zelotomys is a genus of rodents in the subfamily murinae , the old world rats and mice .

they are known commonly as the broad-headed mice .

they are native to africa .

there are two species .

zelotomys

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
afrikanlattarotta
to
zelotomys hildegardeae ( thomas , 1902 )
.
this species is widely , although sparsely , distributed in northern and especially southern savanna zones . it has been recorded from central angola ( the southern records in angola are probably misidentified specimens of zelotomys woosnami ) , zambia , northern malawi ( nyika and vipya platyeaus ) , western uganda , rwanda , burundi and eastern democratic republic of congo , sudan and central african republic . the altitudinal range of this species is not known .
comments : colomys division . similar to colomys in molar occlusal patterns ( misonne , 1969 , and our observations ) , but strength of evolutionary link to either that genus or other murines requires assessment by phylogenetic analyses of morphological traits incorporating more characters than those associated with molars . the phyletic link between zelotomys and colomys , however , is reinforced by mtdna cytochrome b ( lecompte et al . , 2002b ) and nuclear irbp gene sequences ( e . lecompte , in litt . , 2002 ) , whic . . .
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citation : nicolas v , schaeffer b , missoup ad , kennis j , colyn m , denys c , et al . ( 2012 ) assessment of three mitochondrial genes ( 16s , cytb , co1 ) for identifying species in the praomyini tribe ( rodentia : muridae ) . plos one 7 ( 5 ) : e36586 . urltoken
copyright : © 2012 nicolas et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this research was supported by the “action transversale du muséum : taxonomie moléculaire , dna barcode & gestion durable des collections” , the ‘consortium national de recheche en génomique’ ( evry , france ) , and the ‘service de systématique moléculaire’ of the muséum national d ' histoire naturelle ( ums 2700 , paris , france ) . it is part of the agreement no . 2005 / 67 between the genoscope and the muséum national d ' histoire naturelle on the project ‘macrophylogeny of life’ directed by guillaume lecointre . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
distribution of intraspecific ( white bars ) and interspecific ( black bars ) divergences estimated from the k2p distance for the genes 16s , cytb and co1 and for the first part of the cytb gene .
in several cases a non - null number of occurrences was observed , but this is not apparent on the histograms because of the scale . the symbol “ * ” indicates a non - null number of occurrences within species , and “ + ”a non - null number of occurrences between species .
mean , minimum and maximum distances observed between individuals of the same ( intraspecific ) or distinct species ( interspecific ) for each gene .
16s neighbour - joining tree of praomyini ( k2p distance ) , with bootstrap support ( 500 replicates ) .
to improve clarity , bootstrap support of each species is not indicated on the tree but is reported in table 1 . for species codes , see table s1 .
co1 neighbour - joining tree of praomyini ( k2p distance ) , with bootstrap support ( 500 replicates ) .
to improve clarity bootstrap support of each species is not indicated on the tree but is reported in table 1 . for species codes ( see table s1 ) .
the most widely used mtdna markers for resolving phylogenetic relationships and for inferring species boundaries in the praomyini tribe are the 16s and cytb genes [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 7 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] , [ 48 ] , [ 49 ] . moreover , several species - level phylogeographic studies of this group based on the cytb gene were recently published [ 50 ] – [ 53 ] .
- nn ) with the three genes ( 16s , cytb , co1 ) and the first part of the cytb gene .
distributions of the cumulative errors among the 40 species of praomyini tribe , calculated from : ( a ) the co1 gene ; ( b ) the cytb - part1 gene .
animals were live - trapped using sherman traps ( h . b . sherman traps , inc . n fl u . s . a . ) and handled under the guidelines of the american society of mammalogists ( asm ; urltoken ; animal care and use committee , 2011 ) . trapped animals were euthanised by thoracic compression for smaller species and by the injection of a lethal dose of isofluorane , followed by cervical dislocation for bigger species . the protocol was approved by the french national museum of natural history ( atm barcode 2010–2011 , bqr rayonnant 2004–2006 ) and by local authorities in concerned african countries ( 2003 / pfhg / 05 / gui : ministry of public health , republic of guinea ; 41 / minresi / b00 / c00 / c40 : ministry of scientific research and innovation , cameroon ; 158 / 07 - c , 159 / 07 - c : ministry of rural development , benin ) .
for each species , one to 37 specimens were sequenced ( with an average of 11 : see table s1 ) . finally , 426 specimens were sequenced for the three genes . all specimens were identified by the specialist of the group using a combination of morphological , morphometrical and cytogenetical molecular data . details on all specimens ( sampling location , gps coordinates , voucher number , bold number , etc . ) are available within the ‘‘praom” project in the barcode of life data systems ( bold . urltoken ) .
dna was extracted from ethanol - preserved muscle , liver or heart by either the cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide ( ctab ) method [ 63 ] or by proteinase k digestion using the nucpreptm chemistry isolation of a gdna kit ( applied biosystems , courtaboeuf , france ) .
. the pcr consisted of 35 cycles : 30 s at 94°c , 40 s at 48–55°c and 90 s at 72°c . the double - stranded pcr products were purified and sequenced at the genoscope ( evry , france ) . the 16s gene generally presents insertions and its alignment is much more difficult than the other two genes . for this gene , sequences were aligned using clustal
, and the resulting matrix was then manually corrected . the final alignment comprised 510 nucleotides for the 16s gene , 1077 nucleotides for the cytb gene and 697 nucleotides for the co1 gene .
all sequences were entered into the bold database under the process - id prao001 - 11 to prao437 - 11 , and in the genbank database ( co1 : jq667597 - jq668026 ; cytb : jq735467 - jq735889 , jf343847 , jf343852 , jf343858 , fj617509 , jf343860 , jf343866 , jf343850 , jf343847 , jf343847 , jf343852 , jf343858 , fj617509 , jf343860 , jf343866 , jf343866 ; 16s : jq843689 - jq844108 , jf284175 , jf284181 , jf284182 , fj786196 , fj786177 , jf284198 , jf284177 , jf284176 , jf284184 , jf284173 ) .
first , frequency histograms of the distribution of all conspecific pairwise distances and all heterospecific pairwise distances were constructed in order to look for the presence of a barcoding gap . the pairwise distances were computed with two methods : the p - distance or normalised hamming distance ( proportion of nucleotide sites at which two sequences being compared are different ) and the k2p distance ( kimura , 1980 ) .
third , statistical assignment methods 1 - nn and random forest , were performed on each gene ( or on parts of it ) in a supervised classification framework detailed below ( see , e . g . , clarke et al . [ 72 ] for a comprehensive text about all the statistical classification and clustering methods ) . the k - nearest neighbour classification assigns the status obtained from the majority vote among its k nearest neighbours to a query sequence [ 73 ] . cover and hart [ 74 ] have shown that , in some sense , half the classification information is contained in the nearest - neighbour ( nn ) and that among certain classes of distributions , the 1 - nn rule is better than the k - nn rule . in addition , austerlitz et al . [ 55 ] observed that for barcoding purposes , k = 1 provided better results than k = 2 or k = 3 . therefore , in this study , we used the 1 - nn rule based either on the p - distance or on the k2p distance . when two sequences with different statuses were located at the same distance from the query sequence , two procedures were used to select a status : the “rand” procedure that randomly assigns one of the two statuses , and the “next” procedure that assigns the status of the next nearest individual .
