planorbella is a genus of freshwater air-breathing snails , aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family planorbidae , the ram 's horn snails , or planorbids , which all have sinistral , or left-coiling , shells .

planorbella

» species planorbella ( seminolina ) wilsoni d . w . taylor , 1966 † represented as planorbella wilsoni d . w . taylor , 1966 †
planorbella pilsbryi ( f . c . baker , 1926 ) ( tsn 76667 )
planorbella , [ north america ] ( johnson et al . , 2013 ) .
[ species identification of freshwater snail planorbella trivolvis and analysis of its potential distribution ] .
[ species identification of freshwater snail planorbella trivolvis and analysis of its potential distribution ] . - pubmed - ncbi
genus planorbella haldeman , 1842 ( type species : planorbis campanulatus say , 1821 , cayuga lake , usa ) .
the genus planorbella has been reported ( or is assumed ) to occur in fresh waters . this taxon has been reported from wisconsin .
bogan a . e . ( 2000 ) . planorbella multivolvis . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 7 august 2007 .
another species of planorbella , p . trivolvis ( say , 1817 ) , is widely distributed in the usa and closely resembles p . duryi but differs in having fine , regular radial riblets .
the distinct angle on the top of the whorl ( particularly in juveniles ) and deeper , overlapping whorls distinguish this species from the similar planorbarius corneus which is generally flatter and with a more open whorl spiral . the spire whorls are also flatter in planorbella duryi .
justification : burch ( 1989 ) lists the distribution of the nominal subspecies as the atlantic coast and mississippi river northward to arctic canada and alaska and southward to tennessee and missouri ; for planorbella trivolvis intertextum the distribution is listed as ranging from long pine key in the southern florida everglades planorbella trivolvis has been assessed as least concern as this species is widespread and is considered stable and secure throughout its range . this species has a presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , tolerance to habitat modification , lack of substantial immediate threats , and is not in decline .
planorbella trivolvis has been assessed as least concern as this species is widespread and is considered stable and secure throughout its range . this species has a presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , tolerance to habitat modification , lack of substantial immediate threats , and is not in decline .
planorbella campanulata has been assessed as least concern due to its wide distribution in north america and the fact that it has been found to be abundant in a number of sites across its range . there are also no major threat processes affecting this species . in addition , the species has been given a natureserve global heritage ranking of g5 - secure .
justification : planorbella campanulata has been assessed as least concern due to its wide distribution in north america and the fact that it has been found to be abundant in a number of sites across its range . there are also no major threat processes affecting this species . in addition , the species has been given a natureserve global heritage ranking of g5 - secure .
global range : ( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) burch ( 1989 ) lists distribution of the nominal subspecies as the atlantic coast and mississippi river northward to arctic canada and alaska and southward to tennessee and missouri ; and for planorbella trivolvis intertextum as from long pine key in the southern florida everglades throughout peninsular florida and north along the coast to lake waccamaw , north carolina .
justification : this species is found in minnesota , usa , and in manitoba and ontario , canada . planorbella corpulenta has been assessed as data deficient as there is not enough information regarding the population trends and threat processes of this species to accurately infer its conservation status . it could be threatened , as a decline in population size has been reported , at least from parts of its range , but further research is recommended before an accurate assessment can be made , as the range might suggest least concern .
further study is needed to clarify the taxonomy and systematics of the family planorbidae . dillon et al . ( 2006 ) agrees with hubendick ( 1955 ) that the relatively minor attribute of shell coiling does not warrant recognition of planorbella at the generic level and includes pilsbryi as a synonym of helisoma trivolvis . genetic examination of molecular phylogeny of global planorboidea at the coi and 18s molecular markers indicates all north american taxa within the subfamily planorbinae form a well - supported clade , as yet unnamed but termed c - clade ( albrecht et al . 2007 ) .
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johnson , p . d . , bogan , a . e . , brown , k . m . , burkhead , n . m . , cordeiro , j . r . , garner , j . t . , hartfield , p . d . , lepitzki , d . a . w . , mackie , g . l . , pip , e . , tarpley , t . a . , tiemann , j . s . , whelan , n . v . and strong , e . e . 2013 . conservation status of freshwater gastropods of canada and the united states . fisheries 38 ( 6 ) : 247 - 282 .
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this species has three subspecies - p . campanulata campanulata ( known from saskatchewan , canada ) , p . campanulata collinsi ( known from ontario , canada ) , and p . campanulata smithi ( known from the lower peninsula of michigan , u . s . a . ) .
duncan , c . , offord , s . , dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , kasthala , g . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , ht , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . , collins , a . & richman , n .
this species ranges from vermont west to north dakota , south to ohio and illinois and northward to great slave lake ( burch 1989 ) . in pennsylvania , it occurs in the delaware and ohio basins ( evans and ray 2010 ) . in indiana , pyron et al . ( 2008 ) found it at only one site ( lake wawasee ) of 123 surveyed , though it was historically documented in indiana sand dunes national seashore . it has an extent of occurrence of 2 , 500 , 000 km 2 ( natureserve 2009 ) .
canada ( alberta , manitoba , new brunswick , newfoundland i , nova scotia , ontario , prince edward i . , québec , saskatchewan ) ; united states ( connecticut , illinois , indiana , iowa , maine , massachusetts , michigan , minnesota , new york , north dakota , ohio , pennsylvania , vermont , wisconsin )
the species is common in new york ( jokinen 1992 ) . populations are considered to be stable throughout most of this species ' range , although it is imperiled in some parts , such as indiana ( j . cordeiro pers . comm . 2012 ) .
habitat includes lakes and ponds and quiet portions of streams . in indiana it was found in sand and riprap substrate and submerged macrophytes , and is mostly limited to the lakes area of indiana ( pyron et al . 2008 ) .
there are no major threats to this species , and populations are stable throughout most of its range except for a few regions where it is imperiled , such as indiana ( j . cordeiro pers . comm . 2012 ) .
this species has been assigned a natureserve global heritage ranking of g5 - secure . it has also been given state / province conservation status rankings of s5 - secure for wisconsin , pennsylvania , new york and massachusetts , and s4 - apparently secure for conneticut ( natureserve 2009 ) .
genetic examination of the molecular phylogeny of global planorboidea at the coi and 18s molecular markers indicates that all north american taxa within the subfamily planorbinae form a well - supported clade , as yet unnamed , but termed c - clade ( albrecht et al . 2007 ) .
dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , kasthala , g . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , h . t . , de silva , r . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . , collins , a . , offord , s . , duncan , c . , richman , n . , ramirez , r . & maldonado , d .
the distribution is listed as ranging from long pine key in the southern florida everglades throughout peninsular florida and north along the coast to lake waccamaw , north carolina .
in south america , the species is known from ecuador and peru . in ecuador , it has been found at a pond between guayaquil and pascuales ( paraense 2004 ) . in peru , it is known from lima , ica , lambayeque , la libertad ( a creek at puerto chicama ) , tingo maria ( huánuco ) , and ditches at tembladera and villa ( cajamarca department ) ( paraense 2003 , ramírez
2003 ) . it is also present in quintana roo , yucatan peninsula , mexico ( cózatl - manzano and naranjo - garcía 2007 ) .
canada ( alberta , british columbia , manitoba , new brunswick , newfoundland i , nova scotia , ontario , prince edward i . , québec , saskatchewan , yukon ) ; ecuador ; peru ; united states ( alabama , alaska , arkansas , california , connecticut , delaware , florida , georgia , idaho , illinois , indiana , iowa , kansas , kentucky , louisiana , maine , maryland , massachusetts , michigan , minnesota , mississippi , missouri , montana , nebraska , new hampshire , new jersey , new york , north carolina , north dakota , ohio , pennsylvania , rhode island , south carolina , south dakota , tennessee , texas , utah , vermont , virginia , west virginia , wisconsin , wyoming )
this species is found in a broad range of habitats demonstrating a tolerance to habitat modification . it can be found in freshwater river drainages and tributaries , lakes and permanent artificial water bodies ( natureserve 2009 ) . in south america , it has been found in ponds , creeks and ditches ( paraense 2003 , paraense 2004 ) .
this species demonstrates a tolerance to habitat modification and it is unlikely that there are any substantial immediate threats impacting the global population of this species . in peru , introduction of the non native species melanoides tuberculata and continuing degradation of freshwater habitats are main threats to this species , which cannot be found any more in areas where it was known to be present in the past , such as the pantanos villa reserve and lurin river ( ramírez et al . 2003 ) .
this species has been assigned a natureserve global heritage status rank of g5 - secure ( natureserve 2009 ) . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place , or needed , for this species .
