in paleontology , a lazarus taxon ( plural taxa ) is a taxon that disappears for one or more periods from the fossil record , only to appear again later .

likewise in conservation biology and ecology , it can refer to species or populations that were thought to be extinct , and are rediscovered .

the term refers to the story in the christian biblical gospel of john , in which jesus christ raised lazarus from the dead .

lazarus taxon

outgroup •• habitat 1 ^ h habitat 2 i i habitat3 mie habitat 4 i i habitats taxon a ib taxon b 3d taxon c taxon d id taxon e taxon f ib taxon g o taxon h id taxon i taxon j • taxon k d taxon l taxon m ib taxon n b •
•
•••••••••••••••••••••••l outgroup . . .
like the elvis taxon , a look - alike that has supplanted an extinct taxon through convergent evolution , and the zombie taxon that contains specimens that have been collected from strata younger than the extinction of the taxon .
the coelacanth is the most famous lazarus taxon . photo by afernand74 , cc by - sa 3 . 0 .
wikepedia ( 2011 ) . lazarus taxon . list of reappearing fossil taxa . accessed 11 . 13 . 11 at urltoken .
the coelacanth is a prime example of the lazarus taxon , a prehistoric animal that disappears from the fossil record and is then found alive .
referring of course to the biblical lazarus ( who jesus kindly brought back from the jaws of death ) , a lazarus taxon is a group of animals initially thought to be extinct only to be discovered at a later date to be quite alive .
laonastes and the
lazarus effect
in recent mammals . - pubmed - ncbi
great , i love the elvis / mark twain analogy . i could see lazarus taxon and elvis taxon as two fire - and - brimstone hillbilly preachers , roaming the hollers and up to no good . hmm . . might base a novel on them sometime…
are examples of a reappearing fossil taxon , or lazarus taxon . until 1938 when fishermen hauled in a coelacanth off the indian ocean coast of south africa , coelacanths were known only from the fossil record and thought to have been extinct for some 80 million years .
whenever a fossil is discovered that is supposed to have gone extinct disappearing from one or more periods from the fossil record reappearing sometime later it is placed into the lazarus taxon .
paleontologists have long recognized that there are gaps in the fossil record . they need some way to explain away the gaps . they used to use the term , “lazarus taxon . ”
the map shown above gives the frequency of use of the term «taxon» in the different countries .
that qualify as lazarus finds . we can read about the rare new zealand bird called the
of the word «taxon» during the past 500 years . its implementation is based on analysing how often the term «taxon» appears in digitalised printed sources in english between the year 1500 and the present day .
whenever a fossil is discovered that is supposed to have gone extinct disappearing from one or more periods from the fossil record reappearing sometime later it is placed into the lazarus taxon . this category is derived from the story of the resurrection of lazarus from the dead in chapter 11 of the gospel of john .
but then a species of coelacanth ( latimeria chalumnae ) was caught off the south african coast in 1938 , earning the fish the title of lazarus taxon — a group of animals
resurrected
from extinction .
fara , e . 2001 . what are lazarus taxa ? geological journal . 36 : 291 - 303
for those who are little shaky on their new testament stories , lazarus is the fellow that jesus is said to have raised from the dead . and while the miracle of finding the metasequoia was one of science , rather than religion , paleontologists karl flessa and david jablonski coined the term lazarus taxon for organisms that reappear after their presumed extinction .
ah , now these little things are arguably the cutest lazarus taxon on the list . known technically as burramys parvus , this tiny mouse - sized marsupial can be found in the alpine habitats of southeast australia , scuttling around at night .
when a biological entity ( plant , animal or other ) is rediscovered after previously being thought to have been extinct , it is called a lazarus taxon . probably the most famous case of this phenomenon is the coelacanth , a strange looking fish considered extinct for more than 65 million years before one was discovered off the east coast of south africa . but there are other lazarus taxon , some that have been recently discovered , and they continue to dazzle us with glimpses at living history .
abdala , f . , damiani , r . yates , a . , neveling , j . 2007 . a non - mammaliaform cynodont from the upper triassic of south africa : a therapsid lazarus taxon ? palaeontologia africana . 42 : 17 - 23
1 new scientist , 6 january 2007 , “the word : elvis taxon” , page 48 2 ibid . 3 ibid . 4 ibid .
the lazarus taxon on this list are only a fraction of the rediscoveries that have been made over the last few decades . it just goes to show that , in the first years of the 21st century , the exploration of planet earth is really just beginning .
in 2009 , the amazing description of a single specimen of schinderhannes bartelsi appeared to extend the history of arthropod - like anomalocaridids by a whopping 100 million years , although the true affinity of schinderhannes is still contested so it may be an elvis or lazarus taxon .
laonastes aenigmamus , the laotian rock rat . this animal , once thought to be extinct , is termed a lazarus taxon because of its 11 - million - year absence from the fossil record and its identification in 2006 as a living creature . ( credit : david redfield )
there are over 130 organisms identified as belonging to the lazarus taxon . they range over almost every category of life from bacteria to mammals . rather than admit that these are examples of stasis , and that each one of these organisms has remained unchanged , these phenomena have inspired evolutionists to be creative . they have now included an elvis taxon for look - alikes that have supplanted an extinct taxon through convergent evolution . convergent evolution is the highly unlikely hypothesis that there has been an independent evolution of similar features such as sight in species of different lineages . the zombie taxon contains specimens that have been collected from strata younger than the extinction of the taxon . rather than admit that this is evidence that they are wrong about the origin of such organisms they conclude that such fossils were freed from the original seam and refossilized in a younger sediment .
when an organism thought to be extinct is rediscovered—either in living form or in the fossil record after a gap of millions of years—it is known as a lazarus taxon . in this sense , glass sponge reefs are a kind of lazarus ecosystem . lazarus taxa are often illusions created by incomplete fossil records . the coelacanth , for example , was abundant in fossils but believed to have gone extinct 65 million years ago . that is , until fishermen hauled it up in their nets from the depths off the coast of south africa in the 1930s .
4 . known as “lazarus taxon , ” many documented findings exist of animals that appeared to be extinct but were later found alive . the record seems to be monoplacophores , mollusks that were known from fossils 380 million years ago but were discovered alive in costa rica in 1952 .
song : fade away by seether lazarus taxon are species which were declared extinct in 1 or more period of time but rediscovered again . they are different with living fossils . living fossils are species known only from fossil before living individual was found . example of lazarus species is painted frog , extinct in 1995 but found again in 2006 . example of living fossil is coelacanth , extinct million years ago but rediscovered .
if we stretch the concept a bit , we could apply the lazarus idea to ancient books and manuscripts . i told the story in
and who can forget the most famous example of the lazarus taxon , the coelacanth . this living fossil is a member of a subclass ( actinistia ) thought to have gone extinct 66 million years ago . that was until a live specimen showed up in a fishing net in 1938 .
some called metasequoia a “ living fossil “ . whether the term fits or not depends on what you think about how much the tree has changed in the last five million years or so . but there’s another term that definitely applies to discoveries like this . metasequoia is a lazarus taxon .
@ sheila : i agree about the other fish . even land animals . there are likely more lazarus creatures out there left to discover .
the coelacanth is an ancient fish , and the kind of creature science refers to as a living fossil . it’s also an example of something called the lazarus taxon . this is when a plant or animal seems to have vanished from the earth , only to turn up again alive and well .
from english to other languages presented in this section have been obtained through automatic statistical translation ; where the essential translation unit is the word «taxon» in english .
anatomy ( but not the heart , hands , or lips ) an image , phrase , or name taken from this wikipedia entry on lazarus taxa .
