lesueurillidae is an extinct family of paleozoic molluscs ( gastropods ? ) with anisostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position ( gastropoda ? ) ( according to the taxonomy of the gastropoda by bouchet & rocroi , 2005 ) .

lesueurillidae

worms - world register of marine species - lesueurillidae p . j . wagner , 2002 & nbsp ; & # 8224 ;
lesueurillidae p . j . wagner , 2002 † ( original description ) straparollinidae p . j . wagner , 2002 † ( original description ) straparollinoidea p . j . wagner , 2002 † accepted as euomphaloidea white , 1877 † ( original description )
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bouchet , p . ; rocroi , j . - p . ( ed . ) ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia : international journal of malacology , 47 ( 1 - 2 ) . conchbooks : hackenheim . isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . 397 pp .
part of : malacologia : international journal of malacology . institute of malacology : ann arbor . issn 0076 - 2997 , more
this is a vademecum for about 2 , 400 suprageneric names in recent and fossil gastropods , from the subtribe to the superfamily . for each name full bibliographic reference is given , with date of publication , type genus , nomenclatural availability and validity under the rules of the iczn . further 730 names of higher taxa are listed separately . altogether 611 valid families , 202 of them exclusively fossil , are recognised in the proposed classification .
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the euomphalids ( originally euomphalacea or euomphalina ) are an important paleozoic clade of low - spired to planispiral gastropods , some of which , like the macluritids , are hyperstrophic . they are very abundant in some paleozoic formations and include useful index fossils . moore , et al . ( 1952 ) . some lived lifestyles like modern gastropods , others it seems were sedentary filter - feeders .
the group was originally considered a superfamily of archaeogastropoda , and according to knight et al . ( 1954 ) , evolved from macluritids , with which they seem to be clearly related . linsley & kier ( 1984 ) tentatively place them , along with the macluritoidea , in the paragastropoda . but wagner ( 1999 ) derives both groups from ophiletids , although they seem to have diverged very early .
the group as originally defined had two peaks of development , one in the devonian and another in the triassic ( finally dying out in the cretaceous ) , but these would seem to be actually two distinct stocks . moore , et al . ( 1952 ) . the palaeozoic forms are true euomphalids , whereas the mesozoic taxa appear to be derived trochoids . bandel ( 1988 ) . examination of shell mineralogy , larval shells , and teleoconchs ( adult shells ) confirm that the euomphalacea / euomphaloidea , like the bellerophontoidea and other extinct taxa , are polyphyletic . wagner ( 2001 ) .
relationships of major extant gastropod clades are largely based on the 50 % majority consensus tree of ponder and lindberg ( 1997 ) . since this does not include a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis , the fossil taxa are included here with reservations . assignments are based on the resemblance of a few features ( e . g . the peruneloidea resemble caenogastropods in teleoconch shape and the platyceratids have an outer calcitic layer like many neritopsines ) . two possible positions of the euomphalids are suggested . although other possible arrangements might be as likely , it is clear that umbilicate or openly coiled protoconchs ( indicated by rectangles ) are present in different clades and connected with different teleoconch morphologies . - dendrogram and caption from nutzel ( 2002 ) .
wagner , p . j . , 2002 [ 1995 ] : phylogenetic relationships of the earliest anisostrophically coiled gastropods . - - smithsonian contributions to paleobiology : vol . 88 , pp . vi - 152 [ author notes that scientific material of this article is based on his 1995 ph . d . dissertation , which is partly outdated ]
note : in keeping with the convention of the treatise authors of the volumes on gastropoda and cephalopoda , the suffix - ina is used for suborders , and - ida for orders . since the euomphalida are here considered of ordinal rank , the previous suffix - ina has been changed accordingly
page uploaded 5 march 2003 , dendrogram uploaded 27 february 2003 checked atw050720 , dendrogram checked atw090318 original material creative commons attribution m . alan kazlev revised mak120621 dendrogram © mikko haraamo
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• type locality fossil bed f . 2680 , zinda pir ( ypresian of pakistan )
north america ; canada ; newfoundland ; outcrops along road from cailloux bay to cape norman light , . 25 mi nw of cailloux bay , western newfoundland
ecculiomphalus sp . ; ypm ip 035911 ; north america ; canada ; newfoundland ; outcrops along road from cailloux bay to cape norman light , . 25 mi nw of cailloux bay , western newfoundland ; dunbar , c . o . & party ; 1933
ecculiomphalus sp . ; ypm ip 035909 ; north america ; canada ; newfoundland ; outcrops along road from cailloux bay to cape norman light , . 25 mi nw of cailloux bay , western newfoundland ; dunbar , c . o . & party ; 1933
maclurites sp . ; north america ; canada ; newfoundland ; outcrops along road from cailloux bay to cape norman light , . 25 mi nw of cailloux bay , western newfoundland ; dunbar , c . o . & party ; 1933 ; ypm ip 034003
maclurites sp . ; north america ; canada ; newfoundland ; outcrops along road from cailloux bay to cape norman light , . 25 mi nw of cailloux bay , western newfoundland ; dunbar , c . o . & party ; 1933 ; ypm ip 033905
maclurites sp . ; north america ; canada ; newfoundland ; outcrops along road from cailloux bay to cape norman light , . 25 mi nw of cailloux bay , western newfoundland ; dunbar , c . o . & party ; 1933 ; ypm ip 033908
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this mentioned taxonomy is an attempt to make an conclusive assignment from the different classifications of various scientists . because the taxonomy may change due to the latest investigative methods and other findings , our map is a guide only .
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gli esseri viventi esibiscono una straordinaria diversità di forme , dalle strisce della zebra ai disegni simmetrici sulle ali di una farfalla alle spirali della chiocciola . . . . e , proprio a partire dal fascino delle spirali dei gasteropodi che si sviluppa una passione maniacale di raccolta , classificazione tassonomica e descrizione di forme e variazioni , nasce il piacere per la malacologia .
the diagram above was based on the following information . the list format used below makes clear which taxa are groups and informal groups rather than clades : paleozoic molluscs of uncertain systematic position clade patellogastropoda clade vetigastropoda clade cocculiniformia clade neritimorpha paleozoic neritimorpha of uncertain systematic position clade †cyrtoneritimorpha clade cycloneritimorpha clade caenogastropoda caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position informal group architaenioglossa clade sorbeoconcha clade hypsogastropoda clade littorinimorpha informal group ptenoglossa clade neogastropoda clade heterobranchia informal group lower heterobranchia informal group opisthobranchia clade cephalaspidea clade thecosomata clade gymnosomata clade aplysiomorpha group acochlidiacea clade sacoglossa group cylindrobullida clade umbraculida clade nudipleura clade pleurobranchomorpha clade nudibranchia clade euctenidiacea clade dexiarchia clade pseudoeuctenidiacea clade cladobranchia clade euarminida clade dendronotida clade aeolidida informal group pulmonata informal group basommatophora clade eupulmonata clade systellommatophora clade stylommatophora clade elasmognatha clade orthurethra informal group sigmurethra
in the following more detailed list , indentation is used only for the ranks of superfamily and family . the clade names are not indented , but their hierarchy is indicated by the size of the font used in their names . a clearer sense of their actual hierarchy can be drawn from the list immediately above this one .
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bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . < i > malacologia < / i > . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 .
cuvier , g . 1795 . second mémoire sur l ' organisation et les rapports des animaux à sang blanc , dans lequel on traite de la structure des mollusques et de leur division en ordre , lu à la société d ' histoire naturelle de paris , le 11 prairial an troisième [ 30 may 1795 ] . magazin encyclopédique , ou journal des sciences , des lettres et des arts , 1795 [ 1 . année ] 2 : 433 - 449 .
ponder w . f . & lindberg d . r . 1997 . towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs : an analysis using morphological characters . < i > zoological journal of the linnean society < / i > , 119 : 83 - 265 .
turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al . , 1998 : common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed . . american fisheries society special publication 26 . 526 .
vaught , k . c . / abbott , robert t . and kenneth j . boss , 1989 : null . a classification of the living mollusca . xii + 195 .
zapata , f . ; wilson , n . g . ; howison , m . ; andrade , s . c . s . ; jorger , k . m . ; schrodl , m . ; goetz , f . e . ; giribet , g . ; dunn , c . w . ( 2014 ) . phylogenomic analyses of deep gastropod relationships reject orthogastropoda . < em > proceedings of the royal society b : biological sciences . < / em > 281 ( 1794 ) : 20141739 - 20141739 . 10 . 1098 / rspb . 2014 . 1739
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full reference : j . b . knight . 1945 . some new genera of paleozoic gastropoda . journal of paleontology 19 ( 6 ) : 573 - 587
see also golikov and starobogatov 1975 , gubanov et al . 1995 , jeffery 2003 , knight et al . 1960 , kosnik 2002 , linsley and kier 1984 and morris and cleevely 1981
this work was supported by grants from the grant agency of the czech republic ( 210 / 12 / 2018 ) and the czech–american cooperation programme ( kontakt me08011 ) . the paper benefited greatly from the constructive review and linguistic help of prof . john talent ( australia ) and from technical help with illustrations by sangeetha sathiamurthy ( india ) . i thank both of them very much .
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[ a . miller / p . novack - gottshall / p . wagner ]
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trimeresurus cornutus is a venomous pit viper species endemic to vietnam .

previously , it had been known from only two specimens , but was recently rediscovered in the central part of the country .

no subspecies are currently recognized .

trimeresurus cornutus

trimeresurus cornutus smith 1930 : 682 trimeresurus cornutus — smith 1943 : 514 trimeresurus cornutus — welch 1994 : 113 trimeresurus cornutus — mcdiarmid , campbell & touré 1999 : 331 ceratrimeresurus shenlii liang & liu in liang 2003 protobothrops cornutus — herrmann et al . 2004 protobothrops cornutus — malhotra & thorpe 2004 protobothrops cornutus — wallach et al . 2014 : 571
trimeresurus strigatus gray 1842 : 49 lachesis strigatus boulenger 1896 atropos darwini duméril & bibron 1854 : 1520 ( fide smith 1943 ) trigonocephalus ( cophias ) neelgherriensis jerdon 1854 ( fide smith 1943 ) trimeresurus strigatus — smith 1943 : 514 trimeresurus strigatus — welch 1994 : 117 protobothrops strigatus — kraus et al . 1996 trimeresurus strigatus — herrmann et al . 2004 trimeresurus strigatus — gumprecht et al . 2004 trimeresurus strigatus — malhotra & thorpe 2004 trimeresurus ( craspedocephalus ) strigatus — david et al . 2011 craspedocephalus strigatus — wallach et al . 2014 : 188
hans - martin braun added the german common name
gehörnte bambusotter
to
protobothrops cornutus smith 1930
.
hans - martin braun added the english common name
fan - si - pan horned pitviper
to
protobothrops cornutus smith 1930
.
found in the hills of southern india , trimeresurus strigatus is distributed in the nilgiri ( whitaker & captain , 2004 ) .
hans - martin braun added the english common name
fan - si - pan horned pit viper
to
protobothrops cornutus smith 1930
.
herrmann , h . - w . ; ziegler , t . ; malhotra , a . ; thorpe , r . s . ; & parkinson , c . l . 2004 . redescription and systematics of trimeresurus cornutus ( serpentes : viperidae ) based on morphology and molecular data . herpetologica 60 ( 2 ) : 211 - 221 .
herrmann , h . - w . ; ziegler , t . ; malhotra , a . ; thorpe , r . s . & parkinson , c . l . 2004 . redescription and systematics of trimeresurus cornutus ( serpentes : viperidae ) based on morphology and molecular data . herpetologica 60 ( 2 ) : 211 - 221 - get paper here
gong shi - ping ; wang hai - jing ; yang chang - teng ; yu chun - sheng ; pan dong - sheng ; wang fu - min 2010 . protobothrops cornutus discovered in tianjingshan forest , guangdong province , china . chinese j . zool . - get paper here
the genus protobothrops was described to accommodate two species previously placed in the genus trimeresurus , t . jerdonii and t . mucrosquamatus . in a later revision of protobothrops , guo et al . ( 2007 ) placed 10 species in this genus .
smith , m . a . 1940 . the amphibians and reptiles obtained by mr . ronald kaulback in upper burma . records of the indian museum 42 : 465 - 486 . ( trimeresurus kaulbacki , p . 485 , plate viii , figure 5 . )
luu , vinh quang ; truong quang nguyen , tanja lehmann , michael bonkowski , thomas ziegler 2015 . new records of the horned pitviper , protobothrops cornutus ( smith , 1930 ) ( sepentes : viperidae ) , from vietnam with comments on morphological variation herpetology notes 8 : 149 - 152 - get paper here
malhotra , anita & thorpe , roger s . 2004 . a phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for asian pitvipers ( trimeresurus and ovophis ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 32 : 83 –100 [ erratum p . 680 ] - get paper here
david , patrick ; tong h . , vogel g . & m . tian ( 2008 . on the status of the chinese pitviper ceratrimeresurus shenlii liang and liu in liang , 2003 ( serpentes , viperidae ) , with the addition of protobothrops cornutus ( smith , 1930 ) to the chinese snake fauna . asiatic herpetological research , vol . asiatic herpetological research 11 : 17 - 23 - get paper here
smith ma . 1943 . the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia , vol . iii . —serpentes . secretary of state for india . ( taylor and francis , printers . ) london . xii + 583 pp . ( trimeresurus kaulbacki , p . 512 . )
david , patrick ; gernot vogel & alain dubois 2011 . on the need to follow rigorously the rules of the code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies ( type species ) for a nominal genus which lacked one : the case of the nominal genus trimeresurus lacépède , 1804 ( reptilia : squamata : viperidae ) . zootaxa 2992 : 1–51 - get paper here
trimeresurus strigatus occurs in semi - evergreen hill forest , shola patches ( kannan and bhupathy 1996 ) , and grasslands . it has been recorded from disturbed habitats . it is a nocturnal and probably terrestrial snake and has been noted to feed on small rodents , frogs and smaller snakes ( whitaker and captain 2004 ) . young snakes are seen in august to september ; it is not clear whether reproduction is oviparous or viviparous .
trimeresurus strigatus is endemic to the nilgiri hills in the southern western ghats , india . it has been recorded between 1 , 100 and 2 , 400 m asl . reports from the bombay ghats ( also referred to as deccan ) , poona district , maharashtra are not included in the distribution due to the lack of specimen - based records to confirm its occurrence in this area . historical records from shevroy hills , anamalai hills and ashambu hills also need confirmation .
trimeresurus strigatus may be distinguished from other pit vipers of peninsular india based on the presence of small internasals , 2nd supralabial in contact with loreal pit , 21 rows of smooth or weakly - keeled dorsal scales at midbody , and a single row of scales between labials and suboculars . the common name of the species is based on the presence of a pale buff horseshoe - shaped ( i . e . , inverted ' u ' ) mark on the nape . the snake is pale brownish or buff coloured with darker blotches of grey and some white streaks .
html public
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urltoken
mcdiarmid , roy w . , jonathan a . campbell , and t ' shaka a . touré
snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , vol . 1
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
. ( 2008 ) , extending this snake ' s range into guangdong , china .
justification : listed as near threatened on the basis that this snake ' s known localities represent a total extent of occurrence not much greater than 20 , 000 km² , it has been recorded from six locations at risk from agricultural development and limestone mining , and there is a continuing decline in the quality of both forest habitat and its limestone substrate within its range , thus making it close to qualifying for vulnerable under criterion b1ab ( iii ) .
this snake is found in china and northern and central vietnam , where it appears to have a scattered distribution . in china it is only known from wuzhishan forest , ruyuan county , guangdong province . known localities in vietnam include sa pa and van ban in lao cai province , ha giang province , phong nha - ke bang in quang binh province , and bac ma in thua thien - hue province ( ziegler and herrmann 2002 ; nguyen
2009 ) , as well as huu lien in lang son province ( n . orlov pers . comm . ) . it occurs between 250 and 2 , 000 m asl .
this species is infrequently encountered , although numerous specimens have been found in recent surveys of phong nha - ke bang ( q . t . nguyen pers . comm . september 2011 ) .
this terrestrial species is found in evergreen forest on both karst and , in sa pa , granitic outcrops , including both disturbed and primary forest .
there is no information on use or trade in this species . its rarity and unusual appearance may make it attractive to collectors , but it is unknown whether this species is found in the international pet trade .
forest clearance for agriculture may threaten this species , which appears to be confined to small and strongly disjunct subpopulations within its range , possibly relating to the distribution of karst habitat . limestone is in high demand in much of the region for cement production , and so mining of karst areas may threaten this snake .
this snake is known from protected areas in both china and vietnam . there are no species - specific conservation measures in place . surveys are needed to establish whether this species occurs in karst outcrops in laos .
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type locality : mt . fan si pan , lai chau province , n . vietnam .
note : tdwg regions are generated automatically from the text in the distribution field and not in every cases it works well . we are working on it .
venomous ! abundance : relatively rare species with only a few specimens collected . distribution : see map in guo et a . 2016 : 383 ( fig . 1 ) .
gong , shiping ; hitschfeld , ellen ; hundsdörfer , anna k . ; auer , markus ; wang , fumin ; zhou , lihua ; fritz , uwe 2011 . is the horned pitviper ceratrimeresurus shenlii liang and liu , 2003 from china a valid protobothrops ? . amphibia - reptilia 32 ( 1 ) : 132 - 135 - get paper here
gumprecht , a . ; tillack , f . ; orlov , n . l . ; captain , a . & ryabow , s . 2004 . asian pitvipers . geitje books , berlin , 368 pp .
guo , peng ; qin liu , tao wen , rong xiao , ming fang , guanghui zhong , nguyen q . truong , fei zhu , robert c . jadin , cao li 2016 . multilocus phylogeny of the asian lance - headed pitvipers ( squamata , viperidae , protobothrops ) zootaxa 4093 ( 3 ) : 382–390 - get paper here
liang , q . 2003 . reptiles of guangdong nanling nature reserve . in : pang , x . ( ed . ) , studies on biodiversity of the guangdong nanling national nature reserve . ( in chinese ) . guangdong science and technology press , guangzhou : 408–417
mcdiarmid , r . w . ; campbell , j . a . & touré , t . a . 1999 . snake species of the world . vol . 1 . herpetologists’ league , 511 pp .
orlov , nikolai l . ; sergei a . ryabov , and nguyen thien tao 2009 . two new species of genera protobothrops hoge et romano - hoge , 1983 and viridovipera malhotra et thorpe , 2004 ( ophidia : viperidae : crotalinae ) from karst region in northeastern vietnam . part i . description of a new species of protobothrops genus . russ . j . herpetol . 16 ( 1 ) : 69 - 82 - get paper here
pan , hujun ; basundhara chettri , daode yang , ke jiang , kai wang , liang zhang and gernot vogel 2013 . a new species of the genus protobothrops ( squamata : viperidae ) from southern tibet , china and sikkim , india . asian herpetological research 4 ( 2 ) : 109–115 - get paper here
sang , nguyen van ; ho thu cuc , nguyen , quang truong 2009 . herpetofauna of vietnam . chimaira , frankfurt , 768 pp .
smith , m . a . 1943 . the fauna of british india , ceylon and burma , including the whole of the indo - chinese sub - region . reptilia and amphibia . 3 ( serpentes ) . taylor and francis , london . 583 pp .
smith , m . a . 1930 . two new snakes from tonkin , indo - china . ann . mag . nat . hist . ( 10 ) 6 : 681 - 683
wallach , van ; kenneth l . williams , jeff boundy 2014 . snakes of the world : a catalogue of living and extinct species . taylor and francis , crc press , 1237 pp .
yang , jian - huan ; nikolai l . orlov & ying - yong wang 2011 . a new species of pitviper of the genus protobothrops from china ( squamata : viperidae ) . zootaxa 2936 : 59–68 - get paper here
ziegler , t . & h . - w . herrmann 2002 . wiederentdeckung zweier gehörnter grubenotterarten in vietnam . mitteilungen zoologische gesellschaft für arten - und populationsschutz e . v . 18 ( 2 ) : 24 - 26
ziegler , thomas ; ralf hendrix , vu ngoc thanh , martina vogt , bernhard forster & dang ngoc kien 2007 . the diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central truong son , vietnam , with an identification key . zootaxa 1493 : 1 - 40 - get paper here
this database is maintained by peter uetz ( database content ) and jakob hallermann , zoological museum hamburg ( new species and updates ) .
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continent : asia distribution : vietnam , china ( guangdong ) type locality : mt . fan si pan , lai chau province , n . vietnam . c . shenlii : type locality : wuzhishan forest , ruyuan county , guangdong province , china ( 24°30′ - 24°48′n , 112°56′ - 113°4′e )
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leviton et al . ( 2003 ) provide a technical description of this species : scales in 23 - 25 longitudinal rows at midbody ; body elongate , head long and massive with narrow snout . canthus rostralis sharp ; single large , squarish loreal ; first upper labial completely separated from from nasal by a suture ; second upper labial anteriorly bordering facial pit ; 8 - 10 scales in line between supraoculars ; supraoculars usually single , flat , without a vertical projection . color dull grayish or olive green with large , blackish rhombohedral dorsal blotches , either distinct or united , smaller spots on sides ; symmetrical yellow lines on head . subcaudals paired ; ventrals 201 - 212 ; subcaudals 66 - 78 , some of the anterior scutes may be single , others paired . hemipenes with spines . total length : males 1340 mm , females 1410 mm ; tail length : males 225 mm , females 230 mm .
guo et al . ( 2007 ) provide a more recent and detailed formal redescription of p . kaulback , including comparisons with similar species .
leviton , a . e . , g . o . u . wogan , m . s . koo , g . r . zug , r . s . lucas , and j . v . vindum . 2003 . the dangerously venomous snakes of myanmar : illustrated checklist with keys . proceedings of the california academy of sciences 54 ( 24 ) : 407 - 462 .
guo , p . , a . malhotra , et al . 2007 . new evidence on the phylogenetic position of the poorly known asian pitviper protobothrops kaulbacki ( serpentes : viperidae : crotalinae ) with a redescription of the species and a revision of the genus protobothrops . 2007 . herpetological journal 17 : 237 - 246 .
rao , d . q . and e . m . zhao , 2005 . a new record from china – protobothrops kaulbacki ( reptilia , serpentes , viperidae ) . acta zootaxonomica sinica 30 , : 209–211 .
this species has been recorded from medog county , xizang ( = tibet ) autonomous region , china and northern myanmar ( zhao 2006 ) . it has been found between 1 , 015 and 1 , 066 m asl .
continent : asia distribution : n myanmar ( = burma ) , china , india ( arunachal pradesh , papum pare district ) type locality : pangnamdim , north of the triangle , upper burma .
the type specimen from myanmar was found at an elevation of 1 , 015 m above sea level . leviton et al . ( 2003 ) state that the area in which the type specimen was collected was in the transition zone between temperate forest and alpine shrub and meadow . the tibet specimens were found in open grassland at an elevation of 1 , 066 m above sea level ( rao and zhao 2005 ) . it is an oviparous species , laying 6 - 32 eggs . there is no information on diet ( zhao 2006 ) .
zug , g . , de silva , r . , milligan , ht , wearn , o . r . , wren , s . , zamin , t . , sears , j . , wilson , p . , lewis , s . , lintott , p . , powney , g . , richman , n . & bohm , m .
listed as data deficient in view of continuing uncertainties as to its extent of occurrence , status and ecological requirements .
this species is known only from a single record in myanmar and several specimens from xizang ( = tibet ) . it is either a rare species or surveys have not located its proper habitat in northern myanmar ( g . zug pers . comm . ) . it has been described as rare ( leviton et al . 2003 ) .
the impact of threats to this species are not well understood , given the limited number of specimens from which this species is known .
it is found in a protected area in china . no conservation actions are currently known for this species . more information is needed on this species ' taxonomy , population status , natural history and threats .
adult males may attain a total length of 134 cm ( 53 in ) , which includes a tail 22 . 5 cm ( 8 . 9 in ) long . females may grow longer : maximum total length 141 cm ( 56 in ) , tail 23 cm ( 9 . 1 in ) .
dorsally , it is green , with a vertebral series of dark angular spots , which may be joined to form a zigzag stripe . the top of the head is black with yellow stripes . ventrally , except for the whitish throat area , it is gray with large squarish or crescent - shaped yellow spots .
recently , this species is reported from northeast india . currently , it is known from single location in india at dafla hills in papum pare district , arunachal pradesh , northeast india .
in a hole in the ground , and then remains with the eggs to guard them . eggs measure 48–53 mm x 26–27 mm ( about 2 in x 1 in ) . the hatchlings are 26–27 cm ( about 10½ inches ) in total length .
mcdiarmid rw , campbell ja , touré t . 1999 . snake species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , volume 1 . herpetologists ' league . 511 pp . isbn 1 - 893777 - 00 - 6 ( series ) . isbn 1 - 893777 - 01 - 4 ( volume ) .
gumprecht a , tillack f , orlov nl , captain a , ryabov s . 2004 . asian pit vipers . geitje books . berlin . 1st edition . 368 pp . isbn 3 - 937975 - 00 - 4 .
rao d , zhao e . 2005 . a new record from china – protobothrops kaulbacki ( reptilia , serpentes , viperidae ) . acta zootaxonomica sinica 30 : 209 - 211 .
listed is
cape of good hope ?
and
madras ?
( madras presidency ( and not the city ) , india ) . the former must be a mistake .
this species is essentially a terrestrial animal , with most of the sightings on ground or rock formations .
of 12 snakes measured , the mean snout - vent length ( svl ) was 24 . 4 ± 7 . 04
cm ( 9 . 6 ± 2 . 8 in ) , the tail length ( tl ) was 3 . 5 ± 0 . 8
cm ( 1 . 4 ± 0 . 3 in ) , and the weight was 172 ± 10 . 5 g ( 6 ± 0 . 4 oz ) .
gumprecht a , tillack f , orlov nl , captain a , ryabov s . 2004 . asian pitvipers . geitje books . berlin . 1st edition . 368 pp . isbn 3 - 937975 - 00 - 4 .
catalogue of the snakes in the british museum ( natural history ) . vol . iii . , containing the . . . viperidæ
. trustees of the british museum ( natural history ) . ( taylor & francis , printers . ) xiv + 727 pp . + plates i . - xxv . (
gray , j . e . 1842 . synopsis of the species of rattle - snakes , or family of c rotalidæ . the zoological miscellany 2 : 47 - 51 . (
trimesurus [ sic ] strigatus
, p . 49 . )
scales in 21 : 21 : 15 rows . ventrals 135 - 144 in males and 131 - 142 in females . anal entire . subcaudals paired 35 - 42 in males and 32 - 35 in females .
assessor / s srinivasulu , c . , srinivasulu , b . , vijayakumar , s . p . , deepak , v . & achyuthan , n . s .
reviewer / s penner , j . , bowles , p . , das , a . , shankar , g . , jose , j . , sawant , n . s . , aengals , a . , mohapatra , p . , thakur , s . & molur , s .
justification listed as least concern because although the extent of occurrence is estimated to be less than 18 , 000 km2 , it appears to be reasonably common and is not facing any major threats at present . the species also appears to be tolerant of some levels of disturbance . population 2 , 3
population this species has been reported to be common in the nilgiri hills , from where the latest sightings are reported ( kannan and bhupathy 1996 ) .
major threats there appear to be no major threats to this species . it has been found in disturbed habitats . conservation actions 2 , 3
conservation actions there are no known species - specific conservation measures in place for this species . within its range , it occurs in nilgiri biosphere reserve and has been reported from two protected areas , namely , mukurthi national park , the nilgiris district , tamil nadu ; silent valley national park , kerala . further survey work is needed to clarify its range , and understand its biology , ecology , population status and trends .
this article is issued from wikipedia - version of the 9 / 21 / 2016 . the text is available under the creative commons attribution / share alike but additional terms may apply for the media files .
india ( western ghats , nilgiri hills , anamalai hills , palni hills , shevaroy hills , deccan , kerala ) . type locality : “cape of goodhope ? ” and “madras ? ” , restricted to “madras presidency” by boulenger 1896 : 550 .
holotype : bmnh 1946 . 1 . 18 . 78 - 79 ( and possibly additional specimens ) .
boulenger , g . a . 1896 . catalogue of the snakes in the british museum , vol . 3 . london ( taylor & francis ) , xiv + 727 pp . - get paper here
gray , j . e . 1842 . synopsis of the species of rattle snakes , or family of crotalidae . zoological miscellany 2 : 47 - 51 . - get paper here
palot , m . j . 2015 . a checklist of reptiles of kerala , india . journal of threatened taxa 7 ( 13 ) : 8010–8022 - get paper here
sharma , r . c . 2004 . handbook indian snakes . akhil books , new delhi , 292 pp .
wall , f . 1906 . the poisonous snakes of india and how to recognize them , part ii . j . bombay nat . hist . soc . 17 : 299 - 334 - get paper here
whitaker , romulus < br / > and ashok captain 2004 . snakes of india . draco books , 500 pp . , reprinted 2007 - get paper here
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