oxyops vitiosa is a species of weevil in the curculionidae family .

common names include the melaleuca leaf weevil and the melaleuca snout beetle .

it feeds on the leaves and shoots of the broad-leaved paper bark tree , melaleuca quinquenervia , which is endemic to australia where it grows on seasonally inundated plains and swampland .

it was introduced into florida in order to help drain flooded portions of the everglades .

oxyops vitiosa

field of melaleuca saplings heavily damaged by oxyops vitiosa weevil . insert shows a close - up of oxyops damage . ( click on image for full - sized version . )
top : oxyops vitiosa adult . photo : rob lowen center : a yellow uncovered egg and two eggs covered with a brown to black secretion on young melaleuca leaves . photo : g . buckingham bottom : oxyops vitiosa larval adult damage on melaleuca in quarantine . photo : rob lowen
geographic distribution and regional impacts of oxyops vitiosa ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) and boreioglycaspis melaleucae ( hemiptera : psyllidae ) , b . . . - pubmed - ncbi
geographic distribution and regional impacts of oxyops vitiosa ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) and boreioglycaspis melaleucae ( hemiptera : psyllidae ) , biological control agents of the invasive tree melaleuca quinquenervia .
center , t . d . et al . 2000 . field colonization of the melaleuca snout beetle ( oxyops vitiosa ) in south florida . biological control 19 : 112 - 123 .
center , t . d . et al . 2000 . field colonization of the melaleuca snout beetle ( oxyops vitiosa ) in south florida . biol . contrl . 19 : 112 - 123 .
the first o . vitiosa individual released on april 26 , 1997 : an older larva . note the broken fecal coil .
purcell , m . f . and j . k . balciunas . 1994 . life - history and distribution of the australian weevil oxyops vitiosa ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , a potential biological control agent for melaleuca quinquenervia ( myrtaceae ) . ann . entomol . soc . am . 87 : 867 - 873 .
purcell , m . f . and j . k . balciunas . 1994 . life - history and distribution of the australian weevil oxyops vitiosa ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , a potential biological control agent for melaleuca quinquenervia ( myrtaceae ) . ann . entomol . soc . am . 87 : 867 - 873 .
purcell , m . f . and j . k . balciunas . 1994 . life history and distribution of the australian weevil , oxyops vitiosa ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , a potential biological control agent for melaleuca quinquenervia ( myrtaceae ) . ann . entomol . soc . am . 87 : 867 - 873 .
matthew f . purcell , joe k . balciunas ; life history and distribution of the australian weevil oxyops vitiosa ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , a potential biological control agent for melaleuca quinquenervia ( myrtaceae ) , annals of the entomological society of america , volume 87 , issue 6 , 1 november 1994 , pages 867–873 , urltoken
balciunas , j . k . , d . w . burrows , and m . f . purcell . 1994 . field and laboratory host ranges of the australian weevil , oxyops vitiosa ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) a potential biological control agent for the paperbark tree , melaleuca quinquenervia . biol . control . 4 : 351 - 360 .
balciunas , j . k . , d . w . burrows , and m . f . purcell . 1994 . field and laboratory host ranges of the australian weevil , oxyops vitiosa ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) a potential biological control agent for the paperbark tree , melaleuca quinquenervia . biol . control . 4 : 351 - 360 .
balciunas , j . k . , d . w . burrows , and m . f . purcell . 1994 . field and laboratory host ranges of the australian weevil , oxyops vitiosa ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) , a potential biological control agent for the paperbark tree , melaleuca quinquenervia . biol . contrl . 4 : 351 - 360 .
oxyops vitiosa and its host , melaleuca quinquenervia , which is an invasive weedy tree , are native to australia . the tree , known as melaleuca or the paperbark tree , was imported in 1906 and later planted extensively to drain the everglades . melaleuca is now considered to be destroying the everglades , spreading to 50 additional acres of wetlands every day .
wheeler . g . s . 2000 . sequestration of melaleuca quinquenervia defensive chemistry by oxyops vitiosa and its relevance to biological control of weeds , p . 431 . in spencer , n . r . ( ed . ) , proc . x intl symp . biol . contrl . weeds , 4 - 14 july 1999 . montana state university , bozeman , mt .
scientists began searching australia for melaleuca - damaging insects during 1986 . over 400 been discovered , many of which reduce flower and seed production . several are being studied to ensure they are safe to import into florida . the first of these , the melaleuca snout beetle ( oxyops vitiosa ) , was released in florida during 1997 . it feeds on the growing plant tips , which kills seedlings / saplings and prevents flowering .
melaleuca is not considered a weed in its native australia because it is attacked by a complex of natural enemies . classical biological control , which is the introduction of host specific natural enemies , was investigated as a possible long - term solution to the melaleuca problem . five insects have been imported into quarantine for host specificity testing by usda scientists . the first insect released was the melaleuca snout beetle or weevil , oxyops vitiosa ( pascoe ) ( insecta : coleoptera : curculionidae ) ( figure 2 ) .
melaleuca quinquenervia , the paperbark tree which is in the family myrtaceae . testing in quarantine by g . buckingham of over 100 plant species with adult o . vitiosa and of 30 species ( including all native florida myrtaceae ) with larvae and / or ovipositing females demonstrated that the weevil will establish populations only on melaleuca . wandering adults and larvae might occasionally feed on young leaves of the native wax myrtle , myrica cerifera and of some myrtaceae ( mostly imported bottlebrushes and eucalyptus ) , but feeding is transitory .
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adult melaleuca weevils are small , 6 - 9 mm long , and gray to brown . eggs are covered with a secretion that dries chocolate to black in color and gives them a teardrop shape . without this secretion , eggs are yellow , 1 mm long , and resemble a gelatin capsule . however , they are rarely found uncovered . larvae range in size from less than 1 mm when newly emerged to 14 mm in the fourth instar . newly hatched larvae are yellow but appear brown to black once feeding begins . they are usually covered with a sticky secretion or exudate , and , especially on older larvae , a long , thin coil of feces is prominent . the pupal stage takes place underground in pupal capsules formed from the soil .
adults are inconspicuous on the leaves and stems of young seedlings and the young growth of saplings and older trees , and their presence can be determined most easily by scouting for adult feeding damage . this appears as holes 1 - 2 mm in diameter to elongate holes , 2 - 3 mm wide x 5 - 20 mm long . occasionally , when feeding is superficial on leaves , trenches rather than holes are evident . on stems , feeding damage consists of trenches , short or long , and usually along one side . sometimes when stem feeding occurs on very young growth , the stem is nearly excised causing the upper portion to fall over and hang down . adults may feed superficially on buds , leaving holes in the outer portion , or may feed deeply , leaving pits .
