the white-rumped falcon ( polihierax insignis ) is a species of bird of prey in the family falconidae native to indochina .

it is sometimes placed in its own monotypic genus , neohierax .

white - rumped falcon

select an image : 1 . white - rumped falcon > > pair 2 . white - rumped falcon > > female 3 . white - rumped falcon > > male 4 . white - rumped falcon > > male 5 . white - rumped falcon > > female in flight 6 . white - rumped falcon > > pair of adults 7 . white - rumped falcon > > pair courting 8 . white - rumped falcon > > female 9 . white - rumped falcon > > male 10 . white - rumped falcon > > female 11 . white - rumped falcon > > male 12 . white - rumped falcon > > male with prey 13 . white - rumped falcon > > female 14 . white - rumped falcon > > male 15 . white - rumped falcon > > male 16 . white - rumped falcon > > male 17 . white - rumped falcon > > male 18 . white - rumped falcon > > adult female 19 . white - rumped falcon > > adult female
other names : burmese pigmy falcon , fielden ' s falconet , polihierax insignis , white - rumped pygmy falcon , white - rumped pygmy - falcon .
white - rumped falcon ( polihierax insignis ) is a species of bird in the falconidae family .
information on the white - rumped falcon is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
kemp , a . , a . vidhidharm . 1998 . breeding of the white - rumped pygmy falcon .
recommended citation : global raptor information network . 2018 . species account : white - rumped falcon neohierax insignis . downloaded from urltoken on 9 jul . 2018
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• the african pygmy falcon is 1 of 2 species in the genus polihierax ; the other is the white - rumped falcon , p . insignis . the family falconidae contains 64 species in 10 genera of falcons , falconets , kestrels , caracaras and hobbies . close relatives of the african pygmy falcon include the crested caracara , caracara plancus , the peregrine falcon , falco peregrinus , and the brown falcon , f . berigora .
tmatboey area including kulen promtep ws giant ibis and white - shouldered ibises , rufous - winged buzzard , white - rumped falcon , woodpeckers including black - headed and great slaty , swinhoe’s minivet , burmese shrike and white - crested laughingthrush . also a chance of pale - capped pigeon , brown fish owl and brown wood owl .
conservation : the status of this species is poorly known throughout its range , but it probably has declined as a result of the clearing of forests and probably from persecution . birdlife international catagorizes the white - rumped falcon as near threatened .
the peregrine falcon is blue - gray above and barred brownish and white below . they have a heavy , dark malar stripe below the eye .
specialities green peafowl , germain’s peacock - pheasant , siamese fireback , orange - necked partridge , giant and white - shouldered ibises , greater adjutant , grey - headed fish eagle , white - rumped falcon , bengal florican , annam and red - vented barbets , white - browed piculet , black - and - buff , black - headed and pale - headed woodpeckers , bar - bellied and blue - rumped pittas , swinhoe’s minivet , grey - cheeked tit - babbler , cambodian tailorbird , mekong wagtail and asian golden weaver . also a chance of chestnut - headed partridge , milky stork , red - headed , slender - billed and white - rumped vultures , and collared falconet .
prairie falcon prairie falcons have paler upperparts and pale wing linings contrasting with darker underwings .
veal krous , near village of dongphlet a vulture feeding station with viewing platform from where it is possible to see red - headed , slender - billed and white - rumped vultures .
1 flying a female pygmy falcon flies toward a large nest colony of sociable weavers that the falcon exploits for its own use . 2 hanging . the entrance is located at the bottom of the nest colony ; the falcon hangs upside down in order to enter the nest chamber .
distribution of greater white - fronted goose subspecies the greater white - fronted goose ( anser albifrons ) occurs throughout much of north america , but is found . . .
berger , a . 1956 . the appendicular mycology of the pygmy falcon ( polihierax semitorquatus ) .
the peregrine falcon is one of the 2010 international migratory bird day featured species . artwork by robert petty .
i think this is the first video recording that i have made of skyhawk ' s son , falcon .
23–28 cm ; 84–112 g ; wingspan 42–49 cm . large slate grey - and - white falconet with conspicuous white rump and uppertail - coverts ; larger and much longer - tailed . . .
c . m . white , 1968 – arctic tundra of north america from alaska to greenland .
white - shielded birds are merely a morph of american coot and not caribean coot . ––read more…
a treetop a female falcon perches at the top of a tall tree . the african pygmy falcon lives in two distinct and widely separated populations in africa : one in the southwestern part of the continent and the other in the northeast . in either part of the continent , the pygmy falcon inhabits the arid and semiarid savannah and scrubland , which features sparse groundcover and scattered large trees dotting the landscape . the african pygmy falcon typically avoids open forests and forest edges . this falcon also frequents the huge nests of weavers , especially the sociable weaver , philetairus socius , sharing its roosting and nesting site . the pygmy falcon occasionally shares the nests of the white - headed buffalo weaver and those of the sparrow weaver . unlike other falcons , the eggs of the pygmy falcon are pure white , consistent with many birds that lay eggs in concealed nests . the pygmy falcon’s range is dictated by that of the sociable weaver ; it even avoids otherwise suitable savannah habitat that is devoid of weaver nests . in the kalahari region of africa , pygmy falcons occupy about one out of every four sociable weaver colonies .
a giant ibis and a white - shouldered ibis in the same tree at tmatboey by dubi shapiro .
four subspecies present a confusing mosaic of variation , with differences in size , structure , plumage color , habits , voice , and time of breeding . relatively large and white - rumped birds are widespread in the atlantic and north pacific , while smaller white - and dark - rumped populations occur off southern california . probably best considered three populations , but how best to divide this variation into identifiable forms , and how reliably they can be identified in the field , remains to be determined . ––read more…
earlier i saw this herring gull along island bait road , very white headed as some are becoming now .
seima forest ws ( jahoo gibbon camp , andong kraloeng ) yellow - cheeked gibbon , black - shanked douc langur , green peafowl , siamese fireback , germain ' s peacock - pheasant , orange - necked and scaly - breasted partridges , orange - breasted and red - headed trogons , banded kingfisher , red - vented barbet , great and wreathed hornbills , white - browed piculet , 16 species of woodpecker including black - and - buff , great slaty and pale - headed , bar - bellied and blue - rumped pittas , white - crested laughingthrush , grey - cheeked tit - babbler and golden - crested myna . also a chance of white - rumped falcon and banded broadbill , and an outside chance of pygmy loris and gaur .
