tapinoma sessile is a species of small ant that goes by the common names odorous house ant , sugar ant , stink ant , and coconut ant .

their colonies are polydomous ( consist of multiple nests ) and polygynous ( contain multiple reproducing queens ) .

like many social insects , t. sessile employs complex foraging strategies , allocates food depending on environmental conditions , and engages in competition with other insect species .

these ants can be found in a huge diversity of habitats , including within houses .

they forage mainly for honeydew , which is produced by aphids and scale insects that are guarded and tended by the ants , as well as floral nectar and other sugary foods .

they are common household pests and are attracted to sources of water and sweets .

as with most other ants , t. sessile is eusocial .

this is characterized by reproductive division of labor , cooperative care of the young , and overlapping generations .

tapinoma sessile

tracy barbaro set
image of tapinoma sessile
as an exemplar on
tapinoma sessile ( say , 1836 )
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eduard solà set
tapinoma sessile ( casent0179855 ) profile
as an exemplar on
tapinoma sessile ( say , 1836 )
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tapinoma sessile , profile view of worker ( photo by joe a . macgown )
the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see tapinoma sessile for further details
tapinoma sessile , full face view of worker ( photo by joe a . macgown )
ingen har bidragit med dataposter för tapinoma sessile ännu . läs om hur man bidrar .
tapinoma sessile , otherwise known as the odorous house ant . dale ward / discover life hide caption
full text of
the biology of tapinoma sessile say , an important house - infesting ant .
full text of
the biology of tapinoma sessile say , an important house - infesting ant .
i know technomyrmex difficilis look similar to tapinoma sessile , and have similar nesting habits . but , these look a bit different to me and are definitely bigger and a different color than i remember seeing from tapinoma sessile .
smith , m . r . 1928 . the biology of tapinoma sessile say , an important house - infesting ant .
tapinoma sessile , profile view of worker with arrow pointing to the flattened petiole ( photo by joe a . macgown )
how to kill sugar ants , diy . works on tapinoma sessile aka sugar , sweet , or simply stink ants .
tapinoma sessile , lateral view of worker ( ar , washington / benton co . ) ( photo by joe a . macgown )
tapinoma sessile , dorsal view of worker ( ar , washington / benton co . ) ( photo by joe a . macgown )
hans - martin braun added the german common name
wohlriechende hausameise
to
tapinoma sessile ( say , 1836 )
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how to kill sugar ants , diy . works on tapinoma sessile aka sugar , sweet , or simply stink ants . - youtube
tapinoma sessile , full face view of worker ( ar , washington / benton co . ) ( photo by joe a . macgown )
miner , a . 2014 .
tapinoma sessile
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
— noun or odorous ant : a common no . american ant ( tapinoma sessile ) that emits a characteristic odor and that frequently invades buildings …
senior synonym of tapinoma parva , tapinoma boreale roger ( and its junior synonym tapinoma boreale provancher ) : mayr , 1886d pdf : 434 ; creighton , 1950a pdf : 353 ; of tapinoma gracilis : emery , 1895d pdf : 337 ; wheeler , 1902g pdf : 20 ; creighton , 1950a pdf : 353 ; of tapinoma dimmocki : shattuck , 1992c pdf : 153 .
but then , maybe they are just tapinoma sessile and my memory of them is wrong . . . but , just want to make sure . however , one thing i am positive of . the queens are definitely bigger than i ' ve seen from tapinoma sessile queens . unless the size just varies depending on region .
most likely tapinoma , wetterer 2013 does not list technomyrmex difficilis as having been found in california . tapinoma on the other hand is very common in that area .
senior synonym of tapinoma parva , tapinoma boreale roger , [ no year ] ( and its junior synonym tapinoma boreale provancher , [ no year ] ) : mayr , 1886d pdf : 434 ; creighton , 1950a pdf : 353 ; of tapinoma gracilis : emery , 1895d pdf : 337 ; wheeler , 1902g pdf : 20 ; creighton , 1950a pdf : 353 ; of tapinoma dimmocki : shattuck , 1992c pdf : 153 .
to cite this page : miner , a . 2014 .
tapinoma sessile
( on - line ) , animal diversity web . accessed july 09 , 2018 at urltoken
though , could they be technomyrmex albipes ? or just still most likely t . sessile ?
for now , they just know sessile has a new urban attitude and loves a good party .
the odorous house ant ( tapinoma sessile ) is a native species , found throughout the united states . it earns its name by producing a foul ,
rotten coconut
odor when crushed .
kimball , c . p . 2016b . independent colony foundation in tapinoma sessile of northcentral colorado . entomological news . 126 : 83 - 86 . doi : 10 . 3157 / 021 . 126 . 0203
buczkowski , g . & krushelnycky , p . 2012 . the odorous house ant , tapinoma sessile ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , as a new temperate - origin invader . myrmecological news 16 : 61 - 66 .
steinbrink h , 1987 . a further proof of tapinoma melanocephalum in the gdr . ( ein weiterer nachweis von tapinoma melanocephalum ( hymenoptera , formicidae ) in der ddr ) angewandte parasitologie , 28 : 91 - 92 .
buczkowski , g . & krushelnycky , p . 2012 : the odorous house ant , tapinoma sessile ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , as a new temperate - origin invader . – myrmecological news 16 : 61 - 66 .
this site and a couple others say technomyrmex albipes have been found here . but , not sure if there are differences that i can tell between them . do they look too similar to confirm it is tapinoma sessile ?
i can now confirm , these are almost certainly not tapinoma sessile . i crushed a couple workers , and not even a hint of a smell . maybe a very very slight one , but that might be household smells since dad has been painting in the garage . however , every tapinoma sessile i ever encountered has been very strong . from what i can tell , and i have a pretty good smelling nose , there isn ' t anything after crushing them . a few seconds after crushing the worker , there was still nothing on my fingers from them . unless , some tapinoma sessile just don ' t have a smell , as these have none at all .
kimball , c . p . 2016a . colony structure in tapinoma sessile ants of northcentral colorado : a research note . entomological news . 125 : 357 - 362 . doi : 10 . 3157 / 021 . 125 . 0507
smith , m . r . 1928a . the biology of tapinoma sessile say , an important house - infesting ant . ann . entomol . soc . am . 21 : 307 - 330 ( page 307 , see also )
the ghost ant is in the same genus as the odorous house ant , tapinoma sessile ( say ) . however , the ghost ant is smaller and colored differently since the odorous house ant is entirely dark brown to black .
citation : salyer a , bennett gw , buczkowski ga ( 2014 ) odorous house ants ( tapinoma sessile ) as back - seat drivers of localized ant decline in urban habitats . plos one 9 ( 12 ) : e113878 . urltoken
dimmocki . bothriomyrmex dimmocki wheeler , w . m . 1915b : 417 ( w . q . ) u . s . a . combination in tapinoma : emery , 1925e : 19 . junior synonym of sessile : shattuck , 1992c : 153 .
identification odorous house ant workers are 2 . 4 - 3 . 25 mm in overall length and colored uniformly brown to blackish - brown . the single petiolar node , found between the alitrunk and gaster , is flattened , rather than erect and is usually concealed by the gaster . tapinoma sessile may be confused with linepithema humile , the argentine ant , which is approximately the same size and color . tapinoma sessile differs by having the petiolar node flattened , whereas the node is erect in the l . humile .
unfortunately , no . i have yet to come across any thorough research on this . t . sessile is surprisingly understudied overall .
yeah , i don ' t like it either for tapinoma sessile . its really strong . these ones didn ' t seem as bad ( or at all , didn ' t really notice ) , but maybe i didn ' t get a good smell .
some authors have considered “varieties” or “sub - species” of t . melanocephalum to exist . two early attempts at describing varieties were tapinoma ( micromyrma ) melanocephalum var . australe santschi and tapinoma ( micromyrma ) melanocephalum var . australis santschi , but these have been subsequently considered invalid names . current possible sub - species names occasionally used are tapinoma melanocephalum var . coronatum forel , and tapinoma melanocephalum var . malesianum forel . it remains to be determined how appropriate these sub - species designations are ; opinions vary substantially amongst taxonomists .
i found a small colony of tapinoma sessile in fairmont hotsprings . i have only ever found one colony to date . it was on the side of a mountain , in a pile of spruce needles , over 2km from the nearest human building . go figure .
the tiny ant that ' s taking on the big city this is a story about a party girl . scientists call her tapinoma sessile , and her story is an old one , really . she moved from the country to the city and totally reinvented herself .
tapinoma sessile is also known as the odorous house ant . you know the small brown ant you find in your kitchen ? yeah , that ' s probably her ( ant colonies are almost entirely female ) . she started crashing aaron ' s parties last winter .
the ant tapinoma sessile ( say ) 1836 is one of the most widely distributed ants in north america ; yet , it has received very little attention from biologists apart from its ability to infest houses . the original species description does not adequately account for the phenotypic variation present in this species of typically darkly concolored ant . in california , a bicolored morph was discovered that superficially resembles t . sessile ; hence , its species status was questioned . comparative morphometric analysis indicates that the bicolored ants are consistently distinguishable across a range of characters , and allometric techniques conclusively demonstrate that these two morphs are divergent . based on the analysis of morphological data it was concluded that the bicolored ant is not t . sessile and is described as a new species , tapinoma schreiberi . a neotype of t . sessile also is designated in this article , and measurement data are presented to assist taxonomists and delimit the morphological boundaries of t . sessile .
the ant tapinoma sessile ( say ) 1836 is one of the most widely distributed ants in north america ; yet , it has received very little attention from biologists apart from its ability to infest houses . the original species description does not adequately account for the phenotypic variation present in this species of typically darkly concolored ant . in california , a bicolored morph was discovered that superficially resembles t . sessile ; hence , its species status was questioned . comparative morphometric analysis indicates that the bicolored ants are consistently distinguishable across a range of characters , and allometric techniques conclusively demonstrate that these two morphs are divergent . based on the analysis of morphological data it was concluded that the bicolored ant is not t . sessile and is described as a new species , tapinoma schreiberi . a neotype of t . sessile also is designated in this article , and measurement data are presented to assist taxonomists and delimit the morphological boundaries of t . sessile .