when eggs are present , they are likely to be near or next to the feeding damage . eggs usually will be layed singly or in small groups on the tips of young leaves and are sometimes also found on the upper and lower surfaces of leaves , leaf buds , and on tender stems .
larval feeding damage differs from that of adults . larvae eat through all layers of the leaf except the cuticle on the opposite side and produce paper - thin trenches in the leaves about the width of their bodies . this larval damage provides the most characteristic evidence of melaleuca weevil infestation .
stands of melaleuca quinquenervia , the paperbark tree , which is well established in central and south florida .
j . k . balciunas conducted extensive field surveys in australia prior to the florida testing in quarantine . no more than 7 individuals , including all stages , were found in the field on non - host species ( bottlebrush , eucalyptus , and other melaleucas ) compared with more than 1000 on melaleuca . in balciunas ' laboratory tests , adults were produced only on melaleuca .
the family myrtaceae includes 8 species native to florida in the genera eugenia , psidium , myrcianthes , and calyptranthes . many imported species are cultivated in florida for the fruit ( eugenia , myciaria , psidium , and syzygium ) and for landscaping ( eucalyptus and the bottlebrushes , callistemon ) .
adults feed , mate , and lay eggs on the leaves and stems of young seedlings and the new growth of older plants . newly hatched larvae begin feeding just outside the eggs . as they grow they disperse downward on plants , feeding as they go . larval development takes about 28 days . when fourth instar larvae have finished feeding , they wander or drop to the ground where they locate a suitable site to go underground to pupate . they use the surrounding soil to form their pupal capsules , preferring drier areas with a high relative humidity . they are in capsules 11 days to 42 days , but this stage averages about 28 weeks at 77°f ( 25°c ) . total time from egg to adult is about 48 days . a female lays about 470 eggs in her lifetime .
the melaleuca weevil is being evaluated as a biocontrol agent of melaleuca in florida following a widely publicized release ceremony at ft . lauderdale , on april 26 , 1997 . it is not expected that the release of one species will control the paperbark tree but will more likely slow its spread .
both adult and larval feeding interfere with normal plant processes . this feeding will slow plant growth and make plants more susceptible to other control measures . seed production may be reduced as well . as many as 200 larvae , which consume ten times more than adults , have been found on one melaleuca tree in australia - a good omen for florida .
none . dr . ted center maintains a research colony at the ars / usda aquatic plant research unit , ft . lauderdale , fl .
thanks to susan wineriter and gary buckingham for supplying information and photographs for this page and for proofreading and offering suggestions , and to philip busey , also , for supplying information and a photograph .
wineriter , susan , and buckingham , gary . 1997 . love at first bite - introducing the australian melaleuca weevil . aquatics 19 : 10 - 12 .
baker , donald p . 1997
usda ' s latest weapon has a nose for noxious weeds ,
washington post , april 26 , 1997 .
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. it also feeds on other members of the myrtaceae family , including native ones , but doesn ' t seem to cause serious damage .
female lays about 470 eggs in her lifetime . larval development takes about 28 days . drop to the ground to pupate . total time from egg to adult about 48 days .
insects and other arthropods that feed on aquatic and wetland plants center t . d . , dray f . a . , jubinsky g . p . , grodowitz m . j . 2002 . usda ars , technical bulletin 1870 . 200 pp .
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montgomery , b . r . & wheeler , g . s . journal of insect behavior ( 2000 ) 13 : 915 . urltoken
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rust fungus and australian weevil , two naturalized enemies of melaleuca , compete for newly expanding foliar tissue and may antagonize each other ' s effects as biocontrol agents of melaleuca ( rayamajhi , m . b . , t . k . van , p . d . pratt , and t . d . center . 2006 . interactive association between
because both agents compete for newly expanding foliar tissues for colonization , reproduction , and survival during their early stages of development .
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balciunas , j . k . ( usda , australian biological control laboratory , townsville , queensland , australia . )
e woody weeds . as in its native range , this weevil ' s impact on m . quinquenervia in florida would most likely be the suppression of growth and stunting of saplings . the high degree of host specificity shown by this weevil species allowed its exportation in july 1992 to quarantine facilities in florida for further evaluation
biology , distribution and host - range of the sawfly , lophyrotoma zonalis ( hym . pergidae ) , a potential biological control agent for the paperbark tree , melaleuca quinquenervia | springerlink
biology , distribution and host - range of the sawfly , lophyrotoma zonalis ( hym . pergidae ) , a potential biological control agent for the paperbark tree , melaleuca quinquenervia
biologie , distribution et gamme d’hôtes de lophyrotoma zonalis ( hym . : pergidae ) , agent potentiel de lutte biologique contre melaleuca quinquenervia
prospects and conflicts , pp . 1–22 . in : proceedings of the symposium on exotic pest plants . 2–4 november 1988 , university of miami , florida . (
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in south florida measured from the air , pp . 1–8 in : proceedings of melaleuca symposium , 23–24 september 1980 , fort myers , florida . (
to the florida prohibited aquatic plant list , pp . 87–110 . in : proceedings of the symposium on exotic pest plants . 2–4 november 1988 . university of miami , florida . (
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. pp . 125–128 in : proceedings of melaleuca symposium . 23–24 september 1980 , fort myers , florida . (
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j . p . cuda , s . a . wineriter , g . r . buckingham , t . d . center , and k . t . gioeli 2
adult . melaleuca weevils are gray in color and 6 to 9 mm in length . males are usually smaller than females . the adults are somewhat cryptic in appearance , but are usually found on the leaves and stems of saplings ( figure 3 ) , or the new growth of older trees where they feed , mate , and deposit their eggs . the presence of adults is usually indicated by the characteristic feeding damage that consists of holes or gouges chewed into the buds , leaves , and stems . occasionally , young shoot tips are nearly excised when stem feeding occurs on the tender new growth ( figure 4 ) .
egg . the eggs of the melaleuca weevil are yellow , 1 mm long , and resemble gel capsules ( figure 5 ) . the female almost always covers the eggs in a secretion as soon as they are deposited to protect them from desiccation or predation . this secretion dries to form a hard protective casing , which is brown to black in color . when the eggs are present , they are usually associated with adult feeding damage .
eggs of melaleuca weevil on young leaves ; uncovered ( yellow ) and covered with a brown to black secretion .
