petrotilapia tridentiger is a species of cichlid endemic to lake malawi where it prefers shallow waters with rocky substrates .

this species can reach a length 17 centimetres ( 6.7 in ) tl .

this species can also be found in the aquarium trade .

petrotilapia tridentiger

petrotilapia tridentiger
yellow chin
1 wc male and 1 tank raised female .
the following term was not found in genome : petrotilapia tridentiger [ orgn ] .
petrotilapia tridentiger
is probably a trade name , not the actual scientific name . the actual scientific names may be unsettled so far , and would depend on the collection point . they do seem like petrotilapia , thou the lips don ' t look that big in those pics . petrotilapia get pretty characteristic lips for algae scrapping .
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so i bought 3 fish from the lfs labeled as petrotilapia tridentiger . they all started like this : 1 has colored up into this : here is a short video of the same . urltoken any help would be appreciated .
and it received the common name tridentiger to confuse us . the males are blue and the females are yellow , they have a distinct black submarginal band in the dorsal . to muddy the waters even more , there have been some petrotilapia shipped in with males of one species (
yellow chin
) and and females of another species (
sp . gold
) . a hobbyists true nightmare , so beware . it appears from everything that i could find that the true petrotilapia tridentiger has never been exported .
the fish of the genus petrotilapia , contain the largest mbuna in lake malawi . the fish have mainly tricuspid teeth , that they use to comb through the aufwuchs , pulling off diatomous algae , microorganisms , and loose particles . plankton is also eaten by petrotilapia . territorial males will protect are area that varies between 7 to 20 meters squared against conspecifics , though heterospecifics are mostly ignored . petrotilapia ' typically live in depths between 5 to 15 meters .
maréchal , c . , 1991 . petrotilapia . p . 374 - 375 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5597 )
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
latin , petra = stone + bechuana , african native thiape = fish ( ref . 45335 )
freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 8 . 0 - 9 . 0 ; dh range : 10 - 15 . tropical ; 24°c - 26°c ( ref . 1672 ) ; 9°s - 15°s
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 17 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5595 )
inhabits very shallow , rocky biotopes . feeds by using the tricuspid teeth and large mouth to feed from the sediment - free biocover ( ref . 5595 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5010 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( fec < 1000 ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 19 of 100 ) .
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snoeks , j . ( freshwater fish red list authority ) & darwall , w . ( freshwater biodiversity assessment programme )
endemic to lake malawi where it has a wide distribution occurring mainly on the western shores of the lake .
most common in the wavewashed rocky habitat preferring areas with medium sized to large rocks in water less than 8 m deep , but it has been recorded down to 18 m at boadzulu island . males defend territories against conspecific males . females and non - territorial males are usually solitary . feeds on epilithic algae as well as plankton . reported not to have been exported in the aquarium trade ( 1990 ) .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
pronunciation : refer to our pronunciation key for an explanation of the phonetic symbols .
habitat : this is the primary location where the cichlid is found and is a generalization . this does not mean a fish cannot be found in other habitats .
diet : many cichlids specialize in eating one type of food ; notwithstanding , some of these specialized feeders are flexible and can be opportunistic feeders .
temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tankmates that are of a different species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to various factors , including aquarium size , tankmates of similar appearance , stocking levels , and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .
conspecific temperament : this describes the overall demeanor of a cichlid toward other tank - mates of the same species . consider that there is variability in temperament due to such factors as aquarium size , stocking levels and order of introduction . there may even be some variability among individual specimens .
maximum size : this is in regards to total length ( including the tail ) of typical aquarium specimens . wild specimens may not attain this size , or may in fact grow larger than aquarium raised individuals due to various factors . also consider that this is the typical maximum size and there are exceptional individuals that will exceed it .
difficulty : this measure is a relative value , comparing a single species against all other cichlids . this only accounts for maintanence in the aquarium and not breeding considerations . 1 = easy and forgiving , 5 = extremely challenging .
trichopodus trichopterus , the three spot gourami , is a species of gourami native to southeastern asia . this fish gets its name from the two spots along each side of its body in line with the eye , . . .
diamond tetra - - - moenkhausia pittieri - - - the diamond tetra , moenkhausia pittieri , is a small freshwater fish of the characin family of order characiformes . it is found in and around lake valencia in . . .
farlowella catfish - - - farlowella acus - - farlowella is a genus of armored catfish native to south america . these fish resemble twigs or sticks , hence the common names twig catfish or stick catfish . . .
neolamprologus leleupi , also known as lemon ciclid , is a species of cichlid endemic to lake tanganyika where it is only known from the southern half of the lake . it is a recess - dweller , inhabiting . . .
aulonocara sp .
stuartgranti maleri
( chidunga rocks ) - 1 . 25 - 2 . 25 inches
metriaclima sp . zebra chilumba ( luwino reef ) reg . 1 . 25 - 2 . 25 inch
the male strawberry peacock cichlid shows is a stunning fish displaying beautiful color as an adult and the females , though less colorful than the males , are also a really nice looking compared to . . .
? ? i was given several of this species and would like to know any relevant information such as breeding , feeding , and general care of this fish .
i didn ' t realize how little i knew about this malawian mouthbrooder until i read your question and started to look into it .
is found throughout the entire lake , and there is probably 20 + different species , yet it is not very prominent in the hobby . in fact it is hardly in the hobby at all . the most logical explanation for this is their size , and their personality , they are truly the king of mbuna reaching up to 8 +
. taking that into consideration along with all those teeth , and an aggressive behavior , they obviously don ' t travel well . imagine 8 of these 8
fish in one bag , on a transcontinental flight that probably takes well over 60 hours , even a cichlasomaniac can figure out the results !
are easy to identify because they have so many teeth , they can ' t even completely close their mouths . they are a narrow and flexible tricuspid , three crown tooth . with all these teeth they actually
comb
the algae beds for insects and loose material , according to konings , rather than biting it off like many of the other mbuna . this mouth full of teeth can also do quite a bit of damage to any fish that happens to cross their territory .
the males seem to hang out by themselves in deeper water with the subdominant males , females and juveniles who school together above the males territory . they breed in a typical mbuna fashion . the males lures the female down to his area , usually a cave . they complete the spawning act , and the male then looks for the next female candidate . the males do not participate in the rearing of the young . the female holds for approximately 21 â 28 days before she releases the fry .
as far as water conditions and keep them on a primarily vegetable diet . the few species that have been imported are certainly the most colorful . many of the others species are down right homely , and is probably another reason why they have not been exported . this fish requires more tank space than the average mbuna due to its size , and also because it claims such a large territory . if you are going to keep it with other mbuna , be sure to provide enough cover for them to be able escape from that large mouth full of teeth ! also because of their size , you will want to increase your tank maintenance , large fish can deteriorate your water conditions pretty fast . i hope that this sheds a little light for you on this mbuna species
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here ' s where you need to go to get help identifying your cichlids .
be sure to change resolution to 720p urltoken urltoken urltoken . . . e = youtu . be
the colouration is correct for nhkata bay , but the jaw . . . i ' m not sure on . see wild and f1 , f2 etc . . have very different jaws than these fish . i don ' t know if this something that is bred out of them though . . . . hmm , i just don ' t know .
turning out to be a beautiful fish for sure . they all were bought about 4 months ago , all very close in size . one has taken off like a champ . is it possible that i have one male , two female ? or is it way too soon to tell ?
the fish in the top pic looks very good . . . love the colors .
i figured out the trick to taking this guys pics a little better . . . . phone to the glass until he gets curious urltoken
i love the yellow and purple . does the barring stay that way all the time ? does it appear to becoming more pronounced ?
they all started out orange with pronounced black stripes . like a tiger . this one is losing the stripes for the most part . the pics still don ' t show how much of that almost opalesence . almost all of his head and body is a blue . . . .
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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designed for internet explorer 6 . 0 + , netscape 6 . 0 + , opera , mozilla , and safari use sitemap if you have any problems viewing the new drop - down menus .
species profiles presents in depth studies , articles , and information surrounding the numerous species of lake malawi cichlids .
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warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .


stegodyphus is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family eresidae .

the 21 species are distributed from africa to europe and asia , with two species ( s. manaus and s. annulipes ) found in brazil .

at least three species are social spiders .

several species are known to use ballooning as a method of dispersal .

