myrmarachne melanotarsa , the dark-footed ant-spider , is an african jumping spider found around lake victoria in africa .

like other spiders in the genus myrmarachne , these spiders mimic ants , in this case , ants of the crematogaster genus .

however , they are unusual in that they exhibit some form of social behavior , forming clusters of silk nests on fig and other trees .

hundreds of these spiders , of both sexes and of all ages , can be found in such communal nests , but most nests have between 10 and 50 spiders .

the crematogaster ants which they mimic are often found in the nests with the spiders , along with other species of jumping spider .

some predators ( including larger jumping spiders ) eat jumping spiders but are averse to attacking ants , as ants aggressively defend themselves .

m. melanotarsa takes advantage of this aversion by mimicking the ants .

spiders of the genera menemerus and pseudicius have been shown to flee , leaving their eggs behind , when in the presence of groups of m. melanotarsa .

m. melanotarsa is known to eat the eggs of such spiders .

however , individuals or small groups of m. melanotarsa may be attacked and eaten by these predators who fear large groups .

myrmarachne melanotarsa

myrmarachne melanotarsa wesolowska & salm , 2002 : 410 , f . 1 - 16 ( d m f ) .
. . . myrmarachne melanotarsa belongs to a minority of species ( the ' communal salticids ' ) that live in individually occupied nests connected to each other by silk . myrmarachne melanotarsa ' s nests are often embedded within those of other communal salticids ( jackson et al . 2008 ) . two of these species , menemerus sp . . . .
. . . myrmarachne melanotarsa belongs to a minority of species ( communal salticids ) that live in individually occupied nests connected to each other by silk . m . melanotarsa ' s nests are often embedded within those of other communal salticids ( jackson et al . , 2008 ) , that avoid proximity either with m . melanotarsa or its model , crematogaster sp . ( nelson and jackson , 2009a ) . . . .
a new species of myrmarachne from kenya . genus , wroclaw 13 ( 3 ) : 409 - 415
. . . some myrmecomorphic species , namely myrmarachne melanotarsa wesolowska et salm , which lives in close proximity to crematogaster ants , fed on the honey - dew produced by coccids tended by ants ( jackson et al . , 2008 ) . several species of myrmarachne were seen to feed on ant pupae on rare occasions ( jackson , 1986 ; jackson et al . , 2008 ) . . . .
. . . myrmarachne melanotarsa , one of the species living in nest complexes , closely resembles an unidentified species of crematogaster ( wesolowska and salm , 2002 ) that is very common in the same habitat and this mimicry protects them from ant - averse predators ( nelson and jackson , 2009a ) . crematogaster typically moves from place to place in columns , with m . melanotarsa often joining the marching ants , arriving at sources of honeydew and then feeding alongside the ants ( jackson et al . , 2008 ) . myrmarachne melanotarsa also feeds on the eggs and small juveniles of the non - myrmecomorphic salticids in nest complexes and does so using ' collective mimicry ' ( nelson and jackson , 2009a ) . . . .
. . . ( nelson and jackson , 2009a ) . m . melanotarsa often raids the nests of these ant - averse communal salticids to prey on their eggs and recently hatched juveniles ( jackson et al . , 2008 ) . resembling ants functions as a predatory ploy for m . melanotarsa , as females of the communal salticids are significantly more likely to abandon their broods in the presence of m . melanotarsa or crematogaster than in the presence of other heterospecific non - ant - like communal salticids ( nelson and jackson , 2009b ) . . . .
. . . the trophic niche of accurate ant - mimics can also include only ants , as in strophius and aphantochilus ( oliveira & sazima , 1985 ) , or other tiny invertebrates but not ant workers , as in myrmarachne ( edmunds , 1978 ) . some myrmecomorphic species , namely myrmarachne melanotarsa wesolowska et salm , which lives in close proximity to crematogaster ants , fed on the honey - dew produced by coccids tended by ants ( jackson et al . , 2008 ) . several species of myrmarachne were seen to feed on ant pupae on rare occasions ( jackson , 1986 ; jackson et al . , 2008 ) . . . .
the animal world is full of harmless liars , who mimic species more dangerous than themselves in order to avoid the attention of predators . but none do it quite like the dark - footed ant - spider myrmarachne melanotarsa . as its name suggests , this small species of jumping spider , discovered just nine years ago , impersonates ants . in itself , that’s nothing…
. . . it shares these nest complexes with various other salticids , but especially with species from the genera menemerus and pseudicius ( jackson , 1986 ) . often these nest complexes are built next to the egg sacs of hersilia caudata audouin , 1827 , a common hersiliid spider on tree trunks , and the juveniles of h . caudata were common prey for m . melanotarsa in the field ( jackson et al . , 2008 ) . myrmarachne melanotarsa is a small salticid ( adult body length c . 3 mm ) and crematogaster sp . is of a similar size . . . .
. . . ' araneophagy ' , or preferentially preying on spiders , is not uncommon among salticids , but m . melanotarsa has the distinction of being the only known example of a myrmecomorphic salticid that is also araneophagic ( nelson & jackson in press b ) . myrmarachne melanotarsa ' s strategy is to raid nests ( cocoon - like silk shelters ) for the eggs and ' post - embryos ' ( recently hatched juveniles that remain in the nest , have limited mobility and do not feed ) of ant - averse non - myrmecomorphic salticids ( jackson et al . 2008 ) . . . .
many predators are averse to attacking ants and many palatable arthropods are batesian mimics of ants . we considered whether aggregating batesian mimics of ants can become more repelling to ant - averse predators by , as a group , resembling groups of ants ( collective mimicry ) . myrmarachne melanotarsa is a gregarious ant - like jumping spider ( salticidae ) that resembles and associates with the ant . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . however , myrmecomorphic spiders , particularly those in the salticid genus myrmarachne , often live in high concentrations within a given area . for example , myrmarachne melanotarsa wesolowska and salm lives in aggregated groups in which their silken nest complexes are in close association with nests of their model ant , crematogaster sp . [ 24 ] . since ants live in often very large colonies , it has been hypothesized that aggregations of myrmecomorphs are an example of
collective mimicry
in which the myrmecomorphic spiders are , by living in aggregated groups , mimicking the colonial aspects of the models . . . .
jumping spiders ( salticidae ) are known for their elaborate vision - based display behaviour , and a sizeable minority of the species in this large family resemble ants . the display repertoire of two antlike salticid species from the philippines is investigated . myrmarachne assimilis is a specialist ant mimic , closely matching the appearance of the weaver ant oecophylla smaragdina . myrmarachne . . . [ show full abstract ]
wesolowska , w . & salm , k . ( 2002 ) . a new species of myrmarachne from kenya ( araneae : salticidae ) . genus 13 : 409 - 415 . - - show included taxa
jumping spiders ( salticidae ) usually avoid ants , but some species within this family single out ants as preferred prey , while others ( especially the species in the genus myrmarachne ) are batesian mimics of ants . field records show that ant - eating salticids sometimes prey on myrmarachne , suggesting that the unwanted attention of predators that specialize on the model may be an important , but . . . [ show full abstract ]
. . . nelson & jackson ( 2009 ) describe an interesting case of aggressive use of batesian mimicry by an ant - like jumping spider ( salticidae ) myrmarachne melanotarsa wesolowska & salm . this myrmecomorphic salticid preys on eggs and juveniles of non - myrmecomorphic and ant - averse salticids ( jackson et al . 2008 ; nelson & jackson 2009 ) . visually - oriented salticid spiders have been shown to avoid ants which often prey on them ( nelson & jackson 2006a or b ) . . . .
. . . and pseudicius spp . ( fig . 1 ; jackson et al . , 2008 ) . the earlier baseline study ( jackson et al . , 2008 ) suggested the hypothesis we consider here that m . melanotarsa makes distinct prey - choice decisions , with spiders being preferred prey . . . .
source : w esolowska w . , k . salm 2002 . a new species of myrmarachne from kenya ( araneae : salticidae ) . genus , wroclaw , 13 ( 3 ) : 409 - 415 , figs 1 - 16 . courtesy of the authors ' and the editor .
. . . however , there is now considerable evidence that the ant - like appearance of myrmarachne and other myrmecomorphic salticids functions as batesian mimicry ( mciver & stonedahl , 1993 ; cushing , 1997 ; nelson & jackson , 2006b , c ) . the prey - choice behaviour of myrmecomorphic salticids has not been a subject of detailed experimental studies in the past , but an earlier baseline study suggested that araneophagy , not myrmecophagy , might be pronounced in m . melanotarsa , as spiders dominated the prey records of this species in the field and it preyed readily on spiders in the laboratory ( jackson , nelson & salm , 2008 ) . the model of this east african salticid is crematogaster sp . . . .
. . . batesian mimics might be expected to live near their models , so as to increase the efficacy of the mimic ' s protection from predators that are averse to the model ( edmunds , 2000 ; pfennig et al . , 2001 pfennig et al . , , 2007 ) . indeed , some species of myrmarachne , such as m . assimilis , m . melanotarsa , and m . hanoi , are observed routinely in the close company of the model ants ( nelson et al . , 2004 ; jackson et al . , 2008 ; yamasaki & ahmad , 2013 ) . however , the occurrence pattern of mimicking - spiders and its relationship with sympatric ant - occurrences has yet to be evaluated based on quantitative field research . . . .
myrmarachne assimilis , an ant - like jumping spider ( araneae , salticidae ) from the philippines and a batesian mimic of oecophylla smaragdina , the asian weaver ant , aggregates on leaves in the company of its model . all stages in this species ' lifecycle are sometimes found in nest complexes ( nests connected to each other by silk ) . although aggregating and forming nest complexes is known for a few . . . [ show full abstract ]
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. . . new niches . while additional benefits of ant mimicry beyond batesian protection have been suggested for spiders , these are typically associated with potential advantages of living in close proximity to ants [ 59 ] , rather than changes linked to locomotor behaviour . given the broad functional role of locomotion—finding prey and mates , mediating exposure to predators and in the context of mimicry acting as a cue that influences observer decision - making—selection for one aspect may influence others . . . .
. . . specialized leaf tips ) that also serve as the ants ' primary food [ 6 ] . no other spiders are known to express a comparable level of herbivory , but many spiders are now known to supplement a primarily predatory diet with plant products , including pollen789101112 , honeydew13 14 15 and especially nectar taken from flowers or extra - floral nectaries ( efns ) 16171819202122 . for two non - salticid spiders [ 23 , 24 ] , cheiracanthium mildei ( miturgidae ) and hibana velox ( anyphaenidae ) , experiments have shown that nectarivory , when combined with feeding as a predator , improves survival , growth and fecundity . . . .
. . . this behavioral mimicry includes erratic movement , much more akin to the movement of ants than the movement of spiders , and lifting the first or second pair of legs when moving through the environment as an antennal illusion [ 22 ] . myrmecomorphic salticid spiders also hunt their prey by lunging at and sometimes tapping the prey rather than by leaping on it as is common in most nonmimetic salticids [ 11 , 2223 24 . in other words , these spiders maintain their resemblance to ants even when hunting . . . .
. . . since ants live in often very large colonies , it has been hypothesized that aggregations of myrmecomorphs are an example of
collective mimicry
in which the myrmecomorphic spiders are , by living in aggregated groups , mimicking the colonial aspects of the models . groups of mimics may be perceived by predators as more aversive than single individuals found in the habitat [ 24 , 29 ] . a counter to this hypothesis is that the mimic may therefore outnumber the model in small areas of the habitat , making it more likely that predators will psyche 3 sample and learn the patterns of the palatable mimics and making batesian mimicry less effective [ 34 ] . . . .
. . . what are the costs of close association with ants ? myrmecomorphic spiders are rarely attacked by their models ( jackson et al . , 2008 ) . we have witnessed only one attack on m . sociabilis by its model . . . .
. . . our field site and laboratory were in western kenya ( thomas odhiambo campus of the international center of insect physiology and ecology ) . all spiders were from laboratory cultures ( f2 generation , standard spider - laboratory procedures adopted , see jackson et al . 2008 ) . insects were field - collected as needed . . . .
complex display behaviour during the intraspecific interactions of myrmecomorphic jumping spiders ( a . . .
specialized prey selection behavior of two east african assassin bugs , scipinnia repax and nagusta s . . .
the prey choice behavior and predatory strategies of two east african assassin bugs , scipinnia repax ( stäl 1961 ) and nagusta sp . ( hemiptera : reduviidae ) , were investigated in the field and the laboratory . both of these species are from the subfamily harpactorinae and specialize in eating spiders . they prey especially often on social jumping spiders ( salticidae ) that build nest complexes ( nests . . . [ show full abstract ]
lsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 038269 ]
as external resources , the world spider catalog links here to species pages of other databases . they may contain further information for the given species . the databases , listed as external resources , however , are not managed by world spider catalog and the information given there is not necessarily in agreement with the world spider catalog . all responsibility for such data is with the external database .
prószyński , j . ( 2016 ) . monograph of salticidae ( araneae ) of the world 1995 - 2015 . part ii . global species database of salticidae ( araneae ) . version may 5th , 2016 , online at urltoken .
social species living in colonies of nest complexes covered by a common sheet of web , containing up to 100 specimens ( read also paper of jackson , in preparation now ) . see also color photograph
see other species of the tristis group [ 24 species ] m . bamakoi m . collarti m . confusus m . eidmanni m . elongata m . evidens m . foenisex m . giltayi m . hesperia m . ichneumon m . lawrencei m . lulengana m . lulengensis m . marshalli m . marshalli m . militaris m . mussungue m . naro m . natalica m . richardsi m . rufisquei m . tristis from israel m . tristis from saudi arabia m . tristis by wanless
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .


powelliphanta spedeni , known as one of the amber snails , is a species of large , carnivorous land snail , a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family rhytididae .

powelliphanta spedeni

the holotype of powelliphanta spedeni spedeni . the holotype is the standard against which to measure similarities between related species as well as differences that may lead to recognition of new species .
powelliphanta spedeni spedeni . a spedens land snail , brown in colour . interior has had cotton wool inserted . situated in a cardboard box with a white label with black printed text that reads
p . spedeni spedeni ( powell , 1932 ) / dome , mataura range , southland , / 3000ft
.
the holotype of powelliphanta spedeni lateumbilicata . the holotype is the standard against which to measure similarities between related species as well as differences that may lead to recognition of new species .
. 5–7 . —pa yphanta ( powelliphanta ) hochstetteri ( pfeiffer ) . subgenotype . x 1 .
eggs of new zealand ' s species are generally deposited in leaf mould . eggs are usually laid from late october to early december , with exception in some species as powelliphanta spedeni in march . [ 4 ]
powelliphanta will include all new zealand species previously included in paryphanta except the type of that genus , p . busbyi ( gray , 1840 ) which is confined to the north auckland peninsula .
the new zealand genera include delos , delouagapia , paryphanta , powelliphanta , rhytida , wainuia and schizoglossa . these , however , probably do not form a monophyletic group , as indicated by their differences in their size , shape and radular morphology . [ 3 ]
meads , m . j . , walker , k . j . , elliott , g . p . 1984 : status , conservation , and management of the land snails of the genus powelliphanta ( mollusca : pulmonata ) , new zealand journal of zoology , 11 ( 3 ) ( p . 298 )
p . busbyi ( pi . 5 ) has a very thick coating of conchin , as well as an inner limy shell , and specimens are not infrequently found in north auckland pleistocene dune deposits which have weathered down to a strong , limy shell even when all the conchin has gone . all other new zealand paryphantas have a flexible shell composed chiefly of conchin with a much reduced limy layer , so that they generally collapse soon after death . powelliphanta is known in a sub - fossil condition only in limestone caves where replacement of conchin by lime has apparently occurred . empty , “dead” shells of some species of powelliphanta , which are mostly conchin with practically no inner limy shell , such as gagei , fletcheri , rossiana and spedeni , are sometimes so collapsed and distorted when found that they appear worthless as specimens . they can usually be restored , however , by soaking in very hot water , but on no account must they be lifted out until the water is absolutely cold . in most cases , if this is done , it will be found that the shape has been brought back without any alteration in colour . on no account must any of the other coloured species be treated in this way , otherwise the colour will be spoilt .
paryphanta eggs are all large in relation to the size of the shell and animal , but the most remarkable case is that of p . spedeni , a snail which reaches a maximum size of 40 mm . and produces an egg up to the amazing size of 11 . 5 mm . , or . 2875 of its parent ' s major shell dimension—truly this species is the “kiwi” of the family . shape of the eggs is seldom constant ; most are oval , and in one species , unicolorata , they occasionally are completely round .
it may be noted that the eggs are not as easily procured as some people imagine . their finding entails a lot of hard work in searching amongst leaf mould , or , as an alternative , they may be obtained by shutting up live captive snails in damp moss in the hope that they will lay . although the latter method is uncertain , it is the way by which most of the specimens have been obtained . if the captives do not lay in a few days , or at the most , in say a fortnight , it is practically certain that no eggs will be obtained from them , and the collector often shuts up snails to no purpose . in odd cases , where laying has occurred after some time in captivity , the eggs are generally not normal , owing no doubt to uncongenial conditions . the usual laying period is late october , november , and early december , but in one case—i . e . , spedeni , new - laid eggs have been taken in march .
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urltoken
notes on the eggs of new zealand paryphantidae , with description of a new subgenus .
[ read before wellington branch , october 26 , 1944 ; received by the editor , october 26 , 1944 ; issued separately , june , 1945 . ]
, and , in the process , have acquired quite a good range of their eggs . of the latter , most have not previously been described , and as they are of interest , i have compiled a list of measurements and other data concerning the eggs of the various species and subspecies available .
the eggs are generally deposited in leaf mould . as i have not obtained many in natural conditions , there are few records of the numbers usually laid together . mrs . i . worthy informs me that she has found eggs of paryphanta busbyi at kaeo in nests of 3 , 5 , 8 and 10 . rhytida eggs are found in larger numbers , viz : r . dunniœ 8 , 9 , 15 , 17 , 19 ( mrs . worthy ) ; r . greenwoodi 9 , 14 , 22 , 25 , 26 ; r . patula , 3 to 9 ; schizoglossa : 4 , 9 , 14 , but generally about 9 . wainui : unfortunately i omitted to take an exact count of those i found , but mr . r . a . prouse , of levin , has found them in nests of 4 , 5 , 9 and 13 .
[ the section below cannot be correctly rendered as it contains complex formatting . see the image of the page for a more accurate rendering . ]
without cuticle ( pi . 5 ; fig . 4 ) . all other new zealand paryphanta species have eggs with a glossy membranous cuticle ( pi . 6 , fig . 8 ) , which , when the egg is new laid , is always of a pale buff colour , but which after preservation very seldom keeps its colour . they are very hard to preserve , especially when not treated . the best method of treatment is to puncture a small hole in the side , place in methylated spirits for , say 24 hours , then dry out slowly in a cool place . never dry out quickly , or in a hot room , as the percentage of breakages then would be very high . even when treated as above , quite a number will break . after treatment the eggs alter in colour to brown or palish green .
eggs found in leaf mould , which are not known to be freshly laid , are nearly always either dark brown or badly stained , an effect possibly due to development of the embryo , and to contact with the leaf mould .
the difference in egg structure between paryphanta busbyi and the more southern members of the genus is paralleled by differences in shell shape , structure and colour . in his first paper on the family , powell ( 1930 , p . 32 ) stated : —
“the species of paryphanta in new zealand are covered by two groups , occupying two distinct areas of distribution separated by a gap of about 300 miles . the northern area is represented by p . busbyi , a shell having a uniformly dark greenish - black coating of conchin , while the southern area is represented by seven distinct species and three sub - species , all differing from the northern busbyi in being variously coloured and banded . ”
the number of species and sub - species , of course , has been much added to since the above was written .
the australian and tasmanian species of paryphanta ( i . e . , victaphanta and melavitrina , ( iredale , 1933 ) agree with paryphanta busbyi in shell colour , in radula characters , and it is likely that they have the same type of egg , while in new zealand , the genus wainuia has comparable shell colouration . it would appear that the production of limy eggs without cuticle , and the possession of a uniformly dark coloured conchin coating to the shell are primitive features shared by wainuia , p . busbyi and the australian species [ v . atramentaria ( shuttleworth , 1853 ) , v . compacta ( cox and hedley , 1912 ) , m . milligani ( pfeiffer , 1854 ) ] , and that the variously complicated colour patterns , and cuticled eggs of the hochstetteri—lignaria—gilliesi series are specialised characters . to give taxonomic recognition to these differences , which are accompanied by anatomical differences ( murdoch , 1904 ) , the two groups may therefore be separated sub - generically .
alternating and contrasting colours . more important is the paucity of lime compared with conchin in the shell .
distribution : north island of new zealand , in and south of the ruahine range ( possibly once as far north as east cape ) and south island .
type : helix hochstetteri pfeiffer , mal . bl . , viii , 146 , 1862 ( see pi . 6 , figs . 5–8 ) .
( for list , see powell , 1938 , pp . 140 , 141 . )
the sub - genus is named in recognition of the great service rendered to the study of the family by mr a . w . b . powell .
the writer is indebted to mr . j . t . salmon for the fine photographic illustrations accompanying this paper , and to the various collectors who have generously provided material as acknowledged in the table .
—— 1938 . the paryphantidae of new zealand no . iv . rec . auck . mus . , vol . ii , no . 3 , pp . 133–150 .
. 1–3 . —paryphanta ( paryphanta ) busbys ( gray ) . genotype . x 1 .
transactions of the royal society of new zealand , vol . 75 , part i , pp . 57–64 , 2 text figs .
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
the symbols k . a . c . f . m . an . are used to indicate the geographical range of the species . they have been adopted to give an approxomation of the range of each species within new zealand .
powell , a . w . b . 1979 : new zealand mollusca : marine , land and freshwater shells , collins , auckland ( p . 341 )
note : localities are approximate , and represent only some of the known localities for the species .
please do not reproduce without permission from puke ariki . contact images @ urltoken for more information . order images online here .
this subspecies is found at mataura range , southland , south island . it is one of the large land carnivorous snails that eats earthworms . they are endemic to new zealand . little is known about the species and their population status but they are susceptible to habitat loss and predation .
can you help us ? click ‘add comment’ to share names , details and stories to help enrich the collection .
readers were quick to point out the omission from the picture of the feldwick gates on october 12 , namely the feldwick gates . there are inquiries about :
the secret bar under the criterion building in don st , the first stretched car , current gliding records and the builders of the feldwick gates . are there any additional photos relating to construction and demolition of the radio masts at awarua , wartime trenches , odd aircraft , cable - laying across foveaux strait , the possum fur industry , activities in the waihopai river and estuary shipping and boating activities and the arras tunnels in france ? .
* one of the remotest parts of southland is the easternmost limit of the province along the south catlins coast . in contrast to the fiordland coast in the west , the east coast is sheltered from the full force of storms and its softer rock has been rounded and worn into rolling hills , wave - cut platforms and smooth cliffs . native bush clothes reserve land , maori land and steep gullies , and sheep graze on pasture that was formerly a rata and kamahi forest that stretched from fortrose to nugget point .
the photo shows spectacular scenery viewed from the brothers point north of waikawa harbour .
* the first divorce case in southland may have been the one recorded in the southland times of july 10 , 1884 .
this will be the first case of the kind heard in invercargill , a fact that speaks well for the marital relations existing in this part of the colony .
the petitioner was bootmaker carl klüglein , the respondent annie klüglein and co - respondent frank martin . the klügleins had parted company some years before when annie took to drinking . she moved to a
house of ill repute
and seems to have been caught
in flagrante delicto
with martin .
* southland ' s largest gold nugget was discovered in july 1888 .
great excitement prevailed in riverton yesterday morning , when it became known that mr henry ward had arrived from the longwood with a nugget of gold weighing 36oz 5dwt . 16grs ( 1 . 5kg ) . it is of an irregular shape , flat , about 2½ inches long by 2 inches broad , and ¾ inches thick . it is the largest one yet found in this district .
the largest nugget in new zealand was found in 1909 at ross . it weighed 3 . 09 kg and was named the
honourable roddy
after the minister of mines , roderick mckenzie . the nugget was new zealand ' s coronation gift to king george v . it was later melted down to make a tea service . the world ' s largest nugget is the 71kg ' welcome stranger ' nugget found in victoria in 1869 .
encyclo . co . uk , online since 2007 , is a search engine for english meanings and definitions . the website aims to publish all wordlists , big and small , on the internet , making it much easier to find the word you need . follow us on facebook
kanieriensis , conicodrilus , n . gen . , n . sp . , 24 .
opisthorchis , telogaster , n . gen . , n . sp . , 218 .
perichaetialis , bryodixonia , n . gen . , n . sp . , 177 .
telogaster opisthorchis , n . gen . , n . sp . , 218 .
vapour pressures , solutions of pot . chloride , sod . chloride . 203 .
in this family , the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 35 ( according to the values in this table ) . [ 1 ]
this family of land snails has a range which extends from south africa to new guinea , some of the higher south pacific islands , new zealand [ 2 ] and australia .
barker g . m . ( 2001 ) . gastropods on land : phylogeny , diversity and adaptive morphology . in barker g . m . ( ed . ) : the biology of terrestrial molluscs . cabi publishing , oxon , uk , 2001 , isbn 0 - 85199 - 318 - 4 . 1 - 146 , cited pages : 139 and 142 .
powell a . w . b . ( 1979 ) . new zealand mollusca . william collins publishers ltd , auckland , isbn 0 - 00 - 216906 - 1
o ' connor a . c . ( june 1945 ) .
notes on the eggs of new zealand paryphantidae , with description of a new subgenus
. transactions of the royal society of new zealand 75 ( 1945 - 46 ) : 54 - 57 .
climo f . m . ( 1977 )
a new higher classification of new zealand rhytididae ( mollusca : pulmonata )
. journal of the royal society of new zealand 7 : 59–65 .
parkinson p . g . ( 1979 ) a consideration of the systematics of the new zealand rhytididae ( mollusca : pulmonata ) with a repudiation of the nonsensical ‘ring species’ speculation lately indulged in by dr . climo . auckland , pettifogging press . 22 p .
powell a . w . b . ( 1930 )
the paryphantidae of new zealand : their hypothetical ancestry , with descriptions of new species and a new genus
. records of the auckland institute and museum 1 : 17–56 .
powell a . w . b . ( 1938 )
the paryphantidae of new zealand no . iv
. records of the auckland institute and museum ii ( 3 ) : 133–150 .
powell a . w . b . ( 1946 )
the paryphantidae of new zealand . v . further new species of paryphanta , wainuia , and rhytida
. records of the auckland institute and museum 3 : 99–134 .
smith b . j . 1998 . family rhytididae . in : beesley p . l . , ross g . j . b . & wells a . ed . mollusca : the southern synthesis . fauna of australia . vol . 5 . melbourne , csiro publishing . pp . 1091–1093 .
spencera h . g . , brook f . j . & kenned m . ( march 2006 )
phylogeography of kauri snails and their allies from northland , new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : rhytididae : paryphantinae )
. molecular phylogenetics and evolution 38 ( 3 ) : 835 - 842 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . ympev . 2005 . 10 . 015
te punga m . t . ( 1953 )
the paryphantidae and a cook strait land bridge
. new zealand journal of science and technology 35 : 51–63 .
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note : many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite , within the wikipedia article ! this article doesn ' t yet , but we ' re working on it ! see more info or our list of citable articles .
varies from 26 to 35 ( according to the values in this table ) .
^ barker g . m . : gastropods on land : phylogeny , diversity and adaptive morphology . in barker g . m . ( ed . ) : the biology of terrestrial molluscs . cabi publishing , oxon , uk , 2001 , isbn 0 - 85199 - 318 - 4 . 1 - 146 , cited pages : 139 and 142 .
^ powell a . w . b . 1979 . new zealand mollusca . william collins publishers ltd , auckland , isbn 0 - 00 - 216906 - 1
^ o ' connor a . c . ( june ) 1945 . notes on the eggs of new zealand paryphantidae , with description of a new subgenus . transactions of the royal society of new zealand , volume 75 , 1945 - 46 , pages 54 - 57 .
2006 : phylogeography of kauri snails and their allies from northland , new zealand ( mollusca : gastropoda : rhytididae : paryphantinae ) .


argyresthia calliphanes is a moth of the family yponomeutidae .

it is found in canada from ontario to british columbia and possibly in alberta , saskatchewan and manitoba .

in the united states , it ranges from new york to california .

the wingspan is 13 – 14 mm .

the forewings are shining snow-white with shining golden markings , partially edged with coppery .

the hindwings are grey , but darker posteriorly .

adults are on wing from june to august .

the larvae feed on alnus species .

argyresthia calliphanes

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lepidoptera of new york and neighboring states . primitive forms , microlepidoptera , pyraloids , bombyces .
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hodges , r . w . et al . , eds . 1983 . check list of the lepidoptera of america north of mexico . e . w . classey limited and the wedge entomological research foundation , london . 284 pp .
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poole , r . w . , and p . gentili ( eds . ) . 1996 . nomina insecta nearctica : a checklist of the insects of north america . volume 3 ( diptera , lepidoptera , siphonaptera ) . entomological information services , rockville , md .
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dichomeris cyprophanes is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1918 .

it is found in south africa ( kwazulu-natal ) .

the wingspan is 14-15 mm .

the forewings are deep blue-purple , towards the apex and termen becoming bright coppery .

there is a faint oblique coppery strigula on the costa at three-fourths .

the hindwings are grey .

dichomeris cyprophanes

vad betyder dichomeris ? här finner du 2 definitioner av dichomeris . du kan även lägga till betydelsen av dichomeris själv
dichomeris är ett släkte av fjärilar som beskrevs av hübner 1818 . dichomeris ingår i familjen stävmalar .
dichomeris fuliginella ( costa , 1836 ) , described as rhinosia fuliginella from italy .
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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[ south africa , mpumalanga ] , barberton ; [ gauteng ] , pretoria , i and iv , leg . a . j . t . janse .
meyrick e . 1913b . descriptions of south african micro - lepidoptera . iv - annals of the transvaal museum 3 ( 4 ) : 267–336 .
janse a . j . t . 1950 . the moths of south africa . v . gelechiadae . - — 5 ( 2 ) : 61–172 , pls . 33–88 .
hübner , 1818 from southern africa and kenya , with description of seven new species ( lepidoptera , gelechiidae , dichomeridinae ) .
hübner , 1818 , with descriptions of three new species ( lepidoptera : gelechiidae ) .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 8 / 3 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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underlying maps using digital map data © norfolk online lepidoptera archive - nola™ 2018 . © james wheeler - n o r f o l k m o t h s 2007 - 2018 . data © nola™ 2018


the kampira falls frog , yaeyama harpist frog , or harpist brown frog ( rana okinavana ) is a species in the true frog family ( ranidae ) .

it is a mid-sized , stout brown frog , with a distinctive suprabrachial gland and a fold of skin running from the shoulders to the hips .

the latter features unite it with other species of rana , which may belong into babina or nidirana , if these are considered valid .

its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland , swamps , freshwater marshes , and canals and ditches .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

kampira falls frog

have a fact about kampira falls frog ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
have a definition for kampira falls frog ? write it here to share it with the entire community .
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - kampira falls frog facts
( online ) . accessed
kampira falls frog ( frank and ramus , 1995 , compl . guide scient . common names amph . rept . world : 109 [ as rana psaltes ] ) .
the harpist brown frog ( also known as kampira falls frog or yaeyama harpist frog ) was formerly known as
r . psaltes
; it was subsequently identified as the long - known
r . okinavana
.
endemic amphibians include the sword - tail newt , anderson ' s crocodile newt ,
hyla hallowellii
, holst ' s frog , otton frog , ishikawa ' s frog , the ryukyu tip - nosed frog , namiye ' s frog , and the kampira falls frog .
ryukyu brown frog - the kampira falls frog , yaeyama harpist frog or harpist brown frog is a species in the true frog family . until recently known as rana psaltes , it is found on ishigaki and iriomote in the yaeyama islands of japan , as well as on taiwan .
facts summary : the kampira falls frog ( babina psaltes ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
amphibians
and found in the following area ( s ) : china , japan , taiwan . this species is also known by the following name ( s ) : rana psaltes , yaeyama harpist frog .
babina psaltes ( kuramoto , 1985 ) hylarana psaltes ( kuramoto , 1985 ) nidirana psaltes ( kuramoto , 1985 ) ( but see text ) the kampira falls frog , yaeyama harpist frog or harpist brown frog ( rana okinavana ) is a species in the true frog family ( ranidae ) . until recently known as rana psaltes , it is found on ishigaki and iriomote in the yaeyama islands of j . . .
rana psaltes kuramoto , 1985 , herpetologica , 41 : 150 . holotype : fue 80320 , by original designation . type locality :
near the kampira falls ( urauchi river , 24°21′ n , 123°49′ e ) , iriomote island
, ryukyu islands , japan . synonymy by matsui , 2007 , zool . sci . , tokyo , 24 : 199 - 204 .
karpathos frog - the karpathos frog is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to greece .
cretan frog - the cretan frog is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to greece .
mindoro tree frog - the mindoro tree frog is a species of frog in the rhacophoridae family . it is endemic to the philippines .
albanian water frog - the albanian water frog is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is found in albania and montenegro .
common mist frog - the common mist frog , litoria rheocola , is a species of tree frog native to north - eastern queensland , australia .
armoured frog - the armoured frog , litoria lorica , is a species of tree frog that is in the torrent frog complex , a group that is restricted to north - eastern queensland , australia .
ishikawa ' s frog - ishikawa ' s frog , odorrana ishikawae , is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to japan .
giant ditch frog - the giant ditch frog is terrestrial and nocturnal . the adults are 16 cm long .
namiye ' s frog - the namiye ' s frog , limnonectes namiyei , is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to japan .
amami tip - nosed frog - the amami tip - nosed frog , odorrana amamiensis , is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to japan .
ryukyu tip - nosed frog - the ryukyu tip - nosed frog , odorrana narina , is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to japan .
rana sauteri - john ' s groove - toed frog is a frog species in the true frog family . it is found in china , laos , thailand , and vietnam .
sierra nevada yellow - legged frog - this species is very similar in appearance to the mountain yellow - legged frog .
brown new zealand frog - hamilton ' s frog is a new zealand primitive frog , one of only four belonging to the ancient family leiopelmatidae . it is named after harold hamilton .
indirana diplosticta - indirana diplosticta sometimes called the spotted leaping frog is a species of frog endemic to the western ghats of india .
mountain frog - the mountain frog or red and yellow mountain frog is a species of frog in the limnodynastidae family . it is endemic to australia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
panamanian golden frog - although known as a frog , the golden frog , despite being smooth - skinned and frog - like in appearance , is classified as a
true toad
. like other frogs and toads , the golden frog is capable of secreting poison to help protect themselves from predators . in the case of the golden frog , this is a water - soluble neurotoxin called zetekitoxin .
lehmann ' s poison frog , red - banded poison frog - the lehmann ' s poison frog or red - banded poison frog is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is endemic to colombia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
platymantis hazelae - the hazel ' s forest frog is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to the philippines .
torrent tree frog - the australian waterfall frog or torrent treefrog is a species of tree frog native to far north queensland , australia . the common name of
waterfall frog
is indicative of its habitat of moist , rocky streams , and is often found along waterfalls within its range .
pyrenean frog - the pyrenean frog or pyrenees frog is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is found in france and spain . its local name in the latter country is rana pirenaica . its natural habitats are rivers and intermittent rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
mcdonald’s frog - the mcdonald ' s frog is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to australia . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
yellow bromeliad frog - the yellow bromeliad frog is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to jamaica . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
hogsback frog - this frog was initially discovered and described in 1919 by dr . rattray in the hogsback mountain region of the eastern cape , south africa .
golfodulcean poison frog - the golfodulcean poison frog is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is endemic to costa rica . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
oxapampa poison frog - the oxapampa poison frog or rana venenosa is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is endemic to peru . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
neglected frog - the neglected frog is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to australia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
mountain - top nursery - frog - the mountain - top nursery - frog is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to australia . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
green bromeliad frog - the green bromeliad frog is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to jamaica . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and heavily degraded former forest . it is threatened by habitat loss .
phantasmal poison frog - phantasmal poison frogs have one of the strongest toxins of frogs .
jamaican snoring frog - the jamaican snoring frog is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to jamaica . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
corroboree frog - ' corroboree ' is an indigenous australian word for a gathering or meeting where traditionally the attendees paint themselves with yellow markings similar to those of this frog .
northern corroboree frog - ' corroboree ' is an indigenous australian word for a gathering or meeting where traditionally the attendees paint themselves with yellow markings similar to those of this frog .
sphagnum frog - the sphagnum frog is a species of frog in the limnodynastidae family . it is endemic to australia . its natural habitats are subtropical moist upland forests , subtropical moist montane forests , and streams . it is threatened by climate change pathogens and habitat loss .
hyalinobatrachium pellucidum - hyalinobatrachium pellucidum , also known as the glass frog or see - through frog is a species of frog in the centrolenidae family . the frog is named for its skin which is translucent to the point that internal organs and surfaces immediately behind the frog can be seen . it is endemic to ecuador . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist mountains and rivers . it is threatened mostly by habitat loss , although conservation programs have begun to help save this interesting creature . this frog is about the size of a fingernail .
ramanella mormorata - ramanella mormorata is a species of narrow - mouthed frog found in india .
loveridge’s frog - the loveridge ' s frog is a species of frog in the limnodynastidae family . it is endemic to australia . its natural habitats are subtropical moist upland forests , subtropical cool moist montaneforests , and streams . it is threatened by habitat lossand by infection of the amphibian chitrid fungus .
pickersgill ' s reed frog - the pickersgill ' s reed frog is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is endemic to south africa . its natural habitats are temperate shrubland , temperate grassland , swamps , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marches . it is threatened by habitat loss .
long - toed tree frog - the long - toed tree frog is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is found in south africa and possibly lesotho . its natural habitats are temperate grassland , swamps , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marches . it is threatened by habitat loss .
somuncura frog - the somuncura frog or rana de somuncura is a species of frog in the leiuperidae family . it is monotypic within the genus somuncuria . until recently it belonged to the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to argentina . its natural habitat is geothermal wetlands . it is threatened by habitat loss .
micro frog - the micro frog is a species of frog in the petropedetidae family . it is monotypic within the genus microbatrachella . it is endemic to south africa . its natural habitats are mediterranean - type shrubby vegetation , swamps , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marches . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor omiltemanus - the gunthers robber frog is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
golden poison frog - p . terribilis can reach a size of 5 cm in adulthood . the adults are brightly colored , without dark spots . the frog ' s color pattern is aposematic . the frog has tiny adhesive disks in its toes which aid climbing of plants . it also has a bone plate in the lower jaw , which gives the frog the appearance of having teeth , a distinctive feature not observed in the other species of phyllobates . the frog is normally diurnal . phyllobates terribilis occurs in three different color varieties or morphs :
usambara blue - bellied frog - the usambara blue - bellied frog is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to tanzania . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , subtropical or tropical moist montanes , heavily degraded former forest , and introduced vegetation . it is threatened by habitat loss .
hyloxalus azureiventris - the sky - blue poison frog is a species of poison dart frog , native to the southern andes in south america . because of its unique dna it is the sole species within the cryptophyllobates genus .
knysna banana frog - the knysna banana frog is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is endemic to south africa . its natural habitats are temperate forests , mediterranean - type shrubby vegetation , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marches , arable land , water storage areas , and ponds . it is threatened by habitat loss . the knysna banana frog is creamy and yellow color with lateral brown stripes . the females have a smooth texture .
blue - sided treefrog - the blue - sided leaf frog is often found in tropical rainforests in costa rica .
puyo giant glass frog - centrolene puyoense is a species of frog in the centrolenidae family . it is endemic to ecuador . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
miles ' robber frog - craugastor milesi is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to honduras . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
fejervarya nicobariensis - the nicobar cricket - frog thrives in swampy , grassy , shrubby , and wooded areas as well as disturbed environments such as towns , ditches , and logging roads . the frog currently has a stable population .
glandirana minima - glandirana minima is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to china .
nyctibatrachus beddomii - nyctibatrachus beddomii is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to india .
nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris - nyctibatrachus sanctipalustris is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to india .
odorrana kuangwuensis - odorrana kuangwuensis is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to china .
odorrana supranarina - odorrana supranarina is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to japan .
odorrana utsunomiyaorum - odorrana utsunomiyaorum is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to japan .
odorrana wuchuanensis - odorrana wuchuanensis is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to china .
pelophylax tenggerensis - pelophylax tenggerensis is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is endemic to china .
philautus ponmudi - philautus ponmudi is a species of frog in the rhacophoridae family . it is endemic to india .
philautus sanctisilvaticus - philautus sanctisilvaticus is a species of frog in the rhacophoridae family . it is endemic to india .
rhacophorus calcadensis - rhacophorus calcadensis is a species of frog in the rhacophoridae family . it is endemic to india .
goliath frog - the goliath frog can live up to 15 years . goliath frogs eat largely crabs , but will also eat insects and smaller frogs . these frogs have acute hearing but no vocal sac , and additionally lack nuptial pads .
philautus schmarda - philautus schmarda is a species of frog in the rhacophoridae family . it is endemic to sri lanka .
chile darwin ' s frog - this species of frog exhibits a highly unusual form of parental care in that the tadpoles spend part of their life developing in the vocal sac of their father , where they ' hitch a ride ' to a pool of water in their father ' s vocal sac where they complete their development from the tadpole to the frog form .
mt . data forest frog - its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
chapa bug - eyed frog - its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
holst ' s frog - its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
skunk frog - unlike the related poison dart frogs , this species is fully aquatic and much larger - - 62 millimetres in length .
fejervarya sahyadris - fejervarya sahyadris is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it was initially placed in a monotypic genus minervarya .
taurus frog - the long - legged wood frog , caucasus frog , uludağ frog is a species of frog in the ranidae family . it is found in armenia , azerbaijan , georgia , iran , russia , turkey , and turkmenistan . its natural habitats are boreal forests , temperate forests , temperate shrubland , subtropical or tropical dry shrubland , temperate grassland , rivers , intermittent rivers , swamps , freshwater lakes , intermittent freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marches , freshwater springs , rocky areas , arable land , pastureland , plantations , rural gardens , urban areas , water storage areas , ponds , and introduced vegetation . it is not considered threatened by the iucn .
bloody bay poison frog - it is endemic to trinidad and tobago . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers .
venezuelan yellow frog - the venezuelan yellow frog or sapito arlequin de la carbonera is a species of toad in the bufonidae family . it is endemic to venezuela . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes , rivers , and intermittent rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor lineatus - craugastor lineatus is a critically endangered amphibian also known as the montane robber frog . it is native to parts of south america .
harpist brown frog ( lue , tu , and hsiang , 1999 , atlas taiwan amph . rept . : 80 [ as rana psaltes ] ) .
ryukyu music frog ( lyu , zeng , wang , lin , liu , and wang , 2017 , amphibia - reptilia , 38 : 494 ) .
craugastor andi - craugastor andi is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to costa rica . its natural habitat is rivers .
negros forest frog - its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
panay forest frog - its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
broadley’s ridged frog - its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes , moist savanna , and rocky areas . it is threatened by habitat loss .
white - bellied frog - g . alba is very similar in appearance to geocrinia vitellina ; having spots of dark brown on a light brown or grey back and a snout - vent length of 17–24 mm . the underparts , however , are white . it is part of the geocrinia rosea frog complex .
mottled frog - the mottled coquí is a species of coquí , a small variety of frog endemic to the main island of puerto rico and its archipelago . known as coquí de eneida in puerto rico , this amphibian is mainly terrestrial . its average adult size is from one to 1 3 / 16 inches .
hewitt ' s ghost frog - its natural habitats are mediterranean - type shrubby vegetation , temperate grassland , and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
rose’s ghost frog - its natural habitats are temperate forests , mediterranean - type shrubby vegetation , rivers , and caves . it is threatened by habitat loss .
cooloola sedgefrog - the cooloola sedgefrog or cooloola tree frog is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to australia . its natural habitats are swamps , freshwater lakes , intermittent freshwater lakes , freshwater marshes , intermittent freshwater marches , and coastal freshwater lagoons . it is threatened by habitat loss .
green and gold frog - the growling grass frog is a very large ground - dwelling tree frog up to 10 cm from snout to vent . it is a mottled bright green and bronze colour above , often with dark brown enameled bumps . it has a pale cream underside , with a faint cobbling pattern . there is a pale stripe running from the side of the head down the flanks as a skin fold . the thighs are blue - green in colour .
lake oku clawed frog - the lake oku clawed frog lives exclusively in lake oku , which is a very small lake , located in central cameroon . there is a high chance that a fish species will be introduced to this mountain lake , and that would affect the numbers of the critically endangered amphibian greatly .
tamá harlequin frog - the tamá harlequin frog or sapito arlequin de tama is a species of toad in the bufonidae family . it is found in colombia and venezuela . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high - altitude shrubland , subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland , rivers , and swamps . it is threatened by habitat loss .
mountain yellow - legged frog - r . muscosa is a small frog species . its lower abdomen and the underside of its hind legs are yellow or orange . it has a yellowish or reddish color on its dorsum , with black or brown spots or blotches . juveniles have less color under their legs . when handled , it smells like garlic .
painted burrowing frog - the painted burrowing frog is a small , roundish , brightly coloured species with a distinctive white , red , green and black pattern on the back . the skin of the back is very smooth , but the skin of the grey belly is a little bit rough . the ears are inconspicuous , but the eyes are prominent .
mannophryne neblina - mannophryne neblina is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is endemic to venezuela . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers .
telmatobius necopinus - telmatobius necopinus is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to peru . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers .
phrynobatrachus pakenhami - phrynobatrachus pakenhami is a frog species in the true frog subfamily petropedetinae . this is sometimes treated as an independent family petropedetidae , in which case the genus phrynobatrachus is occasionally placed in a distinct family phrynobatrachidae . despite the uncertainties surrounding its systematics , the taxonomy of p . pakenhami remains unchanged since this species was first described almost 70 years ago .
craugastor cruzi - craugastor cruzi is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to honduras . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and intermittent rivers .
craugastor merendonensis - craugastor merendonensis is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to honduras . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers .
telmatobius hypselocephalus - telmatobius hypselocephalus is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to argentina . its natural habitat is rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
telmatobius laticeps - telmatobius laticeps is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to argentina . its natural habitat is rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
telmatobius platycephalus - telmatobius platycephalus is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to argentina . its natural habitat is rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
telmatobius schreiteri - telmatobius schreiteri is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to argentina . its natural habitat is rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
telmatobius scrocchii - telmatobius scrocchii is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to argentina . its natural habitat is rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
telmatobufo bullocki - telmatobufo bullocki is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to chile . its natural habitat is rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
rancho grande harlequin frog - for years , this species was considered extinct because despite considerable effort , none had been found since 1986 . however , in 2003 a small population was found .
polillo forest frog - its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests , subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , and subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
telmatobius mayoloi - telmatobius mayoloi is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to peru . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland and rivers .
booroolong frog - this frog reaches about 45 mm in length . it is normally grey , olive or brown with pale spots or mottling , normally slightly warty in appearance , the flanks are grey . it is cream on the ventral surface . the back of the thighs are pale yellow a few darker spots . there is a faint stripe that runs from the nostril to above the tympanum , this stripe is pale and thin in contrast to the closely related stoney creek frog , litoria wilcoxi and lesueur ' s frog litoria lesueurii and can be used to distinguish between the species . the typanum is darker in colour . the armpit is also pale yellow . the toe discs are relatively well developed but only of a moderate size . the toes are nearly fully webbed .
babina subaspera - the otton frog , babina subaspera , is a species of frog in the family ranidae . it is endemic to the islands of amami ōshima and kakeromajima in the ryukyu islands , japan . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests , freshwater marshes , and intermittent freshwater marches . it is threatened by habitat loss through deforestation , and predation by introduced mongooses .
beautiful nursery - frog - these frogs are grey on their backs with pale or orange patches . the belly is usually white , yellow or brown . their size is usually around 25 mm .
craugastor angelicus - the rana de hojarasca is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to costa rica . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers .
hyloscirtus charazani - hyloscirtus charazani is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is found in bolivia and possibly peru . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and rivers .
telmatobius atacamensis - telmatobius atacamensis is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to argentina . its natural habitats are rivers and swamps . it is threatened by habitat loss .
telmatobius pisanoi - telmatobius pisanoi is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to argentina . its natural habitats are rivers and swamps . it is threatened by habitat loss .
alsodes tumultuosus - alsodes tumultuosus is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to chile . its natural habitats are temperate grassland and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
alsodes vanzolinii - alsodes vanzolinii is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to chile . its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
green mantella - the green mantella is a small frog . males are 22 - 25 mm , females 25 - 30 mm . the species is common in the pet trade as a vivarium species .
plectrohyla cembra - plectrohyla cembra is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
telmatobius pefauri - telmatobius pefauri is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is found in chile and possibly peru . its natural habitat is rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
telmatobius zapahuirensis - telmatobius zapahuirensis is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is found in chile and possibly peru . its natural habitat is rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
anodonthyla rouxae - anodonthyla rouxae is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to madagascar . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
callulina kisiwamsitu - callulina kisiwamsitu is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to tanzania . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
cophyla berara - cophyla berara is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to madagascar . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor glaucus - craugastor glaucus is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor guerreroensis - craugastor guerreroensis is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor polymniae - craugastor polymniae is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor saltuarius - craugastor saltuarius is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to honduras . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor silvicola - craugastor silvicola is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor spatulatus - craugastor spatulatus is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor uno - craugastor uno is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
dendropsophus amicorum - dendropsophus amicorum is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to venezuela . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
ecnomiohyla minera - ecnomiohyla minera is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to guatemala . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
eleutherodactylus thorectes - eleutherodactylus thorectes is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to haiti . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
gastrotheca bufona - gastrotheca bufona is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to colombia . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
gastrotheca lauzuricae - gastrotheca lauzuricae is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to bolivia . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
gastrotheca splendens - gastrotheca splendens is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to bolivia . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
gastrotheca zeugocystis - gastrotheca zeugocystis is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to peru . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
oreophryne monticola - oreophryne monticola is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to indonesia . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
phrynopus juninensis - phrynopus juninensis is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to peru . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
phrynopus kauneorum - phrynopus kauneorum is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to peru . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
platypelis alticola - platypelis alticola is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to madagascar . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
stumpffia helenae - stumpffia helenae is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to madagascar . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
telmatobius truebae - telmatobius truebae is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to peru . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes , rivers , and canals and ditches .
ameerega ingeri - epipedobates ingeri is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is endemic to colombia . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
cave squeaker - the cave squeaker is a species of frog in the arthroleptidae family . it is found in zimbabwe and possibly mozambique . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland and caves .
batrachophrynus brachydactylus - batrachophrynus brachydactylus is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to peru . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high - altitude grassland , rivers , and freshwater lakes .
callulops kopsteini - callulops kopsteini is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to indonesia . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor tabasarae - craugastor tabasarae is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to panama . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
eleutherodactylus dixoni - eleutherodactylus dixoni is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
eleutherodactylus luteolus - eleutherodactylus luteolus is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to jamaica . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
eleutherodactylus orientalis - eleutherodactylus orientalis is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to cuba . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
eupsophus contulmoensis - eupsophus contulmoensis is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to chile . its natural habitats are temperate forests and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
eupsophus insularis - eupsophus insularis is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to chile . its natural habitats are temperate forests and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
eupsophus migueli - eupsophus migueli is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to chile . its natural habitats are temperate forests and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
eupsophus nahuelbutensis - eupsophus nahuelbutensis is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to chile . its natural habitats are temperate forests and intermittent freshwater marshes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
platypelis milloti - platypelis milloti is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to madagascar . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests . it is threatened by habitat loss .
ramanella palmata - ramanella palmata is a species of frog in the microhylidae family . it is endemic to sri lanka . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
telmatobufo venustus - telmatobufo venustus is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is found in chile and argentina . its natural habitats are temperate forests and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
astylosternus perreti - perret ' s night frog or astylosternus perreti is a species of frog in the arthroleptidae family . it is endemic to cameroon . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes , rivers , and heavily degraded former forest . it is threatened by habitat loss . it is also known to be one of only three species of african frogs to have claws , used on demand , when it feels threatened .
alsodes montanus - alsodes montanus is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is found in chile and possibly argentina . its natural habitats are temperate shrubland and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
cardioglossa alsco - cardioglossa alsco is a species of frog in the arthroleptidae family . it is endemic to cameroon . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
centrolene azulae - centrolene azulae is a species of frog in the centrolenidae family . it is endemic to peru . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
centrolene fernandoi - centrolene fernandoi is a species of frog in the centrolenidae family . it is endemic to peru . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
centrolene gemmatum - centrolene gemmatum is a species of frog in the centrolenidae family . it is endemic to ecuador . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
centrolene petrophilum - centrolene petrophilum is a species of frog in the centrolenidae family . it is endemic to colombia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
charadrahyla trux - charadrahyla trux is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor anciano - craugastor anciano is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to honduras . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor inachus - craugastor inachus is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to guatemala . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor stadelmani - craugastor stadelmani is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to honduras . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
craugastor stuarti - craugastor stuarti is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is found in guatemala and mexico . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes . it is threatened by habitat loss .
cryptobatrachus boulengeri - cryptobatrachus boulengeri is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to colombia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
cryptobatrachus nicefori - cryptobatrachus nicefori is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to colombia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
ecnomiohyla echinata - ecnomiohyla echinata is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
gastrotheca psychrophila - gastrotheca psychrophila is a species of frog in the leptodactylidae family . it is endemic to ecuador . its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high - altitude shrubland . it is threatened by habitat loss .
hyalinobatrachium esmeralda - hyalinobatrachium esmeralda is a species of frog in the centrolenidae family . it is endemic to colombia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
hyloscirtus denticulentus - hyloscirtus denticulentus is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to colombia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
hyloscirtus lynchi - hyloscirtus lynchi is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to colombia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
hyloscirtus piceigularis - hyloscirtus piceigularis is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to colombia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
hyloscirtus ptychodactylus - hyloscirtus ptychodactylus is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to ecuador . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
hyloscirtus simmonsi - hyloscirtus simmonsi is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to colombia . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
hyloscirtus staufferorum - hyloscirtus staufferorum is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to ecuador . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
hyperolius kihangensis - hyperolius kihangensis is a species of frog in the hyperoliidae family . it is endemic to tanzania . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and swamps . it is threatened by habitat loss .
isthmohyla insolita - isthmohyla insolita is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to honduras . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
mannophryne cordilleriana - mannophryne cordilleriana is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is endemic to venezuela . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
mannophryne lamarcai - mannophryne lamarcai is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is endemic to venezuela . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
mannophryne yustizi - mannophryne yustizi is a species of frog in the dendrobatidae family . it is endemic to venezuela . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
megastomatohyla mixe - megastomatohyla mixe is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
megastomatohyla nubicola - megastomatohyla nubicola is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
megastomatohyla pellita - megastomatohyla pellita is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla arborescandens - plectrohyla arborescandens is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla calthula - plectrohyla calthula is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla calvicollina - plectrohyla calvicollina is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla charadricola - plectrohyla charadricola is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla chryses - plectrohyla chryses is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla crassa - plectrohyla crassa is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla cyanomma - plectrohyla cyanomma is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla dasypus - plectrohyla dasypus is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to honduras . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla ephemera - plectrohyla ephemera is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla exquisita - plectrohyla exquisita is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to honduras . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla hazelae - plectrohyla hazelae is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla lacertosa - plectrohyla lacertosa is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .
plectrohyla mykter - plectrohyla mykter is a species of frog in the hylidae family . it is endemic to mexico . its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers . it is threatened by habitat loss .