larva . the larval stage has four instars , or growth phases . the appearance and size of the larvae vary depending upon their age . neonates , or newly hatched larvae , are yellow and less than 1 mm long . in contrast , the mature larvae are 14 mm in length , grayish in color , and are slug - like in appearance . developing larvae are usually covered with translucent yellow or orange oily secretion that turns black after fecal material is incorporated into it . this oily secretion mixed with fecal matter affords the larvae protection from fire ants and possibly other predators . this fecal matter is produced as a long thin coil ( figures 6 and 7 ) .
the feeding damage produced by the larval stage is very different from the adults . instead of chewing holes in the leaves , the larvae consume all layers of the leaf except for the cuticle on the opposite side . the appearance of the paper - thin feeding trails in the leaves produced by the developing larvae is a clear indication that melaleuca weevils are present ( figure 7 ) . prior to pupation , the mature larvae , or prepupae , cease feeding and are yellow in color .
larva of melaleuca weevil feeding on melaleuca leaf . note fecal coil attached to larva .
pupa . the pupal stage is not visible because it occurs beneath the soil surface . larvae develop to the pupal stage inside an earthen capsule formed by the prepupae . the pupal capsule , which is made of soil and an oily secretion produced by the insect , is approximately 10 mm in diameter . the newly formed pupae are of the exarate type ( i . e . , the legs and wings are free and not glued to the body ) , and are yellowish in color but turn brown prior to emergence of the adults from the soil .
the melaleuca weevil is native to australia . this insect was released in florida in 1997 after australian field studies and quarantine laboratory testing by the usda in florida demonstrated the weevil would reproduce only on melaleuca . establishment of the weevil has been confirmed in all melaleuca infested sites except those that are flooded for extended periods .
as mentioned previously , part of the life cycle of the melaleuca weevil occurs in the soil . while soil type does not appear to preclude establishment , pupation success may be higher at sites with sandy soils . field and laboratory studies indicate the larvae can pupate under soil conditions ranging from saturated to drier areas with a high relative humidity . however , habitats in south florida that are characterized by infrequent flooding , moderate melaleuca densities , and dry winters favor weevil establishment . failure of the weevil to establish at permanently flooded sites suggests these conditions are not conducive to normal pupation , probably because submersed pupae cannot survive without oxygen for any length of time .
larvae are commonly observed on melaleuca plants in south florida from october to may , which coincides with flushes of new leaf growth . adults are present only during the summer months unless the melaleuca is mowed or otherwise damaged . any activity that stimulates new leaf growth ( e . g . , shoot regrowth from cut stumps , damaged branches , root suckering , etc . ) will support larval populations year - round at a specific site .
both adults and larvae damage melaleuca by disrupting the plants ' normal growth processes . large larvae can destroy most of the leaves on several shoots of an individual plant . at several sites in south florida where high populations of the larvae have been observed , extensive areas of damaged melaleuca foliage are evident . reduced flowering ( up to 90 % ) also has been demonstrated experimentally by usda scientists at several sites in south florida where the weevil is established . this type of feeding damage may help to reduce seed production and prevent further spread of this highly invasive plant .
because the insect disperses slowly , a coordinated redistribution program was used to establish the insect in all 22 counties in central and south florida , which are infested with melaleuca . a standardized procedure for collecting and transporting the adult melaleuca weevils to other sites where the weevil is not yet established was first developed and implemented in st . lucie county ( figure 8 ) .
procedure for collecting adult melaleuca weevils for redistribution ( photograph by k . gioeli ) .
the melaleuca weevil is one of the key components of the areawide management and evaluation of melaleuca , or t . a . m . e . melaleuca ( tame melaleuca 2007 ) . this pest management program , which was initiated in 2001 , was designed to promote long - term , biologically - based melaleuca management through partnerships with public agencies and private land managers . the goal of t . a . m . e . melaleuca is to demonstrate the effectiveness of an ipm program for controlling melaleuca in the united states and beyond .
carter - finn , k . , a . w . hodges , d . j . lee , and m . t . olexa . 2006 ( revised 2013 ) . benefit - cost analysis of melaleuca management in south florida . # fe673 . gainesville : university of florida institute of food and agricultural sciences urltoken
center , t . d . , f . a . dray , and v . v . vandiver , jr . 2000 . biological control with insects : the melaleuca snout beetle . ss - agr - 144 urltoken . gainesville : university of florida institute of food and agricultural sciences .
ferriter , a . , b . doren , r . winston , d . thayer , b . miller , b . thomas , m . barrett , t . pernas , s . hardin , j . lane , m . kobza , d . schmitz , m . bodle , l . toth , l . rodgers , p . pratt , s . snow and c . goodyear . 2007 . chapter 9 : the status of nonindigenous species in the south florida environment . in : 2007 south florida environmental report - volume i .
langeland , k . a . , h . m . cherry , c . m . mccormick , and k . a . craddock burks . 2008 . identification and biology of nonnative plants in florida’s natural areas , 2 nd edition . uf / ifas publication # sp 257 , university of florida ifas communication services , gainesville , fl .
lieurance , deah s . luke flory , aimee l . cooper , doria r . gordon , alison m . fox , joan dusky , and linde tyson . 2013 . assessment of normative plants in florida’s natural areas : gainesville : university of florida institute of food and agricultural sciences . assessment of nonnative plants in florida’s natural areas : history , purpose , and use . ( november 2013 ) . urltoken
rodgers , l . , m . bodle , d . black , f . laroche , p . pratt , a . boughton , m . renda , and k . serbesoff - king . 2012 . chapter 7 : status of nonindigenous species . in : 2012 south florida environmental report - volume i - the south florida environment .
tame melaleuca , solutions for your life , university of florida , ifas extension . urltoken
wineriter , s . and g . r . buckingham . 1997 . love at first bite - introducing the australian melaleuca weevil . aquatics 19 : 10 - 12 .
this document is eny - 823 , one of a series of the entomology and nematology department , uf / ifas extension . original publication date may 2001 . revised june 2009 , august 2012 , and november 2015 . visit the edis website at urltoken . this document is also available on the featured creatures website at urltoken .
j . p . cuda , professor ; s . a . wineriter , senior biological scientist , entomology and nematology department , uf / ifas extension ; g . r . buckingham ( retired ) , usda - ars , florida biocontrol laboratory ; t . d . center ( retired ) , usda - ars , invasive plant research laboratory , ft . lauderdale , and k . t . gioeli , extension agent , natural resources , uf / ifas extension st . lucie county ; uf / ifas extension , gainesville , fl 32611 .
the institute of food and agricultural sciences ( ifas ) is an equal opportunity institution authorized to provide research , educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non - discrimination with respect to race , creed , color , religion , age , disability , sex , sexual orientation , marital status , national origin , political opinions or affiliations . for more information on obtaining other uf / ifas extension publications , contact your county ' s uf / ifas extension office . u . s . department of agriculture , uf / ifas extension service , university of florida , ifas , florida a & m university cooperative extension program , and boards of county commissioners cooperating . nick t . place , dean for uf / ifas extension .
aplin , r . t . , benn , m . h . , and rothschild , m .
