myctophum is a genus of lanternfishes , some species of which , such as m. punctatum are noted for having the stylophthalmine trait in their larval form .

myctophum

the lanternfish , myctophum spinosum , is a bathypelagic , oceanodromous species that exhibits diurnal vertical migration .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
metallivalokala
to
myctophum affine ( lütken , 1892 )
.
myctophum spinosum is widely distributed in tropical and sub - tropical waters of the indian , pacific , indo - pacific and atlantic oceans .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for myctophum spinosum . however , its distribution coincides with numerous marine protected areas .
what made you want to look up myctophum ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
fowler , h . w . 1902 . myctophum phengodes in the north atlantic . proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . , 53 : 620 - 621 .
scientific synonyms and common names myctophum nitidulum garman , 1899 synonyms : myctophum nitidulum garman , 1899 , mem . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 24 : 266 - 267 , pl . 56 ( fig . 3 ) ( 27° 50 ' n . , 145° 45 ' w . ) . holotype : mcz no . 28493 . myctophum margaritatum gilbert , 1905 , bull . u . s . fish . commn , 23 ( 2 ) : 595 - 597 , pl . 68 ( fig . 2 ) ( ' off the south coast of molokai ' , hawaii , surface ) . holotype : usnm no . 51536 . myctophum affine ( non lütken ) : parr , 1928 : 69 , part . belloc , 1938 : 292 - 293 albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 346 , part . myctophum ( myctophum ) affine ( non lütken ) : fraser - brunner , 1949 : 1056 , part . , fig . myctophum nitidulum : gibbs , 1957 : 230 237 , fig . 1 - 5 bolin , 1959 : 1416 , fig . 2 backus et al . , 1965 : 145 bussing , 1965 : 202 - 203 berry & perkins , 1966 : 657 bekker , 1967a : 97 ; 1967b : 174 backus et al . , 1969 : 95 nafpaktitis & nafpaktitis , 1969 : 21 - 24 , fig . 20 - 21 craddock & mead , 1970 : 3 . 30 . common names : none
( of myctophum margaritatum gilbert , 1905 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of myctophum humboldti ( risso , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
justification : myctophum spinosum has been assessed as least concern . this species is widely distributed throughout the tropical and sub - tropical regions of the indian , atlantic and pacific oceans , and it is unlikely that it is being impacted by any major widespread threat processes .
gibbs , r . h . jr . 1957 . a taxonomic analysis of myctophum affine and m . nitidulum , two lantern - fishes previously synonymized , in the western north atlantic . deepsea res . , 4 : 230 - 237 , fig . 1 - 5 .
( of myctophum humboldti ( risso , 1810 ) ) macnae , w . & m . kalk ( eds ) . ( 1958 ) . a natural history of inhaca island , mozambique . witwatersrand univ . press , johannesburg . i - iv , 163 pp . [ details ]
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greek , mykter , - eros = nose + greek , ophis = serpent ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; bathypelagic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 1000 m ( ref . 35388 ) . deep - water ; 69°n - 15°n , 67°w - 36°e
eastern atlantic : mauritanian upwelling region ( 15°n - 20°n ) with isolates as far as 30°n ; includes the mediterranean sea . western atlantic : greenland to usa .
maturity : l m ? , range 5 - ? cm max length : 11 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 35388 )
high - oceanic , mesopelagic ( ref . 4479 ) . nyctoepipelagic at the surface and down to 125 m and found between 225 - 750 m during the day ( ref . 4479 ) . feeds on copepods , euphausiids , zoea stages of brachyura and fish fry ( ref . 4775 ) . sexually mature when 5 cm long . female produces 8 - 900 eggs ( ref . 35388 ) .
hulley , p . a . , 1990 . myctophidae . p . 398 - 467 . in j . c . quero , j . c . hureau , c . karrer , a . post and l . saldanha ( eds . ) check - list of the fishes of the eastern tropical atlantic ( clofeta ) . jnict , lisbon ; sei ; paris ; and unesco , paris . vol . 1 . ( ref . 4479 )
) : 3 . 4 - 14 . 6 , mean 7 . 9 ( based on 627 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 39 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( fec = 800 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 32 of 100 ) .
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van der land , j . ; costello , m . j . ; zavodnik , d . ; santos , r . s . ; porteiro , f . m . ; bailly , n . ; eschmeyer , w . n . ; froese , r . ( 2001 ) . pisces , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 357 - 374 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
scott , w . b . ; scott , m . g . ( 1988 ) . atlantic fishes of canada . canadian bulletin of fisheries and aquatic sciences . no . 219 . 731 pp . [ details ]
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
rafinesque , c . s . ( 1810 ) . indice d ' ittiologia siciliana ; indice d ' ittiologia siciliana ; ossia , catalogo metodico dei nomi latini , italiani , e siciliani dei pesci , che si rinvengono in sicilia disposti secondo un metodo naturale e seguito da un appendice che contiene la descrizione de alcuni nuovi pesci sicilian . messina . pp 1 - 70 , pls . 1 - 2 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 35 [ details ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of symbolophorus humboldti ( risso , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gasteropelecus humboldti risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scopelus caninianus valenciennes , 1850 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scopelus heideri steindachner , 1881 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scopelus punctatus ( rafinesque , 1810 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of serpe humboldti risso , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of stylophthalmus lobiancoi mazzarelli , 1909 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of mychtophum punctatum rafinesque , 1810 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
habitat high - oceanic , mesopelagic , nyctoepipelagic at the surface and down to 125 m and found between 225 - 750 m during the day . [ details ]
