the sierra madre sparrow ( xenospiza baileyi ) , also known as bailey 's sparrow , is an endangered , range-restricted , enigmatic american sparrow .

it is endemic to mexico and is threatened with extinction through habitat loss .

sierra madre sparrow

information on the sierra madre sparrow is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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sierra madre sparrow as endangered under criterion b1a + b ( i , ii , iii , iv , v ) ; b2a + b ( i , ii , iii , iv , v ) .
in march 2007 , a technical meeting was carried out to assess the current status of the known populations of the sierra madre sparrow ( xenospiza baileyi ) and discussed potential coordinated actions needed to avoid its extinction .
the rivers rise in the sierra madre occidental and cross the state to flow into the gulfo de california and the pacific ocean . major rivers are the fuerte and sinaloa .
based on available information , our preliminary proposal for the 2014 red list is to pend the decision on sierra madre sparrow xenospiza baileyi and keep this discussion open until early 2015 , while leaving the current red list category unchanged in the 2014 update .
the main habitat in la cima is now planted with pines . the pines have more tahn 3 years old and get above meter from ground . if these pines survive , the sierra madre sparrow will be extripatride form this site , mean , gone .
first ( ? ) recordings of recently rediscovered sierra madre occidental subpopulation . male a ( of three ) . exact gps n 23 54 02 . 2 w 105 17 20 . 9
endangered . restricted - range species : present in sierra madre occidental and trans - mexican range eba . locally common ; has very small range , within which populations appear to . . .
de ita a . o . , de silva h . g . ( 2006 ) territoriality and survivorship of the sierra madre sparrow in la cima , méxico . in : hawksworth d . l . , bull a . t . ( eds ) vertebrate conservation and biodiversity . springer , dordrecht
data gathered this year will provide appropriate information to assess the real status of the species , as well as key insights to define specific strategies for the conservation of the sierra madre sparrow including the possibility of initiating a translocation project to re establish a new population in suitable historic habitat of the species .
adult savannah sparrow , subspecies p . s . sandwichensis , seward peninsula , ak , may
a conservation strategy for the sierra madre sparrow has been developed by the cornell lab of ornithology and the mexican commission for the knowledge and use of biodiversity ( conabio ) . it includes plans for education and outreach activities , habitat restoration in the tvb , and exploring conservation opportunities in durango ( berlanga et al . 2009 ) .
rising , j . ( 2018 ) . sierra madre sparrow ( xenospiza baileyi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 7 july 2018 ) .
based on sandoval et al . ( 2017 ) and the hbw birdlife checklist ( del hoyo and collar , 2016 ) i have split gray - crowned ground - sparrow , melozone occipitalis , from white - eared ground - sparrow , melozone leucotis ( inc . nigrior ) and with the further assistance of sandoval ( 2014 ) split cabanis ' s ground - sparrow , melozone cabanisi , from prevost ' s ground - sparrow , melozone biarcuata ( inc . hartwegi ) .
nice m ( 1964 ) studies in the life history of the song sparrow . dover publications , inc , new york
perkins d , vickery p ( 2001 ) annual survivorship of an endangered passerine : florida grasshopper sparrow . wilson bull 113 : 211–216
. la cima has been planted with pines and , if these survive , the sparrow will be extirpated from this site ( m . grosselet
in sinaloa , there are three types of landscape : a coastal plan in the west , mountains ( sierras ) in the east , and valleys between them . in the eastern part of the state sierra madre occidental is known by different names . valleys lie between the ranges of mountains and the coastal plain , where the land is flat with few hills .
lockwood j , fenn k , caudill j , et al ( 2001 ) the implications of cape sable seaside sparrow demography for everglades restoration . anim conserv 4 : 275–281
14–15·2 cm ; 15·8–19 g . medium - sized sparrow with very short wings . plumage is brownish above , washed with rufous and streaked with dark brown , crown . . .
the passerculini open with a clade containing the vesper sparrow and two former amphispiza , the sage sparrows . the sage sparrows get a brand new genus name . klicka and spellman ( 2007 ) discovered that it is not related to the other amphispiza . the name they proposed , artemisospiza , did not strictly follow iczn rules . in view of this , klicka and banks ( 2011 ) proposed the name artemisiospiza ( think sagebrush , artemesia ) . moreover , the aou , after considering cicero and koo ( 2012 ) , now treats the sage sparrow as two species : bell ' s sparrow , artemisiospiza belli , and sagebrush sparrow , artemisiospiza nevadensis . the situation is rather confusing and a third species may be involved .
2001 , oliveras de ita and gmez de silva 2002 ) . a record at los dinamos , distrito federal in 1993 ( wege and long 1995 ) refers to a misidentified juvenile song sparrow
sierra madre sparrow is dependent on specialized conditions in grassland habitats . these subalpine bunchgrass habitats are primarily communally owned . the primary threats to this species are conversion of habitat to agriculture and severe overgrazing by livestock , as well as unsustainable fire management ( e . g . , large - scale , uncontrolled burning of bunchgrass ) and forestry practices ( e . g . , tree planting ) ( oliveras de ita et al . 2012 ) . the primary limiting factor seems to be the small area of available breeding habitat ; only 37 ha of bunchgrass remain at la cima ( 18 . 5 % of the habitat available prior to agriculture in the area ( oliveras de ita et al . 2001 ) .
the striped sparrow is next , with the remainder falling into two clades . the first consists of the “marshland” ammodramus . as klicka and spellman ( 2007 ) recommend , they get the name ammospiza .
conabio , through the coordination of the north american bird conservation initiative in collaboration with unam and corena and with the support of cornell lab of ornithology , has been working on a community - based species conservation project since 2008 . the project is focused on preserving and restoring habitat of the sierra madre sparrow with the involvement of landowners and managers . main goals include raising awareness and pride for this bird from the local communities from san pablo oztotepec , who had implemented multiple habitat conservation and recovery actions in order to preserve the breeding habitat of these species . in 2011 members of the community were trained for bird monitoring in order to participate in 2012 in an effort conducted by conabio to assess the current population status of the species .
