the praeclara underwing ( catocala praeclara ) is a moth of the erebidae family .

it is found from nova scotia west to south-eastern alberta , south to florida and kansas .

the wingspan is 38 – 50 mm .

adults are on wing from august to september in one generation depending on the location .

the larvae feed on amelanchier , crataegus species ( including crataegus calpodendron ) , photinia species ( including photinia x prunifolia , and photinia melanocarpa ) .

catocala praeclara

creative commons attribution - noncommercial - sharealike 2 . 0 generic ( cc by - nc - sa 2 . 0 ) · 3 catocala praeclara , praeclara underwing
c . praeclara , and possibly the nominate subspecies as well as subspecies manitoba both fly in saskatchewan .
three subspecies are recognized , c . p . praeclara , c . p . manitoba and c . p . charlottae .
the moth depicted above is not a perfect match for praeclara , but that might have more to do with the lighting and photograph than it does with the actual specimen . it does , however , seem a better match for praeclara than it does for the other two species .
i ' ve attached catocala . jpg here which shows the relevant segments from pages 73 and 78 of that dictionary .
barnes , wm . & j . h . mcdunnough , 1918 . illustrations of the north american species of the genus catocala .
on the north american species of catocala . augustus radcliffe grote . 1872 . transactions of the american entomological society 4 : 1 - 20 .
the genus catocala . george . d . hulst . 1884 . bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 7 ( 1 ) : 14 - 56 .
illustrations of the north american species of the genus catocala . william barnes , james halliday mcdunnough . 1918 . memoirs of the amnh 2 ( 1 ) .
brou , v . a . jr . 1988 . a new species of catocala from the southeast united states . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 42 ( 2 ) : 116 - 119 .
systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the . . . . lawrence gall , david hawks . 2010 . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .
gall , lawrence , f . database containing county level data for the north american species of catocala moths . entomology division , peabody museum , yale university , new haven , connecticut 06511 . accessed 1994 , july 1 .
systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera : noctuidae ) . iii . gall , lawrence f . & david c . hawks . 2002 . journal of the lepidopterists ' society . 56 ( 4 ) : 234 - 264 .
the catocala depicted immediately above has an almost uniform ground colour of grey with a slight greenish cast . there is lighter grey ( almost white ) on the costa from the body to about midpoint of median area where the costa gradually darkens to ground colour .
gall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2002 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( noctuidae ) . iii . the types of william h . edwards , augustus r . grote , and achille guenée . journal of the lepidopterists ' society 56 ( 4 ) : 234 - 264 .
gall , l . f . and d . c . hawks . 2010 . systematics of moths in the genus catocala ( lepidoptera , erebidae ) iv . nomenclatorial stabilization of the nearctic fauna , with a revised synonymic check list . in : schmidt b . c , lafontaine j . d ( eds ) . contributions to the systematics of new world macro - moths ii . zookeys 39 : 37 - 83 .
when applying the same description to mira , i find mira has a costa that lacks the lighter , whiter section near the body . mira lacks the additional streaks in the basal area . ground colour is not as consistent in mira , and there is a definite lighter area in median area of mira from subreniform spot to costa outside of amline . i also found the am line in mira gets very close to the lower inner edge of the subreniform spot . the dark steak in the lower reaches of the pm line is not so think in mira , and the brown area along the inner margin is much weaker in mira . for all of the above , i feel this moth is more likely praeclara .
habits for populations in suburban residential areas are hard to define , but otherwise the smallest habitat known to schweitzer to have supported a fully contained occurrence of any of these species was about 1 . 0 square miles for c . gracilis in pennsylvania . however habitat patches are often much smaller but clustered a few hundred meters or less apart in mostly wooded context obviously forming metapopulations . a few isolated bog occurrences , eg . in ohio , might be smaller but the habitat in such cases includes the surrounding woods , not just the bog . when the habitat is under 1000 hectares assume full occupancy . occurrences can be virtually undefinable in extensive forests that go for hundreds of kilometers in which the foodplant is sparsely scattered throughout - - for example in northern new england with c . c . crataegi or c . blandula utilizing naturalized apple trees and c . gracilis and c . andromedae in many acid soil regions . so some arbitrary limit is need and 2 kilometers seems reasonable when data are lacking . however , if contiguous habitat is more extensive , in reality so is the occurrence for the catocala . anything smaller than 2km would be assuming a truly miniscule , if not insufficient , habitat for this group . another consideration in recommending this relatively small distance is that usually one does not have good information on the extent of the foodplant , and often it is limited .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
, +
and the number of omitted authors .
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meaning
very bright ,
for the
anterior wings lustrous , evenly and nearly entirely covered with pale cinereous and greenish scales which have a bright reflection .
a medium - size moth with dull greenish or purple grey forewings . the antemedial line is black and distinct , the other cross - lines less so , mainly indicated by dark marks at the costa . the basal dash is indistinct or absent . a short dark dash in the outer fold , with some dark red - brown scaling adjacent . the hindwings are bright yellow - orange , with a median black band that forms a long loop with the basal streak . a wider black terminal band , divided or nearly so in the anal area , forming a dark , anal spot . the antennae are simple and both the sexes are alike . it can only be mistaken with
, which has much more mottled grey , black and whitish forewings . canadian populations , which are darker and duller than more southern ones , were previously treated as a separate species ,
primarily eastern , from nova scotia west to southeastern alberta , south to florida and kansas .
