the highland midge ( scientific name : culicoides impunctatus ; scots : midgie ; scottish gaelic : meanbh-chuileag ) is a species of small flying insect , found across the palearctic ( throughout the british isles , scandinavia , other regions of europe , russia and northern china ) in upland and lowland areas ( fens , bogs and marshes ) .

in the north west of scotland and northern wales it occurs from late spring to late summer female highland midges are well known for gathering in clouds and biting humans , though the majority of the blood they obtain comes from cattle , sheep and deer .

the bite of culicoides is felt as a sharp prick and is often followed by irritating lumps that may disappear in a few hours or last for days .

following scotland 's exceptionally cold winter in the early part of 2010 , scientists found that the prolonged freezing conditions , rather than reducing the following summer 's midge population in the scottish highlands , in fact increased it as the cold weather had reduced the numbers of its natural predators , such as bats and birds .

highland midge

in the highlands , almost all bites ( perhaps 90 % ) are from culicoides impunctatus - the highland midge or scottish biting midge .
the highland midge is a legend , possibly one of the most feared beasties in all of scotland .
a rough rule is that the highland midge is only prevalent in areas that receive over 1250mm of rain each year .
there is an island called midge hill ( 492m ) in south lanarkshire… although it consequently sits far from the north - west highlands homeland of the true highland midge .
in 1872 queen victoria fled a highland picnic after being “half - devoured” by midges .
how much do people really know about midges ? the real story of this fearsome beastie – your guide to the highland midge .
if you’re travelling to areas where you know the highland midge will be present , we recommend that you also wear a midge hat , for protection for your face and neck .
the highland midge is most active in low - light conditions at dawn and dusk , or when cloud cover significantly reduces the intensity of the sunlight .
dr blackwell previously estimated they cost the highland economy £286m per year in deterring tourists from visiting the area .
the following habitats are found across the highland midge distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .
the attack of the killer midges . it is seldom i actually inhale midges but this was exceptional . moral : never forget your midge hood in high summer in the highland moorlands .
many holidays to scotland and trips to our highland countryside can be ruined by the hungry pests if people are not prepared .
another biter is the culicoides halophilus midge ( coastal midge ) which can be found in salt marshes on the scottish coast .
… and if you’d like to learn even more about the highland midge ( and who wouldn’t ? ) , i’d highly recommend a read of george hendry’s witty and informative midges in scotland .
highland midge appear early springtime , and usually disappear around autumn . unfortunately , most areas around the north and west of scotland ( probably the most picturesque areas ) , provide perfect conditions .
37 midge species are thought to exist in the united kingdom . there are five species of midges in scotland who bite humans . in the highlands , almost all midge attacks on humans are carried out by a species of midge culicoides impunctatus - the highland midge . another midge that targets humans is culicoides halophilus ; these are found in the salt marshes on the scottish coast . there is also the culicoides nubeculosis species who bites farm animals usually , although they do attack the occasional human too . the
garden midge
( culicoides obsoletus ) can be found in towns and lowlands , and is generally less troublesome than its highland counterpart .
the highland midge can be found in a number of locations including : asia , china , europe , russia , united kingdom . find out more about these places and what else lives there .
the highland midge are most active in temperatures of between 8 and 18°c , with wind speeds below 2 . 5 metres a second . midge are also known to swarm around areas close to lochs and rivers , as they need damp conditions to lay their eggs .
midges are also especially active in low light and in still conditions . highland hoteliers rely on this to keep guests in the bar when they might otherwise be taking a romantic walk to watch the sunset . midges , therefore , are an important element in the highland economy .
now for some midge - free inspiration . lose yourself in the wilderness episodes .
contrarily , a dry spring can make for a relatively midge - free summer .
the peak times for midge activity are in the early mornings and late evenings .
there are more than 35 different species of the tiny bugs in scotland , with only a few of them likely to see people as an all - you - can - eat buffet . the highland midge is the most ferocious of the lot .
search online and you can find some very sensible advice on how to avoid the highland midge . however , in some cases it almost seems that the cure is worse than the disease . take the following advice from scottish national heritage , for example :
are you going on a highland tour across scotland between june and august ? you won’t be the only ones looking for an evening snack or cool shade from the sun .
secondly , the researchers are using the data they collect to develop improved midge repellents .
dr alison blackwell from scottish midge forecast says the highlands could be overrun this year .
a warm , damp spring . this kind of spring weather will see midge numbers rocket .
visitors to scotland will soon find out how bad the midge problem will be this summer .
the highland midge , known as culicoides impunctatus , is a nasty wee beastie no bigger than an adult fingernail . it ' s pronounced ' mij - ee ' and has a bad reputation for causing irritation from their bites . and not only do their bites nip , but the midge fly in large swarms , so they also get in your eyes and mouth . yuck !
highland midges are notorious uk summer pests . they ' re found not only in scotland but also in areas of boggy and acidic soil in mainland europe , russia and china . in scotland , they are also known as the highland biting midge , and for good reason , as this species is responsible for 90 % of the midge bites to humans . it is the large , cloud - forming numbers that help to make this tiny fly such a great nuisance . in prime breeding grounds it has been estimated that larvae can reach an incredible density of 24 million per hectare .
there are 152 species of biting midge in britain - most of which feed on other insects .
it ' s a midge trap and it ' s capturing the little black specks for two reasons .
by one estimate the midge costs scotland ' s tourist sector more than £250m every year in lost revenue .
culicoides nubeculosus midges ( farm midge ) occasionally bite humans , but are generally more interested in farm animals .
they also don’t like open water , so sea kayaking is a great option for a midge free times .
tents are not midge proof and treating the netting with an insecticide will help to reduce numbers getting in .
advanced pest solutions produces a map of expected midge hotspots across the uk . photograph : ron erwin / corbis
it ' s that time of year again : the sun is shining , the days are long , the hills are beckoning . . . and swarms of midges are lying in wait . the scourge of the scottish summer , the highland midge , or culicoides impunctatus , to give it its proper name , has ruined many a day trip and camping holiday . it ' s by no means a recent phenomenon ; back in 1872 even queen victoria was forced to abandon a highland picnic after complaining of being ' half - devoured ' by the beasties .
at the moment , mosquitoes are less of an issue - and you certainly won’t encounter any malaria - carrying species . i think you’ll be much more preoccupied trying to keep yourself midge - free of a highland evening…and come to think of it , i haven’t seen a single mosquito all summer up here by the moray firth anyway .
but for centuries one of britain ' s most beautiful landscapes has been marred by the misery of the midge .
but there has been no sign of that happening . in fact midge numbers appear to be up on 2009 .
( hey , stick around , we ' ll get to the practical midge avoidance techniques in a minute . )
yes , the good news . only half the highland midge population actually bites . the other half is male and feeds on flowers . ( everybody say ' ahwww ' . ) basically , the female reaches the adult state with enough reserves to lay one batch of eggs . ( that ' ll be a brood of up to 200 . hmm . )
i can ' t say i ' m sorry about that . that means that 90 % of highland female midges in scotland just hover around muttering ' don ' t know about you , but i could murder a forearm . . . '
you could choose one of these as a decoy species and let it accompany you on your highland travels . i ' d go for something portable , though if you choose a mouse , remember that , to something that size , being bitten by a midge would be , for us , similar to being attacked by , say , a small but homicidal sparrow .
loch shiel , looking north , from the deck of sileas , loch shiel cruises , in midge - free october sunshine .
in case you don’t like to use insect repellants or are allergic to them , you can also go for the very fetching “midge hat” ( a wide brimmed hat with a net ) , which will protect your head and face from the midge menace .
i am planning to walk the west highland way anytime between spring & autumn , preferably sept . can anyone advise the best time to avoid the dreaded midges , please ? having walk through scotland before i know just how nasty they can be . cheers vince
prevalent at dawn and dusk the midge is particularly problematic in the highlands and western scotland where damp conditions provide perfect breeding grounds .
we can’t always go out in perfect midge - free conditions so here are some ways you can protect yourself from being bitten .
in typical midge weather researchers have estimated that up to 40 , 000 can land on any unprotected human flesh within an hour .
is there anything you can do , other than dress in a spacesuit ? know your enemy , be prepared and you can win . first , you need to know where your adversary hangs out . this is where alison blackwell comes in . she is an expert on biting insects and runs advanced pest solutions , a company that acts as a sort of midge mi5 , keeping britain ' s shifting populations under surveillance . blackwell is in charge of the scottish midge forecast , a daily report on where the notorious highland biting midge is planning to dine out . advanced pest solutions also produces a map of expected hotspots across the whole of the uk .
