shocking is an australian bred thoroughbred racehorse , trained by mark kavanagh , who won the 149th melbourne cup on 3 november 2009 by three-quarters of a length .

shocking ( horse )

bbc sport | other sport . . . | horse racing | shocking claims melbourne cup win
by super race horse shocking . paid up for the golden slipper , magic millions . exceptional pedigree . interest free finance
all the latest horse racing form , betting odds , news , breeding , jockey and trainer information for shocking . shocking is a stallion born in 2005 september 23 by street cry out of maria di castiglia
looking for versatility and class , much like shocking himself ? this guy suits .
bloodstock listing - by super race horse shocking . paid up for the golden slipper , magic millions . exceptional pedigree . interest free finance - urltoken
shocking has managed to win 6 races in his career so far . on 3rd nov 2009 at flemington , shocking scored his most significant win to date , getting the money in the
shocking has concluded his racing career , last running on the 26th feb 2011 at caulfield .
he has proven a profitable horse for the punters over the journey . if you had backed shocking throughout his career you ' d have achieved a 56 % return on investment .
shocking thwarted an historic victory as he beat british - trained outsider crime scene to win the melbourne cup .
it ' s a terrific job from both mark and the horse .
since then , nigel blackiston and his racing manager darryl sherer have been monitoring the horse’s progress in new zealand , and wish to train the horse at flemington .
a third wrote : “this fine horse should be remembered in some way . ”
he ran a great race and gave us a good thrill . the other horse headed me at the furlong but my horse really let go well ,
said mcevoy .
shocking luck has produced a superior staying effort to win the group 3 rough habit plate ( 2000m ) in brisbane ; the final race on 2017 doomben 10 , 000 day . shocking luck had just that when second at ipswich on debut in australia last week , but the horse was out to make his own this afternoon and took [ … ]
thoroughbreds die as a result of horse racing . when an animal runs at full speed , it can sustain fatal injuries . that is when the horse is euthanised to limit its suffering .
welcome to horseracing . com . au , australia ' s premier site for horse racing news .
seconds later , the horse is on the turf and the vet checks its pulse has stopped .
for racing’s official apologists , every death of a horse on a british racecourse is a tragic accident .
shocking has an international pedigree . he is by street cry ( usa ) , out of the imported mare maria di castiglia , a daughter of the international champion sire danehill . with street cry and danehill in his pedigree , shocking’s progeny are set to produce great results on the race track .
the horse’s trainer michael bell said of the loss at the weekend : “he will leave a huge hole .
racing has a horse welfare record to be proud of and is among the best - regulated animal activities .
miscellaneous shocking behaviour ' s debut last start win at scone was a sentimental journey for edwina throsby , the daughter of noted owner - breeder david throsby .
the champion horse broke a leg less than three furlongs from the end of a race at doncaster last saturday .
one wrote : “a wonderful horse . desperately sad news . condolences to his connections . rip wigmore hall . ”
as he burst for the line in the gruelling 23 - runner handicap , brown swooped on shocking , who was carrying 5lbs less than the eventual runner - up .
from the racing year of 1 august 2016 until 31 july 2017 , a shocking 137 racehorses died on australian racetracks . that’s one racehorse every 2 . 6 days .
the british horseracing authority said : “the highest standards of horse welfare are demanded of all jockeys , trainers and racecourses .
saturday racing the kiwi invasion of the queensland winter carnival has kicked off and trainer jamie richards is convinced rough habit plate winner shocking luck will soon claim group i glory .
but supporters of the sport insist racehorses enjoy better care than most animals and claimed the number of horse deaths has dropped .
australia waking up to the good news that our horse merchant navy won the group 1 diamond jubilee stakes overnight at royal ascot .
another added : “really saddened and he deserves a write up . terrific horse for connections for many years and horrible end . ”
horse racing employs thousands of people and puts millions of pounds into the exchequer every year . that’s a lot of school books .
waikato guineas , a gr . 2 race and the peak of the saturday meeting at te rapa , new zealand , was won by the three - year - old wyndspelle , who took the race by a half a length from shocking luck , a horse bred by g . l . currie a t . w . archer trust , who was successful in a black - type race for the very first time . sired by shocking , he has a rather interesting pedigree whose key aspect deserves attention .
in that case , there have been around 1 , 500 on - course “accidents” since 2007 when animal aid launched race horse deathwatch .
a magnificent individual , shocking was a dual group 1 winner , with brilliant acceleration . he retired the winner of seven of his 27 races and with earnings of $ 4 , 981 , 275 .
something shocking is a three year old bay filly trained by tracey bartley based in wyong , and is originally from australia . her sire is nicconi and she is out of the dam miss electra .
crime scene is the fifth horse trained in britain to finish second in the famous contest known as the ' race that stops a nation ' .
the colt , as the horse then , was to be offered at the 2014 karaka premier sale . however he was withdrawn from the sale .
“‘when they turned for home , i told myself ‘if he wins , this is the best horse we ' ve seen since secretariat . ' ”
rt @ humanheadline : two weeks suspension for a jockey punching his horse in public is disgusting . should have been a year . what the hell doe…
we ran against the best horse in the world ,
accelerate trainer john sadler said ,
so it ' s a huge win .
“when he missed the break , i gave him no chance at all . i was mad at myself for bringing him , ” baffert said . “that ' s the greatest horse i ' ve ever seen run . i can ' t believe he won . that is a great horse right there . ”
horse fortune . 6 wins 1000 to 2000m , $ 326 , 484 in macau , macau hupei h . , 3d macau derby , macau spring trophy .
betting all - in betting on the group i jj atkins stakes and group i queensland derby is set to re - open with te akau racing confirming late entry fees will be paid for both melody belle and shocking luck .
his first crop are yearlings . 43 of the 58 yearlings by shocking to be offered at the 2014 yearling sales have sold at an average of $ 56 , 209 , with $ 160 , 000 the highest price recorded .
what a great swing of emotions . with 400m to go , at last a gb - based horse looked sure to win , but then the party was ruined
supporters of the sport insist racehorses enjoy better care than most animals and claimed the number of horse deaths has dropped . warning : contains images that some may find upsetting
it has been nearly a decade since rich hill stud stallion shocking won the group i melbourne cup ( 3200m ) and this year he could have a contender in the race in the form of his group one - winning daughter fanatic .
despite his name , shocking was among the favourites for the aus $ 5 . 5m ( £3 . 05m ) race , watched by a bumper crowd of 102 , 161 , and paid a dividend of 8 . 90 to local punters .
shocking beat the top milers in the gr . 2 makybe diva stakes ( now gr . 1 ) , won the gr . 1 australian cup ( 2000m ) and raced three - wide to success in the gr . 1 melbourne cup .
crime scene , a 40 - 1 chance trained by godolphin ' s saeed bin suroor in newmarket , was bidding to become the first horse trained in britain to win .
a new global partnership to promote horse racing the victoria racing club , or vrc , has created a partnership with a collection of diverse racing brands with the intention to set world horse racing in motion : a brand - new global media company which has been created to promote the sport . international alignments to generate the platform much [ … ]
“i ' m just so blessed , god has blessed me so much , to give me a horse like this towards the end of my career is just , i ' m lost for words , i ' m am going to break down and cry , ” smith continued . “he is the best i have ever been on , he truly is . he is the world ' s horse now . ”
crime scene had a nice position all the way and kerrin have him a good ride . for a second in the straight , i thought he was going to win but he was beaten by a better horse .
when asked if he ever felt a fraction of in - race comfort against arrogate , who pieced together a mind - boggling , last - to - first run in dubai , sadler proved as efficient as his upset - minded horse .
held every year in november , there is no bigger horse race in australia than the prestigious melbourne cup , as the horse racing world turns its attention to the event . as such , there is a whole lot of betting action and buzzing going on , including the horses’ odds , the melbourne cup betting tips , bonuses and betting promotions created especially for the race . be sure to check out this extensive melbourne cup betting guide in order to take part in this mega event .
shocking ( aus ) b . h , 2005 { 2 - o } dp = 6 - 3 - 11 - 0 - 0 ( 20 ) di = 2 . 64 cd = 0 . 75 - 15 starts , 5 wins , 5 places , 2 shows career earnings : a $ 3 , 882 , 525 ( 11 / 09 )
today we can find eight foals of racing age of this combination , five of them have raced , one just once . three have won , two – lucida and shocking luck – were successful in stakes races . lucida even won a gr . 2 race and placed several times in gr . 1 races . this is not a poor record .
“i immediately thought of zenyatta , ” said mike smith , referring to the late - running champion mare he rode throughout her star - studded career . “i ' m just going to ride him like i used to zenyatta… this horse can do anything . ”
“i can ' t believe we won , ” said the still - shocked baffert in the post - race press conference . “that is a great horse right there . it was terrible , terrible , he walked out of the gate . i tell you what , mike smith did a great job . he didn ' t panic , he just thought , well i just get him around there . mike smith , what a job he did . unbelievable . this is the greatest horse we have seen since secretariat . unbelievable . ”
this wasn ' t supposed to happen . this couldn ' t happen , right ? as the race neared , trainer peter miller said of the field that included his horse el huerfano :
everyone ' s running for second . that ' s a win .
as arrogate , the no . 1 ranked horse in the world , entered the starting gate saturday at del mar in the san diego handicap , it was so ridiculously favored that the 1 - 20 odds produced too many digits to show on the track ' s big board .
