tethea octogesima is a moth in the drepanidae family .

it is found in japan , korea , china ( jilin , shaanxi , zhejiang ) , taiwan and the russian far east .

the wingspan is 20-24 mm .

adults have a dark silvery grey tint , with deep black the transverse lines and markings of the reniform and orbicular spots .

the lines near the base are more dentated , the central band is wider and its external limiting line irregularly zigzag .

tethea octogesima

tethea angustata staudinger , 1885 syn . n . of tethea octogesima octogesima ( butler , 1878 )
tethea octogesima var . caucasica krulikowsky , 1901 , syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )
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tethea ampliata griseofasciata werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ampliata shansiensis werny , 1966
tethea albicosta birmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicosta ( moore , 1867 )
tethea albicostata contrastata werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )
tethea albicostata japonibia werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )
tethea albicostata koreonaga bryk , 1948 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )
tethea albicostata montana werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea albicostata ( bremer , 1861 )
tethea akanensis koreibia bryk , 1948 syn . n . of tethea or terrosa ( graeser , 1888 )
tethea consimilis birohoensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )
tethea consimilis flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )
tethea consimilis hoenei werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis consimilis ( warren , 1912 )
tethea consimilis szechwanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea consimilis commifera ( warren , 1912 )
tethea oberthueri chekiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )
tethea oberthueri fukienensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )
tethea oberthueri monticola bryk , 1943 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )
tethea oberthueri occidentalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea oberthueri oberthueri ( houlbert , 1921 )
tethea ocularis caucasica werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )
tethea ocularis kosswigi werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis ocularis ( linnaeus , 1767 )
tethea ocularis tsinlingensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis amurensis ( warren , 1912 )
tethea ampliata var . askoldensis ( houlbert , 1921 ) syn . n . of tethea ampliata ampliata ( butler , 1878 )
tethea ocularis orientalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea ocularis osthelderi ( bytinski - salz & brandt , 1937 )
tethea or nigrescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of tethea or or ( [ denis & schiffermüller ] , 1775 )
cymatophora intermedia houlbert , 1921 , syn . n . of tethea or terrosa ( graeser , 1888 )
nonmelanic ( left ) and industrial melanic ( right ) forms of some british moths . from top to bottom : peppered moth–biston betularia , lobster moth–stauropus fagi , figure of eighty–tethea octogesima , scalloped hazel–gonodontis bidentata , brindled beauty–lycia hirtaria , pale brindled beauty–apocheima pilosaria , green brindled crescent– allophyes oxyacanthae , dark arches–apamea monoglypha
nonmelanic ( left ) and industrial melanic ( right ) forms of some british moths . from top to bottom : peppered moth— biston betularia , lobster moth— stauropus fagi , figure of eighty— tethea octogesima , scalloped hazel— gonodontis bidentata , brindled beauty— lycia hirtaria , pale brindled beauty— apocheima pilosaria , green brindled crescent— allophyes oxyacanthae , dark arches— apamea monoglypha
tethea ampliata ( butler , 1878 ) = cymatophora ampliata butler , 1878 = palimpsestis daisetsuzana matsumura , 1927 = palimpsestis daisetsuzana matsumura , 1927 .
. . . inae fauna were referred in the list of far eastern lepidoptera , compiled mainly on the basis of the relevant volumes of
macrolepidoptera of the world
by a . seitz and published almost 80 years ago ( = - = moltrecht , 1929 - = - ) , where 16 species were reported , including palimpsestis intensa butl . ( = tethea octogesima butler , 1878 ) and thyatira trimaculata bremer , 1861 . now the latter taxon is transferred to genus cymatopho . . .
. . . - thyatira flavida butl . ( matsumura , 1925 ) , ochropacha duplaris l . ( sheljuzhko , 1926 ) , neodaruma tamanukii ( matsumura , 1933a ) , tethea consimilis ( vasyurin & tshistjakov , 1979 ) , epipsestis perornata ( = - = tshistjakov & dubatolov , 1987 - = - ) , achlya flavicornis jesoensis ( tshistjakov , 2006 ) were added and 4 taxa - togaria suzukiana ( matsumura , 1921 ) , achlya hoerburgeri ( schawerda , 1924 ) , epipsestis ornata obscurata ( tshistjakov , 1987 ) a . . .
. . . ata : kuwayama , 1967 : 79 ( southern kuriles , kunashir is . ) ; vasyurin & tshistjakov , 1979 : 102 ; dubatolov , 1991 : 182 ( southern kuriles , kunashir is . : alekhino , ivanovsky cape ) . palimpsestis askoldensis : = - = houlbert , 1921 - = - : 176 ( southern primorye ,
sidemi
[ now : besverhovo ] ) . tethea ampliata angustimedia : tshistjakov , 2006 : 192 . distribution : south of the russian far east ( south of khabarovskii krai , primoskii krai ) ; n . . .
. . . ow : rasdolnaya river ] , vladivostok , askold is . , sidemi [ now : besverhovo settl . ] ) . palimpsestis ampliata angustimedia warren , 1912 : 329 , syn . n . palimpsestis ampliata : filipjev , 1927 : 259 ( tigrovaya ) ; = - = bryk , 1942 - = - : 33 . tethea ampliata : kuwayama , 1967 : 79 ( southern kuriles , kunashir is . ) ; vasyurin & tshistjakov , 1979 : 102 ; dubatolov , 1991 : 182 ( southern kuriles , kunashir is . : alekhino , ivanovsky cape ) . palimpse . . .
. . . vostok ) . palimpsestis or terrosa : staudinger , 1892 : 376 ( ussuri river , askold is . ) ; filipjev , 1927 : 259 ( tigrovaya ) ; kurentzov , 1939 : 173 ( sudzuche river [ now : kievka river ] ) . palimpsestis kurilensis = - = matsumura , 1929 - = - : 166 ; matsumura , 1931 : 673 , fig . 319 ; matsumura , 1933a : 197 ( southern kuriles , iturup , shana [ now : kurilsk settl . ] ) . tethea or terrosa : kuwayama , 1967 : 79 ( south kuriles , iturup is . ) ; vasyurin & tshi . . .
. . . or terrosa : staudinger , 1892 : 376 ( ussuri river , askold is . ) ; filipjev , 1927 : 259 ( tigrovaya ) ; kurentzov , 1939 : 173 ( sudzuche river [ now : kievka river ] ) . palimpsestis kurilensis matsumura , 1929 : 166 ; = - = matsumura , 1931 - = - : 673 , fig . 319 ; matsumura , 1933a : 197 ( southern kuriles , iturup , shana [ now : kurilsk settl . ] ) . tethea or terrosa : kuwayama , 1967 : 79 ( south kuriles , iturup is . ) ; vasyurin & tshistjakov , 1979 : 102 ; ts . . .
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jiang , nan , yang , chao , xue , dayong & han , hongxiang , 2015 , an updated checklist of thyatirinae ( lepidoptera , drepanidae ) from china , with descriptions of one new species , zootaxa 3941 ( 1 ) , pp . 1 - 48 : 13
. type - locality : japan , yokohama . holotype ♀ ( bmnh ) .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
die zahlreichen expeditionen ungarischer forscherteams , die ende des 20 . jahrhunderts in die himalayaregion zu allen jahreszeiten unternommen wurden brachten aus den bisher kaum erforschten wintermonaten neben noctuidae und geometridae auch eine unerwartete fülle von material der familie thyatiridae . diese familie hat neben noctuidae und geometridae als einzige weitere heterocera - familie einen schwerpunkt des erscheinens zu dieser jahreszeit , wodurch das interesse der noctuidae - spezialisten l . und g . ronkay sowie des geometridae - spezialisten g . m . lászló geweckt wurde , dieses material , das gemäß getroffener vereinbarungen geschlossen ans museum witt gelangte , auch zu bearbeiten . die dort bereits vorhandenen materialeingänge aus angrenzenden regionen zeigten sehr schnell daß eine erschöpfende bearbeitung nur im rahmen einer gesamtrevision der familie mit typenstudium durchgeführt werden konnte , also einem vorhaben das genau den forschungszielen von thomas witt entsprach . nach etwa 10 - jähriger bearbeitungszeit erscheint nun 2007 in der buchreihe esperiana ( band 13 ) diese revision mit dem titel „the thyatiridae of eurasia including the sundaland and new guinea ( lepidoptera ) ” aus der feder des autorenteams gyula m . lászló , gábor ronkay , lászló ronkay und thomas witt . grundlage und dokumentation dieser bearbeitung bildet die sammlung im museum witt , deren bedeutung am besten im vorwort / preface zu dieser revision geschildert wird .
the present work is a result of an almost ten - years long study of the authors having rather different former interest in the lepidopterology . only one of us had previous experience on the taxonomy and systematics of the wide sense „bombycoid” families since the three hungarian authors worked with different geometridae and noctuidae groups . but the „false owlet moths” display a great number of noctuoid features which make this very fascinating lepidopteran family even more interesting for the noctuid workers .
the final impetus was given during the intensive studies of the „winter moth fauna” of the himalayan region : to our great surprise , it was found that the macrolepidoptera fauna of the cold aspects has not been restricted to the „ordinary” noctuidae and geometridae but a diverse thyatiridae assemblage is present in practically all winter aspects . moreover , it is proved that thyatiridae is the only large heterocera group which shares this long and still rather poorly explored period with the noctuidae and geometridae in the wide sense himalayan region . the best marker of the richness of this fauna is the fact that the hnhm budapest has become the second largest european thyatiridae collection in the mirror of the species numbers within six years !
originally we thought to deal with the winter genera and species and the first discoveries were published in separate papers but the need of the full revision of the family became obvious even in the early period of the studies . we had to face unsolved problems not only in the treatment of the highly specialised and partly newly discovered himalayan - sino - pacific groups but even in such well - known , partly european genera like habrosyne and thyatira ( and horithyatira , macrothyatira , gaurena etc . ) . it should be stated that the lack of the proper investigations of an amazingly large portion of the type specimens led to several mistakes in the former and the rather recent monographic works as well .
a lucky and encouraging condition is that the overwhelming majority of the type material of the formerly described species - rank taxa is preserved in four giant collections ( bmnh london , zmhu berlin , zfmk bonn and zs munich ) , the matsumura types have been studies and documented by inoue and yoshimoto ( and we could access the colour slides of the specimens ) and the most recent expedition material , including the newly described himalayan - sino - pacific taxa are harboured first of all in the witt museum , munich , in a smaller quantity in the hnhm budapest and the nsm tokyo . another important advantage of our studies in comparison with our ancestors in this field is the great increase of the material available . the thyatiridae collection of the witt museum comprises some 50 , 000 specimens , therefore is supposedly larger than all other museum collections . as a typical example , the total number of the epipsestis specimens preserved in the largest european museums ( bmnh , zfmk , zsm and zmhu ) altogether less than 500 while we could study more than 12 , 000 additional individuals ! these facts provided the basement of this great venture : the preparation of the monograph of the entire eurasian fauna of a large heteroceran family .
