so you think ( foaled 10 november 2006 ) is a new zealand-bred thoroughbred racehorse , now majority owned by coolmore stud of ireland .

so you think came to prominence through winning the 2009 and 2010 cox plates , australia 's premier weight for age race .

his second cox plate win came at just his tenth career start .

he started as favourite for the 2010 melbourne cup but finished third , in his first race past 2,040 metres .

so you think

preview : bring all you got | season 15 ep . 5 | so you think you can dance
dancing saved gabriel alvarez | season 15 ep . 3 | so you think you can dance
so you think you can dance will return next week with more auditions from los angeles .
‘so you think you can dance’ finals predictions : lex ishimoto vs . taylor sieve at home stretch
arcadian broad performs dazzling dance moves | season 15 ep . 4 | so you think you can dance
brianna penrose tap dances with grace | season 15 ep . 4 | so you think you can dance
ryan green is on another level | season 15 ep . 4 | so you think you can dance
victoria neukom is full of poise | season 15 ep . 3 | so you think you can dance
emily carr has some insane flexibility | season 15 ep . 3 | so you think you can dance
champ no . 2 . . . so you think after his second cox plate .
bridget derville - teer is liberated from darkness | season 15 ep . 4 | so you think you can dance
melany mercedes & andrew avila bring some flavor | season 15 ep . 4 | so you think you can dance
evan debenedetto taps his way across the stage | season 15 ep . 3 | so you think you can dance
kyle bennett jr . knows how to move | season 15 ep . 3 | so you think you can dance
so you think has managed to win 11 races in his career so far . on 23rd oct 2010 at moonee valley , so you think scored his most significant win to date , getting the money in the
ryan green battles twitch to a dance - off | season 15 ep . 4 | so you think you can dance
jordynn & elan lurie are a dancing sibling duo | season 15 ep . 3 | so you think you can dance
vanessa hudgens cut a rug herself while making her debut monday as a judge on so you think you can dance .
so do you think you ' ve got talent ? well . . . - presbyterian ladies ' college melbourne | facebook
so you think ( c by high chaparral ( ire ) ) 14 wins . see below .
so you think and black caviar headed a racing season for the ages , writes chris roots .
“they will talk to you like you ' re their son , so you must be proud and enjoy and just think don’t about the privacy time . ”
catch a brand new episode of so you think you can dance , mon at 8 / 7c only on fox ! subscribe now for more so you think you can dance clips : urltoken watch more videos from so you think you can dance : urltoken catch full episodes now : urltoken see more of so you think you can dance on our official site : urltoken like so you think you can dance on facebook : urltoken _ fb follow so you think you can dance on twitter : urltoken _ twitter follow so you think you can dance on instagram : urltoken ig follow so you think you can dance on tumblr : urltoken tumblr add so you think you can dance on google + : urltoken plus add so you think you can dance on pinterest : urltoken pinterest add so you think you can dance on snapchat : danceonfox join the discussion with # sytycd like fox on facebook : urltoken follow fox on twitter : urltoken add fox on google + : urltoken hosted by cat deeley and featuring nigel lythgoe , mary murphy and vanessa hudgens as resident judges , so you think you can dance enters its 15th season . highly - skilled dancers between the ages of 18 and 30 will showcase their talents in various dance styles , including contemporary , tap , hip - hop , ballroom , animation , breaking and more . those who are selected to move on to the sytycd studio will work with world - renowned choreographers and compete live each week for america’s votes in a variety of styles . contestants will be eliminated weekly until a winner is named on the season finale . preview : bring all you got | season 15 ep . 5 | so you think you can dance urltoken . . . show less
so you think has concluded his racing career , last running on the 27th may 2012 at curragh .
so you think was also providing o’brien with a sixth irish champion stakes in the last nine years .
so you think is well on his way after two soft wins in ireland and ruling the eclipse stakes .
we ship to the uk . so if you are desperate you can order copies of each here
do you think my grandmother filled out two pages and stopped there ? no , and neither should you .
and just like that — insert dramatic finger - snap here — we’ve reached the home stretch of so you think you can dance ‘s 14th season .
so you think edged closer to a clash with frankel by winning the gold cup at the curragh in ireland yesterday .
have a filly ( so you think x satirical lady ) onsite that has huge raps on it . so much so it was in the 2nd line of betting on sportsbets magic millions january market !
he has proven a profitable horse for the punters over the journey . if you had backed so you think throughout his career you ' d have achieved a 113 % return on investment .
we’re interested in your feedback on this page . tell us what you think .
you can help shape the media you want , too . withhold “hate - clicking” on stories you know are designed to make you angry . pay for journalism you value .
bronwen healy ' s outstanding portrait of so you think evokes centuries of royal blood . photo and copyright , bronwen healy .
“this routine is very romantic , a bit sexy , and it involves pizza . ” this [ cat deeley voice ] is so you think you can dance .
racing : so you think maintained his breathless progress under aidan o’brien’s tutelage when claiming the red mills irish champion stakes at leopardstown .
you are popular , that is great , and people come to see you because they admire you and they want to talk to you .
so glad you’ve put up this list ! it’s a brilliant collection , aussie’s should be so proud of our literary achievements .
thank you , abigail , for educating me about so you think ! i have been enamored of the horse for some time , but i have not been able to do much in depth research so i’m grateful you have supplied the information here . thanks !
however , it is darley’s arch rivals coolmore who have the two most decorated stallions of the last five years in pierro and so you think . both won five australian group 1s each , although so you think also won five group 1s in the united kingdom and ireland .
“this is gonna go down as one of my favorite routines in the history of so you think you can dance ! ” mary yells . al , bring her the pizza !
first the most famous example of an indisputably ( or so you would think ) fake news story that has had real - world consequences .
joining so you think , black caviar and hay list in the elite category were cox plate placegetters zipping and whobegotyou who both rated 120 .
his sire sons include so you think ( 13 ) , tai chi , redwood , monaco consul , dundeel , golden sword , etc .
o canadia , stand on guard , for the english still think you ' re mostly america .
the respect for australia n racing on the world stage can only prosper through the achievements of horses like black caviar and so you think .
the flemington carnival could have finished on a downer after the so you think announcement , but black caviar stepped into the spotlight on the final day .
while so you think was highlighting the strength of dubai world cup night form at the curragh , cirrus des aigles was letting it down in france .
the current seasons of american idol ( season 8 ) and so you think you can dance are featuring many of the tracks from liquid cinema for the audition episodes , bio and background clips .
it was a great day at the office on saturday for so you think with a winning double at randwick courtesy of you make me smile and i thought so and a new stakes - placed two year - old in light up the room .
in a landmark year for australia n racing , the peter moody - trained black caviar and bart cummings - trained so you think both achieved record ratings .
you will surely have them too . so take my grandmother ' s advice and get nominating .
for a fleeting moment so you think could feasibly have been overtaken , but the former bart cummings inmate showed plenty of resistance to score by half a length .
we urge you to turn off your ad blocker for the telegraph website so that you can continue to access our quality content in the future .
it’s time once again for four aspiring victoria writers to put their literary skills to the test . the times colonist’s so you think you can write contest is back . more than 100 people have . . .
work hard for what you want because it won ' t come to you without a fight . you have to be strong and courageous and know that you can do anything you put your mind to . if somebody puts you down or criticizes you , just keep on believing in yourself and turn it into something positive .
even if you ' re one of these people who insists you work best under pressure – don ' t be foolish enough to think you ' ll get a first this way . if you frequently leave coursework to the last minute , you don ' t want this first class degree enough .
rated alongside so you think on 126 was the aidan o ' brien - trained stablemates , irish derby winner cape blanco and juddmonte international stakes winner rip van winkle .
the third assignment in the times colonist’s so you think you can write contest tested the skills of our contestants in an unusual way , but they rose to the challenge of writing a poem called a . . .
master trainer o ' brien , who won the irish 2000 guineas on saturday with roderic o ' connor , said so you think could be one of the greatest ever .
dual tatts cox plate winner so you think was afforded an official rating of 126 making him the highest rated australia n horse since the world thoroughbred rankings began in 2002 .
the french horse americain has dashed australian hopes of a sentimental victory in the 150th melbourne cup , with so you think beaten in the straight to fade into third place .
for the fourth week in a row , nicholas guerreiro has taken top honours in the times colonist’s so you think you can write contest . guerreiro also topped the week 3 reader’s - choice poll . readers . . .
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' thank you cristiano ronaldo , on behalf of all madridistas , for all you have given us and for all you will give us . '
fellow o’brien inmate roderic o’connor endeavoured to make all of the running , with so you think in second and snow fairy in third for most of the 10 - furlong assignment .
former australian champion so you think has strolled to a second victory in ireland , this time claiming the group one tattersalls gold cup ( 2 , 100m ) at the curragh .
taking into account the handicap conditions , four - year - old so you think was afforded a rating of 122 for his third placing making him champion stayer of the world .
“i’m sorry , sir , but you needed to order the kosher meal when you were abducted . ”
with the 2011 cox plate just days away it is great to look back and reflect on simply how good so you think was in the past two editions of this race . there will be a new race winner on saturday , but it is hard to believe they will be as dominant as so you think was in this race and most other races since .
so you think - magnificent 10 time group one winning son of high chaparral . will only have a maximum of 40 2yo in europe next term which will almost rule him out of title contention
so you think ran at first in blinkers . here , he teams up with famed jockey , glenn boss , who also piloted the phenomenal makybe diva . photo and copyright , bronwen healy .
remember , if you think the list is rubbish , blame the public at large . if you think the list helpful , inspiring and right on the money , you have my excellent administration to thank . ( to buy a listed title , click on a cover pic and go through to the booktopia bookshop . )
but on sunday , galikova will be up against tougher competitors than she has faced so far . she and sarafina will have to run their best to get close to so you think , a star in australian racing who has set europe on fire this year .
in terms of their physiques , so you think and workforce are indeed heavyweights , both powerful , imposing specimens of their breed . in the preliminaries , as in the race , so you think – whose muscular dark brown frame made his 18st attendant david hickey look positively dainty – just shaded it , remaining much cooler and calmer than his adversary as he was saddled up on a sweltering afternoon .
without having had a look at the tesio program , i ' d say with my own knowledge that so you think will not produce 2 yr olds . his progeny will run later . . .
so you think inherited his sire ' s beautiful face and the great heart of ancestors like sadler ' s wells , nijinsky , mill reef and round table . photo and copyright , bronwen healy .
as he crossed the line , so you think took his earnings past £5m in a career which started with group one victories in australia and now includes five wins at the highest level in europe .
so you think , ridden by joseph o ' brien , sprints away from carlton house to win the prince of wales ' s stakes at royal ascot on wednesday . photograph : tom jenkins for the guardian
if you think you , an adult with an internet connection , are better placed than a middle school student to assess sources , this collection of comments on “literally unbelievable” humour stories is humbling .
bart cummings and his homebred , saintly . cummings so loved this gutsy thoroughbred that he named one of his operations
saintly place .
it was so you think ' s home base during his australian racing years . photo and copyright , mike keating for fox news .
book appointments with tutors often , whether to discuss an upcoming assignment , get feedback , or just chat about an idea you have . tutors are paid to be there for you and to help you when you ' re struggling !
thank you , abigail , for a great bio of so you think . i have come to appreciate quite a number of the current runners from gb , fr , ire , and aus . was so pleased to see that one of my all - time favorite horses , round table , is in so you think’s family tree ! that explains syt’s total class , his stamina , his endurance , all powerfully visible in this wonderful horse ! love his unruly “bangs” ! as long as you are stopping off in australia to cover so you think , and next black caviar , i hope you take on makybe diva while you are in the area ! she is such an incredible mare , there just aren’t enough superlatives to cover her story , but i know you will find them all ! thanks again for this on syt . i have admired him but had not read much background . your coverage , as always , is interesting , informative , and a pleasure to read . ann maree
in finishing only 3 . 25 lengths from americain so you think ran to a higher rating in the cup , even allowing a discretionary element for the ease of the french horse ' s victory .
it was the season of two champions in two parts . before melbourne cup day , the limelight belonged to so you think , then sprint queen black caviar took over and went on her tour de force .
so you think ' s undisciplined fringe ( forelock ) won the heart of distinguished australian photographer , bronwen healy . here she shows her
mop top
to advantage ! photo and copyright , bronwen healy .
if you have the attitude of ‘i ' ve been to all my lectures and seminars , so i ' m doing everything i can ' , then you might as well quit now .
most of them do it . if you cast your net wide enough you ' ll get good responses .
they just generally class you as someone that ' s bad like that ,
one interviewee said .
it really irritates me because i ' m not like that kinda bad person , it ' s just that i get frustrated at police people thinking they can just talk to you like you ' re some , any other hoodlum , and know you ' re stupid … and talk to you like you ' re a five - year - old and you don ' t know what you ' re doing , but i ' m the police , so you have to listen to me .
so you think was a champion in australia before joining aidan o ' brien ' s ballydoyle stable in ireland last november and had been seen as one of the meeting ' s
banker
bets . major stakes on so you think that were lost as dettori drove rewilding to victory by a neck included a single wager of £45 , 000 to win £20 , 000 , and several more of at least £10 , 000 .
such is the dominance of black caviar and so you think , more joyous will be almost forgotten . she won the george main stakes , toorak handicap , futurity stakes and queen of turf in 2010 - 11 .
' ' i don ' t know why all you press want to pull on her tail , you get a good horse you should be so proud that she is here , ' ' gai waterhouse said after one of more joyous ' s wins .
if you ' re worried you ' re not gonna make that first class grade , there are also loads of other ways you can improve your job prospects whilst studying . you could even make yourself more employable than some first class students !
this job is so easy when you ' re in the best race on the best horse ,
jockey gerald mosse said .
so you think was the star of the spring . he won four group 1s - the underwood , yalumba and mackinnon stakes and the cox plate - a feat achieved only once before , by ajax , in 1938 .
demoralized . on wednesday , after he won , you reached out to me , seeking advice , solidarity . you wrote ,
i went into shock at mention of “his loss” boarding to go to ireland – i admit i am so shallow i look at photos first , then read the text . then ( phew ! ) calmed down when i realised the loss was australia’s and so you think was leaving that country for a new one…and would continue doing just what you think he should be doing : racing and winning . thanks , abigail . and fabulous photography . his mane and forelock are truly wonderfully unruly – may they remain so .
tune in to so you think you can dance on fox , mondays at 8 / 7c ! don’t miss out on more so you think you can dance season 15 videos only here on fox : urltoken catch full episodes now : urltoken about : hosted by cat deeley and featuring nigel lythgoe , mary murphy and vanessa hudgens as resident judges , so you think you can dance enters its 15th season . highly - skilled dancers between the ages of 18 and 30 will showcase their talents in various dance styles , including contemporary , tap , hip - hop , ballroom , animation , breaking and more . those who are selected to move on to the sytycd studio will work with world - renowned choreographers and compete live each week for america’s votes in a variety of styles . contestants will be eliminated weekly until a winner is named on the season finale .
students : tell us about a place you remember from your childhood , and describe what it meant to you then and why — even if it is a place you still visit today .
obviously then , you have not read poor fellow my country . in the event of which , you have read nothing . or if you have read it , then your literary tastes are constricted indeed . you must enjoy watching cookery shows on television .
and if you have connections on facebook who think onion stories are real , break it to them gently . friends don’t let friends share fake news .
unbeaten victorian speedster black caviar has been officially rated the champion sprinter of the world , while so you think has been rated equal champion intermediate ( middle distance ) turf performer of the world alongside irish star rip van winkle .
i’ve saved this page to look up later so i can check out several books on the list . i’m currently reading a book i don’t think is on that list – capricornia by xavier herbert . i picked it up for 40p so i think it was a real bargain ! i enjoyed reading this blog . very informative .
within a few weeks , so you think will return to australia to begin his stallion career for the coolmore operation , but he could still have one more run , in the eclipse . that could – and it remains an outside chance – bring him face to face with frankel , a possibility which prompted coral , the race ' s sponsor , to offer so you think at 7 - 2 in a match bet with frankel at 1 - 6 .
it will remain a point of debate why christophe lemaire elected to stay so far off the rail on sarafina , and why seamie heffernan decided to drop so you think out the back , especially when stablemate treasure beach , an irish derby winner no less , appeared to be sacrificed in a trailblazing role .
so you think had gone out the shortest - priced favourite in years , carrying the hopes of most punters , whereas americain , despite an emphatic victory in the geelong cup last month , had snuck under the guard of many .
she tops the table of timeform ratings for the season with her 135 achieved in the newmarket handicap . however , the top 10 ratings in australia show the domination of black caviar and so you think , with five performances each .
the group 1 contest , run over an extended 10 furlongs , was so you think ' s first run since finishing fourth behind monterosso in the dubai world cup in march and is the last time he will run in ireland .
despite those four previous group ones in britain and ireland , o ' brien suggested afterwards that he has only recently found the key to training so you think , who also finished third in a melbourne cup before emigrating to ireland .
if your writing skills are something you are particularly worried about and you think you could do with some additional support , reach out to learning support at your uni . they exist for a reason ! don ' t let something like this get in the way of nailing that first .
' ' he ' s getting up there with them , ' ' the cups king said after the cox plate when asked to compare so you think with his many past champions . ' ' you ' ve seen it . he ' s won everything we ' ve trained him for this time . you can ' t do any more than that . ' '
throughout the audition episodes of both american idol and so you think you can dance , much of the music used in the bio and background clips was scored with liquid cinema . cinematic hip hop , cinematic drama and emotion , and cinematic contemporary action were all put to incredible use throughout both series .
there was fruitful discussion at the world rankings conference in hong kong about black caviar , so you think and also hay list and i was pleased to be able to articulate the merits of their performances to the other delegates .
they might have blown into flemington under cover of the celebrations that had so you think declared , a little prematurely as the next phar lap , but it ' s americain who ' s left an emphatic mark in the record books .
double jay : sorry to be so late in responding…i got so caught up in the breeders cup myself that my whole “vault schedule” is off ! i was sad that so you think didn’t blaze home the way he did in his races in 2010 and sorry , too , that so few of us over here got to see him at his best . but mike ran a brilliant race and i was happy for him & drosselmeyer . such a game & gutsy colt !
you can arrange a meeting by email or just asking after a seminar . if you ' ve recently had an assignment graded by them , by all means bring it along and ask how you could improve , tell them about anything you struggled with , but don ' t waste their time asking for detailed feedback on everything you ' ve written or you ' ll be in the bad books .
share responsibly . much as it might depress you to think in such terms , you are an influencer within your own social network : put in the legwork above , and only post or share stories you know to be true , from sources you know to be responsible . it’s the “take only photographs , leave only footprints” for the post - truth era .
' if you cry like a girl when you lose , do ballet ' : lewis hamilton faces withering criticism from kimi . . .
so you think achieved his rating of 126 on two occasions in october with runaway weight - for - age victories in the group 1 yalumba stakes ( 2000m ) at caulfield and the group 1 longines mackinnon stakes ( 2000m ) at flemington .
the dominance of horses like so you think and black caviar meant the spread of feature winners was less than previous years , plus we saw horses trained outside australia in americain , lion tamer and wall street winning group 1 races here .
an old champion and a new one would have been a hugely popular winning combination at flemington today but they don ' t give away melbourne cups until the 3200 metres is covered so it ' s back to the drawing board for so you think , the four - year - old stallion who had been so impressive in winning his second cox plate 10 days ago and the mackinnon stakes on saturday .
let us sacrifice our today so that our children can have a better tomorrow .
so si bon , maiden winner , gr . 1 & gr . 2 placed
so , for those who have just arrived i shall begin at the beginning .
a mere 7 days later , so you think scored another victory , this time in the mackinnon stakes , before going on to a 2nd place finish in the prestigious melbourne cup . the first victory of his four year - old campaign , the memsie stakes , came on august 28 , 2010 ; the melbourne cup was run on november 2 . so you think had raced 6 times in 65 days , all in group 1 company except for the memsie and had won 5 times .
so you think , ridden by steven arnold , started at $ 2 . 90 and gave punters plenty of hope when he took the lead with 300 metres to go . but he couldn ' t hold off americain , with mosse always confident .
carlton house , in the queen ' s colours , finished second to so you think in wednesday ' s race , and though she has other runners this week , her best chance of a win at the diamond jubilee royal meeting has gone .
great article . i have become a huge fan of so you think . he has had a tough season in europe but he’s a tough horse . i am looking forward to seeing him in the bcc . should be a great race . good to see you getting back in the swing abigail . regards , william
i just want to add that krvavec is a nice ski resort , but if you ' re beginners kranjska gora might suit you better .
ridden by ryan moore , so you think , who moved to aiden o ' brien ' s stable after finishing third in the melbourne cup , scored by four lengths from campanologist for his 10th win from 14 starts and his sixth group one success .
a four - time group 1 winner in 2010 from just six starts , so you think will continue his racing career in europe this year after the four - year - old stallion was purchased by irish breeding conglomerate coolmore following his melbourne cup placing .
' ' so you think has been challenged in australia and shown himself to be the tiger , ' ' owner dato tan chin nam said . ' ' he deserves his chance to see if he is the biggest tiger in world racing . ' '
so you think still has the world in front of him . the illustrious cummings could reasonably be thought to have left his best days behind . but reason has its limits and the legendary trainer will doubtless defy them again and return to challenge next year .
however , he couldn ' t do it again on the first tuesday in november . days after the cup , it was revealed a controlling interest in so you think had been sold to global breeding giant coolmore and his future racing would be in europe .
he is an incredible horse . when you look at him in races you notice that the others are flat to the boards around him .
just to state the obvious , if you ' re aiming for a first class degree you have to be prepared to put in maximum effort .
so you think is a five - year - old son of high chaparral who has 12 victories from 17 starts and seems to fly home effortlessly . a two - time winner of the group 1 cox plate in australia , so you think came to ireland for the 2011 season , where he most recently won the irish champion stakes on sept . 3 . he was pressed to the line in that victory by a four - year - old filly called snow fairy , who also will line up for the arc .
the week leading into the cox plate was dominated by the death of troubled jockey stathi katsidis , who was to have ridden shoot out . come race day , so you think made sure it was events on the track that would live long in the memory .
carlton house and ryan moore briefly seemed to have got first run on so you think but when joseph o ' brien , the trainer ' s son , asked the six - year - old to accelerate , his finishing speed swiftly overwhelmed the runner - up .
“i think that was a metaphor , ” jossi said , when i asked about the border wall .
while they like to think you need a thick skin in politics , our representatives are notoriously quick to reach for the lawyers when they don ' t like what they read .
to help light that match , here’s some motivational wisdom from jean - marc genereux : “you’re not 19 anymore . you’re 19 and a half ! ”
after a while , you ' ll start to actually enjoy to process of searching and finding books that are relevant to your ideas . just make sure that you take note of everything you use before putting that book back on the shelf ( we ' re talking , page numbers , chapters , authors , serial number , library shelf you found it on , the lot ! ) . chances are , if you haven ' t taken these details down you will need to find the book again and you will hate yourself .
in the world of horse racing , a place where skillful trainers and wise owners take the time to raise , train , nurture and support a horse with this kind of potential , so you think is that intangible essence of courage and heart that we call thoroughbred .
i so agree , william ! i just hope that o’brien & company will have him right by this coming saturday . i do think , though , that his run in the arc will stand him in good stead in the bcc . lovely hearing from you ! abigail
if you think it ' s easy to score one - on - one with a goalkeeper , read this . . . raheem sterling will cash in for england at this world cup
racing is full of what - ifs and maybes , and who would have been horse of the year had so you think won the melbourne cup ? history shows he ran third to french galloper americain after a week in which legendary trainer bart cummings was rushed to hospital .
eating the right brain fuel foods and drinking lots of fluids ( this excludes booze , sorry ) will set you up well to do the best you can do at uni , so constant hangovers and takeaways for dinner should be avoided whenever possible .
‘i am given to something which a man never pardons in a woman . you will draw away as though i were a snake when you hear . ’
o ' brien underlined that so you think ' s next outing would be at royal ascot in england , either in the queen anne stakes on june 19 , the first day of the royal meeting , or in the prince of wales ' s stakes , the following day .
i didn ' t find it over surprising to see the filly on the 2nd line of betting ( still speculative at $ 26 ) . thought it was a great sign it must be travelling well and maturing . maybe its showing signs of so you think as a 3 year old
“ so you think you can dance ” season 14 is down to its final four competitors . we’re not predicting that anyone will be eliminated tonight when lex ishimoto , koine iwasaki , kiki nyemchek , and taylor sieve hit the dance floor , but this episode will be the last opportunity for the finalists to make an impression on fans at home . voting from tonight will be combined with last week’s results to determine the champion . so who will it be ?
education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world .
' we know where you live ' : angry protesters confront mitch . . .
from the new york times . you may opt - out at any time .
hope that helps . give me a shout if you have any more questions .
of course , it ' s highly unlikely that every assignment is going to enthral you , but try to choose exam topics and essay questions that you have a connection with . if you ' re uninspired by what you ' re writing about , it ' s a dead cert that your reader will be , too .
2 . you choose the supervisor . do not let the institution overrule your choice
you ' ve got your worthy recipient , now down to the boring part .
what about the merrygoround by the sea . i still think bliss is careys best ned’s story is a newspaper series that should have been released 100 and so years ago . but shit it’s all good reading .
performing background checks in a routine , check - it - off - the - task - list kind of way can give you a false sense of security . you keep doing them because you know you need to manage human risks , but in fact , due to cost pressures or changes in your environment , your routine background check process can become outdated or fail to address the real threats you face .
jesse : how nice to hear from you ! i agree . so you think did the job as elegantly as other aussie superstars and his victories absolutely took my breath away . i just wish that aidan o’brien would get him right , even though it might be that his best years are over . still , when i watched him charging ahead in the arc , over a distance he might not have favoured , i couldn’t help but think , “this is a truly great thoroughbred ! ”
o ' brien accepted responsibility for so you think ' s defeat .
it was more my fault than anyone else ' s that he got beaten and all i can say is sorry ,
he said .
i probably didn ' t get stuck into him enough at home .
in a unique circumstance , so you think has also been rated the champion stayer of the world for his third placing in the emirates melbourne cup in which he carried 56kg as a four - year - old , conceding weight to race winner americain in the world ' s premier staying race .
so you think inherited his sire’s “no nonsense” approach to racing . still , he was a bit of a “late bloomer” in an industry that favours horses who show early speed . in part , this was due to his size — so you think needed time to “grow into himself” as many of the larger thoroughbreds do . to help him overcome a little of that early awkwardness and immaturity , cummings outfitted him with blinkers which he sported for his single start as a 2 year - old and throughout his 3 year - old campaign . another character trait — one that both cummings and now , aidan o’brien , needed to take into serious account — is so you think’s tremendous stamina , making it risky to let him cruise along to easy victories too often . in other words , this is a colt who needs a challenge and thrives when asked to step up to serious competition .
stan becker , 21 , swung around in his seat .
you think you can stand around on the street like that and no police come ? tsssk ,
he said , sucking his teeth in disgust .
every day you get stopped and searched by feds . you can ' t even stand on a street corner round this estate . i ' m out ? i don ' t stop , i don ' t stop .
don’t miss out on more so you think you can dance season 15 videos only here on fox : urltoken catch full episodes now : urltoken about : hosted by cat deeley and featuring nigel lythgoe , mary murphy and vanessa hudgens as resident judges , so you think you can dance enters its 15th season . highly - skilled dancers between the ages of 18 and 30 will showcase their talents in various dance styles , including contemporary , tap , hip - hop , ballroom , animation , breaking and more . those who are selected to move on to the sytycd studio will work with world - renowned choreographers and compete live each week for america’s votes in a variety of styles . contestants will be eliminated weekly until a winner is named on the season finale .
turning up to all of your timetabled commitments is the very least you should be doing to get the most out of your degree . if you need any more convincing , use our cost - per - hour calculator to work out just how much cash you ' re wasting every time you decide to sleep through that 9am lecture .
you always said , to pick the right time would resemble a day at the racetrack . do you go with your bloody heart or let cold logic lead you on ? place your bet based on the quivers in your gut or go . . .
snow fairy , ridden by frankie dettori , ran on very strongly to take third , a neck behind the runner - up and half a length ahead of former australian champion so you think , given far too much to do from his wide draw , in fourth . the first three home were fillies .
one of the last shots taken of so you think , at saintly place , as he was being led onto the van to begin his journey to ireland . his loss left even the seasoned , like bronwen healy , with great memories and an almost unbearable sadness . photo and copyright , bronwen healy .
this prompted one post - race interviewer to suggest that o ' brien had taken the gloss off the afternoon for the ascot crowd , but since so you think had attracted relentless support throughout the day to start at odds - on , their wallets were certainly grateful even if their patriotic hearts were not .
in the history of australian literature few books have been so controversial than frank hardy’s power without glory .
thank you so much ! ! i love aussie novels – but the ones i want i normally can’t get – want ”currawalli street” and ”the mistake” like now ! ! ! cheers x .
what now ? you asked . and that was my students’ question , too . what now ? i answered them as poorly as i answered you , i fear . and so i sit here now in the middle of the night , in an attempt to try again .
if you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news , contact the abc .
“they are massive now and they want to say thank you to the thai fans .
as mentioned previously , this is particularly relevant to library time . spending days on end in the library until you ' re at the point that all you can manage is using your books as a pillow while you snore the house down is not productive . if you ' re at that stage , it ' s time to take a break .
reliable man got his revenge on sept . 11 in the prix niel , where he finished two lengths clear of his rival . reliable man’s reliable performance should give him the edge over meandre on sunday . whether he is good enough to beat so you think and sarafina remains to be seen . stay tuned .
unlike last week , this elimination felt inevitable , even though the bottom three continues to be a total toss - up . farewell , sydney . we hardly knew you , but you wore two great pairs of glasses tonight , so maybe kiki is barking up the wrong tree .
fortunately , lex and taylor’s irl romance allowed them to deliver a truly gorgeous routine . they seemed to feel so safe in one another’s arms , so happy to finally reveal their relationship to the audience and so comfortable being vulnerable in the way that mia’s choreography required . plus , those kisses that went on forever , even while they spun around on the stage ? that’s some chemistry you just can’t force .
based on kat’s reply , i found this link for the book “cattleman” by r s porteous . it’s available to read in several libraries , and in audio form as well . hope you find it at a library near you to enable you to read it again !
dear abigail oh yes i do understand what a loss you are feeling for your wonderful jericho . it is very hard to get back to full speed while grieving and it does take time . my thoughts and prayers are with you and your son as you follow the steps of grieving for your very special pal . take the time you need and he will leave his place in your heart . live the tribute you wrote on this blog for him . xxxooo . thanks for all you contribute to urltoken and this blog . my montreal friend .
if you don ' t make space in your study diary for a little down time , you ' ll either burn out or get totally fed up and start procrastinating even more .
watch dancers give it their all in order to make it into the competition ! don’t miss out on more so you think you can dance season 15 videos only here on fox : urltoken catch full episodes now : urltoken about : hosted by cat deeley and featuring nigel lythgoe , mary murphy and vanessa hudgens as resident judges , so you think you can dance enters its 15th season . highly - skilled dancers between the ages of 18 and 30 will showcase their talents in various dance styles , including contemporary , tap , hip - hop , ballroom , animation , breaking and more . those who are selected to move on to the sytycd studio will work with world - renowned choreographers and compete live each week for america’s votes in a variety of styles . contestants will be eliminated weekly until a winner is named on the season finale .
i don ' t think most africans are aware of canada ' s role in terms of mineral exploitation and things like that , and that ' s not so great . from my travels , overall canada still has a terrific reputation .
you see a lot of young boys tired , so tired , from running around selling the drugs for the older boys . if they lose the drugs then they have to work it off and you see them working all hours . oh , those bits are real !
she said .
another 18 - year - old black man in birmingham said he had even changed what he wore – tracksuits – to try to prevent police stopping him .
if you ' re of ethnicity , you ' ll get stopped . ' where you going ? what you got pushing ? ' but yeah … same group , white person , they won ' t .
the reason so you think rated higher than americain , is because he conceded his older rival 3kg , that being 1 . 5kg in actual weight plus a four - year - old weight - for - age allowance of 1 . 5kg , which equates to about 5 . 5 lengths over 3200 metres ,
he explained .
adelaide is also coming back once he finishes his mission in australia . it looks like aidan will get him back in time ready for royal ascot with the prince of wales stakes being the main early target . i think adelaide can achieve a huge amount in 2015 i think he could end up being one of aidan ' s most successful horses he is so exciting .


putoidae is a family of scale insects commonly known as giant mealybugs or putoids .

there is probably a single genus , puto , containing about sixty species .

the genus name macrocerococcus has also been used but it is now considered to be a synonym of puto .

the genus puto was formerly classified as a member of the pseudococcidae ; however , it so significantly differed from the rest of the pseudococcidae that it was accorded its own family putoidae .

putoidae

in the separate putoidae family based on male features . the putoidae family has been placed among neococcoids ( koteja
, thus , support the hypothesis of the independent acquisition of symbionts in putoidae .
the symbiotic systems of the members of the putoidae family are not well known . buchner (
all genomic dna samples of phenacoccinae and putoidae were the same as those used by hardy et al . (
the data set included 140 sequences , of which 27 were bacterial sequences from 23 species of phenacoccinae and putoidae .
( putoidae ) ) or the ovaries of adult females comprising vitellogenic or choriogenic oocytes ( e . g . , primary symbiont of
a study of the scale insect genera puto signoret ( hemiptera : sternorrhyncha : coccoidea : putoidae ) and ceroputo šulc . . .
a review of the mealybugs ( hemiptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae , putoidae and rhizoecidae ) of iran , with descriptions of four new species and three . . . - pubmed - ncbi
a review of the mealybugs ( hemiptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae , putoidae and rhizoecidae ) of iran , with descriptions of four new species and three new records for the iranian fauna .
a systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world ( insecta : homoptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae and putoidae ) with data on geographical distribution , host plants , biology and economic importance .
) have shown that these bacteria are phylogenetically distant . this fact supports the suppositions mentioned above and indicates that even in close relatives such as members of the same small family putoidae , the
gruwell me , duda z , maccready j ( 2014 ) investigation of endosymbiotic bacteria associated with scale insects of the family putoidae ( hemiptera : coccoidea ) . acta zool bulg 6 : 29–34
) , strongly support the current systematic position of these scale insects , i . e . , in the separate putoidae family within the archaeococcoid subgroup . this view is substantiated by the observation that the symbiotic bacterium
full title : a systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world ( insecta , homoptera , coccoidea , pseudococcidae and putoidae ) : with data on geographical distribution , host plants , biology , and economic importance .
ben - dov , y . 1994 . a systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world ( insecta : homoptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae and putoidae ) with data on their geographical distribution , host plants , biology and economic imprtance . intercept , andover .
ben - dov y ( 1994 ) a systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world ( insecta : homoptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae and putoidae ) with data on geographical distribution , host plants , biology and economic importance . intercept limited , andover , 686 p
ben - dov y . 1994 . a systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world ( insecta : homoptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae and putoidae ) with data on geographical distribution , host plants , biology and economic importance . intercept limited , andover , uk . 686 pp .
the samples pg48 , nh12 , nh59 , pg96 , and nh57 were cloned using a topo one shot cloning kit ( invitrogen corp . ) and sequenced with m13 forward and reverse primers . the samples were chosen for cloning to obtain coverage across the phenacoccinae and putoidae . only pg48 returned multiple distinct sequences during cloning .
the remaining 113 samples ( see table s2 at urltoken ) were included to help identify bacteria associated with species of phenacoccinae and putoidae . these data include 16s rrna sequences from all known groups of scale insect endosymbionts ( 15 , 16 , 41 ) , a diversity of other insect endosymbionts , and various free - living bacteria .
within the infraorder , the analysis reasserted the paraphyly of the archaeococcoid families with regard to neococcoids 24 , 28 , 29 , 34 ; with putoidae , phenacoleachiidae and steingeliidae being sister group to the neococcoids and pityococcus . the two lineages ( pp > 90 % ) , originated shortly after coccomorpha ( age : 251 [ 240–312 ] ma ) .
) is represented by three different bacterial sequences . the phenacoccinae and putoidae sequences resulted from direct sequencing and cloning of pcr products obtained using general bacterial primers . voucher specimens of the insects from which the bacterial dna was extracted are deposited in the bohart museum of entomology , university of california , davis , and voucher numbers for new data and genbank (
arrangement of the catalogue - - depositories - - nomina nuda - - opinions of the international commission on zoological nomenclature concerning the pseudococcidae and putoidae - - biographical data on deceased coccidologists - - nomenclature history of the families - - suprageneric - group names - - suprageneric - group classification - - publications on major topics - - catalogue of genera and species .
systematics : koteja & azar ( 2008 ) assigned palaeotupo to putoidae . the interrogative mark before the family name , is probably an indication to their doubts . koteja & azar ( 2008 ) defined the genus : male putoid - like neococcid with two rows of simple eyes and knobbed setae on apical antennal joint , narrow penial sheath , and lacking claw digitules and teeth .
d . j . williams , p . j . gullan , d . r . miller , d . matile - ferrero , and s . i . han , a study of the scale insect genera puto signoret ( hemiptera : sternorrhyncha : coccoidea : putoidae ) and ceroputo šulc ( pseudococcidae ) with a comparison to phenacoccus cockerell ( pseudococcidae ) , zootaxa 2802 : 1 - 22 , 2011 . full text
williams , d . j . , gullan , p . j . , matile - ferrero , d . , miller , d . r . , han , s . i . 2011 . a study of the scale insect genera puto signoret ( hemiptera : sternorrhyncha : coccoidea : putoidae ) and ceroputo šulc ( pseudococcidae ) with a comparison to phenacoccus cockerell ( pseudococcidae ) . zootaxa . 2802 : 1 - 22 .
fifty - one species in 27 genera of pseudococcidae , plus one species of rhizoecidae and one species of putoidae have been recorded from iran based on literature data and on the material in the collection of the hayk mirzayans insect museum , iran . keys to the iranian genera and species based on adult female morphology are provided and the distribution data of each species and their host - plants are given . adult females of each species are illustrated in detail . the species paracoccus burnerae ( brain ) , phenacoccus pumilus ( kiritshenko ) and ph . hordei ( lindeman ) are recorded for the first time in iran . four new species , exallomochlus balouchestanensis moghaddam sp . n . , peliococcus ilamicus moghaddam sp . n . , phenacoccus karkasicus moghaddam sp . n . and phenacoccus iranica moghaddam sp . n . are described .
in its own family , putoidae , based on male features , and this action has gained wide recognition ( e . g . , hodgson & foldi , 2006 ; gullan & cook , 2007 ; williams , et al . , 2011 ) . because this new family name did not describe the taxon sufficiently , it is considered a nomen nudum and the correct author of the family is tang 1992 . ( gavrilov - zimin & danzig 2012 ) . gavrilov - zimin and danzig ( 2012 ) provide evidence that puto should not be included in a separate family but should be part of the pseudococcidae and should include 2 subgenera puto and ceroputo . in 2014 , they created several morphological groups of genera ( g / g ) within the pseudococcidae . one of these groups is g / g puto .
in addition to the genus
the scale insect puto superbus ( putoidae ) lives in mutualistic symbiotic association with bacteria . molecular phylogenetic analyses have revealed that symbionts of p . superbus belong to the gammaproteobacterial genus sodalis . in the adult females , symbionts occur both in the bacteriocytes constituting compact bacteriomes and in individual bacteriocytes , which are dispersed among ovarioles . the bacteriocytes also house a few small , rod - shaped wolbachia bacteria in addition to the numerous large , elongated sodalis - allied bacteria . the symbiotic microorganisms are transovarially transmitted from generation to generation . in adult females which have choriogenic oocytes in the ovarioles , the bacteriocytes gather around the basal part of the tropharium . next , the entire bacteriocytes pass through the follicular epithelium surrounding the neck region of the ovariole and enter the space between oocyte and follicular epithelium ( perivitelline space ) . in the perivitelline space , the bacteriocytes assemble extracellularly in the deep depression of the oolemma at the anterior pole of the oocyte , forming a “symbiont ball” .
mealybugs ( hemiptera , sternorrhyncha , coccoidea , pseudococcidae and putoidae ) are small , soft - bodied plant sap - sucking insects . they are phloem feeders and suck the sap from all plant parts and also transmit some plant disease thus causing serious economic losses to economically important crop plants . economic losses resulting from mealybug infestations have increased over a period of years . most of the mealybug life stages are covered with waxy coating including eggs making us difficult to control with chemicals . mealybugs mostly live in protected habitats . chemical control is still the most common control tactic used against mealybug pests . on the other hand , mealybugs are having a very rich natural enemy complex . biological control of mealybugs is widely recommended . the section i presents a generalized description of morphology , cytogenetics , taxonomy , molecular characterization , biology , damage , ecology , natural enemies , ant association , control measures , insecticide resistance , pheromones etc . the section ii section deals with management practices of mealybugs in different crops .
this analysis assessed coccomorpha as monophyletic ( pp = 100 % ) and originating about 247 [ 228–273 ] ma . coccomorpha is divided into two main lineages : node a comprises all those families of the parahyletic archaeococcoids whose adult males bear compound eyes ( pp < 50 % ; age 237 [ 215–264 ] ma ) , with an extinct clade including representatives from the mid - to early cretaceous ( burmacoccidae , lebanococcidae , kozariidae and alacrena ) ( pp = 90 % ; age : 194 [ 158–233 ] ma ) ; node b ( pp > 70 % ; age : 227 [ 206–252 ] ma ) consists of the monophyletic neococcoid lineage ( pp > 50 % ; age : 186 [ 166–209 ] ma ) , as well as putoidae , the relict families phenacoleachiidae , pityococcidae , steingeliidae , and finally seven extinct families ( albicoccidae , electrococcidae , hodgsonicoccidae , kukaspididae , labiococcidae , apticoccidae , grimadiellidae ) . these families are therefore more closely related to neococcoids than archaeococcoids 43 , even though traditionally classified with the archaeococcoid families .
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body large , sometimes 5mm long ; covered with thick tufts of mealy white wax ; lateral filaments broad and coalesced ; often with a central ridge of wax ; with 2 black stripes on dorsal submedial areas when wax is removed ; legs and antennae large and dark ; no definite ovisac is produced in most species .
body large and rotund ; claw with basal denticle in addition to subapical denticle ; cerarii large and conspicuous ; trochanter with 3 or 4 pores on each surface ; with trilocular pores , ostioles , translucent pores on hind legs , and usually with a circulus .
giant mealybugs occur in the nearctic region , neotropical region , oriental region , and palaearctic regions . find a list of puto species from the nearctic region , neotropical region , oriental region , and palaearctic region . they are absent from the afrotropical and australasian regions .
giant mealybugs occur on a diverse range of hosts , but are common on conifers , grasses , and a series of woody shrubs . they occur on all parts of the host including the subterranean crown in some nearctic species .
giant mealybugs have 4 instars in the female and 5 in the male . most species have a single generation each year , although puto sandini washburn requires 4 years to complete a generation ( washburn 1965 ) . puto antennatus ( signoret ) has a single generation and feeds on conifers in the high elevations of the bavarian alps . overwintering occurs in the immature stages under the bark of the host . in early spring the nymphs move to the bases of needle , enlarge , and appear as adults in early may . adult males are common . eggs are laid in july ( sampo and olmi 1979 ) . macrocerococcus superbus leonardi has essentially the same life history . there is a single generation each year , adults appear in may , and oviposition occurs in july . mating is necessary for reproduction . first instars are the overwintering stage ( marotta 1992 ) .
danzig 1980 , 1999 ; gavrilov and danzig 2012 ; gullan and cook 2007 ; hodgson and foldi 2006 ; kosztarab and kozár 1988 ; mckenzie 1967 ; miller and miller 1993b .
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insect taxonomy research department , iranian reseach institute of plant protection , tehran , iran . moghadam @ iripp . ir ; moghaddamm2002 @ urltoken
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parent taxon : coccoidea according to i . m . vea and d . a . grimaldi 2015
) . this superfamily is composed of about 8000 species . scale insects are plant sap - feeding insects , which are distributed in all terrestrial zoogeographical regions , except antarctica . many species are thought to be serious pests of economic significance ( kondo et al .
) . the coccoidea is more frequently divided into two informal groups , which are sometimes treated as superfamilies : the archaeococcoids ( orthezioidea ) and the neococcoids ( coccoidea sensu stricto ) ( e . g . , koteja
the evolutionary relationships , higher classification , and the taxonomic placement of many species of coccoids are controversial ( cook et al .
) , although other authors assigned this species to different genera : i . e . ,
has been widely accepted and is currently most commonly used ( e . g . , marotta and tranfaglia
was considered to be a member of the family pseudococcidae ( mealybugs ) ( e . g . , leonardi
) . the placement of this family within archaeococcoid subgroup was supported by molecular and ultrastructural data ( cook et al .
signoret , 1876 with 2 extinct and 45 extant species ( garcía morales et al .
scale insects , like other plant sap - feeders , are host to obligate symbiotic microorganisms , which synthesize and provide them the amino acids missing from their diet ( reviewed , e . g . , in douglas
) divided the latter into primary symbionts ( named also p - symbionts or obligate symbionts ) and accessory symbionts ( also known as s - symbionts , facultative symbionts , and secondary symbionts ) . since obligate symbionts are the descendants of a free - living microorganism that infected the ancestor of the insect taxon , they occur in all the individuals of each species of this group of insects ( e . g . , bacterium
) . as a consequence , the s - symbionts living even in close relatives may belong to different taxa . the results of experiments on a model aphid ,
, indicate that in contrast to p - symbionts , s - symbionts may play different roles , e . g . , protecting the host insect against parasitic hymenopterans or fungal pathogens or increase heat tolerance ( montllor et al .
) . in most insects , obligate symbionts are harbored in specialized cells of a mesodermal origin , termed bacteriocytes ( the older term being “mycetocytes” ) , and are always vertically ( maternally ) transmitted from one generation to the next . s - symbionts may occur both intracellularly ( e . g . , in bacteriocytes , in cells of midgut epithelium ) and extracellularly ( e . g . , in hemolymph ) , and may be transferred both vertically and horizontally ( i . e . , between individuals of the same population ) . it should be added that takiya et al . (
) on account of occurrence in hemiptera : auchenorrhyncha of several types of symbionts involved in the synthesis of amino acids to host insects distinguished the third type of symbionts and termed them ‘co - primary’ symbionts .
the results of earlier histological studies and more recent ultrastructural and molecular analyses have shown that scale insects , in comparison with other hemipterans , are characterized by diverse symbiotic systems in terms of localization of symbionts in the host insect body , their systematic affinity , and mode of inheritance from the mother to offspring . scale insects may harbor only one species of symbiotic microorganism ( e . g . ,
) ) . in scale insects , the symbionts may be localized in bacteriocytes ( in most scale insects ) ( e . g . , walczuch
) . in the case of the presence of two or more types of symbionts , they are usually harbored in separate cells , e . g . , in
, one of the symbiont occupies the giant bacteriocytes , whereas the second one is localized in small epithelial cells surrounding each bacteriocyte ( szklarzewicz et al .
in katowice ( located in the south of poland ) and near wolsztyn ( in the west of poland ) in the months of june and july in the year 2012 . specimens destined for molecular analyses were collected in katowice in june and july in the year 2014 .
the dissected ovaries and entire abdomens were fixed in 2 . 5 % glutaraldehyde in 0 . 1 m phosphate buffer ( ph 7 . 4 ) , rinsed in the buffer with sucrose ( 5 . 8 g / 100 ml ) , and postfixed in 1 % buffered osmium tetroxidae ( ph 7 . 4 ) . the material was then dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol and acetone and embedded in epoxy resin epon 812 ( serva , germany ) . semithin sections ( 1 μm thick ) were stained with 1 % methylene blue in 1 % borax and examined and photographed with a nikon eclipse 80i light microscope . ultrathin sections ( 90 nm thick ) were contrasted with lead citrate and uranyl acetate and examined and photographed under a jeol jem 2100 electron microscope at 80 kv .
using a sherlock ax dna extraction kit ( a & a biotechnology ) , according to the manufacturer’s protocol . the dna extracted was used for the molecular identification of symbionts colonizing the
pcr reaction with universal , eubacterial primers : 10f ( agtttgatcatggctcagattg ) and 1507r ( taccttgttacgacttcaccccag ) ( sandström et al .
) . the 16s rdna of bacterial symbionts was amplified in 35 cycles and the following conditions : an initial denaturation step at 94 °c for 3 min , followed by 33 cycles at 94 °c for 30 s , 55 °c for 40 s , 70 °c for 1 min 40 s , and a final extension step of 5 min at 72 °c . te pcr product was visualized on 1 . 5 % agarose gel stained with midori green ( nippon ) and purified using a genematrix pcr / dna clean - up purification kit ( eurx ) ;
molecular cloning : the purified pcr product was cloned into pjet 1 . 2 / blunt plasmid vector using a clone jet pcr cloning kit ( thermo scientific ) . the ligated mixtures were transformed into competent escherichia coli top10f cells , which were prepared using an e . coli transformer kit ( a & a biotechnology ) . after 16 h , the occurrence of the bacterial 16s rdna was confirmed by a diagnostic pcr reaction with the following primers : pjet for–gcctgaacaccatatccatcc and pjet rev–gcagctgagaatattgtaggagat .
restrictive analysis : pcr products of 30 colonies were subjected to restriction analysis using an mspi restrictive enzyme . the plasmids from the selected colonies were isolated using a plasmid mini ax kit ( a & a biotechnology ) and sequenced . the nucleotide sequences obtained were deposited into the genbank database under the accession numbers ky558891 - ky558893 .
symbiont and selected gammaproteobacterial symbionts of hemipterans . the sequences homologous to the sequence obtained were found in the genbank database using clc mainworkbench 7 software . the sequences were then edited using bioedit sequence alignment editor 5 . 0 . 9 ( hall
) , and following this , the sequence alignments were generated using clustalx 1 . 8 ( thompson et al .
) . the phylogenetic analysis was conducted using mrbayes 3 . 2 . 2 and mega 7 ( maximum likelihood ) softwares ( ronquist and huelsenbeck
) . in the bayesian analysis , four incrementally metropolis coupling mcmc chains ( 3 heated and 1 cold ) were run for ten million generations . the results of the bayesian analysis were visualized using figtree 1 . 4 . 0 software ( rambaut
restrictive enzyme , and as a result , four different restrictive patterns were obtained . one of them , designated as no . 1 , was clearly dominant whereas the other patterns ( designated as no . 2 , 3 and 4 ) were scarce . the selected clones ( three of each type ) were sequenced and the sequences obtained were compared with the data deposited in the genbank using blast . the result of blast searches has indicated that the sequences of dominant restrictive patterns show 94–95 % similarity to the bacteria belonging to the genus
, respectively ) , whereas the sequences of pattern no . 2 , 3 , and 4 were identified as
bacteria . all sequences represented by pattern no . 1 were identical ; therefore , only one of them was used for the phylogenetic analysis . the 16s rdna sequences of
symbionts were slightly different from one another ( with a 99 % similarity ) . since
was not used for phylogenetic analysis . the total length of sequences subjected to the phylogenetic analysis was 1322 bp , and the base composition was as follows : 21 . 7 % t , 22 . 8 % c , 26 . 3 % a , and 29 . 1 % g . the phylogenetic tree constructed using bayesian analysis indicated that , based on 16s rdna relationships , the obligate symbiont of
) , however , are placed in distinct lineages and are phylogenetically distant ( fig .
the cladogram showing the phylogenetic placement of the obligate symbiont of puto superbus . the numbers above the branches indicate posterior and bootstrap values , respectively . the accession numbers of the sequences used in the phylogenetic analysis have been placed in brackets
in adult females , elongated organs termed bacteriomes occur in the immediate vicinity of the ovaries ( fig .
a ) . the bacteriomes are composed of numerous giant cells termed bacteriocytes and are surrounded by a thin layer of sheath cells ( fig .
a ) . ultrastructural observation did not reveal bacteria in the sheath cells . the bacteriocyte cytoplasm is filled with numerous elongated bacteria , and rare small rod - shaped bacteria , large nucleus , and ribosomes ( fig .
a , b ) . the larger bacteria measure about 1 . 2–1 . 7 μm in diameter , whereas the smaller ones measure about 0 . 14–0 . 26 μm . the comparison of ultrastructural observations ( i . e . , shape and size of bacteria ) , along with the results of molecular analyses , has shown that larger bacteria represent
, which is widely distributed among invertebrates . it was observed that numerous separate bacteriocytes ( i . e . , not integrated into the bacteriome ) are also scattered among ovarioles constituting the ovaries ( fig .
) . bacteriocytes accompanying ovarioles are less voluminous and are much more tightly packed with symbiotic bacteria ( fig .
c ) than bacteriocytes constituting the bacteriome . it was observed that the bacteriocytes accompanying the ovarioles undergo intense divisions ( fig .
distribution of symbiotic microorganisms in the body of p . superbus . a fragment of the bacteriome ( cross section ) . white arrows indicate large elongated sodalis - allied symbionts . bacteriocyte ( bc ) , bacteriocyte nucleus ( bn ) , bacteriome epithelium ( be ) , follicular epithelium ( fc ) , oocyte ( oc ) . methylene blue , scale bar = 20 μm . b fragment of the bacteriocyte . note large elongated sodalis - like bacteria ( white arrows ) and small rod - shaped bacteria wolbachia pipientis ( black arrowheads ) . tem , scale bar = 2 μm . c bacteriocytes accompanying the ovarioles . note division of the bacteriocyte ( encircled with black dotted line ) . follicular epithelium ( fc ) , oocyte ( oc ) , tropharium ( tr ) . methylene blue , scale bar = 20 μm
in females containing oocytes in the ovarioles in the stage of choriogenesis , the bacteriocytes begin to surround the neck region of ovarioles ( i . e . , the region between the tropharium and vitellarium ) ( fig .
a , b ) . at the time the bacteriocytes gather around the neck of the ovariole , the tropharium and the developing oocyte located in the vitellarium are connected by means of broad nutritive cord ( fig .
a ) . the lateral and posterior aspects of the oocyte are surrounded by egg envelopes ( fig .
a ) . the only region of the oocyte not covered with egg envelopes is the nutritive cord at which the tropharium joins the anterior pole of the oocyte ( fig .
a ) . next , the whole and intact bacteriocytes begin to invade the anterior region of the vitellarium ( fig .
c ) . the bacteriocytes traverse the follicular epithelium migrating through the spaces between neighboring follicular cells ( fig .
c–e ) . after passing through the follicular epithelium , the bacteriocytes gradually assemble in the perivitelline space ( space between the oocyte and follicular epithelium ) ( fig .
f , g ) . simultaneously , the tropharium and nutritive cord degenerate and the oocyte become surrounded by complete egg envelopes . in full - grown oocytes , the bacteriocytes become embedded in the deep invagination of oolemma in the form of a “symbiont ball” ( fig .
consecutive stages of transovarial transmission of symbionts from one generation to the next . a , b the ovariole surrounded by bacteriocytes ( bc ) ( a longitudial section , b cross section ) . egg envelopes ( black arrows ) , bacteriocyte nucleus ( bn ) , follicular epithelium ( fc ) , nutritive cord ( nc ) , oocyte ( oc ) , trophocyte ( t ) , trophic core ( tc ) , trophocyte nucleus ( tn ) , tropharium ( tr ) . methylene blue , scale bar = 20 μm . c–e bacteriocytes ( bc ) migrate through the follicular epithelium ( fc ) ( longitudinal section ) . sodalis - like bacteria ( black asterisks ) , bacteriocyte nucleus ( bn ) , follicular cell nucleus ( fn ) , mitochondria ( m ) , oocyte ( oc ) . c , d methylene blue , scale bar = 20 μm . e tem , scale bar = 2 μm . f , g bacteriocytes ( bc ) after passing through the follicular epithelium gradually gather in the invagination of the oolemma ( longitudinal section ) . bacteriocyte nucleus ( bn ) , oocyte ( oc ) , oolemma ( white arrowheads ) , sodalis - like bacteria ( black asterisks ) . methylene blue , scale bar = 20 μm . h a “symbiont ball” composed of numerous bacteriocytes ( bc ) ( cross section ) . bacteriocyte nucleus ( bn ) , oocyte ( oc ) . methylene blue , scale bar = 20 μm
as stated in the “introduction , ” scale insects , unlike other hemipterans living in obligate symbiotic associations with microorganisms , are host to different species of symbionts . the results of the recent molecular analyses of symbionts hosted by different scale insect species ( e . g . , von dohlen et al .
) histological observations that such diverse symbioses are the result of the independent acquisition of free - living bacteria through the ancestors of extant coccoids . according to koteja (
) , ancestral scale insects lived in forest litter , where they are permanently in contact with free - living bacteria . during further evolution , the diverged groups of scale insects changing the feeding behavior from saprophagic into plant sap - sucking have acquired bacteria which then co - evolved with them as their symbionts .
, which is widely distributed among insects . the results of numerous recent papers have revealed that
- allied bacteria may fulfill the function of the primary symbiont ( e . g . , in the slender pigeon louse
, in several species of aphids from the lachninae family , e . g . ,
) or may co - reside with other microorganisms as co - primary symbiont ( e . g . , in the leafhopper
- like symbionts may be localized both intracellularly ( e . g . , in the cells of milk glands in the tsetse fly , in bacteriocytes in the leafhopper
, inside the cells of other bacterium in mealybugs from the subfamily pseudococcinae ) as well as extracellularly ( e . g . , in the lumen of milk glands in the tsetse fly , in the gut appendages in stinkbugs ) . the situation in
) , as well as results of more recent studies ( von dohlen et al .
) , have shown that scale insects , in comparison with other insect taxa , exhibit an enormous diversity of the modes of symbiont inheritance . the symbiotic microorganisms associated with scale insects may infect the larval ovaries containing undifferentiated germ cells termed cystocytes ( e . g . , secondary symbiont in
( monophlebidae ) ) . in the case of infection of the older oocytes , the symbionts may infest the anterior pole of the oocyte ( e . g . ,
, is very rare among insects and has so far been observed in only scale insects . the manner of symbiont transmission observed in
is also unique in that the bacteriocytes which are whole and intact enter the ovarioles . so far , a similar phenomenon has been described in the
) , the entire bacteriocytes penetrate the ovaries ; however , the symbiotic bacteria are finally released from these cells and individually infest the ovarioles . according to buchner (
) is of special interest in that their bacteriocytes differentiate into two types : ( 1 ) bacteriocytes which constitute the bacteriome and degenerate in the adult female ( named by buchner primary bacteriocytes ) and ( 2 ) bacteriocytes accompanying the ovarioles which migrate to the ovarioles and are incorporated into the embryo during embryonic development ( named by buchner secondary bacteriocytes ) . buchner (
) observed that the differentiation of the bacteriocytes into two types takes place in the first larval instar . both buchner’s observations and our results have revealed that bacteriocytes associated with ovarioles divide intensively . it may be suggested that this phenomenon may result in a decrease of the volume of giant polyploid bacteriocytes . this , in turn , facilitates the migration of the bacteriocytes through the follicular epithelium .
) , indicate that its symbiotic bacteria are transmitted between generations in a completely different manner . szklarzewicz et al . (
) observed that , in this species , symbiotic bacteria already occur in cystocytes which build larval ovaries . this fact indicates that the primary symbionts of
, after the differentiation of the cystocytes into oocytes and trophocytes , the symbionts occupy both these cell types . since the microorganisms are transmitted to the progeny through only the oocytes , the bacteria residing in the trophocytes then migrate through the processes of trophocytes , trophic core , and nutritive cord into the developing oocyte . the different modes of symbiont transmission in species of the genus
; this study ) , as well as results of previous studies on the organization of their ovaries ( for further details , see michalik et al .
was formerly classified ( see “introduction” ) , belongs to distinct group of bacteria , namely to the class betaproteobacteria ( gruwell et al .
bacterium , which is widely distributed among arthropods and nematodes , is regarded as playing variable roles for host insect . this means that the bacterium may feminize male embryos , kill male embryos , cause cytoplasmic incompatibility in infected males and uninfected females , and may also induce parthenogenesis ( for further details , see werren
remains unclear ; however , both previous studies on ovaries ( michalik et al .
) as present studies on symbionts did not reveal the negative influence of these bacteria on the reproduction of the host insect . as we have analyzed only two populations of
, it still remains unknown whether this bacterium is present in specimens from other locations . in contrast to other insects , such as heteropterans ( kikuchi and fukatsu
infections in scale insects has not been extensively examined to date . so far , apart from
) , it seems reasonable to expect that in the near future , this bacterium will be detected in other species of scale insects .
we are greatly indebted to dr . olga woźnicka for her skilled technical assistance . ultrastructural observations have been carried out using the jeol 2100 transmission electron microscope in the laboratory of microscopy , department of cell biology and imaging , institute of zoology and biomedical research , jagiellonian university .
all applicable international , national , and institutional guidelines for the animal use were followed .
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identification keys and descriptions of the scales and mealybugs . click the graphic to enter .
this is a collection of over 1 , 400 images of a large number of scale insect species . the only way to access it , though , is through a query form ( under
search the collection
on the menu ) . that ' s fine if you have a scientific name or family name , but not if you just want to browse the pictures . fortunately , you can click
start search
on the empty search form and it will come up with entries to browse , along with a ( belated )
browse all records
button . this is a good source for visual id if you have a scientific name or you don ' t mind wading through large numbers of pictures . the classific
this is an online database hosted by the usda which is a collaboration between us and israeli scientists . it includes classification , nomenclatural history , distribution , hosts , and literature information . it ' s a good source if you have a scientific name and want authoritative information . there are a variety of usda resources in the menu that vary in usefulness and should be dealt with separately , including a photo database , a list of the nearctic taxa ( thanks , = v = ) and an interactive key to families .
[ cite : 852762 ] hemiptera of poland data base ; helpful info on the many spp . introduced from eurasia to n . america
[ cite : 713406 ] i really don ' t know how to cite parts of discoverlife properly : some sections show the authors , some don ' t ; some are very good or at least helpful , others are quite unreliable . . .
[ cite : 487470 ] a very helpful resource with quality photos of over 500 spp .
evolutionary relationships among primary endosymbionts of the mealybug subfamily phenacoccinae ( hemiptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
evolutionary relationships among primary endosymbionts of the mealybug subfamily phenacoccinae ( hemiptera : coccoidea : pseudococcidae ) .
penn state erie school of science , erie , pa 16563 - 0203 , usa . meg26 @ urltoken
pmid : 20851962 pmcid : pmc2976180 doi : 10 . 1128 / aem . 01354 - 10
salient features of the maximum likelihood estimate of relationships among 16s rrna sequences from free - living and endosymbiotic bacteria . nodes having posterior probabilities ( pp ) ≥95 % and / or bootstrap support ( bs ) ≥80 % are denoted with asterisks ( pp / bs ) . free - living bacteria lineages are not named . endosymbiont clades of the phenacoccinae are collapsed and in black ; the bacterial groups tremblaya phenacola and brownia rhizoecola are designated in this paper . endosymbiont lineages of other insect groups are in gray .
isabelle m . vea a , 1 , 2 and david a . grimaldi 2
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coccomorpha are hemiptera , all of which possess mouthparts modified into a rostrum , comprised of highly specialized mouthpart appendages that allow them to pierce and siphon liquids , from plant vascular fluids to insect hemolymph and vertebrate blood . this feature not only adapted most hemipterans to an exclusive diet of plant fluids ( 90 % of them
( scale insects and mealybugs ) , representing half of the species diversity and accounting for some of the most important plant pests . there are some 8 , 000 described species of coccomorpha
. despite the impact of scale insects on agriculture and an extensive body of taxonomic work , very few studies have addressed their evolutionary history , which clearly impedes evolutionary understanding of relationships to their host plants . higher - level phylogenetic relationships are gradually becoming better resolved
, allowing timelines of lineage divergence to be assessed . the recognized monophyletic lineage neococcoids
constitutes 90 % of coccomorpha recent species ( e . g . , pseudococcidae (
) , and diaspididae ) and comprises half of the families . in contrast , the remaining scale insect families , comprising the informal , basal paraphyletic grade “archeococcoids” (
) , are significantly less diverse today , with only 10 % of the species .
( a ) pseudococcidae adult female ( center ) and male ( small on female , left of ant ) phenacoccus sp . , credit : sergio jansen gonzález , ( b ) coccidae adult female ( left ) and male ( right ) pulvinaria acericola ( walsh & riley ) , credit : matt bertone , ( c ) “archeococcoid” family : ortheziidae adult female ( top ) and male ( bottom ) praelongorthezia praelonga ( douglas ) , credit : mark yokoyama , ( d ) inclusion of kozarius perpetuus ( vea & grimaldi ) in mid - cretaceous burmese amber ( ~ 100 ma ) , ( e ) inclusion of hodgsonicoccus patefactus ( vea & grimaldi ) in lebanese amber ( ~ 130 ma ) .
, with some exceptions amongst the archeococcoids , such as the matsucoccidae ( ca . 30 recent species , exclusively feeding on conifers ) , or the ortheziidae ( ca . 200 recent species , mostly found in leaf litter or on lichens and mosses
, from the early cretaceous to the miocene ( ca . 130–20 ma ) . in turonian - aged ( 90 ma ) amber from new jersey , for example , coccomorpha is the most abundant family - level group of insects
, which we further explore here , the view of a cretaceous radiation of coccomorpha and tertiary radiation of neococcoids needs to be revised .
) , the conspicuous , feeding , and longer - lived adult females are used in taxonomy . in contrast , the ephemeral , winged males are devoid of mouthparts and emerge for reproduction exclusively . for a large majority of coccoid genera and species the male is unknown . although not an issue for species identification and delineation , this is problematic for phylogenetic studies since the highly reduced , paedomorphic females dramatically differ among families ( e . g . ,
) . homologies are obscured , resulting in little phylogenetic study of female morphology and a reliance on molecular data . although adult male morphological characters are generally more informative phylogenetically than those of females , especially at the family level
, taxon sampling for males remains sparse for many genera and even some families . nonetheless , fossils are largely based on adult males that wafted into ancient resins