. unpublished report submitted to tag form release of biological control agent , 23 pp .
balciunas , j . k . , burrows , d . w . , and purcell , m . f .
blum , m . s . , wallace , j . b . , duffield , r . m . , brand , j . m . , fáles , h . m . , and sokoloski , e . a .
d . l . evans and j . o . schmidt ( eds . ) . insect defenses : adaptive mechanisms and strategies of prey and predators . state university of new york press , albany , new york .
bowers , m . d . , boockvar , k . , and collinge , s . k .
brophy , j . j . , boland , d . j . , and lassak , e . v .
d . j . boland ( ed . ) . trees for the tropics , growing australian multipurpose trees and shrubs in developing countries . australian centre for international agricultural research , canberra , australia .
center , t . d . , van , t . k . , rayachhetry , m . , buckingham , g . r . , dray , f . a . , wineriter , s . , purcell , m . f . , and pratt , p . d .
r . l . grob ( ed . ) . modern practices of gas chromatography . wiley , new york .
eisner , t . , ziegler , r . , mccormick , j . l . , eisner , m . , hoebeke , e . r . , and meinwald , j .
1994 . defensive use of an acquired substance ( carminic acid ) by predaceous insect larvae .
elvin , m . k . , stimac , j . l . , and whitcomb , w . h .
gomez , n . e . , witte , l . , and hartmann , t .
howard , j . j . , cazin , j . , jr . , and wiemer , d . f .
howard , j . j . , green , t . p . , and wiemer , d . f .
hubbell , s . p . , howard , j . j . , and wiemer , d . f .
1984 . chemical leaf repellency to an attine ant : seasonal distribution among potential host plant species .
. honors thesis . school of chemistry , university of new south wales , sydney , 55 pp .
1998 . biological control ofweeds , aworld catalogue of agents and their target weeds , 4th ed . , cab international , oxon , united kingdom .
1991 . relative and seasonal abundance of predaceous arthropods in alabama peanut fields as indexed by pitfall traps .
lofgren , c . s . , banks , w . a . , and glancey , b . m .
pavis , c . , malosse , c . , ducrot , p . h . , howse , f . , jaffe , k . , and dscoins , c .
ramanoelina , p . a . r . , viano j . , bianchini , j . p . , and gaydou , e . m .
sas institute . 1990 . sas / stat user ' s guide , version 6 . sas institute , cary , north carolina .
shorey , h . h . , gaston , k . j . , gerber , r . g . , phillips , p . a . , and wood , d . l .
( mayer ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , in weevil defense sequestered from host 315 citrus trees through the use of semiochemicals and related chemicals .
shorey , h . h . , gaston , l . k . , gerber , r . g . , sisk , c . b . , and phillips , p . a .
1996 . formulating farnesol and other ant - repellent semiochemicals for exclusion of argentine ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) from citrus trees .
g . a . kerkut and l . i . gilbert ( eds . ) . comprehensive insect physiology , biochemistry and pharmacology , vol . 4 , pergamon , oxford .
southwell , i . a . , maddox , c . d . a . , and zalucki , m . p .
wink , m . , hartmann , t . , witte , l . , and rheinheimer , j .
wheeler , g . s . , massey , l . m . & southwell , i . a . j chem ecol ( 2002 ) 28 : 297 . urltoken
poster presented by : allan dray , usda - ars ; dr . ted lange , usds - ars ; dr . john curnutt , usgs ; dr . al cofrancesco , usace
. investigate its biological suitability as a target . identify conflicts of interest . interview proponents and opponents of controlling the proposed target . conduct an economic and ecological cost - benefit analysis .
. identify the native range of target species . survey the native range for natural enemies . determine each natural enemy ' s potential to stress the target .
. examine the host range of natural enemies in native areas . import best candidates into us quarantine for screening against native species related to the target , native analogs to the target , and economically important species potentially at risk . drop nonspecialists from further consideration .
. report findings from specificity trials to federal and state agencies responsible for approving biological control agent releases . reply to requests for clarification or additional host trials .
. develop laboratory colonies of approved agents using progeny from quarantine colonies or fresh genetic stock from the agents native range . test various release strategies to determine which is the most effective . use this strategy to establish persistent populations of agents at field sites . enhance the natural dispersal of agents where appropriate .
. measure the ability of agents to reduce host numbers . effects may include direct death of individuals , reduced reproductive success , slowed growth , and greater susceptibility to other repressive factors .
. use various technology transfer methods to ensure that resource managers are knowledgeable about biological controls and their use . investigate interactions between biological controls and other control methods to determine the best strategies for integrating alternative approaches .
u . s . department of the interior , u . s . geological survey , center for coastal geology this page is : urltoken comments and suggestions ? contact : heather henkel - webmaster last updated : 15 january , 2013 @ 12 : 44 pm ( kp )
native to australia , this tree was first introduced into florida during the late 19th century as an ornamental species because it has attractive flowers , white papery bark , and is easy to grow .
by the early 20th century , nurserymen had discovered that seeds scattered along the edge of the everglades would produce an abundance of seedlings that required no care and could be harvested for a handsome profit . unfortunately , the trees survived and multiplied only too well - today melaleuca infests nearly 400 , 000 acres of florida ' s everglades ecosystem .
melaleuca produces massive numbers of seeds which it holds in capsules that can remain on the branches for years . when a branch dries out due to fire , breakage , chemical treatment , etc . , the capsules open and release the seeds . the multi - agency melaleuca management plan identified this facet of melaleuca ' s biology as the main impediment to bringing this everglades invader under control and identified biological control as the technology needed to reduce the seed production of this tree .
( click on any of the images below to view a full - sized version . )
the melaleuca sawfly ( lophyrotoma zonalis ) defoliates trees , robbing them of the resources needed to produce flowers . tube - dwelling caterpillars of the moth poliopaschia lithochlora feed on young leaves . a sap - sucking psyllid ( boreioglycaspis melaleucae ) stunts growth which reduces seed set and weakens or kills saplings . the melaleuca flower weevil ( haplonyx sp . ) destroys flower buds , mature flowers , and immature seed capsules . the melaleuca gall - fly ( fergusonina sp . ) causes leaf and flower buds to gall , thereby terminating growth of these plant tissues . other potential biological control insects are still under investigation .
