the bean goose is a goose that breeds in northern europe and asia .

it has two distinct varieties , one inhabiting taiga habitats and one inhabiting tundra .

these are recognised as separate species by the american ornithologists ' union and the ioc ( taiga bean goose and tundra bean goose ) , but are considered a single species by other authorities , such as the british ornithologists ' union .

bean goose

the tundra bean - goose was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the bean goose .
the best time to see the taiga bean goose is between late september and march .
the following subspecies are recognised – nominate canadensis ( ‘atlantic canada goose’ ) , interior ( ‘todd’s canada goose’ ) , parvipes ( ‘lesser canada goose’ ) , fulva ( ‘vancouver canada goose’ ) , maxima ( ‘giant canada goose’ ) , moffitti ( ‘moffitt’s canada goose’ ) and occidentalis ( ‘dusky canada goose’ ) .
taiga bean geese of the nominate scandinavian and north - west russian subspecies are regular winterers in britain . to the east two other subspecies are recognised – the west siberian johanseni ( ‘johansen’s bean goose’ ) and the east siberian middendorffii ( ‘middendorff’s bean goose’ ) .
the bean goose is a medium to large goose breeding in northern europe and asia . it is migratory and winters further south in europe and asia .
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tundra bean geese of the north - west russian subspecies rossicus are regular winterers in britain . to the east nominate serrirostris ( ‘thick - billed bean goose’ ) breeds across siberia .
recent changes in numbers and distribution of the taiga bean goose anser fabalis fabalis in south swedne during 1977 - 2005 .
goose information / overview . . . photos of the different goose species for identification . . . species index of geese
the bean goose is a rare winter visitor to britain . there are two regular wintering flocks of taiga bean goose , in the yare valley , norfolk and the avon valley , scotland . a formerly regular flock in dumfries and galloway no longer occurs there . tundra bean goose has no regular wintering sites , but is found in small groups among other grey goose species - among the most regular locaities are wwt slimbridge , gloucestershire and holkham marshes , norfolk .
the tundra bean goose has strong , direct flight with steady wingbeats . during the migration , they often adopt a typical v formation .
its english and scientific names come from its habit in the past of grazing in bean field stubbles in winter ( latin faba , a bean ) .
they used to be known for grazing in bean - field stubbles in winter .
a group of bean geese are known as a
pod
of geese .
we are karen and natalie keane sisters and founders of bean and goose . we make chocolate at last tree farm based in the wexford countryside , ireland .
bean and goose chocolate is made using the complex and rich flavours of single origin chocolate paired with flavours and ingredients that reflect and celebrate the irish seasons .
the tundra bean - goose is a large waterfowl species that breeds in tundra habitats of northern eurasia . it winters in wetlands , wet grasslands , and on lakes and large rivers in agricultural landscapes . a rare vagrant to north america , the tundra bean - goose is fairly common in other parts of its range and has a conservation rating of least concern .
the taiga bean goose is the species of bean goose most likely to be seen in the uk . it tends to be darker and browner than the other ' grey geese ' species with orange legs and a darker head and neck . it is typically larger than the related tundra bean goose with similar plumage , a sleeker body and longer neck . the yellow - orange patch on the bill usually covers more than half the bill . breeds in the taiga from western siberia to scandinavia and winters in western europe with small numbers regularly occuring at sites in scotland and eastern england .
recent changes in numbers and distribution of the taiga bean goose & lt ; em & gt ; anser fabalis fabalis & lt ; / em & gt ; in south swedne during 1977 - 2005 .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the tundra bean goose is usually less noisy than other “anser” geese , even while in flocks during winter . the usual contact call is a “hank - hank” or “wink - wink” given in flight . its voice is more penetrating than that of the greylag goose .
the closely related pink - footed goose ( a . brachyrhynchus ) has the bill short , bright pink in the middle , and the feet also pink , the upper wing - coverts being nearly of the same bluish - grey as in the greylag goose . in size and bill structure , it is very similar to anser fabalis rossicus , and in the past was often treated as a sixth subspecies of bean goose .
a smaller , but very similar goose is found in northern asia and europe . it is known as the lesser white - fronted goose and is the reason our goose is known as the
greater .
dwarf species seem to have appeared repeatedly in geese including the diminutive ross ' s and cackling geese .
whole genomic dna of bean goose was isolated from muscle tissue using the phenol / chloroform method . extracted dna was examined on a 1 . 0 % agarose / tbe gel and stored at −20°c as a template for pcr .
introduction : the tundra bean goose was formerly a subspecies of the bean goose ( anser fabalis ) . it is a full species since 2007 and has two subspecies , “ serrirostris ” and “ rossicus ” . both races breed in the northern tundra of russia and siberia , and winter southwards in europe and asia . the race “ rossicus ” has currently stable population , whereas the race “ serrirostris ” is suspected to be declining in some breeding areas .
our family roots are in wexford and our location at last tree farm is integral to bean and goose chocolate . it informs our flavour combinations , the colours in our packaging , the products that we make and how we visually present our bars .
habitat : the tundra bean goose breeds in wet tundra , on lakes , pools or rivers in high arctic . it winters mostly in marshes and cultivated areas , paddyfields , pastures and fields in japan and korea , and usually favours maritime areas .
