the rusty pitohui ( pseudorectes ferrugineus ) is a species of bird in the family pachycephalidae .

it is found on the aru islands and new guinea .

rusty pitohui

black pitohui , pitohui nigrescens : the black pitohui is found in indonesia and papua new guinea .
crested pitohui , pitohui cristatus : the crested pitohui is found in indonesia and papua new guinea .
variable pitohui , pitohui kirhocephalus : the variable pitohui is found in indonesia and papua new guinea .
rusty pitohui ( pseudorectes ferrugineus ) is a species of bird in the pachycephalidae family .
white - bellied pitohui , pitohui incertus : the white - bellied pitohui is found in indonesia and papua new guinea .
the brown or rusty pitohui ( pitohui ferrugineus ) is distributed and endemic to lowland and hill forests of new guinea , aru islands in the province of maluku in eastern indonesia and west papuan islands .
the rusty pitohuis are usually seen in small groups , mixed with other species .
picture of the hooded pitohui has been licensed under a creative commons attribution - share alike . original source : hooded _ pitohui . jpg : markaharper1 author : hooded _ pitohui . jpg : markaharper1
bird species in the genus pitohui are chemically defended by a potent neurotoxic alkaloid in their skin and feathers . the two most toxic pitohui species , the hooded pitohui ( pitohui dichrous ) and the variable pitohui ( pitohui kirhocephalus ) , are sometimes strikingly patterned and , in certain portions of their geographical ranges , both species share a nearly identical colour pattern , whereas in . . . [ show full abstract ]
note that the name “waigeo pitohui” , proposed here for pseudorectes ferrugineus leucorhynchus , is currently in use for the newly split species pitohui cerviniventris .
the pitohui and the frog by robert b . hole , jr . at wayback machine
the hooded pitohui , pitohui dichrous is a songbird of new guinea with black and orange plumage . this species and its two close relatives , the variable pitohui and the brown pitohui , were the first documented poisonous birds . a neurotoxin called homobatrachotoxin found in the birds ' skin and feathers , causes numbness and tingling in those touching the bird . the hooded pitohui acquires its poison from part of its diet , the choresine beetles of the melyridae family . more
the hooded pitohui ( pitohui dichrous ) is a pitohui of new guinea with black and orange plumage . both male and female birds have colored patches in their plumage . it is one of the few known poisonous birds . this species now usually placed in the family oriolidae .
the hooded pitohui is brightly colored , with a brick red belly and a jet black head . the variable pitohui , as its name implies , exists in many different forms , and twenty subspecies with different plumage patterns have been named . two of them , however , closely resemble the hooded pitohui .
the hooded pitohui is brightly coloured , with a brick red belly and a jet black head . the variable pitohui , as its name implies , exists in many different forms , and twenty subspecies with different plumage patterns have been named . two of them , however , closely resemble the hooded pitohui . more
dumbacher jp . 2013 . a taxonomic revision of the genus pitohui , with historical notes on names . bboc submitted
the pitohui ( pronounced like spitting : pittoeey ) is one of new guinea ' s most widely spread birds .
new guineas interior forests to find why hooded pitohuis were poisonous . from the start it was obvious something complex was going on . hooded pitohuis from some regions of the island were found to be much less poisonous than those from other regions . tests on three other pitohui speciesthe rusty ( pitohui ferrugineus ) , the black ( p . nigrescens ) , and the variable ( p . kirhocephalus ) showed that they too were toxic , but not at the levels of the hooded pitohui . more
it is , in fact , the only known genus of poisonous bird in the world . at least three species of pitohui have a strong poison in their skin and feathers , the hooded and variable pitohui being the deadliest of the three .
this species and its two close relatives , the variable pitohui and the brown pitohui , were the first documented poisonous birds . a neurotoxin called homobatrachotoxin found in the birds ' skin and feathers , causes numbness and tingling in those touching the bird .
kari pihlaviita marked the finnish common name
isoviheltäjä
from
pitohui ferrugineus ( bonaparte , 1850 )
as trusted .
since 1925 , the genus pitohui has included six species : hooded pitohui dichrous , variable p . kirhocephalus , crested p . cristatus , black p . nigrescens , rusty p . ferrugineus and white - bellied pitohuis p . incertus . recent molecular work has shown that the genus , as thus circumscribed , is polyphyletic , and includes four different lineages of disparate taxonomic affinities . here , i review the . . . [ show full abstract ]
birds in the genus pitohui carry the potent neurotoxin homobatrachotoxin in their skin and feathers . in this study , i tested whether homobatrachotoxin can repel or kill chewing lice ( order phthiraptera ) . when individual - feather lice were offered a choice of two feathers on which to feed or take shelter , the lice preferred nontoxic feathers to feathers of the most toxic pitohui species , pitohui . . . [ show full abstract ]
the pitohui , which are much larger than ifrita , feed on large insects , fruit , and possibly small vertebrates . the body masses of pitohui vary from 65 g ( p . dichrous ) to over 100 g ( p . kirhocephalus ) , whereas ifrita body mass is approximately 30 g .
. toxicity in birds ? i had known that the pitohui and some other birds have been known to have poisonous skin , but wanted to know more .
the hooded pitohui is classified as least concern . does not qualify for a more at risk category . widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category .
it is no coincidence , then , that the two species of pitohui that do form a true clade are the most vividly coloured , and the most toxic .
this songbird is medium - sized , measuring up to 28cm long , with a rusty brown upper plumage and yellowish buff under plumage . it has a strong black bill , pale eyes . males and females look alike .
some new guinea tribes people believe that a hooded pitohui can be eaten if it is held in the hands and mourned as if it were a dead child . more
the hooded pitohui acquires its poison from part of its diet , the choresine beetle of the melyridae family . this beetle is also a likely source of the lethal batrachotoxins found in colombia ' s poison dart frogs . description : the hooded pitohui is brightly colored , with a brick red or orange belly and a jet black head . more
boles , w . ( 2018 ) . rusty pitohui ( pseudorectes ferrugineus ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
hooper , dm , u olsson & p . alström . 2016 . the rusty - tailed flycatcher ( muscicapa ruficauda ; aves : muscicapidae ) is a member of the genus ficedula . mol . phyl . evol . 102 , 56 - 61 .