( click on any of the images to view a full - sized version . )
u . s . department of the interior , u . s . geological survey , center for coastal geology this page is : urltoken comments and suggestions ? contact : heather henkel - webmaster last updated : 15 january , 2013 @ 12 : 44 pm ( kp )


diachrysia chrysitis , the burnished brass , is a species of moth of the family noctuidae .

it is found in europe , the caucasus , russia , russian far east and siberia .

in the south of europe the range extends to southern spain , southern italy and the balkan peninsula .

it is lacking on most of the greek islands .

in the north it extends into almost to the arctic circle and far north russia .

in the east the range extends to the amur region and japan .

diachrysia chrysitis

burnished brass ( diachrysia chrysitis ) - norfolk moths - the macro and micro moths of norfolk .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
messinkiyökkönen
to
diachrysia chrysitis linnaeus 1758
.
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
vyömessinkiyökkönen
to
diachrysia chrysitis linnaeus 1758
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
messingeule
to
diachrysia chrysitis linnaeus 1758
.
habitat : diachrysia chrysitis is an ubiquist , but is usually found in at least slightly moist forb communities .
life cycle : diachrysia chrysitis has two generations in the summer ( especially june to early september ) . the young caterpillar overwinters .
burnished brass moth ( d . chrysitis ) with golden areas on its forewings .
please note : it is not yet established that diachrysia stenochrysis occurs in the uk .
spectral reflectance of metallic gold ( red curve ) and golden wing patch of d . chrysitis forewings ( black curve ) . reflectance of d . chrysitis is scaled to emphasize the similarity with the gold .
cie color coordinates of metallic gold and d . chrysitis forewing golden patches , with and without scattering .
diachrysia chrysitis ; [ ne10 ] : 191 , pl . 13 , f . 16 - 20 , gen . 214 - 215 , 286 - 287 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 33
diachrysia orichalcea ; hübner , [ 1821 ] , verz . bek . schmett . ( 16 ) : 252 ( misidentified type species )
abstract authors article text — introduction — optical properties and structure of d . … — optical modeling of the d . chrysitis … — discussion and conclusions — acknowledgments references
a cross - sectional image of a femtosecond - laser - cut d . chrysitis wing scale . the image of the whole , laser - cut scale is shown in the inset .
a valid separate species named diachrysia stenochrysis also has the two vertical brassy bands on the forewing joined “h - shape” . it is thought that the
h
needs to be at least
diachrysia chryson deltaica ; [ ne10 ] : 190 , pl . 13 , f . 41 , gen . 285 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 30
diachrysia nadeja ; [ ne10 ] : 195 , pl . 13 , f . 31 - 35 , gen . 222 , 291 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 35
diachrysia zosimi ; [ ne10 ] : 195 , pl . 13 , f . 36 - 40 , gen . 223 , 292 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 35
diachrysia chryson chryson ; [ ne10 ] : 189 , pl . 13 , f . 41 - 44 , gen . 213 , 284 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 29
diachrysia stenochrysis ; [ ne10 ] : 194 , pl . 13 , f . 21 - 25 , gen . 218 - 221 , 289 - 290 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 34
fegsem images of a single d . chrysitis scale at two different magnifications . ( a ) this image reveals the internal and external structure of a single scale . ( b ) enlarged zone of a scale showing rough internal surfaces .
diachrysia generosa ; [ ne10 ] : 194 , pl . 13 , f . 26 - 30 , gen . 216 - 217 , 288 ; [ ne12 ] , 246 ; ronkay , ronkay & behounek , 2008 , witt catalogue 1 : 34
spectral averaging of light reflected from d . chrysitis wing , calculated by the transfer matrix method which includes scattering and local field enhancement . light blue curves are individual spectra , blue curve is the averaged spectrum , and the red curve is the experimentally recorded spectrum .
remarks : the partially separated from this species diachrysia tutti ( the gold spots on the forewings are connected by a bar ) is possibly not a genetically separate species , but this is not fully understood . the distribution of the two taxa ranges from europe to east asia .
a dimensional scheme of a d . chrysitis scale cross section . all dimensions ( expressed in nanometers ) are estimated from sem images and vary across the scales . due to the variability of features in the living world , uncertainty of all the dimensions is between 15 % and 20 % .
diachrysia balluca ; [ nacl ] , # 8897 ; [ mna25 . 1 ] : 62 , f . 20 , pl . 1 , f . 26 , pl . 4 , f . 5 , pl . c , f . 1 , pl . k , f . 2 ; [ ne10 ] , 159
( a ) scales of d . chrysitis in their natural position on the wing . the inset shows the enlarged part of the wing membrane with 300 - nm - diameter protuberances . ( b ) enlarged image of a single scale , showing lamellar ridges ( r ) and herringbone shaped cross ribs ( r ) .
a spectral reflectivity ( red curve ) of a d . chrysitis moth wing , calculated by the transfer matrix method is shown . the corresponding experimental curve ( black curve ) is added for reference . losses ( due to scattering and absorption , blue curve ) and the wing transmittance ( green curve ) are displayed , too .
four sample groups relating to certain orders and families rise above investigated samples due to their high entoviron activity . the first group includes samples obtained from hemolymph of dragonflies ( odonata order ) , which are represented by aeschnidae and libellulidae families ( aeschna grandis and libellula quadrimaculata , respectively ) . the second group includes samples obtained from coleoptera order , which is represented by carabidae family ( e . g . pseudophonus rufipes ) . the third group includes hemolymph samples from lepidoptera , which is represented by noctuidae family on an example of diachrysia chrysitis and mamestra persicaria noctnids as well as geometridae family on an example of operophtera brumata geometrid . and the last , fourth group includes samples obtained from diptera order , represented by stratiomyidae family on an example of stratiomys singularior .
optical microscope images of d . chrysitis : ( a ) scales on the forewing showing the uniformly golden reflection . ( b ) a microscope reflection image of two individual , overlapped scales . ( c ) a transmission image of an individual scale in air . ( d ) absorption spectrum of a single scale placed in an immersion oil ( black line ) and the corresponding exponential fit ( red line ) .
( a ) geometry of the model used to simulate the wing of d . chrysitis . r s and r m are reflectance of a scale and a wing membrane , respectively . t s is a transmittance of a single scale . ( b ) reflection and transmission through the interface , as treated in a model . incident intensity i 0 is split into four components : fresnel reflectance ( r 0 ) , fresnel transmittance ( t 0 ) , reflection haze ( r h ) , and transmission haze ( t h ) .
