the grey francolin ( formerly also called the grey partridge , but not to be confused with the european grey partridge ) francolinus pondicerianus is a species of francolin found in the plains and drier parts of south asia .

they are found in open cultivated lands as well as scrub forest and their local name of teetar is based on their calls , a loud and repeated ka-tee-tar ... tee-tar which is produced by one or more birds .

the term teetar can also refer to other partridges and quails .

during the breeding season calling males attract challengers and decoys were used to trap these birds especially for fighting .

grey francolin

grey francolin ( francolinus pondicerianus ) complete detail . description of grey francolin ( francolinus pondicerianus ) . habit and habitat of grey francolin . classification of grey francolin ( francolinus pondicerianus ) . identification of grey francolin ( francolinus pondicerianus ) .
the painted francolin has white - spotted underparts ; bright rufous face , throat ; orange - yellow to red legs . similar to : black francolin . male black francolin has white patch on side of face ; male painted francolin does not . female black francolin has rufous hind collar ; female painted francolin does not . similar to : grey francolin . painted francolin has white - spotted underparts ; grey francolin has lightly barred underparts .
10 .  genus - francolinus genus francolinus is divided into five species which is distributed in asia . •black francolin : francolinus francolinus •painted francolin : francolinus pictus •chinese francolin : francolinus pintadeanus •grey francolin : francolinus pondicerianus •swamp francolin : francolinus gularis
similar to : painted francolin . male black francolin has white patch on side of face ; male painted francolin does not . female black francolin has rufous hind collar ; female painted francolin does not .
grey francolin is found in most open habitats upto altitudes of 1000 m . unlike
grey francolin ; habitat ; human activities ; population ; salt range ; threats .
5 . 5 genera of francolins : 1 . francolinus : 1 . black francolin , francolinus francolinus 2 . painted francolin , francolinus pictus 3 . chinese francolin , francolinus pintadeanus 4 . grey francolin , francolinus pondicerianus 5 . swamp francolin , francolinus gularis
grey francolin ( francolinus pondicerianus ) is a species of bird in the phasianidae family .
6 . 2 . peliperdix : •coqui francolin : peliperdix coqui •white - throated francolin : peliperdi albogularis •schlegel ' s francolin : peliperdix schlegelii •latham ' s francolin : peliperdix lathami 3 . dendroperdix : crested francolin : dendroper dixsephaena
information on the grey francolin is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
k . islam . erckels francolin ( francolinus erckelii ) , black francolin ( francolinus francolinus ) , grey francolin ( francolinus pondicerianus ) . birds of north america , 1999 , 23 pp .
the grey francolin is normally found foraging on bare or low grass covered ground in scrub and open country .
around 18 people were arrested in unnao district for organizing and betting on grey - francolin - fighting matches .
grey francolin : different types of communication calls given by a family - feeding - party of 8 - 10 individuals .
had arrested a poacher near khanpur area under the limits of kotwali police station and recovered 53 grey - francolin from his possession .
the grey francolin has barred upperparts ; lighter barred lowerparts ; light supercilium ; pale face ; pale throat with thin black border . subspecies in southern peninsula of india has a darker rufous throat . found in plains and drier regions of south asia . similar to : gray partridge . gray francolin has horizontally striped neck and breast ; gray partridge has solid gray breast . similar to : painted francolin . painted francolin has white - spotted underparts ; grey francolin has lightly barred underparts .
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kanpur : around 18 people were arrested in unnao district for organizing and betting on grey - francolin - fighting matches . the police rescued 24 grey - francolin and seized cash and goods from the raid . the district police were tipped off by informers about the existence of such a racket .
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the ' grassland francolins ' ( genus scleroptila ) , which include the orange river , grey - winged , red - winged and shelley ' s francolins , are quite similar to one another , but within this complex the grey - winged francolin can be distinguished by having a grey freckled rather than white or buff throat . in flight , there is proportionally more grey than red on the wings compared to the other species .
26 . roosting :  mostly francolin roost on small higher trees .  grey francolin roost in small groups .  that grey francolin mostly roosts on acacia modesta tree which indicates the association of this species with this tree .  acacia nilotica , delbergia sisso as tree species and a shrub zizypus jujuba .  it usually roosts before the sunset and departure take place before sun rise .  the time spent in roosting observed was lied between 6 - 10 hours depending upon sunset or sunrise .  it was also observed that female grey francolin with chicks prefer low height tree for roosting as compared to female without chicks .
the harwood ' s francolin has gray - brown plumage ; red bare skin around eyes .
r . a . khan . status and ecology of black and grey francolin in agricultural land in the punjab , pakistan , wpa news , 1997 , 52 : 30 - 34 .
kumbhalgarh area hanuman langur , grey junglefowl , red spurfowl , white - naped woodpecker and white - capped bunting . also a chance of jungle cat , green avadavat and painted francolin .
grey - winged francolins , mpumalanga , south africa . [ photo johan van rensburg © ]
similarly , grey francolin ( teetar ) , one of the most popular birds , had a specially designed structure made of reeds which was big enough for the birds to hop around in .
the handsome francolin has gray head , nape ; reddish brown on wings ; rufous gray underparts .
s . c . tapper . conserving the grey partridge . game conservancy trust , fordingbridge . 2001 .
grey hypocolius near the village of fulay , a wintering site in western india , by lars petersson .
the natal francolin is found in botswana , mozambique , south africa , swaziland , zambia , and zimbabwe .
the cape francolin has finely vermiculated gray and white plumage ; red legs . it is unique in its range .
the ring - necked francolin is found in burundi , cameroon , kenya , rwanda , tanzania , and uganda .
gray francolins has buff - coloured spear - shaped streaks , irregular mottles and bars of reddish brown and black above . grey francolin is barred throughout and the face is pale with a thin black border to the pale throat .
) , also called gray partridge , is a common breeding resident in india . grey francolin was also introduced in andaman is . and is now well established . three geographical subspecies ; the western ( west of river indus )
a . mian . grey partridge demands intensive study . wpa news , 1995 , no . 1 : 2 .
said , “poaching of grey - francolin ( formerly called grey - partridge ) is a common practice in the region . the birds are already declining in number due to loss of breeding habitat and food supplies . their numbers have , in fact , fallen in these areas by as much as 50 percent in the last 15 - 20 years . ”
22 . habitat  grey francolin is normally found foraging on bare or low grass covered ground in scrub on paddy fields .  black francolin appear to be found in scrubby habitats with plenty of cultivated crops tall enough to offer shelter .  painted francolin is found in patchily distributed in semi dry undulating grasslands with scrub or cultivation land .  chinese francolin natural habitats are sun tropical or tropical moist low land forest  swamp francolins habitat quite different from other species , affecting high grass and cane - brakes near the edges of rivers and jheels , though it will come into cultivated ground only to feed .
the male cameroon francolin has brown upperparts ; grayish underparts ; red bill . female has barred upperparts ; mottled brown underparts .
