prolagidae is an extinct family within the order of lagomorphs , which also includes the leporidae ( rabbits and hares ) .

one genus , prolagus , is recognised within the family , which was previously considered a subfamily of ochotonidae , as prolaginae .

prolagus first appeared in the early miocene in europe , where it survived until historical times .

in africa and asia , the genus is known from the miocene and pliocene .

the scientific name may mean " before hares " or " primitive hares " ( pro- meaning " before " and lagos meaning " hare " ) .

prolagus

belongs to prolagus according to k . vasileiadou and g . d . koufos 2005
prolagus sardus once occupied corsica , sardinia , and small adjacent islands of the mediterranean ( hoffmann and smith 2005 ) .
body mass ; regression models ; postcranial bones ; island rule ; mediterranean islands ; prolagus figaro ; p . sardus .
il est ici décrit prolagus italicus n . sp . , une nouvelle espèce pliocène endémique de l’italie péninsulaire , ajoutant des nouveaux détails sur la connaissance de cet ochotonidé si répandu et avec une longévité remarquable . plusieurs caractères morphologiques et dimensionnels de la dentition suggèrent une relation très proche entre p . italicus et p . sorbinii ( messinien évaporitique et postévaporitique de l’italie centrale ) . entre autre , p . italicus a en commun avec d’autres espèces de prolagus du plio - pléistocène d’europe continentale une grande taille et certains caractères très particuliers de la surface occlusale des dents . en effet , une tendance évolutive peut être reconnue parmi les espèces plio - pléistocène du genre prolagus . la valeur de p . italicus en biochronologie est assez consistante , car cette espèce semble caractériser mn17 en italie centrale . plus encore , il a été possible d’identifier des différences morpho - dimensionnelles entre les populations de p . italicus : cela peut donner une contribution pour évaluer la position chronologique relative pour les sites fossilifères dans lesquels p . italicus est présent . certains caractères morphologiques présent dans l’une des deux populations disponibles de p . italicus sont effectivement liés plus à des facteurs écologiques qu’évolutifs : cela peut être un point de départ pour des études paléoécologiques approfondies basées sur le genre prolagus . la présence de p . italicus dans la péninsule italienne peut avoir empêché l’entrée d’autres espèces d’europe occidentale .
justification : the last presumed sighting of prolagus sardus was in 1774 ( smith 2008 ) . this species was present in its historic distribution within the last 2 , 000 years ( smith 2008 ) . it is speculated that
habitat loss , predation , and competition with alien invasive species
were responsible for its extinction ( smith 2008 ) .
• middle - late pleistocene . a new faunal complex subdivided into primitive ( earlier ) ' praemegaceros - tyrrhenicola ' complex and a later one . this is the earlier and comprises the following fissures - xi canide , xi dic . 2001 , xi mar 2002 , xi 3 , xi rondone . ix prolagus , xi 3 , iv 5 and iv 20 appear to form a slightly earlier subgroup .
other genera of ochotonids ( currently living only ochotonidae ) include except ochotona ( pika ) extinct † albertona , † alloptox , † amphilagus , † australagomys , † austrolagomys , † bellatona , † bellatonoides , † bohlinotona , † cuyamalagus , † desmatolagus , † eurolagus , † gripholagomys , † gymnesicolagus , † hesperolagomys , † heterolagus , † kenyalagomys , † lagopsis , † marcuinomys , † ochotonoides , † ochotonoma , † oklahomalagus , † oreolagus , † paludotona , † piezodus , † plicalagus , † pliolagomys , † prolagus , † proochotona ( syn . ochotona ) , † pseudobellatona , † ptychoprolagus , † russellagus , † sinolagomys and † titanomys . [ 2 ] the earliest one is desmatolagus ( middle eocene to miocene , 42 . 5–14 . 8 ma [ 2 ] ) , usually included in ochotonidae , sometimes in leporidae or in neither ochotonid nor leporid stem - lagomorphs . [ 24 ]
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relationships between this order and rodentia have been disputed for over a century . its early history was discussed by simpson ( 1945 ) , while landry ( 1999 ) provided an overview of more recent literature on the subject , discussing many synapomorphies , mostly morphological , that support the concept of a cohort glires including both orders . molecular sequence data also support the concept ( huchon et al . , 1999 ) .
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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where : sardinia , italy ( 40 . 4° n , 9 . 7° e : paleocoordinates 40 . 4° n , 9 . 5° e )
when : middle pleistocene to middle pleistocene ( 0 . 8 - 0 . 0 ma )
• monte tuttavista is 836m a . s . l . and is formed of mesozoic limestones . dissolution has formed a network of fissures , which are mainly narrow and coincident with fracture lineaments .
• fissures contain various detrital sediments ranging from fossil breccias to dark clays . different depositional events can be distinguished in some of the larger fissures / cavities .
• specimens are held at the operating office of the soprintendenza per beni archeologici in nuoro and in the archaeological museum of nuoro .
•localities found in 1995 , this paper ( ref . 13691 ) reports on work from 1996 - 2003 .
primary reference : l . abbazzi , c . angelone , m . arca , g . barisone , c . bedetti , m . delfino , t . kotsakis , f . marcolini , m . r . palombo , m . pavia , p . piras , l . rook , d . torre , c . tuveri , a . m . f . valli and b . wilkens . 2004 . plio - pleistocene fossil vertebrates of monte tuttavista ( orosei , eastern sardinia , italy ) , an overview .
[ a . turner / h . o ' regan / h . o ' regan ]
paleodb collection 51504 : authorized by alan turner , entered by hannah o ' regan on 07 . 06 . 2005
where : gers , france ( 43 . 5° n , 0 . 8° e : paleocoordinates 43 . 7° n , 0 . 4° w )
primary reference : e . buffetaut , f . crouzel , f . juillard and f . stigliani . 1984 . le crocodilien longirostre gavialosuchus dans le miocene moyen de polastron ( gers , france ) .
paleodb collection 143472 : authorized by philip mannion , entered by philip mannion on 24 . 04 . 2013
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cat . meth . desc . vert . foss . dans le bassin hydro . super . de la loire et surt . la val . aff . prin . l ' allier . paris . : 43 .
previously considered a subfamily ( gureev , 1964 ) , but elevated by erbajeva ( 1988 , 1994 ) to family prolagidae . reviewed by tobien ( 1975 ) .
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comparing the body mass variations in endemic . . . | moncunill - solé | rivista italiana di paleontologia e stratigrafia ( research in paleontology and stratigraphy )
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mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 2nd ed . , 3rd printing
mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference , 3rd ed . , vols . 1 & 2
comments : previously considered a subfamily ( gureev , 1964 ) , but elevated by erbajeva ( 1988 , 1994 ) to family prolagidae . reviewed by tobien ( 1975 )
disclaimer : itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available , and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties . however , it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes . while every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and up - to - date information available , ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in provisions of treaties to which the united states is a party , wildlife statutes , regulations , and any applicable notices that have been published in the federal register . for further information on u . s . legal requirements with respect to protected taxa , please contact the u . s . fish and wildlife service .
ge , deyan ; wen , zhixin ; xia , lin ; zhang , zhaoqun ; erbajeva , margarita ; huang , chengming ; yang , qisen ( april 3 , 2013 ) .
antunes , m . t . ; mein , p . ( 1981 ) .
vertébrés du miocène moyen de amor ( leiria ) - importance stratigraphique
. ciências da terra 6 : 169–188 .
buffetaut , e . ; crouzel , f . ; juillard , f . ; stigliani , f . ( 1984 ) .
le crocodilien longirostre gavialosuchus dans le miocene moyen de polastron ( gers , france )
. geobios 17 ( 1 ) : 113–117 .
heissig , k . ( 1989 ) .
neue ergebnisse zur stratigraphie der mittleren serie der oberen süßwassermolasse bayerns ( new results on the stratigraphy of the middle series of upper freshwater molasse , bavaria )
. geologica bavarica 94 : 239–257 .
ginsburg , l . ; bonneau , m . ( 1995 ) .
la succession des faunes de mammiferes miocenes de pontigne ( maine - et - loire , france )
. bulletin de musee national histoire naturell 4 ( 2 - 4 ) : 313–328 .
böttcher , r . ; heizmann , e . p . j . ; rasser , m . w ; ziegler , r . ( 2009 ) .
biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of a middle miocene ( karpathian , mn 5 ) fauna from the northern margin of the north alpine foreland basin ( oggenhausen 2 , sw ' germany )
. neues jahrbuch für geologie und paläontologie , abhandlungen 254 ( 1 / 2 ) : 237–260 .
additional contributors to utilized records of paleobiology database ( authorizers supplying these records ) include johannes mueller , philip mannion , john alroy , mark uhen .
