pelophila borealis is a species of ground beetle in nebriinae subfamily which was described by gustaf von paykull in 1790 .

the species can be found in belarus , canada , estonia , finland , latvia , norway , russia , and sweden .

its is black in colour and is shiny .

the size of the species is 9.5 – 10.1 millimetres ( 0.37 – 0.40 in ) long .

pelophila borealis

species description pelophila borealis is a medium - sized ground beetle ( 9 - 13 mm ) with flattened profile and moderately long legs . the upper surface has a strong metallic bronze reflection and the elytra have ten complete striae ( more than the average for carabidae ) with two rows of deeply impressed pits or foveae which are readily visible to the naked eye .
at finse , situated at 1 , 200 m above sea level in the mountain plateau of hardangervidda , norway , adult pelophila borealis ( coleoptera , carabidae ) overwinter in the soil of a sedimentation flat 1 . during the winter the flat is periodically flooded by the adjacent river , and consequently covered by a layer of ice . sixty to 120 cm of snow covers the ground from late september until early june . soil temperatures at the beetle ' s overwintering sites are normally slightly below 0° c , but rarely drop below − ; 3° to −4° c .
similar species because of the strong elytral pits this species is distinctive and only likely to be confused with blethisa multipunctata which is a slightly larger and more convex ground beetle which inhabits similar places . blethisa , however , has fewer elytral striae ( 9 rather than 10 ) and the elytral margins have a distinct greenish metallic tinge although , like pelophila , the upper surface is bronze - coloured and there are two rows of pits on each elytron .
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© carabidae of the world , 2007 - 2018 © a team of authors , in in : anichtchenko a . et al . , ( editors ) 2007 - 2018
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description : a moderate - sized ( 9 - 12 . 5mm ) bronze - black ground beetle with prominent depressions and puncturations on the elytra ( see also blethisa multipunctata ) . lives on silty , clayey soils at the margins of lakes and slow rivers . an arctic species virtually unknown in britain but widespread in north and west ireland .
world distribution : a circumpolar arctic - montane species ( 16 ) . in europe mainly in northern fennoscandia with outlying relict populations in the british isles , a distribution which lindroth ( 1985 ) described as ' boreo - british ' . in mainland britain known only from an isolated site in glen affric , inverness ( macgowan & owen , 1993 ) . offshore it occurs in the orkney islands .
irish status : widespread in the north and west , particularly cos down , antrim , sligo , leitrim and cavan . scattered along the west coast from donegal to kerry but rare in the centre and east . a colony is recorded from blessington in wicklow . this is a high northern species which may be at some risk from the effects of climate warming . a colony at inch abbey on the river quoile , down is known to have died out recently , so some of the easterly localities may be vulnerable .
ecology : strongly hygrophilous with a preference for open muddy or silty lakeshores or where there is a mixture of open , preferably stony , ground and better vegetated areas . probably an exclusively lowland riparian species here which is absent from heavily vegetated ecotopes such as interdrumlin fens , or from deep peat and altitudes above 200m . in fennoscandia it occupies broadly similar habitats to those observed in ireland ( lindroth , 1985 ) but in alaska it has been observed in much more heavily vegetated flushes and peaty lakeshores in the tundra provinces ( r . anderson unpublished ) . this habitat is probably typical of its siberian range also . interestingly , the single scottish mainland record is for a vegetated flush at 840m i . e . more typical of the high boreal populations , whereas the orkney populations are mostly recorded from low - level stony lakeshores much as in ireland ( macgowan & owen , 1993 ) .
remarks : irish populations show little morphological variation and the dorsum has a relatively uniform brassy lustre . this contrasts with populations in fennoscandia ( lindroth , 1985 ) , alaska and canada ( lindroth , 1963 ) where there is more variation and rufinistic forms occur widely .
click here to view an interactive map of the northern ireland dataset as currently collated by cedar . the map is generated through the nbn gateway using their interactive mapping tool .
this insect belongs to one of the largest beetle families , the carabidae or ground beetles . ground beetles as their name suggests run about on the soil surface , usually at night , seeking prey items . these are usually soft bodied invertebrates such as springtails , other insect larvae and eggs , earthworms and slugs or snails . almost all species , however , will eat some vegetable material , such as seeds . the present species is a far northern or arctic - montane species which , outside ireland is found mainly from northern scandinavia within the arctic circle around siberia to alaska and northern canada . its occurrence so far south in ireland is a biogeographic puzzle since elsewhere in europe it retreated rapidly northwards after the last ice age . the only british mainland site is in glen affric , inverness , although it also occurs in the orkney islands and shetland . in ireland it is widespread along lakeshores and riverbanks in the north and west . within northern ireland it has been recorded mainly from the shores of loughs neagh and erne with isolated sites in the armagh fens and on the river quoile in co . down .
life cycle in ireland adults have been recorded in all calendar months but the majority of records are for the late spring period may - july . it is a spring breeder and gradually dies off through the summer although adult survival and over - wintering does occur .
how to see this species a visit to almost any shoreline of lough neagh in may - june will enable this species to be seen . choose a warm , sunny day as this is when they are most active . they are cryptic and tend to hide under stones and shoreline debris . although they have been recorded in shoreline alder woods , open rocky or silty shorelines with patches of vegetation interspersed with bare sediment are preferred . recent searches of these habitats on lough erne have been singularly unproductive and it is feared that some decline has taken place there .
current status this beetle has its uk headquarters in northern ireland and is classified as prdb3 . within the british isles as a whole it ranges across north and west ireland , in scotland in glen affric , inverness , and in the orkney islands and shetland . in ireland its status is uncertain but some decline , possibly due to climate change , is suspected . a survey of shorelines in upper lough erne conducted on behalf of niea in 2008 failed to find a single individual in large areas where it had formerly been recorded . there is also some evidence of decline in the quoile pondage in co . down . there are several recent records for lough neagh .
threats / causes of decline the cause of decline is unknown but climate warming is suspected . the upper lough erne habitats from which it appears to have disappeared show little evidence of habitat degradation which might explain its decline .
