natrix maura is a natricine water snake of the genus natrix .

its common name is viperine water snake or viperine snake .

despite its common names , it is not a member of the subfamily viperinae .

this nonvenomous , semiaquatic , fish-eating snake was given its common names due to behavioural and aesthetic similarities with sympatric adder species .

natrix maura

structural habitat partitioning of natrix tessellata and natrix maura at lake geneva , switzerland .
michаel frаnkis set
cobra - d ' água - viperina / / viperine water snake ( natrix maura )
as an exemplar on
natrix maura linnaeus 1758
.
renato agazzi added the italian common name
natrice viperina
to
natrix maura linnaeus 1758
.
eduard solà added the catalan common name
colobra escurçonera
to
natrix maura linnaeus 1758
.
eduard solà added the catalan common name
serp d ' aigua
to
natrix maura linnaeus 1758
.
the guidelines for captive maintenance for t . a . atratus ( bol , 2007 ) also apply in general for natrix maura . in 1987 i wrote an article about natrix maura ( bol , 1987 ) . the hibernation can be slightly longer for the viperine water snake then t . a . atratus . natrix maura is unlike all the garter snake species egg laying .
renato agazzi marked the classification from
integrated taxonomic information system ( itis )
as preferred for
natrix maura linnaeus 1758
.
so raising a clutch of natrix maura babies is always fun to do , to see them get more beautiful and colorful every time they shed their skin .
natrix maura is very well known species in europe . it was not the very first snake i ever kept , but it was the first species i bred successfully back in 1986 .
one can find record sizes in literature ( boulenger , 1931 ) for natrix maura of approximately 100 cm but this length is very exceptional . actually the viperine water snake is quite a small species .
patterson , j . w . and davies , p . m . c . ( 1982 ) . predatory behaviour and temperature relations in the snake natrix maura . copeia 1982 , 472 - 474 .
in : the dice snake , natrix tessellata : biology , distribution and conservation of a palaearctic species .
it has always been one of my favorite holiday activities on beautiful , hot and sunny days in the middle of the summer : to walk thought the creeks and observe natrix maura hunting for fish and tadpoles on the bottom of the creeks .
how to cite this article : aubret , f . et al . myth busting ? effects of embryo positioning and egg turning on hatching success in the water snake natrix maura . sci . rep . 5 , 13385 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep13385 ( 2015 ) .
egg arrangement , described in 22 clutches of the water snake natrix maura , varied significantly across clutches ( χ 2 22 = 120 . 28 , p = 0 . 0001 ) , ranging from 100 % free eggs ( i . e . no eggs were attached to each other ) to 100 % clustered eggs ( in one , two or three distinct clusters ) .
davies , p . m . c . , patterson , j . w . & bennett , e . l . ( 1980 ) . the thermal ecology , physiology and behaviour of the viperine snake , natrix maura : some preliminary observations . in coborn , j . ( ed . ) , proceedings of the european herpetological symposium , p107 - 116 . cotswold wild life park .
the viperine water snake occurs from the middle of france southwards to spain , portugal and the coastal area of northwestern africa . it also occurs in western switserland and northwestern italy where its distribution meets the distribution of natrix tessellata .
i hibernate both my adult and baby n . maura at 1 – 7 ºc in the refrigerator or in a cold shed ; 2 months for the ( even the smallest ) babies and up to 3 – 5 month for the adults .
we experimentally manipulated clutches of water snakes ( natrix maura ) to allow or prevent communication between embryos . clutches were split evenly into half - clutches incubated as ( 1 ) clusters ( i . e . eggs in physical contact with each other ) or ( 2 ) as single eggs placed in individual goblets ( i . e . no physical contact amongst sibling eggs ) . we recorded embryo development rates ( heart rate trajectories ) , hatchling body size and post - natal social behaviour in young snakes .
bol , s . , 1984 . herpetologische waarnemingen in de oostelijke cevennen . lacerta 42 ( 7 ) : 142 - 143 bol , s . , 1987 . verzorging en kweek van de adderringsslang natrix maura ( linnaeus , 1758 ) . reptilia 1 : 24 - 31 . bol , s . , 2007 . verzorging en kweek van de santa cruz kousebandslang thamnophis atratus atratus . lacerta 65 ( 5 ) : 200 - 217 . boulenger , g . a . , 1913 : the snakes of europe . london ( methuen und co . ) , 269 s .
here we tested this hypothesis using eggs of the water snake natrix maura . we first collected detailed information of embryo positioning and potential embryo movements within the egg volume following egg laying , and incubated the eggs in the exact position they were found . in a second experiment , we purposely manipulated and incubated freshly laid eggs with top embryos by turning half of them into a down position . we thoroughly assessed the potential effects of embryo positioning and egg turning on egg development ( egg mass trajectories , heart rates ) , hatching success , and hatchling phenotypes ( body size at birth , growth rates , heart rates , behavior , and locomotor performances ) .
embryo drifting up within 24 hours post - laying was minimal and observed in only 13 out of 90 eggs , averaging 4 . 2 ± 2 . 2 mm ( natrix maura eggs average 26 . 9 ± 2 . 3 mm in length by 16 . 6 ± 1 . 6 mm in width , n = 574 , unpublished data ) . no embryo relocation ( i . e . from top to bottom for example ) was observed after up to five days post - laying . when both attached and free eggs were present in a clutch ( n = 18 clutches ) , they did not significantly differ in mass at laying ( two - way anova with female and egg status as factors ; effect of status f 1 , 158 = 0 . 15 , p = 0 . 70 ; interaction term f 14 , 158 = 0 . 65 , p = 0 . 82 ) .
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guicking et al . ( 2002 ) and joger ( in press ) show three different genetic groups one in europe , one in morocco , and one in tunisia / sardinia .
jose antonio mateo miras , marc cheylan , m . saïd nouira , ulrich joger , paulo sá - sousa , valentin pérez - mellado , benedikt schmidt , andreas meyer , roberto sindaco , antonio romano , iñigo martínez - solano
cox , n . and temple , h . j . ( global reptile assessment )
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
in europe , this species ranges from portugal and spain through much of france , to extreme southwestern switzerland and northwestern italy . in north africa it is present in most of morocco , northern algeria , northern and central tunisia and northwestern libya . this species is also present ( probably allochtonous ) on the mediterranean islands of sardinia ( italy ) , corsica ( one single record ) [ not mapped ] ; natural populations are present on iles d ' hyéres ( france ) and la galite ( tunisia ) . it has been introduced to the islands of menorca and mallorca in the balearic islands of spain . the species can be found from sea level up to 2 , 600 m asl .
in most of its range it is an extremely common species , but perhaps declining locally in some parts of north africa .
this species is generally found close to , or within , waterbodies such as streams and ponds . often these habitats are in meadows and open woodlands . it has also been recorded from areas of brackish water . the species lays between three and 20 eggs .
it is threatened in parts of its range by aquatic pollution , especially through the loss of prey species ( e . g . . fishes ) . it is threatened in switzerland , and presumably other parts of the species range , by channelization of rivers and other waterbodies . as with many snake species , individual animals are occasionally killed by people , as they are often confused with venomous vipers . in tunisia , desiccated specimens are sold as souvenirs to tourists ( juan m pleguezuelos pers . comm . , october 2008 ) .
this species is listed on annex iii of the bern convention , and is protected by national legislation in switzerland . it is present in many protected areas . this species is categorized as critically endangered in switzerland ( monney and meyer , 2005 ) .
