bombus sandersoni is a species of bumblebee known commonly as the sanderson bumblebee .

it is native to north america , where it occurs across canada and in the eastern united states .

the queen is 15 to 16 millimeters long and 6 millimeters wide at the abdomen .

it is black with pale hairs on the head and yellow on the abdomen .

the worker is up to 13 millimeters long and 5 millimeters wide .

it is similar to the queen except the tip of the abdomen is black .

the male is 10 to 13 millimeters long and 5 to 6 millimeters wide .

it has long hairs , yellow on the head and part of the abdomen and black at the end of the abdomen .

this bee occurs in maritime canada , temperate forest , the canadian prairies , tundra , and taiga .

it lives in and around wooded areas .

it feeds on several types of plants , including cohosh , fireweeds , kalmia , honeysuckles , bergamot , blackberries , and bilberries .

it nests underground .

this bee has faced no significant declines .

it may , however , be more sensitive to climate change than other bee taxa .

this species was found to harbor the bee parasite nosema bombi .

bombus sandersoni

for further information about this species , see 44937931 _ bombus _ sandersoni . pdf .
extracted from a morphometric study of ' the taxonomlc status of bombus sandersoni ( hymenoptera : apidae ) by plowright c . , r . ( 1978 ) .
sokolova , y . y . , i . m . sokolov , and c . e . carlton . 2010 . identification of nosema bombi fantham and porter 1914 ( microsporidia ) in bombus impatiens and bombus sandersoni from great smoky mountains national park ( usa ) . journal of invertebrate pathology 103 ( 1 ) : 71 - 73 .
richardson , l . l . 2013 . bumble bees of north america : a database of specimen records for the genus bombus . data contributors available : urltoken
carvell , c . 2002 . habitat use and conservation of bumblebees ( bombus spp . ) under different grasslands management regimes . biological conservation 103 ( 1 ) : 33 - 49 .
savard , m . 2009 . aperçu sur la diversité des bourdons de la minganie , québec ( hymenoptera : apidae : bombus ) . le naturaliste canadien 133 ( 2 ) : 31 - 36 .
the case for separating sandersoni and frigidus seems , at first sight , to be sustained by the discriminant analysis results ( fig . 1 ) . the fact that principal ■components analysis fails to separate the two forms into non - overlapping clusters can be
the table below provides information about the protected status - both state and federal - and the rank ( s and g ranks ) for sanderson ' s bumble bee ( bombus sandersoni ) . see the working list key for more information about abbreviations . counties shaded blue have documented occurrences for this species in the wisconsin natural heritage inventory database . the map is provided as a general reference of where occurrences of this species meet nhi data standards and is not meant as a comprehensive map of all observations .
mcfrederick , q . s . , and g . lebuhn . 2006 . are urban parks refuges for bumble bees bombus spp . ( hymenoptera : apidae ) ? biological conservation 129 ( 3 ) : 372 - 382 [ includes corrigendum ] .
colla , s . , and l . packer . 2008 . evidence for decline in eastern north american bumblebees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) , with special reference to bombus affinis cresson . biodiversity and conservation 17 ( 6 ) : 1379 - 1391 .
evans , e . , r . thorp , s . jepson and s . hoffman - black . 2008 . status review of three formerly common species of bumble bees in the subgenus bombus . the xerces society . 63 pp . accessed at urltoken
grixti , j . c . , l . t . wong , s . a . cameron , and c . favret . 2009 . decline of bumble bees ( bombus ) in the north american midwest . biological conservation 142 ( 1 ) : 75 - 84 .
super , p . e . , and a . t . moyer . 2003b . bombus affinis cresson , bumble bee - biodiversity of great smoky mountains national park . in : nps , dlia . 2007 . discover life in america , great smoky mountains national park , gatlinburg , tennessee . online . available : urltoken
williams , p . h . 2008a . bombus , bumblebees of the world . web pages based on williams , p . h . 1998 . an annotated checklist of bumblebees with an analysis of patterns of description ( hymenoptera : apidae , bombini ) . bulletin of the natural history museum ( entomology ) 67 : 79 - 152 . online . available : urltoken accessed 2008 - oct .
although recent studies of bumble bee decline in illinois , ontario , and out west are not in the range of this species . it is not reported by xerces or others as declining , and most members of this subgenus that have been are either stable or increasing in such places . sokolova et al . ( 2010 ) found 16 b . sandersoni among 93 pyrobombus sampled in great smoky mountains national park near the southern end of the range in 2002 - 2003 . this bee is still common where found in vermont ( l . richardson ) .
while this bumblebee has a more limited climatic range than most , and so could be impacted more than most by climate change ( williams and osbourne , 2009 , williams et al . , 2009 ) , there are no other known current threats . for now there is no evidence of decline and it appears to be common in places like vermont and the great smoky mountains . other species in this subgenus are mostly doing well and some are increasing in ontario ( colla and packer , 2008 ) and illinois ( grixti et al . , 2009 ) although those studies were not in the range of b . sandersoni . this rank should be re - evaluated every few years , but for now the evidence is this bumblebee is stable and locally common near two ends of its range .
the urltoken website gives the range as ontario to newfoundland , south to tennessee and north carolina , which is similar to actual specimen records found on the discover life website ( visited 26 march 2010 ) except for newfoundland . this bumblebee appears to have basically a tri - part range : atlantic canada and new england , near lake superior , and in the southern appalachians . records extend from mt . albert , quebec and cape breton national park , nova scotia southwest to vermont ( l . richardson , pers . comm . , 2008 ) , western massachusetts , and a bog in northwestern connecticut ; also in a very limited part of ontario , northern minnesota ( itasca state pk . ) , and northern michigan . in the mountains , populations occur in both virginias , north carolina , and tennessee . this bee is especially well - studied in great smoky mountains national park . it may be especially widespread in maine . discover life lists two specimen records that do not fall in any of these three areas , both from the ohio state university collection : in muskingum county , ohio in 1985 and jefferson county , pennsylvania in 1968 , neither of which is mountainous or within 100 km of the great lakes . bombus sandersoni is not listed from new jersey ( smith , 1910 ) , new york ( leonard , 192 # ) , southern ontario ( colla and packer , 2008 ) or illinois ( grixti et al . , 2009 ) .
justification : according to our analysis , this north american species has not experienced serious declines in relative abundance , persistence , or range in recent years ( hatfield et al . 2014 ) . specifically , the average decline of 0 % suggests a least concern category for this species . colla et al . ( 2012 ) found no significant changes in relative abundance of this species range - wide over the time periods examined , although this study did flag b . sandersoni as of conservation concern due to low persistence between 1991 - 2009 in historically occupied areas . however , a large number of recent ( 2010 - 2012 ) records of this species range - wide have helped alleviate concerns about the persistence of this species ( hatfield et al . 2014 ) . based on the above calculations and trends , along with published reports of bumble bee decline and the assessors ' best professional judgement , we recommend this species for the least concern red list category at this time .
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threats would probably be mostly localized issues like pesticides or habitat loss for now . this species appears to have more limited climatic tolerance than most bumblebees based on its range , and so could be more affected by climatic warming than most . introduced pathogens and parasites may not be an issue . this species was found to harbor a strain of nosema bombi at great smoky mountains national park ( sokolova et al . , 2010 ) but incidence was low ( one of 16 individuals in 2002 - 2003 ) and species of subgenus pyrobombus appear rather tolerant of such infection . it is also possible , as these authors suggest , that the nosema strain they found is native and not introduced there although they could not distinguish it from european versions and declines of bumblebees in other subgenera have apparently occurred there .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