that consists in recursively constructing a binary tree according to the following rules . the root node contains all of the dna sequences of the training set . at each step , a set ( node ) is partitioned into two subsets ( sub - nodes ) according to a splitting rule based on the allelic state of the reference sequences at a given site . the accuracy of each possible partition is computed according to its impurity
. the site that provides the largest reduction is selected . the splitting process is stopped when the node is pure or when no additional node leads to a reduction of the impurity . once the tree is built , each query sequence is assigned to a leaf of the tree according to its allelic state at the selected sites , and the query sequence is assigned to the majority species of the leaf . a known limitation of this cart algorithm is that it overweights the first splitting node . to overcome this fact and to improve the robustness of cart , the random forest algorithm constructs a family of trees from the training set by randomly choosing subsets of
polymorphic sites and running cart on these new training samples . the query sequence is then assigned to the species obtained by the majority of trees . as in austerlitz et al .
is chosen to be equal to the square root of the total number of the polymorphic sites .
the performance of each of the three genes was evaluated as the rate at which the query sequences were successfully assigned to their species . confidence intervals for the probabilities of good assessment were simultaneously obtained using a ten - fold cross - validation procedure implemented for each gene and each method .
before performing these statistical assignment methods , data sets were pre - treated : all values different from “a” , “c” , “g” and “t” were considered as missing data . all sites containing more than 10 % of missing data were removed ( e . g . , site 5 of the cytb gene ) . finally , only the species including more than two individuals were kept .
the cytb gene is long ( 1077 bp retained for our study ) and its complete sequence can only be obtained through two sequencing reactions . thus , taking the cost of sequencing into account , it is interesting to investigate the performance of only the first part of this gene ( obtained in one sequencing reaction ) . the first part was tested since it is used more often than the last part of the gene in phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies . consequently , all of the analyses described above were performed both on the three genes ( 16s , co1 , cytb ) and on the first part of the cytb ( 670 bp ) , referred to as cytb - part1 .
all of the genes investigated exhibited rather high mutation rates among the praomyini tribe . for example , using the watterson estimator compared to the improved estimator of futschick and gach [ 71b ] ) for theta , we obtained 29 . 2 , 44 . 1 , 83 . 9 and 48 . 9 ( compared to 28 . 0 , 42 . 4 , 80 . 4 and 40 . 0 ) for the 16s , co1 , cytb and cytb - part1 genes respectively .
with the exception of a few interesting examples discussed below , sequence differences between species are far greater than sequence differences within species for all genes ( table 1 ) . however , no barcoding gap could be detected ( fig . 1 ) . results obtained with the two distance methods ( p - distance and k2p distance ) were similar . thus only the histograms obtained for the k2p distance are shown on fig . 1 .
intra - and interspecific divergences are significantly higher for the cytb and co1 genes than for the 16s gene ( p values < 0 . 05 ) . for all genes , the greatest intraspecific sequence divergences ( k2p distances > 2 . 04 % , 7 . 50 % , 8 . 80 % and 9 . 87 % for the 16s , co1 , cytb , cytb - part1 genes , respectively ) are obtained for specimens of p . daltoni or of h . parvus . for all of the genes , a wide range of interspecific pairwise comparison values is obtained : the lower values ( k2p distances < 0 . 49 % , 2 . 94 % , 4 . 87 % and 3 . 47 % for the 16s , co1 , cytb , cytb - part1 genes , respectively ) are always obtained between specimens of p . daltoni and p . derooi . moreover , several identical sequences were obtained between specimens of these two last species for the 16s gene .
nj trees built with the two distance methods ( p - distance and k2p distance ) were similar so only those obtained for the k2p distance are shown on figs . 2 – 3 and s1 and s2 . trees obtained for the cytb , cytb - part1 and co1 genes were similar . thus only the tree obtained for the co1 gene is shown on fig . 3 , whereas trees obtained for the cytb and cytb - part1 genes are presented as supplementary data ( figs . s1 and s2 ) . with the exception of a few interesting examples discussed below , all species are monophyletic in the four gene trees . however , species bootstrap supports are higher for the cytb , cytb - part1 and co1 dataset than for the 16s dataset ( table s1 ) .
deep divergences within h . parvus are observed for the three genes , and this species appears paraphyletic in the 16s ( three groups ) , cytb and co1 ( two groups ) trees . h . parvus is monophyletic only in the cytb - part1 dataset , but this clade is not supported ( bootstrap value < 50 % ) .
deep divergences occurred within p . daltoni which is paraphyletic with respect to p . derooi in the co1 , cytb and cytb - part1 trees . p . daltoni and p . derooi are polyphyletic in the 16s tree , but cluster together ( bootstrap value : 74 % with the k2p distance , and 71 % with the p - distance ) .
h . simus is paraphyletic in the 16s gene tree , whereas it is monophyletic in the three other gene trees . however the distribution of all pairwise k2p distances shows a gap , regardless of the gene .
p . jacksoni and p . minor are also polyphyletic in the 16s gene tree , whereas they are monophyletic in the three other gene trees these two species cluster together in the 16s tree , but this clade is not supported ( < 50 % ) . on the other hand , they cluster together with high bootstrap support in the three other trees .
the results of the two assignment methods ( random forest and 1 - nn ) performed on the three genes ( 16s , cytb and co1 ) and on cytb - part1 are presented in table 2 . the co1 gene shows 100 % of well classified individuals regardless of the assignment method . the cytb gene also leads to 100 % of correct assignment when using the 1 - nn method . however , when random forest is used the performance slightly declines to an average of 99 . 53 % with a 95 % confidence interval going from 98 . 91 to 100 . the first part of the cytb gene performs as well as the entire gene , regardless of the assignment method . when the 16s gene is used , the well - classified rates decrease to an average of 99 . 29 and 97 . 87 with the 1 - nn and rf methods , respectively . moreover , the 95 % confidence interval calculated with the rf method does not contain the 100 % value . all misclassified specimens ( seven specimens ) belong to p . derooi and they all were assigned to p . daltoni . the opposite occurs in the 1 - nn method where all misclassified specimens ( three specimens ) belonging to p . daltoni were assigned to p . derooi .
given the previous results , we used the co1 and cytb - part1 genes to explore species boundaries using the meyer and paulay [ 59 ] approach . the distributions of false - positives and false negatives calculated for each gene are represented on fig . 4 . with the co1 gene , the sum of errors is minimised for the threshold value of 0 . 0376 . this value indicates three 3 false positives “hyp” ( mean k2p distance = 0 . 0639 ) , “pda” ( 0 . 0421 ) and “hsi” ( 0 . 0405 ) and one false negative “hs7 - hyk” ( 0 . 0346 ) . with the cytb - part1 gene , the sum of errors is minimised for the threshold value of 0 . 0514 . this value indicates one false positive “hyp” ( 0 . 0901 ) , and two false negatives “pda - pde” ( 0 . 0466 ) and “pmi - prj” ( 0 . 0492 ) .
both genes lead to the same false positive h . parvus . using the hac technique we explored the proximities of specimens belonging to this species . resulting dendrograms are given in fig . s3 . cutting the “co1 - dendrogram” of h . parvus at the threshold level ( 0 . 0376 ) leads to three groups with the maxima of intra - group variabilities lower than 0 . 0280 and inter - group divergences higher than 0 . 0697 . cutting the “cytb - part1 dendrogram” at the threshold level ( 0 . 0514 ) leads to similar results except for one specimen ( hyp _ g10022 ) that merges at 0 . 0677 with one of the three groups . the false positives “pda” and “hsi” , revealed by the co1 gene were also investigated with hac . for both species , cutting the dendrogram at the threshold level leads to two groups ( fig . s4 ) .
the interspecific divergence “hs7 - hyk” ( 0 . 0346 ) was revealed to be a false negative by the co1 gene . indeed , this value is low but the highest intraspecific pairwise difference ( 0 . 0190 ) remains considerably lower than the smallest inter - specific pairwise difference ( 0 . 0294 ) .
two false negatives , “pda - pde” and “pmi - prj” , were revealed by the cytb - part1 gene .
