przevalski 's nuthatch ( sitta przewalskii ) , originally given the nomen nudum sitta eckloni , is a bird species in the sittidae family , collectively known as nuthatches .

long regarded as a subspecies of the white-cheeked nuthatch ( sitta leucopsis ) , it nevertheless differs significantly in morphology and vocalizations .

both s. przewalskii and s. leucopsis have been regarded as closely related to the north american white-breasted nuthatch ( sitta carolinensis ) .

it is a medium-sized nuthatch , measuring about 13 cm ( 5 in ) in length .

its upper body is a dark gray-blue or slate color , becoming dark blue-black at the crown .

the cheeks and throat are a white buff-orange , turning to a rich cinnamon on the underparts that intensifies in color on the sides of the breast .

vocalizations consist of alternating series of ascending whistles and short notes .

the bird is endemic to areas in southeastern tibet and west central china , including eastern qinghai , gansu and sichuan , inhabiting coniferous mountain forests of spruce or fir .

the altitude at which it nests varies according to locality , but typically is from 2,250 – 4,500 m ( 7,380 – 14,760 ft ) .

the species was first described in 1891 from a specimen collected in china 's haidong prefecture .

the common name and latin binomial commemorate the russian explorer nikolay przhevalsky , who discovered the species in 1884 .

little is known about its ecology , which is probably comparable to that of the white-cheeked nuthatch .

it was given the rank of full species ( separate from the white-cheeked nuthatch ) in 2005 in pamela c. rasmussen 's birds of south asia .

the ripley guide .

other authorities followed suit , but as of 2014 , s. przewalskii does not have a full threat-status evaluation by birdlife international or the international union for conservation of nature .

a 2014 phylogenetic study of the species found it to be at the base of the nuthatch evolutionary tree out of 21 species examined , dispelling a hypothesis that s. przewalskii could belong to the same species as s. carolinensis .

