acropora echinata is a species of acroporid coral that was first described by dana in 1846 .

found in shallow , tropical , sheltered reefs in marine environments , it is found at depths of 8 to 25 m ( 26 to 82 ft ) in clear water .

the species is listed as vulnerable on the iucn red list , and has a decreasing population .

it is not common but found over a large area , and is listed under cites appendix ii .

acropora echinata

acropora echinata . great barrier reef , australia . a branch . mary stafford - smith .
acropora echinata . indonesia . small colony with very elongate ' bottlebrush ' corallites . jim maragos .
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acropora biological review team . ( 2005 ) atlantic acropora status review document . report to national marine fisheries service , southeast regional office .
acropora echinata ; ypm iz 002000 . cnb ; pacific ocean ; fiji islands or sulu sea ; u . s . exploring expedition 1838 - 1842 ; 1840 - 05 / 1842 - 02
acropora echinata ; ypm iz 002000 . cnc ; pacific ocean ; fiji islands or sulu sea ; u . s . exploring expedition 1838 - 1842 ; 1840 - 05 / 1842 - 02
working on this question myself . i wonder if around 180 - 200 par would work alright for an echinata .
i recently picked up a acropora echinata and i ' m having some issues with it . i had it in the top of my tank with moderate flow , and it ' s stning . where should i try placing it ?
acropora corals are the most abundant coral of most reefs in the indo - pacific ( 3 ) .
i ' ll post a better pic tomorrow of just the echinata but it nice , blue tips , green / cream base . small still though .
c . echinata transcriptome annotation . results of blastx search ( e < 10 −6 ) against the uniprotkb / swiss - prot database . ( csv 2894 kb )
acropora are the crown jewel of the sps world . no other genus has the sheer number of species as acropora and when reef aquarists talk about the requirements to keep an sps system , they are talking specifically about the care requirements of acropora . having said that , acropora are one of the most difficult corals to keep . they are highly sensitive to changes in water chemistry and require the most in terms of flow and light . many experienced hobbyists have struggled keeping acropora long term , but that is part of the attraction to this coral . lastly , acropora benefit greatly from a well established aquarium , preferably one that has been set up at least for 1 year . please see below for additional care tips for acropora as well as checking out our top 5 tips for setting up a reef .
the ice fire echinata is a very popular variety of acropora in the reef aquarium hobby . it ' s easy to see why given its vibrant blue tips on an otherwise snowy white body . frags of this highly sought - after coral are roughly 1
and have multiple branches .
( of acropora ( acropora ) oken , 1815 ) wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
common parasites of colonies in reef aquariums are the acropora - eating flatworm , and
red bugs
( tegastes acroporanus ) .
high lighting would serve this species well . acropora can be kept under high output fluorescent bulbs ( t5 ) , but may benefit from more intense lighting such as metal halide ( mh ) . it will likely change its coloration depending on the lighting provided . acropora may require a longer acclimation period to intense lighting such as metal halides . acropora are notorious for dramatic color changes depending on tank conditions , chiefly lighting . it is possible for some colors on acropora to change entirely , for example red sections to turn green .
okubo n , motokawa t . embryogenesis in the reef - building coral acropora spp . zool sci . 2007 ; 24 : 1169–77 .
watch guy for some reason i can ' t quote your post but a quick fyi . the hawkins was improperly labeled as an echinata and it is actually turaki , i personally didnt do any dna testing but that is what i read . i have a true echinata and a hawkins and i agree the hawkins can take some really high light . mines at the top an is light blue with purple tips .
( of madrepora echinata dana , 1846 ) wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
indo - pacific - acropora are found in the islands of the indo - pacific including fiji , tonga , solomon islands , and the great barrier reef .
brachyury alignment . a . alignment of brachyury sequences from : ambra , acropora millepora , kj914894 ; flbra , favia lizardensis , this study ; cebra , ctenactis echinata , this study ; nvbra , nematostella vectensis , aao27886 . the tbox domain region is outlined in red . b . percentage amino acid identities between the sequences . percentage amino acid similarities are shown in brackets . ( pdf 1935 kb )
forkhead alignment . a . alignment of forkhead sequences from : amfkh , acropora millepora , jt020561 ; flfkh , favia lizardensis , this study ; cefkh , ctenactis echinata , this study ; nvfkh , nematostella vectensis , xp _ 001634555 . the forkhead superfamily domain is outlined in red . b . percentage amino acid identities between the sequences . percentage amino acid similarities are shown in brackets . ( pdf 1505 kb )
chordin alignment . a . alignment of chordin sequences from : amchd , acropora millepora , jr985644 ; flchd , favia lizardensis , this study ; cechd , ctenactis echinata , this study ; nvchd , nematostella vectensis , xp _ 001633548 . the two chordin domains are outlined in red . b . percentage amino acid identities between the sequences . percentage amino acid similarities are shown in brackets . ( pdf 2911 kb )
based on the most recent taxonomic work , there are approximately 120 known species of acropora ( wallace 1999 ; s . d . cairns , in litt . 2009 ) .
acropora species are challenging to keep in a home aquarium . they require bright light , stable temperatures , regular addition of calcium and alkalinity supplements , and clean , turbulent water .
( of acropora ( acropora ) oken , 1815 ) oken , l . 1815 - 1816 . lehrbuch der naturgeschichte . dritter theil , zoologie . erste abteilung , fleischlose thiere : 1 - 841 ( register ) ( 1815 ) ; atlas : i - iv , pls . i - xvii ( 1816 ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
embryonic transcriptomes were assembled for the brain coral favia lizardensis and the solitary coral ctenactis echinata . both species have a blastocoel in their early developmental stages , consistent with their phylogenetic position as members of the robust clade . expression of the key developmental genes brachyury , chordin and forkhead was investigated , allowing comparison to that of their orthologs in acropora , nematostella and bilaterians and demonstrating that even within the anthozoa there are significant differences in expression patterns .
( of madrepora ( trachylopora ) echinata dana , 1846 ) brook g ( 1893 ) . the genus madrepora . catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum ( natural history ) 1 : 1 - 212 , pls . 1 - 35 . [ details ]
the roughly 120 species of staghorn corals ( acropora ) account for a large fraction of the world ' s coral reefs ( iucn 2009 ) . these corals face several major threats :
acropora prostrata ; ypm iz 002006 . cn ; pacific ocean ; fiji islands or sulu sea ; u . s . exploring expedition 1838 - 1842 ; 1840 - 05 / 1842 - 02
acropora is most common in shallow reef environments with bright light and moderate to high water motion . many small reef fishes live near their colonies and retreat into the thicket of branches if threatened .
hayward dc , miller dj , ball ee . snail expression during embryonic development of the coral acropora : blurring the diploblast / triploblast divide ? dev genes evol . 2004 ; 214 : 257–60 .
high - end sps - corals like montipora and acropora from australian reefs around the great barrier reef off the coast of cairns . exclusivly for extremecorals : rare and healthy corals from the horseshoe reef .
like most coral , acropora rely to a large extent on the products of their zooxanthellae , however , in our experience , they also benefit from direct feeding . there are a variety of frozen fish foods available that make outstanding meals for acropora . we like to feed a mixture of meaty rotifer - based foods with vitamin additives and highly unsaturated fatty acids ( hufa ) . the size of the food must be small enough that the polyp can fully ingest it . we like to use the cloudy supernate that forms after thawing out frozen food and using a turkey baster to spray it on the acropora colonies .
