the speckled swellshark ( cephaloscyllium speccum ) is a little-known species of catshark , and part of the family scyliorhinidae , endemic to the waters off northwestern australia .

it occurs on the outer continental shelf and upper continental slope , at a depth of 150 – 455 m ( 492 – 1,493 ft ) .

this species grows to 69 cm ( 27 in ) long and has a stocky body and a short , broad , flattened head .

as its common name suggests , its color pattern consists of many dark spots and white-spotted dark saddles and blotches on a light gray background .

the juveniles are yellow with dark spots and lines , and a distinctive eyespot-like mark behind each eye .

like other swellsharks , this species can inflate itself as a defensive measure .

speckled swellshark

a speckled swellshark , cephaloscyllium speccum . source : australian national fish collection , csiro . license : cc by attribution - noncommercial
the speckled swellshark is restricted to a relatively small area off northwest australia where its occurrence is patchy between rowley shoals and ashmore reef ( last et al . 2008 , last and stevens 2009 ) .
name from latin ' specca ' for speckled , refers to the speckling of dark brown spots and blotches that dominate the colour pattern .
the whitefin swellshark is a poorly known species and its population size not known .
) . in any instance , it demonstrates the impact of upper slope commercial trawling on swellsharks , where the whitefin swellshark occurs sympatrically with the saddled swellshark . last
the specific name speccum is from the latin specca meaning ' speckled ' , in reference to the speckling of dark brown spots and blotches in this species .
. ( 2008 ) suggests that a listing of near threatened remains appropriate for the whitefin swellshark despite the confusion with the saddled swellshark . fishing effort on the new south wales upper slope remains high and ongoing .
cartilaginous fishes , such as this cloudy catshark , constitute a substantial portion of the blotchy swellshark ' s diet .
the whitefin swellshark is a stocky species measuring up to 1 . 1 m ( 3 . 6 ft ) long .
( iucn ) has identified minimal threats the australian reticulate swellshark , and thus classifying it as
data deficient .
like other members of its genus , the variegated swellshark can inflate itself with water or air as a defensive measure .
the conservation status of the painted swellshark has not been evaluated by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) .
the conservation status of the flagtail swellshark has not been evaluated by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) .
spp . off new south wales over a twenty - year period . there has been some confusion with the similar saddled swellshark (
species , the cook ' s swellshark is capable of inflating itself as a defensive measure . almost nothing is known of its natural history .
the painted swellshark was initially identified with the australian cephaloscyllium
sp . e
, now known to consist of the flagtail swellshark ( c . signourum ) and the speckled swellshark ( c . speccum ) , because of their similar variegated color patterns . genetic data showed this shark to be distinct from the two australian species , and it was described in a 2008 commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation ( csiro ) publication by peter last , bernard séret , and william white . its specific epithet is derived from the latin pictus , meaning
painted
. the type specimen is a 65 cm ( 26 in ) long adult male obtained at lombok , indonesia .
this swellshark is rare in museum collections and is most likely rare to uncommon in the wild . nothing is known of population structure or size .
there are no conservation actions for the whitefin swellshark . research needs to be conducted into the life history and levels of bycatch of this species .
as all known specimens of the painted swellshark have come from fish markets on the indonesian islands of bali and lombok , its exact range and habitat preferences are uncertain .
in 1994 , commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation ( csiro ) chief researchers peter last and john stevens recognized an undescribed australian swellshark with a variegated color pattern , which they provisionally named cephaloscyllium
sp . e
. later investigation revealed that
sp . e
in fact constituted two species : the speckled swellshark ( c . speccum ) and the flagtail swellshark , which was formally described in a 2008 csiro publication by peter last , bernard séret , and william white . in reference to its distinctive caudal fin marking , the shark was given the specific epithet signourum from the latin signum (
flag
) and the greek oura (
tail
) . the type specimen is a 74 cm ( 29 in ) long female collected at the lihou reef and cays , near queensland .
little is known of the natural history of the australian reticulate swellshark . like other members of its genus , this species can inflate itself with water or air as a defensive measure .
a small species growing to 30 cm ( 12 in ) long , the cook ' s swellshark has a stocky body and a short , broad head . the snout is flattened and rounded , with the
like other members of its genus , the flagtail swellshark can inflate itself with water or air as a defense against predators . only a few specimens have been collected and almost nothing is known of its natural history .
sp . nov . , a new swellshark ( carcharhiniformes : scyliorhinidae ) from southeastern australia
in last , p . r . , w . t . white and j . j . pogonoski ( eds ) .
sp . nov . , a new swellshark ( carchariniformes : scyliorhinidae ) from northwestern australia
in last , p . r . , w . t . white and j . j . pogonoski ( eds ) .
purchase includes free access to book updates online and a free trial membership in the publisher ' s book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge . chapters : sand whiting , yellowfin whiting , list of fishes of the houtman abrolhos , king george whiting , stout whiting , australian salmon , leafy sea dragon , fish in australia , northern river shark , big - belly seahorse , whitefin swellshark , saddled swellshark , speckled swellshark , phyllopteryx , australasian snapper , cirrhigaleus australis , coffin ray , narrowbar swellshark , paraplotosus , banded stingaree , yellowback stingaree , blue grenadier , cnidoglanis macrocephalus , flathead , dusky flathead , blue groper , euristhmus , chlamydogobius , orectolobus halei , amissidens hainesi , neatypus obliquus , neosilurus , southern saratoga , barcoo grunter , prince regent hardyhead , western longnose spurdog , fatspine spurdog , hypopterus macropterus , histiophryne , murray hardyhead , shorttail catshark , honey blue - eye , speckled carpetshark , eastern australian salmon , knobby seahorse , slender - spined porcupine fish , common warehou , cinetodus , assiculus , lake eacham rainbowfish , rusty carpetshark , bartail spurdog , necklace carpetshark , collared carpetshark , blind cave eel , red - finned blue - eye , eastern highfin spurdog , galaxias fontanus , blind gudgeon , tiger snout seahorse , cryptic anglerfish , eastern rainbowfish , western highfin spurdog , western shovelnose stingaree , hpuku , saddletail grouper , cairns rainbowfish , eastern longnose spurdog , elizabeth springs goby , echiodon rendahli , histiophryne bougainvilli , baldchin groper , ginger carpetshark , bullneck seahorse , duncker ' s pipehorse , southern little pipehorse , black - arse cod , dixons stingaree , northern sawtail catshark , narrow - bellied seahorse , plain maskray , australian herring , southern shovelnose ray , edgbaston goby , common stingaree , greenback stingaree , dalhousie hardyhead , bluespotted tuskfish , eastern shovelnose stingaree , dalhousie goby , masked stingaree , barnet . . .
there is scant natural history information on the painted swellshark . like other cephaloscyllium species , it is capable of taking in water or air to increase its girth when threatened . in males , sexual maturity is attained under a length of 58 cm ( 23 in ) .
the area inhabited by the whitefin swellshark is subject to intensive fishing effort . this bottom dwelling shark is susceptible to capture by trawlers and is a common component of trawl bycatch off southern australia ( last and stevens 2009 ) . in comparative surveys of the south east fishery trawl grounds from 197677 and 199697 ( graham
the speckled catshark ( cephaloscyllium speccum ) is a poorly - known deepwater eastern indian ocean benthic catshark , with a patchy occurrence in a restricted area off northwest australia . the few known specimens have been recorded from the outer continental shelf and upper slope at depths of 150–455 m . nothing is known of its biology . presently , there is low fishing effort within its distribution . the species’ range and status needs to be better defined , and given the lack of available information and the fact that it is known from only a handful of records , an assessment of data deficient is appropriate .
in length , this shark has a very thick body and a short , broad , flattened head with a large mouth . it is characterized by a dorsal color pattern of dark saddles and blotches over a brown to gray background , and light fin margins . when threatened the whitefin swellshark can inflate itself with water or air to increase its size .
the flagtail swellshark has been reported from murray island and lihou reef , off northeastern queensland . swellsharks found off new caledonia , vanuatu , and fiji may also be of this species as they closely resemble australian specimens , but differ in some morphometric counts . this bottom - dwelling shark occurs at a depth of 480–700 m ( 1 , 570–2 , 300 ft ) .
voracious and opportunistic in feeding habits , the blotchy swellshark is known to consume numerous types of fishes and invertebrates , including an unusually high diversity of cartilaginous fishes . like other cephaloscyllium species , it is capable of rapidly inflating its body as a defense against predators . this species is oviparous , with females laying encapsulated eggs two at a time . there is no well - defined breeding season and reproduction occurs year - round . the eggs hatch after approximately one year . the blotchy swellshark is harmless and fares well in captivity . it is caught as bycatch in commercial bottom trawls , though its population does not seem to have suffered from fishing activity . the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) presently lacks sufficient information to assess its conservation status .
the whitefin swellshark is endemic to southern australia on the outer continental shelf and upper slope in depths of 126554 m . very little is known about the biology of this species . it is susceptible to trawling and is known to be a common component of bycatch in southern australia . parts of its range are subjected to intensive benthic fishing . declines of > 30 % have been observed for catch rates of slope
