fuller 's caecilian ( also kuttal caecilian ) , chikila fulleri , is a species of caecilian endemic to india ; the type specimen was collected six miles southwest of silchar in cachar , assam , at an altitude of about 100 m above sea level .

in 2012 it was reassigned to a newly erected family , chikilidae .

it is known only from northeast india ( arunachal pradesh , assam , meghalaya , nagaland , and tripura ) , although it is expected to be found also in nearby bangladesh and myanmar .

fuller ' s caecilian

fuller ' s caecilian ( also kuttal caecilian ) , chikila fulleri , is a species of caecilian endemic to india ; the type specimen was collected six miles southwest of silchar in cachar , assam , at an altitude of about 100 m above sea level .
fuller ' s caecilian ( also kuttal caecilian ) , chikila fulleri , is a species of caecilian endemic to northwest india , though it is expected to exist within both neighboring bangladesh and myanmar . they are known to be found at an altitude around 1000m above sea level .
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kamei , r . g . ; mauro , d . s . ; gower , d . j . ; van bocxlaer , i . ; sherratt , e . ; thomas , a . ; babu , s . ; bossuyt , f . ; wilkinson , m . ; biju , s . d . ( 2012 - 02 - 22 ) .
kamei , r . g . ; gower , d . j . ; wilkinson , m . ; biju , s . d . ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) .
systematics of the caecilian family chikilidae ( amphibia : gymnophiona ) with the description of three new species of chikila from northeast india
. zootaxa . 3666 ( 4 ) : 401 . doi : 10 . 11646 / zootaxa . 3666 . 4 . 1 . issn 1175 - 5334 .
the etymology of chikila is the name of an indian tribe in the northeast state , meghalaya . the species epithet is after the honorable mr . j . b . fuller , the chief commissioner of assam ( the type locality of c . fulleri ; kamei et al . 2012 ) .
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alcock ( 1904 ) described the chikila fulleri holotype ( type specimen zsi 14759 ) as 220mm in total length , with a diameter of approximately 9 mm near the end of the body narrowing to approximately 3 mm behind the snout . the snout comes to a sharp point and overhangs the subterminal mouth considerable . the nostrils are posterior and dorsal to the snout , and tentacles being posterior and dorsal to the nostrils . the eyes , covered by skull bone , are not visible . the mouth is yellow and the rest of the body is brown , becoming darker until nearly black dorsoposteriorly . additionally , taylor ( 1968 ) state the species has 92 primary annuli and 13 secondary annuli , with dermal scales . the squamosals and parietals are in contact . the tongue has two narial plugs ( well - defined ) which are surrounded by narrow but deep grooves . the tentacle is midway between the nostril and eye . the vent is transverse ( taylor 1968 ) .
chikila fulleri has a dark brown ( chocolate - brown ) body that fades posteriorly to almost black on the dorsal surface . the head is lighter brown with yellowish tinting around the snout and mouth ( alcock 1904 ) . the preserved specimen is a uniform brown with lips and snout paler ( pillai and ravichandran 1999 ) .
the range of morphological variation has not been assessed yet and it has been noted that until recently only one specimen had been known ( e . g . , ravichandran and pillai 1996 , dutta 2002 , gower and wilkinson 2005 ) . this is an area that will hopefully be investigated soon , as several more specimens have recently been collected by kamei and colleagues ( 2012 ) .
the species authorities for chikila fulleri are alcock 1904 ( herpele fulleri ) , kamei et al . 2012 ( chikila fulleri ) .
a paper that is currently in press as of 2012 will describe three more species of chikila from northeast india .
chikila fulleri has been shuffled around , originally being placed in a very widespread conceptualization of the genus herpele by alcock ( 1904 ) . subsequent revision resulted in that genus being limited to africa ( cameroon principally ) and this species being included in the genus gegeneophis ( taylor 1968 ) . in this position c . fulleri was aligned with other endemic indian caecilians . a 2012 analysis collected 43 new specimens from 38 localities in northeastern india and recovered a new clade of caecilians endemic to this region . this led to the placement of this species into the newly named genus of chikila ( kamei et al . 2012 ) .
herpelidae , the sister taxon of chikilidae , is confined to the east and west coasts of africa . the divergence of chikilidae and herpelidae , occurring ca 140 ma ( kamei et al . 2012 ) , coincided with the splitting of india from africa 165 - 121 ma ( sanmartin & ronquist 2004 ) . for “godwananan groups , ” the establishment of localized and distinct families most likely preceded major tectonic events ( hedges et al . 1993 ) . thus , it is likely that this land separation reinforced spatial fragmentation , instead of caused it ( kamei et al . 2012 ) . although chikilids were once present in greater india , extant chikilids radiated after india joined asia 65 - 42 ma ( briggs 2003 ) . the deccan traps that divided india into two ca 65 ma ( bossuyt and milinkovitch 2001 ) likely confined chikilids to the northeast region , where they underwent in situ radiation ( kamei et al . 2012 ) . northeast india appears to have offered refugia for organisms during the cenozoic era , similar to the western ghats - sri lanka region , which is a notable biodiversity hotspot ( bossuyt et al . 2004 ) . much evidence suggests that northeast india is a species rich area that provides habitat to many more undiscovered organisms ( kamei et al . 2012 ) .
chikila fulleri is the only named species within the newly erected family chikilidae . a phylogenetic analysis using a complete mitochondrial genome and two nuclear genes ( rag1 and slc8a1 ) recovered this new family as sister to herpelidae . this finding reaffirms the original hypotheses of relationship by alcock ( 1904 ) , who recognized this species ' close relationship with herpelidae ( abraham 2012 ) . an additional analysis based on the mitochondrial genes cox1 and 16s ( two non - overlapping fragments ) sequence suggests that there are 6 other species within chikilidae in addition to chikila fulleri ( kamei et al . 2012 ) .
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chikilidae is a family of indian caecilians , the 10th and most recent ( 2012 ) family of caecilians ( legless amphibians ) to be identified , though the type species , chikila fulleri ( formerly herpele fulleri ) was first described in 1904 .
the indotyphlidae are a family of common caecilians found in africa , seychelles and india .
as of march 2015 , the iucn red list of threatened species identified 6087 data deficient species in the chordata phylum ( animalia kingdom ) .
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chikila is a genus of amphibian in the order gymnophiona ( caecilians ) . [ 1 ] it is monotypic within the family chikilidae . [ 2 ] all members of the genus are known from northeast india . [ 2 ]
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bullockus is a genus of sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

