the flathead sole , hippoglossoides elassodon , is a flatfish of the family pleuronectidae .

it is a demersal fish that lives on soft , silty or muddy bottoms at depths of up to 1,050 metres ( 3,440 ft ) .

its native habitat is the northern pacific , from the seas of japan and okhotsk , across the bering sea and to the coast of north america , as far south as point reyes , usa .

it grows to 52 centimetres ( 20 in ) in length , and can weigh up to 1.56 kilograms ( 3.4 lb ) ; females are typically larger than males .

lifespan is at least 27 years for females and at least 30 years for males .

flathead sole

petrale sole , dover sole , flathead sole , starry flounder , and pacific halibut .
flatfish species include the arrowtooth flounder , butter sole , curlfin sole , dover sole , english sole , flathead sole , pacific halibut , pacific sanddab , petrale sole , rex sole , rock sole , sand sole and the starry flounder .
similar to other members of the flatfish family - flathead sole have eyes on the same side of their head . flathead sole are oval - shaped , have a narrow upper jaw and pores under their eyes . flathead sole can grow to be 1 . 8 feet long .
arrowtooth flounder ~ atheresthes stomias flathead sole ~ hippoglossoides elassodon rex sole ~ errex zachirus northern rock sole ~ lepidopsetta polyxystra southern rock sole ~ lepidopsetta bilineata the sole and flounder are masters of camouflage . dwelling along the ocean’s sandy bottom , their light undersides and dark top sides make them nearly undetectable to most of their predators in the food chain . click for more about wild alaska sole
a limited investigation into the relationship of diet to the habitat preferences of juvenile flathead sole / brenda l . norcross .
sole & flounder populations are not considered depleted , but the common method of catch is bottom trawling - which has significant bycatch and habitat degradation concerns . flathead sole populations are very healthy .
metal levels in flathead sole ( hippoglossoides elassodon ) and great sculpin ( myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus ) from adak island , alaska : potential risk to predators and fishermen .
presents examination of stomach contents of 80 juvenile flathead sole collected in kachemak bay , based on season of capture , depth , substrate preference , and fish size .
metal levels in flathead sole ( hippoglossoides elassodon ) and great sculpin ( myoxocephalus polyacanthocephalus ) from adak island , alaska : potential . . . - pubmed - ncbi
presents examination of stomach contents of 80 juvenile flathead sole collected in kachemak bay , based on season of capture , depth , substrate preference , and fish size . 650 07
for all other saltwater species , including dusky flathead , the possession limit is the bag limit .
the food habits of the flathead sole ( hippoglossoides elassodon ) in the eastern bering sea were investigated . our analysis of 4 , 406 flathead sole stomachs containing food showed that the diet was composed primarily of organisms living on the bottom ( epibenthic ) and pelagic organisms in close association with the bottom ( nektobenthic ) . feeding shifted from a crustacean - based diet to an ophiuroid - based diet with increasing fish size . flathead sole less than 30 cm total length ( tl ) consumed mainly mysids , gammarid amphipods , and decapod shrimps , whereas flathead sole larger than 30 cm total length ( tl ) consumed mainly ophiuroids , walleye pollock , and decapod shrimps . diet composition varied with changes in bottom depth . feeding in shallow waters ( less than or equal to 50 m ) was almost exclusively on small crustaceans and fish , but shifted to ophiuroids with increasing bottom depth for both size groups . the diet of flathead sole is indicative of a generalist feeding strategy . dietary diversity ranged from moderately low to high as measured by shannon - weaver and simpson ' s diversity indices , and the diet appears to be influenced mainly by prey availability and abundance . lower diversity values for flathead sole larger than 30 cm tl suggest that feeding becomes more selective as fish grow . competition with other flatfish species in the eastern bering sea does not appear to be a major factor influencing the diet of flathead sole . view online ( . pdf , 496 kb ) .
flounder and sole cook to a nice pearly white or creamy white color and are very mild in flavor .
most flounder and sole fillets are only ½ inch thick . to sauté a flounder fillet takes only 2 to three minutes per side .
in addition to fisheries for pollock , cod , sablefish , and rockfish , there are significant fisheries in alaska for lingcod , atka mackerel , and various flatfish . lingcod in all waters of alaska are managed by adf & g , with major landings concentrated in the eastern and central gulf of alaska . atka mackerel fisheries are federally managed , and landings are primarily from the aleutian islands . flatfish fisheries catch over a dozen species , ranking third in overall biomass harvested behind pollock and pacific cod . the primary targets include pacific halibut , yellowfin sole , flathead sole , rock sole , greenland turbot , alaska plaice and arrowtooth flounder .
sole & flounder flesh is lean , creamy white and offers a very thin fillet . when cooked - the flesh is flakey and has a mild flavour .
use mild seasonings such as better , lemon , and dill weed , as flounder and sole are very mild . or try olive oil , salt and pepper .
flathead sole reside at different depths throughout their lifecycle . as juveniles - they reside in shallow waters , where as as adults - they move into deeper waters and generally prefer sandy or muddy bottoms . this flatfish can be found on the pacific coast - ranging from central california - north to the gulf of alaska - and the bering sea .
east coast : yellowtail flounder , fluke flounder , blackback flounder , dab flounder , grey sole and atlantic halibut . ( fluke flounder is common in the gulf of mexico also )
description : a right - eyed flatfish with a very flat , oval body shape . the eyed side is dark olive brown to reddish gray - brown , sometimes with dusky blotches . the blind side is white and translucent in places . both dorsal and anal fins tend to have dusky blotches , but not regular banding ( see starry flounder ) . this species has an angular caudal fin with the longest rays at the center . the lateral line is nearly straight with a low arch over the pectoral fin . there is no accessory dorsal branch , but an anterior branch runs almost to the rear edge of the upper eye . flathead sole have a medium to large mouth with one row of sharp conical teeth in both jaws . the maxillary extends to below the middle of the lower eye . the eyes are large with a narrow ridge and 1 – 2 rows of scales between them . this species has a strong anal spine . pores are present below and behind the lower eye , but may be hard to see . the flathead sole is very similar to the petrale sole , but the upper jaw of the petrale sole has two rows of teeth and the lower jaw has a rounded rear ridge .
range / habitat : flathead sole range from the seas of japan and okhotsk , across the bering sea and to the coast of north america as far south as point reyes , california . this species lives on soft , silty or muddy bottoms at depths of up to 1 , 050 m ( 3 , 440 ft ) . it is most commonly encountered from 100 to 247 m ( 328 - 810 ft ) .
whole flounder and sole that are harvested usually run from 1lb to 5lbs . halibut are in the flatfish family , but are usually 10lbs to 80lbs . halibut in excess of 200lbs are not uncommon .
this page lists commercially exploited flatfish of the pacific coast of north america . members of this group of food fish are known commonly as halibut , turbot , sole , flounder , dab , and other names .
increasingly there is a need to assess the contaminant levels in fish as indicators of the health and well - being of both the fish and their consumers , including humans . this paper examines the levels of arsenic , cadmium , chromium , lead , manganese , mercury , and selenium in the kidney , liver , and muscle of great sculpin and flathead sole from adak island in the aleutian islands , alaska . both species are consumed by the local aleuts and others . there were significant differences in the levels of heavy metals as a function of tissue for both fish species ; the liver of sculpin and sole generally had the highest levels of most metals , except for arsenic , lead , and selenium . sole had significantly higher mean levels of arsenic in kidney ( 32 , 384 vs . 531 ppb , wet weight ) , liver ( 18 , 954 vs . 2532 ppb ) , and muscle ( 19 , 452 vs . 1343 ppb ) than did sculpin . sole also had higher mean levels of cadmium ( 230 vs . 63 ppb ) , lead ( 1236 vs . 48 ppb ) , mercury ( 150 vs . 107 ppb ) , and selenium ( 5215 vs . 1861 ppb ) in kidney than did sculpin . there were significant correlations among weight and length measurements for both species . however , except for mercury , there were few significant correlations among tissue types for most metals . only mercury and manganese levels were significantly correlated with size for sculpin ( but not for sole ) . levels of arsenic , lead , and mercury may pose a risk to predators that consume them , and arsenic and mercury may pose a risk to human consumers .
