trichonotus arabicus , the arabian sand diver , is a shallow-water , marine perciform fish in the family trichonotidae .

it is native to the western indian ocean , the gulf of oman and the persian gulf .

trichonotus arabicus

kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
täpläkaivautuja
to
trichonotus arabicus randall and tarr , 1994
.
picture of trichonotus arabicus has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial . original source : fishbase permission : some rights reserved
trichonotus is a genus of marine perciform fishes . species of trichonotus are distributed throughout the indo - west pacific . this genus is the only member of the family trichonotidae .
trichonotus setiger bloch & j . g . schneider , 1801 ( spotted sand - diver )
you selected trichonotus setigerus ( non bloch & schneider , 1801 ) . this is a misapplied name for :
randall , j . e . and a . b . tarr , 1994 . trichonotus arabicus ( perciformes : trichonotidae ) , a new species of sand diver from the arabian gulf and oman . fauna of saudi arabia 14 : 309 - 316 .
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
satulakaivautuja
to
trichonotus setiger bloch and schneider , 1801
.
randall , j . e . and a . b . tarr , 1994 . trichonotus arabicus ( perciformes : trichonotidae ) , a new species of sand diver from the arabian gulf and oman . fauna of saudi arabia 14 : 309 - 316 . ( ref . 10682 )
nick hope marked an unknown common name in an unknown language from
trichonotus elegans shimada and yoshino , 1984
as trusted .
nick hope added the english common name
long - rayed sand diver
to
trichonotus elegans shimada and yoshino , 1984
.
katayama , e . , h . motomura and h . endo , 2012 . a new species of trichonotus ( perciformes : trichonotidae ) from somalia and redescription of trichonotus cyclograptus ( alcock , 1890 ) with designation of a lectotype . zootaxa 3565 : 31 - 43 . ( ref . 93824 )
trichonotus species have jutting lower jaws , five soft rays , and single pelvic spines . in males , the anterior rays on their dorsal fins may be extended . their lateral lines run along the middle flank . on the back end of the lateral line scales is a deep , v - shaped notch . the type species is trichonotus setiger .
recorded by randall and anderson as trichonotus sp . a photograph taken by rhk in the lagoon of ziyaraiyfushi , north malé atoll is reproduced in godfrey ( 1996 , p . 52 ) . we also have records from fihalohi in south malé atoll .
greek , thrix = hair + greek , noton = back ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 2 m ( ref . 10682 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 14 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11441 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 3 - 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 44 - 47 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 36 - 39 ; vertebrae : 52 - 54 . females with an indistinct narrow dark stripe on body above lateral line and no black on anterior part of dorsal fin ; males with a longitudinal row of 14 brown spots and 3 rows of small , dark edged , pale blue spots on body ; dorsal and anal fins with a row of yellow dots on each membrane .
feeds on zooplankton about half a meter above the sand substratum ( ref . 10682 ) .
) : 26 . 1 - 29 . 2 , mean 27 . 7 ( based on 298 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5020 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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) : 26 . 1 - 29 . 2 , mean 27 . 7 ( based on 298 cells ) . phylogenetic diversity index ( ref .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00389 ( 0 . 00180 - 0 . 00842 ) , b = 3 . 12 ( 2 . 94 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref .
) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .
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urltoken
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of trichonotops schultz , 1960 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of taeniolabrus steindachner , 1867 ) nomenclator zoologicus online . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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marine ; demersal ; depth range 18 - 23 m ( ref . 93824 ) . tropical
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 11 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 93824 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 4 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 45 - 46 ; anal soft rays : 37 - 38 ; vertebrae : 53 . this species is distinguished from other congeners in having the following set of characters : elongated dorsal - fin spines in males absent ; d iv , 45 - 46 ; a 37 - 38 ; lateral - line scales 57 - 59 ; free dorsal pterygiophores 2 ; gill rakers 6 + 23 ; in males body markings 12 ; median predorsal - fin scales 10 ; interorbital width 43 . 7 % of eye diameter ; small abdominal scales ( ref . 93824 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
found in coastal reef slopes and deep outer reef lagoons in current channels . usually in large groups with several large males ( ref . 48636 ) . inhabits sand - rubble bottoms ( ref . 90102 ) . found hovering above sandy slopes . usually forms a harem of one male - phase fish and about a dozen female - phase fish ( ref . 37240 ) . normally buried when no current is running ( ref . 48636 ) .
western indian ocean : maldives ( ref . 30829 ) western pacific : indonesia to fiji , north to the ryukyu islands , south to the coral sea
found in steep sand slopes in large aggregations ( ref . 8631 ) . hovers above clean sandy bottoms ; darts into the sand when disturbed . usually slightly silty habitat . usually seen resting on substrate , leaving substrate to grab prey from zooplankton floating over , or when displaying ( ref . 48636 ) .
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feeds on zooplankton about half a meter above the sand substratum ( ref . 10682 ) .