. . . however , the case for batesian mimicry is not clear - cut in this system . rufous babblers ( pomatostomus isidori ) have tested negative for toxic compounds ( dumbacher et al . 2008 ) , yet they appear to lead ocks at low elevations ( bell 1982a ; diamond 1987 ) . at low to mid - elevations where the babbler is absent , the rusty pitohui ( pitohui ferrugineus ) , a species that resembles the rufous babbler in dull brown colouration , is the apparent ock leader ( diamond 1987 ) but this species has low or negligible levels of toxins ( dumbacher et al . 1992dumbacher et al . , 2000 ) . . . .
it has been suggested that the birds ' bright colours are an example of aposematism ( warning colouration ) , and the similarity of the hooded pitohui and some forms of the variable pitohui might then be an example of müllerian mimicry , in which dangerous species gain a mutual advantage by sharing colouration , so that an encounter with either species trains a predator to avoid both . ( dumbacher and fleischer , 2001 )
activities will vary these days depending on success with the key species . aside from trying for wilson ' s bird - of - paradise , walk forest trails near the camp . trails are through forest and in some places steep . they ' re usually muddy so rubber boots are needed unless it ' s unusually dry . key target species are western crowned - pigeon and red bird - of - paradise . more difficult but possible are bruijn ' s brushturkey and white - eared catbird along with rajah ampat pitohui , a likely future split from variable pitohui . among the many other possibilities are blyth ' s hornbill , ruby - throated myzomela , yellow - bellied gerygone , pygmy longbill , yellow - breasted boatbill , lowland peltops , hooded butcherbird , rusty pitohui , gray whistler , spot - winged monarch , brown - headed crow , and black - sided robin . nights at the tent camp .
previously included in pitohui ( see page 254 ) . sister to colluricincla , as indicated by recent genetic analyses # r # r # r # r ; these two sometimes awarded a separate family , colluricinclidae .
hooper , d . m . , u . olsson , and p . alström ( 2016 ) , the rusty - tailed flycatcher ( muscicapa ruficauda ; aves : muscicapidae ) is a member of the genus ficedula , mol . phylogenet . evol . 102 , 56 - 61 .
jønsson ka , rck bowie , ja norman , l christidis & j fjeldså . 2008 . polyphyletic origin of toxic pitohui birds suggests widespread occurrence of toxicity in corvoid birds . biology letters 4 : 71 - 74 .
dumbacher jp , k deiner , l thompson , and rc fleischer . 2008 . phylogeny of the avian genus pitohui and the evolution of toxicity in birds . mol . phy . evol . 49 : 774 - 781 .
. . . finally , many examples of plumage mimicry have been proposed to occur in mixedspecies ocks or aggregations , where they might function to increase group cohesion ( moynihan 1960moynihan , 1962moynihan , 1979 caldwell ( png ; dumbacher et al . 1992 dumbacher et al . , 2000 ) . the toxic compound , a kind of batrachotoxin , is known to be repulsive to one important predator of birds in png – humans – and suspected to be toxic to other vertebrate predators as well ( dumbacher et al . 2008 ) . two species in particular have been shown to be strongly toxic : the hooded pitohui ( pitohui dichrous ) and the variable pitohui ( p . . . .
excluding recaptures , 1469 birds representing 68 species were netted during seven netting sessions at five sites ( table 1 ) . because different levels of netting effort were employed , it is inadvisable to directly compare numbers netted , however comparisons can be made in terms of percentage of captures at a site . there is evidence of substantial differences in understory bird communities among the sites . some species were abundant at some sites ( e . g . common paradise - kingfisher , rusty pitohui ) and virtually absent at other sites ( table 1 ) .
the hooded pitohui was the first poisonous bird to be discovered by science—but the native people of papua new guinea knew about it far sooner . they call it the “garbage bird” because of its unpleasant smell , and avoid eating it because of the bitter taste and a tendency to make people sick . the hooded pitohui has batrachotoxin ( btx ) in its dander , and in its skin and feathers , a neurotoxin identical to that used by deadly poison frogs in colombia , south america . more
eventually we came to a large clearing and small hill where gravel for the road had been extracted . there was a good view from up top and we watched blyth ' s hornbills passing like puffing billy steam trains . red - legged brushturkeys , black butcherbirds and more pale - billed sicklebills called loudly and invisibly from within . alex went into try and find the sicklebills while i had good views of purple - tailed imperial pigeon , red - flanked lorikeet , buff - faced pygmy - parrot , hooded monarch , glossy - mantled manucode and rusty pitohui on the forest edge .
the hooded pitohui ( pitohui dichrous ) is indeed a rare bird . dumbacher et al . from the smithsonian institute reported in 1992 that the distinctive orange and black new guinean bird has a potent neurotoxin in its feathers and skin , which serves as a defense against predators . such a protective chemical defense is very rare in birds and the dumbacher paper was the first to identify an avian toxin . surprisingly the chemical agent , homobatrachotoxin , is an alkaloid found in the skin of poisonous frogs . more
the amounts and relative proportions of batrachotoxins varied widely among different populations of pitohui and ifrita , some specimens having none detectable . such results are compatible with the hypothesis that these birds obtain batrachotoxin alkaloids from an environmental source and do not produce them de novo .
. . . we postulated these to be important for generating patterns of genetic variation in c . megarhyncha . this upper bound is corroborated by evidence from phylogenetic information between a sister taxon , the white - bellied pitohui ( pitohui incertus ) and c . megarhyncha , and suggests coalescent times within c . megarhyncha are 6 mya or less [ 26 ] . in the miocene ( 5–23 mya ) , most of new guinea was submerged except a few isolated oceanic mountain ranges that were north of australia [ 15 , 16 ] . . . .
dumbacher , j . p . , k . deiner , l . thompson , and r . c . fleischer ( 2008 ) , phylogeny of the avian genus pitohui and the evolution of toxicity in birds , mol . phylogenet . evol . 49 , 774 - 781 .
dumbacher , j . p . , b . m . beehler , t . f . spande , h . m . garraffo , and j . w . daly ( 1992 ) , homobatrachotoxin in the genus pitohui : chemical defense in birds ? , science 258 , 799 - 801 .
pitohuis are generally about 23 centimetres long with strong legs and a powerful beak . they are brightly feathered in red and black warning colors , much the same as the frogs . the hooded appears to be the most dangerous , with the variable being of medium toxicity and the brown pitohui the least harmful .
jønsson , k . a . , r . c . k . bowie , j . a . norman , l . christidis , and j . fjeldså ( 2008a ) , polyphyletic origin of toxic pitohui birds suggests widespread occurrence of toxicity in corvoid birds , biol . lett . 4 , 71 - 74 .
. . . that genetically divergent species share similar morphotypes may thus represent the outcome of convergent evolution to similar ecological environments and / or weak selection on plumage colouration , rather than homology . these patterns mirror those found in the related variable pitohui ( pitoui kirhocephalus sensu lato ) , a species that is also characterized by significant genetic divergence among three major clades , but with confusing and conflicting phenotypic variation within and among clades ( dumbacher et al . 2004 ; dumbacher et al . 2008 ) . unlike for the little shrikethrush however , recent taxonomic work has made specific recommendations to split the variable pitohui into three species ( e . g . . . .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . & christie , d . a . ( 2018 ) . rusty - breasted whistler ( pachycephala fulvotincta ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
hooded pitohui , members of the family corvidae ( crows , ravens , jays , etc . ) , are beautiful passerines , i . e . , songbirds . their wing , head , and tail feathers are black and their back and belly feathers orange . they have black legs ending in sharp claws and a black beak that is strong and sharp . male and female birds have the same coloration . more
we picked up a few new species here not seen elsewhere including northern variable pitohui , long - billed honeyeater and lowland peltops . there were quite a few northern cassowary droppings here , not far from town and we saw some fresh footprints in the soft mud . the fruits in the droppings seem to pass through only slightly digested and a huge number must be needed to provide enough sustenance for this large bird .
the belly or breast feathers of three ifrita specimens from the schrader mountains were richest in 1 and 6 , and one specimen had , in addition , substantial amounts of 2 , 3 , and 4 . detailed analysis of skin of ifrita by using tape to remove successive layers indicated that 4 and 6 were not present in even the surface layer of skin , where 1 and 2 were the most abundant alkaloids along with a trace of 3 . lower levels of these three alkaloids were present in lower layers of skin . details of these analyses and those of pitohui skin will be presented elsewhere . it appears likely that the reported occurrence of homobatrachotoxin ( 6 ) in pitohui skin ( 1 ) may have been in error because of incomplete removal of downy feathers from the skin . this is difficult in the field , and hence most skin samples contained small amounts of attached feather stubs .
. . . additionally , we performed a bayesian phylogenetic analysis using mrbayes v3 . 1 . 1 with default parameters except the following , lset nst = 6 rates = invgamma ; mcmc ngen = 20000000 ; printfreq = 10000 ; samplefreq = 1000 ; nchains = 4 [ 36 ] . we used a representative taxon from a closely related species ( pitohui incertus ) [ 26 ] as the outgroup for phylogenetic analysis ( table s1 ) . . . .
of the three , the hooded pitohui is considered the most toxic . specimens of the birds , including the skin , feathers , striated muscles , and stomach with contents , among others , were collected by dumbacher and his fellow biologists from the national institutes of health in bethesda , maryland and the smithsonian institution in washington , d . c . from the specimens , the toxin was set apart from the other substances . it was then identified and was observed to be a homobatrachotoxin . more
previous studies of pitohui birds by using direct - probe mass spectrometry and tlc with a sensitive colorimetric reagent revealed only the presence of homobatrachotoxin ( 6 ) and , in some samples , traces of batrachotoxin ( 4 ) ( 1 , 7 ) . the colorimetric assay using the modified ehrlich reagent detects only batrachotoxins containing the pyrrole moiety—i . e . , 4 and 6 . pharmacological assays suggested , however , that some extracts were slightly more toxic than homobatrachotoxin levels alone could explain ( 7 ) .
the poisonous properties of this bird were not recorded until 1989 . jack dumbacher , who was netting birds in new guinea , caught a hooded pitohui and in untangling it from his net , got scratched and bit . but it was a small bird , and not a big threat , right ? wrong . dumbacher put a cut finger in his mouth and his lips and tongue went numb . while that was the extent of his reaction , it caused a much more significant one in the scientific community .
nominate race has crown and side of head ( to below orbit ) and upperparts brown , tinged rufous , uppertail - coverts rufous ; remiges dusky brown , edged light brown , upperwing - coverts brown , tinged rufous ; tail rufous ; light rusty buff below , throat paler ; iris white , whitish - buff or straw - coloured ; bill black ; legs grey . sexes alike . immature is similar to adult , but iris dark . race leucorhynchus is much darker than nominate , with bill greyish - white ; fuscus is similar but darker , particularly on upperparts ; brevipennis is also darker than nominate , but paler than previous two , with bill black ; holerythrus is darker than last ; clarus is paler than nominate .
. . . for example , toxic plumage has evolved in multiple independent lineages of new guinean passerines , all of which lay small clutches ( blue - capped ifrit ( ifrita kowaldi ) , clutch 1 egg ; and black ( pitohui nigrescens ) and hooded ( p . dichrous ) pitohuis , clutch 1–2 ; dumbacher et al . 1992 dumbacher et al . , 2008 ; supplementary materialtable s1 ) . most new guinean lineages that lay single - egg clutches do not exhibit toxic plumage and we do not suggest a direct link between clutch - size and toxic plumage . . . .
the genus ifrita consists of a single species , i . kowaldi . the taxonomic position of the genus is enigmatic . ifrita has been placed in the family orthonychidae ( 15 , 16 ) , the subfamily cinclosomatinae ( family corvidae ) ( 17 ) , or the family muscicapidae ( 18 ) , but no molecular phylogenetic studies , such as those of sibley and ahlquist ( 19 ) , exist . dna sequences ( j . p . d . and r . fleischer , unpublished data ) suggest ifrita and pitohui are not closely related , but additional taxa will be necessary to determine true taxonomic affinities .
ifrita kowaldi , or the blue - capped ifrita , is recognized by new guinean villagers as being toxic or bitter ( 8 , 14 ) . in kaironk and simbai villages ( madang province ) , the ifrita is called “slek - yakt , ” which literally means “bitter bird” ( 8 ) , and simbai villagers claim that eating an ifrita will cause a burning sensation in buccal tissue similar to but stronger than tasting hot chili peppers . they also claim that breathing deeply from plumage of ifrita induces coughing or allergy - like reactions . they claim the toxins do not cause vomiting , but that the taste is irritating enough so that few hunters eat them . these descriptions are similar to those attached to the pitohui ( 8 , 11 ) .
another alkaloid ( 5 ) , found in a number of pitohui feather extracts but absent from ifrita extracts , exhibited a fragmentation ( m / z 518 → 400 ) on cims corresponding to a loss from the protonated parent of a hydroxypentanoic acid moiety . the assigned structure is based on biosynthetic considerations and is supported by the following observations : ( i ) no change was detected on heating 1 with methanol for 2 hr at 70°c , thus ruling out an addition of methanol to the crotonyl group to produce an isomeric 3′ - methoxycrotonate artifact , and ( ii ) on deuterium exchange , three exchangeable hydrogens were seen with 5 . on heating 5 for 18 hr at 70°c with hunig ' s base and water ( 1 : 10 ) , 5 was converted to a mixture of 2 and 3 along with unreacted 5 .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
the ioc world bird list is an open access resource of the international community of ornithologists . our goal is to facilitate worldwide communication in ornithology and conservation based on an up - to - date classification of world birds and a set of english names that follows explicit guidelines for spelling and construction ( gill & wright 2006 ) .
the ioc editorial team and advisors update the web - based list quarterly . the updates include changes of recommended names or classification , additions of newly described species , corrections of nomenclature , and updates of species taxonomy .
the ioc world bird list complements other primary world bird lists that differ slightly in their primary goals and taxonomic philosophy , i . e . the clements checklist of the birds of the world , the howard & moore complete checklist of the birds of the world , 4 th edition , and hbw alive / bird life international . improved alignment of these independent taxonomic works is a goal of the newly structured international ornithologists union , including a round table discussion at the 2018 meeting in vancouver , british columbia .
ioc world bird list 8 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 1
ioc world bird list 8 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 8 . 2
ioc world bird list 7 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 1
ioc world bird list 7 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 2
ioc world bird list 7 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 7 . 3
ioc world bird list 6 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 4
ioc world bird list 6 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 3
ioc world bird list 6 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2
ioc world bird list 6 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 1
ioc world bird list 5 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 4
ioc world bird list 5 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 3
ioc world bird list 5 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 2
ioc world bird list 5 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 5 . 1
ioc world bird list 4 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 4
ioc world bird list 4 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 3
ioc world bird list 4 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 2
ioc world bird list 4 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 4 . 1
ioc world bird list 3 . 5 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 5
ioc world bird list 3 . 4 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 4
ioc world bird list 3 . 3 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 3
ioc world bird list 3 . 2 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 2
ioc world bird list 3 . 1 doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 3 . 1
gill f & d donsker ( eds ) . 2016 . ioc world bird list ( v 6 . 2 ) . doi 10 . 14344 / ioc . ml . 6 . 2
outlying form leucorhynchus distinctive , with whitish vs blackish bill ( 3 ) and plumage a shade darker than the darkest of any other taxon ( 1 ) ; voice possibly distinct , with limited recordings revealing some whistled notes not well matched by other races , but variation in songs high in all taxa , so that far more samples are needed for conclusive assessment # r . race fuscus sometimes synonymized with leucorhynchus # r . race holerythrus intergrades with nominate in w of range and with clarus in e # r . six subspecies recognized .
what do ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) mean ? learn more about the scoring system .
– islands of salawati and misool , and nw mainland new guinea from vogelkop e to wandammen and etna bay , and s slopes of nassau mts and oranje mts .
( salvadori , 1878 ) – yapen i ( in geelvink bay ) and n new guinea e at least to humboldt bay area ( and presumably vanimo ) .
( e . j . o . hartert , 1896 ) – aru is .
( a . b . meyer , 1894 ) – s & e new guinea .
25·5–28·5 cm ; 77–110 g . nominate race has crown and side of head ( to below orbit ) and upperparts brown , tinged rufous , uppertail - coverts rufous ; . . .
song a loud “wwít - oo” , repeated several times with increasing loudness , and many . . .
rainforest , monsoon forest , gallery forest , tall secondary growth , sometimes extending into . . .
insects ( including larvae ) and fruit . frequents understorey to lower canopy . feeds in flocks , with or without other species . foraging . . .
nest - building during wet season , copulation in early feb , eggs in jul , mid - oct and mid - nov , adults in breeding condition in late aug , . . .
not globally threatened . fairly common to common . in se new guinea , estimated density near r brown 15 birds / 10 ha .
only subscribers are able to see the bibliography . login or subscribe to get access to a lot of extra features !
only members are able to post public comments . to make the most of all of hbw ' s features , discover our subscriptions now !
get access to the contents of the hbw including all species accounts , family texts , plates , audiovisual links , updates and related resources .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 55 . 90 € ( instead of 59 . 90 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 82 € ( instead of 89 . 85 € )
supporting members help us to develop and update the project more quickly and to reach more people by keeping prices down .
view more information , tracking references to their source ( when available on the internet ) .
also available : 2 - year subscription package : 82 . 5 € ( instead of 89 . 9 € ) 3 - year subscription package : 122 . 5 € ( instead of 134 . 85 € )
there is a registration fee of 20€ . this is a one - time only fee when you become a subscriber of hbw alive . you won’t pay it again as long as you renew your subscription before it expires .
if you represent an organization or institution , click here for more information on institutional subscriptions .
this map displays aggregated data from ibc and my birding ( anonymously ) ; markers do not indicate precise localities .
myavibase allows you to create and manage your own lifelists , and produce useful reports to help you plan your next birding excursion .
there are more than 12 , 000 regional checklists in avibase , offered in 9 different taxonomies , including synonyms more than 175 languages . each checklist can be viewed with photos shared by the birding community , and also printed as pdf checklists for field use .
there are a few ways by which you can help the development of this page , such as joining the flickr group for photos or providing translations of the site in addition languages .
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
you must be logged in to view your sighting details . to register to myavibase click here .
avibase has been visited 263 , 296 , 562 times since 24 june 2003 . © denis lepage | privacy policy
this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend is not known , but the population is not believed to be decreasing sufficiently rapidly to approach the thresholds under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : pseudorectes ferrugineus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
double - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .
if words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .
if phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .
we ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .
spanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .
did you know ? all our dictionaries are bidirectional , meaning that you can look up words in both languages at the same time .
( misool and salawati is . . off sw new guinea . and nw new guinea )
( yapen i . . off nw new guinea . and nc new guinea )
english spanish online dictionary term bank , where you can search in more than 2 million words in categories and different pronunciation options .
for full functionality of researchgate it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions how to enable javascript in your web browser .
. . . the observed variation in toxicity among corvoid birds , though , is interpreted differently among authors . j ? nsson et al . ( 2008 ) argue that much more birds are expected to be toxic , taking toxicity as an ancestral trait , while dumbacher et al . ( 2008 ) interpret this polyphyly as evidence for convergent evolution of toxicity among these birds . this convergence is thought to be a form of mimicry , either m ? llerian or batesian . . . .
. . . this convergence is thought to be a form of mimicry , either m ? llerian or batesian . in the first case , multiple toxic species would resemble each other in order to share the costs of educating predators , while in the second case non - toxic species would mimic the toxic ones in order to deceive predators ( diamond , 1992 ; dumbacher et al . , 2008 ) . more studies are required to test these observations . . . .
. . . whereas norman et al . ( 2009 ) found strong support for ifrita with the monarchidae ( see also jønsson et al . , 2011 ) , our study places ifrita with high support ( pp = 1 ) in a clade with the corcoracidae , paradisaeidae and melampitta . this is in concordance with dumbacher et al . ( 2008 ) , who demonstrated a well - supported relationship between ifrita and melampitta . comparing the molecular results with the basic morphology of the group , a significant divergence is apparent during the early core corvoid radiation , with clade x standing out as the most heterogeneous . . . .
. . . these sister species ( dumbacher et al . 2008 ) appear to replace each other elevationally over most new guinean ranges ( beehler et al . 1986 ) . on mt . . . .
new avian records along the elevational gradient of mt . wilhelm , papua new guinea
. . . studies are rapidly increasing our ability to infer drivers of speciation in new guinean birds ( dumbacher et al . 2008 , irestedt et al . 2009 , nyári et al . 2009 , jønsson et al . 2010 , deiner et al . 2011 , driskell et al . 2011 ) . however , inferring mechanisms of diversification from distributional data ( diamond 1973 , diamond 1986 ) continues to remain workable , especially in the absence of phylogeographic and population genetic data . . . .
at a network of digitization centers across the us , we will ct - scan > 20 , 000 fluid - preserved specimens representing > 80 % of extant genera of vertebrates . we will will use contrast - enhancement scanni…
[ more ]
evolution of toxicity in pitohuis : i . effects of homobatrachotoxin on chewing lice ( order phthirapte . . .
fumigation chambers are commonly used to remove avian ectoparasites without harming host birds . although several fumigants are commonly used , we know of no systematic comparison of available fumigants , and there is no agreement as to which is best . we compared the efficiency of four fumigants that have been supported in the literature : chloroform , di - ethyl ether ( ether ) , ethyl acetate , and . . . [ show full abstract ]
batrachotoxins are members of a family of naturally occurring steroidal alkaloid neurotoxins ( molecular weight 417 . 538–538 . 674 980 g mol−1 ) that bind to voltage - gated sodium channels and stabilize the channels in the open conformation . this depolarizes the ionic membrane and prevents the reestablishment of the ionic potential . gram - for - gram , batrachotoxins are among the most acutely toxic . . . [ show full abstract ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 / / en
urltoken
abbott , c . l . , and m . c . double ( 2003a ) , phylogeography of shy and white - capped albatrosses inferred from mitochondrial dna sequences : implications for population history and taxonomy , mol . ecol . 12 , 2747 - 2758 .
abbott , c . l . , and m . c . double ( 2003b ) , genetic structure , conservation genetics and evidence of speciation by range expansion in shy and white - capped albatrosses , mol . ecol . 12 , 2953 - 2962 .
adams , j . , h . r . carter , g . j . mcchesney , and d . l . whitworth ( 2016 ) , occurrence , morphometrics and plumage variability among leach ' s storm - petrels oceanodroma leucorhoa in the california channel islands , 1976 - 2015 , marine ornithology 44 , 113 - 119 .
aggerbeck , m . , j . fjeldså , l . christidis , p . - h . fabre , k . a . jønsson ( 2014 ) , resolving deep lineage divergences in core corvoid passerine birds supports a proto - papuan island origin , mol . phylogenet . evol . 70 , 272 - 285 .
aidala , z . , n . chong , m . g . anderson , l . ortiz - catedral , i . g . jamieson , j . v . briskie , p . cassey , b . j . gill , and m . e . hauber ( 2013 ) , phylogenetic relationships of the genus mohoua , endemic hosts of new zealand ' s obligate brood parasitic long - tailed cuckoo ( eudynamys taitensis ) , j . ornithol . 154 , 1127 - 1133 .
ainley , d . g . ( 1980 ) , geographic variation in leach ' s storm - petrel , auk 97 , 837 - 853 .
aleixo , a . ( 2002 ) , molecular systematics and the role of the “várzea”—“terra - firme” ecotone in the diversification of xiphorhynchus woodcreepers ( aves : dendrocolaptidae ) , auk 119 , 621 - 640 .
aleixo , a . , t . c . t burlamaqui , m . p . c . schneider , and e . c . gonçalves ( 2009 ) , molecular systematics and plumage evolution in the monotypic obligate army - ant - following genus skutchia ( thamnophilidae ) , condor 111 , 382 - 387 .
aliabadian , m . , m . kaboli , r . prodon , v . nijman , and m . vences ( 2007 ) , phylogeny of palaearctic wheatears ( genus oenanthe ) —congruence between morphometric and molecular data , mol . phylogenet . evol . 42 , 665 - 675 .
aliabadian , m . , m . kaboli , m . i . förschler , v . nijman , a . chamani , a . tillier , r . prodon , e . pasquet , p . g . p . ericson , and d . zuccon ( 2012 ) , convergent evolution of morphological and ecological traits in the open - habitat chat complex ( aves , muscicapidae : saxicolinae ) , mol . phylogenet . evol . 65 , 35 - 45 .
aliabadian , m . , n . alaei - kakhki , o . mirshamsi , v . nijman , and a . roulin ( 2016 ) , phylogeny , biogeography , and diversification of barn owls ( aves : strigiformes ) , biol . j . linn . soc . 119 , 904 - 918 .
allende , l . m . , i . rubio , valentin ruiz - del - valle , j . guillen , j . martinez - laso , e . lowy , p . varela , j . zamora , a . arnaiz - villena ( 2001 ) , the old world sparrows ( genus passer ) phylogeography and their relative abundance of nuclear mtdna pseudogenes , j . mol . evol . 53 , 144 - 154 .
alström , p . , and k . mild ( 2003 ) , “pipits and wagtails” , christopher helm , london .
alström , p . , p . g . p . ericson , u . olsson , and p . sundberg ( 2006 ) , phylogeny and classifcation of the avian superfamily sylvioidea , mol . phylogenet . evol . 38 , 381 - 397 .
alström , p . , u . olsson , f . lee , h . wang , w . gao , and p . sundberg ( 2008a ) , phylogeny and classification of the old world emberizini ( aves , passeriformes ) , mol . phylogenet . evol . 47 , 960 - 973 .
alström , p . , p . c . rasmussen , u . olsson , and p . sundberg ( 2008b ) , species delimitation based on multiple criteria : the spotted bush warbler bradypterus thoracicus complex ( aves : megaluridae ) , zool . j . linn . soc . 154 , 291 - 307 .
alström , p . , p . davidson , j . w . duckworth , j . c . eames , t . t . le , c . nguyen , u . olsson , c . robson and r . timmins ( 2010 ) , description of a new species of phylloscopus warbler from vietnam and laos , ibis 152 , 145 - 168 .
alström , p . , j . fjeldså , s . fregin , and u . olsson ( 2011a ) , gross morphology betrays phylogeny : the scrub warbler scotocerca inquieta is not a cisticolid , ibis 153 , 87 - 97 .
alström , p . , s . fregin , j . a . norman , p . g . p . ericson , l . christidis , and and u . olsson ( 2011b ) , multilocus analysis of a taxonomically densely sampled dataset reveal extensive non - monophyly in the avian family locustellidae , mol . phylogenet . evol . 58 , 513 - 526 .
alström , p . , t . saitoh , d . williams , i . nishiumi , y . shigeta , k . ueda , m . irestedt , m . björklund , and u . olsson ( 2011c ) , the arctic warbler phylloscopus borealis — three anciently separated cryptic species revealed , ibis 153 , 395 - 410 .
alström , p . , s . hohna , m . gelang , p . g . p . ericson , and u . olsson ( 2011d ) , non - monophyly and intricate morphological evolution within the avian family cettiidae revealed by multilocus analysis of a taxonomically densely sampled dataset , bmc evol . biol . 11 : 352 .
alström , p . , k . n . barnes , u . olsson , f . k . barker , p . bloomer , a . a . khan , m . a . qureshi , a . guillaumet , p . - a . crochet , p . g . ryan ( 2013 ) , multilocus phylogeny of the avian family alaudidae ( larks ) reveals complex morphological evolution , non - monophyletic genera and hidden species diversity , mol . phylogenet . evol . 69 , 1043 - 1056 .
alström , p . , d . m . hooper , y . liu , u . olsson , d . mohan , m . gelang , h . l . manh , j . zhao , f . lei , and t . d . price ( 2014 ) , discovery of a relict lineage and monotypic family of passerine birds , biol . lett . 10 , 20131067 .
alström , p . , k . jønsson , j . fjeldså , a . ödeen , p . g . p . ericson , and m . irestedt ( 2015a ) , dramatic niche shifts and morphological change in two insular bird species , royal soc . open sci . 2 , 140364 .
alström , p . , c . xia , p . c / rasmussen , u . olsson , b . dai , j . zhao , p . j . leader , g . j . carey , l . dong , t . cai1 , , p . i . holt , h . l . manh , g . song , y . liu , y . zhang , and f . lei ( 2015b ) , integrative taxonomy of the russet bush warbler locustella mandelli complex reveals a new species from central china , avian research 6 : 9 .
alström , p . , p . c . rasmussen , c . zhao , j . xu , s . dalvi , t . cai , y . guan , r . zhang , m . v . kalyakin , f . lei , and u . olsson ( 2016 ) , integrative taxonomy of the plain - backed thrush ( zoothera mollissima ) complex ( aves , turdidae ) reveals cryptic species , including a new species , avian research 7 : 1 .
alström , p . , a . cibois , m . irestedt , d . zuccon , m . gelang , j . fjeldså , m . j . andersen , r . g . moyle , e . pasquet , and u . olsson ( 2018a ) , comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the grassbirds and allies ( locustellidae ) reveals extensive non - monophyly of traditional genera , and a proposal for a new classification , mol . phylogenet . evol . ( forthcoming ) .
alström , p . , f . e . rheindt , r . zhang , m . zhao , j . wang , x . zhu , c . y . gwee , y . hao , j . ohlson , c . jia , d . m . prawiradilaga , p . g . p . ericson , f . lei , and u . olsson ( 2018b ) , complete species - level phylogeny of the leaf warbler ( aves : phylloscopidae ) radiation , mol . phylogenet . evol . ( forthcoming ) .
altshuler , d . l . , r . dudley , and j . a . mcguire ( 2004 ) , resolution of a paradox : hummingbird flight at high elevation does not come without a cost , proc . natl . acad . sci . 101 , 17731 - 17736 .
alvarenga , h . m . f . , and e . höfling ( 2003 ) , systematic revision of the phorusrhacidae ( aves : ralliformes ) , papéis avulsos de zoologia 43 , 51 - 91 .
amaral , f . s . r . , m . j . miller , l . f . silveira , e . bermingham , and a . wajntal ( 2006 ) , polyphyly of the hawk genera leucopternis and buteogallus ( aves , accipitridae ) : multiple habitat shifts during the neotropical buteonine diversification , bmc evol . biol . 6 : 10 .
amaral , f . s . r . , f . h . sheldon , a . gamauf , e . haring , m . riesing , l . f . silveira , and a . wajntal ( 2008 ) , patterns and processes of diversification in a widespread and ecologically diverse avian group , the buteonine hawks ( aves , accipitridae ) , mol . phylogenet . evol . 53 , 703 - 715 .
anciães , m . , and a . t . peterson ( 2009 ) , ecological niches and their evolution among neotropical manakins ( aves : pipridae ) , j . avian biol . 40 , 591 - 604 .
andersen , m . j . , c . h . oliveros , c . filardi , and r . g . moyle ( 2013 ) , phylogeography of the variable dwarf - kingfisher ceyx lepidus ( aves : alcedinidae ) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences , auk 130 , 118 - 131 .
andersen , m . j . , a . naikatini , and r . g . moyle ( 2014a ) , a molecular phylogeny of pacific honeyeaters ( aves : meliphagidae ) reveals extensive paraphyly and an isolated polynesian radiation , mol . phylogenet . evol . 71 , 308 - 315 .
andersen , m . j . , á . s . nyári , i . mason , l . joseph , j . p . dumbacher , c . e . filardi , and r . g . moyle ( 2014b ) , molecular systematics of the world ' s most polytypic bird : the pachycephala pectoralis / melanura ( aves : pachycephalidae ) species complex , zool . j . linn . soc . 170 , 566 - 588 .
andersen , m . j . , h . t . shult , a . cibois , j . - c . thibault , c . e . filardi , and r . g . moyle ( 2015a ) , rapid diversification and secondary sympatry in australo - pacific kingfishers ( aves : alcedinidae : todiramphus ) , royal soc . open sci . 2 , 140375 .
andersen , m . j . , p . a . hosner , c . e . filardi , and r . g . moyle ( 2015b ) , phylogeny of the monarch flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly and novel relationships within a major australo - pacific radiation , mol . phylogenet . evol . 83 , 118 - 136 .
arbabi , t . , j . gonzalez , and m . wink ( 2014a ) , a re - evaluation of phylogenetic relationships within reed warblers ( aves : acrocephalidae ) based on eight molecular loci and issr profiles , mol . phylogenet . evol . 78 , 304 - - 313 .
arbabi , t . , j . gonzalez , h . - h . witt , r . klein , and m . wink ( 2014b ) , mitochondrial phylogeography of the eurasian reed warbler acrocephalus scirpaceus and the first genetic record of a . s . fuscus in central europe , ibis 156 , 799 - 811 .
arbeláez - cortés , e . , a . g . navarro - sigüenza , and j . garcía - moreno ( 2012 ) , phylogeny of woodcreepers of the genus lepidocolaptes ( aves , furnariidae ) , a widespread neotropical taxon , zool . scripta 41 , 363 - 373 .
arbeláez - cortés and e . , a . g . navarro - sigüenza ( 2013 ) , molecular evidence of the taxonomic status of western mexican populations of phaethornis longirostris ( aves : trochilidae ) , zootaxa 3716 , 81 - 97 .
areta , j . i . , m . pearman , and r . ábalos ( 2012 ) , taxonomy and biogeography of the monte yellow - finch ( sicalis mendozae ) : understanding the endemic avifauna of argentina ' s monte desert , condor 114 , 654 - 671 .
areta , j . i . , and m . pearman ( 2013 ) , species limits and clinal variation in a widespread high andean furnariid : the buff - breasted earthcreeper ( upucerthia validirostris ) , condor 115 , 131 - 142 .
armenta , j . k . , j . d . weckstein , and d . f . lane ( 2005 ) , geographic variation in mitochondrial dna sequences of an amazonian nonpasserine : the black - spotted barbet complex , condor 107 , 527 - 536 .
arbogast , b . s . , s . v . drovetski , r . l . curry , p . t . boag , g . seutin , p . r . grant , b . r . grant , and d . j . anderson ( 2006 ) , the origin and diversification of galapagos mockingbirds , evolution 60 , 370 - 382 .
arnaiz - villena , a . , m . alvarez - tejado , v . ruiz - del - valle , c . garcia - de - la - torre , p . varela , m . j . recio , s . ferre , and j . martinez - laso ( 1998 ) , phylogeny and rapid northern and southern hemisphere speciation of goldfinches during the miocene and pliocene epochs , cell . mol . life sci . 54 , 1031 - 1041 .
arnaiz - villena , a . , m . alvarez - tejado , v . ruiz - del - valle , c . garcia - de - la - torre , p . varela , m . j . recio , s . ferre , and j . martinez - laso ( 1999 ) , rapid radiation of canaries ( genus serinus ) , mol . biol . evol . 16 , 2 - 11 .
arnaiz - villena , a . , j . guillen , v . ruiz - del - valle , e . lowy , j . zamora , d . stefani , and l . m . allende ( 2001 ) , phylogeography of crossbills , bullfinches , grosbeaks , and rosefinches , cell . mol . life sci . 58 , 1159 - 1166 .
arnaiz - villena , a . , e . lowy , v . ruiz - del - valle , h . westerdahl , j . moscoso , j . i . serrano - vela , h . witzell , and j . zamora ( 2007a ) , evolution of the major histocompatibility complex class i genes in serinus canaria from the canary islands is different from that of asian and african continental serinus species , j . ornithol . 148 ( suppl 2 ) , s479 - s484 .
arnaiz - villena , a . , j . moscoso , v . ruiz - del - valle , j . gonzalez , r . reguera , m . wink and j . i . serrano - vela ( 2007b ) , bayesian phylogeny of fringillinae birds : status of the singular african oriole finch linurgus olivaceus and evolution and heterogeneity of the genus carpodacus , acta zool . sinica 53 , 826 - 834 .
arnaiz - villena , a . , j . moscoso , v . ruiz - del - valle , j . gonzalez , r . reguera , a . ferri , m . wink and j . i . serrano - vela ( 2008 ) , mitochondrial dna phylogenetic definition of a group of ` arid - zone ' carduelini finches , open ornith . j . 1 , 1 - 7 .
arnaiz - villena , a . , v . ruiz - del - valle , p . gomez - prieto , r . reguera , c . parga - lozano , and i . serrano - vela ( 2009 ) , estrildinae finches ( aves , passeriformes ) from africa , south asia and australia : a molecular phylogeographic study , open ornith . j . 2 , 29 - 36 .
arndt , t . ( 2006 ) , a revision of the aratinga mitrata complex , with the description of one new species , two new subspecies and species - level status of aratinga alticola , j . ornithol . 147 , 73 - 86 .
arshad , m . , j . gonzalez , a . a . el - sayed , t . osborne , and m . wink ( 2009 ) , phylogeny and phylogeography of critically endangered gyps species based on nuclear and mitochondrial markers , j . ornithol . 150 , 419 - 430 .
astuti , d . , n . azuma , h . suzuki , and s . higashi ( 2006 ) , phylogenetic relationships within parrots ( psittacidae ) inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome - b gene sequences , zool . sci . 23 , 191 - 198 .
austin , j . j . ( 1996 ) , molecular phylogenetics of puffinus shearwaters : preliminary evidence from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequences , mol . phylogenet . evol . 6 , 77 - 88 .
austin , j . j . , v . bretagnolle , and e . pasquet ( 2004 ) , a global molecular phylogeny of the small puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the little - audubon ' s shearwater complex , auk 121 , 847 - 864 .
avendaño , j . e . , a . m . cuervo , j . p . lópez - o . , n . gutiérrez - pinto , a . cortés - diago , and c . d . cadena ( 2015 ) , a new species of tapaculo ( rhinocryptidae : scytalopus ) from the serraníia de perijá of colombia and venezuela , auk 132 , 450 - 466 .
avendaño , j . e . , f . k . barker , c . d . cadena ( 2016 ) , the yellow - green bush - tanager is neither a bush - tanager nor a sparrow : molecular phylogenetics reveals that chlorospingus flavovirens is a tanager ( aves : passeriformes ; thraupidae ) , zootaxa 4136 , 373 - 381 .
avendaño , j . e . , e . arbeláez - cortés , c . d . cadena ( 2017 ) , on the importance of geographic and taxonomic sampling in phylogeography : a reevaluation of diversification and species limits in a neotropical thrush ( aves , turdidae ) , mol . phylogenet . evol . 111 , 87 - 97 .
avise , j . c . , c . d . ankney , and w . s . nelson ( 1990 ) , mitochondrial gene trees and the evolutionary relationship of mallard and black ducks , evolution 44 , 1109 - 1119 .
babin , m . j . ( 2005 ) , “geographic variation and speciation in rough - winged swallows ( aves : hirundinidae : stelgidopteryx ) ” , master ' s thesis , louisiana state university .
baccetti , n . , b . massa , and c . violani ( 2007 ) , proposed synonymy of sylvia cantillans moltonii orlando , 1937 , with sylvia cantillans subalpina temminck , 1820 , bull . brit . ornith . club 127 , 107 - 110 .