an essential scotland must sees list . we ' ll tell you where to go for dramatic highland scenery : places like glencoe , torridon , skye , but some gentler viewpoints also featured , where you can even take the picture without getting out of the car !
! perhaps you could start off in drymen and this would miss out the first section of the way from milngavie which , although nice , is not just as spectacular as the rest of the route ! i must admit that i have not completed the whole west highland way , although the section between drymen and balmaha over the conic hill takes in some absolutely stunning views of loch lomond . it ' s also on the highland boundary faultine - where the highlands of scotland meet the lowlands . it ' s just amazing !
midges die off in freezing cold freezing temperatures are believed to have killed off a
proportion
of scotland ' s midge population .
so , basically , midges are part of the highland experience . they won ' t totally wreck your holiday and should be no more than a minor nuisance for which remedies are available . really serious outbreaks may require a midge - hood . and if you spend a day above , say , 2000ft / 700m - or at lower levels if the wind blows - you won ' t even encounter them .
the first is to provide a forecast of midge activity for the next day , now available on the internet and as a smartphone app .
so , now you know all about the scottish midge . an irritation . a real nuisance sometimes . but not really a health risk .
i have heard there is a midge watch site that you can log onto . this would help . does anyone know this web site ?
but … even exceptionally cold winters are no protection : as they also reduce the numbers of the midge’s natural predators - bats and birds .
the firm ' s director dr alison blackwell ' s description of the midge would strike fear into the heart of even the hardiest outdoors enthusiast .
expert dr alison blackwell , who provides the scottish midge forecast , bases the figure on how many midges are found within a square metre area .
hi , me and my sister were going to do the west highland way next june but i ' ve changed my mind ! i am thinking about doing the fife coastal path to avoid the midges . has anybody got any experience of the east coast and whether midges are a problem there ? ?
midges are actually too small to fly in winds more than 3mph , so a windy day is a good opportunity for a midge - free day .
the midge ' s saliva stops the blood in the wound from clotting and forming a scab so it can keep drinking until it has had enough .
there is another one called smidge or you can use the old highland remedy of rubbing the leaves of bog myrtle on your skin . the first and last methods do leave you smelling lovely . many insect repellents contain the chemical deet which is also a solvent so be careful when using them near precious goods !
culicoides obsoletus midges ( garden midge ) are more common in town and around the lowlands . their bites are much less painful , but they are still persistent !
bad midge news in summary ? a patch of ground about 6ft x 6ft , ie around 2 metre square , could hatch about half a million of them in a season . that adds up to a scottish midge population estimated at 180 , 750 trillion . but wait . . . there ' s good news too .
so just remember that if you are a hotelier contemplating one of these midge - zapper devices all you are doing is reducing the food for the local bats .
hey vince , when i was 17 we did the whw in may time . we wild camped . the midge wasn ' t too bad at that time .
highland midges are most prolific during the months of june , july , august and sometimes september . they are most active at dawn and dusk . biting begins at about 5 am , peaks at 7 am and falls to lower levels after 9 am . peak activity in the evening can be anytime between 6 pm and 11 pm .
they also can ' t fly as fast as you can walk , so if you encounter a midge cloud , the best thing you go do is keep going .
it ' s interesting to see what attracts midges and what i can do to stop getting bitten . i ' ve not really encountered them before but i ' m heading to fort william this weekend and the midge forecast has it rated at level 4 of 5 ! it looks like scottish midge season extends into september this year !
clothing does offer some protection , and long - sleeved pullovers or t - shirts are recommended - although the covering of the face , scalp , neck , wrists and hands may cause some difficulty . you can buy a
midge hood
or even a
midge jacket
and these are widely available in shops in the highlands . these are made of midge - proof netting and completely isolate the individual from midge contact . they are invaluable to those who work outdoors or who cannot choose where they go . over time , it can appear to be hot and stuffy in these items of clothing , and they do attract some odd stares from other people too !
biting midges are members of the two - winged fly family , sharing some features in common with their relatives , the mosquitoes . however , highland midges are are very small , with a wingspan of about 1 . 4 mm . they have characteristic dark flecks on the wings . these may be easily seen with a magnifying glass or microscope .
a static and re - fillable midge trap which emits large amounts of co2 to attract thousands ( if not millions ) of the insects will set you back over £600 .
for example , the tall pine trees found in the cairngorms national park create a shelter from the sun and create a barrier to the strong winds , a midge haven .
you meet this species of midge in the highlands because it lays its eggs in wet soil . so anywhere with a good growth of plant species such as sphagnum moss , various rushes or damp - loving grasses will be a potential midge breeding ground . that type of habitat includes much of the high - rainfall highlands with their acid boggy ground .
i ' ve walked the west highland way three times and hope to make it four soon . the midge likes warm muggy weather so best to avoid july august time but really once your past loch lomond they become less of a problem anyway . having checked a few walking site ' s they all seem to recommend the avon cream . september or october would be a great time to do it as in october you ' ll start to see the autumn colours starting . its a great walk and you ' ll really enjoy it .
but not everyone appears to be appetising to the midge ; some remain oblivious to their attentions while others find they ' re helpless in the face of the insects ' advances . there are many theories about what can offer the best protection from attack , ranging from citronella , bog myrtle , repellents including the chemical deet , cigarette smoke or simply staying indoors at certain times of day . research into midge bite prevention is on - going but as yet there has never been any official guidance on how best to beat the midge .
as we’re discussing summer months , firstly we would advise you to apply sunscreen and ensure that it’s completely dry before applying an effective midge spray . trek midge & tick is a deet - free repellent spray , made by pyramid travel products , that can be used on areas of exposed skin . this repellent will protect you for up to 12 hours .
wilderness guide , myles farnbank shares some insight into the life cycle and role of the midge , including some tips on how to minimise their effect on us in the wild .
midges begin to emerge during may ( usually mid - late may ) . these are typically the non - biting boys . when the biting females arrive in early june the season truly kicks off . traditionally , our largest catches ( in midge forecast traps ) have always been the first week of june . midge season then runs until early / late september .
so the midge is hardy enough to survive sub - zero temperatures and it thrives in the warm and wet summers which scientists are predicting scotland will see more of in the future .
it is not been unknown for workers in outdoors jobs to lose many working days because of a midge infestation , with a swarm capable of inflicting up to 3000 bites per hour .
avon do a spray - skin so soft - 2 scents ; guys can fet away with it . and it is the best midge / mozzie repellent we have found yet ! ! !
you could also , i suppose , make your own hat using midge mesh ( no , really ) though it is more often used for doors and windows . tests have proved that only a mesh with a minimum of 600 holes per square inch ( 30x20 ) will stop a determined midge . note these figures are for imperial or us measurement midges . metric midges will be different .
to help solve the biting insect problem , we scots have installed giant midge - swatters all over the highlands , only afterwards finding out - d’oh - that these kill bats that eat midges .
i am hoping to stay at luce bay in june . does anyone know what the midge situation is in that area and time of year . are there problems with ticks on dogs too ?
firstly , midge season is in the height of the summer , so if you are visiting us in autumn , winter , spring or even early summer you will not be bothered by midges .
midges are tiny - just 1mm long and 2 - 3mm across - but anyone who has ever been camping in scotland in the summer will know what a pain they can be . you know it ' s an issue when a midge forecast exists , while biting midge expert dr alison blackwell recently estimated that there were as many as 21 billion biting females in the highlands and islands each season !
make sure to visit the lifesystems facebook page and twitter feed to share your own tales of midge attack , and your own tips on how to cope with them in the highlands and wild lands .
not all areas of scotland are affected by midges , so keep an eye on the midge forecast in the summer so you can decide if you have to pack an insect repellant or not ! in the inverness and loch ness area , most places by the coast and along loch ness are pretty much midge free , but in other places like glen affric you are more likely to encounter these “wee beasties” .
thankfully midges are not life threatening and the scottish midge does not carry any disease . however , after being bitten they do leave a red mark or an itchy bump depending on your sensitivity to bites .
the number one best defence is covering yourself up and leaving no skin on show , the hat and midge net combinations are well worth the money . midges cannot bite through material to reach your skin .
for scotland at least , generally you ' ll have an easier time on the east coast . swarms of scottish midges are a particular problem in the highlands and western scotland during warmer months , where damp and humid conditions provide perfect breeding grounds . midge season gets going in may and peaks in august , whereas cooler months are much less of an issue and therefore perhaps the best time of year to visit midge prone areas .