descriptive . sessile translates as
sitting
and this is presumably in reference to the gaster sitting directly on top of the petiole .
white and many other scientists say sessile is becoming a dominant urban species .
they ' re our no . 1 pest .
the odorous house ant , tapinoma sessile , is one of our most common ants . but oddly , we seldom see winged , or reproductives , of this species . here are some images showing a couple of males , and their wing venation . click to enlarge .
i kind of enjoy the fruity coconut smell of our tapinoma , though i ' ve been in areas where they smell less pleasant .
clagg cf , 1957 . notes and exhibitions : tapinoma melanocephalum ( f . proceedings of the hawaiian entomological society , 16 : 197 .
tapinoma sessile smell like coconut , and its very strong . i dunno how these smell . i had some on my hand and i wiped them off and squished a couple , and didn ' t notice anything strong like t . sessile are like . usually they are super overpowering . if the technomyrmex are supposed to smell different or if they don ' t , i ' ll try one more worker .
vanweelden , m . t . , g . bennett , and g . buczkowski . 2015 . the effects of colony structure and resource abundance on food dispersal in tapinoma sessile ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . journal of insect science . 15 . doi : 10 . 1093 / jisesa / ieu176
gomez - nunez jc . 1971 . tapinoma melanocephalum as an inhibitor of rhodnius prolixus populations . journal of medical entomology 8 : 735 - 737 .
these look different than tapinoma sessile i remember seeing . t . sessile that i ' ve seen are a bit smaller than argentine ants . these are actually the size or a bit bigger than argentine ants . the three queens ( pretty sure i found lots , but i didn ' t sort through the dirt . and actually , they were just in the grass and inside plants , they weren ' t underground at all ) i found are also much bigger than i remember tapinoma sessile queens i ' ve seen . the queens are a bit bigger than argentine ant queens . they also had various nesting spots , each nest had one queen ( or more ) residing in them . the queens weren ' t located in one spot , but spread out within the multiple nesting sites . the tapinoma sessile also take on a more dark brown color ( like argentine ants ) , these are completely black with white legs . the abdomen is pretty elongated , and the part connecting the petiole is pretty white and the tip is black .
im having a similar experience as dspdrew , tapinoma sessile was the first queen i ever caught and she ' s been doing well with 8 workers and a nice brood . they ' re all over the bay area in the hills in logs in such . i just recently picked up another 3 or 4 queens a 40 tapinoma sessile workers . . . letting them live in this plastic container formicarium i just threw together until i ' ll eventually transfer them to something nicer like a tha nucleus . i ' m surprised to hear everyone has had problems . i just feed them honey and fruit flies .
figure 1 . worker of the ghost ant , tapinoma melanocephalum ( fabricius ) , lateral view . photograph by philip bernie ( used with permission ) .
gomez - nunez jc , 1971 . tapinoma melanocephalum as an inhibitor of rhodnius prolixus populations . journal of medical entomology , 8 : 735 - 737 .
it ' s not a bad smell , just not what i expected ants to smell like . but that ' s how you know it ' s sessile . smell is also how sessile knows it ' s sessile . ants , it ' s believed , use smell to recognize whether or not they belong to the same colony . to demonstrate this , white pulls out two vials of ants , each from different sides of one building , probably different nests .
shattuck so ; barnett nj , 2001 . genus tapinoma ( subfamily dolichoderinae ) : melanocephalum ( fabricius ) . australian ants online . australia : csiro . urltoken
tamsitt jr ; fox i , 1966 . tapinoma melanocephalum attacks laboratory fleas in puerto rico . proceeding of the entomological society of washington , 68 : 268 .
wetterer jk , 2009 . worldwide spread of the ghost ant , tapinoma melanocephalum ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . myrmecological news , 12 : 23 - 33 .
parva . formica parva buckley , 1866 : 159 ( w . ) u . s . a . junior synonym of sessile : mayr , 1886d : 434 .
here in colorado , t . sessile alates begin to eclose during june . i ' m not sure whether captive colonies would adhere to a natural schedule though .
figure 3 . worker of the ghost ant , tapinoma melanocephalum ( fabricius ) , dorsal view . photograph by j . l . castner , university of florida .
ameisennesterverlegung wurde in einem laubwald in den östlichen vereinigten staaten studiert . nester wurden durch tuna köder lokalisiert und alle 2–3 wochen auf die anhaltende bewodung oder verlassen von den kolonien geprüft . halbwertzeite der nest für 4 arten wurden berechnet und zeigten veränderungen von 12 , 9 tagen für tapinoma sessile zu 89 , 9 tagen für formica subsericea .
the odorous house ant is native to most of the entire united states ranging from canada into mexico . these ants feed on many different items including most items found in homes but apparently prefer to feed on those high in sugars . outside , tapinoma sessile will feed on honeydew excreted by aphids and on nectar from flowers and buds .
in 1928 , m . r . smith revisited the biology of t . sessile . he provided a more complete description of t . sessile and provided measurement data and descriptions of color variation to demonstrate the level of phenotypic variability present in this species . the focus of smith’s work was related to t . sessile ’s ability to infest houses ( hence its common name the odorous house ant ) ; as such , his scope was limited . he did not mention any bicolored morphs ( smith 1928 ) .
have you noticed any larger - than - normal larvae ? this colony is definitely large enough to be producing alates , judging from my experience with local t . sessile .
. . . in natural habitats , t . sessile is a subdominant species comprised of small , single - queen colonies . in urban areas , t . sessile exhibits the characteristics common to most invasive ant species such as extreme polygyny ( thousands of queens ) , extensive polydomy ( multiple nests ) , and ecological dominance over native ant species [ 38 , 5758 59 . furthermore , t . sessile has been recently reported as an invasive species in human - altered habitats in hawaii [ 44 ] . . . .
ant nest relocation was studied in a decidous forest in the eastern u . s . nests were located by tuna baiting and were re - checked every 2–3 weeks for continued occupation or desertion by the colonies . nest half lives for four species were calculated and varied from 12 . 9 days for tapinoma sessile to 89 . 9 days for formica subsericea .
this is a story about a party girl . her name is tapinoma sessile , and her story is an old one , really . she moved from the country to the city and totally reinvented herself . she got caught up in the glitz and glam of urban life , and now , she ' s dead in my friend aaron ' s apartment .
introduction tapinoma sessile is commonly called the odorous house ant . this native ant is one of the most adaptable species of ants in the united states . it is widespread and common throughout the country and nests in a wide variety of habitats including sandy beaches , pastures and fields , forests , wet areas ( such as bogs ) and houses or other buildings .
boreale . tapinoma boreale provancher , 1887 : 238 ( w . q . ) canada . junior primary homonym and junior synonym of boreale roger : dalla torre , 1893 : 164 .
a paper in 1928 reported that t . sessile queens only survived for a few months in the lab . however , the author admitted that the colonies were maintained in far from ideal conditions .
appel ag ; na jps ; lee c , 2004 . temperature and humidity tolerances of the ghost ant , tapinoma melanocephalum ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . sociobiology , 44 : 819 - 100 .
cook jl ; martin jb ; gold re , 1994 . first record of tapinoma melanocephalum ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) in texas . southwestern entomologist , 19 ( 4 ) : 409 - 410 .
. . . this result is in striking contrast to the extremely sensitive response of another tramp species , t . melanocephalum , to desiccation ( appel et al . 2004 ) . moisture level or rainfall was also found to affect nest moving of the outdoor species tapinoma sessile ( say ) ( buczkowski and bennett 2008 ) and pogonomyrmex barbatus ( f . smith ) ( gordon 1992 ) . . . .
this ant was originally described as formica melanocephalum by fabricius in 1793 . this name was changed in 1857 to myrmica pellucida after f . smith was given collections from asia by the famous a . r . wallace ; smith gave the same ant a second genus and species name of formica familiaris in 1860 . around this time it was also given the name formica nana by t . c . jerdon after collecting it in southern india . there are 63 ant species in the genus tapinoma . the only other significant and relatively widespread pest species amongst these is tapinoma sessile ( say ) or the “odorous house ant” .
. . . to further assess the effect of resource abundance on food dispersal in t . sessile , an additional set of feeding experiments was conducted in the field . experiments were initiated on 28 april 2010 using previously surveyed polydomous t . sessile colonies at purdue university ( buczkowski and bennett 2008 ) . spatially separated colonies , each consisting of four interconnected nests , were selected for the feeding experiments . . . .
shepard m , gibson f . 1972 . spider - ant symbiosis : cotinusa spp . ( araneida : salticidae ) and tapinoma melanocephalum ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . canadian entomologist 104 : 1951 - 1954 .
scientists don ' t yet know which factor attracts sessile , the abundance of food or the new environment . nor do they know why it ' s suddenly happening now . is it the expansion of cities ? climate change ? undetected genetic changes ? they just don ' t know . but as they try to answer all the questions that sessile raises , they ' ll learn more about what makes a species invasive .
boreale . tapinoma boreale roger , 1863a : 165 ( w . q . ) north america . subspecies of sessile : dalla torre , 1893 : 164 ; ruzsky , 1925b : 45 ; ruzsky , 1936 : 95 . senior synonym of boreale provancher : dalla torre , 1893 : 164 . junior synonym of sessile : mayr , 1886d : 434 ; creighton , 1950a : 353 . [ note . many publications refer to t . boreale mayr , 1886d : 434 , for example creighton , 1950a : 342 . this reference is to t . boreale roger as redescribed by mayr ; there is no t . boreale mayr . ]
4 a is the average number followed in parentheses by the standard error of nests found throughout the treatment . values within columns followed by the same first letter are not significantly different from values found within the same treatment of t . sessile but among varying habitats . values within columns followed by the same second letter are not significantly different from values found within the same treatment of habitat but among differing t . sessile presence .
hamm , c . a . 2010 . multivariate discrimination and description of a new species of tapinoma from the western united states . annals of the entomological society of america . 103 : 20 - 29 . pdf
smith , f . 1858a . catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . part vi . formicidae . london : british museum , 216 pp . ( page 57 , combination in tapinoma )
besides , this colony was originally collected in july of 2014 . they have made it past the 4 - 6 month window where most tapinoma journals stop . so i figured i better post my notes online .