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family : sanddivers ; biology : feeds on zooplankton about half a meter above the sand substratum ( ref . 10682 ) .
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ichthyological bulletin j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology issn : 0073 - 4381 num . 67 , 1998 , pp . 1 - 32
code number : fb98001 sizes of files : text : 167k graphics : line drawings ( gif ) - 26k photographs ( jpg ) - 1040 . 5k
adam , m . shiham , nigel r . merrett & r . charles anderson ( 1997 ) . an annotated checklist of the deep demersal fishes of the maldive islands . icthyological bulletin of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , no . 67 ( part 1 ) . 1 - 19 pp .
an annotated checklist of the deep demersal fishes of the maldive islands b y m . shiham adam 1 , nigel r . merrett 2 & r . charles anderson 1
1 marine research section , ministry of fisheries and agriculture , malé , republic of maldives . 2 department of zoology , the natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , united kingdom .
the republic of maldives consists of 26 atolls located in the central indian ocean , southwest of the southern tip of india ( figure 1 ) . the maldivian atolls lie in a north - south chain forming the middle , and largest , part of the laccadives - chagos ridge . in the central part of the maldives itself the atolls lie in a double chain , partially enclosing an
inner sea
. in this area there is an inter - atoll shelf with an average depth of about 350 m , although it ranges in depth from about 180 - 500 m . elsewhere the outer atoll slopes drop steeply to the ocean floor , which has an average depth of about 2500 m immediately to the east and about 3500 m to the west .
randall and anderson ( 1993 ) produced an annotated checklist of the 899 species of epipelagic and shore fishes then known from the maldives , to a depth of 200 m . mesopelagic and bathypelagic fishes , as well as deep demersal fishes of the inter - atoll shelf , the deeper parts of the outer atoll slopes and bathyal regions were excluded from the review of randall and anderson ( 1993 ) . the aim of this report is to present information on the occurrence of the deep ( below 180 m ) demersal fish species known from the maldivian exclusive economic zone ( eez ) .
during the years 1884 - 1926 , her majesty ' s indian marine survey steamer ( hmimss ) investigator carried out extensive marine biological surveys in indian seas , including some deep - sea trawling in waters now included within the maldivian eez ( alcock , 1899 & 1902 ; talwar , 1994 ) . the investigator collections are housed at the zoological survey of india , calcutta . many specimens are in poor state of preservations and some appear to have been lost at the end of the second world war .
norman ( 1939 ) included mahabiss station no . 143 ( from 0515 ' 48
s 7322 ' 48
e to 513 ' 42
s 7323 ' 36
e ) in the
maldives area
, although it is outside the boundaries of the present maldivian exclusive economic zone ( eez ) . four species recorded from that station have not been reported from within maldivian eez . they are therefore not included in this report , although it is likely that they do occur there . the species involved are :
a large unlabelled jar containing a mixed lot of deepwater fishes has been housed at the ministry of fisheries and agriculture in malé since the late 1970s . these fishes are believed ( m . h . maniku , pers . comm . , 1995 ) to have been collected during a short trawl survey carried out around the southern atolls of the maldives in 1977 by a german consultancy company ( gopa , 1977 ) . no details of the trawl survey are available , and no other specimens can be located ( e . drewes , gopa consultants , pers . comm . , september 1995 ) .
collections of maldivian deep demersal fishes are held by the natural history museum , london ( bmnh ) , the bernice p . bishop museum , honolulu ( bpbm ) ; the field museum of natural history , chicago ( fmnh ) ; the marine research section , ministry of fisheries and agriculture , malé ( mrs ) ; the south african museum , cape town ( sam ) ; and the zoological survey of india , at the indian museum , calcutta ( zsi ) . specimens from all of these institutions have been studied by the authors .
the standard length ( sl ) of most specimens was measured from the tip of the snout to the base of the caudal fin . some fishes were recorded by total length ( tl ) or fork length ( fl ) , the latter from the tip of the snout to the end of the shortest median caudal ray . some sharks were recorded by precaudal length ( pcl ) . the halosaurs were recorded by gnathoproctal length ( gnpl ) , from chin tip to the anus and the macrourids by head length ( hl ) .
the order of presentation of families follows nelson ( 1994 ) . english and dhivehi common names are noted whenever available , in order to make this work more accessible to fisheries workers .
station 150 : 07°05 ' 45
n , 75°20 ' 54
e ; 1315 m ; northeast of haa alifu atoll ; 29 november 1893 .
station 216 : 06°55 ' 56
n , 72°51 ' 30
e ; 1403 - 1737 m ; west of haa alifu atoll ; 19 october 1896 .
station 217 : 06°56 ' 56
n , 72°53 ' 30
e ; 839 m ; west of haa alifu atoll ; 21 october 1896 .
jm 115 : 05°05 ' 18
s , 39°22 ' 12
e to 05°01 ' s , 30°24 ' 12
e ; 640 - 658 m ; 15 january 1934 .
