a redefinition of the genus .
. the large mouth bears long , deep furrows at the corners , with those on the lower jaw almost meeting in the middle . the teeth are small and tightly packed to form pavement - like surfaces . each tooth has a rounded ,
- like base that rises to a sharp , upright central cusp ; rarely , a pair of barely developed lateral cusplets may also be present . there are five pairs of
have nearly vertical trailing margins , with the first originating over the pectoral fin rear tips . the second dorsal fin is about three - quarters as high as the first . the
is much smaller than the second dorsal fin and originates well behind it . the short , thick
origins . the caudal fin has a small but well - defined lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip . the skin is often loose . this species is dark gray to bronze above and white below . young sharks are mostly unmarked , while adults vary from plain to densely covered with irregular black spots . it may reach
the crab plagusia chabrus is the most important food source for sharptooth houndsharks off south africa .
it mainly hunts at night and has been known to pursue prey almost onto the shore .
the pointed cusps of its teeth allow it to grasp slippery prey , while their broad bases allow it to crush hard - shelled prey .
are a minor food source for larger individuals . off south africa , the most important prey species is the
long subsist almost completely on crabs , while larger sharks consume more bony fishes and cephalopods , as well as a greater variety of prey overall .
and may be related to reproduction , given the presence of many pregnant females .
by different sources ; pups within a single litter may vary in size by up to 30 % .
. the fact that most sharks caught by fishers are immature is an additional source of concern .
froese , r . ; pauly , d . ( eds ) .
triakis megalopterus
. fishbase . march 2012 version . downloaded on march 30 , 2012 .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 8 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
occurs from the surf line to close offshore ( ref . 5578 ) . feeds mainly on crustaceans ( including lobsters ) , also squid ( ref . 244 ) . viviparous ( ref . 50449 ) . caught by rock and surf anglers ( ref . 5578 ) .
89 . 0 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 244 ) ) ; 102 cm tl ( female )
this is a little - known and uncommon inshore demersal shark with an extremely restricted range . less than 30 specimens recorded , including unpublished material . a live - bearing species ( with presence or absence of placenta uncertain ) with litter size of 2 - 4 ( usually two or three ) young and a gestation period of 9 - 10 months . it is unknown whether there is a year break in the reproductive cycle , but the low litter size suggests a year - long cycle and a yearly fecundity of similar numbers , 2 - 4 young per year ( this needs further investigation ) . the species feeds predominantly on crustaceans , also squid ( compagno in prep . b ) .
depth range based on 1 specimen in 1 taxon . environmental ranges depth range ( m ) : 15 - 15 note : this information has not been validated . check this * note * . your feedback is most welcome .
viviparous , placental ( ref . 50449 ) . with 2 to 4 young in a litter ( ref . 244 , 5578 ) . size at birth about 34 cm ( ref . 244 ) . gestation period is 9 to 10 months ( ref . 244 ) . distinct pairing with embrace ( ref . 205 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
froese , rainer and pauly , daniel , eds . ( 2011 ) .
scylliogaleus quecketti
in fishbase . february 2011 version .
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9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 2 . marine neritic - subtidal rock and rocky reefs suitability : unknown 9 . marine neritic - > 9 . 3 . marine neritic - subtidal loose rock / pebble / gravel suitability : unknown
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 1 . intentional use : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 2 . intentional use : ( large scale ) [ harvest ]
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 3 . unintentional effects : ( subsistence / small scale ) [ harvest ]
5 . biological resource use - > 5 . 4 . fishing & harvesting aquatic resources - > 5 . 4 . 4 . unintentional effects : ( large scale ) [ harvest ]
1 . research - > 1 . 2 . population size , distribution & trends 1 . research - > 1 . 5 . threats 3 . monitoring - > 3 . 1 . population trends
compagno , l . , dando , m . and fowler , s . 2005 . a field guide to the sharks of the world . harper collins publishers ltd . , london .
compagno , l . j . v . in prep . b . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the shark species known to date . volume 3 . ( carcharhiniformes ) . fao species catalogue for fisheries purposes no . 1 , vol . 3 . fao , rome .
iucn . 2007 . 2007 iucn red list of threatened species . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 12th september 2007 ) .
iucn ssc shark specialist group . specialist group website . available at : urltoken .
commonly found around the coastlines of the uk and ireland , nursehound ( a species of catshark ) eggcases are similar in shape to those of the smallspotted catshark , although they are easily differentiated by their much larger size .
to date , very few nursehound eggcases have been recorded on scottish and irish shores , or from the northeast of england . nursehounds , along with smallspotted catsharks , are one of the most abundant shark species in british waters , although there are reports of localised population declines in some areas . read the shark trust ' s nursehound id guide to discover more about the biology and conservation of the nursehound , as well as information about catshark fisheries .
you can also download our scientific poster on nursehound eggcases , which we presented at the fisheries society of the british isles ( fsbi ) conference in 2015 .