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dramstad , w . e . 1996 . do bumblebees ( hymenoptera : apidae ) really forage close to their nests ? journal of insect behavior 9 ( 2 ) : 163 - 182 .
entomological society of america . 2006 . insect common names proposed for membership consideration . esa newsletter 29 ( 1 ) : 4 - 6 .
federman , a . plight of the bumblebee . earth island journal , autumn , 2009 . earth island institute . online . available : urltoken
fetridge , e . d , j . s . ascher , and g . a . langellotto . 2008 . the bee fauna of residential gardens in a suburb of new york city ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) . annals of the entomological society of america 101 ( 6 ) : 1067 - 1077 .
frankie , g . w . , r . w . thorp , j . hernandez , m . rizzardi , b . ertter , j . c . pawelek , s . l . witt , m . schindler , r . coville , and v . a . wojcik . 2009 . native bees are a rich natural resource in urban california gardens . california agriculture 63 ( 3 ) : 113 - 120 .
giles , v . , and j . s . ascher . 2006 . a survey of the bees of the black rock forest preserve , new york ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) . journal of hymenoptera research 15 ( 2 ) : 208 - 231 .
goulson d . , m . e . hanley , b . darvill , j . s . ellis , and m . e . knight . 2005 . causes of rarity in bumblebees . biological conservation 122 ( 1 ) : 1 - 8 .
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hopwood , j . l . 2008 . the contribution of roadside grassland restorations to native bee conservation . biological conservation 141 ( 10 ) : 2632 - 2640 .
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . 2008 . world bee checklist project ( version 03 - oct - 2008 ) . integrated taxonomic information system : biological names . online . available : http : / / www . itis . gov .
longcore , t . , c . rich , and l . m . sullivan . 2009 . critical assessment of claims regarding management of feral cats by trap - neuter - return . conservation biology 23 ( 4 ) : 887 - 894 .
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plath , o . e . 1927 . notes on the nesting habits of some of the less common new england bumble - bees . psyche 34 : 122 - 128 .
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schmidt , j . o . , and r . s . jacobson . 2005 . refugia , biodiversity , and pollination roles of bumble bees in the madrean archipelago . usda forest service proceedings rmrs - p - 36 . pages 127 - 130 .
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sheffield , c . s . , p . g . kevan , a . pindar , and l . packer . 2013 . bee ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) diversity within apple orchards and old fields in the annapolis valley , nova scotia , canada . the canadian entomologist 145 ( 01 ) : 94 - 114 .
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tuell , j . k . , a . k . fielder , d . landis , and r . isaacs . 2008 . visitation by wild and managed bees ( hymenoptera : apoidea ) to eastern u . s . native plants for use in conservation programs . environmental entomology 37 ( 3 ) : 707 - 718 .
turnock , w . j . , p . g . kevan , t . m . laverty , and l . dumouchel . 2007 . abundance and species of bumble bees ( hymenoptera : apoidea : bombinae ) in fields of canola , brassica rapa l . , in manitoba : an 8 - year record . journal of the entomological society of ontario 137 : 31 - 40 .
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u . s . fish and wildlife service ( usfws ) . 2008 . draft recovery plan for the prairie species of western oregon and southwestern washington . u . s . fish and wildlife service , portland , oregon . x + 212 pp . available : urltoken
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wojcik , v . a . , g . w . frankie , r . w . thorp , and j . l . hernandez . 2008 . seasonality in bees and their floral resource plants at a constructed urban bee habitat in berkeley , california . journal of the kansas entomological society 81 ( 1 ) : 15 - 28 .
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reprinted with permission from : mitchell , t . b . 1962 bees of the eastern united states . north carolina agricultural experiment station technical bulletin no . 152 .
worker—length 8 - 13 mm . , breadth of abdomen 3 . 5 - 5 . 5 mm . ; resembles queen , but pubescence relatively more elongate , with the same general pattern except that the apical abdominal terga are usually entirely black pubescent .
the canadian entomologist 654 strong , and that the presence or absence of black pile on the 4th abdominal tergum be used to separate sandersom from frigiclus . however , we recognize that these propr ) sa | s may have to be modified as a result of new information .
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franklin , h . j . 1913 . the bombidae of the new world . transactions of the american entomological society 38 ( 1912 ) : 177 - 486 .
antweiler , g . , arduser , m . , ascher , j . , bartomeus , n . , beauchemin , a . , beckham , j . , cromartie , j . , day , l . , droege , s . , evans , e . , fiscus , d . , fraser , d . , gadallah , z . , gall , l . , gardner , j . , gill , d . , golick , d . , heinrich , b . , hinds , p . , hines , h . , irwin , r . , jean , r . , klymko , j . , koch , j . , macphail , v . , martineau , r . , martins , k . , matteson , k . , mcfarland , k . , milam , j . , moisan - deserres , j . , morrison , f . , ogden , j . , packer , l . , richardson , l . , savard , m . , scott , v . , scully , c . , sheffield , c . , sikes , d . , strange , j . , surrette , s . , thomas , c , thompson , j . , veit , m . , wetherill , k . , williams , n . , williams , p . , winfree , r . , yanega , d . & zahendra , s .
foltz jordan , s . , hatfield , r . , colla , s . & macphail , v .
for a graph and map of relative abundance and range changes of this species over time see the supplementary material .
canada ( alberta , british columbia , labrador , manitoba , new brunswick , newfoundland i , northwest territories , nova scotia , ontario , prince edward i . , québec , saskatchewan ) ; united states ( connecticut , kentucky , maine , maryland , massachusetts , michigan , minnesota , new hampshire , new jersey , new york , north carolina , ohio , pennsylvania , tennessee , vermont , virginia , west virginia , wisconsin )
2014 ) . we also assessed changes in the species’ relative abundance ( see figure 1 in the supplementary material ) , which we consider to be an index of abundance relevant to the taxon , as specified by the iucn red list categories and criteria ( iucn 2012 ) . for all three calculations we divided the database into historical ( 1805 - 2001 , n = 128 , 572 ) and current ( 2002 - 2012 , n = 74 , 682 ) records . this timeframe was chosen to meet the iucn criteria stipulation that species decline must have been observed over the longer of three generations or 10 years . average decline for this species was calculated by averaging the change in abundance , persistence , and eoo . this analysis yielded the following results ( see also the graph of relative abundance and map of change in eoo over time in the supplementary material ) :
specific conservation and research needs for this species have not been identified . due to the inherent vulnerability of many bumble bee species and importance of supporting wild bee populations for pollination services , the following general conservation practices are recommended :
restore , create and preserve natural high - quality habitats to include suitable forage , nesting and overwintering sites .
restrict pesticide use on or near suitable habitat , particularly while treated plants are in flower .
promote farming practices that increase of nitrogen - fixing fallow ( legumes ) and other pollinator - friendly plants along field margins .
( 2011 ) , the final report for the 2010 north american bumble bee species conservation planning workshop .
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checklist of apoidea of north america . . . - 12 - oct - 2006 , manuscript ( version 12 - oct - 06 )
john ascher , connal eardley , terry griswold , gabriel melo , andrew polaszek , michael ruggiero , paul williams , ken walker , and natapot warrit . additional credits noted at : urltoken ; = apoidea _ species
krombein , karl v . , paul d . hurd , jr . , david r . smith , and b . d . burks
catalog of hymenoptera in america north of mexico , vol . 2 : apocrita ( aculeata )
bulletin of the natural history museum ( entomology ) , vol . 67 , no . 1
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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arenivaga is a genus of sand cockroaches , of the subfamily corydiinae , in the family corydiidae .

