physella acuta is a species of small , left-handed or sinistral , air-breathing freshwater snail , an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family physidae .

common names include european physa , tadpole snail , bladder snail , and acute bladder snail .

in addition , phyla acuta , physa heterostropha ( say , 1817 ) and physa integra ( haldeman , 1841 ) are synonyms of physella acuta ( draparnaud , 1805 ) .

physella acuta

acute bladder snail ( physella acuta ) . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna .
weitere infos unter : page : urltoken facebook : urltoken hier zeige ich euch mal die blasenschnecke , european physa , physella acuta , viel spaß beim anschauen . aktuelle themen auf urltoken alles rund ums thema aquarium . synonym : physa acuta , physa globosa , physa heterostropha , physella acuta , physella heterostropha , physella integra , acute bladder snail , bladder snail , levatka ostrá , rozdętka zaostrzona , spitze blasenschnecke
relatives : the only other physella species present in europe , are physella heterostropha ( often confounded with physella acuta , but with a larger shell and a relatively smaller aperture ) , as well as physella gyrina , which has a dark coloured body with whitish spots , but whose shell is quite similar .
conchological society of great britain and ireland : physidae , identification aid . francisco welter - schultes : physella acuta species homepage .
nonsynonymous per synonymous ( dn / ds ) substitution ratios , comparing physella acuta with other gastropods ( see material and methods ) .
right mantle lobe of an acute bladder snail ( physella acuta ) . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .
major group : gastropoda order : hygrophila family : physidae genus : physa ( may be recorded as physella ) species : acuta this family is represented in asutralian freshwaters by a single species , physa acuta draparnaud .
anderson , r . , ( 2016 ) . physella acuta ( draparnaud 1805 ) . [ in ] molluscireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 07 .
figure 1 . physella wrighti , the hotwater physa . illustration by trent hoover ; used with permission .
threat situation : while in spain physella acuta in many regions is the most frequent water snail species , in switzerland it is classified as vulnerable ( vu ) ( see also : iucn threat categories ) .
p . acuta type ( ponds 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 and 7 ) —where p . acuta occurred constantly and other alien species were found in only a few ponds .
anderson , r . 2003 . physella ( costella ) acuta draparnaud in britain and ireland - its taxonomy , origins and relationships to other introduced physidae . journal of conchology , 38 ( 1 ) : 7 - 21 .
originally , bladder snails were distributed over the holarctic ( see faunal provinces of the earth ) , appearing especially far south on the american continents , as far south as central and south america . in the meantime , many species have been introduced to other parts of the world by human interference , such as the species introduced to central europe from america , physella heterostropha and physella gyrina , the latter of which is often confounded with the native acute bladder snail ( physella acuta ) .
physa carolinae are plotted as open circles , physa acuta are filled circles , and hybrids are cross - circles .
( of physella ( acutiana ) acuta ( draparnaud , 1805 ) ) bank , r . a . ; neubert , e . ( 2017 ) . checklist of the land and freshwater gastropoda of europe . last update : july 16th , 2017 . [ details ]
phylogenetic analysis of selected gastropods . representative gastropods with fully characterized mt genomes were selected to compare protein - encoding genes with those of physella acuta . optimized alignments of amino acid sequences of all 13 protein - encoding genes were concatenated for ml analysis ( 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates ) . longer branch lengths indicate increased mutation rates of amino acid sequences across the mt genome . note the relatively long branch of the physella clade .
michigan physidae , with systematic notes on physella and physodon ( basommatophora : pulmonata ) . malacological review 8 ( 1 - 2 ) : 7 - 30 .
habitat and distribution : physella acuta lives in warm stagnant and slow streaming waters , also near the banks of lakes . the species also tolerates eutrophic conditions . at the central portuguese coast , the acute bladder snail also lives in irrigated rice fields . the species mainly feeds on detritus and algae .
the mitochondrial genomes of physella acuta isolates a and b . the outer circle represents the positive strand , the inner circle the negative strand . protein - encoding genes are darkened to distinguish from rrna genes . bars ( with length in bp ) indicate location of sequence overlap between protein - encoding genes . note the size difference of the mt genomes of the two p . acuta isolates , especially the indel beginning in cox2 following the intergenic region upstream of trny .
formerly regarded as a european native ( draparnaud , 1805 ; germain , 1930 ; turner et al . , 1998 ) , but now accepted as an early introduction from north america ( anderson , 1996 ; anderson , 2005 ) . morphometric analysis ( anderson , 2003 ) and breeding experiments plus comparison of rdna ( dillon et al . , 2002 ) using the n . american p . heterostropha and p . acuta from the glastry locality mentioned above have confirmed that these two are synonymous . physella heterostropha was formerly listed as a species distinct from acuta and both were said to occur in the british isles . physella acuta was probably introduced to europe via the french cotton trade with louisiana . it was described by draparnaud from the river garonne near bordeaux , principal port of the cotton trade , in 1805 .
( of physa acuta draparnaud , 1805 ) lydeard c . , campbell d . & golz m . ( 2016 ) . physa acuta draparnaud , 1805 should be treated as a native of north america , not europe . malacologia . 59 ( 2 ) : 347 - 350 . [ details ]
phylogenetic placement of physella acuta isolates a and b within physidae . experimentally derived sequences were incorporated into ncbi popset 164430598 ( wethington & lydeard , 2007 ) coi sequences from snails of the family physidae ( boxed ) to generate a ml tree ; nj and mp yielded the same results . original identifiers of strains or isolates of p . acuta are indicated in brackets . the outgroup includes sequences from lymnaeidae and planorbidae . isolates a and b , which coexist in stubblefield lake , nm ( bolded ) , cluster with different clades of p . acuta . the tree has been simplified for clarity , bootstrap values are indicated from 1 , 000 replicates .
the dn / ds ratios were calculated for individual and concatenated mt protein - encoding gene sequences with the exception of atp8 . single ratios indicate no difference between other gastropods and p . acuta isolates . different ratios from isolates of p . acuta are separated by a slash ; n . d . indicates not done . genes with significantly different ( p < 0 . 001 ) dn / ds ratio between the p . acuta isolates and the other gastropods are indicated by an asterisk .
britton d , mcmahon r . environmentally and genetically induced shell - shape variation in the freshwater pond snail physa ( physella ) virgata ( gould , 1855 ) . american malacological bulletin 2004 ; 19 : 93–100 .
physella acuta isolates a and b : trna sequence and structure . predicted secondary structures of the 22 trnas encoded in the mt genomes from p . acuta isolates a and b . only three trna genes are identical between isolates a and b . two graphical representations are shown for all trna genes that differ in sequence between isolates a and b . typically such differences occurred in the loops , not the stems . three letter codes identify the amino acid anticodon specificity . irregular trnas are gly , ser ( agn ) and ser ( ucn ) .