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maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 180 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 244 )
found on the continental shelf , mostly inshore . possibly to 240 cm . probably feeds on benthic invertebrates ( ref . 28023 ) . ovoviviparous ( ref . 50449 ) , with about 14 young to a litter . size of full - term fetuses 30 to 40 cm . utilized for human consumption .
compagno , l . j . v . , 1984 . fao species catalogue . vol . 4 . sharks of the world . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date . part 2 - carcharhiniformes . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 4 / 2 ) : 251 - 655 . rome : fao . ( ref . 244 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5312 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00269 ( 0 . 00133 - 0 . 00544 ) , b = 3 . 15 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 33 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 37 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( fec = 14 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 74 of 100 ) .
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a medium - sized , very stout shark with a short , broadly rounded snout ; eyes are horizontal ovals ; nostrils wide apart , front nasal flaps lobate , not reaching mouth and well separated from each other ; long upper lip furrows that reach the lower symphysis of the mouth ; teeth semi - molar - like , with straight erect points and side points absent or poorly developed ; pectoral fins broadly curved in adults ; dorsal fins of similar size ; rear margin of 1st dorsal oblique ; origin of second dorsal fin well forward of anal fin origin ; anal fin smaller than and with origin under middle of second dorsal ; tail strongly asymmetrical , lower lobe without point ; fins with rounded tips .
generally light grey becoming white on ventral surface ; usually scattered black spots on body , but sometimes plain - colored .


their habitat is under dead pine bark in mesophilous forests .

piesmus

piesmus submarginatus is a species of beetle in the family carabidae , the only species in the genus piesmus . [ 1 ]
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american beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
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igor sokolov will be able to check it [ and , hopefully , confirm ] with coll ' n specimens in a month ; let ' s be patient - - but thanks for the nice job anyway , johnny ! moved tentatively from pterostichus .
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milacidae is a family of air-breathing , keeled , land slugs .

these are shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily parmacelloidea .

this family has no subfamilies ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .

milacidae

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
purje - etanat
to
milacidae
.
zur kenntnis der nacktschneckenfauna der insel zypern ( gastropoda , pulmonata : milacidae , limacidae , agrolimacidae ) .
slugs of the greek southern aegean islands ( gastropoda terrestria nuda : milacidae , agriolimacidae et limacidae ) .
tandonia totevi ( wiktor , 1975 ) ( pulmonata : milacidae ) in bulgaria and north eastern greece . redescription .
wiktor a . 1981 . genus - group level classification of milacidae . malak . abh . 7 : 145–153 .
wiktor a . 1987a . milacidae ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) – systematic monograph . ann . zool . 41 : 153–319 .
wiktor , a . ( 1987a ) milacidae ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) – systematic monograph . annales zoologici , 41 , 153–319 .
tandonia bolensis n . sp . ; milacidae ; brač island ; dalmatia ; taxonomy ; systematics ; biogeography ; western balkans ; mollusca .
wiktor , a . ( 1996 ) the slugs of the former yugoslavia ( gastropoda terrestria nuda – arionidae , milacidae , limacidae , agriolimacidae ) .
wiktor a . 1987b . spermatophores in milacidae and their significance for classification ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) . malak . abh . 12 : 85–100 .
wiktor a . 1975 . new slug species ( pulmonata : milacidae and limacidae ) from the balkan peninsula . ann . zool . 33 : 1–15 .
urocyclidae parmacellidae milacidae the pneumostome is located posterior to the midpoint of the mantle . a dorsal key is present . there is no caudal mucous gland .
wiktor , a . ( 1987b ) spermatophores in milacidae and their significance for classification ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) . malakologische abhandlungen , 12 ( 9 ) , 85–100 .
wiktor a . 1983 . the slugs of bulgaria ( arionidae , milacidae , limacidae , agriolimacidae – gastropoda , stylommatophora ) . ann . zool . 37 : 71–206 .
wiktor , a . ( 1983a ) the slugs of bulgaria ( arionidae , milacidae , limacidae , agriolimacidae – gastropoda , stylommatophora . annales zoologici , 3 7 , 71–206 .
viii . the slugs of greece ( arionidae , milacidae , limacidae , agriolimacidae—gastropoda , stylommatophora ) . hellenic zoologic society & natural history museum of crete , greece , 240 pp .
wiktor a . 1997 . endemism of slugs within the balkan peninsula and adjacent islands ( gastropoda : pulmonata : arionidae , milacidae , limacidae , agriolimacidae ) . genus 8 : 205–221 .
nardi , g . ( 2011 ) nuove segnalazioni di limacce per la malacofauna bresciana ( gastropoda : arionidae , milacidae , limacidae , agriolimacidae ) . bollettino malacologico , 47 ( 1 ) , 9–22 .
about 50 species are in the family milacidae ( barker & efford 2004 ) . the center of diversity is in the mediterranean region , especially in the former yugoslavia and greece ( wiktor 1996 ) .
wiktor a . 2001 . the slugs of greece ( arionidae , milacidae , limacidae , agriolimacidae , gastropoda stylommatophora ) . fauna graeciae 8 . natural history museum of crete , hellenic zoological society , irakleio .
wiktor a . , vardinoyannis k . , mylonas m . 1994 . slugs of the greek southern aegean islands ( gastropoda terrestria nuda : milacidae , agriolimacidae et limacidae ) . malak . abh . 17 : 1–35 .