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , p . m . mikkelsen , r . j . neves , c . f . e . roper , g . rosenberg , b . roth , a . scheltema , f . g . thompson , m . vecchione , and j . d . williams . 1998 . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . 2nd edition . american fisheries society special publication 26 , bethesda , maryland : 526 pp .
this is a widespread species found in many suitable habitats with no known significant threats at a global level .
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
this species ranges across northern north america . in canada , it ranges from quebec west to alberta and in the united states from massachusetts , new york and pennsylvania west to minnesota and montana ( burch 1989 , johnson et al . 2013 ) . subspecies pilsbryi ranges from massachusetts west to minnesota , northern new york and central wisconsin northward ( burch 1989 ) . in canada , subspecies infracarinatum occurs in the boreal forest from southwestern quebec to east - central alberta ( lac la biche ) and farther south in the rideau and st . lawrence rivers ; in georgian bay ; and in the qu ' appelle river system in saskatchewan ( clarke 1981 , burch 1989 ) .
this species is probably represented by a large number of occurrences ( subpopulations ) , especially in canada . prescott and curteanu ( 2004 ) discovered infracarinatum it at three sites in the battle river system in the western half of alberta and it has also been collected in esker lake , colin - cornwall lakes wildlands park , alberta ( nordstrom 2003 ) . there ia a single record in the northwest territories ( 1944 by oughton from great slave lake ) ( lepitzki 2013 ) and a single record from first lake in new brunswick from 1913 ( inhs mollusk collection database , accessed feb . 26 , 2015 ) . current information on occurrences in the united states is sparse , although it was found at four sites in the st . croix national scenic riverway in minnesota and wisconsin ( malizio et al . 2004 ) .
given the large geographic distribution of this species , it is unlikely that any major threat is impacting its global population . however , some sub - populations may be experiencing localized declines due to habitat loss and degradation .
( 200 , 000 to > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( about 80 , 000 to > 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) this species ranges across northern north america . in canada , it ranges from quebec west to alberta and in the united states from massachusetts , new york and pennsylvania west to minnesota and montana ( burch 1989 , johnson et al . 2013 ) . subspecies pilsbryi ranges from massachusetts west to minnesota , northern new york and central wisconsin northward ( burch 1989 ) . in canada , subspecies infracarinatum occurs in the boreal forest from southwestern quebec to east - central alberta ( lac la biche ) and farther south in the rideau and st . lawrence rivers ; in georgian bay ; and in the qu ' appelle river system in saskatchewan ( clarke 1981 , burch 1989 ) .
habitat includes shallow waters ( 0 . 25 - . 5 meters deep ) of sheltered bays , ponds , and creeks ; it is usually found on logs and floating debris , but also on sandy or mud substrates , as well as on the exposed shores of lakes ( baker 1928 , burch 1989 ) .
occurrences are based on some evidence of historical or current presence of single or multiple specimens , including live specimens or recently dead shells ( i . e . , soft tissue still attached without signs of external weathering or staining ) , at a given location with potentially recurring existence . weathered shells constitute a historic occurrence . evidence is derived from reliable published observation or collection data ; unpublished , though documented ( i . e . government or agency reports , web sites , etc . ) observation or collection data ; or museum specimen information .
separation barriers are largely based on permanent hydrological discontinuity between water bodies , with distances of 30 meters or greater between maximum high water marks constituting a separation barrier . additional barriers are chemical and / or physical and include any connecting water body ( regardless of size ) with one or more of the following on a permanent basis : no dissolved calcium content , acidity greater than ph 5 , lack of dissolved oxygen , extremely high salinity such as that found in saline lakes and brine waters , or temperature greater than 45 an additional physical barrier , particularly for flowing water , is presence of upland habitat between water connections . high waterfalls and anthropogenic barriers to water flow such as dams are barriers as they limit movement in an upstream direction .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
albrecht , c . , k . kuhn , and b . streit . 2007 . a molecular phylogeny of planorboidea ( gastropoda , pulmonata ) : insights from enhanced taxon sampling . zoologica scripta , 36 : 27 - 39 .
dillon , r . t . , jr . , b . t . watson , t . w . stewart , and w . k . reeves . 2006c . the freshwater gastropods of north america . online . available : urltoken
hubendick , b . 1955 . phylogeny in the planorbidae . transactions of the zoological society of london 28 : 453 - 542 .
jass , j . 2002 . wisconsin county records in the milwaukee public museum freshwater gastropod collection . ellipsaria 4 ( 2 ) : 16 - 18 .
lepitzki , d . a . w . 2001 . gastropods : 2000 preliminary status ranks for alberta . unpublished report prepared for alberta sustainable resource development , fish and wildlife division , edmonton , alberta . 126 pp .
malizio , g . m . , karns , b . n . , hove , m . , slaght , j . , and strong , e . 2004 . a survey of aquatic snails in the st . croix national scenic riverway : are they native , exotic , invasive or just great bio - indicators ? university of minnesota and u . s . national park service . poster presentation
nordstrom , w . 2003 . mollusc records from colin - cornwall lakes wildland park . unpublished report prepared for the parks and protected areas division , alberta community development , november 2003 , 11 pp .
prescott , d . r . c . and m . m . curteanu . 2004 . survey of aquatic gastropods in the central parkland subregion of alberta . alberta sustainable resource development , fish and wildlife division , alberta species at risk report 92 , edmonton , alberta . 50 pp .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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johnson , p . d . ; bogan , a . e . ; brown , k . m . ; burkhead , n . m . ; cordeiro , j . r . ; garner , j . t . ; hartfield , p . d . ; lepitzki , d . a . w . ; mackie , g . l . ; tarpley , t . a . ; tiemann , j . s . ; whelan , n . v . ; strong , e . e . ( 2013 ) . conservation status of freshwater gastropods of canada and the united states . fisheries . 38 ( 6 ) : 247 - 282 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of helisoma trivolvis ( say , 1817 ) ) turgeon , d . d . , bogan , a . e . , coan , e . v . , emerson , w . k . , lyons , w . g . , pratt , w . l . , roper , c . f . e . , scheltema , a . , thompson , f . g . & williams , j . d . ( 1988 ) . common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks . bethesda , md : american fisheries society , special publication 16 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of helisoma trivolvis ( say , 1817 ) ) bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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habitat : these snails are not mistaken for any other species because of their distinctive ram’s horn shape , and are found in most freshwater areas , including streams and ponds .
preferred area of stream : can be found in slower pool habitats and on the margins or sides of streams . also common in wetlands and kalo lo‘i .
predators : ducks will eat snails , especially smaller young snails , fish will also eat these snails .
fact : this species was accidentally introduced into hawaii by people dumping their aquarium water when they were releasing aquarium fish into stream areas . this harmful practice has caused many aquarium specie to now be found in hawaiian streams and all aquarium species hurt our native stream biota because of the parasites they spread .
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sinistral , deeply biconcave , shells , whorls strongly keeled at whorl shoulder with a flat spire in juveniles but whorls become more rounded and spire becomes sunken in adults . umbilicus deep and funnel - like . animal brown to reddish with a strongly mottled mantle and thin tentacles .
original name : planorbis ( helisoma ) duryi wetherby , 1879 . wetherby , a . g . 1879 . notes on some new or little known american limnaeidae . journal of the cincinatti society of natural history 2 : 93 - 100 .
on water weeds etc . in aquaria and small ponds in urban areas . on water weeds etc . , in ponds , swamps and aquaria in urban areas . feed on algae and detritus . egg mass a jelly strip containing small eggs . development direct .
additional information on the biology and ecology of members of this family can be found in fauna of australia , vol . 5b , p . 1072 - 1074 .
introduced from north america to a few scattered localities near urban centres around australia , most likely from aquaria .
this species is often referred to as helisomia duryi . it is encountered in the aquarium trade and has established in a few ponds in urban centres around australia .
kershaw ( 1991 ) suggested this species may be helisoma anceps . the distinct angle on the top of the whorl ( particularly in juveniles ) and deeper , overlapping whorls distinguish this species from planorbarius which is generally flatter and with a more open whorl spiral .
baker , f . c . ( 1945 ) . the molluscan family planorbidae . urbana usa , university of illinois press .
beesley , p . l . , ross , g . j . b . & wells , a . , eds . ( 1998 ) . mollusca : the southern synthesis . parts a & b . melbourne , csiro publishing .
hubendick , b . ( 1955 ) . phylogeny in the planorbidae . transactions of the zoological society of london 28 : 453 - 542 .
iredale , t . ( 1943 ) . a basic list of the fresh water mollusca of australia . australian zoologist 10 : 188 - 230 .
iredale , t . ( 1944a ) . guide to the freshwater shells of new south wales . part 2 . australian naturalist ( sydney ) 11 : 113–127 .