e . meijaard and v . nijman , secrecy considerations for conserving lazarus species , biol . conserv . , 175 : 21–24 , 2014 doi : urltoken
couple these discoveries with what evolutionists have dubbed the lazarus taxon and evolution begins to crumble . this is category of once thought to be extinct species that have turned up alive and well despite their former demise . since these discoveries , evolutionists have scrambled to explain these living fossils by coming up with even more bizarre labels
spencer - cervato , c . , thierstein , h . r . , lazarus , d . b . & beckmann , j . - p . (
lazarus taxon is a short starring ariel casas , maia jenkinson , and mingo ràfols . a short - film half way between horror and sci - fi . the feared consequences of global warming are at their peak when one man crosses the new sea trying to save his daughter from the clutches . . . see full summary »
a new demospongid genus and species is described from the upper jurassic ( lower tithonian ) plattenkalk of langenaltheim near solnhofen / bavaria . both the morphology and the spiculation of the new taxon
m . r . dawson et al . , laonastes and the
lazarus effect
in recent mammals , science , 311 ( 5766 ) : 1456–1458 , 2006 doi : urltoken
in my last blog i mentioned that on my recent visit to virginia , i had an opportunity to visit the natural history wing of the smithsonian institution . while there , i chose to spend what little time i had on the second floor viewing a fascinating exhibit of the planet’s oceans and the creatures in them , including real specimens of creatures you never see , like giant squid and a coelacanth . so , it is through inspiration from this “living fossil , ” the coelacanth , which i would like to discuss lazarus taxon and the “lazarus effect . ”
against the backdrop of a human - caused sixth mass extinction , it’s tempting to regard such tales as glimmers of light in a dark time . just as there is a recently coined term for the last individual of a species—an endling—so too is there a much older phrase for those that reemerge—a lazarus taxon , named after the man jesus brings back from the dead in the bible .
analysis of sequence contamination in the hvhybrid assembly . the hvhybrid assembled contigs were searched for contaminants with the program megan4 ( huson et al . , 2001 ) . each node is labeled by a taxon and the number of reads assigned to the taxon . the size of a node ( circle size ) is scaled logarithmically to represent the number of assigned reads . a low bacterial and plant sequence contamination was identified in the assembly .
modern evolutionists are very uncomfortable with the bible , and no longer like to use any terms that even obliquely give credibility to the bible . so , poor old lazarus has been replaced by elvis .
m . le et al . , phylogeography of the laotian rock rat ( diatomyidae : laonastes ) : implications for lazarus taxa , mammal study , 40 ( 2 ) : 109–114 , 2015 doi : urltoken
rediscovery versus relocation - attempts to demarcate rediscovery and relocation , because the former is more significant . too often scientifics tout a rediscovery when the taxon was never really feared extinct . in a culture where scientific publications are increasingly used as a metric for a scientist ' s worth ( i . e . quantity over quality ) , putatively documenting a ' rediscovery ' is more likely to result in publication than merely relocating an under - collected taxon .
pauline taxa : fossil taxa later discovered alive - lists and discusses pauline taxa ( after the biblical paul , formerly saul of tarsus ) , a newly coined term to largely replace the misnomer
lazarus taxon
. disappearance from the fossil record for a geologically extended period is not the same as extinction . otherwise reappearance would qualify as de - extinction , a process that is , if at all , only conceivably achievable through cloning .
speisman , j . c . ; lazarus , r . s . ; davison , l . ; and mordkoff , a . m . “ experimental analysis of a film used as a threatening stimulus . ”
it is extremely difficult to determine whether a species is extinct , or just absent from an area – but you do only need one specimen to prove that a species is still with us . fortuitously , there have been several instances of species that were thought to be extinct ( sometimes for millions of years ) being rediscovered . these are termed “lazarus” species , after the biblical story in which jesus raises lazarus from the dead .
probably the most famous species to have the lazarus taxa accolade is the coelacanth . until very recently this ancient fish was only known by its fossils and was considered to have disappeared from earth 66 million years ago .
this dendogram includes coxiella sequences derived from : coxiella burnetii ( strain 60 7 , taxon 777 ) , genbank accession number d89 792 ; francisella tularensis ( strain schu , isolate fsc 043 , taxon1263 ) , genbank accession number . . .
when discoveries are made that don’t make it into the lazarus taxon , but they are almost identical to organisms living today , evolutionary paleontologists will give them different names . one of many examples of this practice is the naming of mammals found alongside dinosaur fossils using completely different names that are unrelated to their modern versions . hence , a recently discovered mammal very similar to a modern southern chinese hedgehog was discovered in australian dinosaur layers . they named the dinosaur layer mammal
here , amplified fragment length polymorphisms are utilized to explore the genetic architecture of the most taxon rich species in the u . s . flora . the large number of taxa included within this species presents itself as heterogeneous species with . . .
and . praxic . strategies . the taxonomy of navigation developed in chapter 2 separated three non - locale - based strategies : taxon strategies , praxic strategies , and route strategies . because all three strategies can be understood as components . . .
, which was believed to have gone extinct in 1898 until it suddenly appeared in 1948 . my favorite lazarus tale is the story of the rare fish called the coelacanth . i first read about it many decades ago and it
v . other neurobiological memory system models a . locale— - taxon memory model o ' keefe and nadel ( 1978 ) and nadel ( 1994 ) concentrate on space as the critical attribute of specific memories . they further divide the spatial . . .
evolutionists are laboring under the false impression that rock layers represent vastly different ages of time . when fossils of one species appear in widely - separated layers , but not the intervening ones , they have to concoct some explanation as to why that species existed in disconnected time frames . the three main explanations are the lazarus taxon ( the species did exist all along , but was so rare that no fossils have been found ) , the elvis taxon ( the species went extinct , but then a very similar imposter evolved later ) , and zombies ( the fossils walked into another layer after they were dead ) . the real explanation is that they are just plain wrong about the different layers of rock representing vastly different periods of time .
in the case of certain species only known from the fossil record , or with a modern species that is considered “extinct , ” when a formerly lost species is suddenly found living in the wild , the name of lazarus is evoked .
according to the bible’s gospel of john , jesus once sauntered on over to a man named lazarus , who was a fan of his . this particular peon , sadly , had a bit of a problem – he was dead , which is the very opposite of good . jesus wept , and then set to work , getting his miracle mojo going . amazingly , lazarus walked out of his tomb alive and well , with nothing worse than a resurrection - related migraine .
below are a few examples of lazarus taxa which scientists first described as fossils before finding them living and breathing in modernity . please forgive me for the slightly overblown title , they haven’t really been raised from the dead . that would be bonkers .
in 1993 d . h . erwin and m . l . droser wrote a paper having found a species that resembled an older species that was already extinct . at first they believed they were the same species , and thus this was a zombie taxon . on closer analysis however it was discovered they were not of the same species , they just resembled each other . they suggested that this occurrence should be known as an elvis taxon , ‘in recognition of the many elvis impersonators who have appeared since the death of the king’ . ~ sa
if you weren’t aware that this is indeed a real thing in science , well then you’re in for a treat , because we will now present to you , dear reader , seven wonderful examples of lazarus taxa that you probably have never heard of .
an extreme example is shown in figure 4 , where one of the eight taxa has an ambiguous placement that results in all of the bootstrap values on the tree being small . in this example , phylogenetic analysis reveals ( correctly ) that taxon 8 can be . . .