telebak , b . , brajković , m . & ċurčić , s . ( 2013 ) contribution to the knowledge of the slugs ( gastropoda : stylommatophora : limacidae and milacidae ) from montenegro . bulletin of the natural history museum , 6 , 55–64 .
in total we found six slug species belonging to three families - agriolimacidae , limacidae and milacidae . below we present analytically for each species the collecting sites in each natura 2000 conservation area ( bold ) , data from literature , and if necessary comments on its systematics .
abbes , i . , liberto , f . , castillejo , j . & nouira , s . ( 2010 ) a review of slugs and semi - slugs of tunisia ( testacellidae , milacidae and limacidae ) . journal of conchology , 40 ( 2 ) , 219–231 .
schileyko a . a . 2003 . treatise on recent terrestrial pulmonate molluscs . pt . 10 . ariophantidae , ostracolethidae , rissotidae , milacidae , dyakiidae , staffordiidae , gastrodontidae , zonitidae , daudebardiidae , parmacellidae . ruthenica , russian malacological journal , supplement 2 : 1308 - 1466 .
wiktor , a . & milani , n . ( 1995 ) contribution to the knowledge of two scarcely known alpine slugs , tandonia simrothi ( hesse , 1923 ) and deroceras planarioides ( simroth , 1910 ) ( gastropoda : pulmonata : milacidae et agriolimacidae ) . malakologische abhandlungen , 17 ( 12 ) , 151–160 .
terrestrial slugs of the island of cyprus were recently studied in the framework of a study of the whole terrestrial malacofauna of the island . the present work was carried out in the natura 2000 conservation areas of the island in 155 sampling sites over three years ( 2004–2007 ) . museum collections as well as literature references were included . in total six species are present in the natura 2000 areas of the island , belonging to three families : limacidae , agriolimacidae and milacidae . one of the species , milax riedeli , is a new record for the island . the distribution of the species across the island and in the surrounding areas is discussed .
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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bank , r . a . ( 2013 ) fauna europaea : mollusca gastropoda . fauna europaea version 2 . 6 . 2 last update : august 29th , 2013 . urltoken
boschi , c . ( 2011 ) die schneckenfauna der schweiz : ein umfassendes bild - und bestimmungsbuch . haupt , bern / stuttgart / wien : 624 pp .
clessin , s . ( 1887 ) die molluskenfauna österreich - ungarns und der schweiz . nürnberg . ( bauer & raspe ) : pp . 1–858 .
manganelli , g . , bodon , m . & giusti , f . ( 2000 ) checklist delle specie della fauna italiana , molluschi terrestri e d’acqua dolce . erratae addenda , 2 . bollettino malacologico , 36 , 125–130 .
simroth , h . ( 1900 ) ueber einige nacktschnecken von montenegro und corsica .
32 ( 5 / 6 , 7 / 8 ) , 77–85 , 97–107 . simroth , h . ( 1916 ) ueber einige von herrn dr . absolon in der herzegowina erbeutete höhlenbewohnende nacktschnecken .
wagner , h . ( 1929 ) adatok a milax - nem ismeretéhez . beiträge zur kenntnis der gattung milax . annales historico - naturales musei nationalis hungarici ( pars zoologica ) , 26 , 327–338 .
wagner , h . ( 1930 ) morphologische und anatomische studien an milax . zoologischer anzeiger , 88 , 39 - 57 .
wagner , h . ( 1940 ) neue beiträge zur kenntnis der nacktschneckenfauna der balkanhalbinsel , mit besonderer berücksichtigung der griechischen arten . annales historico - naturales musei nationalis hungarici , pars zoologica , 33 , 137–152 .
welter - schultes , f . w . ( 2012 ) european non - marine molluscs , a guide for species identification . planet poster editions , göttingen , a1 - a3 , 1 - 679 , q1 - q78 .
wiktor , a . ( 1983b ) some data on slugs of marocco and algeria with description of a new deroceras species ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) . malakologische abhandlungen , 8 ( 13 ) , 155–166 .
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lesma / / slug ( tandonia sowerbyi )
as trusted on the
tandonia sowerbyi
page .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
purjeharjaetana
to
milax gagates ( draparnaud , 1801 )
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
sileäpurje - etana
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milax gagates ( draparnaud , 1801 )
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
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tandonia rustica
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katerina vardinoyannis , 1 simon demetropoulos , 2 moissis mylonas , 1 , 3 kostas a . triantis , 4 christodoulos makris , 5 gabriel georgiou , andrzej wiktor , 6 and andreas demetropoulos 7
2 cyprus wildlife society , p . o . box 24281 , lefkosia 1703 , cyprus
7 cyprus wildlife society , p . o . box 24281 , lefkosia 1703 , cyprus
copyright katerina vardinoyannis , simon demetropoulos , moissis mylonas , kostas a . triantis , christodoulos makris , gabriel georgiou , andrzej wiktor , andreas demetropoulos
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 3 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
cyprus , the largest island in the eastern mediterranean , has an area of 9 , 251 km 2 , and there are 33 special areas under nature conservation , that cover 22 % of the total area . the designation of these areas was based mainly on habitat types , geology , knowledge of plant and vertebrate species , and on published data on invertebrates . this is in accordance with what dimitrakopoulos et al . ( 2004 ) claim “… it is questionable whether the inclusion of species and habitats in the list of biodiversity components of ‘community interest’ has been based on a previous detailed evaluation of regional biodiversity patterns , but rather the selection was based on the inclusion of pre - existing national ad hoc schemes” .