libro s , kaluziak st , vollmer sv . rna - seq profiles of immune related genes in the staghorn coral acropora cervicornis infected with white band disease . plos one . 2013 ; 8 : e81821 .
( of madrepora ( trachylopora ) echinata dana , 1846 ) studer , t . ( 1901 ) . madreporarier von samoa , den sandwich - inseln und laysan . zoologische jahrbüchern , abteilung für systematik , biologie und biogeographie der tiere . 14 : 388 - 428 , pls . 23 - 31 . [ details ]
research into various aspects of coral biology has greatly increased in recent years due to anthropogenic threats to coral health including pollution , ocean warming and acidification . however , knowledge of coral early development has lagged . the present paper describes the embryonic development of two previously uncharacterized robust corals , favia lizardensis ( a massive brain coral ) and ctenactis echinata ( a solitary coral ) and compares it to that of the previously characterized complex coral , acropora millepora , both morphologically and in terms of the expression of a set of key developmental genes .
hayashibara t , ohike s , kakinuma y . embryonic and larval development and planula metamorphosis of four gamete - spawning acropora ( anthozoa , scleractinia ) . proc 8th int coral reef sym . 1997 ; 2 : 1231–6 .
china , w . e . ( 1963 ) . opinion 674 : acropora oken , 1815 ( anthozoa , madreporaria ) : validated under the plenary powers . bulletin of zoological nomenclature . 20 : 319 - 330 . [ details ]
depending on the species and location , acropora species may grow as plates or slender or broad branches . like other corals , acropora corals are colonies of individual polyps , which are about 2 mm across and share tissue and a nerve net . the polyps can withdraw back into the coral in response to movement or disturbance by potential predators , but when undisturbed , they protrude slightly . the polyps typically extend further at night to help capture plankton and organic matter from the water .
boschma h ( 1961 ) acropora oken , 1815 ( anthozoa , madreporaria ) ; proposed validation under the plenary powers . z . n . ( s . ) 1036 . bulletin of zoological nomenclature 18 : 334 - 335 . [ details ]
illumina sequencing of mixed age embryos was carried out , resulting in embryonic transcriptomes consisting of 40605 contigs for c . echinata ( n50 = 1080 bp ) and 48536 contigs for f . lizardensis ( n50 = 1496 bp ) . the transcriptomes have been annotated against swiss - prot and were sufficiently complete to enable the identification of orthologs of many key genes controlling development in bilaterians . developmental series of images of whole mounts and sections reveal that the early stages of both species contain a blastocoel , consistent with their membership of the robust clade . in situ hybridization was used to examine the expression of the developmentally important genes brachyury , chordin and forkhead . the expression of brachyury and forkhead was consistent with that previously reported for acropora and allowed us to confirm that the pseudo - blastopore sometimes seen in robust corals such as favia spp . is not directly associated with gastrulation . c . echinata chordin expression , however , differed from that seen in the other two corals .
riegl , b . ( 1995 ) . a revision of the hard coral genus acropora oken , 1815 ( scleractinia : astrocoeniina : acroporidae ) in south - east africa . zoological journal of the linnean society 113 : 249 - 288 [ details ]
adult coral colonies were collected with permission of the agriculture , forestry and fisheries department of the okinawa prefectural government . no permit is required for collecting coral embryos in japan . permission numbers for f . lizardensis and c . echinata are “21–22” . embryos were imported into australia under cites permit t - ag - 09 - 500096 where the studies were carried out .
the solitary coral ctenactis echinata and the brain coral favia lizardensis , like other robust corals , have a well developed blastocoel before gastrulation . assembly of embryonic transcriptomes for both species facilitated the isolation of sequences corresponding to key developmental genes . expression of brachyury , chordin and forkhead was investigated , allowing comparison to that of their orthologs in acropora and nematostella . all three corals exhibit early forkhead expression in scattered ectodermal cells , a pattern that has not been reported in n . vectensis . in the developmental stages of c . echinata and f . lizardensis that we were able to examine the expression of chordin does not show the overt asymmetry seen in acropora and nematostella . the conserved association of brachyury expression with the blastopore , in addition to the morphological studies , confirms that the early concavity in the blastula stage of robust corals ( the pseudo - blastopore ) does not indicate the onset of gastrulation . the expression of forkhead ( foxa ) in isolated ectodermal cells , as well as around the blastopore , in all corals so far examined and in contrast to nematostella , as well as the very different expression of ctenactis chordin , accentuate the need for further comparative studies of cnidarian development if we are to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of this process .
hayward dc , grasso lc , saint r , miller dj , ball ee . the organizer in evolution - gastrulation and organizer gene expression highlight the importance of brachyury during development of the coral , acropora millepora . dev biol . 2015 ; 399 : 337–47 .
hayward dc , catmull j , reece - hoyes js , berghammer h , dodd h , hann sj , et al . gene structure and larval expression of cnox - 2am from the coral acropora millepora . dev genes evol . 2001 ; 211 : 10–9 .
( of acropora ( eumadrepora ) brook , 1893 ) brook g ( 1893 ) . the genus madrepora . catalogue of the madreporarian corals in the british museum ( natural history ) 1 : 1 - 212 , pls . 1 - 35 . [ details ]
acropora species constituted 13 percent of the global coral trade between 1985 and 1997 . coral is harvested for building materials , curios , jewellery , and for aquariums . staghorn corals are more common in the dead coral trade , rather than the live aquarium trade ( 7 ) .
reyes - bermudez a . et al . 2009 . differential expression of three galaxin - related genes during settlement and metamorphosis in the scleractinian coral acropora millepora . bmc evolutionary biology 2009 , 9 : 178 . doi : 10 . 1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 9 - 178
wallace , c . c . ( 2008 ) . new species and records from the eocene of england and france support early diversification of the coral genus acropora . journal of paleontology . 82 ( 2 ) : 313 - 328 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
moya a , huisman l , ball ee , hayward dc , grasso lc , chua cm , et al . whole transcriptome analysis of the coral acropora millepora reveals complex responses to co2 - driven acidification during the initiation of calcification . mol ecol . 2012 ; 21 : 2440–54 .
symbiodinium , symbiotic algae , live in the corals ' cells and produce energy for the animals through photosynthesis . environmental destruction has led to a dwindling of populations of acropora , along with other coral species . acropora is especially susceptible to bleaching when stressed . bleaching is due to the loss of the coral ' s zooxanthellae , which are a golden - brown color . bleached corals are stark white and may die if new symbiodinium cells cannot be assimilated . common causes of bleaching and coral death include pollution , abnormally warm water temperatures , increased ocean acidification , sedimentation , and eutrophication .
this species occurs in shallow , tropical protected reef environments with clear water and a high acropora spp . diversity , and is also found subtidally on protected sandy slopes and lagoon floors ( wallace 1999 ) . it has a narrow habitat preference . this species is found from 8 - 25 m .
( of madrepora echinata dana , 1846 ) dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
staghorn corals occur in tropical reef environments , down to a depth of 30 meters . the upper depth limit is defined by wave action , whilst the lower limit at which acropora can inhabit is determined by light availability and the amount of suspended sediments . staghorn corals require normal marine salinity ( 5 ) .