these cockroaches live in sandy soils and dunes in the southwestern united states , florida and mexico .

arenivaga comes from the latin arena meaning sand and vagus meaning wandering .

arenivaga

what type of species is eucithara arenivaga ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the eucithara arenivaga species belongs to .
which photographers have photos of eucithara arenivaga species ? below , you will find the list of underwater photographers and their photos of the marine species eucithara arenivaga .
nylanderia arenivaga , profile view of a worker ( click image to enlarge ) .
how to identify eucithara arenivaga marine species ? below , you will find the list of main identification criteria and physical characteristics of marine species eucithara arenivaga . for each identification criteria , the corresponding physical characteristics of marine species eucithara arenivaga are marked in green .
nylanderia arenivaga , full face view of a worker ( click image to enlarge ) .
nylanderia arenivaga , profile view of an alate queen ( click image to enlarge ) .
where is eucithara arenivaga found in the world ? below , you will find the list and a world map of the geographic distribution where the marine species eucithara arenivaga can be found .
nylanderia arenivaga , full face view of a dealate queen ( click image to enlarge ) .
ecology and behavior of the desert burrowing cockroach , arenivaga sp . ( dictyoptera , polyphagidae )
ecology and behavior of the desert burrowing cockroach , arenivaga sp . ( dictyoptera , polyphagidae )
nylanderia arenivaga is a yellow to orangish - yellow species that is typically nests in sandy soils .
ecology and behavior of the desert burrowing cockroach , arenivaga sp . ( dictyoptera , polyphagidae ) .
ecology and behavior of the desert burrowing cockroach , arenivaga sp . ( dictyoptera , polyphagidae )
ecology and behavior of the desert burrowing cockroach , arenivaga sp . ( dictyoptera , polyphagidae ) [ 1973 ]
ecology and behavior of the desert burrowing cockroach , arenivaga sp . ( dictyoptera , polyphagidae ) | request pdf
ecology and behavior of the desert burrowing cockroach , arenivaga sp . ( dictyoptera , polyphagidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
erratic sand cockroach - arenivaga erratica ( rehn , j . a . g . 1903 ) - overview - encyclopedia of life
caudell . 1918 . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 20 : 154 > > arenivaga genitalis urn : lsid : blattodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 1567
caudell . 1918 . proceedings of the entomological society of washington 20 : 156 > > arenivaga floridensis urn : lsid : blattodea . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 1569
princis . 1962 . in beier [ ed . ] . blattariae : subordo polyphagoidea : fam . polyphagidae . orthopterorum catalogus ( 3 ) : 61 > > note : the bsf ' s record for this scientific name originated from this reference . it was digitised by g . w . beccaloni in 2005 . > > arenivaga ( arenivaga ) genitalis
princis . 1962 . in beier [ ed . ] . blattariae : subordo polyphagoidea : fam . polyphagidae . orthopterorum catalogus ( 3 ) : 59 > > note : the bsf ' s record for this scientific name originated from this reference . it was digitised by g . w . beccaloni in 2005 . > > arenivaga ( arenivaga ) floridensis
a revision of the genus arenivaga ( blattodea , corydiidae ) , with descriptions of new species and key to the males of the genus heidi hopkins . 2014 . zookeys 384 ( special issue ) : 1 - 256 .
nylanderia arenivaga differs from n . phantasma and n . trageri by typically being larger , having more numerous scape macrochaetae , and longer and more flexous macrochaetae in general ; from n . querna by having brownish coloration at the tip of the gaster and it habit of nesting in open sandy habitats ; and from n . vividula and n . terricola by having denser cephalic pubescence .
the antennae of arenivaga have six types of chemoreceptor sensilla . some of these have unusual morphological features which may be adaptations for survival in a dry habitat . the sensory dendrites are well protected by cuticular structures , and in some receptors stimulatory molecules must pass through long channels or through pores filled with strands to reach the sensory cells . large grooved . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . arenivaga invemgata or a . sp . seemed to be somewhat less linked to the shrubs in the north american deserts ( hawke & farley , 1973 ; edney et al . , 1974 ; cohen & cohen , 198 1 ) . they were observed to burrow into the sand anywhere or , when they inhabited sand under shrubs , to move away from them at night , leaving visible trails on the sand surface . . . .
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researchers used field data from 2012 to 2015 to study mortality and allele frequency changes in the sea star pisaster ochraceus during a mass mortality event in northcentral california , and found that surviving adult and juvenile sea stars experienced 81 % mortality and allele shifts , according to the authors .
a survey of more than 4 , 600 american adults conducted in 1995 - 1996 and in 2011 - 2014 suggests that among individuals of low socioeconomic status , negative affect increased significantly between the two survey waves , whereas life satisfaction and psychological well - being decreased .
a study of cognitive ability in norwegian males born from 1962 to 1991 suggests that environmental factors rather than changing genetic composition of families likely account for most of the change in norwegian population iq .
the mathematical tools behind recent gerrymandering cases have brought a modicum of precision into the political arena—but this rigor hasn’t always been enough to spur policy changes .
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beccaloni g . w . ( 2007 - ) cockroach species file online . version 5 . 0
contributed by hannah nendick - mason on 28 september , 2006 - 7 : 49am additional contributions by chuck entz , mike quinn , v belov , harsi s . parker , john carlson last updated 9 january , 2016 - 8 : 25am
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atkinson , thomas h . , philip g . koehler , and richard s . patterson
nomina insecta nearctica : a check list of the insects of north america : vol . 4 : non - holometabolous orders
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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. measured values were compared with the concentrations necessary to lower relative humidity to the absorption threshold , 81 % r . h .
the predominant inorganic solutes , measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis , were na , k , and cl . their concentrations were 2–3 orders of magnitude below those necessary for absorption .
quantities of a variety of hydrophilic organic molecules were determined with fluorometric reagents . concentrations of free amino acids , peptides , reducing sugars and polyhydroxyl alcohols were negligible in frontal bodies and on bladder surfaces .
frontal bodies did not appear to be active sites of protein or poly - saccharide synthesis , because they did not accumulate significant amounts of radio - labelled amino acids and glucose injected into the hemolymph .
differs markedly from the solute - dependent schemes which have been proposed for other arthropods .
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photo credit : t . - c . francis pan some oyster larvae grow faster than others , but now donal t . manahan and colleagues reveal that the fastest growers are marked out by their high protein synthesis rates .
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in our latest early - career interview , we chat to simon sponberg , assistant professor at the georgia institute of technology , usa . he shares the story of his career , beginning with how he combined a love of physics and biology by studying how geckos stick to walls .
a new review from craig p . mcgowan and clint e . collins looks at the ecology , biomechanics and evolution of bipedal hopping in mammals , with a focus on why bipedal hopping has arisen in multiple clades of mammals .
photo credit : ari friedlaender not all orca species prey on aquatic mammals , so how do delphinids know when they are at risk ? a new study shows that pilot whales and risso’s dolphins flee from a subset of orca calls that share acoustic characteristics with other mammal alarm calls , including human screams . this article was featured in science magazine .