przevalski ' s nuthatch

nobody uploaded sound recordings for przevalski ' s nuthatch ( sitta przewalskii ) yet .
this entry was posted in names and tagged algerian nuthatch , beautiful nuthatch , blue nuthatch , brown - headed nuthatch , burmese nuthatch , chestnut - bellied nuthatch , chestnut - vented nuthatch , chinese nuthatch , corsican nuthatch , eastern rock - nuthatch , eurasian nuthatch , giant nuthatch , indian nuthatch , kashmir nuthatch , krüper’s nuthatch , nuthatch , przevalski’s nuthatch , pygmy nuthatch , red - breasted nuthatch , siberian nuthatch , sulphur - billed nuthatch , velvet - fronted nuthatch , western rock - nuthatch , white - breasted nuthatch , white - browed nuthatch , white - cheeked nuthatch , white - tailed nuthatch , yellow - billed nuthatch , yunnan nuthatch . bookmark the permalink .
przevalski ' s nuthatch ( sitta przewalskii ) is a species of bird in the sittidae family .
select an image : 1 . white - cheeked nuthatch 2 . white - cheeked nuthatch 3 . white - cheeked nuthatch 4 . white - cheeked nuthatch 5 . white - cheeked nuthatch 6 . white - cheeked nuthatch 7 . white - cheeked nuthatch 8 . white - cheeked nuthatch 9 . white - cheeked nuthatch 10 . white - cheeked nuthatch 11 . white - cheeked nuthatch 12 . white - cheeked nuthatch 13 . white - cheeked nuthatch 14 . white - cheeked nuthatch 15 . white - cheeked nuthatch 16 . white - cheeked nuthatch > > adult with prey 17 . white - cheeked nuthatch 18 . white - cheeked nuthatch 19 . white - cheeked nuthatch 20 . white - cheeked nuthatch 21 . white - cheeked nuthatch > > female 22 . white - cheeked nuthatch > > adult 23 . white - cheeked nuthatch > > adult 24 . white - cheeked nuthatch 25 . white - cheeked nuthatch 26 . white - cheeked nuthatch 27 . white - cheeked nuthatch 28 . white - cheeked nuthatch > > adult male
a blue nuthatch of subspecies s . a . expectata foraging in a tree , fraser ' s hill , malaysia
s kazakhstan , turkmenistan and e iran to s china , indochina , malay pen . and s india
harrap & quinn ( 1996 ) pp . 138–140
krüper ' s nuthatch
the only nuthatch sharing its range is the velvet - fronted nuthatch , which completely covers the distribution of the blue nuthatch , but these two species are not easily confused .
przevalski’s nuthatch – sitta przewalskii = patronym for russian naturalist nikolay prjevalsky – split from s . leucopsis ( 2005 recommendation ) , described by mikhail berezowski and russian ornithologist valentin bianchi in their ptitsy gansuiskago puteshestviia g . n . potanina 1884–1887 ( st . petersburg : akademii nauk ) pp . 119–120 .
the vocal repertoire of the blue nuthatch is quite varied and is reminiscent of the velvet - fronted nuthatch and , to a lesser extent , the sulphur - billed nuthatch . according to the
^ the 21 species are out of 24 recognized as making up the genus by harrap and quinn as of 1996 . of these , the study omitted the indian nuthatch ( sitta castanea ) , the yellow - billed nuthatch ( sitta solangiae ) and the white - browed nuthatch ( sitta victoriae ) . the international ornithological congress however recognized 28 species as of 2012 , based on the elevation of four taxa from subspecies to full species status , including przevalski ' s nuthatch ( s . przewalskii ) and three species from the europaea group . [ 4 ]
indian nuthatch – sitta castanea = chestnut - coloured nuthatch – from latin castaneus = chestnut - coloured – was chestnut - bellied nuthatch before split from s . cinnamoventris and s . neglecta ( 2005 recommendation ) , first described by french naturalist rené primevère lesson as sittelle marron ( chestnut - coloured nuthatch ) in his traite d’ornithologie ( paris : f . g . levrault , 1831 ) p . 316 .
in 2014 , eric pasquet , et al . published a phylogeny based on examination of nuclear and mitochondrial dna of 21 nuthatch species . [ fn . 2 ] the position of the blue nuthatch within the genus was not established with certainty , having a far lower statistical association than many others in the model . nevertheless , under the findings the species appears best represented by a clade comprising the velvet - fronted nuthatch and the sulphur - billed nuthatch ( s . oenochlamys ) , and probably the yellow - billed nuthatch ( s . solangiae ) , despite not being in the study ' s sample group . these tropical asian nuthatches are themselves a sister clade to one comprising the subgenus sitta ( micrositta ) ( sometimes called the canadensis group ) , plus the brown - headed nuthatch ( s . pusilla ) and the pygmy nuthatch ( s . pygmaea ) .
in 2014 , eric pasquet , et al . published a phylogeny based on examination of nuclear and mitochondrial dna of 21 nuthatch species . [ fn . 2 ] the position of the blue nuthatch within the genus was not established with certainty , having a far lower statistical association than many others in the model . nevertheless , under the findings the species appears best represented by a clade comprising the velvet - fronted nuthatch and the sulphur - billed nuthatch ( s . oenochlamys ) , and probably the yellow - billed nuthatch ( s . solangiae ) , despite not being in the study ' s sample group . these tropical asian nuthatches are themselves a sister clade to one comprising the subgenus sitta ( micrositta ) ( sometimes called the canadensis group ) , plus the brown - headed nuthatch ( s . pusilla ) and the pygmy nuthatch ( s . pygmaea ) .
harrap & quinn ( 1996 ) pp . 130–133
brown - headed nuthatch
harrap & quinn ( 1996 ) pp . 114–117
chestnut - vented nuthatch
harrap & quinn ( 1996 ) pp . 119–123
chestnut - bellied nuthatch
harrap & quinn ( 1996 ) pp . 123–125
white - tailed nuthatch
harrap & quinn ( 1996 ) pp . 125–126
white - browed nuthatch
harrap & quinn ( 1996 ) pp . 144–148
red - breasted nuthatch
harrap & quinn ( 1996 ) pp . 148–150
white - cheeked nuthatch
harrap & quinn ( 1996 ) pp . 161–164
velvet - fronted nuthatch
harrap & quinn ( 1996 ) pp . 164–165
yellow - billed nuthatch
harrap & quinn ( 1996 ) pp . 165–168
sulphur - billed nuthatch
snow & perrins ( 1998 ) p . 1398
nuthatch : family sittidae
harrap & quinn ( 1996 ) pp . 150–155
white - breasted nuthatch
beautiful nuthatch sexes are reported to share equally in nest building and incubation duties .
page 527 , white - cheeked nuthatch sitta leucopsis we follow rasmussen and anderton in elevating sitta leucopsis przewalskii to species rank as przevalski’s nuthatch ( sitta przewalskii ) . reference : rasmussen , p . c . , and j . c . anderton . 2005 . birds of south asia . the ripley guide . volume 2 : attributes and status . smithsonian institution and lynx edicions , washington d . c . and barcelona .
red - breasted nuthatch – sitta canadensis = canada nuthatch – for canada – described by linnaeus in the 1766 edition of his systema naturae 12 , p . 177 .
harrap , s . ( 2018 ) . przevalski ' s nuthatch ( sitta przewalskii ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 7 july 2018 ) .
species boundaries in the nuthatches are difficult to define . the red - breasted nuthatch ,
the red - breasted nuthatch is said to have a call like a tin trumpet .
what can you expect ? well , for starters , seven species of cranes ( including siberian and black - necked ) , swan goose , lesser white - fronted goose , mandarin duck , baikal teal , pallas’s fish - eagle , great bustard , ibisbill , tibetan sandgrouse , relict gull , henderson’s ground - jay , wallcreeper , the incredibly cute crested tit - warbler , and ( drumroll for tongueski - twisters ) przevalski’s nuthatch , ala shan ( przevalski’s ) redstart , the critically endangered rufous - backed ( jankowski’s ) bunting , tibetan ( roborovski’s ) rosefinch and przevalski’s ( pink - tailed ) rosefinch . the latter is the only member of the recently recognized monotypic family urocynchramidae , and may is a great time to look for it displaying in the high elevation shrub habitat of qinghai province . throw in some quality mammals , great scenery , and fascinating culture with all of those great birds , and we’re sure that this rare opportunity will appeal to a bunch of you ! shirley’s also organizing a bit of sightseeing in china after the tour’s completion , and she’s extending an invitation to join her for that to anyone interested in signing up for one of these last few spaces on the tour . if this trip appeals and you want to learn more , visit our tour page for a full description of the tour and the itinerary .