jm 143 : 05°15 ' 48
s , 73°22 ' 48
e to 05°13 ' 42
s , 73°23 ' 36
e ; 797 m ; 30 march 1934 .
jm 145 : 04°58 ' 42
n , 73°16 ' 24
e ; 494 m ; southeast of baa atoll ; 31 march - 2 april 1934 .
jm 153 : 04°45 ' 36
n , 72°52 ' 12
e to 04°42 ' 36
n , 72°50 ' 24
e ; 256 - 293 m ; southwest of baa atoll ; 4 april 1934 .
jm 156 : 04°44 ' 30
n , 72°46 ' 00
e to 04°41 ' 12
n , 72°42 ' 48
e ; ( depth not known as the trawl was never on the bottom ) ; northwest of ari atoll ; 6 april 1934 .
jm 157 : 04°43 ' 48
n , 72°55 ' 24
e to 04°44 ' 00
n , 72°54 ' 18
e ; 229 m ; north of rasdhoo in ari atoll ; 6 april 1934 .
jm 158 : 04°42 ' 30
n , 72°42 ' 30
e to 04°36 ' 48
n , 72°48 ' 54
e ; 786 - 1000 m ; northwest of ari atoll ; 7 april 1934 .
jm 159 : 04°47 ' 30
n , 72°45 ' 18
e to 04°48 ' 00
n , 72°46 ' 42
e ; 914 - 1463 m ; southwest of baa atoll ; 7 april 1934 .
station 131 : 03°21 ' n , 72°37 ' e ; about 15 nm west of faafu atoll ; 22 april 1964 .
fishes believed to have been trawled around the southern atolls of the maldives in 1977 by the german consultancy company gopa .
station 01 : 04°05 ' n , 73°20 ' e ; 354 m ; between kaafu and ari atolls ; 17 august 1983 .
station 13 : 04°11 ' n , 72°55 ' e ; 218 m ; east of ari atoll ; 21 august 1983 .
station16 : 04°25 ' n , 72°51 ' e ; 202 m ; ari atoll , northwest of rasdhoo island ; 22 august 1983 .
station 17 : 04°25 ' n , 73°00 ' e ; 248m ; ari atoll , northeast of rasdhoo island ; 22 august 1983 .
station 27 : 06°58 ' n , 73°14 ' e ; 223 m ; gallandhoo channel in haa alifu atoll ; 25 august 1983 .
station 33 : 05°18 ' n , 73°02 ' e ; 238 m ; east of baa atoll ; 26 august 1983 .
station 42 : 04°25 ' n , 72°51 ' e ; 202 m ; north of ari atoll ; 22 august 1983 .
( van der knaap et al . , 1991 ; anderson et al . , 1992 )
site 1 : flat bottomed channel between rasdhoo and ari atolls at about 0419 ' n , 7255 ' e ; 215m ; 9 march 1991 .
site 2 : north malé atoll , outer atoll slope near giraavaru ; 180 - 200 m ; 14 march 1991 .
site 3 : north malé atoll , outer atoll slope near hulhule island ; ca 200 m ; march 1991 .
specimens : bmnh 0000 ( uncatalogued ) , female , tl 302 cm ( head only ) ; bmnh 0000 ( uncatalogued ) ( pups from 302 cm tl female ) ; bmnh 0000 ( uncatalogued ) ( pups from 234 cm tl female ) .
specimens : bpbm 34924 ( 1 : 340 m pcl ) ; other two specimens sent to sam .
specimens : bpbm 34733 ( 1 : 710 mm pcl ) and bpbm 34926 ( 1 : 650 mm pcl ) .
specimens : mrs - 0380 / 92 ; sam - 32754 ( two sets of dried jaws ) .
specimen : mrs - 402 / 92 ( one set of dried jaws ) .
stromme ( 1983 ) and anderson and ahmed ( 1993 ) recorded an 8 . 4 kg sharpnose sevengill shark caught by bottom trawl in 248 m at about 04º25 ' n 72º51 ' e , i . e . on the inter - atoll shelf close to thoddoo island in alifu atoll , in august 1984 by the r . v . dr fridtjof nansen . this species occurs circumglobally in warm seas at depths of 50 - 1000 m ( bass , heemstra and compagno , 1986 ) .
specimen : mrs - 0397 / 92 ( one set of dried jaws ) .
specimens : bmnh 0000 ( uncatalogued ) , tl 95 - 139 cm ; bpbm 3492 , 2 : 615 - 640 pcl ( in part ) .
specimens : bmnh 0000 ( uncatalogued ) , tl 78 - 118 cm ; bpbm 3492 , 2 : 615 - 640 pcl ( in part ) .
ten mosaic gulper shark were caught outside thaa and laamu atolls in 400 - 600 m during march - april 1966 . in c . tessellatus , the denticles are more flattened and block - like than those of c . niaukang and c . squamosus ( figure 5 ) . the pectoral inner lobe extends beyond the first dorsal fin base , approximately to the mid length of the first dorsal fin base . previously recorded from the northwestern pacific and hawaii in 260 - 728 m ( compagno , 1984 ) .