, with short limbs , very round body , rounded ears , and no external tail . they resemble their close cousin the
, but with shorter ears . they live in mountainous countries in asia , with two species also in north america . most pikas prefer rocky slopes . the
and nearby mountains is one of the highest living mammals , found at heights of more than 6 , 000 metres ( 20 , 000 ft ) . pikas graze on a range of plants , mostly grasses , flowers and young stems . in the autumn , they pull hay , soft twigs and other stores of food into their burrows to eat during the long , cold winter .
, is recognised within the family , and it includes 30 species . it is also known as the
whistling hare
due to its high - pitched
when diving into its burrow . in the united states , the pika is colloquially called a
coney
, a nonspecific term also used for
pikas are native to cold climates , mostly in asia , north america , and parts of eastern europe . most species live on rocky mountainsides , where there are numerous crevices in which to shelter , although some pikas also construct crude burrows . a few burrowing species are native to open steppe land . in the mountains of eurasia , pikas often share their burrows with snowfinches , which build their nests there . [ 7 ]
pikas are small mammals , with short limbs and rounded ears . they are about 15 to 23 centimetres ( 5 . 9 to 9 . 1 in ) in body length and weigh between 120 and 350 grams ( 4 . 2 and 12 . 3 oz ) , depending on species . like rabbits , after eating they initially produce soft green feces , which they eat again to take in further nutrition , before producing the final , solid , fecal pellets . some pikas , such as the collared pika , have been known to store dead birds in their burrows , for food during winter . [ 8 ]
, shrub twigs , moss , and lichen . as with other lagomorphs , pikas have gnawing
rock - dwelling pikas have small litters of fewer than five young , while the burrowing species tend to give birth to more young , and to breed more frequently , possibly due to a greater availability of resources in their native habitats . the young are born after a gestation period of between 25 and 30 days . [ 7 ]
vegetation pile , drying on rocks for subsequent storage . gad valley , snowbird ski resort , little cottonwood canyon , utah
pikas are diurnal or crepuscular , with higher - elevation species generally being more active during the daytime . they show their peak activity just before the winter season . pikas do not hibernate , so they generally spend time during the summer collecting and storing food they will eat over the winter . each rock - dwelling pika stores its own
haypile
of dried vegetation , while burrowing species often share food stores with their burrow mates . haying behavior is more prominent at higher elevations . many of the vocalizations and social behaviors that pikas exhibit are related to haypile defense .
eurasian pikas commonly live in family groups and share duties of gathering food and keeping watch . some species are territorial . north american pikas ( o . princeps and o . collaris ) are asocial , leading solitary lives outside the breeding season .
pikas have distinct calls that vary in duration . the call can either be short and quick , a little longer and more drawn out , or they can be songs . the short calls are an example of geographic variation . the pikas determine the appropriate time to make short calls by listening for cues for sound localization . [ 9 ] the calls are used as either a warning signal or as a way to attract the opposite sex . there are also different calls depending on the season . in the spring , the songs become more frequent due to the breeding season . in late summer , the vocalizations become short calls . through various studies , the acoustic characteristics of the vocalizations can be a useful taxonomic tool . [ 10 ]
the average lifespan in pikas is roughly seven years in the wild . in order to determine how old a pika is , one would have to count the adhesion lines on the periosteal bone on the lower jaw . the lifespan does not differ between the sexes . [ 11 ]
there are many known fossil forms of ochotona described in the literature , from the miocene epoch to the early holocene ( extinct species ) and present ( 16 . 4 - 0 ma [ 2 ] ) . they lived in europe , asia , and north america . note that some species listed below are common for eurasia and north america ( o . gromovi , o . tologoica , o . zazhigini and probably o . whartoni ) .
† ochotona youngi ( asia , pliocene ) [ 13 ] and others . [ 2 ] [ 13 ]
extinct small pikas similar to the o . pusilla group ( pleistocene ) [ 13 ] [ 17 ]
paleontologists have also described multiple forms of pika not referred to specific species ( ochotona indet . ) or not certainly identified ( o . cf . antiqua , o . cf . cansus , o . cf . daurica , o . cf . eximia , o . cf . gromovi , o . cf . intermedia , o . cf . koslowi , o . cf . lagrelii , o . cf . nihewanica ) . the status of ochotona ( proochotona ) kirgisica and o . spelaeus is uncertain . [ 2 ]
the
pusilla
group of pikas is characterized by archaic ( plesiomorphic ) cheek teeth and small size . [ 17 ]
the north american species migrated from eurasia . they invaded the new world twice :
ochotona spanglei during the latest miocene or early pliocene , followed by an approximately three - million - year - long gap in the known north american pikas record . [ 13 ]
ochotona whartoni ( giant pika ) and small pikas via the bering land bridge during the earliest pleistocene . [ 13 ]
ochotona cf . whartoni and small pikas of the o . pusilla group are also known from siberia . the extant , endemic north american species appeared in the pleistocene . it has been suggested that the north american collared pika ( o . collaris ) and american pika ( o . princeps ) descended from the same ancestor as the steppe pika ( o . pusilla ) . [ 13 ]
the range of ochotona was larger in the past , with both extinct and extant species inhabiting western europe and eastern north america , areas that are currently free of pikas . pleistocene fossils of the extant steppe pika ochotona pusilla currently native to asia have been found also in many countries of europe from the united kingdom to russia and from italy to poland , and the asiatic extant northern pika ochotona hyperborea in one location in the middle pleistocene united states . [ 2 ]
fossil occurrences of leporids and ochotonids and global environmental change ( climate change , c 3 / c 4 plants distribution ) . [ 2 ]
ochotona spanglei in the paleobiology database . [ 20 ] [ pdb 1 ] [ pdb 2 ] [ pdb 3 ]
ochotona whartoni in the paleobiology database . [ 22 ] [ pdb 4 ] [ pdb 5 ] [ pdb 6 ] [ pdb 7 ] [ pdb 8 ] [ pdb 9 ] [ pdb 10 ]
the coordinates of additional fossils not listed in the xls file attached to ge and all paper [ 2 ] were taken from the paleobiology database . [ 23 ] [ pdb 11 ] [ pdb 12 ] [ pdb 13 ] [ pdb 14 ] [ pdb 15 ] [ pdb 16 ] [ pdb 17 ] [ pdb 18 ] [ pdb 19 ] [ pdb 20 ] [ pdb 6 ] [ pdb 7 ] [ pdb 21 ] [ pdb 22 ] [ pdb 5 ] [ pdb 23 ] [ pdb 24 ] [ pdb 25 ] [ pdb 26 ] [ pdb 27 ] [ pdb 28 ] [ pdb 29 ] [ pdb 30 ]
hoffman , r . s . ; smith , a . t . ( 2005 ) .
