the sun-tailed monkey ( cercopithecus solatus ) , also known as the sun-tailed guenon , is a primate that lives semi-terrestrially in one hilly area of moist evergreen forest in gabon .

the sun-tailed monkey was only discovered in 1984 , so not much is known about it .

it is a frugivore .

it weighs up to about 4 – 9 kg .

troops consist of one adult male and several females and young .

sun - tailed monkey

the sun - tailed monkey eats fruit , which is abundant most of the year .
the sun - tailed monkey occurs in small groups usually including one male and several females .
the sun - tailed monkey probably weighs 4 - 9 kg ( 8 . 8 - 20 lb ) .
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inhabits hilly primary and secondary moist evergreen forest ( 1 ) ( 2 ) . the sun - tailed monkey is a predominantly terrestrial primate ( 7 ) .
this is used as a threat display by the sun - tailed monkey and head bobs up and down ( estes , 1991 ) . this often occurs with
the sun - tailed monkey ' s limited distribution is not due to hunting , settlement or logging , although it is threatened by hunting around logging camps .
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* * * since the sun - tailed monkey is semi - terrestrial , it is susceptible to ground snares , a form of hunting gear used around logging camps .
this species of monkey is classified as being vulnerable . the sun - tailed monkey has a very restricted range because they are at high risk from habitat loss and fragmentation . this species of monkey is semi - terrestrial , so it risks being trapped in ground snares as well . since 1994 in gabon , the government lists the monkey as a fully protected species . the monkey likes to live in areas with dense vegetation , like narrow valleys .
brugiere , d . and gautier , j . p . 1999 . status and conservation of the sun - tailed guenon
the sun - tailed monkey was first described in 1986 ( 1 ) . it is a close relative of l’hoest’s monkey , ( cercopithecus lhoesti ) , and preuss’s monkey ( c . preussi ) , and in many ways resembles these primates with their dark grey coats , white markings , and long tails ( 4 ) ( 5 ) .
the sun - tailed monkey is found in a hilly area of moist evergreen forest typified by very frequent rivers and streams that dissect the terrain deeply . it prefers densely shaded , tangled areas and remains common after light logging ( perhaps because dense undergrowth increases ) . ( kingdon 1997 ) the sun - tailed monkey occurs in the congolian coastal forests global 200 ecoregion . ( olson & dinerstein 1998 , olson & dinerstein 1999 )
› allochrocebus solatus ( harrison , 1988 ) › cercopithecus solatus m . j . s . harrison , 1988 › sun - tailed guenon
the sun - tailed monkey gives birth to a single offspring . females are the ones who solicit copulation from the male ( estes , 1991 ) . the age of first reproduction for females is about 4 years old ( peignot
the sun - tailed monkey was discovered in 1986 and this species of monkey is endemic to gabon , west africa . their distribution area is estimated to be about 10 , 300 square kilometers . they are mainly centered in central gabon . their range is limited to the north and east because of three rivers . it is not really known to what extent the primate occurs in the west and south . some studies show that the sun - tailed monkey can be found as far south as parts of the lope national park . they make their habitat in hilly , moist evergreen forests .
the sun - tailed monkey’s diet consists of herbaceous plants , fruits , seeds , small vertebrate prey and insects . they are diurnal and go into the forest for a few activities . these monkeys can be seen from ground level up to two meters . they like to rest and groom at higher levels to avoid predators . the sun - tailed monkey sleeps in groups of about 17 individuals . the groups usually sleep 10 to 15 meters above the ground . humans like to hunt this animal with snares and shotguns . when it is alarmed or threatened , it will flee to the ground .
of the sun - tailed monkey is 2 : 1 : 2 : 3 on both the upper and lower jaws ( ankel - simons , 2000 ) . the sun - tailed monkey is colored dark gray to black , having a white ruff and a chestnut - orange saddle ( harrison , 1988 ) . the tip of the tail is colored yellow - orange with the rest colored whitish on the ventral side and speckled gray dorsally ( harrison , 1988 ; groves , 2001 ) . males have a powder - blue colored scrotum ( harrison , 1988 ) . infants are born with hair that is orange streaked black and skin with little pigmentation ( orbell
peignot , p . , fontaine , b . , and wickings , e . j . 2002 . a preliminary study on the social relationships in a semi - free ranging colony of sun - tailed monkeys (
( 1999 ) found that in a semi - free ranging group , insects and grasses were the most preferred food items eaten , while fruit was only the third preferred food item . gautier ( 1998 ) found that the diet of the sun - tailed monkey was composed of fruits , seeds , herbaceous plants , insects , and small vertebrate prey . gautier
this monkey has a restricted range and is therefore highly at risk from habitat loss and fragmentation ( 1 ) . while the area of lope is relatively well protected , the foret des abeilles has been opened up to timber exploitation ( 5 ) . as the forests become accessible for logging , the wildlife becomes more susceptible to hunting by locals for meat . in addition , the sun - tailed monkey is semi - terrestrial and so is at risk from being trapped in ground snares ( 5 ) .
gautier , j . p . ( 1998 ) socio - ecological features of the sun - tailed guenon ( cercopithecus solatus ) - a long term study using radio - tracking . xviith congress of the international primatological society , 120 : 0 - 0 .
the gabonese government declared the sun - tailed monkey as a fully protected species in 1994 ( 5 ) , and it is now considered a flagship species for conservation in gabon ( 2 ) . the future of this species rests with its protection within its range , and of its habitat . it will be important to determine this primate ' s distribution more precisely , and monitor the planned logging operation in the foret des abeilles and lope closely ( 5 ) .
peignot , p . , fontaine , b . and wickings , e . j . ( 2002 ) a preliminary study on the social relationships in a semi - free ranging colony of sun - tailed monkeys ( cercopithecus solatus ) , a species recently discovered in gabon . primates , 43 ( 2 ) : 139 - 146 .
peignot , p . , fontaine , b . , and wickings , e . j . ( 2002 ) a preliminary study on the social relationships in a semi - free ranging colony of sun - tailed monkeys ( cercopithecus solatus ) , a species recently discovered in gabon . primates . 43 ( 2 ) : 139 - 146 .
the sun - tailed monkey was first described by western scientists as late as 1988 in central gabon . initially it was thought to be limited to an area of about 5000 sq km ( 1900 sq mi ) bounded on the north and east by the ogooue , lolo and bouenguidi rivers and on the west by a change in forest type near the offuoe river . however , subsequent sightings in 1994 in the lope reserve , up to 30 km ( 20 mi ) west of the offuoe river , have extended its known range by about 2000 sq km ( 770 sq mi ) to the west . ( oates 1996 ; oryx 1996e )
the adult males defend their groups from other males . the female can give birth to only one offspring , when she reaches the age of four . more male monkeys are born than females . the male monkeys yawn to express tension . when they show signs of fear , they clench their teeth together . these monkeys have a cryptic nature and do not have high - pitched calls . they can be seen leaping from tree to tree with their bodies in vertical position . they also move by bipedal walking on the ground . they walk through grassy areas to avoid predators . just a few of the sun - tailed monkeys are held in captivity in the country of gabon . many conservation measures are taking place to protect their habitat and range . better protection of forests is needed in some areas where there is logging . hunting of the sun - tailed monkeys is now being strictly controlled .
occurs in primary and secondary lowland moist forest . the forest is dominated by gabon mahogany ( acoumea ) , the leguminous awoura ( julbernardia ) , false nutmeg ( pycnanthus ) , and mubala - oil tree ( pentaclethra ) . sun - tailed monkeys prefer densely shaded , tangled areas . they remain common after light logging , perhaps because dense undergrowth increases . the diet of this species is currently being studied , but it is known to prefer fruits which are abundant all year round . they are sometimes recorded raiding crops around villages . this species occurs in single - male , multi - female groups .
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mittermeier , r . a . , rylands , a . b . and wilson d . e . 2013 . handbook of the mammals of the world : volume 3 primates . lynx edicions , barcelona .
this species was treated in previous red list assessments ( 1988 to 30 june 2008 ) under the genus cercopithecus , it is now placed under allochrocebus following mittermeier et al . ( 2013 ) . this updated assessment was created to accommodate the taxonomic move from cercopithecus to allochrocebus .
justification : listed as vulnerable as this species has an extent of occurrence estimated at ~ 12 , 000 km² in central gabon , with the population centred on the unprotected foret des abeilles , and there is believed to be a growing impact of hunting that could be leading to a continuing decline numbers of individuals .
this species is endemic to central gabon with a total range thought to be in the order of 11 , 000 - 12 , 000 km² ( encompassing the forêt des abeilles ) . the species has been recorded west of the offoué river within lopé national park , but not to the west of 11 . 50°e ; the westerly limit remains unclear . the recorded eastern limit is the ogooué r . the southern limit is also unclear , but it extends apparently to the foothills of the massif du chaillu ( gautier et al . 1992 ; brugiere and gautier 1999 ) .
the population density of this species varies with habitat suitability and seemingly with altitude : at the makandé field research station , the density was estimated at 25 individuals per km² ( brugiere and gautier 1999 ) . in southern lope , the mean density was about 4 per km² ( brugiere 2005 ) .
brugiere and gautier ( 1999 ) note that there is no recent evidence of a direct population decline in the species as a result of human activities . this species is hunted for meat ( although it is reported to be difficult to hunt , because of its cryptic behaviour ) , and , being semi - terrestrial , is sensitive to ground snares ( a common form of hunting around logging camps ) . hunting pressure seems to be relatively low , but commercial hunting is likely to become a growing threat . habitat loss , mainly due to logging ( including in the foret des abeilles , which is largely allocated to logging concessions ) is also a threat ( brugiere and gautier 1999 ) .
this species is listed as class b under the african convention , and under appendix ii of cites . it was declared a totally protected species by the gabonese government in 1994 . about 10 % of the species ' range is in the lopé national park , but the highest density of this species is in foret des abeilles ( which remains unprotected ) and better protection of this forest is needed . planned logging activity in the south of the lope reserve should be monitored closely , and hunting both within the reserve and in the foret des abeilles urgently needs to be controlled . more detailed studies of its distribution and biology are urgently needed . a few animals are held in captivity in gabon .
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i thought you might be interested in this item at urltoken title : mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference author : don e wilson ; deeann m reeder publisher : baltimore : johns hopkins university press , ©2005 . isbn / issn : 0801882214 9780801882210 0801882389 9780801882388 0801882397 9780801882395 oclc : 57557352
wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of
information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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wilson and reeder ' s mammal species of the world is the classic reference book on the taxonomic classification and distribution of the more than 5400 species of mammals that exist today . the third edition includes detailed information on nomenclature and , for the first time , common names . each concise entry covers type locality , distribution , synonyms , and major reference sources . the systematic arrangement of information indicates evolutionary relationships at both the ordinal and the family level . this indispensable reference work belongs in public and academic libraries throughout the world and on the shelf of every biologist who works with mammals .
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this species is endemic to gabon , west africa ( 4 ) . it has a fragmented distribution area estimated at about 10 , 300 km² , mainly centred in the foret des abeilles in central gabon ( 6 ) . this range is limited to the north and east by the ogooue , lolo and bouenguidi rivers though it is not clear to what extent this primate occurs to the west and south of the foret des abeilles ( 6 ) . more recent research suggests that this species occurs in the southern parts of the lope national park ( 5 ) .
classified as vulnerable ( vu b1 + 2abcde , c1 ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) , and listed on appendix ii of cites ( 3 ) .
authenticated ( 06 / 02 / 2006 ) by matt richardson , independent primatologist and writer .
diurnal active during the day . endemic a species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area . polygynous in animals , a pattern of mating in which a male has more than one female partner .
macdonald , d . ( 2001 ) the new encyclopedia of mammals . oxford university press , oxford .
oates , j . f . ( 1996 ) african primates : status survey and conservation action plan iucn . gland , switzerland .
brugiere , d . , gautier , j . p . and lahm , s . ( 1998 ) additional data on the distribution of ceropithecus ( lhoesti ) solatus . folia primatologica , 69 : 331 - 336 .
peignot , p . , fontaine , b . and wickings , e . j . ( 1999 ) habitat exploitation , diet and some data on reproductive behaviour in a semi - free - ranging colony of cercopithecus lhoesti solatus , a guenon species recently discovered in gabon . folia primatologica , 70 : 29 - 36 .
brugiere , d . , gautier , j . p . , moungazi , a . and gautier - hion , a . ( 2002 ) primate diet and biomass in relation to vegetation composition and fruiting phenology in a rain forest in gabon . international journal of primatology , 23 ( 5 ) : 999 - 1024 .
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, 1991 ) . adult females have an average body mass of about 3 . 9 kilograms ( gautier
, 1992 ) . adult males have an average body mass of 6 . 9 kilograms ( fleagle , 1999 ) .
to the country of gabon . this species is found in central gabon in the foret des abeilles ( forest of the bees ) and in lope reserve ( white , 1995 ; harrison , 1988 ; blom
, 1998 ) . this species will use logged areas of the forest probably because of the dense secondary vegetation , which is good for the cryptic nature of this species and herbaceous plants and insects are found in greater abundance ( brugiere and gautier , 1999 ) .
species , but does go into the forest for some activities . terrestriality may result from long daily travel , large home range size , and diet ( gautier , 1998 ) . mean
( 1999 ) found that moving and playing occurs mainly from ground level up to 2 meters , resting and grooming occurs at 4 meters and above , and foraging occurs throughout all levels of the forest , but most frequently at above 2 meters . resting and grooming may occur at higher levels because individuals are less attentive to potential predators when engaging in these activities ( peignot
, who hunt them with snares and shotguns ( gautier and brugiere , 1996 ; gautier , 1989 ) . when this species is alarmed , it will flee to the ground ( gautier
, 1996 , 2002 ) . the males definitions . html # dispersal
> disperse
, 2002 ) . this species avoids polyspecific associations ( gautier , 1998 ) .
( estes , 1991 ) . the eyes are fixed on the stimulus and the eyebrows are raised and the scalp is retracted , the facial skin is also stretched by moving the ears back ( estes , 1991 ) . underneath the eye lids the color is different which contrasts sharply with the surrounding facial color ( estes , 1991 )
this is the stare accompanied by the mouth being open but the teeth are covered ( estes , 1991 ) . this is a threat expression and often occurs with
the lips are retracted so that the teeth are shown ; the teeth are clenched together ( estes , 1991 ) . this display functions as an appeasement signal to reduce
this is where the mouth is opened to reveal the canines , and is performed by the adult male ( estes , 1991 ) . this is used as an expression of tension or as a threat display ( estes , 1991 ) .
this is when one individual will groom another , removing dead skin and parasites .
this behavior is preformed by the female to elicit copulation from the male ; this pattern tells the male that she is ready for copulation ( estes , 1991 ) .
females do this during copulation while looking over their shoulder at the male ( estes , 1991 ) . the lower lip is extruded forward while the lips remain closed ( estes , 1991 ) .
blom , a . , alers , m . p . t . , feistner , a . t . c . , barnes , r . f . w . , and barnes , k . l . 1992 . primates in gabon - current status and distribution .
brugiere , d . , gautier , j . p . , and lahm , s . 1998 . additional data on the distribution of
brugiere , d . , gautier , j . p . , moungazi , a . , and gautier - hion , a . 2002 . primate diet and biomass in relation to vegetation composition and fruiting phenology in a rain forest in gabon .
gautier , j . p . interspecific affinities among guenons as deduced from vocalization . in
. eds . a . gautier - hion , f . bourliere , j . p . gautier , and j . kingdon . cambridge university press : cambridge , u . k .
gautier , j . p . and brugiere , d . 1996 . population density and ecological features of
gautier , j . p . , loireau , and moysan , f . 1986 . distribution , ecology , behaviour and phylogenetic affinities of a new species of guenon ,
gautier , j . p . moysan , f . , feistner , a . t . c . , loireau , j . n . , and cooper , r . w . 1992 . the distribution of
peignot , p . , fontaine , b . , and wickings , e . j . 1996 .
: what ' s known and what we are learning from a semifree - ranging colony at cirmf in gabon . ( abstract )
peignot , p . , fontaine , b . , and wickings , e . j . 1999 . habitat exploitation , diet and some data on reproductive behaviour in a semi - free - ranging colony of
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tympanuchus is a small genus of birds in the grouse family .

they are commonly referred to as prairie chickens .

the genus contains three species : sharp-tailed grouse , tympanuchus phasianellus greater prairie-chicken , tympanuchus cupido heath hen ( tympanuchus cupido cupido ) attwater 's prairie chicken ( tympanuchus cupido attwateri ) tympanuchus cupido pinnatus lesser prairie-chicken , tympanuchus pallidicinctus all three are among the smaller grouse , from 40 to 43 cm ( 16 to 17 in ) in length .

they are found in north america in different types of prairies and stairwells .

in courtship display on leks , males make hooting sounds and dance with the head extended straight forward , the tail up , and colorful neck sacks inflated ( shown in the photograph at upper right ) .

tympanuchus comes from ancient greek roots and means " holding a drum " ; it refers to the membranous neck sacks and the drum-like call of the greater prairie-chicken .

the two prairie-chickens are particularly closely related and look extremely similar .

the extinct heath hen of the american east coast , usually considered a subspecies of the greater prairie-chicken , has been considered a separate species .

tympanuchus

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greater prairie chicken ( tympanuchus cupido ) scientific name : tympanuchus cupido higher classification : tympanuchus rank : species , kingdom : animalia , phylum : chordata , class : aves , order : galliformes , family : phasianidae , subfamily : tetraoninae , genus : tympanuchus , species : t . cupido , type : bird , diet : omnivore , size : 30cm - 45cm ( 11 . 8in - 17 . 7in ) , wingspan : 45cm - 60cm ( 17 . 7in - 23 . 6in ) , weight : 1kg - 3kg ( 2 . 2lbs - 6 . 6lbs ) , * * tympanuchus cupido , sometimes called a boomer , is a large bird in the grouse family . this north american species was once abundant , but has become extremely rare and extirpated over much of its range due to habitat loss . conservation measures are underway to ensure the sustainability of existing small populations . one of the most famous aspects of these creatures is the mating ritual called booming . more info : urltoken
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tympanuchus cupido . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
recommended citation birdlife international ( 2018 ) species factsheet : tympanuchus pallidicinctus . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 . recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species : birdlife international ( 2018 ) iucn red list for birds . downloaded from urltoken on 09 / 07 / 2018 .
the tallgrass prairie and wet meadow of the tympanuchus wma offers great opportunity to view a variety of prairie birds including the greater prairie chicken , sharp - tailed grouse , upland sandpiper , marbled godwit , northern harrier , short - eared owl , bobolink , western meadowlark , and various prairie sparrows . songbirds such as the yellow warbler and common yellowthroat use the larger brush / asen thickets found along intermittent streams .
sunny skies . high 96f . winds sw at 5 to 10 mph . .
the prairie chicken rescued from the haymarket late last month was released at the spring creek prairie audubon center near denton .
“it was probably lost , ” said joel jorgensen , a bird expert at the state game and parks commission . “it was a strange bird in a strange land . ”
“it was probably flying around , ” said elaine bachel , the volunteer from raptor recovery who rescued the bird from the open - air , garden - level entrance near rabbit hole bakery at eighth and q streets late last month . “and it got down there and couldn ' t get out . ”
“chickens , close up , look a little different , ” jorgensen said . “but people ' s identification skills aren ' t the best . ”
“they said it was a peregrine falcon , ” bachel said . “but we never know what we ' re going to pick up . ”
the capture was easy . bachel called another volunteer - - she doesn ' t like going downtown alone at night - - and they found the bird at the bottom of a short flight of stairs beneath yowie ' s lodge . it was dark , which contributed to the bird ' s inability to free itself , she said . plus , they have a hard time flying up and out , which is why it couldn ' t get up to street level .
so bachel picked it up , put it in a box and drove it home , where the internet confirmed her suspicion : this was , indeed , a healthy female prairie chicken .
they ' re not common here . they prefer tall grass , so there are some prairie chickens in pawnee county , and some more where lancaster , butler and saunders counties come together .
“the bird may have been happy at some point in time in some grassland tract far from lincoln , ” jorgensen said . “and it ended up in the haymarket and it was bewildered , and it didn ' t know what to do . ”
there ' s also a small population at the spring creek prairie audubon center , near denton . which is where bachel moved the haymarket prairie chicken the day after she rescued it .
“she just exploded out of the box , which is really good , ” bachel said . “i was really happy for that . ”
see the variety of beautiful birds , bees and other wildlife around lincoln . flora and fauna abound for the observing eye . have one to share ? s…
the bison herd at pioneers park has grown a little larger - - and a little rowdier - - with last month’s arrival of three younger cows .
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thank you for taking the time to provide feedback on the iucn red list of threatened species website , we are grateful for your input .
del hoyo , j . , collar , n . j . , christie , d . a . , elliott , a . and fishpool , l . d . c . 2014 . hbw and birdlife international illustrated checklist of the birds of the world . volume 1 : non - passerines . lynx edicions birdlife international , barcelona , spain and cambridge , uk .
40 cm . plump , brown - barred gamebird . yellow wattles of skin form eyebrow . in courtship , reddish - orange air - sacs on sides of neck inflated and neck - plumes ( pinnae ) erected . female has shorter neck - plumes and barred tail .
in west - central kansas , which is larger , darker and has yellow - orange air - sacs .
this species qualifies as vulnerable owing to a long - term and rapid population decline . although most populations appear to have stabilized or increased since 1995 , populations in north - east texas and parts of oklahoma have declined precipitously since 2005 , and in south - east new mexico since 2001 . as the effects of drought and the increasing demand for both fossil fuel and renewable energy development ( including wind and biofuels ) continue to place remaining habitats at risk , the species is precautionarily retained as vulnerable until positive trends have been sustained .
the global population is estimated to number 20 , 000 - 40 , 000 individuals ( h . whitlaw in litt . 2007 ) . trend justification : this species is declining rapidly ( rogers 1997 ; wolfe et al . 2007 ) , owing to conversion and development of prairie grasslands . it has undergone a large and statistically significant decrease over the last 40 years in north america ( 99 . 6 % decline over 40 years , equating to a 75 . 7 % decline per decade ; data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count [ butcher and niven 2007 ] ) .
. it is now most common in dwarf shrub - mixed grass vegetation , sometimes interspersed with short grass and , optimally , with some portion ( < 25 % ) of the landscape in row grains as supplemental winter forage . successful nests tend to be in areas with greater shrub cover and visual obstructions ( davis 2009 ) . leks are usually on elevated areas with short vegetation ( hagen 2005 , wolfe
. in oklahoma 39 . 5 % of the prairie - chicken mortality recorded was due to fence collisions , while in new mexico , this figure was 26 . 5 percent . the species has also been found to avoid power lines and so it is likely that the erection of other tall structures ( including wind turbines ) will lead to increased habitat fragmentation and reduced home range sizes ( pruett
. wind - energy facilities are increasing in the great plains , particularly in states with lesser prairie - chickens as these have the highest potential for wind energy development .
. large areas of habitat have been purchased by some states and the nature conservancy and candidate conservation agreements with assurances are being implemented in texas . research has been conducted on its ecology and conservation which will facilitate the production of recovery plans . over 900 birds have been radio - tracked between 1999 and 2010 . miles of unneeded fences have been removed in parts of oklahoma and texas and a method has been developed to mark remaining fences to reduce mortality ( rogers 1997 )
allow habitat regeneration , manage grazing to provide adequate cover and forage for prairie chickens . continue to manage occupied habitats on private lands , and hasten progress towards effective management on public lands . protect occupied habitats . develop and promote effective incentives for land - owners to maintain populations . continue monitoring leks and develop statistically robust methods of estimating populations from lek data . regulate the construction of tall structures in or near lesser prairie - chicken habitats . ensure effective evaluation and mitigation of the impacts of wind turbine and other tall structure installation on the species .
( errata version published in 2017 ) . the iucn red list of threatened species 2016 : e . t22679519a118850421 .
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43 cm . stocky , uniformly barred brown grouse . almost entire brown plumage barred with paler stripes . both sexes have obvious dark eye - stripe and pale throats . both also show elongated pinnae ( adapted neck feathers ) - the males being especially long and erected over the head during display , at which time yellow air sacs in the neck and above the eye are inflated .
range does not overlap with lesser prairie - chicken which has a diagnostic reddish - purple neck sac .
this species has undergone rapid population declines , and it has already disappeared from many states in which it was formerly common . consequently it is listed as vulnerable .
. it has been in long - term decline for the last 80 years ( g . butcher
rich et al . ( 2004 ) estimated the population size to number 700 , 000 individuals . trend justification : this species has undergone a large and statistically significant decrease over the last 40 years in north america ( - 91 . 3 % decline over 40 years , equating to a - 45 . 7 % decline per decade ; data from breeding bird survey and / or christmas bird count : butcher and niven 2007 ) . westemeier and gough ( 1999 ) suggested a decline equivalent to 54 . 8 % per decade .
. areas of native vegetation are still required for roosting and breeding , and for displaying males which usually select lek sites with short grass , usually on elevated ground . most nest sites are in open , grassy habitats such as ungrazed meadows or hayfields ( del hoyo
and declines in the other two subspecies . grazing pressure from sheep and the increase in cropland throughout areas of native prairie is threatening the remaining population of
most management effort has been directed toward improvement of habitat . effective strategies have included manipulation of grazing pressure , control of burning , provision of thick vegetation for protective cover and establishment of reserves . population reintroduction may be necessary to expand its distribution , particularly where there are no dispersal corridors between occupied and unoccupied habitats , but so far it has had mixed success ( schroeder and robb 1993 )
continue to monitor population trends . monitor rates of habitat loss and degradation within the species ' s range . fence areas of habitat to remove grazing pressure from sheep , or reduce the number of grazing animals to maintain habitat . strictly control hunting , and if survival is confirmed to be higher in unhunted populations consider banning hunting of the species . retain / restore corridors of suitable habitat between populations to facilitate dispersal and reduce the stresses associated with a loss of genetic variation .
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the greater prairie chicken is a stocky brown , strongly barred grouse with paler coloured stripes , most easily recognised by the male’s distinctive and impressive appearance during courtship display ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . during the male’s display , prominent , elongated pinnae ( adapted neck feathers ) become erected over the head , and large yellow - orange air sacs in the neck and above the eye become inflated ( 2 ) . both sexes possess these prominent neck feathers ( 2 ) but they are longer in males ( 4 ) . the sexes can also be distinguished by the short , square tail being dark brown in males , but barred brown and tan in females ( 4 ) . other features of this species include an obvious dark eye - stripe , pale throat ( 2 ) , and legs that are feathered down to the toes ( 4 ) . during the mating season , males make a loud “booming” noise that can be heard half a mile away , amplified by their inflated air sacs ( 5 ) .
greater prairie chickens spend their entire lives within a relatively small area of several hundred acres where all their needs of food , cover and water are met , flying several miles between food and cover sites if necessary ( 4 ) . feeding usually occurs in the early morning and late afternoon , the diet consisting of agricultural crops such as corn , soybeans and milo ( 4 ) , in addition to small green leaves , seeds , and insects ( 5 ) . young chicks in particular rely heavily on insects during the first few weeks of life ( 4 ) .
the breeding season begins in early spring and extends until june ( 4 ) . areas known as ‘booming grounds’ or ‘leks’ are used by males as places to dance and call to attract females ( 4 ) ( 5 ) . males fight among themselves for territories on the lek , with one or two males normally emerging as dominant , and subsequently performing the majority of the mating ( 8 ) . after mating , females build their nests in tall grass , laying between 4 and 15 eggs per clutch , with an average of 12 , which are incubated for approximately 26 days ( 4 ) ( 8 ) . the hatching period peaks from late may to early june ( 4 ) when insect populations are high , to provide nourishment for the chicks ( 8 ) , and the chicks then remain with the hen for eight to ten weeks ( 4 ) . the chicks are quite mobile at hatching and can fly short distances by two weeks ( 8 ) . greater prairie chickens live to about two to three years in the wild ( 5 ) .
found in scattered areas of southern canada and the mid - western united states ( 6 ) . the extinct heath hen ( t . c . cupido ) once ranged along the coastal zone of eastern u . s . but the last bird died in 1932 , and the attwater’s prairie hen ( t . c . attwateri ) is restricted to small areas of south - east texas and ( formerly ) neighbouring southwest louisiana ( 2 ) ( 7 ) . the largest remaining populations of the greater prairie chicken ( t . c . pinnatus ) are in kansas , nebraska and south dakota ( 2 ) .
native prairie is preferred , but this bird has also had to adapt to cropland as natural habitats became converted to agricultural land ( 2 ) . grassy habitats such as un - grazed meadows , with tall grass sturdy enough to withstand strong winds and heavy precipitation , are required for roosting and nesting ( 2 ) ( 4 ) . courtship , by contrast , occurs on open knolls with short grass , usually on elevated ground where males can easily display to females ( 2 ) ( 4 ) .
classified as vulnerable ( vu a2bc + 3bc ) on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) . three subspecies are recognised : the attwater’s prairie hen ( t . c . attwateri ) and the greater prairie chicken ( t . c . pinnatus ) are classified as vulnerable and the heath hen ( t . c . cupido ) as extinct on the iucn red list 2004 ( 1 ) . the attwater’s prairie hen ( t . c . attwateri ) is listed under appendix i of cites ( 3 ) .
the greater prairie chicken has undergone rapid population declines , and has already disappeared from a number of u . s . states in which it was formerly common ( 1 ) . loss of prairie habitat through conversion to cropland has posed the most significant threat to the species , and it was this that was primarily responsible for the extinction of the heath hen ( t . c . cupido ) ( 2 ) . additionally , the heath hen suffered from excessive hunting , fires , introduced foxes , feral cats and collection for museums ( 7 ) . attwater’s prairie hen ( t . c . attwateri ) populations have also declined dramatically due to loss of habitat to farmland , over - grazing by cattle and urbanisation , with an estimated 97 % loss of habitat within the bird’s historic range and fewer than 60 birds remaining in 2003 ( 8 ) . as habitat becomes increasingly fragmented , isolating populations , inbreeding and loss of genetic variance will reduce fitness and fertility , further contributing to the decline in numbers . hunting of the greater prairie chicken continues legally in four states , and the species may also suffer from competition with the ring - necked pheasant , phasianus colchicus ( 2 ) .
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contiguous adjacent or in actual contact . prairie an extensive plain of treeless grassland .
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greater prairie chicken recordings by gerrit vyn © cornell lab of ornithology macaulay library cornell lab of ornithology 159 sapsucker woods road ithaca new york 14850 united states of america tel : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2404 fax : + 1 ( 607 ) 254 - 2439 email : macaulaylibrary @ urltoken website : www . birds . urltoken / macaulaylibrary
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from crookston , east on u . s . hwy 2 to state hwy 9 , s on hwy 9 1mi to state hwy 102 , se on 102 , 4mi to polk cty # 45 , 3mi e on # 45 . l
wma is open year round to the public . best birding opportunities are april through august for migratory birds . prairie chickens use the wma all year . wma is open to public hunting .
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