28 . breeding & nesting  breeding season of grey francolin is april to september and the nest is a hidden scrape on the ground .  the nest may sometimes be made above ground level in a niche in a wall or rock .  breeding season of painted francolin after the monsoons , from june to october .  the nest is a scrape in the ground .  breeding season of black francolin normally nests in a tall grasslands from late march to may .  the most likely breeding locations savannah , grasslands , scrub vegetation areas under the cultivated crops .  the breeding season of chinese francolin lays march–sept .  breeding season of swamp francolin very little is known about its breeding , nesting time march to april which is unknown .
local sources informed that the game of francolin fighting takes place in various villages of unnao district . sources further said there is a big network involved in francolin fighting and betting in the events . utmost care is taken by the owners of francolin to make them win the fight so they can win money . the birds are fed on a varied diet , including dry fruits .
gray francolins are grayish - brown game birds with short stubbed tail . the dark border patch around the neck is absent in the immature grey francolins . gray francolins has buff - coloured spear - shaped streaks , irregular mottles and bars of reddish brown and black above . grey francolin is barred throughout and the face is pale with a thin black border to the pale throat .
the djibouti francolin has overall grayish - brown plumage with white stripes and streaks on its underparts which become finer towards the upperparts .
station in the district under the animal cruelty act and wildlife protection act . killing grey francolin is covered under schedule iii of wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 , and is punishable with an imprisonment of six months or fine of rs 25 , 000 or both .
gray francolin : medium - sized bird ; introduced to hawaii in 1958 . it is buff - brown overall with barring , finer on the
the chinese francolin is it is found in cambodia , southeast china , india , laos , myanmar , philippines , thailand , and vietnam .
the grey francolin was first introduced to hawaii in 1958 . it is now common on the islands of maui , molokai , the big island . it can also be found in some regions on oahu , such as around diamond head and lualualei valley . grey francolins frequent dry , open grasslands and shrubs as well as coastal kiawe forests . in hawaii , it can also be seen on golf courses or along roadsides .
comparative population biology of black ( francolinus francolinus ) and grey ( f . pondicerianus ) francolins under lal suhanra national park ( pakistan ) conditions
grey francolin is native to india , pakistan , sri lanka , oman , iran , nepal , turkmenistan and also introduced in bahrain , andaman and chagos islands , mauritius , qatar , seychelles , united arab emirates , nevada and hawaii in united states . it is vagrant in afghanistan .
exes in both spatial ( alpha2 20 . 76 , df = 5 , p less than 0 . 05 ) and seasonal ( alpha2 21 . 76 , df 10 , p less than 0 . 05 ) samples , while heterogeneity was not significant for grey francolin population ( stands : alpha2 13 . 61 , df = 9 , p greater than 0 . 05 , seasons : alpha2 3 . 36 , df = 10 , p greater than 0 . 05 ) . average size of covey was smaller ( 1 . 88 plus minus 0 . 15 , range 1 - 5 ) in black compared to grey ( 1 . 94 plus minus 0 . 18 , range 1 - 7 ) francolin . black francolin ( 0 . 60 : 0 . 09 ) tended more towards a uniform dispersion compared with grey ( 0 . 78 plus minus 0 . 11 ) .
, kotwali , raided a mango orchard at unnao - hardoi road on sunday and busted a betting racket on grey - francolin fighting . the cops recused 24 birds and arrested three organizers and 15 other men who were spectators and were placing bets on the birds , ” said a senior police official .
comparative population biology of black ( francolinus francolinus ) and grey ( f . pondicerianus ) francolins under lal suhanra national park ( pakistan ) conditions
the white - throated francolin is found in tropical and sub - tropical grasslands , savannas , burned lands and shrublands . it feed on seeds and insects .
30–35 cm ; male 255–418 g , female 200–365 g . most uniformly and finely patterned asian francolin ; throat pattern , buffy throat fringed with black . . .
the moorland francolin of ethiopia has black spots on a white neck . the subspecies in kenya and uganda have birghter rufous plumage and lack black spots on throat .
comparative population biology of black ( francolinus francolinus ) and grey ( f . pondicerianus ) francolins under lal suhanra national park ( pakistan ) conditions [ 2015 ]
gct . conserving the grey partridge : a practical guide produced by the game conservancy trust for farmers , landowners and local biodiversity action plan groups . gct , hampshire , 2006 .
i . k . sharma . the grey partridge ( francolinus pondicerianus ) in the rajasthan desert . annals of arid zones , 1983 , 22 ( 2 ) : 117 - 120 .
distribution of grey - winged francolin in southern africa , based on statistical smoothing of the records from first sa bird atlas project ( © animal demography unit , university of cape town ; smoothing by birgit erni and francesca little ) . colours range from dark blue ( most common ) through to yellow ( least common ) . see here for the latest distribution from the sabap2 .
the grey partridge inhabits dry , open grass and thorny - scrub country interspersed with cultivation , and avoids heavy forest and humid tracts . it is commonly found on the outskirts of villages .
erckel , black , and gray francolins were all imported and released in several states during the 1950s and 1960s . the mainland populations did not survive , while all three francolin species thrived in hawaii .
gray francolins are grayish - brown game birds with short stubbed tail . the dark border patch around the neck is absent in the immature grey francolins . the cheeks , throat and forehead are orange .
27 . feeding :  food includes seeds , grains as well as insects , particularly termites and beetles ( especially tenebrionidae and carabidae ) .  they may occasionally take larger prey such as snakes .  painted francolin feed on grass seeds as well as grains of cultivated rice . beetles and other insects are also eaten .  black francolin a wide variety of seeds and insects .  may also eat small mealworms and wax worms , but be careful when feeding to chicks as they are prone to toe - picking .  food consists mainly of grain , grass seeds , fallen berries , shoots , tubers , termites , ants and insects .  chinese francolin feed on seeds , shoots and insects . most active early morning and evening .  swamp francolin feed on seeds , insects , cereals , grains , bulbs and tubers .
n . j . aesbischer and ewald . managing the uk grey partridge perdix perdix recovery : population change , reproduction , habitat and shooting . ibis , 2004 , 146 ( 2 ) : 181 191 .
m . panek . the effect of agricultural landscape structure on food resources and survival of grey partridge perdix perdix chicks in poland . j . appl . ecol . , 1997 . 34 : 787 792 .