bedard , j . and g . lapointe . 1984a . banding returns , arrival times , and site fidelity in the savannah sparrow . wilson bulletin no . 96 ( 2 ) : 196 - 205 . close
bedard , j . and g . lapointe . 1984b . the savannah sparrow territorial system : can habitat featurs be related to breeding success ? canadian journal of zoology no . 62 ( 9 ) : 1819 - 1828 . close
founded in 1531 , culiacán is one of the oldest cities in mexico . the city offers sport hunting and fishing for tourists . many hunters come to shoot white - winged pigeon when in season . los mochis is the point of origin of the railroad that connects the sinaloan coast with the sierra tarahumara .
able , k . p . and m . a . able . 1996 . the flexible migratory orientation system of the savannah sparrow ( passerculus sandwichensis ) . journal of experimental biology no . 199 ( 1 ) : 3 - 8 . close
able , k . p . and m . a . able . 1990a . ontogeny of migratory orientation in the savannah sparrow , passerculus sandwichensis : calibration of the magnetic compass . animal behaviour no . 39 ( 5 ) : 905 - 913 . close
editor ' s note : owing to recent mitochondrial genetic data , the five - striped sparrow has been returned to the genus amphispiza . see the 51st supplement to the american ornithologists ' union checklist of north american birds for details . future revisions of this account will reflect this change .
some common mammals include deer , wildcats , badgers , wild boar , coyotes , and tlacuaches ( mexican possums ) . there are also many rabbits , squirrels , and raccoons . sparrow hawks , buzzards , ducks , and swallows are common birds . turtles , iguanas , and alligators also can be found .
the junco / zonotrichia clade passerellini is first . it is now clear that the american tree sparrow is not part of spizella . rather , it is most closely related to the fox sparrow , passerella iliaca ( carson and spicer , 2003 ) . slager and klicka ( 2014a ) established the new genus spizelloides for it . the passerella / spizelloides group forms a clade with the juncos and zonotrichia . passerella iliaca itself remains controversial , and may end up being split into four species . the guadalupe junco , junco insularis , has been split from j . hyemalis ( it is actually sister to hyemalis + phaeonotus , see klicka et al . , 2014 ) .
the savannah sparrow is widespread and abundant in open habitats throughout north america although , like other grassland sparrows , it is often overlooked because of its secretive habits . during the breeding season its persistent buzzy song can be heard in agricultural fields , meadows , marshes , coastal grasslands , and tundra . insects and other arthropods are its main prey in summer ; in winter and on migration its diet shifts to small seeds found on the ground . most populations are migratory , although salt marsh populations breeding in the southwest are mainly resident . as in many passerines , annual mortality of adults is about 50 % . adults tend to reoccupy the same breeding site , and in island populations birds commonly return to their natal site . such strong philopatry has resulted in reproductive isolation and substantial geographic variation ; 17 subspecies are currently recognized , including the ipswich sparrow , which breeds on sable island , nova scotia .
12 cm . rufous , grey - and - white sparrow . rufous upperparts ( scaled buff when fresh ) streaked black . dark brown wings and tail edged rufous . greyer on nape . grey streaking on central crown . blackish - brown lateral crown - stripes . grey supercilium and ear - coverts . blackish eye - stripe , moustache and malar stripes . whitish underparts ( washed buff when fresh ) , heavily streaked black . grey bill . pinkish legs . juvenile duller with greyish - buff supercilium and yellowish bill .
the sparrow family has been carved up in the ongoing reorganization of the nine - primaried oscines . most of the neotropical finches have joined the tanagers . the gubernatrix and paroaria cardinals have been moved to the tanagers . the neotropical finches that remain are the atlapetes brushfinches , as well as the large - footed , yellow - thighed , and yellow - green finches ( pezopetes and pselliophorus . in return , the sparrows gain the genus chlorospingus ( excepting flavovirens ) and the tanager finch , oreothraupis arremonops . these changes alone would reduce the family to about half its former size , but there is more . they also lose the emberiza .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
endangered b2ab ( i , ii , iii , iv , v ) ver 3 . 1
benitez , r . , cabrera , l . , cruz - nieto , m . á . , escalante , p . , grosselet , m . , gómez de silva , h . , lammertink , m . , oliveras de ita , a . , sánchez - gonzález , l . a . , berlanga , h . & rodríguez , v .
bird , j . , butchart , s . , capper , d . , mahood , s . , pople , r . , sharpe , c . j . , ashpole , j , westrip , j .
this species is classified as endangered owing to its extremely small range , within which it occurs at just two locations and is subject to continuing declines in the size of its range , habitat quality and population size . further information may lead to its uplisting to critically endangered ,
, but is now confined to the latter two areas , over 800 km apart . in this very small area , it is most regularly recorded from around el capulín - la cima and santa ana tlacotenco , but there are other recent records from north - east of volcán yecahuazac , east and north of volcáns san bartolito and comalera , north of volcán tuxtepec , west of volcán tulmiac , north of acopiaxco ( cabrera 1999 , cabrera and escamilla 2000 )
the species went unrecorded in durango from 1951 until it was rediscovered there in 2004 ( j . m . lammertink
. a recent survey concluded that the species is now confined to just two locations : ejido ojo de agua - el cazador , southern durango , where there are at least three breeding pairs concentrated in an area of 0 . 5 ha within an 80 ha marsh ; and the fragmented grasslands of
sur del valle de méxico
centered around la cima and milpa alta , distrito federal , where there are perhaps 5 , 380 - 6 , 150 adults equating to 2 , 300 breeding pairs ( oliveras de ita and gomez de silva 2007 , m . a . cruz - nieto
2008 ) , although later surveys in 2012 - 2015 have estimated the population density at only 2 individuals / ha equating to roughly 2000 individuals ( v . rodríguez and h . berlanga
it inhabits medium to tall bunch - grass meadows ( zacatón ) mostly at elevations of 2 , 800 - 3 , 050 m , but populations in durango were as low as 2 , 285 m . specifically , its preferred habitat is primary tall fodder grass areas dominated by
which are subject to agriculture and cattle activities . it feeds in agricultural fields and birds have been seen singing from the tops of zacatón clumps in a heavily grazed and poorly drained field . it lays a brood of 2 to 4 eggs . nesting success is c . 36 % at la cima , with nests constructed low down in bunch - grass tussocks ( oliveras de ita