hac performed with p . daltoni and p . derooi species together shows that p . derooi is very close to one of the p . daltoni groups previously mentioned ( fig . s5 ) . however the maximum of the “pde” intra - specific pairwise differences is very low ( 0 . 0025 ) , meaning that p . derooi is a very compact group .
hac was also performed with p . minor and p . jacksoni species together . the dendogram obtained ( fig . s6 ) shows that the two species merge at a height slightly lower than the threshold .
to be applicable to a particular group of species , dna - based species identification requires no haplotype sharing between non - conspecific specimens . haplotype sharing between species due to incomplete lineage sorting only occurred once in our 16s dataset : several specimens of p . daltoni and p . derooi have identical sequences . however this problem did not occur with the other two genes ( cytb and co1 ) due to their higher evolutionary rate ( more than 2 . 5 times higher ) .
given that ( 1 ) nearly all the species included in our study are monophyletic in the nj trees , ( 2 ) the degree of intra - specific variability tends to be lower than the divergence between species , ( 3 ) the success rate of the statistical methods of species identification is excellent ( up to 99 % or 100 % for statistical supervised classification methods as knn or rf ) , we can conclude that the presence of a barcoding gap is not necessary and that dna - based species identification in the praomyini tribe is a largely valid approach .
the 5′ half of the co1 mtdna gene was proposed as the standard barcode . however , the mitochondrial genome is not suitable for plant dna barcoding [ 79 ] , [ 80 ] . for mammals , it was recently proposed that the cytb gene would provide a better resolution for separating species than the co1 gene [ 47 ] . according to austerlitz et al . ( 2009 ) , the most important parameters for species barcoding are those that determine the molecular diversity . this might vary considerably among genes and groups of organisms .
a suitable genetic marker for species identification within the praomini tribe needs to meet a number of criteria . first , it must be flanked by conserved regions that can be used to develop universal primers . second , sequence alignment should be easy and unambiguous ( which is essential for the statistical methods to perform well ) . third , the lack of heterozygosity that enables direct polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) sequencing without cloning is an important criterion . fourth , it should simultaneously contain enough variability to be informative for identification and be short enough to be sequenced in a single reaction . we will now review these four conditions for the three markers ( 16s , co1 , cytb ) tested in our study .
the primers used for the three genes were effective for all praomyini , and are also routinely used to sequence other groups of rodents [ 41 ] , [ 64 ] , [ 81 ] – [ 84 ] . however , on several occasions , we amplified a cytb nuclear pseudogene , which could be easily identified due to the presence of indels or diagnostic mutations ( stop codons ) . the 16s gene presented some alignment difficulties due to the presence of insertions and deletions . the three genes tested in this study fulfil the third need ( lack of heterozygosity ) , since the mitochondrial genome is haploid ( maternally inherited ) .
owing to the length of the sequences analysed here ( 510 , 1077 and 697 nucleotides for the 16s , cytb and co1 genes , respectively ) , only the 16s and co1 genes could be sequenced in a single reaction . we therefore also performed all the analyses considering only the first half ( 670 bp ) of the cytb gene , and obtained similar results .
cytb neighbour - joining tree of praomyini ( k2p distance ) , with bootstrap support ( 500 replicates ) . to improve clarity bootstrap support of each species is not indicated on the tree but is reported in table 1 . for species codes , see table s1 .
cytb - part1 neighbour - joining tree of praomyini ( k2p distance ) , with bootstrap support ( 500 replicates ) . to improve clarity bootstrap support of each species is not indicated on the tree but is reported in table 1 . for species codes , see table s1 .
hac dendrograms of h . parvus built from ( a ) the co1 gene and , b ) the cytb - part1 gene .
hac dendrograms built from the co1 gene of ( a ) p . daltoni and ( b ) h . simus .
hac dendrograms built from the cytb - part1 gene for p . daltoni plus p . derooi .
hac dendrograms of p . minor plus p . jacksoni : ( a ) built from the co1 gene ; ( b ) built from the cytb - part1 gene .
hac dendrograms built from the co1 ( a , c ) and cytb - part1 ( b , d ) genes for ( a - b ) h . sp1 and ( c–d ) p . lukolelae .
distribution of intraspecific ( white bars ) and interspecific ( black bars ) divergences estimated from the k2p distance for the co1 gene , taking cryptic species into account . in several cases , a non - null number of occurrences was observed ( symbol x for intra - specific comparisons , and symbol + for inter - specific comparisons ) , but this is not apparent on the histograms because of the scale .
number of specimens of the praomyini tribe per species , with geographical coverage and species codes used in figs . 2 – 3 . c = complete geographical coverage ; m = most of the geographical range of the species covered ; p = partial geographical coverage , unknown = the distribution range of this species is still unknown . bootstrap values ( 500 replicates ) obtained for all species and analyses are indicated . p = polyphyletic ; pa = paraphyletic .
conceived and designed the experiments : vn bs cl . performed the experiments : vn mc cd adm jk ct cc . analyzed the data : vn bs . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : cd cc mc vn adm jk . wrote the paper : vn bs cl .
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justification : listed as least concern because , although this species occurs in low numbers , it has a fairly wide distribution across a region where there are no major threats . the area is only used for low density grazing .
this is a southern african endemic ranging from northern south africa ( northern cape province and north - west province ) through northern and western botswana ( smithers 1971 ) to eastern and northern namibia ( skinner and smithers 1990 ; skinner and chimimba 2005 ) and into southern angola ( neels coetzee pers . comm . , and see crawford - cabral 1998 ) . it has an altitudinal range of 800 to 1 , 200 m asl .
it is found in dry savanna on kalahari sands . this species has very specific micro - habitat requirements , it occurs along river beds and around pans frequently associated with acacias and lime - clay silty soils . it is an omnivorous species .
it occurs in the kalahari gemsbok national park ( south africa ) , khadoum national park ( namibia ) and in other protected areas .
this errata assessment has been created because the map was accidentally left out of the version published previously .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t23196a115167960 .
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smithsonian institution , united states national museum , bulletin 99 . part ii : rodentia , lagomorpha , and tubulidentata
musser , guy g . , and michael d . carleton / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vol . 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
this species is widely , although sparsely , distributed in northern and especially southern savanna zones . it has been recorded from central angola ( the southern records in angola are probably misidentified specimens of
) , zambia , northern malawi ( nyika and vipya platyeaus ) , western uganda , rwanda , burundi and eastern democratic republic of congo , sudan and central african republic . the altitudinal range of this species is not known .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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parent taxon : muridae according to m . c . mckenna and s . k . bell 1997
a curated database of candidate human ageing - related genes and genes associated with longevity and / or ageing in model organisms .
a curated database of genes associated with dietary restriction in model organisms either from genetic manipulation experiments or gene expression profiling .
projects focused on gene expression profiling of ageing and of dietary manipulations of ageing , such as caloric restriction .
software for ageing research , including the ageing research computational tools ( arct ) perl toolkit .
a curated database of ageing and life history information in animals , including extensive longevity records .
the benchmark genome assembly and annotation of the long - lived , cancer - resistant naked mole - rat ( heterocephalus glaber ) .
a high - coverage genome of the bowhead whale ( balaena mysticetus ) , the longest - lived mammal .
analyses using the anage database to study the evolution of longevity and ageing in vertebrate lineages .
a portal of ageing changes covering different biological levels , integrating molecular , physiological and pathological age - related data .
the whosage database contains people and biotech companies that are contributing to increase our understanding of ageing and life - extension .
little is known about the longevity of these animals , but one specimen lived 3 . 6 years in captivity [ 0671 ] .