african pygmy falcons have a white face , breast , and abdomen . female members have darker , chestnut colored backs , where males have grey backs . white spots decorate the back of the neck and the tail feathers .
i may be contacted at daviddeso @ gmail . com . this blog is a repository for information on the white - rumped shama ( murai batu ) and other songbirds - red - whiskered bulbul ( merbah jambul ) , oriental white - eye ( mata puteh ) , orange - headed ground thrush ( anis merah ) , chestnut - headed ground thrush ( anis kembang ) and green leafbirds .
important references : clark , w . s . 1994 . white - rumped pygmy - falcon . p . 255 in del hoyo , j . , a . elliott , and j . sargatal ( eds ) . handbook of birds of the world . vol . 2 . new world vultures to guineafowl . lynx edicions , barcelona , spain . ferguson - lees , j . , and d . a . christie .
the peregrine falcon’s nest usually consists of a scrape on a cliff ledge , building ledge , or an old stick nest of another species .
some western birds have obvious white crests in breeding plumage and may be identifiable , but many have black crests like eastern birds .
this article is part of project falconinae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each falcon , including made - up species .
clark , w . s . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . white - rumped pygmy - falcon ( polihierax insignis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
despite its small size , the pygmy falcon is a bold predator armed with sharp talons and a strong , hooked beak for catching and killing its prey .
this article is part of project falconiformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each falcon and caracara , including made - up species .
formerly dark - rumped petrel but now split into two species . it has been argued that records to date in north america involve hawaiian petrel , but this is not confirmed and both could occur .
35–51 cm ; male 410–1060 g , female 595–1600 g ; wingspan 79–114 cm . large , stocky falcon , with relatively short tail ; prominent moustache usually . . .
spotiswoode , c . , e . herrmann , o . e rasa , c . sapsford . 2004 . co - operative breeding in the pygmy falcon polihierax semitorquatas .
common house - martin : ne canada record likely nominate , while ak birds lagopudum ( a specimen ) that has more extensive white on the rump .
dak dam , above sen monorom annam barbet , white - cheeked laughingthrush and black - crowned parrotbill . also a chance of black - throated laughingthrush .
2 ) white - capped albatross . the nacc has yet to split the shy albatross group and still uses the name shy albatross . sacc , clements , and many others are using white - capped , salvin’s , and chatham albatross . regardless , to be consistent with nacc you should revise the english names to shy ( white - capped ) and shy ( salvin’s ) . the nacc is behind the times here , but surely is awaiting a proposal .
ditto for paint - billed crake : tx specimen ided as paler , white - throated nominate while va specimen ided as darker , gray - throated olivascens .
the bright cinnamon - rumped form from west mexico has been recorded several times from california , arizona , and texas . all are suspected of being escapes but regardless of that males are easily identifiable in the field .
unlike other birds of prey that build a large solitary nest , the african pygmy falcon lives alongside a friendly host , the sociable weaver , and adopts a chamber in the weaver nest .
the restricted population in the florida keys differs from the widespread birds in average size , average plume length , and color ( all - white ) . these have been split as great white heron in the past , but whether this population is best considered a species , subspecies , or merely a morph is still a subject of debate . ––read more…
wedge - rumped storm - petrel : nominate is the presumed form seen rarely off ca , but the lone u . s . specimen from inland ca is of ssp . kelsalli , which is a potential split per howell’s tubenose book .
african pygmy falcons rely on the social weavers ( philetairus socius ) in the northeast part of their range and white - headed buffalo weavers ( dinemellia dinemelli ) in the southwestern part of their range for nesting . occasionally northeastern birds will occupy the nests of white - browed sparrow weavers ( plocepasser mahali ) and glossy starlings ( lamprotornis nitens ) . approximately one - quarter of all weaver nests in these areas are occupied by african pygmy falcons . thus , this falcon is one of a few species of birds that are
obligate nest pirates
( also see south american troupials , icterus icterus ) .
the african pygmy falcon is a fairly common resident throughout its range and is not currently endangered . it is listed in appendix ii of cites ( convention in international trade in endangered species ) , which regulates the import and export of animals for the pet trade . since its range is dependent upon weavers for nesting , the pygmy falcon has a very limited distribution . due to its small size , it falls victim to predators , including larger birds of prey found in the same habitat .
blm has played a major role in endangered species recovery of peregrine falcons , no longer listed under the endangered species act , and recovery of aplomado falcons in partnership with the usfws and dod . land - use plans and activity plans address peregrine falcon needs for all blm lands within nesting territories . intensive aplomado falcon reintroduction and habitat improvement work is ongoing in new mexico where blm is a partner . one of the major california condor reintroduction and recovery sites is on blm lands in arizona .
the order within the cockatoos is based on white et al . ( 2011 ) , with some help from brown and toft ( 1999 ) . white et al . ( 2011 ) found that the cockatiel was basal , and i follow their multigene analysis ( as well as traditional thinking ) . note however that brown and toft found a different position for the cockatiel , which also received limited support from wright et al . ( 2008 ) .
white , c . m . , christie , d . a . , de juana , e . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . peregrine falcon ( falco peregrinus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
, the african pygmy falcon , is native to two separate regions of africa : northeastern africa including sudan , somalia , ethiopia , uganda , and tanzania ; and southwestern africa including namibia , botswana , angola , and cape province . this species is generally non - migratory .
has brown eyes and light orange legs . the base of the beak is an orange color , and the beak itself is grey . when hatched , african pygmy falcons are white in color and their eyes are shut . the eyes will normally open in two or three days . young have paler feet than their adult counterparts , with a reddish - brown back and neck . the breast , face , and abdomen of juveniles is white . members of the species will mature in approximately one year .
angkor wat around the fascinating ruins of angkor wat ( and nearby temples , especially the ta phrom area ) , built between the 9th and 13th centuries and largely abandoned in the 15th century , it is possible to see black baza , red - breasted parakeet , brown - backed needletail , blue - tailed bee - eater , indian roller , coppersmith barbet , hainan blue flycatcher , blue rock thrush and white - crested laughingthrush . also a chance of white - throated rock thrush and forest wagtail .