adding the money earned from his dubai world cup victory , arrogate now boasts career earnings higher than california chrome ' s , a total of over $ 17 million . the only horse with higher career earnings in the history of horse racing is orfevre , a japanese runner who earned more than $ 19 million . as arrogate heads home for a respite from racing , his connections appear to be targeting another run in the breeders ' cup classic in 2017 , and perhaps even the 2018 pegasus world cup , either of which would surely push arrogate ' s earnings over orfevre ' s mark .
as more and more information about the ugly side of the racing industry coming to light , it’s no wonder that there’s a growing number of people choosing not to support horse racing cruelty . so with the spring racing carnival fast approaching , remember that making kind choices can change the world for racehorses .
this wasn ' t a bad start or a bad trip for arrogate . this was a horse that seemed to have more gears than any on the planet , suddenly lacking one . this was a champion , out - kicked , out - hearted , out - everything ' d for the first time .
“i don ' t know if the ( assistant starter ) misunderstood me , but i said make sure you keep his head straight . and then he got out instead , ” smith said . “my horse just didn ' t realize he had to break . but you know what ? things happen for a reason . ”
winx’s position at the top of the world rankings is safe after rival cracksman flopped in the prince of wales’s stakes at ascot . this month longines released its list of the world’s best racehorses and the australian wonder mare held onto top spot . she enjoyed a rating of 130 , with american horse gun runner second on [ … ]
dan smith , del mar ' s senior media coordinator who ' s been around the track for 54 years , said he ' d never seen money lean like this : of the $ 2 , 671 , 938 bet in the win , place and show pools , an astounding $ 2 , 457 , 472 was wagered on the horse that finished fourth .
shocking ( aus ) ( bay 2005 - stud 2011 ) . champion stayer in australia in 2009 - 10 . 7 wins from 1300m to 3200m , a $ 4 , 981 , 275 , vrc australian cup , gr . 1 , melbourne cup , gr . 1 , makybe diva s . , gr . 2 , lexus s . , gr . 3 , 2d queensland derby , gr . 1 , vrc turnbull s . , gr . 1 , mrc herbert power s . , gr . 2 , coongy h . , gr . 3 , 3d mvrc jra cup , l , 4th mrc caulfield cup , gr . 1 . grandson of sw macrina pompea . his oldest progeny are 2yos .
shocking ( aus ) ( bay 2005 - stud 2011 ) . champion stayer in australia in 2009 - 10 . 7 wins from 1300m to 3200m , a $ 4 , 981 , 275 , vrc australian cup , gr . 1 , melbourne cup , gr . 1 , makybe diva s . , gr . 2 , lexus s . , gr . 3 , 2d queensland derby , gr . 1 , vrc turnbull s . , gr . 1 , mrc herbert power s . , gr . 2 , coongy h . , gr . 3 , 3d mvrc jra cup , l , 4th mrc caulfield cup , gr . 1 . grandson of sw macrina pompea . sire of the placegetters electric aura , etc . his oldest progeny are 2yos .
arrogate had dead aim on mubtaahij at the top of the stretch , and after changing leads a bit unsteadily , he easily overtook that rival . with just neolithic and gun runner yet to pass , smith gave arrogate two quick taps with a left - handed stick , focusing the young colt ' s mind on the task . from there , all smith had to do was hand ride arrogate under the wire , as the horse ' s massive stride ate up the ground to pull him right on by gun runner . arriving at the wire with his ears pricked , arrogate defeated gun runner by 2 1 / 4 lengths . neolithic , bought into by qatar racing earlier this week , kept on for third , and mubtaahij was not disgraced in fourth .
lucida , bred by darley and foaled in 2012 , was the very first horse in whose pedigree shamardal met street cry . the connection of shamardal with a street cry’s daughter brought into the pedigree 3x3 inbreeding to both parents of shamardal’s dam helsinki and street cry , the result being a filly of great class , who finished second in the 1 , 000 guineas and third in the coronation stakes at three , and as a four - year - old she took the third place in the pretty polly stakes . although shamardal and street cry belonged to the sheikh mohammed , each was based on a different continent and lucida was one of just two thoroughbred sired by shamardal and out of a dam by street cry . the second one is her full brother loures , who raced just once at two , without a place in a maiden race .
we have long held the view that most of our competitors have adopted a ‘scattered’ approach , only buying horses by stallions that they regard ‘sexy’ and therefore easy to sell . in most cases irrespective of the horses physical attributes etc . we have taken a different approach and tried to increase our chances of success by looking at , in this case what has been successful in the past when assessing past magic millions success stories . specifically fillies have had a great strike rate , early foals , and in particular natural athletic early runners . this was therefore a priority , as well as buying out of 2yo families in most instances . we have tried to keep the costs to a minimum with our commission for our time , which includes the management of the horse for its entire racing life . australian bloodstock oppose management fees and advertising the yearling shares at your expense . these are costs that we will absorb .
it looked like a disaster at the start of saturday ' s $ 10 million dubai world cup as juddmonte farm ' s arrogate was totally unprepared for the break , leaving the gates awkwardly and then bumped hard on both sides to find himself dead last in the 14 - horse field . but veteran reinsman mike smith never panicked aboard the champion 4 - year - old son of unbridled ' s song , keeping him wide and getting a clear trip all the way around the field to finish 2 1 / 4 lengths in front of gun runner at the wire , with neolithic completing an american trifecta at the top of the world ' s second - richest race . trainer bob baffert was emotional after the race , his third victory in the dubai world cup , and couldn ' t believe arrogate ' s performance over the muddy ( sealed ) meydan oval , over which he completed 2000m ( about 10 furlongs ) in 2 : 02 . 15 .
• since inception the business group of horses it owns or manages averages 24 . 90 % runners to winners . no other syndicator is close to the this mark and its for this reason we are the most successful syndicator in australasia . in fact most syndicators don’t even advertise their strike rate and you know why that this ! ! • since inception we have averaged a group winner or placegetter every single month for a strike rate of 52 . 3 % • australian bloodstock expects and plans for success not hopes for it ! • we don’t charge advertising fees • we don’t charge management fees • we don’t charge out our office and admin costs to owners • our commissions are nowhere near our competitors • we can afford to do all this as we race horses that actually make us money not cost us money • we spend our own money and invest in all horses offered and hence have a common goal of success • we never race a horse just for the sake of running it . • we only want city horses and success and offer a “get out of jail card” whenever possible on our young horses - where if they don’t cut the mustard then they are traded to asia • the communication from our trainers , kris lees and david payne is second to none • the average training bill for one of our horses is 30 - 40 % cheaper than most others • honesty is a big thing with us - you will also get told exactly how things are shaping up
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
the 9 - 1 winner , trained locally by mark kavanagh and ridden by corey brown , won by three - quarters of a length after a thrilling duel at flemington .
mourilyan ( 20 - 1 ) , owned by chechen president ramzan kadyrov , was third .
fellow british raiders munsef ( 12th ) and basaltico ( 18th ) finished down the field .
the three - year - old had won the lexus handicap only three days earlier .
jockey brown was gaining compensation after losing out to viewed in 2008 by just a nose aboard bauer , trained in newmarket by luca cumani .
i ' m so happy , this is obviously the race that stops a nation , it ' s every jockey ' s dream and my dream has just come true - i can ' t believe it ,
said brown , who was also runner - up on mr prudent in 2002 and third with lahar in 1999 .
i travelled three - deep without cover the whole race , i tried to squeeze my way round the back and couldn ' t do so .
i got a bit of cover from the godolphin mount in the straight and waited for a little bit . i challenged again and then i just went for home .
but it was heartbreak for the godolphin operation , owned by sheikh mohammed , whose stallion street cry sired the winner .
their supposed main hope for the 2009 melbourne cup , kirklees - due to be ridden by frankie dettori - was ruled out of the race on saturday .
for a long way , it looked as though the stable ' s so - called second string , crime scene , might make history for rider kerrin mcevoy .
it was a third second for godolphin in the melbourne cup , following on from central park in 1999 and give the slip in 2001 .
the blinkers he was wearing for the first time in a race made a difference - he was more focused as he had shown when working in them on saturday . also the two miles suited him very well .
mourilyan , formerly trained by gary moore in sussex but now with south african herman brown , ran on for third , with master o ' reilly in fourth .
vintage crop in 1993 and media puzzle ( 2002 ) , both trained in ireland by dermot weld , remain the only european winners of the melbourne cup .
there was controversy before the 2009 running when changingoftheguard , formerly trained by aidan o ' brien , was withdrawn .
current trainer , australian david hayes , branded race stewards
knuckleheads
after they ruled the ebor handicap runner - up was lame with a foot abcess .
the bbc is not responsible for the content of external sites . read more .
this page is best viewed in an up - to - date web browser with style sheets ( css ) enabled . while you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser , you will not be able to get the full visual experience . please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets ( css ) if you are able to do so .
{ { race . shorttrack } } r { { race . number } }
© 2018 racing victoria limited ( rv ) and other parties working with it . vic and sa racing materials , including fields , form and results , is subject to copyright which is owned respectively by rv and trsa and other parties working with them .
to use this website , cookies must be enabled in your browser . to enable cookies , follow the instructions for your browser below .
there is a specific issue with the facebook in - app browser intermittently making requests to websites without cookies that had previously been set . this appears to be a defect in the browser which should be addressed soon . the simplest approach to avoid this problem is to continue to use the facebook app but not use the in - app browser . this can be done through the following steps :
before the cookie settings change will take effect , safari must restart . to restart safari press and hold the home button ( for around five seconds ) until the iphone / ipad display goes blank and the home screen appears .