description : the acute bladder snail has a yellowish horn coloured shell , which may be translucent and has a pointed apex , to which it has to thank its name . the aperture takes ¾ of the overall shell height ; in physella acuta the aperture is relatively higher than in physella heterostropha , with which it is often confounded . shell spindle and apertural lip in fully grown specimens are white . the snail itself is blackish or dark grey violet . the mantle shows golden yellow spots that can be seen through the translucent shell wall . only the right mantle lobe reaches the outer shell wall .
ecology : instream habitat : physa acuta occurs in lotic and lentic waters such as ditches , ponds , lakes , small streams and rivers . it is generally found amongst vegetation . feeding ecology : physa acuta is a scraper feeding on green algae , macrophytes and diatoms . habit : life history : physa acuta snails are hermaphrodites capable of self - fertilisation . they reproduce at least once a year in australia and have two breeding seasons in the northern hemisphere . the life span is seven to twelve months .
alien gastropods increasingly appear in such environments . physella cauta is commonly present around the mediterranean sea , while potamopyrgus antipodarum originates from new zealand and ferrissia fragilis belongs to north american species ( walther et al . 2006 ) .
* the figure is a ' portrait ' of a giant specimen of p . acuta from thermal waters ( bad villach ) of austria . in central europe ( poland , austria ) this species sometimes produces such thermal races characterized by enlarged shell size . it was once described as a species ' variety ' : physa acuta var . thermalis .
egg masses of the f1 generation were allowed to hatch and the offspring reared to age two weeks . the f1 juveniles produced by the albino ( acuta ) parent of the acuta x carolinae outcross proved to be pigmented in all cases , confirming their hybrid status . we do not have direct confirmation that the offspring of the acuta x acuta and carolinae x carolinae controls were the products of outcross , but previous breeding experiments aided by genetic markers have demonstrated an almost 100 % shift from selfing to outcrossing in similar situations [ 29 , 40 ] . then five haphazardly - chosen f1 individuals from each of the 12 sibships were isolated , reared to age 20 weeks , and sacrificed whole by preservation in 70 % ethanol .
the gastropod physella acuta ( draparnaud , 1805 ) has been recorded for the first time on shallow shore areas in the volga reach of kuybyshev water reservoir , russia during a sampling in 1998 , and for the second time in the same volga reach in 2009 . the way of its invasion is still unknown . possibly , this gastropod was introduced from aquariums , and , less possibly , migrated from the lower reaches of the volga river .
p . antipodarum type ( ponds 4 , 5 , 8 , 10 and 11 ) —where , in addition to p . antipodarum , p . acuta occurred sporadically in samples collected in ponds 4 and 5 .
in recent years a growing community of researchers has been attracted to freshwater pulmonate snails of the genus physa as a model organism for the study of behavior , sex allocation , divergence and speciation [ 26 – 28 ] . the cosmopolitan physa ( “physella” ) acuta in particular has become a favorite for laboratory experimentation , by virtue of its ease of culture , rapid generation time , and individual lifetime fecundity ranging into the thousands of offspring [ 29 , 30 ] . laboratory populations of physa acuta ( under a variety of synonyms ) have been shown to demonstrate a significant ecophenotypic response in shell shape both to temperature [ 31 ] and to the introduction of crushing predators [ 32 – 35 ] . the common garden experiments of gustafson et al . [ 36 ] returned evidence of striking morphological plasticity in the shell form of p . acuta correlated with the ( many ) environmental differences between stream and pond .
linear alignment of mt gene order of physella acuta compared with other panpulmonate gastropods . phylogenetic relationships shown are based on analysis of 18s , 28s , 16s and coi sequences ( jörger et al . , 2010 ) . protein - encoding and rrna genes are colour coded to emphasize patterns and gene rearrangements . single letters designate trna genes . the genes encoded on the negative strand ( underlined ) are the same for all species shown . bold lines under the alignment delineate clusters of genes with the same internal order for the majority of the panpulmonates . note that gene rearrangements among the panpulmonates are modest and rarely affect protein - encoding gene orders , with the exception of p . acuta . alignment is not to scale .
britton , d . k . and r . f . mcmahon . 2004 . environmentally and genetically induced shell - shape variation in the freshwater pond snail physa ( physella ) virgata ( gould , 1855 ) . american malacological bulletin , 19 ( 1 / 2 ) : 93 - 100 .
( of physa acuta draparnaud , 1805 ) pointier j . p . ( ed . ) . ( 2015 ) . freshwater molluscs of venezuela and their medical and veterinary importance . harxheim : conchbooks . 228 pp . [ details ]
paraense , w . l . and j . - p . pointier . 2003 . physa acuta draparnaud , 1805 ( gastropoda : physidae ) : a study of topotypic specimens . memorias do instituto oswaldo cruz , 98 : 513 - 517 .
less well known is physa carolinae , an inhabitant of vernal ponds and ditches in the atlantic coastal plain of the southeastern united states . physa carolinae and p . acuta hybridize readily in the laboratory , although hybrid offspring appear to be entirely sterile [ 37 ] . in the field , the two species are distinguishable by minor aspects of shell shape . physa carolinae populations tend to bear more slender , fusiform shells while p . acuta bear shells more inflated , globose [ 38 ] .
the 11 . 49 % overall intraspecific divergence at nt level of complete mt genomes of p . acuta a and b exceeds that of two strains of b . glabrata ( 18 of 13 , 670 nt or 0 . 13 % ; uncorrected p - distance ) . this divergence is comparable to interspecific difference from total mt genome sequences among additional species within either the genus aplysia or the genus biomphalaria ; however , it did not exceed the interspecific sequence differences from species within the genera onchidella and siphonaria . regardless of the high intraspecific divergence , p . acuta is distinct from other genera . a direct comparison of the cox1 gene sequences from p . acuta isolate a compared with b . glabrata ( representing the sister taxon ) , yielded over 20 % sequence divergence between genera .
albrecht , c . , o . kroll , e . m . terrazas , and t . wilke . 2009 . invasino of ancient lake titicaca by the globally invasive physa acuta ( gastropoda : pulmonata : hygrophila ) . biological invasions 11 : 1821 - 1826 .
the turgeon et al . ( 1998 ) list follows te’s ( 1978 ) classification of the family physidae , which transferred many species from physa to physella . however , some authors ( e . g . , dillon 2000 , wethington and guralnick 2004 , wethington and lydeard 2007 ) have continued to use the genus name physa for the entire group .
the most stable dominance structure was found in ponds of the p . acuta type , where 11 of the 17 recorded species of gastropods belonged to eudominants , dominants and subdominants . as has been demonstrated by long - term studies that have been carried out in anthropogenic ponds ( strzelec et al . 2006 ) , p . acuta is becoming a more and more settled species in poland and does not affect the native fauna . perhaps its small total density in the above - mentioned type of ponds is not a factor that influences the diversity of gastropods .
dillon , r . t . , jr . , c . e . earnhardt , and t . p . smith . 2004 . reproductive isolation between physa acuta and physa gyrina in joint culture . american malacological bulletin , 19 ( 1 / 2 ) : 63 - 68 .
physa carolinae are shown as open circles , physa acuta as filled circles , and hybrids as cross - circles . the parental generation is plotted as large symbols , and their f1 offspring as small symbols . letters a and b indicate the two shells depicted in fig . 1 .
the sequence data ( its1 , its2 , 16s and coi ) obtained from the physid snails collected from stubblefield lake identified isolate a and b as the same species , physella acuta . the isolate - specific differences between the sequences that were analysed fell within the ranges of considerable intraspecific divergence that are routinely recorded from phylogenetic studies that employ such genes of other snail species ( thomaz , guiller & clarke , 1996 ; stothard & rollinson , 1997 ; dejong et al . , 2001 ; dillon & frankis , 2004 ; armbruster & bernhard , 2000 ; nekola , coles & bergthorsson , 2009 ; albrechts et al . , 2009 ; wethington , wise & dillon , 2009 ) .
the relative rate test ( tajima , 1993 ) was performed in mega v . 5 . 05 to test the mt genomes of p . acuta for accelerated nucleotide and amino acid substitution rates relative to b . glabrata ( with pyramidella dolabrata as an outgroup ) using aligned sequences with gaps removed .
the characterization of the mt genome of p . acuta revealed ( 1 ) considerable intraspecific differences in length and sequence composition , ( 2 ) a novel gene order that is unique among panpulmonates and ( 3 ) elevated substitution rates in protein - encoding genes compared with mt genomes of other gastropods .
dillon , r . t . , jr . , j . d . robinson , t . p . smith , and a . r . wethington . 2005 . no reproductive isolation between freshwater pulmonate snails physa virgata and p . acuta . the southwestern naturalist , 50 ( 4 ) : 415 - 422 .
dillon , r . t . , a . r . wethington , j . m . rhett , and t . p . smith . 2002 . populations of the european pulmonate physa acuta are not reproductively isolated from american physa heterostropha or physa integra . invertebrate biology , 121 ( 3 ) : 226 - 234 .
now regarded as a native of north america where it has been known under the name physa heterostropha say ( a name reduced to synonymy with acuta - see anderson ( 2005 ) ) . recorded from most of europe north to germany and the british isles . introduced to africa , asia and australia by human commerce .
the relative rate analysis showed a highly significant acceleration in both nt ( not shown ) and amino acid substitutions in the mt genomes of p . acuta relative to b . glabrata ( isolate a χ 2 = 38 . 01 , isolate b χ 2 = 30 . 82 , p < 0 . 000001 for each ) .
biological invasions impose severe threats to biodiversity , and the extent of this phenomenon is predicted to intensify under climate warming . only a few investigators have examined how temperature interacts with other environmental variables to affect competition between native and invasive species . physa acuta , an invasive freshwater snail in europe , often outcompetes the indigenous congener . . . [ show full abstract ]
four pairs of parental snails were crossed within the acuta line , four pairs crossed within the carolinae line , and four pairs were hybridized . these 12 sets of parents were paired for 24 hours , re - isolated for six days , and their egg masses accumulated . the parents were then sacrificed whole ( by preservation in 70 % ethanol ) at age 20 weeks .
the concentrations of pcbs , ddts , hchs , hcb and ocs were determined in sediments and associated biota , both invertebrates ( physella acuta , hirudo medicinalis , chironomid larvae , hydrous pistaceus , helochares lividus ) and vertebrates ( rana perezi ) , in a temporary aquatic system , a rice field in the ebro delta ( ne spain ) . the qualitative and quantitative distribution of organochlorine compounds in sediments and aquatic biota has been explained by two mechanisms : equilibrium partitioning and / or biomagnification through the trophic web . nevertheless , bioaccumulation processes are by far more complex , since several biotic and abiotic factors contribute to the observed pollutant loads in the organisms . in this respect , the biological characteristics of the organisms considered ( e . g . species , age , lipid contents , feeding habits , etc . ) , as well as ecological factors ( e . g . the habitat of the species and vertical distribution ) , have been shown to account for the organochlorine levels observed .
in this study , 16s and coi mt sequences ( wethington & lydeard , 2007 ) are used for species identification of laboratory maintained physid snails . in addition , sequences from the nuclear genome , internal transcribed spacer ( its ) 1 and its2 , are also employed . these its sequences are often used for species identifications at lower taxonomic levels ( armbruster & korte , 2006 ) , including species identification within hygrophila ( dejong et al . , 2001 ; correa et al . , 2010 ) . the mt genomes from two isolates of p . acuta ( a and b ) are characterized and compared . the mt genes and gene order from these physid snails are compared with those of other panpulmonates . finally we perform a rate analysis and determine dn / ds ratios of mt protein - encoding genes of p . acuta to investigate the rate of genome evolution relative to other panpulmonates .
( of physa acuta draparnaud , 1805 ) spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
. . . important environmental variables other than temperature also could exert such a mediator effect on biotic in - teractions . our study corroborates the findings of stoll et al . ( 2013 ) , who showed that p . acuta suffer reduced growth at averageto - high infestation levels of cl . we extended the previous study by showing that this effect is not limited to a single species but applies to other snail species as well . . . .
a small , sinistral and sharp - spired shell . the animal is grey to almost black but lacks the whitish spots typical of p . gyrina , the other introduction from north america . both species are very variable but in general p . gyrina has a blunter spire with flatter whorls and shallower sutures whereas p . acuta has distinctly deeper sutures and a sharper spire . widespread but still local though spreading rapidly since its discovery in ireland in 2000 .
the ga - branch program was used through the datamonkey portal ( kosakovsky , pond & frost , 2005 ) to identify terminal branches with significantly different dn / ds ratios in the gastropod ml tree . the dn / ds ratios were generated from 12 of the 13 protein - encoding gene sequences from the two isolates of p . acuta along with selected gastropods to investigate substitution rates of p . acuta compared to other gastropods . due to short length of alignable codons , atp8 was excluded in dn / ds analyses . the gastropod species a . californica , c . nemoralis and n . melanotragus appeared to have undergone rate acceleration and were excluded from this analysis . the nucleotide sequences of individual protein - encoding genes were translated , aligned and gap columns were removed to analyse dn / ds ratios for each gene and also for the concatenated gene sequences to identify amino acid substitutions across the mt genomes as a whole .
what fraction of the variance in shell morphology qualitatively observable in a comparison of physa acuta and p . carolinae might be additively heritable ? what analytical techniques might maximize the heritable fraction recovered ? are modern geometric approaches so superior to more traditional linear methods that all previous research results are now discredited ? here we report the results of acuta x carolinae hybridization experiments , analyzing shell morphological data collected on sets of even - aged parents and offspring with both traditional and landmark - based techniques . we evaluate a large set of univariate and multivariate shell variables by two criteria—their estimated heritability and their correlation with overall size . in so doing we look toward future applications of shell morphometric analytical techniques in mixed - age gastropod populations collected from the wild . we also offer our results to the community of researchers interested in the reconstruction of gastropod phylogeny [ 39 ] , where the heritability of shell form is an oft - unstated assumption .
in water bodies of both the p . acuta and p . antipodarum type , an alternate dominance of leading species was demonstrated . this is confirmed by the results of the spearman analysis . only in water bodies of the f . fragilis type did we observe the presence of one alien species . in this type of pond , phytophilous species belonged to the eudominants , whereas in other types , this species often colonised both sediment - covered leaf deposits and macrophytes .
. . . however , its effects on freshwater snails have rarely been measured . in this context , an experimental study conducted by stoll et al . ( 2013 ) showed that the relationship between c . limnaei limnaei and physa acuta can be described as epizoic antibiosis at high infestation rates , due to the fact that hosts had lower growth rates and productivity . gamble and fried ( 1976 ) reported that histological evidence of disruption of their host snail ' s mantle epithelium associated with worm setae . . . .
. . . worms are able to reproduce asexually by fission , so infestation rates can be established only at the beginning of an experiment and maintained during limited time spans . preliminary experiments demonstrated that under our experimental conditions , worm densities remained fairly constant throughout experimental periods of 1 wk ( stoll et al . 2013 ) . to obtain neonate snails of p . acuta and p . fontinalis , we isolated egg masses of worm - free laboratory populations in 0 . 5 - l glass jars filled with aerated water . . . .
the success of the colonisation of alien gastropods is widely regarded as one of the main threats to natural biodiversity ( kolar and lodge 2001 ) . this is possibly due to the specific features of their biology , which affect the rate of population growth . such features include the time it takes to achieve sexual maturity ( tibbets et al . 2010 ) , their high degree of fertility ( richards 2002 ) , the type of reproduction ( e . g . parthenogenesis in a colonised area— p . antipodarum ) ( lively 1992 ) , as well as their ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions ( e . g . a high tolerance to extreme temperatures in the case of p . antipodarum and physella acuta ( jaeckel 1962 ; winterboum 1969 ; hylleberg and siegismund 1987 ; strzelec 1999 ; van leeuwen et al . 2013 ) and most importantly their huge evolution potential , which allows them to adapt to new environmental conditions ( hänfling and kollmann 2002 ) . the success of colonisation may also be the result of the low diversity of microhabitats in woodland ponds and the varying degrees of their degradation , although according to pip ( 1986 ) , the small surface area may be the reason for the reduction in the rate of migrational exchange ( small populations ) in comparison to large ponds .
variance on the first relative warp axis comprised only 29 . 7 % of the total , however . perhaps the most interesting contrast shown in table 2 is that between our rwa1 results and the results from the first principal components extracted from matrices of traditional linear shell measurements , both accounting for over 90 % of the total variance recovered , but neither demonstrating significant heritability . the observations that all three of these first axes—rwa1 , pc1 ( correlation ) , and pc1 ( covariance ) —were correlated ( p < 0 . 001 ) with centroid size , and that rwa1 demonstrated one of the highest heritabilities yet recorded for gastropod shell morphology , while neither of the first principal components from traditional linear measurements demonstrated any heritable basis whatsoever , might seem a bit paradoxical . apparently our traditional morphometric approaches lumped together a very large fraction of the total variance in shell morphology as “size , ” while our geometric approach identified and isolated a subset of such variance that might be described as “heritable size . ” fig . 4 suggests that our pure acuta x acuta families were heritably larger than our pure carolinae x carolinae families , with hybrid families intermediate .
biological invasions are a significant component of human - caused global change and is widely regarded as one of the main threats to natural biodiversity . isolated anthropogenic water bodies created in the areas that are deprived of natural freshwater habitats allow the survival and reproduction of alien species on newly settled sites . they are often small with water level fluctuations causing frequent environmental disturbances . the colonisation success may be the result of the rate of their degradation . the aims of the study were to determine the environmental conditions that affect the existence of alien species of gastropods in this type of aquatic environment and to examine whether the occurrence of non - native species affects the community structure of the native species . this study made it possible to group woodland ponds according to the occurrence of the three invasive species in snail communities and discuss the environmental conditions present in these pond types . analysis of water properties emphasised the distinctiveness of the selected pond types . in ponds of the potamopyrgus antipodarum type , we found the highest values of some parameters mainly hardness , conductivity , and content of calcium and chlorides , in contrast with the physella acuta type , which were characterised by the lowest values except for phosphates and nitrites . in the ferrissia fragilis type , we found the highest nitrate content . data on the occurrence of alien species in different water environments play an important role in actions which are taken to prevent new invasions and spread of non - native species as well as to reduce future impacts of invaders .
. . . several individuals of accompanying freshwater snails at the sampling location including valvata sp . , melanopsis buccinoida , planorbis intermixtus and physa acuta were also inspected for c . limnaei infestation , but no evidence was found to show the same association . c . limnaei limnaei attaches itself to the mantle cavity and pulmonary cavity of the host and feeds on microorganisms , such as protozoa , rotifers and algae ( michelson , 1964 ; fried et al . , 2008 ; stoll et al . , 2013 ) , hence it is regarded as a commensal ( young , 1974 ) . however , its effects on freshwater snails have rarely been measured . . . .
further information : like all snails in the family physidae , their shells are sinistral where their aperture is on the left - hand side if the shell is facing . moreover , they have a long and large aperture , a pointed spire , and no operculum . the shells are thin and corneous and rather transparent . once it was believed that this snail only lives in the mediterranean region , until the north american physella heterostropha became considered to be a synonym hence extending the species ' distribution from north - american to the mediterranean and then north europe . its redlist assessment is least concern . this is an aquatic species , mostly found in small or shallow rivers , lakes and swamps , but in malta in malta it is frequently found in water catchment areas along valleys and reservoirs within urbanised localities . photos courtesy of alan outen with acknowledgements to peter topley for the species confirmation .
during the winter , the woodland ponds that were studied are covered with ice , which means that the deposits of allo - and autochthonous detritus covering the bottom sediments become the habitat for gastropods to survive in , even for species that come from distant climate zones ( oertli 1995 ; strzelec and lewin 1996 ) . fluctuation in the water level is not a significant factor that limits the occurrence of alien species . p . antipodarum can bury themselves in the sediments in order to survive both dry and cold periods ( duft et al . 2003 ) . ferrissia juveniles that have not been bred yet form a septum in response to dry conditions , while p . acuta burrows into bottom sediments ( richardot 1974 ; costil et al . 2001 ) .
the mt genomes from isolates a and b of the same species p . acuta are dissimilar in both size ( 14 , 490 vs 14 , 314 bp ) and in sequence content . with the exception of the trnas i , m , and p , every other mt gene homologue differed in sequence composition and / or size ( supplementary material table s3 ) . the intergenic regions range from 1–226 bp in length , with the latter only recorded from isolate a . the nucleotide composition of the mt genome sequence from the two isolates differ by 9 . 92 % ( 1 , 416 nt in 14 , 275 bp ) , gaps excluded , this value increases to 11 . 49 % ( 1 , 670 nt in 14 , 529 bp ) with the inclusion of indel positions .
both te ( 1978 ) and taylor ( 2003 ) used the terminal male reproductive system ( the penial complex ) to classify physids . te ( 1978 ) found p . wrighti ( as otu82 ) to have penial type - bc , indicating morphology to be intermediate between type - b ( p . gyrina group ; bipartite glandular penial sheath ) and type - c ( p . acuta group ; unipartite non - glandular penial sheath ) , but wethington and lydeard ( 2007 ) classify p . wrighti as having a type - b penis morphology . taylor ( 2003 ) synonymizes p . wrighti with p . gyrina , and describes this group as having a bipartite penial sheath . wethington and guralnick ( 2004 ) and wethington and lydeard ( 2007 ) examined the penial morphology of p . wrighti and also placed it in the p . gyrina group .
according to havel et al . ( 2005 ) , water reservoirs offer new opportunities for colonisation as is exemplified by the increasing number of sites with populations of p . antipodarum , f . fragilis and p . acuta that have been recorded more and more frequently in recent years in different countries and also in poland ( meier - brook 2002 ; spyra 2008 ) . there is a general agreement that it is more likely that alien species will be found in disturbed rather than in undisturbed environments ( früh et al . 2012a , b ) . anthropogenic woodland ponds can be classified as the first type , since they are a product of human pressure and remain under its influence . disturbances ( e . g . drainage , a reduction in the level of groundwater and degradation as a result of acidification and the input of pollutants ) create ‘open niches’ of invasion ( lockwood et al . 2007 ; lodge 1993a , b ) .
mollusca slovenska : mikuláš j . lisický : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive
lisický m . ( 1991 ) . mollusca slovenska . veda , vydavateľstvo slovenskej akadémie vied . 244 pp . isbn 80 - 224 - 0232 - x . english summary : mollusca of slovakia the study examines data of distribution of extant species of molluscs from slovakia and eastern moravia . list of errata is at the end of the book all errata from this list are in the scanned book marked by a pencil . русский резюме : моллюски словакии
about the author : rndr . mikuláš j . lisický , csc . ( * 1946–†2008 )
distribution of extant species of molluscs ( mollusca ) from slovakia and eastern moravia .
copyright holder released mollusca slovenska under the creative commons attribution 3 . 0 license in august 2012 . see biography of the author at web pages of czech and slovak malacologists ( stránky českých a slovenských malakologů ) . original publisher of the book has no objections about publishing this book online .
this is one of the best books about molluscs of slovakia . it includes distribution of molluscs ( gastropods and bivalves ) of slovakia , references to all data and distribution maps of species . all species are also sorted into ecological groups , into a group according to its geographical point of view and other criteria .
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nehring , s . ( 2006 ) . four arguments why so many alien species settle into estuaries , with special reference to the german river elbe . helgol . mar . res . 60 ( 2 ) : 127 - 134 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
neubert , e . ( 1998 ) . annotated checklist of the terrestrial and freshwater molluscs of the arabian peninsula with descriptions of new species . fauna of arabia . 17 : 333 - 461 . [ details ]
syntype [ from synonym ] nhmw 1820 . xxvi . 45 , locality france [ view taxon ]
the european physa has a sinistral ( left - handed ) shell that is 7 - 12 mm high and 7 - 10 mm wide , with 5 - 6 whorls . this snail has a very large body whorl , relative to the rest of the shell . the height of the body whorl accounts for approximately 75 % of the total height of the shell . the vacant shell has a tan color , but in living specimens the body whorls appears mottled ( black and tan spots and blotches ) . the aperture ( mouth ) is oval and may have a white rib . the opaque shell has a pointed spire and does not have a rigid structure blocking the opening of the shell ( operculum ) . the body of the animal is blue - grey in color with innumerable dark spots .
this species inhabits shallow , warm , standing fresh water in very high densities . it is able to withstand polluted water and is often introduced inadvertently into new habitats by humans . this species is very adaptable and is recorded as a serious pest of both economic plants in greenhouses and filtering vegetation in sewage treatment plants .
albrecht et al . 2009 ; anderson 2003 ; anderson 2005 ; cope and winterbourn 2004 ; semenchenko et al . 2008
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van damme , d . , ghamizi , m . , seddon , m . b . , budha , p . b . , dutta , j . & cordeiro , j .
has a widespread holartic distribution and has been recorded from northern america , europe , eurasia and africa , as well as asia and oceania . the species is probably native to northeastern north america ( taylor 2003 ) , but it has been widely introduced and its native and introduced ranges are not well understood . its range is expanding and it is considered least concern .
is a widespread holartic species that has been recorded from northern america , europe , eurasia and africa . its origin is not fully resolved . the species is probably native to northeastern north america ( taylor 2003 ) , but it has been widely introduced and its native and introduced ranges are not well understood .
it has been recorded from several regions in africa . many of these records pertain , according to brown ( 1994 ) , to introduced american species . the anatomical studies of ghamizi ( 1998 ) clearly show that maghrebian populations belong to the synonym ,
. in northern africa , it is common in the maghreb and also has been recorded from the nile delta ( van damme 1984 , brown 1994 ) . it is present all over the nile from lake nasser to the nile delta ( g . soliman pers . comm . 2008 ) . it is not known from libya but it is suspected to also be in this country .
the species is widespread in europe , where it is found in many countries including sweden , great britain ( uk ) , channel islands ( uk ) , northern ireland ( uk ) , netherlands , belgium , luxembourg , france ( mainland and corsica ) , germany , switzerland , austria , czech republic , slovakia , poland , hungary , spain ( mainland , balearic islands , and the canary islands ) , italy ( mainland , sardinia , sicily ) , malta , bulgaria , cyprus , romania , andorra , portugal ( mainland , azores and madeiran islands ) , albania , slovenia , croatia and macedonia , montenegro , ukraine , greece ( mainland and the north aegean islands ) . it has also been reported from the former country of yugoslavia ( current country unknown ) . the species is also recorded from russia ( e . g . , ciscaucasia , transcaucasia , central asia , volga river delta , southern primorje ; kantor
the species has been widely introduced as it can be transported by birds , as well as by human activities . it is present in india ( assam and maharashtra ( subba rao 1989 ) and is most likely present elsewhere ) , japan , and probably elsewhere in southeast asia , and has been recorded from french polynesia .
åland islands ; albania ; algeria ; andorra ; angola ; austria ; belgium ; benin ; bosnia and herzegovina ; botswana ; bulgaria ; burkina faso ; cameroon ; cape verde ; chad ; china ; comoros ; côte d ' ivoire ; croatia ; czech republic ; denmark ; djibouti ; egypt ; eritrea ; estonia ; ethiopia ; faroe islands ; finland ; france ; french polynesia ( society is . ) ; gabon ; gambia ; germany ; ghana ; gibraltar ; greece ; greenland ; guernsey ; guinea ; guinea - bissau ; holy see ( vatican city state ) ; hong kong ; hungary ; iceland ; india ( assam , maharashtra ) ; ireland ; isle of man ; italy ; japan ; jersey ; kenya ; latvia ; lesotho ; liberia ; liechtenstein ; lithuania ; luxembourg ; macedonia , the former yugoslav republic of ; madagascar ; malta ; mayotte ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; namibia ; netherlands ; niger ; norway ; pakistan ; poland ; portugal ; réunion ; romania ; russian federation ( chechnya , dagestan , ingushetiya , kabardino - balkariya , karachaevo - cherkessiya , krasnodar , primoryi , severo - osetiya , stavropol ) ; saint helena , ascension and tristan da cunha ; san marino ; sao tomé and principe ; senegal ; serbia ; seychelles ; slovakia ; slovenia ; somalia ; south africa ; spain ; sudan ; svalbard and jan mayen ; sweden ; switzerland ; tanzania , united republic of ; togo ; tunisia ; uganda ; united kingdom ; western sahara ; zambia ; zimbabwe
global population data are not available , however the species ' range is expanding .
though this species has only very recently been recorded from india ( pune , maharashtra ) , the large number of examples collected suggest its abundant occurrence in river yamuna at delhi .
the species is found in a wide range of natural and anthropogenic water types , including polluted water . it also occurs commonly in irrigation channels , dams and streams in or near towns and may be well adapted to undergo anhydrobiosis . the species has been widely introduced as it can be transported by birds , as well as by human activities .
no conservation actions are required for this species , however the natural range of the species not well understood and this requires additional research .
van damme , d . , ghamizi , m . , seddon , m . b . , budha , p . b . , dutta , j . & cordeiro , j . 2017 .
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correspondence : c . m . adema ; e - mail : ude . mnu @ medaneoc
copyright © the author 2014 . published by oxford university press on behalf of the malacological society of london , all rights reserved
mitochondrial ( mt ) gene sequences are commonly used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships ( boore , 1999 ; valles & boore , 2006 ) , but obtaining entire mitochondrial genomes provides greater amounts of sequences for analysis , identification of mt gene order and discovery of novel mt gene rearrangements . comparative mitogenomic analyses can inform on animal phylogeny ( rokas & holland , 2000 ; knudsen et al . , 2006 ; jex et al . , 2010 ; kayal et al . , 2013 ) .
the classes of mollusca display diverse sets of mt gene orders ( kurabayashi & ueshima , 2000 ; boore , medina & rosenberg , 2004 ; grande , templado & zardoya , 2008 ) . within the gastropoda , a generally standard order of mt genes has been recorded in panpulmonata ( knudsen et al . , 2006 ; white et al . , 2011 ) , a clade established by jörger et al . ( 2010 ) . still , the mt genomes of panpulmonata are no exception to frequent , but minor , gene rearrangements that mainly involve modest numbers of trna genes but occasionally also single protein - encoding genes , as seen in cepea nemoralis ( terrett , miles & thomas , 1996 ) , pyramidella dolabrata ( grande et al . , 2008 ) , siphonaria gigas ( white et al . , 2011 ) and s . pectinata ( grande et al . , 2008 ) .
in 2010 , freshwater panpulmonate snails , morphologically identified as physids ( sinistral shells , digitations on mantle collar ; paraense & pointier , 2003 ) were collected from stubblefield lake in northern new mexico ( usa ) and maintained in aquariums at room temperature . separate lines of laboratory - cultured physid snails were initiated with hatchlings from recently deposited single egg masses that were isolated in different tanks . this approach was used to separate morphologically similar yet genetically distinct lineages ( wethington & lydeard , 2007 ) and to avoid pre - existing ( trematode ) parasite infections in the parental snails that were collected from the field . two separate lines of physids were established , designated as isolates a and b .
) and its2r 5′ggtttcacgtactcttgaac3′ ( provided by j . nekola , modified from that published by
. thermal cycling consisted of 10 min at 94°c ( initial denaturation ) , 25 cycles of 30 s at 94°c , 30 s at primer annealing temperatures ( 50°c for 16s and coi , 48°c for its regions ) , 1 min at 72°c , and 7 min 72°c final extension . amplicons were purified ( qiaquick pcr purification kit , qiagen ) and sequenced directly on both strands ( big dye 3 . 1 , applied biosystems ) . extension products were read on an abi 3130 automated dna sequencer . sequences were edited by eye and assembled into contigs using sequencher v . 5 . 0 ( gene codes corporation ) . the sequences were compared with the genbank database using blast (
lines to the left of the primers delineate the seven overlapping long distance pcr amplicons that were cloned and sequenced to confirm data obtained by direct sequencing . amplicons 1 and 7 overlap due to the circular nature of the mt genome , ( 7 ) indicates the end of the 7th fragment . asterisks indicate conserved 16s and coi primers for species identification ( wethington & lydeard , 2007 ) .
, and for several publicly - available sequences to determine and compare ranges of intra - and interspecific sequence differences . intraspecific differences were determined for 16s sequences of
) . high fidelity , long distance ( ld ) - pcr ( advantage genomic la polymerase mix , clontech ) was used to generate overlapping amplicons that encompassed the complete mt genome . amplicons were sequenced directly by primer walking ( see above ) at double coverage or higher . chromatograms were edited by eye and assembled into contigs using sequencher v . 5 . 0 . once mt genome sequences of isolates a and b were characterized completely , primers listed in table
were used to generate seven overlapping pcr fragments ( range 1931–2624 bp ) from the same original genomic dna templates , which completely covered the mt genomes . high fidelity ld - pcr amplicons were cloned ( topo ta - cloning , invitrogen ) and sequenced completely to confirm the mt sequence data .
with other gastropods and to determine branch lengths as a measure of divergence . complete nucleotide sequences for protein - encoding genes were obtained from genbank for the panpulmonates listed above . the phylogenetic range was expanded by also including sequences from
. gene sequences were then concatenated for each gastropod and phylogenetic analyses were performed with mega v . 5 . 05 , using integrated utilities for selection of model as best fit for the data . phylogenetic nj ( jones - taylor - thornton model with gamma distributed rate variation among sites ) , mp ( 10 initial trees by random addition ) and ml ( waf + f + g , 5 gamma categories ) analyses were performed with 1 , 000 bootstrap replicates .
) . the combined its regions differed in nt sequence by 1 . 75 % between
) . the mt genome - derived sequences ( genbank accession numbers in following paragraph ) from isolates a and b showed a higher divergence . the amplicons from the 16s genes were 496 bp ( a ) and 500 bp ( b ) with a 5 . 38 % nt difference evident from the sequence alignment ( length 502 bp with gaps ) . the coi sequence fragments , 655 bp for both isolates , displayed a 4 . 27 % nt difference . the sequences were confirmed from sibling snails of both isolates . combining both 16s and coi , the total sequence difference was 4 . 75 % over 1151 bp . based on a threshold of < 6 % difference in these combined sequences , as defined by
a and b is less than the maximum intraspecific divergence calculated at 7 . 0 % for 16s sequences from
, with the two isolates representing separate genetic lineages of the species ( fig .
) . similar results were obtained with 16s sequences ( data not shown ) .
) and while they differed considerably in sequence composition ( see below ) , the following features are held in common .
has the standard metazoan complement of mt genes consisting of 13 protein - encoding genes , 2 ribosomal rna ( rrna ) genes and 22 transfer rna ( trna ) genes . the genomes have an at - content of 69 . 22 % for isolate a and 69 . 69 % for isolate b . the mt gene order is as follows :


phrissogonus laticostata , the apple looper , is a species of moth of the family geometridae .

it is found in australia , new caledonia and new zealand .

the wingspan is about 15 mm .

the larvae feed on helianthus annuus , hypericum perforatum , clematis aristata and acacia species .

phrissogonus laticostata

unknown phrissogonus laticostata is probable given the costa hair tufts of the male and the common occurrence of this species .
phrissogonus laticostata male , aranda , australian capital territory image by donald hobern - some rights reserved . ( view image details )
apple looper ( phrissogonus laticostata ) is a native insect that damages fruit in apple orchards and vineyards in the south west of western australia .
phrissogonus laticostata is found in queensland , new south wales , victoria , western australia and south australia . it is also found in new zealand .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
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walker , f . 1862 ,
geometrites
, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 25 , pp . 1281 - 1477
walker , f . 1862 ,
geometrites
, list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum , vol . 24 , pp . 1021 - 1280
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bb88f0c5 - a56b - 4ed7 - 8e10 - f649f4426697
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e81c67d5 - d678 - 45b5 - 89ac - dea579ba1d3d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4e971936 - cff5 - 4877 - a113 - b5bd5f07d28a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 491009
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as looper larvae commence feeding on fruit , close monitoring during early fruit formation is critical to avoid damage .
the looper is a native insect occurring across australia , norfolk island , new caledonia and new zealand .
apple looper has also been recorded feeding on acacia buds and petals , apples , cherries , sunflower heads and buds , st john ' s wort , goatsbeard , clematis and roses .
adult moths are about 8mm long , with a wingspan of 15mm . they are mottled grey with brown bands across the wings . moths are roughly triangular when at rest : male moths have tufts on the leading edge of the forewing ( see above ) .
apple looper eggs are off - white , spheroid , and laid singly . they are probably laid on or near flowers and fruitlets .
larvae are typical loopers with six legs ( true legs ) on the thorax and legs on the end of the body ( prolegs ) . they characteristically loop as they move . mature larvae vary from green to mottled brown . when mature , they are the thickness of a match and about 20mm long .
after spinning a light silken mesh net , the mature larva moults to a brown pupa within the canopy .
damage is caused by caterpillars feeding on immature fruitlets , resulting in scabs that renders fruit unmarketable . there is little sign of feeding on leaves , so it is important to examine fruit closely during early formation to detect an infestation to avoid high losses . the insect is regarded as a spring pest of apples .
during spring to early summer in 2008 , apple orchards in the manjimup / pemberton region suffered apple looper infestations of much greater severity than usual . the proportion of fruit damaged was estimated at 10 % , but much was removed during fruit - thinning in late spring and early summer .
it is not known where looper eggs are laid , but after hatching grubs commence feeding on small berries . no leaf feeding is obvious in infested vines .
apple loopers reduce yield by feeding on fruit and fruit stalks within bunches . as with apple orchards , it is important to examine fruit closely during early formation to detect infestation to avoid high losses .
feeding within grape bunches varies . larvae bore holes in the side of the berry . when berries are small , this feeding kills the berry . with larger berries grubs gouge out the side , leaving a scar . they also feed on the pedicel just below the base of the berry where it is attached to the bunch .
the first reported berry damage in western australia was in december 2008 , the first record in vineyards . it is thought that very unusual weather in spring 2008 ( temperatures lower than average , rainfall at or above average ) contributed to a higher population than usual of apple looper in orchards and vineyards .
this may have produced more favourable conditions in the native habitat of apple looper from where they could invade nearby orchards and vineyards . the small and relatively frail moths are unlikely to be capable of long - distance flight .
the highest levels of looper damage to grapes have occurred in the margaret river region from carbanup to karridale , where approximately 30 % of vineyards were affected in the 2008 / 09 season . lower levels of damage occurred in the manjimup / pemberton region and as far east as the porongorups . the extent of the infestation is further evidence that the looper is a native species of widespread occurrence in the south west of western australia .
damage to grapes in infested vineyards ranged from none or low to severe . low or no damage was observed where the larvae appeared to restrict their feeding to berries that had failed to set - probably due to adverse weather . with spring being moist and cool over an extended period , fruit set was low in some vineyards and grubs seemed to prefer feeding on the small unfertilised green berries . as berries grow they seem to be less likely to be attacked .
within infested vineyards , the level of damage varied with variety . in general , the earlier flowering varieties such as chardonnay had little damage . later flowering varieties such as sauvignon blanc and semillon suffered greater damage . in one block of semillon , fruit loss was recorded at an average of one - third . within this block , one panel had a quarter of bunches with all berries killed and 90 % yield loss overall .
berries damaged when small are obvious within bunches as dried , dark brown fruitlets that are likely to fall . larger damaged berries remain in bunches . with damaged skins and an increased likelihood of moist conditions near vintage , such berries pose a threat as sources of disease occurring within bunches .
given the circumstances of apple looper as a pest - moths being relatively non - descript and larvae feeding mainly on fruit - monitoring to prevent damage to crops is a challenge . identifying and synthesising a pheromone to monitor moths would be an advantage .
because fruitlets are the main food for larvae , it seems moths are attracted to flowers and monitoring should commence at this stage . unfortunately larvae are not easily dislodged from the canopy , so tapping over a tray or icecream container is not practical . inspecting apple fruitlets and developing grape bunches carefully for looper larvae or early signs of feeding is the best method .
as a native species , apple looper would be expected to have a suite of natural control agents . rearing field - collected larvae confirmed the presence of at least one species of wasp parasite . the role of natural control agents such as predators and parasites is likely to very limited in protecting grapevines or apples .
products registered for use in grapevines and apples against lightbrown apple moth and grapevine moth may be applied to control apple looper under changes to pesticide regulations administered by the health department of western australia .
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the apple looper moth is a moth that belongs to the geometridae family . it is a fairly dull looking moth . the forewings are pale brown with darker brown and black markings . the male has angular bend in the forewing , which is absent in the female forewings . the caterpillars are loopers that move by stretching out and then bringing up the tail end to the front forming a loop or u - shape with their body . the caterpillars are less than 1 cm long .
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hylobius warreni , warren 's rootcollar weevil , is a common pest of spruce and pine throughout canada .

it causes considerable damage to native species of spruce both in natural stands and in plantations ( rose and lindquist 1985 ) .

hylobius warreni

hylobius warreni is 8–11 millimetres ( 0 . 31–0 . 43 in ) long , and has a dull black body colour . it is clothed with fine grey scales between the patches of white . [ 2 ]
doi : 10 . 4039 / n09 - 030 note that the title was later changed to : a non - destructive tree trunk funnel trap for capturing hylobius warreni ( coleoptera : curculionidae ) ascending stems of trees .
biology and control of warren’s collar weevil , hylobius warreni wood , in alberta . 1970 . cerezke , h . f . canadian forestry service , forest research laboratory , calgary , alberta . internal report a 27 . 29 p .
a simple and inexpensive non - destructive trap to catch insects as they ascend tree boles is described . the trap was tested in a capture–mark–recapture experiment on the warren root collar weevil , hylobius warreni wood . a high percentage ( 77 % ) of marked h . warreni were recaptured at least once during a 12 - day period and 54 % were recaptured more than once , with one weevil recaptured eight times .
résumé—on trouvera ici la description d’un piège simple , peu coûteux et non destructeur pour capturer des insectes qui grimpent au tronc des arbres . le piège a été testé au cours d’une expérience de capture - marquage - recapture du charançon de warren , hylobius warreni wood . un fort pourcentage ( 77 % ) des h . warreni marqués a été recapturé à au moins une reprise durant une période de douze jours , et 54 % plus d’une fois , avec un charançon pris à huit reprises .
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8 - 11 mm in length , dull black and clothed with fine grey scales between the patches of white . notice the snout which is characteristic of this family .
larvae are white , legless , curled and practically indistinguishable from other larvae in this family . when larva is feeding around the root collar , dirt and shredded bark are packed together with resin from the tree to make a protective
tunnel
. trees less than 6 cm in diameter can be girdled .
larvae which live for 2 years feed in the root collar area , often causing the cambium to be girdled . the adults live and lay eggs for up to 4 years , are flightless and feed upon the bark of small roots and twigs and on the needles of its hosts . lodgepole pine can have chronic weevil infestations around the root collar area throughout the rotation . trees less than 6 cm diameter can be girdled and killed . otherwise , larger diameter trees seem to survive one or two feeding larvae .
mortality can result from root collar girdling as well as reductions in growth . trees from 6 - 8 year sold to maturity are attacked . larval damage also provides an avenue for infection by root - rotting fungi . this weevil may seriously hamper the establishment of pine plantations .
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borer : bores into and feeds on the woody and non - woody portions of plants .
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trees growing in wet ground or in deep layers of humus are most susceptible to attack . characteristically , tunnels in the root collar region are filled with pitch , with larvae feeding on the cambial or inner bark region . small trees are often girdled and killed . feeding damage on larger trees permits wood rots to enter into the wounds , the trees becoming susceptible to wind breakage .
rose , a . h . ; lindquist , o . h . 1985 . insects of eastern spruces , fir and , hemlock , revised edition . gov’t can . , can . for . serv . , ottawa , for . tech . rep . 23 . 159 p . ( cited in coates et al . 1994 , cited orig ed 1977 )
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hoplocarida is a subclass of crustaceans .

the only extant members are the mantis shrimp ( stomatopoda ) , but two other orders existed in the palaeozoic : aeschronectida and palaeostomatopoda .

hoplocarida

what made you want to look up hoplocarida ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
palaeo - and archaeostomatopods ( hoplocarida : crustacea ) from the bear gulch limestone , mississippian ( namurian ) , of central montana , ronald a . jenner , cees h . j . hof , frederick r . schram
subclass hoplocarida carboniferous to present . order stomatopoda ( mantis shrimps ) jurassic to present ; eyes stalked ; 2 movable segments in head ; carapace leaves 4 thoracic segments uncovered ; second thoracic limbs massive ; marine ; about 350 species . †order palaeostomatopoda
subclass hoplocarida late devonian to holocene ; carapace large , not bivalved ; rostrum hinged ; antennules 3 - branched ; forward thoracic legs subchelate ( clawlike ) ; hind thoracic legs ambulatory ( walking ) or burrowing ; abdomen large ; pleopods bearing gills ; terminal segment with large tail fan ; 3 orders . † order aeschronectida carboniferous ; carapace
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and the beginning of modern lungfish , h . - p . schultze , j . chorn
müller , 1776 ) from waters of the lease islands , eastern indonesia , h . h . de iongh , b . bierhuizen , b . van orden
carcinization in the anomura - fact or fiction ? i . evidence from adult morphology , patsy a . mclaughlin , rafael lemaitre
phylogeny of the anomura ( decapoda , crustacea ) : spermatozoa and spermatophore morphological evidence , christopher c . tudge
taxonomy ( mycalidae , poecilosclerida , demospongiae ) , with the description of two new micracanthoxea - bearing species . , josé luis carballo , eduardo hajdu
the dakoticancridae ( decapoda , brachyura ) from the late cretaceous of north america and mexico , g . a . bishop , r . m . feldmann , f . vega
late cretaceous stomatopods ( crustacea : malacostraca ) from israel and jordan , cees h . j . hof
segment is armed with relatively massive inward folding claws . this feature gives them their common name , mantis shrimps .
they begin a planktonic existence as the alima stage . this stage spends several months at sea before metamorphosing into the adult and adopting a
martin , j . w . , & davis , g . e . ( 2001 ) . an updated classification of the recent crustacea . science series , 39 . natural history museum of los angeles county . los angeles , ca ( usa ) . 124 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
brusca , r . c . ; brusca , g . j . ( 1990 ) . invertebrates . sinauer associates : sunderland , ma ( usa ) . isbn 0 - 87893 - 098 - 1 . 922 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
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photo by shumpei maruyama wikipedia , creative commons attribution share alike / gnu free documentation license , .
called
sea locusts
by ancient assyrians ,
prawn killers
in australia and now sometimes referred to as
thumb splitters
– because of the animal ' s ability to inflict painful gashes if handled incautiously [ 4 ] – mantis shrimp sport powerful claws that they use to attack and kill prey by spearing , stunning or dismemberment . although it happens rarely , some larger species of mantis shrimp are capable of breaking through aquarium glass with a single strike from this weapon . [ 5 ]
the following is copied with minor modifications from william twenhofel and robert r . shrock 1935 , invertebrate paleontology , mcgraw hill book co . new york & london , posted at the internet archive as public domain . the content has been lightly edited mak120518
sculda pennata late jura ; solnhofen , bavaria , a and b , dorsal views , c , ventral aspect , a , e , first and second pairs of antennae , from - zittel & eastman 1913 . see also fossils of solnhofen .
characters : . small carapace and at least four free thoracic segments . the abdomen is large and ends in a tail fan . twenhofel & shrock 1935
this is a directory page . britannica does not currently have an article on this topic .
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
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any of various burrowing predatory marine crustaceans of the order stomatopoda , chiefly of tropical waters , having stalked eyes and a pair of knifelike claws that resemble the legs of a praying mantis and are used for striking or spearing prey . also called stomatopod .
( animals ) any of various burrowing marine shrimplike crustaceans of the order stomatopoda that have a pair of large grasping appendages : subclass malacostraca . see also squilla
any of numerous shrimplike crustaceans of the order stomatopoda having a greatly enlarged second pair of grasping forelimbs somewhat resembling those of a mantis .
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roy l . caldwell , department of integrative biology , university of california , berkeley . original uploader was chhe at en . wikipedia
kento furui added the japanese common name
シャコ属
to
oratosquilla
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
シャコ科
to
squillidae
.
kento furui removed a common name in an unknown language from
stomatopoda
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
シャコ目
to
stomatopoda
.
kento furui added the japanese common name
トラフシャコ上科
to
lysiosquilloidea
.
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1194aa89 - 6637 - 4264 - b50b - a7b63f73024c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 795c481a - 05dc - 4b08 - 9e42 - d3aedc8a1474
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 25c1047f - dba4 - 47af - 9ae7 - 81ecba2993e1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 267279
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