staghorn corals occur in tropical reef environments , down to a depth of 30 meters . the upper depth limit is defined by wave action , whilst the lower limit at which acropora can inhabit is determined by light availability and the amount of suspended sediments . staghorn corals require normal marine salinity ( 4 ) .
wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
( of madrepora ( trachylopora ) echinata dana , 1846 ) dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
acropora spp . are some of the most common and prolific stony corals found on the reef . they are found in almost every kind of reef habitat and are highly adaptive . they can take on completely different shapes and colors depending on their location on the reef . you would think that they are extremely hardy and can be tossed into any reef setup , but that is not the case . they are sensitive to water quality , susceptible to infections such as rapid tissue necrosis ( rtn ) , and require plenty of light and water flow . if provided favorable conditions though , acropora will reward the aquarist with beautiful color and rapid growth .
wallace , c . c . ; bosellini , f . r . ( 2015 ) . acropora ( scleractinia ) from the oligocene and miocene of europe : species longevity , origination and turnover following the eocene–oligocene transition . journal of systematic palaeontology . 13 ( 6 ) : 447 - 469 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of heteropora ehrenberg , 1834 ) wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
( of madrepora procumbens brook , 1892 ) wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
shinzato , c . , shoguchi , e . , kawashima , t . , hamada , m . , hisata , k . , tanaka , m . , fujie , m . , et al . 2011 . using the acropora digitifera genome to understand coral responses to environmental change . nature , advance online publication . doi : 10 . 1038 / nature10249
( of madrepora durvillei milne edwards , 1860 ) wallace , cc . ( 1999 ) . staghorn corals of the world : a revision of the coral genus acropora ( scleractinia ; astrocoeniina ; acroporidae ) worldwide , with emphasis on morphology , phylogeny and biogeography . csiro , collingwood ( australia ) . pp i - xvii , 1 - 421 . [ details ]
santodomingo , n . ; wallace , c . c . ; johnson , k . g . ( 2015 ) . fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera acropora and isopora ( scleractinia : acroporidae ) in the neogene of indonesia . zoological journal of the linnean society . 175 , 677 - 763 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
staghorn corals are among the fastest growing corals on reefs , and are excellent reef - builders ( 3 ) . the name acropora literally means a porous stem or branch ( 4 ) , but acropora species express a much greater variety of growth forms than the name suggests . colonies can resemble antlers ( staghorns ) and be up to two meters tall , or can form delicately engineered plates and tables that may be up to three meters across . they can also form bush - like structures , some with short non - dividing branches like the fingers of a hand ( 3 ) . staghorn corals often out - compete all other corals in shallow tropical reefs , however , their speed of growth ( which can be up to 10 to 20 centimetres a year ( 5 ) ) is balanced by the fragility of some of the structures , as they are easily damaged in storms allowing other coral species a chance of growth . with 368 acropora species currently known , and with such an amazing array of shapes , sizes and colours , identifying individual species can be a tricky task ( 3 ) .
staghorn corals are among the fastest growing corals on reefs , and are excellent reef - builders ( 2 ) . the name acropora literally means a porous stem or branch ( 3 ) , but acropora species express a much greater variety of growth forms than the name suggests . colonies can resemble antlers ( staghorns ) and be up to two meters tall , or can form delicately engineered plates and tables that may be up to three meters across . they can also form bush - like structures , some with short non - dividing branches like the fingers of a hand ( 2 ) . staghorn corals often out - compete all other corals in shallow tropical reefs , however , their speed of growth ( which can be up to 10 to 20 centimetres a year ( 4 ) ) is balanced by the fragility of some of the structures , as they are easily damaged in storms allowing other coral species a chance of growth . with 368 acropora species currently known , and with such an amazing array of shapes , sizes and colours , identifying individual species can be a tricky task ( 2 ) .
( of acropora ( eumadrepora ) brook , 1893 ) vaughan , t . w . ( 1918 ) . some shallow - water corals from murray island ( australia ) , cocos - keeling island , and fanning island . papers from the department of marine biology of the carnegie institution of washington . 9 ( 213 ) : 49 - 234 , pls . 20 - 93 . [ details ]
several specimens of f . lizardensis and c . echinata were collected near the sesoko marine biological laboratory in okinawa , japan ( 26°38′ n , 127°52′ e ) in july , 2009 . they were brought to the laboratory and placed in tubs before the predicted time of spawning . c . echinata spawned from 23 : 00–24 : 00 on july 14 , and different pairs of f . lizardensis colonies spawned on july 20 , 21 and 22 , 2009 . gametes of each species were gently stirred to mix the bundles and ensure fertilization . fertilized eggs were placed into 2 . 5 l containers in filtered sea water and development allowed to proceed . for observation , approximately 50 eggs or embryos were placed in a 75 - mm petri dish under a light microscope . the water temperature was maintained at 26 . 0 to 26 . 5 °c throughout the period of observation and culture . staged embryos were harvested and either snap frozen in liquid nitrogen , and stored at −80 deg c until used for nucleic acid extraction , or fixed for 20–40 min in 3 . 7 % formaldehyde in filtered hepes buffered seawater ( ph 8 . 0 ) , and stored in 100 % methanol at −20 deg c until further treatment .
brachyury expression compared in the 3 species . the youngest embryos are at the top of the figure and the oldest at the bottom . in f . lizardensis , age matched embryos are shown in lateral view on the left and oral view on the right . the earliest expression seen is on the rim of the bowl - shaped embryo surrounding the blastopore ( a - b ) . expression continues around the blastopore / oral pore , as it closes ( c - h ) . c . echinata expression ( i - l ) develops in a similar way , first appearing on the rim of the bowl - shaped embryo , with expression continuing as the blastopore gradually closes . in a . millepora ( m - p ) , the general pattern is similar , with ambra expression appearing around the blastopore as it forms at the end of the prawn chip stage ( m ) and persisting as the blastopore gives rise to the oral pore ( p )
in all recent coral phylogenies , the genera favia and ctenactis are grouped among the robust corals , well separated from the complex corals such as acropora . unsurprisingly , this is reflected in the genes studied here , which are usually regarded as being highly conserved . this is especially true of brachyury and forkhead , which have long stretches of identical sequence for the three corals . not only this , but orthologous genes in the three corals are more similar to each other than they are to their n . vectensis orthologs , again consistent with phylogeny . it is clear that chordin is the least conserved of the genes considered here , in both sequence and expression .
c . echinata embryonic development . ( a ) egg . ( b - e ) successive cell divisions result in an eight - celled embryo . nuclei are apparent as darker areas within the cells ( arrowheads in b , d , g ) . ( f - h ) further cell divisions lead to production of a spheroidal embryo . ( i ) section of an embryo of similar age to that in ( h ) showing an obvious blastocoel ( bl , in this and succeeding panels ) . ( j - k ) sections showing the embryo forming a hollow sphere . ( l ) the sphere then elongates in the oral - aboral axis , as gastrulation begins with cells moving inward into the blastocoel ( asterisk marks the blastopore in this and succeeding panels ) . ( m - n ) lateral and oral views of a single whole mount embryo . the remaining blastocoel is apparent as a darker area in ( m ) , while the blastopore ( asterisk ) is shown in ( n ) . ( o ) the late gastrula stage , which has now become ciliated and capable of swimming . ( p ) early planula stage - the whiter central area ( outlined with black dots ) marks the extent of the yolk - filled endoderm . scale bar = 100um
