anyperodon is a genus of large marine ray-finned fish in the grouper family .

anyperodon leucogrammicus , the slender grouper , is the only species in the genus .

it is found in tropical parts of the indo-pacific ocean .

anyperodon

information on the slender grouper ( anyperodon leucogrammicus ) is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
nick hope marked the english common name
jersey pink
from
anyperodon leucogrammicus ( valenciennes , 1828 )
as untrusted .
slender rockcod , whiteline grouper , whitelined cod , white - lined grouper , white - lined rockcod , white - lined rock - cod , anyperodon leucogammicus , anyperodon leucogramicus , anyperodon leucogrammiscus , epinephelus corallicola , epinephelus leucogrammicus , serranus leucogrammicus , serranus micronotatus , serranus urophthalmus ; french cheval de bois , loche a lignes blanches , merou a lignes blanches , merou elegant . spanish mero elegante .
nick hope marked the creole , english common name
balala
from
anyperodon leucogrammicus ( valenciennes , 1828 )
as untrusted .
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arkive species - slender grouper ( anyperodon leucogrammicus )
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recent name change to epinephelus leucogrammicus ( craig and hastings 2007 ) , however anyperodon leucogrammicus is retained here until there is full agreement on this revision .
anyperodon leucogrammicus occurs in marine protected areas in various areas , including palau , malaysia , philippines , pohnpei , east africa ( kenya ) and australia .
a whitelined rockcod , anyperodon leucogrammicus , at tulamben , bali , indonesia . source : ian v . shaw / reef life survey . license : cc by attribution
( of anyperodon leucogammicus ( valenciennes , 1828 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of anyperodon leucogrammiscus ( valenciennes , 1828 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of anyperodon leucogramicus ( valenciennes , 1828 ) ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
anyperodon leucogrammicus is a coralreef species usually found on protected reefs in depths of 5 to 80 m . adults are primarily piscivorous . according to randall and kuiter ( 1989 ) the distinctive blue and gold striped juveniles are mimics of the wra
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . anyperodon leucogrammicus ( valenciennes , 1828 ) . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
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is listed as least concern on the basis of very wide range and no evidence for significant decline . currently very little information is available for this species ' biology and fisheries .
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greek , ana = up + greek , yper = on the top + greek , odous = teeth ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; non - migratory ; depth range 5 - 80 m ( ref . 89707 ) , usually 5 - 50 m ( ref . 37816 ) . tropical ; 32°n - 24°s , 32°e - 153°w ( ref . 5222 )
indo - pacific : red sea south to mozambique and east to the phoenix islands , north to japan , south to australia . probably including all the islands of the tropical indian ocean .
maturity : l m ? , range 30 - ? cm max length : 65 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11441 )
inhabits coral rich areas and clear waters on lagoon and seaward reefs . feeds mainly on fishes and probably on crustaceans . the distinctive blue and gold striped juveniles are mimics of the wrasse halichoeres purpurescens . juveniles mimic some of the small lined wrasses of the genus halichoeres or dark damsels in surge zones ( ref . 48635 ) . this allows the species to approach their preys . in hong kong live fish markets ( ref . 27253 ) . solitary ( ref 90102 ) .
heemstra , p . c . and j . e . randall , 1993 . fao species catalogue . vol . 16 . groupers of the world ( family serranidae , subfamily epinephelinae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper , rockcod , hind , coral grouper and lyretail species known to date . rome : fao . fao fish . synop . 125 ( 16 ) : 382 p . ( ref . 5222 )
) : 24 . 9 - 29 , mean 28 ( based on 2014 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 1 . 0000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00708 ( 0 . 00460 - 0 . 01088 ) , b = 3 . 11 ( 2 . 99 - 3 . 23 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 9 ±0 . 62 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : low , minimum population doubling time 4 . 5 - 14 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : moderate to high vulnerability ( 52 of 100 ) .
note type species of genus . described by ' reinw . ' . . .
type species type species of genus . described by ' reinw . ' according to < 376 > . [ details ]
description inhabits coral rich areas and clear waters on lagoon and seaward reefs . feeds mainly on fishes and probably on crustaceans . . . .