so , are these lazarus species cause for hope ? to a degree , yes . as the fictional dr alan grant of jurassic park said : “life finds a way . ” but , in reality , lazarus species are extremely rare , and sadly we are certain that many more species have indeed gone extinct in the last 100 years . conservation efforts work , though , so we should be able to ensure that many species continue to survive , rather than relying on them being brought back from the dead .
lazarus taxon
: it sounds like the title of a michael crichton thriller , but it ' s actually a phrase used to describe species that were once believed to be long extinct , but have suddenly turned up , living and breathing , in a remote corner of the world . on the following slides , you ' ll discover the 12 most famous plants and animals that have literally and figuratively come back from the dead , ranging from the familiar ( the coelacanth ) to the creepy ( the laotian rock rat ) .
39 3 . 2 . 1 . 1 taxon : acacia senegal ( l . ) willd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3 . 2 . 1 . 2 taxon : acacia seyaldelile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3 . 2 . 1 . 3 taxon : acacia abyssinica hochst . ex benth . subsp . calophylla brenan .
this is where the dead rising to live again come in in ghost , zombie and elvis taxa ( a taxon , plural taxa , is a generic term for a taxonomic grouping of any level . species , genus , phylum or class are all specific examples of taxa ) .
they ' re called
lazarus species
— creatures that have disappeared , sometimes for millions of years , only to miraculously be rediscovered again in modern times . just as lazarus was raised from the dead by jesus in the gospel of john , so these species manage to survive . their rediscoveries are a bewildering reminder that when given a chance , life finds a way to survive . here ' s a short list of 13 animals long - feared extinct that , in fact , have been rediscovered . ( text : bryan nelson )
we should always be on the lookout for rare and precious things . it doesn’t matter what they are : animals , plants , books , people , anything . it is a precious thing to be a lazarus taxon : that is , something brought back from the dead . and to be its re - animator would be more incredible still . i was at a museum last week and read on a placard at one of the exhibits that the ancient hindus believed a man achieved more credit in heaven by restoring an old temple than by building a new one .
these rare lazarus taxa discoveries in the natural world prove that no matter how much scientists think they know , our remarkable planet always has more surprises in store . it is important to remember that our picture of natural history may be impressive , but it is far from complete !
perhaps the best known example is the coelacanths , thought to have been extinct for 66 million years before being discovered alive and well in 1938 off the coast of south africa . in february this year , the description of a fossil assemblage in idaho , extended the range of an extinct family of sponges , leptomitidae , by 200 million years . just last month , the discovery of living specimens of the bizarre bivalve kuphus polythalamia was widely reported as a being a lazarus taxon , although in this instance the group was previously known – just not from a living population or fresh remains .
this is a more neutral definition . however , it does not make it clear whether the taxon is truly old , or it simply has many plesiomorphies . note that , as mentioned above , the converse may hold for true living fossil taxa ; that is , they may possess a great many derived features (
the most famous
lazarus taxon
on this list , the coelacanth —a lobe - finned fish of the type that gave rise to the first tetrapods —was thought to have gone extinct 65 million years ago , a victim of the same meteor impact that killed the dinosaurs . that all changed when a living coelacanth was caught off the coast of south africa in 1938 , and a second species near indonesia in 1998 . amazingly for such an elusive ocean dweller , the coelacanth is by no means a small fish—captured specimens measure about six feet from head to tail and weigh in the neighborhood of 200 pounds .
you may be wondering at this point why we at iflscience are paraphrasing a famous biblical tale . well , as it turns out , ecologists have borrowed the word “lazarus” to describe any species ( or higher order ) that has been rediscovered long after it had been thought to have gone extinct .
, a polychaete annelid with a tagmatized axial body plan . the polychaetes are generally thought to be the basal taxon of the annelids and thus are a good group to sample for developmental patterns more likely to represent ancestral states than those of the more phylogenetically derived leeches . phylogenetic analysis demonstrates that these genes are orthologs of the drosophila genes
animals that have apparently vanished from the fossil record can seem to reappear after a long hiatus . often the vanished creature or a close relative has indeed returned . sometimes , though , the new discovery is a different species entirely , but closely resembles one that went before . palaeontologists describe such a case as an elvis taxon . 2
so why do some creatures seem to blink out of the fossil record only to be revived ? there’s more than one reason . the simplest is that the fossil record is not only incomplete , but incompletely - studied . there are fossil - bearing strata that have yet to feel the boots of curious paleontologists , and there are always significant specimens that get overlooked . not to mention that recognizing living lazarus taxa is an interdisciplinary effort that requires paleontologists and field biologists to be aware of what the other group is doing . there may be living species that count as lazarus taxa but haven’t been recognized as such just yet .
these long periods of extreme rarity will probably not show up in the fossil record , so we assume that these creatures were completely wiped out . while many lazarus taxons are extinct now , appearing in a fossil from 55 million years ago , when researchers thought you went extinct 100 million years ago is still a big deal !
here ' s another twist on the lazarus taxon theme : a type of animal that was thought to have gone extinct in the cambrian period , yet has been discovered in sediments dating to the devonian , 100 million years later . schinderhannes bartelsi was a type of primitive crustacean known as an
anomolacarid ,
after the famous cambrian genus anomalocaris . until the discovery of s . bartelsi ' s fossil in 2009 , naturalists had considered anomalocarids a true
one - off
of evolution , weird enough to be described , along with the other cambrian fauna of the burgess shale , in stephen jay gould ' s book wonderful life ; clearly , these invertebrates were better adapted than anyone suspected !
the most famous lazarus taxa is definitely the coelacanth , an ancient unattractive fish that scientists had labeled as being extinct for 66 million years , since the same disastrous extinction event that knocked out the last of the dinosaurs . however , in 1938 , a specimen of this fish popped up in a fish market in south africa , ready to eat .
when it comes to lazarus taxa , those creatures or groups of organisms could have managed to survive in any number of ways . perhaps following one of the massive extinction events on earth ( permian - triassic , late devonian , k - t extinction etc . ) , when species numbers dropped dramatically , some of these creatures evaded fossilization and survived in small population groups for thousands or millions of years .
the discovery of this fossil fish has allowed biologists to look back some 400 million years , to the time when only the oceans held life . but there’s another reason the coelacanth is important , and this one is not as widely embraced by mainstream science . the living fossil , raised from the dead like lazarus , is a strong indicator that it’s still possible to discover amazing animals on this planet .
similar to lazarus taxa but with an air of not - quite - right similarity , or of a poor impersonation ( hence elvis ) . elvis taxa appear to be descendants of an older lineage but are actually morphologically similar through convergent evolution . coined in 1993 by douglas erwin and mary droser , with tongue firmly in cheek : “new terms should be proposed with caution . . . and never in jest . ”
lazarus taxa are often confused with other fascinating groups of animals with cool names ( zombie taxons , elvis taxons , and living fossils ) , but these all describe different groups ( zombie – fossils that separate and move through different geologic strata to appear much younger than their extinction ; elvis – mimic organisms that have copied extinct taxons ; living fossils – creatures that have essentially stayed the same for millions of years…think cockroaches… ) .