recorded from the maldives by norman ( 1939 ) on the basis of two specimens ( jm stn . 159 ) . these specimens could not be located in the bmnh collection , in february 1996 . this species occurs in all oceans , but is limited to deep waters in the tropical and warm temperate waters ( robins and robins , 1989 ) . elsewhere in the indian ocean , s . brevidorsalis has been recorded from 1075 - 2150 m ( quéro and saldanha , 1995 ; karrer , 1982 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 654 - 655 , tl 348 mm ( not found ) .
recorded from the maldives by alcock ( 1899 ) on the basis of a specimen caught at investigator station no . 217 .
s . kaupi is known from atlantic and indo - pacific slope waters ; recorded from south africa in about 800 m ( castle , 1986a ) .
one specimen of ophichthus was caught at farumas site 1 . this is a new species currently being described by john e . mccosker ( californian academy of sciences , pers . comm . ) , together with additional material from new caledonia .
a specimen of ariosoma sp . was also caught at farumas site 1 . owing to the current state of confusion in the taxonomy of indo - pacific ariosoma , this specimen cannot be identified to species ( peter h . castle , victoria university of wellington , new zealand , pers . comm . , 1996 ) .
recorded by norman ( 1939 ) from specimens caught at jm station 145 . this species is widely distributed in the indo - pacific , and found in depths of 420 - 1270 m ( ben tuvia , 1993 ) .
recorded by norman ( 1939 ) from a specimen caught at jm station 145 . known from south africa at 630 m ; also from the mozambique channel in 995 - 1020 m ( karrer , 1982 ) and the eastern tropical atlantic ( castle , 1986b ) .
described by norman ( 1939 ) from specimens caught at jm station 145 . two congriscus maldivensis were also caught at fridtjof nansen station 01 . elsewhere in the indian ocean this species has been recorded from about 700 m ( karrer , 1982 ) .
specimens : bhmn 1939 . 5 . 24 : 610 - 612 , tl 350 - 352 mm ( holotype 352 mm ) ; bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 43 , tl 245 mm ( dr fridtjof nansen ) ; mrs - 0448 / 97 , tl 216 mm ( dr fridtjof nansen ) .
according to smith ( 1989 ) , x . trucidans is known only from the investigator specimens ( stn . 150 ) reported from the maldives by alcock ( 1894 , 1899 ) .
recorded by norman ( 1939 ) from a specimen caught at jm station 158 . this species occurs circumglobally in tropical and temperate latitudes at depths between 1061 - 2560 m ( sulak , 1986a ) .
specimens : zsi reg no . none , gnpl 58 mm ( ) ; 13710 ( not found ) ( a . mediorostris ) .
halosaurus ( halosaurichthys ) carinicauda was first recorded from the maldives as h . parvipennis by alcock ( 1892 ) from specimens caught at investigator station 217 . alcock ' s specimens could not be located in the zsi collection in december 1996 . another specimen was recorded by norman ( 1939 ) from just outside the present maldivian eez ( jm stn . 143 ) . elsewhere this species has been recorded from gulf of aden , andaman sea , and bali ( mcdowell , 1973 ) .
specimens : zsi reg . no 169 / 1 , 173 / 1 ( not found ) ; bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 661 , gnpl 122 mm .
recorded by norman ( 1939 ) from collections made at jm station no . 145 . this species was also taken at
are benthopelagic , occurring at 300 - 500 m off continental and island slopes of all major oceans ( schaefer , johnson and babcock , 1986 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 254 - 256 , tl 105 - 116 mm ; bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 26 ( fridtjof nansen ) , tl 130 mm .
recorded by norman ( 1939 ) from 3 specimens ( jm stn . 145 ) . previously known only from the type locality in the andaman sea ( eschmeyer et al . , 1996 ) .
four specimens of chlorophthalmus sp . were collected at fridtjof nansen station 42 . these specimens are very similar to c . punctatus gilchrist , 1904 ( sulak , 1986b ) , but identification could not be confirmed . the family is being reviewed by k . sulak ( national biological survey , florida ) .
specimens : bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 8 - 9 , tl 110 - 143 mm ; mrs - 0454 / 97 , tl 131 - 142 mm .
recorded by alcock ( 1899 ) from a specimen taken at investigator station 150 . this species has been previously recorded from the indian ocean between 800 - 1300 m and from the central western pacific ocean ( sulak , 1986b ) .
recorded by alcock ( 1899 ) a specimen ( investigator stn . 217 ) that could not be located in the zsi collection in december 1996 . this species is known to occur world wide ( except in the atlantic north of 10°n ) from between 258 - 5150 m ( sulak , 1986b ) .
two specimens of lestidiops jayakari were taken at fridtjof nansen station 01 . this species occurs world wide in tropical to temperate waters , mainly between 300 - 600 m ( post , 1986 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 16 , tl 232 mm ; mrs - 0457 / 97 , tl 235 mm .