jose antonio mateo miras , marc cheylan , m . saïd nouira , ulrich joger , paulo sá - sousa , valentin pérez - mellado , benedikt schmidt , andreas meyer , roberto sindaco , antonio romano , iñigo martínez - solano . 2009 .
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the viperine snake is found in the southwestern part of europe from schwitzerland and north italy to the iberian peninsula and the northwestern part of afrika . it is a small snake that can reach about 1 meter but is normally 55 - 60 cm . females are larger and heavier than the males . the are grayish or brown with to lines of blotches that often is connected making a zigzag band very similar to the one on european vipers .
this snake is always found colse to water , where it can hunt its prey . the habitat includes lakes , ponds , all kinds of streams and swamps . they are often found basking on the edge of the water on logs or stone and flee to the water for security . they are perfekt swimmers and divers and can be submerged for a long time . if they are caught they start hissing and often makes skinattacks . they have a nasty habbit of spraying a smelling fluid and feaces on their attacker . they prey on fish , amphibians and tadpoles .
the viperine snake is a very easy and interesting pet . they don ` t need a large or high terraria and only need a large waterbowl and a heating place . they like swimming but needs a dry place to avoid skin infections . they are day active and very curious . after a short time they get pretty tame , but often continues to hiss when disturbed . they are fed on a diet of live freshwater fish or newborn mice . they are fantastic hunters catching easily live fish in the water . to avoid problems with lack of b - vitamin always use suplement of b - vitamin when feeding frosen fish .
this week ' s feeding session . these snakes are easy to scare , so i had to set up the camera on a tripod and just stay out of sight . the second part will be uploaded later , but will just feature more footage of the same session .
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this little water snake from the south of france has always been one of my favorite species .
it is a beautiful and highly variable species and it reminds me to my first holiday to the reptile rich area in the south of france when i was a kid .
growing up in an area in holland where there are no snakes , and the only reptile is the ( back then extremely rare and almost extinct ) lacerta agilis .
spending 2 weeks in the middle of summer in the cévennes ( france ) looking for snakes in the crystal clear rivers loaded with fish and frogs : it was like a trip to reptile paradise and it was love at first sight .
and i have been breeding them almost every year without exception for the past 30 years .
most older adult females are typically approximately 60 – 70 cm long and they are relatively heavy build . occasionally you can find one of up to 80 cm .
my largest female is currently 68 , 7 cm and she is 12 years old . males are much smaller and thinner and are typically 40 – 50 cm . sometimes they grow a little over 50 cm .
the dorsal color varies from green , brown , yellow , orange brown , red , very dark grey or almost black .
usually they have 2 clear rows of dark spots on the back that can form a zig - zag pattern quite similar to some european vipers . on the side they also have spots , that sometimes have a light center . some populations in the wild are highly variable , others are more uniform . in some areas ( more abundant in northwestern africa and southern spain ) specimens with dorsolateral stripes occur .
viperine water snakes do well in a warm and dry terrarium with a relatively small water bowl . for 1 - 2 couples minimum size of the terrarium could be 60 x 50 x 50 cm , but 80 x 50 x 50 cm gives them more space and more variation in temperature . night temperatures in spring and fall may drop considerably ( as low as 12 °c or even lower ) , this is no problem .
they do not need a lot water to do well in captivity . but i have kept viperine water snakes also in a aquaterrarium where the whole surface was water and a floating ( hot and dry ) island ( that consisted of 25 % of the surface ) provided basking spots .
feeding them live fish forces them to hunt a lot in the water . the adults snakes are almost always well visible and basking on branches on the warmest spot in the terrarium .
they are easy feeders , although the babies sometimes need some tim e to get adjusted to dead fish .
but all my adult snakes take smelt from a plate without problems . i give them predominantly fish ( smelt ) and sometimes small live fish for the babies to start with .
the dice snake occupies more or less the same niche and they seem to exclude each other very strong .
viperine water snakes always occur close to water . these can be little creeks , small rivers , ponds , lakes or marshes .
personally i have observed them over the years on numerous occasions ( bol , 1984 ) in the small crystal clear rivers and creeks in the south of france , in the ardèche , the cévennes and near saint tropez .
so it is important to offer a little container with moist sphagnum in a corner of the terrarium for the females to deposit the eggs .
once the eggs are laid i remove them from the terrarium and incubate them at 24 – 27 ⁰c . in the past i did that “au bain marie” but the last years i simply put the box with eggs in my snake room which is in the summer months ( when the eggs are laid ) during daytime around the 25 – 27 ⁰c .
after hatching the baby snakes are put in a small terrarium and food is offered after they have shed their skin for the first time after 10 – 14 days .
my breeding group consists of offspring of snakes originating from exclusively french populations , amongst others from the ardèche , the cévennes and coastal rivers near saint tropez .
one of my males that originated from my first successful breeding back in 1986 lived for 23 years in captivity until it died in 2009 and he sired many offspring .
i kept one of his daughters born in 2009 myself and she has been laying eggs for about 4 years now so this line continues in captivity already for 30 years .
my 6 adults snakes are all unrelated . i choose my breeding snakes for differences in coloration to preserve a part of the natural variation as it is seen in the wild . i have for instance a reddish female , a greenish female and a brown female . one of the exciting aspects of breeding this species is this huge variation in color and pattern that makes almost every individual snake unique .
for years i made little drawings of the dorsal neck pattern to identify the snakes later on . when the snakes are born they already have their own typical pattern of darker spots , but the ground color is dull grayish .
with each shedding they start to get more color and only after 6 – 12 months they reach their final dorsal color .
my name is steven bol and on this website i would like to share with you my passion for north american gartersnakes and watersnakes .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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fabien aubret , a , 1 florent bignon , 1 philippe j . r . kok , 2 and gaëlle blanvillain 1
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egg - clustering and communal nesting behaviours are traditionally assumed to have evolved as anti - predatory tactics ; from extinct dinosaurs 1 to insects 2 , spiders 3 , cephalopods 4 , fish 5 to amphibians 6 . yet , recent studies challenged this view by reporting direct benefits of egg clustering and communal nesting to offspring phenotypes : hydric modifications of incubation conditions 7 , heating via the metabolic output of neighbouring eggs 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , securing and maintaining egg / embryo positioning throughout the incubation 13 , and by enabling embryo communication amongst developing eggs within or amongst clutches 14 , 15 , 16 .
were split evenly into half - clutches incubated as ( 1 ) clusters ( i . e . eggs in physical contact with each other : n = 28 eggs ) or ( 2 ) as single eggs placed in individual goblets ( i . e . no physical contact amongst sibling eggs ; average half - clutch size = 5 . 60 ± 1 . 95 eggs ; n = 28 eggs ) in order to respectively allow or prevent communication between embryos .
