the black-fronted tern ( chlidonias albostriatus ) also known as sea martin , ploughboy , inland tern , riverbed tern or tarapiroe , is a small tern generally found in or near bodies of fresh water in new zealand and forages for freshwater fish , arthropods and worms .

it has a predominantly grey plumage .

restricted to breeding in the eastern regions of south island , it is declining and threatened by introduced mammals and birds .

black - fronted tern

nobody uploaded sound recordings for black - fronted tern ( chlidonias albostriatus ) yet .
a small black - fronted tern colony in the upper reaches of the mataura river .
black - fronted tern / tarapirohe breeding in molesworth station has taken a turn for the better .
wildlife management international ecologist nikki mcarthur sets up a trail camera at a black - fronted tern nest .
the black - fronted tern or tarapirohe ( chlidonias albostriatus ) occurs only in new zealand . it is the one tern that only breeds inland .
the black - fronted tern is classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
the black - fronted tern is territorial at colonies and attacks intruders by diving and striking their heads with the feet , while calling loudly .
most terns are seabirds but the black - fronted tern lives and breeds inland , only visiting the coast to feed in autumn and winter .
bell , m . 2013 . black - fronted tern . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
one of the loveliest visitors to the bay of plenty during the winter , notwithstanding kotuku , the white heron , is tarapiroe , the black–fronted tern .
the angel wings of the black - fronted tern , endemic to the new zealand , breeding on the gravel river banks of the south . . .
black - fronted tern . adult . boulder bank , nelson , june 2008 . image © rebecca bowater fpsnz by rebecca bowater fpsnz courtesy of rebecca bowater urltoken
embed this arkive thumbnail link (
portlet
) by copying and pasting the code below . < a href =
urltoken
title =
arkive species - black - fronted tern ( sterna albostriata )
> < img src =
urltoken
alt =
arkive species - black - fronted tern ( sterna albostriata )
title =
arkive species - black - fronted tern ( sterna albostriata )
border =
0
/ > < / a >
black - fronted tern breeding in molesworth station has taken a turn for the better with terns in protected colonies having their most productive breeding season in five years .
most terns are seabirds but the black - fronted tern lives and breeds inland , only visiting the coast to feed in autumn and winter . the black fronted tern / tarapiroe has a threat status of nationally endangered and its numbers are declining . there are two colonies in molesworth station , on the upper clarence and acheron rivers .
keedwell , r . j . 2005 . breeding biology of black - fronted tern ( sterna albostriata ) and the effects of predation . emu 105 : 39 - 47 .
black - fronted tern / tarapirohe breeding in molesworth station has taken a turn for the better with terns in protected colonies having their most productive breeding season in five years .
black - fronted terns average 11 . 5 inches or 29 cm in length ( including the tail ) .
the black - fronted tern is found only in new zealand ; it breeds on the south island , and visits the north island , where it used to breed ( 2 ) .
the black - fronted tern is a small grey tern commonly seen on braided rivers , estuaries and harbours of the eastern south island . they breed on the braided rivers of the eastern south island , dispersing to coastal areas after breeding ; it is during this time that some birds are seen in the north island . the black - fronted tern is an attractive and highly distinctive bird in breeding plumage , with the slate grey plumage contrasting with the black cap and bright orange bill . juveniles and immature birds may be confused with other vagrant tern species but all are easily separable . in addition to feeding on rivers , estuaries and offshore waters black - fronted tern are often observed flying over pasture and arable fields with their distinctive buoyant flight , hawking insects and picking worms from the ground .
black fronted tern / tarapiroe has a threat status of nationally endangered and its numbers are declining . tern colonies in the upper clarence and acheron rivers are being monitored in a five - year project that is testing a new conservation management regime aimed at improving their breeding success .
similar species : vagrant whiskered tern has similar breeding and non - breeding plumage but is much smaller , with proportionally shorter wings and a shorter , less deeply forked tail , and grey rump . black - fronted terns can also be confused with non - breeding white - winged black tern which is much smaller , lacks a forked tail and has distinctive black “ear muff” patches behind the eye .
with an estimated 10 , 000 or less left in the wild , black - fronted terns are more endangered than our beloved kiwi .
the black - fronted tern has a small global population , with an estimated population of between 5 - 10 , 000 individuals . many rivers hold only small breeding populations , with over 50 % of the black - fronted terns breeding on a handful of rivers . the population has declined significantly since european settlement and is continuing to do so . black - fronted terns gather in winter flocks of up to 300 birds ( and occasionally as many as 1000 birds ) at coastal estuaries and lagoons .
the whiskered tern in non - breeding and juvenile plumage can be confused with the non - breeding and juvenile forms of the white - winged black tern , c . leucopterus , which is slightly smaller , slimmer and more compact . the whiskered tern has a slightly forked tail , appearing square - cut at the tip .