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wheeler , 1905j pdf : 391 , fig . 3 ( w . m . )
combination in nylanderia ( nylanderia ) : forel , 1922b pdf : 98 ; in paratrechina ( nylanderia ) : emery , 1925d pdf : 221 ; in nylanderia : lapolla , brady & shattuck , 2010a pdf : 127 .
0 times found in black belt prairie , 0 times found in mesic forest on banks of chunky river , 0 times found in nest in sandy soil in open area on ridge in mixed forest , 0 times found in disturbed open pine / oak forest near headquarters , 0 times found in nest on roadside in sandy area by creek , 0 times found in balck belt prarie , 0 times found in nest in sand in turkey oak forest , 0 times found in black belt prairie near plum creek , 0 times found in on sandy ground at mixed forest and parking edge , 0 times found in at edge of woods and sand / gravel pit , . . .
2 times on virginia avenue , 1 times turkey oak woods . nocturnal , nest entrance a bare hole in sand , 1 times turkey oak woods . diurnal stray , 1 times strays , 1 times nest in soil , 1 times ground nest , 1 times crater nest in sand , nocturnal activity .
0 times hotdog bait ( bar s hotdogs , beef chicken pork mix ) , 0 times pitfall trap , 3 times search , 0 times direct collection .
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introduction ants in the genus nylanderia ( formicinae ) are relatively small , pale yellow to almost black , and can be distinguished from other formicinae in our region by the coarse , long , barbed and usually dark setae ( macrochaetae or macrosetae ) , which are arranged in distinct pairs on the dorsum of the head and mesosoma and scattered on the gaster .
trager ( 1984 ) revised the genus , then called paratrechina , for the continental united states . lapolla et al . ( 2010 ) elevated the subgenus nylanderia to the generic level , which in effect , meant that all nearctic paratrechina species except for p . longicornis were now placed in nylanderia . in 2012 , kallal and lapolla ( 2012 ) revived the genus and provided an updated key for the nearctic region . however , there are still some undescribed species in this group that which may be parasitic on other nylanderia species . these species apparently do not have a worker caste , and the males are unusual in that they have characteristics of both males and workers .
identification ( from trager 1984 and kallal and lapolla 2012 ) worker : 1 . 84 - 2 . 63 mm ( tl ) . yellow to orangish - yellow with head slightly darker and posterior portion of gaster brownish . overall shiny , with moderate cephalic pubescence , but pubescence on mesosoma and gaster mostly lacking . scape with numerous short , dark colored macrochaetae ( usually between 7 and 12 ) and gaster with abundant long , flexuous , dark macrochaetae . head ovate and slightly emarginate along posterior border . scape relatively long , extending beyond posterior border of head by a length equal to 3 - 4 funicular segments .
female : 4 . 20 - 467 mm ( tl ) . yellow to orangish - yellow with portions of mesosoma and gaster yellowish - brown ; cuticle smooth and shiny , but mostly obscured by dense yellowish pubescence ; macrochaetae yellowish - brown .
male : 1 . 77 - 2 . 26 mm ( tl ) . mostly brown with gaster usually darker brown than the rest of body and with tips of legs , mandibles , and antennae yellowish . cuticle shiny when not obscured by pubescence ; pubescence on head moderate , mesonotum with dense pubescence , and gaster mostly lacking pubescence . . genitalia with long , triangular parameres that curve inward ; digiti and cuspides long , slender , and curved toward each other .
biology and economic importance nylanderia arenivag a is a nocturnal species that nests in open , yellow sand areas and prairie remnants in the eastern us . according to trager ( 1984 ) , nests are 20 - 30 cm deep with numerous flat , crater entrances clustered together suggesting either polydomy or at the least the ability for mulitiple colonies to coexit in close proximity . alates have been reported in january , july and august and reproductive flights observed from january to april .
kallal , r . j . and j . s . lapolla . 2012 . monograph of nylanderia ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) of the world , part ii : nylanderia in the nearctic . zootaxa 3508 : 1 - 64 .
lapolla , j . s . , s . g . brady , and s . o . shattuck . 2010 . phylogeny and taxonomy of the prenolepis genus - group of ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . systematic entomology 35 : 118 - 131 .
trager , j . c . 1984 . a revision of the genus paratrechina ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) of the continental united states . sociobiology 9 : 49 - 162 .
the development of this web site was supported in part by the national institute of food and agriculture , united states department of agriculture , under project no . mis - 012040 and the usda - ars areawide management of imported fire ant project ( richard l . brown , principal investigator ) .
[ cite : 1375822 link the biota of north america program ( bonap ) north american plant atlas ( napa ) us county - level species maps : list by genus bonap maintains relatively complete phytogeographic and related botanical databases for all free - living vascular plants found in north america ( north of mexico ) . for over four decades , we have worked collaboratively with many federal and state government agencies , private groups and individuals across the continent to produce and edit our databases . last updated 2014 . = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
[ cite : 1207953 the oklahoma department of wildlife conservation is the state agency responsible for managing fish and wildlife . crustacea allocragonyx pellucidus - oklahoma cave amphipod bactrurus hubrichti - kansas well amphipod stygobromus bowmani - bowman ' s cave amphipod stygobromus ozarkensis - ozark cave amphipod caecidotea acuticarpa caecidotea ancyla caecidotea antricola caecidotea macropoda caecidotea simulator caecidotea stiladactyla cambarus subterraneus - cave crayfish cambarus tartarus - oklahoma cave crayfish
[ cite : 1207946 new york state species of greatest conservation need - 2015 this list is a revision of the species of greatest conservation need ( sgcn ) list , which is part of new york ' s current comprehensive wildlife conservation strategy ( cwcs ) . for the development of the state wildlife action plan ( swap ) , sgcn and additional nominated species were filtered through a model that evaluated their current status based on factors including abundance and population trends .
[ cite : 1207713 the comprehensive wildlife conservation strategy ( cwcs ) species team created a list of species of greatest conservation need for arkansas . some species were chosen for inclusion on the list because they are rare , some because their populations are in decline or , in some cases , because not enough is known to determine their taxonomic , life history or conservation status inclusion on the list of species of greatest conservation need ( sgcn ) does not confer any special or regulatory status as federal listing as an endangered or threatened species does . cwcs species team
[ cite : 1207684 species of greatest conservation need ( sgcn ) identified in new mexico . of the 452 species designated as sgcn , 154 species are arthropod species in the classes of arachnida , chilopoda , diplopoda , entognatha , and insecta .
a collection of resources providing detailed information on major taxa of nc aquatic insects ( ept , beetles , chironomids ) . some of these guides are posted as separate ref entries
[ cite : 617432 ]
for teaching purposes only ; do not review , quote or abstract
all in all , good and apparently up - to - date info under the ' habits ' or ' general characteristics ' or ' overview ' links ; especially valuable are the profiles ( with ref . lists ) of minor / obscure / exotic groups on which very little info is available online otherwise ( i bumped into the site looking for info on monomachidae ) . the interface is a bit awkward , the links other than those indicated above are mostly dead ( incl . ' home ' ) , and some underlined / bracketed subtitles that look like links are confusing ; also , it took me quite some time to figure out the author , urltoken
royal bc museum website featuring the non - native / alien species in the province ; includes fact sheets of selected species and a current list of all alien species found in the province , including insects .
[ cite : 593991 ] jump to : bees | wasps / ants / sawflies | diptera | lepidoptera | coleoptera | hemiptera & misc . orders | common names :