) or their hatchlings when inhabiting their nests . it is believed that insects alone are insufficient for the dietary needs of young pygmy falcons . lizards , rodents , and birds are crucial for the survival of the young . the falcon catches its prey by swooping quickly from the branch of a tree .
two subspecies differ in average wingtip pattern and average size , but overlap in all features makes field identification essentially impossible in north america , where the white - winged subspecies l . g . glaucoides is probably a rare visitor but is apparently matched by some pale l . g . kumlieni
) , can be considered parasitic or symbiotic , depending on the location . in the southwestern portion of their range , african pygymy falcons may protect social weavers from predators such as snakes , while gaining a safe area to raise young . white - headed buffalo weavers , in the northeastern part of their range , are more powerful than african pygymy falcons and receive no benefits from their presence . african pygymy falcons can be considered parasitic to white - headed buffalo weavers and considered a
nest pirate
. african pygymy falcons are major predators of insects and lizards and are a danger to smaller birds and rodents .
comb duck , cotton pygmy goose , painted stork , pied harrier , sarus crane , bronze - winged and pheasant - tailed jacanas , oriental pratincole and plain - backed sparrow . also a chance of black - necked stork , white - browed crake , oriental plover , greater painted snipe and eld ' s deer .
two subspecies groups differ consistently in plumage and should be reliably identifiable in the field ( if they can be seen well enough… ) . differences recently revealed in dna of brown creeper , white - breasted nuthatch , and hairy woodpecker suggest that golden - crowned kinglet might also comprise several distinctive forms . more study is needed !
the rosellas ( platycercus ) have been rearranged based on shipman et al . ( 2015 ) . even their multi - gene analysis was unable to pin down the position of the western rosella , platycercus icterotis . it might the basal platycercus , as shown here , or it might group with the white - cheeked species ( eximius , venustus , adscitus ) .
breeding : the only study of the breeding biology of this species is apaprently that of kemp and vidhidharm ( 1998 ) , who made five days of observations at a nest in western thailand . the nest was found on 28 march 1996 and was located in an old woodpecker hole 12 m high in an emergent 24 - m tall shorea obtusa tree . it contained two unmarked white eggs , which measured 35 . 4 x 15 . 6 mm and 32 . 5 x 24 . 7 mm . the female incubated during the day , and both the male and female roosted in the nest hole at night . earlier reports by kirke swann ( 1933 ) and clark ( 1994 ) of this species nesting in old stick nests and laying
off - white
eggs were probably erroneous .
1 ) yellow - nosed albatross . the north american records hat are identifiable to subspecies are , not surprisingly , all ‘atlantic’ yellow - nosed albatross ( t . c . chlororhynchos ) , which have gray heads in adult plumage . this is quite different from the white - headed ‘indian’ yellow - nosed albatross ( t . c . bassi ) , and these taxa are split by many authorities .
bierregaard , r . o . , jr & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . bat falcon ( falco rufigularis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
three of the black - cockatoos have been moved to the genus zanda ( mathews 1913 , type bauinii ) due to substantial separation between them and the calyptorhynchus black - cockatoos . white et al . ( 2011 ) estimate the most recent common ancestor at about 15 million years ago . interesting , the current zanda diversity appeared very recently , whereas the split between the two calyptorhynchus is of much longer standing .
previously , i ' d used the papers by griffiths ( 1999 ) and griffiths et al . ( 2004 ) for the basic taxonomy of the falconidae . this had been supplemented by fuchs et al . ( 2011b ) for the forest - falcon clade ( herpetotherinae ) , and fuchs et al . ( 2012a ) for the caracaras ( caracarinae ) . many of the caracaras are closely related , and it would not be unreasonable to merge ibycter , milvago , and phalcoboenus into daptrius .
the series of papers by ribas et al . ( 2005 , 2007a , b ) and russello and amato ( 2004 ) have done much to clarify the situation in the androglossini . the parrots from pionopsitta to pyrilia were studied by ribas et al . ( 2005 ) . the ordering of the pionus parrots reflects the results of ribas et al . ( 2007a ) . the results also support a possible split of white - capped parrot , pionus seniloides . the hapalopsittaca order is based on quintero et al . ( 2013 ) .
the only study of the breeding biology of this species is apaprently that of kemp and vidhidharm ( 1998 ) , who made five days of observations at a nest in western thailand . the nest was found on 28 march 1996 and was located in an old woodpecker hole 12 m high in an emergent 24 - m tall shorea obtusa tree . it contained two unmarked white eggs . the female incubated during the day , and both the male and female roosted in the nest hole at night . may also use old stick nests of other raptors or corvids , these observations however might be erroneous .
a lone loon is not always easy to assess , size - wise , but this was not dissimilar to the 14 or so common loons in the area that we’d already seen . the bill was a bit on the fine side , some colo bills are , and the neck appeared all dark including around the front , forming a clean , white chin area . the head was variously rounded , when we first saw it , then more obviously peaked at the front after a dive , which is when this set of images were taken . it didn’t really give the impression of being a pacific loon in the field and we confidently identified it as common .
6 ) while on the topic of seabirds , it might be worth noting that north american records of great - winged petrel refer to gouldi ; that black - capped petrel sensu nacc includes jamaican petrel , te extinct and utterly different dark bird ; that north american forms of audubon’s shearwater are quite distinct from galapagos shearwater , persian shearwater , and tropical shearwater , which nacc still lumps under audubon’s ; that white - chinned petrel sensu nacc includes spectacled petrel ; and that wilson’s storm - petrel may be due for some taxonomic revision , although this may or may not affect the birds that occur in the aou area . further , the nacc still lumps brown skua under great skua , and may be the only authority to do so .
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the seriemas have sometimes been considered gruiformes , but genetic evidence points elsewhere . both hackett et al . ( 2008 ) and jarvis et al . ( 2014 ) found them sister to the remaining three orders , while ericson et al . ( 2006a ) suggest they belong in the falconiformes . either way , they are next in the list !
ericson et al . ( 2006a ) , hackett et al . ( 2008 ) , and jarvis et al . ( 2014 ) all identified the parrots as the sister group to the passeriformes .
although crown group parrots appear to originate in the australo - pacific region , there is plenty of fossil evidence that the early parrots were much more widespread . stem parrot fossils have been found from the early eocene of india ( vastanavis ) , europe ( halcyornithidae , psittacopes ) , and north america ( tynskya ) , see mayr ( 2009 ) , and mayr et al . , ( 2013 ) .