blue nuthatch – sitta azurea = azure nuthatch – from latin azureus = azure blue – described by french naturalist rené primevère lesson as sittelle azur ( azure nuthatch ) in his traite d’ornithologie ( paris : f . g . levrault , 1831 ) p . 316 .
three subspecies are distinguished : s . a . expectata , s . a . nigriventer and s . a . azurea , which vary chiefly in the coloring of their mantles , chests and bellies . the species ' apparent closest relatives are the velvet - fronted nuthatch ( s . frontalis ) , the yellow - billed nuthatch ( s . solangiae ) and the sulphur - billed nuthatch ( s . oenochlamys ) . the population of the species has not been rigorously estimated but the species appears to be at low risk of extinction because of the extent of its distribution . it has been classified as of least concern by the international union for conservation of nature .
as far as the scientific name of the esn / rgm group , is concerned , lagunae has priority , and contrary to what one of the nacc committee members thought , has been sampled by spellman and klicka ( 2007 ) . the english name opens up a huge can of worms . various names have been applied to the various subspecies . these include : san lucas nuthatch ( lagunae ) , rocky mountain nuthatch ( nelsoni ) , inyo nuthatch ( tenuissima ) , chisos nuthatch ( oberholseri ) , mexican nuthatch ( ) , sierra madre nuthatch ( umbrosa ) , and southern white - breasted nuthatch ( kinneari ) . although rocky mountain nuthatch has been suggested , much of the range is outside the rockies , in the sierra nevadas , the sierra madres , the chisos , and others . i think cordilleran nuthatch would be an appropriate name .
white - breasted nuthatch – sitta carolinensis = carolina nuthatch – for carolina , u . s . a . – described by british naturalist john latham in his index orntihologicus , vol . 1 ( london : leigh and sotheby , 1790 ) p . 262 .
the velvet - fronted nuthatch is the sole member of the family which prefers tropical lowland forests .
fujita , m ; k . kawakami ; s . moriguchi & h . higuchi ( 2008 ) .
locomotion of the eurasian nuthatch on vertical and horizontal substrates
.
record conversions were difficult here , with only those records already assigned to subspecies being changed . some records of leach’s storm - petrel may be more appropriate as a slash option ( e . g . , leach’s / townsend’s / ainley’s storm - petrel ) so please make that change if appropriate .
algerian nuthatch – sitta ledanti = ledant’s nuthatch – patronym for belgian botanist jean - pierre ledant – most recently described nuthatch species , discovered on 5 october 1975 by a team led by ledant during an expedition of the djebel babor mountain in the petite kabylie range of northern algeria , described by jacques vieillard in alauda , vol . 44 ( 1976 ) , pp . 351–352 .
page 438 , blyth’s leaf - warbler phylloscopus reguloides subspecies phylloscopus reguloides claudiae is elevated to species rank as claudia’s leaf - warbler ( phylloscopus claudiae ) .
– s scandinavia ( including most islands in s baltic ) and w russia ( e to volga and vyatka basins ) s to e poland , e romania , e bulgaria , nw turkey ( n thrace ) and ukraine .
corsican nuthatch – sitta whiteheadi = whitehead’s nuthatch – patronym for british naturalist john whitehead – collected by whitehead in 1883 , described by english zoologist richard bowdler sharpe in the proceedings of the scientific meetings of the zoological society of london for the year 1884 , pp . 233 , 414–415 .
leach’s storm - petrel oceanodroma leucorhoa : leach’s storm - petrel is split into three species . the monotypic group leach’s storm - petrel ( townsend’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa socorroensis is elevated to species rank as townsend’s storm - petrel oceanodroma socorrensis and leach’s storm - petrel ( ainley’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa cheimomnestes is elevated to species rank as ainley’s storm - petrel oceanodroma cheimomnestes . these splits are in accord with aou - nacc , based on overlap of breeding range with ainley’s storm - petrel ( although with little seasonal overlap in the timing of breeding ) , and on differences in vocalizations and morphology . townsend’s storm - petrel is a summer breeder on islets off guadalupe i . ( western mexico ) and ranges in eastern pacific north to southern california and south to ca 10º n . ainley’s storm - petrel is a winter breeder on islets off guadalupe i . ( western mexico ) ; its nonbreeding range poorly known , but apparently disperses south in eastern pacific , to at least as far as the galapagos island . following the split , leach’s storm - petrel now contains only two subspecies , each of which is recognized as a monotypic group : leach’s storm - petrel ( leach’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa leucorhoa and leach’s storm - petrel ( chapman’s ) oceanodroma leucorhoa chapmani .
swinhoe , 1871 – russian far east ( s & e amurland , ussuriland ) , ne china ( n heilongjiang s to ne hebei ) and korea .
cross - section of a western rock nuthatch nest cavity with a mud wall and tunnel across its entrance .
eurasian nuthatch – sitta europaea = european nuthatch – from latin europaeus = european – described by linneaus in the 1758 edition of his systema naturae 10 ( holmiae : impensis laurentii salvii , 1758 ) p . 115 .
phylogenetic tree detail nuthatch phylogenic detail according to pasquet , et al . ( 2014 ) : [ 4 ]
sanford’s bowerbird archboldia sanfordi is lumped with archbold’s bowerbird archboldia papuensis ( frith et al . 1995 , beehler and pratt 2016 ) , and becomes archboldia papuensis sanfordi .
van langevelde , frank ( 2000 ) .
scale of habitat connectivity and colonization in fragmented nuthatch populations
.
the appearance of the blue nuthatch differs significantly from all other nuthatches . the three taxa of the species , nominate
giant nuthatch – sitta magna = great nuthatch – from latin magnus = great – described by british naturalist robert george wardlaw ramsay in proceedings of the scientific meetings of the zoological society of london for the year 1876 , p . 677 .
trees , which are a known beautiful nuthatch foraging source and nesting site , are harvested for their high commercial value .
which includes mount victoria , and their fires and traps add to the pressure on the nuthatch . the population of the white - browed nuthatch , estimated at only a few thousand , is decreasing , and no conservation measures are in place .
a comprehensive phylogeny of the nuthatches , genus sitta , is proposed based on 21 of the 24–28 species recognized in the genus and three genes , two mitochondrial ( cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase subunit i ) and one nuclear ( rag1 ) . this phylogeny is well resolved and reveals several major clades within nuthatches . przevalski’s nuthatch sitta przewalskii is sister to all other nuthatches , without any close relatives in our sampling . the larger species s . carolinensis and s . magna , despite their disjunct distributions , are sister taxa at the base of the tree . the next clade comprises the europaea group , which is sister to the two rock nuthatches ( s . tephronota and s . neumayer ) , and to the beautiful nuthatch sitta formosa of southeast asia , although with less support . all these species use plastering to reduce the entrance of their hole or to build their nest with mud on rocks , but their ecologies are not as specialized as those of the rock nuthatches . the asian small species ( represented by s . azurea , s . frontalis and s . oenochlamys ) form a well - supported clade . we confirm a single origin for the canadensis group that also includes the yunnan nuthatch sitta yunnanensis . both are sister group to the two sibling species of north america ( s . pygmaea and s . pusilla ) ; all these species dig their own nest in trunks and are closely associated with coniferous forest . a biogeographical analysis supports the hypothesis of asia being the center of diversification for nuthatches , with several independent dispersal events to north america .