the turnip moth agrotis segetum possesses seven different types of sensilla : four single - walled ( sw ) , one double - walled ( dw ) , one terminal - pore ( tp ) , and one poreless sensilla ( np ) .
the sw 1 and sw 2 sensilla have the same external appearance , being long and slender , but differ in the branching pattern of the sensory processes : unbranched and branched in sw 1 and sw 2 , respectively . the sw 3 sensilla are shorter , sickle - shaped , and contain a large number of branches from the sensory processes . these three sensillar types are innervated by 2–3 sensory cells . the sw 4 sensilla are raisin - shaped and possess three profusely branched sensory processes . the dw sensilla are short and have apical slit - like pores . this sensillar type has 5–6 sensory processes . the tp sensilla possess five sensory processes , one of them terminates basally in a tubular body , the others in the apical part of the long cuticular bristle . the np sensilla are stout and have apical conelike structures . two of the sensory processes terminate in the apical part , the third proximally . the third sensory process has a lamellar pattern . the fine structure indicates the following functions : sw and dw sensilla : chemoreception ; tp sensillum : chemoreception and mechanoreception ; np sensillum : thermoreception and hygroreception .
altner h ( 1977a ) insect sensillum specificity and structure : an approach to a new typology . in : le magnen j , macleod p ( eds ) olfaction and taste vi . information retrieval limited , london , p 295
altner h ( 1977b ) insektensensillen : bau - und funktionsprinzipien . verh dtsch zool ges 70 : 139–153
( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) : electrophysiology and morphology . ent exp & appl 24 : 370–378
flower ne , helson gah ( 1974 ) variation in antennal sensilla of some noctuid moths ; a scanning electron microscope study . new zealand j zool 1 : 59–66
flower ne , helson gah ( 1976 ) variation in antennal sensilla of some hepialid moths ; a scanning electron microscope study . new zealand j zool 3 : 327–331
gaffal kp ( 1979 ) an ultrastructural study of the tips of four classical bimodal sensilla with one mechanosensitive and several chemosensitive receptor cells . zoomorphologie 92 : 273–291
jefferson rn , rubin re , mcfarland su , shorey hh ( 1970 ) sex pheromones of noctuid moths . xxii . the external morphology of the antennae of
kaissling ke ( 1971 ) insect olfaction . in : beidler lm ( ed ) handbook of sensory physiology iv / 1 . springer verlag , berlin heidelberg new york , p 351
schenk o ( 1903 ) die antennalen hautsinnesorgane einiger lepidopteren und hymenopteren . zool jahrb anat 17 : 573–618
sellier r ( 1977 ) étude ultramorphologique des sensilles antennaires des sésiidés essai sur l ' origine et les étapes de la morphogenèse des sensilles antennaires lépidoptères . ann soc ent fr ( ns ) 13 : 347–367
steinbrecht ra ( 1973 ) der feinbau olfaktorischer sensillen des seidenspinners ( insecta , lepidoptera ) . z zellforsch 139 : 533–565
steinbrecht ra ( 1974 ) morphology of insect chemoreceptors . in : poynder tm ( ed ) transduction mechanisms in chemoreception . information retrieval limited , london , p 15
steinbrecht ra , müller b ( 1971 ) on the stimulus conducting structures in insect olfactory receptors . z zellforsch 117 : 570–575
hallberg , e . cell tissue res . ( 1981 ) 218 : 209 . urltoken
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although remaining in water balance is necessary for all organisms , the strategies for reducing water loss vary between species , depending on environmental conditions as well as on physiological and morphological considerations . six species of drosophila from 3 species groups and a variety of habitat types have been examined for some water balance properties . two sibling species from hawaii have been studied in more detail . all 6 species studied lose water rapidly at all test a v ' s ( relative humidity / 100 ) below saturation , but the rates at which water loss increases when the a v is lowered vary between species . the 2 hawaiian species from different habitats are strikingly different in water balance properties and survival characteristics at 0 . 70 a v . one population of d . mimica which was collected in a very dry area was much more tolerant of desiccation than were the other populations of the same species .
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. . . in the absence of theory , the biological world is a fruitful source of principles of movement that can be incorporated into the design of robots that navigate within complex substrates . many desert organisms like scorpions , snakes , and lizards burrow and swim effectively in sand [ 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ] to escape heat and predators , and hunt for prey [ 38 , 39 ] . it has been hypothesized that many of these animals have evolved morphological adaptations like marked body elongation and limb reduction to deal with deformable terrain [ 40 , 41 ] . . . .
. . . the ratio of parasitism was higher than that in the oothecae of wood - inhabiting purcobkzttu in north america ( edmunds , 1952 ) and was similar to that of the oothecae of synanthropic periplunetu americana in caves ( deleporte , 1976 ) . predation by scorpions on arenivugu investigutu was often observed in north america ( hawke & farley , 1973 ) . these predators are also present in saudi arabia , but no predation was observed ( pens . . . .
. . . sand cockroaches of the subfamily polyphaginae have long been known to inhabit deserts ( chopard , 1929 ; chopard , 1938 ; 1994a , 6 ) . the ecology of two species belonging to the genus arenivugu has been studied in north america ( hawke & farley , 1973 ; edney et al . , 1974 ; cohen & cohen , 1981 ) and that of hemelytroblattcz & icana in egypt ( ghabbour et al . , 1977ghabbour et al . , , 1978ghabbour et al . , , 1980 ) . these studies showed that these inconspicuous species had both important densities and ecological roles ( ghabbour et al . , 1977 ) and striking adaptations to drought ( edney , 1966 ; o ' donnell , 1977 ; vannier 81 ghabbour , 1982 ) . . . .
book lung development in embryos of the cobweb spider , parasteatoda tepidariorum c . l . koch , 1841
lm and tem with focus just on the embryo stage . submitted to asd and presently being reviewed .
the role of pore structures in the selective permeability of antennal sensilla of the desert burrowi . . .
to obtain information about the chemical composition of pore structures in antennal sensilla , the antennae were exposed to lipid solvents , or they were prepared to show negative - contrast images in electron micrographs . a heavy - metal tracer , lanthanum nitrate , was also used to indicate the permeability of the receptors to water . the grooves of the large grooved peg open into tubular cavities . . . [ show full abstract ]
hygroreceptors which mediate dry or wet reactions are located on the antennae . moisture receptors which mediate dry or wet reactions are located on the tarsi . the palpi do not seem to possess hygroreceptors . tarsiless mosquitoes gave a different response to moisture than intact mosquitoes or mosquitoes with covered tarsi . the activity of antennectomized mosquitoes was considerably reduced , . . . [ show full abstract ]
1 . intact scorpions can rapidly increase or decrease heart - rate in response to external stimuli . 2 . for animals at rest in the dark , sudden bright light sometimes evokes a brief reduction in heart - rate , while air currents , loud noise and handling cause a sustained increase in heart - rate . 3 . heart activity is regulated by the segmental nerves from the subesophageal and first three abdominal . . . [ show full abstract ]
book gill development in embryos and first and second instars of the horseshoe crab limulus polyphem . . .
the scanning electron microscope ( sem ) was used to study the development of the opisthosomal appendages and book gills of the horseshoe crab , limulus polyphemus . later embryonic stages were examined as well as the first and second instars . the observations are compared with a much earlier light microscopic description of book gill development in the horseshoe crab and with book lung . . . [ show full abstract ]
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the black-naped fruit dove ( ptilinopus melanospilus ) also known as black-headed fruit dove is a medium-sized , up to 24 cm long , green fruit dove with yellowish bill and iris .

the male has a pale grey head with black nape , yellow throat , and golden yellow and pink undertail coverts .

the female and the young have an entirely green plumages .

the black-naped fruit dove is distributed in indonesia , malaysia and the philippines .

widespread and common throughout its large range , the black-naped fruit dove is evaluated as least concern on the iucn red list of threatened species .

black - naped fruit dove

the black naped fruit dove is very common throught its large range , so has a conservation status of least concern .
dove information . . . index of dove species . . . photos of the different dove species for identification
this species is also called the
black headed fruit dove
, although the male only has black on the nape of his neck .
the black - naped fruit dove can be found living on the edges of rainforests in the philippines and the pacific islands , including java and bali .
the black - naped fruit dove ( ptilinopus melanospilus ) - also known as black - headed fruit dove - occurs naturally in indonesia , malaysia and the philippines . in indonesia , it is found in java , lesser sunda islands and sulawesi , where it inhabits the lowland and hill forests .
the habitat of the black - naped fruit dove is located in tropical or temperate climates and includes forests , forest edge , and scrub lands ( sibley and monroe , 1990 ; schleucher , 2002 ) . individuals often are found in agricultural areas or on isolated fruit trees ( del hoyo et al . , 1997 ; schleucher , 2002 ) . the black - nape fruit dove has been observed to migrate locally to regions of high food abundance .
like most doves , black - naped fruit doves build a flimsy nest out of twigs . they typically lay only one egg per clutch and incubate the egg for 18 - 26 days .
throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
baptista , l . f . , trail , p . w . , horblit , h . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . black - naped fruit - dove ( ptilinopus melanospilus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
cardinal , wood pecker , finch , dove , cowbird , blue jay , . . . the stare down , fluff up , or wait a while
the black - naped fruit - dove ( ptilinopus melanospila ) is geographically distributed throughout java , the celebes sea , the moluccas islands , and the southern philippines ( delacour , 1947 ; del hoyo et al . , 1997 ; gibbs et al . , 2001 ; schleucher , 2002 ) . the species is sexually dichromatic . the body of males is mostly green , however the head and neck are pale gray , the chin , throat , and lower belly are yellow , and there is a black spot on the nape of the neck . in contrast , females are almost entirely green ( delacour , 1947 ; del hoyo et al . , 1997 ; gibbs et al . , 2001 ) . length ranges from 21 - 27 cm and the wingspan ranges from 11 - 17 cm . weight is typically between 92 - 120 g ( del hoyo et al . , 1997 ; gibbs et al . , 2001 ) .
schleucher , e . 2002 . metabolism , body temperature and thermal conductance of fruit - doves ( aves : columbidae , treroninae ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology part a 131 : 417 - 428 .
21–27 cm ; 92–120 g . silvery grey head with black nape and yellow throat patch ; lower breast and upperparts green or greenish yellow ; vent yellow , red or orange ; . . .
this species has a wide range through indonesia and the philippines . the male has the pale grey head and black nape for which the species was named . the females and juveniles are entirely green .
the genus ptilinopus includes all fruit - doves , with a total of 51 species . the genus probably originated in new guinea but now has a geographical distribution throughout southeast asia and australia ( gibbs et al . , 1997 ) . all species of ptilinopus are mostly frugivorous ; p . melanospila is exclusively so ( schleucher , 2002 ) .
these doves are very adaptable , so whilst they naturally occur in rainforests they also often frequent croplands and the parks and gardens outside of cities . the male bird has a pale grey head with , as its name suggests , a black nape . it also has a yellow throat , golden plumage and pink undertail coverts . the female bird , and adolescents , have completely green plumage .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be generally common ( del hoyo et al . 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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a distinctive form of uncertain affinities ; genetic data suggest close to chrysoena and p . nainus # r ; in past , was associated with a species - group that included p . hyogastrus , p . granulifrons , p . iozonus and p . insolitus ; p . nainus was sometimes included in this group . at least eleven races have been described , based on slight differences in size and coloration , but even those listed here are doubtfully distinct # r ; in addition , talautensis ( talaud is ) and loloda ( doi i ) are included in xanthorrhous , pelingensis ( banggai is ) in chrysorrhous , and massoptera ( kangean is and matasiri ) , aurescentior ( kaledupa , in tukangbesi is ) and margaretha ( kalaotoa ) in melanauchen ; further study needed to establish which of the described forms merit subspecific recognition . species has sometimes erroneously been listed as p . melanocephalus . five subspecies tentatively recognized .
a . b . meyer , 1891 – sw & s philippines ( palawan , cagayan sulu , mindanao , basilan , and sulu is from jolo s to sipangkot ) and islands n of borneo ( balambangan , banggi ) .
( salvadori , 1875 ) – talaud is and sangihe is ( n of sulawesi ) , and doi ( n moluccas ) .
( salvadori , 1875 ) – sulawesi and islands off ne ( manadotua , manterawu , talisei , bangka , lembeh ) and e ( togian is ) .
( salvadori , 1875 ) – banggai and sula is ( off e sulawesi ) and obi and seram ( c moluccas ) .
( salvadori , 1875 ) – matasiri ( s of borneo ) and kangean is , java and bali e through lesser sundas to alor , and islands s of sulawesi ( salayar , muna , butung , tukangbesi , tanahjampea , kalao , kalaotoa , madu ) .
advertising call is a series of repeated double notes , sometimes introduced by a few single coos . . . .
inhabits forest , forest edge and patches of scrub or forest in open country ; will visit isolated . . .
nesting reported feb–sept and dec on java ; sept on butung ; may on sumbawa . builds a simple platform of twigs typical of the genus , . . .
no information , but recent records on small islands where previously unknown suggest that species . . .
not globally threatened . generally common on larger islands of java , bali and sulawesi , but also on medium - sized islands . in conjunction with apparent nomadic tendencies , . . .
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recent molecular work # r indicates that morphologically distinctive genera alectroenas and drepanoptila nest within traditional , expanded version of present genus ; the different lineages are accommodated here by the additional recognition of genera megaloprepia , ramphiculus and chrysoena ; further work required in order to confirm that present genus as defined here , in reduced form , is now monophyletic .
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this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ptilinopus melanospilus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
schellekens , m , and trainor , c . r , and g . u . u duhan . ( 2011 ) new and significant bird records for solor , adonara , and lembata ( lomblen ) islands , lesser sundas . kukila 15 : 31 - 49 .
previously published on avocet as av5554 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : seen . gps : estimate from google earth .
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ptilinopus melanospilus xanthorrhous : talaud islands , sangihe i . ( sulawesi ) and doi i . ( n moluccas )
ptilinopus melanospilus chrysorrhous : banggai is . , sula is . and s moluccas ( obi and seram )
ptilinopus melanospilus [ melanauchen or massopterus ] : matasiri i . , java , lesser sundas and islands south of sulawesi
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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click on the thumbnails below for labeled images of the skull and upper body in standard anatomical views .
this specimen ( 990370 ) was made available to the university of texas high - resolution x - ray ct facility for scanning by dr . timothy rowe of the department of geological sciences , the university of texas at austin . funding for image processing was provided by a national science foundation digital libraries initiative grant to dr . rowe .
the specimen was scanned by matthew colbert on 28 september 2004 along the coronal axis for a total of 600 slices , each slice 0 . 121 mm thick with an interslice spacing of 0 . 121 mm .
del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds . ) . 1997 . handbook of the birds of the world . volume 4 . sandgrouse to cuckoos . lynx edicions , barcelona .
delacour , j . 1947 . birds of malaysia . the macmillan company , new york , ny . pp 382 .
gibbs , d . , e . barnes , and j . cox . 2001 . pigeons and doves . yale university press , new haven , ct . 615 pp .
sibley , c . g . , and b . l . monroe jr . 1990 . distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world . yale university press , new haven , ct . 1111 pp .
to cite this page : dr . ashley gosselin - ildari , 2005 ,
ptilinopus melanospila
( on - line ) , digital morphology . accessed july 9 , 2018 at urltoken
the diet consists mainly of various fruits , figs and berries . the female usually lays one single white egg .
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fragum is a genus of cockles , marine bivalve molluscs in the family cardiidae .

members of the genus have characteristic thick , sculptured shells and live buried in sand , extending their siphons to the surface to feed and breathe .

they are found in the indo-pacific region and the red sea .

fragum

favia fragum . brazil . variation in corallite shape and colour . charlie veron .
favia fragum . caribbean . variation in corallite shape and colour . charlie veron .
favia fragum . south - eastern usa . showing colony deformed by environmental conditions .
pacific strawberry cockle ( fragum unedo ) from sealife base : technical fact sheet .
fifteen new microsatellite markers for the reef coral favia fragum and a new symbiodinium microsatellite .
species fragum levisulcatum smith accepted as cardium levisulcatum e . a . smith , 1903 accepted as microfragum erugatum ( tate , 1889 ) accepted as fragum erugatum ( tate , 1889 )
favia fragum . brazil . in intertidal habitats this species develops submeandriod corallites . charlie veron .
subgenus fragum ( lunulicardia ) gray , 1853 accepted as lunulicardia j . e . gray , 1853
fifteen new microsatellite markers for the reef coral favia fragum and a new symbiodinium microsatellite . - pubmed - ncbi
favia fragum . south - eastern usa . corallites are sometimes protuberant and can be almost phaceloid . julian sprung .
( of hemicardium ( fragum ) fragum ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) vine , p . ( 1986 ) . red sea invertebrates . immel publishing , london . 224 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
species fragum fornicatum ( sowerby , 1840 ) accepted as ctenocardia fornicata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1840 )
» species fragum ( trigoniocardia ) fornicatum ( sowerby ii , 1840 ) accepted as ctenocardia fornicata ( g . b . sowerby ii , 1840 )
sexual recruitment of the corals favia fragum and agaricia humilis in a 30 - m ( 3 ) exhibit aquarium : species - specific limitations and implications on reproductive ecology .
sexual recruitment of the corals favia fragum and agaricia humilis in a 30 - m ( 3 ) exhibit aquarium : species - specific limitations and implications on . . . - pubmed - ncbi
favia fragum . brazil . two colonies left with other brazilian corals having small corallites . stephanocoenia michelini ( top right ) and sideratstrea stellata ( bottom right ) . note the variation of corallite shape from circular to submeandroid . charlie veron .
mcgill , c . , c . randall , and m . barron . settlement success of favia fragum planulae exposed to different sediment types and concentrations from southern puerto rico . presented at aslo 2013 aquatic sciences meeting , february 17 - 22 , 2013 .
pacific strawberry cockle ( fragum unedo ) in the bivalves section by j . m . poutiers in the fao species identification guide for fishery purposes : the living marine resources of the western central pacific volume 1 : seaweeds , corals , bivalves and gastropods on the food and agriculture organization of the united nations ( fao ) website .
( of cardium fragum linnaeus , 1758 ) linnaeus , c . ( 1758 ) . systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . editio decima , reformata . laurentius salvius : holmiae . ii , 824 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium fragum linnaeus , 1758 ) dautzenberg , ph . ( 1929 ) . contribution à l ' étude de la faune de madagascar : mollusca marina testacea . faune des colonies françaises , iii ( fasc . 4 ) . société d ' editions géographiques , maritimes et coloniales : paris . 321 - 636 , plates iv - vii pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
strawberry cockle fragum unedo family cardiidae updated oct 2016 where seen ? this pretty clam is not often seen , usually on sandy shores near reefs . elsewhere , they are shallow burrowers in sandy bottoms , often occuring in dense populations . features : 4 - 6cm . the sturdy two - part shell is heavy , squarish with strong ribs marked with little red beads . human uses : elsewhere , it is used in decorative shellcraft and may be eaten by coastal dwellers .
poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
this page was last edited on 6 june 2017 , at 23 : 24 .
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colonies are small ( usually less than 50 mm across ) and hemispherical to encrusting . corallites have very variable shapes ranging from immersed to conical ( plocoid ) to tubular ( subphaceloid ) and may be circular with one mouth , to elongate with many mouths . encrusting colonies in intertidal habitats may be submeandroid . spherical colonies with unrestricted growing space commonly develop tubular corallites . corallites or valleys are seldom more than 5 millimetres across . whatever the corallite shape , the walls are neatly rounded . septo - costae are exsert and evenly spaced .
colour : usually tan to light orange - brown with pale green tentacles . walls and calices may have contrasting colours .
taxonomic note : taxonomic note : this species is usually called favia gravida in brazil after laborel ( 1969 ) . brazilian colonies are usually more meandroid but all characters overlap . source reference : veron ( 2000 ) . taxonomic references : roos ( 1971 ) , zlatarski and estalella ( 1982 ) . additional identification guides : colin ( 1978 ) , humann ( 1993 ) .
© 2011 - 2012 australian institute of marine science and crr cc by - nc 3 . 0