what you can do this is moderate sized and distinctive species which should be easy to find where it occurs . information is urgently required on its status in the erne catchment , particularly where undisturbed , sheltered habitats exist . it should be looked for under stones and vegetation on stony or silty shorelines with pockets of open sediment . if you encounter something which suggests this species please note the locality from an os map and report the details , with a specimen or specimens to cedar at the ulster museum ( record centre manager , cedar , national museums northern ireland , cultra , holywood , co . down , bt18 0eu ; cedar . info @ nmni . com ) .
literature luff , m . l . ( 2007 ) . the carabidae ( ground beetles ) of britain and ireland . handbooks for the identification of british insects vol . 4 ( 2 ) ( 2nd ed . ) . royal entomological society , st albans .
upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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contributed by peter w . messer on 17 december , 2017 - 9 : 52am
this article is available online . abstract : sixty - nine carabid species ( coleoptera : carabidae ) in 37 genera and 19 tribes were documented from cove point , calvert county , maryland , during surveys from 2010 to 2016 . three species , anisodactylus haplomus chaudoir , pterostichus permundus ( say ) , and stenocrepis mexicana ( chevrolat ) are documented for the first time from maryland .
contributed by peter w . messer on 20 september , 2017 - 9 : 38am
new species of anillinus casey ( carabidae : trechinae : bembidiini ) from great smoky mountains national park , usa and [ . . . ]
by igor m . sokolov , yuliya y . sokolova , and christopher e . carlton
full title : new species of anillinus casey ( carabidae : trechinae : bembidiini ) from great smoky mountains national park , usa and phylogeography of the a - langdoni species group a . cieglerae and a . pusillus are described .
by will , k . , madan , r . , hsu , h .
edited abstract : additions to the list of carabidae known for nevada , usa and carabid beetles found in the great basin national park , nv are reported with notes on ecology and identification resources . for 79 species of carabids , the authors present 57 new state records , two state records previously reported in online resources [ bugguide ] , one confirmation of a previous questionable record for the state , and report 22 records for the great basin national park that includes three new state records . this paper is available online .
contributed by peter w . messer on 13 june , 2017 - 3 : 02pm
pp 67 - 92 in
the distributional history of the biota of the southern appalachians . part i . invertebrates .
edited by p . c . holt , r . l . hoffman , and c . w . hart jr . barr writes on the distribution and natural history of endemic carabid species of the southern appalachians .
a lifetime of work on the carabid beetles of vermont and new hampshire has reached fruition and is now available in carabidae of vermont and new hampshire by ross t . bell , professor emeritus of the university of vermont . ross bell is a well - known and well - published expert on carabidae . he and his wife , joyce bell , are the world ' s leading experts on the carabid tribe rhysodini , the wrinkled bark beetles , and have described over three quarters of the world ' s 360 species . the work will be indispensable to anyone interested in the fauna of new england , ecology , habitats , conservation , distribution , or carabid beetles . it is not an identification manual , but there is a wealth of biological and distributional information beyond what has been currently available , along with 13 new state records or confirmation of catalogue records that were in doubt . an introduction discusses topography , mountains , wetlands , vegetation , soils , life zones , and biophysical regions of vermont and new hampshire . a list of species indicates state records , confirmation of catalogue records previously considered tentative , literature records , and adventive species . names have been updated following bousquet ' s 2012 catalogue . the main text follows with brief tribal and generic summaries and individual accounts of 495 species . each species account includes general range , local range , habitat , life cycle , behavior and dynamics . references , an index , and vermont / new hampshire range maps for all species finish the work .
contributed by peter w . messer on 19 december , 2015 - 12 : 59pm
ground beetles from the quantico marine corps base : 2 . thirty additional species from recent collections ( coleoptera : carabidae )
. in both quantico papers , differences and similarities between carabids found at quantico and plummers island are discussed most thoughtfully .
natural history of plummers island , maryland . xxvi . the ground beetles of a temperate forest site ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : [ . . . ]
natural history of plummers island , maryland . xxvi . the ground beetles of a temperate forest site ( coleoptera : carabidae ) : an analysis of fauna in relation to size , habitat selection , vagility , seasonality , and extinction .
american beetles , volume i : archostemata , myxophaga , adephaga , polyphaga : staphyliniformia arnett , r . h . , jr . , and m . c . thomas . ( eds . ) . 2000 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
catalogue of the geadephaga ( coleoptera : trachypachidae , rhysodidae , carabidae including cicindelini ) of america north of mexico y . bousquet and a . larochelle . 1993 . memoirs of the entomological society of canada , 125 : 1 - 397 .
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bousquet , y . ( editor ) . 1991 . checklist of beetles of canada and alaska . research branch , agriculutre canada . publication 1861 / e . , ottawa . 430pp . excel version ( includes updates ) . online . available : urltoken
due to latency between updates made in state , provincial or other natureserve network databases and when they appear on natureserve explorer , for state or provincial information you may wish to contact the data steward in your jurisdiction to obtain the most current data . please refer to
distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
use the generic guidelines for the application of occurrence ranks ( 2008 ) . the key for ranking species occurrences using the generic approach provides a step - wise process for implementing this method .
zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
bousquet , y . , p . bouchard , a . e . davies , and d . s . sikes . 2013 . checklist of beetles ( coleoptera ) of canada and alaska , second edition . pensoft series faunistica no 109 .
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hygrophilus , close to water in sunny areas , on soft soils rich in organics ; also above tree line .
the first elytral stria complete , reaching from base to apex . dark piceous to black , upper surface almost constantly with brassy ( rarely bluish or greenish ) lustre . appendages are hardly paler ; may be brown or reddish with dark knees in some alaska specimens . prothorax short , with sides strongly sinuate in basal half . elytra with ten striae , the second abbreviated at apex , the ninth almost disappeared . sixth interval , often catenate , with foveate setigerous punctures . length 8 . 3 to 13 mm .
this species is found in alaska and ranges across northern canada . in alberta this species has been collected only in the central regions .
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the eastern ground parrot ( pezoporus wallicus ) of australia is one of only five ground-dwelling parrots in the world , the others being its closest relatives , the western ground parrot ( pezoporus flaviventris ) , the extremely rare night parrot ( pezoporus occidentalis ) , the somewhat closely related antipodes parakeet ( cyanoramphus unicolor ) , and the unrelated highly endangered kakapo ( strigops habroptila ) from new zealand .