the black - fronted tern project is being carried out by wildlife management international working with doc . it is jointly funded by the environment canterbury braided river regional initiative , the kaikoura water zone committee’s immediate steps funding and doc .
the black - fronted tern project is being carried out by wildlife management international working with doc . it is jointly funded by the environment canterbury braided river regional initiative , the kaikoura water zone committee ' s immediate steps funding and doc .
black - fronted tern and other braided river birds have been the focus of a range of conservation actions in attempts to increase their productivity . this includes predator control , weed management , and advocacy with gravel extraction firms on a number of rivers or river sections . despite this , pest control has had limited success in improving breeding success of black - fronted tern and the challenges of protecting braided river birds in a habitat as dynamic as a braided river has not yet fully been accomplished .
the whiskered tern is a small , tubby marsh tern with a slightly forked tail . the whiskered tern in breeding plumage has a black crown and white cheeks and sides of neck . the upperparts , upperwings and tail are medium grey , the underparts dark grey to slate grey and the undertail is white with the underwings mainly white . the eye is brown and the bill and legs are red . the sexes are similar . non - breeding whiskered terns are similar to breeding adults except the underparts are white , the forehead is white and the dark crown is streaked white . the lores ( area between bill and eyes ) and ear coverts are black while the bill and legs are also blackish . young birds have a pale grey back , rump and upper wings , heavily mottled medium - brownish grey , especially along leading edge of inner wing , and the tail is pale grey , edged black . the whiskered tern is also known as the marsh tern or black - fronted tern
a familiar tern of the eastern south island , the black - fronted tern is a distinctive small grey tern with a moderately forked tail , very short legs and short bill sharply decurved at the tip . the adults are striking in breeding plumage , with the pale grey body plumage contrasting with the black cap , narrow white cheek stripe and bright orange bill . in non - breeding plumage , they have a mottled grey cap , a black patch around the eye and ear coverts , and a black tip to the bill . juvenile and immature birds are similar to non - breeding adults , but have the crown and nape more heavily streaked or mottled black , some buff scaling on the back , and the bill is dark brown with some dull orange at the base .
small wintering flocks of 20 - 50 birds regularly appear in the north island at the bay of plenty , hawke’s bay and at palliser bay where they may come ashore to roost in the middle of the day among flocks of white–fronted terns . tara , the white–fronted tern , is by far the commonest tern in new zealand waters and are readily identified as they are somewhat larger than tarapiroe .
range : the black - fronted tern occurs in interior south island in new zealand . this species was formerly breeding in north island where it is today only a post - breeding visitor . it breeds in eastern and southern regions of south island , from marlborough to southland .
habitat : the black - fronted tern breeds on riverbeds and migrate after nesting to coastal estuaries , fields , lagoons and harbours ( where they roost ) . it forages in coastal waters , up to 50 metres from the shore , but also on near - coastal farmland .
the loss of any more braided rivers would have a significant effect on the black - fronted tern , and therefore it is important that any future plans for hydroelectric plants , or gravel removal , should be carefully examined to determine the impact they may have on the tern ( 7 ) . the removal of exotic weeds from braided rivers would also be very beneficial to this species . nest protection may be required , if research currently underway reveals that introduced predators are in fact having a significant impact on the breeding success of black - fronted terns ( 7 )
protection / threats / status : the black - fronted tern is threatened by several factors , and between them , by habitat loss and recreational use of rivers . but the main threat comes from the introduced predators such as cats , rats , stoats and also harriers . in addition , their nests are vulnerable to flooding . conservation attempts with pest control and weed management have had limited success . the population is placed in the band for 2 , 500 / 9 , 999 mature individuals , and has shown recent , rapid decrease of the numbers . the black - fronted tern is currently considered as endangered .
a medium - small blue - grey tern with a forked tail , short orange legs and bright orange pointed decurved bill . breeding adults have pale blue - grey body plumage contrasting with a black cap and narrow white cheek stripe ; non - breeding adults have a mottled grey cap , a black patch around the eye and ear coverts , and a black - tipped bill .
the black - fronted tern feeds in flocks during the breeding season , but mainly over land . they are very active over the rivers , touching the surface with the bill to catch nymphs of mayflies and stoneflies . they also fly above the streams to snatch insects in the air . they perform plunge - diving for fish .
the black - fronted tern disperses after the breeding season to estuaries , lagoons , fields and harbours . this species has distinctive buoyant flight when hawking insects over the fields . it is very agile in flight when foraging and feeding , with butterfly - like flight , dipping and raising , and flickering across the water while searching for food .
o ' donnell , c . f . j . ; hoare , j . m . 2009 . predation of lizards by black - fronted terns ( sterna albostriata ) . notornis 56 : 167 - 168 .
control of broom , gorse and willows along the upper clarence river , funded by environment canterbury , land information new zealand , landcorp and doc , has also provided more breeding habitat for black - fronted terns .
reproduction of this species : the laying occurs between october and december , and may extend sometimes into january . the black - fronted tern nests in colonies with nests about 5 - 20 metres apart . this is a shallow scrape in the shingle , usually lined with twigs . it is placed near boulders and river stones , or at bush base .