if it is “midgey weather” ( i . e . cloudy , damp and no wind ) and you are worried about these pesky insects bothering you , try a midge repellant like smidge or avon skin so soft .
it ' s not just a scottish problem though - midges can be found all over the uk . believe it or not , there are nearly 40 midge species in scotland , though only a handful that bite humans :
get ready to brace yourself for a midge explosion in the next couple of weeks , particularly if you are in the north of the country , as the pesky insects look set to flourish in the late spring weather .
firstly , some biology . species of midge that have a taste for us belong to the genus culicoides . this is a world - wide genus , and the tropical species are even worse . ( don ' t ask . )
it’s difficult to overstate the irredeemable nastiness that is the highland midge . swarms of them plague the scottish wilds throughout the summer , as inevitable as the tides , as merciless as time , as insidious as poison . they’ll make your blood boil if you let them ( and then they’ll drink it ) . to anyone keen to explore the outdoors between june and september they’re more than slightly irritating . but that doesn’t mean they’re not fascinating too . for this blog post i thought i’d hit you with a fact blitz about these notoriously vile creatures , and finish it off with a little advice on how best to protect yourself from them before winter comes and cleanses the landscape once again ( aaaaahhhhh ) .
have suffered many times from midge attacks , but agree that skin so soft dry oil spray is very effective if regularly applied . recently , while on backpacking trips , i ' ve had 2 bottles solidify . does anyone have an explanation ?
you may have noticed that midges are a definitely a scottish feature that belongs to the spring and summer seasons . so where are they for the rest of the year ? the life cycle of the scottish midge consist of 4 key stages .
just visited family in thurso did some gardening , now suffering , back home in wet yorkshire midge free . did use avonskin so soft but got bit to death ! area ' s you would ' nt believe ! still worth it breathtaking scenery .
try eating a garlic bud each day for a week before heading off camping , i find this along with some autan and skin so soft mix works well but do remember dusk and dawn is midge time or when the wind drops look out .
a good splash of midge repellent will help – or follow the example of scottish crofters . traditionally they tied bog myrtle around their ankles . today , savvy highlanders have a new secret weapon : avon skin so soft lotion . finally , there ' s an old adage :
kill one midge and a thousand will come to its funeral .
don ' t listen – it depends how you do it . kill it quietly with a precision jab of the forefinger and none of the others need know .
it is the pregnant female midge that bites in order to feed her developing fertilised eggs . as with other blood - sucking insects , the female midge has a well - developed , specialised mouth that allows her to pierce the skin of the victim with a pair of finely - toothed elongated mandibles . blood is then sucked up by mouth parts that are rolled up into a tube shape . it is thought that the midge ' s saliva is pumped into the wound to prevent the blood from clotting and the flow from drying up . this saliva induces in the victims a mild allergic or immune response causing him or her to to respond with immediate production of histamine which travels to the site of the wound . this causes the blood capillary to remain open for a few minutes , allowing the midge to feed on the blood meanwhile . during this time , the human body sends in white blood cells which start to eliminate any infection and repair the wound . the consequent swelling and itching of the bite are the result of the healthy human response to the attack .
no effective blanket spray exists for getting rid of midge on the breeding grounds . you would have to spray most of the highlands , creating ecological havoc . ditto biological controls . dragonflies , amphibians , fish and bats do their best to eat as many as possible .
this is how “midge eater” devices work they blow out carbon dioxide and then catch midges in large numbers . but this is not the only chemical compound that attracts them . maddeningly you may have been out in a group and there is always someone who doesn’t get bitten .
she said :
we think it is going to be a pretty bad midge season . it has been nice and warm recently and with a bit of rain , which we are expecting at the end of the week , we should see a big explosion by the end of may .
( pictured here . ) a giant midge - swatter installation as seen in many parts of scotland . a failure , as they kill the bats that feed on midges . still , they have two advantages : they produce clean electricity but , even more important for the scots , they really annoy donald trump .
a midge has a set of mouth parts which are like shearing scissors . they cut a hole in your skin and create a pool of blood and then they put their mouth parts in and suck from that ,
she says , adding , rather unnecessarily , that it can be
very painful
.
i live in wester ross . it ' s early morning as i write this and i have just battled through a cloud of midgies - honestly , a real thick cloud - to go and let my chickens out . this morning i ' ve covered myself with jungle formula , even better than skin so soft . if this was the united states , the authorities would spray the entire area regularly to get rid of the midge population . this is the loveliest part of the world but completely ruined by the midge . many people like myself are eventually forced to sell up and move south because they can no longer cope with the bites .
last may we had a glorious 2 weeks on mull . midges were not a problem . we then went to resipole and everyone was wearing net covering from head to toe , except us ! we were bitten all over and left there in a hurry , went to callendar , not a midge in sight - bliss !
however despite the harm they may do to scotland’s image , they are actually a fundamental part of the ecosystem in the highlands . midges feature prominently in the food chain . being part of the diets of other insects and even bats ! there are also some carnivorous plants in scotland that can’t resist a side of midge .
unfortunately , some people just seem to attract bites more than others . if you ' re particularly badly affected it might be worth avoiding hotspots altogether , or certainly wearing a midge hood on warm evenings after rain ! strangely they also tend to prefer darker clothing to light , so covering up in whites makes a big difference .
another piece of wisdom to avoid midge bites is to never wear dark coloured clothing . yes , we all love to wear black as it goes with literally everything , but midges are more attracted to dark coloured clothing . so instead , wear long - sleeved and lightly coloured clothing , perhaps a casual chiffon shirt and khaki trousers ?
it is a bit of a guesstimate but we think around 84 % of the highlands is suitable midge breeding ground so that will give us about 68 billion midges but only half are female so looking to bite and we estimate that around a third of those , about 21 billion , will be looking to actively take a blood meal .
anthisan cream seems to help calm down the angry red lumps caused by the little blighters . we have been midge free in the trossachs - till tonight - the evening after the rain ! tonight i can ' t finish the washing up in the kitchen , they got me , so it ' s anthisan cream out then lights out and hide till the morning !
if you ' re in the highlands and the wind - speed is more than 5mph ( 8km / ph ) , then the same applies . as an individual midge weighs about 1 / 8000gm it can ' t take off in higher wind speeds - even by beating its wings at 1000 times per second - the highest wing - beat speed in the animal kingdom .
midges cluster near water and peat bogs and shrubs , away from direct sunlight and strong wind . they enjoy calm , damp , overcast days - even light rain . shaded areas are preferred , such as the edges of forests and woods which shield them from wind and sunlight . midge activity has been shown to increase in dim light but is suppressed by bright light .
we ' re going on holiday to the highlands next week so have been interested in all your comments . i ' m concerned about what jenny said about this
skin so soft
being an oil and therefore making it easier for your skin to burn . sunburn is much more of a hazard than midge bites so i ' m going to try and find an alternative .
some people are targetted far more than others , and this phenomenon has been a subject of scientific research for some time . most mammals - and cattle especially - produce a complex alcohol when they sweat , and combines with carbon dioxide , acetone , lactic acid and water vapour that is naturally exhaled when individuals breathe . these chemicals , along with the heat also released have the effect of attracting midges . as if this were not enough , the female pregnant midge produces her own pheremone which signals to other midges that she is in the vicinity of a potential victim . she lands on her target and searches for some suitably soft skin above a blood capillary before piercing the skin . she will spend three or four minutes feeding on the blood , and it is during this period that the individual will become aware of skin irritation . the midge will remove about one ten - millionth of a litre of blood . for many people , they will notice an irritating raised and reddened area of skin which subsides over the next few minutes . for others , midge bites can be a major problem , with infuriating itching , bleeding sores and generalised discomfort .
avoid glen trool area , it ' s called midge valley , tried skin so soft to no avail . we ended up in bed at around six every night for a week , not fun with three kids ! there were some german people there who had been taking the non odourless garlic capsules for around six weeks before their trip and they sat out all evening with no troubles !
as for repellents applied to the skin , there is a choice of sprays and creams , some using natural products . at the moment smidge that midge insect repellent is getting great reviews - see the adverts below . avon skin so so ft is also popular . i like my midgehood though - i wear it over my much loved tilley hat ( as vaguely seen in a pic above . )
wait , here’s another idea . it’s expanded on our cruise loch lomond page but it’s really quite simple . take to the water - go cruising . here’s a view looking north - east up loch shiel taken from the deck of the loch shiel cruise operator’s fine boat sileas ( an ex - admiralty launch , actually ) . not a midge bothered us on that lovely autumn afternoon out on the loch .
