coptotermes frenchi , the australian subterranean termite , is a species of termite in the family rhinotermitidae .

termites are social insects and c. frenchi usually builds its communal nest in the root crown of a tree .

from this , a network of galleries extends through the nearby soil , enabling the workers to forage in the surrounding area without emerging on the surface of the ground .

coptotermes frenchi

coptotermes frenchi is responsible for major damage to buildings , fences , posts , stumps and eucalypt trees .
the influence of soil heterogeneity on exploratory tunnelling by the subterranean termite coptotermes frenchi ( isoptera : rhinotermitidae ) .
the influence of soil heterogeneity on exploratory tunnelling by the subterranean termite coptotermes frenchi ( isoptera : rhinotermitidae ) . - pubmed - ncbi
coptotermes frenchi can be found right down the east coast of australia but is predominantly found in nsw and the act in particular , where it is rated as the most destructive termite species in the area .
this species is closely related to coptotermes frenchi , and is found in and around sydney , being a common and exceedingly destructive species . it is also common along the eastern districts right up to northern australia , and parts of south australia .
termites can be present where no original eucalypts remain . adult termites of coptotermes frenchi can fly from nests and set up new colonies in places like old railway sleepers or thick layers of wood chips ( at least 15 cm deep ) . coptotermes frenchi and nasutitermes exitiosus can establish nests if winged adults discover a damp area in the house , such as a shower recess or where the hot water system has leaked . they survive because water is readily available . porotermes adamsoni can thrive in damp situations but won ' t attack dry sound timber .
coptotermes acinaciformis can be found in widespread areas throughout australia . they are predominantly found in urban areas and where eucalypts are abundant . coptotermes acinaciformis are the second most destructive termite in australia and cause the greatest amount of structural damage to buildings , timber structures , trees and electrical wiring .
nasutitermes exitiosus is almost invariably a mound builder in canberra . if n . exitiosus is found it is likely there is a mound within 30 - 50 metres of the infested area , often in adjacent bushland . nests can be destroyed by physically breaking up the nest and spraying with a registered insecticide and filling the cavity with clean soil . coptotermes frenchi , porotermes adamsoni and occasionally c . acinaciformis mostly nest in old eucalypt tree trunks .
this termite species likes to build its nest in the stumps and root crowns of trees . coptotermes frenchi is particularly partial to eucalypts and as such is commonly found in urban areas where eucalypts abound . in the act many houses have pine or oregon softwood frames , a favourite of this species , although they will attack damp hardwood where water leaks from showers , etc . has softened the timber or the timber has contact with the soil .
this species is typified by two soldier castes : major soldiers with bulbous heads and 5 to 7 . 5mm and smaller minor soldiers 3 to 5 . 5mm with narrower heads and more slender mandibles . both soldier types do not produce the white latex which coptotermes acinaciformis does .
destructive nature - coptotermes acinaciformis are highly destructive to buildings and other timber structures . they are the most widely distributed and destructive timber pest in australia , accounting for more than 70 % of the serious damage to buildings in australia . a single colony may consist of more than one million termites . a most voracious timber pest . . . one to be taken seriously . nest location - coptotermes acinaciformis are a very secretive termite species ; they build their nest out of sight , often within the base of eucalyptus or other susceptible trees , or completely under the ground ; often within an enclosed patio or under concrete on ground flooring which is ideal for moisture retention , temperature and humidity control within the termite colony ' s central nest .
coptotermes acinaciformis is most commonly found in the base of trees and stumps and in built in patios , under concrete slabs and buried timber , wherever there is moisture and a secure hiding place to form a nest . they love it between garden sheds and the fence when timber is left there . one of the most destructive elements of this species is that it can form ancillary nests , away from the main colony , particularly in wall cavities . this species of termite feeds on wood and wood products , bark , leaves and grass . coptotermes
acinaciformis
gets it ' s name from the fact that the soldiers excrete formic acid from their mouths when they are threatened . this poses a problem for wiring in buildings infested with this species
coptotermes acinaciformis : does not build mounds , except in its more northern occurrences . they are central site nesters in tree stumps , living trees , under filled - in verandahs where timber has been buried , and in walls . a tree containing a nest may harbour up to a million termites in the single colony . the nest may be located in the root crown of the tree or in the main trunk up to a height of 3 meters where the trunk is hollowed out in the centre and filled with earth - like material
mud - guts
packed above the nest area .
coptotermes is widely distributed australia - wide , except for a few isolated high rainfall areas and is the most destructive species targetting timber buildings . identification on the basis of soldiers can be unreliable - locality , nesting habits , and measurements can assist identification . their nests may vary from being completely underground , in an old stump or living tree , in sleeper retaining walls , or in domed mounds . colonies contain a queen , king , soldiers , workers , and reproductives . soldiers are 3 . 5 to 6 . 5mm , have no teeth on their mandibles and pear - shaped yellowish heads which exude a drop of milky fluid from the frontal gland on the top of their head when disturbed .
the effect of barriers of dry soil on the ability of formosan subterranean termites , coptotermes formosanus shiraki ( isoptera : rhinotermitidae ) , to construct tunnels and find food was evaluated . termite movement and wood consumption in a three—chambered apparatus were compared between treatments with dry soil in the center container and treatments where the soil in the center container was moist . when a wood block was located in the release container , termites fed significantly more on that block , regardless of treatment or soil type . in the treatment with dry clay , none of the termites tunneled through the dry clay barrier to reach the distal container . when termites had to tunnel through a barrier of dry sand , topsoil , or clay to reach the sole wood block , there was no effect on wood consumption for the sand treatment , but there was significantly less feeding on wood in the treatments with dry topsoil or clay . when foraging arenas had a section of dry sand in the center , the dry sand significantly reduced tunneling in the distal section after 3 days , but not after 10 days . there was a highly significant effect on the ability of termites to colonize food located in dry sand . only one feeding station located in dry sand was colonized by termites , compared with 11 feeding stations located in moist sand .
via underground tunnels or sealed mud leads , buildings within a radius of 50m may be attacked resulting in extensive undetected damage . it is therefore essential that any trees close to buildings be closely monitored for nests . soil contact is desirable for these termites , but not essential , provided that there is an assured moisture supply and secure habitat . although their identification can be difficult , they tend to be more aggressive and less easily disturbed than other species . they form large colonies and are much more likely to produce bivouacs .
schedorhinotermes intermedius : occurs coastally from southern queensland through to new south wales . they tend to nest in tree stumps and in the root crown area of living , dead and debilitated trees as well as in timber buried in the ground , under properties , under filled - in verandahs , and in the ground immediately under fireplaces .
heterotermes ferox : is often encountered attacking posts , poles , paling fences , timber decking and flooring of properties wherever weathering and decay are present . heterotermes ferox is widely distributed throughout australia , but fortunately does not range far from its small colonies which include a queen , king , soldiers , workers , and reproductives . soldiers are 3 . 5 to 7 . 5mm and have long rectangular heads with no obvious teeth on their prominent and dark mandibles . both workers and soldiers have slender bodies , move slowly and the soldiers in particular , are not courageous with their peculiar habit of shuffling backwards when confronted .
nasutitermes spp . are multi - site nesters characterised by soldiers with nasute heads tapering to a long snout . soldiers are smaller and more fragile than workers . in contrast , workers are arched and more heavily built in the front section . they also have two dark areas on the top of the head . colonies contain a queen , king , soldiers , workers , and reproductives .
nasutitermes fumigatus : attacks decaying wood in contact with ground . where decay has occurred to flooring timbers in a property , due to poor ventilation , these termites will damage the wood , making replacements necessary . they will also attack moist and weathered decking on outside verandahs . however , they do not attack sound structural timbers in well ventilated situations . their colonies are small and soldiers are generally 3 . 25 to 3 . 75 mm .
© 2018 abis | building and pest inspections brisbane & gold coast . website design brisbane . saturday 7 jul , 2018
the queen , the brood and most of the colonys individuals live in a so - called termitarium ( plural : termitaria ) . it is composed of mud that is sometimes as hard as concrete and a paper - like substance made from chewed wood . the conditions inside the nest are dark , moist and cool and suit the requirements of the mostly blind unpigmented termites with their soft cuticles . runways or galleries are built by the workers radially from the nest in all directions and connect the termitarium with sites where the colony gathers food .
the simplified model of a termite life cycle indicates the three castes , the reproductives , the soldiers and the workers . due to the fact that termites are hemimetabolous insects , even the nymphs take part in the social life and have their specific tasks to fulfil . the so far poorly understood concept of caste determination does not seem to be definitive or too rigid . once the caste of an individual is determined , development into other castes is still possible . soldiers , also referred to as intercastes might turn into workers or even into reproductives , if there is a shortage of individuals of other castes . this process is controlled by pheromones . in the case of the queen , there is a specific queen pheromone , preventing other individuals from turning into queens . only if the queen is removed or dies , does the lack of the specific pheromone promote the development of a new queen .
possess compound eyes and are more or less brown due to their sclerotized cuticle . developing reproductives have wing buds , wings or wing stumps . reproductives can be further divided into :
