zalmoxis is a genus of harvestmen , within the zalmoxidae family .

they are found in tropical australia , borneo , new guinea , the philippines and on pacific islands .

zalmoxis ( harvestman )

for the arachnid with this name , see zalmoxis ( harvestman ) . for the assassin bug with this name , see zalmoxis ( insect ) .
zalmoxis created a ritual of passage . this theory is mainly supported by mircea eliade , who wrote the first coherent interpretation of the zalmoxis myth .
' s writings , zalmoxis is mentioned as skilled in the arts of incantation . zalmoxis gave his name to a particular type of singing and dancing ( hesych ) .
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the other name for zalmoxis , gebeleizis , is also spelled belaizis and belaixis in herodotus manuscripts .
a tomb painting at the aleksandrovska grobnitsa ( bulgaria ) , which possibly depicts zalmoxis . [ 8 ] [ 9 ]
– that is , that zalmoxis was the supreme god , but there were also minor divinities closely associated with him .
in modern times , theories and debate on the zalmoxis religion by such scholars as mircea eliade are influenced by considerations of romanian nationalism as well by pure historical interest . richard carrier also compares zalmoxis to jesus to promote his idea of jesus mythicism .
dana , dan . zalmoxis de la herodot la mircea eliade . istorii despre un zeu al pretextului , polirom , iași , 2008
zalmoxis may have lived much earlier than pythagoras and was rumored either to be a divine being or from the country of the getae .
zalmoxis is related to pythagoras , stating that he founded a mystical cult . this theory may be found in eliade ' s work .
the correct spelling of the name is also uncertain . manuscripts of herodotus ' historiae have all four spellings , viz . zalmoxis , salmoxis , zamolxis , samolxis , with a majority of manuscripts favouring salmoxis . later authors show a preference for zamolxis . hesychius quotes herodotus , using zalmoxis .
zalmoxis is a christ - like figure who dies and is resurrected . this position was defended by jean ( ioan ) coman , a professor of
zalmoxis is a genus of assassin bug family ( reduviidae ) , in the subfamily harpactorinae . = = partial list of species = = . . .
it is difficult to define the time when a cult to zalmoxis may have existed . it is only certain that it antecedes herodotus . some scholars have suggested that the archaic doctrine of zalmoxis points to a heritage from before the times of indo - europeans , but this is difficult , if not impossible , to demonstrate . [ 4 ]
there have also been discussions about herodotus ' statement that the getae
think that they do not really die , but that when they depart this life they go to zalmoxis
.
according to some scholars , such as vasile pârvan , jean coman , r . pettazzon , e . rohde and sorin paliga , since ancient sources do not mention any god of the getae other than zalmoxis , the getae were monotheistic . [ 4 ] however , herodotus is the only ancient author who explicitly states that the getae had only one divinity . the sending of a messenger to zalmoxis and the fact that getae shot arrows towards the sky have prompted some authors to believe zalmoxis was a sky god , but his journey into a cavern has led others to suggest that he was a chthonic divinity .
diodorus siculus , book 1 , c . 94 :
. . . among the people known as the getae who represent themselves to be immortal , zalmoxis asserted the same of their common goddess hestia . . .
the romanian rock band sfinx worked from around 1975 through 1978 on zalmoxe , a progressive rock lp , with lyrics by poet alexandru basarab ( actually a pen name for adrian hoajă ) , which retold the story of zalmoxis .
according to iamblichus ( 280 - 333 ad ) ,
for instructing the getae in these things , and for having written laws for them , zalmoxis was by them considered as the greatest of the gods .
[ 6 ]
a third group of scholars believe that the getae , like other indo - european peoples , were polytheistic . they draw on ancient authors such as diodorus siculus , who states that the getae worshipped hestia as well as zalmoxis . [ 10 ]
plato says in the dialogue charmides ( lines 156 d – 157 b ) that zalmoxis was also a great physician who took a holistic approach to healing body and soul ( psyche ) , being thus used by plato for his own philosophical conceptions .
since the getae - dacian religious system was monotheistic aniconism centered around the god zalmoxis , it is less likely that the believers in his resurrection would use a name meaning
hide
/
foreign slave
, as the hostile ancient greek non - believers related about him .
93 . . . . the getae are the bravest of the thracians and the most just . 94 . they believe they are immortal forever living in the following sense : they think they do not die and that the one who dies joins zalmoxis , a divine being ; some call this same divine being gebeleizis . every four years , they send a messenger to zalmoxis , who is chosen by chance . they ask him to tell zalmoxis what they want on that occasion . the mission is performed in the following way : men standing there for that purpose hold three spears ; other people take the one who is sent to zalmoxis by his hands and feet and fling him in the air on the spears . if he dies pierced , they think that the divinity is going to help them ; if he does not die , it is he who is accused and they declare that he is a bad person . and , after he has been charged , they send another one . the messenger is told the requests while he is still alive . the same thracians , on other occasions , when he thunders and lightens , shoot with arrows up in the air against the sky and menace the divinity because they think there is no god other than their own .
the fact that romanian folk mythology around their prophet elijah contains many elements of a god of the storm proves at least that gebeleizis was still active in the moment when dacia was christianised , whatever his name was in this era . it can also admits that subsequently a religious syncretism , encouraged by the high priest and the priestly class , ended up on confusing gebeleizis with zalmoxis
zalmoxis ( greek ζάλμοξις ) , is a divinity of the getae ( a people of the lower danube ) , mentioned by herodotus in his histories iv , 93–96 . in later interpretations , which begin with jordanes ( 6th century ac ) and have proliferated during the 19th and 20th century , mainly in romania , he was regarded as the sole god of the getae or as a legen . . .
we have conquered even these getai ( dacians ) , the most warlike of all people that have ever existed , not only because of the strength in their bodies , but , also due to the teachings of zalmoxis who is among their most hailed . he has told them that in their hearts they do not die , but change their location and , due to this , they go to their deaths happier than on any other journey .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 75e97d3c - 8b13 - 4b7e - ab69 - db43d76b2ccf
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : abccce18 - 40ee - 486f - 8d77 - eb807c84fc91
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c183c6a1 - 567a - 48ba - 91b3 - a24d406bb591
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 251960
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according to jordanes ' s getica , he was a learned philosopher , before whom two other learned men existed , by the names of zeuta and deceneus . [ 3 ]
this last theory precisely parallels the legend of the universal king frode given in both ynglingsaga and gesta danorum of saxo grammaticus , particularly ynglingsaga 12 and saxo 5 . 16 . 3 , in which frode disappears into the earth for three years after his death .
suggesting a relationship of the name of the goddess cybele , as
cybele ' s zeus
.
his realm as a god is not very clear , as some considered him to be a sky - god , a god of the dead , or a god of the mysteries .
lactantius ( an early christian author , c . 240–320 ad ) , referring to the religion of the getae , provides an approximate translation of julian the apostate ' s purported quotation of trajan :
the
zalmoxian religion
is the subject of a scholarly debate that has continued since the beginning of the 20th century . participants have included
( iași , 2008 ) , a work partly published only in french and not translated into english .
romanian orthodox authors such as jean coman considered this to be evidence that the daco - getae had a proto - christian belief and that , with the christianisation of romania , they were easily able to accept the christian faith . this idea appears in mircea păcurariu ' s history of the romanian orthodox church , which is deemed authoritative by that church .