29 cm . small , grey tern with black cap . grey body and wings . short , forked tail . white underparts . in flight , contrasting white rump . bright orange legs , bill . breeding adult , black cap extending to bill . thin white line along cheek . non - breeding adult , grey - flecked crown reduced to arc from eye to eye . juvenile , similar except black - flecked crown , white chin .
column : they say one good turn deserves another , but we think many good terns deserve some decent predator control . and this is what the population of black fronted terns / tarapirohe on molesworth station has been receiving .
steffens , k . e . ; sanders , m . d . ; gleeson , d . m . ; pullen , k . m . ; stowe , c . j . 2012 . identification of predators at black - fronted tern chlidonias albostriatus nests , using mtdna analysis and digital video recorders . new zealand journal of ecology 36 : 48 - 55 .
calls and songs : sounds by xeno - canto the black - fronted tern’s usual call is a repetitive « ki - ki - ki - kew » uttered in flight . this call is also used while feeding if others are foraging nearby . they are usually silent away from the colonies and at roost , but the colonies are noisy when disputes occur between several birds .
until the tern chicks that hatch could fly , which could take up to four weeks , they were extremely vulnerable to predators , he said .
throughout history , crows , ravens and other black birds were feared as symbols of evil or death . …
the whiskered tern prefers shallow terrestrial freshwater wetlands , freshwater swamps , brackish and saline lakes , floodwaters , sewage farms , irrigated croplands and large dams .
black - fronted terns are small – 29 centimetres long and 80 grams in weight . they have white cheek bands , a red bill and white body with grey wings . their forked tail is pale grey , and their rump is white .
numbers of the black - fronted tern have decreased dramatically in the last forty years ; there used to be tens of thousands , and now there are about 5000 birds . increased disturbance of breeding colonies is one of the main reasons of this decline , caused by greater numbers of people , animals and vehicles around rivers . unfortunately , black - footed terns will swiftly abandon their eggs and young if their breeding site is disturbed , resulting in a very low number of chicks reaching maturity ( 5 ) .
behaviour in the wild : the black - fronted tern finds most of its food along braided riverbeds where the nesting colonies are established . but it also forages in freshly ploughed areas where it can find grubs , insects , beetles , worms , and occasionally small lizards . during winter and after the dispersion to estuaries and other coastal areas , it feeds mainly on zooplankton , small fish and crustaceans .
the black - fronted terns ( chlidonias albostriatus ) are endangered marsh terns found in new zealand . their numbers have been declining due to predation by introduced mammals ( such as feral cats , stoats , dogs , etc . ) and other birds .
voice : black - fronted terns are noisy at colonies , especially when attacking intruders by diving , calling harshly and often striking the intruder’s head . the usual call is a repetitive “kit” . away from colonies , roosting and feeding birds are usually silently .
the black - fronted tern breeds on shingle , stoney or sandy areas in fast - flowing braided rivers , and on the shores of lakes , with sparse vegetation ( 5 ) . it searches for food over rivers , lakes and farm fields , and in winter can be found in coastal areas , roosting on tidal flats and islands ( 6 ) , rarely venturing further than 10 km offshore ( 2 ) .
introduction : the black - fronted tern is now included in the genus « chlidonias » which gathers the “marsh terns” . they mostly live near inland waters rather than coastal or at sea . these terns have a short , slightly forked tail , and their breeding plumage is usually darker , often dark grey , than in other species . this species is endemic to new zealand , and its maori name is “tarapiroe” .
the black - fronted tern project is being carried out by wildlife management international working with doc . it is jointly funded by the environment canterbury braided river regional initiative , the kaikoura water zone committee ' s immediate steps funding and doc . in the future , this predator control work has the potential to be carried out by members of the community and contribute further to new zealand ' s predator free 2050 goal .
in molesworth , black - fronted terns had low breeding success in three years of monitoring before protection measures were put in ; the average productivity in each of those years was only 0 . 18 , 0 . 08 and 0 . 10 chicks per nest .
the black–fronted terns breed on the shingle riverbeds of the south island from marlborough to southland and on the upper motueka and buller rivers in southern nelson . in late summer and autumn they disperse to coastal areas , occasionally reaching northland and the waters off stewart island .
there were dozens of traps set up around three closely monitored locations along the clarence river , where a few colonies of black - fronted terns breed and nest on riverbeds from about september through to january before migrating to the coasts for the rest of the year .