the elaboration of the monograph was unexpectedly lengthy , mostly due to the detailed examination and documentation of the type material and , the continuous discoveries of new species . a propitious moment in this long process that the technical conditions of the digital photography became increasingly better during this period , therefore the quality of our colour images and microscopic photographs could also be remarkably improved and we are able to provide impressive illustrations about these really beautiful animals . it is our pleasure to present this book to all lepidopterists , hoping that the readers will read and use it with joy and success .
gyula m . lászló , gábor ronkay , lászló ronkay and thomas j . witt
laszlo , gy . m . , g . ronkay , l . ronkay and t . witt
esperiana buchreihe zur entomologie 13 : 1 - 683 , 42 farbtafeln . schwanfeld , 18 . juli 2007 , isbn 3 - 938249 - 06 - 4 .
revised status , stat . rev . , status nova , stat . n . , bona species , bona sp . raised to species
microthyatira werny , 1966 syn . n . of nemacerota hampson , [ 1893 ]
togaria matsumura , 1921 syn . n . of nemacerota hampson , [ 1893 ]
asphalia nigrofascicula graeser , 1888 , syn . n . of neoploca arctipennis ( butler , 1878 )
cymotrix decora gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona brunnea bethune - baker , 1908
cymotrix submarginalis gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona concinna warren , 1915
gaurena trimacula gaede , 1930 syn . n . of habrona marmorata warren , 1915
horithyatira assamensis werny , 1966 , syn . n . of horithyatira diehli werny , 1966
mimopsestis determinata bryk , 1943 syn . n . of parapsestis pseudomaculata ( houlbert , 1921 )
psidopala ebba bryk , 1943 , syn . n . of psidopala undulans ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )
psidopala pseudoornata werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )
palimpsestis brunnea leech , 1900 syn . n . of paragnorima fuscescens ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )
spilobasis curvata sick , 1941 syn . n . of neotogaria flammifera ( houlbert , 1921 )
togaria suzukiana matsumura , 1921 syn . n . of nemacerota tancrei ( graeser , 1888 )
achlya flavicornis finmarchica schöyen , 1881 syn . n . of achlya flavicornis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
achlya flavicornis meridionalis wolfsberger , 1968 syn . n . of achlya flavicornis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
achlya longipennis inokoi inoue , 1982 syn . n . of achlya tateyamai inoue , 1982
epipsestis perornata sicki yoshimoto , 1988 syn . n of epipsestis nigropunctata nigropunctata ( sick , 1941 )
gaurena albifasciata likiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena margaritha werny , 1966
gaurena albifasciata nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena albifasciata gaede , 1930
gaurena argentisparsa eberti werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena argentisparsa hampson , 1896
gaurena aurofasciata bryki werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena aurofasciata hampson , [ 1893 ]
gaurena florens obscura werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865
gaurena florens oliva werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865
gaurena florens yuennanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florens walker , 1865
gaurena florescens albomaculata werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865
gaurena florescens burmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865
gaurena gemella flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of gaurena florescens walker , 1865
habrosyne albipuncta szechwanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne albipuncta angulifera ( gaede , 1930 )
habrosyne argenteipuncta burmanica werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]
habrosyne argenteipuncta chinensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea violacea ( fixsen , 1887 )
habrosyne argenteipuncta nigricans werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]
habrosyne argenteipuncta pallescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea violacea ( fixsen , 1887 )
habrosyne argenteipuncta szechwana werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne violacea argenteipuncta hampson , [ 1893 ]
habrosyne aurorina moellendorfi ( fixsen , 1887 ) syn . n . of habrosyne aurorina aurorina ( butler , 1881 )
habrosyne conscripta nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne intermedia conscripta warren , 1912
habrosyne dieckmanni urupina bryk , 1941 syn . n . of habrosyne dieckmanni ( graeser , 1888 )
habrosyne dieckmanni roseola matsumura , 1909 syn . n . of habrosyne dieckmanni ( graeser , 1888 )
habrosyne fraterna chekiangensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )
habrosyne fraterna japonica werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )
habrosyne indica aurata werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )
habrosyne indica flavescens werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )
habrosyne indica grisea werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )
habrosyne indica malaisei bryk , 1943 syn . n . of habrosyne indica ( moore , 1867 )
habrosyne petrographa ( sic ! ) tapaischana werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne pterographa ( poujade , 1887 )
habrosyne pyritoides ochracea werny , 1966 syn . n . of habrosyne pyritoides derasoides ( butler , 1878 )
haplothyatira unipunctata dubitatrix bryk , 1943 , syn . n . of paragnorima fuscescens ( hampson , [ 1893 ] )
macrothyatira fasciata shansiensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of macrothyatira fasciata ( houlbert , 1921 )
palimpsestis duplaris kamschadalis sheljuzhko , 1926 syn . n . of ochropacha duplaris ( linnaeus , 1767 )
palimpsestis fluctosa isshikii matsumura , 1921 , syn . n . of tetheella fluctuosa ( hübner , [ 1803 ] )
psidopala ornata yuennanensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )
psidopala pseudoornata indecorata werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala ornata ornata ( leech , 1900 )
psidopala tenuis falkneri werny , 1966 syn . n . of psidopala tenuis ( hampson , 1896 )
stenopsestis alternata bryki yoshimoto , 1993 syn . n . of stenopsestis alternata ( moore , 1881 )
tetheella fluctuosa isshikii ( matsumura , 1921 ) syn . n . of tetheella fluctuosa ( hübner , [ 1803 ] )
thyatira batis japonica werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis batis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
thyatira batis mandschurica werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis batis ( linnaeus , 1758 )
thyatira hedemanni elbursina werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira hedemanni christoph , 1885
thyatira rubrescens assamensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens kwangtungensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens nepalensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens obscura werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens orientalis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens szechwana werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens tienmushana werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
thyatira rubrescens vietnamensis werny , 1966 syn . n . of thyatira batis rubrescens werny , 1966
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to date 683 species of macro - moth along with 1159 species of micro - moth have been recorded in norfolk since records began in victorian times . this site aims to provide full details of all the species that occur ( or once occurred ) in norfolk , with photographs , descriptions , flight graphs , latest records , distribution maps and more !
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018
regions of the russian federation : the trans - baikal , the lower amur , primorye , sakhalin , mid - amur , south kuril .
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earlier today i published an interesting picture . here it is again for reference :
candidates for adaptation from standing variation . ( a ) peromycus polionotus subspecies . the mouse in ( i ) is a typical mainland mouse ( p . p . subgriseue ) and the mouse in ( ii ) is a typical santa rosa island beach mouse ( p . p . leucocephalus ) . two candidate genes , the melanocortin - 1 receptor ( mc1r ) and its antagonist , the agouti signaling protein ( agouti ) , control most of the difference in pigmentation between subspecies . ( b ) threespine stickleback gasterosteus aculeatus , cleared and stained with alazarin red to highlight bone structure . the fish in ( i ) has many bony lateral plates , a phenotype typically found in the ocean . the fish in ( ii ) has many fewer plates and is typically found in freshwater lakes . ( c ) apple maggot fly rhagoletis pomonella . the flies in ( i ) are from a host race specialized to feed on hawthorn . the fly in ( ii ) is from a host race specialized to feed on apple . standing variation originating in mexico is implicated in the evolution of overwintering pupal diapause in the apple race .
sticklebacks are amazing creatures and have been the subject of quite a few studies looking at the effects of natural selection on the reduction of spines and pelvic reduction . below that we see
which has also been the subject of a few studies looking at the effects of natural selection on speciation . by themselves both of these two species are interesting , but the really interesting critter in the above picture is the mouse , or i should say mice . as the caption explains one of these ( the darker colored one ) is a mainland form and the other ( the lighter colored ) is a island form that lives on beaches . the color of the coat is controlled by a
has been implicated in the color variation in reptiles , wild and domestic pigs , and rabbits , to name a few species .
but they are silent mutations that don’t affect coat color . in domestic pigs the mutations do affect coat color . in each case selection is present ( natural in the former and artificial in the later ) . at any rate , the idea that selection affects coloration and that different colors have survival value or can be selected against has been around for awhile . one of the earlier studies looked at color variation among mammals in the tularosa basin of new mexico . substrate color in the tularosa basin undergoes some quite dramatic changes and the coat color of the vertebrates matches it .
isn’t the only species of moth affected by melanism , nor is england the only country the phenomena occurred in , rather it occurred in parts of america also . majerus quite convincingly answers all of the criticisms leveled against the
experiments , but even had he not the central premise , that variation in coloration can be acted upon by selection , is well established by countless examples – some of which have been mentioned above . majerus cites a number of studies that have occurred since kettlewell did his studies – none of which get mentioned by creationists or their cheaper tuxedoed cousins in the id movement . for the creationists and the id movement kettlewell’s research apparently exists in a vacuum with no antecedents and nothing following from it . the same lack of concern with context – whether it be what came before or what came after – can be seen in creationist’s discussion of
none of them get mentioned . the result of which is that creationists tend to adopt conflicting positions each time a new paper comes out and they end up arguing at cross purposes . i guess they agree with emerson that :
a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds , adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines .
you may not be willing to admit that you resemble an ape ; if your thousandth ancestor is more like an ape than you are , you may , if you wish , call it a coincidence . but if that thousandth ancestor ' s forebears become progressively more simian as you trace back the geneological lines , you will have to admit that somewhere in your family tree there squats an ape .
earnest hooten
but i had gradually come , by this time , to see that the old testament from its manifestly false history of the world , with the tower of babel , the rainbow at sign , etc . , etc . , and from its attributing to god the feelings of a revengeful tyrant , was no more to be trusted than the sacred books of the hindoos , or the beliefs of any barbarian .
charles darwin : the autobiography
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the case of industrial melanism in the peppered moth has been used as a teaching example of darwinian natural selection in action for half a century . however , over the last decade , this case has come under attack from those who oppose darwinian evolution . here , the main elements of the case are outlined and the reasons that the peppered moth case became the most cited example of darwinian evolution in action are described . four categories of criticism of the case are then evaluated . criticisms of experimental work in the 1950s that centered on lack of knowledge of the behavior and ecology of the moth , poor experimental procedure , or artificiality in experiments have been addressed in subsequent work . some criticisms of the work are shown to be the result of lack of understanding of evolutionary genetics and ecological entomology on the part of the critics . accusations of data fudging and scientific fraud in the case are found to be vacuous . the conclusion from this analysis of criticisms of the case is that industrial melanism in the peppered moth is still one of the clearest and most easily understood examples of darwinian evolution in action and that it should be taught as such in biology classes .
most people have heard of the peppered moth story . this is , in brief , the story of a moth , biston betularia , that turned black following the industrial revolution and subsequently is turning back to its original white and black speckled pattern . but there is much more to the story than that , and over the last decade , the peppered moth story has been vigorously attacked by antievolutionists and strongly defended by those who accept darwin’s mechanism of natural selection as the driving force behind the adaptive characteristics of all organisms . at times , the exchanges have been acrimonious and have involved accusations of professional bullying , scientific fraud , data tampering , misquotation , misinterpretation born out of scientific ignorance , selective citation , and just plain lying . some of the controversy has comprised highly personal attacks on scientists . such attacks are of concern to the scientists and their families but need not detain us here . however , the debate has undermined the peppered moth as an illustrative example of darwinian natural selection in action , and the tarnishing of this case has been used to attack darwin’s theory of evolution as a whole .
in this paper , i shall consider three questions . first , why did the peppered moth become the most quoted example of darwinian evolution in action ? second , were the criticisms of the peppered moth story justified ? third , should the peppered moth story be taught in the classrooms and lecture rooms as an example that illustrates the central mechanism of darwin’s theory of evolution : natural selection ?
) . in 1848 , in manchester , a black , or melanic , form of peppered moth , f .
) . by 1895 , 98 % of the mancunian peppered moths were of this black form . a victorian lepidopterist , j . w . tutt , put forward an explanation of the rapid rise of this form in the 1890s ( e . g . , tutt
) . he recognized that following the industrial revolution , the environment in and around many urban parts of britain had become despoiled by two major pollutants , sulfur dioxide , which kills lichens growing on tree bark and elsewhere , and air - borne particulate soot , which blackens the surfaces it lands upon . consequently , tutt conjectured that on the changed bark surfaces , the melanic moth was better camouflaged than the pale form and so fell victim to predation by birds less .
tutt’s hypothesis was initially rejected because both ornithologists and entomologists doubted that birds were major predators of night flying moths that depended on crypsis for their defense during the day when they were inactive . the hypothesis was not tested experimentally for over half a century . in the 1950s , kettlewell , working in oxford under the guidance of e . b . ford , conducted a series of experiments in two differing woodlands . one of these woodlands was in the christopher cadbury bird reserve in birmingham , a heavily polluted mixed deciduous woodland , with the trees supporting virtually no lichens . the second was deanend wood in dorset , a relatively unpolluted relict deciduous woodland supporting a diverse lichen flora . kettlewell undertook experiments in birmingham in 1953 , and again in 1955 , conducting similar parallel experiments in dorset in the latter year . the two main experiments were predation experiments , including direct observation of predation , and mark - release - recapture experiments .
in his first birmingham predation experiments , kettlewell released live moths of each form onto tree trunks in the early morning and checked late in the day which moths were still present at their release points . peppered moths do not fly in daylight , so disappearances were , reasonably , assumed to have been the result of predation . a significantly greater proportion of the
in this polluted wood . in the mark - release experiment in birmingham in 1953 , 137 marked
were released . samples collected subsequently , with pheromone assembly moth traps and mercury - vapor light moth traps , were checked for marks . the recapture rate for
when published , these results were received with the same skepticism that tutt’s hypothesis had received over half a century earlier . in addition , some evolutionary biologists were suspicious of the magnitude of the differences in fitness of the two forms suggested by kettlewell’s results ( kettlewell
) . in consequence , kettlewell determined to repeat the experiments , extending them to an unpolluted woodland , and to attempt to film parts of the experiments , including birds taking peppered moths from tree trunks . he persuaded the dutch nobel prize - winning ethologist , professor niko tinbergen , to aid him with the filming . the experimental procedures used in the experiments in both woodlands in 1955 were similar to those used in 1953 , except that a proper bird hide was used from which to film some of the released moths . thus , for example , in one part of the predation experiment in birmingham , three moths of each form were released onto a trunk in clear view of the hide . once all three of one form had been taken , a new set of six was released . this was done and filmed during two mornings and an afternoon in a 3 - day period , with 58 moths being eaten by a pair of redstarts , about three quarters ( 43 ) of those eaten being
) . in the reciprocal mark - release - recapture experiments in 1955 , recapture rates were 12 . 5 % for
the reciprocal nature of kettlewell’s results in polluted and unpolluted woodlands provided convincing evidence in support of tutt’s differential bird predation hypothesis . this evidence was endorsed by survey work on the frequencies of the forms of the peppered moth throughout britain . the first survey data showed a strong correlation between
) . these surveys alone provided convincing evidence that the peppered moth had evolved under the influence of natural selection , for no other known process could have led to such direct correlations between form frequencies and environmental factors .
the impact of kettlewell’s work on the peppered moth should not be underestimated . its main import was to move the mechanism of darwinian evolution from hypothesis to fact . as macarthur and connell (
) wrote : “it used to be argued that natural selection was only a conjecture , because it had not been actually witnessed” . but kettlewell , along with tinbergen , did witness it , and furthermore , they filmed it , so that others could see natural selection in action .
the prominence of the peppered moth as an example of “evolution in action” is a result of a combination of the features of the case . the phenotypic changes involved have visual impact and are due to a single gene mutation that obeys mendelian laws of inheritance . the main environmental factor ( industrial pollution ) that had led to selective differences between the old form and new form were easy to comprehend . moreover , it was obvious that the influence of this selective factor varied spatially . the changes had occurred in the recent past and indeed are still occurring . the agent of selection , differential bird predation , and the reason why the forms of peppered moth would be subject to different levels of selection in different places—the precision of the moths’ camouflage—were easy for students to understand . there are many other examples of darwinian evolution in action , but no other has this combination of rapid recent change , visual impact , and ease of understanding of the agent of selection .
kettlewell’s verification of tutt’s hypothesis led to an upturn in research into industrial melanism in moths , much of which focused on the peppered moth . over the next 40 years , a number of significant contributions were made . it should be noted that kettlewell himself continued to work on melanism in the peppered moth and many other species ( see kettlewell
) until his death in 1979 and was throughout this period considered the leading authority on melanism in the lepidoptera .
, and genetic dominance increases with increasing melanization . several workers have sought information on the natural resting behavior of peppered moths through cage experiments and have cast doubt on whether peppered moths usually spend the day on tree trunks ( mikkola
) . one of these entailed a series of experiments at sites along a transect running from the industrial northwest of england into rural north wales . here , assessment of the levels of predation of the two forms , at seven sites along the transect , showed that the melanic form was less prone to predation in the industrial region and became progressively more heavily predated to the southwest as the habitat became more rural and less polluted ( bishop
) . this study included the first computer simulations of the course of melanic evolution , with the results of the simulation being qualitatively in agreement with observation .
during this period , the first effects of the clean air acts enacted in the 1950s and subsequent antipollution legislation , began to have an impact on the peppered moth . many studies have reported declines in
) . the most complete data set was collected on the wirral , south of liverpool ( clarke et al .
declined from about 90 % in 1970 to less than 20 % in 1995 . critically , similar independent declines have been reported in other countries where antipollution legislation has been introduced , such as the netherlands ( brakefield
) stress the similarity in the pattern of decline in the frequency of the respective forms on the wirral in england and at the george reserve , 30 miles west of detroit . in both places , the decline seen was from over 90 % in 1959 to less than 20 % in 1995 . the similarities between the declines in melanic frequencies in different countries are important . in science , when running laboratory experiments , the more often the same results are obtained in independent replicate experiments , the more confident one becomes of the results . here then , the declines in britain , the usa , and the netherlands are , in effect , replicate natural experiments .