well i certainly have had tapinoma without an odor , at this point though i won ' t try to say what these are for sure since your pictures don ' t show needed key features . enough .
massuretti de jesus c ; correa bueno o , 2007 . ghost - ant : post - embryonic development of the worker caste of tapinoma melanocephalum ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . sociobiology , 50 : 583 - 597 .
hamm , c . a . , 2010 , multivariate discrimination and description of a new species of tapinoma from the western united states . , annals of the entomological society of america 103 , pp . 20 - 29
. . . furthermore , t . sessile has been recently reported as an invasive species in human - altered habitats in hawaii [ 44 ] . both t . caespitum and t . sessile are best categorized as urban exploiters or species that become dependent on humans for food and shelter 59 60 . the great majority of the colonies nested in mulch beds around the foundation of the house and under concrete pathways associated with the house . . . .
moved them into a larger nest and thus discovered how hard it is to convince tapinoma to move . for a species that is rumored to constantly move about , merge and split colonies , it took me by surprise .
shepard m ; gibson f , 1972 . spider - ant symbiosis cotinusa spp . ( araneida : salticidae ) and tapinoma melanocephalum ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . canadian entomologist , 104 ( 12 ) : 1951 - 1954 .
odorous house ants are near the top of the list of america’s most unwanted insects . although scientists commonly refer to them as tapinoma sessile , most people know them as ‘sugar ants’ , or more colloquially , ‘piss ants’ . by any name , they are the plague of many an american kitchen from the east coast to oregon , and , as such , most of the research on odorous house ants has been devoted to figuring out how to kill them .
camponotus pennsylvanicus ( degeer ) and tapinoma sessile ( say ) exploit structural elements as guide - lines in their topographic orientation . this research documents the response of t . sessile and c . pennsylvanicus to a series of thigmotactic , gravitational , chemotactic , and phototactic cues while utilizing structural guidelines . adherence to these guidelines is more pronounced on vertical than on horizontal surfaces and more pronounced in darkness than in daylight . orientation switches from a crestline on the horizontal to a groove on the vertical . light and odor trails serve an important role as distance cues in structural guideline orientation . the hierarchy of orientation cues and the adaptive significance of these ant ' s exploitation of structural guidelines are discussed .
. . . previous research shows that high biodiversity is a barrier against invasions [ 49 ] and this theory could explain why t . sessile does not flourish into supercolonies within natural habitats . the odorous house ant is in the minority of species capable of tolerating urbanization [ 26 ] , [ 50 ] , and likely upon release from competitive species or natural habitat constraints capitalizes on vacant niches and becomes established as a dominant urban pest [ 26 ] , [ 51 ] and an invasive species [ 38 ] . driver and passenger labels fit t . sessile at different stages of colony development into supercolonies but neither model explains the overwhelming interactive effect of urbanization and t . sessile presence . . . .
odorous house ants and urbanization correlated with decreased ant richness and abundance but neither exclusive models ( passenger or driver ) appear to fit the results . urbanization correlated with a diminished total ant richness from 27 to 18 species ( −33 % ) , while the presence of t . sessile further lowered ant richness from 18 to 7 species ( −41 % ) in the immediate vicinity of t . sessile nests . these results contrast with menke ' s [ 22 ] conclusions and further support richness decline caused by urbanization . both t . sessile and urbanization interacted , correlating to a total ant richness loss of 20 species ( −74 % ) . the slightly larger reduction of richness correlated by t . sessile may suggest the effect of invasion is the primary driver of biodiversity loss while habitat alteration is secondary . additionally , urban colonies of t . sessile correlated to a decrease in nearby average ant abundance from 5 . 93 to 1 . 20 nests per plot and total nest abundance from 178 to 36 , which represents an 80 % reduction of average and total nest abundance . despite what appears to be a dominant , driver role in urban habitats , t . sessile presence does not impact ant richness or abundance within natural or semi - natural habitats . the absence of t . sessile impact within natural settings is likely due to its subdominant , minor role within native ant communities [ 47 ] – [ 48 ] . previous research shows that high biodiversity is a barrier against invasions [ 49 ] and this theory could explain why t . sessile does not flourish into supercolonies within natural habitats . the odorous house ant is in the minority of species capable of tolerating urbanization [ 26 ] , [ 50 ] , and likely upon release from competitive species or natural habitat constraints capitalizes on vacant niches and becomes established as a dominant urban pest [ 26 ] , [ 51 ] and an invasive species [ 38 ] .
klimes p ; okrouhlík j , 2015 . invasive ant tapinoma melanocephalum ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) : a rare guest or increasingly common indoor pest in europe ? european journal of entomology , 112 ( 4 ) : 705 - 712 . urltoken
osborne ls . peña je , oi dh . ( 1995 ) . predation by tapinoma melanocephalum ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) on twospotted spider mites ( acari : tetranychidae ) in florida greenhouses . florida entomologist 78 . ( 9 april 2013 ) .
osborne ls ; peña je ; oi dh , 1995 . predation by tapinoma melanocephalum ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) on twospotted spider mites ( acari : tetranychidae ) in florida greenhouses . florida entomologist , 78 ( 4 ) : 565 - 570 .
one apparent behavioral association deserves special note . on june 1 , 2014 , at comanche reservoir , a rock was lifted and found to shelter a nest of an unidentified lasius species . within the exposed galleries , a single t . sessile dealate queen wandered slowly amongst the lasius workers , eventually disappearing down a tunnel and deeper into the nest . over this period of time , no aggression or avoidance towards the t . sessile queen was seen to take place . this situation is made stranger by the fact that the queen was alone , without workers of her own , potentially suggesting a parasitic ( e . g . , xenobiotic ) relationship ( buschinger , 2009 ) . even if a t . sessile nest had been located beneath that of the lasius , this would have implied an extraordinarily fused nesting arrangement between the two species . multiple undescribed inquilines of t . sessile have been mentioned in the literature ( fisher and cover , 2007 ; ellison et ai . , 2012 ) . however , these have only been reported to parasitize t . sessile , not ants from other genera and subfamilies . also , the queen observed here did not show the characteristically small size of at least one of these inquiline species ( ellison et al . , 2012 ) .
sorvari j , 2002 . tapinoma melanocephalum ( fabricius , 1793 ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) , an imported ant species new to finland , with observations and a taxonomic note . entomologist ' s gazette , 53 ( 4 ) : 269 - 270 .
tapinoma sessile is one of the most widespread north american ant species . it is abundant in a wide range of habitats . it nests in the ground , under and within objects , in downed wood and will , in some cases , move into human structures . the small dark colored workers move about quickly during warm days but they will also forage during cooler temperatures that many other co - occurring ants avoid . when disturbed the highly excitable workers will swarm out of their nest and emit a distinctive pheromone .
the analysis of nest abundance reflected results similar to richness findings . habitat type ( f 2 , 87 = 26 . 13 , p < 0 . 0001 ) , t . sessile presence ( f 1 , 87 = 55 . 75 , p < 0 . 0001 ) , and their interaction ( f 2 , 87 = 28 . 98 , p < 0 . 0001 ) were all significant when modeling average nest abundance . however , nest abundance differences only manifested when comparing across habitats in plots with t . sessile present ( f 2 , 87 = 36 . 07 , p < 0 . 0001 ) ( fig . 2 ) . urban habitat correlated significant differences in nest abundance between plots with and without t . sessile ( f 1 , 87 = 76 . 49 , p < 0 . 0001 ) . interestingly , high numbers of t . sessile were positively correlated with average interspecific nest abundance within urban habitat when compared to plots with few t . sessile nests ( se = 0 . 1049 ; df = 84 ; p = 0 . 049 ) . odorous house ant presence correlated to a diminished total interspecific nest abundance only under urban settings ( f 1 , 174 = 64 . 82 , p < 0 . 0001 ) . natural ( f 1 , 174 = 0 . 63 , p = 0 . 428 ) and semi - natural ( f 1 , 174 = 0 . 93 , p = 0 . 0 . 337 ) abundance were unaffected by neighboring t . sessile . with t . sessile present , natural ( f 1 , 174 = 64 . 82 , p < 0 . 0001 ) and semi - natural ( f 1 , 174 = 41 . 05 , p < 0 . 0001 ) habitats correlated significant decreases in total abundance when converted to urban habitat . a total of 178 nests within urban plots without odorous house ants decreased to 36 nests with neighboring t . sessile , correlating a significant decrease ( f 1 , 174 = 45 . 82 , p < 0 . 0001 ) of approximately 80 % total abundance .
hamm , c . a . , 2010 , multivariate discrimination and description of a new species of tapinoma from the western united states . , annals of the entomological society of america 103 , pp . 20 - 29 : 24 - 25 , ( download )
bustos x ; cherix d , 1998 . contribution to the biology of tapinoma melanocephalum ( fabricius ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . ( contribution à la biologie de tapinoma melanocephalum ( fabricius ) ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . ) in : actes des colloques insectes sociaux , vol . 11 : compte rendu colloque annuel , créteil , france , 3 - 5 septembre 1997 [ ed . by lachaud jp , fourcassie v ] paris , france : union internationale pour l ' etude d ' insectes sociaux , 95 - 101 .
klotz jh ; oi dh ; vail km ; williams df , 1996 . laboratory evaluation of a boric acid liquid bait on colonies of tapinoma melanocephalum argentine ants and pharoah ants ( hymenoptera : formicidae ) . journal of economic entomology , 89 : 673 - 677 .
the adjective sessile means stalkless , in reference to the appearance of the gaster in most views of this ant . in fact , as clearly visible in the following image , this ant has a
stalk
or petiole , but it is small and lacks a node .
tapinoma is derived from a greek word for fallen or more precisely , dejection . the author may have referred to its general lowliness , to the physically depressed ( slightly flattened ) head and gaster , or to its humble coloration ( in any of these ways it can make sense . )
i stand corrected just double checked the paper , t . difficilis as ( t . albipes ) has been found in parts of california . the inland area of ramona is likely far too dry to support this ant . i would not count on your find being anything other than tapinoma .
urban populations are thousands - - possibly tens of thousands - - times larger than anything i ' ve ever seen in nature ,
says sean menke , a research fellow at north carolina state university . he recently wrote a paper on sessile .
it is on a completely different scale .
