rodolia koebelei is a species of ladybird beetle native to australia .

it is also present in the wild in new zealand , where it is of exotic origin .

in new zealand , it was first reported in 2006 having been found in auckland .

this species was introduced into california for biocontrol , alongside r. cardinalis .

it is not thought to persist there now , however .

rodolia koebelei

adult koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . image : minna personen © plant & food research
larva of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . image : tim holmes © plant & food research
adult koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . image : nicholas a . martin © plant & food research
underside of adult koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . image : minna personen © plant & food research
young larva of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . image : minna personen © plant & food research
underside of larva of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . image : tim holmes © plant & food research
pupa of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) in larval skin . image : minna personen © plant & food research
adults of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) mating . image : nicholas a . martin © plant & food research
side view of adult koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . image : nicholas a . martin © plant & food research
two adults of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) mating . image : nicholas a . martin © plant & food research
empty larval and pupal skins of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . image : minna personen © plant & food research
pupa of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) in larval skin . image : nicholas a . martin © plant & food research
underside of empty larval and pupal skins of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . image : minna personen © plant & food research
newly emerged adult of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) in pupal and larval skin . image : minna personen © plant & food research
empty larval skin and pupal case of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . image : nicholas a . martin © plant & food research
martin na . 2016 . koebele’s ladybird - rodolia koebelei . interesting insects and other invertebrates . new zealand arthropod factsheet series number 54 . urltoken date accessed . issn 1179 - 643x .
young larva of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) feeding on cottony cushion scale , icerya purchasi ( hemiptera : monophlebidae ) , the black arrow points to ladybird larva . image : minna personen © plant & food research
young larva of koebele’s ladybird , rodolia koebelei ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) and a cottony cushion scale , icerya purchasi ( hemiptera : monophlebidae ) , the black arrow points to ladybird larva . image : minna personen © plant & food research
adult cardinal ladybird , rodolia cardinalis ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) , pinned specimen . image : birgit e rhode © landcare research
mendel z ; blumberg d , 1991 . colonization trials with cryptochetum iceryae and rodolia iceryae for improved biological control of icerya purchasi in israel . biological control , 1 ( 1 ) : 68 - 74
there is one report that when koebele’s ladybirds were fed on different species of icerya , in captivity they only completed development to adults on icerya koebelei . the species on which they could not complete development included icerya purchasi . different in populations of the ladybird may have different preferences for prey species .
salisbury a ; booth rg , 2004 . rodolia cardinalis ( mulsant ) , the vedalia ladybird ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) feeding on icerya purchasi maskell , cottony cushion scale ( hemiptera : margarodidae ) in london gardens . british journal of entomology and natural history , 17 ( 2 ) : 103 - 104 .
) have shown that the two natural enemies seasonally share their prey in different proportions and are fairly even in their competitive abilities , rodolia usually taking more prey during summer and autumn and cryptochaetum taking more during winter and early spring . competition between the two natural enemies did not increase host survival and these studies provide strong support for the importation of multiple natural enemies .
adult koebele’s ladybirds are usually red and black , but the elytra ( wing covers ) may be all red . the dorsal ( top ) side of the beetles are covered by short hairs which gives them a mat appearance . the other similar species is the cardinal ladybird , rodolia cardinalis ( mulsant , 1850 ) . it has larger areas of black on the elytra . other red and black ladybirds have a glossy appearance .
biological control of pests ladybirds contributes to the control of mites , aphids , psyllids , scale insects and other insects on trees , shrubs and herbs . some species of ladybirds eat many kinds of insects , but the only known prey of the koebele’s ladybird are species of cottony cushion scale , icerya species ( hemiptera : monophlebidae ) . while they can feed on several species of icerya , they are only known to complete development on two species , icerya purchasi ( in new zealand ) and icerya koebelei ( unspecified country ) .
heimbach u , 2002 . effects of oikos ( a . i . azadirachtin a ) on the vedalia ladybeetle rodolia cardinalis ( mulsant ) ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . in : bernardo u , viggiani g , vogt h , eds . iobc - wprs working group ‘pesticides and beneficial organisms’ . proceedings of a meeting ( 3 - 6 october , 2001 ) , san michele all’adige , trento , italy : bulletin oilb srop , 25 ( 11 ) : 81 - 88 .
the regulation of i . purchasi by natural enemies is one of the classic success stories in biological control . when i . purchasi established in california , usa in 1868 / 1869 , it was apparent that it could be a major impediment to citrus production . in 1888 , the united states department of agriculture ( usda ) imported various natural enemies from australia , including the vedalia beetle , rodolia cardinalis . vedalia immediately proved highly effective in controlling i . purchasi and has subsequently been distributed to about 57 countries (
i . purchasi is generally considered to have originated in australia . it has a wide climatic tolerance and , unlike related icerya species , has become established as a pest in southern europe . it is periodically discovered in greenhouses in temperate regions , but is not generally a pest in these situations . the recent discovery of relatively dense infestations in london , uk caused concern initially , but the natural enemy ( vedalia beetle , rodolia cardinalis ) has apparently been accidentally introduced also ; this appears to have become established in some of the london populations (
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urltoken
however , you can sill use the genus and tribe links to get fully developed information on the genus and tribe for this species .
coquillett , d . w . 1893 . report on some of beneficial and injurious insects of california .
lea , a . m . 1902 . descriptions of new species of australian coleoptera . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , 1901 : 481 - 513 .
korschefsky , r . 1931 . pars 118 : coccinellidae . i . pp . 1 - 224 in junk , w . & schenkling , s . ( eds ) coleopterorum catalogus . berlin : w . junk
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
lea , a . m . 1902 ,
descriptions of new species of australian coleoptera . part vi
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , vol . 26 [ 1901 ] , pp . 481 - 513
coquillett , d . w . 1893 ,
report on some of beneficial and injurious insects of california
, united states department of agriculture entomology bulletin , vol . 30 , pp . 9 - 33
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1e3b7d70 - 7e86 - 4ce5 - 8b8c - 367c694c35bd
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 47ebf616 - ec9a - 4ad9 - a23e - 31b008146527
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : e664b4f0 - 0525 - 4e92 - bab2 - 5f5575e06ec5
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 317920
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( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) is a fairly distinctive looking ladybird , about 3 mm in length . the extent of black markings on the elytra varies from none to that shown in the photo . this australian species was reported as validated new to
new zealand by biosecurity new zealand ( 2006 ) . nobody knows how it got here . on 19 february 2015 , i found a single specimen , on a cultivated
. so far , this is the only specimen i have seen on campus , and i have only ever seen two others elsewhere in auckland , though one of those two was at the adjacent morrin reserve . very little is known about this species in new zealand . in particular , mystery surrounds what it preys on . according to one overseas study , larvae of
) , they failed to feed and all died ( sands & van driesche , 2004 ) . the mystery is that
is not known to be present in new zealand . perhaps it actually does prey on the closely related cottony cushion scale (
) , which is present on campus . if so , this is evidence that the results of host range testing experiments need to be treated with caution . at any rate , there is plenty of scope for further research on this ladybird in auckland . larvae need to be located , and the likely prey needs to be determined . the species could potentially be useful as a biocontrol agent for cottony cushion scale , in the same way as the cardinal ladybird (
) , the latter of which now appears to be very rare in auckland ( i haven’t seen any on campus ) .
sands , d . p . a . ; van driesche , r . g . 2004 : using the scientific literature to estimate the host range of a biological control agent . pp . 15 - 23 in : van driesche , r . g . , murray , t . & reardon , r . ( eds . ) , assessing host ranges of parasitoids and predators used for classical biological control : a guide to best practice . morgantown , w . va . : forest health technology enterprise team , u . s . dept . of agriculture , forest service . urltoken
sad that stephen fails to mention that i first found this ladybird on 1st february 2003 on mangere mountain – even though he identified them . i found them on karo ( pittosporum crassifolium ) . i later found them on the same host on mangere mountain on 1 february 2005 . perhaps the occurrence on this host , which is well known as the host for the triozid , trioza vireoradiata , this might suggest that the ladybird was feeding on this host peter maddison
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this australian ladybird is found in the north island of new zealand . it was first recognised in new zealand by peter maddison in 2003 when he found it in mangere , auckland . the earliest known specimen was from a bait trap , used in papakura in 1991 . all known specimens have been found in auckland . in new zealand it is a predator of a species of cottony cushion scale , icerya purchasi maskell 1879 ( hemiptera : monophlebidae ) .
conservation status : the koebele’s ladybird is present in low numbers in auckland and may contributes to the biological control of cottony cushion scale , icerya purchasi maskell , a pest of citrus and native trees .
the adults are small , about 3 - 4 millimetres long . the head , prothorax ( first part of the middle body ) and elytra ( wing covers ) are covered in short setae ( hairs ) . the head and prothorax are brown and the elytra are red and black . sometimes the elytra are only red . the legs are black with brown tarsi ( feet ) and antennae are tan , while the underside of the body is red . under the elytra is a pair of wings used for flying . the small head has a pair of compound eyes and two short antennae .
female ladybirds lay eggs probably near infestations of prey . a larva hatches from each egg . they are grey and have long hairs ( setae ) on lateral tubercles of the abdomen . the head is small . the three pairs of legs are used for walking . as the larva grows , it moults ( changes skin ) . there are four larval instars ( stages ) . the larvae may have an underlying red colour . the last instar is grey - brown with a dark head and two long dark stripes . the lateral tubercles are prominent and bear long hairs . all these features may be obscured by white wax . the legs are dark and the feet ( tarsi ) are covered in white hairs ( setae ) .
when the fourth larval instar is fully grown , it attaches itself to a sheltered place on a plant and moults into a pupa . the pupa , which is mostly enclosed by the larval skin , is covered in short setae and coloured shades of brown . adults hatch from pupae and mate . the adults may stay in the pupal skin for a short time while their skin hardens . the length of time of each life stage depends on temperature , being shorter at higher temperatures .
annual cycle the ladybird probably overwinters as adults . there may be two or three generations per year in auckland .
walking and flying both adult and larval stages of this ladybird have three pairs of legs that can be used for walking . adults have wings and can fly .
feeding the adult and larval ladybirds eat cottony cushion scale . they will burrow into the egg sacks of mature females pulling the white wax away to get to the eggs underneath . the jaws are the primarily structures used for holding and chewing the prey . legs do not appear to be used for holding food .
the larvae of the cardinal ladybird and koebele’s ladybird have prominent lateral abdominal tubercles with many very long hairs ( setae ) and the lateral margin also have similar long hairs . also larvae of both species may have underlying red colour . koebele’s ladybird larvae have a pair of dark abdominal strips and may also be covered in white wax . whereas larvae of the cardinal ladybird are grey and / or red and no photographs on the internet show any white body wax . the pupae of the two species are red and black and within the larval skin . the larval skin of koebele’s ladybird is usually is covered in white wax .
no natural enemies of the koebele’s ladybird are known in new zealand . they are probably preyed upon by birds , spiders and predatory insects . there is some evidence that the larvae will eat each other .
in new zealand , the only known prey of the koebele’s ladybird is the cottony cushion scale , icerya purchasi maskell , 1879 ( hemiptera : monophlebidae ) .
diverse habits of ‘ladybirds’ not all ladybirds eat insects ; some feed on mites . other species eat plant leaves and are pests especially in some tropical countries , whereas other ladybirds feed on fungi . one of these , illeis galbula ( mulsant , 1850 ) , from australia , feeds on powdery mildew fungi . in new zealand it is common on pumpkins and other cucurbits , plants that are commonly infected by powdery mildews . a plant feeding ladybird , hadda beetle ( epilachna vigintioctopunctata ( fabricius , 1775 ) ) recently established in auckland feeds on plants in the solanaceae ( potato family ) .
sands , d . p . a . ; van driesche , r . g . 2004 : using the scientific literature to estimate the host range of a biological control agent . pp . 15 - 23 in : van driesche , r . g . , murray , t . & reardon , r . ( eds . ) , assessing host ranges of parasitoids and predators used for classical biological control : a guide to best practice . morgantown , w . va . : forest health technology enterprise team , u . s . dept . of agriculture , forest service . urltoken .
the new zealand institute for plant & food research limited ( plant & food research ) for permission to use photographs .
landcare research new zealand limited ( landcare research ) for permission to use photographs .
' vedalia beetle ' refers to original genus . cardinalis probably refers to the bright red color , similar to the red robes of catholic cardinals .
( coquillett ) was also introduced into california from australia in 1891 , but does not exist there now , although it was thought to have been established for some time .
acacia , boxwood , citrus , magnolia , nandina , olive , pittosporum , and rose - all species attacked by cottony cushion scale . - cornell university
there are 8 generations per year in the cooler coastal areas of california , and 12 generations per year in the hot , dry inland areas . - cornell university
r . cardinalis is host specific to cottony cushion scale . adults and mature larvae feed on all scale stages ; young feed on eggs . - cornell university
a female will lay from 150 - 190 eggs during her lifetime . - cornell university
over the winter of 1888 - 1889 a lady beetle called vedalia beetle was introduced into california from australia to combat cottony cushion scale , icerya purchasi - also an introduced species . cottony cushion scale was causing infestations so severe in california citrus groves that growers were pulling out their trees and burning them . orchard values were plummeting . yet , by the fall of 1889 , the pest was completely controlled in the areas of introduction . the vedalia beetle literally saved the california citrus industry , and since the california success , it has been exported to many other parts of the world , often with equally successful results .
the introduction of the vedalia beetle is considered to be the beginning of classical biological control . - cornell university
this species proved to be an immediate and spectacular success , and this success precipitated a wave of coccinellid introductions . . . available records show that 179 species have been intentionally imported into north america ; 8 species have become established through accidental introductions , 5 of these had been intentionally introduced but did not become established where released . a total of 26 species of foreign coccinellidae are now definitely or possibly established in north america , 16 of these resulting from intentional releases .
caltagirone , l . e . and doutt , r . l . 1989 . the history of the vedalia beetle importation to california and its impact on the development of biological control . annual review of entomology 34 : 1 - 16 .
debach , p . ( ed . ) 1964 . biological control of insect pests and weeds . chapman and hall , london . xxiv + 844 pp .
doutt , r . l . 1958 . vice , virtue and the vedalia . bulletin of the entomological society of america 4 : 119–123 .
gordon , r . d . 1972 . the tribe noviini of the new world ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) . journal of the washington academy of sciences 62 : 23 - 31 .
howard , l . o . 1925 . albert koebele : an obituary . journal of economic entomology , 18 ( 3 ) : 556 - 562 .
mulsant , m . e . 1850 . species de coleopteres trimeres securipalpes . ann . sci . phys . nat . lyon 2 : 1 - 1104 . ( p . 906 )
the coccinellidae ( coleoptera ) of america north of mexico robert d . gordon . 1985 . journal of the new york entomological society , vol . 93 , no . 1 .
american beetles , volume ii : polyphaga : scarabaeoidea through curculionoidea arnett , r . h . , jr . , m . c . thomas , p . e . skelley and j . h . frank . ( eds . ) . 2002 . crc press llc , boca raton , fl .
biological control of insect pests and weeds . debach , p . ( ed . ) . 1964 . chapman and hall , london . xxiv + 844 pp .
contributed by eric r . eaton on 27 december , 2007 - 6 : 20pm additional contributions by beatriz moisset , chuck entz , mike quinn , ron m . , abigail parker last updated 1 october , 2017 - 4 : 16pm
i . purchasi extracts significant quantities of sap from the host plant . damage is mostly caused by sap depletion ; the shoots dry up , defoliation occurs and branches or whole trees may die . copious honeydew excreted by the scales coats the leaves , res . . .
cottony cushion scale ( i . purchasi ) ; cluster of adults on a twig , nairobi , kenya .
i . purchasi extracts significant quantities of sap from the host plant . damage is mostly caused by sap depletion ; the shoots dry up , defoliation occurs and branches or whole trees may die . copious honeydew excreted by the scales coats the leaves , resulting in sooty mould growth , which blocks light and air from the leaves . this reduces photosynthesis and the productivity of fruit and forest trees , and disfigures ornamental plants and fruit . unchecked infestations of the cottony cushion scale can have a severe impact on fruit - growing and horticultural industries , and on the endemic fauna of small islands .
i . purchasi belongs to the scale insect family monophlebidae , the giant scales . the genus icerya has been poorly studied and it is possible that there are other species similar to i . purchasi living in the same geographical areas . rao ( 1951 ) reviewed the known species of icerya living in the oriental region , and a revision of the known species in australia is currently in progress .
immature i . purchasi have black limbs and an orange - brown body that is coated with white and yellow wax . the adult female i . purchasi are easily recognized by their large size ( up to 10 mm long ) , red - brown body colour and covering of granular , white wax . the legs , antennae and body hairs are conspicuously black . the nymphs and adult females produce long , hair - like , transparent rods of wax from the body . on reaching maturity , the female produces a white , fluted , wax ovisac with a series of uniform ridges running lengthwise over the surface . as the ovisac is produced , the rear end of the body is tilted upwards , sometimes almost perpendicular to the plant surface . the ovisac may reach the same length as the body , giving an overall combined length of up to 20 mm .
the males are rarely encountered and do not live long . the immature male stages are similar in appearance to those of the female . pupation occurs in a fluffy , oblong white cocoon . the adult male has well developed antennae , one pair of dusky wings , a red body and tufts of long setae at the end of the abdomen .
precise identification of icerya species requires specimens to be mounted on microscope slides and to be studied under high magnification . the microscopic features of i . purchasi are described and illustrated by
. i . purchasi is distinctive in possessing two pairs of abdominal spiracles , three cicatrices and body setae that are conspicuously black even after staining .
the distribution map includes records based on specimens of i . purchasi from the collection in the natural history museum , london , uk ( nhm , various dates ) .
cie , 1971 ; tao , 1999 ; wong et al . , 1999 ; eppo , 2014
cie , 1971 ; matile - ferrero et al . , 1999 ; eppo , 2014
i . purchasi is native to australia ; it was accidentally introduced to california in about 1868 and devastated the citrus industry there until a natural enemy from australia was introduced in 1888 . this was the first ever example of successful classical biological control . the pest also reached new zealand and south africa at about the same time , and has subsequently spread widely through most of the tropical and subtropical countries of the world (
) and in london , uk in 2002 ( g watson , [ address available from cabi ] , personal communication , 2004 ) ; this may be due to climate warming ( g watson , [ address available from cabi ] , personal communication , 2004 ) .
i . purchasi is widespread throughout the tropical and warmer temperate regions . it is probable that it occurs in more countries than are indicated by the distribution map , and it would easily establish in any remaining areas that have appropriate climatic conditions .
accidental introduction to new territories is possible through the movement of infested live plants through shipping or air transport / mail . this insect moves between countries on live plant material , particularly in shipments of whole ornamental plants and fruit trees .
the list of hosts is not exhaustive . i . purchasi lives on a wide variety of hosts , especially woody plants .
sap depletion may lead to wilting , leaf drop , dieback , and stunted growth . as with most sap - sucking insects , the production of honeydew leads to the growth of sooty mould .
i . purchasi have four ( ' female ' ) or five ( male ) developmental stages . as with all scale insects , the females do not produce wings and look similar to the immature stages . the males possess a single pair of dusky wings . however the ' females ' are actually hermaphrodites with fertilization occurring between the eggs and the sperm of the same individual . sexually functional males are occasionally produced from unfertilized eggs , but mating is not necessary for reproduction (
the adult females produce 500 to 2000 bright - red , oblong eggs over a period of 2 to 3 months . the number of eggs produced depends on the body size , condition of the host and climatic conditions . after leaving the egg sac , the crawlers settle along the midribs and veins of the leaves . the next two instars migrate to the larger twigs and branches and eventually moult into the adult ' female ' (
) . there are two to four generations per year . cottony cushion scale infestations are often attended by ants that are attracted to the sugary honeydew excreted by the scales (
most of the recorded distributions of the natural enemies of i . purchasi are species introduced from other geographical areas for its control . the origin of i . purchasi is generally considered to be australia , and other natural enemies are likely to occur in its natural habitat .
the dispersal stage of the giant mealybugs is the first - instar crawler stage ( g watson , [ address available from cabi ] , personal communication , 2004 ) ; these are often dispersed passively in the wind , and have been recorded being taken by the wind to an altitude of 6 metres and a distance of 3 . 5 kilometres (
the crawlers may also be carried passively by animals and people that come into contact with the host plant .
harvesting infested plant material , e . g . fruit , aids dispersal by scattering the crawlers into the air , where the wind may carry them away . prunings of infested plants , and the clothing , tools and vehicles of agricultural workers , can become contaminated with the crawlers and so aid in their dispersal .
damage to the plant by i . purchasi is mostly caused by sap depletion ; the shoots dry up and die , and defoliation occurs . in addition , the copious quantities of honeydew produced by the scales coat the leaves , blocking the stomata and impeding gas exchange . such fouling frequently results in the growth of sooty moulds over the leaf surfaces , which blocks light from the mesophyll , so reducing photosynthesis .
i . purchasi is a particular pest of citrus , acacia spp . , casuarina spp . and pittosporum spp . , but it can damage many types of fruit and forest trees , and ornamental shrubs and trees . after its introduction into california , usa , in the late nineteenth century , it was recorded devastating citrus orchards , killing even large trees . by 1887 , the problem on citrus had increased to such serious proportions that the entire citrus industry of california was threatened with destruction (
) . serious damage to citrus orchards by i . purchasi was also recorded in many other countries when the cottony cushion scale first arrived (
) , but with successful biological control this insect has become relatively unimportant in fruit orchards today .
in anhui , china , i . purchasi is one of the most important pests of pomegranates ( punica granatum ) (
i . purchasi is usually found along major veins on the lower surfaces of the leaves , and on the stems of host plants . it congregates in large masses and is very conspicuous . long - established infestations are often surrounded by sooty mould growth , and may be attended by ants .
i . purchasi is most similar to the seychelles scale , icerya seychellarum , but differs by having granular white wax covering the body , whereas i . seychellarum has tufts of yellow wax along the dorsum and around the margins ; and in lacking conspicuous black body hairs . in addition , the ovisac of i . purchasi is large and fluted , whereas that of i . seychellarum is smaller , and fluffy rather than fluted . i . seychellarum does not congregate in masses .
slide - mounted specimens of i . purchasi can be distinguished from the other common species of icerya by the presence of two pairs of abdominal spiracles , three cicatrices and black body hairs .
all life stages of i . purchasi are covered with wax , which reduces the effectiveness of most chemical insecticides . in addition , the use of insecticides prevents regulation by natural enemies , which has proved to be highly successful with this species . in the spanish citrus industry , it is important to only use pesticides when absolutely necessary to ensure that the biological control agents of the citrus pests are not significantly injured ; side - effect testing of pesticides on the control agents has been routinely carried out in spain for many years ( jacas miret and
the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen has been found to be as effective in controlling i . purchasi (
) . good control was achieved when applied alone or with 0 . 5 % mineral oil (
) . it has continued to be effective in controlling i . purchasi , except in areas where the indiscriminate use of insecticides has killed the predator . in areas with extreme winters , which kill off the vedalia populations , periodic re - introduction has been necessary .
i . purchasi living on plants such as spartium junceum , which contain alkaloids , are not completely controlled by r . cardinalis .
suggested that these plants ( with residual populations of the scale ) provide permanent sources of vedalia that will disperse into new infestations of scale on citrus and bring them under control .
the parasitoid cryptochaetum iceryae has also proved to be effective in regulating i . purchasi populations . adult c . iceryae are sensitive to heat and aridity and are most effective in regulating cottony cushion scale populations in cooler coastal areas . in more arid and hot inland areas , vedalia beetles are more effective . studies in inland california (
various other natural enemies have been tried against i . purchasi , but with little success .
careful management is necessary when using pesticides against other pests if biological control of i . purchasi is in operation , because damage to the populations of biocontrol agent can cause an outbreak of i . purchasi , as recorded in south africa by
) , may defend the scales from attack by their natural enemies , so making the pest problem worse . if large numbers of ants attend a heavy infestation of the scale , it may be worthwhile controlling the ants to help the natural enemies bring the scale population under control quickly .
abd - rabou s ; amin ah , 2004 . survey and level of infestation of scale insects ( homoptera : coccoidea ) existing in libya , with new records of their host plants . egyptian journal of agricultural research , 82 ( 3 ) : 1175 - 1182 .
apppc , 1987 . insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in asia and the pacific region . technical document no . 135 . bangkok , thailand : regional office for asia and the pacific region ( rapa ) .
bartlett br , 1978 . margarodidae , icerya purchasi . in : clausen cp , ed . introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds : a world review . agricultural handbook . washington dc , usa : agricultural research service , united states department of agriculture , 480 : 132 - 135 .
beardsley jw , 1966 . insects of micronesia , homoptera : coccoidea . insects of micronesia , 6 : 377 - 562 .
ben - dov y , 1995 . the pest status of citrus scale insects in israel ( 1984 - 1994 ) . in : peleg ba , bar - zakay i , ascher krs , eds . proceedings of the vii international symposium of scale insect studies , bet dagan , israel , june 12 - 17 1994 . israel journal of entomology , 29 : 261 - 264 .
bennett fd ; alam mm , 1985 . an annotated check - list of the insects and allied terrestrial arthropods of barbados . bridgetown , barbados ; caribbean agricultural research & development institute , vi + 81 pp .
caltagirone le ; doutt rl , 1989 . the history of the vedalia beetle importation to california and its impact on the development of biological control . annual review of entomology , 34 : 1 - 16
causton ce , 2003 . ensuring compatibility of biological control of icerya purchasi maskell with conservation in galápagos : development of a procedure to evaluate risk . in : van driesche rg , ed . proceedings of the first international symposium on the biological control of arthropods , honolulu , hawaii : usda forest service , fhtet - 03 - 05 , 148 - 157 .
cie , 1971 . distribution maps of plant pests , no . 51 . wallingford , uk : cab international .
clausen cp , 1978 . introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and weeds : a world review . agricultural handbook no . 480 . washington dc , usa : agricultural research service , united states department of agriculture .
culik mp ; martins ddos s ; ventura ja ; peronti albg ; gullan pj ; kondo t , 2007 . coccidae , pseudococcidae , ortheziidae , and monophlebidae ( hemiptera : coccoidea ) of espírito santo , brazil . biota neotropica , 7 ( 3 ) : 61 - 65 . urltoken
eppo , 2014 . pqr database . paris , france : european and mediterranean plant protection organization . urltoken
fan mz ; guo c ; xiao hl ; hu y , 1988 . pathogenicity of metarhizium anisoplip and its use in forest pest control . chinese journal of biological control , 4 ( 1 ) : 29 - 32
foldi i , 2003 . les cochemilles de corse ( hemiptera , coccoidea ) . bulletin de la société entomologique de france , 108 ( 2 ) : 147 - 156 .
getu e , 1996 . cottony cushion scale infestation on acacia trees . iar newsletter of agricultural research , 11 ( 2 ) : 11 .
gill rj , 1993 . the scale insects of california . part 2 . the minor families ( homoptera : coccoidea ) . technical series in agricultural biosystematics and plant pathology number 2 . sacramento , california , usa : california department of food and agriculture , 79 - 80 .
gokkes m ; eshel g ; tadmor u , 1989 . field trials for the control of chaff scale and florida wax scale in citrus orchards with tiger ( pyriproxifen ) . hassadeh , 69 ( 11 ) : 2019
hattingh v ; tate b , 1995 . effects of field - weathered residues of insect growth regulators on some coccinellidae ( coleoptera ) of economic importance as biocontrol agents . bulletin of entomological research , 85 ( 4 ) : 489 - 493 ; 19 ref .
hill mg , 1980 . wind dispersal of the coccid icerya seychellarum ( margarodidae : homoptera ) on aldabra atoll . journal of animal ecology , 49 : 939 - 957 .
howell jo ; beshear rj , 1981 . an illustrated redescription of icerya purchasi . journal of the georgia entomological society , 16 ( 4 ) : 441 - 444
hua fm ; ni lc ; jin mx , 1999 . pesticide effectiveness test of several insecticides to control icerya purchasi endangering liquidambar formosana . journal of zhejiang forestry science and technology , 19 ( 6 ) : 46 - 47 .
jacas miret ja ; garcia mari f , 2001 . side - effects of pesticides on selected natural enemies occurring in citrus in spain . in : vogt h , vinuela e , eds . iobc - wprs working group for pesticides and beneficial organisms . proceedings of a meeting ( 18 - 20 october , 2000 ) , castello de la plana , spain : bulletin oilb srop , 24 ( 4 ) : 103 - 112 .
kollár j ; bakay l ; pástor m , 2016 . first record of the cottony cushion scale icerya purchasi ( hemiptera , monophlebidae ) in slovakia - short communication . plant protection science , 52 ( 3 ) : 217 - 219 . urltoken
konar a , 1998 . seasonal incidence of mealybug species on mandarin orange in darjeeling , west bengal . horticultural journal , 11 ( 2 ) : 105 - 110 .
malumphy c , 2013 . exotic scale insects ( hemiptera : coccoidea ) causing severe damage to ornamental pittosporum in london . british journal of entomology and natural history , 26 ( 2 ) : 89 - 90 . urltoken
matile - ferrero d ; legrand j ; riffet x , 1999 . une surprenante infestation de la cochenille australienne icerya purchasi maskell en plein paris [ hemiptera , margarodidae ] . revue française d’entomologie ( n . s . ) , 21 ( 4 ) : 175 - 178 .
mendel z ; blumberg d ; ishaaya i , 1991 . effect of buprofezin on icerya purchasi and planococcus citri . phytoparasitica , 19 ( 2 ) : 103 - 112
meshram pb ; vijayaraghavan a , 2004 . a new report of icerya purchasi maskell ( hemiptera : margarodidae ) as a pest of plumbago zeylanica linn . indian forester , 130 ( 5 ) : 583 - 584 .
morales cf , 1991 . margarodidae ( insecta : hemiptera ) . fauna of new zealand , no . 21 : 123 pp .
papadopoulou s ; chryssohoides c , 2012 . icerya purchasi ( homoptera : margarodidae ) on rosmarinus officinalis ( lamiaceae ) , a new host plant record for greece . bulletin oepp / eppo bulletin , 42 ( 1 ) : 148 - 149 . urltoken
peck sb ; heraty j ; landry b ; sinclair bj , 1998 . introduced insect fauna of an oceanic archipelago : the galßpagos islands , ecuador . american entomologist , 44 ( 4 ) : 218 - 236 ; 34 ref .
peleg ba , 1989 . evaluation of the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen ( tiger ) as a control agent for the california red scale and the cottony - cushion scale . alon hanotea , 43 ( 6 ) : 681 - 686
quezada jr ; debach p , 1973 . bioecological and population studies of the cottony - cushion scale , icerya purchasi mask . and its natural enemies , rhodolia cardinalis mul . and cryptochaetum iceryae will . , in southern california . hilgardia , 41 ( 20 ) : 631 - 688 .
rao vp , 1951 . iceryine scale insects recorded from the orient . indian journal of entomology , 12 : 39 - 66 , 127 - 158 .
roque - albelo l , 2003 . population decline of galapagos endemic lepidoptera on volcan alcedo ( isabela island , galapagos islands , ecuador ) : an effect of the introduction of the cottony cushion scale ? bulletin de l’institut royal des sciences naturelles de belgique , entomologie , 73 : 177 - 180 .
russo a ; longo s ; matteo g , 2003 . cocciniglie . in : ambienti naturali e antitropici di sicilia . italy : università di catania . online . urltoken
schönfeld u , 2015 . coccoidea species in brandenburg . ( cocciden - arten in brandenburg . ) journal für kulturpflanzen , 67 ( 10 ) : 337 - 341 . urltoken
tao c , 1999 . list of coccoidea ( homoptera ) of china . taichung , taiwan : taiwan agricultural research institute , wufeng , 1 - 176 .
verma sk ; gireesh chand ; pankaj kumar , 2012 . new record of icerya purchasi in one year old seedlings of albizia procera ( roxb . ) benth . indian forester , 138 ( 2 ) : 200 . urltoken
wang daoxun ; lou zhi ; li ping ; gao zhihua , 2002 . the main diseases and pests of pomegranate in huaiyuan area and their control . china fruits , no . 1 : 36 - 38 .
waterhouse df , 1993 . the major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in southeast asia . aciar monograph no . 21 . canberra , australia : australian centre for international agricultural research , 141 pp .
watson gw ; malumphy cp , 2004 . icerya purchasi maskell , cottony cushion scale ( hemiptera : margarodidae ) , causing damage to ornamental plants growing outdoors in london . british journal of entomology and natural history , 17 ( 2 ) : 105 - 109 .
watson gw ; ooi pac ; girling dj , 1995 . insects on plants in the maldives and their management . ascot , uk : international institute of biological control .
williams dj ; watson gw , 1990 . the scale insects of the tropical south pacific region . part 3 : the soft scales ( coccidae ) and other families . wallingford , uk : cab international , 267 pp .
wong cy ; chen sp ; chou lh , 1999 . guidebook to scale insects of taiwan . taiwan agricultural research institute , special publication , 89 : 1 - 98 .
new ladybird species in town . left : adult telsimia ladybird , centre : telsimia larva , right : close up of adult telsimia head .
references park , h . - c . ; yoon , i . - b . 1993 : telsimia nagasakiensis miyatake , an unrecorded species ( coccinellidae , coleoptera ) from korea , with larval description and biology . korean journal of entomology , 23 ( 4 ) : 277 - 281 .
ślipiński , a . ; pang , h . ; pope , r . d . 2005 : revision of the australian coccinellidae ( coleoptera ) . part 4 . tribe telsimini . annales zoologici , 55 ( 2 ) : 243 - 269 .
hi there strphen ! i was just looking for information regardind a small black beetle which you have identified as telsimia subviridis . i found some in my howick house when i was updating the upstairs bathroom . there was a maybe fifty or so crawling around in the cavity under the bath . this was in 2005 when the house was about 12 years old . i just ignored them , stuck the new bath in and finished the tiling to get the wife off my back . i had left a gap between the bath and the vanity caninet and for a while after the renovation i kept seeing the odd one in and around the bath , usually dead . after i sealed up this gap i hadn’t noticed them again . however , in the last week my good wife found a dead one in our bed ( downstairs ) and today i found two dead on the floor of the renovated upstairs bathroom . maybe i should have nuked them when i first saw them 13 years ago ? do they do any damage and if so would an insect bomb do the job ? what would they live on insude the house ? cheers philip archer


devario is a genus of fish in the family cyprinidae native to the rivers and streams of south and southeast asia .

these fishes have short barbels and many species having vertical or horizontal stripes .

these species consume various small , aquatic insects , crustaceans and worms , as well as , in the case of fry , plankton .

devario

devario : appears to be derived from a local vernacular name for the type species of the genus cyprinus ( now devario ) devario hamilton , 1822 .
devario annnataliae and devario udenii are two new , gorgeous species of devario danios described from fast - moving freshwater on the island nation of sri lanka .
devario devario is a widely distributed species throughout out its range with no major widespread threats . urgent research is needed to determine population trends . it is currently assessed as least concern .
like most small cyprinids devario spp . are egg - scattering free spawners exhibiting no parental care .
devario udenii , below , was observed in fast - flowing water within moderately shaded areas at homadola stream .
within the family cyprinidae the ‘ devario clade’ is most closely - related to a ‘ danio clade’ containing the genera danio and danionella plus an ‘ esomus clade’ which groups esomus alongside paedocypris and sundadanio . closer relationships within devario itself require further research , however .
in the former study the two species previously comprising the genus inlecypris were brought into synonymy with devario and three species formerly included in microrasbora were moved into the new genus microdevario based on possession of shared synapomorphies with devario . the existence of a monophyletic clade consisting of the genera devario , chela , laubuca , microdevario and microrasbora was also hypothesised , a theory upheld in the more recent study by tang et al . ( 2010 ) . the genus betadevario ( pramod et al . , 2010 ) is also nested within this grouping and is sister to devario and microrasbora .
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weekly water changes of 30 - 50 % volume should be considered routine , and the tank must have a very tightly - fitting cover as all devario spp . are accomplished jumpers .
fang , f . & kullander , s . o . ( 2009 ) devario xyrops , a new species of danionine fish from south - western myanmar ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . zootaxa , 2164 , 33–40
fang , f . & kullander , s . o . ( 2009 ) devario xyrops , a new species of danionine fish from south - western myanmar ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . zootaxa , 2164 , 33–40 .
devario annnataliae is only recorded from torrents close to the foot of brahmana ella waterfall in the sinharaja world heritage site , which is a protected reserve so this fish is unlikely to find its way to the aquarium trade .
ramananda , y . & vishwanath , w . ( 2014 ) devario deruptotalea , a new species of cyprinid fish from manipur , india ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . zootaxa , 3287 ( 1 ) , 78–86 . urltoken
conway , k . w . , mayden , r . l . & tang , k . l . ( 2009 ) devario anomalus , a new species of freshwater fish from bangladesh ( ostariophysi : cyprinidae ) . zootaxa , 2136 , 49–58 .
these results have largely been supported by subsequent phylogenetic analyses ( e . g . mayden et al . , 2007 ) , although devario has still undergone a little reshuffling , particularly following fang et al . ( 2009 ) and kottelat ( 2013 ) .
devario myitkyinae , new species , is described on the basis of specimens collected in 1997 and 1998 from a stream and lake in the ayeyarwaddy river drainage near myitkyina in northern myanmar . it is similar to d . browni and d . kakhienensis , but different from d . fangae in having horizontal stripes on side equal in width , narrow , irregular , and to some extent curved away from horizontal extension . devario myitkyinae differs from d . browni , d . kakhienensis , and d . fangae in absence of anterior widening of the p stripe . devario myitkyinae is similar to other species of devario characterized by three dark stripes ( p , p + 1 , p - 1 ) along the side , but differs from these in having all three stripes irregular and of equal width vs . stripes regular , p stripe wide and p + 1 and p - 1 stripes much narrower . the largest wild specimen of d . myitkyinae is 68 . 7 mm sl . a specimen collected near myitkyina and reported as d . aequipinnatus in 1929 probably represents d . myitkyinae .
older , molecular , phylogenies tended to agree that the latter represented a monophyletic group consisting of two major clades ; the ‘ danio devario ‘ group containing the larger , deeper - bodied species and the ‘ d . rerio ‘ clade comprising the smaller , slimmer fish .
the genus name devario was suggested for the larger species with danio being applied only to the smaller fish , although following kottelat ( 2013 ) the latter should be used only for the type species , danio dangila , with most former members placed within the revalidated genera brachydanio and celestichthys .
fang , f . , m . norén , t . y . liao , m . källersjö and s . o . kullander , 2009 - zoologica scripta 38 ( 1 ) : 1 - 20 molecular phylogenetic interrelationships of the south asian cyprinid genera danio , devario and microrasbora ( teleostei , cyprinidae , danioninae ) .
fang , f . , norén , m . , liao , t . y . , källersjö , m . & kullander , s . o . ( 2009 ) molecular phylogenetic interrelationships of the south asian cyprinid genera danio , devario and microrasbora ( teleostei , cyprinidae , danioninae ) . zoologica scripta , 38 , 237–256 .
devario spiral ovens offer many benefits to food manufacturers looking to increase their cooking capacity particularly where space is limited . spiral ovens offer up to 300 % more capacity than linear travelling ovens with the same footprint . when compared to batch cooking , the spiral oven also eliminates the space needed for racks and reduces the amount of product handling required .
following fang ( 2003 ) devario spp . are characterised by : possession of a p stripe extending onto the median caudal - fin rays ; a short maxillary barbel ( absent in some species ) ; absence of the a stripe ( a less distinct , relatively wide stripe is present in some species , e . g . , d . acrostomus , d . annandalei , d . xyrops ) ; a short , wide premaxillary process ( cleft in the upper jaw ) with a tiny apophysis ( bony tubercule ) touching the kinethmoid bone ; infraorbital 5 not or slightly reduced .
devario deruptotalea , a new cyprinid fish , is described from dutah stream , a tributary of the yu river ( chindwin drainage ) in manipur , india . it is distinguished from all its congeners by a unique colour pattern consisting of the following combination of pigmented elements : 4‒6 dark brown irregularly shaped and arranged bars that are partly confluent with adjacent bars at different levels on the anterior one - third of the side of the body , followed by three distinct dark brown stripes posteriorly , a p stripe that is darker and about twice as broad as other stripes and extending to the tip of the median caudal - fin rays .
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .
cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
mcclelland , 1839 is considered valid in eschmeyer ( coff ver . may 2011 : ref . 86870 ) following conway et al . ( 2009 : ref .
freshwater ; benthopelagic ; ph range : 6 . 0 - 8 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 19 . subtropical ; 15°c - 26°c ( ref . 1672 )
asia : pakistan , india , nepal and bangladesh ( ref . 4832 ) . reported from afghanistan ( ref . 41034 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 10 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 4832 )
inhabits rivers , canals , ponds , beels and inundated fields ( ref . 1479 ) . feeds on worms , small crustaceans and insects ( ref . 7020 ) .
kullander , f . f . , 2001 . phylogeny and species diversity of the south and southeast asian cyprinid genus danio hamilton ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) . ph . d . thesis - stockholm university , department of zoology . p . 1 - 26 . sweden , stockholm university . department of zoology . ( ref . 38392 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00724 ( 0 . 00324 - 0 . 01618 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 26 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 0 ±0 . 35 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 20 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
rema devi , k . r . , gopalakrishnan , a . , arunachalam , m . , shrikant , j . , johnson , j . a . , rahul , k . & molur , s .
with major threats from human encroachments and agricultural runoffs in three severely fragmented locations . hence it is assessed as vulnerable .
. 2004 ) . the species is found in the upper reaches of godavari and yazdani and singh ( 1993 ) have recorded the species from raigad and ratnagiri . although this species ( 3 specimens ) was recently reported from the river periyar in kerala ( beevi and ramachandran 2003 ) , this needs to be verified , as there are no other reports of this species anywhere through goa , karnataka and kerala .
it is very rare and occasionally comes in as by - catch ( s . jadhav and n . dahanukar pers . comm . ) . there is no information on the population of
( bleher 2010 ; s . jadhav pers . obs . ) . habitat loss is a major threat in the type locality because of human encroachment ( yadav 2003 ) and agricultural runoffs from surrounding areas ( s . jadhav pers . obs . ) .
no conservation actions are in place . there is a need to generate baseline information on the life history and population characters of the species as well as determine its micro - level distribution in the western ghats . impacts of exotic species on d . fraseri needs urgent studies .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
gas or electric heating is available and all versions feature fan assisted airflow throughout the enclosure for even heat transfer . energy efficiency is maximised by reducing thermal losses and eliminating the heating & cooling cycles associated with batch cooking . loading and unloading is continuous to better suit upstream downstream processes .
all the product follows the same helical path through the oven resulting in every piece being exposed to the same conditions , variations that might occur in rack ovens or across the width of a wide linear oven conveyor belt are eliminated . the humidity control system helps maintain yield and allows faster cooking while maintaining product quality .
in addition to industry standard rod & mesh belts from the major manufacturers we can also offer custom solutions for difficult products .
was designed for fine products that would fall through a traditional spiral conveyor belt .
we also have conveyors with raised edges for retaining trays or other potentially mobile product and belts that are fully usable across their entire width .
is available in multiple configurations allowing you to integrate it into your factory without compromising on product flow or the arrangement of the rest of your equipment .
wild male specimen from xishuangbanna dai autonomous prefecture , yunnan province , southwestern china .
chrysotaeniatus : from the ancient greek χρυσός ( khrusos ) , meaning ‘gold’ , and ταινία ( tainia ) , meaning ‘ribbon’ .
described from waters close to manzhuo and jinghong , xishuangbanna dai autonomous prefecture , yunnan province , southwestern china , and subsequently recorded from the nam youan river basin in louang namtha province , northern laos .
the nam youan drains into yunnan , and all known localities for this species fall within the upper mekong watershed with populations also having been discovered in chiang mai province , northern thailand .
type locality is given as ‘manzhuo , mengla county , yunnan province , china’ .
this species ‘ habitats are situated at relatively high altitude and receive a great deal of rainfall between the months of may and october .
it’s likely to be restricted to hill streams and small rivers with substrates of gravel and variably - sized rocks and some marginal or over - hanging vegetation . water flow is almost certainly variable depending on time of year .
not difficult to keep in a well - maintained set - up , though we recommend aquascaping the tank to resemble a flowing stream or river with a substrate of variably - sized , water - worn rocks , sand , fine gravel and perhaps some small boulders .
this can be further furnished with driftwood roots or branches , and while the majority of aquatic plants will fail to thrive in such surroundings hardy types such as microsorum , bolbitis or anubias spp . can be grown attached to the décor .
since it naturally occurs in pristine habitats it’s intolerant to accumulation of organic pollutants and requires more - or - less spotless water in order to thrive .
though torrent - like conditions are unnecessary it also does best if there is a high proportion of dissolved oxygen and moderate water movement .
temperature : air temperatures across its native range are relatively stable with monthly averages varying from approximately 63°f / 17 . 2°c in december and january to 100 . 4°f / 38°c in april . a value within the range 23 – 26 °c should therefore be acceptable for general aquarium care .
almost certain to prey chiefly on insects and their larvae in nature although in the aquarium it’s a largely unfussy feeder and will accept most foods .
a good quality dried product can be used as the staple diet but this should be supplemented with regular meals of small live and frozen fare such as bloodworm , daphnia , artemia , etc . , for the best colouration and conditioning .
not an aggressive fish but may upset slow - moving or timid tankmates with its constant activity and vigorous feeding behaviour , and is most appropriate for larger aquaria containing robust , similarly - sized fishes .
there are plenty of suitable choices including many cyprinids , loaches , cichlids , catfishes and characins , although as always when selecting a compatible community of fish proper research is essential .
it’s a schooling species by nature and ideally should be kept in a group of at least 8 - 10 specimens which will not only make the fish less nervous but will result in a more effective , natural looking display .
any aggression will also be contained as the fish concentrate on maintaining their hierarchical position within the group , and males tend to display better colours in the presence of rivals .
sexually mature females should be rounder - bellied , less colourful and a little larger than males .
in nuptial males the lower , posterior portion of the body and central caudal - fin rays become suffused with bright orange pigmentation .
when in good condition they will spawn often and in a well - planted , mature aquarium it’s possible that small numbers of fry may start to appear without intervention .
the adult group can still be conditioned together but a smaller tank with a base measuring around 45 cm x 30 cm should also be set up and filled with mature water .
this should be very dimly lit and the base covered with some kind of mesh of a large enough grade so that the eggs can fall through but small enough so that the adults cannot reach them . the widely available plastic ‘grass’ - type matting can also be used and works well , as does a layer of glass marbles .
alternatively filling much of the tank with a fine - leaved plant such as taxiphyllum spp . or wool mops can also return decent results .
the water itself should be of slightly acidic to neutral ph with a temperature towards the upper end of the range suggested above , and an air - powered sponge filter or air stone ( s ) should also be included to provide oxygenation and water movement .
when the adults are well - conditioned and the females appear gravid one or two pairs should then be introduced .
if ready spawning usually taking place within 24 hours , with the female tending to appear noticeably slimmer after the event , and after 48 hours the adults should be removed whether this is observed or not .
incubation is temperature - dependant to an extent but typically lasts 24 - 36 hours with the young free - swimming a few days later .
initial food should be paramecium or similar , introducing artemia nauplii , microworm , powdered dry foods , etc . , once the fry are large enough to accept them .
this species is not well known having first appeared in the aquarium hobby during 2005 but rarely seen since , probably because its natural waters lie outside the range of most commercial collectors .
it can be distinguished by a combination of characters including : lateral line complete ; infraorbital process absent ; two pairs of short barbels ; 8 - 9 branched dorsal - fin rays ; 12 - 13 branched anal - fin rays ; p stripe originating above pelvic - fin and extending to end of median caudal - fin rays ; presence of faint p + 1 stripe fading above base of anal - fin ; presence of cleithral spot posterior to gill opening ; dark stripe running along dorsal surface of body from nape to base of caudal - fin ; presence of faint submarginal stripe in dorsal and anal fins ; indistinct striped patterning on flanks consisting of few , relatively short and thin horizontal stripes on a slightly darker base .
– p stripe : or ‘pigment stripe’ is the central , dark , lateral stripe on the body which extends into the caudal - fin in some species . stripes above it are numbered p + 1 , p + 2 , etc . , and those beneath p - 1 , p - 2 , p - 3 . – a stripe : the central stripe on the anal - fin ; the proximal stripe ( above it ) is a + 1 and the distal stripe ( beneath ) a - 1 . – d stripe : the submarginal dorsal - fin stripe .
the current genus name has only been in general use since 2003 prior to which members were considered to belong to the genus danio .
however in 2003 fang fang conducted a more detailed study based on morphological characters which included members of other related genera , and the results suggested for the first time that the genus danio as previously considered represents a polyphyletic grouping , i . e . , not all members derived from a single common ancestor .
chu , x . - l . , 1981 - zoological research 2 ( 2 ) : 145 - 156 a preliminary revision of fishes of the genus danio from china .
fang , f . , 2003 - copeia 2003 ( 4 ) : 714 - 728 phylogenetic analysis of the asian cyprinid genus danio ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) .
fang , f . and m . kottelat , 1999 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 10 ( 3 ) : 281 - 295 danio species from northern laos , with descriptions of three new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) .
kottelat , m . , 2013 - the raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 27 : 1 - 663 the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibiography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries .
kottelat , m . , 2001 - wht publications ltd . , colombo 5 , sri lanka : 1 - 198 fishes of laos .
mayden , r . l . , k . l . tang , k . w . conway , j . freyhof , s . chamberlain , m . haskins , l . schneider , m . sudkamp , r . m . wood , m . agnew , a . bufalino , z . sulaiman , m . miya , k . saitoh , s . he , 2007 - journal of experimental zoology , molecular development and evolution 308b : 642–654 phylogenetic relationships of danio within the order cypriniformes : a framework for comparative and evolutionary studies of a model species .
pramod , p . k . , f . fang , k . rema devi , t . - y . liao , t . j . indra , k . s . jameela beevi and s . o . kullander , 2010 - zootaxa 2519 : 31 - 47 betadevario ramachandrani a new danionine genus and species from the western ghats of india ( teleostei : cyprinidae : danioninae ) .
tang , k . l . , m . k . agnew , w . j . chen . , m . v . hirt , t . sado , l . m . schneider , j . freyhof , z . sulaiman , e . swartz , c . vidthayanon , m . miya , k . saitoh , a . m . simons , r . m . wood and r . l . mayden , 2010 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 57 ( 1 ) : 189 - 214 systematics of the subfamily danioninae ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) .
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on the very first rain , the glass was already blurry from inside - simply means that water is entering . and today , i noticed that the crown was gone . it ' s so badly fitted / assembled that comes off without any notice . now , i will test the global warranty promised by orient . . . i ' m afraid i will be disappointed . . .
bought this one as i just love orient watches . prefer automatics but at this price point and with the stunning blue dial , it was a must have for me . the strap is just crap ; but , that was expected . plan to replace it with a bracelet or better strap . no stars taken off for that . knocking it down to 1 star because it just stops about once / day and doesn ' t restart until i either gently shake it or pull out the stem and forward it a tad . just got it back from warranty repair , which cost me $ 12 us . turnaround time and response from ousa was quick enough ; but , it isn ' t fixed ! have asked for replacement or credit towards another model . despite the price and great dial / finish on this case , i cannot recommend anyone buy this model , sadly . sad that orient , a great watch maker , has put this one out . it truly is disgraceful . . .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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is assessed as endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 5 , 000 km² ( in two locations ) as it is only known from ooty lake and pykara , avalanche and kaity streams in the nilgiri hills of tamil nadu ; and from wayanad in kerala where it is threatened by poisoning and dynamite fishing and drought .
is endemic to the western ghats of india . it has been reported from ooty lake and pykara , avalanche and kaity streams in the nilgiri hills of tamil nadu ; and from wayanad in kerala . the report of this species from madhya pradesh and arunachal pradesh needs further confirmation ( menon 1999 ) .
habitat destruction , poisoning and dynamite fishing and drought are the major threats to this species . introduced species also present a threat ( e . g .
it is known from wayanad wildlife sanctuary . habitat restoration , removal of exotic species from this habitat will help the conservation of this species .
rema devi , k . r . , arunachalam , m . , daniel , b . a . & dahanukar , n .
the species is known from bengal , northern india to krishna - godavari river system ( its occurrence in krishna - godavari and western ghats needs to be confirmed ) ; nepal and bangladesh plains and adjoining hilly areas .
no information available , although general habitat destruction may cause significant decline in its population .
no conservation measures targeted to this species , it may occur in protected areas but it cannot be confirmed .
adult pair , female ( with damaged lower caudal - fin lobe ) below .
unclear but known to be collected in myanmar with no additional details available at present .
likely to fare best in an aquarium set up to resemble a flowing stream or river with a substrate of variably - sized , water - worn rocks , sand , fine gravel and perhaps some small boulders .
since it naturally occurs in pristine habitats it’s probably intolerant to accumulation of organic pollutants and requires more - or - less spotless water in order to thrive .
though very fast flow is unnecessary it should also prefer a relatively high proportion of dissolved oxygen and moderate water movement .
not an aggressive fish but may upset slow - moving or timid tankmates with its constant activity and vigorous feeding behaviour , and is therefore most appropriate for larger aquaria containing robust , similarly - sized fishes .
this unidentified species was first collected in 2007 but very little is known about it .
the vernacular name refers to the colour pattern on the body which resembles that of a giraffe .
specimens examined by collins et al . ( 2012 ) possessed the following characters : two pairs of very small barbels ; infraorbital process io1 present ; deep , bulky body shape ; lateral line complete with 31 - 34 pored scales ; 9½ - 11½ branched dorsal rays ; 12½ - 14½ branched anal - fin rays ; 14 - 15 predorsal scales ; cleithral spot not distinct ; p - stripes and interspaces broken up anteriorly into spots , rings and vertical bars .
– p stripe : or ‘pigment stripe’ is the central , dark , lateral stripe on the body which extends into the caudal - fin in some species . stripes above it are numbered p + 1 , p + 2 , etc . , and those beneath p - 1 , p - 2 , p - 3 . – a stripe : the central stripe on the anal - fin ; the proximal stripe ( above it ) is a + 1 and the distal stripe ( beneath ) a - 1 . – d stripe : the submarginal dorsal - fin stripe .
the currently invalid genus name ‘ brachydanio ‘ was often adopted for members of the latter group and is seen in much of the older aquarium literature .
however in 2003 fang conducted a more detailed study based on morphological characters which included members of other related genera , and the results suggested for the first time that the genus danio as previously considered represents a polyphyletic grouping , i . e . , not all members derived from a single common ancestor .
collins r . a . , k . f . armstrong , r . meier , y . yi , s . d . j . brown , r . h . cruickshank , s . keeling , and c . johnston , 2012 - plos one 7 ( 1 ) : e28381 barcoding and border biosecurity : identifying cyprinid fishes in the aquarium trade .
cottle , p . w . , 2010 - npm publishing : 1 - 160 danios and devarios .
mayden , r . l . , k . l . tang , k . w . conway , j . freyhof , s . chamberlain , m . haskins , l . schneider , m . sudkamp , r . m . wood , m . agnew , a . bufalino , z . sulaiman , m . miya , k . saitoh , s . he , 2007 - journal of experimental zoology , molecular development and evolution 308b : 642 - 654 phylogenetic relationships of danio within the order cypriniformes : a framework for comparative and evolutionary studies of a model species .
missing information here ? our knowledge base is an ever - evolving work in progress , which naturally means that some species profiles contain more information than others . we ' re working on a daily basis to fill in all the gaps , so please have patience . this site relies heavily on the help of hundreds of people without whose valuable contributions it simply wouldn ' t exist . information and photos regarding any freshwater or brackish fish species , its natural history or captive care is always much appreciated , so if you ' ve anything you ' d like to share please leave a comment below or email us .
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yumnam ramananda department of life sciences , manipur university , canchipur - 795003 , manipur , india .
waikhom vishwanath department of life sciences , manipur university , canchipur - 795003 , manipur , india .
barman , r . p . ( 1991 ) a taxonomic revision of the indo - burmese species of danio hamilton buchanan ( pisces : cyprinidae ) . records of the zoological survey of india , 137 ( occasional papers ) , 1–91 .
blyth , e . ( 1860 ) report on some fishes received chiefly from the sitang river and its tributary streams , tenasserim provinces . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , 29 ( 2 ) , 138–174 .
fang , f . ( 1997a ) redescription of danio kakhiensis , a poorly known cyprinid fish from the irrawaddy basin . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 7 , 289–298 .
fang , f . ( 1997b ) danio maetaengensis , a new cyprinid fish from northern thailand . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 8 , 41–48 .
fang , f . ( 2003 ) phylogenetic analysis of the asian cyprinid genus danio ( telostei , cyprinidae . copeia , 2003 ( 4 ) , 714–728 .
hamilton , f . ( 1822 ) an account of the fishes found in the river ganges and its branches . constable , edinburgh , vii + 405 pp . , 39 pls .
heckel , j . j . ( 1843 ) ichthyologie [ von syrien ] . in : von russegger , j . ( ed . ) , reisen in europa , asien und afrika , mit besonderer rücksicht auf die naturwissenschaftlichen verhältnisse der betreffenden länder , unternommen in den jahren 1835 bis 1841 . vol . 1 . pt 2 . e . schweizerbart verlagshandlung , stuttgart , pp . 990–1099 .
myers , g . s . ( 1924 ) on a small collection of fishes from upper burma . american museum novitates , 150 , 1–7 .
regan , c . t . ( 1907 ) description of a new cyprinid fish of the genus danio from upper burma . records of the indian museum ( calcutta ) , 1 ( 4 ) , 395 .
devarios are generally very hardy fishes that will feed on just about anything available . as their habitats suggest , they are active fish and do well in larger aquariums with plenty of water movement . these are schooling fish and fare best in groups . devarios readily breed in captivity .
i ' m a passionate aquarist of over 30 years , a coral reef lover , and the blog editor for advanced aquarist . while aquarium gadgets interest me , it ' s really livestock ( especially fish ) , artistry of aquariums , and
method behind the madness
processes that captivate my attention .
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sven o . kullander department of zoology , swedish museum of natural history , po box 50007 , se - 104 05 stockholm , sweden .
anonymous ( 1952 ) faculty profiles . trinity college bulletin , 1952 ( march ) , 6–7 .
barman , r . p . ( 1991 ) a taxonomic revision of the indo - burmese species of danio hamilton buchanan ( pisces : cyprinidae ) , records of the zoological survey of india , occasional paper , 137 , 1–91 .
blyth , e . ( 1860 ) report on some fishes received chiefly from the sitang river and its tributary streams , tenasserim provinces . journal of the asiatic society of bengal , 29 , 138–174 .
chaudhuri , b . l . ( 1908 ) description of a new species of danio from lower burma . records of the indian museum , 2 , 125–126 .
chaudhuri , b . l . ( 1919 ) report on a small collection of fish from putao ( hkamti long ) on the northern frontier of burma . records of the indian museum , 16 , 271–287 . urltoken
day , f . ( 1870 ) on the freshwater fishes of burma . –part i . proceedings of the zoological society of london , 1869 , 614–623 .
fang , f . ( 1997a ) redescription of danio kakhienensis , a poorly known cyprinid fish from the irrawaddy basin . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 7 , 289–298 .
fang , f . ( 1997b ) danio maetaengensis , a new species of cyprinid fish from northern thailand . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 8 , 41–48 .
fang , f . ( 1998 ) danio kyathit , a new species of cyprinid fish from myitkyina , northern myanmar . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 8 , 273–280 .
fang , f . ( 2000a ) barred danio species from the irrawaddy river drainage ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) . ichthyological research , 47 , 13–26 .
fang , f . ( 2000b ) a review of chinese danio species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . acta zootaxonomica sinica , 25 , 214–227 .
fang kullander , f . ( 2001 ) phylogeny and species diversity of the south and southeast asian cyprinid genus danio hamilton ( teleostei , cyprinidae ) . phd dissertation , stockholm university , stockholm , 26 pp .
fang , f . ( 2003 ) phylogenetic analysis of the asian cyprinid genus danio ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . copeia , 2003 , 714–728 .
fang f . & kottelat , m . ( 1999 ) danio species from northern laos , with descriptions of three new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 10 , 281–295 .
fang f . & kottelat , m . ( 2000 ) danio roseus a new species from the mekong basin in northeastern thailand and northwestern laos ( teleostei : cyprinidae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 11 , 149–154 .
kottelat , m . ( 2012 ) conspectus cobitidum : an inventory of the loaches of the world ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cobitoidei ) . raffles bulletin of zoology , 26 ( supplement ) , 1–199 .
kottelat , m . ( 2013 ) the fishes of the inland waters of southeast asia : a catalogue and core bibliography of the fishes known to occur in freshwaters , mangroves and estuaries . raffles bulletin of zoology , 27 ( supplement ) , 1–663 .
kullander , s . o . ( 2015 ) taxonomy of chain danio , an indo - myanmar species assemblage , with descriptions of four new species ( teleostei : cyprinidae : danioninae ) . ichthyological exploration of freshwaters , 25 , 355–378 .
kumar , l . a . & singh , h . t . ( 1998 ) fishes of the genus danio [ hamilton - buchanan ] from manipur , with description of a new species . journal of nature conservation , 10 , 1–6 .
myers , g . s . 1924 ) on a small collection of fishes from upper burma . american museum novitates , 150 , 1–7 .
ng , h . h . & vidthayanon , c . ( 2014 ) a review of the glyptosternine catfish genus exostoma blyth 1860 from thailand , with descriptions of two new species ( teleostei : siluriformes ) . zootaxa , 3869 ( 4 ) , 420–434 .
pramod , p . k . , fang , f . , rema devi , k . , liao , t . y . , indra , t . j . , jameela beevi , k . s . & kullander , s . o . ( 2010 ) betadevario ramachandrani , a new danionine genus and species from the western ghats of india ( teleostei : cyprinidae : danioninae ) . zootaxa , 2519 , 31–47 .
prashad , b . & mukerji , d . d . ( 1929 ) the fish of the indawgyi lake and the streams of the myitkyina district ( upper burma ) . records of the indian museum , 31 , 161–223 .
regan , c . t . ( 1907 ) description of a new cyprinid fish of the genus danio from upper burma . records of the indian museum , 1 , 395 .
systat software ( 2009 ) systat , version 13 . systat software , inc . , san jose .
tang , k . l . , agnew , m . k . , hirt , m . v . , sado , t . , schneider , l . m . , freyhof , j . , sulaiman , z . , swartz , e . , vidthayanon , c . , miya , m . , kaitoh , k . , simons , a . m . , wood , r . m . & mayden , r . l . ( 2010 ) systematics of the subfamily danioninae ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cyprinidae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 57 , 189–214 .


caloptilia pyrrhaspis is a moth of the gracillariidae family .

it is known from china ( sichuan ) , japan ( hokkaidō , honshū ) and the russian far east .

the wingspan is 11 – 12 mm .

the larvae feed on betula dahurica , betula ermanii , betula grossa and betula platyphylla .

they mine the leaves of their host plant .

caloptilia pyrrhaspis

confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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loxa is an insect genus in the large family of shield bugs .

it occurs primarily in central america and mexico , but is also found in texas , florida and south america .

while loxa is a genus of the tribe pentatomini , its species are similar in many respects to those in the chlorocorini , specifically the genera : chlorocoris spinola , chloropepla stål , mayrinia horvath and fecelia stål .

some species of loxa are minor crop pests , for example loxa deducta .

species include : loxa deducta walker , 1867 loxa flavicollis ( drury , 1773 ) loxa haematica ( herrich-schäffer , 1841 ) loxa peruviensis eger , 1978 loxa planiceps horváth , 1925 loxa virescens amyot & serville , 1843 loxa viridis ( palisot de beauvois , 1811 )

loxa

loxa beauty is a service for consumers , beauty professionals , and salons . consumers can join loxa beauty to receive exclusive hair and beauty content , special offers , personal product recommendations , and access to exclusive salon brands . beauty professionals who sign up as a loxa pro are able to create a professional listing , receive commissions on customer purchases , and access loxa beauty’s unique marketing platform .
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in spain , a peineta is a large decorative comb usually worn under a mantilla , or lace head covering .

the hair ornament , worn by women , consists of a convex body and a set of teeth that affix it to hair worn in a bun .

the peineta was once made of tortoise shell , but is now usually made of synthetic materials such as acrylic or plastic .

the origin of the peineta goes back to the 19th century in spain , but there is evidence of its use on the iberian peninsula as early as the 5th century bce and in other areas from the 17th century .

it is used today primarily during special occasions such as weddings , bullfights , holy week processions , and traditional performances of flamenco music .

the peineta is usually worn with a mantilla , a veil worn over the head and shoulders .

the mantilla is also a common element of some valencian and andalusian flamenco costumes .

in some countries , such as chile , it is known as peinetas a los peines , while in the philippines it is referred to as payneta , often much smaller than its iberian ancestor and may be bejewelled or made of gold .

peineta ( comb )

la peineta colorada ( the red comb ) ( nodust ) by fernando pic ? ; maria a . ord ? ? ez
are decorative hair combs traditionally worn under a mantilla , or lace veil . the peineta is also an important element worn by flamenco dancers by inserting the teeth of the peineta into their hair bun . the origin of the peineta goes back to the 19th century in spain .
a large and impressive spanish mantilla style hair comb in faux tortoiseshell with fuchsiaâ cabochon embellishment .
this sale is for a good and heavy quality spanish style hair comb with large fuchsia cabochons .
this manner of wearing this type of decorative comb is shown in the accompanying photograph in picture 5 .
this comb is of the type known as a spanish or mantilla comb because it resembles the traditional ornaments worn by spanish ladies with their native dress . in this tradition a beautiful lace scarf is draped over a high comb which was made of beautifully carved tortoiseshell . the use of the very tall spanish comb has a very long history of use throughout the 19th century and has never been out of fashion in spain . nowadays they are an essential part of the costume used in flamenco and other forms of spanish dance .
this is a very heavy quality comb made from celluloid faux tortoiseshell tines riveted to an antiqued metal filigree heading . it is done in an intricate openwork pattern with an attractive scalloped border . the design is set with a number of green ceramic cabochons with a very large one placed in the center .
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urltoken
by fernando pic ? ; maria a . ord ? ? ez | hc | good
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