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gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández
records of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .
hosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .
we hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .
hosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .
in text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .
hint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .
restrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .
hint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .
drill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .
the preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .
leguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .
all lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .
detailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]
beccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monografías tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomológica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .
gaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .
we are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .
we are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .
marian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .
we are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .
our colleagues here and overseas provided substantial help , advice and assistance with the checking of names of lepidoptera and with many other aspects of this project : kim and david goodger and jeremy holloway ( macrolepidoptera families ) , martin honey ( noctuoidea ) , brian pitkin ( computing ) , malcolm scoble and linda pitkin ( geometroidea ) , klaus sattler ( gelechioidea ) , michael shaffer ( pyraloidea , thyridoidea , pterophoroidea ) , alma solis ( usda , washington - pyraloidea ) , fernley symons ( oxford university - technical support ) and kevin tuck ( tortricoidea ) . julie harvey and the staff of the bmnh entomology and general libraries provided sterling support in locating obscure source material and intuitively correcting bowdlerized references .
we thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .
brummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .
kartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .
kitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .
kitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .
letourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .
mabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]
nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .
nye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .
rawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .
robinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .
scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .
royal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /
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common over most of the british isles , this spectacular moth has large areas of metallic colouring on the forewings .
the species is double - brooded , with moths on the wing between june and september .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 07 - 09 06 : 46 : 47 page render time : 0 . 5118s total w / procache : 0 . 6164s
striking brassy metallic bands on its forewings , typically these two bands are separated . the form
recorded in 66 ( 96 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 06 . last recorded in 2018 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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host plants : the larvae are polyphagous , but often observed on cirsium , urtica or lamium .
s . canada - to ( n . california - colorado ) , kentucky , north carolina , maryland . see [ maps ]
plusia aereoides grote , 1864 ; proc . ent . soc . philad . 3 : 83 , pl . 2 , f . 5 ; tl :
middle and eastern states
dyachrysia [ sic ] balluca geyer , 1832 ; zuträge samml . exot . schmett . 4 : 22 , pl . [ 118 ] , f . 681 - 682 ; tl : georgia , usa
larva on humulus lupulus , populus tremuloides , laportea canadensis , rubus spp . , rosacea [ mna25 . 1 ] , 63
500x558 ( ~ 41kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 10 . 7 . 1976 , f 16 . 7 . 1976 , markku savela leg .
500x596 ( ~ 41kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 17 . 7 . 1974 , f 8 - 14 . 7 . 1978 , markku savela leg .
500x331 ( ~ 23kb ) finland : ka : virolahti , 671 : 53 , m 20 - 26 . 8 . 1988 , markku savela leg .
1000x570 ( ~ 88kb ) northern greece , axios delta , 14 / 6 / 1995 , photo © dylan lloyd leg .
900x523 ( ~ 102kb ) russia , moscow area , 15 . 7 . 2006 © d . smirnov
1024x768 ( ~ 139kb ) russia , moscow area , 13 . 7 . 2005 , photo © d . smirnov
800x600 ( ~ 102kb ) russia , moscow area , 13 . 7 . 2005 , photo © d . smirnov
eu , caucasus , far east , primorye , ussuri , korea , manchuria , mongolia , transbaikalia , siberia , japan . see [ maps ]
946x480 ( ~ 102kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 22 . 7 . 2009 , photo ©
843x741 ( ~ 110kb ) russia , moscow area ( 36°25 ' e , 56°00 ' n ) , 20 . 7 . 2009 , photo ©
turkey , armenia , georgia , azerbaijan , s . ukraine , iran , afghanistan . see [ maps ]
plusia generosa staudinger , 1900 ; dt . ent . z . iris 12 ( 2 ) : 380 ; tl : turkey , zeitun
phalaena ( noctua ) chryson esper , 1798 ; die schmett . , th . iv , bd . 2 ( abs . 1 ) ( 49 - 50 ) : 446
phytometra chryson ab . coreae strand , 1917 ; archiv naturg . 82 a ( 2 ) : 50
alps , s . france , greece , croatia , romania , croatia , bulgaria , ukraine , moldavia , kazan , far east . see [ maps ]
poland , n . italy , bulgaria , ukraine , s . siberia ? . see [ maps ]
noctua zosimi hübner , [ 1822 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 4 ] : f . 651 ; tl : europe
800x582 ( ~ 74kb ) hungary , hajdú - bihar county , bagamér daru - láp , 14 . 8 . 2001 , photo © tamás baranyi
larva on sanguisorba , s . officinalis , less parnassia palustris [ ne10 ] , 196
[ dylan lloyd ] hafanedd , deiniol rd . , bangor , wales , u . k . , ll57 2up
the dates of e . j . c . esper ' s die schmetterlinge in abblidungen . . . 1776 - [ 1830 ] ; archives of natural history ( 1981 ) 10 ( 2 ) : 251 - 254
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
die schmetterlinge in abbildungen nach der natur mit beschreibungen . theil iv . die eulenphalenen
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
strand , 1917 neue aberrationen der noctuiden - subfamilien hadeninae , erastriinae , catocalinae , mominae und phytometrinae archiv naturg . 82 a ( 2 ) : 28 - 50
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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wingspan 28 - 35 mm . this spectacular moth has large areas of metallic colouring on the forewings .
common over most of the british isles . in a recent survey to determine the status of all macro moths in britain this species was classified as common .
common in leicestershire & rutland . l & r moth group status = a ( common and resident )
dejan pantelić , svetlana savić - šević , dejan v . stojanović , srećko ćurčić , aleksandar j . krmpot , mihailo rabasović , danica pavlović , vladimir lazović , and vojislav milošević
here we report how interference and scattering - enhanced absorption act together to produce the golden wing patches of the burnished brass moth . the key mechanism is scattering on rough internal surfaces of the wing scales , accompanied by a large increase of absorption in the uv - blue spectral range . unscattered light interferes and efficiently reflects from the multilayer composed of the scales and the wing membranes . the resulting spectrum is remarkably similar to the spectrum of metallic gold . subwavelength morphology and spectral and absorptive properties of the wings are described . theories of subwavelength surface scattering and local intensity enhancement are used to quantitatively explain the observed reflectance spectrum .
the editors of physical review e are pleased to announce that the journal’s stated scope has been expanded to explicitly include the term “biological physics . ”
( a ) geometry of the fem model . ( b ) intensity enhancement at 440 nm wavelength . the electromagnetic field is enhanced both in the ground and cover scales . calculations were performed assuming that the angle of incidence is α = 0 and there is no absorption .