description inhabits coral rich areas and clear waters on lagoon and seaward reefs . feeds mainly on fishes and probably on crustaceans . the distinctive blue and gold striped juveniles are mimics of the wrasse @ halichoeres purpurescens @ . this allows the species to approach their preys . [ details ]
the webpage text is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 4 . 0 license
randall , j . e . ( 1992 ) . red sea reef fishes . immel publishing . [ details ]
liu j . y . [ ruiyu ] ( ed . ) . ( 2008 ) . checklist of marine biota of china seas . china science press . 1267 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of serranus urophthalmus bleeker , 1855 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of serranus urophthalmus bleeker , 1855 ) randall , j . e . ( 1992 ) . red sea reef fishes . immel publishing . [ details ]
( of serranus leucogrammicus valenciennes , 1828 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of serranus micronotatus rüppell , 1838 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
hong kong marine fish database . afcd . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
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slender rockcod , whiteline grouper , whitelined cod , white - lined grouper , white - lined rockcod , white - lined rock - cod .
cheval de bois , loche a lignes blanches , merou a lignes blanches , merou elegant .
the slender grouper is classified as least concern ( lc ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
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inhabits coral rich areas and clear waters on lagoon and seaward reefs . feeds mainly on fishes and probably on crustaceans . the distinctive blue and gold striped juveniles are mimics of the wrasse halichoeres purpurescens . juveniles mimic some of the small lined wrasses of the genus halichoeres or dark damsels in surge zones ( ref . 48635 ) . this allows the species to approach their preys . in hong kong live fish markets ( ref . 27253 ) . solitary ( ref 90102 ) .
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a slender greenish to brownish - grey rockcod with reddish spots and 3 - 4 irregular pale stripes on the sides . the distinctive blue and gold striped juveniles mimic some small lined wrasses of the genus halichoeres ( e . g . h . purpurescens ) or dark damsels in surge zones .
widespread in the tropical indo - pacific from the red sea south to mozambique , east to the phoenix islands , north to japan , and south to australia ( southern queensland and heron island ) - also at oman and aldabra ( seychelles ) . recorded in australia from coral bay to kendrew island , and rowley shoals , scott reef , wa , also at ashmore reef , timor sea , to the great barrier reef , qld . also at the australian territories of cocos ( keeling ) and christmas islands in the eastern indian ocean . occurs in coral rich areas in lagoons and on seaward reefs .
although not commercially targeted , the whitelined rockcod occasionally appears in the live fish trade in hong kong . the distinctive blue and gold striped juveniles are targeted for the aquarium trade .
serranus leucogrammicus valenciennes , 1828 , hist . nat . poiss . 2 : 347 . type locality : seychelles .
. christmas island : christmas island natural history association 2 edn , 284 pp .
allen , g . r . & smith - vaniz , w . f . 1994 . fishes of cocos ( keeling ) islands .
the marine fishes of north - western australia . a field guide for anglers and divers .
perth , wa : western australian museum vi 201 pp . , 70 pls .
craig , m . t . & hastings , p . a . 2007 . a molecular phylogeny of the groupers of the subfamily epinephelinae ( serranidae ) with a revised classification of the epinephelini .
craig , m . t . , sadovy de mitcheson , y . j . & heemstra , p . c . 2011 .
. grahamstown , south africa : nisc ltd 356 pp . , appendix 47 pp .
groupers of the world ( family serranidae , subfamily epinephelinae ) . an annotated and illustrated catalogue of grouper , rockcod , hind , coral grouper and lyretail species known to date
. fao fisheries synopsis no . 125 vol . 16 . rome : fao . pp . 1 - 382
heemstra , p . c . & randall , j . e . 1999 . family serranidae . pp . 2442 - 2548 in carpenter , k . e . & niem , t . h . ( eds ) .
the living marine resources of the western central pacific . fao species identification guide for fisheries purposes
hutchins , b . 2004 . fishes of the dampier archipelago , western australia .
hutchins , j . b . 2001 . biodiversity of shallow reef fish assemblages in western australia using a rapid censusing technique .
larson , h . k . , williams , r . s . & hammer , m . p . 2013 . an annotated checklist of the fishes of the northern territory , australia .
lee , c . & sadovy , y . 1998 . a taste for live fish : hong kong ' s live reef fish market .
reef and shore fishes of the south pacific . new caledonia to tahiti and the pitcairn islands
randall , j . e . & heemstra , p . c . 1991 . revision of indo - pacific groupers ( perciformes : serranidae : epinephelinae ) , with descriptions of five new species .
valenciennes , a . in cuvier , g . l . & valenciennes , a . 1828 .
paris : levrault vol . 2 xxi , 2 + 490 pp . , pls 9 - 40 .
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, and a non - coding control region . differing from this , members of genus
through illicit priming of mitochondrial replication by trnas . along with their gene contents , we characterized the regulatory elements of these mitochondrial genomes’ control regions , including putative termination - associated sequences and conserved sequence blocks . looking at the mitochondrial genomic constituents ,
are the most conserved , followed by protein - coding genes , and non - coding regions are the most divergent . divergence rates vary among the protein - coding genes , and the three cytochrome oxidase subunits (
) and the atp synthase subunit 8 ( atp8 ) are the most divergent . we then tested the phylogenetic utility of this new mt genome data using 12 protein - coding genes of 48 species from the suborder
citation : zhuang x , qu m , zhang x , ding s ( 2013 ) a comprehensive description and evolutionary analysis of 22 grouper ( perciformes , epinephelidae ) mitochondrial genomes with emphasis on two novel genome organizations . plos one 8 ( 8 ) : e73561 . urltoken
copyright : © 2013 zhuang et al . this is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
funding : this study was supported by program for new century excellent talents in university 2012 and national basic research special foundation of china ( 2013fy110700 ) . the funders had no role in study design , data collection and analysis , decision to publish , or preparation of the manuscript .
] . these commercially important fishes inhabit coastal areas of the tropics and subtropics , with species frequently sharing small geographic ranges . their evolutionary biology has been of continuing interest due in part to their biological diversity and apparent rapid sympatric speciation [
] and none have yet to be comprehensively described . this is of particular interest as the mt genome presents a simpler system than the nuclear genome for studying the molecular dynamics and mechanisms of rearrangements that underlie variations in the genome .
genome sizes and nucleotide compositions for the mitochondrial genomes of 22 grouper species analyzed in this study and sampling locations of the 17 newly sequenced ones .
the species with listed sampling locations were sequenced in this study . these sampling locations are for fish markets where specimens were purchased . in china fresh groupers are usually only available in fish markets that are supplied by local fishermen , making these representative of the local fish fauna .
the mt genomes of the 22 analyzed groupers range in size from 16 , 418 to 16 , 965 bp and show three distinct organizations . while
) . the canonical mt genomes of the 19 species contain 37 genes encoding 13 proteins , 22 trnas , and two rrnas . as in many teleosts , most of the mt genes are located on the heavy - strand ( h - strand ) with the exceptions of
) , which are encoded on the l - strand . the overall genome nucleotide identity between these 19 mt genomes which show identical synteny is 83 . 9 % .
gene content of the mitochondrial genomes of 19 grouper species with canonical genome organization ( genome structure shown in figure 1a ) .
the nucleotide compositions of the 22 mt genomes are shown in table 1 . strand asymmetry of nucleotide composition is usually described by at and gc skews . the mt genome at - skews of these groupers are barely above zero , while the gc - skews are all negative . these results indicate that the a content is only slightly higher than t , whereas c is considerably more prevalent than g . such skews towards a particular nucleotide are attributed to differential mutational pressures imposed on the l - and h - strands [ 23 ] , resulting from the asymmetric replication of mtdna [ 24 , 25 ] .
) , and in both species it is encoded by the h - strand . thus , we speculate the new
via a duplication event due to slipped strand mispairing during mtdna replication . nucleotide mutations of the anticodon from tac to aat then switched the redundant
) in the cr , at the start of replication the trna encoded by this gene could illegitimately prime dna synthesis of the h - strand which would lead to an extra copy of the trna gene within the cr on the l - strand .
] , resulting from tandem duplication of gene regions . these are then often followed by deletions of the functionally redundant duplicated gene ; however , there are examples of
the cumulative lengths of the groupers’ mt protein coding genes range from 11 , 408 to 11 , 417 bp . this accounts for 69 . 5 % to 67 . 3 % of the mt genome’s total length . animal mtdna is generally very compact and contains some overlapping regions between the adjacent protein - coding genes . among the 13 protein - coding genes in these groupers , we found a 10 bp overlap between atp8 and atp6 , 7 bp between nd4l and nd4 , 4 bp between nd5 and nd6 , and 1 bp between atp6 and coiii ( table 2 ) .
most of the grouper mt protein - coding genes begin with the typical start codon atg . as in many other metazoans [
gene differs in that it begins with gtg . additionally , while most teleost fishes retain atg as the
phylogenetic tree of 22 groupers in family epinephelidae and 29 representatives from other families in suborder percoidei .
unlike the start codon , variation is more common in the termination codons of mt genes [ 16 ] . among the groupers this was seen in the protein - coding genes coii , nd2 , nd3 , nd4 , and cyt b all of which terminate with the incomplete stop codon t or ta ( table 2 ) . these stop codons are completed with the addition of 3 ' adenine residues to the mrna by post - transcriptional polyadenylation [ 36 , 37 ] .
, 14 of which are encoded by the h - strand and eight encoded by l - strand . among the 22
) could be folded into the typical clover - leaf secondary structure as determined by trnascan - se . in all groupers
, and several short intergenic spacers that range in size from 1 to 27 bp . located between
, cr is the largest of these non - coding regions . it is at rich ( average 67 . 4 % ) and ranges in size among groupers from 721 to 1264 bp . the grouper cr consists of several termination - associated sequences ( tas ) comprising the extended termination - associated sequences ( etas ) region . this is followed by six conserved sequence blocks ( csb - f to csb - a ) making up the central conserved domain ( ccd ) , then three additional conserved sequence blocks ( csb - 1 to csb - 3 ) located downstream from the central conserved domain (
etas , extended termination associated sequences ; ccd , central conserved domain ; cbss , conserved sequence blocks . this figure does not show the structure for the cr of cephalopholis argus .
motif . unlike those of higher vertebrates , teleost csb - 2 is the most conserved among the three downstream csbs and is characterized by a poly - c stretch separated by ta or tta . csb - 3 contains a sequence of three or four as followed by a poly - c stretch . these csbs are thought to be involved in the formation of proper rna primer for mtdna replication and play a role in the switch from rna to dna synthesis that commences at o
dashed lines indicate the unconserved nucleotides , i . e . substitutions , insertions , or deletions .
non - coding region in groupers is formed on the h - strand located in a cluster of five trna genes ( trp , w ; ala , a ; asn , n ; cys , c ; tyr , y ) , the so called wancy region . the o
region region is a short stretch of 33 to 43 nucleotides with a predicted stable stem - loop secondary structure featuring a gc - rich stem and t - rich loop . it is priming of this latter poly - t site that is thought to initiate l - strand synthesis [
except for trna - val and trna - ser ( agy ) , rrnas and the remaining trnas show high levels of sequence similarity ( sequence identity > 83 % ) among the investigated species ( figure 4a ) . the conservation of rrnas and trnas is presumably required for the formation of their secondary structures and tertiary interactions . this functional constraint would explain their high sequence identities despite the high mutation rate in mtdna . the metazoan trna - ser ( agy ) generally exhibits considerable sequence variability [ 42 ] , which may be explained by taking into account that its dihydrouridine arm is replaced by a variable loop , likely weakening structural constraints .
genes were ranked by their sequence identity percentages from low to high ( left to right ) . ( a ) sequence identities of 22 trna genes . ( b ) nt % ( dark grey ) and deduced aa % ( light grey ) of 13 protein - coding genes . genes were ranked by the aa % .
in order to analyze the level of selective pressures imposed on different protein - coding genes , we calculated the ratio of the rate of non - synonymous substitutions ( ka ) to the rate of synonymous substitutions ( ks ) ( figure 5 ) . our results show that all 13 genes have the pairwise comparative ka / ks ratios smaller than 1 , indicating a signal of strong purifying selection against deleterious mutations on all mt protein genes in these groupers . however , the average ka / ks ratio ( 0 . 019 to 0 . 26 ) differs substantially among individual genes , suggesting varying functional constraints . among these genes the ratio is highest in nd6 ( 0 . 26 ) , implying this is under the least purifying selective pressure .
ka / ks is the ratio of non - synonymous substitutions rate ( ka ) to synonymous substitutions substitution rate ( ks ) .
) . they uniformly agreed on the monophyly of epinephelinae with a bootstrap value of 100 % on the ml tree and a posterior probability of 1 on the bayesian tree . while groupers were traditionally considered as the subfamily epinephelinae belonging to the family
) , lending further corroboration to the elevation of subfamily epinephelinae to family epinephelidae .
] allows us to use these species to draw inference for the entire genus . therefore , our study is indicative of a basal evolutionary status of
based on a set of distinct morphologically characters . this is corroborated by our phylogenetic analyses ( 100 % support for both methods ) with the two representatives of the
] . although these monotypic genera have their unique morphological features , such derived traits are phylogenetically uninformative for tracing the evolution along a lineage . our results agree with the taxonomic revision to synonymize
short mt gene fragments exhibit limitations in resolving complicated phylogenetic relationships in many fish lineages [ 17 ] . the added informative sites from longer dna sequences allow these deeper branches and higher - level relationships to be more fully resolved [ 18 ] . accordingly , more genetic data ( e . g . mt genomes ) along with extensive taxon sampling is necessary to fully elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among groupers and their higher - level affinities to other percomorph lineages .
we characterized and compared the complete mt genomes of 22 groupers including 17 newly sequenced species . in studying the evolution of their mt genomes we identified three distinct genome organizations , two of which have never previously been reported . these include the addition of a second
start codon to ctg or ttg in the more derived epinephelid clade . examining the non - coding mt genome cr , all species outside
contained six conserved sequence blocks rather than the three typically found in teleosts . comparison of the divergence rates among constituents of the mt genome identified
and cr as the most divergent . among the protein - coding genes divergence rates varied with
applying these new mt genomic sequences to test recent suggested taxonomic reorganization of the groupers , our phylogenetic analyses corroborated the rearrangement of grouper lineages . the results of this work , besides offering insight into the evolution of the grouper mt genome , provides important resources for the further study of grouper species identification , conservation genetics , speciation and other evolutionary biology studies .
sequencing results were first manually proofread and edited using chromaspro v . 1 . 42 ( technelysium ) then the 17 mt genomes were assembled using sequencher v . 4 . 7 ( gene codes corp . ) . these complete mt genome sequences have been deposited in genbank under the accession numbers listed in
) and annotated based on alignments with the mt genomes of closely related species found in the genbank database . most of the trna genes and their secondary structures could be predicted with trnascan - se [
’s extra copy of trna - ile gene instead were identiﬁed by inspecting anti - codon sequences and their trna - like secondary structure because they cannot form perfect clover - leaf structure and therefore were not detected by the computer program . these sequencing and annotation results were then combined to map the organization of each species’ mt genome (
) . nucleotide compositions were calculated using the program dnastar ( dnastar inc . ) while at and gc - skew were each computed using the formulas ( a - t ) / (
ratios for protein - coding genes were calculated using the program mega 5 . 0 [
] . we tested for significant differences in sequence variability of different regions using a one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) .
, and selected one species from each remaining family in our phylogenetic analyses . in total , 51
the concatenated sequences of 12 protein - coding genes on mt h - stand were aligned with codon constraint using clustal x [ 62 ] with minor manual adjustments ( figure s2 ) . individual gene sequences were also aligned and jmodeltest was used to infer the best evolution model of nucleotide substitution [ 63 ] . likelihood ratio tests were conducted to compare different models and the best selected based on both akaike information criterion ( aic ) and bayesian information criterion ( bic ) . among the 12 genes , gtr + i + g was selected as the best model for nd1 , nd2 , nd4 , nd4l , nd5 , atp6 , and atp8 , tvm + i + g was selected for coi , coiii , and cyt b , and trn + i + g was selected for coii and nd3 . the 12 genes were split into three model - defined partitions which were used in the following phylogenetic analyses .
sequence alignment of the central conserved domains and the conserved sequence blocks in the mitochondrial control regions .
dashed lines indicate gaps introduced by the alignment . asterisks indicate nucleotide identity in the column . the conserved sequence blocks are shown in red and boxed . this excludes the grouper species
sequence alignment of the 12 mitochondrial protein - coding genes ( excluding nd6 ) used for phylogenetic analyses . multiple sequence alignment was generated using clustal x [ 62 ] with minor manual adjustments . the manual modifications are highlighted in yellow .
we are grateful to kevin bilyk , lauren fields and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on this manuscript .
conceived and designed the experiments : sd x . zhuang mq . performed the experiments : mq x . zhuang x . zhang . analyzed the data : x . zhuang mq x . zhang sd . contributed reagents / materials / analysis tools : mq x . zhuang x . zhang . wrote the manuscript : x . zhuang mq .
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orenaia coloradalis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by barnes and mcdunnough in 1914 .

it is found in north america , where it has been recorded from arizona and colorado .

orenaia coloradalis

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a taxon identifier is composed of name , author , year and attribute , all separated by a blank . these are all extracted from the original publication .
the name is reproduced exactly as proposed in the original publication . the name of a genus is made up of one word and species made up of two words ( genus and species ) separated by a blank .
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turanana taygetica is a butterfly of the family lycaenidae .

it was described by rebel in 1902 .

it is found in greece and turkey .

the length of the forewings is 10 – 12 mm .

adult males are often found watering inside the forest zone and near the presumed host-plant .

the larvae probably feed on acantholimon species .

turanana taygetica

endangered species monday : turanana taygetica | dedicated to mme taylor nicole . | speak up for the voiceless - international animal rescue foundation - environmental news and media
turanana endymion , the odd - spot blue or anatolian odd - spot blue , is a butterfly of the family lycaenidae . it was described by christian friedrich freyer in 1850 . it is found in turkey , lebanon and iran . [ 1 ] records from europe refer to turanana taygetica .
turanana anisophthalma ( kollar , [ 1849 ] ) = lycaena anisophthalma kollar , [ 1849 ] = arsacia ( lederer , [ 1869 ] ) = turana anisopthalma .
due to the recent split of t . taygetica and t . endymion the knowledge on the distribution of each species is limited to the specimens which have so far been examined ( coutsis 2005 ) .
the turanana taygetica ( scientific identification ) is not known to be listed on anyone of the cites appendices either , despite the fact the species is near threatened / vulnerable , with populations declining quite rapidly within greece and turkey . furthermore populations have plummeted to a staggering 30 - 50 % over the past two decades . to date there is no - known true or mean population count . international animal rescue foundation england are though looking into this , and hope to release a more accurate report addressed too the convention on international trade of endangered species wild flora and fauna ( cites ) .
t . taygetica is listed as [ near threatened ] , although new data from cites has suggested that the species may soon be re - listed as [ vulnerable ] . to date there is very little knowledge known about this specific species of butterfly , and the split related species identified as t . endymion .
this mondays ( esp ) endangered species watch post i touch up on the t . taygetica identified by dr rebel back in 1902 . image credited : zeynel cebeci i am also dedicating this article to the early mme taylor nicole who sadly passed away last week to mother christina ann . mme ann is an unselfish animal rights activist dedicating her time , love and care to african , american and international wildlife . mme ann regularly undertakes animal rights projects for the start for animals project , missouri , united states .
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van swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , wiemers , m . , katbeh - bader , a . , power , a . , benyamini , d . , tzirkalli , e . , balletto , e . , monteiro , e . , karaçetin , e . , franeta , f . , pe ' er , g . , welch , h . , thompson , k . , pamperis , l . , dapporto , l . , šašić , m . , lópez munguira , m . , micevski , n . , dupont , p . , garcia - pereira , p . , moulai , r . , caruana , r . , verovnik , r . , bonelli , s . & beshkov , s .
micevski , b . , darcemont , c . , john , e . , gilbert , f . , cassar , l . , tarrier , m . , ozden , o . , ten hagen , w . , romo , h . & garcía - barros , e .
justification : the area of occupancy ( aoo ) in greece is 40 km 2 and in turkey is at least 400 km 2 in the known localities . the total aoo is almost certainly under 2 , 000 km 2 and the population is fragmented both in greece and turkey . therefore , this species is considered near threatened based on criterion b2 .
this species occurs in the south of greece on mt . chelmos and in taijetos mts . it is also found in turkey from niğde west to sultan mountains in afyon . it occurs from 1 , 000 - 2 , 800 m asl ( baytaş 2007 , tshikolovets 2011 ) . this is a mediterranean endemic species .
a local species , restricted to ( semi - ) natural areas . a decline in distribution of 30 - 50 % is reported from greece ( pamperis pers . comm . ) .
the odd - spot blue occurs in dry , calcareous places covered with low - growing shrubs . the butterflies are frequently seen drinking the nectar from flowers , especially thyme . the male butterflies sometimes leave their usual habitat in their search for damp patches of ground . the females lay their eggs on the flowers of acantholimon species ( plumbaginaceae ) . the odd - spot blue often shares its habitat with the fiery copper ( lycaena thetis ) , its caterpillars using the same species of foodplant . the odd - spot blue has one generation a year in greece and passes the winter in the pupal stage .
this species has a restricted distribution . it is threatened by changes in the agricultural practices ( mainly abandonment ) , quarrying and tourist activities . in greece it is a popular butterfly for collectors . one population in greece was recently destroyed by the building of a road . regarding its limited distribution it might get threatened on the longer run by climate change . as the species is not treated in the climatic risk atlas ( settele et al . 2008 ) there is no information on the possible change of the climate envelope .
more research is needed on the distribution and ecology of the species . suitable habitats should be protected and appropriately managed . the effects of conservation actions should be monitored by a butterfly monitoring scheme .
van swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , wiemers , m . , katbeh - bader , a . , power , a . , benyamini , d . , tzirkalli , e . , balletto , e . , monteiro , e . , karaçetin , e . , franeta , f . , pe ' er , g . , welch , h . , thompson , k . , pamperis , l . , dapporto , l . , šašić , m . , lópez munguira , m . , micevski , n . , dupont , p . , garcia - pereira , p . , moulai , r . , caruana , r . , verovnik , r . , bonelli , s . & beshkov , s . 2015 .
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van swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , verovnik , r . , wiemers , m . , lópez munguira , m . , maes , d . , sasic , m . , verstrael , t . , warren , m . & settele , j .
van swaay , c . & cuttelod , a . ( iucn red list unit )
justification : this species is restricted to a few sites in greece ( less than five locations ) . the habitat is being destroyed . the larval foodplant apparently has a very restricted distribution . therefore , it is classified as endangered in europe and the eu27 countries .
this species occurs in the south of greece on mt . chelmos and in taijetos mts . 1 , 500 - 2 , 300 m . it is also found in turkey . the global distribution area of the species is situated both within and outside europe .
this is a local species , restricted to ( semi - ) natural areas .
the odd - spot blue occurs in dry , calcareous places covered with low - growing shrubs . the butterflies are frequently seen drinking the nectar from flowers , especially thyme . the male butterflies sometimes leave their usual habitat in their search for damp patches of ground . the females lay their eggs on the flowers of acantholimon androsaceum ( plumbaginaceae ) . the odd - spot blue often shares its habitat with fiery copper ( lycaena thetis ) , its caterpillars using the same species of foodplant . the odd - spot blue has one generation a year and passes the winter in the pupal stage . habitats : sclerophyllous scrub ( 100 % ) .
this species has a restricted european distribution . it is threatened by changes in the agricultural practices ( mainly abandonment ) , quarrying and tourist activities . it is also a popular butterfly for collectors , but there is no evidence to determine whether this is contributing to its decline . due to its limited distribution , it might get threatened on the longer run by climate change . as the species is not treated in the climatic risk atlas ( settele et al . , 2008 ) there is no information on the possible change of the climate envelope .
van swaay , c . , wynhoff , i . , verovnik , r . , wiemers , m . , lópez munguira , m . , maes , d . , sasic , m . , verstrael , t . , warren , m . & settele , j . 2010 .
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funding african wildlife survival ( f . a . w . s ) – benue zoo –
rhinoceros day september – support & awareness – we must save the speices from extinction .
rhinoceros horn is not up for sale – property of the r . s . a
the ‘odd spot blue butterfly’ as the species is commonly known was primarily identified by dr hans rebel whom was an austrian entomologist who specialized in lepidoptera . rebel , who had an early interest in natural history and butterflies , first became a lawyer . he devoted his spare time to studying lepidoptera and established the entomological section of the botanical and zoological society of vienna .
he succeeded alois friedrich rogenhofer ( 1831–1897 ) as keeper of the lepidoptera collection of the naturhistorisches museum in vienna , a post he held from 1897 to 1932 . dr rebel enriched the collections and as a grand voyageur , made many collecting trips in austro - hungary and five trips in the balkans . he directed the department of zoology in 1923 and was the museum’s director general in 1925 .
endemic to greece and turkey ( europe ) , populations of this stunningly beautiful insect are known to be decreasing quite rapidly . the odd - spot blue butterfly occurs in dry , calcareous places covered with low - growing shrubs , and are commonly witnessed drinking the nectar from the herb plant identified as thyme , scientifically known as thymus vulgaris . males are known to leave their normal habitat for more ‘damper patches of ground’ , while females commonly lay their eggs within the species of flora identified as acantholimon karamanicum .
image : odd spot blue butterfly shares its habitat with the l . thetis .
the odd spot blue butterfly shares its habitat with this utterly stunning copper - tinged lycaena thetis ( pictured above ) , both of which contrast one - another beautifully . both butterflies caterpillars also share the same species of food - plant which is quite a rare behavior within the world of butterflies .
this species has a restricted distribution . it is threatened by changes in the agricultural practices ( mainly abandonment ) , quarrying and tourist activities . in greece it is a popular butterfly for collectors . one population in greece was recently destroyed by the building of a road . regarding its limited distribution it might get threatened on the longer run by climate change . as the species is not treated in the climatic risk atlas , there is no information on the possible change of the climate envelope .
the length of the forewings is 10–12 mm . the ground colour of the upperside of the wings is blue with blackish marginal borders . the underside ground colour is whitish grey . adult males are often found watering inside the forest zone and near the presumed host - plant .
this mondays ( esp ) endangered species watch post is dedicated to the early mme taylor nicole whom sadly passed away last week . herein are a few links to share , tag , and to learn to cope with sudden bereavement within the family environment .
i myself never met mme nicole or her mother christina , however have spoken to christina occasionally in relation to the work that i have undertaken in the past regarding the pet meat trade . i believe i owe a little gratitude to such a wonderful person .
due to mme christina ann’s daughter passing away suddenly , while christina was on excursion on the continent of africa , helping those within impoverished zones , and those with no voice , mme ann’s travel insurance would not cover the expenses of having to suddenly flying back home . please be most kind to donate a small amount to help mother cover this charge by clicking the link hereto : urltoken
the link hereto urltoken provides more details for parents on how to deal with sudden death . compassionate friends is a united states not for profit organisation helping parents , relatives and friends dealing with the loss of a close loved one from suicide .
today’s endangered species post ( esp ) is dedicated to the odd spot blue butterfly , mother christina ann and daughter mme taylor nicole .
dr jose carlos depre phd . menvsc . bsc ( hons ) botany , phd ( neurosci ) d . v . m .
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coutsis , 2005 – mont helmos ( greece ) , western anatolia ( turkey ) .
freyer , 1850 – eastern anatolia ( turkey ) , armenia ? , iran ( mazandaran province ) , lebanon , israel .
male is deep violet - blue above with blackish marginal borders . the underside ground colour is light grey brown .
. on hindwing the submarginal band contains an orange spot near anal angle . the basal area of hindwing has faint , shiny , whitish - blue dusting .
both wings have double row of well - defined black - brown sub - marginal markings .
revision of the turana endymion species - group ( lycaenidae ) , nota lepidopterologica 27 ( 4 ) : 251 - 272 .
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butterfly conservation ' s european butterflies group promotes the enjoyment , conservation and study of butterflies , moths and their habitats in europe .
european butterflies group is open to all members of butterfly conservation for an additional branch membership costing £10 .
the ebg agm will take place at the ibis hotel birmingham ( near new street station ) on sat 1st december 2018 . details to follow .
survey for danube clouded yellow & other eastern european specialities in belarus , 6 - 13 august 2018 . there ' s still time to participate in this survey trip of
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the length of the forewings is 10–12 mm . the ground colour of the upperside of the wings is blue with blackish marginal borders . the underside ground colour is light grey brown .
coutsis ( 2005 ) : revision of the turana endymion species - group ( lycaenidae ) . — nota lepidopterologica 27 ( 4 ) : 251 - 272
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ridgely , r . s . , t . f . allnutt , t . brooks , d . k . mcnicol , d . w . mehlman , b . e . young , and j . r . zook . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the birds of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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patterson , b . d . , g . ceballos , w . sechrest , m . f . tognelli , t . brooks , l . luna , p . ortega , i . salazar , and b . e . young . 2003 . digital distribution maps of the mammals of the western hemisphere , version 1 . 0 . natureserve , arlington , virginia , usa .
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species catalog enables to sort by characteristics such as expansion , flight time , etc . .