( 1970 ) that the getae had a religion based on a rite of passage , in which ritual death was symbolized by disappearance into a cavern and was followed by ritual rebirth , symbolized by the leaving of the cavern .
the - m - l - variant is favoured by those wishing to derive the name from a conjectured thracian word for
earth
, * zamol . comparisons have also been made with the name of zemelo and žemelė , the phrygian and lithuanian goddess of the earth , and with the lithuanian chthonic god žemeliūkštis . the lithuanian word žalmuo means
corn shoot
or
fresh grass
. žalmokšnis is another possible form of it .
the - l - m - variant is admitted to be the older form and the correct form by the majority of thracologists , as this is the form found in the older herodotus manuscripts and other ancient sources . the - l - m - form is further attested in daco - thracian in zalmodegikos , the name of a getic king ; and in thracian zalmon , ' hide ' , and zelmis , ' hide ' ( pie * kel - , ' to cover ' ; cf . english helm ) .
for instance , hippolytus , refutation of all heresies , c . 2 , 24 ; porphyry , life of pythagoras .
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( from the article ` getae ` ) . . . the lower danube region and nearby plains . first appearing in the 6th century , the getae were subjected to scythian influence and were known as . . .
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world checklist of opiliones species ( arachnida ) . part 2 : laniatores – samooidea , zalmoxoidea and grassatores incertae sedis
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world checklist of opiliones species ( arachnida ) . part 2 : laniatores – samooidea , zalmoxoidea and grassatores incertae sedis
adriano b . kury , ‡ daniele r . souza , ‡ and abel pérez - gonzález §
corresponding author : adriano b . kury ( moc . liamg @ konairda ) .
copyright adriano b . kury , daniele r . souza , abel pérez - gonzález
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license 4 . 0 ( cc - by ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
including more than 6500 species , opiliones is the third most diverse order of arachnida , after the megadiverse acari and araneae . this database is part 2 of 12 of a project containing an intended worldwide checklist of species and subspecies of opiliones , and it includes the members of the suborder laniatores , infraorder grassatores of the superfamilies samooidea and zalmoxoidea plus the genera currently not allocated to any family ( i . e . grassatores incertae sedis ) . in this part 2 , a total of 556 species and subspecies are listed .
this project is a checklist of all valid specific and subspecific names ( counted together ) of the arachnid order opiliones . theproject intends to deliver 12 parts for ease of handling and preparing manuscripts . this is part 2 of 12 , which covers the grassatores incertae sedis as well as the two grassatorean superfamilies samooidea and zalmoxoidea .
adriano b . kury ( author , content provider , metadata provider ) , amanda c . mendes ( author , content provider ) . abel pérez - gonzález ( author , content provider ) . daniele r . souza ( author , content provider ) .
this project aims to produce a general checklist of all the valid species and subspecies ( which are countedtogether ) names of harvestmen of the world ( arachnida , order opiliones ) . that is , only senior homonyms and synonyms are included . alternative unused combinations are not listed .
this study has been supported by grants # 562149 / 2010 - 4 ( protax - opesc project ) , # 504327 / 2012 - 7 ( sistema deinformacões sobre a biodiversidade brasileira ( sib - br ) - coleções biológicas ) and scholarship # 302116 / 2010 - 9 ( pq - amma project ) from the conselho nacional de desenvolvimento cientffico e tecnológico ( cnpq ) to abk / drs and grant foncyt pict 2011 - 1007 to apg .
general spatial coverage : worldwide . there is no laurasian ( nearctic + palearctic ) representative of the groups treated here . both samooidea and zalmoxoidea reach their diversity peak in the neotropics .
the 2 superfamilies plus the unassigned taxa comprise 341 neotropical species , 91 afrotropical , 62 australasian , 62 indomalayan , totaling 556 species worldwide .
pocock , 1903 ) , with 131 species from the tropics , absent from laurasia .
) , with 48 species , mainly from neotropics , but also from australasia and seychelles .
samoidae , pellobunus cf . insularis banks , 1905 , from boca del toro , panama . photo courtesy gonzalo giribet .
stygnommatidae , stygnomma sp . , from siquirres , costa rica . photo by abel pérez - gonzález .
zalmoxidae , pirassunungoleptes sp . , from amazonas , brazil . photo and id courtesy gonzalo giribet .
zalmoxidae , panopiliops reimoseri ( roewer , 1949 ) , from botanical garden , laguna lodge , vic . tortuguero , costa rica . photo and id courtesy marshal hedin . picture online at link .
kury , a . b . & souza , d . r . ( 2014 ) part 2 : laniatores – samooidea , zalmoxoidea and grassatores incertae sedis . opiliones2
darwin core archive world checklist of opiliones species ( arachnida ) . part 2 : laniatores – samooidea , zalmoxoidea and grassatores incertae sedis
a single word starting in lower case . but it is very rare in this set . mostly it is blank .
they are all valid at this stage . in the future the database may also contain junior synonyms and replaced homonyms
brief description : this database is part 2 of 12 of a project containing an intended worldwide checklist of species and subspecies of opiliones , and it includes the superfamilies samooidea and zalmoxoidea plus the grassatores currently not allocated to any family . in this part 2 , a total of 556 species and subspecies are listed
the authors wish to thank gonzalo giribet , marshal hedin and james koh for the license to use their photographs here . stuart longhorn and shahan derkarabetian provided insightful criticism during the review process .
abk surveyed the taxonomy and nomenclatural acts on the literature , prepared the original species list , redacted the historical systematic information and drafted the manuscript .
drs organized the final database , saw to its upload , migrated fields to the darwin core archive format and obtained microscopic images of harvestmen .
giribet g . , kury a . b . chapter 3 . phylogeny and biogeography . in : pinto - da - rocha r . , , machado g . , giribet g , editors .