contributions of wing membranes , cover scales , and ground scales to the resulting wing spectrum . they are calculated using the transfer matrix method and normalized to the intensity of the incident light before being transmitted through the layers .
issn 2470 - 0053 ( online ) , 2470 - 0045 ( print ) . ©2018 american physical society . all rights reserved . physical review e™ is a trademark of the american physical society , registered in the united states , canada , european union , and japan . the aps physics logo and physics logo are trademarks of the american physical society . information about registration may be found here . use of the american physical society websites and journals implies that the user has read and agrees to our terms and conditions and any applicable subscription agreement .
description : wingspan 34 - 44 mm . forewings light brown with a bright brass - like metallic suffusion from the basal area to the apex of the wing . the frons and patagium is normally brownish orange . antemedian and post median lines are quite fine and not clearly defined . hindwings dark fuscous with a yellow fringe .
ecology : a distinctive moth and difficult to confuse with any other species . it is found in a variety of habitats including woodland and suburban gardens . adults are come frequently to light and also to the flowers of red valerian centranthus ruber , buddleia buddleja davidii and thistles cirsium and carduus spp . the larvae feed from the autumn through to spring on common nettle urtica dioica , marjoram origanum vulgare and probably other low - growing plants . it overwinters as a larva .
world distribution : eurasiatic ; common and widespread across western europe from portugal to central fennoscandia .
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against vector - borne diseases , e . g . mosquito - borne , fly - borne , tick - borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
the waterborne disease being caused by a bacteria the bacteria being escherichia coli , i . e . e . coli infection
the aim of the invention is to extend a range of antiviral drugs by using entovirons in the form of components of an insect hemolymph exhibiting a direct antiviral action . the entovirons obtainable from odonata , coleoptera , lepidoptera and diptera representatives are most efficient in the form of drug prototypes .
the present invention relates to natural pharmaceutically active compounds , and can be used to obtain antiviral medications and to treat viral infections .
known are pharmaceutical that include complex of extractive substances from animal and vegetative tissues , which are used for treatment of viral infections by immnnopotentiation and direct impact on virions or virus infected cells .
the method for producing proteins from cd4 - positive t - lyrnphocytes and bone marrow cells , which proteins suppress development of human immunodeficiency virus , is known [ us pat . 5 , 480 , 782 ] ( 1 ) .
the external drug that includes extract of ginkgo biloba and possesses antiviral and antibacterial activity , is known [ de pat . 4334600 a1 ] ( 2 ) .
the patent wo 81 / 03124 [ 3 ] discloses polypeptide fraction extracted from mytilus edulis mollusk , which fraction is active against various viruses , bacteria and protozoa .
known are phytogenic antiviral drugs , which action mechanism is based on inactivation of free viral particles , blockage of their transport through cell membrane , or suppression of virus replication in host cell [ ershov f . i . antiviral preparations , moscow , medicina , 1998 ] ( 4 ) .
chernysh et al . antiviral and antitumor peptides from insects / / pnas , 2002 , 99 , p . 12628 - 12632
] ( 7 ) . at the same time , neither said composition nor alloferon provide direct protective influence upon cells subjected to viral infection .
said composition and alloferon as its reactant is the only antiviral agent obtained from insects known at present . under this attribute , they are the closest analogs of the present invention .
natural pharmaceuticals mentioned above and natural analogs thereof extend the store of antiviral agents . however , pharmaceuticals known from the art do not cover existing needs , and in this connection , viral infections are still the most dangerous and intractable group of human and animal diseases .
so , the object of the present invention is in extending the store of antiviral pharmaceuticals .
while creating the present invention , it has been discovered that hemolymph of various insects comprises extractive substances , which increase , when being introduced into mammal cells , viral infection resistance of said cell culture . further systematic study of pterygots ( class insecta , subclass pterigota ) allowed to disclose that analogous antiviral activity is present in several taxonomic ranks : species , genera , families and orders . as a result , a methodology for search of antiviral medications , which are included in insect tissues , has been elaborated . basing upon said methodology , species and groups of higher rank , which are the most perspective as source of antiviral substances , have been determined .
thus , the subject - matter of the present invention relates to the novel group of antiviral medications , direct action antiviral medications , obtained by extraction from insect tissues , particularly from representatives of orders of odonata ( dragonflies ) , mantoptera ( soothsayers ) , hemiptera ( hemipterans ) , coleoptera ( beetles ) , diptera ( two - winged flies ) , mecoptera ( scorpion flies ) and lepidoptera ( scale - winged insects ) .
it is also obvious that antiviral substances primarily obtained from insect tissues can be reproduced by means of chemical or biological synthesis , and are used in the same or modified form as medications . basic structure can be modified in order to increase stability , bioavailability , and antiviral activity , and to decrease toxicity or other side effects of medication . individual substances thus obtained or mixtures thereof can be used as a part of pharmaceutical compositions and in combination with other antiviral drugs .
above - mentioned set of direct action antiviral substances obtained from insect tissues is proposed to be called entovirones (
ento -
from greek
entomon
- insect , and
- viron
from latin
virus
) .
presence of entovirones has been established in samples from 26 species , which relate to all of orders of insects under investigation ( table 1 ) . only 5 samples have displayed the negative result .
investigated orders , as one can see from fig . 1 , relate to two main branches of subclass pterigota ( pterygots ) evolution : palaeoptera and neoptera . on this basis , entovirons can be considered to be the specific feature of the whole pterigota subclass . this conclusion is confirmed by the fact that entovirons have been found in all subdivisions of neoptera group , including polyneoptera , paraneoptera and oligoneoptera , as well as in all subdivisions of the most plentiful oligoneoptera group , namely neuropteroidea , hymenopteroidea and mecopteroidea . representatives of apterigota subclass were not included in this research because of technical difficulties of getting the hemolymph samples . thus , claim of the present invention is limited to representatives of pterigota subclass .
unfrozen hemolymph was centrifuged at 4000 g for 10 min and supernatant was acidified by trifluoroacetic acid until acid concentration reached 0 . 05 % ( v / v ) . thus obtained sample was deposited on sep - pak column with c 18 sorbent ( waters company ) on the basis of 3 ml of hemolymph per 1 g of sorbent . the column was washed with 0 . 05 % trifluoroacetic acid to remove hydrophilic components of hemolymph . after that adsorbed hydrophobic components were eluted by 50 % acetonitrile in 0 . 05 % trifluoroacetic acid . thus obtained mixture of hydrophobic components was freeze - dried and used for further antiviral activity studies .
