atys neglectus is a species of small tropical sea snail , a bubble snail , a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family haminoeidae , the haminoea bubble snails .

atys neglectus

species atys darnleyensis brazier , 1877 accepted as atys hyalinus r . b . watson , 1884 ( possible senior synonym )
species atys lineata nowell - usticke , 1959 accepted as atys macandrewii e . a . smith , 1872 ( synonym )
species atys nonscripta [ sic ] accepted as atys nonscriptus ( a . adams , 1860 ) ( incorrect gender ending )
species atys ferruginosa ( a . adams in g . b . sowerby ii , 1850 ) accepted as atys naucum ( linnaeus , 1758 )
species atys hyalina r . b . watson , 1884 accepted as atys hyalinus r . b . watson , 1884 ( wrong grammatical agreement in original publication )
species atys canariensis e . a . smith , 1872 accepted as weinkauffia turgidula ( forbes , 1844 )
species atys curta ( a . adams , 1850 ) accepted as liloa mongii ( audouin , 1826 )
species atys elongatus ( a . adams in sowerby ii , 1850 ) accepted as aliculastrum cylindricum ( helbling , 1779 )
species atys phiala a . adams , 1862 accepted as pyrunculus phialus ( a . adams , 1862 ) ( original combination )
» species atys ( sao ) phiala a . adams , 1862 accepted as pyrunculus phialus ( a . adams , 1862 ) ( basionym )
nomenclature gramatical gender : masculine , the name refers to atys , a phrygian youngster and consort of the goddess cybele in classical . . .
nomenclature gramatical gender : masculine , the name refers to atys , a phrygian youngster and consort of the goddess cybele in classical mythology . [ details ]
species atys amygdala ( a . adams in g . b . sowerby ii , 1850 ) accepted as bulla amygdalus a . adams in g . b . sowerby ii , 1850
subgenus atys ( dinia ) h . adams & a . adams , 1854 accepted as diniatys iredale , 1936 ( invalid : junior homonym of dinia walker , 1854 [ lepidoptera ] ; diniatys is a replacement name )
subgenus atys ( sao ) h . adams & a . adams , 1854 accepted as pyrunculus pilsbry , 1895 ( invalid : junior objective synonym of sao bilberg , 1820 [ crustacea ] ; pyrunculus is a replacement name )
geographical distribution of de brazza ' s monkeys ( cercopithecus neglectus ) in sub - saharan africa . ( a ) female de brazza ' s monkey from cameroon . ( b ) geographic origin of the de brazza ' s monkeys analyzed in this study . animals 99cm - cne5 and 99cm - cn40 were wild caught in cameroon ( 60 ) . uk32771 , uk32772 , uk3925 , and uk39260 were captive born in safari parks in the united kingdom , but are progeny of de brazza ' s monkeys originally imported from uganda . cameroon and uganda are shown in relation to the species ' natural range ( orange ) in sub - saharan africa ( country borders are shown in black ) .
too c . c . , carlson c . , hoff p . j . & malaquias m . a . e . 2014 . diversity and systematics of haminoeidae gastropods ( heterobranchia : cephalaspidea ) in the tropical west pacific ocean : new data on the genera aliculastrum , atys , diniatys and liloa . zootaxa , 3794 ( 3 ) : 355–392 , available online at urltoken [ details ]
v . 2 ( 1908 - 1909 ) - records of the indian museum . - biodiversity heritage library
ix . —notes on oriental syrphidae with descriptions of new species . part 1 .
the fauna of brackish ponds at port canning , lower bengal . part ix . —a new species of amphipoda
report on the fish collected in tibet by capt . f . h . stewart , i . m . s
description of a new species of saw - fish captured off the burma coast by the government of bengal’s steam trawler “golden crown . ”
if you are generating a pdf of a journal article or book chapter , please feel free to enter the title and author information . the information you enter here will be stored in the downloaded file to assist you in managing your downloaded pdfs locally .
thank you for your request . please wait for an email containing a link to download the pdf .
sign up to receive the latest bhl news , content highlights , and promotions .
bhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services . help keep bhl free and open !
there was an issue with the request . please try again and if the problem persists , please send us feedback .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
. if you continue to use the site we will assume that you agree with this .
to date , siv cross - reactive antibodies in members of 36 different primate species have been identified , and siv infection has been confirmed by sequence analysis in 29 of these ( table 1 and references therein ) . phylogenetic analysis of these sequences has shown that all sivs cluster as a single group in the evolutionary trees of mammalian lentiviruses , indicating that they are derived from a single ancestor ( 2 ) . this ancestor had its origin in sub - saharan africa , since only old world monkey and ape species native to sub - saharan africa are naturally infected with siv . although it remains unknown when and how primate lentiviruses first emerged , the current sivs , which are nonpathogenic for their natural hosts , are likely to have evolved over an extended period of time .
) . in addition , plasma samples were available from four captive - born de brazza ' s monkeys housed at safari parks in the united kingdom ( uk32771 , uk32772 , uk39257 , uk39260 ) , who were the progeny of animals originally imported from uganda . pbmc dna was also available from three siv - infected sykes ' s monkeys (
) from kenya . ke51 was captive born and housed at the institute for primate research in nairobi , kenya . the other two , ke13 and ke20 , were trapped in the southern coastal region of kenya and the vicinity of nairobi , respectively , but released back into the wild after blood samples were taken . finally , a spleen sample was available from a sykes ' s monkey ( cm195 ) who had died at the yerkes primate research center of natural causes after many years in captivity . this animal had been imported from the kenyan institute for primate research at the same time as cm173 , the sykes ' s monkey from which the full - length sivsyk173 sequence is derived (
) . all studies were carried out in strict accordance with international guidelines for the ethical and scientific use and humane care of primates in research ( the yerkes national primate research center is fully accredited by the association for assessment and accreditation of laboratory animal care international ) .
dna was extracted from pbmc and spleen by using the qiaamp blood kit ( qiagen , valencia , calif . ) and the qiaamp dna minikit , respectively . viral rna was extracted from plasma by using a modified guanidinium isothiocyanate - silica method and amplified as previously described (
. all amplifications were performed by using the expand high fidelity pcr kit ( roche applied science , indianapolis , ind . ) according to the manufacturer ' s instructions . briefly , 500 ng of genomic dna was used for first - round pcr amplifications ( table
) . for second - round pcr amplification , 1 μl from the first round was used . each amplification reaction included a manual hot - start and 35 cycles . annealing temperatures were 50°c except for the amplification of fragment b , for which 45°c was used . extension times varied depending on the size of the expected fragment and were typically set at 1 min / kb . for the first - round amplification of unintegrated circular forms , a 9 - min extension time was used for the first 10 cycles and extended for 5 s for each subsequent cycle . amplified fragments were agarose gel purified , cloned by the ta cloning approach into pgem - t - easy ( promega , madison , wis . ) , and sequenced by using a primer walking approach and the gps - 1 genome priming system ( new england biolab , beverly , mass . ) using an automated sequencer ( abi3100 ; applied biosystems , foster city , calif . ) .
amplification of full - length sivdeb and sivsyk sequences from uncultured monkey pbmc dna . the positions of the various amplification products are shown in relation to an unintegrated ( single - ltr ) circular intermediate of siv ( depicted in the center ) with major genomic regions indicated . primer sets ( indicated by arrows ) and fragment designations ( a to f ) are identical to those in table 2 .
) . sites that could not be unambiguously aligned and sites with a gap in any sequence were excluded . proteome sequences were generated by joining deduced gag , pol , vif , env , and nef amino acid sequences ; the carboxy - terminal gag , pol , and env amino acid sequences that overlapped with pol , vif , and nef amino acid sequences , respectively , were excluded . diversity plots were generated for windows of 300 residues moved by 20 - residue increments as described below . maximum likelihood trees were inferred by bayesian estimation of phylogeny , based upon the posterior probability distribution of trees . the method was implemented in mrbayesv3 . 0 (
) . the program was run for 100 , 000 generations , including a “burn in” of 10 , 000 generations . the trees shown are majority rule consensus trees .
for phylogenetic analyses , sequences for the following virus strains were obtained from the genbank database ( genbank accession numbers are given in parentheses ) : sivgsncm71 ( af468658 ) , sivgsncm166 ( af468659 ) , sivgsncm7 ( af478589 ) , sivmoncml1 ( ay340701 ) , sivmonng1 ( aj549283 ) , sivmuscms1085 ( ay340700 ) , sivmuscms1239 ( af478592 ) , sivascschm1 ( aj551401 ) , sivdebcm1 ( af478605 ) , sivdebcms1014 ( af478602 ) , sivdebcm1083 ( af478600 ) , sivdebcm1161 ( af478604 ) , sivsyk173 ( l06042 ) , hiv - 2 / d205 ( x61240 ) , sivsm543 ( u72748 ) , sivgri677 ( m58410 ) , sivver155 ( m29975 ) , sivtan1 ( u58991 ) , sivrcmng411 ( af349680 ) , sivrcmgb1 ( af382829 ) , sivcpzus ( af103818 ) , sivcpztan1 ( af447763 ) , sivsunl14 ( af131870 ) , sivlho7 ( af075269 ) , sivmnd - 1 / gb1 ( m27470 ) , and sivcolcgu1 ( af301156 ) .
the transactivation response ( tar ) rna secondary structure was predicted by using online mfold version 3 . 1 (
) . serological analysis of blood samples from 34 wild - caught de brazza ' s monkeys identified 10 samples harboring antibodies that were strongly cross - reactive with hiv - 2 antigens , and to a lesser extent with hiv - 1 antigens . five sera ( including 99cm - cne5 ) reacted exclusively with the hiv - 2 transmembrane envelope glycoprotein ( gp36 ) by the inno - lia assay ( innogenetics , ghent , belgium ) , while the remaining five sera ( including 99cm - cn40 ) exhibited a broader cross - reactivity that also included hiv - 1 antigens (
, none of which contained inactivating mutations . like most other sivs , the two sivdeb genomes did not encode a
gene homologue . major regulatory sequences , including promoter and enhancer elements in the ltr , the primer binding site , and major splice sites all appeared to be intact . however , inspection of the relative positions of sivdeb structural and accessory genes revealed an unusual arrangement of the
. in all sivs characterized to date , these genes overlap . by contrast , in both sivdeb strains these genes were separated by 19 bp of noncoding sequence ( fig .
) . given the known propensity of primate lentiviruses for genetic change , it is highly unlikely that a nonessential spacer sequence of identical length is conserved in two different siv strains . rather , this spacer sequence is likely to have an as - yet - unknown function unique to the sivdeb group of viruses .
vpr - tat intergenic region in sivdeb . sivdeb vpr ( red ) and first exon of tat ( green ) genes are separated by a 19 - bp noncoding sequence ( black ) in two different sivdeb strains ( cm5 and cm40 ) . the deduced amino acid sequences of the c terminus of vpr and the n terminus of tat are indicated . sa indicates the splice acceptor site for the tat mrna .
to compare the two sivdeb sequences to previously characterized siv strains , we performed diversity plot analyses of concatenated protein sequences . pairwise sequence distances were plotted for windows of 300 amino acids , which were moved in steps of 20 amino acids along the alignment . figure
depicts the proportion of amino acid sequence differences between sivdebcm5 and sivdebcm40 as well as between sivdebcm5 and other primate lentiviruses . as expected , the two sivdeb strains were quite similar , differing by 16 % of the amino acids over the entire length of their proteome . all other siv strains were considerably more distant , with values ranging from 30 % sequence diversity in gag to 70 % in vif . finally , distance analysis revealed no evidence of recombination between sivdeb and any of the other siv strains .
diversity plots of concatenated protein sequences illustrating the extent of genetic difference between sivdebcm5 and other primate lentiviruses . the proportion of amino acid sequence differences between sivdebcm5 and other siv strains are shown in different colors . values are plotted at the midpoint of the sequence window on the x axis , with the n termini of gag , pol , vif , env , and nef indicated . the y axis indicates the distance between the viral proteins ( 0 . 1 = 10 % difference ) .
phylogenetic relationship of sivdeb strains to other primate lentiviruses . midpoint - rooted maximum - likelihood trees were inferred from protein sequence alignments . the numbers on internal branches indicate estimated posterior probabilities ( only values of 95 % or greater are shown ) ; the scale bars indicate 0 . 1 ( gag and pol ) and 0 . 2 ( env ) substitutions per site . sivs from cercopithecus species ( excluding the c . lhoesti group , whose taxonomic classification has been disputed [ 74 ] ) are shown in red , including three new sequences obtained in this study ( boxed ) .
to investigate whether de brazza ' s monkeys are infected with sivdeb - like viruses throughout the species ' range , we obtained additional siv sequences from four captive - born de brazza ' s monkeys living in safari parks in the united kingdom . records showed that these animals were the progeny of de brazza ' s monkeys originally imported from uganda . using nested reverse transcription - pcr approaches , we amplified partial
sequences ( 650 bp ) from plasma samples of all four animals ( fragment a in fig .
) . phylogenetic analyses of these sequences indicated that they were very closely related to one another ( fig .
) . moreover , the four east african sivdeb strains clustered with six cameroonian sivdeb strains , forming a single species - specific clade that was supported with high confidence . as expected , the cameroonian and ugandan sivdeb strains were more divergent , although not substantially more so than what was seen for other sivs . in the amplified
region , cameroonian and ugandan sivdeb strains differed by 19 . 4 % of the deduced protein sequence . we also obtained partial
sequences from three additional sivsyk strains from both wild and captive sykes ' s monkeys in kenya . analysis of these sequences yielded an intraclade diversity of 17 . 5 % , whereas sivmon strains from nigeria and cameroon differed by 17 . 2 % . these data indicate that de brazza ' s monkeys are naturally infected with a single type of siv that seems prevalent throughout the species ' habitat .
phylogenetic relationships of sivdeb from cameroon and uganda and sivsyk from kenya to sivs from other cercopithecus species ( excluding the c . lhoesti group ) . maximum - likelihood trees were inferred from a partial ( 170 - amino - acid ) pol protein sequence alignment and rooted as for fig . 5 . the numbers on internal branches indicate estimated posterior probabilities ( only values of 95 % or greater are shown ) ; the scale bar indicates 0 . 1 substitution per site . sequences obtained in this study are shown in bold .
very recently , partial sequence information has become available ( 79 ) for an siv from another cercopithecus species , the red - tailed guenon ( c . ascanius schmidti ) . the reported pol sequences overlap the region studied here , and so this sivasc was included in the phylogenetic analysis . as shown in fig . 6 , this new virus also fell within the sivdeb / sivsyk / sivgsn / sivmon / sivmus cluster referred to in the previous section .
) . the close phylogenetic relationships of these viruses suggested that they might constitute a genus - specific siv lineage . however , the independent grouping of sivlho from l ' hoest ' s monkeys and sivsun from sun - tailed monkeys , two species also classified within the
) , seemed to argue against this possibility . this prompted us to examine the literature for recent molecular studies of guenon evolution and taxonomy . indeed , comparing y chromosome - specific ( tspy ) sequences of representatives from 10 different old world monkey genera , tosi and colleagues found that members of the lhoesti group ( including l ' hoest ' s and sun - tailed monkeys ) were significantly more closely related to african green monkeys (
secondary structure predictions of siv tar elements . ( a ) the secondary structure for the sivdebcm5 tar with the lowest free energy value ( −49 . 0 kcal / mol ) is shown . the predicted sivdebcm40 tar secondary structure was almost identical , with a free energy value of −47 . 6 kcal / mol ( not shown ) . ( b ) comparison of tar elements from other primate lentiviruses . the five cercopithecus sivs listed at the top ( sivdeb , sivgsn , sivsyk , sivmon , and sivmus ) share a unique 3 - bp stem separating the bulge and the terminal loop ( highlighted in red ) .
position of cysteine residues in the env glycoprotein surface subunit of primate lentiviruses . the gp120 domain is depicted , with signal peptide and variable regions ( v1 - v4 ) indicated . blue bars indicate the relative location of the 18 cysteine residues ( numbered 1 to 18 at the top ) that are conserved among all primate lentiviruses ; red bars depict additional cysteine residues that are present in a subset of siv strains ( broken lines indicate one cysteine pair unique to sivcpzcam5 ) . the number of strains per siv group is indicated in parentheses .
alignment of primate lentiviral gag p6 protein sequences . only n - and c - terminal sequences are shown , with strain designations indicated on the left . for sivlho , sivtan , sivver , sivsmm , and sivcpz , consensus sequences ( con ) are shown ( 45 ) . uppercase letters indicate amino acids that are conserved in all sequences . lowercase letters ( or a question mark [ ? ] ) indicate amino acids conserved in more ( or fewer ) than 50 % of sequences used to generate the consensus sequence . dashes indicate spaces introduced to optimize the alignment . tsg101 ( pt / sap ) and aip1 ( ypd / sl ) binding motifs are shown in red and blue , respectively .
) . these lineages were readily identified in phylogenetic trees because they represented clusters that were separated from one another by deep branches . moreover , these lineages were assumed to represent nonrecombinant viruses . however , as new sivs from additional primate species are discovered and molecularly characterized , the identification of specific siv lineages has become increasingly arbitrary . this is because the deep branches that separated the six major siv lineages are now broken up by the joining of new branches . thus , phylogenetic trees like those in fig .
no longer reveal obvious places at which to draw the line for lineage designation . moreover , an increasing number of viruses exhibit discordant branching orders in different parts of their genome (
) . for example , it has been known for some time that sivcpz , sivrcm , and sivgsn are connected by ancestral recombination events . for historic reasons , sivcpz has always been regarded as a distinct lineage , although it was difficult to determine which of the three viruses represented the recombinants and which represented the parental lineages (
) , suggesting that it should no longer be termed a lineage . however , there is no a priori reason why an extensive clade of hybrids derived from a single recombination event , such as the sivcpz group , should not be regarded as a lineage . these observations clearly indicate that the siv lineage nomenclature requires revision .
to understand the origin of siv in the various species , a better understanding of the timescale of primate lentiviral evolution is needed . virus - host coevolution over hundreds of thousands or even millions of years is consistent with a nonpathogenic phenotype . however , such a timescale is not supported by current molecular clock estimates (
) . a way to address this is to characterize siv infections for monkey species for which information concerning evolutionary history is available . if clear - cut examples of matching virus and host phylogenies could be identified , this would strengthen the argument of an ancient evolutionary history for at least some sivs . one attractive group in which to look for such relationships is that of
) , consistent with the finding that this part of the sivcpz genome was derived from an ancestor of this group of viruses ( fig .
, it is most likely that this gene originated in the common ancestor of sivgsn , sivmus , and sivmon , after the divergence of sivsyk and sivdeb .
we thank maria salazar for technical assistance , the central public health hiv - 1 reference laboratory staff for serological testing of uk32771 , uk32772 , uk39257 , and uk39260 , heinrich gottlinger and peter kwong for helpful discussions , bernadette abela for the photograph of a pet de brazza ' s monkey , and w . j . abbott for artwork and manuscript preparation .
this work was supported in part by grants from the agence nationale de recherche sur le sida , france , the national institutes of health ( r01 ai 55380 , r01 ai 44596 , r01 ai 50529 , and p30 ai 27767 ) , and the howard hughes medical institute .
corresponding author . mailing address : department of medicine , university of alabama at birmingham , 720 20th st . south , kaul 816 , birmingham , al 35294 . phone : ( 205 ) 934 - 0412 . fax : ( 205 ) 934 - 1580 . e - mail :
present address : department of medicine , duke university medical center , durham , nc 27710 .
allan , j . s . , m . short , m . e . taylor , s . su , v . m . hirsch , p . r . johnson , g . m . shaw , and b . h . hahn .
bailes , e . , r . r . chaudhuri , m . l . santiago , f . bibollet - ruche , b . h . hahn , and p . m . sharp .
bailes , e . , f . gao , f . bibollet - ruche , v . courgnaud , m . peeters , p . a . marx , b . h . hahn , and p . m . sharp .
barlow , k . l . , a . o . ajao , and j . p . clewley .
beer , b . e . , e . bailes , g . dapolito , b . j . campbell , r . m . goeken , m . k . axthelm , p . d . markham , j . bernard , d . zagury , g . franchini , p . m . sharp , and v . m . hirsch .
beer , b . e . , e . bailes , r . goeken , g . dapolito , c . coulibaly , s . g . norley , r . kurth , j . - p . gautier , a . gautier - hion , d . vallet , p . m . sharp , and v . m . hirsch .
beer , b . e . , b . t . foley , c . l . kuiken , z . tooze , r . m . goeken , c . r . brown , j . hu , m . st claire , b . t . korber , and v . m . hirsch .
. characterization of novel simian immunodeficiency viruses from red - capped mangabeys from nigeria ( sivrcmng409 and sivrcmng411 ) .
. detailed mutational analysis of tar rna : critical spacing between the bulge and loop recognition domains .
bibollet - ruche , f . , c . brengues , a . galat - luong , g . galat , x . pourrut , n . vidal , f . veas , j . p . durand , and g . cuny .
. genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency viruses from west african green monkeys : evidence of multiple genotypes within populations from the same geographical locale .
bibollet - ruche , f . , a . galat - luong , g . cuny , p . sarni - manchado , g . galat , j . - p . durand , x . pourrut , and f . veas .
boom , r . , c . j . sol , m . m . salimans , c . l . jansen , p . m . wertheim - van dillen , and j . van der noordaa .
chakrabarti , l . a . , a . luckay , and p . a . marx .
. a divergent simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabey with an atypical tat - tar structure .
chen , z . , p . telfer , a . gettie , p . reed , l . zhang , d . d . ho , and p . a . marx .
. genetic characterization of new west african simian immunodeficiency virus sivsm : geographic clustering of household - derived siv strains with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop .
clewley , j . p . , j . c . m . lewis , d . w . g . brown , and e . l . gadsby .
corbet , s . , m . c . muller - trutwin , p . versmisse , s . delarue , a . ayouba , j . lewis , s . brunak , p . martin , f . brun - vezinet , f . simon , f . barre - sinoussi , and p . mauclere .
. env sequences of simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzees in cameroon are strongly related to those of human immunodeficiency virus group n from the same geographic area .
courgnaud , v . , b . abela , x . pourrut , e . mpoudi - ngole , s . loul , e . delaporte , and m . peeters .
courgnaud , v . , p . formenty , c . akoua - koffi , r . noe , c . boesch , e . delaporte , and m . peeters .
courgnaud , v . , x . pourrut , f . bibollet - ruche , e . mpoudi - ngole , a . bourgeois , e . delaporte , and m . peeters .
courgnaud , v . , m . salemi , x . pourrut , e . mpoudi - ngole , b . abela , p . auzel , f . bibollet - ruche , b . hahn , a . vandamme , e . delaport , and m . peeters .
delling , u . , l . s . reid , r . w . barnett , m . y . ma , s . climie , m . sumner - smith , and n . sonenberg .
emau , p . , h . m . mcclure , m . isahakia , j . g . else , and p . n . fultz .
fomsgaard , a . , v . m . hirsch , j . s . allan , and p . r . johnson .
. a highly divergent proviral dna clone of siv from a distinct species of african green monkey .
fukasawa , m . , t . miura , a . hasegawa , s . morikawa , h . tsujimoto , k . miki , t . kitamura , and m . hayami .
. sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkey , a new member of the hiv / siv group .
. seaview and phylo _ win : two graphic tools for sequence alignment and molecular phylogeny .
gao , f . , e . bailes , d . l . robertson , y . chen , c . m . rodenburg , s . f . michael , l . b . cummins , l . o . arthur , m . peeters , g . m . shaw , p . m . sharp , and b . h . hahn .
gao , f . , l . yue , a . t . white , p . g . pappas , j . barchue , a . p . hanson , b . m . greene , p . m . sharp , g . m . shaw , and b . h . hahn .
. human infection by genetically diverse sivsm - related hiv - 2 in west africa .
. polyspecific associations among forest guenons : ecological , behavioral , and evolutionary aspects , p .
a . gautier - hion , f . bourliere , j . - p . gautier , and j . kingdon ( ed . ) ,
gautier - hion , a . , r . quris , and j . p . gautier .
. primate taxonomy . smithsonian series in comparative evolution biology . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c .
hahn , b . h . , g . m . shaw , k . m . de cock , and p . m . sharp .
hirsch , v . m . , b . j . campbell , e . bailes , r . goeken , c . brown , w . r . elkins , m . axthelm , m . murphey - corb , and p . m . sharp .
hirsch , v . m . , g . dapolito , s . goldstein , h . m . mcclure , p . emau , p . n . fultz , m . isahakia , r . lenroot , g . myers , and p . r . johnson .
hirsch , v . m . , c . mcgann , g . dapolito , s . goldstein , a . ogen - odoi , b . biryawaho , t . lakwo , and p . r . johnson .
hirsch , v . m . , r . a . olmsted , m . murphey - corb , r . h . purcell , and p . r . johnson .
. an african primate lentivirus ( sivsm ) closely related to hiv - 2 .
hu , j . , w . m . switzer , b . t . foley , d . l . robertson , r . m . goeken , b . t . korber , v . m . hirsch , and b . e . beer .
huet , t . , r . cheynier , a . meyerhans , g . roelants , and s . wain - hobson .
jin , m . j . , h . hui , d . l . robertson , m . c . müller , f . barre - sinoussi , v . m . hirsch , j . s . allan , g . m . shaw , p . m . sharp , and b . h . hahn .
jin , m . j . , j . rogers , j . e . phillips - conroy , j . s . allan , r . c . desrosiers , g . m . shaw , p . m . sharp , and b . h . hahn .
. infection of a yellow baboon with simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkeys : evidence for cross - species transmission in the wild .
johnson , p . r . , a . fomsgaard , j . allan , m . gravell , w . t . london , r . a . olmsted , and v . m . hirsch .
jones , d . t . , w . r . taylor , and j . m . thornton .
kodama , t . , d . p . silva , m . d . daniel , j . e . phillips - conroy , c . j . jolly , j . rogers , and r . c . desrosiers .
kuiken , c . , b . foley , e . freed , b . hahn , b . korber , p . a . marx , f . mccutchan , j . w . mellors , and s . wolinsky ( ed . ) .
. hiv sequence compendium 2002 . theoretical biology and biophysics group , los alamos national laboratory , los alamos , n . m .
kwong , p . d . , m . l . doyle , d . j . casper , c . cicala , s . a . leavitt , s . majeed , t . d . steenbeke , m . venturi , i . chaiken , m . fung , h . katinger , p . w . parren , j . robinson , d . van ryk , l . wang , d . r . burton , e . freire , r . wyatt , j . sodroski , w . a . hendrickson , and j . arthos .
. hiv - 1 evades antibody - mediated neutralization through conformational masking of receptor - binding sites .
leonard , c . k . , m . w . spellman , l . riddle , r . j . harris , j . n . thomas , and t . j . gregory .
. assignment of intrachain disulfide bonds and characterization of potential glycosylation sites of the type 1 recombinant human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein ( gp120 ) expressed in chinese hamster ovary cells .
ling , b . , m . l . santiago , s . meleth , b . gormus , h . m . mcclure , c . apetrei , b . h . hahn , and p . a . marx .
. noninvasive detection of new simian immunodeficiency virus lineages in captive sooty mangabeys : ability to amplify virion rna from fecal samples correlates with viral load in plasma .
lowenstine , l . j . , n . c . pederson , j . higgins , k . c . pallis , a . uyeda , p . marx , n . w . lerche , f . j . munn , and m . b . gardner .
martin - serrano , j . , t . zang , and p . d . bieniasz .
. hiv - 1 and ebola virus encode small peptide motifs that recruit tsg101 to sites of particle assembly to facilitate egress .
marx , p . a . , y . li , n . w . lerche , s . sutjipto , a . gettie , j . a . yee , b . h . brotman , a . m . prince , a . hanson , r . g . webster , and r . c . desrosiers .
. isolation of a simian immunodeficiency virus related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from a west african pet sooty mangabey .
mathews , d . h . , j . sabina , m . zuker , and d . h . turner .
miura , t . , j . sakuragi , m . kawamura , m . fukasawa , e . n . moriyama , t . gojobori , k . ishikawa , j . a . mingle , v . b . nettey , h . akari , m . enami , h . tsujimoto , and m . hayami .
. establishment of a phylogenetic survey system for aids - related lentiviruses and demonstration of a new hiv - 2 subgroup .
mondor , i . , m . moulard , s . ugolini , p . j . klasse , j . hoxie , a . amara , t . delaunay , r . wyatt , j . sodroski , and q . j . sattentau .
. interactions among hiv gp120 , cd4 , and cxcr4 : dependence on cd4 expression level , gp120 viral origin , conservation of the gp120 cooh - and nh2 - termini and v1 / v2 and v3 loops , and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies .
muller , m . c . , k . saksena , e . nerrienet , c . chappey , v . m . a . herve , j . - p . durand , p . legal - campodonico , m . - c . lang , j . p . digoutte , a . j . georges , m . - c . georges - courbot , p . sonigo , and f . barre - sinoussi .
. simian immunodeficiency viruses from central and western africa : evidence for a new species - specific lentivirus in tantalus monkeys .
nicol , i . , d . messinger , p . dubouch , j . bernard , i . desportes , r . jouffre , r . snart , p . nara , r . c . gallo , and d . zagury .
ohta , y . , t . masuda , h . tsujimoto , k . ishikawa , t . kodama , s . morikawa , m . nakai , s . honjo , and m . hayami .
. isolation of simian immunodeficiency virus from african green monkeys and seroepidemiologic survey of the virus in various non - human primates .
osterhaus , a . d . m . e . , n . pedersen , g . van amerongen , m . t . frankenhuis , m . marthas , e . reay , t . m . rose , j . pamungkas , and m . l . bosch .
. overview of primate lentiviruses and their evolution of non - human primates in africa , p .
c . kuiken , b . foley , e . freed , b . hahn , b . korber , p . a . marx , f . mccutchan , j . w . mellors , and s . wolinsky ( ed . ) ,
. theoretical biology and biophysics group , los alamos national laboratory , los alamos , n . m .
peeters , m . , v . courgnaud , b . abela , p . auzel , x . pourrut , f . bibollet - ruche , s . loul , f . liegeois , c . butel , d . koulagna , e . mpoudi - ngole , g . m . shaw , b . h . hahn , and e . delaporte .
. risk to human health from a plethora of simian immunodeficiency viruses in primate bushmeat .
peeters , m . , w . janssens , k . fransen , j . brandful , l . heyndrickx , k . koffi , e . delaporte , p . piot , g . m . gershy - damet , and g . van der groen .
. isolation of simian immunodeficiency viruses from two sooty mangabeys in cote d ' ivoire : virological and genetic characterization and relationship to other hiv type 2 and sivsm / mac strains .
puffer , b . a . , l . j . parent , j . w . wills , and r . c . montelaro .
. equine infectious anemia virus utilizes a yxxl motif within the late assembly domain of the gag p9 protein .
rey - cuille , m . a . , j . l . berthier , m . c . bomsel - demontoy , y . chaduc , l . montagnier , a . g . hovanessian , and l . a . chakrabarti .
. simian immunodeficiency virus replicates to high levels in sooty mangabeys without inducing disease .
. the social system of guenons , compared with baboons , macaques , and mangabeys , p .
santiago , m . l . , f . bibollet - ruche , e . bailes , s . kamenya , m . n . muller , m . lukasik , a . e . pusey , d . a . collins , r . w . wrangham , j . goodall , g . m . shaw , p . m . sharp , and b . h . hahn .
. amplification of a complete simian immunodeficiency virus genome from fecal rna of a wild chimpanzee .
santiago , m . l . , f . bibollet - ruche , n . gross - camp , a . c . majewski , m . masozera , i . munanura , b . a . kaplin , g . m . shaw , and b . h . hahn .
santiago , m . l . , c . m . rodenburg , s . kamenya , f . bibollet - ruche , f . gao , e . bailes , s . meleth , s . j . soong , j . m . kilby , z . moldoveanu , b . fahey , m . n . muller , a . ayouba , e . nerrienet , h . m . mcclure , j . l . heeney , a . e . pusey , d . a . collins , c . boesch , r . w . wrangham , j . goodall , p . m . sharp , g . m . shaw , and b . h . hahn .
sharp , p . m . , e . bailes , f . gao , b . e . beer , v . m . hirsch , and b . h . hahn .
soares , m . a . , d . l . robertson , h . hui , j . s . allan , g . m . shaw , and b . h . hahn .
souquiere , s . , f . bibollet - ruche , d . l . robertson , m . makuwa , c . apetrei , r . onanga , c . kornfeld , j . c . plantier , f . gao , k . abernethy , l . j . white , w . karesh , p . telfer , e . j . wickings , p . mauclere , p . a . marx , f . barre - sinoussi , b . h . hahn , m . c . muller - trutwin , and f . simon .
strack , b . , a . calistri , s . craig , e . popova , and h . g . gottlinger .
. aip1 / alix is a binding partner for hiv - 1 p6 and eiav p9 functioning in virus budding .
takehisa , j . , y . harada , n . ndembi , i . mboudjeka , y . taniguchi , c . ngansop , s . kuate , l . zekeng , k . ibuki , t . shimada , b . bikandou , y . yamaguchi - kabata , t . miura , m . ikeda , h . ichimura , l . kaptue , and m . hayami .
thompson , j . d . , d . g . higgins , and t . j . gibson .
. clustal w—improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting , position - specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice .
tosi , a . j . , t . r . disotell , j . c . morales , and d . j . melnick .
. cercopithecine y - chromosome data provide a test of competing morphological evolutionary hypotheses .
tsujimoto , h . , a . hasegawa , n . maki , m . fukasawa , t . miura , s . speidel , r . w . cooper , e . n . moriyama , t . gojobori , and m . hayami .
. sequence of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus from a wild - caught african mandrill .
vanden haesevelde , m . m . , m . peeters , g . jannes , w . janssens , g . van der groen , p . m . sharp , and e . saman .
. sequence analysis of a highly divergent hiv - 1 - related lentivirus isolated from a wild captured chimpanzee .
van dooren , s . , w . m . switzer , w . heneine , p . goubau , e . verschoor , b . parekh , w . de meurichy , c . furley , m . van ranst , and a . m . vandamme .
van rensburg , e . j . , s . engelbrecht , j . mwenda , j . d . laten , b . a . robson , t . stander , and g . k . chege .
. simian immunodeficiency viruses ( sivs ) from eastern and southern africa : detection of a sivagm variant from a chacma baboon .
verschoor , e . j . , z . fagrouch , i . bontjer , h . niphuis , and j . l . heeney .
von schwedler , u . k . , m . stuchell , b . muller , d . m . ward , h . y . chung , e . morita , h . e . wang , t . davis , g . p . he , d . m . cimbora , a . scott , h . g . krausslich , j . kaplan , s . g . morham , and w . i . sundquist .
wei , p . , m . e . garber , s . m . fang , w . h . fischer , and k . a . jones .
. a novel cdk9 - associated c - type cyclin interacts directly with hiv - 1 tat and mediates its high - affinity , loop - specific binding to tar rna .
wyatt , r . , p . d . kwong , e . desjardins , r . w . sweet , j . robinson , w . a . hendrickson , and j . g . sodroski .
wyatt , r . , j . moore , m . accola , e . desjardin , j . robinson , and j . sodroski .
. involvement of the v1 / v2 variable loop structure in the exposure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 epitopes induced by receptor binding .
. maximum likelihood estimation of phylogeny from dna sequences when substitution rates differ over sites .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
this article is no longer available through pubmedcentral canada . you may continue to access the article at : urltoken
all manuscripts along with all other content remain publicly searchable on pubmed central ( us ) and europe pubmed central . approximately 3 , 000 manuscripts authored by canadian institutes of health research ( cihr ) - funded researchers have now also been added the national research council’s ( nrc ) digital repository and form the canadian institutes of health research 2009 - 2017 collection .
cet article n’est plus disponible sur pubmedcentral canada . vous pouvez le consulter à l’adresse : urltoken
tous les manuscrits ainsi que tout le contenu demeurent accessibles sur pubmed central ( é . - u . ) et europe pubmed central . environ 3000 manuscrits des chercheurs financés par les instituts de recherche en santé du canada ( irsc ) ont aussi été transférés au dépôt numérique du conseil national de recherches du canada ( cnrc ) et formeront la collection des instituts de recherche en santé du canada 2009 - 2017 .
» species dinia compitorum pilsbry , 1921 accepted as diniatys dentifer ( a . adams , 1850 )
» species dinia dentifera ( a . adams , 1850 ) accepted as diniatys dentifer ( a . adams , 1850 )
( of roxaniella monterosato , 1884 ) monterosato t . a . ( di ) ( 1884 ) . nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee . palermo , virzi , 152 pp . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 145 [ details ]
the table below details the official group names included in the ipd - mhc database . the table lists the mhc groups and a description of what they include , together with a taxonomy id identifying the group lineage .
the table below details the official group names and species designations included in the ipd - mhc database . the table lists the mhc group , current official designation , common and scientific name , as well as a taxonomy id identifying the organism . the official designations are assigned by the comparitive mhc nomenclature committee as established by the international society for animal genetics ( isag ) who are affiliated to the international union of immunological societies ( iuis ) - veterinary immunology committee ( vic ) .
if you are working on mhc nomenclature and your species is not represented above please contact the comparitive mhc nomenclature committee . nomenclature committees representing different species or groups should also contact ipd support for further information about the inclusion of their sequences into the ipd - mhc database .
for more information about the database , queries ( including website ) or to subscribe to the ipd mailing lists please contact ipd support .
ipd - mhc 2 . 0 : an improved inter - species database for the study of the major histocompatibility complex .
endemic to the wetlands of central africa . it is one of the most widespread african primates that live in forests .
this guenon has grey agouti fur with a reddish - brown back , black limbs and tail and a white rump . a white stripe runs down its thigh , and an orange crescent - shaped marking appears on its forehead . its white eyelids match its muzzle and beard . due to this distinctive appearance , the monkey is sometimes referred to as the
ayatollah monkey
after the similarly - bearded grand ayatollah ruhollah khomeini . both sexes have cheek pouches in which to carry food while they forage , and males have a blue scrotum .
which live up to 30 years in captivity . it is a shy , territorial monkey that lives in small social groups . de brazza monkeys live in groups varying from 5 to 30 . at the head of each social group is the strongest male , whose job is to protect his fellow group members .
de brazza ' s monkey communicates with booming sounds , shaking tree branches , and a variety of facial expressions and movements ( e . g . shaking its head when stressed out , or nodding with approval ) .
( 3rd ed . ) . baltimore : johns hopkins university press . p .
karere g . mugambi , mbaruk a . suleman & wilbur ottichilo ; thomas m . butynski .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 11 / 24 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .


polistes dorsalis ( fabricius , 1775 ) are a species of social wasps that can be found throughout various parts of north america .

it is classified under the vespidae within the genus of polistes .

male polistes dorsalis wasps can be distinguished from other polistes species by their distinctly prominent median tubercle of sternum 7 .

both sexes can also be recognized due to their v - shaped yellow markings on their head .

they are distributed widely across north america and can be found in sheltered nests , typically closer to the ground .

these wasps live in a dominance hierarchy in which the queen ’s role differs from that of ordinary workers .

when threatened , these wasps can deliver powerful stings .

their venom might also be of human interest for their antimicrobial uses .

polistes dorsalis

vespidae : leptochilus alcolhuus , l . republicanus , polistes dorsalis hunteri , zethus slossonae
the banding and alternating colors of polistes dorsalis dorsalis make it a beautifully - patterned species . it is also a little smaller than many other polistines .
no one has contributed data records for polistes dorsalis californicus yet . learn how to contribute .
from this angle it is very hard to tell the difference between p . bellicosus and p . dorsalis . i am more inclined towards dorsalis , especially if the individual was relatively small .
the males have the anterior surface of the apical flagellomeres pale , which brings this to dorsalis .
four new peptides of the mastoparan family , characterized recently in the venom of three neotropical social wasps collected in the dominican republic , polistes major major , polistes dorsalis dorsalis and mischocyttarus phthisicus were synthesized and tested for antimicrobial potency against bacillus subtilis , staphylococcus aureus , escherichia coli ( e . c…
here is the other umbrella nest building spcies that i have seen , polistes dorsalis . it ' s also a variation on the red / brown coloration .
of all the paper wasps , polistes carolina and polistes perplexus are the only dominantly ferruginous ( rust - colored ) species ; although sometimes confused with these two species , polistes metricus has more extensive black markings , prominently on the thorax and legs . polistes carolina ( figure 2 ) females differ from those of polistes perplexus by their nearly glabrous malar space and lower gena ; the malar space and gena of polistes perplexus are covered with sparse , silvery pubescence . males are distinguished by the coarser transverse ridging of the propodeum in polistes perplexus than in polistes carolina . polistes carolina also tends to have more black markings on the thorax than does polistes perplexus .
polistes dorsalis ( fabricius , 1775 ) is currently classified into five subspecies and occurs throughout the southern half of the us to costa rica ( buck et al . 2008 ) . similar specimens from the south central us , the great majority of which without or with less well - defined mesoscutal stripes , are usually assigned to polistes dorsalis neotropicus bequaert , 1940 – a subspecies first described from honduras . the present specimen belongs to this subspecies as it is currently circumscribed , although it remains to be determined by future work whether polistes dorsalis neotropicus should be further restricted , perhaps excluding nearctic occurrences ( matthias buck pers . comm . ) .
macom te , landolt pj ( 1995 ) elasmus polistis ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) recovered from nests of polistes dorsalis ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) in florida . fla entomol 78 : 612 - 614 . [ links ]
however , another eusocial wasp species , namely polistes dominula , has been recognized as a threat for the polistes fuscatus . p . dominula has been displacing p . fuscatus at many of the formerly p . fuscatus - dominated areas . a study found that polistes dominula was likely replacing polistes fuscatus through indirect or exploitative competition , which was consistent with the finding that polistes dominula was significantly more productive than polistes fuscatus . [ 11 ]
ricerche sui polistini v . la poliginia iniziale di polistes gallicus ( l . )
based on the black mid and hind coxae and the largely black mesopleuron it is safe to conclude that this is p . dorsalis . p . bellicosus is very similar but should have these body parts largely red . size is also diagnostic but is not indicated here ( p . dorsalis is the smaller species ) . amazing photo !
this is p . dorsalis . the species is common in florida and has less developed yellow markings than p . exclamans . p . bellicosus has less developed black markings .
polistes fuscatus are a part of the order hymenoptera , the suborder apocrita , the family of vespidae , and the subfamily polistinae , the second largest subfamily within vespidae , of which all are social wasps . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] polistinae comprises four tribes , including polistini , epiponini , mischocyttarini , and ropalidiini . it is characterized by two major behaviors : colony founding and reproductive dominance . [ 4 ] colony founding can be either independent or swarm founding . [ 4 ] independent founding consists of the founding of small , simple nests that are constructed without a paper envelope by a single or few queens with one or several inseminated egg - layers and no workers . swarm founding includes the construction of large swarms and are founded by multiple queens with many workers . [ 4 ] polistes fuscatus is part of the polistini tribe and in the genus polistes . polistes is one of the five independent - founding groups . a study in which bootstrap analysis was conducted indicated that polistes fuscatus is part of the new world subgenera : fuscopolistes . in addition to polistes fuscatus , within fuscopolistes are polistes bellicosus , polistes apaches , polistes aurifer , polistes carolina , polistes dorsalis , and polistes metricus , all of which are the closest relatives to polistes fuscatus . [ 4 ]
1995 . paper wasps ( polistes species ) . organic gardening , 42 : 22 .
the above picture shows a nest of polistes apachus on an ergonomic nest . this wasp species shows a considerable amount of yellow with a medium brown ( as compared to polistes exclamans ) in the body coloration but not as much as polistes major major . *
sorry about that . it was about 11mm , smaller than some other polistes around here .
the ocelli of the diurnal paper wasp polistes occidentalis . . . . | download scientific diagram
surface lipids of the social wasps polistes annularis ( l . ) and its nest and nest pedicel
caste size differences in polistes gallicus ( l . ) ( hymenoptera vespidae ) . ethol ecol evol . 3dani fr . 1994 . caste size differences in polistes gallicus ( l . ) ( hymenoptera vespidae )
ricerche sui polistini vii . la “dominazione” ed il ciclo ovarico annuale di polistes gallicus ( l . )
phylogenetic analysis of the new world polistes ( hymenoptera : vespidae : polistinae ) using morphology . . .
the above photo is of a polistes annularis queen on a new nest . notice the dark coloration on the abdomen and the absence of a number of light bands that are often found in other species of polistes
in here , we first report the occurrence of elasmus polistis burks in nests of polistes versicolor ( olivier ) in brazil and in the state of rio grande do sul . this is also the first record of e . polistis on a polistes species in south america . elasmus polistis is a gregarious prepupal or pupal parasitoid which builds a visible black partition in polistes cells ( nelson 1976 ) . elasmus polistis is also reported as a parasitoid of several other polistes species , polistes exclamans viereck , p . annularis ( l . ) and p . fuscatus ( f . ) , p . major ( beauvois ) , p . metricus say ( reed & vinson 1979 ) and p . dorsalis ( f . ) ( macom & landolt 1995 ) , all in north america . there were no records on the occurrence of e . polistis associated with any polistes species up until now in south america .
systematics of polistes ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) , with a phylogenetic consideration of hamilton ' s hap . . .
a remarkable teratological female of polistes ( fuscopolistes ) dorsalis neotropicus bequaert , 1940 ( vespidae : polistinae ) is described and illustrated . the specimen lacks all three external dorsal ocelli but is normally developed in almost every other aspect . additionally , similar findings in other hymenoptera are briefly discussed , as are the consequences and the reasons that might cause the random loss of ocelli .
fig . 4 . the ocelli of the diurnal paper wasp polistes occidentalis . descriptions and scales as for fig . 1 .
two species of elasmus ( hymenoptera : eulophidae ) are newly recognized in south korea : elasmus japonicus ashmead and elasmus polistis burks . they were reared from the nests of polistes ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) : e . japonicus from polistes rothneyi koreanus and e . polistis from polistes snelleni and p . rothneyi koreanus . both species are biparental and usually have more females than males .
the character you mention is not diagnostic and varies greatly . what makes me think of dorsalis here is that the abdomen and propodeum are very dark but the head and antennae are very light . bellicosus with such dark abdomens would also have darker heads and antennae .
figure 3 . growing colony of polistes spp . with workers tending to cells . photograph by lizzie paulus , university of florida .
hunt , j ( 1984 ) .
adult nourishment during larval provisioning in a primitively eusocial wasp , polistes metricus say
.
subfamily polistinae ( generally referred to as polistines ) - in florida , this subfamily includes members of the genera polistes and mischocyttarus .
a review of previously published cladistic analyses of polistes is presented . the two most recent analyses of polistes are shown to be largely consistent phylogenetically . although the taxonomy implied by each differs , this difference is shown to be mostly due to taxon sampling . after the review , a phylogenetic analysis of polistes - the most data - rich yet undertaken - is presented . the . . . [ show full abstract ]
wikimedia commons has media related to [ [ commons : category : { { # property : p373 } } | polistes fuscatus ] ] .
figure 1 . polistes carolina ( l . ) , gainesville , florida , usa . photograph by lyle j . buss , university of florida .
looks much like polistes bellicosus , including the marking on the head . but there are some minor differences to think different species not just variables .
gamboa , g . j . ; greig , e . i . ; thom , m . c . ( 2002 ) .
the comparative biology of two sympatric paper wasps , the native polistes fuscatus and the invasive polistes dominulus ( hymenoptera , vespidae )
. insectes soc 49 : 45–49 .
. . . the group that apparently tracked the colonization route from eastern south america toward the amazon , central america , and north america is represented by a clade in which polistes simillimus zikán ( eastern brasil to argentina ) is determined as basal ( table s1 ) . this species is basal in the phylogeny proposed by santos et al ( 2014 ) as well . also , in this clade , polistes crinitus ( felton ) ( three subspecies ) belongs to a caribbean group , whereas polistes exclamans vierek ( seven subspecies ) and polistes instabilis de saussure are found from costa rica to the usa . . . .
four new peptides of the mastoparan family , characterized recently in the venom of three neotropical social wasps collected in the dominican republic , polistes major major , polistes dorsalis dorsalis and mischocyttarus phthisicus were synthesized and tested for antimicrobial potency against bacillus subtilis , staphylococcus aureus , escherichia coli ( e . c . ) and pseudomonas aeruginosa , and for hemolytic and mast cells degranulation activities . as these peptides posses strong antimicrobial activity ( minimal inhibitory concentration ( mic ) values against bacillus subtillis and e . c . in the range of 5–40 μm ) , we prepared 40 of their analogs to correlate biological activities , especially antimicrobial , with the net positive charge , hydrophobicity , amphipathicity , peptide length , amino acid substitutions at different positions of the peptide chain , n - terminal acylation and c - terminal deamidation . circular dichroism spectra of the peptides measured in the presence of trifluoroethanol or sds showed that the peptides might adopt α - helical conformation in such anisotropic environments .
common name : paper wasp , red wasp ( suggested common names ) scientific name : polistes carolina ( l . ) ( insecta : hymenoptera : vespidae )
zara , fernando ; balestieri , jose ( 2000 ) .
behavioural catalogue of polistes versicolor olivier ( vespidae : polistinae ) post - emergent colonies
.
cannamela , b . r . 1993 . defensive behavior of polistes exclamans ( viereck ) . masters thesis , univ . of georgia , athens , ga .
four new peptides of the mastoparan family , characterized recently in the venom of three neotropical social wasps collected in the dominican republic , polistes major major , polistes dorsalis dorsalis and mischocyttarus phthisicus were synthesized and tested for antimicrobial potency against bacillus subtilis , staphylococcus aureus , escherichia coli ( e . c . ) and pseudomonas aeruginosa , and for hemolytic and mast cells degranulation activities . as these peptides possess strong antimicrobial activity ( minimal inhibitory concentration ( mic ) values against bacillus subtillis and e . c . in the range of 5 - 40 microm ) , we prepared 40 of their analogs to correlate biological activities , especially antimicrobial , with the net positive charge , hydrophobicity , amphipathicity , peptide length , amino acid substitutions at different positions of the peptide chain , n - terminal acylation and c - terminal deamidation . circular dichroism spectra of the peptides measured in the presence of trifluoroethanol or sds showed that the peptides might adopt alpha - helical conformation in such anisotropic environments .
biology - the genus mischocyttarus is the only member of its own tribe , the mischocyttarini . they build a relatively simple , stellocyttarous and gymnodomous ( single - comb ) nest . their biology is similar to that of species in the genus polistes , although they seem to be less defensive than most species of polistes .
i am currently working on the morphology of the venom apparatus of polistes major ( hymenoptera : vespidae : polistinae ) and pseudomyrmex gracilis ( hymenoptera : formicndae : pseudomyrmecinae ) in the ft . myers , florida , area . this may lead to a study of defensive behavior in polistes major if i can find enough nests .
this polistes fuscatus shows well defined rings of light yellow around the abdomen and lines demarcating certain thoracic sclerites , but considerable variation occurs in this species , sometimes resulting in confusion of this species with other forms of polistes . when confusion exists as to their identify , you may have to resort to using the dichotomous key .
looks like the northern paper wasp , polistes fuscatus . i see males ( pale , square faces ) as well as females on this crowded nest . neat image .
judd , t . 2000 . division of labour in colony defence against vertebrate predators by the social wasp * polistes fuscatus * . animal behavior , 60 : 55 .
strassmann , j . e . 1985b . worker mortality and the evolution of castes in the social wasp , polistes exclamans . insectes sociaux 32 , 275 - 85 .
polistes fuscatus distribution ranges from southern canada to the united states to central america . the most northern range is chilcotin , british columbia , and reaches as far south as honduras . [ 10 ] although polistes fuscatus prefer wooded areas for the readily available resources to build the nest , it also is often seen in areas in which humans inhabit . nests are produced through using wood provided from their habitat masticated with fluid produced by polistes fuscatus ’s mouth to create a pulp like substance . [ 10 ]
post , david ; robert jeanne ( 1983 ) .
venom : source of a sex pheromone in the social wasp polistes fuscatus ( hymenoptera : vespidae )
.
the genus polistes belongs to the subfamily polistinae , whose members are known as the paper wasps because of the papery nests the queens build and colonies live in . these wasps are primitively eusocial , characterized by morphologically similar reproductive queens and non - reproductive workers , moderate colony sizes ( yielding hundreds of offspring in the most successful nests ) , and independent founding queens . the subfamily includes 21 genera in the new world , of which polistes is the most common in north america , represented by 17 species distributed across the warmer regions of the continent . polistes carolina ( figure 1 ) and polistes perplexus are the only ferruginous , or rust - colored , species in the eastern states .
yep that ' s definitely a polistes wasp . we have tons around my house and they always make large nests in our attic . really great picture by the way !
carpenter jm . 1996 . distributional checklist of species of the genus polistes ( hymenoptera : vespidae ; polistinae , polistini ) . american museum novitates 3188 : 1 - 39 .
1b . the first gastral segment is compact , gradually widening distally until it is almost as wide as the second gastral segment . these are species of the genus polistes .
. . . this led us to ask how labile or flexible jh and ecdysteroid functions may be within the genus polistes . we therefore chose to study two sympatric , closely related species of polistes ( belonging to the same eurasian - african subgroup polistes sensu stricto ( bequaert 1918 ; pickett et al . 2006 ; santos et al . 2014 ) ) in south africa : an alien invasive p . dominula and the indigenous polistes smithii saussure ( hereafter referred to as p . smithii ) . foundresses from these species nest alone or in groups , although in stellenbosch , western cape , solitary nest founding appears to be much more prevalent in p . smithii ( shown here ) . . . .
polistes ( fuscopolistes ) dorsalis neotropicus bequaert , 1940 . 1–4 . anocellar female from texas . 1 . habitus in dorsal view . 2 . habitus in lateral view . 3 . head in anterior view . 4 . ocellar area in dorsal view . 5 . normal female from south carolina ; head in anterior view . abbreviations : lid = lower interorbital distance ; uid = upper interorbital distance . photos : 1–4 . matthias haase . 5 . used with permission from buck et al . ( 2008 ) , illustration c75 . 4 .
nesting biology of asian paper wasps polistes chinensis antennalis pérez , and australian paper wasps p . humilis ( fab . ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) in northern new zealand
polistes spp . discriminate colony mates using an acquired ( i . e . learned ) cue , absorbing hydrocarbons from the natal nest at eclosion . [ 14 ] this cuticular hydrocarbon
signature
is derived both from the plant material and the foundress - applied substances from which the nest is made . studies of polistes fuscatus have researched the molecular basis of the recognition
pheromone
used by the wasps , and indicate at least some of the recognizable labels have the same chemical constituents as the adult cuticular hydrocarbons . similar recognition is found in polistes metricus .
tibbetts , elizabeth a . ( 2002 ) . visual signals of individual identity in the wasp polistes fuscatus . proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences 1423 - 428 . print .
it is clear to see that this species of polistes lacks the banding and other patterns found in other species . its overall light coloration is a good feature to use for its identification .
it is smaller than any species within the genus polistes ( body length 6 - 9 mm ) . the stellocytarous nest is constructed with small cells ( approximately 3 mm in diameter ) .
* willer , d . e . 1988 . behavioral ecology and population biology of polistes exclamans on sapelo island , georgia . doctoral thesis , univ . of georgia , athens , ga .
80 . konno k , hisada m , naoki h , itagaki y , yasuhara t , juliano l , et al . isolation and sequence determination of peptides in the venom of the spider wasp cyphononyx dorsalis guided by matrix - assited laser desorption / ionization time of flight ( maldi - tof ) mass spectrometry . toxicon . 2001 ; 39 ( 8 ) : 1257 - 60 . [ links ]
strassmann , j . e . 1985a . relatedness of workers to brood in the social wasp , polistes exclamans ( hymenoptera ; vespidae ) . z . tierpsychol . 69 , 141 - 48 .
the phylogeny of the paper wasp genus polistes is investigated using morphological and behavioural characters , as well as molecular data from six genes ( coi , 12s , 16s , 28s , h3 , and ef1 - α ) . the results are used to investigate the following evolutionary hypotheses about the genus : ( i ) that polistes first evolved in southeast asia , ( ii ) that dispersal to the new world occurred only once , and ( iii ) that long - term monogyny evolved as an adaptation to overwintering in a temperate climate . optimization of distribution records on the recovered tree does not allow unambiguous reconstruction of the ancestral area of polistes . while the results indicate that polistes dispersed into the new world from asia , south america is recovered as the ancestral area for all new world polistes : nearctic species groups evolved multiple times from this south american stock . the final tree topology suggests strongly that the genus first arose in a tropical environment , refuting the idea of monogyny as an overwintering adaptation .
gamboa , george j . ( 1981 ) . nest sharing and maintenance of multiple nests by the paper wasp , polistes metricus . journal of the kansas entomological society 54 . 1 153 - 55 . print
seppä p , queller dc , strassman je . 2002 . reproduction in foundress associations of the social wasp , polistes carolina : conventions , competition , and skew . behavioral ecology 13 : 531 - 542 .
west - eberhard , mary jane .
dominance relations in polistes canadensis ( l . ) , a tropical social wasp .
monitore zoologico italiano 20 . 3 ( 1986 ) : 263 - 81 .
polistes metricus lacks the extensive yellow banding on the abdomen and marks on the thorax that are demonstrated by other polistine species . its body also doesn ' t appear as slim as most other species . *
gamboa , george j . ( 1981 ) . nest sharing and maintenance of multiple nests by the paper wasp , polistes metricus . journal of the kansas entomological society 54 . 1 153 - 55 . print
post , david c . , and robert l . jeanne . ( 1983 ) . relatedness and mate selection in polistes fuscatus ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . animal behaviour 31 . 4 : 1260 - 1261 .
but that ' s way ahead of the story . right now all the polistes wasps are single queens sitting on a nest of three or four cells , trying to produce some workers as quickly as possible .
. . . member of the genus polistes store nectar in their nests for feeding their larvae ( grinfeld , 1977 ) , some wasps of the subfamilies eumeninae , polistinae and vespinae also consume pollen ( hunt et al . , 1991 ) . recently , santos et al . ( 2014 ) carried out the phylogeny of the paper wasp genus polistes is investigated using six genes ( coi , 12s , 16s , 28s , h3 , and ef1 - a ) . the results of this investigation showing the evolutionary hypotheses about the genus : that polistes first evolved in southeast asia and then * corresponding author : muzafarphd @ urltoken . . .
gardeners and agricultural workers consider polistes carolina to be a beneficial insect because it pollinates plants and crops when feeding on plant nectar , and preys on some plant pests , including caterpillars , cicadas , and beetle larvae .
polistes exclamans is similar in it ' s biology and life history to other temperate zone paper wasps ( hermann et al . , 1975 ; strassmann , 1985a , 1985b ; strassmann et al . , 1983 ) . for an excellent in - depth look at spring behavior in temperate areas , the reader is directed to a study of polistes exclamans by donna e . willer on sapelo island , georgia ( willer , 1988 ) .
hermann , h . r . , r . barron , and l . dalton . 1975 . spring behavior of polistes exclamsns ( hymenoptera : vespidae : polistinae ) . entomol . news 86 : 173 - 78 .
fishwild , thomas , and george gamboa .
colony defence against conspecifics : caste - specific differences in kin recognition by paper wasps , polistes fuscatus .
animal behavior ( 1991 ) : 95 - 102 . print .
vii + 580 pp . and 4 colour plates . provides keys to all the genera and species of new world polistinae . keys are poorly illustrated and in many cases only useful for experts . key to polistes difficult to use because it also includes the numerous central and south american species . separation of females of the widespread , hypervariable p . fuscatus from related species often inaccurate . key to polistes males does not work for most species .
carpenter , j . m . 1996 ,
distributional checklist of species of the genus polistes ( hymenoptera : vespidae ; polistinae , polistini )
, american museum novitates , vol . 3188 , pp . 1 - 39
polistes apachus is a social wasp native to western north america . it is commonly referred to as the
apache wasp
and is the most common polistes species found in california . p . apachus establishes itself in vines and orchards , but can also be found in more urban areas . it is a type of paper wasp , which is the common name for a type of wasp that uses a papery material to construct its nests .
willer , d . e . , and h . r . hermann . 1989 . multiple foundress associations and nest switching among females of polistes exclamans ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . sociobiology . 16 : 197 - 216 .
47 . moawad ti , hoffman dr , zalat s . isolation , cloning and characterization of polistes dominulus venom phospholipase a1 and its isoforms . acta biol hung . 2005 ; 56 : 261 - 74 . [ links ]
that being said , i suspect there will be research on this species surfacing left and right if there isn ' t already . the introduction of a voracious new paper - wasp ( polistes dominulus ) that appears to seek out sheltered nest sites in densely populated areas doesn ' t look good at all for anyone out there attempting to create habitat for butterflies and moths or anyone out there trying to create habitat for native cavity nesters such as bluebirds . for what it ' s worth , our native species of polistes prey only on caterpillars and there is a precarious balance that is now being threatened as the introduced species of polistes is documented preying on considerably more than just caterpillars .
description - polistes annularis is one of the largest polistine species in the state of florida , with a body length of 18 - 25 mm . polistes major may be as large or larger than this species . nests are also large , sometimes reaching a diameter of 25 mm or more . sexual dimorphism and coloration among colony inhabitants vary only slightly . the clypeus of males is flatter than it is on females and more closely contiguous to the eye margin .
the physical characteristics of the polistes fuscatus are highly dependent on the geographic location of its habitat . [ 6 ] throughout the united states , there are three color pattern trends that represent different regions throughout the country . [ 7 ] the male polistes fuscatus is identified by its darkened apical flagellomeres in addition to its darkened dorsal surface of the apical flagellomeres that is common to other species of wasps . [ 6 ] northern females on the other hand are easily identified by the blackening of their entire bodies which may or may not have markings of other colors . [ 8 ] many southern polistes fuscatus , however , have additional markings and may resemble wasps of other species . [ 6 ]
. . . sagittarius ) . santos et al . ( 2015 ) presented the an analysis of the phylogeny of the genus polistes using morphological and behavioral characters , as well as molecular data from six genes ( coi , 12s , 16s , 28s , h3 and ef1 - ∂ ) . a total of 58 species of polistes were included in the analyses , with an emphasis on new world species ( only 8 species were in polistella ) . . . .
metcalf , r . a . ; j . c . marlin ; and g . s . whitt . ( 1984 ) . genetics of speciation within the polistes fuscatus species complex . the journal of heredity 117 - 20 . print .
within the polistes family are three known social obligate parasites : p . sulcifer , p . atrimandibularis , and p . semenowi , which parasitize other polistes wasps . known host species of these parasites are p . dominulus , p . gallicus , p . nimphus , p . associus , and p . biglumis . [ 21 ] although these parasites differ in their host invasion strategies , their end goal is to successfully infiltrate the host nest and reproduce at the host ' s expense .
polistes fuscatus eat arthropod prey , animal proteins , carbohydrates and protein . they will eat caterpillars , flies , ants , termites , spiders , bees , and other wasps . carbohydrates may include nectar , sap , and fruits . [ 5 ]
. . . polistes . phylogenetic studies with polistes establish the basal positioning of old world subgenera ( carpenter 1996 , zhu et al 2000 , arévalo et al 2004 , pickett & wenzel 2004 , pickett et al 2006 , santos et al 2014 ) , but have not entirely resolved the relationships among derived new world groups . pickett et al ( 2006 ) carried out a meta - analysis using both previously available and new data to propose a robust phylogeny for this group . . . .
. . . therefore , polistes has been the genus of particular interest for both experimental and theoretical investigations of social behavior ( turillazzi and west - eberhard , 1996 ; jandt et al . , 2013 ) . however , previous phylogenetic analyses of polistes have included only a few species of polistella ( pickett and wenzel , 2004 ; pickett et al . , 2006 ; arévalo et al . , 2004 ; pickett and carpenter , 2010 ; santos et al . , 2015 ) . . . .
p . apachus is considered a predatory wasp . like other species of polistes , the diet of p . apachus consists heavily of caterpillar meat . two species that often prey on p . apachus are the robber flies mallophora orcina and proctacanthus hinei .
4b . the first gastral segment is compact , cone - shaped , and not stalk - like . it gradually widens distally until it is almost as wide as the second gastral segment . these wasps are in the genus polistes , subfamily polistinae .
leonardo dapporto , antonio santini , francesca r . dani , stefano turillazzi ; workers of a polistes paper wasp detect the presence of their queen by chemical cues , chemical senses , volume 32 , issue 8 , 1 october 2007 , pages 795–802 , urltoken
further to this recognition of nestmates , polistes biglumis foundresses discriminate between ' alien ' eggs and their own via differential oophagy . [ 17 ] the mechanism of differentiation is not elucidated , but is thought to be based upon differences in cuticular hydrocarbon odor .
judd , t . m . ( 1998 ) . defensive behavior of colonies of the paper wasp , polistes fuscatus , against vertebrate predators over the colony cycle .
insectes sociaux 197 - 208 . web . 22 sept . 2014 . < urltoken > .
various other insects are parasites or parasitoids of polistes , including flies ( e . g . , sarcophagidae ) , mantispids , and wasps in the families torymidae , mutillidae ( rarely ) , braconidae , and ichneumonidae ( e . g . latibulus argiolus ) . some more specialized groups are more intimately associated with polistes ; this includes strepsipterans in the family stylopidae ( genus xenos ) , wasps of the genus elasmus ( formerly placed in their own family ,
elasmidae
) , and wasps in the family trigonalidae .
strassman je , fortunato a , cervo r , turillazzi s , damon j , queller dc . 2004 . the cost of queen loss in the social wasp polistes dominulus ( hymenoptera : vespidae ) . journal of the kansas entomological society 77 : 343 - 355 .
post , david ; robert jeanne ( 1983 ) .
venom : source of a sex pheromone in the social wasp polistes fuscatus ( hymenoptera : vespidae )
. journal of chemical ecology 9 ( 2 ) : 259–266 . doi : 10 . 1007 / bf00988043 .
differences in long - chain hydrocarbon mixtures among reproductive and nonreproductive individuals have been often revealed in social insects . however , very few papers demonstrated that these signatures actually act as contact pheromones used by nonreproductive to recognize the presence of a related queen in the colony . cuticular and glandular hydrocarbons of polistes paper wasps have been extensively studied , but , until now , the perception and recognition of such cues was not demonstrated . in this paper , we show , for the first time in vespidae , that polistes gallicus workers distinguish nestmates from alien individuals and queens from workers by the hydrocarbon mixtures of the van der vecht organ secretion ( vvs ) . we also demonstrated that stroking behavior ( a peculiar behavior of polistes by which queens probably lay vvs on the nest ) acts as an inhibitor of ovarian development in workers .
figure 2 . rostral ( left ) and lateral ( right ) views of polistes carolina ( l . ) . note the uniform ferruginous color ; finely ridged propodeum ; and bare malar space , lower gena , and thorax . photographs by lizzie paulus , university of florida .
in summary , the genera of social wasps represented in florida are : 1 ) vespula , 2 ) dolichovespula , 3 ) polistes , and 4 ) mischocyttarus . there are 14 indigenous species within the family vespidae that are found in the state of florida . these are :
scientific names - scientific names are generally binomens ( i . e . , composed of two names ) , e . g . , polistes annularis . in some cases , the scientific name may be a trinomen ( i . e . , composed of three names ) ( e . g . , polistes major major and mischocyttarous mexicanus cubicola ) . the first name in the scientific name is the genus , the second name is the species , and the third name is the subspecies . scientific names often have the names of the original describer of the name following it , e . g . , polistes apachus de saussure . if the describer ' s name is in parantheses , it indicates that the original name has been changed for some taxonomic reason from the original name , e . g . , polistes annularis ( linnaeus ) . the scientific name , whether a binomen or trinomen , is set in italics to stand out from the other type , while all other terms ( e . g . , family and subfamily names , as well as the describer ' s names ) are not .
the large size of polistes major major adults and the extensive yellow coloration on their body helps to distinguish this species from other polistines . however , the degree of yellow coloration varies , even among the members of a single nest . very little has been published on this species .
polistes fuscatus , whose common name is the golden or northern paper wasp , is widely found throughout southern canada , the united states , and central america . [ 2 ] it often nests around human development . however , it greatly prefers areas in which wood is readily available for use as nest material , therefore they are also found near and in woodlands and savannas . [ 3 ] the polistes fuscatus is a social wasp that is part of a complex society based around a single dominant queen along with other cofoundresses and a dominance hierarchy . [ 3 ]
the polistes wasps are a highly advanced group of social insects . among other high - tech changes they have made , they have converted their long ovipositors into painful stingers hidden inside the tip of their abdomen , and then , having these dangerous defense weapons , they have painted themselves in black and red and yellow warning colors , colors that mean you ' d better not touch me . birds and lizards and people know these colors well . the ichneumons are a primitive group of wasps , with no stings , instead still using their ovipositors to deliver eggs . a great long ovipositor therefore gives away the fact that they are stingless . so note first of all in the picture above that this ichneumon ' s ovipositor is yellow on the basal half , then black . so from many angles it doesn ' t look like a long ovipositor . the yellow part just looks like one of its yellow legs , the black part disappears in shadow . now note the colors : they are the black and yellow and red warning colors of a polistes . look at the next picture , of p . dorsalis : not a bad match at all .
known as the guinea wasp , this species can be distinguished from most other polistines in florida by the abundance of yellow on the legs and abdomen . the only species that has more yellow is polistes major ( see its description ) . its nests are found on buildings and plants .
64 . murata k , shinada t , ohfune y , hisada m , yasuda a , naoki h , et al . novel biologically active peptides from the venom of polistes rothneyi iwatai . biol pharm bull . 2006 ; 29 ( 12 ) : 2493 - 7 . [ links ]
polistes gallicus workers reacted more aggressively toward glass capillaries applied with vvs belonging to alien individuals than to those belonging to nestmates ( wilcoxon signed - rank test : n = 15 , positive ranks = 13 , ties = 1 , z = −3 . 235 , p = 0 . 001 ) .
polistes exclamans ( viereck ) ( hymenoptera : vespidae : polistinae ) , ranges in the u . s . from new jersey to florida and west to nebraska , colorado and texas ( cannamela , 1993 ; krombein et al . , 1979 ) . it is common throughout the southeastern u . s .
the genus polistes occurs in all biogeographic regions and includes 203 described species ( carpenter 1996 a , carpenter in litt . ) . the nearctic fauna consists of 24 native or naturalized species , 11 of which occur in the northeast . two species were newly discovered during this project and will be formally described elsewhere . two adventitious species have each been recorded once from the area , one of western nearctic and one of neotropical origin . the northeastern species fall in two subgenera . the nominate subgenus is represented by the single , introduced palaearctic species p . dominula . formerly , the native nearctic species were classified into five subgenera , two of which , aphanilopterus and fuscopolistes , are represented in the northeast ( richards 1973 , 1978 ) . carpenter ( 1996 a , 1996 b ) synonymized fuscopolistes and three other subgenera with aphanilopterus , but a recent study provided renewed support for the validity of the former ( pickett et al . 2006 ) . below , we refer to the species formerly placed in fuscopolistes as the p . fuscatus - group ( comprised of p . bellicosus , p . carolina , p . dorsalis , p . fuscatus , p . metricus , p . perplexus , polistes sp . a and sp . b ) .
reeve , hudson k . ; george j . gamboa ( 1987 ) .
queen regulation of worker foraging in paper wasps : a social feedback control system ( polistes fuscatus , hymenoptera : vespidae )
. behaviour 102 ( 3 - 4 ) : 147–167 . doi : 10 . 1163 / 156853986x00090 .
gumovsky a , rusina l , firman l ( 2007 ) bionomics and morphological and molecular characterization of elasmus schmitti and baryscapus elasmi ( hymenoptera : chalcidoidea , eulophidae ) , parasitoids associated with a paper wasp , polistes dominulus ( vespoidea , vespidae ) . entomol sci 10 : 21 - 34 . [ links ]
the length of the polistes fuscatus often ranges between 15 and 21 mm . [ 9 ] the fore wing length of the polistes fuscatus ranges between 11 . 5–17 . 0 mm ; in general , the fore wing of males is above 13 . 0 mm , whereas females have a fore wing length above 11 . 0 . [ 6 ] both males and females have rather slender bodies and have a waist that connects the thorax to the abdomen . [ 9 ] the female has a venomous sting . [ 9 ] with length and coloration also varies throughout the seasonal year of when the wasps emerge . [ 10 ]
the reproductive behavior of polistes wasps provided some of the first evidence for the mathematical biologist w . d . hamilton ' s 1964 theory of kin selection . hamilton showed that animals such as workers could be expected to provide assistance to relatives such as their queens according to the costs and benefits involved ( k ) and their degree of genetic relatedness ( r ) , and gave the rule that now carries his name , k > 1 / r . [ 8 ] early caution existed among researchers as to whether social insects could really assess their relatedness . hamilton himself suggested an alternative possibility , namely that kin could become associated simply by
population viscosity
—that offspring tend not to disperse far from their birthplaces—and west - eberhard ( 1969 ) found some evidence for this in polistes . however , polistes species are now known to learn and remember chemical signals ( hydrocarbons ) picked up from the nest to distinguish nestmates accurately from nonrelatives . [ 9 ]
while this picture of polistes fuscatus shows clearly marked lighter rings on the abdomen and lighter markings on the thorax , this species is quite variable , and such markings are not always evident . this is a good shot to show the folded wings . they become unfolded when the wasp flexes its muscles during wing extension .
19 . pantera b , hoffman dr , carresi l , cappugi g , turillazzi s , manao g , et al . characterization of the major allergens purified from the venom of the paper wasp polistes gallicus . biochim biophys acta . 2003 ; 1623 ( 2 - 3 ) : 72 - 81 . [ links ]
dominance ranking may also affect the location females may be at within the nest and how far away wasps are spaced . in polistes fuscatus , those who are higher on the dominance ranking will make continuous darts at other lower ranking wasps such that other wasps will not closely sit near the higher ranking wasp . [ 10 ]
the first record of elasmus polistis burks in polistes versicolor ( olivier ) nests in the rio grande do sul state and in brazil is provided . a total of 173 specimens of p . versicolor and 790 specimens of e . polistis were collected from two nests from gramado and santa cruz do sul , rs , brazil .
the subfamily polistinae is a diverse group of eusocial wasps , being represented in the new world by 21 genera ( carpenter 2004 ) . most species are tropical in distribution . only four genera occur in north america north of mexico . species of wasps in the genus polistes are the most common types of paper wasps , having over 300 recognized species .
the hydrocarbon mixtures present on the cuticle and in some glandular secretions of paper wasps ( in particular those belonging to the genus polistes ) have been extensively studied ( reviewed in dani 2006 ) ; however , even if several researches have demonstrated the occurrence of neat differences in hydrocarbon composition between queens and workers and between dominants and subordinates in the common species polistes dominulus ( bonavita - cougourdan et al . 1991 ; sledge et al . 2001 ; dapporto et al . 2004 , 2005 ; dani 2006 ; dapporto , dani , and turillazzi 2007 ) , there is still no evidence that the wasps are actually able to perceive these differences and no information regarding their actual function in the social economy of the colony .
the photo above shows an adult polistes which has the base of the abdomen joined to the thorax by a thin
waist .
members of the suborder apocrita are known as aculeates , possessing a sting ( which is a modified ovipositor ) . eggs do not pass through the sting but exit from the female reproductive system immediately in front of the sting .
in the biology of the wasp polistes ( epicnemius ) cinerascens saussure , e . giannotti reported on the life stages . larvae go through stages of feeding . at the end of a particular stage , larvae molt their exoskeletons , grow larger in size , and a new exoskeleton is deposited over the body surface . each feeding stage is referred to as an instar .
polistes exclamans is probably the most common polistine species around homes in florida . its smaller size , characteristic banding , and readiness to nest on many types of plants help to distinguish it from other species . it appears somewhat like polistes apachus but the yellow bands on its abdomen are not as wide . it is well known as a nest defender and may represent the greatest threat to intruders . you will notice that some of the cells in this nest are capped ( closed ) . the larvae spin silk over the opening of their cell prior to entering the pupal stage . when first spun , the caps are an unblemished white color , but they become discolored over time when adult workers add water or head secretions to the caps .
in my area , the only species that the european paper wasp could be confused with would be our native yellowjackets and the eastern yellowjacket ( vespula maculifrons ) is in this area and possibly our native northern paper wasp ( polistes fuscatus ) or the common paper wasp ( polistes vulgaris ) which is also in this area . they do have similar coloring to our yellowjackets but their nests are very different and it ' s the nest you will be going for anyway . same deal with our common paper wasp as pertains to the nest . it ' s nest is very different in that they look like big footballs . as mentioned by stelco , the nests of the european paper wasp are very much like an umbrella or inverted mushroom cap .
pickett et . al . point out that colonies of most polistine wasps rarely produce more than 100 contemporaneous adults , although nests of polistes annularis colonies have been known to achieve more than 1 , 400 cells . the nests of vespines ( hornet and yellow jackets ) are characteristically more productive than those of polistines in the united states , and certain vespines are known to build collosal nests .
the number of females returning to the exact site of their natal nest during nest initiation was negligable in both years . viscosity in this subpopulation was high : no marked females from this location were found nesting in other locations on sapelo island . multiple foundress associations and nest switching were assessed in terms of their evolutionary implications , especially in relation to knowledge of nestmate recognition among polistes females .
recently , many researchers elucidated , by molecular modeling , the tridimensional structure and post - translational modifications of major allergens such as phospholipase a 1 and hyaluronidase from polybia paulista venom , hyaluronidase from vespula vulgaris venom , phospholipase a 2 and api m7 from apis mellifera ( 45 , 49 - 51 ) . additionally , the differences among allergens from hymenoptera venoms are the focus of several studies . it was demonstrated that the allergen antigen 5 presents differences among polistes venoms , mainly in relation to the amino acids sequences of the allergens from the venoms of north american and european polistes wasps ( 20 ) . these findings are very important to pharmaceutical industries since novel drugs and specific treatments can be improved if these allergens are better understood structurally and their linear and conformational epitopes are identified .
this picture of polistes bellicosus also clearly shows the longitudinally - folded wings characteristic of all vespid wasps . when folded , it is difficult to tell that there are two wings on each side of the meso - and meta - thorax . the rear ( meta - thoracic ) wings , like those of other polistines , are hooked to the meso - thoracic wings by small hooks called hamulae .
swatting or vacuuming can dispatch single wasps , or insecticide aerosols may be used from a distance , according to the label instructions . alternatively , people who regularly encounter wasps may opt to wear long sleeves , pants , gloves , and a beekeeping veil to protect themselves from stings . again , however , paper wasps in general and polistes carolina in particular are not aggressive , only stinging when threatened .
a cladistic analysis based on mitochondrial dna and morphology of 40 species of polistes is presented . thirty - six new world species are treated with attention to classical taxonomic views , including subgeneric , species - group , and species membership . no previously proposed species groups are supported . variants that have been sometimes thought conspecifics , including p . erythrocepahlus and p . . . . [ show full abstract ]
according to carpenter ( 1996 ) , the cosmopolitan genus polistes ( polistinae ) comprises most of the species diversity within the family vespidae , with 28 species occurring in the united states alone . ten species occur in florida . within florida , as in the rest of the united states , they construct petiolated ( stellocyttarous ) , single - combed , open ( gymnodomous ) nests in which the cells are clearly visible .
yes that is a polistes wasp - i can not remember the species out of my head right now , but it is a common species . but the real great thing is that it is stylopized ! it has a strepsiptera parasite in its abdomen between the 4th and 5th abdominal segment , you can see the small brown thing sticking out . it is a female or a pupa of a male of the genus xenos . martin
in hymenopteran species , males are usually haploid and females diploid . however , in species that have complementary sex determination ( csd ) , diploid males arise when a female produces offspring that are homozygous at the sex - determining locus . although diploid males are often sterile , in some species they have been shown to produce diploid sperm , thus producing triploid daughters if they mate successfully . diploid males have been observed in very few species of social wasps , and we know of no published reports of triploid females . in this paper , we review the existing literature on diploid males and triploid females in the hymenoptera , and report the observation of triploid females in three species of polistes paper wasps . although polyploid offspring may be produced parthenogenetically , the more likely scenario is that polistes wasps have csd and produce diploid males via homozygosity at the sex - determining locus . therefore , female triploidy indicates that diploid males do exist in polistes species where they are presumed to be absent , and are likely to be even more frequent among species that have experienced a genetic bottleneck . we conclude by cautioning against the assumption of a selective advantage to the production of early males , and by discussing the implications of male diploidy and female triploidy for measurement of sex ratio investment and assumptions of reproductive skew theory .


paranthrene simulans , the red oak clearwing borer , hornet clearwing or oak clearwing borer , is a moth of the sesiidae family .

it is found in eastern north america , from nova scotia to florida , west to minnesota , missouri and mississippi .

the wingspan is 27 – 40 mm .

adults emerge during june and july .

the larvae feed on chestnuts and oaks ( including red and white oaks ) .

they have a two year life cycle .

they attack the lower trunk of their host plant , attacks are most common between root flanges of large red oaks .

damage includes degrade , entries for decay and nursery cull .

pupation occurs within the gallery .

paranthrene simulans

html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
larva - purple - brown with black head and yellow - brown thoracic shield . prominent elliptical spiracles .
eastern two thirds of the united states and southern canada . from novia scotia to florida , west to minnesota , missouri , mississippi .
adults fly april to june in the south and june through july in the north .
larvae bore into solid wood of many species of oaks , preferring young or damaged trees .
two year life cycle heaviest in odd - numbered years . see solomon in print references .
beuttenmüller , w . 1901 . monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) :
brown , l . n . & r . f . mizell , iii 1993 . the clearwing borers of florida ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . tropical lepidoptera 4 ( 4 ) : 1 - 21 (
covell jr . , c . v . 1984 . a field guide to eastern moths . houghton mifflin company . p . 425 , pl . 61 . 6
edwards , hy . 1881 . a new species of north american aegeriadae . bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 3 : 78 - 79
engelhardt , g . p . 1946 . the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . united states national museum bulletin 190 :
solomon , j . d . 1995 . guide to insect borers in north american broadleaf trees and shrubs . usda forest service agriculture handbook ah - 706 : 35 - 38 , f . 13 (
guide to insect borers in north american broadleaf trees and shrubs solomon , j . d . 1995 . usda forest service agriculture handbook . 735 pp .
the clearwing borers of florida ( lepidoptera : sesiidae ) . larry n . brown & russel f . mizell , iii . 1993 . tropical lepidoptera 4 ( 4 ) : 1 - 21 .
dictionary of word roots and combining forms donald j . borror . 1960 . mayfield publishing company .
the north american clear - wing moths of the family aegeriidae . george p . engelhardt . 1946 . united states national museum bulletin 190 : 1 - 222 , pl . 1 - 32 .
monograph of the sesiidae of america , north of mexico . william beutenmüller . 1901 . memoirs of the american museum of natural history 1 ( 6 ) : 218 - 352 , pl . 29 - 36 .
peterson field guides : eastern moths charles v . covell . 1984 . houghton mifflin company .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
great lakes ipm , inc . 7563 n crystal rd vestaburg mi 48891 989 - 268 - 5693 989 - 268 - 5911 800 - 235 - 0285 fax : 989 - 268 - 5311 hours : monday - friday 7 : 00 am - 4 : 00 pm email : glipm @ urltoken
please contact us if you do not find what you are looking for . * * *
after filling out the order form , you may mail , fax , email , or call us with your order . mailing address , fax number , phone number , and email are listed above .
scentry 4 - station kits contain all the materials required to maintain 4 - trap stations for a 12 - 18 week period under normal conditions and will monitor 40 acres or more . the 4 station kit contains 4 reusable ( plastic top ) wing traps , 8 extra replacement bottoms , and 12 pheromone lures . the 2 - station kit contains 2 traps , 4 extra trap bottoms , and 6 lures . the delta style kits contain 12 traps and 12 lures . we recommend using the large heliothis trap for all heliothis or helicoverpa species and european corn borers as no wing trap kits are available for these insects . this trap can be used on black cutworm as well . field life averages 4 - 6 weeks for most lures . all heliothis or helicoverpa spp . , and peach twig borer have a 2 week field life . the clearwing borer complex has an extended field life of 8 - 12 weeks .
when ordering a case of lures , please insert a - 12 after the item number .
a male hornet clearwing moth in anne arundel co . , maryland ( 6 / 22 / 2007 ) . determined by richard m . gillmore / bugguide . photo by stephen schueman . ( mbp list )
use of images featured on maryland biodiversity project is only permitted with express permission of the photographer .