a note about relevant advertising : we collect information about the content ( including ads ) you use across this site and use it to make both advertising and content more relevant to you on our network and other sites . this is also known as online behavioural advertising . you can find out more about our policy and your choices , including how to opt - out here .
australian eyes may be drifting towards this autumn’s fascinating renewal of the melbourne cup , which is due to post on november 6that flemington racecourse . it may be the race that stops a nation but it also catches the attention of punters across the globe with big prices and an open field attracting many casual backers . [ … ]
saxon warrior’s strong performance to win the 2 , 000 guineas laid down a marker for the rest of the field for the flat season . aidan o’brien’s charge secured a second - straight victory for the trainer at the event – his ninth overall – extending the irishman’s record for most wins . the three - year - old was eyeing a potential triple [ … ]
if tax stays the same , the funding will remain in place online bookmakers won’t pull their funding , but only if tax stays the same . the major companies controlling australian sports betting have stated that they are committed to not winding back the multimillion - dollar investments and sponsorships they put in to victorian racing . the new digital tax [ … ]
although horserace betting is a lot about luck , you can always use certain strategies that can help you win over the long term . if you’re planning to make a career out of horserace betting or want to score some life - changing wins , you must learn a good deal not just about the sport , but about betting [ … ]
social media isn’t what it was before . and neither does online business work as it did before . it seems an eternity when orkut first opened , giving us a glimpse of socializing in the virtual world . since then , social media platforms has developed to ensure that it is a lot more than just a place to [ … ]
circuits that host races all year - long are a positive thing for the entire horseracing industry and tradition and for all the ones making a living out of this occupation . it’s great for the families involved since they can actually develop a sense of community , their children are able to go to the same schools and [ … ]
only recently , we’ve had the 2018 grand national at the u . k . ’s world - renowned aintree racecourse . this year’s winner was tiger roll , who prevailed with davy russell on the saddle after a photo finish with pleasant company . the grand national is the culmination of three days of first - class thoroughbred racing and remains the biggest race meeting in [ … ]
chris waller’s i am serious enjoyed a win appropriate to her : 15 minutes after registering his 11th group one triumph for this season , chris waller went on to claim the rosehill race named to honour his induction into the australian racing hall of fame . comin’ through , also trained by waller , beat stablemate egg tart to [ … ]
australia’s own champion mare winx won her 23rdconsecutive race , blazing down the track at randwick to claim the chipping norton stakes by a massive eight lengths . described by the global racing press as “the fastest racehorse in the world , ” winx has surpassed the record of the unbeaten black caviar with this her 16thaustralian group 1 win . [ … ]
in japan , in contrast to australia , horseracing is seen as an exclusively male activity that exists primarily to give men something else to bet on . horseracing is not a mainstream sport in japan . here , it is enjoyed by men and women and is not necessarily a vehicle for betting . many people suffice with small wagers [ … ]
when the subject turns to all - time great flats racers , the name of a certain unconventional thoroughbred is sure to be mentioned early in the conversation , with little room for debate as to whether or not he deserves mention . that would be tulloch , a kiwi product that enjoyed exceptional distinction amongst the output of a country [ … ]
the cheltenham festival is here which brings about a huge amount of excitement for racing fans as the iconic racing is the top national hunt action over the season . there are a long list of star horses to look forward too but there is one that stands out from the crowd and that is star [ … ]
in horseracing , as much as anywhere else , composing a perfect introduction pitch is an important art that will help you win customers , yet it is surprising how challenging it is to get help writing an outstanding piece . writers in many cases are still left feeling disappointed once they get a marked piece of writing back [ … ]
we’re now within touching distance of this year’s cheltenham festival and as we reach the month of march punters and bookmakers are preparing themselves for a nerve - shredding four days of action . champions will be made on the turf of prestbury park , profits raked in both on - course and around the world on the outcome of each [ … ]
on today’s punting landscape there are literally thousands of sites offering advice . it’s almost impossible to determine which advice is worth following and which is not . one thing’s for certain , no - one can select the winner of every race . there are too many variables to guarantee results . however , serious punters are looking for profits over the [ … ]
champion mare winx has dominated the australian horseracing scene over the last two years and is now set to head overseas in search of stiffer competition . she extended her winning run to a phenomenal 22 races when beating humidor to win the cox plate in october , and is now australia’s all - time leading money earner . now [ … ]
professional writing for your website , blog , advertising or promotional material is critically important if you want to see growth in your business . the quality of the written text is definitely one of the most important things in achieving good company image and hence the relationship with your customers . when you have a small business , it [ … ]
the racing industry is our passion , but it should always be fun and never should lead to financial stress . it’s not uncommon for gamblers to look for payday loans to fund their activities or to bet on spreads which is not too different from gambling . the payday lending market has grown considerably in australia over [ … ]
casino sites : online casino masters is your guide for internet casinos in australia , offering reviews , welcome bonus and free spins info . looking for online sports betting website reviews ? visit grizzlyg canada for the best ones in the business ! ( as well as great free slots , online casino reviews and more ) .
any inquiries or concerns ? please feel free to contact the mayor . email : click here ! mob : 0438 - 639566
recent winners lord of the sky $ 16 oaks day quaddie $ 7 , 950 . 20 oaks day daily double $ 19 . 30 dec - 16 daily double $ 12 . 70 all out of love $ 19 ( caulfield ) jorda $ 18 ( flemington ) bring me
* new customers only . turnover and bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .
melbourne cup popular jockey corey brown says the best thing about winning a melbourne cup for the second time is “you get to appreciate it” .
miscellaneous the australian pattern committee has upgraded another feature race to group i level during the melbourne spring carnival .
miscellaneous top jockey michael rodd will ride for prominent owner laurence eales for the first time in almost two years when he ' s legged aboard the mark kavanagh - trained likeadylan at bendigo on thursday .
miscellaneous south australian jockey dom tourneur is holding his breath in anticipation of alcopop grabbing one of the last two places in the field for saturday ' s group i bmw caulfield cup ( 2400m ) .
miscellaneous big race flemington trainer mark kavanagh is confident he ' ll be improving his melbourne cup carnival strike rate this year after last year ' s diabolical cup week .
* new customers only . turnover & bet requirements apply . t & c ' s apply . excl nsw , wa , sa & vic . gamble responsibly .
is gambling a problem for you ? call gambling help on 180 0858 858 or visit www . gamblinghelponline . org . au
your screen name will be seen by the racenet community when you participate in discussions or comment on our content .
you ' ll receive an email shortly with instructions on how to reset your password .
2005 bay 16 . 1hh street cry - maria di castiglia ( by danehill ) 2018 service fee $ 10 , 000 + gst . live foal guarantee
, who is based at flemington . he is sired by the stallion street cry out of the dam maria di castiglia .
r8 st george $ 4 , 000 ( of $ 202 , 000 ) barrier 9 , winning time : 1 : 48 . 82 , sp : $ 12 in - running : settled 9th , 1200m 7th , 800m 8th , 400m 7th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 77
r7 c f orr ( of $ 402 , 000 ) barrier 15 , winning time : 1 : 22 . 72 , sp : $ 51 in - running : settled 13th , 800m 14th , 400m 13th sectionals : 600m 0 : 33 . 97
r7 melb cup ( of $ 6 , 175 , 000 ) barrier 23 , winning time : 3 : 26 . 87 , sp : $ 12 in - running : settled 22nd , 1200m 23rd , 800m 23rd , 400m 22nd sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 70
r5 mackinnon $ 20 , 000 ( of $ 1 , 002 , 500 ) barrier 11 , winning time : 2 : 04 . 92 , sp : $ 8 in - running : settled 10th , 1200m 10th , 800m 10th , 400m 7th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 18
r8 caulf cup $ 110 , 000 ( of $ 2 , 600 , 000 ) barrier 10 , winning time : 2 : 35 . 69 , sp : $ 4 . 60f in - running : settled 15th , 1200m 14th , 800m 15th , 400m 15th sectionals : 600m 0 : 38 . 90
r7 turnbull $ 90 , 000 ( of $ 502 , 500 ) barrier 12 , winning time : 2 : 03 . 23 , sp : $ 5 . 50 in - running : settled 13th , 1200m 14th , 800m 13th , 400m 12th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 64
r6 underwood $ 8 , 750 ( of $ 352 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 49 . 54 , sp : $ 8 . 50 in - running : settled 7th , 1200m 7th , 800m 7th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 32
r7 makybe diva $ 245 , 000 ( of $ 405 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 41 . 70 , sp : $ 18 in - running : settled 10th , 800m 11th , 400m 10th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 54
r6 liston stk $ 4 , 000 ( of $ 201 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 27 . 28 , sp : $ 71 in - running : 1200m 14th , 800m 14th , 400m 14th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 12
r6 st george $ 4 , 000 ( of $ 201 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 49 . 04 , sp : $ 17 in - running : settled 9th , 1200m 10th , 800m 10th , 400m 7th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 05
r7 c f orr $ 8 , 000 ( of $ 402 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 24 . 04 , sp : $ 26 in - running : 800m 7th , 400m 7th sectionals : 600m 0 : 32 . 86
r7 melb cup $ 3 , 450 , 000 ( of $ 5 , 650 , 000 ) barrier 21 , winning time : 3 : 23 . 87 , sp : $ 10 in - running : settled 10th , 1200m 10th , 800m 8th , 400m 5th sectionals : 600m 0 : 36 . 60
r2 the lexus $ 150 , 000 ( of $ 251 , 500 ) barrier 2 , winning time : 2 : 38 . 32 , sp : $ 4 . 40f in - running : settled 4th , 1200m 5th , 800m 7th , 400m 7th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 55