) . human cell culture l41 was incubated in wells of 96 - well culture plates until cell monolayer is formed on the bottom of each well . then the substance under test was placed into wells . simultaneously vesicular stomatitis virus ( vsv , indiana strain ) in a dose equal to 100 cd
( cytopathogenic dose causing death of 50 % monolayer cells ) was added into wells , equivalent quantity of pure solvent was added to control wells . cell culture infected by virus was incubated at 37 °c for 18 hours , then cells were visualized by 0 . 1 % solution of a crystal - purple dye , percentage of cells destroyed by the virus was estimated using measurements of optical density of extracted dye at the wavelength of 590 nm . increase of survived monolayer cells percentage compared to controls indicated the activity of entovirons . obtained results were rated as positive when certainty level for differences between experiment , and control was less than 0 , 01 ( p < 0 . 01 ) according to student ' s test .
results of antiviral activity studies for hemolymph samples obtained from 31 insect species are presented in table 1 . positively rated samples are marked as
•
. there were 26 positive rated samples , or 84 % of the full experimental set . as one can see from fig . 1 , samples containing entovirons relate to 8 orders , which represent full set of pterigota subdivisions : palaeoptera and neoptera , polyneoptera , paraneoptera and oligoneoptera , neuropteroidea , hymenopteroidea and mecopteroidea , thus entovirons should be considered to be typical hemolymph component for all insects .
best variant of the invention embodiment is presented in the example 1 describing a method of entovirons isolation , and example 2 demonstrating antiviral activity of different representatives of the group of antiviral preparations . according to the data obtained , entoviron of an insect libellula quadrimaculata deinonsttates maximum antiviral activity .
industrial applicability of the invention is confirmed by the results desclosed in the application and demonstrating that entoviron allows to effectively prevent virus infected cells death , which is a of antiviral therapy . because of that entovimns could be used for treatment of viral infections . since industrial technologies of bioactive materials production are well developed for the time being , entovirons manufacturing by chemical or biological methods has no great difficulty .
chernysh et al . , antiviral and antitumor peptides from insects , pnas / / 2002 , 99 , p . 12628 - 12632
an antiviral agent increasing survivability of host cells infected by virus , wherein insects pterigota subclass is used as the source of said antiviral agent .
the antiviral agent of claim 1 , wherein species of odonata order are used as insects of pterigota subclass .
the antiviral agent of claim 2 , wherein species of aeschnidae family are used as insects of odonata order .
the antiviral agent of claim 3 , wherein dragonflies of aeschna genus are used as insects of aeschnidae family .
the antiviral agent of claim 2 , wherein species of libellulidae family are used as insects of odonata order .
the antiviral agent of claim 1 , wherein species of malltoptera , hemiptera , mecoptera , hymenoptera order are used as insects of pterigota subclass .
the antiviral agent of claim 1 , wherein species of coleoptera order are used as insects of pterigota subclass .
the antiviral agent of claim 8 , wherein species of carabidae family are used as insects of coleoptera order .
the antiviral agent of claim 9 , wherein carabuses of pseudophonus genus are used as insects of carabidae family .
the antiviral agent of claim 1 , wherein species of diptera order are used as insects of pterigota subclass .
the antiviral agent of claim 11 , wherein species of stratiomyidae family are used as insects of diptera order .
the antiviral agent of claim 12 , wherein soldier flies of stratiomys genus are used as insects of stratiomyidae family .
the antiviral agent of claim 1 , wherein species of lepidoptera order are used as insects of pterigota subclass .
the antiviral agent of claim 14 , wherein species of noctuidae family are used as insects of lepidoptera order .
the antiviral agent of claim 15 , wherein noctuids of mamestra genus are used as insects of noctuidae family .
the antiviral agent of claim 15 , wherein noctuids of diachrisia genus are used as insects of noctuidae family .
the antiviral agent of claim 14 , wherein species of geometridae family are used as insects of lepidoptera order .
the antiviral agent of claim 18 , wherein geometrids of operophtera genus are used as insects of geometridae family .
individual substances of the composition of antiviral agent of claims 1 - 19 , increasing survivability of host cells infected by virus .
analogs of individual substances of claim 20 , obtained by means of chemical or biological synthesis , and derivatives thereof , e . g . salts and amides of corresponding peptides and proteins .
pharmaceutical compositions comprising antiviral agent of claims 1 - 19 or individual substances of claim 20 thereof , or analogs of individual substances of claim 21 .
use of antiviral agent of claims 1 - 19 , or individual substances of claim 20 thereof , or analogs of individual substances of claim 21 for development of antiviral medications .
use of antiviral agent of claims 1 - 19 , or individual substances of claim 20 thereof , or analogs of individual substances of claim 22 for treatment and prophylaxis of viral infections .
peptides having particular antibacterial properties , their process of preparation , and their biological applications .
chernysh sergey et al :
antiviral and antitumor peptides from insects
proceedings of the national academy of sciences of usa , national academy of science , washington , dc . ; us , vol . 99 , no . 20 , 1 october 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 01 ) , pages 12628 - 12632 , xp002455077 issn : 0027 - 8424
ourth d d et al :
antiviral melanization reaction of heliothis virescens hemolymph against dna and rna viruses in vitro
comparative biochemistry and physiology . b . comparativebiochemistry , pergamon press , london , gb , vol . 105 , no . 3 - 4 , 1 july 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 01 ) , pages 719 - 723 , xp023525170 issn : 0305 - 0491 [ retrieved on 1993 - 07 - 01 ]
wachinger m et al :
antimicrobial peptides melittin and cecropin inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus 1 by suppressing viral gene expression
journal of general virology , society for general microbiology , spencers wood , gb , vol . 79 , no . 4 , 1 april 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 01 ) , pages 731 - 740 , xp002421830 issn : 0022 - 1317
electron microscopic studies of intestinal lesions : i . aminopterin - induced lesions in mice
evaluation of in vivo wound healing activity of methanol extract of achyranthes aspera l .
hypena proboscidalis , the snout , is a moth of the noctuidae family . it is found in europe in the north to the arctic circle . east it ranges across the palearctic including north africa east to japan . in the alps , it rises to heights of over 1600 metres . also in india .
larva velvety green ; dorsal line darker green , the subdorsal lines paler ; head , legs , and tubercles green . the larvae feed on hop , nettle and ground - elder .
habitats include deciduous , mixed and coniferous forests , rivers , hedges and gardens and parkland .