adults are nocturnal and come to light and probably sugar baits ( no data ) . larvae are solitary defoliators and the egg is the overwintering stage . there is a single annual brood .
grote , a . r . & c . t . robinson , 1866 . lepidopterological notes and descriptions - no . 2 .
lepidopterological notes and descriptions - no . 2 . augustus radcliffe grote & coleman t . robinson . 1866 . proceedings of the entomological society of philadelphia 6 : 1 - 30 , pl . 3 , 4 .
notes on the life histories of north american catocalae , with descriptions of two new forms . t . d . mayfield . 1922 . bulletin of the brooklyn entomological society 17 : 114 - 120 , 138 - 142 .
contributed by chuck entz on 1 august , 2006 - 8 : 22pm additional contributions by jason d . roberts , marcie oconnor , randy hardy last updated 15 march , 2018 - 5 : 44pm
on apple osx , or right click on the text above to copy the link .
a medium - size ( 3 . 8 - 5 . 0 cm wingspan ) moth with dull greenish or purple grey forewings . the antemedial line is black and distinct , the other cross - lines less so , mainly indicated by dark marks at the costa . the basal dash is indistinct or absent . a short dark dash in the outer fold , with some dark red - brown scaling adjacent . the hindwings are bright yellow - orange , with a median black band that forms a long loop with the basal streak . a wider black terminal band , divided or nearly so in the anal area , forming a dark , anal spot . the antennae are simple and both the sexes are alike . it can only be mistaken with
at the edge of its range , where suitable habitat appears to be secure . no concerns .
primarily eastern , from nova scotia west to southeastern alberta , south to florida and kansas . in alberta it has been collected twice in the badlands of the red deer river , at dinosaur provincial park and at tolman bridge recreational area , east of trochu .
comments are published according to our submission guidelines . the eh strickland entomological museum does not necessarily endorse the views expressed .
the forewing is a pale greenish - grey with considerable contrasting brown shading beyond post medial line .
there is a black basal dash very close to the inner margin and another dash , higher up in the median area .
the upper of the two larger teeth of the pm line is considerably longer and wider than the lower tooth .
there is a lighter , subcircular patch , outlined in black and brown on lower portion of thorax .
' s forewings can be silver , green or purple , depending on the locale across the eastern us .
, july 21 , 2006 , peterborough , ontario , courtesy of tim dyson .
with much patience tim dyson was able to lure this one to some mashed banana on a stick after it reported to a bedsheet below his cabin light .
, verso , july 21 , 2006 , peterborough , ontario , courtesy of tim dyson .
females emit an airbourne pheromone and males use their antennae to track the scent plume .
eggs are deposited on tree / bush bark in the fall and hatch the following spring .
listed below are primary food plant ( s ) and alternate food plants . it is hoped that this alphabetical listing followed by the common name of the foodplant will prove useful . the list is not exhaustive , although some species seem very host specific . experimenting with closely related foodplants is worthwhile .
amelanchier crataegus crataegus calpodendron . . . . . . . photinia photinia x prunifolia photinia melanocarpa
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, and had to carefully examine this specimen by actually writing a description of what i observe before making a determination . there was some concern as to whether or not this might be
has three strong black dashes : one central , emanating from the body to about the middle of the basal area ; the second running parallel to the inner margin along one vein up from the inner margin from mid basal area to am line ; the third emanating from the body , running along im almost to antemedial line .
is strong and dark in the costa , running almost obliquely before turning almost at a right angle near its midpoint , distant from subreniform spot at this turn . it turns again at a slightly oblique angle back toward the outer margin , before turnign again to the inner margin . the black outer edge is not as thick in the lower half of the line , and there is a strong whitish presence interior to the aml in its lower half . the whitish inner lining is also present in the upper half , but is not as pronounced . there is much fainter , diffuse light brown interior tracing of the whitish scaling .
is pretty much devoid of markings except for a large , closed , subrectangular subreniform spot that is weakly outlined in black and is slightly lighter than its surroundings . the reniform spot is a weakly delineated ( very thin grey black outline ) crescent with a whitish suffusion surrounding the crescent .
is strong in its upper half to the completion of the two elongated teeth . subsequent teeth are almost non - existant until the third tooth which has its lower edge highlighted with a thick black streak , below which there is a dark brown bar , a thinner black steak on the next vein and a brown area along the inner margin .
shows some strong black highlights on veins , and a row of white dots ( appearing non - connected ) subparallel to outer margin .
i looked at my description above and applied it to the other preaclara images on this page and found it to be an appropriate description , with some slight variations , possibly due to angle , size , or quality of photos .
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a location where the species occurs , or has recently occurred , with potential for persistence or regular recurrence . minimally a suitable habitat with larval foodplant where the species has been documented by a specimen or positively identifiable photograph of an adult and for some species larvae are also identifiable .
occasionally , especially with species feeding on aronia , the habitat may be very clear , for example around the edges of a midwestern bog or a palustrine forest in new jersey . adults of most of these species wander some distance from foodplants in forests , especially swamp species seem to often move into immediately adjacent upland forsts probably to feed . in such cases use the habitat where the foodplant occurs plus 100 meter wooded buffer ( if available ) as the eo .