alates , the young winged reproductives of both sexes . from time to time about 100 to 1000 alates leave the colony for a mating and colonising flight . after mating a pair settles down at a suitable site like a rotting scar on a tree in order to establish a new colony .
de - alates , alates that cast their wings after the colonising flight and successively turn into queens and kings . initially only a few eggs are laid and brought up by a female de - alate . as the number of individuals in the colony grows , the more workers are available to help the young queen to care for the brood . after three to five years the number of individuals is already so large , that the colony of a pest species can turn into the damaging stage .
queen and king , which are the main reproductive individuals in a colony . once there are many workers to help the queen , her only job is to produce a tremendous number of offspring . a large queen may lay more than 1000 eggs per day . the life span of a queen can be as much as 50 years .
neotenics assist the queen in laying eggs , once her productivity decreases . when the queen has died or deteriorated , one of the neotenics takes her place . that is the reason why the removal of a queen from her colony does not necessarily mean the end of the colony
workers are sterile , wingless and blind males and females . their cuticle is unpigmented and not hardened , therefore the animals are confined to a dark and moist environment . workers build the nest and galleries , they fetch food , care for the brood and feed reproductives and soldiers . the workers life span is one to two years .
soldiers are , like workers sterile , wingless and blind males and females with an unpigmented , unsclerotized cuticle . soldiers defend their colony from intruders by the use of powerful jaws and / or by ejecting a white sticky repellent from an opening on their head . soldiers cant feed themselves , they have to be fed by workers . usually the number of soldiers is much smaller than the number of workers . soldiers can be mandibulate or nasute , depending on the species . therefore soldiers can be used for the identification of termite species . the life span of the soldiers is one to two years .
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
- particularly in urban areas , where buildings are constructed of softwood or oregon timber framing . this species is responsible for most of the timber pest damage to buildings in the act region , but are also prevalent throughout nsw .
most often build their nest in the root crown or lower trunk area of living trees , particularly eucalypts . they may also build their nest as a mound in the dryer areas of western new south wales .
can cause severe damage to buildings and other wooden structures . it is common for this species to devour timber framing leaving only a thin veneer . this species is the most shy of the destructive species ; they will retreat from a location immediately ( for the time being ) if disturbed .
we parsed the following live from the web into this page . such content is managed by its original site and not cached on discover life . please send feedback and corrections directly to the source . see original regarding copyrights and terms of use .
eol content is automatically assembled from many different content providers . as a result , from time to time you may find pages on eol that are confusing .
to request an improvement , please leave a comment on the page . thank you !
subterranean termites also called
white - ants
are a highly destructive timber pest , causing major structural timber damage to domestic and commercial buildings in australia .
recent industry surveys suggest that about one third of all unprotected properties are subject to attack by subterranean termites . severe subterranean termite damage to australian homes is on the increase due to recent changes in the type of chemicals allowed to be used , building construction materials and designs that encourage hidden termite entry and infestation .
subterranean termites live in the ground and can eat your house down . . . . subterranean termites are known to destroy the wall and roofing timbers of a home within 3 months of construction . subterranean termites cause more damage to homes in australia than fire , floods , storms and tempest , combined . home insurance does not cover the repair costs of damage caused by subterranean termites to a home or commercial building . subterranean termites occur throughout australia , with a high incidence of attack in virtually all urban areas .
subterranean termites are small in size ( about half the size of match - head ) and soft bodied insects . subterranean termites build a central colony nest from which they construct underground tunnels that radiate in a 100 metre radius from a central colony nest in search of a timber ( cellulose ) food source .
the picture on the left shows a subterranean termite pest inspector examining an above ground subterranean termite subsidiary nest built inside a wall cavity of a home . subterranean termites often build such above ground nests , where moisture collects in the wall cavity , such as , from leaking pipes , shower recess or faulty guttering , etc .
subterranean termites travel in mud shelter tubes . . . the picture on the left shows a mud shelter tube that subterranean termites have constructed over a solid object , in this case , a brick foundation wall in the sub - floor of a cottage . subterranean termites travel in these mud shelter tubes as protection from predators , sun - burn , dehydration and to maintain a high humidity environment which is essential for their survival . subterranean termites are highly secretive , preferring to enter a building through areas inaccessible to inspection , such as , through in - fill patios , fire heaths , expansion joints and cracks in concrete slab ( on - ground ) flooring .
subterranean termites can pass through a 2 mm crack or an expansion joint ( eating through the rubber compound ) between adjoining concrete on ground flooring . subterranean termites can also travel under parquetry and floor tiles to get to the wall framing timbers .
only the worker termite caste can digest timber by the use of symbiotic protozoa in their gut . worker termites feed their partly digested semi - liquid food , regurgitated from their mouth or passing from their anus , to the other subterranean termites , a process known as trophallaxis .
subterranean termites have a well ordered social system with amazing engineering capabilities and an acute survival instinct ; they obtain moisture from the soil and moist decaying timber , and communicate using pheromone signals . the mutual feeding , constant grooming and close social habits of subterranean termites are used to advantage in modern termite control baiting systems .
certain hi - tech subterranean termite baits recently introduced on the australian market from the usa have a delayed lethal effect on subterranean termites which readily pass on the bait to other termites in the central colony nest during the mutual groomoing and feeding .
subterranean termites need to maintain a high level of humidity and temperature ( 25 to 35c ) in their central colony nest . subterranean termites eat through the centre of susceptible timbers leaving nothing but a thin veneer of timber and / or paint . subterranean termites will pack mud in cracks and joints in timber to prevent loss of humidity and resultant dehydration .
subterranean termites or
white ants
as they are often called are not ants at all . subterranean termites are in fact related to cockroaches with a similar two hundred million year history .
within a subterranean termite nest there are members of different castes , each with a different role to perform . these include the queen , king , the winged reproductive ( young kings and queens ) , soldiers and workers .
the queen following her hazardous flight and after mating becomes an egg laying machine ; her body becomes hugely enlarged ; she can live more than 25 years producing more that 2 , 000 eggs a day .
the king and queen live in a central chamber and are tended by the workers .
the one that does the damage ; they are a creamy translucent colour , soft bodied and carry out all work in the nest , including gathering food ( timber and other cellulose ) ; constructing tunnels ; repairing and enlarging the subterranean termites colony nest ; grooming each other and feeding the soldiers , the king , queen and also caring for the young nymphs until mature .
worker termites are 3 mm to 4 mm long , have no wings , are sterile and blind ; work 24 hours a day for several years life span in some species .
with mandibulate pinchers which they use to crush an attacker , such as ants ; some have hard pointed snout which eject a white sticky latex to ensnare their enemies .
the soldier termites are usually the first to be seen in large numbers by the home owner when the termite workings ( shelter tubes or damaged timber ) are opened and the soldiers rush out to guard the opening whilst the worker termites repair the damage .
and are commonly seen when they swarm on a hot humid summer evening around dusk ; they have eyes ; are poor fliers but are swept along by the wind ; they land , drop their wings , find a mate to become king and queen of a new subterranean termites colony .
the swarmers are emitted in their thousands when a mature subterranean termites nest is large and well established . they land , shed their wings and attract a mate by pheromone chemical signal . if you find swarming subterranean termites , it is a sure danger sign that a large subterranean termites colony nest is close by and thorough inspection of the property by a termite control expert is essential .
as noted above , subterranean termites constantly groom and feed each other . a valuable technique for the subterranean termite pest controller is to instal and monitor a subterranean termites baiting system next to any live activity found in and around the premises where subterranean termites are foraging , is most likely to occur . subsequent inspections ( preferably monthly ) may reveal dead or sick worker termites , they change colour to a mottle look , and spread of the termite bait to other subterranean termites leading to elimination of the colony . the termite baits are designed to be non - repellant to the subterranean termites and has a unique delayed effect . time enough to be passed onto the other subterranean termites in the colony including the queen , with a sufficient dosage leading to the elimination of the entire subterranean termites colony . this process is explained in detail in the termite control section of this website .
are destructive to buildings and other timber structures . sometimes severe damage may occur , but not so commonly as the other species listed above .
area of distribution : commonly found in eastern nsw , the act , and the south eastern areas of queensland including brisbane and coastal region to rockhampton - particularly prevalent along the entire coast - line , along the great dividing range and western slopes .
nest location - this white ant species , most often builds it ' s nest as a mound up to 2m above ground level , with hard clay walls , so control is easily effected once located by knocking the top off and insecticide treatment of the nest .
attacks stumps , dead trees , timber fences , poles and other timber structures that are in contact with the soil , being softened by weathering or decay . these white ants are also known to attack such timber in damp sub - floor areas .