perhaps the high point of the peppered moth’s reputation as an example of darwinian evolution in action was in november 1996 , when the work of grant et al . (
) . the changes in the peppered moth were explicable by tutt’s hypothesis , which had been tested and verified in a series of predation experiments . predictions of what should happen to the peppered moth as the result of antipollution legislation had been made and these predictions were being fulfilled . moreover , similar patterns had been seen in three different countries ( majerus
) . most importantly , the case had prominence because the change in the phenotype of the moth was so obvious . while natural selection has been demonstrated in studies on numerous other organisms , no other has the visual simplicity and impact of the peppered moth . however , just 2 years after this zenith , the case of industrial melanism in the peppered moth came under attack .
) . coyne’s review asserts that the book shows the case of the peppered moth , “to be in bad shape . ” he says that his own reaction to reading the two chapters specifically on the peppered moth resembled , “the dismay attending my discovery , at the age of six , that it was my father and not santa who brought the presents on christmas eve . ” coyne’s main conclusion was , “for the time being we must discard biston as a well - understood example of natural selection in action . ”
donald frack , an american scientist who has many times locked horns with advocates of special creation and intelligent design , dismisses coyne’s review , writing ; “there is essentially no resemblance between majerus’ book and coyne’s review of it . if you pick through the book , you might be able to argue for coyne’s accuracy—but only at the expense of completely ignoring the majority of the text and all of majerus’ intent . if i hadn’t known differently , i would have thought the review was of some other book” ( frack
) . here , for the first time , were thinly veiled accusations of data fudging and fraud aimed at kettlewell .
before reviewing the criticisms aimed at the peppered moth case and their validity , two points should be made . first , almost all of the criticisms of the case as an example of evolution in action are aimed at kettlewell’s work and the role of his mentor professor e . b . ford . there is little reference to the independent work on the peppered moth over the last four decades of the twentieth century ( cook
for reviews ) . such work is only mentioned when carefully selected passages , often taken out of context , are used to support criticisms of the case . second , there is no mention of the many other species of moth ( over 100 species in britain alone ) that exhibit industrial melanism ( kettlewell
most of the criticisms in this category have come from scientists working with the peppered moth , including kettlewell himself . perhaps preeminent among the problems in this category have been difficulties in understanding the dispersal dynamics of the moth , lack of knowledge of the longevity of the moth , and a paucity of observations of peppered moths at rest in the wild during the day .
) . these dispersal patterns and particularly the movement of first instar larvae are important in explaining the frequency drift of the melanic allele into rural regions to the northeast of industrial centers : larvae are blown by southwesterly prevailing winds in the “aerial plankton . ” adult longevity in the peppered moth and the temporal dynamics of reproduction through adult life in this species were assessed by bishop (
the paucity of observations of peppered moths in their natural resting sites has often been highlighted ( e . g . , clarke et al .
) . for example , clarke et al . wrote , “all we have observed is where the moths do not spend the day . in 25 years we have only found two betularia on the tree trunks or walls adjacent to our traps and none elsewhere” ( clarke et al .
) . this is important , because many have assumed that , as kettlewell released moths onto tree trunks , this is where peppered moths spend the day . in fact , kettlewell (
) suspected that peppered moths did not usually rest by day in exposed positions on tree trunks , for he wrote , “whilst undertaking large - scale releases of both forms in the wild at early dawn , i have on many occasions been able to watch this species taking up its normal resting position which is underneath the larger boughs of trees , less commonly on trunks . ” it seems likely , therefore , that the reason that kettlewell released his moths onto tree trunks was simply experimental expediency : on tree trunks , it would be easier to see what was going on .
) . the largest data set of peppered moths found in the wild was accumulated during a predation experiment that involved researchers climbing trees at dusk and dawn during the flight season of the moth ( may to august ) over 6 years . of 135 peppered moths found , 50 % were on horizontal branches ( fig .
) . therefore , although kettlewell’s predation experiments have been criticized as being artificial because he released them onto tree trunks , it appears that this element of his protocol was not as flawed as some ( e . g . , majerus
one question that must be addressed in the light of this finding is , why did clarke and his colleagues found so few peppered moths at rest during all their years of research ? my opinion is that they , like most humans , are simply not very good at seeing peppered moths in their naturally chosen resting positions . there is some circumstantial experimental evidence to support this view . an experiment was conducted to test the efficiency of the technique used in some predation experiments that entailed gluing dead moths onto trees in “life - like” positions ( e . g . , bishop
) . peppered moths of each of the different forms , set with their wings in natural resting postures , were glued onto birch trunks with a view to maximizing their camouflage . an equal number of live moths were then released onto the same trunks at dawn and allowed to walk up the trunks until they clamped down . students were then asked to walk toward the birch trunks from 10 m away , having been told that there were six moths to find . when one meter from the trunk , the subjects had to stop and could continue to search for the moths for one further minute . the experiment produced two major conclusions . first , the live moths were significantly harder to see than the dead glued moths . second , none of the students found all the moths despite knowing that the moths were present in a very restricted area , indicating that people with little experience of looking for cryptic moths are not very good at spotting them ( majerus et al . , unpublished data ) .
in his predation experiments , he often repeatedly used the same trees to release the moths onto , potentially producing a “bird table effect” .
in his mark - release - recapture experiment , he released moths at high frequencies , which may have produced an area of local high prey abundance , and birds may have developed a searching image for peppered moths , leading to abnormally high levels of predation .
in both types of experiment , he released moths during daylight hours . peppered moths are very reluctant to fly in daylight . those prompted to fly in the day will clasp the first substrate that they contact and within a few centimeters settle fully , “clamping down” against the substrate and then staying still . in consequence , moths released in the day may not select the same sites as those that come to rest at the end of their night activity . it seems unlikely that the level of crypsis that would have been achieved by kettlewell’s released moths would have been as great as that of wild moths .
the forms of the moth were not released at natural frequencies . if predators , such as birds , had already formed a searching image for the form that was most abundant at a site , this might bias the results ( although notably in the opposite direction to the results obtained ) .
the moths that kettlewell used in his experiments included moth trap - caught wild moths and reared moths . these may have different behaviors , and there exists no record to show whether kettlewell kept track of the origins of his moths so that he could conduct analysis to look for differences between them .
some of the moths that kettlewell used in his birmingham and dorset experiments probably did not originate in areas where they were used . this is thought to be the case because
used in dorset ) may have both behaved differently and been under increased stress .
the one criticism of kettlewell’s protocol that was not addressed in any of these experiments was that he released moths in the day and so did not allow live moths to select their daytime resting sites at the end of their night flights . this issue has recently been addressed in a predation experiment near cambridge . the aim of this experiment was to determine whether differences in the levels of bird predation of the typica and carbonaria forms could explain changes in the frequencies of these forms over a period of years .
from 2001 until 2007 , the frequencies of the forms of the peppered moth were monitored by trapping at madingley wood , to the west of cambridge . from 2002–2007 , a predation experiment was conducted at a site 1 . 9 km from madingley wood . the experiment was specifically designed to rectify flaws in kettlewell’s predation experiment protocols ( majerus
) . thus , the moths used all originated within five km of the experimental site . moths were released at low densities and at natural form frequencies for the area . moths were released onto different parts of trees ( 103 different release sites ) in the ratios that the moths used these parts in the wild . the experiment was conducted each year throughout the moth’s flight season . the origin and sex of each moth was recorded prior to release and data for males and females , lab - bred or wild caught , were analyzed separately . finally , and most crucially , the moths were released into large cages on the trees at dusk ( one moth per cage ) , with the cages being removed in 40 min before sunrise the following morning . moths were then observed over a four - hour period and incidences of bird predation recorded ( majerus
) . after four - hours , any remaining moths were recollected and recorded . the results of this experiment showed that the frequency of
population in 2001 to just over 1 % in 2007 . this is equivalent to a mean selection coefficient of 0 . 29 against
, the difference being equivalent to a selection coefficient of 0 . 22 against the black form . the difference between these selection coefficients is not statistically significant . the conclusion from this experiment is that differential bird predation of the forms is sufficient to explain the changes in the frequencies of the forms in cambridge between 2001 and 2007 ( majerus
few of those who criticize the peppered moth case as an example of darwinian evolution in action have ever worked on the moth . moreover , few have experience as field biologists or training in either evolutionary genetics or ecological entomology . their criticisms of the case , when erroneous , can thus be excused , at least in part , simply because they have little understanding of the ecology of the moth and its predators , or of how natural selection operates . yet , although the vacuous nature of some of the criticisms is excusable , they do create a significant problem , because many of the readers of these criticisms , particularly those published in newspapers and on the web , do not have the scientific knowledge or experience to objectively appraise the criticisms .