. reaching 1 . 1 m ( 3 . 6 ft ) in length , this shark has a very thick body and a short , broad , flattened head with a large mouth . it is characterized by a dorsal color pattern of dark saddles and blotches over a brown to gray background , and light fin margins . when threatened the whitefin swellshark can inflate itself with water or air to increase its size .
the observed declines discussed above are only over about one third of the known range of the whitefin swellshark although intensive fishing also occurs on the slope elsewhere across its range . there is also evidence of a slight downward trend in population size in the south east trawl fishery observer program off southern australia ( t . walker pers . comm . 2003 ) . catches of the species needs to be closely monitored in the future , given the intensity of trawling effort in its area of occurrence .
the saddled swellshark is brownish or grayish in color above , with 11 darker saddles of varying width over the body and tail and usually no blotches on the flanks . individuals from tropical waters (
sp . b
) tend to have more defined saddles , while those from temperate waters (
sp . c
) have fainter saddles and a smattering of lighter flecks . the underside is a plain light color , often with a few darker marks . the juveniles are pale with many dark brown spots .
the painted swellshark ( cephaloscyllium pictum ) is a little - known species of catshark , belonging to the family scyliorhinidae , found in eastern indonesia . this species reaches a maximum known length of 72 cm ( 28 in ) , and has a thick body with a short , broad and flattened head . it is dark gray with a variegated pattern of irregular darker and lighter blotches above , and lighter below with gray blotches and speckling on the snout . like other swellsharks , it can inflate itself as a defensive measure .
the cook’s swellshark ( cephaloscyllium cooki ) is a little - known species of catshark , family scyliorhinidae , found in the arafura sea at a depth of 223–300 m ( 732–984 ft ) . it is a stocky - bodied shark with a short , broad head and a large mouth , and can be identified by the eight dark , pale - edged saddles along its grayish brown body and tail . the maximum known length of this species is 30 cm ( 12 in ) . like other swellsharks , it can inflate itself with water or air when threatened .
last , p . r . , h . motomura , and w . t . white ( 2008 ) .
cephaloscyllium albipinnum sp . nov . , a new swellshark ( carcharhiniformes : scyliorhinidae ) from southeastern australia
in last , p . r . , w . t . white and j . j . pogonoski ( eds ) . descriptions of new australian chondrichthyans . csiro marine and atmospheric research paper no . 022 : 147–157 . isbn 0 - 1921424 - 1 - 0 ( corrected ) isbn 1 - 921424 - 18 - 2 ( invalid , listed in publication ) .
the flagtail swellshark ( cephaloscyllium signourum ) is a little - known species of catshark , belonging to the family scyliorhinidae , found at a depth of 480–700 m ( 1 , 570–2 , 300 ft ) off northeastern queensland , and possibly also nearby islands . this stout - bodied shark has a short , broad , and flattened head with a capacious mouth . adults have a variegated brown coloration with 9–10 darker dorsal saddles and
v
- shaped blotch at the tip of the upper caudal fin lobe . juveniles are yellow with narrow brown bars instead of saddles , and a distinctive marking between the spiracles shaped like two loops connected by a line . like other swellsharks , this species can inflate its body when threatened .
a stout - bodied species reaching 72 cm ( 28 in ) in length , the painted swellshark has a short , broad , strongly flattened head with a blunt snout . the slit - like eyes are placed high on the head and are followed by tiny spiracles . the nostrils are preceded by a laterally enlarged flaps of skin that do not reach the mouth , which is long and narrow without furrows at the corners . there are 58–78 upper tooth rows and 59–77 lower tooth rows . each tooth has 3–5 cusps , with the central cusp the longest ; the teeth of adult males are longer than those of females . the upper teeth are exposed when the mouth is closed . the fourth and fifth pairs of gill slits lie over the pectoral fin bases and are shorter than the first three .
the flagtail swellshark reaches a length of at least 74 cm ( 29 in ) ; if swellsharks from oceania prove to be conspecific with those from australia , then this species can grow to over 1 m ( 3 . 3 ft ) long . it has a fairly stout body and a short , very broad , and strongly flattened head . the snout is rounded , with nostrils preceded by laterally enlarged skin flaps that do not reach the mouth . the slit - like eyes are positioned high on the head , and are followed by tiny spiracles . the mouth is short and wide , without furrows at the corners . there are 84 upper tooth rows and 97 lower tooth rows . most of the small teeth have three cusps with the central cusp the longest ; the teeth toward the jaw corners may also have 1–2 additional lateral cusplets . the upper teeth are exposed when the mouth is closed . the fourth and fifth pairs of gill slits lie over the pectoral fin bases and are shorter than the first three .
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- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
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eschmeyer , w . n . , fricke , r . and van der laan , r . ( eds ) . 2016 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 31 march 2016 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 31 march 2016 ) .
this deepwater benthic catshark is presently recorded from only a few specimens trawled from the outer continental shelf and upper slope at depths of 150–455 m ( last et al . 2008 , last and stevens 2009 ) . maximum size is at least 69 cm total length ( tl ) , with males mature by 65 cm tl ( last et al . 2008 , last and stevens 2009 ) . nothing else is known of the biology of the species .
areas where the few known specimens were collected are subject to minimal fishing effort by the commonwealth north west slope trawl fishery ( marton and mazur 2014 ) . species may be naturally rare , but no major threats are apparent at present .
there are no species - specific conservation actions in place . the species will benefit from its occurrence in marine protected areas of the commonwealth marine reserve network .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
marine ; benthopelagic ; depth range 150 - 455 m ( ref . 76946 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? , range 64 - ? cm max length : 68 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 76946 ) ; 69 . 4 cm tl ( female )
a medium - sized species with the following characters : head 7 . 8 - 12 . 5 % tl in height , trunk width 13 . 0 - 16 . 8 % tl ; origin of first dorsal - fin mostly over posterior of pelvic - fin base ; prenarial 3 . 6 - 4 . 9 % tl in length ; preorbital snout length 1 . 5 - 2 . 0 times prenarial length , 2 . 6 - 3 . 1 in prepectoral length , 5 . 9 - 7 . 1 in prepelvic length ; snout - vent length long , 47 . 4 - 51 . 1 % tl ; nostril 2 . 2 - 2 . 7 % tl in width ; eye - spiracle space narrow , 0 . 4 - 1 . 0 % tl ; pectoral fin medium - sized , height 8 . 9 - 13 . 8 % tl , posterior margin 8 . 5 - 13 . 3 % tl ; anal fin tall , 3 . 2 - 4 . 4 % tl ; anal - caudal space 4 . 5 - 6 . 1 % tl ; precaudal 76 - 78 % tl in length ; interdorsal space 6 . 5 - 8 . 6 % tl ; teeth have 3 - 5 cusps ; unicuspidate or weakly tricuspidate flank denticles ; back with no greatly enlarged denticles ; adult clasper long , outer length about 7 % tl , well short of anal fin , interspace about 1 . 9 % tl ; vertebral centra 111 - 115 ; tooth count relatively high , 69 - 97 teeth in each jaw ; color of upper half of body pale , with a strongly variegated pattern that is well - demarcated from the ventral surface ; dark saddles ( 8 ) evident on body and caudal fin ; pale variegated dorsal fins ; dark blotch over gills absent ; distinct v - shaped marking on posterior margin of terminal lobe of caudal fin absent ; upper surfaces of pectoral and pelvic - fin without a dark central blotch ; without dark saddle extending onto caudal peduncle above origin of ventral lobe of caudal fin ; uniformly pale on the ventral surface ; color of juveniles pale , with dark lines and spots forming rosettes and linear saddle markings , and the markings between spiracles separated into two unconnected pseudo - ocelli ( ref . 76946 ) .
last , p . r . , b . séret and w . t . white , 2008 . new swellsharks ( cephaloscyllium : scyliorhinidae ) from the indo - australian region . in last , p . r . , white , w . t . & pogonoski , j . j . ( eds . ) : descriptions of new australian chondrichthyans . csiro marine and atmospheric research paper no . 22 . ( ref . 76946 )
) : 11 . 4 - 16 . 5 , mean 13 . 4 ( based on 21 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00324 ( 0 . 00159 - 0 . 00657 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 93 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 4 . 1 ±0 . 5 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 50 of 100 ) .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 80fcac71 - 1372 - 4956 - b977 - 6305f5c6a5e1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 565485
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a medium - sized pale greyish swell shark with a variegated pattern of dark spots , and white - spotted dark saddles and blotches on the upper side . juveniles are pale yellowish with dark spots and lines , and a distinctive ' eyespot ' or ocellus behind each eye .
endemic to north western australia from off rowley shoals to ashmore reef , on the outer continental shelf and upper slope in depths of 150 - 455m .
almost nothing is known of the biology , habitat and ecology of this species .
compagno , l . j . v . & v . h . niem , 1998 . scyliorhinidae . catsharks . p . 1279 - 1292 . in k . e . carpenter and v . h . niem ( eds . ) fao
identification guide for fishery purposes . the living marine resources of the western central pacific
. in : iucn 2013 . iucn red list of threatened species . version 2013 . 2 .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
. it can be identified by its dorsal coloration , consisting of seven brown
saddles
and extensive darker mottling on a light tan background . this species has often been confounded with the
to a similar but smaller species sharing part of its range . this second species , once referred to as
pseudo -
it has a firm , stout body with a soft , distensible abdomen , and a short , broad , flattened head . the snout is proportionately long and rounded , with large nostrils divided by short , triangular flaps of skin in front . the small , horizontally oval eyes are placed high on the head and equipped with rudimentary
, which are short and become progressively smaller posteriorly . the capacious mouth forms a broad arch , and lacks furrows at the corners . the small teeth have a central cusp flanked by a smaller cusplet on both sides . there are around 59
. the first dorsal fin is about twice as high as the second . the