neoscopelus microchir was previously recorded from the maldives as neoscopleus macrolepidotus ( non johnson , 1863 ) by norman ( 1939 ) from 15 specimens caught at jm stn . 145 . this species is known from south africa , the eastern and western atlantic and from the western pacific , occurring at depths of between 250 - 700 m ( hulley , 1986 ) .
a pacific beardfish was collected by the gopa survey . this species occurs in 300 - 500 m , and is widely distributed in the indo - pacific region ( heemstra , 1986 ) .
recorded by norman ( 1939 ) from a specimen ( jm stn . 145 ; bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 1449 , tl 135 mm ) that was not found in the bmnh collection in february 1996 . the species is also known from the andaman and arabian seas , in depths of 343 - 519 m ( shcherbachev , 1980 ) .
recorded as bassobythites brunswigi by norman ( 1939 ) from a specimen ( jm stn . 159 ; bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 1451 , tl 850 mm ) that could not be located in the bmnh collection in february 1996 . elsewhere in the indo - pacific this species has been caught at 800 - 1600 m ( cohen et al . , 1991 )
recorded by alcock ( 1899 ) from specimen ( s ) ( investigator stn . 150 ) that could not be located in the zsi collection in december 1996 . known from several localities in the indian ocean and in 700 - 1 , 200 m off south africa ( nielsen and cohen , 1986 ) .
recorded as bathygadus furvescens from the maldives by alcock , ( 1899 ) from a specimen ( zsi reg . no 13470 , hl 108 mm ) caught at investigator station 150 ; also reported by norman ( 1939 ) from the
maldives area
( jm stn . 143 ; bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 673 - 674 , hl 39 - 47 mm ) . g . furvescens is known from the gulf of aden , maldives , bay of bengal and andaman sea in depths of 790 - 1295 m ( howes and crimmen , 1990 ) .
recorded from the maldives by norman ( 1939 ) from specimens ( bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 687 - 689 , tl 107 - 190 + mm ) collected at jm station no . 145 , but these specimens could not be located in the bmnh collection in february 1996 . apart from the type series which came from 338 - 741 m in the andaman sea , three other specimens ( examined by tomio iwamoto , pers . comm . , september , 1997 ) came from the andaman sea ( 1 , 355 - 340 m ) and from off kenya ( 2 , depth ? ) .
recorded as h . heterolepis alcock , 1889 by norman ( 1939 ) based on several specimens ( jm stn . 145 ; bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 705 - 716 , hl 14 - 31 mm ) were identified from cohen et al . ( 1990 ) as being consistent with the characters of h . italicus , although they were not in a good state of preservation . two additional specimens were taken at fridtjof nansen station 01 . iwamoto and anderson ( 1994 ) noted that the characteristics of this atlantic species and of the indian ocean h . heterolepis overlapped somewhat making their distinction suspect , and anderson ( 1997 ) synonymized h . heterolepis with h . italicus .
specimens : bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 2 , tl 133 mm ; mrs - 0446 / 97 , tl 115 mm ( head damaged ) .
norman ( 1939 ) recorded a specimen from jm station 156 . the collection depth was not known as the trawl was never on the bottom ( norman 1939 ) . the specimen ( bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 684 , tl 360 mm ) could not be located at the bmnh collection in february 1996 . this species is known from the philippines , indian ocean , tropical atlantic and the eastern pacific on the nazca ridge . it occurs from midwater to the bottom in bathyal and abyssal depths ( 747 - 4000 m ) ( shcherbachev and piotrovskiy , 1982 ) .
alcock ( 1899 ) reported a specimen from investigator station 150 ( zsi reg . no . 13517 , hl 58 mm [ body missing ] ) . norman ( 1939 ) recorded two specimens taken at jm station 145 ( bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 731 - 732 , hl 62 - 69 mm ) . m . laevis is common in the atlantic and the indian oceans at depths of 200 - 1000 m ( iwamoto , 1986 ; iwamoto and anderson , 1994 ) .
recorded by alcock ( 1899 ) from investigator station 150 . the specimen ( zsi reg . no 13562 , hl 36 mm ) could not be identified owing to its present poor condition .
alcock ( 1899 ) reported a specimen ( zsi reg . no 13561 , hl 22 mm , tl 92 + mm ) . from investigator station 150 . elsewhere known from mozambique to the philippines in depths of 732 - 1880 m ( iwamoto , 1986 ) .
one p . roseus was collected by the 1977 gopa survey . physiculus roseus is widely distributed in the indo - pacific region , in depths of 300 - 510 m ( paulin and roberts , 1997 ) .
the te vega expedition collected a c . pencillatus from station 131 . elsewhere in the indo - pacific this species has been recorded at 292 - 365 m ( eschmeyer et al . , 1996 ) .
norman ( 1939 ) recorded chaunax pictus from two specimens ( jm station 145 , bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 1901 - 1902 , tl 48 - 140 mm ) which could not be located in the bmnh collection , during february 1996 . this species is widely distributed in the atlantic ocean ; from the indian ocean it was previously known only from south africa ( smith , 1986 ) .