our previous knowledge of the slugs of cyprus was mainly based on a fairly recent paper by rähle ( 1991 ) . in most other relevant papers slugs of cyprus appear in passing , either because the work deals mainly with the neighbouring areas of the mediterranean ( schütt 2005 , heller 2009 ) or they concern a particular slug taxon ( hesse 1926 ) . six slug species had been recorded from the island , but only three of them within a natura 2000 conservation area ; namely deroceras berytensis , d . chrysorroyatissensis and limax flavus ( rähle 1984 , 1991 ; wiktor 2001 ) . these slugs are recorded from six conservation areas , which are among the most popular and most visited parts of the island .
in this work we present new distributional data about the slugs of cyprus and comments on their taxonomy when necessary . additionally , we discuss their presence in the conservation areas and the whole island and compare it with occurrence in surrounding countries .
during the years 2004–2007 we collected land snails in all natura 2000 areas . slugs were found at 99 sites within 28 of the 33 areas although we collected land snails at 155 sampling sites (
) . sampling sites were intended to cover the whole diversity ( habitat and substrate ) of each natura 2000 area . snails and slugs were collected only during the wet period ( october - april ) by a . demetropoulos ( ad ) , s . demetropoulos ( sd ) , chr . makris ( m ) , chr . makris & l . georgiou ( mg ) , m . mylonas ( mm ) , k . a . triantis , and k . vardinoyannis ( v ) . we also included material from the mollusc collection of the natural history museum of crete (
% ethanol . their identification was based on anatomy of the genitalia . the material is kept in the natural history museum of crete and in the museum of natural history , wrocław university .
we give the sampling sites in each natura 2000 area , the date of collection , the vegetation type , the dominant plant and the substrate .
initially we assembled all data from the literature , including the doubtful names . these are presented and discussed separately for each species .
this species had been reported from akrotirio aspro–petra tou romiou ; alykes larnakas ; chersonisos akama ; ethniko dasiko parko troodous ; koilada diarizou ; polis gialia and vouni panagias ( rähle 1984 , 1991 ) .
larnaka salt marsh new buldings , 19 . 11 . 05 , m ; alyki tekes , 15 . 1 . 05 , mg .
agios minas spring cy 410–11 , 15 . 3 . 05 , ad ; agios kononas springs , 24 / 11 / 2005 , ad ; akamas ( may be loutra tis afroditis ) , 1 . 10 . 1989 , mm ; petratis gorge , 23 . 11 . 05 , mm ; pittokopos cy 410–13 , 16 . 03 . 05 , sd .
lemesos forest , germasogeia dam , foinikaria , 2 . 1 . 05 mg .
cavo greko rocks , 9 . 1 . 05 , mm ; gkreko cape at agioi anagyroi ( cy24 ) , 21 . 02 . 00 , mm .
diarizou gorge , after kikisia ( cy 8 ) , 17 . 02 . 00 , mm ; diarizos arminou , 28 . 1 . 06 , mg ; diarisos kidasi , 22 . 1 . 06 , ad ; diarizos nikokleia , 28 . 1 . 06 , mg ; diarizos valley , petres ton hasanpoulion , 22 . 1 . 2005 , mg .
limnatis valley , alassa , 19 . 11 . 05 , mg ; palia korfi , river below at limnatis bridge , 4 . 12 . 04 , mm ; palia korfi , approx . 500 m alt . limnatis valley , 4 . 12 . 04 , mm ; limnatis valley , 1 km west of the bridge , 400 m alt . , 4 / 12 / 2004 , mm .
lagoudera , 6 km north , 21 . 12 . 06 , v ; xyliati dam , low , 21 . 12 . 06 , mm .
maroulena’s dam , 23 . 12 . 06 , sd ; maroulena gorge , 17 . 12 . 06 , mm , v , sd .
mavrokolymbos stream cy408–2 , 9 . 1 . 06 , sd ; mavrokolymbos garrigue cy408–1 , 9 . 01 . 06 sd ; agios neophytos valley ( cy 408–4 ) , 13 . 1 . 06 sd .
chrysochou river cy 409–2 , 15 . 01 . 06 , sd ; polis camp river cy409–3 , 15 . 01 . 06 , sd .
asprokremnos pools cy407–1 , 2 . 2 . 06 , ad ; xirou valley nata , 5 . 2 . 05 mg ; finikas cy407–2 , 2 . 02 . 06 , ad & sd ; xeros army ( cy 407–3 ) , 2 . 2 . 06 , ad & sd ; xeros rock cy407–4a , 3 . 02 . 06 , ad & sd
distribution of a deroceras berytensis b deroceras chrysorroyatissensis and c deroceras famagustensis in the natura 2000 areas of conservation in cyprus island .