area of distribution : commonly found in eastern nsw and south eastern queensland - particularly prevalent in the coastal and mountain regions along the entire eastern side of nsw .
build their nest in trees on the main trunk or in the fork of a large branch .
can be destructive to damp timbers often a serious problem where the sub - floor of a building is damp and ventilation is poor with resulting wood decay or fungal growth .
area of distribution : commonly found throughout nsw , the act , victoria , and southern parts of south australia and western australia - particularly in urban areas or where eucalypt gum trees are highly prevalent .
often build their colony nest next to stumps , logs , or other timber in direct contact with the soil where some wood decay or rotting is prevalent .
are be destructive to damp timbers and are usually found attacking fences , poles and other timber structures subject to wood decay from weathering or from being in contact with the soil . this species is often confused with the more aggressive and destructive
dampwood termites - form small independent nests which often attack sick or dead trees , decaying stumps or mouldy timber in the ground ; they are seldom found in dry timbers in buildings .
drywood termites - occur mostly in tropical areas , where the atmospheric humidity is constantly above 75 percent . the introduced and highly destructive west indian drywood white ant ,
, is rarely located in nsw , once in sydney in the early 1980 ' s . specialist eradication procedures involve wrapping the entire building in plastic and using methyl bromide fumigation .
subterranean termites have acute survival instincts . if severely shaken up or disturbed , the subterranean termites will abandon that area and move on to secretly cause damage in other areas in the building . if you find subterranean termites in or around your property , it is essential that you do not disturb them and promptly arrange for a professional inspection and application of a white ant / termite bait to live subterranean termites present .
subterranean termites / termites . . . mother nature ' s most prolific builders this picture shows a large above ground subterranean termite nest found in the northern territory of australia . in cooler climates , most of the destructive subterranean termite species build their nest completely below ground level . a large subterranean termite colony in an urban environment is most often unseen , being totally below ground level with a subterranean termite nest containing more than a million subterranean termites - secretly eating the inside of your timbers leaving you an empty shell . find out how to protect your property click on termite control
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 0 transitional / / en
or
white - ants
are a highly destructive timber pest , causing major structural timber damage to domestic and commercial buildings in south australia .
recent industry surveys suggest about one third of all unprotected properties in south australia are subject to attack by subterranean termites . most of the latest technology for termite control products comes from the usa where termite control is a us $ 5 billion industry . other major termite control markets include australia , japan , south east asia , china and the south of france .
in built - up urban areas , especially if well established gum trees are nearby the building - within a 100 metre radius .
severe termite damage to australian homes is on the increase since the removal in 1995 of the long lasting soil barrier chemicals ; the more common use of softwood building and other landscaping timbers that termites find irresistible , such as , hardwood timber mulch and railway sleepers on the ground .
promoting termite colony development include automatic watering systems , landscaping and maintenance that encourage termite activity and inappropriate building design that allow hidden termite entry into a building .
termites are known to destroy the wall and roofing timbers of a home within 3 months of construction .
termites cause more damage to homes in australia than fire , floods , storms and tempest , combined .
termites occur throughout south australia , with a high incidence of attack in virtually all urban areas .
the standard home and building insurance policy will not cover the repair costs of termite infested structural and decorative timbers .
australian subterranean termites evolved more than 250 million year ago . meaning they inhabited australia long before flowering plants . their survival success depends on living in a protective underground environment . in some species , their colony nest has a hardened shell , exposed above ground level . in most destructive species in south australia their nest is totally out of sight , below ground level .
over hard objects . the tubes or
galleries
are made up of partly digested timber and mud excrete , and is moist if currently in active use . the termites keep it ' s colony nest and galleries at 25 to 35
c with high humidity . if they are exposed to light or open air they will desiccate ( dehydrate ) and die . they live in constant darkness , excepting for the annual summer swarms of the winged reproductives .
in some destructive species , a termite colony nest may contain more than a million termites , consisting of a queen , king , young immature nymphs , workers , soldiers and winged reproductives ( called alates ) . they are delicate , soft bodied and small in stature , about half the size of match - head . but they are also highly efficient timber recyclers , and often described as mother nature ' s best builders .
and forage in a largely random criss - cross fashion looking for new timber food sources . however , they may encounter and follow moisture zones and trail along solid objects , such as , the concrete slab edge of your home . the soldiers accompany the workers in their constant search for new timber food sources . if you find termites active in timber framing , it is the soldiers that rush out to defend the workers .
it takes many years of termite control field - work experience to get a proper understanding of the habits of the destructive termite species habits and their likely foraging areas in a variety of building types and environmental circumstances .
shows a fumapest termite inspector examining a large subsidiary nest , termites built inside the dining room wall cavity of a home .
termites often build such above - ground nests provided there is a reliable moisture source , such as , from faulty plumbing , leaking pipes , shower recess , guttering , broken roof tiles and the like .
picture on left shows a mud - shelter tube that subterranean termites have built over a brick foundation wall to the flooring timbers in a sub - floor of a home .
and will often enter a building through areas inaccessible to inspection , such as , via on - ground patios , cracks or expansion joints or around concrete slab flooring , particularly if the slab edge is obscured by pathways or garden beds .
termites can pass through a 2 mm crack in concrete slab on - gound flooring and will readily eat through the rubber compound between the adjoining concrete slabs to gain access . termites can then travel under parquetry and other floor tiles to get to the wall and roofing framing timbers .
only the worker termite caste can digest timber by the use of symbiotic protozoa in their gut . the worker termites digest and then regurgitate the partly digested timber as a semi - liquid food for the other termite castes . even the workers excrete is eaten by the other termites as it high in cellulose content . this feeding by mouth and anus is technically known as trophallaxis .
take advantage of the mutual feeding and regular grooming habits of termites as a means to kill the entire colony .
workers termites readily ingest the bait and transfer it back to the colony nest to feed other termites . if sufficient workers ingest the bait and the
worker termites cannibalise other dead termites , which if they carry the bait in their system , will further hasten the demise of the colony .
termites live in undergroud nests and travel in mud tubes to protect them from their arch enemy . . . the ants . termites descended from the cockroach family , whereas ants descended from the wasp family .
the termite ' defense system is too strong . the soldier termites has a hard helmet - style head with large cutting pincers and a frontal pore to squirt sticky latex to ensnare the ants .
sir winston churchill once said
communism is ok if you have the mentality of a termite
. and so it is with termites - within the colony nest you ' ll find members of different castes , each with a different role to perform and all interdependent upon each other for survival of the colony . these include the queen , king , the winged reproductive ( young kings and queens ) , soldier and worker termites .
termite is an egg laying machine ; her body is enormous compared to her off - spring ; she can live more than 25 years and produce more that 2 , 000 eggs a day .
termite stays by the side of the queen all it ' s life locked away in the central nursery chamber tended to by worker termites , around the clock .
termites are most numerous in the termite colony . they are usually about 3 to 4 mm long , soft bodied , creamy translucent colour , have no wings , are sterile and blind .
and carry out all work in the nest , including food gathering , building , repairing and maintaining the colony nest structure including the foreaging tunnel system .
which they regurgitate and feed in liquid form to the queen and other termites in the colony .
termites commonly have an orange coloured armoured head with mandibulate pinchers which they use to crush an attacker , such as ants ; some have hard pointed snout which eject a white sticky latex to ensnare their enemies .
soldier termites are often seen in large numbers when an active shelter tubes or damaged timber , is opened . soldier termites will rush out to guard the opening whilst worker termites repair the breach .
are commonly seen when they swarm on a hot humid summer evening around dusk , often in their thousands from a large mature colony nest . unlike the other caste , they have eyes but are , are poor fliers . the hover and are swept along by prevailing winds .
the swarmers when they land , they drop their wings , and use a pheromone chemical signal attract a mate to start up a new colony of termites .
sign that a large termite colony nest is close - by , and your home is at high risk of a severe termite infestation . is so , you should
a valuable technique for the termite controller is to install and monitor a termite baiting system next to any live activity found in and around the premises where termite foraging is most likely to occur . subsequent regular inspections indicate the amount of bait consumed and the condition of any termites observed . they may appear sick , exhibit a change of colour to a mottle look , indicating the effect of the termite bait over time .
is formulated as an attractive food source to the termites . the bait has a delayed lethal effect . time enough to be transferred to other termites in the colony nest . if the queen is killed , the nest goes into rapid decline leading to the elimination of the entire colony . this process is explained in detail in the termite control section of this website .
it is essential for a professional pest controller to properly identify the species of termite found in a property . some species of termites prefer living and will not attack dry seasoned timbers in a building , whilst others can be are highly destructive to such buildings in a short amount of time .
can also construct subsidiary termite nests away from the main colony nest . a subsidiary white - ant nest can be contained in a wall cavity of a building where there is a reliable moisture source , for example , from a leaking shower recess or faulty guttering or rusted down pipes .
- commonly found throughout south australia ; particularly in urban areas , where buildings are constructed of softwood or oregon timber framing . this species is responsible for most of the timber pest damage to buildings in the south australia region .
most often build their nest in the root crown or lower trunk area of living trees , particularly eucalypts . they may also build their nest as a mound in the dryer areas .
area of distribution - commonly found throughout south australia - particularly in urban areas or where eucalypt gum trees are highly prevalent . destructive nature -
build a mound nest which protrudes 30cm to 75cm above the ground . control can be as easy as knocking the top off the nest and a follow up insecticide treatment inside the nest .
dampwood termites form small independent nests which often attack sick or dead trees , decaying stumps or mould timber in the ground ; they are seldom found in dry timbers in buildings .
if they are shaken up or disturbed , the termites often will abandon the associated area and move on to secretly cause damage in other areas in the building . if you find termites in or around your property , it is essential that you do not disturb them and promptly arrange for a professional inspection and application of a termite bait to the live termites , if present in abundance .
this picture shows a large above ground termite nest found in the northern territory of australia .
in cooler climates , most of the destructive termite species build their nest completely below ground level .
control of termite infestations in the past has been accomplished by the use of organochlorine pesticides . these pesticides were used extensively in agriculture and for urban pest control in the 1960s and 1970s . their use has been progressively phased out in the majority of australian states and territories due to their environmental persistence and ability to accumulate in the food chain . the use of organochlorine pesticides in the act , such as chlordane , heptachlor and ddt has been prohibited since 1 december 1993 . chlorpyrifos and arsenic dust are alternative chemicals which can be used by licensed pest controllers for termite control . new methods of termite control in buildings include non - chemical physical barriers such as granite screenings and fine stainless - steel mesh .
only pest control firms holding environmental authorisation issued by the environment protection authority will be permitted to inspect trees for termite activity on land managed by tams and to destroy nests that are a suspected source of infestation to nearby structures .
nests will be considered as a possible source of termite attack if they are located within 60 metres of structures under attack and the termites in the nest are of the same species as those identified in the infested area . residents requesting termite inspections of trees on land managed by tams will be responsible for the cost of the inspection if no termite nests are found . pest control firms inspecting trees or mounds on tams ' land for termites , must follow the inspection techniques outlined in the australian standard 3660 - 2000 and the guidelines for termite control in the act .
where a pest controller locates a nest on public land within 60 metres of a residence , tams will be responsible for the cost of the inspection and the destruction of the nest . the pest controller must obtain permission from tams to destroy the nest . the pest controller must provide tams with a written quote that details the site location , number of nests to be treated and termiticide to be used . if the quote is acceptable , tams will contract the pest controller to undertake the work . a pest control firm must have current environmental authorisation under the environment protection act 1997 and must adhere to conditions under the authorisation . in addition , the pest controller must hold a recognised qualification in termite control or a current nsw pest control licence , be employed by a registered act firm and preferably hold a permit to apply arsenic dust in the act . nests must be destroyed by following the procedures outlined in the australian standard 3660 - 2000 and the guidelines for termite control in the act .
if these termites are detected , all large eucalypt trees ( trunks greater than 30 cm in basal diameter ) or stumps within 60 metres should be checked . one indication of termite activity within trees is the presence of hollow broken branches . this is only indicative and a more reliable method is to test by drilling the tree . a drill auger ( not larger than 19 mm diameter ) should be used to bore holes towards the centre of the tree . if termites are present the centre will be hollow or filled with ' mudguts ' and the auger will suddenly penetrate the tree easily . a thermometer may be used to determine if the nest has been located . nests are a constant temperature of 300c .
to determine if termites are still active within the tree , termites may appear on the auger or a length of dowel or long piece of grass can be inserted into the auger hole and left in place for several days . the dowel or grass is then withdrawn and checked for termites . trees found to harbour termites should be treated with insecticidal emulsion administered through the auger hole or with arsenic trioxide ( only by licensed operator ) or other registered products . all auger holes drilled in trees on public land ( including trees inspected and treated for termites ) must be plugged with a non - toxic acrylic caulking compound , such as bathroom sealant or antifungal agents specifically designed for this purpose .
do not use dead wood such as dowelling as it prevents the tree from healing or silicon sealants as they contain harmful solvents which can damage the tree . a drop - off in termite activity in the feeding area should occur within a few months of nest treatment . if termites still persist for twelve months or more alternate treatment such dusting with arsenic trioxide or the installation of barriers will be necessary .
the installation of barriers , either physical or chemical , prevents termites from entering buildings . houses with suspended floors can have termite caps fitted to piers and shields fitted on foundation walls . also the soil under and / or around the house can be treated with insecticide . termite caps should be checked regularly ( every six months ) for the presence of galleries around the caps . if galleries are present termites should be identified leaving the infested area as undisturbed as possible . once termites are identified , a strategy for control can be developed usually in the following priority order :
it is rarely feasible to fit termite caps and shields to an existing building , but installation of a chemical barrier is reasonably straight forward if the building has a suspended floor with adequate clearance . a 30 cm strip of soil 30 cm deep around all walls , piers and pipes should be treated with insecticidal emulsion . if there is insufficient space to work under a building floor there are two main alternatives :
spraying with insecticide . the disadvantage is that spraying contaminates the whole under floor area and dosages at vulnerable points cannot be controlled closely .
lift floorboards and treat around exposed walls and piers . this may be a feasible option where flooring has been damaged and needs replacing .
references : watson , j . a . l . 1988 . ' termites in the canberra region ' , csiro , division of entomology , canberra ; and termite australian standards 3660 . 1 - 2000 workshop , held by australian environmental pest managers association and australian institute of building surveyors , 4 may 2001 .
the environment protection authority will collect small quantities of unwanted chemicals from act households free of charge . to arrange collection of chemicals residents should call access canberra on 13 22 81 .
the act government is committed to improving the accessibility of web content . to provide feedback or request an accessible version of a document please
give termites the blast with termi - mite professional termite stations . termites are just dying to eat our baits .
there is an old but true saying : there are only 2 types of homes in australia ,
those that have termites , and those that will get termites
, this is becoming a reality rather than a saying .
termites and the termite swarm have been part of the australian environment for millions of years . also commonly known as white ants they are resilient and persistent , being found , on average , in every third australian property .
annually termites damage more than 180 , 000 australian homes / buildings . estimates of the combined cost of termite damage range from 700 to over 1 billion dollars when agriculture and horticulture are taken into consideration .
our growing love of landscaping in modern times , with the abundant use of bark , woodchips and mulch , timber retaining walls and pergolas has created a haven for termites in our back yards . this has hugely increased the presence of termites on residential properties , increasing the risk of damage to our biggest asset , our homes .
termites are ground inhabiting ( subterranean ) social insects that live in colonies . a well established termite colony can be made up of several million individuals . new termite colonies are formed when winged males and females from the parent colony emerge in flight and swarm ( termite swarm ) . every termite colony consists of 4 castes , each having a specific role within the colony ' s social structure ; a termite swarm contains all the ingredients needed to begin a new colony .
reproductives : the king and queen termite are central to any vibrant termite colony , with the queen acting as an egg - laying machine producing between 2 , 000 and 3 , 000 eggs per day . the queen can live for 25 years . the king and queen are formed from a ' lates ( winged termites ) when a new nest is formed .
a ' lates : a ' lates are darker coloured , winged , reproductive ' s that fly from the nest in their thousands , eager to establish a new colony . because a ' lates are poor flyers they generally only fly some 50 – 100 metres from the parent nest . as such when observing flying a‘lates you can generally assume a termite nest is near - by . a ' lates form an airborne termite swarm when establishing new colonies .
soldiers : the soldier caste protects the colony from invasion by other insects . soldier termites excrete a substance which repels the termite ' s enemies and can crush them as well . soldier termites are fed and groomed by the workers as they are unable to feed themselves .
workers : this caste provides all of the labour for the colony including searching for and collecting food , feeding all other castes and immature ' s , grooming others within the colony , cleaning , maintenance and building for the colony . workers digest the cellulose and funghi in wood and feed the other castes by oral and anal secretions .
schedorhinotermes intermedius is also widespread , being found in queensland , new south wales , western australia and the northern territory .
this species of termite is the most artistic , as they tend to form complex ruts and grooves in the timber , particularly along nail lines . this species of termite is almost as destructive as coptotermies acinaciformis but does not tend form ancillary nests in you home .


odostomia tasmanica , common name the tasmania pyramid-shell , is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family pyramidellidae , the pyrams and their allies .

odostomia tasmanica

odostomia ( odostomia ) fleming , c . a . , 1813 type species : odostomia ( odostomia ) plicata montagu , g . , 1803
odostomia fleming , j . , 1813 type species : odostomia ( odostomia ) plicata montagu , g . , 1803
odostomia ( parodostomia ) laseron , c . f . , 1959 type species : odostomia ( parodostomia ) compta brazier , j . , 1877
odostomia ( egila ) dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904 type species : odostomia ( egila ) lacunata carpenter , 1856
odostomia ( gumina ) finlay , h . j . , 1928 type species : odostomia ( gumina ) dolichostoma suter , h . h . , 1908
odostomia ( pyramistomia ) cossmann , a . e . m . , 1921 type species : odostomia ( pyramistomia ) deubeli böttger , o . , 1901
odostomia ( striodostomia ) laws , c . r . , 1940 type species : odostomia ( striodostomia ) orewa laws , c . r . , 1940
odostomia ( linopyrga ) laws , c . r . , 1941 type species : odostomia ( linopyrga ) rugata rugata hutton , f . w . , 1886
odostomia ( brachystomia ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : odostomia ( brachystomia ) rissoides hanley , s . , 1844
odostomia ( eulimastoma ) bartsch , p . , 1904 type species : odostomia ( eulimastoma ) dotella dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1909
odostomia ( salassia ) folin , l . de , 1885 type species : unknowngenustype
odostomia ( jordanula ) chaster , g . w . , 1901 type species : unknowngenustype
odostomia ( besla ) dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904 type species : odostomia ( besla ) convexa carpenter , p . p . , 1857
odostomia ( cinctiuga ) laseron , c . f . , 1951 type species : unknowngenustype
odostomia ( nesiodostomia ) pilsbry , h . a . , 1918 type species : unknowngenustype
odostomia ( obexomia ) laws , c . r . , 1941 type species : unknowngenustype
agatha adams , a . , 1860 type species : odostomia virgo adams , a . , 1860
odostomia ( evalina ) dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904 type species : unknowngenustype
odostomia ( siogamaia ) nomura , s . , 1936 type species : vexillum ( costellaria ) fortiplicatum pease , w . h . , 1868
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
typical shell - length 2 . 0 mm . lives subtidally and offshore as an ectoparasite of other invertebrates . native . endemic to southeastern australia ( nsw , tas and vic ) .
the web - pages on this web - site are generated from an underlying database . these can be cited as
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
amamimormula kuroda , t . type species : amamimormula belonis melvill , j . c . & r . standen , 1897
egilina dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1906 type species : egilina mariella adams , a . , 1860
exesilla laseron , c . f . , 1959 type species : exesilla sulcata laseron , c . f . , 1959
liamorpha pilsbry , h . a . , 1898 type species : liamorpha decorata folin , l . de , 1873
polyspirella carpenter , 1861 type species : cingulina trachealis gould , a . a . , 1861
pyrabinella faber , m . j . , 2013 type species : pyrabinella boucheti faber , m . j .
yoshishigea hori , s . & h . fukuda , 1999 type species : yoshishigea choshuana hori , s . & h . fukuda , 1999
levipyrgulina laws , c . r . , 1941 type species : levipyrgulina sulcata laws , c . r . , 1941
perheida peñas , a . & e . m . rolán , 2017 type species : perheida semenformis peñas , a . & e . m . rolán , 2017
pyramidella lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1799 type species : pyramidella dolabrata dolabrata linnaeus , c . , 1758
longchaeus mörch , o . a . l . , 1875 type species : pyramidella punctata schubert , h . g . & a . j . wagner , 1829
milda dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904 type species : milda ventricosa guérin - méneville , 1831
bacteridiella saurin , e . , 1959 type species : bacteridiella filiformis saurin , e . , 1959
creonella wade , b . , 1917 type species : creonella triplicata wade , b . , 1917
monotygma gray , j . e . in sowerby , g . b . ii , 1839 type species : monotygma striata gray , j . e . , 1847
ondina folin , l . de , 1870 type species : evalea semiornata folin , l . de , 1872
otopleura fischer , 1885 type species : otopleura auriscati holten , h . s . , 1802
pseudographis mifsud , c . , 1998 type species : pseudographis cachiai mifsud , c . , 1998
streptocionella pfeffer , g . , 1886 type species : streptocionella singularis pfeffer , g . , 1886
terelimella laws , c . r . , 1938 type species : terelimella ototarana laws , c . r . , 1938
tiberia monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1875 type species : tiberia minuscula monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1880
tiberia ( cossmannica ) dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904 type species : tiberia ( cossmannica ) clandestina deshayes , g . p . , 1861
petitilla wise , j . b . , 1997 type species : petitilla crosseana dall , w . h . , 1885
brachystomia monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1885 type species : unknowngenustype
cingulina adams , a . , 1860 type species : rissoa obtusa cantraine , f . j . , 1842
herviera melvill , j . c . & r . standen , 1899 type species : herviera gliriella melvill , j . c . & r . standen , 1897
koloonella laseron , c . f . , 1959 type species : koloonella moniliformis hedley , c . & musson , 1891
kongsrudia lygre , f . & c . schander , 2010 type species : kongsrudia gruveli dautzenberg , ph . , 1910
megastomia monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : megastomia conspicua conspicua alder , j . , 1850
auristomia monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : auristomia erjaveciana brusina , s . , 1869
cyclodostomia sacco , f . , 1892 type species : cyclodostomia mutinensis sacco , f . , 1892
doliella monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1880 type species : doliella nitens jeffreys , j . g . , 1870
evalea adams , a . , 1860 type species : evalea elegans adams , a . , 1860
folinella dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904 type species : folinella anguliferens folin , l . de in folin , l . de & l . périer , 1873
liostomia sars , g . o . , 1874 type species : liostomia eburnea stimpson , w . , 1851
liostomia ( pseudorissoina ) tate , r . & w . l . may , 1900 type species : unknowngenustype
menestho møller , h . p . c . , 1842 type species : menestho albula fabricius , o . , 1780
menestho ( odetta ) folin , l . de , 1870 type species : menestho ( odetta ) sulcata folin , l . de , 1870
parthenina bucquoy , e . j . , ph . dautzenberg & g . f . dollfus , 1883 type species : parthenina interstincta adams , j . , 1797
pseudoscilla böttger , o . , 1901 type species : pseudoscilla miocaenica böttger , o . , 1901
chrysallida carpenter , p . p . , 1856 type species : chrysallida communis adams , c . b . , 1852
chrysallida ( chrysallida ) carpenter , p . p . , 1856 type species : chrysallida communis adams , c . b . , 1852
chrysallida ( ividella ) dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1909 type species : chrysallida ( ividella ) navisa dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1907
chrysallida ( jordaniella ) chaster , g . w . , 1898 type species : chrysallida ( jordaniella ) nivosa montagu , g . , 1803
chrysallida ( partulida ) schaufuss , l . w . , 1869 type species : spiralinella spiralis montagu , g . , 1803
chrysallida ( perparthenina ) nordsieck , f . , 1975 type species : chrysallida ( perparthenina ) terebellum philippi , r . a . , 1844
chrysallida ( tragula ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : chrysallida ( tragula ) fenestrata forbes , e . in jeffreys , j . g . , 1848
mumiola adams , a . , 1864 type species : mumiola spirata adams , a . , 1853
trabecula monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : trabecula jeffreysiana monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884
babella dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1906 type species : babella caelatior dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1906
bulimoscilla thiele , j . , 1925 type species : bulimoscilla fallax thiele , j . , 1925
elodiamea folin , l . de , 1884 type species : elodia hortensiae nansouty , de in folin , l . de & l . périer , 1872
maricarmenia peñas , a . & e . m . rolán , 2017 type species : maricarmenia accresta peñas , a . & e . m . rolán , 2017
miralda adams , a . , 1864 type species : miralda diadema adams , a . , 1860
miralda ( hinemoa ) oliver , w . r . b . , 1915 type species : miralda ( hinemoa ) punicea oliver , w . r . b . , 1915
miralda ( noemiamea ) hoyle , w . e . , 1886 type species : miralda ( noemiamea ) dolioliformis dolioliformis jeffreys , j . g . , 1848
odostomella bucquoy , e . j . , ph . dautzenberg & g . f . dollfus , 1883 type species : odostomella doliolum philippi , r . a . , 1844
ovalina peñas , a . & e . m . rolán , 2017 type species : ovalina circumventa peñas , a . & e . m . rolán , 2017
pyrgulina ( pyrgulina ) adams , a . , 1863 type species : pyrgulina ( pyrgulina ) casta adams , a . , 1864
quirella laseron , c . f . , 1959 type species : quirella mirationis laseron , c . f . , 1959
rissopsetia dell , r . k . , 1956 type species : rissopsetia maoria dell , r . k . , 1956
waikura marwick , j . , 1931 type species : waikura torques marwick , j . , 1931
syrnola adams , a . , 1860 type species : syrnola gracillima adams , a . , 1860
syrnola ( iphiana ) dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904 type species : syrnola ( iphiana ) densestriata garrett , a .
syrnola ( tibersyrnola ) laws , c . r . , 1937 type species : syrnola ( tibersyrnola ) semiconcava marshall & r . murdoch
syrnola ( vagna ) dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904 type species : unknowngenustype
puposyrnola cossmann , a . e . m . , 1921 type species : puposyrnola acicula lamarck , j . b . p . a . de , 1804
costosyrnola laws , c . r . , 1937 type species : costosyrnola tabulata laws , c . r . , 1937
polemicella saurin , e . , 1959 type species : polemicella polemica melvill , j . c . , 1910
turbonilla risso , a . , 1826 type species : turbonilla costulata risso , a . , 1826
turbonilla ( turbonilla ) risso , a . , 1826 type species : turbonilla costulata risso , a . , 1826
turbonilla ( asmunda ) dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904 type species : turbonilla ( asmunda ) turrita adams , c . b . , 1852
turbonilla ( baldra ) dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904 type species : turbonilla ( baldra ) archeri dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904
turbonilla ( bartschella ) iredale , t . , 1916 type species : turbonilla ( bartschella ) subangulata carpenter , 1857
turbonilla ( careliopsis ) mörch , o . a . l . , 1875 type species : unknowngenustype
turbonilla ( chemnitzia ) orbigny , a . v . m . d . d ' , 1839 type species : melania campanellae philippi , r . a . , 1836
turbonilla ( cylindriturbonilla ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : turbonilla ( cylindriturbonilla ) compressa jeffreys , j . g . , 1884
turbonilla ( cyrtoturbonilla ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : turbonilla ( chemnitzia ) pusilla philippi , r . a . , 1844
turbonilla ( dunkeria ) carpenter , 1857 type species : turbonilla ( dunkeria ) paucilineata carpenter , p . p . , 1856
turbonilla ( graciliturbonilla ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : turbonilla ( graciliturbonilla ) delicata monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1874
turbonilla ( lancella ) dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904 type species : unknowngenustype
turbonilla ( magniturbonilla ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : turbonilla ( magniturbonilla ) speciosa adams , a . , 1860
turbonilla ( mormula ) adams , a . , 1864 type species : turbonilla ( mormula ) rissoina adams , a . , 1864
turbonilla ( nisiturris ) dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1906 type species : turbonilla ( nisiturris ) crystallina dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1906
turbonilla ( planpyrgiscus ) laws , c . r . , 1937 type species : turbonilla ( planpyrgiscus ) extenuatus marwick , j .
turbonilla ( pselliogyra ) dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1909 type species : unknowngenustype
turbonilla ( ptycheulimella ) sacco , f . , 1892 type species : turbonilla ( ptycheulimella ) pyramidata deshayes , g . p . , 1834
turbonilla ( pyrgiscilla ) laws , c . r . , 1937 type species : unknowngenustype
turbonilla ( pyrgiscus ) philippi , r . a . , 1841 type species : turbonilla ( pyrgiscus ) rufa philippi , r . a . , 1836
turbonilla ( pyrgolampros ) sacco , f . , 1892 type species : turbonilla ( pyrgolampros ) mioperplicata sacco , f . , 1892
turbonilla ( pyrgolidium ) monterosato , t . a . de m . di , 1884 type species : turbonilla ( pyrgolidium ) internodula wood , s . v . , 1848
turbonilla ( striarcana ) laws , c . r . , 1937 type species : turbonilla ( striarcana ) cryptolira laws , c . r . , 1937
turbonilla ( strioturbonilla ) sacco , f . , 1892 type species : turbonilla sigmoidea jeffreys , j . g . , 1884
turbonilla ( variturbonilla ) nordsieck , f . , 1972 type species : turbonilla ( variturbonilla ) rectogallica sacco , f . , 1890
dunkeria dall , w . h . & p . bartsch , 1904 type species : unknowngenustype
eulimella forbes , e . & r . macandrew , 1846 type species : eulimella macandrei forbes , e . , 1844
eulimella ( eulimella ) forbes , e . & r . macandrew , 1846 type species : unknowngenustype
eulimella ( raoulostraca ) oliver , w . r . b . , 1915 type species : eulimella ( raoulostraca ) inexpectata oliver , w . r . b . , 1915
is a free , web - based , collaborative , multilingual encyclopedia project supported by the non - profit wikimedia foundation . its name is a portmanteau of the words wiki ( a technology for creating collaborative websites , from the hawaiian word wiki , meaning
quick
) and encyclopedia . wikipedia ' s 13 million articles ( three million in the english wikipedia ) have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world , and almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site . launched in 2001 by jimmy wales and larry sanger , it is currently the largest and most popular general reference work on the internet . last indexed april 8 , 2015
description of xerocomus olivaceus b . ortiz & t . j . baroni ( 2007 )
description of xerocomus belizensis b . ortiz t . j . baroni ( 2007 )
description of boletus rugulosiceps b . ortiz , t . j . baroni & lodge ( 2007 )
description of boletus brunneotomentosus b . ortiz & t . j . baroni ( 2007 )
description of boletus roseoareolatus b . ortiz & t . j . baroni ( 2007 )
description of boletus occidentalis b . ortiz & t . j . baroni ( 2007 )
description of boletus neotropicus b . ortiz & t . j . baroni ( 2007 )
» species turbonilla ( dunkeria ) eritima e . a . smith , 1890 accepted as turbonilla eritima e . a . smith , 1890 ( basionym )
species turbonilla abrupta clessin , 1902 accepted as turbonilla nesiotes pimenta & absalão , 1998 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla abrupta bush , 1899 ; t . nesiotes is a replacement name )
species turbonilla acosta bartsch , 1919 accepted as derjuginella rufofasciata ( e . a . smith , 1875 )
species turbonilla albella a . adams , 1861 accepted as turbonilla orientica corgan , 1970 ( non lovén , 1846 )
species turbonilla angusta gabb , 1873 † accepted as turbonilla angustula pilsbry & johnson , 1917 † accepted as chemnitzia angustula ( pilsbry & johnson , 1917 ) † ( invalid : treated by pilsbry & johnson as a secondary homonym of turbonilla angusta ( carpenter , 1864 ) ; t . angustula is a replacement name )
species turbonilla antiqua p . marshall , 1919 † accepted as pyrgiscilla hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) † accepted as pyrgiscus hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) †
species turbonilla areolata a . e . verrill , 1873 accepted as turbonilla interrupta ( totten , 1835 )
species turbonilla awamoaensis p . marshall & murdoch , 1921 † accepted as eulimella awamoaensis p . marshall & murdoch , 1921 †
species turbonilla bathyraphe g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 accepted as peristichia bathyraphe ( g . b . sowerby iii , 1901 ) ( original combination )
species turbonilla bella dall & bartsch , 1906 accepted as turbonilla varicosa ( a . adams , 1855 )
species turbonilla cancellata w . h . turton , 1932 accepted as pyrgiscus altenai van aartsen & corgan , 1996 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla cancellata holmes , 1860 ; pyrgiscus altenai is a replacement name )
species turbonilla candida de folin , 1870 accepted as syrnola etiennei ( dautzenberg , 1912 ) ( preoccupied by turbonilla candida a . adams , 1855 )
species turbonilla corintoensis [ sic ] accepted as turbonilla corintonis hertlein & a . m . strong , 1951 ( misspelling )
species turbonilla cornelliana ( newcomb , 1870 ) accepted as turbonilla varicosa ( a . adams , 1855 )
species turbonilla decussata pease , 1861 accepted as turbonilla varicosa ( a . adams , 1855 )
species turbonilla elegans verrill , 1872 accepted as turbonilla elegantula a . e . verrill , 1882 ( preoccupied by turbonilla elegans d ' orbigny , 1841 )
species turbonilla elegantula ( a . adams , 1860 ) accepted as asmunda elegantula ( a . adams , 1860 )
species turbonilla elongata castellanos , 1982 accepted as turbonilla zulmae pimenta & absalão , 1998 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla elongata pease , 1861 ; t . zulmae is a replacement name )
species turbonilla evermanni baker , hanna & a . m . strong , 1928 accepted as murchisonella evermanni ( baker , hanna & a . m . strong , 1928 ) ( original combination )
species turbonilla formosa verrill & s . smith [ in verrill ] , 1880 accepted as turbonilla bushiana a . e . verrill , 1882 ( preoccupied by chemnitzia formosa klipst , 1856 and turbonilla formosa vincent and rutot , 1879 )
species turbonilla gracillima gabb , 1865 accepted as chemnitzia gabbiana j . g . cooper , 1867 accepted as turbonilla gabbiana ( j . g . cooper , 1867 ) ( junior secondary homonym of chemnitzia gracillima carpenter , 1857 ; chemnitzia gabbiana is a replacement name )
species turbonilla grossa j . t . marshall , 1894 accepted as turbonilla sinuosa ( jeffreys , 1884 ) ( synonym )
species turbonilla hampdenensis finlay , 1927 † accepted as pyrgiscilla hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) † accepted as pyrgiscus hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) †
species turbonilla hampdenensis r . s . allan , 1926 † accepted as pyrgiscilla hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) † accepted as pyrgiscus hampdenensis ( r . s . allan , 1926 ) †
species turbonilla helena thiele , 1925 accepted as turbonilla indonesiae van aartsen & corgan , 1996 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla helena semper , 1861 and t . helena bartsch , 1915 ; turbonilla indonesiae is a replacement name )
species turbonilla hemphilli bartsch , 1917 accepted as turbonilla vix pimenta & absalão , 1998 ( invalid : junior homonym of turbonilla hemphilli bush , 1899 ; t . vix is a replacement name )
species turbonilla hoecki [ sic ] accepted as turbonilla hoeki dautzenberg & h . fischer , 1896 ( misspelling )
risso , a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 pp . , 1 map [ 1826 ] ; vol . 2 : vii + 482 pp . , 8 pls [ november 1827 ] ; vol . 3 : xvi + 480 pp . , 14 pls [ september 1827 ] ; vol . 4 : iv + 439 pp . , 12 pls [ november 1826 ] ; vol . 5 : viii + 400 pp . , 10 pls [ november 1827 ] . . 3 ( xvi ) : 1 - 480 , 14 pls . , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 224 [ details ]
robba e . ( 2013 ) tertiary and quaternary fossil pyramidelloidean gastropods of indonesia . scripta geologica 144 : 1 - 191 . [ april 2013 ] [ details ]
( of turbonilla ( turbonilla ) risso , 1826 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of turbonilla ( cylindriturbonilla ) nordsieck , 1972 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of turbonilla ( cyrtoturbonilla ) nordsieck , 1972 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of dunkeria carpenter , 1857 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of turbonilla ( graciliturbonilla ) nordsieck , 1972 ) howson , c . m . ; picton , b . e . ( 1997 ) . the species directory of the marine fauna and flora of the british isles and surrounding seas . ulster museum publication , 276 . the ulster museum : belfast , uk . isbn 0 - 948150 - 06 - 8 . vi , 508 ( + cd - rom ) pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ] available for editors [ request ]
( of turbonilla ( chemnitzia ) d ' orbigny , 1839 ) vaught , k . c . ; tucker abbott , r . ; boss , k . j . ( 1989 ) . a classification of the living mollusca . american malacologists : melbourne . isbn 0 - 915826 - 22 - 4 . xii , 195 pp . ( look up in imis ) [ details ]
( of chemnitzia d ' orbigny , 1840 ) landau b . m . & lafollette p . i . ( 2015 ) . the pyramidellidae ( mollusca : gastropoda ) from the miocene cantaure formation of venezuela . cainozoic research . 15 ( 1 - 2 ) : 13 - 54 . note : genus treated as valid [ details ]
html public
- / / w3c / / dtd html 4 . 01 transitional / / en
urltoken
transactions and proceedings of the new zealand institute , 1879 . [ electronic resource ]
[ read before the wellington philosophical society , 21 st february , 1880 . ]
since reading the above - quoted passage , i have carefully examined the large collections contained in the colonial museum , and also the private cabinets of mr . e . butts , junr . , mr . h . b . kirk , and mr . herbert , to all of whom my sincere thanks are due .
this number will probably , ere long , be greatly increased , as no attempt worthy of the name has yet been made to dredge this part of the coast .
where a species which has no wellington representative in the colonial museum occurs in a private cabinet , the initials of the collector are appended .
for the purposes of this paper , i shall consider the neighbourhood of wellington to include not only the harbour , but also that piece of coast between pencarrow head and porirua harbour .
it was my intention to have appended notes on the relative abundance of the various species , as also on observed phenomena connected with the growth of individual forms ; but these must be reserved for a future occasion .
publication of captain hutton ' s excellent catalogue of the marine mollusca of new zealand has afforded me an opportunity of naming the shells which , for some years past , i have collected in and about auckland harbour . while engaged in this work , it occurred to me that a list of the species noticed , together with a few cursory remarks , might be of some value as a contribution towards the question of the geographical range of our shells ; a point on which very little appears to be known . with this view i have prepared the following sketch , which i have now the pleasure to submit to the notice of the institute .
for the purposes of this paper , i shall consider auckland harbour to extend in a northerly and easterly direction as far as rangitoto and brown ' s island , and to be bounded on the west by a line drawn from kauri point to the mouth of the whau river . from the great irregularity in the coast line—large bays and inlets stretching back for considerable distances—it is difficult to estimate the area with any approach to exactness , but it is probably not less than eighteen square miles . the depth is nowhere very great : an irregularly shaped depression between the north head and the bean rock lighthouse exceeds fifteen fathoms , and off stokes ' point a narrow channel , with a depth of from twelve to thirteen fathoms extends for a considerable distance . no part of rangitoto channel , however , exceeds eight fathoms , and the broadest part of the harbour—that between the tamaki heads
and rangitoto—has only an average depth of four or five . many of the bays are very shallow , and extensive mud - banks , often covered with zostera , are daily exposed at low - water .
the distribution of the mollusca is well known to be considerably influenced by depth , and the sea - bed has , in consequence , been divided by the late professor edward forbes and others into four “zones” or areas , as follows : —first , the littoral zone , or the space between the tide - marks ; second , the laminarian zone , extending from low - water mark to ten or fifteen fathoms ; third , the coralline zone , from fifteen to fifty fathoms ; and lastly , the deep sea zone . it is , of course , only the first two of these regions that we are concerned with in auckland harbour .
boring molluscs are well represented in the space between the tide marks ; the sandstone rocks being everywhere preforated by two species of the pholadidœ ( pholœs similis and pholadidea tridens ) and by lithodomus truncatus . the intensely hard basaltic lava around rangitoto alone appears to successfully resist their attacks . venerupis reflexa often shelters in the deserted burrows of the pholas , but is capable of excavating for itself in the softer rocks . the ravages of the teredo in the timber of our wharves and jetties is too well known to need more than simple mention here .
preserve the specimen and so cannot now speak confidently as to its genus . dead shells of spirula lœvis , and also of the well - known “sea snails , ” ianthina exigua and i . communis , are frequently cast up after north - east gales ; but as these species live in tke open sea only , we have no right to claim them as inhabitants .
there are other questions , too , that require attention besides that of “species hunting , ” and perhaps of more importance . the geographical distribution and relative abundance of the species is one that has hardly


eurymela is a genus of leafhoppers .

there are seven known species , and they are found throughout mainland australia .

the two most common species are e. fenestrata and e. distincta .

e. fenestrata is the type species .

species of the genus are commonly known as " jassids " .

they feed on the sap of eucalypts .

eurymela

html public
- / / w3c / / dtd xhtml 1 . 0 transitional / / en
urltoken
known species : seven species are known , variously distributed across all mainland australian states .
if you have images for this taxon that you would like to share with atlas of living australia , please upload using the upload tools .
houart , r . 1992 ,
the genus chicoreus and related genera ( gastropoda : muricidae ) in the indo - west pacific
, mémoires du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle , paris , ser . a , vol . 154 , pp . 1 - 188
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1b2c2b94 - 26a9 - 4db8 - bc04 - a8e61cf941ff
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 1606de75 - 7ee4 - 449d - 8063 - cf5a8884272b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 249267
explore species occurrence records in the context of their environment . find records and model species distributions . export reports , maps and data .
find out how you can contribute to a citizen science project in your area , or explore one of the many citizen science projects supported by the ala .
did you see something ? photograph something ? contribute your sighting to the atlas of living australia .
the atlas of living australia acknowledges australia ' s traditional owners and pays respect to the past and present elders of the nation ' s aboriginal and torres strait islander communities . we honour and celebrate the spiritual , cultural and customary connections of traditional owners to country and the biodiversity that forms part of that country .
viette , p . 1951 ,
sur quelques noctuelles décrites par guenée ( 1852 - 1854 )
, bulletin mensuel de la société linnéenne de lyon , vol . 20 , pp . 159 - 162
burmeister , h . c . c . 1838 ,
rhynchota . no . 2
, genera insectorum , vol . 1 , pp . pls 6 , 12 , 14 , 15
signoret , v . a . 1850 ,
notice sur le groupe des eurymélides
, annales de la société entomologique de france , ser . 2 , vol . 8 , pp . 497 - 513
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 78f6404b - 422c - 4bf5 - 9496 - f55bd9efd324
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 0e5eabf2 - 5004 - 4ff8 - 86bf - d4a3bd3e82e6
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 360701
kirkaldy , g . w . 1906 ,
leafhoppers and their natural enemies
, bulletin of the hawaiian sugar planters ' association experimental station entomological series , vol . 1 , no . 9 , pp . 271 - 479
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : f16e2f91 - 9efc - 4ac8 - 8135 - fcedc6be4c4a
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : d37d4136 - 5670 - 4fcb - bdd0 - b8c476252b7d
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 342746
this page contains pictures and information about common jassids that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .
common jassid is one of the largest size leafhopper in the eurymelinae . we sometimes call them
, the adult is brown and dark violet under sunlight . there are some white spots on its wings . nymph has the reddish - brown body with black markings .
end august 2009 , we found many common jassids on young gum trees in a garden in sinnamon park . most young gum trees there were infected . adults and different instars stages of nymphs were found together on host plants . besides some black moss , we did not see any others damages on those trees . the black moss is an airborne fungal disease , sooty mould (
all leafhopper species have five instars and one adult stages . the above pictures show the 5th instars stage . they will become adults very soon . usually they one generation per year .
as seen in the pictures there were some ants walking around them . they are attended by those ants . they excrete sugary ' honey dew ' which is favoured by the ants .
the gum - leafhoppers are slow moving , usually run aside when disturbed . unlike those in
, their nymphs cannot jump . however , adults are good jumper . they jump and fly away when touched .
adult with brown eyes and powder pink abdomen . their body colours vary quite a bit between individuals .
have only one spur on hind legs , which make them easily distinguished from other genus .
we found this large gum - leafhopper on gum leaf alone in karawatha forest during mid summer .
csiro , division of entomology , melbourne university press , 2nd edition 1991 , pp 472 - 437 .
copyright © 1999 - 2018 john wiley & sons , inc . all rights reserved
enter your email address below . if your address has been previously registered , you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password . if you don ' t receive an email , you should register as a new user
please tell us how you intend to reuse this image . this will help us to understand what’s popular and why so that we can continue to improve access to the collections .
what’s your intended use for this image ? please select an option scholarly or professional research for school , university , etc . personal or community research make a print for home to use in a blog or website publishing in a book make something else interesting could you please tell us more ? submit
museums victoria does not own the copyright in all the material on this website . in some cases copyright belongs to third parties and has been published here under a licence agreement : this does not authorise you to copy that material . you may be required to obtain permission from the copyright owner . some unpublished material may require permission for reuse even if it is very old . orphan works , where the copyright owner is unknown , also require permission for reuse . indigenous works may have additional legal and cultural issues . you may be required to seek cultural clearances from aboriginal and torres strait islander communities , families , individuals or organisations before you reproduce aboriginal and torres strait islander material .
adult has a wide , flat face and an abdomen tapering to a narrow point . wings can be black , dark blue , with white , yellow or red markings . body up to 1 cm long .
gumtree hoppers suck sap from young twigs and branches of eucalypts , wattles and she - oaks . they usually feed in groups and excrete large quantities of honeydew , which attracts ants and leads to the growth of black - grey mould . adults fly and jump if disturbed ; young nymphs run behind stems for protection .
have you ever seen a willie wag - tail bird prancing in your backyard ? or what about a wedge - tailed eagle soaring majestically in the sky ? or even sighted a christmas beetle at your local park ? it’s great to see these snippets of . . .
the source code for museums victoria collections is available on github under the mit license .
javascript is disabled on your browser . please enable javascript to use all the features on this page .
the posterior midgut is unlike that of xylem - feeding members of the auchenorrhyncha in that it is shorter , of greater diameter , is of 2 cell - types , and exhibits an anteriorad migration of the malpighian tubule junction from the primitive hemipteran position . the hypotheses are advanced that these features of the posterior midgut are , in auchenorrhyncha , characteristic of phloem - feeders and produce , as in mesophyll - feeders , a simple type of filter chamber , while the filter chamber . of xylem - feeders is more complex .
present address : 8301 cedarbrake drive , houston , tx 77055 , u . s . a .
copyright © 2018 elsevier b . v . or its licensors or contributors . sciencedirect ® is a registered trademark of elsevier b . v .