. . . in natural habitats , t . sessile has been reported as a subdominant species comprised of small , single - queen colonies ( fel - lers 1987 , buczkowski 2010 ) . in urban areas , however , t . sessile behaves very differently and exhibits the characteristics common to most invasive ant species : extreme polygyny ( thousands of queens ) , extensive polydomy ( multiple nests ) , unicoloniality , and ecological dominance over native ant species ( buczkowski & bennett 2008a , buczkowski 2010 , menke & al . 2010 ) . the species is very opportunistic and will readily adapt to take advantage of human - modified environments . . . .
seven of the t . sessile sampled nests were observed to contain alate reproductives ( male or female ) , distributed over only three geographic locations . when considering colony life cycle , it is important to note that these particular sites were investigated from late - june to mid - july . however , no flight activity was observed .
gracilis . formica gracilis buckley , 1866 : 158 ( w . q . ) u . s . a . [ unresolved junior primary homonym of formica gracilis fabricius , 1804 : 405 ( now in pseudomyrmex ) . ] junior synonym of sessile : emery , 1895c : 337 ; wheeler , w . m . 1902f : 20 .
these ants should be at war if they ' re from different colonies , but they ' re not . they ' re actually pretty calm , like they know each other . these ants were collected at least 100 feet apart , so that means their colony could be really big - - unlike what sessile does in rural areas .
in coastal venezuela , the ghost ant was found to be the primary predator of the eggs of rhodnius prolixus , the vector of chagas ' disease . this effective predaceous activity on rhodnius prolixus populations by tapinoma melanocephalum may account for the absence of rhodnius prolixus associated diseases from this area of venezuela ( gomez - nunez 1971 ) .
t . sessile , one of our more important house infesting ants , is capable of invading houses from outdoors , or nesting inside . although the ants feed on a wide variety of household foods , such as raw and cooked meats , cooked vegetables , dairy products , fruit juices , and pastries , they appear to show a preference for sweets .
in costa rica , jumping spiders ( araneae : salticidae ) were found living within nests of tapinoma melanocephalum located on the undersides of leaves . the basis of this relationship appears to be symbiotic . the spiders provide the ants with protection from predators and parasites , while the ant nest is used as a foundation for web construction ( shepard and gibson 1972 ) .
in homes , odorous house ants are most commonly found in the kitchen / pantry area , but they can occur anywhere in the house where there is an attractive food source , such as where pet food is stored . because , these ants primarily nest outdoors , indoor infestations are likely to be linked to outdoor colonies . foraging ants lay a chemical trail from the colony to the food source , and with a little patient effort , these trails can often be identified and followed back to the nesting site . tapinoma sessile workers may be recognized by their foraging behavior ; they usually travel in files or lines and are very active and fast . when excited or alarmed , workers can be observed moving around in an excited and erratic manner .
numbers following species correspond to the number of nests found within the respective factor combinations . absence of a number indicates absence of the respective species within factor combination . column abbreviations n , sn , u correspond with natural , semi - natural , and urban habitats . negative or positive column abbreviations indicate the absence ( - ) or presence ( + ) of t . sessile .
found in each of the lower 48 united states , the odorous house ant frequently invades homes in the new england area . the odorous house ant , tapinoma sessile , gets its common name from the unpleasant odor it creates when crushed . the acidic smell , often compared to that of a rotting coconut , is produced by the anal glands of the species . odorous house ants can create shallow nests almost anywhere near a viable food supply . odorous house ants regularly move nests or split up into groups to form new colonies . though nests may have thousands of members , odorous house ants typically break off from mother colonies before nests become too large . multiple reproductive queens in each colony give the odorous house ant the tendency to “appear overnight . ”
the ghost ant is associated with a complex of ant species known as
tramp ants
that is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical latitudes worldwide . in fact , tapinoma melanocephalum was once referred to simply as the
tramp ant .
colonies of tapinoma melanocephalum are reported from such isolated locations as the galapagos islands ( clark et al . 1982 ) . in temperate latitudes , the ghost ant is reported established in greenhouses and other buildings with favorable conditions , even as far north as winnipeg , manitoba , canada , where a colony nested in an apartment block on the assiniboine river ( ayre 1977 ) . ghost ant populations and infestations are reported in many areas of the united states , as well as in canada , puerto rico and the caribbean islands .
kimball ( 2016a ) - nests of t . sessile were observed at 9 of the 14 geographic locations . over the observation periods , temperature ranged from 13 . 3 to 26 . 1° celsius . forty - four of the approximately 990 rocks examined ( 4 . 5 % ) were found to shelter t . sessile workers and brood . of the 44 rocks under which t . sessile nests were found , 16 ( 36 . 4 % ) distributed over 8 geographic sites contained visible queens . only 4 of these 16 nests ( 25 % ) were observed to be polygynous . the other 12 ( 75 % ) contained only a single visible queen , suggesting monogyny . observed queen number for each of the four polygynous nests was 2 , 2 , 5 , and 3 . these were distributed over three separate sites , all located at higher elevations ( 2 , 146 to 2 , 896 meters ) . two of the sites were montane , while one was subalpine . the data show a surprisingly low variation in queen number , when compared to earlier literature from other states ( e . g . , smith , 1928 ; buczkowski , 2010 ) , as well as an apparent tendency towards monogyny .
. . . a very different behaviour of the two main genera ( tapinoma sp . and camponotus spp . ) might be obscuring the general group response . other factors such as nest site availability , pressure from competing species and food resources could explain better their distribution ( buczkowski and bennett , 2008 ) . predatory heteroptera were not affected by ground cover , except for d . punctum . . . .
. . . upon surpassing a population threshold , invasive species gain monopolization over resources , resulting in dramatic population expansion through positive feedback [ 29 ] . odorous house ants likely surpass a similar population threshold when favorable conditions allow them to express invasive syndrome characteristics [ 15 ] , [ 26 ] , [ 51 ] rarely seen in natural habitats . facultative expression of polygyny [ 26 ] appears to be a key attribute aiding urban t . sessile ' s driver dominance . . . .
basically , buried in the dna of this ant is a little time bomb . given the right conditions - - which , it turns out , don ' t occur very commonly in nature - - it can change its behavior and form these massive supercolonies . there ' s a scientific word for this : phenotypic plasticity , the ability of an individual to change its traits to adapt to its environment . that raises the question : what about the city is driving sessile to change ?
in natural habitats , t . sessile workers are noted for their love of honeydew produced by various insects such as scale insects , plant lice , mealybugs , and membracid planthoppers . they eat the honeydew as well as attend those insects to further promote honeydew production and protect them against attack by predators . additionally , workers regularly feed on sweet plant secretions from the nectaries of flowers . although their dietary favorites in the wild are sweets , they also feed on both live and dead insects and a variety of other things . in households , t . sessile feed on a wide variety of foods including both raw and cooked meats , vegetables , dairy products , pet foods , fruits , and because they are sweet - feeding ants , they are especially attracted to sugar , sweetened cereals , pastries , syrup , etc . as a result of their preference for sweets , odorous house ants will readily take sweet baits , especially liquid baits , and baits can be useful in their control .
apparent plesiobiosis was also found with some frequency . it was observed in 7 of the 44 nests ( 15 . 9 % of total observed nests ) , distributed over three separate sites . three of these nesting associations were with solenopsis molesta although these could have been instances of lestobiosis ( covert thievery by neighboring ant colonies ) , given that s . molesta is a well - known brood thief ( holldobler and wilson , 1990 ) . three other observed associations were with lasius species and one was with a myrmica species . in at least one of these cases ( a compound nest between t . sessile and a lasius sp . ) , workers of the two species intermingled freely and without aggression or avoidance . in fact , at first glance , they appeared to make up a single colony . throughout the study , plesiobiosis was found only at elevations of 2057 meters and higher . however , the author has made several informal observations of plesiobiosis in t . sessile at significantly lower elevations during prior years .
initial attempts to classify t . sessile as drivers or passengers failed because previous studies compared the exclusive and additive impacts of invasion and habitat degradation [ 6 ] – [ 7 ] , [ 9 ] . however , a new invasive model described as “back - seat drivers” [ 56 ] fits t . sessile ' s progression through colonization of urban areas , exploitation of urban resources , colony growth , followed by drastic reduction of ant richness . the back - seat driver model highlights the interactive effect of habitat disruption and invasive spread as observed in our study ( fig . 3 ) and seen in other invasive ants [ 57 ] . ecosystem restoration can be achieved by resolving a single harmful factor under passenger and driver models , but requires controlling both disturbance and invader factors under a back - seat driver model [ 56 ] . habitat disturbance through urbanization is an inherently permanent process that cannot be reverted for the purpose of pest species management . therefore , management strategies should not be aimed at eliminating , but instead continuously controlling pockets of urban populations .
a survey conducted with florida structural pest control employees to determine the kinds of ants and types of ant problems confronted in both commercial and household pest control revealed that eight species of ants were identified as key pests in florida . of these , the most common were the red imported fire ant , solenopsis invicta buren , the ghost ant , tapinoma melanocephalum , ( fabricius ) ; and the crazy ant , paratrechina longicornis ( latreille ) . each species comprising 14 % of the samples submitted ( klotz et al . 1995 ) .
in captivity , they must not get the right conditions to survive . they are actually a very hard species to keep , even though they do extremely well outside . outside i see them eat plenty of insects and other things . . . scraps of food that are dropped . inside , they don ' t eat anything but honey . i tried to give them exact food they ate outside and they ignored it . they always died in a few months or less . . . slowly getting less and less . i never saw the colonies get aphids or anything , but they ' d get tons of tiny insects and dead stuff to bring into their nest . so , not sure why they are so hard in captivity . . . maybe some ants are just not good for it . maybe they need similar conditions to what acronomyrmex and other leafcutter ants get . . . high humidity and high temperature , but not too high / low . when i see huge colonies of tapinoma sessile , it is in partly shaded areas ( but get sun in the afternoon ) with high ground wetness and hot temperature .
hamm ( 2010 ) - after being originally described as formica sessilis , in the boston journal of natural history by thomas say in 1836 , there has been little taxonomic work on t . sessile apart from its status as a pest . the original description is one paragraph in length and does not adequately describe a taxon that is highly variable in both size and color . the original species description was based on workers and queens from indiana and many of the specimens from his collection have been lost , including the holotype ( say 1836 ; r . r . snelling , personal communication ) .
biology and economic importance these ants lack a stinger , but are capable of biting , although the bite is minimal due to the small size of the ant . workers of this species emit a rotten coconut - like odor from the anal glands , which can be smelled by crushing live individuals . when freshly crushed , l . humile individuals have a different smell and emit a stale , greasy or musty odor , instead of the rotten coconut - like smell of t . sessile . argentine ants are generally seen in very large numbers on a regular basis , compared to the more sporadic occurrence of odorous house ants .
anova testing ( sas , v9 . 2 , copyright sas institute inc . 2008 ) ( proc glimmix ) was used to test for differences in nest abundance or species diversity between habitats and accounted for random effect of paired sites . a poisson regression model was used to calculate the significance of effects including habitat type , odorous house ant ' s numerical and categorical presence , and interaction effects on native ant nest and species counts . comparisons made of average species or nest counts within treatments of either t . sessile present or absent were analyzed using multiple comparisons , tukey - kramer adjustment , with a family - wise significance of 0 . 05 . pair - wise comparisons of total nest and species counts within study and control sites were calculated through proc glimmix restricted maximum likelihood analysis . simpson index , ant species diversity ( shannon index ) , and ant species equitability were assessed for each combination of factors .
the ghost ant , tapinoma melanocephalum ( fabricius ) , was considered a nuisance ant that was occasionally important as a house pest within florida as late as 1988 . field populations were confined to south florida , although active colonies had been reported as far north as gainesville , in alachua county ( bloomcamp and bieman , personal communication ) and duval county , ( mattis et al . 2004 ) . but by 1995 , if not before , the ghost ant was common in central and southern florida and had been elevated to major pest status ( klotz et al . 1995 ) . in more northerly states , infestations are confined to greenhouses or other buildings that provide conditions necessary for survival , as the ant is a tropical species either of african or oriental origin ( wheeler 1910 ) . however , this introduced ant species is so widely distributed by commerce that it is impossible to determine its original home ( smith 1965 ) .


the white-tailed eagle ( haliaeetus albicilla ) , also known as the ern , erne , gray eagle , eurasian sea eagle and white-tailed sea-eagle , is a large bird of prey in the family accipitridae which includes other raptors such as hawks , kites , and harriers .

they are found in eurasia , near large bodies of open water with an abundant food supply and old-growth trees for nesting .

they are considered a close cousin of the bald eagle ( haliaeetus leucocephalus ) .

white - tailed eagle

on average the white - tailed eagle has the largest wingspan of any eagle .
‘some years back , we reintroduced the white - tailed sea eagle here . ’
white - tailed eagle chick in a nest in co clare . photograph : allan mee , golden eagle trust
bald eagle ( haliaeetus leucocephalus ) isolated on the white . against a white background
' s white - tailed eagle population , 1880–2006 . white circles indicate rough estimates , while black dots represent figures based on eagle counts .
white - tailed eagle at nuuk , february 2008 . photo : lars maltha rasmussen .
white - tailed eagle at nuuk , october 2008 . photo : lars maltha rasmussen .
a white - tailed sea eagle plucks a free lunch from the water ' s surface .
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the white - tailed eagle was fairly common throughout much of europe until the early nineteenth century .
a white - tailed eagle appears in germany’s coat - of - arms and is germany’s national bird .
finnish environment institute syke ( 2008 ) : the triumphant return of the white - tailed eagle . urltoken
the white - tailed eagles found in europe are mainly sedentary , while the white - tailed eagles found in russia and northern asia are migratory .
the uk ' s biggest bird , the white - tailed sea eagle , has been reintroduced to skye .
the white - tailed eagle in greenland is on average larger than the other birds within this species distribution .
the white - tailed eagle is also capable of hunting mammals itself . popular are susliks , rabbits , different species of hares or muskrats . white - tailed eagle on greenland also kill arctic fox , especially the pups .
since 1977 the juvenile white - tailed eagle in following european countries are ringed with different colourrings on both legs .
the white - tailed sea - eagle populations are mostly resident and only the northernmost birds migrate southwards for wintering .
white - tailed eagle and peregrine can be seen all year round , as they both breed in the vicinity .
in sweden , monitoring of the white - tailed sea eagle is part of the national swedish environment monitoring programme .
a white - tailed eagle’s territory can range as far as 70km . they’re almost always located around bodies of water .
the graph above shows the trend in breeding numbers of white - tailed eagle in western highlands between 2010 and 2015 .
an update on the reintroduction of white - tailed sea eagles to the uk .
the debate over reintroducing white - tailed sea eagles continues following mull ' s success .
table 1 : development of the population of white - tailed sea eagle in the baltic sea riparian states ( helcom 2009 ) .
the white - tailed sea - eagle species inhabit diverse habitats in both freshwater and marine environment . these eagle species occur in coasts , rocky islands , lakes and large rivers .
hailer , f . ( 2006 ) conservation genetics of the white - tailed eagle . uppsala university , sweden . available at : urltoken
a white - tailed sea eagle snaps up a fish in the isle of skye , scotland . photograph : drew buckley / rex shutterstock
satellite tracking of mull ' s white - tailed eagles ( rspb . org . uk )
white - tailed eagles do not have any natural predators , making them an apex predator .
important locality for staging ducks . large flocks of birds in winter when lakes are frozen . white - tailed eagle breeds in the vicinity .
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zamosc . poland . 15 june 2010 : white eagle at zoological garden in zamosc . poland
reintroduced eagle pair raise chick scotland ' s largest bird of prey , the white - tailed eagle , breeds in the east of the country for the first time in almost 200 years .
the white - tailed eagle is considered a close cousin of the american bald eagle and occupies the same ecological niche in eurasia . some individuals have been found to live over 25 years .
the largest population of white - tailed eagles in europe is found along the coast of norway .
white - tailed eagles continue to be deliberately killed and their nests targeted by egg - collectors .
‘in recent years fanfare accompanied the return of species like the osprey and red kite in england and the white - tailed eagle in scotland . ’
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“the white tailed eagle is an iconic bird , which is very popular in local communities and of course attracts interest from visitors , ” she said .
) belongs to the family accipitridae . the white - tailed sea - eagle species is distributed in europe , asia , northern indian subcontinent and myanmar .
[ grin 2009 ] global raptor information network . 2009 . species account : white - tailed eagle haliaeetus albicilla . downloaded from urltoken on 26 aug . 2009
two young white - tailed eagles were at the nest looking it over . you can see for yourself that the tail feathers have not turned white yet .
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embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
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arkive species - white - tailed eagle ( haliaeetus albicilla )
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isolated on white background , changeable hawk - eagle , nisaetus cirrhatus , close up , flying eagle in wilpattu national park , sri lanka . wildlife photography .
white - tailed eagles are closely related to bald eagles . they hold the same niche in the ecology of eurasia that the bald eagle holds in north america .
a golden eagle pair nests in the bog forests of north - western estonia and a golden eagle visited the feeding ground last year too , but only when the white - tailed eagles were not too numerous there .
wetland of great importance for waterbirds and raptors – not least osprey and white - tailed eagle . see google map with bird observation tower , car park , etc .
se encuentran disponibles 96 , 720 white eagle fotos , vectores . e ilustraciones en stock libres de regalías .
at the coast , white - tailed eagles make use of the large seabird colonies , often killing young birds .
a pair of young white - tailed sea eagles have bred for the first time in ireland in over a century .
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despite the population increase during the last 30 years , the white - tailed eagle still faces many threats . natural causes of death can be diseases or predation of the young , for example by crows . the most common natural cause of death are territorial fights with other white - tailed eagles .
the lesser spotted eagle is , besides the white - tailed eagle and osprey , the third native eagle species in northern germany . it is slightly bigger than a buzzard and mainly brown colored at first glance . however , anyone who fortunate to observe a spotted eagle , quickly realizes that it also has light brown and white patches . with its yellow legs , gray , brown and yellow colored beak and yellow - orange eyes a spotted eagle appears almost colorful .
the white - tailed eagle hunts for fish , mammals and birds . it is migratory in the north and east of its breeding range , but sedentary elsewhere ( 8 ) .
helcom ( 2009 ) : white - tailed eagle ( haliaeetus albicilla ) . in : thematic assessment on biodiversity and nature conservation . helcom environmental proceedings 116b , 77 - 78 .
figure 3 : population development of the white - tailed sea eagle in finland 1970 - 2010 . about 85 - 90 % of the breeding pairs are found in coastal areas . the localisation
inland
mainly refers to breeding sites in lapland . data from wwf finland ' s white - tailed sea eagle working group ( stjernberg et al . 2011 ) .
the following habitats are found across the white - tailed sea eagle distribution range . find out more about these environments , what it takes to live there and what else inhabits them .
‘the national symbol of serbia is a double - headed white eagle , a creature considered the king of animals . ’
a long - term research and nest protection project is underway for the white - tailed eagle , details of which will be kept guarded to prevent disturbance of their habitat . in hungary , a species action plan has also been published , and the white - tailed eagle is monitored . many of the white - tailed eagle’s breeding grounds are found in protected areas , particularly in poland , where a large proportion of the population goes to breed . several countries feed the birds during the winter , and nest guarding is becoming more common . in latvia , the white - tailed eagle is a protected species , in israel its habitat in the hula wetland is being restored , and in slovakia , artificial nests are being installed ( 11 ) .
the diet of any one white - tailed eagle depends very much on its location in the world and on the season . white - tailed eagles are opportunistic , snatching food from other birds and otters . they’re excellent fishers , snatching fish near the surface of the water . they will also scavenge – either garbage or carrion from the kills of other animals . white - tailed eagles have been known to attack entire colonies of smaller birds , causing the adults to scatter and abandon the young and the eggs . because of this some smaller birds have been forced to relocate their entire colonies away from white - tailed eagle ranges .
[ horváth 2009 ] horváth , zoltáan ( 2009 ) . white - tailed eagle ( haliaeetus albicilla ) populations in hungary between 1987 - 2007 . ( published in probst 2009 ] ) .
since anthropogenic mortality factors still exerting high pressure on the species , the white - tailed sea eagle is still an important indicator for human impacts on bird species , especially birds of prey .
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white - tailed eagle is distributed from greenland in the west , in iceland , and from northern europe across asia to the bering strait in the east . in north america , the close relative the bald eagle is widely distributed . in greenland white - tailed eagle breeds along the south - west coast from the southern point to nassuttooq / nordre strømfjord . there is a single breeding record from illulisat in disko bay . most old breeding eagles are sedentary , while young birds stray to the south to winter . white - tailed eagle prefer to breed along the coast , but pairs are also found inland near lakes and rivers . the nest is placed in cliffs or on low tops with a good view . white - tailed eagle is assumed to have reached iceland and greenland after the last glaciations about 5 - 8000 years ago .
the blue and white lias rocks are formed . these give the local buildings their distinctive character of blue and white stone .
dementavičius , d . ( 2007 ) : white - tailed eagle ( haliaeetus albicilla ) in lithuania : population numbers and trends 1900 - 2007 . acta zoologica lituanica 17 , 281 - 285 .
white - tailed eagle is especially sensible to disturbances at the nest from the beginning of march to the beginning of july , where a single visit may cause the birds to leave the nest .
the researchers of the wwf white - tailed sea - eagle working group installed a new satellite transmitter on july the 8th 2010 on a young white - tailed eagle that grew up on a nest in the archipelago sea . the transmitter was bought by the funds of the late markku nygård who used to be a helper in winter feeding eagles . according to his will the funds were donated to the eagle protection fund of the finnish association for nature conservation ( fanc ) . the female white - tailed sea - eagle e - 23879 has the transmitter 33207 and the bird was named hilkka according to the name of markku nygård ' s mother .
the lakes and their surroundings are important wintering sites for large concentrations of geese and ducks , and are of international importance for tufted duck , bean goose and whooper swan . many raptors winter here too , for example white - tailed eagle and golden eagle .
the programme to re - introduce white - tailed eagles in ireland has been given a boost following the successful hatching of five chicks .
helander , b . & a . bignert ( 2008 ) : predatory bird health – white - tailed sea eagle . helcom indicator fact sheet 2008 ; viewed online 02 / 16 / 2009 urltoken .
watercolor isolated illustration of a bird eagle in white background . bird flying in the sky . natural design illustration for watercolor prints .
figure 1 : the population development of the white - tailed sea eagle in the south - western baltic ( denmark , schleswig - holstein , and mecklenburg - western pomerania ) 1973 - 2010 . data from the project group for conservation of large birds mecklenburg - western - pomerania , project group for white - tailed eagle conservation schleswig - holstein e . v . , and ehmsen et al . 2011 .
another white - tailed sea eagle has been found poisoned in sheep - farming country in kerry , bringing to 13 the number of birds lost since their release into the killarney national park three years ago .
the white - tailed sea - eagle breeding season is during january in southern ranges and the northern birds breed during april and may . they usually pair for life . these eagle species nest on coastal cliffs and also on tall trees . the nest is built with sticks .
bald eagle isolated on white . this vector illustration can be used as a print on t - shirts , tattoo element or other uses
birds of prey ( eagle , hawk , falcon , griffon vulture etc . ) vector silhouettes on white background . layered . fully editable
white - tailed eagles are among iceland ' s rarest breeding birds . eagles were once much more common in iceland , with nests across the country . the late 19th century saw a dramatic decline in the number of breeding pairs due to organised persecution efforts that drove iceland ' s white - tailed eagle population to the brink of extinction , with the few remaining eagle nests found in the west of iceland . the white - tailed eagle has been strictly protected under icelandic law since 1914 . despite this , the eagle population has been slow to recover , although their numbers have gradually begun to increase again after the practice of leaving out poison for foxes was banned in 1964 ( see graph ) .
white - tailed eagles normally start breeding with about 4 or 5 years but in rare cases , even 3 year old birds have nested successfully .
the white - tailed eagle hunts mostly water birds like ducks , geese , grebes or coots . but it is quite flexible here . it can also hunt birds away from water , for example pheasants . even large birds like black and white storks or common cranes are sometimes killed .
a norwegian white - tailed sea eagle . the bird is plucking a coal fish from the frigid waters of a deep norwegian fjord in a cloud of salt water spray , using its ' huge talons as grappling hooks .
the white - tailed sea eagle can be found in a number of locations including : asia , china , europe , indian subcontinent , russia , united kingdom . find out more about these places and what else lives there .
the satellite equipped white - tailed sea - eagles were given the following names after the announced competition by wwf finland . the male e - 24265 ( with the transmitter number 92632 ) has however already been named “junnu” . the name refers to juhani “junnu” koivusaari , “the quarken emperor” , who has studied and protected the white - tailed sea - eagle for more than 40 years .
a batch of white tailed sea eagles are being released from a secret location in fife in a bid to reintroduce the species to the east of scotland .
white - tailed eagles can live for 25 to 30 years and generally mate for life , with adult pairs remaining within their home range throughout the year .
: percentage of mortality reasons of white - tailed sea eagles found dead in sweden 2002 - 2007 ; n = 52 . about 86 % of the mortality
isolated on black background , eagle owl , bubo bubo , biggest european owl flying to camera with outstretched wings . eagle - owl isolated on black .
ehmsen , e . , l . pedersen , h . meltofte , t . clausen & t . nyegaard ( 2011 ) : the occurrence and reestablishment of white - tailed eagle and golden eagle as breeding birds in denmark . dansk orn . foren . tidsskr . 105 ( 2011 ) : 139 - 150 .
the white - tailed eagle is the largest uk bird of prey . it has brown body plumage with a conspicuously pale head and neck which can be almost white in older birds , and the tail feathers of adults are white . in flight it has massive long , broad wings with ' fingered ' ends . its head protrudes and it has a short , wedge - shaped tail .
since their reintroduction , seven white - tailed sea eagles have been confirmed poisoned in kerry , two are suspected of having been poisoned , one was shot and two others died from natural causes . a 13th eagle was shot in the north .
the white - tailed eagle has increased it ' s distribution in the last 40 years after a - sometimes huge - population increase in scandinavia , north - eastern and central europa . in 2006 a pair started breeding successfully in the netherlands .
[ fischer 1984 ] mentions attacks on roe deer . this were old and / or week animals . the white - tailed eagle was observed to grab the roe deer at the back and was carried 20 meter and 60 meter in another case . in one case , three eagles were later observed feeding on the dead deer . but killing roe deer is a very rare and exceptional occurrence . a healthy roe deer is not among the white - tailed eagle ' s regular prey .
eagle bird coloring book for adults vector illustration . anti - stress coloring for adult . tattoo stencil . zentangle style . black and white lines . lace pattern
white - tailed eagles are a rare breeding bird which was previously confined to the west coast of scotland , though a reintroduction programme is taking place in east scotland .
white - tailed eagles are long - lived birds , with an average adult life span of 21 years . the oldest recorded individual was more than 32 years old .
percentage of mortality reasons of white - tailed sea eagles found dead in mecklenburg - western pomerania 1999 - 2010 ; n = 293 . about 79 % of the mortality
during june 24th and 25th the white - tailed sea - eagle working group members juhani koivusaari and timo lumme fitted four white - tailed sea - eagle nestlings ( aged c . 7 weeks ) with transmitters . two of them were from a nest with three young in raippaluoto / replot and the other two from separate nests in björköby ( all nests in mustasaari / korsholm municipality ) . from the measurements ( bill and tarsus length , weight ) koivusaari judged that two were females and two males . according to the code of the international white - tailed sea - eagle program the right foot was ringed with a red quarken area ring and the left with a black over blue year ring , i . e . indicating the natal year .
s sulkava , r tornberg , and j koivusaari , diet of the white - tailed eagle haliaeetus albicilla in finland : ornis fennica [ ornis fenn . ] , vol . 74 , no . 2 , pp . 65 - 78 , 1997 .
the white - tailed sea eagle is a
flagship species
for nature conservation . it is an example that strict conservation measures and firm international actions against environmental contamination with hazardous substances may allow species to recover after having been close to extinction .
dr mee warned the public to only observe the eagle nests from a distance .
biologist aili lage labansen holds a dead eagle . photo : lars maltha rasmussen .
a digital painting of a bald eagle flying carrying a u . s . flag
the white - tailed sea eagle colonises coastal and inland lake areas of all baltic countries . these countries , together with norway , host the major part of the european population , which nowadays probably accounts for more than 50 % of the global population .
minister for the environment john gormley released six young white - tailed eagles , one of the world ' s largest birds of prey , into killarney national park in kerry .
one hundred young white - tailed eagles were released between 2007 and 2011 in killarney national park , co kerry following the re - introduction of the endangered species from norway .
the head and shoulder of a bald eagle , haliaeetus leucocephalus , on dark background . the american eagle , us national character , very beautiful bird with proud expression .
the white - tailed sea eagle is an example for species which have severely suffered by persecution and later by hazardous substances . strict conservation measures and the ban of hazardous substances allowed it to recover . however , until today anthropogenic mortality factors ( especially intoxication and collisions ) exert a pressure on the population development . since these factors are not only affecting the white - tailed sea eagle , but also other birds of prey , the species is a suitable indicator for the impact of certain human activities on bird species .
furious cobra , wolf , eagle and boar sport vector logo concept set isolated on white premium quality wild animal , bird and snake t - shirt tee print illustration .
the programme to re - introduce white - tailed eagles into ireland after an absence of over 100 years has been given a huge boost with the birth of its first eaglets .
white - tailed eagles of all ages have yellow legs . older eagles’ beaks , ceres and irises are yellow . juveniles have black beaks , greenish brown ceres and brown irises .
young birds have a chocolate brown plumage , with golden crown ( golden eagle ) ; the feathers at the base of the tail and the wing feathers are broadly white .
the white - tailed eagle forms a species pair with the bald eagle . these diverged from other sea eagles at the beginning of the early miocene ( c . 10 mya ) at the latest , possibly ( if the most ancient fossil record is correctly assigned to this genus ) as early as the early or middle oligocene , about 28 mya ago .
check urltoken ( my website ) . two white - tailed eagles fly above the poplar wood near a lake in the danube delta : duet of male and female during aerial display .
figure 2 : population development of the white - tailed sea eagle in sweden 1964 - 2010 . data from the ' project sea eagle ' / sweden , swedish society for nature conservation and swedish museum of natural history . in lapland , systematic surveys started in 1976 ; numbers before 1976 ( pale colour in the graph ) are not comparable to later data .
aava . the fourth new transmitter was fitted on june 28th 2011 to a female young white - tailed eagle on the island of raippaluoto in mustasaari . this bird was named aava according to the name contest organized by wwf . the name was suggested by ms sinikka junno , ms pia harju and ms elina kuusisto . the following of the aava - eagle will hopefully add to the information of four previous eagles of 2009 . the comprehensive windmill plan may , if materialized , be a potential risk to the dense white - tailed eagle population in the area . the transmitter was fitted as earlier by messrs juhani koivusaari and timo lumme .
the male e - 24267 ( transmitter 92634 ) got the name ”ivar” according to the famous finnish ornithologist ivar hortling . on his initiative the finnish ornithological society was founded in 1924 . he has drawn the original flying white - tailed sea - eagle logo for the society .
at the beginning of the 20 th century , as a consequence of severe persecution the white - tailed sea eagle faced extinction all around the baltic sea . in denmark , the species even disappeared after 1911 , and the same happened in lithuania and the kaliningrad region of russia .
helander , b . ( 2003 ) . the international colour ringing programme – adult survival , homing and the expansion of the white - tailed sea eagle in sweden . in : helander , b . , marquiss , m . and bowerman , b . ( eds ) . sea eagle 2000 . åtta . 45 tryckeri ab , stockholm , pp . 145 - 154 .
at the beginning of the 20 th century , as a consequence of severe persecution the white - tailed sea eagle was close to extinction all around the baltic sea . in denmark , the species even disappeared after 1911 ; in mecklenburg - western pomerania , in 1913 only 23 breeding pairs ( bp ) were known , and the polish population of that time is estimated at about 30 bp ( hauff & wölfel 2002 ; kollmann et al . 2002 ) . in lithuania and the kaliningrad region of russia the white - tailed sea eagle disappeared for a long time .
‘dumbfounded , i forgot all about my camera until the eagle was out of sight . ’
several species of raptor forage over the coastal meadows and fields on feddet . sparrowhawk , buzzard and kestrel can be seen throughout the year , and in winter hen harrier and rough - legged buzzard appear . white - tailed eagle is seen all year round and peregrine is a regular guest .
the white - tailed sea - eagle is a large bird and the female is larger than the male . it measures 70 to 90 cm in length . the male sea eagle weighs 4 , 000 grams and the female weighs 5 , 500 grams . the wingspan is 200 to 245 cm . these eagle species have broad wings , a large head and a large thick beak . the plumage is mainly grayish - brown and head and neck are paler . the flight feathers are blackish . it has a distinctive white tail . the bill and legs are yellow . the sea eagle call sounds ' kyo - kyo - klee - klee - klee - klee ' .
don ' t make me walk , when i want to fly . inspirational quote about freedom in flying bird . hand written typography poster . calligraphic phrase with eagle silhouette isolated on white .
electrocution and collision with power lines is another important cause of death for white - tailed eagles , as there are still many power lines in areas where the eagles occur , that are not safe for birds . the huge white - tailed eagle with a wingspan up to 245 cm can easily touch a power line while taking off from a pylon ( or while landing ) . the birds also can touch two lines at the same time , causing a short circuit which normally kills the bird .
as in other sea - eagle species pairs , this one consists of a white - headed ( the bald eagle ) and a tan - headed species . they probably diverged in the north pacific , spreading westwards into eurasia and eastwards into north america . like the third northern species , steller ' s sea eagle , they have yellow talons , beaks , and eyes in adults .
vector sketch of bald eagle head on the background with american flag isolated . template with flag and eagle for july 4 isolated . design for united stated independence day . july fourth greeting card .
this is where the eagles came in ; both our golden eagle and white - tailed eagle have some fascinating adaptations which could mean the difference between life and death in the harsh scottish mountains . the kids enjoyed seeing our stuffed golden eagle up close to look at the talons , feathered legs , powerful beak and large eyes . we then focused on how all the mountain wildlife links together and what would happen if one animal or plant were to disappear . overall we had a great day !
it was with no small sense of expectation that we began to read , years ago , of the modest successes of the reintroduction programme in mull . i don’t like melodrama , but it’s true that i have been waiting all my life to see a white - tailed eagle in my home islands .
white - tailed eagles are versatile and opportunistic hunters and carrion feeders , sometimes pirating food from other birds and even otters . they eat largely fish , but also take various birds , rabbits and hares .
found at the coast but also along large rivers and lakes . white - tailed eagles often build their nest in forests , but sometimes also in small groups of trees , even surrounded by agricultural areas .
the increasing number of wind farms has also caused some death in recent years . a study in germany found 15 dead white - tailed eagles as victims of windmills ( the only raptors with more victims where
figure 4 : mortality reasons of white - tailed sea eagles found dead in mecklenburg - western pomerania 1999 - 2010 ; n = 293 . data from the leibniz institute for zoo and wildlife research berlin .
the white - tailed eagle has a large range that includes iceland , northern scotland , scandinavia , parts of central europe , turkey , and northeastern europe east across northern asia . some birds also winter in areas just south of or near their breeding grounds , and it has occurred as a vagrant to the united states , northern africa , and parts of southern asia . this large eagle frequents coasts as well as large rivers and lakes . despite its small population ( estimated to be around 20 , 300 to 39 , 600 individuals ) , this is believed to be large and stable enough to not include the white - tailed eagle on the iucn red list . it is therefore evaluated as least concern .
the white - tailed sea - eagle working group has elected an advisory board for the satellite project . at this moment , its chair is petteri tolvanen from wwf ( earlier adjunct professor torsten stjernberg from the finnish museum of natural history ) . professor pertti saurola is responsible for the information on this site .
scotland ' s forests and woodlands are home to some of our most magnificent wildlife . we are delighted to support and help with the reintroduction of the white - tailed eagles which will become a fantastic feature of the east coast of scotland . the white - tailed eagle is an impressive bird and it will be great to have it back in our skies . we are looking forward to the sea eagles nesting in east coast woodlands and hope it will become a regular sight for local people to enjoy .
the principal aim of this project is to re - establish a viable breeding population of white - tailed eagles and today ' s events are the big step towards achieving that goal ,
he said .
the white - tailed sea - eagle working group within wwf finland decided in early 2009 to start a joint project with the finnish museum of natural history ( university of helsinki ) . the aim is to collect detailed data of the movements of white - tailed sea - eagles as they move around in our coastal areas through the year from the south - western archipelago and the åland islands to the corners of the gulf of bothnia and the gulf of finland . there are many ongoing plans to build wind farms in different parts of the finnish sea coasts and archipelagos . thus it is very important to collect exact data to point out areas that should be left untouched , being important for the protection of white - tailed eagles .
in the summer 2013 two white - tailed sea eagles were equipped with solar panel charging gps - argos transmitters made by microwave . the transmitters were achieved as in the case of hilkka with a donation from the eagle protection fund of the finnish association for nature conservation ( fanc ) . the origin of the funds relate to a late markku nygård who used to be a member of the white - tailed sea eagle working group of wwf finland . the two new eagles , tyrsky ( i . e . surging wave ) and tyyni ( i . e . calm ) were named according to a competition organized by wwf finland .
‘germany ' s national symbol has been the eagle since charlemagne was emperor from 800 to 814 . ’
the white - tailed eagle has been closely monitored for many decades . the growth and development of iceland ' s eagle population is better known than that of any other bird species in iceland . the goal of monitoring is to track changes in the population size and its viability and distribution . breeding pairs are counted in early spring , and breeding success is then evaluated around midsummer . in spring 2006 , a full 66 breeding pairs were counted – a figure that does not include juvenile birds . the eagle population has not been this large since it was declared a protected species . eagles still occupy only a third of known eyries , and their distribution remains largely limited to the western part of iceland . even so , iceland ' s white - tailed eagle population is in a better position now than it has been for almost a century .
the white - tailed sea - eagle working group within wwf finland decided in early 2009 to start a joint project with the finnish museum of natural history ( university of helsinki ) . the aim is to collect detailed data of the movements of white - tailed sea - eagles as they move around in our coastal areas through the year from the south - western archipelago and the åland islands to the corners of the gulf of bothnia and the gulf of finland . there are many ongoing plans to build wind farms in different parts of the finnish sea coasts and archipelagos . thus it is very important to collect exact data to point out areas that should be left untouched , being important for the protection of white - tailed eagles . the white - tailed sea - eagle working group has elected an advisory board for the satellite project . at this moment , its chair is petteri tolvanen from wwf ( earlier adjunct professor torsten stjernberg from the finnish museum of natural history ) . professor pertti saurola is responsible for the information on this site . ( read more . . . )
iron age people construct lake villages near glastonbury and meare : the former is occupied throughout the year , the latter may have been seasonal trading settlements . dugout canoes rather than trackways are used to get around . bones found at the lake villages show that white tailed eagle , crane , puffin and pelican are all nearby .
mammals are often taken as carrion , especially during winter when many mammals die because of the cold weather and low food supply . in eastern germany , white - tailed eagles have been observed to feed at wolf kills .
only a little smaller than white - tailed eagles as measures go , but lighter in weight . the forehead of an adult golden eagle is dark brown , the crown and nape golden brown . beak is black , with yellow cere . the edges of the feathers in the dark brown plumage look worn to a lighter colour .
tulva . on jun 17th 2013 the following of the third white - tailed eagle in the province on satakunta started as the eaglet got satellite transmitter in the n part of merikarvia . the individual was regarded to be a male according to some body measurements . the bird was called tulva ( flood ) as there was wide flooding in over the n part of satakunta province . there are also comprehensive plans for wind power plants in the same area . the data collected will hopefully be used in respecting the breeding areas of the white - tailed eagles .
the oldes ringed eagle from greenland became 21 years . from europe a sweedish bird became 28 years old .
‘napolean later tried to switch the bird for an eagle , saying , ‘the rooster has no strength . ’’
helander , b . , a . olsson , a . bignert , l . asplund & k . litzén ( 2002 ) . the role of dde , pcb , coplanar pcb and eggshell parameters for reproduction in the white - tailed sea eagle ( haliaeetus albicilla ) in sweden . ambio 31 ( 5 ) : 386 - 403 .
kites , falcons , eagles – golden and white - tailed – buzzards and other birds of prey reintroduced into ireland have been lost in what the various bodies involved described in a joint statement yesterday as “a spate of poisoning” .
several pairs of marsh harrier nest in the bog and forage her throughout the summer . the white - tailed eagles that breed in the vicinity can often be seen hunting over the meadows along the suså and in gødstrup sø .
the white - tailed sea eagle is protected by the provisions of the eu birds directive ( directive 2009 / 147 / ec of the european parliament and of the council of 30 november 2009 on the conservation of wild birds ; this is the codified version of directive 79 / 409 / eec ) , which are implemented by the member states into national law . this means , the legal protection status of the white - tailed sea eagle is similar in all baltic sea states except of russia . the species is listed in annex i of the bird directive , i . e . , there is an obligation for the member states to establish special protected areas ( spa ) .
nests are built on trees or ( along the coast ) also on cliffs . white - tailed eagles nests can become very large , especially when the eagles ( often several generations of eagles ) at to the nest every year .
set of black and white elements on a mountain bike and extreme sport . helmet , sunglasses , camera , eagle , fly , wings , parts , rider , landscape , repair , spare parts . isolated on background .
‘the german , austrian , and russian empires all included a double - headed eagle in their official arms . ’
‘cheetham needed an eagle on the last hole of tour school to make it back on to the circuit . ’
male ring ouzels are particularly distinctive with their black plumage with a pale wing panel and striking white breast band .
the white - tailed eagle nests in iceland , greenland and in scattered areas across europe and asia . eagles became extinct in much of europe as a result of direct persecution , pollution and habitat destruction . eagle populations in northern europe have slowly been growing over the last several decades , however , thanks to systematic conservation efforts . they remain a protected species and are on red lists of endangered species throughout the region where they live . eagles are long - lived birds , some living to be as old as 35 . the oldest known eagle in iceland was 18 years old .
despite the positive population development the white - tailed sea eagle still requires concern of nature conservationists since anthropogenic factors are the main mortality reasons in many regions of the baltic . intoxications ( especially lead intoxication from hunting ammunition ) and collisions with trains , power lines and windpower rotors are the most significant mortality factors . illegal persecution is also still existing , though of lower significance . it is likely that anthropogenic mortality has an impact on the population development , i . e . it is slowing down the current growth and expansion of the range . the white - tailed sea eagle as a top predator has been in the past , and will be in the future a sensitive indicator for the condition of the environment .
the white - tailed sea - eagle global population is estimated to be 20 , 300 to 39 , 600 individual birds . the population is increasing owing to conservation measures . the degradation of wetlands , felling of trees in the breeding grounds , human activity in the breeding grounds , environmental pollution , collision with wind generators are the main threats to their survival .
numbers of white - tailed eagles dropped sharply during the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century , and the european range contracted . this trend has been in reverse in the northwest of the range since the 1970s , but it is still in decline in southeast europe . the continued loss is due to the degradation of wetlands , increasing human disturbance , accidental poisoning , deforestation , and collision with wind generators . it is also susceptible to pollution , accumulating mercury , organochlorine and other pesticides in fatty tissues , which can reduce the breeding success of the white - tailed eagle ( 8 ) .
‘the gold napoleonic eagle , emblem of the coalition , stood out boldly on the front of their black berets . ’
‘in addition to the united states , numerous other nations through the ages have adopted the eagle as their symbol . ’
stjernberg , t . , j . koivusaari , j . högmander , t . ollila , s . keränen , g . munsterhjelm & h . ekblom ( 2009 ) : suomen merikotkat 2007–2008 . ( summary : population size and nesting success of the white - tailed sea eagle ( haliaeetus albicilla ) in finland , 2007–2008 ) . linnut - vuosikirja 2008 : 14–21 .
on jun 17 th 2013 the following of the third white - tailed eagle tulva in the province on satakunta started as the eaglet got satellite transmitter in the n part of merikarvia . it should be a female according to measurements . the locations from tulva were received from the same spot since oct 5 th in 2014 and the transmitter was found there in spring 2015 .
“the loss of a further two white - tailed eagles at this time is devastating . . . we know that eagles can thrive in kerry if given the chance but indiscriminate poisoning is literally killing our chances of re - establishing a population here . ”
white - tailed eagles mature and breed for the first time when they are 5 - 6 years old . they form monogamous , life - long pair bonds , although if one of the pair dies , the survivor will readily find a new mate .
white - tailed eagle : found in norway and russia , with important populations also found in south - west greenland , denmark , sweden , poland and germany . small numbers can be found in the rest of europe , the middle east , china , india and mongolia . inhabits large , open expanses of lake , coast or river valley in temperate regions and tundra zones .
‘by a decree of july 1804 , the eagle and the bee were chosen as the two symbols of the empire . ’
‘he grabbed the presidential mobile phone , which had a double - headed eagle instead of buttons , from the nightstand . ’
is consistent with this idea . greenlandic white - tailed eagles are , on evolutionary time scales , a relatively recently founded population that has not yet accumulated a lot of unique genetic characteristics . however , the population appears to be demographically isolated and deserves special protection .
krone o . , t . stjernberg , n . kenntner , f . tataruch , j . koivusaari & i . nuuja ( 2006 ) : mortality , helminth burden and contaminant residues in white - tailed sea eagles from finland . ambio 35 : 98 - 104 .
‘there were not many more british enthusiasts for the hammer and sickle than there had been for the double - headed eagle . ’
smøla had the world ' s highest concentrations of breeding white - tailed eagles and their fortunes have been hit hard in the two years since the turbines started turning . just as significant is the disappearance of other white - tailed eagles , seemingly unwilling to return to their traditional breeding site . before the wind farm was built , there were at least 16 nesting pairs where the wind farm stands . we think as many as nine of those territories could have been abandoned with no evidence that the displaced birds are nesting elsewhere on smøla .
white - tailed eagles are seen regularly – mostly the pair that nests in the vicinity . osprey appears during migration in april and august - september . red kite and peregrine falcon are seen regularly . in autumn there can be a good raptor migration if there are easterly winds .
the white - tailed eagle is a magnificent , graceful bird , whose reintroduction to the east of scotland i was delighted to approve . the equivalent project on the west coast has proved to be extremely popular amongst visitors and contributes approximately £1 . 5 million annually to the economy on mull . i look forward to the east coast reintroduction resulting in similar benefits and further enhancing the area ' s biodiversity .
clair smith , sea eagle project officer for rspb scotland , said she was keen to see how this year ' s birds integrate .
‘the flight of an eagle is a beautiful thing to watch : wings outspread , gliding and dipping , effortlessly riding invisible currents . ’
‘levet was first to play and there was delight when his little chip and run trickled into the hole for an eagle three . ’
fiia . on jun 6th 2013 the transmitter was installed on the back of a young eagle at the nest close to rauma . the local newspaper organized a competition to give a name to this eagle . some 20 good alternative suggestions were proposed and the winner was fiia . the name reflects old cultural heritage and islander traditions . at the time of the installation fiia was the first eagle to get a transmitter .
the white - tailed sea - eagles mainly feed on fish . they also feeds on small mammals , reptiles , birds and carrion . these eagles are known for pirating food from other birds including cormorants , gulls , ospreys and other birds of prey . they even snatch fish from otters .
johannes . the young eagle was fitted with a transmitter by messrs torsten stjernberg , hannu ekblom ja johan franzén in the sottunga municipality in aland on june the 21st 2011 . the eagle was named according to an aland born painter johannes snellman . he was an active ornithologist and he also ringed the first white - tailed sea eagles in 1917 in geta and established the birding station of signilskär in 1927 . the nest of johannes was selected to the studies as there is a chance to follow the possible role a wind mill on kasberget ( sottunga ) on its movements .
bald eagle silhouette isolated on black . this vector illustration can be used as a print on t - shirts , tattoo element or other uses
black ring with a white four alpha - numeric code , starting letter
j
followed by two numbers ( on left leg ) .
white - tailed eagles are seen all year round , both adults and young . the birds often sit on avnø røn or on one of the large boulders in the water , or fly in over avnø or knudskov . peregrine are seen autumn , winter and spring , and occasionally in summer .
helander , b . , j . axelsson , h . borg , k . holm & a . bignert ( 2009 ) . ingestion of lead from ammunition and lead concentrations in white - tailed sea eagles ( haliaeetus albicilla ) in sweden . sci . tot . environ . 407 : 5555–5563 .
this eagle was hatched in parainen and it was equipped with a satellite transmitter on jun 27 th . it was determined to be a female .
‘he could spot mental mistakes and misjudgments in a ball game quicker than an airborne eagle catches sight of prey scurrying around on the ground . ’
since start - up of phase 2 of smøla wind farm in august 2005 , a total of ten white - tailed eagles have collided with rotor blades on the turbines and died . this is a serious problem and statkraft is doing everything in its power to find a solution to this situation .
aava ( female ) was added as a nestling to the group of four previous satellite transmitter eagles on june 28 th 2011 in quarken area to reveal the possible risks of the planned windmills to white - tailed eagles in vallgrund area . unfortunately there are no locations from aava since aug 6 th 2012 .
‘in addition to human foes , australian flying foxes must contend with a number of natural predators , including pythons , wedge - tailed eagles and powerful owls . ’
in what has been described as the worst spate of poisoning in recent years , 10 protected birds of prey , including three red kites , two white - tailed eagles , a golden eagle , three buzzards and a peregrine falcon have been confirmed poisoned in the republic . two red kites and a peregrine were found dead in wicklow , a third red kite released in northern ireland was found dead in kildare , a golden eagle in leitrim and buzzards in west waterford , east cork and donegal ( one of which recovered from poisoning ) . they were all poisoned by ingesting meat baits laced with alphachloralose .