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justification : the most important known threat for this species is extensive reduction of coral reef habitat due to a combination of threats . specific population trends are unknown but population reduction can be inferred from estimated habitat loss ( wilkinson 2004 ) . it is widespread in the caribbean and common throughout its range and therefore is likely to be more resilient to habitat loss and reef degradation because of an assumed large effective population size that is highly connected and / or stable with enhanced genetic variability . therefore , the estimated habitat loss of 10 % from reefs already destroyed within its range is the best inference of population reduction since it may survive in coral reefs already at the critical stage of degradation ( wilkinson 2004 ) . this inference of population reduction over three generation lengths ( 30 years ) does not meet the threshold of a threat category and this species is least concern . however , because of predicted threats from climate change and ocean acidification it will be important to reassess this species in 10 years or sooner , particularly if the species is also observed to disappear from reefs currently at the critical stage of reef degradation .
this species occurs in the caribbean , southern gulf of mexico , florida , the bahamas , and bermuda . this species is also known from the eastern atlantic .
there is no species specific population information available for this species . however , there is evidence that overall coral reef habitat has declined , and this is used as a proxy for population decline for this species . this species is more resilient to some of the threats faced by corals and therefore population decline is estimated using the percentage of destroyed reefs only ( wilkinson 2004 ) . we assume that most , if not all , mature individuals will be removed from a destroyed reef and that on average , the number of individuals on reefs are equal across its range and proportional to the percentage of destroyed reefs . reef losses throughout the species ' range have been estimated over three generations , two in the past and one projected into the future .
the age of first maturity of most reef building corals is typically three to eight years ( wallace 1999 ) and therefore we assume that average age of mature individuals is greater than eight years . furthermore , based on average sizes and growth rates , we assume that average generation length is 10 years , unless otherwise stated . total longevity is not known , but likely to be more than ten years . therefore any population decline rates for the red list assessment are measured over at least 30 years .
this species is found in most fore reef and back reef environments , and in seagrass beds provided there is suitable substrate for them to settle on . recorded from 0 . 5 - 20 m depth , though most common from 0 . 5 - 5 m .
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department of zoology , university of hawaii , 2538 mccarthy mall , edmondson 152 , honolulu , hi 96822 , usa .
tan siong kiat and henrietta p . m . woo , 2010 preliminary checklist of the molluscs of singapore ( pdf ) , lee kong chian natural history museum , national university of singapore .
tan , k . s . & l . m . chou , 2000 . a guide to the common seashells of singapore . singapore science centre . 160 pp .
abbott , r . tucker , 1991 . seashells of south east asia . graham brash , singapore . 145 pp .
( of cardium imbricatum born , 1778 ) born i . von ( 1778 ) index rerum naturalium musei cæsarei vindobonensis . pars i . ma . testacea . verzeichniß der natürlichen seltenheiten des k . k . naturalien cabinets zu wien . erster theil . schalthiere . - pp . [ 1 - 40 ] , 1 - 458 , [ 1 - 82 ] . vindobonæ . ( kraus ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 29 - 30 [ details ]
poorten , j . j . ter , 2009 . the cardiidae of the panglao marine biodiversity project 2004 and the panglao 2005 deep - sea cruise with descriptions of four new species ( bivalvia ) . vita malacologica 8 : 9 - 96 [ 21 november 2009 ] . available online at urltoken available online at urltoken [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
spry , j . f . ( 1964 ) . the sea shells of dar es salaam : part 2 : pelecypoda ( bivalves ) . tanganyika notes and records . 63 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cardium imbricatum born , 1778 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of cardium flavum röding , 1798 ) poorten , j . j . ter , 2005 . outline of a systematic index - recent cardiidae ( lamarck , 1809 ) . visaya net . ( updated 2009 for worms ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
tai , k . k . ( 2005 ) ecological status and conservation value of soft shore habitats in hong kong . mphil thesis . city university of hong kong . [ details ]
specimen details : image description : sui 100217 . image view : colony surface . locality : la parguerto rico . - enlarge image -
specimen details : image description : sui 100217 . image view : sem . locality : la parguerto rico . - enlarge image -
specimen details : image description : sui 100217 . image view : thin section . locality : la parguerto rico . - enlarge image -
except that its spiral ridges are beaded . it is the most common top shell living among beds of the seagrass
occurrence describes how often the species is found on surveys within its distribution . it is calculated as the % of reef sites surveyed by rls divers across all the ecoregions in which the species has been observed
abundance is calculated as the average number of individuals recorded per rls transect , where present .
edit by : gj edgar . 2008 . australian marine life . new holland , sydney
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