a single midge is almost invisible to the human eye , measuring one millimetre in length with a wingspan of less than two millimetres . the male is less of a nuisance , happy to feed off plants and nectar ; it is the female of the species which is vicious . she requires blood to help form her eggs and when she ' s alerted to our presence by smelling carbon dioxide in our breath she attacks - along with thousands of girlfriends !
midges don’t bite us just for the hell of it . out of hundreds of species of midge , only 35 midges actually bite you and they do that because they need to survive . male midges primarily feed on rotting vegetation and plant nectar . females will bite you because they need the protein from a blood meal to create their eggs . interesting fact : male midges aren’t even capable of biting you , as their mouthparts are not strong enough to pierce skin !
recently , large devices have become available that aim to draw midges into a death - trap . they are marketed under the names of midge magnet and midge eater . these release carbon dioxide and water vapour from combusted propane together with small amounts of octenol . midges detect the scent and move towards the device where they are drawn into it on a flow of air straight into a trap . a proportion of octenol and carbon dioxide is present in the breath of mammals so this provides a powerful signal to midges . there is no doubt that these devices catch thousands of midges daily . the exact placement of such a device is important however , as they do draw midges towards them . ideally therefore , midges should be drawn away from your home rather than towards it ! it is also worth remembering that the success of these devices improves over time , more midges being trapped a few weeks after placement than within the first few days .
at scotland outdoors we want to hear about your encounters with the nation ' s least favourite beastie . have you had to cut short holidays because of the presence of midges ? what are your tips for avoiding the insects and what ' s the best course of action if you ' re unlucky enough to be attacked ? have you any photographic evidence of midge attacks ? will you be trying out new prevention tactics this summer ? let us know how you get on .
i spent a wonderful week on skye two weeks ago , with hardly a midge in sight , so they are not always a problem . i have been midged - on before and know how nightmare - ish it can be , but i wouldn ' t let it stop me from going ( i might not choose to camp , however ! ) . the plus side is that scotland would be over - run with tourists if it wasn ' t for the midges !
chemical repellents comprise two chemicals that have been tested successfully as being active in repelling midges . these are di - methyl phthalate ( dmp ) and di - ethyl toluamide ( deet ) . they provide the basic constituents of midge repellents available in chemist shops today - such as mijex , shoo and jungle formula extra strength . it is considered that both chemicals are safe when used correctly . nevertheless , they are toxic , and the lancet medical journal published the following warning to potential users :
for those visiting the highlands for the first time , they may not experience this reaction to midge bites straight away . this is because it may take a few days for the human ' s immune system to be triggered . amongst the local population , many people develop less severe reactions to the bites . this is possibly because after years of being bitten annually , their immune systems become slower to respond . it can also be observed that local people know when and where midges are about , and take steps to avoid them .
midge repellents have got more effective in recent years too , with smidge ( the same company who produce the forecast ) perhaps the most popular way of keeping midges away . you ' ll see lots of
does smidge work
type articles on google - and reports are normally positive for uk biters . avon skin so soft ( available cheaply on amazon ) is popular too , even with the royal marines and sas if claims are to be believed . the price compares very well to more traditional insect repellents - and it even smells nice !
avon skin so soft never set out to be a midge repellent but somehow found itself being most famous for that particular characteristic . the theory is that the dry oil forms a barrier on your skin which makes it more difficult for those pesky lady midges to get hold and bite you . side benefits include moisturising effect and smelling nice . although avon skin so soft is proven to significantly reduce biting , the midges will still land on you . if you want to really keep them off you and repel them , smidge would be a safer bet .
my family and me have just spent the weekend camping at loch lomond , beautiful area , fishing for free , but . . . . . . . we beat a hasty retreat this morning ( sunday ) as the midges were just toooooooo much , my wife is absolutly covered in bites and i am not much better , they are a nightmare , strange though the kids ( 2 and 9 ) never had a single bite between them ? ? ? ? ? solution tie a small child to you and stay midge free , nothing else will work !
there are other precautions that can be taken which may or may not work for you . for example , it is claimed that smoke repels midges . the building of outdoor fires can be irresponsible , defacing the environment and potentially becoming out of control . this should not therefore be encouraged . smoking cigarettes or pipes can only bring some local reduction of midge clusters . it can be seen that standing next to someone who is being severely bitten can reduce your own attractiveness to the attacking midges . it is unlikely that the victim will remain standing still while being attacked , however .
just returned from a fishing and camping weekend on ardnamurchan . scenery and weather outstanding but now counting the cost of camping beside slow running water and trees . 30 plus angry red bites on one hand , 25 on the other and i ' m just not going to count the ones on each arm . use skin so soft to keep the midge away , as apperently this is what the british army is trialing at the moment . let me say that the trial is a complete waste of time . next time i am simply going to cover up better and camp beside the sea or shoreline .
i sea kayak but from the end of may to october simply avoid the west coast . we usually battle sea breezes during the day , by the time we camp up , our tents are pitched , and it ' s time to enjoy the setting sun and some food / wine the wind dies completely and it ' s out with the midge nets . i usually just go to bed at this point they ruin everything at the end of the day ! applecross peninsula was the worst we had them once . . . no point going there with this guaranteed misery . will be back october with a 4 season bag , rather be cold than eaten alive any day . . .
hi @ vince september should be ok as they ' re at their most annoying in summer . avon skin so soft as mentioned above really works for me . as does the anti - midge spray made by pyramid travel products - company based in the scottish borders . if you do go in spring or summer make sure you have a tick remover too and know how to use it . they ' re the other curse of the scottish great outdoors . thankfully like midgies they ' re easy to deal with if you have the right tools in your arsenal . . the www is a fabulous route and the scenery especially around the devils staircase and the kinlochleven to fort william section is beautiful .
having climbed two wonderful munros we descended down to glen etive from the white corries side of glencoe . it had been a brilliant august day and warm enough for a ' skinny dip ' in a pool near to the glen road . later , we found an ideal place to pitch the tent and once erected we headed off to the kingshouse for food and after a few hours found our tent in the dark and settled down for the night . we reflected on how lucky we had been avoid the ' midge ' as it had been awful at the kingshouse hotel with people walking around in full net suits . and then the attack began ! first they aimed for my ears and then my eyelids , so i covered up as much as i could . but they persisted and once they bombarded my mouth & nose it was just too much . mmeanwhile my wife slept on ! too bad . i was up in a shot , i dragged her out of the tent in her bag , nudged the tent poles into the middle and the tent collapsed . in under a minute we , the tent and the car were heading back to edinburgh , and in our beds before sunrise .
just two points : 1 ) i lived in skye for a while - my neighbour was a fine old sgiathanach - born and bred there , worked the land all his life . i remember him often complaining about the
meanbh - chuileag
( the midge in gaelic ) i thought
theres no hope for the likes of me - if a retired crofter suffers from midges , i might as well resign myself to it - for it was obvious that you simply dont get
used to them
there was another instance when the late donaidh chrotail of breakais once said to me
uill , a sheumais , that a ' chuileag dona an nochd !
trans : well , james , the midges are bad tonight !
it was interesting to hear that he simply said
a ' chuileag
meaning
the fly
rather than
meanbh - chuileag
( the little fly ) for midges specifically . 2 ) still on the gaelic theme , i remember reading a while ago a comment someone made , that there is very little referenceto midges in gaelic literature , poetry , songs etc . strange , considering how bad they are and how widespread . could it be that they are a lot more widespread today than they were a long time ago ? just a thought . james westlandmull
experts had suggested the harsh winter might have killed off millions of midges , the scourge of the highlands . instead their numbers appear to have increased .
bbc news scotland correspondent james cook has been to glencoe to try to find out why .
hugh maccoll , who owns the red squirrel campsite in the glen , knows all about the
fearsome beastie
. it ' s bad for his business .
they ' re going absolutely screaming desperate because they can ' t get away from them .
they either shut themselves in their tent or end up in the pub or , we allow small camp fires , and they ' ll sit there kippering themselves in the smoke .
and so a team of researchers is fighting back , in a big battle with the tiniest of monsters .
hanging from a tree beside a burn in the campsite is a strange contraption : a fan blowing into a white tube like a wind - sock which in turn feeds a beaker of water .
they ' ve been so successful that what began as a study by the university of edinburgh has been spun off into a commercial company , advanced pest solutions .
in the campsite bouke verwys , 26 , from rotterdam , bears the scars - or at least the reddened lumps - of such a close encounter .


