the chatham oystercatcher or chatham island oystercatcher ( haematopus chathamensis ) is a species of oystercatcher .

it is a wading bird endemic to the chatham islands , new zealand .

this species is rated by the iucn as endangered , and has a current population of 310 to 325 birds ( 2004 census ) .

chatham oystercatcher

chatham island oystercatcher / tōrea song ( mp3 , 3 , 077k ) 03 : 16 – chatham island oystercatcher / tōrea song .
ranger eigill wahlberg spends the summer on the chatham islands undertaking predator control and nest monitoring for the world’s rarest oystercatcher—the chatham island oystercatcher .
chatham island oystercatcher . subadult . chatham islands , february 2010 . image © duncan watson by duncan watson
chatham oystercatcher haematopus chathamensis = described by : hartert ( 1927 ) alternate common name ( s ) : chatham islands oystercatcher , chatham island oystercatcher old scientific name ( s ) : none known by website authors photographs no photographs are available for this species range chatham is . ; restricted range ; south east island or rangatira . more
the chatham oystercatcher is classified as endangered ( en ) , considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild .
justification of ecoregion delineation the chatham island temperate forest ecoregion corresponds completely with ‘chatham islands’ centre of plant diversity ( given 1995 ) and ‘chatham islands’ endemic bird area ( stattersfield et al . 1998 ) .
moore , p . j . 2008 . the recovering population of chatham island oystercatcher ( haematopus chathamensis ) . notornis 55 : 20 - 31 .
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predator control in the plan was to protect the 16 oystercatcher territories on northern chatham island . it also included modification of fences to exclude stock from managed areas .
endemic to the chatham islands in new zealand , breeding pairs are found on south east island , pitt island , mangere island and chatham island ( 3 ) .
the chatham oystercatcher haematopus chathamensis is listed as endangered and the african oystercatcher haematopus moquini is near - threatened . haematopus there are 11 species within this genus . restricted to north america , the distinct black oystercatcher haematopus bachmani is found along the pacific rocky coastline . their range extends from the western aleutian islands , south to baja california . this black oystercatcher was photographed at the point lobos state preserve , near monterey , california . more
chatham oystercatcher haematopus chathamensis sooty oystercatcher haematopus fuliginosus family links haematopodidae - urltoken family account . . . numbers number of bird species : 11 useful reading geographical variation in waders - by meinte engelmoer and cees s roselaar 331 pages , figs , tabs , maps . more
many of us are familiar with new zealand ' s variable oystercatcher , the black and white ( or sometimes entirely black ) wader with bright orange legs and bill that we encounter on beaches around the country . what most don ' t know is that the chatham islands have their own version , the chatham island oystercatcher and that it narrowly escaped extinction in recent times .
in north canterbury , a few mixed variable x south island pied oystercatcher pairs produce viable offspring .
chatham is , e of new zealand , where restricted to coasts of chatham , mangere , rangatira ( south - east i ) and pitt ; occasionally at star keys # r .
nzdoc . undated b . chatham islands : animals . urltoken . viewed august 28 , 2001
nzdoc . undated c . chatham islands : plants . urltoken . viewed august 28 , 2001
variable oystercatcher . intermediate morph adult . northland , january 2008 . image © peter reese by peter reese
the chatham island oystercatcher ( torea ) is a threatened species found only on the chatham islands , 800 km to the east of mainland new zealand . although pied ( black - and - white ) , and similar in appearance to the pied morph of the variable oystercatcher , it is a smaller and stockier bird . pairs defend coastal territories throughout the year in rocky and sandy sites around the islands of the chathams .
the chatham island oystercatcher is the only resident oystercatcher species on the chatham islands . it is a sturdy shorebird with pied plumage , and a smudgy border between the black and white feathers on the breast . adults have red eyes , an orange bill and eye - ring , and pink legs and feet . juveniles have paler skin and a dark - tipped bill ; adult characteristics are gradually attained from about 2 years .
moore , p . j . ; dowding , j . e . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . chatham island oystercatcher in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
moore , p . j . ; reid , c . 2009 . effectiveness of management on the breeding success of chatham island oystercatcher ( haematopus chathamensis ) . new zealand journal of zoology 36 : 431 - 446 .
the control of feral cats is important to the chatham island oystercatcher across its range , and conservationists and communities are working together to achieve it . weka are a more difficult problem , being a valued food source , and despite their considerable impacts there is little agreement within the community on the need to control them in oystercatcher areas .
similar species : the pied morph of the variable oystercatcher has similar plumage but is a larger bird that has not been recorded on the chatham islands . the south island pied oystercatcher ( which has been recorded there ) is also similar in appearance , but smaller and less sturdy , and has a more distinct demarcation between the black and white feathering of the chest .
moore , p . ; o’connor , s . ; hedley , g . ; goomes , r . 2001 . chatham island oystercatcher - report of 1999 / 2000 field season . science & research internal report 189 . department of conservation , wellington .
the first comprehensive survey of chatham island oystercatcher in 1987 revealed 112 birds . despite the low number this was actually good news because the previous estimate , made from partial beach counts in 1970 , suggested that the population may be as low as 50 birds .
' restore the natural ecology of the coast so that the oystercatcher population is maintained at or above 250 birds with minimal management . '
merton , d . 1990 . the chatham island black robin . forest and bird 21 ( 3 ) : 14 - 19 .
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dowding , j . e . 2014 . conservation assessment of the variable oystercatcher haematopus unicolor . international wader studies 20 : 182 - 190 .
new zealand department of conservation ( nzdoc ) . undated a . chatham islands : at a glance . urltoken . viewed august 28 , 2001
this article is part of project haematopodidae , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each oystercatcher , including made - up species .
nests were monitored with video cameras . some of this footage was even packaged for chatham island television , giving helpful publicity to the conservation effort .
moore , p . j . 2014 . conservation assessment of the chatham island oystercatcher ( haematopus chathamensis ) . in : ens , b . j . ; underhill , l . g . ( eds ) 2014 . conservation status of oystercatchers around the world . international wader studies 20 : 86 - 95 .
references crockett , d . e . 1994 . rediscovery of chatham island taiko pterodroma magentae . notornis ( suppl . ) 41 : 49 - 60 .
chatham island oystercatchers defend their breeding and feeding territories throughout the year . they defend nests and chicks with distraction displays similar to those of other oystercatcher species . juveniles and sub - adults disperse around the islands but tend to return to their natal areas , or nearby coastline , to breed . banding has shown there is relatively little movement across pitt strait between birds on chatham island and those on the southern islands . the oldest known bird was 30 + years of age .
dowding , j . e . 2013 [ updated 2017 ] . variable oystercatcher . in miskelly , c . m . ( ed . ) new zealand birds online . urltoken
2 status of chatham oystercatcher chathamensis * 4 habitat * 5 behaviour * 6 external links identification - 48cm . they are variable in colour from completely black to pied . long orange - red bill and eye , with pink legs . juvenile is brown black and the bill is brown / black and changes colour from about 3 months . more
this black and white wader is unique to the chatham islands . it is an endangered species with a high risk of extinction due to its very small population and range
similar species : the black and smudgy morphs are distinctive . pied morph birds can be confused with south island pied oystercatcher . if seen together , adult variable oystercatchers are noticeably larger , but first - year birds may be confused . the demarcation between black and white on the breast is generally sharper on south island pied , and they have more white showing forward of the wing when folded , and a broader white wingbar in flight . the pied morph is similar to chatham island oystercatcher , but their ranges are not thought to overlap .
on chatham and pitt islands introduced predators ( notably feral cats ) are the major threat , and nests are occasionally trampled by cattle and sheep ( moore and reid 2009 ) .
in december 2004 the oystercatcher population included 88 breeding pairs and a total of 311 birds . this is more than double the number of birds counted in 1998 at the start of the management programme .
tennyson , a . j . d . and p . r . miller . 1994 . bird extinctions and fossil bones from mangere island , chatham islands . notornis ( suppl . ) 41 : 165 - 178 .
the chatham island oystercatcher is a small , black and white wader ( 3 ) . the head , back and upperbreast are black whilst the underparts are white and there is a smudgy border on the chest where these two colour bands meet ( 2 ) . the long , thick bill is red whilst the legs are pink and the eye ring orange ( 2 ) . juveniles have heavily speckled underparts and the tail has a conspicuous white band ( 4 ) .
hockey , p . , kirwan , g . m . & boesman , p . ( 2018 ) . chatham oystercatcher ( haematopus chathamensis ) . in : del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . , sargatal , j . , christie , d . a . & de juana , e . ( eds . ) . handbook of the birds of the world alive . lynx edicions , barcelona . ( retrieved from urltoken on 9 july 2018 ) .
if you are travelling to the chatham islands , or transporting goods or livestock there , be careful that you don ' t introduce pest animals and plants or diseases . these could threaten the flora and fauna in this unique environment .
description location and general description located 800 km east of christchurch , new zealand ( 43° s , 176° w ) , this archipelago consists of two inhabited islands , chatham and pitt islands , and approximately 40 islets and rock stacks . the archipelago was formed by volcanic upthrust almost 80 million years ago , and the islands are a mix of volcanic rocks , schists , and limestone . like most oceanic islands , the chatham islands do not experience great temperature extremes , but the archipelago is subject to long periods of rain and high winds . the wet conditions , geologic and topographical diversity , and fertile soils of the chatham islands have all contributed to the development of a distinctive and diverse floral community .
biodiversity features the chatham islands support 338 native land plants , 47 of which are endemic to the island group . endemic plant species have adapted to the cool , wet and windy climate in a variety of ways . for example , the tarahinau ( dracophyllum arboreum ) has wind - resistant needle leaves , the tree - daisies have protectively furred leaves and twigs , and megaherbs such as the chatham islands forget - me - not and giant sowthistle ( embergeria grandifolia ) have giant leaves . gigantism is common and examples include : chatham islands karamu ( coprosma chathamica ) and the tree koromiko ( hebe barkeri ) , both of which are the largest species in their genera ; and the akeake ( olearia traversii ) , one of the largest tree daisies on earth ( nzdoc undated c ) .
meanwhile on chatham island , the large decrease in nest success alarmed conservation managers and predator trapping resumed on wharekauri beach . unfortunately this too proved to be too little as the very steep dune profile on much of the beach made nesting birds very vulnerable to storm surges .
cats and grass ground - nesting birds are particularly vulerable to introduced predators and oystercatchers no exception . monitoring of nests by video camera showed that cats were effective predators of oystercatcher eggs , chicks and adults . weka , introduced to the chathams ' in 1905 , also took eggs as did rats , possums and hedgehogs .
however , with reference to oliver , in new zealand the pied oystercatcher , unlike the variable , during the breeding season resorts to the riverbeds , sometimes following their courses far into the southern alps . it also breeds in other stations including the top of some of the ranges in central otago . after the breeding season the birds congregate on the coasts where they winter , but a proportion migrate to the northern part of the north island where they are found along sandy shores and on the intertidal sand and mud flats of harbours like the manukau and kaipara . at high tide they rest , together with the variable oystercatcher , on the sand and shell banks near the water’s edge .
in 1998 , the new zealand department of conservation began an intensive oystercatcher management programme ( 3 ) . methods used to enhance the survival of the species include : predator control , the protection of nesting sites with fences and moving of nests away from the high tide mark ( 3 ) . efforts have been encouragingly successful and the population has increased significantly in the past 10 years ( 2 ) .
the most significant threat to chatham island oystercatchers on chatham and pitt islands is predation by introduced cats . cats prey on eggs and chicks , and to a lesser extent , adults . introduced weka also prey on eggs . trampling of nests by farm animals also occurs . farming has changed the vegetation on the coast , particularly through the establishment of marram , an introduced grass , to stabilise the dunes . the resulting steep - faced dunes force birds to nest close to the high tide mark , where they are vulnerable to being washed away by storm seas . sea - level rise caused by climate change may exacerbate this problem . on the southern islands of the group , subantarctic skuas take some eggs and chicks . the population has been through a bottleneck and probably has limited genetic diversity .
perhaps the most important conservation areas in the archipelago are mangere and rangatira islands . both of these government - owned islands are kept free of all introduced predators and pests , and visitor access is strictly controlled . mangere island now supports a remnant patch of akeake forest and healthy tundra communities of shrub daisies , iceplant ( disphyma spp . ) , koromiko , and megaherbs such as giant sowthistle and soft speargrass . the regenerating habitats on mangere provide refuge for the endangered chatham island black robin , chatham islands snipe , and the forbes parakeet . seabirds are returning to the island , and petrel and shearwater burrows are common . rangatira island , like mangere island , was once almost completely cleared for farming , but native forests on the island have shown a remarkable recovery in the last 40 years .
the variable oystercatcher is a familiar stocky coastal bird with a long , bright orange bill , found around much of new zealand . they are often seen in pairs probing busily for shellfish along beaches or in estuaries . previously shot for food , variable oystercatchers probably reached low numbers before being protected in 1922 , since when numbers have increased rapidly . they are long - lived , with some birds reaching 30 + years of age .
while the northern beaches do support the majority of the oystercatcher population , there is an important southern population centered on pitt island . in order to boost the population there , effort was moved from the north to pitt in 2005 , with cat trapping and nest manipulations carried out by the local ranger in an effort to improve breeding success . unfortunately , these actions were largely unsuccessful with chick production only signicantly better in one year out of five . most nest losses were to storm surges .
the lack of suitable breeding habitat , as a result of clearing the land for farming and introduction of marram grass to the dunes , and predation by introduced animals apparently took a large toll on the oystercatcher population since the 1850s . by 1970 there may have been as few as 50 birds left . sporadic management improved the situation but by 1998 there were still only about 140 birds in the population . more intensive management over the next 7 years resulted in the population more than doubling to over 300 birds .
of the 750 to 800 insects described from the chatham islands , about twenty percent are endemic species ( nzdoc undated b ) . habitat destruction and introduced mammals have led to the loss of many species and the decimation of even more . most endemics survive only on island refuges such as mangere and rangatira , although a few still survive in forest reserves on the main islands . it is worth noting that there are no native mammals , frogs , or geckos , although there is one subspecies of native skink , leiolopisma nigriplantare nigriplantare .
potts was the first to describe the nesting habits of the south island pied oystercatcher ; “the oystercatcher is one of the the wariest and most restless of our birds . it is always ready with its clamorous alarm note to wake up each echo and disturb every bird within the sound of its shrill cry . but in the breeding season it exhibits an intensity of slyness that is almost supernatural . usually it breeds in our river–beds , on the sandy spits , without any other shelter than what may be afforded by some drift flax , grass , or stick near which it makes , or discovers a slight depression in which to deposit its eggs . these are usually three in number . the young are grey , with a dark longitudinal stripe on each side above the wing . they are very active and are led by the old birds to the margins of the water - holes or pools . on being alarmed the old bird sidles off the nest quietly , takes advantage of any broken ground that helps conceal its movements from observation , and makes a long detour . a close scrutiny will very frequently enable the observer to detect the head of the bird carefully peering out behind some vantage ground watching all proceedings . ”
the variable oystercatcher is a large heavily - built shorebird . adults have black upperparts , their underparts vary from all black , through a range of ‘smudgy’ intermediate states to white . they have a conspicuous long bright orange bill ( longer in females ) , and stout coral - pink legs . the iris is red and eye - ring orange . downy chicks occur in two colour morphs ; they have a black bill , pale - mid grey upper parts with black markings , and either grey or off - white underparts . first - year birds have a dark tip to the bill , browner dorsal plumage , and grey legs .
chatham island oystercatchers are monogamous and share incubation duties . nests are a simple scrape in the sand or gravel , or a lined depression on a rocky outcrop . incubation of the 1 - 3 eggs is shared and takes about 29 days . the chicks are mobile as soon as they are dry , and rely on hiding and camouflage amongst tidal debris to escape predation . juveniles can fly at 6 weeks of age and may disperse or stay with their parents for several months . most birds first breed at 3 or 4 years of age . once established on a territory , site and mate fidelity are high , but divorce has been recorded occasionally .
this species is listed as endangered because it has an extremely small population . it has significantly increased over the last 20 years , probably owing to intensive conservation efforts
. however , even on islands free from mammalian predators , population sizes fluctuate , with numbers on one island undergoing a possible long - term decline .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : haematopus chathamensis . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
voice : the staccato high - pitched piping call is used in territorial defence and courtship . adults also use piercing screech and squawk calls and softer calls are made in flight .
oystercatchers use their sturdy bills to prize , hammer , probe or pick for invertebrates in rocky or sandy substrate . food includes amphipods , polychaete worms , nemerteans ( ribbon worms ) , molluscs , crustaceans , echinoderms , ascidians and anemones .
heather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 2005 . the field guide to the birds of new zealand ( revised edn ) . penguin books , auckland .
marchant , s . ; higgins , p . j . ( eds ) 1993 . handbook of australian , new zealand and antarctic birds . vol . 2 , raptors to lapwings . oxford university press , melbourne .