[ 0978 ] jones et al . ( 2009 ) , pantheria : a species - level database of life history , ecology , and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals
[ 0455 ] virginia hayssen et al . ( 1993 ) , asdell ' s patterns of mammalian reproduction : a compendium of species - specific data
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justification : listed as least concern because , although not abundant , this species has a wide distribution , and there are no major threats . it occurs in a large number of protected areas .
it has a fairly low abundance and is infrequently encountered by collectors ( usually less than 3 % of rodents trapped ) . in ruwenzori national park , the estimated population density varied from 0 . 44 - 1 . 33 individuals / ha .
this pecies is associated with moist grassy savanna and scrub , on the edge of swamps and forests and in tall grasslands ; it favours imperata grasses in the serengeti national park ( tanzania ) and in queen elizabeth park ( uganda ) . on the nyika plateau ( malawi ) it has been recorded from pine plantations and near houses . it is a terrestrial , partly diurnal and insectivorous species . this species emits high - pitched whistles .
it occurs in a large number of protected areas ( e . g . , serengeti national park , tanzania ; queen elizabeth park , uganda , nyika plateau , malawi ) .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t23197a115168088 .
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a southern african subregion endemic ranging from n south africa ( northern cape province ) through n and w botswana ( smithers , 1971 ) to e and n namibia ( de graaff , 1997 f ; skinner and smithers , 1990 ) .
past taxonomic allocations ( in ochromys ) have been with aethomys , rattus , and thallomys ( d . h . s . davis , 1965 ; ellerman , 1941 ; meester et al . , 1986 , and references therein ) . graminivorous and carnivorous , terrestrial , nocturnal , and inhabiting arid savanna biome in southern africa ( de graaff , 1981 ; mugo et al . , 1995 ) . excellent reviews of distribution , ecology , and morphological traits provided by skinner and smithers ( 1990 ) and de graaff ( 1981 , 1997 f ) .


an eel is any fish belonging to the order anguilliformes ( / æŋˌɡwɪlᵻˈfɔːrmiːz / ) , which consists of four suborders , 20 families , 111 genera and about 800 species .

most eels are predators .

the term " eel " ( originally referring to the european eel ) is also used for some other similarly shaped fish , such as electric eels and spiny eels , but these are not members of the anguilliformes order .

eel

as slippery as an eel eel blood and skin is / are poisonous . . . eel have a long body like a snake . eel sentences in english like an eel through milk short question :
moray eel - moray eel
since artificial reproduction of eel is not yet possible , the only source of eel for stocking is wild - caught glass eel or yellow eel . however , glass eel may be on grown in eel culture and stocked as yellow eel .
eel vs . octopus , then eel vs . cameraman | national geographic - youtube
indonesian eel farmers make huge profits by exporting glass eel . the high demand has also led to a profitable eel smuggling business in indonesia .
here are some of our notes comparing eel to other tools that offer functionality similar to eel .
host ( s ) : european eel ( anguilla anguilla ) , american eel ( anguilla rostrata ) , and the japanese eel ( anguilla japonica ) .
kite has direct support for hbase but eel doesn’t – will do with the upcoming eel 1 . 2 release
after the eel breeds , it dies . it takes a young eel three years to become an adult .
yamamoto k , yamauchi k . sexual maturation of japanese eel and production of eel larvae in the aquarium .
・appropriate management of eel resources . ・promotion of the use of eels aquacultured under the management appropriate for eel resources . ・study on the management of eel resources , trade and market . ・promotion of exchangesand cooperation between the international eel farmers to foster the appropriate management of eel resources
eel is a delicacy in many cultures . the eel must must be cooked thoroughly because its blood is toxic .
the flat and transparent larva of the eel is called a leptocephalus . a young eel is called an elver .
not so with the electric eel ( electrophorus electricus ) , which is actually not an eel at all but a knifefish .
under the regulation , an eel farmer will be required to obtain a license to buy or sell eel , and the amount of juvenile eel that can be bought will also be regulated .
the new zealand longfin eel ( anguilla dieffenbachii ) is new zealand’s only endemic freshwater eel . our shortfin eel ( anguilla australis ) is also found in australia and some pacific islands . we . . .
the members are each prefecture ' s eel aquaculture management association , etc . , consisting of licensed eel farmers holding the
eel aquaculture
permit issued by the minister of agriculture , forestry and fisheries .
the tags record not only the location of the eel but also the daily activity of the eel , recording speed , depth and direction .
the so - called
electric eel
of south america is not a true eel , but is more closely related to the carp .
glass eel recruitment , anguilla anguilla ( l . ) , in a mediterranean lagoon assessed by a glass eel trap : factors explaining the catches
a joint statement was issued announcing the decisions
to establish a single eel cultivation management body within each country and region
and
to establish an international eel cultivation management organization by these eel cultivation management bodies
.
like the fangtooth snake - eel , the stippled spoon - nose eel burrows into the sandy or muddy seafloor to wait for prey , fishbase said .
so little is the life history of the eel understood by our fishermen that we again emphasize the undoubted fact that no eel ever spawns in fresh water .
the electric discharge from an electric eel can be stronger than 500 volts . the eel uses the electric charge against its predators and to catch its prey .
hdfs : / / nameservice1 / client / eel _ struct / person . parquet
hdfs : / / nameservice1 / client / eel _ array / person . parquet
zeb hogan had always kind of wanted to get shocked by an electric eel .
hirose k . induced spawning of japanese eel with lhrh - a copolymer pellet .
torami murakami . chairman , all japan association for sustainable eel aquaculture incorporated and also inaugural chairman of the
alliance for sustainable eel aquaculture ( asea )
.
promotion of collaborative efforts in eel resource management with the four east asian members .
japan is steeped in century - old rituals where people traditionally eat grilled freshwater eel on “doyo no ushi no hi , ” the day customarily dedicated to eating eel .
the fact that japan is prepared to shell out for eel has conspired with weak law enforcement efforts in indonesia to encourage more eel smuggling over the past few years .
introduced european eel was more abundant that the japanese eel in the uono river ( japan ) . a migrating european silver eel was captured in the east china sea ( aoyama et al . , 2000 ) . more synonyms in smith ( 1990 ) .
en - japanese eel , fr - anguille du japon , sp - anguila japonesa .
the tempura is all fantastic , whether fishcake , burdock root , shrimp or eel .
below : a mix of glass eel and elvers . images courtesy of tim watts .
in northern germany and in the netherlands , smoked eel is prized as a delicacy .
tanaka h , kagawa h , ohta h . production of leptocephali of japanese eel (
the electric eel is a south american freshwater fish found mainly in the amazon river basin . the electric charge is produced by special organs along the sides of the eel’s body .
japan consumes more than 70 percent of the global eel catch , with about half coming from china , south korea and taiwan . however , those sources have reported dwindling eel stocks as well , forcing japan to turn to indonesia , where freshwater eel are still abundant .
latin , anguila = eel + latin , forma = shape ( ref . 45335 ) .
en - european eel , fr - anguille d ' europe , sp - anguila europea .
catania says the foot - long eel delivered a current that peaked at around 50 milliamps .
warly ' s quote ,
anguille
is the spanish name for the european eel .
the european eel is very long - lived , potentially reaching an impressive 85 years old .
an electric eel has multiple cells along its body that create a change in potential of over 500 volts . the typical current produced in an electric eel attack is around 1 amp .
yamauchi k , yamamoto k . experiments on artificial maturation and fertilization of the japanese eel (
) at the glass eel stage . photograph : rodger jackman / getty images / photolibrary rm
hatched eel babies are carried by the kuroshio current and reach japan , chinese taipei , china and korea , where they are utilized for eel farming around november to april in the following year . as we are sharing the same eel resource , it is necessary for these four east asian members to cooperate on conservation and management of japanese eel , for its sustainable use .