giribet g . , vogt l . , pérez a . , sharma p . , kury a . a multilocus approach to harvestmen phylogeny with emphasis on biogeography and the phylogeny of laniatores .
gonzález - sponga m . a . arácnidos de venezuela . una nueva familia , dos nuevos géneros y dos nuevas especies de opiliones laniatores .
goodnight c . j . , goodnight m . l . phalangids from central america and the west indies .
goodnight c . j . , goodnight m . l . phalangida from tropical america .
goodnight c . j . , goodnight m . l . opiliones of the family phalangodidae found in costa rica .
henriksen k . l . descriptiones laniatorum ( arachnidorum opilionum subordinis ) fecit william sørensen . opus posthumum recognovit et edidit kai l . henriksen .
karsch f . a . f . arachnologische blätter ( decas i ) . ix . neue phalangiden des berliner museums . zeitschrift für die gesammten naturwissenschaften .
kauri h . opiliones . in : hanström b . , , brinck p , rudebeck g . , editors .
south african animal life . results of the lund university expedition in 1950 - 1951 .
annalen zoologische wetenschappen , musée royal de l ' afrique centrale ( tervuren ) , ( sci . zool . )
kury a . b . análise filogenética de gonyleptoidea ( arachnida , opiliones , laniatores ) in : paulo universidade de são . , editor .
kury a . b . epedanidae sørensen , 1886 . in : pinto - da - rocha r . , machado g . , giribet g . , editors .
kury a . b . , cokendolpher j . c . opiliones . in : papavero n , llorente j . , garcía - aldrete , editors .
biodiversidad , taxonomía y biogeografía de artrópodos de méxico : hacia una síntesis de su conocimiento .
kury a . b . , pérez - gonzález a . escadabiidae kury and pérez in kury , 2003 . in : pinto - da - rocha r . , machado g . , giribet g . , editors .
kury a . b . , chagas - jr a . , giupponi a . p . l . , pérez - g a . amblypygi , opiliones , schizomida , scorpiones and chilopoda , tocantins , brazil .
lawrence r . f . a small collection of opiliones from the ivory coast of west africa .
loman j . c . c . beiträge zur kenntniss der fauna von süd - afrika . ergebnisse einer reise von prof . max weber im jahre 1894 . iv . neue opilioniden von süd - afrika und madagaskar .
zoologische jahrbücher , jena , abteilung für systematik , ökologie und geographie der tiere .
martens j . opiliones aus dem nepal - himalaya . iv . biantidae ( arachnida ) .
mello - leitão c . f . notas sobre os opiliões do brasil descritos na obra póstuma de sörensen :
descriptiones laniatorum
.
mello - leitão c . f . considerações sobre os phalangodoidea soer . com descrição de novas formas .
mello - leitão c . f . de . famílias , subfamília , espécies generos novos de opiliões e notas de sinonimia .
pavesi p . aracnidi del regno di scioa . spedizione italiana nell ' africa equatoriale . risultati zoologici .
pérez - gonzález a . revisão sistemática e análise filogenética de stygnommatidae ( arachnida , opiliones ) in : ppgzoo , editor .
programa de pós - graduação em ciências biológicas ( zoologia ) , museu nacional , universidade federal do rio de janeiro ; rio de janeiro : 2006 . 99 figs . , 308
pérez - gonzález a . , kury a . b . kimulidae pérez gonzález , kury and alonso - zarazaga , new name . in : pinto - da - rocha r , machado g . , giribet g . , editors .
pérez - gonzález a . , kury a . b . samoidae sørensen , 1886 . in : pinto - da - rocha r . , machado g . , giribet g . , editors .
pinto - da - rocha r . , kury a . b . third species of guasiniidae ( opiliones , laniatores ) with comments on familial relationships .
pinto - da - rocha r . , benedetti a . r . , vasconcelos e . g . , hara m . r . new systematic assignments in gonyleptoidea ( arachnida , opiliones , laniatores )
pocock r . i . on some new harvest - spiders of the order opiliones from the southern continents .
rambla m . opiliones de ecuador continental , tres n . sp . del genero
mission zoologique belge aux îles galapagos et en ecuador ( n . et j . leleup , 1964–5 ) . resultats scientifiques .
rambla m . contributions à l ' étude de la faune terrestre des îles granitiques de l ' archipel des sechelles ( mission p . l . g . benoit - j . j van mol 1972 ) . opiliones ( arachnida )
roewer c . f . die familien der assamiiden und phalangodiden der opiliones - laniatores . ( = assamiden , dampetriden , phalangodiden , epedaniden , biantiden , zalmoxiden , samoiden , palpipediden anderer autoren )
roewer c . f . die weberknechte der erde . systematische bearbeitung der bisher bekannten opiliones .
roewer c . f . weitere weberknechte i . ( 1 . ergänzung der :
weberknechte der erde ,
1923 )
roewer c . f . weitere weberknechte ii . ( 2 . ergänzung der weberknechte der erde , 1923 )
roewer c . f . ergebnisse der österreichischen biologischen costa - rica - expedition 1930 . iv . teil . opilioniden .
roewer c . f . über einige arachniden ( opiliones und araneae ) der orientalischen und australischen region .
sharma p . new australasian zalmoxidae ( opiliones : laniatores ) and a new case of male polymorphism in opiliones .
sharma p . , kury a . b . , giribet g . the zalmoxidae ( arachnida : opiliones : laniatores ) of the paleotropics : a catalogue of southeast asian and indo - pacific species .
sharma p . , prieto c . e . , giribet g . a new family of laniatores ( arachnida : opiliones ) from the afrotropics .
sharma p . p . , giribet g . out of the neotropics : late cretaceous colonization of australasia by american arthropods .
sharma prashant p , giribet gonzalo . a revised dated phylogeny of the arachnid order opiliones .
šilhavý v . two new systematic groups of gonyleptomorphid phalangids from the antillean - caribbean region , agoristenidae fam . n . , and caribbiantinae subfam . n . ( arachn . : opilionidea )
šilhavý v . further cavernicolous opilionids from mexico . subterr . fauna of mexico , 3 .
šilhavý v . new american representatives of the subfamily samoinae ( opiliones , phalangodidae , arach . )
simon e . matériaux pour servir a la faune arachnologique de l ' asie méridionale . i . arachnides recueillis à wagra - karoor près gundacul , district de bellary , par m . m . chaper .
soares h . e . m . novos opiliões da coleção
otto schubart
( opiliones : cosmetidae , gonyleptidae , phalangodidae ) .
soares h . e . m . , avram ş . opilionides du venezuela .
sørensen w . e . opiliones . in : koch l . , keyserling e . von , editors .
sørensen w . e . opiliones laniatores a cl . dr . yngwe sjöstedt in kamerun ( africa centrali ) collectos .
staręga w . harvestmen ( opiliones ) from the mascarene islands and resurrection of the family zalmoxidae .
thorell t . t . t . aracnidi artrogastri birmani raccolti da l . fea nel 1885–1887 . viaggio di leonardo fea in birmania e regione vicine . xxi .
thorell t . t . t . aracnidi di pinang raccolti nel 1889 dai sig . ri l . loria e l . fea .
thorell t . t . t . opilioni nuovi o poco conosciuti dell´arcipelago malese .
for the following reasons : prosoma divided into two regions , the posterior formed by the fusion of the meso - and metapeltidium ; palp lacking a terminal claw , with clavate setae , and tarsus considerably shorter than the tibia . the bilobed , anteriorly projecting ocular tubercle is reminiscent of that of ortholasmatine nemastomatids . the status of other mesozoic fossils referred to
) from the cretaceous ( ca . 99 ma ) burmese amber of myanmar reveals a fully extended penis . this is the first record of a male copulatory organ of this nature preserved in amber and is of special importance due to the age of the deposit . the penis has a slender , distally flattened truncus , a spatulate heart - shaped glans and a short distal stylus , twisted at the tip . in living harvestmen , the penis yields crucial characters for their systematics . male genital morphology in h . grimaldii appears to be unique among the wider
clade to which this fossil belongs . the large eyes in the fossil differ markedly from other members of the subfamily ortholasmatinae to which h . grimaldii was originally referred . based on recent data , it has been argued that large eyes may be plesiomorphic for palpatores ( i . e . the suborders eupnoi and
) , potentially rendering this character plesiomorphic for the fossil too . thus , the unique structure of the penis seen here , and the probable lack of diaphanous teeth , present in all other extant non - acropsopilionid
, suggest that h . grimaldii represents a new , extinct family of large - eyed dyspnoid harvestmen , halithersidae fam . nov . ; a higher taxon in amber diagnosed here on both somatic and genital characters .
dunlop , jason a . ; selden , paul a . ; giribet , gonzalo
) are especially dependent on chemical cues and are often regarded as animals that rely mainly on contact chemoreception . information on
from brazil and the first blind species of the genus : iandumoema smeagol sp . n . ( arachnida ,
giribet , gonzalo ; edgecombe , gregory d . ; wheeler , ward c . ; babbitt , courtney
were studied on the basis of a combined analysis of 253 morphological characters , the complete sequence of the 18s rrna gene , and the d3 region of the 28s rrna gene . molecular data were collected for 63 terminal taxa . morphological data were collected for 35 exemplar taxa of
, but groundplans were applied to some of the remaining chelicerate groups . six extinct terminals , including paleozoic scorpions , are scored for morphological characters . the data were analyzed using strict parsimony for the morphological data matrix and via direct optimization for the molecular and combined data matrices . a sensitivity analysis of 15 parameter sets was undertaken , and character congruence was used as the optimality criterion to choose among competing hypotheses . the results obtained are unstable for the high - level chelicerate relationships ( except for tetrapulmonata , pedipalpi , and camarostomata ) , and the sister group of the
is not clearly established , although the monophyly of dromopoda is supported under many parameter sets . however , the internal phylogeny of the
is robust to parameter choice and allows the discarding of previous hypotheses of opilionid phylogeny such as the
cyphopalpatores
or
palpatores .
the topology obtained is congruent with the previous hypothesis of
palpatores
paraphyly as follows : ( cyphophthalmi ( eupnoi (
, and laniatores ( the latter two united as dyspnolaniatores nov . ) is also stable to the superfamily level , permitting a new classification system for the
are iconic arachnids with a palaeozoic origin and a diversity that reflects ancient biogeographic patterns dating back at least to the times of pangea . owing to interest in
diversity , evolution and biogeography , their relationships have been thoroughly studied using morphology and pcr - based sanger approaches to infer their systematic relationships . more recently , two studies utilized transcriptomics - based phylogenomics to explore their basal relationships and diversification , but sampling was limiting for understanding deep evolutionary patterns , as they lacked good taxon representation at the family level . here , we analysed a set of the 14 existing transcriptomes with 40 additional ones generated for this study , representing approximately 80 % of the extant familial diversity in
are one of the largest arachnid orders , with more than 6 , 500 species in 50 families . many of these families have been erected or reorganized in the last few years since the publication of the biology of
as test cases to address biogeographic and evolutionary questions more broadly . accelerated activity in the study of
fossil , which represents a new , extinct suborder . study of the group ' s biology has also benefited from rapid accrual of genomic resources , particularly with respect to transcriptomes and functional genetic tools . the rapid emergence and utility of phalangium opilio as a model for evolutionary developmental biology of arthropods serve as demonstrative evidence of a new area of study in
strong sexual selection may lead small males or males in poor condition to adopt alternative reproductive tactics ( arts ) as a way to avoid the risk of being completely excluded from the mating pool . arts , sometimes accompanying morphological dimorphism among males , are taxonomically widespread , especially common in arthropods . here we review the current knowledge on arts and male dimorphism in a diverse but relatively overlooked group of arachnids , the order
, popularly known as harvestmen or daddy long - legs . we begin with a summary of
mating systems , followed by a review of the two lines of evidence for the presence of arts in the group : ( 1 ) morphological data from natural populations and museum collections ; and ( 2 ) behavioral information from field studies . despite receiving less attention than spiders , scorpions and insects , our review shows that harvestmen are an exciting group of organisms that are potentially great models for sexual selection studies focused on arts . we also suggest that investigating the proximate mechanisms underlying male dimorphism in the order would be especially important . new research on arts and male dimorphism will have implications for our understanding of the evolution of mating systems , sperm competition , and polyandry . this article is part of a special issue entitled : neotropical behaviour . copyright â© 2014 elsevier b . v . all rights reserved .
vergara , julia ; gonzã¡lez - ittig , raãºl e . ; vaschetto , luis m . ; gardenal , cristina n .