is nearly as large as the first dorsal fin and placed slightly ahead of the second dorsal fin . the
is large and broad , with the upper lobe longer than the lower and bearing a prominent ventral notch near the tip . the skin is thick and sparsely covered by large , well -
; each denticle has a diamond - shaped crown with three horizontal ridges . this shark is cream - colored with dark brownish to grayish mottling on the back and sides , and seven dark brown dorsal
saddles
on the body and tail . the mottling intensifies with age , while the saddles fade and may become obscured . older sharks may also have a dark blotch on either side between the pectoral and pelvic fins . the underside is pale , with scant darker marks .
with water or air . this allows the shark to wedge itself inside a rocky crevice , becoming extremely difficult to remove .
, and reproduction proceeds throughout the year with no obvious seasonal cycling . adult females have a single functional
at various stages of development . pairs of eggs are laid at a time , one per oviduct .
across . the capsule surface is smooth with lengthwise striations , and opaque cream in color with yellow margins . long , coiled tendrils extend from the four corners of the capsule . when the
jordan , d . s . & h . w . fowler ( march 30 , 1903 ) .
a review of the elasmobranchiate fishes of japan
.
schaaf - da silva j . a . & d . a . ebert ( september 8 , 2008 ) .
a revision of the western north pacific swellsharks , genus
gill 1862 ( chondrichthys : carcharhiniformes : scyliorhinidae ) , including descriptions of two new species
.
springer , s . ( 1979 ) .
a revision of the catsharks , family scyliorhinidae .
noaa technical report nmfs - circ . 422 : 1
tanaka , s . ( 1990 ) .
age and growth studies on the calcified structures of newborn sharks in laboratory aquaria using tetracycline .
noaa technical report nmfs 90 : 189
yamaguti , s . ( 1941 ) .
studies on the helminth fauna of japan . 33 . nematodes of fishes , ii
.
( annelida , hirudinida , piscicolidae ) from elasmobranchs in japanese waters , with new host records
.
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 7 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
: urltoken contains images of sharks , skates , rays , and a few chimaera ' s from around the world . elasmodiver began as a simple web based
to help divers find the best places to encounter the different species of sharks and rays that live in shallow water but it has slowly evolved into a much larger project containing information on all aspects of shark diving and shark photography .
there are now more than 10 , 000 shark pictures and sections on shark evolution , biology , and conservation . there is a large library of reviewed shark books , a constantly updated shark taxonomy page , a monster list of shark links , and deeper in the site there are numerous articles and stories about shark encounters . elasmodiver is now so difficult to check for updates , that new information and pictures are listed on an elasmodiver updates page that can be accessed here :
the taxonomy of sharks and rays is a subject that remains in hot debate . although the majority of elasmobranch families have been nailed down there will always be individual species that don ' t quite fit the characteristics of their sibling species . consequently species are occasionally reclassified or simply listed as awaiting review . one of the most confusing of families is the potamotrygonidae - the fresh water stingrays of south america . not only do these ray species adopt extremely varied patterns that are sometimes visually indistinguishable from other species , they also produce hybrids in certain parts of their ranges leaving us wondering what exactly a true species is anyway .
among shark taxonomists conservative estimates of the number of known shark species is now approaching 500 . combined with the 700 or more species of rays and skates there are well over a thousand valid species of elasmobranches . in the past many more species were described only to be discounted later as being synonymous with elasmobranches already described from other geographic areas . in recent years this problem has lessened because taxonomic data has become easier to share over the internet . however , taxonomists are as vain as the rest of us and in their efforts to be the first to describe ( and name ) a new species there is often a counterproductive lack of collaboration .
some abyssal species have been described from only one or two specimens captured during deep water trawls . this implies that in all likelihood there are many shark and ray species lurking on the abyssal plain that have not yet been seen or captured . the best example being the relatively recent discovery of the megamouth shark . if this large and slow moving shark could remain hidden until the 1980 ' s , who knows how many other elasmobranches have gone unnoticed .
following is a list ( in need of an update ) of all the described species of elasmobranchs . included at the bottom are the holocephali ( the chimaeras or ghost sharks ) that share many characteristics with modern sharks and rays but are thought to be descended from a different group of cartilaginous fishes that thrived during the late devonian period .
occasionally new species of sharks and rays are described by science . in some cases they have been well known for a while e . g . the western wobbegong but no one has gotten around to describing them . more exciting is when a deep water trawl or a lucky diving expedition uncovers a species that the scientific community was completely unaware of . this page on elasmodiver highlights the discovery of these species . many thanks to helmut nickel who somehow manages to find out whenever a new species is described and diligently informs the rest of the lay community of shark fanatics through shark - l . without his input i wouldn ' t have a clue .
if you have information about a species i have overlooked please email me the information and i will add it to the list .
includes a key to identifying the genus of the dasyatidae ( whiptail stingrays ) .
includes a key to identifying the genus of the potamotrygonidae ( river stingrays ) .
phylum chordata - animals that at some point in their life cycle have the following : pharyngeal slits ( a series of openings connecting the inside of the throat to the outside of the neck . in fish these become gill slits ) , dorsal nerve cord ( a bundle of nerve fibres running down the back , connecting the brain with the organs and extremities , a notochord ( a cartilaginous rod supporting the nerve cord ) , post anal tail ( an extension of the ' back ' past the anal opening ) .
subphylum vertebrata - animals with a vertibral column or backbone and neural crest cells which are released as the nerve cord is forming , these cells move through the body to form major nerves , neural ganglia , and many head and facial features . other features that separate vertebrates from other chordates include : a relatively well - developed brain , paired complex eyes , a muscularized mouth and pharynx , and a well - developed circulatory system with a heart .
class chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes lacking true bone . chondrichthyes can be split into two distinct subclasses elasmobranchii and bradyodonti .
subclass elasmobranchii - sharks , skates and rays ( and some fossil relatives ) . elasmobranchs have an upper jaw that is not fused to the braincase and separate slitted gill openings .
subclass holocephali - includes forms with an upper jaw fused to the braincase and a flap of skin , the operculum , covering the gill slits . the holocephalii includes the chimaeras and ratfishes , which are relatively rare , often deep - water , mollusc - eating forms .
narcine brevilabiata - ( offshore species found on continental tropical waters , known from a depth of 49 m ) .
narcine prodorsalis - ( continental waters both inshore and offshore . known from a depth of 49m ) .
narcine vermiculatus - vermiculate electric ray ( benthic on soft bottoms in protected coastal areas ) .
temera hardwickii - pari karas ( malay / indonesian . found inshore and offshore )
j . p . c . b . da silva & m . r . de carvalho , 2011
tarsistes philippii jordan , 1919 no common name . known from one dried head from chile
rhynchobatus immaculatus peter r . last1 , hsuan - ching ho2 , 3 , * & rou - rong chen3 2013
callorhinchus milii ( elephantfish ) occurs on continental shelves of cool temperate areas of australia and new zealand to depths of at least 200 m . migrates into large estuaries and inshore bays in spring to breed .
chimaera monstrosa ( rabbit fish ) atlantic . upper continental slopes , 40 to 100m .
hydrolagus affinis ( smalleyed rabbitfish , atlantic chimaera ) eastern atlantic , mediterranean . continental slopes to deep - sea plains .
hydrolagus lemures ( blackfin ghostshark ) common and wide - ranging chimaera of the australian outer continental shelf and upper slopes .
hydrolagus mirabilis ( large - eyed rabbitfish ) moderately common on continental slopes . feeds on small fishes and invertebrates . oviparous
harriotta haeckeli ( smallspine spookfish ) north atlantic , taken in 1800 - 2600 m ; specimens collected by russian vessels from submarine seamounts of the indian ocean in 1400 - 1730 m ; off st . helens ( tasmania ) in 1480 - 1700 m .
p . o . box 8719 station central , victoria , bc . , v8w 3s3 , canada
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the ground sharks are the largest of shark orders with 277 currently identified species which includes many of the most typical , well known sharks as well as some unusual and potentially dangerous ones . ground sharks include bull sharks , hammerheads , blacktip , and catsharks .
while some of the shark orders show great diversity as well as highly specialized characteristics , ground sharks enjoy more commonality within their order . they tend to be generally adapted , able to flourish in a broad array of habitats and enjoy a wide range of prey . recent dna evidence is showing that species of some of the ground shark families did not evolve from common ancestors , suggesting that there will be upcoming revisions to how certain species are classified .
despite diversity , there is much consistency among ground sharks . rounded bodies . many species are slender and also small , between 2 - 3 feet , while others are up to 10 feet . hammerheads have the distinctive flattening of the head .
eyes have ' nictitating ' membranes , or lower eyelids which are closeable to some degree .
ground sharks are ' generalists ' , with broad range of habitat . cover most marine habitats depending on species , from estuaries , coastal , open ocean , and even in some cases freshwater . found in temperate to tropical zones of the atlantic , pacific , and indian oceans .
carpet sharks derive their name from both their bottom - dwell [ . . . ]
mackerel sharks include the most famous sharks such as the t [ . . . ]
dogfish sharks are highly diverse with the second largest gr [ . . . ]