forkhead expression compared in the three species , each of which is arranged in order of age . ( a ) in f . lizardensis the earliest expression is in scattered ectodermal cells ( arrowheads ) as the blastopore is closing . ( b ) a little later in development an area of contiguous expression appears in cells on the rim of the blastopore . ( c ) expression continues in the oral pore as the sphere elongates to become an early planula . in c . echinata expression appears at a comparable or slightly earlier stage , once again in isolated cells in the ectoderm ( arrowheads ) . the left column ( d , f , h ) shows embryos in side view , while the right ( e , g , i ) shows the same embryos in blastoporal view ( i . e . d and e , f and g , and h and i are micrographs of the same embryo ) . ( j - m ) in a . millepora the same pattern of expression is followed . ( j ) this embryo shows expression only in isolated ectodermal cells ( arrowheads ) . ( k ) portion of an embryo showing magnified view of scattered ectodermal cells which are expressing . ( l ) oral end of another embryo showing expression in the blastopore / oral pore and in scattered ectodermal cells . ( m ) early planula larva showing expression in the oral pore , only a few isolated ectodermal cells continue to express
dana , j . d . ( 1846 - 1849 ) . zoophytes . united states exploring expedition during the years 1838 - 1842 . lea and blanchard , philadelphia . 7 : 1 - 740 , 61 pls . ( 1846 : 1 - 120 , 709 - 720 ; 1848 : 121 - 708 , 721 - 740 ; 1849 : atlas pls . 1 - 61 ) . [ details ]
hoeksema , b . w . ; cairns , s . ( 2018 ) . world list of scleractinia .
( of madrepora durvillei milne edwards , 1860 ) milne edwards h ( 1860 ) histoire naturelle des coralliaires ou polypes proprement dits 3 : 1 - 560 . librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of madrepora procumbens brook , 1892 ) brook g ( 1892 ) preliminary descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collections of the british museum . part ii . annals and magazine of natural history 10 : 451 - 465 . [ details ]
sheppard , c . r . c . ( 1987 ) . coral species of the indian ocean and adjacent seas : a synonymised compilation and some regional distribution patterns . atoll research bulletin nr 307 [ details ]
cairns , s . d . ; hoeksema , b . w . & van der land , j . ( 2007 ) . as a contribution to unesco - ioc register of marine organisms . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this species is widespread , found in the south - west and northern indian ocean , the central indo - pacific , australia , japan and the east china sea , and the oceanic west pacific . it is found in southeast asia , the central pacific ( richards pers . comm . ) and palau ( randall 1995 ) .
this species is usually uncommon , but conspicuous . common in specific habitats ( lovell pers . comm . ) . it was found at five of six regions in indonesia ( wallace
. 2001 ) . found at 17 sites of 87 sites surveyed in the marshall islands ( richards pers . comm . ) .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is particularly susceptible to bleaching , disease , and other threats and therefore population decline is based on both the percentage of destroyed reefs and critical reefs that are likely to be destroyed within 20 years ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
all corals are listed on cites appendix ii . parts of the species’ range fall within marine protected areas . recommended measures for conserving this species include research in taxonomy , population , abundance and trends , ecology and habitat status , threats and resilience to threats , restoration action ; identification , establishment and management of new protected areas ; expansion of protected areas ; recovery management ; and disease , pathogen and parasite management . artificial propagation and techniques such as cryo - preservation of gametes may become important for conserving coral biodiversity . having timely access to national - level trade data for cites analysis reports would be valuable for monitoring trends this species . the species is targeted by collectors for the aquarium trade and fisheries management is required for the species , e . g . , mpas , quotas , size limits , etc . consideration of the suitability of species for aquaria should also be included as part of fisheries management , and population surveys should be carried out to monitor the effects of harvesting . recommended conservation measures include population surveys to monitor the effects of collecting for the aquarium trade , especially in indonesia .
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colonies are composed of prostrate , sometimes intertwined , bottlebrush branches . secondary branchlets are fine and uniform . there is no distinction between axial and incipient axial corallites . radial corallites are short and tubular or pocket shaped , indistinct or absent .
colour : usually cream or white , with blue or purple branchlet tips ( which may photograph pink to red ) . occasionally entirely blue .
taxonomic note : source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : veron and wallace ( 1984 ) , wallace ( 1999 ) . additional identification guides : veron ( 1986 ) , nishihira and veron ( 1995 ) .
© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0
lighting is a loaded topic , so for a more in - depth discussion of lighting , please see our deep dive article .
this genus for the most part has been propagated extensively in captivity and is an excellent candidate for aquaculture . it is reasonable to believe that a sustainable harvest can be achieved in time .
proper acclimation is extremely important considering the stress imposed on the animals by the shipping process . please take a moment to review our acclimation guide .
the images were taken with a canon 5d mk ii and 100mm macro lens under t5 fluorescent lighting . quite a lot goes into how we go about shooting the corals and anemones you see on tidal gardens . for an in - depth look at our methods , check out our comprehensive reef aquarium photography faq .
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yep . . . lower light . i lost 2 before i figured that out .
mine is about midway getting about 350 par with strong indirect flow . grows fast and colors up real nice . got it as a small frag in a frag pack that broke from a tang battle . you can see it a little in this pic and a bunch of gsp takin over , stuff took off out of nowhere . got some fluke tabs coming now for that
both of mine are mid direct light high flow . both my colonies have great color and good growth , their both true ice fires . let me know if yours dies and i will hook you up with a frag .
they can do great in high light or medium light . had a hawkins at the top and it was almost all baby blue . moved it way to the side and lower and now blue tips , green body for the most part
i have true hawkins also and both can take mid to high location and current .
joined : mar 19 , 2010 messages : 2 , 910 likes received : 96 location : monterey , ca .
definitely a stick that you ' re going to need to move up slowly . . . i ' ve always had good success with them in mid tank with lower to medium flow . . . but also of had seen them at the top of the tank looking awsome but it was slowly moved up . . . .
this picked this 3 - 4
piece up last night , it ' s loving the mid - level high flow like my other two .
it can take a bit of light just has to be acclimated slowly . mine is half way up in strong lighting and is doing great .
my hawkins is on the bottom corner under 48in ati 6 bulbs with med flow and it looks amazing so i haven ' t touched it since lol .
we have two small colonys ( from two sources ) and they are both on the sandbed with 24
tall tank and 6 bulb t5 ' s with blues , purples , and greens . low to mod flow .