r7 coongy $ 22 , 500 ( of $ 125 , 750 ) barrier 4 , winning time : 2 : 03 . 66 , sp : $ 4 . 40 in - running : settled 11th , 1200m 11th , 800m 11th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 90
r8 herb power $ 36 , 000 ( of $ 201 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 2 : 27 . 23 , sp : $ 4 . 80f in - running : settled 11th , 800m 11th , 400m 11th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 68
r8 jra cup $ 9 , 000 ( of $ 101 , 000 ) barrier 8 , winning time : 2 : 08 . 41 , sp : $ 5 in - running : settled 7th , 1200m 9th , 800m 7th , 400m 8th sectionals : 600m 0 : 37 . 25
r9 hcp $ 700 ( of $ 70 , 000 ) barrier 1 , winning time : 1 : 29 . 77 , sp : $ 3 . 10f in - running : settled 9th , 1200m 9th , 800m 10th , 400m 10th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 81
r8 hcp $ 700 ( of $ 70 , 000 ) barrier 7 , winning time : 1 : 25 . 36 , sp : $ 4 . 40 in - running : 800m 9th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 38
r6 qld derby $ 100 , 000 ( of $ 505 , 000 ) barrier 18 , winning time : 2 : 34 . 42 , sp : $ 4 . 80f in - running : 1200m 15th , 800m 15th , 400m 13th sectionals : 600m 0 : 41 . 13
r6 3y hcp $ 42 , 700 ( of $ 70 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 2 : 03 . 00 , sp : $ 2 . 80f in - running : settled 12th , 1200m 12th , 800m 12th , 400m 9th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 39
r8 3y hcp $ 45 , 750 ( of $ 75 , 000 ) barrier 6 , winning time : 1 : 37 . 34 , sp : $ 2 . 50f in - running : settled 8th , 800m 8th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 34 . 62
r7 3y hcp $ 12 , 600 barrier 8 , winning time : 1 : 38 . 00 , sp : $ 7 . 50 in - running : settled 6th , 800m 6th , 400m 6th sectionals : 600m 0 : 35 . 40
r4 2up mdn - sw $ 7 , 475 barrier 5 , winning time : 1 : 17 . 46 , sp : $ 1 . 35f
r5 3y mdn - sw $ 2 , 700 barrier 9 , sp : $ 3 . 30
r2 3y mdn - sw $ 900 barrier 15 , sp : $ 2 . 30f
18 + know when to stop . don’t go over the top . gamble responsibly . think ! about your choices . call gambling help on 1800 858 858 or visit urltoken or urltoken .
rich hill stud are expecting new stallion satono aladdin to find widespread australasian favour after setting his service fee for 2018 .
early favourite to take out saturday’s group 1 $ 1 , 000 , 000 robert sangster stakes ( 1200m ) in adelaide , local hope viddora has come up trumps with barrier one in the morphettville feature .
the world’s best racehorse , winx , has been celebrated by the australian turf club ( atc ) getting the warwick stakes renamed in her honour .
the championships day 2 results will be known shortly and you can stay up to date with all the news at horseracing . com . au .
arion supply the majority of the stallions listing data on this website . contact them by clicking on the logo .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml + rdfa 1 . 0 / / en
urltoken
by registering you get a basic account that will make it easier for you to work with documents , you will get access to the female family service and detailed information on the careers of blacktype horses .
předplaťte si premium účet a budete moci využívat všech služeb , které stránky nabízejí a budou nabízet , včetně unikátního newsletteru , který vás upozorní na nová data v naší databázi podle vašeho vlastního výběru .
james garfield by exceed and excel is the 6th greenham stakes ( gr . 3 ) winner in a row of danzig line .
coolmore announced fees for their new boys by galileo - champion two year old in europe and dual guineas wiiner churchill will . . . more
the gr . 1 kikuka sho ( japan st . leger ) winner kiseki in not only the first gr . 1 winner by queen elizabeth ii cup winner rulership . . . more
darley bred 3yo filly crystal river , winner of sunday ' s prix casimir delamarre ( l ) in chantilly , became the seventh blacktype . . . more
king george vi and queen elizabeth stakes winner harbinger has first gr . 1 winner . the japan based stallion is the sire of 3yo . . . more
2yo chestnut colt performer , winner of saturday ' s breeders plate ( l ) at randwick , became the fifth blacktype winner by exceed and . . . more
new zealand saw one more similar mating . shamoline warrior , not much used at stud , a gr . 3 winner by shamardal , produced three horses with street cry’s daughter blue beat . the oldest of them , spur street viper , raced but without place .
besides the horses mentioned above i have found just one more example of combining shamardal’s blood with that of street cry – it was in the pedigree of the mare bossy betty lou , foaled in 2013 at kentucky and sired by street boss ( street cry ) out of shamardal’s daughter velvet moss . the filly was sold at fasig - tipton florida select 2 - years - old in training sale for 35 , 000 dollars , but has not raced so far .
* all statistics are generated from blacktypepedigree data , which include black - type races since 2002 .
to get access to this function please ! login to your premium account . .
12th feb - just 10 % left 10th feb - 2015 - just 20 % left .
chicken little , by telesto ( nz ) . 5 wins 1000 to 1400m , qtc desert chill h . , 2d btc acis race day h . , mccullough robertson lawyers h . , qld tatt ' s rc hardy brothers jewellers h . , 3d gctc yalumba h . half - sister to intertwined ( dam of how funny ) . this is her seventh foal . dam of 5 foals to race , 3 winners , inc : -
capital commander ( f by commands ) 9 wins 1100 to 1600m , $ 450 , 625 , to 2013 - 14 , gctc magic millions quality h . , atc snap liverpool h . , james boag h . , cruise guru & p & o ; cruises h . , 2d atc nivison s . , l , parramatta leagues club h . , buy your next racehorse at inglis h . , harvey norman h . , 3d gctc magic millions quality h . , atc sportsyear h . , busby rising stars heat h . , 4th atc angst s . , gr 3 , wyong rc mona lisa s . , l .
little favours ( f by falvelon ) 4 wins 800 to 1050m , $ 120 , 710 , to 2013 - 14 , brc mount franklin h . , eureka stud h . , 3d brc mick dittman p . , l .
sonic jet ( g by jet spur ) winner at 1400m in 2014 - 15 in nz .
daddy rooster ( g by show a heart ) placed at 3 in aust .
twining , by twig moss ( fr ) . 6 wins - 3 at 2 - 1000 to 1600m , $ 253 , 530 , vrc bloodhorse breeders ' p . , gr 2 , ajc emancipation s . , l , sledmere h . , dark jewel h . , mvrc victoria meat supplies h . , stc ray hadley h . , ajc petite liquor superfecta h . , 2d vrc waltzing lily h . , l , stc birthday card h . , l , sajc persian carpet gallery h . , vatc campbell cash & carry h . , 3d stc orlando wines classic , gr 1 , vatc blue diamond s . , gr 1 , stc otc welter h . , 4th vatc one thousand guineas , gr 1 , ajc silver shadow s . , gr 3 . half - sister to another call . dam of 9 foals , 6 to race , all winners , inc : -
intertwined . 3 wins - 1 at 2 - 1100 to 1400m in aust . dam of 6 winners -
how funny ( f rory ' s jester ) 2 wins at 2 at 1100 , 1200m , $ 887 , 071 , btc tommy smith slipper s . , l , stc join the stc now 2yo h . , 2d stc golden slipper s . , gr 1 , sweet embrace s . , gr 3 , gctc magic millions 2yo classic s . , rl . dam of 2 winners -
jester ' s girl ( f commands ) 2 wins at 900 , 1200m , $ 111 , 350 , qld tatt ' s rc travel associates classic , l , 2d brc just now h . , l , atc sge credit union h . , liverpool catholic club h .
the comedian ( g encosta de lago ) 10 wins 1200 to 1403m , $ 494 , 848 , singapore tc tabcorp holdings limited trophy , panasonic systems professional s . , lim ' s classic h . , open h . , punters ' way anniversary cup , better than ever h . , progress h . , 2d singapore tc committee ' s prize , sgp - 3 , hong kong jockey club trophy , open h . , mrc barfleur h . , le pine funerals h . , mvrc pulse pharmacy h . , sportingbet h . , singapore tc class 3 h . , 3d singapore tc ew barker trophy , sgp - 2 , jolie ' s shinju h . , open h .
dreaming on ( f marscay ) winner at 1400m , ajc tellers h . , 3d gosford classic , l , ajc gallipoli h . producer .
habitude ( gb ) , by habitat . unraced . half - sister to rectitude , outlook , platitude ( dam of tucuman ) . dam of 14 foals , 12 to race , 7 winners , inc : -
another call ( f zvornik ) 2 wins - 1 at 2 - at 1000 , 1100m , watc maddington h . , 2d watc crystal slipper s . , l . producer .
hill house . winner at 1200m , 3d watc hawkesbury graduation s . dam of 3 winners -
ranshow ( c rant and rave ) 10 wins - 3 at 2 - 1000 to 1600m , $ 119 , 850 , watc swan districts welter h . , key dancer welter h . , burswood winter series heat h . , jh church h . , mitchell h . , sweet saga h . , maikai h . , nanna tale quality sprint h . , 2d watc sir ernest lee steere classic s . , gr 3 , regalia h . , denis scanlan h . , nutritious diet h . , forrest h . , toyota corolla h . , broome quality h . , nec video h . , lexington h . , 3d watc raconteur s . , l , mvrc aci minerals h . , watc budget campervan h . , budget rent - a - car sprint h . , deafness council welter h . , exchange h . , ashanti gold h . , lord sydney h . , 4th watc nj way quality s . , l .
bloodstock listing - a great pedigree and built like his sire - strong , a great hind quarter , deep - girth , and good bone . - urltoken
a great pedigree and built like his sire - strong , a great hind quarter , deep - girth , and good bone .
this gelding is made very much in the mould of his sire . he is an ideal candidate to excel at middle distances , but he has the strength , athleticism and pedigree to perform over shorter distances . his dam and granddam were genuine black type performers , and he hails from the same female family as so you think and turf ruler .
his race record was proof that he was one of the most versatile racehorses in australia over the last decade . he had the brilliance to win the group 2 vrc makybe diva stakes over 1600m , the class to win the group 1 australian cup over 2000m and the courage to trounce an international field in the group 1 melbourne cup over 3200m .
blacken won four races and $ 135 , 838 during her racetrack career , including wins at metropolitan level . she was also stakes placed .
her dam noircir won nine races and over $ 500 , 000 prizemoney , including two group 2 wins and a listed win . she was also placed in the group 1 stc coolmore classic behind sunline , showing her trademark closing acceleration from the rear of field .
blacken is by rubiton , who has been doing a wonderful job now for some time as a broodmare sire of 30 stakes winners . this year is no exception , with rubiton sitting in the australia top 25 broodmare sires , being the broodmare sire of three stakes winners including el roca .
this gelding is blacken’s third foal . her second foal , pentultimate ( by pentire ) is a recent winner in new zealand at his sixth start in a career which is in its infancy .
contact us for a detailed pedigree analysis of this colt . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
the gelding has been valued at $ 50 , 000 , and this forms part of the share price in addition to other costs of acquisition such as freight to melbourne , australian gst and other import costs .
unlike traditional syndications , there is no markup in price , and promotion fees are kept to an absolute minimum .
this offer has been approved by racing victoria . pds and financial services provided by kinematic thoroughbred services pty ltd afsl : 452499 .