cryptocentrus strigilliceps , the target shrimpgoby , is a species of goby native to the indo-west-pacific where it occurs near coasts on silty or sandy reefs at depths of from 3 to 15 metres ( 9.8 to 49.2 ft ) .

this species is commensal with alpheid shrimps .

it can reach a length of 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) tl .

this species can also be found in the aquarium trade .

target shrimp goby

alert ghost crab harlequin crab green clown goby clinging crab citron coral goby ( gobiodon citrinus ) in the red sea . clown coris hector ` s goby elacatinus neon goby japanese spider crab - ( macrocheira kaempferi )
a target shrimpgoby , cryptocentrus strigilliceps , at crystal caves , lizard island , great barrier reef , queensland , at the base of coral , depth 8m . source : sue churchill & rogan draper . license : all rights reserved
the better together series presents an introductory look at some of nature ' s most exciting cooperative pairs . goby fish and pistol shrimp explores the close mutualistic relationship between the two aquatic creatures . sidebars encourage readers to engage in the material by asking deeper questions or conducting individual research . full color photos , a glossary , and a listing of additional resources all enhance the learning experience .
- - provided by publisher .
this species has a pale brown body with broad irregular brown bands and several pale - edged black midlateral spots . lives in rubble or sandy areas , 2 - 10 m depth . share its burrow with shrimp .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
this species is widely distributed in the indo - pacific . it is common . there are no major threats known and the species occurs in marine protected areas in several parts of its range . therefore , this species is listed as least concern .
this indo - pacific species is distributed from east africa through the indian ocean and east indian region to papua new guinea ; northward to japan ( yaeyama and ryukyu islands ) and micronesia to kiribati ( gilbert islands ) ; east through melanesia to samoa , and southward to the great barrier reef . it is recorded from depths of 0 . 5 - 10 m ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .
american samoa ; australia ; brunei darussalam ; cambodia ; china ; disputed territory ( paracel is . , spratly is . ) ; fiji ; french southern territories ( mozambique channel is . ) ; guam ; india ; indonesia ; japan ; kenya ; kiribati ( gilbert is . ) ; madagascar ; malaysia ; maldives ; marshall islands ; micronesia , federated states of ; mozambique ; myanmar ; nauru ; new caledonia ; northern mariana islands ; oman ; palau ; papua new guinea ; philippines ; samoa ; seychelles ; singapore ; solomon islands ; somalia ; sri lanka ; taiwan , province of china ; tanzania , united republic of ; thailand ; timor - leste ; tonga ; tuvalu ; vanuatu ; viet nam ; wallis and futuna ; yemen
no specific population data are available . however , this species is fairly common in collections .
this reef - associated species occurs in silty bottoms of lagoon or coastal reefs ( lieske and myers 1994 ) . it is common near areas with terrestrial runoff ( myers 1991 ) . this species lives symbiotically in a burrow with alpheid shrimps ( kuiter 1998 ) . found in coastal waters , near reefs on sand with rubble ( kuiter and tonozuka 2001 ) . the maximum record length is 12 cm tl ( allen and erdmann 2012 ) .
the extent of any exploitation for the aquarium trade is not known . no other major threats are known .
there are no known species - specific conservation measures for c . strigilliceps ; however , its range overlaps with a number of marine protected areas - for example the great barrier reef marine park in australia and raja ampat in indonesia ( iucn and unep 2014 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
a shrimpgoby with a series of large blackish , midlateral spots on the body , no blue spots on the head , and a series of short transverse rows of papillae just below the lower lip .
prices , promotions , styles and availability may vary by store & online . see our price match guarantee . see how a store is chosen for you .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
to provide you with additional information about how we collect and use your personal data , we ' ve recently updated our privacy policy and terms of service . please review these pages now , as they apply to your continued use of our website .