king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicoll , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , s . ; macadie , i . ( 2009 ) . phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 431 - 554 . [ details ]
mceachran , j . d . ( 2009 ) . fishes ( vertebrata : pisces ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1223–1316 in : felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
habitat high - oceanic , nyctoepipelagic at the surface and to 950 m and generally found between 475 - 850 m during the day . [ details ]
marine ; bathypelagic ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) . deep - water ; 8°s - 42°s
southeast atlantic : between 8°s and 23°s , but absent from the benguela upwelling region ; extends to agulhas water pockets further south . southwest atlantic : between 28°s and the subtropical convergence . indian and pacific : generally between 20°s and the subtropical convergence , but from 9°s in the eastern indian ocean .
maturity : l m ? , range 7 - ? cm max length : 9 . 3 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4479 )
oceanic , mesopelagic ( ref . 4479 , 75154 ) . nyctoepipelagic at the surface ( ref . 4479 ) . reach sexual maturity at 7 , 4 cm ( ref . 47377 ) .
) : 2 . 3 - 3 . 6 , mean 2 . 8 ( based on 963 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 34 of 100 ) .
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de silva , r . , milligan , h . , lutz , m . , batchelor , a . , jopling , b . , kemp , k . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , sears , j . , wilson , p . & smith , j . and livingston , f .
angola ; australia ; belize ; benin ; brazil ; cameroon ; china ; colombia ; congo ; costa rica ; côte d ' ivoire ; cuba ; dominican republic ; equatorial guinea ; french guiana ; gabon ; ghana ; india ; indonesia ; japan ; kenya ; liberia ; malaysia ; new zealand ; nicaragua ; nigeria ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; sierra leone ; somalia ; south africa ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; togo ; united states ( hawaiian is . )
the myctophidae family are very common oceanic fishes , making up the greatest biomass in mesopelagic zone ( fao 1999 ) .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2010 : e . t154869a115246206 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
is a widespread species that is not facing any known threats , though it is occasionally taken as bycatch by deep - sea shrimp fisheries . more research on this species needs to be conducted to assess the population size and trend in the eastern atlantic . this species is listed as least concern .
in the eastern atlantic , this species is found in the area between 22°n - 11°s , but it is apparently absent in equatorial waters and in the eastern south atlantic ( hulley and paxton in press ) . this species has also been described from off st . helena . it is also found in the western atlantic from 42°n–40°s , as well at the gulf of mexico and the caribbean and to 52°n in the gulf stream . it can also be found in the indian ocean from 11°n–10°s , and the pacific from 35°n–12°s , with some occurrences as far as 30°s off eastern australia .
there are little data regarding the population size of this species in the eastern atlantic . however , it appears in moderate numbers in mid - water trawl surveys taken in other parts of its range ( sassa et al . 2004 ) . it also appears in significant numbers as bycatch of deep - sea shrimp trawling in the indian ocean ( pillai et al . 2009 ) .
this species is oceanic , mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 325 - 700 m during the day , up to the surface to 125 m during the night for feeding purposes .
there are no known threats for this species , and it is not under pressure from fisheries .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . its distribution overlaps with some marine protected areas in parts of its range ( world database on protected areas 2010 ) .
finrays 14 ( 15 ) . gillrakers 7 ( 6 ) + 1 + 17 ( 16 - 19 ) , total 25 ( 22 - 27 ) . ao 8 ( 7 ) + 9 ( 8 ) , total 17 ( 15 - 16 ) . males with 2 - 4 overlapping luminous scales supracaudally ; females with 4 - 5 ( 3 ) partially overlapping luminous patches infra - caudally .
: day at 100 - 150 m and 700 - 1 , 000 m ( maximum abundance at 700 - 800 m ) ; nyctoepipelagic at surface and down to 190 m and at 700 - 800 m ( maximum abundance at surface and at 40 - 45 m ) . suggested size
albuquerque , r . m . 1954 - 1956 . peixes de portugal e ilhas adjacentes . chavas para a sua determinação . port . acta biol . , ser . b , 5 : xvi + 1167 pp . , 445 fig .
bekker , v . e . 1967a . the lantern fishes ( myctophidae ) from the ' peter lebedev ' atlantic expeditions , 1961 - 1964 . trudy inst . okeanol . , 84 : pp . 84 - 124 , fig . 1 - 13 ( in russian ) .
belloc , g . 1938 . liste des poissons pélagiques et bathypélagiques capturés au cours de la cinquième croisière avec diagnoses préliminaires de deux espèces nouvelles . revue trav . off . ( scient . tech . ) pêch . marit . , 11 : 281 - 313 , 29 fig .
bini , g . 1967 - 1972 . atlante dei pesci delle coste italiane . mondo sommerso , milano , 9 vol : i , 1967 , leptocardi , ciclostomi , selaci , 206 pp . , 66 fig . + 64 col . fig . ii , 1971 , osteitti ( acipenseriformi , clupeiformi , mictofiformi , anguilliformi ) , 300 pp . , 73 col . fig . iii , 1970 , notacantiformi . . . zeiformi , 229 pp . , 34 fig . + 63 col . fig . iv , 1968 , perciformi ( mugiloidei , percoidei ) , 163 pp . , 34 fig . + 49 col . fig . v , 1968 , perciformi ( percoidei ) , 175 pp . , 22 fig . + 56 col . fig . vi , 1968 , perciformi ( trichiuroidei . . . blennioidei ) , 177 pp . , 48 fig + 57 col . fig . vii , 1969 , perciformi ( ofidioidei . . . dactilopteroidei ) , 196 pp . , 57 fig . + 59 col . fig . viii , 1968 , pleuronettiformi , echeniformi , gobioesociformi , tetraodontiformi , lofiformi , 164 pp . , 34 + 63 fig . ix , 1972 , introduzione . parte generale . aggiornamenti . indici . 176 p .
bolin , r . l . 1959 . iniomi , myctophidae from the ' michael sars ' north atlantic deep - sea expedition 1910 . rep . scient . results mfchael sars n . atlant . deep sea exped . , 1910 , 4 , pt . 2 ( 7 ) : pp . 1 - 45 , fig . 1 - 7 .