emydocephalus annulatus , commonly known as the turtle-headed sea snake or egg-eating sea snake , is a species of sea snake that can be found in waters of oceania near australia and some pacific islands such as the philippines and the loyalty islands of new caledonia .

the geographic range is sporadic , for example , with populations distributed near the eastern and western coasts of australia in the great barrier reef and the timor sea reefs , respectively .

they do not , however , occur in the gulf of carpentaria along the north coast .

emydocephalus annulatus

emydocephalus annulatus krefft 1869 : 92 emydocephalus tuberculatus krefft 1869 : 93 aipysurus chelonicephalus bavay 1869 : 34 emydocephalus annulatus — cogger 1983 : 246 emydocephalus annulatus — welch 1994 : 59 emydocephalus annulatus — cogger 2000 : 708 emydocephalus annulatus — rasmussen et al . 2011 emydocephalus annulatus — wallach et al . 2014 : 268
industrial _ melanism _ in _ the _ seasnake _ emydocephalus _ annulatus . pdf ( 1 . 14 mb )
goiran , claire ; paco bustamante , richard shine 2017 . industrial melanism in the seasnake emydocephalus annulatus . current biology - get paper here
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - turtleheaded sea snake ( emydocephalus annulatus )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - turtleheaded sea snake ( emydocephalus annulatus )
title =
arkive species - turtleheaded sea snake ( emydocephalus annulatus )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
guinea , m . l . ( 1996 ) . functions of the cephalic scales of the sea snake emydocephalus annulatus . journal of herpetology . 30 : 126 - 128 .
venomous ! synonymy mainly after cogger 1983 . boulenger ( 1908 ) synonymized e . ijimae with e . annulatus . distribution : does not occur in japan ( t . hikida , pers . comm . ) . type species : emydocephalus annulatus krefft 1869 is the type species of the genus emydocephalus krefft 1869 . habitat : marine . diet : feeds only on fish eggs .
department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( 2012 ) emydocephalus annulatus . in : species profile and threats database . department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities , canberra . available at : urltoken
table 1 : status of aipysurus laevis and emydocephalus annulatus on 90 reefs in the pompey and swain reefs complexes , southern great barrier reef surveyed between 1967 and 2002 , including current and prior zoning status . ( doc 100 kb )
citation : department of the environment ( 2018 ) . emydocephalus annulatus in species profile and threats database , department of the environment , canberra . available from : urltoken . accessed tue , 10 jul 2018 05 : 58 : 23 + 1000 .
the taxonomic status of species in the genus emydocephalus is uncertain . there are currently two described species , however , it has been suggested that populations of e . annulatus in the philippines are a distinct species ( alcala et al . 2000 ) . there has , however , been no formal description of a third species of emydocephalus at this stage . molecular work is needed to determine the taxonomic status of species in the genus emydocephalus and the taxonomic affinities of populations in various parts of its range .
shine , r . , t . shine , j . m . shine & b . g . shine ( 2005 ) . synchrony in capture dates suggests cryptic social organization in seasnakes emydocephalus annulatus ( serpentes , hydrophiidae ) . austral ecology . 30 : 805 - 811 .
shine , r . , x . bonnet , m . j . elphick & e . g . barrott ( 2004 ) . a novel foraging mode in snakes : browsing by the seasnake emydocephalus annulatus ( serpentes , hydrophiidae ) . functional ecology . 18 : 16 - 24 .
shine , r . , bonnet , x . , elphick , m . j . and barrott , e . g . ( 2004 ) a novel foraging mode in snakes : browsing by the sea snake emydocephalus annulatus ( serpentes , hydrophiidae ) . functional ecology , 18 : 16 - 24 .
citation :
turtle - headed sea snakes , emydocephalus annulatus ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
shine , r . , shine , t . and shine , b . ( 2003 ) intraspecific habitat partitioning by the sea snake emydocephalus annulatus ( serpentes , hydrophiidae ) : the effects of sex , body size , and colour pattern . biological journal of the linnean society , 80 : 1 - 10 .
kukoschek , v . ; heatwole , h . ; grech , a . ; burns , g . ; marsh , h . 2007 . distribution of two species of sea snakes , aipysurus laevis and emydocephalus annulatus , in the southern great barrier reef : metapopulation dynamics , marine protected areas and conservation . coral reefs 26 ( 2 ) : 291 - 307
boulenger , g . a . 1908 . note on the ophidian genus emydocephalus . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 8 ) 1 : 231 - get paper here
voris , h . k . 1966 . fish eggs as the apparent sole food item for a genus of sea snake , emydocephalus ( krefft ) . ecology 47 : 152 - 154
on coral reefs in new caledonia , the eggs of demersal - spawning fishes are consumed by turtle - headed seasnakes ( emydocephalus annulatus ) . fish repel nest - raiding snakes by a series of tactics . we recorded 232 cases ( involving 22 fish species ) of antipredator behaviour towards snakes on a reef near noumea . blennies and gobies focused their attacks on snakes entering their nests , whereas . . . [ show full abstract ]
monitoring results from a small reef ( ile aux canards ) near noumea in the new caledonian lagoon reveal that numbers of turtle - headed sea snakes ( emydocephalus annulatus ) have been in consistent decline over a 9 - year period , with average daily counts of snakes decreasing from > 6 to < 2 over this period . causal factors for the decline are unclear , because the site is a protected area used only . . . [ show full abstract ]
research emydocephalus annulatus » barcode of life ~ bioone ~ biodiversity heritage library ~ cites ~ cornell macaulay library [ audio / video ] ~ encyclopedia of life ( eol ) ~ esa online journals ~ fishbase ~ florida museum of natural history ichthyology department ~ gbif ~ google scholar ~ itis ~ iucn redlist ( threatened status ) ~ marine species identification portal ~ ncbi ( pubmed , genbank , etc . ) ~ ocean biogeographic information system ~ plos ~ siris ~ tree of life web project ~ unep - wcmc species database ~ worms
syntypes : ams ( am ) r454 , am r6633 holotype : ams ( am ) r455 , from
probably the australian seas .
[ emydocephalus tuberculatus ] . holotype : marine museum brest , from lifu ( as lifou ) , loyalty ils . , new caledonia , fide smith ( 1926 ) [ aipysurus chelonicephalus ] .
a slender , medium - sized sea snake ( 3 ) , the turtleheaded sea snake ( emydocephalus annulatus ) is named for its short , blunt head and plate - like upper lips , which give it a unique , turtle - like profile ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the scales on its body overlap each other and are smooth ( 3 ) , while the wide scales on its underside have small bumps on them , and are keeled in the centre . the scale on the tip of the snout , known as the rostral scale , bears a conical projection , which forms a conspicuous blunt spine in the male turtleheaded sea snake ( 3 ) ( 4 ) .
populations tend to stay where they are and rarely move between territories . this could possibly be related to the spatial memory of snakes and their ability to remember where nests are located . if they stay in the same area , then the snakes are able to feed regularly on the same sites . curiously , emydocephalus is the only sea snake that does not possess palatal teeth . contrary to the foraging habits of other snakes , the turtle - head tends to eat smaller , more frequent meals rather than larger , infrequent prey . in this respect , emydocephalus feeds more like a grazing mammal than a snake . this atypical method of feeding is evidence of the great adaptive radiation of snakes .
i thank james and ben shine , melanie elphick , elizabeth barrott , carla avolio , amanda lane , hal cogger , xavier bonnet and especially terri shine for field assistance , and ird noumea ( especially , pierre laboute and michel kulbicki ) for logistical support . funding was provided by the australian research council . the study was conducted with approval from new caledonian wildlife and fisheries authorities , and conformed to all requirements for animal experimentation in that country .
andersson m ( 1994 ) sexual selection . princeton university press , princeton , n . j .
arnold sj , duvall d ( 1994 ) animal mating systems : a synthesis based on selection theory . am nat 143 : 317–348
cabin rj , mitchell rj ( 2000 ) to bonferroni or not to bonferroni : when and how are the questions . bull ecol soc am 81 : 246–248
cooper wej , greenberg n ( 1992 ) reptile coloration and behavior . in : gans c , crews d ( eds ) biology of the reptilia , vol 18 . hormones , brains and behavior . university of chicago press , chicago , pp 298–422
duellman we , trueb l ( 1986 ) biology of amphibians . mcgraw - hill , new york
duvall d , chiszar d ( 1990 ) behavior and chemical ecology of vernal migration and pre - and post - strike predatory activity in prairie rattlesnakes . in : macdonald dw , muller - schwarze d , natynczuk se ( eds ) chemical signals in vertebrates , vol . 5 . oxford university press , oxford , pp 539–554
duvall d , king mb , gutzweiler kj ( 1985 ) behavioral ecology and ethology of the prairie rattlesnake . nat geogr res 1 : 80–111
duvall d , schuett g , arnold sj ( 1992 ) pitviper mating systems : ecological potential , sexual selection and microevolution . in : campbell ja , brodie edj ( eds ) biology of the pitvipers . selva , tyler , tex . , pp 321–336
duvall d , schuett gw , arnold sj ( 1993 ) ecology and evolution of snake mating systems . in : seigel ra , collins jt ( eds ) snakes : ecology and behavior . mcgraw - hill , new york , pp 165–200
emlen st , oring lw ( 1977 ) ecology , sexual selection , and the evolution of mating systems . science 197 : 215–223
endler ja ( 1983 ) natural and sexual selection on color patterns in poeciliid fishes . environ biol fishes 9 : 173–190
ford nb , low jr ( 1984 ) sex pheromone source location by garter snakes : a mechanism for detection of direction in nonvolatile trails . j chem ecol 10 : 1193–1199
gans c ( 1974 ) biomechanics : an approach to vertebrate biology . lippincott , philadelphia
gans c , mendelssohn h ( 1972 ) sidewinding and jumping progression of vipers . in : vries a de , kochva e ( eds ) proceedings of the second international symposium on toxins of animal and plant origin . gordon and breach , london , pp 17–38
gillingham jc ( 1987 ) social behavior . in : seigel ra , collins jt , novak ss ( eds ) snakes : ecology and evolutionary biology . mcgraw - hill , new york , pp 184–209
greer ae ( 1997 ) the biology and evolution of australian snakes . surrey beatty , sydney
heatwole hf ( 1999 ) sea snakes . university of new south wales press , sydney
heatwole hf , minton saj , taylor r , taylor v ( 1978 ) underwater observations of sea snake behaviour . rec aust mus 31 : 737–761
higgie m , chenoweth s , blows m ( 2000 ) natural selection and the reinforcement of mate recognition . science 290 : 519–521
ineich i , laboute p ( 2002 ) sea snakes of new caledonia . ird , paris
lemaster mp , mason rt ( 2002 ) variation in a female sexual attractiveness pheromone controls male mate choice in garter snakes . j chem ecol 28 : 1269–1285
mason rt ( 1992 ) reptilian pheromones . in : gans c , crews d ( eds ) biology of the reptilia , vol . 18 . hormones , brains and behavior . university of chicago press , chicago , pp 114–228
mason rt , fales hm , jones th , pannell lk , chinn jw , crews d ( 1989 ) sex pheromones in snakes . science 245 : 290–293
minton saj , dunson ww ( 1985 ) sea snakes collected at chesterfield reefs , coral sea . atoll res bull 292 : 101–108
panhuis tm , butlin rk , zuk m , tregenza t ( 2001 ) sexual selection and speciation . trends ecol evol 16 : 364–371
rasmussen ar ( 2002 ) phylogenetic analysis of the “true” aquatic elapid snakes hydrophiinae ( sensu smith et al . , 1977 ) indicates two independent radiations into water . steenstrupia 27 : 47–63
ryan mj , tuttle md , rand as ( 1982 ) bat predation and sexual advertisement in a neotropical anuran . am nat 119 : 136–139
shine r ( 1988 ) constraints on reproductive investment : a comparison between aquatic and terrestrial snakes . evolution 42 : 17–27
shine r , mason rt ( 2001 ) courting male garter snakes use multiple cues to identify potential mates . behav ecol sociobiol 49 : 465–473
shine r , o’connor d , lemaster mp , mason rt ( 2001 ) pick on someone your own size : ontogenetic shifts in mate choice by male garter snakes result in size - assortative mating . anim behav 61 : 1133–1141
shine r , cogger hg , reed rn , shetty ss , bonnet x ( 2002a ) aquatic and terrestrial locomotor speeds of amphibious sea - snakes ( serpentes , laticaudidae ) . j zool ( lond ) 259 : 261–268
shine r , reed rn , shetty s , lemaster m , mason rt ( 2002b ) reproductive isolating mechanisms between two sympatric sibling species of sea - snakes . evolution 56 : 1655–1662
( serpentes , hydrophiidae ) : the effects of sex , body size , and color pattern . biol j linn soc 80 : 1–10
sutherland wj ( 1987 ) random and deterministic components of variance in mating success . in : bradbury jw , andersson mb ( eds ) sexual selection : testing the alternatives . wiley , new york , pp 209–219
vitt lj ( 1986 ) reproductive tactics of sympatric gekkonid lizards with a comment on the evolutionary and ecological consequences of invariant clutch size . copeia 1986 : 773–786
voris hk ( 1977 ) a phylogeny of the sea snakes ( hydrophiidae ) . fieldiana zool 70 : 79–166
voris hk , voris hh ( 1983 ) feeding strategies in marine snakes : an analysis of evolutionary , morphological , behavioral and ecological relationships . am zool 23 : 411–425
voris hk , voris hh ( 1995 ) commuting on the tropical tides : the life of the yellow - lipped sea krait . ocean realm april 1995 : 57–61
weldon pj , ortiz r , sharp tr ( 1992 ) the chemical ecology of crotaline snakes . in : campbell ja , brodie edj ( eds ) biology of the pitvipers . selva , tyler , tex . , pp 309–319
shine , r . behav ecol sociobiol ( 2005 ) 57 : 591 . urltoken
the work of the authors was supported by the national science foundation iob - 0620125 . this review was improved by the comments of two anonymous reviewers . we thank matthieu keller for asking us to write this review and for his patience .
alberts ac ( 1989 ) ultraviolet visual sensitivity in desert iguanas : implications for pheromone detection . anim behav 38 : 129–137
: a mechanistic difference between semi - aquatic and terrestrial species . am mid nat 154 : 412–422
, to scents of snakes that pose different risks of predation . copeia 2004 : 691–696
amo l , lópez p , martín j ( 2004c ) wall lizards combine chemical and visual cues of ambush snake predators to avoid overestimating risk inside refuges . anim behav 67 : 647–653
, is influenced by time exposed to chemical cues of ambush snakes . herpetol j 15 : 21–25
aragon p , lópez p , martín j ( 2001c ) chemosensory discrimination of familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics by lizards : implications of field spatial relationships between males . behav ecol sociobiol 50 : 128–133
aragon p , lópez p , martín j ( 2008 ) increased predation risk modifies lizard scent - mark chemicals . j exp zool 309a : 427–433
baumann f ( 1927 ) experimente über den geruchsinn der viper . rev suisse zool 34 : 173–184
bogert cm ( 1941 ) sensory cues used by rattlesnakes in their recognition of ophidian enemies . ann n y acad sci 41 : 329–344
( stinkpot / musk turtle ) respond to chemosignals via the phospholipase c system . j exp biol 209 : 1914–1927
) snake odors on y - maze behavior of pine snake hatchlings . j chem ecol 17 : 79–87
burghardt gm ( 1970 ) chemical perception in reptiles . in : johnston jw , moulton dg , turk m ( eds ) communication by chemical signals . appleton - century - crofts , new york , pp 241–308
burghardt gm ( 1980 ) behavioral and stimulus correlates of vomeronasal functioning in reptiles : feeding , grouping , sex , and tongue use . in : müller - schwarze d , silverstein rm ( eds ) chemical signals . vertebrates and aquatic invertebrates . plenum press , new york , pp 275–301
carpenter cc , ferguson gw ( 1977 ) variation and evolution of stereotyped behavior in reptiles . in : gans c , tinkle dw ( eds ) biology of the reptilia . academic press , new york , pp 335–554
chiu kw , maderson pfa ( 1975 ) the microscopic anatomy of epidermal glands in two species of gekkonine lizards , with some observations on testicular activity . j morphol 147 : 23–40
cooper we ( 1994 ) chemical discrimination by tongue - flicking in lizards : a review with hypotheses on its origin and its ecological and phylogenetic relationsips . j chem ecol 20 : 439–487
cooper we ( 2007 ) lizard chemical senses , chemosensory behavior , and foraging mode . in : reilly s , mcbrayer l , miles d ( eds ) lizard foraging behavior . cambridge university press , cambridge , pp 237–270
) having sealed vomeronasal ducts : vomerolfaction may mediate these behavioral responses . j chem ecol 17 : 135–146
cooper we , burghardt gm ( 1990 ) vomerolfaction and vomodor . j chem ecol 16 : 103–105
: effects of sex and site of odor source and of male reproductive condition . j exp zool 230 : 199–209
cooper we , lópez p , salvador a ( 1994 ) pheromone detection by an amphisbaenian . anim behav 47 : 1401–1411
duvall d ( 1986 ) a new question of pheromones : aspects of possible chemical signaling and reception in the mammal - like reptiles . in : hotton n , maclean pd , roth jj , roth ec ( eds ) the ecology and biology of mammal - like reptiles . smithsonian institution press , washington , dc , pp 219–238
eisner t , connor we , hicks k , dodge kr , rosenberg h , jones th , cohen m , meinwald j ( 1977 ) stink of stinkpot turtle identified : ω - phenylalkanoic acids . science 196 : 1374–1379
evans lt ( 1961 ) structure as related to behavior in the organization of population in reptiles . in : blair wf ( ed ) vertebrate speciation . university of texas press , austin , pp 148–178
fisher j ( 1954 ) evolution and bird sociality . in : huxley j , hardy ac , ford eb ( eds ) evolution as a process . allen and unwin , london , pp 71–83
ford nb ( 1982 ) species specificity of sex pheromone trails of sympatric and allopatric garter snakes . copeia 1982 : 10–13
ford nb ( 1986 ) the role of pheromone trails in the sociobiology of snakes . in : duvall d , müeller - schwarze d , silverstein rm ( eds ) chemical signals in vertebrates 4 . plenum press , new york , pp 261–278
ford nb , low jr jr ( 1983 ) sex pheromone source location by snakes : a mechanism for detection of direction in nonvolatile trails . j chem ecol 10 : 1193–1199
franceschini v , lazzari m , ciana f ( 1996 ) identification of surface glycoconjugates in the olfactory system of turtle . brain res 725 : 81–87
garrick ld ( 1978 ) love among the alligators . anim king 78 : 2–8
gehlbach fr , watkins jf , reno hw ( 1968 ) blind snake defensive behavior elicited by ant attacks . biosci 18 : 784–785
gillingham jc ( 1987 ) social behavior . in : seigel ra , collins jt , novak ss ( eds ) snakes : ecology and evolutionary biology . macmillan , new york , pp 184–209
graves bm , duvall d ( 1988 ) evidence of an alarm pheromone from the cloacal sacs of prairie rattlesnakes . southwest nat 33 : 339–345
graves bm , duvall d , king mb , lindstedt sl , gern wa ( 1986 ) initial den location by neonatal prairie rattlesnakes : functions , causes , and natural history in chemical ecology . in : duvall d , müller - schwarze d , silverstein rm ( eds ) chemical signals in vertebrates 4 , ecology , evolution , and comparative biology . plenum press , new york , pp 285–304
: a mechanism for the rejection of potential mates . anim behav 65 : 905–910
greene mj , stark sl , mason rt ( 2002 ) predatory response of brown tree snakes to chemical stimuli from human skin . j chem ecol 28 : 2465–2473
) in an extreme environment , the interlake region of manitoba . nat mus can pub zool 13 : 1–44
gregory pt , macartney jm , larsen kw ( 1987 ) spatial patterns and movements . in : seigel ra , collins jt , novak ss ( eds ) snakes : ecology and evolutionary biology . macmillan , new york , pp 366–395
halpern m ( 1992 ) nasal chemical senses in reptiles : structure and function . in : gans c , crews d ( eds ) biology of the reptilia : hormones , brain , and behavior . university of chicago press , chicago , pp 423–523
halpern m , frumin mn ( 1979 ) roles of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems in prey attack and feeding in adult garter snakes . physiol behav 22 : 1183–1189
halpern m , kubie jl ( 1980 ) chemical access to the vomeronasal organ of the garter snakes . physiol behav 24 : 367–371
halpern m , martinez - marcos a ( 2003 ) structure and function of the vomeronasal system : an update . prog neurobiol 70 : 245–318
: roles of the visual , olfactory , and vomeronasal senses . j comp physiol psych 96 : 984–989
houck ld ( 2009 ) pheromone communication in amphibians and reptiles . ann rev physiol 71 : 161–176
huang g - z , zhang j - j , wang d , mason rt , halpern m ( 2006 ) female sex pheromone induces membrane responses in vomeronasal sensory neurons of male snakes . chem senses 31 : 521–529
johnsen pb , wellington jl ( 1982 ) detection of glandular secretions by yearling alligators . copeia 1982 : 705–708
kubie jl , vagvolgyi a , halpern m ( 1978 ) the roles of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems in the courtship behavior of male snakes . j comp physiol psychol 92 : 627–641
) . in : marchlewska - koj a , lepri j , müller - schwarze d ( eds ) chemical signals in vertebrates 9 . kluwer academic / plenum publishers , new york , pp 369–374
lemaster mp , stefani a , shine r , mason rt ( 2008 ) cross - dressing in chemical cues : exploring “she - maleness” in newly emerged male garter snakes . in : hurst j , beynon r , roberts s , wyatt t ( eds ) chemical signals in vertebrates 11 . springer , london , pp 223–231
lópez p , martín j ( 2001b ) chemosensory predator recognition induces specific defensive behaviours in a fossorial amphisbaenian . anim behav 62 : 259–264
lópez p , martín j ( 2005d ) female iberian wall lizards prefer male scents that signal a better cell - mediated immune response . biol lett 1 : 404–406
) assess conspecific information using composite signals from faecal pellets . ethology 104 : 809–820
, to males’ chemical cues reflect their mating preference for older males . behav ecol sociobiol 55 : 73–79
to override visual concealment of sexual identity by satellite males . behav ecol sociobiol 54 : 218–224
lópez p , gabirot m , martín j ( 2009 ) immune activation affects chemical sexual ornaments of male iberian wall lizards . naturwissenschaften 96 : 65–69
maderson pfa ( 1986 ) tetrapod epidermis : a system protoadapted as a semiochemical source . in : duvall d , müller - schwarze d , silverstein rm ( eds ) chemical signals in vertebrates 4 , ecology , evolution , and comparative biology . plenum press , new york , pp 13–26
madison dm ( 1977 ) chemical communcation in amphibians and reptiles . in : müller - schwarze d , mozell mm ( eds ) chemical signals in vertebrates . plenum press , new york , pp 135–168
mahmoud iy ( 1967 ) courtship behavior and sexual maturity in four species of kinosternid turtles . copeia 1967 : 314–319
martín j , lópez p ( 2000 ) chemoreception , symmetry and mate choice in lizards . proc r soc b 267 : 1265–1269
to selected lipids found in femoral gland secretions of males . j herp 40 : 556–561
martín j , lópez p ( 2006d ) vitamin d supplementation increases the attractiveness of males’ scent for female iberian rock lizards . proc r soc b 273 : 2619–2624
martín j , lópez p ( 2006e ) links between male quality , male chemical signals , and female choice in iberian rock lizards . funct ecol 20 : 1087–1096
martín j , lópez p ( 2007 ) scent may signal fighting ability in male iberian rock lizards . biol lett 3 : 125–127
martín j , lópez p ( 2008a ) female sensory bias may allow honest chemical signaling by male iberian rock lizards . behav ecol sociobiol 62 : 1927–1934
martín j , lópez p ( 2008b ) intersexual differences in chemosensory responses to selected lipids reveal different messages conveyed by femoral secretions of male iberian rock lizards . amphib rept 29 : 572–578
martín j , lópez p ( 2010 ) condition - dependent pheromone signaling by male rock lizards : more oily scents are more attractive . chem senses 35 : 253–262
martín j , moreira pl , lópez p ( 2007a ) status - signaling chemical badges in male iberian rock lizards . funct ecol 21 : 568–576
may reveal their parasite load and health state to females . behav ecol sociobiol 62 : 173–179
martín j , lópez p , gabirot m , pilz km ( 2007c ) effects of testosterone supplementation on chemical signals of male iberian wall lizards : consequences for female mate choice . behav ecol sociobiol 61 : 1275–1283
mason rt ( 1992 ) reptilian pheromones . in : gans c , crews d ( eds ) biology of the reptilia : hormones , brain , and behavior . university of chicago press , chicago , pp 114–128
mason rt , crews d ( 1985 ) female mimicry in garter snakes . nature 316 : 59–60
