cherax quadricarinatus ( known by several common names , including australian red claw crayfish , queensland red claw , redclaw , tropical blue crayfish , freshwater blueclaw crayfish ) is an australian freshwater crayfish .

cherax quadricarinatus

cabi , 2004 . datasheet on cherax quadricarinatus . aquaculture compendium . wallingford , uk : cabi . urltoken
edgerton b ; owens l , 1997 . age at first infection of cherax quadricarinatus by cherax quadricarinatus bacilliform virus and cherax giardiavirus - like virus , and production of putative virus - free crayfish . aquaculture , 152 ( 1 / 4 ) : 1 - 12 .
description of a presumptive hepatopancreatic reovirus , and a putative gill parvovirus , in the freshwater crayfish cherax quadricarinatus .
major group : crustacea minor group : malacostraca order : decapoda family : parastacidae cherax destructor , cherax tenuimanus and cherax quadricarinatus are commonly collected and farmed for human consumption and fish bait both domestically and in aquaculture and food trades .
king cr , 1994 . growth and survival of redclaw crayfish hatchlings ( cherax quadricarinatus von martens ) in relation to temperature , with comments on the relative suitability of cherax quadricarinatus and cherax destructor for culture in queensland . aquaculture ( netherlands ) , 122 ( 1 ) : 75 - 80 .
the taxonomic status of cherax quadricarinatus is accepted . no subspecies have been proposed , but different “strains” have been distinguished .
description of a presumptive hepatopancreatic reovirus , and a putative gill parvovirus , in the freshwater crayfish cherax quadricarinatus . - pubmed - ncbi
cannon lrg , 1991 . temnocephalan symbionts of the freshwater crayfish cherax quadricarinatus from northern australia . hydrobiologia , 227 : 341 - 347 .
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curtis mc ; jones cm , 1995 . overview of redclaw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus farming practices in northern australia . freshwater crayfish , 10 : 447 - 455 .
medley p ; rouse db , 1993 . intersex australian red claw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) . journal of shellfish research , 12 : 93 - 94 .
jones cm , 1990 . the biology and aquaculture potential of the tropical freshwater crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus . brisbane , australia : department of primary industries , qi90028 .
mcphee cp ; jones cm ; shanks sa , 2004 . selection for increased weight at nine months in redclaw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) . aquaculture , in press .
king c , 1993 . potential fecundity of redclaw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus von martens , in culture . aquaculture , 114 ( 3 - 4 ) : 237 - 241 .
c . quadricarinatus is recreationally fished on a small scale throughout its natural range .
herbert b , 1987 . notes on diseases and epibionts of cherax quadricarinatus and c . tenuimanus ( decapoda : parastacidae ) . aquaculture , 64 ( 3 ) : 165 - 173 .
jones cm ; ruscoe i , 1996 . production technology for redclaw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) . final report frdc project 92 / 119 , fisheries research and development corporation , canberra .
no studies to date have investigated the active movement and dispersal of c . quadricarinatus .
meade me ; watts sa , 1995 . toxicity of ammonia , nitrite , and nitrate to juvenile australian crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus . journal of shellfish research , 14 : 341 - 346 .
chang akw , 2001 . analysis of the performance of a formulated feed in comparison with a commercial prawn feed for the crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus . world aquaculture , 32 : 19 - 23 .
garcia vazquez s , 2009 . distribution of exotic australian crayfish cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens , 1868 ) in puerto rico . mayagüez , puerto rico : university of puerto rico , 70 pp .
the main predators of c . quadricarinatus in australia are birds , eels , and water rats .
ahyong st ; yeo dcj , 2007 . feral populations of the australian red - claw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus von martens ) in water supply catchments of singapore . biological invasions , 9 : 943 - 946 .
zhixin w ; xiaoxuan c ; zhenyu t , 2000 . study on the tolerance of red craw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) to three disinfectants . journal of huazhong agricultural university , 19 : 381 - 383 .
the midgut gland of cherax quadricarinatus showed a clear response to long - term starvation and recovery according to multiple parameters as hsi , histology , molting , sgr , energetic reserves , gsh levels and digestive enzymes .
saker ml ; eaglesham gk , 1999 . the accumulation of cylindrospermopsin from the cyanobacterium cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in tissues of the redclaw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus . toxicon ( oxford ) , 37 ( 7 ) : 1065 - 1077 .
jones , c . m . 1990 . the biology and aquaculture potential of the tropical freshwater crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus . report no . qi90028 . department of primary industries , queensland , brisbane , australia . 109 pp .
bortolini jl ; alvarez f ; rodríguez - almaraz g , 2007 . on the presence of the australian redclaw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus , in mexico . biological invasions , 9 ( 5 ) : 615 - 620 . urltoken
curtis mc ; jones cm , 1995 . observations on monosex culture of redclaw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus von martens ( decapoda : parastacidae ) in earthen ponds . journal of the world aquaculture society , 26 : 154 - 159 .
figueiredo msrb ; kricker ja ; anderson aj , 2001 . digestive enzyme activities in the alimentary tract of redclaw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus ( decapoda : parastacidae ) . journal of crustacean biology , 21 : 334 - 344 .
gu h ; mather pb ; capra mf , 1994 . the relative growth of chelipeds and abdomen and muscle production in male and female redclaw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus von martens . aquaculture , 123 : 249 - 257 .
abdu u ; yehezkel g ; sagi a , 2000 . oocyte development and polypeptide dynamics during ovarian maturation in the red - claw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus . invertebrate reproduction and development , 37 ( 1 ) : 75 - 83 .
edgerton b ; owens l ; harris l ; thomas a ; wingfield m , 1995 . health survey of farmed redclaw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens ) in tropical australia . freshwater crayfish , 10 : 322 - 338 .
citation : leland jc , bucher dj , coughran j ( 2015 ) direct age determination of a subtropical freshwater crayfish ( redclaw , cherax quadricarinatus ) using ossicular growth marks . plos one 10 ( 8 ) : e0134966 . urltoken
anson kj ; rouse db , 1994 . effects of salinity on hatching and post - hatch survival of the australian red claw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus . journal of the world aquaculture society , 25 ( 2 ) : 277 - 280 .
parnes s ; khalaila i ; hulata g ; sagi a , 2003 . sex determination in crayfish : are intersex cherax quadricarinatus ( decapoda , parastacidae ) genetically females ? genetical research , 82 ( 2 ) : 107 - 116 .
romero , x . & jimenez , r . 2002 . histopathological survey of diseases and pathogens present in redclaw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens ) , cultured in ecuador . journal of fish diseases , 25 : 653 - 667 .
groff jm ; mcdowell t ; friedman cs ; hedrick rp , 1993 . detection of a nonoccluded baculovirus in the freshwater crayfish cherax quadricarinatus in north america . journal of aquatic animal health , 5 ( 4 ) : 275 - 279 .
richardson na ; anderson aj ; sara vr , 1997 . the effects of insulin / igf - i on glucose and leucine metabolism in the redclaw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) . general and comparative endocrinology , 105 : 287 - 293 .
sagi a ; shoukrun i ; khalaila i ; rise m , 1996 . gonad maturation , morphological and physiological changes during the first reproductive cycle of the crayfish cherax quadricarinatus female . invertebrate reproduction and development , 29 : 235 - 242 .
snovsky g ; galil bs , 2011 . the australian redclaw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens , 1868 ) ( crustacea : decapoda : parastactidae ) in the sea of galilee , israel . aquatic invasions , 6 : s29 - s31 .
freshwater crayfish species of cherax ( decapoda : parastacidae ) under investigation in the zoology department of the rand afrikaans university–a preliminary report .
mcphee , c . p . , jones , c . m . & shanks , s . a . 2004 . selection for increased weight at nine months in redclaw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) . aquaculture , 237 : 131 - 140 .
jones cm ; mcphee cp ; ruscoe im , 2000 . a review of genetic improvement in growth rate in redclaw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens ) ( decapoda : parastacidae ) . aquaculture research , 31 ( 1 ) : 61 - 67 .
sagi a ; khalaila i ; barki a ; hulata g ; karplus i , 1996 . intersex red claw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens ) : functional males with pre - vitellogenic ovaries . biological bulletin , 190 : 16 - 23 .
barki a ; levi t ; hulata g ; karplus i , 1997 . annual cycle of spawning and molting in the red - claw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus , under laboratory conditions . aquaculture , 157 ( 3 / 4 ) : 239 - 249 .
belle cc ; yeo dcj , 2010 . new observations of the exotic australian red - claw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens , 1868 ) ( crustacea : decapoda : parastactidae ) in singapore . nature in singapore , 3 : 99 - 102 .
garcía - guerrero m ; hendrickx me ; villarreal u , 2003 . description of the embryonic development of cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens , 1868 ) ( decapoda , parastacidae ) , based on the staging method . crustaceana , 76 : 269 - 280 .
karplus i ; barki a ; cohen s ; hulata g , 1995 . culture of the australian red - claw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus in israel : i . polyculture with fish in earthen ponds . israel journal of aquaculture , 47 : 6 - 16 .
shechter a ; aflalo ed ; davis c ; sagi a , 2005 . expression of the reproductive female - specific vitellogenin gene in endocrinologically induced male and intersex cherax quadricarinatus crayfish . biology of reproduction , 73 ( 1 ) : 72 - 79 . urltoken
cherax park redclaw , professionally packaged and frozen , ensures availability and continuity of supply all year round without compromising the taste a . . .
khalaila i ; manor r ; weil s ; yosef granot ; keller r ; sagi a , 2002 . the eyestalk - androgenic gland - testis endocrine axis in the crayfish cherax quadricarinatus . general and comparative endocrinology , 127 ( 2 ) : 147 - 156 .
yeh hs ; rouse db , 1995 . effects of water temperature , density , and sex ratio on the spawning rate of red claw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens ) . journal of the world aquaculture society , 26 ( 2 ) : 160 - 164 .
an accurate description of c . quadricarinatus is provided by souty - grosset et al . ( 2006 ) , as follows :
soroka y ; sagi a ; khalaila i ; abdu u ; milner y , 2000 . changes in protein kinase c during vitellogenesis in the crayfish cherax quadricarinatus - possible activation by methyl farnesoate . general and comparative endocrinology , 118 ( 2 ) : 200 - 208 .
xue xm ; anderson aj ; richardson na ; anderson aj ; xue gp ; mather pb , 1999 . characterisation of cellulase activity in the digestive system of the redclaw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) . aquaculture , 180 ( 3 / 4 ) : 373 - 386 .
jones , c . m . & ruscoe , i . m . 2001 . assessment of five shelter types in the production of redclaw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus ( decapoda : parastacidae ) under earthen pond conditions . journal of the world aquaculture society , 32 : 41 - 52 .
medley pb ; nelson rg ; hatch lu ; rouse db ; pinto gf , 1994 . economic feasibility and risk analysis of australian red claw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus aquaculture in the southeastern united states . journal of the world aquaculture society , 25 ( 1 ) : 135 - 146 .
jones , c . m . & ruscoe i . m . 2000 . assessment of stocking size and density in the production of redclaw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens ) ( decapoda : parastacidae ) , cultured under earthen pond conditions . aquaculture , 189 : 63 - 71 .
karplus i ; sagi a ; khalaila i ; barki a , 2003 . the soft red patch of the australian freshwater crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens ) ) : a review and prospects for future research . journal of zoology , 259 ( 4 ) : 375 - 379 .
romero x ; turnbull jf ; jiménez r , 2000 . ultrastructure and cytopathology of a rickettsia - like organism causing systemic infection in the redclaw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus ( crustacea : decapoda ) , in ecuador . journal of invertebrate pathology , 76 ( 2 ) : 95 - 104 .
jones , c . m . , mcphee , c . p . & ruscoe , i . m . 2000 . a review of genetic improvement in growth rate in redclaw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens ) ( decapoda : parastacidae ) . aquaculture research , 31 : 61 - 67 .
baker n ; bruyn mde ; mather pb , 2008 . patterns of molecular diversity in wild stocks of the redclaw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) from northern australia and papua new guinea : impacts of plio - pleistocene landscape evolution . freshwater biology , 53 ( 8 ) : 1592 - 1605 .
ponce - palafox jt ; arredondo - figueroa jl ; romero x , 1999 . [ english title not available ] . ( análisis del cultivo comercial de la langosta de agua dulce ( cherax quadricarinatus ) : y su posible impacto en américa latina . ) contactos , 31 : 54 - 61 .
serrano - pinto v ; vazquez - boucard c ; villarreal - colmenares h , 2003 . yolk proteins during ovary and egg development of mature female freshwater crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) . comparative biochemistry and physiology . a , molecular & integrative physiology , 134 ( 1 ) : 33 - 43 .
cherax park is located at theebine , a picturesque rural community 40km north of gympie , queensland . the farm was established in 1999 . operating at the highest standard in the industry , cherax park has become one of the biggest and most successful freshwater crayfish operation in queensland as well as the leading exporter in the industry .
the newly installed smart solar system at cherax park is an absolute attraction . the complete solar system will not only reduce the power cost for our . . .
map of singapore indicating water supply catchments and locations where c . quadricarinatus was collected from and / or observed ( indicated by filled circle )
c - gan ; weng x - l ; xu y - z ; fan y - j ; zhao y - l , 2011 . histological and ultrastructural studies on the male reproductive system and spermatogenesis in the red claw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus . journal of crustacean biology , 31 : 223 - 230 .
cortes - jacinto e ; villarreal - colmenares h ; civera - cerecedo r ; naranjo - paramo j , 2004 . effect of dietary protein level on the growth and survival of pre - adult freshwater crayfish cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens ) in monosex culture . aquaculture research , 35 : 71 - 79 .
khalaila i ; katz t ; abdu u ; yehezkel g ; sagi a , 2001 . effects of implantation of hypertrophied androgenic glands on sexual characters and physiology of the reproductive system in the female red claw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus . general and comparative endocrinology , 121 ( 3 ) : 242 - 249 .
macaranas jm ; mather pb ; hoeben p ; capra mf , 1995 . assessment of genetic variation in wild populations of the redclaw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus , von martens 1868 ) by means of allozyme and rapd - pcr markers . marine and freshwater research , 46 ( 8 ) : 1217 - 1228 .
citation : sacristán hj , ansaldo m , franco - tadic lm , fernández gimenez av , lópez greco ls ( 2016 ) long - term starvation and posterior feeding effects on biochemical and physiological responses of midgut gland of cherax quadricarinatus juveniles ( parastacidae ) . plos one 11 ( 3 ) : e0150854 . urltoken
lawrence c ; jones c , 2002 . cherax . in : holdich dm , ed . biology of freshwater crayfish , blackwell science , uk , 635 - 669 .
now , cherax park is a brand for a diversified and integrated farming base and a research hub . the whole cherax team is working to their greatest potential to make the business into a vertically integrated value chain and a platform for a comprehensive and sustainable farming practice . cherax park is dedicated to become a major player in promoting avant - guard innovations in agriculture and aquaculture , as well as to manage our natural resources to maximize their long - term commercial , recreational and environmental benefits for the community .
doupé rg ; morgan dl ; gill hs ; rowland aj , 2004 . introduction of redclaw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens ) to lake kununurra , ord river , western australia : prospects for a ' yabby ' in the kimberley . journal of the royal society of western australia , 87 : 187 - 191 .
the generic name cherax is thought to be a misspelling of the greek word ' charax ' , meaning a pointed stake , i . e . a thing that scratches .
abdu u ; davis c ; khalaila i ; sagi a , 2002 . the vitellogenin cdna of cherax quadricarinatus encodes a lipoprotein with calcium binding ability , and its expression is induced following the removal of the androgenic gland in a sexually plastic system . general and comparative endocrinology , 127 ( 3 ) : 263 - 272 .
khalaila i ; peter - katalinic j ; tsang c ; radcliffe cm ; aflalo ed ; harvey dj ; dwek ra ; rudd pm ; sagi a , 2004 . structural characterization of the n - glycan moiety and site of glycosylation in vitellogenin from the decapod crustacean cherax quadricarinatus . glycobiology , 14 : 767 - 774 .
sagi a ; milstein a ; eran y ; joseph d ; khalaila i ; abdu u ; harpaz s ; karplus i , 1998 . culture of the australian red claw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) in israel . ii . second growout season of overwintered populations . israel journal of aquaculture , 49 : 222 - 229 .
shechter a ; berman a ; singer a ; freiman a ; grinstein m ; erez j ; aflalo ed ; sagi a , 2008 . reciprocal changes in calcification of the gastrolith and cuticle during the molt cycle of the red claw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus . biological bulletin , 214 ( 2 ) : 122 - 134 . urltoken
pavasovic , a . , anderson , a . j . , mather , p . b . & richardson , n . a . 2007 . influence of dietary protein on digestive enzyme activity , growth and tail muscle composition in redclaw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens ) . aquaculture research , 38 : 644 - 652 .
muzinic la ; thompson kr ; morris a ; webster cd ; rouse db ; manomaitis l , 2004 . partial and total replacement of fish meal with soyabean meal and brewer ' s grains with yeast in practical diets for australian red claw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus . aquaculture , 230 ( 1 / 4 ) : 359 - 376 .
a : cherax quadricarinatus specimen with the carapace partly removed to expose the cardiac stomach containing the gastric mill ( indicated by the black arrow ) . b : cherax quadricarinatus gastric mill showing the structural arrangement of the single mesocardiac ( m ) ossicle and paired zygocardiac ( z ) and pterocardiac ( p ) ossicles . the mesocardiac and zygocardiac ossicles support distally - positioned tooth plates ( mt = mesocardiac tooth , zt = zygocardiac teeth ) that are used to grind food items . the tooth plates are directed posteriorly within the cardiac stomach . c : close up of the mesocardiac tooth plate showing the region containing urocardiac ridges ( indicated by the black arrow ) .
barki , a . , karplus , i . , manor , r . , parnes , s . , aflalo , e . d . & sagi , a . 2006 . growth of redclaw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) in a three - dimensional compartments system : does a neighbor matter ? aquaculture , 252 : 348 - 355 .
saoud , i . p . , ghanawi , j . , thompson , k . r . , & webster , c . d . 2013 . a review of the culture and diseases of redclaw crayfish cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens 1868 ) . journal of the world aquaculture society , 44 ( 1 ) : 1 - 29 .
karplus i ; zoran m ; milstein a ; harpaz s ; eran y ; joseph d ; sagi a , 1998 . culture of the australian red - claw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) in israel . iii . survival in earthen ponds under ambient winter temperatures . aquaculture , 166 ( 3 / 4 ) : 259 - 267 .
thompson , k . r . , muzinic , l . a . , engler , l . s . & webster , c . d . 2005 . evaluation of practical diets containing different protein levels , with or without fish meal , for juvenile australian red claw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) . aquaculture , 244 : 241 - 249 .
one c . quadricarinatus ( < 2 % ) died during the staining procedure , but seven other fatalities ( < 13 % ) occurred during the grow - out . during that time , 34 c . quadricarinatus moulted ( from 1–6 times ) . most moults ( n = 23 ) occurred during summer ( december–february ) , but 10 moults occurred in winter ( june–august ) . the calcein stain was retained in the meso - and zygocardiac ossicles of the two c . quadricarinatus ( 18 and 24 mm ocl ) sacrificed after 10 months ( both individuals had moulted once ) .
the studies available on c . quadricarinatus ’ reproductive biology have been mainly purposed to optimize production of farmed crayfish . for example , king ( 1993 ) showed that sexually mature c . quadricarinatus kept at 25°c with a 12l : 12d photoperiod spawned all year . females could spawn twice , and possibly three times , between annual moults , although not all females mated or exhibited multiple spawning .
cortes - jacinto , e . , villarreal - colmenares , h . , cruz - suarez , l . e . , civera - cerecedo , r . , nolasco - soria , h . & hernandez - llamas , a . 2005 . effect of different dietary protein and lipid levels on growth and survival of juvenile australian redclaw crayfish , cherax quadricarinatus ( von martens ) . aquaculture nutrition , 11 : 283 - 291 .
c . quadricarinatus is an aquatic crayfish , naturally distributed in a wide variety of habitats in its native range of distribution ( queensland and northern territory in australia and southeastern papua new guin . . .
thompson , k . r . , muzinic , l . a . , engler , l . s . , morton , s . r . & webster , c . d . 2004 . effects of feeding practical diets containing various protein levels on growth , survival , body composition , and processing traits of australian red claw crayfish ( cherax quadricarinatus ) and on pond water quality . aquaculture research , 35 : 659 - 668 .
lawrence , c . & jones , c . 2002 . chapter 17 . cherax . in : d . m . holdich ( ed ) , biology of freshwater crayfish , pp . 635 - 670 . blackwell science , oxford .
c . quadricarinatus has been assessed by iucn ( 2010 ) as least concern . there are no major threats impacting this species or its habitat , and it is unlikely to be experiencing significant population declines .
justification : cherax quadricarinatus has been assessed as least concern . there are no major threats impacting this species or its habitat , and it is unlikely to be experiencing significant population declines . this species is tolerant of a wide variety of habitats and is considered an invasive species in certain parts of australia and in many other countries . further research is required to determine the abundance of this species , and whether it is being impacted upon by any major threat processes .
c . quadricarinatus can be distinguished from c . destructor and c . tenuimanus by the presence of four keels , and the coloured patch on the male chela ( souty - grosset et al . , 2006 ) .
karplus i ; zoran m ; milstein a ; harpaz s ; eran y ; joseph d ; sagi a , 1998 . culture of the australian redclaw crayfish ( cherax ) in israel . fisheries and fishbreeding in israel . haifa , 31 : 172 - 182 .
the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of long - term starvation and posterior feeding on energetic reserves , oxidative stress , digestive enzymes , and histology of the midgut gland in advanced juveniles of c . quadricarinatus .
c . quadricarinatus is an aquatic crayfish , naturally distributed in a wide variety of habitats in its native range of distribution ( queensland and northern territory in australia and southeastern papua new guinea ) . due to the harsh physical conditions it has adapted to in its native range , c . quadricarinatus has a robust nature with broad tolerances to environmental extremes . such environmental tolerance , combined with its rapid growth rate and relatively large dimensions , makes it an ideal species for aquaculture and aquarium trade .
( of astacus quadricarinatus von martens , 1868 ) von martens , e . ( 1868 ) . ueber einige neue crustaceen und ueber die neuhollaendischen suessvasserkrebse . monatsbericte der deutschen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin . 1868 : 608 - 619 . [ details ]
freshwater and calcein were combined ( at 500 mg l - 1 ) in an aerated aquarium . the ph was adjusted upwards ( to 7 . 5 ) using 1m naoh . fifty - five c . quadricarinatus were stained by immersion ( for 72 h ) during late april–early may 2013 . all c . quadricarinatus were housed individually and reared for up to one year ( termed ‘grow - out period’ ) under ambient temperatures ( with light fixed at 12 : 12 h ) . during the grow - out period c . quadricarinatus were fed commercial aquaculture pellets ( ad libitum ) periodically supplemented with algae and organic debris ( i . e . leaves and sticks ) . the foregut exuviae of stained individuals that moulted were examined for gastric ossicles .
semple gp ; rouse db ; mclain kr , 1995 . c . destructor , c . tenuimanus , c . quadricarinatus ( decapoda : parastacidae ) : a comparative review of biological traits relating to aquaculture potential . freshwater crayfish , 8 : 495 - 503 .
sensitivity rating : signal grade 4 . adult cherax can tolerant low dissolved oxygen levels ( to 0 . 5 ppm ) and high salinity levels ( to 25 , 000 ppm ) . juveniles and eggs are more sensitive . adults display avoidance reaction to poor water quality by moving into pond shallows or climbing onto the bank .
no studies have investigated the invasive potential of c . quadricarinatus and the negative impact it may exert on the invaded ecosystems . concerns are raised about its potential to outcompete indigenous crustaceans and other components of the invaded communities . it may be also a vector of parasites and diseases .
with respect to other crayfish , such as cherax destructor , female fecundity is relatively low , with 300 - 1 , 000 eggs per spawn . the number of both pleopodal eggs and juveniles ( but not juvenile weight ) was shown to be positively correlated to female size ( king , 1993 ; barki et al . , 1997 ) .
the 1–3 + c . quadricarinatus sacrificed in autumn had sufficient material deposited beyond the outermost mark to suggest that deposition of a new mark was imminent . the position of the calcein stain ( fig 7 ) just before a growth mark further supports this observation . in all crustaceans , growth is positively correlated with temperature [ 31 ] . it follows that the observed minimum in c . quadricarinatus growth during winter would coincide with reduced ossicular deposition . given the above , it appears likely that ossicular growth marks are deposited during winter , but formal studies investigating the timing of growth mark formation are needed .
irrespective of size , the number of zygocardiac teeth ( 8–10 ) was similar and weakly correlated with ocl ( y = –1 . 995x + 37 . 90 ; r 2 = 0 . 04 ; n = 37 ) . the number of urocardiac ridges on the mesocardiac tooth plate was strongly and positively correlated with ocl , with small c . quadricarinatus having a single ridge and larger crayfish having up to four ( fig 6 ) . c . quadricarinatus foregut exuviae ( n = 50 ) always contained only the shed meso - and zygocardiac tooth plates ( i . e . without any trace of the corresponding ossicles ) .
we are grateful to timothy pwee , benjamin lee and leong tzi ming for sharing their observations of c . quadricarinatus in singapore ; chris austin for helping to confirm the identity of some museum specimens ; and kelvin lim for producing the map . research by sta was supported by biosecurity new zealand contract zbs2005 - 24 .
the present study provides new and relevant biological information on physiological responses of crayfish under long - term starvation . according to the whole results of the present research , when the redclaw crayfish c . quadricarinatus are long - term starved , they do not grow ( sgr and no molting ) , reducing the digestive gland weight ( hsi ) , presenting histological alteration in the midgut gland , using the glycogen and lipid reserves as source energy , reducing digestive lipase activity and gsh levels , and will not be altering the catalase activity . therefore , these parameters could be used as a tool to analyze the nutritional status of c . quadricarinatus .
the adult male gets a distinctive red patch on the outside of his claws , this is absent on females . on the rare
blues
from cherax park , au . the red stripe is replaced with a translucent white on the males . the male is also larger than the female , reaching a maximum of 25 cm in length and weight up to 600g .
the maximum individual c . quadricarinatus putative age reported here ( 3 + ) corroborates that reported from indirect ageing studies [ 21 – 22 ] . given that juvenile c . quadricarinatus moult 12 times during their first three months [ 30 ] , the ossicular growth marks cannot equate to moult - number ( also see [ 8 ] ) . for example , the 0 + juveniles in this study would have moulted numerous times , but neither had yet deposited a growth mark . the apparent extension of a near - annual cycle beyond the calcein stain ( fig 7 ) and the observed maximum number of growth marks both strongly support the annual - deposition hypothesis .
cherax quadricarinatus is now present in the komati , lomati , mbuluzi , mlawula and usutu rivers , and it was also detected in several off - channel irrigation impoundments . where present , it was generally abundant , with populations having multiple size cohorts and containing ovigerous females . in the komati river , it has spread more than 112 km downstream of the initial introduction point and 33 km upstream of a tributary , resulting in a mean spread rate of 8 km year −1 downstream and 4 . 7 km year −1 upstream . in swaziland , estimated downstream spread rate might reach 14 . 6 km year −1 . individuals were generally larger and heavier closer to the introduction site , which might be linked to juvenile dispersal .
in australia , production is 70 tons per annum , with a yield 1000 - 4000 kg ha - 1 crop - 1 . few production data are available for european countries . ackefors ( 2000 ) reported that the combined production of c . destructor and c . quadricarinatus from aquaculture in europe in 1994 was 3 . 7 tons .
crustaceans experience starvation periods during their growing process as a result of sequential molting . nevertheless , the ability of some crustacean species , such as cherax destructor , to survive during periods of extreme deficiency in food and / or surface water is inevitably linked to its behavioral and physiological response to such conditions . therefore , survival time is probably associated to nutrient storage capacity and energy conservation [ 1 ] .
most studies have focussed on analyzing methods to make cultivation of this species more profitable . very few studies have been made on feral populations . there is scarce information about the position of c . quadricarinatus in the food web of natural ecosystems and nothing is yet known about its possible negative impact to the environment , as well as to human activities and health .
we are particularly grateful to s . singh at the central analytical research facility ( queensland university of technology ) for completing our confocal microscopy . dr j . parkyn , dr g . butler , m . ruge , m . anstoetz , l . taylor and c . taylor are thanked for their valuable technical contributions . we also thank p . and e . moore ( cherax park aquaculture farm ) for their kind provision of the research specimens .
these findings demonstrate that c . quadricarinatus is established in south africa and swaziland and that the species has spread , not only within the river where it was first introduced , but also between rivers . considering the strong impacts that alien crayfish usually have on invaded ecosystems , assessments of its potential impacts on native freshwater biota and an evaluation of possible control measures are , therefore , urgent requirements .
seven other individuals were sacrificed after one year . of these , all had moulted and three c . quadricarinatus ( that moulted 1 , 3 or 4 times ) had an easily identifiable calcein mark within the endocuticle , but the amount of subsequent growth varied substantially . one large adult c . quadricarinatus showed approximately a year’s proportional growth i . e . , the width of the material deposited during the 12 months laboratory grow - out was 110 % of the previous cycle’s width ( fig 7a and 7b ) , which was produced in outdoor ponds . in this individual , a discrete calcein mark was positioned within the endocuticle and just before the third growth mark ( fig 7a and 7b ) . for the remaining four individuals , the position of the calcein was either along the outer edge or a discrete mark was not clearly distinguishable .
the implications of the occurrence of c . quadricarinatus for the ecology of the invaded systems are unknown . it has been hypothesized that in western australia it can outcompete three indigenous species of macrobrachium prawns ( macrobrachium australiense , m . bullatum , and m . spinipes ) and three species of atyiid shrimp ( caridina cf . longirostris , c . nilotica , and c . serratirostris ) ( lynas et al . , 2007 ) .
with respect to lipids , they were gradually consumed as the days of food deprivation increased , and posterior feeding was not sufficient to fully restore the lipid reserves . therefore , according to our results when the juveniles of c . quadricarinatus are starved , they first use the glycogen and lipid reserves , leaving the energy from proteins unused . in c . destructor , jones and obst ( 2000 ) [ 1 ] showed that lipids were mobilized after protein and carbohydrate reserves .
parnes et al . ( 2003 ) tested a sex - determination model for c . quadricarinatus in which intersex individuals ( functionally males ) were assumed to be females from a genetic viewpoint ( wz ) . individual crosses were performed between intersex and female crayfish , with control crosses being performed between normal males and females . the control crosses yielded , in most cases , the expected 1 : 1 sex ratio in the f1 progeny . crosses between intersex individuals and females yielded a 1 : 3 ( male : female ) sex ratio in most crosses . according to the hypothesis , one - third of the females produced in a cross of a female with an intersex animal should be ww females . the hypothesis was tested by crossing normal males with f1 females , which were progeny of intersex fathers . these crosses yielded almost 100 % females , a finding that conforms to the above - suggested sex determination model for c . quadricarinatus and the female wz genotype of intersex individuals .
recent methodological advances [ 7 – 8 ] have allowed for hitherto impossible direct age determination and periodicity assessment . this study provides the first assessment of stain retention and subsequent ossicular growth over an annual cycle for any crustacean . we give the first direct evidence ( but see [ 8 – 10 ] ) for annual periodicity of ossicular growth marks in a subtropical species . further , we demonstrate that c . quadricarinatus ossicles contain easily - extractable chronological information that is suitable for age and growth studies .
fast growth rates , relative ease of reproduction , lack of any free - living larval stages , gregariousness , and the ability to tolerate poor water quality conditions are characteristics that make c . quadricarinatus an optimal species for aquaculture . interest in this species stimulated research which has led to the development of optimum husbandry and best practice techniques . even so , the redclaw farming industry has not lived up to early expectations and predictions , and production has remained relatively low ( lawrence and jones , 2002 ) .
c . quadricarinatus is omnivorous , but in culture grows well on diets with a high proportion of cheap plant material ( lawrence and jones , 2002 ) . the optimal food for juveniles is zooplankton . they possess an array of digestive enzymes that enable digestion of a broad range of organic materials of animal and plant origin ( figueiredo et al . , 2001 ) . there is evidence of endogenous production of cellulases that enable redclaw to digest cellulose and similar sugars ( xue et al . , 1999 ) .
another result from our study showed that proteins were not affected by long - term starvation and posterior feeding . this would be indicating that c . quadricarinatus did not use protein as a primary source of energy during long food restriction . this result disagree with previous studies in shrimps and crabs : hemigrapsus nudus [ 79 ] , marsupenaeus japonicus [ 16 ] , penaeus esculentus [ 80 ] , litopenaeus vannamei [ 29 ] and lithodes santolla [ 33 ] , species that use protein as the main energy source .
( a ) the inkomati , ( b ) mbuluzi and ( c ) usutu river basins and ( d ) richard’s bay area . the approximate point of first introduction of c . quadricarinatus in the komati river and the potential point of introduction in the mbuluzi river are indicated with red stars . full circles and triangles respectively represent river and dam sites where crayfish was found , empty circles and triangles represent river and dam sites where crayfish was not detected . black stars indicate sites where crayfish presence has been previously reported .
c . quadricarinatus possesses a range of biological attributes that make it an ideal candidate for semi - intensive aquaculture ( lawrence and jones , 2002 ) . redclaw have a very simple life cycle : as such , the technology needed to manage the life cycle is relatively simple . broodstock are readily available from existing pond stocks , which also facilitates the selection of broodstock with advantageous characteristics such as a fast growth rate or high fecundity . genetic selection and domestication of farm stocks can increase growth rates and yields by as much as 10 % per generation .
the red patch located on the propodus of c . quadricarinatus males has attracted much attention , being a sexually dimorphic structure . according to karplus et al . ( 2003 ) , this patch presents an enigma because it is soft and uncalcified , consisting of a thin red to whitish - orange membrane . it presents an impairment of the fighting capability of the males , which , like many other clawed crustaceans , use these appendages in intra - and interspecific aggressive interactions . a hypothesis is that the red patch transmits information concerning the gender , size and quality of its owner .
the harsh physical extremes of its distribution in tropical australia have given c . quadricarinatus a robust nature with broad tolerances , particularly in the case of queensland strains . over 70 % of adults’ growth occurs in the range 23 - 31°c . maximum growth rate of hatchlings occurs when the temperature is about 30°c and growth ceases when the temperature falls to 15°c or rises to 35°c ; their thermal tolerance range between 22°c and 32°c ( king , 1994 ) . lethal limits are around 9 - 10°c and 34 - 35°c . reproduction will only occur while water temperature remains above 23°c .
on the balance of evidence , it appears that c . quadricarinatus growth marks are deposited annually . however , further research utilising longer grow - out periods ( e . g . 2 years ) , larger sample sizes and multiple approaches are required for a definitive validation ( see [ 1 ] ) . assessment of alternative calcein concentrations and exposure durations or less - expensive chemical tags might improve the existing techniques . increased understanding of the structural nature of ossicular growth marks and the mechanism governing their deposition is needed to promote certainty and facilitate the widespread uptake of direct crustacean ageing methods .
rickettsia - like organisms have been isolated from c . quadricarinatus and are considered to be a significant pathogen of this species , causing mortalities in cultured populations in northern queensland and ecuador ( edgerton et al . , 1995 ; romero et al . , 2000 ) . psorospermium sp . and the microsporidian thelohania have also been found in australian populations ( herbert , 1987 ; edgerton et al . , 1995 ) . ciliate epibionts ( zoothamnium , vorticella and lagenophrys ) and the endoparasite belonging to the tetrahymena pyriformis complex were identified in populations in queensland ( herbert , 1987 ; edgerton et al . , 1995 ) .
kilada et al . [ 8 ] and weldon et al . [ 28 ] reported that only the zygocardiac and mesocardiac tooth plates are moulted . our observations indicate that the process is the same for c . quadricarinatus . the tooth plates are subject to heavy wear during intermoult periods and moulting allows for cutting surface renewal and size increase [ 28 ] . the absence of moulted ossicles indicates that these structural components are probably retained for life [ 8 , 28 ] . like weldon et al . [ 28 ] however , we believe that specifically - tailored investigations into the fate of the gastric mill during ecdysis are needed to promote certainty .
yeh and rouse ( 1995 ) investigated the effects of water temperature on c . quadricarinatus ’ spawning rate , showing its increase with temperature , with 30°c providing the highest spawning rate . no difference was on the contrary found among stocking densities of 10 , 15 and 20 m - 2 or among sex ratios of 1 : 1 , 1 : 3 , and 1 : 5 m : f . a combination of density of 20 m - 2 , sex ratio of 1 : 5 m : f , high temperature and long day lengths ( 14l : 10d ) were effective to increase spawning rates , but these conditions cannot be maintained for more than 3 months .
the observed average size range of c . quadricarinatus collected in the various sampling sites ( cephalothorax length : 20–98 . 2 mm ) was in the range of values reported for this species other invasive populations ( bortolini , alvarez & rodriguez - almaraz , 2007 ; jaklič & vrezec , 2011 ; marufu , phiri & nhiwatiwa , 2014 ) . the sex ratio at individual sampling sites was generally not significantly different from the commonly found 1 : 1 ratio ( e . g . , bortolini , alvarez & rodriguez - almaraz , 2007 ; belle et al . , 2011 ) . however , it is interesting that the overall sex ratio ( all sampling sites ) in the wet season was significantly different from 1 : 1 , with males outnumbering females . this probably reflects reduced capture vulnerability of females during the reproduction season , when berried females are less active ( masser & rouse , 1997 ) .
each c . quadricarinatus was assigned a putative age category based on the number of primary growth marks within the endocuticle ( i . e . ‘0 + ’ , ‘1 + ’ , ‘2 + ’ or ‘3 + ’ ) . ossicle readability was categorised as either ‘good’ ( i . e . having well - defined and easily read primary marks ) , ‘intermediate’ ( i . e . having readable but relatively poorly - defined primary marks ) or ‘poor’ ( i . e . the section was unreadable ) and compared with moult stage to assess any potential inter - relationship . putative ages were adjusted ( + 0 . 5 years ) to account for the time elapsed between hatching ( late spring–early summer , estimated as november 1 ) and collection . all sections were re - read ( as above ) by a second observer ( without knowledge of the previous count ) to determine count repeatability ( expressed as percentage agreement ) . all counts were done without knowledge of the individual’s size .
finally , an outstanding characteristic of c . quadricarinatus , which makes this species an ideal study model of sexual determination and plasticity , is the occurrence within populations , with a frequency of 2 - 14 % , of intersex individuals ( medley and rouse , 1993 ; sagi et al . , 1996a ) . intersex individuals possess a male opening on one of the fifth pereopod and a female opening on the opposite third pereopod ; they also possess an androgenic gland and an active testis on the side of the male opening and an ovary on the opposite side . they have male secondary sexual characteristics and function as males with an ovary in a permanently arrested , pre - vitellogenic state . removal of the androgenic gland from intersex crayfish was found to induce the shift of the reproductive system from a permanently active male state to a female state . this included changes in morphology , cessation of spermatogenesis and onset of secondary vitellogenesis accompanied by the induction of the vitellogenin gene in the hepatopancreas ( sagi et al . , 1996a ) .
the two smallest individuals ( 10 and 12 mm ocl juveniles ) had easily identified cuticular boundaries , but no subsequent growth mark within the endocuticle and were aged at 0 + ( fig 4a ) . all remaining c . quadricarinatus ( 15–31 mm ocl adults ) had between 1 and 3 concentrically - arranged growth marks occurring within the endocuticle ( fig 4b ) . for all sections , the distance between adjacent marks declined with each successive mark and ossicular material ( > 50 % of the previous cycle ) was present beyond the outer - most mark ( fig 4b ) . the von bertalanffy equation fitted the size - at - age data better ( l ∞ = 32 mm ocl ; k = 0 . 64 ; t 0 = –0 . 18 ; r 2 = 0 . 81 ; n = 15 ; fig 5 ) than a linear model ( y = 5 . 485x + 11 . 414 ; r 2 = 0 . 74 ; n = 15 ) . there was no obvious difference between male and female size - at - age , but the three oldest individuals ( 3 + ) were all male ( fig 5 ) .
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archives of environmental contamination and toxicology . ( journal , magazine , 1973 ) [ worldcat . org ]
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archives of environmental contamination and toxicology . / ; new york , etc . : springer , 1973 -
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
livingston , f . , livingston , f . , soulsby , a . - m . , batchelor , a . , dyer , e . , whitton , f . , milligan , h . t . , smith , j . , lutz , m . l . , de silva , r . , mcguinness , s . , kasthala , g . , jopling , b . , sullivan , k . & cryer , g .
is native to freshwater creeks and water bodies in tropical queensland , the northern territory and south - eastern papua new guinea .
it has been widely translocated around the world , and is considered an invasive species . this species has established feral populations in south africa , mexico , jamaica and puerto rico ( ahyong and yeo 2007 ) . this species has a distribution exceeding 3 . 5 million km
this is a non - burrowing species that is tolerant of a wide variety of habitats . this species can be found in coastal streams and freshwater environments , with a preference for the slower moving upper reaches of rivers as well as lakes and lagoons ( wingfield 2002 ) . the distribution of this species is restricted to tropical and subtropical climates as the species cannot survive prolonged exposure to water temperatures below 10
this species has also made it popular in the aquarium trade worldwide ( ahyong and yeo 2007 ) .
this is a species with considerable potential for commercial culture . high growth rates and tolerance to wide variations in water quality make the species suitable for cultivation ( anson and rouse 1994 ) . in areas where this species has been introduced ,
it may impact native fauna through direct competition , predation or habitat modification , or spreading previously unknown parasites into native populations ( ahyong and yeo 2007 ) .
. 2002 , romero and jimenez 2002 ) . this species has life history traits which are typical of an invasive species ; that is , this species is
all production and supply of this species is from aquaculture . the species ' remote distribution and legal prohibition on commercial fishing in australian freshwater , has restricted fishing of wild populations to a very small volume of recreational catch ( c . jones pers . comm . 2008 ) . although this wild off - take is very limited , the farmed production of this species is estimated to exceed 100 tonnes in australia last year ( jones 1990 , 1998 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . further research is required to determine the abundance of this species , and whether it is being impacted upon by any major threat processes .
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relatively large freshwater crayfish , smooth lustrous deep blue to green shell , with males exhibiting bright red colouring on the margins of their large claws . males can reach a maximum weight of 500 g and females 400 g . juveniles ( less than 20 to 30 g ) can be sexually distinguished by the gonopore position , adjacent to the fifth pereiopods ( walking legs ) for males and third legs for females . distinguished from other crayfish by size , colour and the presence of four distinct anterior ridges ( carinae ) of the carapace .
besides the producing countries shown in the map based on fao statistical returns , redclaw farming activities are also known to exist in belize , china , indonesia , israel , morocco , panama , spain and the united states of america . unconfirmed reports of interest in several other countries also exist .
redclaw is native to the upper reaches of rivers in northeastern australia , and in papua new guinea . its preferred habitat is in high turbidity , slow moving streams or static water holes ( billabongs ) that characterise the rivers in that region . these are flushed seasonally with monsoonal wet season rains , which may wash the redclaw downstream . redclaw display a strong tendency to move upstream to the preferred habitat , and to avoid being stranded in the lower river reaches that often dry up in the dry season . its adaptation to the natural habitat has generated a host of biological attributes that are well suited to aquaculture , as summarised below :


their armour is covered with spines .

it is placed in the genus asthenosoma and lives in the sea .

asthenosoma intermedium was first scientifically described in 1938 by hubert lyman clark .

asthenosoma intermedium

worms - world register of marine species - asthenosoma intermedium h . l . clark , 1938
asthenosoma intermedium ( h . l . clark , 1938 ) | surg - solitary island underwater research group
asthenosoma intermedium is a species of sea urchin of the family echinothuriidae . their armour is covered with spines .
clark , h . l . ( 1938 ) . echinoderms from australia , an account of collections made in 1929 and 1932 . memoirs of the museum of comparative zoology at harvard college . 55 : 1 - 597 ( 28 plates ) . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 378 - 380 ; pl . 26 : figs 2 - 3 [ details ]
kroh , a . & mooi , r . ( 2018 ) . world echinoidea database .
mortensen , t . ( 1951 ) . a monograph of the echinoidea . v , 2 . spatangoida ii . amphisternata ii . spatangidæ , loveniidæ , pericosmidæ , schizasteridæ , brissidæ , 593 pp . , c . a . reitzel , copenhagen . page ( s ) : 557 [ details ]
kier , p . m . & lawson , m . h . 1978 . index of living and fossil echinoids 1924 - 1970 . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 34 , 1 - 182 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 20 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
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kier , p . m . & lawson , m . h . 1978 . index of living and fossil echinoids 1924 - 1970 . smithsonian contributions to paleobiology 34 , 1 - 182 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 20 [ details ] available for editors
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
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clark , h . l . 1938 ,
echinoderms from australia . an account of collections made in 1929 and 1932 .
, memoirs of the museum of comparative zoology , harvard university , vol . 55 , pp . 1 - 596 , figs 1 - 64 , pls 1 - 28
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 69a02d9d - 808e - 4455 - 94f7 - edfa5dae842f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 858e6e33 - b2da - 4675 - 83d0 - c8fc383261eb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c9942121 - 270d - 4bfa - 9db6 - 603f448595ed
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : de103ada - b582 - 40dd - bc1a - 6e386d142242
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 420751
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not commonly seen in the solitary islands marine park . distribution throughout the tropical indo - pacific region generally . in australia recorded from geraldton in western australia , around the tropical north to southern queensland on the east coast .
all information was correct at the time of publication and is subject to change without notice . copyright 2014 , solitary islands underwater research group inc . ( abn : 38 104 639 980 ) - all rights reserved .
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