citation : liu g , zhou l , zhang l , luo z , xu w ( 2013 ) the complete mitochondrial genome of bean goose ( anser fabalis ) and implications for anseriformes taxonomy . plos one 8 ( 5 ) : e63334 . urltoken
the bean goose is a typical grey goose , most readily recognisable by its beak , which is longish , and mainly orange with a black tip . its back is dark and its legs are a yellowish orange . young birds look somewhat darker than adults , since the pale edges to their feathers are still only narrow . young birds do not have the same long grooves running down their necks as adults , and their legs are a paler yellowish colour . the irises of bean geese are brown .
behaviour in the wild : the tundra bean goose feeds mainly on plant material including grasses and sedges , cultivated grain ( corn ) , beans ( giving the bird its name ) , carrots and potatoes . berries are also taken during the breeding season .
the upper wing - coverts are dark brown , as in the white - fronted goose ( anser albifrons ) and the lesser white - fronted goose ( a . erythropus ) , but differing from these in having narrow white fringes to the feathers .
it feeds on the ground by grazing and pecking at food items in pastures and crop fields , and spends little time in the water . the tundra bean goose is usually gregarious and may join other geese , but the flocks are often smaller than in other species .
the tule goose is a large , dark subspecies of the greater white - fronted goose . this form breeds just around cook inlet in alaska , and numbers only about 7 , 500 . it winters in the sacramento valley of california , where it meets the more widespread subspecies . the tule goose uses primarily marshes ( often full of tule rushes ) while the other form forages in open fields .
bean geese reach breeding age when they are about 2 - 3 years old , with breeding typically starting in the spring / summer of their third year .
a small , dark goose - the same size as a mallard . it has a black head and neck and grey - brown back .
identification of an extralimital taiga bean goose is likely to be problematic . observers should pay particular attention to overall size and structure , neck length , head structure , bill size and structure ( both from the side and above ) , bill pattern and tail pattern . the subspecies middendorffii is biometrically distinct .
subspecies and range : the tundra bean goose has two subspecies . a . s . rossicus ( displayed ) breeds in tundra of n russia and nw siberia , from kanin peninsula , e to taymyr peninsula . it winters in w and c europe and sw asia . this race is smaller than nominate .
tundra bean - goose : this species breeds in the tundra of northern eurasia . it winters in marshes , wet grasslands , lakes , and large rivers in the agricultural landscapes in eastern china , central asia , and western europe . it has occurred as a rare vagrant to north america along the aleutian archipelago .
we have grown from the early days of karen and natalie making chocolate together . bean and goose is now a team of makers who are spreading the story of our chocolate and growing the brand . we are passionate about the products that we create and are committed to bringing our customers the very best in irish chocolate .
averaging only slightly smaller than greylag goose but not so bulky , with less weight in the rear half of body . large , tall , rather long - billed and long - necked , essentially brown goose , with very dark head and neck obvious in flight . at long range and in poor light , difficult to separate from other grey geese but noticeable length of dark head and neck , upright stance , and uniform upperwing in flight , characteristic . high head carriage , bulk , uniform dark plumage tone , lack of forewing contrast , rather long , deep orange - marked bill , and orange legs all diagnostic at closer ranges . confusion with large , dark individuals of pink - footed goose possible , but bean goose never shows grey upperparts and differences in bare - part colours afford certain distinction of typical birds .
ruokonen m , kvist l , lumme j ( 2000 ) close relatedness between mitochondrial dna from seven anser goose species . journal of evolutionary biology 13 : 1532–1540 .
as is true of many geese , greater white - fronted goose pairs stay together for years and migrate together , along with their offspring . white - fronted goose family bonds can last longer than in most geese , and some young stay with their parents through the next breeding season . parent and sibling associations may continue throughout their lives .
protection / threats / status : the tundra bean goose has from suffered hunting pressure in the past . habitat loss through oil pollution , drainage of wetlands , changing management practices and forest clearance are threats in russia , norway and sweden . in addition , the geese also suffer from human persecution , and are vulnerable to pesticides used in cultivated fields where they forage .
the bean and goose journey began in 2014 when karen and natalie started making chocolate together . they loved experimenting with flavours and form and being part of the street food scene in dublin at the weekend . this is where they organically grew their business . they used the dublin food markets to test their products , meet their early customers and gather their first stockists along the way .
the best place in britain to see taiga bean geese is the yare valley in norfolk , which includes the rspb ' s mid - yare nature reserves . another flock winters near falkirk in southern scotland .
the oldest recorded greater white - fronted goose was at least 25 years , 6 months old when it was found in louisiana in 1998 . it had been banded in nunavut in 1975 .
five subspecies are recognised – albifrons ( ‘eurasian white - fronted goose’ ) breeding in northern russia , flavirostris ( ‘greenland white - fronted goose’ ) breeding in west greenland , gambelli breeding in alaska , north - west and north central canada , elgasi ( ‘tule white - fronted goose’ ) breeding in southern alaska and sponsa breeding in western alaska . the taxonomy of white - fronted geese is widely debated , however . for an overview of recent taxonomic proposals relating to white - fronted geese see mooij and zöckler ( 2000 ) , banks ( 2011 ) , reeber ( 2015 ) and urltoken .