the colouration of the three pezoporus species and the kakapo is similar – yellowish green with darker barring , somewhat reminiscent of the head and back of the wild-type budgerigar .

this is not an indication of a true relationship , however , but either adaptation to a particular lifestyle or a feature retained from ancestral parrots ; probably the latter as barred plumage is found all over the family , from the tiny tiger parrots to female cockatiels .

when disturbed , a ground parrot flies swiftly just above the ground before dropping back into the vegetation .

the presence of the bird is often only revealed by its characteristic dusk and dawn call , a clear whistling sequence of notes which rise in pitch before fading .

it is silent in flight .

eastern ground parrot

eastern ground parrot habitat , 23th [ i . e . 23rd ] - 30th november 2004 : western ground parrot , ground parrot forum presentation / brent barrett .
eastern ground parrot habitat , 23th [ i . e . 23rd ] - 30th november 2004 : western ground parrot , ground parrot forum presentation /  brent barrett .
eastern ground parrot habitat , 23th [ i . e . 23rd ] - 30th november 2004 : western ground parrot , ground parrot forum presentation / brent barrett . - version details - trove
the ground parrot is endemic to australia ( higgins 1999 ) , with the eastern subspecies found in coastal southeastern and eastern australia ( higgins 1999 ) .
a recovery plan has been prepared for the ground parrot ( eastern ) in nsw ( baker 1997 ) .
scientific name : pezoporus wallicus wallicus . common name : ground parrot ( eastern ) . other names : at the species level , the ground parrot ( p . wallicus ) has also been known as the buttongrass parrot , grass parrot , madden ' s prairie parrot , swamp parrot and green quail ( higgins 1999 ) . the ground parrot ( eastern ) ( pezoporus wallicus wallicus ) is a conventially accepted sub - species of the ground parrot ( p . wallicus ) ( higgins 1999 ) .
the regent parrot ( eastern ) is not known to undergo extreme natural fluctuations in population numbers .
as a ground nester , the ground parrot ( eastern ) may be susceptible to predation and other disturbances such as trampling ( birds australia august 2005f , pers . comm . ) .
the western ground parrot ( pezoporus flaviventris ) is one of the more unusual members of the parrot family . as the name implies it spends much of its time on the ground where it also builds its nest . world - wide there are only four other species of ground - dwelling parrots , the almost extinct night parrot , new zealand ' s kapako , the antipodean island parrot and the eastern ground parrot .
friends of the western ground parrot inc . po box 5613 albany , wa 6332
the ground parrot ( eastern ) is extinct in south australia , but was formerly widespread and locally common in the coastal regions of the southeast .
the eastern ground parrot is known or predicted to occur in the following sub - regions of the hawkesbury - nepean interim biogeographic regionalisation of australia .
the regent parrot ( eastern ) is confined to the semi - arid interior of southeastern mainland australia .
the ground parrot lives mainly in heathland , sedgeland or on button - grass plains .
gogerly , j . f . h . ( 1924 ) . the ground parrot in eastern new south wales . emu . 24 : 32 - 5 .
the increased fragmentation of ground parrot ( eastern ) habitat since european settlement ( due to clearing and burning ) has reduced the area of occupancy ( higgins 1999 ) .
fendley , m . ( 2001 ) . eastern ground parrots still out west . wingspan . 11 ( 1 ) : 7 .
ground parrots usually feed on the ground , eating seeds of sedges , grasses , herbaceous plants and shrubs .
investigation of the links between conservation of the fleurieu peninsula subspecies of southern emu - wren stipiturus malachurus intermedius and re - establishment of the ground parrot ( eastern ) in south australia .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1991a ) . flush behaviour , catchability and morphometrics of the ground parrot pezoporus wallicus in south - eastern queensland . corella 15 , 143 - 149 .
in this region the eastern ground parrot - hawkesbury - nepean is known to be associated with the following vegetation formations and classes . click on a name to get background information about it .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1991d ) . flush behaviour , catchability and morphometrics of the ground parrot pezoporus wallicus in south - eastern queensland . corella 15 , 143 - 149 .
barth , m . & d . chemello ( 2007 ) . the western ground parrot in waychinicup national park : they may be gone ? . friends of the western ground parrot . 25 : 2 - 3 .
the ground parrot is one of only three ground - dwelling parrots in the world , the others being the extremely rare night parrot and new zealand ' s highly endangered kakapo . when disturbed , it flies swiftly just above the ground before dropping back into the vegetation again .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1991a ) . flush behaviour , catchability and morphometrics of the ground parrot pezoporus wallicus in south - eastern queensland . corella . 15 : 143 - 149 .
meredith , c . w . ( 1984a ) . the ground parrot pezoporus wallicus kerr . raou report 10 .
mcnee , s . ( 2000 ) . implementing the western ground parrot interim recovery plan . search for the western ground parrot in cape arid national park and nearby areas june 1999 to june 2000 . western australian bird notes .
newbey , b . ( 2003a ) . western ground parrot project . western australian naturalist . 105 : 12 .
the ground parrot is unlikely to be confused with any other parrot , but its calls can be confused with those of the tawny - crowned honeyeater , phylidonyris melanops .
based on the current known distribution ( i . e . recent records ) , the ground parrot ( eastern ) is estimated to occur at 15 locations ( mcfarland 2005 , pers . comm . ) .
regent parrot ( eastern subsp . ) - profile ( nsw office of environment and heritage ( nsw oeh ) , 2014as ) [ internet ] .
meredith , c . w . ( 1984a ) . the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus . kerr . raou report 10 .
some proportion of all ground parrot ( eastern ) subpopulations occur within reserves . in queensland , almost all populations are located on land that is under state or commonwealth control ( mcfarland 2005 , pers . comm . ) .
in south - east queensland , the ground parrot ( eastern ) occurs in great sandy national park ( at fraser island and cooloola ) and in noosa national park ( higgins 1999 ; mcfarland 1991a , b , c ) .
baker , j . & r . j . whelan ( 1996 ) . the ground parrot and eastern bristlebird at jervis bay national park - survey and management recommendations . report to australian nature conservation agency , university of wollongong .
baker , j . & r . j . whelan ( 1996 ) . the ground parrot and eastern bristlebird at jervis bay national park - survey and managment recommendations . report to australian nature conservation agency , university of wollongong .
edwards , h . v . ( 1924 ) . notes on the ground parrot . emu . 24 : 35 - 37 .
jordan , r . ( 1987a ) . the ground parrot in barren grounds nature reserve . raou report 27 , 19 - 23 .
the ground parrot is a distinctive , slender parrot which is so shy and elusive that it is not usually seen unless it is flushed out from cover . it is a bright grass - green with black and yellow markings and a prominent pale yellow wing bar . the tail is long and barred with yellow . it has a small red band on the lower forehead . the ground parrot is also known as the swamp parrot or button - grass parrot .
the eastern and tasmanian subspecies wallicus and leachi differ from the western form flaviventris in having thicker and more prominent black markings on the head , neck and belly . ground parrots are unlikely to be confused with any other parrot ( higgins 1999 ) .
jordan , r . ( 1987b ) . the ground parrot in barren grounds nature reserve . raou report . 27 : 19 - 23 .
burbidge , a . h . ( 1999 ) . western ground parrot interim recovery plan . eclectus . 6 : 23 - - 26 .
meredith , c . w . , a . m . gilmore & a . c . isles ( 1984 ) . the ground parrot in south - eastern australia : a fire - adapted species ? australian journal of ecology 9 , 367 - 80 .
scientific name : polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides common name : regent parrot ( eastern ) other names : black - tailed parrot , black - throated parrot , marlock parrot , mountain parrot , plaide - wing parrot , regal parrot , royal parrot , smoker parrot , yellow king - parrot , black - tailed parakeet , blossom - feathered parakeet , marlock parakeet , mallee smoker , mockingale , rock pebbler , pepplar , peplar , smoker ( higgins 1999 ) . the regent parrot is a conventionally accepted species ( christidis & boles 1994 ; forshaw & cooper 2002 ; higgins 1999 ) . there are two subspecies of the regent parrot : polytelis anthopeplus anthopeplus in southwestern western australia , and p . a . monarchoides in southeastern australia ( southwestern nsw , northwestern victoria and the murray - mallee region of south australia ) ( forshaw & cooper 2002 ; higgins 1999 ) . the latter is the subject of this profile .
meredith , c . w . , a . m . gilmore & a . c . isles ( 1984 ) . the ground parrot in south - eastern australia : a fire adapted species ? . australian journal of ecology . 9 : 367 - 380 .
baker , j . ( 1997 ) . ground parrot recovery plan 1997 - 2002 . new south wales national parks and wildlife service , sydney .
nsw npws ( 2000 ) . draft recovery plan for the ground parrot pezoporus wallicus . new south wales national parks and wildlife service , hurstville .
the ground parrot has a patchy distribution along coastal south - eastern australia , from the wide bay district and fraser island , queensland to southern victoria . it formerly extended to the adelaide plain in south australia . ( schodde & mason 1997 ; higgins 1999 ) .
garstone , r . ( 1977 ) . observation of a ground parrot in the cape arid national park . western australian naturalist . 13 : 206 .
mattingley , a . h . e . ( 1918 ) . the ground parrot ( pezoporus formosus ) . emu . 17 : 216 - 218 .
the eastern bristlebird lives a secretive life , foraging and nesting in thick ground foliage . its elusive nature means that you are unlikely to see it , although you may hear it . this plucky little bird uses a distinctive and loud melodic song to mark its territory and warn other eastern bristlebirds to
back off
.
jordan , r . ( 1989 ) . the ground parrot . out of the frying pan into the fire . geo . 11 : 82 - 87 .
whitlock , f . l . ( 1914 ) . notes on the spotless crake and western ground parrot . emu . 13 : 202 - - 205 .
the department of parks and wildlife lead the recovery project for the western ground parrot . this project is overseen by the south coast threatened birds recovery team which includes membership from partner organisation , community representative and the friends of the western ground parrot . recovery actions are detailed in the south coast threatened birds recovery plan
the population of the regent parrot ( eastern ) is now fragmented due to clearance of large areas of both the breeding and foraging habitats favoured by the species ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
baker , j . ( 1996 ) . strategy for conservation and management of the ground parrot and eastern bristlebird populations at nadgee nature reserve , jervis bay national park and beecroft peninsula , new south wales . new south wales national parks and wildlife service & australian nature conservation agency .
clearing of habitat for grazing , agriculture and development has been the major factor in the decline of the ground parrot population , and was probably the main cause for the parrot ' s extinction in south australia ( baker 1997 ; higgins 1999 ; meredith 1984a ) . however , much of the known habitat is now reserved ( baker 1997 ) , and in eastern australia it is claimed that clearing of ground parrot habitat has largely ceased , though some local populations may still be at risk ( meredith 1984a ) .
two western ground parrots saved from the esperance fire zone have died at perth zoo .
meredith , c . w . , gilmore , a . m . & isles , a . c . ( 1984 ) . the ground parrot ( pezoporus wallicus kerr ) in south - eastern australia : a fire adapted species ? australian journal of ecology 9 , 367 - 380 .
baggs , j . w . ( 1953 ) . re - discovery of the ground parrot at the bow river . western australian naturalist . 3 : 198 .
burbidge , a . h . , d . watkins & s . mcnee ( 1989 ) . conservation of the ground parrot in western australia . project 118 .
the friends of the western ground parrot are determined to save this species from extinction , but we cannot do it on our own . we need your help !
western australia ' s most endangered bird , the western ground parrot , has suffered another conservation setback after two birds destined for a breeding program died in captivity .
a patch of forest at buckland , in southern tasmania , used as a breeding ground for the critically endangered swift parrot has been targeted by illegal wood cutters .
the western ground parrot is a medium - sized parrot with mainly green and yellow feathers which have brown and black flecks giving it an excellent camouflage . it has a bright red band above the beak . its tail is quite long .
baker , j . ( 1996 ) . strategy for conservation and management of the ground parrot and eastern bristlebird populations at nadgee nature reserve , jervis bay national park and beecroft peninsula , new south wales . report to new south wales national parks and wildlife service & australian nature conservation agency .
there is evidence of a rapid decline in two of the three populations of the regent parrot ( eastern ) since the late 19th century ( beardsell 1985 ; burbidge 1985 ; garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
in queensland , historical records show that the ground parrot ( eastern ) once ranged north to woodgate and south near caloundra , and it was said to have been seen near brisbane in the early 1900s . populations on fraser island are said to have declined suddenly during the 1930s ( higgins 1999 ) .
courtney , j . ( 1997 ) . age - related colour changes and behaviour in the ground parrot pezoporus wallicus . australian bird watcher . 17 : 185 - 191 .
burbidge , a . ( 1985 ) . the regent parrot : a report on the breeding distribution and habitat requirements along the murray river in south - eastern australia . australian national parks & wildlife service , canberra .
the ground parrot ( eastern ) is terrestrial . it occurs mostly in coastal heathland or sedgeland with very dense cover and a high density of the parrot ' s food plants ( higgins 1999 ) . the ground parrot ( eastern ) is found mostly in coastal areas , but has been recorded at about 300 m above sea level at barren gounds and morton national park , nsw ( higgins 1999 ) . it occurs mostly in heathlands or sedgelands with very dense cover ( projective foliage cover usually greater than 60 % ) ( mcfarland 2005 , pers . comm . ; meredith 1984a ) , and a high density of the parrot ' s food plants , such as one or more seeding sedges of families cyperaceae or restionaceae , or a diverse array of many seeding heath - plants .
protection of known nesting trees of the regent parrot that on privately owned land .
mr stojanovic said consumers could play a huge role in preserving swift parrot habitat .
watkins , d . ( 1985 ) . report of the raou ground parrot survey in western australia . raou report . 15 . melbourne , vic : royal australasian ornithologists union .
beardsell , c . ( 1985 ) . the regent parrot : a report on the nest - site survey in south - eastern australia , septmber 1983 to january 1984 . australian national parks & wildlife service , canberra .
the ground parrot ( eastern ) nests on the ground in dry heathland or , on rare occasions , in moist areas or the ecotone between dry and wet habitats . nests are usually placed beneath low , dense vegetation such as sedges , rushes , ferns and shrubs including xanthorrhoea , banksia , empodisma and leptospermum ( higgins 1999 ; mcfarland 2005 , pers . comm . ) . it forages mainly on ground among dense vegetation , but will occasionally feed on the ground in clearings or disturbed areas such as tracks or recently burnt sites . it sometimes forages in small shrubs or atop clumps of reeds ( higgins 1999 ) .
chan , k . & d . mudie ( 2004 ) . variation in vocalisations of the ground parrot at its northern range . australian journal of zoology 52 , 147 - 158 .
watkins , d . & a . h . burbidge ( 1992 ) . conservation of the ground parrot in western australia . raou report series . 83 : 46 - - 49 .
in 2003 a number of concerned south coast residents and birds australia members decided to form a community group to gather support for the western ground parrot whose numbers were in serious decline .
today , the eastern bristlebird is restricted to three geographically separate areas along eastern australia . the smallest and most northern occurrence is in the border ranges of south - eastern queensland and adjacent parts of north - east new south wales . this small group is endangered . observers have found that the birds in this population look different from their southern cousins , however genetic research has suggested that this population is not a sub - species .
the ground parrot lives mostly in dense coastal and subcoastal heathlands , sedgelands and buttongrass plains , where there is a high diversity of low - growing plants . there they feed on fallen seeds taken from the ground or plucked directly from the plants as they walk briskly and agilely through the vegetation . they only occasionally climb above the ground in low shrubs or reeds to gather seeds , though sometimes they stand on a tall stem to flatten it , thus bringing the seeds to the ground .
the regent parrot ( eastern ) is generally rather noisy and conspicuous , but can be quiet when feeding . it has a distinctive penetrating call given in flight , with birds usually heard well before being seen ( higgins 1999 ) .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1988 ) . geographical variation in the clutch size and breeding season of the ground parrot pezoporus wallicus . australian bird watcher 12 , 247 - 250 .
chan , k . & d . mudie ( 2004 ) . variation in vocalisations of the ground parrot at its northern range . australian journal of zoology . 52 : 147 - 158 .
before the fires swept through the region , there were just 140 western ground parrots in the wild .
threatened species of the south australian murray - darling basin . regent parrot ( eastern sub - species ) polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides . vulnerable ( south australian department for environment and heritage ( sa deh ) , 2006i ) [ information sheet ] .
the ground parrot is a secretive bird found in the west of tasmania , where it prefers buttongrass and open heathlands . the species is not usually seen unless it is flushed out from cover .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1989 ) . the ground parrot pezoporus wallicus wallicus ( kerr ) in queensland : habitat , biology and conservation . department of environment and conservation , queensland .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1988 ) . geographical variation in the clutch size and breeding season of the ground parrot pezoporus wallicus . australian bird watcher . 12 : 247 - 250 .
the extent of occurrence of the ground parrot ( eastern ) , as estimated from published maps , is 60 000 km² . this estimate is considered to be of medium reliability . the extent of occurrence is likely to be stable based on documented data because the subspecies is still recorded from most of its former range ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1991d ) . the biology of the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus , in queensland . iii . distribution and abundance . wildlife research 18 : 199 - 213 .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1989 ) . the ground parrot pezoporus wallicus wallicus ( kerr ) in queensland : habitat , biology and conservation . queensland department of environment and conservation , queensland .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1991a ) . the biology of the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus , in queensland . iii . distribution and abundance . wildlife research 18 , 199 - 213 .