kershaw , r . c . ( 1991 ) . snail and slug pests of tasmania , queen victoria museum and art gallery .
ng , t . h . , tan , s . k . , wong , w . h . , meier , r . , chan , s - y . , tan , h . h . and yeo , d . c . j . 2016 . molluscs for sale : assessment of freshwater gastropods and bivalves in the ornamental pet trade . plos one . doi : 10 . 1371 / journal . pone . 0161130 .
shea , m . ( 1995 ) . freshwater molluscs of sydney . australian shell news 88 : 4 - 6 .
smith , b . j . and kershaw , r . c . ( 1979 ) . field guide to the non - marine molluscs of south eastern australia . australian national university press , canberra , australia .
smith , b . j . & kershaw , r . c . ( 1981 ) . tasmanian land and freshwater molluscs . hobart , university of tasmania .
to cite this resource : ponder , w . f . , hallan , a . , shea , m . and clark , s . a . 2016 . australian freshwater molluscs . urltoken
( 2002 ) at barranco argaga near vallehermoso . there are no known threats , however , this site has not been re - discovered since . therefore , it is assessed as data deficient ( dd ) , until the locality can be re - discovered .
as the elder name was later rectified by l . pfeiffer ( in mon . hel . iv and novitates i ) . there were no details on the distribution given . the only known published location is in bank
( 2002 ) at barranco argaga near vallehermoso . however , this site has not been re - found or mentioned by ibanez and his colleagues , nor found by klaus groh ( k . groh , pers . com . , 2011 ) .
( 2002 ) . if this site is re - discovered conservation actions may be required if the site is at risk , unless further sites are found .
dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , mcguinness , s . , de silva , r . , milligan , h . t . , kasthala , g . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . & collins , a .
this species is found in minnesota , usa , and in manitoba and ontario , canada ( clarke 1981 , burch 1989 , natureserve 2009 ) . there is a single known record of this species from manitoba in collection databases ( lepitzki 2013 ) ; it is in the canadian national museum ( cmn ) from 1962 from near falcon lake ( as plotted in clarke 1973 ) . clarke ' s ( 1981 ) subsequent range map barely extends across the southeastern border of manitoba from ontario . the locations of the 12 / 302 sites where it was found by pip ( 2000 ) were not indicated ; she found it at a frequency of 0 . 04 in the sites in southern manitoba she surveyed in 1998 . the 19 records of this species from ontario in examined collection databases ( lepitzki 2013 ) are all historical : 18 in cmn ( from 1882 - 1973 ) ; one in the royal ontarion museum ( from 1967 ) .
i occurs in greenwater lake and lac des mille lacs , thunder bay district , ontario ( clarke 1981 , burch 1989 ) .
is reported from northwest and west of lake superior in the winnipeg , upper albany and upper severn river systems , and from the upper mississippi river system in northern minnesota ( clarke 1981 ) .
is reported from the rainy river system in northern minnesota and is likely to be also found in neighbouring canada ( clarke 1981 ) .
only historical records are known from ontario and it is reported to have a very limited distribution in northern minnesota and canada ( natureserve 2009 ) . however , there is insufficient population information available to infer population trends for this species and further research is necessary .
there are no conservation measures in place for this species . further research is recommended in order to clarify the population trends and threat processes impacting the global population of this species . it is a molluscs ssc of cosewic ( 2014 )
medium priority
candidate .
concept 1 . 1 event in the natural world are interconnected concept 1 . 2 ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organism and their environment
1 . skin is permeable , pollutant molecules can pass through easily 2 . eggs have no protective shell 3 . they spend part of life on land and part in water - exposed to pollutants and uv in both environments
1 . ribeiroia ondatrae necessary for deformities 2 . pesticides increase the frequency of deformities
neither factor alone had any affect . but together the two factors reduced tadpole survival
1 . there is a
balance of nature
: in which natural systems are stable and tend to return to an original state after disturbance 2 . each species has a distinct role to play in maintaining that balance
1 . you can never do just one thing 2 . everything goes somewhere 3 . no population can increase in size forever 4 . there is no free lunch 5 . evoltuion matters 6 time matters 7 space matters 9 life would be impossible without species interactions
1 . change in genetic characteristics 2 . descent with modification - organisms gradually accumulate differences from their ancestors
1 . controlled experiments in the lab 2 . observational experiments in the field 3 . experiments in the field 4 . quantitative models
1 . replicate - perform each treatment more than once 2 . assign treatments at random 3 . analyze results using statistical methods
1 . make observations and ask questions 2 . use previous knowledge or intuition to develop hypotheses a hypothesis is not the same as a theory 3 . evaluate hypotheses by experimentation , observational studies , or quantitative models 4 . use the results to modify the hypotheses , pose new questions or draw conclusions about the natural world
this species ranges from vermont west to north dakota , south to ohio and illinois and northward to great slave lake ( burch 1989 ) . in pennsylvania , it occurs in the delaware and ohio basins ( evans and ray 2010 ) . in indiana , pyron et al . ( 2008 ) found it at only one site ( lake wawasee ) of 123 surveyed , though it was historically documented in indiana sand dunes national seashore . it has an extent of occurrence of 2 , 500 , 000 km 2 ( natureserve 2009 ) .
global range : ( > 2 , 500 , 000 square km ( greater than 1 , 000 , 000 square miles ) ) this species ranges in vermont west to north dakota , south to ohio and illinois , n orthward to great slave lake ( burch , 1989 ) .
comments : habitat includes lakes and ponds and quiet portions of streams . in indiana it was found in sand and riprap substrate and submerged macrophytes and is most limited to the lakes area of indiana ( pyron et al . , 2008 ) .
non - migrant : no . all populations of this species make significant seasonal migrations .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make local extended movements ( generally less than 200 km ) at particular times of the year ( e . g . , to breeding or wintering grounds , to hibernation sites ) .
locally migrant : no . no populations of this species make annual migrations of over 200 km .
note : for many non - migratory species , occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations .
comments : it is common in new york ( jokinen , 1992 ) . in pennsylvania , it occurs in the delaware and ohio basins ( evans and ray , 2010 ) . in indiana , pyron et al . ( 2008 ) found it at only one site ( lake wawasee ) of 123 surveyed but it has been documented historically in indiana sand dunes national seashore .
reasons : this species ranges widely in vermont west to north dakota , south to ohio and illinois , northward to great slave lake . overall the species is stable and threats are minimal to nonexistent ; although it can be uncommon in parts of its range ( i . e . indiana ) .
this species has been assigned a natureserve global heritage ranking of g5 - secure . it has also been given state / province conservation status rankings of s5 - secure for wisconsin , pennsylvania , new york andmassachusetts , and s4 - apparently secure for conneticut ( natureserve 2009 ) .
comments : genetic examination of molecular phylogeny of global planorboidea at the coi and 18s molecular markers indicates all north american taxa within the subfamily planorbinae form a well - supported clade , as yet unnamed but termed c - clade ( albrecht et al . , 2007 ) .
this species is found in a broad range of habitats demonstrating a tolerance to habitat modification . it can be found in freshwater river drainages and tributaries , lakes and permanent artificial water bodies ( natureserve 2009 ) .
comments : this species is found in a broad range of habitats demonstrating a tolerance to habitat modification . it can be found in freshwater river drainages and tributaries , lakes and permanent artificial water bodies .
comments : in the cuyahoga valley national park ( between cleveland and akron , ohio ) , this species was recently found in the shallow littoral zone of ponds with a few individuals in pool areas of tributaries in the park ( smith et al . , 2002 ) .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
dyer , e . , soulsby , a . - m . , whitton , f . , kasthala , g . , mcguinness , s . , milligan , ht , de silva , r . , herdson , r . , thorley , j . , mcmillan , k . , collins , a . , offord , s . , duncan , c . & richman , n .
reasons : this species is widespread and is considered stable and secure throughout its range . this species has a wide distribution , presumed large population , tolerance of a broad range of habitats , tolerance to habitat modification , lack of substantial immediate threats , and because it is not in decline or is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species demonstrates a tolerance to habitat modification and it is unlikely that there are any substantial immediate threats impacting the global population of this species .
all species within family planorbidae have sinistral shells . the width of the shell of this species is up to 18 mm .
this pond snail is native to north america , from the arctic areas of canada all the way south to florida . it has also been introduced in other parts of the world .
2006 iucn red list of threatened species . < www . iucnredlist . org > . cited 5 march 2007 .
paraense w . l . ( september 2003 )
planorbidae , lymnaeidae and physidae of peru ( mollusca : basommatophora )
. memórias do instituto oswaldo cruz 98 ( 6 ) : 767 - 771 . pdf
reeves w . k . , dillon jr . r . t . & dasch g . a . ( 2008 ) .
freshwater snails ( mollusca : gastropoda ) from the commonwealth of dominica with a discussion of their roles in the transmission of parasites
. american malacological bulletin 24 : 59 - 63 . doi : 10 . 4003 / 0740 - 2783 - 24 . 1 . 59 . pdf .
maintenance of the life cycle of echinostoma trivolvis ( trematoda ) in dexamethasone - treated icr mice and laboratory - raised helisoma trivolvis ( gastropoda )
. doi : 10 . 1007 / s004360050200 .
cynthia g . norton & jennifer m . bronson ( 2006 )
the relationship of body size and growth to egg production in the hermaphroditic freshwater snail , helisoma trivolvis
. journal of molluscan studies 72 ( 2 ) : 143 - 147 . doi : 10 . 1093 / mollus / eyi057
norton c . g . , johnson a . f . & mueller r . l . ( 2008 )
relative size influences gender role in the freshwater hermaphroditic snail , helisoma trivolvis
. behavioral ecology 19 ( 6 ) : 1122 - 1127 . doi : 10 . 1093 / beheco / arn099
global range : ( < 100 - 250 square km ( less than about 40 - 100 square miles ) ) apparently endemic to howe lake , marquette co . , mi .
comments : there is only one known occurrence , howe lake , marquette co . mi . the species has not been collected since 1907 ( walker 1907 ) . a 1989 survey failed to locate the species ( pearce pers . comm . 1989 ) .
reasons : this species is endemic to howes lake , marquette co . , mi and has not been collected since 1907 . believed by john b . burch to be extinct ( pers . comm . 1999 ) .
comments : very little is known about this species , including whether or not it is extant . changes in water quality and introduction of non - native snail and fish species would presumably be detrimental to acorn rams - horn populations . salmo gairdnerii , s . trutta and osmerus mordax have been introduced , beginning in approximately 1905 . increased siltation may effect reproduction .
biological research needs : all life history information is needed , particularily habitat use . the effects of introduced fish and beaver activity should be examined . the minimum population size needed to maintain genetic viability should be investigated .
comments : howe lake is contained within the huron mountain club nature research area and may recieve some sort of protection . however , game fish have been stocked in the lake since 1905 , with unknown effects to the acorn rams - horn ( wilsmann pers . comm . 1994 ) .
needs : if the species is found to be extant , the habitat should be preserved and any practices that may effect water and / or habitat quality should be prevented , at least until the precise needs of the species can be determined . since fish have already been introduced , care should be exercised concerning future intoductions , taking into account the needs of the species native to the lake .
this species was endemic to the united states . it is now considered to be extinct .
species p . campanulata - - wisconsin ! species p . pilsbryi - - wisconsin ! species p . trivolvis - - wisconsin ! species p . truncata - - wisconsin ! species p . corpulenta - - midwestern north america . species p . multivolvis - - midwestern north america . species p . subcrenata - - midwestern north america . species p . ammon - - north america . species p . binneyi - - north america . species p . columbiensis - - north america . species p . duryi - - north america . species p . magnifica - - north america . species p . occidentalis - - north america . species p . oregonensis - - north america . species p . scalaris - - north america . species p . tenuis - - north america . species p . traski - - north america .
johnson , p . d . , a . e . bogan , k . m . brown , n . m . burkhead , j . r . cordeiro , j . t . garner , p . d . hartfield , d . a . w . lepitzki , g . l . mackie , e . pip , t . a . tarpley , j . s . tiemann , n . v . whelan & e . e . strong . 2013 . conservation status of freshwater gastropods of canada and the united states . fisheries 38 ( 6 ) : 247 - 282 .
brown , k . m . & c . lydeard . 2010 . mollusca : gastropoda . [ in ] j . h . thorp & a . p . covich ( eds . ) . ecology and classification of north american freshwater invertebrates , 3rd edition : 277 - 307 .
the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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click on an image to view all the information : family , species , author , date , and full locality .
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zhongguo xue xi chong bing fang zhi za zhi . 2015 jun ; 27 ( 3 ) : 268 - 72 .
li xh , gao st , gu wb , zhang y , guo yh .
to identify the species classification of an ornamental planorbidae from a flower market in shanghai and analyze its potential distribution in china .
in august 2013 , six freshwater snail specimens were collected from the wanshang flower market . the species was identified by morphology and molecular biology . an ecological niche model was constructed based on the native geographic presence occurrence data , and projected onto the whole of china to predict the potential distribution .
p . trivolvis is similarly with biomphalaria species from shell morphology . it is the first records of the species in china , and the field dispersal is not clear .
the acorn ramshorn is a medium - sized freshwater snail with a discoidal ( flat spiral ) shell that is 0 . 6 in ( 14 mm ) in diameter and 0 . 3 in ( 8 mm ) in height with a spire slightly raised above the main body whorl and a narrow , deep umbilicus ( depression or cavity on the central axis or center of the bottom of the shell ) .
updated 5 / 15 / 2018 . information is summarized from mnfi ' s database of rare species and community occurrences . data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed .
the acorn ramshorn is believed to be extinct in the wild . it was thought to inhabit deeper water and come to shore to reproduce . though unlikely , it may still occur in streams and swamps .
for each species , lists of natural communities were derived from review of the nearly 6 , 500 element occurrences in the mnfi database , in addition to herbarium label data for some taxa . in most cases , at least one specimen record exists for each listed natural community . for certain taxa , especially poorly collected or extirpated species of prairie and savanna habitats , natural community lists were derived from inferences from collection sites and habitat preferences in immediately adjacent states ( particularly indiana and illinois ) . natural communities are not listed for those species documented only from altered or ruderal habitats in michigan , especially for taxa that occur in a variety of habitats outside of the state .
natural communities are not listed in order of frequency of occurrence , but are rather derived from the full set of natural communities , organized by ecological group . in many cases , the general habitat descriptions should provide greater clarity and direction to the surveyor . in future versions of the rare species explorer , we hope to incorporate natural community fidelity ranks for each taxon .
game fish were stocked in howe lake beginning in 1905 , and acorn ramshorn snails were last seen in 1907 . introduced fish may have led to extinction . if populations still exist , they would benefit from the maintenance of high water quality and avoidance of further fish introductions .
this species can be surveyed using several techniques . one survey method consists of sweeping aquatic vegetation or scraping the substrate with a fine mesh aquatic sampling net or dip net ( e . g . , d - frame net ) . another survey technique consists of vigorously shaking aquatic vegetation over a pail of water causing the various snails clinging to the plants to drop to the bottom of the pail . visual surveys also can be conducted for this species by looking for snails attached to vegetation , rocks , woody debris and other cover . glass bottomed buckets may be used to see snails clinging to vegetation or rocks underwater . rocks , vegetation , and other cover also should be picked up , examined for snails , and returned to their original positions .
michigan natural features inventory . 2007 . rare species explorer ( web application ) . available online at urltoken [ accessed jul 9 , 2018 ]
berry , e . g . 1943 . the amnicolidae of michigan : distribution , ecology , and taxonomy . university of michigan press , ann arbor . 68pp .
clarke , a . h . 1981 . the freshwater molluscs of canada . national museum of natural science , national museums of canada , ottawa . 446pp .
dillon , r . t . jr . 2000 . the ecology of freshwater molluscs . cambridge university press , cambridge , uk . 509pp .
environmental protection agency . 1982 . freshwater snails ( mollusca : gastropoda ) of north america . epa publication 600 / 3 - 82 - 026 . environmental monitoring and support laboratory , office of research and development , u . s . epa , cincinnati . 294pp .
evers , d . c . 1994 . endangered and threatened wildlife of michigan . the university of michigan press , ann arbor . 412pp .
natureserve . 2005 . natureserve explorer : an online encyclopedia of life [ web application ] . version 4 . 5 . natureserve , arlington , virginia . available urltoken
msu extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race , color , national origin , gender , religion , age , disability , political beliefs , sexual orientation , marital status or family status . .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


lymnaea acuminata is a species of freshwater snail in the family lymnaeidae .

it is native to south asia , where it occurs in bangladesh , burma , india , nepal , and pakistan .

there it is a widespread and common species .

lymnaea acuminata

behavioural responses of the snail lymnaea acuminata to carbohydrates in snail - attractant pellets .
behavioural responses of the snail lymnaea acuminata to carbohydrates and amino acids in bait pellets .
embryonic developmental ecology of freshwater snail lymnaea acuminata ( lymnaeidae : gastropoda ) . - pubmed - ncbi
behavioural responses of the snail lymnaea acuminata to carbohydrates in snail - attractant pellets . - pubmed - ncbi
behavioural responses of the snail lymnaea acuminata to carbohydrates and amino acids in bait pellets . - pubmed - ncbi
about nine forms of lymnaea acuminata have been recognized : l . acuminata f . typica lamarck , 1822 ; l . acuminata f . patula troschel , 1837 ; l . acuminata f . chlamys benson , 1836 ; l . acuminata f . rufescens gray , 1820 ; l . acuminata f . gracilior martens , 1881 ; l . acuminata f . hians sowerb , 1837 ; l . acuminata f . malleata annandale & rao , 1925 ; l . acuminata f . brevissima annandale & rao , 1925 and l . acuminata f . pseudohorae rao , 1929 .
about nine forms of lymnaea acuminata have been recognized : l . acuminata f . typica lamarck , 1822 ; l . acuminata f . patula troschel , 1837 ; l . acuminata f . chlamys benson , 1836 ; l . acuminata f . rufescens gray , 1820 ; l . acuminata f . gracilior martens , 1881 ; l . acuminata f . hians sowerb , 1837 ; l . acuminata f . malleata annandale & rao , 1925 ; l . acuminata f . brevissima annandale & rao , 1925 and l . acuminata f . pseudohorae rao , 1929 .
lymnaea acuminata . ( 2012 , may 30 ) . in wikipedia , the free encyclopedia . retrieved 14 : 32 , january 24 , 2013 , from urltoken
lymnaea acuminata is a widespread species that occurs in polluted waters . there are no major perceptible threats to the species and hence it is assessed as least concern .
< i > lymnaea acuminata < / i > . ( 2012 , may 30 ) . in wikipedia , the free encyclopedia . retrieved 14 : 32 , january 24 , 2013 , from urltoken
concentration of extracted and pure chlorophyllin used in toxicity experiment against l . acuminata .
toxicity of chlorophyllin in the presence of different spectra of light against l . acuminata .
l . acuminata is an intermediate host of various human , sheep , and cattle parasitic helminths .
measurement of growth of two groups of embryos with the average geometric growth rate of l . acuminata
toxicity of chlorophyllin against l . acuminata with discontinuous ( 1 h interval ) exposure in sunlight .
figure 2 : percentage of attracted snail lymnaea acuminata towards the bait and vertically exposed monochromatic light at different time intervals . * significant when one way / two way anova was applied between percentage of attracted snails towards the light sources at different time intervals .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . lymnaea acuminata lamarck , 1822 . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
budha , p . b . , dutta , j . & daniel , b . a . 2010 . lymnaea acuminata . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 24 january 2013 .
prevailing physical and chemical factors of water and two breeding parameters of l . acuminata with correlation matrix among them ( pearsons correlation )
budha , p . b . , dutta , j . & daniel , b . a . 2010 . < i > lymnaea acuminata < / i > . in : iucn 2012 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2012 . 2 . < www . iucnredlist . org > . downloaded on 24 january 2013 .
how to cite this article : md . moniruzzaman sarker , badrun nesa and md . sarwar jahan , 2007 . embryonic developmental ecology of freshwater snail lymnaea acuminata ( lymnaeidae : gastropoda ) . pakistan journal of biological sciences , 10 : 23 - 31 . doi : 10 . 3923 / pjbs . 2007 . 23 . 31 url : urltoken
fifteen species of trematodes including fasciola gigantic , f . hepatica , schistosoma indicum , s . nasalis , s . spindalis and clinostomum giganticum , echinostoma revolutum , e . malayanum and orientabilharzia turkestanicum from l . acuminata f . typica and ruescens reported from l . acuminata ( subba rao 1989 ) .
toxicity of chlorophyllin against l . acuminata with continuous exposure ( 10 : 00 a . m . – 02 : 00 p . m . ) of sunlight .
snail lymnaea acuminata were collected from ramgarh lake at gorakhpur ( latitude 26°46′ n and longitude 83°22′ e ) and acclimatized in laboratory conditions for 72 hours . the experimental animals were kept in a glass aquaria containing dechlorinated tap water at room temperature ( 22–25°c ) . temperature was regularly measured by thermometer during experiment . water was changed once every 24 hour and dead animals were removed to prevent the water from being contaminated by decaying tissue .
table 1 : acetylcholinesterase ( ache ) activity in nervous tissue of snails l . acuminata exposed to visible monochromatic light ( 500 flux ) source placed vertically in the center of aquarium at 15 - minute exposure periods .
embryonic growth of l . acuminata : for the single - celled zygote to produce a multicellular organism , a number of mitotic divisions must occur in rapid succession . after 2 h of oviposition the first cleavage was noticed in l . acuminata zygote , which produced a 2 - celled stage . during cleavage the size and shape of the embryo is retained the same , while the cleaved cells , or blastomeres , became smaller at each division and this trend was observed from 2 - cell to 64 - cell stages . table 2 contains the stages of development , timing and size of the developmental stages from oviposition through hatching of juvenile l . acuminata .
adult l . acuminata snails ( mean length : 2 . 25 ± 0 . 20 cm ) were collected locally from lakes and low - lying submerged fields and were used as test animals . the snails were acclimated to laboratory conditions for 72 h .
effect of sublethal exposure ( 20 % and 60 % of 24 h and 96 h lc 50 ) of bait formulations containing eugenol , ferulic acid , umbelliferone , and limonene on the activity of acetylcholinesterase ( ache ) in the nervous tissue of the snail l . acuminata .
effect of sublethal exposure ( 20 % and 60 % of 24 h and 96 h lc 50 ) of bait formulations containing eugenol , ferulic acid , umbelliferone , and limonene on the activity of alkaline phosphatase ( alp ) in the nervous tissue of the snail l . acuminata .
a histology of healthy digestive gland of l . acuminata stained with haematoxylin and eosin ( x 100 ) , b digestive gland severely infected with double infection of cercariae ( cercaria johrii ) and metacercariae showing disorganisation ( x 400 ) and c autolytic necrosis of digestive gland tubules ( x100 )
table 2 : effect of sublethal exposure ( 20 % and 60 % of 24 h and 96 h lc 50 ) of bait formulations containing eugenol , ferulic acid , umbelliferone , and limonene on the activity of acetylcholinesterase ( ache ) in the nervous tissue of the snail l . acuminata .
table 1 : effect of sublethal exposure ( 20 % and 60 % of 24 h and 96 h lc 50 ) of bait formulations containing eugenol , ferulic acid , umbelliferone , and limonene on the activity of alkaline phosphatase ( alp ) in the nervous tissue of the snail l . acuminata .
embryonic growth of l . acuminata was studied in the peak period of the breeding season in june and july 2003 . embryos were measured at daily intervals from oviposition until hatching and the values are presented in table 2 . it was observed that embryonic growth of l . acuminata follows the same general pattern found in other metazoa . there is no appreciable increase in total size of the embryo during cleavage ; as the total number of cells increase , they become smaller . measurable increase in the mass of embryonic tissue follows gastrulation and subsequent development of the structures characterizing the trochophore and table 2 .
in the present study , a variety of amino acid bioassay methods was screened to determine the behavioral responses of the snail l . acuminata . amino acids were identified in the snail modular system as chemicals diffusing from aquatic organisms and are probably used by the snails as indicators to identify their food ( 7 ) .
egg type : the eggs of l . acuminata are isolecithal . the ovum was located eccentrically within the egg ( fig . 1a ) and remained in this position until the embryos reached the trochophore stage . uncleaved zygotes just after laying were found to contain a relatively yolk - free zone , the animal pole and the other yolk - rich region named as vegetal pole .
sub - lethal feeding to 20 % and 60 % of 24 h and 96 h lc 50 of eugenol , ferulic acid , umbelliferone , and limonene in bait formulations caused a significant ( ) inhibition in alkaline phosphatase activity in the nervous tissue of snail l . acuminata ( table 1 ) . maximum inhibition ( 20 % of control ) in alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the nervous tissue of l . acuminata fed on 60 % of 96 h lc 50 of eugenol ( table 1 ) . significant ( ) recovery in alkaline phosphatase activity was observed in the nervous tissue of l . acuminata earlier fed on 60 % of 96 h lc 50 of eugenol bait ( 20 % of control ) , when discontinued for the next 72 h ( 34 . 66 % of control ) . the sub - lethal feeding on 20 % and 60 % of 24 h and 96 h lc 50 of eugenol , ferulic acid , umbelliferone , and limonene caused a significant inhibition in the ache activity in the nervous tissue of the snail l . acuminata ( table 2 ) . maximum inhibition ( 49 . 49 % of control ) in the ache activity was observed in the nervous tissue of the snail fed on 60 % of 96 h lc 50 of eugenol containing bait ( table 2 ) . there was a significant ( ) recovery in the ache activity in the nervous tissue of the 72 h withdrawn ( 56 . 70 % ) snails with respect to snails fed on 60 % of 96 h lc 50 of eugenol bait .