mason rt , crews d ( 1986 ) pheromone mimicry in garter snakes . in : duvall d , müller - schwarze d , silverstein rm ( eds ) chemical signals in vertebrates 4 , ecology , evolution , and comparative biology . plenum press , new york , pp 279–283
( sauria : gekkonidae ) : possible mediation by skin - derived semiochemicals . j chem ecol 16 : 27–36
mason rt , chivers d , mathis a , blaustein ar ( 1998 ) bioassays with amphibians and reptiles . in : millar j , haynes k ( eds ) methods in chemical ecology . chapman & hall , new york , pp 271–325
mccarthy cj ( 1986 ) relationships of the laticaudine sea snakes ( serpentes : elapidae : laticaudinae ) . bull brit mus nat hist ( zool . ) 50 : 127–161
mcilhenny ea ( 1935 ) the alligator’s life history . christopher publishing house , boston
mendonça m , crews d ( 2001 ) control of attractivity and receptivity in female red - sided garter snakes . horm behav 40 : 43–50
and other snakes , with especial reference to the sense organs involved . ecol monogr 6 : 271–316
parker mr , mason rt ( 2009 ) low temperature dormancy affects both the quantity and quality of the female sexual attractiveness pheromone in red - sided garter snakes . j chem ecol 35 : 1234–1241
phillips ja , alberts ac ( 1992 ) naive ophiophagus lizards recognize and avoid venomous snakes using chemical cues . j chem ecol 18 : 1775–1783
polo - cavia n , lópez p , martín j ( 2009 ) interspecific differences in chemosensory responses of freshwater turtles : consequences for competition between native and invasive species . biol inv 11 : 431–440
rose fl ( 1970 ) tortoise chin gland fatty acid composition : behavioral significance . comp biochem physiol 32 : 577–580
ross p , crews d ( 1977 ) influence of the seminal plug on mating behavior in the garter snake . nature 267 : 344–345
schwenk k ( 1985 ) occurrence , distribution , and functional significance of taste buds in lizards . copeia 1985 : 91–101
) use multiple cues to identify potential mates . behav ecol sociobiol 49 : 465–473
shine r , olsson mm , mason rt ( 2000b ) chastity belts in gartersnakes : the functional significance of mating plugs . biol j linn soc 70 : 377–382
shine r , o’connor d , mason rt ( 2000c ) female mimicry in gartersnakes : behavioural tactics of “she - males” and the males that court them . can j zool 78 : 1391–1398
shine r , olsson mm , moore it , lemaster mp , greene mj , mason rt ( 2000d ) body size enhances mating success in male garter snakes . anim behav 59 : f4–f11
shine r , phillips b , waye h , lemaster mp , mason rt ( 2001 ) advantage of female mimicry in snakes . nature 414 : 267
shine r , reed rn , shetty s , lemaster mp , mason rt ( 2002 ) reproductive isolating mechanisms between two sympatric sibling species of sea snakes . evolution 56 : 1655–1662
shine r , phillips b , waye h , lemaster mp , mason rt ( 2003 ) chemosensory cues allow courting male garter snakes to assess body length and body condition of potential mates . behav ecol sociobiol 54 : 162–166
shine r , webb jk , lane a , mason rt ( 2005b ) mate - location tactics in garter snakes : effects of rival males , interrupted trails , and non - pheromonal cues . funct ecol 19 : 1017–1024
shoji t , kurihara k ( 1991 ) sensitivity and transduction mechanisms of responses to general odorants in turtle vomeronasal system . j gen physiol 98 : 909–919
simon ca ( 1983 ) a review of lizard chemoreception . in : huey rb , pianka er , schoener tw ( eds ) lizard ecology : studies of a model organism . harvard university press , cambridge , ma , pp 119–133
vagvolgyi a , halpern m ( 1983 ) courtship behavior in garter snakes : effects of artificial hibernation . can j zool 61 : 1171–1174
van damme r , bauwens d , thoen c , vanderstighelen d , verheyen rf ( 1995 ) responses of naive lizards to predator chemical cues . j herp 29 : 38–43
weldon pj , burghardt gm ( 1979 ) the ophiophage defensive response in crotaline snakes : extension to new taxa . j chem ecol 5 : 141–151
weldon pj , ortiz r , sharp tr ( 1992 ) the chemical ecology of crotaline snakes . in : campbell ja , brodie ed jr ( eds ) biology of the pitvipers . selva , tyler , tx , pp 309–319
weldon pj , flachsbarth b , schulz s ( 2008 ) natural products from the integument of nonavian reptiles . nat prod rep 25 : 738–756
whiting mj , webb jk , keogh js ( 2009 ) flat lizard female mimics use sexual deception in visual but not chemical signals . proc r soc b 276 : 1585–1591
: differential effects on male and female sexual behavior . behav ecol sociobiol 16 : 257–261
mason , r . t . & parker , m . r . j comp physiol a ( 2010 ) 196 : 729 . urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
for information to assist regulatory considerations , refer to policy statements and guidelines , the conservation advice , the listing advice and / or the recovery plan .
department of sustainability , environment , water , population and communities ( dsewpac ) ( 2012 ) .
( great barrier reef marine park authority ( gbrmpa ) , 2011 ) [ admin guideline ] .
listed as least concern ( global status : iucn red list of threatened species : 2017 . 1 list )
the distribution shown is generalised from the departments species of national environmental significance dataset . this is an indicative distribution map of the present distribution of the species based on best available knowledge . some species information is withheld in line with sensitive species polices . see map caveat for more information .
national : listed as a marine species under the environment protection and biodiversity conservation act 1999 .
the turtle - headed seasnake is a slender , medium - sized snake with a short head . the species is highly variable in colour . individuals may be uniformly black or dark grey to banded patterns of creamy white or yellow alternating with dark rings . the head shields are large , regular and entire . the rostral scale bears a conical projection that in adult males forms a conspicuous blunt spine ( cogger 2000 ) . there are three supralabial scales of which the second is the largest . the body scales are smooth and imbricate ( overlapping ) forming 1517 rows at the mid - body . there are 125145 ventral scales are wide with small tubercles ( bumps ) and a median keel . the anal scale is single . there are 2033 subcaudal scales , and these are single . the turtle - headed seasnake may grow to 75 cm ( cogger 2000 ; storr et al . 1986 ) .
the turtle - headed seasnake appears to live in groups , because particular individuals are consistently captured together ( shine et al . 2005 ) . the species is sometimes found in groups at particular coral outcrops , together with other species of sea snakes . these congregations contain gravid ( pregnant ) females ( guinea & whiting 2005 ) .
the species occurs from shark bay in western australia to the southern great barrier reef ( cogger 1975 ; storr et al . 1986 ) .
the turtle - headed seasnake is found in tropical northern australia , to the south - east boundary of the coral sea ( the chesterfield reefs , 20° south , 159° east ) and new caledonia ( ineich & rasmussen 1997 ; minton & dunson 1985 ) .
the species occurs in the commonwealth reserve of ashmore reef in western australia in the eastern indian ocean ( guinea & whiting 2005 ) .
the turtle - headed seasnake usually occurs in water that is shallower than 10 m , at the edges of lagoons amongst coral outcrops ( guinea 1996 ; mccosker 1975 ) .
at high tide the turtle - headed seasnake is found on reef flats ( guinea & whiting 2005 ) .
some individual turtle - headed seasnakes remain in tidal pools at low tide , where they are exposed and the water can become dangerously hot . many leave the reef flat during the ebbing tide by travelling along drainage channels to deeper water at the edge of the reef flat ( guinea & whiting 2005 ) .
sea snakes are air breathing reptiles and must come to the surface to breathe , however they can spend from 30 minutes to two hours diving between breaths . they have one elongate cylindrical lung that extends for almost the entire length of their body which is very efficient for gas exchange . they also carry out cutaneous respiration whereby oxygen diffuses from sea water across the snake ' s skin into the blood . the waste product , carbon dioxide , is then diffused out of the snake ' s body , via the skin ( heatwole 1999 ) .
sea snakes have nostril valves that prevent air entering the lung while underwater . nostril valves open inwards and are held shut from behind by erectile tissue engorged with blood ( heatwole 1999 ) .
sea snakes are able to avoid excess salt accumulation from sea water using a salt excreting gland , known as the posterior sublingual gland , which sits under the tongue . sea snakes shed their skin every two to six weeks , which is more frequently than land snakes and more often than needed for growth alone . the process involves rubbing the lips against coral or other hard substrate to loosen the skin . the snake ' s skin is then anchored to the substrate as it crawls forward , leaving the skin turned inside out behind it . skin shedding allows sea snakes to rid themselves of fouling marine organisms such as algae , barnacles and bryozoans ( heatwole 1999 ) .
the turtle - headed seasnake , like most sea snakes , is viviparous , that is giving birth to live young ( cogger 2000 ) . male sea snakes have two penises called hemipenes , and each is an autonomous independently functioning penis , though only one is used during mating . mating takes place for long periods and sea snakes must surface for air during that time . the female controls her breathing and , as she swims to the surface , the male is pulled along via the hemipenis . males are unable to disengage until mating is finished ( cogger 2000 ; heatwole 1999 ) .
the turtle - headed seasnake females usually give birth to 2–5 young in each litter ( greer 1997 ) .
the turtle - headed seasnake is found to be one of three species with a highly specialized diet , feeding almost exclusively on fish eggs ( heatwole 1999 ) .
the species only feeds on the eggs of blennies ( blenniidae ) , gobies ( gobiidae ) and coral fish ( pomacentridae ) ( guinea 1996 ; mccosker 1975 ) .
turtle - headed seasnakes forage by moving slowly amongst the coral , investigating crevices and burrows . fish eggs are located by scent , and scraped from the coral substrate using the modified labial scales ( guinea 1996 ; shine et al . 2004 ) .
turtle - headed seasnakes appear to be sedentary in small home ranges , as the same individuals were found repeatedly over three years at the same coral outcrop on ashmore reef in western australia ( guinea & whiting 2005 ) .
sea snakes that inhabit coral reefs and lagoons can be surveyed by travelling slowly ( at about four knots ) along transects in a small boat and visually identifying snakes observed within 3 m of the path of the boat . species can be distinguished by this method if the water is up to 3 m deep . at low tide , surveys can be done on foot , for example by searching the reef flat along transects that are 1000 m long and 20 m wide ( guinea & whiting 2005 ) .
for close up identification , sea snakes that are swimming on the surface of the water can be captured using a dip net employed from a small boat ( limpus 1975 ) . snakes that are underwater and either active or resting can also be hand - netted by an individual snorkelling or scuba diving , using a cylindrical net 300 mm in diameter and 1700 mm long , with 10 mm mesh . with the aid of protective gloves the snake is gently grasped through the mesh at the base of the net , drawing the snake in until the top of the net can be twisted shut ( guinea & whiting 2005 ; guinea in press ) . alternatively , snakes that are resting can be captured by grasping them behind the head and by the mid - body simultaneously . pillstrom tongs and gloves can be used , although mechanical restraint may injure the snake and increase its aggressiveness ( heatwole 1975 ) .
prawn trawling has been identified as a major threat to sea snakes due to : their life history ( low fecundity and longevity ) ; and demographic factors whereby much of the species ' distribution coincides with those areas and depths where prawn trawling occurs ( marsh et al . 1993 ; milton et al . 2009 ) . sea snakes are caught in the bycatch of trawls , and it is estimated that approximately 50 % of individuals caught in trawls die by drowning or being crushed by the weight of the catch ( milton et al . 2009 ; wassenberg et al . 2001 ) . while sea snakes can naturally remain submerged for up to two hours , the conditions within the net will affect the sea snakes ( wassenberg et al . 2001 ) . these conditions include the physical weight of the catch , the composition of the catch ( including poisonous , spiny or abrasive animals ) and the interaction of the catch with the seafloor . survival has been found to depend on a few factors including when the sea snake enters the net ( early or late in the tow ) , the duration of the trawl , the weight of the catch , how the sea snake is treated on the deck and the sea snake ' s morphology ( wassenberg et al . 2001 ) .