or seeds may be wedged into cracks and pounded with the bird ' s strong bill .
buturlin , 1916 – c & s japan ( honshu , shikoku and n kyushu ) .
chinese nuthatch – sitta villosa = hairy nuthatch – from latin villosus = hairy – described by french botanist and ornithologist jules verreaux in the nouvelles archives du museum d’histoire naturelle de paris , vol . 1 , bull . ( 1865 ) p . 78 .
brown - headed nuthatch – sitta pusilla = tiny nuthatch – from latin pusillus = very small , tiny – described by british naturalist john latham in his index orntihologicus , vol . 1 ( london : leigh and sotheby , 1790 ) p . 263 .
the eurasian , chestnut - vented , kashmir and chestnut - bellied nuthatches form another superspecies and replace each other geographically across asia . they are currently considered to be four separate species , but the south - asian forms were once believed to be a subspecies of the eurasian nuthatch . [ 11 ] a recent change in this taxonomy is a split of the chestnut - bellied nuthatch into three species , namely the indian nuthatch , sitta castanea , found south of the ganges , the burmese nuthatch , sitta neglecta , found in southeast asia , and the chestnut - bellied nuthatch sensu strictu , s . cinnamoventris , which occurs in the himalayas . [ 12 ] mitochondrial dna studies have demonstrated that the white - breasted northern subspecies of eurasian nuthatch , s . ( europea ) arctica , is distinctive , [ 13 ] and also a possible candidate for full species status . [ 14 ] this split has been accepted by the british ornithologists ' union . [ 15 ]
for the few species on which data are available , the average nuthatch lifespan in the wild is between 2 and 3 . 5
auf der grundlage von 21 der 24–28 derzeit anerkannten kleiberaten schlagen wir eine umfassende phylogenie der gattung sitta vor . zwei mitochondriengene ( cytochrom - b , coi ) und ein kerngen ( rag1 ) wurden herangezogen ; die phylogenie ist gut aufgelöst und weist mehrere größere äste innerhalb der kleiberverwandtschaft aus . der chinesische przhewalski - kleiber ( s . przhewalskii ) ist schwesterart zu allen anderen kleibern und weist innerhalb der einbezogenen taxa keine nahen verwandten aus . die größeren arten s . carolinensis und s . magna sind trotz ihrer weit disjunkten verbreitung in nordamerika und südostasien geschwisterarten und stehen als nächster ast nahe der basis des genetischen baumes . der weitere baum ist in zwei hauptäste gegliedert . einer umfasst die europaea - artengruppe , in die auch der himalayakleiber ( s . himalayana ) einbezogen ist , zusätzlich felsenkleiber ( s . tephronota ) , klippenkleiber ( s . neumayer ) und der südostasiatische prachtkleiber ( s . formosa ) . alle diese arten verkleben die höhleneingänge oder bauen die nester gänzlich aus lehm an felsen ; das nestbauverhalten von felsen - und klippenkleiber ist am höchsten spezialisiert . die asiatischen kleinen arten , die hier von s . azurea , s . frontalis und s . oenochlamys repräsentiert sind , stellen einen teil das anderen gut unterstützten phylogenetischen hauptastes dar . ihm gegenüber steht ein vielfältig strukturierter ast mit acht arten , die in oftmals winzigen reliktarealen in der westpaläarktis leben ( s . whiteheadi , s . ledenti , s . krueperi ) , teils in china ( s . yunnanensis , s . villosa ) oder in nordamerika ( s . pusilla , s . pygmaea , s . canadensis ) . wir bestätigen einen gemeinsamen ursprung der canadensis - gruppe , die auch den yunnankleiber ( s . yunnanensis ) umfasst . der gesamte ast ist schwestergruppe zu den kleinen nordamerikanischen geschwisterarten s . pygmaea und s . pusilla . alle diese arten hacken ihre nesthöhle eigenständig in baumstämme und sind eng an nadelbäume gebunden . eine biogeografische analyse unterstützt die hypothese , dass asien das diversifikationszentrum der kleiber darstellt . von dort brachten mehrere voneinander unabhängige ausbreitungsereignisse gattungsvertreter nach nordamerika .
they are able to descend head - first and hang upside - down beneath twigs and branches . krüper ' s nuthatch can even stretch downward from an upside - down position to drink water from leaves without touching the ground .
sitta carolinensis lagunae brewster 1891 auk 8 p . 149 [
author ' s separate
]
a potential split ( see rasmusson & anderton ' s ' south asia ' field guide ) .
this article ' s content derived from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia ( see original source ) .
stejneger , 1887 – s kurils ( kunashir , shikotan ) and n japan ( hokkaido ) .
harrap s , quinn d ( 1996 ) tits , nuthatches and treecreepers . christopher helm , london
siberian nuthatch – sitta arctica = arctic nuthatch – from latin arcticus = northern , arctic – split from sitta europaea ( 2006 recommendations ) , first described by russian ornithologist sergei aleksandrovich buturlin in psovaia i ruzheinaia okhota , vol . 13 ( 1907 ) p . 87 .
gao w ( 1978 ) on the breeding behaviour and feedings habits of the black - headed nuthatch . acta zool sin 24 : 260–268
a 2006 review of asian nuthatches suggested that there are still unresolved problems in nuthatch taxonomy and proposed splitting the genus sitta . this suggestion would move the red - and yellow - billed south asian species ( velvet - fronted , yellow - billed and sulphur - billed nuthatches ) to a new genus , create a third genus for the blue nuthatch , and possibly a fourth for the beautiful nuthatch . [ 14 ]
the sizes of nuthatches vary , [ 4 ] from the large giant nuthatch , at 195 mm ( 7 . 7 in ) and 36–47 g ( 1 . 3–1 . 7 oz ) , [ 18 ] to the small brown - headed nuthatch and the pygmy nuthatch , both around 100 mm ( 3 . 9 in ) in length and about 10 g ( 0 . 35 oz ) . [ 19 ]
were once placed in the nuthatch family because of similarities in appearance and lifestyle , but they are not closely related . the resemblances arose via
white - tailed nuthatch – sitta himalayensis = himalaya nuthatch – for the himalaya mountains – described by scottish naturalist william jardine and english ornithologist prideaux john selby in their illustrations of ornithology , vol . 3 ( edinburgh : w . h . lizars , 1835 ) pl . 144 .
our popular namibia , okavango & victoria falls overland safari visits some of the major highlights of three of africa’s most remarkable countries . from the okavango panhandle to the namib desert , victoria falls , etosha national park and walvis bay , this tour provides incredible contrasts and an eco - tourism experience like no other . birdlife abounds and we target many localized as well as more widespread african species , including slaty egret , wattled crane , ludwig’s bustard , rüppell’s korhaan , secretarybird , pel’s fishing owl ( one of ten possible owls ! ) , hartlaub’s spurfowl , the huge coppery - tailed coucal , rüppell’s parrot , monteiro’s hornbill , rockrunner , violet wood hoopoe , bare - cheeked and black - faced babbler , rosy - faced lovebird , white - tailed shrike , herero chat , dune and gray’s lark , violet - eared waxbill , southern africa’s largest breeding colony of magnificent southern carmine bee - eaters – and so much more !
albayrak , tamer ; erdoğan , ali ( 2005 ) .
observations on some behaviours of krüper ' s nuthatch ( sitta krueperi ) , a little - known west palaearctic bird
( pdf ) . turkish journal of zoology 29 : 177–181 .
– c russia ( w foothills of middle urals e to c siberia and w shore of l baikal ) s to n & ne kazakhstan ( s to kokchetau and tarbagatai mts ) and w mongolian altai .