i had earlier used the name nestoridae , which seemed to be the most common usage for a family containing both strigops and nestor . however , both family - group names were introduced at the same time ( bonaparte , 1849 ) , and they have normally been kept separated enough that the issue of priority doesn ' t arise . i don ' t have access to bonaparte ( 1849 ) , but bock ( 1994 ) does not mention priority between them , listing them as strigopinae and nestorinae . christidis and boles ( 2008 ) also state they have equal priority . assuming that is correct , the determination of priority falls to the first reviser . that ' s bonaparte himself the following year , when he gave priority to strigopidae by listing nestorinae as a subfamily ( 1850 , vol . 1 , p . 8 ) .
schirtzinger et al . ( 2012 ) , schweizer et al . ( 2010 ) and wright et al . ( 2008 ) identify 5 deep clades in the the remaining parrots : the vasa - parrots , pesquet ' s parrot , an old world / australasian clade ( psittaculinae ) , an african clade ( psittacinae ) , and an american clade ( arinae ) . pesquet ' s parrot and the vasa parrots seem to be each other ' s closet relatives , and we unite them in the subfamily psittrichasinae . the appear to be sister groups , as do the psittrichasinae and psittaculinae , leaving us with two major clades : psittacidae ( psittacinae and arinae ) and psittaculidae ( psittrichasinae and psittaculinae ) .
of the two main clades , psittaculidae is slightly larger , so we put it last in the linear order .
the neotropical parrots , arinae , fall into 5 subclades : amoropsittacini , brotogerini , the clade of large short - tailed parrots , androglossini , forpus parrotlets ( forpini ) , and a narrowly circumscribed conure / macaw clade arini . the relationships between them are not fully understood at this time—the various relevant papers give conflicting topologies ( de kloet and de kloet , 2005 ; tavares et al . , 2006 ; wright et al . , 2008 , schirtzinger et al . , 2012 ) . however , the tavares et al . ( 2006 ) topology seems to fit best with the other papers , and i have adopted it .
in the tavares et al . topology , amoropsittacini is the basal group . schirtzinger et al . ( 2012 ) also included psilopsiagon in their analysis , putting it here in the amoropsittacini . the brotogerini appear to be affiliated with the androglossini , and the forpini with the core arini .
the ordering of the brotegerini is based on ribas et al . ( 2009 ) . they found that the brotogeris parakeets fall into two groups of 4 species each . not surprisingly , the genetic distance between chiriri and versicolurus was fairly small , with the amount being consistent with treatment either as separate species or subspecies of a single species .
yellow - headed amazons : the big issue here is the yellow - headed amazon complex—the last eight species in androglossini . this group has long been controversial , and genetic studies have revealed new complexities . the papers by rusello et al . ( 2004 ) and eberhard and bermingham ( 2004 ) showed the turquoise - fronted amazon is a member of this complex . ribas et al . ( 2007b ) sampled many more of the south american birds in an effort to clear up the mysteries of this group , but the relationships there remain confusing . caparroz et al . ( 2009 ) sampled some additional locations . finally , urantówka et al . ( 2014 ) helped clarify matters concerning a . barbadensis .
there is substantial variation in the yellow - headed amazon complex . the species of the complex are divided into 15 recognized subspecies and one informal subspecies . this does not capture all of the variation as some very distinct parrots , such as the auás of bahia , brazil are not recognized as subspecies . the auá is considered part of nominate turquoise - fronted aestiva in spite of its extensive yellow ( or orange ! ) bib . monroe and howell ( 1966 ) surveyed the variation in middle american members of the yellow - headed complex .
various divisions into species have been used . needless to say , the dna has had some surprises for us . the two figures show two arrangements that are consistent with current dna evidence . you ' ll note that ochrocephala appears twice . although sampling has not been detailed enough to draw the lines sharply , it seems that the birds in the orinoco basin are different from those in the amazon . the type of ochrocephala comes from colombia , in the orinoco drainage . i can ' t find an alternate name for the amazonian ochrocephala , so i ' ve labelled them as ochrocephala ( amazon ) and ochrocephala ( orinoco ) .
the literature refers to a central ( meaning middle ) american clade , northern south american ( nsa ) clade and two south american clades ( sa1 and sa2 ) . in version ii of the diagram , the first 3 species in the middle american clade ( note that the range of panamensis extends into colombia , north and west of the andes ) , the next two are the nsa clade , and the last two are the south american clades ( sa2 and sa1 , respectively ) .
although panamensis is generally considered part of south american ochrocephala , it is the basal member of the middle american clade . accordingly , i have elevated panamensis to species status as the panama amazon .
this brings us to the south american clades . these clades involve not just the traditional yellow - headed complex but also the turquoise - fronted amazon , amazona aestiva . the clades do not map well into traditional taxonomies .
the nsa clade includes the yellow - shouldered amazon , amazona barbadensis , and ochrocephala that have been sampled from colombia ( east of the andes ) , venezuela , and guyana . the thing that unites this birds is that all are from the orinoco basin . since the type of ochrocephala is from the orinoco drainage in colombia , the ochrocephala in the nsa clade are the true ochrocephala . there seems to be over 2 % dna difference between the nsa clade and the sa clades . the true amazona ochrocephala is separated from other “ochrocephala” as the orinocan yellow - crowned amazon .
the sa2 clade consists of amazonian “ochrocephala” , nattereri , and surprisingly xanthopteryx ( usually grouped in turquoise - fronted amazon ) . the sampling of “ochrocephala” from the amazon is sparse , including 4 birds from macapá ( north side of the amazon ) , and 2 from altimira on the xingú ( south of the amazon ) . there doesn ' t appear to be an alternate name for “ochrocephala” , so nattereri has priority . together , these form the amazonian yellow - crowned amazon , amazona nattereri .
the sa1 clade includes nominate aestiva and xantholaema ( usually grouped with ochrocephala ) . although restructured , it ' s still turquoise - fronted amazon .
the arrangement within forpus is based on b . t . smith et al . ( 2013 ) . the species limits may need some adjustment . in particular , the blue - winged parrotlet , forpus xanthopterygius , may not be monophyletic .
tavares et al . ( 2006 ) found strong support for a basal deroptyus - pionites grouping , sister to the remaining arini . this arrangement also got mixed support from wright et al . ( 2008 ) , and is adopted here .
the yellow - eared parrot , ognorhynchus icterotis , doesn ' t seem to have been included in any genetic studies . it probably groups with the remaining arini , but it ' s true position is unresolved .