increasingly there is a need to assess the contaminant levels in fish as indicators of the health and well - being of both the fish and their of arsenic , cadmium , chromium , lead , manganese , mercury , and selenium consumers , including humans . this paper examines the levels sole from adak island in the aleutian islands , alaska . both species are in the kidney , liver , and muscle of great sculpin and flathead consumed by the local aleuts and others . there were significant differences in the levels of heavy metals as a function of tissue for both fish species ; the liver of sculpin and sole generally had the highest levels of most metals , except for arsenic , lead , and selenium . sole had significantly higher mean levels of arsenic in kidney ( 32 , 384 vs . 531 ppb , wet weight ) , liver ( 18 , 954 vs . 2532 ppb ) , and muscle ( 19 , 452 vs . 1343 ppb ) than did sculpin . sole also had higher mean levels of cadmium ( 230 vs . 63 ppb ) , lead ( 1236 vs . 48 ppb ) , mercury ( 150 vs . 107 ppb ) , and selenium ( 5215 vs . 1861 ppb ) in kidney than did sculpin . there were significant correlations among weight and length measurements for both species . however , except for mercury , there were few significant correlations among tissue types for most metals . only mercury and manganese levels were significantly correlated with size for sculpin ( but not for sole ) . levels of arsenic , lead , and mercury may pose a risk to predators that consume them , and arsenic and mercury may pose a risk to human consumers . ( c ) 2006 elsevier inc . all rights reserved .
possession limit : the maximum number of fish a person is allowed to have in their possession at any one time . this includes fish that are also stored elsewhere e . g . in fridge / freezer . for the following species or species groupings ; australian bass and estuary perch , bream and tarwhine , flathead species ( except dusky ) , tailor , luderick , trevallies and blue swimmer crab , the possession limit is twice the daily bag limit .
greek , ippos = horse + greek , glossa = tongue + suffix oides = similar to ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; demersal ; oceanodromous ( ref . 51243 ) ; depth range 0 - 1050 m ( ref . 6793 ) . temperate ; 51°n - 29°n , 97°e - 90°w ( ref . 54555 )
north pacific : sea of japan , sea of okhotsk , and the bering sea along the western coast of america to pt . reyes , central california , usa .
maturity : l m 34 . 3 , range 28 - ? cm max length : 52 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 56370 ) ; max . published weight : 1 . 6 kg ( ref . 56370 ) ; max . reported age : 27 years ( ref . 55701 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 0 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 75 - 85 ; anal spines : 0 ; anal soft rays : 55 - 68 ; vertebrae : 42 - 46 . dorsal origin over anterior part of upper eye . caudal with small elongation in center . pectorals rather large with rounded tips .
found on soft bottom ( ref . 2850 ) . adults usually below 180 m ( ref . 2850 ) . feed on clams , worms and crustaceans ( ref . 6885 ) . taken by shrimp and otter trawls ( ref . 6885 ) .
eschmeyer , w . n . , e . s . herald and h . hammann , 1983 . a field guide to pacific coast fishes of north america . boston ( ma , usa ) : houghton mifflin company . xii + 336 p . ( ref . 2850 )
) : 5 . 7 - 11 . 3 , mean 7 . 6 ( based on 24 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5625 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00692 ( 0 . 00447 - 0 . 01072 ) , b = 3 . 10 ( 2 . 97 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 7 ±0 . 1 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( tm = 1 - 3 ; fec = 72 , 000 ; tmax = 27 ) .
prior r = 0 . 41 , 2 sd range = 0 . 18 - 0 . 92 , log ( r ) = - 0 . 89 , sd log ( r ) = 0 . 4 , based on : 2 k , 4 tgen , 1 tmax , 2 fec records
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : high to very high vulnerability ( 70 of 100 ) .
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occasionally caught off the washington coast by commercial harvesters using otter - trawls and longline gear . they are rarely caught by recreational harvesters within puget sound .
maximum size : to 56 cm ( 22 in ) in length , and 1 . 56 kg ( 3 . 4 lbs ) in weight .
maximum age : at least 27 years for females and 30 years for males .
froese , r . and d . pauly . editors . 2011 . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . www . fishbase . org , version
kramer , d . e . , & josey , t . ( 1995 ) . guide to northeast pacific flatfishes : families bothidae , cynoglossidae and pleuronectidae . sea grant .
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59 - - zoology . 591 . 52 - - animal habitat . 591 . 9 - - animal distribution . 597 - - fish . 591 . 35 - - animals , immature . 591 . 531 - - dietary preferences . 597 . 587 . 9 - - pleuronectiformes : hippoglossoides elassodon . 519 . 673 - - modelling . 551 . 326 - - floating ice . e6 - - glaciology : floating ice . ( * 3 ) - - arctic regions . ( * 661 ) - - alaskan waters . ( * 661 . 1 ) - - alaska , gulf of . ( * 491 ) - - alaska , southcentral and southwest .
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( * 661 . 1 ) - - alaska , gulf of . 651 # 7
( * 491 ) - - alaska , southcentral and southwest . 852 7 #
author : brenda a . holladay , brenda l . norcross , and arny blanc
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the shape of ocean caught fish are usually set into two groups , round fish and flatfish .
round fish are what we normally think of as fish , with one eye on each side of the head and a generally aerodynamic bullet shape .
flatfish have both eyes on the same side of the head and lay flat on the ocean bottom looking up .
flatfish rest on the ocean floor . both eyes look upward to find prey and to see predators .
the top side of most flatfish is dark in color which helps in camouflaging itself from others .
flounder can be found in shallow water such as fluke flounder in the saltwater shallows of the texas coast .
flounder can be found in deep water such as blackback flounder in 100ft to 300ft of water off the georges banks off the new england coast .
most flatfish eat crustaceans and shellfish when they are young , such as shrimp , clams , scallops sand dollars , etc .
most commercially harvested flatfish are caught by trawlers that use nets to trawl on or near the bottom .
some other catch techniques include hook and line , gigging , and long line .
the top / dark side of most flatfish is slightly thicker than the bottom / white side . the meat on the top side can be darker than the meat of the white side such is the case with blackback flounder .
there are many species of flatfish that can all be sold legally as flounder , according to fda , as they are all part of the flounder family .
to bake a flounder fillet takes 5 minutes at 350 degrees . when the fish just starts to flake at the thick end when tested with a fork , it is done .
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five species of natural , wild salmon . the cold , rushing rivers , clear lakes , and frigid north pacific provide the high levels of oxygen needed to sustain these active and aggressive predators . click for more about wild alaska salmon
alaska cod ~ gadus macrocephalus rich in folklore and mild in taste , the cod has created trade upon which cities and nations have been founded . alaska cod - also known as true cod , gray cod , pacific cod , or p - cod - is the perfect choice for a healthy diet because it is an excellent source of high - quality protein and essential nutrients . click for more about wild alaska cod
alaska pollock ~ theragra chalcogramma pollock is the most abundant species of alaska’s seafood . a member of the cod family , alaska pollock used to be dismissed as cod’s “poorer cousin” and referred to as tomcod . today pollock is recognized as a valuable resource in its own right and has become a popular ingredient in many fish products , including surimi , fish sandwiches and many of the numerous varieties of frozen fish fingers or fish portions found at the supermarket . click for more about wild alaska pollock