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like many corals , staghorn corals have a special symbiotic relationship with algae , called zooxanthellae . the zooxanthellae live inside the tissues of the coral and provide the coral with food , which it produces through photosynthesis and therefore requires sunlight . in return , the coral provides the algae with protection and access to sunlight .
staghorn corals are reef - building or hermatypic corals , and are incredibly successful at this task for two reasons . firstly , they have light skeletons which allow them to grow quickly and out - compete their neighbouring corals . secondly , the skeleton , or corallite , of a new polyp , is built by specialised ‘axial’ corallites . these axial corallites form the tips of branches , and as a result , all the corallites of a colony are closely interconnected and can grow in a coordinated manner ( 3 ) .
staghorn corals reproduce sexually or asexually . sexual reproduction occurs via the release of eggs and sperm into the water . most staghorn corals on the great barrier reef sexually reproduce simultaneously , an incredible event that occurs soon after the full moon , from october to december . streams of pinkish eggs are released from corallites on the sides of branches , to be fertilized by sperm released from other polyps at the same time . the water turns milky from all the eggs and sperm released from thousands of colonies . some of the resulting larvae settle quickly on the same reef , whilst others may drift around for months , finally settling on reefs hundreds of kilometers away ( 3 ) . asexual reproduction occurs via fragmentation , when a branch breaks off a colony , reattaches to the substrate and grows ( 4 ) .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
staghorn corals face the many threats that are impacting coral reefs globally . at present , around one third of the world ' s reef - building corals are threatened with extinction . the principal threat to corals is the rise in sea temperature associated with global climate change . this leads to coral bleaching , where the symbiotic algae are expelled , leaving the corals weak and vulnerable to an increasing variety of harmful diseases . climate change is also expected cause more extreme weather incidents and to increase ocean acidification , which impairs the coral ' s ability to form a skeleton . these global threats are compounded by localised threats from pollution , destructive fishing practices , invasive species and human development ( 6 ) .
staghorn corals are considered to be environmentally sensitive corals that require clear , well - circulated water . unlike other corals , which can obtain nourishment from zooplankton , staghorn corals are almost entirely dependent on the zooxanthellae for food . this means that sunlight is essential , and they are particularly sensitive to any human activities that increase water turbidity , reducing light availability ( 4 ) .
staghorn corals are listed on appendix ii of the convention on international trade in endangered species ( cites ) , and therefore trade in this coral should be carefully regulated , and a permit is required to bring the coral , or objects made from them , into the countries that have signed the cites convention ( 2 ) . staghorn corals will also form part of the marine community in many marine protected areas , or in areas where management plans are in place to protect the coral community . in some areas , coral reefs restoration attempts are being undertaken ; in florida keys national marine sanctuary , efforts have been made to reattach coral fragments , or culture and settle coral larvae . both activities have had limited success , and new techniques are being pursued ( 5 ) .
for further information on this species see veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , uk .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
veron , j . e . n . ( 1986 ) corals of australia and the indo - pacific . angus & robertson publishers , uk .
carpenter , ke et al . ( 2008 ) one - third of reef - building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts . science , 321 : 560 - 563 .
green , e . p . and hendry , h . ( 1999 ) is cites an effective tool for monitoring trade in corals ? . coral reefs , 18 : 403 - 407 .
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this species is affected by global climate change . to learn about climate change and the species that are affected , visit our climate change pages .
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brook , g . 1891 ,
descriptions of new species of madrepora in the collection of the british museum
, annals and magazine of natural history , ser . 6 , vol . 8 , pp . 458–471
milne - edwards , h . 1860 , pp . 560 pp . , librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5ef7788a - 54c4 - 4ee1 - b2a1 - dfa261e8f01e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 68495fea - 13a1 - 42b2 - 9275 - b00c838ec95b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bd709f50 - f922 - 4365 - b900 - 242ce1fd6d10
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a1dc81e9 - 56ea - 44dd - a5e4 - 0f0d56d902a1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 643736
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rare sps corals from cairns , australia (
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lighting used while taking the photos is consisting of t5 - tubes „aqua science duo“ and „aqua science blue“ at the ratio of 1 : 1 . using other illuminants may cause differing color perception .
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die haltung von kleinpolypigen steinkorallen ( sps = small polyp stoney coral ) ist mit der heutigen technik , wie mit dem einsatz beispielsweise der fauna marin balling light methode und dem zeolight - system problemlos möglich .
sorgt man für die richtige strömung , gute beleuchtung und die richtigen wasserwerte , ist eine erfolgreiche haltung der korallen mit gutem wachstum und tollen farben im meerwasseraquarium machbar .
im gegensatz zu grosspoylpigen steinkorallen ( lps ) , die auch mit höheren nährstoffwerten meist noch gut zurechtkommen , zeigen kleinpolypige steinkorallen schnell einen farbverlust , oder stagnierendem wachstum . ehemals bunte korallen schlagen dann oft ein unansehnliches braun um . dies liegt daran , dass die koralle , je mehr nährstoffe im waser sind , mehr zooxanthellen bildet .
sps korallen lieben sauberes und klares wasser . um langfristig sps korallen nahezu in ihren natürlichen farben zu halten , sollte man einen möglichst geringen phosphat - und nitratwert im aquarium anstreben . dies lässt sich mit diversen phosphatadsorbern gut steuern . mit der filterung über aktivkohle , wie zum beispiel der fauna marin carb l langzeitkohle , bleibt das wasser kristallklar . phenole , eiweißverbindungen , farbstoffe und nesselgifte werden aus dem wasser gefiltert und unschädlich gemacht .
auch die lichtstärke hat auswirkungen auf die farbgebung und das wachstum der korallen . wir bei extremecorals halten unsere sps - korallen erfolgreich unter einem mix aus t5 röhren ( 50 / 50 weiß / blau ) , in kombination mit den led - lampen von kessil .
wichtig für die pflege von kleinpolypigen steinkorallen ist die konstante einhaltung der salinität , sowie der einsatz eines guten meersalzes , wie dem fauna marin professional sea salt . die salinität sollte immer zwischen 34 / 35 promille liegen , respektive 1 . 022 und 1 . 024 dichte . eine regelmäßige überprüfung der dichte ist ein absolutes muss in der meerwasseraquaristik .
achten sie – vor allem im sommer – auf die temperatur im aquarium . längerfristige überschreitungen von 30 grad vertragen kleinpolypige steinkorallen nicht . ist dies der fall , bleichen die korallen aus – dies ist dann das sogenannte coral bleaching .
* * * we will never ship freshly cut coral ! * * * we take great care to ensure the well being of all our corals . before pieces are deemed saleable , we wait for every piece to have formed an encrusting edge and even develop baby polyps . as a professional supplier of quality frags in germany , we differ significantly from our competitors . our care and breeding practices for these wonderful corals make it possible to bring you the healthiest pieces available . the biggest difference , is in the regular feeding of the polyps ; we feed lps grow and color food from fauna marin . all corals are prepared under optimum conditions to a healthy aquarium life and we consider this to be the optimum color formation under led or blue t5 lighting .


fusinus pauciliratus is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

fusinus pauciliratus

species fusinus panamensis dall , 1908 accepted as fusinus spectrum ( a . adams & reeve , 1848 )
subgenus fusinus ( sinistralia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque , 1815
species fusinus sagamiensis kuroda & habe , 1971 accepted as fusinus nigrirostratus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )
species fusinus alternatus settepassi , 1985 accepted as fusinus alternatus buzzurro & russo , 2007 ( unavailable following iczn art . 11 . 4 )
species fusinus colombiensis m . a . snyder & n . c . snyder , 1999
fusinus toreuma fusinus tuberosus tuberosus nigrirostratus ( f ) fusinus undatus fusinus undulatus fusinus virginiae fusinus zacae fusolatirus formosior fusolatirus kandai fusolatirus kuroseanus fusolatirus paetelianus fusolatirus rikae granulifusus consimilis granulifusus dondani granulifusus dondani cf . granulifusus hayashii granulifusus kiranus granulifusus niponicus granulifusus rubrolineatus granulifusus staminatus granulifusus vermeiji hemipolygona armatus hemipolygona carinifera carinifera hemipolygona varai latirolagena smaragdula latirus abnormis latirus angulatus latirus balicasagensis latirus beckyae latirus belcheri latirus bernadensis latirus bonnieae latirus concentricus latirus constrictus latirus devyanae latirus deynzerorum latirus discrepans latirus filosus latirus gibbulus latirus infundibulum latirus maculatus latirus maculatus concinnus ( f ) latirus marquesana
species fusinus zacae a . m . strong & j . g . hertlein , 1937
fusinus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) : synonym of chryseofusus graciliformis
buzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors
species fusinus altus p . marshall , 1919 † accepted as falsicolus alta ( p . marshall , 1919 ) †
species fusinus corrugatus p . marshall , 1918 † accepted as lepidocolus corrugata ( p . marshall , 1918 ) †
species fusinus orcutti dall , 1915 accepted as trachypollia lugubris ( c . b . adams , 1852 ) ( synonym )
species fusinus valdiviae hadorn & fraussen , 1999 accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
» species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 )
species fusinus hyphalus m . smith , 1940 accepted as chryseofusus hyphalus ( m . smith , 1940 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 ) accepted as granulifusus niponicus ( e . a . smith , 1879 )
species fusinus monksae dall , 1915 accepted as fusinus robustus ( trask , 1855 ) accepted as harfordia robusta ( trask , 1855 ) ( unnecessary nom . nov . for fusus robustus trask , 1855 , by dall believed to be preoccupied by f . robustus beyrich , 1856 . )
buzzurro g . & russo p . ( 2007 ) . fusinus del mediterraneo . published by the authors , 280 p . [ details ]
species fusinus felipensis h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis felipensis ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus fredbakeri h . n . lowe , 1935 accepted as hesperaptyxis fredbakeri ( h . n . lowe , 1935 ) ( original combination )
species fusinus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
species fusinus maorium p . marshall & murdoch , 1919 † accepted as coluzea maoria ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1919 ) †
species fusinus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 ) accepted as granulifusus rubrolineatus ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1870 )
» species fusinus ( chryseofusus ) graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 ) accepted as chryseofusus graciliformis ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1880 )
fusus simplex e . a . smith , 1879 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus simplex deshayes , 1834 , and f . simplex grateloup , 1847 ; fusinus complex is a replacement name )
( of fusinus complex snyder , 2000 ) snyder m . a . ( 2000 ) . nomenclatural emendations in the family fasciolariidae . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 150 : 173 - 179 page ( s ) : 175 [ details ]
iczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of propefusus iredale , 1924 ) callomon p . & snyder m . a . ( 2008 ) . on the genus fusinus in japan iv : f . longissimus ( gmelin , 1791 ) and two new species . venus , 67 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 13 [ details ]
( of fusus bruguière , 1789 ) iczn 1993 . opinion 1765 . fusus helbling , 1779 ( mollusca , gastropoda ) : suppressed , and fusinus rafinesque , 1815 and colubraria schumacher , 1817 : conserved . bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 - 161 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
id : 236414 original name : fusinus _ pauciliratus2 . jpg size 750x436 - 94754 bytes image manager : jan delsing directory : 1087 created : 2014 - 03 - 01 22 : 52 : 58 - user jan delsing url : urltoken text function : [ [ i : 236414 ; image ] ] , [ [ it : 236414 ] ] ( thumbnail )
snyder m . a . 2003 . the genera simplicifusus and granulifusus ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) with the description of two new species in granulifusus . journal of conchology 38 ( 1 ) : 87 - 93 [ details ]
to biodiversity heritage library ( 18 publications ) ( from synonym fusus simplex e . a . smith , 1879 )
fusus bruguière , 1789 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . see nomenclatural note below . )
taxonomy established as a substitute name for
fusus lamarck
[ = fusus bruguière , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the . . .
taxonomy established as a substitute name for
fusus lamarck
[ = fusus bruguière , 1789 ] , which however is invalid . placed by the iczn on the official list by opinion 1765 , 1994 , bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 . [ details ]
( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) hinds r . b . ( 1843 ) . descriptions of new shells from the collection of captain sir edward belcher , r . n . , c . b . annals and magazine of natural history . 11 : 255 - 257 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 256 [ details ]
( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1884 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee . palermo , virzi , 152 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 117 [ details ]
( of exilifusus gabb , 1876 † ) gabb , w . m . ( 1876 ) notes on american cretaceous fossils , with descriptions of some new species . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia , 28 , 276–324 . [ details ]
( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) adams h . & adams a . ( 1853 - 1858 ) . the genera of recent mollusca ; arranged according to their organization . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : xl + 484 pp . ; vol . 2 : 661 pp . ; vol . 3 : 138 pls . [ published in parts : vol . 1 : i - xl ( 1858 ) , 1 - 256 ( 1853 ) , 257 - 484 ( 1854 ) . vol . 2 : 1 - 92 ( 1854 ) , 93 - 284 ( 1855 ) , 285 - 412 ( 1856 ) , 413 - 540 ( 1857 ) , 541 - 661 ( 1858 ) . vol . 3 : pl . 1 - 32 ( 1853 ) , 33 - 96 ( 1855 ) , 97 - 112 ( 1856 ) , 113 - 128 ( 1857 ) , 129 - 138 ( 1858 ) ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 79 [ details ]
snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1–431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cyrtulus hinds , 1843 ) couto d . , bouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , simone l . r . l . & giribet g . ( 2016 ) . a multilocus molecular phylogeny of fasciolariidae ( neogastropoda : buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 309 - 322 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of pseudofusus monterosato , 1884 ) crosse h . ( 1885 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee , pel marchese di monterosato [ book review ] . journal de conchyliologie 33 : 139 - 142 , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 141 [ details ]
( of fusus bruguière , 1789 ) snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1–431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of gracilipurpura jousseaume , 1880 ) jousseaume , f . p . ( 1880 ) . division méthodique de la famille des purpuridés . le naturaliste . 2 ( 42 ) : 335 - 338 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 ) cossmann , m . ( 1901 ) . essais de paléoconchologie comparée . quatrième livraison . paris , the author and société d ' éditions scientifiques . 293 pp . , 10 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 8 [ details ]
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fusus simplex smith , e . a . , 1879 : japan ; east china sea ; korea ; vietnam ( renamed )
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fusus bruguière , 1789 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . placed by the iczn on the official index by opinion 1765 , 1994 , bulletin of zoological nomenclature , 51 ( 2 ) : 159 . )
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patella depressa is a species of sea snail , a true limpet , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family patellidae , one of the families of true limpets .

patella depressa is a nomen dubium according to christiaens ( 1973 , 1983 ) ; patella intermedia gets priority .

nevertheless the name patella depressa is in usage among british authors ( e.g. graham , 1988 ) and is assumed as valid .