out of 85 specimens of v . bengalensis , 22 ( 25 . 4 % ) were found to be infected with furcocercous cercariae , cercaria gurayai and their large sized sporocysts ( single infection ) . two specimens ( 5 % ) of lymnaea species were found to be infected with gymnocephalous cercariae and their rediae and unidentified metacercariae ( double infection ) . in aforesaid snails a group of 7–10 uncysted metacercariae were found . digestive glands of both the snail species infected with single or double species of trematode larvae appeared as loose mass with brownish coloration .
a glass aquarium ( 70 cm diameter and 15 cm height ) was filled with 3 l of dechlorinated tap water . ten l . acuminata snails were placed in each aquarium . then , all the 10 snails were exposed to different concentrations of extracted chlorophyllin and monochromatic visible light . each treatment of extracted chlorophyllin and monochromatic visible light was replicated six times . experiment was done at a room temperature of 22°c–25°c .
micrograph of the early embryological development of lymnaea acuminata until hatching . a . fertilized egg of just after spawning . b . first polar body . c . second polar body . d . first cleavage ; two - cells ( ab / cd ) stage . e . four cells stage of developing embryo ( a - d ) . f . eight cells stage of developing embryo . mic ; micromere , mac ; macromere g . sixteen cells stage of developing embryo . h . 32 - cells of developing embryo . i . 64 - cells stage of developing embryo . j . gastrula stage of developing embryo . k . trochophore stage . l . early veliger stage . m veliger stage . n . late veliger stage . o . before hatching . z = zygote , cf = cleavage furrow , e = eye , f = foot , h = heart , p = protroch , pb = polar body , pl = polar lobe , sg = shell gland , s = shell , v = velum . scale bars = 100 μm
gastrulation : in the present experiment , in l . acuminata , gastrulation started at an early phase of development after 30 - 32 h of incubation , when the embryo contained more than 64 cells ( fig . 1j ) . the macromeres and their descendants , situated at the centre of the vegetal half , were changed in shape . the external surface of the macromeres became reduced whereas the inner part got widened so that they became wedge shaped .
present study confirms that , this mollusc is easy to handle and culture and is available in various quantities and stages of embryonic development throughout the year are similar with previous studies ( canton and slooff , 1977 ) . in conclusion , knowledge of optimal conditions for successful embryonic development will useful for biochemical and cytological studies of early development in l . acuminata , for achieving maximal productivity in snail hatcheries , as well as for genetic manipulations , such as production of triploids .
adult l . acuminata ( cm in length ) were collected locally from lakes and low - lying submerged fields . these snails were acclimatized for 72 hours in dechlorinated tap water at °c . the ph of the water was 7 . 2–7 . 3 , and dissolved oxygen , free carbon dioxide , and bicarbonate alkalinity were 6 . 5–7 . 2 mg / l , 5 . 2–6 . 3 mg / l , and 102 . 0–105 . 0 mg / l , respectively .
fasciolosis merupakan penyakit bawaan air dan makanan yang disebabkan oleh fluk hati fasciola hepatica dan fasciola gigantica . penyakit ini menular di pelbagai bahagian di dunia ini . siput lymnaeidae and planorbidae ialah perumah perantara bagi fluk ini . pengurusan populasi siput menjadi kaedah terbaik bagi mengawal fasciolosis kerana gastropod merupakan rantaian yang paling lemah dalam kitaran hayat trematod . klorofil boleh diekstrak dari sebarang tanaman hijau . klorofilin disediakan daripada bayam dalam etanol 100 % dengan menggunakan pelbagai jenis bahan kimia yang berbeza . klorofil yang diperoleh daripada bayam bertukar menjadi klorofilin larut air . dalam kajian yang dijalankan ini , ketoksikan klorofilin bagi menghapuskan siput lymnaea acuminata bergantung kepada masa dan kepekatan . ketoksikan klorofilin yang diekstrak dan yang tulen di bawah cahaya matahari secara berterusan selama 4 jam adalah tinggi dengan kepekatan maut ( lc 50 ) 331 . 01 mg / l dan 2 . 60 mg / l , masing - masing , berbanding dengan pendedahan kepada cahaya matahari selama 8 jam yang bukan secara berterusan dengan lc 50 357 . 04 mg / l dan 4 . 94 mg / l , masing - masing . ketoksikan klorofilin yang diesktrak dapat diketahui dengan kehadiran cahaya nampak monokromatik yang berbeza . ketoksikan yang paling tinggi didapati dalam cahaya kuning ( 96 jam , lc 50 392 . 77 mg / l ) dan yang paling rendah dalam cahaya hijau ( 96 jam , lc 50 833 . 02 mg / l ) . kewujudan klorofilin dalam kombinasi dengan radiasi solar atau cahaya nampak monokromatik yang berbeza panjang gelombangnya mungkin menjadi satu penawar pendam bagi menghapuskan siput l . acuminata . klorofilin terbukti lebih toksik dalam kehadiran cahaya matahari . klorofilin adalah selamat dari segi ekologi dan lebih berekonomi berbanding molusisid sintetik yang berpotensi mengawal insiden fasciolosis di negara - negara membangun .
phytotherapy of chlorophyllin formulations against fasciola gigantica infected lymnaea acuminata under sunlight exposure was highly toxic against redia and cercaria larvae . binary combinations ( 1 : 1 ratio ) of chlorophyllin ( chl ) + freeze dried cow urine ( fcu ) were more toxic against cercariae ( 8 h lc 50 : 9 . 6 mg l − 1 ) than single treatment with chlorophyllin ( 8 h lc 50 : 12 . 6 mg l − 1 ) in sunlight . the larvicidal activity of sunlight exposed chl against rediae ( 8 h lc 50 : 13 . 5 mg l − 1 ) and cercariae ( 8 h lc 50 : 12 . 6 mg l − 1 ) was more pronounced than laboratory conditions chl treatment ( rediae - 8 h lc 50 : 305 . 9 mg l − 1 ; cercariae - 8 h lc 50 : 765 . 4 mg l − 1 ) . larvicidal activity of fcu was less than chl and chl + fcu against both redia and cercaria . chlorophyllin and its formulations were more toxic against redia and cercaria larvae in sunlight than laboratory conditions . chl and its different formulations may be used as potent larvicides against fasciola gigantica larvae . chlorophyllin formulations will be economical , ecologically sounder and their use in aquatic environment will be safe .
adult l . acuminata ( 2 . 25 ± 0 . 20 cm in length ) were collected locally from lakes and low - lying submerged fields . these snails were acclimatized for 72 hours in dechlorinated tap water at 25 ± 1°c . the ph of the water was 7 . 2–7 . 3 , and dissolved oxygen , free carbon dioxide , and bicarbonate alkalinity were 6 . 5–7 . 2 mg / l , 5 . 2–6 . 3 mg / l , and 102 . 0–105 . 0 mg / l , respectively .
pellets of carbohydrates ( starch ) and amino acids ( proline and serine ) containing agar - agar were prepared at the concentration of 20 mm of starch and proline and serine were separately added in 100 ml of 2 % agar solution by the method of tiwari and singh [ 19 ] . these preparations were spread to a uniform thickness 5 mm and after cooling attractant food pellets were cut out with the corer in 5 mm diameter . these pellets were used for the evaluation of behavioral responses of food preference against the snail l . acuminata .
there was a significant variation in the number of attracted snails at 15 - and 60 - minute exposure of different wavelength of light stimulus . it clearly indicates that variation in wavelength of light stimulus evokes differently to the photoreceptors of snails , so that there is a significant variation in the number of attracted snails by them . higher attraction of snails towards light source as exposure period prolongs from 15 to 60 minutes indicates that variation in exposure time has significant effect on the attraction of l . acuminata towards light source because the conversion of rhodopsin to metarhodopsin and vice versa takes several minutes to hours depending upon the species [ 26 , 27 ] .
the fresh water snail , l . acuminata ( 2 . 35±0 . 30 cm in length ) was collected locally from ponds , lakes , and low lying submerged fields in gorakhpur and was used as the test animals . the collected snails were acclimatised for 72 h in laboratory conditions . the experimental animals were kept in a glass aquarium containing dechlorinated tap water at room temperature ( 22°c–25°c ) . the ph , dissolved oxygen , free carbon dioxide , and bicarbonate alkalinity were 7 . 1–7 . 3 , 6 . 5–7 . 3 mg / l , 5 . 2–6 . 3 mg / l , and 102–105 mg / l , respectively . dead animals were removed immediately to prevent the water from being contaminated by decaying tissue .
in conclusion , the present study demonstrated that the treatment of photodynamically active chlorophyllin in solar light or in different wavelengths of visible light has significant toxicity effects on vector snail l . acuminata . this is an investigative research work by means of plant extracts to control snail population . chlorophyllin is a photodynamic product of chlorophyll and chlorophyll is present in all green plants . therefore , the production of chlorophyllin is inexpensive , easy , and environmentally safe and sound . it is a promising approach to control water - borne diseases . this molluscicide might be a valuable , ecologically safe tool against vector snails which has the potential to replace the synthetic molluscicides and control the incidence of fasciolosis in developing countries . for proper utilisation of chlorophyllin as molluscicides , further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action in the snail’s body .
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, nepal and pakistan ( subba rao 1989 ) . it should be looked for in bhutan .
there is no information on the population and its trends for this species , but survey data suggests that it is relatively widespread and common .
usually occurs in permanent water bodies with abundant vegetation . it also occur in polluted water bodies . it is found in streams , ponds , lakes and wetlands with meso and eutrophic condition . it has been recorded at an altitude up to 1450 m asl .
is an intermediate host of various human and animal parasitic helminths . fifteen species of trematodes which are important parasites of sheep , cattle and human were reported from
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lamarck [ j . - b . m . ] de . ( 1822 ) . histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres . tome septième . paris : published by the author , 711 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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ann trop med parasitol . 2010 dec ; 104 ( 8 ) : 667 - 71 . doi : 10 . 1179 / 136485910x12851868780144 .
malacology laboratory , department of zoology , deen dayal upadhyay gorakhpur university , gorakhpur 273 - 009 , uttar pradesh , india .
department of zoology , ddu gorakhpur university , 273 009 gorakhpur , uttar pradesh , india .
is a species of freshwater snail , an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family lymnaeidae .
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n . a . aravind madhyastha , sandeep sen and ramya badrinath , ashoka trust for research in ecology and the environment ( atree ) , bangalore , india .
describes ( in narrative form ) taxa that interact with the subject taxon . includes explicit reference to the kind of ecological interaction : predator / prey ; host / parasite , pollinators , symbiosis , mutualism , commensalism ; hybridisation . also included are relations with products grown and stored by man ( plagues ) .
freshwater - usually occurs in permanent water bodies - streams , ponds , lakes and wetlands - with abundant vegetation . recorded at an altitude of up to 1450 m asl .
general description of the sites where the species is found ( ecosystem , forest , environment or microhabitat ) . includes realm ( e . g terrestrial etc ) and climatic information ( e . g boreal ) ; also includes requirements and tolerances ; horizontal and vertical ( altitudinal ) distribution . also includes information referring to territorial extension of the individual or group in terms of its activities ( feeding , mating , etc . ) , associated mostly to vertebrates .
found all along the ganga and brahmaputra watersheds . recorded from bangladesh , india , myanmar , nepal and pakistan ( subba rao 1989 ) . should be looked for in bhutan .
enumerates geographic entities where the taxon lives . covers ranges , e . g . , a global range , or a narrower one ; may be biogeographical , political or other ( e . g . , managed areas like conservencies ) ; endemism ; native or exotic . does not include altitudinal distribution , which is covered under habitat .
if the taxon is in the ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location , such as an island , nation or other defined zone , or habitat type , and found only there ; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere .
includes abundance information ( population size , density ) and demographics ( e . g . age stratification ) .
negative impacts on humans , communities . includes invasiveness . [ this may also include impacts on ecosystems should the organism decline or be extirpated ]
red list category & criteria : least concern ver 3 . 1 year published : 2010 assessor / s : budha , p . b . , dutta , j . & daniel , b . a . reviewer / s : dey , a . , venkitesan , r . , madhyastha , a . , garcía , n . & molur , s .
describes the likelihood of the species becoming extinct in the present day or in the near future . population size is treated under population biology , and trends in population sizes are treated under trends . however , this is the preferred element if an object includes all of these things and details about conservation listings .
subba rao , n . v . 1989 . handbook : freshwater molluscs of india . zoological survey of india , culcutta .
ramakrishna and dey , a . 2007 . handbook on indian freshwater molluscs . zoological survey of india , kolkata .
observations on the association of scaphula deltae blanford ( mollusca : bivalvia ) in garanga wetland of . . .
during a survey of the garanga wetland of pobitora wildlife sanctuary , scaphula deltae blanford ( mo . . .
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anupam pati tripathi , v . k . singh , and d . k . singh
malacology laboratory , department of zoology , d . d . u . gorakhpur university , gorakhpur , uttar pradesh 273 009 , india
copyright © 2013 anupam pati tripathi et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
the estimates suggest that about 2 . 4 to 40 million people are infected with fasciola hepatica and 180 million are at the risk in the world [ 1 , 7 , 8 ] . the largest numbers of infected people have been reported from bolivia , china , ecuador , egypt , france , islamic republic of iran , peru , and portugal [ 6 ] . hillyer and apt [ 9 ] estimated that over 350 , 000 humans are infected in the bolivian altiplano alone . fasciolosis is a domestic animal disease but now increasingly affects the humans . ramachandran et al . [ 10 ] has reported human fasciolosis in arunanchal pradesh and west bengal in india , for the first time .
xenon arc lamp ( 500 w ) was used as visible light source . spectral response from 400 nm to 650 nm were produced with the help of spectrophotometer behind the interference colour filters . light intensity was measured behind each filter and then output of light is adjusted to get the same intensity . exposure of monochromatic light at 500 flux for 15 up to 60 minutes was used to study its effect on snails movement [ 18 ] . the pathway of monochromatic light is given in figure 1 .
figure 1 : design of photoresponse experiments , where ml = monochromatic light was produced with the help of spectrophotometer behind the interference colour filter by xenon lamp , f = interference colour filter , and l1 and l2 = lenses .
the protocol of the monochromatic light production device in the present study is designed with the help of dr . ravi shanker singh ( associate professor , department of physics , d . d . u gorakhpur university , gorakhpur , india ) . experiments were performed in daytime between 8 am and 2 pm . six replicates of ten snails ( size cm ) were used for each set of experiments . no individual animal was used repeatedly in any of the experiment . each experiment was performed using the laboratory acclimatized snails .
the adult snails were collected locally and allowed to acclimatize at 25°c for 72 h . snails were exposed to different spectra of visible light ( violet , blue , green , yellow , orange , and red ) at 500 flux of intensity for 15 minutes of exposure period .
protein . protein was estimated in the enzyme source supernatant by the method of lowry et al . [ 22 ] . 1 . 0 ml of the enzyme supernatant was taken and mixed in 5 . 0 ml of 5 % tca and centrifuged at 6000 ×g for 20 minutes . the precipitate was washed with 5 . 0 ml of 5 % tca and centrifuged at the same speed for 20 minutes . the precipitate was dissolved in 4 . 0 ml of naoh 1 . 0 ml of diluted supernatant was mixed with 5 . 0 ml of reagent—c . reagent—c was prepared by the addition of 50 . 0 ml of reagent—a ( 2 % sodium carbonate in 0 . 1 n naoh ) and 1 . 0 ml of reagent—b ( 1 % of sodium potassium tartrate and 0 . 5 % copper sulphate , mixed in 1 : 1 ratio at the time of experiment ) and mixture was kept for 10 minutes for room temperature . then 0 . 5 ml of reagent—d ( freshly prepared phenol reagent and distilled water in ratio 1 : 2 ) was added and mixed thoroughly . after 10 minutes blue colour developed . the resulting blue colour was monitored in absorbance at 600 nm after 10 minutes . values have been expressed as μ g protein / mg nervous tissue .
one way and two way analyses of variance and - tests were applied between the obtained data to observe any significant variation [ 23 ] .
in control experiment ( no light stimulus is given ) there was no movement of snails towards the central position of aquarium . exposure of red light source for 15 minutes in the center of aquarium evoked maximum attraction of snails ( 14 . 88 % ) from periphery of aquarium . prolongation of light stimulus for 60 minutes caused significantly higher attraction of snails ( 19 . 73 % ) towards the center ( figure 2 ) . significant variation in the number of attracted snails between the 15 and 60 minutes in violet light stimulus is also noted . lowest attraction of snails was observed in green light in 15 ( 6 . 28 % ) and 60 ( 8 . 91 % ) minutes . in chemoresponse experiment 15 - minute exposure of bait caused maximum attraction of snails ( 18 . 04 % ) when serine was used as attractant in bait . proline containing baits caused less attraction of snails ( 12 . 92 % ) . however , prolongation of proline chemo - ( bait ) stimulus for 60 minutes caused significantly higher attraction of snails ( 30 . 00 % ) as compared to serine ( 24 . 19 % ) ( figure 2 ) . bait containing starch attracted maximum number of snails in 60 minutes ( 24 . 09 % ) rather than 15 minutes ( figure 2 ) .
attraction of snails was increased significantly ( ) in the center of aquarium when combinations of photo - ( light ) and chemo - ( bait ) stimulus were used simultaneously . the maximum attraction ( 52 . 73 % ) was observed in red light + baits containing serine in 15 minutes . prolongation of photo - and chemostimulus for 60 minutes also caused significantly higher attraction of snails in red light + bait containing serine ( 60 . 00 ) ( figure 2 ) . significant variation in the number of attracted snails between 15 minutes ( 44 . 06 % ) and 60 minutes ( 51 . 74 % ) in violet light + bait containing serine was noted with respect to bait containing proline ( 15 minute 45 % and 60 minute 55 . 75 % ) and starch ( 15 minute 30 % and 60 minute 36 . 26 % ) ( figure 2 ) . the lowest attraction of snails was observed in green light with different baits .
a measurement of enzyme activity in the nervous tissue of snails exposed to the monochromatic light source for 15 minute shows that the ache activity was increased 2 . 5 times in red light exposed snails when compared to the control group ( table 1 ) . maximum change in ache activity in nervous tissue was observed when red monochromatic light was exposed ( 258 . 37 % of control ) than blue ( 243 . 44 % of control ) and orange ( 230 . 37 % of control ) .
animals sustain their life by accumulating the necessary energy from their environment , requiring the continuous acquisition of information with their sensory systems , with the photoreceptors in the retina as the main element for the visual information . the optics of eye of gastropod molluscs vary greatly and range from a pigmented pit without a lens to sophisticated eyes with hard spherical lenses and image forming capacity [ 24 ] .
similarly , feeding consists of a variable sequence of food - finding movements , followed by a series of rhythmic movements in which food is consumed . both food - finding and consummatory movements are modulated in response to different foods , in response to change in internal state , or as a result of previous learning as suggested by sunada et al . [ 28 ] . the tentacles and lip nervous contain the axon primary chemosensory neurons which sense food in environments [ 29 ] .
the present study clearly indicates that with the help of photo - and chemostimuli , trapping of snails in certain area is possible . in this way phytotherapy of trapped snails as suggested by the sunita and singh [ 17 ] for killing fasciola larva in snail body or trapped snails can be killed by the treatment of effective molluscicides [ 36 ] . the trapping of snails with the help of photo - and chemoattractant and there treatment for effective control of snails / fasciola larva will be a new tool in fasciolosis control program .
on the basis of the above experimental data , it can be conclusively noticed that the snails have a capacity to monitor photo - and chemostimuli . this behavioral response of snail will be a tool in their trapping and can be used to reduce the occurrence of fasciolosis by killing them .
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pradeep kumar , v . k . singh , and d . k . singh
academic editors : i . de la serna , h . itoh , and p . perego
copyright © 2012 pradeep kumar et al . this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
agar - agar , carbohydrates ( glucose , starch ) , amino acids ( methionine , histidine ) , and different active molluscicides such as eugenol , ferulic acid , umbelliferone , and limonene were used in bait formulations . the pure active components , eugenol ( 2 - methoxy - 4 - ( 2 - propenyl ) phenol ) , ferulic acid ( 4 - hydroxy - 3 - methoxycinnamic ) , umbelliferone ( 7 - hydroxy coumarin ; 7 - hydroxy - 2h - 1 - benzopyran - 2 - one ) , and limonene ( ( r ) - 4 - isopropenyl - 1 - methyl - 1 - cyclohexene ) , were purchased from sigma chemical co . , usa .
bait formulations containing binary combination ( 1 : 1 ratio ) of different carbohydrates ( glucose , starch 10 mm ) , amino acids ( methionine , histidine 10 mm ) , and sublethal ( 20 % and 60 % of 24 h and 96 h lc 50 ) concentration of molluscicides ( eugenol , ferulic acid , umbelliferone , and limonene ) were prepared in 100 ml of 2 % agar solution by the method of madsen , [ 18 ] . concentrations of carbohydrates and amino acids were based on the earlier reports of tiwari and singh [ 19 , 20 ] . these solutions were spread at a uniform thickness of 5 mm . after cooling , the bait containing sub - lethal molluscicides was cut out by a corer measuring 5 mm in diameter .
after 24 h of bait feeding , the snails were washed with water , and the nervous tissue was dissected out from snail brain and used for the measurement of enzyme activities . alkaline phosphatase ( alp ) and acetylcholinesterase ( ache ) activity were measured in treated as well as control groups of snails .
in the withdrawal experiment , alp and ache activities in the nervous tissue of snail fed on bait formulations were measured in withdrawn snails after 96 h feeding of 60 % of 96 h lc 50 of bait for the next 72 h in fresh water .
each experiment was six times replicated estimation ( measurement in six different pool of nervous tissue ) . the values were expressed as mean ± se . student’s - test was applied to determine the significant ( ) difference between treated and control animals [ 25 ] .
one of the authors ( dr . p . kumar , post doctoral fellow ) is thankful to university grants commission , new delhi , india , for financial assistance .
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snail attractant pellets ( sap ) of agar containing different amino acids such as arginine , proline , tryptophan , serine , citrulline , and asparagine were prepared according to the method of madsen ( 8 ) . three groups of amino acids , i . e . , i ) non - polar r group ( proline and tryptophan ) , ii ) charged polar r group ( arginine ) , and iii ) uncharged polar r group ( serine , asparagine and citrulline ) were used . each amino acid was prepared at concentrations of 10 , 20 , 50 , 80 and 100 mm / 2 % agar solution . the preparations were spread to a uniform thickness of 5 mm and , after cooling , sap were cut out using a corer measuring 5 mm in diameter .
the chemoattraction studies were carried out in round glass aquaria measuring 30 cm in diameter . each aquarium was divided into 4 concentric zones . zone 3 ( central zone ) zones 2 and 1 ( middle zones ) and zone 0 ( outer zone ) had diameters of 13 , 18 , 24 and 30 cm each , respectively . zone 0 had an area of 254 cm 2 around the inside edge of the aquarium . a small annular elevation was made in the center of the aquarium ( zone 3 ) . each container was filled to a depth of 10 mm with 500 ml dechlorinated water . the containers were maintained at 25 ± 1ºc . ten snails of the same size were first placed in zone 0 at equally spaced positions and sap were simultaneously added to zone 3 . the position of each snail was recorded at 15 - min intervals for 2 h . a clear glass aquarium containing agar alone was used as control for each experiment . each set of experiments was repeated six times . the behavioral responses of snails to sap containing different amino acids were observed and two - way anova was applied to determine significant alterations in behavior ( 9 ) .
figure 1 shows the number of snails attracted towards the sap containing different concentrations of amino acids in zone 3 . the uncharged polar r group amino acid serine caused highest attraction of snails at 80 mm . after 2 h of the experiment , the behavioral responses of snails showed high attraction to the sap containing 80 mm arginine , proline , tryptophan , serine , and asparagine . the citrulline - containing sap showed the highest attraction at 100 mm ( figure 1 ) . there was a significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) concentration - dependent variation in mean number of snails in the third zone around sap of different amino acids 2 h after the beginning of the experiment . accumulation of snails on the serine - containing sap was highest at all concentrations ( figure 1 ) . there was no significant variation in the number of snails present in different zones containing sap with different amino acid concentrations . a significant variation in the number of snails on sap containing different amino acids was observed only for 50 mm concentrations after 1 h ( table 1 ) .
figure 1 . number of snails that reached the zone where the pellets containing amino acids were located . data are reported as mean number of snails of six replicates that reached zone 3 which contained the pellets 2 h after the beginning of the experiment .
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address for correspondence : d . k . singh , malacology laboratory , department of zoology , ddu gorakhpur university , gorakhpur 273009 , up , india . e - mail : dksingh _ gpu @ urltoken
av . bandeirantes , 3900 14049 - 900 ribeirão preto sp brazil tel . / fax : + 55 16 3315 - 9120 bjournal @ urltoken
pak j biol sci . 2007 jan 1 ; 10 ( 1 ) : 23 - 31 .
department of chemistry , biology and marine science , faculty of science , university of the ryukyus , 1 senbaru , nishihara city , okinawa 903 - 0213 , japan .
pradeep kumar , v . k . singh , and d . k . singh *
this is an open access article distributed under the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly cited .
each experiment was six times replicated estimation ( measurement in six different pool of nervous tissue ) . the values were expressed as mean ± se . student ' s t - test was applied to determine the significant ( p < 0 . 05 ) difference between treated and control animals [ 25 ] .