the new zealand red admiral ( vanessa gonerilla ) is a butterfly endemic to new zealand .

its māori name is kahukura , which means " red cloak " .

the red admiral is a member of the family nymphalidae , the subfamily nymphalinae and the tribe nymphalini .

there are two subspecies : v. g. gonerilla , which occurs on the mainland of new zealand , and v. g. ida , which occurs on the chatham islands .

new zealand red admiral

the red admiral is found only in new zealand . its māori name is kahukura , which means
red cloak
.
admiral sir albert hastings markham , kcb designed the new zealand flag . read a wikipedia profile of admiral markham here .
the red admiral is found from northern canada south to guatemala . it is also found in hawaii , the caribbean , new zealand , europe , northern africa , and asia . the red admiral is found throughout new hampshire .
he started the red admiral project earlier this year .
we only have about 20 species of butterfly in new zealand and the red admiral is one of the more beautiful and grander of them
the red admiral ( kahukura ) is unique to new zealand and found nowhere else in the world . its māori name , kahukura , means “red cloak” or “red garment” , which likely refers to the striking red patches on its wings .
a blank version of the new zealand flag is also available on this page .
click on the stages to learn about the life cycle of the red admiral butterfly .
nz - flag _ of _ new _ zealand _ svg . png 41 . 59 kb
the distinctive red - orange band across the wing of the red admiral makes this butterfly species easy to distinguish from other species . the common name
red admiral
compares this band to the chevrons on a naval uniform .
the yellow admiral is found throughout new zealand . it prefers open country , wastelands and gardens where stinging nettle - this species ' first choice of food plant - has become established . the yellow admiral is often seen flying with the slightly larger red admiral . with a wingspan of 48 - 55mm , the yellow admiral is a strong flier .
the stinging nettle , or urtica incisa , is a favourite food of the red admiral caterpillar .
habitat loss and predation threaten the beautiful red and yellow admiral butterflies of new zealand . this video talks about why this is happening , and how you can breed these butterflies in your own backyard .
the new zealand flag can be made to any size , with the length always twice the width .
red admiral ( bassaris gonerilla ) - $ 5 . 00 gummed stamp . issued 25 january 1995 .
the common copper is found only in new zealand . this butterfly feeds off the muehlenbeckia creeper , and will often be found wherever that plant grows , as well as in coastal areas and open spaces throughout new zealand .
connor he , edgar e . name changes in the indigenous new zealand flora , 1960–1986 and nomina nova iv .
wellington : department of conservation ; 1999 . the conservation requirements of new zealand ' s nationally threatened vascular plants .
the adult stage of the red admiral is rarely harmful because mature red admiral butterflies feed mainly on nectar . the caterpillar stage , however , damages the plants that it feeds on , though it is not generally known to be an agricultural pest . the plants the red admiral caterpillars tend to eat include nettles , hops , and pellitory .
the new zealand flag has a royal blue background with a union jack in the first quarter , and four five - pointed red stars with white borders on the fly .
george gibbs , research associate at victoria university school of biological sciences and an expert on new zealand butterflies , said it was likely the red admiral population had declined in recent times , but they were not yet at critical levels .
dawson mi , beuzenberg e . contributions to a chromosome atlas of the new zealand flora . 36 . miscellaneous families .
the red admiral is found in moist woods and forests , yards , parks , meadows , marshes , and fields .
murray bg , de lange pj . contributions to a chromosome atlas of the new zealand flora . 35 . miscellaneous families .
the aesthetic beauty of the red admiral is one of the most underrated values of this species . due to the red admirals wide - spread range throughout the americas , europe , and asia , their beauty can be enjoyed by many . red admirals are often found nectaring at red clover , aster , and
brackenbury has always been interested in natural history and has been involved with conservation in new zealand ever since he emigrated from the united kingdom in the 1970s . last year he was made a member of the new zealand order of merit for services to conservation .
to defend new zealand’s wildlife and wild places - on land and in our oceans’ join us and be a voice for nature .
individuals . further sequences were not generated because it was clear no simple pattern was emerging . within the new zealand members of the
the cross in the forefront is red on a white background . the two red and white crosses in the background are diagonal , with the red cross being superimposed over the white one .
de lange pj , murray bg , datson pm . contributions to a chromosome atlas of the new zealand flora – 49 miscellaneous families .
atalanta which occurs in europe , asia , north africa and throughout north america ; indica which is found in temperate regions of asia ; gonerilla from new zealand , and the yellow admiral itea ( incorrectly placed in another genus bassaris by some workers ) which is found in australia and new zealand , and also on loyalty island and norfolk island .
the current new zealand flag has a deep blue background . in the top left corner , filling half the left side , is the union jack design showing red and white crosses on a blue background .
the native red admiral that is only found in new zealand . despite the obvious similarity , it is a different species from the ' red admiral ' ( vanessa atalanta ) and ' indian red admiral ' ( vanessa indica ) found in europe , asia and north america . the maori name means red cloak . this is a long - lived butterfly that can have a lifespan of about 9 months for the over - wintering generation . it is expected that the lifespan is between 4 to 6 months for the summer generations . between september and april , it can be seen in most of its life stages .
smisen rd , breitwieser i , ward jm . phylogenetic implications of trans - specific chloroplast dna sequence polymorphism in new zealand gnaphalieae ( asteraceae )
the characteristic coloration of the red admiral butterfly is a black hindwing with a red - orange marginal band ; the dorsal forewing is also black with white markings near the apex . the wing span of the red admiral ranges between 1 . 75 and 3 inches . these butterflies tend to have a brighter coloration and a larger body mass during the summer months than during the winter . the legs and eyes of the red admiral tend to be hairy and the head is moderately large .
brush against them and you ' ll get a painful sting , but nettles are a gourmet delight for yellow and red admiral butterfly caterpillars .
the red admiral is a distinctive , medium sized , brightly colored black and orange butterfly that is common throughout much of the united states .
blue butterfly caterpillars are restricted to plants in the legume family ( fabaceae ) including new zealand broom , gorse , clover , and pea plants .
andrew brower marked
file : nz red admiral 09 . jpg
as trusted on the
vanessa gonerilla ( fabricius 1775 )
page .
the red admiral is recognised by many as out most colourful native butterfly . however , it ' s not often seen around our cities and suburbs as it usually breeds around our forests and bush areas . the reason for this revolves around the food that the red admiral caterpillars feed on .
all but one species ( carmichaelia exsul ) of new zealand broom are native but most are without normal leaves and hence little use for butterfly caterpillars .
this spectacular butterfly is found throughout new zealand in the summer months . the host plant , and favoured food of the red admiral , is the native stinging nettle or ongaonga . but because its supply has been much reduced , it can also be seen feeding from the sap of tree bark . the maori name for this butterfly is kahukura , meaning rainbow or red garment .
the red admiral butterfly may appear to be rare at the outer edges of its range , but it is thought to be a secure species globally .
the yellow admiral ( kahu kowhai ) prefers to live in open areas , however like the red admiral , they will live wherever there are nettles on which to lay their eggs . they are much more likely to be seen in urban areas than red admirals and they appreciate similar species of flowers .
figure 3 . larva of the red admiral , vanessa atalanta rubria ( fruhstorfer ) . photograph by j . f . butler , university of florida .
figure 4 . pupa of the red admiral , vanessa atalanta rubria ( fruhstorfer ) . photograph by j . f . butler , university of florida .
this red admiral butterfly , vanessa gonerilla gonerilla is found only in new zealand . its caterpillars ' preferred food plants are the native stinging nettles . the butterflies feed on nectar . in this video you can see how it pokes its long proboscis into each flower with the rapidity of a sewing machine needle .
lectotype ( vide allan , fl . new zealand 1 : 199 . 1961 ) . hurunuiorangi , may 17 , 1877 , t . kirk . welt sp050125a
cameron ek , de lange pj , given dr , johnson pn , ogle cc . new zealand botanical society threatened and local plant lists ( 1993 revision )
cameron ek , de lange pj , given dr , johnson pn , ogle cc . new zealand botanical society threatened and local plant lists ( 1995 revision )
murray bg , de lange pj , ferguson ar . nuclear dna variation , chromosome numbers and polyploidy in the endemic and indigenous grass flora of new zealand .
the female red admiral lays greenish eggs on a host plant , usually a nettle . the red admiral caterpillar encases itself inside a host plant ' s leaf by wrapping the leaf in silk . it then feeds on the leaf . in colder climates , the red admiral may have only one brood . in warmer climates , it may have as many as three broods . it lives year - round in warmer climates , and it migrates in colder areas .
he said the population declines were likely due to the widespread removal of nettles from lawns and parks , and predation from parasitic wasps on red admiral pupae .
figure 1 . adult red admiral , vanessa atalanta rubria ( fruhstorfer ) , dorsal view . photograph by j . f . butler , university of florida .
figure 2 . adult red admiral , vanessa atalanta rubria ( fruhstorfer ) , ventral view . photograph by j . f . butler , university of florida .
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de lange pj , heenan pb , given dr , norton da , ogle cc , johnson pn , et al . threatened and uncommon plants of new zealand .
de lange pj , norton da , heenan pb , courtney sp , molloy bpj , ogle cc , et al . threatened and uncommon plants of new zealand .
as it has disappeared , so have the native red and yellow admiral butterflies that lay their eggs on them , the nettle spines giving caterpillars protection from predators .
glassberg j , minno mc , calhoun jv . 2000 . butterflies through binoculars : florida . oxford university press . new york , new york . 256 pp .
the admiral larvae can be hard to tell apart , the two easiest ways in the field is that the red admiral has a narrower pale patch of colour on abdominal segments 4 and 6 then the yellow admiral . the second being that yellow admirals are rarely recorded on nettle tree - onga onga ( urtica ferox ) in the wild . an expert can also notice that the ratios of the setae compared to their bases are different in each species . the pupae are equally hard to tell apart , but the yellow admiral is generally stouter and darker then the red admiral .
single $ 3 . 00 ' yellow admiral ( bassaris itea ) ' gummed stamp .
bitzer , r . 2009 .
the red admiral and painted lady research site
( on - line ) . accessed 04 / 22 / 09 at urltoken .
this species is very widespread in new zealand and can be found in almost any habitat where the larval foodplants grow , and there are nectar sources available for the adults .
andrew brower marked
file : nz red admiral ( vanessa gonerilla ) - 5 . jpg
as trusted on the
vanessa gonerilla ( fabricius 1775 )
page .
yellow admiral caterpillars are growing on nettle plants inside the captive enclosure at shakespear regional park .
yellow admiral sitting on a harakeke ( flax ) leaf . credit : kimberley collins creative commons
the red admiral caterpillar eats plants in the urticaceae , or nettle family . adult red admirals usually eat rotting fruit , tree sap , and bird droppings , although they sometimes eat the nectar of flowers like daisies , asters , goldenrod , butterfly bush , and milkweed .
stinging nettles have been planted on a patch of ground no bigger than half a tennis court in manor park , lower hutt , in an effort to boost the red admiral population .
figure 5 . folded leaf nest of the red admiral , vanessa atalanta rubria ( fruhstorfer ) , on false nettle . photograph by d . w . hall , university of florida .
new zealand is home to 23 species of butterflies . butterflies belong to the insect order lepidoptera , which is dominated by the butterfly ' s close relative - the moth . all 23 species of butterflies resident in new zealand display different shapes , colours and patterns and live in a wide range of environments from forest floors and swamps , to domestic gardens and rocky alpine areas .
easy from fresh seed or by the division of root pieces . dislikes drought and / or high humidity . plants in these conditions are prone to sudden collapse . because of the painful stings it is rarely grown . it is an ideal host plant for the red admiral butterfly ( this species is the only known host plant for the endemic chatham island red admiral ) .
he and a small group of volunteers have been planting native nettles , a favourite food of red admiral caterpillars , in an effort to encourage the butterflies to lay their eggs on the plants .
jackson rc . polyploidy and diploidy : a new perspective on chromosome pairing and its evolutionary implications .
various factors distinguish butterflies from moths , but in new zealand there is one sure way of knowing which is which . butterflies have knobs on the end of their antennae , while moths do not .
new zealand has 20 native species of butterfly although new research is indicating that there could be considerably more . aerial spraying , wasp predation and habitat loss have crippled the population of our native butterflies , however , butterfly enthusiasts are bringing back butterflies to our cities through planting and pest - control efforts .
the following plants are some of the best plants to attract admiral , blue , and copper butterflies .
figure 7 . florida pellitory , parietaria floridana nutt . , a host of the red admiral , vanessa atalanta rubria ( fruhstorfer ) . photograph by d . w . hall , university of florida .
figure 8 . florida pellitory , parietaria floridana nutt . , a host of the red admiral , vanessa atalanta rubria ( fruhstorfer ) . photograph by d . w . hall , university of florida .
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living in the southern part of the new world . in other words , central and south america .
conservation status of new zealand indigenous vascular plants , 2012 the conservation status of all known new zealand vascular plant taxa at the rank of species and below were reassessed in 2012 using the new zealand threat classification system ( nztcs ) . this report includes a statistical summary and brief notes on changes since 2009 and replaces all previous nztcs lists for vascular plants . authors : peter j . de lange , jeremy r . rolfe , paul d . champion , shannel p . courtney , peter b . heenan , john w . barkla , ewen k . cameron , david a . norton and rodney a . hitchmough . file size : 792kb
in new zealand , long - tailed blues are self - introduced , naturalised butterflies . they prefer open habitat , although they live wherever larval food plants ( particularly various species of legumes including gorse ) are growing .
the red admiral occurs in europe , northern africa , eurasia , and in north america from northern canada to central america . it is also found in hawaii , new zealand , and some of the caribbean islands ( opler et al . 1984 , scott 1986 ) . adults are found throughout florida , but it is not known whether or not there are breeding populations in the florida keys ( minno and emmel 1993 ) .
opler , p . , k . lotts , t . naberhaus . 2009 .
red admiral
( on - line ) . butterflies and moths of north america . accessed 04 / 22 / 09 at urltoken .
figure 6 . false nettle , boehmeria cylindrical [ l . ] sw . , a host of the red admiral , vanessa atalanta rubria ( fruhstorfer ) . photograph by d . w . hall , university of florida .
figure 9 . canadian wood nettle , laportea canadensis [ l . ] wedd . , a host of the red admiral , vanessa atalanta rubria ( fruhstorfer ) . photograph by d . w . hall , university of florida .
peter brennan managed to raise over 360 rare yellow admiral butterflies this year after planting stinging nettles in his sandspit garden .
the general life cycle of the red admiral butterfly goes from an egg , to a caterpillar ( pupate in a chrysalis ) , that emerges as an adult . the adult then mates , oviposits , and starts the cycle again .
all text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated . commercial re - use may be allowed on request . all non - text content is subject to specific conditions . © crown copyright .
red admirals could be absent from areas for long periods of time and could reappear quite suddenly for no apparent reason .
wagner dl . 2005 . caterpillars of eastern north america . princeton university press . princeton , new jersey . 512 pp .
butterflies are attracted to flowers of hebe , a genus of plants that is native to new zealand . great orme hebe , the midsummer beauty hebe , the sapphire hebe , purple queen hebe , hebe salicifolia and hebe stricta ( koromiko ) are all favoured by red admirals , yellow admirals and coppers . hebes are evergreens that like sunny areas with some shelter from the wind .
sequences of the nrdna its regions and intervening 5·8 s rna coding region were generated for 20 representatives of c . ruamahanga or c . hunua . its sequences were also generated for the other new zealand members of crassula section helophytum : two individuals of c . helmsii ( one from australia and one from new zealand ) and a single individual each of c . kirkii and c . multicaulis . new zealand members of crassula section glomeratae ( two individuals of c . sieberiana and single individuals of c . colligata , c . mataikona and c . manaia ) were also sequenced and used as outgroups for its . as a further outgroup , its sequences were also generated from a cultivated individual of c . perfoliata ( subgenus crassula ; section crassula ) , the type species of the genus .
the red admiral has a wingspan of 2 . 75 to 3 inches . it has scalloped black to brown wings on its upperside with reddish - orange bands and white spots on its wingtips . its underside is a mottled blue , brown , and black .
the range of red admirals extends around the northern hemisphere , from northern canada to guatemala in the western hemisphere , and from scandinavia and northern russia south to north africa and china in the east . it is established on bermuda , the azores , and the canary islands in the atlantic , and the hawaiian islands in the pacific . it has been introduced to and breeds in new zealand as well .
mature red admirals tend to feed on fermenting fruits , bird droppings , and sap from trees . adult red admirals are fond of nectaring at composite flowers , such as milkweed , aster , and alfalfa . the food sources for the larva include nettles from the genus
the genus vanessa comprises of about 20 species worldwide . the genus is divided into 2 groups - the painted ladies and the red admirals .
red admirals tend to be fidgety and swift insects that rapidly change direction throughout the course of their flight . the species appears to be most active throughout the spring and fall months , its flight time lasts from march until november . adult red admirals will hibernate throughout the winter months .
the forest ringlet is the most vividly coloured of all new zealand butterflies . it has a wingspan ranging from 40 - 60mm and its flight is jaunty and fast . it lives in forested localities in the north island and in the north of the south island . its favourite food plants are forest sedges and forest snowgrasses .
male red admirals are territorial butterflies that patrol their areas in order to find female mates . the males typically perch upon sunlit spots , in the mid - afternoon , to wait for females to fly by . once fertilized , female red admirals will lay their eggs on the upper surface of host plant leaves . the majority of red admiral butterflies are double - brooded ( two generations grow a year ) ; however , in canada and the northern part of the united states they are single - brooded ( one generation a year ) , and in the southern united states they are triple - brooded ( three generations a year ) .
red admiral caterpillars will eat most native and non - native nettles , but the eggs are laid almost exclusively ( with the exception of a scrub nettle or two ) on native nettles . yellow admirals prefer the non - native kinds including common stinging nettle ( urtica dioica ) and annual or dwarf nettle ( urtica urens ) .
the national vegetation survey ( nvs ) databank is a physical archive and electronic databank containing records of over 94 , 000 vegetation survey plots - including data from over 19 , 000 permanent plots . nvs maintains a standard set of species code abbreviations that correspond to standard scientific plant names from the ngä tipu o aotearoa - new zealand plants database .
cech r , tudor g . 2005 . butterflies of the east coast : an observer ' s guide . princeton university press . princeton , new jersey . 345 pp .
the southern cross device sits on the fly of the flag . each of the 4 red stars in the southern cross device has 5 points and a white border .
the union jack device is white and red , and sits within an area measuring sixty by thirty one - hundred - and - twentieths of the hoist of the flag .
on the right half of the flag are four stars in the formation of the southern cross constellation . each star is red with a white border , and has five points .
there is a subspecies found in the chatham islands , ( bassaris gonerilla ida ) which looks similar apart from a subtle difference in colour and shape of the hindwing . they have a wider red patch and more rounded hindwings then the mainland red admiral , which has scalloping indentations between the veins . they also have the occasional specimen with a pale underside . the larvae prefer to feed on chatham islands nettle ( urtica australis ) . the ovum , larvae and pupae are so similar to the mainland red admiral that no - one has so far being able to find any distinguishing features to set them apart , but then i ' m not aware of any studies to try and determine if there is any distinguishing features between the two variations . it is suspected that this sub - species has evolved after the sea flooded the ' chatham island rise ' all those years ago . this would be in line with other plant and animal species on the chatham islands .
it ' s the native stinging nettle known as urtica ferox . its most common name is the tree nettle and it frequently grows along the bush fringe and can reach a height of around 2m . it ' s covered in very sharp , white stings that can cause humans and other animals a great deal of pain . it ' s not well known that the red admiral caterpillars will eat other members of the nettle family . favoured is the common garden nettle that we find growing in corners of our farms and if we use farmyard animal manure we will often get this nettle in our home gardens . now , if we are prepared to let some of these ' nettle weeds ' grow around our homes the chances that both red and yellow admiral will find them and lay their eggs .
the southern blue is one of the smallest and most abundant of new zealand butterflies . this species prefers warm , dry places less than 1 , 000 metres above sea level and it can be found east of the southern alps and in north canterbury . the southern blue has a wingspan of between 20 - 27mm and its flight is weak and stuttering . it flies just above ground level with frequent stops .
conservationist and lower hutt forest and bird committee member gerry brackenbury said he hoped the patch of nettles could become a sanctuary for the red admirals which were once very common all over the country .
the colours are white ( pantone safe ) in the areas marked “1” , red ( pantone 186c ) in the area marked “2” , and blue ( pantone 280c ) in the area marked “3” .
three native kinds of nettles will attract red admirals : tree nettle or onga onga ( urtica ferox ) , chatham island nettle ( urtica australis ) , scrub nettle or pureora ( urtica incisa ) .
many of these plants have been lost to aerial spraying for insect pests in the 80s and 90s . admiral and copper butterfly populations have been hit particularly hard , and have declined especially in urban and modified areas .
this remained the state of knowledge for new zealand tillaea until toelken ( 1981 ) , revised the australian species of tillaea and transferred them to crassula . soon after , druce and given ( 1984 ) followed suit for the new zealand species and transferred t . pusilla and t . acutifolia to crassula l . , as c . pusilla ( kirk ) a . p . druce & d . r . given and c . acutifolia ( kirk ) a . p . druce & d . r . given . however , these combinations were predated by c . acutifolia lam ( 1786 ) , and c . pusilla schönland ( 1913 ) , and were therefore illegitimate . consequently , druce and sykes ( in connor and edgar , 1987 ) effected the full and legitimate transfer of both taxa to crassula by adopting the nomina nova crassula hunua a . p . druce ( ≡ tillaea pusilla kirk ) and c . ruamahanga a . p . druce ( ≡ tillaea acutifolia kirk ) . neither druce and given ( 1984 ) nor druce and sykes ( in connor and edgar , 1987 ) offered any further advance on the distinction of either species , beyond cautioning that the ‘indigenous new zealand species are imperfectly known and described … [ and ] are the subject of study by a . p . druce’ .
in the north at shakespear regional park , a modified gecko enclosure has been converted into an aviary growing urtica incisa , the main nettle plant for the yellow admiral butterfly caterpillars , open sanctuaries senior ranger matt maitland says .
living in the nearctic biogeographic province , the northern part of the new world . this includes greenland , the canadian arctic islands , and all of the north american as far south as the highlands of central mexico .
peter brennan has been able to raise over 360 rare yellow admiral butterflies this year after planting up a patch in his sandspit garden , along with some pots . the pots can be moved under mosquito netting to protect caterpillars and chrysalis from predatory wasps .
notes . allan ( 1961 , p . 198 ) typified this taxon in the following manner ‘type : specimens in w [ elt ] labelled as var . brevia wairoa falls , hunua , dec 1868’ . at welt there is now only one gathering , welt sp050134 ( l . perrie , welt herbarium , te papa tongarewa – the museum of new zealand , new zealand , ‘pers . comm . ’ ) , and this must stand as the lectotype . we prefer to regard it as lectotype because we cannot be sure that there are no other specimens of this gathering in herbaria known to hold kirk material , and allan ' s wording suggests there might have been . welt sp050135 , though matching kirk ' s protologue as to location , name and authors hand was collected in march 1867 . although kirk ( 1899 ) does not provide a date for his type collections in his protologue , by allan ' s full and direct reference to a specimen including collection date as lectotype , welt sp050135 must now stand as a paralectotype .
easily distinguished from all other indigenous and naturalised nettles by the broadly ovate , dark green leaves , 100 - 200 mm long , and stout shrubby semi - deciduous habit . it could perhaps be confused with the naturalised u . dioica but that species is distinctly long rhizomatous and has so far not been recorded from with the known range of u . australis . in new zealand at least , both species can be easily distinguished by their chromosome number 2n = 24 in u . australis and 2n = 48 in u . dioica .
we acknowledge the considerable collecting efforts , advice and comments received from the following former or current department of conservation staff , m . thorsen , g . foster , r . stanley , p . knightbridge , b . rance , a . baird , b . gibb and i . keenan . c . ogle of wanganui and p . enright , of featherston , wairarapa , helped procure live material from their respective regions . we also thank r . k . brummitt ( royal botanic gardens , kew ) , h . r . toelken ( ad , adelaide , south australia ) and c . ogle for comments and advice and l . perrie and b . v . sneddon in locating type material . the late f . pitt ( welt ) helped resolve typification issues by clarifying aspects of the acquisition and curation of the kirk herbarium , now housed at welt , te papa , museum of new zealand , wellington . funds for this study were provided by the new zealand department of conservation , conservation management units investigation 3838 and the foundation for research , science and technology .
rakeahua valley mouth , carter ' s bush , te whanga lagoon or admiral farm samples . therefore , it is possible that at least some of the plants displaying multiple sequences are recent hybrids or have a hybrid ancestry . no mixing between group i and ii sequences was detected .
many butterfly plants , including nettles , like high nitrogen soils . with sea birds being encouraged to nest along the cliffs in the park , their droppings will start changing the soil chemistry next to nesting sites , making them suitable for certain herbs which the admiral caterpillars can also eat .
c ) . the first and second co - ordinates explained 36 % and 20 % of the total variation , respectively . two additional pca analyses were also undertaken to examine patterns of variation , but the results of these analyses are not presented . for the first one , to assess whether there was a geographic component to the morphological variation , the specimens were coded for latitude by dividing new zealand into 13 bands of equal degrees of latitude from north to south . for the second , specimens from the restricted geographic area around wairoa falls ( ten specimens collected and determined as
glade coppers / pepe para riki are native new zealand butterflies usually found in forest glades , gullies , and along waterways , but they will live wherever larval food plants are present . they range from south of auckland to the western side of the north island , and can be found throughout the south island . their only recorded larval food plant is the large - leafed pohuehue ( muehlenbeckia australis ) although it is likely caterpillars will eat other species of pohuehue as well . like rauparaha’s coppers , adult glade coppers don’t typically travel more than 50 metres from their larval food plants .
red admirals are most common in moist open areas near woods ( glassberg et al . 2000 ) where their host plants are commonly found . males defend territories and fly out to meet females for mating . red admirals prefer fermenting tree sap , fruit , and fresh dung to flower nectar ( allen 1997 , minno and minno 1999 , opler and krizek 1984 ) . however , they also drink nectar from a variety of flowers ( cech and tudor 2005 , tooker et al . 2002 ) . they also drink from moist soil ( minno and minno 1999 ) .
with the recircumscription of c . ruamahanga to include plants previously known as c . hunua , a reassessment of the conservation status of c . ruamahanga is warranted . previously , c . hunua sensu a . p . druce had been assessed using the new zealand threat classification system ( molloy et al . , 2002 ) as ‘acutely threatened / nationally critical’ ( de lange et al . , 2004 b ) , because the species was believed to be restricted to two sub - populations ( wairoa falls and the adjacent gorge , and the chatham islands ) , which collectively occupy an area of ≤1 ha .
crassula hunua a . p . druce and c . ruamahanga a . p . druce were first described by kirk ( 1899 ) as tillaea pusilla kirk and t . acutifolia kirk . he distinguished t . pusilla from the other new zealand species by the ‘leaves spreading , obtuse peduncles thickened upwards’ and t . acutifolia by the ‘leaves acute , sepals exceeding the petals’ . kirk ( 1899 ) also distinguished plants from the wairoa falls , hunua , near auckland as t . pusilla var . brevia kirk , stating that these differed from the type by the ‘peduncles usually shorter than the leaves , not thickened upwards , carpels more obtuse’ .
red admirals are considered to be people - friendly butterflies that will approach and perch on human beings . in regard to other butterflies of their species , however , the male butterflies are known to be territorial in order to find a mate . male red admirals generally claim an elliptically shaped area ranging between 4 - 13 m wide and 8 - 24 m long . to protect this area , the males will patrol their territorial boundaries up to thirty times an hour . if an intruder enters their area , they attempt to drive them away by out - flying and out - maneuvering the intruding butterfly .
the imago has a 50 - 60mm wingspan . male is smaller then female and has narrower red / orange bands . the depth of background colour on the underside of the wings varies considerably from brown to a paled fawn . the darker variation is the most common variety encountered . with time the red bands fades to an orange with age . it has a strong , short erratic flight that is usually started with a almost vertical climb , however they also have a direct flight at about 1 - 2 metres above the surface which is more used when crossing less favourable terrain like water . prefers to rest in a head - down position and is often encountered sunbathing on walls and rocks especially in late summer . can be seen feeding on sap from tree bark and quite often with yellow admirals on nectar plants like buddleia . over winter , red admirals go into a quiescence , so can be seen on warm winter days on winter flowers .
admiral butterflies find lacebark particularly tasty . lacebark is a small native tree with green serrated leaves and elegant clusters of white flowers . it grows best in sun or semi - shade and well - drained soil . it is best if lacebark is germinated in autumn and grows in a shaded environment during its first winter . flowers in the non - native genus heliotropum ( heliotropes ) are favoured by admirals . the best varieties usually have purple flowers .
red admirals tend to be found in moist environments such as marshes , woods , fields , and well - watered gardens . these butterflies cannot stand extreme winter cold and are forced to migrate southward during the winter months to warmer climates . during this migration they can be found in habitats ranging from subtropics to tundras . the caterpillars of this species live on the plants they feed on ( see food habits below ) .
subsequently , the new zealand indigenous and naturalized crassula were given a full treatment by sykes ( in webb et al . , 1988 ) . there c . hunua and c . ruamahanga were retained as distinct species , being distinguished from each other by differences in leaf and petal shape , length and width , and these more detailed and comparative descriptions included better information about the distribution of the species . since sykes ' s treatment , moar ( 1993 ) provided a detailed description of the pollen of c . hunua , noting that ‘similar grains occur in c . kirkii ( allan ) a . p . druce et given , c . multicaulis ( petrie ) a . p . druce et given , and c . ruamahanga a . p . druce’ , and webb and simpson ( 2001 ) described and illustrated seed morphology of c . hunua and c . ruamahanga . murray and de lange ( 1999 ) and de lange et al . ( 2004 a ) reported that they share the same chromosome number , 2 n = 42 , but this was based on single accessions of each species .
the star nearest the fly edge of the ensign shall measure five - sixtieths , the star at the top of the cross and that nearest to the union jack shall each measure six - sixtieths , and the star at the bottom of the cross shall measure seven - sixtieths of the hoist of the ensign across their respective red points , and the width of the white borders to the several stars shall in all cases be equal to one one - hundred - and - twentieth of the hoist of the ensign .
unravelling the details of this hypothetical reticulate evolution in the c . hunua clade will require extensive population level sampling to address issues such as the level of sexual reproduction in different populations , the fertility of different hybrid combinations and phylogenetic relationships . aflp or other multilocus dna fingerprinting techniques may be informative in addressing these questions , and may potentially provide an assessment of nuclear dna phylogenetic relationships independent of its . clearly in crassula it is not logical to rely too heavily on sequences from a single region of the genome . cloning of its pcr products to explore the diversity of sequences present in those specimens displaying mixed signals in direct sequences might allow the identification of a larger number of variants within individuals , and allow for more robust phylogenetic analysis of these . the use of sequence - specific primers would allow a further test of whether pcr - bias or copy number differences are resulting in a distorted view of its sequence diversity within individuals . while these experiments might give a better picture of the complexities of its sequence evolution in the group , given their cytogenetic diversity , it is doubtful that these data would be of direct relevance to the taxonomic and conservation issues of crassula in new zealand . despite the sampling and technical limitations of the dna sequence data presented here , it is clear that issues of population and breeding biology within these crassula taxa need to be addressed before dna sequence variation can be meaningfully incorporated into historical accounts of evolution within the c . ruamahanga clade . however , the dna sequence data , particularly the incongruence between nuclear and plastid markers do suggest a complex phylogenetic history in accord with the cytological data presented here . the other four crassula species , c . helmsii , c . kirkii , c . multicaulis and c . sinclairii , which also group in the c . ruamahanga clade , show clear morphological distinctions from c . ruamahanga and are therefore not included in the recircumscribed c . ruamahunga .
description . diminutive , perennial herb forming diffuse to extensive , compact to loose , yellow - green , green to dark green , moss - like mats ; stems much branched , prostrate , rooting at nodes , scarcely ascending at tips : internodes 1·5–9·8 mm , terete , 0·3–0·6 mm diam . leaves connate at base , 0·7–2·9 × 0·3–1 mm , 0·3–0·5 mm thick , linear - oblong , linear - lanceolate , lanceolate or elliptic - lanceolate , flattened to slightly concave above , convex beneath , apex sometimes obtuse , usually subacute , acute to sharply acute ; shortly acuminate or with an apiculus up to 0·3 mm long , caducous . flowers solitary in leaf axils , star - like , sweetly fragrant , 4 - merous , peduncle 0·2–5·4 mm long , 0·7–0·7 mm wide , not or scarcely elongating at fruiting . calyx lobes 0·5–1·7 × 0·3–0·5 mm , triangular to triangular - ovate , obtuse , acute , ± acuminate , usually with an apiculus up to 0·1 mm long , caducous . corolla 0·9–3·2 mm diam . ; petals 0·5–1·7 × 0·3–0·6 mm , narrowly elliptic - ovate , ovate to triangular - ovate , white or pink - flushed , subacute , acute to sharply acute , ≥ calyx . stamens 4 , filaments 0·9–1·2 mm , white , terete ; anthers 0·4–0·6 mm , rose - pink ; pollen ( vide moar , 1993 ) pale yellow , usually anisopolar , tricolporate , sometimes tetracolporate ; ectoaperture broad , long , generally branching , and often fusing to form a polar cap at one , or both , poles ; polar axis 13–14 µm , equatorial axis 12–15 µm . scales 4 , 0·3–0·5 mm long , narrowly to broadly cuneate . follicles 4 , 0·9–1·2 × 0·6–1 mm , ovoid to ellipsoid , turgid , recurved , smooth . style minute , approx . 0·01 mm , recurved . seeds ( vide webb and simpson , 2001 ) 2–4 per follicle , 0·4 × 0·25 mm , narrowly elliptic , elliptic - oblong , to oblong , more or less terete to almost square in section , apex and base truncate , base sometimes with a slight projection . testa dull , dark henna , dark purple - brown , orange - brown or dark red - brown , almost smooth or with an indistinct regulate - colliculate pattern . fl . ( aug - ) jan ( –apr ) . fr . ( sep– ) jan ( –may ) . chromosome number 2 n = 42 to 2 n = 100 ( vide murray and de lange , 1999 ; de lange et al . , 2004 a ; this paper ) .
because of its nasty sting , the native nettle and other introduced species have been heavily sprayed over the years . this has seen the nitrogen soil loving plants dwindle substantially in both the countryside and around gardens .
but the much maligned nettle is seeing a small come back as butterfly lovers plant up shady areas of their gardens . these are often at the back of flower gardens and behind wire netting to keep children away .
the oratia native plant nursery has three types of native nettles and has noticed a steady increase in sales up from about 20 plants a few years ago to around 200 this year .
rob jones with forest & bird has been working with the auckland council to reintroduce nettles and other butterfly plants like muelanbeckia to some parks in an effort to boost butterfly numbers and increase biodiversity .
kingsland community gardens and mahi whenua on the unitec campus have planted nettles , and hundreds have been planted along with muelanbeckia for a big butterfly house project at mt eden .
kept safe from wasps , the resulting butterflies then head off to look for plants in the park and beyond .
three small patches of the same nettle have been planted up in the park , well away from areas the public can get to ,
maitland says .
we won ' t be planting any of the tree nettle urtica ferox as that is really brutal and nasty .
while there are no plans to actively encourage butterflies further north at tawharanui open sanctuary , these same coastal herbs are also likely to increase as sea bird sites increase .
if an enthusiastic volunteer wants to take on a nettle programme for the butterflies at tawharanui , parks staff will consider it , maitland says .
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common found nationwide where it has a supply of its foodplants . it has had a population drop off in the last few decades due to reduced numbers of nettle tree - onga onga ( urtica ferox ) and since the introduction of the parasites ( ichneumon ' s and the wasp pteromalus puparum ) to control the white butterfly . however , the majority are probably lost to the self - introduced australian wasp , echthromorpha intricatoria .
laid individually on a nettle leaf , generally near the stalk and fairly often on the side of one of the stinging hairs . green in colour and barrel - shaped with 9 vertical ribs . they hatch in about 8 to 9 days . the larva eats a small hole near the top so it can get out , but will leave the rest of the shell behind .
. they are known to change colour when moulting to provide better camouflage with their immediate environment and lighting conditions . the larvae live about 4 - 6 weeks in summer and the winter generation hatch in june ,
1st instar larvae are dull brown with small white flecks , simple setae and a black head . it takes about 10 days to grow to about 2 . 5mm . 2nd instar develop a whitish lateral stripe that appears above the legs . the setae develop growing 2 or more branches . it grows to about 5mm before moulting . 3rd instar larvae develop a more predominant lateral line and sub - dorsal lines begin to show . it will grow to about 10mm before moulting again . 4th instar larvae have an increase in setae branching and numbers while growing to about 22mm . 5th instar larvae get a green head and grow to about 36mm .
they live individually in a silken tent which it makes by attaching silken strands to curl the leaf slightly which it is presently eating until there ' s not much of the leaf left , at which point it moves onto another leaf and repeats the process . the colour changing and leaf - curling is for camouflage and protection from the elements and predators . however to us human ' s and probably some other predators their flimsy looking tents can be a give - away to their presence in the last 2 instars as they will chew part - way through the stem of the leaf to let it droop , before starting to eat the leaf from the tip . this is to stop the plant ' bleeding ' sap and making feeding easier . it will make a flimsy tent with some silken strands to curl these leaves too . they also are more likely to feed in the open in the last 2 instars . they generally eat the leaves of the foodplants only . before pupating , they spend up to 2 days head - down in a ' j ' position on a leaf with their anal prolegs attached to a silken pad . grows up to 40mm when fully grown .


the eurasian siskin ( spinus spinus ) is a small passerine bird in the finch family fringillidae .

it is also called the european siskin , common siskin or just siskin .

other ( archaic ) names include black-headed goldfinch , barley bird and aberdevine .

it is very common throughout europe and asia .

it is found in forested areas , both coniferous and mixed woodland where it feeds on seeds of all kinds , especially of alder and conifers .

it can be distinguished from other similar finches by the color of the plumage .

the upper parts are greyish green and the under parts grey-streaked white .

its wings are black with a conspicuous yellow wing bar , and the tail is black with yellow sides .

the male has a mainly yellow face and breast , with a neat black cap .

female and young birds have a greyish green head and no cap .

it is a trusting , sociable and active bird .

the song of this bird is a pleasant mix of twitters and trills .

for these reasons it is often raised in captivity .

these birds have an unusual migration pattern as every few years in winter they migrate southwards in large numbers .

the reasons for this behaviour are not known but may be related to climatic factors and above all the availability of food .

in this way overwintering populations can thrive where food is abundant .

this small finch is an acrobatic feeder , often hanging upside-down like a tit .

it will visit garden bird feeding stations .

eurasian siskin

eurasian siskin ( spinus spinus ) a male eurasian siskin feeding on alder seeds . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive
• this siskin seems to belong to the north american spinus / carduelis evolutive radiation , whose parental species is the eurasian siskin . this finch may have displaced from america to the parental species eurasian siskin .
complete mitochondrial genome of the eurasian siskin , spinus spinus ( passeriformes : fringillidae ) .
complete mitochondrial genome of the eurasian siskin , spinus spinus ( passeriformes : fringillidae ) . - semantic scholar
information on the eurasian siskin ( carduelis spinus ) is being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the eurasian siskin is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
lethaby , nick ( 1997 ) identification of pine siskin birding world 10 ( 10 ) : 383 - 6 ( covers separation from eurasian siskin c . spinus )
eurasian siskin ( spinus spinus ) a male feeding on larch seeds . | the internet bird collection | hbw alive
eurasian siskin , carduelis spinus ( synonyms , spinus notatus and spinus spinus ) , linnaeus , 1758 , also known as the european siskin , the common siskin , the spruce siskin or just as the siskin , and other ( antiquated ) names include the black - headed goldfinch , the barley bird , or aberdevine , photographed at brereton heath local nature reserve , cheshire , uk .
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eurasian carduelis spinus ( siskin ) has given rise to the c . pinus ( pine siskin ) north american radiation , which includes c . dominicensis , c . p . perplexus and c . atriceps .
general information . the eurasian siskin is a common and plentiful passerine in finland . the nesting population has increased according to the latest surveys .
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variation in black bib of the eurasian siskin ( carduelis spinus ) and its role as a reliable badge of dominance
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feederwatchers track the spread of eurasian collared - doves . photo by laura erickson .
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flight : eurasian siskin has rapid undulating flight , usually performed above the tree tops . they fly in small groups or in large flocks of about 50 birds .
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protection / threats / status : eurasian siskins’ populations are not globally threatened at this moment .
the eurasian siskin ( spinus spinus ) , also called the european siskin , common siskin or just siskin , is found throughout europe and asia . in this study , the complete mitochondrial genome of s . spinus was determined to be 16 , 828 bp . the size of protein - coding genes ( pcgs ) in the s . spinus mitochondrial genome was 11 , 400 bp . the longest pcg of s . spinus mtdna…
the eurasian siskin looks similar to the greenfinch and the european serin , serinus serinus , but can be distinguished from both species by the yellow bars across their mainly black wings .
diet : eurasian siskin feeds mainly on seeds of pine and spruce , but also of other trees . during the nesting period , it also takes insects for feeding the young .
linda , the pine siskin is carduelis pinus . there is no genus “spinus . ”
eurasian skylark . adult . cape kidnappers , january 2010 . image © dick porter by dick porter
these small , lively finches are closely related to the similar , north american pine siskin .
english : siskin ; french : tarin des aulnes ; german : erlenzeisig ; spanish : lúgano .
pine siskin - carduelis pinus ( a . wilson , 1810 ) - details - encyclopedia of life
the thin , pointed bill allows the bird to extract the seed from the shell . eurasian siskin is very active , always moving in different postures for feeding . it also forages in groups on the ground .
the siskin is a small finch , about the size of a blue tit and with similar agility .
habitat : eurasian siskin usually breeds in coniferous or mixed forests , but it prefers spruce trees . in winter , this species frequents birches and alders located along streams . but they also often frequent gardens and bird - feeders .
distribution in vaasa . the eurasian siskin is a common bird species found in vaasa . it was observed in about 200 survey blocks . size of the annual populations varies , depending on the availability of seeds from coniferous trees .
same thing with the female pine warbler – it doesn’t look all that much like the pine siskin , above .
range : eurasian siskin breeds throughout temperate northern europe and into russia . a separate population occurs in eastern asia . the northernmost populations migrate southwards in winter , and asian populations winter in china . this species is partially resident in its range .
eurasian siskins feed on grains and tree seeds and buds . they also use bird feeders put out by people during the winter .
eurasian siskin , carduelis spinus was reproduced on premium heavy stock paper which captures all of the vivid colors and details of the original . the overall paper size is inches and the image size is inches . this print is ready for hanging or framing .
eurasian siskin utters thin , plaintive “dlu - ee” as usual call , often in flight . when they are feeding in groups , they give low , dry twittering “tetetet” . when it alights among other siskins , it utters harsh , raspy “chrrr - chrrr” .
shoot ! i take that back . got it from stokes , but the cornell site says spinus pinus for pine siskin .
, compare with a short bill in european siskin , with a decurved culmen . there is a green morph of pine siskin , closer in appearance to european siskin ; these birds make up only 1 % of the population . these are closer in appearance to female european siskin , but differ in that they have a yellow - wash on the undertail - coverts ( white on european siskin ) , no yellow in the supercilium , reduced underparts streaking , and much yellow at the base of the tail and remiges ; there may also be a difference in the extent of yellow in the underparts but this needs further study .
behaviour : eurasian siskin feeds mainly on spruce or pine seeds during the breeding season . in winter , they gather in flocks mixed with other species , feeding on seeds or birches and alders . they feed as tits , hanging upside down at the end of branches .
ebird range map - pine siskin . ebird . cornell lab of ornithology , n . d . web . 20 july 2012 .
valerie rescued the little siskin in spain , which she found alone with its siblings lying dead nearby . the story is below :
habitat . the eurasian siskin primarily nests in coniferous forests but is also a common nester near residential areas and along edges of city parks . like the common redpoll , their nesting season is long in duration . observations indicate that nesting can be made from april through to august .
pine siskin ( carduelis pinus ) . the internet bird collection . lynx edicions , n . d . web . 20 july 2012 .
the siskin , particularly the female , is often confused with the greenfinch , but the latter is bigger and lacks the dark streaks .
see mclaren et al . ( 1989 , am . birds 43 : 1268 - 1274 ) for detailed information on distinguishing between pine and eurasian siskins .
eurasian siskins breed in various kinds of coniferous forest , including boreal and montane types . they often winter in more open kinds of habitats , including gardens .
the eurasian siskin is small - - smaller than , say , a european greenfinch , c . chloris . they breed in coniferous woodlands and winter in riverside birches and alders as well as gardens . they are seed - eating birds , especially consuming seeds from conifers , alders and birch , as well as some insects . siskins will also eat berries and other fruits , especially in winter . here ' s a video of eurasian siskins feeding on rowan berries :
both my roger tory peterson western birds , and birds of new mexico by stan tekiela identify what i’m looking at as a pine siskin . l
check urltoken ( my website ) . one male siskin is perched on the top of an alder . it is feeding with the alder seeds .
frost , p . g . h . 2013 . eurasian skylark . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
unitt p , rodriguez estrella r & castellanos vera a . ( 1992 ) . ferruginous hawk and pine siskin in the sierra de la laguna , baja california sur : subspecies of the pine siskin in baja california . western birds . vol 23 , no 4 . p . 171 - 172 .
response : this is an adult female eurasian siskin , carduelis spinus , a member of fringillidae , the true finches . although what is a fringillid and how these birds are related to each other has been the source of debate , most true finches are seed - eating passerines that are found in the northern hemisphere .
in this study , we examined the response of the avian transcriptome to experimental malaria infections in vivo using rna - seq . we caught wild malaria - naïve eurasian siskins (
the eurasian siskins ( carduelis spinus ) are also known as black - headed goldfinches , common siskins , european siskins , spruce siskins or simply siskins or aberdevines in europe .
clement , p . 2016 . eurasian siskin ( carduelis spinus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . and de juana , e . ( eds ) , handbook of the birds of the world alive , lynx edicions , barcelona .
the pine siskin ( spinus pinus ) is a north american bird in the finch family . it is a migratory bird with an extremely sporadic winter range .
yunick rp . ( 1976 ) . delayed molt in pine siskin . bird - banding . vol 47 , no 4 . p . 306 - 309 .
statistical analysis suggested that the avian hev seroprevalence in pet birds from lanzhou ( 15 . 82 % , 31 / 196 , 95 % ci 10 . 71–20 . 93 ) was significantly higher than that from longnan ( 8 . 00 % , 16 / 200 , 95 % ci 4 . 24–11 . 76 ) and tianshui ( 4 . 15 % , 12 / 289 , 95 % ci 1 . 85–6 . 45 ) ( ) ( table 2 ) . moreover , the seroprevalence in eurasian siskin was significantly higher than that in black - tailed grosbeak ( ) , but the difference between eurasian siskin and oriental skylark was not statistically significant ( ) . the seroprevalence of different species from different locations ranged from 2 . 29 % ( 1 / 36 , 95 % ci 0 . 00–8 . 15 ) ( black - tailed grosbeak : tianshui ) to 15 % ( 18 / 120 , 95 % ci 8 . 61–21 . 39 ) ( eurasian siskin : lanzhou ) ( table 1 ) .
the following habitats are found across the siskin distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .
reproduction : breeding season occurs in spring . in early april , female builds the nest in pine or fur , at the end of horizontal branch . nest is made with fine twigs , moss , lichens , wool , down and fur . it is very small . eurasian siskin may nest in small groups , close to each other and high in tree .
the oldest recorded pine siskin was at least 8 years , 8 months old when it was found in michigan in 1966 . it had been banded in pennsylvania in 1958 .
the first one is a pine warbler , and the second is a pine siskin . what impresses me is that jerry hit georgia just right to capture both the birds that made me a birder : the great blue heron and the pine siskin ( which is staging a massive invasion into georgia this winter ) . thanks for the memories , jerry !
clement , p . ( 2018 ) . eurasian siskin ( spinus spinus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
and on the sides of the breast , green tones in the mantle and yellow in the rump . adult pine siskins of the typical morph do not have green and yellow tones , although juveniles can have a yellowish - buff wash on their underparts and buff - toned wingbars , for a short period prior to their autumn migration . the ground colour of the underparts of european siskin is normally pure white , whereas on pine siskin it is usually a dirtier colour . in female and juvenile european siskin , the centre of the belly and lower breast are often largely or entirely unstreaked , whereas in most pine siskins the streaking extends across the whole of the underparts . the wingbars of european siskin are broad and yellow ( with the tips white ) whereas they are normally narrower and buffish - white in pine siskin , contrasting with the bright yellow flash at the base of the primaries . pine siskins have a longer bill , usually with a straight
coniferous forests were not well surveyed before the 1990s and so the long term trend in the siskin population is not well known , but it appears that their numbers may have decreased in recent years .
arnaiz - villena , a ; areces c , rey d , enríquez - de - salamanca m , alonso - rubio j and ruiz - del - valle v ( 2012 ) .
three different north american siskin / goldfinch evolutionary radia - tions ( genus carduelis ) : pine siskin green morphs and european siskins in america
. the open ornithology journal 5 : 73–81 . doi : 10 . 2174 / 1874453201205010073 .
the siskin can be found in a number of locations including : africa , asia , europe , mediterranean , russia , united kingdom , wales . find out more about these places and what else lives there .
this study was approved by the animal ethics committee of lanzhou veterinary research institute , chinese academy of agricultural sciences . pet birds of various species ( eurasian siskin , oriental skylark , and black - tailed grosbeak ) , from which serum samples were collected , were handled with good animal practices required by the animal ethics procedures and guidelines of the people’s republic of china . the market owners of pet birds had given permission for the collection of serum samples .
jennings dt & crawford hs . ( 1983 ) . pine siskin preys on egg masses of the spruce budworm choristoneura - fumiferana lepidoptera tortricidae . canadian entomologist . vol 115 , no 4 . p . 439 - 440 .
eurasian siskins range widely across eurasia , from the united kingdom , through virtually all of europe , across asia to eastern russia , northern china , and japan . they winter irregularly in more southern regions within their range , sometimes in large irruptions .
mclaren ia , morlan j , smith pw , gosselin m & bailey se . ( 1989 ) . eurasian siskins in north america distinguishing females from green - morph pine siskins . american birds . vol 43 , no 5 . p . 1268 - 1274 .
eurasian siskins can be rather tame , and may even perch on people when being fed . they have a bounding flight pattern . eurasian siskins are migratory , breeding in northern parts of their range and spending the winter in southern reaches . they are highly social bird , particularly during the nonbreeding season when they occur in large flocks , often with other finches . their courtship and territorial displays include aerial maneuvers and singing by the male . the song is a high - pitched twittering , and there are also distinctive call notes .
the eurasian siskin ' s upperparts are greyish green , its wings are black with a conspicuous yellow wing bar , a long and narrow bill and the distinctly forked tail is black with yellow patches on the sides . the underparts are white with greyish streaks . males have a bright yellow face and breast with a neat black cap . females have a greyish green head , no cap , and are duller and more heavily streaked than males , whilst juveniles are streaked like females , but duller and browner .
tallman da & zusi rl . ( 1984 ) . a hybrid red crossbill pine siskin loxia - curvirostra x carduelis - pinus and speculations on the evolution of loxia . auk . vol 101 , no 1 . p . 155 - 158 .
dawson , william r . 1997 . pine siskin ( spinus pinus ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online : urltoken
seeds , make up the majority of the pine siskin ' s diet . in a part of their esophagus called the crop , the species can store up to 10 % of their body weight in seeds overnight , providing extra food on cold days .
although considered washington ' s most common finch , the pine siskin has suffered a significant annual decline in population since 1966 , according to the breeding bird survey . due to the irruptive nature of this species , populations vary widely from year to year , and trends can be difficult to interpret . parasitism by brown - headed cowbirds can have a significant impact on pine siskin productivity , and forest fragmentation has increased their contact with cowbirds . maintaining large tracts of coniferous forest will help keep this bird common .
question for the other birders east of the mississippi ( and jac , too , if you have the time ) : that pine siskin doesn’t look anything like the pine siskins here . are they two separate species , or is that one just a lot lighter in color ?
arnaiz - villena , a . , areces , c . , rey , d . , enriquez - de - slamanka , m . , alonso - rubio , j . , and ruiz - del - valle , v . , three different north american siskin / goldfinch evolutionary radiations ( genus
comments : cause ( s ) of the range - wide population decline indicated by breeding bird survey ( bbs ) data are uncertain . deforestation has eliminated or reduced habitat in some areas , but this species is adaptable and frequently uses and nests in altered and anthropogenic habitats ( dawson 1997 ) , so it seems unlikely that this is responsible for the decline . salmonellosis , apparently associated with siskin use of bird feeders , has caused die - offs in some areas in some years ( dawson 1997 ) ; further study is needed on the effects of this disease on siskin populations .
hepatitis e virus ( hev ) , the causative agent of hepatitis e , has been reported in a wide variety of animals , including birds , but little is known of hev infection in pet birds in northwest china . the objective of the present investigation was to examine hev seroprevalence in three species of pet birds , namely , eurasian siskin , oriental skylark , and black - tailed grosbeak from gansu . serum samples collected from 685 pet birds from august 2011 to september 2012 were examined independently for the presence of antibodies against hev . a total of 59 ( 8 . 31 % ) pet birds were tested positive for hev antibodies by the commercially available enzyme immunoassay kits . of these , the seroprevalence was diverse in different species pet birds ; the most frequent level was 10 . 83 % ( 39 / 360 ) in eurasian siskin , followed by 6 . 57 % ( 19 / 289 ) in oriental skylark , and 2 . 29 % ( 1 / 36 ) in black - tailed grosbeak . age and collecting region of pet birds were the main risk factors associated with hev infection . the present study firstly revealed the seroprevalence of hev infection in three species of pet birds in northwest china , which provided the baseline data for taking comprehensive countermeasures and measures for effectively preventing and controlling hev infection in birds .
avian hev infection in domestic birds has been reported all over the world [ 4 , 9 , 10 ] as well as in china , but avian hev infection in wild birds and pet birds has been limitedly reported [ 3 , 11 ] . the objective of the present investigation was to estimate the seroprevalence of avian hev infection in three species of pet birds , namely , eurasian siskin ( carduelis spinus ) , oriental skylark ( alauda gulgula ) , and black - tailed grosbeak ( coccothraustes migratorius ) from gansu , for the first time , which would provide “baseline” information for assessing the effectiveness of strategies for control of avian hev infection in pet birds in china .
dawson , w . r . 1997 . pine siskin ( carduelis pinus ) . in the birds of north america , no . 280 ( a . poole and f . gill , eds . ) . the academy of natural sciences , philadelphia , pa , and the american ornithologists’ union , washington , d . c .
avian hev infection has been isolated from the united states [ 6 , 12 ] , canada [ 13 ] , several countries in europe [ 4 , 8 ] , australia [ 5 , 14 ] , korea [ 9 ] , and china [ 15 , 16 ] . however , avian hev infection has been limitedly reported in pet birds in the world [ 11 ] . this paper represents the first report describing the seroprevalence of avian hev from three species of pet birds ( eurasian siskin , oriental skylark , and black - tailed grosbeak ) in northwest china , and the finding from this study has significant implications for our understanding of the global epidemiology and spread of avian hev .
the range of eurasian collared - doves is expanding rapidly . david said , “feederwatchers in alaska reported them in the past few months . the species has spread from the southeast to alaska in about 10 years . that truly is remarkable , and far faster than any of the estimates for the speed of invasion by house sparrows or starlings in the 1800s . ”
every couple of years , pine siskins make unpredictable movements called irruptions into southern and eastern north america . though they’re erratic , these movements may not be entirely random . banding data suggest that some birds may fly west - east across the continent while others move north - south . learn more about pine siskin movements at project feederwatch .
the eurasian collared - dove is associated with developed habitats throughout europe and asia , and this pattern holds in america . david bonter said , “human activity creates environments that are preferred by these nonnative doves . ” collared - doves are also known to be aggressive and behaviorally dominant over similar species , and so the research focused on how the growing population of eurasian collared - doves was affecting florida populations of mourning doves , common ground - doves , white - winged doves , and rock pigeons . david said , “so far , the new invaders do not appear to be negatively influencing the numbers of native doves that we see in the winter . but this study focuses on florida , a sub - tropical environment . it will be interesting to see how collared - doves interact with the natives in more temperate environments . ”
( a bird the species does not naturally co - exist with ) , in many plumages , is much brighter . adult male european siskins are bright green and yellow with a black cap , and an unstreaked throat and breast ; pine siskin does not have a corresponding bright plumage . adult female european siskins also usually have green and yellow plumage tones : for example , yellow in the
the diagnosis of avian hev infection in the field should be done minimally by detecting the specific virus rna from the chicken samples [ 4 ] . avian hev could either cause hs syndrome alone or play an assistant role coupled with other agents in strengthening clinical symptoms . despite the fact that the present study reported seropositivity in eurasian siskin , oriental skylark , and black - tailed grosbeak , we did not conduct the observation of clinical symptoms in these birds due to limited time . in future studies , it would be interesting to enlarge the variety and number of sampled birds . furthermore , further studies should be conducted to detect the specific virus rna in birds sample and examine whether or not avian hev infection can aggravate clinical symptoms via coinfection experiments with other agents and illuminate the clinical significance of avian hev infections in china .
eurasian siskins are about 5 . 1 in ( 13 cm ) in length . they have a thin , pointed beak . the upperparts of the male are colored gray , with yellow bars on the wings , a yellow belly and face , and black on the crown of the head and just beneath the lower mandible . the female is much duller and more heavily streaked , and has a whitish belly and few yellow markings .
eurasian siskins build a cup - shaped nest of grasses and other plant fibers . the nest is usually placed in a conifer tree . the clutch consists of four or five spotted eggs . they build their nest and lay eggs earlier than usual in years when there is an abundant supply of conifer seeds , even doing while snow is still on the ground . this can allow them to raise additional broods during that nesting season .
olive - brown , with yellow on the face and belly . the female is somewhat duller in color . domesticated varieties , however , can vary widely in coloration , with as many as several hundred types being recognized . red canaries are among the extremes of coloration , and are derived from fertile hybrids of the island canary and the black - capped red siskin ( carduelis atriceps ) of south america .
eurasian skylarks are more often heard than seen . their small size and streaked brown plumage make them difficult to see on the ground , but their vibrant aerial song quickly reveals their presence , a song that has inspired poets and musicians for centuries . skylarks were introduced into new zealand from england between 1864 and 1879 , when more than 1000 birds were released . birds from new zealand were released in turn on the hawaiian islands in 1870 , supplementing a population introduced there from england five years earlier .
biological introductions and invasions are placed among the top five causes for declines in global biodiversity , but how introduced species affect native communities usually goes largely undocumented until long after a species has become established . one of the most recent exotic birds to arrive in north america , the eurasian collared - dove was released in the bahamas in the mid - 1970s , was first documented breeding in florida in 1982 , and since about 2000 has spread rapidly across the continent . how has its presence affected other doves ?
the siskin is a small , lively finch , which is smaller than a greenfinch . it has a distinctly forked tail and a long narrow bill . the male has a streaky yellow - green body and a black crown and bib . there are yellow patches in the wings and tail . it is mainly a resident breeder from southern england to northern scotland , but is most numerous in scotland and wales . many breeding birds are residents ; in winter birds arrive here also from europe .
chizhik pyzhik , an 11 - centimeter statue of a siskin , was installed near the summer garden in 1994 , on the site of the former imperial legal academy , founded by prince pyotr oldenburgsky in 1835 . the academy ' s students wore green and yellow uniforms that apparently made them look like siskins . their habitual - clandestine - visits to a well - known local hostelry led to the petersburg folk - song ,
chizhik pyzhik , where ' ve you been ? on fontanka , drinking vodka .
to the person questioning the siskin coloration . there are different races of siskins ; the western ones have much more yellow / green than our race here in the east . we have one western bird coming in with our eastern siskins to our feeders in brooklyn , ny’s prospect park – he really stands out . siskins , because they are northern finches are virtually circumpolar . the european siskins either are or are not a separate species , they are awfully close siskins are irruptive this year , we don’t usually get them this far south .
the eurasian bullfinch is a relatively large finch with a body length of about 5 . 5–6 . 3 in ( 14–16 cm ) and weighing about 0 . 8–1 . 1 oz ( 22–30 g ) . they have a short , stout , dark - colored beak . the male is gray on the upper body , with a black headcap , black wings with a prominent white wing - bar , a reddish belly and sides of head , and white rump . the female and the young are duller , being more brownish pink and lacking the red breast . there is considerable variation in size and coloration among the subspecies .
bred . red - colored canaries owe their origin , and their reddish coloration , to captive interbreeding of the island canary with the black - capped red siskin ( carduelis atriceps ) . canaries are still a common pet and are prized all over the world as eager songsters . selective breeding has produced varieties of canaries with distinctly different songs . a variety of other finches also are kept as cage - birds for their song , lively behavior , and / or attractive plumage . other than the domesticated canary , all finches have some indirect , local economic importance through ecotourism associated with birding .
five hundred and forty million unique reads were successfully mapped to the genome ( supplementary table s10 , supplementary material online ) . two main factors will reduce the proportion of sequence reads mapped in this study . first , a substantial part of the reads in infected birds originates from the parasite’s mrna and hence will lower the proportion of avian reads . this can be seen in the reduced percentage of reads mapped in infected birds compared with the same bird before infection , day 0 ( supplementary table s10 , supplementary material online ) . second , the bird species sequenced was eurasian siskin , and even though avian genomes are highly conserved ( ellegren 2010 ) , use of the zebra finch genome will automatically reduce mapping statistics due to evolutionary divergence between the two species . taking these two factors into account , the percentage of reads mapped to the genome was nonetheless relatively high ( 84 . 1 % for 90 - bp reads and 64 . 2 % for 65 - bp reads ) . average base pair coverage per individual relative to the zebra finch entire transcriptome was high ( 137 . 5 ) ( supplementary table s10 , supplementary material online ) , despite sequencing only blood and therefore we expected low or no coverage from tissue - specific genes . reads used in this study have been uploaded to the ncbi sequence read archive under the accession number srp045347 .
in the present survey , cabs against avian hev were detected in 59 ( 8 . 61 % , 95 % confidence interval ci 6 . 51–10 . 71 ) of the 685 examined bird serum samples by elisa ( table 1 ) . of these , the seroprevalence of avian hev was diverse in different species pet birds ; the most frequent level was 10 . 83 % ( 39 / 360 , 95 % ci 7 . 62–14 . 04 ) in eurasian siskin , followed by 6 . 57 % ( 19 / 289 , 95 % ci 3 . 72–9 . 43 ) in oriental skylark and 2 . 29 % ( 1 / 36 , 95 % ci 0 . 00–8 . 15 ) in black - tailed grosbeak . moreover , the seroprevalence in adult pet birds ( 10 . 37 % , 56 / 540 , 95 % ci 7 . 80–12 . 94 ) was significantly higher than that in juvenile pet birds ( 2 . 07 % , 3 / 145 , 95 % ci 0 . 00–4 . 39 ) ( , 95 % ci 1 . 69–17 . 76 , ) , but the difference between male ( 9 . 31 % , 39 / 419 , 95 % ci 6 . 53–12 . 09 ) and female ( 7 . 52 % , 20 / 226 , 95 % ci 4 . 35–10 . 69 ) groups was not statistically significant ( , 95 % ci 0 . 45–1 . 39 , ) ( table 2 ) .
the siskin is a lively little bird with a forked tail . it is a colourful member of the finch family with a distinctive yellow stripe on its black wings . with a liking for conifer , alder and birch seeds , siskins will also visit gardens to take advantage of any nuts left in bird feeders . they are quite acrobatic using their feet to bring hanging food into reach . siskins are common throughout most of europe and asia , with the uk enjoying a healthy population that is most numerous in scotland and wales . those in england are joined in winter by a influx from europe . listen out for the song , a pleasant mix of twitters and trills , often performed in groups .
listed as vulnerable because of extensive habitat loss . the yellow - faced siskin ( carduelis yarrellii ) of brazil and venezuela is vulnerable because of uncontrolled trapping for the pet trade and habitat loss . the yellow - throated seedeater ( serinus flavigula ) of ethiopia is vulnerable because of habitat loss through agricultural activities . species listed as near threatened include the vietnam greenfinch ( carduelis monguilloti ) of vietnam , the kipingere seedeater ( serinus melanochrous ) of tanzania , the syrian serin ( serinus syriacus ) of the middle east ( egypt , iraq , israel , jordan , lebanon , and syria ) , and the salvadori ' s serin ( serinus xantholaema ) of ethiopia . the blue chaffinch ( fringilla teydea ) of the canary islands ( spain ) is considered conservation dependent . ( this designation is given to species that would become threatened within five years if conservation programs targeting them were suspended . ) sillem ' s mountain - finch ( leucosticte sillemi ) of china and the scottish crossbill ( loxia scotica ) of the united kingdom are listed as data deficient , meaning that appropriate data on their abundance and / or distribution are lacking .
many investigations have studied the effects of predation risk and competition over vigilance and feeding success , but they have proven to be difficult to discriminate . moreover , none of the studies that have avoided the confusion has considered all the vigilance variables , food intake rate and time spent in the foraging patch . in this study , we designed an experiment with eurasian siskins carduelis spinus foraging on three bird table feeders : one with low predation risk and competition , one with low predation risk and high competition and one with high predation risk and intermediate competition . birds responded to increasing interference competition by increasing mean scan durations ( probably due to the birds having to be vigilant for both other flock members and predators ) and maintaining the length of mean inter - scan durations , while they responded to increasing predation risk by reducing mean inter - scan durations ( probably in order to detect the predator sooner ) while maintaining similar length of mean scan durations . birds were often ejected from the feeder or departed because of disturbances , so time spent on feeders was reduced both because of competition and predation risk . pecking rates were affected by competition but not by predation risk . our results clearly show that birds vigilance strategy while foraging might be very different when they are mainly concerned with scanning for predators or when they primarily monitor competing flock companions . in addition , they stress the importance of recording all the vigilance and feeding variables when studying the effect of ecological factors over the foraging behaviour of birds .
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departamento de inmunologia , facultad de medicina , universidad complutense de madrid , avenida complutense s / n , 28040 madrird , spain .
it is addressed the question why c . spinus is not thriving now in america .
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the sculptor of this miniature masterpiece , the georgian master rezo gabriadze , said of his creation that ,
chizhik pyzhik helps students to get through unhappy love - affairs and get around on public transport without having tickets .
local tradition suggests that anyone who can toss a coin so that it lands on the statue without falling into the water is in line for some good luck . however , the statue itself has not been so fortunate , and has been stolen several times . after the last occasion , in 2002 , the staff of the museum of urban sculpture made a copy from designs kept in the museum . now , the museum apparently keeps several copies of chizhik pyzhik in stock - just in case .
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departamento de inmunolo - gia , facultad de medicina , universidad complutense , pabellon 5 , planta 4 . avda . complutense s / n , 28040 madrid , spain .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
cramp , s . and simmons , k . e . l . ( eds ) . 1977 - 1994 . handbook of the birds of europe , the middle east and africa . the birds of the western palearctic . oxford university press , oxford .
spinus spinus ( del hoyo and collar 2016 ) was previously placed in the genus carduelis following aerc tac ( 2003 ) ; aou ( 1998 and supplements ) ; cramp et al . ( 1977 - 1994 ) ; sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km 2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be decreasing but it is not thought to be decreasing significantly rapidly to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size is extremely large , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
in europe , the breeding population is estimated to number 13 , 600 , 000 - 21 , 100 , 000 pairs , which equates to 27 , 200 , 000 - 42 , 100 , 000 mature individuals ( birdlife international 2015 ) . europe forms c . 55 % of the global range , so a very preliminary estimate of the global population size is 49 , 000 , 000 - 77 , 000 , 000 mature individuals , although further validation of this estimate is needed . trend justification : in europe the overall trend from 1980 - 2013 showed a moderate decline ( ebcc 2015 ) .
in some areas the species fluctuates significantly due to irregular resource availability ( clement 2016 ) .
conservation actions underway bern convention appendix ii . conservation actions proposed no conservation measures are currently needed for this species .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22720354a111126041 .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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