the turtle - headed seasnake inhabits coral reefs , so it is seldom present in the incidental bycatch of trawl fisheries . it comprised 2 % of the bycatch of sea snakes caught during trawling for fish on the northern australian continental shelf in 1996 ( ward 1996a ) . a single specimen ( 0 . 6 % of the bycatch ) was recorded during commercial trawling in the npf in 1986 ( fry et al . 2001 ) .
it is potentially threatened by damage to the coral reef habitats in which it lives ( guinea 2001 pers . comm . ) .
in the early 2000s , the mandatory use of turtle excluder devices ( teds ) was introduced to all australian trawl fisheries to reduce turtle bycatch . in addition , the bycatch reduction devices ( brds ) were introduced to most australian prawn trawl fisheries to reduce the bycatch of non - targeted species including sea snakes . brds are escape grids or openings designed to enable non - target marine animals to swim out of the net , while teds are hard grids placed in trawl nets to exclude turtles and other large animals . an illustration of these devices can be found here : brd / ted . both teds and brds assist in the conservation of sea snakes by : reducing the number of fish caught which decreases the weight of the catch , thus , reducing the physical damage to sea snakes caught in the nets ; and , enabling sea snakes caught to escape ( wassenberg et al . 2001 ) . as a result of the mandatory introduction of these devices , australia’s state and commonwealth prawn trawl fisheries must now have both a ted and a second brd installed in every trawl net ( courtney et al . 2010 ) .
a range of studies have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of brds , as well as teds and brds used simultaneously , on sea snakes . for example , wassenberg et al . ( 2001 ) suggested that the mortality rates should decline with the introduction of brds due to the reduced weight of the bycatch in nets as well as increased escapement by snakes . brewer et al . ( 2006 ) concluded that the simultaneous use of teds and brds used by fishers in the northern prawn fishery ( npf ) had little effect ( i . e . 5 % ) on excluding snakes from trawl nets . however , they found that the performance of brds alone could be improved if placed closer to the codend ( the trailing end of the net where fish are finally caught ) . more recently , through improvement in design , the fisheye brd was similarly identified as capable of reducing sea snake bycatch and its effectiveness dependant on distance from the codend ( courtney et al . 2010 ) . testing of the yarrow fisheye brd ( heales et al . 2008 ) and the popeye fishbox brd ( raudzens 2007 ) in the npf demonstrated their high potential for reducing sea snake catch rates with no adverse reduction in targeted prawn catch rates .
prawn trawling has been found to have a negative impact on protected sea snake populations ( milton et al . 2008 ) . in 2003 , a crew member observer ( cmo ) program was established in the northern prawn fishery ( npf ) . the program aimed to collect data on bycatch such as composition , catch rates and distribution during both npf tiger and banana prawn fishing seasons . the initiative required the commonwealth scientific and industrial research organisation ( csiro ) and australian fisheries management authority ( afma ) to jointly run annual industry workshops to train the crew in the identification , photographing and recording of sea snakes from bycatch . during the 2003–2005 seasons , 21 crew member observers on 17 vessels collected data from 7602 prawn trawls . the observers recorded 4131 sea snakes from 12 species , with over half being photographed for identification and length estimation ( milton et al . 2008 ) .
this cmo program has been used in conjunction with logbooks , requested industry collections , scientific observers and fishery - independent surveys for long term bycatch monitoring solutions , and reflects the npf ' s commitment to the sustainability of all species impacted by its fishing activities ( milton et al . 2008 ) .
another research project ( which ran between july 2005 and october 2007 ) , established the crew member program ( cmp ) to provide detailed information on the catch composition and catch rates of sea snake species and estimates of the within - trawl mortality rate of snakes in the queensland otter and beam trawl fishery ( courtney et al . 2010 ) . sixty - seven crews collected data from all of the major east coast trawl fishing sectors . additional data were obtained from research charters , research surveys and the fishery observer program . detailed information was collected from a total of 8289 trawls that reported catching 3910 sea snakes . the study found that the highest catch of sea snakes was in redspot king prawn fishery due to an overlap with sea snake habitat .
results from the cmp indicate that sea snake bycatch in the queensland trawl fishery can be significantly reduced by using properly designed and installed brds , with no significant reduction in targeted prawn catch rates . of the brds tested ( the standard codend with no brd , fisheye brd , square mesh codend brd and square mesh panel brd ) , the cmp found that the fisheye brd was the most effective device at excluding snakes i . e . 63 % reduction compared to the standard net , with no significant effect on the catch rate of marketable ( ≥ 20 mm carapace length ) prawns . the fisheye brd was also the most effective device for excluding bycatch of non - targeted species with a 33 % reduction in bycatch rate compared to the standard net ( courtney et al . 2010 ) . furthermore , the square mesh codend was found to also be highly effective at excluding both sea snakes and other bycatch , with reductions of 60 % and 31 % respectively , compared to the standard net . however , the effectiveness of square mesh codend was considered to be limited by the maximum size of the square meshes which would provide too small an exit for large snakes ( courtney et al . 2010 ) . milton and colleagues ( 2009 ) found that the commonly used fisheye brd also had good exclusion ( 43 % reduction in bycatch by weight ) when placed at a distance of 66 meshes from the codend . where sea snake mortality is high ( eg area or sector related ) , more recent studies have suggested that the device should be placed closer to the codend , that is , 50 meshes ( courtney et al . 2010 ) .
as part of the cmo program , tests undertaken on the popeye fishbox brd , conducted by afma in the npf in the gulf of carpentaria , reported an 87 % reduction in the catch rate of sea snakes when the device was installed 70 meshes from the codend , with no significant effect on prawn catch rates ( raudzens 2007 ) . however , repositioning the device to 100 meshes from the codend lowered the exclusion rate of bycatch of non - targeted species , thus making it less effective for sea snakes . brewer and colleagues ( 2006 ) similarly found that there was no decrease in sea snake bycatch in the npf when the brd was placed at a distance of 120 meshes from the codend ( i . e . maximum allowable distance under australian law ) .
as shown from the above findings , the distance of the brd from the codend significantly affects its ability to exclude bycatch of non - targeted species including sea snakes . even if the most effective brd is implemented , its performance will be greatly compromised unless an appropriate maximum distance from the drawstring of the codend is also specified ( courtney et al . 2010 ) .
additional factors that will reduce bycatch of sea snakes include the detection of reduced water flow and the length of hauls ( milton et al . 2009 ; wassenberg et al . 2001 ) . for a brd to be effective , it must also enable the sea snakes to detect the reduced flow posterior to the device ( milton et al . 2009 ) . when tested , the fishbox brd was found to have a relatively large region of reduced flow posterior to the device ( heales et al . 2008 ) . the length of hauls has been found to also impact bycatch rates , with shorter hauls reducing the volume of bycatch which in turn increase the survival chances of sea snakes ( milton et al . 2009 ; wassenberg et al . 2001 ) .
marine bioregional plans have been developed for four of australia ' s marine regions - south - west , north - west , north and temperate east . marine bioregional plans will help improve the way decisions are made under the epbc act , particularly in relation to the protection of marine biodiversity and the sustainable use of our oceans and their resources by our marine - based industries . marine bioregional plans improve our understanding of australia ' s oceans by presenting a consolidated picture of the biophysical characteristics and diversity of marine life . they describe the marine environment and conservation values of each marine region , set out broad biodiversity objectives , identify regional priorities and outline strategies and actions to address these priorities . click here for more information about marine bioregional plans .
the turtle - headed seasnake has been identified as a conservation value in the north - west ( dsewpac 2012y ) and temperate east ( dsewpac 2012aa ) marine regions . the
species group report card - marine reptiles
for the north - west ( dsewpac 2012y ) and temperate east ( dsewpac 2012aa ) marine regions provide additional information .
brewer , d . , d . heales , d . milton , q . dell , g . fry , b . venables & p . jones ( 2006 ) . the impact of turtle excluder devices and bycatch reduction devices on diverse tropical marine communites in australia ' s northern prawn trawl fishery . fisheries research . 81 : 176 - 188 .
brewer , d . , n . rawlinson , s . eayres & c . burridge ( 1998 ) . an assessment of bycatch reduction devices in a tropical australian prawn trawl fishery . fisheries research . 36 : 195 - 215 .
cogger , h . g . ( 1975 ) . sea snakes of australia and new guinea . in : dunson , w . a . , ed . the biology of sea snakes . page ( s ) 59 - 139 . baltimore : university park press .
cogger , h . g . ( 1996 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia . chatswood , nsw : reed books .
cogger , h . g . ( 2000 ) . reptiles and amphibians of australia - 6th edition . sydney , nsw : reed new holland .
courtney , a . , b . schemel , r . wallace , m . campbell , d . mayer & b . young ( 2010 ) . reducing the impact of queensland ' s trawl fisheries on protected sea snakes . department of employment , economic development and innovation , queensland government .
fry , g . c . , a . milton & t . j . wassenberg ( 2001 ) . the reproductive biology and diet of sea snake bycatch of prawn trawling in northern australia : characteristics important for assessing the impacts on populations . pacific conservation biology . 7 : 55 - 73 .
greer , a . e . ( 1997 ) . the biology and evolution of australian snakes . sydney : surrey beatty & sons .
guinea , m . l ( in press ) . a technique for catching and restraining sea snakes . herpetological review .
guinea , m . l . & s . d . whiting ( 2005 ) . insights into the distribution and abundance of sea snakes at ashmore reef . the beagle ( supplement 1 ) . page ( s ) 199 - 206 .
heales , d . , r . gregor , j . wakeford , y . yarrow et al ( 2008 ) . effective reduction of diverse fish and sea snake bycatch in a tropical prawn trawl fishery using the yarrow fisheye bycatch reduction device . fisheries research . 89 : 76 - 83 .


lepidochrysops pittawayi , the pittaway 's giant cupid , is a butterfly in the lycaenidae family .

it is found in western saudi arabia .

the habitat consists of high altitudes in the asir mountains .

colonies occur on steep slopes with patches of herbaceous lamiaceae .

adults have been recorded on wing in april .

the larvae feed on micromeria species

lepidochrysops pittawayi

© 2016 , butterfly conservation society , ghana - african butterfly research institute - icom ltd .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , world , geography , . . . more
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
insects of saudi arabia . lepidoptera ; rhopalocera ( a monograph of the butterflies of the arabian peninsula )
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , world , . . . more
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en