these species often occur in well defined natural communities such as bogs , riparian forests , barrens or savannas on a generally wooded landscape . in such cases apply the suitable habitat distance across suboptimal wooded or brushy habitat if the larval foodplant is not completely absent over distances of > half the suitable habitat distance , except if the habitat is demonstrably unsuitable in some way for the adults . females of this group do move around and both sexes rest in the woods even if the breeding habitat is open .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
lafontaine , j . d . and b . c . schmidt . 2010 . annotated check list of the noctuoidea ( insecta , lepidoptera ) of north america north of mexico . zookeys 40 : 1 - 239 .
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
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has an antemedial line that is more oblique in its upper half , almost reaching the subreniform spot . the basal area just below that line is dark brown .
. in greek
kato
means below or behind and
kalos
means beautiful . hence , we have a group of moths with beautiful hind or lower wings .
was , and that ' s the tock version . of course , we ' re talking here about folks steeped in ancient greek ! the majority of the lepidopterists i know use the tock version ( but there are exceptions , including [ notably ] ron hodges ) .
this is sort of an academic question , but let ' s fuss on it nevertheless ( by the way , i make no claims to be a classicist ) . the first assumption is the root derivation , which ted sargent ( 1976 , p . 161 ) says is the greek kato + kalos , citing the webster ' s international dictionary . i have no reason to doubt ted ' s derivation of the roots . in double checking my webster ' s and o . e . d . ,
is not listed in either , but the o . e . d . pronunciation of words beginning with cato is generally the tock version ( ignoring ones claiming latin derivation from cato ) .
from here , take it to some suitably authoritative sources for greek - latin grammar and pronunciation . the woodhouse tome is online , and you can look up
beautiful
and
below
to see the spelling of the corresponding words as they are on the dictionary pages -
seems to hinge on the omicron . if we ' re going to assume ancient greek , then you can go to e . g . , the university of california ' s berkeley language center and have all of the letters spoken online to you -
the noctuidae or owlet moths ( eyes that
glow
, i . e . reflect light in the dark ) comprise the largest lepidoptera family with approximately three thousand species in north america and twenty thousand plus species worldwide .
most of the noctuidae rest with wings folded tent - like over their backs . the forewings are typically grey or brown with interesting patterns of lines , dashes , bars and spots .
) and reniform and subreniform spots are usually visible ; the bodies are usually stout and hairy . a well - developed proboscis ( feeding tube ) is usually present .
given to them by their describers from greek or latin words , sometimes with special , significant meaning associated with behaviour and / or colouration / patterning of the moth , sometimes without .
given them by the following entomologists . those with a
*
after their names have biographical entries accessed by clicking on their names .
dru drury , 1725 - 1804 , * johann c . fabricius , 1745 - 1808 , *
which reveals some clear trends in the names assigned to these beautiful moths . describers ' names , followed by a * , indicate biographical information is available . just click on the underlined name .
although this site deals with north american species , it is useful to look at trend - setting and trend - maintaining names / descriptions given to species outside of north america .
species of significance , indigenous to europe / asia , will be treated with purple text .
fulminea
refers to lightning , probably chosen for striking yellow bands on underwings . note : this name was given before linnaeus had established the trend with
species , and there was nothing unusual or trend setting in his choice , although he did chose the name of a famous wife .
in typical fashion , drury chose a greek name for the first north american species with a published description .
epione was the wife of the famous healer aesclepius ( who was killed for bringing people back to life ) . she was a healer too , but no one ever remembers that . she was the mother of hygeia , goddess of healing , as well as acecis , aegle , iaso , janiscus , machaon , panacea and podalirius .
these gentlemen described two species outside of north america , and they maintain the trend initiated by linnaeus .
is a name derived from the greek argemone , and given probably due to dull greenish grey forewings of moths of this species .
or . . . . argemone : from greek argemos ,
a white spot ( cataract ) on the eye .
from argemone based on light , greyish - white ( cataract like ) coloration of reniform and or subreniform spots on the forewing .
five years earlier he had assigned polyphemus as the species name to the great north american saturniidae moth , antheraea polyphemus .
viewig describes one european species and seems to be following the
marriage
trend .
giorna describes one species and seems to be following the
marriage
trend .
and probably honours linnaeus by continuing his trend , chosing three names having to do with
love , marriage and death
and thereby firmly establishing the interesting trend for north american species , started by linnaeus for european species . this trend continues for approximately the next one hundred years .
antinympha ( hubner , 1823 ) sweetfern underwing or wayward nymph deriving its common name from the larval foodplant or possibly from the rousting of adult moths during a walk in the woods amongst some sweetfern .
in greek tragedy , nympha was a virgin from palermo who was put to death for the faith at the beginning of the fourth century ;
anti
means against .
westwood only described one specimen and that species had previously been described by hubner .
walker described one species prior to the work of guenee and many species afterwards . he also follows the tradition started by linnaeus and followed by smith , hubner and westwood for n . a . species .
connubial comes from latin conubialis , from conubium ,
marriage , intermarriage ,
from con - ,
with , together
+ nubere ,
to veil , to marry .
if i am not fair , cepheian andromeda was pleasing to perseus , dark in the color of her native land .
valeria messalina was the third wife of the emperor claudius . in claudius ' absence she married caius silius and attempted to place him on the throne . she was killed when the plot failed .
i know that he ( erasmus ) sometimes used
muliercula
rather than
mulier
when alluding to what he saw as a kind of mental or emotional weakness in women .
i could find no meaning for
cero
