the veraguan mango ( anthracothorax veraguensis ) is a species of hummingbird in the family trochilidae .

it was considered conspecific with the green-breasted mango ( anthracothorax prevostii ) but was separated due to morphological and geographical differences in 1995 .

veraguan mango

the veraguan mango has been part of the endangered species list since july 2006 .
similar to other mango species , particularly the veraguan mango and the black - throated mango . however , those species have not been seen in the aba north america region .
lampornis veraguensis ( veraguan mango ) - john gould and h . c . richter — google arts & culture
the veraguan mango ( anthracothorax veraguensis ) is a species of hummingbird in the trochilidae family . it is found in panama and recently in costa … | pinteres…
the veraguan mango ( anthracothorax veraguensis ) is a species of hummingbird in the trochilidae family . it is found in panama and recently in costa rica . [ 2 ] . . .
one such controversial bird is the veraguan mango , a small hummingbird species that was , until very recently , believed to be a panamanian endemic . and some loyal panamanian birders will tell you it still is !
panama used to be the only place in the world where you could find the veraguan mango . until now . in the last few years , birders in costa rica started noticing strange mango species in the golfito / puntarenas region of the country . the strange birds were identified as veraguan mangos and they have now officially been added to the costa rican national bird list . it is most likely that the species is not a recent newcomer to costa rica but rather that it has been previously overlooked or misidentified as the similar green - breasted mango .
hummingbirds can sometimes be a bit difficult to track down , especially those range restricted endemic hummingbirds that are also difficult to identify . we struggled and failed for two days to pick out a glow - throated hummingbird , so when it came time to look for the near - endemic veraguan mango we thought we had this one in the bag , especially considering how frequently the veraguan mango is reported . i say near - endemic because the veraguan mango has recently been reported in costa rica in the golfito and puntaarenas region whereas previously it was only known from panamá . we didn’t luck into this nifty bird in costa rica so we were intent on finding it in panamá !
the green - breasted mango looks very much like the colombian veraguan mango ; however , the veraquan has a blue median stripe down the breast - while the green - breasted ' s median stripe is black - this applies to both males and females . young veraguans have a
more blackish
stripe than their parents , making them difficult to differentiate from the green - breasted immatures .
before our team embarked on our quest for the veraguan mango , we met up with my good mate carlos bethancourt from canopy lodge in panama . carlos has a wealth of knowledge of the birds of this region and he escorted us around the lodge gardens to target some of the more common hummingbird species .
john gould and h . c . richter john gould british , 1804 - 1881 h . c . richter british ( ? ) , active 1841 - active c . 1881 lampornis veraguensis ( veraguan mango ) hand - colored lithograph gift of dr . and mrs . george benjamin green 1972 . 77 . 39 not on view
immature / female mango species . here you can see at least one green feather on the center stripe . all 4 photos in the series are of the same individual
in recent years , they appear to have expanded their territory to southwestern costa rica . steven and kevin easley of costa rica gateway where able to observed various individuals in a garden located in the port town of golfito located in the puntarenas province on the southern pacific coast of costa rica , near the border of panama . the veraguan mango was included in the 2009 national bird inventory by experts of the costa rican ornithological association .
you’re correct . until recently , the only known mango in the central pacific lowlands ( around panama’s dry arch ) were veraguan mangos… so i’m pretty sure most of them were id based only in range . personally i had seen few mangos in el chiru / juan hombron area ( supposed to be near the extreme eastern part of its usual range ) … thanks god most of them were adult males ! certainly i left several unidentified… i’ll add them to my ebird records .
previously considered a panamanian endemic , the veraguan mango is actually also found in costa rica . these medium - sized hummingbirds are still poorly known ecologically , but they inhabit vegetated pastures and stream edges , and forage on nectar in the lower and middle strata . they tend to be defensive around flowers in flowering trees . both males and females are bronzy green above with somewhat decurved bills . males have blue on the breast and central belly while females are white below with a teal stripe down the breast .
the veraguan mango is not a hard bird to find in panama – if you know where to look for it . the best place to find this localized species is in pacific dry forest close to the ocean . i suggested we head down to the beach to film a little segment on the beach itself . whilst walking down to the shoreline , carlos reminded me that remote panamanian beaches attract some very scantily clad members of the fairer sex . that was when i realized aderman , my videographer , was nowhere to be found . then i heard the screaming . i turned to see two beautiful copper - toned women running in our direction , clearly agitated . aderman emerged from the shrubbery , a big grin on his face . “i got the footage you were looking for – 2 pairs of veraguan mangos ! ! ” more grey hairs for yours truly .
on our third day of effort we finally came across a mango in a flowering tree right along the coast near juan hombrón . we spent well over an hour with this cooperative bird , trying to see the breast stripe in good light and took hundreds of photos . i swear every time i picked up my bins the breast stripe appeared to be a different color… wait , i think i see a hint of green , no never mind , it looks black , now it appears purplish… ah buggers which mango is it ? take a look at the photos and judge for yourself . there do appear to be one or two greenish feathers coming in , and it looks like the black stripe on the belly may not extend fully to the base of the bill , though the amount of pollen on the chin makes that hard to judge for certain . in any case , the heat started getting to us and we certainly could not determine what the hummingbird was so we left feeling dejected and headed to the next destination . our thoughts of an easy veraguan mango hadn’t panned out so well…
natural vocalization ; song from an adult male coming to flowering trees in a suburban neighborhood . the bird would sing mostly while perched , but the last couple of notes are in flight . the group of trees in the area attracted another adult male and a young male mango as well .
the black of the throat and chest of the male is much more extensive , approaching a . nigricollis [ black - throated mango ] , but female resembles that of prevostii in having central black stripe mixed with green and greater extent of white on lower face
( stiles 1999 ) .
when we got to the mango site i remember thinking we were going to seriously struggle to find this bird and even carlos had his reservations about finding it easily . but it could not have been easier . within ten minutes of reaching the dry forest we had easily located at least eight male birds , each displaying and defending its particular tree .
the green - breasted mango is a hummingbird of tropical america . they are normally found near the coasts of central and southern mexico , and in central america , but populations also occur in a few locations in northern south america . they were unknown in the united states until a bird was identified in south texas in 1988 . while still a very rare vagrant in the united states , they have been found a number of times since , mostly in south texas and a few in florida , but also with single sightings in north carolina , wisconsin , and georgia . a female green - breasted mango , has an obvious central stripe on light - colored underparts . males ( depicted in the drawing on the right ) have a brilliant green plumage on their underparts .
schuchmann , k . l . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . veraguas mango ( anthracothorax veraguensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
phylogenetic analysis of dna sequence data reveals that hummingbirds ( trochilidae ) constitute nine major clades , comprising the hermits , mangos , patagona , topazes , coquettes , brilliants , mountain - gems , bees , and emeralds ( mcguire et al . 2007 , 2009 ) . mangos ( anthracothorax ) belong to the mango clade , and are sister to eulampis . other genera in this clade include doryfera , schistes , colibri , androdon , heliactin , heliothryx , polytmus , and chrysolampis ; chrysolampis is basal to the anthracothorax - eulampis pair .
endemism is special . patriotic birders from every corner of the globe proudly declare the number of endemics of their home country or secretly lament the lack thereof . so when a bird – that was previously thought to be endemic to one country – is discovered in another , patriotic birders from the former country may not want to believe it . the same can be said of endemic basketball players and their patriotic fans . like when cleveland local lebron james showed up in miami and started playing basketball for the heat .
although the neotropical region supports fewer bird families than africa , there are considerably more bird species here than anywhere else on earth . this means that there are some astoundingly large families of birds in central and south america . the tanagers , antbirds , woodcreepers and hummingbirds , for example , are such massive families that it can be pretty daunting trying to get to grips with the sheer number of these birds in any one country . there are about 60 species of hummingbirds in panama alone , one of the region’s smallest countries .
thank goodness the bird - naming folks have given hummingbirds colorful and interesting names as this certainly helps to remember which species is which . no other family of birds has such an assortment of fanciful and hallucinogenic names : sylphs , sapphires , emeralds , coquettes , woodstars , fairies , sungems , plumeleteers and the list goes on an on . luckily , for the most part we can vouch for the impeccable characters of these early bird - naming folks . otherwise one could be forgiven for thinking they were all tripping on lsd .
so where does this leave panama ? unfortunately for panama it leaves the country with one less endemic , bringing the total number of endemics to 11 ( including the endemic escudo hummingbird found on escudo de veraguas island ) . but panama is probably better off than the cleveland cavaliers , whose chances of winning a nba title without lebron are pretty slim .
a life - long birder and native of south africa , james currie has many years experience in the birding and wildlife tourism arenas . james has led professional wildlife and birding tours for 15 years and his passion for birding and remote cultures has taken him to far corners of the earth from the amazon and australia to africa and madagascar . he is also an expert in the field of sustainable development and holds a bachelor’s degree in african languages and a masters degree in sustainable environmental management . from 2004 - 2007 james worked as the managing director of africa foundation , a non - profit organization that directs its efforts towards the uplifting of communities surrounding wildlife areas in africa . james is currently the host and owner of nikon ' s birding adventures tv and he resides in west palm beach , florida .
sounds like i need to go to panama to get that near endemic ! i have looked for it near the panamanian border in costa rica without success .
the ocurrence of this species in costa rica is not a surprise . this is not a exactly a forest species , so it has plenty of habitat to colonize to the west . panama used to have a humid lowland forest in the western pacific slope that literally isolated these open country species… but now it is mostly gone , so species like brown - throated parakeet , savannah hawk , rusty - margined flycatcher , etc . . , have found their way to costa rica . the question is if the reverse situation occurs ( we are still waiting the melodius blackbirds ! ) .
that’s another excellent post , james . i’m a big fan of your work and i find that you’re striking a good balance between content and form , despite the fact that you’re clearly donning a different style from , say , david attenborough . i heartily applaud your efforts to increase interest for the natural world as well as the attention you always give to conservation issues . since i’m totally in love with south - africa , i would be thrilled to see you post something about your home country , especially since i’m going there in july for work and for birding . many greetings , eildert
thanks so much eildert ! i will definitely be doing a series of posts on my patch . hope you have a great trip there in july !
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) , in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa . retrieved from neotropical birds online :
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the scientific name of this hummingbird
anthracothorax veraguensis
( reichenbach , 1855 ) was derived from the region the first specimen was found in , namely in the veragua province of panama .
they have historically only been found in panama in central america ; where they are resident in the pacific lowlands of western panama - from chiriqu east to southern coc , and along the caribbean slope in bocas del toro and the canal area . their natural habitats are the secondary and gallery forests in the tropical zone .
they average 105 mm or 4 . 1 inches in length ( not including the beak and the tail ) . their length ranges between 99 - 11 mm ( 3 . 9 - 4 . 4 inches ) . their wingspan is about 67 . 1 mm or 2 . 6 inches ; the tail about 36 . 5 mm or 1 . 4 inches . its beak is almost as long as its body .
the male ' s upper plumage ranges from metallic bronze , greenish bronze to bronze - green . his neck is frequently bluish colored .
the middle tail feathers are usually a coppery bronze . the other tail feathers are purplish maroon , glossed with violet - purple , margined terminally with purplish or bluish black . the wing feathers are brownish slate or dusky .
the face and throat are a brilliant metallic yellowish emerald green varying to more golden green .
the chest and median portion of the breast and belly are duller and more bluish green . the sides are metallic bronze to bronze green .
the bill is dull black ; the feet are dusky and the irises are brown .
the female has a similar upper plumage to the male . she has broad white stripes extending from her chin along sides of the throat and chest down to the vent . those white stripes are enclosing a metallic bluish green stripe , the feathers of which are dusky beneath the surface
the sides of the neck down to her sides are metallic bronze - green . her under tail feathers are light bronze - green narrowly tipped white . her outer tail feathers are also white tipped and crossed by a broad band of glossy blue - back ; the remaining portion is chestnut colored glossed with metallic purple .
hummingbirds are solitary in all aspects of life other than breeding ; and the male ' s only involvement in the reproductive process is the actual mating with the female . they neither live nor migrate in flocks ; and there is no pair bond for this species . males court females by flying in a u - shaped pattern in front of them . he will separate from the female immediately after copulation . one male may mate with several females . in all likelihood , the female will also mate with several males . the males do not participate in choosing the nest location , building the nest or raising the chicks .
the female is responsible for building the tiny cup - shaped nest out of plant fibers woven together and green moss on the outside for camouflage in a protected location in a shrub , bush or tree ( or as can be seen on the image to the right - they may take advantage of man - made structures ) . she lines the nest with soft plant fibers , animal hair and feather down , and strengthens the structure with spider webbing and other sticky material , giving it an elastic quality to allow it to stretch to double its size as the chicks grow and need more room . the nest is typically found on a low , skinny horizontal branch .
the average clutch consists of two white eggs , which she incubates alone for about 16 to 17 days , while the male defends his territory and the flowers he feeds on . the young are born blind , immobile and without any down .
the female alone protects and feeds the chicks with regurgitated food ( mostly partially - digested insects since nectar is an insufficient source of protein for the growing chicks ) . the female pushes the food down the chicks ' throats with her long bill directly into their stomachs .
as is the case with other hummingbird species , the chicks are brooded only the first week or two , and left alone even on cooler nights after about 12 days - probably due to the small nest size . the chicks leave the nest when they are about 24 days old .
their nests have been observed on trees that were beset with pseudomyrmex stinging ants . it is possible that these hummingbirds deliberately select such trees for nesting in order to deter predators .
they primarily feed on nectar taken from a variety of brightly colored , scented small flowers of trees , herbs , shrubs and epiphytes . they favor flowers with the highest sugar content ( often red - colored and tubular - shaped ) and seek out , and aggressively protect , those areas containing flowers with high energy nectar . their favorite nectar sources include the flowers of large trees , such as inga , erythrina , and ceiba or kapok .
they use their long , extendible , straw - like tongues to retrieve the nectar while hovering with their tails cocked upward as they are licking at the nectar up to 13 times per second . sometimes they may be seen hanging on the flower while feeding .
many native and cultivated plants on whose flowers these birds feed heavily rely on them for pollination . the mostly tubular - shaped flowers actually exclude most bees and butterflies from feeding on them and , subsequently , from pollinating the plants .
they may also visit local hummingbird feeders for some sugar water , or drink out of bird baths or water fountains where they will either hover and sip water as it runs over the edge ; or they will perch on the edge and drink - like all the other birds ; however , they only remain still for a short moment .
they also take some small spiders and insects - important sources of protein particularly needed during the breeding season to ensure the proper development of their young . insects are often caught in flight ( hawking ) ; snatched off leaves or branches , or are taken from spider webs . a nesting female can capture up to 2 , 000 insects a day .
males establish feeding territories , where they aggressively chase away other males as well as large insects - such as bumblebees and hawk moths - that want to feed in their territory . they use aerial flights and intimidating displays to defend their territories .
its call is described as a high - pitched tsup , and the song is a buzzing kazick - kazee - kazick - kazee - kazick - kazee - kazick - kazee .
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recent phylogenetic study based on plumage colour spectra indicates that this species and a . dominicus are sister to a clade formed by a . prevostii and a . nigricollis # r . often considered a race of a . prevostii . monotypic .
panama in pacific lowlands from chiriquí e to s coclé ; few records from caribbean side . also costa rica ( puntarenas province ) , where appears to have expanded its range # r .
11–12 cm ; 7·0 g . male has slightly decurved black bill ; upperparts metallic bronzy - green ; underparts shiny green , bluish on breast and centre of belly ; tail . . .
rather silent . song a repeated slightly buzzy phrase of c . 5 notes “tzee - tzee - tzetzetzee . . . . ” . call . . .
not globally threatened . cites ii . restricted - range species : present in south central american pacific slope eba . locally common . a poorly studied species ; extensive research . . .
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recent phylogenetic study based on plumage colour spectra suggests this genus is closest to eulampis # r .
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writer and nature artist , william lloyd baily published several books on flowers , birds and trees , but his most noteworthy achievement was this hand painted work on hummingbirds , which was never printed .
these four quarto sized volumes contain 58 pages of watercolors , each page measuring 34 x 27 cm . , with varying image sizes . each volume includes a dated title page and a contents page , handwritten in black ink , and each plate is followed by a hand written description . the watercolors are notable for the portrayal of the iridescence on the plumage of the hummingbirds , a technique invented by baily , accomplished by the use of gold and silver leaf . a relative , john collins , assisted baily in the artistic work ; three plates actually carrying the signature
j . collins
. some scientific and common names given by baily have been changed over time , and the correct names are noted .
cite as : collection 11 . william l . baily illustrations of hummingbirds . academy of natural sciences of philadelphia .
presented to the academy in 1946 through the auspices of w . l . baily of haverford , pa . , by the owners , samuel l . baily , jr . , william l . baily , carrie baily aaron , and alfred w . baily , who had inherited the volumes from their uncle , the artist .
finding aid created by mary hammer , 2002 ; digitizing by julie reich , 2003 .
this volume , dated 1855 , includes a page written by the books ' donors describing the volumes and giving a brief history of baily and the book . a letter by crawford h . greenewalt , dated april 30 , 1959 , has been tipped in , giving criticism of baily ' s book . following the hand written title page , contents page , and preface , is a photomechanical print of baily .
depicts the female in flight and the male perched on granadilla ( passiflora quadrangularis ) .
depicts the male and female feeding from mexican red sage ( salvia fulgens ) .
pacific r . r . survey
- - on item , lower middle .
dated 1855 . following a hand written contents page is a 14 page hand written essay by baily titled
haunts and habits of the humming birds .
depicts a perched bird feeding from redvein indian mallow ( abutilon striatum ) , and a bird in flight .
/ from the original of j gould , by wl baily and j collins .
depicts the male perched on a species of epidendrum , and the female in flight .
depicts the female perched and the male feeding from angel ' s trumpet ( brugmansia arborea ) .
depicts the female perched and the male feeding from an orchid ( lycaste skinnerii ) .
depicts the male perched on a limb , while the female feeds from a cactus flower .
depicts the male and female in flight around a stem of indian - shot ( canna discolor ) .
dated 1857 . includes a photomechanical print of john gould , followed by a hand written title page , a pasted note surmising the reason for the inclusion of gould ' s portrait , and a hand written contents page .
depicts the young male snowcap in flight and an adult male perched on a twig near a waterlily ( nymphia elegans ) .
depicts the male perched on a twig and the female feeding from amarylis intermedia .
depicts 2 males in flight and 2 females perched on branches of fuchsia splendens .
dated 1858 . includes handwritten title and contents pages , both of which appear to have been chewed by mice along the right margin , and both are missing some text . plates 12 - 14 do not have titles or include descriptions .
depicts the male and femal perched on an orchid plant ( cattlya aclandia ) .
depicts the male in flight and the female perched on a blade of grass .
depicts a male and female hummingbird perched on the vines of a purple flower . male figure with blue head and green body ; female figure with green body and green - spotted white crest .
common name : [ blue - tailed emerald or glittering - throated emerald ] .
depicts 2 green hummingbirds ; one feeding from a pink flower , the other perched on a bud .
on 29 march , visitors to the rain forest aerial tram were treated to the spectacle of an army ant swarm working the vicinity of the cemented bocaracá trail . in addition to observing the faithful ant followers—ocellated antbird ( phaenostictus mcleannani ) , bicolored antbird ( gymnopithys leucaspis ) , and spotted antbird ( hylophylax naevioides ) —viewers had the rare opportunity of seeing not one , but as many as three rufous - vented ground - cuckoos ( neomorphus geoffroyi ) that were attending the feast !
thanks to daniel torres for getting word out to local birders that same day . unfortunately , i wasn’t able to fit a visit into my schedule until 14 april , and by that time it had been nearly a week since anyone had encountered the ground - cuckoos . nonetheless , various other birders who were able to get over there within a day or so of the initial sightings did have success as the birds continued to forage with the marauding ants for several days in the general area of the tram boarding station . at one point , the ground - cuckoos were even visible from the restaurant / gift shop area !
i also heard from kevin easley that , in february , a visiting british birder got looks at a rufous - vented ground - cuckoo while birding the trails at albergue heliconias above bijagua de upala . this is the first report that i’m aware of for this species at the site , but agree with kevin that it’s not at all surprising , given both the habitat and the location .
during march and april we generally enjoy clear skies over most of costa rica , which is conducive to good possibilities for viewing soaring raptors . even though we did have some wet spells , especially on the caribbean side of the country , these past two months , numerous rare raptors were reported . of course , the fact that there are more visiting birders in the country at this time of year may also have helped .
“raptorfever” began in earnest in mid - march , when rafa campos sent out an e - mail with news of a pair of solitary eagles ( harpyhaliaetus solitarius ) that were building a nest about 500m from the lodge at bosque de paz . the opportunity to observe such a rare species generated a lot of excitement . however , within about a week , further observations revealed that the nest - building pair were actually great black - hawks ( buteogallus urubitinga ) .
this bit of confusion set the stage nicely for bill clark’s visit to cr in mid - april . author of several field guides to raptors , bill has been preparing an article dealing with the field identification of solitary eagle ( look for it to appear in the december issue of birding ) , and seeing this species was one of his primary objectives .
accompanied by jim zook , bill spent many hours at middle elevation vantage points in braulio carrillo np , above la virgen del socorro , in the vicinity of bajos del toro ( i . e . , near bosque de paz ) , and at the san ramón forest reserve . they had five different sightings of great black - hawk , but not a single solitary eagle .
another species that bill had not previously seen in the wild was barred hawk ( leucopternis princeps ) . seeing this proved easier than the eagle and jim wrote : “bill had his fill of barred hawk by the time we were done and was amazed to see how similar it looked from above to the illustration for solitary eagle in stiles and skutch ( he took some photos that really highlight this similarity ) , adding yet another species into the possible mix of [ erroneous ] solitary eagle reports . ”
bill freely shared his knowledge and readily shared his enthusiasm for raptors during his visit , and it was indeed a pleasure to make his acquaintance .
at midday on 02 april , i received a message from daryl loth saying , “i ' m sending some pictures you might find interesting . these were taken at about 8 : 45am in terrible lighting ( overcast , backlit ) by my clients with two different canon digital slr ' s with 300 and 400mm lenses . the bird was in a tree about 20 meters ahead of us at a height of 20 meters or so . it was perched in a tree on the south side of rio tortuguero about 75 meters south of the entrance to the caños .
“what do you make of it ? it was quite large . probably twice as massive as an osprey . ”
here is a composite of three of the images taken by bruce wise showing an adult pale morph crested eagle ( morphnus guianensis ) , both perched and in flight . note the black mask effect imparted by the dark lores , the single long crest feather on the bird in profile , and the unbarred wing linings on the bird in flight . i also showed the images to bill clark , who , after considering the possibility of a juvenile harpy eagle ( harpia harpyja ) , concurred with the id .
given the location of the sighting , i imagine that this is probably one of the same birds that has been reported in tortuguero by mariano cruz ( see the previous two gbns ) .
in early march , abraham gallo , of bosque del río tigre , was looking for cotingas near the bridge over the río rincón . he and his clients had walked a few hundred meters down the road past the restaurant on the corner ( where there’s a mangrove on one side of the road and a forested hillside on the other ) , when he looked up the slope and spotted a perched harpy eagle ! the way i heard the story , one of the clients “filmed” the bird with a video camera , only to later discover that there was no tape in the camera !
on 23 march , while accompanying bob quinn and a group of birders from new hampshire , we stopped in at el tapir ( just below braulio carrillo np on the highway to limón ) to check for hummingbirds—which were present in good diversity , with ten species sighted in 30 minutes . as we stood on the circular cement floor where the restaurant was to have been , bob noticed a pale raptor soaring in over the large clump of bamboo . it was a totally overcast morning and the light wasn’t great , but fortunately the bird wasn’t too high up . lots of things were wrong for a white hawk ( leucopternis albicollis ) , but then , as the black mask and long , barred tail added up in my mind , i realized : black - and - white hawk - eagle ( spizastur melanoleucus ) ! the bird slowly circled around three or four time as it drifted east and over the highway . on its final circle before disappearing behind a hill , it banked enough to show its black back and wings . cool !
a merlin ( falco columbarius ) was seen repeatedly this spring at rancho naturalista . while birding from the balcony with jim and nancy whitehead on the morning of 12 february , we had the bird fly by twice , giving quite nice looks on the second pass . then , late in the afternoon on 28 march , upon arriving at savegre mountain hotel , another merlin flew in and landed atop an oak tree behind the cabins . unfortunately , it was a private showing for another visiting guide , my driver , and myself , as the rest of my group was in the process of settling in to their rooms .
drivers seem to have been having good luck with raptors at savegre lately . on 14 february , “niño , ” who was driving for mark garland’s new jersey audubon group , found a pearl kite ( gampsonyx swainsonii ) in the camping / picnic area downstream from the lodge . as far as i know , neither marino nor melvin , the local guides at the hotel , ever saw the bird ; but apparently some other visiting guides and tourists saw it , as well as the nja group . this represents a much higher elevation ( 2100m ) for pearl kite in cr than any other previous sighting .
as of some time around mid - march , reports began circulating of several male slate - colored seedeaters ( sporophila schistacea ) singing in carara . it seems that most of the birds were spread along several hundred meters of the quebrada bonita , but there were also one or two singing from the forest edge near the entrance to the cement loop part of the universal trail . on 23 april , the birds were still singing regularly from their perches , as was confirmed independently by both julio sánchez and steven easley . i never heard anyone mention seeing females , but you’d think that with all that singing there ought to be some around .
pieter westra also sent word of seeing a male slate - colored seedeater , on 23 march , in the forest on the property of hotel villa lapas , upstream from the hotel .
jean jacques gozard informed me of a small flock of yellow - bellied seedeaters ( sporophila nigricollis ) that he saw on 01 february , just at the first curve going up the peninsula road by the arenal dam . i’d never heard any reports of this species so far north on the caribbean side of cr , but kevin easley said he once had some along lake arenal .
in late january , jan westra , of talari mountain lodge , left a message that he had seen two plain - colored tanagers ( tangara inornata ) on the grounds of the lodge . as i was just about to leave on a trip , i didn’t have time to return his call and question him about the sighting , which seemed rather improbable and , i assumed , might have been just a palm tanager ( thraupis palmarum ) seen in poor light . however , during that aforementioned trip , i ran into kevin easley on the oxbow lake trail at carara , and when he asked , “hey , richard , guess what i saw at talari the other day ? ” i was able to surprise him with the reply : “a plain - colored tanager . ” kevin admitted that he , too , was a bit dubious about the birds when jan told him , but sure enough , there they were !
this report now makes me wonder about a supposed sighting of plain - colored tanager at the wilson botanical garden back in early march 2004 . while visiting there with a group of birders , i was approached by two other birders , who were traveling on their own , and asked about the possibility of plain - colored tanager there . i told them that it was a species confined to the caribbean slope of cr and suggested that perhaps they had gotten a less - than - adequate view of a palm tanager . they felt sure that it wasn’t a palm tanager , but given the unlikeliness of plain - colored and the fact that neither i nor any of my group members saw the bird in the time we spent near the banana feeder , i just dismissed the sighting as an unresolvable mystery bird .
plain - colored tanager does occur on the pacific slope of panama , but normally much farther east of the border with cr . do any readers in panama know of this species spreading west towards cr ?
readers may recall my surprise at seeing three different black - cowled orioles ( icterus prosthemelas ) during the fila costera cbc on 03 january 2005 . well , now there’s a report of this caribbean slope species along the tarcoles river ! while doing the mangrove birding tour on 10 april with geoff and heather lightfoot , leni martin , and luis campos , my son leonardo spotted a black - cowled oriole feeding in a cecropia —near the spot where a pair of double - striped thick - knees ( burhinus bistriatus ) have been seen for several months now and , according to luis , recently nested . about a week later , luis called to say that he has seen a pair of the orioles on subsequent boat trips .
while visiting tortuguero on 06 march , rafa campos observed a brown noddy ( anous stolidus ) near the beach by the caribbean conservation corporation’s facilities . at dawn the following day , he saw several individuals of this species flying farther out from shore .
on 15 march , luis sandoval and gustavo flores saw a dark morph red - footed booby ( sula sula ) perched on one of the rocky islets around isla uvita , off the coast of the port of limón . the bird was with four brown boobies ( sula leucogaster ) and its red legs and feet were quite evident .
not much news of rare migrant sightings has reached me these last few months . in fact , the only “goodies” i have heard about are black - throated blue warbler ( dendroica caerulescens ) and nashville warbler ( vermivora ruficapilla ) .
on 03 february , daniel martínez wrote to inform us of sightings of at least two adult male black - throated blue warblers in kéköldi , near the field station used by the talamanca hawk watch observers . one or two birds were seen almost daily as of 21 january , with many observations of the birds in open areas , often feeding on fruits of quassia amara ( hombre grande ) and joined by olive - backed euphonias ( euphonia gouldi ) and red - capped manakins ( pipra mentalis ) . there were also sightings of birds forraging on the ground and giving a characteristic chip - chip .
the nashville warbler was seen and photographed in mid - march at the tirimibina forest reserve .
interestingly , they have not encountered mangrove hummingbird at either of their other two banding sites in mangroves at playa naranjo or estero iguanita .
somewhat similarly , john reports , “mangrove yellow warblers ( dendroica petechia erithachorides ) are scarce at estero naranjo and estero iguanita but common at estero tamarindo . we banded 14 this season , 18 the year before , and 22 in 2003 / 2004 . i haven’t summarized this season’s recapture data yet but i’m sure we re - captured at least 10 that we banded in previous years . they were just beginning to sing when we left . ” this local race of yellow warbler is “apparently absent from outer península de nicoya to n , ” according to the field guide . thanks to john and maureen’s work , we now know differently .
finally , john mentioned , “we have seen and heard gray - necked wood - rails ( aramides cajanea ) and rufous - necked wood - rails ( aramides axillaris ) at all three mangrove swamps . ” the latter species is mostly known from mangroves , but again the field guide gives its local distribution as “mangroves around the golfo de nicoya . ”
in a recent telephone conversation with kevin easley , he told me of his exploits at the el tigre field ( a . k . a . pinnated bittern ( botaurus pinnatus ) site ) during a birdseekers trip that he was leading in late march . the main gate to the field now has a chain and padlock on it , so the group was standing along the edge of the fence , peering in to the field . at one point , steve bird thought he saw a least bittern ( ixobrychus exilis ) make a short flight before dropping back down into the grass . this was during one of the rainy spells on the caribbean side of cr and the field was nearly flooded , but kevin had his rubber boots on and decided to go in after the bittern .
after tromping around without flushing the bittern , or anything else , but thoroughly waterlogged , kevin began walking back to the fence . he hadn’t gone far when a small rail flushed in front of him , giving a brief , but sufficient , view : a yellow - breasted crake ( porzana flaviventer ) ! signaling to the rest of the group to get their attention , kevin then proceeded to flush the bird two more times . on one of those short flights , the bird flew across in front of kevin , allowing him a great look at the bird from the side .


hesperopsis libya , the mojave sootywing , mohave sootywing , great basin sootywing or lena sooty wing , is a butterfly of the hesperiidae family .

it is found in north america from eastern oregon east to montana and south to southern california , arizona , and north-western mexico including baja california .

the wingspan is 22 – 32 mm .

the upperside is dark brown with two rows of small white spots on the forewings .

the underside of the hindwings is light to dark brown with a pale grey overlay and some white spots .

adults are on wing from july to august in one generation per year in north dakota and montana .

in colorado , there are two generations with adults on wing from june to august while adult are on wing from march to october in multiple generations in california .

adults feed on flower nectar .

the larvae feed on the leaves of atriplex canescens .

they live in nests of leaves tied together with silk .

hesperopsis libya

hesperopsis libya joaquina j . emmel , t . emmel and mattoon in t . emmel , 1998 ( tsn 707453 )
mojave sootywing ( hesperopsis libya confertiblanca ) caterpillars will often partially aestivate at fourth and fifth instars making the open terrarium technique of rearing somewhat problematic . a practical alternative is to simply place larvae on a larger bush , and then sleeve the branch of saltbush ( atriplex confertifolia ) .
fringes are white and not checkered . upperside is dark brown with 2 rows of small white spots on the forewing ; hindwing may have some white spots . underside of hindwing is light to dark brown with a pale gray overlay and few to many white spots .
to find receptive females , males patrol around the host plants in the morning . females lay eggs singly on leaves of the host plants . caterpillars feed on leaves and live in nests of leaves tied together with silk .
one brood in north dakota and montana from july - august ; two broods in colorado from june - august ; several broods in southern california from march - october .
eastern oregon east to montana ; south to southern california , arizona , baja california , and northwestern mainland mexico .
g5 - demonstrably secure globally , though it may be quite rare in parts of its range , especially at the periphery .
photographs are the copyrighted property of each photographer listed . contact individual photographers for permission to use for any purpose .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
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emmel , thomas c . , editor . 1998 . systematics of western north american butterflies . mariposa press , gainesville , florida . 878 pp .
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distribution data for u . s . states and canadian provinces is known to be incomplete or has not been reviewed for this taxon .
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zoological data developed by natureserve and its network of natural heritage programs ( see local programs ) and other contributors and cooperators ( see sources ) .
pelham , j . p . 2008 . a catalogue of the butterflies of the united states and canada with a complete bibliography of the descriptive and systematic literature . the journal of research on the lepidoptera . volume 40 . 658 pp .
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the insular single leaf bat or lesser antillean long-tongued bat ( monophyllus plethodon ) is a species of bat in the family phyllostomidae .

it is found on the lesser antilles , on anguilla , antigua and barbuda , barbados , dominica , guadeloupe , martinique , montserrat , saint lucia , and saint vincent and the grenadines .

puerto rican long-nosed bat , monophyllus plethodon prater , is an extinct subspecies of insular single leaf bat from puerto rico .

insular single leaf bat

a young / baby of a insular single leaf bat is called a ' pup ' . a insular single leaf bat group is called a ' colony or cloud ' .
very little is understood about the social and reproductive behaviour of the insular single leaf bat ( 2 ) . females are known to give birth to single young
insular single leaf bat or monophyllus plethodon is listed on the iucn red list ( 1996 ) as lower risk / near threatened .
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very little is understood about the social and reproductive behaviour of the insular single leaf bat ( 2 ) . females are known to give birth to single young , and pregnant individuals have been observed in january , march , april and july ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the insular single leaf bat is found in puerto rico and the lesser antilles ( 2 ) , on the islands of anguilla , antigua , barbuda , barbados , dominica , st . lucia , guadeloupe , martinique , montserrat , and st . vincent and the grenadines ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
the insular single leaf bat is found in puerto rico and the lesser antilles ( 2 ) , on the islands of anguilla , antigua , barbuda , barbados , dominica , st . lucia , guadeloupe , martinique , montserrat , and st . vincent and the grenadines ( 1 ) ( 3 ) .
subgenus dermanura : andersen ' s fruit - eating bat ( a . anderseni )
very little is understood about the social and reproductive behaviour of the insular single leaf bat ( 2 ) . females are known to give birth to single young , and pregnant individuals have been observed in january , march , april and july ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . these nocturnal bats primarily feed on nectar , acting as pollinating agents in the process , but they also eat small fruits , with piper plants being distinctly favoured ( piper spp . ) . the species has also been seen catching insects , and may rely heavily on insects during periods of drought when flowers and small fruits are sparse ( 2 ) .
which they sometimes share with other bat species ( 2 ) . more > > species found in a similar habitatgarcinia ( garcinia travancorica ) acanthosyris ( acanthosyris asipapote ) tree frog ( bokermannohyla izecksohni )
specimens have been collected from a variety of habitats , including moist wooded ravines , dense rainforest and fruit plantations ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . these bats roost in caves , which they sometimes share with other bat species ( 2 ) .
specimens have been collected from a variety of habitats , including moist wooded ravines , dense rainforest and fruit plantations ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . these bats roost in caves , which they sometimes share with other bat species ( 2 ) .
this brown to pale - buff coloured bat ( 3 ) has a small heart - shaped noseleaf and a very long snout and tongue ( 2 ) . the species belongs to the glossophagine subfamily , which all have small bristles at the end of their tongues that help them to lap up nectar from the depths of flowers . this taxon also has a series of bristle - like whiskers that surround the end of their muzzle , which are particularly sensitive and help the bat to correctly position its snout within flowers when drinking ( 2 ) .
this brown to pale - buff coloured bat ( 3 ) has a small heart - shaped noseleaf and a very long snout and tongue ( 2 ) . the species belongs to the glossophagine subfamily , which all have small bristles at the end of their tongues that help them to lap up nectar from the depths of flowers . this taxon also has a series of bristle - like whiskers that surround the end of their muzzle , which are particularly sensitive and help the bat to correctly position its snout within flowers when drinking ( 2 ) .
these nocturnal bats primarily feed on nectar , acting as pollinating agents in the process , but they also eat small fruits , with piper plants being distinctly favoured ( piper spp . ) . the species has also been seen catching insects , and may rely heavily on insects during periods of drought when flowers and small fruits are sparse ( 2 ) .
classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
homan , j . a . and knox jones , j . ( 1975 ) monophyllus plethodon . mammalian species , 58 : 1 - 2 .
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banks , r . c . , r . w . mcdiarmid , and a . l . gardner
checklist of vertebrates of the united states , the u . s . territories , and canada
the mammals of north america , vols . i and ii , 2nd ed .
simmons , nancy b . / wilson , don e . , and deeann m . reeder , eds .
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
with contributions by bernadette n . graham , adam p . potter , and mariana m . upmeyer
comments : includes luciae and frater ; see schwartz and jones ( 1967 ) , hall ( 1981 ) , and timm and genoways ( 2003 ) . see homan and jones ( 1975b )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
dense rainforest and fruit plantations ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . these bats roost in caves
head - and - body length : 60 - 70 mmwingspan : c . 300 mm
april and july ( 2 ) ( 3 ) . these nocturnal bats primarily feed on nectar
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
this species is known from lesser antilles from anguilla to st . vincent and barbados . there are fossils records from puerto rico ( simmons , 2005 ) . it is known from sea level to 550 m ( schwartz and jones , 1967 ) . it is not found in puerto rico ( rodriguez - herrera pers . comm . ) .
this species has been collected in a variety of situations . the area where it occurs was described as a steep and wooded ravine near sugar cane fields ; also it was trapped in banana groves , across a trail that separated wood - lands from a theobroma grove , and in dense rainforest . it roosts in caves . females taken on dominica between march and april were gravid ( homan and jones , 1975 ) .
medelln , r . ( chiroptera red list authority ) & schipper , j . ( global mammal assessment team )
listed as least concern because its presumed large population , and because its habitat is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category .
classified as lower risk / near threatened ( lr / nt ) on the iucn red list 2006 ( 1 ) .
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