there are plenty of other examples of lazarus taxa . the most famous is the coelacanth – an ancient form of fish thought to have gone extinct over 66 million years ago only to turn up in a south african fish market . a genus of ant first found in amber , a midwife toad , and a whole group of marine invertebrates called monoplacophorans fit the bill , too , though the term isn’t restricted to living species .
on first glance , the coelacanth looks like a normal fish . it ' s long and cylindrical with tail and dorsal fins . it swims in water . that ' s about where the similarities end . the coelacanth actually has eight fins : two dorsal fins , two pectoral fins , two pelvic fins , one anal fin and one tail fin . the coelacanth has a heart shaped like a straight tube and 98 . 5 % of its brain case is filled with fat . the jaw alone  huge and hinged with sporadic teeth  should let you know this isn ' t something that evolved recently . thought to have gone extinct 65 million years ago , when it was discovered off the east coast of south africa in 1938 , the coelacanth became perhaps the most famous example of a lazarus taxon , a group of organisms that disappears from the fossil record , only to reappear later . that ' s quite an entrance .
sometimes mistaken for lazarus taxa , zombie taxa , dead clade walking or remanié fossil , are fossil specimens which have been eroded out of their original context and redeposited in a much later one , causing potential confusion unless it is clear that the fossils have been “fossilised twice” . non - avian dinosaur remains supposedly from fossil contexts beyond the end of the cretaceous , when non - avian dinosaurs were thought to have gone extinct , have been interpreted as zombie taxa .
erosion is constantly happening globally and is a natural process in the world . when however a sediment containing fossils is eroded , the fossil may be more resistant than the rock and thus not eroded . it will then be transported and reworked into younger sediments . when this older fossil is found in the younger rock it is known as a zombie taxon . this is because it must occur after the species has become extinct , so thus appears alive from the dead ! a good and common example of zombie taxa are shark teeth .
possibly the most famous lazarus species , the coelacanth ( pronounced seel - a - canth ) , was thought to have gone extinct at the same time as the dinosaurs , but in 1938 one was discovered off the coast of south africa . coelacanths are closely - related to lungfish and are thought to be an evolutionary transitional species between fish and tetrapods ( four - legged creatures ) . the fish tend to shelter in deep water caves , largely out of sight , but it is estimated that there could be only 500 or so left alive .
nodal support values within ophthalmosauridae are smaller than those found by other analyses using smaller data sets 18 , 19 ; this probably results from incorporation of numerous ophthalmosaurid taxa , many of which are based on substantially incomplete remains . however , because both phylogenetic accuracy and macroevolutionary inferences are positively impacted by increased taxon sampling 24 , 25 , and because of strong agreement on the parvipelvian tree topology between previous and present maximum parsimony analyses and bayesian analyses , both in terms of topology and the timing of cladogenesis ( see supplementary figs 1–12 ) , we are confident in the adequacy of our new detailed data set and results to answer the macroevolutionary questions .
not all lazarus taxa supposedly went extinct millions of years ago ; some are unexpected survivors of lineages that presumably disappeared only centuries or decades before . a case study is the amusingly named terror skink , a fossil specimen of this 20 - inch - long lizard was unearthed in 1867 on a small island in the pacific ocean ; over a century later , in 1993 , a living specimen was discovered by a french museum expedition . the terror skink comes by its name because it ' s more of a devoted meat - eater than other skinks , equipped as it is with long , sharp , curved teeth specialized for snagging wriggly prey .
then there’s the nature of the fossil record itself . a species or lineage might go extinct in a given area but persist elsewhere . this geographic problem may be why we don’t have a good fossil record for the living coelacanth , for example . the fish may have clung to existence in deep sea haunts that either didn’t fossilize or have not been discovered yet . and in the case of lazarus taxa that pop up after mass extinction , it may be that populations temporarily fell too low to allow for a good chance of fossilization . the fossil record is a wonderful window to view ancient life , but we need to be aware of the cracks and smudges while gazing into prehistory .
so where does elvis come in ? evolution sometimes converges , shaping different taxa so they look very much alike . for example , a number of distinct lines of predators have evolved the long , curved and deadly teeth best known from the sabre - toothed tiger of the ice age . some invertebrates evolve shells that look like earlier forms . these can all be mistaken for lazarus taxa until closely examined . to emphasise the distinction , doug erwin and mary droser coined an alternative term for imitators in 1993 :
rather than continue the biblical tradition favored by jablonski , we prefer a more topical approach and suggest that such taxa should be known as elvis taxa , in recognition of the many elvis impersonators who have appeared since the death of the king .
3
more dead stick insects turned up in the ensuing years on ball’s , but never a live specimen . then in 2001 , a scientific expedition was launched to investigate what exactly was living out on ball’s pyramid . and there it was to the astonishment of the entomologists and conservationists taking part in the expedition : a single colony of up to 30 dryococelus australis residing under a single melaleuca bush . not seen alive in more than 80 years , the lord howe island stick insect is truly a lazarus species . the same ocean , which had protected them for eons and then delivered the rats that wiped them out , had enabled them to hang on by a thread . the insects are believed to have gotten to balls pyramid by either rafting across the ocean channel on vegetation or by being dropped by seabirds .
the vertebrate hindbrain is divided into rhombomeres ( r ) ; serially homologous segments . pbx and hox proteins are hypothesized to form heterodimeric , dna binding transcription complexes which specify rhombomere identities . eliminating zebrafish lazarus ( lzr / pbx4 ) and pbx2 function prevents hindbrain segmentation and causes a wholesale anterior homeotic transformation of r2 - r6 , to r1 identity . pbx proteins interact with hox paralog group 1 proteins to specify segment identities broadly within the hindbrain , and this process involves the pbx : hox - 1 - dependent induction of fgf signals in r4 . it is proposed that in the absence of pbx function , r2 - r6 acquire a homogeneous ground state identity , that of r1 , and that pbx proteins , functioning primarily with their hox partners , function to modify this ground state identity during normal hindbrain development ( waskiewicz , 2002 ) .
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justification : in 1996 , xylotoles costatus was assessed as being extinct . however , animals have since been found on south east island in the chatham islands group . there is only a single population in an area of 219 ha . it is believed that there are fewer than 200 mature individuals in the total population . the population is probably stable , but it is unknown if it is subject to extreme fluctuations that increase the threat of extinction . historically ( over last 100 years ) there has been a > 60 % decline in the habitat area ( and probably the population numbers ) . this was human induced . recruitment of host plants is possibly also an issue .
xylotoles costatus has been collected from pitt island and south east ( rangatira ) island in the chatham islands group ( early et al . 1991 , emberson et al . 1996 , emberson 1998b ) . all recent collections have been on south east island . it has not been seen on pitt island since 1907 ( r . emberson , pers . comm . 1999 ) . the species is believed to be extirpated from pitt island .
the species was not found on pitt island during a survey in 1990 ( early et al . 1991 ) or during several subsequent searches on the island ( r . emberson , pers . comm . ) . it has not been seen on pitt island since 1907 . south east island has been searched four times since 1992 . a specimen has been reared out of a c . chathamica branch ( r . emberson , pers . comm . 1999 ) . current population size and abundance is not known , but there are believed to be < 200 mature individuals .