, laniatores , phalangodidae ) , with evidence for a biogeographic link between california desert canyons and arizona sky islands .
recent studies indicate that a newly described bacterial endosymbiont , cardinium , is widespread in arthropods and induces different reproductive manipulations in hosts . in this study , we used a portion of the 16s rrna gene of the cardinium to screen 16 opilionid species from the suborder palptores . we found the incidence of cardinium in these
was significantly higher than in other pooled arthropods ( 31 . 2 % versus 7 . 2 % , p = 0 . 007 ) . phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony ( mp ) and bayesian analysis revealed two distinct clades in
and cardinium from other arthropods is greater than among cardinium found in other arthropods , all are monophyletic with respect to the outgroup bacteria ( endosymbionts of acanthamoeba ) . based on high pairwise genetic distances , deep branch , and a distinct phylogenetic grouping , we conclude that some
harbor a newly discovered cardinium clade . copyright â© 2010 elsevier inc . all rights reserved .
is the third most diverse order of arachnida , after the megadiverse acari and araneae . this database is part 2 of 12 of a project containing an intended worldwide checklist of species and subspecies of
, and it includes the members of the suborder laniatores , infraorder grassatores of the superfamilies samooidea and zalmoxoidea plus the genera currently not allocated to any family ( i . e . grassatores incertae sedis ) . in this part 2 , a total of 556 species and subspecies are listed . pmid : 26752965
) . harvestmen accessible datasets in iberian peninsula are unknown , an only two other datasets available in gbif are composed exclusively of harvestmen records . moreover , only a few harvestmen data from iberian peninsula are available in gbif network ( or in any network that allows public retrieval or use these data ) . this paper describes the data associated with the
naturally occurring population variation in reproductive mode presents an opportunity for researchers to test hypotheses regarding the evolution of sex . asexual reproduction frequently assumes a geographical pattern , in which parthenogenesis - dominated populations are more broadly dispersed than their sexual conspecifics . we evaluate the geographical distribution of genomic signatures associated with parthenogenesis using nuclear and mitochondrial dna sequence data from two japanese
abstract the genus trilasma goodnight & goodnight , 1942 is reinstated for mexican ortholasmatines , and cladolasma suzuki , 1963 is reinstated for two species from japan and thailand , cladolasma parvula suzuki , comb . n . and cladolasma angka ( schwendinger & gruber ) , comb . n . eight new species in the subfamily ortholasmatinae shear & gruber , 1983 are described , as follows : ortholasma colossus sp . n . is from california , trilasma tempestado sp . n . , trilasma hidalgo sp . n . , trilasma trispinosum sp . n . , trilasma ranchonuevo sp . n . , trilasma petersprousei sp . n . and trilasma chipinquensis , sp . n . are from mã©xico , and trilasma tropicum sp . n . from honduras , the farthest south for a dyspnoan
in the new world . a new distribution record for martensolasma jocheni shear 2006 is given . the recently described upper cretaceous amber fossil halitherses grimaldii giribet & dunlop 2005 is not a member of the ortholasmatinae , but is likely a troguloidean of an undiagnosed family . pmid : 21594124
) of southern africa with description of new species and comments on within - species variation .
ceccarelli , f . sara ; monte , bruno g . o . ; proud , daniel n . ; dasilva , mã¡rcio bernardino ; bichuette , maria e .
background many cave - dwelling animal species display similar morphologies ( troglomorphism ) that have evolved convergent within and among lineages under the similar selective pressures imposed by cave habitats . here we study such ecomorphological evolution in cave - dwelling sclerobuninae harvestmen (
) from the western united states , providing general insights into morphological homoplasy , rates of morphological change , and the temporal context of cave evolution . methodology / principal findings we gathered dna sequence data from three independent gene regions , and combined these data with bayesian hypothesis testing , morphometrics analysis , study of penis morphology , and relaxed molecular clock analyses . using multivariate morphometric analysis , we find that phylogenetically unrelated taxa have convergently evolved troglomorphism ; alternative phylogenetic hypotheses involving less morphological convergence are not supported by bayesian hypothesis testing . in one instance , this morphology is found in specimens from a high - elevation stony debris habitat , suggesting that troglomorphism can evolve in non - cave habitats . we discovered a strong positive relationship between troglomorphy index and relative divergence time , making it possible to predict taxon age from morphology . most of our time estimates for the origin of highly - troglomorphic cave forms predate the pleistocene . conclusions / significance while several regions in the eastern and central united states are well - known hotspots for cave evolution , few modern phylogenetic studies have addressed the evolution of cave - obligate species in the western united states . our integrative studies reveal the recurrent evolution of troglomorphism in a perhaps unexpected geographic region , at surprisingly deep time depths , and in sometimes surprising habitats . because some newly discovered troglomorphic populations represent undescribed species , our findings stress the need for further biological exploration , integrative
. these glands produce a variety of chemicals very specific to opilionid taxa of different taxonomic levels , and thus represent a model system to investigate the evolutionary traits in exocrine secretion chemistry across a phylogenetically old group of animals . the chemically best - studied opilionid group is certainly laniatores , and currently available chemical data allow first hypotheses linking the phylogeny of this group to the evolution of major chemical classes of secretion chemistry . such hypotheses are essential to decide upon a best - fitting explanation of the distribution of scent - gland secretion compounds across extant laniatorean taxa , and hence represent a key toward a well - founded opilionid chemosystematics . pmid : 26074662
( arachnida ) : a comment on the evolutionary history of alkylphenols and benzoquinones in the scent gland secretions of laniatores .
. these glands produce a variety of chemicals very specific to opilionid taxa of different taxonomic levels , and thus represent a model system to investigate the evolutionary traits in exocrine secretion chemistry across a phylogenetically old group of animals . the chemically best - studied opilionid group is certainly laniatores , and currently available chemical data allow first hypotheses linking the phylogeny of this group to the evolution of major chemical classes of secretion chemistry . such hypotheses are essential to decide upon a best - fitting explanation of the distribution of scent - gland secretion compounds across extant laniatorean taxa , and hence represent a key toward a well - founded opilionid chemosystematics .
a new species of leiobunum from arizona , u . s . a . highlights the limits of typological classification in harvestmen (
the early devonian rhynie and windyfield cherts remain a key locality for understanding early life and ecology on land . they host the oldest unequivocal nematode worm ( nematoda ) , which may also offer the earliest evidence for herbivory via plant parasitism . the trigonotarbids ( arachnida : trigonotarbida ) preserve the oldest book lungs and were probably predators that practiced liquid feeding . the oldest mites ( arachnida : acariformes ) are represented by taxa which include mycophages and predators on nematodes today . the earliest
a new monster from southwest oregon forests : cryptomaster behemoth sp . n . (
starrett , james ; derkarabetian , shahan ; richart , casey h . ; cabrero , allan ; hedin , marshal
abstract praelibitia roewer , 1956 and its type species , praelibitia titicaca roewer , 1956 , are respectively synonymized with platygyndes roewer , 1943 and its type species platygyndes titicaca roewer , 1943 , and furthermore the genus is transferred from the gonyleptidae to the cosmetidae . on the basis of domed and unarmed ocularium , increased number of granules on scutal areas , unarmed dorsal scutum and general body shape , platygyndes seems to be closely related to moselabius roewer , 1956 and caracarana roewer , 1956 . external morphological characters that are useful to revealing relationships among cosmetid genera are discussed . pmid : 22144863
praelibitia roewer , 1956 and its type species , praelibitia titicaca roewer , 1956 , are respectively synonymized with platygyndes roewer , 1943 and its type species platygyndes titicaca roewer , 1943 , and furthermore the genus is transferred from the gonyleptidae to the cosmetidae . on the basis of domed and unarmed ocularium , increased number of granules on scutal areas , unarmed dorsal scutum and general body shape , platygyndes seems to be closely related to moselabius roewer , 1956 and caracarana roewer , 1956 . external morphological characters that are useful to revealing relationships among cosmetid genera are discussed .
burns , mercedes m . ; hedin , marshal ; shultz , jeffrey w .
gluing the ' unwettable ' : soil - dwelling harvestmen use viscoelastic fluids for capturing springtails .
gluing can be a highly efficient mechanism of prey capture , as it should require less complex sensory - muscular feedback . whereas it is well known in insects , this mechanism is much less studied in arachnids , except spiders . soil - dwelling harvestmen (
, nemastomatidae ) bear drumstick - like glandular hairs ( clavate setae ) at their pedipalps , which were previously hypothesized to be sticky and used in prey capture . however , clear evidence for this was lacking to date . using high - speed videography , we found that the
å å¥ã¡hlavskã½ , frantiå¡ek ; opatova , vera ; just , pavel ; lotz , leon n . ; haddad , charles r .
parainitraceras pickardcanibridgei sp . nov . and paramitraceras tzotzil sp . nov . from chiapas , mexico are described based on specimens previously determined as paramitraceras granulatum pickard - cambridge , 1905 by goodnight and goodnight . the male genitalia of the new species and p . granulatum are illustrated with scanning electronic micrographs ( sems ) or drawings derived from them . the importance of the ocular tubercle , cheliceral dentition and sexual dimorphism , pedipalpal armature and male genitalia as taxonomic characters within the genus is discussed as well as differences and similarities between paramitraceras pickard - cambridge , 1905 and its most similar genus , sbordonia å ilhavã½ , 1977 .
analyses of the chief volatile constituents of the defensive secretions of three oplionids were carried out . leiobunum nigripalpi produces three closely related c7 compounds : e - 4 - methyl - 4 - hexen - 3 - one ( i ) , 4 - methylhexan - 3 - one ( ii ) , and 4 - methylhexan - 3 - ol ( iii ) , along with e - 4 - methyl - 4 - hepten - 3 - one ( iv ) , e , e - 2 , 4 - dimethylhexa - 2 , 4 - dienal ( ix ) , and a minor , unidentified component . l . leiopenis secretion contains e - 4 - methyl - 4 - hepten - 3 - one ( iv ) , 4 - methylheptan - 3 - one ( v ) , e , e - 2 , 4 - dimethylhexa - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol ( vii ) , and e , e - 2 , 4 - dimethylhepta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol ( viii ) . l . calcar yields chiefly e - 4 , 6 - dimethyl - 6 - octen - 3 - one ( vi ) and e , e - 2 , 4 - dimethylhexa - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol ( vii ) . six of these compounds are new natural products . the structures of these compounds , which can be regarded either as polyketide - derived or as modified isoprenoids , raise interesting biosynthetic questions .
analyses of the chief volatile constituents of the defensive secretions of three oplionids were carried out . leiobunum nigripalpi produces three closely related c7 compounds : e - 4 - methyl - 4 - hexen - 3 - one ( i ) , 4 - methylhexan - 3 - one ( ii ) , and 4 - methylhexan - 3 - ol ( iii ) , along with e - 4 - methyl - 4 - hepten - 3 - one ( iv ) , e , e - 2 , 4 - dimethylhexa - 2 , 4 - dienal ( ix ) , and a minor , unidentified component . l . leiopenis secretion contains e - 4 - methyl - 4 - hepten - 3 - one ( iv ) , 4 - methylheptan - 3 - one ( v ) , e , e - 2 , 4 - dimethylhexa - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol ( vii ) , and e , e - 2 , 4 - dimethylhepta - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol ( viii ) . l . calcar yields chiefly e - 4 , 6 - dimethyl - 6 - octen - 3 - one ( vi ) and e , e - 2 , 4 - dimethylhexa - 2 , 4 - dien - 1 - ol ( vii ) . six of these compounds are new natural products . the structures of these compounds , which can be regarded either as polyketide - derived or as modified isoprenoids , raise interesting biosynthetic questions . pmid : 265514
, laniatores , sclerobunus robustus ) from montane sky islands of western north america .
three new brazilian species of holcobunus roewer , 1910 are described , thus increasing the total number of species in the genus to five : holcobunus bicornutus mello - leitã£o , 1940 , h . nigripalpis roewer , 1910 , holcobunus dissimilis sp . nov . ( type locality : espãrito santo , santa teresa , reserva biologia augusto ruschi ) , holcobunus ibitirama sp . nov . ( type locality : espãrito santo , ibitirama , santa marta , close to parque nacional caparaã³ ) , and holcobunus uaisoh sp . nov . ( type locality : minas gerais , fervedouro , parque estadual serra do brigadeiro ) . a new record for holcobunus nigripalpis roewer , 1910 from minas gerais is also provided and the morphological variation in both penis and somatic morphology in the genus are presented and discussed . these observations enhance our understanding of both the diversity and distribution of holcobunus .
jay , katya r . ; popkin - hall , zachary r . ; coblens , michelle j . ; oberski , jill t . ; sharma , prashant p . ; boyer , sarah l .
. . . / absence surveys for the following species : texas blind salamander ( typhlomolge rathbuni ) , barton springs salamander ( eurycea sosorum ) , mexican long - nosed bat ( leptonycteris nivalis ) , american burying beetle . . . cupido attwateri ) barton springs salamander ( eurycea sosorum ) bee creek cave
effects of persistent insecticides on beneficial soil arthropod in conventional fields compared to organic fields , puducherry .
the usage of synthetic fertilizers / insecticides in conventional farming has dramatically increased over the past decades . the aim of the study was to compare the effects of bio - pesticides and insecticides / pesticides on selected beneficial non targeted arthropods . orders collembola , arachinida /
, oribatida and coleoptera were the main groups of arthropods found in the organic fields and coleoptera , oribatida , gamasida and collembola in conventional fields . pesticides / insecticides had a significant effect on non - targeted arthropods order - collembola , arachinida /
, hymenoptera and thysonoptera were suppressed after pesticides / insecticides spraying . bio - insecticides in organic fields had a non - significant effect on non targeted species and they started to increase in abundance after 7 days of spraying , whereas insecticide treatment in conventional fields had a significant long - term effect on non targeted arthropods and short term effect on pests / insects , it started to increase after 21 days of the spraying . these results indicate that insecticide treatment kept non targeted arthropods at low abundance . in conclusion , organic farming does not significantly affected the beneficial - non targeted arthropods biodiversity , whereas preventive insecticide application in conventional fields had significant negative effects on beneficial non targeted arthropods . therefore , conventional farmers should restrict insecticide applications , unless pest densities reach the thresholds and more desirably can switch to organic farming practices .
organic vs . organic - soil arthropods as bioindicators of ecological sustainability in greenhouse system experiment under mediterranean conditions .
organic greenhouse ( ogh ) production is characterized by different systems and agricultural practices with diverse environmental impact . soil arthropods are widely used as bioindicators of ecological sustainability in open field studies , while there is a lack of research on organic production for protected systems . this study assessed the soil arthropod abundance and diversity over a 2 - year crop rotation in three systems of ogh production in the mediterranean . the systems under assessment differed in soil fertility management : subst - a simplified system of organic production , based on an input substitution approach ( use of guano and organic liquid fertilizers ) , agrocom - soil fertility mainly based on compost application and agroecological services crops ( asc ) cultivation ( tailored use of cover crops ) as part of crop rotation , and agroman - animal manure and asc cultivation as part of crop rotation . monitoring of soil fauna was performed by using pitfall traps and seven taxa were considered : carabidae , staphylinidae , araneae ,
, isopoda , myriapoda , and collembola . results demonstrated high potential of asc cultivation as a technique for beneficial soil arthropod conservation in ogh conditions . subst system was dominated by collembola in all crops , while agroman and agrocom had more balanced relative abundance of isopoda , staphylinidae , and aranea .
and myriapoda were more affected by season , while carabidae were poorly represented in the whole monitoring period . despite the fact that all three production systems are in accordance with the european union regulation on organic farming , findings of this study displayed significant differences among them and confirmed the suitability of soil arthropods as bioindicators in protected systems of organic farming .
animals often rely on events in their environment that provide information ( i . e . experience ) to alter their future decision - making in ways that are presumed to be beneficial . such experience - based learning , however , does not always lead to adaptive decision - making . in this study , we use the omnivorous
heteromitobates discolor to explore the role of past diet on subsequent food choice and survival . we first tested whether a short - term homogeneous diet ( rotten crickets , fresh crickets or dog food ) influenced subsequent food choice ( rotten cricket versus fresh cricket ) . we next examine the impact of diet on survival . we found that following experience with a homogeneous cricket diet , adult harvestmen displayed a learned preference for familiar food , regardless of whether it was rotten or fresh crickets ; individuals experiencing dog food were equally likely to choose rotten versus fresh crickets . we additionally found that individuals that ate rotten crickets suffered shorter survival than those that ate fresh crickets . together , our results suggest that the diet an individual experiences can lead to maladaptive food preferences - preferences that ultimately result in reduced longevity . â© 2016 the author ( s ) .
despite several important discoveries , extending over more than 120 years , our knowledge of early land vertebrates is still sparse . the earliest tetrapod remains are known from the upper devonian of east greenland1 - 3 and australia4 - 6 , but the tetrapod fossil record does not become plentiful until coal measure times , in the upper carboniferous , some 50 myr later . finds in the lower carboniferous are very few indeed . apart from two localities in west virginia , usa7 , 8 , and one in nova scotia , canada9 , all other lower carboniferous tetrapod sites are from the visã©an of fife and the lothian region , scotland10 , 11 . we report here the discovery of an assemblage of terrestrial animals from a new lower carboniferous locality in the lothian region . specimens were collected from the east kirkton limestone in the brigantian stage of the scottish visã©an , and include the first articulated amphibian skeleton to be found in the lower carboniferous of europe in the twentieth century . this find is the earliest well - preserved amphibian skeleton ever discovered . the associated fauna is remarkable for the presence of myriapods , scorpions , the earliest known


macroparalepis affinis is a species of fish which belongs to the paralepididae ( barracudas ) family .

the scientific name of this species was first published in 1933 by ege

macroparalepis affinis

scientific synonyms and common names macroparalepis affinis ege , 1933 synonyms : macroparalepis affinis ege , 1933 , vidensk . meddr dansk naturh . foren . , 94 : 231 - 232 ( ' south - west of canary islands ' , 25°07 ' n . , 19°20 ' w . ) . holotype : zmuc no . p 23457 . macroparalepis affinis : maul , 1945 : 28 - 31 , fig . 8 ege , 1957 : 49 - 54 , 59 - 67 , 87 - 89 , fig . 12 , 23 haedrich & nielsen , 1966 : 913 parin et al . , 1969 : 422 post , 1970 : 171 - 193 , fig . 1 - 13 . macroparalepis affine : harry , 1951 : 31 - 32 ; 1953 : 240 - 241 , fig . 17 - 18 weitzman , 1967 : 538 fourmanoir , 1969 : 56 . macroparalepis affine americana rofen , 1963 , aquatica , 2 : 2 - 3 ( ' western atlantic ' , 29° 00 ' n . , 76° 23 ' w . ) . holotype : usnm no . 195936 , 23 paratypes . macroparalepis affine americana : rofen , 1966 : 392 - 406 , fig . 135 , 138a , 139 . macroparalepis affine affine : rofen , 1966 : 392 - 406 , fig . 136 - 137 , 139 , partim , 140 . common names : none
ege , v . 1957 . paralepididae ii ( macroparalepis ) . taxonomy , ontogeny , phylogeny and distribution . dana rep . , 8 ( 43 ) : 1 - 101 , fig . 1 - 24 .
( of macroparalepis affine ege , 1933 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of macroparalepis affine americana rofen , 1963 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
post , a . 1970 . ergebnisse da forschungsreisen des ffs ' walther herwig ' nach süd - amerika . xiv . macroparalepis ( osteichthyes , iniomi , paralepididae ) . arch . fischwiss . , 21 ( 3 ) : 165 - 204 , 14 fig .
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
moore , j . a . , m . vecchione , b . b . collette , and r . gibbons . ( 2002 ) the fauna of bear seamount ( new england seamount chain ) , and the presence of
natural invader
species . paper cm 2002 / m : 25 , ices annual science conference and ices centenary , 1 - 5 october 2002 , copenhagen [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 0 - 2000 m ( ref . 4473 ) . deep - water
atlantic ocean : antitropical in distribution . known only from stomachs of alepisaurus in the south pacific .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 55 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4056 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 - 14 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 24 - 28 . body pale with black dorsal band ( ref . 4056 ) .
epipelagic to bathypelagic , young mainly at the surface and to 200 m , adults at 400 - 2 , 000 m ( ref . 4473 ) . carnivorous ( ref . 5759 ) .
post , a . , 1990 . paralepididae . p . 373 - 384 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei , paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4473 )
) : 1 - 12 . 8 , mean 8 . 3 ( based on 525 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5078 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00324 ( 0 . 00121 - 0 . 00866 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 85 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 7 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate vulnerability ( 44 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 3 february 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 5 february 2015 ) .
justification : european regional assessment : not applicable ( na ) this species is assessed as not applicable as it has a marginal occurrence in europe . its european population is considered to represent less than 1 % of the global population .
this species is known from the northern and southern temperate atlantic and in the southern pacific . off western africa , it is found from morocco south to angola and the cape verde islands . it is also found from st . helena . it has a depth range of 50 - 2 , 000 m ( bordes caballero et al . 2009 ) . additional collecting in the central part of its range is required to establish its presence there . in the european region the fish is known from portugal ( the azores archipelago and madeira ; carneiro et al . 2014 ) , and from spain ( the canaries ; bordes caballero et al . 2009 ) .
this is a temperate , pelagic species found from 50 - 2 , 000 m ; it is primarily the larvae that occur in the shallower parts of this depth range . there is little information about its feeding habits , however , it likely feeds on pelagic fishes and crustaceans . it is also a food fish for other pelagic organisms .
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justification : this species is known from the northern and southern temperate atlantic , as well as the southern pacific . in western africa , it is found from morocco south to angola and the cape verde islands . it is also found from st . helena . it has a depth range of 50 - 2 , 000 m . additional collecting in the central part of its range is required to establish its presence there . this species is not utilized , and there are no major threats known to affect it . it is listed as least concern with a need for more research concerning its distribution and abundance , as well as habitat and ecology .
this species is known from the northern and southern temperate atlantic , as well as the southern pacific . in western africa , it is found from morocco south to angola and the cape verde islands , although the north and south subpopulations are disjunct . it is also found from st . helena . it has a depth range of 50 - 2 , 000 m . additional collecting in the central part of its range is required to establish its presence there .
angola ; argentina ; bahamas ; bermuda ; brazil ; canada ; cape verde ; chile ; falkland islands ( malvinas ) ; france ( france ( mainland ) ) ; gambia ; ireland ; mauritania ; morocco ; namibia ; portugal ( azores , madeira , portugal ( mainland ) , selvagens ) ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ( saint helena ( main island ) , tristan da cunha ) ; saint pierre and miquelon ; senegal ; south africa ; south georgia and the south sandwich islands ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; turks and caicos islands ; united kingdom ; united states ; uruguay ; western sahara
this is a temperate , pelagic species found from 50 - 2 , 000 m . it is primarily the larvae that occur in the shallower parts of this depth range . there is little information about its feeding habits , however , it likely feeds on pelagic fishes and crustaceans . it is also a food fish for other pelagic organisms .
ege , v . 1933 . on some new fishes of the families sudidae and stomiatidae . vidensk . meddr dansk naturh . foren . , 94 : 223 - 236 .
fourmanoir , p . 1969 . contenus stomacaux d ' alepisaurus ( poissons ) dans le sud - ouest pacifique . cah . orstom . , océanogr . , 7 ( 4 ) : 51 - 60 .
haedrich , r . l . ; nielsen , j . 1966 . fishes eaten by alepisaurus ( pisces , iniomi ) in the southeastern pacific ocean . deep sea res . , 13 : 909 - 919 .
harry , r . r . 1951 . deep - sea fishes of the bermuda oceanographic expedition . family paralepididae . zoologica , n . y . , 36 ( 1 ) : 17 - 35 , 9 fig .
harry , r . r . 1953a . studies on the bathypelagic fishes of the family paralepididae . 1 . survey of the genera . pacif . sci . , 7 ( 2 ) : 219 - 249 , fig . 1 - 22 .
maul , g . e . 1945 . monografia dos peixes do museu municipal do funchal . familia sudidae . bolm mus . munic . funchal , 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 38 , fig . 1 - 10 .
parin , n . v . ; nesis , k . n . ; vinogradov , m . y . 1969 . data on the feeding of alepisaurus in the indian ocean . trans . am . fish . soc . , 9 ( 3 ) : 418 - 427 .
rofen , r . r . 1963 . diagnoses of new genera and species of alepisauroid fishes of the family paralepididae . aquatica , stockton , calif . , 2 : pp . 1 - 7 , fig . 1 .
rofen , r . r . 1966a . family paralepididae in fishes of the western north atlantic . mem . sears found . mar . res . , new haven , 1 ( 5 ) : pp . 205 - 461 , fig . 55 - 162 .
weitzman , s . h . 1967a . the origin of the stomiatoid fishes with comments on the classification of salmoniform fishes . copeia , ( 3 ) : 507 - 540 .
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paxton , j . r . , and v . h . niem / carpenter , kent e . , and volker h . niem , eds .
fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific , vol . 3 : batoid fishes , chimaeras and bony fishes , part 1 ( elopidae to linophrynidae )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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rofen , r . r . in : anderson , w . w . , r . h . gibbs , f . h . berry , w . a . gosline , j . e . bohlke , n . b . marshall , r . l . bolin , g . w . mead , j . w . gehringer , r . r . rofen , and n . j . wilimovsky . 1966 . fishes of the western north atlantic . part 5 . iniomi and lyomeri . memoir no . 1 . sears foundation for marine research ; yale university , new haven , ct . 647 pp . , 220 plates .
marine ; bathypelagic ; depth range 0 - 2000 m ( ref . 4473 ) . deep - water , preferred ?
epipelagic to bathypelagic , young mainly at the surface and to 200 m , adults at 400 - 2 , 000 m ( ref . 4473 ) . carnivorous ( ref . 5759 ) .
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