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. in wilson , d . e . ; reeder , d . m . mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference ( 3rd ed . ) . johns hopkins university press . pp . 185–193 . isbn 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8221 - 0 . oclc 62265494 .
walters , martin ( 2005 ) . encyclopedia of animals . parragon . p . 203 . isbn 1 - 40545 - 669 - 8 .
onions , c . t . ( ed . ) .
cony
. the shorter oxford english dictionary ( 3 ed . ) . p . 420 .
general pika information archived 2017 - 05 - 10 at the wayback machine . . urltoken
kawamichi , takeo ( 1984 ) . macdonald , d . , ed . the encyclopedia of mammals . new york : facts on file . pp . 726–727 . isbn 0 - 87196 - 871 - 1 .
leininger , charlene ( 2009 ) ochotona collaris archived 2013 - 06 - 28 at the wayback machine . . animal diversity web
conner , douglas a . ( 1982 - 02 - 25 ) .
geographic variation in short calls of pikas ( ochotona princeps )
. journal of mammalogy . 63 ( 1 ) : 48–52 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1380670 . issn 0022 - 2372 . archived from the original on december 8 , 2015 .
dialects in southern rocky mountain pikas , ochotona princeps ( lagomorpha )
. animal behaviour . 21 : 124–137 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0003 - 3472 ( 73 ) 80050 - 8 .
barker , jennifer m ; boonstra , rudy ; schulte - hostedde , albrecht i ( 2003 - 10 - 01 ) .
age determination in yellow - pine chipmunks ( tamias amoenus ) : a comparison of eye lens masses and bone sections
. canadian journal of zoology . 81 ( 10 ) : 1774–1779 . doi : 10 . 1139 / z03 - 173 . issn 0008 - 4301 .
fostowicz - frelik , łucja ; frelik , grzegorz ; gasparik , mihály ( october 2010 ) .
morphological phylogeny of pikas ( lagomorpha : ochotona ) , with a description of a new species from the pliocene / pleistocene transition of hungary
. proceedings of the academy of natural sciences of philadelphia . academy of natural sciences . 159 : 97–117 . doi : 10 . 1635 / 053 . 159 . 0107 . jstor 41446115 .
erbajeva , margarita a . ; mead , jim i . ; alexeeva , nadezhda v . ; angelone , chiara ; swift , sandra l . ( 2011 ) .
erbajeva , margarita a . ; zheng , shaohua ( 30 june 2005 ) .
čermák , stanislav ; obuch , ján ; benda , petr ( 2006 ) .
erbajeva , margarita a . ; mead , jim i . ; swift , sandra l . ( 2003 ) .
3rd international mammoth conference , 2003 : program and abstracts , edited by john e . storer
shotwell , j . arnold ( 1956 ) .
hemphillian mammalian assemblage from northeastern oregon
. geological society of america bulletin . geological society america . 67 ( 6 ) : 717–738 . doi : 10 . 1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1956 ) 67 [ 717 : hmafno ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 .
ochotona spanglei shotwell 1956
. the paleobiology database . archived from the original on april 15 , 2014 .
guthrie , r . d . ; matthews , john v . jr . ( 1971 ) .
the cape deceit fauna—early pleistocene mammalian assemblage from the alaskan arctic
. quaternary research . 1 ( 4 ) : 474–510 . doi : 10 . 1016 / 0033 - 5894 ( 71 ) 90060 - 3 .
ochotona whartoni guthrie and matthews , jr . 1971 ( pika )
. the paleobiology database . archived from the original on april 14 , 2014 .
this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : chisholm , hugh , ed . ( 1911 ) .
pika
. encyclopædia britannica ( 11th ed . ) . cambridge university press .
shotwell , j . a . ( 1956 ) .
hemphillian mammalian assemblage from northeastern oregon
. geological society of america bulletin . 67 ( 6 ) : 717 . doi : 10 . 1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1956 ) 67 [ 717 : hmafno ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2 . [ j . alroy / j . alroy ]
voorhies , m . r . ( 1990 ) . gustavson , t . c . , ed . bureau of economic geology guidebook . [ j . alroy / j . alroy ]
additional contributors to utilized records of paleobiology database ( authorizers supplying these records ) include john alroy .
guthrie , r . d . ; matthews , jr . , j . v . ( 1971 ) .
the cape deceit fauna—early pleistocene mammalian assemblage from the alaskan arctic
. quaternary research . 1 ( 4 ) : 474–510 . doi : 10 . 1016 / 0033 - 5894 ( 71 ) 90060 - 3 . [ j . alroy / j . alroy ]
a . v . jopling et al . ( 1981 ) .
stratigraphic , sedimentological and faunal evidence for the occurrence of pre - sangamonian artefacts in northern yukon
. arctic . 34 ( 1 ) . doi : 10 . 14430 / arctic2499 . [ j . alroy / j . alroy ]
harington , c . r . ( 1978 ) .
quaternary vertebrate faunas of canada and alaska and their suggested chronological sequence
. syllogeus . 15 . [ j . alroy / j . alroy ]
storer , j . e . ( 2004 ) .
a middle pleistocene ( late irvingtonian ) mammalian fauna from thistle creek , klondike goldfields region of yukon territory , canada
. paludicola . 4 ( 4 ) : 137–150 . [ j . alroy / j . alroy ]
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phylogenetic systematics of the north american fossil caninae ( carnivora : canidae )
. bulletin of the american museum of natural history . 325 : 1–218 . doi : 10 . 1206 / 574 . 1 . [ j . marcot / j . marcot ]
additional contributors to utilized records of paleobiology database ( authorizers supplying these records ) include john alroy , jonathan marcot .
barnosky , a . d . ; rasmussen , d . l . ( 1988 ) .
middle pleistocene arvicoline rodents and environmental change at 2900 - meters elevation , porcupine cave , south park , colorado
. annals of carnegie museum . 57 ( 12 ) : 267–292 . [ j . alroy / j . alroy ]
belyaeva , e . i . ( 1948 ) . catalogue of tertiary fossil sites of the land mammals in the u . s . s . r . [ m . uhen / m . uhen ]
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principaux gisements paleontologiques francais du pleistocene moyen : essai de classification
. le quaternaire : 41–50 . [ a . turner / h . o ' regan / h . o ' regan ]
cai , b . ( 1987 ) .
a preliminary report on the late pliocene micromammalian fauna from yangyuan and yuxian , hebei
. vertebrata palasiatica . 25 ( 2 ) : 124–136 . [ a . turner / h . o ' regan / h . o ' regan ]
t . deng , x . wang , m . fortelius , q . li , y . wang , z . j . tseng , g . t . takeuchi , j . e . saylor , l . k . säilä and g . xie ( 2011 ) .
out of tibet : pliocene woolly rhino suggests high - plateau origin of ice age megaherbivores
. science . 333 : 1285–1288 . doi : 10 . 1126 / science . 1206594 . pmid 21885780 . [ j . alroy / j . alroy / j . alroy ]
erbaeva , m . a . ( 1986 ) .
the late cenozoic faunistic complexes of transbaikalia with special reference to the micromammalia
. quatarpalaontologie . 6 : 25–28 . [ a . turner / h . o ' regan / h . o ' regan ]
frazier , m . k . ( 1977 ) .
new records of neofiber leonardi ( rodentia : cricetidae ) and the paleoecology of the genus
. journal of mammalogy . 58 ( 3 ) : 368–373 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 1379335 . [ m . uhen / m . shalap ]
gidley , j . w . ( 1913 ) .
preliminary report on a recently discovered pleistocene cave deposit near cumberland , maryland
. proceedings of the united states national museum . 46 : 93–102 . doi : 10 . 5479 / si . 00963801 . 46 - 2014 . 93 . [ m . uhen / m . shalap / m . shalap ]
grady , f . ; garton , e . r . ( 2000 ) .