the colour of alcohol - preserved specimens ranges from cream to dark brown , especially on the back and mantle ; the dark pigment is distributed more or less evenly with no distinct spots ; when spots are present , they are blurred and their margins fuse ( they are never black dots ) . these external characters are always combined with the following anatomical characters : long caecum , forked penial gland with a distinct common stalk , more or less half as long as the entire gland . the two branches of the penial gland are covered by glandular papillae . the stimulator in the penis is wide , flat , and bowl - shaped .
this species had been reported from akrotirio aspro–petra tou romiou and vouni panagias ( rähle 1991 ) .
agiatis–agia s ( cy411–1 ) , 14 . 03 . 06 , mm , v , ad , sd ; agiatis – 500m from tarmac cy411–2 , 14 . 03 . 06 , mm , v , ad , sd .
aspro cape – petra tou romiou ( eastern valley ) , 29 . 01 . 05 , m .
pykni forest cy 410–4 , 15 . 02 . 05 , sd ? juv . ; akamas ( may be loutra tis afroditis ) , 1 . 10 . 89 , mm ; akamas , loutra tis afroditis cy410–10 , 15 . 03 . 05 , sd ; avakas , 19 . 02 . 05 , sd ; mountiko maquis cy410–3 , 24 . 01 . 05 , sd ? juv . ; petratis gorge , 23 . 11 . 05 , mm ; akamas forest cy 410–8 , 12 . 03 . 05 , sd .
lemesos forest , akrounta river valley , 2 . 01 . 06 , mg .
gerakies cy206–3 , 15 . 03 . 06 , mm , v , ad , sd ; kremnos tis pellis cy 206–1 , 15 . 3 . 06 . mm , v , ad , sd ; sylladin tou petrou cy206–2 , 15 . 03 . 06 , mm , v , ad , sd ; kedron valley , 13 . 03 . 05 , mg ; dasos pafou–tripyla , 7 . 01 . 06 , ad ; kedron valley ( cy 10 ) , 18 . 02 . 00 , v .
stavrovouni , entrance of monastery , 19 . 12 . 06 , mm , v ; stavrovouni , ne low , 19 . 12 . 06 , mm , v ; stavrovouni , low , 19 . 12 . 06 , mm , v .
ezousas pseudogarrigue ( cy 405–2 ) , 11 . 02 . 06 , sd .
mesapotamos waterfall , 22 . 11 . 05 , v ; troodos mt . almyrolivado , 26 . 11 . 05 , m ; platres to mesapotamos , 22 . 11 . 05 , mm .
diarizos arminou , 28 . 01 . 06 , mg ; diarizou valley , gefyri , 22 . 1 . 05 , mg .
limnatis valley , alassa , 19 . 11 . 05 , mg ; palia korfi , river below at limnatis bridge , 5 . 12 . 04 , mg ; palia korfi , approx . 500m alt . limnatis valley , 5 . 12 . 04 , mm ; limnatis valley , mantra , 18 . 02 . 06 , m .
lefkara 600m alt . , 19 . 11 . 05 , mm . ? juv . ; lefkara croosroad to kato drys , 11 . 03 . 06 , mm .
: xyliati dam , low , 21 . 12 . 06 . mm , v ; lagoudera 6 km north , 21 . 12 . 06 , mm , v ; pitsilia district , kyperounta , 15 . 04 . 01 ? juv . ; kyperounta ( cy 205–1 ) , 25 . 03 . 06 , sd ; spilia – madari , 1250m alt . , 17 . 12 . 06 , mm , v .
mitsero , pinewood & valley cy203–2 , mm , v , ad , sd ; mitsero–agios panteleimonas , 11 . 03 . 06 , mm , v , ad , sd .
polis camp river cy409–3 , 15 . 01 . 06 , sd ; goudi oak cy409–1 , 15 . 01 . 06 , ad .
: makries limnes chasanpoulion – eryfiou – profitis ilias , 23 . 12 . 04 , v ; profitis ilias , 1 . 02 . 05 , mg ; vloudkia , 23 . 12 . 04 , mg ; agia moni south of panagia , 22 . 12 . 04 , mg .
the slug is easy to recognise even based solely on its external appearance . as emphasised by rähle ( 1984 ) , the species is characterised by very little variation of the characters which are regarded as diagnostic : the external colour pattern on the body , the penis shape , with its external and internal accessory structures , and the absence of a rectal caecum . only the appendix at the posterior end of the penis may vary in shape . this constancy of characters is exceptional within the genus deroceras in all likelihood it is endemic to cyprus . otherwise , a slug with such a characteristic appearance would have been noticed elsewhere .
gionia valley north ( cy204–3 ) , 17 . 03 . 06 , sd ; lazania cy 204–7 , 27 . 12 . 06 , sd ; kapedes ( cy204–1 ) , 17 . 03 . 06 , mm ; kiona – 1380 m alt . , 22 . 12 . 06 , mm , v ; machairas kyprovasa–arkatzi tou klosmatou , 22 . 12 . 06 , mm , v ; gionia camp cy204–2 , 17 . 03 . 06 , sd ; philani pine cy204–6 , 27 . 12 . 06 , sd .