21 . description of francolins :  size of female francolin is 10 . 2 - 11 . 9 inches  weight of male 260 - 340gm and female 200 - 300gm  size of francolin male is 11 . 6 - 13 . 4 inches  the francolin is barred throughout and the face is pale with a thin black border to the pale throat .  the male can have up to two spurs on the legs while females usually lack them .  they are weak fliers and fly short distances , escaping into undergrowth .  in flight it shows a chestnut tail and dark primaries .  they have wide tails with fourteen retrice feathers .
they roost at night up in thorny trees and bushes , and will often take shelter into these when harried in day - time . the call of the cock grey partridge is one of the most familiar .
the swamp francolin has brown upperparts barred with buff ; chestnut outer tail feathers ; red - rust throat ; brown underparts with white steaks ; blackish bill ; dull red feet . it is found in or near wet environments .
n . j . aesbischer , and g . r . potts . population dynamics of the grey partridge perdix perdix 17931993 : monitoring , modelling and management . ibis , 1995 , 137 ( 1 ) : 29 37 .
m . panek , . demography of grey partridge ( perdix perdix ) in poland in the years 1991 2004 : reasons of population decline . eur . j . wildl . res . , 2005 , 51 : 1418 .
mcgowan , p . j . k . & kirwan , g . m . ( 2018 ) . grey francolin ( francolinus pondicerianus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
n . j . aebischer and j . a . ewald . the grey partridge in the uk : population status , research , policy and prospects . animal biodiversity and conservation , 2012 . 35 ( 2 ) : 353362 .
e . bro , f . sarrazin , j . clobert and f . reitz . ( demography and decline of the grey partridge perdix perdix in france . j . appli . ecol . , 2000 , 37 : 432 448 .
e . bro , f . reitz , j . clobert , p . migot and m . massot diagnosing the environmental causes of the decline in grey partridge perdix perdix survival in france . ibis , 2001 , 143 : 120 132 .
c . j . topping , t . t . hoye , p . odderskaer and n . j . aebischer . a pattern - oriented modelling approach to simulating populations of grey partridge . ecological modelling , 2010 . 221 : 729 - 737 .
in the last few decades the population of gray francolin had been steadily declining due to extensive hunting and trapping . but in recent years , with hunting ban more strictly enforced , these birds are staging a comeback , at least in northern parts of india .
f . buner , m . jenny , n . zbinden and b . naef - daenzer . ecologically enhanced areas a key habitat structure for re - introduced grey partridges perdix perdix . biological conservation , 2005 , 124 ( 3 ) : 373 381 .
de leo , g . a . s . focardi , m . gatto and i . m . cattadori . the decline of the grey partridge in europe : comparing demographies in traditional and modern agricultural landscapes . ecological modelling . 2004 , 117 : 313 335 .
j . a . ewald , g . r . potts and n . j . aebischer . restoration of a wild grey partridge shoot : a major development in the sussex study , uk . animal biodiversity and conservation , 2012 , 35 ( 2 ) : 363369 .
s . c . tapper , g . r . potts and m . brockless . the effect of an experimental reduction in predation pressure on the breeding success and population density of grey partridge . j . appl . ecol . , 1996 . 33 : 965 - 78 .
the double - spurred francolin has mainly brown plumage ; streaked and spotted darker upperparts ; chestnut crown , neck collar ; pale cream face flecked with dark brown ; white supercilium ; white cheek patches ; brown wings . male usually has two spurs on each leg , female is similar ; usually lacks spurs ,
m . watson , n . j . aebischer , g . r . potts and j . a . ewald . the relative effects of raptor predation and shooting on overwinter mortality of grey partridges in the united kingdom . j . appl . eco . , 2007 , 44 : 972 - 982 .
the gray francolin is a native , non - migratory resident of sri lanka , india , nepal , pakistan and iran . it has also been successfully introduced to a few islands in the indian ocean , bahrain , oman , united arab emirates , qatar and the main hawaiian islands . this species occurs in scrubby habitats and other open areas throughout its range and feeds on seeds and invertebrates . it has been domesticated in pakistan and northern india . the gray francolin is fairly common in many parts of its large range , is not in decline , and has been given a conservation rating of least concern by the iucn .
23 . behavior ecology of francolin  the loud calls of the birds are commonly heard early in the mornings .  pairs of birds will sometimes engage in a duet .  the female call is a tee . . . tee . . . tee repeated and sometimes a kila . kila . kila and the challenge call kateela . . kateela . . kateela is a duet .  painted francolin are not easy to spot but become vocal during the breeding season after the monsoons ,  the call is made in the early morning and has been described as guttural broken crow
chee - kee - kerrey - chee - kee - kerray
which is answered by other birds in the vicinity . a preliminary click may be heard when at close range .  black francolin male sings a mechanical
kik - kik - kik
, his territorial call is a loud and grating
kwee - kweeeee - kwee
.  the male may be seen standing on a rock or low tree attracting attention with its extraordinary creaking call .  male francolin appear to be perennially territorial , with variable numbers of boundary call sites demarking each territory . call - sites are used by territorial pairs on a regular basis , for daily bouts of antiphonal duets .
n . w . sotherton , n . j . aebischer and j . a . ewald . the conservation of the grey partridge . in : maclean , n . ( ed . ) silent summer : the state of wildlife in britain and ireland cambridge university press , cambridge : 2010 . 319 - 336 .
3 . what is francolin • francolins are birds that traditionally have been placed in the genus francolinus . • but now commonly are divided into multiple genera . • although some of the major taxonomic listing sources have yet to divided them . the francolins are closest relatives of the jungle fowl long billed partridge , alectoris and coturnix .
l . uimaniemi , j . lumme , a . putaala and r . hissa . conservation of the finnish grey partridge ( perdix perdix lucida ) . in : perdix viii proceedings of an international symposium on partridges , quails and pheasants in the western palearctic and neararctic . hungarian game bulletin , 2000 . 5 : 165 170 .
gray francolin : this bird is found on all the main hawaiian islands . its preferred habitats include savannas and shrubland , though it may also be seen in coastal kiawe forests , golf courses , and roadsides . occurs from sea level up to 3 , 280 ' . native to iran , pakistan , india , bangladesh , and sri lanka .
the hartlaub ' s francolin has a large bill compared to other francolins . the male has mottled brown / buff upperparts ; white underparts streaked with brown ; white superciliums that join in front ; black border below the supercilium . female has brown crown tinged with rufous ; crimson unstreaked underparts ; gray - brown head ; orange - brown supercilium .
a . r . fuller , p . j . caroll and mcgown . partridges , quails , francolins , snowcocks , guinefowl and turkeys . status survey and conservation action plan 2000 - 2004 . wpa / birdlife / ssc partridges , quails and francolin specialist group . iucn . the world conservation union , gland , switzerland . 2000 , 63pp .
p . tout and f . perco . the grey partridge ( perdix perdix ) in the region fuili - venezia , giulia , ne italy its recent history and current conservation efforts . in : perdix viii proceedings of an international symposium on partridges , quails and pheasants in the western palearctic and neararctic . hungarian game bulletin , 2000 , 5 : 229 240 .
r . t . dumke , r . b . dahlgren , s . r . peterson , j . w . schulz , j . p weigand and w . wishart . the gray partridge management / research plan for north america . proceedings of the perdix ii grey partridge workshop . forest , wildlife and range experiment station , 1980 , 211 : 165 198 .