bullockus

theodore bullockus ( g ) , 101 - sun city , ca | mylife . com™ background profile
between 1978 and 1986 , bullockus life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1978 , and highest in 1986 . the average life expectancy for bullockus in 1978 was 55 , and 92 in 1986 .
bullockus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2008 type species : unknowngenustype
bullockus will be publically sworn in at the june 7 , 2017 , meeting of the board of trustees .
the saddleback valley news recently reached out to bullockus to ask some questions about her new position and what she will bring to the board of trustees .
rancho santa margarita mayor carol gamble , mission viejo mayor wendy bucknum and mission viejo councilwoman trish kelley all sent letters of recommendation on behalf of bullockus .
bullockus replaces trustee lynn hatton - hodson , who announced her resignation , effective june 2 , at the april 19 board meeting . all of the trustees thanked the candidates and told them that they all would do great things for our district . the board voted 5 - 1 in favor of appointing bullockus .
mission viejo resident judy bullockus was selected by the capistrano unified school district board of trustees to fill a vacant seat left by former trustee lynn hatton - hodson on may 23 .
census records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your bullockus ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .
judy bullockus will be appointed by the capistrano unified school district board of trustees to replace lynn hatton - hodson at the board’s june 7 meeting . ( michael kitada , contributing photographer )
san juan capistrano , ca . – the capistrano unified school district board of trustees has appointed judy bullockus to serve as trustee in area 7 , replacing resigning board member lynn hatton - hodson .
1 ) continue on your path and you will see a bullockus one of these days . 2 ) yes , i had 4 am / pm big gups . no , i never pee . . .
census records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your bullockus ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .
bullockus previously served as a community services commissioner for the city of mission viejo for five years . her daughter graduated from capistrano valley high school this past summer and her son is a student at the school .
judy bullockus , who currently serves on mission viejo’s community services commission , was selected among five candidates and will take over for hatton - hodson until the position is up for re - election in november 2018 .
“judy bullockus brings strong community ties to the board and i am grateful for her willingness to step forward to support our students , public schools and community , ” board president martha mcnicholas said in the release .
use census records and voter lists to see where families with the bullockus surname lived . within census records , you can often find information like name of household members , ages , birthplaces , residences , and occupations .
“as someone who is entrenched in the community and a long - time volunteer with various youth organizations , i believe i will add value to the board of trustees by representing area 7 schools and communities , ” bullockus said in a release .
in her role as trustee , bullockus will represent the cities of mission viejo and rancho santa margarita , as well as the unincorporated area of coto de caza . she was publicly sworn in at the june 7 meeting of the board of trustees .
bullockus was selected among five candidates for the position and will hold the post until the 2018 general municipal election . hatton - hodson , who previously represented the three areas on the board , was first elected in 2010 and then re - elected in 2014 .
the board voted 5 - 1 in favor of appointing bullockus to serve area 7 , which includes schools in mission viejo , rancho santa margarita and coto de caza . she will be publicly sworn in at the june 7 meeting of the board of trustees .
an unusually short lifespan might indicate that your bullockus ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .
after the april 25 city council meeting , the city of mission viejo sent a letter to the district of its wish to support the district’s efforts to assist the next representative in being identified and put into office . at its may 23 meeting , the city council received word of the district’s decision to appoint bullockus .
bullockus is a marketing consultant , has been a member of the parent - teacher - student association since 2005 and was a founding member of the bathgate elementary school foundation , a release from the district said , adding that she helped negotiate a location for the district’s college and career counseling program , known as futureology , inside the shoppes at mission viejo .
just as i have been a community champion for the city of mission viejo , i desire to champion public education in our district , ” bullockus said . “as someone who is entrenched in the community and a long - time volunteer with various youth organizations , i believe i will add value to the board of trustees by representing area 7 schools and communities . ”
“it has been an honor to serve on the board with trustee hatton - hodson . i will truly miss her dedication to and advocacy for our students , ” said board of trustees president martha mcnicholas . “judy bullockus brings strong community ties to the board and i am grateful for her willingness to step forward to support our students , public schools , and community . ”
ms . bullockus is a marketing consultant who also serves on the mission viejo community service commission . she has been a member of the ptsa since 2005 and was a founding member of the bathgate elementary school foundation . in 1999 , while working for simon property group , she helped negotiate a location for the cusd college & career counseling program ( now known as futureology ) inside the shops at mission viejo .
lyons w . g . & snyder m . a . ( 2008 ) . new genera and species of peristerniinae ( gastropoda : fasciolariidae ) from the caribbean region , with comments on the fasciolariid fauna of bermuda . the veliger 50 ( 3 ) : 225 - 240 [ details ]
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historically , surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation , place of origin , clan affiliation , patronage , parentage , adoption , and even physical characteristics ( like red hair ) . many of the modern surnames in the dictionary can be traced back to britain and ireland .
1 ) the types of creatures one would find in hell . 2 ) one who consumes massive amounts of liquids , yet no one ever sees using a bathroom .
she resigned in early june , citing multiple personal events , including health , managing a growing company , moving and family issues .
a . i was encouraged by friends and colleagues to seek the position on the board so we’d have better representation for our city , greater input from parents and families , and improve relations with city management team . having been a community service commissioner for the city of mission viejo for five years , i know how much support our city gives schools and its families .
a . we have been fortunate to have both our children receive excellent educations through c . u . s . d . since first grade .
what i learned early on is the district was not keeping up with the times and needs of its families . our children did not attend c . u . s . d . kindergarten because we are a dual income family and the school district was not serving our needs . being enrolled in public school kindergarten was only 4 hours , and then working parents would have to figure out where their children would be the remainder of the day . preschool today is what kindergarten was in the past . hopefully , that will be ratified in the near future .
in high school , the crowning experience our children have had is enrollment in the academy of technology , math , and science ( atms ) program at capistrano valley high school . our daughter graduated this year with the camaraderie of having attended atms level classes all four years with the same group of students . it was a strong dynamic of healthy competition and positive collaboration within this group . our son is having the same experience plus he is in the career technical education ( cte ) engineering program that is truly exceptional .
a . my community service commissioner experience has better prepared me for the role as a trustee . being a commissioner gave me more opportunity over the years to engage with the public and city officials by attending numerous events , participating in meetings , and playing a role in identifying and resolving issues . i want to hear from those we serve and look forward to working together to always improve our children’s educational experience .
a . twelve years experience of our children schooled by c . u . s . d . and over 30 years experience in the retail industry , serving in marketing and management positions , allows me a greater understanding of operations , budgeting , and educational needs . i have a reputation as a problem solver and a strong communicator . i welcome interacting with constituents to hear their views and thoughts on school board issues .
a . our communities are getting older and housing prices continue to soar , forcing young families to live elsewhere , which lower our school’s enrollment numbers . this is where city management focusing on developing economic growth works hand in hand with schools who are navigating their ability to keep programs and class electives in the face of reduced budgets . cities need schools and businesses to be highly productive and vice versa , they go hand in hand .
we also have two other issues impacting school budgets . it’s no secret our schools are aging and we are in desperate need to repair and replace our facilities . our school facilities and finance advisory committee is aiding in this effort to identify current needs and formalize a list by school .
another impact to our budget is the need for more funding to support special education . federal law mandates specific services rendered for these students which are costly , but the federal government doesn’t allocate additional funding to accommodate this need . we need to rally school districts together to be an active voice in providing feedback to the state .
a . i have found working with my trustee colleagues to be an illuminating experience . we each have our talents and perspectives that bring a broader approach to discussion and decision making . i have found all parties to be collaborative and respectful . i couldn’t ask for anything more . as for superintendent vital , i find her engaging and thoughtful in decisions , ready to say we should have done that better followed by resilience in strategically redirecting her team to move forward . i feel good about our direction .
a . the trustees demonstrate an overarching watchful eye while allowing the daily management to be done by the superintendent . i have found the board to be focused on ensuring our students receive meaningful , challenging and innovative educational experiences to increase post - secondary options . they are advocates for the schools they serve , knowing and expressing the nuisances of each school site , administration and community where decisions are being made .
the board will always be challenged to ensure their fiduciary obligations to deliver its goals . increasing open dialog and engagement with students , parents , employees , and community members for districtwide and community - specific decisions are imperative . and of course , we are faced with the daunting need to optimize our facilities and learning environments for all students within budget restraints .
nathan covers crime and public safety for the daily breeze . prior to joining the coverage team in the south bay , nathan worked for the orange county register , where he covered south orange county cities and community sports . a freelance play - by - play broadcaster , nathan can be heard calling high school baseball and community college football games during the spring on his days off .
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the board had its choice of appointing a replacement for hatton - hodson or calling a special election to be held in november , which would have cost the district approximately $ 180 , 000 . the trustee area 7 seat will be up for re - election in november of 2018 .
the capistrano unified school district prohibits discrimination , harassment , intimidation , and bullying in all district activities , programs , and employment based upon actual or perceived gender , gender identity , gender expression , race , ethnicity , color , religion , ancestry , nationality , national origin , ethnic group identification , sex , sexual orientation , marital or parental status , pregnancy , age , physical or mental disability or on the basis of a person’s association with a person or group with one or more of these actual or perceived characteristics . reference : ar 1312 . 3 , bp 1312 . 3 and bp 5183 .
attention : the capistrano unified school district ( cusd ) does not assume any responsibility or liability for the content that may be present within external websites linked to and from this site that are operated or created by or for organizations outside of the cusd . the linking to or from this site does not imply on the part of the cusd or any of its schools any guarantee of quality , assumption of liability or endorsement of the organizations maintaining external websites . those organizations are solely responsible for the operation of their website and quality of the content including advertisements , links , media , images and text that they may deem appropriate .
san juan capistrano the capistrano unified school district board of trustees made its choice for a provisional appointment to the board at a special meeting , may 23 , to replace lynn hatton - hodson , who will step down from her role as a trustee , friday .
of the five candidates , two mission viejo residents and three rancho santa margarita residents applied for a chance at the board position .
after hatton - hodson announced her resignation , april 19 , board members voted to select a provisional appointment rather than hold a special election , which could have cost the district $ 180 , 000 , officials said .
“ ( she’s ) very involved in ( capistrano valley ) high school already with her students , very involved in youth activities with the city of mission viejo and she’s been very engaged in issues surrounding our schools , ” bucknum said at the meeting . “she will be able to hit the ground running representing mission viejo very well , so we’re very happy about that . ”
chascax maderensis r . b . watson , 1873 accepted as hemipolygona armata ( a . adams , 1855 )
chascax r . b . watson , 1873 ( junior homonym of chascax ritgen , 1829 [ reptilia ] ; hemipolygona is a replacement name . )
species hemipolygona recurvirostra ( schubert & wagner , 1829 ) accepted as nodolatirus recurvirostra ( schubert & j . a . wagner , 1829 )
, invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . see nomenclature note below . )
» genus clavella swainson , 1835 accepted as clavilithes swainson , 1840 † ( junior homonym of clavella oken , 1815 . has been renamed clavilithes . )
» genus fredenia cadée & a . w . janssen , 1994 † accepted as latirulus cossmann , 1889
» genus fusus bruguière , 1789 accepted as fusinus rafinesque , 1815 ( invalid : junior homonym of fusus helbling , 1779 . see nomenclatural note below . )
» genus sinistralia h . adams & a . adams , 1853 accepted as fusinus rafinesque , 1815
» genus chasca clench & aguayo , 1941 accepted as chascax r . b . watson , 1873 accepted as hemipolygona rovereto , 1899 ( spelling error )
» genus chascax r . b . watson , 1873 accepted as hemipolygona rovereto , 1899 ( junior homonym of chascax ritgen , 1829 [ reptilia ] ; hemipolygona is a replacement name . )
» genus fusilatirus mcginty , 1955 accepted as dolicholatirus bellardi , 1884 ( synonym of dolicholatirus . )
snyder m . a . ( 2003 ) . catalogue of the marine gastropod family fasciolariidae . academy of natural sciences . of philadelphia , special publication . 21iii + 1–431 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
couto d . , bouchet p . , kantor yu . i . , simone l . r . l . & giribet g . ( 2016 ) . a multilocus molecular phylogeny of fasciolariidae ( neogastropoda : buccinoidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution . 99 : 309 - 322 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
search for ' ' returned 644 matching records , showing records 1 - 100 . click on one of the taxon names listed below to check the details . [ new search ] [ direct link ]
genus chasca clench & aguayo , 1941 accepted as chascax r . b . watson , 1873 accepted as hemipolygona rovereto , 1899 ( spelling error )
genus chascax r . b . watson , 1873 accepted as hemipolygona rovereto , 1899 ( junior homonym of chascax ritgen , 1829 [ reptilia ] ; hemipolygona is a replacement name . )
genus fusilatirus mcginty , 1955 accepted as dolicholatirus bellardi , 1884 ( synonym of dolicholatirus . )
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dentifusus rosenberg , g . & g . j . vermeij , 2003 type species : dentifusus deynzeri vermeij , g . j . & g . rosenberg , 2003
microfulgur finlay , h . j . & j . marwick , 1937 type species : microfulgur longirostris marshall , 1937
fasciolaria lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1799 type species : fasciolaria tulipa tulipa linnaeus , c . , 1758
africolaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : africolaria rutila watson , r . b . , 1882
aurantilaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : fasciolaria aurantiaca lesson , r . p . , 1842
australaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : australaria australasia perry , g . , 1811
cinctura hollister , s . c . , 1957 type species : cinctura hunteria hunteria perry , g . , 1811
conradconfusus snyder , m . a . , 2002 type species : conradconfusus parilis conrad , t . a . , 1832
filifusus snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : filifusus filamentosus röding , p . f . , 1798
granolaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : granolaria salmo wood , w . , 1828
kilburnia snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : kilburnia heynemanni dunker , r . w . , 1870
lugubrilaria snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons , 2012 type species : lugubrilaria lugubris adams , a . & l . a . reeve in reeve , l . a . , 1847
microcolus cotton , b . c . & f . k . godfrey , 1932 type species : microcolus dunkeri jonas , j . h . , 1844
pleuroploca fischer , 1884 type species : pleuroploca trapezium linnaeus , c . , 1758
pleuroploca ( pleia ) finlay , h . j . , 1930 type species : pleuroploca ( pleia ) decipiens tate , r .
pustulatirus vermeij , g . j . & m . a . snyder , 2006 type species : pustulatirus mediamericanus hertlein , l . g . & a . m . strong , 1951
tarantinaea monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1917 type species : tarantinaea lignaria linnaeus , c . , 1758
triplofusus olsson , a . a . & a . harbison , 1953 type species : triplofusus giganteus kiener , l . c . , 1840
turrilatirus vermeij , g . j . & m . a . snyder , 2006 type species : turrilatirus turritus gmelin , j . f . , 1791
fusinus rafinesque , c . s . , 1815 type species : fusinus ( fusinus ) colus linnaeus , c . , 1758
fusinus ( fusinus ) rafinesque , c . s . , 1815 type species : fusinus ( fusinus ) colus linnaeus , c . , 1758
fusinus ( fusinus ) ansatus caboblanquensis ( var . ) † ? ( 3 )
fusinus ( aptyxis ) troschel , f . h . , 1868 type species : fusinus ( aptyxis ) syracusanus linnaeus , c . , 1758
fusinus ( barbarofusus ) grabau , a . w . & shimer , 1909 type species : fusinus ( barbarofusus ) barbarensis trask , 1855
fusinus ( heilprinia ) grabau , a . w . , 1904 type species : fusinus ( heilprinia ) caloosaensis heilprin , a . , 1887
amiantofusus fraussen , k . , yu . i . kantor & r . hadorn , 2007 type species : amiantofusus amiantus dall , w . h . , 1889
chryseofusus hadorn , r . & k . fraussen , 2003 type species : chryseofusus chrysodomoides schepman , m . m . , 1911
cyrtulus hinds , r . b . , 1843 type species : cyrtulus serotinus hinds , r . b . , 1844
glaphyrina finlay , h . j . , 1926 type species : glaphyrina vulpicolor sowerby , g . b . iii , 1880
granulifusus kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1954 type species : granulifusus niponicus niponicus smith , e . a . , 1879
harasewychia petuch , e . j . , 1987 type species : harasewychia harasewychi petuch , e . j . , 1987
harfordia dall , w . h . , 1921 type species : harfordia harfordii stearns , r . e . c . , 1871
marmarofusus snyder , m . a . & w . g . lyons , 2014 type species : marmarofusus nicobaricus röding , p . f . , 1798
ollaphon iredale , t . , 1929 type species : ollaphon molorthus hedley , c . & w . l . may , 1908
sinistralia adams , h . g . & a . adams , 1853 type species : sinistralia maroccensis gmelin , j . f . , 1791
trophonofusus kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1971 type species : trophonofusus muricatoides yokoyama , m . , 1920
viridifusus snyder , m . a . , g . j . vermeij & w . g . lyons type species : viridifusus buxeus reeve , l . a . , 1847
peristernia mörch , o . a . l . , 1852 type species : peristernia nassatula lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1822
peristernia ( nodopelagia ) hedley , c . , 1915 type species : peristernia ( nodopelagia ) brazieri angas , g . f . , 1877
dolicholatirus bellardi , l . , 1884 type species : dolicholatirus lanceus gmelin , j . f . , 1791
dolicholatirus ( fractolatirus ) iredale , t . , 1936 type species : dolicholatirus ( fractolatirus ) normalis iredale , t . , 1936
hemipolygona rovereto , g . , 1899 type species : hemipolygona armatus adams , a . , 1855
latirolagena harris , g . d . , 1897 type species : latirolagena smaragdula linnaeus , c . , 1758
benimakia habe , t . , 1958 type species : benimakia rhodostomus dunker , r . w . , 1860
latirus montfort , p . d . de , 1810 type species : latirus aurantiacus montfort , p . d . de , 1810
latirus ( latirulus ) cossmann , a . e . m . , 1889 type species : latirus ( latirulus ) subaffinis orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1850
latirus ( polygona ) schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817 type species : latirus ( polygona ) fusiformis schumacher , h . c . f . , 1817
latirus ( pseudolatirus ) bellardi , l . , 1884 type species : latirus ( pseudolatirus ) bilineata hörnes , m . , 1853
crassibougia stahlschmidt , p . & k . fraussen , 2012 type species : niso terebellum dillwyn , l . w . , 1817
cryptofusus beu , a . g . , 2011 type species : cryptofusus cryptocarinatus dell , r . k . , 1956
fusolatirus kuroda , t . & t . habe in kuroda , t . , t . habe & k . oyama , 1971 type species : peristernia pilsbryi kuroda , t . & t . habe , 1952
lamellilatirus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2013 type species : lamellilatirus ceramidus dall , w . h . , 1889
leucozonia gray , j . e . , 1847 type species : leucozonia nassa nassa gmelin , j . f . , 1791
lightbournus lyons , w . g . & m . a . snyder , 2008 type species : unknowngenustype
nodolatirus bouchet , ph . & m . a . snyder , 2013 type species : unknowngenustype
opeatostoma berry , s . s . , 1958 type species : opeatostoma pseudodon burrow , e . j . , 1815
taron hutton , f . w . , 1883 type species : taron dubius hutton , f . w . , 1878
, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in sealifebase for the family .
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the mascarene martin or mascarene swallow ( phedina borbonica ) is a passerine bird in the swallow family that breeds in madagascar and in the mascarene islands .