sitta is assigned to linneaus ( of course ) while the name was used by conrad gessner in reference to aristotle ‘s sittē in his historia animalium . the latter described nuthatches as follows : ‘the bird called sitta is quarrelsome , but clever and tidy , makes its living with ease , and for its knowingness is regarded as uncanny ; it has a numerous brood , of which it is fond , and lives by pecking the bark of trees’ ( transl . d’arcy wentworth thompson , 1910 ) . this reference could be to any of the three species found around the greece of aristotle : eurasian nuthatch , krüper’s nuthatch and western rock nuthatch .
chestnut - bellied nuthatch – sitta cinnamoventris = cinnamon - bellied nuthatch – from latin cinnamum = cinnamon , and venter = belly – split from s . castanea ( 2005 recommendation ) , collected by james franklin , described by english zoologist edward blyth in the journal of the asiatic society of bengal , vol . 11 , no . 125 ( 1842 ) pp . 363–471 , at p . 459 .
e china from s gansu e to shanxi , beijing and ne hebei , s to c sichuan ( to wanyuan and w border of red basin ) , guizhou , n guangxi , hunan , jiangxi and fujian .
eastern rock nuthatch – sitta tephronota = ash - backed nuthatch – from greek tephros = ash - coloured , and - notōs = backed – described by richard bowdler sharpe in the annals and magazine of natural history 4 , vol . 10 , no . 60 ( 1872 ) pp . 450–451 .
cold can be a problem for small birds that do not migrate . communal roosting in tight huddles can help conserve heat and several nuthatch species employ it—up to 170 pygmy nuthatches have been seen in a single roost . the pygmy nuthatch is able to lower its body temperature when roosting , conserving energy through
ending off their epic chinese birding tour around sichuan , glen valentine and his group crossed over a tiny section of the vast tibetan plateau and then wound their way through jiuzhai valley and tangjiahe national parks to return to chengdu , having added a plethora of mouth - watering specialities along the way . top of the list was probably a family party of five of the beautiful and monotypic przevalski’s finch ( pinktail ) . other major highlights included dozens of handsome black - necked cranes , blue eared pheasant , an incredible 11 golden pheasants , endemic white - browed tit , przevalski’s nuthatch , spectacled parrotbill and slaty bunting , highly sought - after pere david’s owl and tawny fish owl , rarely seen chinese grouse , white - rumped , rufous - necked and tibetan snowfinches , the strange ground tit , impressive upland buzzard and saker falcon , chinese sparrowhawk , the rare chinese grey shrike , white - browed tit - warbler , snowy - cheeked and barred laughingthrushes , pere david’s tit , siberian rubythroat , eurasian bittern , brown - cheeked rail , tibetan lark , tibetan serin and the uncommon collared crow . on the mammal front , they were entertained by eurasian wolf , tibetan fox , tufted and tibetan roe deer , himalayan marmot , tibetan macaque , chinese serow , hog badger , chinese goral and golden takin .
white - browed nuthatch – sitta victoriae = victoria nuthatch – for mount victoria ( nat ma taung ) , burma – collected and described by g . rippon in the bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club , vol . 14 , no . 107 ( 1904 ) pp . 83–84 , at p . 84 .
the blue nuthatch was first described in 1830 under its current binomial name , sitta azurea , by the french naturalist rené primevère lesson ( 1794–1849 ) . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] in 2006 , ornithologist edward c . dickinson proposed a revision of the nuthatch genus , in which certain species would be split off into separate genera , based on distinct morphological traits . he suggested as candidates the velvet - fronted nuthatch ( sitta frontalis ) and the blue nuthatch , the morphology of which he describes as
rather aberrant . . . in spite of a character trait ( white edges to wing feathers ) shared with sitta formosa
, and that doing so might , in turn , require s . formosa ( the beautiful nuthatch ) to be split off as well . he stated , however , that a molecular study would be warranted prior to any re - classification . [ 11 ]
up to 170 pygmy nuthatches have been seen in a single roost . the pygmy nuthatch is able to lower its body temperature when roosting , conserving energy through
velvet - fronted nuthatch – sitta frontalis = from latin frontalis = fronted – collected by american naturalist thomas horsfield in java , decribed by english ornithologist william john swainson as blue nuthatch in his zoological illustrations , vol . 1 ( london : baldwin , cradock , joy and wood , 1820 ) pl . 2 .
long known as
mysterious starling
until it ' s geographic origin was finally determined ( olson , 1986 ) .
sitta europaea clara stejneger 1887 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 9 no . 578 p . 392
sitta carolinensis nelsoni mearns 1902 proc . u . s . natl . mus . 24 no . 1274 p . 923
sachtleben , 1919 – switzerland ( s of alps ) , italy , n sicily , coastal croatia and sw montenegro .
taczanowski , 1882 – ne russia ( s koryak highlands and kamchatka peninsula ) and n kuril is ( paramushir ) .
forests , although each species has a preference for a particular tree type . the strength of the association varies from the corsican nuthatch , which is closely linked with
the eastern rock nuthatch builds a similar but less complex structure across the entrance to a cavity . its nest can be quite small but may weigh up to 32
smit jt , zeegers t , van den heuvel e , roels b ( 2007 ) unidentified nuthatch in siberian altay in july 2006 . dutch bird 29 : 162
burmese nuthatch – sitta neglecta = neglected nuthatch – from latin neglectus = ignored , neglected – split from s . castanea ( 2005 recommendation ) , collected from the toungoo district in burma and described by scottish ornithologist arthur hay , who is generally listed as walden as he became viscount walden , in the annals and magazine of natural history 4 , vol . 5 , no . 27 ( 1870 ) pp . 153–232 , at p . 218 .
white - cheeked nuthatch – sitta leucopsis = white - faced nuthatch – from greek leukos = white , and opsis = face – described by english ornithologist john gould as white - faced nuthatch in his birds of asia ( london : john gould , 1850 ) pl . 46 , where he references the description as proceedings of the zoological society of london , vol . 17 ( 1849 ) pp . 112–113 , at p . 113 ( doubtlessly the latter was published later though dated earlier ) .
nests . several species reduce the size of the entrance hole and seal up cracks with mud . the red - breasted nuthatch makes the nest secure by daubing sticky conifer
nilsson , jan - åke ; persson , hans källander owe ( 1993 ) .
a prudent hoarder : effects of long - term hoarding in the european nuthatch ,
in 2006 , ornithologist edward c . dickinson proposed a revision of the nuthatch genus , in which certain species would be split off into separate genera , based on distinct
the western rock nuthatch builds an elaborate flask - shaped nest from mud , dung and hair or feathers , and decorates the nest ' s exterior and nearby crevices with feathers and insect wings . the nests are located in rock crevices , in caves , under cliff overhangs or on buildings .
krüper’s nuthatch – sitta krueperi = patronym for german ornithologist theobald johannes krüper – collected by krüper , described by austrian ornithologist august von pelzeln in the sitzungsberichte der mathematisch - naturwissenschaftlichen classe der kaiserliche akademie der wissenschaften , vol . 48 ( 1863 ) pp . 149–151 , at p . 149 .
vermilion flycatcher ( obscurus group ) pyrocephalus rubinus [ obscurus group ] – w . colombia s . to n . chile .
krüper ' s nuthatch is threatened by urbanisation and development in and around mature coniferous forests , particularly in the mediterranean coastal areas where the species was once numerous . a law promoting tourism came into force in turkey in 2003 , further exacerbating the threats to their habitat . the law reduced bureaucracy and made it easier for developers to build tourism facilities and summer houses in the coastal zone where woodland loss is a growing problem for the nuthatch . [ 75 ] [ 76 ]
members of the nuthatch family live in most of north america and europe and throughout asia down to the wallace line . nuthatches are sparsely represented in africa ; one species lives in a small area of northeastern algeria [ 46 ] and a population of the eurasian nuthatch subspecies , s . e . hispaniensis , lives in the mountains of morocco . [ 47 ] most species are resident year - round . the only significant migrant is the red - breasted nuthatch , which winters widely across north america , deserting the northernmost parts of its breeding range in canada ; it has been recorded as a vagrant in bermuda , iceland and england . [ 34 ]
highlights include white - breasted mesite , schlegel’s asity , van dam’s vanga , madagascar fish eagle , bernier’s teal , madagascar sacred ibis , madagascar ibis , madagascar wood rail , red - breasted coua , velvet asity , nuthatch vanga and brown emutail . other targets include long - tailed ground roller , sub - desert mesite , madagascar plover , thamnornis and sickle - billed vanga . we will look for indri , golden and greater bamboo lemurs and other primitive mammals as well as chameleons , cryptic leaf - tailed geckos and other bizarre reptiles , amphibians and insects !
chestnut - vented nuthatch – sitta nagaensis = naga nuthatch – for the naga hills , on the border of india and burma – first described by english geologist henry haversham godwin - austen in the proceedings of the scientific meetings of the zoological society of london for the year 1874 , pt . 1 , pp . 43–48 , at p . 44 .
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cold can be a problem for small birds that do not migrate . communal roosting in tight huddles can help conserve heat and several nuthatch species employ it—up to 170 pygmy nuthatches have been seen in a single roost . the pygmy nuthatch is able to lower its body temperature when roosting , conserving energy through hypothermia and a lowered metabolic rate . [ 58 ]
little has been specifically reported on blue nuthatch predators , but one individual was seen to freeze during the passage of a prospecting black eagle ( ictinaetus malayensis ) . [ 22 ]
) and the blue nuthatch , the morphology of which he describes as
rather aberrant . . . in spite of a character trait ( white edges to wing feathers ) shared with
ripley , s . dillon ( 1959 ) .
character displacement in indian nuthatches ( sitta )
. postilla 42 : 1–11 .
witherby , 1903 – extreme se turkey , n iraq ( kurdistan ) and w iran ( zagros mts s to fars province ) .
ali s , ripley sd ( 1973 ) handbook of the birds of india and pakistan , vol 9 . oxford university press , oxford
rockjumper birding has negotiated special tours with the concession holder for this amazing area , allowing us to stay in a forest camp with these and other highly sought - after birds right on our doorstep . not only will we have exclusive access to one of the region’s most important birding and wildlife sites , but we will also venture to the zambezi to locate southern africa’s only böhm’s bee - eater population .
western scrub - jay aphelocoma californica is split into two species : california scrub - jay aphelocoma californica , which is equivalent to the former ebird group western scrub - jay ( coastal ) aphelocoma californica [ californica group ] , and woodhouse’s scrub - jay aphelocoma woodhouseii , which includes the ebird groups western scrub - jay ( woodhouse’s ) aphelocoma californica [ woodhouseii group ] and western scrub - jay ( sumichrast’s ) aphelocoma californica sumichrasti / remota . california scrub - jay occurs from southern british columbia ( rare ) south through western washington and oregon south to baja california sur , including most of california except the eastern deserts from mono lake to eastern san bernardino county . woodhouse’s scrub - jay ( woodhouse’s ) occurs from eastern california and southern idaho east to the front range of colorado , the hill country of texas and south to central mexico . woodhouse’s scrub - jay ( sumichrast’s ) occurs in southern mexico , from veracruz and puebla south to oaxaca and guerrero .
fujita , m ; k . kawakami ; s . moriguchi & h . higuchi ( 2008 ) .
locomotion of the eurasian nuthatch on vertical and horizontal substrates
. journal of zoology 274 ( 4 ) : 357–366 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1469 - 7998 . 2007 . 00395 . x .
we are thrilled to provide southern african birders with the opportunity of a lifetime to seek the mega african pitta , east coast akalat , white - chested alethe , livingstone’s flycatcher , blue quail and a plethora of other wetland and forest specialties in mozambique’s coutadas 11 & 12 .
hbt’s mission is to inspire awareness , understanding , and protection of hawaii island’s natural heritage by broadening hawaii island’s brand as a birding and eco - tour destination beyond ocean and volcano based activities . they aim to provide focus and incentive for west side residents and travelers to explore the less frequented east side , and encourage east side residents and travelers to explore the west side . for more information , check out the
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drummond a , ho s , phillips m , rambaut a ( 2006 ) relaxed phylogenetics and dating with confidence . plos biol 4 : e88
( with two
r ' s
) is an incorrect latin word and must be emended . dickinson & christidis , 2014 , hbw .
reichenow , 1901 – ne turkey , sw russia ( in caucasus s from basins of terek and kuban ) , georgia , armenia and azerbaijan .
does anyone recognise the title from a minor hit for the beautiful south ? it reached number 22 in 1992 and here ' s a link .
ps : adam’s team has only 3 spaces remaining so don’t hesitate in signing up if you’d like to join him on this fun conservation tour .
it is indeed an honor to be selected by the rare bird club to put these trips together for their members . for all of us , conservation is the key to our continued enjoyment of the world’s natural areas and rockjumper’s stance has always been to assist and give back wherever possible .
see the clements checklist updates ( here ) of the reasoning behind these name changes . note that some relate directly to splits discussed above , since some of the taxa that were formerly species may appear here . for example , a widespread bird that occurs in north america and eurasia that is split into unique species on each continent ; the population occurring on both continents might be retained here as a “slash” and appear as a name change ( also a downgrade from species to slash ) . other general changes , including corrections and decisions to use an alternate common name , have been made here . one change to note this year involves the umlauts ; what was a anglicized name ( e . g . , krueper’s nuthatch ) now more accurately reflects mr . krüper for whom the nuthatch was named ( krüper’s nuthatch ) . watch for similar changes for birds names after mr . rüppell .
for the few species on which data are available , the average nuthatch lifespan in the wild is between 2 and 3 . 5 years , although ages of up to 10 years have been recorded .
china is a vast land of remarkable diversity and brilliant birds . by combining the tibetan plateau and the spectacular natural phenomenon of china’s east coast migration , this birding tour showcases two of china’s finest and most rewarding birdwatching hotspots . in qinghai we will explore some of the most pristine and remote regions of china where we will enjoy birding this forgotten land for sought - after breeding residents and northern migrants that pass through in good numbers . next , with the migration at its peak in october along china’s eastern coast , there is no better place to experience this incredible natural gathering of eastern palearctic migrants than on happy island . we then end the tour marveling at one of the new 7 wonders of the world with a visit to the great wall of china . fascinating cultures , dramatic and breath - taking landscapes , plus a bounty of exceptional birds all make for one of the most rewarding birding experiences that asia has to offer ! some of these top birds include blue eared pheasant , chinese grouse , black - necked crane , and przevalski’s finch .
lesser elaenia elaenia chiriquensis is split with the recognition of elaenia chiriquensis brachyptera is elevated to species rank as coopmans’s elaenia ( elaenia brachyptera ) , in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 686 ) . this split is based primarily on vocal differences between coopmans’s and lesser elaenias , as well as on a relatively deep genetic divergence between coopmans’s elaenia and the two other subspecies of lesser elaenia . lesser elaenia is widespread , but coopmans’s has a limited range on the pacific slope of southwestern colombia ( nariño ) and northwestern ecuador , as well as the east slope of the andes of ecuador .
sulphur - billed nuthatch – sitta oenochlamys = wine - backed nuthatch – from greek oinos wine , and khlamus mantle – collected by j . b . steere in the philipine archipelago , described by english zoologist richard bowdler sharpe as dendrophila oenochlamys in the transactions of the linnean society of london 2 , vol . 1 , pt . 6 ( 1877 ) pp . 307–357 , at . p . 338 .
12·5 cm . a medium - small nuthatch with rich cinnamon underparts . in fresh plumage , crown , nape , side of upper mantle and rear side of neck are glossy black , upperparts . . .
12–17 cm ; 17–28 g . medium - sized nuthatch . male nominate race has crown and upperparts blue - grey , black eyestripe ; upperwing - coverts blue - grey , inner webs of . . .
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these particular photos were taken around the
golden summit
area which features a huge golden statue of the buddha samantabhadra at it ' s peak .
for the few species on which data are available , the average nuthatch lifespan in the wild is between 2 and 3 . 5 years , although ages of up to 10 years have been recorded . [ 58 ] [ 60 ] the eurasian nuthatch has an adult annual survival rate of 53 % [ 61 ] and the male corsican nuthatch 61 . 6 % . [ 62 ] nuthatches and other small woodland birds share the same predators : accipiters , owls , squirrels and woodpeckers . an american study showed that nuthatch responses to predators may be linked to reproductive strategies . it measured the willingness of males of two species to feed incubating females on the nest when presented with models of a sharp - shinned hawk , which hunts adult nuthatches , or a house wren , which destroys eggs . the white - breasted nuthatch is shorter - lived than the red - breasted nuthatch , but has more young , and was found to respond more strongly to the egg predator , whereas the red - breasted showed greater concern with the hawk . this supports the theory that longer - lived species benefit from adult survival and future breeding opportunities while birds with shorter life spans place more value on the survival of their larger broods . [ 63 ]
form another superspecies and replace each other geographically across asia . they are currently considered to be four separate species , but the south - asian forms were once believed to be a subspecies of the eurasian nuthatch .
kilham , lawrence ( january 1971 ) .
use of in bill - sweeping by white - breasted nuthatch
( pdf ) . the auk 88 : 175–176 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 4083981 .
the position of the beautiful nuthatch within the genus was not established with certainty , having a far lower statistical association than others in the model . nevertheless , under the findings the species appears closest evolutionarily to three
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greater short - toed lark calandrella brachydactyla is split into two species , since genetics have revealed that subspecies dukhunensis is more closely related to hume’s lark calandrella acutirostris than it is to other subspecies of greater short - toed lark , and so is elevated to species rank as sykes’s short - toed lark alaudala dukhunensis .
thet zaw naing ( 2003 ) .
ecology of the white - browed nuthatch sitta victoriae in natmataung national park , myanmar , with notes on other significant species
( pdf ) . forktail 19 : 57–62 .
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yunnan nuthatch – sitta yunnanensis = for yunnan , province of china – collected by a . m . s . wingate near wei - yann , southern yunnan on 12 march 1899 , described by scottish ornithologist william robert ogilvie - grant in the bulletin of the british ornithologists’ club , vol . 10 , no . 68 ( 1900 ) pp . 36–38 , at p . 37 .
bull , john and farrand , john jr . the audubon society field guide to north american birds , eastern region . alfred a . knopf , inc . ( 1977 ) pp . 646–647
white - breasted nuthatch
band - winged nightjar systellura longirostris is split into two species , in accord with aou - sacc ( proposal 677 ) . the monotypic group band - winged nightjar ( tschudi’s ) systellura longirostris decussatus is elevated to species rank as tschudi’s nightjar systellura decussata , which occurs only in the dry coastal deserts from northern peru to northern chile . this change is based on the revelation that the vocally distinct tschudi’s nightjar is not closely related to band - winged nightjar ( sigurdsson and cracraft 2014 ) .
, which destroys eggs . the white - breasted nuthatch is shorter - lived than the red - breasted nuthatch , but has more young , and was found to respond more strongly to the egg predator , whereas the red - breasted showed greater concern with the hawk . this supports the theory that longer - lived species benefit from adult survival and future breeding opportunities while birds with shorter life spans place more value on the survival of their larger broods .
it prospects in a manner typical of many others in its genus , sometimes hanging upside down for an extended time surveying its surroundings . as compared with other nuthatch , the species has been described as working
unhurriedly
,
harrap , s . ( 2018 ) . eurasian nuthatch ( sitta europaea ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 7 july 2018 ) .
, squirrels and woodpeckers . an american study showed that nuthatch responses to predators may be linked to reproductive strategies . it measured the willingness of males of two species to feed incubating females on the nest when presented with models of a
western rock nuthatch – sitta neumayer = patronym for austrian botalist franz neumayer – collected by neumayer in ragula , dalmatia , described by german zoologist karl michahelles in isis von oken , vol . 23 ( 1830 ) cols . 815–816 .
are variably edged a creamy white . the juvenile ' s bill is blackish , with a pink base . adults experience a partial moult before the breeding season ( february–march for
on a recent tour to eaglenest wildlife sanctuary in arunachal pradesh , remote northeast india , one of our most memorable encounters would have to go to the bizarre hodgson’s frogmouth .
the nuthatches are a family of small but conspicuous birds , most of which remain throughout the year in the same general area . they would seem to be ideal subjects for study and , indeed , the eurasian nuthatch in . . .
the western rock nuthatch builds an elaborate flask - shaped nest from mud , dung and hair or feathers , and decorates the nest ' s exterior and nearby crevices with feathers and insect wings . the nests are located in rock crevices , in caves , under cliff overhangs or on buildings . [ 39 ] the eastern rock nuthatch builds a similar but less complex structure across the entrance to a cavity . its nest can be quite small but may weigh up to 32 kg ( 70 lb ) . this species will also nest in river banks or tree holes and will enlarge its nest hole if it the cavity is too small . [ 40 ]
most species are resident year - round . the only significant migrant is the red - breasted nuthatch , which winters widely across north america , deserting the northernmost parts of its breeding range in canada ; it has been recorded as a vagrant in
beautiful nuthatch – sitta formosa = from latin formosus = beautiful – described by edward blyth in the journal of the asiatic society of bengal , vol . 12 , pt . 2 ( 1843 ) pp . 925–1011 , at p . 938 .