53 . gaming of francolin :  game or quarry is any animal hunted for sport or for food .  mostly the people of india and pakistan domesticate this bird for gaming & fighting for betting money .  it is usually banned and illegal .  since males attract challengers for a fight . decoys are often used to trap these birds .  decoys are also hunt the birds with gun to kill them for food .
the grey partridge inhabits dry , open grass and thorny - scrub country interspersed with cultivation , and avoids heavy forest and humid tracts . it is commonly found on the outskirts of villages . they are mostly found in thorn scrub , dry light jungle and open cultivation areas . they are usually seen in small groups . males have an anchor shaped black mark on throat that is absent in females . males larger than females……… .
58 . threats  major threat reported in .  38 % by illegal hunting , 18 % by agriculture activities , 18 % by land clearing , 06 % by trade , 06 % by habitat destruction , 04 % by predation , 04 % by live stock pressure , 04 % by fuel wood collection , and 02 % by stone crushing .  similarly major threat reported in ddgr were ; 46 % by illegal hunting , 18 % by agriculture , 16 % by fuel wood collection , 04 % by trade , 04 % by predation , 04 % by live stock pressure , 04 % land clearing , 02 % by habitat destruction , and 2 % by stone crushing .  among all these threats , illegal hunting was found to be major threat in both study sites , followed by agriculture practices , fuel wood collection and predation .  results would help in conservation of grey francolin , ultimately helping in sustaining its population in the salt range .
sexes alike . grey - brown and rufous above , barred and blotched ; buffy - rufous below ; narrow cross - bars on throat and upper breast ; fine black markings on abdomen and flanks ; black loop around throat encloses bright rufous - yellow throat ; female smaller , with indistinct spur . small parties , digging and moving amidst scrub and grass ; seen on country roads , dust bathing or feeding ; quick to take to cover on being alarmed , scattering over the area .
mammals ( asiatic ) lion , ( asian / indian ) wild ass , blackbuck , jungle cat , hanuman langur ( northern plains grey langur ) , indian desert gerbil ( jird ) , indian flying fox , nilgai , sambar , chinkara ( indian gazelle ) , spotted deer , common ( golden ) jackal , mongooses and wild boar . also a chance of leopard , striped hyaena , wild cat and indian crested porcupine , and an outside chance of wolf and chowsingha ( four - horned antelope ) .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
bahrain ; british indian ocean territory ; mauritius ; oman ; qatar ; seychelles ; united arab emirates ; united states ( hawaiian is . )
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common in most parts of its range ( del hoyo et al . 1994 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
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evidence reported by alyson - wieczorek for item beastmaninindiap00kipliala on december 11 , 2006 : no visible notice of copyright ; stated date is 1904 .
a historic piece by the art teacher from jj college bombay and father of rudyard kipling . this has some interesting art works . the most cryptic piece is the dedication page with a leonine figure made of arabic characters and says dedicated to the other three . lockwood kipling ' s art work includes ex - libris pieces for his children . not a book for facts , but more interesting to see the colonial eye for ethnology . will be particularly interesting for indians with an interest in past culture as seen , interpreted and documented in colonial times .
the birds of india : being a natural history of all the birds known to inhabit continental india , with descriptions of the species , genera , families , tribes , and orders , and a brief notice of such families as are not found in india , making it a manual of ornithology specially adapted for india : jerdon , t . c . ( thomas claverhill ) , 1811 - 1872 : free download , borrow , and streaming : internet archive
jerdon was one of those typical victorian physicians with an interest in birds . influenced by swainson ' s quinarian classification and a keen member of the scholarly societies but working from india , collecting the local names for birds and documenting them . his work is a classic that every ornithologist in india has to review .
baker was the first person to introduce trinomials into indian ornithology . his work introduced the concept of local population variations and his subspecies continue to be important and many are still unverified and most of the population distribution boundaries have never been carefully studied . indian observers will benefit in examining this literature .
has been placed in genus ortygornis . population of sri lanka has been awarded separate race , ceylonensis , but usually included within nominate . proposed indian forms prepositus ( from punjab ) , paganus ( saurashtra region of gujarat ) and titar ( surguja district of chhattisgarh ) all synonymized with interpositus . three subspecies recognized .
zarudny & härms , 1913 – se iran and s pakistan . oman population not certainly natural
e . j . o . hartert , 1917 – s pakistan ( e sind ) e through nepal to ne india ( bihar and w bengal ) .
( j . f . gmelin , 1789 ) – s india and nw coast of sri lanka .
introduced into amirante is , mauritius , reunion , seychelles , rodrigues and hawaiian is ( interpositus ) ; introduced populations of andaman is and diego garcia i now extinct . several subspecies have been introduced into parts of e arabian peninsula .
noisy , especially in breeding season . advertising call of male is a loud , metallic , strident and . . .
grassland and semi - thorny scrub ; dry rolling plains and plateaux , especially in areas near village . . .
eggs reported in every month in s asia , but mostly mar–apr in pakistan ; nesting from jan in oman ; adults with young in apr–may . . .
sedentary . flies only when very hard pressed , preferring to escape by running from bush to bush ; . . .
not globally threatened ( least concern ) . mace lande : safe . very widely distributed , occurring in suitable habitat within an area of c . 3 , 380 , 000 km² . perhaps better . . .
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includes , in tetraonini , all taxa that have commonly been separated in families meleagrididae and tetraonidae .
formerly treated as a much broader genus , including pternistis and others , but when thus constituted was found to be polyphyletic # r # r . it has therefore been restricted to the five related asiatic species ; the african species are now mainly divided among pternistis ( see above ) , peliperdix and scleroptila ( see below ) # r .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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an adult standing under a bush . it then walks , stops and pecks at the ground before walking again .
josep del hoyo , éric roualet , ram gopal soni , alok tewari , yoël jimenez , john corder , joe angseesing , ken simonite , peter fraser , mkennewell , pieter de groot boersma , ferran vaquero .
shantilal varu , jeel bharat patel , vasanthan . p . j , athula edirisinghe , alok tewari , lars petersson , john a thompson , jacqueserard , lmarce , stanislav harvančík , jaysukh parekh suman , ssshams , shivam tiwari , sharad , vipulramanuj , marvinhyett , christophe gouraud , drpankajmaheria , gilgit2 , arthur grosset , dhyey136062006 , ragoo rao , bluefoot , paul van giersbergen , josep del hoyo , nimali digo and thilanka edirisinghe , mayur patel , marco valentini , manuelpalomeroc , shahidbk , mansorea , mazarbaloch , drshaileshdarjimd , barkóczi csaba , jugal tiwari , ken havard , smurali , dave irving , vaibhav mishra , nikhil adhikary , ken simonite , david dennison , kavi nanda , siddhartha , sharad agrawal , biplab kr . mukhopadhyay , laurige boyer , fran trabalon , vasanthan . j , philip dudum jr .
josep del hoyo , ram gopal soni , alok tewari , andrew _ davis .
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classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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this species has an extremely large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : francolinus pondicerianus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
small groups in area ; one calling from ground ; other birds calling more distantly .
calling from dense scrub on edge of field on bank ; two cuts of same bird taken c1min apart .
recorded with sony minidisc and fed to mac g4 set for aiff format , level normalizer applied . recorded in the hotel yard , bharatpur bird park , where they came out of nearby forest .
several birds singing / calling from bushes in the backwater area behind the fisherman ' s cove hotel . identified plain prinia , in the background , not sure about the others . one seems to be mimicking other bird sounds
apologies for traffic noise . a small flock of birds seen on a clear sunny day .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
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sri lankan birds were formerly considered to belong to a separate subspecies ceylonensis but are now treated as part of the nominate pondicerianus .
they are weak fliers . the breeding season is between april to september and the nest is a hidden scrape on the ground . nest is a simple grass - lined scrape in the ground , in grassland , ploughed fields , standing crops or scrub jungle .
conservational status – schedule – iv , according to wildlife ( protection ) act , 1972 and classified as least concern ( lc ) by the iucn .
size : male size between 28 to 34 cm and female size between 25 to 30 cm . the males weigh is between 250–350 g whereas the weight of the females is between 200–320 g .
males have an anchor shaped black mark on throat that is absent in females . males larger than females .
they found in the plains and drier parts of south asia upto altitudes of 1000 m . resident in the drier portions mostly plains throughout india up to about 1 . 500 ft . in the himalayas , east to bengal and south to ceylon .
they are mostly found in thorn scrub , dry light jungle and open cultivation areas . they are usually seen in small groups .
gray francolins are fast runners and prefer to run when approached or disturbed . they take to wing only when surprised in the bushes or when persistently chased . flight is swift and direct , attained by rapid vibrating wing strokes .
they are weak fliers and fly short distances , escaping into undergrowth . bird drops into grass again after flying a couple of hundred meters .
their local hindi name is “teetar” is based on their loud repeated ka - tee - tar - tee - tar call which may be produced by more than one bird at a time .
they feed on seeds , grains , as well as insects , particularly termites and beetles . they also eats maggots , white - ants and other insects .
it commences with two or three rather subdued chuckles , rising in scale and intensity , followed by a ringing high - pitched and musical kateetur - kateetur or pateela - pateela , quickly repeated . the call of the female is a less challenging pela - pela - pela .
the breeding season is april to september and the nest is a hidden scrape on the ground . nest is a simple grass - lined scrape in the ground in grassland , ploughed fields , standing crops or scrub jungle .
eggs 4 to 8 , reddish or yellow buff , speckled and blotched with dark brown in color . apparently only the hen incubates though both parents usually accompany the chicks . average life span of gray francolins is 8 years .
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answer key ugc net november 2017 . download answer key of ugc net november 2017
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4 . species : • there are approximately 40 extant species , in the world . • the natural range of five ( comprising the genus francolinus ) are restricted to asia , • the worlds 40 species is divided into 5 genera .
30 . incubation period of eggs and parental care  mostly the incubation period of francolins is 18 - 20 days  clutch size generally ranges from 6 to 8 eggs .  chicks are highly mobile at hatching .  they follow parents shortly after hatching and are capable of finding food on their own .  the young do not depend on their parents for very long  the chicks leave the nest with their parents after emerging from the shell and follow them .  they start flying within two or three weeks .  young move around a lot while their parents prefer to stay near the nest .
35 . methodology : introduction :  birds are perhaps the easiest of animals to census .  they are often brightly coloured relatively easy to see and highly vocal .  they are also very popular to study with the result that there area high quality field guides available and many professional and amateurs with high level of identification skills .  because of this popularity they are un doubtly the most frequently censused of all taxa .  birds are best detected by their call and song .
36 . types of method :  counting nest in colonies .  counting roost .  counting flocks  territory mapping .  point counts .  line transect .  mackinnon ' s species richness  vantage point survey
37 . 1 . counting nest in colonies :  colony counts based on direct nest counts provide more accurate information than counting total number of adults , as the latter number may contain both breeding and non - breeding birds .  every individual in a flock can be counted directly .  if flocks number no more than a few hundred birds .  direct counting is easy with large birds at close range ,  but becomes progressively more difficult with larger numbers , smaller species , and greater distances
38 . counting roost :  many species of birds roost communally either during the night or among coastal species at high tide .  birds are highly clump at roost and thus can be efficiently censused at this time .  mostly birds roost in non breeding season .  advantages :  this is one of the easiest way of counting many species that are widely dispersed at other time and is particularly useful outside the breeding season .
39 . counting flocks :  flock is of no more than a few hundred birds can be counted directly from a suitable vantage point through binocular or telescope .  quickly photograph this flock and record the number of the photo for later .  . begin at one end of the flock and count off a block of 50 birds .  if the flock is large you might count off 100 birds , and for very large flocks scale up to blocks of 1000 birds .
40 . territory mapping :  the breeding territory can thus readily be used as census unit and territory mapping .  in which all the signs of territory occupancy are marked on a larger scale .  male sings to defend their territory nest are build with them and boundaries between territories are often clearly defined by disputes with neighbouring birds .  singing birds are is confounded by sources of error that may be grouped into two categories :  ( 1 ) unknown rates of sound attention with increasing distance from the observer ,  ( 2 ) unknown and varying rates of singing by the bird .
41 . point count :  point count is a count undertaken from a fixed location for a fixed time period .  it can be taken at any time of year and is not restricted to the breeding .  point count can be used to provide relative abundances of each species .  a sensible minimum distance should be taken is 100m , - 200m .  point count should be performed in the morning .  beginning with increasing activity of birds finishing around 3 hours .  the time in sampling for each point should be 15 - 20mints .  we avoided performing point count in days with rain .
42 . precaution  points should not overlap .  when we walk from one point to another point then time should not be more than 5 minutes .  points are selected randomly or systematically .  points should be well dispersed in the area .  if we encounter a new species while moving from one point to another it is not recorded .
43 . line transect : line transect are be taken by observer moving along a fixed route and recording the birds from the either side of the route . transect can be walked on land the observer needs to be able to move freely through the land . line transect are most suitable for larger areas of continuous open habitat . the philosophy of line transect is that , line transect always used randomly .
44 . in this method just go to the area and start walking on the transect which we select randomly . while moving on transect we record all the birds which we encounter . we can do some modification also depending upon the visibility of the area means . we can use either open width or close width .
45 . open width  if the visibility is good then we can use open width while moving on transect i . e . , we record all the birds which we encounter . close width  if the visibility is poor in the area then we can use close width means we can fix the radius such as 50 m , means we record all the birds which come under 50 meter distance .
46 . mackinnon’s species richness  this method was given by mackinnon and phillips in 1992 in indonesia on birds found in all habitat .  this method is generally used in forest area .  by this method we can compare bird abundance of different areas .  in this method there is no equipment required except binocular .


schinia scutosa , the spotted clover , is a moth of the family noctuidae .

it is found from europe to southern siberia , the near east and the middle east and from central asia to japan .

in north africa it is found from morocco to egypt .

schinia scutosa

schinia sordida smith , 1883 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 230
schinia concinna smith , 1891 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 18 : 128
schinia bicuspida smith , 1891 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 18 : 127
schinia errans smith , 1883 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 235
schinia biundulata smith , 1891 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 18 : 129
schinia simplex smith , 1891 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 18 : 129
schinia albafascia smith , 1883 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 231
schinia diffusa smith , 1891 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 18 : 125
schinia crenilinea smith , 1891 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 18 : 129
schinia brucei smith , 1891 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 18 : 125
schinia obliqua smith , 1883 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 229
schinia nuchalis by lambert m . surhone , mariam t . tennoe , susan f . henssonow
schinia approximata strecker , 1898 ; lep . rhopal . het . , suppl . 1 : 10
schinia ar strecker , 1898 ; lep . rhopal . het . , suppl . 1 : 10
schinia obscurata strecker , 1898 ; lep . rhopal . het . , suppl . 1 : 10
schinia tanena strecker , 1898 ; lep . rhopal . het . , suppl . 1 : 10
schinia labe strecker , 1898 ; lep . rhopal . het . , suppl . 1 : 10
schinia hanga strecker , 1898 ; lep . rhopal . het . , suppl . 1 : 9
schinia dolosa strecker , 1898 ; lep . rhopal . het . , suppl . 1 : 9
schinia lora strecker , 1898 ; lep . rhopal . het . , suppl . 1 : 10
schinia neglecta strecker , 1898 ; lep . rhopal . het . , suppl . 1 : 10
schinia hulstia tepper , 1883 ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 10 : 228 ; tl : texas
schinia reniformis smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 487
schinia ciliata smith , 1900 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 22 ( 1203 ) : 488
schinia regia complex ; pogue & harp , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 3 ) : 197 - 203
schinia aleucis [ sic , recte alencis ] ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188
schinia roseitincta ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11092
schinia septentrionalis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11110
schinia approximata ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 191 ; [ nacl ] , # 11111
schinia petulans ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11113
schinia ar ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11114
schinia siren ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 191 ; [ nacl ] , # 11115
schinia lynx ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11117
schinia obscurata ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 191 ; [ nacl ] , # 11118
schinia tanena ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 191 ; [ nacl ] , # 11119
schinia parmeliana ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11120
schinia concinna ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11121
schinia bicuspida ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11122
schinia labe ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11123
schinia errans ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11124
schinia inclara ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11126
schinia ultima ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11127
schinia limbalis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11129
schinia jaguarina ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11132
schinia hanga ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11136
schinia nubila ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 191 ; [ nacl ] , # 11137
schinia dolosa ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 191 ; [ nacl ] , # 11138
schinia lora ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 191 ; [ nacl ] , # 11139
schinia saturata ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11140
schinia thoreaui ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11141
schinia bifascia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11142
schinia gracilenta ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11147
schinia trifascia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11149
schinia sexplagiata ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11151
schinia lanul ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11154
schinia biundulata ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11157
schinia intrabilis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11159
schinia ligeae ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11160
schinia simplex ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11162
schinia neglecta ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 191 ; [ nacl ] , # 11165
schinia nundina ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11177
schinia arefacta ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11178
schinia tertia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11179
schinia albafascia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11181
schinia diffusa ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11183
schinia walsinghami ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11184
schinia crenilinea ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11185
schinia balba ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11186
schinia coercita ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 189 ; [ nacl ] , # 11187
schinia unimacula ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11188
schinia cumatilis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11192
schinia hulstia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11193
schinia tenuescens ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11194
schinia reniformis ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11195
schinia obliqua ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 188 ; [ nacl ] , # 11196
schinia oculata ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11197
schinia ciliata ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11200
schinia verna hardwick , 1983 ; j . lep . soc . 37 ( 1 ) : 18 , f . 1 - 2 ; tl : glenborn , manitoba
schinia regina pogue & harp , 2003 ; j . lep . soc . 57 ( 3 ) : 201 , f . 4 , 910 , 13 - 14 ; tl : candian , hemphill co . , texas
schinia rufipenna hardwick , 1983 ; j . lep . soc . 37 ( 2 ) : 148 , f . 1 - 2 , 5 - 6 ( gen . ) , 7 - 8 ( larva ) ; tl : lake placid , florida
schinia tuberculum ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 190 ; [ nacl ] , # 11116 ; hardwick , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 2 ) : 149 ( note ) , f . 3 - 4 , 9 - 10 ( larva )
schinia niveicosta ; mcdunnough , 1938 , mem . south . calif . acad . sci . 1 : 106 ; [ nacl ] , # 11167 ; poole & gentili , 1996 , nomina insecta nearctica : 896 ; hardwick , 1996 , monogr . na heliothentinae : 161 ; pogue & harp , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 3 ) : 198 , f . 1 - 2 , 5 - 6 , 11 , 14
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urltoken
gaden s . robinson , phillip r . ackery , ian j . kitching , george w . beccaloni and luis m . hernández
records of caterpillar hostplants are scattered through published and manuscript sources worldwide and are difficult to retrieve . many rearing records are never published and so are not accessible to other entomologists . but collected hostplant records form a valuable scientific resource that can be used eventually to answer broader biological questions about how lepidoptera and plants interact ( eg , letourneau , hagen & robinson , 2001 ) . it provides information of immediate relevance to agriculture , ecology , forestry , conservation and taxonomy .
hosts brings together an enormous body of information on what the world ' s butterfly and moth ( lepidoptera ) caterpillars eat . the web - based version presented here offers a synoptic data set drawn from about 180 , 000 records comprising taxonomically ' cleaned ' hostplant data for about 22 , 000 lepidoptera species drawn from about 1600 published and manuscript sources . it is not ( and cannot be ) exhaustive , but it is probably the best and most comprehensive compilation of hostplant data available .
we hope that it will be useful to a wide range of biologists and that it will act as a spur to further recording and analysis of caterpillar - plant interactions .
hosts can be searched in two ways , using text search and drill - down search modes .
in text search mode , use either lepidoptera or hostplant criteria or a combination of the two . hosts operates only using scientific names . it is not possible to search for the hostplants of the red admiral butterfly but a search for hostplants using its scientific name , vanessa atalanta , will be successful . enter the generic name ( vanessa ) in the - lepidoptera criteria - genus box ; enter atalanta in the species : box ; click search .
hint : leave the ' starts with ' command as the default and in the species entry box omit the last few letters of the species - name ( eg , atalant ) . this will get around the problem of variable gender - endings . hosts uses original orthography of species - group names as far as possible , but some checklists follow the convention of altering the species - group name to accord with the presumed gender of the generic name ( eg flava , flavus ) .
restrict or refine searches using additional criteria ; choosing ' usa ' from the drop - down location box and entering [ starts with ] ' urt ' in the hostplant family box will return hostplant records of vanessa atalanta from urticaceae in the usa .
hint : restricting location may deliver a very incomplete subset of records : in the previous example all records specified as from the nearctic region ( usa + canada ) would be missed .
drill - down search mode allows the user to home in from the starting - point of either the lepidoptera or the plant family . choose a family group from the drop - down box and allow time for all genera of that family in the database to load to the genus drop - down box ; choose a genus and wait for the species to load . the search button can be pressed at any time , but the record delivery limit may be exceeded at higher taxonomic levels . drill - down search allows the user to see by scrolling all the taxa that are represented in the database . following the previous example , choose nymphalidae , then choose vanessa from the genus drop - down box and then atalanta from the ten possible species of vanessa included in hosts .
the preliminary search results pages give family , genus and species of the caterpillar and its hostplant . note that many hostplants are recorded as a plant genus only . clicking the caterpillar name will give the full record . the full record listing gives , additionally , the author of the lepidoptera species , subspecific information on the insect and the plant , if available , together with details of larval damage . laboratory rearings where the food utilised may not be the natural hostplant are indicated . the status of the record ( whether considered true , erroneous or suspect ) is not currently implemented in this version of hosts .
leguminosae ( c ) - caesalpinioideae . leguminosae ( m ) - mimosoideae . leguminosae ( p ) - papilionoideae .
all lepidoptera groups are covered and subspecific taxa are differentiated . the original source of the record , original form of the names used ( prior to taxonomic ' cleaning ' and standardisation of nomenclature ) and validation and verification fields are not included . this information is , however , retained in the databases used to generate this site . while we have included species that do not feed on green plants , the known food substrates of these are not listed exhaustively . such species comprise detritophages and predators and include , for example , most tineidae and the stored - products pests . the published compilations from hosts ( see more detail - publications from hosts ) include record status and the sources of all records .
detailed published compilations from hosts are available in press . these books give greater detail than the website , together with comprehensive cross - indexes , record status and full bibliographies . they are indispensable tools for naturalists and professional entomologists .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . 824 pp . [ memoirs of the american entomological institute , volume 69 . ]
beccaloni , g . w . , viloria , a . l . , hall , s . k . & robinson , g . s . 2008 . catalogue of the hostplants of the neotropical butterflies / catálogo de las plantas huésped de las mariposas neotropicales . m3m - monografías tercer milenio , volume 8 . zaragoza , spain : sociedad entomológica aragonesa ( sea ) / red iberoamericana de biogeografía y entomología sistemática ( ribes ) / ciencia y tecnología para el desarrollo ( cyted ) / natural history museum , london , u . k . ( nhm ) / instituto venezolano de investigaciones científicas , venezuela ( ivic ) . 1 - 536 pp . , 1 fig , 3 tabs .
gaden robinson was responsible for the overall project design and management of the hosts database , and for records of lepidoptera exclusive of butterflies and bombycoid moths . phillip ackery and george beccaloni were responsible for butterfly data , including data drawn from card catalogues developed by ackery , whilst ian kitching was responsible for hostplant data of bombycoid moths . luis m . hernández was responsible for abstracting in the latter two years of the project and for development of the bibliography for the hardcopy versions of the data .
we are extremely grateful to the many people who contributed their own rearing records of lepidoptera or personal accumulations of data for inclusion in the hosts database , particularly mike bigger ( uk ) , john w . brown ( usa ) , chris conlan ( usa ) , rob ferber ( usa ) , konrad fiedler ( germany ) , jeremy holloway ( uk ) , frank hsu ( usa ) , jurie intachat ( malaysia ) , alec mcclay ( canada ) , bill palmer ( australia ) , pierre plauzoles ( usa ) and the generous individuals who contributed rearing records through the worldwideweb and who are known to us only as an email address .
we are particularly grateful to julian donahue and the los angeles county museum of natural history for allowing us to include data on microlepidoptera from the card catalogue prepared by the late j . a . comstock and c . henne , and for access to manuscript records by noel mcfarland .
marian fricano ( santa clara university ) and aileen giovanello ( clark university , international internship 1996 ) made substantial contributions of abstracted data ; fran love ( north carolina ) painstakingly checked scanned texts and reformatted them for import to paradox .
we are indebted to all our helpers for their diligence , accuracy and patience , and for their unswerving faith that this daunting project would reach a conclusion .
we thank the trustees of the loke wan tho memorial foundation for their generous support for this project .
robinson , g . s . , p . r . ackery , i . j . kitching , g . w . beccaloni & l . m . hernández , 2010 . hosts - a database of the world ' s lepidopteran hostplants . natural history museum , london . urltoken . ( accessed : 18 aug . 2010 ) .
brummitt , r . k . 1992 . vascular plant families and genera . [ vi ] + 804 pp . , royal botanic gardens , kew .
kartesz , j . t . 1994 . a synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the unites states , canada and greenland . timber press , portland . 1 , checklist , lxi + 622 pp ; 2 , thesaurus , vii + 816 pp .
kitching , i . j . & cadiou , j . - m . 2000 . hawkmoths of the world : an annotated and illustrated revsionary checklist . xx + 500 pp . , cornell university press , ithaca .
kitching , i . j . & rawlins , j . e . 1999 . the noctuoidea . pp . 355 - 401 . in : kristensen , n . p . ( ed . ) lepidoptera , moths and butterflies . 1 . evolution , systematics and biogeography . handbook of zoology , 4 ( 35 ) . lepidoptera . x + 491 pp . de gruyter , berlin .
letourneau , d . k . , hagen , j . a . & robinson , g . s . 2001 . bt crops : evaluating benefits under cultivation and risks from escaped transgenes in the wild . pp . 33 - 98 . in : letourneau , d . k . & burrows , b . e . ( eds ) , genetically engineered organisms : assessing environmental and human health effects . [ viii ] + 438 pp . , crc press , boca raton .
mabberley , d . j . 1987 . the plant book . a portable dictionary of the higher plants . xii + 707 pp . , cambridge university press . [ the 1993 reprint edition is currently used in editing . ]
nielsen , e . s . , edwards , e . d . & rangsi , t . v . ( eds ) 1996 . checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera . 4 . xiv + 529 pp . , csiro , melbourne .
nye , i . w . b . ( ed . ) 1975 - 91 . the generic names of moths of the world . 1 : 568 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - nye , i . w . b . , 1975 ) ; 2 : xiv + 228 pp . ( noctuoidea ( part ) - watson , a . , fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1980 ) ; 3 : xx + 243 pp . ( geometroidea - fletcher , d . s . , 1979 ) ; 4 : xiv + 192 pp . ( bombycoidea to zygaenoidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , i . w . b . , 1982 ) ; 5 : xv + 185 pp . ( pyraloidea - fletcher , d . s . & nye , 1984 ) ; 6 : xxix + 368 pp . ( microlepidoptera - nye , i . w . b . & fletcher , d . s . , 1991 ) . british museum ( natural history ) / the natural history museum , london .
rawlins , j . e . 1984 . mycophagy in lepidoptera . pp . 382 - 483 . in : wheeler , q . & blackwell , m . ( eds ) fungus - insect relationships . perspectives in ecology and evolution . 514 pp . , columbia university press .
robinson , g . s . 1999 . hosts - a database of the hostplants of the world ' s lepidoptera . nota lepidopterologica , 22 : 35 - 47 .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2001 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the oriental region . 744 pp . southdene sdn bhd , kuala lumpur .
robinson , g . s . , ackery , p . r . , kitching , i . j . , beccaloni , g . w . & hernández , l . m . 2002 . hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of america north of mexico . memoirs of the american entomological institute , 69 : 1 - 824 .
scoble , m . j . ( ed . ) 1999 . a taxonomic catalogue to the geometridae of the world ( insecta : lepidoptera ) . 2 vols . csiro publications , melbourne .
royal botanic garden edinburgh dipterocarpaceae database : http : / / 193 . 62 . 154 . 38 / diptero /
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urltoken
this is a scarce immigrant species to the british isles , with individuals typically occurring between july and september , and most records from eastern and south - eastern england . occasional influxes of several individuals have occurred with other migrant activity .
the adult moths are rather distinctive and unlikely to be confused with any other species within these shores .
ukmoths is built , run and maintained by ian kimber , with thanks to the many kind contributors who provide photos and information .
the ukmoths facebook page is a great place to post your identification queries . more often than not you ' ll get a positive id on most photos fairly quickly .
looking for a specific moth species ? enter just part of the name below .
procache : v317 render date : 2018 - 06 - 15 12 : 03 : 10 page render time : 0 . 2405s total w / procache : 0 . 3029s
600x741 ( ~ 63kb ) usa : corral pass region ( 47°00 ' 15n 121°29 ' 02w ) , pierce co . , wa , 18 . 7 . 2000 , photo © markku savela
the exact identification of this species is still unknown , but tentatively assumed to belong into this group .
parasites cardiochiles magnus , eucelatoria sp . , winthemia rufopicta , ophion sp . , meteoris sp . peigler & vinson , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 144
scissa ( grote , 1876 ) ; proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 18 : 415
pseudotamila avemensis dyar , 1904 ; j . n . y . ent . soc . 12 ( 1 ) : 41 ; tl : aweme , manitoba
s . british columbia - rocky mountains , colorado , california ( sierra nevada ) . see [ maps ]
larva on antennaria neodioica , antennaria aprica hardwick , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 1 ) : 20
larva on aster spinosus peigler & vinson , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 144
parasites plagiomima similis , campoletis sonorensis , pristomerus spinator , cardiochiles abdominalis peigler & vinson , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 144
larva on gaillardia pulchella byers , 1989 , j . lep . soc . 43 ( 3 ) : 215
rhododispa masoni smith , 1896 ; ent . news 7 ( 9 ) : ( 284 - 285 )
larva on ( in flower and seeds ) gaillardia aristata byers , 1989 , j . lep . soc . 43 ( 3 ) : 211
parasites winthemia quadripustalata peigler & vinson , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 144
siren ( strecker , 1876 ) ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 13 ) : 122
larva on pityopsis graminifolia hardwick , 1983 , j . lep . soc . 37 ( 2 ) : 149
lynx ( guenée , 1852 ) ; in boisduval & guenée , hist . nat . insectes ( spec . gén . lépid . ) 6 : 185
inclara ( strecker , 1876 ) ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 13 ) : 122
ultima ( strecker , 1876 ) ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 13 ) : 122
parasites cardiochiles abdominalis peigler & vinson , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 144
limbalis ( grote , 1875 ) ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 27 : 421
parasites microplitis croceipes , gymnoclytia unicolor peigler & vinson , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 144
nubila ( strecker , 1876 ) ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 13 ) : 122
thoreaui ( grote & robinson , 1870 ) ; trans . amer . ent . soc . 3 : 181
larva on ambrosia trifida peigler & vinson , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 144
parasites cotesia marginiventris peigler & vinson , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 144
lanul ( strecker , [ 1878 ] ) ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 14 ) : 132
larva on palafoxia linearis pogue & harp , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 3 ) : 198
heliothis regia strecker , 1876 ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 13 ) : 121 ; tl : dallas , texas
porrima regia ; dyar , 1903 , bull . u . s . nat . mus . 52 : 187
1400x1585 ( ~ 313kb ) usa : 2 . 5 mi ne of roggen on cr # 386 on sand hills , weld co . , co , 26 . 7 . 2012 , photo © markku savela
larva on vernonia texana pogue & harp , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 3 ) : 201
e . colorado , s . new mexico - s . texas , nebraska , nw . oklahoma , kansas . see [ maps ]
larva on palafoxia sphacelata pogue & harp , 2003 , j . lep . soc . 57 ( 3 ) : 202
gloriosa ( strecker , 1878 ) ; lep . rhopal . het . ( 14 ) : 132
larva on liatris , l . cylindracea , less l . spicata hardwick & stead , 1998 , j . lep . soc . 52 ( 4 ) : 382
larva on carphephorus corymbosus hardwick & stead , 1998 , j . lep . soc . 52 ( 4 ) : 382
tertia ( grote , 1874 ) ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philadelphia , 1874 : 212
? acutilinea ( grote , 1878 ) ; can . ent . 10 ( 12 ) : 232
tenuescens ( grote , 1883 ) ; can . ent . 15 ( 7 ) : 128
1400x953 ( ~ 147kb ) usa : 2 . 5 mi ne of roggen on cr # 386 on sand hills , weld co . , co , 26 . 7 . 2012 , photo © markku savela
1200x1780 ( ~ 268kb ) usa : 2 . 5 mi ne of roggen on cr # 386 on sand hills , weld co . , co , 26 . 7 . 2012 , photo © markku savela
1600x1017 ( ~ 188kb ) usa : 2 . 5 mi ne of roggen on cr # 386 on sand hills , weld co . , co , 26 . 7 . 2012 , photo © markku savela
tricopis [ ? ] alencis harvey , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 6 ) : 117
larva on xanthocephalum dracunuloides peigler & vinson , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 144
parasites campoletis sonorensis , microplitis croceipes , cotesia marginiventris peigler & vinson , 1988 , j . lep . soc . 42 ( 2 ) : 144
[ ² ] this may require parentheses or not . i don ' t have the necessary information for this taxon .
biologia centrali - americana ; or contributions to the knowledge of the fauna of mexico and central america . zoology . lepidoptera . heterocera
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
check list of the lepidoptera of canada and the united states of america . part i . macrolepidoptera
walker , 1858 list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 9 : 1 - 252 ( 1856 ) , 10 : 253 - 492 ( [ 1857 ] ) , 11 : 493 - 764 ( 1857 ) , 12 : 765 - 982 ( [ 1858 ] ) , 13 : 983 - 1236 ( [ 1858 ] ) , 14 : 1237 - 1520 ( 1858 ) , 15 : 1521 - 1888 ( 1858 )
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with nbn atlas , please upload using the upload tools .
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