dolichovespula saxonica , also known as the saxon wasp , is a common social wasp found in the palearctic region , specifically in large parts of europe and in northern and central asia .

although originally from continental europe , d. saxonica has since colonized britain , mainly in the south and east , but has been recorded as far north as east lothian , scotland .

most of their nests are above ground in trees and bushes , but they can also be found in buildings .

due to the proliferation of nests in urban areas and near residential homes , d. saxonica can be a pest for people .

as a result , many human interventions are in place to remove saxon nests .

d. saxonica has been found to use chemical signaling in a lot of behaviors , such as alarm calls , fertility cues , and chemical trails .

dolichovespula saxonica

article : dolichovespula saxonica ( f . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) reaches gloucestershire
images of forewings of dolichovespula sylvestris ( a ) and dolichovespula saxonica ( b ) used by drawwing to generate wing diagrams .
c . michael hogan changed the thumbnail image of
image of dolichovespula saxonica
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use of terrestrial chemical trails for nest orientation in an open nesting wasp , dolichovespula saxonica f .
details - dolichovespula saxonica ( f . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) reaches gloucestershire - biodiversity heritage library
use of terrestrial chemical trails for nest orientation in an open nesting wasp , dolichovespula saxonica f . | springerlink
haessler ( 1981 ) a dolichovespula saxonica nest parasitized by d . adulterina from northwest germany ( hymenoptera ; vespidae ; vespinae )
steinmetz & shmoltz ( 2003 ) use of terrestrial chemical trails for nest orientation in an open nesting wasp , dolichovespula saxonica f .
marco gaiani marked
file : sächsische wespe . jpg
as hidden on the
dolichovespula saxonica ( fabricius , 1793 )
page .
haessler ( 1990 ) nest reconstruction by workers of dolichovespula saxonica ( fabricius ) and d . media ( retzius ) ( hymenoptera ; vespidae )
makino s . nest structure , colony composition and productivity of dolichovespula media media and d . saxonica nipponica in japan ( hymenoptera , vespidae )
wing diagrams of dolichovespula sylvestris ( a ) and dolichovespula saxonica ( b ) generated by drawwing . the vein junctions were numbered consecutively . the unit of both axes is 1 / 100 of the wing width .
steinmetz i , schmolz e ( 2003 ) use of terrestrial chemical trails for nest orientation in an open nesting wasp . dolichovespula saxonica f insectes soc 50 : 292–294
marco gaiani marked
file : sächsische wespe . jpg
as untrusted on the
dolichovespula saxonica ( fabricius , 1793 )
page . reasons to untrust : misidentified
there are great differences in the secondary nests built by dolichovespula saxonica ( fab . ) and d . media ( retz ) in the absence of their queen following the destruction of their nests . d . saxonica workers needed only one day to build a . . . more
c . michael hogan marked the classification from
species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013
as preferred for
dolichovespula saxonica ( fabricius , 1793 )
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in this aspect
d . arenaria
are unique among
dolichovespula
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wahlstedt , u . 2012 . dolichovespula saxonica takgeting , s . 310–311 – i : nationalnyckeln till sveriges flora och fauna . steklar : myror–getingar . hymenoptera : formicidae–vespidae . artdatabanken , slu , uppsala
makino s : nest structure , colony composition and productivity of dolichovespula media media and d . saxonica nipponica in japan ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) . kontyu . 1982 , 50 : 212 - 224 .
greene a . dolichovespula and vespula . in : ross kg , matthews rw , editors .
greene a . dolichovespula and vespula . in : ross k , matthews rw , editors .
archer me . an adventure into the history of a nest of the superwasp dolichovespula media .
nadolski ( 2013b ) phenology of the european hornet , vespa crabro l . and saxon wasps , dolichovespula saxonica f . ( hymenoptera ; vespidae ) : the influence of the weather on the reproductive success of wasp societies in urban conditions
use of terrestrial chemical trails for nest orientation in an open nesting wasp , dolichovespula saxo . . .
we assembled a set of 38 species from all genera in the vespinae and spanning the distribution range of the subfamily . we included the following parasitic species and their hosts , which are enclosed in parentheses : the palearctic d . adulterina ( dolichovespula saxonica , dolichovespula norwegica ; [ 42 , 43 ] ) , d . omissa ( dolichovespula sylvestris ; [ 42 ] ) , and v . dybowskii ( vespa simillima , vespa crabro ; [ 44 , 45 ] ) and the nearctic d . arctica ( dolichovespula arenaria , dolichovespula alpicola ; [ 46 – 50 ] ) and v . squamosa ( vespula maculifrons , vespula vidua , vespula flavopilosa , vespula germanica ; [ 51 – 55 ] ) .
the cuckoo wasp dolichovespula adulterina is an obligate social parasite , or inquiline species which lacks a worker caste and is dependant on its hosts d . saxonica and d . norwegica to rear its brood . it recorded from the czech republic . . . more
nadolski ( 2013b ) phenology of the european hornet , vespa crabro l . and saxon wasps , dolichovespula saxonica f . ( hymenoptera ; vespidae ) : the influence of the weather on the reproductive success of wasp societies in urban conditions | anthony daglio - urltoken
foster kr , ratnieks flw , gyllenstrand n , thoren p . colony kin structure and male production in dolichovespula wasps .
the long - cheeked wasp dolichovespula saxonica typically constructs exposed nests which can be reached by flying . usually foragers do not walk on substrates in the close vicinity of the nests as cavity breeding wasps do ( steinmetz et al . , 2002 ) . unexpectedly , when forced to walk outside the nest instead of flying in an artificial tunnel system , d . saxonica foragers lay a terrestrial trail and . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . the long - cheeked wasp dolichovespula saxonica typically constructs exposed nests which can be reached by flying . usually foragers do not walk on substrates in the close vicinity of the nests as cavity breeding wasps do ( steinmetz et al . , 2002 ) . unexpectedly , when forced to walk outside the nest instead of flying in an artificial tunnel system , d . saxonica foragers lay a terrestrial trail and use i . . .
a nest of dolichovespula saxonica ( f . ) parasitized by d . adulterina ( buyss ) was found in northern west germany for the first time . the nest was situated under a roof tile of south - southwest facing wall , on the outskirts of schleswig . the . . . more
archer me : an adventure into the history of a nest of the superwasp dolichovespula media . naturalist . 2011 , 136 : 235 -
ichiji ( 1999 ) a nest of dolichovespula norvegicoides pacifica birula ( hymenoptera ; vespidae ) found on mt . hakusan , ishikawa prefecture , japan
we tested the influence of illuminance and level of forager experience on nest orientation behavior of the social wasps vespula vulgaris , vespa crabro , and dolichovespula saxonica in an artificial laboratory tunnel system . the number of wasps which oriented themselves chemically via a terrestrial trail or used visual orientation were determined at different illuminance levels for foragers . . . [ show full abstract ]
dolichovespula arenaria .
itis standard report page . integrated taxonomic information system , n . d . web . 25 sept . 2014 . < urltoken > .
a nest of dolichovespula norvegiocides pacifica was found in a earthen cavity ( underground ) alongside a pathway in mt hakusan , japan . the nest appeared to be reconstructed .
archer me . a numerical account of the development of colonies of the social wasp , dolichovespula sylvestris ( scopoli ) ( hym . vespinae ) in england and overseas .
apart from the wing diagram drawwing also generates the list of coordinates of vein junctions . the list of coordinates was used successfully to discriminate between d . sylvestris and d . saxonica males . males of different species from genera vespula and dolichovespula are difficult to distinguish and it is believed that they can be reliably identified only using their genitalia ( edwards , 1980 ) . it is shown here that comparison of wing venation is another discrimination method at least in case of d . sylvestris and d . saxonica . the new method does not require any experience and can be used by non - specialists .
ty - jour ti - dolichovespula saxonica ( f . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) reaches gloucestershire t2 - british journal of entomology and natural history . vl - 10 ur - urltoken pb - british entomological and natural history society , cy - [ london ] : py - 1997 sp - 61 ep - 61 sn - 0952 - 7583 au - alexander , k n a er -
archer me . the life history and a numerical account of colonies of the social wasp , dolichovespula norwegica ( f . ) ( hym . , vespinae ) in england .
greene a , akre rd , landolt pj . the aerial yellowjacket , dolichovespula arenaria ( fab ) : nesting biology , reproductive production , and behavior ( hymenoptera : vespidae )
vandyk , john .
species dolichovespula arenaria - common aerial yellowjacket .
bugguide . iowa state university entomology , n . d . web . 25 sept . 2014 .
urltoken
greene , alex .
the aerial yellowjacket dolichovespula arenaria .
academia . edu . department of entomology - washington state university , n . d . web . 25 sept . 2014 .
greene , alex .
the aerial yellowjacket dolichovespula arenaria .
academia . edu . department of entomology - washington state university , n . d . web . 25 sept . 2014 .
aerial and subterranean yellowjacket nests . a . young colony of dolichovespula arenaria , a typical aerial - nesting yellowjacket . b . excavated , subterranean nest of an anesthetized colony of vespula flavopilosa .
greene a : dolichovespula and vespula . the social biology of wasps . edited by : ross k , matthews rw . 1991 , cornell university press , ithaca , ny , 263 - 305 .
lopez - osorio f , pickett km , carpenter jm , ballif ba , agnarsson i . phylogenetic relationships of yellowjackets inferred from nine loci ( hymenoptera : vespidae , vespinae , vespula and dolichovespula )
most species of dolichovespula ( d . media , d . sylvestris , d . saxonica in europe , d . maculata , d . arenaria in usa ) look very similar to vespula , with black and yellow stripes on the abdomen and only a slightly larger size . they can be distinguished from vespula by the larger distance between the eyes and the mandibles . only d . maculata , the bald - faced hornet in the usa , is easy to distinguish from other vespids by its mostly black abdomen . dolichovespula build their nests in tree branches or under the roofs of houses . they sting almost exclusively in the vicinity of their nests .
most species of dolichovespula ( d . media , d . sylvestris , d . saxonica in europe , d . maculata , d . arenaria in usa ) look very similar to vespula , with black and yellow stripes on the abdomen and only a slightly larger size . they can be distinguished from vespula by the larger distance between the eyes and the mandibles . only d . maculata , the bald - faced hornet in the usa , is easy to distinguish from other vespids by its mostly black abdomen . dolichovespula build their nests in tree branches or under the roofs of houses . they sting almost exclusively in the vicinity of their nests .
bunn , d . s . ( 23 october 1981 ) .
notes on the nesting cycle of dolichovespula sylvestris scop . ( hym . vespidae )
. entomologist ' s monthly magazine : 213–218 .
gibo , david l . “overwintering of polistes fuscatus in canada : use of abandoned nests of dolichovespula arenaria . ” journal of the new york entomological society 88 . 2 ( 1980 ) : 146–150 . web .
archer , michael e . ( 12 january 1998 ) .
taxonomy and world distribution of the euro - asian species of dolichovespula ( hym , vespinae )
. entomologist ' s monthly magazine : 153–160 .
an investigation is made of male genitalia in the vespinae to determine whether male genitalic differences can be used to separate the genera and species groups . differences are found between the genera and species groups except for some groups within dolichovespula . a key based on male genitalic characteristics is presented . analysis of male genitalic structure indicates that dolichovespula stigma lee should be transferred from the d . arenaria species group to the d . norwegica species group .
greene a , akre rd , landolt pj : the aerial yellowjacket , dolichovespula arenaria ( fab ) : nesting biology , reproductive production , and behavior ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . melanderia . 1976 , 26 : 1 - 20 .
the article gives an annotated list of vespidae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) from the urbanized territories of chelyabinsk region , including 13 species belonging to 4 genera ( vespula , polistes , dolichovespula and vespa ) and 2 subfamilies . . . more
archer me : a numerical account of the development of colonies of the social wasp , dolichovespula sylvestris ( scopoli ) ( hym . vespinae ) in england and overseas . entomologist’s monthly magazine ( united kingdom ) . 2002 , 138 : 209 -
resistance to electricity by social wasp cuticle is temperature dependent within the range of 1–40°c . this was measured on the species vespa orientalis ( the oriental hornet ) , vespa crabro ( the european hornet ) and the wasp dolichovespula saxonica . the resistance at first decreases with increased temperature , reaching a nadir which differs according to species , and then rises again up to 40°c , the highest temperature tested . it is suggested that the cuticular changes in resistivity at different temperatures reflect the wasp ' s mechanism for detecting and regulating the temperature in their normal environment .
the long - cheeked wasp dolichovespula saxonica typically constructs exposed nests which can be reached by flying . usually foragers do not walk on substrates in the close vicinity of the nests as cavity breeding wasps do ( steinmetz et al . , 2002 ) . unexpectedly , when forced to walk outside the nest instead of flying in an artificial tunnel system , d . saxonica foragers lay a terrestrial trail and use it for orientation in the nest area in our experiments . 41 % of the foragers followed the trail in a direction they were not accustomed to . we suggest that the foragers have employed the same orientation cues normally used for orientation in the close vicinity of the nest when approaching a free - hanging nest by flying , for example nest odour . nest odour substances may have been transferred to the substrate as a trail as a consequence of foragers walking through the tunnels .
the article gives an annotated list of vespidae ( hymenoptera , vespidae ) from the urbanized territories of chelyabinsk region , including 13 species belonging to 4 genera ( vespula , polistes , dolichovespula and vespa ) and 2 subfamilies ( vespinae and polistinae ) .
@ article { bhlpart94628 , title = { dolichovespula saxonica ( f . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) reaches gloucestershire } , journal = { british journal of entomology and natural history . } , volume = { 10 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { [ london ] : british entomological and natural history society , 1988 - } , author = { alexander , k n a } , year = { 1997 } , pages = { 61 - - 61 } , }
archer me : the life history and a numerical account of colonies of the social wasp , dolichovespula norwegica ( f . ) ( hym . , vespinae ) in england . entomologist’s monthly magazine ( united kingdom ) . 2000 , 136 : 1 - 14 .
foster kr , ratnieks flw , gyllenstrand n , thoren p : colony kin structure and male production in dolichovespula wasps . mol ecol . 2001 , 10 : 1003 - 1010 . 10 . 1046 / j . 1365 - 294x . 2001 . 01228 . x .
seven species of social wasps commonly occur in gardens in the uk . vespula species of wasps , such as common wasp ( v . vulgaris ) red wasp ( v . rufa ) and german wasp ( v . germanica ) usually make their nests underground or in dark cavities , such as roof spaces . dolichovespula species of wasps , such as the media wasp ( d . media ) , saxon wasp ( d . saxonica ) and tree wasp ( d . sylvestris ) usually make their nests in open air situations , such as on the outside of a building or among the branches of a tree or shrub .
archer , michael e . ( 2006 ) .
taxonomy , distribution and nesting biology of species of the genus dolichovespula ( hymenoptera , vespidae )
. entomological science 9 : 281–293 . doi : 10 . 1111 / j . 1479 - 8298 . 2006 . 00174 . x .
yellow hornets and white - faced ( bald - faced ) hornets ( genus dolichovespula ) are aerial nesting yellow jackets that are present in north america , but not in europe . they often build their nests in shrubs and trees , and their sensitivity to vibration can initiate their defensive sting behavior .
wenseleers , t . ; tofilski , a . ; ratnieks , f . l . w . ( 12 january 2005 ) .
queen and worker policing in the tree wasp dolichovespula sylvestris
. behavioral ecology and sociobiology 58 ( 1 ) : 80–86 . doi : 10 . 1007 / s00265 - 004 - 0892 - 4 .
lopez - osorio f , pickett km , carpenter jm , ballif ba , agnarsson i : phylogenetic relationships of yellowjackets inferred from nine loci ( hymenoptera : vespidae , vespinae , vespula and dolichovespula ) . mol phylogenet evol . 2014 , 73 : 190 - 201 . 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2014 . 01 . 007 .
there is usually a pattern of veins on an insect wing . this pattern is species - specific and is used taxonomically . for example , the coordinates of some characteristic points on the wing are used to compare vein patterns . the characteristic points are often vein junctions or vein ends . a tool is presented that enables automatic identification of vein junctions . an image of an insect wing is used to determine the wing outline and veins . the vein skeleton is obtained using a thinning algorithm . bezier splines are fitted to both the wing outline and the vein skeleton . the splines are saved in an encapsulated postscript file . another output file in text format contains the coordinates of vein junctions . both the program and its source code are available under gnu general public license at urltoken the program presented in this paper automatically provides a numerical description of an insect wing . it converts an image of an insect wing to a list of coordinates of vein junctions , and a wing diagram that can be used as an illustration . coordinates of the vein junctions extracted by the program from wing images were used successfully to discriminate between males of dolichovespula sylvestris and dolichovespula saxonica .
there is usually a pattern of veins on an insect wing . this pattern is species - specific and is used taxonomically . for example , the coordinates of some characteristic points on the wing are used to compare vein patterns . the characteristic points are often vein junctions or vein ends . a tool is presented that enables automatic identification of vein junctions . an image of an insect wing is used to determine the wing outline and veins . the vein skeleton is obtained using a thinning algorithm . bezier splines are fitted to both the wing outline and the vein skeleton . the splines are saved in an encapsulated postscript file . another output file in text format contains the coordinates of vein junctions . both the program and its source code are available under gnu general public license at [ urltoken ] . the program presented in this paper automatically provides a numerical description of an insect wing . it converts an image of an insect wing to a list of coordinates of vein junctions , and a wing diagram that can be used as an illustration . coordinates of the vein junctions extracted by the program from wing images were used successfully to discriminate between males of dolichovespula sylvestris and dolichovespula saxonica .
measuring location was an orchard on a farm in gschwendt / austria , middle europe . on 5 days in 2 different years we investigated wasps ( vespula vulgaris and polistes dominulus ) foraging water on a rainwater barrel . in order not to impair their behaviour during foraging we refrained from marking the individuals . we presume at least about 15–20 water collecting individuals of vespula and about 5–10 individuals of polistes to be included in this study . one of the measuring days in august 2003 was one of the hottest days of the year , with ambient air temperatures ( t a ) above 30 °c ( ~ 30–40 °c ) . on the other days we had moderate temperatures in the range of ~ 20–30 °c . in addition to water foragers , polistine wasps foraging nectar on raspberry and gathering sap on rhubarb , and another vespine wasp , dolichovespula saxonica , also foraging nectar on raspberry blossoms were measured for comparison .
also male parentage has been assessed , especially in bees and wasps ( ratnieks & visscher , 1989 ; arevalo et al . , 1998 ; peters et al . , 1999 ; foster & ratnieks , 2001 ) . in many of these species workers do lay male eggs in the presence of the queen . in honeybees whose queens typically mate with 10–20 males , workers remove eggs laid by nestmate workers ( ratnieks & visscher , 1989 ) , whereas no policing was found in the typically singly mated wasps and stingless bees ( arevalo et al . , 1998 ; peters et al . , 1999 ) . evidence for facultative worker policing was recently found in dolichovespula saxonica ( foster & ratnieks , 2000 ) , a species whose queens mate with 1–4 males . in colonies headed by a singly mated queen over 50 % of the male brood was worker derived , whereas less than 25 % worker - derived males were found in colonies headed by multiply mated queens , because workers selectively removed worker - laid eggs ( foster & ratnieks , 2000 ) .
. . . it is known that in social hymenoptera , including vespids , this fraction contains alarm pheromones ( landolt et al . 1998 ) . this has been confirmed for vespine wasps [ vespula vulgaris and v . germanica ( maschwitz 1964 ) , dolichovespula saxonica ( maschwitz 1984 ) , v . squamosa ( landolt & heath 1987 , landolt et al . 1999 ) , provespa anomala ( maschwitz & hanel 1988 ) , v . maculifrons ( landolt et al . 1995 ) , vespa orientalis ( ishay et al . 1965 ) and v . crabro ( veith et al . 1984 ) ] and in polistine wasps [ polybia occidentalis ( jeanne 1981 , dani et al . 2000 ) , polybioides raphigastra ( sledge et al . 1999 ) , ropalidia flavopicta ( fortunato et al . 2004 ) ] . however , at present , only a few active compounds with confirmed alarm pheromone function have been reported [ n - ( 3 - methylbutyl ) acetamide in vespula squamosa and v . maculifrons ( heath & landolt 1988 , landolt et al . 1995 ) , 2 - methyl - 3buten - 2 - ol in vespa crabro ( veith et al . 1984 ) , and the spiroacetal ( e , e ) - 2 , 8 - dimethyl - 1 , 7 - dioxaspirol [ 5 . 5 ] undecane in polybia occidentalis ( dani et al . 2000 ) ] . . . .
. . . alarm pheromones are similarly widespread in social wasps and are found in the vespa , vespula , polistes , ropalidia , polybia , dolichovespula , provespa and polybioides , where they are generally released from sting venom glands ( fortunato et al . , 2004 ) . however , one species , vespula squamosa , evidently releases alarm pheromone from a gland in the head ( cephalic gland ) ( landolt et al . , 1999 ) . this strategy is shared by all studied species of stingless bees ( hymenoptera , apidae , meliponini ) , which lack stings and therefore attack by biting ( roubik , 1989 ) . . . .
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the puzzle of the selective benefits of multiple mating and multiple paternity in social insects has been a major focus of research in evolutionary biology . we examine paternity in a clade of social insects , the vespine wasps ( the yellowjackets and hornets ) , which contains species with high multiple paternity as well as species with single paternity . this group is particularly useful for comparative analyses given the wide interspecific variation in paternity traits despite similar sociobiology and ecology of the species in the genera vespula , dolichovespula and vespa . we describe the paternity of 5 species of yellowjackets ( vespula spp . ) and we perform a phylogenetically controlled comparative analysis of relatedness , paternity frequency , paternity skew , colony size , and nest site across 22 vespine taxa .
the wasps were filmed during their complete foraging stay at the water barrel with an infrared camera ( thermacam sc2000 nts , flir ) without disturbing them . the infrared camera was calibrated periodical by slotting in a self - constructed peltier driven reference source or an aga1010 reference radiator of known temperature and emissivity ( for details of calibration see stabentheiner and schmaranzer , 1987 ; schmaranzer and stabentheiner , 1988 ) . thermographic data were stored digitally with 14 bit resolution on a portable computer ( dolch flexpac - 400 - xg ) at a rate of 3–5 frames s −1 . dolichovespula and polistes foraging nectar and plant sap were measured solely in the shade at a rate of 25 frames s −1 because the infrared camera aga 782 sw , which we used at that time , was not appropriate for measurements in the sunshine .
dolichovespula arenaria fabricus : vespidae ( vespinae ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from graenicher , reed , larson & barrett , barrett & helenurm , and thomson et al . ) araliaceae : aralia hispida sn ( tmp ) ; asteraceae : antennaria neglecta [ unsp sn ] ( gr ) , arctium lappa sn ( gr ) , aster furcatus sn ( gr ) , aster lateriflorus sn ( gr ) , cirsium arvense sn ( gr ) , conyza canadensis sn ( gr ) , euthamia graminifolia sn ( gr ) , helianthus strumosus sn ( gr ) , solidago canadensis sn ( gr ) , solidago juncea sn ( gr ) , solidago speciosa sn ( re ) ; caprifoliaceae : symphoricarpos albus sn ( gr ) ; lamiaceae : pycnanthemum virginianum sn ( re ) ; melastomataceae : rhexia virginica exp np ( lbt ) ; pyrolaceae : orthilia secunda ( bh )
takgeting är mycket variabel i färgteckningen . på huvudet bakom fasettögonen och på mellankroppen finns ofta utbredda gula teckningar , men de kan också saknas helt . likaså växlar den svarta munsköldsfläcken i storlek och form . den kan antingen likna silhuetten av en urna ( som oftast är smal vid foten ) eller liksom vara söndertrasad och smalare i framkanten än vid basen . ytterst sällan är den lika bred mot framkanten som hos nordgeting dolichovespula norwegica och tajgageting d . norvegicoides . nästan lika ovanligt hos honor är att munskölden endast har en liten fläck som hos skogsgeting d . sylvestris . mellan den grova , glest och oregelbundet utspridda punkturen på munskölden finns en tät mikropunktur . hjässan fortsätter bakom de bakre punktögonen för att efterhand slutta ned mot bakhuvudet . ögontriangelns spets är spetsig ( ca 60º ) . avståndet mellan de bakre punktögonen är något större än mellan det främre och ett av de bakre . avståndet mellan fasettögat och ett bakre punktöga är större än avståndet mellan de bakre punktögonen . skutellen är välvd i profil och har en svag mittfåra . antennerna ( utom segment 1 ) är svarta med gulbrun undersida . arbetare : längd 11–13 mm . drottning : längd 14–17 mm . hane : längd 13–15 mm . antennsegment ( 8– ) 9–12 med två längskölar vardera på undersidan .
dolichovespula arenaria fabricus : vespidae ( vespinae ) , hymenoptera ( observations are from graenicher , reed , larson & barrett , barrett & helenurm , thomson et al . , and lovell ) araliaceae : aralia hispida sn ( tmp ) , aralia racemosa sn ( lvl ) ; asteraceae : antennaria neglecta [ unsp sn ] ( gr ) , arctium lappa sn ( gr ) , aster furcatus sn ( gr ) , aster lateriflorus sn ( gr ) , cirsium arvense sn ( gr ) , conyza canadensis sn ( gr ) , euthamia graminifolia sn ( gr ) , helianthus strumosus sn ( gr ) , solidago canadensis sn ( gr ) , solidago juncea sn ( gr ) , solidago speciosa sn ( re ) ; caprifoliaceae : symphoricarpos albus sn ( gr ) ; lamiaceae : pycnanthemum virginianum sn ( re ) ; melastomataceae : rhexia virginica exp np ( lbt ) ; pyrolaceae : orthilia secunda ( bh ) insect activities : exp = explores the flower , but acquires neither nectar nor pollen np = non - pollinating sn = sucks nectar scientific observers : ( bh ) = barrett & helenurm ( gr ) = s . graenicher ( lbt ) = larson & barrett ( re ) = catherine reed ( tmp ) = thomson , maddison , and plowright
takgeting är tämligen köldhärdig men förekommer knappast i fjällen ovanför trädgränsen . den föredrar någorlunda öppna områden , gärna i anslutning till barrskog , och den är speciellt gynnad av mänsklig bebyggelse och trädgårdar . nästan alla fritt hängande getingbon i byggnader har byggts av takgeting . vanligt förekommande boplatser är vindar , fågelholkar , förrådsskjul , utedass eller utrymmen under tegelpannor och träterrasser . i naturen kan man hitta bon i ihåliga träd , stubbar , vedtravar och ytliga jordhålor . mer sällan bygger arten fritt hängande bon i buskar och träd . boets ytterhölje är gråaktigt och innehåller 2–5 cellkakor vilka är ca 20 cm breda som mest . takgeting är en av de vanligaste getingarterna i bebyggda miljöer . populationsstorleken varierar starkt , och vissa år kan takgetingdrottningarna utgöra nästan 90 % av alla getingar man ser på våren . arten förekommer i stora delar av sverige , utom i de västra delarna av norrland , och dess fenologi varierar därför mellan olika delar i landet . i mellansverige lämnar drottningarna sina övervintringsplatser i början av maj och är vanligast i juni . nykläckta drottningar uppträder sparsamt från slutet av juli till början av september . arbetarna kläcks i månadsskiftet juni–juli och kan ibland ses en bit in i september . hanarna flyger från början av juli till ett stycke in i september . taksnyltgeting dolichovespula adulterina är boparasit hos takgeting .
received 23 august 2002 ; revised 27 january 2003 ; accepted 30 april 2003 .
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nid bien actif de la guêpe saxonne ( en forte régression sur le territoire français ) dans les yvelines .
takgeting förekommer i stora delar av sverige och finland , utom i fjälltrakterna och allra längst i norr , men den är vanligast i de södra delarna . i norge finns den i de södra låglänta delarna , norrut till sognefjorden , och den är vanlig i danmark . världsutbredningen är palearktisk och omfattar det nordliga barr - och lövskogsbältet i söder . den sträcker sig från england och övriga europa samt delar av mellanöstern genom ryssland till kamtajaka , sakhalin , kina och japan .
de skattade värdena som bedömningen baserar sig på ligger alla inom intervallet för kategorin livskraftig ( lc ) .
blå punkter visar fynd registrerade i artportalen och övriga databaser anslutna till lifewatch . kan innehålla observationer som inte är validerade . kartan uppdateras var fjärde vecka .
etymologi : saxonicus ( lat . ) = sachsisk , härrörande från sachsen ( lat . saxonia ) i tyskland . uttal : [ dolikovéspula saxónika ] .
i det avancerade verktyget kan man söka ut och få fram artlistor , t ex arter i ett visst län , i en viss biotop , substrat , som påverkas av en hotfaktor , eller som är knutna till en sk värdart , t ex trädet alm . dessa kan även kombineras .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , knutna till alm , är beroende av död ved och som finns i kronobergs län .
söka fram arter som är rödlistade , lever i småvatten och som påverkas negativt av igenväxning .
defaultläget i verktyget är arter som är rödlistade 2015 och dessa är klassade på samtliga sökfaktorer . under fliken rödlistekategori kan man dock välja att även inkludera arter som inte är rödlistade . om man väljer att inkludera icke rödlistade arter behöver man vara medveten om att samtliga arter inte är klassade på samtliga faktorer . nedan en sammanställning av vad som är komplett .
denna funktion används när du vill skapa din egen lista av arter att hantera . du kan t . ex . navigera mellan arterna i listan genom att klicka på deras namn . du kan också välja att använda knappen ”jämför arter” för att se bilder , kartor och kännetecken i en jämförelsevy .
du kan komponera ditt eget urval av arter genom att klicka dig fram via släktträdet och där välja arter eller artgrupper till din lista . ett annat sätt att göra ditt urval är att använda fliken ”filtrera” , där du kan söka på olika egenskaper . ovanför listan med sökresultatet finns en knapp ”lägg i mitt urval” .
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classification from species 2000 & itis catalogue of life : april 2013 selected by c . michael hogan - see more .
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this paper is a rough draft . i need to refine the text and add an introduction as well as a summary . i will do this within the next few weeks and then it can be submitted . i am keeping it here for storage and research purposes .
archer ( 1986 ) a working cladogram for the vespinae : a preliminary study ( hym . vespidae )
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these notes were kindy reproduced by the smithsonian museum and the original papers can be found in the smithsonian institution archives . smithsonian institution archives . record unit 7302 , box 7 , folder : vespinae # 2 .
an investigation is made of male genitalia in the vespinae to determine whether male genitalic differences can be used to separate the genera and species groups . differences are found between the genera and species groups except for some . . . more
a distributional checklist of all the species in the family vespidae recorded from turkey is presented . a total of 280 species and subspecies belonging to 52 genera in four subfamilies ( masarinae , eumeninae , polistinae and vespinae ) are . . . more
a distributional checklist of all the species in the family vespidae recorded from turkey is presented . a total of 280 species and subspecies belonging to 52 genera in four subfamilies ( masarinae , eumeninae , polistinae and vespinae ) are recognized to have been recorded from turkey .
eck & dylewska ( 1998 ) vespinae ( hymenoptetra ; aculeata ) of south - eastern poland part 1 . list of species
tan ( 2015 ) species checklist of the vespidae ( hymenoptera ) from mt . qinling with a key to genera
the genus vespula thomson , 1869 , is reviewed from the indian subcontinent . new synonymy is vespa orbata var . aurulenta du buysson , 1905 , = vespula structor ( smith , 1870 ) . the following species are newly recorded from various states of . . . more
the genus vespula thomson , 1869 , is reviewed from the indian subcontinent . new synonymy is vespa orbata var . aurulenta du buysson , 1905 , = vespula structor ( smith , 1870 ) . the following species are newly recorded from various states of india as follows : v . nursei archer , 1981 , from delhi , sikkim and uttarakhand ; v . orbata ( du buysson , 1902 ) from nagaland ; v . flaviceps ( smith , 1870 ) from west bengal ; v . germanica ( fabricius , 1793 ) from himachal pradesh ; v . structor ( smith , 1870 ) from arunachal pradesh ; v . vulgaris ( linnaeus , 1758 ) from himachal pradesh . parasitic association of strepsiptera is observed in one worker specimen of v . flaviceps . a modified key to species of the indian subcontinent is provided .
this study provides the first annotated check list of the vespidae of pakistan . it is based on the national insect museum collection and various studies in pakistan . among 105 identified taxa , 77 species and 28 subspecies are recorded in . . . more
this study provides the first annotated check list of the vespidae of pakistan . it is based on the national insect museum collection and various studies in pakistan . among 105 identified taxa , 77 species and 28 subspecies are recorded in the four subfamilies eumeninae , masarinae , polistinae and vespinae . three new records for the fauna of pakistan are added , namely anterhynchium mellyi , antepipona ovalis and eumenes coronatus coronatus . among the total , 12 species / subspe - cies are endemic to pakistan , namely ancistrocerus pakistanus , antepipona luteipes , antodynerus flavescens karachien - sis , celonites nursei , cyrtolabulus karachiensis , eustenancistrocerus ( parastenancistrocerus ) baluchistanensis , katamenes dimidiatus watsoni , knemodynerus lahorensis , leptochilus ( neoleptochilus ) hina , leptochilus ( neoleptochi - lus ) mirificus , leptochilus ( neoleptochilus ) umerolatus and tachyancistrocerus pakistanus . antepipona varentzowi ( morawitz , 1896 ) and polistes rothneyi quatei van der vecht , 1968 were incorrectly reported from pakistan .
adults commonly feed on nectar and the jucies of ripe fruits . workers prey upon smaller insects , such as caterpillars , and feed the macerated insects to the larvae of the colony . adult mouthparts are designed for chewing , catching , and sucking .
hilty , j . editor . 2015 . insect visitors of illinois wildflowers . world wide web electronic publication . illinoiswildflowers . info , version ( 09 / 2015 ) see : abbreviations for insect activities , abbreviations for scientific observers , references for behavioral observations
reproduction is sexual . a fertile female becomes impregnated at the end of a season by a haploid male . she then hibernates though the winter and founds a new colony the following spring . the larvae are maggot - like while the adults resemble the queen in many respects . the queen controls the sex of her offspring , and she produces haploid males only at the end of the season , to insure the founding of new colonies .
the following is a representative barcode sequence , the centroid of all available sequences for this species . there is 1 barcode sequence available from bold and genbank .
below is the sequence of the barcode region cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( coi or cox1 ) from a member of the species .
chewing and sucking of fruits meant for human use causes crop loses . they take parts of domestic plants for the construction of the nest . can cause serious injury to humans with sting . can transmit a disease called fire blight to potato crops .
yellowjackets are predators of some insects which are harmful to domesticated plants . they have been used in the biological control of other pest species . they also aid in the production of some fruits by pollinating the flowers . behavior and sociobiology of some
higher animals
have been studied using yellowjackets as a guide .
, in its genus by the lack of black markings in the ocular sinus .
in the majority of the population the ocular sinus is yellow , but some melanic males have a black area that reaches the lower margin of sinus . the queen has large black discal spots on terga 4 and 5 , and smaller ones on terga 2 and 3 .
nest size ranges from 1 - 6 combs , and are made out of dull grey paper .
they occur from north central alaska to as far south as new mexico and arizona .
d . arenaria lives in arboreal to subterranean habitats . their nests are made from paper - like material and are usually found in trees and shrubs . in urban settings , their nests are frequently found on buildings .
a queen initiates a colony in the spring by choosing a site and building a small paper nest where it lays its eggs . then , the eggs hatch from the brood cell and the queen feeds the larvae .
these larvae eventually become workers and the colony continues to grow and peaks in the summer .
the workers are morphologically distinct from the queen . the single queen heads the annual nests by producing workers in the
genus , male ( drone ) production by workers is common and there exists high worker relatedness due to low effective paternity within nests .
in general , these colonies flourish for roughly a year before they dwindle as the winter sets in .
they also prey on larvae of the fall webworm , as well as young hummingbirds . in general , they are not attracted to protein baits . occasionally , however ,
may feed on animal carcasses— such feeding has been observed on carcasses of a dog , pig , and snake .
in general , it has been observed that smaller colonies are less aggressive than larger ones . there are differing observations of the
’s personality , one stating that they are quarrelsome and then other arguing that they are not .
nest , whereas the other was describing behavior of workers away from their nest individually . smaller colonies’ colony defense behavior is said to be unpredictable and erratic .
out of their sting that has been seen from workers in large colonies . the “spray sting type , ” the term given to the venom ejecting mechanism of these wasps , involves the contraction of the venom reservoir muscles .
this venom spraying mechanism is said to allow for a greater release of alarm pheromone in the venom . the alarm pheromone is key to elicit the attack behavior of yellowjackets .
parasitism are low and their existence within the nest doesn’t happen to hinder colony development .
are not well known . these common wasps rely on new nests to rear offspring since they not have their own worker caste . the parasite kills the foundress queen before the production of her workers is complete and takes over the nest . their lifespan of the parasite after the host queen’s death is limited .
buck , m . , marshall , s . a . and cheung d . k . b . 2008 . identification atlas of the vespidae ( hymenoptera , aculeata ) of the northeastern nearctic region . canadian journal of arthropod identification no . 5 : 492 pp . ( pdf version ) . published on 19 february 2008 . with 3 tables and 1073 figures ( doi : 10 . 3752 / cjai . 2008 . 05 ) .
carpenter , j . m . , and kojima , j . 1997 . checklist of the species in the subfamily vespinae ( insecta : hymenoptera : vespidae ) . natural history bulletin of ibaraki university , 1 : 51–92 .
foster , kevin r . , and francis l . ratnieks .
paternity , reproduction and conflict in vespine wasps : a model system for testing kin selection predictions .
behavioral ecology and sociobiology 50 . 1 ( 2001 ) : 1 - 8 .
akre , roger d . , hal c . reed , and p . j . landolt .
nesting biology and behavior of the blackjacket , vespula consobrina .
journal of the kansas entomological society ( 1982 ) : 373 - 405 . web . 25 sept . 2014 . < urltoken > .
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are not well known . these common wasps rely on new nests to rear offspring since they do not have their own worker caste . the parasite kills the foundress queen before the production of her workers is complete and takes over the nest . the lifespan of the parasite after the host queen ' s death is limited .
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even if the shape of a wing is not quantified it is often desirable to present it in a drawing . such drawings are used mainly to illustrate descriptions of species or scientific keys , but also can be found in other scientific papers and in textbooks . those drawings are usually created using a camera lucida – a drawing attachment for a microscope allowing the object to be observed and pencil - drawn . the preparation of an illustration can be a prolonged process . generation of drawings from a wing image could save time and in some cases improve the quality of the illustration . the aim of this paper is to present a computer program that automatically provides a numerical description of an insect wing . the description is not only a list of vein junction coordinates but also a wing diagram .


polygona tumens is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

polygona tumens

p . tumens ( carpenter , 1856 ) , recent , eastern pacific ( fig . 3 v )
the indo - west pacific genus turrilatirus resembles polygona in having broad axial ribs lacking nodes , abapical denticles deeply recessed on the outer lip and lirae that are smooth as in the type species of polygona , but it differs from polygona in having a high spire and consistently short siphonal protuberance , and in usually lacking a pseudoumbilicus .
subfamily : fasciolariinae - genus : polygona h . c . f . schumacher , 1817 ( db : 22 sp , 14 img )
type species , by monotypy : polygona fusiformis schumacher , 1817 ( = murex infundibulum gmelin , 1791 ) ( fig . 3 k ) .
although the species group of p . angulata was present in florida as early as the late oligocene—in fact , p . floridana is the oldest species we assign to polygona —we consider the occurrence of polygona in florida during and after the late pliocene to represent at least two cases of invasion from the caribbean . no species of polygona is recorded from the extraordinarily rich early miocene fauna of the chipola formation of florida , suggesting that polygona became locally extinct after the oligocene . in the caribbean , by contrast , polygona has a continuous record from early miocene times onward . the p . angulata group arrived in florida during the late pliocene , as p . duerri in the fruitville member ( = golden gate member equivalent ) of the tamiami formation . the p . mediamericana group existed in florida during the late pliocene as two stratigraphically separated species , p . miamiensis in the golden gate member and p . caloosahatchiensis in the overlying caloosahatchee formation .
we employ the genus name polygona in the same sense as lyons ( 1991 ) . previous authors have recognized but not formally named groups within polygona . bellardi ( 1884 ) identified seven series and glibert ( 1963 ) identified two groups , based respectively on latirus concentricus ( reeve , 1847 ) and l . castaneus ( reeve , 1847 ) ( = latirus mediamericanus hertlein & strong , 1951a ) . lyons ( 1991 ) likewise recognized that polygona consists of two distinct lineages . we briefly characterize two groups of species , but we elect not to introduce them formally in view of the absence of more definitive molecular evidence .
latirus ( ? polygona ) ewekoroensis adegoke , 1977 . this small species from the ewekoro formation ( late paleocene ) of nigeria is difficult to place , because columellar characters are concealed by matrix in the aperture . we hesitate to base the potentially earliest record of the latirus group on this poorly preserved material , and regard its placement in latirus as questionable .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
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our purposes in this paper are ( 1 ) to describe the unusual shell traits and their taxonomic distribution in fasciolariidae ; ( 2 ) to undertake a partial , shell - based , genus - level revision of latirus and related genera ; ( 3 ) to explore the fossil record of peristerniinae and to a lesser extent fasciolariinae ; and ( 4 ) to evaluate and reassign some taxa that have been wrongly attributed to latirus or related peristerniine genera .
besides the spiral elements demarcating sectors of the whorl , external sculpture typically consists of rounded axial ribs and weaker spiral cords and threads . in the aperture , the inner ( adaxial ) side of the outer lip is often marked by spiral ridges ( lirae ) or by denticles . the inner lip is often characterized by an adapical ( or parietal ) tubercle or rib , and by one or more columellar folds at and just adapical to the entrance of the siphonal canal .
revised diagnosis ( based on shell characters ) : teleoconch from about 12 mm to more than 120 mm in length , fusiform , solid ; aperture relatively narrow , its length : breadth typically between 2 . 0 and 3 . 0 ; inner lip usually with adapical parietal denticle and with two to four abapical folds , including large fold at entrance to siphonal canal ; inner side of outer lip of adults usually lirate ; central cord well expressed ; edge of central sector of outer lip usually convex .
remarks : on shell characters alone , it is difficult to distinguish unambiguously between peristerniinae and fasciolariinae . the latter group ( including fasciolaria lamarck , 1799 ; pleuroploca fischer , 1884 ; terebraspira conrad , 1862 ; triplofusus olsson & harbison , 1953 ; and related genera ) appears to be characterized mainly by a larger adult size and a thinner shell , and the siphonal protuberance rarely bears a distal fasciole . we strongly suspect that fasciolariines are phylogenetically derived from early peristerniines , and that the two groups are part of a single clade fasciolariinae .
latirus s . s . a . latirus abnormis g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 . 74 . 1 mm sl . natal , south africa , 56 m ( sc ) . b . latirus amplustris ( dillwyn , 1817 ) . 67 . 6 mm sl . tuamotos , latirus s . s . intertidal ( sc ) . c . latirus barclayi ( reeve , 1847 ) . 90 . 5 mm sl . nha trang , vietnam ( sc ) . d . latirus belcheri ( reeve , 1847 ) . 91 . 8 mm sl . olango , philippines ( sc ) . e . latirus gibbulus ( gmelin , 1791 ) . 107 . 6 mm sl . on reef rubble at 20–25 m , mactan , cebu , philippines ( sc ) . f . latirus pictus ( reeve , 1847 ) . 36 . 1 mm sl . mactan , philippines . intertidal ( sc ) . g . latirus tigroides kilburn , 1975 . 54 . 9 mm sl . ummikaba , pondoland , south africa ( sc ) . h . latirus polygonus ( gmelin , 1791 ) . 110 . 7 mm sl . panglao , philippines , 160 m ( sc ) .
type species , by monotypy : latirus aurantiacus montfort , 1810 ( = murex gibbulus gmelin , 1791 ) ( fig . 1 e ) .
we note that bullock ( 1974 : 71 ) erroneously ‘selected’ latirus cariniferus [ sic ] ( lamarck , 1816 ) as the type species of latirus s . s . vermeij & snyder ( 2002 ) restricted latirus to an essentially indo - west pacific group of species in which the shoulder angulation and central cord typically form nodes where they cross the axial ribs . we provide a revised diagnosis here in order to compare this group of species with other similar taxa , especially hemipolygona .
revised diagnosis : shell medium to large in size , maximum height 50 mm to 113 mm , fusiform , basally constricted ; whorls of teleoconch shouldered ; last teleoconch whorl typically with two spiral rows of nodes , one at shoulder angulation , the other at central cord , the two rows connected by rounded axial ribs ; outer lip of adult minutely reflected , its edge with paired crenations on central sector ; adapical and abapical sectors of outer lip concave ; inner side of outer lip with beaded lirae or rarely smooth , none of the lirae enlarged to form denticles ; inner lip with three or four oblique abapical folds , and in the adult a parietal nodule at adapical end ; pseudoumbilicus usually present .
l . abnormis g . b . sowerby iii , 1894 , recent , southeastern africa ( fig . 1 a )
l . amplustris ( dillwyn , 1817 ) , recent , indo - west pacific ( fig . 1 b )
l . barclayi ( reeve , 1847 ) , late tertiary ? to recent , western pacific ( fig . 1 c )
l . belcheri ( reeve , 1847 ) , recent , western pacific and isla clarión ( fig . 1 d )
l . gibbulus ( gmelin , 1791 ) , recent , western pacific ( fig . 1 e )
l . pictus ( reeve , 1847 ) , recent , western pacific ( fig . 1 f )
l . polygonus ( gmelin , 1791 ) , late tertiary ? to recent , tropical indo - west pacific ( fig . 1 h )
l . tigroides kilburn , 1975 , recent , southeastern africa ( fig . 1 g )
type species , by monotypy : chascax maderensis watson , 1873 ( = latirus armatus a . adams , 1855 ) ( fig . 2 c ) .
the name hemipolygona was proposed by rovereto ( 1899 ) to replace chascax watson , 1873 , a junior homonym ( not ritgen , 1828 , reptilia ) . watson ( 1873 ) assigned chascax to the muricidae , probably because of its exceptionally scaly texture , but later authors have recognized it as a fasciolariid . bullock ( 1974 ) synonymized hemipolygona with latirus , but lyons ( 1991 ) considered it to be a probable subgenus of latirus . in our view , the group differs sufficiently from typical latirus to warrant generic rank .
h . aldeynzeri ( garcia , 2001 ) , recent , philippine islands ( fig . 2 a )
h . amaliae ( küster & kobelt , 1874 ) , recent , southeastern india ( fig . 2 b )
h . armata ( a . adams , 1855 ) , recent , west africa from canaries and madeira to senegal ( fig . 2 c )
h . beckyae ( snyder , 2000b ) , recent , brazil ( fig . 2 d )
h . bonniae ( smythe , 1985 ) , recent , eastern arabia ( fig . 2 e )
h . carinifera ( lamarck , 1816 ) , recent , greater antilles ( fig . 2 f )
h . centrifuga ( dall , 1915 ) , recent , gulf of california and galapagos ( fig . 2 g )
h . cuna ( petuch , 1990 ) , recent , atlantic panama ( fig . 2 h )
h . distincta ( a . adams , 1855 ) , recent and early pleistocene , southeastern florida , gulf of mexico and western caribbean ( fig . 2 i )
h . mcgintyi ( pilsbry , 1939 ) , early pleistocene , recent , northwest florida to west indies ( fig . 2 j )
h . mcmurrayi ( clench & aguayo , 1941 ) , recent , cuba and bahamas ( fig . 2 k )
h . mosselensis ( tomlin , 1932 ) , recent , southeastern africa ( fig . 2 l )
h . recurvirostris ( schubert & wagner , 1829 ) , recent , western pacific and indian ocean ( fig . 2 m , n )
h . varai ( bullock , 1970 ) , recent , caribbean ( fig . 3 a )
etymology : latin turris ( tower , referring to the high spire ) and genus latirus .
t . craticulatus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , pliocene to recent , tropical indo - west pacific ( fig . 3 b )
t . iris ( lightfoot , 1786 ) , recent , tropical pacific ( fig . 3 c )
t . melvilli ( schepman , 1911 ) , recent , indonesia ( fig . 3 d )
t . nagasakiensis ( smith , 1880 ) , recent , japan ( fig . 3 e )
t . sanguifluus ( reeve , 1847 ) , recent , polynesia ( fig . 3 f )
t . turritus ( gmelin , 1791 ) , pliocene to recent , indo - west pacific ( fig . 3 g )
characterization : last whorl cylindrical to very weakly inflated , with or without low shoulder angulation ; axial ribs extending onto long , straight siphonal protuberance ; outer lip planar , with six to nine usually smooth lirae on inner side ; pseudoumbilicus usually present .
p . bernadensis ( bullock , 1974 ) , recent , caribbean ( fig . 3 i )
p . filosa ( schubert & wagner , 1829 ) , recent , west africa ( fig . 3 j )
p . infundibulum ( gmelin , 1791 ) , recent , caribbean ( fig . 3 k )
remarks : it is possible that p . lynchi is better placed in the group of p . angulata , described below .
characterization : stepped spire ; shoulder angulation distinct , nodose where crossing axial ribs ; adapical sinus present on outer lip ; central sector of outer lip convex ; lirae on inner side of outer lip usually beaded , but smooth in some small species .
p . abbotti ( snyder , 2003 ) , recent , honduras ( fig . 3 l )
p . angulata ( röding , 1798 ) , recent , southern caribbean ( fig . 3 m )
p . bayeri ( petuch , 2001 ) , recent , brazil ( fig . 3 n )
p . brevicaudata ( reeve , 1847 ) , recent , caribbean ( fig . 3 o )
p . concentrica ( reeve , 1847 ) , recent , eastern pacific ( fig . 3 p )
p . floridana ( heilprin , 1886 ) , late oligocene , florida ( = p . callimorpha and p . multilineata ( dall , 1890 ) )
p . jucunda ( mcginty , 1940 ) , early pleistocene to recent , florida ( fig . 3 q )
p . lactea ( matthews - cascon , matthews & rocha , 1991 ) , recent , brazil ( fig . 3 r )
p . martini ( snyder , 1988 ) , recent , honduras ( fig . 3 s )
p . nemata ( woodring , 1928 ) , late pliocene to recent , caribbean ( fig . 3 t )
p . socorroensis ( hertlein & strong , 1951b ) , recent , eastern pacific ( fig . 3 u )
p . vermeiji ( petuch , 1986a ) , recent , fernando de noronha , brazil ( fig . 3 w )
typical species of the p . angulata group have beaded lirae , but smooth , continuous lirae occur in p . anapetes , p . brevicaudata , p . floridana , p . hypsipettus , p . irazu , p . jucunda , p . maxwelli , p . nemata and p . vermeiji .
pustulatirus . a . pustulatirus annulata ( roding , 1798 ) . 38 . 4 mm sl . st johns , virgin islands ( sc ) . b . pustulatirus attenuata ( reeve , 1847 ) . 50 . 3 mm sl . dredged off st thomas , virgin islands ( sc ) . c . pustulatirus eppi ( melvill , 1891 ) . 12 . 5 mm sl . off natal , rio grande do norte , brazil , 10–15 m ( sc ) . d . pustulatirus hemphilli ( hertlein & strong , 1951 ) . 61 . 7 mm sl . western mexico ( sc ) . e . pustulatirus mediamericanus ( hertlein & strong , 1951 ) . 71 . 9 mm sl . venado island , panama bay . ansp 306950 . f . pustulatirus praestantior ( melvill , 1892 ) . 64 . 6 mm sl . punta san antonio , bahia san carlos , western mexico , 20 m ( sc ) . g . pustulatirus sanguinea ( wood , 1828 ) . 51 . 1 mm sl . bahia isabel , ferdinanda island , galapagos , 10–15 m ( sc ) . h . pustulatirus virginensis ( abbott , 1958 ) . 34 . 2 mm sl . st thomas , virgin islands . holotype , ansp 196459 .
type species : latirus mediamericanus hertlein & strong , 1951a ( fig . 4 e ) .
characterization : shell slender , with or without very low shoulder angulation ; spiral sculpture on later whorls reduced to absent on central sector and distal end of siphonal protuberance ; axial sculpture of low , short , axially elongated nodes ; outer lip strongly convex at point just above basal constriction ; inner side of outer lip with strongly beaded lirae ; adapical and abapical sinuses distinct .
etymology : latin pustula ( pustule , referring to beaded lirae ) and genus latirus .
p . annulata ( röding , 1798 ) , recent , cuba , lesser antilles , jamaica ( fig . 4 a )
p . attenuata ( reeve , 1847 ) , recent , western atlantic ( fig . 4 b )
p . eppi ( melvill 1891 ) , recent , southern caribbean ( fig . 4 c )
p . hemphilli ( hertlein & strong , 1951a ) , recent , eastern pacific ( fig . 4 d )
p . mediamericana ( hertlein & strong , 1951a ) , recent , eastern pacific ( fig . 4 e )
p . praestantior ( melvill , 1892 ) , recent , eastern pacific ( fig . 4 f )
p . sanguinea ( wood , 1828 ) , recent , galapagos islands ( fig . 4 g )
p . virginensis ( abbott , 1958 ) , recent , caribbean ( fig . 4 h )
questionable taxa and taxa excluded from the latirus group : many species assigned to latirus from the paleocene and eocene are either of indeterminate affinity or do not belong to the fasciolariidae . we briefly discuss some of these taxa below .
latirus kirbyi clark , 1938 . this species from the markley formation ( middle eocene ) of northern california lacks columellar folds and is therefore unlikely to be a member of the latirus group . the relatively high spire , axial ribs not extending abapically to the base , and the lirae inside the outer lip may have led clark to place this species in a broadly conceived genus latirus . species of this morphology may indeed lie at the phylogenetic base of the latirus group . latirus kirbyi is either a buccinid or a fusinine fasciolariid with a short canal .
latirus quercotillaensis olsson , 1931 . olsson ( 1931 ) was unsure about the generic placement of this latest eocene or earliest oligocene species from the chira formation of northern peru . the holotype ( paleontological research institute 2141 ) has a broken siphonal protuberance and an aperture concealed by matrix . the last whorl appears to lack axial sculpture and is highly inflated . we doubt that this taxon is a fasciolariid , but there are too few characters discernible to allow confident placement .
the author gratefully acknowledges paul callomon ( ansp ) who photographed and composed the plates , and carefully reviewed the manuscript and offered helpful suggestions . we also thank dra elina sufiati gholib of the geological museum in the republic of indonesia for the photographs of lathyropsis mamillifer . referees provided helpful suggestions with respect to the scope of this paper .
fossiles néogènes et quaternaires des nouvelle - hébrides ( missions e . aubert de la rüe , 1934–1936 )
description géologique du bassin tertiaire du sud - ouest de la france . première partie , comprenant les observations générales sur les mollusques fossiles , et la description particulière de ceux qu ' on rencontre dans ce bassin
i molluschi dei terreni terziarii del piemonte e della liguria . parte 4 . fasciolariidae e turbinellidae
( 1886 ) . [ also issued as a preprint , 62 pp . , 1884 ]
descriptions of new species of shells collected by mr . t . bridges in the bay of panama and its vicinity in the collection of hugh cuming , esq
catalogue illustré des coquilles fossils de l ' éocène des environs de paris faisant suite aux travaux paléontologiques de g . - p . deshayes , quatrième fasicule
contributions to the tertiary fauna of florida , with especial reference to the miocene silex - beds of tampa and the pliocene beds of the caloosahatchie river , part i . pulmonate , opisthobranchiate and orthodont gastropods
eastern pacific expeditions of the new york zoological society . mollusks from the west coast of mexico and central america . part 10
latirus . memoirs and proceedings of the manchester literary and philosophical society , ser . 4
natuurkundige verhandelingen van de hollandsche maatschappij der wetenschappen te haarlem , tweede verzameling , ser . 2
contributions to the tertiary paleontology of northern peru . part 4 . the peruvian oligocene
contributions to the tertiary paleontology of northern peru . part 5 . the peruvian miocene
pliocene mollusca of southern florida with special reference to those from north saint petersburg ( with special chapters on turridae by william g . fargo and vitrinellidae and fresh - water mollusks by henry a . pilsbry )
die mollusken des pliocäns von süd - bantam in java . de ingenieur in nederlandsch - indië , iv
catalogue of the paleocene and eocene mollusca of the southern and eastern united states . part ii . gastropoda
the pliocene reefs of miami : their geomorphological significance in the evolution of the atlantic coastal ridge , southeastern florida , u . s . a
new gastropods named for frederick m . bayer , in recognition of his contributions to tropical western atlantic malacology
museum boltenianus sive catalogus cimeliorum e tribus regnis naturae quae olim collegerat . pars secunda continens conchylia sive testacea univalvia , bivalvia & multivalvia
miocene mollusks from bowden , jamaica . part ii . gastropods and discussion of results
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subfamily : fasciolariinae - genus : pleuroploca p . fischer , 1884 ( db : 14 sp , 9 img )
subfamily : fasciolariinae - genus : pustulatirus g . j . vermeij & m . a . snyder , 2006 ( db : 13 sp , 9 img )


the cinnabar boobook ( ninox ios ) also known as the cinnabar hawk owl , is a hawk owl endemic to the island of sulawesi , indonesia .

it was described as a new species to science by american ornithologist pamela c. rasmussen in 1999 based on a single specimen collected by frank rozendaal from bogani nani wartabone national park on minahassa peninsula , northern sulawesi , in 1985 .

subsequently , it has also been observed in lore lindu national park in central sulawesi , greatly expanding the known habitat range .

the cinnabar boobook is small ( total length 22 cm or 8.5 in ) and has a relatively long tail and narrow pointed wings .

the four known records of the species indicate it is a nocturnal forest dwelling species living at mid-altitudes ( 1,100 to 1,700 m ( 3,600 to 5,600 ft ) ) .

otherwise very little is known of its habits .

based on morphological similarities with owlet-nightjars , rasmussen suggests the cinnabar boobook may be an insectivore and prey on invertebrates in flight .

cinnabar boobook

select an image : 1 . cinnabar boobook 2 . cinnabar boobook 3 . cinnabar boobook 4 . cinnabar boobook 5 . cinnabar boobook 6 . cinnabar boobook 7 . cinnabar boobook 8 . cinnabar boobook 9 . cinnabar boobook 10 . cinnabar boobook > > adult 11 . cinnabar boobook > > adult
cinnabar boobook ( ninox ios ) is a species of bird in the strigidae family .
information on the cinnabar boobook is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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fjeldså , j . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . cinnabar boobook ( ninox ios ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
relationships unclear , as there are no obvious close relatives . a boobook with white supercilia and white - spotted underparts found and photographed in c sulawesi may be a subspecies of present species ( it is not considered the undescribed juvenile ) or a closely related species ; voices similar # r . monotypic .
assessment of the status of this species is hampered by its considerable obscurity . given its apparent rarity and the continuing loss and degradation of forest habitat on sulawesi , it seems reasonable to surmise that its population is small and declining , qualifying it as vulnerable .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ninox ios . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
possibly the highest elevational record for the species ; recorded near the start of the puncak dingin summit trail . the central sulawesi form is fairly distinct and likely to be a different subspecies from that on the minahassa peninsula .
previously published on avocet as av5111 . certainty : slightly less than 100 % . id determined by : [ ed . : similar to introductory notes in av 3310 but needs further confirmation ] . response to playback . gps : xeno - canto . habitat : on the edge of logged , primary forest and quite close to a stream . original tentative identification eurostopodus diabolicus ; corrected by filip verbelen
previously published on avocet as av5110 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not seen . response to playback . gps : xeno - canto . habitat : on the edge of logged , primary forest and quite close to a stream . original tentative identification eurostopodus diabolicus , corrected by filip verbelen
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
highlands of sulawesi : recorded from n ( minahasa peninsula ) & wc regions ( lore lindu national park ) ; possibly also c sulawesi ( see above ) .
= 2 ) . small , brightly coloured hawk - owl with relatively long tail . plumage is nearly uniformly rufous - chestnut , except for whitish . . .
song is a hard couplet , “wruck - wruck” , the notes c . 0·5 seconds apart . less . . .
middle - elevation forest , from c . 1100–1700 m . ten birds heard at gunung ambang . . .
appears to feed predominantly on flying insects , by making short sallies from exposed branches .
vulnerable . cites ii . restricted - range species : present in sulawesi eba . assessment of status difficult owing to the species’ obscurity ; only a handful of confirmed . . .
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rasmussen , p . c . 1999 . a new species of hawk - owl ( ninox ) from north sulawesi , indonesia . wilson bulletin 111 : 457 - 464 .
c . 22 cm . small , brightly coloured hawk - owl . uniform rufous - chestnut but for whitish scapular spots , whitish feather shafts on underparts , indistinct darker scalloping to lower underparts , and narrow , darker bars on retrices . lacks any facial patterning .
are dark brown , the former with paler yellow - ochre lower underparts , the latter with brown - streaked white underparts .
allinson , t , benstead , p . , bird , j . , taylor , j . , tobias , j . , westrip , j .
2012 ) ; although elsewhere it could be sparsely distributed ( k . d . bishop
the population size is preliminarily estimated to fall into the band 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals . this equates to 3 , 750 - 14 , 999 individuals in total , rounded here to 3 , 500 - 15 , 000 individuals . trend justification : deforestation has occurred at lower elevations within the species ' s range . this on - going threat suggests that its population is declining , although the rate of decline is suspected to be moderate owing to limited impacts on montane forests .
forest at middle elevations on sulawesi is relatively intact at present . however , deforestation is having a major impact in many areas , and until it is demonstrated that the species occurs more widely than its current three localities , it is precautionary to regard it as at risk simply on the basis of its potentially restricted population . the drivers behind on - going deforestation are thought to be rural development and encroachment of settlements , agricultural expansion and logging pressure . oil palm plantations are a major cause of deforestation in many parts of indonesia . as a species of montane areas , it is potentially at risk from the effects of projected climate change on the distribution and extent of its habitats .
cites appendix ii . the species occurs within three protected areas : bogani nani wartabone national park , gunung ambang strict nature reserve and lore lindu national park .
establish the calling periods of this species as a prerequisite to full surveys using playback , by which its true status and needs can be determined . provide full support for the management and protection of protected areas where it is known to occur . assess the threats to higher elevation forest on sulawesi and take appropriate actions to conserve these areas .
edited text of geographic range information and habitats and ecology information , with subsequent addition of a new reference and an alteration of upper elevation limit . also added contributors and a facilitator / compiler .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22728610a110052073 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
classified as vulnerable ( vu ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 2 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
iwan hunowu perum bumi kawangkoan blok b no . 180 kalawat minahasa utara 95378 sulawesi utara indonesia sulawesibirdpic @ urltoken urltoken
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crocanthes poliozona is a moth in the lecithoceridae family .

it was described by park in 2011 .

it is found in papua new guinea .

the wingspan is 13-15 mm .

the forewing markings and venation are similar to those of crocanthes pancala , as are the hindwings .

crocanthes poliozona

this is the place for poliozona definition . you find here poliozona meaning , synonyms of poliozona and images for poliozona copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word poliozona . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word poliozona and , of course , poliozona synonyms and on the right images related to the word poliozona .
crocanthes poliozona park , 2011 ; florida entomol . 94 ( 4 ) : 782 ; tl : papua new guinea , madang , brahman mission 200m
aprosoesta poliozona ; park , 2015 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 254
crocanthes heliograpta meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 17 ) : 520 ; tl : new guinea , dampier i .
crocanthes cyclopsana park , 2011 ; florida entomol . 94 ( 4 ) : 786 ; tl : papua , depapre , cyclops mts . , 2°29 ' s , 140°27 ' e
crocanthes warmarensis park , 2011 ; florida entomol . 94 ( 4 ) : 784 ; tl : papua , birdshead peninsula , arac mts . , 300m , warmare dua 0°58 ' s , 133°53 ' e
crocanthes gatoralis park , 2011 ; florida entomol . 94 ( 4 ) : 784 ; tl : papua , birdshead peninshula , gng . meja resv . , near manokwari japanese monument , 0°52 ' s , 134°06 ' e
= crocanthes ; sattler , 1973 , bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( ent . ) 28 ( 4 ) : 171 ; [ aucl ] ; park , 2011 , florida entomol . 94 ( 4 ) : 781
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illustrations of adults of all known species , with few exceptions , and genitalia of all new species and previously known species , where available , are provided . a key to the species for the species - groups and genera , and a world catalogue of the subfamily are given .
peer review under responsibility of national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) .
copyright © 2015 national science museum of korea ( nsmk ) and korea national arboretum ( kna ) . production and hosting by elsevier b . v .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
aprosoesta ( crocanthinae ) ; park , 2015 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 252
pancala ; park , 2015 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 253
aprosoesta pancala turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 151 ; tl : n . queensland , kuranda , near cairns
aprosoesta pancala ; park , 2015 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 254
aprosoesta warmarensis ; park , 2015 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 254
aprosoesta gatoralis ; park , 2015 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 254
aprosoesta cyclopsana ; park , 2015 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 254
aprosoesta subpancala park , 2015 ; j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 254 ; tl : papua new guinea , morobe , wau 1000m
vinnula ; park , 2015 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 255
aprosoesta vinnula park , 2015 ; j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 257 ; tl : papua new guinea , madang , brahman mission 200m
aprosoesta strombiana park , 2015 ; j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 257 ; tl : papua new guinea , morobe , wau 1000m
aprosoesta heliograpta ; park , 2015 , j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 258
aprosoesta cordispina park , 2015 ; j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 258 ; tl : papua new guinea , madang , brahman mission 200m
aprosoesta eremitatos park , 2015 ; j . asia - pacif . biodiv . 8 ( 4 ) : 258 ; tl : papua , kekamatan nissan , walmak , 1710m , 4°07 ' s , 138°38 ' e
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
three hundred and twenty newly described species of lecithoceridae ( lepidoptera , gelechioidea ) by k . t . park since 1998 , with a tentative catalogue and images of types
turner , 1924 results of dr . e . mjöberg ' s swedish scientific expeditions to australia , 1910 - 1913 . 33 . pyraloidea ark . zool . 16 ( 3 ) : 1 - 7
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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antiochtha jianfengensis ( y . m . zhu & h . h . li , 2009 )
antiochtha protrusa ( y . m . zhu & h . h . li , 2009 )
antiochtha purpurata ( y . m . zhu & h . h . li , 2009 )
antiochtha rotunda ( y . m . zhu & h . h . li , 2009 )
carodista fabajuxta ( c . s . wu & k . t . park , 1999 )
deltoplastis cognata ( c . s . wu & k . t . park , 1998 )
deltoplastis figurodigita ( c . s . wu & k . t . park , 1998 )
deltoplastis lamellospina ( c . s . wu & k . t . park , 1998 )
eurodachtha rotundina ( k . t . park & c . s . wu , 2009 )
frisilia nesiotes ( k . t . park & c . s . wu , 2008 )
homaloxestis aciformis ( s . r . liu & s . x . wang , 2014 )
homaloxestis dehiscentis ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1992 )
homaloxestis ellipsoidea ( s . r . liu & s . x . wang , 2014 )
homaloxestis grabia ( c . s . wu & k . t . park , 1999 )
homaloxestis lacerta ( c . s . wu & k . t . park , 1999 )
homaloxestis luzonensis ( k . t . park & b . k . byun , 2007 )
homaloxestis quadralis ( k . t . park & b . k . byun , 2007 )
issikiopteryx aurolaxa ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
issikiopteryx corona ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
issikiopteryx fornicata ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
issikiopteryx nigeriflava ( s . r . liu & s . x . wang , 2013 )
issikiopteryx obtusangula ( x . m . fan & h . h . li , 2008 )
issikiopteryx ophrysa ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
issikiopteryx parelongata ( s . r . liu & s . x . wang , 2013 )
issikiopteryx rotundiconcava ( x . m . fan & h . h . li , 2008 )
issikiopteryx suiyangensis ( s . r . liu & s . x . wang , 2013 )
issikiopteryx valvispinata ( x . m . fan & h . h . li , 2008 )
kalocyrma epileuca ( c . s . wu & k . t . park , 1999 )
kalocyrma oxygonia ( c . s . wu & k . t . park , 1999 )
lecithocera ambona ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera beijingensis ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera chartaca ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera contorta ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera cuspidata ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera didentata ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera eligmosa ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera erebosa ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera eretma ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera gemma ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera gilviana ( k . t . park & c . s . wu , 2010 )
lecithocera glabrata ( c . s . wu & y . liu , 1992 )
lecithocera hiata ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera lacunara ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera levirota ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera licnita ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera meloda ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera metopaena ( c . s . wu & k . t . park , 1999 )
lecithocera nitikoba ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera olinxana ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera palmata ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera petalana ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera plicata ( c . s . wu & k . t . park , 1999 )
lecithocera sabrata ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecithocera tridentata ( c . s . wu & y . q . liu , 1993 )
lecitholaxa mesosura ( c . s . wu & k . t . park , 1999 )
lecitholaxa pogonikuma ( c . s . wu & k . t . park , 1999 )
longipenis dentivalvus ( m . wang & h . s . wang , 2010 )
neopectinimura beckeri ( k . t . park & b . k . byun , 2010 )
neopectinimura calligina ( k . t . park & b . k . byun , 2010 )
neopectinimura madangensis ( k . t . park & b . k . byun , 2010 )
neopectinimura morobeensis ( k . t . park & b . k . byun , 2010 )
neopectinimura setiola ( k . t . park & b . k . byun , 2010 )
neopectinimura walmakensis ( k . t . park & m . y . kim , 2014 )
the effect of mammary gland expression of human lysozyme on the properties of milk from transgenic mice . journal of dairy science 78 ( 12 ) : 2645 - 2652 , 1995
expression of a bovine beta - casein / human lysozyme fusion gene in the mammary gland of transgenic mice . journal of biochemistry & molecular biology 31 ( 4 ) : 413 - 417 , july 31 , 1998
generation of transgenic mice expressing human lysozyme in mammary gland . zhonghua yi xue yi chuan xue za zhi 22 ( 5 ) : 541 - 544 , 2005
expression of trout lysozyme type ii in mammary gland of transgenic mice may confer resistance against mastitis . transgenic research 11 ( 1 ) : 89 - 90 , february , 2002
in vitro evaluation of a mammary gland specific expression vector encoding recombinant human lysozyme for development of transgenic dairy goat embryos . biotechnology letters 34 ( 8 ) : 1445 - 1452 , 2013
human gamma - interferon expression in the mammary gland of transgenic mice . febs letters 319 ( 1 - 2 ) : 181 - 184 , 1993
efficient human ifn - gamma expression in the mammary gland of transgenic mice . journal of interferon & cytokine research 19 ( 2 ) : 137 - 144 , 1999
relb / p52 nf - kb complexes rescue an early delay in mammary gland development in transgenic mice with targeted superrepressor ikb - a expression and promote carcinogenesis of the mammary gland . molecular and cellular biology 25 ( 22 ) : 136 - 47 , 2005
cloning of human g - csf genomic gene and its expression in transgenic mice mammary gland . yi chuan xue bao 26 ( 4 ) : 281 - 287 , 1999
mammary gland specific expression of a chimeric human ha ras gene in transgenic mice . experientia ( basel ) 42 ( 6 ) : 673 - 674 , 1986