paleontology and historic field trip of the john guilday cave preserve ( trout rock )
. bulletin – west virginia speleological survey . 14 : 241–244 . [ m . uhen / m . shalap / m . shalap ]
guilday , j . e . ( 1979 ) .
eastern north american pleistocene ochotona ( lagomorpha : mammalia ) . carnegie museum of natural history
. annals of carnegie museum . 48 ( 24 ) . [ j . alroy / j . alroy ]
janossy , d . ( 1970 ) .
ein neuer eomyide ( rodentia , mammalia ) aus dem ältestpleistozän (
oberes villafrankium
, villanyium ) des osztramos ( nordostungarn ) ; ( a new eomyid ( rodentia , mammalia ) from the lowermost pleistocene ( upper villafranchian ) from osztramos mountain ( northeastern hungary )
. annales historico - naturales musei nationalis hungarici . 62 : 99–113 . [ j . alroy / s . kuemmell / s . kuemmell ]
janossy , d . ( 1986 ) .
pleistocene vertebrate faunas of hungary
. developments in palaeontology and stratigraphy . amsterdam : elsevier . 8 : 1–208 . [ a . turner / h . o ' regan / h . o ' regan ]
kurten , b . ; anderson , e . ( 1980 ) . pleistocene mammals of north america . pp . 1–442 . [ j . alroy / j . alroy / j . alroy ]
mead , j . i . ; grady , f . ( 1996 ) .
ochotona ( lagomorpha ) from late quaternary cave deposits in eastern north america
. quaternary research . 45 ( 1 ) : 93–101 . doi : 10 . 1006 / qres . 1996 . 0009 . [ j . alroy / j . alroy / j . alroy ]
qiu , z . ( 1987 ) .
neogene micromammals of china
. whyte , p . , ed . paleoenvironment of east asia from the mid - tertiary , second international conference on the paleoenvironment of east asia . 77 ( 1–2 ) : 834–848 . [ w . clyde / j . finarelli / w . clyde ]
rasmussen , d . l . ( 1974 ) .
new quaternary mammal localities in the upper clark fork river valley , western montana
. northwest geology . 3 : 62–70 . [ m . uhen / c . peredo ]
sotnikova , m . v . ; dodonov , a . e . ; pen ' kov , a . v . ( 1997 ) .
upper cenozoic bio - magnetic stratigraphy of central asian mammalian localities
. palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology . 133 : 243–258 . doi : 10 . 1016 / s0031 - 0182 ( 97 ) 00078 - 3 . [ a . turner / h . o ' regan / h . o ' regan ]
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biochronology of the pleistocene deposits at betfia ( bihor , romania )
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the middle pleistocene rodent atopomys ( cricetidae : arvicolinae ) from the eastern and south - central united states
. journal of vertebrate paleontology . 10 ( 4 ) : 484–490 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1990 . 10011831 . [ j . alroy / j . alroy ]
additional contributors to utilized records of paleobiology database ( authorizers supplying these records ) include john alroy , anna behrensmeyer , will clyde , alan turner , mark uhen .
orr , robert thomas ( 1977 ) . the little - known pika ( illustrated ed . ) . new york : macmillan . isbn 9780025939608 .
the trek of the pika , by michael morris , parks canada , mount revelstoke and glacier national parks . ( includes sound file )
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eotheroides is an extinct genus of eocene sirenian .

it is an early member of the family dugongidae , which includes the extant dugong .

fossils have been found from egypt , india , and madagascar .

eotheroides was first described by richard owen in 1875 under the name eotherium , which was replaced by the current name in 1899 .

based on endocranial casts , eotheroiodes had a smaller endocranial volume than other contemporaneous sirenians such as protosiren .

unlike extant sirenians , eotheroides possesses a tentorium cerebelli , which appears as a distinct transverse groove on the skull .

eotheroides

belongs to eotheroides according to i . s . zalmout and p . d . gingerich 2012
the fragments of a maxilla with one m2 in matrix associated with [ eotheroides n . sp . ] dugong remains .
u - m umorf on twitter :
ewest umorf : the 3d skull of eotheroides sandersi - eocene sea cow . # fossils # paleontology urltoken urltoken
raymond rogers , karen e . samonds , iyad s . zalmout , mitchell t . irwin , et al . .
eotheroides lambondrano , new middle eocene seacow ( mammalia , sirenia ) from the mahajanga basin , northwestern madagascar
{ author1 , author2 . . . } , ( n . d . ) . eotheroides babiae . [ online ] india biodiversity portal , species page : { name of species field } available at : urltoken [ accessed date jul 10 , 2018 ] .
une nouvelle espèce basale de dugongidé , prototherium ausetanum sp . nov . ( dugongidae , halitheriinae ) est décrite sur la base d’un crâne de l’éocène moyen de mas vilageliu ( tona , ne de la péninsule ibérique ) . la nouvelle espèce montre une combinaison de caractères qui la différencie des autres halitheriinés , y compris prototherium veronense ( espèce type du genre ) , prototherium ? intermedium ( qui appartient probablement à un genre différent ) , et prototherium ? montserratense ( ici considéré comme un nomen dubium ) , ainsi que eotheroides spp . en général , la nouvelle espèce ressemble morphologiquement davantage aux espèces précédemment incluses dans prototherium ( par exemple , dolichocéphalie ) . cependant , une analyse cladistique basée sur les caractéristiques cranio - dentaires permet de considérer la nouvelle espèce comme le taxon frère d’ eotheroides aegyptiacum ( espèce type du genre ) , constituant , en outre , une polytomie avec p . veronense , eotheroides lambondrano et les autres halitheriinae . notre analyse indique aussi que p . ? intermedium est davantage dérivée que les autres espèces de prototherium , mais elle ne résout pas de manière concluante les relations phylogénétiques entre les espèces incluses de prototherium et d’ eotheroides . une révision taxonomique plus approfondie de ces deux genres serait nécessaire , afin de mieux résoudre la phylogénie des premiers dugongidés .
samonds ke , zalmout is , irwin mt , krause dw , rogers rr , raharivony ll . eotheroides lambondrano , new middle eocene seacow ( mammalia , sirenia ) from the mahajanga basin , northwestern madagascar journal of vertebrate paleontology . 29 : 1233 - 1243 . doi : 10 . 1671 / 039 . 029 . 0417
the announcement of an intriguing new species of sirenia ( i . e . , manatees , dugongs , sea cows ) was noted in the december 12 , 2009 , issue of the journal of vertebrate paleontology . it is an extinct pygmy sea cow ( eotheroides lambondrano ) ~ illustrated above with skull inset ~ from the island of madagascar . it , thus , would have been a small relative of the bering sea’s steller’s sea cow ( hydrodamalis gigas ) ~ shown below .
the illustration has an odd feature loren i have not read the article yet but did that drawing appear in the journal of vertebrate paleontology ? was the inset scull the only remains that lead to the reconstruction ? the illustrator has drawn a set of hind legs ( though only one of the set showing ) . i know sirenia have vestigial hind limbs , but they are well hidden in the skeleton and do not erupt through the outside of the body . are they saying that the hind limbs were functional in eotheroides lambondrano ?
a new species of extinct pygmy sea cow is one of the first fossil mammal species found in madagascar from the mysterious time period between 80 million years ago and 90 , 000 years ago , experts say . … known from a roughly 40 - million - year - old skull and a few ribs , the new species has been named eotheroides lambondrano , after the malagasy word for dugong , which translates to “water bushpig . ” at about seven feet ( two meters ) long , the ancient pygmy sea cow was smaller than the modern dugong , which ranges from about 8 to 10 feet ( 2 . 4 to 3 meters ) in length… . e . lambondrano is also unique in that its closest relatives would have lived in what is now india and egypt , according to the study—making its madagascan location all the more special… . ”madagascar already has a lot of strange beasts , and we now have a glimpse of this species from so far away . ”
hello , i send you some information about a recent publicacion in fossil sirenians . * a new dugong species ( sirenia , dugongidae ) from the eocene of catalonia ( ne iberian peninsula ) * a new stem dugongid species , * prototherium ausetanum * sp . nov . ( dugongidae , halitheriinae ) , is described based on a cranium from the middle eocene of mas vilageliu ( tona , ne iberianpeninsula ) . the new species displays a combination of features that enables its distinction from other halitheriines , including * prototherium veronense * ( type species of the genus ) , * prototherium * ? * intermedium * ( which likely belongs to a different genus ) , and * prototherium * ? * montserratense * ( here considered a nomen dubium ) , as well as * eotheroides * spp . in overallmorphology ( e . g . , dolichocephaly ) the new species more closely resembles species previously included in * prototherium * . more info in : balaguer , j . & alba , d . m . ( in press ) . a new dugong species ( sirenia , dugongidae ) from the eocene of catalonia ( ne iberian peninsula ) * comptes rendus palevol * . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . crpv . 2015 . 10 . 002 <
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full reference : t . s . palmer . 1899 . review of catalogus mammalium tam viventium quam fossilium . science 10 ( 249 ) : 491 - 495
see also carroll 1988 , clementz et al . 2006 , cope 1890 , domning 1994 , domning 1996 , heal 1973 , kretzoi 1941 , lydekker 1887 , owen 1875 , palmer 1899 , palmer 1904 , reinhart 1959 , samonds and zalmout 2009 , simpson 1932 , trouessart 1898 , trouessart 1904 , voss and hampe 2017 , zalmout and gingerich 2012 and zittel 1925
full reference : r . owen . 1875 . on fossil evidences of an eocene sirenian mammals . quarterly journal of the geological society of london 31 : 100 - 105
manatus coulombi : its type locality is gebel mokattam , lower , which is in a lutetian open shallow subtidal limestone in the mokattam formation of egypt .
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from the mysterious time period between 80 million years ago and 90 , 000 years ago , experts say .
there ' s a big gap where we really don ' t know anything about what ' s going on in the fossil record ,
said study leader karen samonds , of mcgill university in montreal , canada .
after the malagasy word for dugong , which translates to
water bushpig .
at about seven feet ( two meters ) long , the ancient pygmy sea cow was smaller than the modern dugong , which ranges from about 8 to 10 feet ( 2 . 4 to 3 meters ) in length .
the pygmy sea cow would have been
a neat in - between
animal in the evolution from primitive land - dwelling mammals to today ' s aquatic sea cows , samonds said . ( explore a
is also unique in that its closest relatives would have lived in what is now india and egypt , according to the study—making its madagascan location all the more special .
madagascar already has a lot of strange beasts , and we now have a glimpse of this species from so far away .
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late eocene sea cows ( mammalia , sirenia ) from wadi al hitan in the fayum basin , egypt .
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please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from wikipedia or other free sources online . hephaestus books represents a new publishing paradigm , allowing disparate content sources to be curated into cohesive , relevant , and informative books . to date , this
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steller’s sea cow , of course , is also considered extinct , but still modern sightings are recorded for that species . could the madagascan pygmy sirenian explain reports of cryptids ( e . g . merbeings ) seen in recent times near madagascar ?
the discovery of a valid species of pygmy sea cow calls for a review of the latest on the amazonian dwarf manatee debate . in regard to this alleged new species , wikipedia has a good , new ( december 23 , 2009 ) overview of what has occurred since the announced “discovery” of this new species , written possibly by an unknown british or canadian author ( rn1970 ? ) , ( given in plain text below to retain the italicized names , which are critical to the passage ) :
the dwarf manatee ( trichechus “pygmaeus” , or mistakenly trichechus “bernhardi” ) is a possible species of manatee that lives in the freshwater habitats of the amazon , though restricted to one tributary of the aripuanã river . according to marc van roosmalen , the scientist who proposes it as a new species , it lives in shallow , fast running water and feeds on different species of aquatic plants than the amazonian manatee , which prefers deeper slower moving waters and the plants found there . based on its tiny range , it has been suggested that the dwarf manatee is critically endangered , but at present it is not recognized by the iucn .
dwarf manatees are typically about 130 cm long , and weigh about 60 kg , making them the smallest extant sirenians . it is overall very dark , almost black , with a white patch on the abdomen . it has been suggested that it actually represents an immature amazonian manatee , but they are reported to differ in proportions and colour . they are , however , at least very closely related , as mtdna has failed to reveal any difference between the two . based on mutation rates in manatees – if the dwarf manatee is distinct – this suggests a divergence time of less than 485 , 000 years . daryl domning , a smithsonian institution research associate and the world’s foremost experts on manatee evolution , has stated that the dna evidence actually proves that these merely are immature amazonian manatees .
disregarding its questionable validity as a species , the proposed name “ trichechus pygmaeus ” is problematic . a formal description using that name was submitted to nature , but it was rejected and consequently the article has only been published online . this has resulted in the invalidation of the name following chapter 3 , article 8 of the iczn code . [ end wikipedia ; see here for references . ]
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interestingly steller´s seacow was despite its enormous size not a true giant at all , but more some kind of dwarf among its kin . it evolved from the even larger and much more wide - spread species hydrodamalis cuestae , and the smaller size was possibly a result of the small area where hydrodamalis gigas lived as well as the geographical range in the north .
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kenneth d . rose , amy e . chew , rachel h . dunn , mary j . kraus , henry c . fricke , shawn p . zack
dorudon atrox is a medium - sized archaeocete cetacean , around five meters in length from snout to tail in life , and is known from the birket qarun and gehannam formations of fayum , egypt . these formations are primarily bartonian , but probably straddle the bartonian - priabonian boundary . the bartonian is the last european marine stage in the middle eocene , while the priabonian is the first marine stage in the late eocene , and the formations from which d . atrox are recovered are around 41 to 40 million years old . anatomical features found in d . atrox and its close relatives ( family basilosauridae ) , indicate that these animals were the first fully aquatic cetaceans . ( go to the link and see more of this paper . )
the bighorn and clarks fork basins of northwestern wyoming are world - renowned for their brightly - colored fossil beds yielding mammals and other vertebrates of the paleocene and early eocene epochs . the first collections were made by jacob wortman in 1880 and 1881 while employed by edward drinker cope of philadelphia , one of the best known american vertebrate paleontologists of the nineteenth century . wortman was very successful , and as a result cope was able to describe many new genera and species based on this collection . william benyman scott of princeton university tried to duplicate wortman ' s success in 1884 , working with assistants and a military escort , but left with four specimens that fit into a cigar box . some parts of the bighorn and clarks fork basins are richly fossiliferous , but others are poorly so . and the fossils themselves are , in any case , only part of what makes the basins so important . ( go to the link and see more of this paper . )
morphological and stratigraphic evidence indicates that land - living mesonychian ungulates are broadly ancestral to early amphibious and later aquatic cetaceans . the transition from terrestrial ungulates to aquatic whales is a transition from life in air to life in water . air and water differ in density and are very different media for sound propagation . thus perception of air - borne sound by land mammals and perception of water - borne sound by whales require markedly different functional adaptations . here we describe and compare the basicranial morphology of mesonychian ungulates and archaeocete cetaceans to establish stages of morphological transformation of the basicranium and evolution of hearing in whales . ( go to the link and see more of this paper . )
gebel mokattam and fayum are well known among vertebrate paleontologists for their rich and diverse faunas of eocene marine mammals . ten cetacean and seven sirenian species have been named from these two areas . the eocene stratigraphy of each is reviewed here , and fayum stratigraphy is supplemented with new observations . the mokattam formztion and most of the giushi formation at gebel mokattam are lutetian and bartonian ( middle eocene ) in age , and these record deposition offshore in marine shelf and shallow shelf environments . the maadi formation at gebel mokattam is priabonian ( late eocene ) in age , and was deposited in nearshore and lagoonal environments . ( go to the link and see more of this paper . )
the family phenacodontidae ( condylarthra , marnrnalia ) occurs in the paleocene and eocene of north america and europe . north american phenacodontids are among the most abundant mammals during their range from middle torrejonian ( 63 ma ) through bridgerian land - mammal ages ( 49 ma ) . in europe , phenacodontids are rare and known only from early and middle eocene deposits . this study evaluates the pattern of evolution , and the geographic and chronologic distribution of phenacodontid taxa , and investigates some causal factors for these patterns . ( go to the link and see more of this paper . )
plesiadapiformes is the first group of primate - like mammals known in the fossil record . plesiadapiformes first appear in the paleocene ( puercan land mammal age ) in sediments of the western interior of north america . the relationship of paleocene plesiadapiforms to eocene primates of modem aspect ( euprimates ) and relationships among various families , genera , and species of plesiadapiforms are uncertain . in particular , the relationship of microsyopoidea to plesiadapiforms has been questioned . morphological and functional studies of dental and cranial remains of plesiadapiforms presented in this study indicate that there is no direct relationship between plesiadapiforms and euprimates . plesiadapiformes are retained , questionably , in the order primates , based solely on gradistic considerations . dental evidence suggests that plesiadapiforms are more closely related to fossil
dermopterans
( plagiomenidae ) than either group is to euprimates . microsyopoids are distinctly primitive in a number of dental and cranial features , but are more closely related to plesiadapoids than to any other group . ( go to the link and see more of this paper . )
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full reference : i . s . zalmout and p . d . gingerich . 2012 . late eocene sea cows ( mammalia , sirenia ) from wadi al hitan in the western desert of fayum , egypt . university of michigan papers on paleontology 37 : 1 - 158
type specimen : cgm 42181 , a partial skeleton ( skull and partial skeleton ) . its type locality is wh - 230 , which is in a priabonian marine shale in the birket qarun formation of egypt .
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' eosiren libyca belongs to eosiren ' according to c . w . andrews 1902
' halitherium alleni belongs to halitherium ' according to g . g . simpson 1932
' halitherium canhami is recombined as miosiren canhami ' according to o . sickenberg 1934
' hesperosiren crataegensis is corrected as hesperosiren crataegense and belongs to hesperosiren ' according to g . g . simpson 1932
' hippopotamus dubius is recombined as protosiren dubia ' according to o . sickenberg 1934
' hippopotamus minimus is a subjective synonym of protosiren dubia ' according to o . sickenberg 1934
' ischyrotherium antiquum is recombined as manatus antiquus ' according to j . leidy 1889
' metaxytherium arctodites belongs to metaxytherium ' according to aranda - manteca et al . 1994
' multituberculata was reranked as a subclass and belongs to mammalia ' according to o . abel 1933
' potamosiren magdalenensis is recombined as ribodon magdalenensis ' according to marshal et al . 1983
' protosiren dolloi is recombined as mesosiren dolloi ' according to o . abel 1906
' trichechus manatus manatus belongs to trichechus manatus ' according to c . linnaeus 1758
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bajpai , s . and d . p . domning . 1997 . a new dugonginae sirenian from the early miocene of india . journal of vertebrate paleontology 17 : 219 - 228 .
domning , d . p . 1988 . fossil sirenia of the west atlantic and caribbean region . i . metaxytherium floridanum hay , 1922 . journal of paleontology 8 : 395 - 426 .
domning , d . p . 1997 . fossil sirenia of the west atlantic and caribbean region . vi . crenatosiren olseni ( reinhart , 1976 ) . journal of vertebrate paleontology 17 : 397 - 412 .
domning , d . p . , g . s . morgan , and c . e . ray . 1982 . north american eocene sea cows ( mammalia : sirenia ) . smithsonian contributuions to paleobiology 52 . smithsonian institution press , washington , d . c .
mckenna , m . c . and s . k . bell . 1997 . classification of mammals above the species level . columbia university press , new york .
ozawa , t . , s . hayashi , and v . m . mikhelson . 1997 . phylogenetic position of mammoth and steller ' s sea cow within tethytheria demonstrated by mitochondrial dna sequences . journal of molecular evolution 44 : 406 - 413 .
rainey , w . e . , j . m . lowenstein , v . m . sarich , and d . m . magor . 1984 . sirenian molecular systematics including the extinct steller ' s sea cow ( hydrodamalis gigas ) . naturwissenschaften 71 : 586 - 588 .
rowlatt , u . and h . marsh . 1985 . the heart of the dugong ( dugong dugon ) and the west - indian manatee ( trichechus manatus ) ( sirenia ) . journal of morphology 186 : 95 - 105 .
lankester , e . r . 1905 . extinct animals . archibald constable & co . ltd . , london
tree of life web project . 2000 . dugongidae . dugongs . version 01 january 2000 ( temporary ) .
each tol branch page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a branch of the tree of life . the major distinction between a branch and a leaf of the tree of life is that each branch can be further subdivided into descendent branches , that is , subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages .
for a more detailed explanation of the different tol page types , have a look at the structure of the tree of life page .
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42 high - probability publications . we are testing a new system for linking publications to authors . you can help ! if you notice any innacuracies , please sign in and mark papers as correct or incorrect matches . if you identify any major omissions or other inaccuracies in the publication list , please let us know .
wooley cn , rogers r . the effectiveness of the personality assessment inventory with feigned ptsd : an initial investigation of resnick ' s model of malingering . assessment . 22 : 449 - 58 . pmid 25268016 doi : 10 . 1177 / 1073191114552076
krause dw , hoffmann s , wible jr , kirk ec , schultz ja , von koenigswald w , groenke jr , rossie jb , o ' connor pm , seiffert er , dumont er , holloway wl , rogers rr , rahantarisoa lj , kemp ad , et al . first cranial remains of a gondwanatherian mammal reveal remarkable mosaicism . nature . 515 : 512 - 7 . pmid 25383528 doi : 10 . 1038 / nature13922
krause dw , rogers rr , rahantarisoa lj , groenke jr , andriamialison h . introduction , systematic paleontology , and geological context of vintana sertichi ( mammalia , gondwanatheria ) from the late cretaceous of madagascar journal of vertebrate paleontology . 34 : 4 - 13 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2014 . 957292
marshall ms , rogers rr . lungfish burrows from the upper cretaceous maevarano formation , mahajanga basin , northwestern madagascar palaios . 27 : 857 - 866 . doi : 10 . 2110 / palo . 2012 . p12 - 018r
rogers rr , krause dw , kast sc , marshall ms , rahantarisoa l , robins cr , sertich jjw . a new , richly fossiliferous member comprised of tidal deposits in the upper cretaceous maevarano formation , northwestern madagascar cretaceous research . 44 : 12 - 29 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2013 . 03 . 008
curry rogers k , d ' emic m , rogers r , vickaryous m , cagan a . sauropod dinosaur osteoderms from the late cretaceous of madagascar . nature communications . 2 : 564 . pmid 22127060 doi : 10 . 1038 / ncomms1578
foreman bz , fricke hc , lohmann kc , rogers rr . reconstructing paleocatchments by integrating stable isotope records , sedimentology , and taphonomy : a late cretaceous case study ( montana , united states ) palaios . 26 : 545 - 554 . doi : 10 . 2110 / palo . 2010 . p10 - 133r
kosnik ma , alroy j , behrensmeyer ak , fürsich ft , gastaldo ra , kidwell sm , kowalewski m , plotnick re , rogers rr , wagner pj . changes in shell durability of common marine taxa through the phanerozoic : evidence for biological rather than taphonomic drivers paleobiology . 37 : 303 - 331 . doi : 10 . 1666 / 10022 . 1
romero a , rogers rr , gershwin la . medusoid cnidarians from the montral - alcover lagerstätten ( triassic ) , northeastern spain batalleria . 50 - 57 .
rogers rr , fricke hc , addona v , canavan rr , dwyer cn , harwood cl , koenig ae , murray r , thole jt , williams j . using laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry ( la - icp - ms ) to explore geochemical taphonomy of vertebrate fossils in the upper cretaceous two medicine and judith river formations of montana palaios . 25 : 183 - 195 . doi : 10 . 2110 / palo . 2009 . p09 - 084r
rogers rr , brady me . origins of microfossil bonebeds : insights from the upper cretaceous judith river formation of north - central montana paleobiology . 36 : 80 - 112 . doi : 10 . 1666 / 0094 - 8373 - 36 . 1 . 80
krause dw , sertich jjw , rogers rr , kast sc , rasoamiaramanana ah , buckley ga . overview of the discovery , distribution , and geological context of simosuchus clarki ( crocodyliformes : notosuchia ) from the late cretaceous of madagascar journal of vertebrate paleontology . 30 : 4 - 12 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 2010 . 516784
fricke hc , rogers rr , gates ta . hadrosaurid migration : inferences based on stable isotope comparisons among late cretaceous dinosaur localities paleobiology . 35 : 270 - 288 . doi : 10 . 1666 / 08025 . 1
koenig ae , rogers rr , trueman cn . visualizing fossilization using laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry maps of trace elements in late cretaceous bones geology . 37 : 511 - 514 . doi : 10 . 1130 / g25551a . 1
fricke hc , rogers rr , backlund r , dwyer cn , echt s . preservation of primary stable isotope signals in dinosaur remains , and environmental gradients of the late cretaceous of montana and alberta palaeogeography , palaeoclimatology , palaeoecology . 266 : 13 - 27 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . palaeo . 2008 . 03 . 030
trueman cn , palmer mr , field j , privat k , ludgate n , chavagnac v , eberth da , cifelli r , rogers rr . comparing rates of recrystallisation and the potential for preservation of biomolecules from the distribution of trace elements in fossil bones comptes rendus - palevol . 7 : 145 - 158 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . crpv . 2008 . 02 . 006
foreman bz , rogers rr , deino al , wirth kr , thole jt . geochemical characterization of bentonite beds in the two medicine formation ( campanian , montana ) , including a new 40ar / 39ar age cretaceous research . 29 : 373 - 385 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2007 . 07 . 001
rogers rr , krause dw . tracking an ancient killer . scientific american . 296 : 32 - 9 . pmid 17367020
roberts em , rogers rr , foreman bz . continental insect borings in dinosaur bone : examples from the late cretaceous of madagascar and utah journal of paleontology . 81 : 201 - 208 . doi : 10 . 1666 / 0022 - 3360 ( 2007 ) 81 [ 201 : cibidb ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2
salgado l , coria ra , magalhaes ribeiro cm , garrido a , rogers r , simón me , arcucci ab , rogers kc , carabajal ap , apesteguía s , fernández m , garcía ra , talevi m . upper cretaceous dinosaur nesting sites of río negro ( salitral ojo de agua and salinas de trapalcó - salitral de santa rosa ) , northern patagonia , argentina cretaceous research . 28 : 392 - 404 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2006 . 06 . 007
rogers rr , krause dw , rogers kc , rasoamiaramanana ah , rahantarisoa l . paleoenvironment and paleoecology of majungasaurus crenatissimus ( theropoda : abelisauridae ) from the late cretaceous of madagascar journal of vertebrate paleontology . 27 : 21 - 31 .
rogers rr , krause dw . tracking anancient killer scientific american . 296 : 42 - 51 .
krause dw , o ' connor pm , rogers kc , sampson sd , buckley ga , rogers rr . late cretaceous terrestrial vertebrates from madagascar : implications for latin american biogeography annals of the missouri botanical garden . 93 : 178 - 208 . doi : 10 . 3417 / 0026 - 6493 ( 2006 ) 93 [ 178 : lctvfm ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2
behrensmeyer ak , fürsich ft , gastaldo ra , kidwell sm , kosnik ma , kowalewski m , plotnick re , rogers rr , alroy j . are the most durable shelly taxa also the most common in the marine fossil record ? paleobiology . 31 : 607 - 623 . doi : 10 . 1666 / 0094 - 8373 ( 2005 ) 031 [ 0607 : atmdst ] 2 . 0 . co ; 2
rogers rr . fine - grained debris flows and extraordinary vertebrate burials in the late cretaceous of madagascar geology . 33 : 297 - 300 . doi : 10 . 1130 / g21036 . 1
rogers rr , rogers kc , munyikwa d , terry rc , singer bs . sedimentology and taphonomy of the upper karoo - equivalent mpandi formation in the tuli basin of zimbabwe , with a new 40ar / 39ar age for the tuli basalts journal of african earth sciences . 40 : 147 - 161 . doi : 10 . 1016 / j . jafrearsci . 2004 . 11 . 004
romero a , rogers rr , seguí j . on the evolutionary significance of the paleocyphonautidae : how fossils and larvae impact evolutionary reconstructions batalleria . 149 - 154 .
rogers rr , krause dw , curry rogers k . cannibalism in the madagascan dinosaur majungatholus atopus . nature . 422 : 515 - 8 . pmid 12673249 doi : 10 . 1038 / nature01532
rogers rr , arcucci ab , abdala f , sereno pc , forster ca , may cl . paleoenvironment and taphonomy of the chañares formation tetrapod assemblage ( middle triassic ) , northwestern argentina : spectacular preservation in volcanogenic concretions palaios . 16 : 461 - 481 . doi : 10 . 1669 / 0883 - 1351 ( 2001 ) 016 < 0461 : patotc > 2 . 0 . co ; 2
fricke h , rogers rr . multiple taxon - multiple locality approach to providing oxygen isotope evidence for warm - blooded theropod dinosaurs : reply geology . 29 : 566 - 567 . doi : 10 . 1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 2001 ) 029 < 0566 : > 2 . 0 . co ; 2
rogers rr , kidwell sm . associations of vertebrate skeletal concentrations and discontinuity surfaces in terrestrial and shallow marine records : a test in the cretaceous of montana . the journal of geology . 108 : 131 - 154 . pmid 10736266 doi : 10 . 1086 / 314399
rogers rr , hartman jh , krause dw . stratigraphic analysis of upper cretaceous rocks in the mahajanga basin , northwestern madagascar : implications for ancient and modern faunas journal of geology . 108 : 275 - 301 . doi : 10 . 1086 / 314403
schweitzer mh , watt ja , avci r , forster ca , krause dw , knapp l , rogers rr , beech i , marshall m . keratin immunoreactivity in the late cretaceous bird rahonavis ostromi journal of vertebrate paleontology . 19 : 712 - 722 .
krause dw , rogers rr , forster ca , hartman jh , buckley ga , sampson sd . the late cretaceous vertebrate fauna of madagascar : implications for gondwanan paleobiogeography gsa today . 9 : 1 - 7 .
rogers rr . sequence analysis of the upper cretaceous two medicine and judith river formations , montana : nonmarine response to the claggett and bearpaw marine cycles journal of sedimentary research . 68 : 615 - 631 .
rogers rr . nature and origin of through - going discontinuities in nonmarine foreland basin strata , upper cretaceous , montana : implications for sequence analysis geology . 22 : 1119 - 1122 . doi : 10 . 1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1994 ) 022 < 1119 : naootg > 2 . 3 . co ; 2
rogers rr , swisher cc , sereno pc , monetta am , forster ca , martínez rn . the ischigualasto tetrapod assemblage ( late triassic , argentina ) and40ar / 39ar dating of dinosaur origins science . 260 : x7 - 797 .
rogers rr , swisher cc , horner jr . 40ar / 39ar age and correlation of the nonmarine two medicine formation ( upper cretaceous ) , northwestern montana , usa canadian journal of earth sciences . 30 : 1066 - 1075 .
sereno pc , forster ca , rogers rr , monetta am . primitive dinosaur skeleton from argentina and the early evolution of dinosauria nature . 361 : 64 - 66 .
rogers rr . non - marine borings in dinosaur bones from the upper cretaceous two medicine formation , northwestern montana journal of vertebrate paleontology . 12 : 528 - 531 . doi : 10 . 1080 / 02724634 . 1992 . 10011479
rogers rr . taphonomy of three dinosaur bone beds in the upper cretaceous two medicine formation of northwestern montana : evidence for drought - related mortality palaios . 5 : 394 - 413 . doi : 10 . 2307 / 3514834
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a recent discussion at svp revolved around a dear friend asking me how i stay so productive at writing papers . i ' ve been thinking about the next logical step in the paleo research tips series , and this sort of seemed like the next step beyond maintaining a research notebook - translating those notes into a manuscript . i ' ve decided to tack on some ideas about research productivity as well as ideas on peer review , collaboration , and professional conduct . these are all intertwined and perhaps difficult to tease apart into different posts . i won ' t be going in to figure construction here . cautionary note : i think the phrase
life is too short
appears like three thousand times in here . there ' s a theme here . fair warning : this one is kind of long .
anatomical descriptions should be informative . biological structures are difficult to describe - make reference to easily remembered shapes , include quantified proportions ( e . g . the ulna is long and narrow , approx . 10 % as wide as long ) , and emphasize taxonomically and functionally informative features . if you ' re naming a new species of whale , don ' t get hung up on a feature common to all vertebrates (
it has a frontal bone
- congratulations ! the reader knows it ' s a vertebrate ) . you can ' t afford wasting any space telling us information the reader likely already knows .
once you ' ve written up the methods and results section , the discussion is next : this can be somewhat nebulous at first , and requires a solid grasp of the literature ( see below ) . what is new about the results ? how are the results different ? does it mean somebody else has been wrong about a particular idea or interpretation ? depending upon how many ideas the new results support or do not support , or how many new ideas it generates , the discussion section can really vary in length . owing to this i don ' t really have an overarching theme here , but rather a few choice suggestions . don ' t overinterpret your data ; it will be very clear to the reader that you had to do mental gymnastics in order to support a particular narrative ( especially one you are known to prefer ) . follow the einstein quote :
if you can ' t explain something simply , you probably don ' t understand it well enough
- that is not to say that the truth is never esoteric . don ' t oversell your results : it ' s very likely possible that you have in fact not written an earth - shattering paper ; it may be difficult when to tell if you ' re being obnoxious . reviewers are likely to ding you on this . a degree of boldness is necessary as a young researcher , but hyping up your research , overselling it , and reinventing the wheel comes across somewhere between obnoxious and pathetic , with ' insulting ' someplace in between .
once you ' re able to ignore shitty comments , you can get over them quickly and take action to insulate yourself : don ' t keep it a secret if you get a shitty peer review with ad hominem attacks back from a journal ; write to the editor and politely request that the editor not pick that reviewer again , or edit the review for content . a surprising number of unhappy people end up in academia and it ' s best to avoid them , and warn others which bridges have trolls .
after you ' ve learned some tips for editing , you can self - edit more effectively . can you shorten a sentence ? does anything seem out of place ? does it belong in a different sentence / paragraph / section ? or , a completely different manuscript ? is anything repetitive ? how is the flow of the paper - are the large breaks needing more efficient paving ? all of these factor into what ernest hemingway called the
shit detector
. personally , i will repeatedly print off a manuscript and mark it up myself several times during the process . if a section seems totally disjointed , you can quite literally cut out thematically contiguous passages of text out of a printed copy , lay them out on a table , and try placing them in alternative orders ( i did this several times during graduate school ) . once you ' ve figured out a more logical order , tape them together and use that as a guide for copy / paste / cut into the new order . one last tip about editing : it helps to wait a few days after you ' ve written something to edit it . if it ' s still fresh in your mind , nothing will seem amiss . give it a few days , and the details you articulated will become fuzzy and eventually forgotten to a point where it will read like anything written by a different person . for example , if you read something you wrote years ago , you may have zero memory of writing it to begin with . my golden standard is about one week : after this period of time i have no misgivings about editing my own work and ' crap ' becomes much more obvious .
one last point - don ' t fail to cite anyone who deserves citing . being not cited by someone really hurts , especially if you did hard work going unrecognized and they get a bunch of fanfare for something you published several years before . there ' s no better way to show the community you are sharp than by hitting all the proper notes ; if you neglect to cite something relevant , you risk pissing off that researcher ( who may review your work in the future ) and showing the world you ' re not very competent . when i do peer reviews , i routinely suggest additional citations if the authors have not included them . often they listen ; sometimes they don ' t .
everyone will get to a point where they ' ve gotten sick of research or academic bullshit . just accept that this is probably going to happen . it often comes down to interpersonal relationships - if you can , minimize ( or eliminate ) these interactions and for those you can ' t , grin and bear it . if it ' s something that can be avoided without being detrimental to your graduate school graduation prospects ( or job for that matter ) - life is too short for toxic bullshit . there are a lot of bullies in academia , and it ' s ok to tell yourself that they can go blank themselves . it may not be the best thing to actually say to their face - but make a pact with yourself to avoid them . if they ' re not on your committee , and they really really suck , they are of zero consequence . i encountered these sorts of personalities during each of my graduate programs - i avoided them , and instead spent time with labmates who i enjoyed being around . more below .
note that i ' m talking about general assholery here and not actual harassment . actual harassment - verbal , sexual , physical - should be immediately reported , damn the torpedoes .
if the source of writer ' s block is not related to general assholery , then it ' s important to figure out what it is precisely . in my case it has often been a series of conflicting ideas within a paper , or perhaps the paper is hung up because some analysis / equipment / data is not quite available . can you find a workaround ? often workarounds will come at odd moments of brilliance - i often got ideas while muttering to myself on long walks home in the rainy suburbs of dunedin nz , immediately calling my wife at home to discuss the proposed solution . as with many other parts of this post , creativity is important - working your way through nonscientific problems is just as important a set of skills you will need as a scientist , particularly when working as part of a research team .
another tip : when you get a bit sick of a particular project , halt work on it and switch to a different one that is more fun and easy to stay motivated about . eventually you ' ll get to another stopping point and can switch back to the other project . your own attitude towards a project can be a stumbling block of its own .
yet another quick tip : use a shit load of check lists . i have an entire tiny notebook that is devoted only to checklists ! each page represents about 2 - 3 weeks worth of tasks to complete . write out everything and accomplish as much as you can ; on days i don ' t teach , i try to check off 2 - 3 items a day . this is an easy and effective way of tracking progress and keeping tabs on what task is next .
this is going to be short : nobody cares about your thesis . it ' s probably great . but , nobody is going to read it ( unless of course you don ' t bother publishing it , and somebody desperate might cite something from it ) . write your thesis in such a way that makes converting it to a scientific manuscript easy . or , better yet , write the manuscript first , and convert it into thesis format second ; that way , you won ' t have the laborious task of having cut off all the thesis fat to make a solid , lean manuscript that will survive the hellfire of peer review . many schools now offer a manuscript option for the thesis , where you can write some sort of synopsis and then quite literally copy and paste the text from two or more different manuscripts into the body of the thesis ( you may have to combine the references cited list , though ) . this is a great option . unfortunately , my master ' s thesis was too monolithic and had no easy dividing line , so i published it as a single , enormous paper . my ph . d . , on the other hand , had 10 chapters - all of which are now published as six papers ( several of which i combined ) .