“if the farmers have reached a certain quota , they cannot buy more eel , so the fishers have no choice but to release the eel back into the rivers , ” coco said .
this series of photographs shows an electric eel leaping onto a human arm . credit : kenneth catania
this diagram shows how electric shock was measured in eel to human interaction . credit : kenneth catania
some species of eels travel up to 4 , 000 miles to breed . this journey can take the eel over seven months to finish . while on the journey , the eel doesn’t eat .
eel .
oxford dictionary of rhymes . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
is a similar species of eel that migrates a great distance to spawn in the sargasso sea .
adachi s , ijiri s , kazeto y , yamauchi k . oogenesis in the japanese eel ,
hisayasu ishitani , president of indonesian - japanese eel farm pt jawa suisan , said the price of young glass eel in indonesia is 2 million to 3 million rupiah ( about $ 200 to $ 300 ) per kilogram , much cheaper than young japanese eel , which can sell for 100 times more .
when trying to pinpoint reasons for the declining volume of eel catches , it is important to keep in mind that many aspects relating to an eel’s biology remain unclear . that said , researchers believe that factors such as changes in the ocean environment , habitat degradation and overfishing haven’t helped sustain eel numbers .
simon et al . ( 2013 ) compared the growth of farm - reared eel with glass eel and concluded that farm - reared eel needed a longer time to change from artificial food to natural prey , as the glass eels showed an overall better growth . it is possible that the longer time the eel stays in aquaculture on artificial food , the more difficult it will be to change to a new foraging strategy , so the ss eel may adapt faster to natural prey conditions than the ls eels .
a diagram of how catania measured the electric shock delivered by a young eel . image by kenneth catania
the first three years of the european eel’s life are spent drifting in the ocean as a larva .
eel .
encyclopedia of occultism and parapsychology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
eel .
the oxford dictionary of abbreviations . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
an excellent representation of the eel life cycle . © queen ' s printer for ontario , 2009 .
the gulper eel is the only member of this family because of the presence of its huge mouth .
tesch , ew . 1977 . the eel . chapman and hall , london . 434 pp . tsukamoto , k . 1992 . discovery of the spawning area for japanese eel . nature 356 : 789–791 .
yamauchi k , nakamura m , takahashi h , takano k . cultivation of larvae of japanese eel .
acting on that statement , this organization was established as the japan ' s eel aquaculture management body .
the assfish is actually a type of tadpole - shaped fish called a
cusk - eel .
despite the slight uncertainty of the true yield in this study , the same condition applies to both ss and ls eels , and we conclude that there seem to be no advantage using a larger 9 - g eel for stocking as ypr was much higher for ss eel compared with large ls stocked eel .
the environment agency is responsible for the management of eel and elver fisheries in england and wales and we have recently published a national strategy for the management of eels . the strategy aims to provide sustainable management of eel stocks in england and wales which will contribute to the recovery of the eel stocks within europe .
japanese are said to have been eating eel since the jomon period ( approx . 14 , 500 - 300 bc ) , and during the edo period it became popular as a dish to prevent summer heat fatigue . thus , the eel is one of the key ingredients of japan traditional culinary tradition . eel resources are said to be in decline . with eel consumption in this country so high , the protection of this traditional culinary culture requires japan to lead the way in east asia in the management of this resource by providing greater efforts and strong leadership . to protect eel resources in a sustainable way , it is important for the countries concerned to cooperate within an international framework in managing eel resources , while also continuing to promote this strategy to the international community . so that the countries concerned could work together within consistent management guidelines , from glass eel to parent eel , the bodies covering eel aquaculture management in japan , china , south korea and chinese taipei met in 2015 and formed a new international organization , the
alliance for sustainable eel aquaculture ( asea )
the managing of eel resources cannot be achieved by producers alone . it is essential that all those involved in the eel industry are made fully aware of the need to conserve this resource and make this priority part of their day - to - day operations . let us unite all eel industry stakeholders to work on promotion measures that will safeguard the heritage of our eel culinary culture for future generations .
eel day fell on july 22 this year , but concern over dwindling stocks in japan is growing , with other countries in the region reporting a similar trend . continued demand for juvenile eel has led to an increase in the smuggling of glass eel from indonesia to japan and china , prompting jakarta to toughen regulations .
leaping shocks — in the air — are more powerful than the shocks eels can deliver in the water . when an eel presses its chin against its victim to deliver a shock , electricity flows through the eel to the target . but water carries electricity , so the if the eel’s still submerged when it delivers the shock , the charge dissipates . when the eel’s airborne , more of the electrical current flows through its victim .
the european eel is classified as critically endangered ( cr ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
eel .
a dictionary of food and nutrition . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
metamorphosis of the american eel ( anguilla rostrata ) . ( a–c ) larvae , or leptocephali , of various sizes . ( d–f ) larvae in the process of metamorphosis . ( g ) the glass eel stage .
eel is also popular in korean cuisine and is seen as a source of
stamina
for men .
a scientist with vanderbilt university recently used his own arm to measure the intensity of an electric eel’s shock .
miura t , yamauchi k , nagahama y , takahashi h . induction of spermatogenesis in male japanese eel ,
watkins wm , morgan wt . neutralization of the anti - h agglutinin in eel serum by simple sugars .
interactions between capture fisheries and aquaculture : the case of the eel ( anguilla anguilla l . , 1758 )
eels begin life as a flat , transparent larvae . eel larvae drift in the surface waters of the sea feeding on dissolved nutrients . eel larvae change into glass eels and again into elvers before finally becoming an adult .
the smugglers would often only show grouper or pet fish to the officials , while keeping the eel hidden away .
“for obvious reasons , ” the paper says , “a comparatively small electric eel was used for these experiments . ”
catania says the foot - long eel delivered a current that peaked at around 50 milliamps . ken catania hide caption
eels may look like a snakes , but they are actually fish . there are over 800 different species of eel . freshwater eels are known to travel as far as 4 , 000 miles to breed . despite its name , the electric eel is not an eel but a knifefish . eel is a delicacy in some cultures , but it’s blood is toxic , so it needs to be cooked thoroughly . keep reading for more interesting facts about eels .
eel .
the columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
eel .
the oxford pocket dictionary of current english . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
eel .
the concise oxford dictionary of english etymology . . retrieved july 09 , 2018 from urltoken urltoken
an eel slithering on the grass . he is leaving an isolated pond , presumably for a stream or river .
this type is exemplified by eels of the genus anguilla , numbering 16 species , the best - known of which are the north american eel ( a . rostrata ) and the european eel ( a . anguilla ) . …
domain : eukarya the gulper eel is multi - cellular . its cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles .
eurypharynx the gulper eel is the only member of this genus because of its large gulper mouth and unhinged jaw .
electric eel vs . 4 gold fish - mr unagi a . k . a .
justice
fights again
the genome of the electric eel was sequenced in 2014 , the culmination of centuries’ worth of exceedingly painful research .
ohta h , kagawa h , tanaka h , okuzawa k , hirose k . milt production in the japanese eel
quantifying 60 years of declining european eel ( anguilla anguilla l . , 1758 ) fishery yields in mediterranean coastal lagoons
are regression coefficients ( i . e . the slopes ) specific to the factors for eel catch ( see table
rampant overfishing and the scientific community’s overall lack of knowledge on the biology of eel has left the industry in a crisis . the dwindling domestic eel population has consequently pushed up prices and forced a number of specialist eel restaurants to close . so scarce is the fish in restaurants these days that it’s almost considered to be something of a luxury item .
the european union is currently funding research that aims to halt the decline of the european eel population ( 6 ) .
eel .
oxford dictionary of rhymes . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
sinha , v . , j . jones . 1975 . the european freshwater eel . liverpool : liverpool university press .
the european union is currently funding research that aims to halt the decline of the common eel population ( 6 ) .
the atlantic states marine fisheries commission manages the american eel fishery to address the conservation and management needs of coastal populations .