the crowned slaty flycatcher ( griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus ) is a species of bird in the family tyrannidae , the tyrant flycatchers .

it was formerly united in the genus empidonomus with the variegated flycatcher , but is now considered the only species of griseotyrannus .

the name griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus means " orange-black crested gray tyrannus " .

it is found in argentina , bolivia , brazil , colombia , ecuador , paraguay , peru , uruguay , and venezuela .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests .

the crowned slaty flycatcher migrates into the mostly western and central amazon basin as a non-breeding resident , except in the southeast bordering the cerrado and pantanal , where it is resident in much of the western cerrado and southwards ; the migration occurs during the austral winter .

its binomial is the longest of any bird species , fifteen syllables when spoken aloud .

crowned slaty flycatcher

orn . east african slaty flycatcher / slaty - flycatcher [ melaenornis fischeri , syn . : dioptrornis fischeri ]
orn . angolan slaty flycatcher [ melaenornis brunneus , syn . : dioptrornis brunneus ]
orn . slaty - backed flycatcher [ ficedula hodgsonii , syn . : ficedula erithacus ]
orn . slaty flycatcher [ melaenornis chocolatinus , syn . : m . chocolatina , dioptrornis chocolatinus ]
orn . fischer ' s slaty - flycatcher [ melaenornis fischeri , syn . : dioptrornis fischeri ]
orn . slaty - backed blue - flycatcher [ ficedula hodgsonii , syn . : ficedula erithacus ]
orn . caerulean paradise - flycatcher / paradise flycatcher [ spv . ] [ eutrichomyias rowleyi ]
orn . dusky abyssinian slaty - flycatcher [ melaenornis chocolatinus , syn . : m . chocolatina , dioptrornis chocolatinus ]
orn . gray - headed canary - flycatcher / canary flycatcher [ am . ] [ culicicapa ceylonensis ]
orn . grey - headed canary - flycatcher / canary flycatcher [ br . ] [ culicicapa ceylonensis ]
orn . white - throated jungle flycatcher / jungle - flycatcher [ rhinomyias gularis , syn . : r . albigularis ]
the crowned slaty flycatcher is an uncommon and widespread austral migrant in amazonia where it is known to range up to 1000 m along the foothill of the andes . it is expected in peru during the months of february through november . it also occurs in
orn . eyebrowed jungle flycatcher / eye - browed / jungle - flycatcher [ rhinomyias gularis , syn . : r . albigularis ]
mobley , j . ( 2018 ) . crowned slaty flycatcher ( griseotyrannus aurantioatrocristatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
. the crowned slaty flyctacher is mostly gray with darker upperparts . it has a black crown with a semi - concealed yellow crown patch . the sides of the head are gray with a black stripe through the eye . it forages in the canapy of the forest , often along forest edges and semi - open habitats . it is smaller and slender than the
crowned slaty - flycatcher empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus sometimes placed in the monotypic genus griseotyrannus , rumour has it that the people who named this bird were intent on giving it the longest name of any bird on the planet ! the similarity of the juvenile to empidonomus flycatchers means that it is probably more closely - related to them than previously thought . it doesn´t go very far towards making the scientific name less of a tongue - twister though ! click on the images to enlarge them .
wing sounds from a bird that flew upon my approach , perched on bushes in low chaco woodland . edited out extraneous sounds to focus on the flycatcher .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but this species is described as ' fairly common ' ( stotz et al . ( 1996 ) . trend justification : this species is tolerant of converted habitats ( del hoyo et al . 2004 ) and its population is suspected to be stable .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
genetic data indicate strong support for empidonomus varius as closest relative . two subspecies recognized .
( hellmayr , 1929 ) – ec brazil ( e pará and n mato grosso e to maranhão and piauí , s to n goiás ) .
( d’orbigny & lafresnaye , 1837 ) – n & e bolivia ( s from beni ) , wc & s brazil ( s mato grosso e to w minas gerais , s to mato grosso do sul , extreme w paraná , santa catarina and w rio grande do sul ) , n & c argentina ( s to mendoza , la pampa , n río negro and buenos aires ) , paraguay ( especially w of r paraguay ) and uruguay ; migrates n to w amazonia .
17·5–18 cm ; 27 g . distinctive . nominate race has rather flat - looking black crown , yellow coronal patch ( semi - concealed ) , grey supercilium , dusky auriculars ; upperparts . . .
generally fairly quiet ; when breeding , rather weak “pseek” or high , thin “pseeet” , sometimes . . .
canopy of tall humid forest , lighter woodland , scrubby pastures , and open savannas with some . . .
insects , also some fruit . usually solitary , especially migrants in non - breeding season , or in pairs . regularly perches in the open on top . . .
nests with eggs recorded nov to early jan , and nestlings mid - dec to late dec / early jan . nest more or less round to oval and cup - shaped , . . .
s race ( nominate ) migratory , moving primarily to w amazonia ; recorded in non - breeding season in ne . . .
not globally threatened . generally common and fairly widespread . occurs in many protected areas . given its large range and wide habitat preferences , including tolerance of . . .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
highly speciose family , herein divided into nine subfamilies ( with ten tribes ) ; recent studies # r # r suggest that the first four listed ( platyrinchinae , pipritinae , tachurisinae , pipromorphinae ) are sister to rest of family , and may merit treatment as 1–4 separate families .
long included in empidonomus , owing to similarities in voice and behaviour ; split as separate genus , based mainly on several uniquely derived differences in syringeal morphology . see also tyrannus ( below ) .
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
natural dawn song and some calls and chase notes ( at 1 : 11 ) from a bird on top of an acacia about 2m up in low shrub chaco habitat . crown feathers were fanned , but yellow not visible .
natural call from a bird about 1m up on barbed wire fence along road through medium - height , dense chaco vegetation .
wing whirr from a bird ( probably the same as in xc145295 ) that was flying from perch to perch ahead of me in low chaco woodland . the bout at 0 : 26 may end with some vocalizations .
response to playback from a bird perched in the same ceiba as the canopy tower . when calling , juts head out and bobs it vertically while searching for source of playback .
natural vocalizations from a bird ( possibly due to presence of another nearby ) in the ceiba that houses the wooden platform . leaned forward and bobbed head excitedly while vocalizing .
the specimens were recorded in faculdade de iporá . i thank glenda silva santos to the help during fieldwork .
the high ' zit ' call . i don ' t remember what was giving the low ' whit ' call . second interval shortened .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
unter folgender adresse kannst du auf diese übersetzung verlinken : urltoken tipps : doppelklick neben begriff = rück - übersetzung — neue wörterbuch - abfrage : einfach jetzt tippen ! suchzeit : 0 . 083 sek .
) , möglichst mit einem guten beleg im kommentarfeld . wichtig : bitte hilf auch bei der
limited input mode - mehr als 1000 ungeprüfte übersetzungen ! du kannst trotzdem eine neue übersetzung vorschlagen , wenn du dich einloggst und andere vorschläge im contribute - bereich überprüfst . pro review kannst du dort einen neuen wörterbuch - eintrag eingeben ( bis zu einem limit von 500 unverifizierten einträgen pro benutzer ) .
dieses deutsch - englisch - wörterbuch basiert auf der idee der freien weitergabe von wissen . mehr informationen ! enthält übersetzungen von der tu chemnitz sowie aus mr honey ' s business dictionary ( englisch / deutsch ) . vielen dank dafür ! links auf dieses wörterbuch oder einzelne übersetzungen sind herzlich willkommen ! fragen und antworten
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
designed by paul smith 2006 . this website is copyrighted by law . material contained herewith may not be used without the prior written permission of fauna paraguay . material on this page was provided by paul smith , kevin guest ( urltoken ) , jerry cooper , alberto esquivel and arne lesterhuis and is used with their permission .
figure 1 - ( fpave3648ph ) adult ventral , cuenca upper yacaré sur , departamento presidente hayes ( paul smith october 2012 ) . figure 2 - ( fpave3230ph ) adult ventral , pirahú , departamento presidente hayes ( paul smith october 2007 ) . figure 3 - ( fpave3231ph ) adult lateral , laguna capitán , cuenca upper yacaré sur ( paul smith october 2007 ) . figure 4 - ( fpave3232ph ) same individual dorsal ( paul smith october 2007 ) . figure 5 - ( fpave3233ph ) adult ventral , loma plata , cuenca upper yacaré sur ( jerry cooper october 2007 ) . figure 6 - ( fpave3234ph ) adult , location unknown ( arne lesterhuis undated ) . figure 7 - ( fpave3235ph ) adult , location unknown ( arne lesterhuis undated ) . figure 8 - ( fpave3236ph ) adult ventral , location unknown ( alberto esquivel undated ) . figure 9 - ( fpave3237ph ) adult , location unknown ( alberto esquivel undated ) . figure 10 - ( fpave3238ph ) adult taking flight , pn tte enciso , departamento boquerón ( kevin guest february 2012 ) . figure 11 - ( fpave3239ph ) juvenile , pn tte enciso , departamento boquerón ( paul smith february 2012 ) . video a - ( fpave3649vi ) same individual as ( fpave3648ph ) ( paul smith october 2012 ) . video b - ( fpave3240vi ) same individual as ( fpave3230ph - fpave3231ph ) ( paul smith october 2007 ) .
: gr . empis , empidos = gnat , mosquito and nomos , nemo = feeding , to consume .
: l . aurantius = orange - colored and ater , atri , atro = black , and cristatus , crista = crested .
schulenberg , t . s . , d . f . stotz , and l . rico . 2006 . distribution maps of the birds of peru , version 1 . 0 . environment , culture & conservation ( ecco ) . the field museum .
material published in urltoken belongs to the author ( s ) and is protected by copyright laws . contributor ( s )
contribute to the knowledge and undertanding of bird distribution in peru . report your rare and unusual sightings :
corbidi is a peruvian non - profit organization , whose goal is to develop foundations that support biodiversity conservation .