rhynchopsitta may group with pyrrhura ( tavares et al . , 2006 ) , or maybe not ( kirchman et al . , 2012 ) . the arrangement of the pyrrhura parakeets is based on ribas et al . ( 2006 ) .
the southern genera enicognathus , cyanoliseus , and anodorhynchus seem to branch successively , bringing us to the macaws , aratinga parakeets , and allies . this group includes a well - supported macaw clade , cyanopsitta though ara , and a small , well - supported grouping of leptosittaca , diopsittaca , and guaruba . urantowka et al . ( 2013 ) found that the blue - crowned parakeet is sister to diopsittaca . i ' ve placed it in the monotypic genus thectocercus ( ridgway 1912 ) .
aratinga : the traditional version of aratinga is not a monophyletic group ( ribas and miyaki , 2004 ) . the problem is how to separate them , and how they fit with the other two groups . recently , kirchman et al . ( 2012 ) included enough species in their analysis to split up aratinga in a reasonable way . support for the overall phylogeny , as followed here , is mediocre . i think the division of aratinga is on more solid ground .
the horn - billed , green - winged , generally red and green “aratinga” also appear to form a clade . the oldest available genus name is psittacara ( vigors 1825 , type leucophthalmus ) . kirchman et al . ( 2012 ) found the psittacara sister to the leptosittaca - guaruba group .
based on olson ( 2015 ) , the extinct puerto rican parakeet , psittacara maugei , has been split from hispaniolan parakeet , psittacara chloropterus .
the other clade of former aratinga includes aurea , nana , and pertinax . comparison with ribas and miyaki suggests that cactorum belongs here too . since canicularis is thought to form a superspecies with aurea , it also goes in this group . the oldest available name seems to be eupsittula ( bonaparte 1853 , type canicularis ) . kirchman et al . show this clade as sister to rhynchopsitta . maybe , but stronger evidence from other papers ( e . g . , tavares et al . , 2006 ) put rhynchopsitta elsewhere , and so do i .
kundu et al . ( 2012 ) examined a variety of indian ocean parrots . they found that that extinct mascarene parrot , mascarinus mascarinus , belongs in the same genus as the vasa parrots . as mascarinus ( lesson , 1830 ) is an older name that coracopsis ( wagler , 1832 ) , the entire group takes the genus name mascarinus . the subfamily name remains unchanged . kundu et al . also found that the seychelles black parrot , usually considered a race of the lesser vasa parrot , is fairly distant from the lesser vasa parrot . accordingly , i treat it as a separate species , mascarinus barklyi .
why six tribes ? schweizer et al . ( 2010 ) and wright et al . ( 2008 ) both found 5 major clades within the psittaculinae , although neither group included pezoporus or psittacella in their analysis .
so where does pezoporus go ? based on leeton et al . ( 1994 ) and miyaki et al . ( 1998 ) , it seems to be sister to neopsephotus + neophema , and i treat all three as a single clade ( pezoporini ) . however , this is not as solid as it might be because neither included the agapornithini in their analysis , which wright et al . had as sister group to neopsephotus + neophema . more recently , joseph et al . ( 2011 ) included all the relevant taxa in a multigene analysis and established that pezoporus is sister to neopsephotus + neophema .
joseph et al . ( 2011 ) also showed that the psittacella tiger - parrots form a separate clade . this gives us 6 clades : psittaculini ; psittacellini ; pezoporini ; platycercini ; agapornithini ; loriini .
psittaculini : pygmy - parrots , king parrots , racket - tails , ringnecks : the psittaculini are basal to the others tribes in psittaculinae . this tribe contains four main pieces , the pygmy parrots ( micropsitta ) , the king parrot group , alisterus through polytelis , the prioniturus racket - tails , and the ringneck group , eclectus through psittacula , possibly excepting the extinct lophopsittacus and necropsittacus . these two , which might be each other ' s closest relatives have long been believed to be related to psittacula . however , it is possible that they are closer to the mascarene parrot and vasa parrots .
there is some question about the monophyly of polytelis , although joseph et al . ( 2011 ) and schweizer et al . ( 2010 ) have different takes on the nature of the problem . the treatment of the prioniturus racket - tails is based on schweitzer et al . ( 2012 ) . they found that the race mindorensis is not part of p . discurus , but is more closely related to p . platenae . both plumage and genetic distance suggest it is a separate species . i could find an existing english name , so i ' m referring to it as mindoro racket - tail .
psittacellini : tiger - parrots : joseph et al . ( 2011 ) show that the psittacellini tiger - parrots are sister to the remaining 4 tribes . exactly how those 4 tribes fit together remains somewhat uncertain . i ' m following the schweizer et al . ( 2010 ) topology , which is consistent with the mp analysis of wright et al . ( 2008 ) , and figure 2 of joseph et al . ( 2011 ) . joseph et al . argue that this result , from a restricted data set , is more likely to be correct . their figure 1 and the bayesian analysis in wright et al . give a different arrangement .
pezoporini : ground and night parrots : this clade of distinctive parrots has been long separated from its closest relatives , which are likely the platycercini . their common ancestor may have lived in the oligocene ( schweizer et al , 2011 ) . because of this , i do not follow collar ( 1997 ) who includes them in the platycercini .
agapornithini : lovebirds and hanging - parrots : the arrangement of agapornis is based on kundu et al . ( 2012 ) .
loriini : fig - parrots , lories , and lorikeets : at last we come to the loriini . the fig - parrots , cyclopsitta + psittaculirostris , form the basal group in the loriini . then comes the budgie , melopsittacus , followed by the lory / lorikeet clade . the division between the budgie and the lories / lorikeets is fairly deep .
joseph et al . ( 2011 ) found that the tiger - parrots were not closely related to any of the remaining parrot tribes , but formed a branch sister to all of them .
the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus , has been split into western ground parrot , pezoporus flaviventris , and eastern ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus . see murphy et al . ( 2011 ) .
the genus name prosopeia ( bonaparte , 1854 ) has been replaced by pyrrhulopsis ( reichenbach , 1850 ) , which has priority . see gregory and dickinson ( 2012 ) .
the bluebonnet , northiella haematogaster , has been split into naretha bluebonnet , northiella narethae , and eastern bluebonnet , northiella haematogaster . see dolman and joseph ( 2015 ) .
the arrangement of agapornis is based on kundu et al . ( 2012 ) . the available genetic information on the hanging - parrots is insufficient to order them , so i use a traditional ordering .
the name coriphilus ( wagler , 1832 ) replaces vini ( lesson , 1833 , not 1831 ) . although the change in date for vini seems correct and can be found in h & m - 4 ( dickinson and remsen , 2013 ) , it doesn ' t seem to have been adopted . because coriphilus has been used since 1900 ( at least up to the 1930s ) , it is impossible to use article 23 . 9 of the code to retain vini . hence i use coriphilus .
