asthenini is a tribe of geometer moths under subfamily larentiinae .

the tribe has been combined with eupitheciini in the past , most notably by holloway in his work ' the moths of borneo ' .

asthenini

the asthenini ( geometridae , larentiinae ) are reviewed at the generic level . critical examination of the composition of the tribe has led to the recognition of 18 genera , with the species ‘
figures 5 – 10 . heads in stamnodini , eudulini asthenini and trichopterygini . 5 , stamnodini ( callipia sp . ) ( bolivia ) ; 6 , stamnodini ( stamnodes danilovi erschov ) ( touva ) ; 7 , asthenini ( discoloxia blomeri ( curtis ) ) ; 8 , rheumapterini ( spargania luctuata denis & schiffermüller . ) ; 9 , chesiadini ( aplocera columbata ( mentzer ) ) ( crimea ) ; 10 , trichopterygini ( rhopalodes lecorrei viidalepp ) , antenna ( fr . guiana ) .
xue , d . & scoble , m . j . ( 2002 ) a review of the genera associated with the tribe asthenini ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) . bulletin of the natural history museum london ( entomology ) , 71 ( 1 ) , 77–133 . urltoken
xue , d . & scoble , m . j . ( 2002 ) a review of the genera associated with the tribe asthenini ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) . bulletin of the natural history museum london ( entomology ) , 71 ( 1 ) , 77–133 . urltoken
warren unplaced . species are listed under all of the genera identified as asthenini ; their broad distribution is noted ; and remarks on peculiarities are noted . seven other genera that have been associated with the tribe are also considered , and reasons for the exclusion are given . a lectotype is designated for the non - asthenine species
ty - jour ti - a review of the genera associated with the tribe asthenini ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) t2 - bulletin of the natural history museum . vl - 71 ur - urltoken pb - intercept . cy - andover : py - 2002 sp - 77 ep - 133 sn - 0968 - 0454 au - xue , dayong au - scoble , malcolm j er -
figures 53 – 57 , male and female genitalia of chesiadini and asthenini . 53 , female genitalia of lithostege usgentaria christoph ( turkmenistan ) ; 54 , male genitalia and the last sternite and tergite of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 55 , female genitalia of poecilasthena sp . ( tasmania ) ; 56 , male genitalia of nomenia duodecimlineata ( u . s . a . ) ; 57 , male genitalia of “ gen , sp . 7591 ” ( paraguay ) .
@ article { bhlpart76407 , title = { a review of the genera associated with the tribe asthenini ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) } , journal = { bulletin of the natural history museum . } , volume = { 71 } , copyright = { public domain . the bhl considers that this work is no longer under copyright protection . } , url = urltoken publisher = { andover : intercept . } , author = { xue , dayong and scoble , malcolm j } , year = { 2002 } , pages = { 77 - - 133 } , }
figures 22 – 30 . male and female genitalia of trichopterygini and asthenini . 22 , male genitalia of epilobophora sabinata ( geyer ) ( alps ) ; 23 , female genitalia of oulobophora internata ( pügler ) ( turkey ) ; 24 , female genitalia of episauris kiliani rebel ( madeira ) ; 25 , male genitalia of tatosoma tipulata ( walker ) ( new zealand ) ; 26 , male genitalia of episauris kiliani rebel ; 27 , male genitalia of heterophleps triguttata herrich – schäffer ( u . s . a . ) ; 28 , male genitalia of nomenia duodecimlimeata packard ( usa ) ; 29 , female genitalia of nyctobia limitaria ( walker ) ( u . s . a . ) ; 30 , male genitalia of triptiloides fissa ( felder & rogenhofer ) ( chile ) .
( incertae sedis ) ( incertae sedis ) grp . 2 ( incertae sedis ) grp . 3 abrostolini acontiini actinotiini amphipyrini anacampsini anagogini anerastiini angeronini anomini anomologini apameini archipini arctiini argyractini argyriini argyrogrammatini arzamini asthenini attacini azelinini bactrini baptini bistonini blastobasini boarmiini caberini cabniini calpini campaeini caradrinini cassymini catocalini chelariini chiloini ( = unplaced ) cochylini condicini cosymbiini crambini dichogamini dicranurini dilophonotini dypterygiini elachistini elaphriini enarmoniini endotheniini ennomini eriopygini euclidiini eucosmini eudulini eulini eupitheciini galleriini gastropachini gelechiini glottulini gnorimoschemini grapholitini habrosynini hadenini haimbachiini hemileucini hemitheini hilarographini holcocerini holocerinae hydriomenini lasiocampini leucaniini leuconyctini lithinini lithosiini litini lobophorini lymantriini macariini macroglossini macrothyatirini megarthridiini melanolophiini melipotini melittiini nacophorini nemoriini nepticulini noctuini notodontini nymphulini oecophorini olethreutini operophterini ophiusini orgyiini orthosiini osminiini ourapterygini panopodini paranthrenini pennisetiini peoriini phlogophorini phosphilini phycitini platyptiliini plusiini poaphilini prodeniini psaphidini pseudeustrotiini pterophorini pyralini pyraustini sarrothripini scoliopterygini scopulini smerinthini sparganothini sphacelodini sphingini spilomelini stamnodini sterrhini stiriini synanthedonini synchlorini thermesiini tholerini timandrini tirathabini tortricini trifurculini xanthorhoini xylenini [ acrolepiini ] [ acrolophini ] [ adelini ] [ amphisbatini ] [ antequerini ] [ argyresthiini ] [ attevini ] [ batrachedrini ] [ bucculatrigini ] [ choreutini ] [ chrysaugini ] [ chrysopeleiini ] [ coleophorini ] [ cosmopterigini ] [ cossini ] [ cossulini ] [ depressariini ] [ dichomeridini ] [ epipaschiini ] [ eriocraniini ] [ ethmiini ] [ evergestini ] [ galacticini ] [ glaphyriini ] [ glyphidocerini ] [ glyphipterigini ] [ gracillariini ] [ heliozelini ] [ hepialini ] [ hieroxestini ] [ hypoptini ] [ incurvariini ] [ lithocolletini ] [ lyonetiidae - unplaced ] [ lyonetiini ] [ meessiini ] [ micropterigini ] [ momphini ] [ nemapogonini ] [ oiketicini ] [ opostegini ] [ phyllocnistini ] [ plutellini ] [ prodoxini ] [ psychini ] [ scardiini ] [ schoenobiini ] [ schreckensteiniini ] [ scopariini ] [ scythridini ] [ stenomatini ] [ symmocini ] [ tineidae - unplaced ] [ tineini ] [ tischeriini ] [ urodini ] [ yponomeutinae ]
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schmidt , olga 2016 . larval food plants of australian larentiinae ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) - a review of available data . biodiversity data journal , vol . 4 , issue . , p . e7938 .
schmidt , olga 2015 . list of primary types of the larentiine moth species ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) described from indonesia - a starting point for biodiversity assessment of the subfamily in the region . biodiversity data journal , vol . 3 , issue . , p . e5447 .
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viidalepp , jaan , 2011 , a morphological review of tribes in larentiinae ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) , zootaxa 3136 , pp . 1 - 44 : 16 - 17
the tribe was established ( as astheninae ) by warren ( 1893 ) , characterized according to genitalia by pierce ( 1914 ) and recently revised by xue and scoble ( 2002 ) . pierce described its characters as follows : valva in male with sacculus projecting long ; female bursa copulatrix with a long , evenly spined signum ; uncus weak and attached to dorsal side of anus tube , whereas ventral side of the tube bears a sclerotized subscaphium .
, noted that labides are not entirely similar in these tribes by the absence in asthenines of the branch from basal costal projection of valva towards juxta . the absence of saccular projection of valva is stressed by pierce as another characteristic of
according to : the presence of labides , “springing from the points of union of the transtilla with the costa , there may arise two long arms , each bearing a soft hairy pad , and united together by a thin membrane” . forbes ( 1948 ) found the chaetosemata of
as follows : the spinneret is much longer than the labial palpi ; the thoracic claws are almost straight , and the angle of the notch acute .
xue and scoble ( 2002 ) diagnosed the asthenine as follows : uncus distal projection either absent or vestigial ; uncus fused to the anal tube ; the authors reject the idea of homology of asthenine and eupitheciine labides , and suppose that the build of signum in female ( consisting of thin spines radiating from the central area ) is the best characteristic for the tribe .
) ; colliculum flattened and re - folded in female at least in boreal genera ; bursa copulatrix finely spiculose .
share the presence of long projections from the base of costa , which are not not connected to the juxta ( fig . 56
figures 48 – 52 , male and female genitalia of eupitheciini and perizonini . 48 , male genitalia , coremata hair pencils and sternite a 8 of eupithecia cauchiata ( duponchel ) ; 49 , male genitalian armature of eupithecia absinthiata ( clerck ) ; 50 , male genitalian armature of perizoma sp . ; 51 , female genitalia of eupithecia abbreviata stephens ; 52 , male genitalia of psaliodes sp . ( bolivia ) .
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corresponding author : olga schmidt ( ed . nwm . msz @ tdimhcs . aglo ) .
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the indonesian geometrid moth fauna is rich and diverse , yet it is poorly studied . this is particularly the case for the second largest geometrid subfamily larentiinae which comprises moths with predominantly high mountainous distribution in the tropics . the present study provides a first inventory of the primary type specimens of larentiine moth species ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) described from indonesia .
the list of species described from indonesia is arranged alphabetically by the tribe , genus , and species , and presents data on 251 species and subspecies . for each species type status , type locality , depository , and a full reference to the original description are listed . synonyms with indonesian type localities are included . the study indicates a large part of the indonesian geometrid fauna belong to the tribe eupitheciini .
larentiinae are the second most species - rich geometrid subfamily after ennominae , with 6 , 230 described species ( scoble and hausmann 2007 ) and numerous undescribed species . the present study aims to create an inventory of larentiine species ( lepidoptera , geometridae ) with indonesian type localities , providing original references . a special emphasis on primary types excludes inaccuracies caused by incorrect identification , and the list provides a starting point for an assessment of the biodiversity of the subfamily larentiinae in indonesia .
the name of the original genus is given in parentheses after the name of the valid genus . the status of the type is noted . citations of references for each species are given under
nomenclature
. the altitude is presented as in the original description . valid species , valid subspecies and synonyms with indonesian type localities are included .
distribution
embraces the type locality only .
type status : holotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 5f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , bonthain , 3000 - 7000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , about 139° e , 5000 - 7000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : holotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : zmmu
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 6f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : many ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
the species is described from india , khasia hills and indonesia , celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] . the species is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : rbins
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : holotype . occurrence : sex : unknown ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . tompoe , 2700 ft .
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , tjamba , near maros , 1500 ft .
type locality : java ( east ) , tengger , kletak , 6000 ft .
type status : holotype . occurrence : sex : f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . rangkoenau , 1800 ft .
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . tompoe , 2700 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : oum
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , 5000 - 7000 ft .
type locality : [ moluccas ] , buru , wa ' katin , 1675 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 11m , 11f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthain , 5000 - 7000 ft .
type locality : sw celebes [ sulawesi ] , g . lampobattang , parang - bobo goa , 5000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 19 , mostly females ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ west papua ] , snow mts , upper setekwa river , 2000 - 3000 ft .
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , koelawi , paloe , 3700 ft .
type locality : sw celebes [ sulawesi ] , pangean near maros , 2000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 5f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram ( central ) [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ west papua ] , mount goliath , 5000 - 7000 ft .
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , g . rangkoenau , 900 ft .
the species is described as subspecies of g . mesophoena celebensis . the species g . celebensis is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )
type locality : [ moluccas ] , buru , leksula - kakal , 2800 - 3700 ft .
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , g . lampobattang , parang - bobo goa , 5000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : oum
type locality : malaysia , borneo , sarawak . type locality of synonym : java ( east )
the species is described from malaysia , borneo , sarawak and deposited in oum . the synonym g . ( chloroclystis ) semivinosa warren 1896 ) is described from java ( east ) and deposited in nhm
type locality : java ( east ) , tengger , singolangoe , 5000 ft .
the species g . nepotalis is described as subspecies of g . latipennis prout ( 1958 ) and illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )
type locality : malaysia , borneo . type locality of synonym : lesser sunda islands , lombok
the species is described from malaysia , borneo and deposited in oum . the synonym m . ( megatheca ? ) ampla ( warren , 1899 ) is described from lesser sunda islands , lombok
type locality : [ moluccas ] , seram ( central ) , manusela , 6000 ft .
type locality : malaysia , borneo . type locality of synonym : kalimantan , pulo laut
the species is described from malaysia , borneo and deposited in oum . the synonym p . ( eupithecia ) conferta ( swinhoe , 1902 ) is described from kalimantan , pulo laut . the species p . obliterata is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
pseudopolinesia ( pomasia ) hebe synonyms : p . interrupta , p . phanoides , p . praelustris
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , mt kebea , 3000 ft . type localities of synonyms : [ west papua ] , oetakwa river , celebes [ sulawesi ] , menado , [ moluccas ] , buru , gamoe , mrapat , 5000 ft .
the species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , mt kebea , 3000 ft . three synonyms p . interrupta ( prout 1916 ) p . phanoides ( debauche 1941 ) and p . praelustris ( prout 1933 ) are described from [ west papua ] , oetakwa river , from celebes [ sulawesi ] , menado and from [ moluccas ] , buru , gamoe , mrapat , 5000 ft .
type locality : british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . type locality of synonym : java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar
the species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . the synonym p . ( chloroclystis ) pallidivirens pullivirens ( prout , 1935 ) is described from java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : m , f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela , 6000 ft .
type locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , 5000 - 7000 ft . , ca 139° longit .
the species z . baliensis prout ( 1958 ) is described as subspecies of z . xylinaria walker ( 1863 ) . the synonym z . xylinaria florensis prout ( 1958 ) is described from lesser sunda islands , flores ( south )
ziridava ( ziridava ) xylinaria synonyms : z . xylinaria subaequata , z . subrubida
type locality : malaysia , borneo , sarawak . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela and celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthian , indrulaman , 2300 ft .
the species is described from malaysia , borneo , sarawak , deposited in oum and illustrated in holloway ( 1997 ) . two synonyms z . xylinaria subaequata prout ( 1929 ) and z . subrubida warren ( 1897 ) are described from [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela and celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthian , indrulaman , 2300 ft .
the synonym p . multiplicata erebenna prout ( 1935 ) is described from java ( east ) , mt moenggal , 9000 ft . and bromo to caldeira
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nbc
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : many , m , f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ west papua ] , weyland mountains , mt kunupi , 6000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : sumatra ( west ) , sungei kumbang , korintji district , 4500 ft .
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , loda , 4000 ft .
type locality : celebes ( south - west ) [ sulawesi ] , pangean , near maros , 2000 ft .
type locality : [ west papua ] , arfak mts , angi lakes , 6000 ft . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela
the species is described from [ west papua ] , arfak mts , angi lakes , 6000 ft . the synonym h . ( phthonoloba ) hypelaina ( prout , 1929 ) is described from [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 6f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4m , 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , gunong lampobattang , parang - bobo goa , 5000 ft .
type locality : [ moluccas ] , buru , gamoe mrapat , 5000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nbc
type locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 3000 ft .
type locality : [ west papua ] , snow mts , near oetakwa river , up to 3500 ft .
type locality : [ west papua ] , arfak mts , angi lakes , 6000 ft .
type locality : [ moluccas ] , buru ( central ) , mrapat , 5000 ft .
type locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 2500 - 3000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhrs
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 3m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes [ sulawesi ] , paloe , gunong rangkoenau , 1800 ft .
type locality : british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , batjan
the species is described from british new guinea [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . the synonym g . subpilosa warren ( 1904 ) is described from [ moluccas ] , batjan
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 7m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] ( central ) , manusela , 6000 ft . and 3000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes ( south - west ) [ sulawesi ] , tjamba , near maros , 1500 ft .
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , gunong tompoe , 2700 ft .
type status : holotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : zsm , m . sommerer coll .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4m , 4f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : celebes ( south ) [ sulawesi ] , bonthian , 5000 - 7000 ft .
type locality : sumatra ( west ) , sungei kumbang , korintji , 4500 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
the species is originally described as subspecies ( ab . ) of x . ludifica warren ( 1898 )
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : sumatra ( west ) , korintji , 7300 ft . , sungei kumbang , 10 , 000 ft .
type locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , carstensz peak , 5000 - 10 , 000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 11m , 19f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , 4000 - 6000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : unknown ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : india , darjeeling . type locality of synonym : [ java ( east ) ] , nongkodjadjar
the species a . pictaria is described from india , darjeeling . the synonym a . pictaria flavifascia prout ( 1935 ) is described from [ java ( east ) ] , nongkodjadjar and singolangoe . the species a . pictaria is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )
type locality : india , nilgiri district , s slopes , 3000 ft . type locality of synonym : java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar
the species is described from india , nilgiri district , s slopes , 3000 ft . the synonym a . pulchella interposita prout ( 1935 ) is described from java ( east ) , nongkodjadjar
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 1m , 3f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 5m , 1f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 2m , 4f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 13m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : malaysia , borneo . type localities of synonym : borneo , nr kalimantan , pulo laut
the species is described from malaysia , borneo . the synonym e . metriopis ( meyrick , 1897 ) is described from borneo and nr kalimantan , pulo laut . the species e . plumbacea is illustrated in holloway ( 1997 )
type locality : lesser sunda islands , sambawa [ sumbawa ] , tambora , 2500 - 4000 ft .
type status : syntype . occurrence : sex : 4f ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . type locality of synonym : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .
the species is described from [ papua new guinea ] , upper aroa river . the synonym p . subcaesia neutralis ( prout , 1922 ) is described from [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .
the species is described as subspecies of p . ornatipennis ( prout , 1941 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2002 )
type locality : [ west papua ] , mt goliath , about 139° long . , 5000 - 7000 ft .
type locality : [ moluccas ] , ceram [ seram ] , manusela , 6000 ft .
type status : lectotype . occurrence : sex : m ; record level : ownerinstitutioncode : nhm
type locality : west irian [ west papua ] , wandammen mts , 3000 - 4000 ft .
type locality : [ papua new guinea ] , angabunga river . type locality of synonym : [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 2500 - 3000 ft .
the species is described from [ papua new guinea ] , angabunga river . the synonym s . viriditincta ( rothschild , 1916 ) is described from [ west papua ] , snow mountains , utakwa [ oetakwa ] river , 2500 - 3000 ft .
type locality : celebes ( west ) [ sulawesi ] , paloe , sidaonta , 4500 ft .
the species is described as subspecies of v . sordidata ( moore , 1888 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2006a ) , schmidt ( 2009 )
the species is described as subspecies of v . sordidata ( moore , 1888 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2006a ) . lectotype has been designated ( schmidt 2006a )
type locality : lesser sunda islands , tambora , sambawa [ sumbawa ] , 2500 - 4000 ft .
the species is described as subspecies of v . sordidata ( moore , 1888 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2006a ) , schmidt ( 2009 ) . lectotype has been designated ( schmidt 2006a )
the species is described as subspecies of v . vinosa ( warren , 1907 ) and illustrated in schmidt ( 2013 )
many aberrant specimens were reported from indonesia . for example , warren ( 1898 ) described a form ( ab . incognita ) of xanthorhoe ludifica and later ( warren 1899a ) described a form ( ab . atrifasciata ) of photoscotosia multiplicata . later prout ( 1939 ) , prout ( 1940 ) , prout ( 1941 ) named forms of dysstroma cuneifera ( ab . integrata ) , d . ceprona ( ab . russata and ab . rufescens ) , horisme steretica ( ab . restituta ) , papuarisme contaminata ( warren , 1906 ) ( ab . semipleta ) , xanthorhoe callisthenes ( ab . albifusa ) and x . ludifica ( ab . incognita ) , and described a form of the subspecies ardonis filicata mochleutes ( ab . epacta ) and a form of calluga grammophora ( ab . completa ) ( prout 1958 ) . although the names of these aberrations are not available nomenclatorially , they may indicate hidden richness of the indonesian geometrid moth fauna and their existence underpins the necessity of further studies .
ptychotheca pallidivirens should be transferred to the genus bosara ( see holloway 1997 ) .
prout ( 1941 ) mentioned “ desmoclystia prouti sick , sp . n . ” , without description of the type locality , among other species described from west papua ( mt goliath ) . the type of d . prouti without abdomen , as cited in the original description , has never been re - examined .
scoble ( 1999 ) lists eupithecia aspectabilis inoue ( 1996 ) as described from indonesia ( maluku [ moluccas ] : aru ) . however , the type locality of the species is aru in pahalgam - kolohoi in kashmir , with an altitude of 2800m .
barlow h . s . , woiwod i . p . seasonality and diversity of macrolepidoptera in two lowland sites in dumoga - bone national park , sulawesi utara . in : knight w . j . , holloway j . d . , editors .
beck j . , rüdlinger c . m . currently available data on borneo geometrid moths do not provide evidence for a pleistocene rainforest refugium .
bethune - baker g . t . descriptions of new species of lepidoptera from africa and the east .
gressitt j . l . , szent - ivany j . j . h . bibliography of new guinea entomology .
illustrations of typical specimens heterocera in the collection of the british museum . part viii : the lepidopteraheterocera of the nilgiri district .
taylor & francis ; london : 1891 . 144 + 4 pp . , 8 pls .
holloway j . d . the moths of borneo : family geometridae , subfamilies sterrhinae and larentiinae .
inoue h . twenty - four new species , one new subspecies and two new genera of the geometridae ( lepidoptera ) from east asia .
inoue h . four new species of the genus eupithecia ( geometridae , larentiinae ) from kashmir and pakistan .
moore f . descriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr . w . s . atkinson . heterocera ( continued ) ( pyralidae , crambidae , geometridae , tortricidae , tineidae ) in : hewitson w . c . , moore f . , editors .
descriptions of new indian lepidopterous insects from the collection of the late mr . w . s . atkinson 3 .
asiatic society of bengal , taylor & francis ; calcutta , london : 1888 . 100
prout l . b . new genera and species of indo - australian geometridae .
prout l b . new geometridae from the weyland mountains ( dutch new guinea ) .
prout l . b . resultats scientifiques du voyage aux indes orientales neerlandaises de ll . aa . rr . le prince et la princesse leopold de belgique . lepidoptera . geometridae .
prout l . b . new and little - known bali geometridae in the tring museum .
prout l . b . larentiinae . in : seitz a . , editor .
die gross - schmetterlinge der erde . fauna indo - australica , bd . 12 .
rothschild l . w . on the lepidoptera from the islands of ceram ( seran ) , buru , bali , and misol .
rothschild l . w . lepidoptera collected by the british ornithologists ' union and the wollaston expeditions in the snow mountains , southern dutch new guinea .
schmidt olga . a revision of the genus chaetolopha warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) with a description of parachaetolopha , gen . nov .
schmidt olga . australasian genus scotocyma turner and the recently described species s . sumatrensis schmidt ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae )
scoble m . j . , hausmann a . on - line list of valid and nomenclaturally available names of the geometridae of the world .
snellen p . c . t . lepidoptera van celebes verzameld door mr . m . c . piepers , met aanteekeningenen beschrijving der nieuwe soorten . tweede afdeeling : heterocera .
sutrisno h . moth diversity at sebangau peat swamp and busang river secondary rain forest , central kalimantan .
sutrisno h . moth diversity at gunung halimun - salak national park , west java .
sutrisno h . moth ( insecta : lepidoptera ) diversity in montane gunung patuha protected forest , west java , indonesia .
swinhoe c . new and little known species of drepanulidae , epiplemidae , microniidae and geometridae in the national collection .
vos r . de . the inchworms ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) of papua indonesia .
walker f . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum .
walker f . list of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the british museum . 1121 - 1533
warren w . new species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae in the tring museum .
warren w . new genera and species of drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , uraniidae , and geometridae in the tring museum .
warren w . new genera and species of moths from the old world regions in the tring museum .
warren w . new species and genera of the families thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae , and geometridae from the old - world regions .
warren w . new species and genera of the families drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the old world regions .
warren w . new drepanulidae , thyrididae , epiplemidae , uraniidae , and geometridae from the oriental and palaearctic regions .
warren w . new uraniidae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the oriental and palaearctic regions .
warren w . drepanulidae , uraniidae , and geometridae from the palaearctic and indo - australian regions .
warren w . drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae , epiplemidae and geometridae from the oriental region .
warren w . drepanulidae , thyrididae , uraniidae and geometridae from british new guinea .
in australia , the subfamily larentiinae ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) comprises over 45 genera with about 270 species described so far . however , life histories of the australian larentiine moths have barely been studied .
the current paper presents a list of larval food plants of 51 australian larentiine species based on literature references , data from specimen labels and own observations . some australian habitats are shown . possible relationships among the taxa based on food preference of the larvae are discussed . additionally , a list of australasian larentiine species from the genera occurring in australia and their food plants is presented .
taxonomic affiliation for several species is questionable therefore several names are cited in quotation marks . tribal association is only cited for the first member of the tribe in the section “nomenclature” . in the section “notes” the source of data on the food plants is presented . a list of australian species of larentiinae and their larval food plants is available under “supplementary materials” ( see suppl . material 1 ) . a list of australasian larentiine species from the genera occurring in australia and their food plants is also presented ( see suppl . material 2 ) .
roberts 1979 . however , a newly hatched larva refused to feed on flowers and leaves of geranium sp . ( schmidt , unpubl . data ) .
mcfarland 1979 . larvae of a new zealand species p . schistaria ( walker , 1861 ) feed on leptospermum sp . ( myrtaceae ) ( hudson 1898 ) .
turner 1904 . the plant species is described as phyllanthus ferdinandi . an indian larentiine species , bosara emarginaria ( hampson , 1893 ) is known to feed on breynia sp . ( euphorbiaceae ) ( p . bell , pers . comm . , in : holloway 1997 ) . the species bosara minima was associated with the genera chloroclystis hübner and gymnoscelis mabille . the synonymy with b . refusaria walker needs to be checked ( see holloway 1997 ) .
turner 1904 , mcquillan 1986 , common 1990 , schmidt , unpubl . data . larvae usually feed on the flowers of acacia sp . the foodplant is known as acacia botrycephala .
mcfarland 1979 . larvae feed on flowers and flower buds of various unrelated plants .
mcfarland 1979 , mcquillan 1986 . larvae feed on flowers and flower buds of various unrelated plants .
p . bell , pers . comm . , in : holloway 1997 , tominaga 1998 . bell describes biology of collix ghosha . the foodplant ardisia sp . was in the former myrsinaceae . a south - east asian species c . griseipalpis wileman , 1916 has been reared from allophylus sp . ( sapindaceae ) . a subspecies c . g . phaeochiton prout , 1932 has been reared from ardisia sp . and trigonostemon sp . ( euphorbiaceae ) ( prout 1932 ) .
p . bell , pers . comm . , in : holloway 1997 , tominaga 1998 . bell describes biology of collix ghosha . the foodplant embelia sp . was in the former myrsinaceae .
f . p . dodd , pers . comm . , in : turner 1904 . the larvae of the malaysian species gymnoscelis pseudotibialis holloway , 1997 apparently feed on hevea sp . ( euphorbiaceae ) and mangifera sp . ( anacardiaceae ) ( yunus & ho 1980 , in : holloway 1997 ) .
turner 1904 , common 1990 . larvae feed on the flowers of the foodplant .
schmidt , unpubl . data . larvae feed on the flowers of the foodplant .
common 1990 . larvae occasionally damage the young fruits of apples . three europaean species , p . chloerata ( mabille , 1870 ) , p . debiliata ( hübner , 1817 ) and p . rectangulata ( linnaeus , 1758 ) feed on prunus spp . ( rosaceae ) , vaccinium spp . ( ericaceae ) and malus sp . , pyrus sp . , prunus spp . , crataegus sp . and amelanchier sp . ( rosaceae ) ( mironov 2003 ) . a new zealand species p . urticae ( hudson , 1939 ) feed on urtica ferox ( urticaceae ) .
common 1990 . larvae occasionally damage the young fruits of cherries . p . testulata is known as chloroclystis testulata ( guenée ) .
common 1990 , schmidt , unpubl . data , c . byrne , pers . comm . , 2008 . larvae usually feed on the flowers of acacia sp . the foodplant is known as acacia botrycephala .
common 1990 . larvae usually feed on the flower buds and flowers of acacia .
schmidt , unpubl . data . larvae readily accepted flowers of cosmos sp . from a garden in brisbane .
d . herbison - evans , pers . comm . , 2015 . captured larvae readily accepted the flower petals from rosa sp .
dugdale 1980 . one specimen of the indo - pacific species sauris eupitheciata ( snellen , 1881 ) was reared from the folliage of loranthus sp . ( loranthaceae ) ( holloway 1997 ) , of sauris hirudinata guenée , 1858 from alseodaphne sp . ( lauraceae ) and lagerstroemia sp . ( lythraceae ) ( p . bell , pers . comm . , in : holloway 1997 ) , of sauris interruptata ( moore , 1888 ) on cinnamomum sp . ( lauraceae ) holloway 1997 ) , and of one species occurring on niue island on ficus prolixa ( moraceae ) ( dugdale 1980 ) .
dugdale 1980 , common 1990 . larvae have been reported feeding on the young foliage of litchi sp .
dugdale 1980 , common 1990 . larvae have been reported feeding on the young foliage of toona sp . the foodplant is known as toona australis .
anic label , dugdale 1980 . the species has been reared by i . f . b . common ( anic ) .
hudson 1898 , dugdale 1964 , dugdale 1988 , mcquillan 1999 , mcquillan 2004 . one new zealand species feeds on myrsine sp . and rapanea crassifolia ( myrsinaceae ) ( dugdale 1971 ) .