norman ( 1939 ) recorded halicmetus ruber from two specimens ( bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 1918 - 1919 tl 29 - 47 mm ) caught at jm station 145 . this species is known from several localities in the indian and the western pacific oceans ( masuda et al . , 1984 ) .
norman ( 1939 ) also reported two halieutaea coccinae from jm station 145 . distributed in the indo - pacific region at continental slope depths ( paxton et al , 1989 ) .
alcock ( 1899 ) reported two dibranchus micropus from investigator station 216 . two specimens are registered in the zsi collection ( reg . no . 114 / 1 , 115 / 1 ) , but they could not be located in december 1996 . widely distributed in the indo - pacific in depths of more than 500 m ( bradbury , 1986 ) .
norman ( 1939 ) recorded m . mitrigera from a specimen caught at jm station 145 . another m . mitrigera was collected by the fridtjof nansen ( station 13 ) . known from south africa to hawaii , occurring in depths of more than about 500 m ( bradbury , 1986 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 1917 , tl 37 mm ; bmnh 1997 . 9 . 17 : 22 ( fn stn . 13 ) , tl 28 mm .
three g . darwini were caught at fridtjof nansen station 27 . known from the atlantic and indian oceans , australia and the philippines ( heemstra , 1986 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1996 . 8 . 25 : 4 - 5 , tl 63 - 58 mm ; mrs - 0457 / 97 , tl 58 mm .
a slender beryx was taken at fridtjof nansen station 01 . during the course of the fishing operations during march - april 1996 , one 33 . 5 cm sl fish ( figure 9 ) was caught outside thaa atoll in about 300 m by vertical longline . known from many localities in tropical and temperate parts of the world ocean ( heemstra , 1986 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 42 , tl 109 mm ; bmnh 00000 , sl 33 . 5 cm .
a total of five zenion leptolepis were caught at two fridtjof nansen stations : four specimens at station 01 and one at station 27 . this species has been recorded from south and east africa in 300 - 700 m ( heemstra , 1986 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 21 - 22 , tl 41 and 45 mm ; mrs 0447 / 97 ( 2 ) , tl 418 and 395 mm ; bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 13 , tl 60 mm .
recorded as zen scutatus by norman ( 1939 ) from a specimen ( bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 822 , 126 mm ) taken at jm station 145 . zen scutatus ( gilchrist and von bonde , 1924 ) was synonymized with cyttopsis rosea by heemstra ( 1980 ) . this species has been recorded at depths of 400 - 600 m from the atlantic , indian and western pacific oceans ( heemstra , 1986 ) .
four specimens of an oreosomatid of as yet unknown generic affinity were caught at fridtjof nansen station 01 .
specimens : bmnh 1997 . 9 . 17 : 4 - 5 , tl 62 and 75 mm ; mrs 0463 / 97 ( 2 ) , tl 61and 71 mm .
four specimens of a . capros were caught at fridtjof nansen station 17 . distributed world wide in tropical and subtropical oceans ( karrer and post , in quéro et al . , 1990 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 30 - 31 , tl 100 and 113 mm ; mrs 0452 / 97 ( 2 ) , tl 105 and 113 mm .
two specimens of a . indica were caught at fridtjof nansen station 27 , and another specimen was collected by the gopa survey . this species is known from the mozambique channel , west coast of india and the andaman islands ( parin and borodulina , 1986 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 29 , tl 61 - 63 mm ; bmnh 1997 . 9 . 17 : 26 , tl 62 mm ( gopa survey ) .
a specimen of p . leda was caught at fridtjof nansen station 33 . this species was previously known from south africa and the eastern atlantic ( eschmeyer , 1986 ) .
the blacklash scorpionfish was recorded from the maldives by randall and anderson ( 1993 ) from a single specimen , caught by bottom - set longline in 190 m on the outer slope of southeast north malé atoll during the r . v . farumas survey ( anderson et al . , 1992 ) . a second specimen caught in the same area in 210 m was discarded ( r . c . anderson , pers . obs . ) . this species was previously known from the holotype taken off south africa in 146 m ( eschmeyer , 1986 )
a spiny flathead was collected during the 1977 gopa survey . this species appears to be rare and is found only in the western indian ocean , off the seychelles and off natal , south africa in 120 - 300 m ( smith , 1986 ) .
two s . investigatoris were taken at fridtjof nansen station 01 . another specimen was caught by the gopa survey . heemstra ( 1986 ) noted that miller ( 1974 ) considered that this species may be a synonym of peristethus hians gilbert and cramer ( 1897 ) . s . investigatoris is widely distributed in the indian ocean , and is recorded from off south africa in 550 m ( heemstra , 1986 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 19 , tl 98 and 112 mm ; bmnh 1997 . 9 . 17 : 24 , tl 94 mm ( gopa )
recorded from the maldives as satyrichthys sp . by anderson et al . ( 1992 ) and by randall and anderson ( 1993 ) . four specimens were caught at r . v . farumas site 2 ; the largest and the smallest specimens were retained and are now held at the bishop museum . dead and partially decomposed specimens are on rare occasions washed up on maldivian beaches ( figure 10 ) .