the nominate subspecies occurs on mauritius and réunion and has never been found away from the mascarene islands , but the smaller madagascan subspecies , p. b. madagascariensis , is migratory and has been recorded wintering in east africa or wandering to other indian ocean islands .

the mascarene martin is a small swallow that has grey-brown underparts becoming white on the throat and lower abdomen , dark grey-brown upperparts and a slightly forked tail .

the underparts are heavily streaked with black .

it nests in small colonies anywhere with suitably sheltered sites for constructing a nest , such as ledges , buildings , tunnels , caves or amongst rocks .

the nest is a shallow cup of twigs and other plant material , and the normal clutch is two or three brown-spotted white eggs .

the incubation and fledging times are unknown .

the mascarene martin has a heavy flight with slow wingbeats interspersed with glides , and frequently perches on wires .

it feeds on insects in flight , often hunting low over the ground or vegetation .

in eastern africa , open habitats such as deforested areas are frequently used for hunting .

a number of internal and external parasites have been detected in this species .

tropical cyclones can adversely affect populations on the smaller islands , but the mascarene martin is a locally common bird with an apparently stable population and is classed as a species of least concern by the international union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) .

its legal protection ranges from none on the french overseas department of réunion to a status on mauritius as a " species of wildlife in respect of which more severe penalties are provided " .

