rissooidea , originally named rissoacea by gray , 1847 , is a taxonomic superfamily of small and minute marine snails , belonging to the clade littorinimorpha .

with their phylogenetic analysis of rissooidean and cingulopsoidean families , criscione f. & ponder w.f. ( 2013 ) have created the superfamily truncatelloidea containing many families previously included in the superfamily rissooidea .

they have shown that rissooidea was not monophyletic , encompassing two major clades , i.e. risooidea s.s. and truncatelloidea .

the freshwater , brackish water , and semi-terrestrial families and genera were brought under truncatelloidea .

rissooidea

also a part of the rissooidea is the family of bithynias ( bithyniidae ) , such as bithynia tentaculata .
the following table , found on each rissooidea page , is supposed to make navigation and orientation between the respective pages easier .
rissooidea are grazers , feeding on plant and animal detritus , algae , sediments and diatoms . the family bithyniidae is characterised by its filter - feeding habit however they are still capable of grazing .
, m . ( 2001 ) .
molecular systematics of hydrobiidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : rissooidea ) : testing monophyly and phylogenetic relationships
. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia
barleeiidae ( marine snail ) the pair of double letters , though unusual , would not be particularly noteworthy , except the family is part of the superfamily rissooidea , with a completely different pair of double letters .
the large number of very small snail species from fresh and brackish water , which for the sake of simplicity usually are referred to as spring snails or mud snails , actually are a whole larger superfamily , the rissooidea .
kabat , a . r . & hershler , r . 1993 . the prosobranch snail family hydrobiidae ( gastropoda : rissooidea ) : review of classification and supraspecific taxa . smithsonian contributions to zoology 547 : 1 - 94 . [ links ]
typically the sexes are separate in rissooidea and females deposit hemispherical or globular egg capsules onto hard surfaces . development is direct in freshwater species without a planktonic larval stage that is found in marine groups . there are also a few species that are parthenogenic and viviparous .
de francesco , c . g . 2007 . las limitaciones a la identificación de especies de heleobia stimpson , 1856 ( gastropoda , rissooidea ) en el registro fósil del cuaternario tardío sus implicancias paleoambientales . ameghiniana 44 ( 3 ) : 631 - 635 . [ links ]
liu , h . p . ; hershler , r . & thompson , f . g . 2001 . phylogenetic relationships of the cochliopinae ( rissooidea : hydrobiidae ) : an enigmatic group of aquatic gastropods . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 21 : 17 - 25 . [ links ]
is parthenogenic and a very successful coloniser that has invaded habitats in australia , europe and north america . many species of rissooidea in australia are endemic with very restricted ranges and are the subject of conservation concern largely due to habitat destruction caused by water management and pollution . some asian pomatiopsidae are intermediate hosts of human blood flukes (
rissooidea is a superfamily of mostly marine snails that also includes some freshwater and brackish water species . one subfamily has members that live in moist leaf litter . these small to minute snail typically have a horny , calcareous operculum which sometimes bears pegs on its inner surface . shells can range from globose to conical smooth or variously sculptured with a raised spire . as there is a wide diversity of forms , both within the superfamily , and within some of the large families ( eg . hydrobiidae ) , rissooidea are often not easily characterised and distinguished by external and habitat characters alone , thus anatomical features , such as features of the female reproductive system , are typically used for identification .
de francesco , c . g . & isla , f . i . 2004 . reproductive period and growth rate of the fresh - water snail heleobia parchappii ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) ( gastropoda : rissooidea ) in a shallow brackish habitat ( buenos aires province , argentina ) . malacologia 45 : 443 - 450 . [ links ]
wilke , t . ; davis , g . m ; falniowski , a . giusti , f . ; bodon , m . & szarowska , m . 2001 . molecular systematics of hydrobiidae ( mollusca : gastropoda : rissooidea ) : testing monophyly and phylogenetic relationships . proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia 151 : 1 - 21 . [ links ]
wilke , t . ; haase , m . ; hershler , r . ; liu , h . p . misof , b . & ponder , w . 2013 . pushing short dna fragments to the limit : phylogenetic relationships of ' hydrobioid ' gastropods ( caenogastropoda : rissooidea ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66 ( 3 ) : 715 - 736 . [ links ]
. . . the superfamily rissooidea comprises minute littorinimorph gastropods , which settled various shallow to deeper normal marine and brackish−water habitats at least since jurassic times ( gründel and kowalke 2002 ) . rissoidae usually prefer shallow littoral habitats , where they either live on hard sub− strates as micro−algal grazers or on softer substrates as detriti− vores ( see e . g . , bandel and kowalke 1999 ) . . . .
. . . , cf . brandi ( walther , 1951 ) taf . 3 , gattung jurilda gründel , 1973 typusart : mathilda ( jurilda ) crasova gründel , 1973 ( jüngeres subjektives synonym von promathilda ( teretrina ) concava walther , 1951 ) . golikov & starobogatov , 1975 überfamilie rissooidea gray , 1847 familie palaeorissoinidae gründel & kowalke , 2002 gattung palaeorissoina gründel , 1999a typusart : palaeorissoina compacta gründel , 1999a ; mittlerer jura ; nordostdeutschland . palaeorissoina sp . . . .
rissooidea show a wide spectrum of habitat preference from brackish estuarine creeks to freshwater rivers and creeks , waterfalls , alpine lakes and streams and isolated inland springs . there are also some species adapted subterranean waters . terrestrial members of the omphalotropidinae are found in damp leaf litter in woodland . the family hydrobiidae are by far the largest group of freshwater molluscs and one of the most speciose of all freshwater animals and as such , are important herbivores in aquatic systems . the new zealand hydrobiid species ,
the new family palaeorissoinidae ( caenogastropoda , littorinimorpha , rissooidea ) , including the subfamilies palaeorissoininae and greveniellinae , comprises small slender rissoiform shells with five to ten whorls and axial and / or spiral teleoconch sculpture . taxa affiliated to the family are characterised by a protoconch reflecting a planktotrophic larval stage . the protoconch comprises 2 - 4 rounded whorls , with an embryonic shell of one almost planispirally coiled whorl . the larval shell is sculptured by dense collabral axial ribs , a sculptural pattern , which is unknown from any recent rissooid . the marine palaeorissoininae range from the toarcian ( late early jurassic ) to the valendisian ( earliest cretaceous ) . greveniellinae are only known from brackish - water deposits of the aquitanian ( early miocene ) .
the goal of this study is to develop a molecular approach to solve the taxonomical status of heleobia species from the centre - west of argentina as a first step towards an integrated phylogenetic study of the southern south america cochliopids . considering : i ) the protein - coding mitochondrial citocrome oxidase i ( coi ) gene does not show insertions or deletions in the superfamily rissooidea ; ii ) the vast information on coi gene sequence available in ncbi genebank for the gastropoda in general and iii ) that this sequence shows good phylogenetic signals from population to family levels ( wilke et al . , 2001 ) , we analyze coi sequences from 7 taxa ( 5 cochliopid and 2 non cochliopid ones ) without previous data in genbank , in an attempt to provide new considerations tending to solve a long term controversial issue .
for over 40 years malacologists have been discussing the taxonomical status of heleobia species , an enigmatic genus from cochliopidae family ( caenogastropoda : rissooidea ) . as with other rissooidean families , the considerable character convergence and the paucity of anatomical synapomorphies has proved to be a problem in resolving cochliopid phylogenetic relations and establishing the validity of several nominal cochliopid species . here we present a molecular contribution to solve the taxonomical status of one of the most abundant southern south america cochliopid genera which has many endemic species . we report molecular evidence that supports three of the four heleobia groups described for this region , the
australis
,
parchappii
and
piscium
groups . the fourth , the
hatcheri
group , belongs not to heleobia but to a different genus which itself should not be considered as part of the family cochliopidae but closely related to genus potamolithus pilsbry & rush , 1896 .
durante más de 40 años se ha discutido el estatus taxonómico de diversas especies del enigmático género heleobia de la familia cochliopidae ( caenogastropoda : rissooidea ) . como sucede con otras familias de rissooideos , la abundancia de caracteres convergentes y la escasez de sinapomorfías anatómicas han representado un problema para resolver las relaciones filogenéticas de cochliopidae y definir la validez de varias de las especies nominales de esta familia . presentamos aquí una contribución molecular tendiente a resolver el estatus taxonómico de uno de los más abundantes géneros de la porción meridional de sudamérica que incluye varias especies endémicas . nuestra evidencia molecular reconfirma tres de los cuatro grupos de heleobia en los que se han agrupado las especies del género en esta región :
australis
,
parchappii
y
piscium
. el cuarto , el grupo
hatcheri
, no pertenece a heleobia sino a un género diferente que no debería ser considerado como integrante de la familia cochliopidae , sino estrechamente relacionado al género potamolithus pilsbry y rush , 1896 .
rissooidea occur worldwide in tropical , subtropical and temperate regions with four freshwater families occurring across australasia . the large family hydrobiidae have a worldwide distribution and are one of the major families in australia . they are known from eastern and south - eastern mainland australia , tasmania , lord howe island and the artesian springs of northern south australia and southern queensland . a few undescribed species are known from groundwater in north - western australia . many species are also known from new caledonia and new zealand . two subfamilies of assimineidae are recognised : the cosmopolitan assimineinae , that occurs in both tropical and temperate regions and are found in salt - marsh habitats across southern australia , with one species found in freshwater seepages in south - western australia , and the omphalotropidinae , which are found in leaf litter on islands in the indian ocean , asia and the south - west pacific , including lord howe and norfolk islands . one freshwater omphalotropidine is found in south - western australia . bithyniidae are found in freshwaters of eurasia , africa and australia . in australia , members of the family are found mainly in the inland , on the east coast , and in the northern regions where they prefer backwaters and billabongs , but they are also common over most of northern new south wales . pomatiopsidae is a small family found in north and south america , south africa , australia and much of asia . members of the only australian genus , corinella , generally inhabit saline lakes in the western and southern regions , or coastal salt marshes in parts of southern australia .
rissoacea ( suffix - oidea mandatory for a superfamily name following current iczn art . 29 . 2 . )
bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
criscione f . & ponder w . f . ( 2013 ) a phylogenetic analysis of rissooidean and cingulopsoidean families ( gastropoda : caenogastropoda ) . molecular phylogenetics and evolution 66 : 1075–1082 . [ published online 10 december 2012 ] [ details ]
( of rissoacea ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
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a phylogenetic analysis of rissooidean and cingulopsoidean families ( gastropoda : caenogastropoda ) . - pubmed - ncbi
warning : the ncbi web site requires javascript to function . more . . .
australian museum - malacology , 6 college street , sydney 2010 nsw , australia . francesco . criscione @ urltoken
austropyrgus simsonianus image credit : tasmanian museum and art gallery provider for ozcam image by : mr a . simson , used under a creative commons attribution license
new zealand mud snail ( invasive ) image credit : dan gustafson , u . s . fish & wildlife service - pacific regions used under a creative commons attribution license
this work is licensed under a creative commons attribution - noncommercial 3 . 0 australia license .
bythinella cylindrica , amnicolidae family . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .
belgrandiella wawrai , hydrobiidae family . picture : © alexander mrkvicka , vienna ( urltoken ) .
actually hydrobiidae on the other hand are mud snails ( e . g . peringia ulvae , the laver spire snail ) and some other spring snail groups , among those , e . g . belgrandiella pareyssii , the thermal spring snail , which shares the thermal springs of bad vöslau in lower austria with the thermal spring nerite ( theodoxus prevostianus ) and the thermal spring pitch snail ( esperiana daudebartii ) . also in the hydrobiidae there is the new zealand mud snail ( potamopyrgus antipodarum ) , a famous introduced snail species or neozoon .
a third family finally contains the gravel snails ( lithoglyphidae ) with the river gravel snail ( lithoglyphus naticoides ) .
iheringia , sér . zool . vol . 105 no . 1 porto alegre jan . / mar . 2015
1 . instituto argentino de investigaciones de las zonas aridas ( iadiza ) , cct - conicet . av . ruiz leal s / n , parque general san martín , mendoza ( 5500 ) , argentina .
2 . facultad de ciencias exactas y naturales , universidad nacional de cuyo . av . padre contreras 1300 , mendoza ( 5500 ) , argentina .
3 . comisión de investigaciones científicas , buenos aires province ( cic ) , la plata , buenos aires , argentina . ( smartin @ fcnym . unlp . edu . ar )
cochliopidae is a family of rissooidean snails composed of more than 30 genera and more than 260 species that mainly inhabit freshwaters in tropical and temperate regions of america and several regions of eurasia ( hershler & thompson , 1992 ) . the status of this enigmatic family remained unstable during many years , until wilke et al . ( 2001 ) , using molecular tools , confirmed that cochliopidae is a family distinct from hydrobiidae as it is accepted by bouchet & rocroi ( 2005 ) . the monophyly of the family , the consistency of molecular and anatomical characters ( mainly closed spermathecal duct and oviduct jointed directly to the albumen gland ) , and its phylogenetic relationships have been assessed and discussed by liu et al . , 2001 ( as cochliopinae ) and wilke et al . ( 2001 ) who mainly utilized dna sequences of mitochondrial genes . previous attempts to resolve systematic and / or phylogeny of hydrobiids based only on morphological data ( e . g . kabat & hershler , 1993 ; falniowsky & szarowska , 2000 ) poorly resolved the uncertainty due to considerable character convergence and the scarcity of anatomical synapomorphies .
cochliopidae are abundant snails worldwide . however , sequenced taxa from south america are underrepresented , as was pointed out by liu et al . ( 2001 ) discussing biogeography . recent molecular characterization of endemic gastropod fauna from titicaca lake ( kroll et al . , 2012 ) and northern of chile ( collado et al . , 2013 ) appear to be the only available cochliopid information for this subcontinent .
heleobia kuesteri also remain enigmatic . based on geographic distribution and the original conchological description of strobel , m . c . gaillard ( unpublished data ) considered this species within the
parchappii group
. cazzaniga ( 1981 ) proposed h . kuesteri as species inquirenda and ciocco ( 2011 ) suggested that it could be a valid taxon related to the
parchappii group
.
heleobia hatcheri , abundant in patagonian waters , differs from the other heleobia species from the cmp in , among other characters , the presence of a so called nuchal papilla in all females studied ( pseudohermaphroditism or natural imposex , martín , 2002 ) , the only reported sex in cmp populations where sex ratios have been studied ( uspallata river ; martín , 2002 ; ciocco , 2011 ) . this organ was previously mistakenly interpreted as a reduced and functional penis from hypothetical h . hatcheri males ( gaillard & castellanos , 1976 ; cazzaniga , 1981 ) , to the point that a new genus was proposed ( strobeliella ; cazzaniga , 1981 ) .
additionally , a new morphotype with similar shell features to h . hatcheri ( ovate - conic shell ) , but discontinuous peristome , was recently found in several localities of the cmp ( heleobia sp . ; ciocco & koch , unpublished data ) .
specimens . individuals from cmp were collected in aguas negras ( 30°18 ' 6 . 72
s , 68°43 ' 46 . 62
w , san juan province ) , uspallata stream ( 32°40 ' 11 . 1
s , 69°21 ' 52 . 8
w , mendoza province ) , and laguna bebedero ( 33°39 ' s , 66°34 ' w , san luis province ) during expeditions to the cmp between 2011 and 2013 . heleobia piscium ( d ' orbigny , 1835 ) and potamolithus spp . specimens were collected in 2014 from martin garcia island , upper portion from de la plata river basin ( 34°11 ' s , 58°15 ' w , buenos aires province ) . in all cases , animals were alcohol preserved following previous menthol relaxation . voucher specimens for all studied taxa were deposited in the museo de la plata collection under voucher numbers : mlp ma 13806 to 13812 .
dna isolation , pcr and sequencing . the total dna was extracted from the foot of dissected snails . tissues were rinsed in te buffer ( 10mm tris 1mm edta , ph 8 ) and digested overnight in ctab ( cetyl trimethylammonium bromide ) buffer containing proteinase k ( 0 . 14 mg at 60°c ) and 2 - mercaptoethanol . dna was purified by a threefold extraction with chloroform - isoamyl alcohol ( 24 : 1 ) followed by precipitation with ethanol . the dna was then resuspended in dnase / rnase free distilled water . a 655 - bp fragment of the coi gene was amplified by means of the primers of folmer et al . ( 1994 ) . amplification by the polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) was performed in a final volume of 50 µl containing : 50 - 100 ng of template dna , 0 . 1 µm of each primer , 1x pcr buffer , 50 µm dntps , 2 . 5 mm mgcl 2 , and 1 u taq polymerase ( invitrogen , brazil ) . the thermocycling sequence was conducted at 94°c for 3 min ; with 5 cycles at 94°c for 30 s , 42°c for 30 s , and 72°c for 1 min 30 s ; followed by 34 cycles at 94°c for 30 s , 45°c for 30 s , and 72°c for 1 min 30 s ; with a final chain extension at 72°c for 5 min . 5 µl of each pcr product was tested on a 1 % ( w / v ) agarose gel electrophoresis . the remainders ( 45µl ) of reactions with the expected pcr product were purified with accuprep ( r ) pcr purification kit ( bioneer corporation , korea ) , then sequenced in both directions ( instituto de biotecnología , unidad de genómica , inta castelar , argentina ) . the resulting sequences were analyzed with bioedit ( hall , 1999 ) to obtain consensus sequences for each individual .
sequence alignment . the coi sequences were unambiguously aligned in mega6 ( tamura et al . , 2013 ) and trimmed to a total length of 638bp . phylogenetic analysis was undertaken comparing gene sequences from this study and related sequences in genbank ( tab . i ) . a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood method based on the tamura - nei model ( tamura & nei , 1993 ) . the bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 1000 replicates is taken to represent the evolutionary history of the taxa analyzed ( felsenstein , 1985 ) . branches corresponding to partitions reproduced in less than 50 % of the bootstrap replicates are collapsed .
the initial tree for the heuristic search was obtained automatically by applying neighbor - join and bionj algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the maximum composite likelihood ( mcl ) approach , and then selecting the topology with the best log likelihood value . the analysis involved 38 nucleotide sequences . all codon positions were included . all positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated . there were a total of 636 positions in the final dataset . evolutionary analyses were conducted in mega6 ( tamura et al . , 2013 ) .
taxon , collection locality data , reference and genbank accession numbers for specimens analyzed in this study .
the bootstrap consensus tree yielded from the ml analysis comprises the outgroup taxon pomatiopsis lapidaria ( say , 1817 ) , 4 dominant clades and several subclades ( from top to bottom ; fig 1 . ) :
molecular phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood method bootstrap consensus tree inferred from 1000 replicates . all codon positions were included . all positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated . there were a total of 636 positions in the final dataset . only bootstrap values greater than 50 are indicated .
four basal lineages [ heleobops carrikeri ( davies and mckee , 1989 ) , heleobia australis , heleobia piscium and tryonia imitator ( pilsbry , 1899 ) ] not belonging to subclades 1 . 1 - 1 . 3 .
3 . 2 . containing 3 species of potamolithus , heleobia hatcheri and morphotype heleobia sp .
three of the heleobia spp . from subclade 1 . 3 correspond to taxa recorded from the cmp : h . parchappii , h . occidentalis and h . kuesteri . the topology of this subclade showed that two first species are very close , reinforcing that h . occidentalis is synonym of h . parchappii . also , analysis of this subclade confirmed that heleobia kuesteri belongs to
parchappii group
and suggested that it should be accepted as a valid species . heleobia limariensis , from huasco river basin from northern chile and the three cmp species of this subclade , share an arid andean environment .
the four basal lineages of cochliopidae ( heleobops carrikeri , heleobia australis , heleobia piscium and tryonia imitator ) correspond to saline or euryhaline taxa .
heleobia hatcheri ( and the very similar morphotype heleobia sp . ) from cmp , resolved outside cochliopidae . both were integrated in the well - defined tateidae subclade 3 . 2 composed of 3 potamolithus species : p . agapetus ( pilsbry , 1911 ) and p . buschii ( fraunfeld , 1865 ) , sympatric taxa from de la plata river , and p . ribeirensis ( pilsbry , 1911 , sensu davis & pons da silva , 1984 ) , from iporanga river , southern brazil , part of the paraná and la plata river drainage systems .
heleobia hatcheri
and
heleobia sp .
were closely - related to the three potamolithus species studied in this work and these three taxa are more closely linked to tateidae family than to lythoglyphidae , as was pointed out by wilke et al . ( 2013 ) for p . ribeirensis .
our results suggest that only two cochliopidae species of the
parchappii group
should be recognized in the centre - west of argentina : h . parchappii and h . kuesteri . heleobia parchappii is a elongate - conic shell species abundant in oligohaline waters from the pampean region , able to develop populations in estuaries ( de francesco & isla 2004 ) or in hard continental waters such as those of desaguadero , llancanelo and bebebero saline ' s from the cmp ( ciocco & scheibler , 2008 ; de francesco & hassan , 2009 , and this work ) . heleobia vianai ( cited from only one cmp locality , m . c . gaillard , unpublished data ) and h . occidentalis from bebedero and llancanelo saline areas , should be considered as synonymus of h . parchappii as was suggested by cazzaniga ( 1980 ) and de francesco ( 2007 ) , respectively . we were unable to obtain coi sequences for preserved h . vianai material studied ( lote mlp 9224 invertebrates collection of museo de la plata , argentina ) , or collect any h . vianai specimen from the same area as the type locality where saline waters are predominant . cazzaniga ( 1980 ) , based in penial morphology , did not detect significant differences between h . vianai and h . occidentalis , and proposed that the former is a synonym of h . occidentalis which , according to the coi sequences studied in this work , should itself be considered as a synonym of h . parchappii .
heleobia kuesteri , meanwhile , is an elongate - conic shell endemic species from the centre - west of argentina abundant in relatively soft waters of the subandean foothills of the cmp . despite this species needs to be redescribed including soft parts . the shell features of the scarce available material in malacological collections identified as h . kuesteri ( lote 20997 / 1 invertebrates collection of museo argentino de ciencias naturales bernardino rivadavia , buenos aires , argentina ) appear identical to the numerous specimens we collected in the centre and north of the cmp . although shell morphology of this species is different from typical h . parchappii , de francesco & hassan ( 2009 ) cited for the south of the cmp another abundant batch of individuals , with identical conchological features to those we found in the centre and north of the cmp , as heleobia aff . parchappii based on similarity of penial complex . however , these authors recognized difficulties in identifying this material and considered the possibility that it could be an undescribed species or h . kuesteri .
preliminary studies using scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) performed on shell , penis and radula of many cochliopidae from argentina indicated that i ) the radulae of h . parchappii and h . kuesteri are similar , ii ) although both species penial complexes are similar , there are small differences in the shape and the porosity porous of the papillae , and distal end shape , iii ) the whorls of h . kuesteri are less convex than those of h . parchappii , supporting the possibility that they are different species . the coi sequences analyzed here seemed to reinforce this possibility . however , more detailed anatomical studies , including female genitalia and use of other molecular markers are necessary to solve the question definitively .
our molecular results would validate the
australis
and
piscium
groups . h . australis is an elongated - conic shell species of marine and littoral waters that , along with tryonia imitator and heleobeops carrikeri ( both from hard usa waters ; hershler et al . , 1999 and wilke et al . , 2000 , respectively ) shares with h . piscium ( an oligo - to euryhaline species ) its condition of basal linage of the subclades from clade cochliopidae ( i . e . altiplano lakes , european semisalsa and cmp heleobia spp . ; fig . 1 tree ) . besides coi sequences differences reported in this work and differences in penis morphology and shell form ( elongate - conic in h . australis and conic in h . piscium ; gaillard & castellanos , 1976 ) , both species differs in development mode : indirect in h . australis ( marcus & marcus , 1963 , 1965 ; neves et al . , 2010 ) and direct in h . piscium ( stella m . martin , pers . observ . ) .
our results suggest that heleobia hatcheri and the morphologically similar heleobia sp . should not be included among the family cochliopidae , and that they would be closely - related to the three studied potamolithus species . the latter has two novel and significant implications : i ) the conspicuous group
hatcheri
. traditional component of the cochliopidae from chile ( biese , 1944 ) and argentina ( gaillard & castellanos , 1976 ) , would disappear as part of this family ; ii ) as was recently suggested by wilke et al . ( 2013 ) , the potamolithus genus endemic from south america would not be lithoglyphidae as was proposed originally by davis & pons da silva ( 1984 ) .
interestingly , there is no fossil record of h . hatcheri from the centre - west of argentina although the holocene aquatic malacofauna of the region is , with the exception of this species and the exotic physa acuta draparnaud , 1805 , identical to the current gastropod and bivalve assemblages ( de francesco & hassan , 2009 ) . these observations suggest that this enigmatic taxon may have colonized the centre - west of argentina in the last ca . 11 , 000 years .
heleobia sp . , as previously mentioned , must undoubtedly be considered as very close to h . hatcheri , a taxon with which it shares in sympatry the relatively soft waters of the cmp . morphological studies indicate that the species have an identical radula , similar pigmentation in the prosboscis and tentacles together with nuchal papillae and absence of males in all the examined populations . the only notable difference from h . hatcheri is that the heleobia sp . shell has a discontinuous peristome , a character that could be interpreted as an intraspecific variation , as also appears to be the case in h . kuesteri . nevertheless , a detailed morphological description of this morphotype and the eventual incorporation of other molecular markers should be taken into account before considering it as a new species or a h . hatcheri variation .
with respect to the phylogenetic proximity of h . hatcheri to the south american genus potamolithus and the suggestion that the latter belong not to lithoglyphidae but to tateidae ( wilke et al . , 2013 ) , these authors indicated that
we do not know of any unique characters defining this group
. nevertheless , the diagnosis of the paleartic - neartic lithoglyphidae is made by the closed ventral wall of the female capsule gland and the blade - like penis lacking large appendages and specialized glands , remarking finally that the genus potamolithus was resolved as a member of the tateidae clade in all their molecular analysis ( wilke et al . , 2013 ) .
the potamolithus species incorporated in this study , p . buschii and p . agapetus , are sympatric in the la plata river basin . potamolithus agapetus presents a marked secondary sexual dimorphism on shell shape and size ( lópez armengol , 1996 ) . females of both taxa show a nuchal node on the right side of the neck as was described by davis & pons da silva ( 1984 ) for p . ribeirensis . this fleshy protuberance is situated where the base of the simple , and without appendages , penis is located ( davis & pons da silva , 1984 ; lópez armengol , 1996 ) in the three mentioned potamolithus species , also coinciding with the position of the nuchal papilla of the parthenogenetic h . hatcheri females ( martín , 2002 ) . unfortunately , the female genitalia of p . buschii and p . agapetus have not been described .
the only description of female genitalia available for the genus corresponds to that of p . ribeirensis ( davis & pons da silva , 1984 ) . while it has served as the basis to define the
typical
idealized anatomical ground plan of the lithoglyphidae ( wilke et al . , 2001 ) , it is not incompatible with the characterization of the tateidae female genitalia as
simple , usually with one distal seminal receptacle and a bursa copulatrix ; ventral channel occasionally separated to form a vestibule
, ( wilke et al . , 2013 ) . in h . hatcheri the spermathecal tube seems not be separated from the albumen gland , which would distinguish it from the cochliopidae . however a deeper anatomical study of h . hatcheri , with emphasis on the female genitalia , and the incorporation of other mitochondrial markers is necessary to determine the genus and , more importantly , the family to which h . hatcheri belongs .
this study was financially supported by conicet ( pip - 0398 ) and sectyp - uncuyo ( proy . 06 / m037 and proy . 06 / m046 ) .
abraham de vazquez , e . ; garleff , k . ; liebricht , h . ; reigaraz , a . ; schäbitz , f . ; squeo , f . ; stingl , h . ; veit , h . & villagran , c . 2000 . geomorphology and paleoecology of the arid diagonal in southern south america . in : miller , h . & hervé , f . eds . geodesy , geomorphology and soil science . sonderheft , zag , p . 55 - 61 . [ links ]
biese , w . a . 1944 . revisión de los moluscos terrestres y de agua dulce provistos de concha de chile . parte i , familia amnicolidae . boletín del museo de historia natural , chile 22 : 169 - 190 . [ links ]
bouchet , p . & rocroi , j . p . 2005 . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia 47 ( 1 / 2 ) : 1 - 397 . [ links ]
capitanelli , r . g . 2005 . climatología de mendoza . mendoza , editorial de la facultad de filosofía y letras de la universidad nacional de cuyo . [ links ]
cazzaniga , n . j . 1980 . notas sobre hidróbidos argentinos ( gastropoda rissoidea ) . i . acerca de littoridina occidentalis ( doering , 1884 ) . neotropica 26 ( 76 ) : 187 - 191 . [ links ]
_ _ _ _ _ . 1981 . notas sobre hidróbidos argentinos ( gastropoda rissoidea ) . strobeliella , un nuevo género de la patagonia . neotropica 27 ( 77 ) : 3 - 10 . [ links ]
cazzaniga , n . j . 2011 . heleobia stimpson , 1865 : taxonomía . in : cazzaniga , n . j . ed . el género heleobia ( caenogastropoda : cochliopidae ) en américa del sur . amici molluscarum ( número especial ) : 12 - 17 . [ links ]
ciocco , n . f . 2011 . diversidad , biología y ecología de especies del género heleobia de la provincia malacológica de cuyo , argentina . in : . cazzaniga , n . j ed . . el género heleobia ( caenogastropoda : cochliopidae ) en américa del sur . amici molluscarum ( número especial ) : 20 - 22 . [ links ]
ciocco , n . f . & scheibler , e . e . 2008 . malacofauna of the littoral benthos of a saline lake in southern mendoza , argentina . fundamental and applied limnology 172 ( 2 ) : 87 - 98 . [ links ]
collado , g . a . ; valladares , m . a . & méndez , m . a . 2013 . hidden diversity in spring snails from the andean altiplano , the second highest plateau on earth , and the atacama desert , the driest place in the world . zoological studies 52 : 1 - 13 . [ links ]
davis , g . m . & pons da silva , m . c . p . 1984 . potamolithus : morphology , convergence , and relationships among hydrobioid snails . malacologia 25 ( 1 ) : 73 - 108 . [ links ]
de francesco , c . g . & hassan , g . s . 2009 . the significance of molluscs as paleoecological indicators of freshwater systems in central - western argentina . palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology 274 ( 1 - 2 ) : 105 - 113 . [ links ]
falniowski , a . & szarowska , m . 2000 . a new species of daphniola radoman , 1973 ( gastropoda : hydrobiidae ) from greece . folia malacologica 8 : 181 - 188 . [ links ]
felsenstein , j . 1985 . confidence limits on phylogenies : an approach using the bootstrap . evolution 39 : 783 - 791 . [ links ]
folmer , o . ; back , m . ; hoeh , w . ; lutz , r . & vrijenhoek , r . 1994 . dna primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit i from diverse metazoan invertebrates . molecular marine biology and biotechnology 3 : 294 - 299 . [ links ]
gaillard , m . c . & de castellanos , z . a . 1976 . mollusca , gasteropoda , hydrobiidae . in : ringuelet , r . a . ed . fauna de agua dulce de la república argentina , 15 ( 2 ) . buenos aires , fundación para la educación , la ciencia y la cultura ( fecic ) , p . 1 - 39 . [ links ]
gutierrez gregoric , d . e . ; ciocco , n . f . & rumi , a . 2014 . two new species of chilina gray from cuyo malacological province , argentina ( gastropoda : hygrophila : chilinidae ) . molluscan research 34 ( 2 ) : 84 - 97 . [ links ]
hall , t . a . 1999 . bioedit : a user - friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95 / 98 / nt . nucleic acids symposium series 41 : 95 - 98 . [ links ]
hershler , r . ; mulvey , m . & liu , h . p . 1999 . biogeography in the death valley region : evidence from spring snails ( hydrobiidae : tryonia ) . zoological journal of the linnean society 126 ( 3 ) : 335 - 354 . [ links ]
hershler , r . & thompson , f . g . 1992 . a review of the aquatic gastropod subfamily cochliopinae ( prosobranchia : hydrobiidae ) . malacological review 5 : 1 - 140 . [ links ]
kroll , o . ; hershler , r . albrecht , c . ; terrazas , e . m . ; apaza , r . ; fuentealba , c . & wilke , t . 2012 . the endemic gastropod fauna of lake titicaca : correlation between molecular evolution and hydrographic history . ecology and evolution 2 ( 7 ) : 1517 - 1530 . [ links ]
lópez armegol , m . f . 1996 . taxonomic revision of potamolithus agapetus ( pilsbry , 1911 ) and potamolithus buschii ( frauenfeld , 1865 ) ( gastropoda : hydrobiidae ) . malacologia 38 ( 1 / 2 ) : 1 - 17 . [ links ]
marcus , e . & marcus , e . 1963 . mesogastropoden von der küste são paulos . abhandlungen der mathematisch - naturwissenschaftlichen klasse . akademie der wissenschaften und der literatur in mainz 1 : 32 - 105 . [ links ]
_ _ _ _ _ . 1965 . on brazilian supra - tidal and estuarine snails . boletim da faculdade de filosofia , ciências e letras da universidade de são paulo , zoologia 25 : 18 - 103 . [ links ]
martín , p . r . 2002 . evidence for parthenogenesis and natural imposex in the patagonian freshwater snail heleobia hatcheri ( gastropoda : hydrobiidae ) . journal of molluscan studies 68 : 291 - 295 . [ links ]
neves , r . a . f . ; valentin , j . l . & figueiredo , g . m . 2010 . morphological description of the gastropod heleobia australis ( hydrobiidae ) from egg to hatching . brazilian journal of oceanography 58 ( 3 ) : 247 - 250 . [ links ]
núñez , v . ; gutierrez gregoric , d . e . & rumi a . 2010 . freshwater gastropod provinces from argentina . malacologia 53 : 47 - 60 . [ links ]
rumi , a . ; gutiérrez gregoric , d . e . ; núñez , v . & darrigran , g . a . 2008 . malacología latinoamericana . moluscos de agua dulce de argentina . revista de biología tropical 56 : 77 - 111 . [ links ]
tamura , k . & nei , m . 1993 . estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial dna in humans and chimpanzees . molecular biology and evolution 10 : 512 - 526 . [ links ]
tamura , k . ; stecher , g . ; peterson , d . ; filipski , a . & kumar , s . 2013 . mega6 : molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6 . 0 . molecular biology and evolution 30 : 2725 - 2729 . [ links ]
wilke , t . ; rolán , e . & davis , g . m . 2000 . the mudsnail genus hydrobia ss in the northern atlantic and western mediterranean : a phylogenetic hypothesis . marine biology 137 ( 5 - 6 ) : 827 - 833 . [ links ]
museu de ciências naturais fundação zoobotânica do rio grande do sul rua dr . salvador frança , 1427 , jardim botânico 90690 - 000 - porto alegre - rs - brasil tel . : + 55 51 - 3320 - 2039 iheringia - zoo @ urltoken
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betonica abchasica , cyclamen abchasicum , helleborus abchasicus ( paeonia plants from republic of georgia )
abc
combination .
limnophilidae ( caddisfly ) , limnophora ( fly ) , limnopithecus ( miocene fossil primate ) , prumnopitys philippi , 1860 ( conifer ) , semnopithecus ( langur monkey ) , thamnophis ( garter snake ) , thamnophilidae ( antbirds ) -
mnop
combination .
helobdella nununununojensis siddall , 2001 ( leech ) from nununununoj , a quechua placename ,
the place of very bare breasts
, from nunu , nipple .
khoikhoiiinae ( subfamily of braconid wasp ) likely named after the khoikhoi people of southwestern africa . i cannot explain why there are three consecutive i ' s rather than two .
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i agree with the proposals in bzn 62 : 137 . in my view stability is best served by accepting these proposals .
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the commission has ruled that the usage of the generic name bythinella moquin - tandon , 1856 is conserved by designating bulimus viridis poiret , 1801 as the type species .
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. . . actaeon forbesiana ( whitfield 1892 ) is different from the present species in having a single oblique ridge near the middle of columella , and having thickened margin below it . family : palaeorissoinidae gründel and kowalke , 2002 genus : rissoa desmarest , 1814 ( pl . 4 , figs . 7 , 8 ) material and occurrence : 3 specimens , aptian . . . .
. . . most jurassic rissoids have rather inflated whorls ( e . g . gründel 1990 , gründel & kowalke 2002 ) whereas the new specimens have weakly rounded or almost flat whorl flanks . the jurassic rissoids with weakly rounded whorls are less common [ but see e . g . . . .
. . . the cerithioids from k∏´by ( two of them referred to the new subfamily exelissinae by guzhov 2004 ) are most probably shallower water members of the cryptaulacidae . rissoa valfini represents shallow - water rissooids that are more similar to recent rissoa than to the mesozoic rissooids from deeper water settings , which were referred to the palaeorissoinidae by gründel & kowalke ( 2002 ) . the ataphridae are also typically shallow - water vetigastropods with global distribution during mesozoic times ( e . g . , gabb 1869 , gründel 1993 , szabó & al . 1993 , kaim 2004 ) . . . .
. . . rissoidae most probably derived from palaeorissoinid−like an− cestors that had a strong larval sculpture of collabral axial ribs and additional weaker spirals ( harzhauser and kowalke 2001 ; gründel and kowalke 2002 ) . the disintegration of this strong larval sculpture could have led to the tuberculate and zig− zag−shaped spiral sculpture present in modern rissoidae , espe− cially in the genus alvania . . . .
13 species are described from the bathonian and callovian of northern germany and northwestern poland . new are promathildia vierowiensis n . sp . , rotfanella costigera n . sp . and acteonina althuettendorfensis n . sp .
systematic revision of palaeocene brackish water gastropoda from mons , belgium , based on their early . . .
the systematic position of early mid - palaeocene brackish water gastropoda from the dano - montian of mons , south - east belgium , is revised . representatives of the subclasses neritimorpha ( with the new genus monsneritina - neritoidea , neritidae ) . caenogastropoda ( with the new genus monspotamides - cerithioidea , potamididae ) and heterostropha are characterised with regard to their paleoecology . . . . [ show full abstract ]
borings from northeastern germany yielded a gastropod fauna with 31 species from the upper toarcian and lower aalenian . eight species have already been described , nine species are new and 14 species are described in open nomenclature . the fauna comes from soft - bottom sediments and is a typical offshore fauna ( relatively great distance from the coast , relatively great depth ) . the fauna has . . . [ show full abstract ]
in this paper 43 gastropod species are described from the bajocian and bathonian from sengenthal and kinding ( franconia , southern germany ) . new are biarmatoidella gen . n . and exelissa neubaueri sp . n . . the sediments are shallow - water marls and limestones , characterized by reworking , condensation and gaps in the stratigraphical sequence . the taxonomical composition of the fauna is rather . . . [ show full abstract ]
where : marshall islands ( 11 . 7° n , 162 . 3° e : paleocoordinates 8 . 8° n , 168 . 5° e )
when : late / upper miocene ( 11 . 6 - 5 . 3 ma )
• stratigraphic relations : from an undifferentiated lithostratigraphic unit . age : late miocene , on the basis of foraminiferal biostratigraphy . stratigraphic position : a composite list from several beds within this section of drill core , from 800 - 900 ft .
• specific lithology : not stated in text , probably carbonate . lithification : unlithified , based on figured specimens and facies description .
• collector : office of naval research and usgs , 1951 . repository : usnm .
primary reference : h . s . ladd . 1966 . chitons and gastropods ( haliotidae through adeorbidae ) from western pacific islands .
paleodb collection 77991 : authorized by austin hendy , entered by austin hendy on 24 . 01 . 2008
• coeverage : representative , but not exhaustive for gastropoda . nomenclature : an authoritative publication with relatively modern nomenclature , subgenus - and species - level identifications . identifier : h . s . ladd .


coryphopterus is a genus of gobies mostly found in the western atlantic ocean though a couple species are found in the indian and/or pacific oceans .

coryphopterus

coryphopterus hyalinus is harvested for the aquarium trade , however , it may also be bred in captivity .
coryphopterus urospilus , ginsburg 1938 , the redlight goby . to 6 . 5 cm . eastern central pacific : baja california , mexico to the galapagos islands . galapagos image . urltoken summary . php ? id = 25534 & genusname = coryphopterus & species name = urospilus
coryphopterus glaucofraenum gill 1863 , the bridled goby . western atlantic ; n . carolina to brazil . to three inches in length . one photographed in the bahamas . another in bonaire . urltoken summary . php ? id = 28076 & genusname = coryphopterus & species name = venezuelae
this species is frequently confused with c . personatus . coryphopterus hyalinus and c . personatus are genetically distinct ( baldwin et al . 2009 ) .
coryphopterus inframaculatus randall 1994 , the blotched goby . to 3 in . indonesia to gbr , n . to guam and taiwan . raja ampat photo .
coryphopterus lipernes bohlke & robins 1962 , the peppermint goby . western atlantic ; bahamas to the lower antilles , caribbean coast . to one and a quarter inch in length . bahamas , cozumel and bonaire pix . urltoken summary . php ? id = 3846 & genusname = coryphopterus & species name = lipernes
coryphopterus dicrus bohlke & robins 1960 , the colon goby . tropical west atlantic ; florida to venezuela . to two inches in length . in the bahamas . characterized by two prominent dots ahead of the pectoral fins . urltoken summary . php ? id = 3842 & genusname = coryphopterus & species name = dicrus
coryphopterus personatus , ( jordan & thompson 1905 ) , the masked goby . to 4 cm . western atlantic ; florida to lower antilles . bonaire and jamaica pix , where this species is ubiquitous on the coral reefs . urltoken summary . php ? id = 3848 & genusname = coryphopterus & species name = personatus
coryphopterus sp . hawaiian sand goby . according to randall , formerly misidentified as fusigobius neophytus ( gunther 1877 ) . here in shallow sand on the big island .
coryphopterus eidolon bohlke & robins 1960 , the pallid goby . western atlantic ; florida to the lower antilles . yellow stripe extends from behind eye . to two and a quarter inches in length . one in the bahamas , another in grand turk . urltoken summary . php ? id = 3843 & genusname = coryphopterus & species name = eidolon
coryphopterus dicrus is common and widespread ( böhlke and robins 1960 ) . it is a dominant species in shallow patch reef or rocky habitats ( greenfield and johnson 1999 ) .
this species is sometimes misidentified as coryphopterus tortugae or c . venezuelae . furthermore , although genetically distinct , c . glaucofraenum and c . venezuelae are extremely similar ( baldwin et al . 2009 ) .
collections and observations indicate that coryphopterus lipernes is widespread in the caribbean and bahamas , but does not occur abundantly ( böhlke and robins 1977 ) . sampling at euphotic and mesophotic depths ( 15 - 50 m ) in puerto - rico revealed this species to be the thirteenth most abundant species , with peak abundances at 25 m ( garcia - sais 2010 ) .
coryphopterus dicrus has been identified as a prey item of the invasive lionfish in the bahamas and likely in the remainder of its range within the caribbean , however , this is not expected to impact its global population ( morris and akins 2009 , green and cote 2014 ) . between 1970 - 2011 ( 41 years ) , an overall 59 % decline in coral cover was directly observed in the caribbean ( jackson et al . 2014 ) .
coryphopterus lipernes is distributed in the western atlantic from the bahamas , in the gulf of mexico from the florida keys and northwestern cuba , and throughout the caribbean sea ( robins and ray 1986 , smith 1997 , r . robertson and p . chevalier pers . comm . 2014 ) . it has an estimated area of occupancy ( aoo ) of 11 , 151 km 2 ( calculated by clipping the distribution polygon to the coral reef layer from wcmc 2013 ) .
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greek , koryphe = summit + greek , pteron = fin , wing ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 3 - 20 m ( ref . 9710 ) . subtropical
western atlantic : southern florida in usa and bahamas to southeastern brazil ( ref . 51894 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 5 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 7251 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 10 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 10 ; vertebrae : 26 . pelvic frenum absent . innermost pelvic - fin rays branched , connected to the ray of the opposite side by a basal membrane and smaller than immediately adjacent one ( 66 - 77 % of its length ) . elongate spine in the first dorsal fin absent . no spot above opercle ( ref . 52312 ) . two distinct dark spots , one above other , on pectoral fin base ( ref . 26938 ) . with numerous small brown spots , the largest a series of 6 along lower side , and small pale blue - green flecks ; horizontal dark lines on head , the most prominent posterior to eye ; a vertical blackish line or two blackish spots at base of caudal fin ( ref . 13442 ) .
inhabits coral reefs , tide pools , limestone caves , algae - covered rocks and isolated patch reefs surrounded by white sand ( ref . 5521 ) .
robins , c . r . and g . c . ray , 1986 . a field guide to atlantic coast fishes of north america . houghton mifflin company , boston , u . s . a . 354 p . ( ref . 7251 )
) : 26 - 28 . 2 , mean 27 . 4 ( based on 697 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00617 ( 0 . 00279 - 0 . 01364 ) , b = 3 . 08 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 5 - 40 m ( ref . 5227 ) . tropical ; 32°n - 10°s , 115°w - 77°w
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 6 . 5 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 11482 )
lives in sand - rubble fringe of rocky reefs or coral patches ( ref . 11482 ) . forages on tiny crustaceans among rocks on the bottom . when foraging over sand , its orange spot tends to resemble sand grains and may camouflage them . however they dart about quickly and dive for cover when approached ( ref . 28023 ) .
allen , g . r . and d . r . robertson , 1994 . fishes of the tropical eastern pacific . university of hawaii press , honolulu . 332 p . ( ref . 11482 )
) : 20 . 6 - 28 . 4 , mean 25 . 9 ( based on 48 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00776 ( 0 . 00422 - 0 . 01428 ) , b = 3 . 15 ( 2 . 99 - 3 . 31 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this species & ( sub ) family - body ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 50 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 14 of 100 ) .
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marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 3 - 46 m ( ref . 13442 ) , usually 3 - 46 m ( ref . 13442 ) . tropical ; 32°n -
western central atlantic : florida ( usa ) , bermuda , and bahamas to northern south america , including the lesser antilles ( ref . 7251 ) . also antilles ( ref . 26938 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 4 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 6 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 11 ; anal spines : 1 ; anal soft rays : 11 . translucent orangish gray dorsally shading to violet gray ventrally ; 2 diffuse orange lines running posteriorly from eye ; dorsal fin rays red ( ref . 13442 ) .
occurs in schools near large coral columns and heads . has been reared in captivity ( ref . 35408 ) . hovers above bottom in caves and shaded areas in reefs ( ref . 26938 ) .
oviparous , demersal spawner ( ref . 101194 ) . both male and female spawn with many individuals loosely organized into a social hierarchy ( ref . 240 ) . sex reversal is completed in 9 days ( ref . 34185 ) . also ref . 32179 , 103751 ) .
) : 24 . 9 - 28 , mean 27 . 2 ( based on 314 cells ) .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00891 ( 0 . 00418 - 0 . 01902 ) , b = 3 . 07 ( 2 . 89 - 3 . 25 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 7 ±0 . 30 se ; based on food items .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 10 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
pezold , f . , van tassell , j . , aiken , k . a . , tornabene , l . & bouchereau , j . - l .
brenner , j . , williams , j . , camarena - luhrs , t . & robertson , r .
justification : this widely distributed species is common where it occurs over shallow coral and rocky reefs . there are no known major threats . therefore , it is listed as least concern .
is distributed in the western atlantic from jacksonville , florida south along the u . s . coast , the bahamas , in the gulf of mexico from the florida keys to st . petersburg , florida , the flower garden banks , and from tuxpan , mexico along the northern yucatan to northwestern cuba , throughout the caribbean sea , and along the central and south american coast from mexico to south brazil ( guimaraes 1996 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) .
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; suriname ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .
pezold , f . , van tassell , j . , aiken , k . a . , tornabene , l . & bouchereau , j . - l . 2015 .
to make use of this information , please check the < terms of use > .
justification : this widely distributed species is common and abundant where it occurs over sandy bottoms near coral and rocky reefs . there are no known major threats . therefore , it is listed as least concern .
is distributed in the western atlantic from bermuda , cape canaveral , florida south along the u . s . coast , the bahamas , in the gulf of mexico from the florida keys , the florida middle grounds , the flower garden banks , and from tuxpan , mexico along the northern yucatan to northwestern cuba , throughout the caribbean sea , and along the central and south american coast from mexico to santa catarina , brazil ( floeter
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; brazil ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; french guiana ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; guyana ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; suriname ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .
this species is described as common throughout most of the caribbean ( böhlke and robins 1960 ) . studies conducted in the rubble / sand habitat off st . croix , ( u . s . virgin islands ) , recorded this species as one of the most abundant diurnally active species ( shulman 1984 ) .
inhabits clear white sandy areas near deep reefs and grassy and rocky areas . it occupies a small home range ( < 4 m
) in areas of interspersed sand and reef and is aggressive to neighbours ( finley and forrester 2003 ) . it feeds on sand - dwelling invertebrates . it uses crevices in the reef as shelter from predators and can also burrow in the sand . this species , which has x - shaped marks and spots , occurs in both clear and more murky inshore waters , while the paler , very similar sand goby ,
which burrows in the gill chamber . the prevalence of copepod infection ranged from two to 19 % ( finley and forrester 2003 ) . proxy life history data based on a study of
: larvae settle around 7 - 9 mm sl , adults mature at 10–11 mm sl and then only attain about 17 mm sl . it has a 60 - day pelagic larval life and matures rapidly . they are sexually active in as few as three weeks and live for about two months after settlement . this is the first reported fish in which the pelagic larval duration is generally longer than the post - settlement lifespan , which indicates that
2010 ) . based on this information , it is inferred that three generation lengths are almost certainly no more than ten years .
it has been identified as a prey item of the invasive lionfish in the bahamas and likely in the remainder of its range within the caribbean , however , this is not expected to impact its global population ( morris and akins 2009 , green et al . 2012 ) . between 1970 - 2011 ( 41 years ) , an overall 59 % decline in coral cover was directly observed in the caribbean ( jackson et al . 2014 ) .
van tassell , j . , tornabene , l . , pezold , f . , bouchereau , j . - l . & aiken , k . a .
brenner , j . , williams , j . t . , camarena - luhrs , t . & robertson , r .
is distributed in the western atlantic from bermuda , the bahamas , in the gulf of mexico from the florida keys , the flower garden banks , and veracruz , mexico along the northern yucatan to northwestern cuba , and throughout the caribbean to trinidad ( r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) .
was one of the most dominant goby species in coral drop - off habitats ( greenfield and johnson 1999 ) .
is occasionally taken for the aquarium trade , however it is unlikely to be collected across its entire range and its short generation length makes it resilient to moderate levels of threats .
van tassell , j . , tornabene , l . , pezold , f . , bouchereau , j . - l . & aiken , k . a . 2015 .
. 2009 , victor 2010 , victor 2014 , r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . due to confusion with
, more information is needed to determine the species ' range . it has recently been recorded from the gut of a lionfish (
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; belize ; bermuda ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ; cayman islands ; colombia ; curaçao ; dominica ; guadeloupe ; honduras ; mexico ; montserrat ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint martin ( french part ) ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; turks and caicos islands ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .
this demersal species is found over sand or mud - sand bottoms . it is a reef - associated sand - perching goby preferring buttress - and - canyon sand habitat ( victor 2008 ) . eggs are deposited under stones or rocks and guarded by the male till hatching ( thresher 1984 ) . fishes of this genus are sequential protogynous hermaphrodites ( cole and shapiro 1990 ; thacker and cole 2002 ) . proxy life history data based on a study of
it has been identified as a prey item of the invasive lionfish in the bahamas and mexican caribbean and likely in the remainder of its range ( green et al . 2012 , valdez - moreno et al . 2012 ) . this species is easily targeted by the lionfish given its small , shallow body and demersal habits ( green and cote 2014 ) . due to the lionfish ' s ability to consume a variety of fishes smaller than 15 cm , both adults and juveniles of this species are likely consumed . in the bahamas , a 65 % decline in lionfish prey biomass over a period of two years was observed ( species - specific data are not available at this time ) ( green et al . 2012 ) .
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place . additional research is needed into the distribution , habitats and ecology of this species .
anguilla ; antigua and barbuda ; aruba ; bahamas ; barbados ; belize ; bonaire , sint eustatius and saba ( saba , sint eustatius ) ; cayman islands ; colombia ; costa rica ; cuba ; curaçao ; dominica ; dominican republic ; grenada ; guadeloupe ; guatemala ; haiti ; honduras ; jamaica ; martinique ; mexico ; montserrat ; nicaragua ; panama ; puerto rico ; saint barthélemy ; saint kitts and nevis ; saint lucia ; saint martin ( french part ) ; saint vincent and the grenadines ; sint maarten ( dutch part ) ; trinidad and tobago ; turks and caicos islands ; united states ; venezuela , bolivarian republic of ; virgin islands , british ; virgin islands , u . s .
this species inhabits coral reefs in fairly deep water . it can be found in spur and groove and drop - off habitats ( greenfield and johnson 1999 ) . it remains in relatively continuous close physical contact with live corals . individuals observed at night and during the day spend most of the time resting on live corals , with only a few brief forays onto nearby algal mats , or off the coral to feed ( böhlke and robins 1977 ) . most photographs of
available show it perched on live massive coral , which may indicate that this species is dependent on live massive coral to some degree ( r . robertson pers . comm . 2014 ) . it is usually solitary , but sometimes swims close to the reef in small groups . it is diurnally active . fishes of this genus are sequential protogynous hermaphrodites ( cole and shapiro 1990 ; thacker and cole 2002 ) . the maximum recorded length is 3 cm ( robins and ray ) . proxy life history data based on a study of
there are no species - specific conservation measures in place . half of its range in the gulf of mexico is contained entirely within the florida keys national sanctuary , however , conservation measures have not been successful towards stopping coral reef decline ( toth et al . 2014 ) .
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findley , l . , van tassell , j . & van der heiden , a .
justification : this species is widespread in the eastern pacific and is relatively common throughout its range in siutable habitat . there are no known major threats for this species , and no current indication of widespread population decline . it is listed as least concern .
this species is endemic to the eastern pacific , and is found from southern baja and the gulf of california to colombia , including the revillagigedo , malpelo , galapagos , and cocos islands .
this reef - associated species lives in sand - rubble fringe of rocky reefs or coral patches at depths of 2 to 40m ( allen and robertson , 1994 ) . according to dominici - arosemena and wolff ( 2006 ) , this species is present in edge habitats on sandy deep rocky zones in the gulf of chiriqui , panama and is one of the most dominant species of gobiids . it forages on tiny crustaceans among rocks on the bottom .
there are no known conservation measures for this species . however , this species distribution falls partially into a number of marine protected areas in the eastern pacific region ( wdpa 2006 ) .
findley , l . , van tassell , j . & van der heiden , a . 2010 .
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froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
( of ctenogobius tortugae jordan , 1904 ) froese , r . & d . pauly ( editors ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase . world wide web electronic publication . , available online at urltoken [ details ]
m . de kluijver , g . gijswijt , r . de leon & i . da cunda
body long and cylindrical with two dorsal fins . body yellow - gold to translucent , with iridescent blue markings on the snout and upper part of the eye , alternating yellow and narrow blue lines extending posteriorly from the eye onto the anterior body (
) . second spine of spinous dorsal fin of males noticeably longer than the other spines .
lives in coral heads in fairly deep water , down to 13 m . usually solitary , but sometimes swims close to the reef in small groups . often perch on coral heads .
humann , p . , 1989 . reef fish identification - florida caribbean bahamas , ( ed . n . deloach ) . new world publications , inc . , paramount miller graphics , inc . , jacksonville , florida .
nagelkerken , w . , 1980 . coral reef fishes of aruba , bonaire and curaçao . published by the island territory of curacao .
snout profile slightly rounded ; head pores present , 2 small pores between front of eyes , 1 central pore just behind eye ; 1 pair between rear nostrils ; papillae on cheek in horizontal rows ; eye large ; anterior nostril a tube , posterior a simple hole ; mouth small , relatively horizontal ; gill membranes broadly joined to body under throat , with 5 rays ; dorsal fin vi + i , 9 ; length of 2nd dorsal base > distance from 2nd dorsal base to tail fin ; anal fin i , 9 ; pectoral fin 15 ( 14 - 15 ) ; pelvic fins i , 5 , all rays branched , fins mostly separate with a reduced front membrane ; body covered with scales , scales large , rough , absent from head , 24 - 26 in lateral series ; no lateral line .
head and body translucent ; snout dark ; no clear patch on center of top of head ; a dark stripe from snout through eye ; side of head and nape orange ; a line of ~ 8 elongate white dashes along spine from eye to tail base , those separated by orange blotches ; a black ring around anus ; genital papilla not black , but may be speckled .
habitat : found in aggregations swimming about 0 . 5 m above the substrate , around coral dropoffs and ledges .
snout profile straight ; a low crest on head ; head pores present , usually 1 between center of eyes , 1 pair between rear nostrils ; papillae on cheek in horizontal rows ; mouth small , relatively horizontal ; tongue truncate to broadly rounded ; gill membranes broadly joined to body under throat , with 5 rays ; dorsal fin vi + i , 10 ; length of 2nd dorsal base > distance from 2nd dorsal base to tail fin ; anal fin i , 9 ; pectoral fin 18 - 20 ; pelvic fins i , 5 , disk complete , rounded , joined at front ; tail fin with 17 segmented and 12 - 13 branched rays , straight edged ; body covered with scales , scales large , rough , absent from head , 26 - 27 ( 25 - 28 ) in lateral series ; no lateral line .
translucent ; top of head with a central orange line behind eye ; 3 orange stripes outlined in black extend from behind eye to above pectoral fin , the bottom stripe extending onto the top of the pectoral base ; a pale bluish stripe along cheek under the bottom orange stripe ; two series of alternating orange blotches or spots along the flank ; a large dark spot at lower base of pectoral fin ; no dark triangle over operculum ; two brown blotches on base of tail fin .
snout short , profile straight ; crest on head ; head pores present , usually 1 between center of eyes , 1 pair between rear nostril ; papillae on cheek in horizontal rows ; mouth small , relatively horizontal ; gill membranes broadly joined to body under throat , with 5 rays ; dorsal fin vi + i , 9 ; length of 2nd dorsal base > distance from 2nd dorsal base to tail fin ; anal fin i , 9 ; pectoral fin 19 ( 18 - 20 ) ; pelvic fins i , 5 , fused into a disc , joined at front ; tail fin rounded ; body covered with scales , scales large , rough , absent from head , 26 - 27 in lateral series ; no lateral line .
body translucent , with abundant internal yellow - orange to brown marks , and external white spots ; body with 3 rows of dark marks , marks in lower row vertically elongate , usually crescentic , occasioally x shaped ; top of head with central row of dark spots ; white stripe along cheek ; two orange stripes extending back from eye , upper stripe incomplete , often broken into short segments ; a conspicuous triangular black spot above the operculum ; no dark spot in the lower portion of the pectoral fin base ; a dark grey bar on base of tail fin .
snout profile slightly rounded ; low crest on top of head ; head pores present , 2 between center of eyes , 1 pair between rear nostrils ; papillae on cheek in horizontal rows ; mouth small , relatively horizontal ; tongue straight edged to lobed ; gill membranes broadly joined to body under throat , with 5 rays ; dorsal fin vi ( second spine elongate ) + i , 9 ; length of 2nd dorsal base > distance from 2nd dorsal base to tail fin ; anal fin i , 9 ; pectoral fin 16 - 18 ; pelvic fins i , 5 , almost completely separate , no membrane joining front of fins ; body covered with scales , scales large , rough , absent from head , smooth on pectoral fin base , 26 in lateral series ; no lateral line .
head and body translucent yellow ; top of snout blue , upper edge of eye blue , 3 blue lines back from eye , upper one very short , middle one back above belly , lower one to pectoral base ; two dusky stripes on head behind eye ; scales above midline outlined in dark pigment ; anus centered in narrow dark ring , with reddish blotches .
habitat : surface of live coral heads ; usually solitary , but sometimes swims close to reef in small groups .


the ecuadorian capuchin ( cebus albifrons aequatorialis ) is a capuchin monkey of the family cebidae .

it is a subspecies of the white-fronted capuchin .

it lives in tropical forests in ecuador and peru .

it is listed as critically endangered .

ecuadorian capuchin

ecuadorian capuchin - cebus aequatorialis j . a . allen , 1914 - overview - encyclopedia of life
in 2010 , rainforest trust’s ecuadorian partner jocotoco initiated a project to re - establish a population of ecuadorian capuchins in the buenaventura reserve . at that time , ecuadorian capuchins had not been seen in the area for nearly 20 years .
with the recent sighting of a critically endangered ecuadorian capuchin monkey in ecuador’s buenaventura reserve , there is new evidence that the reserve’s reintroduction program is succeeding .
restricted to the western portion of ecuador , ecuadorian capuchins inhabit forested areas from sea level to elevations of 6 , 000 feet in the andean foothills . the buenaventura reserve , managed by jocotoco , is one of the few protected areas providing sanctuary for the ecuadorian capuchin .
information on the white - fronted capuchin is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
the white - fronted capuchin is an arboreal , forest dwelling species which feeds mainly on fruit and insects .
numerous subspecies of the white - fronted capuchin have been described , although there is some debate regarding the exact number .
despite the many challenges facing the ecuadorian capuchin , there is reason to hope for its future . the species is highly adaptable and can subsist on a wide assortment of foods in a variety of habitats . once adequately protected , fragmented populations can expand their range and repopulate new areas .
the reintroduction program is an important effort to help the ecuadorian capuchin population rebound . within the last 50 years , more than 80 % of the primate’s natural habitat has been destroyed . this catastrophic loss , combined with the effects of hunting and illegal trafficking , have dramatically reduced the population of the species .
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male white - fronted capuchins are dominant over females , and it has been observed that an alpha male appears to lead the group .
this information is awaiting authentication by a species expert , and will be updated as soon as possible . if you are able to help please contact : arkive @ urltoken
subspecies a population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species , but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species .
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molecular genetic analyses by lynch alfaro et al . ( 2010 ) and boubli et al . ( 2012 ) indicated that cebus albifrons aequatorialis classified as a subspecies by hershkovitz ( 1949 ) , should be considered a distinct species .
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michael bauer , an ornithologist studying endemic bird species , spotted the monkey on april 18th in the upper elevations of the reserve . the individual , known as mikey , appeared healthy and showed signs of having adapted to life in the wild .
a group of 13 were transported to the reserve from two rescue centers , the cerro blanco forest foundation and the zoological garden of guayaquil , with the primates initially kept in an enclosure until adapted to their new environment .
after release in 2011 , the monkeys began to move deeper into the reserve and became increasingly difficult to find . the recent sighting is an encouraging sign that they have succeeded in learning to survive in natural surroundings .
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explore what eol knows about cebus aequatorialis j . a . allen , 1914 .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by wikipedia , iucn red list , iucn structured data , and environments from cebus aequatorialis j . a . allen , 1914 to their own page .
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monkeys ( cebus capucinus imitator ) using citrus oil as mosquito repellent . costa rica .


anaspides tasmaniae is a species of fresh water crustacean of the family anaspididae .

it is also known by the common name " mountain shrimp " .

it has been described as a " living fossil " .

a. tasmaniae lives in tarns and creeks above 300 metres from sea level , and is found in lake st clair and clarence lagoon .

anaspides tasmaniae

anaspides in the family name for a small shrimp called anaspides tasmaniae which is found only in tasmania , australia .
anaspides tasmaniae typically is found in highland creeks and pools above 750 m in altitude . it has also been found in the underground waters of cave systems .
anaspides tasmaniae is a member of the crustacean family and is a small freshwater mountain shrimp which essentially has remained unchanged for 250 million years ( triassic period ) ; it is a living fossil .
the website urltoken believes “ anaspides tasmaniae has remained unchanged for 250 million years ( triassic period ) : it is a living fossil . the first published record of anaspides tasmaniae was made in 1893 from alpine pools on mt . wellington behind hobart . ” more details about this discovery , and about the later involvement of the author of the book excerpt above , geoffrey smith , can be read at urltoken
the first published record of anaspides tasmaniae was made in 1893 from alpine pools on mt . wellington behind hobart . since then , it has been widely found on the central plateau , as well as in western and southern highland areas .
geoffrey smith , in his book a naturalist in tasmania ( oxford , 1909 ) , describes the anaspides tasmaniae . “a number of streams rise in the plateau of mount wellington , some of them attaining a considerable size before joining the estuary of the derwent , and all of them characterised by the beautiful clearness of their water , owing to their beds being formed entirely of hard greenstone boulders .
mountain shrimps do not possess the shield - like carapace typical of most crustaceans ( indeed the genus name
anaspides
is derived from the greek ,
lacking shield
) .
the tasmanian mountain shrimp ( anaspides tasmaniae ) is sometimes as much as two inches in length , of a brown colour , and walks about on the stones and among the weeds at the bottom of the pools , browsing on the mosses and liver - worts and any small creatures it can catch ; it very rarely swims , but when frightened it darts forward by flicking its tail and takes cover under a stone .
ahyong , shane t . 2016 ,
the tasmanian mountain shrimps , anaspides thomson , 1894 ( crustacea , syncarida , anaspididae )
, records of the australian museum , vol . 68 , no . 7 , pp . 313–364
anaspides grows up to 5 cm in length . the colour varies from black to yellow - brown and the straight body is comprised of 15 segments , with a fan - like tail and two pairs of antennae and a pair of eyes on short stalks .
anaspidaceans are generalist feeders , eating organic detritus obtained from the substratum . the larger species may also be scavengers and appear capable of scraping organic films from the surfaces of small pebbles . they fees on submerged plant material such as algae and mosses . they may also prey on other aquatic animals such as tadpoles and worms . anaspides has been observed preying on small insects that have fallen onto the surface of the water . to capture its prey the shrimp rolls onto its back .
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mary morton allport , ' sun - rise on mt . wellington ' , undated ( almfa , slt )
mount wellington lies directly behind hobart and is the city ' s dominant feature . it is 1 , 270 metres high and was formed during the permian , triassic and jurassic ages . the organ pipes are the predominant feature , named for both appearance and sounds produced by the wind . the van diemen ' s land aborigines were the first to see the mountain , calling it either unghanyahletta or pooranetere . the first white man to record its existence was lieutenant william bligh in 1788 .
during early exploration the mountain underwent many name changes , including table hill , montagne du plateau , skiddaw , mount collins , and table mountain after its similarity to table mountain , cape of good hope . between 1822 and 1824 it was re - named mount wellington after the duke of wellington . george bass was the first white man to climb the mountain , in 1798 .
during settlement the mountain ' s greatest asset was water , firstly from the hobart rivulet and later carried from mountain streams through an extensive system of aqueducts , pipelines and reservoirs to supply the town below . for over a hundred years mount wellington was exploited for its natural resources – timber , stone , food , ice , skins , ferns and seeds . timber was the main commodity – wattle , she - oak , stringy bark and blue gum – and was used for building and firewood . tree ferns were cut down and used extensively for decoration and lined the streets and arches during the royal tour in 1901 . concern by conservationists and tourist promoters regarding denudation began in 1870 , but it was not until 1906 it was declared a public park .
further reading : rm johnston , systemic account of the geology of tasmania , hobart , 1888 ; m banks , ' the geological history of mt wellington ' , tasmanian tramp 13 , hobart , 1957 ; db learman & kd corbett , mt wellington walk map , hobart , 1980 ; w curtis , forests and flowers of mount wellington , hobart , [ 1969 ] ; h guilline , mt wellington walk map , hobart , 1980 ; e de quincey the history of mount wellington , a tasmanian sketchbook , hobart , 1987 .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
thomson , g . m . 1893 ,
notes on tasmanian crustacea , with descriptions of new species
, papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania , vol . 1892 , pp . 45 - 76
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 12059a4e - 7422 - 427f - a8eb - 6ecacf3e239b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 37b1a151 - 56f9 - 45ce - 9945 - de0a057d654d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 492103b2 - 6488 - 47c9 - 879b - 0110c873f65e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d6ed8d2d - d6f9 - 450a - 9fa0 - 3e461da38b6f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b3399720 - 6def - 497a - bf80 - 993f3b1673ff
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 354852
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tasmania ' s first signal station has been restored more than 200 years since it began operation on mount nelson .
planned ecological burns in southwest national park will help regenerate important habitat areas for the critically endangered orange - bellied parrot .
mountain shrimps belong to the ancient group of crustaceans known as syncarids , which resemble forms known from 250 million year old triassic fossils .
are found in tasmania . all are endemic ( i . e . found only in tasmania ) .
they feed on mosses , lichen , algae , carrion , tadpoles , worms and other invertebrates ( including members of their own species ) .
lay small eggs 1mm across during spring . the eggs are attached to submerged plants for over 8 months before 2 - 3mm young hatch in june or july . breeding occurs when the animal reaches about 18 mm in length , some 15 months after hatching . they live for 3 - 4 years .
as their distributions lie largely within national parks and there is no direct evidence for any significant reduction of their distribution , their future seems relatively secure at present . however , major threats to the species include predation by fish , including the introduced trout , and warming of the alpine environment as a consequence of global warming . a further four species of syncarid crustaceans occur in tasmania , allanaspides hickmani and a . helonomus , paranaspides lacustris and micraspides calamani . all are endemic .
to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
i wanted to find a website name that was distinctly australian , had links to the southern hemisphere , and had something to do with earth science . the name seemed appropriate .
anaspidaceans show a classic gondwana relict distribution pattern , being found only in tasmania , southeastern australia , new zealand , and southern south america . the family anaspididae ( of which there is only one species ) are known only from a small number of localities in tasmania and victoria , australia , while the stygocarididae are more widely dispersed with species known from victoria , australia , new zealand , chile , and argentina .
the larger anaspidaceans are generally found in cool mountain streams , lakes , and swamps , while the smaller stygocaridineans are dwellers of the groundwater , living among the sand grains . the swamp - dwelling anaspidaceans live in the burrows of freshwater crayfish , while those found in lakes tend to live in the algal macrophyte mats on the lake bottom , and the stream - dwellers patrol over and among larger rocks of the streambed .
mating has so far not been observed in this group . egg laying occurs mostly in spring . the 1mm diameter eggs are attached to submerged plant debris or stones . there is no material caring for the eggs or the juveniles . eight months or more later , the eggs hatch when the young are 2 to 3mm long . the longer developmental periods are associated with an over - wintering dormancy period . they will breed about 15 months later when approximately 18mm in length . individuals may live for 3 or 4 years .
anaspidaceans are restricted in their distribution , but for the most part occur in areas where landscape development is minimal . as with many gondwanan freshwater crustaceans , however , the introduction of trout into the rivers and streams by european colonizers has meant that some species survive only in the small tributaries where fishes cannot go . these crustaceans evolved in the absence of freshwater fishes , so they have no natural defences against those introduced predators . at present , none of the anaspidaceans are considered to be threatened , and none are listed by the iucn .
anaspidaceans represent an interesting evolutionary branch of crustaceans , and as such , are important in telling the history of life on earth .
my last post introduced a giraffe who took a long walk . since giraffes typically walk as part of their locomotion , the surprise of that story cannot be as great as the fact of the shrimp ( prawn if you like ) which walks around the high creeks and streams which flow down into the derwent river in tasmania .
in the pools of the upper reaches of these streams near the top of the mountain , a very peculiar shrimp - like animal is found . it is now recognised as one of those survivals of a bygone age of which the australian continent has furnished so many and such interesting examples . the nearest allies of this animal appear to be some marine shrimps which come down to us as fairly common fossils in the sand deposited round the permian and carboniferous seas of europe and north america : subsequent to this very remote period they do not seem to have existed in the seas , at any rate in the northern hemisphere , so that an enormous passage of the earth’s history has occurred between their peopling the northern seas and their survival on the mountain tops of tasmania .
in other parts of the world no trace of the animal’s survival has been discovered .
goethe somewhere remarks that the most insignificant natural object is , as it were , a window through which we can look into infinity . and certainly when i first saw the mountain shrimp walking quietly about its crystal - clear habitation , as if nothing of any great consequence had happened since its ancestors walked in a sea peopled with great reptiles … time for me was annihilated and the imposing kingdom of man shrunk indeed to a little measure . ”
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solo hiking is an amazing challenge . let ' s go . . . and keep going !
we are about to embark on great change , we are moving to tasmania .