ektatotricha is an extinct , monotypic , genus of ant-like stone beetle in the family staphylinidae containing the single species ektatotricha paradoxa .

the genus is known from a total of 15 specimens in amber from amber deposits near tanai village 105 kilometres ( 65 mi ) northwest of myitkyina in the kachin region of myanmar .

burmese amber has been radiometrically dated using u-pb isotopes , yielding an age of approximately 99 million years old , close to the aptian – cenomanian boundary .

the holotype , a single , complete adult with specimen number " amnh bu-1464 " , and six of the paratypes are now deposited in the american museum of natural history .

four more of the paratypes are deposited in the university of kansas natural history museum collections in lawrence , kansas , usa .

the remaining two paratype specimens are currently in a private collection , but are to be deposited in the field museum of natural history , chicago .

in addition to the holotype and 12 paratypes , two other american museum of natural history specimens were examined as part of the study ; however , they were not designated as type material .

ektatotricha

ektatotricha is an extinct , monotypic , genus of ant - like stone beetle in the family staphylinidae containing the single species ektatotricha paradoxa .
provided to youtube by the orchard enterprises ektatotricha · mem1 · stephen vitiello age of insects ℗ 2011 mark cetilia , laura cetilia , stephen vitiello released on : 2012 - 10 - 02 auto - generated by youtube .
ektatotricha is an extinct , monotypic genus of antlike stone beetle in the family staphylinidae containing the single species ektatotricha paradoxa . the most fascinating part of this one though is its name since it’s a combination of the greek ektatos , for “extended , ” which refers to the visible fifth and sixth abdominal sterna , and tricha , meaning “hair . ” the species name , paradoxa , is also from the greek paradoxon for “riddle . ”
three genera and species of scydmaeninae ( staphylinidae ) are described as new from mid - cretaceous burmese amber : ektatotricha paradoxa chatzimanolis , engel & newton gen . et sp . nov . and electroatopos castaneus chatzimanolis , engel & newton gen . et sp . nov . in the emended supertribe hapsomelitae , and kachinus antennatus chatzimanolis , engel & newton gen . et sp . nov . in the supertribe scydmaenitae . the supertribe hapsomelitae is newly diagnosed and doubt cast on one of its putative apomorphies , with the development of . . .
first up , the teeming age of insects , which finds mem1 with electronicist stephen vitiello communing in dialogue analogue and digital , converging field recordings and instrumental performance . fuelled by sound - visions of extinct insects , cello - electronics fusers mark and laura cetilia propose a post - production pact with vitiello , skimping on afters to savour some of the real - time flavours from the studio session mains . the album’s sonic habit seems to stem as much from this decision to lay off as much as to intervene ; earth and air , organic , as if a semiotic of imagined mandible chatter . these electro - acoustic microsound sculptures are given their head , cast in textures of oil and grit , a caustic scrim of sinetone sputter , tenebrous hum and thrum . “cascoplecia” and “ektatotricha” set the tone with zoom - ins and pans across an insectoid microcosmos , in which all manner of flute’n’flutter and creepy crawl’n’scuttle range through woozy mid - range drone wormholes , tumbling into fetid chambers of alien unquiet . “vosila” takes a different turn , a felicitous encounter of natural and electronic that tosses the cello’s throaty bowings and keening scrapes in a crepitating sweet and sour soup . “paleophaedon” takes some sci - fi blips and whirrs for a walk in the black kosmische forest at the edge of the twilight zone to a remote headachey feedback and pulse backdrop . low - frequency detail is especially engaging in the final “monura” and “electrinocellia , ” both possessed of an appealing strangeness with a touch of something almost plangent , perhaps signifying an elegy for the extinction of these invertebrate ancients . sonorities may lose individuality , especially when cello states are altered to buzz - tone and fuzz - drone ; generally , though , age of insects retains a certain resonant character through its mix of electroacousticacoustic and concrète with transient melodic and rhythmic detail , ensuring a satisfying sonic envisioning of concept . – alan lockett
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age of insects is the result of a series of visits made by mark and laura to stephen’s studio in virginia between may 2009 and january 2010 . the three improvised around common interests in analog electronics and digital manipulation , field recordings and instrumental performance practice . these recordings presented here feature only minimal editing and post - production , with a primary intent of capturing shared moments of listening and response . the titles refer to extinct insects—the imagined hum and flutter of their calls , flight and communication .
limited edition cd - r available in the shop . also available via stashed goods . digital edition available via itunes and boomkat .
randomly amplified polymorphic dna fingerprinting identifies subgroups of trichoderma viride and other trichoderma sp . capable of chestnut blight biocontrol - urltoken
randomly amplified polymorphic dna fingerprinting identifies subgroups of trichoderma viride and other trichoderma sp . capable of chestnut blight biocontrol
arisan atac , i . ; heidenreich , e . ; kubicek , c . p .
eleven strains of trichoderma viride , 2 strains of the putative teleomorph hypocrea rufa and 9 of several other trichoderma sp . were characterized by random polymorphic dna amplification ( rapd ) fingerprinting and screened for their ability to antagonize growth of european strains of the chestnut blight causing fungus cryphonectria parasitica , using a dual - culture assay . the best strains were found in the species t . harzianum , t . parceramosum , a distinguishable subgroup of t . viride and a not named trichoderma sp . the successful application of these strains against chestnut blight in vivo is demonstrated .
longoni , p . ; douchi , d . ; cariti , f . ; fucile , g . ; goldschmidt - clermont , m .
. light - harvesting complex ii ( lhcii ) is a crucial component of the photosynthetic machinery , with central roles in light capture and acclimation to changing light . the association of an lhcii trimer with psi in the psi - lhcii supercomplex is strictl . . .
health and the urban environment . xvi . an attempt to predict the incidence of common cold in a healthy urban population from the variation in air pollution and meteorology
. nasal washings taken from 2 gnotobiotic piglets 2 - 7 days after intranasal inoculation with toxigenic p . multocida lfb3 and from an uninfected control piglet indicated that the organism had colonized both inoculated piglets but not the control . non . . .
report of fao expert consultation on dairy cattle breeding in the humid tropics . haryana agricultural university , college of animal sciences , hissar , india , 12 - 17 february 1979
. the aims of the consultation were to review existing knowledge and experience from breeding experiments and development projects in the humid tropics , and to make recommendations for future programmes , 15 experts from 10 countries presented papers . . .
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it’s always great to hear musicians expand on sounds and ideas that worked well in the past . and truly , i was blown away by mem1’s 2010 album “tetra , ” a colossal and intricate drone album . if “age of insects” is any indication , the duo is showing no signs of slowing down . for this release , mem1’s mark ( electronics ) and laura cetilia ( cello ) team up with electronic musician stephen vitiello , who brings his own brand of technical sound magic to the proceedings . from what i can tell , vitiello seems to add an array of electronic punctuation to the mix with beats , pulses , and sound effects . mem1’s music seems to dwell in more deep and dense territories than vitiello’s , so this is yet another layer to an already complex mix . this album is a collaboration in the truest sense , as everyone seems to have come together to create something truly special .
“age of insects” is something of a concept album as each of the seven pieces are named for ancient extinct insects and the music is meant to evoke “the imagined hum and flutter of their calls , flight and communication . ” with this in mind , it’s not hard to envision a primordial landscape buzzing with any number of bizarre creatures when listening to this . there’s something almost menacing about the music , but at the same time , it’s also deeply beautiful and enveloping .
some of the pieces seem to take the whole ancient bug idea very literally , such as the track “monura . ” consisting of a series of slow cello tones among electronic hums and buzzes , it really gives the feeling of being set down in the middle of some ancient forest . still , it’s the closing piece “electrinocellia” that best creates this environment , probably because its seems the most minimal in its construction , with only a few light drones and a series of odd croaks and blips to set the mood . still , even when things are at their most buggy , as it were , there is an overwhelming sense that you are listening to well - crafted music , which really makes this album succeed outside of its stated concept .
other pieces are far more abstract . the opening track “cascoplecia , ” for example , is a swirling mix of pulsing electronics and drones along with ghostly breathy noises . eventually , this all gives way to a nearly volcanic rumble punctuated by errant notes . it’s almost like an abstract , dark new age piece ( this is a compliment , by the way ) , full of deep atmosphere and sinister beauty . “paleophaedron” is another instance where the overall theme seems less overt , as staccato electronic pulses rise and fall over a background of subdued , oceanic drones .
all conceptualization and analysis aside , the music on “age of insects” is really powerful stuff . when something is this well - executed and beautifully complex , it’s hard to listen and not get fully enveloped in it . with its swirling darkness and mysterious sounds , this will be a great album for the coming winter months . definitely pick this one up . – foxy digitalis
back on terra , if not firma , then at least somewhat musically cognita , there’s a first de release for chubby wolf . for the uninitiated , behind the cutesy - playful nom de disque is danielle baquet - long , half of ambient - drone - postclassical couple as was , celer . los que no son gentos bears some of the hallmarks of her previous work , the attendant air of mystery being one of the most notable , along with a vague sense of loss and absence – an inevitable presence in her works following her sad , still felt , demise . if anything , the collection manifests a more timbrally austere sound palette than usual for this already tonally - retentive practitioner ; less immediately alluring , kind of blue in tenor , if you will , with a smouldering slightly airless quality . you’ll find no grandiose postclassical string - sweeps here , but rather distanced cadences cast in spent colours – more of a dying star or a nacreous clouds than a discourses of the withered or an engaged touches , for the celer - acquainted . in line with the title’s evocation of nullity , of a certain lacuna , the suggestive track titles with their allusive poesis enfold vaporous miniatures , wrought from laptopped’n’tailed bass , analogue synths , bells , voice , flirting with total effacement , so slender are the means of sonic production . they play out , no sooner there than gone , like variations on a theme to some sublit ceremonial . were something more celer - y to be invoked it would be the “stunnedhoney moon , ” with its ambiguous loop - plays teetering on the edges of binaries warm - cold dark - light consonant - dissonant . but set against a track such as “prelude to a come - on , ” you register the inky tremors of its timbres , the oblique strategies of its spectral harmonics , and realize its total otherness , with a shivery frisson in the face of this peculiar presence with absence inside . – alan lockett
chubby wolf is the handle for celer’s sadly departed danielle baquet long , an ambient auteur of some repute . ‘los que no son gentos’ is possibly even quieter and more glacial than her better known alias and consists of fourteen ethereal beatless synth drifts best heard in solitary and meditative mode . very beautiful . – boomkat
mimosa | moize are lucia h . chung from taiwan and martin j . thompson from the uk . they have released two albums on murmur records and dragons eye recordings respectively plus two compilations appearances and free download live performance . “hear one near and think of the other” records a live performance at the mk gallery where different spaces were extensions of the human ears producing the sensation of time and space .
the minimal proposal offers inaudible microscopic sounds processed and deep bass frequencies allowing the listeners to experience sounds that were disseminated in different spaces of the gallery . – guillermo escudero
“a moment remembered is a moment anew . ” . this is the first sentence on the text for hear one near and think of the other a release by mimosa | moize a project of artists lucia h . chung from taiwan and martin j . thompson from the uk . this release documents a performance the artists did on an exhibition where different spaces in the gallery will serve as extensions of the human ears addressing the notion of moment through time and space .
on their website on the liner notes mimosa | moize write “ a present moment rolling into and inspiring the next . a moment existing in - between the passing and the approaching , linked yet unique . ” ; time and space seems to be subjects of concern by many sound artists probably because at the end sound affects our perceptual space and our perceptual time in a very strong manner and whatever happens with sound in a perceptual level seems to be of concern for sound artists .
on hear one near and think of the other the formal aesthetics considerations are very specific . small needly crisp textures ( made with what seems like processed field recordings ) combined with sine waves create this subtle high - pitched sonorities that build an emotional space of levity and light that blurs whatever physical spatial notion that the listener can establish and instead he will be submerged in a microscopic world of involving , invasive and tiny sounds . these sonorities are combined with deep heavy bass frequencies that work as some sort of spacial context that link the listener’s experience with a more physical spatiality that actually affects our body . also a detail of importance is how the sounds seem to occur on different places , sometimes the sounds feel right in front of the listener , some other times they sound like they were occurring behind a wall ; this establishes some sort of acoustical architecture on the piece that brings into this work the purpose and experience behind the original exhibition and addresses the capacity of sound to depict actual architectural perceptions of sound .
regarding the temporal aspects of this work the works seems to fade in and fade out constantly which helps depicting this architectural space with different rooms using narrative as some sort of path across this places . the narrative seems to work merely for spacial purposes linking time and space into one single experience .
hear one near and think of the other is a very successful work in terms of how the thematic problem was established into a relevant context and how it was instrumentally solved with sound as medium and matter . – the field reporter
los que no son gentos has many of the earmarks of danielle baquet - long’s previously released work , regardless of whether it was issued under the chubby wolf or celer names . there are the enigmatic track titles , for one , which suggest stories all by themselves and allude to her poetic endeavours ( “existence is both a horizon and an indictment” and “deeper and the damage from” are but two representative examples of those included ) , and the tracks themselves , which threaten to evaporate altogether , so delicate and faint are the ambient wisps of sound that are brought into being . like the celer recordings she produced with will long , baquet - long transmutes a diverse range of source materials—in this case bass guitar , analog synthesizers , bells , voice , and laptop—into sounds of largely uniform and always fragile character . what los que no son gentos also has , of course , is a sense of mystery , as we’ll never know exactly what baquet - long intended by the material , given that her tragically premature death on july 8 , 2009 from heart failure leaves us with no opportunity to delve into the mind that created the material . of course , even when she was alive , mystery was a key part of her music , as she didn’t typically elaborate on the meanings associated with the work but instead opted to let it speak for itself and retain that mystery . as was her wont , she left no explanation as to why the album was made nor what its inspiration might have been , but instead moved quickly on to the next project , almost as if she sensed that time was short and that creative work would have to be done with dispatch .
this latest addition to her discography presents fifty minutes of music in an edition of 200 copies . there’s certainly nothing unfinished about the material ; its soft , celer - like swells are as crystalline and cathedralesque as anything she released during her lifetime , and los que no son gentos is a solid collection that sits comfortably alongside her other releases . though fourteen separate pieces are presented , they play like variations on a theme , with each a subdued meditation of near - transluscent design . glowing and shimmering placidly , the pieces wash soothingly over the listener , inducing a state of heartbeat - slowing calm as they do so . baquet - long lives on in the album , just as she will continue to do so in the future , as will has promised to continue releasing her unpublished music , writing , and photography into the world , along with the remaining celer titles the married couple created while she was alive . – ron schepper
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cretaceous research ( 12 may 2010 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2010 . 05 . 003
by gang li , hiromichi hirano , david j . batten , xiaoqiao wan , helmut willems , xianqiu zhang
the spinicaudatan genus tenuestheria was originally described from the upper cretaceous lanxi formation in jinhua , zhejiang province , china . its frequent occurrence in contemporaneous strata elsewhere makes it an important index fossil for correlating non - marine red beds in southern china . its discovery in the zhutian formation of the nanxiong group makes it possible to correlate the formation more accurately with the tenuestheria - bearing beds elsewhere . previously the whole of the nanxiong group was correlated with maastrichtian formations whereas now only the zhenshui . . .
cretaceous research ( 25 march 2010 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2010 . 03 . 002
apodid sea cucumbers ( echinodermata : holothuroidea ) from the upper turonian of the isle of wolin , nw poland .
cretaceous research ( 18 march 2010 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2010 . 03 . 001
a diverse holothurian fauna from the upper turonian of the isle of wolin ( northwestern poland ) , is described and assessed with respect to palaeoecology , palaeobiology and evolutionary diversification . the fauna was recovered from chalk and partly silicified chalk . a stratigraphic re - assessment of all available biostratigraphic literature permits assignment to the subprionocyclus neptuni ammonite zonal age ( late turonian ) . the majority of the holothurian fauna consists of apodid , aspidochirotid , and elasipodid species . the part of the fauna described here consists of sclerite species of . . .
cretaceous research ( 25 january 2010 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2010 . 01 . 002
the pseudofavrella angulatiformis zone ( upper valanginian ) of the agrio formation in the neuquén basin , argentina , is characterized exclusively by a complex sequence of neocomitid faunas that are sandwiched between the olcostephanids of the underlying viluceras permolestus subzone beneath and the holcodiscid faunas of the holcoptychites neuquensis zone above ( lowermost hauterivian ) . three successive neocomitid genera , pseudofavrella , chacantuceras and decliveites gen . nov . , characterize three subzones . over half the taxa are new : . . .
cretaceous research ( 11 january 2010 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 12 . 001
a single specimen of a new fossil angiosperm , sagaria cilentana gen . et sp . nov . , has been recovered from limestones of the “plattenkalk” of the middle albian at monti alburni , near petina , campania , italy . associated fossils include pagiophyllum sp . , podozamites sp . and zamites sp . the angiosperm has a main axis approximately 8 cm long with three attached leaves and a distal cyme bearing three fructifications . the fructifications display divided distal tips indicating three - . . .
cretaceous research , vol . 31 , no . 2 . ( 06 april 2010 ) , pp . 274 - 284 , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 12 . 002
recent work in the campanian aguja formation of big bend , texas , has resulted in the recovery of two frontoparietal domes from a new genus of pachycephalosaur . texacephale langstoni gen . et sp . nov . is diagnosed by a tall , arched nasal boss , flange - like processes articulating the dome with the peripheral elements , and a low pedicel separating the cerebral fossa from the skull roof . the skull dome is composed largely of the fused frontals and parietals , with limited participation of the peripheral elements , and . . .
cretaceous research ( 23 december 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 11 . 003
the present study records eighteen clastic and carbonate microfacies associations within the cretaceous sediments representing the malha , galala , and adabiya formations , which are exposed between khashm el galala and wadi qiseib areas along the eastern scarp of the northern galala plateau . the lithofacies characters and the fossil content of the malha formation ( lower cretaceous ) suggest a probable extended shallow marine environment interrupted by moderate fluvial sedimentation with tectonic stability and moderate energy . the fine clastics and the faunal content of the . . .
cretaceous research ( 16 december 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 11 . 006
by frankie d . jackson , john r . horner , david j . varricchio
a partial egg containing embryonic skeletal elements represents the first troodon egg collected from the upper cretaceous ( campanian ) judith river formation of central montana . the egg fragment contains disarticulated bones , including a vertebral centrum and a single tooth . histological sections of a limb bone reveal six to eight layers of vascular canals , profuse vascular space , abundant osteocytes , and evidence of initial osteonal development . histologically , the embryonic skeletal elements represent an earlier ontogenetic stage than similar bones in a . . .
cretaceous research ( 26 november 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 11 . 005
by kenshu shimada , michael j . everhart , ramo decker , pamela d . decker
ptychodus mortoni mantell is a late cretaceous shark that possessed pavement - like tooth plates that were used to feed on hard - shelled macroinvertebrates ( durophagy ) . here , we describe a new specimen of p . mortoni from the fort hays limestone member of the niobrara chalk in kansas , usa , that consists of associated teeth , placoid scales , and a portion of the right upper jaw . although the specimen is fragmentary , this fossil supports the previously proposed contention that p . mortoni was a . . .
cretaceous research ( 26 november 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 11 . 004
phosphogenesis at the base of the bonarelli level from the calabianca stratigraphic section ( northwestern sicily ) was investigated using x - ray diffraction , scanning electron microscopy , x - ray fluorescence , and stable - isotope mass spectrometry . the anoxic event onset is marked by high p 2 o 5tot concentrations related to the presence of authigenic carbonate - fluorapatite . this mineral is poorly crystallized and occurs in three different forms : ( i ) fish debris locally showing evidence of re - crystallization , ( ii ) phosphatically cemented layers , and ( iii ) dense aggregates of microcrystals . petrographic features . . .
cretaceous research ( 20 november 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 11 . 002
a new albuliform fish bullichthys santanensis gen . nov . sp . nov . is described from the lower cretaceous santana formation of northeastern brazil . the specimen is identified as a new plesion of albuliformes , on the basis of an inflated otic bulla , a well developed ectopterygoid process , and a deep subtemporal fossa . bullichthys does not belong to the albulidae or pterothrissidae because it lacks the broad parasphenoid , parasphenoid and endopterygoid complex with a crushing dentition ( opposed by similar dentition on . . .
cretaceous research ( 10 november 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 10 . 004
this study summarizes the final results of magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic investigations of the tithonian / berriasian ( j / k ) boundary limestones at the locality of puerto escaño , spain . the aim is to prepare the background for correlation of a upper tithonian and lower berriasian biostratigraphic zonation with global magnetoevents ( manifested in detailed magnetostratigraphic profiles ) between the tethyan and the boreal realms . magnetostratigraphic studies were applied to an 8 . 1 - m - thick part of the section embracing upper tithonian and lower berriasian strata . the average sampling interval was 30 mm . . . .
cretaceous research ( 10 november 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 10 . 005
by ismail o . yilmaz , demir altiner , ugur k . tekin , okan tuysuz , faruk ocakoglu , sanem acikalin
the cenomanian / turonian oceanic anoxic event as recorded in many parts of the world is characterized by presence of black shales and global carbon isotope peaks . cyclic variations within the anoxic event and association with pelagic red beds are indicated by many studies . global tectonic / volcanic controls on the origin and the chronostratigraphic position of the anoxic event within the global sea - level changes are important for understanding the paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic conditions during the deposition of cenomanian / turonian sediments . three measured stratigraphic sections in . . .
cretaceous research ( 24 october 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 10 . 003
the schattau section in the gosau group ( northern calcareous alps ) records a late santonian interval in the northwestern tethys . the crinoid marsupites laevigatus , which indicates the lower part of the latest santonian marsupites zone , has been found within a micraster bed in the bibereck formation . co - occurring ammonites , such as boehmoceras arculus and placenticeras maherndli , indicate a late santonian age . the upper santonian zonal markers placenticeras paraplanum and cordiceramus . . .
cretaceous research ( 13 october 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 10 . 001
praecaprotina kashimae nov . sp . is described from the daiichi - kashima seamount in the japanese group of guyots . this species differs in size , radial bands , longitudinal ornamentation , and some internal characters from the japanese praecaprotina yaegashii . associated microfossils , mainly orbitolinidae , point to the late aptian–albian p . p . , whereas the associated requieniid rudist kugleria sp . merely reflects an albian age . our finding illustrates the biogeographic affinity of the daiichi - kashima fauna with that of japan and tends to support a “japanese . . .
cretaceous research , vol . 31 , no . 1 . ( 13 february 2010 ) , pp . 94 - 100 , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 09 . 010
by julien vernoux , di - ying huang , edmund a . jarzembowski , andré nel
the first chinese and english representatives of the mesozoic gomphid family proterogomphidae are described , respectively lingomphus magnificus gen . et sp . nov . , and cordulagomphus europaeus sp . nov . a phylogenetic analysis of the most ‘basal’ gomphid lineages is proposed , showing the monophyly of the proterogomphidae and the position of lingomphus as sister group of all other representatives of this family . c . europaeus is the first eurasiatic representative of the subfamily cordulagomphinae that was previously restricted to the lower cretaceous of crato formation ( south america ) . . . .
cretaceous research ( 13 october 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 10 . 002
the ammonites from upper coniacian through basal campanian of the lipnik - kije section ( lipnik - kije basin ) , southwestern margin of the holy cross mountains , central poland , are described in the context of its inoceramid bivalve zonation . nineteen species - level ammonite taxa assigned to twelve genera ( gaudryceras , saghalinites , parapusozia , kitchinites , nowakites , eupachydiscus , protexanites , texanites , hyphantoceras , glyptoxoceras , neocrioceras , and scaphites ) are recognized . three ammonite interval zones are distinguished . the upper coniacian is assigned to the . . .
cretaceous research ( 08 october 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 09 . 008
by terrell k . knight , p . sean bingham , david a . grimaldi , ken anderson , ronald d . lewis , charles e . savrda
a new amber - rich deposit has been identified in the upper cretaceous ( santonian ) eutaw formation exposed in eastern alabama , u . s . a . amber occurs as common parautochthonous clasts and in direct association with conifer plant parts in the lower part of a thin , laterally discontinuous , carbonaceous and pyritiferous clay lens that was deposited in a tidal channel within a transgressive estuarine bayhead - delta system . organic inclusions are common in amber clasts and include plant and fungal debris and terrestrial arthropod remains . the latter include mites , . . .
cretaceous research ( 08 october 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 09 . 007
cascoplecia insolitis ( cascopleciidae ) , a new family , genus , and species of bibionomorpha are described from early cretaceous burmese amber . the new family is characterized by the following combination of characters : small size ( wing length , 3 . 2 mm ) ; head reduced , deflexed ; antennomeres 2 - 12 sinuate ; three ocelli raised on an extended horn - like protuberance ; mouthparts reduced except for well developed maxillary palps with elongate terminal palpomere ; femora long ; all tibiae with apical spines ; pulvilli and empodia pad - like , setose ; sc terminates at half wing length ; r - m crossvein . . .
cretaceous research ( 06 october 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 09 . 009
by stylianos chatzimanolis , michael s . engel , alfred f . newton , david a . grimaldi
cretaceous research ( 30 september 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 09 . 003
marly siliceous limestones ( opokas ) of late early maastrichtian ( belemnella sumensis zone ) age exposed temporarily at hrebenne ( southeast poland ) have recently yielded seven species of ammonite and four nautiloid taxa , namely hauericeras sulcatum ( kner , 1848 ) , diplomoceras cylindraceum ( defrance , 1816 ) , baculites vertebralis lamarck , 1801 , baculites knorrianus desmarest , 1817 , baculites sp . , acanthoscaphites tridens ( kner , 1848 ) s . str . , hoploscaphites constrictus ( j . sowerby , 1817 ) , cymatoceras loricatum ( schlüter , 1876 ) , . . .
cretaceous research ( 30 september 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 09 . 004
five palynological biozones are proposed for the campanian stage of south carolina . in ascending stratigraphic order , these highest - occurrence interval zones are the osculapollis vestibulus ( ov ) biozone , the holkopollenites propinquus ( hp ) biozone , the holkopollenites forix ( hf ) biozone , the complexiopollis abditus ( ca ) biozone , and the osculapollis aequalis ( oa ) biozone . these biozones are based on an analysis of more than 400 subsurface and outcrop samples throughout the coastal plain province of south carolina , and . . .
cretaceous research ( 30 september 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 09 . 006
the “an der schanz quarry” near burgberg exhibits parts of the helvetic seewen formation . its base is dated as cenomanian , its top as late santonian by planktonic foraminifera by previous authors . a re - sampling of the section for inoceramid and δ 13 c stratigraphy gave an early coniacian age for the uppermost parts of the seewen formation . a literature review suggests that the top of seewen formation of the allgäu ( bavaria ) and vorarlberg ( austria ) is never younger than the middle or terminal . . .
cretaceous research ( 26 september 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 09 . 005
a new genus and three new species of well–preserved oxytelinae are described and illustrated from the yixian formation of beipiao city , liaoning province , in northeastern china . these three staphylinids are placed into a new extinct genus , sinoxytelus gen . nov . : sinoxytelus euglyphea sp . nov . , sinoxytelus breviventer sp . nov . , and sinoxytelus longisetus sp . nov . this finding documents the first record of fossil oxytelinae in china . provisionally , we consider the age of the yixian formation as . . .
cretaceous research ( 09 september 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 08 . 006
cretaceous research ( 09 september 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 09 . 002
cretaceous research , vol . 31 , no . 1 . ( 08 february 2010 ) , pp . 16 - 26 , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 09 . 001
cretaceous research ( 04 september 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 08 . 005
cretaceous research , vol . 30 , no . 3 . ( june 2009 ) , pp . 505 - 514 , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2008 . 09 . 008
calcareous nannofossil quantitative analyses were carried out on upper hauterivian sediments from the cismon core and results from the uppermost hauterivian “faraoni level” were compared to nannofloral fluctuations in abundance and composition recorded in the s . s . arceviese road and palazzo d ' arcevia sections , umbria - marche basin ( central italy ) . fragile taxa are generally absent since the preservation is poor in all lithologies analyzed , but dissolution - resistant taxa show remarkable fluctuations . smear - slide investigations reveal that limestones are characterized by high abundances of nannoconids ( principally narrow - canal nannoconids ) . . .
cretaceous research , vol . 30 , no . 3 . ( june 2009 ) , pp . 515 - 520 , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2008 . 09 . 003
a new species of hybodont shark with a cutting dentition , mukdahanodus trisivakulii gen . nov . et sp . nov . , from the lower cretaceous sao khua formation of thailand is described . after a turn - over in hybodont faunas in thailand , it was apparently replaced in the aptian / albian ecosystem by thaiodus ruchae . a comparative study indicates that cutting dentitions with serrated teeth appeared four times independently within the hybodont sharks over a rather short period of time , from the late jurassic to the . . .
cretaceous research , vol . 30 , no . 3 . ( june 2009 ) , pp . 521 - 526 , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2008 . 09 . 005
rebbachisauridae is one of the most enigmatic and poorly understood clades of sauropod dinosaurs . they are considered to be basal diplodocoids , are known solely from the cretaceous ( hauterivian - coniacian ) , and have only been recovered from africa , south america , and europe . as a result of their extreme skeletal reduction , rebbachisaurid material is highly susceptible to destructive taphonomic processes and thus most remains are highly incomplete and fragmentary . previous remains attributed to rebbachisaurids from england are restricted to isolated teeth . here a sauropod scapula . . .
cretaceous research , vol . 30 , no . 3 . ( june 2009 ) , pp . 527 - 532 , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2008 . 09 . 006
by james e . jepson , robert a . coram , edmund a . jarzembowski
four new species of snakefly ( raphidioptera : mesoraphidiidae ) : mesoraphidia durlstonensis sp . nov . , mesoraphidia purbeckensis sp . nov . , mesoraphidia websteri sp . nov . and mesoraphidia mitchelli sp . nov . , are described from the lower cretaceous purbeck limestone group , southern england . this increases the number of described snakeflies from the mesozoic deposits of britain from two to five species , when the doubtful family priscaenigmatidae is excluded . . . .
cretaceous research , vol . 30 , no . 3 . ( june 2009 ) , pp . 533 - 539 , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2008 . 09 . 004
stratigraphic measurement and sampling on three sections ( vergol , la charce , and montclus ) through valanginian deposits from the vocontian basin ( southeastern france ) reveals the occurrence of centimetre thick ochre - coloured layers , which can be correlated from one section to another . at least twelve of these are identified in sediments dated from the pertransiens to furcillata ammonite zones . these horizons appear similar to previously described oxfordian and aptian bentonites , also from the vocontian basin . clay - mineralogical and geochemical data are similar in the valanginian ochre . . .
the oldest dinosaur tracks from korea , ornithopodichnus jinjuensis ichnogen . et ichnosp . nov . ( jinju formation , lower cretaceous ) : implications for polarities in ornithopod foot morphology
cretaceous research ( 12 august 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 08 . 003
by jeong y . kim , martin g . lockley , haang m . kim , jong - deock lim , kyung s . kim
twelve trackways of ornithopods from lower cretaceous lacustrine margin deposits of jinju formation represent the oldest dinosaur trackways described from korea . the site , discovered during highway construction , was rescued by removing the most important trackways to the korean natural heritage center in daejeon , where they are on permanent display . the new ichnotaxon ornithopodichnus jinjuensis ichnogen . et ichnosp . nov . is recognized as a distinctive robust tridactyl track , slightly wider than long ( l / w ratio = 0 . 91 ) , with positive ( inward ) rotation . the toe prints . . .
cretaceous research ( 12 august 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 08 . 004
dinosaur remains from upper cretaceous outcrops of northern gondwana are extremely rare , in contrast with the much richer sample of coeval beds from southern gondwana . dinosaur remains from the uppermost cretaceous ortega locality of the upper magdalena basin ( maastrichtian ) of the department of tolima , colombia , provides new information on northern gondwanan faunas of this time . a revision of dinosaur material from this outcrop , consisting of three theropod shed teeth , reveals the presence of two morphotypes . one of them is referred to . . .
cretaceous research ( 11 august 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 08 . 001
novelaria , a new genus of rhagionid of late albian age with three new species , is the first record of this family from charentes amber ( southwestern france ) . the new genus is probably closely related to the recent genus chrysopilus . however its relationship with the other fossils in amber is discussed . a key for separation of the new species is provided and the diversity of the family during the cretaceous is also briefly discussed . . . .
cretaceous research , vol . 30 , no . 6 . ( 11 december 2009 ) , pp . 1376 - 1386 , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 08 . 002
a new crocodyliform specimen is presented here found in the cerro castaño member of the cerro barcino formation ( chubut group ) . the material consists of cranial and postcranial remains that represent a new taxon that has strong affinities with peirosauridae , but also shares derived features present in araripesuchus . the phylogenetic relationships of this new taxon were tested through a cladistic analysis depicting it as a member of the peirosauridae . the inclusion of barcinosuchus within this clade of basal mesoeucrocodylians is supported . . .
cretaceous research ( 05 august 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 07 . 012
by james e . jepson , vladimir n . makarkin , edmund a . jarzembowski
eight new genera and thirteen new species of lacewings ( neuroptera ) are described from the lower cretaceous wealden supergroup , weald sub - basin : principiala rudgwickensis sp . nov . ( ithonidae ) , stenomylina medialis gen . et sp . nov . , protosmylina bifasciata gen . et sp . nov . ( osmylidae ) , cretapsychops corami gen . et sp . nov . , micropsychops parallelus gen . et sp . nov . , valdipsychops logunovi gen . et sp . nov . , v . brigidae gen . et sp . nov . , v . maculosus gen . . . .
cretaceous research ( 30 july 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 07 . 011
the crocodyliform faunas of the lowermost cretaceous rabekke and jydegård formations on the baltic island of bornholm , denmark , and the annero formation of skåne , southernmost sweden , are represented by isolated teeth , osteoderms , and vertebrae . the rich berriasian assemblage of the rabekke formation includes at least three distinctive taxa : bernissartia sp . , theriosuchus sp . , and goniopholis sp . , an association that is also known from several other contemporaneous european vertebrate localities . in contrast to this fauna , the jydegård . . .
cretaceous research ( 26 july 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 07 . 010
the palaeontological site of “lo hueco” was discovered in cuenca , spain , in 2007 . it includes a stratigraphic interval in “garumn” facies belonging to the upper part of the villalba de la sierra formation . a succession of versicolor marly mudstone levels ( v , g1 , r1 , g2 , r2 and m ) can be observed at the site studied . this succession is partially modified by a sandy channel structure ( c ) and by a sulphated interval ( s ) . the c structure and the g1 , g2 and r2 ( lower . . .
cretaceous research ( 23 july 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 07 . 008
we report on a turtle from the mina esquirol site ( vallcebre basin ) , a new locality of early maastrichtian age in the south - eastern pyrenees . fossils were located in the basal tremp formation , which was deposited in a littoral marsh . the material consists of a cast of a carapace including peripheral fragments and partial neural plates . the carapace exhibits a vermiculate ornamentation that is characteristic of genus solemys and a histological bone structure similar to that of terrestrial taxa . however , taphonomic . . .
cretaceous research ( 23 july 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 07 . 007
a permineralized frond from the coniacian kashima formation ( yezo group ) of hokkaido , japan , is identified as zamites bayeri based on leaf shape , transverse orientation of stomata , papillate epidermal surface , and hollow subsurface bodies formed only on the abaxial epidermis . the specimen has an articulation at the base of the leaflet from which the leaflet was detached by means of an abscission zone . this finding suggests that z . bayeri has compound leaves that are functionally equivalent to a . . .
cretaceous research ( 23 july 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 07 . 009
this paper describes the pedogenic features of paleosols in the upper lower cretaceous shiohama formation , the lowest unit of the shimonoseki subgroup , in yoshimi , yamaguchi prefecture , southwestern japan . the paleosol profiles in the shiohama formation are compound and complex , characterized by the presence of abundant calcrete horizons . an analysis of these profiles reveals that the floodplain upon which the shiohama formation was deposited was part of an unstable aggradation system characterized by the intermittent influx of sediments and occasional erosion . furthermore , . . .
cretaceous research ( 21 july 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 07 . 006
a new species of the sail - crested pterosaur tupuxuara is described from the santana formation of brazil , tupuxuara deliradamus sp . nov . the holotype , a partial skull , and a larger , partial skull referred to the same taxon differs from tupuxuara leonardii by having a nasoantorbital fenestra with an acutely - angled posterior border with a long , straight posterodorsal margin , a reclined cranium , and an orbit situated entirely in the ventral half of the nasoantorbitral fenestra . unfortunately , neither specimen is . . .
cretaceous research ( 21 july 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 07 . 002
in central tunisia , the thickness of the bahloul formation varies generally between 20 to 40 m such as for example , respectively , at wadi smara near kalaat senan and at wadi bahloul near maktar . the thickness is also of several tens metres at koudiat el azreg near jerissa and at tajerouine . in these sites where the thickness of the bahloul formation is dilated , in addition to five geochemical events ( δ 13 c ) , nine bio - events were defined near the cenomanian - turonian transition , successively in ascending . . .
cretaceous research ( 21 july 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 07 . 004
by yuong - nam lee , j . howard hutchison , ki - hong chang
the partial carapace of a “macrobaenid” turtle from the geoncheonri formation ( lower cretaceous ) in gyeongsan city near daegu metropolian city , south korea , is referred to kirgizemys nessov and khozsatzky , 1973 . the specimen most closely resembles k . exaratus nessov and khozsatzky , 1973 from the albian of kyrgyzstan . it is the first turtle fossil described from the mesozoic sediments on the korean peninsula . . . .
cretaceous research ( 21 july 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 07 . 005
the bituminous shales from the pedra branca mine have yielded certain taxa also found in the carbonate concretions of the romualdo member ( santana formation ) and in the plattenkalk of the crato formation in northeastern brazil . based on two specimens obtained from this locality , we describe a small and slender fish , santanasalmo elegans gen . et sp . nov . it can be recognized by a combination of features : elongate head with prominent snout , reduced orbit , very long and arched antorbital , edentulous jaws , . . .
cretaceous research ( 21 july 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 07 . 003
by felipe c . montefeltro , carolina r . laurini , max c . langer
the six peculiar multicusped teeth described here were collected from sediments of the upper cretaceous of são josé do rio preto formation , near ibirá ( northeastern são paulo , brazil ) . their bulbous crowns are slightly labio - lingual compressed , and bear a main plus two accessory cusps , which conceal a well developed cingulum . wear facets are seen on the main and distal accessory cusps . comparison to the known crocodyliformes with multicusped teeth show that the new material is not referable to “protosuchians” or eusuchians , nor . . .
cretaceous research ( 16 july 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 07 . 001
a new u - pb zircon age for the aptian / albian boundary ( 113 . 1 ± 0 . 3 ma ) indicates that an alternate early cretaceous timescale that is largely devised using the k - ar date for gl - o glauconite international standard and other k - ar glauconite geochronology , is inaccurate . both 40ar / 39ar sandine and u - pb zircon ages indicate that the k - ar date for the gl - o international standard does not record the timing of sediment deposition and thus should not be used for timescale calibration . this issue is not solely constrained to the early . . .
cretaceous research ( 14 july 2009 ) , doi : 10 . 1016 / j . cretres . 2009 . 06 . 007
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do you find prehistoric insects fascinating ? if not , then you will soon . insects are one of the few organisms that have existed as early as 400 million years ago . yup that’s when the earth’s first terrestrial ecosystems were still being formed . here are 25 prehistoric insects you might not know about .


eulima fischeri is a species of sea snail , a marine gastropod mollusk in the family eulimidae .

the species is one of multiple known species to exist within the genus , eulima .

eulima fischeri

( of eulima ( stiliferina ) fischeri dautzenberg , 1912 ) warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
eulima acerrima ( r . b . watson , 1883 ) ( taxon inquirendum )
eulima angulosa ( f . p . jousseaume in fisher - piette & nicklès , 1946 )
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preventive effect of ligularia fischeri on inhibition of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide - stimulated raw 264 . 7 macrophages depending on cooking method
eulima is a genus of small , ectoparasitic sea snails , marine gastropod mollusks in the family eulimidae . [ 1 ]
an sj , park hs , kim gh . evaluation of the antioxidant activity of cooked gomchwi ( ligularia fischeri ) using the myoglobin methods .
regardless of the cooking method , ligularia fischeri exhibited potent inhibition of no production through expression of inos in lps - induced raw264 . 7 cells .
ligularia fischeri ( common name gomchwi ) is known for its pharmaceutical properties and used in the treatment of jaundice , scarlet - fever , rheumatoidal arthritis , and hepatic diseases ; however , little is known about its anti - inflammatory effect . in this study the influence of blanching and pan - frying on the anti - inflammatory activity of ligularia fischeri ( lf ) was evaluated .
regardless of the cooking method , l . fischeri exhibited potent inhibition of no production through expression of inos in lps - induced raw264 . 7 cells . this indicates that the anti - inflammatory effects of lf were not only caused by the 3 - o - caffeoylquinic acid content in lf and that , after going through the cooking process , lf may influence the anti - inflammatory response . based on these results , l . fischeri may be beneficial for the prevention of anti - inflammatory diseases .
( of eulima ( stiliferina ) fischeri dautzenberg , 1912 ) dautzenberg p . ( 1912 ) mission gruvel sur la côte occidentale d ' afrique ( 1909 - 1910 ) : mollusques marins . annales de l ' institut océanographique , paris , ( nouvelle série ) 5 ( 3 ) : 1 - 111 , pl . 1 - 3 . [ title page dated 1913 ; published december 1912 ] , available online at urltoken page ( s ) : 54 - 55 , pl . 2 fig . 14 - 15 [ details ]
l . fischeri was collected at inje - gun , gangwon - do , korea . lf was cooked in our laboratory , after cleaning and washing with water and cutting into small pieces . the lf was divided to provide 3 samples for fresh , blanching and pan - frying the rest was subjected to different cooking methods .
bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ( 2010 ) . eulima risso , 1826 . in : bouchet , p . ; gofas , s . ; rosenberg , g . ( 2010 ) world marine mollusca database . accessed through : world register of marine species at urltoken on 2011 - 01 - 13
the animal shows subulate tentacles , approaching at the base , . the eyes are large and nearly sessile . the foot is truncated in front . the foot of eulima secretes a mucous filament which assists to sustain it in the water . the mentum is bilobed . the opercular lobe is winged on each side . the branchial plume is single .
[ 3 ]
dautzenberg p . ( 1912 ) mission gruvel sur la côte occidentale d ' afrique ( 1909 - 1910 ) : mollusques marins . annales de l ' institut océanographique , paris , ( nouvelle série ) 5 ( 3 ) : 1 - 111 , pl . 1 - 3 . [ title page dated 1913 ; published december 1912 ] , available online at urltoken [ details ]
warén a . ( 2011 ) . checklist of eulimidae . pers . com . [ details ]
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this article is published under license to biomed central ltd . this is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution license ( urltoken ) , which permits unrestricted use , distribution , and reproduction in any medium , provided the original work is properly credited . the creative commons public domain dedication waiver ( urltoken ) applies to the data made available in this article , unless otherwise stated .
fresh lf and cooked lf showed no significant effect on the viability of macrophages after 24 h incubation . fresh lf was found to be the most potent inhibitor of nitric oxide ( no ) production at 100 μg / ml , while pan - fried lf showed little inhibitory effect on lipoloysaccharide ( lps ) stimulated murine machrophage raw264 . 7 cells . in contrast with its effect on no production , pan - fried lf showed significant attenuation of the expression of inducible nitiric oxide synthase ( inos ) compared with fresh lf . in the cooking method of lf , pge 2 production was not affected in the lps - induced raw 264 . 7 cells . in lps - induced raw 264 . 7 cells , pretreatment by fresh and cooked lf increased cox2 mrna expression . the 3 - o - caffeoylquinic acid content of blanching and pan - frying lf increased by 4 . 92 and 9 . 7 fold with blanching and pan - frying respectively in comparison with uncooked lf .
the cytotoxicity effects of lf on raw264 . 7 cells were evaluated using mtt assay . raw264 . 7 cells were incubated with differently cooked lf samples at various concentrations for an indicated cooking time . the result of the mtt assay showed that uncooked ( fresh ) and cooked lf , even at concentrations of 100 μg / ml , had no effect on cell viability in raw264 . 7 cells , demonstrating that no effective cytotoxicity of lf was detected in any of the concentrations ( figure
effect of lf on the viability of raw264 . 7 cells . cultured cells were treated with different concentrations of uncooked and cooked lf for 24 hr . data represent mean values of three experiments .
effects of cooked lf on lps - induced no production and expression of inos in raw264 . 7 cells
the preventive effect of cooked lf on no ( nitrite ) production was evaluated after induction of inflammation . no accumulation was determined in cell culture media stimulated with lps in the presence or absence of cooked lf . no production in lps - stimulated cells treated with all of the differently cooked lf showed significant inhibition in a dose - dependent manner ( figure
a ) . pan - fried lf showed greater inhibition of no production than other cooking methods at low concentrations ( 10 μg / ml ) . at the high dose ( 100 μg / ml ) , both uncooked and blanched lf showed significant inhibition of no production in lps - induced raw264 . 7 cells . based on these results , we examined whether or not lf affected the expression level of inos . expression levels of inos mrna increased markedly after treatment with lps for 24 hr compared with the control group ; however , cells pretreated with lf showed inhibition of inos expression levels following lps stimulation ( figure
b ) . uncooked lf ( fresh ) significantly inhibited mrna expression levels of inos in lps - induced raw264 . 7 cells at all of the tested concentrations . likewise , pan - fried lf showed significant inhibition of mrna expression of inos at all the tested concentrations , while blanched lf pretreatment attenuated mrna expression levels of inos in a significant manner at the high dose ( 100 μg / ml ) .
effect of lf on lps - induced nitric oxide ( no ) production and inos expression in raw264 . 7 cells . cells cultured were pretreated with different concentrations of lf for 1 hr and stimulated with 1μg / ml lps for 24 hr . then ( a ) nitrite accumulation was assessed as a measure of no production , and ( b ) real - time pcr analysis was used to examine inos expression . groups with different letters are significantly different from each other , p < 0 . 05 .
effects of cooked lf on lps - induced pge 2 production and expression of cox2 in raw264 . 7 cells
production was not affected in the lps - induced raw 264 . 7 cells ( figure
b ) . cox2 expression increased markedly on treatment with lps and was significantly inhibited by uncooked ( fresh ) lf at the high dose ( 100 μg / ml ) . also the lps - induced cox2 increase was affected by blanched lf , while pan - fried lf showed a significant increase in levels of cox2 expression at all treated doses .
effect of lf on lps - induced prostaglandin e 2 ( pge 2 ) production and cox2 expression in raw264 . 7 cells . cells cultured were pretreated with different concentrations of lf for 1 hr and stimulated with 1μg / ml lps for 24 hr . then ( a ) pge 2 production was measured in the culture medium , and ( b ) real - time pcr analysis was used to examine inos expression . groups with different letters are significantly different from each other , p < 0 . 05 .
hplc was used for the identification and quantification of 3 - o - caffeoylquinic acid , as a bioactive component of lf . 3 - o - caffeoylquinic acid was identified according to relative retention time as of the standard . all of the cooking methods exhibited greater amounts of 3 - o - caffeoylquinic acid compared with the uncooked lf ( fresh ) with increases of 4 . 92 and 9 . 7 fold for blanching and pan - frying ( table
) . it was observed that the lower the initial 3 - o - caffeoylquinic acid content , the higher the increase caused by the cooking treatment . the concentration of phenolic acids is highest in the outer layers of some vegetables and these areas are exposed to water [
] . in this study , blanched lf showed greater inhibition of no production in lps - induced raw264 . 7 cells compared with uncooked and pan - fried lf ( figure
] . in this study , although lf did not cause any decline of cox2 expression , it inhibited no production and inos expression . these results might anti - inflammatory effects of lf were affected through cox2 - independent signaling in lps - induced macrophage .
blanching in a stainless steel vessel : washed lf ( 200 g ) was added to water ( 2l ) and blanched for 3 min .
pan - frying : washed lf ( 200 g ) was placed in a frying pan with oil and stirred for 3 min .
lf extracts were obtained using 70 % ethanol with sonication ( powersonic 420 , 700 w , 50 / 60 hz , hwanshin tech . ) for 40 min twice . then the extracts of lf were filtered , evaporated ( elisa evaporator nvc - 2000 , sb - 1000 , dpe - 1210 , ca - 1112 , elisa , japan ) , and freeze - dried ( fd5510 , ilshin lab co . , ltd . , korea ) to make powder samples . all samples were diluted to a 10 mg / ml concentration and used for the anti - inflammatory sample .
reverse - phase high performance liquid chromatography ( hplc ) was conducted using a dianex u - 300 system ( milford , ma , usa ) that consists of ultimate 3000 pumps , autosampler , and uv detector . the chromeleon chromatographic system was employed to analyze the hplc data . chromatographic separation was accomplished using an atlantis dc 18 reverse phase column ( waters , 4 . 6 × 150 mm , 5 μm ) and the elution was monitored at 300 nm . for separation , solvents a ( acetonitriles , acn ) and b ( 0 . 02 % aqueous phosphoric acid , v / v ) were used . the gradient program used was as follows : initial 0 - 6min , linear change from a - b ( 13 : 87 , v / v ) to a - b ( 15 : 85 , v / v ) ; then held for 3 min ; 9–17 min , linear change from a - b ( 15 : 85 , v / v ) to a - b ( 19 : 81 , v / v ) ; 17–28 min , linear change from a - b ( 17 : 83 , v / v ) to a - b ( 28 : 72 , v / v ) ; and then held for 9 min . the flow rate was 0 . 6 ml / min and an aliquot of 10 μl was injected .
murine raw264 . 7 macrophages were cultured in dmem medium containing 10 % fbs , peniciln , and streptomycin in a 5 % co 2 humidified incubator at 37°c . raw 264 . 7 cells were grown in 48 - well plates at a density of approximately 5 × 10 4 cells per well .
cells were treated with different concentrations ( 10 , 50 , 100 μg / ml ) of lf for 24 hr . after that , the cells were incubated with mtt reagent , which was added to the culture medium at a final concentration of 0 . 5 mg / ml , for 4 hr in a 5 % co 2 humidified incubator at 37°c . the resultant dark blue crystals were dissolved using dimethyl sulfoxide ( dmso ) and absorbance values were measured at 540 nm .
the production of no was determined by measuring the accumulated level of nitrite , an indicator of no in the supernatant . the raw 264 . 7 cells were pretreated with or without lf for 1 hr . after lps ( 1 μg / ml ) was added to the cultured medium for 24 hr , nitrate levels were measured in cell culture supernatants according to the griess reaction ( 1 % sulfanilamide , 0 . 1 % n - [ naphthyl ] ethylenediamine dihydrochloride , and 5 % phosphoric acid ) at room temperature for 10 min . absorbance of the mixture at 550 nm was measured in a micro - plate reader ( spectramax m2 , molecular devices , usa ) . nitrate concentration was calculated by comparison with a nitrite standard curve .
raw 264 . 7 cells were seeded in 48 - well plates ( 5 × 10 4 cells per wells ) and incubated for 24 hr . the cells were treated with lf or a vehicle in the presence of lps ( 1 μg / μl ) for an additional 24 hr . pge 2 production in the cell supernatant was evaluated by pge 2 parameter assay kit following the manufacturer’s instructions .
all experiments were repeated three times . all data are expressed as mean values standard deviation ( sd ) . statistical evaluations were made by anova followed a tukey’s hsd multiple comparison test . a value of p < 0 . 05 was considered significant .
this research was supported by the globalization of korean foods r & d program , funded by the ministry of agriculture , food , and rural affairs , republic of korea ( no . 912024–1 ) in part from the basic science research program through the national research foundation of korea ( nrf ) funded by the ministry of education ( nrf - 2009 - 0094017 ) .
hs and hy carried out experimental works , data collection and evaluation , literature search and manuscript preparation under the supervision of gh . gh carried out conception and design of the study . hs wrote the manuscript , and done the statistical analysis . all authors read and approval the final manuscript for publication .
leaf extract prevents the oxidative stress in dba / 1j mice with type ii collagen - induced arthritis .
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kim sm , kang sw , um bh . extraction conditions of radical scavenging caffeolyquinc acids from gomchui (
shang yf , kim sm , song dg , pan ch , lee wj , um bh . isolation and identification of antioxidant compounds from
choi j , park jk , lee kt , park kk , kim wb , lee jh , jung hj , park hj . in vivo antihepatotoxic effects of
and the identification of the active component , 3 , 4 - dicaffeoylquinic acid .
yu t , ahn hm , shen t , yoon k , jang hj , lee yj , yang hm , kim jh , kim c , han mh , cha sh , kim ts , kim sy , lee j , cho jy . anti - inflammatory activity of ethanol extract derived from
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leaves infusion via proteasome and nuclear factor - kappa b pathway inhibition : contribution of chlorogenic acid .
seo cs , lee my , shin is , lee ja , ha h , shin hk .
( l . ) sch . ethanolic extract inhibits lps - induced inflammation in raw264 . 7 cells .
dos santos md , chen g , almeida mc , soares dm , de souza ge , lopes np , lantz rc . effects of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and c - flavonoid from
yang yz , tang yz , liu yh . wogonoside displays anti - inflammatory effects through modulating inflammatory mediator expression using raw264 . 7 cells .
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piao x , mi xy , tian yz , wu q , piao hs , zeng z , wang d , piao x . rapid identification and characterization of antioxidants from
hwang sj , kim yw , park y , lee hj , kim kw . anti - inflammatory effects of chlorogenic acid in lipopolysaccharide - stimulated raw 264 . 7 cells .
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the shell is in the form of an elongated , towering spiral , which tapers to a fine point . the
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the genus appeared early in the secondary and became abundant in forms during the tertiary period .
the shell is in the form of an elongated , towering spiral , which tapers to a fine point . the aperture is ovate and entire with the peristome incomplete behind . the outer lip is thick and even . [ 2 ]
the imperforate shell is subulate , many - whorled , polished , and porcellanous its spire is usually curved or twisted to one side , bearing on one side only , a series of varices forming ribs internally and marking the position of successive mouths . the apex is acute . the aperture is oval , entire , pointed above , rounded below . the lip is simple and a little thickened . the columellar margin is reflected . the operculum is corneous and pancispiral . its nucleus is near the inner lip .
risso a . ( 1826 - 1827 ) . histoire naturelle des principales productions de l ' europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de nice et des alpes maritimes . paris , levrault : vol . 1 : xii + 448 + 1 carta [ 1826 ] . vol . 2 : vii + 482 + 8 pl . ( fiori ) [ novembre 1827 ] . vol . 3 : xvi + 480 + 14 pl . ( pesci ) [ settembre 1827 ] . vol . 4 : iv + 439 + 12 pl . ( molluschi ) [ novembre 1826 ] . vol . 5 : viii + 400 + 10 pl . ( altri invertebrati )
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v . 26 1897 / 98 - the journal of the linnean society of london . - biodiversity heritage library
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