= wax that makes any kind of sense regarding a literal translation . just a long shot , perhaps guenee wanted to combine ceremony and marriage . the yellow band might have suggested a ring .
edwards broke with the established
love / marriage
theme and chose slightly more descriptive terms and also named one species after walsh .
in the battle for troy , agamemnon received chryseis as a slave . when her father tried to buy her free , he was humiliated and taunted by agamemnon . apollo then sent a plague through the greek camp , which would only stop when chryseis was returned to her father . the displeased agamemnon who then claimed achilles ' slave briseis for his own love slave , which led to a fatal conflict between the two heroes .
latin : [ lamentable , wretched , deserving tears ] ; act . , [ tearful , doleful ] .
enjoyed the trend and stated that once all the amatory terms and names relating to love and marriage had been exhausted ,
the most appropriate ones [ names ] for the purpose would be those of women famous in history for their lusts or talents , or both combined . . . .
( 1874 , lepid . rhop . & het . , p . 77 )
faustina minor 2nd century empress , the daughter of antoninus pius and married to marcus aurelius .
in the bible , one of the sisters in an allegory on israel ' s idolatry .
sappho was an ancient greek poet who infused her works with intense emotions - especially love , desire , longing , and their companion , suffering .
in the bible , delilah deceives samson and betrays him but cutting off his hair , robbing him of his strength .
in the bible
nabuchodonosor , king of nineveh , sends his general holofernes to subdue the jews . the latter besieges them in bethulia , a city on the southern verge of the plain of esdrelon . achior , the ammonite , who speaks in defense of the jews , is maltreated by him and sent into the besieged city to await his punishment when holofernes shall have taken it . famine undermines the courage of the besieged and they contemplate surrender , but judith , a widow , upbraids them and says that she will deliver the city . she goes into the camp of the assyrians and captivates holofernes by her beauty , and finally takes advantage of the general ' s intoxication to cut off his head . she returns inviolate to the city with his head as a trophy , and a sally on the part of the jews results in the rout of the assyrians .
jocasta was a famed queen of thebes . jocasta had a long line of close relatives . she was the wife of lauis , mother and later wife of oedipus , mother of antigone , eteocles , polynices , and ismene , and daughter of menocenes . unfortunately , jocasta was carrying lauis ' baby who was destined to kill his father . hearing this lauis sent oedipus up to the mountains . oedipus somehow managed to survive and came back to where he was born . eventually , he accidentally killed his father and married his mother ( jocasta ) . when jocasta realized this , she hung herself ; thus becoming one more victim of the curse that rested upon the family of the labdacids .
when agrippa , the brother of herodias became king , she persuaded antipas to go to rome in search of the royal title , as his claim to it was far greater than that of her brother . instead of a crown , however , he found awaiting him a charge of treason against the romans , with agrippa as chief accuser , who in advance had sent messengers to defeat the ambitious plans of antipas . he was therefore banished to lyons in gaul . at the same time herodias , spurning the kind offers of the emperor , preferred exile with antipas to a life of splendour in the palace of her brother agrippa . ( jos . , ant . , xviii , vii ) . this generosity , if we may so style it , came from her hasmonean blood , but her cruelty she inherited from her grandfather herod .
from
ulalume
, a poem by edgar allen poe , setting : october and the burial vault of a lost love , ulalume .
baba yaga is a recurring figure in russian folklore . probably derived from the hag , the third member of the three - part goddess ( virgin , mother , and hag ) , baba yaga is not good , but is not entirely evil ; she does eat people and decorate her fence with their skulls , but she is known to help people that serve her . she also orders the cycles of nature . she is often called baba yaga
the bony - legged .
greek name
helen
which means
torch
or
light .
an actor as well as an entomologist , chose names of female characters from william shakespeare ' s plays to go with his descriptions of many species , subspecies and forms .
who appears only once ( iii . v ) in the play and does not speak ; sometimes referred to as a typical nonentity .
arizonae ( strand , 1914 ) , preocc . by grt . , 1873 for
chose feminine names for the most part , but also chose to honour reiff and hiser .
in honour of o . f . hiser and / or j . s . hiser
dr . franclemont described four melanic forms , honouring his mother and three gentlemen .
brower honoured men ( benjamin , mcdunnough , erich and bridwell ) , noted geography / range ( california , texas and arkansas ) and possibly commemorated presidents : lincoln and johnson who served sequentially .
it is clear that linnaeus started a trend around the love , marriage theme and many other describers picked up and followed this thread . when most of the terms seemed to be exhausted , strecker selected names of famous women and henry edwards chose female shakespearean characters .
a few describers honoured other entomologists or friends and even fewer , it seems , chose species names of any real descriptive value .
words dealing with death and sadness were often chosen as names for those species with black underwings .
species , it may be in the few names given to honour wives of the namers .
if anyone knows the names of the wives of the latter entomologists , the information would be greatly appreciated . i am also looking for biographical information about any of the describers and will provide links below .
data and apps idaho fish and wildlife information system bringing information to bear on the management and conservation of fish , wildlife , and plants in idaho .
. there is brown shading between the post medial line and the subterminal line .
' s forewings are silver . closer to florida and in florida some populations have forewings that are nearly pastel green .
the outer fringe of the hindwing is pale orange and heavily checked with black .
are usually on the wing from april - may ( texas ) to june , july and august elsewhere .
the abundance and range of this subspecies is not well documented , nor is the habitat well understood .
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .


the kipunji ( rungwecebus kipunji ) , also known as the highland mangabey , is a species of old world monkey that lives in the highland forests of tanzania .

the kipunji has a unique call , described as a ' honk-bark ' , which distinguishes it from its close relatives , the grey-cheeked mangabey and the black crested mangabey , whose calls are described as ' whoop-gobbles ' .

though it was originally thought to be a member of the lophocebus genus genetic data later placed it as its own separate genus rungwecebus .

the kipunji is the first new monkey genus to be discovered since allen 's swamp monkey in 1923 .

the kipunji was independently discovered by researchers from the wildlife conservation society , the university of georgia and conservation international , in december 2003 and july 2004 , making it the first new african monkey species discovered since the sun-tailed monkey in 1984 .

originally assigned to the genus lophocebus , genetic and morphological tests showed that it is more closely related to the baboons ( genus papio ) than to the other mangabeys in the genus lophocebus , and that lophocebus was diphyletic , meaning that species with differing genealogies have been mistakenly lumped together .

scientists have assigned it to a new genus , rungwecebus , named after mount rungwe , where it is found .

kipunji

leaping to extinction ? tanzania ' s kipunji monkey , discovered just three years ago , is now threatened with extinction according to a new study .
along with the iucn designation , wcs is investing in the protection and restoration of the kipunji ' s remaining habitat and local conservation education of local people to help safeguard remaining populations .
kipunji is grayish - brown and has an erect
crown
of hair on its head , long cheek whiskers and a cream - colored belly and tail . the monkey stands about 3 feet tall and makes an unusual , low - pitched call that scientists describe as a
honk - bark .
kipunji has a thick coat of long fur that comes in handy for living at 8 , 000 feet above sea level , where temperatures frequently drop below freezing .
the kipunji first made headlines in 2005 when a team of scientists led by wcs announced its discovery . then in 2006 , the monkey made news again when dna analysis revealed that the species represented an entire new genus of primate—the first since 1923 .
the kipunji is hanging on by the thinnest of threads ,
said dr . tim davenport , tanzania country director for the wildlife conservation society .
we must do all we can to safeguard this extremely rare and little understood species while there is still time .
a distinct species of mangabey was independently found at two sites 370 kilometers apart in southern tanzania ( mount rungwe and livingstone in the southern highlands and ndundulu in the udzungwa mountains ) . this new species is described here and given the name “highland mangabey” lophocebus kipunji sp . nov . we place this monkey in lophocebus , because it possesses noncontrasting black eyelids and is arboreal . l . kipunji is distinguished from other mangabeys by the color of its pelage ; long , upright crest ; off - white tail and ventrum ; and loud call . this find has implications for primate evolution , african biogeography , and forest conservation .
the new african monkey , rungwecebus kipunji ( rhung - way - cee - bus key - poon - gee ) , was initially described based only on photographs taken last year by wildlife conservation society ( wcs ) scientists . at the time , scientists placed the monkey in lophocebus , the genus that includes mangabeys .
a distinct species of mangabey was independently found at two sites 370 kilometers apart in southern tanzania ( mount rungwe and livingstone in the southern highlands and ndundulu in the udzungwa mountains ) . this new species is described here and given the name ` ` highland mangabey ' ' lophocebus kipunji sp . nov . we place this monkey in lophocebus , because it possesses noncontrasting black eyelids and is arboreal . l . kipunji is distinguished from other mangabeys by the color of its pelage ; long , upright crest ; off - white tail and ventrum ; and loud call . this find has implications for primate evolution , african biogeography , and forest conservation .
an omnivore , kipunji dines on leaves , shoots , flowers , bark , fruit , lichen , moss and invertebrates . the monkeys appear to be social creatures , living in groups of about 30 - 36 males and females . their main predators are crowned eagles and possibly leopards , but they humans also hunt the monkeys for meat .
even as scientists are just learning about the new creature , its high - altitude forest home is already being threatened by illegal logging and hunting . with only about 500 kipunji monkeys left in the wild , the animals will probably be classified as
critically endangered ,
the researchers write , and quick action is required if they are to survive .
the population estimate was the result of more than 2 , 800 hours of field work by wcs scientists in the southern highlands and udzungwa mountains in tanzania where the kipunji was discovered . the team found that the monkey ' s range is restricted to just 6 . 82 square miles ( 17 . 69 square kilometers ) of forest in two isolated regions .
newswise — just three years after it was discovered , a new species of monkey is threatened with extinction according to the wildlife conservation society , which recently published the first - ever census of the endangered primate . known as the
kipunji ,
the large , forest - dwelling primate hovers at 1 , 117 individuals , according to a study released in the july issue of the journal oryx .
the kipunji occurs entirely within protected areas , 48 . 4 % within kitulo national park , 44 . 9 % within mt rungwe catchment forest reserve and 6 . 7 % within the kilombero nature reserve ( davenport et al . in press ) . however , only the national park has any current management activities and they remain limited , especially within the forest ( mwakilema and davenport 2005 ) . the focus of current kipunji conservation work is the protection and restoration of the montane habitats of mount rungwe , especially the forest connections such as bujingijila corridor ( davenport 2005 , 2006 ) . protecting these corridors is of the highest priority for the conservation of this genus / species . in addition , research into the reasons for , and viability of , the extremely small udzungwa population , conservation education and long - term monitoring of both populations is important ( jones 2006 ; davenport et al . . 2008 ) . the kipunji is being used as a ' flagship species ' by the wildlife conservation society ' s long - term southern highlands conservation programme in and around rungwe - kitulo , especially in education and awareness raising activities , and as part of a long - term monitoring programme . it is listed on cites appendix ii .
scientists got their first chance to study the monkey , locally known as
kipunji ,
directly when one was caught and killed in a farmer ' s trap shortly after the photographs were taken . physical and dna analysis revealed that the species was so unique it merited its own genus . the last time a new genus of monkey was discovered was in 1923 , when allen ' s swamp monkey was discovered in the congo
the authors also discovered that much of the monkey ' s remaining habitat is severely degraded by illegal logging and land conversion . in addition , the monkey itself is the target of poachers . because of these combined threats , wcs proposes that the kipunji should be classified by the world conservation union ( iucn ) as
critically endangered
which means it is threatened with extinction in the wild if immediate conservation action is not taken .
a new species of african monkey , lophocebus kipunji , was described in 2005 based on observations from two sites in tanzania . we have since obtained a specimen killed by a farmer on mount rungwe , the type locality . detailed molecular phylogenetic analyses of this specimen demonstrate that the genus lophocebus is diphyletic . we provide a description of a new genus of african monkey and of the only preserved specimen of this primate . we also present information on the animal ' s ecology and conservation .