bullhead sharks are relatively inelegant for a shark , living [ . . . ]
sawsharks resemble sawfish , with a long , toothy , sword - like [ . . . ]
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the pectoral fins are small with narrowly rounded tips and nearly straight trailing margins . the first dorsal fin has a narrowed rounded apex and originates over the middle of the pelvic fin bases . the almost triangular second dorsal fin is much smaller and lower than both the first dorsal and the anal fins , originating behind the anal fin origin . the pelvic fins are small , with short and elongated claspers in males . the caudal fin has a distinct lower lobe and a strong ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe . the dermal denticles are widely spaced , highly variable in size , and have 1–3 ridges and cusps . this shark is a dark gray above , with faint blackish saddles mostly broken up into irregular blotches , and a smattering of lighter spots . there are also blackish bars below the eyes , over the gills and pelvic fins , and on the upper caudal fin lobe before the ventral notch . the underside is pale with many gray blotches , and black and white speckling on the snout ; the demarcation between the dorsal and ventral coloration is irregular but abrupt . juveniles are unknown , though both australian variegated swellsharks have very differently colored young .
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101 cm tl ( male / unsexed ; ( ref . 76947 ) ) ; 102 . 5 cm tl ( female )
a large species with the following characters : head 8 . 6 - 13 . 5 % tl in height , trunk 16 . 1 - 23 . 8 % tl in width ; origin of first dorsal - fin usually forward of mid pelvic - fin base ; prenarial 4 . 5 - 5 . 1 % tl in length ; length of preorbital snout 1 . 4 - 1 . 7 times prenarial length , 2 . 5 - 3 . 1 in prepectoral length , 6 . 3 - 6 . 9 in pre - pelvic length ; snout - vent long , its length 48 . 1 - 52 . 4 % tl ; width of nostril 2 . 4 - 2 . 7 % tl ; eye - spiracle space wide , 1 . 01 . 4 % tl ; pectoral fin large , its height 12 . 6 - 13 . 6 % tl , posterior margin 12 . 0 - 13 . 6 % tl in length ; anal fin tall , height 3 . 84 . 4 % tl ; anal - caudal space 4 . 0 - 5 . 6 % sl ; precaudal length 74 - 78 % tl ; interdorsal space 6 . 3 - 7 . 6 % tl ; teeth with 3 - 5 cusps near symphysis of upper jaw ; mainly weak tricuspidate flank denticles ; back without greatly enlarged denticles ; long adult clasper , up to 8 . 8 % tl , almost reaching anal fin , interspace about 4 . 4 in anal - fin base ; vertebral centra 121 - 126 ; tooth count high , each jaw with 90 - 116 teeth ; strong pattern of saddles and blotches on upper half of body ; dark , transverse dorsal markings ( 9 - 10 ) on body and tail , interspaces between are narrow ; interspiracular saddle subequal to eye and spiracle length ; over and above gill slits with large circular blotch ; fins with variably developed , narrow pale margins ( ref . 76947 ) .
. 2008 ) . it grows to 110 cm total length ( tl ) ( last and stevens 2009 ) . although last and stevens ( 2009 ) reports that males mature by 70 cm tl , last
. ( 2008 ) states that the smallest adult male examined was ~ 89 . 5 cm tl and the largest immature male was 76 cm tl . females mature by 98 cm tl ( last and stevens 2009 ) . this species is oviparous . like other members of the genus , it is capable of swelling enormously by swallowing water or air . very little is known of its biology .
bathypelagic ; marine ; depth range 126 - 554 m ( ref . 76947 )
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there are 2 barcode sequences available from bold and genbank .
below is a sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
) is a recently described australian species . this assessment replaces the 2003 red list assessment for
) and it is not certain which species the declines are attributable to , but in any instance , it demonstrates the impact of upper slope commercial trawling on swellsharks . however , these declines are documented only over about one third of the known range of this species . there is also evidence of a slight downward trend in population size in the south east trawl fishery observer program off southern australia . given the intensity of trawling over its area of occurrence , the recent observed declines , and the likelihood that the threatening process is ongoing and may lead to a continued population decline , this species is assessed as near threatened . it is recommended that catches are monitored .
last , motomura & white , 2008 ) was 68 % of the 197677 rate , indicating a reduction in population size greater than 30 % over approximately 20 years . last
the head is short , very wide , and greatly flattened , with a broadly rounded snout . the slit - like eyes are positioned high on the head , and are followed by tiny
are preceded by laterally expanded flaps of skin that do not reach the mouth . the mouth is large and strongly arched , without furrows at the corners . there are 90–116 upper tooth rows and 97–110 lower tooth rows ; each tooth has three central cusps and often 1–2 additional small , lateral cusplets . the upper teeth are exposed when the mouth is closed . the fourth and fifth pairs of
the pectoral fins are large and broad , with gently concave posterior margins . the first
. the anal fin is larger than the second dorsal fin and is rounded in juveniles , becoming more angular in adults . the large
has a distinct lower lobe and a deep ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe . the skin is thick and made rough by widely spaced , arrowhead - shaped
with three horizontal ridges . the dorsal coloration is brown to gray with 9–10 dark saddles closely alternating with lateral blotches , including a large round blotch encompassing the gill slits ; the fins are dark above with variably pale margins . the underside is lighter than the back , sometimes with darker or lighter blotches . juveniles have more regular and better - defined blotches than adults .
9 . 8–11 . 6 cm ( 3 . 9–4 . 6 in ) long and 5 cm ( 2 . 0 in ) wide , with flanged edges and short horns at the corners that support long , coiled tendrils . the smallest known
males and females measure 70 m ( 2 , 800 in ) and 98 cm ( 39 in ) long respectively .
the australian south east trawl fishery , which operates off new south wales , over a third of this shark ' s range reported that its catch rate dropped over 30 % between 1967–77 and 1996–97 . the south east trawl fishery observer program off southern australia has also reported a slight population decline . as a result , the
barratt , p . j . and p . m . kyne ( 2003 ) . cephaloscyllium albipinnum . in : iucn 2008 . iucn red list of threatened species . retrieved 11 february 2010 .
last , p . r . and j . d . stevens ( 2009 ) . sharks and rays of australia ( second ed ) . harvard university press . p . 209 . isbn 0 - 674 - 03411 - 2 .
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the pectoral fins are large and broad , with somewhat pointed tips and nearly straight trailing margins . the first dorsal fin has a narrowly rounded apex and originates over the front half of the bases of the small pelvic fins . the second dorsal fin is smaller and lower than the first , originating before the anal fin origin . the anal fin is much larger and deeper than the second dorsal fin . the caudal fin has a distinct lower lobe and a strong ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe . the body is densely covered by small , overlapping dermal denticles with a median ridge and a single cusp , though a few may be three - cusped . adult sharks are variegated brown above , with 9–10 dark saddles over the body and tail , a dark blotch atop each pectoral fin , and a distinctive
v
- shaped dark marking at the tip of the caudal fin upper lobe ; the underside is plain whitish . juvenile sharks are light yellow above with dark transverse bars , some of which form hollow saddles , and a pair of narrow loops above the spiracles connected by a curved line .
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the oceanic whitetip shark , carcharhinus longimanus , or carcharhinus maou is a large pelagic shark inhabiting tropical and warm temperate seas . its stocky body is most notable for its long , white - tipped , rounded fins .
after a polynesian word for
shark
. however , lesson ' s description and name were forgotten .
they were once extremely common and widely distributed , and still inhabit a wide band around the globe ; however , recent studies suggest that their numbers have drastically declined .
longline logbook data between 1992–2000 ( covering the northwest and western central atlantic ) estimated a decline of 70 % over that period .
in 2004 , an oceanic whitetip was discovered dead on the west coast of sweden—far beyond what was once considered the northern boundary of its range .
—and prefers off - shore , deep - ocean areas . according to longline capture data , increasing distance from land correlates to a greater population of sharks .
is narrow and there is access to nearby deep water . it is typically solitary , though gatherings have been observed where food is plentiful .
. the fins are significantly larger than most other shark species , and are conspicuously rounded . the shark ' s nose is rounded and its eyes are circular , with
body , often with a mildly humpbacked aspect . it is bronze , brown , bluish or grey dorsally ( the color varies by region ) , and white ventrally ( although it may occasionally have a yellow tint ) . its maximum size is 4 metres ( 13 ft ) , although usually it does not exceed 3 metres ( 10 ft ) . its maximum reported weight is 170 kilograms ( 370 lb ) . the female is typically larger than the male by 10 centimetres ( 4 in ) with males about 1 . 8 metres ( 71 in ) and females about 1 . 9 metres ( 75 in ) .
most of its fins ( dorsal , pectoral , pelvic , and caudal ) have white tips ( juvenile specimens and some adults may lack these ) . along with white tips , the fins may be mottled—and in young specimens can have black marks . a saddle - like marking may be apparent between first and second dorsal fins .
( lower jaw ) have a thin serrated tip and are relatively small and triangular ( somewhat fang - like ) . there are between 13 and 15 teeth on either side of the
. the teeth in the upper jaw are triangular , but much larger and broader with entirely serrated edges—there are 14 or 15 along each side of the symphysis .
. its feeding methods include biting into groups of fish and swimming through schools of tuna with an open mouth . when feeding with other species , it becomes aggressive .
exhibits dog - like behavior when its interest is piqued : when attracted to something that appears to be food , its movements become more avid and it will approach cautiously but stubbornly , retreating and maintaining a safe distance if driven off , but ready to rush in if the opportunity presents itself . oceanic whitetips are not fast swimmers , but they are capable of surprising bursts of speed . whitetips commonly compete for food with


