the family cavoliniidae is a taxonomic group of small floating sea snails , pelagic marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusks .

this family is part of a larger group which is commonly known as the sea butterflies because they swim by flapping what appear to be small " wings " .

cavoliniidae

which taxonomic groups does the family cavoliniidae belong to and what are the different cavoliniidae genus ? below , you will find the taxonomic groups the family cavoliniidae belongs to and the taxonomic tree with all the different genus .
kento furui added the japanese common name
カメガイ科
to
cavoliniidae
.
the cavoliniidae are a group of sea butterflies with an uncoiled shell present at maturity .
known data sets that contain ( cavoliniidae ) . this may include sibling taxa data sources .
biodiversity and biogeography of cavoliniidae ( mollusca , gastropoda , opisthobranchia , euthecosomata ) . marine faunistic regions
cavoliniidae sp . a family : j . e . gray , 1850 ( 1815 ) = >
biodiversité et biogéographie chez les cavoliniidae ( mollusca , gastropoda , opisthobranchia , euthecosomata ) . régions faunistiques marines
biodiversité et biogéographie chez les cavoliniidae ( mollusca , gastropoda , opisthobranchia , euthecosomata ) . régions faunistiques marines .
which are the most common photographed cavoliniidae genus ? below , you will find the list of genus commonly photographed by underwater photographers .
cavoliniidae is composed of three subfamilies : clioinae ( four genera ) cuvierininae ( one genus ) and the cavoliniinae ( three genera ) .
morphometric data on cavoliniidae , with notes on a new form of cuvierina columnella ( rang , 1827 ) ( gastropoda , pteropoda ) .
) , which is the sister group of cavoliniidae . this paraphyly conflicted with previous authors for which the monophyly of coiled shell described by gray
mollusca , gastropoda , cavoliniidae , primary phenotype , paleontology , biodiversity , biogeography , paleogeography , marine faunistic regions , new species , new subspecies .
cavolinia tridentata is a species of sea butterfly , a floating and swimming sea snail or sea slug , a pelagic marine gastropod mollusk in the family cavoliniidae .
position as the sister group of cavoliniidae ) . moreover , divergence times were in general older and more congruent with paleontological data when “noisy” sites are removed (
home > journals > zoosystema > 24 ( 2 ) > biodiversité et biogéographie chez les cavoliniidae ( mollusca , gastropoda , opisthobranchia , euthecosomata ) . régions faunistiques marines
it seems difficult to reassess rigorously the cavoliniidae relationships because of the variable position of hyalocylis and cavolinia resulting of an absence of global congruence through the different molecular markers and the morphology . however , when “noisy” sites are removed , the positions of hyalocylis are in congruence with the morphological tree favouring the hypothesis that hyalocylis is the sister group of the cavoliniidae . as a consensus , our results support the cavoliniidae according to rampal ' s definition [ 14 ] who claimed that clio belongs to this clade but new molecular data will be required to confirm the position of hyalocylis as the sister group of cavoliniidae and the position of cavolinia inside this family .
spoel , s . van der , 1968b . the shell and its shape in cavoliniidae ( pteropoda gastropoda ) . beaufortia 15 ( 206 ) : 185 - 189 .
biodiversité et biogéographie chez les cavoliniidae ( mollusca , gastropoda , opisthobranchia , euthecosomata ) . régions faunistiques marines - scientific publications of the muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris
in recent classification [ 32 ] the family cavoliniidae contains the subfamilies cavoliinae , clioinae , cuvierininae and creseinae . in contrast , in our topology the cavoliniidae is paraphyletic , with a sister taxon relationship between hyalocylis ( creseinae ) and limacina . this relationship was further supported by the possession of a shared indel by both taxa not present in any of the other species sequenced .
rampal j . 2002 . — biodiversité et biogéographie chez les cavoliniidae ( mollusca , gastropoda , opisthobranchia , euthecosomata ) . régions faunistiques marines . zoosystema 24 ( 2 ) : 209 - 258 .
cavoliniidae pelaqic molluscs with translucent or transparent shells that have the most intriguing shapes . often fragile . shells from european waters are often more expensive because much sought after by european collectors . about 40 species .
cavoliniidae recognized as clio , diacria , cavolinia - diacavolinia and cuvierina were polyphyletic from the bayesian analysis and paraphyletic from the ml analysis while creseidae represented here by creseis and hyalocylis were polyphyletic in both methods .
remarks – subfamilies creseinae , cuvierininae and cliinae , traditionally included in the cavoliniidae , were raised to family level recently ( janssen , 2003 , 2006 ) . therefore , just a few genera remain in the cavoliniidae sensu stricto , viz . cavolinia , diacavolinia and diacria for recent species . fossil cavolinia and diacria species were known already , and several new species in these genera , as well as a first diacavolinia from the fossil record , are described below . additionally , the exclusively fossil genera diacrolinia , edithinella , gamopleura and vaginella are included in the cavoliniidae . rampal ( 1996 , 2002 ) believed vaginella to be ancestral to cuvierina , but gave no argument in support of this hypothesis . one could find reasons to assign vaginella either to the cuvierinidae or to the cavoliniidae , a topic that merits a more detailed study .
the protoconch in limacina helicoides , peraclis moluccensis , styliola subula , cavolinia globulosa , c . gibbosa , c . inflexa and c . longirostris are described ; finer structures of the shell in these species and hyalocylis striata , diacra quadridentata and cavolinia tridentata are described . the occurrence of a distinct protoconch - i and - ii in cavoliniidae is discussed as well as the taxonomic value of the structure of the ventral ribs in the cavoliniidae mentioned .
menzel , d . w . and ryther , j . h . , 1960 . shell - bearing pteropod gastropods from mediterranean plankton ( cavoliniidae ) . pubbl . zool . napoli 30 ( 3 ) : 381 - 401 .
interestingly , the morphological analysis detected a new clade containing the creseidae and cavoliniidae , which exhibited two synapomorphic characters ( # 5 symmetrical straight shell and # 6 helicoidal organisation of the aragonitic micro - architecture of the shell ) .
spoel , s . van der , 1981a . descripcion de los conchas embrionarias de cavoliniidae . in : boltovskoy , d . ( ed . ) . atlas del zooplancton del atlantico sudoccidental . publ . inidep argentina : 525 - 531 .
menzies , r . j . , 1958 . shell - bearing pteropod gastropods from mediterranean plankton ( cavoliniidae ) . pubbl . staz . zoologica napoli 30 ( 3 ) : 381 - 401 , 5 tabs , 9 figs , 8 maps .
) . the phylogenetic relationships within pseudothecosomata are well resolved and supported by a consensus between authors who admitted the existence of three families : peraclidae cymbuliidae and desmopteridae . however , the relationships among the euthecosomata , especially concerning the straight shell species , has been profoundly modified over the last two centuries and can be summarized by two major revisions . the coiled shell species were recognized as the limacinidae gray , 1847 and straight shell species as the cavoliniidae fisher , 1883 . a first modification of the cavoliniidae has been given by spoel in 1967
a ) the left topology is deduced from rampal studies which considered two straight shell species groups : creseidae ( creseis , hyalocylis , styliola ) and cavoliniidae composed of two sub families , the cavoliniinae ( cavolinia clio and diacria ) and the cuvierininae ( cuvierina ) b ) the right topology is deduced from the works of spoel [ 13 ] , and bé & gilmer [ 67 ] which group all the straight shell species in cavoliniidae , which is composed of three sub - families clionae ( clio , creseis , hyalocylis , styliola ) , cuvierininae ( cuvierina ) and cavoliniinae ( cavolinia , diacria ) . family and sub - family taxa are indicated by symbols : diamond for limacinidae ; down triangle for cavoliniidae ; square for creseidae ; up triangle for clionae ; hexagon for cavoliniinae ; round for cuvierininae .
whatever the nomenclature used , none of the traditional families previously described has been confirmed except for cavoliniidae , on the basis of morphological analysis ( according to rampal ' s nomenclature ) . the following discussion emphasizes the need to better define the boundaries between the traditional families of euthecosomata .
family cavoliniidae gray , 1850 ( 1815 ) family cliidae jeffreys , 1869 family creseidae rampal , 1973 family cuvierinidae van der spoel , 1967 family sphaerocinidae a . w . janssen & maxwell , 1995 † family limacinidae gray , 1840 family cymbuliidae gray , 1840 family desmopteridae chun , 1889 family peraclidae tesch , 1913