a flightless , blackish longhorn beetle with a variable green - bronze sheen and ridges on their wing cases . the body is 15–20 cm long ( emberson and marris 1993 , emberson 1998a ) . they are very similar to , though generally smaller than , xylotoles traversi which is found throughout the chatham islands ( j . marris , pers . comm . 2000 ) . the antennae are long and able to fold back against the body . most species of xylotoles are thought to be non - host specific , feeding as larvae on dead twigs ( emberson et al . 1996 ) . they are usually found on chatham islands coprosma ( coprosma chathamica ) at night , either on tree trunks or dead branches ( emberson and marris 1993c , emberson 1998b , emberson , pers . comm . 1999 ) . a specimen has also been found by beating a dead branch of ngaio ( myoporum laetum ) caught up in a tangle of muehlenbeckia ( emberson and marris 1993 , emberson et al . 1996 ) .
the species is vulnerable to mouse predation on pitt island ( emberson and marris 1993 ) . this , along with a reduction in habitat , may have resulted in their possible extirpation from that island .
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the pinocchio anole lizard ( anolis probiscis ) was first described in ecuador in 1953 , then believed to have become extinct until it was rediscovered in 2005 .
diogo veríssimo received funding from the society for conservation biology and british ecological society .
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nature doesn’t make the news often these days . when it does , the story usually revolves around wildlife on the brink , record - setting climate extremes or ruined landscapes . however , that is not the whole story . there is also good news , but it often receives little attention .
it is easy to see how bleak accounts of the state of the planet can overwhelm people and make them feel hopeless . what is the point of even trying if the world is going down the drain anyway ?
to muster public and political support on a scale that matches our environmental challenges , research shows that negative messaging is not the most effective way forward . as a conservation scientist and social marketer , i believe that to make the environment a mainstream concern , conservation discussions should focus less on difficulties . instead we should highlight the growing list of examples where conservation efforts have benefited species , ecosystems and people living alongside them .
people’s climate march , new york , new york , sept . 21 , 2014 .
this question is not new . professionals in many fields have to consider how to frame their messages to maximize their impact . for example , public health agencies can make positive recommendations that emphasize benefits of being disease - free , or use negative messages that focus on the consequences of disease . a 2008 meta - analysis of 60 health communication studies concluded that messages focused on loss were less likely to be effective than positive messages .
another study examined ads designed to persuade income support recipients to report their incomes . it concluded that messages focused on fear , shame or guilt could generate emotional backlash , in which people rationalized decisions to protect themselves from feeling ashamed of their behavior . this approach also caused emotional saturation that led people to “ switch off” from the message because of its negativity .
environmental advocates also confront this challenge . much discussion has centered on the issue of climate change , where a number of scholars and advocates assert that doom - and - gloom messaging has not been effective . yet until recently , we have not asked the same question about how we frame nature conservation .
today a growing number of scholars and activists are working to create a positive vision for protecting wildlife and wild places . one key effort started in 2014 with the launch of a marine conservation movement called ocean optimism , which works to “create a new narrative of hope for our oceans , ” and by doing so , to help move towards “a sustainable future for our seas . ”
in april 2017 the earth optimism summit , organized by the smithsonian institution , brought together environmentalists , scientists , industry and the media to shift the global conservation movemement’s focus away from problems and toward solutions . what started as a single event in washington , d . c . soon turned into a truly global movement , with about 30 sister events in countries including colombia , new zealand and hong kong .
this effort has kick - started a range of initiatives that are all about communicating conservation bright spots to as many people as possible . one , which i co - founded , is the lost & found project , sponsored by the society for conservation biology and the british ecological society . this online storytelling initiative focuses on a particularly inspiring kind of good news : rediscovering species that once were thought to be long extinct . after all , what can be more rousing than recovering something unique that you thought was lost forever ?
every year numerous species thought to have disappeared are rediscovered . over the past century more than 300 species have been rediscovered , mostly in the tropics . on average , these species were missing for about 60 years before being rediscovered . most rediscovered species have restricted ranges and small populations , which means they are usually highly threatened .
our goal is not only to tell good stories , but also to showcase the dedication and determination of adventurers who lead these improbable quests and rewrite the history of species they care deeply about . while not every reader may be interested in a red - crested tree rat or a golden - fronted bower bird , all humans are curious about other people .
lost & found is making content available in various formats , including text , comics and soon , video animations . this helps make the stories more accessible to people who are not instinctively inclined to read about nature . currently we have 13 stories freely available online that feature diverse species , from squirrels and toads to bats and birds . they cover a wide geographic range , from latin america and oceania to north america and southeast asia .
the response has been tremendously positive . more than 1 , 000 people from over 50 countries visited the website in its first 10 days . some of our more popular stories , such as the bulmer’s fuit bat and the cave splayfoot salamander , are animals that would commonly not be considered particularly charismatic .
getting these inspirational rediscoveries into the hands of as many people as possible is a first step toward creating a more positive vision for earth’s future . the timeless principles of storytelling seem like the right place to start . after all , who doesn’t love a happy ending ?
bald eagles are the best - known example of a successful recovery under the endangered species act .
will talk of adapting to climate change be less polarizing politically ? faced with rising seas , miami is adapting by raising its roads .
we estimate china only makes $ 8 . 46 from an iphone – and that’s why trump’s trade war is futile
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scientists in australia are walking back their presumption that the new guinea big - eared bat ( pharotis imogene ) - - a species of bat last spotted in 1890 - - was lost . field researchers recently realized that one of the specimens they collected during an expedition to papua new guinea in 2012 was none other than the supposedly extinct bat , which has not been seen in more than 120 years .
the species was presumed extinct ,
luke leung , ph . d . , a senior lecturer at the university of queensland , said in a released statement .
we captured one individual about 120 km east of the only previous known locality at kamali .
collected by queensland students catherine hughes and julie broken - brow in july 2012 , the female bat was euthanized and held at the papua new guinea national museum and art gallery for future research . then , nearly two years later , harry parnaby , a research associate from the australian museum , received the specimen on loan so he could determine the species , according to australian news website the conversation .
in a study published last week , the team described how it was able to identify the specimen as the presumed extinct new guinea big - eared bat . though the winged creature was initially thought to be a small - toothed bat , which also has characteristically large ears and a leaf - like nose structure , comparative material allowed researchers to confirm that the specimen is the pharotis imogene . ( the first and - - until now - - only specimens of the new guinea big - eared bat were reportedly collected by an italian scientist in 1890 . )
now that the long - lost species has been rediscovered , so to speak , researchers are seeking to determine how the big - eared bat remained hidden for more than 120 years .
“we need to ask ourselves why we failed to monitor the animal ' s presence and existence for so long , especially when it is very close to development projects such as mining and forestry , ” dr . leung told the sydney morning herald .
researchers recommended further field studies in order to evaluate the conservation status of the species . as the conversation notes , timber logging in lowland rainforest areas on the island could potentially disturb the big - eared bat ' s habitat , if the population is relatively low .