a new species of african monkey , lophocebus kipunji , was described in 2005 based on observations from two sites in tanzania . we have since obtained a specimen killed by a farmer on mount rungwe , the type locality . detailed molecular phylogenetic analyses of this specimen demonstrate that the genus lophocebus is diphyletic . we provide a description of a new genus of african monkey and of the only preserved specimen of this primate . we also present information on the animal ' s ecology and conservation .
africa ' s most recently discovered ( 2003 ) and described ( 2005 ) species and genus ( 2006 ) of monkey ( davenport 2005 , jones et al . 2005 , davenport et al . . 2006 ) . originally allocated to the genus lophocebus ( jones et al . 2005 ) , but later placed in the monotypic genus rungwecebus by davenport et al . . ( 2006 ) on the basis of molecular and morphological data . the genus to which r . kipunji belongs was questioned by ehardt and butynski ( 2006 ) , but much further evidence supports the phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of rungwecebus ( olson et al . . in press ) . the evolutionary implications of rungwecebus being a sister taxon to papio are considerable ( davenport in press , olson et al . . in press ) .
the threats to the kipunji are considerable . the rungwe - kitulo forests are severely degraded . logging , charcoal making , illegal hunting and unmanaged resource extraction are common ( davenport 2005 , 2006 ; machaga et al . 2004 ) . the narrow bujingijila corridor linking mt rungwe to livingstone forest , and the corridors joining the northern and southern sections of livingstone , are encroached by farmers and degraded ( davenport 2005 ; jones et al . . 2005 ; mwakilema and davenport 2005 ) . without immediate conservation intervention these forests will be fragmented , resulting in isolated subpopulations some of which are unlikely to be viable over the long - term ( davenport et al . . in press ) . the kipunji is hunted in the southern highlands ( davenport 2005 , 2006 ) , mainly as retribution for the crop - raiding of maize and the leaves of beans and potatoes in the first few months of the year . however , the monkey is also occasionally hunted for food . mt . rungwe , while nominally a forest reserve , remains unmanaged and unprotected , although there are moves to upgrade its status . although ndundulu forest is in excellent condition , and largely undisturbed ( davenport and jones 2005 ; davenport et al . . 2005 ; jones , 2006 ) , the species is present in low numbers ( davenport et al . . 2008 ) . the reasons for this are unclear ( davenport and jones 2005 ; jones 2006 ) . the gazettement in august 2007 of kilombero nature reserve incorporating matundu , iyondo and west kilombero scarp ( including ndundulu ) ( marshall et al . . 2007 ) may serve to further protect the species in ndundulu . however , whether this population is viable in the long term is debatable ( jones 2006 ; davenport et al . . 2008 ) .
surveys totalling 2 , 864 hours and covering 3 , 456 km of transect were undertaken by davenport et al . ( 2008 ) to determine distribution and group numbers . in addition , 772 hours of simultaneous multi - group observational follows in rungwe - kitulo and ndundulu forests enabled 209 total counts to be carried out . davenport et al . ( 2008 ) estimated some 1 , 042 individuals in rungwe - kitulo , ranging from 25 to 39 individuals per group ( µ = 30 . 65 ; se = 0 . 62 ; n = 34 ) , and 75 individuals in ndundulu , ranging from 15 to 25 individuals per group ( µ = 18 . 75 ; se = 2 . 39 ; n = 4 ) . the total kipunji population was thus estimated to be 1 , 117 animals in 38 groups ( µ = 29 . 39 ; se = 0 . 85 ; n = 38 ) . the ndundulu population may no longer be viable and the rungwe - kitulo population is highly fragmented with isolated subpopulations remaining in degraded habitat ( davenport et al . . 2008 ) .
justification : the kipunji is more sparsely distributed than initially thought ( jones et al . 2005 ; davenport et al . 2006 ) . the small extent of occurrence in ndundulu and the patchy distribution in rungwe - kitulo give grounds for considerable conservation concern . the total extent of occurrence of 20 . 6 km² is considerably less than the 100 km² required to meet the threshold for listing as critically endangered under criterion b . in addition , the range is severely fragmented ( b1a ) , and remote sensing analyses of forest loss over the last 20 years in rungwe - kitulo leads us to infer there has been a decline , which is continuing . moreover , the unmanaged state of mt rungwe , the continued forest destruction of mt rungwe and livingstone forest in kitulo national park , persistent hunting of monkeys across rungwe - kitulo , especially those which raid crops , as well as the highly precarious nature of the small population in ndundulu , leads us to project a continuing decline ( b1b ) in the extent of occurrence ; area of occupancy ; area , extent and quality of habitat ; the number of locations or subpopulations ; and the number of mature individuals of the species . as a consequence , the species is here listed as critically endangered , in line with recommendations by davenport et al . ( in press ) .
a tanzanian endemic known only from two populations separated by ca . 350 km of non - forested land . one population is at 1 , 750 - 2 , 450 m in 12 . 4 km² of rungwe - kitulo forest ( davenport et al . 2008 ) in the southern highlands of south - western tanzania ( 09 . 12º - 09 . 18ºs , 33 . 67º - 33 . 92ºe ) . the rungwe - kitulo forest includes mt . rungwe forest reserve ( 150 km² ) and the livingstone forest ( 191 km² ) , which lies within the 412 km² kitulo national park ( davenport 2002 ; davenport and bytebier 2004 ; davenport et al . 2005 , 2006 , 2008 ) . mt . rungwe and livingstone forest are connected by the bujingijila corridor , a two km wide degraded forest connection ( davenport 2005 , 2006 ; mwakilema and davenport 2005 ) . the kipunji inhabits the wetter forest of south mt . rungwe and isolated groups are scattered in the north and south of livingstone forest ( davenport 2005 ; jones et al . . 2005 ; davenport et al . . 2006 , 2008 ) . anecdotal evidence points to the historical presence of the species in other southern highland forests , though this is unconfirmed and recent extensive searches have found no new subpopulations in other forests ( davenport et al . 2008 ) . the other population of r . kipunji is at 1 , 300 - 1 , 750 m in the vikongwa valley , ndundulu forest ( 07 . 67º - 07 . 85ºs , 35 . 17º - 36 . 83ºe ; ca . 180 km of closed forest ) , in the kilombero nature reserve in the udzungwa mountains , south - central tanzania ( jones et al . . 2005 ) . the area known to be occupied by the species in the ndundulu forest is 8 . 2 km² ( davenport et al . . 2008 ; jones et al . unpubl . ) . previous and more recent research in ndundulu forest indicate the animal is absent from large parts of this forest ( jones 2006 ; davenport et al . . 2008 ) . the area of occupancy ( aoo ) achieved by the sum of the occupied grid squares is 10 . 79 km² in rungwe - kitulo and 3 . 18 km² in ndundulu giving a combined species aoo of 13 . 97 km² ( davenport in press ; jones et al . . unpubl . ) . the species ' extent of occurrence ( eoo ) was estimated to be 12 . 41 km² in rungwe - kitulo and 8 . 19 km² in ndundulu , with the combined total eoo ( species range ) just 20 . 6 km² ( davenport et al . . 2008 ; jones et al . unpubl . ) .