stegodyphus

look closely behind its tail to see the thread . stegodyphus raising its tail .
figure 3 . a–i habitus of living stegodyphus , photographs . a–c stegodyphus lineatus a adult female from hurghada , egypt b adult female from negev desert , israel ( photo by rudolf macek ) c adult female from shoam , israel ( photo by amir weinstein ) d juvenile stegodyphus tibialis feeding on their mother , dali , china ( photo by yang zi - zhong ) e stegodyphus mimosarum , male ( black arrow ) , females and a kleptoparasite archeodictyna ( white arrow ) f stegodyphus mimosarum , mass attack on a carabid g a female stegodyphus dumicola feeding her offsprings h a pompilid wasp larva feeds on a female stegodyphus dumicola ( photos e–h by teresa meikle ) i stegodyphus sp . female from shwesettaw wildlife reservation , myanmar ( photo by dong lin ) .
there are 21 different species of the stegodyphus . most are found in africa , europe and asia . there are a few species that have made their way to brazil . not all species of stegodyphus use ballooning as a form of dispersal .
figure 11 . a–l schematic illustrations of the carapace of assorted stegodyphus species . a–d stegodyphus lineatus e–h stegodyphus mimosarum i–l stegodyphus sarasinorum . a–b , e–f , i–j male c–d , g–h , k–l female a , c , e , g , i , k anterior view b , d , f , h , j , l dorsal view a illustrates example of median eyes separated on horizontal axis ; e illustrates example of median eyes overlapping on vertical axis . dashed lines at posterior of carapace indicate uncertainty . not to scale .
1 . wickler and seibt . springer link . aerial disperal by ballooning in adult stegodyphus mimosarum , 1986 . 2 oct . 2011 .
all species of stegodyphus observed so far have suicidal maternal care , and we presume that similar changes occur in their female digestive systems during the maternal - care stage . interesting questions arise , however , regarding three species of stegodyphus that are social and have cooperative brood care .
the above photographs of a stegodyphus sp . nest were taken by dr vb whitehead in november 1977 , 23 km nw of onseepkans , namibia .
eresidae , ernst kullmann , gabriele uhl , jutta schneider , matriphagy , mor salomon , s . nawabi , spiders , stegodyphus lineatus , yael lubin
el - hennawy , h . k . ( 2016c ) . stegodyphus tibialis ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1869 ) in central india ( araneae : eresidae ) , with notes on indian stegodyphus species . indian journal of arachnology 5 : 28 - 35 . - - show included taxa
most species are solitary except the social stegodyphus domicola that occurs in most of southern africa , and stegodyphus mimosarum that occurs in the eastern regions . the latter two species are the most commonly encountered resulting in the misleading common names , community nest or social spiders , being used to describe the entire genus .
eresus tibialis o . pickard - cambridge , 1869c : 71 , pl . 6 , f . 70 - 71 ( d m ) . stegodyphus tibialis simon , 1884q : 343 . stegodyphus socialis pocock , 1900a : 209 ( d f ) . stegodyphus tibialis phanuel , 1963 : 305 , f . 1 - 9 ( m f ) . stegodyphus tibialis kraus & kraus , 1989 : 226 , f . 199 , 208 , 218 - 223 ( m f , s ) . stegodyphus tibialis ono , 1995c : 158 , f . 1 - 3 , 22 ( m ) . eresus daliensis yang & hu , 2002 : 726 , f . 1 - 6 ( d m f ; n . b . : considered a junior synonym of s . t . by rezác , pekár & johannesen , 2008 : 264 , without explanation ) [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 037528 ] . stegodyphus tibialis yang , zhu & zhang , 2008 : 72 , f . a - m ( m f , s ) . stegodyphus tibialis gunti , srinivasulu & devender , 2016 : 1 , f . 1 ( m ) . stegodyphus tibialis el - hennawy , 2016c : 33 , f . 1 - 10 ( m ) .
henschel jr : predation on social and solitary individuals of the spider stegodyphus dumicola ( araneae , eresidae ) . j arachnol . 1998 , 26 : 61 - 69 .
stegodyphus simon 1873 [ 1 ] : 336 ; 1892 [ 2 ] : 253 ; lehtinen 1967 [ 3 ] : 265 . type species eresus lineatus latreille , 1817 .
the phylogenetic branching pattern for all stegodyphus and eresus sequences did not differ significantly from the constant - rates birth–death process , γ = −1 . 137 , p > 0 . 05 .
a female stegodyphus lineatus regurgitating for her young , which are clustered around her mouthparts . after feeding , these second - instar young will swell up like little balloons . photo by mor salomon .
3 . jutta m . schneider , jörg roos , yael lubin , and johannes r . henschel . journal of arachnology . dispersal of stegodyphus dumicola : they do balloon after all ! 2001 . 2 oct 2011 .
a stegodyphus lineatus female after matriphagy , surrounded by her young . not much is left of her , just an empty exoskeleton . the young have molted once , and they will disperse after an additional molt . photo by mor salomon .
we use the genus stegodyphus ( eresidae ) to test the hypothesis that social spiders are evolutionary transient ‘dead end’ species and have not undergone diversifying speciation . based on a partial molecular phylogeny and sequence divergence , we tested ( i ) the age , ( ii ) ancestral or derived state , and ( iii ) species diversification ( or evolvability ) of social stegodyphus spiders . the genus consists of 15–17 species and is divided into three species groups . each species group includes one social species and several subsocial species with extended maternal care ( kraus & kraus 1988 ) . in this study , we analyse eight stegodyphus species , including the three social species and their respective subsocial sister species ( sensu kraus & kraus 1988 ) .
there is a variation of adult size as stegodyphus mature at different moult stages ( 7 to 10 stages ) and adults continue to moult even after maturity . mature spiders in smaller colonies tend to be larger than mature spiders in larger colonies .
phanuel , g . j . ( 1963 ) . stegodyphus tibialis ( cambridge ) ( family eresidae : araneida ) from madras . journal of the madras university , section b 33 ( 3 ) : 305 - 310 . - - show included taxa
kraus , o . & kraus , m . ( 1989 ) . the genus stegodyphus ( arachnida , araneae ) . sibling species , species groups , and parallel origin of social living . verhandlungen des naturwissenschaftlichen vereins in hamburg 30 : 151 - 254 . - - show included taxa
johannesen j , lubin y , smith dr , bilde t , schneider jm : the age and evolution of sociality in stegodyphus spiders : a molecular phylogenetic perspective . proc biol sci . 2007 , 274 : 231 - 237 . 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2006 . 3699 .
list of stegodyphus species and social species groups with distribution ranges , as described by kraus & kraus ( 1988 ) . ( both sexes ( m , male ; f , female ) are described from all except three species . species included in our analysis are shown in bold . )
addition of stegodyphus , a spider representative of interactomic research , provides the possibility of obtaining deeper insights into the evolution of ppi networks among different animal species . this work largely supports the utility of the “stratus clouds” model for predicted ppis , providing a roadmap for integrative systems biology in s . mimosarum .
tests for neutral evolution of nd1 and co1 using d * , f * and the macdonald–kreitman test for unequal rates of synonymous to non - synonymous substitutions did not deviate from neutral expectations among stegodyphus and eresus sequences . particularly , there was no evidence for increased non - synonymous substitution rates between social species and non - social sister species .
using spatial logistic regression modelling and information - theoretic model selection , we show that social species occur at higher vegetation productivity than solitary , while precipitation seasonality received limited support as a predictor of social spider occurrence . an analysis of insect biomass data across the stegodyphus distribution range confirmed that vegetation productivity is positively correlated to potential insect prey biomass .
an extreme case of costly reproduction occurs in the spider stegodyphus lineatus ( in the old world family eresidae ) , where the mother has only a single small clutch of young during her entire lifetime . the young require the mother’s help to exit their silk eggsac , and they are totally helpless when they emerge . without the mother’s care , they would die .
stegodyphus lineatus spiders occur in the semi - arid regions of israel and other parts of the mediterranean basin , and throughout the near east and in asia minor . mor salomon took adult female stegodyphus lineatus spiders at five different stages of their reproductive cycle — virgin females , mated females , females that had laid eggs , young that were released from the eggsac and fed by their mothers , and the young just prior to committing matriphagy . she anesthetized the spiders , fixed them in formalin , and embedded them in resin in preparation for histological work . serial sections were then cut through the abdomen and stained with chemicals to detect proteins and nucleic acids . this enabled salomon and her colleagues to distinguish various types of tissues and cell nuclei .
figure 2 of the electronic supplementary material shows gene saturation of stegodyphus and eresus sequences . nd1 reaches a plateau and is influenced by gene saturation in deep time , whereas 16s is only slightly affected by gene saturation . co1 shows an intermediate pattern by approaching saturation , but then appears to evolve steadily . this suggests that gene saturation cannot alone explain the unresolved basal radiation .
this spider is a little guy , and that is the only reason his mode of transport works . when the stegodyphus wants to move long distances it takes to the wind . it will raise its tail in the air and release a large amount of threads in the air . after it has released enough the wind will create enough lift for it to actually take off .
gunti , p . , srinivasulu , c . & devender , g . ( 2016 ) . new locality data for stegodyphus tibialis ( o . pickard - cambridge , 1869 ) ( araneae : eresidae ) from telangana state , india . check list 12 ( 5 , 1960 ) : 1 - 3 . doi : 10 . 15560 / 12 . 5 . 1960 - - show included taxa
stegodyphus mimosarum is commonly known as the african social velvet spider . social spiders live in large , communal webs , in which they feed communally and cooperate in prey capture , web maintenance and brood care . social spiders are highly inbred due to within - colony breeding and a lack of a pre - mating dispersal stage , they are therefore a perfect system to study inbreeding effects in wild animal populations .
additional file 1 : table s1 . : list of 17 species with their distribution ranges , level of sociality and numbers of records used in the analysis . table s2 . principal components scores and loadings on the stegodyphus presence matrix with environmental variables listed . table s3 . references for site - specific biomass estimates of insects used for our supplementary insect biomass analysis . figure s1 . inserts of the species maps in the south african region of the figure 1 , where the spider distribution records are very dense . figure s2 . boxplots of vegetation productivity and precipitation seasonality for occurrences of social and solitary stegodyphus species in each of the three regions . figure s3 . correlograms of moran’s i on distance classes of the model residuals ( models in table 1 ) . ( docx 430 kb ) ( docx 431 kb )
in summary , we show that in stegodyphus , sociality is old and social species are probably independently derived , and lineage divergence is constant but cladogenesis is constrained ( as far as morphotypes are concerned ) . it is unclear whether diversification and cladogenesis are constrained at the genus level or solely at the social species level . comparative studies of social and subsocial spiders in other families are needed to test the generality of these relationships .
the most recent study has shown that the stegodyphus is able to gain altitude after releasing many strands of silk . these fan out to create a large surface area , which enables larger or more massive spiders to disperse as well . although they have no ability to maneuver while in the air it is impressive that they have found such a unique way to disperse themselves . this technique obviously works well , because they have spanned to four different continents .
when the young hatch , stegodyphus lineatus females stop repairing their sticky capture webs since they will no longer feed on prey . the liquid that is regurgitated to the young is derived , therefore , only from the digested nutrients stored in the midgut diverticula and other tissues in the abdomen . these observations suggest that maternal care is a one - way street for these spiders , and once the process of tissue disintegration begins , the female’s only option is to continue on to matriphagy .
stegodyphus mimosarum is a candidate model organism belonging to the class arachnida in the phylum arthropoda . studies on the biology of s . mimosarum over the past several decades have consisted of behavioral research and comparison of gene sequences based on the assembled genome sequence . given the lack of systematic protein analyses and the rich source of information in the genome , we predicted the relationships of proteins in s . mimosarum by bioinformatics comparison with genome - wide proteins from select model organisms using gene mapping .
stegodyphus , commonly called social spiders , occur in africa and south america with 8 species occurring in south africa . this genus has the typical eresidae feature and the colour varies from shades of grey to brown with black markings and yellow infusions . the flat face has 2 contiguous ( so near that they touch ) black triangular markings meeting medially . females of the social species are 8 - 14 mm in length and males slightly smaller . spiders of the solitary species are normally larger , ranging from 6 - 23 mm in length .
this piqued the curiosity of dr . mor salomon , a postdoctoral fellow in entomology at the robert h . smith faculty of agriculture , food & environment , the hebrew university of jerusalem , who had studied maternal care in stegodyphus for her doctoral research . she wondered whether females do indeed digest their own bodies , and if so , when in the reproductive cycle does the process begin ? which tissues are digested , and what changes occur inside the female during this process ? the answers to these questions appear in an article in the journal of arachnology .
we thank t . crouch , m . rezáč , a . a . maklakov and d . rao for sharing specimens for analysis . we thank i . agnarsson for allowing us to read an unpublished manuscript on social evolution in theridiid spiders . stegodyphus sarasinosum collected in 2004 were sampled with the permission of the indian government ( no . ps pccf . wl . cr - 29 / 2004 - 05 ) . specimens of s . mimosarum and s . africanus were collected with permission from the kwa - zulu natal parks authority , south africa ( to y . l . ) ; the ministry of environment of namibia provided a permit ( to t . b . ) to collect s . dumicola and s . bicolor .
s . mimosarum belongs to the class arachnida in the phylum arthropoda . the stegodyphus species , s . lineatus , is estimated to have split from the common ancestor of s . tentoriicola and s . mimosarum 21 million years ago , and the split between s . mimosarum and s . tentoriicola is estimated to have occurred 15 million years ago . to gain insight into species’ origins , although the number of ppis identified in the analysis of individual species is low , it is possible to predict interactions in other species with greater confidence by considering ppis that overlap in multiple species into consideration . the predicted ppis in s . mimosarum depend on the timing of the split from a common ancestor , and mapping in different organisms is a major research approach to the evolution of all arthropod ppis .
social , cooperative breeding behaviour is rare in spiders and generally characterized by inbreeding , skewed sex ratios and high rates of colony turnover , processes that when combined may reduce genetic variation and lower individual fitness quickly . on these grounds , social spider species have been suggested to be unstable in evolutionary time , and hence sociality a rare phenomenon in spiders . based on a partial molecular phylogeny of the genus stegodyphus , we address the hypothesis that social spiders in this genus are evolutionary transient . we estimate the age of the three social species , test whether they represent an ancestral or derived state and assess diversification relative to subsocial congeners . intraspecific sequence divergence was high in all of the social species , lending no support for the idea that they are young , transient species . the age of the social lineages , constant lineage branching and the likelihood that social species are independently derived suggest that either the social species are ‘caught in sociality’ or they have evolved into cryptic species .
stegodyphus could in fact have been called the tennis net spider due to its hackle web that is stretched between two points . the hackled appearance is due to the cribellate ( teased ) silk used . at one end of the web is a small ball - shaped nest attached to the vegetation , about a metre above the ground . in the western cape these webs are found in the fynbos while in the bushveld , the acacia trees are used . however , fences , poles and other structures are also used . a new nest is started by as few as two spiders ( usually female ) that leave their original nest . as the colony increases , the nest is enlarged by successive generations . the nest includes mostly female and young ; the latter living in chambers within the nest , much like a block of flats . the nest can be used for many years and can house in excess of 100 spiders . birds often use the silk to line their nests .
distinguished from other eresids except paradonea presleyi sp . n . by the median eye group , which has large , subequal eyes ( ame / pme > 0 . 6 ) with clear separation on the horizontal axis and significant overlap on the vertical axis ( fig . 11a , c , e , g , i , k ) ; distinguished from paradonea presleyi sp . n . by the long , acute clypeal hood ( short , slightly obtuse in paradonea presleyi sp . n . , fig . 70i ) . classically diagnosed by having the per noticeably more narrow ( 65–90 % ) than the aer ( kraus and kraus 1988 [ 4 ] ; simon 1892 [ 2 ] ) ; however , adonea , and some eresus and paradonea species approach or even overlap with some stegodyphus species . further distinguished from other eresids except dresserus , gandanameno , and some paradonea by the advanced position of the ple ( < 0 . 29 ; > 0 . 31 in other eresids ) .
when prey lands in the web , a few spiders rush out , overpower and collectively drag it to a nest chamber where they will be joined by other spiders for the feast . the larger the prey , the larger the number of spiders that assist with its capture and removal .
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what can i find ? protein - coding and non - coding genes , splice variants , cdna and protein sequences , non - coding rnas .
what can i find ? homologues , gene trees , and whole genome alignments across multiple species .
this species currently has no variation database . however you can process your own variants using the variant effect predictor :
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this is a small colony of social spiders . these are not adults yet so now way knowing if i get them to successfully breed in the future . in this clip you can see some teamwork behavior , really cool to watch ! here we have 3 spiders attacking a cave cricket . there are more spiders , but those who are not hungry , stays inside the nest . quality of this clip is a little blury , it ' s through glass . but hope u like it !
these creatures are very small with an average length of only 10mm , and an average weight of only 85 to 150mg . this small mass and body size are the reason that it is able to be carried away by the wind . this type of transportation obviously has a very small mass limit . the spider lets out 3 to 4 strands of thread to induce this floating transportation , each a length of about 60 to 80 centimeters for an overall length of 1 . 8 to 3 . 2 meters . the original study states that they can reach altitudes of over 1000 meters above the ground .
i was unable to find a video of this happening , but a few pictures illustrate just how this works . in the first one you can see how they raise their tails to begin releasing the thread . in the second photo if you look closely behind its tail you can see some of the thread .
2 . joh r . henschel , jutta schneider and yael d . lubin . journal of arachnology . dispersal mechanisms of stegodyphys : do they balloon ? , 1995 . 2 oct . 2011
maternal care can be costly . in fact , prolonged maternal care can sometimes cause a mother to delay or even forego producing additional young .
the mother feeds her young by regurgitating liquid food . then after two weeks or so , the young reward her efforts by killing and completely consuming her , leaving an empty exoskeleton .
this process , known as matriphagy , is suicidal maternal care , because the mother makes no attempt to escape her fate .
matriphagy was first described in the last century by the german arachnologist ernst kullmann , and an interesting observation was made by his student s . nawabi , who suggested that the mother spider might actually digest her own tissues to feed her young .
spiders have a remarkable digestive system . their midgut tubes have a large number of blind extensions that fill most of their abdomen . in these extensions , the midgut diverticula lobes , that digestion of nutrients takes place . digested nutrients are then transferred into the lumen between the lobes and into intermediate tissues for storage and distribution to the body tissues .
in their study , mor salomon and her colleagues confirmed nawabi’s suspicion that in both virgin and mated adult females , cells of the diverticula lobes are filled with lipid droplets and vacuoles ( intracellular “pockets” ) containing digested nutrients .
however , after egg - laying , these diverticula lobes begin to degenerate . cell walls become blurred , and the vacuoles and lipid droplets begin to disappear . this degeneration of the diverticula and the surrounding tissues intensifies after the young emerge from the eggsac and during the regurgitation stage , when pockets of liquid appear in the abdomen . just before matriphagy occurs , much of the spider’s abdomen is liquefied . interestingly , the ovaries , the heart , and surrounding tissues are the last organs to degenerate .
nevertheless , this extreme reproductive system seems to retain a degree of plasticity . in an earlier study on the same species , jutta schneider and colleagues showed that if the young are removed from a female’s nest a few days before matriphagy , the female can still produce a replacement eggsac . salomon’s results support this , given that the ovaries were one of the last organs remaining intact in the female’s abdomen . this may be an important backup plan , since offspring in the nest are often killed by predators like parasitic wasps and ants . in such a situation , the female is still able to produce another clutch .
in her phd studies , mor salomon showed that large immature females — and mature females that fail to reproduce — can act as helpers at the nest . these helpers regurgitate food and are eventually killed and eaten by the young of other females in the colony . she also showed that the help provided greatly improves the chances of survival of these young .
some of these questions are currently being investigated in the laboratory of professor gabriele uhl at the university of greifswald in germany .
yael lubin is a professor emerita at the mitrani department of desert ecology , the jacob blaustein institutes for desert research at ben - gurion university . her research focuses on behavioral and ecological questions about spiders , including the evolution of sociality , sexual behavior , and spiders in agroecosystems .
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lsid : [ urn : lsid : nmbe . ch : spidersp : 005898 ]
ono , h . ( 1995c ) . four east asian spiders of the families eresidae , araneidae , thomisidae and salticidae ( arachnida , araneae ) . bulletin of the national museum of nature and science tokyo ( a ) 21 : 157 - 169 . - - show included taxa
pickard - cambridge , o . ( 1869c ) . descriptions and sketches of some new species of araneida , with characters of a new genus . annals and magazine of natural history ( 4 ) 3 : 52 - 74 . - - show included taxa
pocock , r . i . ( 1900a ) . the fauna of british india , including ceylon and burma . arachnida . london , pp . 1 - 279 . - - show included taxa
simon , e . ( 1884q ) . arachnides recueillis en birmanie par m . le chevalier j . b . comotto et appartenant au musée civique d ' histoire naturelle de gènes . annali del museo civico di storia naturale di genova 20 : 325 - 372 . - - show included taxa
yang , z . z . & hu , j . l . ( 2002 ) . a new species of the genus eresus from china ( araneae : eresidae ) . acta zootaxonomica sinica 27 : 726 - 728 . - - show included taxa
yang , z . z . , zhu , m . s . & zhang , y . g . ( 2008 ) . a newly recorded genus of eresidae from china and the revision of eresus daliensis . acta arachnologica sinica 17 : 72 - 75 . - - show included taxa
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poly [ adp - ribose ] polymerase 1 [ source : insdc protein id ; acc : kfm63822 . 1 ]
this gene has 1 transcript ( splice variant ) , 71 orthologues and 4 paralogues .
< p > genes and / or transcript that contains an open reading frame ( orf ) . < / p >
go to region in detail for more tracks and navigation options ( e . g . zooming )
this gene has 1 transcript ( splice variant ) , 44 orthologues and 16 paralogues .
zinc finger and btb domain - containing protein 8b [ source : insdc protein id ; acc : kfm59471 . 1 ]
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world spider catalog , version 11 . 0 , website ( version 11 . 0 )
platnick , norman i . 2011 . the world spider catalog , v . 11 . 0 . american museum of natural history . database built by robert j . raven from the files underlying the website at urltoken doi : 10 . 5531 / db . iz . 0001
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
sushi % 2c von willebrand factor type a % 2c egf and pentraxin domain - containing protein 1 [ source : insdc protein id ; acc : kfm73039 . 1 ]
exportin - 6 [ source : insdc protein id ; acc : kfm76172 . 1 ]
chromodomain y - like protein [ source : insdc protein id ; acc : kfm72016 . 1 ]
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cooperative breeding or sociality is rare in spiders . only about 20–30 species are considered social ( non - territorial permanently social sensu avilés 1997 ) . nevertheless , sociality has evolved independently in several families of spiders ( kullmann 1972 ; avilés 1997 ) . social spiders live in colonies with high levels of inbreeding and high relatedness among colony members ( lubin & crozier 1985 ; roeloffs & riechert 1988 ; smith & engel 1994 ; smith & hagen 1996 ; johannesen et al . 2002 ) . this mating system , combined with high turnover rates of colonies ( smith & hagen 1996 ; crouch & lubin 2001 ) and both dispersal and colony founding by mated females , prevents gene flow and provides conditions that may purge genetic variation and lower individual fitness quickly .
species , including the three social species and their respective sister species . the social species ,
a nearest sister species to the respective social species ( kraus & kraus 1988 ) .
b distinguishable only by leg i / promosa ratio , indistinguishable by genitalia ; considered by kraus & kraus ( 1988 , 1990 ) as geographical variants of the same species .
all individuals were analysed for a double - stranded mtdna template ( 1945 characters including gaps ) , consisting of a partial nd1 ( 361 bp ) , 16s ribosomal rna ( 16s ) and trna ( 616 characters ) , co1 ( 947 bp ) . nd1 was amplified via pcr using the primers lr - n - 12945 : 5′ - cga - cct - cga - tgt - tga - att - aa - 3′ and n1 - j - 12261 : 5′ - tcg - taa - gaa - att - att - tga - gc - 3′ ( hedin 1997 ) ; 16s primers lr - j - 12887 : 5′ - ccg - gtt - tga - act - caa - atc - atg - t - 3′ and lr - n - 13398 : 5′ - cgc - ctg - ttt - aac - aaa - aac - at - 3′ ( simon et al . 1994 ) ; coi primers c1 - j - 1751 : 5′ - gag - ctc - ctg - ata - tag - ctt - ttc - c - 3′ and c1 - n - 2776 : 5′ - gga - taa - tca - gaa - tat - cgt - cga - gg - 3′ ( hedin & maddison 2001 ) . amplification conditions were identical for all primer pairs and are given in johannesen & veith ( 2001 ) . the nd1 amplification product consists of about 180 bp 16s bordering the nd1 sequence . hence , the combined 16s sequence is a product of the 16s sequence and 180 bp amplified by the nd1 primers .
pcr products were sequenced using an abi - 377 automatic sequencer . sequences were aligned using the programme
( abi ) . initially , each sequence was aligned with a reference sequence and all mutations were checked . having confirmed each mutation , all sequences were aligned with
phylogenetic trees were estimated for all the three genes separately and for the combined sequence . phylogenetic analyses were performed applying maximum parsimony ( mp ) , distance analysis with sequences joined by neighbour joining ( nj ) and maximum likelihood ( ml ) with paup v . 4 . 08b for the macintosh (
) . in mp , all the characters were weighted equally . indels were excluded from the analysis . haplotype relationships were analysed with a heuristic search with random addition of sequences . for the nj analysis , we chose the distance model with the highest likelihood ratio found by
) . the likelihood ratio was estimated among in - group haplotypes ( eresid species ) . the gamma distribution was estimated from the data . fifty per cent majority - rule consensus trees based on bootstrap search were computed for all tree algorithms . mp and nj were performed with 2000 replicates . owing to computational limits , ml was performed with only 200 resamplings . bayesian inference was conducted with 1 000 000 generations , with an initial burn - in of 1000 trees . all simulations were defined to consider coding and / or non - coding sequences . each sequence analysis was performed three times to verify that we had found the optimal likelihood level .
we used two approaches to gain insight into the diversification process . first , we inferred gene saturation . if a phylogenetic topology is unresolved at the base of the tree and the gene is not saturated , this may indicate rapid lineage divergence . gene saturation was inferred by comparing uncorrected pairwise distances of each of the three genes to their respective branch lengths in mp trees . this method is based on the assumption that the actual amount of evolutionary change should be at least the same as the minimum estimates of change inferred by parsimony (
) . the constant - rates model is rejected if the internal nodes of a reconstructed phylogeny are closer to the root than expected under a pure birth model . the sign of the gamma statistic is an indication of the relationship between the birth and death process : if
> 0 , a phylogeny ' s internal nodes are closer to its tips than expected under a pure birth model ( i . e . it has a high relative death rate ) , whereas if
< 0 , the internal nodes are closer to the root than expected under a pure birth model . for the constant - rates birth–death test , we estimated internode distances from a upgma phylogram calculated with phylip (
gene sequence and phylogeny statistics are summarized in table 2 of the electronic supplementary material . phylogenetic analyses were performed for the three genes
, both separately and combined . all heuristic searches ml , nj and mp of the total sequence found the most likely / parsimonious tree with identical topologies : mp , tree length 2591 , ci = 0 . 535 , ri = 0 . 522 ; nj distance search , me score = 2 . 91367 ; ml most likely tree , −ln l = 13308 . 983 . the topology was identical to that found by bayesian search .
shows the ml tree calculated by a heuristic search from the total sequence ( 1947 characters ) .
tree with high probability . by contrast , all genes and tree construction methods demonstrated that
, which built its own ‘group’ . unfortunately , low bootstrap scores did not allow statements about the relationship among the groups . the topology of the
lineages within each social species were monophyletic showing high sequence divergence ( uncorrected p - distances ) ; nd1 : s . dumicola 0 . 055 within species ( 0 . 076 to sister species ) , s . mimosarum 0 . 069 ( 0 . 087 ) , s . sarasinosum 0 . 038 ( 0 . 143 ) ; co1 : s . dumicola 0 . 052 ( 0 . 063 ) , s . mimosarum 0 . 065 ( 0 . 076 ) , s . sarasinosum 0 . 027 ( 0 . 084 ) ; 16s : s . dumicola 0 . 023 ( 0 . 030 ) , s . mimosarum 0 . 035 ( 0 . 043 ) , s . sarasinosum 0 . 013 ( 0 . 081 ) . sequence divergence between the two phylogeographical lineages of the subsocial s . lineatus was as follows : nd1 , 0 . 030 ; co1 , 0 . 021 ; 16s , 0 . 014 .
the nd1 / co1 ratio was 1 . 48±0 . 40 ( 95 % ci ; range 1 . 05–2 . 01 ) and significantly greater than 1 . the ratios nd1 / 16s = 1 . 54±0 . 69 and co1 / 16s = 1 . 06±0 . 63 were not significantly different from 1 .
avilés l . causes and consequences of cooperation and permanent - sociality in spiders . in : choe j , crespi b , editors .
social competition and cooperation among insects and arachnids . ii . evolution of sociality .
bilde t , lubin y , smith d , schneider j . m , maklakov a . a . the transition to social inbred mating systems in spiders : role of inbreeding tolerance in a subsocial predecessor .
bond j . e , hedin m . c , ramirez m . g , opell b . d . deep molecular divergence in the absence of morphological and ecological change in the californian coastal dune endemic trapdoor spider
coyne j . a , orr h . a . sinauer associates ; sunderland , ma : 2004 . speciation .
desalle r , freedman t , prager e . m , wilson a . c . tempo and mode of sequence evolution in mitochondrial dna of hawaiian
felsenstein , j . 2002 phylip phylogeny inference package version 3 . 6 ( alpha3 ) department of genome sciences , university of washington .
fu y . - x , li w . - h . statistical tests of neutrality of mutations .
griebeler , e . m . 2004 gammastatistic v1 . 0 institut für zoologie , abteilung ökologie , johannes gutenberg - universität mainz . distributed by the author .
hedin m . c , maddison w . p . a combined molecular approach to phylogeny of the jumping spider subfamily dendryphantinae ( araneae : salticidae )
hedin m . c , wood d . a . genealogical exclusivity in geographically proximate populations of
huelsenbeck j . p , ronquist f . mrbayes : bayesian inferences of phylogeny .
johannesen j , hennig a , dommermuth b , schneider j . m . mitochondrial dna distributions indicate colony propagation by single matri - lineages in the social spider
johannesen j , lubin y , laufs t , seitz a . dispersal history of a spider (
( arachnida , araneae ) . sibling species , species groups , and parallel origin of social living .
lubin y . d , crozier r . h . electrophoretic evidence for population differentiation in a social spider
page r . d . m , holmes e . c . blackwell science ; oxford , uk : 1998 . molecular evolution . a phylogenetic approach .
prüser f , mossakowski d . low substitution rates in mitochondrial dna in mediterranean carabid beetles .
pybus o . g , harvey p . h . testing macro - evolutionary models using incomplete molecular phylogenies .
rozas j , sanchez - delbarrio j . c , messeguer x , rozas r . dnasp , dna polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods .
roeloffs r , riechert s . e . dispersal and population genetic structure of the cooperative spider ,
simon c , frati f , beckenbach a , crespi b , liu h , flock p . evolution , weighting , and phylogenetic utility of mitochondrial gene sequences and a compilation of conserved polymerase chain reaction primers .
smith d . r , engel m . s . population structure in an indian cooperative spider ,
smith d . r , hagen r . h . population structure and interdemic selection in the cooperative spider
swofford d . l . sinauer associates ; sunderland , ma : 1999 . phylogenetic analysis using parsimony ( and other methods ) , version 4 . 0 .
vences m , freyhof j , sonnenberg r , kosuch j , veith m . reconciling fosils and molecules : cenozoic divergence of cichlid fishes and the biogeography of madagascar .
wickler w , seibt u . pedogenetic sociogenesis via the “sibling - route” and some consequences for
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this page should be cited as follows ( rationale ) : miller j , griswold c , scharff n , řezáč m , szűts t , marhabaie m ( 2012 ) the velvet spiders : an atlas of the eresidae ( arachnida , araneae ) . zookeys 195 : 1–144 , doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 195 . 2342 . versioned wiki page : 2012 - 05 - 18 , version 24602 , urltoken , contributors ( alphabetical order ) : pensoft publishers .
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magunia lehtinen , 1967 : 246 . synonymy in kraus and kraus 1988 [ 4 ] .
( 1873 ) aranéides nouveaux ou peu connus du midi de l’europe . ( 2e mémoire ) . mémoires de la société royale des sciences de liège deuxième série 5 : 1 - 174 .
( 1892 ) histoire naturelle des araignées . deuxième edition . volume 1 . paris , 256pp .
( 1967 ) classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families . annales zoologici fennici 4 : 199 - 468 .
( arachnida , araneae ) . sibling species , species groups , and parallel origins of social living . verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins hamburg ( nf ) 30 : 151 - 254 .
( 2011 ) the world spider catalog , version 11 . 5 . american museum of natural history , online at
spiders : a molecular phylogenetic perspective . proceedings of the royal society of london , b 274 : 231 - 237 . doi :
( 2010a ) phylogeny of entelegyne spiders : affinities of the family penestomidae ( new rank ) , generic phylogeny of eresidae , and asymmetric rates of change in spinning organ evolution ( araneae , araneoidea , entelegynae ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 55 : 786 - 804 . doi :
( 2005 ) atlas of phylogenetic data for entelegyne spiders ( araneae : araneomorphae : entelegynae ) with comments on their phylogeny . proceedings of the california academy of sciences 56 : 1 - 324 .
( 1975 ) die produktion und funktion von spinnenfäden und spinnengeweben . in : flächentragwerke i ( ed ) . netze in natur und technik . stuttgart - vaihingen : 318 - 378 .
( 1970 ) behaviour of south african social spiders : prey capture . american zoologist 10 : 476 - 477 .
( araneae : eresidae ) and the implications on the evolution of sociality . animal behaviour 63 : 649 - 658 . doi :
( 1997 ) causes and consequences of cooperation and permanent - sociality in spiders . in : choe y crespi b ( eds ) . the evolution of social behavior in insects and arachnids . cambridge university press : 476 - 498 .
figure 70 . a–i males of paradonea parva and paradonea presleyi sp . n . , habitus , photomicrographs . a–f paradonea parva a–c male holotype from junction of marico and crocodile rivers , south africa ( b3701 , sam ) d–f male from 4 km n of hopetown , northern cape , south africa ( acat 97 / 988 , nca ) . g–i male holotype of paradonea presleyi sp . n . from falcon college , zimbabwe ( casent 9039236 , cas ) a , d , g dorsal view b , e , h ventral view c , f , i anterior view .
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the protein–protein interactions ( ppis ) of 11 organisms were integrated from four databases ( biogrid , inact , mint , and dip ) . here , we present comprehensive prediction and analysis of 3810 proteins in s . mimosarum with regard to interactions between proteins using ppi data of organisms . interestingly , a portion of the protein interactions conserved among saccharomyces cerevisiae , homo sapiens , arabidopsis thaliana , and drosophila melanogaster were found to be associated with rna splicing . in addition , overlap of predicted ppis in reference organisms , gene ontology , and topology models in s . mimosarum are also reported .
s . mimosarum is a candidate model organism in which to study biology and evolution . analysis of protein–protein interaction ( ppi ) networks , especially the whole ppi network in a given species , provides useful information regarding protein function and signaling pathways . in addition , analysis of the whole and partial ppi networks from the perspective of topology is beneficial for understanding the functions of protein nodes . however , little information is available regarding the whole ppi network in s . mimosarum . therefore , we constructed and analyzed the whole ppi network in s . mimosarum by gene mapping . this represents the first attempt to analyse ppi sub - networks implicated in rna splicing with reference to the study of protein function associated with the rna splicing process from a new perspective . gene mapping is computationally inexpensive , and was chosen above other algorithms due to the rapidity of the analysis and the low error rate .
] . knowledge of ppi networks will facilitate molecular studies on diverse biological processes and insight into the biology of proteins with no known function in a specific species . over the past several decades , experimental methods have been developed to study ppis , such as yeast two - hybrid screening [
] . the increasing number of experimentally determined protein interactions has made it possible to systematically identify ppis . however , experimental ppi data for construction of whole ppi networks in a given species are still limited . since the turn of the millennium , high - throughput computational approaches , such as phylogenetic profiling [


grossius is an extinct genus of sarcopterygian fish that lived during the devonian period of spain .

its size was about 1 m in length .

grossius

in 1880 , the most common grossius occupation in the usa was grocer . 50 % of grossius ' s were grocers . grocer and store merchant were the top 2 reported jobs worked by grossius .
robert grossius obituary - st . louis , mo | st . louis post - dispatch
between 1973 and 2003 , grossius life expectancy was at its lowest point in 1973 , and highest in 2003 . the average life expectancy for grossius in 1973 was 75 , and 95 in 2003 .
vital records are essential for family history research because they were typically created at or near the time of the event , making the record more reliable . there are currently matching grossius records at ancestry . com ! start exploring this online grossius family history resource today .
phylogeny : sarcopterygii : : ( grossius + ( ( onychodontiformes + actinistia ) + ( styloichthys + rhipidistia ) ) ) + * .
it is important to remember that there is no single grossius family tree , as last names were assigned to people for various reasons . we are often asked , where do i go to find birth , marriage , and death records for grossius family members ? and you might be surprised at the answer .
you may also want to consider posting a query to the community message boards at genealogy today to get assistance from other researchers on your most elusive grossius ancestors .
citation : surname finder , the grossius genealogy and family tree page [ on - line resource ] , new providence , nj , usa : genealogy today llc , 2018 .
grossius , robert j . bob friday april , 29 , 2016 . beloved husband of the late joycelyn a . grossius ( nee davidson ) . dear father of rodney ( sue ) grossius , timothy ( jennifer ) grossius , tammy ( ron ) shook and roberta ( bill ) alexander ; dear grandfather of 7 and great - grandfather of 3 ; our dear brother , brother - in - law , uncle , great - uncle , cousin and friend of many . services : funeral at kutis south county chapel 5255 lemay ferry rd . , wednesday , may 4 at 11 a . m . interment private . memorials to the appreciated . visitation tuesday 5 - 8 p . m .
. our editors have compiled this checklist of genealogical resources , combining links to commercial databases along with user - contributed information and web sites for the grossius surname . as additional sources for vital records , original documents , vintage photographs and surname - based dna projects are discovered , this page is updated to offer the best list for researching grossius ancestry .
it is quite possible for two people with the grossius last name to have been given that surname for entirely different reasons . discovering the country from which your grossius ancestors originated can often yield additional clues for the meaning of the surname . keep in mind that it was not unusual for a last name to be altered as an ancestor entered a new country .
every family has a different history , and every document you discover about your grossius ancestors will help paint a picture that can be shared with your relatives . our team of seasoned experts are here to help you learn about different aspects of genealogy . reading
faddish first names
may help you think of some different tactics to compiling your grossius family history .
census records can tell you a lot of little known facts about your grossius ancestors , such as occupation . occupation can tell you about your ancestor ' s social and economic status .
sometimes two people can look at the same handwritten record , and come up with different spellings of the name . be creative when searching for your grossius ancestors - - we often search for misspellings intentionally to see if we missed any records . if you want to know why can ' t i find grossius my ancestor in the ssdi ? , then read this frequently asked question .
census records can give you a fascinating window into the day - to - day lives of your grossius ancestors - like hours worked per week , level of education , veteran status , employers , and more .
if you host the grossius blog or web page , please link to this surname - focused resource . here ' s the html code for a basic link . simply cut / paste this code on to your page .
dna testing for genealogy continues to improve . if you had some of your grossius relatives tested several years ago , it may be worthwhile to have them retested . likewise , as dna testing companies have gathered more results and samples , you may be able to find more matches if you search again with your test results . if you are seeking an answer to the question , how do i know which dna test is right for grossius research ? , then this faq may help .
grossius aragonensis , a sarcopterygian fish ( family onychodontidae ) from the middle devonian of spain , after schultze ( 1973 ) and janvier ( 1996 ) , . artwork by nobu tamura , 2008 . wikipedia , gnu free documentation / creative commons attribution license .
if you are having difficulty locating records for the last name of grossius , contact the folks at progenealogists for a free research estimate . you may also find it helpful to read ,
when , why and how to hire a professional genealogist .
suggested use : print a copy of this free research checklist , and keep track of the grossius genealogy resources that you visit . if your web browser does not print the date on the bottom , remember to record it manually . today is 09 / jul / 2018 .
2 / 17 / 19 - grossius is a 6 - foot - 1 175 - pound right - handed pitcher in missouri’s 2018 class . grossius worked 87 - 89 mph with fastball , hard run , heavy , breaking ball has 10 - to - 4 action , has feel , shows potential to be a good pitch , 70 - 71 mph , change up at 76 - 80 mph , near fastball arm speed , works downhill in delivery , repeats , quick arm speed from high three quarters slot , throws with some effort and smooth tempo . / 17
an unusually short lifespan might indicate that your grossius ancestors lived in harsh conditions . a short lifespan might also indicate health problems that were once prevalent in your family . the ssdi is a searchable database of more than 70 million names . you can find birthdates , death dates , addresses and more .
pedigree charts and family group records are important genealogical tools , so bringing or creating on site a big family pedigree ( or family tree ) is sure to draw attention ; at the same time , have plenty of blank family group sheets available for individual families to complete and submit to go into a
grossius family record book ,
which you can then digitize and share - - you can then bring the physical book back to the next reunion , adding new families each time . the article
family reunions don ' t always turn out as one has pictured
may provide you with tips for hosting a successful grossius reunion .
in the course of genealogy research , collaboration is key - - we really cannot do it alone , and one of the great benefits of participating in community message boards is building relationships that not only enlightens our research but strengthens bonds across the miles . the article
looking for john smith - focusing a query
provides some valuable tips for posting successful grossius queries .
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notes : [ 1 ] z + 99 point out the resemblance to placoderms and some acanthodians . [ 2 ] see image at left . [ 3 ] y98 speculates that this groove served to anchor connective tissue .
links : sarcopterygii ( romer , 1955 ) achoania gen . nov . diagnosis . a . . . ; the chinese academy of sciences ; a new porolepiform - like fish , psarolepis romeri ; 2 ( oktober 1999 ) - streiflichter ; the lineage of the coelacanth - is there a link between . . . ; re : nomina conversa ; xiaobo yu ' s kean university home page ; sarcopterygii ;
references : basden & young 2001 ) [ by01 ] , long ( 2001 ) [ l01 ] , miller et al . ( 2003 ) [ m + 03 ] , yu ( 1998 ) [ y98 ] , zhu & schultze ( 1997 ) [ zs97 ] , zhu et al . 1999 ) [ z + 99 ] . atw040313 .
characters : median rostral toothed , but does not separate premaxillae [ z + 01 ] ; premaxilla robust & rod - like , lacking posterodorsal process [ z + 01 ] [ 1 ] ; premaxilla does not reach orbit [ z + 01 ] [ 1 ] ; anterior nares open anteriorly ( as psarolepis ) [ z + 01 ] ; posterior nares encased separate bone , presumably lacrimal [ z + 01 ] [ 1 ] ; intracranial joint angled anteroventrally [ z + 01 ] ; sphenethmoid with large descending processes anteroventral to notochordal pit [ z + 01 ] ; wide suborbital ledge [ z + 01 ] ; eyestalk present as heart - shaped area immediately posterior to optic foramen [ z + 01 ] ; posterodorsal to eyestalk is cup - shaped depression ( myodome ) supported ventrally by ridge [ z + 01 ] ; second depression ventral to eyestalk [ z + 01 ] ; postorbital pila robust , with posterodorsal branch flanking jugular foramen [ z + 01 ] ; internasal cavity large , occupying ~ 33 % of ethmosphenoid floor [ z + 01 ] ; parasphenoid small , drop - shaped & flanked by flat rugose surface [ z + 01 ] ; carotids do not pierce parasphenoid [ z + 01 ] ; dermal bones covered by large - pore cosmine as in psarolepis [ z + 01 ] ; 5 coronoids on lower jaw [ zy02 ] .
notes : [ 1 ] [ zy02 ] find that these are synapomorphies of the clade achoania + crown group sarcopterygii .
image : ( left ) sphenethmoid portion of skull in palatal and right lateral views , from [ z + 01 ] .
links : sarcopterygii ( romer , 1955 ) achoania gen . nov . diagnosis . a . . . abstract of [ zy02 ] ) ; tech | fossil fish in chinese tale : a primitive sarcopterygian fish with an eyestalk . .
references : zhu & yu ( 2002 ) [ zy02 ] , zhu et al . 2001 ) [ z + 01 ] . atw040320 .
range : middle devonian of europe ( spain ) . there may be a problem with the date . in the original report , schultze dates the only known material as early middle devonian ( i . e . eifelian ) [ s73 ] . however , in their review two decades later , cloutier and ahlberg state the age as frasnian [ ca96 ] . we have not been able to determine whether this is a typographical error or represents some re - assessment of the age of the
moyuela schichten .
phylogeny : sarcopterygii : : : ( ( onychodontiformes + actinistia ) + ( styloichthys + rhipidistia ) ) + * .
notes : [ 1 ] squamosal 1 may be homologous to the quadratojugal . [ 2 ] see image of a very similar condition in porolepiforms . in both cases , the ascending process of the palatoquadrate is nearly vertical . the notch between the ascending process and the posterior body of the palatoquadrate apparently accommodates not only the ethmoid articulation of the palatoquadrate , but also provides room for the body of the m . levator arcus palatini .
references : cloutier & ahlberg ( 1996 ) [ ca96 ] , schultze ( 1973 ) [ s73 ] . atw040328 .
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a young minnesota relief pitcher , a deceptive lefty and a big bat out of xavier are the top prospects from this weeks roundup .
checking out the youngest player in the league and forecasting some arms who might impress at next week ' s all - star game .
pitching prospect notes from day four of the usa collegiate national team training , a 3 - 1 win in game two of the friendship series against chinese taipei .
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i was saddened to learn of bob ' s passing . i ' m sure he will . . .
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largidae is a family of insects within the order hemiptera .

they are commonly known as bordered plant bugs because many have contrasting coloured edges to their elytra .

there are fifteen genera and about one hundred species .

they are mostly wide-bodied , have no ocelli and have a four-segmented rostrum .

the bugs in this family are generally ground-dwelling or they scramble around in plants , bushes and trees .

they are phytophagous , feeding on plant juices and seeds .

largidae

herrich - schäffer ( hemiptera : largidae ) . pan - pac entomol 48 : 1–7
( hemiptera : heteroptera : largidae ) of america north of mexico . zootaxa 3058 : 35–54
spinola , 1837 ( hemiptera : heteroptera : largidae ) : first record from argentina . check list 8 : 237–238
hahn with a key to united states species ( hemiptera : largidae ) . pan - pac entomol 48 : 246–248
schaefer cw ( 2000 ) systematic notes on larginae ( hemiptera : largidae ) . j ny entomol soc 108 : 130–145
valerie ' s austin bug collection : insects > hemiptera ( bugs , etc . ) > largidae ( largid bugs )
h . s . , descripcion de nuevas especies ( hemiptera : heteroptera : largidae ) . folia entomol mex 48 : 81–109
van doesburg jr ph ( 1966 ) heteroptera of suriname : i . largidae and pyrrhocoridae . stud fauna suriname guyanas 9 : 1–60
schaefer cw , stehlík jr ( 2013 ) caribbean sea region pyrrhocoroidea ( hemiptera : pyrrhocoridae , largidae ) . neotrop entomol 42 : 372–383
le peletier et serville , 1825 ) ( heteroptera : largidae : larginae ) . acta musei moraviae , scientiae biologicae ( brno ) 92 : 111–113
stehlík jl , jindra z ( 2007 ) largulini—a new tribe of larginae from jamaica ( heteroptera , largidae ) . entomol basiliensa et collectionis frey 29 : 13–20
stehlík jl ( 1965b ) pyrrhocoridae and largidae collected by e . s . brown on solomon islands ( heteroptera ) . acta musei moraviae ( scientia naturales ) 50 : 253–292
stehlík jl , brailovsky h ( 2011 ) two new genera of the tribe largulini ( hemiptera : heteroptera : largidae ) from greater antilles . acta entomol mus nat pragae 51 : 449–456
the pyrrhocoridae and the largidae , making up the superfamily pyrrhocoroidea , are moderately sized insects , often with bright and contrasting colors . several genera of largidae resemble ants , either in color or in form . these insects range from 7 to 18 mm ( pyrrhocoridae ) and from 5 to 16 mm ( largidae ) . they feed on seeds , on the ground , or in the fruits . however , for most largids , we do not know much at all about their host plants or biology . dysdercus ( the only neotropical genus in pyrrhocoridae ) can be harmful , feeding on cotton seeds ; however , this damage occurs rarely in the neotropics and more often in the paleotropics .
schaefer cw , ahmad i ( 2000 ) cotton stainers and their relatives ( pyrrhocoroidea : pyrrhocoridae and largidae ) . in : schaefer cw , panizzi ar ( eds ) heteroptera of economic importance . crc press , boca raton , pp 271–308
schaefer c . w . ( 2015 ) cotton stainers ( pyrrhocoridae ) and bordered plant bugs ( largidae ) . in : panizzi a . , grazia j . ( eds ) true bugs ( heteroptera ) of the neotropics . entomology in focus , vol 2 . springer , dordrecht
henry tj ( 1988b ) family largidae amyot and serville , 1843 , the largid bugs . in : henry tj , froeschner rc ( eds ) catalog of the heteroptera , or true bugs , of canada and the continental united states . e . j . brill , leiden , pp 159–165
family largidae head triangular , without ocelli ; forewings with claval commissure ; female with 6th visible abdominal segment below cleft medially ; phytophagous ; habits not well known ; of no economic importance ; about 100 species ; in all zoogeographic regions . family pyrrhocoridae ( fire bugs , cotton stainers ) head triangular , without ocelli ; forewings…
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annals of the entomological society of america , vol . 90 , no . 3
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
( 2 spp . ) , and 4 genera represented by a single sp . each ; 106 spp . in 13 genera of 2 subfamilies worldwide
ground - dwelling or associated with the vegetative parts of forbs , shrubs and trees .
bliven b . p . ( 1973 ) a third paper on hemiptera associated with the pyrrhocoridae . occid . entomol . 1 : 123–133 .
halstead t . f . ( 1972 ) notes on the synonymy in largus hahn with a key to united states species . pan - pac . entomol . 48 ( 4 ) : 246 - 248 .
how to know the true bugs slater , james a . , and baranowski , richard m . 1978 . wm . c . brown company .
american insects : a handbook of the insects of america north of mexico ross h . arnett . 2000 . crc press .
catalog of the heteroptera , or true bugs of canada and the continental united states thomas j . henry , richard c . froeschner . 1988 . brill academic publishers .
biodiversity of the heteroptera henry t . j . 2009 . in : foottit r . g . , adler p . h . , eds . insect biodiversity : science and society . oxford : wiley - blackwell : 223 - 263 .
zoological catalogue of australia : hemiptera : heteroptera ( pentatomomorpha ) cassis g . , gross g . f . 2002 . csiro publishing , 751 pp .
disclaimer : dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service . we strive to provide accurate information , but we are mostly just amateurs attempting to make sense of a diverse natural world . if you need expert professional advice , contact your local extension office .
contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content . click the contributor ' s name for licensing and usage information . everything else copyright © 2003 - 2018 iowa state university , unless otherwise noted .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
i thank heartily dr . jane o’donnell for the lovely photographs and also heartily to ms virge kask , who did fine and recondite work on them .
ahmad i , schaefer cw ( 1987 ) food plants and feeding biology of the pyrrhocoroidea ( hemiptera ) . phytophaga 1 : 75–92
anonymous ( 1961 ) insects not known to occur in the united states . peruvian cotton stainer (
arnold k ( 2013 ) fragmenta heteroptera neotropica xiv ( insecta : hemiptera : heteroptera ) . edessana 3 : 25–59
barber hg ( 1910 ) some mexican hemiptera - heteroptera new to the fauna of the united states . j ny entomol soc 18 : 34–39
barber hg ( 1911 ) descriptions of some new hemiptera - heteroptera . j ny entomol soc 19 : 23–31
bliven bp ( 1956 ) new hemiptera from the western states with illustrations of previously described species and new synonymy on the psyllidae . b . p . bliven , eureka ( privately published )
bliven bp ( 1973 ) a third paper on hemiptera associated with pyrrhocoridae . occident entomol 1 : 123–133
fabr . ( pyrrhocoridae : heteroptera ) . in : ananthakrishnan tn ( ed ) insects and host specificity . symposium on problems of host - specificity in insects . loyola college , madras , pp 47–49
china we ( 1954 ) notes on the nomenclature of the pyrrhocoridae ( hemiptera heteroptera ) . entomol mon mag 110 : 188–189
costa lima am ( 1940 ) insetos do brasil . 2° tomo . capítulo 22 . hemipteros . escola nacional de agronomia , série didática n . 3 , rio de janeiro , brasil
boisduval ( hemiptera , pyrrhocoridae , pyrrhocorinae ) . mem inst oswaldo cruz 60 : 21–58
distant wl ( 1883 ) insecta . rhynchota . hemiptera - heteroptera , vol 1 . biologia centrali - americana , london
boisduval ( hemiptera , pyrrhocoridae ) , excluding the american species . trans r entomol soc 98 : 373–424
froeschner rc ( 1985 ) synopsis of the heteroptera or true bugs of the galapagos islands . smithson contrib zool 407 : 1–84
henry tj ( 1988a ) family pyrrhocoridae fieber , 1860 , the cotton stainers . in : henry tj , froeschner rc ( eds ) catalog of the heteroptera , or true bugs , of canada and the continental united states . e . j . brill , leiden , pp 613–615
hussey rf ( 1929 ) general catalogue of hemiptera . fascicle iii . pyrrhocoridae . smith college , northampton , pp 1–144
kumar r ( 1968 ) aspects of the morphology and relationships of the superfamilies lygaeoidea , piesmatoidea and pyrrhocoroidea ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) . entomol mon mag 103 : 251–261 ( dated 1967 , published 1968 )
lariviére mc , larochelle a ( 2004 ) fauna of new zealand ( ko te aitanga pepeke o aotearoe ) . heteroptera ( insecta : hemiptera ) : catalogue . menaaki whenue press , lincoln 50 : 1–330
lariviére mc , larochelle a ( 2014 ) checklist of the new zealand heteroptera ( insecta : hemiptera ) : an update based on the 2004 to 2013 literature . zootaxa 3755 : 347–367
myers jg ( 1927 ) ethological observations on some pyrrhocoridae of cuba ( hemiptera - heteroptera ) . ann entomol soc am 20 : 279–300
( f . ) ( hemiptera : pyrrhocoridae ) found in pakistan with reference to its genitalia and their bearing on its phylogenetic relationships . pak j entomol 16 : 25–28
robertson iad ( 1977 ) records of insects taken at light taps in tanzania . iv – seasonal changes in catches and effect of the lunar cycle on insects of the genus
schaefer cw ( 1964 ) the morphology and higher classification of the coreoidea ( hemiptera - heteroptera ) : parts i and ii . ann entomol soc am 57 : 670–684
schaefer cw ( 1966 ) an abdominal anomaly in a coreid ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) , with some phylogenetic notes . bull brooklyn entomol soc 49 ( 50 ) : 77–80
schaefer cw ( 1972 ) degree of metathoracic scent - gland development in the trichophorous heteroptera ( hemiptera ) . ann entomol soc am 65 : 810–821
schaefer cw ( 1980 ) the host plants of the alydinae , with a note on heterotypic feeding aggregations ( hemiptera : coreoidea : alydidae ) . j kansas entomol soc 53 : 115–122
schaefer cw ( 1999 ) the higher classification of the alydidae ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) . proc entomol soc wash 101 : 94–98
sp . nov . ( hemiptera : heteroptera : pyrrhocoridae ) from brazil . acta musei moraviae 98 : 381–390
schaefer cw , mitchell pl ( 1983 ) food plants of the coreoidea ( hemiptera : heteroptera ) . ann entomol soc am 76 : 591–615
schaefer cw , pupedis rj ( 1981 ) a stridulatory device in certain alydinae ( hemiptera : heteroptera : alydidae ) . j kansas entomol soc 54 : 143–152
- group , with notes on the alydine genital capsule ( hemiptera : heteroptera : alydidae ) . ann entomol soc am 82 : 500–507
schouteden h ( 1912 ) les hémiptères parasites des cotonniers en afrique . rev zool africaine 1 : 297–321
southwood tre ( 1956 ) the structure of the eggs of the terrestrial heteroptera and its relationship to the classification of the group . trans r entomol soc 108 : 163–220
fabr . , a new pest of wheat—a possible case of host cross - over . indian j entomol 33 : 354
stehlík jl ( 1965a ) mission zoologique de l’i . r . s . c . en afrique orientale ( p . basilewsky - n . leleup , 1957 ) pyrrhocoridae ( het . ) . acta musei moravia ( scientia naturales ) 50 : 211–252
( hemiptera : heteroptera : pyrrhocoridae ) . acta entomol musei nationalis pragae 53 : 505–584
( hemiptera : heteroptera : pyrrhocoridae ) from south - eastern asia . acta musei moraviae scientiae biol 98 : 41–51
sweet mh ( 2006 ) justification for the aradimorpha as an infraorder of the suborder heteroptera ( hemiptera , prosorrhyncha ) with special reference to the pregenital abdominal structure . denisea 19 : 225–248
( insecta : hemiptera : pyrrhocoridae ) and evolution of their colour patterns . cladistics 13 : 109–213
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horse , ( equus caballus ) , a hoofed , herbivorous mammal of the family equidae . it comprises a single species , …
animal , ( kingdom animalia ) , any of a group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms ( i . e . , as distinct from…
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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a small family with one very common representative in our area , the largid bugs are also sometimes called bordered plant bugs .
species is usually found on plant foliage but sometimes the nymphs congregate on fruits such as those of lantana . the nymphs are often gregarious and easily noticed because they are a metallic blue - black . very young nymphs look like beetles , with their shiny rounded abdomens . older nymphs have a bright red spot in the middle of their backs . the nymphs look nothing like the adults , except that they have black legs . the adults are up to 13 mm in length and are a dull gray mottled color , with dark wing membranes and orange edges to their bodies . there is a second , less common
species , or perhaps a distinct variety of the same one , that is darker , with legs that are orange towards the body instead of all black . the shape of largid bugs makes them look somewhat like members of the family
four new species , largulus refulgens ( greater antilles : jamaica ) , theraneis saphisa ( ecuador ) theraneis napoana ( ecuador ) , and theraneis furtiva ( panama ) are described . new distribution data are provided for theraneis petri stehlik , theraneis pulchra distant , and theraneis schuhi stehlik . theraneis isobel hussey is synonymized with theraneis pulchra distant . keys to the known species of largulus and theraneis are provided , along with dorsal illustrations and drawings of male genital capsules of some species . view this article in bioone
katja schulz marked the classification from
taieol ( 臺灣生命大百科 ) _ insecta _ 01
as preferred for
antilochus
.
valter jacinto marked
physopelta gutta
as trusted on the
physopelta gutta
page .
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