scaphura is a genus of grasshoppers in the sub-family phaneropterinae of the family tettigoniidae .

some of the species within scaphura are batesian mimics of wasps , for example the type species , scaphura nigra , is a polymorphic batesian mimic of wasps of the genus pepsis and entypus ( pompilidae ) and the potter wasps polistes ( vespidae ) .

the genus is restricted to south america .

scaphura

no one has contributed data records for scaphura nigra yet . learn how to contribute .
serville . 1838 [ 1839 ] . histoire naturelle des insectes . orthoptères 428 > > scaphura
type species : scaphura vigorsii kirby , w . ( = nigra ) , by original monotypy
romero sueldo de escaño . 2000 . acta zool . lilloana 45 ( 2 ) : 192 > > scaphura
brunner von wattenwyl . 1891 . verh . der zoologisch - botanischen gesellsch . wien 41 : 18 , 134 > > scaphura
romero sueldo de escaño . 2000 . acta zool . lilloana 45 ( 2 ) : 195 > > note : fig . 8 > > scaphura nigra
kirby , w . 1825 . zool . j . 1 : 432 > > scaphura urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 11667
brunner von wattenwyl . 1878 . monographie der phaneropteriden 257 , 261 > > scaphura conspurcata urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 11699
stål . 1874 . recensio orthopterorum . revue critique des orthoptères décrits par linné , de geer et thunberg 2 locustina : 30 > > scaphura nigra urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 11673
mesa , a . , fontanetti & a . ferreira . 2010 . the chromosomes and the sex determining mechanism of scaphura nigra ( orthoptera , ensifera , tettigoniidae , phaneropterinae ) . journal of orthoptera research ( jour . orth . res . ) 19 ( 2 ) : 239–242
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saint - fargeau & serville . 1825 . in latreille , saint - fargeau , serville & guérin - méneville . encyclopédie méthodique . histoire naturelle . entomologie , ou histoire naturelle des crustacés , des arachnides et des insectes 10 : 345
blanchard , e . 1840 . in castelneau [ ed . ] . histoire naturelle des animaux 24
the first family - group name based on this genus is scaphurae westwood , 1838 .
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thunberg . 1824 . mem . acad . imp . sci . st . peterburg 3 : 415 > > gryllus niger urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 117926
hudson , w . h . 1895 . the naturalist in la plata 127 - 129 > > note : [ misidentification as grasshopper
rhomalea speciosa
, probably in fact s . nigra according to bidau 2012 ]
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c1faa - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c25e1 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322c277b - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 322d9278 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 323795d7 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3259945f - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 3562fd80 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
eades d . c . , otte d . , cigliano m . m . , braun h . ( 2018 ) . sf orthoptera : orthoptera species file ( version 5 . 0 , dec 2017 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
urn : lsid : catalogueoflife . org : taxon : 67c7cf87 - 4e2c - 11e8 - 9ed0 - fa163e792e6e : col20180626
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serville . 1838 [ 1839 ] . histoire naturelle des insectes . orthoptères , librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris i - xviii , 1 - 776 , pl . 1 - 14
bruner , l . 1915 . notes on tropical american tettigonoidea ( locustodea ) . annals of the carnegie museum 9 ( 3 - 4 ) : 315
brunner von wattenwyl ( 1878 ) monographie der phaneropteriden , k . k . zoologisch - botanische gesellschaft in wien , wien 1 - 401 , pl . 1 - 8
brunner von wattenwyl . 1878 . monographie der phaneropteriden , k . k . zoologisch - botanische gesellschaft in wien , wien 256 , 258
chamorro - rengifo , braun & lopes - andrade . 2014 . the secret stridulatory file under the right tegmen in katydids ( orthoptera , ensifera , tettigonioidea ) . zootaxa 3821 ( 5 ) : 594
ebner . 1953 . einige tettigoniiden aus argentina und chile ( orthop . ) . revista de la sociedad entomológica argentina ( rev . soc . entomol . argent . ) 16 ( 1 ) : 12
elgueta , camousseight & carbonell . 1999 . catálogo de orthoptera ( insecta ) de chile . publicación ocasional - museo nacional de historia natural ( chile ) ( publ . ocas . - mus . nac . hist . nat . ) 54 : 17
grant jr . , h . j . 1958 . a revision of the genus aganacris . notulae naturae 306 : 3
hebard . 1931 . die ausbeute der deutschen chaco - expedition 1925 - 26 . orthoptera . konowia , zeitschrift für systematische insektenkunde ( konowia ) 10 ( 4 ) : 278
karsch . 1889 . orthopterologische mittheilungen . 3 . über von herrn oskar schönemann in chile gesammelten phaneropteriden . entomologische nachrichten ( entom . nachricht . ) 15 ( 7 - 8 ) : 125
kirby , w . f . 1906 . orthoptera saltatoria . part i . ( achetidae et phasgonuridae ) . a synonymic catalogue of orthoptera ( orthoptera saltatoria , locustidae vel acridiidae ) , british museum ( natural history ) , london 2 : 455
pirán . 1943 . miscelaneas sobre tettigoniodeos argentinos ( orth . tettig . ) . revista de la sociedad entomológica argentina ( rev . soc . entomol . argent . ) 11 ( 5 ) : 448
rehn , j . a . g . 1913 . a contribution to the knowledge of the orthoptera of argentina . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 65 : 366
romero sueldo de escano . 2000 . contribución al conocimiento de la familia tettigoniidae ( insecta : orthoptera ) de argentina . subfamilia phaneropterinae : clave para géneros . acta zoológica lilloana ( acta zool . lilloana ) 45 ( 2 ) : 195
serville ( 1838 [ 1839 ] ) histoire naturelle des insectes . orthoptères , librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris i - xviii , 1 - 776 , pl . 1 - 14
serville . 1838 [ 1839 ] . histoire naturelle des insectes . orthoptères , librairie encyclopédique de roret , paris 427
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list of the mollusca in the collection of the british museum . part ii . olividae
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kirby , w . f . 1906 . a synonymic catalogue of orthoptera ( orthoptera saltatoria , locustidae vel acridiidae ) 2 : 455 > > gymnocera conspurcata urn : lsid : orthoptera . speciesfile . org : taxonname : 11700
thunberg . 1824 . grylli monographia , illustrata . mémoires de l ' académie impériale des sciences de st . pétersbourg ( mem . acad . imp . sci . st . peterburg ) 3 : 390 - 430
bidau . 2012 . curious orthopterological errors of a great naturalist : william henry hudson . journal of orthoptera research ( jour . orth . res . ) 21 ( 2 ) : 259
bruner , l . 1915 . notes on tropical american tettigonoidea ( locustodea ) . annals of the carnegie museum 9 ( 3 - 4 ) : 314
brunner von wattenwyl . 1878 . monographie der phaneropteriden , k . k . zoologisch - botanische gesellschaft in wien , wien 258
kirby , w . f . 1906 . orthoptera saltatoria . part i . ( achetidae et phasgonuridae ) . a synonymic catalogue of orthoptera ( orthoptera saltatoria , locustidae vel acridiidae ) , british museum ( natural history ) , london 2 : 454
rehn , j . a . g . 1907 . orthoptera of the families tettigoniidae and gryllidae from sapucay , paraguay . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 59 ( 2 ) : 377
rehn , j . a . g . 1915 . a further contribution to the knowledge of the orthoptera of argentina . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 67 : 287
rehn , j . a . g . 1917 . the stanford expedition to brazil , 1911 . j . c . branner , director . orthoptera ii . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 43 ( 1 ) : 99
rehn , j . a . g . 1918 . on dermaptera and orthoptera from southeastern brazil . transactions of the american entomological society ( trans . amer . entomol . soc . ) 44 ( 2 ) : 210
rehn , j . a . g . 1920 . records and descriptions of brazilian orthoptera . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia ( proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . ) 72 : 257
stål ( 1874 ) recencio orthopterorum . revue critique des orthoptères décrits par linné , de geer et thunberg , stockholm 2 locustina : 121 pp .
thunberg ( 1824 ) grylli monographia , illustrata : mémoires de l ' académie impériale des sciences de st . pétersbourg ( mem . acad . imp . sci . st . peterburg ) 3 : 390 - 430
thunberg . 1824 . grylli monographia , illustrata . mémoires de l ' académie impériale des sciences de st . pétersbourg ( mem . acad . imp . sci . st . peterburg ) 3 : 415


ditrigona mytylata is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it was described by guenée in 1868 .

it is found in northern india and burma .

the wingspan is 14.5 mm for males and 15.5-19.5 mm for females .

the fore - and hindwings are white and lustrous , the forewings with the costa yellowish brown at the base , the remainder yellowish white .

the fasciae are pale yellowish brown , consisting of sub-basal , antemedial , postmedial and lunulate subterminal fasciae .

the hindwings are similar to the forewings , but without the sub-basal fascia .

ditrigona mytylata

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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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palaemon elegans , sometimes known by the common name rockpool shrimp , is a species of shrimp of the family palaemonidae .

it is found in the atlantic , the baltic , the mediterranean , the black sea , the caspian sea and the azores .

it is similar to three other members of the palaemon genus : palaemon serratus , palaemon longirostris and palaemon adspersus , and has displaced or replaced populations of palaemon adspersus in some locations .

it is considered an invasive species in parts of the united states .

palaemon elegans

different bacterial lipopolysaccharides as toxicants and stressors in the shrimp palaemon elegans . - pubmed - ncbi
kari pihlaviita added the finnish common name
sirokatkarapu
to
palaemon elegans rathke , 1837
.
hans - martin braun added the german common name
felsgarnele
to
palaemon elegans rathke , 1837
.
hans - martin braun removed a common name in an unknown language from
palaemon elegans rathke , 1837
.
dalla via j , 1985 . oxygen consumption and temperature change in the shrimp palaemon elegans . marine ecology progress series , 26 : 199 - 202 .
white sl ; rainbow ps , 1986 . accumulation of cadmium by palaemon elegans ( crustacea : decapoda ) . marine ecology progress series , 32 : 17 - 25 .
lapinska e ; szaniawska a , 2006 . environmental preferences of crangon crangon ( linnaeus , 1758 ) , palaemon adspersus rathke , 1837 and palaemon elegans rathke , 1837 in the littoral zone of the gulf of gdansk . crustaceana , 79 ( 6 ) : 649 - 662 .
p . elegans is omnivorous , feeding predominantly on algae , small crustaceans and foraminiferans .
grabowski m , 2006 . rapid colonization of the polish baltic coast by an atlantic palaemonid shrimp palaemon elegans rathke , 1837 . aquatic invasions , 1 ( 3 ) : 116 - 123 .
janas u ; zarzycki t ; kozik p , 2004 . palaemon elegans - a new component of the gulf of gdansk macrofauna . oceanologia , 46 ( 1 ) : 143 - 146 .
lavikainen t ; laine ao , 2004 . first record of the invasive prawn palaemon elegans in the brackish northern baltic sea . memoranda societatis pro fauna et flora fennica , 80 : 14 - 16 .
arias c ; gestal c ; rodríguez h ; soto m ; estévez j , 1998 . palaemon elegans , an intermediate host in the life - cycle of aggregata octopiana . diseases of aquatic organisms , 32 ( 1 ) : 75 - 78 .
introduced species remark in baltic sea ( iho sea area ) : palaemon elegans has largely replaced the native p . adspersus and palaemonetes varians at many locations in the southeastern baltic . however , the mechanism of competition is unclear ( grabowski 2006 ) . [ details ]
gonzález - ortegón e ; cuesta ja , 2006 . an illustrated key to species of palaemon and palaemonetes ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea ) from european waters , including the alien species palaemon macrodactylus . journal of marine biology association united kingdom , 86 ( 1 ) : 93 - 102 .
fincham aa , 1977 . larval development of british prawns and shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda : natantia ) . laboratory methods and a review of palaemon ( paleander ) elegans rathke 1837 . bulletin of the british museum ( natural history ) ( zoology ) , 32 : 1 - 28 .
( of leander squilla elegans ( rathke , 1837 ) ) integrated taxonomic information system ( itis ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
palaemon elegans is a typical prawn with a cylindrical body composed of a carapace at the front and six abdominal segments . it has a short straight rostrum in front of the eyes with distinctive dorsal and ventral teeth . palaemon elegans is translucent with red / brown lines on the carapace and abdomen . just below the large compound eye on each side is the antennule , which is divided into to three parts . below the antennule is the antenna , which is divided into two parts ; the short flat segment ( the scaphocerite ) and the long whip - like flagellum . the first two pairs of walking legs bear claws ( chela ) and have yellow and red banding .
neal , k . j . 2008 . palaemon elegans a prawn . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
gonzález - ortegón , e . ; cuesta , j . a . ( 2006 ) . an illustrated key to species of palaemon and palaemonetes ( crustacea : decapoda : caridea ) from european waters , including the alien species palaemon macrodactylus . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . 86 ( 1 ) : 93 - 102 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
the species forms communities with other palaemonid shrimp species living in the same habitat types , such as palaemon adspersus , p . serratus , p . longirostris and palaemonetes varians ( grabowski , 2006 ) .
p . elegans is a euryhaline species that is native to the atlantic and mediterranean ( including the black sea ) coasts of europe , ranging from norway to south africa . it inhabits intertidal areas , lagoons and estua . . .
( of palaemon minans norman , 1861 ) norman , a . m . , 1861 . contributions to british carcinology . i . characters of undescribed podophthalmia and entomostraca . — the annals and magazine of natural history ( 3 ) 8 : 273 - 281 , plates 13 - 14 . [ details ]
as the problem of p . elegans invasiveness has been raised just recently there are still many gaps in knowledge . particularly , further studies upon mechanisms and vectors of its spread are needed , as well as the impact on local benthic communities and place in the food chain .
p . elegans is known to outcompete and replace native palaemonid shrimps ( p . adspersus and palaemonetes varians ) from inshore , lagoon and estuarine habitats . some positive impact may be related to the species forming abundant populations that may possibly enrich food base of various bird and fish species .
introduced species abundance in baltic sea ( iho sea area ) : before the year 2000 , p . elegans was limited to the southern baltic sea , and usually to salinities above 7 psu . after the year 2000 , this shrimp became abundant in the central and eastern baltic ( grabowski 2006 ) . [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in gulf of finland ( iho sea area ) : ships : accidental with ballast water , sea water systems , live wells or other deck basins ballast water seems the most likely vector for the introduction of p . elegans to the eastern baltic ( reuschel et al . 2010 ) . [ details ]
( of palaemon minans norman , 1861 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
in many places it replaced the native p . adspersus , and in the others it dominates the palaemonid communities . however , a question arises whether p . elegans should be treated as an introduced invasive , non - native being a threat for the local biodiversity , or simply as enriching this biodiversity through a natural range extension . the shrimp occurs along the atlantic coasts of europe and it may naturally penetrate into the brackish waters of the baltic sea similar to the
natural enemies of this species may include various aquatic birds ( eg . ducks , seagulls , herons , waders ) and predatory fish ( eg . zoarces viviparus , neogobius melanostomus , gymnocephalus cernuus , platichthys spp . , gadus morhua ) , however no detailed studies are available so far ( gruszka and wiecaszek , 2004 ) . arias et al . ( 1998 ) reported two species of coccidian parasites of the genus aggregata using p . elegans as intermediate hosts in spanish waters .
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, due to use of its old synonymic name by some authors . for example ,
) and is widely distributed in european coastal waters from the black and mediterranean seas to the north sea and the atlantic shores of norway . as introduced unintentionally it occurs also in the aral and caspian lakes . it has also colonized the baltic sea as far east as the gulf of finland .
the distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available . when several references are cited , they may give conflicting information on the status . further details may be available for individual references in the distribution table details section which can be selected by going to generate report .
) . with no doubt the species has become a permanent and important element of the baltic fauna .
could be introduced through shipping ( ballast waters ) . it is highly probable as there are numerous cases of decapod crustaceans spread , enhanced and accelerated by human activity (
) , however this option is unlikely in the baltic as there is no data on such fishery activity in the area . further spread of this species by natural dispersal is suspected in the baltic sea ( to the slightly brackish gulf of bothnia ) . it is also possible that with ballast waters it will be transferred to coastal waters and estuaries of north america or the far east .
meadows or stony and rocky places overgrown with algae . also , it produces highly abundant populations in reed zone in lagoons or estuaries (
for information on the genetics of this species please see porter et al . ( 2005 ) .
the species breeds from april to september , in favourable conditions females may produce two broods per year . as in all palaemonids , the eggs are protected by females and remain attached to her pleopods until the planctonic larva hatches . then it undergoes typical development with variable number of zoeal stages recorded ( from six to nine ) . the larva changes lifestyle to benthic in megalope ( post - larval ) stage . the species life cycle was studied by fincham , ( 1977 ) and the identification key to larval stages was provided by
the species is known to accumulate cadmium in its tissues ( white and rainbow , 1986 ) .
on the local scale , in the baltic sea , the species is extending its range probably through natural dispersal mechanisms . its larval stages ( zoea ) lead planctonic life and may be carried with sea currents . in the baltic inshore waters the currents are associated with wind action . adult individuals leading benthic life are able to swim short distances and colonise neighbouring patches of suitable habitats .
reported that it was side - introduced with mullet species to the caspian and aral seas of the former ussr .
due to its very characteristic colour pattern the species is relatively easy to identify in the field . however , if the animals are not well coloured , confusion with other
) species is possible . in such cases other morphological features , visible under stereomicrocope , have to be used . detailed , well illustrated identification keys are provided by
eradication or control of this species is most probably not possible due to the animals small size , abundance , habitats and similarity to related native species .
balss h , 1926 . decapoda . die tierwelt der nord - und ostsee lief [ ed . by grimpe g , wagler e ] . liepzig , , 1 - 112 .