eucheila is a genus of beetles in the family carabidae , containing the following species : eucheila adisi ball & shpeley , 1983 eucheila atrata ( dejean , 1831 ) eucheila boliviana ( mateu , 1989 ) eucheila boyeri ( solier , 1835 ) eucheila breviformis ( chaudoir , 1872 ) eucheila cordova ball & shpeley , 1983 eucheila costulata ( chaudoir , 1872 ) eucheila erwini shpeley & ball , 2000 eucheila flavilabris dejean & boisduval , 1829 eucheila inpa ( ball & shpeley , 1983 ) eucheila kiplingi shpeley & ball , 2000 eucheila lucida ( mateu , 1989 ) eucheila marginata shpeley & ball , 2000 eucheila mateui shpeley & ball , 2000 eucheila megala ( reichardt , 1966 ) eucheila mirifica anichtchenko , 2009 eucheila nevermanni ( liebke , 1929 ) eucheila palpalis ( ball & shpeley , 1983 ) eucheila pilosa shpeley & ball , 2000 eucheila planipennis ( bates , 1891 ) eucheila purpurea ( ball & shpeley , 1983 ) eucheila reichardti ( ball & shpeley , 1983 ) eucheila splendens ( ball & shpeley , 1983 ) eucheila strandi ( liebke , 1939 ) eucheila surinamensis shpeley & ball , 2000