eupithecia druentiata is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in france , spain , italy , austria , slovenia and most of the balkan peninsula .

the wingspan is about 20 – 22 mm .

the larvae feed on artemisia alba .

eupithecia druentiata

this is the place for druentiata definition . you find here druentiata meaning , synonyms of druentiata and images for druentiata copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word druentiata . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word druentiata and , of course , druentiata synonyms and on the right images related to the word druentiata .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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: angiospermivora regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015
: euheteroneura regier , c . mitter , kristensen , davis , van nieukerken , rota , simonsen , k . t . mitte , kawahara , yen , cummings & zwick , 2015
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machimia conspersa is a moth in the depressariidae family .

it was described by turner in 1946 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from victoria .

the wingspan is about 24 mm .

the forewings are orange , with purple-fuscous markings .

there is a subbasal costal spot and two broad lines from one-third of the costa , as well as a discal spot at two-thirds connected with a dot on two-thirds of the costa .

there is also a small subapical costal blotch , from which a slender line extends to the costa .

there is also a dotted terminal line .

the hindwings are pale ochreous .

machimia conspersa

machimia conspersa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 106 ; tl : victoria , macedon
machimia clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 211 ; ts : machimia tentoriferella clemens
cana , fusco conspersa ; palporum articulus 2us fusco vittatus ; abdomen lutescens . basi canum ; tibiae anteriores fuscae ; alae anticae strigis atris fusco marginalis ; postictae pallide aeneo - fuscae , fimbria albida fuscescente interlineata .
machimia guerneella joannis , 1914 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 83 : 210 ; tl : yokohama
machimia serva meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 375 ; tl : victoria , birchip
machimia pyrocalyx meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : brazil , santa catharina
machimia rogifera meyrick , 1914 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 6 ) : 184 ; tl : british guiana , mallali
machimia sejunctella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 621 ; tl : ega
machimia ochrophanes turner , 1916 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 41 ( 2 ) : 371
machimia intaminata meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 17 ) : 544 ; tl : brazil , ouro reto , minas geraes
machimia morata meyrick , 1912 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1911 ( 4 ) : 697 ; tl : argentina , parana
machimia cruda meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 10 ) : 311 ; tl : colombia , alto de las ances , 7250ft
machimia eothina meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 12 ) : 376 ; tl : french guiana , nouveau chantier , r . maroni
machimia perianthes meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 18 ) : 545 ; tl : french guiana , st . laurient , r . maroni
machimia neuroscia meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 231 , pl . 2 , f . 28 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
machimia trunca meyrick , 1930 ; ann . naturhist . mus . wien 44 : 232 , pl . 2 , f . 8 ; tl : taperinha , para , brazil
machimia rhaphiducha turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , tweed hds
machimia cyphopleura turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 112 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda
machimia homopolia turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 116 ; tl : new south wales , adaminaby
machimia metagypsa turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : w . australia , albany
machimia albula turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 117 ; tl : queensland , injune ; carnarvon rge
machimia dystheata turner , 1946 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 70 ( 3 - 4 ) : 118 ; tl : n . queensland , cape york
machimia thaumastica turner , 1946 [ oecophoridae ] . revision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . xiii . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 70 : 93–120 [ 106 ] . holotype am ♀ , mittagong , nsw .
machimia trigama ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . a , f . 3 ; [ nacl ] , # 952 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
machimia tentoriferella ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 , pl . 5 , f . 26 - 28 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
♀ . 38 mm . head and thorax grey . palpi with second joint exceeding base of antennae , terminal joint two - thirds ; pale grey . antennae whitish annulated with fuscous . ( abdomen missing . ) legs grey - whitish . forewings elongate , costa gently arched , apex pointed , termen very obliquely rounded ; 7 and 8 long - stalked , 7 to apex ; grey - whitish lightly sprinkled with fuscous ; a slender median fuscous line from two - fifths nearly to termen with a short parallel line on its costal side : three short streaks running to costa , one to apex . several to termen , and one to tornus ; cilia grey ; apices whitish . hindwings with 5 nearly approximated to 4 at origin : ochreous - yellow ; a pale fuscous suffusion around apex , termen and tornus : cilia pale ochreous , bases pale fuscous . though superficially very distinct , this is a true machimia suggesting some relationship to
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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cryptolechia caduca walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 123 , pl . 4 , f . 10 ; tl : guatemala , totonicapam , 8500 - 10500ft
cryptolechia chorrera busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 29 ; tl : la chorrera , panama
depressaria desertorum berg , 1875 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 49 ( 4 ) : 239 ; tl : rio negro
cryptolechia dolopis walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
cryptolechia ignicolor busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 27 ; tl : cabima , panama
cryptolechia illuminella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 28 ; tl : panama , trinidad river
cryptolechia notella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 30 ; tl : trinidad river , panama
cryptolechia peperita walsingham , 1912 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 122 , pl . 4 , f . 9 ; tl : guatemala , baja vera paz , san gerónimo
pyrograpta meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 8 - 9 ) : 278
nova scotia , wisconsin - virginia , iowa , ontario . see [ maps ]
= ; hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86 ; [ nacl ] , # 951 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ]
larva on betula , fraxinus , ulmus , acer , quercus , tilia americana , juglans cinerea , prunus , fagus , sorbus , carya , populus balsamifera , castanea dentata , corylys , pyrus , syringa vulgaris , cornus canadensis hodges , 1974 , moths amer . n of mexico 6 . 2 : 86
cryptolechia trigama meyrick , 1928 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 14 - 15 ) : 476 ; tl : fort davis , 5000 ' , texas
hoplitica miltosparsa turner , 1914 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 39 ( 3 ) : 560 ; tl : new south wales , ebor scrub
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 6 . 2 . gelechioidea , oecophoridae
lépidoptères recueillis par m . j . de guerne au cours de son voyage en extrême - orient
ergebnisse einer zoologischen sammelreise nach brasilien , insbesonderer in das amazonasgebiet , ausgeführt von dr . h . zerny . v . theil . micro - lepidoptera
walsingham , 1912 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
phylogeny and feeding trait evolution of the mega - diverse gelechioidea ( lepidoptera : obtectomera ) : new insight from 19 nuclear genes . sohn et al , 2015
on page 14 , they state :
the xyloryctid association of leistarcha is disputed by genital features ( mcmillan , 2013 ) , and our results strongly confirm its placement in oecophoridae .
.
tigava walker , 1864 . tineites . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562–835 pp . [ 807 ] [ junior homonym of tigava stål , 1858 ] . type species : tigava scitissimella walker , 1864 by monotypy .
leistarcha meyrick , 1883 , [ oecophoridae ] . descriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera . viii . oecophoridae . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 1 7 ( 4 ) : 415–547 [ 422 ] . type species : leistarcha iobola meyrick , 1883 by monotypy .
leistarcha meyrick , 1883 [ oecophoridae ] . fletcher , t . b . , 1929 , a list of generic names used for microlepidoptera . memoirs of the department of agriculture of india , 11 : 1 - 244 [ 123 ] .
leistarcha meyrick , 1883 . nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i–xiv , 1–529 & cd–rom [ 87 ; 346 : note # 130 ] .
butterflies and moths of the world : generic names and their type - species , 2004 . world wide web electronic publication .