a simple scrape in soft sandy substrate with an edging of tidal debris for camouflage and or shelter . on rocky habitat birds nest in depressions that contain finer substrate with a lining or prostrate vegetation . occasionally nest in short vegetation near the shore . on offshore islands nests are often under small bushes or rock overhangs away from skua territory .
incubation behaviour shared incubation length ( mean ) 29 . 4 days incubation length ( min ) 26 days incubation length ( max ) 33 days nestling type precocial nestling period ( mean ) 1 - 2 days age at fledging ( mean ) 42 - 49 days age at independence ( mean ) variable , some disperse as soon as they can fly , most stay with parents for several months age at first breeding ( typical ) 2 - 5 years age at first breeding ( min ) 2 years maximum longevity at least 30 years maximum dispersal 80 km
a large sturdy black - and - white shorebird with a smudgy border between the black and white feathers on the breast . the eye - ring and bill of adults are orange and the legs and feet are pink .
life span is on average 7 . 7 years ( 3 ) , although the oldest recorded individual reached the age of 28 ( 2 ) . the breeding season runs from october to march ( 4 ) and females start breeding from three years old ( 2 ) . nests are built in scrapes on the ground and two to three eggs are laid ( 2 ) . the nests tend to be positioned on the shore away from the waterline , amongst low vegetation ( 3 ) , or under an overhanging rock on the cliff edge ( 4 ) . individuals are territorial throughout the year ( 4 ) .
the principal diet is made up of marine molluscs , worms and other invertebrates ( 3 ) , which are prized from the rocks by the thick bill ( 4 ) . feeding on the rocky shore , oystercatchers have also been observed to feed on the anemone isactina tenebrosa ( 4 ) .
classified as endangered ( en ) on the iucn red list 2007 ( 1 ) .
birdlife international ( 2000 ) threatened birds of the world . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona and cambridge .
endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . invertebrates animals with no backbone . molluscs a diverse group of invertebrates , mainly marine , that have one or all of the following ; a horny , toothed ribbon in the mouth ( the radula ) , a shell covering the upper surface of the body , and a mantle or mantle cavity with a type of gill . includes snails , slugs , shellfish , octopuses and squid .
birdlife international . ( 2000 ) threatened birds of the world . lynx edicions and birdlife international , barcelona and cambridge .
del hoyo , j . , elliott , a . and sargatal , j . ( 1996 ) handbook of the birds of the world . vol 3 : hoatzin to auks . lynx edicions , barcelona .
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has frequently been considered a race of h . unicolor or of h . ostralegus ; differentiation relatively weak , and species status perhaps questionable . recent study of mtdna , however , supported treatment as a separate species # r . form h . ostralegus finschi has on occasion been associated with present species . monotypic .
47–49 cm ; male averages 540 g , female 640 g . black frontal coloration extends well down breast , and transition to white lower breast is mottled , both features also . . .
most - frequently heard call a repeated over - slurred piping whistle “peep” or a doubled “pi - peep” . . . .
mostly found on rocky shores , less often on sandy or gravel beaches ; sometimes nest in sites with . . .
breeds oct–mar , with most laying oct–dec . nest a scrape in ground , lined or unlined ; often in sheltered site under overhanging . . .
mostly sedentary and territorial throughout the year ; juvenile dispersal up to 40 km between . . .
endangered . population increased from c . 50 birds in early 1970s ( of which almost half were on rangatira ) to 100–110 birds in breeding season of 1987 / 88 , including . . .
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turbott , e . g . 1990 . checklist of the birds of new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , wellington .
48 cm . black - and - white wader with short , thick legs . black head , neck , upperparts , upper breast . white underparts with smudgy border on chest . long , thick red bill . orange eye - ring . pink legs .
has sharper border between black upperparts and white underparts on lower chest , longer bill , finer legs , feet .
in 2014 , a minimum of 309 birds included 237 mature individuals ( j . e . dowding , in litt . 2016 ) . the population is therefore placed in the band 50 - 249 mature individuals .
in 1998 , a census indicated 140 - 150 birds , representing a significant increase since 1987 - 1988 . in 2004 , a minimum of 266 birds were counted on most of the coast of four islands in the chathams group , representing a population of 310 - 340 birds ( moore 2005 , 2007 ) . the population appears to have levelled off , having reached over 100 pairs and 310 - 360 individuals in total in 2006 ( moore 2008 ) . the population , therefore , is estimated to have remained fairly stable over the last 10 years , having increased very rapidly in the 10 preceding years .
conservation actions proposed continue cat control and banding / monitoring at the three core managed sites , and continue marram removal in suitable areas . there is some indication that the method of cat control in use ( live trapping in cages ) has become less effective in recent years and new control techniques are required . minimise destruction of nests by domestic stock , dogs and people , through communication , education and possibly more fencing ( department of conservation 2001 ) . move or raise nests at risk of inundation when possible . undertake periodic censuses of the whole population ( moore 2009 ) . the recovery plan for the species expired in 2011 and a new plan is required .
( amended version of 2016 assessment ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2017 : e . t22693656a118496303 .
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thanks to the efforts of an intensive management progamme , bird numbers have increased and the future outlook for the species looks quietly optimistic .
conservation in the early 1990s focussed on predator trapping , and fencing to limit stock access to nesting areas . some nests were moved away from the high tide mark . nest manipulation may have helped to increase hatching success . artificial incubation was also attempted , but did not increase overall productivity .
predation of eggs and chicks by cats , hedgehogs and weka has a major impact on species productivity and has been the most significant cause of population decline .
introduced marram grass has formed dense swards along much of the coast and artificially steepened the sand dunes , leaving few open areas the oystercatchers prefer to nest in . this forces the oystercatchers to nest close to the high - tide line where tides and storm waves can wash away nests .
the plan involved moving of nests away from the high tide mark , and restoring dunes to provide more habitat .
in 1999 a joint management / research programme commenced . so far this programme has been very successful , and includes the following outcomes :
research involving the monitoring of breeding success , nest losses , and bird movements , has been ' more successful then originally anticipated . '
oystercatchers depend on the coast for their food and for a safe place to rear their young . nesting birds are easily disturbed by people and will move from the nest to draw you away . birds with chicks are often noisy and may swoop .
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the reasons behind the perilously low population were investigated and found to be numerous .
disturbance by domestic stock was also a significant issue , with both sheep and cattle either curiously investigating the incubating birds or inadvertently trampling the contents .
a further factor proved to be the loss of nests to high tides or storm surges , the risk which was significantly increased by marram grass . introduced in the 1920 ' s to stop sand dune movement and protect farmland , marram has edged out other native dune species and covered the open areas in which oystercatchers prefer to nest . this forces the oystercatchers to nest close to the high - tide line and thus risk their eggs being swept away in a storm .
census results a census in 2010 showed mixed results . while the overall estimated population had decreased only slightly to 309 birds , the decline in the number of juvenile and non - breeding birds ( floaters ) was significant . this was alarming as these were the birds that filled the gaps in the breeding population . it was feared that if the trend continued then the number of breeding pairs would soon begin to drop as replacement birds became unavailable .
the fencing of coastal areas has resulted in the dramatic decline in the presence of stock on beaches and has enabled the ongoing restoration of the tioriori site , but stock is still an issue in some places .
the biggest remaining challenge is in tackling the marram grass and enabling the long - term reshaping of dune systems to a more natural less - steep profile and restoring the endemic plants that hold it together .
review of foreign species that are candidates for listing as endangered or threatened ; annual notification of findings on resubmitted petitions ; annual description of progress on listing actions ; notification of review .
- - natureserve explorer is a source for authoritative conservation information on more than 50 , 000 plants , animals and ecological communtities of the u . s and canada . natureserve explorer provides in - depth information on rare and endangered species , but includes common plants and animals too . natureserve explorer is a product of natureserve in collaboration with the natural heritage network .
itis reports - - itis ( the integrated taxonomic information system ) is a source for authoritative taxonomic information on plants , animals , fungi , and microbes of north america and the world .
fws digital media library - - the u . s . fish and wildlife service ' s national digital library is a searchable collection of selected images , historical artifacts , audio clips , publications , and video .
this article is part of project aves , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each bird , including made - up species .
this article is part of project charadriiformes , a all birds project that aims to write comprehensive articles on each charadriiform , including made - up species .
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given , d . 1995 . pages 513 – 515 in s . d . davis , v . h . heywood and a . c . hamilton . editors . centres of plant diversity . volume 2 . asia , australasia , and the pacific . wwf / iucn , iucn publications unit , cambridge , uk .
heather , b . d . and h . a . robertson . 1997 . the field guide to the birds of new zealand . oxford university press , oxford , uk .
hilton - taylor , c . 2000 . 1998 . the iucn 2000 red list of threatened species . iucn , gland , switzerland and cambridge , united kingdom .
molloy , l . 1994 . wild new zealand . new zealand department of conservation / mit press , cambridge , massachusetts
stattersfield , a . j . , m . j . crosby , a . j . long , and d . c . wedge . 1998 . endemic bird areas of the world . priorities for biodiversity conservation . birdlife conservation series no . 7 . birdlife international , cambridge , united kingdom .
world wildlife fund 1250 24th street , n . w . washington , dc 20037
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23 cm . , 120 g . , above greenish black , below and over the tail white , eye , bill and legs crimson , white band on wing and white tab above folded wing .
breeds inland on riverbeds and farmland in the south island and migrates to coastal areas for the winter .
dresser , henry e . , birds of europe , 1871–96 . latham , john , a general synopsis of birds , 1795 .
heather , b . , & robertson , h . , field guide to the birds of new zealand , 2000 . oliver , w . r . b . , new zealand birds , 1955 .
a fully searchable database of articles published in notornis and birds new zealand is provided on the publications page .
new issues ( < 1 year old ) are password protected . each member of birds new zealand has been sent a password . institutional subscribers have been contacted for their ip address to give their computers direct access . please contact roger sharp to update your information or if you experience any problems accessing the articles .
the society ' s quarterly scientific journal . this peer - reviewed journal has been publishing ornithological research relevant to new zealand and the south pacific since 1943 ( originally as new zealand bird notes ) . all birds new zealand members are encouraged to submit original papers or short notes on their bird observations or studies to the notornis editor : dr craig symes .
notornis has a wide circulation within new zealand and overseas , and is provided to all members of birds new zealand . pdfs for each volume will be made available online as close as practicable to the standard publication dates ( last day in march , june , september , december ) . .
the society offers 2 notornis awards : a
notornis - student award
and a
notornis - new author award
.
the society ' s quarterly news magazine . this magazine provides a forum for members to report back on trips , society schemes , interesting bird sightings and to advertise coming trips , meetings and events . to submit an article or item for publication in birds new zealand , please contact the birds new zealand editor : michael szabo .
distribution maps should be very cautiously looked at . they do not provide with precise location but only give an idea of species global distribution . distribution areas are geopolitical ; as a consequence the whole of a country is selected if a species is only located in one single place . for more precise distribution areas please go to iucn site ( see link above ) .
geographical variation : no subspecies described , but the proportion of colour morphs differs in different parts of the country .
the existence of different colour morphs ( black , intermediate or ‘smudgy’ , and pied ) caused early confusion , and they were variously thought to be different species , forms , or hybrids . this confusion was compounded by a cline in morphs , with the proportion of all - black birds increasing from north to south . the colour morphs inter - breed freely and are now all accepted as being a single species .
voice : variable oystercatchers are very vocal ; loud piping is used in territorial interactions and when alarmed , and they have a loud flight call similar to other oystercatchers . chicks are warned of danger with a sharp , loud ‘chip’ or ‘click’ .
variable oystercatchers occur around most of the coastline of north , south , and stewart islands and their offshore islands . strongholds are in northland , auckland , coromandel peninsula , bay of plenty , greater wellington , nelson / marlborough , and fiordland . they occur at lower average densities on west coasts of the two main islands , and have not been recorded from any outlying island groups .
variable oystercatchers breed most commonly on sandy beaches , sand spits , and in dunes , but will use a wide variety of coastal habitat types , including shell banks , rocky shorelines , and less often gravel beaches . they forage in all these areas and also on inter - tidal mud - flats in estuaries , and on rock platforms . variable oystercatchers are not usually seen far from the coast , but will forage in paddocks , and occasionally nest a short distance inland , usually on mown or grazed grassy areas or bare ground . a very few nest around lakes or a short distance up braided rivers .
there were about 2000 variable oystercatchers in the early 1970s , this had risen to about 4000 by the mid - 1990s . there have been no nationwide surveys in recent years , but if the increase has continued at the same rate , the total population would now be 5000 - 6000 . on the northland east coast and on coromandel peninsula , the increase appears to be slowing , possibly as those areas approach carrying capacity . population growth and delayed maturation mean there are many pre - breeders in the population , so the number of breeding birds is somewhat less than the total . roughly two - thirds of the population is thought to be in the north island .
breeding success of variable oystercatchers is often low , with main causes of failure being predation of eggs or chicks by a range of mammalian and avian predators , flooding of nests by big tides , and disturbance resulting from human recreational use of the coast . adults generally show high annual survival , but are occasionally killed by cats and stoats . no specific conservation measures are undertaken , but some birds on the east coast of the northern north island benefit from protection programmes for new zealand dotterels and fairy terns .
variable oystercatchers breed in monogamous pairs , and defend territories vigorously against neighbours . nests are normally simple scrapes in the sand , often with a marker of driftwood , vegetation , or flotsam . the 2 - 3 eggs are usually laid from october onwards ( rarely september ) , and replaced if lost . incubation is shared and takes about 28 days . chicks fly at 6 - 7 weeks - old , and late chicks may not fledge until march . chicks are vigorously defended by both parents , often well after fledging . in northland and auckland , most birds do not breed until they are 5 years or older .
adults show high fidelity to mate and site . many breeding pairs remain on territory year - round , but some join flocks of pre - breeders for the autumn and early winter , typically at larger estuaries .
variable oystercatchers are often highly aggressive towards people close to nests or chicks , dive - bombing ( sometimes making contact ) and screeching . they also undertake distraction displays on the ground in defence of eggs and chicks . on the north island east coast , territories often overlap with those of new zealand dotterels . there is normally little aggression , but there have been a few cases of nearby dotterel nests being taken over ( usually after variable oystercatchers have lost their own nest ) , and a few birds have been seen killing small dotterel chicks .
unlike most shorebirds , variable oystercatchers feed their young . small chicks often remain hidden under vegetation , rocks , etc , with parents bringing food ; this probably reduces the risk of predation by gulls and harriers . as chicks grow , they gradually find more of their own food , but are often seen begging from parents well after fledging . sibling rivalry is common ; when hatching is asynchronous , there is often large variation in size of the chicks within a brood . adults commonly false - brood to conceal the location of nest or chicks .
variable oystercatchers eat a wide range of littoral invertebrates , including molluscs , crustaceans , and annelids . they favour bivalve molluscs ( e . g . mussels , tuatua , cockles ) when these are available ; these are opened either by pushing the tip of the bill between shells and twisting , or by hammering . they occasionally take small fish . on grass , variable oystercatchers eat a range of terrestrial invertebrates , including earthworms . when foraging , they are sometimes accompanied by kleptoparasitic red - billed gulls .
baker , a . j . 1973 . distribution and numbers of new zealand oystercatchers . notornis 20 : 128 - 144 .
baker , a . j . 1974 . criteria for aging and sexing new zealand oystercatchers . new zealand journal of marine and freshwater research 8 : 211 - 221 .
dowding , j . e . ; moore , s . j . 2006 . habitat networks of indigenous shorebirds in new zealand . science for conservation 261 . department of conservation , wellington .
heather , b . d . ; robertson , h . a . 1996 . the field guide to the birds of new zealand . viking , auckland .
robertson , c . j . r . ; hyvonen , p . ; fraser , m . j . ; pickard , c . r . 2007 . atlas of bird distribution in new zealand . ornithological society of new zealand , inc . , wellington .
rowe , l . 2008 . breeding of variable oystercatchers ( haematopus unicolor ) at kaikoura peninsula , south island , new zealand . notornis 55 : 146 - 154 .
incubation behaviour shared incubation length ( mean ) 28 days incubation length ( min ) 25 days incubation length ( max ) 32 days nestling type precocial nestling period ( mean ) up to 2 days age at fledging ( mean ) 40 - 50 days age at independence ( mean ) highly variable , many leave natal territory within 2 - 4 weeks of fledging while a few remain with parents over winter . age at first breeding ( typical ) 5 - 6 years age at first breeding ( min ) 2 years maximum longevity at least 30 years maximum dispersal juveniles up to 300 km
a large heavily - built wader with black upperparts and underparts that vary from all black through a range of ‘smudgy’ intermediate states to white . the long straight bill is bright orange , the stout legs coral - pink , and the eyes red each with an orange eye - ring .
this species is endangered , and has a current population of 310 to 325 birds . the main threat is from introduced predators .


chilo polychrysus , the dark-headed striped borer , is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by meyrick in 1932 .

it is found in india , malaysia , thailand , laos , vietnam and indonesia .

the wingspan is 16 – 25 mm .

the wings are yellow brown with small dark spots .

the larvae feed on cyperaceae and poaceae species , as well as oryza sativa , saccharum officinarum , triticum species and zea mays .

they bore the stems of their host plant .

chilo polychrysus

c . polychrysus can be easily confused with c . auricilius by adult and larval morphology .
manwan ( 1977 ) reported that c . polychrysus was a major pest of rice in malaysia and parts of india and that its importance was increasingly recognized in some other countries . khoo ( 1986 ) reported that c . polychrysus had ceased to be a major pest of rice in peninsular malaysia since the introduction of double - cropping with short - maturing varieties . waterhouse ( 1993 ) , in a review of the major arthropod pests of agriculture in south - east asia , ranks c . polychrysus as widespread and important in cambodia and the philippines ( but see under notes on taxonomy and nomenclature ) and important locally in thailand , laos , vietnam , malaysia and indonesia . c . polychrysus is certainly less widespread and less important than c . suppressalis ( walker ) .
as with other stem borers of rice , the main symptoms caused by c . polychrysus are the appearance of ' dead hearts ' and ' white heads ' in growing crops , confirmed by dissection of samples of stems to retrieve larvae and pupae and rear adults for identification by specialist taxonomists .
control measures used against this species on rice are similar to those used against chilo suppressalis , which is usually more important , and against other borer species . in peninsular malaysia , where c . polychrysus was a major pest before 1960 , the introduction of double - cropping with short - maturing rice varieties has reduced its importance ( khoo , 1986 ) .
evaluation of insecticides for the control of jowar stem borer , chilo partellus swinhoe .
failure of insecticidal sprays for the control of stalk borer , chilo auricilius ddgn .
evaluation of effectiveness of carbaryl in controlling chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) on maize .
predators of sugar - cane internode borer , chilo sacchariphagus indicus ( k . )
chemical control of the sugar - cane seedling borer , chilo infuscatellus snellen—granular application .
control campaign against stem borer , chilo tumidicostalis at plassey ( west bengal ) .
new sources of resistance to stem borer chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) in sorghum .
efficacy of leaf whorl placement of insecticidal dusts against chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
records of nematodes parasitising chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) , stem borer of maize .
bionomics of the maize borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) , in nepal .
insecticidal control of maize borer ( chilo zonellus swinhoe ) ( crambidae : lepidoptera ) .
some experiments on the chemical control of maize - borer ( chilo zonellus swinhoe ) .
studies on the seasonal incidence of jowar stem borer , chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) .
efficacy and persistence of different granular insecticides against maize stem borer , chilo partellus swinhoe .
biology and control of maize stem borer ( chilo partellus swin . ) in peshwar .
a new sorghum variety resistant to the stem borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
exploitation of polyphagy for the control of chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) infesting maize crop .
experiments on the control of the cholam stem borer , chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) .
new records of predatory beetles on chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) , pest of maize .
a biological approach to the control of maize borer , chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) .
control of sorghum stem borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) with certain granular insecticides .
chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) , a new host of aspergillus flavus link and fuserium sp .
the biology of microbracon chilonis viereck , a larval parasite of chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) .
movement and feeding behaviour of freshly hatched larvae of stalk borer ( chilo auricilius ddgn . )
new disease of sugar - cane shoot borer ( chilo infuscatellus snell . ) in maharastra .
newer carbofuran and carbosulfan formulations to control the maize stalk borer chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
effect of temperature and relative humidity on the development of stalk borer , chilo auricilius ddgn .
comparison of different chemical methods for the control of chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) on maize .
notes on life - history , bionomics and control of chilo zonellus swinhoe in bombay province .
studies on comparative efficacy of various pesticides against maize stem borer ( chilo partetlus swin . ) .
field studies on the chemical control of the stem borer ( chilo zonellus ) on hybrid sorghum .
the influence of temperature on the development of insects , with special reference to chilo zonellus s .
relative susceptibility of some promising exotic maize material to chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) under artificial infestation .
coccinella undecimpunctata linn . as a predator of sorghum stem borer , chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) .
comparative study on placements of different granulated insecticides against jowar stem borer ( chilo zonellus swinhoe ) .
response of maize germplasms to the stalk borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) under rainfed conditions .
feasibility of integrated control for the stalk borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) infesting maize crop .
preferential oviposition and antibiosis in different maize germplasms against chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) under cage conditions .
laboratory studies on host - parasite relationship of two apanteles species when reared on chilo partellus swinhoe .
effect of serratia marcescens bizio for the control of sorghum stem borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
sex attraction in sugar - cane internode borer , chilo ( proceras ) indicus ( k . ) .
a granulosis virus of sugar - cane shoot borer , chilo infuscatellus snell . ( lepidoptera crambidae ) .
control of sugar - cane borers , chilo infuscatellus and tryporyza nivella by bactospeine , a microbial pesticide .
e - 304 a high yielding sorghum derivative resistant to stem borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
exploring possibility of varied plant population levels of maize for the control of chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
correlation between the degree of damage due to chilo zonellus swin . and the yield of jowar grain .
efficacy of carbofuran 40f seed treatment for the control of maize borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
some natural enemies of rice and sorghum stem borers , tryporyza incertulas , chilo partellus in andhra pradesh .
status of chilo ( chilotraea ) auricilius dudgeon as a borer pest of rice at cuttuck and vicinity .
response of diverse maize germplasms to artificial infestation of the stalk borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
predatory role of spiders in the integrated control of maize stalk borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
studies on the spider predators of the maize borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) in the punjab .
sorghum stem borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) and its control by modern insecticides on hybrid sorghum .
role of lindane granules in the control of sugar - cane shoot borer ( chilo infuscatellus snell ) .
addition to the record of host plants of chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) .
monitoring the maize borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) in nepal through light trap and life table studies .
a record of a merminthid from maize borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) ( pyralidae : lepidoptera ) .
comparative evaluation of some insecticides for the control of stalk borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) infesting maize .
menochilus sexmaculata ( f . ) as a predator of sorghum stem borer , chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) .
integration of heptachlor with light earthings for reducing shoot borer ( chilo infuscatellus snell . ) incidence in sugarcane .
a note on incidence and control of maize stem borer , chilo zonellus swinhoe ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) .
a catalogue of the hymenopterous and dipterous parasites of chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) ( crambidae : lepidoptera ) .
evaluation of control schedule for the pests of maize with particular reference to the stem borer , chilo zonellus swinhoe .
insecticidal control of the maize borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , in nepal .
relationship between successive dates of sowing of maize and damage caused by chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) affecting grain yield .
efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids and some other insecticides for control of maize stem borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
influence of silica on rice yield and stem - borer ( chilo supermain ) in rasht / iran in 1979–1980 .
effect of soil applied granular insecticides on borer damage to sorghum stalks on the parasitism of chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) .
bio - efficacy and residual toxicity of some granular systemic insecticides against maize stem borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
screening of different granular formulations against maize pests with special reference to maize stem borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
resistance to chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) in different host plants . i . development of the larvae on different hosts .
an estimation of population of chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) in sorghum stubbles at schore ( m . p . ) .
studies on susceptibility and oviposilion of chilo zonellus swinhoe ( pyralidae : lepidoptera ) adults exposed to insecticidal deposits on maize .
status and control of chilo spp . on cereal crops in southern asia | international journal of tropical insect science | cambridge core
distribution and intensity of internode borer of sugarcane , chilo sacchariphagus indicus ( k . ) during different periods of plant growth .
the rice stem borer chilo suppressalis ( walker ) ( lep . : pyral . ) , a new pest of iran .
temperature - developmental relationship of the maize borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) , in nepal .
studies on the life and seasonal history of stalk borer of sugar - cane , chilo auricilius ddgn . , in bihar .
note on the population dynamics in carrying of chilo pertillus swinhoe ( emergence of adult moths from the stalk of sorghum ) .
control of stem borer , chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) on high - yielding sorghum hybrids csh - 1 and csh - 3 .
effect of date of planting of maize on the incidence of the maize borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) , in nepal .
histopathological studies on the larvae of chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) infected by an entomogenous fungus , beauveria densa ( link ) picard .
first record of trichogramma australicum girault as an indigenous parasite of stalk borer , chilo auricilius ddgn . , from jagadhari area in haryana .
influence of intercropping legumes with sorghum on the infestation of the stem borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) in tamil nadu , india .
impact of one application of some insecticidal formulations for the control of maize stalk borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) under artificial infestation .
location of sources of resistance in early maturing germplasms of maize to the stalk borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) under artificial infestation .
gonocephalum depressum fabr . as apredator of chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) and other moths in field cage at pantnagar , u . p .
screening of some maize germplasms against chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) and some varietal plant characters ( physical ) in relation to their differential susceptibility .
control of sorghum shootfly , atherigona soccata ( rondani ) and stem borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) with some recently developed granular insecticides .
differential resistance of some maize composites , composite crosses , hybrids , and varieties to chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) ( crambidae : lepidoptera ) —i .
evaluation of maize germplasms developed for moisture stress conditions for locating multiple resistant sources to tissue borers , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) and atherigona species .
response of experimental maize germplasms evaluated under different stages of testing and maturity groups to factitious release of egg masses of chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
population studies on the maize borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) in the punjab . iv . life - tables for determining key mortality factors .
experiments on inundative release of trichogramma australicum gir . , in the biological control of sugar - cane stem borer , chilo indicus ( kapur ) .
morphological characters — development and density of trichomes on varied maize germplasms in relation to preferential oviposition by the stalk borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
biology of the stem borer , chilo partellus ( zonellus ) ( s . ) on hybrid jowar ( chs - 1 ) , sorghum vulgare pers .
ecological studies on vipio deesae ( cam . ) ( braconidae : hymenoptera ) , a parasite of maize and jowar stalkborer , chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) .
search of sources for resistance amongst newly developed early and medium maturing maize composites subjected to manual infestation of the stalk borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) .
components of the female sex pheromone of the spotted stalk - borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) : identification and preliminary field trials .
bionomics of apanteles flavipes ( cameron ) , a parasite of chilo zonellus ( swinhoe ) at delhi with special reference to the mode of overwintering of the parasite .
the present status of biological control of chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) ( lep : pyralidae ) by apanteles flavipes ( cam . ) ( hym : braconidae ) in pakistan
prediction on the performance of moisture stress developed maize germplasms to the stalk borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) in rainfed conditions due to their screening under normal irrigation .
population studies on the maize borer , chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) in the punjab . iii . role of parasitization by apanteles flavipes ( cameron ) in the population build - up .
field bioecology of trichogramma perkinsi girault and trichogramma australicum girault ( hymenoptera : trichogrammatidae ) and their time of release for the control of chilo partellus ( swinhoe ) and heliothis armigera hubn .
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caption anic p140 rice sweeping , humpty doo , nt , i . common source s . anderson daff biosecurity
identification is currently undergoing peer review as part of the national diagnostic protocols by sphds .
fresh specimens were unable to be sourced . as specimens become available , data will be added . surveys are currently being conducted within the wild rice areas of the darwin and outer island regions to determine definitively the presence and / or extent of
the first obvious symptom of rice stem borer attack is the sign of ‘whitehead’ which is caused by rice stem borer infestation . the plants start to bear panicles which become discoloured and have empty or partially filled grains . symptoms of borer attack in rice crops vary in relation to the stage at which the crop was attacked . dead hearts are produced by the larvae feeding on the leaf sheaths of new leaves . the emergence holes are irregular in shape . young plants can be killed by heavy infestations as the internodes are destroyed by feeding and tunnelling resulting in drying of the central shoot ( kranz et al 1977 ) .
shiny white clusters which eventually darken in colour and are placed on either side of the plant’s leaves .
yellow brown with small dark spots , 2 - 3 spots centrally on forewing and span is 16 - 25 mm ( kranz 1977 & kalshoven 1981 ) .
terminal dots indistinct ; subterminal line white with few silvery scales ; median line distinct , oblique & pale yellow brown ; discal dot highly reduced ; fringe slightly glossy ; hindwing whitish to dirty cream .
terminal dots large ; subterminal line row of metallic scales close to apical margin ; median line metallic ; discal dot visible ; fringe shining golden ; hindwing light brown ( barrion et al 1990 ) .
♂ valva markedly tapering to a narrowly rounded apex ; stout setae close to ventral margin at one third distance from base ; distinct and heavily sclerotized , notched pars basalis ; juxta plate with short arms , tapering , nearly symmetrical aedeagus a little longer than valva ; ventral process of aedeagus bifurcate into 2 long narrow arms , each arm with sub basal flap and minute subapical dentation ; cornuti absent .
♀ heavily sclerotized area surrounding ostium bursae , some with long band posteriorly divided longitudinally ; ostial pouch slightly demarcated from ductus bursae armed with small sclerite either side ; ductus bursae behind ostial pouch with a short heavily sclerotized portion , then lighter sclerotized , sometimes swollen in caudal position ; signum absent ( bleszynski 1970 ) .
updated on 2 / 27 / 2012 10 : 39 : 07 am available online : padil - http : / / www . padil . gov . au .
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european union funding : for a one - year period ( 2017 - 12 - 16 to 2018 - 12 - 15 ) , eppo has been awarded an eu grant for the further development of the eppo code system ( agreement nb : sante / 2017 / gs / eppo / s12 . 768842 ) . the eu commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information from this project subsequently included in the eppo global database .
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a total of 511 varieties and lines were screened for resistance to the dark - headed stem borer under natural field infestation . forty - nine varieties and lines showing resistance were selected for retesting again in both field and greenhouse conditions . only 9 varieties / lines exhibited some resistance . the varieties w 1263 , mtu 15 and ir 50 were resistant while ir 36 , ir 19362 - 183 , ir 9828 - 23 - 1 , ir 13429 - 57 - 1 , ir 44 and jayanti were moderately significant . results showed that the mechanism of resistance of the rice varieties studied to the dark - headed stem borer were non - preference for feeding and oviposition , antibiosis , and tolerance to heavy infestation
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volume 11 issue 4 - 5 : tropical stem borers of graminaceous crops : a ne . . .
department of entomology , tribhuvan university , institute of agriculture and animal sciences , p . o . box 304 , rampur post office , chitwan , nepal
are minor pests of maize and sugar - cane , respectively . some of these pyralid borers are minor pests of other cereal crops . the life and seasonal histories of these stem borers and various control measures against them practised in various countries of southern asia are discussed . the natural enemies of various
représentant un danger mineur aussi bien sur le mais que sur le canne à sucre .
certains de ces pyralides rongeuses ne présentent qu ' un danger négligeable sur certaines autres céréales . les données sur le cycle de vie et les comportements saisonniers de ces grands rongeurs des tiges , ainsi que les différentes mesures de lutte adoptées à leur égard dans de nombreux pays a d ' asie australe sont actuellement contestées . on a également dressé une liste des ennemis naturels des différentes espèces du
a comparative study of granular diazinon and sevidol , and foliar diazinon for the control of borers on irri rice in east pakistan .
a note on a new nematod on chilotraea infuscatellus snell . , from sugarcane research institute , pusa .
[ rae - a ( 1988 ) , 76 ( 8 ) , abst . 5050 ] .
proc . all india coordinated workshop res . proj . biol . control crop pests and weeds .
apanteles phytometrae wilkinson , a new larval parasite of sugar - cane stem borer .
) the lepidopterous stalk borers of rice and their life cycles in the tropics . in
chemical control of sorghum insect pests . v . comparative efficacy of carbofuran and cytrolane as side dressings against shoot fly and stem borer .
merminthid nematodes as parasites on heliothis spp . and other crop pests in andhra pradesh , india .
) a check list of insects and mites of bhutan . dept . of agric . eec , plant protection project , p . o . box 119 , thimpu , bhutan .
some new species of telenomus ( hymenoptera : scelionidae ) , egg parasitoids of tropical pyralid pests ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) .
assessment of lixophaga diatraea townsend , a tachinid fly for the control of sugar - cane borer in punjab .
on the biology of coranus spiniscutis reuter : an assassin bug ( fam : reduvidae ) .
estimation of loss in yield of maize due to insect pests with special reference to borers .
efficacy of some insecticidal granules , dusts and emulsions for the control of termites and shoot borers of sugar - cane under hariyana conditions .
tetrastichus ayyari rohw . , a pupal parasite of some moth borers in south india .
occurrence of two entomophagous fungi on sugarcane pests in tanjore area of madras state .
relative efficacy of some organosynthetic insecticides against important pests of hybrid sorghum variety csh - 1 .
[ rae - a ( 1987 ) , 75 ( 6 ) , abst . 2801 ] .
the anatomy , life and seasonal histories of striped moth borers of sugar - cane in north bihar and west united provinces .
biology of sugar - cane stem borer , diatraea auricilia ddgn . in uttar pradesh
effect of early earthing - up of sugar - cane on the attack of argyria sticticraspis hampson .
a note on the scientific and common names of sugar - cane pests in india .
effect of application of fertilizers and an insecticide , padan 4g on the rice yield and incidence of attack of rice borers .
a key for the identification of the larvae of the known lepidopterous borers of sugar - cane in india based on morphological characters .
a key for the identification of the pupae of the known lepidopterous borers of sugar - cane in india based on morphological characters .
mass rearing technique for a mexican parasite allorhogas sp . ( hymenoptera : braconidae ) introduced for trials against graminaceous borers in india .
possibility of spread of the stalk borer to new areas through the infested seed cane .
biology of apanteles flavipes cam . ( braconidae : hymenoptera ) , a parasite of moth borers of sugar - cane , under micro - ecological conditions .
studies on incidence and behaviour of some major sugar - cane pests in relation to weather and climatic conditions .
distribution , seasons of occurrence and control of the early shoot borer of sugar - cane , chilotraea infusecteltus snell . , in madras state .
the identity of some crambinae associated with sugar - cane in india and certain species related to them ( lepid : pyralidae ) .
research and development function vis - a - vis the need of sugar industry .
screening of various granular insecticides against sugar - cane borers in d . i . khan division .
evaluation of sugar - cane varieties and mutant strains for resistance to sugar - cane borers .
cultural and mechanical methods of control of early shoot borer in sugar - cane .
effect of soil application of insecticides on the premonsoon incidence of borers and germination of sugar - cane in eastern uttar pradesh .
the biology and control of a stalk borer , proceras polychrysa meyrick from kerala .
a consolidated list of wild and cultivated plant species attacked by sugar - cane borers in north india .
laboratory evaluation of two exotic tachinid parasites for control of sugar - cane borers .
studies on stenobracon deesae cam . , a parasite on certain lepidopterous borers of graminaceous crops in india .
relative efficacy of selected insecticides against different species of rice stem borers at jharapani .
insecticidal control schedule for stem borer and army worm pests of hybrid sorghum under rainfed conditions in saurashtra region .
amyotea ( asopus ) malabarica , a predatory bug on leaf feeding pests of rice .
a new record of braconid parasite , rhaconotus sp . , near signipennis wlk . , at pugalur , madras state .
occurrence of goryphus ( melcha ) ornatipennis cam . , on procerus indicus k . , at pugalur , ( madras state ) .
aprostocetus israeli , a promising parasite for biological control of internode borer , proceras indicus kapur .
use of cane trash as a cultural measure to control shoot borer attack in sugarcane crop during hot weather in uttar pradesh .
factors affecting the incidence of the stalk borer ( chilotraea auricilia ) in western districts of u . p .
natural enemies of rice stem borers and allied species in various parts of the world and possibilities of their use in biological control of rice stem borers in asia .
preliminary studies on varietal resistance of sugar - cane to infestation by the early shoot borer , chilotraea infuscatellus snell .
) recent developments in and future prospects for the chemical control of the rice stem borers in india . in
) general report on pests associated with rice crop from different parts of nepal .
a destructive borer of sugarcane in the flooded and tarai areas of uttar pradesh and recommendations for its control .
effective control of shoot borers of sugarcane by soil application of gamma - bhc liquid .
effect of soil treatment with heavy doses of insecticides on the incidence of shoot borer and yield of sugar - cane .
simultaneous control of sugar - cane termite and shoot borers through soil application of gamma - bhc liquid and its boosting effect on crop yield .
preliminary studies on chemical control of sugar - cane stem borer , chilotraea infuscatellus snell .
record of hexamermis sp . ( a nematode ) on some species of moth borers of sugarcane in india .
persistence and residues of carbofuran , disulfoton and endosulfan used for the control of major pests of sorghum crop .
persistence and residues of some recently developed insecticide used on sorghum for the control of major pests .
lifehistory , host suitability and effectiveness of trichogramma chilonis ( ishii ) for controlling sugar - cane borers in the punjab .
) report of the work done on the control of the sugar - cane borers . dept . agric . mysore .
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eudesmeola lawsoni is a species of moth of the noctuidae family .

it is found in the dry inland areas of australia the wingspan is about 70 mm .

adults have brown wings with a complex pattern of light and dark lines and markings .

the underside of the wings is pale brown , with a broad dark brown submarginal band , and a dark spot in the centre of the wing .

the larvae feed on geijera parviflora .

eudesmeola lawsoni

the adult moths have brown wings with a complex pattern of light and dark lines and markings . underneath , the wings are pale brown , with a broad dark brown submarginal band , and a prominent dark spot in the middle of each wing . the moths have a wingspan of about 7 cms .
band 2 , abtheilung 2 ( 5 ) ( 1875 ) , plate cxi , fig . 30 ,
, melbourne university press , 1990 , fig . 46 . 9 , p . 452 .
band 2 , abtheilung 2 ( 5 ) ( 1875 ) , p . 8
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felder , r . in felder , r . & rogenhofer , a . f . 1874 ,
[ 1874 - 1875 ] . lepidoptera . heft iv , v . atlas der heterocera sphingida . noctuida
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 2e555578 - b042 - 4ca7 - 8640 - cab227d98cd2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 6bd09db1 - 896a - 4a6f - ad2e - 0a1b55460637
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : b5ed8bd3 - 8c30 - 4703 - b08c - 6b154fab63a3
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 507899
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mass emergence this night - had about a dozen on the sheet all at once ( both male and female ) .
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