alaska halibut ~ hippoglossus stenolepis known as the “hippo of the sea” , the halibut native to alaska’s waters has the distinction of being the largest flatfish in all the world’s oceans . though smaller varieties exist elsewhere , fishermen in the north pacific occasionally find impressive specimens over 300 pounds tugging on their lines . alaska halibut has earned its well - deserved reputation as the world’s premium whitefish and is often referred to as the “steak of seafood” . click for more about wild alaska halibut
black cod ~ anoplopoma fimbria though commonly called black cod , this fish is not actually part of the cod family . many also refer to it as sablefish because of its black , almost furry skin or butterfish due to its melt - in - your mouth , oil - rich meat , and buttery flavor . the high oil content makes black cod an excellent choice for smoking or grilling as it stays moist and tender . it’s rich succulent texture and flavor is often compared to sea bass . click for more about wild alaska black cod
pacific ocean perch ~ sebastes alutus dusky rockfish ~ sebastes ciliatus black rockfish ~ sebastes melanops northern rockfish ~ sebastes polyspinis known by many real names and aliases , there are a large variety of fish in the sebastes family . while we at isa offer a number of the rockfish harvested from alaska’s pristine waters , those listed here are but a sampling of the most popular . click for more about wild alaska rockfish
international seafoods of alaska , inc . | p . o . box 2997 | kodiak , alaska 99615 , usa
flatfishes are unique in that the skull is asymmetrical with both eyes on the same side of the head . flatfish begin life like symmetrical fish , with an eye on each side of the head . a few days after hatching , one eye begins to migrate and soon both eyes are close together on one side . flatfish spend the rest of their lives on or near the bottom with the eyed side facing up .
rockfish live in shallow , rocky , intertidal waters and feed on a variety of fish and crustaceans and squid .
the dorsal and anal spines of the rock fish are mildly venomous and can cause painful wounds .
some rockfish species in oregon , such as canary and yelloweye , are estimated to be at only a fraction of their historical abundance and regulations have been set to protect them .
some of oregon ' s sharks live on the bottom of the ocean partially covered by sand ( such as the pacific angle shark - shown ) . others may travel up to 35 miles a day . pacific angles feed on fish , the leopard on fish and crustaceans .
bottom fish , scates spen most of their time partially burried by mud or sand . the wing of the skate are used to propel this fish through the water . only these wings are used for food .
oregon skates include the big skate , black scate , longnose skate , and sandpaper skate .
other oregon finfish include the cabezon , electric ray , jack mackerel , kelp greenling , lingcod , longspine thornyhead , pacific ( chub ) mackerel , pacific cod , pacific grenadier , pacific herring , pacific hake , red irish lord , redtail surfperch , rock greenling , sablefish , shortspine thornyhead and wolf eel .
dungeness crabs are found to some extent in nearly all oregon estuaries and out to depths of 180 fathoms ( 1 , 080 ft ) off shore . however , the majority of ocean crabs will be found in 50 fathoms ( 300 feet ) of water or less . crabs are carnivorous , commonly eating small shrimps , clams , smaller crabs , worms , snails , fish , as well as most any other animal flesh . adult and juvenile crabs are preyed upon by fishes and octopus .
bay clams : oregon estuaries are rich with many species of clams , although only a few of these species are commonly harvested . gaper , butter , cockle , littleneck , and softshell are primarily harvested due to their abundance , size , and taste . a wide variety of other bivalve species are found in oregon estuaries , but not commonly harvested due either to their scarcity or lack of palatability .
razor clams : razor clams are found throughout oregon’s ocean beaches . clatsop beaches ( columbia river to seaside ) have the most stable populations , 95 percent of oregon ' s razor clam digging occurs here . other area’s such as , agate beach , waldport beach , whiskey run , myers creek , and other beaches along the coast also have razor clam populations , but tend to be less available .
there are five species of salmon found in the pacific northwest , of which three are common to oregon : the chinook or king , the coho or silver , and the chum or dog salmon . & neither sockeye nor pink salmon return to oregon streams in significant numbers , although a major commercial offshore harvest of pinks occurs during alternate years as they spawn . sockeyes migrate by the thousands up the columbia each summer but all spawn in washington waters . landlocked versions of sockeye , called kokanee , thrive in many oregon mountain lakes . with minor differences , the three oregon inhabitants share similar life and reproductive cycles , which divide neatly into three distinct periods , freshwater , saltwater and spawning phases .
the atlantic salmon is a large fish weighing up to 80 pounds , but averaging about 10 pounds . the landlocked form is smaller than the sea - run type , averaging from 3 to 5 pounds in weight .
coloration varies , but generally it is brownish along the back with silvery sides and belly . black spots appear along the back , many of them x - shaped . & the tail is deeply forked .
spawning occurs in the fall . landlocked salmon enter the tributary streams for the spawning act , returning to the lake when spawning is completed . little success has been obtained from the many attempts to establish the sea - run atlantic salmon in streams tributary to the pacific . the landlocked form is adaptable to lakes where suitable environmental conditions exist , but little spawning has been observed in oregon .
in oregon , atlantic salmon have been stocked in several cascade lakes and managed as trout . currently , hosmer lake is the only location where these fish are found .
the chinook salmon rears in the pacific ocean for most of its life and spawns in freshwater streams . the majority of mature chinook salmon enter oregon coastal rivers from about april through december . spring chinook begin entering the columbia river in february . entry into most oregon rivers reaches a low point in summer . different populations of chinook salmon in a basin can be distinguished by the season of the year during which they return to fresh water since fish with different run timings tend to spawn in different parts of the basin and thus maintain some reproductive isolation . such populations in oregon rivers are usually called either spring or fall chinook , although several populations could legitimately be described as summer or winter chinook . spawning generally occurs from august to early november for spring chinook and from october to early march for fall chinook . all adults die within two weeks after spawning .
the chum salmon rears in the pacific and arctic oceans and spawns in freshwater streams . most of the chum salmon life span is spent in a marine environment . adults typically enter spawning streams ripe , promptly spawn , and die within two weeks of arrival . most spawning runs are over a short distance . adults are strong swimmers , but poor jumpers and are restricted to spawning areas below barriers , including minor barriers that are easily passed by other anadromous species . juveniles are intolerant of prolonged exposure to fresh water and migrate to estuarine waters promptly after emergence . chum salmon mature at 2 to 6 years of age and may reach sizes over 40 pounds .
the coho salmon rears for part of its life in the pacific ocean and spawns in freshwater streams . mature fish migrate into fresh water in the fall , typically spawning from november through february . they may spend several weeks to several months in fresh water before spawning , depending on the distance they migrate to reach their spawning grounds . all adults die within two weeks after spawning . juveniles normally spend one summer and one winter in fresh water , although they may remain for one or two extra years in the coldest rivers in their range . they migrate to the ocean in the spring , generally one year after emergence , as silvery smolts about four to five inches long . initial ocean migration off oregon appears to be to the north of their natal streams , but as they mature during their second summer in the ocean they are found predominantly off the coasts of california and oregon to the south of their natal streams . maturing coho from oregon are rarely caught north of the u . s . border . most adults mature at 3 years of age , but some males mature as 2 - - old
jacks
or
precocious males .
coho adults rarely exceed 15 pounds .
this species requires a lake for part of it ' s life cycle . spawning may occur along lake shorelines or in stream gravels , but fry always migrate to lake environments soon after emergence and occupy this habitat during their stay in fresh water .
both kokanee and sockeye were historically present in two basins in oregon - the grande ronde river in the snake river basin and the deschutes river in the lower columbia river basin . sockeye are extinct in the grande ronde and persist only at extremely low levels in the deschutes due to the construction of artificial barriers . kokanee are still present in both basins .
prehistoric bottom - feeding sturgeon are alive and well in many oregon coastal rivers as well as in the columbia and snake rivers . sturgeon may live well over 100 years and their obviously slow growth rate has limited our knowledge about the fish’s life cycle . it doesn’t help that the sturgeon’s migratory movement is so inconsistent .
they are primarily fresh water fish but will occasionally undertake extensive ocean travels . these trips may or may not have something to do with spawning , but are probably not critical since sturgeon without access to the sea breed very successfully .
sturgeon do not mature and spawn until age 11 or later , but thereafter spawn annually in may or june . a mature female will usually be six feet long or more . the older and longer she gets , the more eggs she produces . a 50 year old female may deposit four million eggs .
a second sturgeon species , the green sturgeon , also exists along oregon’s coast . it is more commonly found in lower rivers , bays and estuaries and is usually much smaller than its cousin . the poor taste of its flesh has kept it from becoming as popular a game fish as white sturgeon .
originally from the eastern seaboard , the brook trout has been successfully introduced in many oregon waters especially in the cold , mountainous streams and lake where other species are unable to do well . many barren lakes have been stock with brook trout , providing angling recreation where none was previously available .
one of the most colorful of the chars , the brook trout is dark green above , with worm - like markings on the back and dorsal fin . cream and red spots appear on the sides , with the red spots bordered with blue . the lower fins are reddish , the leading edges bordered with a white and black stripe . generally , the weights run up to three pounds , but larger fish are frequently taken .
spawning occurs in the fall , usually in spring - fed tributaries or on gravel bars in the lakes . the female may deposit from 500 to 2 , 500 eggs .
brook trout thrive in cold water below 65 degrees . they prefer spring - fed lakes and streams . in some areas , especially if not properly harvested , brook trout may overpopulate a lake and become stunted from lack of food and crowded conditions
a native of europe , the brown has been successfully introduced into almost every section of the united states . in oregon , it has become well established in suitable environment . the deschutes river , east lake , suttle lake and wickiup reservoir are noted for producing large browns , many reaching eight pounds or more .
the coloration tends to be golden - brownish with dark brown or black spots on the body , and on the dorsal and adipose fins . usually few or no spots appear on the tail fin . many body spots , especially those below the lateral line , are edged with pink , red , or orange , forming rings or halos . breeding males develop strong teeth and a hooked snout .
spawning occurs from october to january . although brown trout can adapt themselves to sluggish streams and warmer temperatures than other trout , cold , spring - fed tributary streams with stable water conditions are required for proper spawning success .
the brown is known as the wariest of trout and the most difficult to catch .
bull trout are fierce predators on other fish and can reach sizes of 20 pounds in some oregon rivers . they need cold clean water to survive and are typically found in the headwaters of oregon rivers such as the willamette , deschutes , hood , john day , umatilla , grande ronde , and klamath . bull trout are uncommon in most of these rivers and are listed as ‘threatened’ under the endangered species act . in some oregon rivers it is illegal for anglers to fish for bull trout , so please check your regulations .
bull trout can be identified as greenish to brown on their back and sides , few or no spots on their fins , with cream or yellowish spots on their sides . some spots along the side may be deep orange to red . the leading edges of their ventral fins are white . bull trout are considered a char and are closely related to dolly varden , eastern brook trout , and lake trout .
in oregon , bull trout have a variety of life history strategies that include highly migratory and non migratory populations . spawning occurs in the fall when water temperatures drop below 50f . usually , juvenile bull trout feed on insects until they are large enough to transition their diet to fish . adult bull trout primarily feed on fish .
second only to the rainbow in angling importance is the cutthroat trout . as with the rainbow , several races of cutthroats occur in oregon , but again differences are primarily in degree of color . & a sea - run form , commonly called blueback or harvest trout , inhabits coastal streams , spending most of its life in the ocean or brackish bays and lagoons . cutthroat do not confine themselves strictly to salt water , but may run in and out of streams in search of food . at maturity they ascend the rivers to spawn . the mountain or native race , more highly colored than its seagoing brothers , confines its life to inland streams and lakes . the black - spotted cutthroat is found well distributed throughout the wallowa mountains .
the name “cutthroat” is derived from the two red slash marks or streaks on the underside of the lower jaw . on some fish this mark may be indistinct of the lower jaw . on some fish this mark may be indistinct or lacking , especially on fresh sea - run fish . these red marks and teeth on the back of the tongue distinguish the cutthroat from the rainbow . in addition , the lip bone on the upper jaw of the cutthroat extends well beyond the hind margin of the eye . coloration is generally dark green above , olive sides and silvery below . the color tends to be bluish on sea - run fish . numerous black spots appear on the head , back and sides , and on the dorsal , adipose and caudal fins . & weights will run up to three pounds with large fish occasionally taken .
spawning usually takes place in the headwaters during the early spring months . after spawning is completed , the spent fish drop back into lakes , larger streams or ocean bays .
largest of the chars , lake trout reach weights of 20 pounds over much of their range . a commercially take lake trout was recorded at 80 pounds .
originally from canada and the great lakes region , lake trout have been introduced into suitable oregon waters .
the lake trout needs deep cold water with plenty of oxygen and proper spawning areas . it also must have an abundance of forage fishes . spawning occurs in the fall with the males first to appear on rocky shoal or ledge areas to prepare the nests . & the female then moves up from deep water and deposits her eggs in the crevices among the rocks . no attempt is made to cover the eggs . food of the young consists of small crustaceans , while the adults feed almost exclusively on other fishes .
this trout is gray to dark grayish - green in color with light spots over much of its body . the body is slender with a long head . the tail is deeply forked .
except for short periods when in the shallows , lake trout must be angled for by trolling at great depths .
best known and the most widely distributed trout in oregon is the rainbow . many races of rainbow exist , but differences are minor consisting primarily of variations in color and shape . most abundant races in oregon are the steelhead rainbow and resident rainbow . several million of these fish are produced annually in hatcheries .
the color of all trout varies with environment . in general , the rainbow is bluish - green on the back , silvery on the sides and belly . a generous sprinkling of black spots appear along the back , and on the dorsal , adipose and caudal fins . a pinkish band usually extends along the sides .
native rainbows have a darker band and are known as
redband trout ,
found primarily in the eastern areas of the state .
rainbows have short heads ; the lip bone on the upper jaw seldom extending beyond the hind margin of the eye . they lack teeth on the back of the tongue . lengths of 3 feet 9 inches and weights of 42 pounds have been recorded .
rainbow usually spawn during the early spring months , although fall spawners are used in most hatcheries . the number of eggs produced varies with the size of the fish . a 10 to 12 - inch rainbow produces from 800 to 1 , 000 eggs , while a fish over 24 inches may produce from 5 , 000 to 9 , 000 eggs .
the steelhead or sea - run rainbow trout is the largest race of rainbow in oregon .
most steelhead migrate to the ocean during their first or second year , returning one to three years later when mature to spawn .
the oregon or rocky mountain whitefish is closely related to the trout and chars and is often included in this family . although inhabiting many oregon streams and lakes , it thrives best in clear , cold water .
trout - like in appearance , the body is silvery in color with a bronze or darkish back . the mouth is silvery in color with a bronze or darkish back . the mouth is small with weak teeth . lengths run to 20 inches . whitefish are often erroneously called grayling by many anglers .
many sportsmen look with disfavor on the whitefish and often throw it away as undesirable . however , the flesh of the whitefish is of good quality , being firm , palatable and tasty and the bony structure is the same as that of trout .
bluegills prosper in clear , clean ponds , lakes and backwaters of slow streams having abundant vegetation . they feed on both plant and animal life , but primarily on small crustaceans , insects , snails and other invertebrates .
black crappie do best in clear waters of medium - sized lakes , reservoirs and large slow moving streams . they are less tolerant of flowing and muddy water than white crappie and more associated with aquatic vegetation .
black crappie begin life feeding primarily on zooplankton . as they grow they begin taking increasingly larger percentages of insects , other larger invertebrates and small fish .
brown bullheads ( ameiurus nebulosus ) are found on the bottom in the shallows of mud - bottomed ponds , lakes , reservoirs and backwaters of rivers . the brown species is common throughout the state . the yellow bullhead is found mainly in the willamette basin , while the black bullhead is primarily in reservoirs and streams tributary to the snake river . bullheads feed on almost any type of plant or animal material . insect larvae and mollusks comprise much of the diet .
channel catfish ( ictalurus punctatus ) in western oregon are limited to the columbia river , lower willamette river , and a few ponds in the willamette valley . they are much more abundant in eastern oregon , primarily in the columbia and snake rivers and their impoundments , owyhee reservoir , the owyhee river , and the john day river . when given the choice , channel catfish prefer clear lakes and streams , but they can tolerate moderately muddy water if food is abundant . channel catfish are not particular about what they eat . included in their diet are fish and frogs , either alive or dead , insects , plant material , crayfish , worms , or snails .
green sunfish are found in a variety of habitats , from slow streams to shallow lakes or ponds . they are more frequently associated with smallmouth bass than the other sunfish , since they are better adapted to stream life . however , they can also survive in waters too small for most other sunfish . green sunfish are often found around weed beds because of cover and abundance of food . they feed primarily on aquatic insects .
hybrid bass were originally stocked in tenmile lakes on the south coast and in ana reservoir in lake county . they have since been introduced into thompson reservoir , also in lake county . the only established population is in ana reservoir . juvenile hybrid bass spend their first year near shore where they feed on zooplankton and insect larvae . however , by age 1 most have moved offshore to open water and switched almost totally to a fish diet . because of their size and fish diet , hybrid bass can be effective at controlling populations of forage fish , such as the tui chub in ana reservoir . they do not reproduce so their continued presence depends on periodic stocking .
large - mouth bass preferred habitats are shallow ponds and lakes , or the backwater sloughs of rivers where aquatic plants or submerged logs and brush provide abundant cover . largemouth bass begin life feeding on zooplankton ( tiny crustaceans ) , but soon switch to insects , and then to fish and crayfish .
pumpkinseeds are found in the same habitats and often in association with bluegills . adults often congregate beneath old deadheads and trees that have fallen into the water . food habits are also similar to bluegill . they consume large numbers of snails by browsing on the stalks of aquatic vegetation .
in oregon , redear sunfish are found only in a few ponds in the willamette valley and the central part of the state . in their native range , redear sunfish prefer warm , large lakes and reservoirs and bayous with vegetated shallow areas and clear water . they feed primarily on the bottom and seldom take surface insects . the diet consists mostly of zooplankton , insect larvae , snails , and other invertebrates . in the southeastern u . s . , they are commonly called “shellcrackers” because of their fondness for snails . redear sunfish were introduced in oregon because they grow rapidly and are not as prone to overpopulate and stunt as the other sunfish .
sacramento perch prefer sloughs and slow - flowing streams . compared with the introduced sunfishes , this species is difficult to catch . however for edibility , it ranks among the best .
smallmouth bass are adapted to flowing waters and do well in warm streams with deep holes and rocky ledges . they also prefer lakes and reservoirs with rocky shorelines and limited vegetation . adult smallmouth feed mostly on fish and crayfish .
walleye are found in the columbia , willamette , and snake rivers and in phillips reservoir in baker county . in the willamette river , the walleye fishery is limited to the section downstream from willamette falls at oregon city , although a few have been documented as far upstream as dexter dam . walleye prefer large , clean and cold or moderately warm lakes and rivers with sand or gravel bottoms . large walleyes live almost exclusively on fish when they are available , but they will consume crayfish , frogs , snails and other items . young fish feed on zooplankton , soon shifting to a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates .
in oregon , warmouth are present in a few coastal lakes and widely distributed in the columbia basin , but are not commonly caught by anglers . however , they are unusually abundant in tahkenitch lake on the central coast . warmouth are almost always found in shallow , slow moving or still water where the bottom is soft and there is abundant aquatic vegetation and cover . young feed on plankton and insects , while adults feed on insects , crayfish and fish .
white crappie do best in larger lakes and reservoirs and are more tolerant of turbidity and less dependent on aquatic vegetation than black crappie . they congregate around pilings , sunken logs , underwater brush , weed beds and rocks .
white crappie begin life feeding primarily on zooplankton . as they grow they begin taking increasingly larger percentages of insects , other larger invertebrates and small fish .
yellow perch prefer lakes , reservoirs and slower moving streams that have cool , clean water and ample vegetation . perch bite readily and are therefore popular with young and novice anglers .
shad are a transplanted eastern fish which first arrived on the west coast when a small shipment of shad fry was brought by train to california in 1871 and released into the sacramento river . with the help of a few more releases , and the shad’s own urge to migrate and multiply , these fish now extend from northern mexico to alaska .
shad are well distributed along the oregon coast , with major runs entering the coos , umpqua and siuslaw rivers each spring . the columbia river shad run is the northwest’s largest , with an annual run of two million or more fish and well established commercial fishery .
upon arrival in fresh water , female or roe shad travel upstream to spawning grounds where their free - floating eggs will be fertilized by later - arriving male , or buck shad in a spawning frenzy . eggs hatch in eight days and fry spend four to five years in salt water before returning to spawn . shad often survive to spawn twice or more .
the lamprey is an eel - like parasite with cylindrical body and circular mouth . a lamprey’s mouth is fringed with suction discs and teeth used to puncture the flesh of host fish . the lamprey sucks blood and fluids from the host with the help of a chemical that keeps the fish blood thin and flowing – which is injected through the parasite’s mouth .


