dichomeris wuyiensis is a moth in the gelechiidae family .

it was described by li and zheng in 1996 .

it is found in china ( jiangxi ) .

dichomeris wuyiensis

this is the place for wuyiensis definition . you find here wuyiensis meaning , synonyms of wuyiensis and images for wuyiensis copyright 2017 © urltoken
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nb : the taxon name search is for single names only . for example , to locate dysodia vitrina flammata warren , 1904 you should enter flammata only .
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( fujian ) . beccaloni , george ; et al . , eds . ( february 2005 ) .
scientific . . .
wang , 1981 van cleave , h . j . & mueller , j . f . ( 1932 ) .
page 59 and 60 : omelko , n . v . & omelko , m . m . 1993 .
page 67 : contents introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( lepidoptera : pieridae ) . tropical lepidoptera 3 ( 1 ) - association for . . .
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format summary ( text ) tabular ( text ) asn . 1 xml ui list
chromosome mt , nc _ 008943 . 1 ( 5376 . . 5442 , complement )
chromosome mt , nc _ 008144 . 1 ( 5297 . . 5366 , complement )
chromosome mt , nc _ 007937 . 1 ( 5295 . . 5360 , complement )
chromosome mt , nc _ 007938 . 1 ( 5299 . . 5364 , complement )
chromosome mt , nc _ 007703 . 1 ( 5258 . . 5327 , complement )
chromosome mt , nc _ 007704 . 1 ( 5279 . . 5346 , complement )
chromosome mt , nc _ 006520 . 1 ( 5233 . . 5300 , complement )
db = gene | term = trna - tyr | query = 1 | qty = 10895 | blobid = ncid _ 1 _ 268466033 _ 130 . 14 . 22 . 215 _ 9001 _ 1531165903 _ 496424628 _ 0meta0 _ s _ megastore _ f _ 1 | ismultiple = false | min _ list = 5 | max _ list = 20 | def _ tree = 20 | def _ list = | def _ view = | url = / taxonomy / backend / subset . cgi ? | trace _ url = / stat ?


prunum amygdalum , common name : the almond marginella , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family marginellidae , the margin snails .

prunum amygdalum

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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - species : prunum amygdalum ( l . c . kiener , 1841 ) - id : 2041450020
the classic senegalese amygdalum , the small figure of sowerby in the thesaurus , very brown , and the one from kiener in his coquilles vivantes .
( of marginella amygdala kiener , 1841 ) kiener l . c . ( 1834 - 1841 ) . spécies général et iconographie des coquilles . vol . 3 . famille des columellaires . genres mitre ( mitra ) , lamarck , pp . 1 - 120 , pl . 1 - 34 [ pp . 1 - 48 ( 1838 ) ; 39 - 120 ( 1839 ) ; pl . 1 - 31 ( 1838 ) ; 32 - 34 ( 1839 ) ] ; volute ( voluta ) , linné , pp . 1 - 70 , pl . 1 - 51 [ pp . 1 - 70 ( 1839 ) ; pl . 1 - 8 , 10 - 19 , 33 , 35 , 38 - 39 , 45 - 48 , 50 ( 1838 ) ; 9 , 20 - 32 , 34 , 36 - 37 , 40 - 44 , 49 , 51 - 52 ( 1839 ) ] ; marginelle ( marginella ) , lamarck , pp . 1 - 44 , pl . 1 - 13 [ pp . 1 - 30 ( 1834 ) ; 31 - 44 ( 1841 ) ; pl . 1 - 9 ( 1834 ) ; 10 - 13 ( 1841 ) ] . paris , rousseau & j . b . baillière . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 36 , pl . 11 fig . 1 [ details ]
( of egouena egouen jousseaume , 1875 ) jousseaume , f . p . ( 1875 ) . coquilles de la famille des marginelles . revue et magasin de zoologie . ser . 3 , 3 : 164 - 271 , 429 - 435 . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
cossignani t . ( 2006 ) . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . l ' informatore piceno . 408pp . [ details ]
( of marginella gambiensis redfield , 1851 ) cossignani t . ( 2006 ) . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . l ' informatore piceno . 408pp . [ details ]
( of marginella amygdala kiener , 1841 ) cossignani t . ( 2006 ) . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . l ' informatore piceno . 408pp . [ details ]
( of egouena egouen jousseaume , 1875 ) cossignani t . ( 2006 ) . marginellidae & cystiscidae of the world . l ' informatore piceno . 408pp . [ details ]
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marginella ( marginella ) gambiensis redfield , j . h . , 1851 ( nomen dubium )
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f + , dakhla ( ex w . sahara ) , “la dune blanche” , in sand at low tide
f + , dakhla ( ex w . sahara ) , “la dune blanche” , in sand at low tide , 2015
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acleris schiasma is a species of moth of the tortricidae family .

it is found in thailand .

the wingspan is about 14 mm .

the ground colour of the forewings is white , preserved in the form of two costal spots .

the dorsal and terminal areas are cream brownish and the rest of the wing is blackish grey , sprinkled with black .

the markings are blackish grey with black edges marked by scales .

the hindwings are brownish grey .

acleris schiasma

this is the place for schiasma definition . you find here schiasma meaning , synonyms of schiasma and images for schiasma copyright 2017 © urltoken
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seven , s . and m . özdemir . ( 2007 ) . acleris lacordairana ( duponchel , 1836 ) ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) , new for turkey . zoology in the middle east 40 ( 1 ) 113 - 14 .
abstract : ten genera and eighteen species are treated , of which six genera ( shafferograptis tuck & amp ; razowski , gen . n . , merguinia razowski , gen . n . , cordatijuxta razowski , gen . n . , sabahtortrix razowski , gen . n . , spinacleris razowski , gen . n . , curioseboda razowski , gen . n . ) and eighteen species ( shafferograptis michaeli tuck & amp ; razowski , sp . n . , merguinia merguinea razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis alleni razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis katmandana razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis phulchokia razowski , sp . n . , spatalistis viridphantasma razowski , sp . n . , reptilisocia tarica razowski , sp . n . , reptilisocia solomensis razowski , sp . n . , reptilisocia impetigo razowski , sp . n . , asterolepis dipterocarpi razowski , sp . n . , asterolepis cypta razowski , sp . n . , asterolepis engis razowski , sp . n . , cordatijuxta thailandiae razowski , sp . n . , sabahtortrix montana razowski , sp . n . , acleris kerincia razowski , sp . n . , acleris schiasma razowski , sp . n . , spinacleris inthanoni razowski , sp . n . , curioseboda probola razowski , sp . n . ) are described as new .
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baixeras , j . , brown , j . w . , and gilligan , t . m .
razowski , j . and j . wojtusiak . ( 2009 ) . tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the mountains of ecuador and remarks on their geographical distribution . part iv : eastern cordillera . acta zoologica cracoviensia series b : invertebrata , 52 ( 1 - 2 ) , 1 - 2 .
, 1985 : notes on the tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from taiwan , 1 .
, 1992 : notes on the tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from taiwan , 4 .
hübner and description of new species in china . ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .
, 2012 : tortricines in the fauna of nepal ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .
, 2012 : tortricidae ( lepidoptera ) from the tervuren museum : 1 . tortricini and chlidanotini .
( lepidoptera ) from the mountains of ecuador and remarks on their geographical distribution . part iv . eastern cordillera .
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ebscohost | 82150962 | descriptions of new tortricini from the oriental and australian regions ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .
descriptions of new tortricini from the oriental and australian regions ( lepidoptera : tortricidae ) .
source : shilap revista de lepidopterologia . sep2012 , vol . 40 issue 159 , p315 - 335 . 21p .
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gelechia sattleri is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by piskunov in 1982 .

it is found in armenia and kazakhstan .

the larvae feed on juniperus polycarpos .

gelechia sattleri

sattleri piskunov , 1982 ; dokl . akad . nauk . armyan . ssr 74 ( 3 ) : 138
home » guide » arthropods ( arthropoda ) » hexapods ( hexapoda ) » insects ( insecta ) » butterflies and moths ( lepidoptera ) » twirler moths and kin ( gelechioidea ) » twirler moths ( gelechiidae ) » gelechiinae » gelechiini » chionodes » chionodes sattleri - hodges # 2069 . 1 ( chionodes sattleri )
gelechia ( gelechia ) rhombella ( denis & schiffermuller , 1775 ) = tinea axilella thunberg 1794 = gelechia cinereoradicica szent - ivany 1948 = recurvaria rhombea haworth , 1828 .
gelechia ochrocorys meyrick , 1936 ; exotic microlep . 5 ( 2 ) : 43
gelechia rescissella zeller , 1852 ; k . vetenskakad . handl . 1852 : 110
gelechia allomima meyrick , 1938 ; inst . parcs nat . congo belge 14 : 12
gelechia wacoella chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 237
gelechia sirotina omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 107
gelechia albomaculata omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 93
gelechia capiteochrella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 252
gelechia discostrigella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 248
gelechia flexurella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 163
gelechia maculatusella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 245
gelechia mimella clemens , 1860 ; proc . acad . nat . sci . philad . 12 : 163
gelechia packardella chambers , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 143
gelechia palpialbella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 253
gelechia ribesella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 4 ) : 290
gelechia amorphella chambers , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 124
gelechia badiomaculella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 10 ) : 192 ; tl : kentucky
gelechia ( mesogelechia ) teleiodella omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 105
gelechia unistrigella chambers , 1873 ; can . ent . 5 ( 9 ) : 176 ; tl : kentucky
gelechia anthracopa meyrick , 1922 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 16 ) : 501 ; tl : china , shanghai
gelechia grisseochrella ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )
gelechia griseella ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )
gelechia dujardini huemer , 1991 ; nota lepid . 14 : 127 ; tl : yugoslavia , krk i . , punat
gelechia mediterranea huemer , 1991 ; nota lepid . 14 : 125 ; tl : hellas , lakonia , 7km sw monemvasia
gelechia chionomima meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 488 ; tl : natal , weenen
gelechia epiphloea meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 292 ; tl : barberton
gelechia overhaldensis strand , 1920 ; archiv naturg . 85 a ( 4 ) : 63 ; tl : overhalden , norway
gelechia resecta meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 288 ; tl : pretoria
gelechia anarsiella chambers , 1877 ; bull . u . s . geol . surv . 3 : 126 ; tl : edgerton
gelechia arotrias meyrick , 1908 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1908 : 725 ; tl : natal , weenen
gelechia grisseochrella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 247 ; tl : california
gelechia horiaula meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 133 ; tl : nw . india , abbottabad
gelechia thoracestrigella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 245 ; tl : california
gelechia discoanulella chambers , 1875 ; cincinnati q . j . sci . 2 ( 3 ) : 254 ; tl : texas
gelechia amorphella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 891
gelechia rhombelliformis staudinger , 1871 ; berl . ent . z . 14 ( 3 / 4 ) : 303 ; tl : sarepta
gelechia abjunctella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 629 ; tl : cape
gelechia albatella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 636 ; tl : ceylon
gelechia angustella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 637 ; tl : ceylon
gelechia anomorcta meyrick , 1926 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 9 ) : 277 ; tl : e . siberia , khaborowsk
gelechia desiliens meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 23 ; tl : california , venice
gelechia fecunda meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 17 ; tl : natal , umkomaas
gelechia griseaella ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . , incertae sedis )
gelechia liberata meyrick , 1910 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 5 : 414 ; tl : cape colony , capetown
gelechia marmoratella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 646 ; tl : sydney
gelechia pallidegrisseella [ = pallidagriseella ] chambers , 1875 ; can . ent . 7 ( 3 ) : 53 ( emend . )
gelechia suspensa meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 19 ; tl : brazil , teffé
gelechia tetraleuca meyrick , 1918 ; ann . transv . mus . 6 ( 2 ) : 18 ; tl : zululand , eshowe
gelechia biniveipunctata walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 75 ; tl : west indies , grenada
gelechia postpallescens walsingham , 1897 ; proc . zool . soc . lond . 1897 : 76 ; tl : west indies , grenada
gelechia anagramma meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 72 ; tl : cape colony , middelburg
clandestina omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 96 ( preocc . gelechia clandestina meyrick , 1923 )
gelechia junctipunctella caradja , 1920 ; dt . ent . z . iris 34 ( 1 / 2 ) : 100 ; tl : biskra
gelechia omphalopis meyrick , 1926 ; ann . s . afr . mus . 23 : 330 ; tl : sw . africa , otjiwarongo
gelechia veneranda walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 62 ; tl : mexico , sonora
gelechia dyariella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 877 ; tl : colorado
gelechia gammanella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 638 ; tl : sarawak , borneo
gelechia lactiflora meyrick , 1921 ; ann . transv . mus . 8 ( 2 ) : 71 ; tl : portuguese east africa , magude
gelechia cuneatella douglas , 1852 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . ( n . s . ) 1 : 242 ; tl : london
gelechia anthochra lower , 1896 ; trans . proc . r . soc . s . austr . 20 : 168 ; tl : rockhampton , queensland
gelechia platydoxa meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 20 ; tl : french guiana , r . maroni
gelechia versutella zeller , 1873 ; verh . zool . - bot . ges . wien 23 ( abh . ) : 253 ; tl : texas
gelechia adapterella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 890 ; [ nhm card ]
gelechia dromicella busck , 1910 ; proc . ent . soc . wash . 11 ( 4 ) : 177 ; tl : placer co . , california
gelechia panella busck , 1903 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 889 ; tl : arizona ; california
gelechia caudatae clarke , 1934 ; can . ent . 66 : 175 , pl . 9 , f . 3 - 4 ; tl : washington , pullman
gelechia cuneifera walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 64 ; tl : mexico , guerrero , amula , 6000ft
gelechia mandella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 759 ; tl : kaslo , british columbia
gelechia monella busck , 1904 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 27 ( 1375 ) : 759 ; tl : kaslo , british columbia
gelechia picrogramma meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 489 ; tl : brazil , teffé ; british guiana , bartica , mallali
gelechia traducella busck , 1914 ; proc . u . s . nat . mus . 47 ( 2043 ) : 12 ; tl : la chorrera , panama
gelechia albomaculata ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 110
gelechia invenustella berg , 1876 ; bull . soc . imp . nat . moscou 49 ( 4 ) : 240 ; tl : cerro de caballada , rio negro
gelechia teleiodella ; [ nhm card ] ; ponomarenko , park & bae , 2006 , j . asia - pacif . ent . 9 ( 2 ) : 110
gelechia flavipalpella walsingham , 1881 ; trans . ent . soc . 1881 ( 2 ) : 262 , pl . 12 , f . 31 ; tl : spring vale
gelechia intermedia braun , 1923 ; proc . calif . acad . sci . ( 4 ) 12 ( 10 ) : 120 ; tl : angeles bay , lower california
gelechia benitella barnes & busck , 1920 ; contr . nat . hist . lepid . n . am . 4 ( 3 ) : 229 ; tl : san benito , texas
gelechia impurgata walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 67 , pl . 2 , f . 23 ; tl : mexico , sonora
gelechia sonorensis walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 69 , pl . 2 , f . 26 ; tl : mexico , sonora
gelechia cosmodes lower , 1899 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 24 ( 1 ) : 98 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales
gelechia sestertiella herrich - schäffer , 1854 ; syst . bearb . schmett . europ . 5 ( 65 ) : 186 , ( 58 ) ( ii ) pl . 66 , f . 487
gelechia hetaeria walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 68 , pl . 2 , f . 24 ; tl : mexico , vera cruz , orizaba
gelechia petraea walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 63 , pl . 2 , f . 20 ; tl : guatemala , las mercedes , 3000ft
gelechia adapterella walker , 1864 ; list spec . lepid . insects colln br . mus . 29 : 590 ; tl : st . martin ' s falls , albany river , hudson ' s bay
gelechia discoanulella ; hodges , 1986 , moths amer . n of mexico 7 . 1 : 126 ( unrecognized ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )
gelechia versutella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 878 ; [ nacl ] , # 1966 ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
gelechia albisparsella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 877 ; [ nacl ] , # 1929 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 13
gelechia anarsiella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 874 ; [ nacl ] , # 1930 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14
gelechia bianulella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 873 ; [ nacl ] , # 1933 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14
gelechia lynceella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 879 ; [ nacl ] , # 1946 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14
gelechia ribesella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 860 ; [ nacl ] , # 1960 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14
gelechia rileyella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 887 ; [ nacl ] , # 1961 ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
gelechia badiomaculella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 892 ; [ nacl ] , # 1931 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14
gelechia bistrigella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 892 ; [ nacl ] , # 1934 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14
gelechia capiteochrella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 893 ; [ nacl ] , # 1936 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14
gelechia flexurella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 895 ; [ nacl ] , # 1942 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14
gelechia ocherfuscella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 899 ; [ nacl ] , # 1954 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14
gelechia wacoella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 902 ; [ nacl ] , # 1967 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15
gelechia palpialbella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 899 ; [ nacl ] , # 1957 ( ident . uncert . ) ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )
gelechia discostrigella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 894 ; [ nacl ] , # 1939 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( incertae sedis )
gelechia - species dictionary - global : ispot nature - your place to share nature . ispot is a website aimed at helping anyone identify anything in nature . once you ' ve registered , you can add an observation to the website and suggest an identification yourself or see if anyone else can identify it for you .
gelechia maculatusella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 897 ; [ nacl ] , # 1947 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )
gelechia mimella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 898 ; [ nacl ] , # 1949 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )
gelechia obscurella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 898 ; [ nacl ] , # 1952 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )
gelechia packardella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 866 ; [ nacl ] , # 1955 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )
gelechia pallidagriseella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 899 ; [ nacl ] , # 1956 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 14 ( ident . uncert . )
gelechia thoracestrigella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 901 ; [ nacl ] , # 1963 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ( ident . uncert . )
gelechia unistrigella ; busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 901 ; [ nacl ] , # 1965 ( ident . uncert . ) ; [ nhm card ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 15 ( ident . uncert . )
neu , ceu , caucasus , transcaucasia , china ( gansu , qinghai , jilin ) , korea . see [ maps ]
larva on prunus spp . , p . spinosa , p . domestica [ me3 ] , 108
morocco , austria , bosnia , seu , asia minor . see [ maps ]
larva on juniperus sabina , j . oxycedrus , j . phoenicea [ me3 ] , 109
tinea sororculella hübner , [ 1817 ] ; samml . eur . schmett . [ 8 ] : pl . 66 , f . 440
larva on salix spp . , s . caprea , s . cinerea , s . aurita , s . viminalis , s . purpurea [ me3 ] , 111
neu , ceu , russia , china ( xinjiang , jilin ) , japan . see [ maps ]
larva on salix ssp . , s . alba , s . caprea [ me3 ] , 113
larva on salix spp . , populus spp . , p . tremula , p . alba , p . nigra , populus canescens [ me3 ] , 117
larva on populus nigra , populus pyramidalis , p . balsamifera , p . laurifolia [ me3 ] , 118
larva on populus nigra , populus pyramidalis , p . balsamifera [ me3 ] , 119
s . finland , austria , poland , schweden , . . . . see [ maps ]
larva on acer campestre , a . platanoides huemer , 1991 , nota lepid . 14 : 124
alpes maritimes , croatia , macedonia , greece , italy , turkey . see [ maps ]
atlanticella ( amsel , 1955 ) ( nothris ) ; bull . inst . sci . nat . belg . 31 ( 83 ) : 59
larva on platanus occidentalis busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 878
atrofusca omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 103
depressaria bistrigella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 5 ) : 92
clopica meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 384
conditor omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 91
cuspidatella turati , 1934 ; atti soc . ital . sci . nat . 73 : 197
delapsa meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 60
delodectis meyrick , 1938 ; dt . ent . z . iris 52 : 3
dichomeris dolbyi walsingham , 1911 ; biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 98 , pl . 3 , f . 22 ; tl : panama , la chorrera
epistolica meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 59
telphusa exposita meyrick , 1926 ; sarawak mus . j . 3 : 152 ; tl : mt murud , 6500 - 7200ft
farinosa teich , 1899 ; arb . naturfr . ges . riga 42 : 75
phthorimaea frequens meyrick , 1921 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 14 ) : 426 ; tl : queensland , brisbane
fuscooculata omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 93
goniospila meyrick , 1931 ; an . mus . nac . hist . nat . buenos aires 36 : 385
parasia griseaella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 5 ) : 88 ; tl : ontario [ ? ]
haifella amsel , 1935 ; mitt . zool . mus . berl . 20 ( 2 ) : 300
teleia hyoscyamella rebel , 1912 ; dt . ent . z . iris 26 ( 1 ) : 89 ; tl : heluan
inconspicua omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 99
telphusa inferialis meyrick , 1918 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 5 ) : 133 ; tl : bengal , chapra
longipalpella teich , 1899 ; arb . naturfr . ges . riga 42 : 75
telphusa machinata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 488 ; tl : assam , khasis
psoricoptera melanoptila lower , 1897 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 22 ( 2 ) : 272 ; tl : broken hill , new south wales
nothris mundata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 495 ; tl : new mexico , mescalero , 7000ft
notabilis omelko , 1986 ; proc . zool . inst . leningr . 145 : 99
ophiaula meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 60
telphusa paraula meyrick , 1916 ; exot . microlep . 1 ( 18 ) : 568 ; tl : ceylon , maskeliya and madulsima ; s . india , nilgiris
paroxynta meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 59
pistaciae filipjev , 1934 ; trav . inst . zool . acad . sci . urrs 2 : 17
praestantella lucas , 1956 ; bull . soc . sci . nat . maroc 35 : 256
repetitrix meyrick , 1931 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 60
depressaria rileyella chambers , 1872 ; can . ent . 4 ( 6 ) : 106 ; tl : kentucky
sachalinensis matsumura , 1931 ; 6000 illust . insects japan . - empire : 1083
telphusa sematica meyrick , 1913 ; ann . transv . mus . 3 ( 4 ) : 286 ; tl : barberton
stenacma meyrick , 1935 ; exotic microlep . 4 ( 18 - 19 ) : 585
nothris thymiata meyrick , 1929 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 16 ) : 497 ; tl : arizona , nogales
chelaria trachydyta meyrick , 1920 ; exotic microlep . 2 ( 10 ) : 304 ; tl : bombay , dharwar
tribalanota meyrick , 1935 ; mat . microlep . fauna chin . prov . : 67
nothris griseella chambers , 1874 ; can . ent . 6 ( 12 ) : 245 ; tl : texas
[ afromoths ] de prins , j . & de prins , w . , 2013
[ spl ] varis , v . ( ed ) , ahola , m . , albrecht , a . , jalava , j . , kaila , l . , kerppola , s . , kullberg , j . , 1995
sangmi lee , richard brown & sibyl bucheli . gelechioidea - a global framework ;
[ maps ] warning ! the maps are automatically generated from the textual information , and the process does not always produce acceptable result ; see about maps for more info .
expedition of the california academy of sciences to the gulf of california in 1921 . the tineid moths
lepidoptera britannica , sistens digestimen novam lepidopterorum quae in magna britannica reperiunter . . . adjunguntur dissertationes variae ad historiam naturalam spectantes
die schmetterlinge deutschlands und der schweiz . 2 . abteilung , kleinschmetterlinge . 2 . die motten und federmotten
systematische bearbeitung der schmetterlinge von europa , zugleich als text , revision und supplement zu j . hübner ' s sammlung europäischer schmetterlinge , die schaben und federmotten , ( 1847 - ) 1853 - 1855 )
the moths of america north of mexico including greenland . fascicle 7 . 1 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae ( part ) , dichomeridinae
notice sur la chassa des lépidoptéres durant l ' été 1904 dans le district d ' ourjoum , gouv . de viatka [ in russian ]
review .
a list of north american lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects
. by harrison c . dyar , ph . d . , . . .
zerny , 1935 die lepidopterenfauna des grossen atlas in marokko und seiner randgebiete mém . soc . sci . nat . maroc . 42 : 1 - 163 , pl . 1 - 2
if you have corrections , comments or information to add into these pages , just send mail to markku savela keep in mind that the taxonomic information is copied from various sources , and may include many inaccuracies . expert help is welcome .
stegasta meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 258 [ key ] , 313 ; ts : stegasta variana meyrick
stegasta ( gelechiini ) ; [ ala ] ; [ sangmi lee ] ; lee , hodges & brown , 2009 , zootaxa 2231 : 22 ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 699 ( list )
stegasta abdita park & omelko , 1994 ; jpn j . ent . 62 ( 4 ) : 870 ; tl : khasansky distr . , primorye territory , russian far east
stegasta allactis meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 314 ; tl : adelaide , south australia ; carnarvon , west australia
larva on cassia chamaecrista busck , 1903 , proc . u . s . nat . mus . 25 ( 1304 ) : 864
stegasta comissata meyrick , 1923 ; exot . microlep . 3 ( 1 - 2 ) : 18 ; tl : brazil , obidos , santarem , parintins , manaos
stegasta cosmodes ; meyrick , 1904 , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 315 ; [ nhm card ] ; [ aucl ]
stegasta francisci landry , 2010 ; revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 706 , 699 ( list ) ; tl : galapagos , isabela , nr tagus cove , 100m
stegasta jejuensis park & omelko , 1994 ; jpn j . ent . 62 ( 4 ) : 867 ; tl : topyung - dong , seoguipo , jeju province , korea
stegasta jejuensis ; bae , lee & park , 2014 , ent . res . 44 : 19 ( list )
scoteropis meyrick , 1931 ; j . linn . soc . lond . ( zool . ) 37 : 280
stegasta tenebricosa turner , 1919 ; proc . r . soc . qd 31 ( 10 ) : 124 ; tl : queensland , redcliffe , nr brisbane
stegasta variana meyrick , 1904 ; proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 29 ( 2 ) : 314 ; tl : duaringa and brisbane , queensland ; sydney , new south wales
stegasta zygotoma meyrick , 1917 ; trans . ent . soc . lond . 1917 ( 1 ) : 48 ; tl : colombia , cali , 500ft and la crumbre , 6600ft ; ecuador , huigra , 4500ft ; peru , lima and chosica , 2800ft
stegasta zygotoma ; [ nhm card ] ; [ sangmi lee & richard brown ] ; landry & roque - albelo , 2010 , revue suisse zool . 117 ( 4 ) : 704 , 699 ( list )
walsingham , 1911 lepidoptera , heterocera . tineina , pterophorina , orenodina and pyralidina and hepialidina ( part ) biol . centr . - amer . lep . heterocera 4 : 1 - 482 , pl . 1 - 10
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austria , great britain , germany , denmark , latvia , norway , poland , slovakia and the soviet union - the european part , finland , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
regions of the russian federation : european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , primorye , sakhalin , mid - volzhsky .
austria , belarus , the british isles , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , latvia , norway ( mainland ) , poland , romania , russia , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
[ 10 ] de jong , y . s . d . m . ( ed . ) ( 2011 ) fauna europaea version 2 . 4 ( faunaeur . org )
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
austria , belgium , bulgaria , great britain , hungary , germany , denmark , ireland , italy , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway , poland , romania , the soviet union - the european part , finland , france , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
regions of the russian federation : the volga - don , east caucasus , the european north - west , the european central black earth , the european central european south taiga , trans - baikal , kaliningrad , nizhne - amur , seaside , mid - volzhsky , south west siberian , south ural .
austria , belarus , belgium , bulgaria , the british isles , france , germany , denmark ( mainland ) , ireland , spain ( mainland ) , italy ( mainland ) , latvia , lithuania , luxembourg , netherlands , norway ( mainland ) , poland , russia , romania , slovakia , slovenia , ukraine , finland , france ( mainland ) , czech republic , switzerland , sweden , estonia .
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upcoming events 2018 bugguide gathering in virginia july 27 - 29 : registration and discussion photos of insects and people from the 2015 gathering in wisconsin , july 10 - 12 photos of insects and people from the 2014 gathering in virginia , june 4 - 7 . photos of insects and people from the 2013 gathering in arizona , july 25 - 28 photos of insects and people from the 2012 gathering in alabama photos of insects and people from the 2011 gathering in iowa photos from the 2010 workshop in grinnell , iowa photos from the 2009 gathering in washington
contributed by maury j . heiman on 23 august , 2013 - 2 : 28pm
contributed by maury j . heiman on 23 april , 2013 - 10 : 33am
the moths of america north of mexico . fascicle 7 . 6 . gelechioidea , gelechiidae , gelechiinae ( part : chionodes )
contributed by maury j . heiman on 23 february , 2013 - 1 : 04am
contributed by maury j . heiman on 5 april , 2013 - 10 : 03am
contributed by maury j . heiman on 20 march , 2013 - 2 : 18pm
by karsholt , o . , m . mutanen , s . lee , & l . kaila
abstract here conclusions from this paper :
based on our findings , and considering them against earlier classifications to make a minimum number of changes , we separate the family gelechiidae into seven subfamilies ( physoptili - nae , anacampsinae , dichomeridinae , apatetrinae , thiotrichi - nae , anomologinae , gelechiinae ) ( fig . 2 ) . the pexicopiinae is according to our data a subordinate clade ( pexicopiini ) within the apatetrinae . for the clade consisting of thiotricha and macrenches we propose thiotrichinae subfam . nov .
contributed by maury j . heiman on 20 march , 2013 - 12 : 29am
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limacina retroversa is a species of swimming predatory sea snail in the family limacinidae , that belong to the group commonly known as sea butterflies ( thecosomata ) .

there is one subspecies : limacina retroversa australis ( eydoux & souleyet , 1840 )

limacina retroversa

subspecies limacina retroversa retroversa ( j . fleming , 1823 ) represented as limacina retroversa ( j . fleming , 1823 )
forma limacina retroversa f . retroversa ( j . fleming , 1823 ) accepted as limacina retroversa retroversa ( j . fleming , 1823 ) represented as limacina retroversa ( j . fleming , 1823 )
limacina retroversa retroversa ( j . fleming , 1823 ) · accepted , alternate representation
forma limacina retroversa f . balea möller , 1841 accepted as limacina retroversa ( j . fleming , 1823 )
worms - world register of marine species - limacina retroversa ( j . fleming , 1823 )
you can continue searching for form limacina retroversa f . balea on one of these web sites :
m . v . lebour , “limacina retroversa in plymouth waters , ” j . mar . biol . ass . u . k .
( drawing to compare l . r . balea and l . r . retroversa shells )
dadon , j . r . , 1990a . annual cycle of limacina retroversa in patagonian waters . amer . malac . bull . 8 ( 1 ) : 77 - 84 .
( drawing of the shell of l . retroversa and l . balea , to compare the shapes )
( of limacina retroversa f . retroversa ( j . fleming , 1823 ) ) van der spoel s . ( 1967 ) euthecosomata , a group with remarkable developmental stages ( gastropoda , pteropoda ) . gorinchem : noorduijn en zoon . 378 pp . [ 20 november 1967 ] [ details ]
k . s . bernard and p . w . froneman , “the sub - antarctic euthecosome pteropod , limacina retroversa : distribution patterns and trophic role , ” deep sea res . , part i
morton , j . e . , 1954a . the biology of limacina retroversa . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . 33 : 297 - 312 , 5 figs .
dadon , j . r . , 1990b , distribution and annual cycle of limacina retroversa fleming , 1823 in patagonian waters . west . soc . malac . ( ann rep . ) 22 : 2 .
hsiao , s . c . t . , 1939a . the reproduction of limacina retroversa ( flem . ) . biol . bull . woods hole 76 ( 2 ) : 280 - 303 , 9 figs .
dadon , j . r . and cidre , l . l . de , 1992 . the reproductive cycle of the thecosomatous pteropod limacina retroversa in the western south atlantic . mar biol . 114 : 439 - 442 .
hsiao , s . c . t . , 1939b . the reproductive system and spermatogenesis of limacina ( spiratella ) retroversa ( flem . ) . biol . bull . woods hole 76 : 7 - 25 , 7 figs .
lebour , m . v . , 1932 . limacina retroversa in plymouth waters . j . mar . biol . assoc . u . k . ( ns ) 18 ( 1 ) : 123 - 129 , 2 pls .
redfield , a . c . , 1939 . the history of a population of limacina retroversa during its drift across the gulf of maine . biol . bull . 76 ( 1 ) : 26 - 47 , 10 figs .
t . noji , v . ulrich , u . v . bathmann , b . von bodungen , et al . , “clearance of picoplankton - sized particles and formation of rapidly sinking aggregates by the pteropod , limacina retroversa , ” j . plankton res .
( of limacina retroversa f . balea möller , 1841 ) van der spoel s . ( 1967 ) euthecosomata , a group with remarkable developmental stages ( gastropoda , pteropoda ) . gorinchem : noorduijn en zoon . 378 pp . [ 20 november 1967 ] [ details ]
lalli cm , wells fe ( 1978 ) reproduction in the genus limacina ( opisthobranchia : thecosomata ) . j zool 186 : 95–108
( of limacina balea møller , 1841 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
brisco , m . , 1977 . the pteropod spiratella retroversa ( mollusca : gastropoda ) in west donegal . ir . nat . j . 19 ( 3 ) : 99 .
c . m . lalli and f . e . wells , “reproduction in the genus limacina ( opisthobranchia : thecosomata ) , ” j . zool . london
möller , h . p . c . , 1841a . bemaerkninger til slaegten limacina lmk naturhist . tidsskrift kjøbenhavn 3 ( 4 - 5 ) or 5 - 6 ? : 481 - 490 .
lalli , c . m . and wells , f . e . , 1978 . reproduction in the genus limacina ( opisthobranchia : thecosomata ) . j . zool . london . 186 : 95 - 108 .
pelseneer , p . , 1891a . sur la dextrorsité de certains gastropodes dits ' sénestres ' ( lanistes , peraclis , limacina , larves des cymbuliidae ) . compt r . paris 112 : 1015 - 1017 .
chang , yin and yen , jeannette 2012 . swimming in the intermediate reynolds range : kinematics of the pteropod limacina helicina . integrative and comparative biology , vol . 52 , issue . 5 , p . 597 .
the feeding , egg production , and respiration rate of the dominant pteropod limacina helicina have been studied in russia’s arctic seas . the sinking rates of fecal pellets and dead individuals have been measured to estimate their role in vertical carbon flux . as has been shown , the rate of ecophysiological processes taking place in the pteropods is higher than that of copepods , the main consumers of phytoplankton . the gut pigment content in limacina ( 3084 ng ind –1 as a maximum ) was two orders of magnitude higher than in copepods . the egg production rate in limacina even without feeding reached 4000 eggs ind –1 versus 350–450 egg ind –1 typical of the dominant copepods even with excess food . a close correlation between the pteropod feeding rate and individual body weight was observed for limacina rather than a correlation with food concentration . the experimentally estimated sinking rate of limacina fecal pellets was 270 m day –1 , higher than for most copepods . the sinking rate of dead pteropods reaches 2000 m day –1 . according to the literature , discarded mucous feeding nets sink at a rate of 80 to 1080 m day –1 . evidently , pteropods play a significant role in biogeochemical cycles by accelerating sedimentation . high rates of all studied processes suggest that limacina are an important component of plankton communities and play the most important role in trophodynamics at sites of their accumulation .
manteufel , b . p . , 1937 . contribution to the pteropod mollusc clione limacina phipps . bull . soc . natur . moscou ( biol . ) 46 ( 1 ) : 25 - 33 . [ in russian ]
wells , f . e . , 1978b . subgeneric relationships in the euthecosomatous pteropod genus limacina bosc , 1817 . j . malac . soc . aust . 4 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 5 , 1 tab .
kobayashi , h . a . 1974 . growth cycle and related vertical distribution of the thecosomatous pteropod spiratella ( ? limacina ? ) helicina in the central arctic ocean . marine biology , vol . 26 , issue . 4 , p . 295 .
litvinova , n . m . and orlovskiy , g . n . , 1985 . feeding behaviour of clione limacina ( pteropoda ) . byull . kosk . obshch . ispyt . prir . ( otdbio . ) 90 ( 4 ) : 73 - 77 .
conover , r . j . and lalli , c . m . , 1972 . feeding and growth in clione limacina ( phipps ) , a pteropod mollusc . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 9 : 279 - 302 , 8 figs .
conover , r . j . and lalli , c . m . 1972 . feeding and growth in clione limacina ( phipps ) , a pteropod mollusc . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 9 , issue . 3 , p . 279 .
lalli , carol m . 1970 . structure and function of the buccal apparatus of clione limacina ( phipps ) with a review of feeding in gymnosomatous pteropods . journal of experimental marine biology and ecology , vol . 4 , issue . 2 , p . 101 .
conover , r . j . and lalli , c . m . , 1974 . feeding and growth in clione limacina ( phipps ) , a pteropod mollusc , 2 . assimilation , metabolism , and growth efficiency . j . exp . mar . biol . ecol . 16 : 131 - 154 , 7 figs .
with regard to gut clearance rates , l . helicina appears to be resilient to the different pco 2 levels investigated which do not seem to affect metabolic and enzymatic functions . bernard and froneman [ 34 ] have measured , using the same method as the one used in the present study , a gut clearance rate k of 1 . 33 h −1 for the sub - antarctic limacina retroversa . this value is higher than the one observed in our study ( 0 . 082 and 0 . 201 h −1 , respectively at ct and ht ) . this difference might be explained by several factors such as different initial gut content , species and / or temperature . gut clearance rates consistent with the ones measured in the present study have been reported in other zooplanktonic organisms such as the copepod calanus simillimus ( k = 0 . 32 h −1 , [ 34 ] ) . q 10 value of 2 . 21 has been reported in copepods when food is not limiting [ 35 ] . the q 10 estimate of 13 found in the present study is not reliable because the initial gut content of the field population sampled for the experiment at elevated temperature was 113 % greater than in the population sampled for the experiment at control temperature . consequently , q 10 is greatly overestimated .
thecosomatous pteropods are pelagic molluscs with aragonitic shells . they are considered to be especially vulnerable among plankton to ocean acidification , but to recognize changes due to anthropogenic forcing a baseline understanding of their life history is needed . in the present study , adult limacina retroversa were collected on five cruises from multiple sites in the gulf of maine ( between 42°22 . 1′–42°0 . 0′n and 69°42 . 6′–70°15 . 4′w ; water depths of ca . 45–260 m ) from october 2013 to november 2014 . they were maintained in the laboratory under continuous light at 8 °c . there was evidence of year - round reproduction and an individual life span in the laboratory of 6 months . eggs laid in captivity were observed throughout development . hatching occurred after 3 d , the veliger stage was reached after 6–7 d , and metamorphosis to the juvenile stage was after ~ 1 month . reproductive individuals were first observed after 3 months . calcein staining of embryos revealed calcium storage beginning in the late gastrula stage . staining was observed in the shell gland , shell field , mantle and shell margin in later stages . exposure of two batches of larvae at the gastrula stage to elevated co 2 levels ( 800 and 1200 ppm ) resulted in significantly increased mortality in comparison with individuals raised under ambient ( ~ 400 ppm ) conditions and a developmental delay in the 1200 ppm treatment compared with the ambient and 800 ppm treatments .
the response of pteropods to ocean acidification under controlled experimental conditions has been investigated in a single study [ 28 ] at two pco 2 levels . they exhibited a 28 % decrease of calcification when exposed to a ph value predicted in 2100 . but their response to separate and combined effects of temperature and ph has not yet been studied . however , reynaud et al . [ 9 ] and rodolfo - metalpa et al . [ 29 ] have shown that the rate of calcification of corals and bryozoans is not affected by elevated pco 2 alone but can be affected by elevated temperature alone or by a combined increase of pco 2 and temperature . in the present study , the individual and combined effects of two temperatures ( control ∼0°c and high ∼4°c ) and five pco 2 levels ( 280 , 380 , 550 , 760 and 1120 µatm ) are investigated in limacina helicina . the pco 2 levels were chosen in order to cover a range from the preindustrial values to the 2100 worst - case projection ( a1fi ) of the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) . the calcium carbonate precipitation rate was estimated as the incorporation of 45 ca , and the respiration and gut clearance rates were also measured under these conditions to characterize their physiological status .
thecosome pteropods ( pelagic mollusks ) can play a key role in the food web of various marine ecosystems . they are a food source for zooplankton or higher predators such as fishes , whales and birds that is particularly important in high latitude areas . since they harbor a highly soluble aragonitic shell , they could be very sensitive to ocean acidification driven by the increase of anthropogenic co 2 emissions . the effect of changes in the seawater chemistry was investigated on limacina helicina , a key species of arctic pelagic ecosystems . individuals were kept in the laboratory under controlled pco 2 levels of 280 , 380 , 550 , 760 and 1020 µatm and at control ( 0°c ) and elevated ( 4°c ) temperatures . the respiration rate was unaffected by pco 2 at control temperature , but significantly increased as a function of the pco 2 level at elevated temperature . pco 2 had no effect on the gut clearance rate at either temperature . precipitation of caco 3 , measured as the incorporation of 45 ca , significantly declined as a function of pco 2 at both temperatures . the decrease in calcium carbonate precipitation was highly correlated to the aragonite saturation state . even though this study demonstrates that pteropods are able to precipitate calcium carbonate at low aragonite saturation state , the results support the current concern for the future of arctic pteropods , as the production of their shell appears to be very sensitive to decreased ph . a decline of pteropod populations would likely cause dramatic changes to various pelagic ecosystems .
this study is the first to provide information on the response of pteropod respiration to a wide range of pco 2 conditions . seibel et al . [ 31 ] have reported respiration rate of 3 . 8 to 6 . 4 µmol o 2 ( g wet weight ) −1 h −1 for limacina helicina antarctica depending on temperature and pteropod activity . these values are within the range of those measured in the present study ( 5 . 6 to 7 . 5 µmol o 2 ( g wet weight ) −1 h −1 ) . respiration was the only physiological parameter responding to a combined effect of elevated pco 2 and temperature . it increased with increasing pco 2 at elevated temperature , demonstrating an increase in metabolic activity in response to the combined effects of pco 2 and temperature . in contrast , fabry et al . [ 32 ] reported a 25 % decrease in the respiration of l . helicina antarctica at −1 . 86°c and 789 µatm compared to the control ( of unspecified pco 2 ) . the discrepancy between the two studies may be due by the temperature difference ( ∼6°c ) and the possible different physiology between the two species [ 20 ] . our results were not caused by a stress resulting from sampling or from the experimental conditions as pteropods were pre - acclimated to the experimental conditions for 24 h before the beginning of the incubation , all individuals were active and no mortality occurred . the q 10 value derived from measurements made at the two temperatures ( 1 . 60±0 . 2 ) is similar to the range of values reported for zooplankton ( 1 . 63 to 1 . 89 , [ 33 ] ) . future studies might be performed on anesthetized organisms in order to estimate the basal respiration rates .
fleming j . ( 1823 ) . on a reversed species of fusus ( fusus retroversus ) . memoirs of the wernerian natural history society ( edinburgh ) 4 ( 2 ) : 488 - 500 pl . 11 [ details ]
( of heterofusus retroversus j . fleming , 1823 ) fleming j . ( 1823 ) . on a reversed species of fusus ( fusus retroversus ) . memoirs of the wernerian natural history society ( edinburgh ) 4 ( 2 ) : 488 - 500 pl . 11 [ details ]
( of scaea stenogyra philippi , 1844 ) philippi r . a . ( 1844 ) . enumeratio molluscorum siciliae cum viventium tum in tellure tertiaria fossilium , quae in itinere suo observavit . vol . 2 . halle [ halis saxorum ] : eduard anton . iv + 303 pp . , pls 13 - 28 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 164 , pl 25 fig . 20 [ details ]
( of peracle flemingii jeffreys , 1847 ) jeffreys , j . g . ( 1847 ) . additional notices on british shells . annals and magazine of natural history . 20 : 16 - 19 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 16 [ details ]
( of spirialis australis eydoux & souleyet , 1840 ) eydoux f . & souleyet f . ( 1840 ) . description sommaire de plusieurs ptéropodes nouveaux ou imparfaitement connus , destinés à être publiés dans le voyage de la
bonite
. revue zoologique de la société cuvierienne , paris ( 1840 ) : 235 - 239 [ details ]
( of spirialis gouldii stimpson , 1851 ) stimpson w . ( 1851 ) . on several new species of shells from the northern coast of new england . . proceedings of the boston society of natural history 4 : 113 - 114 [ december ] [ details ]
( of spirialis jeffreysii forbes & hanley , 1849 ) forbes e . ; hanley s . c . ( 1848 - 1853 ) . a history of british mollusca and their shells . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : i - lxxx [ 1853 ] , 1 - 486 [ 1848 ] , pl . a - w , aa - zz , aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ] ; vol . 2 : 1 - 480 [ 1 dec . 1849 ] , 481 - 557 [ 1850 ] ; vol . 3 : 1 - 320 [ 1850 ] , 321 - 616 [ 1851 ] ; vol . 4 : 1 - 300 [ 1852 ] , pl . 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of spirialis macandrewi forbes & hanley , 1849 ) forbes e . ; hanley s . c . ( 1848 - 1853 ) . a history of british mollusca and their shells . london , van voorst . vol . 1 : i - lxxx [ 1853 ] , 1 - 486 [ 1848 ] , pl . a - w , aa - zz , aaa - zzz [ dates uncertain ] ; vol . 2 : 1 - 480 [ 1 dec . 1849 ] , 481 - 557 [ 1850 ] ; vol . 3 : 1 - 320 [ 1850 ] , 321 - 616 [ 1851 ] ; vol . 4 : 1 - 300 [ 1852 ] , pl . 1 - 114f [ dates uncertain ] . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
gofas , s . ; le renard , j . ; bouchet , p . ( 2001 ) . mollusca . in : costello , m . j . et al . ( eds ) , european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . patrimoines naturels . 50 : 180 - 213 . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
spencer , h . g . , marshall , b . a . & willan , r . c . ( 2009 ) . checklist of new zealand living mollusca . pp 196 - 219 . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) new zealand inventory of biodiversity . volume one . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . canterbury university press , christchurch . [ details ]
janssen a . w . ( 2012 ) late quaternary to recent holoplanktonic mollusca ( gastropoda ) from bottom samples of the eastern mediterranean sea : systematics , morphology . bollettino malacologico 48 ( suppl . 9 ) : 1 - 105 . [ details ]
( of peracle flemingii jeffreys , 1847 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of scaea stenogyra philippi , 1844 ) janssen a . w . ( 2012 ) late quaternary to recent holoplanktonic mollusca ( gastropoda ) from bottom samples of the eastern mediterranean sea : systematics , morphology . bollettino malacologico 48 ( suppl . 9 ) : 1 - 105 . [ details ]
( of heterofusus alexandri verrill , 1872 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of heterofusus alexandri verrill , 1872 ) verrill , a . e . ( 1872 ) . brief contributions to zoölogy , from the museum of yale college . no . xx . recent additions to the molluscan fauna of new england and the adjacent waters , with notes on other species . american journal of science and arts . ( 3 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 281 - 290 ; pl . 6 - 8 . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 281 [ details ]
( of heterofusus retroversus j . fleming , 1823 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of spirialis macandrewi forbes & hanley , 1849 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of spirialis jeffreysii forbes & hanley , 1849 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of spirialis gouldii stimpson , 1851 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of spirialis australis eydoux & souleyet , 1840 ) check list of european marine mollusca ( clemam ) . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
intergovernmental oceanographic commission ( ioc ) of unesco . the ocean biogeographic information system ( obis ) , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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tesch , j . j . , 1947 . pteropoda thecosomata . fiches d ' identification du zooplancton , 8 ( 1947 ) . conseil international pour l ' exploration de la mer , kopenhagen .
van der spoel , s . , l . newman and k . w . estep , 1997 . pelagic molluscs of the world . world biodiversity database cd - rom series . version 1 . 0 . eti , university of amsterdam , amsterdam .
spoel , s . van der , 1972 . pteropoda thecosomata . fiches d ' identification du zooplancton , 140 - 142 ( 1972 ) . conseil international pour l ' exploration de la mer , kopenhagen .
sorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this species .
s . van der spoel , l . j . newman & k . w . estep
measurements : height to 2 . 5 mm , maximum diameter 1 . 5 mm .
period begins in spring and at the end of the summer , so that there are two generations each year . the specimens born in spring reproduce in summer , those born in summer reproduce the next spring .
the coldest waters but most frequently between 50°s and 60°s . a dubious record is known from 22°n , but as
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atlantis ii
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is not so very large and not regularly rounded , but somewhat oblique . umbilicus is narrow and deep . a
measurements : height to 7 mm , average maximum diameter 2 . 4 mm .
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sars , g . o . , 1878 . bidrag til kundskaben om norges arktiske fauna , 1 . mollusca regionis arcticae norvegiae . oversigt over de i norges arktiske region forekommender bløddyr . christiania ( brøgger ) : xiii + 466 pp . 1 map , 34 + 18 pls .
seguenza , g . , 1875a . studi paleontologici sulla fauna malacologica dei sedimenti pliocenici depositatisi a grandi profonditá , 1 - 2 . bull . soc . malacol . ital . 1 ( 2 ) : 18 - 49
sowerby , g . b . , 1878 . in : reeve , l . a . : conchologia iconica or illustrations of shells of molluscous animals . monograph of the genus pteropoda vol . 20 , in front pls 1 - 7 and pls 1 - 6 , reeve and co , london .
starobogatov , j . i . , 1971 . ordo thecosomata ; ordo gymnosomata ; ordo heteropoda . in : polevoy zool . inst . akad . moscou . opredeliteli planktona ( without page or figure numbers , not bound , mimiographed ) . [ in russsian ]
stimpson , w . , 1851 . descriptions of two new species of shells from massachusetts bay , namely : spirialis gouldii , and thracia couthouyi , and a holothuria , under the name of anaperus unisemita . proc . boston soc . nat . hist . 4 ( 1851 - 1854 ) : 7 - 9 .
tesch , j . j . , 1946 . the thecosomatous pteropods , 1 . the atlantic . dana report 28 : 1 - 82 , 37 figs , 8 pls .
tesch , j . j . , 1947 . pteropoda thecosomata . fiches ; conseil intern . expl . mer . zooplankton ( sheet ) 8 : 1 - 6 , 13 figs .
spoel , s . van der and goessens , f . , 1986 . preliminary note on the pump samples of the amsterdam mid north atlantic plankton expedition 1980 ( project 101a ) . bull . zool . mus . univ . amst . 10 ( 19 ) : 161 - 172 .
spoel , s . van der , 1973e . pneumodermopsis teschi n . sp . and notes on some other pteropoda of the
thor expeditions 1903 - 1910
( gastropoda ) . bull . zool . mus . univ . amst . 3 ( 9 ) : 53 - 64 .
spoel , s . van der , 1987a . annotated list of mollusca , tintinnidae amphisolenia and radiolaria collected in pumpsamples by the amsterdam mid north atlantic plankton expeditions 1980 - 1983 . versl . tech . geg . univ . amsterdam 48 : 1 - 99 .
verrill , a . e . , 1872 . brief contributions to zoology , from the museum of yale college , 19 . recent additions to the molluscan fauna of new england and the adjacent waters , with notes on other species . amer . j . sci . ( 3 ) 3 ( 15 ) : 209 - 214 ; ( 16 ) : 281 - 290 , pls 6 - 8 .
is highly coiled . it has 9 transparent whorls with a brown to purple hue . there is no umbilical
] with a smaller top angle , the number of whorls is larger , up to 9 . the whole
is not so very large and not regularly rounded , but somewhat oblique . umbilicus is narrow and deep . a wing protrusion is present
. the temperature range is ( 3 ) 11 - 18°c and the salinity range is 31 . 8 - 35ä .
might be found in the northern north sea , entered from the ne atlantic .
this form is found in cold waters of n atlantic between 30° and 75°n .
sorry , there are no other images or audio / video clips available for this taxon .
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site design : russ hopcroft . all pictures on this website can be used for educational purposes with reference to this site , except for the posted presentations
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
albright r ( 2011 ) reviewing the effects of ocean acidification on sexual reproduction and early life history stages of reef - building corals . j mar biol . doi :
bandel k , hemleben c ( 1995 ) observations on the ontogeny of thecosomatous pteropods ( holoplanktic gastropoda ) in the southern red sea and from bermuda . mar biol 124 : 225–243
bé awh , gilmer rw ( 1977 ) a zoogeographic and taxonomic review of euthecosomatous pteropoda . in : ramsay a ( ed ) oceanic micropalaeontology . academic press , london , pp 733–808
bednaršek n , tarling g , bakker d , fielding s , jones e , venables h , ward p , kuzirian a , lézé b , feely r ( 2012a ) extensive dissolution of live pteropods in the southern ocean . nat geosci 5 : 881–885
bednaršek n , tarling ga , bakker dce , fielding s , cohen a , kuzirian a , mccorkle d , lézé b , montagna r ( 2012b ) description and quantification of pteropod shell dissolution : a sensitive bioindicator of ocean acidification . glob change biol 18 : 2378–2388 . doi :
shell dissolution as an indicator of declining habitat suitability owing to ocean acidification in the california current ecosystem . p r soc b biol sci 281 : 20140123
bigelow hb ( 1924 ) plankton of the offshore waters of the gulf of maine . us government printing office , washington
buckland - nicks j ( 2014 ) sem analysis of marine invertebrate gametes . in : carroll dj , stricker sa ( eds ) developmental biology of the sea urchin and other marine invertebrates . humana press , new york , pp 125–145
exposed to aragonite undersaturation are viable but shell - less . mar biol 157 : 2341–2345 . doi :
cripps g , lindeque p , flynn kj ( 2014 ) have we been underestimating the effects of ocean acidification in zooplankton ? glob change biol 20 : 3377–3385 . doi :
dickson ag ( 1990 ) thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273 . 15 to 318 . 15 k . deep sea res 37 : 755–766
dickson ag , millero fj ( 1987 ) a comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation of carbonic acid in seawater media . deep sea res 34 : 1733–1743
fabry vj , seibel ba , feely ra , orr jc ( 2008 ) impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes . ices j mar sci 65 : 414–432 . doi :
on the early development of three mollusks . aquat biol 23 : 147–157 . doi :
hendriks ie , duarte cm , álvarez m ( 2010 ) vulnerability of marine biodiversity to ocean acidification : a meta - analysis . estuar coast shelf sci 86 : 157–164
howes el , bednaršek n , büdenbender j , comeau s , doubleday a , gallager sm , hopcroft rr , lischka s , maas ae , bijma j ( 2014 ) sink and swim : a status review of thecosome pteropod culture techniques . j plankton res 36 : 299–315
hunt bpv , pakhomov ea , hosie gw , siegel v , ward p , bernard k ( 2008 ) pteropods in southern ocean ecosystems . prog oceanogr 78 : 193–221
kroeker kj , kordas rl , crim rn , singh gg ( 2010 ) meta - analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms . ecol lett 13 : 1419–1434
kroeker kj , kordas rl , crim r , hendriks ie , ramajo l , singh gs , duarte cm , gattuso jp ( 2013 ) impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms : quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming . glob change biol 19 : 1884–1896
- driven ocean acidification on the early developmental stages of invertebrates . mar ecol prog ser 373 : 275–284
lalli cm , gilmer rw ( 1989 ) pelagic snails : the biology of holoplanktonic gastropod mollusks . stanford university press , stanford
lischka s , riebesell u ( 2012 ) synergistic effects of ocean acidification and warming on overwintering pteropods in the arctic . glob change biol 18 : 3517–3528
: mortality , shell degradation , and shell growth . biogeosciences 8 : 919–932 . doi :
’s response to combined effects of ocean acidification and sea water freshening . estuar coast shelf sci 113 : 163–171
marin f , le roy n , marie b ( 2012 ) the formation and mineralization of mollusk shell . front biosci 4 : 1099–1125
millero fj ( 2007 ) the marine inorganic carbon cycle . chem rev 107 : 308–341
pörtner ho ( 2008 ) ecosystem effects of ocean acidification in times of ocean warming : a physiologist’s view . mar ecol prog ser 373 : 203–217
van der spoel s ( 1967 ) euthecosomata : a group with remarkable developmental stages ( gastropoda , pteropoda ) . noorduijn en zoon , gorinchem
air - sea flux in the gulf of maine . j geophys res oceans . doi :
waldbusser gg , brunner el , haley ba , hales b , langdon cj , prahl fg ( 2013 ) a developmental and energetic basis linking larval oyster shell formation to acidification sensitivity . geophys res lett 40 : 2171–2176
waldbusser gg , hales b , langdon cj , haley ba , schrader p , brunner el , gray mw , miller ca , gimenez i ( 2015a ) saturation - state sensitivity of marine bivalve larvae to ocean acidification . nat clim change 5 : 273–280
waldbusser gg , hales b , langdon cj , haley ba , schrader p , brunner el , gray mw , miller ca , gimenez i , hutchinson g ( 2015b ) ocean acidification has multiple modes of action on bivalve larvae . plos one 10 : e0128376
in rivers inlet ( british columbia , canada ) . dissertation , the university of british columbia , vancouver
weiss im , tuross n , addadi l , weiner s ( 2002 ) mollusc larval shell formation : amorphous calcium carbonate is a precursor phase for aragonite . j exp zool 293 : 478–491
causes a decrease in larval shell growth . plos one 8 : e61065 . doi :
zhang t , ma y , chen k , kunz m , tamura n , qiang m , xu j , qi l ( 2011 ) structure and mechanical properties of a pteropod shell consisting of interlocked helical aragonite nanofibers . angew chem int ed 123 : 10545–10549 . doi :
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turgeon , d . d . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , w . k . emerson , w . g . lyons , w . pratt , et al .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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fleming , j . 1823 ,
on a reversed species of fusus ( fusus retroversus )
, memoirs of the wernerian natural history society , edinburgh , vol . 4 , no . 2 , pp . 498–500
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 64389771 - 5346 - 4dbf - 8f3d - 3bc04f54058b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7f56e362 - 0c44 - 4792 - af81 - 712d077b210f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f16b8b07 - 2640 - 4805 - b718 - f8b32b58633f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : ad3c9b65 - 5340 - 426a - ab4e - d7b28b955bc3
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 504707
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conceived and designed the experiments : sc jpg . performed the experiments : sc . analyzed the data : sc rj jlt jpg . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : rj jlt . wrote the paper : sc rj jpg .
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the oceans have absorbed about one quarter of anthropogenic co 2 emissions since 1800 [ 1 ] , generating profound changes in the ocean carbonate chemistry [ 2 ] . among these changes is a decrease of surface ocean ph ; hence the overall process is often referred to as “ocean acidification” . the decrease in ph is already measurable and the global mean decrease is about 0 . 1 unit since the end of 18 th century . according to model projections , the global mean surface ph will decrease by another 0 . 3 unit by the end of the present century [ 3 ] . some effects of ocean acidification are already detectable . for example , the shell weight of foraminifera from the southern ocean has declined by 30 to 35 % since the end of the 18 th century [ 4 ] . however , the consequences of future changes in the carbonate chemistry remain uncertain in many taxonomic groups . several studies on phytoplankton [ e . g . 5 ] , commercial mollusks [ 6 ] , corals and coralline algae [ e . g . 7 ] – [ 9 ] point to a decrease of calcification with a decline in seawater ph . on the other hand , a smaller number of studies [ e . g . 10 ] have shown that the calcification rate of some organisms is unaffected or enhanced at lower ph .
due to their specific physical and chemical characteristics , the polar oceans are highly vulnerable to ocean acidification and will be the first to face undersaturation with respect to aragonite , a metastable form of calcium carbonate more soluble than calcite in seawater [ 11 ] . model projections suggest that polar surface waters will become undersaturated with respect to aragonite in 2050 in the southern ocean [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] and as early as 2016 during one month per year in the arctic ocean [ 14 ] . in fact , undersaturation has been documented in the canada basin of the arctic ocean [ 15 ] . despite the high vulnerability of polar areas to ocean acidification , the biological , ecological and biogeochemical consequences are not well documented .
the freezing condition of the fjord delayed the collection of pteropods until 15 may 2009 , when they were found at approximately 15 m depth . the size of the organisms present in the fjord , measured as the maximum diameter of the shell , ranged between 1 and 4 mm , indicating that the pteropods were juveniles or males [ 19 ] . animals from the same size range ( 3 to 4 mm ) were used during the experiments .
the parameters of the seawater carbonate system measured in the field ( table s1 ) showed a low pco 2 , which increased from 17 may to 2 june ( 169 to 257 µatm ) . supporting information ( tables s2 and s3 ) provide the average carbonate chemistry parameters in the culture tanks during measurements of respiration and gut clearance , and 45 ca uptake . ph exhibited small changes during the course of the experiments with standard deviations ranging from 0 . 01 to 0 . 04 . temperature was maintained at 0 . 5±0 . 1°c ( ct ) and 3 . 9±0 . 1°c ( ht ) during the 45 ca incubations and at 0 . 3±0 . 1°c ( ct ) and 3 . 8±0 . 2°c ( ht ) during measurements of respiration and gut clearance . note that the pteropods were exposed to undersaturated conditions with respect to aragonite in the experimental combinations ct 1120 , ht 1120 , ct 760 and ht 760 ( ω a = 0 . 57 , 0 . 64 , 0 . 76 and 0 . 91 ) . in all experiments , including in the 3 d long measurements of the gut clearance , the survival rates for pteropods were 100 % , suggesting that the pteropods did not experience an excessive level of stress from sampling and during experimental exposures .
the size weight relationship ( figure s1 ) follows an allometric relationship , with a = 0 . 23±0 . 02 ( mean ± sd , p < 0 . 001 , n = 70 ) and b = 3 . 04±0 . 08 ( p < 0 . 001 , n = 70 ) . the allometric coefficient b is not significantly different from the typical value accepted ( b = 3 ) . this relationship was used to determine the weight of the pteropods used to measure the respiration and gut clearance .
= 3 . 93 , p < 0 . 05 ) . the respiration rate increases by 0 . 25±0 . 06 µmol o
for each 0 . 1 ph unit decrease . the coefficient of determination ( r