eucheila

key words : carabidae , lebiini , eucheila , new species , french guayana .
abstract : a new species of ' erwini ' group — eucheila mirifica sp . n . from french guayana are described . a comparative diagnosis and changes to the existing key to eucheila erwini species group are provided .
anichtchenko a . 2010 . the new species of genus eucheila ( s . str . ) dejean , 1829 ( coleoptera : carabidae : lebiini ) from french guayana / / russian entomol . j . vol . 18 ( for 2009 ) . no . 3 : 189–190 [ in english ] .
a taxonomic review of the lebiine subtribe pericalina in the western hemisphere , this paper includes a treatment of the genus - groups , a key to the genera , keys to subgenera , species groups , and species of each polybasic genus , descriptions of new species and new subgenera , new locality records for previously described species , re - rankings , and new synonymy . in total , 111 species and subspecies are treated , 26 of which are described as new . a review of the taxonomically useful mandibular structure , based on stereo - electron ( sem ) photographs , requires changes in previously published names of various structures . a review of adhesive vestiture on the front tarsi of males shows 3 different types each characteristic of different taxa . table of contents introduction 4 material 4 methods 5 terms 7 subtribe pericalina 22 relationships and classification 22 key to the genera of pericalina of the western hemisphere based on character states of adults 25 thyreopterus genus group 27 oreodicastes maindron 27 stenognathus chaudoir 37 prostenognathus , new subgenus 40 gnathostenus , new subgenus 43 stenognathus ( sensu stricto ) 46 s . stricticollis species group 49 s . procerus species group 58 s . nigropiceus species group 59 s . melanarius species group 66 pristolomus chaudoir 74 phloeoxena chaudoir 76 tacana ball 80 oxephloena , new subgenus 81 ochropisus bates , new status 83 oenaphelox ball 93 phloeoxena ( sensu stricto ) 102 catascopus kirby 112 catascopellus genus group 124 catascopellus straneo 125 eurycoleus genus group 125 lelis chaudoir 126 eurycoleus chaudoir 134 pericalus genus group 142 coptodera dejean 143 eucheila genus group 149 eucheila dejean 149 hansus ball and shpeley , new status 153 bordoniella mateu , new status 155 inna putzeys , new status 158 pseudoinna mateu , new status 163 eucheila ( sensu stricto ) , new status 168 somotrichus genus group 172 evolution of the mouthparts of subtribe pericalina in the western hemisphere 172 zoogeographical aspects 176 patterns 176 processes 177 concluding comments 179 acknowledgements 181 references cited 181 the article is 185 pages ; the file is 16 mbytes .
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© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018
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h . w . bates . 1881 - 1884 . biologia centrali - americana , insecta , coleoptera , vol . 1 , pt . 1 , p . 168
( dejean ) , which differs widely from all other groups of truncatipennes by its horny spoon - shaped ligula , large convex labrum , and deficient paraglossæ , characters which are combined with tarsi similar to those of the cymindinæ , the joints being linear , bristly beneath , and the claws slender and serrated .
is a south - brazilian form which has not yet been found in central america ; but i venture to associate with it another american genus occurring in guatemala , not unlike it in general form , and exhibiting the same structural features of labrum and ligula , although in a minor degree of development . this is the curious genus inna ( putzeys ) . the author of the genus believed it to be allied to calleida , to which it has only a most distant affinity . chaudoir pronounced it to be a form intermediate between the helluoninæ and the cymindinæ . in fact it is only in the helluoninæ that we find organs of the mouth at all similar to those of
; but there are still wanting many steps in the gradation of affinity between the two subfamilies to make their approximation at all certain .
h . w . bates . 1881 - 1884 . biologia centrali - americana , insecta , coleoptera , vol . 1 , pt . 1 , p . 308
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institute of systematic biology , daugavpils university , vienibas iela 13 , daugavpili , lv - 5400 latvia . e - mail : beetl2000 @ urltoken
© kmk scientific press ltd 125009 moscow , bolshaya nikitskaya str . 6 info @ urltoken
a taxonomic teview of the subtribe pericalina ( coleoptera : carabidae :
by danny shpeley and george e . ball
danny shpeley , university of alberta edmonton , alberta george e . ball , university of alberta edmonton , alberta
insecta mundi , published by the center for systematic entomology , is available online at urltoken . copyright © by shpeley and ball .