bonaparte , c . l . 1832 - 1841 . iconografia della fauna italica per le quattro classi degli animali vertebrati , tomo iii , pesci , roma , without pagination , 75 puntate ( in 30 fasc . ) , 78 pl . 1832 : fasc . i ( puntate 1 - 6 ) , 2 pl . ; 1833 : ii - v ( pp . 7 - 28 ) , 12 pl . ; 1834 : vi - xi ( pp . 29 - 58 ) , 12 pl . ; 1835 : xii - xiv ( pp . 59 - 79 ) , 12 pl . ; 1836 : xv - xviii ( pp . 80 - 93 ) , 10 pl . ; 1837 : xix - xxi ( pp . 94 - 103 , pp . 105 - 109 ) , 5 pl . ; 1838 : xxii - xxiii ( pp . 104 , pp . 110 - 120 ) , 2 pl . ; 1839 : xxiv - xxvi ( pp . 121 - 135 ) , 8 pl . ; 1840 : xxvii - xxix ( pp . 136 - 154 ) , 10 pl . ; 1841 : xxx ( pp . 155 - 160 ) , 5 pl .
brauer , a . 1906 . die tiefseefische . 1 . systematischer teil . wiss . ergebn . dt . tiefsee - exped . ' valdivia ' , iena , 15 ( 1 ) : pp . 1 - 432 , 18 pl . , 176 fig .
canestrini , g . 1871 - 1872 . pesci d ' italia . parte i , 1871 , pesci delle acque dolci : 436 , 2 fig . , parte ii , 1872 , pesci marini : pp . 37 - 208 . in : e . cornalia , 1870 - 1874 , fauna d ' italia , milano , 3 : pp . 1 - 208 .
dieuzeide , r . ; novella , m . ( collab . j . roland ) , 1953 - 1955 . catalogue des poissons des côtes algériennes . bull . stn aquic . pêch . castiglione , i ( n . s . ) , ( 4 ) , 1952 [ 1953 ] : pp . 1 - 135 , 73 fig . n . num . ; ii ( n . s . ) , ( 5 ) , 1953 [ 1954 ] : pp . 1 - 258 , 135 fig . n . num . ; iii ( n . s . ) , ( 6 ) , 1954 [ 1955 ] : pp . 1 - 384 , 202 fig . n . num .
estève , r . 1947 . révision des types de myctophidés ( scopélidés ) du muséum . bull mus . hist . nat . , paris , ( 2 ) 19 ( 1 ) : 67 - 69 .
fowler , h . w . 1936 . the marine fishes of west africa , based on the collection of the american museum congo expedition 1909 - 1915 . bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 70 ( 1 ) , jan . 21 , 1936 : pp . vii + 1 - 606 , fig . 1 - 275 ; ( 2 ) , nov . 18 , 1936 : pp . 607 - 1493 , fig . 276 - 567 .
fraser - brunner , a . 1949b . a dassification of the fishes of the family myctophidae . proc . zool soc . , lond . , 118 : pp . 1019 - 1106 , 167 unnumb . fig . , pl . i .
frost , g . a . 1926b . a comparative study of the otoliths of the neopterygian fishes ( continued ) . orders haplomi , heteromi , iniomi ; lyomeri , hypostomides , salmopercae , synentognathi , microcyprini , solenichthyes . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 9 ) 18 ( 107 ) : 465 - 482 , pl . xx - xxi .
günther , a . 1864a . catalogue of the fishes in the british museum . 5 . catalogue of the physostomi containing the families siluridae , characinidae , haplochitonidae , sternoptychidae , scopelidae , stomiatidae in the collection of the british museum . london , xxii + 455 pp .
geistdoerfer , p . ; hureau , j . c . ; rannou , m . 1971b . liste préliminaire des espèces de poissons de profondeur récoltées au cours de la campagne ' noratlante ' du n . o . jean charcot en atlantique nord ( aout - octobre 1969 ) . bull . mus . hist . nat . , paris , 42 ( 6 ) : 1177 - 1185 .
goode , g . b . ; bean , t . h . 1896 . oceanic ichthyology , a treatise on the deep - sea and pelagic fishes of the world , based chiefly upon the collections made by steamers blake , albatross and fish hawk in the northwestern atlantic . smithson . contrib . knowl . , 30 and spec . bull u . s . natn . mus . , 1895 [ 1896 ] and mem . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 1 ( text ) : pp . xxxv + 1 - 553 ; 2 ( atlas ) : pp . xxiii + 1 - 26 , 123 pl . , 417 fig .
holt , e . w . l . ; byrne , l . w . 1911 . fifth report on the fishes of the irish atlantic slope . fishes of the genus scopelus . fish . ireland scient . invest . 1910 [ 1911 ] , 6 : pp . 1 - 33 , pl . i .
leim , a . h . ; scott , w . b . 1966 . fishes of the atlantic coast of canada . bull fish . res . bd can . , ( 155 ) : 485 p . , many fig . , unnumbered , 4 col . pl .
leydig , f . 1881 . die augenähnlichen organe der fische . bonn , 100 p . , 10 pl .
lozano y rey , l . 1947 . peces ganoideos y fisostomos , mems r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . , ser . : cienc . nat . , 11 : xv + 839 p . , 190 fig . , 20 pl .
mazzarelli , g . 1909 . gli animali abissali e le correnti sotto marine dello stretto di messina . riv . mens . pesca idrobiol . , 11 ( 9 - 12 ) : 177 - 218 , 3 fig .
mazzarelli , g . 1910 . larve e forme giovanili di teleostei dello stretto di messina . riv . mens . pesca idrobiol . , 5 ( 10 - 12 ) : 317 - 328 , pl .
mazzarelli , g . 1912 . studi sui pesci bathypelagici dello stretto di messina . i . larve stiloftalmoidi ( ' periscopoche ' di holt e byrne ) di scopelidae e loro metamorfosi iniziale . riv . mens . pesca idrobiol . , 7 : 1 - 26 , 129 - 134 , 4 pl .
moreau , e . 1881 - 1891 . histoire naturelle des poissons de la france , paris , i , 1881 : pp . i - vii + 1 - 480 , fig . 1 - 82 ; ii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 572 , fig . 83 - 145 ; iii , 1881 : pp . 1 - 697 , fig . 146 - 220 ; suppl . , 1891 : pp . 1 - 144 , fig . 221 - 227 .
moser , h . g . ; ahlstrohm e . h . 1974 . role of larval stages in systematic investigations of marine teleosts : the myctophidae , a case study . fishery bull , fish wildl serv . u . s . 72 ( 2 ) : pp . 391 - 413 , fig . 1 - 12 .
nobre , a . 1935 . fauna marinha de portugal . 1 . vertebrados ( mamiferos , reptis e peixes ) , porto . : pp . ixxxiv + 1 - 21 ( mamiferos ) ; pp . 1 - 5 ( reptis ) ; pp . 1 - 574 ( peixes ) , pl . 1 - 77 , phot . 1 - 64 .
nybelin , 0 . 1948 . fishes collected by the skagerak expedition in the eastern atlantic 1946 . göteborgs k . vetensk . - o . vittersamh . handl . , ( b ) 5 ( 16 ) : pp . 1 - 95 , 9 fig . , 6 pl . ( also publ . in meddn göteborgs mus . , zool . avd . , 121 : pp . 3 - 95 , 6 pl . ) .
parr , a . e . 1928 . deep - sea fishes of the order iniomi from the waters around the bahama and bermuda islands . bull . bingham oceanogr . coll . , 3 ( 3 ) : pp . 1 - 193 , fig . 1 - 43 .
raffaele , f . 1889 . nota intorno alle specie mediterranee del genere scopelus . mitt . zool . stn neapel , 9 : 179 - 186 , pl . vii , fig . 1 - 11 .
risso , a . 1810 . ichthyologie de nice , ou histoire naturelle des poissons du département des alpes maritimes . paris , xxxvi + 388 pp . , 11 pl . ( reprint , 1966 , asher , amsterdam . )
saemundsson , b . 1939 . zoologiske meddelelser fra island xvii . 6 fiske , nye for island og tilføjelser om andre , tidligere kendte . vidensk . meddr dansk naturh . foren . , kjøbenhavn , 102 : pp . 183 - 212 .