papoutsa 1240 m alt . , 20 . 12 . 06 , mm ; xyliati dam , low , 21 . 12 . 06 , mm , v .
we found only unspotted specimens , which is in agreement with rähle ( 1991 ) , though the mantle often gives an impression of being speckled with a dark pigment . thus the colour is not uniform . the back , outside the mantle , is covered by a pattern in the form of a dark reticulation following the system of skin grooves ; the dark pigment concentrates in these grooves . most specimens have thin and soft skin . the penis is thin - walled , of varying shape . inside it , complicated structures adhering to the penis wall form a kind of pocket . when everted , they form a nearly circular shallow bowl or a slightly concave shield . rähle ( 1991 ) mentions the absence of a stimulator , but apparently this structure should be regarded as one of an unusual shape . its position within the penis , as well as when everted , clearly indicates that this is its role . the caecum is vestigial . this species is endemic to cyprus .
there are three natura 2000 areas , namely drymou , stavros tis psokas and kritou marotou , where we found only juvenile deroceras .
this species had been reported from akrotirio aspro – petra tou romiou and ethniko dasiko parko troodous ( rähle 1991 ) .
germasogeia north , at the stream ( cy20 ) , 20 . 2 . 00 , v .
palia korfi , river below at limnatis bridge , 5 . 12 . 04 , mg ; palia korfi , approx . 500 m alt , limnatis valley , 4 . 12 . 04 , mm .
distribution of a limax flavus b milax barypus and c milax riedeli in the natura 2000 areas of conservation in cyprus island .
gkreko cape at agiol anargyrol cy24 , 21 . 02 . 00 , mm ; cavo gkreko , 9 . 01 . 2005 , m .
lefkara – agios minas , 25 . 02 . 06 , mg ? juv .
polystypos with hazel , 17 . 12 . 06 , mm , v ? juv . ; lagoudera valley , 20 . 12 . 06 , mm , v , sd .
the above list represents the current state of knowledge of slug diversity within the natura 2000 areas of conservation of cyprus island . to provide a more complete picture of the fauna we have to add that bourguignat ( 1853 ) recorded limax antiquorum a . e . férussac , 1819 and limax variegatus férussac [ = limax variegatus draparnaud 1805 ] from the island , but he said that “they do not look like the true european species ( naming limax cinereus ) ” . it will be possible to clarify these names after knowing the slugs in the whole island and not only in the areas of conservation . also rähle ( 1991 ) listed deroceras cyprium but this most probably refers to deroceras berytensis .
in the natura 2000 areas of conservation there are six slug species , one of them , milax riedeli , a new record for the whole island . according to the literature there were only three species known from the natura 2000 areas ; thus we have doubled the number of species . tandonia sowerbyi is the only species that has been recorded from the island ( rähle 1991 ; pers . obs . ) but still not in the natura 2000 areas . however , we cannot exclude the possibility of finding this species in one of the areas in the future , since in the mediterranean it can be found in undisturbed as well as disturbed places ( wiktor 2001 ) . the slug fauna in the natura 2000 areas of conservation of cyprus appears at first glance equally rich as the corresponding areas of the island of crete ( seven species on crete , vardinoyannis 1994 , wiktor et al . 1994 ) . however , on crete there are 10 slug species on the whole island , and thus only 70 % of the slug fauna is found in the conservation areas , compared to 85 . 7 % on cyprus . it seems that the slug fauna of cyprus is well represented in the natura 2000 areas , regardless on which basis these areas were proposed .
deroceras chrysorroyatissensis and deroceras berytensis are the most widespread species , both present in 19 areas ; but the latter is distributed all around the island , while deroceras chrysorryatissensis has a more restricted distribution . all the other species are found in 2–5 areas of conservation .
three species are endemic to the island , namely deroceras chrysorryatissensis , deroceras famagustensis and milax barypus . one species , milax riedeli is distributed on cyprus and the southeast coast of turkey ( schütt 2005 ) , while limax flavus is found all around the mediterranean and europe ( wiktor 2001 ) and deroceras berytensis all around the eastern mediterranean ( heller 2009 ; wiktor 2000 ; schütt 2005 ) .
there are five natura 2000 areas where no slugs were found – ethniko dasiko parko rizoelias , asgata , lympion – agia anna , peristerona and koilada kargotis . in the first two areas the substrate is mainly gypsum which is most probably the reason for their absence . in the other areas the substrate is limestone , and the vegetation is mediterranean scrubland ( maquis and phrygana ) . based on all the characteristics of these areas there is no obvious explanation for the absence of slugs , and we consider it as possible that slugs might be found in the future .
) . this is followed by dasos lemesou – periochi kyparisia . there is only one site , xyliati dam , where all three
are very restricted : each species has been found in only two of the natura 2000 areas .
number of slug species in each natura 2000 area . bars in black depict juvenile individuals .
deroceras chrysorroyatissensis was known from very few localities in the southwest part of the island ( rähle 1991 ; wiktor 2001 ) but with our study it appears that this species has a wider distribution , it is absent from the northern and the easternmost part of cyprus .
deroceras famagustensis had been reported only from cavo gkreco , the southeastern peninsula of the island , but we found it in the central part of cyprus . further studies could enlarge its known distribution still further .
until recently , limax flavus had been known only from sites near human settlements , but we found it also in more natural areas .
milax barypus was known from three suburban areas in the eastern and northern part of the island but we also found it in central cyprus .
milax riedeli is recorded for the first time from the island . it is distributed in the central part of the island in the area of madari–papoutsa .
the presence of the slug species does not seem to correlate with vegetation , rainfall , altitude or the substrate of the site they were found .
all slugs were active only during the wet period ; limax flavus in the urban areas is an exception , as it was found active also during the dry season , even in summer ( pers . obs . ) .
in the future we will present more data on this group since we are currently studying the terrestrial malacofauna of the whole island .
we wish to thank maria tzatzi for her valuable help in the laboratory work , manolis nikolakakis for his help with the gis presentation , and heike reise for reviewing the manuscript .
this work was part of the research project “the study of land snails in the natura 2000 areas - sustdev / 0104 / 05” funded by the research promotion foundation of cyprus .
catalogue raisonne des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles recueillis par m . f . de saulcy pendant son voyage en orient . gide & baudry , paris , 96 pp , 4 pl .
questioning the effectiveness of the natura 2000 special areas of conservation strategy : the case of crete .
ueber einige reihe von nacktschnecken , die herr dr . cecconi auf cypern und in palaestina gesammelt hat . nachrichtsblatt der deutschen malakozoologischen gesellschaft , 38 : 17–24 and 84–91 .
biogeography of land snails in the south aegean island arc ( in greek ) . phd thesis , athens , greece : university of athens .
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new materials of tandonia totevi ( wiktor , 1975 ) from bulgaria have enabled the authors to prepare a detailed redescription and to distinguish the species from those from southern greece which have been confused with t . totevi for almost 30 years . from the southern greek islands , the peloponnese and the island of euboea at least three more species need to be described and discriminated from t . totevi . the spermatophores of t . totevi from bulgaria are described here for the first time , as is an intra - integumental glandular secreting organ of unknown function . the first description of spermatozoa of t . totevi is included . the first photographs of living specimens and the first observations on the behaviour and ecology are provided .
deyrup - olsen i . , luchtel d . l . 1998 . secretion of mucous granules and other membrane bound structures : a look beyond exocytosis . int . rev . cytol . 183 : 95–141 .
healy j . m . : 2001 . spermatogenesis and oogenesis . in : barker g . m . ( ed . ) . the biology of terrestrial molluscs . cabi publishing , oxon , uk , pp . 357–382 .
irikov a . , eröss z . 2008 . an updated and annotated checklist of bulgarian terrestrial gastropod ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . folia malacol . 16 : 199–207 .
irikov a . , mollov i . 2006 . terrestrial gastropods ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of the western rodopes ( bulgaria ) . in : beron p . ( ed . ) . biodiversity of bulgaria . 3 . biodiversity of western rhodopes ( bulgaria and greece ) i . pensoft & nat . mus . natur . hist . , sofia , pp . 753 - 832 .
luchtel d . l . , deyrup - olsen i . 1991 . ultrastructure and lysis of mucin containing granules in epidermal secretion of the terrestrial slug ariolimax columbianus ( mollusca : pulmonata ) . cell tissue res . 266 : 375–383 .
mylonas , m . 1982 . the zoogeography and ecology of the terrestrial molluscs of cyclades . zoological laboratory and museum university of athens , ph . d . thesis .
nitz b . , heim r . , schneppat u . e . , hyman i . , haszprunar g . 2009 . towards a new standard in slug species descriptions : the case of limax sarnensis heim & nitz n . sp . ( pulmonata : limacidae ) from the western central alps . j . moll . stud . 75 : 279–294 .
symondson w . o . c . 1997 . does tandonia budapestensis ( mollusca : pulmonata ) contain toxins ? evidence from feeding trials with the slug predator pterostichus melanarius ( coleoptera : carabidae ) . j . moll . stud . 63 : 541–545 .
wiktor a . 1986 . slug distribution in greece . proceedings of the eighth international malacological congress um’83 , ( budapest , hungary ) 28 . august – 4 . september 1983 . hungarian natural history museum , budapest , hungary : 295–300 .
wiktor a . 2000 . agriolimacidae ( gastropoda : pulmonata ) – a systematic monograph . ann . zool . 49 : 347–590 .