reproduction of the bird : the breeding season starts in may / june . the race “ rossicus ” lays between 5 and 15 june in arctic russia . the tundra bean goose may nest in single pairs or in loose groups . the nest is made with vegetation and lined with down . it is placed in natural depression or scrape on the ground . they nest on dry hummocks on mossy tundra , close to river floodplains .
carboneras , c . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . bean goose ( anser fabalis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
bean goose mtdna contains a small subunit ( 12s rrna ) and a large subunit ( 16s rrna ) of rrna . they are located between trna phe and trna leu , and are separated by trna val . the 12s rrna , located between nucleotide positions 68 and 1 , 051 , is 983 bp long ; the 16s rrna is located between nucleotide positions 1 , 123 and 2 , 793 , and has a length of 1 , 671 bp .
slack ke , janke a , penny d , arnason u ( 2003 ) two new avian mitochondrial genomes ( penguin and goose ) and a summary of bird and reptile mitogenomic features , gene . 302 : 43–52 .
@ article { b08865fa - 0290 - 4fc8 - 984d - ffc150a66a16 , author = { nilsson , leif } , language = { eng } , pages = { 263 - - 267 } , series = { vogelwelt } , title = { recent changes in numbers and distribution of the taiga bean goose < em > anser fabalis fabalis < / em > in south swedne during 1977 - 2005 . } , volume = { 129 } , year = { 2008 } , }
three subspecies are recognised . the siberian - breeding bernicla ( ‘dark - bellied brent goose’ ) and the svalbard , franz josef land , greenland and arctic canadian - breeding hrota ( ‘pale - bellied brent goose’ ) are regular winterers in britain whilst the arctic canadian , alaskan and east siberian - breeding nigricans ( ‘black brant’ ) is a scarce winter visitor from both ends of the range . this latter subspecies was removed from the list of bbrc taxa in 2006 .
the tundra bean goose is migratory and moves s to reach more temperate regions to spend the winter . the race “ serrirostris ” moults on w coast of kamchatka , and winters in japan and korea . it wanders to the aleutians , pribilof , bering sea islands , yukon territories and quebec . these birds may cover up to 600 - 700 kilometres in non - stop flight . the race “ rossicus ” forms large moulting flocks on novaya zemlya and on new siberian islands to w taymyr peninsula and also varanger peninsula in norway .
due to hard weather conditions often involving lack of food , the whole breeding cycle cannot take place on the breeding grounds . pair formation and courtship displays are performed on the wintering areas and during the return migration . the tundra bean goose is monogamous and probably with long - term pair bonds . the copulation takes usually place on the water after some ritual displays . after mating , the male stretches its neck while uttering a loud call . it may sometimes spread its wings fully during the “triumph - ceremony” that is very common among geese .
the greater white - fronted goose is a stocky brown goose that occurs across the northern hemisphere and in north america is found mainly west of the mississippi . it sports white feathers around its pinkish orange bill , orange legs , and a white line down its side . these geese breed in arctic tundra and winter in large flocks in wetlands , lakes , and croplands . they can be confused with graylag geese , an often - domesticated species that can occur in small numbers around farms and parks in north america .
at bean and goose we have a passion for using seasonal , natural ingredients and it makes sense to us to use what can grow in our gardens and can be foraged locally . we are surrounded by countryside heavy with elderflower , lovage , gorse and blackberries . we are inspired by our herb garden full of lavender , mint , bay , fennel , rosemary and thyme . we have summer fruits and orchard trees growing nearby . finally we have the pleasure of using edible flowers such as violas , marigolds , borage and scented roses . our surroundings are our inspiration .
the complete mtdna sequence of bean goose is 16 , 688 bp long and contains 13 protein - coding genes ( atp6 , atp8 , coi–iii , nd1–6 , nd4l , and cyt b ) , 2 rrnas ( 12s rrna and 16s rrna ) , 22 trnas , and a putative control region ( d - loop ) ( fig . 1 ) . the heavy dna strand ( h - strand ) carries most of the genes : 12 protein - coding genes , two rrnas , and 14 trnas . nd6 and eight trnas are located on the l - strand ( table 1 ) .
based on alignment of complete mtdna sequences of cygnus atratus ( nc _ 012843 ) , anas platyrhynchos ( nc _ 009684 ) , and aythya americana ( nc _ 000877 ) , we designed three primer pairs ( primer sets 9 , 11 , and 14 ) using primer 5 . 0 . we also employed other primers developed for use with anas platyrhynchos ( jianchang duck ) [ 33 ] . these primers were used to amplify and sequence the complete mitochondrial genome of bean goose ( table 4 ) . all generated sequences were less than 1200 bp each , with each segment overlapping the next by 80–100 bp .
the anseriformes ( pronounced an - ser - ih - for - meez ) , one of the oldest avian orders , is composed of three families and includes the bizarre and noisy screamers of south america , the odd magpie goose of australia , and the globally distributed swans , geese and ducks .
the tundra bean goose is larger than a . fabalis and differs in shape and pattern of the bill . the large bill is about 66 mm in male and 63 mm in female ( a . fabalis m : 64 mm – f : 60 mm ) . the adult has dark brown head and neck . the mantle is paler brown with pale - edged feathers forming large scaled pattern . back and rump are brownish - black with white band on the sides , and white uppertail - coverts . the tail is dark with white terminal band . on the upperwing , the coverts are grey and the flight feathers are blackish - brown .
a bean goose ( anser fabalis ) injured by power lines was found in the wild in the shengjin lake national nature reserve , anhui , china in october 2010 . the bird was treated for its injuries but later died ( the shengjin lake national nature reserve is authorized to administer medical treatment to animals by the anhui provincial nature and wildlife conservation station , a provincial government agency for wildlife in anhui province ) . tissues from the dead bird were field - stored at −20°c at the institute of biodiversity and wetland ecology , anhui university . permission to collect the bird in the wild and use the tissue was issued by the shengjin lake national nature reserve .
