thopha saccata , commonly known as the double drummer , is the largest australian species of cicada and reputedly the loudest insect in the world .

documented by the danish zoologist johan christian fabricius in 1803 , it was the first described and named cicada native to australia .

its common name comes from the large dark red-brown sac-like pockets that the adult male has on each side of its abdomen — the " double drums " — that are used to amplify the sound it produces .

broad-headed compared with other cicadas , the double drummer is mostly brown with a black pattern across the back of its thorax , and has red-brown and black underparts .

the sexes are similar in appearance , though the female lacks the male 's tymbals and sac-like covers .

found in sclerophyll forest in queensland and new south wales , adult double drummers generally perch high in the branches of large eucalypts .

they emerge from the ground where they have spent several years as nymphs from november until march , and live for another four to five weeks .

they appear in great numbers in some years , yet are absent in others .

thopha saccata

cicada saccata . this is now : thopha saccata ( fabricius , 1803 ) .
here are some emerging thopha , thopha saccata a . k . a . double drummer ( i think — not 100 % sure ) , taken by david emery .
november 8 , 2017 : eastern double drummer cicadas ( thopha saccata ) , reported by nje photography on facebook .
the loudest species is the double drummer / thopha saccata — might be that . see urltoken for a sound sample .
since the first australian cicada was formally described in 1803 ( the double drummer , thopha saccata ) , the list of known australian species has grown to over 240 . new cicadas continue to be found .
insect wing double drummer cicada insect in flight wings flapping ( thopha saccata ) , is the largest australian species of cicada and reputedly the loudest insect in the world . cicadas are a superfamily , the cicadoidea , of insects in the order hemiptera .
insect wing double drummer cicada insect in flight wings flapping ( thopha saccata ) , is the largest australian species of cicada and reputedly the loudest insect in the world . cicadas are a superfamily , the cicadoidea , of insects in the order hemiptera . nature stock video footage
probably the best known and most mysterious is the black prince ( psaltoda plaga ) followed closely by the green grocer ( cyclochila australasiae ) . other popular names include the double drummer ( thopha saccata ) , cherrynose ( macrotristria angularis ) , floury baker ( abricta curvicosta ) and redeye ( psaltoda moerens ) .
brunet , b . l . 1986 . some observations on the double drummer cicada ( thopha saccata fabr . ) . location : myall lakes , new south wales 16th december to the 24th december 1985 . royal zoological society new south wales entomology section circular ( no . 43 ) : 12 - 13 .
around 220 cicada species have been identified in australia , many of which go by fanciful common names such as : cherry nose , brown baker , red eye ( psaltoda moerens ) , green grocer / green monday , yellow monday , whisky drinker , double drummer ( thopha saccata ) , and black prince . the australian green grocer , cyclochila australasiae , is among the loudest insects in the world .
in australia , children were the first to coin common names for many of the more than 200 species of cicada inhabiting our continent , names that have been passed down from generation to generation of cicada hunters . in addition to the red eye , some of the more descriptive names are the black prince ( psaltoda plaga ) , green grocer ( cyclochila australasiae ) , double drummer ( thopha saccata ) , cherry nose ( macrotristria angularis ) and floury baker ( aleeta curvicosta ) .
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bio - mimicry is fundamental idea
how to mimic the nature
by various methodologies as well as new ideas or suggestions on the creation of novel materials and functions . this book comprises seven sections on various perspectives of bio - mimicry in our life ; section 1 gives an overview of modeling of biomimetic materials ; section 2 presents a processing and design of biomaterials ; section 3 presents . . .
bio - mimicry is fundamental idea
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by various methodologies as well as new ideas or suggestions on the creation of novel materials and functions . this book comprises seven sections on various perspectives of bio - mimicry in our life ; section 1 gives an overview of modeling of biomimetic materials ; section 2 presents a processing and design of biomaterials ; section 3 presents various aspects of design and application of biomimetic polymers and composites are discussed ; section 4 presents a general characterization of biomaterials ; section 5 proposes new examples for biomimetic systems ; section 6 summarizes chapters , concerning cells behavior through mimicry ; section 7 presents various applications of biomimetic materials are presented . aimed at physicists , chemists and biologists interested in biomineralization , biochemistry , kinetics , solution chemistry . this book is also relevant to engineers and doctors interested in research and construction of biomimetic systems .
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insect systematics & evolution . / societas entomologica scandinavica . ; ; stenstrup , denmark : apollo books , 2000 -
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summer is filled with the deafening drone of cicadas that bear exotic names like the black prince , green grocers , yellow mondays , floury bakers , and red eyes .
the green grocer cicada gives australian cities a distinctive summer - time buzz . ( source : australian museum )
there are just under 2000 species of cicada around the world . in australia around 220 species have been identified , most of which belong to the one large cicadidae family .
their sudden appearance in the summer months , mysterious feeding habits and striking song have attracted attention to cicadas for thousands of years . most children in australia have climbed backyard trees to collect these noisy insects and kept them in an old shoe box lined with leaves .
they don ' t bite , they aren ' t regarded as a pest and they ' re harmless to humans . but there ' s a lot more to our shrill summertime visitors than meets the eye .
the common names for cicadas vary widely around the world . in australia , children were the first to coin the common name for many cicadas , names that have been dutifully passed down from generation to generation of cicada hunters .
two other common names becoming more widely accepted are bladder cicada ( cystosoma saundersii ) and hairy cicada ( tettigarcta tomentosa and t . crinita ) . the exact origin of most of these names is unclear , but the yellow monday and green grocer were in popular use as early as 1896 .
when : green grocers tend to come out early in november and die out by the end of december . black princes and floury bakers start off at the end of december and go right through to february or march , while red eyes can still be found in the middle of february .
where : cicadas occur in almost every part of australia however , cicadas are primarily tropical insects and most australian species are found in the northern half of the continent .
the yellow monday was given its common name by australian children . ( source : australian museum )
no matter how many summer holidays you spent collecting every variety of cicada , there ' s a few things you probably still don ' t know about them .
australian cities are some of the very few in the world to experience the loud singing of cicada song right in the middle of suburbia .
this is because the green grocer is unusual in its ability to adapt perfectly to the urbanised environment according to australia ' s foremost expert on the cicada , dr max moulds from the australian museum in sydney .
when people come here from europe and america they are amazed , they have never heard anything like it before ,
dr moulds said .
because the green grocer has adapted to cities like sydney and melbourne , and because they are so loud and obvious , cicada song gives our cities a summertime buzz distinct from most other cities around the world .
another little - known fact is that cicadas suffer from insect vd . dr moulds said the adults of some cicada species are susceptible to fungi of the genus massospora .
these entomopathogenic fungi attack the terminal portion of their abdominal cavity and genitalia - a cicada venereal disease if you like ,
dr moulds said .
it is a fungus unique to cicadas and it usually makes their tail ends drop off .
most australians are also probably unaware that the cicada can make a very tasty meal . dr moulds said many peoples around the world regularly eat cicadas , usually as an addition to their regular diet .
they are quite good eating and taste quite pleasant ,
said dr moulds who sampled his first roasted cicada during a field trip in papua new guinea .
the female cicada is usually best because they are the most meaty . first they pull the wings off and then throw them onto hot coals for about a minute . turn them over once or twice and they ' re ready to eat . i thought they would be crunchy but actually they are remarkably soft . their taste is not very strong and is probably closer to chicken than anything else .
if you can ' t bring yourself to add lightly roasted cicada to the menu , perhaps you ' d prefer to keep one as a pet for a day or so instead .
cicadas do make good pets for children because they are small , harmless and don ' t make any mess . however , it ' s difficult to keep them alive for more than a day or two in captivity because they need flowing sap from a tree to feed on for survival ( see
the cicada ' s lifecycle
below ) .
dr moulds said the only way to keep them alive in captivity is to cut a ' fairly substantial branch ' from the tree you find them in and put the exposed end in water to keep the sap flowing . the branch would then need to be changed at least every second day to keep them fed .
this is quite a difficult process , so it ' s probably better just to observe them for a few hours , perhaps up to a day , and then let them go again ,
dr moulds said .
cicadas are the most efficient and loudest sound - producing insects in existence . while dr moulds said nobody is exactly sure which species is the loudest , he said the green grocer
must be close
.
the green grocer , yellow monday and the double drummer produce noise intensity in excess of 120db at close range ( this is approaching the pain threshold of the human ear ) . some small species , on the other hand , have songs so high in pitch that the noise is beyond the range of our hearing .
only the male sings as a mating ritual to attract the females and different species have different songs so they don ' t attract the wrong females . cicadas are different to all other insects in that they actually have a musical drum in their abdomen .
the organs that produce sound are the tymbals — a pair of ribbed membranes at the base of the abdomen . contracting the internal tymbal muscles causes the tymbals to buckle inwards and produce a pulse of sound . by relaxing these muscles , the tymbals pop back to their original position . the inside of the male abdomen is substantially hollow to amplify the sound as it resonates at the frequency of the call .
the loud noise produced by some cicadas actually repels birds . the males of many cicada species tend to group together when calling which increases the total volume of noise and reduces the chances of being eaten by birds .
in addition to the calling or mating song , many species also possess a distress song , usually a broken and erratic noise emitted when an individual is captured . a number of species also have a courtship song , which is usually a quiet call produced only after a female has been attracted nearby using the calling song .
top view of a green grocer nymph breaking free from its shell . ( source : austrlian museum )
there are three distinct stages in the life cycle of a cicada : egg , nymph and adult .
egg stage : after mating , the female will lay several hundred eggs . she makes a little slit in the bark of the branch as she walks along and pushes the eggs down through her long tail . she deposits 12 or so into each slit and then moves on a few millimetres to make another slit for more eggs , and so on , until all the eggs have been laid .
nymph stage : the eggs stay in the slits in the bark for many weeks and then hatch into a miniature cicada called a nymph .
because they are so small they can fall down to the ground without injuring themselves and seek shelter underneath the leaf litter .
they search for cracks and burrow down between 10cm and 40cm using their large forelegs to shovel soil around . it ' s here , underground , that cicadas spend most of their life . the cicada nymph feeds by piercing small tree roots with its needle - like rostrum and sucking up sap . when the sap runs out , it tunnels around to find a new root to feed from . while living and feeding underground they continue growing , periodically shedding their skin , until they reach maturity .
adult stage : when the nymph finally reaches full size it digs its way to the surface , climbs on to a tree trunk and sheds its skin for the last time leaving a telltale brown shell . the life of the adult , in contrast to that of the nymph , is very short .
when they emerge from the ground they live for varying periods of time , from a few days to a couple of months , depending on the species . the majority live for around two to four weeks during which time they mate and lay eggs and the cycle starts again .
while it is true that most species take around six or seven years to re - emerge , dr max moulds said their underground sojourn can take anything from nine months to 17 years or more depending on the species .
nobody really knows exactly what it is that tells cicadas when to emerge from the ground ,
dr moulds said .
it ' s most likely to be a combination of events or signals , one of which would be increased sap flow in the tree indicating that warm weather and rain is around .
when you have a year with thousands of cicadas out you are likely to have another year in five to seven years time when there are similarly large numbers . but this is by no means certain .
the eggs take quite a few weeks to hatch and if there are unfavourable conditions while they are hatching many will die . if the seasons are good and the trees are doing well they might come out in just five years . even eggs from the same batch will come out in different years , so there ' s lots of variability involved ,
dr moulds said .
a famous urban legend is that a chemist will pay good money for the wings of the elusive black prince cicada . and what do they do with the wings ? they crush them up to make medicine of course ! though the exact type of medicine is never really specified .
this urban myth may have its origin in truth of sorts according to dr moulds .
while you ' d be hard pressed to find a chemist that would part with good money for even the rarest cicada wings , this legend probably came from the gold rush days when there were many chinese entering the country ,
dr moulds said .
traditional chinese herbal medicine made use of cicadas for a variety of medical purposes . they believed they could do all sorts of things for you if you ate them or crushed them up to make a poultice .
cicadas were used as a diuretic by peasants in provence and as a cure for earache in china and japan . the chinese commonly use an unusual black and red coloured species ( huechys sanguinea ) for a variety of medicinal purposes .
a second black prince myth is that they are extremely rare and difficult to find . this actually isn ' t the case , according to dr moulds .
it is true that they are not very common in the city and suburban areas of our major cities , but that ' s only because they live and breed in she - oaks which are commonly found on river banks ,
dr moulds said .
this means they are actually quite abundant if you look in the right places , such as next to rivers in rural areas around the major cities .
to the ancient greeks the cicada symbolised resurrection , rebirth and immortality and is mentioned as being sacred to the ancient greek sun god apollo . homer mentions cicadas in the iliad around 900 bc and compares the discourse of
sage chiefs exempt from war
to the song of the cicada .
ancient greeks and chinese made a habit of keeping male cicadas in cages for the pleasure of hearing them sing . one greek ode to the cicada says :
we call you happy , o cicada , because after you have drunk a little dew in the treetops you sing like a queen
.
cicadas also had a powerful effect on artists as they feature on numerous coins both before and after the time of christ . a number of beautiful gems have also been found from around 300 bc carved in the likeness of the cicada . the cicada ' s emergence from the earth was a powerful symbol for ancient romans with members of the nobility taking to wearing a gold brooch featuring a cicada to hold back their hair .
in taoism the cicada is the symbol of the hsien , or soul , disengaging itself from the body at death . cicadas also feature in japanese carvings on small medicine boxes and they are mentioned in ancient hindu law as long ago as 200 bc in india .
cicadas occur in almost every part of australia , from the hot and wet tropical north to the snowfields of tasmania , from beach sand dunes to the driest desert . the plants they inhabit range from the tallest trees to suburban lawns , coastal mangroves to desert shrubs and include both native and exotic plant species .
however , cicadas are primarily tropical insects and most australian species are found in the northern half of the continent . the great variety of vegetation types and local climatic variation found in north - eastern queensland makes this the richest region for species . the area of greatest species diversity is within 100km of cairns .
the time at which cicadas appear throughout the summer season varies from species to species , but each will tend to emerge in the same month across the different states . green grocers tend to come out early in november and die out by the end of december . black princes and floury bakers start off at the end of december and go right through to february or march , while red eyes can still be found in the middle of february .
the singing cicadas — full of general information on cicadas nicely broken down into sections that cover most aspects of the cicada ' s life .
the cicada sounds page has a number of cicada songs recorded from countries around the world .
cicada central is designed as a centre for the exchange of scientific information on cicadas around the world .
cicada mania has useful cicada information in both popular and scientific formats with news , information , photographs and faqs relating to the world of cicada research . you can even order shirts , cups and mouse mats with pictures of cicadas .
bugbios looks at the importance of the cicada ( and other insects ) in human culture throughout history .
clyne d ( 1998 ) . cicada sing - song . gareth stevens publishing , milwaukee . usa .
moulds ms ( 1990 ) . australian cicadas . new south wales university press , nsw . australia .
ewart a ( 1990 ) . status of the germar and leach types of australian cicadas ( homoptera ) held at the hope entomological collections , oxford . australian entomological magazine 17 ( 1 ) : 1 - 5
gwynne dt , yeoh p and schatral a ( 1988 ) . the singing insects of king ' s park and perth gardens . western australian naturalist 17 ( 2 - 3 ) : 25 - 71
hill kg and hill ce ( 1979 ) . acoustic behaviour of the bladder cicada cystosoma saundersi . australian national university research school of biological sciences annual report - 1979 : 122 .
hayashi m and moulds ms ( 1999 ) . observations on the eclosion of the hairy cicada , tettigarcta crinita distant ( homoptera : cicadoidea : tettigarctidae ) . australian entomologist 25 ( 4 ) : 97 - 101
macnally rc ( 1988 ) . simultaneous modelling of distributional patterns in a guild of eastern - australian cicadas . oecologia ( berlin ) 76 ( 2 ) : 246 - 253 .
macnally rc and doolan jm ( 1986 ) . patterns of morphology and behaviour in a cicada guild : a neutral model analysis . australian journal of ecology 11 ( 3 ) : 279 - 294 .
moulds ms and hangay g ( 1998 ) . first record of the bladder cicada cytosoma saundersii ( westwood ) from lord howe island ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) . australian entomologist 25 ( 3 ) : 75 - 76
moulds ms ( 1996 ) . review of the australian genus gudanga distant ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) including new species from western australia and queensland . australian journal of entomology 35 : 19 - 31 part 1 .
moulds ms ( 1994 ) . the identity of burbunga gilmorei ( distant ) and b . inornata distant ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) with descriptions of two allied new species . journal of the australian entomological society 33 ( 2 ) : 97 - 103 .
moulds ms ( 1992 ) . two new species of macrotristria stal ( hemiptera : cicadidae ) from queensland . australian entomological magazine 19 ( 4 ) : 133 - 138 .
moulds ms ( 1987 ) . the specific status of pauropsalta nigristriga goding and froggatt ( homoptera : cicadidae ) with the description of an allied new species . australian entomological magazine 14 ( 1 - 2 ) : 17 - 22 .
moulds ms ( 1985 ) . illyria , a new genus for australian cicadas currently placed in cicada l . ( tettigia amyot ) ( homoptera : cicadidae ) . general and applied entomology 17 : 25 - 35 .
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australia ' s little marsupial mice live fast and die young in a frenzy of winter mating known as big bang reproduction .
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it ' s the world ' s oldest love song ( 1960 , february 3 ) .
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abstract to be out on sturt ' s great stony desert when the moon rises about midnight is a great experience . there is always a feeling of the weird and uncanny .
in ' the mail ' . ' ( 10 / 12 / 24 ) there appeared
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abstract birds sing best in the morning and the late afternoon ; insects sing—or make sounds—best at night . but there is one notable exception , which chooses none of these periods for its best
abstract one soon gets used to the manifold calls and cries about a camp , but the other night we heard a new voice close by . it
sat 27 feb 1932 - the brisbane courier ( qld . : 1864 - 1933 ) page 23 - the bushlover .
{ { cite news urltoken | title = the bushlover . | newspaper = [ [ the brisbane courier ] ] | issue = 23 , 114 | location = queensland , australia | date = 27 february 1932 | accessdate = 10 july 2018 | page = 23 | via = national library of australia } }
the brisbane courier ( qld . : 1864 - 1933 ) , sat 27 feb 1932 , page 23 - the bushlover .
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abstract he clung to a twig on a big gum tree , and he droned and he droned with a will . around him his brothers , as lively as he , made all the air thrill with , their
zum - zum
of
thu 28 dec 1933 - the catholic press ( sydney , nsw : 1895 - 1942 ) page 33 - a summer tragedy .
the double one ' s ' zum , zum , zum , zum , zum . '
as they droned with a ' zum , zum , zum , zum . '
{ { cite news urltoken | title = a summer tragedy . | newspaper = [ [ the catholic press ] ] | issue = 1950 | location = new south wales , australia | date = 28 december 1933 | accessdate = 10 july 2018 | page = 33 | via = national library of australia } }
the catholic press ( sydney , nsw : 1895 - 1942 ) , thu 28 dec 1933 , page 33 - a summer tragedy .
abstract among the curious examples of natural history is the common cicada ( miscalled the locust ) of the order hemiptera , and the family clcadidae . the cicadas were well known to the
sat 29 apr 1933 - the sydney morning herald ( nsw : 1842 - 1954 ) page 9 - the cicada .
{ { cite news urltoken | title = the cicada . | newspaper = [ [ the sydney morning herald ] ] | issue = 29 , 741 | location = new south wales , australia | date = 29 april 1933 | accessdate = 10 july 2018 | page = 9 | via = national library of australia } }
the sydney morning herald ( nsw : 1842 - 1954 ) , sat 29 apr 1933 , page 9 - the cicada .
, ( ed . ) on biomimetics . intech publishing , rijeka , croatia , pp . 395 - 418 .
[ extract ] the next generation of non - contaminable and self - cleaning surfaces will require examination at all length scales in order to have enhanced abilities to control adhesion processes between surfaces . in particular , controlling adhesion between solids and liquids impacts on many aspects of life , from keeping surfaces clean to industrial applications such as the state - of - the - art of droplet - based micro - fluidics systems ( sun et al . , 2005a ; yoshimitsu et al . , 2002 ) . progress in the nanoelectromechanical systems and other nanotechnologies has prompted studies to reduce wearing inside micromechanical and nano - sized devices which will lead to improved functionalities and longer life expectancy ( burton & bhushan , 2005 ; ando & ino , 1998 ; mastrangelo , 1997 ; abdelsalam et al . , 2005 ) . these improvements require new materials with low adhesion , friction and wettability which may be achieved by incorporating new structure designs on their surfaces . the ability to fabricate surfaces at two extremes - a surface that adheres to anything and a surface that nothing will adhere to would be the holy grail in regards to adhesion .
one of the most noteworthy naturally occurring nano - composite materials is the insect cuticle which , due to their surface micro - and nano - structures , have recently been shown to exhibit a range of impressive properties such as superhydrophobicity , self - cleaning technologies and directed wetting ( wagner , 1996 ; cong et al . , 2004 ; gorb et al . , 2000 ; gao & jiang , 2004 ) . these properties benefit insects with high wing surface area - to - body mass ratio ( sa / m ) and terrestrial insects ( e . g . , holdgate , 1955 ; wagner et al . , 1996 ; cong et al . , 2004 ; sun et al . , 2005a ; gorb et al . , 2000 ; gao & jiang , 2004 ) that reside near water . additional weight due to contamination can also potentially have a detrimental effect on the flight capabilities of these insects ( wagner et al . , 1996 ) . thus , unlike many man - made anti - wetting materials , insect structuring is bound by weight and material constraints . in the worst case scenario the insect can become a victim of permanent immobilization on water or wetted surfaces with a reduced capacity to evade or fight off predators . to maintain their mobility and hence their capacity to avoid predation , these insects utilise hydrophobic chemistry and topographical structuring ( holdgate , 1955 ; wagner et al . , 1996 ) on their cuticles which reduce the contact with wetting surfaces and other adhesive contaminants .
© 2011 intech all chapters are open access articles distributed under the creative commons non commercial share alike attribution 3 . 0 license , which permits to copy , distribute , transmit , and adapt the work in any medium , so long as the original work is properly cited .
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fri 17 dec 1954 - morning bulletin ( rockhampton , qld . : 1878 - 1954 ) page 14 - the cicadas
morning bulletin ( rockhampton , qld . : 1878 - 1954 ) , fri 17 dec 1954 , page 14 - the cicadas
abstract here ' s one summer insect that you can ' t pass by unheeded , tor his voice ( by the million ) is already penetrating . relentlessly ,
this page contains pictures and information about double drummer cicadas that we found in the brisbane area , queensland , australia .
cicadas are the largest cicadas in australia . they make loudest sound in the insect world . they are brown to orange - brown in colours with black pattern . on each side of the males ' abdomen there are the small pockets , the double drums , which are used to amplify the sound they produce . females do not have the double drums but with longer abdomen tip .
those large cicadas may not be seen easily because they usually stay on tree top . however , we always know they were there by hearing their loud songs . their song is loud , piercing , chainsaw - like whine , which fluctuates smoothly in pitch . singing occurs throughout the day and also at dusk in summer season .
we may not see them easily . what we usually noticed were their empty nymph skins ( called exuviae ) left near the base of large tree trunks . the second picture shows a dead cicada . it was stuck on its last molting . double drummers form large local aggregations in tall open , dry eucalypts forests , heathlands and woodland . different broods emerge in different patches of forest each year .
the double drummer product loudest song . in mid summer , they can be found gather a few meters high on large eucalypt trees . usually they stay high on the large gum trees and make the sound during the summer days . they inhabit
trees , preferring those large gum - trees with smooth bark . they tend to aggregate on upper part of tree trunks . they are active fliers . listen , look up and watch you might found them flying between tree tops .
on each side of the males ' abdomen there are the small pockets , the double drums , which are used to amplify the sound they produce .
this is the males who sing the songs to attract females . only males have the sound producing organ but both males and females have the hearing organ . each species have different ' songs ' which are produced by two organs called
on each side of their abdomen . the sound is produced by a mechanism working like the children tin clicker toys . the male cicadas vibrate the membranes by internal muscle and the sound is resonate with the drum - like cavity and this amplify the sound . the songs are primarily for finding mate , but may also for aggregation of males and repel predators .
females look similar to males . females do not have the double drum but have longer abdomen tip .
nymphs live in ground and burrow within soil . they have strong fore legs to move in the soil . the young nymphs live underground suck the roots of trees . some other species have the annual life - cycle , but the double drum cicada nymphs were believed live underground for many years . the exact length of their life cycle ( i . e . number of years ) is unknown yet .
we heard the double drummers ' song every summer in the forest , but their number seems especially high in dec 2007 .
on end dec 2007 in karawatha forest ( we believe it would be the same for most other forests in brisbane ) , many adults emerge together and clusters of empty nymph skins ( called exuviae ) were seen around the base of tree trunks . we had been visited the forest every week for the last few years and did not remember seeing so many exuviae , although we noticed those double drum cicadas had started singing few weeks ago .
every medium to large size tree trunks , at least two or three exuviaes were found . some large tree trunks had more than 20 . some exuviae were even seen on tall grasses and vertical rock surfaces .
we also saw many new holes of diameter 25mm on footpaths in the forest . there were many similar holes on the forest ground inside the forest but not seen for they are covered by fallen plants materials .
we also saw some of those cicadas flying between gum tree tops . some areas in the forest , the songs were so loud that we could not hear each other when we talked closely face to face .
most cicada species , including this double drummer , emerge at night till sun raise . in that day 10 : 00am in the morning we still saw some double drummers resting on tree trunks near the ground . they just emerged and were waiting for the wings and skin to be harden . we also saw one cicada emerging , details are recorded as below .
in general , just before emerging , those matured nymphs will dig their way from the root underground where they live and move to just below the soil surface . they may be waiting for some environment signals or conditions to emerge . then suddenly all of them are synchronized together and come out from the ground . they find the closest vertical surface , such as a large tree trunk , climb up about half a meter then start to emerge to become adults .
most cicada species , including this double drummer , emerge at night . the cicada in the following pictures could emerge a bit later than normal . it had already emerged outside the exuviae when we first saw it .
11 : 10am wings started expanding , head moving upwards , wings half opened , new legs grab the exuviae .
then the cicada would keep in this position until both its wings and skin were harden . its pale body colour would become darken after a few hours .
- moulds ms ( 1990 ) . new south wales university press , nsw . australia .
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urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4205c711 - 7ac5 - 4ac9 - 8882 - 8e48d253ec4e
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 44054f58 - d6d4 - 4bf9 - ba65 - d57c1276586b
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 8004e62f - 4f77 - 430b - 82a2 - 44b26e8b65d2
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 84eaad24 - 83b5 - 4842 - aba6 - 2707112f97be
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . taxon : 4b9b5bb1 - f8b6 - 4daa - 9cc2 - 17b40c17e266
urn : lsid : biodiversity . org . au : afd . name : 295479
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a genus of large cicadas , containing four known species that are characterised by all having wide bodies and very large , red to orange coloured timbal covers . three species occur in eastern australia . the fourth species ( pictured at the bottom ) occurs in the northern territory and western australia .
northern tropical queensland from near cooktown coastally south to near ingham and inland to the herbert river district ; central queensland in the sarina district ; also subtropical and temperate regions from about kroombit tops and inland to west of millmerran , in queensland , south to moruya in new south wales . it may be a common insect in bushland areas around brisbane and sydney . adult specimens can be encountered from november through to about march .
forms large local aggregations in tall open forests , dry sclerophyll forests , heathlands with emergent eucalypts and woodland . different broods emerge in different patches of forest each year . the exact length of the life cycle ( i . e . number of eyars ) is unknown . groups on tree trunks can be easily spooked and tend to evacuate the tree all at once ; however , this species is not difficult to capture with a net when populations are high .
a loud , piercing , electric whine , which fluctuates smoothly in pitch . singing occurs throughout the day and also at dusk .
from north - west western australia and the northern territory south to alice springs , into north queensland , bordering on mt . isa and iron range in the east and south through the west to boulia ( a . ewart ) and coastally to about rockhampton . it has been collected as far south as near goondiwindi in queensland and narrabri in new south wales . in the more northern areas adults are present from september until about april , but throughout most of its range , this is essentially a summer species .
. this species also favours eucalypt forest and usually occurs on the dominant , often smooth - barked , eucalypt species throughout its range .
; however , there is a subtle difference in the structure and frequency components of the call .
aggregates in a similar fashion to other members of the genus . prefers eucalypts growing beside rivers or on relict plateaus in mulga (
a strong , usually broken whine , like the sound of an electronic machine .
- from carnarvon in western australia and also central australia from the south australian border through alice springs and north to tennant creek in the northern territory . moulds ( 1990 ) refers to this species as the
golden drummer
.
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amyot , c . j . b . and serville , j . g . a . ( 1843 )
arensburger p . , simon , c . and holsinger , k . e . ( 2004b ) evolution and phylogeny of the new zealand cicada genus
auchenorrhyncha : cicadidae ) with special reference to the origin of the kermadec and norfolk islands ' species .
ashton , j . h . ( 1912b ) catalogue of the victorian cicadidae in the national museum , melbourne .
ashton , j . h . ( 1912c ) descriptions of new australian cicadidae in the national museum , melbourne .
ashton , j . h . ( 1912e ) description of a new cicada .
ashton , j . h . ( 1914a ) catalogue of the cicadidae in the south australian museum with descriptions of several new species .
ashton , j . h . ( 1915 ) synonymic notes on a recent catalogue of cicadidae in the south australian museum .
ashton , j . h . ( 1921 ) a revision of the australian cicadidae . part 1 .
bennet - clark , h . c . ( 1997 ) tymbal mechanics and the control of song frequency in the cicada
bennet - clark , h . c . ( 1999 ) resonators in insect sound production : how insects produce loud pure - tone songs .
bennet - clark , h . c . and daws , a . g . ( 1999 ) transduction of mechanical energy into sound energy in the cicada
bennet - clark , h . c . and young , d . ( 1992 ) a model of the mechanism of sound production in cicadas .
bennet - clark , h . c . and young , d . ( 1994 ) the scaling of song frequency in cicadas .
bennet - clark , h . c . and young , d . ( 1998 ) sound radiation by the bladder cicada
bergroth , e . ( 1911 ) on some recently described hemiptera chiefly from india .
boer , a . j . de ( 1995b ) the phylogeny and taxonomic status of the chlorocystini ( homoptera , tibicinidae ) .


toussaud ( may 6 , 1989 – january 5 , 2009 ) was a bay mare bred and raced by juddmonte farms .

sired by el gran senor out of an in reality mare , image of reality , toussaud achieved much on the track and in the breeding shed .

toussaud

a juddmonte homebred , toussaud is out of the in reality mare image of reality .
toussaud was produced from the graded stakes - winning in reality mare image of reality .
blue hen mare toussaud prompted this touching 1 / 7 / 09 bobby frankel visit .
toussaud will be buried in the equine graveyard at juddmonte ' s kentucky farm in lexington .
noted for physical and mental toughness , toussaud also survived an impaction that led to colic surgery in 2000 .
marie antoinette ' s death mask by madame toussaud . | death masks | pinterest | death , masking and history
toussaud ( foaled 5 / 6 / 1989 , died 1 / 5 / 2009 euthanized due to declining health ) el gran senor x image of reality ) famous offsprings : empire maker , chester house , decarchy , and honest lady toussaud and her goat . also trained by robert frankel , who admired her greatly , toussaud is bode ' s paternal grandam .
on march 15 , the day empire maker was winning the florida derby , toussaud foaled a filly who was sired by kingmambo . also waiting to make her racing debut , later this year , is a seeking the gold - toussaud filly .
her second goat , chloe , broke a leg jumping a fence ,
o ' rourke recalled .
and after she came back from the vet , toussaud stood over her like a newborn foal . then , once the goat was up and skipping around again , toussaud went back to eating her hay . chloe may have kept toussaud young for a few more years .
that first visit to her barn was a revelation about toussaud ' s place in the universe and about the things that made her special .
it ' s easy to see why . mr . prospector , the first stallion toussaud was bred to in 1995 , has died . so have seattle slew , bred to toussaud in 1996 , and unbridled , who was mated to the mare in 2000 . if a . p . indy only knew . the 1992 horse of the year is scheduled to meet toussaud in the breeding shed before the month is out .
khalid abdullah ' s juddmonte farms , which bred and owned the mare , said toussaud was euthanized in kentucky on tuesday due to declining health .
for her career , toussaud produced six winners from 10 foals of racing age . her youngest foal , the 3 - year - old filly gateway ( by
toussaud , a daughter of the in reality mare image of reality , produced a total of 10 foals , of which seven started and six were winners .
toussaud , 2002 broodmare of the year and one of only four north american - based mares to produce four grade 1 winners , has died at age 20 .
honest lady , the sole female among toussaud’s five stakes winners , has developed into an important producer for juddmonte . her three stakes winners include 2008 grade i sprint winner
honorable duty ( x mesmeric ) wins cd alw . half bro to our resident mare fact file who has a # bodemeister foal at foot . family of # toussaud
honorable duty wins kee msw 4 / 13 . here is fact file ( 1 / 2 sis to his dam ) w her bodemeister foal # toussaud # glennwood urltoken
three years later , toussaud underwent surgery after being stricken with colic , a stomach discomfort . her colic is a thing of the past , but toussaud is receiving treatment for laminitis , a circulatory hoof disease . many horses can live long lives despite laminitis , but secretariat , the 1973 triple crown champion , died after foundering in 1989 .
honorable duty ( x mesmeric ) wins g3 mineshaft . half to our fact file who is i / f mtr & visits american pharoah in 2017 . female fam # toussaud
steve byk on twitter :
atr vault : death of famed @ juddmontefarms blue hen mare toussaud prompted this touching 1 / 7 / 09 bobby frankel visit . urltoken urltoken
a more appropriate appellation for toussaud is
blue hen .
that ' s the name breeders reserve for that extraordinary broodmare who produces multiple stakes winners . she qualified long ago .
toussaud , 2002 broodmare of the year and one of only four north american - based mares to produce four grade 1 winners , was euthanized in kentucky on tuesday due to declining health .
lexington , ky . - toussaud , 2002 broodmare of the year and one of only four north american - based mares to produce four grade 1 winners , has died at age 20 .
juddmonte farms , a kentucky - based breeding and racing operation owned by prince khalid abdullah of saudi arabia , owns toussaud and had the kentucky derby in mind when it mated her with unbridled .
toussaud is the dam of 10 foals , including an unnamed ap . indy yearling filly . six of her nine foals of racing age are winners . as a racemare , toussaud won the gamely handicap gr1t ) and two grade 2 stakes , plus the van gheest criterion stakes ( eng3 ) . she retired with seven wins and six placings from 15 races and earnings of $ 551 , 536 .
toussaud had been retired from the breeding shed for two years and produced her last foal , the a . p . indy filly gateway , in 2006 . the three - year - old is unraced .
toussaud had been retired from the breeding shed for two years and produced her last foal , the a . p . indy filly gateway , in 2006 . the 3 - year - old is unraced .
taking on colts three times , toussaud raced with mixed but mostly undistinguished results , then was sent to frankel in the u . s . at hollywood park in 1993 , she won the wilshire handicap and the gamely handicap , a grade i race . facing males again , she won the american handicap . in the breeders ' cup mile at santa anita that fall , toussaud had a difficult trip , but finished fourth as lure won the stake for the second consecutive year . toussaud lost all chance at an eclipse award when she later finished second , a neck back of flawlessly , in the matriarch at hollywood .
besides toussaud , annet’s remarkable patients included hasili , arguably the greatest broodmare of all time , and whose son dansili ( by danehill ) , has emerged in 2007 as one of europe’s most exciting young sires .
tagged with annet becker , dansili , el gran senor , empire maker , garret o ' rourke , hasili , juddmonte farm , northern guest , prince khalid abdullah . toussaud , seattle slew , unbridled , woodman
as a broodmare , toussaud didn’t waste any time making a name for herself while based at juddmonte near lexington . chester house , her first foal , won the 2000 arlington million stakes ( gr . it ) and was the first of toussaud’s millionaire runners . by mr . prospector , chester house developed into an important sire before dying at the age of 8 in 2003 . he ranked 11th on the 2008 leading sires list .
one of the downsides with toussaud ' s foals is that they ' re difficult to train . bobby frankel , juddmonte ' s principal u . s . conditioner , has trained them all , including empire maker .
when toussaud died earlier this week , the sport lost more than a great broodmare . we all lost a special creature who embodied the spirit of joy and individuality that makes racing and breeding thoroughbreds such a wondrous adventure .
toussaud , a grade i winner in california and a group iii winner in england , is the dam of grade i winners chester house ( by mr . prospector ) , honest lady ( by seattle slew ) , and chiselling ( by
toussaud began her racing career in england , where she was a group winner and twice stakes - placed , once at the group level . she retired with seven wins and six placings from 15 races and earnings of $ 551 , 536 .
a juddmonte homebred , toussaud is out of the in reality mare image of reality . toussaud , a grade 1 winner in california and a group 3 winner in england , is the dam of grade 1 winners chester house ( by mr prospector ) , honest lady ( by seattle slew ) , and chiselling ( by woodman ) , in addition to classic winner empire maker ( by unbridled ) . she also is the dam of grade 2 winner decarchy ( by distant view ) .
el gran senor sired a number of group one winners including rodrigo de triano , belmez , al hareb and lit de justice as well as toussaud , who was a grade one winner on the track before going on to be a hugely successful broodmare .
first defence , on the other hand , was better up to a mile . that ' s not entirely surprising since as he ' s by unbridled ' s song out of toussaud ' s grade 1 - winning sprinter honest lady , by seattle slew .
empire maker ' s mother , toussaud , not only produces very fast runners but also passes on some eccentricities that made her a tough horse to handle during her racing career . she , too , was trained by frankel . in the mornings toussaud sometimes refused to run , and in other instances she insisted on running the wrong way on the track . in the wood memorial , bailey had to stir empire maker in the stretch after he passed funny cide and then appeared to lose momentum as he looked into the stands .
juddmonte farm bred and raced both american pharoah ' s grandsire empire maker and his close relative first defence . empire maker , by unbridled out of the great broodmare of the year toussaud , was a distance specialist and upset funny cide in the 2003 belmont stakes .
from her strongly personal ideas of what constituted a proper gallop to her unwillingness to settle into a life as a frumpy broodmare , toussaud kept everyone ' s attention and held it with the touch of grace that compelled us all to recognize that she was a star .
as a racemare , toussaud won the gamely handicap ( gr . it ) and two grade ii stakes , plus the van gheest criterion stakes ( eng - iii ) , she retired with seven wins and six placings from 15 races and earnings of $ 551 , 536 .
urltoken reported that toussaud , whose five grade / group winners include promising young sire empire maker , has been pensioned from her duties as a broodmare at khalid abdullah’s juddmonte farms near lexington . the 18 - year - old daughter of el gran senor is stricken with laminitis .
she was , for starters , a very particular mare even at juddmonte , which houses literally dozens of top - flight race winners and producers . even among the likes of slightly dangerous , jolypha , skimble , dokki , razyana , and other magnificent mares , toussaud stood out .
this ability he passed along to toussaud , as well as his outstanding physique , with exceptional length of body and great length of hip allied with quality . one was masculine and the other quite feminine , but neither could be mistaken for a duffer , even in the dark .
incumbent broodmare manager , annet becker , during her three year tenure as manager of the intensive and frailcare units at prince khalid abdullah’s juddmonte farm ( usa ) , would’ve been sharply refocused by the announcement of the retirement of one of america’s most famous broodmares , toussaud , yesterday .
toussaud , 2002 kentucky broodmare of the year for khalid abdullah’s juddmonte farms , was euthanized jan . 5 because of declining health . the 20 - year - old daughter of el gran senor had been pensioned the last two years . she was the dam of grade i winners chester house ,
toussaud developed laminitis in 1995 , and although she became sound enough to continue her breeding career , she required particular care , including a special stall with rubber flooring under its straw bedding , and a heating and air conditioning option for extreme weather . a veterinarian also checked her feet weekly .
new york - - toussaud , the dam of empire maker , the 3 - 5 favorite in today ' s $ 750 , 000 wood memorial at aqueduct , might be the best broodmare on the planet , but around juddmonte farms in lexington , ky . , they kiddingly have another nickname for her .
hasili produced no fewer than 5 individual group one winners ( 3 of which were champions ) as well as dansili ( who , extraordinarily , did not win at that level , though he came close , ) whilst toussaud , ( by northern guest’s younger brother , el gran senor , ) produced four .
lexington , ky . - toussaud was so much more than a broodmare of the year . she had the elegance and charisma of a model and the personality of a movie star . and nobody , from trainer bobby frankel to her guardians at juddmonte farm - yes , nobody - ever said she was boring .
toussaud ( usa ) dkb / br . f , 1989 { 6 - d } dp = 13 - 5 - 16 - 0 - 0 ( 34 ) di = 3 . 25 cd = 0 . 91 - 15 starts , 7 wins , 4 places , 2 shows career earnings : $ 552 , 751
the question frequently asked is why we haven ' t bred toussaud back to one of the stallions she ' s been so successful with ,
said garrett o ' rourke , farm manager at juddmonte .
one of the reasons , of course , is that some of these sires are no longer with us .
like mother , like son . toussaud was also known , to put it mildly , for her quirky ways . she is a daughter of el gran senor and image of reality . el gran senor ' s sire was northern dancer , the 1964 kentucky derby winner . image of reality was a daughter in reality , winner of the florida derby in 1967 . juddmonte bought image of reality , while she was in foal , for $ 500 , 000 at a breeding - stock auction at keeneland in 1987 . she was bred to el gran senor in 1989 , and that mating resulted in toussaud , who was sent to trainer john gosden in england to race .
several of toussaud stakes winners have made their mark following their racing careers . empire maker , who won the 2003 belmont stakes ( gr1 ) , is one of this year’s top freshman sires . he is represented by three stakes winners , including grade 1 winner country star and grade 2 winner mushka . empire maker stands at juddmonte .
several of toussaud stakes winners have made their mark following their racing careers . empire maker , who won the 2003 belmont stakes ( gr . i ) , is one of this year ' s top freshman sires . he is represented by three stakes winners , including grade i winner country star and grade ii winner mushka . empire maker stands at juddmonte .
empire maker , toussaud’s other millionaire , upset the 2003 triple crown bid of funny cide in winning the belmont stakes ( gr . i ) . by unbridled , he won two other grade i stakes and ran second in the kentucky derby ( gr . i ) . he stands at juddmonte and ranked eighth on the 2008 second - crop sires list .
in juddmonte ' s name , prince khalid , from saudi arabia , has won four eclipse awards as owner and breeder , but he has never won the kentucky derby . empire maker , the early favorite for the kentucky derby , won the grade i florida derby a month ago , becoming the fifth of six sons or daughters of toussaud who have won stakes .
one of the reasons empire maker arrives as the favorite is because he is the best - bred horse in the race . he is the son of unbridled , a strapping and long - striding horse who captured the 1990 derby . his mother , toussaud , was also an accomplished runner but is now more famous for foaling five stakes winners in just six attempts .
chester house’s oldest offspring were only yearlings at the time but with his credentials they seemed well - poised for success . a handsome son of mr . prospector , chester house was out of el gran senor’s grade - i winning daughter , toussaud . that mare was already also well - known as the dam of grade i winner chiselling and graded stakes winner decarchy ( both by sons of mr . prospector , and therefore three - parts - brothers to chester house ) , and honest lady , a grade i winner who also captured second in the breeders’ cup sprint ( gr . i ) . the following year toussaud would add further luster to her record , when her son , empire maker , captured the belmont stakes ( gr . i ) .
toussaud also was famous for her quirky personality . trained by bobby frankel , she was known to stop suddenly in the middle of gallops and refuse to move . she also declined to breeze from a racetrack pole , requiring frankel to breeze her only from the gate . she passed some of her eccentricity , as well as her strength of character , on to many of her foals .
a grade 1 winner herself , toussaud went on to produce grade 1 winners chester house , honest lady , chiselling , and empire maker , as well as the grade 1 - placed and grade 2 winner decarchy . only three other mares have matched that record since north american stakes grading began in 1971 : dahlia , fall aspen , and hasili , another juddmonte homebred who has produced five grade 1 winners .
a grade 1 winner herself , toussaud went on to produce grade 1 winners chester house , honest lady , chiselling , and empire maker , as well as the grade 1 - placed and grade 2 winner decarchy . only three other mares have matched that record since north american stakes grading began in 1971 : dahlia , fall aspen , and hasili , another juddmonte homebred who has produced five grade 1 winners .
a kentucky - bred homebred for juddmonte , toussaud was one of the top turf females of 1993 , winning the gamely ( gr . it ) , american ( gr . iit ) , wilshire ( gr . iit ) , and autumn days handicaps in california . against subsequent champion flawlessly , she finished a neck behind her in a runner - up effort in the matriarch stakes ( gr . it ) . she was trained by bobby frankel .
toussaud ' s barn was a regular barn before ,
said juddmonte farm manager garrett o ' rourke ,
but after she had her problems , we enclosed a whole section of it , made two double - sized stalls for her , put in padded floors , air conditioning , and heating , and it has developed into our hospital barn now . it was renovated specifically for her and was paid for by her and her offspring .
it ' s an unusual thing for a mare to keep producing horses that all just get to the races ,
said o ' rourke , who has been with prince khalid abdullah ' s kentucky division for 11 years .
so many things can happen to horses between the time they ' re foaled and their racing age . toussaud ' s babies all wind up running , and all but one of them has run quite well .
the only gaps in toussaud ' s record as a broodmare came in 1998 and 2001 . the first year , her foal was named civilisation , a son of gone west whose career record was no wins in three starts and purses of $ 980 . juddmonte hadn ' t given up on civilisation when , during a recuperation period in kentucky , he was left blind in one eye after an apparent paddock accident . the injury forced juddmonte to retire civilisation to stud .
o ' rourke added ,
when toussaud was called temperamental , people assumed she was mean , but there wasn ' t a mean bone in her body . she was just stubborn , and we learned that we had to work around her needs . she was so talented and her descendants are so talented that you ' ve no choice but to do it their way . they reward you , and for whatever headaches she might have given us , she rewarded us tenfold .
i can remember the first time i met at her barn on juddmonte farm outside lexington . at the time , she had been represented by only two of her five stakes winners , and toussaud was as lean and wide - eyed as a model off the runway . remarkably calm and self - possessed , the grand mare posed in the shady and cool space of her barn and from time to time looked around to make sure that her companion , the goat liz , was not far away .
( rated pg - 13 ) bouncing back from two failures “the tuxedo” and “i spy” , as though taming the west in “shaghai noon” wasn’t enough , now jackie chan and owen wilson re - team for this sequel about settling a score in london . chon wang ( chan ) finds his father mysteriously murdered and sets out to track down the killer . chon’s sister lin ( fann wong ) has the same idea and uncovers a worldwide conspiracy hot on a trail to murder the royal family – but no one will believe here , although wilson is smitten and hot on her trail as well . with some help from a scotland yard inspector , and a friend who can’t use chopsticks ( wilson ) the two give britain a royal kick in the pants to avenge his father’s death . big ben , madame toussaud’s , and the covent gardens and ‘jack the ripper’ will never be the same . but whether this new franchise team is doing tumbleweed or teacups , they have a niche built on the chris tucker / jackie chan chemistry from “rush hour . ” what worked before here works again simply because wilson and chan’s friendship is enjoyable to watch without the abrasion and annoyance of tucker . and , chan limits those “crouching tiger” roof top karate scenes to only one .
, has been pensioned from her duties as a broodmare at khalid abdullah ' s juddmonte farms near lexington . the 18 - year - old daughter of el gran senor is stricken with laminitis .
she ' s been great to us , and even though she ' s still young , we don’t want to be greedy ,
said farm manager garrett o ' rourke about the 2002 kentucky broodmare of the year .
she ' s left behind quite a legacy . we look forward to future success with her young daughters as broodmares .
) , in addition to classic winner empire marker ( by unbridled ) . she also is the dam of grade ii winner
honest lady is a multiple stakes producer for juddmonte . she is the dam of stakes winners first defence ( by
) and phantom rose ( in france , by danzig ) . honest lady is in foal to
chester house , whose big win came in the 2000 arlington million stakes ( gr . it ) , stood three years at juddmonte prior to his death in 2003 . he is represented by 18 stakes winners , including a dozen this year .
decarchy , who is represented by a stakes winner this year from his first crop , stands at magali farms in california . chiselling was sent to stand in south africa after his racing days .
the lovely mare had been afflicted with laminitis early in her career as a producer , and to help keep her comfortable , she was kept shod , provided with quiet quarters , kept out of the worst rigors of the weather , and given a companion so that she wouldn ' t fret for company .
surely that is how she was on the racetrack , as well , because frankel allowed her to lead her own training preparation , and perhaps his adaptability allowed her to relax , be happier , and therefore be a better racehorse , because she flourished under his care , winning the gamely , wilshire , and american handicaps .
the trademark of her best efforts was a stunning burst of speed , and this she inherited from her famous sire , the northern dancer champion and classic winner el gran senor . once beaten during his career as the best juvenile and best miler in europe in 1983 and 1984 , el gran senor had the natural finesse and vigor to flatten his opponents with a late quarter - mile burst and make it look rather easy .
if it sounds as though something more than hooves and hair , muscles and blood , made her a top racehorse and broodmare , i would say that is true . the ineffable , the essence that we cannot quite see but can only sense , was at the core of her excellence .
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3 / 16 / 2003 by bill finley new york times empire mak . . .
winx ' s staying power as one of the world ' s top rac . . .
ralph m . evans and lauren evans ' diversify & nb . . . ;
t . j . comerford , assistant trainer for aidan o ' brie . . .
“she was obviously a great broodmare but was an even more special character with a very unique personality , ” according to a farm release . “though amazingly stubborn at times , she was never seen to pin her ears or try to intentionally harm anyone or anything . she had a very kind yet powerfully strong and resilient nature that lives on in the competitive juices of offspring of chester house , empire maker , decarchy , and her daughter honest lady . ”
, who will enter stud this year at juddmonte . honest lady , by seattle slew , scored her big win in the 2000 santa monica handicap ( gr . i ) .
chiselling , by woodman , scored his big win in the 2002 secretariat stakes ( gr . it ) . decarchy , by distant view , was a two - time graded winner .
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jockey : gary l . stevens trainer : robert j . frankel owner : juddmonte farms breeder : juddmonte farms , inc .
* current year statistics include all north american races and dubai world cup day . career statistics include results from all countries .
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color : dkb / br ( usa ) 15 - 7 - 4 - 2 , $ 551 , 536 . won : gamely handicap - g1 , american handicap - g2 , wilshire handicap - g2 , autumn days handicap . broodmare of the year in 2002 dam of : empire maker , $ 1 , 985 , 800 , chester house , $ 1 , 944 , 545 , honest lady , $ 894 , 168 , decarchy , $ 703 , 862 , chiselling , $ 410 , 000 . progeny earnings over $ 5 . 9 million . breeder : juddmonte farms , inc . foaled may 6 , 1989 ( ky ) ( close )
the list started with chester house ( by mr . prospector ) , who won the arlington million and earned $ 1 . 9 million . it ' s continued with honest lady ( seattle slew ) , winner of the grade i santa monica and metropolitan handicaps ; decarchy ( distant view ) , winner of last year ' s jimmy kilroe handicap at santa anita ; chiselling ( woodman ) , winner of the grade i secretariat stakes ; and now empire maker ( unbridled ) , who in four races has already earned $ 665 , 800 ) .
decarchy , who hasn ' t won a race since march of last year , finished sixth as the 19 - 10 favorite in friday ' s maker ' s mark mile at keeneland . royal spy , an 11 - 1 longshot , won the $ 200 , 000 race .
they can have minds of their own ,
frankel said .
eventually they ' ll do what you ask them , but you ' ve got to let them do it at their own pace . he ' s better now , but [ before empire maker ' s second - place finish in the sham stakes at santa anita ] , we had a real tough time saddling him . he lunged , then reared about 10 or 12 feet in the air . i thought he would kill us all .
matching her with the right sires is not a science ,
o ' rourke said .
mostly , it ' s done by committee , but when it comes down to making the final call , the prince makes the decision .
so far , with five stakes winners out of six foals , the prince is batting . 833 . that ' s enough to lead almost any league .
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long before he ever put a saddle on a horse , bobby frankel wagered on them and , on the eve of the 129th running of the kentucky derby , he sounded more like the brooklyn boy in the grandstands of aqueduct who he once was than the hall of fame trainer he is now . beneath horse racing ' s most hallowed totems , the twin spires of churchill downs , frankel declared his colt fit and issued a challenge to anyone who believes his colt is not the deserving favorite to capture america ' s most famous race .
' ' bet against him at your own risk , ' ' he said . ' ' he ' s going to run a big race . ' '
but neither numbers nor omens favor the chances of empire maker , the colt the 61 - year - old frankel trains . only 49 post - time favorites have won the derby , and only once in the last 23 years - - fusaichi pegasus in 2000 - - has the horse sent off as the public ' s choice captured the blanket of roses .
in fact , the last colt to be so heavily favored in the derby was arazi , the french horse who in 1992 was 6 - 5 in the morning - line odds , just like empire maker . arazi ' s odds dipped even lower but he ended up a well - beaten eighth . arazi had been a brilliant 2 - year - old , winning seven races , including the breeders cup ' juvenile , but turned out to be just an ordinary 3 - year - old after being slowed by knee ailments .
and 50 years ago , almost to the day , the derby demonstrated how even an extraordinary horse could be denied by the race ' s mile - and - a - quarter distance . on may 2 , 1953 , native dancer , undefeated in 11 previous outings and already a celebrity because his races were staples in the early days of television , went off as a 3 - 5 favorite in the derby only to finish a head behind a 24 - 1 shot named dark star . it was the gray colt ' s only defeat in a 22 - race career , which included victories in the two other legs of the triple crown , the preakness and the belmont stakes .
but despite the longstanding casualty list , frankel remains unfazed . he believes that what has made empire maker a formidable favorite will not only lead to victory in the kentucky derby but also propel the horse toward the first triple crown since affirmed ' s in 1978 .
' ' i believe the script is already written , ' ' he said . ' ' i think he ' s meant to win . they just don ' t want me to have an easy time of it here this week . ' '
' ' we obviously thought a great deal of her , ' ' said john chandler , the president of juddmonte . ' ' we wanted to breed a little bit of size , with the obvious stamina qualities - - to be able to have a horse that would run on the dirt and go around two turns . ' '
the foal that dropped in april 2000 on juddmonte ' s 2 , 500 acres of bluegrass near lexington , ky . , has , indeed , proved an adept two - turn dirt runner : empire maker has captured three of his five career races in devastating fashion , including the florida derby and the wood memorial , two traditional steppingstones to the kentucky derby .
but the colt has also benefited from a bit of luck , or more precisely the bad luck visited on some of his potential 3 - year - old rivals . last year ' s juvenile champion , vindication , was injured in february and was taken off the triple crown trail ; so were sky mesa , another undefeated colt , and a pair of grade i stakes winners named toccet and badge of silver .
' ' he is the last of the supertalented horses standing , ' ' said bob baffert , the three - time derby - winning trainer who trains vindication and will saddle the 12 - 1 shot indian express on saturday . ' ' you know , i can never say it enough . you have to have an incredible amount of luck to just get a runner to the gate . ' '
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in frankel , empire maker has a trainer who has won the eclipse award the last three years as the nation ' s outstanding trainer and has won nearly every major stakes race in america , but not the derby , for which he has saddled only five starters , including empire maker . his reputation for patience and for the excellent care of his horses makes the hullabaloo over a bruise on empire maker ' s right front foot seem hollow , his rivals say .
' ' if something wasn ' t right about his horse , he would not run him , ' ' the four - time derby winner d . wayne lukas said . ' ' bobby is too good of a trainer , and out there somewhere is a derby with his name on it and he thinks it ' s this one . ' '
baffert and lukas have failed to win the race with horses that went to the starting gate as favorites , and each points out that a multitude of things can go wrong once the gates open , especially in the large field of 16 . native dancer , for example , was bumped on the first turn in the 1953 derby and was raced wide down the backstretch by jockey eric guerin in a ride many believe was poorly handled . in 2001 , baffert ' s point given was the 9 - 5 favorite and ran near the front of a blistering pace before giving way to finish fifth .
' ' we ran him too close to the front and the track was hard and fast that day and he couldn ' t handle it , ' ' a still tormented baffert said .
to insure that empire maker is properly handled , frankel has employed jerry bailey , who has captured the past three eclipse awards as the nation ' s outstanding jockey . bailey has been aboard for all five of the colt ' s starts and has administered lessons to empire maker to speed his maturation .
' ' i do know the history of the family , and a lot of it was , don ' t make the lead too soon , the concentration fails once they make the lead , ' ' bailey said . ' ' but actually in the florida derby , knowing that , i made the lead a little early on purpose just to see what he would do , and he was professional about the whole thing . ' '
empire maker displayed some of his family traits on a conditioning gallop this morning - - his first since tuesday - - when he decided to hang a hard right on the track and moved all the way to the outside rail . his exercise rider , jose cuevas , wrangled him back in control .
frankel dismissed the incident and said empire maker pulled a similar antic the day before the florida derby . ' ' but in florida , ' ' frankel said , ' ' nobody was around to see it or make a big deal of it . here we have all this kentucky derby stuff going on and it becomes part of the drama . it is documented ; everything out of that mare pulls stunts . she pulled stunts , and so do all her kids . ' '
the drama , however , is drawing to a close , and frankel says he will buck the numbers , ignore the omens and offer no excuses if empire maker comes up short . in about two minutes over a mile and a quarter on saturday , the hall of fame trainer will be proved either prescient or dead wrong .
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duke of naples was a solid racehorse , earning just shy of $ 100k over his 17 race career . this is especially considering he was bred to run long distances but after his tie - back surgery he only had the stamina for sprint races . the surgery was otherwise successful as duke does not make any noise under saddle . he was eventually retired in 2012 after a bowed tendon lf . he was rehabbed at the farm and then got to hang out in a field until 2016 when it was decided he would be much happier with a job .
we agree with their assessment , duke is an absolutely lovely ride who carries himself very well and is responsive to his rider . he settles in to new surroundings pretty quickly and will give you his all every time . he has a lovely even tempo and is ultra consistent day to day . this guy is an intermediate rider’s dream in disciplines such as dressage and hunters and an all around pleasure ride .
duke is middle of the herd and blends easily in to new groups . he is well mannered and does not have any stable vices .
stars and stripes racing festival at belmont , ride to the million at arlington highlight big day of racing action from coast to coast .
actually less than that now . sean writes about another season at saratoga and looks back at some of his favorite spa moments in his the inside rail blog .
mike smith and harry rice went all the way from aqueduct in 1989 to the triple crown in 2018 .
jump jockey riding out at fair hill , working as starter and race director at steeplechase meets .
while pioneerof the nile ' s american pharoah took another step toward ending the american triple crown drought , another grandson of classic winner unbridled sired a pair of stakes winners last weekend at pimlico race course .
first defence sired a top flight runner in his first crop in 2010 in close hatches , who earned the eclipse award last season as north america ' s champion older female . the five - time grade 1 winner is out of the mare rising tornado , by storm cat out of the gone west granddaughter silver star , by zafonic .
we see a similar pattern in the dam of first defence ' s latest stakes winner , fame and power , sharp winner of the $ 100 , 000 sir barton stakes for 3 - year - olds before the rains came to pimlico last saturday .
the bob baffert trainee is out of the storm cat dam storming on , herself a daughter of the gone west mare trekking .
fame and power was actually the second pimlico stakes winner for first defence on the weekend after irish jasper took friday ' s grade 3 adena springs miss preakness stakes .
irish jasper also shows gone west in her lineage . the 3 - year - old filly , now the winner of three stakes in her eight - race career , is out of a mare by the late gone west son mr . greeley .
first defence shows 110 starters in his first three crops and the weekend ' s haul gives him eight stakes winners ( 7 percent ) and three graded stakes winners ( 2 . 7 percent ) .
it ' s no surprise that first defence is clicking with storm cat - line mares .
there are now at least 57 stakes winners on the larger fappiano - storm cat cross . while there are surely a large numbers of runners bred on the cross , the exceptional quality it ' s produced and the variety of sires and dam sires involved is telling . of those 57 stakes winners , 12 are winners at the highest level . this group includes the best runners so far by candy ride ( shared belief ) , empire maker ( bodemeister ) and now pioneerof the nile ( american pharoah ) .
american pharoah has ' just ' a mile and one half to go to reach the pantheon of north american racing .
as i wrote april 15 , there is nothing in his female line to suggest 12 furlongs , just as there was nothing to indicate 10 or 9 . 5 furlongs either .
if he ' s to win , pedigree pundits will point to his male line - kentucky derby winner unbridled through belmont stakes hero empire maker through santa anita derby winner pioneerof the nile .
at this point we ' ve seen enough of american pharoah , to set pedigree aside . if he ' s to win the belmont stakes it will be his immensely efficient stride .
the distorted humor - a . p . indy cross is another that ' s been accumulating foals ( 114 to date ) and starters ( 84 ) at an accelerated rate after early successes like grade 3 winner endorsement and grade 1 winner any given saturday . ironicus is the latest good one by distorted humor out of an a . p . indy daughter and he ' s the second graded winner on this cross since late april .
a stuart janney homebred , ironicus stormed home to snap up the trophy in saturday ' s grade 2 longines dixie stakes over the pimlico grass course .
ironicus ' dam , megan ' s joy , never joined the ranks of a . p . indy stakes winners in her racing days but she ' s more than made up for it in her second career . ironicus is her fifth stakes winner and she ' s proven a worthy member of the la troienne female line from which she hails . she traces back to la troienne through a branch that produced some of the late paul mellon ' s very best runners , including 1993 kentucky derby and travers winner sea hero .
back in mid - april , distorted humor ' s dramedy upset the grade 2 dixiana elkorn stakes at keeneland at nearly 31 - 1 . his long odds had nothing to do with his pedigree , that much is certain . he is also out of a mare by a . p . indy who hails from the la troienne family tree , a branch developed by the phipps family . dramedy ' s dam , she ' s a winner , had already produced a pair of graded stakes winners , with grade 1 haskell invitational winner and kentucky derby runner up bluegrass cat the headliner .
ironicus and dramedy make it 131 worldwide stakes winners for winstar farm ' s distorted humor and 10 stakes winners out of a . p . indy daughters . with 64 starters on the cross that translates to 15 percent stakes winners from starters .
adena springs ' ghostzapper continued his spring hot streak with another graded stakes winner saturday .
shaman ghost materialized from out of nowhere to take the grade 3 marine stakes at woodbine in his stakes debut . he ' s the fourth graded stakes winner for the adena springs stallion since april 18 when moreno and whiskey ticket both scored graded victories with an hour ' s time .
whiskey ticket and shaman ghost share gilded time as a their dam sire and the are among the six starters ( all winners ) for ghostzapper out of mares by the 1992 breeders ' cup juvenile champion .
matt o ' neil is a freelance writer and pedigree consultant based in chicago . a former editor of owner - breeder international , his work has also appeared in numerous publications that include the blood - horse marketwatch , the florida horse and keeneland magazine . he is currently marketing and social media coordinator for adena springs farm and a partner in the fantasy horse racing game urltoken .
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american pharoah , our first triple crown champion in eons , will probably grace racing fans with his presence three or four more times before he is rushed to the breeding shed at the end of the year , where he’ll spend the rest of his life siring little pharaohs .
we’ll possibly never know how great he could be after an abbreviated racing career .
winners raced as fouryear - olds and some raced until they were seven - years - old .
triple crown stars in generations past were expected to sire superstars like themselves . naturally , in a male - dominated sport , the celebrated offspring were expected to be male and to create dynasties .
sire stats : 17 crops ; 218 foals ; 141 starters ; 99 winners . earnings : $ 909 , 166 1 champion ; 7 stakes winners ; 7 stakes placed
it wasn’t until a few years after the colt captured the kentucky derby preakness and belmont stakes that the new york times sportswriter bryan field began to refer to the trio of races as the triple crown .
upon gallant fox’s victory , the triple crown moniker was brought to the forefront of racing by daily racing form columnist charles hatton .
a small horse standing only 15 . 2 ½ hands high , sir barton sired 218 foals and eight stakes winners in seventeen racing crops . sir barton’s best offspring were his daughters , and include kentucky oaks winner easter stockings .
only one notable descendant carried on the bloodline of sir barton three time champion susan’s girl , who claimed sir barton as her fourth damsire .
susan’s girl’s half sister quaze quilt won the kentucky oaks but was found to be infertile .


eoophyla citrialis is a moth in the crambidae family .

it was described by agassiz in 2012 .

it is found in tanzania , where it has been recorded from the eastern arc mountains .

the wingspan is 14 – 16 mm .

the forewings are white with an indistinct yellowish median fascia and a yellow terminal area .

the base of the hindwings is white .

eoophyla citrialis

mey w . 2009 . eoophyla alba sp . nov . – a new aquatic moth from the island of bioko ( lepidoptera , pyraloidea : acentropinae ) . - lambillionea 109 ( 1 ) : 36–38 .
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nomenclator zoologicus . a list of the names of genera and subgenera in zoology from the tenth edition of linnaeus , 1758 to the end of 2004 . digitised by ubio from vols . 1 - 9 of neave ( ed . ) , 1939 - 1996 plus supplementary digital - only volume . urltoken ( as at 2006 ) .
strand e . 1913b . zoologische ergebnisse der expedition des herrn g . tessmann nach süd - kamerun und spanisch - guinea . lepidoptera iv . ( verschiedene familien ) . - archiv für naturgeschichte 78 ( a ) ( 1912 ) ( 12 ) : 30–84 .
mey w . 2011 . basic pattern of lepidoptera diversity in southwestern africa . - esperiana memoir 6 : 1–316 .
agassiz d . j . l . 2012 . the acentropinae ( lepidoptera : pyraloidea : crambidae ) of africa . - zootaxa 3494 : 1–73 .
hampson g . f . 1906d . descriptions of new pyralidae of the subfamilies hydrocampinae and scopariinae . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 7 ) 18 ( 107 ) : 373–393 ; ( 108 ) : 455–472 .
gaede m . 1916c . pyralidae , gesammelt von herrn e . hintz , 1910 , in kamerun ( microlepidoptera ) . - stettiner entomologische zeitung 77 ( 1 ) : 127–138 .
mey w . & speidel w . 1999 . eine neue acentropine aus arabien und äthiopien . - esperiana 7 : 263–266 , pl . 7 .
viette p . 1988a . nouveaux lépidoptères de la réunion tineidae , oecophoridae , immidae , crambidae . - l ' entomologiste 44 ( 3 ) : 171–181 .
strand e . 1915b . lepidopteren aus ober - ägypten und dem ägyptischen sudan . - archiv für naturgeschichte 80 ( a ) ( 10 ) : 95–112 .
hampson g . f . 1917d . descriptions of pyralidae in the sub - families hydrocampinae , scoparianae etc . - annals and magazine of natural history ( 8 ) 19 ( 113 ) : 361–376 ; ( 114 ) : 457–472 .
viette p . 1957f . mission du muséum national d ' histoire naturelle dans les îles du golfe de guinée . entomologie . ii ( 1 ) . pyrales nouvelles ( lépidoptères ) . - revue française d ' entomologie ( n . s . ) 24 ( 2 ) : 91–104 .
hampson g . f . 1910c . zoological collections from northern rhodesia and adjacent territories : lepidoptera phalaenae . - proceedings of the zoological society of london 1910 ( 2 ) : 388–510 , pls . 36–41 .
hampson g . f . 1897c . on the classification of two subfamilies of moths of the family pyralidae : the hydrocampinae and scopariinae . - transactions of the entomological society of london 1897 ( 2 ) : 127–240 .
strand e . 1909h . schmetterlinge aus dem sambesi - gebiet , gesammelt und dem berliner museum geschenkt von herrn franz seiner . - archiv für naturgeschichte ( 75 ) 1 ( 3 ) : 375–386 .
snellen p . c . t . 1872 . bijdrage tot de vlinder - fauna van neder - guinea , zuidwestelijk gedeelte van afrika . - tijdschrift voor entomologie 15 : 1–110 , pls . 1–8 .
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