. there is also conversion to agriculture ( mainly oats ) , bunch - grass is sometimes cut for thatch and brushes and a degree of urban encroachment is occurring . most remaining habitat is close to volcanic rock outcrops or on slopes where it is difficult to operate a tractor ( oliveras de ita
. there is a high level of nest failure owing to heavy predation which may be exacerbated by habitat fragmentation ( p . escalante
. conabio , unam and corena have been working on a community - based species conservation project since 2008 with the support of cornell laboratory of ornithology . the project is focused on preserving and restoring habitat with the involvement of landowners and managers . in 2011 members of the community were trained for bird monitoring in order to participate in 2012 in an effort conducted by conabio to assess the current population status of the species ( h . berlanga
. survey suitable habitat in durango . integrate local people in developing appropriate grassland management strategies , including fire management ( l . cabrera
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) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
c mexico , where now restricted to two isolated areas : distrito federal ( centred around la cima and milpa alta , near mexico city ) ; and s durango ( ejido ojo de agua–el cazador ) .
) savanna at 2285–3050 m , mostly above 2800 m . found in medium and tall . . .
observed to feed on moths and caterpillars ( lepidoptera ) , flying ants ( formicidae ) , earthworms ( lumbricidae ) , and grass seed . stomach of . . .
eggs and young found in jun and jul , nest with young in aug , and juveniles recorded aug and sept . nest built by female , taking 2–4 . . .
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formerly included in a broader emberizidae . recent phylogeny # r has recovered evidence of eight major clades within this newly recognized grouping : ( i ) melospiza and allies ; ( ii and iii ) melozone , atlapetes , pipilo and allies , which form two sister - clades ; ( iv ) zonotrichia , junco and allies ; and ( v–viii ) all other species , which form a polytomy at base of tree , but can be split into ( a ) arremon , ( b ) spizella , amphispiza , chondestes and calamospiza , ( c ) peucaea , arremonops , ammodramus and rhynchospiza , and finally ( d ) two genera that have often been placed in thraupidae , oreothraupis and chlorospingus .
song and molecular work suggest close affinity with melospiza , and is sometimes placed within that genus .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : xenospiza baileyi . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 .
this discussion was first published as part of the 2012 red list update , but remains open for comment to enable reassessment in 2015 .
although the range estimates for this species meet the thresholds for critically endangered , it does not qualify for this status because it is known from more than one location and its habitat was not considered to be severely fragmented . in terms of the iucn criteria , a species’s habitat is deemed to be severely fragmented when over 50 % is in patches too small to support viable populations . recently , the habitat occupied by the southern population has been described as severely fragmented ( a . cruz - nieto in litt . 2008 ) . remapping of the species’s range by birdlife has resulted in a new estimated eoo of 70 km 2 , which still meets the threshold for critically endangered , and raises the question of whether the species should be uplisted .
further detailed information on this species is requested in order to clarify its status . the locations of recent records would assist with the mapping of its range . in the meantime , we would welcome reviews of birdlife’s new range map and details on the level of habitat fragmentation , more specifically the proportion in patches too small to support viable populations , as well as the number of locations the species is currently known from .
el gorrión serrano xenospiza baileyi ocupa se distribuye de manera disyuntiva en el centro de méxico , donde habita las praderas altas y campos agrícolas . es clasificada como en peligro según los criterios b1a + b ( i , ii , iii , iv , v ) ; b2a + b ( i , ii , iii , iv , v ) , debido a que tiene una distribución muy pequeña , con una extensión de ocurrencia ( eoo ) estimado en sólo 42 km2 y un area de ocupación ( aoo ) de sólo 9 km2 , en la que se considera que ocurre en sólo dos localidades y siguen en declive la eoo , aoo , área , extensión y / o calidad del hábitat , el número de localidades o subpoblaciones y el número de individuos maduros .
aunque se calcula que el área de disribución de esta especie alcanzan los umbrales de en peligro crítico , no califica para esta condición ya que se conoce de más de una localidad y su hábitat no se consideraba muy fragmentada . en cuanto a los criterios de la uicn , el hábitat de una especie se considera muy fragmentada , cuando más del 50 % se ubica en parches demasiado pequeños para mantener poblaciones viables . sin embargo , recientemente el hábitat ocupado por la población del sur ha sido descrito como muy fragmentada ( a . cruz - nieto , in litt . 2008 ) . una recalculación del área de distribución de la especie por birdlife ha resultado en una nueva eoo estimado de 70 km2 , que aún cumple con el umbral de en peligro crítico , y plantea la cuestión de si la especie debe ser subida de categoría .
se solicita información más detallada sobre esta especie con el fin de aclarar su situación . la ubicacion de los registros más recientes ayudaría con la cartografía de su distribución . mientras tanto , sería muy bienvenida cualquier revision del nuevo mapa de birdlife . igualmente se solictan detalles sobre el nivel de fragmentación del hábitat , más concretamente , la proporción ubicada parches demasiado pequeños para mantener poblaciones viables , así como el número de localidades de las cuales se conoce la especie .
habitat loss and transformation has continued everywhere , both in known and potential habitat of this highly sensitive stenotypic species , with unknown effects to date . however , in the last few years new records have been reported near but outside of formerly known areas of both populations , and other possible new records require to be confirmed .
while this assessment is conducted and analyzed in combination with current habitat availability and the confirmation of new records , we suggest to maintain the species in its current status .
prepared by : humberto berlanga ; vicente rodríguez & luis antonio sánchez - gonzález national comission for the knowledge and use of biodiversity ( conabio ) . méxico
we just get a meeting last week for this species with conabio ( h . berlanga , v . rodriguez , zoological of chapultepec , dc bernal and tierra de aves a . c . m . grosselet ) , we conclud that due to the drastic lost of habitat within its main territory ( southern part of mexico city ) , it’s urgent to undertook action plan to its remain habitat and start captivity project to keep a safe population . this species have lost more than 50 % of its very small habitat range in the last 10 years . the actual possible density is around 2 birds / hect ( berlanga et al , com pers . ) , when oliveras ( 2001 ) have 2 , 9 territories per hect . the increase crop field and not controled burn push this species close to extinction , at least in its last territories of mexico city . it’s very urgent protect its habitat and a viable population for futher reintroduction projects . we suggest to maintain this species in critically endangered species . may be close to extinction .
pronatura have sent a document with information on this species , and this can be found just below the forum topic .
there is now a period for further comments until the final deadline of 31 march , after which recommended categorisations will be put forward to iucn .
the final red list categories will be published on the birdlife and iucn websites in mid - 2014 , following further checking of information relevant to the assessments by both birdlife and iucn .
following further review , there has been no change to our preliminary proposal for the 2014 red list status of this species .
this discussion will remain open for further comments and information until early 2015 , and the current red list category will remain unchanged in 2014 .
there is now a period for further comments until the final deadline of 31 august , after which the recommended categorisation will be put forward to iucn .
the final red list categories will be published on the birdlife website in late october and on the iucn website in november , following further checking of information relevant to the assessments by both birdlife and iucn .
following further review , there have been no changes to our preliminary proposal for the 2015 red list status of this species .
the final categorisation will be published on the birdlife website in late october and on the iucn website in november , following further checking of information relevant to the assessment by birdlife and iucn .
this year , to celebrate world migratory bird day , we wanted to do something really special . so we asked schools and birdlife partners across the african continent to send in videos of them singing songs about the wonders of bird migration . the results blew us away . the videos were amazing – and all but one were [ … ]
a major stopover site of europe’s great white pelicans has recently been discovered in turkey . a count conducted by our turkish partner doğa derneği showed that more than 15 , 000 pelicans stop off at the karacabey floodplain to roost and feed during their spring migration . the sea of marmara may be the smallest sea in the [ … ]
read the project press release here the micronesian scrubfowl megapodius laperouse is a genius at inventing ways to keep its eggs warm . those on the northern mariana islands burrow into volcanic cinder fields or use the geothermal heat beneath the ground to warm their unhatched young . across the palau archipelago , they bury their eggs in large [ … ]
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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single song phrase . male c ( of three ) . exact gps n 23 54 00 . 9 w 105 17 26 . 5
male b ( of three ) . exact gps n 23 53 44 . 9 w 105 17 12 . 5
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
financial support for this project was awarded by the neotropical bird club small grants program . dr . l . bojórquez and his students assisted us in obtaining the aerial photographs of the study area ; adriana garza helped with figures ; dr . r . medellín , unam , and fundación unam provided a . o . i . with a scholarship ; b . milá of the point reyes bird observatory provided mistnets , vernier , and one pair of binoculars ; we give special thanks to e . núñez and don chava , who live 1 km from out study plot and kindly hosted us when we had to spend the night at la cima ; and to v . smith of eagle eye tours who lent us a telescope for the territory mapping . i . ␣azcona , c . bueno and manuel grosselet assisted in the fieldwork on several occasions .
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sandercock b , jaramillo a ( 2002 ) annual survival rates of wintering sparrows : assessing demographic consequences of migration . auk 119 : 149–165
sillet t , holmes r ( 2002 ) variation in survivorship of a migratory songbird throughout its annual cycle . j anim ecol 71 : 296–308
) . in : poole a , gill f ( eds ) the birds of north america vol 239 . academy of natural sciences and american ornithologists union , washington , dc
) . in : poole a , gill f ( eds ) the birds of north america vol 45 . academy of natural sciences and american ornithologists union , washington , dc
de ita , a . o . & de silva , h . g . biodivers conserv ( 2007 ) 16 : 1055 . urltoken
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
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howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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origin of state name : the name sinaloa comes from the cahita language . it is a combination of the words sina , which means pithaya ( a plant with thorny stalks ) , and lobola , which means rounded . the pithaya is a common plant throughout the region .
coat of arms : the state coat of arms is an oval shield set on top of a solid rock base and crowned with a variation of the national emblem . there are five footprints in the border of the shield . pictures inside the shield include a castle , anchors , and a deer head .
holidays : año nuevo ( new year ' s day—january 1 ) ; día de la constitución ( constitution day—february 5 ) ; benito juárez ' s birthday ( march 21 ) ; primero de mayo ( labor day—may 1 ) ; revolution day , 1910 ( november 20 ) ; and navidad ( christmas—december 25 ) .
sinaloa lies along the coast of the gulfo de california . it covers an area of 58 , 091 square kilometers ( 22 , 429 square miles ) , which is a little smaller than the us state of west virginia . the state is bordered on the north by the mexican states of sonora and chihuahua ; on the south by the mexican state of nayarit ; and on the east by the mexican state of durango . sinaloa has eighteen municipalities ; its capital is culiacán .
the state features a wide variety of climates . the climate along the coastal plains is generally hot . in the valleys , the climate can range from temperate to hot , while in the mountain regions temperatures range from temperate to cold .
in the summer months of june , july , and august , the daytime temperature averages 32° c ( 90° f ) ; in the winter months of december , january , and february , the daytime temperature averages 27° c ( 80° f ) . most of the rainfall occurs during july , august , and september . in the capital city of culiacán , the average year - round temperature is 24° c ( 76° f ) and the average rainfall is 54 centimeters ( 21 . 3 inches ) per year .
some of the most common trees in the state include oaks , poplars , ceiba , and mangroves ( a tropical evergreen that usually grows along the coast ) . the pithaya ( for which the state is named ) is common throughout the state , as are laurels and bougainvilleas . fruit trees such as lemons , peaches , and pears are found as well .
through the north american commission for environmental cooperation ( cec ) , the state of sinaloa has formed a partnership with the us state of alaska in a project called the western hemisphere shorebird reserve network . the sinaloan wetlands serve as the winter home of over 30 % of the pacific flyway shorebirds that breed in alaska , canada , and other west coast regions of the united states . the bahia santa maria ( santa maria bay ) is one of several protected areas in the state .
sinaloa had a total population of 2 , 536 , 844 in 2000 ; of the total , 1 , 264 , 143 were men and 1 , 272 , 701 were women . the population density was 44 people per square kilometer ( 114 people per square mile ) . in 2000 , the capital , culiacán , had a population of 744 , 859 .
almost all citizens speak spanish as their first language . a small number , about 2 . 2 % , of the population speaks indigenous ( native ) languages .
according to the 2000 census , 77 % of the population , or about two million people , were roman catholic ; almost 3 % , or 65 , 346 people , were protestant . that year there were also 32 , 783 jehovah ' s witnesses and over 180 , 000 people who reported no religion .
sinaloa has three international airports : mazatlán , culiacán , and los mochis . there are 16 , 335 kilometers ( 10 , 146 miles ) of roads . culiacán has a highly developed highway network , including a four - lane highway direct to the united states . the railroad network links sinaloa with the rest of mexico and with key cities in the united states . there are about 1 , 234
kilometers ( 766 miles ) of railway . there are major ports at mazatlán and topolobampo . the commercial route , canmex , that runs north and south from alberta , canada , through the united states to mexico city , runs through the state . this is one of the most important routes for international trade in north america .
some nomadic tribes regularly visited the region as early as 12 , 000 b . c . yet , the first permanent settlements emerged around 250 b . c . around the baluarte river area . a yuto - aztec cultural renaissance took place at the northern end of the state around 900 a . d . in the settlements of culiacán and guasave . when the spanish conquistadors ( explorers who sought to claim mexico for spain ) arrived , the region was inhabited by six different groups of sedentary and nomadic indigenous peoples . in 1529 , nuño beltrán de guzmán initiated the conquest of northern mexico .
although some independence leaders sought to provoke an uprising in the region , royalist forces ( those loyal to spain ) soon controlled the revolts in 1810 . during the decade - long independence quest , sinaloa became a major center for contraband and illicit traffic . the states of sonora and sinaloa were initially part of the same federal entity , but they were formally separated into two different states in 1830 . local land - owning elites controlled state politics for much of the remaining 19th century , with little influence or authority from central mexico .
during the liberal - conservative conflict of the 1860s , british and us troops attempted to invade the city of mazatlán to protect the interest of foreign nationals . but conservative elites successfully subdued the challenge of those liberals loyal to president benito juárez ( 1806–1872 ) . as a result , most local leaders fought against the presence of foreign troops on nationalist grounds . after being occupied by french troops during the reign of emperor maximilian ( 1832–1867 ) —france briefly controlled parts of mexico from 1863 to 1867—sinaloa was freed . it was later controlled by the federal troops loyal to president juárez .
the state governor is democratically elected for six - year terms and cannot be re - elected when the term expires . the legislature is comprised of a forty member unicameral ( single chamber ) congress . twenty - four members are elected in single member districts and sixteen are elected by proportional representation . congressional
elections occur every three years and immediate re - election is not allowed . the institutional revolutionary party ( pri ) has exercised tight control of the state executive and legislative powers .
the eighteen municipalities that comprise sinaloa hold democratic elections for municipal presidents and council members every three years . immediate re - election is not allowed . some decentralization initiatives are producing positive results . however , the fact that the pri continues to control state level politics has prevented important decentralization initiatives from being implemented .
the three main political parties in all of mexico are the institutional revolutionary party ( pri ) , the national action party ( pan ) , and the party of the democratic revolution ( prd ) . the pri continues to exercise strong control of state level politics . that party has never lost a gubernatorial election since the end of the mexican revolution in 1917 . the conservative pan has shown a growing and consolidating electoral strength . yet , alternation of power at the state level has yet to occur .
the supreme tribunal of justice is the highest court in the state . its eleven members are appointed for fifteen - year terms with no re - election provisions . there is a mandatory retirement age of seventy . in addition , an electoral tribunal and local courts also comprise the state judicial system . the lack of alternation in power at the gubernatorial level has made it difficult for the supreme tribunal to become fully autonomous .
the main economic activities of sinaloa are agriculture , fishing , livestock breeding , commerce , and industry . agriculture is the dominant economic activity . crops are mainly under irrigation . the state is the leader in rice and vegetable production and second in wheat and bean production in the country . fishing is the second most important economic activity .
agriculture and livestock account for about 21 % of the economy . service - based companies account for another 21 % of the economy , followed by trade activities at 19 % , finance and insurance at 16 % , transportation and communications at 11 % , manufacturing at 8 % , construction at 3 % , and mining at 1 % .
industrial parks are scattered throughout the state . they are linked to agriculture production and the fishing industry , including canning , packing , and frozen food plants . industrial trained workers are primarily in the textile and agriculture industries . industrial products produced in sinaloa are tomato purée , flour , sugar , beer , edible oil , and chilorio ( pork cooked in chili ) . the city of los mochis has developed a special ecological industrial park dedicated to housing nonpolluting industries .
the us bureau of labor statistics reported that mexican workers saw their wages increase 17 % , from $ 2 . 09 per hour in 1999 to $ 2 . 46 per hour in 2000 . ( the average us worker earned $ 19 . 86 per hour in 2000 . ) after one year , workers are entitled by law to six days paid vacation .
agriculture products coming from sinaloa include tomatoes , beans , corn , wheat , sorghum , potatoes , soybeans , sugarcane , and squash . crops are grown near sea level under irrigation in large fields using mechanized methods . sinaloa is one of mexico ' s leading sugarcane producers ; sugarcane is one mexico ' s main sources of income .
the beekeeping industry that contributes to the pollination of these crops was devastated by the arrival of the africanized honeybee ( ahb ) in sinaloa around 1990 . eighteen deaths resulted and many beekeeping businesses closed .
products that come from livestock breeding in sinaloa are meat , sausage , cheese , and milk .
fishing harvests include shrimp , tuna , sea bass , sardines , and marlin . mineral resources include gold , silver , lead , and zinc . nonmetallic minerals include limestone , talc , and salt .
almost all of the energy in mexico is provided by the federal electricity commission ( cfe ) . in february 2002 , the cfe introduced new electric rates . for households that use less than 140 kilowatt hours per month , there was no rate increase . ( this is about 75 % of all households in mexico , according to cfe ) .
sinaloa has six hydroelectric plants , two thermoelectric plants , and one turbo gas plant with a total generating capacity of 1 , 800 megawatts . the hydrological ( water system ) infrastructure is one of the most advanced in mexico .
there are 31 general hospitals , 432 outpatient centers , and 86 surgical centers in sinaloa .
most of the mexican population is covered under a government health plan . the imss ( instituto mexicano de seguro social ) covers the general population . the issste ( instituto de seguridad y servicios sociales de trabajadores del estado ) covers state workers .
about two - thirds of the housing available in the state of sinaloa is in good repair . only about 13 % is in need of significant upgrading . these homes do not have running water or access to electricity .
the system of public education was first started by president benito juárez in 1867 . public education in mexico is free for students from ages six to sixteen . according to the 2000 census , there were approximately 573 , 000 school - age students in the state . many students elect to go to private schools . sinaloa has twenty - five universities and technical schools with sixty - two campuses distributed throughout the state and 106 technical training facilities . the sinaloa science center was opened in 1993 to provide interactive educational activities for children and adults . english is taught in most private and public schools .
the state of sinaloa has many performing musical groups . there is ballet folklórico ( a contemporary dance group ) , an opera chorus , a percussion ensemble , and an orchestra . sinaloa has twelve theaters including a greek theater , seventeen auditoriums , and various local cultural centers .
the state of sinaloa has 140 libraries . there are over twenty museums in the state , including a museum of art and science in culiacán , the capital . mazatlán has an aquarium , an art museum , and an archeological museum .
the capital , culiacán , has three daily newspapers : el debate , el sol , and noroeste . los mochis publishes the daily newspaper el sol . in mazatlán , there are two daily newspapers : adelante and el sol del pacífico .
the capital , culiacán , has a professional baseball team , the tomateros , which plays in the 16 , 000 - seat general angel flores stadium . mazatlán has a baseball team , the venados , which plays in the 12 , 000 - seat teodoro mariscal stadium . mazatlán also has an 8 , 000 - seat bullring . guasave has a baseball team , the algodoneros , which plays in the 8 , 000 - seat francisco carranza limón stadium .
juan s . millán was elected as governor of sinaloa in 1999 and is expected to hold office until december 2004 . mexican singer and songwriter chalino sanchez died in sinaloa in 1992 .
deangelis , gina . mexico . mankato , mn : blue earth books , 2003 .
supples , kevin . mexico . washington , dc : national geographic society , 2002 .
el portal del gobienero de sinaloa ( english version ) . urltoken ( accessed on june 17 , 2004 ) .
no alligators in sinaloa . none . largest lizards include mexican beaded lizard and two species of caiman .
very disappointed to see only two named under
famous people
here are a few more : actors / singers pedro infante , lola beltran , espinoza paz , paty navidad , lorena herrera , graciela beltran , german montero , el coyote , yolanda andrade , ana gabriel , miguelymiguel , el chapo de sinaloa , rogelio martinez , el triguillo palma , el chalinillo , pancho barraza , chayito valdez , fidel rueda , amparo ochoa , banda recodo , los recodito , los tigres del norte , los tucanes , banda limon , la arroyadora , el potro de sinaloa , banda tierra blanca , banda san jose de matias , banda ms , martha julia , sheyla , sara ramirez , cesar millan athletes : héctor moreno , jorge
el travieso
arce , fernando
kochulito
montiel francisco javier rodríguez , alberto medina , omar bravo , jared borgetti julio césar chávez jr , omar chavez , javier orozco , paul aguilar , carlos fierro , fausto pinto , humberto
la zorrita
soto , antonio , demarco , yosgart gutiérrez , rodolfo cota , antonio osuna , maría del rosario espinoza . writers : ines arredondo , elmer mendoza , esteban flores , carlos r . hubbard gotta get back to work otherwise i would list a few more . . .
popular : history , trivia , america , geography , usa , music , sports , television , . . . more
shovel - nosed sturgeon this fish is covered with bony plates instead of scales . the roe is made into caviar . range : . . .
the place of meeting of two slopes of a roof , which have their plates running in different directions , and form on the plan a reëntrant angle .
the space inclosed between ranges of hills or mountains ; the strip of land at the bottom of the depressions intersecting a country , including usually the bed of a stream , with frequently broad alluvial plains on one or both sides of the stream . also used figuratively .


margarosticha repetitalis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by warren in 1896 .

it is found in australia , where it has been recorded from queensland and western australia .

the wingspan is about 30 mm .

the wings are orange with brown and buff markings .

there is a series of black spots on the hindwing margin .

the larvae feed on hydrilla verticillata .

they feed on the leaves of their host plant , defoliating the stems .

margarosticha repetitalis

the adult moth is orange , with brown and buff markings . the hindwings have a marginal arc of black spots . the wingspan is up to 3 cms .
newslettter , issue 49 ( june 2008 ) , pp . 26 - 29 .
6th series , part 17 ( 1896 ) , pp . 205 - 206 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 159df629 - e8ce - 48e9 - b870 - 48d580cbc2cc
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4b935d63 - 8a67 - 4589 - 945c - 67dfa8a34c25
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8b5befc1 - 7fff - 4a53 - 921d - e36969fa02a9
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b9a252ef - 8ef0 - 4b23 - 844c - 984bd4b55b53
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 7bdacbe2 - 9717 - 46ad - b146 - 730ae845eee1
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 283531
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did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
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this sighting hasn ' t been described yet ! be the first to describe this sighting .
a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
the author ' s name is made up of a string of letters , with no blanks , and multiple authors ' names are separated by a comma . spelling of author ' s name is based on the original publication . if there are more than three authors , only the names of the first two authors are shown , followed by
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and the number of omitted authors .
attribute is enclosed in square brackets . this is rarely needed , but to differentiate homo - identifiers , this will contain the page , line or plate number of original publication .
all diacritic marks , hyphens , and apostrophes are eliminated , thus only the following characters are used : a to z , a to z , 0 to 9 , blank , comma , and opening and closing square brackets . although upper and lower cases are used for the convenience of human recognition , it is not case sensitive .
created by dicky sick ki yu 1997 - 2012 please send me information about errors and omissions ( contact information ) with supporting references , possibly with pdf or hard copy .
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curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
3 trips in december . one of the best nights ever for moths at longlands gap , wondecla , just short of ravenshoe . and somewhat disappointing nights on the lower slopes of mt baldy and at ingham . the latter trip was made especially to try to collect the giant pygmy cricket . in that respect it was unsuccessful . but one of our mantras is that ' we always get something ' and of course we did . the area around ingham is virtually a monoculture of cane fields . and i have never seen so many cane beetles come to the lights ! and if the correct word for a collection of rhinos is a horn , there was one of those for the rhino beetles .


the chocolate boobook ( ninox randi ) is species of bird in the true owl family , strigidae .

formerly considered to be a subspecies of the brown hawk-owl , it is endemic to the philippines , where it is found on all major islands except palawan .

chocolate boobook

the chocolate boobook used to be just a subspecies of the brown hawk owl ninox scutulata but recent studies suggest that this species is worthy to be elevated into full species status thus adding to the list of endemic owls that can be found in the country . the chocolate boobook ranges in most of the major philippine islands except palawan .
here is a chocolate boobook , one of the several endemic owl species to the philippines . this was videoscoped in the excellent lowland forests of subic last june 2012 during one of our tours . if you have a fast internet connection , kindly view in hd for a more exhilarating experience .
27–33 cm ; 200–220 g . medium - sized boobook ( wing 228–242 mm , tail c . 134 mm ) , most similar to allopatric
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & marks , j . s . ( 2018 ) . chocolate boobook ( ninox randi ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 7 july 2018 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
ninox scutulata , n . japonica , n . randi and n . obscura ( del hoyo and collar 2014 ) were previously lumped as n . scutulata following sibley and monroe ( 1990 , 1993 ) .
butchart , s . , ekstrom , j . , martin , r , taylor , j . & symes , a .
justification : this newly - split owl is suspected to be undergoing moderately rapid population declines owing to the conversion and fragmentation of its philippine lowland forest habitat . it has therefore been listed as near threatened .
ninox randi is endemic to the philippines , where it is found on the islands of basilan , cebu , luzon , marinduque , mindanao , mindoro , negros and siquijor .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be common to uncommon ( del hoyo et al . 1999 ) . trend justification : based on on - going forest loss and degradation within the range of the species it is suspected to be in moderately rapid population decline ( approaching 30 % over three generations [ c . 12 years ] ) .
n . randi inhabits forested and wooded habitats , including some modified areas ( del hoyo et al . 1999 , könig and weick 2008 ) .
deforestation in the philippines is reported to have been very rapid in recent decades , and it is estimated that the country lost c . 40 % of its forest cover in the 20 years between 1970 and 1990 ( uitamo 1999 ) . data from essc ( environmental science for social change ) suggest that the area of closed - canopy forest in the philippines decreased by c . 44 % between 1987 and 2002 ( walpole 2010 ) . encroachment affects protected areas , such as bataan natural park , luzon , where old growth forest is estimated to have declined by 65 % between 1987 - 1993 and 2002 ( per a . jensen in litt . 2013 ) . forest is being lost principally for timber extraction and agricultural expansion ( suarez and sajise 2010 , lasco et al . 2011 ) , with other drivers being mining and development .
conservation actions underway this species presumably occurs in a number of protected areas . conservation actions proposed carry out surveys to assess the total population size . use remote sensing methods to monitor habitat trends . increase the area of suitable habitat that receives effective protection . carry out habitat restoration .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
until recently , considered conspecific with n . scutulata ( along with n . japonica and n . obscura ) , but differs distinctly in vocal characters and in part also mensurally # r , and species status accepted here even though these may not be enough ( or not sufficiently enumerated ) to total 7 under the scoring system used herein ; palawan form palawenensis is treated as a race of n . scutulata . monotypic .
philippines : luzon , marinduque , mindoro , negros , cebu , siquijor , mindanao , basilan .
song is a series of low - pitched ( 0·3–0·6 khz ) “whoop” notes . . .
found in primary lowland rainforest , second - growth forest and mangroves , where it tends to avoid . . .
little information . probably takes insects like other boobooks ; robust feet and bill , and relatively large body size , suggest it also takes . . .
young reported in jun ; otherwise no published information on nesting . presumably nests in tree hollows like other boobooks .
sedentary . record ( sighting and recording of song ) from karakelong i ( se of mindanao ) on 2 sept . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . cites ii . in general , a very poorly studied species , with no hard data on global numbers , population trends or . . .
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this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
this newly - split owl is suspected to be undergoing moderately rapid population declines owing to the conversion and fragmentation of its philippine lowland forest habitat . it has therefore been listed as near threatened .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : ninox randi . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 07 / 07 / 2018 .
previously published on avocet as av10704 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not specifically indicated ; recordist normally sees birds recorded and indicates if any question ; distinctive . gps : estimate from google earth .
previously published on avocet as av10703 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not seen , distinctive . gps : estimate from google earth .
previously published on avocet as av10702 . certainty : 100 % . id determined by : not seen ; distinctive . gps : estimate from google earth .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
after two weeks of birding in the philippines , it was time to head to the last island of the trip , mindanao . before my early morning flight to cagayan de oro , melissa boarded another flight headed towards manila and onward back to the u . s . i was looking forward to my last ten days in the philippines , …
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madagascar – bemanevika – the best day of birding of our lives ( seriously . )
several species of hornbills , numerous kinds of parrots and woodpeckers , the endemic family of rhabdornises and many other beautiful and unique birds await you .
come and birdwatch in the philippines with birding adventure philippines and get the chance to see the great philippine eagle .
for more information , please check out our tours page for our 2017 / 2018 schedules . you may also want to contact us if you ' re interested in our highly flexible custom tours .
if you want a sample of the wonderful and diverse birds of the philippines , do visit our galleries here .
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myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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