the fascinating v - formation flights high in the sky of migrating bean geese herald the arrival of winter or spring . the birds migrate to their wintering places or breeding areas without taking note of frontiers . this species normally spends the winter to the north or east of switzerland , in cold winters however , flocks may arrive in the lowland areas of our country .
the nominate subspecies occurs in britain as a native breeder , an introduced , naturalised breeder , a winter visitor from iceland and a wanderer from the continent ( from both wild and feral populations ) . the subspecies rubrirostris ( ‘eastern greylag goose’ ) occurs across asia but is said to intergrade with nominate anser across eastern europe and western russia and it has also been introduced to the near - continent ( cramp et al . 1977 ) .
identification of canada geese to subspecies ( and even sometimes to species ) can be problematic . observers should pay particular attention to the overall size of the bird , preferably in direct comparison with other geese , neck length , head shape , bill size and shape , plumage hues and any dark ‘gular stripe’ or white neck ‘collar’ . there are , however , few definitive criteria for identifying any of the subspecies whilst particular uncertainties surround the ‘intermediate - sized’ parvipes and the similar taverneri cackling goose .
populations of two alaskan diving ducks , the steller ' s and spectacled eiders , are threatened for reasons unknown ; possible causes include changes in their habitats , nest predation by ravens and gulls , hunting , and the on - going effects of lead poisoning . the reasons why the hawaiian goose , and the laysan and hawaiian ducks are endangered are much better understood ; however after nearly going extinct , populations have stabilized but unfortunately don ' t have much room for growth in the limited amount of available habitat .
bbrc welcomes submissions of all ( post - 1950 ) canada geese considered to be vagrants and for which contemporaneous evidence is available . such birds will be assessed firstly as relating to the subspecies pair interior / parvipes but will also be considered to subspecies level where sufficient evidence exists to do so . any such firm racial attributions will be sent to bourc for consideration for admission to the british list . also sought are records of birds which cannot readily be assigned to either canada or cackling goose . any such birds accepted will be published as ‘either / or’ .
the best time to go looking for a greater white - fronted goose over much of the united states and canada is during migration . from february through may and again from september through november look for greater white - fronted geese foraging in agricultural fields or resting on lakes and ponds . the winter months in california , texas , and louisiana are also good . they hang out in groups often with snow and canada geese , where their brown plumage and medium size should help separate them . they are a little more skittish than other waterfowl ; at wildlife refuges it’s often possible to get close to them as long as you drive slowly and stay in the car .
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justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population is estimated at 680 , 000 - 800 , 000 individuals ( wetlands international 2015 ) . the european population is estimated at 134 , 000 - 144 , 000 pairs , which equates to 268 , 000 - 288 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . trend justification : the overall trend is decreasing , although the west and central siberian / north - east and south - west european population is reported to be stable ( birdlife international 2015 , wetlands international 2015 ) .
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a nocturnal bird that can be seen hawking for food at dusk and dawn .
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not all birds migrate , such as partridges . but they are in the minority - most birds will migrate .
breeding populations of long - distance , trans - saharan migrant birds have declined sharply since the 1970s .
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the swans , geese and ducks are mid - sized to large birds most commonly found on or near water . most have plump bodies , long necks and short wings . most feed while on the water , diving or merely tilting their bodies so that their heads and necks are submerged to search for fish , plants and invertebrates . washington representatives of the order all belong to one family :
the waterfowl family is represented in washington by two distinct groups—the geese and swans , and the ducks . whistling - ducks are also considered a distinct subfamily , and , although they have not been sighted in washington in many years , fulvous whistling - ducks have been recorded historically in washington and remain on the official state checklist . all members of the waterfowl family have large clutches of precocial young . they hatch covered in down and can swim and eat on their own almost immediately after hatching .
combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . despite the fact that the population trend appears to be decreasing , the decline is not believed to be sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is very large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : anser fabalis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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size : length 68–88 cm ( 27–34 in ) , wingspan 140–174 cm ( 55–68 in ) , weight 3–3 . 6 kg ( 6 . 5–8 lb ) .
nest : in depressions lined with dry grass or other dry materials , as well as grey down and paler down in the centre of the nest . nests typically among vegetation , often under a tree or bush , or on a tussock in marshland .
breeding : 4–8 eggs ( average 5 . 7 ) laid in may , and incubated for 28 days . young able to fly within about 40 days . shy and retiring during the breeding season .
distribution : within finland mainly breeds in northern regions , but now also occasionally nests in bogs in central finland . finnish population estimated at 1 , 000–2 , 500 pairs .
migration : migrates in flocks ( often in v - shaped skeins or long lines ) from the end of august , though in greatest numbers in october , often coinciding with outbreaks of cold weather . returns to finland in ( march– ) april–may . some birds may winter in finland , but most migrate to wintering areas around the north sea , or increasingly in recent years to southern sweden and denmark .
diet : during the breeding season feeds on many water and shore plants , such as sedges , horsetail and cotton - grass . on migration and in wintering areas also grazes on fields of stubble on remnants of grain and plants including clover .
calls : most commonly a nasal , echoing disyllabic or trisyllabic honk , good for identification purposes when heard separately , but only audible as indistinct cackling among flocks in flight , when resembles the calls of other geese .
endangerment : vulnerable , protected . game bird in finland . globally least concern .
→ distribution map ( finnish breeding bird atlas , finnish museum of natural history , university of helsinki . licence : cc 3 . 0 )
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– taiga from scandinavia e to ural mts ; winters w , c & se europe and extreme sw asia .
delacour , 1951 – taiga and wooded tundra from ural mts e to l baikal ; winters turkmenistan and iran e to w china .
severtsov , 1873 – taiga of e siberia e of l baikal ; winters e china to japan .
buturlin , 1933 – tundra of n russia and nw siberia from kanin peninsula e to taymyr peninsula ; winters w & c europe and sw asia .
– tundra of ne siberia from lena delta e to anadyrland ; winters e china , korea and japan .
considered to be less noisy than most other grey geese ; flight and contact calls “hank - hunk” or “ . . .
breeds on lakes , pools and rivers in high arctic or taiga zone , according to subspecies ; for . . .
mostly vegetarian ; herbs , grasses and sedges ; also berries during breeding season and grain ( corn ) , beans , carrots and potatoes in winter ; . . .
starts may / jun ( taiga forms usually arrive in breeding areas at end of apr , but tundra forms may not arrive until late may , and laying may . . .
migratory , winters mostly on coastal plains in nw & c europe and e asia . birds initially gather . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . widespread and numerous , with increase registered in europe at end of last century , apparently linked to favourable agricultural . . .
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orange and black bill , and orange legs . direct flight in v formation .
after breeding , they molt their feathers for a month and are flightless at this time .
intolerant of disturbance , they prefer fields with no other grazing livestock and choose open areas with unobstructed sight lines for feeding and roosting .
the swans , geese and ducks are grouped in the anatidae ( pronounced ah - nah - tih - dee ) ; a bird family with one hundred sixty - four species in forty - eight genera , various members of which can be found on all continents .
the anatidae are represented in north america by sixty - nine species in twenty - three genera ( including the extinct labrador duck ) . members of this well known bird family include the graceful , long - necked swans , familiar geese of farm fields and golf courses , and the many species of ducks .
while all species are known for their association with aquatic habitats , canada geese are also known for their aggressive behavior when guarding their nests and young . after the breeding season , canada geese become better known for the
v
shaped flocks they form during migration .
swans , geese , and ducks are large birds with long necks ( longest in swans , shortest in ducks ) and short tails . all species have webbed feet suited to their aquatic environments and distinctive flat bills - except for the mergansers with their thin , serrated bills ideally suited for catching fish .
although swans and geese are mostly white , brown , and black , many ducks showcase several shades of grays , browns , and blacks combined with fine barring and streaking to result in a variety of beautifully patterned plumages for which females of the species are well known . males in breeding plumage are more boldly patterned and often have iridescent blue or green on the head . both sexes usually show a spot of color in the wing known as a
speculum
.
swans , geese , and ducks occur throughout north america wherever aquatic habitats are found . while geese and some ducks are often found along the shoreline , species that feed on underwater vegetation such as swans and dabbling ducks prefer calm water with depths suited to the length of their necks . in deeper waters , the mergansers , scoters , and diving ducks occur . boldly - patterned harlequin ducks swim in the swift rivers and turbulent seashores of the pacific northwest and some areas of the northeastern u . s . and canada .
a highly migratory family , most species migrate to open , ice - free water in sheltered bays and marshes of the southern united states with some reaching mexico and central america .
members of the anatidae flock together after breeding in large , multi - species groups at sites with good , safe foraging . at such sites , scoters , canvasbacks , and other diving ducks dive for mussels in the deep sections while dabblers such as gadwall and northern shovelers forage on the surface and in the shallows . on the shore , grazers such as geese and the american widgeon forage on grass .
the white plumage of snow geese and tundra swans sometimes takes on a dirty , rusty - brown appearance . the birds aren ' t actually dirty but do show rust - colored highlights from foraging in the iron rich environments of the far north . regarding the well - known description of the sound made by a duck as a
quack ,
duck species in north america also variously whistle , squeak , click , and grunt .
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the ventral part of the bird , or the area between the flanks on each side and the crissum and breast . flight muscles are located between the belly and the breast .
birds do not have two separate cavities for excrement and reproduction like humans do . in birds , there is one single entrance / exit that suits both functions called the vent , cloaca or anus .
it has been split into two species by the aou ( 2007 ) , however it is still regarded as a single species by the bou - see below .
these medium - sized , dark - brown geese with orange and black bill and orange legs breed in northern norway , northern sweden and northern finland .
they overwinter in the british isles , southern scandinavia , germany , the netherlands , and south to the mediterranean sea .
the length ranges from 68 to 90 cm ( 27–36 in ) , wingspan from 140 to 174 cm ( 55–69 in ) and weight from 1 . 7–4 kg ( 3 . 7 - 8 . 8 lbs ) .
the bill is black at the base and tip , with an orange band across the middle ; the legs and feet are also bright orange .
there are five subspecies , with complex variation in body size and bill size and pattern ; generally , size increases from north to south and from west to east . some ornithologists ( including aou 2007 ) split them into two species based on breeding habitat , whether in forest bogs in the subarctic taiga , or on the arctic tundra .
a . f . fabalis . scandinavia east to the urals . large ; bill long and narrow , with broad orange band . anser fabalis fabalis is one of the species to which the agreement on the conservation of african - eurasian migratory waterbirds ( aewa ) applies .
a . f . johanseni . west siberian taiga . large ; bill long and narrow , with narrow orange band .
a . f . middendorffii . east siberian taiga . very large ; bill long and stout , with narrow orange band .
a . s . rossicus . northern russian tundra east to the taimyr peninsula . small ; bill short and stubby , with narrow orange band . anser fabalis rossicus is one of the species to which the agreement on the conservation of african - eurasian migratory waterbirds ( aewa ) applies .
a . s . serrirostris . east siberian tundra . large ; bill long and stout , with narrow orange band .
they typically nest at the foot of a tree or next to a fallen trunk .
the average clutch consists of 3 - 7 eggs , which are incubated for about 28 days .
birdlife international ( 2004 ) . anser fabalis . 2006 . iucn red list of threatened species . iucn 2006 . retrieved on 11 may 2006 . database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
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however , the foods that we traditionally feed them at local ponds are utterly unsuitable for them and are likely to cause health problems down the road . also , there may be local laws against feeding this species of bird - so it ' s best to check on that rather than facing consequences at a later stage .
to survive cold winters and remain healthy when food is scarce in their environment .
please note that feeding ducks and geese makes them dependent on humans for food , which can result in starvation and possibly death when those feedings stop . if you decide to feed them , please limit the quantity to make sure that they maintain their natural ability to forage for food themselves - providing , of course , that natural food sources are available .
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throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
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before migrating north , female greater white - fronted geese gain 30 % more weight to fuel migration and egg production .
the handbook of bird identification for europe and the western palearctic by mark beaman , steve madge - c . helm - isbn : 0713639601
a field guide to the birds of south - east asia by craig robson . new holland publishers . isbn : 9781780090498
rare birds of north america par steve n . g . howell , ian lewington , will russell
on the underparts , breast and belly are pale brownish and flanks are barred dark brown . vent and undertail - coverts are white . the underwing is greyish - black .
the relatively short , deep - based bill is blackish - brown at base and tip , whereas the orange area is restricted to a subterminal band . there is sometimes some white feathering at base of bill . the eyes are dark brown . legs and webbed feet are orange . male and female have similar plumage , but the male is larger than the female .
the juvenile resembles adult but it is duller , especially on head and neck that are paler than in adults . on the upperparts , the scaling is heavier , and the feather’s fringes are browner instead of whitish . there is no white at bill base . the orange area of the bill and also legs and feet are duller and greyer than in adults . it can breed at 2 - 3 years old .
a . s . serrirostris ( described ) breeds in tundra of ne siberia , from lena delta e to anadyrland . it winters in japan and korea .
the female lays 4 - 6 creamy - white eggs and incubates alone . the incubation may vary from 25 to 29 days . at hatching , the chicks have olive - brown down above and yellowish below . bill legs and feet are dark grey . they fledge between 7 and 13 weeks according to the subspecies . they remain in family group until the following spring . the nests are predated by arctic foxes and lemmings .
the race “ rossicus ” was estimated at 600 , 000 individuals in 1990s . it is suspected to be declining . the race “ serrirostris ” is declining too . the population was estimated at 45 , 000 / 65 , 000 individuals in 1990s . this race is ranked vulnerable .
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discover a faster , simpler path to publishing in a high - quality journal . plos one promises fair , rigorous peer review , broad scope , and wide readership – a perfect fit for your research every time .
school of resources and environmental engineering , anhui university , hefei , p . r . china , anhui biodiversity information center , anhui university , hefei , p . r . china
the shengjin lake national nature reserve of anhui province , dongzhi , p . r . china
) and implications for anseriformes taxonomy . plos one 8 ( 8 ) : 10 . 1371 / annotation / dcc97c7a - 057d - 4331 - 96e6 - 8e8898c6bf64 .
copyright : © 2013 liu et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .


" prostherapis " dunni is a species of frog endemic to the venezuelan coastal range .

its taxonomic position is uncertain , apart from its placement in the aromobatidae family ; it might be an aromobates .

its natural habitats are seasonal montane forests .

it was once relatively common but as of 2006 , no extant populations in the wild were known , even in suitable habitat .

the precise reasons of the decline are not known , but similar declines have been caused by chytridiomycosis .

also habitat loss have occurred .

colostethus dunni

colostethus dunni — edwards , 1971 , proc . biol . soc . washington , 84 : 148 .
colostethus dunni is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is endemic to venezuela . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests , rivers , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
enrique la marca , jesús manzanilla , celsa señaris 2006 . prostherapis dunni . the iucn red list of threatened species 2006 : e . t55072a11248293 . urltoken
see account by la marca , 2004 , herpetotropicos , mérida , 1 : 19 - 28 ( as colostethus dunni ) , who considered this species to have no close relatives in venezuela . grant , frost , caldwell , gagliardo , haddad , kok , means , noonan , schargel , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 299 : 174 , could not allocate this species beyond aromobatidae , although they considered it likely that it is a species of aromobates . see photograph , map , description of geographic range and habitat , and conservation status ( as colostethus dunni ) in stuart , hoffmann , chanson , cox , berridge , ramani , and young , 2008 , threatened amph . world : 222 .
prostherapis dunni rivero , 1961 , bull . mus . comp . zool . , 126 : 157 . holotype : fmnh 35987 , by original designation . type locality :
above caracas
, distrito federal , venezuela .
this species was once considered one of the more common species of the caracas valley ; however , comprehensive surveys in 1992 - 1993 and , more recently , in 2004 have failed to find any populations in these areas . it is not known when exactly the decline began , but the decline of atelopus cruciger , another formerly common frog from the same region , has been documented . it is possible that p . dunni has experienced a similar decline . there are no known extant populations in the wild at present , even in suitable habitat .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2016 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 31 october 2016 ) . new york , usa available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as critically endangered because of a drastic population decline , estimated to be more than 80 % over the last ten years , inferred from the apparent disappearance of most of the population , probably due to chytridiomycosis .
this species is known from the central part of the venezuelan coastal range , in the vicinity of caracas , from around 800 to at least 1 , 520m asl . its presence has been suggested , but not confirmed , in quebrada de caurimare , miranda state , also in the vicinity of caracas .
it inhabits seasonal montane forests . its breeding habits are unknown , although the larvae are likely to develop in water , like other species of the genus .
the major threats to the species include habitat loss due to urban development and fires , and pollution . the cause ( s ) of the recent dramatic decline have not been established , but it is characteristic of declines seen in other species impacted by chytridiomycosis .
some populations might be protected in parque nacional el avila , near caracas . research into the cause ( s ) of the population decline is urgently needed , as are surveys to determine the current status of populations .
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dunn ' s rocket frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 48 ) .
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copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
this species was once considered one of the more common species of the caracas valley ; however , comprehensive surveys in 1992 - 1993 and , more recently , in 2004 have failed to find any populations in these areas . it is not known when exactly the decline began , but the decline of
, another formerly common frog from the same region , has been documented . it is possible that
has experienced a similar decline . there are no known extant populations in the wild at present , even in suitable habitat .
listed as critically endangered because of a drastic population decline , estimated to be more than 80 % over the last ten years , inferred from the apparent disappearance of most of the population , probably due to chytridiomycosis .
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frost , darrel r . 2004 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 3 . 0 ( 22 august , 2004 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
amphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )
frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
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la marca , e . , manzanilla , j . & señaris , c . 2006 . 2006 iucn red list of threatened species . downloaded on 21 july 2007 .
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dyspessa salicicola is a species of moth of the cossidae family .

it was described by eversmann in 1848 .

it is found in greece , the republic of macedonia , bulgaria , romania , ukraine , russia and turkey .

the length of the forewings is 9 – 14 mm for males and 9 – 15 mm for females .

the forewings are yellow with a row of four to five dark round spots in the postdiscal area .

the hindwings are grey .