interim recovery plan no . 6 . western ground parrot interim recovery plan 1996 to 1999 ( western australia department of environment and conservation ( wa dec ) , 1997 ) [ state recovery plan ] .
cale , p . g . & a . h . burbidge ( 1993 ) . research plan for the western ground parrot , western whipbird and western bristlebird . australian national parks & wildlife service .
mcnee , s . a . ( 1999 ) . report on western ground parrot survey at waychinicup and manypeaks april to october 1998 . supplement to western australia bird notes . sup . . 3 .
join us if you want to help save the western ground parrot . annual membership fees are only $ 10 . click here to get in touch , we will be more than happy to help .
leeton , p . r . j . , l . christidis , m . westerman & w . e . boles ( 1994 ) . molecular phylogenetic relationships of the night parrot ( geopsittacus occidentalis ) and the ground parrot ( pezoporus wallicus ) . auk . 111 : 833 - 843 .
the eastern bristlebird obtains food mainly from the ground by probing the surface , though they may also glean foliage or snatch flying insects . food items include insects ( e . g . ants , bugs , beetles and orthopterans ) , seeds , small fruits and earthworms .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1991d ) . the biology of the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus , in queensland . iii . distribution and abundance . wildlife research . 18 : 199 - 213 .
meredith , c . w . & a . c . isles ( 1980 ) . a study of the ground parrot ( pezoporus wallicus ) in victoria . ministry of conservation environmental studies division , victo .
ensuring co - operation between authorities in different states to protect nest sites of the regent parrot .
the generation length of the regent parrot ( eastern ) is estimated at five years , but this is considered to be of low reliability ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . cross breeding with other species has not been recorded in the wild ( higgins 1999 ) .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1991b ) . the biology of the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus , in queensland . ii . spacing , calling and breeding behaviour . wildlife research 18 , 185 - 97 .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1991c ) . the biology of the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus , in queensland . ii . spacing , calling and breeding behaviour . wildlife research 18 , 185 - 197 .
bryant , s . l . ( 1991b ) . the ground parrot pezoporus wallicus , in tasmania : distribution , density and conservation status . scientific report 91 / 1 . park , wildlife and heritage , tasmania .
mcnee , s . & b . newbey ( 2003 ) . search for the western ground parrot in cape arid national park and nearby areas may 2003 . unpublished report to the south coast threatened birds recovery team .
the eastern bristlebird has developed effective tactics to survive in its fire - prone environment . during fires , adult birds take refuge in the nearby rainforest , though eggs and nestlings may be destroyed if fire occurs during the breeding season in spring . with their short wings , the eastern bristlebird is unable to fly great distances to find new places to live . if habitat is damaged or destroyed , the birds may not be able to reach nearby areas of suitable habitat not already occupied by other eastern bristlebirds .
the action plan for australian birds ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) provides a guide to threat abatement and management strategies for the regent parrot ( eastern ) . recommended management strategies are also published in harper ( 1989 ) and smith ( 1992 , 2001 , 2004 ) .
in nsw , the population is estimated at over 2000 birds , based on estimates of 1000 birds at barren ground nature reserve and budderoo national park , fewer than 550 birds at jervis bay , 300 birds at nadgee nature reserve and 100 birds at ben boyd national park , and the presence of parrots at several other locations . annual monitoring of the ground parrot ( eastern ) occurs at several sites in nsw , including barren grounds and nadgee nature reserves and jervis bay national park ( baker 1997 ) .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1991b ) . the biology of the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus , in queensland . ii . spacing , calling and breeding behaviour . wildlife research . 18 : 185 - 197 .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1991c ) . the biology of the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus in queensland 1 . microhabitat use , activity , cycle and diet . wildlife research . 18 : 169 - 84 .
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1991b ) . the biology of the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus , in queensland . i . microhabitat use , activity cycle and diet . wildlife research 18 , 169 - 184 .
where ' s wallicus ? the beautiful patterning of the ground parrot offers excellent camouflage among its heathland habitat . the bird is in the centre of the photo - click to see enlarged version . ( photo by peter grant )
mcfarland , d . c . ( 1991c ) . the biology of the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus , in queensland . i . microhabitat use , activity , cycle and diet . wildlife research 18 , 169 - 84 .
the main threats to the regent parrot ( eastern ) are the clearing , fragmentation and modification of riparian river red gum and black box woodlands that are used for breeding and adjacent mallee areas that are used for foraging ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; webster & leslie 1998 ) .
use of non - lethal exclusion methods to prevent regent parrots ( eastern ) from raiding fruit trees ( e . g . the use of plastic mesh to cover crops ) .
at great sandy national park ( cooloola section ) , the ground parrot ( eastern ) feeds mainly on seeds of sprengelia sprengelioides ( epacridaceae ) , schoenus paludosus ( cyperaceae ) and restio complanatus ( restionaceae ) ( mcfarland 1991c ) . at croajingalong national park , the diet consists mostly of seeds or fruits of cyperaceae species , particularly schoenus brevifolius , and of cassytha ( lauraceae ) , and also of unidentified species of epacridaceae and fabaceae ( meredith et al . 1984 ) . at the species level , the ground parrot usually feeds on the ground , but will sometimes forage among the foliage of low shrubs , or climb to the top of seeding clumps of reeds . seeds are taken from the ground and from plants . a bird will stand on the stems of a plant to flatten the plant and bring seed - heads to ground , or will pass the bill along the stem and over the seed - head to dislodge seeds , which fall to ground . the bill is used to nip seeds and seed - heads from plants and to manipulate food items . the feet are used only to flatten tall stems . when foraging on the ground , they occasionally scratch the soil with their feet and then probe with the bill ( higgins 1999 ) .
the ground parrot ( eastern ) probably breeds throughout its range . in queensland , most breeding has been recorded at cooloola , with single records from near noosa and at fraser island . in nsw , breeding has been recorded at barren grounds nature reserve and at green cape . in victoria , breeding has been recorded near mallacoota , and there are historical records from elsewhere in the state ( higgins 1999 ) .
the group ' s effort support the department of parks and wildlife south coast threatened birds recovery team to monitor the remaining populations in the wild , search for new populations and implement other key recovery actions . the group is also supporting recovery projects such as the perth zoo western ground parrot captive breeding program and field survey for the parrot .
the area of occupancy of the ground parrot ( eastern ) is estimated at 500 km² ( based on the number of 1 km² grid squares in which the subspecies is thought to occur in at the time when its population is most constrained ) . however , this estimate is considered to be of low reliability . area of occupancy is suspected to be decreasing but evidence is equivocal ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
long - term natural variation in population sizes and densities throughout the ground parrot ( eastern ) range are thought to result from changes in the amount and suitability of habitat , which varies according to the length of time since fire ( higgins 1999 ; mcfarland 2005 , pers . comm . ) . however , extreme fluctuations in population size , extent of occurrence and / or area of occupancy have not been recorded .
in addition , regent parrots ( eastern ) are sometimes attracted to poisoned grain that has been laid out on the ground , with the intention of controlling european wild rabbits ( oryctolagus cuniculus ) , resulting in the deaths of large numbers of parrots ( burbidge 1985 ; webster 1991 ) . regent parrots ( eastern ) which feed in orchards and cereal and legume crops were formerly declared pests and shot by farmers ( boehm 1939 ; condon 1947 ; mcgilp 1934a ; schodde & glover 1955 ) .
in the non - breeding season , regent parrots ( eastern ) disperse and feed more widely across the murray - darling bioregion ( sluiter et al . 2007 ) . they are said to spend most of the day on the ground searching for food before returning to their roosting sites towards dusk . regent parrots ( eastern ) drink in the early morning before feeding , and in the evening before roosting ( forshaw & cooper 2002 ) . regent parrots ( eastern ) usually forage on the ground , though occasionally they also feed in the canopy of trees ( beardsell 1985 ; burbidge 1985 ; sonter 1984a ) . this ground - feeding habit occasionally attracts large numbers of parrots to areas where grain has been spilt while being transported , especially along roadsides , where they are liable to be struck by passing vehicles ( anonymous 1980 ; webster 1991 ) . in one instance , 150 birds were killed in this manner ( anonymous 1980 ) .