mascarene martin

mascarene martin ( phedina borbonica ) is a species of bird in the hirundinidae family .
english : mascarene swallow ; french : hirondelle des mas - careignes ; german : maskarenenschwalbe ; spanish : golondrina de mascarene .
spottiswoode , cwaire ; ryan , peter g ( 2002 ) .
first record of mascarene martin
evans , steven w ; bouwman , henk ( 2011 ) .
an unusuaw nesting site of a mascarene martin
very common . it is not always easy to distinguish this bird from the mascarene martin which may be less frequent .
about our name . mascarene martin guest house is named after the european swallows ( called housemartins ) that visit south africa every summer . they make their nests against houses , mainly near outside doors . mascarene
cwancey , p a ; lawson , wawter j ; irwin , michaew p stuart ( 1969 ) .
the mascarene martin
the mascarene martin or mascarene swawwow ( phedina borbonica ) is a passerine bird in de swawwow famiwy dat breeds in madagascar and in de mascarene iswands . the nominate subspecies occurs on mauritius and réunion and has never been found away from de mascarene iswands , but de smawwer madagascan subspecies , p . b . madagascariensis , is migratory and has been recorded wintering in east africa or wandering to oder indian ocean iswands .
cohen , cawwan ; leswie , rob ; winter , dave ( 1997 ) .
second record of mascarene martin for soudern africa
.
mascarene martin guest house is named after the swallows , called mascarene martins , that visit south africa every summer . mascarene martins nest against cliffs , and being on the highest point in the area , we named the guest house mascarene martin . mascarene martin guest house is situated in wilkoppies , a quiet and safe suburb of klerksdorp on the highest hill in the area . klerksdorp is a city in the north west province of south africa . accommodation is offered in a range of single , double or twin rooms , suitable for every taste and pocket . each room features an en suite , a tv with selected dstv channels , a mini - fridge , tea…
about our name . mascarene martin guest house is named after the european swallows ( called housemartins ) that visit south africa every summer . they make their nests against houses , mainly near outside doors . mascarene martins however nests against cliffs , and being on the highest point . . .
in the east of its range , the rock martin always has lighter , more contrasted underparts than the dusky crag martin .
mascarene martin guest house is named after the swallows , called mascarene martins , that visit south africa every summer . mascarene martins nest against cliffs , and being on the highest point in the area , we named the guest house mascarene martin . mascarene martin guest house is situated in wilkoppies , a quiet and safe suburb of klerksdorp on the highest hill in the area . klerksdorp is a city in the north west province of south africa . accommodation is offered in a range of single , double or twin rooms , suitable for every taste and pocket . each room features an en suite , a tv with selected dstv channels , a mini - fridge , tea - and coffee - making facilities , a fan , an electric blanket , and spare blankets . a full english breakfast can be enjoyed at mascarene martin ' s sister guest house , housemartin guest house , which is just a kilometre up the road . delicious home cooked suppers are available on request on week days . mascarene martin guest house has a lapa and swimming pool available if you want to relax outside . safe guest parking is available at the back of the guest house , behind a remote controlled gate .
martins however nests against cliffs , and being on the highest point in the area , we named the guest house mascarene martin . like the housemartins , our guests return to us every time
cheke a ( 1987 ) an ecological history of the mascarene islands , with particular reference to extinctions and introductions of land vertebrates . in : diamond aw ( ed ) studies of mascarene island birds , pp 5–89 . cambridge university press , cambridge , uk
no oder streaked swawwow species occur widin de iswand breeding range of de mascarene martin , and in africa de wesser striped swawwow is warger , has a deepwy forked taiw and a very different pwumage , wif dark bwue upperparts , a red rump and a chestnut head . [ 19 ] the brown - droated sand martin has simiwar structure and pwumage cowour to de mascarene martin , but has pwain , unstreaked underparts . [ 7 ] the smaww mascarene swiftwet has wonger , narrower wings dan de martin , and a much wighter fwight . [ 20 ] the brazza ' s martin is smawwer , has a pwainer back and finer dashing on de droat and chest , [ 21 ] but dere is no range overwap . [ 22 ]
purple martin proponents are motivated by the concern that the purple martin would likely vanish from eastern north america were it not for this assistance .
boasting a seasonal outdoor swimming pool and barbecue facilities mascarene martin is situated in klerksdorp 3 . 8 km from flamwood walk shopping centre . the property is located 6 km from klerksdorp city mall . wilmed park hospital is 1 . 1 km away . the units in the guest house are equipped with a tv . ngk goudkop ( ng church ) is 2 . 6 km from mascarene martin while klerksdorp hospital is 7 km from the property .
tapes of purple martin song are sold to attract martins to newly established birdhouses .
and larger and paler , particularly on its underparts than the dusky crag martin .
breeding season : purple martin breeding season occurs during the months of may and june .
and its white tail spots are significantly smaller than those of the eurasian crag martin .
and larger and paler , particularly on its underparts , than the dusky crag martin .
kostka , k . 2000 . owl guards for gourds : a way to protect martin gourds from aerial predators . purple martin update , 9 / 4 :
1
.
the song consists of a series of short notes increasing in frequency which are followed by a complex buzz and sometimes completed by a number of clicks . the song becomes increasingly loud , although the final clicks are quite soft . the song is similar to that of the banded martin , and does not resemble the mascarene martin , suggesting unresolved taxonomic problems .
layton , r . 1972 . the purple martin . jackson , missisippi : nature books publishers .
miwws , michaew s l ; cohen , cawwan ( 2007 ) .
brazza ' s martin
the pale crag martin is much drabber than most african swallows , and confusion is unlikely except with other crag martins or with sand martins of the genus riparia . it is 15 % smaller , paler and greyer than the eurasian crag martin , and has smaller tail spots . it is smaller , paler , and has a more contrasting throat than the rock martin . in the far east of its range , the pale crag martin always has lighter underparts than the dusky crag martin . although only slightly larger than the sand martin and brown - throated sand martin , the pale crag martin is more robust , has white tail spots , and lacks a breast band . separation of similar species in flight may be complicated by the difficulty of judging colours accurately in strong desert light , particularly with juveniles . the fast flight of the brown - throated sand martin also makes identification more difficult .
the mascarene martin has a heavy fwight wif swow wingbeats interspersed wif gwides , [ 32 ] and may repeatedwy return to a favourite perch . [ 33 ] this martin is often seen perched on wires , [ 34 ] and sometimes rests on sandy beaches . [ 33 ] the martin roosts in smaww fwocks in bushes , on buiwdings or on cwiffs . sometimes it is joined at de roost by oder birds , such as bwue - cheeked bee - eaters in de seychewwes . [ 7 ]
and prefer any other insect instead . generally purple martin diets consists of 23 % wasps and bees (
the white tail spots of the eurasian crag martin are significantly larger than those of both its relatives .
this martin is gregarious outside the breeding season , and may form sizeable flocks where food is abundant .
the white tail spots of the eurasian crag martin are significantly larger than those of both its relatives .
these are exclusively old world species . the rock martin breeds throughout africa and through the middle east as far as afghanistan and pakistan , and is replaced by the dusky crag martin further east in india and
the mascarene martin ' s breeding range is restricted to madagascar and de mascarene iswands . the nominate subspecies breeds on mauritius and réunion and p . b . madagascariensis occurs in madagascar . it may awso nest on pemba iswand where it has been seen in de breeding season . breeding habitat can be anywhere wif suitabwe sites for constructing a nest , such as wedges , buiwdings , tunnews , caves or amongst rocks . the martin is found on de east side of réunion between 200–500 m ( 660–1 , 640 ft ) , and on de souf and west coasts of mauritius . it awso occurs on inwand cwiffs on mauritius . [ 7 ]
this martin also breeds in lowland areas utilising man - made structures as a substitute for natural precipices . stone buildings such as old forts are particularly favoured , and the dusky crag martin can be found in urban areas including
brazza ' s martin can be distinguished from most other swallows within its range by the heavy streaking on the underparts .
this small martin ' s flight is typically slow and leisurely , but it is capable of considerable speed when required .
dusky crag martin pairs typically nest alone , although in suitable locations several pairs may be quite close to each other .
peirce , m a ; cheke a s ; cheke r a ( 1977 ) .
a survey of bwood parasites of birds in de mascarene iswands , indian ocean : wif descriptions of two new species and taxonomic discussion
.
ebird range map - purple martin . ebird . cornell lab of ornithology , n . d . web . 20 july 2012 .
purple martin ( progne subis ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) .
the pale crag martin ' s flight is slow , with rapid wing beats interspersed with flat - winged glides , and it is more acrobatic than the larger eurasian crag martin . it is a quiet bird ; the song is a muffled twitter , and other calls include a trrt resembling the call of the common house martin , a nasal vick , and a high pitched twee contact call .
purple martin ( progne subis ) . the internet bird collection . lynx edicions , n . d . web . 20 july 2012 .
wade , j . 1966 . what you should know about the purple martin . griggsville , illinois : j . l . wade .
turner , a . ( 2018 ) . mascarene martin ( phedina borbonica ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
in south asia , migrant eurasian birds sometimes join with flocks of the dusky crag martin and roost communally on ledges of cliffs or buildings .
are also treated as predators and attacked by repeated dives if they approach nesting cliffs . despite the general aggressiveness of the martin , it tolerates
the under - tail coverts are of the same shade as the underside of the abdomen but these are darker in the eurasian crag martin .
( hartert , 1921 ) aïr mountains of niger . a dark form , intermediate in tone between the nominate subspecies and the rock martin .
crag martin ptyonoprogne rupestris ( scopoli , 1769 )
. bird facts . british trust for ornithology . urltoken retrieved 27 november 2012 .
this martin has blue - black upperparts with a contrasting white rump , and white underparts . it resembles its close relatives , the asian house martin and common house martin , but unlike those species it has a black throat and black undertail . it feeds in flocks with other swallows , catching flies and other insects in flight . it is subject to predation and parasites , but its status within its limited range appears secure .