the european eel ' s migration to the sargasso sea to spawn is one of nature ' s great unsolved mysteries .
the gulper eel lacks the symplectic bone and the bones of the opercle , scales , pelvic bone and swim bladder .
tucker , d . w . 1959 . a new solution to the atlantic eel problem . nature 183 : 495–501 .
amid this glimmer of hope , one wonders how the steady decline in eel resources has affected restaurateurs and their customers .
until recently , mosasaurs were assumed to swim in a similar method used today by the conger eel or sea snakes .
an integrated genetic - demographic model to unravel the origin of genetic structure in european eel ( anguilla anguilla l . )
total mortality z ( m + f + e ) for small ( ss ) and large ( ls ) eel .
electric eel researcher and scientist kenneth catania of vanderbilt university recently developed an apparatus to measure eel shocks — and to try it , he used his own arm as bait ! ( fortunately , he chose a smaller , less powerful eel for the experiment . )
the electrical current delivered by the eel peaked at 40 - 50 milliamps . that ' s more than enough to cause a person or animal considerable pain , but not enough to actually hurt them ,
urltoken reports .
frame - by - frame stills of an eel leaping out of the water to shock kenneth catania . photo by kenneth catania
eel .
encyclopedia of occultism and parapsychology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
eel .
the oxford dictionary of abbreviations . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
female eels are generally substantially larger than males . the largest recorded mass of a female eel is 6 . 599 g ( dekker , van os and van willigen , 1998 ) . the maximum published length of a european eel was 133 cm .
the european eel and other freshwater eels are eaten in europe , the united states , and other places around the world .
pacific hagfish , also known as the slime eel . though a fish and not an eel , it’s best described as a largish worm , lacking fins , a jaw , hard bones , and even eyes . its only teeth are on its tongues .
eel is a meat food item similar to fish and can be fished in wilds ponds found in ruins . drying an eel on a drying rack will produce small jerky . it can also be used to replace fish as a prerequisite in crock pot recipes . the pig king will trade five gold nuggets per eel , unlike every other meat which only trades for 1 gold nugget .
passakas , t . - 1981 . comparative studies on the chromosomes of the european eel ( anguilla anguilla l . ) and the american eel ( anguilla rostrata le sueur ) . folia . biol . . 29 ( 1 ) : 41 - 58 . .
eel .
a dictionary of food and nutrition . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
lecomte - finiger , r . 1994 . the early life of the european eel . nature , 370 : 424 - 425 .
eels are popular among marine aquarists in the united states , particularly the moray eel which is commonly kept in tropical saltwater aquariums .
eel blood is toxic . the toxic protein it contains is destroyed by cooking . the toxin derived from eel blood serum was used by charles robert richet in his nobel winning research which discovered anaphylaxis ( by injecting it into dogs and observing the effect ) .
tanaka h , kagawa h , ohta h , okuzawa k , hirose k . the first report of eel larvae ingesting rotifers .
the first book to cover all aspects of eel - related sciences , i . e . , cultural , social and natural sciences
prof catania thinks it is
reasonable to suggest that von humboldt observed a similar eel behavior on march 19th of 1800
.
consequently , the majority of eel that makes it onto dining tables nationwide has been imported from china and taiwan since the 1990s . according to the 2015 fisheries ministry survey , eel imports now account for approximately 60 percent of the domestic eel supply , with a large quantity of the fish being processed into kabayaki in china and shipped to japan in a ready - to - cook form .
even though the eel looks like a snake it is really a fish . they have long , narrow bodies with long dorsal and anal fins . most eels have no scales . the eel’s backbone is made up of over 100 vertebrae which makes it very flexible .
in the
7th informal discussions regarding the international resources conservation and management of the japanese eel , anguilla japonica , ( september 2014 )
held between the users of japanese eel resources , i . e . , japan , china , korea and chinese taipei .
the fangtooth snake - eel can dig a burrow in the seafloor , where it hides with only its snout and eyes exposed . when it spies a tasty fish or crustacean , the eel darts out from its burrow to nab its next meal , according to fishbase .
eel .
the columbia encyclopedia , 6th ed . . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
eel .
the oxford pocket dictionary of current english . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
eel .
the concise oxford dictionary of english etymology . . encyclopedia . com . ( july 9 , 2018 ) . urltoken
eel blood is toxic , however , the toxic protein it contains is destroyed by cooking . the toxin derived from eel blood serum was used by charles robert richet in his nobel winning research that discovered anaphylaxis ( by injecting it into dogs and observing the effect ) .
“eel has been loved in japan for millennia , ” murakami says . “it’s crucial that we continue this ancient japanese food culture . ”
“we want to effectively manage eel resources and continue the country’s culinary heritage , ” murakami says . “we aim to limit the number of glass eels put into lakes in the region to 70 percent in a bid to allow for the perpetual conservation of eel reserves . ”
the oldest freshwater eel ever recorded in an aquarium lived to be 80 years years . as eels typically die after spawning , reproductive suppression could help to extend an animal’s life span . also , an eel in an aquarium reportedly survived without eating food for 22 months .
it was a conger eel , which managed to wriggle , half dead as it was , into a puddle of the brackish water .
the type of eel - like fish , which recently went on display in canada , is a fascinating denizen of the deep sea .
baggrundsmateriale for udarbejdelse af åleforvaltningsplan i danmark ( background material for the preparation of eel management plan in denmark ) pp . 24 + appendix
“i think that the soaring eel prices are truly unfortunate , ” says torami murakami , chairman of the all japan association for sustainable eel aquaculture . “if prices continue to stay at this level , an important part of japanese food culture will remain out of consumers’ reach . ”
tsukamoto , k . - 1992 . discovery of the spawning area for japanese eel . nature . . 356 : 789 - 791 . .
according to coco , the indonesian government is also seeking business ties with japan and china , the two biggest markets for indonesian eel exports .
given that the mysterious creature is fairly long , murawski said he suspects the washed - up specimen is a stippled spoon - nose eel .
cooked eel is obtained from cooking an eel at a campfire , fire pit , or dwarf star . it can be used to cook fishsticks and fish tacos or as a filler in a crock pot . like other cooked foods , it cannot be dried on the drying rack .
they provide unique insights into the migratory behaviour of the european eel ( anguilla anguilla ) , including the direction and depth the eels swim .
eels also are popular among marine aquarists in the united states , particularly the moray eel , which is commonly kept in tropical saltwater aquariums .
other studies have shown that such doublets of electric pulses delivered to motor neurons can trigger high rates of muscle tension . and watching the pattern of the eel ' s electric zaps , it ' s almost as if the eel understands the way these neurons work , catania said .
) . data obtained from one female eel show that ovulation rates rapidly decreased after oocytes attain more than 860 µm in diameter ( fig .
council regulation ( ec ) no 1100 / 2007 of 18 . september 2007 . establishing measures for the recovery of the stock of european eel
stocking of young eel is widely practised , as a measure , to meet the management target of the eu eel recovery plan . the target of the recovery plan is to increase the escapement to 40 % silver eel biomass , relative to pristine conditions . the scientific information to predict the outcome in silver eel biomass from stocking is limited and may depend on whether translocation of wild glass eel or yellow eel is used , or if the stocked eels used are yellow eel from aquaculture . we evaluated the yield from stocking two different sizes , 3 and 9 g eels from aquaculture . a professional fishery recaptured 12 . 7 % of the 3 g and 9 . 4 % of the 9 g eels , originally stocked . growth rate and mortality rate were different for the two stocked sizes , favouring the small eels . brutto yield per recruit ( ypr ) was 13 and 9 . 2 g and netto ypr was 9 . 8 and 0 . 31 g for 3 and 9 g eel , respectively . we conclude that there seems to be no advantage in using larger 9 g eels compared with small 3 g eels for stocking .
catania wanted to see what kind of electric circuit would be created when the eel touched a living animal . so he let a small eel , about a foot long , zap his own arm as he held onto a device he designed to measure the strength of the electric current .
a dataset is essentially a hive table - the upcoming eel 1 . 2 release you will be able to create hive tables from the cli - at the moment it’s possible generate the hive ddl with eel api using io . eels . component . hive . hiveddl $ # showddl .
the eel has long been esteemed not only in japan but also in european countries as an important food fish . the aquacultural production of japanese eel , anguilla japonica , in japan is about 30 , 000 tons a year in recent years . japan also imports a total of 80 , 000 tons of eel from mainly china and taiwan , and other countries . seedlings for eel aquaculture are totally dependent on glass eels , natural juveniles of eel which captured in estuaries . however , in both east asia and europe the catches of glass eels differ greatly from year to year and especially in the past 25 years , have been decreasing , resulting in a sharp rise in its price . therefore , to maintain the natural glass eel resources and to obtain reliable supplies of glass eels for aquaculture , development of an artificially induced breeding procedure for eels has been eagerly desired .
what made you want to look up eel ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
the new research provides crucial measurements of currents and resistances formed by the leaping eel , giving a baseline for comparisons with other ( perhaps bigger ) eels , under varying conditions . it also shows that in times of emergency , the electric eel can set its phaser from stun to pain .
the european eel breeds at sea , but migrates into rivers to grow before returning to the sea to spawn some 6 to 20 years later .
most moray eels average 5 feet in length . the largest species , the slender giant moray eel , can grow to 13 feet in length .
a fourth neotropical species of synbranchid eel and the phylogeny and systematics of synbranchiform fishes . bulletin of the amnh ; v . 157 , article 1
this process undercuts eel conservation , as well . of the legal eel catch , a certain proportion of live glass eels is supposed to be set aside each year for purchase by european countries who , instead of consuming them , put the fish towards the restocking of their eel - depleted rivers . but conservation groups suggest the illegal trade thwarts those efforts by driving up the price of the fish , making it more costly to restock , and making more eel available to asia instead . “it’s like trying to fill the bath and someone pulled the plug out , ” says kerr .
considering the excellent quality of their dishes , lunches are more reasonable at unagi hashimoto , with their eel - only menu totaling ¥1 , 620 .
depending on the lifestage of the individual eel , european eels can be found in marine , freshwater , and brackish aquatic environments . typically , the european eel is found in depths of 0 - 700 m , most often on the floor of the ocean or river in which it is living .
it ' s actually a type of cusk - eel , an eel - like fish that resembles a
glorified tadpole , with a bulbous head and a tapering tail , ” gavin hanke , curator of vertebrate zoology at the royal bc museum in victoria , british columbia , says via email .
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ken catania of vanderbilt university lets a small eel zap his arm as he holds a device he designed to measure the strength of the electric current .
viper moray – there is one species of moray eel called the “viper moray” ( enchelynassa canina ) , because its teeth are so large and sharp .
kagawa h , iinuma n , tanaka h , ohta h , okuzawa k . effects of rearing period in seawater on induced maturation in female japanese eel
miura t , miura c , yamauchi k . spermatogenesis in the japanese eel . in : aida k , tsukamoto k , yamauchi k , editors .
what made you want to look up moray eel ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
in fact , the size of the zap depends on the size of the eel and where on the body it shocks you . that’s why catania picked a small , young eel to shock him on his arm . he calculated , however , that if person who was standing in water were to be shocked square in the torso by a full - sized eel , they’d experience a jolt “an order of magnitude greater” than the shocks delivered by a taser .
the european eel species ( anguilla anguilla ) is a centuries - old staple in european cuisine , but in the last 45 years , it’s undergone estimated declines of 90 - 95 % that make it a critically endangered species today . “we’re actually dealing with a species on the very edge of survival , ” says andrew kerr , chairman of the sustainable eel group ( seg ) , an organisation working to aid the recovery of european eel across its habitat .
the aim of this work was to assess the current status and recent trend of eel fisheries in the mediterranean coastal lagoons and to estimate historical , present , and potential spawning biomass escaping from these habitats . specifically , we first gathered mediterranean catch data from a broad variety of academic and non - academic sources . we then analysed trends in annual eel catches and contrasted them to total catch of species other than european eel for 45 lagoons in 9 mediterranean countries for which data were available in the period 1950–2012 . we analysed the environmental characteristics of these lagoons and assessed whether annual eel catches per hectare were associated with any of these features . finally , we used available lagoon data to calibrate a demographic model of the continental life cycle of the european eel and estimated spawner escapement from the mediterranean lagoons under pristine and present conditions . the present work represents the first preliminary quantitative assessment of eel escapement for this region .
on january 31 , 1930 , the danish research ship ;
the dana
, captured , ( south of africa ' s cape of good hope ) , what they thought at the time was a six - feet long eel larva . this could have meant there were very long eels in the sea , since the typical eel larva is three inches long , while the adults can grow from about 4 feet to 16 feet long . in 1970 , dr . david g . smith from the university of miami , identified the larva found as that of the spiny eel , an eel - like fish whose larvae length is equal to its adult length , while the larvae length of the true eel is much shorter than its adult length . [ 3 ]
to find out , catania needed something living to get on the eel’s bad side . well , catania was something living . so he decided to test the might of the hair - drier - dropped - in - the - bath fury of an electric eel by having one shock his own damn arm .
the guardian reported in 2009 that european eel consumption has declined by 95 percent over the last 25 years . and two years before the guardian story , a seafood watch report from 2007 warned of the problem and advised more sustainable methods to help rebuild three freshwater eel species ' populations ( bolding theirs ) .
the eating of freshwater eel — or unagi — is a culinary romance that has lasted more than 5 , 000 years . indeed , eel bones have been found in shell mounds dating back to the jomon period , which lasted from around 10 , 000 b . c . to 200 b . c .
to ensure eel farmers abide by the law , they will be requested to join an association that reports back to the ministry of marine affairs and fisheries .
at the highest levels of the eel hierarchy is omnis , a single strand of dna that has encoded within it , every piece of literature and art .
description of a new echinorhynchid species ( acanthocephala ) from the european eel , anguilla anguilla , in germany , with a key species of acanthocephalus in europe .
ohta h , kagawa h , tanaka h , okuzawa k , iinuma n , hirose k . artificial induction of maturation and fertilization in the japanese eel ,
ohta h , kagawa h , tanaka h , unuma t . control by the environmental concentration of ions of the potential for motility in japanese eel spermatozoa .
before 2009 , countries could freely trade eel caught in europe with international markets . but over concerns about the huge decline , eu - wide restrictions were imposed in 2010 , limiting the trade to within the european union only . now , it’s illegal to sell european - caught eel to markets outside the eu .
as we approach the end of july , supermarkets nationwide are beginning to stock up on one of the nation’s much - loved summer fish : freshwater eel .
ecological threat : anguillicola crassus is hearty and an aggressive colonizer , resulting from large egg production and low intermediate paratenic host specificity . reports of infestation in 1989 increased from 10 % to 50 % within a one year time period . with the american eel population already declining , the introduction of this nematode may have a large negative impact on the survival of this species . this is a result of reduced swimming ability from infection rendering the eel vulnerable to predators such as the cormorant . moralities have been reported in eel farms in addition to reduced growth rate , which has a large impact on economic output of the eel farm .
sinha , v . r . & j . w . jones - 1975 . the european freshwater eel . liverpool univ . press . . 146 p . .
anguilla , latin for eel , and rostrata , latin for beaked or curved ( presumably a characteristic of which only lesueur was aware ) ( ref . 79012 )
eel is released to maven central , so is very easy to include in your project . just find the latest version on maven central and copy the includes .
part of the european eel’s life cycle is spent in the sea , and part in freshwater rivers . it is often common on the shore ( 2 ) .
when approaching the european coast , the larvae metamorphose into a transparent larval stage called
glass eel
, enter estuaries , and start migrating upstream . after entering
…elongated fish such as an eel swims , its entire body , which is flexible throughout its complete length , moves in a series of sinuous waves passing from head to tail . in this type of movement , which is called anguilliform ( eel - like ) locomotion , the waves cause each segment of the body to oscillate…
and at least one eel uses them to communicate : miguel wattson ( @ eelectricmiguel ) at the tennessee aquarium sends a tweet whenever he emits a strong discharge .
kagawa h , tanaka h , unuma t , ohta h , gen k , okuzawa k . role of prostaglandin in the control of ovulation in the japanese eel
kamei h , ohira t , yoshiura y , uchida n , nagasawa h , aida k . expression of a biologically active recombinant follicle stimulating hormone of japanese eel
the race to successfully breed eels in farms is an ongoing one , but murakami and his team at the all japan association for sustainable eel aquaculture are hopeful .
quantifying 60 years of declining european eel ( anguilla anguilla l . , 1758 ) fishery yields in mediterranean coastal lagoons | ices journal of marine science | oxford academic
a key unknown factor for estimation of eel production in lagoons is actual eel settlement , a process affected by the interaction of several factors including local habitat quality and hydrodynamics , small - scale spatial and temporal heterogeneities in recruitment and global population dynamics of the eel panmictic stock . though recruitment is thought to be at very low quantitative levels today ( dekker , 2003b ) , settlement has always been partially dependent on external factors such as lagoon morphology and hydrology and the influence of meteorological patterns on glass eel movement ( finiger , 1976 , crivelli et al . , 2008 ) . the result is an extremely variable level of recruitment to lagoons in the present as well as in the past , making it very difficult to evaluate if recruitment is the main limiting factor for eel production or simply one of several .
this bundle contains 9 ready - to - use eel worksheets that are perfect for students who want to learn more about eels which may look like a snakes , but they are actually fish . there are over 800 different species of eel . freshwater eels are known to travel as far as 4 , 000 miles to breed .
in recent years , however , the cost of eel has risen sharply and consumers are now facing the upcoming doyo no ushi no hi ( day of the ox , a day dedicated to eel consumption ) on july 30 in the knowledge that they’ll be expected to pay through the nose for a slab of the freshwater fish .
deelder , c . 1970 . synopsis of biological data of the eel anguilla anguilla ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . fao fish . synop . , 80 : 68 .
in some classifications the family cyematidae of bobtail snipe eels is included in the anguilliformes , but in the fishbase system and in nelson ( 1994 ) that family is included in the order saccopharyngiformes . the so - called
electric eel
of south america is not a true eel , but is more closely related to the carp .
phylum : chordata the gulper eel belongs with the chordates because it has a notocord , a dorsal nerve cord , pharyngeal slits , an endostyle and a muscular tail .
at one point during the show , hogan and company visited a nature reserve so that they could catch an eel and measure its voltage . they had the animal corralled on a tarp and were handling it while wearing thick rubber gloves , but the eel was so powerful hogan said he could feel a pervasive tingling sensation coming through .
kurokawa h , kagawa h , ohta h , tanaka h , okuzawa k , hirose k . development of digestive organs and feeding ability in larvae of japanese eel (
unlike unagi hashimoto , ganso unatetsu offers an all - eel menu , a tradition that has been passed down to yamamoto since his grandfather started the restaurant in 1957 .
this study represents the most comprehensive synthesis of eel catch data on eel in the mediterranean basin to date and the first analysis of its historical trend . our statistical analysis of fishery outputs presents several interesting findings , including a clear declining trend in both eel catch and overall fishery landings in mediterranean lagoons over the past 60 years ( figure 2 a ) , a time lag for the onset of decline between the two catch series , and illustration of the effect of some ecological features on between - lagoon differences .
the humble eel has become britain’s most expensive species . new rules to reverse its decline are set to cost £100m , most of it to come from flood defence budgets .
although it will be difficult to stop the smuggling of glass eel , the government is planning to introduce a regulation next year aimed at protecting the fish , coco said .
schmidt , e . j . - 1922 . the breeding places of the eel . phil . trans . r . soc . . 211 : 179 - 208 . .
ken catania of vanderbilt university lets a small eel zap his arm as he holds a device he designed to measure the strength of the electric current . ken catania hide caption
in the journal current biology , he says this small eel delivered a current that peaked at around 50 milliamps . but electric eels can grow to 5 feet or longer .
part of the common eel ' s life cycle is spent in the sea , and part in freshwater rivers . it is often common on the shore ( 2 ) .
freshwater eels ( unagi ) and marine eels ( conger eel , anago ) are commonly used in japanese cuisine - foods such as unadon and unajuu are popular but expensive .
an eel can describe a person and / or his actions as a person . since an eel is an unattractive creature of the sea it realates to a person who is & apos ; jerk & apos ; like and may try to & apos ; slither & apos ; his way into certain situations for the hope it will benifit him .
the most pressing problem facing eel aquaculture remains the reliance on wild stocks that are in jeopardy . the three major species on which the eel fishing and aquaculture industries depend are all in decline and may require decades to rebuild . while scientists are making progress on recreating the entire eel life cycle in captivity , they have yet to succeed , and a practical method may be years away . if wild stocks can be rebuilt to a point where sustainable fishing can be practiced , or aquaculture scientists develop a method to breed eels in captivity , then recirculating tank systems that sterilize their effluent may constitute a sustainable method for eel aquaculture . until then , seafood watch® recommends that consumers avoid unagi .
murakami himself enjoys packing away what has become a delicacy , but realizes that increasing prices are making it more difficult for eel to remain on dining tables across the country .
according to another survey released this month by the fisheries ministry , the market price of baby eel — also known as elvers or glass eels — is currently ¥1 , 820 , 000 per kilogram . by contrast , the market price of baby eel was ¥160 , 000 per kilogram in 2003 , less than 10 percent of the existing price .
a professional and recreational fishery mostly targets wild eel , which is the only fish species of economic significance in the fjord . anglers mostly catch sea trout ( salmo trutta ) and a little , but an unknown number of eel . the professional eel fishers use poundnets and fykenets , and recreational fishers use fykenets and longlines . landings of eel are only reported by the professional fishers on logbooks to the danish agrifish agency ( urltoken ) . the fishery mortality rate on eel in roskilde fjord is high . unpublished population data ( dtu aqua ) suggest that fishery mortality f is > 1 . around roskilde fjord , a colony of cormorants ( phalacrocorax carbo ) is present . the colony contained between 447 and 852 nests in the period 2001–2006 ( eskildsen , 2006 ) , and a predation pressure from cormorants is expected , but no data on this subject are present .
estimates from the east asian eel industry put the black market eel price at between $ 1 , 200 ( £800 ) and $ 1 , 500 per kilo once it reaches asia . * since they’re bought and sold at the glass eel stage , when they’re arriving in europe as babies migrating from across the seas , one kilo can contain around 3 , 000 individual fish , says kerr . these eel are flown mainly to china , where they seem to have become the unfortunate substitutes for japonica , a preferred japanese eel species that’s now in decline , explains vicki crook , trade analyst and report author with traffic , the wildlife trade monitoring network . there , they’re often reared in farms and sold years later as adults – so obtaining initial shipments of baby eels , however risky , is seen as a highly profitable investment . since 2010 when international trade was outlawed , the black market has been unrelenting in its quest for eel . “the information we have suggests it’s ongoing and that it’s a very pricey commodity , ” says crook .