habitat ranges from degraded montane and upper montane forest from 1 , 750 - 2 , 450 m in rungwe - kitulo , to pristine submontane forest in ndundulu ( davenport and jones 2005 ; jones et al . 2005 ; jones 2006 ; davenport et al . . 2006 , 2008 ) . in rungwe - kitulo , the canopy is often broken and between 10 and 30 m with emergents to 35 m . the kipunji prefers steep - sided gullies and valley edges and is rarely found far from streams ( davenport and butynski in press ) . ridges and open areas are usually avoided . the forest has been greatly reduced by logging ( lovett 1986 ; mckone and walzem 1994 ; machaga et al . . 2004 ; davenport 2005 , 2006 ) . thick undergrowth is typical , with the tree fern cyathea manniana , wild banana ensete ventricosum , and large stands of bamboo sinarundinaria alpina common in the south and south - east of mt . rungwe and the north - west of livingstone ( davenport and butynski in press ; gereau et al . . in press ) . the species rarely frequents the bamboo and leaves the forest only to raid nearby crops . in southern mt rungwe , annual rainfall ranges from ca . 185 - 280 cm and there is a distinct but short dry season from june to october . in ndundulu , the parinari excelsa - dominant forest is undisturbed and the canopy is unbroken , reaching a height of between 40 and 50 m ( jones 2006 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
mittermeier , r . a . , rylands , a . b . and wilson d . e . 2013 . handbook of the mammals of the world : volume 3 primates . lynx edicions , barcelona .
critically endangered b1ab ( i , ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1
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last year is so unique that it ' s been assigned its own genus , scientists said today .
the finding , detailed in this week ' s issue of the journal science , marks the first time in 83 years that a new monkey genus has been found . in taxonomy , a genus ranks below a family and above a species .
finding a new genus of the best - studied group of living mammals is a sobering reminder of how much we have to learn about our planet ' s biodiversity ,
said study team member link olson , the mammals curator at the university of alaska museum .
the scientific community has been waiting eight decades for this to happen , and now we must move fast to protect it ,
said wcs scientist tim davenport , who was involved in the study .
the wcs has set up a website dedicated to the protection of the species : urltoken .
half of western lowland gorillas may vanish by 2040 . here ' s how we can prevent that . ( op - ed )
ker was a staff reporter for live science and urltoken and has freelanced for various outlets , including new scientist and popular science . he has degrees from the university of california , irvine and new york university , including a masters degree in science journalism .
elon musk ' s plan to rescue trapped thai boys ? a kiddie submarine that looks like a coffin .
race issues recently deceased sports sports scandals story ideas : life terrorism u . s . foreign relations
the wildlife conservation society is working throughout tanzania to save wildlife and wild lands .
the wildlife conservation society saves wildlife and wild places worldwide . we do so through science , global conservation , education and the management of the world ' s largest system of urban wildlife parks , led by the flagship bronx zoo . together these activities change attitudes towards nature and help people imagine wildlife and humans living in harmony . wcs is committed to this mission because it is essential to the integrity of life on earth . visit : urltoken
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a new genus of african monkey , rungwecebus : morphology , ecology , and molecular phylogenetics . - pubmed - ncbi
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
a new genus of african monkey , rungwecebus : morphology , ecology , and molecular phylogenetics .
davenport tr 1 , stanley wt , sargis ej , de luca dw , mpunga ne , machaga sj , olson le .
wildlife conservation society , southern highlands conservation programme , post office box 1475 , mbeya , tanzania . tdavenport @ urltoken
research support , u . s . gov ' t , non - p . h . s .
1 udzungwa mountains national park , box 99 , mang ' ula , tanzania .
2 department of anthropology , university of georgia , athens , ga 30602–1619 , usa .
3 conservation international , post office box 68200 , city square 00200 , nairobi , kenya .
4 wildlife conservation society , southern highlands conservation programme , post office box 1475 , mbeya , tanzania .
science 20 may 2005 : vol . 308 , issue 5725 , pp . 1161 - 1164 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1109191
department of anthropology , university of georgia , athens , ga 30602–1619 , usa .
conservation international , post office box 68200 , city square 00200 , nairobi , kenya .
wildlife conservation society , southern highlands conservation programme , post office box 1475 , mbeya , tanzania .
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two populations of a new primate species , likely numbering about 100 individuals in total , have been discovered in the mountains of southern tanzania .
© 2018 american association for the advancement of science . all rights reserved . aaas is a partner of hinari , agora , oare , chorus , clockss , crossref and counter . science issn 1095 - 9203 .
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jones , trevor ; ehardt , carolyn l . ; butynski , thomas m . ; davenport , tim r . b . ; mpunga , noah e . ; machaga , sophy j . ; de luca , daniela w .
aa ( udzungwa mountains national park , box 99 , mang ' ula , tanzania . ) , ab ( department of anthropology , university of georgia , athens , ga 30602 - 1619 , usa . ) , ac ( conservation international , post office box 68200 , city square 00200 , nairobi , kenya . ) , ad ( wildlife conservation society , southern highlands conservation programme , post office box 1475 , mbeya , tanzania . ) , ae ( wildlife conservation society , southern highlands conservation programme , post office box 1475 , mbeya , tanzania . ) , af ( wildlife conservation society , southern highlands conservation programme , post office box 1475 , mbeya , tanzania . ) , ag ( wildlife conservation society , southern highlands conservation programme , post office box 1475 , mbeya , tanzania . )
science , volume 308 , issue 5725 , pp . 1161 - 1164 ( 2005 ) . ( sci homepage )
davenport , tim r . b . ; stanley , william t . ; sargis , eric j . ; de luca , daniela w . ; mpunga , noah e . ; machaga , sophy j . ; olson , link e .
aa ( wildlife conservation society , southern highlands conservation programme , post office box 1475 , mbeya , tanzania . ) , ab ( department of zoology , field museum of natural history , 1400 south lake shore drive , chicago , il 60605 , usa . ) , ac ( department of anthropology , yale university , post office box 208277 , new haven , ct 06520 , usa . ) , ad ( wildlife conservation society , southern highlands conservation programme , post office box 1475 , mbeya , tanzania . ) , ae ( wildlife conservation society , southern highlands conservation programme , post office box 1475 , mbeya , tanzania . ) , af ( wildlife conservation society , southern highlands conservation programme , post office box 1475 , mbeya , tanzania . ) , ag ( university of alaska museum , 907 yukon drive , fairbanks , ak 99775 , usa . )
science , volume 312 , issue 5778 , pp . 1378 - 1381 ( 2006 ) . ( sci homepage )
1 wildlife conservation society , southern highlands conservation programme , post office box 1475 , mbeya , tanzania .
2 department of zoology , field museum of natural history , 1400 south lake shore drive , chicago , il 60605 , usa .
3 department of anthropology , yale university , post office box 208277 , new haven , ct 06520 , usa .
4 university of alaska museum , 907 yukon drive , fairbanks , ak 99775 , usa .
science 02 jun 2006 : vol . 312 , issue 5778 , pp . 1378 - 1381 doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1125631
department of zoology , field museum of natural history , 1400 south lake shore drive , chicago , il 60605 , usa .
department of anthropology , yale university , post office box 208277 , new haven , ct 06520 , usa .
university of alaska museum , 907 yukon drive , fairbanks , ak 99775 , usa .