pentacitrotus quercivorus is a species of moth of the family tortricidae .

it is found in the north-eastern himalayas .

the wingspan is about 26 mm .

the forewings are black with light orange-pinkish markings edged at a short distance with shining violet-metallic lines .

the hindwings are yellowish orange , but the anal half is pale ochreous .

the larvae feed on quercus semicarpifolia .

pentacitrotus quercivorus

this is the place for quercivorus definition . you find here quercivorus meaning , synonyms of quercivorus and images for quercivorus copyright 2017 © urltoken
pentacitrotus quercivorus diakonoff , 1950 ; bull . br . mus . ent . 1 ( 2 ) : 179
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word quercivorus . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word quercivorus and , of course , quercivorus synonyms and on the right images related to the word quercivorus .
pentacitrotus butler , 1881 ; ill . typical spec . lep . het . colln br . mus . 5 : vii , 35 ; ts : pentacitrotus vulneratus butler
pentacitrotus is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .
pentacitrotus leechi diakonoff , 1970 ; tijdschr . ent . 113 : 93 ; tl : chang yang
pentacitrotus vulneratus var . ♀ congruens diakonoff , 1950 ; bull . br . mus . ent . 1 ( 2 ) : 181
pentacitrotus vulneratus ; diakonoff , 1950 , bull . br . mus . ent . 1 ( 2 ) : 180 ; diakonoff , 1970 , tijdschr . ent . 113 : 93
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
india ( punjab , sikkim , . . . ) . see [ maps ]
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
leech , 1890 new species of lepidoptera from china entomologist 23 : 26 - 50 , 81 - 83 , : 109 - 114 , : 187 - 192 , pl . 1
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
this article will be permanently flagged as inappropriate and made unaccessible to everyone . are you certain this article is inappropriate ?
this article was sourced from creative commons attribution - sharealike license ; additional terms may apply . world heritage encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers , open access publishing , and in compliance with the fair access to science and technology research act ( fastr ) , wikimedia foundation , inc . , public library of science , the encyclopedia of life , open book publishers ( obp ) , pubmed , u . s . national library of medicine , national center for biotechnology information , u . s . national library of medicine , national institutes of health ( nih ) , u . s . department of health & human services , and urltoken , which sources content from all federal , state , local , tribal , and territorial government publication portals ( . gov , . mil , . edu ) . funding for urltoken and content contributors is made possible from the u . s . congress , e - government act of 2002 .
crowd sourced content that is contributed to world heritage encyclopedia is peer reviewed and edited by our editorial staff to ensure quality scholarly research articles .
by using this site , you agree to the terms of use and privacy policy . world heritage encyclopedia™ is a registered trademark of the world public library association , a non - profit organization .
733 . penthica 1097 - perdica 350 . perdix 988 . peregrina 668 . p . . . . . . ranchi . collection swinhoe , nilgiri hills . 733 . pextacitrotus yulneratus .
aeneus , n . sp . , 83 pentatomidab , 159 pentatominae , 159 pent . . . . . . ns taken in june at chang yang . kew si > ecies oi * lepidoptera from chlna . 83
< 2eneus , sp . n . $ . primaries cupreous - yellow ; two transve . . .
copyright © world library foundation . all rights reserved . ebooks from world journals , database of academic research journals are sponsored by the world library foundation , a 501c ( 4 ) member ' s support non - profit organization , and is not affiliated with any governmental agency or department .


it is found from nepal , bhutan and north-eastern india into tibet .

the wingspan is 60 – 68 mm .

there is one generation per year .

the larvae have been recorded feeding on strobilanthes alatus and strobilanthes dalhousianus in north-eastern india .

pseudodolbina fo

pseudodolbina fo is a moth of the family sphingidae . it is found from nepal , bhutan and north - eastern india into tibet .
pseudodolbina rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 91 ; ts : pseudodolbina veloxina rothschild
zonilia fo walker , 1856 , list specimens lepid . insects colln . br . mus . 8 : 195 . type locality : north india .
transferred to pseudodolbina by rothschild & jordan , 1903 , novit . zool . 9 ( suppl . ) : 101 .
in the male genitalia , harpe ending in a single , prominent , pointed process directed dorso - distad ; aedeagus with tooth a little longer than in pseudodolbina aequalis .
pseudodolbina veloxina rothschild , 1894 ; novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 91 , pl . 6 , f . 18 ; tl : khasia hills , assam
there appears to be only one brood in the year in india , as eggs and larvae are not found until the monsoon is well established ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
ovum : bright green , spherical , smooth and shiny . large for the size of moth . laid singly on the underside of leaves of strobilanthes , which appears to be unique as a hostplant for sphingid larvae ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
larva : full - fed 60mm , width 7mm , horn 12mm . according to bell & scott ( 1937 ) , in the first instar head round and large , body cylindrical ; horn strongly bifid , with a bristle on each point . colour of head and body pale yellowish green , with short , scattered white hairs ; horn black .
in the second instar , head round and of considerably larger diameter than the cylindrical body , which is long and slender ; horn rather long , thick at base and tapering rather sharply to a strongly bifid tip . surface of head and body dull , that of horn shiny and covered with short black hairs ; colour of the head yellow , body bluish - green , with short scattered white hairs ; horn black ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
in the third instar , head slightly bilobed , body nearly cylindrical , long for its diameter . horn long , thick at base and tapering evenly to a bifid tip . surface of head and body dull , with three transverse rows of small tubercles on segment 2 . there is a pair of large tubercles , one on each side of the dorsal line , at about the middle of 3 and 4 , with a transverse row of smaller tubercles in front of and behind each pair ; remaining segments with transverse rows of very small tubercles in the dorsal area . horn shiny and covered sparsely at the base , thickly towards the tip , with tubercles . colour of head bright green with a broad yellow stripe down each cheek from the vertex of each lobe to base of antenna ; mouth - parts pale blue . segments 2 to 4 of the body bright green , rest of body pale bluish - green in the dorsal area , dark bluish - green dotted with white below the oblique lateral stripes , the tubercles all yellow . the lateral stripes on 5 to 11 formed by a triangular white patch on each segment with a black stripe above it , the black stripe broadest on 5 and very narrow on 11 and 12 . horn pale blue with an orange patch on each side of the base , and the tubercles and tip black ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
the fourth instar is as above , except that the cheek - stripe is white ; the body with segments 2 to 4 as above , the rest of the body yellowish - green . oblique lateral stripes as above , except that the portion of the last oblique stripe on 12 is yellow . horn bright blue on dorsal surface , green on lateral and ventral surfaces , with black tubercles as above . the stripe at base of horn red instead of orange ; anal flap edged with yellow and with two large green tubercles covered with short white bristles ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
in the fifth instar , head about as high as segment 2 , semi - elliptical , dorsal line of vertex strongly impressed ; true clypeus less than half height of head , basal angles rounded and tumid ; apex of false clypeus acute and reaching to one - half length of head ; labrum half as long as clypeus and slightly broader , narrowing frontad ; ligula semicircular in shape . body long and slender . horn very long , thick at base tapering gently to near tip , then becoming broader and flattened above and below , dividing into a blunt fork , the arms rounded and setiferous ; the end of the anal flap tumid . surface of head and body dull and smooth , each secondary ring set with large , smooth , low , oval tubercles . on segment 2 there is a transverse row of six larger tubercles on the front margin , a row of six on the hind margin and a row of four between these two rows . on segment 3 there is a very large , fleshy , subdorsal , conical tubercle , and on 4 an equally large but more rounded dorso - lateral tubercle ; on 14 a similar but smaller one on each side of the dorsal line , the tubercles on 14 each bearing two setae , one behind the other . horn closely set with conical tubercles ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
head green with a broad yellow cheek - stripe from near vertex to base of antenna ; labrum and ligula whitish - green ; basal segment of antenna white , the others pale green ; mandible spare green at base , rust - coloured in middle and black at tip . body green , the tubercles yellow , giving it a mottled appearance . oblique lateral stripes are present on segments 5 to 11 , each extending backwards to near the dorsal line of the adjoining segment behind , that on 11 broader than the rest and running to base and for a short distance up , the side of the horn . these stripes are white near each spiracle , yellow behind it and edged broadly above with dark green . horn dark blue with tip paler blue , and a crimson stripe up the side from base touching the upward extension of the oblique stripe and extending higher up the horn ; tubercles on dorsum of horn black ; anal flap edged with yellow . true legs , prolegs and claspers green . spiracles large , oval , white with a broad reddish - brown band across the middle , the whole with a narrow , green rim ( bell & scott , 1937 ) .
larval hostplants . unknown in china , but recorded on strobilanthes alatus and s . dalhousianus ( acanthaceae ) in northeastern india ( scott , 1941 ) .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html + rdfa 1 . 1 / / en
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attribution cc by licence .
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
rothschild , 1894 notes on sphingidae , with descriptions of new species novit . zool . 1 ( 1 ) : 65 - 98 , pl . 5 - 7
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
copyright © 2013 www . sphingidae - museum . com . all rights reserved .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this work is a general account of the resident and migrant species and subspecies of sphingidae that occur within the boundaries of china , taiwan , japan , mongolia , north korea , south korea , central siberia and the russian far east . a gazetteer and map of china is included and guidence notes on the site are given in the introduction .
zhu , h . f . & wang , l . y . ( 1997 ) . lepidoptera sphingidae . fauna sinica ( insecta ) , 11 : 1 - 410 .
pittaway , a . r . & kitching , i . j . ( 2000 ) . notes on selected species of hawkmoths ( lepidoptera : sphingidae ) from china , mongolia and the korean peninsula . tinea , 16 ( 3 ) : 170 - 211 .
kitching , i . j . ( 2018 ) . sphingidae taxonomic inventory - - - sti . london , uk : nhmuk .
a number of references were consulted in the preparation of this work ; these are listed in the reference section . additionally , this work would have been difficult to produce without the help received from a number of people . these are acknowledged in the acknowledgements section .
© a . r . pittaway & i . j . kitching ( the natural history museum , london ) . no part of this work may be used for commercial purposes without the written permission of the authors ; however , any part may be used for research or other non - commercial purposes without prior permission . please note that illustrations provided by authors other than tony pittaway remain the copyright of those authors and should not be reproduced other than with their permission .
this reference can be quoted in publications as : pittaway , a . r . & kitching , i . j . ( 2018 ) . sphingidae of the eastern palaearctic ( including siberia , the russian far east , mongolia , china , taiwan , the korean peninsula and japan ) . urltoken [ site accessed : ]
the larvae have been recorded feeding on strobilanthes alatus and strobilanthes dalhousianus in north - eastern india .
popular : trivia , history , america , television , tv , usa , geography , cities , . . . more