kertomesis oxycryptis is a moth in the autostichidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1929 .

it is found in india .

the wingspan is about 11 mm .

the forewings are dark fuscous .

the stigmata form cloudy blackish spots , the plical rather obliquely before the first discal , a small blackish spot on the dorsum obliquely before the second discal .

the hindwings are grey .

kertomesis oxycryptis

this is the place for oxycryptis definition . you find here oxycryptis meaning , synonyms of oxycryptis and images for oxycryptis copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word oxycryptis . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word oxycryptis and , of course , oxycryptis synonyms and on the right images related to the word oxycryptis .
kertomesis gozmány , 1962 ; acta zool . acas . sci . hung . 8 ( 1 - 2 ) : 39 ; ts : paradoris anaphracta meyrick
symmoca oxycryptis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : kanara , bhatkal
paradoris acatharta meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 736 ; tl : india , n . coorg , 3500ft
symmoca amblycryptis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : kanara , sirsi
paradoris amphicalyx meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 735 ; tl : india , cuddapah , 4000ft
paradoris anaphracta meyrick , 1907 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 ( 3 ) : 740 ; tl : bhotan , 4500ft
anthracosema ( meyrick , 1933 ) ( symmoca ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 359 ; tl : kashmir
symmoca corymbitis meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 292 ; tl : bombay , surat
symmoca dolabrata meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 589 ; tl : s . india , nilgiris , 7000ft
symmoca indagata meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 155 ; tl : kanara , dharwar
paradoris palacta meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 736 ; tl : india , n . coorg
paradoris rhodota meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 735 ; tl : india , cuddapah , 4000ft
paradoris stesichora meyrick , 1911 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 20 ( 3 ) : 735 ; tl : india , palni hills ; nilgiris , 3500ft
symmoca thyrota meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 516 ; tl : sudan , wad medani
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
sattler , 1973 a catalogue of the family - group and genus - group names of the gelechiidae , holcopogonidae , lecithoceridae and symmocidae ( lepidoptera ) bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 153 - 282
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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hypersypnoides submarginata

hypersypnoides submarginata is a species of moth of the noctuidae family . it is found in india , china , taiwan , borneo , java and sumatra .
select a genera sypna guenée - sypna albilinea walker - sypna persubsignata sp . n . - sypna martina felder - sypna subrotunda prout - sypna anisomeris prout - sypna rholatinum prout - sypna coelisparsa walker - sypna brandti kobes sypnoides hampson - sypnoides pannosa moore - sypnoides infernalis berio - sypnoides parva berio hypersypnoides berio - hypersypnoides subolivacea walker - hypersypnoides fenella swinhoe - hypersypnoides submarginata walker - hypersypnoides borneensis kobes - hypersypnoides kinabaluensis sp . n . daddala walker - daddala lucilla butler - daddala brevicauda wileman & south - daddala microdesma prout - daddala quadrisignata walker pterocyclophora hampso - pterocyclophora ridleyi hampson
hypersypnoides formosensis is a species of moth of the noctuidae family . it is found in taiwan .
hypersypnoides umbrosa is a species of moth of the noctuidae family . it is found in taiwan .
hypersypnoides punctosa is a species of moth of the noctuidae family . it is found in taiwan .
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . hypersypnoides submarginata ( walker , 1865 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 9 , 2018 ] .
berio & fletcher noted that this species was externally very similar to the next two , though lacking the more distinctive orange - yellow apical section of the hindwing marginal fringes seen in the next one , these being intermediate , as is the development of the discal spot on the forewing . the underside is also intermediate in contrast to the other two , closer to that of
kobes , but having the marginal pale zone more interrupted centrally on fore - and hindwings . females can have the forewing upperside more variegated , resembling the sumatran
kobes . in the male genitalia the uncus is shorter and deeper , with a marked peak , than in the next two species . the valve resembles that of
but is slightly more produced apically . the aedeagus has a long row of spines running into the vesica which itself bears further groups of spines .
all records except one are from g . kinabalu , including old material collected by waterstradt and specimens from 1500m to 1930m noted by holloway ( 1976 ) under
. ( 1965 ) . it is irregularly mottled and variegated in brown and white , with a general impression of longitudinal banding . the head is broader and higher than the thorax .
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the larvae are irregularly mottled and variegated in brown and white . the head is broader and higher than the thorax .
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kononenko , vladimir s . ( far eastern branch of russian academy of science , russia )
sohn , j . c . ; ronkay , laszlo ; kononenko , vladimir s .
berio as ‘sp . n . ’ in berio & fletcher , 1958 : 335 .
was originally thought to be a variant or subspecies . it is best distinguished by the two curved fasciae in the medial zone that converge in the centre of the wing , and are further apart at the margins ; these fasciae can be fawn or grey , and the outer one includes a distinct paler sector within the cell , and diverges outwards around the inner margin of the much narrower equivalent of the costal bar of
as a subspecies . this was overlooked by berio , who redescribed it as a new species . the authorship is therefore reassigned to prout .
, known from two specimens from 1000m on g . mulu and three from 1618m on bukit retak .
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the japanese giant looper , ascotis selenaria cretacea , is a serious defoliator of tea gardens in japan . in mie prefecture male moths were dose - dependently attracted to rubber septa baited with 0 . 1–10 . 0 mg of the sex pheromone component ( z , z ) - 6 , 9 - cis - 3 , 4 - epoxynonadecadiene . monitoring by pheromone traps showed three flight periods ( june , july , and august–september ) . a septum with a 1 - mg dose was still active after exposure for over three months in the field , but the number of males captured by the old lure was one fifth of that captured by a fresh lure . the parent 3 , 6 , 9 - triene , a minor pheromonal component , showed a synergistic effect on male attraction when mixed with the pheromonal epoxydiene at a very low ratio , but the 1 : 1 mixture hardly captured any male moths . attraction was also effectively inhibited by the positional isomers ( 6 , 7 - and 9 , 10 - epoxydienes ) , which exhibited rather strong electrophysiological activities on the male antennae . when these related compounds were placed around a trap baited with the synthetic pheromone , the number of captured moths remarkably decreased , which indicates the possibility of using the compounds as a disruptant .
1993 . hydrocarbons with a homoconjugated polyene system and their monoepoxy derivatives : sex attractants of geometrid and noctuid moths distributed in japan .
1995 . sex attractants of geometrid and noctuid moths : chemical characterization and field test of monoepoxides of 6 , 9 - dienes and related compounds .
1992 . list of sex pheromones of lepidoptera and related attractants . oilb - srop / iobc - wprs , secrétariat général , f - 84143 montfavet , france , 179 pp .
schiff . ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) : identification , synthesis , electrophysiological evaluation , and behavioral activity .
1984 . electroantennogram assays : rapid and convenient screening procedures for pheromones , pp . 131 - 159 ,
h . e . hummel and t . a . miller ( eds . ) . techniques in pheromone research . springer , new york .
witjaksono , ohtani , k . , yamamoto , m . et al . j chem ecol ( 1999 ) 25 : 1633 . urltoken