black - fronted terns breed in a dynamic habitat , and as a result they are threatened by a wide range of factors . these include habitat loss due to hydroelectricity development , weed encroachment of braided river breeding habitat , and recreational use of rivers . but the most significant impact is predation by introduced mammalian predators . black - fronted terns and their nests are preyed on by rats , stoats , ferrets , feral cats , and hedgehogs . in addition , on some rivers there is significant predation by southern black - backed gulls and swamp harriers , both of which species have become more numerous following human - induced alteration of their habitat and food supply .
black - fronted terns ' range stretches from the southern tip of the north island , along much of the eastern south island from marlborough to southland - new zealand ' s southernmost region ; and stewart island ( rakiura ) - a large island south of south island .
there are numerous terns to be found around the new zealand coast , from the rare fairy tern to the common white–fronted as well as vagrants and migrants such as the arctic terns . all the terns , sometimes called sea swallows , are extraordinarily elegant birds but it takes a real expert to distinguish one from the other .
o’donnell , c . f . j . ; hoare , j . m . 2011 . meta - analysis of status and trends in breeding populations of black - fronted terns ( chlidonias albostriatus ) 1962 - 2008 . new zealand journal of ecology 35 : 30 - 43 .
“black - fronted terns had low breeding success in three years of monitoring before protection measures were put in . the average productivity in each of those years was only 0 . 18 , 0 . 08 and 0 . 10 chicks per nest which gave us cause for grave concern .
tern breeding success will continue to be monitored for another three years to test how well the protection measures are working and to assess what adaptions or further measures might be beneficial .
black - fronted terns had low breeding success in three years of monitoring before protection measures were put in . the average productivity in each of those years was only 0 . 18 , 0 . 08 and 0 . 10 chicks per nest which gave us cause for grave concern .
adults are predominantly grey above and white below . the rump is white and they have distinctive black caps , which recede from the bill outside the breeding season and turn black and white mottled . there is a thin white streak running along the cheeks underneath the cap .
gochfeld , m . , burger , j . & garcia , e . f . j . ( 2018 ) . black - fronted tern ( chlidonias albostriatus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
study skin of a tern with its body in a perch - like position with its head facing forward , its wings folded back against its body and its legs tucked up and back .
2011 ) showed that rivers on which declines have occurred are characterised by having relatively low flows . at such rates , populations on low - flow rivers ( 51 . 4 % of black - fronted terns counted on the oldest counts ) would decline by a further c . 90 % within 25 years .
“we caught 281 predators in our trapping network around the three protected colonies over the breeding season , including hedgehogs , stoats , ferrets , weasels and wild cats . we’re pleased that the traps and habitat improvements appear to be helping to keep the black - fronted terns safe from predators with more chicks surviving . ”
six species of tern breed in new zealand , while several others are regular or rare visitors . four tropical or subtropical members of the family , called noddies , breed on the northern kermadec islands .
we caught 281 predators in our trapping network around the three protected colonies over the breeding season , including hedgehogs , stoats , ferrets , weasels and wild cats . we ' re pleased that the traps and habitat improvements appear to be helping to keep the black - fronted terns safe from predators with more chicks surviving .
the immature resembles non - breeding adult . it has grey body plumage with brownish wings and tail . on the head , the crown is grey with black mottling . ear - coverts and nape are black . the bill is dark brown with reddish - orange base . legs and feet are orange .
black - fronted tern usually feed solitarily over river channels , but can form flocks when feeding over pasture , in particular when following a plough . on rivers they repeatedly work a channel , working their way up stream before circling back around to start over . they obtain food by contact - dipping ( dipping to touch the surface with their bill only ) to take emergent nymph mayflies and stoneflies , or plunge diving to take small fish . birds from a colony in the eglinton valley , fiordland specialise in catching skinks on the river flats .
terns belong to the sternidae family . they are distinguishable from gulls by a fork - like tail , which has led to their popular name of sea swallow . at breeding time their plumage changes and their cap becomes deep black . after breeding the black fades and the colours of the bill become less intense .
this tern has a small population which has shown recent very rapid population reductions at some wintering and breeding sites , which are predicted to continue in the future owing to on - going threats . it is therefore considered endangered .
like a lot of our endangered species like kakapo and kiwi , these terns are conservation - dependent . if we want to keep these black - fronted terns or kiwi or kakapo , we have to keep investing the time and resources into a regime like this . as soon as we switch that off , they ' ll go back into decline .
black - fronted terns breed only on the braided riverbeds of the eastern and southern south island , from marlborough to southland . they are found on or near braided channels of inland rivers and streams , often at high altitudes , and on nearby farmland , either under pasture or cultivation . they are less often seen over scrub and tussock . after breeding , birds disperse to coastal areas roosting in sheltered harbours , estuaries and lagoons , foraging mostly offshore but also on near - coastal farmland . small numbers of black - fronted terns visit the north island in winter , mainly to wellington , wairarapa and hawke’s bay , but occasionally as far north as the kaipara harbour . they were formerly regular in the bay of plenty , but are now scarce there .
the adult in non - breeding plumage has grey head and mottled - white crown . the nape is black , extending from eye to eye . both sexes are similar .
rangers and contracted conservationists at the renwick office of the department of conservation have been working tirelessly to increase the dwindling tern population , and project manager mike aviss said because the terns nested on riverbeds they were susceptible to a number of dangers .
known as ploughboys or the ploughman’s friend , black - fronted terns feed on grubs and worms from freshly dug earth . along rivers and streams they eat mayflies , stoneflies , skinks and small fish . once summer is over , the terns leave their nesting grounds for coastal and inshore areas from stewart island to the southern north island , where they feed mainly on crustaceans in the plankton .
some black - fronted terns live along the braided rivers of the south island , and like other birds there , are under threat from hydroelectric development , predators and rampant weeds , which smother nest sites . around 60 % of new zealand’s 5 , 000 - strong population lives in the upper waitaki river basin , where in 1991 a recovery project was launched to halt the birds’ decline .
during the breeding season black - fronted terns feed on emerging nymph and subimago mayflies and stoneflies or small fish or in nearby fields or river flats on earthworms , grass grub larvae and skinks . after breeding , most birds move to the coast where they feed in coastal waters up to 50 km from shore , taking mostly planktonic crustaceans . they also often feed over wet pasture on earthworms , especially during rough weather .
their breeding habitat is threatened by the encroachment of exotic plants such as willows and lupins , which smother nest sites ( 3 ) ( 6 ) , and also the development of hydroelectric plants , and extraction of gravel from river beds ( 7 ) . black - fronted terns also have to contend with a large number of introduced predators including feral cats , brown rats , hedgehogs , brush - tailed possums and ferrets ( 1 ) .
29 cm . , 80 g . , blue grey body , short shallow - forked tail contrasting with the white rump in flight , black cap in adults down to bill which is orage , legs orange .
the short , yellow - orange bill is sharply down - curved at tip . the eyes are black . legs and webbed feet are yellow - orange . the adults moult from mid - december to may .
30 cm ; 88–96 g . forehead to nape black , back and wings grey , with darker grey primaries , and underparts pale grey ; uppertail - and undertail - coverts and rump white ; tail . . .
the breeding season of the whiskered tern is erratic . they breed in loose colonies in large , often temporary , inland swamps and marshes . the nest is a rough raft of vegetation , either floating or moored . the sexes share nest - building , incubation and care of the young . a single brood is usually raised in a season .
in australia , the whiskered tern is scattered in most regions of the mainland except for the arid zones . this species breeds in highly disjunct ( separated ) populations across southern europe and asia , in south - eastern africa and madagascar , and in australia . it occurs as a migrant , vagrant or winter visitor throughout europe , africa and australia .
black - fronted terns are colonial breeders . nests are placed on shingle bands on braided rivers , away from vegetation , and are simple scrapes in sand or amongst river stones , lined with a few fine twigs . most colonies are small , typically 2 - 50 pairs , but they can contain up to 250 pairs . nests are widely spaced within colonies , with 0 . 4 nest / 100m² ( range 0 . 1 - 2 . 9 nests / 100m² ) . laying occurs from october to december , and sometimes into january . late eggs are probably replacement clutches . 1 - 3 eggs are laid , although most nests have 2 eggs . incubation is shared and lasts 25 days . chicks leave the nest 1 - 3 days after hatching , often moving away from the colony . parents feed chicks on invertebrates and small fish and skinks carried back to the chicks in their bill . chicks fledge after 4 weeks and are fed by adults for at least two weeks after fledging . black - fronted terns first breed at two years old . adults return to the same river to breed each year , although colony location can shift between years .
the juvenile has streaked or mottled black crown and nape . the back feathers show buff edges forming scaled effect . breast and belly are grey , the throat is white , like the undertail - coverts . the bill is dark brown with dull orange base . legs and feet are orange .
from the middle of october to late november , the black - footed tern can be found on its inland breeding habitat . here , they nest in colonies of up to 50 pairs , and typically lay two eggs in a simple scrape in the shingle . like other new zealand terns , both parents take turns to incubate the eggs , for a period of 21 to 23 days ( 2 ) ( 6 ) , during which time they can exhibit very aggressive behaviour . they will dive at any intruders , screeching harshly , and often striking the intruder’s head with their feet . whilst this is effective on sheep and hawks , unfortunately their fearless attacks do little to deter predators such as cats and dogs ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . the chicks fledge at around 30 days old ( 3 ) .
the female lays 2 dark olive eggs with black spots . the incubation is shared by both adults during 21 - 25 days . the chicks leave the nest soon after hatching , about 1 - 3 days , and move away from the colony . they can fly at one month . they are fed by both parents and still depend on adults for food for at least two weeks after fledging . they are strongly defended by adults against intruders .
the adult in breeding plumage has black head from forehead to nape , and a narrow white cheek stripe . the body plumage is pale blue - grey on the upperparts . the underparts are pale grey . rump , uppertail and undertail - coverts are white , but the tail is pale grey with darker tip , and is slightly forked . on the upperwing , the primaries are darker grey , and the outer primary has dark leading edge and white shaft .
tarapiroe is a protected rare endemic bird which means it is found only in new zealand . the population is estimated to be around 5000 and every year the local branch of the new zealand ornithological society checks the numbers of birds which come north to winter with us . this year we observed just a dozen birds at the mouth of the rangataiki river in the bay of plenty which is a few more than we saw last year but were pleased to see juveniles among them which were readily identified as they do not have the black cap .
tarapiroe is a small bird , just 29cm on average in length , but a very stylish bird indeed with its blue grey body and short shallow–forked tail contrasting with the white rump in flight . it displays a stunning combination of just the right tone of grey , topped with a black cap down to the bill which is bright orange like its legs . the outfit serves to remind of how historically we have often been influenced and even mimicked birds in our style of dress and combination of colours — the “penguin” suit or ( swallow ) tails .
riverbed birds have adapted to cope with floods and are able to re - nest if eggs or chicks are lost , but it is predators that provide the biggest threat . swamp harriers / kāhu and black - backed gulls / karoro are natural predators of braided river birds and the terns use camouflage and distraction strategies to cope with these . however , introduced mammalian predators such as cats , stoats , ferrets , rats and hedgehogs pose a greater threat . rats and stoats are two of the three species being targeted in the predator free 2050 programme to rid new zealand of our main mammalian predators .
they nest in small colonies of up to 50 pairs , some on riverbeds near the coast but most are well inland , often near colonies of tarapunga , the black–billed gulls . according to w . h . oliver , “the birds collect on a suitable shingle bank in september and begin to mate . by the beginning of october they are selecting nesting sites , a procedure that takes about a fortnight , although most of this time is spent in play . the making of the nest , ” he says , “which consists of a shallow scratching or even a natural depression among the stones , with perhaps a dozen or so short bits of twigs around it , could easily be achieved in an hour at the most . ”
they breed from september to january , laying one to four dark eggs with brown blotches in a shallow scrape on shingle . like all of new zealand’s terns , both sexes incubate the eggs . the young fledge at 30 days .
all text licensed under the creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 new zealand licence unless otherwise stated . commercial re - use may be allowed on request . all non - text content is subject to specific conditions . © crown copyright .
heather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 2005 . the field guide to the birds of new zealand . viking , auckland
higgins , p . j . ; davies s . j . j . f . ( eds . ) , 1996 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 3 , snipe to pigeons . melbourne , oxforduniversity press .
whilst breeding , they will search for food in flocks , over rivers , lakes and farmland . their tendency to follow farmers’ ploughs , catching insects and worms from the freshly dug earth , has earned them the names ploughboys or the ploughman’s friend ( 3 ) . they fly over rivers and lakes , dipping down to feed on mayflies and stoneflies from the surface , and sometimes even diving into the water to take small fish . once summer and breeding is over , they move to the coast , and again feed on worms from coastal farmland , but also on crustaceans from the ocean ( 6 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
braided rivers rivers that consist of network of smaller channels , separated by small and often temporary islands called braid bars .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1996 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vol . 3 : hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .
taylor , g . a . ( 2000 ) action plan for seabird conservation in new zealand . department of conservation , wellington . available at : urltoken
terms of use - the displayed portlet may be used as a link from your website to arkive ' s online content for private , scientific , conservation or educational purposes only . it may not be used within apps .
myarkive offers the scrapbook feature to signed - up members , allowing you to organize your favourite arkive images and videos and share them with friends .
team wild , an elite squadron of science superheroes , needs your help ! your mission : protect and conserve the planet’s species and habitats from destruction .
wildscreen is a registered charity in england and wales no . 299450 wildscreen usa is a registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organisation in the usa
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
their colonies are easily disturbed by predators and people but they will pluckily attack intruders by diving and calling harshly , often striking an intruders head with their feet . but they are small birds and no competition for intruders such as cats , dogs , and mustelids . many of their nesting sites have also been invaded by exotic plants such as willows and lupins .
while breeding , they feed in flocks over rivers and nearby fields . the development of farmland beside their nesting sites has created feeding opportunities as they follow the plough to catch insects and worms and grass grub larvae .
most of their food , however , comes from around the rivers . they work their way up rapidly flowing rivers and return repeatedly to their starting point . they contact dip from about two metres above the water to take mainly emergent nymphs and subimago mayflies and stoneflies . they sometimes plunge dive to take small fish such as upland bullies .
“often a whole flock will feed on insects at a height of perhaps a hundred feet . sometimes , ” oliver quotes , “i have watched such a flock , the individual members of which were catching from six to fifteen insects a minute , nearly always rising to take their prey . i put this down to the fact that they could see the insects best against the light . ”
after breeding , when most move to the coast for the autumn and winter , they feed by taking mostly planktonik crustaceans from the sea as well as earth worms from coastal pasture . the mouth of the rangitaiki river with lush farmland nearby would seem to promise comfortable wintering grounds for a small number of them .
breeds in small colonies on gravel riverbeds of south island , disperses to coasts , especially around cook strait but as far north as the bay of plenty .
the zoology of the voyage of the erebus and terror , birds , george robert gray , 1839 - 1843 .
heather , b . , & robertson , h . , field guide to the birds of new zealand , 2000 . oliver , w . r . b . new zealand birds , 1955 . buller , walter lawry , birds of new zealand , 1888 .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
no flash player has been set up . please select a player to play flash videos .
a young bird in flight over the sea ( at 50 % slow motion ) .
glenda rees , georges olioso , alex berryman , nick talbot , frédéric pelsy .
has been considered a race of c . hybrida , despite somewhat different morphology and ecology . monotypic .
new zealand , breeding in riverbeds of e south i from marlborough to southland , rarely in westland . post - breeding visitor to north i , where formerly bred .
usually only vocal when nesting . at colonies they are especially noisy when attacking . . .
breeds mainly on gravel and sandy bars in fast - flowing braided rivers ; also on lake beaches . . . .
when nesting feed along rivers on small fish ( up to 10 cm long ) and on emerging nymph and subimago mayflies and stoneflies ' they also . . .
laying occurs from october to december , occasionally to january , late eggs probably being replacement clutches . nests in loose , usually . . .
after breeding , birds move to the coast of south island and to southern north island and stewart . . .
endangered . previously listed as vulnerable but now considered endangered following very rapid population reductions at some wintering and breeding sites that are predicted . . .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
whats wrong with secretary kim 영준이 재능교육 시작했니 ? ( 자기의 일은 스스로 . . . 하지마 . . . ) 180704 ep . 9
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
turbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .
. the most recent estimates put the total population at 7 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals ( r . keedwell
. 2012 ) . all populations of this species that have been studied have been in decline ( g . a . taylor
. numbers recorded in the bay of plenty during winters in the 1980s ranged between 25 and 45 individuals . since 2000 , counts at the same site have varied between 10 and 16 individuals ( m . szabo
2006 ) . similarly , on the breeding grounds numbers on the ashburton river declined from over 750 birds in 1981 to fewer than 200 by 1990 ( o ' donnell 1992 , maloney 1999 , taylor 2000 ) . a total of 55 individuals was recorded in the lower 18 km of the ashley river in 1980 ( wildlife service surveys ) , with just 26 - 28 along the same stretch in 2005 - 2006 ( j . dowding
. 2006 ) . these and other observations indicate that the species may be in widespread decline ( o ' donnell 1992 , maloney 1999 , taylor 2000 , m . szabo
in 2004 , the new zealand department of conservation estimated 1 , 000 - 5 , 000 mature individuals of this species ( r . hitchmough
. 2006 ) , and a winter census in 2007 estimated c . 5 , 000 individuals (
. 2012 ) . another estimate has put the total population at 7 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals ( r . keedwell
2006 ) , roughly equivalent to 4 , 600 - 6 , 700 mature individuals . based on these estimates , the population is placed in the band for 2 , 500 - 9 , 999 mature individuals .
breeding populations on braided rivers in the south island , new zealand , are assumed to be in decline as their habitat comes under increasing pressure from exotic pests , hydroelectric power development and water abstraction . a meta analysis of the trends of the breeding population from 1962 - 2008 ( o’donnell and hoare
it breeds on riverbeds , creating simple scrapes in the shingle . it usually lays two eggs . the young fledge after c . 30 days . it feeds on freshwater invertebrates and small fish , taken as it forages over channels in gravelly rivers of south island , occasionally taking earthworms and other invertebrates in terrestrial environments ( on pastureland ) and , when at sea , feeding mainly on crustaceans ( heather and robertson 1997 , o ' donnell and hoare 2009 )
. major breeding failures have been recently reported at colonies as a result of predation ( g . a . taylor
. cattle and sheep can disturb breeding colonies . recreational activities , presently increasing rapidly , can cause breeding failure and disturbance at wintering sites . further hydroelectric developments are a major threat ; notably an approved project on the wairau river where 12 % of the population currently nest ( m . szabo
. invasion of introduced weed species and tree planting along riverbeds reduces available habitat ( taylor 2000 ) and forces birds to nest in areas more prone to flooding ( m . bell
. confinement of rivers to a single channel reduces the availability of nesting
islands
( b . d . bell verbally 1999 )
. the species may be threatened at its roosting sites by predation , disturbance and development ( m . bell
several studies have been completed covering aspects of the species ' s biology and ecology . habitat restoration and fauna monitoring is carried out by project river recovery in a number of major riverbed habitats in the mckenzie basin , covering part of the range ( a . grant
. some populations have received predator control measures with limited improvements to breeding success ( m . bell
census and map all breeding colonies , and census winter flocks . monitor accessible colonies annually . examine all proposals for the development of hydroelectric dams or irrigation projects to identify impacts on the species . establish nest protection if predation is identified as significantly affecting breeding success . spray weeds on rivers if required ( taylor 2000 )
, and commence a trial of establishing islands / rafts in lagoons and tarns ( b . d . bell verbally 1999 )
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
interaction calls between two birds ( same as in xc293062 ) as they foraged over a braided river .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
mike bell , of wildlife management international , sets a cat trap on the upper clarence river .
they don ' t go for the average joe rivers , it has to be those wandering , meandering rivers of the south island . they nest on islands and clean gravel .
they ' ve got natural issues in that their nests get flooded because they ' re on those low - line riverbeds . on top of that , the big issues are predators like hedgehogs , stoats , ferrets and cats , which destroy any potential they have to breed successfully , and weeds that ruin the nests .
people go and drive by the rivers and fish on them and take their dogs for walks on them . often people will , just through ignorance not through maliciousness , walk through a colony and the birds dive - bomb them and they think , ' wow , this is amazing ' . they don ' t realise what they ' re doing .
because the terns did not have the same iconic profile as kiwis , mike said they did not get as much attention and awareness as they should .
a census was done a few years ago and that found there were about 10 , 000 left , but that number has been declining ever since and we think there might be more like 5000 left now .
the project to increase the number of terns and their breeding success had involved years of monitoring and research before predator traps were set up .
this would be the first year everything was set up properly so the birds had a real chance of successful breeding , he said .
wildlife management international ecologist nikki mcarthur said in his time working in the field he had seen the need for a project like this to help the terns .
they ' re declining at about 50 per cent every three decades , so if they keep going the way they are there will be less and less . they ' re on their way out ,
he said .
about 90 per cent of their nesting attempts don ' t result in a chick being fledged , so that ' s one in every ten nests at the moment , which is a terrible rate .
all they can do is walk or run , and they can ' t run very fast because they have little , tiny legs . they are restricted to their colony island on the river , so if something happens to that island , like a predator getting across and running amok , there is basically no escape .


stromatium is a genus of beetles in the family cerambycidae , containing the following species : stromatium alienum pascoe , 1857 stromatium barbatum ( fabricius , 1775 ) stromatium chilense cerda , 1968 stromatium fulvum ( villers , 1789 ) ( = auratum ( böber , 1793 ) , unicolor olivier , 1795 ) stromatium longicorne ( newman , 1842 )

stromatium

valter jacinto marked
escaravelho / / beetle ( stromatium unicolor )
as trusted on the
stromatium unicolor
page .
valter jacinto marked
escaravelho / / long - horned beetle ( stromatium unicolor )
as trusted on the
stromatium unicolor
page .
a : gui gux hai yun ; borneo , w . malaysia , thailand , laos , cambodia
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
frons vertical ; head raised between antennal insertion , convex , acutely pointed at both ends ; clypeus depressed ; upper eye lobe distinct ; gena short ; antennae longer than body in male , ciliated ventrally ; prothorax transverse , side concave , rounded ; side of prothorax of male with a large tomentose depression ; elytra rounded at apex ; fore femora fusiform , strongly dilated at middle ; fore acetabula little angulated ; fore coxal cavity opened posteriorly .
large tomentose depression at latero - ventral of prothorax ; setaceous granule on elytra ; pronotum with 4 obtuse tubercles and a submedian callosity .
updated on 12 / 29 / 2011 3 : 18 : 50 pm available online : padil - http : / / www . padil . gov . au .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce1a0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce344 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322ce4b0 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 34811709 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
tavakilian g . & chevillotte h . ( 2018 ) . titan : cerambycidae database ( version apr 2015 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 5d8f6951 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
checklist of the cerambycidae and disteniidae ( coleoptera ) of the western hemisphere , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
full reference : j . c . fabricius . 1775 . systema entomologiae , sistens insectorum classes , ordines , genera , species adiectis synonymis , locis , descriptionibus , observationibus 1 - 832