a howella sherbornii was caught at te vega station 131 . this species is known to be widely distributed in all 3 major oceans in the depth range 850 - 950 m ( heemstra , 1986 ) .
recorded from the
maldives area
by norman ( 1939 ) from 12 specimens taken at jm station 115 , just outside the present range of the maldivian eez . another s . japonicus was collected by the gopa survey , and two more were caught at fridtjof nansen station 01 . widely distributed in the indo - pacific region in depths of 180 - 400 m ( heemstra , 1986 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 897 , tl 133 mm ; bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 23 , tl 82 mm ; bmnh 1997 . 9 . 17 : 28 , tl 186 mm .
a single specimen of synagrops sp . was caught at fridtjof nansen station 27 . owing to the inconsistencies of the characters reported in literature ( heemstra , 1986 ) , this species could not be identified to species level .
five specimens of symphysanodon sp . were taken at fridtjof nansen station 01 . the familial placement of symphysanodon is uncertain , but following nelson ( 1994 ) we place it here under the acropomatidae . the species identification of the species represented here is also uncertain ( william d . anderson , grice marine laboratory , south carolina , pers . comm . , 1997 ) ; the genus is in need of revision .
specimens : bmnh 1997 . 9 . 17 : 6 - 8 , tl 143 , 158 and 122 mm ; mrs 0455 / 97 ( 2 ) , tl 146 and 118 mm .
maldives record ( mrs , 1987 ) from a specimen collected at farumas site 3 . additional specimens were subsequently caught in 20 - 170 m ( van de knaap et al . , 1991 ; anderson et al . , 1992 ; mrs , unpublished data ) . at other indo - pacific localities , adults have been recorded from depths of 18 - 180 m ( heemstra and randall , 1993 ) .
recorded from the maldives ( mrs , 1988 ) as from a specimen caught at farumas site 2 . subsequently , specimens were caught in 140 - 170 m ( mrs , unpublished data ) . epinephalus octofasciatus is known from elsewhere in the indo - pacific in depths of 30 - 350 m ( randall and heemstra , 1991 ) .
norman ( 1939 ) recorded ostracoberyx dorygenys from two specimens ( bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 824 - 825 , tl 105 and 120 mm ) caught at jm station 145 . known from japan to the philippines ( masuda et al . , 1984 ) .
two specimens of a . smithi ( bmnh 1996 . 9 . 20 : 1 , sl 62 . 2 mm ; mrs - 0441 / 96 ( 1 ) , tl 51 . 9 mm ) were caught at fridtjof nansen station 27 . identification provided by ofer gon ( j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , october 1997 ) . recorded from the indo - west pacific region in 22 - 300 m ( gon , 1996 ) .
two large ruby snappers were caught by multi - hook vertical longline in about 400 m on the outer atoll slope of laamu atoll by gulper shark fishermen . the first was taken in october 1992 , and was called loadhilamas by the fishermen . the second specimen of 70 cm was caught in april 1996 , east of laamu atoll ; it was called rankarumas , in reference to its golden gill - rakers . the ruby snapper is widely distributed in the indo - pacific region ; recorded at depths 185 - 385 m ( forster et al . , 1970 ) .
specimens : bmnh ( uncatalogued ) , fl 79 cm ( cut in half ) ; bmnh ( 000000 ) , tl 80 cm ( fl 70 cm ) .
during the r . v . farumas reef - fish resources survey several goldflag jobfish were caught by bottom - set longline between 80 m and 210 m on the outer atoll slopes ( mrs , 1988 ; anderson et al . , 1992 ; randall & anderson , 1993 ) . elsewhere in the indo - pacific region p . auricilla has been recorded in depths of 90 to 360 m ( allen , 1985 ) .
specimens : bpbm 34734 , tl 243 mm ; mrs - p320 / 88 , tl 372 mm .
two crimson jobfish were caught by bottom - set longline during the r . v . farumas survey in about 150 - 200 m on the outer atoll slope of north mal atoll , near the island of makunudhoo . further specimens were subsequently caught in 90 - 150 m ( mrs , 1987 ; anderson et al . , 1992 ; randall & anderson , 1993 ) . at other indo - pacific localities p . filamentosus has been recorded from depths of 90 - 360 m ( allen , 1985 ) .
during the r . v . farumas reef fish resources survey 7 lavender jobfish were caught by bottom - set longline between 140 m and 210 m on the outer slopes of laamu and mal atolls ( anderson et al . , 1992 ; randall and anderson , 1993 ) . pristipomoides sieboldii is known from 180 - 360 m at many localities of the indo - pacific region ( allen , 1985 ) .