this martin has bwue - bwack upperparts wif a contrasting white rump , and white underparts . it resembwes its cwose rewatives , de asian house martin and common house martin , but unwike dose species it has a bwack droat and bwack undertaiw . it feeds in fwocks wif oder swawwows , catching fwies and oder insects in fwight . it is subject to predation and parasites , but its status widin its wimited range appears secure .
the dusky crag martin feeds mainly on insects caught in flight . when nesting , birds often fly back and forth near to a rock face or building hunting for their prey . this martin is more gregarious outside the breeding season , and may form small flocks where food is abundant .
this martin is found near rivers with the steep banks that are needed for the nest burrows . suitable habitat occurs along lowland tropical rivers like the
tropicaw cycwones can adversewy affect popuwations on de smawwer iswands , but de mascarene martin is a wocawwy common bird wif an apparentwy stabwe popuwation and is cwassed as a species of least concern by de internationaw union for conservation of nature ( iucn ) . its wegaw protection ranges from none on de french overseas department of réunion to a status on mauritius as a
species of wiwdwife in respect of which more severe penawties are provided
.
the crag martin ' s flight appears relatively slow for a swallow . rapid wing beats are interspersed with flat - winged glides , and its long flexible
, which appears not to be closely related to the other members of its current genus and resembles brazza ' s martin in nesting habits and vocalisations .
in south asia , migrant eurasian birds sometimes join with flocks of the dusky crag martin and roost communally on ledges of cliffs or buildings in winter .
in areas of pakistan where its range overlaps with that of the dusky crag martin , the pale crag martin breeds at a higher altitude . its range does not overlap there with the eurasian crag martin , which is found high in the himalayas , but where both occur in iran , the pale crag martin favours more arid habitats . in north africa , the eurasian species is again found at a higher level . the separation by altitude and aridity means that it is not known whether the closely related ptyonoprogne martins could hybridise . if they were shown to do so , it would cast doubts on their specific distinctness .
doughty , robin and rob fergus ( 2002 ) . the purple martin . university of texas press . isbn 978 - 0 - 292 - 71615 - 5
the total population of the dusky crag martin has not been quantified , but it is suspected to be increasing owing to the availability of artificial nest sites .
the genus phedina is dought to be an earwy offshoot from de main swawwow wineage , awdough de striped pwumage of its two species suggests a distant rewationship wif streaked african hirundo species . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] the oder member of de genus is de brazza ' s martin p . brazzae , awdough in de past it has sometimes been suggested dat brazza ' s martin shouwd be moved to its own genus , phedinopsis , due to de significant differences in vocawisations and nest type from its rewative . [ 10 ] [ 12 ] the nearest rewation of de two phedina martins is de banded martin , riparia cincta , which appears not to be cwosewy rewated to de oder members of its current genus and resembwes brazza ' s martin in its nesting habits and cawws . [ 8 ] [ 13 ] the current association of european rarities committees ( aerc ) - recommended practice is to move de banded martin to its own genus as neophedina cincta , rader dan to merge it into phedina , since de banded martin ' s warger size , different biww and nostriw shape and non - cowoniaw nesting are differences from de current phedina species . [ 14 ] german ornidowogist gustav hartwaub separated de madagascan popuwation of de mascarene martin as a fuww species , p . madagascariensis , [ 15 ] but more recent audorities have considered it to be onwy a subspecies , p . b . madagascariensis . [ 1 ] [ 7 ]
this article is part of project hirundinidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each swallow and martin , including made - up species .
which prey on both adults and juveniles . owls attack while the birds are inside the nest . owls grab the nest and shake it , which disorientates the purple martin . purple martins then try to slip out of the entrance hole , but owls grabs them with their claw . humans can help prevent these owl attacks by attaching curved rods over nest entrances so that owls cannot perch atop the martin houses . owls have also been known to reach their claws into martin houses to grab purple martins .
brown , c . 1984 . vocalizations of the purple martin . the condor , 86 / 4 : 433 - 442 . accessed october 03 , 2010 at urltoken .
a few species of swallow and martin are threatened with extinction by human activities , although other species have benefited from human changes to the environment and live around humans .
are dark brown , the eyes are brown , the small bill is mainly black , and the legs are brownish - pink . the sexes are alike , but juveniles have rufous grey tips to the plumage of the upperparts and wings . this species can be distinguished from the eurasian crag martin and rock martin by its darker underparts ,
the mascarene martin is a smaww swawwow dat has grey - brown underparts becoming white on de droat and wower abdomen , dark grey - brown upperparts and a swightwy forked taiw . the underparts are heaviwy streaked wif bwack . it nests in smaww cowonies anywhere wif suitabwy shewtered sites for constructing a nest , such as wedges , buiwdings , tunnews , caves or amongst rocks . the nest is a shawwow cup of twigs and oder pwant materiaw , and de normaw cwutch is two or dree brown - spotted white eggs . the incubation and fwedging times are unknown , uh - hah - hah - hah . the mascarene martin has a heavy fwight wif swow wingbeats interspersed wif gwides , and freqwentwy perches on wires . it feeds on insects in fwight , often hunting wow over de ground or vegetation , uh - hah - hah - hah . in eastern africa , open habitats such as deforested areas are freqwentwy used for hunting . a number of internaw and externaw parasites have been detected in dis species .
the breeding range of de mascarene martin is restricted to dree iswands . madagascar has an area of 592 , 800 sqware kiwometres ( 228 , 900 sq mi ) , [ 46 ] but de next wargest iswand , réunion , is just 2 , 512 sqware kiwometres ( 970 sq mi ) . [ 47 ] awdough dis bird has a wimited range , it is abundant on mauritius and réunion , and wocawwy common in madagascar . the popuwation size is unknown , but exceeds de vuwnerabiwity dreshowd of 10 , 000 mature individuaws and is bewieved to be stabwe . this martin is derefore cwassed as a species of least concern by de internationaw union for conservation of nature . [ 1 ]
dodsworth , p t l ( 1912 ) .
the crag martin ( ptyonoprogne rupestris )
. journal of the bombay natural history society 21 ( 2 ) : 660–661 .
couturier s , brunell j vandal d and st - martin g ( 1990 ) changes in the population dynamics of the george river caribou herd , 1976–1987 . arctic 43 : 9–20
the crag martins are four species of small passerine birds in the genus ptyonoprogne of the swallow family . they are the eurasian crag martin ( p . rupestris ) , the pale crag martin ( p . obsoleta ) , the rock martin ( p . fuligula ) and the dusky crag martin ( p . concolor ) . they are closely related to each other , and have formerly sometimes been considered to be one species . they are closely related to the hirundo barn swallows and are placed in that genus by some authorities . these are small swallows with brown upperparts , paler underparts without a breast band , and a square tail with white patches . they can be distinguished from each other on size , the colour shade of the upperparts and underparts , and minor plumage details like throat colour . they resemble the sand martin , but are darker below , and lack a breast band .
the pale crag martin was formerly often treated as the small , pale northern subspecies of the rock martin , but it is now usually considered to be a separate species . the changes in size and colour are continuous , so the evidence for separate species is not strong , although some rock martins can weigh more than twice as much as the smallest subspecies of the pale crag martin . the average weight for p . o . fusciventris is 22 . 4 g ( 0 . 79 oz ) against 10 g ( 0 . 35 oz ) for p . o . obsoleta . there do not appear to be any intermediate forms where pale crag martins and rock martin populations breed close to each other in somalia and ethiopia .
brown , c . 1979 . territoriality in the purple martin . the wilson bulletin , 91 / 4 :
583 - 593
. accessed november 01 , 2010 at urltoken .
all four species have extensive ranges and large populations , and the increasing use of artificial nest sites has enabled range expansion . the rock martin often breeds in lowland and desert towns ,
vyawahare , p m ( 1992 )
nest construction technique of dusky crag martin hirundo concolor with a note on its incubation period
pavo 30 ( 1 & 2 ) : 67–74 .
for our honeymoon , ronel and i visited madagascar – the so - called eighth continent . mascarene martins are a dime - a - dozen there , and can easily be seen sitting on windowsills or floating between high - rises in the capital city antananarivo . this bird perched on a grass stalk in a forest clearing near andasibe - perinet at dawn on morning .
the mascarene martin is a rewativewy qwiet bird , but it has a warbwed siri - wiri siri - wiri song given in fwight or when perched ; [ 7 ] some cawws given by perched birds end in a gwissando . [ 18 ] oder vocawisations may be used during mating or dispways of aggression , uh - hah - hah - hah . there is a chip contact caww , [ 7 ] and de young birds produce a fast twittering sound when begging for food . [ 18 ] birds wintering in mainwand africa are usuawwy siwent . [ 17 ]
the genus ptyonoprogne is closely related to the larger swallow genus hirundo , and is sometimes included within it since the nests of the ptyonoprogne crag martins resemble those of typical hirundo species like the barn swallow . however , a dna analysis showed that if hirundo is enlarged to contain the crag martins , it should include all the mud - builder genera . conversely , if the delichon house martins are considered to be a separate genus , as is normally the case , cecropis , petrochelidon and ptyonoprogne should also be split off . the pale crag martin ' s nearest relatives are the other members of the genus , the dusky crag martin p . concolor of southern asia , the rock martin p . fuligula of southern africa , and the eurasian crag martin p . rupestris .
morton , e . 1985 . vocal imitation in a captive purple martin . the wilson bulletin , 97 / 3 :
392 - 395
. accessed november 01 , 2010 at urltoken .
in the airflow which concentrate insects near vertical areas . the crag martin exploits the area close to the cliff when it hunts , relying on its high manoeuvrability and ability to perform tight turns .
the nepal house martin feeds on insects taken in flight , hunting along ridges or above treetops . the diet is not well known , but includes flies . [ 6 ] this bird is gregarious , feeding in flocks often with other aerial predators like the himalayan swiftlet , [ 6 ] or other hirundines such as the barn swallow , striated swallow or common house martin . [ 15 ]