the ground parrot ( eastern ) is estimated to occur in six subpopulations . the largest subpopulation is estimated to consist of 1500 birds . however , this estimate is considered to be of low reliability ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . the subpopulations are probably genetically isolated , though the presence of vagrants 200 km from the nearest known subpopulation suggests that there is probably some movement between subpopulations ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
the beautifully patterned ground parrot is a medium - size bird ( 290 - 320mm ) , bright green with black and yellow markings and a pale yellow wing bar . it has a small orange - red band on the lower forehead .
newbey , b . ( 2003b ) . western ground parrots : bad news . western australian bird notes . 106 : 9 .
it has also been suggested that there be no removal of mallee vegetation within 20 km of the murray river within the breeding zone of the regent parrot ( eastern ) , and that no clearing take place of any woodland known or likely to provide food for regent parrots ( eastern ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ; webster & leslie 1998 ) . the department of the environment and heritage ( 2005 ) has developed a threat abatement plan for beak and feather disease which aims to :
meredith , c . w . ( 1984b ) . management of the ground parrot pezoporus wallicus in victoria . report to the fisheries and wildlife division , department of conservation , forests and lands ( victoria ) and the world wildlife fund australia .
burbidge , a . h . & s . comer ( 2003 ) . a brief summary of the vertebrate fauna of the lake shaster area , with emphasis on the ground parrot . unpublished report to the south coast threatened birds recovery team .
in victoria , the ground parrot ( eastern ) formerly occurred in the coastal areas of the central district , between western port and aireys inlet , until the late 19th and early 20th centuries . it was recorded around western port and on the mornington peninsula , at carrum swamp , mordialloc , and along the lower reaches of the maribyrnong river and elsewhere on the keilor plains in and near melbourne , on the bellarine peninsula at geelong , lake connewarre and jan juc ( near torquay ) until the early 20th century . the ground parrot ( eastern ) also formerly occurred at aireys inlet and wensleydale until the early 1890s . in the southern otway range , the population at blanket bay was extinct before 1980 . numbers in the carlisle river drainage basin were reduced after extensive and frequent fuel - reduction burning in the 1980s . in western victoria , there are historical records of the parrot from port campbell and near port fairy . all populations in western victoria have declined ( higgins 1999 ) .
in south australia , the ground parrot ( eastern ) was common near adelaide and at mount compass in the southern mount lofty ranges during the 19th century . it was probably extinct at mount compass by the early 1880s , though there is a doubtful record of several birds observed during july and august 1945 . the ground parrot ( eastern ) may have remained around adelaide until the 1890s , and it was said to have been seen at st kilda , north of adelaide , in 1902 . the subspecies was thought to have been extinct in south australia by 1914 , but a single bird was later recorded near the glenelg river in 1918 , and several records were obtained from around nearby port macdonnell until the 1940s , including two captured in 1940 for exhibition at adelaide zoo . the last confirmed record for south australia was at port macdonnell in january 1945 ( higgins 1999 ) .
at the species level , the ground parrot feeds mainly on seeds taken from a wide variety of sedges , grasses , herbaceous plants and shrubs . they occasionally eat green shoots , leaves , buds , flowers and small fruits ( higgins 1999 ) .
murphy , s . , l . joseph , a . burbidge & j . austin ( 2011 ) . a cryptic and critically endangered species revealed by mitochondrial dna analyses ã¢ââ the western ground parrot . conservation genetics . 12 : 595 - 600 .
sluiter , i . r . k . , p . robertson & r . webster ( 2007 ) . victim impact statement : threatened wildlife damage : the regent parrot ( eastern sub - species ) population at yungera , north - western victoria - november 2006 . victoria , department of sustainability and environment .
the ground parrot ( eastern ) is almost always seen singly , or occasionally in pairs . it does not form cohesive flocks . occasionally , up to six flush in close proximity in areas of less than 0 . 5 ha , or groups of two or three are seen in flight . it is mainly sedentary , but some post - breeding dispersal of what are assumed to be mostly young birds has been recorded ( higgins 1999 ) .
in queensland , the ground parrot ( eastern ) is restricted to the southeast coastal region , mainly around cooloola , but ranges from fraser island and near maryborough in the north to mooloolah river national park in the south ( higgins 1999 ; mcfarland 2005 , pers . comm . ) . although there have been no recent atlas records , the subspecies has been also been reported from fraser island ( mcfarland 2005 , pers . comm . ) .
fire regimes currently pose the greatest threat to the ground parrot ( eastern ) , through both direct mortality , and , more importantly , the degradation of habitat , which can render habitat unsuitable for inhabitation ( baker 1997 ; higgins 1999 ; meredith 1984a ) . fire regimes play an important role in determining the suitability of heathland habitats , but are less important in sedgelands . if fires occur too frequently within a region , the heathland vegetation is unable to regenerate sufficiently to provide food and cover for the ground parrot . heathlands become unsuitable immediately after fire , and may remain so for up to four years ( baker 1997 ; garnett & crowley 2000 ; meredith 1984a , 1984b ) . conversely , suitability can also decline if fires occur too infrequently ( interval between fires greater than 15 years ) ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . this may allow woody shrubs to become tall , dense and dominant to the extent that they preclude the low , dense herbaceous vegetation used by the ground parrot ( baker 1997 ) . however , the response to fire differs between regions and types of vegetation ( higgins 1999 ) , e . g . in sedgeland and grassy heathlands , populations may persist for many more years after fire ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . the ground parrot ( eastern ) can persist , at very low densities , in very old subtropical heathlands ( up to 32 years post - fire ) that have not been invaded by tall shrubs ( mcfarland 2005 , pers . comm . ) . at the species level , the ground parrot has been recorded in areas with burning intervals of up to 90 years ( higgins 1999 ) .
meredith , c . w . ( 1984b ) . management of the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus , in victoria . report to the fisheries and wildlife division , department of conservation , forests and lands ( victoria ) and the world wildlife fund australia .
bryant , s . l . ( 1991 ) . the ground parrot , pezoporus wallicus , in tasmania : distribution , density and conservation status . wildlife division scientific report 91 / 1 , department of parks , wildlife & heritage , tasmania : hobart .
regent parrots ( eastern ) appear reluctant to fly over open ground in search of feeding areas , preferring to move along vegetated corridors , such as roadsides ( morgan et al . 2001 , 2006 as cited in sluiter et al . 2007 ) , or sometimes over horticultural crops to target feeding areas ( sluiter et al . 2007 ) .
the five other western ground parrots , which have been at perth zoo since august 2014 , were kept separate from the two latest editions .
a potential threat to the ground parrot is predation by endemic and introduced predators . parrots are often killed by foxes ( vulpes vulpes ) and cats ( felis catus ) , and predation by cats was blamed for the local extinction of the ground parrot in the southern mount lofty ranges in south australia ( higgins 1999 ) . although the extent of predation is largely unknown ( baker 1997 ) , there is little information to suggest that it has any significant impact on population numbers ( mcfarland 1989 ; meredith 1984a ) .
meredith , c . w . & isles , a . c . ( 1980 ) . a study of the ground parrot ( pezoporus wallicus ) in victoria . publication no . 304 , environmental studies division of the ministry for conservation , victoria : melbourne .
planned ecological burns in southwest national park will help regenerate important habitat areas for the critically endangered orange - bellied parrot .
wall , c . a . ( 1989 ) . post - fire dynamics of the vegetation , habitat and population of the ground parrot at barren grounds nature reserve , new south wales . unpubl . report , school of geography , university of new south wales .
newbey , b . , d . chemello , s . mcnee & m . barth ( 2006 ) . search for the western ground parrot in nuytsland nature reserve and cape arid national park 2005 - 2006 . unpublished report to birds australia western australia , perth .
foraging habitat the large stands of mallee that the regent parrot ( eastern ) forages in most often comprise christmas mallee ( eucalyptus socialis ) and yellow mallee ( e . incrassata ) . these large tracts of mallee vegetation often comprise a shrub and herb layer not found in smaller mallee remnants dominated by dumosa mallee ( e . dumosa ) , red mallee ( e . oleosa ) and white mallee ( e . gracilis ) , and it may be the presence of this understorey rather than the mallee trees themselves that is of importance to regent parrot ( eastern ) ( burbidge 1985 ) . regent parrots ( eastern ) also feed in woodlands supporting belah , buloke and slender cypress - pine . they occasionally feed within degraded shrubland vegetation dominated by slender - leaf hopbush ( dodonaea viscosa ssp angustissima ) and / or berrigan ( eremophila longifolia ) ( sluiter et al . 2007 ) , as well as in farmland and along roadsides ( burbidge 1985 ; emison et al . 1987 ; webster 1993 ; webster & leslie 1998 ) . numerous records have also been made of regent parrots ( eastern ) feeding in open ground near remnant vegetation ( morgan et al . 2001 , cited in sluiter et al . 2007 ) .
the area of occupancy of the regent parrot ( eastern ) is estimated at 500 km² ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . surveys along the murray river in south australia in 1991 and again in 2003 indicate that the number of breeding birds had declined by about 30 % during that 12 - year interim ( smith 2004 ) .
in victoria , the western population occurs in discovery bay coastal park . in south - central victoria , it is found in wilsons promontory national park . further east , it occurs in gippsland lakes coastal park , and in the far east , in croajingalong national park . in total , the ground parrot ( eastern ) occurs in 15 parks / reserves in victoria ( parks victoria 2000 ) . management plans of all parks contain provisions for the active management of resident species .
wall , c . a . ( 1989 ) . post - fire dynamics of the vegetation , habitat and population of the ground parrot at barren grounds nature reserve , new south wales . b . sc . ( hons ) thesis , university of new south wales .
recovery plan required , a high level of adaptive management is required . a recovery plan for threatened birds of the western australian south coast , which includes the western ground parrot , is currently in preparation by the western australian government ( 26 / 04 / 2013 ) .
burbidge , a . h . , j . rolfe , s . mcnee , b . newbey & m . williams ( 2007 ) . monitoring population change in the cryptic and threatened western ground parrot in relation to fire . emu . 107 : 79 - 88 .
the wild population of the regent parrot ( eastern ) may also be subject to disease . beak and feather disease is an infectious disease afflicting many species of parrot , and is caused by the beak and feather disease circovirus . this common disease apparently originated in australia , and is capable of causing very high death rates in nestlings . the potential effects of the disease on parrot populations vary from inconsequential to devastating , depending on environmental conditions , and the general health and immunity of the parrots . lesions suggestive of the disease have been found in the regent parrot ( eastern ) . the beak and feather disease virus has the potential to be introduced to disease - free parrots via the movements of individuals carrying the disease ( deh 2005q ) . thus , release or translocation of parrots must be closely monitored so as not to introduce the disease into disease - free populations . the regent parrot ( eastern ) relies on the specific combination of breeding habitat ( usually river red gum forests and woodlands , and occasionally adjacent black box woodlands ) and foraging habitat ( mallee woodlands ) to be located no more than 20 km from each other for successful reproduction . the clearance or degredation of either habitat type threatens the survival of the subspecies ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) .
controlled mosaic burning at appropriate intervals in all remaining habitat , where appropriate in a manner that also suits other heath - dependent species such as the eastern bristlebird dasyornis brachypterus and southern emu - wren stipiturus malachurus malachurus .
the total population of the ground parrot ( eastern ) is estimated at 4000 breeding birds , however , this estimate is considered to be of low reliability ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . based on data collected in the 1980s and 1990s , the population had previously been estimated to consist of at least 5700 birds ( baker 1997 ) . both of these estimates are considered problematic due to the lack of recent , widespread surveys in any state ( mcfarland 2005 , pers . comm . ) .
burbidge , a . h . , j . blyth , a . danks , k . gillen & b . newbey ( 1997 ) . western ground parrot interim recovery plan 1996 to 1999 . interim recovery plan no . 6 . wa dept conservation & land management , como .
tarr , h . e . ( 1964 ) . the regent parrot . australian bird watcher . 2 : 98 - 100 .
webster , r . ( 2001 ) . regent parrot nesting on tammit western lands lease . unpublished report to nsw state forests .
the total population size of the regent parrot ( eastern ) has been estimated twice : at around 1500 breeding birds ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) ; and 2240 to 2495 breeding birds , comprising 630 to 680 breeding birds in nsw , 810 to 1015 in victoria and about 800 in south australia ( smith 2004 ; webster 2002 , 2003 ) .
the western ground parrot is a ground - dwelling birds that inhabits low , dry or swampy near - coastal heathland . it usually occurs in habitat that has remained unburnt for long periods of time . it mainly flies at dawn or dusk and mostly eats small seeds . it is only known from two locations in the far south - west of western australia : fitzgerald river national park and cape arid national park / nuytsland nature reserve .
although the ground parrot ( eastern ) occurs in fewer than 15 general areas ( e . g . southeast queensland , north - east nsw ) , the major heathlands within these areas are physically separated , e . g . occupied heathlands in queensland are separated by large water gaps such as great sandy strait or noosa river . as such , a single threatening event ( e . g . wildfire ) is unlikely to affect all individuals within a general area ( mcfarland 2005 , pers . comm . ) .
gosper , d . g . ( 1995 ) . notes on the activities of ground parrots in northern nsw . australian birds 28 , 57 - 64 .
burbidge , a . h . ( 1998 ) . possible effects of recent fires on western ground parrots . eclectus . 4 : 15 - - 16 .
nsw national parks and wildlife service ( nsw npws ) ( 1999bt ) . regent parrot threatened species information . available from : urltoken .
the regent parrot ( eastern ) feeds mainly on the seeds of grasses and herbaceous plants , but also eats fruits , buds , flowers and occasionally insect larvae , psyllids and lerps . it usually feeds in pairs and small parties , but sometimes in large flocks . the species also often forages on cereal crops ( burbidge 1985 ; higgins 1999 ; webster 2001a ) .
the ground parrot is found in scattered populations along the east coast of australia , from south - east coastal queensland and in pockets in north - east and southern new south wales , through to coastal areas of gippsland in victoria and the islands of the bass strait to its stronghold in tasmania .
generation length is estimated at five years . this estimate is considered to be of low reliability due to a lack of reliable life history data ( garnett & crowley 2000 ) . there has been no cross - breeding with other species recorded . the only other species of the genus , the night parrot p . occidentalis , is not sympatric with the ground parrot ( higgins 1999 ) , and therefore cross - breeding is extremely unlikely .
the ground parrot constructs a shallow nest of fine sticks and grass which is well - hidden under low shrubs . the female incubates the eggs and broods the young . during this time of incubation and brooding , the female is fed by the male , who also feeds the young when they hatch .
the regent parrot ( eastern ) is a popular cage bird , and is widely kept in captivity ( harman 1962 ; lendon 1979 ; low 1980 ; shephard 1989 ) . although captive breeding has been suggested as a method of conserving and managing the species ( shephard 1989a ) , this has not been attempted , and there have been no re - introductions into the wild .
smith , k . ( 2004 ) . regent parrot nest survey 2003 - 2004 . unpublished report to the threatened species network , adelaide .
the swift parrot is listed as critically endangered , just one step from extinction and it is estimated there are only 2 , 000 left .
murphy , s . a . , joseph , l . , burbidge , a . h . & austin , j . 2010 . a cryptic and critically endangered species revealed by mitochondrial dna analyses : the western ground parrot . conservation genetics doi : 10 . 1007 / s10592 - 010 - 0161 - 1
the decline of the western ground parrot can be attributed to the loss of habitat through broad - scale historical clearing . with so little habitat left other threats such as predation by the european fox and feral cat and inappropriate fire regimes are vitally important to manage to maintain and recover the few remaining birds .
gosper , d . g . ( 1995 ) . notes on the activities of ground parrots in northern new south wales . australian birds 28 , 57 - 64 .
perth zoo will continue to care for the remaining five western ground parrots at the zoo , which are monitored 24 hours a day and are all healthy .
burbidge , a . h . , blyth , j . , danks , a . , gillen , k . & newbey , b . ( 1997 ) . interim recovery plan no . 6 - western ground parrot interim recovery plan 1996 to 1999 . department of conservation and land management : wanneroo , wa .
planned use of fire seems to be the best way to guarantee that some of the important components of eastern bristlebird habitat , especially tussock grasses , continue to be available in the places where they live . however , deliberate use of fire on a regular basis can also cause changes to the vegetation that do not necessarily benefit the eastern bristlebird . an example is the replacement of preferred grass species by fire tolerant species such as blady grass imperata cylindrica . finding a balance with regards to timing , frequency and extent of fire is crucial to the eastern bristlebird ' s future as well as for a range of other threatened species that live in similar habitat ( e . g . hastings river mouse and the vine marsdenia longiloba ) .
the eastern bristlebird is a small ground - dwelling bird approximately 20 cm long with the tail accounting for about one - half of its total length . it may look like just another small , brown bird but if you look closely you will see features such as the short wings , strong legs , and distinct bristles in front of the eyes that are perfect adaptations for living amongst dense ground vegetation . the bird is primarily brown with rufous flight feathers , a paler and greyer underside and a pale face with red eyes . the tail appears frayed and is sometimes raised and fanned .


it is known from japan ( honshū ) .

the wingspan is 10-13.5 mm .

caloptilia geminata

caloptilia geminata is a moth of the gracillariidae family . it is known from japan ( honshū ) .
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the larvae feed on vaccinium hirtum and vaccinium smallii . they probably mine the leaves of their host plant .
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1 specimen ( gender not stated ) ,
one type , both fore wings and one hind wing missing
, ansp ( busck 1903 : 216 ) .
clemens , b . 1864a . north american micro - lepidoptera . - proceedings of the entomological society of philadelphia 2 ( 4 ) : 415–430 .
handfield , l . 1997 . liste des lépidoptères du québec et du labrador . - fabreries 7 ( supplément ) : 1–155 .
ferguson , d . c . 1975 . host records for lepidoptera reared in eastern north america . - technical bulletin . united states department of agriculture , washington ( 1521 ) : 1–49 .
pohl , g . r . , anweiler , g . g . , schmidt , b . c . , kondla , n . g . 2010 . an annotated list of the lepidoptera of alberta , canada . - zookeys 38 : 1–549 .
pohl , g . r . , cannings , r . a . , landry , j . - f . , holden , d . g . & scudder , g . g . e . 2015 . checklist of the lepidoptera of british columbia , canada . - — : 294 pp . .
pohl , g . r . , landry , j . - f . , schmidt , b . c . , lafontaine , j . d . , troubridge , j . t . , macaulay , a . d . , van nieukerken , e . j . , dewaard , j . r . , dombroskie , j . j . , klymko , j . , nazari , v . & stead , k . 2018 . annotated checklist of the moths and butterflies ( lepidoptera ) of canada and alaska . - — : 1–580 .
grehan , j . r . , parker , b . l . , nielsen , g . r . , miller , d . h . , hedbor , j . d . , sabourin , m . & griggs , m . s . 1995 . moths and butterflies of vermont ( lepidoptera ) . a faunal checklist . - — : i–xi , 1–95 .
brower , a . e . 1984 . a list of the lepidoptera of maine , part 2 : the microlepidoptera , section 2 ; cosmopterigidae through hepialidae . - — 114 : i–x , 1–70 .
ely , c . r . 1918 . a revision of the north - american gracilariidae [ sic ] from the standpoint of venation . - proceedings of the entomological society of washington 19b ( 1917 ) ( 1–4 ) : 29–77 .
dyar , h . g . [ 1903 ] . a list of the north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects . - bulletin of the united states national museum 52 ( 1902 ) : xix + 1–723 .
nielsen , m . c . 1998 . preliminary list of michigan moths : the microlepidoptera . - newsletter of the michigan entomological society 43 ( 4 ) : 1 , 4–14 .
walsingham , lord ( thomas de grey ) 1883 . notes on the tineidae of north america . - transactions of the american entomological society 10 ( 3 ) : 165–204 .
mcdunnough , j . h . 1946 . gracillariid studies ( gracillariidae , lepidoptera ) . - canadian entomologist 78 ( 5 ) : 91–95 .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . - memoirs of the american entomological institute 69 : 1–824 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


sophronia finitimella is a moth of the family gelechiidae .

it was described by rebel in 1905 .

it is found in asia minor and greece .

the wingspan is about 13 mm .

adults are similar to sophronia acaudella .

sophronia finitimella

sophronia finitimella rebel , 1905 ; ann . nat . mus . wien 20 : 213 ; tl :
erdschias - gebiet
sophronia grandii hering , 1933 ; boll . lab . agar . bologna 5 : 105
sophronia ascalis gozmány , 1951 ; folia ent . hung . 4 ( 3 ) : 17
sophronia marginella toll , 1936 ; ann . mus . zool . polon . 11 : 405
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sophronia aquilex meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 331 ; tl : cape province , montagu
sophronia catharurga meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 34 ; tl : palestine , akka
sophronia alaicella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 116 ; tl : alai
sophronia santolinae staudinger , 1863 ; stettin ent . ztg 24 ( 7 - 9 ) : 270 ; tl : san ildefonso , spain
sophronia roseicrinella busck , 1909 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 2 ) : 87 ; tl : kerrville , texas
sophronia teretracma meyrick , 1927 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 12 ) : 353 ; tl : texas , alpine , 5000 - 7500ft
sophronia curonella standfuss , 1884 ; stettin ent . ztg 45 ( 4 - 6 ) : 193 ; tl : italy , apennines , 4000 '
sophronia primella busck , 1907 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 8 ( 3 - 4 ) : 89 ; tl : western usa
sophronia acaudella rebel , 1903 ; ann . nat . mus . wien 18 : 333 , pl . 3 , f . 16 ; tl : slivno
sophronia mediatrix zeller , 1877 ; horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 377 , pl . 5 , f . 130 ; tl : bogota
sophronia albomarginata li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica ( 3 ) : 306 , 309 ; tl : xinjiashan , fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m
sophronia orientalis li & zheng , 1998 ; acta ent . sinica ( 3 ) : 307 , 309 ; tl : xinjiashan , fengxian , shaanxi , 1600m
harpipterix chilonella treitschke , 1833 ; in ochsenheimer , schmett . eur . 9 ( 2 ) : 36
tinea humerella denis & schiffermüller , 1775 ; ank . syst . schmett . wienergegend : 137
larva on ( non - finnish ) artemisia campestris , helichrysum spp . , achillea spp . , thymus spp . , antennaria spp .
tinea illustrella hübner , 1796 ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : 46 , pl . 23 , f . 158
parahumerella amsel , 1935 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 297
larva on santolina rosmarinifolia staudinger , 1863 , stettin ent . ztg 24 ( 7 - 9 ) : 270
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
zeller , 1877 exotische microlepidopteren horae soc . ent . ross . 13 : 3 - 493 , pl . 1 - 6
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
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[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
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museum für naturkunde leibniz - institut für evolutions - und biodiversitätsforschung invalidenstr . 43 10115 berlin germany e - mail : fauna - eu ( at ) mfn - berlin . de website : urltoken
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right now the scientific names on some species do not show on the site - we are working to fix this problem which should be solved after the back - up this morning .
you have a number of filter options : a . all , ticked or non - ticked ( default all ) ; b . geographical areas ( default all ) and c . checklist to be used ( default as per your personal settings - clements 6 . 7 for birds and gt 2 . 0 for non - birds ) . if you have modified the options , you need to click on
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on the menu line on any of these 3 columns ( and column 5 and 6 , see below ) , it will sort ascendingly or descendingly . you restore to the default sequence by clicking on column 1 until you have sequence # 1 at the top .
* column 4 has a show / hide marker for polytypic species ( i . e . a species with multiple subspecies ) - click on
to show the underlying taxa ; click again to hide . if you have expanded a number of polytypic species , you can hide them all by clicking on the species group itself .
* column 5 ( english name ) , column 6 ( scientific name ) and , if you have the language option other than english , column 7 ( domestic name ) are self - explanatory . the english and scientific names are from the checklist that has been filtered ( in this case clements 6 . 7 ) . the domestic names come from various sources and translations .
you can set the value on how many entries you want to display at a time . also , you have a
field with a predictive search function ( starts after you have typed two letters ) which is handy when browsing through big species groups like e . g . hummingbirds .
finally , you will be redirected to the info page of the species which is highlighted in yellow by clicking on it .
west palaearctic ( austria , croatia , czech , germany , hungary , macedonia , romania , slovakia and slovenia ) .
west palaearctic ( austria , bulgaria , czech , germany , hungary , russia , slovakia and ukraine ) .
west palaearctic ( albania , austria , bosnia and herzegovina , czech , hungary , italy , romania and slovakia ) .
west palaearctic ( ukraine ) . [ fe : s . marginella may be a synonym of s . consanguinella . ]
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