zoobotryon verticillatum , commonly known as the spaghetti bryozoan , is a species of colonial bryozoans with a bush-like structure .

it is found in shallow temperate and warm waters in the western atlantic ocean and the caribbean sea and has spread worldwide as a fouling organism .

it is regarded as an invasive species in some countries .

zoobotryon verticillatum

zoobotryon verticillatum is an invasive bryozoan that the team will survey for on sunken aircraft sites .
rapid assessment of the bryozoan , zoobotryon verticillatum ( delle chiaje , 1822 ) in marinas , canary islands .
rapid assessment of the bryozoan , zoobotryon verticillatum ( delle chiaje , 1822 ) in marinas , canary islands . - pubmed - ncbi
eggs of okenia zoobotryon from : marina p . ossokine , june 9 , 2006
zirpolo g . 1933 . zoobotryon verticillatum ( delle chiaje ) . mem . pont . acc . sci . , nuovi lincei , roma 17 : 190 - 441 .
the growth pattern of zoobotryon verticillatum . drawing by j . winston , courtesy of american museum of natural history . used with permission . z . verticillatum colonies . photo by t . smoyer , courtesy of j . winston . close up of z . verticillatum colonies showing some zooids with expanded lophophores . photo by j . winston . used with permission .
embryology : z . verticillatum is a member of the order ctenostomata that broods its embryos .
wirtz p . , canning - clode j . 2009 . the invasive bryozoan zoobotryon verticillatum has arrived at madeira island . aq . inv . 4 : 669 - 670 . urltoken
radula of senegalese okenia zoobotryon from : marina p . ossokine , june 9 , 2006
the obvious zoogeographic anomaly is not a major obstacle because its food bryozoan , the ctenostome zoobotryon verticillatum ( = z . pellucidum ) is a well - known ' tramp ' species , with a worldwide distribution considered to be the result of shipping and perhaps drifting on pieces of brown algae . okenia pellucida , also a feeder on zoobotryon verticillatum , has a wide distribution which is also considered , at least partially , to be the result of the ' unnatural ' distribution of zoobotryon .
coleman f . s . 1999 . note on zoobotryon verticillatum ( bryozoa ) in a solar saltfield . int . j . salt lake res . 8 ( 1 ) : 71 - 74 . urltoken
re : working on okenia zoobotryon from : dr kerry b . clark , may 18 , 1998
description zoobotryon verticillatum is a stoloniferous fouling organism that grows in the form of irregularly - branched translucent colonies which can attain lengths exceeding one meter ( hayes et al . , 2005 ; hill , 2001 ) .
reproduction asexual reproduction , via fragmentation is thought to be an important reproductive strategy for zoobotryon verticillatum . sexual reproduction may occur very infrequently , environmental temperature beeing the major influence on larval production . ( robinson , 2001 )
zoobotryon verticillatum is an invasive bryozoan that the team will survey for on sunken aircraft sites at midway atoll . image courtesy of scott godwin / noaa . download larger version ( jpg , 3 . 3 mb ) .
notes in the galveston bay invasive species risk assessment ( gossett et al . , 2004 ) , zoobotryon verticillatum accumulated the greatest number of points of ‘‘risk criteria” , however , it received the lowest score on the scale of control feasibility . z . verticillatum produces secondary metabolites that prevent its predation , limit settlement of organisms and protect it from viral or bacterial infection . only a few nudibranch species , namely okenia zoobotryon , are known to directly feed upon z . verticillatum ( hill , 2001 ; robinson , 2001 ; winston , 1995 ) .
galil b . s . , gevili r . 2014 . zoobotryon verticillatum ( bryozoa : ctenostomatida : vesiculariidae ) , a new occurrence on the mediterranean coast of israel . mar . biodivers . rec . 7 : e17 . urltoken
habitat : under rocks , in crevices and walls 1 - 2 m deep , where colonies of the bryozoan zoobotryon verticillatum are present . in the western atlantic it is a common species in fouling communities ( clark , 1975 ) .
minchin d . 2012 . rapid assessment of the bryozoan , zoobotryon verticillatum ( delle chiaje , 1822 ) in marinas , canary islands . mar . pollut . bull . 64 ( 10 ) : 2146 - 2150 . urltoken pmid : 22920716
uses because of it’s impressive suspension - feeding , zoobotryon verticillatum is considered to play a key role in maintaining good water quality in the indian river lagoon ( bullivant , 1968 ; hill , 2001 ; robinson 2001 ; winston , 1995 ) .
farrapeira c . m . r . 2011 . the introduction of the bryozoan zoobotryon verticillatum ( delle chiaje , 1822 ) in northeast of brazil : a cause for concern . biol . invasions 13 ( 1 ) : 13 - 16 . urltoken
ferrario j . , marchini a . , lodola a . , et al . 2014 . the pseudoindigenous bryozoan zoobotryon verticillatum along the mediterranean and atlantic european coasts . biol . mar . mediterr . 21 ( 1 ) : 117 - 118 .
ortega m . j . , zubia e . , salva j . 1993 . a new brominated indole - 3 - carbaldehyde from the marine bryozoan zoobotryon verticillatum . j . nat . prod . 56 ( 4 ) : 633 - 636 . urltoken
the non - native bryozoan zoobotryon verticillatum growing on a seawall at midway atoll , papahānaumokuākea marine national monument . alien species like this often get a foothold in a new environment by colonizing human structures that represent “disturbed habitat . ” ( noaa / scott godwin )
habitat description zoobotryon verticillatum is found in temperate and warm waters , fouling on any hard subtidal surface . optimal growth at temperatures above 22 °c ( bullivant , 1967 in winston , 1995 ; elkhorn slough research , 2002 ; fox , 2001 ; hill , 2001 ) .
nutrition zoobotryon verticillatum is a suspension feeder - between 25 , 000 and 344 , 000 l of water day - 1 m - 2 . each individual zooid in a colony has 8 ciliated tentacles that are extended to filter phytoplankton ( bullivant , 1968 ; hill , 2001 ) .
amat j . n . , tempera f . 2009 . zoobotryon verticillatum delle chiaje , 1822 ( bryozoa ) , a new occurrence in the archipelago of the azores ( north - eastern atlantic ) . mar . pollut . bull . 58 ( 5 ) : 761 - 764 . urltoken pmid : 19303606
the non - native bryozoan zoobotryon verticillatum growing on a seawall at midway atoll , papahānaumokuākea marine national monument . alien species like this often get a foothold in a new environment by colonizing human structures that represent “disturbed habitat . ” ( noaa / scott godwin ) | noaa ' s response and restoration blog
ecological studies of marine fouling communities in pearl culture ground . iii . studies on a zoobotryon pellucidum ehrenberg , one of the fouling bryozoans in ago bay
zoobotryon verticillatum is a stoloniferous fouling organism found in many temperate and warm waters around the world , it is commonly found on boat hulls , which may explain its current worldwide distribution . this bryozoan has been recorded as an invasive alien species in many places all over the world , causing ecological and economical damages .
ranzoli f . 1963 . studio quantitativo della sessualità in colonie di zoobothryon verticillatum ( delle chiaje ) . arch . zool . ital . 48 : 227 - 253 .
smallwood , w . m . ( 1913 ) polycerella zoobotryon ( smallwood ) . proceedings of the american academy of arts & sciences , 47 ( 16 ) : 609 - 630 .
a study at the penrice soda products saltfields revealed that a “weed” blocking siphons in the lower salinity end of the fields was a bryozoan , zoobotryon verticillatum ( della chiaje ) . further observations showed that this bryozoan grows from early october to mid june , dying off for 3 months during winter , and that it was commonly found in salinities of up to 56 grams per litre .
geographical range zoobotryon verticillatum has a worldwide distribution , probably due to its primary vector of translocation : hull fouling ( fox , 2001 ) . recorded as an invasive alien species in many places all over the world , such as the united states ( gossett et al . , 2004 ) , australia ( hayes et al . , 2005 ) and seychelles ( ikin and dogley , 2005 ) .
reichert k . b . 1870 . vergleichende anatomische untersuchungen u . ber zoobotryon pellucidus ( ehrenberg ) . buchdruckerei der königlichen akademie der wissenschaften zu berlin , f . du . mmler , berlin , 338 pp .
management information preventative measures : in the galveston bay invasive species risk assessment ( gossett et al . , 2004 ) , zoobotryon verticillatum accumulated the greatest number of points of ‘‘risk criteria” , however , it received the lowest score on the scale of control feasibility . in a study ( hayes et al 2005 ) designed to identify and rank introduced marine species found within australian waters ( potential domestic target species ) and those that are not found within australian waters ( potential international target species ) , z . verticillatum was ranked as a ' low priority species ' - these species have a low impact potential and a low invasion potential relative to the other domestic non - native species identified here .
amathia convoluta amathia distans antropora tincta aplousina gigantea averrillia setigera bugula fulva bugula grayi bugula marcusi bugula microoecia bugula sp . caulibugula pearsei celleporaria albirostris caulibugula sp . celleporaria magnifica celleporaria mordax celleporina hassalli copidozoum tenuirostre cribrilaria radiata crisia elongata crisia sp . floridina antiqua floridina parvicella hippaliosina rostrigera hippoporina contracta membranipora tenuis microporella ciliata microporella umbracula nellia tenella nolella stipata parasmittina nitida parellisina curvirostris phylactella aviculifera reptadeonella hastingsae schizoporella cornuta schizoporella errata schizoporella floridana schizoporella unicornis scrupocellaria regularis scrupocellaria sp . stylopoma informata thalamoporella floridana trypsostega venusta turbicellepora dichotoma unidentified bryozoan zoobotryon verticillatum
the new occurrence of the bryozoan zoobotryon verticillatum della chiaje , 1822 is herein recorded in multiple places throughout azores archipelago . where introduced , this species has caused important ecological and economical damage and therefore is regarded as invasive . in the azores , no detrimental effects have yet been noted . the species is so far restricted to marinas ( horta , faial island ; vila franca do campo , são miguel island ) and a natural coastal pool located near a secondary harbour ( lajes do pico , pico island ) .
minchin , dan liu , ta - kang and cheng , muhan 2016 . first record of bryozoan amathia ( = zoobotryon ) verticillata ( bryozoa : vesiculariidae ) from taiwan . pacific science , vol . 70 , issue . 4 , p . 509 .
general impacts zoobotryon verticillatum can have ecological and economical impacts due to its capacity to expand in an aggressive way ( gossett et al . , 2004 ) : it has been reported to cause the collapse of eelgrass cover when proliferating in summer ( williams , 2007 ) . it can also ( i ) affect navigation when fouling on submerged structures ; ( ii ) cause clogs in industrial seawater pipes ( fox , 2001 ) and ; ( iii ) affect fishing by fouling on fishing gear ( elkhorn slough research , 2002 ) .
biology / ecology feeds on the bryozoan zoobotryon verticillatum in the eastern atlantic basin and mediterranean . in the western atlantic it has been recorded feeding on the bryozoan bowerbankia gracilis ( clark , 1975 ) . egg masses are produced at a very small size ( 3 mm long ) , and they are a short , strap - like cylinder with white eggs packed in different layers . each egg mass contains no more than 100 eggs . free - swimming veligers hatch after 11 days at 15° c ( schmekel and portmann , 1982 ) .
ortea j . , moro l . , espinosa j . 2009 . el género okenia menke , 1830 ( mollusca : nudibranchia ) en las islas canarias con notas sobre okenia zoobotryon ( smallwood , 1910 ) , una especie en controversia permanente . vieraea 37 : 75 - 83 .
irl distribution : z . verticillatum has the greatest biomass of any bryozoan species in the irl , and develops large populations throughout the summer . it is possible that this species , due to its ability to filter particulates from large volumes of water , contributes to the overall health of the irl ecosystem .
a rapid assessment , using the abundance and distribution range method , was used to evaluate the status of a large branching bryozoan , zoobotryon verticillatum attached to the immersed part of marina pontoons in the canary islands . colonies were also found attached to the hulls of leisure craft berthed alongside pontoons at three marinas in lanzarote during 2012 . low levels of abundance and distribution of the bryozoan occurred in marinas with a freshwater influence whereas in a sheltered marina lacking direct freshwater inputs colonies occurred at ∼2 per metre of combined pontoon length . while the occurrence of this bryozoan is recent it may be expected to occur elsewhere in macaronesia most probably spread by leisure craft .
this paper describes 21 ctenostomatous bryozoans from the state of são paulo , brazil , based on specimens observed in vivo . a new family , jebramellidae n . fam . , is erected for a newly described genus and species , jebramella angusta n . gen . et sp . eleven other species are described as new : alcyonidium exiguum n . sp . , alcyonidium pulvinatum n . sp . , alcyonidium torquatum n . sp . , alcyonidium vitreum n . sp . , bowerbankia ernsti n . sp . , bowerbankia evelinae n . sp . , bow - erbankia mobilis n . sp . , nolella elizae n . sp . , panolicella brasiliensis n . sp . , sundanella rosea n . sp . , victorella araceae n . sp . taxonomic and ecological notes are also included for nine previously described species : aeverrillia setigera ( hincks , 1887 ) , alcyonidium hauffi marcus , 1939 , alcyonidium polypylum marcus , 1941 , anguinella palmata van beneden , 1845 , arachnoidella evelinae ( marcus , 1937 ) , bantariella firmata ( marcus , 1938 ) n . comb . , nolella sawayai marcus , 1938 , nolella stipata gosse , 1855 and zoobotryon verticillatum ( delle chiaje , 1822 ) .
bock , p . ; gordon , d . ( 2018 ) . world list of bryozoa .
hayward , p . j . ( 2001 ) . bryozoa , in : costello , m . j . et al . ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , 50 : pp . 325 - 333 ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
gordon , d . p . ; taylor , p . d . ; bigey , f . p . ( 2009 ) . phylum bryozoa : moss animals , sea mats , lace corals . in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . pp . 271 - 297 . [ details ]
winston , j . e . and f . j . maturo jr . 2009 . bryozoans ( ectoprocta ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1147–1164 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m ; press , college station , texas . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
marchini , a . ; ferrario , j . ; sfriso , a . ; occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ( 2015 ) . current status and trends of biological invasions in the lagoon of venice , a hotspot of marine nis introductions in the mediterranean sea . biological invasions . , available online at urltoken [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
editor ' s comment the date of publication of 1828 is widely used for the basionym hydra verticillata . this is the date of publication of the text , and ( p . 203 ) refers to the 1822 publication of the plates ( plate xlvii , figs 1 , 2 ) . the earlier publication is a valid indication of the name . ( d . p . gordon pers . comm . ) [ details ]
introduced species remark in south korea ( nation ) : it was reported as a pest species fouling cultured pearl oysters , pinctada fuca , on the south coast of korea ( je et al . 1988 ) . [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in south korea ( nation ) : its larval period is brief ( hyman 1959 ) ; ship fouling and ballast water ( as fragments of adult colonies ) are the vectors for its introduction . [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in kiribati ( line group ) part of the north pacific ocean ( marine region ) : its larval period is brief ( hyman 1959 ) ; ship fouling and ballast water ( as fragments of adult colonies ) are the vectors for its introduction . [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in portuguese ( madeira ) part of the north atlantic ocean ( marine region ) : its larval period is brief ( hyman 1959 ) ; ship fouling and ballast water ( as fragments of adult colonies ) are the vectors for its introduction . [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in gulf of california ( iho sea area ) : its larval period is brief ( hyman 1959 ) ; ship fouling and ballast water ( as fragments of adult colonies ) are the vectors for its introduction . [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in portuguese ( madeira ) part of the north atlantic ocean ( marine region ) : usually spread by via hull fouling . [ details ]
introduced species vector dispersal in new zealand ( nation ) : its larval period is brief ( hyman 1959 ) ; ship fouling and ballast water ( as fragments of adult colonies ) are the vectors for its introduction . [ details ]
is a common bryozoan in the indian river lagoon ( irl ) , and may have the largest biomass of all irl bryozoa . its colonies are arborescent , with trifurcately branching stolons of approximately 0 . 5 mm in diameter .
are sac - like and arranged along 2 sides in rows . zooids measure approximately 0 . 4 - 0 . 6 mm in height . the lophophore has a diameter of approximately 0 . 320 mm , and bears 8 tentacles . a large gizzard is present . young colonies have transparent stolons . calcium carbonate is absent in exoskeletons of this species .
is widely distributed in warm temperate and tropical waters in the western atlantic and the caribbean .
iii . life history and population biology age , size , lifespan : colonies in the irl can reach 1 meter or more in length within 6 - 8 months ( winston 1995 ) . stolons generally measure 0 . 5 mm in diameter , individual zooids measure 0 . 4 - 0 . 6 mm , and tentacles of individual zooids measure approximately 0 . 3 mm in diameter . in florida , colonies grow well from april through late september . they die back with the onset of decreasing water temperatures in fall , but enough fragments overwinter that new growth begins in spring .
seasonality in the irl plays a major role in the abundance of any bryozoan species . typically , bryozoans are most abundant from october to may .
is highly abundant , and has the greatest biomass of any bryozoan in the irl .
grows best at water temperatures above 22 °c . colonies in the irl tend to die back with the first fall cold fronts that begin to lower lagoon water temperatures .
. however , it is typically found in its greatest abundance where salinity is above 30‰ .
less than 0 . 045 mm in size ( about 1 / 1800 of an inch ) from the water column . bullivant ( 1967 ; 1968 ) showed that the average individual zooid in a colony can clear 8 . 8 ml of water per day . this figure , multiplied by an approximate count of the number of individual zooids in 1 square meter ( m
) of seagrass beds yields an average of 184 , 728 liters ( 48 , 613 gallons ) of water filtered per day .
as colonies produce bromo - alkaloids , a class of chemical compounds related to drugs like nicotine , morphine , and cocaine ( sato and fenical 1983 ) . these
are likely to protect zooids in the colony by discouraging predation , preventing settlement of other organisms , and preventing bacteria or viruses from invading . only a few species of nudibranch mollusks are known to feed directly on
typical habitat for ectoprocts in the indian river lagoon include seagrasses , drift algae , oyster reef , dock , pilings , breakwaters , and man - made debris ( winston 1995 ) .
associated species : seagrasses as well as floating macroalgae , provide support for bryozoan colonies . in turn , bryozoans provide habitat for many species of juvenile fishes and their invertebrate prey such as polychaete worms , amphipods and copepods . ( winston 1995 ) .
bryozoans are also found in association with other species that act as support structures : mangrove roots , oyster beds , mussels , etc .
bryozoans are ecologically important in the indian river lagoon due to their feeding method . as suspension feeders , they act as living filters in the marine environment . for example , winston ( 1995 ) reported that bryozoan colonies located in 1 square meter of seagrass bed could potentially filter and recirculate an average of 48 , 000 gallons of seawater per day .
report by : k . hill , smithsonian marine station submit additional information , photos or comments to : irl _ webmaster @ urltoken page last updated : july 25 , 2001
the tropical western atlantic perophoridae ( ascidiacea ) : i . the g . . . : ingenta connect
five species in the genus perophora occur in the tropical western atlantic , distinguished by morphology and habitat requirements . p . viridis and p . regina have four rows of stigmata and longitudinally oriented mantle muscles ; p . multiclathrata , p . bermudensis and p . carpenteria n . sp . have five rows of stigmata and transversely oriented mantle muscles . specific differences in the arrangement of the mantle muscles are considered to be of taxonomic importance . p . bermudensis is considered to be a valid species and not a synonym of p . multiclathrata . in the absence of a designated type an original specimen of p . bermudensis from the type locality is declared to be the neotype . p . viridis is the most cosmopolitan of caribbean species while p . regina and p . bermudensis are restricted to areas of fairly strong flowing currents in mangrove channels . p . multiclathrata is characteristic of quiet sheltered environments and p . carpenteria flourishes in shallow water with moderately agitated water flow .
the bulletin of marine science is dedicated to the dissemination of high quality research from the world ' s oceans . all aspects of marine science are treated by the bulletin of marine science , including papers in marine biology , biological oceanography , fisheries , marine affairs , applied marine physics , marine geology and geophysics , marine and atmospheric chemistry , and meteorology and physical oceanography .
ingenta . article copyright remains with the publisher , society or author ( s ) as specified within the article .
website makes use of cookies so as to keep track of data that you have filled in .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
marine organism investigations , caragh , marina village , ballina , killaloe , co clare , ireland . moiireland @ urltoken
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
the global invasive species database is managed by the invasive species specialist group ( issg ) of the iucn species survival commission . it was developed as part of the global initiative on invasive species led by the global invasive species programme ( gisp ) and is supported through partnerships with the national biological information infrastructure , manaaki whenua - landcare research and the university of auckland . conditions of use .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
delle chiaje , s . 1828 , pp . 232 pp . , società tipografica , napoli
macgillivray , p . h . 1889 ,
on some south australian polyzoa
, transactions of the royal society of south australia , vol . 12 , pp . 24 - 30
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b86d4afe - cd45 - 4e50 - 954a - b1452a2a1ff2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 638645c2 - c6eb - 460c - 8cdd - 8bd9abb1dd1a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 493160
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .
a total of 29 colonies were counted during a specific survey conducted in august 2008 in the marina of horta . the distribution of the species throughout the eastern and central island groups denotes a wide dispersion area and offers control or eradication measures a low probability of success together with the lack of harbour management practices that could effectively prevent the arrival , settlement and dispersal of non - native species transported by human - assisted means .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .
this photo is one of a series of superb underwater photographs by karen gowlett - holmes . copies are available .
this image is copyright ©1999 karen gowlett - holmes . this image may be used for illustrating student lectures and other non - profit educational purposes , and for illustration in scientific papers . in all such uses , the image must be acknowledged to karen gowlett - holmes . no other use is permitted without the permission of the copyright holder , karen gowlett - holmes . this images may not be duplicated , printed , digitally stored , altered or transmitted in any form without the written permission of the copyright owner . email : gowlettholmes @ urltoken
western atlantic ( caribbean region ) . possible records also from canary islands , brazil , and australia , but as discussed below , our knowledge of this species needs to be improved before identifications can be confirmed
clark , k . b . ( 984 ) new records and synonymies of bermuda opisthobranchs ( gastropoda ) . the nautilus , 98 ( 2 ) : 85 - 97 .
edmunds , m . & just , h . ( 1985 ) dorid , dendronotoid and arminid nudibranchiate mollusca from barbados . journal of molluscan studies , 51 ( 1 ) : 52 - 63 .
redfern . c . , ( 2001 ) bahamian seashells : a thousand species from abaco , bahamas . urltoken inc : boca raton . 1 - 280 .
rudman , w . b . ( 2004 ) further species of the opisthobranch genus okenia ( nudibranchia : goniodorididae ) from the indo - west pacific . zootaxa , 695 : 1 - 70 .
smallwood , w . m . ( 1910 ) . notes on the hydroids and nudibranchs of bermuda . proc . zool . soc . london . 1 : 137 - 145
valdes , a . & ortea , j . ( 1995 ) revised taxonomy of some species of the genus okenia menke , 1830 ( mollusca : nudibranchia ) from the atlantic ocean , with the description of a new species . the veliger , 38 ( 3 ) : 223 - 234 .
archive note : an earlier edition of this fact sheet [ 27 january 2004 ] is available on request .
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
gordon , d . p . ; taylor , p . d . ; bigey , f . p . ( 2009 ) . phylum bryozoa : moss animals , sea mats , lace corals . < em > in : gordon , d . p . ( ed . ) ( 2009 ) . new zealand inventory of biodiversity : 1 . kingdom animalia : radiata , lophotrochozoa , deuterostomia . < / em > pp . 271 - 297 .
hayward , p . j . ( 2001 ) . bryozoa , < b > < i > in < / i > < / b > : costello , m . j . < i > et al . < / i > ( ed . ) ( 2001 ) . < i > european register of marine species : a check - list of the marine species in europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification . collection patrimoines naturels , < / i > 50 : pp . 325 - 333
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . < em > china science press . < / em > 1267 pp .
marchini , a . ; ferrario , j . ; sfriso , a . ; occhipinti - ambrogi , a . ( 2015 ) . current status and trends of biological invasions in the lagoon of venice , a hotspot of marine nis introductions in the mediterranean sea . < em > biological invasions . < / em > 10 . 1007 / s10530 - 015 - 0922 - 3
prenant , marcel , and genevieve bobin , 1966 : null . faune de france ( 68 ) : bryozoaires , deuxieme partie : chilostomes , anasca . 647 .
winston , j . e . and f . j . maturo jr . 2009 . bryozoans ( ectoprocta ) of the gulf of mexico , pp . 1147–1164 in felder , d . l . and d . k . camp ( eds . ) , gulf of mexico–origins , waters , and biota . biodiversity . texas a & m press , college station , texas .
vieira , l . m . ; migotto , a . e . ; winston , j . e . ( 2014 ) . ctenostomatous bryozoa from são paulo , brazil , with descriptions of twelve new species .
urn : lsid : zoobank . org : pub : 0256cd93 - ae8a - 475f - 8eb7 - 2418df510ac2 [
for full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable javascript . here are the instructions for enabling javascript in your web browser . orcid uses cookies to improve your experience and to help us understand how you use our websites . learn more about how we use cookies .
{ { ( work . sourcename = = null | | work . sourcename = = ' ' ) ? work . source : work . sourcename } }
source : { { ( work . sourcename = = null | | work . sourcename = = ' ' ) ? work . source : work . sourcename } }
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
annelida ( marine worms ) arthropoda ( crustaceans and sea spiders ) bryozoa ( moss animals ) chordata ( tunicates ) cnidaria ( sea anemones , hydroids , corals , etc . ) ctenophora ( comb jellies ) echinodermata ( sea stars , sea cucumbers , sea urchins , etc . ) mollusca ( snails , clams , octopods , etc . ) platyhelminthes ( flatworms ) porifera ( sponges ) vertebrata ( fishes )
alpheus formosus anoplodactylus lentus balanus calidus balanus trigonus balanus venustus calappa flammea clibanarius vittatus conopea galeata conopea merrilli cronius ruber dromidia antillensis gnathophyllum modestum hexapanopeus paulensis inachoides forceps kochlorine floridana libinia dubia limulus polyphemus lysmata intermedia lysmata wurdemanni macrocoeloma trispinosum megalobrachium soriatum metapenaeopsis goodie metoporhaphis calcarata mithrax hispidus mithrax pleuracanthus neogonodactylus curacaoensis ovalipes stephensoni paguristes sericeus paguristes tortugae pagurus carolinensis panulirus argus parapinnixa bouvieri pelia mutica penaeus brasiliensis penaeus duorarum periclimenaeus wilsoni petrolisthes galathinus pilumnus dasypodus pilumnus floridanus pilumnus lacteus pilumnus pannosus pilumnus sayi pilumnus sp . podochela sidneyi podochela sp . portunus gibbesii porcellana sayana portunus spinimanus pseudomedaeus agassizii scyllarides aequinoctialis stenorhynchus seticornis synalpheus longicarpus synalpheus minus synalpheus townsendi trachypenaeus constrictus
aplidium constellatum aplidium lobatum aplidium n . sp . a aplidium sp . aplidium stellatum botrylloides sp . botryllus planus botryllus sp . clavelina oblonga clavelina picta didemnum candidum didemnum conchyliatum didemnum sp . diplosoma listerianum distaplia bermudensis ecteinascidia turbinata eudistoma capsulatum eudistoma carolinense eudistoma n . sp . a eudistoma sp . euherdmania gigantea eusynstyela floridana eusynstyela n . sp . a molgula occidentalis eusynstyela tincta perophora viridis pyura vittata stomozoa roseola styela canopus styela plicata symplegma brakenhielmi symplegma rubra symplegma viride trididemnum sp . unidentified tunicate
aglaophenia latecarinata antennella quadriaurita aglaophenia trifida astrangia poculata bimeria humilis campanularia macroscypha ceriantheopsis americanus clytia gracilis clytia linearis dynamena disticha dynamena quadridentata ectopleura sp . ellisella sp . eudendrium carneum eudendrium sp . hebella dyssymetra hebellopsis scandens halecium sp . leptogorgia hebes leptogorgia miniata leptogorgia setacea leptogorgia virgulata monostaechas quadridens muricea elongata muricea pendula muricea pinnata obelia dichotoma obelia sp . oculina arbuscula parazoanthus sp . parazoanthus swiftii pennaria distichia phyllangia americana physalia physalis scandia mutabilis sertularella conica sertularia stookeyi sertularia tenuis solenastrea hyades stomolophus meleagris telesto fruticulosa telesto sanguinea thesea nivea titanideum frauenfeldii turritopsis nutricula unidentified hydroid tridentata marginata unidentified zoanthid
aequipecten muscosus americardia media anomia simplex arca zebra atrina rigida atrina seminuda atrina serrata busycon carica calliostoma euglyptum cancellaria reticulata cerithiopsis subulata cerithium atratum chama congregata coryphella sp . crassispira albinodata crepidula aculeata crepidula sp . cyphoma macgintyi cypraea cervus dendrodoris warta dinocardium robustum diodora cayenensis euvola raveneli fasciolaria liliumhunteria fasciolaria tulipa haustellum rubidus hiatella arctica hypselodoris edenticulata janthina janthina lima pellucida lithophaga bisulcata lyropecten nodosa macrocallista maculata modiolus americanus nassarius albus neodrillia cydia neverita duplicata octopus joubini octopus vulgaris oliva sayana phyllonotus ponum pisania multangula pisania tincta pleuromeris tridentata pleuroploca gigantea pseudochama radians pteria colymbus simnia acicularis strigilla mirabilis strombus alatus thais haemastomafloridana trivia pediculus turbo castanea
aiolochroia crassa aplysilla longispina aplysina fistularis aplysina fulva axinella bookhouti axinella polycapella axinella pomponiae axinella waltonsmithi axinyssa ambrosia chondrilla nucula chondrosia collectrix chondrosia reniformis cinachyrella alloclada cinachyrella kuekenthali ciocalypta gibbsi clathria carteri clathria prolifera clathrina coriacea cliona caribbea cliona celata cliona varians cliona viridis coscinoderma lanuga desmapsamma anchorata dysidea etheria dysidea fragilis geodia gibberosa halichondria bowerbanki hemectyon pearsei higginsia strigilata hyrtios violaceaus igernella notabilis ircinia campana ircinia fasciculata ircinia felix ircinia variabilis lissodendoryx sigmata myriastra fibrosa ptilocaulis walpersi raspailia sp . rhaphidophlus junipera scopalina ruetzleri scypha barbadensis smenospongia cerebriformis spirastrella coccinea spirastrella mollis spongia graminea stelletta carolinesis unidentified sponge
size : colonies can reach 30cm ( 12
) . zooids measure approximately 0 . 4  0 . 6 mm in height .
recognition characters : colonies are transparent , and stolons are dichotomously or trichotomously branching . zooids are sac - like and arranged along 2 sides in rows . the lophophore has a diameter of approximately 0 . 320 mm , and bears 8 tentacles . a large gizzard is present . young colonies have transparent stolons . calcium carbonate is absent in exoskeletons of this species .
habitat & depth : estaurine tidal creeks and harbors . attach to seagrasses , drift algae , oyster reef , dock , pilings , breakwaters , and man - made debris .
geographic range : north carolina south through florida and the caribbean . gulf of mexico and bermuda
brock , b . j . 1979 . biology of bryozoa involved in fouling at outer harbour and angas inlet . m . sc . thesis , university of adelaide , adelaide , south australia .
shepherd , s . a . and thomas , i . m . ( eds ) 1982 . marine invertebrates of southern australia , part i . handbooks committee , south australian government , adelaide , south australia .
williams , w . d . and sherwood , j . e . 1994 . definition and measurement of salinity in salt lakes . international journal of salt lake research 3 ( 1 ) : 53–63 .
coleman , f . s . international journal of salt lake research ( 1999 ) 8 : 71 . urltoken
short description small cryptic nudibranch . body slender , slug - like , as high as broad , somewhat arched near the branchial region . rhinophores smooth , not laminated and not retractile , without sheaths . three bipinnate gills , situated in the middle of the back . dorsal surface with small knobs or papillae , and one pair of longer , finger - shaped appendages behind the gills . anterior edge of the foot with very short tentaculate corners ; tail pointed .
color : cryptic coloration . general body color translucent yellowish , sprinkled with small dark brown dots on the back , upper sides of foot and tail , and with minute opaque white or yellowish - green spots on rhinophores , gills , back , upper sides of foot and tail .
distinguishing characteristics it is the sole species of polycerella inhabiting the atlantic and mediterranean and it can be easily differentiated from any other nudibranch of the mediterranean . its small size , cryptic coloration , smooth and non retractile rhinophores , three naked gills and two extra - branchial appendages , situated postero - laterally to the branchial plume , are the distinguishing features of this species .
distribution worldwide : warm - temperate amphiatlantic species ( eyster , 1980 ) ; common from massachusetts to brazil , in the eastern atlantic , recorded in ghana ( edmunds , 1977 , as polycerella sp . ) , and from el portil , sw atlantic coast of spain ( garcia and bobo , 1986 ) . mediterranean : recorded first in 1964 from lago fusaro ( schmekel , 1965 ) ; successively from toscany coasts ( cattaneo - vietti et al . , 1990 ) ; malta ( sammut and perrone , 1998 ) and greece ( koutsoubas et al . , 2000 ) .
franz d . r . and clarck k . b . , 1972 . a discussion of the systematics , reproductive biology and zoogeography of
garcia j . c . and bobo a . , 1986 . un nuevo doridaceo para el litoral iberico :
schmekel l . , 1965 . die gattung polycerella verrill im mittelmeer ( gastrp . opisthobranchia ) . pubblicazione della satazione zoologica di napoli , 34 : 226 - 234 .
schmekel l . and portmann a . , 1982 . opisthobranchia des mittelmeeres . springer , berlin , 410 p .
we use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites . close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings .
this article has been cited by the following publications . this list is generated based on data provided by crossref .
galil , bella s . marchini , agnese and occhipinti - ambrogi , anna 2018 . histories of bioinvasions in the mediterranean . vol . 8 , issue . , p . 21 .
ferrario , jasmine rosso , antonietta marchini , agnese and occhipinti - ambrogi , anna 2018 . mediterranean non - indigenous bryozoans : an update and knowledge gaps . biodiversity and conservation ,
galil , bella s . marchini , agnese and occhipinti - ambrogi , anna 2018 . east is east and west is west ? management of marine bioinvasions in the mediterranean sea . estuarine , coastal and shelf science , vol . 201 , issue . , p . 7 .
micael , j . gillon , a . jardim , n . rodrigues , pedro and costa , a . c . 2018 . sexual reproduction in the invasive bryozoan amathia verticillata ( ctenostomatida : vesiculariidae ) . journal of coastal conservation , vol . 22 , issue . 2 , p . 305 .
marić , martina ferrario , jasmine marchini , agnese occhipinti - ambrogi , anna and minchin , dan 2017 . rapid assessment of marine non - indigenous species on mooring lines of leisure craft : new records in croatia ( eastern adriatic sea ) . marine biodiversity , vol . 47 , issue . 3 , p . 949 .
ulman , aylin ferrario , jasmine occhpinti - ambrogi , anna arvanitidis , christos bandi , ada bertolino , marco bogi , cesare chatzigeorgiou , giorgos çiçek , burak ali deidun , alan ramos - esplá , alfonso koçak , cengiz lorenti , maurizio martinez - laiz , gemma merlo , guenda princisgh , elisa scribano , giovanni and marchini , agnese 2017 . a massive update of non - indigenous species records in mediterranean marinas . peerj , vol . 5 , issue . , p . e3954 .
lópez - gappa , juan and liuzzi , maría g . 2016 . recent discovery of non - indigenous bryozoans in the fouling assemblage of quequén harbour ( argentina , southwest atlantic ) . marine biodiversity ,
marchini , agnese galil , bella s . and occhipinti - ambrogi , anna 2015 . recommendations on standardizing lists of marine alien species : lessons from the mediterranean sea . marine pollution bulletin , vol . 101 , issue . 1 , p . 267 .
, a widely dispersed stoloniferous fouling bryozoan , has been recently recorded from specimens collected from the hulls of vessels berthed in an israeli marina . though conspicuous and distinctive , it has been rarely recorded in surveys of the bryozoan fauna along the levant coastline conducted over the past half century . it is suggested the species is native to the caribbean sea , and an invasive alien elsewhere , including the mediterranean sea .
nouvelles données sur la faune et la flore benthiques de la côte libanaise . migration lessepsienne
symbolae physicae , seu , icones et descriptiones corporum naturalium novorum aut minus cognitorum , quae ex itineribus per libyam , aegyptum , nubiam , dongalam , syriam , arabiam et habessinian publico institutis sumptu friderici guilelmi hemprich et christiani godofredi ehrenberg… studio annis mdcccxx–mdcccxxv redierunt . regis iussu et impensis publico usui obtulit superstes dr . c . g . ehrenberg… pars zoologica . iv . animalia evertebrata
epiphytic bryozoans community of posidonia oceanica ( l . ) delile meadow in northern cyprus ( eastern mediterranean )
. msc thesis . department of biology , university of central florida , orlando , florida , 67 pp .
catalogue of main fouling organisms ( found on ships coming into european waters ) . volume 2 : polyzoa
bryozoa of the pacific coast of america , part 3 , cyclostomata , ctenostomata , entoprocta and addenda . allan hancock pacific expeditions [ reports ] allan hancock foundation publications of the university of southern california
email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation ' s collection .
full text views reflects the number of pdf downloads , pdfs sent to google drive , dropbox and kindle and html full text views .
* views captured on cambridge core between september 2016 - 9th july 2018 . this data will be updated every 24 hours .
. the majority of these were collected from wooden or glass panels used for the study of fouling bryozoans in cochin waters or from the hulls of ships .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
menon n . r . ( 1973 ) species of the sub - order ctenostomata ( bryozoa ) from indian waters . in : zeitzschel b . , gerlach s . a . ( eds ) the biology of the indian ocean . ecological studies ( analysis and synthesis ) , vol 3 . springer , berlin , heidelberg
abdel - salam k . h . m . , ramadan s . h . e . 2008 . fouling bryozoa from some alexandria harbours , egypt . ( i ) erect species . mediterr . mar . sci . 9 ( 2 ) : 5 - 20 . urltoken
agardh c . a . 1823 . species algarum rite cognitae , cum synonymis , differentiis specificis et descriptionibus succinctis . volumen primum pars posterior . pp . [ vii - viii ] , [ 399 ] - 531 . lundae [ lund ] : ex officina berlingiana .
ardizzone g . , riggio s . 1981 . similitudine e diversitá nelle biocenosi bentoniche del porto di palermo in relazione al substrato di insediamento . quad . lab . tecnol . pesca 3 ( 1 ) : 587 - 603 .
ardizzone g . d . , mazzola a . , riggio s . 1977 . modificazioni nelle comunità incrostanti del porto di palermo in relazione a diverse condizioni ambientali . atti ix congresso sibm , pp . 151 - 159 .
awad a . , haag f . , anil a . c . , et al . 2014 . guidance on port biological baseline surveys . gef - undp - imo globallast partnerships , london , uk . globallast monograph 22 : 48 pp .
barnes d . k . a . 2002 . invasions by marine life on plastic debris . nature 416 : 808 - 809 . urltoken pmid : 11976671
barroso m . g . 1922 . notas sobre briozoos marinos espa - oles . x . especiés de mahon , baleares . bol . r . soc . esp . hist . natur . madrid 22 : 88 - 101 .
cabezas m . p . , xavier r . , branco m . , et al . 2014 . invasion history of caprella scaura templeton , 1836 ( amphipoda : caprellidae ) in the iberian peninsula : multiple introductions revealed by mitochondrial sequence data . biol . invasions 16 ( 10 ) : 1 - 25 . urltoken
carlton j . t . 1996 . pattern , process , and prediction in marine invasion ecology . biol . conserv . 78 : 97 - 106 . urltoken
carlton j . t . 2009 . deep invasion ecology and the assembly of communities in historical time . in : rilov g . , crooks j . a . ( eds ) , biological invasions in marine ecosystems . ecological studies 204 , springer - verlag berlin heidelberg , pp . 13 - 56 . urltoken
carlton j . t . , eldredge l . g . 2009 . the introduced and cryptogenic marine and estuarine animals and plants of the hawaiian archipelago . bishop mus . bull . cultur . environ . stud . 4 : 1 - 203 .
carrada g . c . , sacchi c . f . , rigillo m . t . 1965 . ricerche sulla valenza ecologica dei briozoi salmastri . i – significato delle variazioni ritmiche dei fattori ambientali . boll . pesca piscic . idrobiol . 20 ( 2 ) : 153 - 208 .
castritsi - catharios j . , kiortsis v . 1984 . bryozoaires côtiers de grèce . proposition d ' une méthode automatisée de détermination systématique . biol . gallo - hell . , 11 ( 1 ) : 89 - 98 .
castritsi - catharios j . , ganias g . 1989 . bryozoaires épiphytes de l ' herbier de posidonies du golfe de patras ( greece ) . ii international workshop on posidonia beds 2 : 157 - 160 .
chimenz c . , faraglia e . 1993 . contributo allo studio dei briozoi pugliesi . biol . mar . mediterr . supplemento al notiziario s . i . b . m . 1 : 293 .
chimenz c . , fresi e . , cinelli f . , et al . 1981 . ricerche sui popolamenti bentonici di substrato dure del porto d ' ischia . briozoi . mem . biol . mar . oceanogr . 6 ( 4 ) : 187 - 206 .
chimenz gusso c . , rivosecchi taramelli e . 1973 . osservazioni sulle biocenosi incrostanti piastre di eternit immerse a diversa profondità nel porto di civitavecchia . boll . pesca piscic . idrobiol . 28 ( 1 ) : 77 - 100 .
clarke - murray c . , gartner h . , gregr e . j . , et al . 2014 . spatial distribution of marine invasive species : environmental , demographic and vector drivers . divers . distrib . 20 : 824 - 836 . urltoken
condorelli m . 1898 . invertebrati raccolti dalla r . nave
scilla
nell ' adriatico e nel jonio . boll . soc . studi zool . roma , 7 : 25 - 49 .
cornell j . 2002 . world cruising routes . international marine , mcgraw hill , london , 624 pp .
curtis j . m . r . , vincent a . c . j . 2005 . distribution of sympatric seahorse species along a gradient of habitat complexity in a seagrass - dominated community . mar . ecol . prog . ser . 291 : 81 - 91 . urltoken
delle chiaje s . 1822 . memorie sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di napoli . vol . 1 . dalla stamperia de ' fratelli fernandes ' . urltoken
de toni g . b . 1889 . sylloge algarum omnium hucusque cognitarum . vol . i . sylloge chlorophycearum omnium hucusque cognitarum , 12 pp . urltoken
de roxas clemente r . s . 1807 . ensayo sobre las variedades de la vid comun que vegetan en andalucía , con un índice etimológico y tres listas de plantas en que se caracterizan varias especies nuevas , por don simon de roxas clemente y rubio . pp . [ i ] - xviii + [ 1 ] - 324 , 1 pl . madrid ( imp . de villalpando ) .
durieu de maisonneuve m . c . 1848 . exploration scientifique de l ' algérie . botany 1 ( 10 ) : 361 - 400 .
ec [ european commission ] 2008 . directive 2008 / 56 / ec of the european parliament and of the council of 17 june 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy ( marine strategy framework directive ) . official journal of the european union l 164 : 19 - 40 .
ehrenberg c . g . 1828a . symbolae physicae animalia evertebrata exclusis insectis . symbolae physicae , seu incones adhue ineditae corporum naturalium novorum aut minus cognitorum , quae ex itinerebus per libyam , aegyptum , nubiam , dengalum , syriam , arabiam et habessiniam . pars zoologica , 4 .
ehrenberg c . g . 1828b . die geographische verbreitung der infusionsthierchen in nord - afrika und west - asien : beobachtet auf hemprich und ehrenbergs reisen , 20 pp .
el - komi m . m . 1992 . field and laboratory studies on the ecology of marine fouling in alexandria harbour , egypt . bull . nat . inst . oceanogr . fish . a . r . e . 18 : 115 - 140 .
fishelson l . 2000 . marine animal assemblages along the littoral of the israeli mediterranean seashore : the red - mediterranean seas communities of species . ital . j . zool . 67 ( 4 ) : 393 - 415 . urltoken
floerl o . , inglis g . j . , gordon d . p . 2009a . patterns of taxonomic diversity and relatedness among native and non - indigenous bryozoans . divers . distrib . 15 : 438 - 449 . urltoken
floerl o . , inglis g . j . , dey k . , et al . 2009b . the importance of transport hubs in stepping - stone invasions . j . appl . ecol . 46 ( 1 ) : 37 - 45 . urltoken
fryganiotis k . , chintoroglou ch . 2014 . first record of the isopod paracerceis sculpta in the aegean sea : established populations in north aegean marinas . in : katsanevakis s . , acar ü . , ammar i . , et al . , new mediterranean biodiversity records ( october , 2014 ) . mediterr . mar . sci . 15 : 667 - 687 .
galil b . s . , marchini a . , occhipinti - ambrogi a . , et al . 2014 . international arrivals : widespread bioinvasions in european seas . ethol . ecol . evol . 26 : 152 - 171 . urltoken pmid : 24899770 pmcid : pmc4034525
ganapathi p . n . , satyanarayana rao k . 1968 . fouling bryozoans in visakhapatnam harbour . curr . sci . 37 : 81 - 89 .
gautier y . v . 1956 . première faunule des bryozoaires des cotes syriennes . vie milieu 7 ( 4 ) : 554 - 561 .
gautier y . v . 1958 . bryozoaires marins actuels de sicile . att . soc . pelorit . sci . fis . math . nat . 4 ( 2 ) : 45 - 68 .
gautier y . v . 1962 . recherches écologiques sur les bryozoaires chilostomes en méditerranée occidentale . re . trav . st . mar . endoume 38 ( 24 ) : 1 - 434 .
geiger d . l . , zimmer r . l . 2002 . anchoring rootlets in bowerbankia imbricata ( bryozoa : ctenostomata ) . bull . mar . sci . 70 ( 3 ) : 791 - 797 .
geraci s . , relini g . 1970 . insediamento su pannelli atossici immersi nella rada di vado ligure : i briozoi . pubbl . sta . zool . napoli 38 : 19 - 33 .
gherardi m . , lepore e . , muscio a . , et al . 1974 . study on manfredonia harbour ' s fouling communities . mem . biol . mar . oceanogr . 4 , 5 , 6 : 275 - 287 .
giacobbe s . , de matteo s . 2013 . the potentially invasive opisthobranch polycera hedgpethi er . marcus , 1964 ( gastropoda nudibranchia ) , introduced in a mediterranean coastal lagoon . biodiv . j . 4 ( 2 ) : 359 - 364 .
gordon d . p . , mawatari s . f . 1992 . atlas of marine - fouling bryozoa of new zealand ports and harbours . misc . publ . n . z . oceanogr . inst . 107 : 1 - 52 .
gosset l . , lester j . , gonzales l . 2004 . galveston bay invasive species risk assessment - final report . galveston bay estuary program , texas commission on environmental quality , texas , 57 pp . pmcid : pmc415760
guerra - garcía j . m . , ros m . , dugo - cota a . , et al . 2011 . geographical expansion of the invader caprella scaura ( crustacea : amphipoda : caprellidae ) to the east atlantic coast . mar . biol . 158 ( 11 ) : 2617 - 2622 . urltoken
hewitt c . l . , campbell m . l . , thresher r . e . , et al . 2004 . introduced and cryptogenic species in port phillip bay , victoria , australia . mar . biol . 144 ( 1 ) : 183 - 202 . urltoken
hopkins g . a . , forrest b . m . 2008 . management options for vessel hull fouling : an overview of risks posed by in - water cleaning . ices j . marine sci . 65 ( 5 ) : 811 - 815 . urltoken
joliet l . 1888 . bryozoaries nouveaux de roscoff et bryozoaries de menton . arch . zool . exp . gén . 2 ( 6 ) : 103 - 109 .
kützing f . t . 1843 . phycologia generalis oder anatomie , physiologie und systemkunde der tange . f . a . brockhaus , leipzig .
kützing f . t . 1849 . species algarum . f . a . brockhaus , leipzig , 922 pp .
lavesque n . , sorbe j . - c . , bachelet g . , et al . 2013 . recent discovery of paranthura japonica richardson , 1909 ( crustacea : isopoda : paranthuridae ) in european marine waters ( arcachon bay , bay of biscay ) . bioinvasion rec . 2 ( 3 ) : 215 - 219 . urltoken
lenzi m . , birardi f . , boddi s . , et al . 2009 . the lagoon of orbetello . in : cecere e . , petrocelli a . , izzo g . ( eds ) , flora and vegetation of the italian transitional water systems . lagunet , corila , venice , pp . 111 - 123 .
lipkin y . , safriel u . 1971 . intertidal zonation on rocky shores at mikhmoret ( mediterranean , israel ) . j . ecol . 59 : 1 - 30 . urltoken
lodola a . 2012 . xenodiversity in marine protected areas : three case studies in italy . phd thesis , univ . pavia , italy , 249 pp .
marchini a . , sorbe j . - c . , torelli f . , et al . 2014 . the non - indigenous paranthura japonica richardson , 1909 in the mediterranean sea : travelling with shellfish ? mediterr . mar . sci . 15 ( 3 ) : 545 - 553 .


there are two extant species : paracupes ascius – ecuador paracupes brasiliensis – brazil there is a fossil species : paracupes svitkoi – united states

paracupes

paracupes is a genus of beetles in the family cupedidae , the reticulated beetles .
the only known fossil species is paracupes svitkoi lubkin , 2003 from the cretaceous of new jersey .
two extant species have been described in this genus : paracupes brasiliensis kolbe , 1898 occurs in the provinces bahia , minas gerais and parana in the southwest of brazil ( south america ) . paracupes ascius neboiss , 1989 is only known from its type locality in central ecuador ( south america ) .
a rare archaic beetle , mallecupes qingqingae gen . et sp . n . , ( insecta : coleoptera : archostemata : cupedidae ) is described from mid - cretaceous burmese amber . it shows affinity with paracupes found in south america today and ‘ paracupes ’ found in north america during the cretaceous . archostemata are diverse in burmese amber .
un coléoptère rare et archaïque , mallecupes qingqingae gen . et sp . n . , ( insecta : coléoptères : archostemata : cupedidae ) est décrit au crétacé moyen dans l’ambre birman . il montre une affinité avec paracupes trouvé en amérique du sud aujourd’hui et avec « paracupes » trouvé en amérique du nord au crétacé . les archostemata sont divers dans l’ambre birman .
lubkin , s . h . 2003 . paracupes svitkoi ( coleoptera : cupedidae ) , a new species from the cretaceous of new jersey . acta zoologica cracoviensia 46 : 189 - 194 .
according to hörnschemeyer ( 2009 ) paracupes is the sistergroup of priacma . this interpretation is based mainly on head and mouthpart characters . for instance , the shape and size of the mandible are very similar in both genera . however , these similarities could also be interpreted as plesiomorphies of cupedidae . in this case , support for a sistergroup relationship of paracupes and priacma would be quite weak , suggesting that these species are just
primitive
representatives of cupedidae .
paracupes is easily identified by the characteristic small and strongly anteriorly inclined head tubercles above the antennal insertions . median and posterior head tubercles , which are so prominent in cupes capitatus and some other cupedidae , are absent . the body is long and slender , with parallel sides . the pronotum is comparatively small with prominent anterior corners . in cross - section the body is semicircular , which is uncommon in cupedidae or archostemata and similarly found only in priacma serrata .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
the root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the tree of life . the basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree . this ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups , which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right .
you can click on the root to travel down the tree of life all the way to the root of all life , and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the tree of life all the way to individual species .
for more information on tol tree formatting , please see interpreting the tree or classification . to learn more about phylogenetic trees , please visit our phylogenetic biology pages .
both extant species are very similar in body shape and coloration . specimens of p . brasiliensis can be between 6 and 16 mm long . the holotype of p . ascius , which is the only known specimen , is 10 . 4 mm long and 3 mm wide .
crowson , r . a . 1962 . observations on the beetle family cupedidae , with descriptions of two new fossil forms and a key to the recent genera . annals & magazine of natural history 5 , ser . 13 , no . 51 : 147 - 157
hörnschemeyer , t . , 2009 . the species - level phylogeny of archostematan beetles - where do micromalthus debilis and crowsoniella relicta belong ? systematic entomology 34 ( 3 ) : 533 - 558 .
kolbe , h . j . 1898 . eine neue gattung der cupesiden . entomologische nachrichten 12 : 179 - 180 .
neboiss , a . 1984 . reclassification of cupes fabricius ( s . lat . ) , with descriptions of new genera and species ( cupedidae : coleoptera ) . systematic entomology 9 : 443 - 477 .
neboiss , a . 1989 . new species of archostemata ( coleoptera , ommatidae , cupedidae ) . revue francaise entomologie ( n . s . ) . 11 ( 3 ) : 109 - 115 .
vulcano , m . a . & pereira , f . s . 1975 . cupesidae ( coleoptera ) . archivos do instituto biologico , sao paulo , brasil 42 : 31 - 68 .
. note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license , and they may or may not be available for reuse . click on an image or a media link to access the media data window , which provides the relevant licensing information . for the general terms and conditions of tol material reuse and redistribution , please see the
each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
tree of life design and icons copyright © 1995 - 2004 tree of life project . all rights reserved .
our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site . we suggest you upgrade to a modern browser .
kolbe , h . j . , 1898 : eine neue gattung der cupesiden . entomologische nachrichten , vol . 24 , no . 12 . 179 - 180 .
atkins , m . d . ( 1963 ) the cupedidae of the world : canadian entomologist , vol . 95 , no . 2
atkins , m . d . , 1963 : the cupedidae of the world . canadian entomologist , vol . 95 , no . 2 . 140 - 162 .
kolbe , h . j . ( 1898 ) eine neue gattung der cupesiden : entomologische nachrichten , vol . 24 , no . 12
neboiss , arturs ( 1989 ) new species of archostemata ( coleoptera , ommatidae , cupedidae ) : revue francaise d ' entomologie ( n . s . ) , vol . 11 , no . 3
neboiss , arturs , 1989 : new species of archostemata ( coleoptera , ommatidae , cupedidae ) . revue francaise d ' entomologie ( n . s . ) , vol . 11 , no . 3 . 109 - 115 .
hallan , j . ( 2000 - current ) . biology catalog . web compilation accessible at urltoken ( accessed june 2012 ) .
nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
sn2000 : brands , s . j . ( compiler ) 1989 - 2005 . systema naturae 2000 . amsterdam , the netherlands ( 2006 version ) . available online at urltoken
note : you should have a urltoken account to upload new topics and comments . please , create an account or log in to add comments
* our website is multilingual . some comments have been translated from other languages .
there are no photos of this species on the website yet . you can offer your photo by logging into your account
curators : konstantin efetov , vasiliy feoktistov , svyatoslav knyazev , evgeny komarov , stan korb , alexander zhakov .
species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
if you are a subscriber , please sign in ' my account ' at the top right of the screen .
⁎ corresponding author . state key laboratory of palaeobiology and stratigraphy , nanjing institute of geology and palaeontology , chinese academy of sciences , 39 east beijing road , 210008 nanjing , people ' s republic of china .
burmese amber , myanmar , cretaceous , coleoptera , archostemata , cupedidae , mallecupes gen . n .
ambre birman , myanmar , crétacé , coleoptera , archostemata , cupedidae , mallecupes gen . n .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
em - consulte . com is registrered at the cnil , déclaration n° 1286925 . as per the law relating to information storage and personal integrity , you have the right to oppose ( art 26 of that law ) , access ( art 34 of that law ) and rectify ( art 36 of that law ) your personal data . you may thus request that your data , should it be inaccurate , incomplete , unclear , outdated , not be used or stored , be corrected , clarified , updated or deleted . personal information regarding our website ' s visitors , including their identity , is confidential . the owners of this website hereby guarantee to respect the legal confidentiality conditions , applicable in france , and not to disclose this data to third parties .
kirejtshuk a . g . 1 , nel a . 2 , kirejtshuk p . a . 3 2016 . taxonomy of the reticulate beetles of the subfamily cupedinae ( coleoptera , archostemata ) , with a review of the historical development / / invertebrate zoology . vol . 13 . no . 2 : 61–190 [ in english ] .
1 zoological institute of the russian academy of sciences , universitetskaya emb . 1 , st . petersburg , 199034 , russia . e - mail : agk @ urltoken , kirejtshuk @ urltoken
2 institut de systématique , évolution , biodiversité , isyeb - umr 7205 – cnrs , mnhn , upmc , ephe , muséum national d’histoire naturelle , sorbonne universités , 57 rue cuvier , cp 50 , entomologie , f - 75005 , paris , france . e - mail : anel @ urltoken
3 6th linia , 49 - 34 , st . petersburg , 199004 , russia . e - mail : polly . k @ urltoken
key words : fossil and recent archostemata , cupedidae , cupedinae , classification , phylogeny , new genera and species , synonymies , fossil record , historical development .
© kmk scientific press ltd 125009 moscow , bolshaya nikitskaya str . 6 info @ urltoken


the lichuan bell toad ( bombina lichuanensis ) is a species of toad in the bombinatoridae family endemic to hubei and sichuan in china .

its natural habitats are temperate forests , swamps , and freshwater marshes .

it is threatened by habitat loss .

lichuan bell toad

wikipedia article copyright notice : this article is licensed under the gnu free documentation license . it uses material from the wikipedia article
lichuan bell toad
.
glenn , c . r . 2006 .
earth ' s endangered creatures - lichuan bell toad facts
( online ) - licensed article from wikipedia : the free encyclopedia . accessed
facts summary : the lichuan bell toad ( bombina lichuanensis ) is a species of concern belonging in the species group
amphibians
and found in the following area ( s ) : china .
this species is known only from beiyang , lichuan in hubei province and mabian county in sichuan province , china , at around 1 , 830m asl . it probably occurs more widely than current records suggest , especially in areas between the two known sites .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken
thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
gland , switzerland , 5 july 2018 ( iucn ) – australia’s unique reptiles – including lizards and snakes – face severe threats from invasive species and climate change , with 7 % of th . . .
the value of medicinal and aromatic plant trade has increased three - fold in the past 20 years , but traditional harvesting practices are being replaced by less sustainable alternatives . . . .
a recently released iucn technical brief recommends increasing investments in sustainable land management practices , as well as better cooperation between agriculturalists and conservationists to conse . . .
justification : listed as vulnerable because its extent of occurrence is less than 20 , 000 km2 , it is known from fewer than ten locations , and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat .
this species inhabits marshes in forested , mountainous areas . it breeds in pools where the larvae also develop .
the major threat to this species is forest loss due to small - scale agriculture and human settlement .
the population of this species in hubei province is probably within lichuanxiaoheshuisha nature reserve .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
< p > an evidence describes the source of an annotation , e . g . an experiment that has been published in the scientific literature , an orthologous protein , a record from another database , etc . < / p > < p > < a href =
/ manual / evidences
> more . . . < / a > < / p >
help pages , faqs , uniprotkb manual , documents , news archive and biocuration projects .
you are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website . please consider upgrading your browser .
< p > when browsing through different uniprot proteins , you can use the ‘basket’ to save them , so that you can back to find or analyse them later . < p > < a href = ' / help / basket ' target = ' _ top ' > more . . . < / a > < / p >
› bombina lichuanensis ye and fei , 1994 › bombina sp . yz - 2008
< p > this will take you to the blast page where you can edit options < / p > < p > < a href =
/ help / sequence - searches
> more . . < / a > < / p >
we ' d like to inform you that we have updated our privacy notice to comply with europe’s new general data protection regulation ( gdpr ) that applies since 25 may 2018 .
double - check spelling , grammar , punctuation . translators work best when there are no errors or typos .
if words are different , search our dictionary to understand why and pick the right word .
if phrases are different , try searching our examples to help pick the right phrase .
we ' ve combined the most accurate english to spanish translations , dictionary , verb conjugations , and spanish to english translators into one very powerful search box .
spanishdict is devoted to improving our site based on user feedback and introducing new and innovative features that will continue to help people learn and love the spanish language . have a suggestion , idea , or comment ? send us your feedback .
javascript has been deactivated in your browser . reactivation will enable you to use the vocabulary trainer and any other programs .
you are not signed in . please sign in or register for free if you want to use this function .
we are using the following form field to detect spammers . please do leave them untouched . otherwise your message will be regarded as spam . we are sorry for the inconvenience .
thank you ! your message has now been forwarded to the pons editorial department .
collect the vocabulary that you want to remember while using the dictionary . the items that you have collected will be displayed under
vocabulary list
.
if you want to copy vocabulary items to the vocabulary trainer , click on
import
in the vocabulary list .
please note that the vocabulary items in this list are only available in this browser . once you have copied them to the vocabulary trainer , they are available from everywhere .
unique : the editorially approved pons online dictionary with text translation tool now includes a database with hundreds of millions of real translations from the internet . see how foreign - language expressions are used in real life . real language usage will help your translations to gain in accuracy and idiomaticity !
enter a word ( “newspaper” ) , a word combination ( “exciting trip” ) or a phrase ( “with all good wishes” ) into the search box . the search engine displays hits in the dictionary entries plus translation examples , which contain the exact or a similar word or phrase .
this new feature displays references to sentence pairs from translated texts , which we have found for you on the internet , directly within many of our pons dictionary entries .
a click on the tab “usage examples” displays a full inventory of translations to all of the senses of the headword . usage examples present in the pons dictionary will be displayed first .
the pons dictionary delivers the reliability of a dictionary which has been editorially reviewed and expanded over the course of decades . in addition , the dictionary is now supplemented with millions of real - life translation examples from external sources . so , now you can see how a concept is translated in specific contexts . you can find the answers to questions like “can you really say … in german ? ” and so , you will produce more stylistically sophisticated translations .
the “examples from the internet” do , in fact , come from the internet . we are able to identify trustworthy translations with the aid of automated processes . the main sources we used are professionally translated company , and academic , websites . in addition , we have included websites of international organizations such as the european union . because of the overwhelming data volume , it has not been possible to carry out a manual editorial check on all of these documents . so , we logically cannot guarantee the quality of each and every translation . this is why they are marked “not verified by pons editors” .
we are working on continually optimizing the quality of our usage examples by improving their relevance as well as the translations . in addition , we have begun to apply this technology to further languages in order to build up usage - example databases for other language pairs . we also aim to integrate these usage examples into our mobile applications ( mobile website , apps ) as quickly as possible .
the examples come from the entire data collection of the pons dictionary and are all editorially certified .
this article is only an excerpt . if it appears incomplete or if you wish to see article references , visit the rest of its contents here .
sea turtles are graceful saltwater reptiles , well adapted to life at sea . unlike turtles on land , sea turtles cannot retract their legs and head . but with streamlined bodies and flipper - like limbs , they are graceful swimmers able to navigate across the oceans of the world .
here , we look at the seven species that can be found today , all of which are said to have been around since the time of the dinosaurs .
list of all endangered animals . list of all endangered plants . list of all endangered species ( animals & plants ) . by species group ( mammal , birds , etc ) . . . united states endangered species list . browse by country , island , us state . . . search for an endangered species profile .
are you inspired by endangered animals ? check out our games and coloring pages ! more to come soon .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 strict / / en
urltoken