patella depressa

synonymy p . depressa is a nomen dubium according to christiaens ( 1973 , 1983 ) , p . intermedia gets priority . nevertheless the name patella depressa is in usage among british authors ( e . g . graham , 1988 ) and is assumed as valid ) . [ details ]
very similar to patella vulgata . to be sure of p . depressa it is advisable to examine the pallial tentacles of a live specimen ; they are opaque chalky white - different from the mantle they are attached to . on p . vulgata they are translucent and same as mantle they are attached to .
marine life information network - uk to biodiversity heritage library ( 1 publication ) ( from synonym patella taslei mabille , 1888 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 17 publications ) ( from synonym patella intermedia murray in knapp , 1857 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 2 publications ) ( from synonym patella electrina reeve , 1854 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 52 publications ) to clemam ( from synonym patella auricola da costa , 1771 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella goudoti mabille , 1888 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella intermedia murray in knapp , 1857 ) to clemam to clemam ( from synonym patella mabillei locard , 1891 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella electrina reeve , 1854 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella laevigata gmelin , 1791 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella taslei mabille , 1888 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella plumbea vatheleti pilsbry , 1891 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella vulgata var . picta jeffreys , 1865 ) to clemam ( from synonym patella vulgata var . debilis pallary , 1920 ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 114 nucleotides ; 61 proteins ) to marine species identification portal ( from synonym patella intermedia murray in knapp , 1857 ) to mnhn molluscs type collection ( 2000 - 4947 ) ( from synonym patella goudoti mabille , 1888 ) to mnhn molluscs type collection ( 2000 - 4986 ) ( from synonym patella taslei mabille , 1888 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella plumbea vatheleti pilsbry , 1891 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella vulgata var . debilis pallary , 1920 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella vulgata var . picta jeffreys , 1865 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella laevigata gmelin , 1791 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella mabillei locard , 1891 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella taslei mabille , 1888 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella intermedia murray in knapp , 1857 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella goudoti mabille , 1888 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella electrina reeve , 1854 ) to pesi ( from synonym patella auricola da costa , 1771 ) to pesi to usnm invertebrate zoology mollusca collection ( from synonym patella intermedia murray in knapp , 1857 ) to itis
patella intermedia hidalgoi ( var . ) fischer - piette , e . , 1953
patella electrina reeve , l . a . , 1854 : n australia ( ? )
skewes , m . 2003 . patella depressa black - footed limpet . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
patella mabillei locard , e . a . a . , 1892 : mediterranean & atlantic france
( of patella electrina reeve , 1854 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella goudoti mabille , 1888 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella intermedia murray in knapp , 1857 ) gaffney , p . m . ( 1980 ) . on the number of patella species in south - west england . journal of the marine biological association of the united kingdom . 60 : 565 - 574 . [ details ]
( of patella laevigata gmelin , 1791 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella taslei mabille , 1888 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella plumbea vatheleti pilsbry , 1891 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella vulgata var . picta jeffreys , 1865 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella intermedia murray in knapp , 1857 ) knapp ( 1857 ) . notice of a marked variety of patella vulgata ( proposed to be named var . intermedia ) , found in guernsey and jersey ( from information communicated by dr . knapp ) . annals and magazine of natural history ( 2 ) 19 : 211 - 213 . [ l ' autore della descrizione é andrew murray ] [ details ]
( of patella auricola da costa , 1771 ) da costa , e . m . ( 1770–1771 ) . conchology , or natural history of shells . [ london ] . 26 pp . , 12 pls . [ an unfinished anonymous publication , often attributed to humphrey ] [ details ]
( of patella goudoti mabille , 1888 ) mabille , j . ( 1888 ) . de quelques coquilles nouvelles . bulletin de la société philomathique de paris . ( 7 ) 12 ( 2 ) : 73 - 82 . paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 79 - 80 [ details ]
( of patella taslei mabille , 1888 ) mabille , j . ( 1888 ) . de quelques coquilles nouvelles . bulletin de la société philomathique de paris . ( 7 ) 12 ( 2 ) : 73 - 82 . paris . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 78 - 79 [ details ]
( of patella mabillei locard , 1891 ) locard a . ( 1891 ) . les coquilles marines des côtes de france . annales de la société linnéenne de lyon . 37 : 1 - 385 [ published 31 october 1891 ; also published by baillière as a book in 1892 ] . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 227 [ details ]
( of patella vulgata var . debilis pallary , 1920 ) pallary p . ( 1920 ) . exploration scientifique du maroc organisée par la société de géographie de paris et continuée par la société des sciences naturelles du maroc . deuxième fascicule . malacologie ( 1912 ) . larose , rabat et paris pp . 108 , 1 pl . , 1 map : , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella laevigata gmelin , 1791 ) gmelin j . f . ( 1791 ) . vermes . in : gmelin j . f . ( ed . ) caroli a linnaei systema naturae per regna tria naturae , ed . 10 . tome 1 ( 6 ) . g . e . beer , lipsiae [ leipzig ] . pp . 3021 - 3910 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of patella intermedia murray in knapp , 1857 ) gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of patella mabillei locard , 1891 ) locard a . ( 1897 - 1898 ) . expéditions scientifiques du travailleur et du talisman pendant les années 1880 , 1881 , 1882 et 1883 . mollusques testacés . paris , masson . vol . 1 [ 1897 ] , p . 1 - 516 pl . 1 - 22 ; vol . 2 [ 1898 ] , p . 1 - 515 , pl . 1 - 18 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : vol . 2 , p . 92 , pl . 5 fig . 13 - 15 [ details ]
( of patella vulgata var . picta jeffreys , 1865 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1862 - 1869 ) . british conchology . vol . 1 : pp . cxiv + 341 [ 1862 ] . vol . 2 : pp . 479 [ 1864 ] il frontrespizio reca la data 1863 ma in effetti pubblicato nel 1864 . vol . 3 : pp . 394 [ 1865 ] . vol . 4 : pp . 487 [ 1867 ] . vol . 5 : pp . 259 [ 1869 ] . london , van voorst . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 237 [ details ]
pennant , t . , ( 1777 ) british zoology , vol . iv . crustacea . mollusca . testacea : i - viii , 1 - 154 , plates 1 - 93 . london . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
backeljau , t . ( 1986 ) . lijst van de recente mariene mollusken van belgië [ list of the recent marine molluscs of belgium ] . koninklijk belgisch instituut voor natuurwetenschappen : brussels , belgium . 106 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
nakano t . & ozawa t . ( 2007 ) . worldwide phylogeography of limpets of the order patellogastropoda : molecular , morphological and paleontological evidence . journal of molluscan studies 73 ( 1 ) : 79–99 . [ details ]
koufopanou et al ( 1999 ) . a molecular phylogeny of the patellid limpets ( gastropoda : patellidae ) and its implications for the origins of their antitropical distribution mol . phylogenet . evol . 11 ( 1 ) : 138 - 156 [ details ]
by its smaller , flatter shell . the outer surface of the shell is greyish , the inner surface yellowish - white with brown marginal rays . the foot is olive to dark grey ( almost black ) , on tentacles around the edge of mantle white . apex of the shell anterior . shell length up to 3 cm long .
is a southern species predominately found on the south and west coasts of the british isles .
on exposed , wave - beaten rocky shores from the middle to the lower shore .
strongly ridged shell with a squarish rear edge and two capricious rays running to the edge .
is notable for not having spread to ireland from britain , almost certainly because the distance across st . george ' s channel is too great for larval dispersal . seawater warming as a result of climate change is likely to result in northward migration of distribution .
fish , j . d . & fish , s . , 1996 . a student ' s guide to the seashore . cambridge : cambridge university press .
graham , a . , 1971 . british prosobranchs . london : academic press . [ synopses of the british fauna , no . 2 . ]
hayward , p . , nelson - smith , t . & shields , c . 1996 . collins pocket guide . sea shore of britain and northern europe . london : harpercollins .
hayward , p . j . & ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) 1995b . handbook of the marine fauna of north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
hiscock , k . , southward , a . , tittley , i . , jory , a . & hawkins , s . , 2001 . the impact of climate change on subtidal and intertidal benthic species in scotland . scottish national heritage research , survey and monitoring report , no . 182 . , edinburgh : scottish national heritage
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
mcmillan , n . f . , 1968 . british shells . london : frederick warne & co ltd .
national biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
m . j . de kluijver , s . s . ingalsuo & r . h . de bruyne
distinctive orange - brown marginal rays on inner surface , the central part yellow .
on exposed rocky shores only , from mhwn to mlwn , prefers vertical surfaces .
a mediterranean species reaching its northern limit on shores of south - west england and wales ; rare on west coast of ireland . probably not in the north sea .
graham , alastair f . r . s . , 1988 . molluscs : prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods . synopses of the british fauna ( ns ) , 2 : 1 - 662 .
hayward , p . j . , wigham , g . d . & n . yonow , 1990 . mollusca i : polyplacophora , scaphopoda , and gastropoda . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe . ( ed . p . j . hayward & j . s . ryland ) . clarendon press , oxford : 628 - 730 .
poppe , g . t . & y . goto , 1991 . european seashells . vol . i . 352 pp . wiesbaden / verlag christa hemmen .
seaward , d . r . , 1990 . distribution of the marine molluscs of north west europe . nature conservancy council .
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pennant , t . 1777 . british zoology . vol . iv . crustacea . mollusca . testacea . - pp . [ 1 - 3 ] , iii - viii [ = 3 - 8 ] , [ 1 - 10 ] , 1 - 154 , [ 1 - 2 ] , pl . i - xcii [ = 1 - 93 ] . london . ( white ) .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


it was previously included within the subfamily crassispirinae , family turridae .

killburn in 1994 was of the opinion that graciliclava was closely related to and possibly a subgenus of anacithara

graciliclava

the following term was not found in nucleotide : graciliclava costata [ orgn ] .
graciliclava is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family horaiclavidae .
( of clavus costatus hedley , 1922 ) wells f . e . ( 1991 ) a revision of the recent australian species of the turrid genera clavus , plagiostropha , and tylotiella ( mollusca : gastropoda ) . journal of the malacological society of australia 12 : 1–33 . [ 31 october 1991 ] [ details ]
bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2010 ) . nomenclator of molluscan supraspecific names . [ unpublished database ] . [ details ]
bouchet , p . ; kantor , y . i . ; sysoev , a . ; puillandre , n . ( 2011 ) . a new operational classification of the conoidea ( gastropoda ) . journal of molluscan studies . 77 ( 3 ) : 273 - 308 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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15mm . the forewing is even satiny white with a faint discal spot and a yellow tinge to the fringes and costa . the frons between the eyes and antennal bases has a broad circular patch of dark reddish brown , darker in two transverse zones , with a white area ventral to it . the palps are medium rufous brown and the legs are spotted . the male genitalia are similar to those of parvaclava but the uncus is narrower , the aedeagus has lateral horn - like processes , and the harpe is slightly longer than the valve , with a slender stem and a broader , spatulate , sparsely spined head to the club .
sabah : mt kinabalu , mesilau , 1500m vii - ix . 1965 , cambridge expedition to mt kinabalu 1965 ( h . j . banks , h . s . barlow & j . d . holloway ) bm geometrid slide 1109 .
the type locality was in a majestic area of montane forest that was subsequently de - gazetted from kinabalu park for conversion to agriculture and leisure development .
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format summary genbank genbank ( full ) fasta asn . 1 xml insdseq xml tinyseq xml feature table accession list gi list gff3
» species anacithara alfredi ( e . a . smith , 1904 ) accepted as pseudorhaphitoma alfredi ( e . a . smith , 1904 )
» species anacithara pupiforme barros , santana & s . lima , 2015 accepted as anacithara pupiformis barros , santana & s . lima , 2015 ( incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet )
» species anacithara pyrgoforme barros , santana & s . lima , 2015 accepted as anacithara pyrgoformis barros , santana & s . lima , 2015 ( incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet )
» species aoteadrillia apicarinata ( p . marshall & r . murdoch , 1923 ) †
» species austrodrillia alpha l . c . king , 1933 † accepted as aoteadrillia wanganuiensis ( hutton , 1873 )
» species austrodrillia beta l . c . king , 1933 † accepted as aoteadrillia wanganuiensis ( hutton , 1873 )
» species austrodrillia burnupi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1897 ) accepted as clavus burnupi ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1897 )
» species austrodrillia gamma l . c . king , 1933 † accepted as aoteadrillia wanganuiensis ( hutton , 1873 )
» species austrodrillia hottentota ( e . a . smith , 1882 ) accepted as clavus hottentotus ( e . a . smith , 1882 )
» species austrodrillia praetermissa ( e . a . smith , 1904 ) accepted as naudedrillia praetermissa ( e . a . smith , 1904 )
» species epideira xanthophaes ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as epidirella xanthophaes ( r . b . watson , 1886 )
» species inodrillia dalli ( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1882 )
» species inodrillia carpenteri ( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1880 ) accepted as cymatosyrinx carpenteri ( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1880 )
» species inodrillia cestrota ( dall , 1889 ) accepted as inodrillia dalli ( verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1882 )
» species vexitomina chinensis ma , 1989 accepted as paradrillia patruelis ( e . a . smith , 1875 )
» species vexitomina optabilis ( murdoch & suter , 1906 ) accepted as awateria optabilis ( r . murdoch & suter , 1906 )
» species epidirona multiseriata ( e . a . smith , 1877 ) accepted as epideira multiseriata ( e . a . smith , 1877 )
» species epidirona xanthophaes ( r . b . watson , 1886 ) accepted as epideira xanthophaes ( r . b . watson , 1886 )
» species sugitanitoma reticulata kuroda , 1959 accepted as marshallena philippinarum ( r . b . watson , 1882 )
bouchet , p . ; kantor , y . i . ; sysoev , a . ; puillandre , n . ( 2011 ) . a new operational classification of the conoidea ( gastropoda ) . journal of molluscan studies . 77 ( 3 ) : 273 - 308 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 293 [ details ]
molluscabase ( 2018 ) . horaiclavidae bouchet , kantor , sysoev & puillandre , 2011 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 577985 on 2018 - 07 - 09
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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© 1996 - 2018 guido t . poppe & philippe poppe - conchology , inc . ( 2 . 379 seconds . )


microcrambus minor is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by w. t. m. forbes in 1920 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from alabama , florida , illinois , indiana , manitoba , maryland , massachusetts , minnesota , mississippi , new hampshire , new york , north carolina , ohio , oklahoma , ontario , pennsylvania , quebec , south carolina , tennessee , west virginia and wisconsin .

microcrambus minor

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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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great ! another fisrt for us and for quebec on bugguide . thank you !
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trinity river refuge hq building . , liberty county , texas , usa may 23 , 2017
contributed by david e . reed on 20 january , 2014 - 9 : 51pm
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .