suberites ficus is a species of sponge in the family suberitidae .

it is sometimes known as the sea orange sponge .

sponges are primitive animals with little apparent internal organisation .

they are composed of a jellylike mesohyl sandwiched between two layers of cells and have a fragile skeleton composed of stiff spicules .

they are filter feeders , maintaining a flow of water through their structure which passes out through large openings called oscula .

suberites ficus

variety suberites domuncula var . ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) accepted as suberites ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ( status change )
original description johnston ' s halichondria ficus is the first recognizable description and depiction of the sponge generally considered as suberites ficus in the recent literature . [ details ]
variety suberites domuncula var . spermatozoon ( schmidt , 1875 ) accepted as suberites spermatozoon ( schmidt , 1875 ) ( status change )
identity : this seems to be a species where field characters and electrophoretic evidence are more useful than spicule morphology . traditionally the presence of centrotylote microscleres was considered diagnostic . the table given under suberites carnosus sets out the differences between suberites carnosus and suberites ficus . before coming to a conclusion , make sure that all the characters fit . the presence of centrotylote microscleres is only a confirmation of the suberites ficus species group . please report if any characters are unreliable . brief notes on some other species which might be confused with suberites carnosus or suberites ficus are given below .
hans - martin braun added the english common name
sea orange
to
suberites ficus ( johnston , 1842 )
.
bay - nouailhat w . , september 2004 , description of suberites ficus , available on line at urltoken consulted on 09 july 2018 .
there are other similar species of the genus suberites such as suberites carnosus which is more globulous , with fewer oscules ( generally 2 to 3 ) and which can retract a lot .
solé - cava , a . m . & thorpe , j . p . ( 1986 ) genetic differentiation between morphotypes of the marine sponge suberites ficus ( demospongiae : hadromerida ) . marine biology , 93 , 247–253 .
picton , b . e . & morrow , c . c . ( 2016 ) . suberites ficus ( linnaeus , 1767 ) . [ in ] encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland . urltoken accessed on 2018 - 07 - 09
solé - cava , a . m . ; thorpe , j . p . ( 1986 ) . genetic differentiation between morphotypes of the marine sponge suberites ficus ( demospongiae : hadromerida ) . marine biology . 93 : 247 - 253 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
cr . hcr . xfa . subcritf suberites spp . with a mixed turf of crisiids and bugula spp . on heavily silted moderately wave - exposed shallow circalittoral rock
taxonomy this is not alcyonium ficus sensu pallas , 1766 or esper , 1794 , as expressly stated by johnston ( 1842 : 144 ) .
surface : smooth , not velvety ( cf . suberites carnosus ) , but presents high friction when the tongue is run over it .
hirsute , even
.
a new species of habitat - forming < i > suberites < / i > ( porifera , demospongiae , suberitida ) in the benguela upwelling region ( south africa ) .
encyclopedia of marine life of britain and ireland marine life information network - uk to barcode of life ( 2 barcodes ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 10 publications ) ( from synonym halichondria farinaria bowerbank , 1866 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 13 publications ) ( from synonym halichondria ficus johnston , 1842 ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 19 publications ) ( from synonym hymeniacidon ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 44 publications ) ( from synonym ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 6 publications ) ( from synonym choanites ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) to biodiversity heritage library ( 65 publications ) to biological information system for marine life ( bismal ) to encyclopedia of life to genbank ( 51 nucleotides ; 45 proteins ) to marine species identification portal to pesi to pesi ( from synonym ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) to pesi ( from synonym suberites domuncula var . ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 3 records ) ( from synonym ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 3 records ) ( from synonym halichondria farinaria bowerbank , 1866 ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 3 records ) ( from synonym hymeniacidon ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) to usnm invertebrate zoology porifera collection ( 45 records )
taxonomy this is not alcyonium ficus sensu pallas , 1766 or esper , 1794 , as expressly stated by johnston ( 1842 : 144 ) . [ details ]
cr . hcr . xfa . subcritf - suberites spp . with a mixed turf of crisiids and bugula spp . on heavily silted moderately wave - exposed shallow circalittoral rock - marine habitat classification
avant , p . 2008 . suberites ficus a sponge . in tyler - walters h . and hiscock k . ( eds ) marine life information network : biology and sensitivity key information reviews , [ on - line ] . plymouth : marine biological association of the united kingdom . [ cited 09 - 07 - 2018 ] . available from : urltoken
identification this is not alcyonium ficus pallas , 1766 , nor linnaeus , 1767 . as expressly indicated by johnston , 1842 . he mentioned esper ' s ( 1829 ) plate as belonging to halichondria ficus but it is more likley that esper ' s record concerns the same tunicate species as pallas ' record . [ details ]
a new species of habitat - forming < i > suberites < / i > ( porifera , demospongiae , suberitida ) in the benguela upwelling region ( south africa ) . - pubmed - ncbi
this biotope is similar to subcritf but is found in slighty more wave - sheltered sites , and at deeper depths . it also does not have ' massive ' examples of suberites spp . present in subcritf .
fauré - fremiet , e . , 1931 . étude histologique de ficulina ficus l . ( demospongia ) . arch . anat . micr . , 27 ( 3 ) : 421 - 448 .
( of suberites compactus balsamo crivelli , 1863 ) balsamo crivelli , g . 1863 . di alcuni spongiarii del golfo di napoli . atti della società italiana di scienze naturali e del museo civico di storia naturale . milano 5 : 284 - 302 , pl . iv - vi . [ details ]
uriz , m . j . ( 1990 ) possible influence of trawl fishery on recent expansion in the range of suberites tylobtusa in the southeast atlantic . in : rützler , k . ( ed . ) , new perspective in sponge biology . smithsonian institute press , washington d . c . , 309–315 .
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) topsent , e . ( 1934 ) . eponges observées dans les parages de monaco . ( première partie ) . bulletin de l’institut océanographique , monaco . 650 : 1 - 42 . page ( s ) : 16 [ details ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) ferrer hernández , f . ( 1912 ) . notas sobre algunas esponjas de santander . boletín de la real sociedad española de historia natural de madrid . 12 : 573 - 588 . page ( s ) : 587 [ details ]
( of halichondria ficus johnston , 1842 ) johnston , g . 1842 . a history of british sponges and lithophytes . ( w . h . lizars : edinburgh ) : i - xii , 1 - 264 , pls i - xxv . page ( s ) : 144 - 146 [ details ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) lévi , c . ( 1952 ) . spongiaires de la côte du sénégal . bulletin de l’institut français d’afrique noire ( a . sciences naturelles ) . 14 ( 1 ) : 34 - 59 . page ( s ) : 44 [ details ]
suberites ficus is a massive sponge up to 30 cm across . it has an irregular rounded form . the surface is smooth , fibrous - like with few large oscules . the colour is variable : yellow orange , red orange , greish or brownish . it is attached to rocks , near algae and sometimes to small stones it may entirely cover . it can be seen rolling to and fro on the bottom according to water stream . it may also cover shells inhabited by hermit - crabs . it is found from surface to 200 m deep , in the atlantic ocean , the baltic sea , the north sea , the english channel and the mediterranean sea .
samaai , t . ; gibbons , m . j . ( 2005 ) . demospongiae taxonomy and biodiversity of the benguela region on the west coast of south africa . african natural history . 1 : 1 - 96 . page ( s ) : 28 ; note : this record concerns suberites dandelenae samaai & maduray , 2017 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of hymeniacidon ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) norman , a . m . 1869a . notes on a few hebridean sponges , and on a new desmacidon from jersey . annals and magazine of natural history ( 4 ) 3 ( 16 ) : 296 - 299 . page ( s ) : 297 [ details ]
( of hymeniacidon ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 206 - 208 [ details ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) stephens , j . 1915a . sponges of the coasts of ireland . i . - the triaxonia and part of the tetraxonida . fisheries , ireland scientific investigations1914 ( 4 ) : 1 - 43 , pls i - v . page ( s ) : 35 - 36 [ details ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) stephens , j . 1917 . report on the sponges collected off the coasts of ireland by the dredging expeditions of the royal irish academy and the royal dublin society . proceedings of the royal irish academy 34 ( b ) : 1 - 16 . page ( s ) : 5 [ details ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) ferrer hernández , f . ( 1914 ) . esponjas del cantábrico . parte 2 . iii . myxospongida . iv . tetraxonida . v . triaxonida . trabajos del museo nacional de ciencias naturales ( zoológica ) . 17 : 1 - 46 . page ( s ) : 17 - 18 [ details ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) solórzano , m . r . ( 1990 ) . poríferos del litoral gallego : estudio faunístico , distribución e inventario . phd thesis unversidad de santiago de compostela . 1036 pp . page ( s ) : 349 - 354 ; lám . 24 - 25 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) note : this concerns suberites suberia . [ details ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) topsent , e . ( 1928 ) . spongiaires de l’atlantique et de la méditerranée provenant des croisières du prince albert ler de monaco . résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le prince albert i . monaco . 74 : 1 - 376 , pls i - xi . page ( s ) : 156 [ details ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) topaloğlu , b . ( 2001 ) . sponge fauna in the littoral zone of the marmara sea . rapports et procès verbaux des réunions de la commission internationale pour l ' exploration de la mer méditerranée , . 36 , 421 . page ( s ) : 421 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) uriz , m . j . ( 1987 ) . sponges from the south - west of africa : description of species . in : jones wc ( ed ) european contributions to the taxonomy of sponges . publications of the sherkin island marine station . 1 , 54 - 73 . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) borojevic , r . ; cabioch , l . ; lévi , c . ( 1968 ) . inventaire de la faune marine de roscoff . spongiaires . cahiers de biologie marine . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 8 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
the association of the sponges myxilla incrustans ( esper ) and mycale adhaerens ( lambe ) with the scallops chlamys hastata hericia gould and c . rubida ( hines ) is shown to be a mutualism , which protects the sponges from predatory sponge - rasping dorid nudibranchs and the scallops from predatory starfish . the sponge is protected by scallop motility ( also shown for the suberites ficus - hermit crab association ) . the sponge helps to protect the scallops by altering the surface texture of the shell so increasing the efficacy of the swimming escape response by decreasing the adhesive abilities of asteroid tube - feet . the sponge also provides tactile camouflage against certain predatory starfish . there was no evidence that either component chemically deceived or repelled the predators of the other component . predation pressure on both components of the association appears to be the major force leading to the mutualism .
( of choanites ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) alander , h . ( 1942 ) . sponges from the swedish west - coast and adjacent waters . ph . d . thesis . ( university of lund , h . struves : gøteborg ) . pp . 1 - 95 , 15 pls . page ( s ) : 78 - 79 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of hymeniacidon ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1874 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 3 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls i - xcii . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 91 - 92 , pl . xxxvi 10 - 17 [ details ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) topsent , e . ( 1913 ) . spongiaires provenant des campagnes scientifiques de la ‘princesse alice’ dans les mers du nord ( 1898 - 1899 - 1906 - 1907 ) . résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le prince albert i de monaco . 45 : 1 - 67 , pls i - v . page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]
( of halichondria ficus johnston , 1842 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2002 ) . family suberitidae . in : hooper , j . n . a & van soest , r . w . m . ( eds ) . systema porifera , a guide to the classification of the sponges . 1 kluwer academic / plenum publishers , new york : 1 - 1708 . [ details ]
samaai , t . ; maduray , s . ; janson , l . ; gibbons , m . j . ; ngwakum , b . ; teske , p . r . ( 2017 ) . a new species of habitat–forming suberites ( porifera , demospongiae , suberitida ) in the benguela upwelling region ( south africa ) . zootaxa . 4254 ( 1 ) : 49–81 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 69 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2002 ) . family suberitidae . in : hooper , j . n . a & van soest , r . w . m . ( eds ) . systema porifera , a guide to the classification of the sponges . 1 kluwer academic / plenum publishers , new york : 1 - 1708 . [ details ]
distribution of habitat cr . hcr . xfa . subcritf suberites spp . with a mixed turf of crisiids and bugula spp . on heavily silted moderately wave - exposed shallow circalittoral rock , based on records on the uk marine recorder database and euseamap . red dots represent records on which the biotope is based . blue dots show other certain records , black dots show records tentatively assigned to this biotope . yellow areas show level 2 and 3 sublittoral and deep - sea habitats prediced by euseamap within uk waters .
( of halichondria ficus johnston , 1842 ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2002 ) . family suberitidae . in : hooper , j . n . a & van soest , r . w . m . ( eds ) . systema porifera , a guide to the classification of the sponges . 1 kluwer academic / plenum publishers , new york : 1 - 1708 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) lendenfeld , r . von . ( 1898 ) . die clavulina der adria . nova acta academiae caesareae leopoldino carolinae germanicae naturaecuriosorum . 69 : 1 - 251 , pls i - xii . page ( s ) : 94 - 98 ; pl iii fig 26 - 27 & 30 ; pl vi fig 52 ; pl vii fig 77 ; pl xi fig 189 - 191 [ details ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) van soest , r . w . m . ( 2002 ) . family suberitidae . in : hooper , j . n . a & van soest , r . w . m . ( eds ) . systema porifera , a guide to the classification of the sponges . 1 kluwer academic / plenum publishers , new york : 1 - 1708 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of ficulina ficus ( johnston , 1842 ) ) muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
lectotype bmnh 1847 . 9 . 7 . 51 , locality north sea . . .
lectotype [ from synonym ] bmnh 1847 . 9 . 7 . 51 , locality north sea ( scarborough , deep water ) [ view taxon ]
van soest , r . w . m ; boury - esnault , n . ; hooper , j . n . a . ; rützler , k . ; de voogd , n . j . ; alvarez , b . ; hajdu , e . ; pisera , a . b . ; manconi , r . ; schönberg , c . ; klautau , m . ; picton , b . ; kelly , m . ; vacelet , j . ; dohrmann , m . ; díaz , m . - c . ; cárdenas , p . ; carballo , j . l . ; ríos , p . ; downey , r . ( 2018 ) . world porifera database .
( of halichondria farinaria bowerbank , 1866 ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1866 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 2 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xx , 1 - 388 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 269 - 271 [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 2002 ) . family suberitidae . in : hooper , j . n . a & van soest , r . w . m . ( eds ) . systema porifera , a guide to the classification of the sponges . 1 kluwer academic / plenum publishers , new york : 1 - 1708 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
ackers , r . g . ; moss , d . ; picton , b . e . ( 1992 ) . sponges of the british isles ( ‘sponges v’ ) . a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society . 1 - 175 . page ( s ) : 60 - 61 [ details ]
hiscock , k . ; stone , s . m . k . ; george , j . d . ( 1984 ) . the marine fauna of lundy . porifera ( sponges ) : a preliminary study . report lundy field society . 34 : 16 - 35 . page ( s ) : 20 - 21 [ details ]
topsent , e . ( 1891 ) . voyage de la goëlette ‘melita’ aux canaries et au sénégal , 1889 - 1890 . spongiaires . mémoires de la société zoologique de france . 4 : 11 - 15 , pl . ii . page ( s ) : 14 - 15 [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1993 ) . affinities of the marine demospongiae fauna of the cape verde islands and tropical west africa . courier forschungsinstitut senckenberg . 159 : 205 - 219 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 1993 ) . distribution of sponges on the mauritanian continental shelf . in : wolff , w . j . , van der land , j . , nienhuis , p . h . & de wilde , p . a . w . j . ( eds ) , ecological studies in the coastal waters of mauritania . hydrobiologia . 258 : 95 - 106 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
voultsiadou - koukoura , e . ; van soest , r . w . m . ( 1993 ) . suberitidae ( demospongiae , hadromerida ) from the north aegean sea . beaufortia . 43 ( 11 ) : 176 - 186 . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 179 [ details ]
muller , y . ( 2004 ) . faune et flore du littoral du nord , du pas - de - calais et de la belgique : inventaire . [ coastal fauna and flora of the nord , pas - de - calais and belgium : inventory ] . commission régionale de biologie région nord pas - de - calais : france . 307 pp . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
kelly , m . ; edwards , a . r . ; wilkinson , m . r . ; alvarez , b . ; cook , s . de c . ; bergquist , p . r . ; buckeridge , st j . ; campbell , h . j . ; reiswig , h . m . ; valentine , c . ; vacelet , j . ( 2009 ) . phylum porifera : sponges . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 23 - 46 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
topsent , e . ( 1891 ) . spongaires des côtes océaniques de france . bulletin de la société zoologique de france . 6 : 125 - 129 . page ( s ) : 127 [ details ]
stone , s . m . : boardley . e . ; gill , m . ( 1987 ) . field characteristics of some conspicuous sublittoral sponges from roaringwater bay , county cork , ireland . in : jones wc ( ed ) european contributions to the taxonomy of sponges . publications of the sherkin island marine station . 1 : 130 - 140 . [ details ]
cuénot , l . 1936 . commensalisme des pontes de céphalopodes avec des éponges et des cnidaires . mémoires du musée royal d ' histoire naturelle de belgique ( 2 ) 3 : 37 - 40 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
trott , t . j . ( 2004 ) . cobscook bay inventory : a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years . northeastern naturalist . 11 , 261 - 324 . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
hayward , p . j . ; ryland , j . s . ( ed . ) . ( 1990 ) . the marine fauna of the british isles and north - west europe : 1 . introduction and protozoans to arthropods . clarendon press : oxford , uk . isbn 0 - 19 - 857356 - 1 . 627 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
van soest , r . w . m . ( 2001 ) . porifera , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels . 50 : 85 - 103 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
brunel , p . ; bosse , l . ; lamarche , g . ( 1998 ) . catalogue of the marine invertebrates of the estuary and gulf of st . lawrence . canadian special publication of fisheries and aquatic sciences , 126 . 405 p . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
uriz , m . j . ( 1988 ) . deep - water sponges from the continental shelf and slope off namibia ( southwest africa ) : classses hexactinellida and demospongia . monografías de zoología marina . 3 : 9 - 157 . page ( s ) : 37 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of halichondria farinaria bowerbank , 1866 ) bowerbank , j . s . ( 1874 ) . a monograph of the british spongiadae . volume 3 . ( ray society : london ) : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls i - xcii . ( look up in imis ) page ( s ) : 177 , pl . lxx 5 - 8 [ details ]
javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .
present address : the department of biology , the university of south florida , tampa , fla . , u . s . a .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
the body form is very variable , typically massively lobed but can be a cushion , massively globular , elongated or encrusting . size varies between 10 - 40 cm in diameter and the surface looks smooth but is slightly rough to touch . the colour is usually orange or intermediate shades of yellow , brown and orange but has also been reported as white , grey or green . the pores through which water leaves the body cavity ( oscules ) are large and typically at the tops of the lobes but may be in other positions .
widespread throughout the arctic and northeast atlantic , and found in the north western mediterranean .
occurs on rock and other hard substrata such as wreckage and empty gastropod and scallop shells . reported to prefer being exposed to tidal currents .
large oscules typically at the top of the lobes , but may be in other positions .
shape , size and arrangement of spicules is important for identification of the species .
howson , c . m . & picton , b . e . , 1997 . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . belfast : ulster museum . [ ulster museum publication , no . 276 . ]
moss , d . , & ackers , g . ( eds . ) , 1982 . the ucs sponge guide . produced by r . earll . ross - on - wye : the underwater conservation society .
national biodiversity network ( nbn ) atlas website . available from : http : / / www . nbnatlas . org . accessed 01 april 2017
van soest , r . w . m . , picton , b . & morrow , c . , 2000 . sponges of the north east atlantic . [ cd - rom ] windows version 1 . 0 . amsterdam : biodiversity center of eti , multimedia interactive software . [ world biodiversity database cd - rom series . ]
marine life information network ( marlin ) , the marine biological association of the uk ( see contact us ) © 2018 the marine biological association of the uk , all rights reserved .
the information ( text only ) provided by the marine life information network ( marlin ) is licensed under a creative commons attribution - non - commercial - share alike 2 . 0 uk : england & wales license . note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse . permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here . based on a work at urltoken
) is a big massive lobate , occasionally cylindrical , orange sponge with one or more conspicuous , large oscules . it feels firm , but contracts visibly when prodded . it has a velvety smooth appearance . growth forms may include specimens enveloping gastropod shells and encrusting scallops . it differs from several other species of
in the possession of centrotylote microrhabds ( microscopical examination necessary ) . occurs mostly in places with tidal currents .
usually orange , sometimes intermediate shades of yellow , orange or brown . it has been reported as white , white - grey , grey or green ( the latter in patches , caused by the presence of symbiotic algae ) . the interior is yellow .
) varied . it may be a cushion , massive - lobose , massive - globose , or cylindrical . the massive - lobose form is typical , but growth forms include specimens encrusting or enveloping mollusc shells . size variable , 10 - 40 cm in length . surface smooth , not velvety ( cf .
) , but presents high friction when the tongue is run over it . hirsute , even , with an ' open ' appearance when alive . one to many ( 5 , or even more ) large oscules ( up to 5 cm diameter ) , mostly at the tops of the lobes but other positions are possible . consistency firm , moderately elastic , softer when undisturbed in water . elongate forms break when bent through 20 degrees . contraction noticeable : when removed from the water the sponge contracts to about 3 / 4 of its size when undisturbed underwater . smell faint , of freshly cut cucumber .
) megascleres are tylostyles of 2 sizes ( 100 - 250 µm and 350 - 500 x 5 - 10 µm ) , the larger growing in a wide size range ( cf .
( i . e . right at the surface ) . size 15 - 50 µm .
is confused , almost halichondroid . there is one category of spicule ( tylostyle ) , divided into two size groups . the larger constitute the main structural megascleres , whereas the smaller are perpendicularly arranged as a dense palisade at the surface .
these may be found in the basal parts of the sponge encrusting the substrate .
sheltered waters , usually where there are tidal currents , although can be found in still water . on rock , wreckage ( when it may hang down into the current ) , sometimes growing around empty gastropod shells inhabited by hermit crabs , and on
valves . in still water it sometimes occurs free - living , having initially settled on a piece of hard debris which is subsequently enveloped .
and other named forms needs further study . both massive and enveloping / encrusting forms have the centrotylote microrhabds , but these are found in
species elsewhere in the world , so that may not be considered evidence of conspecificity .
has been considered a synonym of this species ; it is enveloping gastropod shells inhabited by hermit crabs ) and recent research ( solé - cava et al . , 1986 as
, but no further research has been done on that , so we tentatively consider it a juvenile growth form of the present species .
which has an elongated wedge - shaped form ; it is especially common in north sea sand habitats and in view of the fact that is never shows any larger oscules , we consider it a separate species .
) , but that is generally assumed to have been a compound ascidian . subsequent uses of the name
, esper ( 1794 ) and lamarck ( 1814 ) were likewise uncertain . only when british authors (
as the proper name for the present species for the time being until a proper revision has been made .
) . the first of these is very common ; it is compared with the present species below . the latter is a
mobile
sponge , always occupied by hermit crabs . it is uncertain whether typical
the table below sets out the differences between them . before coming to a conclusion , make sure that all the characters fit . the presence of centrotylote microscleres in
ackers , r . g . , d . moss , b . e . picton and s . m . k . stone , 1985 . sponges of the british isles (
sponge iv
) . i . marine conservation soc . , ross on wye , u . k . : 1 - 107 .
ackers , r . g . a . , d . moss and b . e . picton , 1992 . sponges of the british isles (
sponge v
) , a colour guide and working document . marine conservation society , 175 pp .
ackers , r . g . , 1983 . some local and national distributions of sponges . porcupine newsletter , 2 ( 7 ) : 162 - 165 .
arndt , w . , 1935 . porifera . tierwelt nord . - ostsee , iiia : 1 - 140 , figs . 1 - 239 .
borojevic , r . , l . cabioch and c . lévi , 1968 . spongiaires . inventaire faune marine de roscoff . 44 pp .
bowerbank , j . s . , 1866 . a monograph of the british spongiadae , ii . ray society , london : i - xx , 1 - 388 .
bowerbank , j . s . , 1874 . a monograph of the british spongiadae , iii . ray society , london : i - xvii , 1 - 367 , pls . i - xcii .
breton , g . , a . girard and j . p . lagardère , 1996 . espèces animales benthiques des bassins du port du havre ( normandie , france ) rares , peu connues ou nouvelles pour la région . bull . trim . soc . géol . normandie et amis muséum du havre , 82 ( 3 ) : 7 - 28
brøndsted , h . v . , 1932 . marine spongia . the zoology of the faroes , 1 ( 1 , iii ) : 1 - 34 .
bruce , j . r . , j . s . colman and n . s . jones , 1963 . marine fauna of the isle of man and its surrounding seas . l . m . b . c . memoirs , 36 . 307 pp . ( sponges : 42 - 47 ) .
burton , m . , 1930a . norwegian sponges from the norman collection . proc . zool . soc . london , 2 : 487 - 546 .
burton , m . , 1931 [ 1932 ] . the porifera of the isle of man . lancashire sea fisheries lab . rept . , 1931 : 167 - 169 .
descatoire , a . , 1969a . peuplements sessiles de l ' archipel de glénan . i . inventaire : spongiaires . vie milieu , ( b ) 20 ( 1 , b ) : 177 - 210 .
esper , j . c . , 1791 - 1794 . die pflanzenthieren in abbildungen nach der natur mit farben erleuchtet , nebst beschreibungen , 2 : 1 - 303 , pls . 1 - 109 ( sponges : 165 - 180 , 221 - 282 )
fristedt , k . , 1885 . bidrag till kännedomen om de vid sveriges vestra kust lefvande spongiae . k . svensk . vet . - akad . handl . , 21 ( 6 ) : 1 - 56 .
hanitsch , r . , 1890 . third report on the porifera of the l . m . b . c . district . trans . biol . soc . liverpool , 4 : 192 - 238 , pls . x - xv .
hartman , w . d . , 1958a . natural history of the marine sponges of southern new england . bull . peabody mus . nat . hist . , 12 : 1 - 155 .
hiscock , k . , s . m . k . stone and j . d . george , 1983 ( 1984 ) . the marine fauna of lundy . porifera ( sponges ) . rep . lundy fld . soc . , 34 : 16 - 35 .
holt , e . w . l . , 1892 . survey of the fishing grounds , west coast of ireland , 1890 - 91 . report on the results of the fishing operations . sci . proc . royal dublin soc . ( n . s . ) , vii .
johnston , g . , 1842 . a history of british sponges and lithophytes . lizars , edinburgh : 1 - 264 , 25 pls .
könnecker , g . , 1973 . littoral and benthic investigations on the west coast of ireland - i . ( section a : faunistic and ecological studies ) . the sponge fauna of kilkieran bay and adjacent waters . proc . roy . irish acad . , 73 ( b ) : 451 - 472 .
mcintosh , w . c . , 1874 . on the invertebrate marine fauna and fishes of st . andrews . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 4 ) 13 : 140 - 145 .
( text repeated in : mcintosh , w . c . , 1875 . the marine invertebrates and fishes of st andrews . black , edinburgh : pp . 12 - 17 )
norman , a . m . , 1869 . notes on a few hebridean sponges and on a new desmacidon from jersey . ann . mag . nat . hist . , ( 4 ) 3 : 296 - 299 .
soest , r . w . m . van , j . d . guiterman and m . sayer , 1981 . sponges from roaringwater bay and lough ine . j . sherkin isl . , 1 ( 2 ) : 35 - 49 .
soest , r . w . m . van , 1977 . marine and freshwater sponges ( porifera ) of the netherlands . zool . meded . leiden , 50 ( 16 ) : 261 - 273 .
soest , r . w . m . van , 1983 . sponzenonderzoek in nederland . het zeepaard , 43 ( 2 ) : 28 - 33 .
stephens , j . , 1915 . sponges of the coast of ireland . 1 . - the triaxonida and part of the tetraxonida . fisheries ireland , sci . investigations , 1914 , iv [ 1915 ] : 1 - 43 .
stephens , j . , 1917 . report on the sponges collected off the coast of ireland by the dredging expeditions of the royal irish academy and the royal dublin society . proc . roy . irish acad . , 34 ( b , 1 ) : 1 - 16 .
stone , s . m . , e . boardley and m . gill . , 1987 . field characteristics of some conspicuous sublittoral sponges from roaringwater bay , county cork , ireland : 130 - 140 . in : w . c . jones ( ed . ) , european contributions to the taxonomy of sponges . publ . sherkin isl . marine station , 1 : 140 pp .
topsent , e . , 1894b . étude sur la faune des spongiaires du pas - de - calais , suivie d ' une application de la nomenclature actuelle à la monographie de bowerbank . rev . biol . nord france , 7 : 6 - 29 .
topsent , e . , 1899 . documents sur la faune des spongiaires des côtes de belgique . arch . biol . , 16 : 105 - 115 .
topsent , e . , 1900 . étude monographique des spongiaires de france . 3 . monaxonida ( hadromerina ) . arch . zool . exp . gén . , ( 3 ) 8 : 1 - 331 , 8 pls .
topsent , e . , 1932 . remarques sur des éponges de l ' estuaire de la rance . bull . lab . st . servan , 8 : 1 - 7 .
weinberg , s . , 1994 . découvrir l ' atlantique , la manche et la mer du nord . nathan nature , paris : 1 - 383 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
oscule : opening generally quite visible , through which sponges expel water they have filtered to extract food particles .
, iles glénan , south - brittany , west of france . depth 17 meters .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
attributes / relations provided by ♦ 1 differences in diet of atlantic bluefin tuna ( thunnus thynnus ) at five seasonal feeding grounds on the new england continental shelf , bradford c . chase , fishery bulletin 100 no2 168 - 80 ap 2002
van soest , r . w . m . ( 2002 ) . family suberitidae . in : hooper , j . n . a & van soest , r . w . m . ( eds ) . systema porifera , a guide to the classification of the sponges . 1 kluwer academic / plenum publishers , new york : 1 - 1708 . [ details ]
description : this sponge usually consists of smoothly rounded lobes with large irregular oscules . it is typically orange or red in colour , brighter red in well - lit shallow water and paler in darker or siltier sites . forms encrusting scallop shells may belong to distinct species , they tend to form smooth crusts with evenly spaced small oscules .
habitat : attached to rock in exposed sites and loose - lying amongst algae in sheltered sites .
distribution map from nbn : interactive map : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
form : massive - lobose , massive - globose , or cylindrical with a ridged appearance in large specimens .
colour : usually orange , sometimes intermediate shades of yellow , orange or brown . it has been reported as white , white - grey , grey or green ( the latter in patches , caused by the presence of symbiotic algae ) . the interior is yellow .
consistency : firm , moderately elastic , softer when undisturbed in water . elongate forms break when bent through 20 degrees .
apertures : one to many ( 5 , or even more ) oscules , mostly at the tops of the lobes ( see e . g . photo 31 ) but other positions are possible . the oscules are large and the excurrent canals can be easily seen joining below the oscules .
contraction : noticeable : when removed from the water the sponge contracts to about 3 / 4 of its size when undisturbed underwater .
skeleton : subradiate , the radial arrangement of the spicules being most apparent near the surface . internally the skeleton is confused , almost halichondroid . there is one category of spicule ( tylostyle ) , divided into two size groups . the larger constitute the main structural megascleres , whereas the smaller are perpendicularly arranged as a dense palisade at the surface .
spicules : megascleres are tylostyles of 2 sizes , ( a ) 320 - ( 380 ) - 420 x 6ám and ( b ) 100 - ( 158 ) - 225 x 2 . 5ám . microscleres are microrhabds , ie . centrotylote microstrongyles ( c ) ( 25 - ( 48 ) - 70ám ) , which need careful searching of the ectosome to be seen , amongst the tips of the palisade spicules ( i . e . right at the surface ) .
distribution : widespread throughout arctic and atlantic in the northern hemisphere . the form illustrated here is not uncommon on western coasts of the british isles .
distribution map from nbn : grid map ( fast ) : interactive map ( slower , requires login to view records ) : national biodiversity network mapping facility , data for uk .
picton , b . e . , morrow , c . c . & van soest , r . w . b . , 2011 . [ in ] sponges of britain and ireland urltoken
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
confused by a class within a class or an order within an order ? please see our brief essay .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
borojevic , r . ; cabioch , l . ; lévi , c . ( 1968 ) . inventaire de la faune marine de roscoff . spongiaires . cahiers de biologie marine . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 - 44 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 8 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
ferrer hernández , f . ( 1914 ) . esponjas del cantábrico . parte 2 . iii . myxospongida . iv . tetraxonida . v . triaxonida . trabajos del museo nacional de ciencias naturales ( zoológica ) . 17 : 1 - 46 . page ( s ) : 17 - 18 [ details ]
lendenfeld , r . von . ( 1898 ) . die clavulina der adria . nova acta academiae caesareae leopoldino carolinae germanicae naturaecuriosorum . 69 : 1 - 251 , pls i - xii . page ( s ) : 94 - 98 ; pl iii fig 26 - 27 & 30 ; pl vi fig 52 ; pl vii fig 77 ; pl xi fig 189 - 191 [ details ]
lévi , c . ( 1952 ) . spongiaires de la côte du sénégal . bulletin de l’institut français d’afrique noire ( a . sciences naturelles ) . 14 ( 1 ) : 34 - 59 . page ( s ) : 44 [ details ]
stephens , j . 1915a . sponges of the coasts of ireland . i . - the triaxonia and part of the tetraxonida . fisheries , ireland scientific investigations1914 ( 4 ) : 1 - 43 , pls i - v . page ( s ) : 35 - 36 [ details ]
topsent , e . ( 1913 ) . spongiaires provenant des campagnes scientifiques de la ‘princesse alice’ dans les mers du nord ( 1898 - 1899 - 1906 - 1907 ) . résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le prince albert i de monaco . 45 : 1 - 67 , pls i - v . page ( s ) : 25 [ details ]
topsent , e . ( 1928 ) . spongiaires de l’atlantique et de la méditerranée provenant des croisières du prince albert ler de monaco . résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies par le prince albert i . monaco . 74 : 1 - 376 , pls i - xi . page ( s ) : 156 [ details ]
topsent , e . ( 1934 ) . eponges observées dans les parages de monaco . ( première partie ) . bulletin de l’institut océanographique , monaco . 650 : 1 - 42 . page ( s ) : 16 [ details ]
ferrer hernández , f . ( 1912 ) . notas sobre algunas esponjas de santander . boletín de la real sociedad española de historia natural de madrid . 12 : 573 - 588 . page ( s ) : 587 [ details ]
stephens , j . 1917 . report on the sponges collected off the coasts of ireland by the dredging expeditions of the royal irish academy and the royal dublin society . proceedings of the royal irish academy 34 ( b ) : 1 - 16 . page ( s ) : 5 [ details ]
topaloğlu , b . ( 2001 ) . sponge fauna in the littoral zone of the marmara sea . rapports et procès verbaux des réunions de la commission internationale pour l ' exploration de la mer méditerranée , . 36 , 421 . page ( s ) : 421 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
solórzano , m . r . ( 1990 ) . poríferos del litoral gallego : estudio faunístico , distribución e inventario . phd thesis unversidad de santiago de compostela . 1036 pp . page ( s ) : 349 - 354 ; lám . 24 - 25 [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
uriz , m . j . ( 1987 ) . sponges from the south - west of africa : description of species . in : jones wc ( ed ) european contributions to the taxonomy of sponges . publications of the sherkin island marine station . 1 , 54 - 73 . page ( s ) : 58 [ details ]
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
< p > the annotation score provides a heuristic measure of the annotation content of a uniprotkb entry or proteome . this score < strong > cannot < / strong > be used as a measure of the accuracy of the annotation as we cannot define the ‘correct annotation’ for any given protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / annotation _ score ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this indicates the type of evidence that supports the existence of the protein . note that the ‘protein existence’ evidence does not give information on the accuracy or correctness of the sequence ( s ) displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ existence ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides any useful information about the protein , mostly biological knowledge . < p > < a href = ' / help / function _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the < a href =
urltoken
> gene ontology ( go ) < / a > project provides a set of hierarchical controlled vocabulary split into 3 categories : < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ ontology ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information about the protein and gene name ( s ) and synonym ( s ) and about the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / names _ and _ taxonomy _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides an exhaustive list of all names of the protein , from commonly used to obsolete , to allow unambiguous identification of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / protein _ names ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been imported from another database using automatic procedures . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000313
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section indicates the name ( s ) of the gene ( s ) that code for the protein sequence ( s ) described in the entry . four distinct tokens exist : ‘name’ , ‘synonyms’ , ‘ordered locus names’ and ‘orf names’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / gene _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section provides information on the name ( s ) of the organism that is the source of the protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / organism - name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section shows the unique identifier assigned by the ncbi to the source organism of the protein . this is known as the ‘taxonomic identifier’ or ‘taxid’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ identifier ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> names and taxonomy < / a > section contains the taxonomic hierarchical classification lineage of the source organism . it lists the nodes as they appear top - down in the taxonomic tree , with the more general grouping listed first . < p > < a href = ' / help / taxonomic _ lineage ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the quaternary structure of a protein and on interaction ( s ) with other proteins or protein complexes . < p > < a href = ' / help / interaction _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / structure _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides information on sequence similarities with other proteins and the domain ( s ) present in a protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / family _ and _ domains _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> family and domains < / a > section describes the position and type of a domain , which is defined as a specific combination of secondary structures organized into a characteristic three - dimensional structure or fold . < p > < a href = ' / help / domain ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000259
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘family and domains’ section denotes the positions of regions of coiled coil within the protein . < p > < a href = ' / help / coiled ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > information which has been generated by the uniprotkb automatic annotation system , without manual validation . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences # eco : 0000256
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > uniprotkb keywords constitute a < a href =
urltoken
> controlled vocabulary < / a > with a hierarchical structure . keywords summarise the content of a uniprotkb entry and facilitate the search for proteins of interest . < p > < a href = ' / help / keywords ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section displays by default the canonical protein sequence and upon request all isoforms described in the entry . it also includes information pertinent to the sequence ( s ) , including < a href =
urltoken
> length < / a > and < a href =
urltoken
> molecular weight < / a > . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequences _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the < a href =
urltoken
> sequence < / a > section indicates if the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > displayed by default in the entry is complete or not . < p > < a href = ' / help / sequence _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > the checksum is a form of redundancy check that is calculated from the sequence . it is useful for tracking sequence updates . < / p > < p > it should be noted that while , in theory , two different sequences could have the same checksum value , the likelihood that this would happen is extremely low . < / p > < p > however uniprotkb may contain entries with identical sequences in case of multiple genes ( paralogs ) . < / p > < p > the checksum is computed as the sequence 64 - bit cyclic redundancy check value ( crc64 ) using the generator polynomial : x < sup > 64 < / sup > + x < sup > 4 < / sup > + x < sup > 3 < / sup > + x + 1 . the algorithm is described in the iso 3309 standard . < / p > < p class =
publication
> press w . h . , flannery b . p . , teukolsky s . a . and vetterling w . t . < br / > < strong > cyclic redundancy and other checksums < / strong > < br / > < a href =
urltoken
> numerical recipes in c 2nd ed . , pp896 - 902 , cambridge university press ( 1993 ) < / a > ) < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘sequence’ section is used for sequence fragments to indicate that the residue at the extremity of the sequence is not the actual terminal residue in the complete protein sequence . < p > < a href = ' / help / non _ ter ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides links to proteins that are similar to the protein sequence ( s ) described in this entry at different levels of sequence identity thresholds ( 100 % , 90 % and 50 % ) based on their membership in uniprot reference clusters ( < a href =
urltoken
> uniref < / a > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / similar _ proteins _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section is used to point to information related to entries and found in data collections other than uniprotkb . < p > < a href = ' / help / cross _ references _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this section provides general information on the entry . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ information _ section ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides a mnemonic identifier for a uniprotkb entry , but it is not a stable identifier . each reviewed entry is assigned a unique entry name upon integration into uniprotkb / swiss - prot . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ name ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section provides one or more accession number ( s ) . these are stable identifiers and should be used to cite uniprotkb entries . upon integration into uniprotkb , each entry is assigned a unique accession number , which is called ‘primary ( citable ) accession number’ . < p > < a href = ' / help / accession _ numbers ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section shows the date of integration of the entry into uniprotkb , the date of the last sequence update and the date of the last annotation modification ( ‘last modified’ ) . the version number for both the entry and the < a href =
urltoken
> canonical sequence < / a > are also displayed . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ history ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
< p > this subsection of the ‘entry information’ section indicates whether the entry has been manually annotated and reviewed by uniprotkb curators or not , in other words , if the entry belongs to the swiss - prot section of uniprotkb ( < strong > reviewed < / strong > ) or to the computer - annotated trembl section ( < strong > unreviewed < / strong > ) . < p > < a href = ' / help / entry _ status ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
: protein polymorphism : adaptive and taxonomic significance , pp 3–26 . ed . by g . s . oxford and d . rollinson . london : academic press 1983
bergquist , p . r . and r . j . wells : chemotaxonomy of the porifera : the developments and current status of the field .
: marine natural products , vol 5 . pp 1–50 . ed . by p . j . scheuer . london : academic press 1983
bowerbank , j . s . : on the anatomy and physiology of the spongiadae . part i . on the spicula . phil . trans . r . soc .
bowerbank , j . s . : a monograph of the british spongiadae , vol 3 . 367 pp . london : ray society 1866
brewer , g . c . : an introduction to isozyme techniques , 186 pp . new york : academic press 1970
bruce , j . r . , j . s . colman and n . s . jones : marine fauna of the isle of man and its surrounding seas , 307 pp . liverpool : liverpool university press 1963
, of british shores . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .
bull , h . o . : the marine fauna of the cullercoast district . porifera . rep . dove mar . lab .
( olivi ) : its synonymy , distribution , and ecology . bull . br . mus . nat . hist . ( zool . )
connes , r . , j . - p . diaz , g . negre et j . paris : etude morphologique , cytologique et serologique de deux formes de
de laubenfels , m . w . : a discussion of the sponge fauna of the dry tortugas in particular and the west indies in general , with material for a revision of the families and orders of the porifera . publs carnegie instn
de laubenfels , m . w . : the sponges of woods hole and adjacent waters . bull . mus . comp . zool . harv .


protospongia is a genus of porifera known from the middle cambrian burgess shale .

102 specimens of protospongia are known from the greater phyllopod bed , where they comprise 0.19 % of the community .

protospongia

protospongia – from the greek protos , “first , ” and the latin spongia , “sponge . ”
a protospongia from the dalradian of clare island , co . mayo , ireland | the palaeontological association
other deposits : protospongia is widely known from the cambrian to the silurian in many siliciclastic and carbonate deposits .
protospongia mononema ; ypm ip 075075 ; north america ; canada ; quebec ; little metis ; john w . dawson
protospongia delicatula ; ypm ip 180343 ; north america ; canada ; quebec ; little metis ; john w . dawson
protospongia cyathiformis ; ypm ip 180344 ; north america ; canada ; quebec ; little metis ; john w . dawson
protospongia mononema ; north america ; canada ; quebec ; little metis ; j . w . dawson ; ypm ip 075073
protospongia mononema ; north america ; canada ; quebec ; little metis ; j . w . dawson ; ypm ip 075074
detailed distribution with sources ( as protospongia haeckelii w . s . kent ) europe : slovakia ( hindák & hindáková 2016 ) .
protospongia is rare in the walcott quarry where it represents about 0 . 24 % of the community ( caron and jackson , 2008 ) .
protospongia would have lived attached to the sea floor . food particles were extracted from the water as it passed through canals in the sponge’s wall .
rigby , j . k . 1966 . protospongia hicksi hinde from the middle cambrian of western utah . journal of paleontology , 40 : 549 - 554 .
protospongia hicksi ? ( rom 43826 ) . typical isolated cruciform spicules . size of widest ray = 15 mm . specimen dry – direct light . trilobite beds on mount stephen .
rushton , a . w . a . , phillips , w . e . a . 1973 . a protospongia from the dalradian of clare island , co . mayo , ireland . palaeontology , 16 , 2 , 231–237 .
diagoniella was described by rauff in 1894 as a subgenus of protospongia . walcott described a new species , d . hindei , in his 1920 monograph of the sponges from the burgess shale and made diagoniella a valid genus , considering it distinct from protospongia . ribgy ( 1986 ) restudied the sponges of the burgess shale including d . hindei and rigby and collins ( 2004 ) concluded that another species , known in other cambrian deposits , d . cyathiformis , is also present in the burgess shale .
protospongia is related to a primitive group of hexactinellid sponges and resembles diagoniella ( rigby , 1986 ) . hexactinellid sponges ( glass sponges ) have a skeleton composed of four to six - pointed siliceous spicules , they are considered to be an early branch within the porifera phylum due to their distinctive composition .
diagoniella is placed in the family protospongiidae ( primitive hexactinellids ) and may be confused with protospongia ( rigby , 1986 ) . hexactinellid sponges ( glass sponges ) have a skeleton composed of four to six - pointed siliceous spicules . they are considered to be an early branch within the porifera phylum due to their distinctive composition .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
hicksi – after h . hicks , a palaeontologist who worked on fossil sponges .
burgess shale and vicinity : the walcott quarry on fossil ridge and several smaller localities on mount stephen .
other deposits : p . hicksi occurs in the middle cambrian marjum formation ( rigby , 1966 ) .
first described in 1888 by hinde , this species was recognized from the burgess shale by walcott in 1920 . the genus was redescribed by rigby in 1986 when reviewing the burgess shale sponges . in 2004 , rigby and collins examined new material collected by the royal ontario museum possibly attributable to this genus .
this sponge has been described only from fragments in the burgess shale so its shape and maximal size is unknown . however , specimens collected elsewhere show that this sponge had a globular to conical shape . the walls of this sponge were thin with a single layer of spicules . these spicules are known as stauracts , and differ from the normal six rayed spicules of the hexactinellid sponges in that they have two reduced rays which give them a distinctive cross - shape . contrary to diagoniella , the spicules are arranged parallel to the main axes of the sponge which gives it the distinctive square appearance . there are six orders of spicules present in the skeleton .
caron , j . - b . and d . a . jackson . 2008 . paleoecology of the greater phyllopod bed community , burgess shale . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology , 258 : 222 - 256 .
hinde , g . j . 1888 . a monograph of the british fossil sponges , part 2 , 93 - 188 p .
rigby , j . k . 1986 . sponges of the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) , british columbia . palaeontographica canadiana , 2 : 105 p .
rigby , j . k . and d . collins . 2004 . sponges of the middle cambrian burgess shale and stephen formations , british columbia . royal ontario museum contributions in science ( 1 ) : 155 p .
walcott , c . d . 1920 . middle cambrian spongiae . cambrian geology and paleontology iv . smithsonian miscellaneous collections , 67 ( 6 ) : 261 - 365 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
javascript is required to use this web site . please turn it on before proceeding .
parent taxon : protospongiidae according to j . k . rigby et al . 1998
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en
urltoken
152 , 260 species and infraspecific names are in the database , 20 , 704 images , 58 , 813 bibliographic items , 390 , 023 distributional records .
accesses : this record has been accessed by users 271 times since it was created .
verification of data users are responsible for verifying the accuracy of information before use , as noted on the website content page .
citing algaebase cite this record as : guiry , m . d . & guiry , g . m . 2018 . algaebase . world - wide electronic publication , national university of ireland , galway . http : / / www . algaebase . org ; searched on 09 july 2018 .
site © 1996 - 2018 m . d . guiry . all rights reserved .
except where otherwise noted , content on this site is licensed under cc by - nc licence .
n . a genus of lyssacine hexactinellidan sponges , including the oldest known forms of fossil sponge , from the menevian beds of the lower cambrian of wales , as p . fenestrata .
log in or sign up to get involved in the conversation . it ' s quick and easy .
wordnik is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non - profit organization , ein # 47 - 2198092 .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
a . w . a . rushton and w . e . a . phillips
the largest specimen of praiaspongia hicksi hinde yet found is described from the lop of the upper lltay dalradian succession in western ireland . the age is uncertain but suggestive of middle cambrian ( st . david ' s series ) .
3d animation of diagoniella cyathiformis and other sponges ( choia ridleyi , eiffelia globosa , hazelia conferta , pirania muricata , vauxia bellula , and wapkia elongata ) and chancelloria eros a sponge - like form covered of star - shaped spines .
diagoniella – from the greek dia , “throughout , during or across” , and gon , “corner , joint or angle” refering to the diagonal spicules of this sponge .
hindei – for dr . g . j . hinde , a british palaeontologist who worked on fossil sponges .
lectotype – usnm 66503 ( d . hindei ) , in the national museum of natural history , smithsonian institution , washington , dc , usa . ( d . cyathiformis type and repository information unknown . )
burgess shale and vicinity : d . cyathiformis ( dawson , 1889 ) from the trilobite beds and tulip beds on mount stephen , walcott quarry on fossil ridge and stanley glacier ( caron et al . , 2010 ) .
other deposits : d . coronata dawson , 1890 from the ordovician of québec at little métis .
middle cambrian , bathyuriscus - elrathina zone to late middle cambrian bolaspidella assemblage zone ( approximately 505 million years ago ) .
burgess shale and vicinity : this sponge has been found at the walcott quarry on fossil ridge , the trilobite beds and tulip beds ( s7 ) localities on mount stephen and from stanley glacier in kootenay national park .
other deposits : d . cyathiformis ( dawson , 1889 ) from the ordovician of québec at little métis to the middle cambrian wheeler and marjum formations in utah ( for d . cyathiformis ) d . hindei walcott , 1920 from the cambrian of utah and nevada as well ( rigby , 1978 , 1983 ) .
d . hindei is a small and simple conical sac - like sponge . the skeleton is composed of diagonally orientated coarse spicules along the length of the sponge . these spicules are known as stauracts , and differ from the normal six rayed spicules of the hexactinellid sponges in that they have two rays reduced which gives them a distinctive cross - shape . the spicules knit together to form a net , although , unlike some hexactinellid sponges this net is not fused , which make the sponges very delicate . d . cyathiformis is a larger ( up to 120 mm ) and more elongate , conical species . the long spicules form a tuft - like root structure at the base of the sponge .
diagoniella is relatively common but represents only 0 . 24 % of the walcott quarry community ( caron and jackson , 2008 ) .
diagoniella would have lived attached to the sea floor . particles of organic matter were extracted from the water as they passed through canals in the sponge’s wall .
caron , j . - b . , r . gaines , g . mangano , m . streng and a . daley . 2010 . a new burgess shale - type assemblage from the
thin
stephen formation of the southern canadian rockies . geology , 38 : 811 - 814 .
rigby , j . k . 1978 . porifera of the middle cambrian wheeler shale , from the wheeler amphitheater , house range , in western utah . journal of paleontology , 52 : 1325 - 1345 .
rigby , j . k . 1983 . sponges of the middle cambrian marjum limestone from the house range and drum mountains of western millard county , utah . journal of paleontology , 57 : 240 - 270 .
rigby , j . k . 1986 . sponges of the burgess shale ( middle cambrian ) , british columbia . palaeontographica canadiana , 2 : 105 p .
is of interest to scientists studying the mechanisms of intercellular signaling and adhesion present before animals appeared .
propels swimming cells through the water column and creates water currents through the microvilli , which trap foodstuff such as bacteria and detritus .
and is characterized by an anterior dictyosome under the flagellar base , a central nucleus , peripheral mitochondria and a posterior food vacuole .
have only a fine investment that is indistinct by light microscopy or completely lack an outer - covering .
species are distinguished by colony morphology , which vary from simple chains of cells to striking astral assemblages .
colonies having extra cellular jelly or mucilage have been described by kent , lackey , and leadbeater ; however the composition of this substance is unknown .
proterospongia is a taxonomic classification of colonial codonosigidae choanoflagellates based on the physical appearance of individual cells and the morphology of the colony . first described by kent in manual of the infusoria ( 1880 - 1882 ) , there are six described species of proterospongia and the colony structure varies between species . the members of proterospongia genus remain to be classified in a phylogenetic framework .
king , n . the unicellular ancestry of animal development . developmental cell ( 2004 ) 7 : 313 - 325
king , n . , and s . b . carroll . 2001 . a receptor tyrosine kinase from choanoflagellates : molecular insights into early animal evolution . proc natl acad sci u s a 98 : 15032 - 7 .
leadbeater , b . s . c . ; thomsen h . a . order choanoflagellida . the illustrated guide to the protozoa , second edition , ( 2000 ) pp . 14 - 37 .
leadbeater , b . s . c . life - history and ultrastructure of a new marine species of proterospongia ( choanoflagellida ) . j . mar . biol . ass . u . k . ( 1983 ) 135 - 160
lackey , j . b . morphology and biology of a species of proterospongia . trans . amer . micro . soc . ( 1959 ) pp . 202 - 206 .
james , t . y . , f . kauff , c . l . schoch , et al . mult . 2006 . reconstructing the early evolution of fungi using a six - gene phylogeny . nature 443 : 818 - 22 .
lang , b . f . , c . o ' kelly , t . nerad , m . w . gray , and g . burger . 2002 . the closest unicellular relatives of animals . curr biol 12 : 1773 - 8 .
philippe , h , snell , ea , bapteste , e , lopez , p , holland , pwh , and d casane . 2004 . phylogenomics of eukaryotes : the impact of missing data on alignments . molecular biology and evolution . 21 ( 9 ) : 123 - 135 .
snell , ea , furlong , rf , and pwh holland . 2001 . hsp70 sequences indicate that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals . current biology . 11 : 967 - 970 .
katja schulz marked
from culture
as visible on the
proterospongia
page .
the sponge & protist concepts are now separated , and these images should not show up in sponge media collections anymore .
katja schulz marked
from culture
as trusted on the
proterospongia
page .
kent , w . s . ( 1880 - 1881 ) . a manual of the infusoria , including a description of all known flagellate , ciliate , and tentaculiferous protozoa , british and foreign and an account of the organization and affinities of the sponges . vol . i pp . 289 - 720 . london . [ details ]
brandt , s . ( 2001 ) . choanoflagellates , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 57 - 59 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]