mascarene martins wiww mob de mauritius kestrew , suggesting dat it is perceived as a potentiaw predator . [ 39 ] martins on mauritius may be infected by an endemic trypanosome , trypanosoma phedinae , [ 40 ] awdough de padogenicity is unknown , uh - hah - hah - hah . [ 34 ] protozoan bwood parasites of de genus haemoproteus have awso been found in de martin on mauritius , [ 41 ] awdough no bwood parasites were found in a madagascan specimen , uh - hah - hah - hah . [ 42 ] a new species of wouse fwy , ornidomya cecropis , was first found on a martin in madagascar , [ 43 ] and anoder bird from dat iswand carried de feader mite mesawges hirsutus , more commonwy found in parrots . [ 44 ] [ 45 ]
campbell finlay , j . 1976 . some effects of weather on purple martin activity . the auk , 93 / 2 :
231 - 244
. accessed october 31 , 2010 at urltoken .
the brazza ' s martin nests in the vertical banks of forested rivers from july to october , at the end of the dry season but before the river levels are high enough to cause flooding .
this martin moults early , with adults having completely replaced their feathers by late august . juveniles moult somewhat later , and their old primary feathers are retained even when the body has mainly adult plumage .
johnston , r . 1966 . the adaptive basis of geographic variation in color of the purple martin . the condor , 68 / 3 :
219 - 228
. accessed november 07 , 2010 at urltoken .
stokes , donald and lillian & brown , justin l . ( 1997 ) . stokes purple martin book . little , brown & co ( canada ) limited . isbn 978 - 0 - 316 - 81702 - 8
the nepaw house martin feeds on insects taken in fwight , hunting awong ridges or above treetops . the diet is not weww known , but incwudes fwies . [ 6 ] this bird is gregarious , feeding in fwocks often wif oder aeriaw predators wike de himawayan swiftwet , [ 6 ] or oder hirundines such as de barn swawwow , striated swawwow or common house martin , uh - hah - hah - hah . [ 15 ]
the pale crag martin breeds in suitable habitats throughout northern africa and through the middle east as far as afghanistan and pakistan . it is largely resident apart from local movements or a descent to lower altitudes after breeding . in addition , there is some short - range movement , including martins from southern arabia crossing the red sea and wintering alongside the local breeding birds in ethiopia and the horn of africa , and non - breeding p . f . spatzi and p . f . presaharica joining rock martins in mali and mauritania . in pakistan , the breeding range of the subspecies p . f . peloplasta overlaps with that of the dusky crag martin , although that species breeds at much lower levels , and in north africa p . f . obsoleta occupies desert habitats whilst the eurasian crag martin is found in the mountains . the pale crag martin has been recorded as a vagrant in bahrain , qatar , kuwait , and sri lanka , although its occurrence in the last country is treated as unproven in a 2011 field guide . the martin has been claimed to visit turkey , but this is also disputed .
feunteun e . , miller m . j . , carpentier a . , aoyama j . , dupuy c . , kuroki m . , pagano m . , réveillac e . , sellos d . , watanabe s . , tsukamoto k . , otake , t . , 2015 . stable isotopic composition of anguilliform leptocephali and other food web components from west of the mascarene plateau . progress in oceanography 137 , 69 - 83 .
johnston , r . , j . hardy . 1962 . behavior of the purple martin . the wilson bulletin , vol 64 , no . 3 :
243 - 262
. accessed september 25 , 2010 at urltoken .
helms iv , jackson a . , bridge , eli s . , godfrey , aaron p , and ames , tayna . ( 2015 ) : the purple martin update .
fire ant exterminators
. 24 - 27 .
sharma , satish kumar ( september 2003 ) .
nesting of dusky crag martin ptyonoprogne concolor sykes on electric bulbs at phulwari and kumbhalgarh wildlife sanctuaries , rajasthan
. zoos ' print journal 18 ( 10 ) : 1236 .
pale crag martin pairs often nest alone , especially in the sahara , although where suitable sites are available small loose colonies may form . this martin aggressively defends its nesting territory against conspecifics and other species . in africa breeding dates vary geographically and with local weather conditions , but in northwest africa february to april is normal , and in asia nesting is from april to june . two broods are common , and three have been raised in a season .
the purple martin ( progne subis ) is the largest north american swallow . these aerial acrobats have speed and agility in flight , and when approaching their housing , will dive from the sky at great speeds with their wings tucked .
this is an exceptionally fast - flying martin which gives an occasional short chi - i call in flight . it is otherwise is a rather quiet bird , but it has a brief three - note breeding song . [ 7 ]
this is an exceptionawwy fast - fwying martin which gives an occasionaw short chi - i caww in fwight . it is oderwise is a rader qwiet bird , but it has a brief dree - note breeding song . [ 7 ]
fantur , von roman ( 1997 ) .
die jagdstrategie der felsenschwalbe ( hirundo rupestris ) [ the hunting strategy of the crag martin ]
. carinthia ( in german with english summary ) 187 ( 107 ) : 229–252 .
the argasid tick hyalomma marginatum was found in pale crag martin nests on a sarcophagus and an ancient tomb in egypt . this tick has been implicated in the transmission of bahig virus , a pathogenic arbovirus previously thought to be transmitted only by mosquitoes . another argasid tick , argas africolumbae , was found in a nest of the closely related rock martins in kenya . the nasal mite ptilonyssus echinatus was found in a pale crag martin in the tibesti mountains of northern chad .
the pale crag martin has a very large range of 5 . 9 million km2 ( 2 . 29 million sq mi ) . the total population is unknown , but the bird is described as very common in jordan and common in egypt . it has an expanding range and increasing population . its large range and presumably high numbers mean that the pale crag martin is not considered to be threatened , and it is classed as least concern on the iucn red list .
alsop iii , f . 2002 . purple martin . pp .
464
in r greenberg , j hamilton , eds . birds of canada , vol . i , 1st edition . toronto ont . : southern lights custom publishing .
of rock martin , but that species breeds much higher in the mountains . this altitudinal separation means that it is not known whether the two closely related martins could hybridise , which would cast doubts as to whether they were distinct species .
fantur , von roman ( 1997 ) .
die jagdstrategie der felsenschwalbe ( hirundo rupestris ) [ the hunting strategy of the crag martin ]
( in german with english summary ) . carinthia 187 ( 107 ) : 229–252 . urltoken
tropicaw cycwones present a naturaw dreat , particuwarwy on de smaww iswands inhabited by de nominate subspecies . the popuwations on mauritius and réunion were badwy affected by a cycwone in february 1861 , and a british ornidowogist , edward newton , cwaimed not to have seen a singwe specimen on mauritius between de six - day storm and june of de fowwowing year . [ 48 ] it took many years for dis popuwation to fuwwy recover , but by about 1900 it was reported to be common but wocaw , and in 1973–74 dere were 200–400 pairs on réunion and 70–75 pairs in mauritius . more recent cycwones , wike one in 1980 , seem to have had wess damaging effects dan de 1861 storm . [ 7 ] a number of species in de region are vuwnerabwe partwy because dey are restricted to one iswand , or are badwy affected by habitat degradation or introduced predators , and severaw species have been wost from de mascarene iswands since human cowonisation in de seventeenf century . the martin and de mascarene swiftwet occur on aww de main iswands , and are wess vuwnerabwe to de effects of human activities , especiawwy since dey can utiwise houses for nest sites . [ 49 ]
isenmann , paul ( 2001 ) .
do man - made nesting sites promote the increase in numbers and spatial spread of the eurasian crag martin ptyonoprogne rupestris in europe ?
. revue d ' écologie 56 ( 3 ) : 299–302 .
martin s , clavier j , guarini jm , chauvaud l , hily c , grall j , thouzeau g , jean f , richard j ( 2005 ) comparison of zostera marina and maerl community metabolism . aquatic botany 83 : 161 - 174
the mascarene martin was first formawwy described in 1789 as hirundo borbonica by german zoowogist johann friedrich gmewin in his 13f edition of linnaeus ' s systema naturae . [ 2 ] it is wikewy dat de species had previouswy been described by french naturawist phiwibert commerson who died in mauritius in 1773 . his huge cowwection of specimens and notes was sent back to de paris museum in 1774 , but destroyed by suwphur fumigation in about 1810 . [ 3 ] french biowogist charwes lucien bonaparte moved de martin to his newwy created genus phedina in 1855 . [ 4 ] the genus name is derived from de greek phaios ( φαιός )
brown
and de itawian rondine
swawwow
, [ 5 ] and de species name refers to de îwe de bourbon ( owd french name for réunion ) . [ 6 ] there are two subspecies , nominate p . borbonica borbonica on mauritius and réunion , and p . b . madagascariensis in madagascar . [ 7 ]
brown , charles r . 1997 . purple martin ( progne subis ) , the birds of north america online ( a . poole , ed . ) . ithaca : cornell lab of ornithology ; retrieved from the birds of north america online : urltoken
predators of this martin have been little studied , but it was the only bird recorded in a study of the diet of the mainly insectivorous collared falconet . [ 16 ] it is parasitised by a flea of the genus callopsylla . [ 17 ]
predators of dis martin have been wittwe studied , but it was de onwy bird recorded in a study of de diet of de mainwy insectivorous cowwared fawconet . [ 16 ] it is parasitised by a fwea of de genus cawwopsywwa . [ 17 ]
jauffrais t . , geslin e , briand f . , jesus b . , martin jézéquel v . 2016 . locomotion speed of a benthic foraminifer ammonia tepida exposed to different nitrogen and carbon sources . journal of sea research 118 , 52 - 58 .
the nepal house martin was first described by british entomologist frederic moore in 1854 , and placed in a new genus delichon created by moore and american naturalist thomas horsfield . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] the specimen or its description was attributed by moore to brian houghton hodgson and early literature sometimes refers to in as hodgson ' s martin . some older taxonomic sources such as those by s d ripley specify the binomial author as
hodgson = moore in horsfield & moore , 1854
. [ 5 ] its closest relatives are the two other members of the genus , the asian house martin and the common house martin . [ 3 ] this martin has a distinctive subspecies , d . n . cuttingi , described by american biologist ernst w . mayr in 1941 from a specimen taken near the burma - yunnan border . [ 6 ] white - throated birds in the southern extension of the range are similar in appearance to the nominate subspecies , but because of their geographical separation are sometimes considered to be a third race , d . n . bartletti . [ 7 ] delichon is an anagram of the ancient greek term χελιδών ( chelīdōn ) , meaning
swallow
, [ 8 ] and nipalense refers to nepal , where the type specimen was obtained . [ 4 ]
the dusky crag martin ( ptyonoprogne concolor ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . it is about 13 cm ( 5 . 1 in ) long with a broad body and wings , and a short square tail that has small white patches near the tips of most of its feathers . this martin has sooty - brown upperparts and slightly paler underparts . the two subspecies are resident breeding birds in south asia from the indian subcontinent to southwestern china and the northern parts of thailand , vietnam and laos .
in mauritius , de mascarene martin is wegawwy protected as a
species of wiwdwife in respect of which more severe penawties are provided
. it is iwwegaw to kiww any bird of de species or to take or destroy deir nests under section 16 of de wiwdwife and nationaw parks act 1993 . [ 50 ] awdough madagascar and de african mainwand countries have no speciaw measures beyond generaw bird protection wegiswation , uh - hah - hah - hah . [ 51 ] réunion is an overseas department of france , but de birds directive does not appwy outside europe , so dere is no european - wevew bird protection wegiswation effective on de iswand , despite de possibiwity dat european union agricuwturaw and oder funding may be adversewy affecting birds and vuwnerabwe habitats . [ 49 ] [ 52 ]
hutson , a m ( 1981 ) .
a new species of the ornithomya biloba - group ( dipt . , hippoboscidae ) from crag martin ( ptyonoprogne rupestris ) ( aves , hirundinidae )
. mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen gesellschaft 54 ( 1–2 ) : 157–162 .
anderson , o . , ashpole , j , bird , j . , butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , lascelles , b . , martin , r , moreno , r . , stattersfield , a . , symes , a . , tarzia , m
, a male brazza ' s martin perched about 30 cm ( 1 ft ) away from a female and sang for about ten minutes . as it sang , the male leant towards the female , which caused the still - folded wings and tail to rise relative to the body .
is found in southwestern china , and the northern parts of thailand , vietnam and laos . the dusky crag martin is largely resident apart from local movements after breeding , but it has bred in malaysia at least once , and occurred as a vagrant to sri lanka and probably borneo .
the nepaw house martin was first described by british entomowogist frederic moore in 1854 , and pwaced in a new genus dewichon created by moore and american naturawist thomas horsfiewd . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] the specimen or its description was attributed by moore to brian houghton hodgson and earwy witerature sometimes refers to in as hodgson ' s martin , uh - hah - hah - hah . some owder taxonomic sources such as dose by s d ripwey specify de binomiaw audor as
hodgson = moore in horsfiewd & moore , 1854
. [ 5 ] its cwosest rewatives are de two oder members of de genus , de asian house martin and de common house martin , uh - hah - hah - hah . [ 3 ] this martin has a distinctive subspecies , d . n , uh - hah - hah - hah . cuttingi , described by american biowogist ernst w . mayr in 1941 from a specimen taken near de burma - yunnan border . [ 6 ] white - droated birds in de soudern extension of de range are simiwar in appearance to de nominate subspecies , but because of deir geographicaw separation are sometimes considered to be a dird race , d . n , uh - hah - hah - hah . bartwetti . [ 7 ] dewichon is an anagram of de ancient greek term χελιδών ( chewīdōn ) , meaning
swawwow
, [ 8 ] and nipawense refers to nepaw , where de type specimen was obtained . [ 4 ]
diamond , j . 1984 . historic extinctions : a rosetta stone for understanding prehistoric extinctions . pages 824 - 862 in p . s . martin and r . g . klein , editors . quaternary extinctions : a prehistoric revolution . university of arizona press , tucson , arizona , usa .
the crag martin has over the last few decades increasingly used houses and other man - made sites to nest . this greater availability of breeding sites has enabled the species to expand its range , but it is possible that this will lead to competition with other hirundines , such as the barn swallow and
this martin nests under a cliff overhang or on a man - made structure , building a neat half - cup mud nest with a soft lining . both adults incubate the two to four eggs and feed the chicks . this species does not form large breeding colonies , but it is more gregarious outside the breeding season . it feeds an a wide variety of insects that are caught as the martin flies near to cliff faces . it may be hunted by large bats as well as birds of prey , but its extensive and expanding range and large population mean that there are no significant conservation concerns .
some european birds stay north of the mediterranean , and , like populations in warmer areas such as india , turkey and cyprus , just move to lower ground after breeding . the dusky crag martin and rock are largely resident apart from local movements after breeding , when many birds descend to lower altitudes ,
the pale crag martin feeds mainly on insects caught in flight , although it will occasionally feed on the ground . breeding birds often feed close to their nesting territory , flying back and forth along a rock face catching insects in their bills . cliff faces generate standing waves in the airflow which concentrate insects near vertical areas . crag martins exploit the area close to the cliff when they hunt , relying on their high manoeuvrability and ability to perform tight turns . when not breeding , they may also hunt low over open ground . the insects caught depend on what is locally available , but may include mosquitoes , flies , hymenoptera , ants and beetles . this martin often feeds alone , but sizeable groups may gather at grass fires to feast on the fleeing insects , and outside the breeding season flocks of up to 300 may form where food is abundant , such as agricultural areas , wetlands and sewage works . the pale crag martin drinks in flight as it skims the water surface , although at least some of its water requirement is obtained from the insects it consumes . wintering hirundines of other species are not normally found in the dry , rocky areas in which the pale rock martin nests , so there is little competition for food .
distribution of mascerene martin in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) .
fraser , d . , c . siddle , d . copley , e . walters . 1997 . the return of the purple martin in british columbia . wildlife branch , british columbia ministry of environment , lands and parks , 1 :
279 - 282
. accessed november 07 , 2010 at urltoken .
purple martins play roles as predator , prey , competitor , and host . purple martins are insectivorous and are known to be effective pest controllers . purple martins are preyed upon by many species and also serve as a host to several species of parasites . purple martin populations have been greatly affected by mite parasites , specifically
the pale crag martin ( ptyonoprogne obsoleta ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family that is resident in northern africa and in southwestern asia east to pakistan . it breeds mainly in the mountains , but also at lower altitudes , especially in rocky areas and around towns . unlike most swallows , it is often found far from water . it is 12–13 cm ( 4 . 7–5 . 1 in ) long , with mainly brown plumage , paler - toned on the upper breast and underwing coverts , and with white
windows
on the spread tail in flight . the sexes are similar in appearance , but juveniles have pale fringes to the upperparts and flight feathers . it was formerly considered to be the northern subspecies of the rock martin of southern africa , although it is smaller , paler , and whiter - throated than that species . the pale crag martin hunts along cliff faces for flying insects using a slow flight with much gliding . its call is a soft twitter .
the crag martins mainly breed on dry , warm and sheltered cliffs in mountainous areas with crags and gorges , and the eurasian crag martin reaches 5 , 000 m ( 16 , 500 ft ) in central asia . the use of buildings as artificial cliffs has enabled breeding expansion into lowland areas , particularly for the two tropical species ,
) is dependent on artificial martin houses of wood or aluminum and fake plastic gourds , supplied by individuals and organizations fond of the bird . this tradition was in place even before the population crash ; native americans are said to have hollowed out gourds and erected them for this purpose . the situation requires ongoing maintenance , as european starlings and house sparrows compete with martins as cavity - nesters , and will fight with martins over nest sites . starlings have even been known to kill purple martins , especially nestling young , and house sparrows have been known to evict purple martins from their nests . thus , unmonitored purple martin houses are often overtaken by more aggressive , non - native species .
the eurasian crag martin or just crag martin ( ptyonoprogne rupestris ) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family . it is about 14 cm ( 5 . 5 in ) long with ash - brown upperparts and paler underparts , and a short , square tail that has distinctive white patches on most of its feathers . it breeds in the mountains of southern europe , northwestern africa and southern asia . it can be confused with the other two species in its genus , but is larger than both , with brighter tail spots and different plumage tone . many european birds are resident , but some northern populations and most asian breeders are migratory , wintering in northern africa , the middle east or india .
in the airflow which concentrate insects near vertical areas . the martin exploits the area close to the cliff when it hunts , relying on its high manoeuvrability and ability to perform tight turns . when feeding young , foraging is concentrated on the profitable patches in the immediate vicinity of the nest , since there is a negative correlation between foraging distance and feeding rate .
the purple martin can be found throughout nearly the entire united states east of the rocky mountains . although declining in many western states , it is also found in isolated areas in canada , oregon , washington , california , utah , colorado , arizona , new mexico and mexico . the bird is an early spring migrant returning from its winter grounds in south america .
one anti - predation behavior shown by purple martins is vigilant nest cleaning . purple martin parents will eat fecal sacs and encourage juvenile birds to defecate by poking at their cloacal region . the feces will be either consumed or removed from the nest by dropping them outside . the elimination of feces and fecal sacs allows for protection , since the scent trails would be removed .
endemic island species held in captivity appear similarly sensitive to infection by exotic pathogens . a captive breeding program for the pink pigeon ( nesoenas mayeri ) , an endangered species from mauritius , encountered serious problems after the hatchlings were infected with a pigeon herpesvirus from asymptomatic rock doves ( columba livia ) used as foster parents ( snyder et al . 1985 ) . another mascarene endemic , the mauritius kestrel ( falco punctatus ) was shown to be sensitive to herpesvirus hepatitis ( cooper et al . 1981 ) . penguins , which are not island endemics per se but have evolved mainly in the absence of diverse pathogen communities , have been shown to be very susceptible to infectious pathogens , most notably various plasmodium species ( graczyk et al . 1995 ) .