embryo heart rates were monitored for each egg throughout the incubation period . heart rate trajectories were significantly altered by the treatment ( group ; open circles versus single eggs ; grey triangle ) : repeated measure two factors anova : interaction term f 24 , 270 = 1 . 75 , p < 0 . 019 ; effect of treatment on heart rates over time f 6 , 270 = 7 . 89 , p < 0 . 0001 . means ± se are plotted .
statistical results of a repeated measure anova with treatment ( group versus single eggs ) and clutch of origin ( n = 5 ) as factors and four successive egg masses as the repeated measure over time .
statistical results of a repeated measure anova with treatment ( group versus single eggs ) and clutch of origin ( n = 5 ) as factors and 7 successive embryonic heart rates as the repeated measure over time .
two - way anovas with treatment and clutch of origin as factors and relevant traits were performed .
) . siblings incubated alone occupied an average area of 695 . 48 ± 31 . 67 cm
for siblings incubated as a group . individual snakes incubated alone were also more active and covered more distance on average than their siblings incubated as a clutch ( two factor anova ; interaction term f
) . finally , snakes incubated alone physically contacted each other less ( n = 5 . 90 ± 1 . 80 contacts ) than snakes incubated as a clutch ( n = 6 . 95 ± 2 . 09 ; two factor anova , interaction term f
was recorded in open boxes using a digital video camera fitted above the testing arenas .
snakes were either born from eggs incubated in individual goblets ( “single” , box s ) or as a cluster ( “group” , box g ) . every two minutes for a two - hour period we calculated the area occupied by the 5 snakes ( dotted red line ) using snapshots from the video . areas were calculated using open source software imagej .
the distance travelled by each snake was recorded over one minute every 15 minutes of the two hours long video recording using photofiltre 7 with the plugin “mesures” .
individual snakes incubated alone ( grey triangles ) covered on average 202 . 47 ± 11 . 67 versus 132 . 59 ± 8 . 01 cm for their siblings incubated as a clutch ( open circles ) . the effect was consistent across clutches ( two factor anova ; interaction term f 3 , 32 = 0 . 78 , p = 0 . 51 ; effect of treatment f 1 , 32 = 23 . 96 , p < 0 . 0001 ) . means ± se are plotted .
this experiment showed that single versus group incubation altered developmental rates ( heart rate trajectories and yolk utilisation were altered ) in developing snake embryos . hatchling size was also affected but the difference between treatments fell short of statistical significance , perhaps due to relatively low sample sizes . these results are broadly consistent with earlier studies where skink 7 and turtle 21 eggs incubated within a cluster produced hatchlings that were larger than hatchlings from eggs incubated alone .
) . every 15 minutes we measured the distance covered by each snake during one minute bouts using photofiltre 7 with the plugin “mesures” . behavioural traits were also recorded : moving
all experimental protocols were approved by the préfecture de l’ariège , which provided capture , breeding , experimentation , release and ethics permits ( arrété # 2012 - 11 ) . all experiments were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines . all females were returned to their exact site of capture within two weeks of egg - laying . once tests were completed , young snakes were given their first meal ( small dead minnows ranging from 0 . 5 g to 1 g ; supplied by armorvif ® ) prior to being released at the maternal capture site .
assumptions for normality of the data and equality of variances were tested on all variables ( lilliefors and levene’s tests ) . means ± standard deviations are given unless otherwise stated .
how to cite this article : aubret , f . et al . only child syndrome in snakes : eggs incubated alone produce asocial individuals . sci . rep . 6 , 35752 ; doi : 10 . 1038 / srep35752 ( 2016 ) .
we wish to thank the cnrs and the agence nationale pour la recherche for funding ( anr indhet anr - 12 - bsv7 - 0023 ) . this work was supported by the french laboratory of excellence project “tulip” ( anr - 10 - labx - 41 ; anr - 11 - idex - 0002 - 02 ) . p . j . r . k . ’s work is supported by a post - doctoral fellowship from the fonds voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek vlaanderen ( fwo12a7614n ) .
author contributions f . a . designed the experiment and analysed the data . f . a . , g . b . and f . b . collected the data . f . a . , g . b . and p . j . r . k . wrote the paper .
( eds burghardt g . m . & rand a . s . ) 271–291 ( noyes publications , park ridge , new jersey , 1982 ) .
by natural markings of the ventral scales had been proposed many years ago ( carlstrom & edelstam , 1946 ) . my main innovation was to compare the patterns by computer , thus permitting the system to be used in a large population ; this would be impossible to do by comparing photographs directly since the number of comparisons increases exponentially with the number of individuals . if each pattern is compared with all those recorded previously in order to recognise recaptures , then
- 1 ) / 2 one - way comparisons ; more than 2 . 6 million comparisons for the 2283 patterns recorded here . even if each comparison took only 10 seconds , the total would be more than 7000 hours . patterns were compared using a fortran program which summed the absolute ( unsigned ) difference between the codes in each scale position , giving an index of dissimilarity ; an exact match would give a score of 0 , up to a theoretical maximum of about 930 ( comparing an unmarked snake with one with complete double markings ) . the most serious error in coding was starting from the wrong position , as the first ventral scales , on the neck , are small and easily mistaken in a photograph . the new pattern was thus moved past the earlier one in a series of 9 steps , from - 4 to + 4 positions , and the dissimilarity index calculated at each step ; the lowest of these , the minimum dissimilarity index , was used as the final result . there was sufficient information content to give odds of 1000 : 1 against duplication in a population of 10
snakes , even after taking non - randomness within the patterns into account . the method was found to be 99 % effective , with only some patterns from poor photographs not being recognised . in fact , several recaptures which were recorded wrongly by scale clips were identified correctly by patterns .
mark - recapture analysis showed that the survival rate of snakes in the river jalon was about 65 % year - 1 in both sexes , with some males migrating into peripheral areas where few females were found ( hailey & davies , 1987d ) . viperine snakes were active at all times of the day and night , and mostly used sentinel predation . this is an extreme form of sit - and - wait foraging , whereby the snake made strikes from its resting position in aquatic vegetation or on the bottom , rather than rushing out to ambush prey . the main prey were fish , with some frogs taken by the larger snakes ; juveniles were more active predators of tadpoles and worms . larger snakes took larger fish , but the relative prey mass was independent of snake size ( hailey & davies , 1986c ) .
these studies benefitted greatly from discussion in laboratory and field with peter davies , and with the other postgraduate students in his energetics research group , abdussalam , abdul wahab al hakim and malcolm mcclelland . the work was supported by a studentship from the natural environment research council ( nerc ) .
carstrom , d . & edelstam , c . ( 1946 ) . methods of marking reptiles for identification after re - capture . nature 158 , 748 - 749 .
davies , p . m . c . , patterson , j . w . & bennett , e . l . ( 1981 ) . metabolic coping strategies in cold tolerant reptiles . j . therm . biol . 6 , 321 - 330 .
patterson , j . w . & davies , p . m . c . ( 1977 ) . notes on the herpetology of the costa blanca in spring . brit . j . herpetol . 5 , 685 - 686 .
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in europe , this species ranges from portugal and spain through much of france , to extreme southwestern switzerland and northwestern italy . in north africa it is present in most of morocco , northern algeria , northern and central tunisia and northwestern libya . this species is also present ( probably allochtonous ) on the mediterranean islands of sardinia ( italy ) , corsica ( one single record ) [ not mapped ] ; natural populations are present on iles d ' hyres ( france ) and la galite ( tunisia ) . it has been introduced to the islands of menorca and mallorca in the balearic islands of spain . the species can be found from sea level up to 2 , 600 m asl .
classification from integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) selected by renato agazzi - see more .
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raxworthy c . j . , forstner m . r . j . and nussbaum r . a . ( 2002 ) . chameleon radiation by oceanic dispersal .
rodda g . h . and fritts t . h . ( 1992 ) . the impact of the introduction of the colubrid snake
román a . and mayol j . a . ( 1995 ) . a natural reserve for the “ferreret” (
) , ( anuradiscoglossidae ) ( sanchiz and adrover1977 ) . in : llorente , g . a . ( eds ) scientia herpetologica , pp 354–356 . associacion herpetologica española , barcelona
savidge j . a . ( 1987 ) . extinction of an island forest avifauna by an introduced snake .
stuart s . n . , chanson j . s . , cox n . a . , young b . e . , rodrigues a . s . l . , fischman d . l . and waller r . w . ( 2004 ) . status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide .
swofford d . l . 2001 . paup * . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( * and other methods ) , version 4 . 0b10 . , sinauer associates , sunderland , ma .
tonge s . j . ( 1986 ) . collecting the mallorcan midwife toad .
wink m . , guicking d . and fritz u . ( 2001 ) . molecular evidence for hybrid origin of
zietkiewicz e . , rafalski a . and labuda d . ( 1994 ) . genome fingerprinting by simple sequence repeat ( ssr ) - anchored polymerase chain reaction amplification .
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
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component of the ubiquinol - cytochrome c reductase complex ( complex iii or cytochrome b - c1 complex ) that is part of the mitochondrial respiratory chain . the b - c1 complex mediates electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome c . contributes to the generation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane that is then used for atp synthesis .
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> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates if the gene coding for the protein originates from the hydrogenosome , the mitochondrion , the nucleomorph , different plastids or a plasmid . the absence of this section means that the gene is located in one of the main chromosomal element ( s ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / encoded _ on ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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> ' subcellular location ' < / a > section describes the extent of a membrane - spanning region of the protein . it denotes the presence of both alpha - helical transmembrane regions and the membrane spanning regions of beta - barrel transmembrane proteins . < p > < a href = ' / help / transmem ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
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fabien aubret , a , 1 gaëlle blanvillain , 1 and philippe j . r . kok 2
= 120 . 28 , p = 0 . 0001 ) , ranging from 100 % free eggs ( i . e . no eggs were attached to each other ) to 100 % clustered eggs ( in one , two or three distinct clusters—
) . egg attachment occurred in 18 out of 22 clutches for which 76 . 9 ± 17 . 2 % of the eggs within the clutch were attached . larger clutches contained more attached eggs ( linear regression
= 20 . 01 ; p = 0 . 0001 ) . clustered eggs had a higher proportion of top embryos than free eggs ( respectively 67 . 7 %
= 19 . 96 ; p = 0 . 0001 ) . overall , 58 . 6 % of eggs had top embryos , 27 . 6 % bottom embryos , and 13 . 8 % side embryos .
a multiple regression analysis with mother snout vent - length ( svl ) as continuous predictor and the number of top embryos , the number of attached eggs , and clutch size as dependent variables yielded wilks’ λ = 0 . 51 ; f
a total of 263 eggs ( n = 22 clutches ) of water snake were checked for the positon of their embryos within 12 hours post - laying .
the proportions of eggs with top embryos ( i . e . embryos located at the top of the egg ) increased as non - linear function of clutch - size . regression line is plotted as a quadratic fit ( r = 0 . 75 ; f 2 , 19 = 12 . 27 ; p = 0 . 0004 ; equation y = −1 . 7925 x + 0 . 2385 x 2 + 29 . 3186 ) .
statistical results of a multiple regression analysis between mother snout vent - length ( continuous predictor ) and the number of top embryos , the number of attached eggs , and clutch size ( dependent variables ) .
because side embryos could not be clearly assigned to the top or bottom category , and because some clutches lacked side embryos , we discarded side embryos from this analysis , and focused on top and bottom positioning only , in order to increase analytical power . the proportion of top and bottom embryos was highly variable amongst clutches ( and close to the conventional level of significance ; χ 2 13 = 20 . 67 ; p = 0 . 079 ) . due to the unbalanced design and the lack of significant interaction between the factors litter of origin and embryo position for any of the traits tested , we used two - way factorial type ii anovas throughout the analysis .
hatching success was 92 . 2 % for top embryos and 81 . 8 % for bottom embryos ( χ 2 1 = 2 . 56 ; p = 0 . 11 ) . post - hatching survival ( during the first three weeks of life ) was similar between the two groups ( 88 . 7 % versus 92 . 6 % for top and down embryos , respectively ; χ 2 1 = 0 . 32 ; p = 0 . 57 ) .
for statistical results ) . there was a significant difference in egg mass evolution throughout the incubation period between top and bottom embryos : the latter lost significantly more mass throughout the incubation than the former (
) . post - birth growth rates ( without food ) in body mass and snout - vent length did not significantly differ between the two groups ( repeated measure factorial anova ; global interaction terms both p > 0 . 36 ; effects of embryo location both p < 0 . 017 ) : young snakes born from bottom embryos tended to remain both heavier and longer in the first 3 weeks of life .
eggs laid with embryos located at the top ( n = 77 ) lost more mass towards throughout the incubation period than eggs laid with embryos located at the bottom ( n = 32 ) .
a repeated measure factorial anova with litter of origin and embryo position as factors , and egg mass as repeated measures over time yielded : global interaction term f 39 , 243 = 1 . 12 ; p = 0 . 30 ; effect of embryo location across time f 3 , 243 = 3 . 31 ; p = 0 . 021 ) . means + se are given .
comparison of traits between snake hatchlings born from embryos located either at the top or bottom of the egg .
heart rates were consistently higher throughout the incubation period in top ( 85 . 23 ± 3 . 33 bpm ) compared to bottom embryos ( 83 . 04 ± 3 . 17 bpm—see
a total of 110 eggs ( n = 14 clutches ) of the water snake were incubated in the exact position they were laid , including 77 top embryos ( located at the top of the egg ) and 33 bottom embryos ( located at the bottom ) and eggs regularly surveyed for their heart rates ( i . e . metabolic rate ) .
heart rates were consistently higher throughout the incubation period in top ( 85 . 23 ± 3 . 33 bpm ) compared to bottom embryos ( 83 . 04 ± 3 . 17 bpm—repeated measures anova ; interaction term f 54 , 324 = 1 . 14 ; p = 0 . 24 ; effect of embryo location f 1 , 54 = 7 . 29 ; p = 0 . 009 ) . means + se are given .
3d plot of mean embryo heart rates recorded throughout incubation plotted against hatchling snout - vent length against hatchling body mass in top ( left panel ) and bottom ( right panel ) embryos .
hatchling snout - vent length and body mass were largely explained and positively correlated with average embryo heart rates during incubation in bottom embryos . such relationship however , was much less pronounced in eggs where the embryos were located at the top of the egg ( see text for statistical results ) .


labeo baldasseronii is a species of fish in the family cyprinidae , the carps and minnows .

it is known only from the type locality in mozambique .

labeo baldasseronii

maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 5 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 2801 )
lévêque , c . and j . daget , 1984 . cyprinidae . p . 217 - 342 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . orstom , paris and mrac , tervuren . vol . 1 . ( ref . 2801 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00832 ( 0 . 00356 - 0 . 01943 ) , b = 3 . 09 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 30 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 13 of 100 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c42d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3257953e - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32579fd6 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 32aaa12a - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
author and year from eschmeyer ( coff ver . nov . 1999 : ref . 33021 ) .
froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 75e54549 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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di caporiacco , l . 1948 . miscellanea ichthyologica . bollettino di pesca piscicoltura e idrobiologia 23 : 193 - 205 .
chinese academy of fishery sciences ( 2003 ) chinese aquatic germplasm resources database . : urltoken
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication .
hanel , l . and j . novák ( 2002 ) české názvy zivočichů v . ryby a ryboviti obratlovci ( pisces ) 3 . , maloústí ( gonorhynchiformes ) - máloostní ( cypriniformes ) . : národní muzeum ( zoologické oddělení ) , praha .
lévêque , c . and j . daget ( 1984 ) cyprinidae . : p . 217 - 342 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . orstom , paris and mrac , tervuren . vol . 1 .
wu , h . l . , k . - t . shao and c . f . lai ( eds . ) ( 1999 ) latin - chinese dictionary of fishes names . : the sueichan press , taiwan . 1028 p .
di caporiacco , l . , 1948 , miscellanea ichthyologica , bollettino di pesca piscicoltura e idrobiologia 23 , pp . 193 - 205 : 195
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no known copyright restrictions apply . see agosti , d . , egloff , w . , 2009 . taxonomic information exchange and copyright : the plazi approach . bmc research notes 2009 , 2 : 53 for further explanation .
eschmeyer , w . n . ; fricke , r . ; van der laan , r . ( eds ) . ( 2017 ) . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . electronic version . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of morulius hamilton , 1822 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of rohita valenciennes in cuvier & valenciennes , 1842 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of lebeo ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]


dichomeris indiserta is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1926 .

it is found in malaysia .

the wingspan is about 12 mm .

the forewings are pale brownish , irregularly sprinkled darker brown .

the second discal stigma is minute and dark brown .

the hindwings are light bluish-grey .

the larvae feed on nephelium lappaceum .

dichomeris indiserta

vad betyder dichomeris ? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv
dichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818 . dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .
dichomeris fuliginella ( costa , 1836 ) , described as rhinosia fuliginella from italy .
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 182 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 166 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 189 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 192 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 249 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 167 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
= ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 198 ; [ nacl ] , 24 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ afromoths ]
hypatima ( chelariini ) ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37 ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 29 ; [ fe ]
hypatima acicula park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 326 ; tl : s . thailand , khaoyai
hypatima acris park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 83 ; tl : taiwan , tainan co . , 2 - 3km s kwantzuling , ca . 350m
chelaria agriogramma meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 153 ; tl : mt murud , 4500ft
chelaria albo - grisea [ = albogrisea ] walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 264 , pl . 12 , f . 34 ; tl : spring vale
chelaria ammonura meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 430 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
chelaria anguinea meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 161 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
hypatima anguinea ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 37
anthotypa ( meyrick , 1939 ) ( chelaria ) ; trans . r . ent . soc . lond . 89 ( 4 ) : 54
chelaria antiastis meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : andamans , port blair
hypatima antiastis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima antsianakella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 209
chelaria apparitrix meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 164 ; tl : java , preanger , 5000ft
hypatima apparitrix ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
chelaria aridella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 639 ; tl : sarawak , borneo
hypatima aridella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
hypatima arignota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 330
artochroma diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 20
chelaria attenuata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 300 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
chelaria baliodes lower , 1920 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . aust . 44 : 66 ; tl : warra , s . queensland
chelaria binummulata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : natal , weenen
chelaria brachyrrhiza meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : fiji , lautoka
chelaria caryodora meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
hypatima caryodora ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
chelaria cirrhospila meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 302 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
hypatima cirrhospila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
chelaria corynetis meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
hypatima corynetis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
cryptopluta diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 21
nothris cyrtopleura turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 165 ; tl : n . australia , port darwin ; n . queensland , kuranda
chelaria demonstrata meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 303 ; tl : new guinea , kei is .
chelaria dermatica meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 432 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
taiwan , thailand , philippines , ceylon , andaman is . , borneo , sulawesi , queensland . see [ maps ]
tituacea [ sic ] deviella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 43
chelaria discissa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 581 ; tl : queensland , cairns
hypatima disetosella park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 75 ; tl : nantou co . , taiwan
hypatima disetosella ; brown , adamski , hodges & bahr , 2004 , zootaxa 510 : 47 ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
disposita ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 71
nothris dissidens meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 301 ; tl : waterval onder
ephippias ( meyrick , 1937 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 3 ) : 95
chelaria ericta meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
hypatima ericta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38
chelaria euchorda meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 31 ; tl : brazil , para , parintins
cymatomorpha euplecta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 412 ; tl : brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales ; gisborne , victoria ; quorn , south australia
hypatima excellentella ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 617 ; tl : barabash - levada , primorskii krai
hypatima excellentella ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 38 ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
larva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria formidolosa meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 581 ; tl : natal , pinetown
chelaria haligramma meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 382 ; tl : anakapalli , s . india
hypatima haligramma ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 332
larva on anacardium occidentale ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria harpophora meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
psoricoptera hora busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 14 ; tl : alhajuela , panama
chelaria improba meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : barberton
gelechia indica swinhoe , 1885 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1885 : 884 ; tl : bombay , india
hypatima indica ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria instaurata meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 165 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
hypatima instaurata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria iophana meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 162 ; tl : ceylon
hypatima iophana ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 29 ; park & ponomarenko , 1999 , species diversity 4 : 322
chelaria isopogon meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 513 ; tl : belke , kanara , india
hypatima isopogon ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria isoptila meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 163 ; tl : kandy , ceylon
hypatima isoptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria isotricha meyrick , 1921 ; zool . meded . leyden 6 : 164 ; tl : java , preangor , 5000ft
hypatima isotricha ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
hypatima issikiana park , 1995 ; tropical lepid . 6 ( 1 ) : 77 ; tl : pingtung co . , taiwan
hypatima issikiana ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria lactifera meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 161 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
hypatima lactifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria lecticata meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 282 ; tl : transvaal , pilgrims rest
chelaria loxosaris meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 21 ; tl : natal , umkomaas
chelaria mancipata meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 297 ; tl : three sisters
hypatima mangiferae satter , 1989 ; bull . ent . res . 79 ( 3 ) : 412 ; tl : kenya
hypatima manjakatompo viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 211
chelaria melanecta meyrick , 1914 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 10 ( 8 ) : 246 ; tl : transvaal , johannesburg
chelaria melanocharis meyrick , 1934 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 16 - 17 ) : 511 ; tl : telawa , java
hypatima melanocharis ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 39
chelaria meliptila meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : new ireland , st . matthias i .
chelaria metaphorica meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 430 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
chelaria microgramma meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 301 ; tl : new south wales , sydney
mycetinopa ( meyrick , 1934 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 15 ) : 451
hypatima nigro - grisea [ = nigrogrisea ] janse , 1949 ; moths s . afr . 5 ( 1 ) : 47
chelaria nimbigera meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 283 ; tl : new ireland , new hanover i .
chelaria nodifera meyrick , 1930 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 99 ( suppl ) : 724 ; tl : tonkin
hypatima nodifera ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
chelaria orthomochla meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : java
hypatima orthomochla ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
chelaria orthostathma meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 429 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
chelaria parichniota meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 4 ; tl : likiang , china
hypatima parichniota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
chelaria particulata meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 167 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
hypatima particulata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
hypatima pentagonia park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 325 ; tl : nw . thailand , chiang mai , doi suthep - pui np , 1380m
hypatima perinetella viette , 1956 ; nat . malgache 8 ( 2 ) : 210
chelaria phacelota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : peradeniya , ceylon
hypatima phacelota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
gelechia pilosella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 640 ; tl : sarawak , borneo
hypatima pilosella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
chelaria probolaea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 298 ; tl : barberton
allocota procax meyrick , 1911 ; trans . linn . soc . lond . ( 2 ) 14 : 274
chelaria rhicnota meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 580 ; tl : shevaroys , s . india
hypatima rhicnota ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
larva on mangifera indica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40
= ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ nhm card ]
= ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ nhm card ]
hypatima rhomboidella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 40 ; [ fe ]
larva on betula spp . , alnus spp . , corylus avellana , carpinus betulus , populus spp . ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
chelaria scopulosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : karwar , kanara
cymatomorpha scotia turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 160 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda
chelaria silvestris meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
hypatima silvestris ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
allocota simulacrella meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 420 ; tl : sydney , new south wales
chelaria solutrix meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 69 ; tl : woodbush village
sorograpta ( meyrick , 1931 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70
chelaria spathota meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 165 ; tl : konkan , bombay
hypatima spathota ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
larva on mangifera indica , lannea grandis ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
deuteroptila sphenophora meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 419 ; tl : brisbane , queensland
chelaria stasimodes meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70
hypatima stenosa park & ponomarenko , 1999 ; species diversity 4 : 331 ; tl : s . thailand , khaoyai
subdentata diakonoff , 1954 ; verh . k . akad . wet . amst . ( 2 ) 50 ( 1 ) : 17
gelechia sublectella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 640 ; tl : sarawak , borneo
chelaria syncrypta meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 19 ) : 580 ; tl : maskeliya , ceylon
hypatima syncrypta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
chelaria tenebrosa meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 301 ; tl : south australia , quorn
chelaria tephroplintha meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 30 ; tl : fiji , labasa
chelaria tephroptila meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 70 ; tl : mahableshwar , bombay
hypatima tephroptila ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
hypatima teramotoi ueda , 2012 ; trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 81 ; tl : japan , honshu , osaka pref . , sakai city
larva on quercus acutissima , quercus serrata , q . variabilis , q . glauca , q . phillyraeoides ueda , 2012 , trans . lepid . soc . japan 62 ( 2 ) : 85
chelaria tessulata meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 431 ; tl : queensland , cairns
semodictis tetraptila meyrick , 1909 ; ann . transv . mus . 2 ( 1 ) : 16 , pl . 5 , f . 7 ; tl : kranspoort , pretoria
chelaria tonsa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 164 ; tl : khasi hills , assam
hypatima tonsa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
episacta toreuta turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 162 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda , near cairns
chelaria trachyspila meyrick , 1933 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 354
chelaria triannulata meyrick , 1911 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 1 ) : 69 ; tl : woodbush village
tricosma ( meyrick , 1933 ) ( chelaria ) ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 12 ) : 355
hypatima venefica ponomarenko , 1991 ; ent . obozr . 70 ( 3 ) : 616 ; tl : barbash - levada , primorskii krai
hypatima venefica ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
larva on quercus mongolica ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
chelaria verticosa meyrick , 1913 ; j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 22 ( 1 ) : 166 ; tl : n . coorg , 3500ft
hypatima verticosa ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
chelaria xerophanta meyrick , 1930 ; ann . soc . ent . fr . 99 ( suppl ) : 724 ; tl : tonkin
hypatima xerophanta ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
chelaria xylotechna meyrick , 1932 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 7 ) : 199 ; tl : java
hypatima xylotechna ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , 1997 , far east . ent . 50 : 41
chelaria zesticopa meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 514 ; tl : texas , alpine , fort davis , 5000 - 8000ft ; new mexico , bent , 7000ft
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
microlepidoptera of new guinea , results of the third archbold expedition ( american - netherlands indian expedition 1938 - 1939 ) . part iv
the natural history of british insects ; explaining them in their several states . . . with the history of such minute insects as require investigation by the microscope
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum clases , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , symonymis , locis . tomis i . 10th edition
in gardiner , no . xii . tortricina and tineina . results of the percy sladen trust expedition to the indian ocean in 1905
walsingham , 1881 on the tortricidae , tineidae , and pterophoridae of south africa trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 219 - 288 , pl . 10 - 13
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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the rambutan ( / ræmˈbuːtən / ; taxonomic name : nephelium lappaceum ) is a medium - sized tropical tree in the family sapindaceae . the name also refers to the fruit produced by this tree . the rambutan is native to malay - indonesian region , and other regions of tropical southeast asia . it is closely related to several other edible tropical fruits including the lychee , longan , and mamoncillo .
attributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 kattge , j . et al . ( 2011b ) try - a global database of plant traits global change biology 17 : 2905 - 2935 ♦ 2 chave j , coomes d , jansen s , lewis sl , swenson ng , zanne ae ( 2009 ) towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum . ecology letters 12 : 351 - 366 . zanne ae , lopez - gonzalez g , coomes da , ilic j , jansen s , lewis sl , miller rb , swenson ng , wiemann mc , chave j ( 2009 ) data from : towards a worldwide wood economics spectrum . dryad digital repository . ♦ 3 hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández ♦ 4 ben - dov , y . , miller , d . r . & gibson , g . a . p . scalenet 4 november 2009 ♦ 5 fruit preferences of four sympatric primate species at ketambe , northern sumatra , indonesia , peter s . ungar , international journal of primatology , vol . 16 , no . 2 , 1995 ♦ 6 pteropus vampyrus , thomas h . kunz and deborah p . jones , mammalian species no . 642 , pp . 16 ( 2000 )


julia zebra is a species of a sea snail with a shell comprising two separate hinged pieces or valves .

it is a marine gastropod mollusk in the family juliidae .

julia zebra

jennifer hammock split the classifications by ncbi taxonomy from julia zebra kawaguchi , 1981 to their own page .
patrick coin marked
pink moth
as trusted on the
heliocheilus julia
page .
reference : • kawaguti , s ( 1981 ) a new bivalved gastropod julia zebra . bulletin of the kawasaki paramedical college , 1 : 9 - 13 .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by moorea biocode and integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) from julia to their own page .
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one day the zebra runs against a tree and learns something . script , design , animation : julia ocker sound design , music : christian heck voice zebra : ferdinand engländer artistic director : andreas hykade editor , swr : benjamin manns funding : mfg baden - württemberg production management : bianca just co production : swr production : thomas meyer - hermann studio film bilder , 2013
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collectively , the conservancies are helping to safeguard the future of a wide range of species . there was a 43 % decline in elephant poaching between 2012 and the beginning of 2015 , and the rehabilitation and careful management of thousands of hectares of land is helping countless other wildlife species too , including grevy’s zebra . many of the grevy’s zebra home ranges fall within nrt member conservancies , and they work closely with the grevy’s zebra trust to study these populations and implement conservation strategies .
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the samburu trust is assisting in the planning of the great grevy ' s rally and the warrior scouts will be participating on the ground during the rally to photograph grevy ' s zebra in their areas .
lewa is home to 11 % of the remaining grevy ' s zebra found in the wild , and the conservancy is a partner in this event that will help shape the future of the species in northern kenya and beyond .
it might ultimately turn out to be a synonym of j . thecaphora carpenter , 1857 . beach - worn shells of that species from the gulf of california housed at the california academy of sciences appear indistinguishable from hawaiian shells of j . zebra .
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as a world - renowned research university , princeton seeks to achieve the highest levels of distinction in the discovery and transmission of knowledge and understanding . at the same time , princeton is distinctive among research universities in its commitment to undergraduate teaching . along with the kenya wildlife service , the national museums of kenya and the smithsonian institution , princeton guides the management of the mpala research center . dr . daniel rubenstein , professor of ecology and evolutionary biology , serves on the grevy ' s zebra technical committee and is directing the methodology of the great grevy ' s rally .
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japan , hawaii , midway atoll , raratonga and magaia ( cook islands ) . probably widespread at least in the tropical pacific .
live animal 2 . 5 mm long , from algae wash at napili bay , maui , hawaiian ids , july 3 , 1996 . depth less than 1 . 5 m . shell 2 . 9 mm long . from beach drift at makuleia bay , maui in 1983 . photos : cory pittman
the color is highly consistent with narrow , continuous brown bands on the anterior portion of the shell and broader , fainter bands on the posterior portion . the bands are superimposed over random white blotches . in live animals , there is extensive brown pigment on the head and rhinophores . the hinge is relatively small and constricted . the central , tooth - like knob is nearly circular in cross section with only a slight indentation on its posterior margin .
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this species has a brownish - green shell with narrow , radiating , dark brown stripes and cloudy white patches . the hinge tooth is proportionately smaller and more circular than in
. the animal is brownish - green flecked with white and with dark brown bands on top of its head . the
butterfly - shaped
cream patch outlined in brown that surrounds the hinge is the result of pigment showing through the partially translucent shell . (
is a common species found in protected to exposed rocky habitats at depths of < 1 to 15 m ( < 3 to 49 ft ) . although diurnal , it ' s seldom seen due to its small size and cryptic coloration . alison kay found it in association with the green algae
big island , maui , oahu , kauai , french frigate shoals and midway : widely distributed in the indo - pacific and possibly the eastern pacific .
. presumably , that name would have priority if confirmed with live material . in southern japan , many animals lack all or most brown pigment . however , the
butterfly - shaped
marking on the hinge in live animals and the smaller hinge size in shells still appear to distinguish those animals from
. live animals were probably first recorded in hawaii from koloa , kauai by alison kay in april , 1962 . ( kay , 1962c )
cp : 3 . 6 mm : hekili point , maui ; march 22 , 2006 .
shells of this species show moderately strong red fluorescence under ultraviolet light ( 395 nm ) , most prominently when worn .
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to barcode of life to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to sea slug forum ( via archive . org )
when it clicks on the image a big image and data on the sea slug are indicated .
. the family juliidae is unique among gastropod mollusks in having clam - like shells into which the body can be completely withdrawn . let me quote the
web site of cory pittman and pauline fiene :
they were first described as bivalves from fossil material and only recognized as gastropods when living animals were discovered in 1959 .
has a brownish - green shell with narrow , radiating , dark brown stripes and cloudy white patches . the animal is brownish - green flecked with white and with dark brown bands on top of its head .
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ibeis is an ' image based ecological information system’ that provides a platform for connecting data on the ‘ who’ , ‘ where’ and ‘ when’ derived from gps and time - stamped photographs of distinctively marked animals—such as zebras and giraffes— with a myriad of environmental measurement to transform the scale in time and space of environmental science and conservation research and practice scientists from princeton university , rensselar polytechical university , the university of illinois - chicago and wildme . org , by combining the power of big data analytics to assess wildlife health and habitat with the capability for tracking individual animals , ibeis makes it possible to connect ecological dots in ways never before possible : to understand the dynamics of the big picture in real time .
laikipia wildlife forum ( lwf ) is a non - profit membership organisation with its headquarters in nanyuki , laikipia . founded in 1992 , the organisation has grown in service to a growing membership that now includes 6000 large and small landowners . the organisation is dedicated to the conservation of laikipia’s wildlife and the integrity of its ecosystem , and to improve the lives of its people . as a result , the citizens of laikipia have succeeded in developing and maintaining a land use model that supports the largest population of wildlife on private lands in kenya . it supports the largest abundance of endangered and threatened species , and the second largest concentration of elephants in kenya .
the lewa wildlife conservancy is an award - winning catalyst and model for community conservation , a unesco world heritage site and is one of two organisations in africa to feature on the iucn green list of successful protected areas .
lewa is the heart of wildlife conservation , sustainable development and responsible tourism in northern kenya and its successful working model has provided the framework on which many conservation organisations in the region are based .
it now supports 33 community conservancies across northern kenya , home to over 250 , 000 people . these conservancies
are managed by democratically elected boards and staffed by local community members , often mixing ethnic groups that have historically fought with one another .
raises funds for the conservancies , provides them with advice on how to manage their affairs and supports a wide range of training and helps broker agreements between conservancies and investors . although the conservancies are still dependent on donor funds , they raise increasingly large sums from activities related to conservation and tourism . the profits are being channeled into education , health care and development activities . nrt is now widely seen as a model of how to support community conservancies . its success has helped shape new government regulations on establishing , registering and managing community conservancies in kenya .
the samburu have always lived in harmony with wildlife , but in recent years the competition for land , demand for animal products and abject poverty have all led to increasing human - wildlife conflict . the trust works with samburu elders , wildlife authorities and many others to try to restore that relationship . the warrior scouts patrol samburuland , keeping an eye on community health and working hard to prevent poaching . the nomad school , a mobile school that is compatible with the samburu way of life , educates children on the value of conservation .
princeton university is a vibrant community of scholarship and learning that stands in the nation ' s service and in the service of all nations . chartered in 1746 , princeton is the fourth - oldest college in the united states . princeton is an independent , coeducational , nondenominational institution that provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities , social sciences , natural sciences and engineering .
tropic air is a partner in tackling conservation in northern kenya , working with the anti poaching rapid response team . using our helicopters ( and sometimes the fixed wing aircraft ) we help mobilise the ranges to the hot sites , enabling a quick response to any poaching incident . the mobilisation time together with the presence of this very capable and well trained team of ranges , made of up kenya police reservists employed by ol pejeta conservancy and deployed at the request of local authorities with support from ‘space for giants’ , is a key factor in tackling poaching in northern kenya .


dichomeris syringota is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1926 .

it is found in peru .

the wingspan is about 15 mm .

the forewings are rather dark grey with a broad costal band , at the base occupying half of the wing but attenuated to a point at three-fourths , grey-whitish mottled grey , the dorsal area towards the base also similarly suffused and between these a streak of blackish-fuscous suffusion along the fold from about one-sixth to two-fifths , with some undefined dark fuscous suffusion extending from this beneath the costal band to beyond the middle .

there is a whitish dot on the end of the cell followed by a transverse fascia of obscure whitish irroration terminated by a more distinct rather curved shade .

the hindwings are grey , thinly scaled towards the base .

dichomeris syringota

vad betyder dichomeris ? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv
dichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818 . dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .
dichomeris - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
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