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slugs are mollusks in the phylum mollusca . the information below highlights the taxonomy of slugs of economic interest as pest species .
subclass gymnomorpha order soleolifera family veronicellidae ( = vaginulidae ) the mantle of veronicellid slugs covers the entire surface dorsal surface of the animal . veronicellid slugs include several species of slugs found in the genera vaginulus and veronicella . they are herbivores and live mainly in tropical and subtropical africa , america and asia . they are also intermediate hosts of angiostrongylus costaricensis , the rat lung worm .
subclass pulmonata order stylommatophora suborder sigmurethra the families : testacellidae these are an earthworm ' s enemy , a carnivore with sharp teeth that impale their wormy prey . the remnant of a shell at the tail end of the slug covers the mantle and organs . this family is comprised of a single genus , testacella . testacella has been introduced into north america and new zealand . regionally , testacella sp . has been found in the portland and eugene areas of oregon .
limacidae the pneumostome is located posterior to the midpoint of the mantle . a dorsal keel is present . there is no caudal mucous gland . this family includes several large slug species in the genus limax . limax maximus is very prominent in the pacific northwest and also been distributed in other regions of north america . limax flavus , also called the cellar slug , can also be found in the northwest . it can be recognized by its brilliant blue tentacles .
this family also includes the genus deroceras . this genus includes several species that can reach pest status including : d . agreste , d . laeve , the marsh slug , d . reticulatum , the field slug or milky slug .
lehmannia valentiana can also be found in the pacific northwest . the mantle has dark lateral bands and dark bands along the dorsal side of the foot .
boettgerillidae trigonochlamydidae arionidae this family of slugs has a mantle on the front part of the slug body . the pneumostome is located towards the anterior portion of the mantle . subfamilies of arionid slugs are separated by anatomical features .
; a . dolichophallus ; and a . californicus . slugs in this subfamily have a keel along their back . they can often be found with a slime plug or caudal pore with a mucous
anadeninae the subfamily has a number of genera found in north america . the genus prophysaon andersoni ( cooper ) is endemic in the pacific northwest . this species can drop a portion of its foot as a defensive measure giving it the common name , the reticulate taildropper . the pneumostome is located near the middle of the mantle .
arioninae the subfamily contains several genera commonly found in the pacific northwest , although exotic transplants . these slugs can be quite large . there may be a prominent fringe along the edge of their foot . the pneumostome is located towards the front of the mantle , anterior to the midpoint . these slugs also have a well developed caudal mucous gland . one of key genera in this subfamily is arion . a . rufus , a . ater , a . circumcriptus , arion subfuscus are some of the species commonly found in the pacific northwest . these mostly palaearctic slugs have been distributed worldwide including in america , australia , new zealand , and south africa .
arion subfuscus can eat a wide variety of foods but fungi and decaying vegetation have been noted as their preferred diet . this species has a flexible abilty to occupy a variety of ecological environments ( beyer and saari , 1978 ) .
n . beyer and d . saari . 1978 . activity and ecological distribution of the slug , arion subfuscus ( drapanard ) ( stylommatophora , arionidae ) . american midland naturalist .
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mainly around black sea and mediterranean sea , some species reach also s and w europe ( wiktor 2001 , the slugs of greece ) . central europe and n africa to near east ( wenz & zilch 1959 - 1960 ) .
slugs up to 95 mm long after preservation , body elongate , its posterior end tapered . mantle situated anteriorly , covering less than 1 / 3 of the body length , on its surface a fine granular sculpture and a horseshoe - like groove with its open part facing posteriorly . pneumostom postmedial . ( and so on , diagnosis in wiktor 2001 : 21 , the slugs of greece )
additions to the malacofauna of vietnam : genera parmarion and meghimatium ( pulmonata , stylommatophora ) | a . a . | ruthenica
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two species of south - east asian genus parmarion fischer , 1856 ( p . martensi simroth , 1894 and p . pupillaris humbert , 1864 ) ( ariophantidae ) have been found in central vietnam ( dak lak province ) . illustrated descriptions of external appearance and reproductive tracts of both species are presented . along with these species one juvenile specimen of meghimatium bilineatum ( benson , 1842 ) ( philomycidae ) has been found in south - east part of vietnam ( dalat city ) .
лихарев и . м . , виктор а . й . 1980 . слизни фауны ссср и сопредельных стран ( gastropoda terrestrial nuda ) . фауна ссср . моллюски . 3 ( 5 ) . ленинград , наука : 1 - 438 .
benson w . h . 1842 . mollusca . in : cantor th . general features of chusan , with remarks on the flora and fauna of that island . annual and magazine of natural history , 9 : 486 - 489 .
benthem jutting w . s . s . 1950 . systematic studies on the non - marine mollusca of the indo - australian archipelago . ii . treubia , 20 ( 3 ) : 381 - 506 .
benthem jutting w . s . s . 1952 . systematic studies on the non - marine mollusca of the indo - australian archipelago . iii . treubia , 21 ( 1 / 3 ) : 291 - 435 .
hoffmann h . 1941 . anatomische und systematische untersuchungen über die parmarioninen ( gastr . pulm . ) . zoologische jahrbücher , abteilung für systematik , geographie und biologie der thiere , 74 ( 3 ) : 1 - 155 .
humbert a . 1864 . études sur quelques mollusques terrestres nouveaux ou peu connus . mémoires de la société de physique et d’histoire naturelle de genéve , 15 : 109 - 128 .
schileyko a . a . 2011 . check - list of land pulmonate molluscs of vietnam ( gastropoda : stylommatophora ) . ruthenica , russian malacological journal , 21 ( 1 ) : 1 - 68 .
simroth h . 1894 . ueber einige parmarion - arten . in : m . weber . zoologische ergebnisse einer reise in niederländisch ost - indien . 3 : 100 - 111 .