centropomidae is a family of freshwater and marine fishes in the perciformes .

the sole genus in the family is centropomus , known commonly as the snooks or robalos .

prior to 2004 , three other genera were placed in centropomidae in subfamily latinae , which has since been raised to the family level and renamed latidae because a cladistic analysis showed the old centropomidae to be paraphyletic , leaving centropomus as the only remaining genus in this family .

these are popular game and food fishes .

dating from the upper cretaceous , the centropomids are of typical percoid shape , distinguished by having two-part dorsal fins , a lateral line that extends onto the tail , and , frequently , a concave shape to the head .

they range from 35 to 120 cm ( 14 to 47 in ) in length and are found in tropical and subtropical waters .

centropomidae

monophyly and interrelationships of snook and barramundi ( centropomidae sensu greenwood ) and five new markers for fish phylogenetics .
molecular data indicate the presence of a novel species of centropomus ( centropomidae - perciformes ) in the western atlantic .
monophyly and interrelationships of snook and barramundi ( centropomidae sensu greenwood ) and five new markers for fish phylogenetics . - pubmed - ncbi
molecular data indicate the presence of a novel species of centropomus ( centropomidae - perciformes ) in the western atlantic . - pubmed - ncbi
what made you want to look up centropomidae ? please tell us where you read or heard it ( including the quote , if possible ) .
a new diplectanid ( monogenea ) genus and species from the gills of the black snook , centropomus nigrescens ( perciformes : centropomidae ) of the pacific coast of mexico .
a new diplectanid ( monogenea ) genus and species from the gills of the black snook , centropomus nigrescens ( perciformes : centropomidae ) of the pacif . . . - pubmed - ncbi
remarks : snooks have a concave snout profile , a large mouth ( the lower jaw forward of the upper jaw ) , and two separate dorsal fins . there also is a dark lateral line extending to the posterior margin of the caudal . they are primarily piscivorous and can be up to 1 . 3 m in length . snooks are known to have a high tolerance to salinity changes . these species generally are highly regarded as sportfishes . centropomidae comprises one genus ( centropomus ) with 12 species . references : allen & robertson 1994 ; bussing , pp . 987 - 995 , in : fischer et al . 1995 ; helfman et al . 1997 ; nelson 2006 ; orrell , pp . 1286 - 1293 , in : carpenter 2002
cornutohaptor nigrescensi n . sp . ( diplectanidae ) is described from the gills of the black snook , centropomus nigrescens ( perciformes : centropomidae ) from the pacific coast of mexico . cornutohaptor n . gen . is proposed for this new species and is characterized by possessing 2 intestinal ceca terminating blindly ; a germarium looping right intestinal cecum ; bilobed testis ; 2 seminal vesicles ; 7 pairs of hooks , each with protruding thumb ; a grooved ventral bar and coiled male copulatory organ ( mco ) ; an accessory piece comprising a
baglike structure
with an appendage ; dorsal bars associated parallelly to body midline ; and no adhesive accessory organs on the haptor . cornutohaptor differs from all confamilial genera by including species with anchors with straight and deep root longest , hook pair 1 reduced in size , mco with counterclockwise rings , and by the morphology of the accessory piece . cornutohaptor nigrescensi most closely resembles species of murraytrema price , 1937 , lobotrema tripathi , 1937 , and murraytrematoides yamaguti , 1958 , because of the absence of squamodiscs or lamellodiscs on the haptor and tegumental scales on the posterior portion of the body . cornutohaptor differs from these genera in the position and number of haptoral bars ( 2 bars in lobotrema spp . , dorsal bars transversally associated in murraytrema and murraytrematoides spp . ) and in having a coiled mco ( copulatory organ is a comparatively straight , poorly sclerotized tube in murraytrematoides spp . ) . this is the first diplectanid described from a centropomid along the pacific coast of mexico .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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1 - lates niloticus ( 12 ) tetraodontidae 1 - tetraodon lineatus ( 13 ) malapteroidae malapteroidae 1 - malapterurus electricus ( 14 ) osteoglossidae 1 - heterotis niloticus table 2 : showed fish production in months of summer 2014 .
arqueofauna encontrada en puerto chacho , sitio arqueologico del caribe colombiano ( 3300 a . c . )
y en el oceano pacifico estan registradas otras seis especies ( castro - aguirre et al .
centropomus undecimalis 25 , 26 centropomus parallelus 27 lates calcalifer 28 channidae channa striatus 29 channa punctatus 30 chanos chanos 31 polydactylus sexfilis 32 characidae brycon cephalus 33 , 34 brycon sinuensis 35 brycon moorei 36 brycon orbygnianus 37 , 38 , 34 brycon lundii 39 brycon insignis 40 brycon amazonicus 41 , 42 cichlidae oreochromis mossambicus 43 , 44 oreochromis sp ( flor .
, characidae , clupeidae , dasyatidae , engraulidae y pimelodidae ) , a especies detritivoras ( familias curimatidae , prochilodontidae , loricariidae y pimelodidae ) , a una especie algivora ( myleus sp .
centropomus centropomus undecimales robalo rachycentridae rachycentron rachycentron canadum bacalao sphyraenidae sphyraena sphyraena guachancho juancho ariidae bagre bagre marinus barbudo pluma bagre bagre barbudo blanco cathorops cathorops sp .
, a fish family widely distributed from southern florida ( gulf of mexico ) to southern brazil ( rio grande do sul state ) ( cerqueira , 2005 ) , have opportunistic habits since they feed on what is available in the environment .
morphological and anatomical characterization of the digestive tract of centropomus parallelus and c . undecimalis / caracterizacao morfologica e anatomica do tubo digestorio de centropomus parallelus e c . undecimalis
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- order - acipenseriformes ( sturgeons & paddlefishes ) albuliformes ( bonefishes ) amiiformes ( bowfins ) anguilliformes ( eels ) argentiniformes ( marine smelts ) ateleopodiformes ( jellynose fishes ) atheriniformes ( silversides ) aulopiformes ( lizardfish ) batrachoidiformes ( toadfishes ) beloniformes ( needlefishes ) beryciformes ( alfonso squirrelfishes ) carcharhiniformes ( ground sharks ) ceratodontiformes ( living lungfishes ) characiformes ( carcharins ) chimaeriformes ( chimeras & ratfish ) clupeiformes ( anchovies & herrings ) coelacanthiformes ( coelacanths ) cypriniformes ( carps ) cyprinodontiformes ( killifishes ) echinorhiniformes ( bramble sharks ) elopiformes ( tenpounders ) esociformes ( pikes ) gadiformes ( cods ) gasterosteiformes ( sticklebacks ) gonorynchiformes ( milkfishes & shellears ) gymnotiformes ( american knifefishes ) heterodontiformes ( bullhead & horn sharks ) hexanchiformes ( frill & cow sharks ) hiodontiformes ( mooneyes ) lamniformes ( mackerel sharks ) lampriformes ( opahs ) lepidosireniformes ( south american lungfish . . . lepisosteiformes ( gars ) lophiiformes ( anglerfishes ) mugiliformes ( mullets ) myctophiformes ( lanternfishes ) myxiniformes ( hagfishes ) ophidiiformes ( cusk - eels ) orectolobiformes ( carpet sharks ) osmeriformes ( freshwater smelts ) osteoglossiformes ( bonytongues ) perciformes ( perches ) percopsiformes ( trout - perches ) petromyzontiformes ( lampreys ) pleuronectiformes ( flatfishes ) polymixiiformes ( beardfishes ) polypteriformes ( birchirs ) pristiophoriformes ( saw sharks ) rajiformes ( skates & rays ) saccopharyngiformes ( sackpharynx ) salmoniformes ( trouts ) scorpaeniformes ( mail - cheeked fishes ) siluriformes ( catfishes ) squaliformes ( bramble , sleeper & dogfish sh . . . squatiniformes ( angel sharks ) stephanoberyciformes ( prickle - fishes ) stomiiformes ( dragonfishes ) synbranchiformes ( swamp eels ) tetraodontiformes ( plectognaths ) zeiformes ( dories )
distribution : marine and brackish tropical and subtropical waters of north and central america ( also freshwater ) .
habitat : common in mangrove estuaries and other nearshore areas , often penetrating into freshwater , in depths usually less than 20 m .
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school of biological sciences , university of nebraska , lincoln , ne 68588 - 0118 , usa . lichenhong . unl @ urltoken
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
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our findings indicate the existence of a new species of the atlantic centropomus in northernmost point of brazil ( oiapoque ) .
these populations were genetically similar to c . undecimalis from coastal areas of the caribbean and usa .
centropomus undecimalis is distributed in the coastal waters of the western atlantic between north carolina and são paulo , although very little is known of the genetic structure of its populations . here , 148 c . undecimalis samples were obtained from six sites in the southwestern atlantic , representing the brazilian distribution of this species . segments of three mitochondrial ( cytb , coi and 16s ) and one nuclear ( igf1 ) gene were sequenced . the results of all analyses indicated the presence of a previously undetected lineage of centropomus in the northern extreme of brazil ( amapá ) in the region of the oiapoque estuary . this taxon is genetically distinct from all 12 recognized species of centropomus . the populations from the brazilian states of pará , maranhão , ceará , rio grande do norte , rio de janeiro and são paulo were genetically similar to c . undecimalis from coastal areas of the caribbean and usa . nucleotide divergence between c . undecimalis and the new oiapoque taxon are greater than or similar to those found between a number of valid centropomus species . the estimated time of divergence between c . undecimalis and the new taxon is approximately 2 million years . the findings of the present study emphasize the need for a thorough taxonomic revision of this genus .
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de oliveira jn 1 , gomes g 1 , do rêgo ps 1 , moreira s 1 , sampaio i 1 , schneider h 1 , araripe j 2 .
laboratório de genética e conservação , instituto de estudos costeiros de bragança , ufpa , alameda leandro ribeiro , sn , aldeia , bragança , pará , brazil .
laboratório de genética e conservação , instituto de estudos costeiros de bragança , ufpa , alameda leandro ribeiro , sn , aldeia , bragança , pará , brazil . electronic address : julianaararipe @ yahoo . com . br .
centropomus undecimalis is distributed in the coastal waters of the western atlantic between north carolina and são paulo , although very little is known of the genetic structure of its populations . here , 148 c . undecimalis samples were obtained from six sites in the southwestern atlantic , representing the brazilian distribution of this species . segments of three mitochondrial ( cytb , coi and 16s ) and one nuclear ( igf1 ) gene were sequenced . the results of all analyses indicated the presence of a previously undetected lineage of centropomus in the northern extreme of brazil ( amapá ) in the region of the oiapoque estuary . this taxon is genetically distinct from all 12 recognized species of centropomus . the populations from the brazilian states of pará , maranhão , ceará , rio grande do norte , rio de janeiro and são paulo were genetically similar to c . undecimalis from coastal areas of the caribbean and usa . nucleotide divergence between c . undecimalis and the new oiapoque taxon are greater than or similar to those found between a number of valid centropomus species . the estimated time of divergence between c . undecimalis and the new taxon is approximately 2 millionyears . the findings of the present study emphasize the need for a thorough taxonomic revision of this genus .
mendoza - franco ef 1 , violante - gonzález j , vidal - martínez vm .
laboratory of parasitology , centro de investigación y de estudios avanzados , unidad mérida , yucatán , mexico . mfranco @ urltoken