eupithecia efferata is a moth in the geometridae family .

it is found in pakistan .

the wingspan is about 17.5 – 19 mm .

eupithecia efferata

this is the place for efferata definition . you find here efferata meaning , synonyms of efferata and images for efferata copyright 2017 © urltoken
eupithecia efferata is a moth in the family geometridae . it is found in pakistan . [ 2 ]
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eupithecia lavicaria fuchs , 1902 ( syn : eupithecia lavicata prout , 1914 ) , described from norway .
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ash pug ( angle - barred pug ) ( eupithecia innotata f . fraxinata )
a revision of the
eupithecia innotata group
, i . ( lepidoptera , geometridae )
ヒマラヤ西部のカバナミシャク属 ( eupithecia ) の再検討の第3報で , 本報をもってこのシリーズを完了する . 本報では新たに4新種 ( e . efferata mironov & ratzel , e . egregiata mironov & ratzel , e . brunneomarginata mironov & galsworthy , e . exicterata mironov & ratzel ) を含む26種を扱い , 約10個のシノニムも整理した . また , これまでに本シリーズで記載した新種 , 新亜種のほか , 学名の変更およびシノニムの一覧を末尾に添えた .
eupithecia is a large genus of moths of the family geometridae . there are hundreds of described species , found in all parts of the world ( 45 in the british isles alone ) , and new species are discovered on a regular basis .
eupithecia species form the bulk of the group commonly known as pugs . they are generally small with muted colours and specific identification can be difficult . as a group they are easily identified by their narrow wings held flat at 90° to the body with the hindwings almost hidden behind the forewings .
the larvae of many species feed on the flowers and seeds of their food plants rather than the foliage . many species have a very specific food plant . some hawaiian eupithecia are predators of other insects ( e . orichloris , e . staurophragma , e . scoriodes ) . they mimic twigs but when sensitive hairs on their backs are triggered , they quickly grab the insects touching them . the defensive behavior of snapping may have pre - adapted hawaii ' s ancestral eupithecia for shifting to predation from feeding on pollen . also , insect predators that behave in this way are lacking in hawaii ' s fauna .
in the third and last part of this series , twenty - six further species , including four new species , of eupithecia are documented from kashmir and adjacent territories of pakistan and india . a complete list of taxonomic changes proposed in the three parts of the paper is given . the identity of a number of older species names is clarified .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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the wingspan is about 17 . 5–19 mm . the forewings are pale grey and the hindwings are whitish grey .
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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chinery , michael ( 1986 ) . collins guide to the insects of britain and western europe ( reprinted 1991 ) .
skinner , bernard ( 1984 ) . colour identification guide to moths of the british isles .
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