head with appressed hairs , sidetufts rather short , appressed . antennae in ♂ moderate , strongly ciliated ( 1 ½ ) , basal joint moderate , without pecten . palpi long , second joint exceeding base of antennae , evenly thickened with dense appressed scales , terminal joint as long as second , moderately stout , strongly recurved . thorax smooth . forewings elongate , apex acute , hindmargin sinuate , very oblique . hindwings as broad as forewings , elongate - ovate , hindmargin very faintly sinuate , cilia 1 / 3 . abdomen stout , very strongly margined . middle tibiae thickened with rough hairs ; posterior tibiae clothed with dense rough hairs , posterior tarsi with basal joint excessively elongate , rather stout . the singularly elongated basal joint of the posterior tarsi is unique , and i have had no opportunity of observing its object . forewings with vein 7 to hindmargin , 2 from hardly before angle . hindwings normal .
nd the succeeding genera . the persistence of the rosy tinge in the cilia , especially beneath , is an interesting indication of affinity . the habits of the larva are known , and are also peculiar .
corpus robustum . oculi extantes . palpi laeves , arcuati , verticem longe superantes ; articulus 3us setiformis , 2o vix brevior . antennae glabrae , graciles , alis anticis valde breviores . abdomen alas anticas longe superans . fasciculo apicali parvo , valvulis duabus lateralibus elongatis . pedes longiusculi , sat validi ; tibiae posticae late fimbriatae . alae anticae longae , lanceolatae , apice subrotundatae , costa vix convexa .
body stout . eyes prominent . proboscis moderately long . palpi smooth , ascending high above the vertex , twice as long as the breadth of the head ; third joint setiform . almost as long as the second . antennae smooth , slender , much shorter than the forewings . abdomen slightly tufted along each side , extending far beyond the hindwings , with two lateral valves which extend beyond the small superior apical tuft . legs smooth , rather long and stout ; hind tibiae broadly fringed ; spurs long . wings long . fore wings lanceolate , slightly rounded at the tips ; costa hardly convex ; exterior border very oblique .
130 . leistarcha meyrick , 1883 . first published by meyrick ( 1883a : 422 ) in a key to genera , this name was nomenclaturally available , but without included nominal species , until the genus was formally described by meyrick ( 1883d : 325 ) . ( common , 1996 , in nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monogr . aust . lepid . 4 : i–xiv , 1–529 & cd–rom [ 346 : note # 130 ] ) .
genitalia . black mountain light trap , canberra , act , 18 december 1954 , collected by i . f . b . common . anic slide no . g130 , dissected by i . f . b . common , 1956 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .
. black mountain light trap , canberra , act , 18 december 1954 , collected by i . f . b . common . anic slide no . g130 , dissected by i . f . b . common , 1956 . photomicrograph taken at anic , canberra .
distribution : australian capital territory , new south wales , queensland , victoria . endemic . ( edwards , 2003 ) .
remarks : i doubt very much whether leistarcha belongs in the xyloryctidae . the male genitalia resemble those of some of the lecithoceridae ( cf aeolanthes , meyrick , which was also first described in the xyloryctidae ) .
the fused , ringlike tegumen and vinculum is not typical of the xyloryctines , where these elements are hinged . the shape of the uncus confirms this placement , as does the shape and structure of the aedeagus .
cryptolechia amphigramma meyrick , 1915 , [ oecophoridae ] exotic microlepidoptera . 1 ( 10–15 ) : 289–320 , 321–352 , 353–384 , 385–416 , 417–448 , 449–480 [ 305 ] . holotype bmnh ♀ , gosford , nsw .
leistarcha amphigramma ( meyrick , 1915 ) comb . n . common , in nielsen , edwards , & rangsi , 1996 , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , 4 : i - xiv , 1 - 529 & cd - rom [ 87 ] .
♀ . 28 mm . head dark fuscous , face and sides of crown mixed with whitish . palpi very long , terminal joint as long as second , dark fuscous mixed with whitish . thorax dark fuscous , with slender white lateral stripe . abdomen grey . forewings elongate , rather narrow , costa gently arched , apex pointed , termen nearly straight , rather strongly oblique ; 7 to costa ; fuscous mixed with darker ; veins mostly outlined by pairs of very fine white lines , those of 6 and 9 and upper margin of cell obsolete , interspaces between veins marked with suffused blackish streaks ; a white streak through middle of cell from base ; costal edge finely white , dorsal edge blackish : cilia fuscous mixed with dark fuscous , with narrow white bars . hindwings grey , darker posteriorly ; cilia light grey , with darker subbasal shade .
australian capital territory , new south wales . endemic . ( edwards , 2003 ) . queensland .
tigava scitissimella walker , 1864 , tineites . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . vol . 29 . 562–835 pp . [ 807 ] . syntype ( s ) bmnh 2♂♀ ( walker mis - sexed one of his specimens and described a male and female ) , moreton bay , qld .
leistarcha iobola meyrick , 1883 [ oecophoridae ] . descriptions of australian micro - lepidoptera . ix . oecophoridae . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 1 8 ( 3 ) : 320–383 [ 326 ] . holotype bmnh ♂ , picton , nsw .
leistarcha scitissimella walk . , syn . iobola meyr . , 1883 [ oecophoridae ] . lower , 1897 , a catalogue of victorian heterocera . part xxi . victorian naturalist 13 : 65 - 68 [ 67 ] .
leistarcha scitissimella walk . syn . iobola m . [ oecophoridae ] . fletcher , t . b . , 1929 , a list of generic names used for microlepidoptera . memoirs of the department of agriculture of india , 11 : 1 - 244 [ 123 ] .
leistarcha scitissimella ( walker , 1864 ) . common , in nielsen , edwards , & rangsi , 1996 , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , 4 : i - xiv , 1 - 529 & cd - rom [ 87 ] .
hoary , brown - speckled , whitish cinereous beneath . palpi stout ; second joint striped with brown on the outer side . abdomen pale luteous , except the first and second segments . anterior tibiae brown . fore wings with several longitudnal deep black brown - bordered streaks . hind wings pale aeneous - brown , paler at the base and along the interior border ; fringe whitish , interlined with pale brown near the base . length of the body 7 lines [ 14 . 8 mm ] ; of the wings 18 lines [ 38 mm ] .
magna , alis ant . fuscis , creberrime albido - conspersis , venis albidis , vittis duabus anticis , tertia postica , quarta dorsi saturate fuscis ; post . griseis ; ciliis omnibus leviter roseo - suffusis .
larva 16 - legged , very elongate , cylindrical , slightly tapering towards both ends ; whitish - grey , segmental divisions ochreous - tinged ; dorsal very slender , greyish - fuscous , anteriorly lighter and more greenish ; subdorsal rather broad , rather dark greyish - fuscous ; spiracular slender , irregular , greyish - fuscous ; spiracles grey - whitish , enclosed in a fuscous ring ; spots minute , black ; head very pale reddish - ochreous ; irregularly marked with dark reddish - fuscous spots ; second segment whitish - grey , thinly speckled with dark fuscous ; anal segment speckled with dark fuscous , with subdorsal lines indicated . feeds on
concealing itself beneath loose bark , to which it attaches with silk the leaves on which it is feeding .
i found a single larva near picton , new south wales , at about 1000 feet , in september , and bred the imago in december .
l . scitissimella , walk . ( eulechria scitissimella , walk . , b . m . cat . , 807 ; leistarcha iobola , meyr . , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . , 327 , 1883 ) .
food plants : larva beneath loose bark attaching cut leaves to entrance . larval foodplant : eucalyptus amygdalina ( myrtaceae ) . ( edwards , 2003 ) .
australian capital territory , new south wales , queensland . endemic . ( edwards , 2003 ) .
bathydoxa tenuistria turner , 1935 [ oecophoridae ] , revision of australian lepidoptera . oecophoridae . iv . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 60 : 315–339 [ 330 ] . holotype qm ♂ , toowoomba , qld .
leistarcha tenuistria ( turner , 1935 ) , comb . n . common , in nielsen , edwards , & rangsi , 1996 , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , 4 : i - xiv , 1 - 529 & cd - rom [ 87 ] .
♂ 30 mm . head and face fuscous with fine lateral white lines . palpi rather densely sprinkled with whitish . antennae fuscous ; ciliations in male 1 ½ . thorax fuscous with fine central and lateral white lines . abdomen ochreous - fuscous , apices of segments grey - whitish . legs fuscous ; inner surface whitish ; posterior pair whitish . forewings elongate , narrow , costa moderately arched , apex pointed , termen very oblique ; fuscous , with numerous fine white longitudinal streaks ; these are closely applied so as to form costal median and dorsal bundles ; from end of cell these are replaced by two broad bundles , first to apex end of costa , second to lower two - thirds of termen ; cilia grey traversed by extremities of the white streaks . hindwings and cilia grey .
queensland : toowoomba , in november ; one specimen received from mr . w . b . barnard , who has the type .
new south wales , queensland , victoria . endemic . ( edwards , 2003 ) .
leistarcha thaumastica ( turner , 1946 ) . common , in nielsen , edwards , & rangsi , 1996 , checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , 4 : i - xiv , 1 - 529 & cd - rom [ 87 ] .
new south wales : mittagong in november ( g . m . goldfinch ) ; one specimen . type in australian museum .


bebearia oxione , the banded forester , is a butterfly in the nymphalidae family .

it is found in sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , the republic of the congo , angola , the central african republic , the democratic republic of the congo and uganda .

the habitat consists of forests .

adults are attracted to fallen fruit .

the larvae feed on marantochloa species , including m. purpurea .

bebearia oxione

compared with similar species , bebearia oxione is more intolerant of degraded forests , and is relatively scarce .
euryphene oxione squalida talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : entebbe
bebearia oxione ; ypm ent 422423 ; africa ; belgian congo ; beni , ituri forest ; gowan c . clark ; 1947 - 03
bebearia oxione ; ypm ent 422425 ; africa ; uganda ; western province ; toro district ; bwamba ; norman p . mitton ; 1956 - 05
ent . 422426 : bebearia oxione digital image : yale peabody museum of natural history ; photo by a . burg , 2011 metadata updated : 15 mar 2018 17 : 17 : 13
euryphene oxione hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] ; tl : old calabar
bebearia ( bebearia ) aurora graueri hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 31
etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe brunhilda kby
etude des bebearia ( note no . 7 ) . sous - genre bebearia hemming groupe severini aur .
bebearia mandinga beni hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 11
bebearia sophus monforti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 20
bebearia hassoni hecq , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 2 ) : 39
bebearia fontaineana intersecta hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 35
remarques sur quelques especes de nymphalidae africains des genres euphaedra , bebearia et euriphene .
the undersides of nearly all bebearia species are cryptically patterned . in the case of
etude des bebearia ( note no 4 ) . sous - genre apectinaria hecq groupe mardania
there are about 95 bebearia species , all of which are wholly afrotropical in distribution .
bebearia cocalioides hecqi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 46
revision du genre bebearia . note no . 1 . le groupe ' flaminia ' stgr .
bebearia dowsetti hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 25 ; tl : rwanda
bebearia bouyeri van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 40
etude des bebearia ( note no . 6 ) . les groupes du sous - genre apectinaria hecq
bebearia ultima hecq , 1990 ; revue ent . gen . 1 : 38 ; tl : basse casmance
bebearia faraveli oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 35 ; tl : gabon
bebearia paludicola holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 47 ; tl : cameroon
bebearia tini oremans , 1998 ; ent . africana 3 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : lolo valley
bebearia cocalia insularis kielland , 1985 ; arnoliad zimbabwe 9 ( 19 ) : 271 ; tl : pemba i .
bebearia orientis malawiensis holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 56 ; tl : malawi
bebearia paludicola blandi holmes , 2001 ; trop . zool . 14 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : ghana
bebearia aurora theia hecq , 1989 ; lambillionea 89 : 72 ; tl : shaba , riv . lulua , kapanga
bebearia flaminia leventisi hecq & larsen , 1997 ; lambillionea 97 ( 1 ii ) : 102 , f . 1
in my view , bebearia species have complex and interesting markings , and euphaedra species are famous for incredible colorations .
bebearia hemming , 1960 ; annot . lep . ( 1 ) : 12 - 17 ; ts : euryphene iturina karsch
bebearia improvisa ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 1
bebearia ivindoensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 36 ; tl : gabon
bebearia lopeensis van de weghe , 2007 ; ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 37 ; tl : gabon
= bebearia senegalensis katera ; hancock , 1992 , j . lep . soc . 46 ( 1 ) : 60 ♂ only
bebearia genus and closely related euphaedra genus are two celebrated genera in afrotropical rainforests . in general , they are forest floor butterflies .
bebearia aurora ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 15 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia kiellandi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ikelemba kamituga ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia hargreavesi d ' abrera , 1980 ; butterflies of the afrotropical region : 302 ; tl : masisi , n . w . kivu , 5000ft
bebearia fontaineana fontaineana ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 7 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fontaineana intersecta ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia amieti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 1 , pl . 2 , f . 7 , 10 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia dowsetti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia peetersi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia tessmanni innocuoides hecq , 2000 ; butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 17 , f . 7 ; tl : nigeria , okomu
bebearia ducarmei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 20 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia bioculata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 21 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cutteri camiadei hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 2 , 5 ; tl : congo , bangui
bebearia baueri ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 7 - 8 , pl . 31 , f . 1 - 2
bebearia hargreavesi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 12 , f . 2 - 4 , 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia hassoni ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 7 , pl . 13 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cottoni ; [ bafr ] , 301 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fulgurata ; [ bafr ] , 303 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 9 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia fontainei ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 13 , f . 3 - 4
bebearia raeveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 4 , pl . 30 , f . 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia allardi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 13 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia picturata ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 24 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cutteri cuypersi hecq , 2002 ; lambillionea 102 ( 2 ) : 205 , pl . 2 , f . 4 , pl . 3 , f . 1 ; tl : congo , lukolela
bebearia schoutedeni ; [ bafr ] , 316 ( text ) ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 11 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia ikelemba ; [ ebw ] ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia discors ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 29 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia oremansi ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 16 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 29 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia liberti ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 18 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 19 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia tini ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 23 , f . 7 - 8 , pl . 30 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia chilonis ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 27 , f . 3 - 4 , pl . 32 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia faraveli ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 6 , pl . 24 , f . 5 - 6 , pl . 30 , f . 7 - 8 ; [ afrl ]
females are secretive , but can be found along the narrower tracks and paths . they are easily overlooked due to their dark colouration and their similarity to catuna , and to females of other bebearia species .
bebearia makala ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 1 - 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia chloeropis ; [ bafr ] , 312 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 3 - 4 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia braytoni ; [ bafr ] , 304 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 5 , pl . 25 , f . 5 - 6 ; [ afrl ]
van de weghe , 2007 description de trois nouvelles especes de bebearia du cameroun et du gabon , et mise au point sur certaines especes ( lepidoptera , nymphalidae , limenitinae ) ent . afr . 12 ( 1 ) : 35 - 43
bebearia chriemhilda ; [ bafr ] , 302 ; [ bk ] : 308 , pl . 41 , f . 511 ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 3 , pl . 10 , f . 8 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia intermedia ; [ bafr ] , 314 ( text ) ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 4 , pl . 22 , f . 1 - 2 , pl . 30 , f . 2 ; [ afrl ]
bebearia cinaethon ; [ bow ] : pl . 92 , f . 23 ( text only ) ; [ bafr ] , 308 ; [ nhm card ] ; hecq , 2000 , butterflies of the world 9 : 2 , pl . 4 , f . 5 ; [ afrl ]
euryphene tentyris hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 44 ] , pl . [ 22 ] , f . 21 - 22 ; tl : old calabar
euryphene tentyris var . seeldrayersi aurivillius , 1899 ; k . svenska vetenskakad . handl . 31 ( 5 ) : 201 ; tl : congo , momporo
guinea , sierra leone , libera , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]
ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , congo , zaire . see [ maps ]
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , w . uganda , nw . tanzania . see [ maps ]
euryphene carshena hewitson , 1871 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene vii ) : [ 48 ] , pl . [ 24 ] , f . 31 - 32 ; tl : old calabar
euryphene tentyris var . languida schultze , 1920 ; ergeb . 2tn . dt . zent . afrika exp . 1 ( 14 ) : 724
papilio absolon fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 56
e . guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire
euryphene entebbiae lathy , 1906 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1906 ( 1 ) : 5 , pl . 2 , f . 1 ; tl : entebbe , uganda
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire . see [ maps ]
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda . see [ maps ]
aterica zonara butler , 1871 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1871 : 81 ; tl : fantee , cape coast
: pl . 92 , f . 20 ( text only , spell . ? )
aterica abesa hewitson , 1869 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1869 ( 1 ) : 74 ; tl : cape coast castle
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , zaire
cameroon , gabon , congo , angola , c . a . r . , zaire , uganda
cameroon , congo , zaire , w . uganda ( bwamba , toro ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene comus ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons
euryphene cinaethon hewitson , 1874 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ix ) : [ 52 ] , pl . [ 26 ] , f . 40 - 41 ; tl : west africa
euryphene ikelemba aurivillius , 1901 ; ent . tidskr . 22 : 116 ; tl : ikelemba r .
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]
papilio cocalia fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 250
zaire ( kivu ) , w . uganda , w . kenya , nw . tanzania
euryphene badiana rebel , 1914 ; ann . mus . wien . 28 : 245 , pl . 20 , f . 23 - 24
e . nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , n . angola , zaire , w . uganda , w . tanzania , w . zambia
senegal , gambia , guinea bissau , n . guinea , n . sierra leone , n . ivory coast . see [ maps ]
euryphene senegalensis herrich - schäffer , [ 1850 ] ; samml . aussereurop . schmett . ( ii ) 1 : 54 , 1 ( ? 6 ) pl . [ 23 ] , f . 95 - 98
euryphene orientis karsch , 1895 ; ent . nachr . 21 ( 18 ) : 277
euryphene mardania dealbata carcasson , 1958 ; occ . pap . coryndon mus . 5 : 8
nigeria , cameroon , congo , w . zaire , n . angola . see [ maps ]
euryphene guineensis c . & r . felder , [ 1867 ] ; reise fregatte novara , bd 2 ( abth . 2 ) ( 3 ) : 430 ; tl : guinea , calabar vetus
papilio sophus fabricius , 1793 ; ent . syst . 3 ( 1 ) : 46
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , benin , nigeria , cameroon , . . . ?
euryphene phreone feisthamel , 1850 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . ( 2 ) 8 : 253 ( boisduval )
euryphene sophus audeoudi riley , 1936 ; mitt . schweiz . ent . ges . 16 ( 11 ) : 702 , pl . 7 , f . 2
eyryphene sophus ochreata carcasson , 1961 ; occ . pap . coryndon meml mus . ( 7 ) : 8
aterica barce doubleday , 1847 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 1 ) 20 : 64 ; tl : sierra leone
euryphene barce maculata aurivillius , 1912 ; in seitz , gross - schmett . erde 13 : 178 , pl . 40 a
euryphene staudingeri aurivillius , 1893 ; ent . tidskr . 14 : 199 ; tl : camerun , n ' dian
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , angola , zaire , uganda , nw . tanzania , n . zambia . see [ maps ]
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana . see [ maps ]
e . nigeria , cameroon , e . zaire , gabon . see [ maps ]
nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , c . a . r .
euryphene brunhilda kirby , 1889 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 6 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 247 ; tl : cameroons
euryphene iturina karsch , 1894 ; ent . nachr . 20 ( 14 / 15 ) : 215
euryphene schoutedeni overlaet , 1954 ; ann . mus . congo belge ( n . s . ) sci . zool . 1 : 490
coastal areas ( e . kenya , e . tanzania ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene chriemhilda staudinger , 1896 ; dt . ent . z . iris 8 ( 2 ) : 370 , pl . 8 , f . 4
euryphene congolensis capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxii ; tl : kassai
euryphene phranza hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( euryphene ii ) : [ 37 ] , pl . [ 19 ] , f . 7 - 8 ; tl : old calabar
euriphene phranza robiginosus talbot , 1927 ; rev . zool . afr . 15 : 267
cameroon - zaire ( mbandaka - ituri , kasai ) . see [ maps ]
euryphene severini aurivillius , 1898 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . stockh . 54 : 280 , f . 2 ; tl : congo , beni - bendi
euryphene aurora aurivillius , 1896 ; öfvers . k . vetenskakad . förh . 53 : 433 ; tl : ubangi
euryphene wilverthi aurivillius , 1898 ; ent . tidskr . 19 : 177 ; tl : congo
aurora kayonza jackson , 1956 ; j . e afr . nat . hist . soc . 23 ( 1 ) : 74
euryphene tessmanni grünberg , 1910 ; s . b . ges . naturf . fr . berl . 1910 ( 10 ) : 471 ; tl : spanish guinea
euryphene flaminia staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 110 , pl . 1 , f . 4 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons
e . nigeria , cameroon , equatorial guinea , congo , zaire , w . uganda ?
euryphene maximiana staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 112 ; tl : barombi station , cameroons
euryphene intermedia bartel , 1905 ; novit . zool . 12 : 144 ; tl : kamerun , barombi - station
euryphene nivaria ward , 1871 ; ent . mon . mag . 8 : 82 ; tl : cameroons
nigeria , cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r . , w . zaire
euryphene phantasiella staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : barombi station
euryphene phantasiella simulata van someren , 1939 ; j . e . afr . uganda nat . hist . soc . 14 ( 65 ) : 54 ; tl : katera
euryphene phantasiella var . ? phantasina staudinger , 1891 ; dt . ent . z . iris , 4 ( 1 ) : 114 ; tl : sierra leone
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , e . nigeria
sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , w . nigeria , cameroon , congo . see [ maps ]
guinea , sierra leone , liberia , ivory coast , ghana , togo , w . nigeria
euryphene demetra obsolescens talbot , 1928 ; bull . hill mus . 2 : 230 ; tl : bitje , ja river
euryphene makala bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 473 ; tl : makala , congo free state
euryphene chloeropis bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala , congo free state
euryphene eliensis hewitson , 1866 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( aterica & euryphene v - vi ) : [ 46 ] , pl . [ 23 ] , f . 23 - 26 ; tl : gaboon
zaire , s . cameroon , gabon , congo , c . a . r .
evena ceres var . unita capronnier , 1889 ; bull . ent . soc . belg . 33 : cxxiv
euryphene luteola bethune - baker , 1908 ; ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 2 ( 12 ) : 474 ; tl : makala - beni ; ituri forest , mawamba - makala
euryphene ashantina dudgeon , 1913 ; ent . mon . mag . 49 : 204 ; tl : ashanti , gold coast
romaleosoma cutteri hewitson , 1865 ; ill . exot . butts [ 3 ] ( romaleosoma ii - iii ) : [ 31 ] , pl . [ 16 ] , f . 13 - 15 ; tl : old calabar
euphaedra cutteri harleyi fox , 1968 ; bull . i . f . a . n . ( a ) 30 : 1248 ; tl : wanau forest
euryphene innocua grose - smith & kirby , 1889 ; rhop . exot . [ 2 ] 1 : ( euryphene ) 1 , pl . 1 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : cameroons
e . nigeria , cameroon , congo , c . a . r . , sw . zaire . see [ maps ]
e . nigeria , cameroun , gabon , congo , w . zaire . see [ maps ]
euryphene castanea holland , 1893 ; can . ent . 25 ( 1 ) : 1 ; tl : kangwé , ogové valley
euryphene ducalis grünberg , 1912 ; ergeb . dt . z . - afr . exped . 3 ( zool . 1 ) : 534
checklist of afrotropical papilionoidea and hesperoidea ; compiled by mark c . williams , 7th ed . ( 2008 ) ( april 2007 ) ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
reise der österreichischen fregatte novara um die erde in den jahren 1857 , 1858 , 1859 unter den behilfen des commodore b . von wüllerstorf - urbair . zoologischer theil . band 2 . abtheilung 2 . lepidoptera . rhopalocera
- 120 , ( inhalts - verz . ) 1 - 9 ( pl . 1 - 74 ) , ( felder & rogenhofer , 1874 ) , ( 5 ) : pl .
contribution a la faune du congo ( brazzaville ) . mission a . villiers et a . descarpentries lxviii . lepidopteres nymphalidae , danaidae et riodinidae
( 1902 ) , : ( ragadia - argyronympha - hypocysta ) : 1 - 6 , pl . [ 1 ] ( 1895 ) , [ 2 ]
illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from the collections of w . wilson saunders and william c . hewitson
lepidoptera of the congo . being a systematic list of the butterflies and moths collected by the american museum of natural history congo expedition together with descriptions of some hitherto undescribed species
new lepidoptera collected by mr . t . a . barns , in east central africa . new forms of rhopalocera
verzeichniss der von professor dr . r . bucholz in west - africa gesammelten schmetterlinge
wissenschaftliche ergebnisse der expedition r . grauernach . zentralafrika . 1909 - 1911 . lepidoptera
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
. the female is larger than the male , and different in appearance , having a brown and cream catuna - like pattern .
, the underside of the male is light tan , while the female is paler and more ochreous . in both cases there is a well defined dark brown line running from the apex of the forewing to halfway along the inner margin of the hindwing . when the butterflies are at rest on the forest floor with their wings closed , the overall impression is of a dead dry leaf .
this species is found in good quality forest , where it can be attracted to fruit bait .
in the canopy but sometimes descend to bask on foliage of lower branches or on bushes or saplings along the edges of forest roads .
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on that sunny morning , i walked along the road in front of the lodge , and then it suddenly descended on the leaf of the bushes by the road . i was thus very delighted to photograph this beauty .
© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 4 / 27 / 2015 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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