. the shell is generally straight , though some species and formae show slight curvature . klussmann - kolb & dinapoli ( 2006 ) placed the genus creseis as basal to other taxa within the family cavoliniidae , using molecular systematics ( figure 2 ) . this was based on a “round opening of the shell , non - lobed parapodia , and the position of the kidney and heart on the right side” ( klussmann - kolb & dinapoli 2006 ) . in more derived genera of cavoliniidae , the opening of the shell flattens and the kidney and heart are found on the left ( klussmann - kolb & dinapoli 2006 ) .
split episode 4 corresponds to the rising of the clio lineage . in other words , when did the first fossil with lateral ridges appeared ? this period corresponds to the second diversifying event ( 37 . 8 ma ) of the pairwise distance based method , which contains the divergence between all the cavoliniidae lineages that are cuvierina , clio , diacria and cavolinia . this is supported by paleontological data indicating that the first fossil with lateral ridges on the shell dates from the rupelian ( 33 . 0 ma ) and looked like clio . the divergence time assessed by the bayesian approach under - estimated slightly the divergence time of the first split of cavoliniidae ( 29 . 7 ma ) .
cavoliniidae are recognized as the most ancient described family of straight shell species created after the first description of a specimen belonging to cavolinia ( see above ) . from its rise , this family was never contested but its taxonomic composition changed after the removal of several genera ( clio and the conical straight shell genera creseis , hyalocylis and styliola ) for creating new families ( creseidae , clioidae or cuvierinidae ) .
cavoliniids are bilaterally symmetrical pteropods with large wings and an uncoiled shell that lacks an operculum ( newman 1990 ) . the form of the shell can be quite variable , and the three subfamilies are differentiated based on the shell shape . cuvierininae have a bottle - shaped shell and cavoliniinae have rounded bivalve - like shells . c . acicula is within the subfamily clioninae , which possess a distinctive needle - like or triangular shell that tapers posteriorly . cavoliniidae is the most abundant holoplanktonic gastropod found in tropical waters ( newman 1990 ) .
euthecosomata retain the transparent calcareous shell that is characteristic of this clade throughout the life - cycle , while in pseudothecosomata the shell is only present in part of the lifecycle , either adult or larval . klussmann - kolb & dinapoli ( 2006 ) present an apomorphic gland situated along the inner mantle wall , which is believed to be used for gathering food . this gland is described for both euthecosomata and pseudothecosomata ( meisenheimer 1905 as cited in klussmann - kolb & dinapoli 2006 ) and is therefore believed to be synapomorphic for all thecosomata . c . acicula is euthecosomatous , within the family cavoliniidae .
fol [ 18 ] previously proposed the term orthoconcha to name all the straight shell species . considering the first description of a straight shell specimen belonging to cavolinia [ 64 ] , this clade was named the cavoloniidae fisher , 1883 . although the taxonomic composition of cavoliniidae underwent few changes , this nomenclature was followed by succeeding authors [ 9 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 65 ] , [ 66 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 67 ] . however , some authors questioned the monophyly of straight shell species and suggested that the unwinding of the shell is a homoplasic state [ 17 ] .
the present study brings also new insight on the morphological evolution in thecosomata . for the first time , we showed the monophyly of the orthoconcha , suggesting that the unwinding of the shell appeared once in the lineage of living straight shell species . moreover , the monophyly of cavoliniidae led us to conclude that a straight shell lineage derived from a cuvierina - like ancestor , even for styliola , which is characterized by plesiomorphic shell state ( conical shape ) . therefore , we conclude that euthecosomata evolution is driven by a combination of evolutionary novelties ( e . g . unwinding of shell , teloconch differentiation , lateral ridges ) , and morphological reversion for instance in styliola .
the shelled pteropods , members of the phylum mollusca ( gastropoda ) , are one of the three major planktonic calcifiers in the ocean , and thus have an important role in the marine ecosystem . the shells are composed of aragonite , a form of calcium carbonate , with different microstructures . the cavoliniidae have a unique , still not well understood microstructure composed of interweaving curved elements , which is unlike that of any other mollusc group . we study the shell microstructure mainly by fib - sem serial surface view ( ssv ) that allows generating a 3d reconstruction of the shell including the organic matrix net and the mineral embedded into it . we also use calcein staining and high resolution cryo - correlative light electron microscopy ( clem ) to understand the formation pathways of the shell .
our results corroborated the consensus from previous taxonomical studies concerning the monophyly of euthecosomata and pseudothecosomata . however , the present study implies changes of the euthecosomata classification , which could be considered as a mix between the previous one . we showed that the main changes concerned the taxa that are based on a plesiomorphic character , such as limacinidae and creseidae . in order to complete the taxonomy of thecosomata , future works must be conducted to establish 1 ) the phylogenetic position of the three genus that constituted the limacinidae 2 ) to define the relationships between cavoliniidae species 3 ) a new taxonomic nomenclature that consider the taxonomic group represented by only one genus that are creseis and styliola lineages . in lower taxonomical scale , we encourage studying species - relationship because it is expected that phenotypic plasticity [ 101 ] and cryptic species [ 102 ] could have biased the rank assignations of the taxonomical entities .
split episode 5 corresponds to the rising of cavolinia . the two molecular estimations are congruent . indeed , the pairwise distance based method indicated an emergence around 37 . 8 ma and for the bayesian method 34 . 2ma . this result conflicts with the paleontological data because the first cavolinia - like fossil ( gamopleura ) was recorded from the early miocene ( nearly 16 . 0 ma ) . the assumption that the first cavolinia - like fossil have emerged around 20 ma after the rising of cavolinia lineage could explains this incongruence . however , as we discuss above , the resolution of the two genes did not allow to decipher about the phylogenetic relationships between cavoliniidae . therefore , the position of cavolinia using the concatenated data set ( that is also incongruent with morphological tree ) is questionable and it is likely that the molecular time divergence estimations of cavolinia lineage were over - estimated due to a “wrong” position .
considering euthecosomata families , the first cladogenesis event separated thilea helicoides from the other euthecosomata species inducing the paraphyly of limacinidae . in addition , limacina genus itself was represented by two paraphyletic subgroups , a first ( l . lesueurii , l . trochiformis , l . bulimoides , l . inflata ) with a basal polytomy and a second ( l . helicina and l . retroversa ) supported by weak support values ( 81 / − ) . furthermore , the creseidae family ( creseis , styliola and hyalocylis ) was a paraphyletic assemblage . the only monophyletic euthecosomata family was the cavoliniidae ( 100 / 65 ) , characterised by three synapomorphies ( # 32 pallial gland with three zones of differentiated cells , # 33 pallial gland with three zones of parallelepipedic cells and # 34 pallial gland with simple and crateriform cells ) . also the cavoliniinae sub - family represented by clio , diacria and cavolinia - diacavolinia complex constituted a monophyletic group ( 100 / 51 ) characterized by straight and dorso - ventraly depressed shell with lateral ridges ( # 10 ) .
molluscabase ( 2018 ) . cuvierinidae van der spoel , 1967 . accessed through : world register of marine species at : urltoken ; = 411906 on 2018 - 07 - 09
bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
nomenclature family names cited with two dates ( the second one in parentheses ) are those ruled by article 40 ( 2 ) of iczn .
if . . . a . . .
nomenclature family names cited with two dates ( the second one in parentheses ) are those ruled by article 40 ( 2 ) of iczn .
if . . . a family - group name was replaced before 1961 because of the synonymy of the type genus , the replacement name is to be maintained if it is in prevailing usage . a name maintained by virtue of this article retains its own author [ and date , the first date cited ] but takes the priority of the replaced name [ the date cited in parentheses , here alluding to hyalaeidae rafinesque , 1815 ] [ details ]
( of cliidae jeffreys , 1869 ) opinion 2133 . ( 2006 ) . clionidae d ' orbigny , 1851 ( porifera , hadromerida ) : emended to clionaidae to remove homonymy with clionidae rafinesque , 1815 ( mollusca , pteropoda ) . bulletin of zoological nomenclature . 63 ( 1 ) : 51 - 53 . [ details ]
( of cliidae jeffreys , 1869 ) bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of cuvierinidae van der spoel , 1967 ) bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of tripteridae gray , 1850 ) bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of clioidae jeffreys , 1869 ) bouchet p . & rocroi j . - p . ( 2005 ) . classification and nomenclator of gastropod families . malacologia . 47 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 397 isbn 3 - 925919 - 72 - 4 . [ details ]
( of cleodoridae gray , 1840 ) bouchet p . , rocroi j . p . , hausdorf b . , kaim a . , kano y . , nützel a . , parkhaev p . , schrödl m . & strong e . e . ( 2017 ) . revised classification , nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families . malacologia . 61 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 - 526 . [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
s . van der spoel , l . j . newman & k . w . estep
composed of two valve - like structures ( diacria ) . the protoconch has a rounded to oval
eales , n . b . , 1950 . secundary symmetry in gastropods . proc . malac . soc . london 28 : 185 - 198 , 9 figs .
minichev , y . s . , 1967 . studies on the morphology of the lower opisthobranchia ( on the evolutionary significance of the detorsion - process ) . trudy zool . inst . akad . nauk s . s . s . r . , leningrad 44 : 109 - 182 .
rampal , j . , 1974 . structure de la coquille des ptéropodes au microscope á balayage . rapp . comm . int . mer méditerr . 22 ( 9 ) : 133 - 134 .
rampal , j . , 1977b . diversité de structure de la coquille chez les thécosomes . atti soc . ital . sci . nat . museo civ . st . nat . milano 118 ( 2 ) : 207 - 211 , 1 fig .
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maggie whitson marked
file : illustrated index of british shells plate 10 . jpg
as trusted on the
patella pellucida linnaeus , 1758
page .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by pelagic invertebrates lifedesks from styliola to their own page .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by pelagic invertebrates lifedesks from cavolinia uncinata ( rang , 1829 ) to their own page .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by pelagic invertebrates lifedesks from cavolinia tridentata ( forskål , 1775 ) to their own page .
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urltoken
cavolinia abildgaard , p . c . , 1791 type species : cavolinia tridentata
forskål , p . ms
niebuhr , 1775
diacavolinia spoel , s . van der , 1987 type species : diacavolinia longirostris longirostris
lesueur , c . a . ms
blainville , h . m . d . de , 1821
diacria gray , j . e . , 1840 type species : diacria trispinosa lesueur , c . a . , 1821
hyalocylis folin , l . de , 1875 type species : hyalocylis striata rang , p . c . a . s . l . , 1828
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turgeon , d . d . , j . f . quinn , jr . , a . e . bogan , e . v . coan , f . g . hochberg , w . g . lyons , et al .
common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the united states and canada : mollusks , 2nd ed .
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
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the star system calculates the number of pieces that were handled by conchology , inc . in the last 15 years :
we want to point out that the star system is only very reliable for philippine shells only , as we handle very few foreign shells in general . as time goes , the system will become more and more performant .
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hoese , d . f . , gomon , m . f . & rennis , d . s . 2008 ,
family clinidae
, ed . gomon , m . f . , bray , d . j . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) , fishes of australia ' s southern coast , pp . pp . 696 - 722 , reed new holland , sydney
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 02990c2f - 651d - 43bc - 88e1 - 043c0b67e6b8
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 63339079 - d9d8 - 4e34 - 8280 - 0e1e73c2459f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 9711c95c - 9fd8 - 4de6 - 9945 - 23853f7e93c9
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 485951b7 - c671 - 49e4 - b8d4 - e31a12e1c11e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 499886
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this is a large shelled thecosomatous pteropod , 0 . 8 cm long , living in the upper water layers . it has a flat
abbott , r . t . , 1974 . ( 2 ed . ) . american seashells . new york , cincinnati , toronto , london , melbourne ( van nostrand reinhold co . ) : 1 - 663 , 6405 figs .
benoit , l . , 1843 . ricerche malacologiche . messina ( capra ) . farfalletta . opera periodica scientifica letteraria artistica , dispensa xi e xvi . nuova serie : 3 - 12 , 2 pls .
biekart , j . w . , 1989 . euthecosomatous pteropods as paleohydrological and paleoecological indicators in a tyrrhenian deep - sea core . palaeogeogr . palaeoclim . palaeoecol . 71 : 205 - 224 , 2 tabs , 6 figs , 2 pls .
dadon , j . r . and boltovskoy , d . , 1982 . zooplanktonic recurrent groups ( pteropoda , euphausiacea , chaetognatha ) in the southeastern atlantic ocean . physis secc . , ( a ) 41 ( 100 ) : 63 - 83 .
jong , k . m . de , and coomans , h . e . , 1988 . marine gastropods from curaçao , aruba and bonaire . sud . fauna curaçao other caribb . isl . 121 : 1 - 216 .
grecchi , g . , 1984 . molluschi planctonici e bentonici in sedimenti sapropelitici del quaternario della dorsalee mediterranea . boll . malacologico 20 ( 1 - 4 ) : 1 - 34 , 3 pls .
magaldi , n . h . , 1977a . moluscos holoplanctonicos del atlantico suboccidental . iii . heteropods y pteropods de aguas superficiales brasilenas y uruguayas . com . soc . malac . urug . 4 ( 33 ) : 295 - 325 .
mcgowan , j . a . , 1960 . the systematics , distribution , and abundance of the euthecosomata of the north pacific . san diego ( ph . d . thesis university of california ) : 1 - 212 , 17 tabs , 54 figs .
mcgowan , j . a . , 1967 . distributional atlas of pelagic molluscs in the california current region . calcofi atlas 6 : 1 - 218 .
mcgowan , j . a . , 1968 . the thecosomata and gymnosomata of california . veliger 3 ( suppl . ) : 103 - 130 , pls 12 - 20 .
mosquera , e . r . and pedrosa , g . p . g . , 1981 . molluscs collected at the galicia bank ( spain ) . conchiglia 13 : 6 - 7 .
peck , j . i . , 1894 . scientific results of explorations by the u . s . fish commission steamer albatross , 26 . report on the pteropods and heteropods collected by the u . s . fish commission steamer albatross during the voyage from norfolk , va . , to san francisco , cal . , 1887 - 1888 , 1 . the thecosomatous pteropods . proc . u . s . nat . museum , ( 1893 ) 16 : 451 - 466 , pls 53 - 55 .
pelseneer , p . , 1888a . report on the pteropoda collected by h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 , 2 . the thecosomata reports on the scientific . results of the voyage of h . m . s . challenger during the years 1873 - 1876 ( zool . ) 23 ( 1 ) : 1 - 132 , 2 figs , 2 pls .
pfeffer , g . , 1880b . die pteropoden des hamburger museums . abhandlu . naturwissensch . ver . hamburg 7 : 69 - 99 , pl . 7 .
pietzner , h . and richter , g . , 1986 . rezente phosphorit bildung im auftriebsgebiet vor der nw - afrikanischen küste . senckenbergiana marit . 17 ( 4 - 6 ) : 333 - 377 , 5 tabs , 12 pls .
pruvot - fol , a . , 1954 . mollusques opisthobranches . faune de france 58 . paris ( lechevalier ) : 1 - 460 , 173 figs , 1 pl .
rampal , j . , 1975 . les thécosomes ( mollusques pélagiques ) . systématique et évolution écologie et biogéographie méditerranéennes . aix - marseille ( thesis univ . provence cnrs ao 11932 ) : 1 - 485 , 15 tabs , 99 figs .
tesch , j . j . , 1904 . the thecosomata and gymnosomata of the siboga expedition . siboga rep . 52 : 1 - 92 , 156 figs .
tesch , j . j . , 1913c . mollusca , pteropoda . in : f . e . schulze . das tierreich . eine zusammenstellung und kennzeichnung der rezenten tierformen 36 . berlin ( friedberger and sohn ) : i - xvi , 1 - 154 , 108 figs .
tesch , j . j . , 1948 . the thecosomatous pteropods , 2 . the indo - pacific . dana report 30 : 1 - 45 , 34 figs , 3 pls .
thiede , j . , 1975b . shell - and skeleton - producing plankton and nekton in the eastern north atlantic ocean . ' meteor ' forschungsergeb . ( c ) 20 : 33 - 79 .
spoel , s . van der and boltovskoy , d . , 1981 . pteropoda . in : boltovskoy , d . ( ed . ) . atlas del zooplancton del atlantico sudoccidental . publ . inidep argentina : 493 - 512 .
spoel , s . van der , boltovskoy , d . and jankivich , s . s . , 1981 . classification y distribucion . in : boltovskoy , d . ( ed . ) . atlas del zooplancton del atlantico sudoccidental . publ . inidep argentina : 512 - 524 .
spoel , s . van der , 1967 . euthecosomata , a group with remarkable developmental stages ( gastropoda , pteropoda ) . j . noorduyn and zn , gorinchem , 375 pp .
spoel , s . van der , 1970b . the pelagic mollusca from the ' atlantide ' and ' galathea ' expeditions collected in the east atlantic . atlantide reports 11 : 99 - 139 , 24 figs .
spoel , s . van der , 1971d . the pelagic mollusca from the
atlantide
and
galathea
expeditions collected in the east atlantic . atlantide rep . 11 : 99 - 139 .
spoel , s . van der , 1976c . pseudothecosomata , gymnosomata and heteropoda . bohn , scheltema & holkema , utrecht . 484 pp . 246 figs .
spoel , s . van der , 1985a . cavolinia inflexa , a polytypic species or a species pair with character displacement . plankton newsl . 2 : 21 - 23 .
vayssiére , a . , 1915a . mollusques euptéropodes ( ptéropodes thécosomes ) provenant des campagnes des yachts hirondelle et princesse - alice ( 1885 - 1913 ) . résul . camp . scient . accompl . yacht par albert ier , prince souverain de monaco 47 : 1 - 226 , 14 pls .
violanti , d . , grecchi , g . and castradori , d . , 1991 . paleoenvironmental intertretation of core ban88 - 11gc ( eastern mediterranean , pleistocene - holocen ) on the grounds of foraminifera , thecosomata and calcareous nannofossils . il quaternario 4 ( 1a ) : 13 - 39 .
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alice k . burridge , 1 , 2 arie w . janssen , 1 and katja t . c . a . peijnenburg 1 , 2
1 naturalis biodiversity center , p . o . box 9517 , 2300 ra leiden , the netherlands
2 institute for biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics ( ibed ) , university of amsterdam , p . o . box 94248 , 1090 ge amsterdam , the netherlands
corresponding author : alice k . burridge ( ku . oc . oohay @ egdirrubka )
copyright alice k . burridge , arie w . janssen , katja t . c . a . peijnenburg
this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( cc by 4 . 0 ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original author and source are credited .
pteropods are holoplanktonic heterobranch gastropods classified in a superorder comprised of the orders thecosomata and gymnosomata , commonly referred to as “sea butterflies” and “sea angels” , respectively ( lalli and gilmer 1989 , pierrot - bults and peijnenburg 2015 ) . the order thecosomata consists of euthecosomata that have sinistrally coiled or straight , bilaterally symmetrical shells , and pseudothecosomata that have either sinistrally coiled shells , an internal gelatinous pseudoconch , or are shell - less in the adult stage ( meisenheimer 1905 , tesch 1913 ) . pteropods play an important role in marine food webs ( jörger et al . 2010 ) , and although most species occur in warm tropical and subtropical waters , the highest abundances have been observed for some ( sub ) polar cold water species ( bé and gilmer 1977 , van der spoel and heyman 1983 , bednaršek et al . 2012 , burridge et al . 2016 ) . because of their thin - walled , aragonite shells , euthecosomes are exceptionally vulnerable to the effects of ocean acidification ( e . g . , fabry et al . 2008 , bednaršek and ohman 2015 , gattuso et al . 2015 , moya et al . 2016 ) .
according to the most recent taxonomic revision of cuvierina , five extant species were assigned to two subgenera based on shell morphology and supposed lineages of fossil occurrences since the early miocene ( janssen 2005 , 2006 ) . the subgenus cuvierina s . str . consisted of cuvierina atlantica , cuvierina columnella , and cuvierina pacifica , which are characterised by relatively slender , cylindrical shells , triangular rather than kidney - shaped apertures and the presence ( cuvierina columnella ) or absence ( cuvierina atlantica , cuvierina pacifica ) of micro - ornamentation . two geographical varieties were recognised within cuvierina pacifica , one from the north pacific and the other from the south pacific , but were not formally introduced as new species . the subgenus urceolarica , containing cuvierina cancapae and cuvieria urceolaris , is characterised by more inflated , bottle - shaped rather than cylindrical shells , pronounced micro - ornamentation , and kidney - shaped rather than triangular apertures .
all extant cuvierina species are restricted to the surface layers of tropical and subtropical waters from ~ 45°n to ~ 40°s . in the atlantic ocean , cuvierina atlantica occurs in the subtropical gyres and cuvierina cancapae is found in tropical waters . in the indian ocean , cuvierina columnella is found in the southern subtropical zone and cuvieria urceolaris occurs in tropical waters and further south along madagascar towards south africa . cuvierina columnella and cuvieria urceolaris also occur in the pacific ocean along with cuvierina pacifica ( janssen 2005 , burridge et al . 2015 ) .
burridge et al . ( 2015 ) examined the diversity , distribution , and evolution of cuvierina taxa using integrative geometric morphometric , molecular , and biogeographic methods . they confirmed that the five species described for cuvierina species have significantly different shell shapes and that cuvierina pacifica consists of two disjunct morphometric groups , registered as cuvierina pacifica n and cuvierina pacifica s in their study . three genetic lineages were distinguished based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase i dna : the atlantic lineage with cuvierina atlantica and cuvierina cancapae , the indo - pacific lineage with cuvierina columnella , cuvieria urceolaris , and cuvierina pacifica n , and the south pacific lineage with cuvierina pacifica s . a new taxonomic description of cuvierina pacifica n is required because the holotype of cuvierina pacifica has the shell shape of cuvierina pacifica s .
based on the findings of janssen ( 2005 ) and the integrative approach of burridge et al . ( 2015 ) the taxonomy of the genus cuvierina is revised . the subgenera cuvierina s . str . and urceolarica are rejected , a new species , cuvierina tsudai , is described from the pacific ocean , and the species description of cuvierina pacifica is restricted to the south pacific lineage . a taxonomic key is provided for the identification of cuvierina species .
two approaches were used to distinguish between cuvierina tsudai and cuvierina pacifica based on differences in shell shape . first , simple measurements of shell height and width , aperture diameters , and position of maximum shell width as applied to museum specimens by janssen ( 2005 ) were used to distinguish between cuvierina tsudai and cuvierina pacifica . second , geometric morphometric data of shell shapes in ventral and apertural orientations were used for 168 adult specimens of cuvierina that were registered as cuvierina pacifica n or cuvierina pacifica s in burridge et al . ( 2015 ) . the specimens corresponded to museum specimens as identified and measured by janssen ( 2005 , n = 92 ) , additional museum specimens ( n = 24 ) , and recently collected fresh specimens ( n = 52 ) . geometric morphometric methods consisted of digitising shell outlines using tpsdig and tpsutil ( rohlf 2006 ) to contain 76 ventral and 37 apertural semi - landmarks per shell , after which a generalised least square procrustes superimposition was applied ( gls , kendall 1977 in zelditch et al . 2004 ) to rotate , translate , and scale the semi - landmark coordinates . a subsequent thin - plate spline ( tps ) analysis ( e . g . , zelditch et al . 2004 ) provided centroid sizes , a size measure depending on surface area , and multiple relative warp axes per specimen , containing information on shape . to describe the new species cuvierina tsudai as well as to reject the validity of the cuvierina subgenera , cytochrome oxidase i mitochondrial ( coi ) dna and 28s ribosomal dna sequence data from burridge et al . ( 2015 ) were used .
are similar in size but have different shell shapes , coi mtdna and 28s rdna . because of their pacific distributions and similarities in shell size ,
specimens are between 7 . 2 and 8 . 8 mm , showing a large overlap with
has a larger height / width - ratio between 3 . 25 and 3 . 96 ( mean 3 . 50 ) compared to
, which has a ratio between 2 . 77 and 3 . 46 ( mean 3 . 14 ) . the position of maximum shell width is located at 34 - 45 % ( mean 40 % ) of the shell height from the septum upwards for
holotype and paratypes of cuvierina tsudai and holotype of cuvierina pacifica . a holotype ( rmnh . 5004167 ) and b–i paratypes ( rmnh . 5004168 - 72 ) of cuvierina tsudai and j holotype of cuvierina pacifica ( rgm 458 . 690 ) photographed in a ventral view . photographs of rmnh . 5004169 - 72 from burridge et al . ( 2015 ) ; rmnh . 5004167 - 68 taken by r . van der hulst and rgm 458 . 692 taken by e . f . de vogel , this study . rmnh = naturalis biodiversity center , mollusc collection and rgm = naturalis biodiversity center , fossil planktonic mollusc collection , leiden .
shape variation in cuvierina tsudai and cuvierina pacifica by means of relative warp ( rw ) data . ordination of rw data of cuvierina tsudai and cuvierina pacifica for the first ventral and apertural rws ( n = 167 excluding 1 specimen with only one orientation ) . on the x - axis , rw1 depicts 78 . 26 % of the total ventral shape variation . on the y - axis , 69 . 43 % of the apertural shape variation is explained by its rw1 . shape variations depicted by ventral and apertural rw1 ( with subsequent rws = 0 ) are shown .
the larger genetic and shell shape variation for cuvierina tsudai compared to cuvierina pacifica coincides with a much larger pacific distribution and lower ecological specificity of cuvierina tsudai . cuvierina pacifica is restricted to the centre of the oligotrophic southern pacific gyre and occupies a more specialised ecological niche based on ecological niche modelling ( enm ) than cuvierina tsudai ( burridge et al . 2015 ) . this study used presence - only data and six uncorrelated environmental parameters , of which ocean surface temperature and chlorophyll a concentration were the most important . the distribution of cuvierina tsudai was mostly explained by maximum monthly sea surface temperatures ( sst ) and near - surface chlorophyll a concentrations ( both 30 . 8 % ) . the distribution of cuvierina pacifica was best explained by low maximum monthly chlorophyll a concentrations ( 57 . 1 % ) .
genus cuvierina boas , 1886 ( = replacement name for cuvieria rang , 1827 non lesueur & petit , 1807 , pl . 30 ( coelenterata )
type species . cuvieria columnella rang , 1827 , p . 323 , pl . 45 figs 1–3 , by monotypy .
cuvierina columnella : boas 1886 : 132 , 217 , pl . 6 fig . 95g ( partim , non rang ) ; rampal 2002 : 214 ( partim , non rang ) .
cuvierina columnella ( rang , 1827 ) forma columnella ( rang , 1827 ) – van der spoel 1967 : 79 ( partim , non rang ) ; van der spoel 1970 : 120 , fig . 19 ( partim , non rang ) .
cuvierina ( cuvierina ) pacifica janssen , 2005 : 46 figs . 18 - 20 ( partim , northern pacific specimens only , non figs . 14 - 17 = cuvierina pacifica ) .
cuvierina pacifica n ( janssen , 2005 ) : burridge et al . 2015 : 5 , fig . 2 .
voucher and sampling information of type specimens of cuvierina tsudai including the holotype of cuvierina pacifica .
shell moderately small , adult specimens 7 . 2–8 . 8 mm high , height / width - ratio 2 . 77–3 . 46 ( mean 3 . 14 ) , position of maximum shell width 33–42 % ( mean 37 % ) of shell height from septum upwards . aperture triangular . no longitudinal micro - ornamentation .
by the absence of micro - ornamentation . it has a more triangular and wider aperture than
cuvierina tsudai has a wide , exclusively pacific distribution between 36°n and 39°s , in which it co - exists with cuvierina columnella , cuvieria urceolaris , and cuvierina pacifica . it has been found most often in the north pacific , but also occurs in the south pacific . it has not been found thus far in the central , oligotrophic parts of the south pacific subtropical gyre , the southeast pacific , the coral triangle west of the philippines or southwest of papua new guinea .
named after atsushi tsuda , professor in biological oceanography at the university of tokyo , japan , for sending us pteropod samples from the pacific ocean and in recognition of his services to the zooplankton research community .
two subgenera of cuvierina were described that supposedly evolved since the early miocene ( aquitanian , 23 million years ago ) : cuvierina s . str . , with extant species cuvierina atlantica , cuvierina columnella , and cuvierina pacifica , and urceolarica with extant species cuvierina cancapae and cuvieria urceolaris ( see janssen 2005 , 2006 ) . they were based on distinguishing shell characteristics in fossil species such as the position of maximum shell width , aperture shape and presence or absence of micro - ornamentation . however , the morphology and molecular phylogenetic information of recent species are in conflict with this separation . cuvierina columnella , typically a cuvierina s . str . species , has distinct micro - ornamentation , which was considered one of the distinguishing characters of the subgenus urceolarica . it was shown that there are three divergent and well - supported lineages based on genetic data : the atlantic ( cuvierina atlantica and cuvierina cancapae ) , indo - pacific ( cuvierina columnella , cuvieria urceolaris and cuvierina tsudai ) , and south pacific ( cuvierina pacifica ) lineages ( fig . 4 in burridge et al . 2015 ) . hence , we reject the two subgenera within cuvierina .
pteropod species based on distinctive shell shape characteristics and shell sizes . photographs of typical adult shells are shown in fig .
moderately inflated or cylindrical shell shape , shell height 7 . 5–11 . 1 mm
cylindrical shell shape and triangular aperture , shell height 6 . 7–10 . 5 mm
moderately inflated or cylindrical shell shape , triangular to kidney - shaped aperture , shell height 6 . 6–8 . 8 mm
cylindrical shell shape and kidney - shaped aperture , shell height 6 . 6–8 . 5 mm
moderately inflated shell shape and triangular aperture , shell height 7 . 2–8 . 8 mm
morphometric , genetic , and biogeographic information has led to the introduction of a new species of the warm water pteropod genus cuvierina and the rejection of its subgenera . we encourage a combined evidence approach of taxonomy to more accurately identify species boundaries and higher taxonomic relationships in planktonic gastropods . accurate taxonomic identification is a prerequisite to assess to what extent species are affected by ocean changes and to potentially use them as bioindicators .
we thank a . tsuda , h . miyamoto , e . goetze , d . kobayashi , l . giuseffi , and e . norton for contributing specimens from the pacific ocean , r . van der hulst and e . f . de vogel for photographing the holotype and some paratypes of cuvierina tsudai , and j . goud and b . van der bijl for adding the type material to the collections of naturalis biodiversity center . finally , we are grateful to deborah wall - palmer , maria moreno - alcántara and nathalie yonow for constructive comments on this manuscript .
burridge ak , janssen aw , peijnenburg ktca ( 2016 ) revision of the genus cuvierina boas , 1886 based on integrative taxonomic data , including the description of a new species from the pacific ocean ( gastropoda , thecosomata ) . zookeys 619 : 1–12 . doi : 10 . 3897 / zookeys . 619 . 10043
helical shell structure and growth of the pteropod cuvierina columnella ( rang ) ( mollusca , gastropoda ) .
bednaršek n , možina j , vogt m , o’brien c , tarling ga . ( 2012 )
the global distribution of pteropods and their contribution to carbonate and carbon biomass in the modern ocean .
changes in pteropod distributions and shell dissolution across a frontal system in the california current system .
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burridge ak , goetze e , wall - palmer d , le double sl , huisman j , peijnenburg ktca . ( 2016 )
diversity and abundance of pteropods and heteropods along a latitudinal gradient across the atlantic ocean .
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development of cuvierinidae ( mollusca , euthecosomata , cavolinioidea ) during the cainozoic : a non - cladistic approach with a re - interpretation of recent taxa .
notes on the systematics , morphology and biostratigraphy of fossil holoplanktonic mollusca , 16 . some additional notes and amendments on cuvierinidae and on classification of thecosomata ( mollusca , euthecosomata ) .
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on the origin of acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods , with implications for the systematics of heterobranchia .
voyage de découvertes aus terres australes exécuté par ordre de s . m . l’empereur et roi
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near - future ph conditions severely impact calcification , metabolism and the nervous system in the pteropod heliconoides inflatus .
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tesch jj . ( 1913 ) mollusca , pteropoda . in : schulze fe . ( ed . )
zelditch ml , swiderski dl , sheets hd , fink wl . ( 2004 )
in the map above , the red dots indicate locations of quantitative data ( ~ 556 obs globally ) , while gray dots indicate locations of
presence / absence
( non - quantitative ) observation data . blue stars show locations of any time series reporting this taxa or group ( ~ 4 sites globally ) .
the data below may not be part of the copepod database . data inquires can be made through the contact points
provided in the summary page connected in the blue bracket - surrounded
[ ]
links below .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by pelagic invertebrates lifedesks from cavolinia longirostris ( blainville , 1821 ) to their own page .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by pelagic invertebrates lifedesks from cavolinia to their own page .
jennifer hammock split the classifications by pelagic invertebrates lifedesks from clio pyramidata linnaeus , 1767 to their own page .
these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors . this process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves .
) in the gulf of manna proceedings of the symposium on warm water zooplankton . nio , goa , pp 678–686
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from the pelagic to the benthic feeding life history phase . in : limpus cj , miller jd ( eds ) the hawksbill turtle ,


the orinoco goose ( neochen jubata ) is a member of the duck , goose and swan family anatidae .

it is in the shelduck subfamily tadorninae , and placed in the genus neochen .

three fossil relatives have been described from pleistocene sites : neochen pugil from brazil , neochen debilis from argentina and neochen barbadiana from barbados .

orinoco geese are 61 to 76 cm ( 24 to 30 in ) long and are resident breeders in the forests of tropical south america .

its preference is forest lakes or marshes with access to open woodland or savanna .

it has a pale head and neck , chestnut flanks and mantle and blackish wings with a white speculum .

the legs are red and the bill is black and pinkish .

the sexes of this striking species are identical in plumage , though the males are larger ; juveniles have duller plumage than adults .

this is a largely terrestrial species , which will also perch readily in trees .

it rarely swims or flies unless hard pressed .

in flight it looks heavy , more like a goose than a duck , hence the english name .

the orinoco goose is a very territorial species in the breeding season , and usually nests in hollow trees , only occasionally on the ground .

the male has a high pitched whistling call , and the female cackles like the related egyptian goose .

orinoco goose

information on the orinoco goose is currently being researched and written and will appear here shortly .
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a male displaying in front of a female walking . despliegue de pato carretero en orinoco colombiano
61–66 cm ; male 1700–1950 g , female 1200–1440 g . unmistakable , it being the only large , goose - like bird within the species’ range and habitat ; . . .
currently considered near threatened by birdlife international , the range of orinoco goose is still relatively widespread across much of eastern south america as far south as northern argentina . sometimes hunted for its meat , population declines have been noted in much of the species’ range , and there are now rather few areas where this goose might still be considered reasonably common . its modern - day strongholds appear to be the savannas of northern bolivia , the llanos region of northeastern colombia and western venezuela , and the araguaia river in central brazil . orinoco geese from northern bolivia ( llanos de moxos , department of beni ) recently have been found to undertake a partial migration to forested areas of peru and western brazil during the breeding season , possibly due to cavity nest limitation in the llanos de moxos . principally found in lowland areas , it occurs on beaches and oxbow lakes along forested rivers , as well as in wet savannas and around large freshwater wetlands . orinoco goose is an attractive bird , clad in pale grayish buff over the head and neck , with salmon red legs , a rufous belly and back , and mostly blackish wings relieved by a green - and - white patterned speculum . birds are most commonly seen as breeding pairs but also in congregations of dozens to hundreds of birds where common .
orinoco goose ( neochen jubata ) * family : anatidae , * genus : neochen , * species : n . jubata , * phylum : chordata , * class : aves , * order : anseriformes , * type : bird , * diet : omnivore , * avarege lifespan in the wilds : 10 - 25 years , * size : this 61 - 76 cm ( 24 - 30 inch ) long species , * weight : no data , * wingspan : no data , * * neochen jubata , is a member of the duck , goose and swan family anatidae . it is in the shelduck subfamily tadorninae , and is the only living member of the genus neochen . more info : urltoken
carboneras , c . , kirwan , g . m . & sharpe , c . j . ( 2018 ) . orinoco goose ( neochen jubata ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
description : both sexes of the orinoco goose are similar in appearance . the head , neck and breast are a pale grayish - buff with darker mottling and striations along the rear and sides of the neck . the flanks and belly are chestnut ; the upper mantle and scapulars are rufous ; the bill is black with a hint of pink ; the back , rump and tail are greenish - black ; the wings are purplish - to greenish - black with a white patch at the base , and the legs are red .
habitat / range : they are endemic to south america and found along the orinoco and amazon basins from eastern colombia and venezuela , to eastern bolivia and central brazil ; and in western paraguay and northen argentina . they inhabit forest covered banks , wet savannas , muddy and sandy shores of freshwater wetlands .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
sacc . 2005 and updates . a classification of the bird species of south america . available at : urltoken .
clay , r . p . , di giácomo , s . , díaz , d . , hennessey , a . , hesse , c . , kriese , k . , mcnish , t . , pinheiro , r . , pracontal , n . , sharpe , c j , tobias , j . , lebbin , d . , dornas , t . , guevara torres , d . & davenport , l .
this species is classified as near threatened because it is continuing to undergo a moderately rapid population reduction owing to hunting pressure and habitat loss . it is still locally common in certain areas and , with proper protection , would be much more abundant over its wide range .
( where taken together there are probably 5 , 000 - 10 , 000 individuals [ t . mcnish
( no recent records and may never have been more than a vagrant [ k . kreise
( where there are thought to be 2 , 000 - 4 , 000 individuals in the cantão and bananal island region alone [ r . pinheiro
, . clear declines have been noted in brazil , colombia , ecuador , peru and argentina ( callaghan in prep . )
, and although the population was once estimated at c . 25 , 000 - 100 , 000 individuals ( p . canevari
it is now more likely to be 10 , 000 - 25 , 000 ( k . kreise
and the colombian and venezuelan llanos . it is becoming increasing localised over much of its range and is now scarce , except in remote or protected areas ( carboneras 1992a )
the global population has been estimated to number 10 , 000 - 25 , 000 mature individuals based on the result of discussions on birdlife ' s globally threatened birds forum .
the species is suspected to be declining at a slow to moderate rate , owing primarily to hunting pressure and probably the conversion of suitable habitat for agriculture in parts of its range ( c . sharpe
the current decline is attributed to heavy and continuing hunting pressure ( carboneras 1992a ) ; although availability of foraging habitat may limit numbers locally , the abundance of the species on certain private reserves where it is well protected indicate that hunting is the primary reason for its decline . in venezuela , conversion of former private reserves for rice production may threaten previously well - protected populations of the species ( c . j . sharpe
continue to monitor population trends through regular , coordinated surveys . monitor levels of hunting pressure . conduct awareness campaigns to discourage hunting and regulate the number of birds taken . protect significant areas of suitable forest and wetland habitat in a network of public and private reserves .
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recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : neochen jubata . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
davenport , l . , w . endo , and k . kriese ( 2013 ) .
) , version 1 . 0 . in neotropical birds online ( t . s . schulenberg , editor ) . cornell lab of ornithology , ithaca , ny , usa .
calls from a pair of birds flushing off an area of open pastureland near a river .
calls from a bird with a dozen or so older chicks , given in alarm to my presence as it floated by at close range . the birds were located on a large pool of water not far from a river through open grasslands .
natural vocalizations ; calls from a single bird ( presumably a male ) given as i walked towards it . while calling the bird was on the ground near the edge of a large pool of water surrounded by open pastureland , near a river .
natural vocalizations ; calls from a flock of 30 or so birds taking off from the edge of a river , in bursts of 2 - 4 birds at a time .
natural vocalizations ; calls from a flock of 8 birds ( part of a larger flock of 30 or so birds ) taking off from the bank of a large river through open grasslands and forest islands .
alarm calls and then calls in flight from a pair flushed from bank of narrow river near dusk . one indivudal ( male ? ) gave whistles , while the other gave the rising grunts .
a couple . my thanks to niceforo luna and aniceto by the data . thank you very much by the help .
from a group of 14 birds . my thanks to niceforo luna and aniceto by the data . thank you very much by the help .
my thanks to niceforo luna and aniceto by the data . thank you very much by the help .
sonogram images © xeno - canto foundation . sonogram images share the same license terms as the recording they depict .
classified as neat threatened ( nt ) on the iucn red list ( 1 ) .
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a distinctive species ; has been proposed as a possible link between the typical shelducks ( tadorna ) and the sheldgeese ( chloephaga ) , but this remains to be proven . monotypic .
widespread , though spottily distributed , in n south america e of andes from e colombia , venezuela and the guianas s through amazonian brazil , e ecuador , e peru , e & s bolivia and w paraguay to extreme nw argentina ( salta ) .
most information is from captivity : male gives loud “shewit shewit” and female “a - ohk” in flight , . . .
forest - covered sides of tropical rivers , with rocky or sandy beaches , wooded islands and damp . . .
information on wild birds virtually unavailable , but presumed to consume greener parts of grasses , sedges and various plants , but also . . .
during dry season , mostly dec–jan in colombia and venezuela , where nesting appears synchronized ; in sw amazonian brazil , young of . . .
chiefly sedentary throughout range , with usually only small - scale movements recorded , with the . . .
not globally threatened . currently considered near threatened . based on limited field data , overall global population has been estimated at 10 , 000–25 , 000 mature . . .
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josep del hoyo , thore noernberg , david ascanio , carlos ruiz . - guerra , carlos gussoni , carlos fabregat , jacob . wijpkema , joe angseesing , mauricio rueda , josé de alencar bonafé .
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size : adults grow to 24 - 30 inches ( 61 - 76 cm ) in length with males generally weighing more than females ; around 3 . 4 pounds ( 1 . 54 kg ) for males and 2 . 7 pounds ( 1 . 22 kg ) for females .
behavior : this species is mainly terrestrial , but during the breeding season they will perch in trees . during their noisy , territorial defense displays , they assume such an upright position that it looks as if they might fall over backwards . males will display by pulling back their head , expand their chest , flap their wings and charge toward any pending threat . they form bonding pairs that stay together year round .
diet : they feed primarily by grazing on the savannah lands adjacent to the rivers by which they nest . they will also eat aquatic plants , herbs and insects .
communication : males communicate using a high pitched whistling call and females a loud cackling call .
reproduction : during breeding time , the pair will roost in a tree cavity that has been lined with down . the female will lay 6 - 15 pale brownish - cream eggs that are incubated for about 30 days . the male stays close to the nest during this time .


the shortfinned worm eel ( scolecenchelys australis , also known commonly as the shortfin worm eel , the worm eel , the southern worm eel , the down 's worm eel , the iredale 's worm eel , or the scotts worm eel ) is an eel in the family ophichthidae ( worm/snake eels ) .

it was described by william john macleay in 1881 , originally under the genus muraenichthys .

it is a marine , temperate water-dwelling eel which is known from australia , in the southwestern pacific ocean .

it forms large colonies which inhabit burrows in soft sediments .

males can reach a maximum total length of 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) .

the shortfinned worm eel 's diet consists primarily of benthic crustaceans and polychaetes .

shortfinned worm eel

greek , skolex = worm ( 1855 ) + greek , enchlys , - yos = eel ( ref . 45335 )
big longfin eels may eat species such as juvenile trout – larger prey than that of the shortfin or spotted eel . one 9 - kilogram eel was reported to have eaten an entire shoveller duck .
spotted eel ( a . reinhardtii ) , which may have recently arrived from australia and is found only in northern rivers .
in 1882 canterbury naturalist t . h . potts listed some unsubstantiated reports of impressive catches , including a 43 - kilogram eel caught by a shepherd at stoneyhurst , and eels over 59 kilos from lake wakatipu . the largest recorded longfin eel is a 24 - kilo specimen taken from lake waihola , south of dunedin , in 1974 .
the shortfin eel is quite widely distributed in the south pacific , and occurs in australia , new caledonia , lord howe island , norfolk island , fiji and possibly tahiti .
castle , p . j . & mccosker , j . e . 1999 ,
a new genus and two new species of myrophine worm - eels , with comments on muraenichthys and scolecenchelys ( anguilliformes : ophichthidae )
, records of the australian museum , vol . 51 , no . 2 , 3 , pp . 113 - 122
castle , p . j . & mccosker , j . e . 1999 . a new genus and two new species of myrophine worm - eels , with comments on muraenichthys and scolecenchelys ( anguilliformes : ophichthidae ) . records of the australian museum 51 ( 2 , 3 ) : 113 - 122 . ( as scolecenchelys australis and s . tasmaniensis )
eels feed mainly at night , using their powerful sense of smell to track prey . once an eel is close , taste buds on its head and sensors along its sides help locate the victim .
the spotted eel also occurs in eastern australia , new caledonia and lord howe island . it was first confirmed in new zealand waters in 1997 , and is currently only found in rivers from taranaki to northland .
it has a distinctive colour pattern – mottled or blotched on the back , with yellowish pectoral fins . this eel grows to 1 . 5 metres and 14 kilograms . the maximum reported age is 41 years .
mccosker , j . e . 1977 . the osteology , classification , and relationships of the eel family ophichthidae . proceedings of the california academy of sciences 41 ( 1 ) : 1 - 123 figs 1 - 45
its dorsal fin starts close to the anal fin , and the pectoral fin has 14–16 rays . this eel is olive green and frequents lowland waterways . it can grow to 1 metre and 3 . 5 kilograms .
mccosker , j . e . 1970 . a review of the eel genera leptenchelys and muraenichthys , with the description of a new genus , schismorhynchus , and a new species , muraenichthys chilensis . pacific science 24 ( 4 ) : 506 - 516 .
they are probably the world’s biggest eels . they may grow up to 1 . 75 metres , and the biggest caught and measured so far weighed 24 kilograms . any new zealand eel over 1 metre long and caught inland is probably a longfin specimen .
the longfin eel is found only in new zealand . travelling far inland , it may be the country’s most widely distributed freshwater fish . the pectoral ( side ) fins have 16–20 bony rays . this species is usually dark brown to grey - black on the back .
marine ; demersal ; depth range 0 - 50 m ( ref . 104540 ) . temperate
southwest pacific : restricted to southeastern coast of australia , tasmania , and new zealand .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 40 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 33839 )
vertebrae : 145 - 156 . this species of the scolecenchelys gymnota species group is distinguished by the following set of characters : head 7 . 7 - 8 . 9 % tl ( in large specimens , > 18 . 0 cm tl ) ; tail 55 - 58 % tl ; trunk 34 - 36 % tl ; horizontal distance between origin of dorsal - fin and a vertical through mid - anus 8 . 0 - 91 % hl ; jaws and vomerine teeth in a single row , rarely biserial anteriorly and uniserial posteriorly ; predorsal vertebrae 62 - 68 , preanal 60 - 63 and total 145 - 156 ; mvf 65 - 61 - 151 ( ref . 104540 ) .
a shallow species ( < 50 m ) found in among seagrass beds and rocky tidepools ( ref . 104540 ) . lives in groups of many individuals . feeds on small bottom - dwelling invertebrates ( ref . 33839 ) .
hibino , y . and s . kimura , 2015 . revision of the scolecenchelys gymnota species group with descriptions of two new species ( anguilliformes : ophichthidae : myrophinae ) . ichthyol res ( ref . 104540 )
) : 14 . 8 - 23 . 3 , mean 17 . 4 ( based on 144 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00076 ( 0 . 00029 - 0 . 00198 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 83 - 3 . 29 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 0 se ; based on diet studies .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 26 of 100 ) .
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widespread along the southeastern , southern and southwestern coasts of australia , from murray island , north queensland , around southern australia , to north ronsard rocks , western australia . elsewhere , the species is known from norfolk island and the kermadec islands , northern new zealand .
inhabits soft sediments to a depth of about 50 metres , often occurring in groups .
body depth 3 . 3 - 4 . 0 % tl ; head 7 . 8 - 8 . 9 % tl ; snout pointed ; lower jaw obviously shorter than snout ; eyes small ; about 10 - 15 teeth in a single series on jaws and vomer , in oval patch on
premaxillary
, the patch distinct from that of vomer . dorsal - fin origin usually slightly behind level of anus ( occasionally just before or noticeably behind it ) .
olive - green to brown above , with very small dark speckles , paler below on head and trunk , generally brown along tail .
synonyms include : muraenichthys tasmaniensis , scolecenchelys lengomena , scolecenchelys lingowenah , scolecenchelys tasmaniensis , scolecenchelys tasmaniensis smithi .
muraenichthys australis macleay 1881 , proc . linn . soc . n . s . w . 1 6 ( 2 ) : 272 . type locality : lane cove river , near sydney , nsw .
castle , p . h . j . 1994 . families synaphobranchidae , nettastomatidae , ophichthidae . pp . 195 - 203 figs 172 - 179 in gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) . the fishes of australia ' s south coast . adelaide : state printer 992 pp . 810 figs .
francis , m . 1993 . checklist of the coastal fishes of lord howe , norfolk , and kermadec islands , southwest pacific ocean . pacific science 47 ( 2 ) : 136 - 170 figs 1 - 2
gomon , m . f . , glover , c . j . m . & kuiter , r . h . ( eds ) 1994 . the fishes of australia ' s south coast . adelaide : state printer 992 pp . 810 figs .
hibino , y . , & kimura , s . 2016 . revision of the scolecenchelys gymnota species group with descriptions of two new species ( anguilliformes : ophichthidae : myrophinae ) . ichthyological research 63 : 1–22 . doi 10 . 1007 / s10228 - 015 - 0485 - 4
macleay , w . j . 1881 . descriptive catalogue of the fishes of australia . part 4 . proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales 1 6 ( 2 ) : 202 - 387 .
mcculloch , a . r . 1911 . report on the fishes obtained by the f . i . s . endeavour on the coasts of new south wales , victoria , south australia and tasmania . part 1 . zoological ( biological ) results . endeavour 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 87 . ( as muraenichthys tasmaniensis )
scott , e . o . g . 1975 . observations on some tasmanian fishes . part 21 . papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 109 : 127 - 173 ( p . 128 , fig . 1 , as muraenichthys lingowenah )
scott , e . o . g . 1980 . observations on some tasmanian fishes . part 26 . papers and proceedings of the royal society of tasmania 114 : 85 - 144 ( p . 100 , fig . 2 , as muraenichthys lengomena )
smith , d . g . & mccosker , j . e . 2008 . family ophichthidae . pp . 166 - 169 in gomon . m . f . , bray , d . j . & kuiter , r . h ( eds ) . fishes of australia ' s southern coast . sydney : reed new holland 928 pp .
whitley , g . p . 1927 . the fishes of michaelmas cay , north queensland . records of the australian museum 16 : 1–32 ( p . 5 , fig . 1 , as muraenichthys iredalei ) . pdf open access
whitley , g . p . 1944 . new sharks and fishes from western australia . the australian zoologist 10 ( 3 ) : 252 - 273 . ( as scolecenchelys tasmaniensis smith i )
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macleay , w . j . 1881 ,
descriptive catalogue of the fishes of australia . part 4
, proceedings of the linnean society of new south wales , ser . 1 , vol . 6 , no . 2 , pp . 202 - 387
whitley , g . p . 1927 ,
the fishes of michaelmas cay , north queensland
, records of the australian museum , vol . 16 , no . 1 , pp . 1 - 32 fig . 1 pl . 1
compiled by roberts , c . d . ; paulin , c . d . ; stewart , a . l . ; mcphee , r . p . ; mcdowall , r . m . , king , c . m . ; roberts , c . d . ; bell , b . d . ; fordyce , r . e . ; nicol , r . s . ; worthy , t . h . ; paulin , c . d . ; hitchmough , r . a . ; keyes , i . w . ; baker , a . n . ; stewart , a . l . ; hiller , n . ; mcdowall , r . m . ; holdaway , r . n . ; mcphee , r . p . ; schwarzhans , w . w . ; tennyson , a . j . d . ; rust , r . ; macadie , i . 24 : phylum chordata : lancelets , fishes , amphibians , reptiles , birds , mammals , checklist of new zealand chordata . living lancelets , jawless fishes , cartilaginous fishes , and bony fishes . in : new zealand inventory of biodiversity volume 1 .
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : a955b196 - 8aee - 4c02 - 9f99 - 40bafc29608b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : c45e2098 - 4e57 - 4122 - add2 - edd73b59b38f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d7bddde7 - a8cd - 48f8 - a668 - 536658647a9c
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1df29ec2 - 319a - 47ba - 900c - 3ad6fc5c3f3f
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 437507
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froese r . & pauly d . ( eds ) . ( 2018 ) . fishbase ( version feb 2018 ) . in : roskov y . , abucay l . , orrell t . , nicolson d . , bailly n . , kirk p . m . , bourgoin t . , dewalt r . e . , decock w . , de wever a . , nieukerken e . van , zarucchi j . , penev l . , eds . ( 2018 ) . species 2000 & itis catalogue of life , 30th june 2018 . digital resource at urltoken species 2000 : naturalis , leiden , the netherlands . issn 2405 - 8858 .
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eels are new zealand’s top native freshwater predators – no other species prey on them when they are adult . māori identified many different varieties , mainly by colour . but when european settlers first arrived in new zealand there was debate about the number of species .
the longfin and shortfin eels are found all around new zealand . they have very varied coloration , so this is not the best way to identify them . the most reliable distinguishing feature is the length of the back fin – hence their names .
eels were important food for māori , and it took effort and ingenuity to catch them . traps , nets and other devices were often complex and sophisticated . in the 19th and 20th centuries , many new zealand children went eeling , and catching one was almost a rite of passage .
one study found that males swim out to sea to breed and die at an average age of 23 years and females at an average age of 34 .
males mature , breed and die at 14 years , and females at 22 .
eels were once considered a threat because they ate introduced trout . but they are now economically important in new zealand , and there has been considerable research into their diet .
small ( less than 50 - centimetre ) longfin and shortfin eels generally feed on snails , insects , worms , grubs , crayfish and small fish .
at lake ellesmere ( te waihora ) in canterbury , shortfin eels longer than 50 centimetres increasingly become fish - eaters , preying on cockabullies and smelt . feeding drops off during winter in both species , especially in southern new zealand .
growth rates are slow . longfin eels grow at around 2 . 5 centimetres a year at a length of 30 centimetres , and they slow down to only 1 . 5 centimetres a year at a length of 1 metre . shortfin eels grow a little faster .
these slow rates are a result of temperature , food supply and competition . faster growth rates have been achieved in trials to fatten eels in farm ponds .
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the vermilion darter ( etheostoma chermocki ) is a species of darter endemic to alabama , where it only is found in turkey creek in jefferson county , part of the mobile bay drainage basin .

on december 7 , 2010 , the us fish and wildlife service designated 13 mi ( 21 km ) of turkey creek watershed as critical habitat for the darter .

vermilion darter

the vermilion darter ' s range is almost precisely bisected by alabama highway 79 .
etwp ; 90 - day finding for a petition to list the vermilion darter as endangered .
in spring 2013 , the grassroots group friends of turkey creek sponsored a naming contest for the creek’s mascot , the vermilion darter . the group enlisted the expertise of pinson elementary school students , and received hundreds of entries . the vermilion darter now has an official alias , “dan the darter . ”
if you swim at turkey creek nature preserve in blue hole or the falls , you don’t have to worry about stepping on a vermilion darter .
the vermilion darter was a fairly recent discovery , and was formally ‘described’ ( the process scientists use to present evidence they have found a new species ) in 1992 .
the vermilion darter ( etheostoma chermocki ) is found only in turkey creek , a tributary of the locust fork of the black warrior river . because of its restricted habitate , the u . s . fish and wildlife service listed the vermilion darter as an endangered species . populations have increased in turkey creek since the 2013 removal of a dam .
the vermilion darter male has bright reddish - orange across its belly and across its dorsal fins . it also has a brick - red stripe along the center of its body and a bluish - tint to its lower fins .
most darter species are small , bottom - dwelling fishes that eat insect larvae and other tiny invertebrates . over evolutionary time , darters in the southeast have split into dozens of species . many , like the vermilion , are found only in alabama . most darter species are camouflaged to blend in with the stream bottom or aquatic vegetation .
turkey creek is locally famous for its historical significance , its scenic beauty , and having one of the best swimming holes in the area . turkey creek is internationally famous for being the only home for a stunning little fish , the vermilion darter .
the state of alabama classifies the fish as having highest conservation concern . learn more about threats to the darter
the project is a joint venture by the freshwater land trust and the u . s . fish and wildlife service . full restoration of the the creek area should be completed by spring 2014 . the project will give the endangered vermilion darter more habitat . workers use a hydraulic breaker to chisel away at the dam .
the vermilion darter makes its home in the turkey creek watershed , which drains about 54 , 731 acres of jefferson county , the most populous county in alabama and still growing . urbanization means that more sediment , unwanted nutrients and toxic chemicals enter the darter ' s habitat , disrupting aquatic insect communities and coating underwater surfaces . in addition , the six impoundments in turkey and dry creeks block dispersal , affect water quality by reducing flow , and add to the isolation of distinct fish populations . all in all , it ' s easy to see the difficulties the darter faces just in feeding and breeding .
the preferred habitat for the vermilion darter is clear , fast - moving water over clean , rocky substrates ,
he said .
this dam not only creates a physical barrier to movement for fish and other aquatic species , it alters the habitat both upstream and downstream , making it unsuitable for these sensitive species .
the darter wasn ' t officially described by scientists until 1992 , at which point its population was already dwindling . seven years later , the biodiversity legal foundation ( later acquired by the center ) filed a lawsuit to force the listing of 29 imperiled species , including the vermilion darter , under the endangered species act . two years after that , the u . s . fish and wildlife service listed the fish as endangered but didn ' t designate critical habitat , putting this off until resources became “available and consistent with … listing priorities” — that is , indefinitely . in response to a center lawsuit , the service finally protected 13 miles of critical habitat for the darter .
the primary threats to the species are : degradation of water quality due to sedimentation and pollutants from urbanization and industrial activities ; altered stream flow regimes and water quantity due to construction and maintenance activities ; insufficient stormwater management ; and impoundments ( five within the turkey creek and dry creek system ) . other threats include : in - stream rock extractions ; off - road vehicle usage ; road , culvert , bridge , gas and water easement construction and maintenance . these activities lead to water quality degradation , stream channel instability , fragmentation of habitat and hydrology , and overall changes in the geomorphology of the turkey creek watershed . in addition , natural waterfalls are dispersal barriers to the connectivity of the vermilion darter populations . the vermilion darter ' s habitat is fragmented , and the various subpopulations may be genetically isolated and are vulnerable to local extirpation . source : usfws ( 2011 , see this for additional source citations ) .
because of its unique hodgepodge of geologic features , alabama probably has the most diverse aquatic fauna in the country , with more fishes , snails , mussels , crayfishes , and turtles than any other state . unfortunately , alabama also ranks second in the nation for number of extinctions and is in the top five states for number of at - risk species . among these is the vermilion darter , one of 180 freshwater species endemic to the mobile basin drainage . while some fish persist in spite of habitat alteration , this colorful darter can ' t handle the drastic hydrological changes brought about by impoundments and development — and with its tiny population , that ' s a big deal .
pinson , alabama - - a crew from action environmental from hanceville , alabama began the process of removing a nearly 100 year old dam from a stretch of turkey creek this week . the project is a joint venture by the freshwater land trust and the u . s . fish and wildlife service . full restoration of the the creek area should be completed by spring 2014 . the project will give the endangered vermilion darter more habitat . workers use a hydraulic breaker to chisel away at the dam . ( joe songer / jsonger @ al . com ) .
studies of vermilion darter museum specimens collected before the species was listed as endangered indicate that the fish reaches adulthood after one year , can live to three years of age , and has a ratio of 2 females for every 1 male . they need cool water temperatures to spawn . females can release an average of 65 eggs each spawning season . they release one egg at a time , which is then fertilized by an attending male she has chosen . eggs are sticky , and females attach them to rocks that are 1–3 inches in diameter . these rocks need to be clean of silt and other materials . neither parent lingers to protect fertilized eggs or hatched young .
the darter was found to be endemic ( found here and nowhere else ) to the turkey creek watershed . its range includes the creek , plus several of its tributaries , including dry and beaver creeks , and an unnamed spring - fed creek along alabama highway 79 that joins beaver creek .
the darter is found at only one place in the world - a seven mile stretch of the alabama creek - and the six - foot - tall dam is
an impossible obstacle
for the two - inch fish , said wendy jackson , the trust ' s executive director . the trust owns the jefferson county property where the dam is located .
habitat includes small to medium - sized ( 3–20 m wide ) gravel - bottomed streams with pools of moderate current alternating with riffles of moderately swift current ; substrate varies from coarse gravel , cobble , and small rubble in riffles to rock , sand , and silt in pools ; this darter apparently favours swifter chutes where there is some vegetation such as watercress or pondweed ( boschung et al . 1992 ) .
the fish and wildlife service will cover the cost of the dam removal and the national fish and wildlife foundation will pay for bank restoration and the planting of native vegetation . the dam , built in the 1920s to create a swimming and fishing hole , has collected decades of silt . the dam and the sediment keep the fish from migrating upstream to a half - mile of their natural range , and the removal of the dam is expected to dramatically improve the darter ' s habitat .
this species is known only from the turkey creek drainage , a tributary to locust fork , black warrior river system , jefferson county , alabama ; it is known from 11 . 6 km of the mainstem turkey creek and the lowermost reaches ( 0 . 8 km ) of dry creek and beaver creek where they intersect turkey creek ( boschung et al . 1992 ; mettee et al . 1996 ; usfws 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) . usfws ( 2011 ) indicated that this darter occurs in localized sites of upper turkey creek and four tributaries of turkey creek .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is listed as critically endangered because its extent of occurrence is less than 100 sq km , distribution consists of a single location , and habitat is subject to ongoing declines in quality / quantity . area of occupancy is only a little more than 10 sq km .
this species would benefit from habitat restoration , improved habitat protection and management , species management , and better information on population trend and threats .
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but when mating season arrives , male darters of many species develop brilliant colors .
males with the most and brightest colors are more successful at attracting females than those with duller colors .
females and young darters have a little red here - and - there , but are mostly mottled in browns and tans that help them hide on the stream bottom . the spawning season ( mating season ) is from april to july , and it’s during that time that the males are most brilliantly colored .
the darters like shallow , rocky habitats where the current is moderately swift – not the deeper areas where most visitors swim .
altogether , the fish is only found along 7 . 2 miles of stream .
in the decade after its discovery , biologists monitoring its population noticed marked decline in numbers . in 2001 the species was listed as endangered on the us endangered species list .
it is illegal to capture them without state and federal permits , so your best chance is to come to turkey creek nature preserve during the spring or fall bioblitzes sponsored by birmingham - southern college’s urban environmental studies program . during the bioblitzes , biologists and natural history experts scour the preserve to document which species are present . usually there’s a biologist present with the proper permit for sampling .
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pinson , alabama - - a crew from action environmental from hanceville , alabama began the process of removing a nearly 100 year old dam from a stretch of turkey creek this week .
workers are using floculant in several forms to prevent silt from escaping downstream during the removal process . some of the floculant is in the form of blue
logs
and some is loose , resembling coarsely ground salt . the substance binds the fine silt together into larger balls and makes it easier to contain and collect . rebekah parker with the freshwater land trust is taking several water samples a day , keeping an eye on the water quality .
eric spadgenske , coordinator of the wildlife service ' s partners for fish and wildlife program , said the dam represents a threat to the fish .
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