myrmecia fulviculis ( or the toothless bullant ) is an australian ant which belongs to the myrmecia genus .

this species is native to australia and is usually distributed along the coastlines of new south wales and queensland .

the species has a resemblance of the m. fulvipes .

the average size is around 13-14.5 millimetres long .

queens are around 21 millimetres long and males are a similar size to the workers .

the head , thorax , and node are a black colour , while the mandibles and antennae is reddish brown .

myrmecia fulviculis

the above specimen data are provided by antweb . please see myrmecia fulviculis for further details
combination in myrmecia ( promyrmecia ) : wheeler , 1933i : 70 ; in promyrmecia : clark , 1943 pdf : 144 ; in myrmecia : taylor & brown , 1985 : 10 .
: 174 - worker ; type locality : sydney [ 33 / 151 ] , new south wales ( myrmecia ( pristomyrmecia ) fulvipes fulviculis ) ( current nomenclature : taylor and d . r . brown ; 1985
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
forel , a . 1913 ,
fourmis de tasmanie et d ' australie récoltées par mm . lea , froggatt etc
, bulletin de la société vaudoise des sciences naturelles , vol . 49 , pp . 173 - 196 pl . 2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0c3101d8 - 2770 - 4300 - 882f - 83245d6980c1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0cff0ddb - 3654 - 44a7 - bc23 - aa7828019f49
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 66adef22 - aa4e - 4062 - 8392 - ac71f2b53ca1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 825fb578 - 28cd - 4fb5 - 87f7 - 7726e29dd46a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : bdf227fa - b621 - 433b - 8c40 - 80f64dcbbb72
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c0d5c89b - c680 - 446e - b15e - 0ae8eef7fcdc
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ccf67946 - cc47 - 4ef5 - 8dbf - ee9f454c4105
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : dc1c4788 - d7e1 - 4424 - b478 - f2e87b690b5a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 76de645e - 9ff2 - 434e - 8155 - a34e9cbe1d7a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 365270
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an early record from tasmania is apparently an error and the species is only known from mainland australia ( clark , 1943 : 144 ) .
the following information is derived from barry bolton ' s new general catalogue , a catalogue of the world ' s ants .
: taylor & brown , d . r . 1985 : 10 . raised to species : clark , 1943 : 144 .
syntype , worker ( s ) , sydney , new south wales , australia , musee d ' histoire naturelle genève .
syntype , 2 workers , brisbane , queensland ( city uncertain ) , australia , queensland museum .
clark , j . 1943 . a revision of the genus promyrmecia emery ( formicidae ) . mem . natl . mus . vic . 13 : 83 - 149 ( page 144 , combination in promyrmecia )
clark , j . 1951 . the formicidae of australia . 1 . subfamily myrmeciinae : 230 pp . csiro , melbourne . [ ( 31 . xii ) . 1951 . ] pdf
forel , a . 1913h . fourmis de tasmanie et d ' australie récoltées par mm . lae , froggatt etc . bull . soc . vaudoise sci . nat . 49 : 173 - 195 ( page 174 , worker described )
wheeler , w . m . 1933i . colony founding among ants , with an account of some primitive australian species . cambridge , mass . : harvard university press , viii + 179 pp . ( page 70 , combination in m . ( promyrmecia ) )
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2 times found in sclerophyll woods ( med . ) , 0 times found in dry sandy sclerophyl and callytris , 0 times found in dry sclerophyll , 0 times found in edge of mallee scrub , 0 times found in nest on sandy ridge , 0 times found in ridge top , 0 times found in sealevel , sandstone scrub .
2 times under stone , 0 times small mound , a jumper , 0 times small mound , 0 times nest under stone , 0 times foragers on bole of box , 0 times 10yds from nest of m . piliventris .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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this page contains pictures and information about toothless bull ants that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .
the ant has the black head and body , red legs and golden abdomen . notice its jaws are relatively smooth comparing with other
we found them occasionally in karawatha forest from early summer september till late summer .
with golden abdomen and black body , we believe this is a warning colour pattern to other predators .
we sometime saw this ant searching and attacking small spiders under barks and between leaves .
we found one nest of the toothless bull ant . it was near the bushtail track in karawatha forest . there was only one entry , which is raised a few mm from the ground surrounded by small gravels . the nest entry was not very busy when we noticed it . there is one or two ants guarding and no other activity . they were very aggressive .
when we came closer to have a look , five to six ants came out towards us until we retreat to over a meter away the entry . when we tapped the nest entry with a stick , steam of ants ran out and chased towards us .
both species are
toothless
. we checked that most likely it is the
- csiro , 2010 . ants down under , viewed 15 march 2010 , < urltoken > .
the red imported fire ant , solenopsis invicta , is a serious new pest which has been detected in brisbane , queensland .
they can be the greatest ecological threat to australia . more information please visit our government fire ants web site .
clark , j . 1943 . 1943 302 a revision of the genus promyrmecia emery ( formicidae ) . memoirs of the national museum of victoria 13 : 83 - 149 pls 12 - 17 .
forel , a . 1913b . 1913 800 fourmis de tasmanie et d ' australie r _ colt _ s par mm . lea , froggatt etc . bulletin de la soci _ t _ vaudoise des sciences naturelles 49 : 173 - 195 pl 2 .
taylor , r . w . and brown , d . r . 1985 . 1985 2328 hymenoptera : formicoidea . in zoological catalogue of australia , volume 2 . australian government publishing service , canberra . 381pp . ( pp . 1 - 149 , 306 - 348 ) .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4d12def2 - 92d2 - 4774 - 806b - 37dee2d2539c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 5c309303 - 6f05 - 4610 - a775 - 686f653191eb
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 63b90975 - 2edd - 4a90 - 8f13 - 61f8be7feafc
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 780c9659 - a044 - 4bc1 - b245 - 4c9f6f01e8cc
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8b829319 - 72cf - 4fa6 - 9855 - cf92db95bee1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9d16d1b0 - 8d69 - 4a79 - a9f9 - a96ab0403f88
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b674a35c - 5d8e - 48b2 - a4a8 - 92936dae13cf
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e681e252 - f036 - 4be3 - ba40 - 928f02966766
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f7b9376a - 762b - 4b90 - 8804 - 4de674639b68
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 250346
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urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .