psamathocrita argentella is a moth of the gelechiidae family .

it was described by pierce and metcalfe in 1942 .

it is found in great britain , where it has been recorded from salt-marshes in hampshire , isle of wight , sussex and dorset .

the wingspan is 10 – 11 mm .

the forewings are white with some black scales , forming a small marking at three-fourths .

the hindwings are greyish-white .

the larvae feed on the flowers and seeds of agropyron pungens .

psamathocrita argentella

it may be possible to differentiate the two by examination of the underside of the abdomen which is reddish - buff in p . osseella and whitish in p . argentella but this has not been tested in the field . the speces looks rather elachista - like in shape and size , the hindwing shape being the best way to identify it as a gelechiid .
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notes : vulnerable ( proposed as a future red data book species ) and endemic to the british isles , frequenting salt - marshes in hampshire , isle of wight , sussex and dorset . first discovered near southampton water in 1937 , feared lost when the original site was destroyed in 1971 , but rediscovered on a saltmarsh near st helen ' s , isle of wight in 1973 and now known from several locations in and around the region , including farlington marsh and hayling island . wingspan 10 - 11 mm . easily mistaken for one of the coleophoridae , identification often requires dissection of the genitalia . larva feeds on flowers and seeds of sea couch .
endemic to the british isles . only known from several coastal locations within dorset , hampshire , isle of wight and west sussex where it can be locally common . it has very occasionally been attracted to light a few kilometres inland and , on one occasion , turned up c40km north of its closest known coastal breeding site .
the larva can be found from mid - july to early september on the developing flower and seed extruding whitish frass which can sometimes be seen adhering to the spikelet .
larva : developing flowers and seeds should be searched for the presence of adhering white frass .
adult : flies mainly at dawn but also at dusk where it has been seen running up the grass stems and resting with wings open . it has also been observed flying around the foodplant after heavy rain at 1630hrs in good numbers . on occasions females can be found with their ovipositors trapped in the grass spikelets by the stiff scale - like glumes and lemmas .
similar in size , shape and markings to psamathcrita osseella from which it is best separated by dissection .
single brooded , from mid - june to mid - july although this is based on a limited number of records ( 18 ) .
if you have any good quality photographs and would like to contribute , please contact me by email at ian @ ukmoths . co . uk .
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this red data book class 2 insect was first discovered in uk 1939 in a salt marsh near southampton , hampshire . first sussex record , a single specimen netted during the day in sand dunes at climping gap late june 1992 . species found ' locally common ' and associated with sea couch at thorney island early july 2000 . after that , both an adult and a larvae feeding on sea couch was encountered on a shingle spit at pagham harbour on 31st july 2001 . ( pratt , 2011 ) .
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2011 - 01 - 26 by & van nieukerken , dr erik j . karsholt , dr ole & by dr ole karsholt
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pesi is funded by the european union 7th framework programme within the research infrastructures programme . contract no . ri - 223806 . activity area : capacities . period 2008 - 2011 - website hosted & developed by vliz banner picture : gannet ( morus bassanus ( linnaeus , 1758 ) ) by karl van ginderdeuren - contact pesi
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taxa believed likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating . superseded by new iucn categories in 1994 , so no longer in use .
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there are 0 county records of individuals from 0 different sites . first recorded in .


the island trevally , island jack , thicklip trevally , or false bluefin trevally , carangoides orthogrammus , is a widespread species of offshore marine fish classified in the jack family carangidae .

the island trevally is common through the tropical regions of the indian and pacific oceans , ranging from mozambique and the seychelles in the west to hawaii and the revillagigedo islands in the central and eastern pacific .

the species is almost completely absent from the continental shelves , instead inhabiting offshore islands , where it is found in lagoons and on reef systems .

it is a moderately large fish , growing to a maximum recorded length of 75 cm and 6.6 kg in weight , and is distinguishable by its angular snout and yellow spots , as well as more detailed anatomical features .

the island trevally often moves in small schools , preying on a variety of small fishes and crustaceans .

it is of moderate importance to fisheries throughout its range , often taken by trawls , hook-and-line , and various inshore netting methods , and is sold fresh or salted at market .

island trevally

it is quite common to wrongly id the island trevally as something else as it is also known as the island jack , thicklip trevally , yellow spot trevally and false bluefin trevally .
. christmas island : christmas island natural history association 2 edn , 284 pp .
island trevally has a scientific name of carangoides orthogrammus . like the yellow spotted trevally , it holds yellow spots on its body . it is also called thicklip trevally
carangoides orthogrammus ( d . s . jordan & c . h . gilbert , 1882 ) ( island trevally )
the island trevally can be seen moving in small schools and willingly takes fast retrieved flies and lures . like all trevally species , they live up to their reputation and fight hard .
habitat description : the fleshy lips of the island trevally are a distinguishig feature . adults are pelagic and are abundant around oceanic islands .
to as the ' brassy trevally ' , ' tea - leaf trevally ' or ' green back trevally ' in reference to its colouration , while ' papuan trevally ' is used in reference to the specific epithet .
the island trevally ( carangoides orthogrammus ) is a fish that closely resembles our local demudok , orange spotted trevally . i had a tough time identifying that earlier as both have orange spots on their bodies .
and numerous indian ocean and east pacific island groups . the species is known from as far south as
kenton quist , a member of a fishing party , with a giant trevally on christmas island . the fish eat whatever they can catch and reach 120 pounds or more .
figure 8 : tiger shark foraging on fledging blackfoot albatross at east island , french frigate shoals . photo a . rivera .
the common name preferred by most authorities is ' bigeye trevally ' , ' bigeye kingfish ' , ' bigeye crevalle jack ' or bigeye jack ' , with other names used including ' great trevally ' , ' six - banded trevally ' and ' dusky jack ' .
the island trevally is grows to a maximum recorded length of 75 cm and 6 . 6 kg in weight ( source ) , and is distinguishable by its angular snout and yellow spots , as well as more detailed anatomical features .
silver trevally are also a popular target species of recreational fishers off south - eastern australia .
* investigate the biology , ecology and fishery for samson fish with emphasis on the sports fishery targeting deep water spawning aggregations west of rottnest island .
carangoides praeustus ( anonymous [ e . t . bennett ] , 1830 ) ( brownback trevally )
silver trevally can be found in western atlantic , eastern atlantic and indo - pacific waters . silver trevally occurs in bays and shallow continental shelf waters and often in areas of reef and rough bottom .
, j . terborgh and j . a . estes , eds . , pp . 71–90 , island press , washington , dc , usa , 2010 .
j . e . randall , p . s . lobel , and e . h . chave , “annotated checklist of the fishes of johnston island , ”
. nothing is known of its reproductive cycle . the brassy trevally is not of great importance to commercial
there has been one documented hybrid involving the bigeye trevally , a cross between c . sexfasciatus and c . melampygus ( bluefin trevally ) , taken from the waters of kane ' ohe bay , hawaii .
also known as blue trevally , island jack , false bluefin trevally , socorro jack , thicklip jack , thicklip trevally , trevallies , yellowspot trevally , yellow - spotted jack , yellow - spotted trevally . found singly , pairs or in small schools over sandy channels , lagoons , river basins and seaward reefs or out in the open sea close to oceanic islands . they feed on small crustaceans . length - 70cm depth - 3 - 160m widespread eastern central pacific , indo - pacific jacks are fast swimming fish that can roam over great distances . the larger fish hunt other fish and the smaller fish eat zooplankton . in turn they are hunted by large tuna and dolphins .
cape cuvier , western australia , north to ashmore and cartier islands in the timor sea , and the northern great barrier reef , queensland , to jervis bay , with stragglers south to montague island , new south wales ; also christmas island , cocos ( keeling ) islands , reefs in the corals sea , and norfolk island and the lord howe island region in the tasman sea . elsewhere the species is widespread in the tropical , indo - west - central pacific . individuals or small schools inhabit coral and rocky reefs , especially around oceanic islands , preferring sandy areas in lagoons , deeper seaward reefs and sandy beaches ; also enters coastal bays and sandy estuaries .
with a row of widely spaced conical teeth on the lower jaw . the brassy trevally has 26 to 30
citation :
island trevally , carangoides orthogrammus ~ marinebio . org .
marinebio conservation society . web . accessed monday , july 9 , 2018 . < urltoken > . last update : 1 / 14 / 2013 2 : 22 : 00 pm ~ contributor ( s ) : marinebio
knaggs , b . ( 2008 ) . knaggs , b . , ed .
12 rounds with trevally
.
figure 2 . giant trevally are captured at night using pole & line , and fishing depths of 30 - 100m .
the area west of rottnest island where the samson fish aggregate appears to be an important aggregating site for other fish including mulloway , grey - banded cod , trevally and snapper . little is known about the aggregations of these species , although they are increasingly vulnerable to fishing pressure as recreational fishing effort expands offshore .
figure 3 . acoustically - tagged trevally range in size from 70 - 150cm total length ( 6 - 34 kg ) .
the giant trevally movement data obtained in this study will be used to shape management strategies for this important food and game fish .
figure 4 : ( a ) color dimorphism in giant trevally from school at rapture reef . ( b ) giant trevally school at rapture reef ( ffs atoll ) , may 23 2006 . photographs reproduced by permission of jill zamzow . from meyer et al . [ 49 ] .
c . g . meyer , k . n . holland , and y . p . papastamatiou , “seasonal and diel movements of giant trevally
the commonwealth catch of silver trevally is managed by quota , meaning that the catch of this fish by commercial fishers is restricted by weight .
, was described by an unknown author before the other species and genera were erected . the species of the genus are often referred to as jacks or trevallies , and sometimes more specifically as ' island jacks ' . the name
it was the promise of bonefish that initially lured anglers to christmas island , an isolated coral atoll some 1 , 200 miles south of honolulu , part of the island nation of kiribati . since the early 1980s , the atoll’s vast interior lagoon , a mix of sand and coral flats interspersed with deep cuts that usher tidal water to and fro , has been renowned as one of the world’s most prolific and reliable sites for the sleek , finicky sport fish . in the course of stalking bonefish , anglers discovered giant trevally , sometimes in hot pursuit of the bonefish they attempted to play to hand .
as a non - fish - eater , i was taken aback when peter kairaoi , the lead guide for christmas island outfitters , took a healthy bite from a dead and rather pungent milkfish he was shredding and tossing into the water for chum . but my gag reflex was pre - empted by a burst of adrenaline as kairaoi interrupted his sashimi snack to yell , “trevally ! ”
the yellowspotted trevally is a large fish , growing to at least 1 . 2 m in length and reaching a recorded maximum weight of 18 kg .
the thicklip trevally has scattered dark spots and a few larger yellow spots on the body . it occurs in tropical marine waters of the indo - pacific .
we are using an array of underwater listening receivers to study the long - term movements of giant trevally and answer key management questions , such as how far they range and what are their typical patterns of movement . this technology has already provided unprecedented insight into the scale and patterns of giant trevally movements in the remote north west hawaiian islands ( papahanaumokuakea marine national monument ) . giant trevally at remote nwhi atolls are site - attached to home ranges where they swim back and forth daily between separate day and night habitats . during the full moons in summer , giant trevally migrate up to 30km to reach traditional spawning grounds where they form large aggregations . we are now using this system to determine whether giant trevally show similar patterns of behavior in the main hawaiian islands ( mhi ) .
as kofe and john tossed chunks of milkfish into the water , great frigatebirds hovered just above them , occasionally plucking a morsel from the surface . giant trevally materialized in less than 10 minutes , two fish at the point of the island , a gang of four in the shallows in front of the channel . they moved deliberately in search of food , churning the water , swirling at our flies .
chumming proved most productive for my group , though it was not until the fifth day of fishing that our flies found purchase . after capturing a brace of milkfish in a seine net , the guides moana kofe and t . john anchored our cat on a small coral island and positioned four anglers opposite a channel . darkening hues of turquoise hinted at the deepening water before us — the domain of trevally .
the bigeye trevally is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of both the indian and pacific oceans . in the indian ocean , it ranges from south africa and madagascar in the west , along the east african coastline up to both the red sea and persian gulf . its range extends east along india , south east asia , indonesia and many offshore indian ocean islands . the range extends north to japan and south to australia in this central indo - pacific region . in the pacific ocean , the bigeye trevally inhabits most of the tropical island groups including hawaii ,
the bigeye trevally , caranx sexfasciatus ( also known as the bigeye jack , great trevally , six - banded trevally and dusky jack ) , is a species of widespread large marine fish classified in the jack family carangidae . the bigeye trevally is distributed throughout the tropical waters of the indian and pacific oceans , ranging from south africa in the west to california and ecuador in the east , including australia to the south and japan in the north . the bigeye trevally is best distinguished by its colouration , having a dark second dorsal fin with a white tip on the lobe , and also possessing a small dark spot on the operculum . other more detailed anatomical features also set the species apart from other members of caranx . the species is known to grow to a length of 120 cm and 18 kg .
reproduction : silver trevally reach reproductive maturity at 2‑4 years of age . spawning occurs over an extended period from spring to autumn , in both estuaries and deeper waters . silver trevally are serial spawners , with multiple batches of eggs being released over the spawning season . females produce 50 000 - 200 000 eggs per spawning season .
thicklip trevally , carangoides orthogrammus , in the solitary islands , new south wales . source : rick stuart - smith / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution
1 hawaii institute of marine biology , university of hawaii at manoa , p . o . box 1346 , coconut island , kaneohe , hi 96744 , usa 2 department of zoology , edmonson hall , university of hawaii at manoa , honolulu , hi 96822 , usa
there are three ways that fly anglers can pursue giant trevally on christmas island . they can establish a post on a flat adjacent to channels with a healthy current and then chum , waiting for the fish parts to draw in other baitfish that will ( they hope ) in turn lure in the g . t . ’s ; they can slowly cruise the edges of the flats in one of the island’s motorized catamarans , scanning for g . t . ’s that can then be stalked on foot ; or they can pursue bonefish on the flats while carrying a 12 - weight rod in their pack and switch rods if they happen upon ambushing g . t . ’s ( easier said than done ) .
red sea , indo - west pacific : east africa , seychelles , madagascar and mascarenes east to palau and vanuatu , north to ryukyu islands , south to western australia at 30°30 ' s , south solitary island ( new south wales ) , australia , new caledonia and tonga .
giant trevally , or g . t . ’s for short , are the largest of the 33 species of trevally that swim in the pacific and indian oceans . silver - shaded with prominently forked tails , they are easily distinguished from other trevally species by their steep head profile . they will prey on anything they can catch and squeeze into their capacious mouths : mullet , juvenile milkfish , even bonefish . generally found in deeper water , they will sweep onto the flats — often in groups of three , four or five — in pursuit of prey . giant trevally can reach weights of 120 pounds and more , though anglers are more likely to encounter specimens in the 10 - to 50 - pound range . many are thankful for that .
to date we have captured 18 giant trevally off the kona ( west ) coast of hawaii island and surgically implanted them with small acoustic transmitters . we are monitoring their movements with the west hawaii listening array consisting of 37 underwater receivers deployed along 109km of coastline . these receivers identify and record the presence of any acoustic transmitters within range ( up to 250 m ) . the receivers have a battery life of approximately 15 months and are being downloaded at 3 - 6 month intervals .
as its name suggests , the brassy trevally is a brassy to yellow greenish colour dorsally , becoming silvery white on the underside . juveniles generally lack the brassy tinge , being silver all over .
a current investigation of the biology of trevally and mulloway in the perth region by murdoch university will also be enhanced by additional information about the aggregating characteristics of these species in adjacent oceanic waters .
the thicklip trevally occurs in tropical marine waters of the indo - pacific . in australia it is known from south - western western australia around the tropical north and south to the central coast of new south wales .
habitat : silver trevally are a schooling species that inhabits estuarine and coastal waters . they can be found at depths of 10‑230 metres . adult trevally inhabit inshore reefs and occur over open grounds of sand or gravel , or in large bays and inlets . juveniles usually inhabit estuaries , bays and shallow continental shelf waters . older fish sometimes school near the surface in deeper waters over the continental shelf , which may be associated with spawning .
top predators in the pmnm consume a wide variety of prey including invertebrates , fishes , marine mammals , turtles , and sea birds . giant trevally are the most abundant predator in the pmnm , and diet studies suggest their foraging activities significantly impact lower trophic levels [ 24 ] . their diet is dominated by reef fishes and invertebrates , including octopus and adult lobsters , but also includes pelagic species such as squid and mackerel scad ( decapterus macarellus ) . overall diet indicates giant trevally forage primarily in shallow - water reef habitats but also feed in open water [ 24 , 73 ] . their diet contains a large amount of nocturnally active prey indicating a significant amount of nighttime feeding by this species [ 24 ] . dietary overlap between giant and bluefin trevally ( another abundant reef - associated jack ) is moderate , with shallow - water reef fishes and small crustaceans , respectively , making larger and smaller contributions to bluefin trevally diet [ 24 ] . a low incidence of nocturnally active prey items and the absence of pelagic species suggest bluefin trevally are primarily diurnal foragers in shallow - water reef habitats . differences in foraging strategies and the ability of large adult giant trevally to feed on larger prey ( e . g . , adult lobsters ) may reduce niche overlap between these two sympatric species [ 24 , 73 ] .
meyer , cg & rr honebrink ( 2005 ) transintestinal expulsion of surgically implanted dummy transmitters by bluefin trevally—implications for long - term movement studies . transactions of the american fisheries society 134 ( 3 ) : 602 - 606 .
allen , g . r . , hoese , d . f . , paxton , j . r . , randall , j . e . , russell , b . c . , starck , w . a . , talbot , f . h . & whitley , g . p . 1976 . annotated checklist of the fishes of lord howe island .
c . g . lowe , b . m . wetherbee , and c . g . meyer , “using acoustic telemetry monitoring techniques to quantity movement patterns and site fidelity of sharks and giant trevally around french frigate shoals and midway atoll , ”
though my drag was tightened to maximum tension , the fish peeled my line and backing off as if i were using a toy reel . the fish raced toward the channel at the far end of the island , and i chased after it , dodging under the lines of my fellow anglers in an attempt to keep the leader and fly line high and away from coral heads .
the bigeye trevally is classified within the genus caranx , one of a number of groups known as the jacks or trevallies . caranx itself is part of the larger jack and horse mackerel family carangidae , a group of percoid fishes in the order perciformes .
the thicklip trevally has a compressed body with a row of scutes on the caudal peduncle . it is silver to blue - grey with scattered dark spots and a few larger yellow spots on the body . the dorsal , anal and caudal fins are blue .
before the fishing slowed , i flipped my streamer , a concoction of long white chicken feathers , to the edge of a group of circling trevally . a leviathan that kofe estimated near 60 pounds charged out of the depths , seizing the fly on the run .
in commonwealth waters , silver trevally are predominantly caught in waters at a depth of 50 - 120 metres in the commonwealth trawl sector of the southern and eastern scalefish and shark fishery . very small incidental catches can also occur in the great australian bight trawl sector .
description : silver trevally have moderately elongate and compressed bodies . the upper body is bluish silver , with yellowish silver sides and a silver belly . there is a small black blotch on the operculum ( the hard bony flap covering the gills ) . silver trevally have two dorsal fins , a deeply forked tail fin , and two small detached spines in front of the anal fin . juveniles and sub - adults usually have a yellow mid - lateral stripe and a faint yellow stripe along the bases of the dorsal and anal fins .
figure 2 . horizontal ( left ) and vertical ( right ) movements of a giant trevally captured outside kealakekua bay . daytime and nighttime movements are indicated in yellow and black respectively . this tracks was obtained after the fish had been at liberty for 74 days after initial capture and tagging .
giant trevally grow slightly faster and reach a larger maximum size than the closely related bluefin trevally ( figure 8 ) , but the latter reproduce at an earlier age and smaller size [ 24 ] ( table 1 ) . based on the von bertalanffy growth coefficient ( ) , giant and bluefin trevally attain 95 % of their theoretical maximum sizes at 31 and 15 years , respectively , but these are likely only minimum estimates as maximum observed ages were 9 and 6 years ( table 1 , figure 9 ) . bluefin trevally are highly fecund ( > 4 million mature ova in the ovary of a 6 . 5 kg female ) , with an exponential increase in the number of eggs produced with size [ 24 ] . spawning activity peaks for both giant and bluefin trevally between may and august [ 24 ] . age , growth , and reproductive data are not available for other common teleost predators in the pmnm , but green jobfish in the mhi reach sexual maturity between 0 . 45–0 . 5 m fork length ( fl ) ( table 1 ) and have a protracted spawning season between may and october [ 26 ] . green jobfish on the great barrier reef ( gbr ) reach maximum ages of 16 years and a theoretical maximum size of 0 . 7 m fl [ 27 ] ( table 1 ) . size of sexual maturity for green jobfish on the gbr was not determined , but all sampled fishes were mature at 0 . 3 m fl .
the bigeye trevally ' s edibility is said to range from fair to very good , with frying , steaming , grilling and even use in soup popular in some south east asian countries . filipinos are said to consider the fish of high quality , especially fish taken from the volcanic lake taal , which are said to have a delicate flavour due to the lake ' s sulphur content . apart from fishing , the species is popular with scuba divers which often photograph the huge schools that mill around reefs during the day . bigeye trevally have also been held in large saltwater aquaria , however require large tank volumes to survive .
a pale brassy to bluish - green trevally becoming silvery on the sides and below , with several prominent elliptical yellow to brassy spots ( often with dusky centres ) scattered on the midside , and pale brownish to bright blue dorsal , anal and caudal fins . adults have 6 - 7 faint greyish bars on the upper side .
the specimen was initially thought to be a bigeye trevally , however a lack of the black opercular spot , light coloured scutes and a smaller than normal eye led to the specimen being examined in more detail . dna analysis confirmed a hybrid between c . sexfasciatus and c . melampygus , which has been difficult to explain due to the two species vastly different lifestyles and spawning characteristics .
the bigeye trevally reaches sexual maturity at a length of around 42 cm , with both males and females reaching maturity at a similar length and age . spawning is known to occur between july and september in the east pacific and in november to march in south africa , indicating variation across the species range . there is also evidence that spawning may occur during new moon periods . fish aggregate in large schools prior to spawning , with pairs breaking off the main aggregation to commence spawning . the pair increase their swimming speed to leave the school , with the fish underneath instantly changing colour to a dark black , with this individual also known to chase off any other individuals that approach the pair . the trevally then press their ventral surfaces together to spawn , often swimming almost horizontally , before returning to the school and changing back to their normal silvery colour .
the bigeye trevally predominantly live in inshore coastal waters , although does occur in pelagic settings far offshore , and around remote islands and seamounts . the species is known to reach depths of around 100 m . it is mostly found over coral and rocky reef complexes as adults , however often moves into more inshore areas in sandy bays and lagoons in small numbers . those that live offshore often live on deeper seamounts or reefs around offshore islands . the species moves with the tide in some regions , entering shallow lagoonal areas as the tide rises , and moving back to the deeper reefs as it retreats . juveniles inhabit more inshore , shallower waters around the coast , often venturing into lagoons , tidal flats , mangrove zones and even estuaries . juvenile bigeye trevally have been reported in rivers from several locations , and are known to penetrate well into the upper reaches of rivers .
the bigeye trevally is also popular with anglers , with the species rated as an excellent gamefish in larger sizes . the species is commonly taken by boat fishermen over reef complexes , however schools often hang around jetties and wharves , allowing for frantic fishing when the fish are on the bite , especially after dusk . the species is also occasionally taken from beaches , but rarely in large quantities . common techniques for catching the fish include bait fishing , which can involve both live or dead bit including fish , squid or various crustaceans , or lure fishing . bigeye trevally are known to accept many lure types including bibbed lures , surface poppers and metal slugs jigged in rapid retrieve from the ocean floor . soft plastic lures are known to take the species , as are saltwater fly patterns . in larger sizes , gear must be robust and well maintained to land the fish .
the bigeye trevally is a fast - swimming predatory species that has had several studies determine its diet in various places throughout its distribution . as mentioned above , the species is mostly inactive during the day , and feeds at dusk and through the night . the large stationary aggregations break off as the fish move off to hunt in small groups or individually . the species predominantly takes small fish as prey , however supplements its diet with a varied array of invertebrates . these include crustaceans such as shrimps , decapods , copepods and stomatopods , cephalopods , gastropods , jellyfish , sponges and even species of open ocean sea - skater insects . bigeye trevally were found to be the primary fish predators of these sea - skates , and took far more of these than any other species of carangid . evidence from south african estuaries indicates there is a shift in the species diet as it grows . young fish below 200 mm in length take mostly the juveniles of other fish species but still have a significant intake of penaeid shrimps , while fish larger than this take small fish nearly exclusively . the larger fish on reefs tend to move between these reefs regularly , which is thought to be due to prey availability . bigeye trevally are also an important prey for larger species , ranging from sharks and larger species of carangid to sea lions and various birds .
the bigeye trevally shows a change in colour as it ages , changing both overall colour and body patterns . juveniles are a silvery yellow to silvery brown in colour , and possess five to six dark vertical bands on their sides , from which the specific epithet sexfasciatus arose . as they mature , the bands fade and become indistinct and the overall colour shifts to a silvery blue above and whitish below . in adults , the bars are completely absent and the dorsal colour is a silvery olive to blue green , fading to silvery white below . in juveniles , the fins are pale grey to yellow with darker edges , becoming darker overall in adulthood , with the anal and caudal fins yellow to black and the second dorsal fin olive to black . the tip of the second dorsal fin has a distinctive white tip . the bigeye trevally also has a small dark opercular spot on the upper margin .
although the effects of predation on lower trophic levels are fairly well documented [ 23 , 84 , 88 , 89 ] , the effects of inter - specific interactions between top predators are less well understood . we do know predatory fishes and sharks may be an important source of interference competition for critically endangered hawaiian monk seals in the pmnm . seal - borne video cameras show giant trevally , bluefin trevally , amberjacks , green jobfish , and reef sharks swimming in close association with monk seals , and competing for prey items flushed from cover by the foraging seals [ 91 ] . however , seals still have their greatest foraging success in the presence of these competitors , suggesting benefits of feeding in prey - rich patches may outweigh costs of interference competition [ 91 ] . new technologies such as hydrophone tags , which record biologically significant sounds and inter - animal interactions [ 72 ] , could further clarify the nature and importance of inter - specific competition between top predators .
after 75 yards , i could go no farther . my rod pulsed as the reel gave up line : 100 , 150 , then 200 yards . for a moment i entertained a vision of my rod shattering under this immense pressure , shards of splintered graphite piercing my carotid artery . i would perish by trevally on this lonely coral isle . there was nothing i could do but hope that the fish would stop and let me regain some line . then there was simply nothing .
to date , our understanding of the ecological role of top predators in coral reef ecosystems is based largely on correlative studies ( e . g . , giant trevally density versus size at sex change of labroids [ 5 , 84 ] ) , but manipulative experiments are required to definitively demonstrate causation . the pmnm provides ideal environments for conducting manipulative experiments without the confounding effects of anthropogenic influences . such experiments would greatly increase our understanding of the specific biological and physical factors driving observed relationships .
the larvae of bigeye trevally have been extensively described , with defining features being a conspicuously pigmented supraoccipital crest , relatively deep body and an anal fin ray count of 15 to 17 , the lowest of any east pacific carangid . there has been little research into the later stages of growth and their rates . juveniles are known to inhabit either inshore habitats such as estuaries , with an influx of these small fish after spawning in south africa , while in other cases juveniles have been found living pelagically around floating objects .
it is predominantly an inshore fish , inhabiting reefs down to depths of around 100 m in both coastal zones and offshore islands , often venturing into estuaries and sandy bays as juveniles . the bigeye trevally is commonly found in large slow moving schools during the day , becoming active at night when it feeds , taking a variety of fish , crustaceans , cephalopods and other invertebrates . the fish is known to move from a more crustacean dominated diet as a juvenile to a nearly completely fish dominated diet as an adult . sexual maturity is reached at 42 cm , with spawning occurring in large aggregations occurring at different periods throughout its range , generally between july and march . the bigeye trevally is of moderate importance to fisheries throughout its range , and being of high importance to some artisanal fisheries . it is taken by gill net , purse seine , hook and line and other artisanal fishing methods . it is rated as a fair to good table fish . the species is also considered a good gamefish , taken by lure , bait and spear throughout its range .
our knowledge of the species composition and abundance of coral reef - associated predators in the pmnm comes from studies utilizing a variety of fishing and visual census sampling methods , which collectively suggest reef habitats in this region are dominated , both numerically and in biomass , by a small number of predator species , especially the giant trevally ( caranx ignobilis ) and the galapagos shark ( carcharhinus galapagensis ) ( figure 2 ) . giant trevally account for 55 % of all top predators counted by divers in the pmnm ( figure 2 ) and comprise 71 % of apex predator biomass ( equivalent to about 39 % of total fish biomass ) in this region [ 1 , 21 ] . galapagos sharks are the most abundant elasmobranch , accounting for 9 . 3 % of all top predators counted during towed - diver surveys and comprising 36 to 53 % of all sharks sampled by towed - diver surveys or longline fishing methods ( figure 2 ) ( see [ 21 , 22 ] , j . dale , unpublished data ) . other relatively abundant top predators on pmnm reefs include tiger sharks ( galeocerdo cuvier ) , grey reef sharks ( carcharhinus amblyrhinchos ) , whitetip reef sharks ( triaenodon obesus ) , green jobfish ( aprion virescens ) , bluefin trevally ( caranx melampygus ) , amberjack ( seriola spp . ) , and the endemic hawaiian grouper ( epinephelus quernus ) ( see [ 1 , 21 – 23 ] , j . dale , unpublished data ) ( figure 2 ) . less abundant predators documented from pmnm coral reefs include several other carcharhinid sharks , hammerhead sharks , and large jacks ( see [ 21 , 22 ] , j . dale , unpublished data ) ( figure 2 ) .
ulua tracked in the mhi exhibited strong diel , lunar and seasonal patterns of movement , similar to those previously documented in the north western hawaiian islands ( nwhi ) . tracked fish were highly site - attached to relatively small ( < 5km in length ) home ranges during the winter months and migrated up to 38 km south along the west hawaii coast during summer . these summer movement patterns are consistent with ulua spawning migrations in the nwhi . active tracking revealed that ulua ranged primarily between depths of 50 and 250 meters . this is below the depth of conventional scuba diving and spearfishing , hence ulua may enjoy a partial ‘refuge - in - depth’ from fishing mortality in the mhi . additional research is required to determine the location of ulua spawning grounds on the west hawaii coast , and to determine whether ulua from all around hawaii island migrate to the same spawning area .
“anyone who has had the opportunity to fish for giant trevally knows that if you get an opportunity at a trophy g . t . — a fish of 50 pounds or better — many things need to go right get the fish to hand , ” said brian gies , co - owner of fly water travel . “more often than not , somewhere in the string of events something goes wrong — a rod breaks , knots give way or coral severs the line — and you’re left standing on the flat , heart and mind racing , knees weak , playing the situation back in your mind . ”
a series of recent electronic tagging studies at pmnm sites suggest individuals of the most abundant species of coral reef top predators are generally site - attached to their “home” island or atoll , but many move extensively within atolls during diel , tidal , lunar , and seasonal migrations [ 36 , 49 , 51 – 53 ] ( figure 3 ) . for example , giant trevally spend most of the year in relatively small ( maximum linear dimension = 5 km ) home ranges , where they exhibit clear diel habitat shifts ( see [ 49 ] , c . meyer , unpublished data ) , but migrate up to 40 km to spawning aggregation sites during summer full moons ( see [ 49 ] , c . meyer , unpublished data ) ( figure 4 ) . green jobfish are also seasonally site attached to core activity areas of up to 12 km in length , and range up to 19 km across atolls [ 51 ] . within their core areas , green jobfish exhibit diel and tidal habitat shifts ( figure 3 ) , with the latter resulting in round trips of up to 24 km in 24 h [ 51 ] . galapagos sharks also appear to be primarily resident at “home” atolls , with adults moving extensively throughout atolls and juveniles exhibiting diel migrations between fore reef and reef flat habitats [ 52 , 53 ] . tiger sharks are the notable exception to the atoll - residency pattern . although some individuals are detected at their home atoll year round , others routinely swim hundreds or thousands of km along the hawaiian chain or out into open ocean [ 49 , 53 – 55 ] ( figure 5 ) .
the bigeye trevally is one of the larger members of caranx , growing to a maximum recorded size of 120 cm in length and 18 . 0 kg in weight . it is similar to most other jacks in having a compressed , oblong body , with the dorsal profile slightly more than the ventral profile , particularly anteriorly . the snout is slightly pointed , and is greater in length than the eye diameter . the dorsal fin is in two distinct sections ; the first consisting of 8 spine and the second of 1 spine and 19 to 22 soft rays . the anal fin consists of 2 anteriorly detached spines followed by 1 spine and 14 to 17 soft rays . the pelvic fins consists of 1 spine and 17 to 18 soft rays , while the caudal fin is strongly forked and the pectoral fin falcate . the species lateral line is moderately arched anteriorly , with 49 to 50 scales in this section , while the straight section contains 0 to 3 scales and 27 to 36 strong scutes . the breast is completely covered in scales . the species has well - developed adipose eyelids , while its dentition consists of an outer row of widely spaced canine teeth and an inner band of villiform teeth in the upper jaw , with a row of widely spaced conical teeth on the lower jaw . the bigeye trevally has 21 to 25 gill rakers and 25 vertebrae .
the pmnm top predator assemblage is characterized by large - bodied , long - lived sharks , and jacks . maximum size reached by adult predators ranges among species from < 1 to > 4 m , and growth rates also vary interspecifically [ 24 , 28 ] . maximum observed age estimates range from 6 years for bluefin trevally [ 24 ] to 22 years for tiger sharks [ 28 ] , with reproductive size reached in 2 to 10 years [ 24 , 28 ] . predatory teleosts reproduce at an earlier age and reach smaller maximum sizes than sharks in the pmnm . the timing of spawning / birthing for top predators is highly seasonal , generally occurring in the spring and summer months [ 24 , 30 , 32 ] .
many sharks and teleosts use well - defined nursery habitats ( e . g . , [ 66 , 67 ] ) , but relatively little is known about juvenile top predator habitat use in the pmnm . among teleosts , young - of - the - year hawaiian grouper inhabit turf algae - dominated deep - bank terraces whereas giant and bluefin trevally recruit to the shoreline edge of protected sandy areas adjacent to reefs [ 68 ] . specific nursery habitats have not yet been identified for any shark species in the pmnm , but fishing surveys capture immature galapagos , tiger and grey reef sharks ( see [ 22 , 30 , 32 ] , j . dale , unpublished data ) , and aggregations of immature galapagos sharks can be seen predictably at several locations within the pmnm ( figure 7 ) .
data from diver transect and towed - diver visual surveys and fishing and tagging studies show that the most common top predators occur throughout all major atoll and bank habitats , but some species exhibit preferences for particular habitat types or locations ( see [ 21 , 23 , 49 , 51 – 53 ] , j . dale , unpublished data ) . indeed , electronic tagging studies show individual predators often utilize multiple different habitats at pmnm atolls , but are detected most frequently in just a few [ 49 , 51 – 53 ] . collectively , these studies suggest large predators in the pmnm , as elsewhere in the central pacific [ 56 ] , are generally most abundant in atoll fore reef habitats and least abundant in shallow ( < 3 m ) lagoon and back reef habitats ( see [ 21 ] , j . dale , unpublished data ) . however , electronic tagging data also indicate many tiger sharks and some galapagos sharks actively seek out shallow habitats around small sandy islets , presumably because of abundant , large prey ( birds , turtles , and seals ) in these locations ( see [ 52 , 53 ] —see also diet section below ) , and core home ranges of some giant trevally individuals are located in these shallow areas [ 49 ] . top predators also select specific habitats for biologically important activities such as spawning . for example , during summer full moons , giant trevally from across ffs congregate in fore reef habitat on the south side of the atoll [ 49 ] ( figure 4 ) . few data are available on vertical movements of top predators in the pmnm but limited satellite tagging in this region has shown both galapagos and tiger sharks primarily use the mixed layer ( < 100 m depth ) and make occasional deeper dives through the thermocline down to 680 m [ 53 ] ( figure 6 ) .
coral reef habitats in the papahānaumokuākea marine national monument ( pmnm ) are characterized by abundant top - level predators such as sharks and jacks . the predator assemblage is dominated both numerically and in biomass by giant trevally ( caranx ignobilis ) and galapagos sharks ( carcharhinus galapagensis ) . a lower diversity of predatory teleosts , particularly groupers and snappers , distinguishes the pmnm from other remote , unfished atolls in the pacific . most coral reef top predators are site attached to a “home” atoll , but move extensively within these atolls . abundances of the most common sharks and jacks are highest in atoll fore reef habitats . top predators within the pmnm forage on a diverse range of prey and exert top - down control over shallow - water reef fish assemblages . ecological models suggest ecosystem processes may be most impacted by top predators through indirect effects of predation . knowledge gaps are identified to guide future studies of top predators in the pmnm .
the wide - ranging behavior of most top predators has important implications for management of these species . large mpas ( i . e . , entire atolls , islands , or banks ) would be required for complete protection of giant trevally , green jobfish , and most shark populations . mpas of this scale would be effective when preservation of entire coral reef ecosystems is the management objective , but unrealistic in populated areas due to resistance from stakeholders [ 96 – 98 ] . in fished areas such as the mhi , alternative strategies need to be evaluated for the management of top predator populations . protecting sites of spawning activity is of particular importance , as large spawning aggregations are highly susceptible to rapid depletion [ 3 ] . the use of conventional fishing restrictions ( e . g . , slot and bag limits and seasonal closures ) in conjunction with small mpa’s aimed specifically at protecting known spawning and nursery habitats may provide an effective alternative to large mpa’s in fished areas .
limitations inherent in single species management plans have generated burgeoning interest in ecosystem - based management [ 94 ] . this approach requires a thorough understanding of ecosystem processes including species composition , abundance , distribution , spatial utilization , and life - history characteristics , as well as trophic relationships among constituent organisms . as one of the few remaining near - pristine coral reef ecosystems [ 1 , 95 ] , the pmnm provides a rare opportunity to study ecosystem function and processes free from human disturbance . top predator studies to date indicate strong top - down control on coral reef fish assemblages in the pmnm . these effects are most clearly evident for giant trevally which structure prey size , distribution , and habitat use , as well as influence reproductive and growth characteristics of prey on shallow - water coral reefs . large sharks are a significant source of predation on endangered species such as the hawaiian monk seal , blackfoot albatross , and green sea turtle ( chelonia mydas ) . removal of top predators would theoretically lead to large - scale trophic cascades suggesting ecosystem processes may be most impacted by predators through indirect effects of predation [ 19 , 90 ] .
the predator - dominated coral reefs of the pmnm [ 1 ] provide a rare opportunity to investigate the impacts of top predators on ecosystem dynamics , and recent empirical studies suggest predation pressure influences size composition , life - history characteristics , distribution , and abundance of prey species [ 84 , 88 , 89 ] . for example , size at sex change and mean body size of protogynous labroids are inversely related to giant trevally densities at pmnm atolls [ 84 ] ( figure 11 ) . intra - atoll distribution and abundance of prey fishes may also be influenced by predation pressure . an inverse relationship between abundances of top predators and small carnivores in barrier and patch reef habitats may result from small - bodied prey utilizing patch reefs ( which have higher densities of shelter holes ) as refuge sites from predation ( see [ 21 , 68 , 88 , 89 ] , j . dale , unpublished data ) . similarly , top predators on low - relief , submerged banks in the pmnm may restrict movements of prey fishes away from sheltering sites , possibly reducing prey foraging and growth rates [ 23 ] . theoretical modeling also suggests significant impacts of top predators on pmnm ecosystem dynamics . for example , models of the french frigate shoals ecosystem predict removal of tiger sharks would cause system - wide changes in abundance of a variety of taxa , including those not preyed upon by tiger sharks [ 90 ] . such results highlight the potential importance of indirect effects of top predators on ecosystem function .
several important caveats limit our understanding of top predator age , growth and reproduction in the pmnm . for example , the few studies available are mostly based on relatively small sample sizes . for age and growth , the periodicity of band formation in otoliths ( teleosts ) or vertebrae ( sharks ) has only been partially validated in two teleost species ( giant and bluefin trevally [ 24 ] ) , and longevity estimates for these predators have never been confirmed . daily growth increment validation was conducted on fishes smaller than the maximum observed sizes , and increment formation in the otoliths of larger individuals may be slower [ 85 ] , leading to underestimates of age and overestimates of growth rate . reproductive traits such as gestation length and reproductive periodicity are only preliminary estimates , and additional data are required to confirm them . additional , similar studies could provide age , growth , and reproductive data for other common species but would require several hundred individuals to be sacrificed . mark recapture studies provide an alternative , nonlethal method for calculating growth , and could also provide much needed population size estimates , but require considerable effort to obtain adequate sample sizes . sexual segregation is prominent for sharks in the pmnm , and in other locations , this phenomenon has been linked to reproductive behavior [ 86 , 87 ] , yet little is known of the specific environmental and behavioral factors driving sexual segregation in the pmnm . identification of spawning and mating sites could provide insight into the habitat requirements for such behaviors , essential information for the design of mpas implemented to protect highly vulnerable seasonal aggregations [ 3 ] .
in many cases , movement data from teleost predators tagged in the pmnm are among the first available for those species , precluding comparisons with other areas . overall , pmnm teleost predators exhibit rhythmic patterns of movement that are broadly similar to , but wider - ranging than , other coral reef fishes ( e . g . , [ 57 ] ) , which has important implications for marine protected area ( mpa ) design ( e . g . , [ 49 , 51 ] ) . recent studies suggest giant trevally movement patterns in the mhi closely resemble those documented in the pmnm ( c . meyer , unpublished data ) , and this species is known to form lunar spawning aggregations at predictable locations in other areas of the pacific [ 58 – 62 ] . little is known about galapagos shark movements in any part of their geographic range , but the few data available suggest broadly similar patterns of site fidelity and vertical movement to those observed in the pmnm . a galapagos shark tagged off bermuda was recaptured 2 , 859 km away off the coast of suriname , but most recaptures ( 12 of 14 ) were within 100 km of the original capture sites [ 63 ] . in the mhi , galapagos shark abundance at cage diving ecotourism sites has clear , annual cycles , indicating seasonal movements to and from this location [ 51 ] . galapagos sharks in hawaii have been captured at depths of 0 to 286 m although most were caught between 30 and 50 m [ 30 ] . tiger shark movements within the pmnm are also similar to those documented elsewhere , showing these sharks occupy large home ranges within which they employ specific localized patterns of movement and habitat use [ 25 , 36 , 54 , 63 ] ( figure 5 ) . seasonal movements may occur at the latitudinal extremes of their distribution [ 64 , 65 ] . active tracking of tiger sharks equipped with acoustic transmitters off oahu , hawai‘i revealed orientation to the bottom in depths < 300 m and to the mixed layer ( 0–80 m ) in deeper waters with occasional brief dives as deep as 335 m [ 54 ] .


sterna is a genus of terns in the bird family laridae .

sterna is derived from old english " stearn " which appears in the poem the seafarer ; a similar word was used to refer to terns by the frisians .

it used to encompass most " white " terns indiscriminately , but mtdna sequence comparisons have recently determined that this arrangement is paraphyletic .

it is now restricted to the typical medium-sized white terns occurring near-globally in coastal regions .

sterna

tracy barbaro marked
sterna paradisaea
as hidden on the
sterna paradisaea
page . reasons to hide : low quality
sterna travel offers guided day tours and northern lights tours from harpa concert hall downtown reykjavík for groups and individuals with guidance in english . sterna travel invites you to come and explore iceland’s beautiful nature on our guided tours .
villa sterna is a wonderfully located , contemporary villa ideally suited to friends holidaying together or families with older children .
sterna travel was established in 2002 . the company name is taken from the latin word “sterna paradiesea” – the arctic tern , a travelling bird . we are a fully registered travel agency and have been a proud recipient of tripadvisor’s certificate of excellence for three consecutive years .
tracy barbaro marked
cute little baby tern
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sterna paradisaea
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reproductive cycle of the pearl oyster pteria sterna ( pteriidae ) in the ojo de liebre lagoon , b . c . s . , mexico
experience the beautiful icelandic natural wonders on sterna travel guided day tours , that have been awarded a 2014 , 2015 & 2016 certificate of excellence at tripadvisor .
based on this patent application , eca group widens its magnetic solutions portfolio with an aerial portable magnetic ranging system called sterna® and consisting in a magnetometer and its digitizer embedded in uav it180 airborne drone ( developed by eca group ) . to perform the mapping in a horizontal plane of the vessel , sterna® overflies the vessel . data are transmitted onboard , detection risk is automatically estimated and degaussing parameters are computed .
if you like the look of sterna but require more room , why not view and book the property next door ? not only does this give you flexibility but you know you ' ll have good neighbours ! located next to aloni .
sterna is a unique solution composed of a magnetometer and its digitizer embedded in uav it180 airborne ( develop by eca - group ) . the magnetic measurement is performed through a high performance algorithm to compensate the sensor’s errors and the drone magnetic influence .
we stayed in vamos and if you didn’t want to drive there choices of where to eat were somewhat limited . we found the taverna sterna tou bloumosifi and liked it so much we eat there 3 times during our week’s stay . the quality of the . . .
the elegant villa sterna was designed with great imagination and meticulous attention to detail by the architect , morris richards , whose vision was to create two environmentally low impact , contemporary villas on the beautiful island he knows so well . along with its sister property , aloni , sterna nestles high on the hillside , surrounded by oak and cypress trees , with outstanding views over the deep blue waters of the ionian sea towards the historic island of ithaca . secluded and peaceful , yet within easy reach of local tavernas , shops and the colourful , bustling town of fiskardo , this lovely house occupies an ideal location from which to explore kefalonia’s spectacular northern coastline .
cleverly designed to highlight the outstanding sea views that reach over the ionian sea towards historic ithaca island , this sleek , contemporary villa is ideally located within easy reach of charming fiskardo village and kefalonia’s unspoilt northern beaches . welcoming and spacious , it has inspired décor and a stunning infinity pool . sterna has all the ingredients for a wonderfully relaxing holiday . read more
we depart early in the morning for the south coast and visit two waterfalls , a beautiful black sand beach at reynisfjara and walk up to the glacier sólheimafjökull .
this golden circle tour is a perfect combo of sightseeing and relaxation in a hot spring natural bath in beautiful landscapes near flúðir .
enjoy a hunt for the northern lights on a deluxe tour on a minibus . for your comfort we bring along warm blankets , hot chocolate and an icelandic pastry .
adventurous snowmobile ride on top of a glacier combined with a visit to mighty waterfalls , seljalandsfoss and skógafoss .
the south coast passport is a popular passport to travel for at least two days along the south coast to enjoy iceland’s most visited tourist attractions . the passport is valid for a return trip from reykjavík to the glacier lagoon and back again to reykjavík . you can hop on and off the bus at any bus stop in between you choose . the bus stops at towns , small villages and interesting sites such as hveragerði , hella , seljalandsfoss , skógar , skaftafell just to name few exciting destinations .
the highland hikers passport is ideal for those that plan to hike the laugavegur trail , 3 - 5 - days between landmannalaugar and þórsmörk , or 1 - 2 - day hike via fimmvörðuháls mountain pass from skógar to þórsmörk . option to combine the two trails into one long hike . hikers get the transfer with our scheduled bus from reykjavik to the beginning of the hike and back from the end - point .
this page was last edited on 9 december 2017 , at 22 : 44 .
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nilotica , peculiar to egypt ; its beak is black , head grey and pointed , the eye surrounded by white spots , the back , wings , and tail of a greyish colour , the belly and throat white , and claws red .
biological has revealed positive results from the secure study , a phase 2a trial in patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis treated with the company ' s gata - 3 specific dnazyme formulation , sb012 , it was reported yesterday .
with 0 + 0 , 1 + 1 , and 1 + 1 chaetae , respectively .
ha sido objeto de diversos estudios que describen su biologia y ecologia , logrando avances significativos en el desarrollo de tecnicas eficientes de cultivo extensivo y produccion de perlas cultivadas tipo
mabe
y perlas redondas , especificamente aplicadas en el area de la bahia de la paz , b .
imbricate ; sternum iv with apical margin weakly concave medially ; apical margin of sternum v with deep u - shaped apical emargination ; sternum vi as in c .
living in the ojo de liebre lagoon was analyzed from february 2001 to february 2002 .
star , dam of hardy eustace , had to be put down last year when in foal to accordion , after she broke her hock .
has been promoted to milwaukee north district manager , with responsibility for 19 wisconsin stores .
all content on this website , including dictionary , thesaurus , literature , geography , and other reference data is for informational purposes only . this information should not be considered complete , up to date , and is not intended to be used in place of a visit , consultation , or advice of a legal , medical , or any other professional .
the villa’s smooth marble floors are cool underfoot , tall glass walls make the most of the glorious views , while angular pillars and beams cast patterns of shade on the whitewashed exterior walls and spacious patios . from the inviting main pool , shimmering turquoise water channels , bridged by glass walkways , follow the villa’s linear contours . shady courtyards with vivid pink bougainvillea - clad walls and fragrant shrubs provide a welcome retreat from the heat of the sun , the perfect spot for a leisurely lunch or a refreshing drink .
a small corridor leads off the open plan living area up to three comfortable , air - conditioned en suite bedrooms , each with either a bath or wet room shower , beautifully decorated in modern , monochromatic tones . the lounge , dining area and kitchen occupy a vast , open - plan space , with sophisticated leather seating and impressive contemporary paintings providing a splash of colour . a television and dvd / cd players are on hand for those relaxing evenings in .
sleek alno units continue the contemporary styling in the fully equipped kitchen where preparing delicious meals as you chat over a glass of wine is a real pleasure . when you feel like dining out , it’s just a five minute drive to the charming port of fiskardo , with its graceful venetian architecture , brightly painted fishing boats and luxury yachts . take your pick from one of the delightful harbourside restaurants here or try one of the traditional greek tavernas in the nearby villages .
only two kilometres from the villa you’ll find foki bay , a picturesque pebble beach fringed by cypress and olive trees , while dozens more stunningly beautiful coves can be explored by car or hired boat , the crystal clear waters providing excellent snorkelling and diving opportunities .
style rectangle style private pool access ladder depth 1 . 05m - 1 . 85m dimensions 8 . 50m x 6 . 00m
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at our souvenir shop we offer a great selection of icelandic quality products , such as traditional souvenirs , warm cloting , scarves and gloves that you can buy before or after your tour .
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these simulators offer realistic training environments at both individual and unit level . providing operational flexibility , eca group systems can be networked and used in combined training scenarios . eca group simulation significantly improves operator and crew skills and capabilities , and eliminates the risk to personnel and equipment , thus providing invaluable training at reduced costs .
eca group’s innovative training simulation solutions are mission specific and individually designed to meet the exacting needs of the customer . from concept to delivery eca group offers a range of solutions from individual trainers to complete turnkey training simulation facilities .
in the training simulation ( aerospace ) domain , eca group offers a full range of solutions , answering . . .
eca group is constantly oriented toward using the most cutting edge technologies . . .
eca group is engaged in the design and manufacture of road simulators . as a pioneer in the simulation . . .
meet eca group at pacific 2017 on its booth 3n10 on the french pavillion , to discover . . .
eca group will display on its booth c501 , at madex korea in busan ( october 24 - 27th 2017 ) its solutions . . .
meet eca group on its booth 63 , on the french pavillion at sitdef , from may 18th to 21th 2017 , in peruvian . . .
meet eca group at imds 2017 exhibition , taking place in st petersbourg from june 28th to july 2nd 2017 , . . .
at the occasion of laad 2017 , eca group will be presenting its range of integrated unmanned systems for . . .
meet eca group during imdex 2017 held in singapore at the changi exhibition centre , from may 16th to . . .
eca group , a subsidiary of gorgé group , has announced € 7 million contract from a defence ministry . . .
meet eca group at lima 2017 exhibition , from march 21st to 25th , in langkawi and discover its offer for . . .
eca group won a € 7 million worth contract with a ministry of defense in asia to supply degaussing . . .
eca group will supply an asian customer with degaussing and magnetic ranging systems within the framwork . . .
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very nice terrace with a friednly staff , highly recommended place to visit . good quality of products and not expensive prices . hope you will enjoy it just as we did .
my wife and i were staying in plaka , decided to go and get lost in the hills and found this amazing jewel of a taverna ! ! fresh tuna steak grilled over charcoal embers , home made moussaka , simple dishes cooked excellently . this is a place for . . .
we ate here on the recommendation of our hotel . the staff were friendly and the food was good . we had the courgette flowers and stuffed vegetables which were delicious .
have had three meals here and will return again before we leave vamos the salads are large enough to share and beautiful with fresh greens and other goodies depending on which one you order the bread is hearty and freshly baked , superb olive oil and . . .
decided to visit again because we are based nearby and have always liked the food . when they got the tv it put me off as i really dont like it in restaurants , but thankfully it was just greek music and wasnt too obtrusive . the food . . .
some unusual cretan dishes but all served with great friendliness and charm . the ambiance is wonderful , even in the day , when you can image the bohemians gathering to drink coffee and reki and put the world to rights . we loved it .
first impressions were quite good with our order being taken reasonably promptly and some of the items being brought to the table not long after . the greek salad was nice except for the hard toasted lumps of bread ( of which there were too many ) ' padding ' . . .
i had two breakfasts and one dinner at this restaurant . the yogurt was wonderful , and when i added berry preserves and local honey , increase the best yogurt i ' ve ever had .
where the locals eat during winter , that ' s the place where you can taste the most authentic traditional dishes . lunch at the old tavern try not to miss . every dish tastes heavenly . this year we moved to crete for ever and that ' s already my most favourite . . .
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really lovely friendly and helpful staff . good wine and reasonable prices . nice gift shop . amazing . . .
very friendly family run business . nice welcome , no pushy sales , time to relax and enjoy . the small . . .
really lovely friendly and helpful staff . good wine and reasonable prices . nice gift shop . amazing views .
very friendly family run business . nice welcome , no pushy sales , time to relax and enjoy . the small museum is well worth the visit and the family are happy to answer any questions regarding any aspect of the museum , however you are left free to view . . .
we stopped off here as we was driving back from latchi . the museum is nit worth bothering with , though children might like it . as we went in we received a very warm welcome , by one of the sons who explained we was welcome . . .
we arrived at the winery and were welcomed by the owner . he explained procedure and led us through to the small but interesting museum . we were permitted to access the cave store where their wines are stored in a cool natural cave . then came the . . .
great little winery , family run , very hospitable and friendly . small is beautiful , no body placed you under pressure to purchase goods , there is a small museum and cellar , which you can walk around freely to enjoy , this was followed by wine tasting , good explanation of . . .
visited this winery for the second time , this time with other members of the family . what a great little place it is . great wine tasting with bread , olives and olive oil . after our wine tasting the owner brought us out fresh fruit that he had . . .
lovely family owned winery just a very short drive from kathikas town centre . the winery’s owner showed us around , very friendly and welcoming man . make sure to check out the cellar and the small attached museum . lovely spot to sit in the sun and enjoy . . .
lovely family run vineyard . quaint little museum with great old photos on the walls showing how it used to be and a tiny little wine cave to visit . the best bit is trying 8 ( if i remember right ! ) of their wines in a . . .
lovely drive to this winery . we were welcomed warming even though they were busy with a wine tasting in progress . we were directed to the museum which was a little disappointing , just as picture above & nothing else . we were then direct to the cave . . .
the winery is close to kathikas on the stroumpi to kathikas road , it ' s well signposted once in the area .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .
urban , e . k . , c . h . fry & s . keith ( 1986 ) . the birds of africa , volume ii . academic press , london .
scientists aim to describe a single ' tree of life ' that reflects the evolutionary relationships of living things . however , evolutionary relationships are a matter of ongoing discovery , and there are different opinions about how living things should be grouped and named . eol reflects these differences by supporting several different scientific ' classifications ' . some species have been named more than once . such duplicates are listed under synonyms . eol also provides support for common names which may vary across regions as well as languages .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
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egevang et al . note that the routes used for both the southbound and northbound migrations showed a high level of congruence with parts of those taken by manx shearwater ( puffinus puffinus ) and cory’s shearwater ( calonectris diomedea ) , which also winter in the south atlantic ( although considerably farther north than the arctic tern ) . thus , despite their small size , arctic terns apparently exploit the prevailing global wind systems ( clockwise in the north , and counter - clockwise in the south atlantic ) much as the substantially larger shearwaters do , as has been previously suggested . these new geotracking studies found that the main wintering region was the marginal ice zone around antarctica , which agrees with at - sea observations . the mean duration of the northbound migration was about 40 days ( range 36 to 46 ) . mean duration of the southbound migration was about 93 days ( range 69 to 103 ) . ( egevang et al . 2010 )
perhaps most striking , the tracked birds were found to travel nearly twice the total distance generally cited for the annual arctic tern migration ( typically quoted as ~ 40 , 000 km ) . given that arctic terns can live for more than 30 years , the total distance traveled in a lifetime may exceed 2 . 4 million km , equivalent to approximately three round - trip journeys to the moon . ( egevang et al . 2010 )
biokids is sponsored in part by the interagency education research initiative . it is a partnership of the university of michigan school of education , university of michigan museum of zoology , and the detroit public schools . this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation under grant drl - 0628151 . copyright © 2002 - 2018 , the regents of the university of michigan . all rights reserved .
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british ornithologists ' union checklist ( 7th edition , incl . jan 2009 suppl . ) :
howard and moore 4th edition ( incl . corrigenda vol . 1 - 2 ) :
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the zenaida doves ( zenaida ) make up a small genus of american doves .

there are 7 species : white-winged dove , zenaida asiatica west peruvian dove , zenaida meloda zenaida dove , zenaida aurita galápagos dove , zenaida galapagoensis eared dove , zenaida auriculata mourning dove , zenaida macroura socorro dove , zenaida graysoni ( extinct in the wild ) dna sequence analysis confirms that the white-winged and west peruvian doves are the most distinct and that they should be treated as good species .

relationships among the other species are quite unequivocal too ; what is not quite clear is whether the galapagos dove is most closely related to the zenaida dove ( as tentatively indicated by morphology ) or to the eared and mourning doves ( as suggested by dna sequences — although with a very low confidence level – and , most robustly , biogeography ) .

the name of this genus commemorates zénaïde laetitia julie bonaparte , wife of the french ornithologist charles lucien bonaparte and niece of napoleon bonaparte .

zenaida doves

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the female zenaida dove is duller and paler than the male , with a greyer back and a smaller iridescent neck patch . juveniles resemble the adult female , but lack the iridescent neck patch and have buffy edges to the back and wing feathers ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . three subspecies of zenaida dove are generally recognised : zenaida aurita aurita , zenaida aurita salvadorii and zenaida aurita zenaida . the subspecies zenaida aurita zenaida is darker , with bluish - grey rather than white tips to the tail feathers , while zenaida aurita salvadorii is more greyish or olive - brown above , with only a slight reddish tinge , and the tips of its outer tail feathers are greyish - white ( 2 ) .
there are no known specific conservation measures currently in place for the zenaida dove .
when audubon explored florida in the 1830s , he apparently found zenaida doves nesting on the florida keys . today the species is only a very rare visitor to florida from the islands of the caribbean . like its relatives , the mourning and white - winged doves , it usually feeds on the ground in brushy or semi - open areas .
mourning doves fly fast on powerful wingbeats , sometimes making sudden ascents , descents , and dodges , their pointed tails stretching behind them .
like other pigeons and doves , the zenaida dove is likely to feed its newly hatched chicks on an unusual secretion from the adult’s crop . known as ‘ crop milk ’ , this substance is rich in energy and nutrients and enables the young zenaida doves to grow rapidly . it is later supplemented with seeds ( 7 ) . both adults care for the chicks ( 7 ) , which fledge at 13 to 15 days old ( 2 ) . the zenaida dove may be able to breed for the first time at just under a year old , and each pair may produce up to four broods a year ( 2 ) .
you can see mourning doves nearly anywhere except the deep woods . look for them in fields or patches of bare ground , or on overhead perches like telephone wires .
the zenaida dove is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
there are not known to be any major threats to the zenaida dove at present , despite the fact that it is widely taken as a game bird and is subject to intense hunting pressure ( 2 ) . the subspecies zenaida aurita zenaida has been lost from the florida keys ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , but the reasons for this are unclear .
mourning doves often match their open - country surroundings . they’re delicate brown to buffy - tan overall , with black spots on the wings and black - bordered white tips to the tail feathers .
animals’ ability to adjust their behaviour when environmental conditions change can increase their likelihood of survival . although such behavioural flexibility is regularly observed in the field , it has proven difficult to systematically quantify and predict inter - individual differences in free - living animals . we presented 24 zenaida doves ( zenaida aurita ) on 12 territories with two learning tests in their natural habitat in barbados . the dove pairs showed high site fidelity and territoriality , allowing us to test individuals repeatedly while accounting for the effects of territorial chases and pair bonds on our learning measures . we used a foraging apparatus that enabled zenaida doves to access seed , yet excluded other species , and measured doves’ performance on colour discrimination and reversal learning tests . we found that ( 1 ) doves on all 12 territories passed the two tests ; ( 2 ) mates within a pair were consistently solvers or scroungers ; ( 3 ) sex , body condition and territorial chases did not consistently affect learning rates ; ( 4 ) tameness was a significant negative predictor of learning to feed from the foraging apparatus and ( 5 ) scrounging within pairs seemed to facilitate learning . our study presents a method to quantify intraspecific differences in behavioural flexibility in the field and relate these to individuals’ physical and social traits .
▶ mates within zenaida dove pairs are consistently producers or scroungers . ▶ scrounging within pairs facilitates learning to feed from a novel apparatus . ▶ tamer doves are significantly slower to learn to feed from the apparatus . ▶ reversal learning tests can be successfully conducted in the field . ▶ sex , body condition and territorial chases do not affect learning rates .
plump - bodied and long - tailed , with short legs , small bill , and a head that looks particularly small in comparison to the body . the long , pointed tail is unique among north american doves .
the zenaida dove is found in the caribbean and on the northern coast of the yucatán peninsula , mexico ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 6 ) . the subspecies zenaida aurita aurita occurs in the lesser antilles , from anguilla to grenada , while zenaida aurita salvadorii occurs in the yucatán peninsula and on the nearby islands of cozumel , holbox and mujeres . zenaida aurita zenaida is found from the bahamas , cuba , the cayman islands and jamaica to hispaniola , puerto rico and the u . s . and british virgin islands ( 2 ) . it also formerly occurred in the florida keys , in the usa , but is now extinct there ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .
the zenaida dove sings with a gentle , mournful - sounding cooing , described as ‘ coo - oo , coo , coo , coo ’ or ‘ hoo’ooo - oo oo - ooo ’ ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . its song resembles that of the closely related mourning dove ( zenaida macroura ) , but is usually slightly more curtailed ( 3 ) . the zenaida dove can also be distinguished from the mourning dove by its shorter , less pointed tail , proportionately larger legs and feet , and by the white in its wings ( 2 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
although it often nests and roosts in trees , the zenaida dove typically forages , and sometimes also nests , on the ground ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . this species is usually seen alone or in pairs , but may occasionally form small flocks ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . the diet of the zenaida dove includes a range of fruits and seeds , and it has also been recorded feeding on earthworms , ants and flies . in addition , the zenaida dove sometimes eats salt from soil deposits or livestock mineral blocks , probably to increase its intake of sodium ( 2 ) .
the zenaida dove is widespread and its population appears to be increasing ( 6 ) . this species has benefitted from agricultural practices that have cleared the original vegetation within its range , and it also occurs in cities ( 2 ) .
usually found in lowland and coastal areas , the zenaida dove inhabits open woodland , forest edge , clearings , scrub thickets and shrubby areas , cultivated fields , gardens and mangroves ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) . it generally avoids dense forest ( 3 ) .
found throughout the caribbean , the zenaida dove ( zenaida aurita ) is a rather stocky dove species with a low , mournful call ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . its plumage is largely reddish - to greyish - brown above and lighter pinkish - brown below , with a more cinnamon head and a greyish hindneck ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . there is an iridescent purple patch on the side of the neck , and two dark violet - blue streaks on the side of the face , which appear black from a distance ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . the wings of the zenaida dove bear black spots , and the outer secondary feathers have white tips . its tail is fairly rounded , with a black band near the end and white tips to the outer tail feathers ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . the beak is black and the legs and feet are red ( 2 ) .
the breeding season of the zenaida dove varies with location , ranging from march to december in dominica and may to august in the virgin islands , to year - round in puerto rico ( 2 ) . the nest may be built in a tree or shrub , or placed on the ground on islands with few or no predators ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . two white eggs are usually laid ( 2 ) ( 3 ) , and are incubated for 13 to 15 days ( 2 ) .
very similar to mourning dove , but faster and with the first note less modulated .
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crop the crop is an expanded , muscular pouch near the throat . it is a part of the digestive tract , and is used to temporarily store food . crop milk a liquid secreted from the lining of the crop ( a muscular pouch near the throat ) of adult pigeons , which is fed to the young by regurgitation . incubate to keep eggs warm so that development is possible . secondary feathers the shorter flight feathers projecting along the inner edge of a bird’s wing . subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1997 ) handbook of the birds of the world . volume 4 : sandgrouse to cuckoos . lynx edicions , barcelona .
bond , j . ( 1993 ) birds of the west indies . houghton mifflin harcourt , boston , massachusetts .
howell , s . n . g . and webb , s . ( 1995 ) a guide to the birds of mexico and northern central america . oxford university press , oxford .
raffaele , h . , wiley , j . , garrido , o . , keith , a . and raffaele , j . ( 2003 ) birds of the west indies . princeton university press , new jersey .
perrins , c . ( 2009 ) the encyclopedia of birds . oxford university press , oxford .
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gray above with large black spots on the wing coverts and pale peach - colored below , with a long , thin tail . note the thin , black bill and pinkish legs .
in flight shows a long , fan - shaped tail with large white tips . its wings make a distinctive high - pitched whistle in flight .
characteristic
mourning
call is made by puffing up the throat but without opening the bill .
juveniles look similar to adults , but with small white tips to most of the upperparts feathers , and white markings in the face .
shows a black mark on the side of the neck that can be hidden , depending on the angle .
note small , round head , straight , thin bill , and long , pointed tail with white edge . often found in backyards and neighborhoods .
often occurs in flocks , sometimes quite large , and perches prominently in a variety of habitats .
nest is a flimsy pile of twigs or needles arranged on a flat surface such as a tree branch , gutter , railing—or cactus .
typically feeds on the ground , in the open , and usually in small groups . often comes to platform feeders and to seed scattered on the ground .
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