mcfarland 1979 , mcfarland 1988 , c . byrne , pers . comm . , 2008 .
mcfarland 1979 , mcfarland 1988 . larvae were feeding on introduced weeds in capture .
mcfarland 1979 . larvae readily accepted leaves and buds of anagallis arvensis but refused to feed on plantago . a new zealand species e . rosearia ( doubleday , 1843 ) feeds on nasturtium officinale ( brassicaceae ) ( hudson 1898 ) .
schmidt , unpubl . data . larvae were feeding on primula sp . from a garden in brisbane .
mcfarland ( 1979 ) , schmidt , unpubl . data . captured larvae were reared .
mcquillan ( 2004 ) . one new zealand epyaxa species is known to feed on rumex sp . ( polygonaceae ) and tropaeolum majus ( tropaeolaceae ) ( white 1991 ) .
schmidt ( 2003 ) , schmidt ( 2005 ) , schmidt ( 2006a ) , schmidt ( 2007 ) .
mcfarland ( 1979 ) , mcfarland ( 1988 ) . captured larvae were reared . malaysian xanthorhoe liwagu holloway , 1997 were feeding on brassica sp . ( cruciferae ) and mentha sp . ( labiatae ) ( yunus and ho 1980 , singh 1953 , in : holloway 1997 ) .
common ( 1966 ) , mcfarland ( 1979 ) , schmidt ( 2001 ) .
anic label , schmidt ( 2002 ) . in anic there is a specimen with a label written by i . f . b . common , “larvae eat bracken fern
.
c . byrne , pers . comm . , 2016 . the species is recorded as
euphyia
nr . severata . the collection details are : cape bruny , tasmania , 28 / 10 / 99 , c . byrne .
mcfarland ( 1988 ) . the species cited as “ horisme ” sp . ? has been reared . the specimen apparently represents an undescribed species ( schmidt , unpubl . data ) .
anic label , schmidt ( 2006b ) , schmidt ( 2013 ) . larvae were reared from eggs .
schmidt , unpubl . data . final instar larvae readily accepted the leaves of urtica dioica ( flowers and buds were not offered ) .
( 10 species ) . additionally , food plants of 15 species unplaced to tribe are listed . the larvae are recorded to feed on 36 plant families ( table
) . more than a half of plant species are native to australia . two species , namely
chloroclystis
approximata ,
c .
insigillata , gymnoscelis lophopus , g . derogata , pasiphila testulata , phrissogonus laticostata and sauris malaca are known as minor pests of cultivated plants .
the food plants are recorded for about 20 % of australian species therefore conclusions about food preference are rather preliminary . moreover , the larentiine larvae are often polyphagous , hence the assumptions that taxa are closely related based solely on food preference of the larvae should not be overestimated .
like in the palaearctic region , larvae of australian xanthorhoines are polyphagous , feeding mainly on foliage of flowering plants and herbs . most of the australian larvae accepted plantaginaceae , fabaceae and rubiaceae .
dugdale j . s . insects of campbell island . appendix . lepidoptera : geometridae .
dugdale j . s . entomology of the aucklands and other islands south of new zealand : lepidoptera , excluding non - crambine pyralidae .
dugdale j . s . australian trichopterygini ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) with descriptions of eight new taxa .
dugdale j . s . lepidoptera – annotated catalogue , and keys to family - group taxa .
mcfarland n . some observations on the eggs of moths and certain aspects of first instar larval behaviour .
mcfarland n . annotated list of larval food plant records for 280 species of australian moths .
mcquillan p . b . trans - tasman relationships in the highland moth ( lepidoptera ) fauna . in : barlow b . a . , editor .
mcquillan p . b . program and abstracts : biodiversity in australia 1699 - 1999 and beyond . in : george a . , harvey m . , majer j . , editors .
mcquillan p . b . an overview of the tasmanian geometrid moth fauna ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) and its conservation status .
mcquillan p . b . , edwards e . d . geometridae . in : nielsen e . s . , edwards e . d . , rangsi t . v . , editors .
checklist of the lepidoptera of australia . monographs on australian lepidoptera , vol . 4 .
mcquillan p . b . , taylor r . j . , bereton r . n . , cale p . g . seasonal patterns of activity in geometrid moths ( lepidoptera : geometridae ) from a lowland and highland eucalypt forest in tasmania .
mironov v . larentiinae ii ( perizomini and eupitheciini ) in : hausmann a . , editor .
roberts l . i . n . insects from the cavalli islands . tane .
schmidt o . the australian species of anachloris meyrick ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) : taxonomy , male genitalia musculature and systematic position .
schmidt olga . a revision of the genus chaetolopha warren ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae ) with a description of parachaetolopha , gen . nov .
schmidt o . some results of taxonomic research on larentiine moths from the australasian region .
schmidt o . australasian genus scotocyma turner and the recently described species s . sumatrensis schmidt ( lepidoptera : geometridae : larentiinae )
white e . g . the changing abundance of moths in a tussock grassland , 1962 - 1989 , and 50 - to 70 - year trends .
copyright ©2008 - 2017 key laboratory of zoological and systematics and evolution , chinese academy of sciences add：1 beichen west road , chaoyang district , beijing 100101 , p . r . china
cladistic analysis and taxonomic delimitation of the genus dysschema hübner , 1818 . . .
novel vip3a proteins from bacillus thuringiensis : toxicity and mode of action to i . . .
tarsal morphology of non - cholevine leiodid beetles ( coleoptera , staphylinoidea , le . . .
lepidoptera of the state of são paulo : diversity , distribution , resources , and use . . .
cladistic analysis and taxonomy of the genus dysschema hübner , 1818 ( lepidoptera , . . .
instituto de biologia ( ib ) . universidade estadual de campinas ( unicamp ) . campinas , sp , brazil
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olga schmidt staatliche naturwissenschaftliche sammlungen bayerns , zoologische staatssammlung münchen , münchhausenstraße 21 , 81247 , munich , germany .
the definition of the term ‘socius’ is evaluated . considering several recent publications , in which it was assumed that the socii were generally lacking in the male genitalia of the larentiine moths of the family geometridae , the male genitalic characters of a number of larentiine species representing all the european tribes have been re - examined . the study reveals that the socii are widely present in the european larentiinae . the presence of the socii in larentiinae is reviewed . illustrations of the uncus and socii in the male genitalia of selected species are provided .
abraham , d . , ryrholm , n . , wittzell , h . , holloway , j . d . , scoble , m . j . & löfstedt , c . ( 2001 ) molecular phylogeny of the subfamilies in geometridae ( geometroidea : lepidoptera ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution , 20 , 65–77 . urltoken
beljaev , e . a . ( 2008 ) phylogenetic relationships of the family geometridae and its subfamilies ( lepidoptera ) . meetings in memory of n . a . cholodkovsky , 60 , 1–238 . [ in russian ]
djakonov , a . ( 1954 ) considerations on the terminology of the genitalia in lepidoptera . the lepidopterist’s news , 8 ( 3–4 ) , 67–74 .
gosse , p . h . ( 1883 ) on the clasping organs ancillary to generation in certain groups of the lepidoptera . transactions of the linnean society of london , series 2 ( zoology ) , 2 , 265–345 , 8 pl .
hausmann , a . ( 2001 ) introduction . archierinae , orthostixinae , desmobathrinae , alsophilinae , geometrinae . in : hausmann , a . ( ed . ) , the geometrid moths of europe . vol . 1 . apollo books , stenstrup , pp . 1–282 . urltoken
hausmann , a . ( 2004 ) sterrhinae . in : hausmann , a . ( ed . ) , the geometrid moths of europe . vol . 2 . apollo books , stenstrup , pp . 1–600 .


the crested tit-warbler ( leptopoecile elegans ) is a species of bird in the aegithalidae family .

it is found in china and possibly india .

its natural habitat is boreal forests .

it generally has a red hint to it and a bit of blue on , or near , its wings .

the tail is of an emerald green colour .

its name is often made fun of , though it is a wonderful creature of beauty .

crested tit - warbler

select an image : 1 . crested tit warbler > > female 2 . crested tit warbler > > male 3 . crested tit warbler > > male 4 . crested tit warbler > > female 5 . crested tit warbler > > female 6 . crested tit warbler > > male 7 . crested tit warbler > > male 8 . crested tit warbler > > male 9 . crested tit warbler > > male 10 . crested tit warbler > > adult male 11 . crested tit warbler > > male 12 . crested tit warbler 13 . crested tit warbler > > male 14 . crested tit warbler > > male 15 . crested tit warbler > > male 16 . crested tit warbler > > male 17 . crested tit warbler > > female 18 . crested tit warbler > > female 19 . crested tit warbler > > female 20 . crested tit warbler > > female 21 . crested tit warbler > > male 22 . crested tit warbler > > male 23 . crested tit warbler > > male
nobody uploaded sound recordings for crested tit - warbler ( leptopoecile elegans ) yet .
crested tit - warbler ( leptopoecile elegans ) is a species of bird in the aegithalidae family .
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del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . , fishpool , l . d . c . , boesman , p . and kirwan , g . m . 2016 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 2 : passerines . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
justification : this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
the global population size has not been quantified , but the species is reported to be rather uncommon ( baker 1997 ) . trend justification : the population is suspected to be stable in the absence of evidence for any declines or substantial threats .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22715190a111101926 .
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hbw alive contains information on descriptive notes , voice , habitat , food and feeding , breeding , movements , status and conservation plus a list of bibliographical references for this species account .
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this species has a very large range , and hence does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the range size criterion ( extent of occurrence < 20 , 000 km2 combined with a declining or fluctuating range size , habitat extent / quality , or population size and a small number of locations or severe fragmentation ) . the population trend appears to be stable , and hence the species does not approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population trend criterion ( > 30 % decline over ten years or three generations ) . the population size has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for vulnerable under the population size criterion ( < 10 , 000 mature individuals with a continuing decline estimated to be > 10 % in ten years or three generations , or with a specified population structure ) . for these reasons the species is evaluated as least concern .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : leptopoecile elegans . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
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