odorrana banaorum is a species of frog in the ranidae family that is known from vietnam and cambodia .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers .

its status is insufficiently known .

odorrana banaorum

iucn ssc amphibian specialist group 2017 . odorrana banaorum . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t58555a113959137 . urltoken
amphibia , odorrana mutschmanni sp . nov . , karst forest , molecular phylogeny , taxonomy , cao bang province
odorrana banaorum — chen , murphy , lathrop , ngo , orlov , ho , and somorjai , 2005 , herpetol . j . , 15 : 239 . che , pang , zhao , wu , zhao , and zhang , 2007 , mol . phylogenet . evol . , 43 : 1 - 13 ; by implication .
matsui , m . & jaafar , i . ( 2006 ) a new cascade frog of the subgenus odorrana from peninsular malaysia . zoological science , 23 , 647–651 .
rana ( odorrana ) banaorum bain , lathrop , murphy , orlov , and ho , 2003 , am . mus . novit . , 3417 [ available for anonymous download from urltoken : 46 . holotype : rom 39944 , by original designation . type locality :
tram lap , an khe district , gia lai province , vietnam ( 14° 26′ 39″ n , 108° 32′ 97″ e , elevation ca . 900 m )
.
bain , r . h . & stuart , b . l . ( 2006
2005
) a new species of cascade frog ( amphibia : ranidae ) from thailand , with new data on rana banaorum and rana morafkai . natural history bulletin of the siam society , 53 , 3–16 .
liang , f . , chang , y . & cheng , l . ( 2001 ) descriptions of two new species of the genus odorrana in china . acta zootaxonoomica sinica , 26 , 108–114 .
wang , y . y . , lau , m . n . , yang , j . h . , chen , g . l . , liu , z . y . , pang , h . & liu , y . ( 2015 ) a new species of the genus odorrana ( amphibia : ranidae ) and the first record of odorrana bacboensis from china . zootaxa , 3999 ( 2 ) , 235–254 . urltoken
huia banaorum — frost , grant , faivovich , bain , haas , haddad , de sá , channing , wilkinson , donnellan , raxworthy , campbell , blotto , moler , drewes , nussbaum , lynch , green , and wheeler , 2006 , bull . am . mus . nat . hist . , 297 : 368 .
bain , r . h . & stuart , b . l . ( 2006 ) significant new records of the junlian odorous frog , odorrana junlianensis huang , fei , and ye , 2001 . hamadryad , 30 , 151–156 .
chen , x . , zhou , k . & zheng , g . ( 2010a ) a new species of the genus odorrana from china ( anura , ranidae ) . acta zootaxonomica sinica , 35 , 206–211 . [ in chinese with english abstract ]
bain , r . h . , stuart , b . l . , nguyen , q . t . , che , j . & rao , d . ( 2009 ) a new odorrana ( amphibia : ranidae ) from vietnam and china . copeia , 2 , 348–362 .
mo , y . , chen , w . , wu , h . , zhang , w . & zhou , s . ( 2015 ) a new species of odorrana inhabiting complete sarkness in a karst cave in guangxi , china . asian herpetological research , 6 , 11–17 .
tran , t . t . , orlov , n . l . & nguyen , t . t . ( 2008 ) a new species of cascade frog of odorrana fei , yi et huang , 1990 genus ( amphibia : anura : ranidae ) from bac giang province ( yen tu mountain range , northeast vietnam ) . russian journal of herpetology , 15 , 212–224 .
chen , x . , chen , z . , jiang , j . , qiao , l . , lu , y . , zhou , k . , zheng , g . , zhai , x . & liu , j . ( 2013 ) molecular phylogeny and diversification of genus odorrana ( amphibia , anura , ranidae ) inferred from two mitochondrial genes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 69 , 1196 - 1202 .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
frost , d . r . 2015 . amphibian species of the world : an online reference . version 6 . 0 . new york , usa . available at : urltoken .
justification : listed as least concern as this species is relatively widespread , with an extent of occurrence ( eoo ) of 216 , 442 km 2 .
this species is collected for use as food in parts of its range . due to their larger size , females are collected at much higher rates than males ( j . rowley pers . comm . march 2012 ) .
this species is known from nui ong nature reserve in viet nam , and phnom nam lyr wildlife sanctuary , seima biodiversity conservation area and virachey national park in cambodia ( stuart et al . 2006 , j . rowley unpubl . data ) . its predicted range includes a large number of other protected areas ; it very likely occurs in some of these also .
in order to ensure the species ' long - term survival , the lack of data must be addressed ; research should be carried out to determine its relative abundance , life history , impact of harvesting , and threats .
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. 2006 ) . these may not represent the actual limits of the species ' range as similar habitat and elevations to those in its known localities extend into intervening parts of central lao pdr . further surveys in this area may uncover its presence , therefore its range has been projected beyond known sites to include these areas of suitable habitat . this species ' eoo is 216 , 442 km
for which the reproductive strategy is known . a number of observations of the species have been within disturbed habitat ( bain
little is known about the size and trends of this species ' population except that is has been detected in a number of surveys ( e . g . bain
. 2009 , j . rowley unpubl . data ) . it has been described as relatively abundant in central viet nam ( j . rowley pers . comm . december 2015 ) , however it is difficult to identify in the field and often confused with its very morphologically similar , sympatric congener
. 2009 ) . in the central highlands of viet nam large areas of forest are converted to agricultural land to grow cash crop plantations ( e . g . rubber , coffee and tea ) ( meyfroidt and lambin 2008 , meyfroidt
. 2003 ) and is very likely threatened to some degree by habitat loss . it is also possible that high harvest rates of the species for human consumption ( and preference for harvesting the larger females ) may affect its population ( j . rowely pers . comm . december 2015 ) .
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tay nguyen plateau of the central highlands , da nang , ha tinh , and gia lai provinces , vietnam in cascade habitats in forested montane river systems ; eastern hilly cambodia ; expected in adjacent laos .
nguyen , ho , and nguyen , 2005 , checklist amph . rept . vietnam : 26 , provided specific localities for vietnam . stuart , sok , and neang , 2006 , raffles bull . zool . , 54 : 140 , provided a record for eastern cambodia . see comments by bain and stuart , 2006
2005
, nat . hist . bull . siam soc . , 53 : 3 - 16 . bain , nguyen , and doan , 2007 , herpetol . rev . , 38 : 110 , provided a record from ha tinh province , vietnam , and briefly discussed the range .
please note : these links will take you to external websites not affiliated with the american museum of natural history . we are not responsible for their content .
for access to available specimen data for this species , from over 350 scientific collections , go to vertnet .
copyright © 1998 - 2018 , darrel frost and the american museum of natural history . all rights reserved .
this species is currently known only from the tay nguyen plateau of the central highlands in gia lai province , viet nam , and might occur more widely . it has been collected at altitudes of between 700 and 900m asl .
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cuong the pham institute of ecology and biological resources , vietnam academy of science and technology , 18 hoang quoc viet , hanoi , vietnam .
truong quang nguyen institute of ecology and biological resources , vietnam academy of science and technology , 18 hoang quoc viet , hanoi , vietnam .
minh duc le faculty of environmental sciences , hanoi university of science , vietnam national university , 334 nguyen trai road , hanoi , vietnam . centre for natural resources and environmental studies , hanoi national university , 19 le thanh tong , hanoi , vietnam department of herpetology , american museum of natural history , central park west at 79th street , new york , new york 10024
michael bonkowski zoological institute , department of terrestrial ecology , university of cologne , zülpicher strasse 47b , d–50674 cologne , germany .
thomas ziegler zoological institute , department of terrestrial ecology , university of cologne , zülpicher strasse 47b , d–50674 cologne , germany .
bain , r . h . , lathrop , a . , murphy , r . w . , orlov , n . l . & ho , t . c . ( 2003 ) cryptic species of a cascade frog from southeast asia : taxonomic revisions and descriptions of six new species . american museum novitates , 3417 , 1–60 .
chen , l . q . , murphy , r . w . , lathrop , a . , ngo , a . , orlov , n . l . , ho , c . t . & somorjai , i . l . m . ( 2005 ) taxonomic chaos in asian ranid frogs : an initial phylogenetic resolution . herpetology journal , 15 , 231–243 .
chen , x . , zhou , k . & zheng , g . ( 2010b ) a new species of odor frog from china ( anura : ranidae ) . journal of beijing normal university ( natural science ) , 46 , 606–609 . [ in chinese with english abstract ]
david , p . , nguyen , t . q . , nguyen , t . t . , jiang , k . , chen , t . - b . , teynié , a . & ziegler , t . ( 2012 ) a new species of the genus oligodon fitzinger , 1826 ( squamata : colubridae ) from northern vietnam , southern china and central laos . z ootaxa , 3498 , 45−62 .
fei , l . , ye , c . & jiang , j . ( 2010 ) colored atlas of chinese amphibians . sichuan publishing house of science & technology , sichuan , 519 pp .
frost , d . r . ( 2015 ) amphibian species of the world : an on - line reference . version 6 . 0 . american museum of natural history , new york , usa . available from : urltoken ( accessed 15 july 2015 )
frost , d . r . , grant , t . , faivovich , j . , bain , r . , haas , a . , haddad , c . f . b . , sa , r . o . , channing , a . , wilkinson , m . , donnellan , s . c . , raxworthy , c . , campbell , j . a . , blotto , b . l . , moler , p . , drewes , r . c . , nussbaum , r . a . , lynch , j . d . , green , d . m . & wheeler , w . c . ( 2006 ) the amphibian tree of life . bulletin of the american museum of natural history , 297 , 1–291 .
giribet , g . & wheeler , w . ( 1999 ) on gaps . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 13 , 132–143 .
glaw , f . & vences , m . ( 2007 ) a field guide to the amphibians and reptiles of madagascar . third edition , frosch verlag , cologne .
hedges , s . b . ( 1994 ) molecular evidence for the origin of birds . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america , 91 , 2621–2624 .
kocher , t . d . , thomas , w . k , meyer , a . , edwards , s . v . , pääbo , s . , villablanca , f . x . & wilson , a . c . ( 1989 ) dynamics of mitochondrial dna evolution in animals : amplification and sequencing with conserved primers . proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america , 86 , 6196−6200 .
le , m . , raxworthy , c . j . , mccord , w . p . & mertz , l . ( 2006 ) a molecular phylogeny of tortoises ( testudines : testudinidae ) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 40 , 517−531 .
li , p . , lu , y . & rao , d . ( 2008 ) a new species of cascade frog ( amphibia , ranidae ) from tibet , china . acta zootaxonomica sinica , 33 , 537–541 .
maeda , n . & matsui , m . ( 1990 ) frogs and toads of japan . second edition . bun - ichi sogo shuppan co . , tokyo , japan .
matsui , m . ( 1994 ) a taxonomic study of the rana narina complex , with description of three new species ( amphibia : ranidae ) . zoological journal of the linnean society , 111 , 385–415 .
ngo , a . , murphy , r . w . , liu , w . , lathrop , a . & orlov , n . l . ( 2006 ) the phylogenetic relationships of the chinese and vietnamese waterfall frogs of the genus amolops . amphibia - reptilia , 27 , 81 - 92 .
nguyen , s . v . , ho , c . t . & nguyen , t . q . ( 2009 ) herpetofauna of viet nam . edition chimaira , frankfurt am main .
nguyen , t . q . , le , m . d . , pham , c . t . , nguyen , t . t . , bonkowski , m . & ziegler , t . ( online : 2012 / printed 2013 ) a new species of gracixalus ( amphibia , anura , rhacophoridae ) from northern vietnam . organisms diversity & evolution , 13 , 203–214 .
nguyen , t . q . , lehmann , t . , le , m . d . , duong , t . h . , bonkowski , m . & ziegler , t . ( 2013a ) a new species of hemiphyllodactylus ( reptilia : gekkonidae ) from northern vietnam . zootaxa , 3736 ( 1 ) , 89–98 . urltoken
nguyen , t . q . , wang , y - y . , yang , y - h , lehmann , t . , le , m . d . , ziegler , t . & bonkowski , m . ( 2013b ) a new species of the gekko japonicus group ( squamata : sauria : gekkonidae ) from the border region between china and vietnam . zootaxa , 3652 ( 5 ) , 501–518 . urltoken
orlov , n . l . , ananjeva , n . b . & ho , c . t . ( 2006 ) a new cascade frog ( amphibia : ranidae ) from central vietnam . russian journal of herpetology , 13 , 155–163 .
orlov , n . l . , le , n . n . & ho , t . c . ( 2003 ) a new species of cascade frog from north vietnam ( ranidae , anura ) . russian journal of herpetology , 10 , 123–134 .
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stuart , b . l . & bain , r . h . ( 2005 ) three new species of spinule - bearing frogs allied to rana megatympanum bain , lathrop , murphy , orlov & ho , 2003 , from laos and vietnam . herpetologica , 61 , 478–492 .
stuart , b . l . & chan - ard , t . ( 2005 ) two new huia ( amphibia : ranidae ) from laos and thailand . copeia , 2 , 279–289 .
stuart , b . l . , chuaynkern , y . , chan - ard , t . & inger , r . f . ( 2006 ) three species of frogs and a new tadpole from eastern thailand . fieldiana . zoology , 1543 , 1–10 .
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