saemundsson , b . 1949 . marine pisces . zoology iceland , copenhagen and reykjavik , 4 ( 72 ) : pp . 1 - 150 .
sanzo , l . 1915a . contributo alla conoscenza degli stadi larvali negli scopelini muller ( bathophilus nigerrimus gigl . , scopelus caninianus c . e v . , sc . humboldti risso ) . atti accad naz . lincei rc . , ( 5 ) , mem . , 10 : 714 - 720 .
torchio , m . 1958 . myctophidae ( pisces ) presenti nel mar ligure . doriana , 2 ( 91 ) : pp . 1 - 6 .
tortonese , e . 1956d . iniomi , plectognathi in uova , larve e stadi giovanili di teleostei . fauna flora golfo napoli , 38 : pp . 889 - 977 , fig . 786 - 821 , pl . li .
tortonese , e . 1958b . elenco dei leptocardi , ciclostomi , pesci cartilaginei ed ossei del mare mediterraneo . atti soc . ital . sci . nat . , 97 ( 4 ) : pp . 309 - 345 .
tortonese , e . 1970e . osteichthyes ( pesci ossei ) , parte prima . fauna ital . , 10 , calderini , bologna , 565 pp . , 198 fig .
zugmayer , e . 1911a . diagnoses de poissons nouveaux provenant des campagnes du yacht ' princesse alice ' ( 1901 - 1910 ) . bull . inst . océanogr . , monaco , ( 193 ) : pp . 1 - 14 .
rafinesque - schmaltz , c . s . 1810b . indice d ' ittiologia siciliana ossia catalogo metodico dei nomi latini , italiani , e siciliani dei pesci , che si rinvengono in sicilia , 69 pp . , 2 pl . ( reprint , 1967 , asher - amsterdam . )
tåning , å . v . 1932 . notes on scopelids from the dana expeditions . i . vidensk . meddr dansk naturh . foren . , 94 : pp . 125 - 146 , fig . 1 - 16 .
high - oceanic , nyctoepipelagic at the surface and down to 275 m and found between 300 - 600 m during the day ( ref . 4479 ) . feeds on plankton ( ref . 26938 ) . females reach sexual maturity at 4 . 2 cm ( ref . 47377 ) .
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finrays 13 ( 12 - 14 ) . gillrakers 5 ( 6 , rarely 4 ) + 1 + 13 ( 11 - 15 ) , total 19 ( 17 - 22 ) . ao 9 ( 7 - 10 ) + 5 ( 4 - 7 ) , total 14 ( 12 - 15 ) . males with 6 - 7 overlapping luminous scales supra - caudally ; females with 3 - 5 partially overlapping luminous patches infra - caudally .
: day at 475 - 850 m ; nyctoepipelagic the surface and down to 200 m with occasional specimens to 950 m . small specimens ( < 30 mm ) below the surface at night .
( between 7 n and 24° s ) and pacific ( between 32° n and 31° s , but with northern extension to 40° n in kuroshivo current ) .
backus , r . h . ; mead , g . w . ; haedrich , r . l . ; ebeling , a . w . 1965 . the mesopelagic fishes collected during cruise 17 of the r / v chain , with a method for analyzing faunal transects . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 134 ( 5 ) : 139 - 158 , fig . 1 - 9 .
backus , r . h ; craddock , j . e . ; haedrich , r . l . ; shores , d . l . 1969 . mesopelagic fishes and thermal fronts in the western sargasso sea . mar . biol . , 3 ( 2 ) : pp . 87 - 106 , fig . 1 - 9 .
bekker , v . e . 1967b . luminous anchovies ( fam . myctophidae ) . tich . okean , 7 ( 3 ) : pp . 145 - 181 , fig . 34 - 36 .
berry , f . h . ; perkins , h . c . 1966 . survey of pelagic fishes of the california current area . fishery bull . fish wildl . serv . u . s . , 65 ( 3 ) : 625 - 682 , fig . 1 - 30 .
bussing , w . a . 1965 . studies of the midwater fishes of the peru - chile trench . in : g . a . llano , edit . , biology of the antarctic seas , ii . anfarct . res . ser . ( am . geophys . u . ) , ( 5 ) : pp . 185 - 227 , fig . 1 - 16 .
craddock , j . e . ; mead , g . w . 1970 . midwater fishes from the eastern south pacific ocean . anton bruun rep . , ( 3 ) : pp . 3 . 1 - 3 . 46 , fig . 1 - 11 .
garman , s . 1899 . reports on a exploration off the west coasts of mexico , central and south america , and off the galapagos islands in charge of alexander agassiz , by the u . s . fish commission steamer ' albatross ' during 1891 , lieut . commander z . l . tanner , u . s . a . commanding . xxvi . the fishes . mem . mus . comp . zool . harv . , 24 : 1 - 431 , 97 pl . , i map .
gilbert , c . h . 1905 . the deep sea fishes of the hawaiian islands . bull . u . s . fish commn , 1903 [ 1905 ] , 23 ( 2 ) : 577 - 713 , fig . 230 - 276 , pl . 66 - 101 .
nafpaktitis , b . g . ; nafpaktitis , m . 1969 . lanternfishes ( family myctophidae ) collected during cruises 3 and 6 of the r / v anton bruun in the indian ocean . bull los angeles county mus . sci . , ( 5 ) : pp . 1 - 79 , fig . 1 - 82 .
eschmeyer , w . n . ( ed . ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes . updated 7 january 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 7 january 2015 ) .
is a widespread , fairly common species that is not facing any known threats . more research on this species needs to be conducted to assess the population size and trend in the eastern atlantic . this species is listed as least concern .
this species is found throughout the eastern atlantic , though it is absent north of 30°n , off the moroccan coast , as well as the benguela upwelling region . in the western atlantic , it can be found from 48°n–36°s , as well as the gulf of mexico and the caribbean . in the indian ocean , it can be found between 17°n–34°s , and its range in the pacific extends from 40°n–35°s ( hulley and paxton in press ) .
there are little data regarding the population size of this species in the eastern atlantic , though it appears in moderate numbers in mid - water trawl surveys taken around the canary islands ( wienerroither et al . 2009 ) , as well as being fairly common in museum collection records . it appears to be common in other parts of its range as well , such as the north pacific ( watanabe et al . 2002 ) .
this species is oceanic , mesopelagic and performs diel migrations from as deep as 475 - 850 m during the day , up to the surface to five metres during the night for feeding purposes . there is an extended spawning season off bermuda in the spring and autumn , as well as in tropical waters from september to april ( hulley and paxton in press ) .
kapoor , d . , r . dayal and a . g . ponniah , 2002 . fish biodiversity of india . national bureau of fish genetic resources lucknow , india . 775 p . ( ref . 45255 )
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 33 of 100 ) .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


the surilis are a group of old world monkeys and make up the entirety of the genus presbytis .

they live in the thai-malay peninsula , on sumatra , borneo , java and smaller nearby islands .

surilis are rather small , slim built primates .

their fur at the top is brown , grey , black or orange , and at the lower surface whitish or greyish , sometimes also orange , with some species having fur designs at the head or at the hips .

their german name of mützenlanguren ( " capped langurs " ) comes from the hair on their head , which forms a tuft .

they differ from the other langurs by characteristics in the shape of their head ( particularly the poorly developed or absent brow ridges , and the prominent nasal bones ) , in the teeth and by the size of their small thumbs .

surilis range in adult length from 40 to 60 cm ( with a 50 to 85 cm long tail ) and a weight of 5 to 8 kg .

diurnal forest dwellers , they spend nearly their entire life in the trees .

they live in groups of up to 21 animals ( average 10 or fewer animals in most species ) consisting of a male , several females , and their young .

a few species have been observed in monogamous pairings ( particularly the mentawai langur ) , although this might be a reaction to the decrease of their habitat .

lone males and all-male groups have also been reported .

the groups are hierarchically developed , with intergroup communication that is both vocal and postural .

the surilis ' diet consists of leaves , fruits , and seeds .

gestation time is five to six months , and births are typically of single young .

newborn animals are white colored and have a black strip at the back , although some have a cross-shaped mark .

by one year the young are weaned and at an age of four to five years they are fully mature .

the typical life expectancy in the wild remains poorly known for most species , but captive sumatran surilis have lived for more than 18 years .

several species in this genus are restricted to regions with extensive habitat destruction , and are also threatened by hunting .

consequently , 8 of the 11 species are rated as vulnerable or worse by iucn , and the sarawak surili has been referred to as " one of the rarest primates in the world . "

recently a subspecies of hose 's langur called miller 's grizzled langur , thought to be extinct , was rediscovered in the wehea forest on the eastern tip of borneo island , though it remains one of the world 's most endangered primates .

surili

the white - thighed surili was previously considered to be a subspecies of the banded surili , and its taxonomy is still debated .
pale - thighed langur , pale - thighed surili , white - thighed langur .
the white - thighed surili was previously considered to be a subspecies of the banded surili ( presbytis femoralis ) ( 1 ) ( 3 ) , but the banded surili is generally darker on the upperparts and lacks the contrasting white outer thighs ( 2 ) . however , the taxonomy of these species is in need of further study ( 1 ) .
the white - thighed surili’s stomach is divided into several chambers , helping it to digest the leaves on which it feeds .
the infant white - thighed surili is paler than the adult , but has a dark cross shape across its back and arms .
the unclear taxonomic relationships between some members of the presbytis genus , in particular between the white - thighed surili and the banded surili ( p . femoralis ) , make a taxonomic review of these species necessary so that appropriate conservation actions can be determined ( 1 ) .
the white - thighed surili is a slender monkey which is a named for the patch of whitish fur on the outside of its legs .
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the white - thighed surili is classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and is listed on appendix ii of cites ( 4 ) .
the loss of extensive tracts of forest in southeast asia poses a significant threat to the white - thighed surili , as it does for many species in the same area . deforestation and the dramatic increase in oil palm plantations have caused widespread environmental damage , resulting in extensive habitat loss for the white - thighed surili . hunting is also a problem , albeit a smaller one ( 1 ) .
the white - thighed surili lives in a variety of different forest types , including forests in lowlands and hills ( 2 ) , swamp and lowland wet forest , and even disturbed areas such as plantations and orchards ( 1 ) ( 2 ) .
like other presbytis species , the white - thighed surili ( presbytis siamensis ) is a medium - sized , slenderly built monkey with a long tail , a short muzzle and relatively long fur ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the top of its head and its back tend to be a dark greyish - brown , while the underside of the body , including the undersides of the tail , legs and arms , tends to be a lighter pale grey to white . there is also a large whitish patch on the outside of the legs , from which the white - thighed surili gets its name ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . the hands , feet , and outer half of the white - thighed surili’s tail are black ( 2 )
the white - thighed surili is likely to occur in a number of protected areas across its range ( 1 ) , and any international trade in this monkey should be carefully controlled under its listing on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) ( 4 ) .
like other presbytis species , the white - thighed surili is a diurnal forest dweller ( 6 ) , with a diet consisting of leaves , flowers , fruit and seeds ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 9 ) . the proportion of fruit and seeds in its diet is quite high compared with most other species in its genus ( 9 ) . as in other members of the cercopithecidae family , the white - thighed surili’s stomach is divided into a series of chambers ( 2 ) ( 5 ) , allowing leafy material to be more easily broken down and toxins in the leaves to be neutralised ( 2 ) .
the white - thighed surili is well adapted to living in the trees , although it may also spend time on the ground ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the home range of this species is estimated to be around 24 hectares ( 9 ) , although this may vary depending on the habitat ( 5 ) .
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there are a number of recognised subspecies of the white - thighed surili , which inhabit various areas on and around the southern tip of southeast asia . the range of this species includes peninsular malaysia and parts of southern thailand , north - eastern sumatra ( indonesia ) and various islands in the riau archipelago ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) .
relatively little is currently known about the breeding behaviour of the white - thighed surili , but in presbytis species in general the female gives birth to a single young at a time ( 6 ) and all adult females in a group help care for the infants ( 5 ) . on reaching maturity , young males typically leave the group in which they were born ( 6 ) .
the white - thighed surili’s face is characterised by poorly developed brow - ridges ( 3 ) ( 6 ) and indistinct pale rings around the eyes , with the rest of the facial skin being dark grey to blackish ( 2 ) . as in other presbytis species , there is a crest of fur on the head ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . infants are lighter in colour than the adults , with just a dark cross - shaped pattern up the back and across the arms ( 2 ) .
although little information exists on the social dynamics of the white - thighed surili , it is likely that it is similar to that of closely related species . group size of presbytis species usually ranges from a few individuals to occasionally over 100 , and each group will normally consist of one sexually mature male and numerous females ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . there are also likely to be some lone males and all - male groups , and some of these males may attempt to take over a group of females or split some of the females from it ( 6 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
this taxon was formerly considered a subspecies of p . femoralis and p . melalophos . the number of subspecies is disputed . in addition to the two generally recognized forms ( p . c . chrysomelas and p . c . cruciger ) there is an additional , isolated population found only in a small area of southeastern sarawak ( betong , saribas ; nimong ; batang lupar ) that probably represents an as yet undescribed subspecies ( groves 2001 ) .
justification : this species is listed as critically endangered as it is only known from five sites , where populations have been reduced by approximately 80 % over the past 30 years ( approximately three generations ) . in addition , the area of occupancy has been reduced dramatically . this species was once considered common , thus there is great concern that it is among the rarest primates in the region after 100 years of persecution and habitat loss . this is now considered one of the rarest primates in the world . it occurs in less than 5 % of its historic range . additional conservation measures are urgent as this species could go extinct if current trends continue .
this species is endemic to the island of borneo , it occurs in brunei , indonesia ( kalimantan ) and malaysia ( sabah and sarawak ) . it is found north and northeast of the kapuas river in northwestern kalimantan , and through sarawak ( mainly in coastal areas ) and brunei as far as melalap , sabah ( groves 2001 ) . the species is found only in remaining habitat within its extent of occurrence ; much of its mapped range is historical . there is some confusion about where this species still remains , as many of the records are also historical . p . c . chrysomelas : occurs in western brunei , northwestern kalimantan ( northeast of the kapuas river ) and western sarawak , as far as the iv division of sarawak ( groves 2001 ) . p . c . cruciger : ranges from the baram district ( in northeastern sarawak ) to sabah ( groves 2001 ) .
this species was reported as common in the early 20th century ( baccari 1904 ; banks 1931 ) , in areas where today it no longer occurs . recent records are from five sites : maludam national park ( malaysia ) ; samunsam wildlife sanctuary ( malaysia ) ; similajau national park ( malaysia ) ; tanjung datu national park ( malaysia ) ; the lingga area of sarawak ( malaysia ) ; and possibly betung kerihun national park ( indonesia ) ( j . hon pers . comm . ) . combined population estimates from these sites are very low ( approximately 200 - 500 individuals ) ( j . hon and v . nijman pers . comm . ) .
this species is found in swamp and lowland forests , as well as mangrove . group size is 3 - 7 individuals ( j . hon pers . comm . ) .
habitat conversion has historically been the main threat to this species , resulting in its disappearance from most of its former range . it has in particular been affected by expanding plantations , especially oil palm , in recent years .
this species is listed under cites appendix ii . the majority of the remaining populations are found in national parks . the species is protected in sarawak . further research and surveys are necessary to confirm the persistence and population size of the five remaining sites , which include maludam national park , samunsam wildlife sanctuary , similajau national park , and tanjung datu national park in malaysia , and possibly betung kerihun national park in indonesia . it is present as well in the lingga area of sarawak , which has recently been proposed as a protected area .
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( book , 2005 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
a uniquely valuable compendium of taxonomic and distributional data on the world ' s living and historically extinct mammalian species . contributors and editors alike deserve the thanks of all
mammalogists for helping to forge the nomenclatural mesh that holds our science together . * journal of mammalogy * to refer to this work as a checklist undervalues it and does not give sufficient credit to the authors and editors for their meticulous efforts in its production . a valuable reference work and a vital tool , particularly for researchers . * journal of natural history * by far the most convenient source for finding the correct scientific name of any mammal and should be on the reference shelf of libraries striving to have useful science sections . * science books and films * the editors and authors are to be congratulated for undertaking such an outstanding and authoritative work , and it should serve as a standard reference for mammalian species taxonomy for many years to come . * journal of mammalian evolution * the third edition adds to its reputation as an outstanding and authorative work . * national museum of natural history weekly update & forecast * impressive and elegant work . - - g . r . seamons * reference reviews * a must - have text for any professional mammalogist , and a useful and authoritative reference for scientists and students in other disciplines . * southeastern naturalist * a magnificent work important to anyone seriously interested in mammals . this work is essential for academic or special libraries supporting zoology or conservation and for large public libraries . * american reference books annual * as were many of our colleagues , we were waiting for this revised edition since 2003 . . . we can say that the wait was worth it . - - sergio solari and robert j . baker * journal of mammalogy *
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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a canadian - led team of international scientists has rediscovered a rare species of monkey that was thought to be extinct in a region of borneo where it was not known to previously live .
a team of scientists has discovered the grizzled langur , thought to be extinct , living in borneo . ( eric fell )
miller ' s grizzled langur ( presbytis hosei canicrus ) belongs to the small primate genus presbytis found in borneo , sumatra , java and the thai - malay peninsula .
in borneo , the langur was thought to have lived in a small corner of the country ' s northeast , where its habitat has been ravaged by fires , human encroachment and conversion of land for agriculture and mining .
however , the research team found the langur in wehea forest in east kalimantan , borneo . the 38 , 000 - hectare pristine rainforest is home to at least nine known species of non - human primates , including the bornean orangutan and gibbon . east kalimantan is a challenging place to do research given its remote location , said stephanie spehar of the university of wisconsin , adding that the discovery was possible due to the help of local partners .
discovery of p . h . canicrus was a surprise since wehea forest lies outside of this monkey ' s known range . future research will focus on estimating the population density for p . h . canicrus in wehea and the surrounding forest ,
said lead researcher brent loken , of simon fraser university in vancouver .
concern that the species may have gone extinct was first raised in 2004 , and a search for the monkey during another expedition in 2008 supported the assertion that the situation was dire ,
he said .
the team confirmed that p . h . canicrus exists by setting up cameras at mineral licks where animals congregate .
it was a challenge to confirm our finding as there are so few pictures of this monkey available for study ,
said loken .
the only description of miller ' s grizzled langur came from museum specimens . our photographs from wehea are some of the only pictures that we have of this monkey .
while the finding confirms the monkey still exists , it remains one of the world ' s most endangered primates , said loken .
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from the misty pages of history comes a story of extreme valor , fierce pride , and poignant love . as the british enslave india with their devious divide and rule policy , kings and nawabs fall to their guile and cunning , and entrust their precious kingdom to the foreigners . except for the brave pindaris , who prefer death to dishonor and will fight to their last breath to save their land . the bravest , toughest , and strongest of the pindaris is veer . as veer takes on the might of the british empire , he also has to fight the conniving king of madavgarh as well his own jealous tribesmen , but the stakes are high . at stake is his love for princess yashodhara , daughter of his sworn enemy , his thirst to avenge his father ' s dishonor , and his very existence itself . cannons roar , swords clash in fierce battle , and the dead pile up . when the dust settles onto the blood soaked land , one valiant warrior stands head and shoulders above them all : veer ! veer is an epic saga of bravery , drama , treachery , and love .
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primate info net is maintained by the wisconsin primate research center ( wprc ) library at the university of wisconsin - madison . wprc programs are supported by grant numbers rr000167 and rr015311 , national primate centers program , national center for research resources , the national institutes of health .
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the subspecies presbytis siamensis cana ( lyon’s pale - thighed langur ) , presbytis siamensis paenulata ( chasen’s pale - thighed langur ) and presbytis siamensis siamensis ( malayan pale - thighed langur ) are classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list , while presbytis siamensis rhionis ( bintan island pale - thighed langur ) is classified as data deficient ( dd ) ( 1 ) .
mittermeier , r . a . et al . ( 2009 ) primates in peril : the world’s 25 most endangered primates 2008 - 2010 . iucn / ssc primate specialist group , international primatological society , and conservation international , arlington , va . available at : urltoken
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
diurnal active during the day . genus a category used in taxonomy , which is below ‘family’ and above ‘species’ . a genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common . the genus forms the first part of a ‘binomial’ latin species name ; the second part is the specific name . home range the area occupied by an animal during routine activities , which is not actively defended . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species . taxonomy the science of classifying organisms , grouping together animals which share common features and are thought to have a common ancestor .
francis , c . m . ( 2008 ) a field guide to the mammals of south - east asia . new holland publishers ( uk ) ltd , london .
macdonald , d . w . ( 2006 ) the encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .
ankel - simons , f . ( 1999 ) primate anatomy : an introduction . academic press , san diego , california .
nowak , r . m . ( 1991 ) walker’s mammals of the world . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore and london .
brandon - jones , d . , eudey , a . a . , geissmann , t . , groves , c . p . , melnick , d . j . , morales , j . c . , shekelle , m . and stewart , c . - b . ( 2004 ) asian primate classification . international journal of primatology . 25 ( 1 ) : 97 - 164 .
groves , c . p . ( 2005 ) order primates . in : wilson , d . e . and reeder , d . m . ( eds . ) mammal species of the world . a taxonomic and geographic reference . third edition . the johns hopkins university press , baltimore .
kamilar , j . m . and paciulli , l . m . ( 2008 ) examining the extinction risk of specialized folivores : a comparative study of colobine monkeys . american journal of primatology , 70 : 816 - 827 .
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a small old world monkey of the genus presbytis , different from other langurs by the bulges above their eyes .
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its taxonomy is disputed . it was separated from p . melalophos by wilson and wilson ( 1977 ) , recognized as a species by aimi et al . ( 1986 ) .
justification : considering the extensive habitat loss that has taken place within the range of the species , there is reason to believe that this species is in decline , probably at a rate of less than 30 % over three generations ( approximately 30 years ) , thus qualifying if for listing as near threatened . almost qualifies as threatened under criterion a2c . it will be necessary to reassess this species once its taxonomy has become clearer .
the species as a whole is found in indonesia ( east - central sumatra ) , singapore and the malay peninsula . in the latter it is restricted to the far south and to the northwest , extending north throughout peninsular thailand and southern myanmar ( the two parts of the range are separated by that of p . siamensis ) . in sumatra it is found between the rokan and siak rivers ( groves 2001 ) . presbytis femoralis femoralis this subspecies is found in southern peninsular malaysia ( johore ) and ( marginally ) the island of singapore ( groves 2001 ) . presbytis femoralis robinsoni this subspecies is found in the northwestern peninsular malaysia , southern myanmar and peninsular thailand . it is found from the larut hills , perak north as far as 13°n in phet buri province , thailand ( groves 2001 ) . presbytis femoralis percura this subspecies is found in indonesia ( east - central sumatra ) in a small area between the rokan and siak rivers ( groves 2001 ) .
it ' s overall abundance is poorly known . less than 20 individuals of p . f . femoralis were known to survive on singapore as of 2006 , although a few of these were juveniles ( m . shekelle pers . comm . ) .
based on what is known of closely - related species , such as p . siamensis and p . melalophos , this species is found in mixed mangrove , primary freshwater , riverbank , primary lowland logged , scrub - grassland riverbank , and secondary riverbank habitats ( wilson and wilson 1976 ; crockett and wilson 1980 ) . it is primarily frugivorous , but also consumes immature leaves ( fleagle 1978 ) . it is found in taller trees of swampy peat forest in malay peninsula ( j . hon pers . comm . ) , while in singapore it is found in primary , secondary , swamp , and dryland rainforests ( lucas et al . 1988 ) .
deforestation and conversion of habitat would appear to be the major threats to this species . it is particularly affected by oil palm plantations , which are expanding very rapidly within its range .
this species is listed as cites appendix ii . it presumably occurs in a number of protected areas . further studies are needed into the taxonomy , distribution , abundance , and threats to this species . there is an urgent need to clarify the taxonomy and distribution of what is now considered p . femoralis , as there is very little information at this time . since siamensis has been separated from femoralis , there has been confusion about what is known of femoralis , and what of that actually pertains to siamensis .
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mittermeier , rusell a . , anthony b . rylands , and don e . wilson , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 1
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : formerly called p . aygula , but see napier and groves ( 1983 ) who showed that aygula is a nomen oblitum for macaca fascicularis . brandon - jones ( 1984 ) considered fredericae to be a separate species
status : cites - appendix ii ; iucn - endangered as p . comata , data deficient as p . fredericae
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
comments : does not include p . femoralis , which was regarded as a separate species by wilson and wilson ( 1977 : 217 - 222 ) , or siamensis , which was separated by brandon - jones ( 1984 ) , or natunae or chrysomelas , which were separated by groves ( 2001c )
status : cites - appendix ii ; iucn - data deficient as p . femoralis batuana , lower risk ( nt ) , not evaluated as bicolor , mitrata , and nobilis
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( taxonomy , uncountable ) the science of finding , describing , classifying and naming organisms .
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our taxonomy is still in premilinary state . it will be released once the tools are ready and our experts have done their dirty work . the contents should not be cited yet !
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cites is an international agreement between governments , aimed to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival .