it was described by meyrick in 1910 .

the wingspan is 18-19 mm .

the forewings are rather light brown with a dark purplish-fuscous streak along the costa from the base to near the apex , suffused beneath with indigo-bluish .

beneath this is a deep ferruginous supra-median streak from the base to three-fourths , and a similar rather shorter submedian streak .

the terminal fourth is more or less suffused with purplish and bluish , crossed by a slightly curved deep ferruginous transverse streak at about five-sixth , mixed with black at the costal extremity and on the lower half .

the hindwings are dark fuscous .

hylograptis thryptica

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type species : hylograptis thryptica meyrick , 1910 . by monotypy . synonymized by hodges ( 1986 : 11 ) .
hylograptis thryptica is a moth in the gelechiidae family . it was described by meyrick in 1910 . it is found in australia and new guinea , where it has been recorded from woodlark island and sariba island .
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meyrick e . 1910a . descriptions of micro - lepidoptera from mauritius and chagos isles . - transactions of the entomological society of london 1910 ( 3 ) : 366–377 .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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procometis aplegiopa is a moth in the family autostichidae .

it was described by turner in 1904 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland .

the wingspan is 15-19 mm .

the forewings are pale ochreous , sometimes suffused with fuscous , especially towards the dorsum .

the hindwings are grey .

procometis aplegiopa

this is the place for aplegiopa definition . you find here aplegiopa meaning , synonyms of aplegiopa and images for aplegiopa copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word aplegiopa . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word aplegiopa and , of course , aplegiopa synonyms and on the right images related to the word aplegiopa .
procometis aplegiopa turner , 1904 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 28 : 245 ; tl : q . , stradbroke is .
procometis melanthes turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 29
procometis phloeodes turner , 1898 ; ann . qd . mus . 4 : 29
have a fact about procometis tetraspora ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
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procometis limitata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : waterberg
procometis periscia lower , 1903 ; trans . r . soc . s . austr . 27 ( 2 ) : 200
procometis milvina meyrick , 1914 ; ann . transv . mus . 4 ( 4 ) : 199 ; tl : white river
procometis ( hyostoma ) acharma meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 731 ; tl : natal
procometis ( hyostola ) oxypora meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 730 ; tl : natal
procometis ochricilia meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 106 ; tl : transvaal , pretoria
procometis coniochersa meyrick , 1922 ; ark . zool . 14 ( 15 ) : 10 ; tl : nw . australia , derby
procometis genialis meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 73 ; tl : duaringa , queensland
procometis trochala meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 635 ; tl : pusa , bengal
procometis bisulcata meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 71 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
procometis monocalama meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 72 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
procometis stenarga turner , 1902 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 26 : 199 ; tl : gisborne , victoria
procometis oxypora ; meyrick , 1909 , ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 23 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ afromoths ]
procometis ( hyostola ) terrena meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 731 ; tl : nyassaland , mpeta , on loangwa river
procometis lipara meyrick , 1890 ; trans . r . soc . s . aust . 13 : 72 ; tl : sydney , blackheath , 3500ft ; bathurst , 2500ft
apiletria acutipennis walsingham , 1891 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1891 ( 1 ) : 106 ; tl : bathurst ( gambia )
corcyra brunnea west , 1931 ; novit . zool . 36 : 206 ; tl : formosa , kanshirei
odites mistharma meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 634 ; tl : puttalam ; trincomali , ceylon
odites sphendonistis meyrick , 1908 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 18 ( 3 ) : 634 ; tl : puttalam , ceylon
odites spoliatrix meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 16 ) : 509 ; tl : s . india , coimbatore
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
results of dr . e . mjöberg ' s swedish scientific expedition to australia 1910 - 1913 . microlepidoptera
west , 1931 descriptions of new species of japanese , formosan , and philippine pyralidae novit . zool . 36 : 206 - 219
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7ca2f028 - 9461 - 49da - a219 - 6a5eb3b03f52
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 386397
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lower , o . b . 1903 ,
descriptions of new genera and species of australian lepidoptera
, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 27 , pp . 183 - 201
meyrick , e . 1908 ,
descriptions of african micro - lepidoptera
, proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 1908 , pp . 716 - 756
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f72e8d0c - 690f - 4e86 - b0d7 - 8ec1a4e44c2c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 262883
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
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, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
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the taiwan tube-nosed bat ( murina puta ) is a species of vesper bat in the family vespertilionidae .

it is found only in taiwan .

it is a close relative of hutton 's tube-nosed bat , and might even be the same species .

taiwan tube - nosed bat

a preview for ' taiwan tube - nosed bat ' could not be found .
taiwan tube - nosed bat by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow
a young / baby of a taiwan tubenosed bat is called a ' pup ' . a taiwan tubenosed bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .
murina puta was named in 1924 by kyukichi kishida , who was better known as an arachnologist ( pdf ) . assuming that it is a separate species , the taiwan tube - nosed bat is considered near threatened because its range is so small and affected by deforestation . luckily , the iucn informs us , this threat seems to be decreasing . good job , little bat .
this species is endemic to taiwan , province of china ( smith and xie 2008 ) .
it is restricted to temperate forests located within the mountainous regions of taiwan ( smith and xie 2008 ) .
deforestation is a potential threat to this species since it is restricted to primary forests , although there is no longer significant deforestation going on at higher elevations in taiwan .
this species occurs on taiwan , province of china ( kuo et al . 2006 ) . all collected specimens ( n = 11 ) come from the mountainous region of the country , between elevations of 1 , 000 - 2 , 400 m asl ( kuo et al . 2006 ) .
deforestation is a potential threat to this species since it appears to be restricted to closed canopy forests , although there is no longer significant deforestation going on at higher elevations in taiwan . more information on the species ' extent of occurrence is needed to establish whether it occurs in lowland areas that are more affected by deforestation .
justification : listed as near threatened as it is restricted to the mountainous interior of taiwan , and hence its extent of occurrence is most likely less than 20 , 000 km² , it occurs only in primary forest , and there has been deforestation within its range in the past , although this threat seems to be decreasing . almost qualifies as threatened under criterion b1 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
the taxonomic status of this species is uncertain . it may be conspecific with m . huttoni , to which it is closely related ( yoshiyuki 1989 ) .
there are no known conservation measures in place for this species . it is not known if the species is present in any protected areas . research is needed in the areas of taxonomy , population status , biology and ecology , habitat status and threats . in china , this species has been regionally red listed as endangered b2ab ( i , ii , iii ) ; d2 ( wang and xie 2004 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
placed in the genus harpiola based on dentition characteristics that distinguish it from murina ( kuo et al . 2006 ) .
justification : listed as data deficient since it has only recently been described , and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence , status , threats and ecological requirements .
this species occurs in coniferous plantations or mixed forests of coniferous and broad - leaf trees with more or less closed canopy ( kuo et al . 2006 ) . two collected specimens were obtained from a tunnel ( kuo et al . 2006 ) .
specimens have been collected in yuli wildlife refuge , lulinshan major wildlife habitats ( kuo et al . 2006 ) , and it is probably present in yushan nature reserve . further research is needed in the areas of abundance , distribution , biology and ecology , habitat status and threats .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
taiwaninputkikuono
to
murina puta kishida , 1924
.
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
( i had a moment of panic / exhilaration earlier today , driving on the freeway , when i realized that this project will never end , and not only because i’m doing it so slowly . even if i actually did draw a mammal a day and get through the 5 , 000 - whatever of them in 15 years , they’d just keep coming . i always knew that taxonomy is a living thing , that what defines a particular species can change , new species can be discovered , old species can be split , but i never thought about what it meant to me before . and what it means to me is that i have to draw mammals until the day i die . )
and that’s about all i can find to tell you about this fellow . i do wonder about its scientific name . murina means mouselike , but what about puta ? i’ll tell you from recent ( just now ) experience that one thing you probably don’t want to google is “latin puta , ” but google translate does say that puta means “for example” in latin . i suppose that could be it , or maybe it’s a transliteration of something in chinese . if you know , please tell me .
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simmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : subgenus murina . closely related to and possibly conspecific with huttoni , see yoshiyuki ( 1989 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .


the pteromalidae are a very large family of parasitoid wasps , with some 3,450 described species in about 640 genera ( the number was greater , but many species and genera have been reduced to synonymy in recent years ) .

the subfamily-level divisions of the family are highly contentious and unstable , and the family unquestionably is completely artificial , composed of numerous , distantly related groups ( polyphyletic ) .

accordingly , details of their life histories range over nearly the entire range possible within the chalcidoidea , though the majority are ( as with most chalcidoids ) parasitoids of other insects .

they are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats , and many are important as biological control agents .

in essence , a " pteromalid " is any member of the chalcidoidea that has five-segmented tarsi and does not have the defining features of any of the remaining families with five-segmented tarsi .

unquestionably , this family will be divided into several families in the near future .

pteromalidae

) parasites ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) associated with poultry manure in north carolina .
walk . ( hym . chalcidoidea , pteromalidae ) and description of a new species .
( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) females exhibit postmating oviposition behavior typical of the male genome .
crawford ( hymenoptera , pteromalidae ) from rice paddy , with descriptions of two new species .
kogan & legner ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) invigorated through insemination by males of different races .
( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) . ann entomol soc am . 1985 ; 78 : 410–414 .
for detailed descriptions of immature stages of pteromalidae , please see clausen ( 1940 / 1962 ) .
, with a revised key to the nearctic species of the genus ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) .
normally pupation in pteromalidae occurs in the cell , cocoon or other cavity in which the host resided .
species ( hym . , pteromalidae ) : a possible example of a recently evolved ethological isolating mechanism .
lariophagus distinguendus ; pteromalidae ; sitophilus sp . ; stegobium paniceum ; biological pest control ; stored product protection
the habit has since been found in many other genera of pteromalidae and occasionally in other chalcidoidea as well .
revision of the oriental species of apsilocera bouček ( hymenoptera , pteromalidae ) , with description of twelve new species .
a number of pteromalidae are able to undergo long periods of inactivity as either larvae or adults when conditions are unfavorable .
description of two new species of walkerella ( pteromalidae , otitesellinae ) from china with a key to species of the genus .
( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) for controlling flies associated with confined beef cattle . biol control . 1992 ; 2 : 44–50 .
revision of the oriental species of apsilocera bouček ( hymenoptera , pteromalidae ) , with description of twelve new species . - pubmed - ncbi
bouček z . 1953 . the ‘group cea’ of the chalcidoid family pteromalidae . acta entomologica musei nationalis pragae 28 ( 407 ) : 157–164 .
guide to common species of pupal parasites ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) of the house fly and other muscoid flies associated with poultry and livestock manure .
what made you want to look up pteromalidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
description of two new species of walkerella ( pteromalidae , otitesellinae ) from china with a key to species of the genus . - pubmed - ncbi
desjardins c . a . 2007 . phylogenetics and classification of the world genera of diparinae ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) . zootaxa 1647 : 1–88 .
mitroiu m . - d . 2010 . revision of the palaearctic species of macroglenes westwood ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) . zootaxa 2563 : 1–34 .
pteromalidae now also includes the former separate families , cleonymidae , miscogasteridae and spalangiidae , which have been designated subfamilies cleoneminae , miscogasterinae and spalangiinae , respectively .
darling d . c . 1995 . new palaearctic species of spalangiopelta ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae : ceinae ) . canadian entomologist 127 : 225–233 .
among chalcidoidea , the pteromalidae are one of the most common families containing many genera and species of frequent encounter as parasitoids or hyperparasitoids of various insect pests .
impact of selected pesticides on field population dynamics of parasitic hymenoptera ( pteromalidae ) in caged - layer poultry manure in southern califo . . . - pubmed - ncbi
impact of selected pesticides on field population dynamics of parasitic hymenoptera ( pteromalidae ) in caged - layer poultry manure in southern california , u . s . a .
brown ph , shearer pw , miller jc , thistlewood hma . the discovery and rearing of a parasitoid ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) associated with spotted wing drosophila ,
dhir , s . 1977 . further observations on oviposition of dinarmus vagabundus timb . ( pteromalidae : hymenoptera ) . current science 46 ( 1 ) : 18 .
desjardins , c . a . 2007 . phylogenetics and classification of the world genera of diparinae ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) . zootaxa , 1647 : 1 - 88 .
jamal ahmad , m . 1995 . a new species of gastrancistrus westwood ( chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) from india . shashpa 2 ( 2 ) : 95 - 96 .
subba rao , b . r . 1973 . descriptions of four new species of pteromalidae ( hymenoptera ) . oriental insects 7 ( 3 ) : 358 - 359 .
( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) , attacks other primary tephritid fruit fly parasitoids : host expansion and potential non - target impact . biol control . 2004 ; 31 : 227–236 .
gibson , g . a . p . 2003 . phylogenetics and classification of cleonyminae ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) . memoirs on entomology , international 16 : 83 .
gupta , a . 2007 . a new species of dinarmus thomson ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) from india . entomon 32 ( 3 ) : 162 - 165 .
jamal ahmad , m . 1997 . a new species of merismus walker ( chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) from naintal hills . shashpa 4 ( 1 ) : 13 - 15 .
sureshan , p . m . 2011 . checklist of pteromalidae ( insecta : hymenoptera : chalcidoidea ) of india available from : urltoken ( updated on 31st may 2012 ) .
popovici oa , mitoiu , md & notton dg . 2014 . new teratological cases in platygastridae and pteromalidae ( hymenoptera ) . turkish journal of zoology 38 : 491 - 499 .
dzhanokmen , k . a . 2005 . synoptic list of the pteromalidae ( hymenoptera , chalcidoidea ) from kazakhstan and middle asia . tethys entomological research 11 : 51 - 63 .
sureshan , p . m . 1999 . two new genera and three new species of pteromalidae ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea ) from india . oriental insects 33 : 100 - 105 .
sureshan , p . m . 2001 . a taxonomic revision of the genus halticopterella ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) . oriental insects 35 : 31 , 33 - 35 .
gibson , g . a . p . 2003 , phylogenetics and classification of cleonyminae ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) . memoirs on entomology , international 16 : 154 - 155
gibson , g . a . p . 2003 , phylogenetics and classification of cleonyminae ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) . memoirs on entomology , international 16 : 155 - 156
gibson , gap . 2015 . the presence of notanisus walker ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) in north america and revision of the oulmesiensis species group . zootaxa 3948 : 422 - 450 .
lariophagus distinguendus ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) ( förster ) - past , present , and future : the history of a biological control method using l . distinguendus against different storage pests .
ahmad , m . j . 1998 . one new species and two new records of spalangia latr . ( chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) from india . shashpa 5 : 10 - 12 .
heydon , s . l . 1988 . a review of the world species of notogylptus masi ( hmyneoptera : pteromalidae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 91 : 122 .
yang , z . q . 1991 . a rare giant pteromalid , genus solenura ( hymenoptera , chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) found in shaanxi province . entomotaxonomia 13 : 222 , 230 .
darling d . c . 1991b . revision of the world species of spalangiopelta ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae : ceinae ) . life sciences contributions 155 , royal ontario museum , ontario .
farooqi , s . i . 1983 . a contribution to the knowledge of indian eunotinae ( pteromalidae : chalcidoidea ) . journal of entomological research 7 ( 2 ) : 185 - 187 .
kamijo , k . 1983 . pteromalidae ( hymenoptera ) from korea , with description of four new species . annales historico - naturales musei nationalis hungarici 75 : 295 - 303 , 306 .
panicker , k . n . and srinavasan , r . 1986 . preliminary studies of pachycrepoideus vindemmiae ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) . indian journal of medical research 84 : 159 - 162 .
sureshan , p . m . 2000 . a new species of heydenia forster ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) from india . zoos ' print journal 15 ( 2 ) : 197 - 198 .
lariophagus distinguendus ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) ( förster ) - past , present , and future : the history of a biological control method using l . dist . . . - pubmed - ncbi
ghosal , t . k . 2007 . review of cerocephala dinoderi ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae : cerocephalinae ) with a check list . environment and ecology 25 ( 1 ) : 54 - 57 .
jamal ahmad , m . and ahmad , m . 1997 . a new species of gastrancistrus westwood ( chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) . annals of forestry 5 ( 1 ) : 85 - 87 .
kundra , s . 1976 . some observations on the biology of dinarmus vagabundus timberlake ( pteromalidae : hymenoptera ) . bull . grain . techn . 14 ( 2 ) : 126 - 129 .
peters , r . s . and baur , h . 2011 . a revision of the dibrachys cavus species complex ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea , pteromalidae ) . zootaxa 2937 : 18 - 22 .
sureshan , p . m . 2001 . taxonomic studies on psilocera from india with descriptions of two new species ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) . oriental insects 35 : 85 - 87 .
sureshan , p . m . 2003 . pteromalinae ( pteromalidae : chalcidoidea : hymenoptera ) of indian subcontinent . records of the zoological survey of india , occasional paper 205 : iii + 170pp .
yadav , r . s . 1978 . a new species of the genus gastrancistrus ( pteromalidae : hymenoptera ) from india . indian journal of entomology 40 ( 4 ) : 466 - 467 .
sureshan , p . m . and narendran , t . c . 1990 . taxonomic studies on eurydinotomorpha and netomocera ( hymenoptera , chalcidoidea , pteromalidae ) . oriental insects 24 : 219 - 227 .
wadhi , s . r . and verma , b . r . 1970 . first record of phytophagous systasis ( hym . , pteromalidae ) . entomologische berichten , amsterdam 30 : 127 - 128 .
graham m . w . r . de v . 1966 . a new species of spalangiopelta ( hym . , chalcidoidea , pteromalidae ) from the british isles . entomologist 99 ( 1239 ) : 187–189 .
sureshan , p . m . 2005 . notes on the type material of ophelosia maculata sureshan and narendran ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) . zoos ' print journal 20 ( 12 ) : 2090 .
xiao , h . and huang , d . w . 2001 . a review of eunotinae ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) from china . journal of natural history 35 ( 11 ) : 1593 .
gupta , a . and khan , m . a . 2006 . a new species of pteromalidae ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea ) from india . journal of experimental zoology 9 ( 2 ) : 365 - 368 .
narendran , t . c . and rajmohana , k . 2008 . a review of cleonymus latreille ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) of oriental region . hexapoda 15 ( 1 ) : 2 , 3 - 4 .
darling d . c . 1991a . bohpa maculata , a new genus and species of ceinae from south africa ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 93 : 622–629 . urltoken
sexena , r . 1996 . utilization of dinarmus basalis rondani ( hymenoptera , pteromalidae ) in biocontrol of callosobruchus analis f . ( coleoptera , bruchidae ) . insect environment 2 ( 3 ) : 77 - 79 .
sureshan , p . m . and narendran , t . c . 1995 . new species and new record of pteromalidae ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea ) from india . hexapoda 6 ( 2 ) : 60 - 64 .
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pandey , k . p . , kumar , a . , shanker , s . and tripathi , c . p . m . 1985 . first record of pachyneuron aphidis ( bouche ) ( pteromalidae : hymenoptera ) , a hyperparasitoid of diaretiella rapae ( m ' intosh ) ( aphididae : hymenoptera ) from india . current science 54 : 710 .
sureshan , p . m . , dhanya , b . , bijoy , c . and ramesh kumar , a . 2011 . a review of the oriental eunotinae ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) with description of a new cephaleta and first record of mesopeltita truncatipennis ( waterston ) from the oriental region . hexapoda 18 ( 2 ) : 98 .
sureshan , p . m . , manickavasagam , s . and dhanya , b . 2012 . a review of oriental species of merismomorpha girault ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) with description of a new species parasitising cercococcus sp . ( hemiptera : sternorrhyncha : cerococcidae ) from tamil nadu , india . hexapoda 19 ( 1 ) : 16 , 17 - 19 .
narendran , t . c . , saleem , u . k . a . and nasser , m . 2012 . calyconotiscini ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae : eunotinae ) an interesting new tribe and a new genus from india with comments on the placement of the tribe eriaporini and a key to tribes of eunotinae . biosystematica 6 ( 1 ) : 9 - 10 .
andriescu , i . and mitroiu , m . d . 2001 . contributions to the knowledge of the pteromalids ( hymenoptera , chalcidoidea , pteromalidae ) from david ' s valley hay fields natural reserve , iasi ( ii ) . analele stiintifice ale universitatii
al . i . cuza
din iasi . ( serie noua ) ( biologie animala ) 47 : 26 .
pawar , a . d . , misrah , m . p . and tripathi , r . s . 1981 . records of parasitism by eupteromalus parnarae gahan ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) on slug caterpillar latoia ( latoia ) bicolor walker ( lepidoptera : limacodidae ) from kanushhapra , lakshmiganj , uttar pradesh , india . journal of advanced zoology 2 ( 1 ) : 65 .
sureshan , p . m . , dhanya , b . , bijoy , c . and ramesh kumar , a . 2011 . a review of the oriental eunotinae ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea : pteromalidae ) with description of a new cephaleta and first record of mesopeltita truncatipennis ( waterston ) from the oriental region . hexapoda 18 ( 2 ) : 95 - 99 , 100 .
farooqi , s . i . and subba rao , b . r . 1985 . family : pteromalidae pp . 254 - 263 . in subba rao & hayat ( eds . ) . the chalcidoidea ( insecta : hymenoptera ) of india and the adjacent countries part . i . review of families and keys to families and genera . oriental insects 19 : 161 - 310 & 15 . pp .
the family pteromalidae is interestingly speciose with diverse forms . ' pteromalini ' is the second earliest available group name in chalcidoidea , proposed by dalman in 1820 ( boucek , 1988 ) . recent indian check list includes 213 species under 93 genera ( sureshan , 2012 ) updated to 333 species under 121 genera ( gupta , 2016 ) . an account of world pteromalid fauna is given in universal chalcidoidea database .
heydon , s . l . 2004 . a new genus of austroterobiinae ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) . perspectives on biosystematics and biodiversity . prof . t . c . narendran commemoration volume . pp . 184 - 186 ( eds : rajmohana , k . ; sudheer , k . ; girish kumar , p . ; santhosh , s . ) systematic entomology research scholars association ( sersa ) , kerala , india .
walkerella is an old world genus of non - pollinating fig wasps in the subfamily otitesellinae ( chalcidoidea , pteromalidae ) . it is the most widely distributed genus of the subfamily , though there has been only six known world species . this paper describes two new species associated with the host ficus subsection conosycea of section urostigma , subgenus urostigma in xishuangbanna , china . the two new species , walkerella nigrabdomina ma & yang sp . nov . and w . curtipedis ma & yang sp . nov . , are described from specimens reared from ficus pisocarpa and ficus curtipes , respectively . a key to all described species of walkerella found is provided .
walkerella is an old world genus of non - pollinating fig wasps in the subfamily otitesellinae ( chalcidoidea , pteromalidae ) . it is the most widely distributed genus of the subfamily , though there has been only six known world species . this paper describes two new species associated with the host ficus subsection conosycea of section urostigma , subgenus urostigma in xishuangbanna , china . the two new species , walkerella nigrabdomina ma & yang sp . nov . and w . curtipedis ma & yang sp . nov . , are described from specimens reared from ficus pisocarpa and ficus curtipes , respectively . a key to all described species of walkerella found is provided .
the indian species of family pteromalidae are distributed into 21 subfamilies with 121 genera and 333 species . india comprises of twenty - nine states and seven union territories . the species distribution given in this checklist follows the current division of states / union territories . the species are arranged subfamily wise in alphabetical order . the readers are advised to visit universal chalcidoidea database for individual species regarding world distribution and associated hosts . this checklist will be updated with new species additions as and when published . authors of taxonomic changes and others with information on additions / corrections are encouraged to notify the contact . the work on addition of species factsheets is in progress .
the pteromalidae contains a number of species that develop as predators rather than parasitoids . the larva of some species of systasis have been observed to feed on a succession of small cecidomyiid larvae ( ahmad & mani , 1939 ; parnell , 1963 ) . other species prey on the eggs of various insects . for example , species of panstenon are known to be predators of the eggs of delphacids concealed in grass sheaths ( rosen , 1956 ) , and eunotines feed on the eggs of coccoidea ; the same pteromalid species sometimes can develop as a hyperparasitoid of the adult female coccid if eggs are not available ( smith & compere , 1931 ) . a few pteromalids are obligate hyperparasitoids , attacking aphelinids and aphidiine braconids parasitizing aphids .
beyond for the species investigated in this study , some reports have shown that some parasitoids can feed on conspecific larvae or pupae . cephalonomia hyalinipennis ( bethylidae ) has been reported to lay eggs on conspecifically infested hosts , when there are no suitable primary hosts available , but the eggs die upon hatching [ 37 ] . dinarmus basalis ( pteromalidae ) can also lay eggs on hosts containing conspecific larvae or pupae , but very few d . basalis eggs from hyperparasitized conspecific old larvae reach the adult stage [ 38 ] . also , some smaller offspring had been observed when d . basalis secondarily parasitized hosts , which was taken as a result of superparasitism and the depletion of host resources [ 38 ] . whether these reports can be classified as conspecific hyperparasitism behavior needs further research .
the success of parasitic wasps in suppressing pest population depends on their ability to locate hosts ; therefore , understanding the host location process is critical for the successful implementation of biological control programs . host - seeking behavior in parasitoids has been divided into four phases , habitat location , host location , host recognition , and host acceptance [ 3 , 9 ] . orientation to host plant or host food volatiles in the absence of any host , host damage , and host derived materials have been demonstrated for a number of parasitic wasps [ 10 – 14 ] , including some pteromalidae species parasitizing stored - grain insect pests [ 15 – 17 ] . these volatiles , generally acting as long distance cues , would be the first signals used by parasitoids in the host location process and are thought to play an important role in host habitat location [ 18 – 20 ] . the identification of such synomones has a great practical interest since they could be used as parasitoid behavior modifying compounds to enhance their biological performances .
the oriental species of apsilocera bouček , 1956 ( hymenoptera : pteromalidae ) are revised and the limits of the genus are reevaluated . bulolosa bouček , 1990 and kratinka bouček , 1988 are treated as synonyms of apsilocera , syn . n . bulolosa bidens bouček and kratinka brevis bouček are transferred to apsilocera as a . bidens ( bouček ) and a . brevis ( bouček ) comb . n . , respectively . twelve new species ( all mitroiu & van achterberg ) are described in apsilocera : a . acuticristata sp . n . , a . bicristata sp . n . , a . cornuta sp . n . , a . dentata sp . n . , a . dupla sp . n . , a . elongata sp . n . , a . fulvipennis sp . n . , a . longicornis sp . n . , a . maculata sp . n . , a . obtusicristata sp . n . , a . palliclava sp . n . , and a . tuberculata sp . n . an illustrated key to the females and males of oriental species is provided .
the ability of a generalist parasitoid to locate different non - related host species by volatile cues was examined in a static four chamber olfactometer with naive females of lariophagus distinguendus förster ( pteromalidae ) , a parasitoid of beetle larvae endophytic in seeds . the following seed - host complexes were tested : sitophilus granarius in rice grains , rhyzopertha dominica in wheat grains , and callosobruchus maculatus in cowpeas . for comparison the non - host sitotroga cerealella , a moth endophytic in wheat grains , was used . healthy seeds from rice , wheat , and cowpea all had an arresting effect on l . distinguendus . infested seeds from the complexes rice - s . granarius and wheat - r . dominica were significantly preferred over healthy seeds , but not from the complexes cowpea - c . maculatus and wheat - s . cerealella . faeces from all beetle hosts , but not from the moth s . cerealella , had an arresting effect . these results indicate that l . distinguendus females innately react to volatile cues from different hosts and host plants . this is discussed with respect to current hypotheses on the use of chemical cues by generalist parasitoids .
field studies were conducted at caged - layer poultry facilities in southern california , u . s . a . , to determine the effect of selected pesticides on beneficial pteromalidae . weekly parasite sampling was conducted using sentinel musca domestica l . pupae to assess changes in parasitization in relation to pesticide treatment . sites were sampled weekly for 5 weeks before treatment and for 8 - 10 weeks post - treatment . treatments were applied twice to six hen houses ( four treated plus two controls ) at each of two sites . treatments were : ( 1 ) dimethoate ( 0 . 5 % ) , spot - treatment to wet areas only ( approximately 5 - 10 % of manure surface ) ; ( 2 ) dimethoate ( 0 . 5 % ) , entire manure surface ; ( 3 ) cyromazine ( 0 . 1 % ) , entire manure surface ; and ( 4 ) permethrin ( 0 . 05 % ) applied to all hens in the house for northern fowl mite [ ornithonyssus sylviarum ( canestrini and fanzago ) ] . the two discrete pesticide applications during an 8 - day period had no significant effect on activity of muscidifurax spp . and spalangia spp . at either site .
hyperparasitism is a normal behavior of parasitoids , which often happens among species . conspecific hyperparasitism , such as some kinds of heteronomous hyperparasitic behaviors , has been only reported in some species belonging to aphelinidae . in this article , the conspecific hyperparasitism of pachycrepoideus vindemmiae ( pteromalidae ) is reported , with drosophila puparia as hosts . hosts were exposed to p . vindemmiae females twice to parasitism with nine , twelve , and fifteen day intervals between the two exposures . none of the infested hosts emerged more than one offspring , and emergence of parasitoid offspring occurred in two obvious events , synchronously with the exposure time intervals , which suggested that offspring emerging during the first and second events would come from the primary and secondary parasitoids , respectively , and the inference with the developmental duration of offspring also indicated this . with two p . vindemmiae strains that could be identified by a simple sequence repeat marker , the above speculation of the origin of those offspring emerging during the two events was confirmed . dissection of hosts exposed twice revealed a cannibalism behavior of larvae from the secondary foundresses on the primary conspecific pupae . our results suggested a conspecific hyperparasitism behavior of the secondary parasitoids on the primary conspecifics . measures showed a reduced body size for the adults from the conspecific hyperparasitism . foundresses from the conspecific hyperparasitism had less fitness variables than those from primary parasitism , with shorter longevity , less life time fecundity , lower values of infestation degree , and lower success rate of parasitism . however , when the parasitoids from the conspecific hyperparasitism met healthy drosophila puparia , their offspring would recover to normal size . frequency of the conspecific hyperparasitism behavior enhanced with the decreasing of proportion of healthy hosts in the oviposition patch . the conspecific hyperparasitism of p . vindemmiae on the primary conspecifics would be helpful to last the population when healthy hosts are absent in the oviposition patch .
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; vaguely defined and rather artificial chalcidoid assemblage : for example , it does not have the enlarged metafemora of the chalcididae ( except chalcedectini ) , it does not have the quadrate ( rectangular ) pronotum of the eurytomidae ( except spalanginae ) , it does not have the exserted ovipositor of the torymidae ( except for 2 genera ) . . .
close to 600 spp . in > 200 genera of 18 subfamilies in our area , ca . 3500 spp . in almost 600 genera worldwide placed in ~ 30 subfamilies
the adults of some species feed on the body fluids of the host , after puncturing it with the ovipositor .
a handbook of the families of nearctic chalcidoidea ( hymenoptera ) . 2nd edition grissell e . e . , schauff m . e . 1997 . ent . soc . wash . 87pp .
a phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse chalcidoidea ( hymenoptera ) heraty j . m . , burks r . a . , cruaud a . , gibson g . a . p . , liljeblad j . , munro j . , rasplus j . - y . , delvare g . , janšta p . , gumovsky a . . . . 2013 . cladistics 29 : 466–542 .
hymenoptera of the world : an identification guide to families goulet h . , huber j . , eds . 1993 . agriculture canada publication 1894 / e . 668 pp .
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stenoien , c . , mccoshum , s . , caldwell , w . , de anda , a .
new reports that monarch butterflies ( lepidoptera : nymphalidae , danaus plexippus linnaeus ) are hosts for a pupal parasitoid ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidae , pteromalus cassotis walker ) .
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1 . fore and hind tarsi 5 - segmented ( 100 % ) 2 . small to very large chalcids , body slender to quite robust , from 1 - 48mm in length ( 100 % ) 3 . body usually metallic , often strongly so ( 70 % ) 4 . antennae 8 - 13 segmented ( including up to 3 annelli ) ( 100 % ) 5 . fully winged forms with fore wing with marginal vein at least several times longer than broad ( 98 % ) , with postmarginal and stigmal vein well - developed , rarely quite short ( 5 % ) ; speculum distinct ( 99 % ) .
the family currently includes 588 genera and 3506 species placed in 31 subfamilies as follows : asaphinae ( 5 / 25 ) , austrosystasinae ( 1 / 1 ) , austroterobiinae ( 1 / 2 ) , ceinae ( 3 / 15 ) , cerocephalinae ( 13 / 41 ) , chromeurytominae ( 3 / 16 ) , cleonyminae ( 42 / 264 ) , coelocybinae ( 15 / 38 ) , colotrechninae ( 19 / 41 ) , cratominae ( 1 / 3 ) , diparinae ( 31 / 117 ) , ditropinotellinae ( 1 / 3 ) , elatoidinae ( 1 / 4 ) , erotolepsiinae ( 4 / . 4 ) , eunotinae ( 23 / 84 ) , eutrichosomatinae ( 4 / 5 ) , herbertiinae ( 1 / 7 ) , keiraninae ( 1 / 1 ) , leptofoeninae ( 2 / 7 ) , louriciinae ( 1 / 3 ) , macromesinae ( 1 / 12 ) , miscogasterinae ( 34 / 303 ) , neodiparinae ( 1 / 3 ) , nefoeninae ( 1 / 1 ) , ormocerinae ( 40 / 176 ) , panstenoninae ( 2 / 13 ) , parasaphodinae ( 1 / 4 ) , pireninae ( 16 / 179 ) , pteromalinae ( 314 / 2073 ) , spalangiinae ( 2 / 52 ) , storeyinae ( 1 / 2 ) , unplaced ( 4 / 7 ) .
the life - histories of taxa in this family are extremely varied , and the group as a whole embraces many of the lifeways exhibited by insect parasitoids . there are solitary and gregarious species , ectoparasitoids and endoparasitoids , koinobionts and idiobionts , primary and secondary parasitoids and even predators .
some pteromalids are koinobionts . for example , most species of miscogasterini are larval - pupal endoparasitoids of agromyzids ( parker & thompson , 1925 ; askew , 1968 ) . species of tomicobia are unusual in developing as endoparasitoids of adult coleoptera ( sachtleben , 1952 ; boucek , 1977 ) .
the fecundity varies from species to species but a female pteromalid may lay up to 700 eggs , placed on or inside the host . the egg may be elongate with rounded ends ( varley , 1937 ) ; arched and broadened anteriorly , tapered posteriorly and with a narrow anterior nipple ( cameron , 1939 ; askew , 1961b ) ; clothed in minute spicules ( noble , 1932 ) ; or bearing hairs and having a pitted appearance ( hussey , 1955 ) . the first instar larva is more or less hymenopteriform with a 13 - segmented body , though in some ectophagous or predatory species the larva is somewhat more slender in appearance ( see parnell , 1964b ) . the last segment may be bilobed and the head is often very enlarged ; occasionally the mandibles are also large . some species may have strong spines on each segment . the first instar larvae of ectophagous species have an open tracheal system , whilst that of endophagous species is closed or completely lacking ( varley , 1937 ; cameron , 1939 ; hussey , 1955 ; askew , 1961b ) . pupation may take place inside the dead host , externally in the vicinity of the host , or sometimes inside a host cocoon ( parnell , 1964a ) . overwintering is usually as mature larvae , but some species overwinter as pupae or as adults . for example , the females of cyrtogaster vulgaris overwinter in the foliage of conifers , in leaf litter in tree boles , in tussocks , haystacks , birds ' nests etc . ( askew , 1965 ) and pteromalus sequester overwinters on its host ' s food plant ( parnell , 1964a ) .
asaphinae [ * ] species of asaphes are hyperparasitoids of aphids via aphidiine braconids and aphelinid chalcids ( haviland , 1922 ; dunn , 1949 ; evenhuis , 1964 ) . a north american species of hyperimerus is recorded as a parasitoid of chrysopid and hemerobiid neuroptera ( burks , 1979 ) . species of bairamlia are of interest on account of their association with vertebrate ectoparasites . b . fuscipes has been reared from the cocoons of the flea ceratophyllus wickhami , which is an ectoparasite of the grey squirrel ( sciurus carolinensis ) ( waterston , 1929 ) . another species , b . nidicola , is associated with the nests of various birds ( ferrière , 1934 ) , possibly as a parasite of the poultry flea , ceratophyllus gallinae . some females of b . nidicola collected from the nest of a sand martin ( riparia riparia ) had their wings bitten off at about the level of the junction of the parastigma with the marginal vein . it appears that the female does this to facilitate movement within the nest ( graham , 1969 ) .