carlton jt , 1985 . transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms : the biology of ballast water . oceanography and marine biology : an annual review , 23 : 313 - 371 .
carlton jt ; geller jb , 1993 . ecological roulette : the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms . science , 261 : 78 - 82 .
chu kh ; tan pf ; fung ch ; chen qc , 1997 . a biological survey of ballast water in container ships entering hong kong . hydrobiologia , 352 : 201 - 206 .
dore i ; frimodt c , 1987 . an illustrated guide to shrimp of the world : 1 - 229 .
d ' udekem d ' acoz c , 1999 . collection patrimoines naturels . paris , france : muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , 1 - 383 .
fincham aa ; williamson di , 1977 . decapoda , larvae vi . caridea . fiches d ' identification du zooplancton [ du conseil international pur l ' exploration de la mer ] , 159 / 160 : 1 - 8 .
gollasch s , 2002 . the importance of ship hull fouling as a vector of species introductions into the north sea . biofouling , 18 ( 2 ) : 105 - 121 .
grabowski m ; jazdzewski k ; konopacka a , 2005 . alien crustacea in polish waters ( part i ) - introduction and decapoda . oceanological & hydrobiological studies , 24 ( suppl . 1 / 2005 ) : 43 - 62 .
gruszka p ; wiecaszek b , 2004 . book of abstracts , baltic - the sea of aliens , 25 - 27 august 2004 , gdynia , poland .
holthuis lb , 1949 . the caridean crustacea of the canary islands . zoologische mededelingen , 30 ( 15 ) : 227 - 255 .
holthuis lb , 1950 . the decapoda of the siboga expedition . part x . the palaemonidae collected by the siboga and snellius expeditions , with remarks on other species . part i : subfamily palaemoninae . siboga expedition , 39 ( a9 ) : 1 - 268 .
holthuis lb ; gottlies e , 1958 . an annotated list of decapod crustacea of the mediterranean coast of israel , with an appendix listing the decapoda of the eastern mediterranean . bulletin of the research council of israel : 1 - 126 .
jazdzewski k ; konopacka a ; grabowski m , 2005 . native and alien malacostracan crustacea along the polish baltic sea coast in the twentieth century . oceanological & hydrobiological studies , 24 ( suppl . 1 / 2005 ) : 195 - 208 .
köhn j ; gosselck f , 1989 . identifcation key for the malacostraca of the baltic sea . mitteilungen aus dem zoologishen museum in berlin , 65 ( 1 ) : 3 - 114 .
leppäkoski e , 2004 . living in a sea of exotics - the baltic case . aquatic invasions in the black , caspian , and mediterranean seas , 35 : 237 - 255 . [ nato science series iv , earth and environmental sciences . ]
leppäkoski e ; olenin s , 2000 . non - native species and rates of spread : lessons from the brackish baltic sea . biological invasions , 2 : 151 - 163 .
müller y , 2004 . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . france : commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais , 1 - 307 .
porter ml ; perez - losada m ; crandall ka , 2005 . model - based multi - locus estimation of decapod phylogeny and divergence times . mol . phylogenet . evol , 37 ( 2 ) : 355 - 369 .
rodriguez g ; suarez h , 2001 . anthropogenic dispersal of decapod crustaceans in aquatic environments . intersciencia , 26 ( 7 ) : 282 - 288 .
schellenberg a , 1928 . [ english title not supplied ] . ( krebstiere oder crustacea ii : decapoda , zehnfuesser ) in : tierwelt deutschlands und der angrenzenden meersteile nach ihern merkmalen und nach ihrer lebenweise , jena , germany [ ed . by dahl f ] jena , germany : verlag von gustav fischer , 32 - 142 .
sea grant college program mit , 2010 . state researchers find new non - native invasive species . mit sea grant news . urltoken
smaldon g ; holthuis lb ; fransen chjm , 1993 . synopses of the british fauna ( n . s . ) . , 1 - 142 .
zentkevich l , 1963 . biology of the seas of the ussr . new york , usa : interscience publishers .
zettler ml , 2002 . [ english title not supplied ] . ( crustaceologishe neugkeiten aus mecklenburg ) archiv der freunde der naturgeschichte in mecklenburg , 41 : 15 - 36 .
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from south west norway to south west africa including the baltic , mediterranean , black sea , caspian sea and the azores .
intertidal on rocky shores in rock pools around mid - tide level but sometimes higher . moves offshore in winter in northern latitudes .
translucent with variable markings but generally red / brown horizontal or oblique lines on the carapace and vertical on the abdomen .
rostrum with 7 - 9 dorsal teeth , 3 of which are behind the eye socket , and 3 ventral teeth .
but can be separated from these species by the number of rostral teeth and the mandibular palp , which is composed of two segments .
bruce , j . r . , colman , j . s . & jones , n . s . , 1963 . marine fauna of the isle of man . liverpool : liverpool university press .
crothers , j . h . ( ed . ) , 1966 . dale fort marine fauna . london : field studies council .
foster - smith , j . ( ed . ) , 2000 . the marine fauna and flora of the cullercoats district . marine species records for the north east coast of england . sunderland : penshaw press , for the dove marine laboratory , university of newcastle upon tyne .
gibson , r . , hextall , b . & rogers , a . , 2001 . photographic guide to the sea and seashore life of britain and north - west europe . oxford : oxford university press .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
jncc ( joint nature conservation committee ) , 1999 . marine environment resource mapping and information database ( mermaid ) : marine nature conservation review survey database . [ on - line ] urltoken
national biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017
picton , b . e . & costello , m . j . , 1998 . biomar biotope viewer : a guide to marine habitats , fauna and flora of britain and ireland . [ cd - rom ] environmental sciences unit , trinity college , dublin . , urltoken
smaldon , g . , holthuis , l . b . & fransen , c . h . j . m . , 1993 . coastal shrimps and prawns ( revised edn ) . shrewsbury : field studies council .
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
rathke , heinrich . ( 1837 ) . zur fauna der krym . mémoires de l’académie impériale des sciences de st . pétersbourg . 3 : 291 - 454 , plates 1 - 10 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of palaemonella gracilis paul ' son , 1875 ) paul’son , o . , 1875 . studies on crustacea of the red sea with notes regarding other seas . part 1 podophthalmata and edriophthalmata ( cumacea ) [ in russian ] : i - xiv , 1 - 144 , plates 1 - 22 . kiev . [ details ]
( of leander squilla var . prototypa czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]
( of leander squilla var . brevidigitata czerniavsky , 1884 ) czerniavsky , v . , 1884 . materialia ad zoographiam ponticam comparatam . fasc ii . crustacea decapoda pontica littoralia [ in russian / latin ] : 1 - 268 , plates 1 - 7 . moscow . [ details ]
( of leander squilla var . intermedia de man , 1915 ) de man , j . g . , 1915b . on some european species of the genus leander desm . , also a contribution to the fauna of dutch waters . — tijdschrift der nederlandsche dierkundige vereeniging ( 2 ) 14 : 115 - 179 , plates 10 - 12 . [ details ]
türkay , m . ( 2001 ) . decapoda , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 284 - 292 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
dyntaxa . ( 2013 ) . swedish taxonomic database . accessed at urltoken [ 15 - 01 - 2013 ] . , available online at http : / / urltoken [ details ]
holthuis , l . b . ; fransen , c . h . j . m . ( 1993 ) . coastal shrimps and prawns . coastal shrimps and prawns . 15 . second edition . [ details ]
( of palaemonella gracilis paul ' son , 1875 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of leander squilla var . brevidigitata czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of leander squilla var . intermedia de man , 1915 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of leander squilla var . prototypa czerniavsky , 1884 ) de grave , s . & c . h . j . m . fransen . ( 2011 ) . carideorum catalogus : the recent species of the dendrobranchiate , stenopodidean , procarididean and caridean shrimps ( crustacea : decapoda ) . zool . med . leiden . 85 ( 9 ) : 30 . ix . 2011 : 195 - 589 figs 1 - 59 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
maris , t . ; beauchard , o . ; van damme , s . ; van den bergh , e . ; wijnhoven , s . ; meire , p . ( 2013 ) . referentiematrices en ecotoopoppervlaktes annex bij de evaluatiemethodiek schelde - estuarium studie naar “ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index” . monitor taskforce publication series , 2013 - 01 . nioz : yerseke . 35 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
introduced species population trend in gulf of finland ( iho sea area ) : this shrimp is now established and reproducing in this region ( katajisto et al . 2013 ) . [ details ]
introduced species population trend in persian gulf ( iho sea area ) : they are presumed to still be established here . [ details ]
moyse , j . , & g . smaldon , 1990 . crustacea iii : malacostraca eucarida . in : the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe ( eds . hayward and ryland , 1990 ) . clarendon press , oxford .
is a typical prawn with a cylindrical body composed of a carapace at the front and six abdominal segments . it has a short straight rostrum in front of the eyes with distinctive dorsal and ventral teeth .
is translucent with red / brown lines on the carapace and abdomen . just below the large compound eye on each side is the antennule , which is divided into to three parts . below the antennule is the antenna , which is divided into two parts ; the short flat segment ( the scaphocerite ) and the long whip - like flagellum . the first two pairs of walking legs bear claws ( chela ) and have yellow and red banding .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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fofonoff pw , ruiz gm , steves b , simkanin c , & carlton jt . . national exotic marine and estuarine species information system . urltoken . access date :
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