dyspessa salicicola

dyspessa salicicola aschabadensis daniel , 1953 ; mitt . münch . ent . ges . 43 : 260 , pl . 7 , f . 10 ; tl : aschabad
dyspessa ? suavis ; rothschild , 1915 , novit . zool . 22 ( 2 ) : 236
dyspessa foeda almeriana de freina & witt , 1990 ; nachrbl . bayer ent . 39 ( 1 ) : ( 20 - 25 )
dyspessa tristis bang - haas , 1912 ; dt . ent . z . iris 26 ( 2 ) : 110 , ( 4 ) pl . 6 , f . 4 ; tl : karagai - tau
part of the territory was declared a corine area in 1998 because of its european importance for the preservation of rare and endangered habitats , plants and animals . in 2005 this territory was declared an important bird area by birdlife international . there have been established 86 nesting bird species , 15 of which are included in the red data book of bulgaria . some butterfly and moth species of conservation importance from other groups established in the region are : triodia amasina , dyspessa salicicola , colias erate , leptidea duponcheli , tarucus balkanica , hipparchia syriaca , hipparchia volgensis , saturnia pyri , saurnia pavoniella , dasycorsa modesta , erannis declinans , nychiodes waltheri , idaea muricata , odice arcuinna , acontia titania , pyrrhia victorina , xylena lunifera , asteroscopus syriaca decipulae , polyphaenis subsericata , lacanobia blenna , saragossa implexa , dichagyris melanura melanura , euxoa hastifera , agrotis obesa scitha , nola cristatula , euplagia quadripunctaria , etc . the last species was listed in annex ii of the habitats directive of the european union .
enter the name or part of a name you wish to search for . the asterisk character * can be used as wildcard . e . g . ' papilio * ' . keep in mind that the search is only based on the full taxon name .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
eudagria jordana var . suavis staudinger , 1900 ; dt . ent . z . iris 12 ( 2 ) : 355 , pl . 5 , f . 7 ; tl : algeria
endagria monticola grum - grshimailo , 1890 ; in romanoff , mém . lép . 4 : 544 , pl . 20 , f . 5
agilis ( christoph , 1884 ) ( endagria ) ; in romanoff , mém . lépid . 1 : 113 , pl . 7 , f . 3
lacertula ( staudinger , 1887 ) ( endagria ) ; stettin ent . ztg 48 ( 1 - 3 ) : 92
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
9 . beitrag zur systematischen erfassung der bombyces - und sphinges fauna kleinasiens . weitere kenntnisse über artenspektrum , systematik und verbreitung von cossidae , psychidae , cochlididae , syntomidae , saturniidae , brahmaeidae , drepanidae , axiidae , hepialidae , dilobidae und nolidae ( insecta , lepidoptera )
staudinger , 1900 neue lepidopteren des palaearktischen faunengebiets dt . ent . z . iris 12 ( 2 ) : 352 - 403
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt
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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
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* an asterisk denotes a region for which the species is listed as an migrant or information that requires additional checking .
bulgaria , greece , romania , the soviet union - the european part of turkey - european part of yugoslavia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , western caucasus , lower volga ( ? ) , south west siberian ( ? ) , south ural .
bulgaria , greece ( mainland ) , macedonia , russia , romania , turkey ( european part ) , ukraine .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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roman v . yakovlev altai state university ( south siberian botanical garden ) , pr . lenina 61 , barnaul , 656049 , russia . tomsk state university , laboratory of biodiversity and ecology , lenina pr . 36 , 634050 tomsk , russia
aidas saldaitis 3nature research centre , akademijos 2 , lt - 08412 vilnius , lithuania .
oleg pekarsky h - 1068 , budapest , felsőerdősor utca 16 - 18 , hungary .
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ited by mountain ranges or deserts ( yakovlev & dubatolov 2013 ) . the only known
ale ( fig . 1 ) , china , xinjiang , sw from kashi , keng tau mts , oytag loc . , n38°54 & apos ; 383 & apos ; & apos ; ,
e075°12 & apos ; 747 & apos ; & apos ; , h - 2750 m , 1 . vi . 2013 , leg . floriani , ( slide op2749m ) ( coll . asv / wigj ) .
38°54’363” , e 75°13’788” , h - 2650 m , 4–6 . vi . 2013 , leg . floriani , ( slide op2750m ) in the afm , asv
orewing 11–12 mm ( holotype 11 mm ) ( figs 1 , 2 ) .
jiang , sw from kashi , keng tau mts ( op ) ; 3 .
jiang , sw from kashi , keng tau mts , oytag loc . , n38
na , xinjiang , sw from kashi , keng - tau mts , oytag loc , n 38°54’363” , e 75°13’788” .
distribution : east kazakhstan , north west china , xinjiang ( near hami ) .
. ( 2005 ) new data on distribution and systematic of cossidae ( lepidoptera ) of europe and adjacent territories .
eversmann , e . ( 1848 ) beschreibung einiger neuen falter russlands . bulletin de la societe imperiale des naturnalistes de moscou , 21 ( 3 ) , 205 - 232 .
yakovlev , r . v . ( 2011 ) catalogue of the family cossidae of the old world . neue entomologische nachrichten , 66 , 1 - 129 .
bang - haas , a . ( 1912 ) neue oder wenig bekannte palaearktische macrolepidopteren iv . deutsche entomologische zeitschrift iris , 26 ( 2 ) , 110 .
yakovlev , r . v . ( 2007 ) new species of palearctic carpenter - moths ( lepidoptera : cossidae ) . eversmannia , 10 , 3−23 . [ in russian ]
collecting faunistic and taxonomic data of eurasian noctuidae with special attendance to the subfamily cuculliinae and the tribes xylenini , psaphidini and orthosini .
azygophleps brehmi yakovlev & witt sp . nov . – a new carpenter - moth ( lepidoptera , cossidae ) from ethi . . .
azygophleps brehmi yakovlev et witt , sp . n . — a new carpenter - moth ( lepidoptera , cossidae ) from ethio . . .
azygophleps brehmi yakovlev et witt , sp . n . is described from ethiopia ( bale mountain ) .
eight new species of genus camellocossus yakovlev , 2011 ( lepidoptera : cossidae ) from north and east . . .
the paper presents new data on the systematics and the distribution of species of the genus camellocossus yakovlev , 2011 ( lepidoptera : cossidae ) . eight new species are described . the descriptions of all the new species ( the adults and male genitalia ) are illustrated . a distribution map of the species of camellocossus is given . it is established that the genus camellocossus is common component . . . [ show full abstract ]
a new species of meharia chretien , 1915 ( lepidoptera , cossidae ) from the united arab emirates , with . . .
the genus meharia chretien , 1915 constitutes a monotypic subfamily , the mehariinae , which is highly distinctive within the cossidae ( yakovlev 2011 ) . it was established for meharia incurvariella chretien , 1915 . despite the descriptions of several additional species in the 20th century , morphological features of the genus were described in details only recently ( komarov & zolotuhin 2005 ; . . . [ show full abstract ]
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the butterflies of the region have been investigated sufficiently well . the majority of data were published by ganev & beshkov (
general view of the besaparian hills ( photo b . petrov , april 2007 ) .
the surrounding areas are invaded by continuing urbanisation , which makes the region easily accessible and liable to pressure from various human activities . the most serious problem leading to loss of valuable habitats is the gradual turning of the pastures and meadows into vine growing areas . the opening and exploitation of quarries for the extraction of inert materials is a key factor leading to destruction of grass localities . other threats , exercising negative impact on the quality of the locations , are the usage of pesticides in arable lands and the burning of stubbles . a main energy source for heating and household needs is the burning of timber , produced by cutting trees , as a result of which the region is completely deforested . as conservation measures for the preservation of the natural forests we recommend the financial stimulation of the cutting of robinia pseudoacacia for heating timber .
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original russian text © r . v . yakovlev , 2014 , published in zoologicheskii zhurnal , 2014 , vol . 93 , no . 5 , pp . 651–661 .
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( izd - vo altaiskogo un - ta , barnaul , 2003 ) [ in russian ] .
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the natura 2000 sci măcin mountains site ( rosci0123 ) with a surface of 18 , 546 hectares represent an area which is designed to conserve and protect habitats of priority and european importance , as well as the population of different rare and endangered species of plants , insects , amphibians , reptiles and mammals which are found within the appendices of the
habitats
directive ( the specific law for the protection of habitats and distinctive species applicable to the whole european community ) .