based on schweizer et al . ( 2015 ) , the loriini have been reordered . two of glossopsitta have been separated in parvipsitta ( mathews 1916 , type pusilla ) . goldie ' s lorikeet moves from psitteuteles to glossoptilus ( rothschild and hartert , 1896 ) as glossoptilus goldiei . the cardinal lory joins pseudeos as pseudeos cardinalis ( was chalcopsitta ) and the iris lory is now “psitteuteles” iris . note that the position of “psitteuteles” is somewhat ambigious , so i left it in a trichotomy with eos and trichoglossus .
schweizer et al . ( 2015 ) also found that charmosyna is paraphyletic with respect to coriphilus and phigys , but did not sample enought taxa to be sure of how to handle charmosyna . the tree doesn ' t fit comfortably with plumages , and its far from clear where several of the taxa will go . there might also be an issue with the mindanao lorikeet , trichoglossus johnstoniae .
now that bird life international has joined ioc in splitting the rainbow lorikeet , trichoglossus haematodus , into three species , i ' m adopting that split . bli based their split is based on the tobias et al . ( 2010 ) criteria for allopatric species , which is a reasonable rule of thumb in the absence of conflicting evidence . however , as bli has not yet released a detailed analysis , i will not generally adopt these splits . in this case , i make an exception because ioc had already adopted them .
taxonomy in flux : version 3 . 05a , july 6 , 2018 ( july 9 , 2016 ) .
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distribution : indomalayan . central and southern myanmar , northwestern and western thailand , central and southern laos , northern cambodia , and vietnam ( annam , cochinchima ) . more . . . .
habitat and habits : occurs in savanna and primary diptocarp and mixed deciduous forest of plains and foothills up to 915 m ( clark 1994 , robson 2000 ) . uses holes in trees for roosting , as well as nesting . unwary .
food and feeding behavior : feeds mainly on lizards , which are often captured on tree trunks and foliage . prey delivered by a male to the nest observed by kemp and vidhidharm ( 1998 ) included eight lizards ( mostly draco spp . ) , a cicada , an unidentified insect , and 12 other unidentified items ( probably insects ) . a cicada and a grasshopper were captured by a nesting female . observations of 13 capture attempts by the latter bird included six attempts on the ground , four into foliage , and three to a branch or twig , but no aerial hunting like that typical of the falconets , microhierax spp .
ioc world bird list . sibley & monroe ; aou checklist ( 7 th ed . ) with supplements ; howard & moore checklist 3 rd ed . with corrigenda ; and additional current literature . subspecies follow handbook birds of the world ( as available ) , howard & moore checklist 3 rd ed . , and additional current literature .
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missy peterson , my late wife , more dear to me than all the world that has ever been . missy provided resource , time , energy , enthusiasm , support , great criticisms , smiles , and laughter to this project .
sometimes awarded separate , monotypic genus neohierax , a treatment supported by different syringeal morphology # r and by habit of nesting in tree holes made by other birds ( rather than in cavities in nest structure of others ) # r . racial variation slight ; validity of subspecies requires reassessment . three subspecies currently recognized .
walden , 1872 – w & c myanmar , especially in valley of r irrawaddy .
e . c . s . baker , 1927 – s myanmar ( tenasserim ) and thailand ( except e ) .
, c & s laos , cambodia and s vietnam ( s annam , cochinchina ) .
a prolonged reedy whistle that descends has been mentioned . around nest , male arriving with food . . .
open , dry dipterocarp , riverine and mixed deciduous woodland , often around clearings ; also in . . .
little studied . no aerial displays reported . season feb–apr : pair breeding in feb ; female with egg in mar and pair at nest with eggs . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . cites ii . uncommon and local in thailand ; not uncommon in w ratanakiri , cambodia . considered to have . . .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
this species is likely to have a moderately small population , which is thought to be declining owing to hunting and habitat loss . it is consequently classified as near threatened . however its abundance is pooly known and survey work is required to determine levels of occupancy over much of its range .
( previously very common locally in south , now scarce ; only present in any numbers in dak lak province ) ( birdlife international 2001 ) . populations in myanmar , laos and cambodia are potentially large , but few data are available due to a lack of fieldwork in suitable habitat .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is described as uncommon and local and is thus assumed to have a moderately small population . on this basis , the population is placed in the band 10 , 000 - 19 , 999 mature individuals , pending further study . this equates to 15 , 000 - 29 , 999 individuals in total , rounded here to 15 , 000 - 30 , 000 individuals . trend justification : there are no quantitative data on population trends , but the species is probably declining at a slow to moderate rate , owing to rates of habitat loss and levels of hunting .
it is resident in wooded grasslands and open forest , chiefly deciduous dipterocarp and mixed deciduous forest of the plains and foothills up to 915 m , where it uses holes in trees for nesting and roosting .
although dry dipterocarp forest has generally suffered less degradation than evergreen forest in many areas , it is increasingly cleared and disturbed , through wood collection and burning . given the high levels of hunting in much of its range , and the ease with which this species is shot , persecution presumably poses an additional threat .
survey to assess the size of the population . conduct searches in suitable habitat to investigate the assumption that significant populations are undiscovered . regularly monitor the population at selected sites across its range . determine the level of hunting of this species and its affects on population levels . conduct local education programmes to discourage hunting . protect large areas of dry dipterocarp forest where it is known and suspected to occur .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22696317a110994956 .
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classified as near threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
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members of the polihierax genus are small to very small falcons . their wings are rather short , but quite pointed ; the tail rounded to strongly graduated . the talons are very sharp , and the beak has a prominent ' tooth ' . the sexes are quite different in colour ; the females having bright chestnut on the head or back . the genus contains two species , one african , one south - western asian . these species are quite different and are regarded by some as forming sub - genera . a third relative , even more isolated geographically , is spiziapteryx of argentina , which is very closely related . both genera are related to microhierax .


pseudepidalea latastii ( formerly bufo latastii ; also known as the ladakh toad ) is a species of toad found in the north-western himalayas of india and pakistan , where it lives between 2,600 and 3,000 metres ( 8,500 and 9,800 ft ) .

pseudepidalea latastii

pseudepidalea frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de sá , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , et al . , 2006
according to stöck et al . ( 2001 ) , this species is a diploid member of the pseudepidalea viridis subgroup . the synonymy of siachinensis with this species was by stöck et al . ( 1998 ) . further collections are required to confirm this synonymy ( m . s . khan pers . comm . ) .
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frost , d . r . 2014 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 ( 7 july 2014 ) . electronic database . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
matthias stöck , muhammad sharif khan , sushil dutta , annemarie ohler , karthikeyan vasudevan , s . p . vijayakumar , theodore papenfuss , steven anderson , sergius kuzmin
justification : listed as least concern in view of its wide distribution , tolerance of a degree of habitat modification , presumed large population , and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
this species is restricted to the northwestern himalayas of india and pakistan . the eastern boundary of the range and the southwestern extension still need to be clarified ( stöck et al . , 2001 ) . the map for this species is based largely on the distribution presented in stöck et al . , 2001 . it has been recorded at elevations of between 2 , 600 and 3 , 000m asl ( pakistan ) .
it is associated with areas of riparian vegetation in alpine forests . breeding and larval development takes place in ponds and similar stagnant waters . during the day adults are usually hidden under rocks and other ground cover . it may also be found in slightly modified areas .
the main threats are the use of pesticides in fields , the pollution of streams with these agrochemicals , and the over - extraction of water from streams for agriculture and domestic use .
it has been recorded from the khunjerab and central karakorum protected areas of pakistan .
matthias stöck , muhammad sharif khan , sushil dutta , annemarie ohler , karthikeyan vasudevan , s . p . vijayakumar , theodore papenfuss , steven anderson , sergius kuzmin . 2004 .
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amphibian species of the world : an online reference v5 . 3 , database ( version 5 . 3 )
frost , darrel r . 2009 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 5 . 3 ( 12 february , 2009 ) . electronic database accessible at urltoken american museum of natural history , new york , usa
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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crown without bony ridges ; snout short , blunt ; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct , half the diameter of the eye . first finger not extending beyond second ; toes two - thirds webbed , with double subartieular tubercles ; two moderate metatarsal tubercles ; a tarsal fold . the tarsometatarsal articulation reaches the tympanum or the hinder border of the eye . upper parts with irregular , depressed , distinctly porous warts ; parotoids moderate , kidney - shaped ; a parotoid - like gland on the calf . olive above , spotted or marbled with blackish ; a light vertebral band ; beneath more or less spotted or marbled with blackish .
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origin and genome evolution of polyploid . . . ta . xls ( 1 . 662 mb )
betto - colliard c , sermier r , litvinchuk s , perrin n , stöck m ( 2015 ) origin and genome evolution of polyploid green toads in central asia : evidence from microsatellite markers . heredity 114 ( 3 ) : 300 - 308 . urltoken
betto - colliard c , sermier r , litvinchuk s , perrin n , stöck m ( 2014 ) data from : origin and genome evolution of polyploid green toads in central asia : evidence from microsatellite markers .
abstract polyploidization , which is expected to trigger major genomic reorganizations , occurs much less commonly in animals than in plants , possibly because of constraints imposed by sex - determination systems . we investigated the origins and consequences of allopolyploidization in palearctic green toads ( bufo viridis subgroup ) from central asia , with three ploidy levels and different modes of genome transmission ( sexual versus clonal ) , to ( i ) establish a topology for the reticulate phylogeny in a species - rich radiation involving several closely related lineages and ( ii ) explore processes of genomic reorganization that may follow polyploidization . sibship analyses based on 30 cross - amplifying microsatellite markers substantiated the maternal origins and revealed the paternal origins and relationships of subgenomes in allopolyploids . analyses of the synteny of linkage groups identified three markers affected by translocation events , which occurred only within the paternally inherited subgenomes of allopolyploid toads and exclusively affected the linkage group that determines sex in several diploid species of the green toad radiation . recombination rates did not differ between diploid and polyploid toad species , and were overall much reduced in males , independent of linkage group and ploidy levels . clonally transmitted subgenomes in allotriploid toads provided support for strong genetic drift , presumably resulting from recombination arrest . the palearctic green toad radiation seems to offer unique opportunities to investigate the consequences of polyploidization and clonal transmission on the dynamics of genomes in vertebrates .
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13 . euphlyctis cyanophlyctis microspinulata khan , 1997 euphlyctis cyanophlyctis seistanica ( nikolsky , 1900 ) euphlyctis c . cyanophlyctis ( schneider , 1799 ) genus euphlyctis
16 . genus nanorana nanorana vicina ( stoliczka , 1872 ) reported from murree ( northren pakistan ) in 1872 , no subsequent report .
18 . any question ? feel free to ask typhlops99 @ outlook . com typhlops2004 @ urltoken urltoken acknowledgements : hassan ali for maps
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frost , darrel r . 2006 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 4 ( 17 august 2006 ) . electronic database accessible at . american museum of natural history , new york , usa .
r . j . ranjit daniels ( 2005 ) amphibians of peninsular india . universities press .
shyamal kumar chanda , indraneil das and alain dubois ( 2000 ) catalogue of amphibian types in the collection of the zoological survey of india . hamadryad 25 ( 2 ) : 100–128 pdf
sclater , wl ( 1892 ) list of the batrachia in the indian museum . scan
biju , s . d . et al . ( 2007 ) a new nightfrog nyctibatrachus minimus sp . nov . ( anura : nyctibatrachidae ) : the smallest frog from india . current science vol . 93 , no . 6 : 854 - 858
radhakrishnan , c . , k . p . dinesh & m . s . ravichandran ( 2007 ) a new species of nyctibatrachus boulenger ( amphibia : anura : nyctibatrachidae ) from the eravikulam national park , kerala , india . zootaxa 1595 : 31–41 pdf
s . d . biju , kim roelants , franky bossuyt ( 2008 ) phylogenetic position of the montane treefrog polypedates variabilis jerdon , 1853 ( anura : rhacophoridae ) , and description of a related species . organisms , diversity & evolution 8 : 267–276
gururaja , kv and aravind , na and ali , s and ramachandra , tv and velavan , tp and krishnakumar , v and aggarwal , rk ( 2007 ) a new frog species from the central western ghats of india , and its phylogenetic position . zoological science 24 : pp . 525 - 534 . text
gururaja , kv and dinesh , kp and palot , mj and radhakrishnan , c and ramachandra , tv ( 2007 ) a new species of philautus gistel ( amphibia : anura : rhacophoridae ) from southern western ghats , india . zootaxa 1621 : pp . 1 - 16 . pdf
gopalakrishna bhatta & r . srinivasa ( 2004 ) a new species of gegeneophis peters ( amphibia : gymnophiona : caeciliidae ) from the surroundings of mookambika wildlife sanctuary , karnataka , india . zootaxa 644 : 1–8 pdf
gopalakrishna bhatta and p . prashanth ( 2004 ) gegeneophis nadkarnii – a caecilian ( amphibia : gymnophiona : caeciliidae ) from bondla wildlife sanctuary , western ghats current science , 87 ( 3 ) : 10 pdf
kamei , r . g . ; mauro , d . s . ; gower , d . j . ; van bocxlaer , i . ; sherratt , e . ; thomas , a . ; babu , s . ; bossuyt , f . ; wilkinson , m . ; biju , s . d . ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) .
gower , d . j . ; dharne , m . ; bhatta , g . ; giri , v . ; vyas , r . ; govindappa , v . ; oommen , o . v . ; george , j . ; shouche , y . & wilkinson , m . ( 2007 ) .
remarkable genetic homogeneity in unstriped , long - tailed ichthyophis along 1500 km of the western ghats , india
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calotomus viridescens , commonly known as the viridescent - or dotted parrotfish , is a species of parrotfish native to the waters of the maldives , and red sea , from the gulf of aqaba to south to the chagos archipelago .

it was described by the german naturalist eduard rüppell in 1835 .

calotomus viridescens

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this species was previously confused with c . spinidens ( bruce and randall 1985 ) . westneat and alfaro ( 2005 ) recognize the scarini as a tribe within the family labridae .
justification : this species is relatively common over its range . there are no known major threats and it occurs in marine protected areas in parts of its range . it is therefore listed as least concern .
this species is known only from the red sea , ranging from the gulf of aqaba to chagos archipelago , and maldives .
abundance estimates in the red sea record 2 individuals per 1 , 000 m 2 in reef environments ( j . h . choat pers comm . 2009 ) .
this species inhabits coral and rocky reefs and grass bed areas to depths of about 30 m . it occurs singly or in small groups ( lieske and myers 1994 ) . it feeds mainly on marine angiosperms and epiphytic algae ( bruce and randall 1985 ) .
this species is caught mainly with traps , nets and other types of artisanal fishing gear .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . however , its distribution overlaps several marine protected areas within its range .
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ichthyological bulletin of the j . l . b . smith institute of ichthyology , no . 68
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
natural environment : inhabits lagoons and rocky reef with seaweeds and usually found at depths between 3 – 100 feet ( 1 – 30 m ) where it feeds on various forms of algae .
general husbandry : has an overall pale greyish brown body with numerous small spots . not collected for the trade .
the material on this site may not be reproduced , distributed , transmitted , cached or otherwise used , except with the prior written permission of bob goemans .
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ce poisson perroquet a un dos arrondi , la femelle a une couleur verdâtre avec des points rouges . le mâle est brun rougeâtre , parfois marbré avec des points sombres sur la gorge et l’avant des flancs . les adultes ont un motif de lignes rosées sur les joues . taille max 21 cm , profondeur max 30 m
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mompha bradleyi is a moth in the momphidae family .

it found in western and central europe and has been recorded from great britain , france , the netherlands , germany , the czech republic , austria , hungary , slovakia , poland , romania and belarus .

the wingspan is 9 – 11 millimetres ( 0.35 – 0.43 in ) .

adults are on wing from mid-july to the end of may of the following year after overwintering .

there is one generation per year .

the larvae feed on epilobium hirsutum .

the larvae feed inside the stem of their host plant .

feeding causes a conspicuous red gall to be formed .

mompha bradleyi

mompha bradleyi ( new neat mompha ) - norfolk micro moths - the micro moths of norfolk .
mompha bradleyi ( f ) , great ellingham , norfolk - gen . det . j clifton
mompha bradleyi , dersingham , 30 - 9 - 11 ( det . r . jones , j . clifton )
• westcott , buckinghamshire , gen . det . p . hall • © dave wilton
until the early 1990s , this species had been overlooked in the british isles . in that year , specimens from herefordshire previously thought to be
it is now found regularly in the south midlands and southern central england , although dissection is usually required to be sure of identification .
adults emerge between july and september , after which they hibernate for the winter , appearing again in the spring .
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photo © chris knott , found indoors , great ellingham ; 27 / 11 / 15 ; female . dissected by jon clifton ; confirmed by jc and sjaak koster
overlooked in the uk until the 1990 ' s when specimens were identified in hertfordshire .
first norfolk record at dersingham in 2011 ( r . jones , 30 . 09 . 2011 )
recorded in 2 ( 3 % ) of 69 10k squares . first recorded in 2011 . last recorded in 2015 .
underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
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notes : nationally scarce ( nb ) in damp meadows , ditches and marshes in herefordshire and worcestershire . in hampshire recorded for the first time at fareham on 4 september 2010 and now not infrequent in the portsmouth area . a healthy population was subsequently discovered in the author ' s garden in basingstoke , north hampshire , where the foodplant is common , so it may be more widespread than currently known . not recorded from the isle of wight to date . wingspan 9 - 11 mm . long confused with and closely resembling m . divisella , but generally smaller , with broader forewing and white dorsal streak at base of forewing more strongly irrorate with grey and brown scales ( mbgbi vol 4 part 1 ) . larva mines stems of great willowherb , forming galls .
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for the county , we have a total of 11 records from 5 sites . first recorded in 2011 .
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larvae : in may and june the larva forms a gall in the stem of great willowherb .
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( female ) gen . det . jon clifton - eye , suffolk ( 26 . x . 2010 ) © paul kitchener