platysemaphora is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily tortricinae of the family tortricidae .

it contains only one species , platysemaphora rubiginosa , which is found in madagascar .

platysemaphora

this is the place for platysemaphora definition . you find here platysemaphora meaning , synonyms of platysemaphora and images for platysemaphora copyright 2017 © urltoken
here you will find one or more explanations in english for the word platysemaphora . also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word platysemaphora and , of course , platysemaphora synonyms and on the right images related to the word platysemaphora .
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by t . m . gilligan 1 , j . baixeras 2 , j . w . brown 3 , and k . r . tuck 4
urltoken is pleased to offer the complete world catalogue of the tortricidae ( t @ rts ) ! this is a complete list of all world species , utilizing the world catalogue published in 2005 as the foundation for the database . version 3 . 0 of the online catalogue contains 15 , 099 records representing 10 , 883 species . more than 1 , 600 records have been updated from ver 2 . 0 ( jul , 2012 ) , and more than 3 , 000 records have been updated from the original catalogue . the database is completely searchable and contains photos of over 1 , 200 type specimens .
t @ rts will be updated regularly both with corrections from the original world catalogue and with additions since its publication . as such , these pages will serve as the most up to date information on current tortricid nomenclature . if you find any errors in the data presented here or have any questions / comments , please use the contact form to send the authors an email .
we are indebted to all of the original authors of the world catalogue ( j . w . brown , j . baixeras , r . brown , m . horak , f . komai , e . metzler , j . razowski , and k . tuck ) for providing the basis for this project . we would also like to thank the dozens of individuals who have provided corrections or updates to the database since it was first placed online in 2007 .
gilligan , t . m . , j . baixeras , j . w . brown & k . r . tuck . 2014 . t @ rts : online world catalogue of the tortricidae ( ver . 3 . 0 ) . urltoken
1 colorado state university , bioagricultural sciences and pest management , 1177 campus delivery , fort collins , co 80523 , usa 2 institut cavanilles de biodiversitat i biologia evolutiva , universitat de valencia , apartat oficial 2085 , 46071 valencia , spain 3 systematic entomology laboratory - usda [ retired ] , smithsonian institution , p . o . box 37012 , national museum of natural history , washington , dc 20013 , usa 4 curator - microlepidoptera [ retired ] , entomology department ( dc2 - 2n ) , natural history museum , cromwell road , london sw7 5bd , uk
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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caloptilia crinotibialis is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from japan ( honshū , kyūshū ) .

the wingspan is 16.2-16.8 mm .

the larvae feed on persea japonica .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

caloptilia crinotibialis

caloptilia alchimiella ( scopoli , 1763 ) = caloptilia thunbergella fabricius , 1794 = caloptilia crucifera de fourcroy , 1785 = caloptilia swederella thunberg , 1788 = caloptilia franckella hübner , 1813 = caloptilia thunbergii haworth , 1828 = caloptilia hilaripennella treitschke , 1833 = caloptilia sardiniella amsel , 1936 .
caloptilia stigmatella ( fabricius , 1781 ) = tinea stigmatella fabricius , 1781 = gracillaria stigmatica matsumura , 1931 = caloptilia ochracea haworth , 1828 = caloptilia cruciella goeze , 1783 = caloptilia equestris de fourcroy , 1785 = caloptilia upupaepennella hübner , 1796 = caloptilia triangulella panzer , 1794 = caloptilia purpurea haworth , 1828 = caloptilia trigona haworth , 1828 = caloptilia triangulosella o . g . costa , 1836 = caloptilia purpuriella chambers , 1872 = caloptilia consimilella frey & boll , 1876 .
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holotype ♂ , genitalia slide grc - 1163♂ , eihu ; paratypes 36♂ and 41♀ , eihu , bmnh .
kumata , t . 1982a . a taxonomic revision of the gracillaria group occurring in japan ( lepidoptera : gracillariidae ) . - insecta matsumurana , n . s . 26 : 1–186 .
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* an asterisk denotes a region for which the species is listed as an migrant or information that requires additional checking .
austria , belgium , denmark , germany , ireland , latvia , the netherlands , norway , poland , slovakia and the soviet union - the european part , finland , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
regions of the russian federation : gorno - altaisk ( ? ) , the european north - west , central european , trans - baikal , karelia , kola , nizhne - amur , of baikal , primorye , sakhalin , amur medium , medium - volzhsky .
austria , belgium , the british isles , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , latvia , the netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , russia , northern ireland , slovakia , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
austria , belgium , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , ireland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , slovakia and the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - west , the european central black earth , central european , european southern taiga , the western caucasus , kaliningrad , nizhne - amur , mid - volzhsky , south ural .
albania , austria , belarus , belgium , the british isles , france , germany , greece ( mainland ) , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , netherlands norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , portugal ( mainland ) russia , romania , northern ireland , slovakia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia , yugoslavia .
austria , belgium , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , ireland , spain , italy , corsica , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , portugal , romania , slovakia and the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland sweden , estonia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - east , the european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , transbaikalia , western caucasus , kaliningrad , kamchatka , karelia , kola , krasnoyarsk , nizhne - amur , of baikal , primorye , sakhalin , amur medium , medium - volzhsky , south kuril , south ural .
austria , belgium , bosnia and herzegovina , the british isles , france , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , corsica , latvia , liechtenstein , lithuania , luxembourg , macedonia , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , the channel islands , poland , portugal ( mainland ) , russia , romania , sardinia , northern ireland , slovakia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , croatia , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .


callionymus maculatus , the spotted dragonet , is a species of dragonet native to the eastern atlantic ocean and the mediterranean sea where it occurs at depths of from 45 to 650 metres ( 148 to 2,133 ft ) .

this species is important to local peoples engaged in subsistence fishing .

this species grows to a length of 16 centimetres ( 6.3 in ) tl .

spotted dragonet

the spotted dragonet is smaller than the common dragonet , males may reach a body length of 15 cm , the females 11 cm . the second dorsal fin has a number of dark spots . the snout is slightly shorter than the eye diameter and significantly shorter than the snout of the common dragonet . furthermore it lacks blue markings on the back .
it thrives on slightly deeper water than the common dragonet , appearing most frequently between 30 and 650 meters . it is often found partially buried in sand or muddy substrate .
like the rest of his cousin dragonets . the green spotted mandarin ( also known as a target mandarin ) sex is easily discerned by the tall thin mast on the back fin behind their head being males & the females sport a shorter , cropped & rounded fin . impo , this is the green mandarin !
please , do not chase your aquacorals dragonet ( s ) around trying to target feed them as they are all reclusive eaters meaning they won ' t want to eat in front of you until they associate you with food . trust me when i say my dragonets know full well what pe mysis shrimp is & when hungry , will chase after it no matter how many other fish you may have competing for it ! a sad commentary is that this beautiful little fish is still drug collected by many today which almost always results in it starving , even though eating . this is noted by a concave belly as well as seeing a horizontal rib line that runs down the length of their body . a well conditioned dragonet will be rounded out all the way to it ' s tail whereas a malnourished dragonet will be concave above & below this rib line , pictured below .
scientific synonyms and common names callionymus maculatus rafinesque - schmaltz , 1810 synonyms : callyonimus maculatus rafinesque - schmaltz , 1810a , caratt . gen . spec . sicil . : 25 , pl . v ( fig . 1 ) . callionymus citlhara cuvier , 1829 : 248 ( footnote ) ( nomen nudum ) valenciennes , 1837 , in cuv . val . , 12 : 280 ( mediterranean ) . callionymus fasciatus valenciennes , in cuvier & valenciennes , 1837 , hist . nat . poissons , 1828 - 1849 , 12 : 285 ( sicily ) . holotype : mnhn no . a 1529 . callionymus fasciafus : guérin - meneville , f . e . 1829 - 1838 , 1 : 25 , 2 , pl . 40 ( fig . 2 ) ninni , 1934 : 23 - 25 , pl . iii ( fig . 2 ) soljan , 1948 : 135 ( fig . ) drapkin , 1967 : 22 - 36 , pl . 3 ( fig . 7 ) . callionymus maculatus : smitt , 1893 : 279 , pl . xv ( fig . 1 ) ninni , 1934 : 21 , pl . iii ( fig . 1 ) jenkins , 1936 , pl . 36 andersson , 1942 : 100 , pl . 26 soljan , 1948 : 134 dieuzeide et al . , 1955 : 125 albuquerque , 1954 - 1956 : 838 lozano rey , 1960 : 240 - 244 , fig . 91 - 92 bini , 1967 - 1972 , 1968 , 6 : 101 wheeler , 1969 : 433 , pl . 13 . callionymus maculatus forma atlantica ninni , 1934 : 13 , 21 ( n . e . atlantic ) . common names : dragoncello macchiato [ it ] dragonnet tacheté [ fr ] gefleckter leierfisch [ de ] lagarto [ es ] plettet fløjfisk [ da ] spotted dragonet [ en ]
marine ; demersal ; depth range 45 - 650 m ( ref . 5968 ) . temperate ; 65°n - 12°n , 25°w - 36°e
eastern atlantic : southern and western iceland and norway south to senegal . also in the mediterranean , including the adriatic and aegean but not in the black sea .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 16 . 2 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 85826 ) ; 13 . 0 cm tl ( female )
gill cover with four spines . diameter of eye slightly longer than the snout length . first dorsal fin in males slightly taller than the second dorsal fin . four longitudinal spots in dorsal fin of male , two in female ( ref . 35388 ) .
benthic on sandy bottoms . feeds on small bottom invertebrates mainly worms , snails and crustaceans . eggs and larvae pelagic ( ref . 5968 ) .
fricke , r . , 1986 . callionymidae . p . 1086 - 1093 . in p . j . p . whitehead , m . - l . bauchot , j . - c . hureau , j . nielsen and e . tortonese ( eds . ) fishes of the north - eastern atlantic and the mediterranean . unesco , paris . vol . 3 . ( ref . 5968 )
) : 6 . 7 - 13 , mean 8 . 6 ( based on 245 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00977 ( 0 . 00732 - 0 . 01304 ) , b = 2 . 76 ( 2 . 70 - 2 . 82 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 23 of 100 ) .
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at base . dl iv ; d2 9 ( rarely 8 or 10 ) ; a 9 ( rarely 8 or 10 ) .
in males with 4 horizontal rows of dark spots , in females with 2 rows .
andersson , k . a . , ed . 1942 . fiskar och fiske i norden . 1 , fiskar och fiske i havet . stockholm , xvi + 540 pp . , 83 col . pl . , 230 fig . 2 , fiskar och fiske i sjör och floder : pp . xvii - xxiv + 541 - 1016 , fig . 231 - 426 , col . pl . 84 - 128 . ( new edition in 1954 , 2 : pp . 425 - 769 , 190 fig . , 42 col . pl . )
bini , g . 1967 - 1972 . atlante dei pesci delle coste italiane . mondo sommerso , milano , 9 vol : i , 1967 , leptocardi , ciclostomi , selaci , 206 pp . , 66 fig . + 64 col . fig . ii , 1971 , osteitti ( acipenseriformi , clupeiformi , mictofiformi , anguilliformi ) , 300 pp . , 73 col . fig . iii , 1970 , notacantiformi . . . zeiformi , 229 pp . , 34 fig . + 63 col . fig . iv , 1968 , perciformi ( mugiloidei , percoidei ) , 163 pp . , 34 fig . + 49 col . fig . v , 1968 , perciformi ( percoidei ) , 175 pp . , 22 fig . + 56 col . fig . vi , 1968 , perciformi ( trichiuroidei . . . blennioidei ) , 177 pp . , 48 fig + 57 col . fig . vii , 1969 , perciformi ( ofidioidei . . . dactilopteroidei ) , 196 pp . , 57 fig . + 59 col . fig . viii , 1968 , pleuronettiformi , echeniformi , gobioesociformi , tetraodontiformi , lofiformi , 164 pp . , 34 + 63 fig . ix , 1972 , introduzione . parte generale . aggiornamenti . indici . 176 p .
chaine , j . 1938b . recherches sur les otolithes des poissons . étude descriptive et comparative de la sagitta des téléostéens ( suite ) . act . soc . linn . bordeaux , 90 : pp . 5 - 258 , pl . i - xviii .
cuvier , g . 1829 . le règne animal distribué d ' après son organisation , pour servir de base à l ' histoire naturelle des animaux et d ' introduction à l ' anatomie comparée . nouvelle édition , paris , 2 : pp . 122 - 406 [ march 1829 ] .
dieuzeide , r . ; novella , m . ( collab . j . roland ) , 1953 - 1955 . catalogue des poissons des côtes algériennes . bull . stn aquic . pêch . castiglione , i ( n . s . ) , ( 4 ) , 1952 [ 1953 ] : pp . 1 - 135 , 73 fig . n . num . ; ii ( n . s . ) , ( 5 ) , 1953 [ 1954 ] : pp . 1 - 258 , 135 fig . n . num . ; iii ( n . s . ) , ( 6 ) , 1954 [ 1955 ] : pp . 1 - 384 , 202 fig . n . num .
drapkin , e . i . 1967 . species composition and problems of biology of pisces callionymidae of the black sea . byull . mosk . obshch . ispyt . prir . ( biol . ) , 72 ( 2 ) : pp . 22 - 37 .
ehrenbaum , e . 1905 - 1909 . eier und larven von fischen der nordischen planktons , teil i , 1905 , 4 : iv + i 1 - i 216 + iii , fig . 1 - 82 ; teil ii , 1909 , 10 : i 217 - i 413 , fig . 83 - 147 .
fries , b . f . ; ekström , c . u . ; sundevall , c . j . 1893 - 1895 . a history of scandinavian fishes , rev . and compl . by f . a . smitt , stockholm & paris , i , 1893 : pp . 1 - 566 + viii , fig . 1 - 134 ; ii , 1895 : pp . 567 - 1240 , fig . 135 - 380 ; atlas , pt . i , 1893 , pl . i - xxvii ; pt . ii , 1895 , pl . xxvii a - liii .
guérin - meneville , f . e . 1829 - 1838 . iconographie du règne animal de g . cuvier . . . ( 1829 - 1844 ) . i . planches des animaux vertébrés . paris , iv , poissons : pl . 1 - 70 et texte : 44 pp .
jenkins , j . t . 1936 . the fishes of the british isles both fresh water and salt . ed . 2 . london and new york , viii + 408 pp . , 21 fig . , 143 pl .
lozano y rey , l . 1960 . peces fisodistos . tercera parte . subseries toracicos ( ordenes equeneiformes y gobiformes ) , pediculados y asimetricos . mems r . acad . cienc . exact . fis . nat . madr . , ser . : cienc . nat . , 14 : 613 pp . , 173 fig . , 7 pl .
ninni , a . p . 1934 . i callionymus dei mari d ' europa . . . notas resum . inst . esp . oceanogr . , ( 2 ) 85 : pp . 1 - 59 , 13 pl .
padoa , e . 1956b . triglidae , peristediidae , dactylopteridae , gobiidae , echeneidae , jugulares , gobiesocidae , heterosomata , pediculati in uova , larve e stadi giovanili di teleostei . fauna flora golfo napoli , 38 : pp . 627 - 888 , fig . 504 - 785 , pl . xxxix - l .
rafinesque - schmaltz , c . s . 1810a . caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi e nuove specie di animali ( principalmente di pesci ) e piante della sicilia , con varie osservazioni sopra i medisimi . palermo , 105 pp . , 20 pl . ( reprint , 1967 , asher - amsterdam . )
weiler , w . 1968 . otolithi piscium ( neubearbeitung ) . fossilium catalogus i . animalia , pars 117 : 196 pp . junk , ' s - gravenhage .
wheeler , a . 1969 . the fishes of the british isles and north - west europe . macmillan , london , melbourne and toronto : pp . i - xvii + 1 - 163 , 5 + 177 fig . , 392 fig . ( princ . sp . ) , 92 n . num . fig . , 16 pl . , maps .
soljan , t . 1948 . fauna i flora jadrana . 1 . ribe inst . oceanogr . ribarst . jugoslavia . zagreb , hrvatske , 437 pp . , 1350 fig .
i tell ya what , no matter if you are a brand new fisher or a very experienced one . . mandarin gobies are just some of the most beautiful fish you will ever see ! make sure to stay tuned for more episodes .
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it can be found in the eastern atlantic ocean , from norway to senegal , and in the mediterranean and the black sea .
special notice ! aquacorals will be closed 7 / 19 , 20 & 21st . i will be shipping 7 / 16 , 17 & 18th only .
this is a sample video of the fish you will receive . pictures above are samples .
these peaceful little fish are normally ignored by other fish as they don ' t have normal fish characteristics that make them seem like a threat . also know they have a bad tasting toxic to fish slime coat which is a big part of their defense against predation .
never , ever keep 2 male dragonets in the same tank as they will fight to the death ! also beware of the fact that some male dragonets could have been improperly housed with unsuitable tankmates & may have had their long dorsal fin nipped off so it
looks
like a female ! folks , this is way too common . buy only from a reputable source like aquacorals & know what you ' re getting !
my dragonets are trained to eat pe mysis shrimp . prepare by thawing the amount to feed in cold tap water . ia clean bathroom size paper cup works well for most . once thawed , pour / strain through a net ( a 3 inch net works great for this ) & rinse with cold tap water . add clean tap water to your container & backwash the mysis shrimp into the water . add any other foods like flake & frozen calanus to the mysis . i suck up this
suop
with a clean turkey baster & broadcast feed the mix into the tank .
hi everyone , i saw that aquacorals was selling the weeping willow coral that i had . . .
prices subject to change . prices & availability may vary in - house & on - line .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
eschmeyer , w . n . and fricke , r . ( eds ) . 2015 . catalog of fishes : genera , species , references . updated 1 october 2015 . available at : urltoken . ( accessed : 1 october 2015 ) .
curtis , m . , pina amargos , f . , smith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , j . t .
justification : this species is widely distributed , common and locally abundant where it occurs over shallow soft bottoms and in association with seagrass . there are no major threats known , therefore it is assessed as least concern .
this species is distributed in the western atlantic ocean from north carolina south along the u . s . coast , bermuda , the bahamas , in the gulf of mexico from northwestern cuba and the florida keys north to eastern louisiana and in the flower garden banks and near chiquila ( mexico ) , and throughout the caribbean sea to trinidad and tobago including the aves islands ( r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . its depth range is 1 - 10 m .
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .
this species is common and abundant in open shelf waters between 18 - 55 m ( powell and greene 2000 ) . there are 26 occurrence records , 122 museum records for this species under the synonym diplogrammus pauciradiatus and 22 museum records for this species as its valid name c . pauciradiatus ( accessed through fishnet2 portal , 2012 august 7 ) .
this species inhabits seagrass beds in shallow water . it feeds during the day and buries in bottom sediment at night . it demonstrates sexual dimorphism with males larger than females and displays different colouration during courtship and agnostic encounters . spawning takes place in open sand patches during the last two hours of dusk where it ascends into the water column to release pelagic eggs ( harrington 1997 ) . during spawning , the female releases ~ 200 - 300 eggs that hatch within 14 - 16 hours . females spawn once daily for at least three days . size at first maturity for males is 12 - 15 mm and 11 - 12 mm for females ( powell and greene 2000 ) . it reaches a maximum 5 . 08 cm total length ( tl ) .
curtis , m . , pina amargos , f . , smith - vaniz , w . f . & williams , j . t . 2015 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
justification : callionymus maculatus is restricted to the eastern atlantic from iceland to senegal . it is a demersal species that lives over sand bottoms . it occurs as bycatch in some fishery operations with possible utilization . there are no major threats . it is listed as least concern .
callionymus maculatus is distributed from 22 - 630 m depth in the atlantic ocean from iceland and norway south to senegal including the mediterranean sea ( fricke in press ) .
albania ; algeria ; belgium ; croatia ; cyprus ; denmark ; egypt ; faroe islands ; france ; germany ; gibraltar ; greece ; guernsey ; iceland ; ireland ; israel ; italy ; jersey ; lebanon ; libya ; malta ; mauritania ; monaco ; montenegro ; morocco ; netherlands ; norway ; portugal ( portugal ( mainland ) ) ; senegal ; serbia ; slovenia ; spain ( canary is . , spain ( mainland ) ) ; sweden ; syrian arab republic ; tunisia ; turkey ; united kingdom ; western sahara
there are limited population data for callionymus maculatus . none of the collections in the fishnet database occur within west africa .
callionymus maculatus is a sexually dimorphic , benthic fish with a maximum size of 16cm tl that lives on sand bottoms ( fricke in press ) . species of the callionymidae family spawn in pairs . their eggs , larvae , and postlarvae are pelagic ( heemstra and heemstra 2004 ) . in a study conducted off scotland , the spawning season of c . maculatus was from april - september , females matured faster than males and are serial spawners , and males may reach first maturity at different ages ( c . 5 cm ; gibson and ezzi 1979 ) .
callionymus maculatus is discarded as bycatch in the beach seine fishery on the central coast of portugal ( cabral et al . 2003 ) . dragonets are taken as bycatch in bottom trawls and marketed locally . some species are commercially used in the aquarium trade ( fricke in press ) .