the guyot butterflyfish was first recorded from the maldives by randall and de bruin ( 1988 ) from a specimen caught at 202 m by bottom trawl during the r . v . dr fridtjof nansen survey in 1983 . prognathodes guyotensis had previously been recorded from the pacific ocean at depths of 332 - 342 m .
a specimen of acanthocepola limbata was at fridtjof nansen station no . 17 . recorded from the western pacific , in depths of 80 - 100 m off japan ( masuda et al . , 1984 ) .
a specimen of c . seychellensis ( bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 28 , tl 70 mm ) was caught at fridtjof nansen station 01 . elsewhere in the indian ocean this species has been recorded from 57 - 115 m ( nemeth , 1994 ) .
two specimens of c . insolitus were caught in a bottom trawl during the r . v . dr fridtjof nansen survey in 1983 . the station data were lost during transport of specimens to the nhm , but the depth was known to be greater than 180 m . this species was previously known only from northwestern australia , from depths around 350 m ( fricke , 1992 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1997 . 9 . 17 : 36 , tl141 mm ; mrs - 0450 / 97 ( 1 ) , tl 133 mm .
the roudi escolar was recorded from the maldives by mrs ( 1988 ) based on photographs of a specimen caught in
very deep water
( i . e . deeper than 200 m ) by handline near the island of fuvah mulaku , in the south maldives on the night of 3 - 4 january 1987 . the roudi escolar is widely distributed in the tropical and warm - temperate waters of all oceans , in 100 - 750 m , although in the eastern pacific it is apparently only known from the sala y gomez ridge ( nakamura & parin , 1993 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 20 , tl 150 mm ; bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 36 - 40 , tl 120 - 178 mm ( fridtjof nansen , stn . 07 ) ; bmnh 1997 . 9 . 17 : 23 , tl 155 mm ( gopa survey ) ; mrs - 0071 / 86 , tl 150 mm ; mrs - 0449 / 97 , tl 137 mm ; mrs - 0466 / 97 , tl 135 mm .
the sparse - rayed frostfish was recorded from the maldives area by shcherbachev et al . ( 1986 ) . , juveniles are mesopelagic from about 100 to 300 m . maximum length of this species is 51cm ( shcherbachev et al . , 1986 ) . this benthopelagic species occurs in 375 - 600 m on seamounts and continental slopes of the northern indian ocean ( nakamura & parin , 1993 ) .
two specimens of slender frostfish were collected by te vega expedition in 1964 . collected from station 131 . 03°21 ' n 72°37 ' e , 15 nm west of faafu atoll on 22 april 1964 . the slender frostfish has been recorded from tropical and temperate waters of all oceans at 200 - 850 m except the eastern pacific ( nakamura & parin 1993 ) .
specimens : fmnh 88043 : grp380 , ( 2 ) tl 570 mm , d126 , a76 , v131 and tl 700 mm , d129 , a73 , v128 .
a single specimen of pearly hairtail was caught at fridtjof nansen station 27 . t . auriga occurs from the red sea to the timor sea , in 250 - 350 m ( nakamura & parin , 1993 ) .
a black fathead was collected by the gopa survey . no other information is available . cubiceps baxteri is a large species ( may exceed 100 cm ) widely distributed in all three major oceans ( smith and heemstra , 1986 ) .
recorded from a specimen ( bmnh 1996 . 9 . 25 : 17 , tl 109 mm ) caught at fridtjof nansen station 16 . it is possible that this specimen was caught in midwater .
described from the maldives based on a specimen jm station 145 . a specimen of this species was also collected by the gopa survey . elsewhere this species is known from japan , in 494 - 550 m ( amaoka & yamamoto , 1984 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 1738 ( holotype ) , tl 172 mm ; bmnh 1997 . 9 . 17 : 34 , tl 158 mm ( gopa survey ) .
described from the maldives on the basis of two specimens caught at jm station 157 . this species appears to be known only from the type locality , off ari atoll .
specimens : bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 1797 - 1798 , tl 75 - 104 mm ( holotype , female , tl 104 mm ) .
described from the maldives by norman ( 1939 ) on the basis of 3 specimens caught at jm station 153 . this species appears to be known only from the type locality , southwest of baa atoll ( quro et al . , 1988 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1939 . 5 . 24 : 1744 - 1746 , tl 96 - 130 mm ( holotype tl 130 mm ) .
one specimen was caught at fridtjof nansen station 01 and another at station 27 . at other indo - pacific localities , p . natalensis has been recorded in 250 - 450 m ( heemstra , 1986 ) .
specimens : bmnh 1996 . 8 . 25 : 27 , tl 86 mm ( stn . 1 ) ; bmnh 1996 . 8 . 25 : 35 , tl 92 mm ( stn . 27 ) .
norman ( 1939 ) recorded this species as s . marmoratus from a specimen caught at jm station 153 . this specimen , was later described as a new species , symphurus maldivensis by chabanaud ( 1955 ) .
no other records for this species are known . the family is being revised by tom munroe ( smithsonian institution , national museum of natural history , washington dc , usa ; pers . comm . , june 1997 ) .