pangio anguillaris is a species of loach found in still and slow-moving freshwater in indochina ( mekong and chao phraya basins ) , malay peninsula , sumatra , and borneo .

this is a slender fish ( the specific name means " eel-like " ) measuring up to 12 cm standard length .

it is generally brown , sometimes with tiny spots , with a faint dark lateral stripe down the body .

it is a rather slow-moving species , often burying itself in the mud or sand .

it is often found in temporary waters such as seasonally flooded fields .

it is not caught in large numbers although it is considered a delicacy in parts of thailand and small numbers end up in the aquarium trade .

pangio anguillaris

the type locality of p . anguillaris is in central borneo but the specimens used in the study were collected in thailand and laos and formed two distinct groups . it’s therefore likely that unidentified species exist in this species group , and possible that none of those analysed actually represented p . anguillaris .
pangio is among the most speciose cobitid genera and widespread throughout south and southeast asia with species diversity thought to be considerably greater than currently recognised .
in the most recent study pangio was found to be more closely affiliated with acantopsis , acanthopsoides and kottelatlimia than lepidocephalichthys as had been previously hypothesised .
one of a handful of pangio spp . traded under the generic name ‘eel loach’ , though it’s most commonly available as bycatch among shipments of other fishes .
pangio spp . are peaceful both with one another and other fishes and there exist no reports of them harming tankmates though they may prey on eggs or fry .
hadiaty , r . k . and m . kottelat , 2009 - zootaxa 2171 : 65 - 68 pangio lidi , a new species of loach from eastern borneo , indonesia .
their results suggest the existence of three , rather than four , major lineages within the genus ; the p . anguillaris and p . shelfordii groups represent two of them with kottelat and lim’s p . kuhlii and p . oblonga groups together forming the third .
several described members were previously included in the genus acanthophthalmus which kottelat ( 1987 ) demonstrated to be a syonym of cobitis , and he chose the replacement name pangio in preference to its simultaneous synonym apua ( blyth , 1860 ) .
britz , r . and j . maclaine , 2007 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 18 ( 1 ) : 17 - 30 a review of the eel - loaches , genus pangio , from myanmar ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cobitidae ) .
britz , r . and m . kottelat , 2010 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 20 ( 4 ) : 317 - 376 pangio longimanus , a miniature species of eel - loach from central laos ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cobitidae ) .
myers ( 1929 ) placed p . anguillaris as type species of cobitophis , a grouping containing the very elongate species , while perugia ( 1892 ) originally described p . doriae in the genus eucirrhichthys . the former was synonymised with acanthophthalmus by nalbant ( 1963 ) and the latter by roberts ( 1989 ) .
bohlen , j . , v , šlechtová , h . h . tan and r . britz , 2011 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 61 ( 3 ) : 854 - 865 phylogeny of the southeast asian freshwater fish genus pangio ( cypriniformes ; cobitidae ) .
pangio species are often generically referred to as ‘kuhli’ or ‘coolie’ loaches in the aquarium hobby , the latter a variation of the former which was itself derived from the surname of german naturalist heinrich kuhl ( 1797 - 1821 ) . ichthyologists tend to refer to them as ‘eel loaches’ .
in the highly diverse danau sentarum national park and kapuas lakes area , kalimantan barat p . anguillaris occurs sympatrically with numerous other species including cyclocheilichthys janthochir , ‘ puntius ‘ anchisporus , ‘ p . ‘ kuchingensis , ‘ p . ‘ lineatus , ‘ p . ‘ rhomboocellatus , ‘ p . ‘ trifasciatus , brevibora dorsiocellata , rasbora cephalotaenia , r . sarawakensis , trigonopoma gracile , t . pauciperforatum , barbucca diabolica , nemacheilus saravacensis , n . spiniferus , kottelatlimia pristes , pangio malayana , p . oblonga , p . semicincta , p . shelfordii , chaca bankanensis , hemirhamphodon pogonognathus , betta dimidiata , b . pinguis , and luciocephalus pulcher .
kottelat and lim ( 1993 ) suggested that the p . anguillaris group is one of four such assemblages within the genus alongside the p . kuhlii , p . oblonga and p . shelfordii groups , and this unofficial system was followed until bohlen et al . ( 2011 ) published a molecular phylogenetic analysis including 18 recognised species plus a number of undescribed ones .
other species in the p . anguillaris group include p . bitaimac , p . doriae , p . lidi , p . lumbriciformis and possibly p . signicauda . they’re most obviously separated from those of the p . shelfordii and p . kuhlii – oblonga groups by their high vertebral count and vermiform ( worm - like ) , usually patternless , greyish - coloured bodies .
kottelat , m . and k . k . p . lim , 1993 - raffles bulletin of zoology 41 ( 2 ) : 203 - 249 a review of the eel - loaches of the genus pangio ( teleostei : cobitidae ) from the malay peninsula , with descriptions of six new species .
it’s included in the p . anguillaris group of closely - related species within the genus and is most easily told apart from other members by its extremely elongated body with 69 - 71 vertebrae ( vs . 54 - 56 in p . lumbriciformis ) , lack of nasal barbels ( vs . present in p . bitaimac and p . lidi ) and lack of cheek scales ( vs . present in p . doriae ) .
kottelat , m . and k . k . p . lim , 1993 . a review of the eel - loaches of the genus pangio ( teleostei : cobitidae ) from the malay peninsula , with descriptions of six new species . raffles bull . zool . 41 ( 2 ) : 208 - 210 . ( ref . 13770 )
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adult males possess thickened rays in the pectoral fins and some individuals develop what appears to be some form of nuchal hump , both characters clearly visible here .
detail of head and anterior portion of body ; adult male of the spotted form .
described from the kapuas river basin , west kalimantan ( kalimantan barat ) province , indonesia ( borneo ) and since recorded from the batang hari river system , sumatra , peninsular malaysia , the chao phraya river in thailand and mekong in thailand , laos , cambodia and vietnam .
this patchy distribution suggests additional populations are likely to exist although the species as currently - recognised appears to represent a complex of closely - related taxa ( kottelat and lim , 1993 ; tan and kottelat , 2009 ; bohlen et al . , 2011 ) .
most commonly found in shallow , slow - moving sections of streams or calm habitats such as swamps , oxbows and backwaters .
these are often heavily - vegetated or scattered with submerged roots , branches and leaf litter with substrates composed of soft mud , sand or silt within which the fish conceal themselves .
use a soft , sandy substrate since this species likes to dig and tends to spend some of its time completely buried . when coarser gravel is used it may become stressed or damage itself , and feeding behaviour can be inhibited .
a few driftwood roots and branches , placed in such a way that plenty of shady spots are formed , can be used to add structure to the display and addition of dried leaf litter would provide additional cover and aid in simulating natural conditions .
fairly dim lighting is also preferable and aquatic plants such as microsorum , taxiphyllum , and cryptocoryne spp . can be added .
gentle filtration providing a little surface agitation is adequate and high flow rates best avoided . ensure that small specimens are unable to enter filter intakes and cover the tank well as most loaches do jump at times , especially when introduced to a new environment .
chiefly a micropredator sifting mouthfuls of substrate through the mouth and gills from which insect larvae , small crustaceans and suchlike are extracted with a proportion of the natural diet also likely to comprise organic detritus and plant material from the gut contents of prey .
in the aquarium it will accept sinking dried foods but should also be offered regular meals of live and frozen daphnia , artemia , bloodworm , micro worm , grindal worm , etc .
in nature they’re often found in large aggregations and in captivity will often pack themselves into a single nook , cranny or cave when at rest , so a group of at least 5 - 6 specimens should be the minimum purchased .
diminutive , peaceful species from similar environments including genera such as boraras , sundadanio , smaller rasbora , trichopsis , sphaerichthys , kottelatlimia , etc . constitute the best tankmates .
some sand - dwelling loaches from the family nemacheilidae are also suitable but proper research is essential as some can be excessively territorial , aggressive or otherwise competitive .
adult females are typically heavier - bodied and a little larger then males , while in adult males the first pectoral - fin ray is branched and thickened and the pectoral fins themselves are upturned and longer than those of females .
mature males of some populations develop what appears to be a nuchal hump on the head .
has not been bred in captivity as far as we know . according to rainboth ( 1996 ) spawning occurs in shallow water with abundant vegetation .
wild populations tend to differ in colour pattern to some extent , with some exhibiting a more intense lateral stripe while others display an irregular pattern of fine dark spots on the body , for example .
within this third lineage are three sublineages formed by p . filinaris , an apparently undescribed fish from the temburong river in brunei referred to as p . cf . oblonga iv , and all other species in the group , respectively .
they’re distinguished from other cobitids by their long , slender body shape , relatively high number of vertebrae and the position of the dorsal - fin which is situated well behind the origin of the pelvic fins ( vs . in front of , above or only slightly behind ) .
the family cobitidae , often referred to as ‘true’ loaches , is widely - distributed across most of eurasia with the indian subcontinent , southeast asia and china representing particular centres of species diversity .
phylogenetic analyses by tang et al . ( 2006 ) , šlechtová et al . ( 2007 ) and šlechtová et al . ( 2008 ) revealed that the group constitutes a separate genetic lineage to the family botiidae ( the two were previously grouped together under cobitidae as subfamilies cobitinae and botiinae ) .
all cobitids possess sharp , motile , sub - ocular spines which are normally concealed within a pouch of skin but erected when an individual is stressed , e . g . if removed from the water . care is therefore necessary as these can become entangled in aquarium nets and with larger species even break human skin .
vaillant , l . l . , 1902 - notes from the leyden museum 24 ( 1 ) : 1 - 166 résultats zoologiques de l ' expédition scientifique néerlandaise au bornéo central . poissons .
burridge , m . e . , 1992 - copeia 1992 ( 1 ) : 172 - 186 systematics of the acanthophthalmus kuhlii complex ( teleostei : cobitidae ) , with the description of a new species from sarawak and brunei .
kottelat , m . , 2012 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 26 : 1 - 199 conspectus cobitidum : an inventory of the loaches of the world ( teleostei : cypriniformes : cobitoidei ) .
kottelat , m . , 2001 - wht publications ltd . , colombo , sri lanka : 1 - 198 fishes of laos .
kottelat , m . , 1987 - japanese journal of ichthyology 33 ( 4 ) : 368 - 375 nomenclatural status of the fish names created by j . c . van hasselt ( 1823 ) and of some cobitoid genera .
kottelat , m . and e . widjanarti , 2005 - raffles bulletin of zoology supplement 13 : 139 - 173 the fishes of danau sentarum national park and the kapuas lakes area , kalimantan barat , indonesia .
rainboth , w . j . , 1996 - fao , rome : 1 - 265 fishes of the cambodian mekong . fao species identification field guide for fishery purposes .
roberts , t . r . , 1989 - memoirs of the california academy of sciences 14 : i - xii + 1 - 210 the freshwater fishes of western borneo ( kalimantan barat , indonesia ) .
tan , h . h . and m . kottelat , 2009 - ichthyological exploration of freshwaters 20 ( 1 ) : 13 - 69 the fishes of the batang hari drainage , sumatra , with description of six new species .
tang , q . , h . liu , r . mayden and b . xiong , 2006 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 39 ( 2 ) : 347 - 357 comparison of evolutionary rates in the mitochondrial dna cytochrome b gene and control region and their implications for phylogeny of the cobitoidea ( teleostei : cypriniformes ) .
šlechtová , v . , j . bohlen and a . perdices , 2008 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 47 ( 2 ) : 812 - 831 molecular phylogeny of the freshwater fish family cobitidae ( cypriniformes : teleostei ) : delimitation of genera , mitochondrial introgression and evolution of sexual dimorphism .
šlechtová , v . , j . bohlen and h . h . tan , 2007 - molecular phylogenetics and evolution 44 ( 3 ) : 1358 - 1365 families of cobitoidea ( teleostei ; cypriniformes ) as revealed from nuclear genetic data and the position of the mysterious genera barbucca , psilorhynchus , serpenticobitis and vaillantella .
freshwater ; demersal ; ph range : 5 . 0 - 6 . 0 ; dh range : 5 - 12 . tropical ; 24°c - 26°c ( ref . 2060 )
asia : mekong and chao phraya basins , malay peninsula , sumatra and borneo .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 43281 ) ; common length : 5 . 0 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 57235 )
vertebrae : 69 - 71 . body depth 14 - 18 times in sl ; no nasal barbel ; plain brown or finely spotted body ; a faint dark stripe along the side from the gill opening to the caudal fin ( ref . 27732 ) . head 12 - 13 times in total length ( ref . 12693 ) .
lives in hailstone to peat carals ( ref . 57235 ) . found in medium to large - sized rivers ( ref . 12975 ) . inhabits sand or leaf - litter in river stretches with slow current ( ref . 27732 ) . occur near the bottom over sand or silt substrates in debris and decaying vegetation . spends much of its time buried in the sand or slowly foraging across the surface . breed in very shallow water with a lot of vegetation , most commonly in flooded forests or grasslands along the water edge . feeds mostly on benthic invertebrates . not fished commercially . occasionally seen in the aquarium trade ( ref . 12693 ) . highly esteemed food fish in northern central thailand ( ref . 57235 ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5000 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 00102 ( 0 . 00046 - 0 . 00225 ) , b = 3 . 06 ( 2 . 88 - 3 . 24 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 5 ±0 . 37 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : medium , minimum population doubling time 1 . 4 - 4 . 4 years ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low to moderate vulnerability ( 30 of 100 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
should only be kept with similar sized robust fish but nothing aggressive . should be kept in groups of 4 or more .
relatively effective in keeping small snail populations under control . will eat a variety of foods including pellet and flake as well as live / frozen food such as
must only be kept in well - matured long tanks . a soft substrate is essential , either sand or fine rounded gravel . does not appreciate very strong currents .
a sociable fish that finds comfort in numbers . a very active burrower , even in gravel , will spend a lot of its time buried .
a very slender snake - like loach , it is has a pale belly while the body is mottled green / grey with a strong dark lateral line running down the body .
this page was last edited on 13 december 2017 , at 03 : 20 .
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
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hoplolatilus marcosi , the redback sand tilefish , is a species of tilefish native to the western central pacific ocean .

it is an inhabitant of reefs being found at depths of from 18 to 80 metres ( 59 to 262 ft ) though usually deeper than 30 metres ( 98 ft ) .

this species can reach a length of 12 centimetres ( 4.7 in ) tl .

it can also be found in the aquarium trade .

hoplolatilus marcosi

hoplolatilus marcosi ( redstripe tilefish , redback tilefish , marcos ' tilefish , skunk tilefish ) is found in sandy rubble zones at 18 - 80 meters of depth throughout the tropical western pacific . this species reaches 12 - 20 centimeters in length , requiring at least 100 liters of tank volume .
hoplolatilus marcosi , filmed in alkmaar , to show how two of these species became best friends in just one day . one was already in my tank , the other for two days . unfortunately i was too late ( i was too impressed and hypnotized ) to film how the male tried to impress the female the day after they met . how i know it ' s male and female ? it was cristal clear a courtship dance . . .
hoplolatilus cuniculus ( dusky tilefish ) is found in sandy to muddy outer reef slopes at 25 - 115 meters of depth throughout oceania . this species reaches 9 - 15 centimeters in length , requiring at least 100 liters of tank volume .
hoplolatilus luteus ( yellow tilefish ) is found over flat , soft , silty bottoms at 30 - 35 meters of depth throughout the indo - pacific . this species reaches ~ 11 centimeters in length , requiring at least 100 liters of tank volume .
hoplolatilus purpureus ( purple tilefish ) is found in muddy to rubbly outer reef slopes at 18 - 80 meters of depth throughout the tropical western pacific . this species reaches ~ 14 centimeters in length , requiring at least 200 liters of tank volume .
hoplolatilus fourmanoiri ( spotted tilefish , yellow - blotched tilefish ) is found in silty sand flats at 5 - 55 meters of depth throughout the tropical western pacific . this species reaches 14 - 20 centimeters in length , requiring at least 200 liters of tank volume .
hoplolatilus chlupatyi ( flashing tilefish , chameleon tilefish ) is found near reef bases at ~ 30 meters of depth throughout the tropical western pacific . it is capable of rapid changes in coloration . this species reaches ~ 15 centimeters in length , requiring at least 200 liters of tank volume .
hoplolatilus fronticinctus ( pastel tilefish , stocky tilefish ) is found in sandy reef bases at ~ 60 meters of depth throughout the tropical western pacific , the great barrier reef , and the northern and western indian ocean . it can construct rubble mounds that exceed a meter in height . this species reaches ~ 20 centimeters in length , requiring at least 200 liters of tank volume .
hoplolatilus starcki ( starck ' s tilefish , purple - headed tilefish ) is found on steep , rubbly seaward slopes at 21 - 105 meters of depth throughout oceania . juveniles are completely blue , and seem to mimic pseudanthias pascalus ( purple queen anthias ) with which it schools . this species reaches 14 - 20 centimeters in length , requiring at least 200 liters of tank volume .
the family malacanthidae is an ecologically diverse group that can be found in the temperate and tropical marine ( and in at least one case brackish ) waters of the world . while some tilefish can reach a length of 125 centimeters ( lopholatilus spp . ) , those species of interest to most aquarists ( certain members of the subfamily malacanthinae ) will likely not exceed 20 centimeters ( hoplolatilus spp . ) or 60 centimeters ( malacanthus spp . ) . morphological variance among members of hoplolatilus and malacanthus is slight . the body plan of the two genera is slender , elongate , and fusiform . dorsal and anal fins are simple and short , running continuously along the length of the body . a blunt head and heavy , upturned , terminal jaw gives them a grumpy appearance .
members of this group - - particularly those of the genera malacanthus and hoplolatilus - - are highly prized aquarium fishes . reasons for this are many . they are quite attractive , having a unique , exotic body form in addition to ( at least in the case of certain species ) handsome coloration and patterning . they are highly active and display a number of rather interesting behaviors . they are endearing creatures , endowed with considerable charm and intelligence .
sand tilefishes of the genera malacanthus and hoplolatilus are extraordinarily interesting and beautiful ornamental fishes . it is well established that members of this group have a low extended survivorship in conventional marine aquaria ; still , many aquarists are finding that success with these fishes is quite possible , provided that certain important aspects of their ecology are reflected in their captive care . demand for ( and success with ) them will almost certainly increase , as heavily fed , modestly illuminated , nps ( non - photosynthetic ) deepwater reef systems continue to gain popularity . there is much to be learned about this valuable aquarium fish ( reports of captive spawns of some sand tilefish species have certainly been encouraging ) ; clearly , the suitability of these intriguing animals for the home , and public , aquarium has yet to be fully demonstrated .
greek , hoplon = weapon + latin , latus = wide ( ref . 45335 )
marine ; reef - associated ; depth range 18 - 80 m ( ref . 9710 ) , usually 30 - 80 m ( ref . 27115 ) . tropical ; 22°c - 28°c ( ref . 27115 )
indo - pacific : indonesia , palau , philippines , papua new guinea and solomon islands . recently reported from tonga ( ref . 53797 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 12 . 0 cm tl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 9710 ) ; common length : 10 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 37816 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 9 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 16 ; anal spines : 1 - 2 ; anal soft rays : 14 - 15 ; vertebrae : 24 . preopercular serrae 27 - 44 ( ref . 9933 ) .
usually lives in very deep water adjacent to reef drop - offs ( ref . 48635 ) ; also on sandy and rubble areas ( ref . 9710 ) . builds large rubble mounts ( ref . 48635 ) . feeds on zooplankton . solitary or in small groups ( ref 90102 ) .
displays obligate monogamy where a one - to - one pair is established irrespective of resource abundance ( ref . 52884 ) .
burgess , w . e . , 1978 . two new species of tilefishes ( family branchiostegidae ) from the western pacific . trop . fish hobbyist 26 ( # 263 , no . 5 ) : 43 - 47 . ( ref . 9871 )
) : 23 . 7 - 28 . 3 , mean 27 ( based on 277 cells ) .
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 5001 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01122 ( 0 . 00514 - 0 . 02450 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 87 - 3 . 21 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 4 ±0 . 45 se ; based on food items .
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 18 of 100 ) .
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there is much to be learned about this valuable aquarium fish ( reports of captive spawns of some sand tilefish species have certainly been encouraging ) ; clearly , the suitability of these intriguing animals for the home , and public , aquarium has yet to be fully demonstrated .
n the last few decades , aquarists have steadily refined marine fishkeeping . these innovations include improved collection / handling / shipping procedure , more effective aquarium water filtration / treatment technologies , and a better understanding of marine fish nutrition / immunology , as well as a growing preference for systems that are specialized for keeping the flora and fauna of distinct ecological communities ( biotope aquaria , if you will ) . having access to better information , more advanced equipment , and healthier specimens , aquarists might find that some groups of fishes that were once thought to be
difficult
or
delicate
can actually be kept with relative ease , provided that certain special needs are properly addressed . one such group may be the sand tilefishes .
an aquarium containing sand tilefish should be completely covered to prevent escapes . photo by urltoken .
nevertheless , even though this group is fairly abundant and widely distributed , it remains underrepresented in the aquarium hobby . prices ( with ranges that tend to vary between species ) are comparatively higher among marine ornamental fish , despite a limited demand . demand for these creatures appears to be limited mainly by the perception that they are challenging to keep . in that successfully maintaining them does indeed require a considerable amount of planning , resources , and good luck , such a perception is - - as we shall see - - at least partly justified .
despite superficial similarities , tilefishes are not closely related to gobies ( such as this ptereleotris hanae ) . photo by urltoken .
success with sand tilefish depends largely upon ones ability to obtain specimens that have been carefully harvested by a competent collector . photo by eddie hanson .
sand tilefish inhabit sand - and scree - covered flats , reef bases , and reef slopes . they typically occur at considerable ( at least for reef - associated fishes ) depth ; they are seldom found above 5 meters of depth , and are typically found at depths of 25 - 65 meters .
sand tilefish are great excavators and builders . these fishes construct ( sometimes huge and elaborate ) burrows for their protection . these structures might serve primarily as a safe place to sleep ; if threatened during their waking hours , a tilefish is as likely to dart off into the distance as it is to dive into its burrow . though they are disinclined to defend their homes from fishes of other species , they can be quite scrappy with neighboring conspecifics ( squabbling over territory and even stealing building materials from each others ' burrows ) .
while much remains unknown about their reproductive habits , they are believed to be pelagic spawners that form long - term monogamous pairs .
malacanthus brevirostris ( banded blanquillo ) is found in seaward , barren , open sandy areas at 14 - 45 meters of depth throughout oceania , the tropical western pacific , the great barrier reef , the northern and western indian ocean , and the red sea . this species reaches 30 - 60 centimeters in length , requiring at least 600 liters of tank volume .
malacanthus latovittatus ( blue blanquillo ) is found on the seaward side of reefs at 5 + meters depth throughout the temperate and tropical western pacific , and the northern and western indian ocean . it has been observed in brackish waters near the end of papua new guinea ' s goldie river . its pattern changes substantially with maturity ; juveniles appear to mimic hologymnosus annulatus ( ring wrasse ) . this species reaches ~ 45 centimeters in length , requiring at least 500 liters of tank volume .
malacanthus plumieri ( sand tilefish ) is found in a variety of sandy or rubbly habitats , nearshore down to 150 meters of depth throughout the temperate and tropical western atlantic , as well as the tropical eastern atlantic . this species reaches ~ 60 centimeters in length , requiring at least 600 liters of tank volume .
h . chlupatyi can change its color from salmon to blue , green , orange , or purple in an instant . photo by felicia mccaulley .
a pair of h . starcki in their natural habitat . photo by jan messersmith .
tilefish were largely ignored by marine aquarists in the 50 ' s and 60 ' s ( indeed , some were not even discovered and described until the 70 ' s ) . while modest numbers of specimens began to trickle into the trade through the 80 ' s and 90 ' s , attempts to keep them for an appreciable length of time were usually met with failure . having been marked with the dubious distinction of an impossible - to - keep aquarium fish , they continue to receive minimal attention in the hobby ; even many contemporary aquarium science authors suggest avoiding them altogether . all the same , as indicated by indubitable successes reported on numerous online forums , recent improvements in aquarium technology / methodology have greatly increased ones chance of success with these fishes . all anecdotal evidence from these and other sources suggests that extended survivorship of captive sand tilefish requires that a host of special husbandry needs is addressed .
first and foremost , sand tilefish can be kept only in roomy enclosures . affording them with plenty of open swimming space will ensure that when they get spooked ( they will get spooked ) they will be less likely to injure themselves by colliding with rockwork or the aquarium panels . similarly , a very secure , tight - fitting lid must be used to prevent escapes .
the intense lighting typical of most reef aquaria will cause undo stress in these fishes ; low or moderate lighting is best . lighting should increase / decrease gradually throughout the photoperiod as to avoid startling them . nocturnal
lunar lighting
can be used to reduce
night fright .
the bottoms of tanks housing sand tilefish should include at least one large , open , sandy area . the substrate must be at least a few inches deep , though a depth of 6 inches or more is preferable . while each sand tilefish species may each prefer a rather specific substrate type , a fine sand / course rubble mixture will probably suffice .
by all accounts , sand tilefish simply do not tolerate suboptimal water quality . it will be imperative to install an appropriately sized , high - capacity filtration system on a system housing sand tilefish . such a system should be completely cycled and stabilized well before tilefish specimens are introduced .
aside from ensuring that they are provided with an appropriate living space , the most important factor in success with keeping sand tilefish appears to be obtaining specimens from a quality dealer . unfortunately , collectors have a long history of using sodium cyanide to harvest these wily , evasive creatures . during capture , their panicking and intense struggling can result in serious injury , especially if they must be extracted from their burrows . as with many other deepwater reef fishes , further injury can be inflicted if certain steps are not taken to mitigate decompression - related trauma . they are notoriously poor shippers ( indeed , many online retailers do not cover them under normal
live arrival
guarantees ) , and will be much more likely to succumb to shipping stress if exporters / distributors / wholesalers / retailers have not packed them with the greatest care . one should be able to evaluate the health of a prospective specimen before purchase ( perhaps 3 - 4 weeks ) to ensure that it is free of disease and physical damage , is alert , and is eating well ; where this is not possible , new specimens should be quarantined prior to introduction into a display . parasitic infestation - - to which these fishes are particularly prone - - is especially problematic due to the hosts ' own sensitivity to many common remedies ( e . g . , copper sulfate ) .
ones odds of success with sand tilefish will be greater if specimens are added in pairs . ideally , they will be among the first fish added to a tank , so that they not be subjected to any competition or harassment during the critical period of adjustment . this nervous , flighty fish is not comfortable in crowds - - much less so with larger , hyperactive , or aggressive tankmates . aquarists are encouraged to leave the lights down ( or off ) and refrain from working in or around the aquarium for the first few days of adjustment .
feeding a new sand tilefish can be challenging . the initial response of newly captive specimens to feeding seems to differ between individuals . one should be prepared to offer a variety of quality ( preferably live ) foods . artemia , bloodworms , glass worms , mysis , daphnia , and amphipods are excellent starter foods here . once a captive feeding regimen has been established , meaty foods such as chunks of krill or clam might be accepted . despite their reputation as finicky eaters , they can become downright gluttonous upon adjustment to captive life , even feeding from their keepers ' hands . these highly active , high - strung fishes require a substantial amount of food , and should be fed at least a few times daily .
unless it is absolutely necessary to do so , one should never disturb a sand tilefish ' s burrow .
gilbert , carter r . and james d . williams . national audubon society field guide to fishes . new york , ny : alfred a . knopf , inc . , 2002 .
smith , c . lavett . national audubon society field guide to tropical marine fishes . new york : alfred a . knopf , inc . , 1997 .
lieske , ewald and robert meyers . coral reef fishes . princeton , nj : princeton university press , 2001 .
burgess , dr . warren e . , herbert r . axelrod , and raymond e . hunziker iii . dr . burgess ' s atlas of marine aquarium fishes . 3rd ed . neptune city , ny : tfh publications , 2000 .
debelius helmut . fishes for the invertebrate aquarium . stuttgart , germany : eugene ulmer gmbh & co . , 1989 .
copyright © 2002 - 2018 by pomacanthus publications , llc , all rights reserved .
due to availability and individuality of each species , colors and sizes may vary .
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1 . allen , g . r . and m . v . erdmann 2012 . reef fishes of the east indies . volumes i - iii . tropical reef research , perth australia . ; 2 . fishes of japan ( nakabo , 2013 ) .
usually lives in very deep water adjacent to reef drop - offs ( ref . 48635 ) ; also on sandy and rubble areas ( ref . 9710 ) . builds large rubble mounts ( ref . 48635 ) . feeds on zooplankton . solitary or in small groups ( ref 90102 ) .
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disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
range : indo - west pacific ocean : palau , philippines , papua new guinea and the solomon islands .
natural environment : inhabits rubble covered reef bottoms near deep drop - offs and is usually found in depths between 50 – 250 feet ( 15 – 75 m ) and usually no more than 10 – 15 feet ( 3 – 5 m ) above the bottom substrate where they burrow for protection . generally lives in pairs and feeds on zooplankton .
general husbandry : occasionally seen in the trade and having a whitish body with a red stripe beginning from just behind the eye to tail .
best maintained fish - only aquariums with subdued lighting , yet can also be maintained in reef aquariums , with both having low rocky crevices and caves to hide in when needing to do so . the aquarium should also have wide - open swimming areas and sandy areas to create burrows . a fast swimming fish that tends to dig under reef structures , live or inert .
if maintained with moderately aggressive tankmates , will remain in hiding during daylight hours and may not get its fair share of the food when its feeding time . if maintained with peaceful tankmates , will spend a good portion of its time in the aquarium open areas .
as to diet , products such as marine fish and crustacean flesh , clams , and other marine meaty foods should be enriched and finely chopped and fed several times daily .
sometimes difficult to get feeding , and if so , fortified live adult brine shrimp , black worms ( lumbriculus variegatus ) or glass / grass shrimp will be necessary to get it feeding .
upon entering the aquarium , may hide for several days , maybe weeks before venturing out of hiding .
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leucozonia ponderosa is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family fasciolariidae , the spindle snails , the tulip snails and their allies .

leucozonia ponderosa

ty - jour ti - leucozonia ponderosa , a new fasciolariid gastropod from brazil t2 - the nautilus . vl - 112 ur - urltoken pb - american malacologists , inc . , etc . cy - melbourne , fla . , etc . , py - 1998 sp - 117 ep - 119 sn - 0028 - 1344 er -
@ article { bhlpart40011 , title = { leucozonia ponderosa , a new fasciolariid gastropod from brazil } , journal = { the nautilus . } , volume = { 112 } , copyright = { in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . } , url = urltoken publisher = { melbourne , fla . , etc . , american malacologists , inc . , etc . } , author = { } , year = { 1998 } , pages = { 117 - - 119 } , }
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version 43 . 0 went live 11 / 6 / 2018 - i hope that the majority of issues have been fixed . my email address is on the home page if you see anything wrong .
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melbourne , fla . , etc . , american malacologists , inc . , etc .
biodivlibrary july is # nationalblueberrymonth ! the w . a . cox nursery co . of mississippi ' s 1920s catalog proclaimed # blueberries to… urltoken
biodivlibrary @ jzed _ trees @ kew _ laa awesome ! we ' re so honored to have this treasure in # bhlib . thanks @ kew _ laa ! now we can enjoy p… urltoken
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supplementary material - the marine ‘prosobranch’ species recorded in the são pedro and são paulo archipelago , rocas atoll , the fernando de noronha archipelago and trindade island .
inventorise the rich mollusc faunas of varied depositional environments of nw borneo , covering miocene to recent environments ranging from estuarine to mid shelf .
the fasciolariid gastropod genus benimakia : new species and a discussion of indo - pacific genera in b . . .
benimakia habe , 1958 , is a distinctive genus of fasciolariidae . its type species , the indo - west pacific recent b . rhodostoma ( dunker , 1860 ) , is distinct from turbinella fastigium reeve , 1847 , which is here also assigned to benimakia and with which b . rhodostoma was often confused . we describe b . delicata n . sp . from samoa and tentatively assign the brazilian latirus ogum petuch , 1979 to . . . [ show full abstract ]
the new species pleuroploca granulilabris , recorded in southern brazil from off rio de janeiro state to santa catarina state , is most similar in shell characters to species from temperate australia , the tropical indo - west pacific , and the early miocene to recent of the eastern atlantic .
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danakilia is a genus of cichlids native to northeastern africa where they are only known from saline lakes in the danakil depression of ethiopia and eritrea .

danakilia

just in : danakilia sp .
shukoray
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stiassny , m . l . j . , g . de marchi and a . lamboj , 2010 . a new species of danakilia ( teleostei , cichlidae ) from lake abaeded in the danakil depression of eritrea ( east africa ) . zootaxa 2690 : 43 - 52 . ( ref . 85754 )
danakilia dinicolai has been described from eritrea by staissny and lamboj . this fish is endemic to a small lake in northeast africa . it ' s a very pretty fish and the paper has some nice photographs . to me , the males body looks a lot like geophagus steindachneri and has similar pattern , although the colors are different . link to paper - urltoken
ty - book ti - tilapiine fishes of the genera sarotherodon , oreochromis , and danakilia / vl - 1983 ur - urltoken pb - british museum ( natural history ) , cy - london : py - 1983 sn - 0565008781 au - trewavas , ethelwynn . au - british museum ( natural history ) kw - africa kw - cichlids kw - fish - culture kw - tilapia er -
trewavas , e . and g . g . teugels , 1991 . danakilia . p . 75 . in j . daget , j . - p . gosse , g . g . teugels and d . f . e . thys van den audenaerde ( eds . ) check - list of the freshwater fishes of africa ( cloffa ) . isnb , brussels ; mrac , tervuren ; and orstom , paris . vol . 4 . ( ref . 5626 )
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, select family and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the family .
, select country and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the country .
, select ecosystem and click on ' identification by pictures ' to display all available pictures in fishbase for the ecosystem .
cfm script by eagbayani , 30 . 11 . 04 , , php script by cmilitante , 05 / 11 / 2010 , last modified by cmilitante , 14 / 03 / 2013
named in memory of ernesto di nicola , a member of the 2001 expedition to lake abaeded who died in a car accident while returning from the lake ( ref . 85754 )
africa : lake abaeded , danakil depression , in eritrea ( ref . 85754 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 9 . 6 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 85754 )
phylogenetic diversity index ( ref . 82805 ) : pd 50 = 0 . 7500 [ uniqueness , from 0 . 5 = low to 2 . 0 = high ] .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01000 ( 0 . 00244 - 0 . 04107 ) , b = 3 . 04 ( 2 . 81 - 3 . 27 ) , in cm total length , based on all lwr estimates for this body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 3 . 3 ±0 . 4 se ; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
resilience ( ref . 69278 ) : high , minimum population doubling time less than 15 months ( preliminary k or fecundity . ) .
vulnerability ( ref . 59153 ) : low vulnerability ( 11 of 100 ) .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
justification : this species is found only in lake afdera , which has a surface area of less than 125 km 2 . the habitat is highly affected by human activities in the salt production process from the lake .
this species is known from lake afdera in the danakil of ethiopia , where it is found predominantly in the vicinity of hot springs that flow into the lake and its surrounding swamps .
it is found predominantly in the vicinity of hot springs that flow into the lake and its surrounding swamps .
according to getahun ( 2001 ) , a new gravel road connecting lake adfera to the main road to assab is under construction . one objective is to mine the lake as a source of salt , and production is underway . salt extraction involves canalization , and water level drops are anticipated .
no information available , but more measures are required to ensure the protection and preservation of this species and its habitat .
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i have never seen those fish before . i got to bring some home ! fish room tour .
opening hours monday - thursday : 7 . 00 am - 14 . 30 pm friday : closed
africa : lake afdera [ = afrera or giulietti ] , danakil depression , in northern ethiopia ( ref . 85754 ) .
maturity : l m ? range ? - ? cm max length : 7 . 4 cm sl male / unsexed ; ( ref . 5626 )
dorsal spines ( total ) : 13 - 15 ; dorsal soft rays ( total ) : 9 - 11 ; anal spines : 3 ; anal soft rays : 7 - 10 ; vertebrae : 27 . lower pharyngeal bone short . pharyngeal teeth in adult including a group of enlarged , flattened teeth . scales of chest and belly very small , non - imbrication but contiguous . scales of flank with rugose calculi in the exposed part . scales on cheek in 2 or 3 series . no micro - branchiospines .
bayesian length - weight : a = 0 . 01585 ( 0 . 00682 - 0 . 03686 ) , b = 3 . 02 ( 2 . 82 - 3 . 22 ) , in cm total length , based on lwr estimates for this ( sub ) family - body shape ( ref . 93245 ) .
trophic level ( ref . 69278 ) : 2 . 0 ±0 . 00 se ; based on food items .
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series : publication ( british museum ( natural history ) ) ; no . 878 .
license type : urltoken rights : urltoken copyright status : in copyright . digitized with the permission of the rights holder . rights holder : natural history museum
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to cite this page : myers , p . , r . espinosa , c . s . parr , t . jones , g . s . hammond , and t . a . dewey . 2018 . the animal diversity web ( online ) . accessed at https : / / animaldiversity . org .
disclaimer : the animal diversity web is an educational resource written largely by and for college students . adw doesn ' t cover all species in the world , nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe . though we edit our accounts for accuracy , we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts . while adw staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable , we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control .
this material is based upon work supported by the national science foundation grants drl 0089283 , drl 0628151 , due 0633095 , drl 0918590 , and due 1122742 . additional support has come from the marisla foundation , um college of literature , science , and the arts , museum of zoology , and information and technology services .
urltoken . . . 604 & type = 1 hope this link works . a spectacular species .
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the greater chicago cichlid association — gcca — is a not - for - profit , educational organization , chartered in the state of illinois , dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of information relating to the biology of the fishes in the family cichlidae , with particular emphasis on maintenance and breeding in captivity . we are simply cichlid hobbyists who love cichlids .
africa : endemic to lake afdera [ = afrera or giulietti ] in the danakil depression of northern ethiopia ( ref . 85754 )
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